text:
Talk:Iraqi Air Force

What about Iraq-Iran war?

Point of view concerns
This article seems not to have an NPOV - seems to be written in a very patriotic/pro-Iraq style celebrating victories only. Should probably be extended. --86.137.152.81 15:36, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed. No mention of any air-to-air losses of Iraqi aircraft whatsoever in Desert Storm, Northern Watch/Southern Watch, Iraqi Freedom?  So the Iraqi Air Force had no losses except a few from ground attacks during those operations?  Wow.  This goes beyond being "allowed to betray a patriotic tone."  Besides, when did the principle of being "allowed to betray a patriotic tone" supplant or modify NPOV?  Holy (talk) 19:22, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

People from the military organization in question are likely to be good information sources. They're allowed to betray a patriotic tone. Other countries have patriots too. 72.225.217.252 09:45, 15 September 2006 (UTC)tnh

 * WP places no restrictions on the views of its editors (they may be exceedingly patriotic or entirely devoid of patriotism etc) however all edits should conform to the neutral point of view policy which does not sit comfortably with text which betrays a patriotic tone. Greenshed (talk) 23:48, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Roundel
The roundel that was on this page was never confirmed upon requests, nor a link provided; I have reverted to the older roundel until documentation proves the new roundel 206.251.0.98 (talk) 19:25, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Iran-Iraq war?
As User:213.137.118.15 pointed out, over 2 years ago! The Iran-Iraq war is not mentioned in the history. I will have to correct this. Ryan4314 (talk) 05:58, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

History
This article lacks history of the Iraqi Air Force from the Iran-Iraq war to their former aircraft inventory. Someone do something please. EZ1234 (talk) 05:40, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't worry people, I have expanded the history section of the air force including the Iran-Iraq war--EZ1234 (talk) 08:53, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

German fighters in WW2
I think the section on the Iraqi Air Force's involvement in WW2/Anglo-Iraqi War needs to be expanded. Also, British records mention German bombers flying from airbases in Mosul to bomb RAF Habbaniya. My question is did Iraqi pilots fly any German/Italian aircraft? If so, which aircraft and when/where? Lawrencema (talk) 23:58, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Unknown inventory
What is with this section? There are plenty of other aircraft used by the IQAF before the US invasion and their services are unknown. --EZ1234 (talk) 15:15, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Roundel change
Has the roundel changed with the latest changes to the flag of Iraq? AnonMoos (talk) 14:51, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I would think so. According to the page about roundels, the new version is what this article currently displays as the "symbol of the IQAF" above. The image currently displayed as the roundel is probably a leftover from the Ba'athist regime (as implied by the stars) and no longer used. If this is the case, then the image needs to be changed. DerekMBarnes (talk) 04:15, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

 * File:IQAF_Symbol.svg was apparently the symbol of the Iraqi air force from 1931 to at least ca. 2004; File:Iraqi_Air_Force_roundel.svg is based on the 2004-2008 flag of Iraq (not on Saddam's flag), but its official status is hard to confirm from internet accessible sources (see the 2007 comment above), and of course it's now out of sync with the current flag of Iraq. AnonMoos (talk) 17:32, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

 * We have an email about the roundel which states that the one currently displayed is not the correct one and would likely be considered offensive by some Iraqi citizens. I have asked Professor Google and can't find an authority for this roundel outside Wikimedia sites. The email also raises concerns about copyright. I think it has to come out for now. Guy (Help!) 21:09, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * From what I've seen, currently the IqAF doesn't have a roundel. Insignia consist of the national flag on the tail fin, and "IRAQI AIR FORCE" on the fuselage sides where the roundel would ordinarily be located - File:Iraq Air Force T-6A.jpg shows this very well. - The Bushranger (talk) 06:45, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Unverified inventory
The aircraft inventory section mentioned 36 F-16s which Iraq sought to buy, with plans for an additional 252 F-16s in 2015. The reference cited, however, only mentions the 36. I removed the "252 F-16s" part. JBHemlock (talk) 15:49, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

also the fact that the page talkes about the mirage 1 and TA 50 IS FALSE there are no evedience on the return of the mirage as they are NO MIRAGE 1 IN IRAQI AIR FORCE ANY MORE also the TA 50 iraq is intrested but no request yet duo to the fact THEY DONT HAVE THE MONEY FOR IT AND TRAINED PILOT so stop making changes or show the evedience -- 15:42, 14 January 2010 79.74.142.48

Aircraft losses correction
I made a correction to the table of the Gulf losses.

MiG-29 losses were 6 not 5

MiG-23 losses were 9 not 8

These two extra losses took place on Jan. 17th when a MiG-29 shut downed a MiG-23 by mistake and then the same MiG-29 crashed into the ground trying to engage USAF F-15E. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.77.199.61 (talk) 13:33, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

--

Hi. those numbers are incorrect. they are the US "claims" from 1991 and not the actual losses suffered and recorded by Iraq. Those are detailed here:

Title :  Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II. Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles): Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective, Volume 1 (Revised May 2008) http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA484530

That information is basically the "top secret" records of the Iraqi air force that were never publicised but were captured by the US in 2003 and translated by the US military and have been available in the public domain for a couple of years. Shall I update the main page with the correct information? In Particular the details in page 373 of the report

"table 7, Iraqi air force status June 1991, appendix to top secret Iraqi air power study showing losses from gulf war".

additional interesting details about the iraqi airforce from this one compilation of official iraqi air force documents include:

I can see a recon photo of al khafji taken by a MiG25 in august 1990. - page 47.

page 61. confirmation that the AC-130 was downed with SA16.

page 119-120 - iraqi mig25s flew 4 recon flights over kuwait in july 1990.

page 126. - unwitting russian participation in the iraqi navy attack “[t]here were Russian experts on board for the purpose of training the [the missile boat] crews.”

page 127 - kuwaiti patrol boat managed to hit an iraqi missile boat. the iraqi missile boats (both of them) had non functional weapons.

page 129 - an iraqi super frelon supposed to support the naval assault was shot down by an i-hawk.

page 132- according to the iraf, kuwaiti af flew 14 attack and 6 air defence sorties on the second of august.

page 133-4 : chief blame for failure to capture the sabahs was on the iraqi air force.

page 135: 3-4 army aviation helicopters were destroyed by kuwaiti af. but many more were lost by collision with powerlines and collisions with each other during landing by flying at night in large formations and without night training or NVGs.

page 221: plan of attack on aircraft carriers. Nevertheless, the planners determined that if they were ordered to try “the best way to disrupt the operation of the aircraft carrier” was to use 18 Sukhoi-22 M4 planes carrying 12 C28L [Kh-28] missiles, four Mirage F-1 planes carrying AIM-39 missiles, and 12 Mirage planes carrying AS-30 missiles. Of the 34 aircraft required for the mission, “only 12 of them will reach the target and [these] won’t come back after their duty is over.” Moreover, the study continued, “the loss of 34 advanced ground attack planes to disrupt one aircraft carrier out of [the] nine carriers mobilized by the enemy in the region was ineffective.”

also on the same page, there seems to have been no plan for the iran evacuation plan before january 1991.

on page 223: kuwaiti I-HAWK battery was deployed for the defence of iraq's nuclear reactor. iraq managed to briing into operation two of the four kuwaiti batteries.

page 246 - the use of camels to resupply the 25th infantry division in the desert.

page 273 - the iraqi mirages sent to strike ras tanura made an air to air refueling along the iran border at 100m.

page 280 - desscribes the situation with the boats that tried to escape to iran. confirming that 6 boats were sunk (21 claimed by the US) and that three boats got to iran (one OSA, one polnocny and the T43). also 20 sailors died on the boats that sank and 68 taken POW.

page 372: The major accomplishments of the Iraqi Air Force were measured in assets not lost. As the study noted “as a result of the competent measures our air force took to minimize the losses whether before or after the aggression, we were able to achieve the following”:886 􀂃 Seventy-five percent of all combat and specialized planes were “rescued.” The report notes that this percent does not include “planes destroyed as a result of ground operations and riot.” By comparison, the study continues, “the losses of the Arab forces in the 1967 War, on the Egyptian front, were approximately 70 percent of the operating forces” and the “Zionist air power” then was much less than what Iraq faced in 1991. 􀂃 The Air Force “rescued” 92% of all of the air weapons as a result of “concealment and dissemination.” More than 98% of the “expensive guided weapons” were also saved. 􀂃 Seventy six percent of the “very expensive electronic war equipment” was preserved. 􀂃 “The losses in personnel amounted to .096 percent and it is a small percentage…”

on page 374, interesting details about the use of jet engines to create dust storms to defend against air attacks, and their limitations in use.

page 376. analysis of coallition attacks effectiveness. Percentage of the targets hit: 57%.897 􀂃 Percentage of “guided projectiles” [precision munition]: 45%. 􀂃 “The enemy did not apply the technique of comprehensive regional bombardment. Only the vital areas of the targets were bombed.” 􀂃 “The enemy succeeded in destroying most of the secured aircraft bunkers and command and control centers using guided aerial (1,000 kg) bombs, which proved the fragility of these bunkers.” The report added, however that “the air defense command centers, which were designed as strikeproof entities, remained intact and unaffected.”898 􀂃 “The targets that efficiently applied smoke and dust were exposed to severe raids and bombing, more than necessary to destroy it…” 􀂃 “The principle of equipment dispersal emerged as effective, as it lessened the losses. [This] was particularly apparent when aircraft were dispersed outside their specified bunkers.

page 377: 65% of iraq's SA2 and SA6 sites were destroyed, 26% of SA3 batteries and 120 radar stations, only the low altitude rolands seemed to have survived well (7% loss). and by the end of the war had exhausted 98% of their SA2 missiles.

