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Jens Grand

Jens Grand, the Firebug (Low German: Fürsate, Swedish: Fursat; about 1260 – 29 May 1327 in Avignon) was a Danish archbishop of Lund (1289–1302), titular Archbishop of Riga and Terra Mariana (1304–1310), and Prince-Archbishop of Bremen (as John I 1310–1327), known as the central figure of the second ecclesiastical struggle in Denmark in the late 13th century. He was an outstanding jurist of canon law.

Grand was the son of Torbern Hvide, an officer at the Danish royal court, and of Cæcilie Skjalmsdatter, a sister of Peder Bang, Bishop of Roskilde. Bang and Cæcilie were also members of the Hvide clan, which came into conflict with the Danish throne through Stig Andersen Hvide's regicide of King Eric V Klipping in 1286. Grand studied at the University of Paris and received a degree as a doctor of canon law. About 1280 he gained a prebend as canon of the Roskilde Cathedral and in 1283 he advanced to the post of cathedral provost. Possibly Grand was an accomplice of the regicide. Maybe his donation of twelve prebendaries to the Roskilde Cathedral, which Pope Nicholas IV confirmed in 1288, is to be understood as an atonement for that sin. On 27 July, the same year, Ingvar Bishop of Roskilde granted Grand the castle of Selsø Slot (a part of today's Skibby).

Grand as Archbishop of Lund
Grand appeared as a political figure when in 1289 the cathedral chapter of Lund elected him as archbishop. This position included the Scandinavian primacy. Even though the Danish King Eric VI Menved sharply protested at the Holy See, Nicholas IV confirmed Grand's election in 1290. From the start Grand firmly opposed the royal power, openly sympathising with the exiled magnates and refusing any support of the royal family. Like Lund's former Archbishop Jacob Erlandsen, whose sister was Grand's maternal grandmother, he seems to have been the supporter of an independent church without any obligations towards the State or the king. These views, which seem to have been expressed in a both daring and provoking way, made him appear to the young Eric Menved as a pure traitor - especially at a time of danger.

In 1291 Grand approved himself as a jurist and decreed the new Constitutio cum Ecclesia Daciana, asserting canon law in Denmark at the expense of royal privileges. This affront escalated in a dispute between Eric Menved and Grand on the investiture of Lund's dean, Thorkil, and its provost, Jakob Lange, with additional prebends. In the following year Grand initiated to set up a necrologium of the Archdiocese, an inventory recording all the dead to be clerically commemorated by Offices of the Dead and the pertaining prebends and foundations donated to account for these ceremonies. In the course of the dispute - ostensibly on the prebends Grand invested disregarding the royal say in investiture - Grand excommunicated Eric Menved.

In 1294, Eric Menved in return ordered Grand's and Lange's arrestment. Grand was imprisoned in Søborg Castle in Northern Zealand under both humiliating and unhealthy conditions. After some months in terrible conditions, Eric Menved sent a messenger to Grand to see if he would swear allegiance again and promise to seek no revenge for his captivity. He replied: "Rather than bend to his will, I would rather that the king sliced me apart joint by joint than submit to his commands." Pope Celestine V protested Grand's imprisonment, but in vain. Lange was held in captivity in Kalundborg castle. At the beginning of 1295 Lange managed to escape and fled to Rome pleading the new Pope Boniface VIII for help.

On 14 December 1295, Grand too, succeeded in escaping with the help of a cook and fled to his castle Hammershus on Bornholm, whereafter he sought help from Boniface VIII. While Grand was in Rome, Eric Menved took his revenge by ravaging the estates of Grand and his supporters. Grand preferred a charge on Eric Menved at the curia, demanding a huge compensation for his arrest, the ravage of his estates, together with general royal concessions. In return Eric Menved accused him of disloyal behaviour and treason.

In 1297 the curial verdict obliged Eric Menved to compensate Grand with a silver weight of 40,000 marks of Lund, an enormous amount at that time. When Eric Menved refused to provide that amount of silver, Boniface issued an interdict on Denmark and a ban on Eric Menved, but without much effect. Both the Danish bishops and much of the people seem to have preferred a peaceful solution. The papal nuncio sent out to execute the verdict, Isarnus Tacconi (also Isarno Morlane) from Fontiès-d'Aude, archpriest of Carcassonne, came off empty-handed. In 1301 Tacconi became Prince-Archbishop of Riga.

The Grand affair lasted from 1297 to 1302 and was a foreign political strain on the Danish government. Eric Menved's firm attitude, together with a half-hearted support from the church, weakened Grand's case. After a royal rapprochement to Pope Boniface VIII - negotiated by Martin (Morten Mogensen) of Dacia, canon of the Ribe Cathedral in the Ribe diocese, later Rector of the University of Paris -, the affair ended in 1302 with a reduced compensation of silver weighing 10,000 marks. In the end Eric Menved only provided 4,000 marks in 1304, so that then Pope Benedict XI, Boniface' successor, lifted the ban on him. As part of the deal, Grand was removed from the rich see of Lund. Grand's later career was marked by new struggles.

Grand as Prince-Archbishop designate of Riga
On 3 January 1303 Boniface VIII - with effect only in 1304 - replaced Grand as Archbishop of Lund by Isarnus Tacconi, since 1301 prince-archbishop in Riga. Still in 1303 Pope Benedict XI, Boniface' successor, provided Grand with the thus vacant Prince-Archbishopric of Riga and Terra Mariana. But Grand rejected Riga's see as too poor. Instead Grand then moved to Paris, lucratively investing 2,400 livres parisis from his Danish compensation as a credit to the St Denis Abbey on the grounds that the Abbey would pay him later an annual rent of 400 livres.

Grand as Prince-Archbishop of Bremen
Meanwhile, Benedict XI was succeeded by Pope Clement V, who was personally acquainted with Grand. In 1310 Clement V, then residing in Poitiers, took his chance to circumvent the say of the Bremian cathedral chapter and claimed according to the new canonical ius devolutionis the right to appoint himself Grand as new Prince-Archbishop of Bremen. Grand was the first Archbishop of Bremen, who was not elected by the Chapter, thus he had no local supporters.

On 2 June the same year, Grand was invested with the pallium in Avignon. Three weeks later Grand got the invoice, the papal treasurer demanded to pay the servitia minuta and the so-called servitium commune, the latter making up a third of the annual revenues of the See. Grand paid a servitium commune of 600 Guilders (Florins), thus Bremen's annual revenues only amounted to a 1,800 Guilders, while Lund yielded its archbishop 12,000 Guilders, and Riga, which he had doomed too poor, still brought 2,400 Guilders p.a. Maybe Grand accepted the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, because by his sister Ingefred Torbe(r)nsdatter (marr. with ) he was related to the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein, whose county belonged to the diocesan territory of Bremen.

Situation in the Prince-Archbishopric at Grand's Arrival
On 17 September 1310 Bernhard, Count of Wölpe, the dean of Bremen's cathedral and Prince-Archbishop elect of 1307 died, after years of bowing and scraping at the curia, without ever gaining his papal confirmation. All of Northern Germany was plagued already with a famine lasting about 15 years after a series of misharvests. In addition to that law and order in the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen had fallen into decay during the three years of sede vacante. The council of the city of Bremen had usurped the jurisdiction from the prince-archiepiscopal bailiff in town. Burghers bought feudal estates in the proximity of the city, superseding knight families. This development led to the establishment of city-own countryside territory, where the city council would influence the appointment of judges within the Gohe (dike and drainage system venues).

Different magnates and clerical or secular entities (such as convents, cities) had alienated the prince-archiepiscopal revenues. Knights from families of nobility or ministerialis had usurped powerful positions in the Prince-Archbishopric. While Martin von der Hude terrorised the area between the rivers Weser and Oste, Heinrich von Borch, another robber baron, covered the area eastwards thereof until the river Elbe. In 1309 the city of Bremen, John III of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst and a number of knights confederated themselves to defeat Martin von der Hude.

Borch held the central prince-archiepiscopal Vörde Castle and the pertaining bailiwick. He abused the castle as starting point for his brigandages, earning him the epithet Isern Hinnerk (Iron Henry). In the same time he built his own castle Dannensee near Beckdorf and close to the Prince-Archbishopric's border with the Principality of Brunswick and Lüneburg-Celle. Local esquires, the city of Bremen, and many knights of the ministerialis, among them the bailiffs of Stade and of the Saxe-Lauenburgian exclave of the Land of Hadeln, formed a federation, sealed in April 1310, combining their interests to subject the brigandage with the separatist ambition of Stade's bailiff, the Count of Brobergen or Stade, being a vassal of the Prince-Archbishop, to constitute the County of Stade as a territory of imperial immediacy directly under the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 200 armed men of the federation beleaguered the castle in Vörde and demanded Isern Hinnerk to leave.

