text: User talk:220.82.79.70

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:220.82.79.70


text:
Paul Bragg

Paul Chappuis Bragg (February 6, 1895 – December 7, 1976) was an American alternative health food advocate and fitness enthusiast. Bragg's mentor was Bernarr Macfadden. He wrote on subjects such as detoxification, dieting, fasting, longevity, orthopathy and physical culture. Medical experts criticized Bragg as a food faddist and promoter of quackery.

Early life
Bragg claimed to have been born in 1881 in either Fairfax County, Virginia or Pinkle, Virginia, but genealogical research indicates he was born on February 6, 1895, in Batesville, Indiana, where his father was editor, publisher, and printer of the "Batesville Democratic Herald" newspaper.

Bragg grew up in Washington, D.C., with his parents, Robert Elton Bragg (1866–1944), who had procured a U.S. Civil Service position there, and Caroline (Chappuis) Bragg (1859-1934). He had two brothers, James Elton Bragg and John Harrison Bragg. His father was employed by the U.S. Printing Office. However, in the 1972 Edition of the Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar System booklet, at page 12, and in later editions, Bragg claimed both that his father was "a splendid farmer" and that "I am the oldest of 16 children".

There is no evidence of a sister named "Louise" that Bragg claimed to have tutored to good health in his "Miracle of Fasting" publications, Paul Bragg and his two brothers did have a half brother named "Rufus Albert Chappuis" (1880–1948), from an earlier marriage of their mother, Caroline.

At age 16, it is alleged that Bragg had tuberculosis which was cured at Auguste Rollier's sun sanatorium.

Career

At some point, Bragg enlisted with the Washington, D.C., National Guard for "three Years", as is shown on his 1917 Draft Registration, which he filed with the Indianapolis, Indiana draft board that year.

Although Bragg had claimed participation in both the 1908 (London) and 1912 (Stockholm) Olympics as a member of the United States wrestling team, the "Encyclopedia of American Wrestling" (Pub. 1988, Mike Chapman, author) does not show any such person as a member in either year.

In 1915 Bragg married Neva Cecelia Parnin (1897-1988) at the Chapel of St. Barnabas in New York City. They moved to Indianapolis, where Bragg became an agent with The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.

Several years later, Bragg returned to the East Coast and was employed by various YMCAs and school districts in physical or athletic director capacities, his last known position before moving to California being football coach for the 1920 season at Connersville High School, Connersville, Pennsylvania.

In 1921 Bragg and his family, now also including two young daughters, Neva Pauline/Polly and Lorraine Agnes Bragg (both born in Washington, D.C., on October 14, 1917, and March 10, 1919, respectively), came to California, where Paul was again employed by the YMCA. Son, Robert Elton, was born in Los Angeles County on March 25, 1922. It is unknown how long Bragg stayed with the Los Angeles YMCA, but in 1922 he was in charge of the Physical Education Department at San Luis Obispo High School, and in 1924 he was a physical education teacher at Redondo Union High School, Redondo Beach, California.

Around 1926, Paul Bragg became an entrepreneur in the health field, first by opening an establishment on N. 7th Street, Los Angeles, called "Health Center of Los Angeles" and then, in 1928, "Bragg Health Center" on South Hill Street, Los Angeles. To publicize these businesses, he wrote a weekly health column (in the early days they were "advertorials") in The Los Angeles Times from 1926 to 1928 which he sometimes called "Newslets" and other times "Health Notes". The health services that business endeavors offered are described in the advertorials and columns.

1929 was the beginning of Paul Bragg's health lecture tours where he went to various American cities (San Antonio & Dallas, Texas in 1929; San Francisco & Oakland, California and Denver, Colorado in 1930), rented a facility, advertised heavily, then gave a series of lectures—usually over a period of five or six consecutive evenings. His lectures were free, but he did charge a fee for post-lecture private consultation. ($20 circa 1935—approximately $343 in 2015 dollars per CPI calculation—according to testimony in a Maryland court case against him).

1929 was also the copyright year of the first health book attributed to Bragg as author, Cure Yourself. Since book stores or book departments in retail stores in that era were usually only accessible in the more highly populated areas, another purpose of Bragg's lecture tours was most likely to promote and sell his books.

In 1930, Bragg was sued in Federal Court/San Francisco by St. Louis Estes, a Los Angeles-area raw food health lecturer/manufacturer, charging copyright infringement, stating "A 1929 publication of Bragg is a rearrangement of material in an earlier book on raw food written by Estes." The outcome of this lawsuit is unknown.

Bragg gave health lectures at churches. In 1934, Betty Thompson an 18-year-old church musician testified in Superior Court that Bragg attacked her in April, 1932. She sued Bragg for damages of $100,000.

Later life
In September 1928, Paul and Neva Bragg divorced, and in the 1930 U.S. Census, Neva and her new husband, August Busch, were shown living with the three Bragg children in Los Angeles, California.

Bragg married Gertrude Elizabeth Brownlee (born July 6, 1902, Eau Claire, Wisconsin) on February 17, 1930, in Clearwater, Florida. Brownlee was an Advance Manager for the Bragg lectures. On their Florida marriage license application, Bragg stated his age as 49, his residence as Hollywood, California, and his birthplace as Pinkle, Virginia. Paul Bragg and Gertrude Elizabeth Brownlee Bragg were divorced in January 1932 in Los Angeles County, California. Paul Bragg never remarried.

Burbank, California city directories of the time reflect his residence in that city from 1935 to 1954, and that his food manufacturing company, Live Food Products, Inc., later Bragg Live Foods, Inc., was also located there during that period. Subsequently, he relocated to Desert Hot Springs, California, and later in the 1960s, at least part-time, to Hawaii.

Bragg was the inspiration and personal health and fitness adviser to several Olympic athletes: Murray Rose, Betty Cuthbert of Australia, his relative Don Bragg (pole-vaulter), and others. Jack LaLanne, the original "TV Fitness King", said that "Bragg saved my life at age 15 when I attended the Bragg Crusade in Oakland, California".

Education claims
Although Bragg claimed advanced scientific degrees in newspaper and magazine interviews—including his 1975 People article—there is no documentation. The 1940 Federal Census  showed him living on National Avenue in Burbank, California, gives his age as "45" and the highest attained academic grade for him as "H1", which would be only one year of high school. On October 8, 1914, Washington, D.C.'s Evening Star newspaper reported that Paul C. Bragg was appointed to the student staff of The Balance Sheet, a newly planned newspaper of that city's "Business High School", as its "Athletic Editor". Currently, no books authored by Bragg refer to any specific educational accomplishments, but a 1977 publication he co-authored with Patricia Bragg, titled The Shocking Truth about Water, appends the titles of N.D. and Ph.D. behind his name, although in earlier booklets he published under only his name prior to his death, such as "Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar System" (Thirteenth Printing 1972) and "Building Powerful Nerve Force..." (Fifth Printing 1973), he uses the titles "N.D." and "Ph.T", not "Ph.D" as editions printed after his death indicate.

Business
Patricia Bragg, Bragg's former daughter-in-law, according to official records, has since taken over Bragg's health empire, having previously married (and later divorced) Bragg's son, Robert Elton Bragg. She has stated that she was legally adopted by Paul. The company they started and ran, Bragg Live Food Products, Inc. was sold to an investment group in 2019, and Patricia Bragg is apparently no longer associated with the company, but the new ownership continues to sell the products it is known for, like liquid aminos and apple cider vinegar.