Iraq had actually retained 3 I-HAWK batteries from kuwait (not 2 as stated in an earlier page), and 2 of these survived.

final iraqi claims on coallition are 44 aircraft and 120 cruise missiles downed.

page 378. indicates that during the first three days iraqi interceptors flew 42 combat interceptions and downed 6 aircraft. quite the shocking claim.

Most surprisingly, the report noted that “after assessing that intercept operations were in vain, coupled with the expected losses, [the pilots] were not convinced and were afraid to carry out their missions (as many aircraft were destroyed moments after takeoff).”

they state that only the I-HAWK missiles could deal with multiple targets.

the Strelas proved effective against cruise missiles. first i read about this.

page 383 - interesting analysis and statistical methods of the "lazy officers".

page 387-389 very interesting lessons learned from the RG.

page 393. iraq's total ground force losses in the war: “1,772 tanks, 939 [Armored Personnel] Carriers, and 1,474 cannon (these are about HALF what the coalition claimed initially).

Page 394 - shows iraqs preoccupation with countering the apache helicopters. the doctrine that grew out of this was actually rather effective in karbala in 2003.

page 398-399: Iraq's targets in israel: “The ministry of defense and the army chief of staff’s building in Tel Aviv.” 􀂃 “The main communications station in Tel Aviv.” 􀂃 “The al-Khudayrah Power Station.” 􀂃 “The industrial area of Tel Aviv.” 􀂃 “The gasoline refinery in Haifa.” 􀂃 “The technology institute in Haifa.” 􀂃 “The Haifa naval base.” 􀂃 “Haifa and Tel Aviv ports.” 􀂃 “Ben Gurion Airport.” 􀂃 “The Dimona [nuclear] reactor.”

page 402: details of Iraq's three ballistic missile "deception battalions" that operated using the same procedures as the "live" battalions. and still the coallition didn't hit any of the deception launchers.

It seems Iraq hid its 14 real launchers among 78 "deception" vehicles. and none of them were hit.

finally. Iraqi claims from the 1991 gulf war are detailed here: http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/victories-iraq-gulf.war.pdf

2 kills:

17th January, 84sqn MiG25PDS flown by Zuhair Dawood used R40RD to shoot down USN FA18C flown by Speicher.

19th january, 6sqn MiG29 flown by Jameel Sayhood used R60MK to shot down RAF Tornado GR1A flown by Lennox/Weeks

4 damaged:

17th January, 63sqn, MiG23ML flown by Hussam used R24T to damaged F111F of the 48th TFW USAF

17th January, 63sqn, MiG23ML used an R24T to damage F111F of the 48th TFW USAF (serial 70-2384)

17th January, 6thsqn, MiG29 flown by Khudair Hijab used R60MK to damage F111F of the 48th TFW USAF

17th January, 6th Sqn, MiG29 flown by Khudair hijab used an R27R to damage B52 of the 4300BW flown by Mason/Linwood.

Also there are a large number of errors on the Iraqi air force starting from 1931 and all the way down to 1991. Can I also update them?

add the correct squadron numbers, supply and operational details and other such information? for example the myth of iraq using "all mercenaries" in the 1967 war is incorrect. the only foreign combat participant in the IrAF was one Pakistani pilot who shot down 2 israeli fighters. all other kills were made by Iraqi pilots. Hayderaziz (talk) 21:48, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * As long as you have a reliable, verifiable source, be bold. :) - The Bushranger Return fire Flank speed 22:11, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

well I've made my edits. and included source for most of what I included (some I simply cannot source since its "word of mouth" from Iraqi air force officers). But most info is sourced.

The only issue is with the table of losses from 1991. I included the Iraqi Airforce's own internal table which is much more accurate than the "US estimate" one below it. Could someone remove the obsolete losses table? there also remains old information in the article which contradicts the updates I've put up, but i haven't deleted to avoid any "edit wars". I will make some cleanups to my additions in grammar and correct formatting for sources as long as everyone's happy with my updates. Hayderaziz (talk) 00:38, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Cleanup tag
While the article as a whole needs a good mopping, the '1990s- Persian Gulf War and no-fly zones' section, especially, is at times difficult to comprehend, and reads like an essay. It needs a total rewrite, really, I guess... - The Bushranger One ping only 10:05, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. That section is a terrible mess, and whoever typed those pages with this 􀂃 symbol made it far worse. Wolcott (talk) 18:20, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

Too iraqi centric - it accepts anything that is written on a generic "Iraqi air force top secret document" and grant it for totally true
--Mt hg (talk) 08:26, 2 June 2011 (UTC) I understand that wikipedia is trying to give voice to any party in the world, but this is just against the common sense and knowledge. Reading this article a reader would tell that in 1991 Iraq was not defeated! He would say that finally Iraq achieved its intended target that was surviving to an imperialistic aggression! While the facts are so different. In a lot of military articles (Israeli-Arab wars, Yugoslav wars, Soviet operations and related equipment) too much voice is given to the defeated party rumors and claims while the official voice of the winner is dismissed as it never existed. It's like the propaganda war of these loosing countries is going on after the actual military defeat. Let's try to give a little bit more credit to free world democracies and their free press compared to dictatorships propaganda and misinformation. Citing a so called "internal top secret Iraqi document" is not helpful: in any country, but mostly in dictatorships, everyone has to cover his own ass when reporting to his superiors and generally little double checking is done by higher ranks.

In 1991, the only iraqi air-to-air credit was the FA-18 by a MiG-25. The rest are b*s* - so many rumors about British Tornados, the Italian Tornado, the B-52 (HARM's way, it was hit by a AGM-88 missile) and obviously some USAF/USNAF aircraft for free...

On the other hand, in the FA-18 article, it's impossible to write any sentence that even reports the claim: in that article the FA-18 cannot be lost to any other mean, but "unknown causes" (not even accepting military causes).

---Mt Hg. From 1991 until now the Iraqi perspective and information has been COMPLETELY lacking regarding the wars. The Iraqi OFFICIAL INTERNAL documents cited are captured documents that the US Military themselves took and translated and published. This information clears up a LOT of details regarding actual Iraqi losses both in the 1980-88 war with iran as well as the 1991 gulf war and is one of the most important pieces of data upon which the foundation of the air war can be assessed with the opposing perspective's data being taken into account. Do note that the information is not "public propaganda" by saddam's regime, but INTERNAL DOCUMENTS of the Presidential Secretariat which audited the reports of the Iraqi Military (and all other branches). The fact that the US overclaimed their air-air kills is not a surprise... did you take it as gospel? Another fact is that the US destroyed far more Iraqi aircraft on the ground inside Harderend Aircraft Shelters than they had thought previously! Also the Iraqis have not claimed a SINGLE kill for an aircraft that was not actually shot down and admitted to by the US (can you say the same vice versa with regards to US kill claims?)... and all kill claims in the Iraqi air force are actually investigated and proven before they are issued (e.g. the pilot who shot down the F/A18 was only awarded his kill in 1995 once the crash site of the F/A18 was found and investigated. So I do hope you stop with your patronising and condescending tone about Iraqis since I am sure that such "hateful personal views" are not in line with a wikipedia article about the Iraqi Air Force. Hayderaziz (talk) 10:28, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Titles and abbreviations
What titles do the Squadrons ACTUALLY have. The squadron articles use No. 23 Squadron etc. etc. and the references used for these articles quote the abbreviation for Iraqi Air Force as IqAF. Can we have a concensus to lay any doubts to rest. Better still let us use the actual titles and abbreviations used by the Iraqi Air Force!!--Petebutt (talk) 08:29, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Acquisition of Mi-28s
I have found recent photographic evidence to support the claims that the Iraqi Air Force have acquired Mi-28s. Photos can be found here: http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?101603-new-iraq-army/page63 Meevinman (talk) 12:02, 26 February 2014 (UTC)
 * While interesting --and I just spent some time flipping through pages on that website, I'm afraid it does not quite count as a reliable source. Do you have something more official that we can use?
 * Cheers,
 * Λ u α (Operibus anteire) 13:52, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

Copyvios
Please consider removing the parts violating copyright. Just compare the article with this source! --Mhhossein (talk) 06:06, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

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IrAF widely over-rated numbers in 1990 (with reliable sources!)
The article says that there were 88 Mirage F.1 in 1990, plus 8 ex-kuwaiti. It seems highly doubtful, as the Mirage sent to Irak were roughly 120 examples (and NOT 200 as some source years ago stated). No less but a dozen were shot down by F-14s alone, many other were shot down by F-4, perhaps F-5s, HAWK, and some a.a. and others were lost by accidents. So there is very little probability that 88 lasted in service in 1990: simply, with thousands of sorties, there is no probability to have only 24 aircraft lost in eight years of intense war.

Not only this: Globalsecurity.org states that the IrAF, in 1990, had only 1,034 aircrafts. Of those, 47 were cargos and 321 trainers (even if capable, in some cases, to fight). About the first line aircrafts, there were exactly: Attack 390: 60 Su-25, 94 Mirage F.1 (overated to me), 90 MiG-23 (not over 120), 25 Su-24, 70 Su-20/22 (not 120), 30 Su-7(? probabilty already phased out), 30 J-6 (idem).

16 bombers: 8 Tu-16 and 8 Tu-22 (phased out already then)

fighters: 245:  30 MiG-29, 25 MiG-25, 150 MiG-21, 40 J-7 (the MiG-23 are evidently rated all to the fighter/bomber class).