Grand Re-establishing the Order in the Prince-Archbishopric
In October 1310 Grand arrived in the monastery in Hude, which belonged in religious respect to his new diocese, but as to the secular reign it was part of the County of Oldenburg. From there monks and representatives of the city of Bremen accompanied him into the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. The federation welcomed him warmly and accepted Grand as Prince-Archbishop. The federation and Grand made Isern Hinnerk abandon the castle in Vörde, with Isern Hinnerk entrenching in his own castle near Beckdorf.

Still in 1310 Grand demanded from all the clergymen within his diocese and the pertaining suffragan dioceses of Lübeck, Ratzeburg, and Schwerin the donum charitativum (also called subsidium caritativum) amounting to 10% of all cleric revenues, such as prebends and the like, but he spared the Bremian capitulars to win their support. At the beginning of their episcopate bishops used to levy the donum as a tax from their subordinate clergy including the suffragan bishops to recover the expenses necessary to buy a papal confirmation or appointment to a See. In a wide interpretation of this use, Grand demanded the city of Stade to pay a tithe as subsidium caritativum. The Bremian Subchapter at Hamburg Concathedral protested at the curia for not being spared like Bremen's Chapter and on behalf of Stade.

Meanwhile, Isern Hinnerk expanded his brigandages, to rob the means to accomplish his castle. Grand excommunicated him, but Isern Hinnerk even spread his robberies to neighboured Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. This brought about a coalition of Grand with Duke Otto II the Strict of Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle and Prince-Bishop Frederick I inflicting a feud on Isern Hinnerk, which would put an end to his robberies. They destroyed his castle Dannensee, beleaguered the castle in Horneburg, where he found refuge with relatives. After a second flight Hinnerk was enjailed in Vörde in 1311. The population appreciated Grand's success, because after years of insecurity he re-established order in the Prince-Archbishopric.

Grand's Deteriorating Relations to his Subjects and Neighboured Princes
The Bremian clergy south of the river Elbe yielded and paid the donum, but north of the Elbe the old rivalry with the subchapter in Hamburg resurged, demanding the same treatment as the Bremian Chapter. Grand convened for a provincial synod, but the representatives of the suffragan dioceses and Hamburg's Subchapter refused to come. Grand then decided, to ignore the complaints of the absent clergymen. To make the things worse, Grand appointed his own candidates with prebends of the Lübeck Cathedral. He disentangled the new Archdeaconry of the Land of Wursten from the existing Archdeaconry of the Land of Hadeln, so that he could provide the canon Johannes Lütke as Wursten's Archdeacon with his own prebend. On 23 November 1311 Pope Clement XII appointed Grand as arbiter in the dispute between the Prince-Archbishopric of Riga under Prince-Archbishop and Teutonic Prussia under Grand Master Karl von Trier. At the beginning of the next year he participated in the Council of Vienne. There he was confronted with proceedings, instituted by Lübeck's Chapter on his unconsented appointments.

When in 1312 Grand returned his clerical opponents had united. His stubbornness and invidiousness earned him the Low German nickname Fürsate (Engl. literally: fire-seed(er), the Firebug). The provost of Hamburg's Subchapter refused to pay, declaring the donum to be illegal, the suffragan prince-bishops of Lübeck,  of Ratzeburg, and  of Schwerin assented to that view. In 1313 Clement V adjudicated Grand the subsidium caritativum from Hamburg's Subchapter, but it still refused to pay. Grand in return inflicted excommunications on his opponents. The clergy again ignored the excommunications.

Meanwhile, Grand also fell out with the Bremian Chapter, the city of Bremen, the Bremian nobility and ministerialis, the neighboured rulers over (1) the high taxes to sanify the ruinous state budget, (2) the appointment of the former robber baron Martin von der Hude as officialis of the Prince-Archbishopric and bailiff of the castle in Langwedel (Count Otto II of Hoya and Count John III of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst protested, because Hude had earlier also ravaged their territories with his brigandages.), (3) a charge, preferred by the Bremian Chapter, that Grand ordered the arrest of the priest Ubbo, whom - once in jail - Grand allegedly put to death. The city of Bremen assented to the Chapter's view.

His opponents set the settlement close to his castle in Vörde on fire and maltreated one of his clerics. In early 1314 Grand fled under acute threat of arrestment to the castle in Langwedel, held by his vassal Martin von der Hude, who was known for exploiting and maltreating the population in his bailiwick. The opposition also demanded to rehabilitate Isarn Hinnerk.

On 21 July 1314 Prince-Bishop Burchard, Prince-Bishop Marquard, Hamburg's Subchapter, the Chapters of the Prince-Bischoprics of Lübeck, Ratzeburg, and Schwerin concluded an alliance against Grand's immoderate tax collections. Soon after Prince-Bishop Godfrey joined the alliance. The alliance started a series of lawsuits against Grand at the curia, while Grand banned the allies with anathemata. Grand did not wait for the curia to react, but himself chose Prince-Bishop of Verden and his treasurer as judges. On 3 January 1315 they admitted the litigants to be correct and annulled Grand's anathemata. Grand ignored the judgement. This even brought together the rivalling Chapters of Bremen and Hamburg, which agreed upon a common way of proceeding in February 1315. Grand, out of funds, now incurred debts with Count John III of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst, while Grand's debtors increasingly refused to pay, playing for time, hoping Grand to be deposed soon.

On 19 August 1314 Count Otto II of Hoya, Count John III of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst, and the Esquire of Diepholz confederated themselves against Grand. The city of Stade and the Count of Stotel later joined. The confederates and Grand appealed for an arbitration and on 6 October 1314 the arbitrators, prelates, knights and city councillors, delivered the judgement that Grand should adhere to the practices and respect the privileges, which were usual under his predecessor.

On 1 November 1314 Prince-Bishop Godfrey had died, and Grand took his revenge on the Chapter of Schwerin. He refused to consecrate, the Chapter's Prince-Bishop elect. On 22 May 1315 Martin von der Hude informed Schwerin's Chapter, that Grand demanded 42,000 Bremian Marks in advance, then the price of a silver weight of 1,000 marks, for Hermann II's investiture. Grand requited the refusal to pay with an anathema, which he soon revoked. Meanwhile, also the city of Hamburg litigated Grand at the curia.

Grand started travelling within the Prince-Archbishopric proper, at its fringes (such as Ditmarsh and Rüstringen) and beyond in other parts of his diocese, hastily searching for a hideout and funds to pocket. In summer 1315 Grand participated in a synod of the archdeaconry in Jever outside of the Prince-Archbishopric proper, where representatives of the Bremian Chapter threatened Grand to depose him, if he would not reside again within the boundaries of the Prince-Archbishopric, as it were his duty. The public opinion about him sharply deteriorated: A prostitute in Norden (East Frisia), a part of his diocese but outside of the Prince-Archbishopric, recognising Grand in the street, and beat him up - a very embarrassing event. He was arrested twice (once in Wildeshausen). Finally he rested in the monastery in Wildeshausen, an exclave of the Prince-Archbishopric.

The de facto Dismissal of Grand as Prince-Archbishop of Bremen
On 19 May 1316 the Bremian Chapter declared Grand to be insane and appointed Duke John, scholaster (headmaster of the school of the Bremen Cathedral) and a son of Duke Otto II the Strict of Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle, as coadjutor of the See and administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric. Grand travelled to Avignon and sued the Chapter, but due to the papal sede vacante no decisions were taken. Jacobus de Rota, a papal collector, who had travelled the Prince-Archbishopric in 1317, described it as a hideout of robber barons. He reported the lower clergy, nobility, ministerialis and the common people wished Grand back as Prince-Archbishop. The new Pope John XXII, who personally knew Grand and esteemed him, thus refused to depose him.

Nevertheless, Administrator John continued to wield the power in the Prince-Archbishopric. Right after Grand's exile Isarn Hinnerk was rehabilitated and appointed prince-archiepiscopal Burgmann in the castle in Ottersberg and bailiff in the pertaining bailiwick. In 1317 Administrator John arbitrated reconciliation between Ditmarsh and Count Gerhard III the Great of Schauenburg and Holstein-Rendsburg. Administrator John put Marcellus, a priest speaking up for Grand, to death.

Grand's interference into the Prince-Archbishopric's affairs from his exile
On 27 March 1318 John XXII deputed Prince-Archbishop von Pernstein, Engelbert of Weyhe, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, and a canon of the Schleswig Cathedral to restitute the Bremian See to Grand. They meticulously investigated the discharge of Administrator John's office. After the intercession by Queen Jeanne II of France, the Pope acquitted Administrator John of the charge with the homicide of Marcellus.