Health beliefs
Bragg advocated using deep breathing, fasting, organic foods, drinking distilled water, juicing, exercise, listening to one's body, and many other techniques as methods of prolonging lifespan. Bragg was not a vegetarian. His diet included fresh fish, lots of fresh fruits, vegetables and raw milk.

Medical experts criticized Bragg as a food faddist and promoter of quackery.

In 1931, the Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association (AMA) issued an article on Bragg which stated that he was a "food faddist and sexual rejuvenator debarred from the mails." Arthur J. Cramp of the AMA dismissed Bragg as a "charlatan". Bragg held pseudoscientific views about dieting and disease. He stated that tonsillitis is the result of people eating "mucus forming foods", cancer is caused by "gooey, slimy foods" and that colds are caused by the consumption of white bread or ice cream. Bragg firmly opposed the use of white bread and white flour and sold a substitute for each.

Bragg was criticized for his involvement in "mail-order quackery". He advertised a patent medicine called "Glantex" which he said could make people feel twenty years younger. In December, 1930 after a hearing the Postmaster General issued a fraud order against Bragg and his health center. He got around this by advertising himself as "Paul Chappuis".

In June 1932, ten dozen packages of Bragg's O.K.-Lax were seized. The product was misbranded with false and fraudulent curative effects. Bragg advertised O.K.-Lax as a "miracle substance" that cleanses the intestines and cures asthma, catarrh, and diabetes. An analysis of a sample by the United States Department of Agriculture revealed the product was made from ground leaves, bark, roots, fruit, and a laxative drug. In February 1933, the court ordered the packages to be destroyed by the United States marshal.

In March 1935, Washington, D.C., officials arrested and charged Bragg with practicing healing art without a license. He was fined $100.

Bragg was known to have misbranded his food products with false health claims. His products were investigated by the Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission. He advertised "Bragg's Grass Tablets" as being rich in Vitamin A, promoting health, and preventing sickness. In October 1941, Bragg agreed not to publish any further health claims about the product. The FDA reported in 1967 that Bragg's papaya tablets and other dietary tablets "contained false and misleading therapeutic claims and lacked adequate directions for use for the purposes attended."

Bragg was an anti-vaccinationist. He argued that vaccines are deadly and recommended that people not take them.

Death
In 1972 at age 77, Bragg claimed incorrectly to be 91 years of age. This led to various books mistakenly reporting Bragg to have died in his 90s.

Bragg died of a heart attack in the emergency room of South Shore Hospital in Miami, Florida on December 7, 1976. He was 81 years old. Patricia Bragg reported that Bragg "was injured by a wave in the surf six months ago and his health began to decline after the accident". Bragg was cremated on December 10, 1976, by the Lithgow Funeral Center, Miami. A memorial service was held in Hawaii and "participants brought flowers to scatter with Mr. Bragg's ashes in the Ft. DeRussey Beach waters off Waikiki."

Selected publications

 * The Truth About Sex (1929)
 * Cure Yourself (1929)
 * Live Food Cook Book and Menus (1930)
 * Paul C. Bragg's Personal Health Food Cook Book and Menus (1935)
 * The Bragg Toxicless Diet Body Purification and Healing System (1967)
 * How to Keep the Heart Healthy and Fit (1968)
 * Building Powerful Nerve Force (1969)
 * The Shocking Truth About Water: A Universal Fluid of Death (1970)
 * Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar System (1972)
 * Paul C. Bragg's Four Generation Health Food Cook Book and Menus (1972)
 * The Miracle of Fasting (1972)
 * Your Hair and Your Health (1972)
 * Hi-Protein Meatless Health Recipes (1978)

title: Paul Bragg


text:
Flamingo Club

The Flamingo Club has been the name of several notable places of entertainment:

 * Flamingo Club (London) in the UK
 * Flamingo Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * Flamingo Club (Michigan) in Idlewild, Michigan, USA

title: Flamingo Club


text:
Ahyeon station

Ahyeon station, also Chugye University for the Arts station , is a subway station on Line 2 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. The station's name means "small hill between two larger hills".

title: Ahyeon station


text:
Talk:Interpol

Confusing stuff
The International Criminal Police Organization, or INTERPOL, is a non-governmental organization

Legal personality	Governmental: Government agency

etc.

When did the USA join?
Founding members in 1923 were Austria, Belgium, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. The United States government joined INTERPOL in 1938. Britannica is not the only written source of the 1938 date; despite what Interpol says on its website. It's not enough to just take they're word for it. Other sources should be required.

Map needs updating
Non member countries include republic of china, which is clearly shown on the map LlamaInPyjamas (talk) 00:43, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Micronesia needs to be changed from red to blue since November 2021, more than one year ago now. GBC (talk) 16:21, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Only Crimes that Overlap Several Countries
The article mentions that "Interpol's constitution forbids its involvement in crimes that do not overlap several member countries" and provides a link where such a thing is never said (http://www.interpol.int/public/icpo/default.asp). I checked Interpol's constitution (http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/LegalMaterials/constitution/constitutionGenReg/constitution.asp#art3) and there's no mention to that neither. Furthermore, Interpol's involvement in Julian Assange's hunting in the UK due to a rape accusation in Sweden proves that this is not the case. Maybe I overlooked something? if not, I'm deleting the reference tomorrow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.152.134.145 (talk) 03:56, 28 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I deleted the reference (BTW yesterday I forgot to log-in, but it was me)

Name
The article first presents the name of the organization as "The International Criminal Police Organization" then later points out that it "adopted its telegraphic address [Interpol] as its name in 1956." Shouldn't the first sentence be changed to something like: "Interpol, formerly known as The International Criminal Police Organization..."

If the name was changed to Interpol then the name is no longer The International Criminal Police Organization right? The name "The International Criminal Police Organization" doesn't appear on the About INTERPOL page of their website or seemingly anywhere else on their website.

Also on their website (see the About INTERPOL page), they consistently refer to themselves as "INTERPOL" in caps. Shouldn't we do the same?

 * According to these pages of theirs the official name was until 1956 "International Criminal Police Commission" (ICPC) and was then changed to "International Criminal Police Organization - INTERPOL" (ICPO-INTERPOL or just INTERPOL). Dysii (talk) 07:33, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Fictional Characters
What is the point of the list of fictional characters who have been described as Interpol agents? The description seems to mean little in many of these cases, and they add nothing to the reader's knowledge of Interpol. They do not seem to me to be appropriate to an encyclopedia article on Interpol. I suggest they be deleted. Deipnosophista (talk) 19:05, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Interpol seems to be treated as a noun, by your terminology, throughout Interpol's official website (www.interpol.int). In other words, nowhere on the site is it in all caps. I've updated the article replacing all instances of "INTERPOL" with "Interpol." Bulldogged 03:05, 15 June 2006 (Pacific Standard Time)

INTERPOL? I believe it is an acronym, not a noun. WikiTony 05:48, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Is there an interpol magazine or journal published? Benvenuto 10:23, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

I thik it stands for International Police.

