text:
Talk:Cosmological principle

"When viewed on a large enough scale"
So, if it turns out not be, the scale at which we're viewing it simply isn't large enough? This is a semantic problem with the word 'enough'. Anything will X when you do enough Y, and if it doesn't X, that only means you need to Y more. Is there no formal definition which avoids this problem?

 * Some explanation could help, but it seems to be referring to the largest scale possible, which would be the entirety of the universe. Starting at the largest value possible narrows it down to at least a maximum, which can then be tested against the statement. Regardless of if it holds true for any smaller frame of reference, it only needs to apply to the most extreme case.

 * Perhaps there should be some added explanation below the quote to explain this?

TittilateMyTasteBuds (talk) 10:09, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a more mathematical version of the semantically problematic, but very intuitively helpful explanation given in the article would help. Here's my quick crack at it: "for two disjoint patches of universe, the density enclosed within two spheres of radius r will converge to the same number as r goes to infinity."
 * Of course, there is the vacuously true version of that statement where r equals infinity and both spheres contain the entire universe, but we find that this statement begins to hold on the 10-100 Megaparsec scale which is around the galaxy cluster scale. James Glacier (talk) 04:43, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Should this sentence be moved to Criticism?

 * However, the European Space Agency has concluded, based on data from the Planck Mission showing hemispheric bias in 2 respects: one with respect to average temperature, the second with respect to larger variations in the degree of perturbations. i.e. temperature fluctuations, i.e. densities, that these anisotropies are, in fact, statistically significant and can no longer be ignored .[8]

--Logical Gentleman (talk) 05:06, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

Support for this
What observations and axioms support this. Hackwrench 18:08, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * My understanding, and perhaps someone can correct/expand as needed, is that the cosmological principle is itself taken as an axiom, but there is experimental evidence as well. The best evidence for isotropy is the [cmb] which is isotropic to one part in 10,000.  I think for homogeneity, we can look at other galaxies/clusters and see that the physics there appears to be the same, and galaxies on average are the same. Threepounds 06:54, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

This is true and there is more to it. The distribution of matter (galaxies and clusters), dark matter, dark energy all seem homogeneous and isotropic. In fact, we can put some limit on the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the universe on the large scales and we find out that it is agreeing very well with the cosmological principle. But we cannot ignore the tiny possibility that the cosmological principle is not 100% true, but we might never detect the slight variations. There is also a lot of theoretical arguments in favor of the cosmological principle. I don't want to go into the details but let's say that it is very hard to invent a successful model of our universe in which the cosmological principle is not respected. Basically, all work on cosmology (with FRW cosmological models at least) uses equations which were derived assuming the cosmological principle. So I'd say there is very good support in favor of the Cosmological Principle. (F.G. - McGill - Physics) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.56.206.181 (talk) 15:50, 18 November 2007

i've deleted the section on "inhomogeneities" because it misinterprets the substance of the specific paper cited (which i've read): for example, in the concluding paragraph, the authors speculate about the implications of their findings for areas of the universe outside their observational sample and offer "tilt" as a pervasive structural feature of the universe *as a whole*, a claim which requires the cosmological principle to assert! the two points that were omitted or misappreciated in the earlier version of this wikipedia article are that (1) the cosmological principle is in one respect a *distributional* assumption about structure (isotropy) and a *validity* assumption about observational location (homgeneity); and (2) the cosmological principle is not violated by any gross anomaly, such as a "really big hole", unless this constitutes evidence of something novel or inexplicable in terms of smaller similar structures or known physical laws. perhaps the problem that is missed by previous writers is that the cosmological principle is a double edged sword, serving as a presumption that we can extend known physical laws to all phenomena, and as a "null hypothesis" that highlights events we *cannot* explain as the points deserving more intensive inquiry -- inquiry based on the working assumption that the events are explicable in terms of known physical laws. Macevoy (talk) 16:28, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

This vs. Anthropic
OK, I'll bite: Under what logic does the Cosmological principle disprove the Anthropic principle? Do sources exist for such claims? Jasonuhl 21:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree that this needs to be expanded. I think more needs to be said or this part removed. It seems to be that the Cosmological principle is a statement about averages over cosmological distances (as the article indicates) while humanity exists on an entirely negligible length-scale. It is not obvious to me how the two should be compared or where a contradiction exists. Threepounds 06:42, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed this sentence. The link between this and the Anthropic principle seems tenuous at best, and a claim that one disproves the other without any attempt at explanation adds nothing but confusion.  Jasonuhl 23:42, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Milne's Formalization of the Cosmological Principle
I found a link in Timeline of cosmology that said Milne "formalized" this cosmological principle. While I agree that he did, I don't think that the gist of his argument is well presented here. For instance, Milne did not like the idea of a finite universe, nor did he like the idea of expanding space.

Milne says in Relativity, Gravitation, and World Structure "I am well aware that some mathematicians believe that such difficulties are at once swept awy if we use the concept of 'curved space.' I have examined such attempts at explanation with the greatest care, and I have found that in all cases the proposed explanations break down at some point.  Two-dimensional analogies with hypothetical inhabitants on the surface of a sphere fail as soon as we recall that a survey of the astronomical universe is made by taking a photograph with a telescope and camera, and that, for a telescope of arbitrarily large light-gathering power, either the number of nebulae that can be counted is finite and therefore contains one faintest and so presumably most distant member, or it is infinite, in which case either the same nebula is photographed as an infinite number of separate spots or the total number of actual nebulae in existence is infinite. The latter will be our eventual conclusion. Here I am only concerned to argue that the phrase 'curvature of space' used in connexion with astronomical photographs merely involves a mist of mysticism. Such photographs can always be interpreted in flat space, and then the assumption of a finite number of density-maxima inevitably leads to some kind of accessible edge of the universe."

In this book, at least, Milne eventually concluded that the universe was not finite in terms of number of nebulae. He did not conclude that space was curved. JDoolin 16:27, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

I never read that book but I wanted to point out one thing. If you assume no big bang and an eternal universe, then you can assume that a large enough telescope could possibly measure an infinite number of nebulae. But if there is a big bang, then you cannot see further than the light travel-time since the big bang so you will always get a finite number of nebulae no matter how big your telescope is. This explanation had a name I cannot recall and was figured out long ago. Anyway, I guess this was already obvious and that this book is contemplating the possiblity of no big-bang. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.56.206.181 (talk) 15:57, 18 November 2007
 * I guess you mean Olbers' paradox. You don't even need a large telescope because the number of galaxies increases with distance as fast as the light dims. Cosmo0 (talk) 22:56, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Sorry I forgot I had posted to this discussion. Milne's model is a model with a big bang which actually is a Big Bang. An infinite amount of matter exploding from a point, the majority of which expands outward at the speed of light. The shrapnel in the middle forms the galaxies of the observable universe. The expanding surface is a time-dilated shell we would see the inner part of and call the CMBR. You can actually see further than the speed of light times the age of the universe in such an environment, if you take into account acceleration and Lorentz Transformations, changing reference frames etc. The Milne Model is an infinite mass model. Not, contrary to popular belief, a zero mass model. (JDoolin (talk) 01:21, 1 August 2010 (UTC))

In layman's terms
Guys, this doesn't read at all well for someone not well versed in cosmology/physics. I imagine it is quite complex but is it possible to be expresed in more simple terms, or at least to explain the concept a little better? Some parts of it read almost like the article was created with the intention of being as obscure as possible. :-) Diliff  | (Talk)   (Contribs) 23:47, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Words like "homogeneous" and "isotropic" probably must stay. ;) ◙◙◙  I M Kmarinas86 U O 2¢  ◙◙◙ 18:22, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Unforunately, Diliff, many articles are obscuranist like this. I've added a line to the intro that, hopefully, makes things a little clearer.--Michael C. Price talk 18:27, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

"The universerve is the same everywhere" does not make anything clearer. It just states you assume the reader to be an imbicil.192.114.175.2 12:06, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree (well, imbecile is taking it a bit far). That's what the links to the articles on homogeneity and isotropy are for. Cosmo0 10:27, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

i agree with the initial complaint. i've edited the lede to clarify the essential point of the cosmological principle; the previous version fetishized homogeneity and isotropy into incomprehensibility. i've also deleted the section "a different view", since the issues of extrapolation it describes are not at issue in the cosmological principle (which is a principle of interpretation of evidence, not a principle of knowing what we can't see), and because the two sources cited in that section are both textbooks in the social sciences, not in astonomy or cosmology.Macevoy (talk) 19:08, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Merge from Perfect Cosmological Principle
I propose that Perfect Cosmological Principle should be merged into this article as a new section, since it's a simple extension of the subject discussed here and there's not much more to add to the other article that wouldn't be repeating this article. Cosmo0 21:20, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Opposed. These are radically different concepts. --Michael C. Price talk 07:54, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * In what sense are they radically different? The perfect principle is just an extension of the other (the dictionary of astronomy on my bookshelf defines it as precisely that).  Everything that can be said about the cosmological principle also applies to the perfect cosmological principle. Cosmo0 10:24, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * One is compatible with big bag, the other only with a steady-state cosmogony. That's pretty different.--Michael C. Price talk 13:22, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * True, although you could argue that even that isn't a big difference compared to the basic assumption of spatial homogeneity & isotropy. Anyway, I'm not dead set on this merger - I was just going through the astronomy stubs and I didn't think that the perfect CP article was likely to progress much beyond a stub without significant repetition of this one.  But if you can think of some ideas to expand it then that's great.  I suggest we leave it a week or two to give others a chance to comment and if there's no consensus in favour of merging (or the consensus is against) I'll remove the tags. Cosmo0 13:33, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

These two concepts should not be merged or confused. The Cosmological Principle is what we commonly refer to and is consistent with the standard model of cosmology (big bang, inflation, dark energy, etc...). The Perfect Cosmological Principle is a weird concept which contradicts this standard model. For instance, there cannot be a big bang if the universe never changes in time. The Perfect Cosmological Principle is somewhat along the lines of Einstein's original view of a static universe. Even if some strange theories might be able to fit in the Perfect Cosmological Principle, it remains an unproved principle unlike the Cosmological Principle which seems to apply very well to our universe. I hope it is now clear that these two concepts should not be merged together and it should even be emphasized that they are very different. I hope this helps. Sorry this is my first post on Wikipedia so I don't know the format and stuff. ( F.G. - McGill - Physics ) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.56.206.181 (talk) 15:40, 18 November 2007
 * The fact that one is consistent with observations and the other manifestly inconsistent doesn't make them "very different" as principles. Both are rooted in a much more basic principle, often called the principle of mediocrity: that we do not occupy a special place in the Universe.  The fact that the perfect cosmological principle is almost certainly an incorrect application of that principle is why I don't think it deserves its own page.