Grand did not dare to return to the Prince-Archbishopric and therefore appointed Heinrich Dartsowe, a priest from Ratzeburg and later cantor of the Lübeck Cathedral, as his Vicar general. Dartsowe paid in return a high price for his investiture. He never entered the Prince-Archbishopric proper but mostly tried to recover the price he paid by collecting dues from the suffragan dioceses of Lübeck, Ratzeburg and Schwerin, which refused. In 1320 Dartsowe inflicted interdicts on Lübeck's Prince-Bishop Henry II and Schwerin's Prince-Bishop Hermann II, which were ordered to come to the curia to vindicate themselves. In the Prince-Archbishopric proper Administrator John wielded the power unchallenged.

Grand meanwhile lived in Paris, where – even after an admonishment by John XXII in 1321 – the St Denis Abbey refused to pay Grand the annual rent of 400 livres parisis. The dispute was only settled in 1326. Over the years Grand, the outstanding jurist, settled the different pending disputes between him and the suffragan dioceses, other persons and entities - represented by Burchard Grelle, then archdeacon of Rüstringen – at costly compensations to be paid to Grand and largely withheld by the curia as brokerage.

In 1322 the Bremian Chapter and the curia concluded a deal of unknown background. Administrator John was deposed, the Chapter paid 3,000 Bremian Marks for an unknown purpose, and Nicolaus Ketelhot, Prince-Bishop of Verden, and Dietrich von Xanthen, a canon of the St. Gereon's Basilica in Cologne, were appointed as new vicars general and new administrators. In 1324 Ketelhot confirmed all of Bremen's town privileges. After that he won the city of Bremen, the Bremian Chapter, Count Otto II of Hoya, Count John III of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst, and the Esquire of Diepholz to settle the feuds and uproars by a countrywide peace on 25 May 1325. Grand misgrudged Ketelhot his success and interfered by arbitrarily investing other persons as Vicars, each time pocketing an investiture fee.

Coloured by the opinion of his enemies and opponents, Grand's reputation and legacy suffered. However, he seems to have been a man of courage, business acumen and administrative ability, firmness and of principles, but also hot-tempered, cantankerous and reckless. Even in an age of great respect of the clergy, he lacked general support. The reason of his defeat was probably also that the power of the Pope was in decline.

Grand died on 29 May 1327 in Avignon. He was buried there the day after in the church of St. Mary. John XXII detained his residue from the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, which was highly indebted because of Grand. His estate consisted of 7,444 Guilders in cash, an additional 350 Guilders in foreign coins, a library estimated to 535 Guilders, as well as a diversity of silver tableware.

title: Jens Grand


text: Category:Law enforcement in Tanzania

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Law enforcement in Tanzania


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Bryce Bayer

Bryce Edward Bayer (/ˈbaɪər/; pronounced BYE-er, August 15, 1929 – November 13, 2012) was an American scientist who invented the Bayer filter pattern, which is used in most modern color digital cameras. He has been called "the maestro without whom photography as we know wouldn't have been the same."

Early life and education
Bryce Edward Bayer was born in Portland, Maine, on August 15, 1929, to Alton and Marguerite Willard Bayer. As a boy he tinkered with Brownies and other cameras. He graduated in 1947 from Deering High School in Portland, where he spent a good deal of time in the school darkroom. "He, in fact, processed all of the pictures for his high school yearbook," his son David told The New York Times following Bayer's death.

After receiving a bachelor's degree in engineering physics from the University of Maine in 1951, Bayer moved to Rochester, New York, to work as a research scientist at Eastman Kodak, where he would remain until his retirement in 1986. At Kodak he met Joan Fitzgerald, a fellow researcher; they were married in 1954. Bayer pursued further studies at the University of Rochester, from which he earned a master's degree in industrial statistics in 1960.

Bayer filter
In 1974, while working for Kodak Research Labs (KRL), Bayer was asked by his colleague Peter Dillon to consider the best color pattern to use for an integral color image sensor being developed by Dillon. Bayer documented his ideas in his KRL lab notebook on May 24, 1974, as shown in the figure. His entry includes a color sketch of his now famous "Bayer pattern" and states that "each of the red, green and blue records are sampled in regular arrays, with twice as many points for green, which is most important to sharpness”. In March 1975, Kodak filed a patent application, titled "Color imaging array", with Bayer as the sole inventor. The patent, which issued as U.S. patent 3,971,065 in July 1976, describes color patterns having luminance (e.g. green) elements arranged in a checkerboard pattern, which provides uniform luminance sampling in both the horizontal and vertical directions.

The Bayer color filter array pattern was first used in the Kodak DCS 200 camera, which was introduced in 1992. It is used today in almost all color cameras, including those in smartphones, computers, camcorders, and drones. In the Bayer pattern, half of the pixels collect green light, and the others are evenly divided between red and blue light. The resulting Nyquist domains for the green sampling maintains the same Nyquist frequency for horizontal and vertical spatial frequencies as a sensor having all green-sensitive elements.

"The pattern is very simple," Ken Parulski, former chief scientist for Kodak's digital camera division, told The New York Times after Bayer's death. "There are twice as many green elements as red or blue because this mimics the way the human eye provides the sharpest overall color image." Parulski added that although dozens of other patterns have since been devised, including some by Parulski himself, "the Bayer pattern has stood the test of time." Larry Scarff, a former chairman of the Camera Phone Image Quality Standards Group, told the Times that "Ninety-nine point nine-nine percent of all digital cameras — cellphones, pocket cameras, webcams and consumer digital video cameras — use the Bayer pattern to produce color pictures." Dr. Terry Taber, Kodak Vice President and Chief Technology Officer has said that the "elegant colour technology invented by Bryce Bayer is behind nearly every digital image captured today."

According to the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, Bayer's work on the filter "helped pave the way for the development of the first working digital camera a year later." Steve Sasson, co-inventor of the first digital camera, told the Rochester newspaper "that Bayer's contributions were not only pioneering but prophetic." Sasson added that "Bryce has always been a hero for me." Parulski told the Democrat and Chronicle that he felt "very lucky to have worked with Bryce, starting on my very first day at Kodak....Bryce was so modest and unassuming, it took me years to realize what a genius he really was." Parulski added "that Bayer's invention is the key reason we have cameras that are compact yet provide sharp-looking pictures."

Other professional activities
Bayer's contribution to photography also included algorithms that play a crucial role in storing, enhancing, and printing digital images. As a leading scientist in the Information Technology Laboratory within the Physics Division of the Kodak Research Laboratories (KRL), Bryce demonstrated, in the early eighties, that computers could greatly enhance image quality. For example, he showed a large print of a dock scene made from a very small Disc camera negative. The image looked like it had been made from a much larger 35 mm negative. One could see the braids in the rope sitting on the dock.

About fifteen years earlier, in the mid-sixties, he developed a way to encrypt information in a way that the code could not be broken by others. Again, he developed this as a leader within the KRL Information Technology Laboratory. At the time, he was also studying Shannon's work on information theory and entropy, Shannon-Fano coding to use shorter codes for more frequent words or signals, etc. Bryce led a group in the areas of computer programming, applied statistics, information science, and applied mathematics. The group developed an automated way to selectively disseminate information to users based on their interest profiles and on their interest level feedback. This process is like processes used today by Google and Amazon.

In the mid-1960s, there was a group of similar size to Bryce's group working down the hall from Bryce's group. They were working on psycho-physics related to user assessment of digital image quality, color perception, etc. The Bayer filter enables a digital imaging system to do what the eye does. The extra green sensors provide more luminance information, as the rods in the eye do, when it is dark. When the digital imaging system and the eye encounter situations with low levels of illumination, both systems can provide and use more luminance information and less chrominance information.

Honors and awards
Bayer was awarded the Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal in 2009 given "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense." In 2012, Bayer received the first Camera Origination and Imaging Medal from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.

Personal life and death
Bayer and his wife had two sons, Douglas and David, and a daughter, Janet. Bayer died on November 13, 2012, in Bath, Maine, of "a long illness related to dementia," his son Douglas told The New York Times.

title: Bryce Bayer


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Apathetic EP

Apathetic EP is the fifth EP released by Relient K. It was released on November 8, 2005, and was initially packaged with copies of Mmhmm, but is also available separately. The EP reached no. 94 on the Billboard 200. The song "In Like a Lion (Always Winter)" was originally intended to be included on the album Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe but was later excluded.

Track listing

 * "The Thief" went on to become "There was no Thief" on their 2008 EP, The Bird and the Bee Sides.