I still don't aually understand what Interpol does.--Mullon 19:48, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the nomination was No move -- Kim van der Linde at venus 04:14, 14 July 2006 (UTC) It should be INTERPOL. INTernational POLice. Thats how everyone writes it, and how it is known. Im going to suggest this be moved back to INTERPOL.False Prophet 17:02, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Um, no actually that is not even how Interpol spells it on the official web site: http://www.interpol.int/ older ≠ wiser 22:33, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't write it this way, their web page above also, and acronyms are not necessarily written uppercase. (cf. FORTRAN->Fortran). Duja 07:25, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

interpol black list
I've been sent a supposed "black list" from Interpol, Brussels. Anyone know if there is really such a list distributed by Interpol?

I understand that there are "notices" put out by Interpol; seven of them to be precise. Of these, one is a "Black Notice." The seven types of notices and their objectives are: Red Notice To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition. Yellow Notice To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves. Blue Notice To collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities in relation to a crime.
 * Black Notice: To seek information on unidentified bodies.*

Black Notice To seek information on unidentified bodies.

Green Notice To provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries. Orange Notice To warn police, public entities and other international organizations about potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous materials. INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice Issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.

However, if there is such a thing as a "Black List", would you please let me know how I may aquire a copy for myself as I am writing a book which includes Interpol & takes place, in part, in Belgium and I wish to get the details right. Thanks much. TAWS —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.197.205.35 (talk) 09:37, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

expansion?
should we focus on expanding this article, in say, the direction of modern interpol activities, or something? it seems ridiculously sparse to me.Locriani 01:49, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. It should also have a little more in-depth history. Ideally, there should be a separate [International police cooperation]] article that includes, but goes beyond Interpol. Just a thought - i know, i know, 'why don't you do it yourself?' If I get time. Let me know if I'm on the black list ):D Bobanny 18:52, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Heres a start, can anyone include this stuff from their website? Itll prolly require a table, which imm not that good at. http://www.interpol.int/Public/icpo/governance/sg/history.asp Xlegiofalco 04:52, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Somalia
Somalia is listed as a member on Interpol's website, however, they have not had a functioning central government since 1991 and is currently in the throes of civil war. I think we should have Somalia removed from the list of member countries until the situation there is clarified and a recognised government established. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 202.152.170.254 (talk) 10:17, 10 December 2006 (UTC).

I agree. Seeing as the political climate in Somalia is unclear, we should remove them or at least list their interpol membership status into question 76.17.127.64 13:48, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

So is Somalia not a member now? It is nearly seven years later since this section was edited. Do Wikipedia editors decide which nation is, and which nation is not, a member of Interpol? — Just asking, Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 03:19, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

✅ — Referring to our own article, I see the Somalian flag in our table. — Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 03:30, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

Non-member countries
I believe that countries which are not members of Interpol should also be listed to make this website as comprehensive as possible. This also adds neutrality to the article. Removing such a list only gives the impression that the article in question is biased in favour of Interpol and that non-member countries somehow don't deserve to be listed. Also, listing such countries gives the reader the chance to discover these countries and why they have not signed on to becoming a member of Interpol. Hunstad2 07:57, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

interpol
I was under the impression that Interpol's headquarters were in Zurich (tel. : +41 44 216 7111). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.249.45.40 (talk) 17:56, 12 January 2007 (UTC).

Nope. It's been in France for 60 years. Sorry if you're another francophobic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.45.191.193 (talk) 07:57, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Presidents of Interpol during World War
In the list of presidents for Interpol, all listed presidents during the World War 2 were from Nazi Germany, and all were executed for war crimes for participation in the holocaust. However, for the entries for those people, there is no confirmation of this, and no mention of ever being part of Interpol is listed. Is there any confirmation of this? Peyton Westlake 03:05, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Someone didn't translate "Red Notices" very well from English to Spanish, and probably had no experience in spanish grammar whatsoever. In any case, I fixed it.

Fifth Largest?
Do we have anything to back this up?

Also by what measure is Interpol the fifth largest - Staff, Member Nations, Members, Finance, Most stationary used per month?

 * I find it hard to believe that FIBA (the basketball association) is biggerBazonka 23:27, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Telegraphic address
better known by its telegraphic address Interpol.

What is a telegraphic address? --Abdull 10:17, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The Address for Telexes and Telegraphs —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.193.33.143 (talk) 23:47, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Controversies?
Question: Has there ever been any wrongdoing on the part of Interpol? Any controversies? Mishandling of information? Is just that everything sounds too good to be true. (I certainly hope it is true, though.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.210.220.165 (talk) 15:42, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * One controversy has been that member states of a dubious nature i.e. Dictatorships etc. can put questionable records of individuals or organizations into the system without verification.BeckenhamBear (talk) 14:00, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Upon reviewing the controversies section, I encountered the following information: "An example involved journalist Hamza Kashgari, who in February 2012 fled his home country of Saudi Arabia to avoid prosecution for apostasy, and was subsequently arrested in Malaysia. The Royal Malaysian Police initially asserted that they had arrested Kashgari because they had received an Interpol Red Notice request to do so. However, Interpol stated that no such notice had been issued, and the Malaysian police retracted their claim." Since it would appear that no Interpol Red Notice was issued, and the Royal Malaysian Police have retracted their claim, I see no controversy here. To enhance the controversies section, another editor may consider adding a different example. MichaelKovich (talk) 01:55, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * This should be "criticism". There are new sources like here. My very best wishes (talk) 02:18, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Man from Interpol
Shouldn't that be Man from U.N.C.L.E. ? Lars 07:25, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

What does Interpol Do?
Honestly, this article left more questions than it resolved. Outside of copyright warnings on VHS tapes from the 80's, I have no real solid insight on what the functions of Interpol are. Also, if the agency is supposed to be politically neutral how do they recruit? Can an American work as an Interpol agent in countries that the US has a sustained beef with, like say, China? Can an American work as an Interpol agent in America? & if so what would they be doing outside copyright warnings--but I think that job as been outsourced to the FBI. Is the Interpol warning still on imported films? I don't want a rewrite of the entire article, I just want a heck of lot more detail added to it. Is anyone out there an Interpol agent? If so, can you add to &/or rewrite this page? I'd like to know a bit more about Interpol. (Spookybubbles (talk) 01:54, 14 July 2008 (UTC))
 * They a international police organization or something, most of my info is from death note and whatever i read from this page. also, explain the "sustained beef" with china thing, china/US relatio0ns are not, "beefed"--Jakezing (talk) 04:38, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

There was no information about Interpol from Death Note. And the U.S. has condemned China for a number of their policies. 72.73.112.83 (talk) 20:04, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

