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Talk:London Underground/Archive 1

Deregulation
Buses in the UK were deregulated in 1985, except in London and Northern Ireland where contracts are let for specified services on specified routes by public bodies. In these areas there is a degree of stability and the promotion of network maps, zonal fare schemes and the signage of stopping places and timetables is therefore relatively practicable.

Deregulation is by contrast really very messy, and I hope it isn't extended. In Edinburgh for example it's virtually impossible to work out some of the routes! There is also a lot of wasted capacity due to competition, etc.

On the same subject, some reference should be made to Transport For London, the new umbrella organisation that has now got the Docklands Light Railway and London Transport under one roof (excuse the pun). -- Dweir

The entry may lead some to confuse LT Cards with Travelcards. Travelcards allow the user to travel on most forms of public transport within the zones for which they are valid (including National Rail trains), whereas LT Cards allow travel only on most Tubes and buses. Some services remain outside the LT Card and Travelcard schemes. -- Robert Brook 20:26, 18 November 2001 (UTC)

 * I didn't write that bit - I changed it from "farecards" to LT Cards; remember Travelcards are off-peak only, and no mention is made here to suburban rail or non-tube/DLR services, so I thought LT Cards would be the best drop-in replacement for the ambiguous farecards until I can refactor that bit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dweir (talk • contribs) 20:49, 18 November 2001 (UTC)

Much as I hate to nit-pick... not all Travelcards are off-peak, otherwise I wouldn't be able to get to work on time! Only one-day Travelcards are restricted to use after 09h30 in the morning. But I take your point about the page not being about National Rail services. -- Robert Brook 21:16, 18 November 2001 (UTC)

 * Sorry! I've always felt like a second-class citizen having used one day travelcards on each visit. Now I know why. Also, any ideas why the Bakerloo is so hot and stuffy north of Regent's Park? And, any Londoners (perhaps you Robert) who know how to get a cheap trip on the tube want to refactor the ticketing paragraph? --Dweir 21:24, 18 November 2001 (UTC)

Just to make things even more complicated, there are now (more expensive) one-day travelcards that can be used in the morning peak --AdamW

Infracos
One of the new Infracos is called Tube Lines (rather uninventive), and the other is called... Metronet (?) -- Robert Brook 21:21, 18 November 2001 (UTC)

 * Metronet rings a bell. I just can't remember the divisions although it's roughly Metronet=Sub-surface, Tube Lines= . --Dweir 21:24, 18 November 2001 (UTC)

 * TubeLines are responsible for one of the InfraCos - JNP (Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly) - and Metronet are responsible for two InfraCos: SSL (Metropolitan (which includes the H&C and Circle Lines), East London Line, and District) and BCV (Bakerloo (which covers the Waterloo and City), Central and Victoria). Arkady Rose 21:44, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Are you sure the platform doors on the Jubilee line are to prevent suicide? I thought they were to do with air resistance and that the suicide prevention was a side-effect. 13:21, 21 November 2001 (UTC)

 * They are purely to minimise wind resistance and for noise abatement purposes. Suicide prevention is just a handy side benefit. Arkady 23:06, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Wind resistance is part of the equation. The other is to mitigate potential smoke and fire problems. [Conversation with Jubilee Network Controllers at the Neasden Control Room: Nov 2003] [Robert Cy Jones 14.30, 12 July 2005]

First railway
I'm confused on two points.

First, the following seem to be potentially incompatible claims:

 * 1) "London's first underground railway line was laid on January 10, 1863"
 * 2) "the first deep-level electric railway line, or subway, was constructed in 1890"

Was the "first underground railway line" not electric? If it wasn't "deep-level", does that mean it was "sub-surface (dug by the cut-and-cover method)"?

Second, do Londoners ever refer to the system as "The Underground"? The first paragraph seems to imply that this is not the case.

 * It is usually called the Tube by Londoners ... However, the term "Underground" is now commonly applied to other such networks around the world, and to the concept itself.

This seems to imply that Londoners would not refer to their own subway/metro/understand as "The Underground", that term being reserved for other subway/metro/underground systems. I think this is not what people really meant, so I'm going to give a go at rephrasing.