Credits

 * Matt Thiessen – lead vocals, guitar, piano, organ, bells
 * Matt Hoopes – guitar, backing vocals
 * Dave Douglas – drums, backing vocals
 * John Warne – bass, backing vocals
 * Jon Schneck – guitar, banjo, mandolin, backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Mark Lee Townsend – acoustic guitar and twelve string guitar on "In Like a Lion (Always Winter)"
 * Davy Baysinger – additional vocals on "The Truth"
 * Pete Prevost – additional vocals on "The Truth"
 * Derek Kern – additional vocals on "The Truth"
 * J.R. McNeely - audio mixing

title: Apathetic EP


text: Category:Society of Greece

title: Category:Society of Greece


text:
Talk:Bronxville, New York

Gramatan Hotel
the article states that the Gramatan was torn down and replaced by townhouses as of 1980, yet the photograph of the Gramatan clearly shows cars from way later than 1980. I do not live anywhere near Bronxville and have no idea what the truth is but it seems the article's text needs correction. Wikigreenwood (talk) 02:53, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Just uncovered this talk page while making another note below--this image is of the extremely small remaining portion of the Gramatan hotel (the torn down portion, which constituted the vast majority of the hotel, were located atop the hill, just out of frame, as are the townhouses that went up in its place). The image should probably clarify this, and that the visible remainder is now subdivided into restaurants, stores, and an elevator for use by the condo-owners.108.54.207.195 (talk) 23:18, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
Can someone tell me about the controversy, if any, about Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, Yonkers, and the zip code boundaries?

 * What controversy? The borders of a postal district do not always correspond exactly with the town/city/what-have-you that it shares a name with.  In this case, the Village of Bronxville (the political entity) and the "Bronxville Postal District" don't have exactly the same borders.  Sarah Lawrence is located in Yonkers but has a Bronxville postal address.  (Why doesn't it have an Yonkers address?  I dunno.  But it doesn't.) Sean Martin (talk) 23:42, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Mentioned on Law & Order SVU
I'm not sure if it was really shot in Bronxville but they mentioned it on law and order svu should that be on "bonxville in popular cultcure" ?

Zip Code Issue
It is unnecessary to refer to my changes as a "rant". It is equally as unnecessary to dismiss the facts that I posted with the instructions that I should "get over" the misinformation that has been posted. That being said, if SLC were not properly in Bronxville, then its address would not be "1 Mead Way, Bronxville NY 10708." If Sarah Lawrence were officially in Yonkers, and if it wished to change its address for public relations purposes, then it would have opened a POBox in Bronxville. This was the case, for example, with Warren Wilson College in Swannanoa, NC, which opened a POBox in Asheville, NC as its official address for PR reasons. SLC, on the other hand, is officially and has always been in Bronxville. A call to the school's archivist will confirm this. This has nothing to do with my opinion on the subject. It is simply fact. I personally do not care what address the school may have, but I feel obligated to correct misinformation; it is the nature of this website.
 * Actually, the original content of the article is correct. Sarah Lawrence College is located in the city of Yonkers and the Bronxville Postal District. It's not at all uncommon for an address to be in a Postal District that doesn't share its name. The determining factor is what city a school pays taxes in, and Sarah Lawrence pays taxes in Yonkers. If you'd like to test this theory, call 911 from campus and see whether it's the Bronxville or Yonkers police department that shows up.--djrobgordon 16:48, 28 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, does anyone have a source confirming that Sarah Lawrence influenced that USPS to put it in the Bronxville Postal District for the purpose of PR? It's fine to note that the college is in the Postal District, but without a source I don't think we should speculate as to how that came about. --djrobgordon 21:16, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Nobody is claiming that the college influenced the USPS in any way. Being in the 10708 section of Yonkers means one can choose to address one's mail as either Yonkers or Bronxville.  However, it is disingenuous to claim to be in Bronxville when one is within the city boundaries of Yonkers.  --Nelson Ricardo 21:42, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * My only problem with the former wording is that it speculated as to the motives of the college. I share the opinion that the choice of address is a PR move, but without a source it's nothing more than an opinion, and therefore not NPOV. --djrobgordon 22:25, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Sarah Lawrence
Sarah Lawrence is most certainly not in Bronxville, and the first paragraph of the article should be revised to reflect that simple fact. (We're now in the position of having both the Bronxville and Yonkers Wikipedia articles making the claim that they are the home of Sarah Lawrence College, which is absurd.)

Although people who get involved in this issue seldom resort to facts, I'm going to do just that. First, take a look at the campus map from the Sarah Lawrence website, which I found at http://www.slc.edu/data/386/link/1299/SLC_CampusMapWeb.pdf. Then, take a look at the map viewer on the website of the Westchester County Geographic Information Systems (Yonkers and Bronxville are both in Westchester County) at http://giswww.westchestergov.com/westchester/emap/viewer.htm and navigate to the area under discussion. (To save time, you can look at http://www.WebFeats.com/SarahLawrence-Yonkers.gif, where I've copied the relevant area of the map.) Even a cursory comparison of the maps reveals that the entire campus is within the city limits of Yonkers (the area in gray), and that not one square inch of the campus crosses the Bronx River into Bronxville (one of the areas in white).

It's obvious to me that the article should be corrected, but I won't do that until I hear what others have to say. HMishkoff 21:12, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Mm, yeah, but the Sarah Lawrence post office address is in Bronxville, and the school claims to be there. DivineAna 01:06, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The Bronxville postal address covers a larger area than the actual Village of Bronxville. If this article about the area covered by the postal addresses (that is, every place with a Bronxville address) then Sarah Lawrence should be included.  However, this article is about the Village, the political entity.  A clearly defined area that Sarah Lawrence is not in.
 * Not sure where you get support for the school claiming to be there. From Sarah Lawrence College's own web site: "The College is located in southern Westchester County, bordering the communities of Yonkers and Bronxville, NY"
 * Seems to me the article is fine as is. It mentions the college a couple of times and is clear about what its relationship is to Bronxville. -- Sean Martin 20:37, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Reference Removed?
Someone revised a recent change I made that clarified the location of Sarah Lawrence College. While I'm not crazy about the edit (and don't understand why it was made), I let it stand -- but I did restore the reference that was removed with the edit. I've learned that this is a strangely contentious issue, and I had hoped to avoid an edit war by providing a reference to the official Bronxville website, which unequivocally states that SLC is in Yonkers. If someone still has a problem with the reference, I'm hoping that we can discuss it before you remove it again. Thanks! HMishkoff 20:45, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Reference Removed -- Again???
Someone removed my reference again, and I don't understand why, so I restored it again. I hate to keep restoring something that someone else keeps deleting, but I'll continue to do it until I get some kind of explanation. I just can't imagine why anyone would object to the inclusion of a reference, but I'm looking forward to hearing the explanation. HMishkoff 05:23, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep fighting the good fight. --Djrobgordon 19:39, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not I, if that's the implication. Hilighter555 01:32, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * There was no such implication on my part. HMishkoff 06:09, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I've restored the reference again, Trxr4kds removed it yesterday, saying that it was "redundant." In a sense, of course, all references are redundant, in that they discuss and/or restate the point being referenced. But without references, contentious points are unsourced – and since this is a surprisingly contentious issue, it has a strong need for a reference. HMishkoff 13:23, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Citations missing tag
I added a tag because the majority of assertions in the article are missing citations. – Freechild ( ¡!¡!¡!¡ ) 13:36, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Why is this even mentioned in this article?
"Despite its Bronxville mailing address,Sarah Lawrence College is located in the Lawrence Park West section of Yonkers."

What relevance does this have, or value does it add in an article on Bronxville?Paul (talk) 00:14, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I would guess that it's to help slow down the number of times a claim is made in this article that SLC is in Bronxville. HMishkoff (talk) 00:24, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

"several notable institutions"?
The article says that the Bronxville zip code extends past the borders of Bronxville to encompass "several notable institutions such as Sarah Lawrence College." I'm curious: Are there really any notable institutions other than SLC that are covered by the Bronxville zip code but that are outside the borders of Bronxville? If so, what are they? HMishkoff (talk) 00:18, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Im not sure what is meant by 'institution', but the zip code covers places like Northridge Stables and Riding Center on California Road (Eastchester). Also, Sarah Lawrence maintains student housing in the Avalon complex next to the Bronxville RR station and a house on the Concordia Campus as well.--R.T.Gellar (talk) 02:01, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, Siwanoy Country Club uses Bronxvilles 10708 zip code but is entirely outside of the Bronxville village borders. It is in the town of Eastchester.--R.T.Gellar (talk) 21:39, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Zip-Code section
I read this page the other day (before the bulk of this section was removed) found it to be informative and helpful to the article. Any problem with restoring it? . . . and also the 'history' section while we're at it? (I'm not sure why there ISN'T one already) --R.T.Gellar (talk) 01:32, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The postal code section is still part of the article. (See Bronxville, New York.) The additional material that was deleted was essentially nonencyclopedic -- long anecdotal quotations from newspaper articles, about a fairly trivial topic. If this were a local historical society's book about the community, that material would have a place, but this is an encyclopedia. --Orlady (talk) 03:56, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree - there is a historical context which show this to be more than just a trivial topic. The newspaper quotations arent anecedotal by any means. They are informative and provide a much needed 'expert testimony' ((versus opinionated (ie:biased) testimony)) to s-p-e-l-l out the facts. I think i will work with the data and improve it for inclusion.--R.T.Gellar (talk) 21:27, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Surgical prodigy?
If Dr. Macaulay was really born in 2005, then not only was he one of the first to use hip resurfacing in the US, he must have been one of the youngest surgeons to perform that particular operation, don't you think? :) HMishkoff (talk) 19:56, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Popular culture
In the section of Bronxville in the TV or pop culture, a scene from the 'Blue Bloods' series where the Police Chief character, Tom Sellic, meets an Irish american criminal and who had defected to Canada in a 'church' was shot in Bronxville. The interior and exterior scenes shot at the 'church in Canada' were shot at the Dutch Reformed Church on Pondfield Road. In the background of the exterior shots, the village library and town hall could also be seen. (72.55.116.126 (talk) 14:07, 6 March 2013 (UTC))
 * Is there a source that could be cited to verify this? --Orlady (talk) 16:33, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