This is ridiculous!
This is outrageous vandalism. I can't believe this article has been allowed to stand for so long. Do people really believe that a 21st century indie rock band is somehow responsible for international police cooperation!?!?!- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 01:53, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I am not sure I understand what you are saying, are you suggesting that there is no such thing as Interpol? Or that some band is more important than they are? FFMG (talk) 11:01, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Precisely.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 02:53, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Precisely what? FFMG (talk) 05:19, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Exactly.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 22:29, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It's been fixed for some time. By the way, sofixit.--chaser - t 05:38, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I still cannot believe that you thought that some band was somehow more important than Interpol. That's funny. FFMG (talk) 06:22, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Sometimes I forget humor doesn't translate very well.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 00:10, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Precisely. FFMG (talk) 00:55, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Map
Is there a point to the map showing the location of Interpol headquarters when the "dot" winds up covering the whole of France? Seriously, it's not going to be hard for people to find out where Lyons is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by GoriceXII (talk • contribs) 19:50, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Political crimes
It says there remit doesnt include political crimes, yet terrorism is a political crime, as such its a contradiction, perhaps it meant political corruption? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.25.182.21 (talk) 00:11, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Terrorism is NOT a political crime. 72.65.106.155 (talk) 22:59, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * There is an inherent contradiction in the article. It says "In order to maintain as politically neutral a role as possible, Interpol's constitution forbids its involvement in crimes that do not overlap several member countries,[3] or in any political, military, religious, or racial crimes."  Fine. But the next sentence reads, "Its work focuses primarily on public safety, terrorism, organized crime, crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes...."
 * The problem is, war crimes are generally always military (and/or political), and "crimes against humanity" and "genocide", or charges therof, are generally always heavily freighted with politics. And with due regard to the previous poster, denying the religious component of contemporary terrorism is to be wilfully blind.
 * So which is it? Is Interpol really strictly neutral, or does it get involved in very political controversies such as Operation Cast Lead? Solicitr (talk) 00:51, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

 * For that matter, how is it possible to claim that genocide is not a racial crime? Isn't it by definition a racial crime? ("Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group." - from Wikipedia) 219.74.187.13 (talk) 15:14, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

"Human rights organizations and legal scholars have claimed that drug prohibition inevitably leads to police corruption."
Is this sentence really necessary? Its placement makes it seem like we're trying to excuse Selebi's crimes. I don't see any other reason to mention this fact there. I'd just go ahead and remove it, but since it's sourced information I figured I'd go ahead and check for other input here first. -Elmer Clark (talk) 20:29, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Member countries (Greenland)
In the map of the member countries, Greenland is not marked as a member country. But as Greenland is a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, thus Greenland is a member, no? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.17.163.26 (talk) 10:40, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

 * It seems that Greenland should be marked as a member, it is implied that Greenland is covered on this page.
 * 2601:19B:C600:1900:212E:ACF8:725:646A (talk) 18:17, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

Why is this here?
"Human rights organizations and legal scholars have claimed that drug prohibition inevitably leads to police corruption." It feels like it's here more to point a political point of view than anything else.70.15.191.119 (talk) 12:02, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Jackie Selebi
wouldn't the Jackie Selebi information be better served on the Jackie Selebi? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.15.191.119 (talk) 12:07, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Only crimes overlapping several countries?
Currently, the article states: "Interpol's constitution forbids its involvement in crimes that do not overlap several member countries (ref http://www.interpol.int/public/icpo/default.asp )". Really? I find no mention of this in the reference, or in the constitution (ref http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/LegalMaterials/constitution/constitutionGenReg/constitution.asp ). I looked this up following Interpol's arrest notice for Julian Assange for sex crimes (ref http://www.interpol.int/public/data/wanted/notices/data/2010/86/2010_52486.asp ). It does not seem like what he is accused of is a crime overlapping several countries... Though of course, he has OTHER activities which overlap a lot of countries. Ratfox (talk) 04:17, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

The auditor's statement was not present in several annual reports of Interpol. Should that info be added?
''The following conversation started at User Talk:L.tak, based on an addition by BrekekekexKoaxKoax regarding (absence of) auditing statements in the year report of Interpol; which was subsequently removed by me. The discussion is moved here for reference and to have a wider discussion...'' L.tak (talk) 02:26, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Hi L.tak, with reference to your question, please see external auditors for a summary of their role, in particular 'the primary role of the external auditors is to express an opinion on whether an entity's financial statements are free of material misstatements', and Annual report. Thanks, BrekekekexKoaxKoax (talk) 03:43, 20 December 2010 (UTC)
 * He BKK, thanks for laying down those basics. Let me specify my concerns a bit. I was wondering how the presence or absence of financial statements was notable for inclusion on wikipedia and therefore looked for what was "special" about your comments... Is it an exception that international organizations do not have those statements? or did it spur controversy? Or are there any other reasons why it should be added to article? Rgds, L.tak (talk) 05:02, 20 December 2010 (UTC)
 * While Interpol's annual report does outline Interpol's financial performance and position, the omission of the audit opinion, especially after the somewhat distracting reference to the fact that the financial statements have been audited by an external auditor, simply begs the question. See cui bono.  In other words, if all's well and good, why not say so? Especially as expression of such an opinion is 'the primary role of the external auditors' and is typically a requisite under GAAP.  Thanks, BrekekekexKoaxKoax (talk) 01:07, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * BKK, you might be on to something and also I am a bit suspicious here. But with international organizations many things are not "ordinary" in terms of financials. They also do not fall under the obligations by law of countries. The statement that it was omitted is quite suggestive there as you point out yourself. To put in such a suggestive thing, I think we need WP:secondary sources stating its importance, or an evaluation showing all other major organizations do always show it (UN, UPU, OPCW etc). Otherwise with t we are falling to original research by putting information in which suggests something is wrong...[btw: would you mind if I move this discussion to the Interpol page, so more people can weigh in?] L.tak (talk) 02:10, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

INTERPOL 'Inefficiency'
I feel the article is a bit light on facts concerning this agency’s sorted past. Like the fact that an ex-Nazi was in charge of the agency as recently as 1972. The following is an old newspaper article which highlights some the questionable activities and ineptness of this “police” organization.