--Ryguasu 04:16 Dec 8, 2002 (UTC)

I'll try and answer those points as best I can: -- Tarquin 11:37 Dec 8, 2002 (UTC)
 * 1) the first underground railway in L. was from Paddington to Farrington, what is now the Metropolitan / Circle line. It's a subsurface cut & cover tunnel. the trains originally ran on steam
 * 2) the first electric one was part of what is now the northern line city branch: King William St (now closed) south to somewhere like Kennington (not sure how far south the original line went). This was a deep-level circular cross-section line -- the first "tube".
 * 3) Londoners use both. All the signs say "underground". some of the ad campaigns LT have run use "tube".

Thanks, Tarquin. With that in mind, I've removed some of the passages that struck me as confusing or misleading. Since I'm an American and have been to London only briefly, though, someone may wish to double-check these edits.

 * London's first underground railway line was laid on January 10, 1863.

Removed from the "Background" section. First, I assume the railway was not laid in a single day, as this implies. Second, I think this would be better described in the "history" section. Third, I think this is already described in more detail in that section.

 * It is usually called the Tube by Londoners, ever since the first deep-level electric railway line, or subway, was constructed in 1890.

Removed the "ever since..." part. This implies that the terminology "the Tube" originated in 1890. Have people really done their homework about this particular etemelogical claim?

 * According to the Oxford English Dictionary the phrase "twopenny tube" was applied to the Central railway from its opening in 1900 and became popular then, but the first actual electric underground tube railway had been running for ten years at the time.  The OED also quotes Queen Victoria in 1847 referring to a railway tunnel as a tube.  Ortolan88

 * PS -- OED says "underground railway" was first used in 1834 in reference to "the under-ground railways of Newcastle and vicinity" and cites an 1885 reference to "the stuffy underground railway journey to Baker street".

 * However, the term "Underground" is now commonly applied to other such networks around the world, and to the concept itself.

Removed. This is true, but this is a subjet for general-purpose underground article. Unless what is meant is that the term "underground" originated in London, in which case that claim should be stated much more clearly.

Now the main part of the article which seems unclear is

 * The London Underground maintains one of the strongest corporate identities? of any organization in the world.

I haven't removed this, but I'm confused: What is a strong corporate identity? How do you recognize one? Do the employees identify strongly with the tube corporation? Do the tube riders? Does this mean the identity of the tube is strongly tied to the identity of London? Also, what is the basis for saying this identity is stronger with the tube corporation than with most other organizations worldwide? Isn't that a rather spectacular claim?

--Ryguasu 23:07 Dec 8, 2002 (UTC)

I suppose the "corporate identity" thing means that the Underground logo -- the circle with a horizontal bar over it -- is instantly recognized by any Londoner, probably any Briton, and people around the world. Other underground systems (that I know of) have copied the idea to a certain extent: Paris has an "M" in a circle, Montreal has an M with a down-arrow, but the M logo is relatively recent (70s, maybe), whereas the LU logo has been around since the 30s if not earlier. It is also used for all station signs: the station name is written in the horizontal bar, and also for many line names, for example on the in-carriage maps. So, (and I'm pondering this question as I write...) the logo is probably far more ubiquitous across the network than the other networks' logos. The Paris (M) is only used atop street signposts and on maps, and even there it's really to differentiate from the RER. (feel free to plunder from my above ramblings for the article if you feel it's worth it!) -- Tarquin

I've decided that the "corporate identity" bit wasn't really coherent. I've put the part that had to do with the logo into a new "iconography" section, which also incorporates a few of Tarquin's above remarks. (I'm not comfortable adding the big about Paris and Montreal, because I don't know anything about it.) The main ideas that I've deleted but that might be worth including somehow are: 1) the idea that London Transport's "corporate identity" (i.e. logo?) had a "very careful, gradual development", and 2) the idea that London Transport has "a simple selling proposition" --Ryguasu 22:15 Dec 26, 2002 (UTC)

Metropolitan Railway
I'm not too sure that the comment about the Metropolitan Railway serving the list of mainline stations when in opened is entirely correct -- Marylebone station, for example, wasn't built until 1899 (which is why Sherlock Holmes never caught a train from there, despite 221b Baker Street being just round the corner!). -- Arwel 19:52 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * ...and indeed the Met (Hammersmith and City, these days) doesn't have a station at Marylebone - only the later Bakerloo does. The rest of the list is correct, and indeed the Met was physically linked to the GWR at Paddington, the GNR at Kings Cross, and (later) to the Midland at St Pancras (now the Thameslink route). I will remove Marylebone from the list. --rbrwr 16:28 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC)

Station articles
Links to articles on tube stations would be useful. - Patrick 13:32 Apr 14, 2003 (UTC)

We seem to have the following articles: Bounds Green tube station, Tottenham Court Road tube station, Dollis Hill tube station, Notting Hill Gate tube station, Charing Cross tube station, London Bridge tube station, Cannon Street tube station, Embankment tube station, Oval tube station and Bethnal Green tube station.