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St. Joseph's School
This section is unusually detailed and disproportionately long given the school’s relevant prominence v other educational and other institutions in the village. I am reluctant to prune it myself via edits but surely this could be condensed to a tenth of the existing length? The student body is minuscule and (no offense intended) it’s not very notable within or outside of the community, or at least not enough to justify its current level of detail here.2600:1017:B82F:8BA8:35D6:BF44:2794:BF93 (talk) 23:18, 9 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, it appears the text regarding the school was coped verbatim from Church of St. Joseph (Bronxville, New York). It should be pared down. I'll see to that.  Ergo Sum  01:31, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

"White man" plaque / "Sundown Towns"
A couple of related questions/comments:

I deleted the picture of a long-gone NY-state-placed historical marker that referenced this being the place where surrounding lands were "deeded to the white man"; hope no one objects. Considering that the plaque hasn't been here for years and was removed from the village because of the weirdly offensive phrasing, it seems strange to make this an image on the village's page (though I would understand its presence on a controversies section in a NY State Historical Plaques page or someplace similar). I originally mentioned this in the talk page but when no one replied I figured I might as well take matters into my own hands.

Separately, I'm a little confused by the prominence of the Sundown Towns/antisemitism investigation quote--doesn't bother me to note this historical analysis from 1959 (though I'd question why it merits a pull quote today), except that it having been quoted from a book with Sundown in the title rather than the original publication seems to have resulted in Bronxville being automatically placed on a "suspected sundown towns in NY" page about racially discriminatory policing. As a resident I obviously have an interest that this be corrected, but this is an algorithmic oddity that's not really substantively defensible IMO. Anyone have a clue how to handle?

108.54.207.195 (talk) 23:04, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:45, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Bronxville, New York


text:
Henry Vestine

Henry Charles Vestine (December 25, 1944 – October 20, 1997) a.k.a. "The Sunflower", was an American guitar player primarily known as a member of the band Canned Heat. He was with the group from its start in 1965 to July 1969. In later years he played in local bands but occasionally returned to Canned Heat for a few tours and recordings.

In 2003 Vestine was ranked 77th in Rolling Stone magazine list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

Family
Born in Takoma Park, Maryland, Vestine was the only son of Harry and Lois Vestine. His father was a noted geophysicist and meteorologist. The Vestine Crater on the Moon had been named posthumously after his father who discovered it. Henry Vestine married Lisa Lack, with whom he moved to Anderson, South Carolina. In 1980 they had a son, Jesse. In 1983, they separated and Vestine moved to Oregon.

Vestine's love of music and the blues in particular was fostered at an early age when he accompanied his father on canvasses of black neighborhoods for old recordings. Like his father, Vestine became an avid collector, eventually owning tens of thousands of recordings of blues, hillbilly, country, and Cajun music. At Vestine's urging, his father also used to take him to blues shows at which he and Henry were often the only white people present. Later Vestine was instrumental in the "rediscovery" of Skip James and other Delta musicians.

Training
In the mid-1950s, Vestine and his childhood friend from Takoma Park, John Fahey, began to learn how to play guitar and sang a mixed bag of pop, hillbilly, and country music, particularly Hank Williams. Soon after the family moved to California, Vestine joined his first junior high band Hial King and the Newports. On his first acid trip with a close musician friend, he went to an East LA tattoo parlor and got the first of what was to be numerous tattoos: the words "Living The Blues". Later, in 1969, that became the title of a double album by Canned Heat. By the time he was seventeen he was a regular on the Los Angeles club circuit. He became a familiar sight at many black clubs, where he often brought musician friends to turn them on to the blues. Vestine became friends with Cajun guitarist Jerry McGhee. It was from him that Vestine learned and adopted the flat pick and three-finger style. He was an early fan of Roy Buchanan and his favorite guitar players included T-Bone Walker, Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Sonny Sharrock, Freddie King, and Albert Collins. In Canned Heat he was able to play and record with John Lee Hooker whom he had admired since the late 1950s.

1960s
Throughout the early to mid-1960s, Vestine played in various musical configurations and eventually was hired by Frank Zappa for the original Mothers of Invention in late October 1965. Vestine was in the Mothers for only a few months and left before they recorded their debut album. Demo tapes from Mothers of Invention rehearsal sessions featuring Vestine (recorded in November 1965) appear on the Frank Zappa album Joe's Corsage; posthumously released in 2004.

His friend Fahey was instrumental in the formation of Canned Heat. He had introduced Al Wilson, whom he knew from Boston, to Vestine and Bob and Richard Hite. Wilson, Vestine and the Hite brothers formed a jug band that rehearsed at Don Brown's Jazz Man record Shop. Bob Hite and Alan Wilson started Canned Heat with Kenny Edwards as a second guitarist, but Vestine was asked to join. The first notable appearance of the band was the following year when they played at the Monterey Pop Festival. Shortly after Canned Heat’s first album was released, Vestine burst into musical prominence as a guitarist who stretched the idiom of the blues with long solos that moved beyond the conventional genres. He had his own style and a trademark piercing treble guitar sound.

Vestine missed playing at the Woodstock Festival in 1969, having quit the band the previous week. In 1995, he explained to an Australian reporter that "[a]t the time, it was just another gig. It was too bad I wasn’t there, but I just couldn’t continue with the band at the time." There had been some tension between him and bassist Larry Taylor. When Taylor quit Canned Heat, Vestine returned; their alternating membership in the band was to be repeated a few more times over the years.

While Canned Heat played at Woodstock in August 1969, Vestine was invited to New York City for session work with avant-garde jazz musician Albert Ayler. That session work resulted in two releases on the Impulse label.

According to Canned Heat drummer Adolpho "Fito" de la Parra, Vestine frequently used methamphetamine and heroin during his tenure with the band. Combined with other band members' substance abuse, this created difficulties for the group. During this period Vestine also developed an intense interest in Harley Davidson motorcycles. He eventually owned eleven of them. Prior to his death he was looking forward to playing at their 75th Anniversary Celebration. Over the years he had also a close relationship with the Hells Angels.

1970s
Through the 1970s gradually Canned Heat had become a part-time occupation with occasional gigs and recording sessions. When Vestine's marriage broke up in 1983, he moved to Oregon. There he lived on a farm in rural Summit for a year and then in Corvallis, making a living doing odd jobs and playing music at rodeos and taverns in a country band with Mike Rosso, an old friend from southern California who had also moved to Oregon. He also played with Ramblin' Rex.

Terry Robb brought Vestine to Portland and they did some recording together. Vestine began playing with the Pete Carnes Blues Band and made his way to Eugene when the band folded in the mid-1980s. He played the regional club scene with a number of blues and blues-rock groups including James T. and The Tough. From that band he was to bring James Thornbury to a reconstituted Canned Heat.

Vestine toured with Canned Heat in Australia and Europe, where the band had a popularity that far surpassed the recognition they got in the United States. When he returned to Eugene he would play with The Vipers, a group of veteran Eugene blues musicians who perform throughout the Northwest. He continued to record including sessions with Oregon bands such as Skip Jones and The Rent Party Band, Terry Robb, and The Vipers. He also recorded the album Guitar Gangster with Evan Johns in Austin.

Death
Vestine had finished a European tour with Canned Heat when he died from heart and respiratory failure in a Paris hotel on the morning of October 20, 1997, just as the band was awaiting return to the United States.