 * The concensus appears to be against me so I'll withdraw my suggestion and remove the tags.

 * Cosmo0 (talk) 23:06, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

"smooth (i.e.: not fractal)"
I don't get it. An isotropic fractal is an oxymoron then, or am I missing something? (it's not unlikely that I am) --Extremophile 19:25, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm no expert, but as I understand it, fractal means that something looks the same viewed at different scales - it doesn't say anything about how it appears when viewed from different directions, so I imagine an isotropic fractal is possible. But a fractal that is smooth on large scales but not on small scales isn't, by definition. Cosmo0 21:18, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Is the cosmological principle still true?
There is a big hole in the sky! Although you can't see it with the naked eye it actually covers almost 3 degrees of the sky, and to put that into perspective the full Moon covers about half a degree! Until recently no-one was sure how big or far away this void was but the latest calculations suggest it is 900 million light-years across and 8,000 million light-years away. So can we still say the universe is homogeneous and isotropic? Is the Big bang theory still true?

24 November 2007

IN AUGUST, radio astronomers announced that they had found an enormous hole in the universe. Nearly a billion light years across, the void lies in the constellation Eridanus and has far fewer stars, gas and galaxies than usual. It is bigger than anyone imagined possible and is beyond the present understanding of cosmology. What could cause such a gaping hole?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.42.202.67 (talk) 06:39, 30 November 2007

 * See here for the details of the story. Structures on many scales have been discovered before (e.g. the Great Wall and the Sloan Great Wall); their existence doesn't invalidate the cosmological principle, which only requires the universe to be asymptotically homogeneous on very large scales.  This particular result is interesting because it is judged to be very unlikely in the standard cosmology (although it's difficult and dangerous to draw statistical inferences from a sample of one) and because it explains a previously unexplained feature in the cosmic microwave background. Cosmo0 (talk) 09:30, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

What do you mean by aymtotically homogeneous? How big must the hole be before we can abandon the idea that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.42.202.67 (talk) 02:10, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I already did.Kmarinas86 (talk) 18:18, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * If it's asympotically homogeneous, all that would really mean is that if the hole is bigger, then it must be farther away. That's the same as a fractal.Kmarinas86 (talk) 18:23, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Huge misconceptions are being bandied about here!

The cosmological principle is completely unscientific. That doesn't mean it's wrong or useless, but it's an assumption based on weak circumstantial evidence. Not only is the cosmological principle unscientific, but it's impossible to give enough evidence for it to remove reasonable doubt about it. This is because "large scale" has no upper bound in definition: if the universe is larger than the observable universe, good luck "proving" anything about the unobservable parts of the universe. Even if the universe ends up smaller than the observable universe, the principle is too vague to "prove."

As for this specific scientific development, many voids and superfilaments (strings of superclusters of galaxies) have been found before. It's not as if scientists are suddenly "baffled" at this just because the press imagine they are. The superstructure of the universe is little understood, but for example CDM theory doesn't do a bad job at explaining it.

67.171.43.170 (talk) 02:02, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

DECEMBER 2013- A new bigger structure was discovered, namely the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall. It's 10 billion light-years across. Can this structure challenge the cosmological principle? ==Johndric Valdez (talk) 02:17, 20 December 2013 (UTC)==

Looks like this one is on its way out

 * Peculiar velocities of clusters of galaxies can be measured by studying the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) generated by the scattering of the microwave photons by the hot X-ray emitting gas inside clusters. While for individual clusters such measurements result in large errors, a large statistical sample of clusters allows one to study cumulative quantities dominated by the overall bulk flow of the sample with the statistical errors integrating down. We present results from such a measurement using the largest all-sky X-ray cluster catalog combined to date and the 3-year WMAP CMB data. We find a strong and coherent bulk flow on scales out to at least > 300 h-1 Mpc, the limit of our catalog. This flow is difficult to explain by gravitational evolution within the framework of the concordance LCDM model and may be indicative of the tilt exerted across the entire current horizon by far-away pre-inflationary inhomogeneities. -- Kashlinsky, A., et al. (2008) "A measurement of large-scale peculiar velocities of clusters of galaxies: results and cosmological implications." Astrophysical Journal Letters (Science Daily, Space.com)

Spring Back (talk) 05:25, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

History missing
The article should present how the principle emerged into cosmological physics, including opposition and criticism. __meco (talk) 10:58, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Needs updates from Planck Data
as described here http://phys.org/news/2013-03-planck-reveals-universe.html

and discussed in 2008 here

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/07/17/a-new-cmb-anomaly/

basically the Planck data has confirmed the CMB anisotropy first seen in the WMAP data, but now in very fine detail. There is an axis to the Universe, and in one direction the contrast of background temperature variations is higher than in the other direction. It's very close to the ecliptic.

This data throws a wrench in the Cosmological principle. the " uniformity of conclusions drawn from observation" is not the same, and we know it now. Far in one direction the Universe is different than far in the other direction. signed: jmdugan 66.109.99.16 (talk) 02:52, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

I added the Planck results using well researched and accepted references, and tied it back to the WMAP and COBE results. Copi ''et. al.'', and others were waiting for confirmation or denial of the correlations from Planck, and confirmation is what they got. Wyattmj (talk) 16:01, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

Karl Popper Criticism
The criticism seems a bit disingenuous since the cosmological principle is just an assumption not something that has ever been considered a fact. Is the opinions of Popper really relevant in an article about cosmology? 85.230.137.182 (talk) 16:32, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

undefined 03:47, 23 March 2014 (UTC) undefined 22:22, 31 March 2014 (UTC)
 * The entire study of the Big Bang was based on the assumption that the cosmological principle is true. If the cosmological principle had never been adopted, cosmology would be open to a greater diversity of explanations, and that would have been a great thing for science.siNkarma86—Expert Sectioneer of Wikipedia
 * What Popper didn't seem to get (based on what this article is saying) is that the 'comsmological principle' isn't 'adopted' in a strict sense (it's not considered an undisputable fact or axiom) it's simply a commonly made assumption. No-one is being prevented from making different assumptions, cosmology is wide open to any explanation that agrees with experimental data. 85.230.137.182 (talk) 04:00, 31 March 2014 (UTC)
 * "No-one is being prevented from making different assumptions, cosmology is wide open to any explanation that agrees with experimental data." In theory, what you say is correct, but in practice, it's not. The Big Bang theory is presented in almost a monopolistic way. For every cosmologist that rejects the cosmological principle there is perhaps 100 cosmologists whose work requires that it's true.siNkarma86—Expert Sectioneer of Wikipedia
 * But that is true for every theory: they are derived from a bunch of assumptions. If experimental results agree with what the theory is predicting people tend to think the assumptions are correct, That doesn't mean the assumptions are dogma. The fact that people aren't as open-minded as we might like has more to do with human psychology. 85.230.137.182 (talk) 11:18, 2 April 2014 (UTC)
 * True that. As per usual, Popper was scoring a cheap point that really amounted to nothing. The academic-sociological background to this is that many folk still smart from the fact that our modern knowledge of the universe shows us up as "nothing special" and hence this pretend-deep sort of criticism plays very well. Add to that the fact that academic philosophers not are not only ignorant of science these days, but also immensely proud of it, I predict that this kind of stupid will have legs and legs and legs. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:4DCF:8A84:9B04:97AC (talk) 12:33, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

3.26 ly/pc x 6,500 Mpc = 21.2 Gly. Article says 11.1 Gly. See article on "parsec". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.111.167.50 (talk) 23:03, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

incorrect material in lead
There is some material in the lead that is both incorrect and out of place:
 * "The second implicit qualification is that "looks the same" does not mean physical structures necessarily, but the effects of physical laws in observable phenomena."

This is followed by a discussion about upper limits on variations in the fine structure constant. This is just plain wrong. The cosmological principle certainly *does* refer to physical structure. What the author of this material is talking about is referred to as local position invariance (LPI), which is closely related to the equivalence principle. There is nothing inherently cosmological about LPI; it can be tested on both laboratory scales and cosmological scales. You can have LPI without the cosmological principle. I'm going to remove this incorrect material from the lead.--76.169.116.244 (talk) 23:29, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

De facto homogeneity
The Universe is expanding at a superluminal rate if we compare afar regions. This superluminal mean distance will shrink to point expansion everywhere, the omni-singularity or Big Bang. Big Bang is default space at the ultimate apex of decohesion, thus there is no need to transform any quantum information so that will get homogeneous. There is only one form of "default space", and it always explodes Big Bang way. Homogeneity is derived via superlumic defaulting spacetime (apex of decohesion fills the gaps expansion created because absolute decohesion among the universal components is not allowed). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:410E:8300:5C60:852E:2E99:DF75 (talk) 02:57, 24 February 2016 (UTC)

Homogeneity vs isotropy
The article has quotes like:

 *  ... 'Viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe are the same for all observers.' ... the part of the universe which we can see is a fair sample ... the universe is knowable and is playing fair with scientists ... the same physical laws apply throughout ... the cosmological principle [means that] the universe looks the same whoever and wherever you are ...

That sound like just homogeneity though, doesn't it.

The explanation of isotropy given is:

 * Isotropy means that the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the universe ("the same physical laws apply throughout").

How do we get there from 'the same physical laws apply throughout'? That's not the obvious reading of that phrase. --174.116.141.16 (talk) 12:23, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

 * It's talking about the laws of physics, specifically conservation. Taking the entire universe as a control mass, no matter from where it's measured, it will have a constant value. Similarly, if the momentum of the universe as a whole (traveling through the void beyond), it would have the same vector if the same coordinate system is used. Which really would equal zero if one assumes there is no void and the universe is infite or non-expanding.