...and significant tube station content in: Kings Cross fire, Mornington Crescent, Kings Cross station, Marylebone railway station, Liverpool Street station, Paddington station and Waterloo station.

--rbrwr

 * Thanks, I have put them in. - Patrick 21:35 Apr 14, 2003 (UTC)

...and see the full list (temporarily) at User:Rbrwr/sandbox --rbrwr

you have remined me i need to finish off my station information in each of the individual lines, see: Central Line fo a finished work. BTWon your list you missed out closed stations. such as Ongar Tube Station, Verney Junction Tube Station, Windsor Tube Station, South Acton Tube Station, etc. -fonzy

 * Aldwych tube station, Down Street tube station, South Kentish Town tube station, British Museum tube station... There's loads, I know. --rbrwr

Is that a "yes i know there are loads" or "i know loads", do you wnat em to add tehm to your list? - fonzy

 * I think I will make a separate list of closed stations. I have appropriate sources. Stay tuned. --rbrwr

k, but i may start finishing the work i stared ages ago (on the line articles) and never finishd tomrow. -fonzy

 * Provisonal list now at User:Rbrwr/sandbox --rbrwr

Logo
Given that, as the article states, LU defends its trademark, do we have permission to put that picture (just added by User:BasilFawlty) in the article? Pcb21 08:07 29 May 2003 (UTC)

 * especially as it's a blurry and badly cropped JPEG. PNG for thigns like that please! I suggest someone take a photograph of the logo used in real life. No problem there :-) -- Tarquin 08:28 29 May 2003 (UTC)

 * I wondered if it might be a photo of a T-shirt. I might be able to take a photo or two next week but better avoid adding any material to the LU or South West Trains bits today... after today's 2hr45min commute (to do 25 miles!) I doubt it would be NPOV! Pcb21 10:18 30 May 2003 (UTC)

 * easiest might be the map posters outside the stations. 2hr45... yikes! -- Tarquin 16:35 30 May 2003 (UTC)

 * What about just using an actual graphic image from LU such this?
 * James F. 19:25 30 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Well that's their image, it's copyright. We can probably put it in under "fair use". But AFAIK if a wikipedian takes a photo of an LU poster outside a station, which includes the logo in big, they own the copyright on the photograph. So we can include it under GDFL :) (and IANAL -- check with the mailing list if in doubt) -- Tarquin 22:23 30 May 2003 (UTC)

POV
I removed "Sadly" from the Access area because that just plain POV emotion. Paul Weaver 22:01, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it's a bit mawkish. But you could have replaced it with 'unfortunately'. -- Tarquin 22:50, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I have removed "(Please add to this list.)" at the bottom of the Tube/Fiction section because "please add to" is implicit in Wikipedia and it doesn't look professional on an entry. --/Mat 11:51, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Good call. For something as clear cut as that you probably don't even have to boterh mentioning it on the talk page. But thanks anyway. :) Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 13:07, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Floodgates
In "Post-war developments" it states ''A series of floodgates were erected in the tunnels such that they would seal the affected sections of tunnel closed, allowing services to continue to run elsewhere on the line. The floodgates were no longer necessary once the Thames flood barrier came into service, but they remain in place and are tested three times a year.'' however readings elsewhere would disagree with this, especially the testing. Can anyone point me to a valid reference please? VampWillow 22:44, 2004 May 9 (UTC)

 * That was put in by User:Arkady Rose, who works on the Tube - David Gerard 22:49, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. VampWillow 22:56, 2004 May 9 (UTC)

 * Indeed I do - I'm a former Line Controller for the District Line. :-) Arkady 23:06, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * And here you are subscribed to undergroundgoth ;-) If you ask for more detail there, she'll probably be the one to answer - David Gerard 22:59, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

image copyright info?
Can someone provide copyright info for the baker street tube picture? It's a featured article and on the front page, so it's important that we provide that info readily. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:32, Jun 21, 2004 (UTC)