28 Friday. April 1, 1977 - THE DETROIT JEWISH NEWS GAO Investigation Exposes INTERPOL 'Inefficiency'

By S. A. BARRAM Jewish News Special Correspondent LONDON-The Comptroller General of the United States, following an investigation by the General Accounting Office (GAO). published a 56-page report on the operations, practices and administration of the International Criminal Police Organization. INTERPOL, which exposes a long chain of actual and potential abuses in the activities of this organization. The report vindicates what we have stated in previously in The Jewish News. The investigation had been requested in February, 1976 by Rep.. John E. Moss and Sen. Joseph Montoya, and followed the Montoya hearings on INTERPOL, where extensive evidence on INTERPOL's Nazi involvement and abuse of civil rights and individual freedoms was submitted. The investigators of the GAO visited 13 cities in 10 countries in Asia, South America, Europe and the U.S. The final report reveals that: Through INTERPOL, data from these computers reaches third parties abroad. including Communist countries and countries with which the U.S. does not have diplomatic relations, such as Uganda. Equally, INTERPOL can place data on individuals and groups into the Treasury's Enforcement Communication Center (TECS) and the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) computers, and other law enforcement files. To summarize, the report conclusively shows that INTERPOL supports the dossier system, is law unto itself, a state above states, not subject to any scrutiny and supervision by outside bodies and is inefficient. The number of crimes of violence, acts of terrorism, drug abuse and drug trafficking increases continuously and the perpetrators get away. Nazi war criminals are not molested by INTERPOL. The tax-payers' money is used to finance the operations of INTERPOL. But the organization has failed in its avowed aims: The successful combat of international crime. Statistics released in 1975 (the latest), show that INTERPOL headquarters investigated 24,398 cases. These investigations resulted in only 630 arrests, which is about 2.6 percent efficiency. The statistics do not reveal the rate of conflictions, for INTERPOL does not keep such statistics. However, according to various authoritative works on crime, 50 percent of arrests usually result in acquittals. Applying this figure to INTERPOL's arrest record, only 1.3 percent actually resulted in convictions, which is negligible. None of these included crime syndicates and international big time criminals. according to the GAO report. After the publication of the Comptroller General's report, Vaughn Young, director of research for the National Commission for Law Enforcement and Social Justice in the U.S. travelled to Europe to meet with parliamentarians in England, Germany, Holland, France, Denmark, Belgium and Dr. Simon Wiesenthal in Vienna, to discuss with them the implications of the report. Through Dr. Wiesenthal's kind offices, I had the opportunity to meet Young and to exchange with him information about the Nazi background of the organization and current practices which have their origin from the Nazi era. Young, while in Europe, was subject to public character assassination initiated by INTERPOL. The German Federal Police issued a press release which stated that Vaughn Young is a swindler and that the GAO report is a swindle. Young impressed me as a serious meticulous researcher. He is a known and published author and had testified before Congress. Yet he has been subjected to a defamation campaign reminiscent of the Nazi propaganda machine or the KGB Desinformation Service. The purpose of this action was two-fold: To discredit him vis-a-vis parliamentarians and newspapermen in Europe who wished to meet him and to stifle at the outset a demand for an investigation into INTERPOL in Germany, similar to the one held in the U.S. This risk was too great to be taken: who knows how many former Nazis, still in the ranks of the German police, would have been exposed in the course of the investigation.' The attempt is doomed to failure. Young has taken legal steps against the German Federal Police for slander. In Germany some questions will be asked in Parliament. In Holland and Britain, questions in Parliament have been raised and other parliaments will follow. The Comptroller General's report was a fact-finding report. Based on the findings a number of Senators and Representatives, including Moss, Montoya, Beard, Eilberg and others, reportedly intend to get legislation passed to circumvent any further abuse of civil rights and individual freedoms through INTERPOL. Slobeachboy (talk) 07:08, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
 * A substantial percentage of cases handled by INTERPOL had no criminal background at all; in some cases the information supplied included misdemeanors and no disposition data was available for many of the charges listed.
 * In 40 percent of the cases checked by GAO investigators, requestors for information had provided insufficient data. The requestors did not explain why the request was made, identify the type of criminal activity being investigated, precisely describe the charges, furnish evidence to support allegations that individuals had criminal backgrounds. etc. On the other hand, the report points out that information provided by INTERPOL will be used in an unknown environment, under different national customs, standards of conduct, peculiarities of law and due process of law and by governments ranging from liberal democracies to totalitarian regimes. (Some 85 percent of INTERPOL's membership is totalitarian).
 * No government or state body monitors the activities of INTERPOL and there is no control over the distribution of information disseminated through INTERPOL.
 * INTERPOL has access to American computer banks.
 * CIA, FBI, DEA, U.S. Secret Service and other U.S. non-police authorities have access to INTERPOL's dossiers.
 * There arc no guidelines from INTERPOL's headquarters in Paris governing the exchange of unverified accusations, raw intelligence and other data, potentially damaging to innocent citizens.
 * INTERPOL can carry out police, diplomatic, intelligence, law enforcement and other functions without effective oversight.
 * None of the cases inspected by the GAO investigators showed that the organization is engaged in the combat of crime syndicates and big time criminals.

Legal Personality
Interpol is a Society, registered under French private law, not in any form governmental. Also it's formation, action, constitions, ..., have never been ratified by it's member countries.

Source: sourced section of German Wikipedia, see https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol#Kritik — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.194.55.15 (talk) 15:01, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Hi I want ask about the Interpol if any country catch one person he was demand to Interpol but becase he was citizin this country, if he travel to another country could the Interpol follow this person ,

External links modified
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International or transnational Cybercrime (non-politicized)
The article needs mention of international cybercrime, but without the hype, or political motives. In 2016/2017, US and western mass-media (such as Rupert Murdoch's Fox news and Sky news) have published reports which were premature or inaccurate, based on political scandal-mongering and special interests. Unfortunately such stories were broadcast and re-broadcast to international audiences.

Interpol cooperation on cybercrime (as applicable to the wikipedia content) is not concerned with selling papers, rather the non-politicized cases.

In December 2010, Japanese NHK news reported on a press-release from the USA'S DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency), in which an old diesel generator was hacked via the AC power out, and it overrevved causing irreperrable failure. It was reported that such cybercrimes can be performed from abroad, but investigation is not as simple as trying to geolocate or identify a rogue IP. Domain hijacking, internet-banking or internet payment fraud, as well as dozens of other well organized international crimes often have a much bigger paper-trail (digital forensics), (for example in the case of Domain hijack, the DNS records), and with such evidence, cases need not be politicized. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.172.231.95 (talk) 16:46, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Reinhard Heydrich rank during his career in Germany
The Interpol article states:

"From 1938 to 1945, the presidents of the ICPC included Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. All were generals in the SS, and Kaltenbrunner was the highest ranking SS officer executed after the Nuremberg Trials."

Visiting Reinhard Heydrich article I don't see where he was a General. Heydrich is described as a "high-ranking German Nazi official." His Infobox lists some ranks he held throughout the years but they do not include General. It looks like the highest military rank was Major.

(I visited Heydrich page to read about the Operation Anthropoid, which is [also] a film about Heydrich's assassination. No love lost by me on the Nazis).

Interpol director Meng Hongwei reported missing
Usually missing-persons-reports do not proceed to investigation unless a certain period of time has elapsed since last seen (for example in the UK it is something like 48 hours). Newsmedia reported that someone purporting to be Mrs. Meng "declared" (or briefed) the police that he had not come home from the aeroport after arrival. It is already mentioned in the biography article, but shouldn`t it be mentioned here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.3.34.74 (talk) 15:17, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

Hong Kong`s Gazette of Record has reported that Meng may be "debriefing" Chinese Law Enforcement on recent goings-on at Interpol HQ. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.3.46.186 (talk) 21:00, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

Nazi era and POV
the current version of the article features Interpol's version of the story, being the organization de facto did not exist, since most members did withdraw their membership. which isn't the whole truth and interpol is criticized for plying it down so much. in fact, ICPC was integrated into the RSHA of the SS under Heydrich and their data was used to hunt down all sorts of humans. and that should not be ignored nor should Interpol's nothing-happend version stay in the article Norschweden (talk) 21:29, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

Membership Section - Canada & Israel, Founding Members?
According to the Membership section, Canada and Israel are apparently the founding nations of Interpol. They are, according to their joining date (Oct 1949) the first countries to be members. However, this sentence from the History section, contradicts that notion:

"In 1946, after the end of World War II, the organization was revived as the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO) by officials from Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the UK. Its new headquarters were established in Paris"

The countries mentioned in the above sentence are supposed to have joined around 1956... So, according to the article, Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the UK, set up the new post-war organisation (albeit as ICPO, not Interpol) in the hope that other countries would come along and get on with the actual police work... not joining themselves for another ten years. These nations even went so far as to gave it a headquarters to work from in Paris, presumably leaving the key under the mat for when Israel and Canada eventually decide to get on with it. After waiting three years, Israel and Canada, duly turned up to Paris and set up shop in the (presumably) vacant HQ building. I guess they then just put the coffee on, plugged the phones in, and waited for the first international 911/999 call. Doesn't seem right to me; what gives? Has some important info been edited out, or is it just an article in need of some serious work? M R G WIKI999 (talk) 06:13, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Interpol
Ok 106.204.10.179 (talk) 14:18, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Crime and Media
— Assignment last updated by Dmaccartney (talk) 18:33, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