In other words, the flux or change in any of the universes physical properties is equal to zero. TittilateMyTasteBuds (talk) 09:57, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

Understanding of a Cited Paper
This is written under the criticism heading: "In September 2016, however, studies of the expansion of the Universe that have used data taken by the Planck mission show it to be highly isotropical, reinforcing the cosmological principle."

However my understanding of the referenced paper was that if homogeneity is assumed, the we can say that the universe is very likley (121,000:1) expanding in an isotropic way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dextrion (talk • contribs) 19:57, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

Contradiction on Planck data
There are 2 paragraphs here about the results of the Planck mission that seem to contradict:

 * ″Data from the Planck Mission shows hemispheric bias in 2 respects: one with respect to average temperature (i.e. temperature fluctuations), the second with respect to larger variations in the degree of perturbations (i.e. densities). Therefore the European Space Agency (the governing body of the Planck Mission) has concluded that these anisotropies are, in fact, statistically significant and can no longer be ignored.[12]"
 * - Added 16 May 2015 (Note: You can find this using WikiBlame)

I read this as: The Planck data showed lots of anisotropies that cannot be ignored, suggesting a potential rethink regarding the Cosmological constant.

 * "In September 2016, however, studies of the expansion of the Universe that have used data taken by the Planck mission show it to be highly isotropical, reinforcing the cosmological principle[17]"
 * - Added 13 September 2016

I read this as: The Planck data showed lots of isotropy, so there's no need to rethink the Cosmological constant.

The second paragraph starts with "however", implying that it contradicts, but supersedes, the points presented just before it about large observed structures. Yet I don't understand how these things are related. If there are these large structures, how come the Planck mission didn't pick them up as well? Perhaps the Planck mission was measuring a different thing. In that case, why should the Planck data override the existence of these structures?

It sounds like the second sentence is just given as a convenient conclusion to tie up the loose ends introduced by the "Inconsistencies" section.

Perhaps the paragraphs can be brought together, using something like "The Planck data showed mostly a lot of uniformity, though it did find some discrepancies". Spur (talk) 20:11, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

Add to section "Inconsistencies": indications of spatial variations of the fine-structure constant and the rate of the expansion of the Universe
Please add information on these two papers (or their subjects along with information on related papers) to section "Inconsistencies":

 * "Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the LX–T scaling relation" (press release) (news articles: ,,...)
 * "Four direct measurements of the fine-structure constant 13 billion years ago" (press release) (news articles: ,,...)

Here is what I added to the article 2020 in science:

 * Scientists publish a study which suggests that the Universe is no longer expanding at the same rate in all directions and that therefore the widely accepted isotropy hypothesis might be wrong. While previous studies already suggested this, the study is the first to examine galaxy clusters in X-rays and, according to Norbert Schartel, has a much greater significance. Beyond the potential cosmological implications, it shows that studies which assume perfect isotropy in the properties of galaxy clusters and their scaling relations can produce strongly biased results.
 * Scientists report verifying measurements 2011-2014 of what seem to be discrepancies in four measurements of the fine-structure constant, a basic physical constant used to measure electromagnetism between charged particles, which indicates that there might be directionality with varying natural constants in the Universe which would have implications for theories on the emergence of habitability of the Universe and be at odds with the widely accepted theory of constant natural laws and the standard model of cosmology which is based on an isotropic Universe.

Also see Fine-structure constant

--Prototyperspective (talk) 14:24, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

CMB
In the section above, Looks like this one is on its way out, the quoted article uses the abbreviation CMB, but it is in parentheses and is immediately preceded by the phrase it abbreviates. Our encyclopedia article omits what seems to me to be a common courtesy, for the first use of an abbreviation to be in parentheses, immediately following the phrase it abbreviates. Would such a well-defined appearance of the abbreviation, rather than just throwing the abbreviation into the text as in our encyclopedia article, be a violation of some Wikipedia stylistic tic with which I am unfamiliar?

As a convenience to you, I quote the referenced section, where the preferred usage (at any rate, my preferred usage) appears in a quotation from a journal article:
 * ...studying the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) generated by the scattering Larry Koenigsberg (talk) 03:47, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

NPOV problems in observational sections
There is a significant problem in the phrasing of some of these claims, and the choice of references. The reality is that these claims are all controversial, but many of them are just listed as factual. Other sections use rather partial language instead of a neutral tone, for example:

"The European Space Agency (the governing body of the Planck Mission) has concluded that these anisotropies are, in fact, statistically significant and can no longer be ignored."

The source says nothing about "ignored", this is very unscientific language. The sources cited in the CMB dipole section are particularly biased, the article doesn't weight this discussion at all or even hint that these claims may be controversial. There are no papers cited on the other side of the argument, several studies have been able to recover the amplitude of the kinematic dipole. This section is entirely one sided, but it does not reflect the state of the field today. The other issue is that all of these references are primary sources. LazyAstronomer (talk) LazyAstronomer (talk) 10:06, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

"Violations of homogeneity"
The section "Violations of homogeneity" includes a list of "violations" but such primary evidence is not encyclopedic. The list is de facto synthetic original research WP:SYNTH. The section should have secondary references reviewing and analyzing the individual claims. Johnjbarton (talk) 17:42, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cosmological principle


text:
Socialist League (Sweden)

Socialist League (in Swedish: Socialistiska Förbundet) was a Trotskyist organization in Sweden. SF was founded on December 15, 1979 when the 'Bolshevik Fraction' was expelled from the Communist Workers League (KAF, later the Socialist Party). The 'Bolshevik Fraction' within the United Secretariat of the Fourth International was formed in 1978, as an extension of the 'Bolshevik Tendency' formed in 1976.

SF was affiliated to the International Workers League (LIT) of Nahuel Moreno. SF published Socialistiskt Perspektiv.

In 1982 SF was joined by the Program Tendency. PT had worked as a fraction within KAF but left to join SF. PT continued to work as a fraction within SF.

In 1985 PT launched the Workers Association of Malmberget, which won a seat in Gällivare in the municipal elections. Following the elections PT managed to take control over SF, partly by excluding a minority. The excluded minority soon split in two, but regrouped as Revolutionary Socialists in 1987.

Under PTs leadership SF became associated with a minority tendency within LIT. Later it left LIT altogether.

Ahead of the 1988 elections SF suffered another split. The SF decided to give critical support the candidacy of SP. PT, who had proposed a critical vote for the Social Democrats, refused to go along with this, and left to form the International Group.

In 1990 SF merged into the Workers List. As that project crumbled, the group originating from SF left it in 1993 and formed Workers List - Alternative. In 1994 the group rejoined SP.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Socialist League (Sweden)


text:
Frank Rutley

Frank Rutley (14 May 1842 – 16 May 1904), an English geologist and petrographer, was born in Dover on 14 May 1842. He was educated partly in Bonn, but his interest in geology was kindled at the Royal School of Mines, where he studied from 1862 to 1864. He then joined the army, and served as lieutenant until 1867, when he became an Assistant Geologist on the Geological Survey.

Working in the Lake District, Rutley began to make a special study of rocks and rock-forming minerals, and soon qualified as acting petrographer on the Survey. For several years be worked in this capacity at the museum in Jermyn Street; he described the volcanic rocks of East Somerset and the Bristol district in 1876, and wrote special memoirs on The Eruptive Rocks of Brent Tor (1878) and on The Felsitic Lavas of England and Wales (1885).

Rutley was the author of an exceedingly useful little book on Mineralogy (1874; 12th ed., 1900); also of The Study of Rocks (1879; 2nd ed., 1881), Rock-forming Minerals (1888), and Granites and Greenstones (1894); and of a number of petrographical papers, dealing with perlitic and spherulitic structures, with the rocks of the Malvern Hills, and other related topics. In 1882 he was appointed lecturer in mineralogy at the Royal College of Science, holding this post until ill-health compelled him to retire in 1898. He died in London on 16 May 1904.

title: Frank Rutley


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Be My Lover (La Bouche song)

"Be My Lover" is a song recorded by German Eurodance group La Bouche and released in March 1995 by Arista and RCA as the second single from their debut album, Sweet Dreams (1995). The song was written by group members Melanie Thornton and Lane McCray with Uli Brenner and Gerd Amir Saraf, who co-produced it with Frank Farian. It remains their most successful song, alongside "Sweet Dreams", and was a worldwide hit. In Europe, it was a number-one hit in the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Romania, and Sweden, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100. In the US, the single reached numbers five and six on the Cash Box Top 100 and Billboard Hot 100, and also topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart for two weeks in December 1995. To date, it has sold six million copies worldwide. Two different music videos were produced to promote the single. "Be My Lover" earned La Bouche the 1996 Echo award in Germany in the category for Best Dance Single as well as the ASCAP award in the US for the 'Most Played Song in America'. It was dubbed into many megamix tracks and has had several remix versions.

In 2000, when Melanie Thornton left the group to start with her solo career, La Bouche released a new version of "Be My Lover" with vocals by Natascha Wright, who replaced Thornton as the female singer of the group.

Background
American rapper Lane McCray met American singer Melanie Thornton in Saarbrücken, Germany while he was on active duty in the US Air Force. Thornton had moved from the US to Germany, where she performed as guest vocalist on dance-pop recordings. They went together in a band called Groovin' Affairs and were discovered by German record producer Frank Farian, the mastermind and voice behind the duo Milli Vanilli and prior Boney M. Then they founded the Eurodance duo La Bouche. McCray and Thornton wrote "Be My Lover" together and started recording in the spring of 1994. Because of McCray's duty in the US Air Force, La Bouche's success faced one minor challenge. But the duo went on becoming one of the most popular Eurodance acts of the mid-90s.