Suggest you contact (try wikipedia-email?) the person who uploaded it - User:Tonymccrae. I would guess he took it himself. Morwen - Talk 17:34, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The pictures do seem like they were taken by him, but there's no info given. I'll e-mail him. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:56, Jun 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Until the copyright status of that image is resolved, do you think that the London Underground logo or map would be a more appropriate image? As those are provided by a government agency, they are innately public domain, right? - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 21:58, Jun 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * IANAL but public domain? no. the 'government agency' bit about copyright is US-only (or at least, not UK - it may apply in some other countries too). If you look at any use of the roundel or LT map you will see a licence number, and licences do not come cheap :-( --VampWillow 22:24, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * London Underground Limited is not a government agency. LUL owns the copyright on the roundel; Transport for London (which is a government agency) uses the roundel only with permission. LUL take coyright infringement very seriously. Arkady Rose 23:00, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * There was a comment somewhere about someone having asked LUL for permission to reproduce things on Wikipedia. I'll try to look it out later, unless someone can be bothered first? — OwenBlacker 12:27, Jun 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't know about LUL, but TfL released the Congestion Charge map under the GFDL. (One can't help but wonder if the permission sometimes comes because the GFDL is not understood, but ho hum). Pcb21| Pete 12:56, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah yes, that's what I was thinking about; thanks Pete. Sorry for the confusion. — OwenBlacker 13:19, Jun 22, 2004 (UTC)

Capital of the UK?
Why does the first para need to explain that London is the capital of the UK? If every article which mentions London did this, it would be somewhat annoying, to put it mildly. People reading the article who don't know what London is need only to click London to find out that it is indeed the capital of the UK and England. As that's what wikipedia is good at, it seems a bit odd to make this article's opening paragraph inelegant with this extra wording. --Nevilley 08:13, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Removed it: it has only been in since the 21st and I think the article read fine without it. --Nevilley 08:26, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Note to editors - station histories etc
If in doubt about some matter of detail like a station history, you should probably check with the London Transport Museum. When stuck, I did, and they have more detail than I thought possible. They have a research service and self-service stuff at the museum site and so on - details on their website. I hope this is helpful. Anon. --82.35.17.203 08:27, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Tile wall decor in stations
I just visited London for the first time and was impressed at the care taken to incorporate station-name-related tilework in many of the stations. I didn't see anything anywhere about when these designs were added or by whom or whether there was some kind of art subsidy or-- I dunno, anything about them at all. Anyone know anything about these? Elf | Talk 00:15, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Heathrow Terminal 5 expansion
Revised the text in expansion to relate the current state of the T5 project (a.k.a. PiccEx). I will alter when various milestones (e.g. completion of the bored tunnels or T5 station) happen. Apologies here to VampWillow for disconnecting her addition from the T5 project: while LUL may be planning to add extra Picc line tracks to increase capacity between central London and Heathrow, the extra tracks are not required to open T5, which expects to be well-enough served by the existing two roads. 20:31, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC) User:Ecb

 * no ptob to me (I don't remember adding anything about T5 int he first place!). btw. if you use four '~' is will add your name to the date which helps people in following threads. --[[User:VampWillow|VampWillow]] 21:11, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Influence of Chicago
Should we mention the influence of the Chicago L/subway system on the Underground? Anyone who has been to the London Transport Museum can attest to this fact. -Joseph 20:04, 2004 Aug 23 (UTC)

Table experiment
I've been screwing around with an idea (essentially stolen from the Japanese system used on station platforms) of a chart showing adjacent stations. Is this overkill?

--Calton 14:10, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) Copying my blurb from the sandbox (and thanks for experimenting there so I could see :-): I like this, but the colors can clash violently with links. How about just using borders, like this:

JRM 15:08, 2004 Nov 13 (UTC)

I would prefer this layout.