Criticism section is way too long
It's almost half the article. At this point it just invites others to add whatever they want to it. Several points are repeated multiple times and there's no clear structure. Prinsgezinde (talk) 08:48, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

Request: Some information on the relationship between the ICC and Interpol
Hi all

Currently the article does not mention any relationship between Interpol and the International Criminal Court. Could someone knowledgable please add this to the article? On their web page they say they've been working with the ICC since 1994 https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/War-crimes

Thanks very much

John Cummings (talk) 12:43, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interpol


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Black Sunday

Black Sunday
It looks like this page was originally created for the film "Black Sunday", but several alternate contexts have been grafted on. Time for a disambig? Brendanl79 11:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Added to User:RJFJR/Desk (myself) RJFJR 19:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I moved it to Black Sunday (disambiguation) and then cut and pasted the book/movie section back to Black Sunday. (I was trying to preserve history, I hope this is the appropriate method). I reformatted the disambig page. RJFJR 04:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Ready for closing evaluation

 * Black Sunday
 * Black Sunday (disambiguation)
 * RJFJR 02:13, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That looks ready for closing to me. However, you may want to remove the redirect on the talk page of Black Sunday (replace it with a taskforce notice). Maybe chage "book" to "novel" in the first paragraph of Black Sunday too. Andreww 05:46, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Anything else anyone can see? RJFJR 19:39, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Closed. RJFJR 01:08, 21 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Jezarnold

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title: User talk:Jezarnold


text:
User:Jeppesn/Test page

Rideheste — er det bedste --JeppeSN 11:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Jeppesn/Test page


text:
Mullae station

Mullae Station is an underground station on Seoul Subway Line 2. There is a 24-hour Home plus immediately outside Exit 4. It also serves various apartment complexes and factories. Close to Exit 7 is the street where some scenes in Avengers: Age of Ultron were filmed.

title: Mullae station


text:
Talk:Biblical liberalism

This article is entirely incorrect and ought to be merged with Biblical inerrancy. KHM03 11:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biblical liberalism


text:
File:Area rule p51 f104.png

Summary
My own work (Max Smith) released into the PD.

An attempt to explain Area rule.

Based on PD images from http://www.af.mil/art/index.asp?galleryID=181 (NASA).

title: File:Area rule p51 f104.png


text:
Mead Hall Episcopal School

Mead Hall Episcopal School is a private, 3K–12 coeducational college preparatory school located over two campuses in Aiken, South Carolina. Previously covering grades 3K–8, the school expanded to cover high school grades when they acquired Aiken Preparatory School during the summer of 2012.

Aiken Prep
Aiken Prep was founded in 1916 by Louise Hitchcock, wife of American polo pioneer Thomas Hitchcock and mother of international polo star Tommy Hitchcock, Jr. For most of its existence, Aiken Prep was a junior boys' boarding school for grades 4–9. In 1989, through a merger with the Aiken Day School, the school transitioned to move toward a day school format. During the summer of 2012, Aiken Preparatory School merged with Mead Hall Episcopal School. While the campus will be referred to as the 'Aiken Prep' campus, Aiken Preparatory School is now officially known as Mead Hall Episcopal School.

In May 2012, Aiken Preparatory School's board of trustees voted to sell the school's facilities to Mead Hall Episcopal Day School.

Academics
The school offers a rigorous curriculum from Preschool through Upper School, which includes College Prep, Honors, and AP classes. Inquiry-based learning and traditional instruction methods are integrated to foster critical thinking and lasting knowledge. Mead Hall promotes global awareness while maintaining strong community ties, guided by Christian values and the Anglican tradition, welcoming students of all backgrounds.

Athletics
Mead Hall provides an athletic program with 28 teams across 11 sports, including options for girls, boys, and co-ed participation. Mead Hall is part of the South Carolina Independent Schools Association for varsity and junior varsity sports, and the Augusta Aiken Middle School League for middle school sports. The athletic offerings include bowling, volleyball, tennis, swimming, cross country, golf, basketball, soccer, softball, track and field, baseball, equestrian, archery, and cheerleading. Approximately 85% of middle and upper school students participate in athletics, with over half engaging in multiple sports. Summer camps are available for year-round athletic development.

Golf Program
The Mead Hall golf team was the 2023 and 2024 SCISA Class AA state champions.

title: Mead Hall Episcopal School


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Urszula Dudziak

Urszula Bogumiła Dudziak-Urbaniak (born 22 October 1943) is a Polish jazz vocalist. She has worked with Krzysztof Komeda, Michał Urbaniak (her ex-husband), Gil Evans, Archie Shepp, and Lester Bowie. In 2007, her 1970s song "Papaya" gained widespread popularity in Asia and Latin America.

Career
Dudziak was born in the Straconka, now a neighbourhood of Bielsko-Biała, Poland. She studied piano, but began to sing in the late 50s after hearing records by Ella Fitzgerald. Within a few years, she was one of the most popular jazz artists in her native country. She met and later married Michał Urbaniak. In the late 1960s, the couple began to tour overseas and in the 1970s settled in New York City.

Dudziak customarily eschews words in favour of wordless vocalising that is far more adventurous than scat. Already gifted with a five-octave vocal range, Dudziak employs electronic devices to extend possibilities of her voice. She has frequently worked with leading contemporary musicians, including Archie Shepp and Lester Bowie, and was a member of the Vocal Summit group, with Jay Clayton, Jeanne Lee, Bobby McFerrin, Norma Winstone, Sting, and Lauren Newton. Dudziak has also co-operated and performed with her fellow Polish female jazz vocalist Grażyna Auguścik.

On 11 November 2009, Dudziak was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Lech Kaczyński.

Papaya dance
In 2007, Dudziak's classic 1970s song "Papaya" saw a resurgence in popularity in the Philippines where it was regularly featured in the local noontime TV game show Pilipinas, Game Ka Na Ba? A favourite track for Filipino drag queens as lip-synch material in the '70s gay disco/bar scene, the song then saw a revival when a TV host danced to the tune, helping to spread the popularity of the song to Latin America and the US. The dance has then been featured in several news programs, including MSNBC, and Reuters. On 21 March 2008, the dance was featured on ABC's Good Morning America, where the hosts also danced to the song. Before the breakthrough of papaya dance in 2007, the song Papaya became a success in Brazil in 1970s as the opening theme of the original version telenovela Anjo Mau, produced by TV Globo in 1976.

Personal life
Dudziak and Michał Urbaniak are divorced, together they have two daughters: pop singer Mika (Michelle, born 1980) and sculptor Kasia. After the divorce, she was in a relationship with Jerzy Kosiński for four years; Kosinski left her a note just before his suicide. In 1993, she married Swedish captain Benght Dahllof. Dudziak owns apartments in Manhattan, Sweden and Warsaw. Her brother Leszek was jazz drummer known for his work with Krzysztof Komeda.

On 8 March 2011, she released her autobiography called Wyśpiewam wam wszystko (I'll sing everything for you).