McCray told in an 2016 interview about how they came up with the name of the song, "We were at a gig in Germany, and in between sets she [Thornton] says to me, drying herself off with a towel, "So, how so you feel about mixing business with pleasure?" I responded that it was my experience that it doesn't usually work. I had dated a young lady who performed on the tour, and when she was mad at me she'd bring that on to the stage. But, then again, never say never. We continued doing the shows, and when we got into the studio, she said something like with all the time we had spent together, I should know if I wanted to be her lover. My response was that I heard what she was saying, but I needed to know more about her. Well, that's where that song came from."

Composition
La Bouche's Melanie Thornton and Lane McCray co-wrote the song with Uli Brenner and Gerd Amir Saraf. It is written in the key of C♯ minor and follows a tempo of 134 beats per minute. "Be My Lover" follows a basic chord progression of C♯m–A–B, and the vocals span from G♯3 to F♯5. The la-da-di-da-dah hook of the song, came from being unable to create the right lyrics to fill that portion of the music. So Thornton and McCray ad-libbed that portion, and decided to keep it like that.

Chart performance
"Be My Lover" topped both the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart, and reached the top 10 of the US Cash Box Top 100 and the US Billboard's Hot 100. It also peaked at number-one in Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Mexico, Romania, and Sweden. On the Music & Media Eurochart Hot 100, the single reached number-one on 27 May 1995. Additionally, it peaked at the number two position in Australia, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands and Norway. "Be My Lover" was a top-10 hit in at least 16 countries, like Belgium (6), Brazil, Denmark (9), France (7), Greece, Ireland (8), Spain (6), and Switzerland (5). In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart on 25 February 1996, while reaching number 20 on the UK Dance Chart. The single also reached number two on the UK on a Pop Tip Club Chart by Music Week.

"Be My Lover" has sold six million copies worldwide to date. It earned a gold record in Austria (25,000), France (250,000), Germany (250,000), Norway and the US (500,000), a silver record in the UK (200,000), and a platinum record in Australia (70,000). La Bouche won the 1996 Echo award in Germany for Best Dance Single with "Be My Lover", and the ASCAP award in the US for the "Most Played Song in America". The song was also nominated for Best Dance Video at the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards while La Bouche was nominated in the category for Best Dance at the 1995 MTV Europe Music Awards.

Critical reception
An editor from The Atlanta Journal-Constitution declared the song as a "high-energy hit". J.D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun described it as "searing". Larry Flick from Billboard viewed it as "tirelessly giddy". Michael Saunders from Boston Globe praised it as a "glorious" and "twinkly" cut. Gil L. Robertson IV from Cash Box named "Be My Lover" a "standout track" from Sweet Dreams. Beth D'Addono from Delaware County Daily Times commented, "La da da dee da da da dah... Then that infectious disco beat kicks in, and "Be My Lover" blares from the car radio, takes over the dance floor, reverberates through the health club, inspiring step classes to even greater heights." Lynn Dean Ford from Indianapolis Star compared the song to Snap! and Real McCoy, with "their relentless energy steeped in tension and computerization." Connie Johnson from Los Angeles Times wrote, "Sounding like a black ABBA crossed with the C+C Music Factory, Melanie Thornton and Lane McCray invest attitude into such tracks as 'Be My Lover', but you’d have to be a die-hard Euro-dance fan to appreciate it." Chuck Campbell from Knoxville News Sentinel commented, "How does La Bouche's Top 10 hit [...] distinguish itself from the scores of other similar dance songs to be Flavor of the Month? It must be the opening la-da-da-di-da-da-da-da of vocalist Melanie Thornton (who then goes on a spree of la's, da's and di's). Otherwise it's an ordinary, albeit invigorating, dance track." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton stated that it "could well turn out to be one of the pop smashes of the year. Right from the La Da Da De Dah introduction and hook this is one Euro-hit that has 'floor-filler' written all over it. Top 10 within a fortnight, just watch."

Paul Mathur from Melody Maker wrote, "They do a kind of Snap mangué thing which deeply excites both me and Simon Price. And it's the best bit of handbag until the soon-to-be-re-released "Keep Warm" by Jinny." Another Melody Maker editor, Taylor Parkes, noted that "demand for "Be My Lover" from returning holidaymakers is so colossal that, by time you read this, it'll have cannoned deep into the UK charts." He also called it "a beautifully quick, cheap thrill. Commerce in motion! Surrender to it!" A reviewer from Music Week gave "Be My Lover" three out of five, adding further that "this fairly standard piece of Europop is unlikely to top labelmates Real McCoy in the UK." The magazine's Alan Jones, remarked its "accomplished diva vocals" and "acute commercial nature". Jim Farber from New York Daily News deemed it as a "Euro-disco plea", that "sounds so freakishly retro." People Magazine wrote that the song "underscore buoyant vocals with dark minor-key arrangements". Richmond Times-Dispatch's reviewer said, "I am insanely jealous of the lead female vocal, Melanie Thornton. She has a wonderful, flexible voice." The Tampa Tribune stated that her vocals "are a little better than those of the average disco songstress." James Hamilton from the Record Mirror Dance Update described it as a "infectiously la de dah-ed German smash by a Frankfurt based US duo in the usual Euro style".

Music video
Two different music videos were made for this song, a European version and an American version.

The European version was filmed at the beginning of 1995, in the city at night. Melanie Thornton appears as a dominatrix wearing a black outfit. She is driving a van, abducting Lane McCray to an underground club, where several men are being held captive. They are hanging upside down from hooks in the ceiling. Thornton walks around these men while she sings. Suddenly McCray manages to break free and raps toward Thornton. An edited version doesn't show McCray being captured and almost all the scenes with the men being hanging upside down were cut. The uncensored music video was later made available on La Bouche's official YouTube channel in 2016, and had generated more than 159 million views as of January 2024.

The American version was filmed in a recording studio at the beginning of 1996 with Thornton performing the song in front of a microphone. She has braids in her hair and wears a purple dress. McCray, wearing a black leather coat and sunglasses, raps in the control room of the studio, watching Thornton. This version was directed by Andras Mahr and filmed in Broadway Studios, New York City. In the US, it was BET that first played the video of "Be My Lover". This version was made available on YouTube in 2014.

Retrospective response
American entertainment company BuzzFeed ranked "Be My Lover" number six in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s" in 2017. Matt Stopera and Brian Galindo stated that "when you think of a '90s dance artist or group, La Bouche is on that list. A legend." In 2015, it was ranked one of "The 50 Best Pop Singles of 1995" by Idolator. Bianca Gracie declared it as a "blood-pumping" tune "that combined energetic waves of synths with incredibly soulful vocals that kept bodies moving way longer than those endless rounds of Sex On The Beach cocktails ever could!". She added that "Be My Lover" "still provides a sense of euphoric escape that continues to refuel the spirit." James Arena, the writer of Stars of '90s Dance Pop: 29 Hitmakers Discuss Their Careers called the song "blistering", adding that it, with "Sweet Dreams", "are widely regarded today as indispensable classics of the decade." Vibe included "Be My Lover" in their list of "30 Dance Tracks From The '90s That Changed The Game" in 2013.

Track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Be My Lover".

 * 12-inch maxi – Europe
 * 1) "Be My Lover" (Club Mix) – 5:28
 * 2) "Be My Lover" (House Mix) – 4:26
 * 3) "Be My Lover" (Trance Mix) – 6:35
 * 4) "Be My Lover" (Radio Edit) – 3:59

 * 12-inch maxi – US, UK, Ireland
 * 1) "Be My Lover" (Spike Club Mix) – 8:54
 * 2) "Be My Lover" (Club Mix) – 6:26
 * 3) "Be My Lover" (Spike Dub) – 8:21
 * 4) "Be My Lover" (Hi-NRG Mix) – 5:46

 * CD and cassette single
 * 1) "Be My Lover" (Radio Edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Be My Lover" (Trance Mix) – 6:35 (Germany only)
 * 3) "Be My Lover" (House Mix) – 4:49 (France only)
 * 4) "Be My Lover" (Radio Edit No Rap) – 3:50 (US only)

 * CD maxi 1
 * 1) "Be My Lover" (Radio Edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Be My Lover" (Club Mix 135 BPM) – 5:28
 * 3) "Be My Lover" (Trance Mix 150 BPM) – 6:35
 * 4) "Do You Still Need Me" – 3:35

 * CD maxi – US
 * 1) "Be My Lover" (Club Mix) – 6:26
 * 2) "Be My Lover" (Spike Club Mix) – 8:54
 * 3) "Be My Lover" (Hi-NRG Mix) – 5:46
 * 4) "Be My Lover" (Alex Goes to Cleveland Mix) – 5:06
 * 5) "Be My Lover" (Doug Laurent Classic Mix Edit) – 4:07

 * CD maxi – Remixes
 * 1) "Be My Lover" (Euro Dance Mix) – 6:12
 * 2) "Be My Lover" (Hi-NRG Mix) – 5:47
 * 3) "Be My Lover" (Serious Groove Dub Mix) – 5:41
 * 4) "Be My Lover" (Alex Goes to Cleveland Mix) – 5:05
 * 5) "Be My Lover" (Doug Laurent Classic Mix – Edit) – 4:10
 * 6) "Be My Lover" (Trance Mix) – 7:12
 * 7) "Be My Lover" (House Mix) – 4:51

Usage in media
The song was played in the 1995 Brazilian soap opera A Próxima Vítima, in an episode of the American TV series Beverly Hills 90210 in 1996, in the 1997 movie Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, in the 1998 movie A Night at the Roxbury, in the 1999 movie Earthly Possessions, and in an episode of the sitcom Step by Step. It was also spoofed as "One Zero 001" on a computer-themed episode of Bill Nye the Science Guy and used in Audition Online Dance Battle as a song. It can be vaguely heard in the background in the "World's Greatest Dick" episode of 3rd Rock from the Sun, in the gay bar that Sally and Harry walk into at the beginning of the episode. It was played during the second episode of The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story, as Gianni (played by Édgar Ramírez) and his boyfriend Antonio (played by Ricky Martin) enter a gay bar. In 2023, "Be My Lover" was used in episode 4 of Swedish TV-series Gaslight which was produced by SVT.

The song was featured in an ad for Downy Unstoppables.