Would do you thinks? 18:47, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I prefer the wider version (and we should definitely use Wiki table syntax, imho). I'm not sure transfer information needs to be listed in a navigational box. — OwenBlacker 19:17, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

I have updated my version in Paddington station. I'm not sure if we need the info (Next station north, west, south, east) and if a title row with the station name would be appropriate. Mikegr 21:46, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Furthermore should the underground line and the station be bold or is this overkill? Compare with Baker Street tube station Mikegr 13:01, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * How about using the skin-format for the tables, like we're meant to? ;-) Also, I think that it would be better if we used the "official" colours as extracted from the map, and on London Underground and the line-template.
 * For Marble Arch:

 * For King's Cross St. Pancras:

 * Thoughts? James F. (talk) 16:48, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the wide version with the box outline colour above (indeed I changed the Edgware Road entry and found it easy to do so) however the colour in bozes directly above seems to have the elements too far apart to be clear so I'd be against that. --[[User:VampWillow|Vamp:Willow]] 17:32, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I strongly dislike using a thick border like that; of course, this is just a matter of æsthetic, so...
 * Apart from anything else, creating new boxes without using the standard formatting for such things that has been developed seems... odd.
 * I've tweaked it a little bit - how about now?
 * James F. (talk) 19:03, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Personally I find the these "navigators" completely unecessary. Far more useful would be a template that listed all the stations on a given line. I can't imagine why anyone would want to read about Baker Street tube station, and then think "oh, I wonder what the next station along is like....", this is after all an encyclopedia, not a click-through storybook. But if we must have them at least think of a way to do it with templates (they're quite flexible these days), so any style decided on now does not become impossible to change. Personally I think class="toccolours" should be used on all infoboxes, and border-collapse:collapse if borders are required. ed g2s •  talk  01:51, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is more than an encyclopedia, it's a wiki, it's an experiement. We omit a lot of oppurtunities if we insist that WP is ONLY a encyclopedia. You search for sthg in Wikipedia but you can also read it like a book. Everyone has a special access to use it. And we can support all ways. When I firstly discovered a tube station article, I liked go through the line stations the same way as you would go by the tube. A nice way to discover the Tube. I doubt that it is useful to have 5 or 6 line templates in a article, for eg King's Cross. The last style proposal is really terrific. Probablly we can find a template solution.

My suggestion using a template (maybe better variable names), but I don't know if I can create 2 cell spanning 2 rows:

Mikegr 15:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * We could, of course, use a flexible system such as is used for succession boxes (for an example of it getting quite complicated, see Neville Chamberlain, but this is perhaps a little bit of over-kill for what is, essentially, just 270 boxes.
 * James F. (talk) 17:14, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * P.S. OK, so I did it:

 * Templates start LUL box to start and end box to end.
 * A normal line is LUL line, two lines concurrently is LUL two lines, and three is, surprisingly, LUL three lines.
 * A split is either LUL one line to two or LUL two lines to one, depending on which side you want the shared station to be on.
 * James F. (talk) 17:45, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Ooooh. I like. I'm gonna update King's Cross St. Pancras tube station now (mainly cos the lack of Metropolitan line is irritating me ;o)
 * — OwenBlacker 22:56, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I knew that there was something missing. That's really quite poor on my part, given that KCSP is my nearest mainline station... ;-O
 * James F. (talk) 01:35, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the new templates with the LUL names. Great idea. 19:11, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not happy with the names. What's the name of the template for Moorgate in Liverpool Street tube station? three to one and two? Mikegr 22:43, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I was going to call it "LUL three lines split to one and two".
 * James F. (talk) 03:27, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have finished the Central Line and added everywhere the LUL boxes and I have created Template:LUL two and one lines to one for Paddington station and Template:LUL three lines to two and one for Edgware Road tube station. Mikegr 11:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I startet the Circle Line navigation boxes from Paddington to Tower Hill clockwise (or west to east) and if I continoue it clockwise to South Kensingtion, we have a conflict with the District Line, which goes from west to east. But I would like to use the LUL two lines template. Suggestions? Mikegr 12:29, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Ed and I have taken advantage of the usefulness of MediaWiki 1.4 to simplify things - now, instead of giving a line which is a proper link and a colour which is the right one, all you have to do is give the name of the line/branch, and it will use the templates " link" for the link and " colour" for, shockingly, the colour.
 * Also, I've made Template:LUL-stub for the stations and so on.
 * James F. (talk) 03:21, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tannoy Terminology
Accoriding to b3ta.com[] (not appropriate for all ages), tannoy announcements on the underground that direct "Inspector Sands" to a specific location indicate that this location has had a fire alarm trigerred. Is this still in use? Should it be included? --Joshtek 00:06, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's very much still in use. I often hear it at Canada Water. It's normally "Would Inspector Sands please come to the operations room", jguk 15:28, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mackerel?
Is "St John's Wood is the only station which contains none of the letters of the word 'mackerel'." some sort of inside joke among Brits? --SPUI (talk) 01:48, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If so, I'm not in on it. Rd232 11:48, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It came from a quiz question, which - for what reason I do not know - became quite popular and was used in more and more quizzes, making it (but not necessarily the answer) quite well known. It's not a joke. It was presumably added so that if anyone is coming to the page looking for an answer to "what is the only London Underground station that does not include any of the letters in the word mackerel" they will find the answer. Kind regards, jguk 12:36, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Request for references
Hi, I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Verifiability policy. Part of that is to make sure articles cite their sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. The Fact and Reference Check Project has more information. If some of the external links are reliable sources and were used as references, they can be placed in a References section too. See the cite sources link for how to format them. Thank you, and please leave me a message when a few references have been added to the article. - Taxman 19:54, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Restructuring
The changes I made today were mostly tryng to develop a better structure, plus minor additions. The History section still needs a summary from the daughter article, but I've had enough for now. Rd232 11:48, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:London Underground/Archive 1