As leader

 * Newborn Light with Adam Makowicz (Cameo, 1972)
 * Urszula (Arista, 1975)
 * Midnight Rain (Arista, 1977)
 * Future Talk (Inner City, 1979)
 * High Horse (CTI, 1984)
 * Magic Lady (In+Out, 1989)
 * Live at Warsaw Jazz Festival 1991 (Jazzmen, 1993)
 * Koledy with Grazyna Auguscik (Voice Magic, 1996)
 * Malowany Ptak (Polonia, 1997)
 * To I Hola with Grazyna Auguscik (Selles, 2000)
 * Forever Green/Zawsze Zielona (Green Town of Jazz, 2008)
 * Super Band Live at Jazz Cafe (EMI, 2009)
 * Wszystko Gra (Kayax, 2013)

As guest
With Michal Urbaniak
 * Fusion III (Columbia, 1975)
 * Heritage (MPS, 1978)
 * We'll Remember Komeda (MPS, 1973)
 * Zycie Pisane Na Orkiestre (Ubx, 2001)
 * Smiles Ahead (Ubx, 2012)

With others
 * Arif Mardin, Journey (Atlantic, 1974)
 * Ulla, Ulla (Pop Eye, 1982)
 * Vocal Summit, Sorrow Is Not Forever—Love Is (Moers Music, 1983)
 * Vocal Summit, Live at Willisau: Conference of the Birds (ITM, 1992)

Filmography

 * 1980 – Papaya, czyli Skąd się biorą dziewczynki – main role, music
 * 1982 – Percussion Summit – minor role
 * 1983 – Vocal Summit – minor role
 * 1995 – Malowany chłopiec – music
 * 1985 – Urszula Dudziak – waga – main role
 * 2000 – Ponad tęczą – music
 * 2001 – Eden – music performance (vocal)
 * 2002 – Zielona karta – music, song performances
 * 2005 – Panna młoda – music
 * 2007 – Wiersz na Manhattanie – main role
 * 2007 – Niania – herself
 * 2008 – Urszula Dudziak: Życie jest piękne  – document about her
 * 2011 – Bitwa na głosy – as team leader
 * 2019 –  The Voice Senior – herself, as a coach
 * 2020 – The Voice of Poland – herself, as a coach

title: Urszula Dudziak


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OTB(gang)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 22:22, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

OTB(gang)
Non-notable, non verifiable article about a New Zealand "gang." Paul 11:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Note the ominous Site still under construction - wiki is not a free hosting service even for such important social phenomena.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   15:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable, non-verifiable "gang". Looks to be a chump version of Glock 3... only even less notable.--Isotope23 16:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Isotope 23. But, who knew that the Crips/Bloods thing has made it to New Zealand!?! MCB 03:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Armstrong Siddeley Viper

The Armstrong Siddeley Viper is a British turbojet engine developed and produced by Armstrong Siddeley and then by its successor companies Bristol Siddeley and Rolls-Royce Limited. It entered service in 1953 and remained in use with the Royal Air Force, powering its Dominie T1 navigation training aircraft until January 2011.

Design and development
The design originally featured a seven-stage compressor based on their Adder engine — the Viper is in effect a large-scale Adder.

Like the similar J85 built in United States, the Viper was originally developed as an expendable engine for production versions of the Jindivik target drone. Like the J85, the limited-life components and total-loss oil systems were replaced with standard systems for use in crewed aircraft.

Because it was initially developed as an expendable engine, the Viper was subject to many recurring maintenance issues. This led to the development of the first Power by the Hour program in which operators would pay a fixed hourly rate to Bristol Siddeley for the continual maintenance of the engines.

In the 1970s, Turbomecanica Bucharest and Orao Sarajevo acquired the license for the Viper engine, which propelled various Romanian and Yugoslav built aircraft.

Variants
Data from:Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1955-56, Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1959-60, Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1962-63
 * ASV.1:Short life design study; 1145 lbf.
 * ASV.2:Developed short life version, first run in April 1951; 1145 lbf.
 * ASV.3: (Mk.100) Short life for missile/target applications, flight-tested in the tail of an Avro Lancaster November 1952; 1640 lbf.
 * ASV.4:Short life for missile/target applications first run in 1952, 1750 lbf.
 * ASV.5:(Mk. 101) Extended life version for crewed aircraft.
 * ASV.6:Short life for missile/target applications; 1900 lbf.
 * ASV.7:
 * ASV.7/R: ASV.7 with re-heat; 2470 lbf.
 * ASV.8: (became Viper 8 and Mk.102); Long-life version rated at 1750 lbf for Jet Provost T Mk.3.
 * ASV.9: (became Viper 9 and Mk.103) Similar to ASV.8 with improved turbine materials; 2000 lbf.
 * ASV.10:Long-life version with re-designed Sapphire-style compressor first run in January 1956; 1900 lbf.
 * ASV.11: (became Viper 11 and Mk.200) ASV.10 with increased mass-flow; 2500 lbf.
 * ASV.12: (became Viper 12) up-rated ASV.11 with higher JPT and rated at 2700 lbf
 * Viper 8: (Mk.102 / Mk.104): Engines for the Hunting-Percival Jet Provost TMk.3 (Mk.102) and GAF Jindivik Mk.102B target drone (Mk.104).
 * Viper 9: (Mk.103): Powered the Bell X-14 and Handley Page HP 115 among others.
 * Viper 11: (Mk.200): Powered the Hunting-Percival Jet Provost TMk.4(Mk202) and GAF Jindivik Mk.3 among others.
 * Viper 12: see ASV.12 above
 * Viper 20: (Mk.500 series): Powered the Hawker Siddeley HS.125 and Piaggio-Douglas PD.808 among others.
 * Viper 22: Built under licence by Piaggio for the Aermacchi MB.326
 * Mk.100: see ASV.3 above
 * Mk.101: see ASV.5 above
 * Mk.102: see ASV.8 above
 * Mk.103: see ASV.9 and Viper 9 above
 * Mk.104: see ASV.12 above
 * Mk.200: see Viper 11 above
 * Mk.201:
 * Mk.202: see Viper 11 above
 * Mk.204:
 * Mk.301:
 * Mk.521:
 * Mk.522:
 * Mk.525:
 * Mk.601:
 * Mk.632: Built under licence by Turbomecanica and Orao, as the non-afterburning engine for the IAR-93 Vultur A/MB versions, Soko J-22 Orao 1 version, IAR-99 Standard/Șoim versions, and Soko G-4 Super Galeb.
 * Mk.633: Built under licence by Turbomecanica and Orao, as the afterburning engine for the IAR-93 Vultur B version, and Soko J-22 Orao 2 version.
 * M.D.30 Viper:Engines licence-built and developed by Dassault Aviation
 * M.D.30R Viper:2200 lbf with afterburner.