Henry Vestine's ashes are interred at the Oak Hill Cemetery outside of Eugene, Oregon. A memorial fund has been set up in his name. The fund will be used for maintenance of his resting place at Oak Hill Cemetery and, when it is possible, for conveyance of some of his ashes to the Vestine Crater on the Moon.

title: Henry Vestine


text:
James Miller McKim

James Miller McKim (November 10, 1810 – June 13, 1874) was an American Presbyterian minister and abolitionist. He was the father of the architect Charles Follen McKim.

Biography
McKim was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania on November 10, 1810. He was educated at Dickinson College and Princeton.

In 1835, he was ordained as pastor of a Presbyterian church in Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania. A few years before, the perusal of a copy of Garrison's Thoughts on African Colonization had inspired him to become an abolitionist. He was a member of the convention that formed the American Anti-slavery Society; in October 1836, he left the pulpit to lecture on behalf of the cause of emancipation. He delivered addresses throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

In 1840, he moved to Philadelphia to work for the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society as lecturer, organizer, and corresponding secretary. That same year, he married Sarah Allibone Speakman. At times, he also served as the editor of the Pennsylvania Freeman.

In 1849, he was on the receiving end of an unusual and historic shipment, when Henry "Box" Brown, an innovative and determined man who had escaped enslavement in Richmond, Virginia, arrived in Philadelphia in a small shipping box. McKim was depicted in The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia, a lithograph by artist Samuel W. Rowse, which was widely published to help raise funds for the Underground Railroad. Brown wrote his autobiography in 1851.

McKim's labors frequently brought him in contact with the operations of the Underground Railroad, and he was often connected with the slavery-related cases that came before the courts, especially after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.

In 1859, Reverend McKim and his wife Sarah escorted Mary Brown, the wife of abolitionist John Brown, to Virginia, after his failed raid on Harpers Ferry. The McKims were accompanied in this effort by Hector Tyndale, another Philadelphia abolitionist. After visiting her husband in jail in Charlestown, Virginia [today Charles Town, West Virginia], Mary Brown, along with the McKims and Tyndale, stayed in Harpers Ferry until after the John Brown's execution on December 2, 1859. The McKims prayed and held hands with Mary Brown until the hour of execution passed. Afterward, they assisted her in claiming Brown's body and escorted her to Philadelphia; McKim continued with her to his burial place, the John Brown Farm in remote North Elba, New York, near present-day Lake Placid.

In the winter of 1862, immediately after the capture of Port Royal, South Carolina, he was instrumental in calling a public meeting of the citizens of Philadelphia to consider and provide for the wants of the 10,000 slaves that had been suddenly liberated. One of the results of this meeting was the organization of the Philadelphia Port Royal Relief Committee. He afterward became an earnest advocate of the enlistment of colored troops, and as a member of the Union League aided in the establishment of Camp William Penn, and the recruiting of eleven regiments. In November 1863, the Port Royal Relief Committee was enlarged into the Pennsylvania Freedman's Relief Association, and McKim was made its corresponding secretary.

As the Civil War dragged on, and, after President Lincoln announced the emancipation of enslaved people in the South in 1863, McKim joined the Freedmen's Aid Commission and provided valuable services to that body.

He travelled extensively, and labored diligently to establish schools in the South. In 1865, he joined the American Freedman's Union Commission and used every effort to promote general and impartial education in the South. In July 1869, the commission, having accomplished all that seemed possible at the time, decided unanimously, on McKim's motion, to disband.

His health having meantime become greatly impaired, he soon afterward retired from public life. In 1865 he assisted in founding The Nation of New York. McKim saw the publication as a way of continuing the work of the abolitionist movement.

Death
McKim died in West Orange, New Jersey on June 13, 1874.

title: James Miller McKim


text:
Launch control (automotive)

Launch control is an electronic aid to assist drivers of both racing and street cars to accelerate from a standing start. Motorcycles have been variously fitted with mechanical and electronic devices for both street and race.

Popular automobiles with launch control include the BMW M series, certain marques of the Volkswagen Group with Direct-Shift Gearbox (most notably the Bugatti Veyron), Porsche 911 (sport+ mode), Panamera Turbo, Alfa Romeo with TCT gearbox and certain General Motors products. Mitsubishi also incorporated launch control into their Twin Clutch SST gearbox, on its "S-Sport" mode, but the mode is only available in the Evolution X MR and MR Touring (USDM). The Jaguar F-Type includes launch control. The Nissan GT-R has electronics to control launch but the company does not use the term "launch control" since some owners have equated the term with turning off the stability control to launch the car, which may void the warranty of the drivetrain. One version of Nissan GT-R allows user to launch the car by turning the Traction Control to "R" mode.

Operation
Launch control is, in essence, a second rev limiter. Launch control operates by using an electronic accelerator and a computer program in a drive-by-wire application, and through fuel or spark cut in a mechanical throttle application. The software can control acceleration based on engine specifications to make the car accelerate smoothly and as fast as possible, avoiding spinning of the drive wheels, engine failure due to over-revving and clutch and gearbox problems. Looking more in depth, launch control holds the engine's RPM at a set number, allowing the car to build power before the computer or operator engages the clutch. In racing cars, this feature is only available at the start of the race, when the car is stationary in the starting grid. After the car is running at a certain speed, the software is disabled. Traditional launch control is only feasible in a road car with any car with a clutch or clutch pack, which includes cars with a manual transmission or dual-clutch transmission. A road car with an automatic transmission typically has the software perform brake-torquing, the action of holding the car at wide-open throttle while also holding the brake so the car doesn't move, which is separate from launch control.

Aftermarket launch control

 * Two-Step Rev Limiting

Modern vehicles are increasingly becoming equipped with launch control features available straight from the factory. However, if a vehicle doesn’t come equipped with such features, then aftermarket forms of launch control can be purchased and installed. A common form of aftermarket launch control is commonly known as two-step rev limiting. A two-step rev limiter is a module that regulates the engines rpms for a controlled launch and optimal power settings. Two step limiting confines rpms at two sperate points. The first point is programmed to limit the revolutions to a desirable launch range and the second point is limited to protect the engine from over revving. The limiting itself is controlled through the modulator by regulating the fuel and ignition. Once the desired revolutions are met the two-step system will adjust these parameters allowing for power production to cease until released. Its important to note that aftermarket two step rev limitation is only a viable option with a manual transmission. Launch control for an automatic transmission car requires a different set up.

Reason for use
Racing drivers have only a very short time at the start of a race in which to achieve competitive acceleration. High power delivery to the gearbox and driven wheels cannot easily be managed even by the most skilled drivers.

Launch control is also highly useful in turbocharged engines. Due to the nature of how a turbocharger works, you cannot ensure that you have 100 percent of the engine's torque at a moment's notice. With a launch control system, you can ensure that the turbocharger receives enough exhaust pressure to maintain boost pressure. You can further amplify this effect by having the launch control software progressively retard ignition timing up to a set RPM.

Launch control was originally intended to give cars the ability to accelerate as fast as possible regarding optimal engine conditions from a stop. However, car communities around the United States have begun to organize events surrounded around the byproduct of launch control systems, this byproduct is usually called a backfire. Using aftermarket launch control systems allows for drivers to manipulate the fuel and ignition settings. To create a backfire, the ignition settings are turned down allowing for a build up of excess fuel which creates a larger combustion producing loud bangs and pops from the exhaust. In some instances the launch control systems are modified to produce large flames that also expel from the exhaust pipe. Competitions are held in car communities based on achieving the loudest backfire or producing the largest flame.

History
Developments in electronics in the 1980s enabled the introduction of launch control. In 1985, Renault's RE60 F1 car stored information on a diskette which was later unloaded at the pits, giving the engineers detailed data about the car's behavior. Later, telemetry allowed the data to be sent by radio between the pits and the car. Increasing the use of electronics on the car allowed engineers to modify the settings of certain parameters whilst it was on the track, which is called bi-directional telemetry.

Among the electronic driving aids were a semi-automatic transmission, an anti-lock braking system (ABS), a traction control system, and active suspension. The 1993 Williams FW15C model featured all of these aids. This trend was ended by the FIA when it outlawed these aids for the 1994 season, considering that they reduced the importance of driver skill to too great a degree. Bi-directional telemetry was also forbidden, which was soon reinstated as the FIA found it too hard to analyze the engine programmes in order to search for hidden code that could be found breaking the rules.

Fully-automatic transmissions, traction control, and launch control were allowed again from the 2001 Spanish Grand Prix, but as of the 2004 and 2008 season, they were outlawed in order to reduce the money needed for a competitive F1 team.

From being a feature that was predominately seen only in race cars, launch control is now featured in almost all modern consumer car brands. Brands such as BMW, Dodge, and Mercedes all have implemented a launch feature in select models of their vehicles.

Motorcycle usage
Street motorcycles have been fitted with factory devices to balance power characteristics to rider requirements. Competition entrants can call it "holeshot". Race machines are increasingly using additional suspension-altering technology to lower the stance and aid aerodynamics.