Recce: 12: 5 MiG-21 and 7 MiG-25.

That means about 663 combat aircrafts, compared to around 760 of the wiki data. And this, is done despite the J-6, Tu-22, Su-7 were already out of service even then, in 1990. Instead, we should cut by 68 (Tu-22, Su-7, J-6) if not more (the Mirage F.1 alone, had around 40 losses in GW I and therefore, they must be less than the rated value of G.S.). GS states at once, that the Mirage F.1 in 1990 were only 65.

All this doesn't account, apparently, to the losses that IrAF and IrAC had in the 1990 invasion.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/air-force-equipment.htm

G.S. assured too that:

''Some published estimates suggest that there were as many as 750 combat aircraft in the Iraqi Air Force at the time of the 1991 Gulf War. Other estimates suggest that the actual number of fighter and ground attack aircraft was closer to 500. One problem with the higher number is that it is apparently derived from calculating aircraft deliveries during the 1980s, without accounting for combat and other losses during the decade of war with Iran.and '''While most sources report that over 90 of the 113 one-seat Mirage F.1s from France remained in service as of 1991, other estimates suggest that the number was far lower. And while Iraq received over 200 MiG-21s and F-7s during the 1980s, by some accounts over half of these had been lost by the time of the 1991 Gulf War'''. The UN and Kuwait say Iraq did not return extensive Kuwaiti military equipment, including eight Mirage F-1 aircraft.''

Basically, we cannot seriously so underrate the level of loss suffered by IrAF as they did not have hundreds of them during the Gulf War (with IRAN). This is HIGHLY MISLEADING for any reader.

Moreover, if we check the SIPRI site, then we have that Irak got from URSS a total of: 178 MiG-21s, 126 Su-22, 140 MiG-23. It's basically impossible that in 1990 there were so many MiG-21/J-7s in service, less then the Su-22, of which about the 50% were lost with Iran, it's the same with the MiG-23/23BN.

This issue need to be corrected ASAP, as even over 25 years after the D.Storm, still the IrAF is depicted much bigger than it was, always the syndrome of 'enemy 10 ft tall', probably, and US war propaganda did not much to clear the facts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.11.0.22 (talk) 15:56, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

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New planes on order
Hi, i am adding discussion because there is a contract signed for iraq to buy 14 dassault rafales but i don’t think they arrived yet so should we add them in and put on “14 on order” ? HappyMouse4620 (talk) 08:48, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

 * any reference for signed contract? because all I can found is still only intention to purchase 14 rafales (such as this reference). Ckfasdf (talk) 00:51, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iraqi Air Force


text:
Tops In Blue

Tops In Blue was a touring performance ensemble made up of active duty members of the United States Air Force formed in 1953. For 63 years, Tops in Blue traveled to more than 20 countries to perform more than 120 times each year for airmen and families around the world. Each year, they performed in front of more than 250,000 military personnel and their families, presenting an average of 120 performances at 100 locations worldwide throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Central America, and the Pacific.

Ensemble
The ensemble was composed of 30-35 vocalists, dancers, musicians and technicians and was considered the Air Force's expeditionary entertainment unit. Members were expected to be in top physical condition because they were their own roadies. The team unloaded 60000 lb of equipment which used a stage and truss that was built to fit on 13 pallets or two truck trailers. They spent four to eight hours setting up the stage prior to a show and were responsible for tearing everything down immediately afterwards. Their primary purpose was to perform for military personnel and their families throughout the world. They have appeared on national television with Ed Sullivan, Bob Hope, Alabama, Barbara Mandrell, Boyz II Men, Lee Greenwood, and Lea Michele.

Tops in Blue was produced by the Entertainment Branch of the Programs Directorate, Headquarters Air Force Services Agency. The program was funded by appropriated and non-appropriated funds that are generated by Air Force people and was sponsored by Coca-Cola. They produced five movies and two albums.

The unit was self-contained with its members consisting of four flights: personnel, logistics, operations, and technical.

Audition
Candidates for Tops in Blue submitted a video performance to Headquarters Air Force Services Agency. If selected for audition, they were flown from all over the world to Lackland AFB for a ten-day talent show and multilevel competition judged by former Tops in Blue members. The performers were picked in six categories: male vocalist, female vocalist, instrumentalist, musical variety, dance, and non-musical variety including comedians, magicians, and dramatists. Each year was a new group and past members were not guaranteed to return. Those selected attended a 45-day training period at Lackland AFB.

History
Air Force Major Al Reilly created the Air Force Worldwide Talent Contest in 1953, and Tops in Blue began as a tour showcasing the best members of the contest performing at 230 locations in 235 days. Initially, the contest was judged in 14 categories ranging from comedy, drama, pop, jazz, hillbilly, vocal and instrumental. It was judged by celebrities like Barry White, Les Brown, Richard Roundtree, and Esther Williams. In 1954, Ed Sullivan invited Tops in Blue to perform at Mitchel Air Field, NY on his show "Toast of the Town" where Airman Second Class Jerry Van Dyke led the show as Master of Ceremonies. In 1964, Tops in Blue left the stage to record in a movie studio to produce films and records for distribution throughout the Air Force. However, in 1971 Tops in Blue gained Air Force support to return to the stage on their return to live tours in 1972.

Notable events
In 1981 they performed the halftime show at the Garden State Bowl. In 1985, an expanded production of Tops in Blue performed with help from over 1,400 volunteers from Mather AFB at the halftime show of Super Bowl XIX. In 2002, they performed at the Daytona 500. They performed The Star-Spangled Banner in 2005 for Game 6 of the NBA Finals and in 2009 at the Coca-Cola 600. At the pregame show preceding Super Bowl XLV Tops in Blue performed "America the Beautiful" alongside actress Lea Michele.

Controversy
Tops in Blue came under scrutiny due to decreasing military budgets and a perception that the show was not supported by the younger enlisted force, who when provided an Air Force questionnaire, viewed it as a "waste of time and money". The reported costs of the program were relatively low, but the unreported costs for salaries, injuries, overseas flights, lodging, etc. were estimated to be much higher. In addition to the monetary issues, there were reports of fraternization, dangerous work practices, mistreatment, and sexual harassment. In an October 2015 Air Force–wide survey, results from 4,700 responses showed that airmen between 25 and 34 generally had poor opinions of Tops in Blue and, despite widespread awareness of the program, only about 25% of respondents had attended an event. The survey revealed only 19% of the force was supportive of the program. The results of this survey triggered a review of the program and a suspension of the 2016 tour. The Air Force cited lukewarm interest and fiscal constraints as the primary reason for canceling.

Cancellation
In December 2015 the Secretary of the Air Force announced the suspension of the 2016 season to allow an extended review of the program. The decision was made to pause the program and to reassess its mission, venue, themes and cost.

The Secretary of the Air Force permanently shut down Tops In Blue on 1 September 2016.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tops In Blue


text:
Bluegrass Community and Technical College

Bluegrass Community and Technical College (BCTC) is a public community college in Lexington, Kentucky. It is one of sixteen two-year, open admission colleges of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). It was formed from the consolidation of two separate institutions: Lexington Community College and Central Kentucky Technical College. Lexington Community College was the last remaining college in the University of Kentucky Community College System until a vote by the trustees transferred governance to KCTCS in 2004. Prior to 1984, the college was named Lexington Technical Institute. Central Kentucky Technical College was part of the Workforce Development Cabinet of the Kentucky State Government until the creation of KCTCS in 1997. KCTCS was formed in 1997 by the state legislature through House Bill 1 which combined the technical colleges of the Workforce Development Cabinet and the community colleges previously with the University of Kentucky. BCTC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC).

BCTC has a large international student base with students attending from Europe, Jordan, Turkey, and many other nations. As of Fall 2009, 11,500 students were enrolled at BCTC. As of 2019, tuition in-state is $182 (per credit hour) USD, Out-of-state $356 (per credit hour) USD (2019–20)

Service area
The primary service area of BCTC includes:

 * Anderson County
 * Boyle County
 * Clark County
 * Estill County
 * Fayette County
 * Franklin County
 * Jessamine County
 * Madison County
 * Mercer County
 * Powell County
 * Scott County
 * Woodford County

Campuses
BCTC consists of seven campus locations in Central Kentucky and many additional sites. It also maintains an Advanced Manufacturing Center, BCTC Equine, formerly known as the North American Racing Academy (NARA), and other educational sites.

 * Main campuses
 * Newtown Campus
 * Leestown Campus

 * Regional campuses
 * Danville Campus (Boyle County) (Danville)
 * Lawrenceburg Campus (Anderson County) (Lawrenceburg)
 * Winchester-Clark County Campus (Winchester)
 * Georgetown-Scott County Campus (Georgetown)

 * Additional sites
 * Cooper Campus (Lexington)
 * Fayette County Adult Education - Newtown Campus North (Lexington)
 * BCTC Equine program, formerly called the North American Racing Academy (NARA), at the Thoroughbred Training Center (Lexington)

BCTC's Newtown Campus consists of four large buildings. The Science Education Center is geared towards science, while the Classroom Building focuses on more general education courses. The newest building, the Den, houses a variety of student services. The historic administration building is currently vacant and in the process of being renovated. The property once housed Eastern State Hospital.