Applications
• Aermacchi MB-339

• Aermacchi MB-326

• Aero L-29 Delfin (prototype only)

• Atlas Aircraft Impala

• Avro Shackleton

• BAC Jet Provost

• BAC Strikemaster

• Bell X-14

• Blue Origin Charon

• Dassault M.D.550 Mystere-Delta

• Embraer AT-26 Xavante

• Folland Midge

• GAF Jindivik

• Hawker Siddeley Dominie

• Handley Page HP.115

• IAR 99

• Piaggio PD.808

• Saunders-Roe SR.53

• Soko J-22 Orao/IAR-93 Vultur

• Soko G-2 Galeb

• Soko G-4 Super Galeb

title: Armstrong Siddeley Viper


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Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib

Abūʾl-Qāsim al-Ṭayyib ibn al-Āmir (أبو القاسم الطيب بن الآمر) was, according to the Tayyibi sect of Isma'ilism, the twenty-first imam. The only son of Caliph al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, al-Tayyib was an infant when his father was murdered. Amidst the ensuing power struggle, al-Tayyib disappeared; modern historians suggest that he died or was secretly killed by one of the rival strongmen. By 1132, his uncle al-Hafiz declared himself as the caliph and imam in succession to al-Amir. This was not accepted by the Yemeni Isma'ilis, who upheld the rights of al-Tayyib.

This marked the creation of two rival sects of Musta'li Isma'ilism, the Hafizi one, following al-Hafiz, and the Tayyibi one, following al-Tayyib. The Tayyibis hold that al-Tayyib was rescued from Cairo and brought to safety, but that he and all subsequent Tayyibi imams remained in hiding. The Tayyibi community was instead led by a sequence of 'absolute missionaries' (da'i al-mutlaq).

Life
Al-Tayyib was the only son of the twentieth Fatimid imam-caliph, al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, who ruled Egypt from 1101 to 1130. Al-Tayyib was born in Cairo in February/March 1130, and immediately, according to one source, designated as heir-apparent. Al-Amir was assassinated on 7 October of the same year by agents of the rival Nizari sect of Isma'ili Shi'ism.

Power struggle
With only an infant child as potential heir, the dynasty's authority devolved on to al-Amir's cousin, Abd al-Majid, as the oldest surviving male of the dynasty. What happened next appears to have effectively been a coup: two of al-Amir's favourites, Hizar al-Mulk Hazarmard (or Jawarmard) and Barghash, who had influence over the army, allied themselves with Abd al-Majid, to control the government. Abd al-Majid, who may have had his eyes on the caliphate, was to become regent.

It is unclear, however, in whose name Abd al-Maji's regency was exercised. Most sources report that even the existence of al-Tayyib was concealed, and he disappears completely from the record after that. How the existence of a child, whose birth had been accompanied by public celebrations and proclamations, was so effectively concealed is unknown. Modern scholars speculate that al-Tayyib may have died in infancy, possibly even before his father; but at least one contemporary anonymous Syrian source maintains that he was murdered on Abd al-Majid's orders.

As a result of this silence in official sources, al-Tayyib's existence was doubted by some early scholars of Isma'ilism in the 20th century. His historicity is now considered as established, based on several points: surviving reports of festivities ordered by al-Amir to celebrate his birth survive, scattered references to him in 12th-century historians, and a surviving example, sent to the Yemeni queen Arwa al-Sulayhi, of the letters sent to friendly rulers to announce the event.

Hafizi–Tayyibi schism
Instead of al-Tayyib, the new regime maintained that al-Amir had left a pregnant concubine, and that the caliph, having dreamed of his impending death, had declared this unborn child to be a son and his designated (nass) successor, thus effectively bypassing al-Tayyib. What came of this pregnancy is likewise unclear, as different sources report that the concubine either bore a daughter or that the foetus could not be found, or that Abd al-Majid killed the baby soon after. The only dissenting account is that of the 15th-century Tayyibi leader and historian Idris Imad al-Din, who explicitly claims that Abd al-Majid took office as regent for al-Tayyib. Whatever the truth, the new regime did not last long, as the army mutinied and installed Kutayfat as vizier. Initially Kutayfat retained Abd al-Majid as regent, but the latter was de facto a prisoner; soon Kutayfat proclaimed the dynasty deposed altogether, and abandoned Isma'ilism as the state religion in favour of a vaguely Twelver form of Shi'ism with himself as vicegerent of a hidden imam. The historian Heinz Halm considers it likely that Kutayfat at this point eliminated al-Tayyib.

Kutayfat was assassinated by Fatimid loyalists in December 1131, and Abd al-Majid was released from his prison. Abd al-Majid initially resumed ruling as a regent, but on 23 January 1132 he proclaimed himself imam and caliph in succession to al-Amir with the regnal name of al-Hafiz. Al-Hafiz's highly irregular accession and claims to the imamate were largely accepted by the Isma'ili faithful in the Fatimid domains in Egypt, Nubia, and the Levant, but rebuffed by some communities. Most notably, this was the case in the only other major Isma'ili realm, Yemen, where Queen Arwa upheld the rights of al-Tayyib, while the subordinate regional dynasties of the Hamdanids and the Zurayids recognized al-Hafiz's claims. Al-Hafiz's accession thus produced a major schism in the Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism, between the adherents of the imamate of al-Tayyib (the 'Tayyibis') pitted against supporters of al-Hafiz and his successors (the 'Hafizis').

The Tayyibis hold that al-Tayyib did not die, but that he had been entrusted by al-Amir to a certain Ibn Madyan, and that the infant had been hidden by Ibn Madyan and his helpers when Kutayfat came to power. Ibn Madyan was killed by Kutayfat, but his brother-in-law escaped with al-Tayyib, who now went into concealment. Al-Tayyib is held to have died while still in concealment, but to have had descendants, who have provided a series of hidden imams that continue to the present day. The public leadership of the Tayyibi community was instead assumed by a succession of 'absolute missionaries' (da'i al-mutlaq).

title: Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib


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Risk pool

A risk pool is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by insurance companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.

In supply chain management
Risk pooling is an important concept in supply chain management. Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in safety stock and therefore reduces average inventory.

For example, in the centralized distribution system, the warehouse serves all customers, which leads to a reduction in variability measured by either the standard deviation or the coefficient of variation.

The three critical points to risk pooling are:
 * 1) Centralized inventory saves safety stock and average inventory in the system.
 * 2) When demands from markets are negatively correlated, the higher the coefficient of variation, the greater the benefit obtained from centralized systems; that is, the greater the benefit from risk pooling.
 * 3) The benefits from risk pooling depend directly on relative market behavior. If two markets are competing when demand from both markets are more or less than the average demand, the demands from the market are said to be positively correlated. Thus, the benefits derived from risk pooling decreases as the correlation between demands from both markets becomes more positive.

In government
Intergovernmental risk pools (IRPs) operate under the same general principle except that they are made up of public entities, such as government agencies, school districts, county governments and municipalities. They provide alternative risk financing and transfer mechanisms to their members through self-funding by particular types of risk being underwritten with contributions (premiums), with losses and expenses shared in agreed ratios. In other words, intergovernmental risk pools are a cooperative group of governmental entities joining together through written agreement to finance an exposure, liability, or risk. Although they are not considered insurance, pools extend nearly identical coverage through similar underwriting and claim activities, as well as provide other risk management services. Pools have many advantages over insurers for their members. Pools tend to protect their members from cyclic insurance rates, offer loss prevention services, offer savings (as they are non-profit organizations and do not lose funds through broker fees), and have focus and expertise in governmental entities that are often not found in insurers.

Intergovernmental risk pools may include authorities, joint power authorities, associations, agencies, trusts, risk management funds, and other risk pools.

title: Risk pool


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Hongje station

Hongje Station is a rapid transit station on Seoul Subway Line 3 in Seodaemun-gu, Seoul.

title: Hongje station