Motocross bikes use mechanical holeshot devices to temporarily compress the front suspension prior to race-start.

title: Launch control (automotive)


text:
Philip Baxter College, University of New South Wales

Philip Baxter College, University of New South Wales is a residential college at the University of New South Wales in Kensington, Sydney, Australia. Phillip Baxter College and its two neighbouring Colleges, Goldstein and Basser, are collectively known as the Kensington Colleges. Philip Baxter college is the largest of The Kensington Colleges. Residents generally stay in Baxter for two or three years before ending their college tenure. A student had to remain at College for two and a half years, to be named Honorary College Valedictorian. Residents are provided with three meals per day during session at the nearby Goldstein Dining Hall, which is shared with residents of the other Kensington Colleges - Basser, Goldstein and Fig Tree Hall.

History
Along with Basser and Goldstein Colleges, Philip Baxter College forms part of the original Kensington Colleges, which have been owned and operated by the University of New South Wales since they were founded in 1959.

The original college was constructed over two years from 1964 to 1966, and opened in 1966. It was the third residential college on the university campus to open.

Named after Sir John Philip Baxter, a former Vice-Chancellor at UNSW and Chairman of the Sydney Opera House Trust, Baxter College took its first residents in 1966.

1985 Conflict with College Master
In 1985, a conflict arose between college students and "Master" Peter O'Brien, the head of multiple colleges, over allegations of "overuse of authority." This led to the formation of the Students Submission Committee, which aimed to remove O'Brien from his position. The committee was composed of students from Baxter, Basser, and Goldstein colleges and was led by Paul Elton, the president of the 1986 Baxter College House Committee. The committee petitioned the University Council to investigate O'Brien's plans to make Baxter a first-year student only college, the removal of Valedictory dinners, the misuse of house funds, the reinstatement of expelled students, and the fairness of disciplinary actions. On May 12, 1986, the University Council established an ad hoc committee to investigate the matter. O'Brien resigned on July 11, 1986, and was replaced by Dr. Bruce Avis, who discontinued the title of "Master." The events and investigation by the Kensington Colleges Inquiry were reported by the UNSW student newspaper Tharunka, with O'Brien threatening legal action against the publication in 1985 for publishing "allegedly defamatory letters".

Redevelopment
During 2012 and 2013 Baxter College also housed residents from sister colleges Basser and Goldstein during a major redevelopment of UNSW's student accommodation facility. The $110 million redevelopment that saw The Kensington Colleges completely re-developed and three new colleges added to the portfolio: Fig Tree Hall, Colombo House and UNSW Hall.

The redeveloped Philip Baxter College opened in Semester 1, 2014. It accommodates 201 students in a mixture of rooms with either en suite or shared bathroom facilities. Philip Baxter College has expansive common and study areas as well as a rooftop garden. The College shares landscaped garden areas with Basser, Goldstein and the newly established residences; Fig Tree Hall and Colombo House.

Student Life
The College engages in a variety of social and sporting events annually, including the inter-college competition known as The Ruth Wheen Cup, along with off-campus activities in Coogee, Randwick, and Sydney CBD. Residents, fondly referred to as "ressies," take part in weekly coffee nights where the House Committee introduces new activities, events, and updates to the broader college community.

All student activities are coordinated by the student elected House Committee and overseen by the Dean of College. Recurring activities include harbour cruises on Sydney Harbour, with sister colleges attending; the "Baxter Ball"; "REXTAB" - where ex-residents ("exressies") are invited to attend and "Baxyard Blitz" where an entire floor of the college themes and decorates their living spaces to be judged by the Dean of College. Valedictory dinners are served at the conclusion of each teaching period, often with speeches from notable guest speakers, the dean and House Committee president

Residents at Baxter are also encouraged to produce new traditions and enterprises. A notable example is the "J&D" coffee cart which is run by students and services all of the Kensington Colleges. The profits from the cart are donated to a charitable cause.


text:
Defense Logistics Information Service

The DLA Logistics Information Service (DLIS), or formerly the Defense Logistics Information Service provides logistics and information technology services to the United States Department of Defense, Federal agencies, and international partners. It is headquartered at the Hart–Dole–Inouye Federal Center in Battle Creek, Michigan.

The primary product of DLIS is the publication of defense logistics data via its WEBFLIS and FED LOG products. Both products are secured for view only by authorized personnel through the AMPS technology provisioning service.

DLIS created their WEBFLIS system in 2001 modeled on that of other established commercial systems at the time which included the awarded WEBFLIS service of Now! Components and the procurement database created for the Government of Japan in 1992.

title: Defense Logistics Information Service


text: Category:Foreign relations of Greece

title: Category:Foreign relations of Greece


text:
Stow Creek (New Jersey)

Stow Creek is an 18.0 mi tributary of Delaware Bay in Salem and Cumberland counties, New Jersey in the United States.

The creek forms part of the border between Salem and Cumberland Counties.

It empties into Delaware Bay at the ghost town of Bayside; the actual mouth has moved northward as erosion has cut open a loop of the creek.

title: Stow Creek (New Jersey)


text: Category:Government of Greece

title: Category:Government of Greece


text: Category:User sr-4

title: Category:User sr-4


text:
User:Baxter kd

Hello.

I am Kenny (baxter_kd) or (kennybax) on several internet forums.

www.dracoforums.com/forum wwry.queenonline.com

title: User:Baxter kd


text:
Sahel Academy

Sahel Academy is a Christian international school in Niamey, Niger. It was established by SIM in 1987.

It educates the children of missionaries and the English-speaking people of Niamey. During the 2013–2014 school year, Sahel Academy had 200 students in grades K-12, representing 14 countries, and a staff of 40 from four nations. The school offers an English-speaking international curriculum, consisting of IGCSE (from Cambridge) for grades 9–10. Sahel Academy has been accredited by the ACSI and MSS-CESS.

Location
Sahel Academy occupies an 1.2-acre (5,000 m2) site in the Koira Kano area of Niamey.

title: Sahel Academy


text:
User Location Service

In computing, User Location Service was a standards-based protocol for directory services and presence information, first submitted as a draft to the IETF in February 1996.

Client software supporting ULS included early versions of Microsoft Netmeeting, Intel Video Phone and FreeWebFone. Netmeeting had depreciated ULS in favour of Internet Locator Service by 1997 and FreeWebFone no longer exists.

A ULS server provides directory services and presence lookup for clients. At one stage, public ULS servers were made available by Microsoft and others, but these have largely been abandoned.

ULS typically runs on the TCP port 522.

title: User Location Service


text:
Museo Rosenbach

Museo Rosenbach are an Italian progressive rock band whose album Zarathustra, in spite of the limited success it scored in the 1970s, is today considered a cornerstone of the genre.

History
Museo Rosenbach were formed around 1971 as Inaugurazione del Museo Rosenbach ("The Inauguration of Rosenbach Museum") when two bands, La Quinta Strada and Il Sistema joined forces. La Quinta Strada and Il Sistema had played mostly songs by other popular artists like Jimi Hendrix and rock groups such as The Kinks, The Animals and Steppenwolf and by Rhythm & Blues stars like Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett.

The band name may have been inspired by Premiata Forneria Marconi and Banco del Mutuo Soccorso. If these other bands had named themselves after a bakery and a bank, the band thought it was reasonable to create a "Museum" dedicated to the German publisher Otto Rosenbach. Other possible inspirations for the name may have come from the eclectic collections of the Rosenbach Museum & Library in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, or simply the poetic name "Rosenbach", which means "brook of roses" in German.

Influenced by Pink Floyd and Banco del Mutuo Soccorso (among others), Museo Rosenbach released their first and most well-known album Zarathustra in April 1973. The songs on Zarathustra displayed the influence of classical music and the heavy keyboard passages (synthesizer, mellotron and Hammond organ) typical of other Italian progressive rock groups of the time and of progressive rock in general. Vocalist Stefano Galifi's distinctive voice and keyboard player Pit Corradi added originality to the band sound.

The band provoked controversy for their supposed right-wing inclinations stemming from the image of Mussolini found in the collage on the album cover, and the Nietzsche-inspired lyrics.

Drummer Giancarlo Golzi later joined the pop band Matia Bazar.

In the early 1990s Alberto Moreno, the bass player and founder of the Museo, proposed a new album to Giancarlo Golzi, made of totally new tracks. Merogno, Galifi and Corradi did not join in. In 1999, the band released the concept album EXIT with Marco Balbo (guitar), Marioluca Bariona  (keyboards)  and Andrea Biancheri (vocals).

In 2002, the Museo accepted the offer from the Finnish magazine "Colossus" to participate to the transposition in rock music of the poem Kalevala. The same band members from the album Exit with a new member, Andrea Pavan (bass), recorded the short suite "Fiore di vendetta".