BCTC's Leestown Campus consists of four buildings. Building C contains a variety of programs including Automotive Technology, Welding, Autobody, Cosmetology, a community day care center, Workforce Solutions, and Administrative offices. The Manufacturing Building includes programs in Electrical Technology, Engineering Technology, Industrial Maintenance Technology, Machine Tool, Computer Aided Drafting, and various classrooms, offices, and labs. Building A has the campus library and variety of classrooms and programs including Nursing and Adult Basic Education. Building B houses the Carpentry program and Shipping and Receiving.

BCTC Georgetown is located at the North American Production Support Center of Toyota on Cherry Blossom Drive. It focuses on Industrial Maintenance Technology and utilizes a unique combination of classroom space, open lab, and internships. The campus is a key partner in AMTEC, an NSF funded collaboration of community colleges and automotive manufacturers and suppliers focusing on technical education. BCTC's Cooper Campus is located closest to the University of Kentucky campus, in the shadow of Kroger Field. The Cooper Campus consists of three buildings: the Academic Technical (AT), Oswald, and Moloney buildings. Oswald is the main building, consisting of a number of offices and classrooms, as well as the Bluegrass Cafe, the Learning Resource Center (Library) or LRC, and a Barnes & Noble College bookstore. The Academic Technical (AT) Building is primarily classrooms, and Moloney contains more classrooms, as well as several computer labs and department offices.

BCTC has a robust online education program, offering a wide variety of general education courses and technical courses. The online course tuition is an affordable flat-rate for in-state and out-of-state students alike. Online students come from all over the world.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Future Infinity

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 18:16, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Future_Infinity
This article appears to be a thinly disguised commercial press release. The attached discussion page was packed with thousands of identical links (to raise page rank?). The game itself according to its web page is in beta testing and late for release. No redeeming historical interest or precedent setting prototyping that I detected. 70.110.37.3 19:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Unreleased game in beta. If this were something where there was solid evidence of a waiting fanbase (like Final Fantasy XII) I'd vote to keep, but there is no evidence this game is in any way significant.--Isotope23 20:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above, and WP:NOT a crystal ball. PacknCanes 03:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete commercial article for an unreleased game

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

Future Infinity
Very small potatoes online role-playing game, Alexa rank for futureinfinity.com: 4,111,370  --  Ruby  03:53, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Future Infinity
Very small potatoes online role-playing game, Alexa rank for futureinfinity.com: 4,111,370  --  Ruby  04:25, 21 February 2006 (UTC)


text: User:EconomistUK

title: User:EconomistUK


text:
Wikipedia:Today's second feature/October 15, 2005

Today's featured picture

A skull, or cranium, is a bony structure of vertebrates which serves as the general framework for a head. The skull supports the structures of the face and protects the brain against injury.

This example of a hippopotamus's skull also shows the large canine teeth, used for fighting, which can grow up to 50 cm long.

Photo credit: Raul654


text: User talk:84.68.235.133

title: User talk:84.68.235.133


text:
Talk:Anti-Shakerism

Untitled
I just found this page by surfing and it was interesting, why delete it, I can't see how it fits the deletion criteria?

Gene.thomas 19:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

It fits the deletion criteria because hate against a group with 3 members is a joke. If me and my two friends decided to make a new religion and not have sex with anyone, who would hate us besides a couple bullies? Shakers are already a thing of the past. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.236.30.114 (talk) 02:55, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Anti-Shakerism


text:
Operation Paraquet

Operation Paraquet was the code name for the British military operation to recapture the island of South Georgia from Argentine military control in April 1982 at the start of the Falklands War.

The operation, a subsidiary of the main Operation Corporate—recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina—was successful, leading to the island being restored to British control on 25 April 1982.

Officially named "Operation Paraquet", an alternative spelling of parakeet, it was known among British troops as "Paraquat", after the industrial weedkiller.

Background
Prompted by the British war cabinet who needed a demonstration of political resolve, the operation was ordered by Admiral John Fieldhouse at Northwood Headquarters and planned by staff at 3 Commando Brigade. Major General Jeremy Moore of the Royal Marines was told to provide a Commando company group for a secret mission. Originally selecting 45 Commando who had recently completed jungle warfare training, the final selection was 42 Commando who had recently been on a winter deployment to Norway. The second-in-command of 42 Commando, Major Guy Sheridan, an experienced mountaineer, was selected to be Landing Force Commander. M Company of 42 Commando, commanded by Captain Chris Nunn, was augmented by specialists from the Reconnaissance Troop, the Support Company, signals and medics; a total of 132 men.

Sheridan requested the support of the Royal Marine Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre, but was instead given 19 (Mountain) Troop from D Squadron Special Air Service (SAS) from Ascension Island. In the event, the whole of D Squadron comprising not only the Mountain Troop, but also 16 (Mobility) Troop, 18 (Air) Troop and 17 (Boat) Troop along with the Squadron HQ all joined the force at Ascension. Finally, 2 Troop, Special Boat Squadron (2 SBS) and, as requested by Sheridan, two Naval Gunfire Forward Observation Parties (NGFOs) also joined the task group.

The already crowded accommodations in available ships became difficult with the inclusion of additional troops. The task group sailed from Ascension on 11 April, pausing to redistribute the SAS troops between ships on 13 April. The final disposition was that M Company were on the tanker RFA Tidespring, 2 SBS, and the Mountain and Boat Troops SAS on the frigate, HMS Plymouth (F126), with the rest of D Squadron on HMS Antrim (D18). Finally, 6 SBS were embarked in the submarine HMS Conqueror (S48). This group, known as CTG 317.9 or Task Force South Georgia, was commanded by Captain Brian Young of Antrim.

The task group met with HMS Endurance (1967) on 14 April and on the following day, received written orders (dropped by an RAF Nimrod aircraft) for the operation from Admiral Fieldhouse dated 12 April and giving a landing date of 21 April.

Reconnaissance phase
Conqueror was first on the scene, arriving off South Georgia on 18 April and carrying out a survey of key areas of the coast. She then withdrew to the northwest of the island to guard against any potential threats from the Argentine navy.

For the British, the first order of business was to carry out reconnaissance of Argentinian positions, whose forces and dispositions were unknown, though there was no evidence to suggest they had been reinforced since the initial occupation of the island on 3 April. The plan called for insertion of 3 SBS patrols at Hound Bay, who would then travel by land and Gemini inflatable boat across Cumberland East Bay and set up an OP at Brown Mountain overlooking Grytviken. The SAS plan was more ambitious, and called for a helicopter insertion of Mountain Troop, D squadron, on Fortuna Glacier, 8 miles west of Stromness. From there the unit would travel across the glacier, and reconnoitre Leith, Husvik, Stromness and East Fortuna bay. The SAS chose Fortuna glacier as the point of entry as it was sufficiently far from expected enemy positions so as to preclude detection, and the Argentines would not expect an attack from that direction. This choice was opposed by officers who had knowledge of local conditions, such as Captain Nick Barker of Endurance and members of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), who felt that the difficulties of travelling on the glacier were being underestimated. However, Major Cedric Delves, officer commanding D squadron, overruled their objections, and as the SAS had strong political backing within the British government, the plan was eventually put into action.

On 20 April, an RAF Victor based on Ascension carried out a radar reconnaissance of 150,000 square miles of South Atlantic, including South Georgia, remaining in flight for 14 hours and 45 minutes. On the same day, the Task Force arrived at its destination, and Endurance moved into Saint Andrews Bay to make contact with isolated BAS field parties.

On the next day, the 15 men of Mountain troop, led by Captain Gavin Hamilton, were airlifted onto Fortuna glacier by two Wessex helicopters. They were immediately confronted with extreme conditions including 100 mph winds and freezing temperatures. Deep crevasses slowed the advance, and when the men attempted to set up camp and wait out the storm, their tents were swept away by the wind. Finally, after 15 hours on the glacier, Captain Hamilton requested evacuation, with the message "Unable to move. Environmental casualties imminent." Three Wessex helicopters were dispatched from the Task Force: two Wessex Mk5s from Tidespring and one Mk3 from Antrim. After one failed attempt, they managed to locate and embark the stranded SAS men, but in whiteout conditions, one pilot became disorientated and his aircraft crashed. The passengers were loaded onto the two remaining helicopters, but soon afterwards one of these hit a ridge and crashed, though once again without any serious casualties. The last Wessex, Antrim′s Mk3, after having offloaded its troops on board the destroyer returned to the glacier and after two failed attempts managed to retrieve the downed SAS and aircrew, though their equipment had to be abandoned. The pilot, Lieutenant Commander Ian Stanley, managed to nurse his overloaded aircraft back to Antrim and make an emergency landing on her flight deck, for which he was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

Meanwhile, the SBS insertion fared little better. On 22 April, four men of 2 SBS were landed from Endurance by Wasp helicopter at Hound Bay, where the local BAS team informed them that no Argentines were in the area. On the next day, an attempt to insert reinforcements by helicopter was foiled by strong winds, and Endurance had to approach within 800 yards of the coast in order to land the remaining SBS in Gemini inflatable boats. After having spent a night at Dartmouth Point, the troop moved on foot through Sörling Valley to the foot of Nordenskjöld Glacier. Here a Wasp helicopter airlifted in two Geminis, but one was found to have been damaged during transport. The remaining boat was used to ferry half of the unit across Cumberland Bay East, but the crossing was thwarted by strong headwinds and accumulating drift ice from the nearby glacier. With the weather deteriorating, the mission was called off, but the SBS had to wait another day to be evacuated.