Cover versions, samples and remixes

 * The song was covered by Hysterie in 2003.
 * Romanian dance pop singer Inna sampled the song for her third studio album Party Never Ends and released it as an official single in 2013.
 * Dutch DJ and producer Sam Feldt made a cover of this track with Alex Schulz in 2017.
 * Akina Nakamori covered the song in her 2017 cover album Cage.
 * In 2018, Austrian rapper Raf Camora and German rapper Bonez MC have used a sample of the song for their hit single "Kokain."
 * Additionally in 2018, two Norwich City footballers (Onel Hernandez and Tom Trybull) were recorded dancing to the song after a win.
 * In 2019, Italian artist Achille Lauro sampled the song for his hit single "1990"
 * Hypaton and David Guetta released a future rave edit in 2023.

title: Be My Lover (La Bouche song)


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Talk:Four Seasons Centre

Theatre or Opera House

 * I have changed "opera house" to "theatre" throughout this article; I feel it is more appropriate, since the FSC will be used for both opera and ballet.Escheffel 21:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 64.229.22.56 edited it back to "opera house" today without an edit summary, which I reverted because the Four Seasons Centre website states "The Four Seasons Centre is the first building of its kind in Canada; a theatre built specifically for opera and ballet performances with the finest level of acoustics."--Skeezix1000 16:29, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Collins Citation
I think I found the Collins, 2006 citation that's been floating in the subsection for R. Fraser Elliott Hall. It first appeared in the edit done 8:14 18 October 2010, but the editor still didn't give a full citation.Goldnpuppy (talk) 03:44, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Four Seasons Centre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120225094912/http://www.transitstop.net/Construction%20Notices/osgoode_station_elevator_08-06.pdf to http://www.transitstop.net/Construction%20Notices/osgoode_station_elevator_08-06.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110814045956/http://www.torontolife.com/features/house-jack-built/ to http://www.torontolife.com/features/house-jack-built/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:22, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Four Seasons Centre


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Energy derivative

An energy derivative is a derivative contract based on (derived from) an underlying energy asset, such as natural gas, crude oil, or electricity. Energy derivatives are exotic derivatives and include exchange-traded contracts such as futures and options, and over-the-counter (i.e., privately negotiated) derivatives such as forwards, swaps and options. Major players in the energy derivative markets include major trading houses, oil companies, utilities, and financial institutions.

Energy derivatives were criticized after the 2008 financial crisis, with critics pointing out that the market artificially inflates the price of oil and other energy providers.

Definition
The basic building blocks for all derivative contracts are futures contracts and swaps contracts. In energy markets, these are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange NYMEX, in Tokyo TOCOM and online through the IntercontinentalExchange.

Futures contracts
A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity (for example, crude oil) at a specified price on a defined date in the future. The investor who agrees to buy the commodity is in a "long" position with respect to the commodity; the investor who agrees to sell is in a "short" position. The specified price, known as the delivery price, is agreed on the date the agreement is struck, together with volume, duration, and the underlying commodity. For example, in 2012 NYMEX futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil were based on delivery of 1,000 barrels of crude oil at Cushing, Oklahoma.

The parties to a futures contract settle daily during the term of the contract: i.e. money is exchanged between buyer and seller at the end of every trading day. This reduces the risk of either party defaulting on the futures contract. The exchange or clearing corporation guarantees the performance of both parties. However, according to derivatives trader and author Michael Durbin, in the event of highly unusual market conditions widespread defaults on futures contract obligations are possible.

Typically, the parties to the contract close out the contract prior to the delivery date. According to Durbin, early cancellations occurs in about 99% of all futures contracts. Depending upon the contractual terms, if the contract is not cancelled, on the expiration date the parties to the futures contract owner may either:
 * settle in cash against an expiration price set by the exchange; or
 * deliver/receive a physical amount of the underlying commodity (but this is rare).

Swap
A swap is an agreement whereby a floating price is exchanged for a fixed price over a specified period. It is a financial arrangement that involves no transfer of physical oil; both parties settle their contractual obligations by means of a transfer of cash. The agreement defines the volume, duration, fixed price, and reference index for the floating price (e.g., ICE Brent). Differences are settled in cash for specific periods usually monthly, but sometimes quarterly, semi-annually or annually.

Swaps are also known as "contracts for differences" and as "fixed-for-floating" contracts, terms that summarize the essence of these financial arrangements. The amount of cash is determined as the difference between the price struck at the initiation of the swap and the settlement of the index. In a swap contract, you trade with your counterpart (a company/institution/individual) and take risk on their capacity to pay you any amount that may be due at settlement. Thus, investors should carefully enter into a swap agreement with other party considering all these parameters.

History
The first energy derivatives covered petroleum products and emerged after the 1970s energy crisis and the fundamental restructuring of the world petroleum market that followed. At roughly the same time, energy products began trading on derivatives exchange with crude oil, heating oil, and gasoline futures on NYMEX and gas oil and Brent Crude on the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE).

Applications
There are three principal applications for the energy derivative markets:
 * 1) Risk management (hedging)
 * 2) Speculation (trading)
 * 3) Investment portfolio diversification

Risk management
This describes the process used by corporations, governments, and financial institutions to reduce their risk exposures to the movement of oil prices. The classic example is the activity of an airline company, jet fuel consumption represents up to 23% of all costs and fluctuations can affect airlines significantly. The airline seeks to protect itself from rises in the jet fuel price in the future. In order to do this, it purchases a swap or a call option linked to the jet fuel market from an institution prepared to make prices in these instruments. Any subsequent rise in the jet price for the period is protected by the derivative transaction. A cash settlement at the expiry of the contract will fund the financial loss incurred by any rise in the physical jet fuel, allowing the companies to better measure future cash flows.

There are limitations to be considered when using energy derivatives to manage risk. A key consideration is that there is a limited range of derivatives available for trading. Continuing from the earlier example, if that company uses a specialized form of jet fuel, for which no derivatives are freely available, they may wish to create an approximate hedge, by buying derivatives based on the price of a similar fuel, or even crude oil. When these hedges are constructed, there is always the risk of unanticipated movement between the item actually being hedged (crude oil), and the source of risk the hedge is intended to minimize (the specialized jet fuel).

title: Energy derivative


text: Category:Musculoskeletal disorders

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User talk:Operose

Catholic Encyclopedia
I've noticed you have worked on an article that is covered by the public domain Catholic Encyclopedia. While a religious resource, there is a great deal of impartial information about historical events, persons and ideas that are covered by the CE. I've created a project page for the Catholic Encyclopedia as part of the Missing encyclopedic articles project to coordinate incorporation of relevant information from the CE into wikipedia. I would appreciate any help you can offer in the project. Reflex Reaction 21:17, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Operose


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Category:Muscular disorders

This category contains disorders of the muscular system

title: Category:Muscular disorders


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Austin Daily Herald

The Austin Daily Herald is an American, English language newspaper published Wednesday and Saturday mornings in Austin, Minnesota.

It was founded in 1891 as a six-day-a-week daily by A.B. Hunkins, inventor of the automatic addressing press.

The Austin Daily Herald is owned by Boone Newspapers, Inc.

title: Austin Daily Herald


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Stan Cullis

Stanley Cullis (25 October 1916 – 28 February 2001) was an English professional footballer and manager, primarily for Wolverhampton Wanderers.

During his term as manager between 1948 and 1964, Wolves became one of the strongest teams in the English game, winning the league title on three occasions, and playing a series of high-profile friendly matches against top European sides which acted as a precursor to the European Cup.

Playing career
Cullis joined Wolverhampton Wanderers as a teenager after a trial at Bolton Wanderers, signing professionally within a week of his arrival. He quickly moved up through the youth and reserve ranks and made his senior debut on 16 February 1935 in a 2–3 defeat at Huddersfield Town. He had to wait until the 1936–37 season though before he became first choice, when he replaced Bill Morris, and swiftly became club captain.

Cullis led the team to become one of the top teams in England, finishing runners-up in the league in 1937–38 and 1938–39. In 1939 Wolves had the chance to win The Double, but with only 5 wins in the last 11 matches the team lost the championship by 5 points to Everton. They reached the FA Cup Final but lost 4–1 to Portsmouth, thus becoming the third English club to finish as runners-up in both League and FA Cup.

He won a call-up to the England team and made his international debut on 23 October 1937 in a 5–1 success against Ireland. Because of the outbreak of the war, he won only 12 full caps (once as captain), although he also played in 20 wartime internationals (10 as captain).

England played Germany in Berlin on 14 May 1938. The England players were directed pre-match that on the pitch during the German national anthem, they should give a Nazi salute. With similarities to Jack Kirby in 1934, Cullis refused. After Cullis responded, "Count me out", the only player to refuse, he was dropped from the team. His place went to Alf Young of Huddersfield. England won the match 6–3.

During the conflict, he served as a PT instructor in both Britain and Italy, and also managed 34 wartime appearances for Wolves in regional competitions, as well as guesting for Aldershot, Fulham and Liverpool. Shortly after, he also managed briefly Fredrikstad in 1946.

When competitive football resumed in England in 1946–47, Cullis played just one more season for Wolves, in which the club once again narrowly missed out on a first league title. He then announced his retirement as a result of injury and was appointed assistant to manager Ted Vizard, after having made 171 appearances in total for the club.

Management career
In June 1948, aged just 31, Cullis became manager of Wolverhampton Wanderers and presided over the most successful era in the club's history. In his first season in charge, he became the youngest manager to win the FA Cup at Wembley as Wolves beat Leicester City to win their first major trophy since 1908. Five years later Wolves overhauled local rivals West Bromwich Albion to win their first league title.

Cullis's team restored some pride to English football after the national team's thrashings at the hands of Hungary when they beat the star-studded Honvéd side in a 1954 friendly, and Cullis's comments that his team were "champions of the world" played a large part in the formation of European club competitions. They also played Moscow Spartak, Dynamo and Real Madrid (1957) in other floodlit friendlies.