In 2012, Moreno and Golzi were joined by Galifi, singer of the 1970s' band, guitarists Max Borelli and Sandro Libra, and keyboardist Fabio Meggetto. Moreno worked at mellotron and synthesizer sounds, leaving the bassist role to Andy Senis. This band released the album Zarathustra – Live in studio in October 2012. April 2013: Museo Rosenbach played for the first time the new concept album Barbarica, in Tokyo, at the "Italian Progressive Festival". From this performance, in March 2014 the band released the live album Live In Tokyo.

1973 lineup

 * Stefano Galifi – vocals
 * Enzo Merogno – guitar, vocals
 * Pit Corradi – keyboards
 * Alberto Moreno – bass, piano, mellotron
 * Giancarlo Golzi – drums, percussion, vocals

Current lineup

 * Alberto Moreno – bass and mellotron
 * Giancarlo Golzi – drums
 * Stefano Galifi – lead vocals
 * Andy Senis – bass, vocals
 * Fabio Meggetto – keyboards
 * Max Borelli – guitar
 * Sandro Libra – guitar

Discography

 * Zarathustra (1973)
 * Live '72 (1992 – live)
 * Rare and Unreleased (1992 – demos and some previously unreleased tracks)
 * Rarities (1992 – same as the previous entry)
 * Exit (2000)
 * "Fiore di Vendetta" song in Kalevala (2003)
 * Zarathustra Live in Studio (04-12-2012 – with then-new lineup)
 * Barbarica (2013)
 * Live in Tokyo (2014)

title: Museo Rosenbach


text: Category:Tourism in Greece

title: Category:Tourism in Greece


text:
Century (disambiguation)

A century is a period of 100 years.

Century, The Century or Centuries may also refer to:

Broadcasting

 * Century Network, a former group of independent local radio stations in England
 * Century Radio, a former national commercial radio station in Ireland

Film and television

 * Century (film), a 1993 British film
 * The Century: America's Time, a 1999 American documentary

Literature

 * Century (1999 book), a coffee table book
 * Century (novel), by Fred Mustard Stewart, 1981
 * The Century (book), a 2005 non-fiction book by Alain Badiou
 * The Century (newspaper), in Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas, 1960–1980
 * Century Dictionary, an encyclopedic dictionary of the English language
 * The Century Magazine, an American magazine 1881–1930
 * The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century, a comic series
 * Magdeburg Centuries, an ecclesiastical history first published 1559–1574

Music

 * Century (American band), a metalcore band
 * Century (French band), a French rock band
 * "Century" (song), by The Long Blondes, 2008
 * "Century", a song by Feist from the 2017 album Pleasure
 * "Century", a 1991 song by Intastella
 * "Century", a song by Big Thief from the 2019 album U.F.O.F.
 * "Centuries" (song), by Fall Out Boy, 2014

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * Century (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * Century: Spice Road, a 2017 table-top strategy game

Businesses and organisations

 * Century (imprint), an imprint of Random House
 * Century Aluminum, an American producer of primary aluminium
 * Century Building Society, a Scottish building society
 * Century Casinos, an American gaming company
 * Century Properties, a real estate company in the Philippines
 * Century Time Gems, Swiss watch maker
 * The Century Company, an American publisher 1881–1933
 * Century College, in White Bear Lake, Minnesota, U.S.
 * Century High School (disambiguation)

Places

 * Century, Florida, U.S.
 * Century, West Virginia, U.S., a town in the United States
 * Centuries, Hythe, a house in Kent, England
 * The Century (Los Angeles), a condominium skyscraper in Century City, California, U.S.
 * The Century (Central Park West, Manhattan), an apartment building

Sports

 * Century (cricket), a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings by a batter
 * Century break in snooker, a score of 100 points or more in one visit at the table without missing a shot
 * Century ride, a road cycling ride of 100 miles

Transportation

 * Century (ship), the lead cruise ship of the Century-class
 * Century-class ferry, of BC Ferries, the only one of which is MV Skeena Queen
 * Century (automobile), an early electric vehicle 1911–15
 * Buick Century, the model name of several cars
 * Toyota Century, a luxury sedan car
 * Century Series, a group of American fighter aircraft between F-100 and F-106

Other uses

 * Century plant, Agave americana, a species of flowering plant
 * Century type family, a family of serif type faces

title: Century (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Wfresch

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 13:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Nice work on that photo of Ben Gibbard--it was very well done. You took it yourself, yes?

Image copyright problem with Image:Ben Gibbard WF.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ben Gibbard WF.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 06:55, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

What happened to the image

 * Hello Will. Shyam is on wikivacation, so I'll try to tell you what happened.
 * In October, you uploaded the image with the copyright tag and the description Death Cab for Cutie vocalist Ben Gibbard performing at the San Diego Street Scene festival in 2005 (Credit: Will Fresch).
 * In January User:Petaholmes, removed the copyright tag with the comment "Unfree".
 * On March 29, Shyam tagged the image for having no tag, leading to its deletion on April 6
 * We get a tremendous number of images uploaded with false copyright information, and it takes a lot of work to detect and remove them. I believe Petaholmes, in this process, caught your image by mistake. They probably did not notice the similarity between User:Wfresch and the credited author, Will Fresch.  I apologize for their mistake.

 * Since the image was deleted, I'm sorry to say that you are going to have to reupload it. I sincerely hope that you will, because we need all of the free images that we can get; you are generous to license your photos as you have.  If you do, consider uploading it to the | Wikimedia Commons instead of to Wikipedia.  Images on the commons can be accessed from the English Wikipedia exactly as if they were uploaded directly here, but they are also accessible to our sister projects, such as versions of Wikipedia in other languages.  Also, though it shouldn't be necessary, it wouldn't be a bad idea to state in the description that I, User:Wfresch, am the copyright holder.  Apologies again for the mistakes that were made.  Best regards. ×Meegs 08:48, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ben Gibbard Will Fresch.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ben Gibbard Will Fresch.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BigDT 15:17, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Give me a fucking break!!!
For the last fucking time......... I took the photo of Ben Gibbard, I posted the photo of Ben Gibbard on Wikipedia, END OF STORY. I have assigned the "Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0" license to this photo on FlickR.

Wikipedia is a great sight for text; not for photos. There is an overwhelming amount of pages w/o photos on this sight, and EVERYBODY is starting to notice; time to lighten the fuck up.

PS - I am a college-educated person with an otherwise-clean vernacular, but this is ridiculous. Anyway, here goes trial number 3...

If you don't know how to redirect, don't....
I am a grouchy, piece of shit - MSJapan 01:28, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

List of deceased professional wrestlers
Hello. You have restarted the article List of deceased professional wrestlers. However, I must inform you that this article has already been deleted before. Since you seem to be knowledgeable on the subject, perhaps you could instead focus on creating a list of wrestlers who died on the job, as was suggested by many in the AfD. Thank you for you contributions to Wikipedia! --Hemlock Martinis 05:54, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Your edit
Your edit is incorrect. The tag is only supposed to be used for speedy deletion notices. This is not a speedy deletion discussion. This discussion is on WP:AFD, please dicuss on the appropriate place. Thank you! — Moe  23:11, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Early Deaths in Professional Wrestling
An editor has nominated Early Deaths in Professional Wrestling, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not"). Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. Jayden54Bot 14:15, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Early Deaths in Professional Wrestling AfD edit
Please refrain from adding comments to closed AfD discussions. If you have further things to discuss with a particular editor, please do so on their userpage. In addition, please act in a civil manner and refrain from personal attacks, like you did here. Thanks! --Hemlock Martinis 07:14, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Image:Ben Gibbard by Will Fresch.jpg
A tag has been placed on Image:Ben Gibbard by Will Fresch.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section I8 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is available as a bit-for-bit identical copy on the Wikimedia Commons under the same name, or all references to the image on Wikipedia have been updated to point to the title used at Commons.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Soundvisions1 (talk) 20:08, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:Mount Soledad Cross WF.jpg
File:Mount Soledad Cross WF.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:File:Mount Soledad Cross WF.jpg. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 07:49, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * File:Mount Soledad Cross WF.jpg is now available as Commons:File:Mount Soledad Cross WF.jpg. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 07:53, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wfresch


text:
Talk:The Distillery District

There were two competing articles, The Distillery District and Distillery District, containing largely the same information. Given that it's my understanding (correct me if I'm wrong) that Wiki naming conventions discourage the use of "the" in titles, I took anything unique in The Distillery District, incorporated it into Distillery District. Can anyone assist me in deleting The Distillery District and doing a proper redirect to the Distillery District? Skeezix1000 13:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Distillery District


text: Category:Nature conservation in Greece

title: Category:Nature conservation in Greece