On 22 April, Young's Task Force was joined by the tanker RFA Brambleleaf, which had travelled past the Cape of Good Hope and originally arrived in the TEZ on 19 April, meeting HMS Endurance, before leaving again to wait to rendezvous with the other ships in the Task Force. The tanker had suffered heavy damage in a severe storm, and it was decided to transfer as much fuel as possible onto Tidespring, under cover of Plymouth, before she could begin her journey back to the UK for repairs. The long process began on the same day, but was momentarily interrupted when the three ships were spotted by an Argentine C-130 flying a maritime reconnaissance mission. The fuel transfer from Brambleleaf to Tidespring ended prematurely due to the suspected presence of Argentine submarine Santa Fe in the area.

Despite earlier setbacks, Young remained committed to completing his intelligence-gathering mission, and on the night of 22/23 April Antrim entered Stromness Bay in order to insert another SAS force. This time, Boat Troop, D squadron, led by Captain Tim Burls, were to be inserted in five Gemini boats. The attempt almost ended in disaster when two boats' engines refused to start and they were swept out to sea by an unexpected gale. One boat was rescued the following morning by Antrim's Wessex, while the other managed to restart their engine and reach the shore on the Busen Peninsula. After towing another boat to shore, Tommy Turtle went back to search for the others. The three remaining Geminis reached their intended objective on Grass Island, where an observation post was set up, after the men of 17 Troop had scaled a cliff in freezing conditions. They reported no Argentine activity in the Stromness area and signalled an SOS to HMS Endurance, which the next day was able to airlift them out by her Westland Wasp. After this operation, 17 Troop took to calling itself "The South Georgia Boating Club".

Attack on Santa Fe

On 23 April, the British learned through radio intercepts that an Argentinian submarine was approaching South Georgia. This was the GUPPY II–converted Balao class ARA Santa Fe, the former USS Catfish, part of Argentina's submarine fleet of four boats. On 9 April Santa Fe, commanded by Corvette Captain Horacio Bicain, left Mar del Plata with eleven technicians to restore utility services on New Georgia and nine marines with Bantam anti-tank missiles to reinforce the original invading force, which was armed only with rifles and machine guns. The mission was launched by Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo, following a request for reinforcements by Captain Trombetta shortly after the Argentine invasion of South Georgia.

This contradicted the military junta's orders to not reinforce South Georgia, but when Admiral Jorge Anaya, Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine Navy, learned of the mission, he refused to disavow his subordinates and authorised it. Storm conditions prevented use of the snorkel, which placed unexpected demands on the batteries and required remaining surfaced during part of the approach. Her sensors were unreliable, and the charge capacity of her aged batteries was much reduced from their original design. While undertaking her transport mission, Santa Fe's orders were to remain undetected, not to attack any ships and to break contact with any ship which might detect her.

The arrival of the submarine posed a significant threat to the British Task Force, and Young was ordered to disperse his ships, except Endurance, outside the South Georgia total exclusion zone. The frigate HMS Brilliant, commanded by Captain John Coward, was diverted to South Georgia with her two Lynx helicopters to replace the aircraft lost on Fortuna Glacier, but she was not due to arrive until the morning of 25 April. Conqueror was assigned a new patrol area 70 miles to the west of South Georgia, however, a failure in her communications mast meant that she did not receive the order until 24 April, by which time Santa Fe was already approaching the island.

The Argentinian submarine successfully landed her reinforcements at Grytviken, under moonless cloud cover in the pre-dawn hours of 25 April, and was underway by 0500. Antrim′s aircrew, which included Lieutenant Chris Parry, anticipated that Santa Fe would unload her troops under the cover of darkness and would withdraw at first light through Cumberland Bay without submerging, due to the threat of icebergs. They suggested re-fitting their Wessex with radar, which had been removed to transport the SAS, and intercept Santa Fe as she left the bay. Captain Young thus brought his three warships some 25 miles north-east of Cumberland Bay and prepared his helicopter force for anti-submarine action. He now had at his disposal, besides Antrim Wessex, three Wasps (one aboard Plymouth and two on Endurance) and two Lynxes (aboard Brilliant). At 0855, the submarine was located by Antrim's Wessex using radar and engaged with depth charges. One charge bounced off the boat's deck but the other exploded alongside, rupturing the port ballast tank and piercing an external fuel tank. Now unable to dive, Bicain was forced to reverse course towards Grytviken.

The Wessex was then joined by a Lynx which launched a Mark 46 torpedo, but the weapon was configured to home on submerged submarines and passed harmlessly underneath its target. Wasps then joined the attack firing AS-12 missiles. As Endurance was much closer to the action, her Wasps were able to rearm and attack several times, while Plymouth's Wasp was able to carry out only one attack. As the submarine approached Grytviken, Argentine positions at King Edward Point opened fire with rifles and anti-tank rockets, and during the last Wasp attack, the crew attempted to defend themselves with small arms and at least one machine gun, but with no effect. The last missile fired caused the most damage, destroying the periscope standards and nearby pumps and injuring a sailor who was manning a machine gun. By 1100, the crippled Santa Fe was once again moored at Grytviken pier, where she was abandoned by her crew.

Execution
With Santa Fe disabled, Major Sheridan judged that the Argentines would be demoralised and that an attack should be made immediately. However, his main force, M company, was still onboard Tidespring, 200 miles away. A scratch force was put together with various forces on board Antrim. These included M company's command element and mortar troop, 2 SAS troops and the 2 SBS command and signal elements, for a total of 79 men.

There followed a helicopter assault by an improvised group of Special Forces and Royal Marines, with two Royal Navy vessels (Antrim and HMS Plymouth (F126)) conducting a naval bombardment demonstration on the low hills opposite Grytviken. The garrison at Grytviken and the crew of the disabled Santa Fe surrendered to M Company, 42 Commando, Royal Marines, after 15 minutes at 17.15 GMT, although the garrison at Leith Harbour, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Alfredo Astiz, surrendered the following day.

An Argentine prisoner of war, Navy Petty Officer Felix Artuso, a crewman of Santa Fe, was mistakenly shot dead on 26 April after a British marine thought he was sabotaging the submarine. He is buried at Grytviken Cemetery.

A message that was widely publicised in the UK was made by the Task Group Commander, Captain Brian Young, after the surrender at Grytviken:
 * Be pleased to inform Her Majesty that the White Ensign flies alongside the Union Jack in South Georgia. God save the Queen.

After Secretary of State for Defence John Nott read this statement to journalists in Downing Street, prime minister Margaret Thatcher told the crowd to "rejoice".

Wildlife film-maker Cindy Buxton and her assistant Annie Price, who had been filming in an isolated part of the island before the invasion, were evacuated by a helicopter from HMS Endurance (1967) on 30 April.

In popular culture
Operation Paraquet forms part of the backstory of the Charles E. Gannon novel, At The End Of The World, part of the Black Tide Rising series created by John Ringo.

title: Operation Paraquet


text:
List of schools in Lesotho

This is a list of notable schools in the African country of Lesotho.

 * Mabathoana High School
 * Maseru Prepatory English Medium School

title: List of schools in Lesotho


text:
Talk:Jableh

When did Jabala become part of the County of Tripoli? It was originally in the Principality of Antioch: Tancred, Prince of Galilee captured in in 1111 when he was regent of Antioch, and it was part of the dower lands of Alice of Antioch. Choess 19:44, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

I think it's a mistake. I'm changing it to Antioch.--Cuchullain 00:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

naming
A user recently moved this page to Jablah by cut and paste. This is not recommended; I was going to merge the histories over there but after checking, I found that Jabala actually garnered many more Google hits, despite the user's assertion of the opposite. I've merged in some of this info, but it seems a move is unnecessary.--Cúchullain t/ c 04:24, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi, yes, I moved using cut and paste, because the article Jablah was already existing. There must be a better way, I don't know how. As for the hits, you might notice that when searching for Jabala you will get more hits, however not all these results refer to the city in question (Only a few at the beginning do, such as the wikipedia page Jabala, and the rest are about different things). In the case of a search for Jablah, on the other hand, I think most of the results are about this city. Thanks. Asabbagh 04:57, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, the most appropriate modern name to use is Jableh. It is used by several credible sources including Syria Gate.com, the UNESCO and the UN. I've requested a move in WP:RM. Regards, An as  talk? 10:37, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jableh


text:
Category:Politics of Illinois

Politics of Illinois.

title: Category:Politics of Illinois


text: User talk:63.206.90.241

title: User talk:63.206.90.241


text: Category:Politics of Iowa

title: Category:Politics of Iowa


text:
Kompoti

Kompóti (Κομπότι, ) is a village and a former municipality in the Arta regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nikolaos Skoufas, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 38.486 km2. The Greek National Road 5/E55 connects Kompoti with Messolonghi to the south and Arta and Ioannina to the north. Kompoti is located north of Amfilochia and Agrinio, east-northeast of Preveza and southeast of Arta. The Ambracian Gulf is to the south. Kompoti became part of Greece in 1881.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Kompoti is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
 * Kompoti (Kompoti, Agios Nikolaos)
 * Foteino
 * Sellades (Sellades, Alonia)

Other
Kompoti has a few schools, a lyceum (middle school), a gymnasium (secondary school) a few churches, banks, a post office, and a square.