Cullis led Wolves to two more league titles, in 1957–58 and 1958–59, and they narrowly missed the hat-trick in 1959–60, losing by one point to Burnley, while also winning the FA Cup again in 1960 to seal their position as one of the dominant teams of the era. The 1960s saw Wolves begin to struggle, and Cullis was surprisingly sacked in September 1964, declaring that he would not work in football again, despite offers from Toronto City and Juventus.

After a short spell working as a sales representative, he did return to the game as manager of Birmingham City in December 1965, but could not reproduce the success he had enjoyed at Wolves. Cullis retired from football in March 1970, and took up a post with a travel agency in Malvern, his adopted home town.

Later life
Cullis died on 28 February 2001 at the age of 84.

Tributes to Cullis include the naming of a stand (the Stan Cullis Stand) at Wolves' Molineux Stadium and a statue of him outside it; in 2003 he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his impact as a manager.

Bill Shankly tribute
In his 1976 autobiography, Bill Shankly paid high tribute to Cullis, saying: "While Stan [Cullis] was volatile and outrageous in what he said, he never swore. And he could be as soft as mash. He would give you his last penny. Stan was 100 per cent Wolverhampton. His blood must have been of old gold. He would have died for Wolverhampton. Above all, Stan is a very clever man who could have been successful at anything. When he left Wolverhampton, I think his heart was broken and he thought the whole world had come down on top of him. All round, as a player, as a manager, and for general intelligence, it would be difficult to name anyone since the game began who could qualify to be in the same class as Stan Cullis."

Honours
Wolverhampton Wanderers (as player and manager)
 * First Division
 * Champions: 1953–54, 1957–58, 1958–59
 * Runners-up: 1937–38, 1938–39 1949–50, 1954–55, 1959–60
 * Third-place: 1946–47, 1952–53, 1955–56, 1960–61
 * FA Cup
 * Winners: 1949, 1960
 * Runners-up: 1939
 * Semi-finalists: 1951
 * FA Charity Shield
 * Winners: 1959
 * Shared: 1949 (with Portsmouth), 1954 (with West Bromwich Albion), 1960 (with Burnley)
 * Runners-up: 1958
 * FA Youth Cup
 * Winners: 1958
 * Runners-up: 1953, 1954, 1962

title: Stan Cullis


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Danielle

Danielle is a modern French female variant of the male name Daniel, meaning "God is my judge" in the Hebrew language.

Variants

 * Dana – Czech, German, Romanian Polish
 * Danette – English
 * Daniela – Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, English, German, Italian, Macedonian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Slovak, Latvian
 * Danièle – French
 * Daniélín - Irish
 * Daniella – English, Italian, Hungarian
 * Danielle – English, French, Odia
 * Daniëlle – Dutch
 * Danijela – Croatian, Serbian, Slovene
 * Danita – English
 * Danna – English
 * Dannielle – English
 * Danniella – English
 * Danuta – Polish
 * Danielė – Lithuanian
 * دانيال – Arabic
 * Даніэль (Danieĺ) Даніэла (Daniella) – Belarusian
 * ড্যানিয়েল (Ḍyāniẏēla) – Bengali
 * 丹妮尔 (Dānnīěr) – Chinese Simplified
 * 丹妮爾 (Dānnīěr) – Chinese Traditional
 * ડેનિયલ (Ḍēniyala) – Gujarati
 * דניאל – Hebrew
 * डेनिएल (Ḍēni'ēla) – Hindi
 * ダニエル (Danieru) – Japanese
 * ಡೇನಿಯಲ್ (Ḍēniyal) – Kannada
 * 다니엘 (Daniel) – Korean
 * دانیل – Persian
 * ਡੈਨਯਲਾ (Ḍainayalā) – Punjabi
 * Даниэль (Daniel'), Даниэлла (Daniella) – Russian
 * Данијела (Danijela) – Serbian
 * டேனியல் (Ṭēṉiyal) – Tamil
 * డేనియల్ (Ḍēniyal) – Telugu
 * แดเนียล (Daeniao or Daenian) – Thai
 * Даніель (Danielʹ), Даніелла (Daniella) – Ukrainian
 * ڈینیل – Urdu
 * דאַניעל (Dʼanyʻl) – Yiddish

Danielle

 * Danielle Adams (born 1989), American basketball player
 * Danielle Allen (born 1971), American classicist and political scientist
 * Danielle Andersen (born 1984), American professional poker player
 * Danielle Anderson (born 1986), American singer
 * Danielle Ammaccapane (born 1965), American professional golfer
 * Danielle Arbid (born 1970), Lebanese film director
 * Danielle Arciniegas (born 1992), Colombian actress
 * Danielle Bradbery (born 1992), American singer
 * Danielle Bregoli (born 2003), American rapper and internet personality
 * Danielle Brooks (born 1989), American actress and singer
 * Danielle Brown (brown 1988), British athlete and author
 * Danielle Bunten Berry (1949–1998), American videogame designer
 * Danielle Bux (born 1979), Welsh actress and model
 * Danielle Cabral, main cast member from The Real Housewives of New Jersey
 * Danielle Campbell (born 1995), American actress
 * Danielle Carter, several people
 * Danielle Chuchran (born 1993), American actress
 * Danielle Colby (born 1975), American reality television personality
 * Danielle Collins (born 1993), American tennis player
 * Danielle Collins (cricketer) (born 2000), English cricketer
 * Danielle Darrieux (1917–2017), French actress and singer
 * Danielle Dax (born 1958), English musician
 * Danielle Deadwyler (born 1981 or 1982), American actress and writer
 * Danielle Eckhardt (born 1982), American painter
 * Danielle Egnew (born 1969), American musician and actress
 * Danielle Etienne (born 2001), Haitian footballer
 * Danielle Eubank (born 1968), American painter
 * Danielle Valore Evans, American writer
 * Danielle Fishel (born 1981), American actress
 * Danielle Foote (born 1987), Australian television personality
 * Danielle Frenkel (born 1987), Israeli high jumper
 * Danielle Galligan (born 1992), Irish actress and theatre maker
 * Danielle Goldstein (born 1985), American-Israeli show jumper
 * Danielle Haim (born 1989), American musician
 * Danielle Tumminio Hansen (born 1981), American writer, intellectual, theologian, and Episcopal priest
 * Danielle Jane Harmer, known as Dani Harmer (born 1989), English actress and television personality
 * Danielle Harold (born 1992), English actress
 * Danielle Harris (born 1977), American actress
 * Danielle Hope (born 1992), English actress and singer
 * Danielle Howle, American singer-songwriter and music producer
 * Danielle Hunter (born 1994), American football player
 * Danielle Riley Keough, known as Riley Keough (born in 1989), American actress
 * Danielle Licari, French singer
 * Danielle Lloyd (born 1983), English model and television personality
 * Danielle Marcano (born 1997), American soccer player
 * Danielle MacDonald (born 1991), Australian actress
 * Danielle Marsh (born 2005), Australian and South Korean singer
 * Danielle McCann, Canadian politician
 * Danielle McEwan (born 1991), American ten-pin bowler
 * Danielle Jane Minogue, known as Dannii Minogue (born 1971) Australian singer, actress, and television personality
 * Danielle Mitterrand (1924–2011), wife of French President François Mitterrand
 * Danielle Nicolet (born 1973), American actress
 * Danielle de Niese (born 1979), Australian-American opera singer
 * Danielle O'Brien (born 1990), Australian competitive ice dancer
 * Danielle Ofri, American essayist, editor, and internist
 * Danielle O'Toole (born 1994), American softball player
 * Danielle Friel Otten, American politician
 * Danielle Outlaw (born 1976), American law enforcement officer
 * Danielle Page (born 1986), American-Serbian basketball player
 * Danielle Panabaker (born 1987), American actress and director
 * Danielle Ponder, American musician and lawyer
 * Danielle Ponter (born 2000), Australian rules footballer
 * Danielle Renfrew (born 1973), American film producer
 * Danielle Robinson (born 1989), American basketball player
 * Danielle Rodriguez (born 1992), American basketball coach and player
 * Danielle Rose Russell (born 1999), American actress
 * Danielle Rowe (born 1982), Australian ballet dancer and choreographer
 * Danielle Rowley (born 1990), Scottish politician
 * Danielle Savre (born 1988), American actress
 * Danielle Scott-Arruda (born 1971), American-Brazilian volleyball player
 * Danielle Smith (born 1971), Canadian politician
 * Danielle Spencer (American actress) (born 1969), American actress
 * Danielle Spencer (Australian actress) (born 1969), Australian songwriter, recording artist and actress
 * Danielle Staub (born 1962), American television personality
 * Danielle Steel (born 1947), American writer
 * Danielle Steers (born 1991) English stage actress and singer-songwriter
 * Dani Stevenson (born 1980), American singer-songwriter
 * Danielle Trzcinski, American actress and comedian
 * Danielle Vega (born 1986), American actress
 * Danielle Walker, several people
 * Danielle Wong (born 1993), Malaysian Chinese model and beauty pageant titleholder

Daniëlle

 * Daniëlle Bekkering (born 1976), Dutch speed skater and cyclist
 * Daniëlle de Bruijn (born 1978), Dutch water polo player
 * Daniëlle van de Donk (born 1991), Dutch footballer
 * Daniëlle Hirsch (born 1968), Dutch politician
 * Daniëlle Jansen (born 1970), Dutch politician
 * Daniëlle Overgaag (born 1973), Dutch road cyclist
 * Daniëlle van Rossem (born 1935), Dutch fencer
 * Daniëlle Vriezema (born 1977), Dutch judoka

Daniela

 * Daniela Anahí Bessia, Italian-Argentinian singer
 * Daniela Akerblom, Canadian actress
 * Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, German speed skater
 * Daniela Alves Lima, Brazilian football player
 * Daniela Bártová, Czech polt vaulter
 * Daniela Bianchi, Italian actress
 * Daniela Bobadilla, Canadian actress
 * Daniela Calvetti, Italian-American mathematician
 * Daniela Castro, Mexican actress and singer
 * Daniela Ceccarelli, Italian alpine skier
 * Daniela Clynes, English vocalist
 * Daniela Dahn, German writer
 * Daniela de Jesus Cosio, Mexican model
 * Daniela Denby-Ashe, English actress
 * Daniela Filipiová, Czech politician
 * Daniela Gubler (born 1994), Swiss long jumper
 * Daniela Hantuchová, Slovak tennis player
 * Dani Karlsson, Swedish beauty pageant titleholder and model
 * Daniela Katzenberger, German reality TV personality, singer and model
 * Daniela Klemenschits, Austrian tennis player
 * Daniela Klette, German left-wing militant
 * Daniela Kolářová, Czech actress
 * Daniela Mărănducă, Romanian gymnast
 * Daniela Melchior, Portuguese actress
 * Daniela Mercury, Brazilian singer
 * Daniela Peštová, Czech model
 * Daniela Rocca, Italian actress
 * Daniela Romo, Mexican actress and singer
 * Daniela Ruah, American-Portuguese actress
 * Daniela L. Rus, Romanian-American roboticist and computer scientist
 * Daniela Samulski, German swimmer
 * Daniela Sanzone, Italian journalist
 * Daniela Silivaş, Romanian gymnast
 * Daniela Simmons, Swiss singer
 * Daniela Urzi, Argentine model
 * Daniela Varela, Portuguese singer
 * Daniela Ziegler, German actress and singer

Daniella

 * Daniella Alonso, American actress and fashion model
 * Daniella Álvarez (born 1988), Colombian model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Daniella Busk (born 1993), Swedish sprinter
 * Daniella Cicarelli (born 1978), Brazilian model and television host
 * Daniella Dooling (born 1967), American artist
 * Daniella Dragojevic (born 1989), Danish handball player
 * Daniella Evangelista (born 1982), Canadian actress and model
 * Daniella Goldfarb, French–born Israeli chemist
 * Daniella Guzman (born 1982), American journalist
 * Daniella Hill (born 1991), American track and field athlete
 * Daniella Jeflea (born 1987), Australian tennis player
 * Daniella Kertesz (born 1989), Israeli actress
 * Daniella Karagach, American dancer
 * Daniella Kolodny, Israeli rabbi
 * Daniella Kromm (born 2004), German rhythmic gymnast
 * Daniella Levine Cava (born 1955), American lawyer, politician and social worker
 * Daniella Lugassy (born 1982), Israeli operatic soprano
 * Daniella Marques (born 1979), Brazilian economist
 * Daniella Mastricchio (born 1987), Argentine actress and singer
 * Daniella Melo (born 1998), American powerlifter
 * Daniella Monet (born 1989), American actress and singer
 * Daniella Ohad (born 1961), Israeli design historian, educator and writer
 * Daniella Okeke, Nigerian actress
 * Daniella Pavicic, Croatian–Canadian singer and songwriter
 * Daniella Pellegrini (born 1982), South African television presenter and voice actress
 * Daniella Perez (1970–1992), Brazilian actress and dancer
 * Daniella Perkins (born 2000), American actress
 * Daniella Pineda (born 1987), American actress
 * Daniella Rabbani (born 1984), American singer and voice actress
 * Daniella Rahme, Lebanese–Australian actress and television presenter
 * Daniella Ribeiro (born 1972), Brazilian politician
 * Daniella Rosas (born 2002), Peruvian surfer
 * Daniella Rubinovitz, Dutch contemporary artist
 * Daniella Sarahyba (born 1984), Brazilian model
 * Daniella Shevel, South African footwear designer
 * Daniella Smith (born 1972), New Zealand boxer
 * Daniella Tilbury, Gibraltarian academic and educator
 * Daniella Tobar, Chilean actress
 * Daniella Vitale, American businesswoman
 * Daniella Walcott (born 1991), Trinidadian model and painter
 * Daniella Wang (born 1989), Chinese actress and fashion model
 * Daniella Weiss (born 1945), Israeli activist

Danniella

 * Danniella Westbrook (born 1973), English actress

Fictional characters

 * Danielle de Barbarac, main character in the film, Ever After: A Cinderella Story
 * Danielle Jones, character on the British soap opera EastEnders
 * Danielle Moonstar, character in Marvel Comics
 * Danielle Rousseau, character in the American television series Lost

title: Danielle


text:
Talk:Fuel oil

Another question
Another question : What are the specifications of heating oil(s) ? Flash point, water and sediments,Kinematic viscosity, Sulfated Ash, etc. as an example of what I'm looking for: http://www.filter-specialty.com/PDF/bdspec.pdf -- Purelife1970@hotmail.com Nov 09 2006

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Fuel oil. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120126135721/http://www.chevronmarineproducts.com/docs/Requirements_for_Residual_Fuel_2010.pdf to http://www.chevronmarineproducts.com/docs/Requirements_for_Residual_Fuel_2010.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120126122253/http://www.chevronmarineproducts.com/docs/Requirements_for_Distillate_Fuel_2010.pdf to http://www.chevronmarineproducts.com/docs/Requirements_for_Distillate_Fuel_2010.pdf

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Hard to understand
Looks like this long article hasn't had much attention for quite a while. A pity, because it could be better and more useful. These are some specific issues with it as it now stands:

1. It has plenty of information, but doesn't present it in a particularly logical order.

2. It doesn't answer some simple questions that a general reader - one with no prior knowledge of the topic - might have, for example:

 * 2.1 Does the term fuel oil include any oil used to fuel:

 * 2.1.1 a vehicle (ships, cars, trucks, tractors, road-plant, planes, etc,)?

 * 2.1.2 a stationary engine used in agriculture or manufacturing?

 * 2.1.3 a heating plant, i.e. a furnace or domestic heater?

 * 2.1.4 a power generating plant?

 * 2.2 Does the term fuel oil include these specific fuels:

 * 2.2.1 gasoline?

 * 2.2.2 petroleum?

 * 2.2.3 kerosene?

 * 2.2.4 avgas?

 * 2.2.5 diesel?

 * 2.2.6 biodiesel?

3. Some terms are used in the article long before their definitions, e.g. "No. 6 oil".

4. The article seems to be written mostly for a US audience.

5. Some copy-editing is needed to make some sentences clearer, or to make verbs agree with their subjects.

Overall, these issues make the article unnecessarily hard to understand. I'll have a go at improving this article when I can make time. But don't wait on me!

yoyo (talk) 01:39, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I've started by copy-editing the lead section for clarity. yoyo (talk) 10:11, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

 * That's a good question. What we need to do is see how the sources define "fuel oil".  I think that many people may have different ideas of what that means, but we kind of have to follow the sources, and if the sources don't agree on the definition, explain that in the lede.  I agree that it needs cleaning up, staring with the definition and lede, and the rest will be easy.  Dennis Brown - 2¢ 00:24, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Here are some reliable-ish sources defining "fuel oil". I think this is a good place to start.  Other sources exist as well, I'm not stuck on these.  They are not fully vetted.

 * https://pei.org/wiki_pei/fuel-oil/
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/fuel-oil
 * https://rentar.com/differences-between-diesel-fuel-oil-and-bunker-fuel-and-similarities/
 * https://www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com/resources/refinery-reference-desk/fuel-oil/
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531265/
 * Dennis Brown - 2¢ 00:29, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

Why flash
I found this "such as those with a flash point of approximately 42 °C,". I removed the "why?" tag because the answer is in the Wikipedia Flash point article linked immediately before the tag, where it says, "The flash point is a descriptive characteristic that is used to distinguish between flammable fuels, such as petrol (also known as gasoline), and combustible fuels, such as diesel. It is also used to characterize the fire hazards of fuels. Fuels which have a flash point less than 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) are called flammable, whereas fuels having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible." The editor who inserted the "Why" wikipedia tag did not bother to follow the link. The reason links are placed in articles is to answer just such "why" questions. Follow the links. Nick Beeson (talk) 12:29, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Marketing
oil and non product 102.89.23.214 (talk) 05:30, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fuel oil


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CEITEC

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. — J I P | Talk 07:22, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

CEITEC
Vanity article - written by user "Cintia Ceitec". Tempshill 21:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable Brazilian technology centre. Article seems to be under development still but is factual.  Counter systemic bias.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:41, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep factual & notable enough. Dottore So 11:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep could do with some work, linking, feels very press release boilerplate. Pete.Hurd 05:22, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Would it be better to rename it Ceitec? Maybe a little vote on that! - Bwfc 18:22, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CEITEC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mr Sellers

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Delete. -Greg Asche (talk) 22:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Mr Sellers
Now, I could be terribly terribly wrong, and if I am, forgive me, but I think think is about a non-notable teacher with a non-notable drawing. A Google search for "Mr Sellers" was pretty good for nothing, as all relatively general Google searches are. This is the Google search for "'Priestnall School' Stockport Sellers." --Jacquelyn Marie 21:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Seems like a hoax-type dealy. Privat  e   Butcher  21:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity/hoax. The related artist Robert Etchells is tagged for speedy deletion as nn-bio. --GraemeL (talk) 21:49, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete this one under A7 as well. There's nothing in there that asserts even a miniscule degree of notability of the person referred to, and the drawing is nn as well. Tonywalton | Talk 21:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Bonjedward

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 21:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Proposed deletion of Union of Conscientiously Work-Shy Elements

The article Union of Conscientiously Work-Shy Elements has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * not notable or referenced

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. JDDJS (talk) 23:20, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bonjedward


text:
Regions of Burkina Faso

Per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. Most of these, according to their individual articles, were implemented on 2 July 2001.

Burkina Faso is divided into 13 administrative regions. Each region is administered by a governor.

These regions are divided into 45 provinces and subdivided into 351 communes.

title: Regions of Burkina Faso


text:
Battle of the Oder–Neisse

The Battle of the Oder–Neisse is the German name for the initial (operational) phase of one of the last two strategic offensives conducted by the Red Army in the Campaign in Central Europe (1 January – 9 May 1945) during World War II. Its initial breakthrough phase was fought over four days, from 16 April until 19 April 1945, within the larger context of the Battle of Berlin. The Soviet military planners divide the frontal and pincer phases of the operation, named Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation into:
 * Stettin–Rostock Offensive Operation (16 April – 5 May 1945) by the 2nd Belorussian Front.
 * Seelow–Berlin Offensive Operation (16–19 April 1945) by the 1st Belorussian Front.
 * Cottbus–Potsdam Offensive Operation (16–27 April 1945) by the northern flank and Cavalry Mechanized Group of the 1st Ukrainian Front.
 * Spremberg–Torgau Offensive Operation (16–25 April 1945) by the southern flank of the 1st Ukrainian Front.