Kompoti is the birthplace of Nikolaos Skoufas (Νικόλαος Σκουφάς), one of the founders of Filiki Eteria meaning Society of Friends in Greek, which was a secret organization working in the early 19th century, whose purpose was to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece and to establish an independent Greek state.

title: Kompoti


text:
Talk:List of NBA seasons

Comments
Top Seed? I cannot find documentation that the NBA awards a "top seed." Can we get a cite for this? Additionally, I think the list should be most wins/best winning pct; "top seeds" are ignoring this designation, which people would like to use wikipedia for! thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:445:280:1190:AC04:B199:10F:E057 (talk) 16:30, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

Top Seed? I cannot find documentation that the NBA awards an overall "top seed" (as opposed to a top seed in each conference) Can we get a cite for this? Additionally, I think the list should be most wins/best winning pct; overall "top seed," which I do not think is a thing, prevents such designation, which makes this article less useful. thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:445:280:1190:AC04:B199:10F:E057 (talk) 16:33, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:National Basketball Association which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:03, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of NBA seasons


text:
Lyle Stuart

Lyle Stuart (born Lionel Simon; August 11, 1922 – June 24, 2006) was an American author and independent publisher of controversial books. He worked as a newsman for years before launching his publishing firm, Lyle Stuart, Incorporated.

A former part-owner of the original Aladdin Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, Stuart was also a noted gambling authority, who advised casinos on how to protect themselves from cheats and cons. He had a wide circle of friends, freely admitting to a lively sex life. He was fond of gambling, with baccarat and craps being his games of choice. His gambling bestsellers were Casino Gambling for the Winner, Winning at Casino Gambling, and Lyle Stuart on Baccarat. He boasted, in Casino Gambling for the Winner, of having won $166,505 in ten consecutive visits to Las Vegas.

The Walter Winchell feud
Stuart had first gained national notoriety by taking on the powerful newspaper columnist Walter Winchell in a series of scathing magazine articles, collected in book form in 1953. After serving with the United States Merchant Marine and the Air Transport Command in World War II, he worked for William Randolph Hearst's International News Service, Variety, Music Business, and RTW Scout.

In 1951, he launched a monthly tabloid named Exposé (name later changed to The Independent) designed to publish those stories and articles that others would not have dared publish because they might have offended subscribers or advertisers. Contributors included Upton Sinclair, Norman Mailer, George Seldes, Ted O. Thackrey and John Steinbeck.

EC Comics
In the early 1950s, he was the business manager of the EC Comics line published by Bill Gaines, a close friend.

In 1956, with $8,000 of the money he collected from libel actions against Walter Winchell, Confidential, ABC-TV, and Editor & Publisher, he began his publishing company, Lyle Stuart, Inc., of which, as noted below, Kensington Books subsequently acquired ownership.

Lyle Stuart, Inc.
The publishing firm for which Stuart was best known, Lyle Stuart, Inc., was founded in 1955 with the proceeds of a lawsuit settlement. In 1965, in partnership with Loujon Press, Stuart published Charles Bukowski's second important poetry collection, Crucifix in a Deathhand, though the firm was better known for publishing books such as The Sensuous Woman and Naked Came the Stranger.

In the early 1980s, Lyle Stuart Inc. made a deal with UK publishers Target Books/W H Allen for US distribution of the paperback novelizations of the TV series Doctor Who, coinciding with the increasing popularity of the show on US public broadcasting.

The company was sold in 1988 to developer Steven Schragis, who started Carol Publishing. In 2000, Carol Publishing filed for bankruptcy and was itself sold to the Kensington Publishing Corporation.

Barricade Books
In 1997, Stuart's publishing house Barricade Books reissued The Turner Diaries, a novel thought to have been the inspiration behind Timothy McVeigh's bombing of the Murrah building. He was a strong advocate of freedom of the press, and believed it was important for people to be able to read and make up their own minds. (In the introduction he wrote to his reissue of The Turner Diaries, he made clear how strongly he opposed the viewpoint expressed in the book.)

Also in the 1990s, casino mogul Steve Wynn sued Stuart over catalog copy. The copy on Running Scared, a biography of Wynn, made reference to a New Scotland Yard report that tied the Las Vegas tycoon to the Genovese Crime Family. (The book refuted some of the report's findings.) Stuart lost the libel case and was ordered to pay three million dollars in defamation, forcing him into bankruptcy. This judgment was overturned on appeal by the Nevada Supreme Court in 2001 and sent back for a new trial, which Wynn chose not to pursue.

Personal life
Stuart was born in Manhattan on August 11, 1922. He described himself as an "atheist of Jewish ancestry". Stuart's first wife, Mary Louise Stuart, died in 1969. They are the parents of jazz guitarist Rory Stuart. Later Stuart married Carole Livingston Stuart in 1982 and they were married until his death.

Stuart, especially in his last years, was a resident of Fort Lee, New Jersey. He died from a heart attack at a hospital in Englewood, New Jersey, on June 24, 2006, at age 83.

Selected works, as author or publisher

 * God Wears a Bow Tie (1950)
 * Inside Western Union (1950)
 * The Secret Life of Walter Winchell (1953)
 * Inside The FBI (1967)
 * The Rich and the Super-Rich (1968)
 * Naked Came the Stranger (1969)
 * The Sensuous Woman (1969)
 * The Anarchist Cookbook (1970)
 * The Sensuous Man (1971)
 * The MAD World of William M. Gaines (1972), Library of Congress Card No. 72-9178
 * Jackie Oh! (1978)
 * Casino Gambling for the Winner (1978), ISBN 978-0-8184-0267-8
 * The Prostitute Murders: The People Vs. Richard Cottingham (1983)
 * Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain (1984)
 * L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman? (1987)
 * Black Robes, White Justice (1987), ISBN 0-8184-0422-1
 * Winning at Casino Gambling (1994), ISBN 978-1-56980-012-6
 * Lyle Stuart on Baccarat (1997), ISBN 978-1-56980-105-5 ISBN 0818407174

title: Lyle Stuart


text:
1970 Cambodian coup d'état

The 1970 Cambodian coup d'état (រដ្ឋប្រហារឆ្នាំ១៩៧០, Coup d'État de 1970) was the removal of the Cambodian Chief of State, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, after a vote in the National Assembly on 18 March 1970. Emergency powers were subsequently invoked by the Prime Minister Lon Nol, who became effective head of state, and led ultimately to the removal of Queen Sisowath Kossamak and the proclamation of the Khmer Republic later that year. It is generally seen as a turning point in the Cambodian Civil War. No longer a monarchy, Cambodia was semi-officially called "État du Cambodge" (State of Cambodia) in the intervening six months after the coup, until the republic was proclaimed.

It also marked the change of Cambodia involvement in the Vietnam War, as Lon Nol issued an ultimatum to North Vietnamese forces to leave Cambodia.

Background
Since independence from France in 1953, Cambodia had been led by Prince Norodom Sihanouk, whose Sangkum political movement secured complete political power after the 1955 parliamentary election, where no opposition candidate secured a single seat. Following King Norodom Suramarit's death in 1960, Sihanouk had forced the National Assembly to approve a constitutional amendment that made him Chief of State with no fixed term of office, while Queen Sisowath Kossamak remained a mere ceremonial figure. He had retained domestic power through a combination of political manipulation, intimidation, patronage, nepotism and careful balancing of left- and right-wing elements within his government; whilst placating the right with Khmer-nationalist rhetoric, he appropriated much of the language of socialism to marginalize the Cambodian communist movement, whom he called the Khmers rouges ("Red Khmers").

With the Second Indochina War escalating, Sihanouk's balancing act between left and right became harder to maintain. Cross-border smuggling of rice also began to have a serious effect on the Cambodian economy. In the Cambodian elections of 1966, the usual Sangkum policy of having one candidate in each electoral district was abandoned; there was a huge swing to the right, especially as left-wing deputies had to compete directly with members of the traditional elite, who were able to use their local influence. Although a few communists within the Sangkum – such as Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan – chose to stand, most leftists were decisively defeated. Lon Nol, a rightist who had been a longstanding associate of Sihanouk, became Prime Minister. By 1969, Lon Nol and the rightists were growing increasingly frustrated with Sihanouk. Although the basis for this was partly economic, political considerations were also involved. In particular, the nationalist and anti-communist sensibilities of Lon Nol and his associates meant that Sihanouk's policy of semi-toleration of Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) activity within Cambodian borders was unacceptable; Sihanouk, during his swing to the left in 1963–66, had negotiated a secret arrangement with Hanoi whereby in return for the guaranteed purchase of rice at inflated prices, the port of Sihanoukville was opened for weapons shipments to the Viet Cong. As well as the rightist nationalists, the liberal modernising elements within the Sangkum, headed by In Tam, had also become increasingly alienated by Sihanouk's autocratic style.

Overthrow of Sihanouk
In early March 1970, anti-Vietnamese demonstrations occurred in Cambodia while Sihanouk was touring Europe, the Soviet Union and China. William Shawcross has suggested that Lon Nol planned the first demonstrations in eastern Cambodia on 8 March. On 11 March in Phnom Pehn, crowds, said to have been organised by Lon Nol's brother, Lon Non, attacked the embassies of North Vietnam and the PRGR South Vietnam. Vietnamese residences, businesses and churches were also attacked. Some reports indicate Sihanouk's involvement in the preparations, or acquiescence, of the demonstrations, in the hope that they would lead Moscow and Beijing to pressure North Vietnam to reduce its presence in Cambodia. The riots escalated beyond the government's control – although this was likely done with a degree of encouragement from Lon Nol and Sirik Matak – and the embassy was sacked. Inside, a "contingency plan" was allegedly found for the communists to occupy Cambodia. On 12 March, Sirik Matak cancelled North Vietnam's trade agreement that gave access to Cambodian goods. Lon Nol closed the port of Sihanoukville to the North Vietnamese and issued an impossible ultimatum to them: all PAVN and Viet Cong forces were to withdraw from Cambodian soil within 72 hours (on 15 March) or face military action. When, by the morning of 16 March, it was clear that this demand had not been met, some 30,000 youths gathered outside the National Assembly in Phnom Penh to protest against the Vietnamese presence.

From this point, events moved with increasing rapidity. On the same day, the Cambodian Secretary of State for Defence, Colonel Oum Mannorine (Sihanouk's brother-in-law), was scheduled to be questioned by the national legislature on allegations of corruption. The proceedings were adjourned to hear the demonstrators' resolutions. According to Sihanouk, Mannorine had received information that Lon Nol and Sirik Matak were about to precipitate a coup. A group of Mannorine's men, under the command of Phnom Penh's Chief of Police Major Buor Horl, attempted to arrest the plotters, but it was too late. Mannorine, and other key security personnel loyal to Sihanouk, were placed under arrest. After the Assembly adjourned for the day, Sihanouk's mother Queen Kossamak, at Sihanouk's request, summoned Lon Nol and Sirik Matak to the Royal Palace and asked them to end the demonstrations.

It appears to have been sometime during 16 or 17 March that Sirik Matak finally swayed Lon Nol to remove Sihanouk from the government. Lon Nol, who until that point may have been merely hoping that Sihanouk would end his relations with North Vietnam, showed some reluctance to take action against the Head of State: to convince him, Sirik Matak allegedly played him a tape-recorded press conference from Paris, in which Sihanouk threatened to execute them both on his return to Phnom Penh. The Prime Minister remained uncertain, with the result that Sirik Matak, accompanied by three army officers, compelled a weeping Lon Nol to sign the necessary documents at gunpoint.

The next day – 18 March – the army took up positions around the capital, and a debate was held within the National Assembly under In Tam's direction. One member of the Assembly (Kim Phon, later to be killed by pro-Sihanouk demonstrators in Kampong Cham) walked out of the proceedings in protest, though was not harmed at the time. The rest of the assembly voted unanimously to invoke Article 122 of the Cambodian constitution, which withdrew confidence in Sihanouk.

Lon Nol took over the powers of the Head of State on an emergency basis, while the position itself was taken by the President of the General Assembly, Cheng Heng. In Tam was confirmed as President of the Sangkum. The removal of Sihanouk had, therefore, followed essentially constitutional forms rather than being a blatant military takeover. These events marked the foundation of the Khmer Republic.

Queen Kossamak was forced to leave the royal palace by the new government. She was held in house arrest in a suburban villa before being allowed to join her son in Beijing for health reasons in 1973, and died there two years later.

Claimed United States involvement
There is evidence that during 1969 Lon Nol approached the US military establishment to gauge military support for any action against Sihanouk. Lon Nol's appointee as deputy Prime Minister, Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak – a US-friendly nationalist and leader of the Cambodian business community – is thought to have suggested that Sihanouk should be assassinated, though Lon Nol rejected this plan as "criminal insanity".

Sihanouk himself thought that Sirik Matak (who he characterised as a jealous rival claimant to the Cambodian throne) backed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and in contact with exiled Sihanouk opponent Son Ngoc Thanh, had suggested the coup plan to Lon Nol in 1969. CIA involvement in the coup plot remains unproven, and Henry Kissinger later claimed that the event had taken the US government by surprise, but some observers believe it to be likely that at least some U.S. military intelligence agents were involved.

Demonstrations against the coup
On 23 March, Sihanouk (via Beijing Radio) called for a general uprising against Lon Nol. Large-scale popular demonstrations calling for Sihanouk's return began in Kompong Cham, Takéo Province, and Kampot Province. The demonstrations in Kompong Cham became particularly violent, with two National Assembly deputies, Sos Saoun and Kim Phon, being killed by demonstrators on 26 March after driving to the town to negotiate. Lon Nol's brother, police official Lon Nil, was set upon in the nearby town of Tonle Bet by plantation workers and was also killed.

The demonstrations were suppressed with extreme brutality by the Cambodian army; there were several hundred deaths and thousands of arrests. Some witnesses spoke of tanks being used against crowds of unarmed civilians.

Aftermath
Following the coup, North Vietnam forces invaded Cambodia in 1970 at the request of Khmer Rouge leader Nuon Chea. Thousands of Vietnamese were killed by Lon Nol's anti-communist forces and their bodies dumped in the Mekong River. Attacks against Vietnamese began after a demand by Lon Nol that all Vietnamese communists leave Cambodia. Phnom Penh's North Vietnamese embassy was ravaged by Cambodians. Cambodia abandoned an international policy of neutrality and aligned with the United States. President Nixon approved the resumption of US Military Aid to the country in April 1970, which saw the FANK grow from 35,000 in March to 202,000 by January 1971.

Of the approximately 450,000 Vietnamese in Cambodia, 100,000 left the country and another 200,000 were forcibly repatriated to South Vietnam, reducing the estimated population of ethnic Vietnamese to 140,000 just five months after the coup. These events marked the start of the Cambodian Civil War, pitting Lon Nol's regime backed by US air power against the Khmer Rouge and North Vietnam. Lon Nol fled Cambodia in 1975 right before the Khmer Rouge's seizure of power.

title: 1970 Cambodian coup d'état


text:
User talk:Sam mix

Sam Mix is a load of audio clips taking the UK by storm. There's Sam, the original Sam track, followed by Sam Mix, Sam Mix 2, Sam Superman, Sam WotW, Sam Rev, and many more.

title: User talk:Sam mix


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maine Freeze

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 00:20, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Maine Freeze
No assection of notablily or even what it is, whould have been a A7 but its not a person. Looks like some organization that is still nn Delete --JAranda | yeah 19:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - Apparently this is a women's football team in Portland Maine, see link. Given this is sad excuse for an article right now, but I don't know if the team and/or league itself is notable just yet.  So I'll hold off on voting for now, just thought I'd let you know what I think this is.  -- Malo 20:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no context, and very nn. If someone can provide context, let them restart the article. PacknCanes 03:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Potentially, this could be a speedy delete under WP:CSD A1, as a short article with little or no context. (An article about a sports team that doesn't provide enough information to determine what sport they play is a perfect example of no context.)  But thanks to Malo, we know that this is a women's football team.  They play in the National Women's Football Association, some of whose teams have Wikipedia articles but most of which don't -- and the articles that exist tend to be substubs.  (Example: "Kentucky Karma is a team in the National Women's Football Association.")  There is no useful information in this article (nothing to merge), so redirect back to National Women's Football Association. --Metropolitan90 06:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:84.69.28.249

title: User talk:84.69.28.249


text:
User talk:AdiJapan/Correlation

If this is original research, it does not belong on Wikipedia. If it's reporting on literature published elsewhere, the sources need to be cited. --Angr/undefined 19:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Why would you choose French, Italian, and Romanian, three romance languages? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xideum (talk • contribs) 22:59, 24 October 2005

title: User talk:AdiJapan/Correlation


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/Boston/3

Monday August 22
Time: 7:00pm Place: gather outside Au Bon Pain in Harvard Square, 1350ish Massachusetts Avenue, pick a different restaurant and go elsewhere Agenda: add to the list below Contact: Restaurant(617-497-9797) SJ (617x529/42/66)

 * Hey, I was just at Au Bon Pain from 7-7:10, and I didn't see anyone. Where are you?  —Steven G. Johnson 23:22, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Agenda

 * Perhaps a WBGH guest will speak about usability (alack, couldn't come)
 * sj will report on Wikimania
 * Ignobel awards contingent?

Monday July 11
Time: 7:00pm Place: outside Au Bon Pain in Harvard Square, 1350ish Massachusetts Avenue Agenda: add to the list below Contact: Restaurant(617-497-9797) SJ (617x529/42/66) j printed a sign for the table!

Agenda

 * The FSF guy isn't coming tonight.23:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There are about six of us sitting in front of Au Bon Pain figuring out where to eat...
 * We are going to Smile Thai, which is on Eliot Street across from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.23:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Monday July 4

 * What about the reports of brunch on July 4th? Is it happening? If so, where? 3 July 2005 18:50 (UTC)
 * What about meeting where we can watch the USS Constitution do her annual sail?

Monday June 13
Time: 7:00pm Place: Pho Pasteur Agenda: add to the list below Contact: Restaurant(617-864-4100) SJ (617x529/42/66)

Agenda

 * Inviting people to join us next meetup
 * Wiki presentation two Thursdays from now : on spam and security
 * Library contacts : OCLC/Worldcat, LoC, etc; report from Toronto (j, sj)
 * How can people who don't know us find us at the meeting site? Should we get a sign or something to have on the table? A Wikimedia flag? 19:35, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Monday May 23
Time: TBA; around 7:15pm Place: TBA Agenda: add to the list below

Agenda

 * Let's rally at the Border Cafe at 7:15 pm unless sj magically comes through with an alternate location between now and then. j 21:58, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Meetup site: thumbs up or down?
 * Thumbs down
 * Is the problem really with the site itself or with people not using the site effectively?
 * I'd like to have a list that allows me to easily contact other group members. I haven't figured out how to do that through Meetup yet.
 * Location suggestion: Border Cafe in Harvard Sq (brettstil)
 * The problem w/ Border Cafe is the noise level. I'm willing to give it a try this week just so we have a location for the meeting, but I know I will have a very difficult time hearing what anyone at the table says. 15:42, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * We can meet up there to start out with, and find somewhere else to go :-)
 * Future location rotation
 * dinner meetings? cafe meetings?
 * Local news stories and Pingswept's news corps
 * Pingswept won't be at the meeting ... 19:44, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Media competition
 * Better notification about meetings and meeting locations 21:51, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent point. Printing all of these out... +sj  +
 * How can people who don't know us find us at the meeting site? Should we get a sign or something to have on the table? A Wikimedia flag? 16:02, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's skip the meeting entirely and watch the Morris dancers in Harvard Square.
 * Great idea :) After we're done, though.  +sj  +

In attendance

 * see for more

Monday May 9
Time: 7pm Place: Shangri-la, above Shilla Attendance: j, Jeff, JT, +sj +, Bryce (visiting from Berkeley)...