The battle included heavy fighting by the three Fronts of the Marshals of Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky's 2nd Belorussian Front, Georgy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front and Ivan Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front, that assaulted the defending Wehrmacht Army Group Vistula commanded by Colonel-General (Generaloberst) Gotthard Heinrici and Field Marshall Ferdinand Schörner's Army Group Centre.

Combat operations
Most of the fighting took place during 1st Belorussian Front's assault on the Seelow Heights, that were defended by the German 9th Army (part of Army Group Vistula), in what became known as the Battle of the Seelow Heights. 1st Ukrainian Front encountered much lighter resistance crossing the Neisse to penetrate defensive lines of Army Group Centre.

In the early hours on 16 April 1945, the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation began with a massive bombardment by thousands of artillery pieces and Katyusha rockets in a barrage which was sustained for as long as two hours on some sectors of the front. Shortly afterwards and well before dawn, the 1st Belorussian Front attacked across the Oder, and the 1st Ukrainian Front attacked across the Neisse. The 1st Belorussian Front was strengthened because it had the more difficult assignment and was facing the majority of the German forces in prepared defences.

Battle of the Seelow Heights
The initial attack by the 1st Belorussian Front was a disaster; Heinrici anticipated the move and withdrew his defenders from the first line of trenches just before the Red Army artillery obliterated them. The light from 143 searchlights, which were intended to blind the defenders, was diffused by the early morning mist and made useful silhouettes of the attacking Red Army formations. The swampy ground proved to be a great hindrance and under a German counter-barrage, Red Army casualties were very heavy. Frustrated by the slow advance, or perhaps on the direct orders of the Stavka ("Headquarters"), Zhukov threw in his reserves, which in his plan were to have been held back to exploit the expected breakthrough. By early evening, an advance of almost six kilometres had been achieved in some areas, but the German lines remained relatively intact.

Zhukov was forced to report that the Seelow Heights offensive was not going as planned. Stalin, to spur Zhukov, told him that he would give Konev permission to wheel his tank armies towards Berlin from the south. The Red Army tactic of using a dense concentration of firepower was providing the usual results. By nightfall of 17 April, the German front before Zhukov remained unbroken, but only just.

On 18 April, both Soviet Fronts made steady progress. By nightfall, the 1st Belorussian Front had reached the third and final German line of defence.

On the fourth day of the battle, 19 April, the 1st Belorussian Front broke through the final line of the Seelow Heights with nothing except severely depleted, withdrawing German formations between its troops and Berlin. The remnants of General Theodor Busse's 9th Army, which had been holding the heights, and the remaining northern flank of the 4th Panzer Army, were in danger of being enveloped by elements of the 1st Ukrainian Front.

Cottbus-Potsdam Offensive Operation
In the south, the attack by the 1st Ukrainian Front was keeping to plan because Army Group Centre (under the command of General Ferdinand Schörner) was not providing as much opposition as that faced by Zhukov's troops. 4th Panzer Army on the north flank of his formation was falling back under the weight of the 1st Ukrainian Front Attack. Two Panzer divisions on the southern flank were retained in reserve for possible need in the centre of the Army Group front, and were not available for use to shore up the 4th Panzer Army. This was the turning point in the battle, because by nightfall the positions of both the Army Group Vistula and southern sectors of Army Group Centre were becoming untenable. Unless they fell back in line with the 4th Panzer Army, they faced envelopment. In effect, Konev's successful attacks on Schörner's poor defences to the south of the Seelow Heights positions were unhinging Heinrici's defence.

On 18 April, the 1st Ukrainian Front, having captured the city of Forst, was preparing to break out into the relatively flat terrain.

Elements of the 3rd Guards, 3rd and 4th Guards Tank Armies, which were the Front's Cavalry Mechanized Group, having exploited the breach in the 4th Panzer Army sector of the front, turned north between Seyda and Jüterbog towards a meeting with the 1st Belorussian Front west of Berlin.

Spremberg-Torgau Offensive
Other Armies of the 1st Ukrainian Front's southern flank attacked west linking up with the Americans. During the attack the Führerbegleitbrigade (the Führer escort brigade) was encircled within the Spremberg Pocket and destroyed. Its survivors who broke out surrendered to the Americans.

The offensive would mark the "meeting at Torgau" when the 58th Guards Rifle Division of the 5th Guards Army, part of 1st Ukrainian Front, made contact with the US 69th Infantry Division of the First Army near Torgau, Germany on the Elbe River., reaching the Mulde by 8 May.

Stettin-Rostock Offensive Operation
On 20 April, between Stettin and Schwedt, Rokossovsky's 2nd Belorussian Front attacked the northern flank of Army Group Vistula, held by the III Panzer Army. By 22 April, the 2nd Belorussian Front had established a bridgehead on the west bank of the Oder over 15 km deep, and was heavily engaged with the III Panzer Army.

On 25 April, the second Belorussian Front broke through 3rd Panzer's line around the bridgehead south of Stettin and crossed the Randow swamp on the Gramzow area. They were now free to move west towards the British 21st Army Group, and north towards the Baltic ports of Stralsund and Rostock.

Results
By the end of 19 April, the German Eastern Front line north of Frankfurt around the Seelow and to the south around Forst had ceased to exist. The breakthroughs allowed the two Red Army Fronts to envelop large parts of the German 9th and 4th Panzer Armies in a large pocket 37 km east of Frankfurt that attempted to follow the Oder-Spree Canal to Berlin. Attempts by the 9th Army to break out to the west would result in the Battle of Halbe.

While the 1st Belorussian Front encircled Berlin, the 1st Ukrainian Front started the battle for the city itself.

Operational statistics
The cost to the Red Army in making the initial breakthrough was very high. Between 1 April and 19 April, it lost over 2,807 tanks. During the same period, the Western Allies lost 1,079 tanks.

title: Battle of the Oder–Neisse


text:
Rustum Ghazaleh

Rustum Ghazaleh (رستم غزالة) also transl. from Arabic as Rostom Ghazale, Rustom Ghazalah, Rustom Ghazali; (3 May 1953 – 24 April 2015) was a Syrian military and intelligence officer.

Early life
Ghazaleh was born into a Sunni Muslim family in Qarfa village in Daraa Governorate on 3 May 1953.

Career
Ghazaleh joined the Syrian Arab Army as a first lieutenant and platoon commander of a mechanized infantry (BMP-1) unit in 1973, just in time for the Yom Kippur War but did not see frontline combat. He later trained in artillery and military intelligence in the Soviet Union. He was later an artillery spotter and commander of a mechanized battalion during the Lebanese Civil War. He was appointed by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in December 2002 to succeed the late Ghazi Kanaan as head of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon. He frequently traveled to the Bekaa valley where he had a residence and his headquarters in Anjar, and has been accused of involvement in the Bekaa drug trade and other smuggling ventures.

In early 2005, the killing of Rafik Hariri led to intense pressure on Syria. Ghazale's and Kanaan's foreign assets were frozen by the United States for their role in the alleged occupation of Lebanon and other suspected irregularities. Syria eventually withdrew its 15,000 man strong army. Ghazaleh relocated to Syria. However, some Lebanese and foreign observers alleged that Syria keeps interfering with Lebanese politics through parts of its intelligence apparatus left behind in the country; Syria denies the charges. Kanaan later allegedly committed suicide.

In September 2005, Ghazaleh was questioned on the Hariri assassination by United Nations investigator Detlev Mehlis. In December 2005, former Syrian vice president Abdul Halim Khaddam accused Ghazaleh of political corruption, dictatorial rule in Lebanon and of threatening Hariri prior to his death. After the withdrawal from Lebanon little was heard of him. However, at the beginning of the protests in Daraa, Ghazaleh was sent by Bashar al-Assad to assure locals of the president's good intentions. He reportedly told them: "We have released the children" – a reference to several teenagers who were arrested for writing anti-government graffiti inspired by the events in Egypt and Tunisia. In May 2011, the European Union said Ghazaleh was head of military intelligence in Damascus countryside (Rif Dimashq) governorate, which borders Daraa governorate, and was involved in the repression of dissent in the region. He is considered part of Assad's inner circle.

On 24 July 2012, Ghazaleh was appointed chief of political security. He allegedly opposed to the prominent role played by Hezbollah and other foreign fighters (in particular Iranians) in the Syrian civil war, a stance which led to him being attacked by the bodyguards of the pro-Iranian Lt. Gen Rafiq Shahadah in early 2015.

Death
Ghazaleh was severely beaten by the bodyguards of Lt. Gen. Rafiq Shahadah over a disagreement the two had regarding Iranian involvement in the 2015 Southern Syria offensive, with news emerging two months later that Ghazaleh had died on 24 April 2015 after complications from a severe head wound which resulted in him having been clinically dead for several weeks prior.

A figure close to Syrian government officials claimed the argument had been over fuel smuggling, while a Lebanese journalist suspected that Ghazaleh was "gotten rid of" due to the role he could have played in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. Saad Hariri stated that Ghazaleh had contacted him the day before he was beaten, wanting to appear on television to announce details regarding the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, while an analyst claimed Ghazaleh had seen the end was near for the Syrian government and wanted to defect. Syrian government media failed to report Ghazaleh's death.

title: Rustum Ghazaleh


text:
Talk:HOQ

Thanks for making this decision... I was considering it myself, but after reading all sorts of things about "HOQ is not what the QFD is!", I was hesitant to make the perhaps misleading link directly to Quality function deployment. However, seeing as it's currently convenient to maintain HOQ as a sub-article of QFD, I guess this makes the most sense.

title: Talk:HOQ


text:
User talk:Pvanmeurs

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 21:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Pvanmeurs


text: User talk:68.80.225.108

title: User talk:68.80.225.108