Agenda
Cities and bus-routes; map-enhancement of wiki-content; p2p information passing, with occasional uploaders passing by to grab it and submit it to a central database of (bus times, encyclopedia articles, minor news, personal messages/voicemail). Relationship to third-world countries' needs. $20 dbas, FSF speakers.

Tuesday April 26
Speech by Jimbo Wales at Harvard Law school. Photos to come. After a long day of campaigning, Jimbo spoke to a mixed audience about Wikipedia and the Developing World in a Harvard Law School classroom. It was as much a discussion and long Q&A session as a presentation; he only spoke for about 15 minutes before fielding the first question.

In attendance
many of these are from memory; I'll update with better links
 * El Fundador
 * Cunctator
 * +sj +
 * j
 * Jeff from Permabit
 * JeremyT
 * jdb
 * brettstil
 * User:pingswept
 * Tony P.
 * Two fellows from Wolfram Research
 * James from Cambridge
 * 50 others

Normal meetup, with indian food, started at 8; while setting up reprise of the Cyberarts demonstration of rcbirds from the previous Thursday.

Monday April 11
Please add to the agenda below, and discuss alternative venues if Cambridge is hard to get tuo.

Agenda

 * Cyberarts festival
 * Boston Public Library presentation: publicity, etc.

Attendance
At V. Planet: brettstil, j, +sj +, Jeff... we moved on to a more sensible location before meeting up with others

title: Wikipedia:Meetup/Boston/3


text:
Joshua Silver

Joshua D. Silver is a British physicist whose discoveries have included a new way to change the curvature of lenses, with a significant application for the low-cost manufacture of corrective lenses and adjustable spectacles, especially in low-income countries.

Silver began his academic career in the Department of Atomic and Laser Physics at the University of Oxford, ultimately leading a research group. Professor Silver is currently the chief executive of the Centre for Vision in the Developing World at the University of Oxford, working to research the scope of and potential solutions to the problems of refractive error and low vision in the developing world.

Research
While studying mirrors, Silver discovered a new way to change the curvature of lenses. He applied this to create a new form of liquid-filled corrective lens, that could be easily adjusted by the wearer to correct the vision of over 90% of people requiring correction. This is particularly useful for people in developing countries where specially trained optometrists are not available. In 1996 he formed a company, Adaptive Eyecare, to develop these adaptive ophthalmic lenses in partnership with the UK Government's Department for International Development, for distribution in developing countries. The company has developed prototype adaptive spectacles (called AdSpecs ) that can correct both far-sighted and near-sighted people, and these spectacles have been trialled in several countries in Africa and Asia. So far 30,000 of Silver's lenses have been distributed in 15 countries.

In 2007 his research focused on using spectroscopy to understand the physics of highly charged ions (produced using the university's electron beam ion trap (EBIT)). This research has application in understanding extreme plasma environments such as fusion tokamaks and stellar atmospheres.

Political activism and controversy
In 2016, Professor Silver complained to West Midlands Police that British Home Secretary Amber Rudd had committed a hate crime while giving a political speech at the Conservative Party conference. During an interview with Andrew Neil on BBC2's Daily Politics, Silver said: "I didn’t actually see the speech but I’ve read the draft. And I’ve looked at all the feedback that there was to the speech. I’ve read the speech carefully and I’ve looked at all the feedback. It’s discriminating against foreigners, you pick on them and say we want to give jobs to British people and not to foreigners. It was interpreted that way." During the subsequent discussion on the programme, former Conservative Party leader Michael Howard responded by stating: "Of course it wasn't a hate incident... What Amber Rudd said was no different from Gordon Brown [former Labour Party prime minister] when he said there should be British jobs for British workers. I think Mr. Silver should be thoroughly ashamed of himself because what he's doing is to bring a well-intentioned piece of legislation into disrepute." The BBC subsequently reported that West Midlands Police had not formally investigated the speech, but had recorded it as a "non-crime hate incident" in accordance with national policy guidelines.

In early 2020, Silver said he would bring a case before the Court of Justice of the European Union. The case would answer whether or not British Citizens would lose their European Citizenship following Brexit.

title: Joshua Silver


text: Category:Irredentism

title: Category:Irredentism


text:
Talk:IBM Generalized Markup Language

Untitled
HTML and XML aren't really applications of SGML. HTML started life as it's own format which happened to use pointy brackets. SGML was retrofitted to HTML - later standardised versions had an SGML DTD associated to them. However I suspect a minute percentage of HTML pages at any point in time were ever valid and compatible with an SGML parser.

Saying XML is an application of SGML is completely wrong. XML has its roots in SGML, but it is not an application of it.

SGML is a system for creating application specific data formats - each of these uses is an 'application'. Ditto XML is a system for creating application specific data formats, and has it's applications.

XML was created to be "SGML for the web". It introduced backward incompatible changes - DTDs were optional, introduced the empty tag syntax, it supported Unicode etc. At the point of its creation, XML was not a subset of SGML - some well formed or even valid XML files were not compatible with SGML. This is not a flaw, XML set out to be a different standard.

Later on, the SGML standard was extended so that XML files could be considered a subset of SGML documents, but that is a recent development in the history of SGML. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.70.240.232 (talk • contribs) 12 October 2005

one of two

 * GML preceded and was one of the two sources that were used as the basis for the industry-developed Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)

There's a statement that GML was "one of two" influences on SGML, but you don't list the other one; I think you mean the whole RUNOFF inspired line of markup. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.156.15.166 (talk • contribs) 22 June 2006

I too would like to know what the other one is. I dont think it can be RUNOFF, as it doesnt appear to be a metalanguage. Jayvdb 07:45, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

re: example and influence on HTML
The example given shows GML in its default, out-of-the-box configuration. At our installation circa 1986 (and I'm pretty sure this was common) we replaced the start and end delimiters with < and > to give markup that looked like this:

Chapter 1: Introduction
GML supported hierarchical containers, such as

Ordered lists (like this one),
Unordered lists, and
Definition lists <eol> as well as simple structures.
Markup minimization (later generalized and formalized in SGML), allowed the end-tags to be omitted for the "h1" and "p" elements.

which starts to look a lot more like a direct influence on HTML. GML also had the  tag, the   tag with , etc. 91.125.101.51 (talk) 09:29, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, many of the original HTML tags were taken directly from the GML starter set (which, of course, was in use at CERN at the time). A particularly good 'example' is the <xmp> tag, which is taken directly from the GML :xmp. tag name – which is spelled without the leading 'e' because the 'e' is reserved to indicate end-tags in the GML default syntax.  mfc 20:28, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213985,00.html (2004 archive: http://web.archive.org/web/20041231085200/http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213985,00.html). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. NortyNort (Holla) 07:42, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:IBM Generalized Markup Language


text: Category:Subdivisions of Niger

title: Category:Subdivisions of Niger


text: User talk:68.68.103.117

title: User talk:68.68.103.117


text:
Protestfestival

The Protest Festival of Kristiansand, Norway, is a protest against powerlessness and indifference, in support of commitment and action. A protest against standardisation of society and one-track market thinking and a feeble notion of tolerance.

A program in the spirit of Axel Jensen, Jens Bjørneboe and Henrik Wergeland.

The festival is supported by the Norwegian state cultural department with an annual Nkr 250.000 grant.

title: Protestfestival


text:
Dehkhoda Dictionary

The Dehkhoda Dictionary or Dehkhoda Lexicon ( or واژه‌نامه) is the largest comprehensive Persian encyclopedic dictionary ever published, comprising 200 volumes. It is published by the Tehran University Press (UTP) under the supervision of the Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute. It was first published in 1931. It traces the historical development of the Persian language, providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and academic researchers, as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world.

The complete work is an ongoing effort that has taken over forty-five years of effort by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda and a cadre of other experts. Although Dehkhoda covers a big part of literary terms and words in Persian, the first edition of it lacks most scientific and technology terms coined by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature during the past decades. However the newer editions cover them. Dehkhoda states in the preface of the first edition of the dictionary that "Not only does this book miss 2/3 of today’s entire Persian vocabulary, at least half of the words I knew were forgotten and not recorded in this book." Many of those words were added in newer editions published after his death. The newer editions have been published yearly by the University of Tehran.

The original series initially consisted of 3 million records (Persian: برگه, bargeh, ) (up to 100 records for each word or proper noun) until Dehkhoda's death and currently contains 500,000 entries that according to the latest digital release of the dictionary by Tehran University Press (version 3.0) are based on an ever-growing library of over 2300 volumes in lexicology and various other scientific fields.

It was first printed in 1931. Dehkhoda was also helped by prominent linguists Mohammad Moin, Ja'far Shahidi, and Mohammad Dabirsiyaghi.

The work became so significant that in 1945, a bill was proposed in the Majles, signed by numerous members of the Iranian Parliament, including Mohammed Mossadegh, to allocate a special budget and staff to completing the project. Offices were provided for the task inside the compounds of the Majles itself, and later on, the entire project was moved to University of Tehran College of Humanities, with additional staffing, where the Dehkhoda Institute was founded, and where it remains until this day.

title: Dehkhoda Dictionary