text:
File:URDAD ProcessClaimWorkflow.jpg

Summary
Fritz Solms www.solms.co.za

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:URDAD ProcessClaimWorkflow.jpg


text:
Acoustic ecology

Acoustic ecology, sometimes called ecoacoustics or soundscape studies, is a discipline studying the relationship, mediated through sound, between human beings and their environment. Acoustic ecology studies started in the late 1960s with R. Murray Schafer a musician, composer and former professor of communication studies at Simon Fraser University (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) with the help of his team there as part of the World Soundscape Project. The original WSP team included Barry Truax and Hildegard Westerkamp, Bruce Davies and Peter Huse, among others. The first study produced by the WSP was titled The Vancouver Soundscape. This innovative study raised the interest of researchers and artists worldwide, creating enormous growth in the field of acoustic ecology. In 1993, the members of the by now large and active international acoustic ecology community formed the World Forum for Acoustic Ecology.

The radio art of Schafer and his colleague, has found expression in many different fields. While most have taken some inspiration from Schafer's writings, in recent years there have also been divergences from the initial ideas. The expanded expressions of acoustic ecology are increasing due to the sonic impacts of road and airport construction that affect the soundscapes in and around cities where the human population is more dense. There has also been a broadening of bioacoustics (the use of sound by animals) to consider the subjective and objective responses of animals to human noise, with ocean noise capturing the most attention. Acoustic ecology can also be informative of changes in the climate or other environmental changes since every day we listen to sounds in the world to identify their source such as bird, car, plane, wind, water. But we don't listen those sounds as a network, a mesh of relationships that form an ecology. Acoustic ecology finds expression in many different fields that characterize a soundscape, which are biophony, geophony, and anthrophony.

World Forum for Acoustic Ecology
The World Forum for Acoustic Ecology is an international collective of people and organizations who study the world's soundscapes. There are eight groups that make up the World Forum for Acoustic Ecology: the Australian Forum for Acoustic Ecology, the Canadian Association for Acoustic Ecology, the Finnish Society for Acoustic Ecology, the Hellenic Society for Acoustic Ecology, the Japanese Association for Soundscape Ecology, the Midwest Society for Acoustic Ecology, Red Ecologia Acustica Mexico, and the UK and Ireland Soundscape Community. Every three years since the WFAE's founding at Banff, Canada in 1993, an international symposium has taken place. Stockholm, Amsterdam, Devon, Peterborough, and Melbourne followed. In November 2006, the WFAE meeting took place in Hirosaki, Japan. Koli, Finland, was the meeting place of the latest WFAE world conference.

Members of the WFAE, many of whom are recording artists and composers, are focused on improving the quality of public soundscapes through the design and planning of community spaces that preserve desirable sound while reducing noise pollution. Acoustic ecologists value the exercise of listening as well as promoting a more conscious appreciation and awareness of one's sonic environment.

Bioacoustics
Noise is generally a by-product of increased urbanization and development. As our cities became more industrialized, the volume and frequency of anthrophony, man-made noise signals, increased. Noise can alter the acoustic environment of aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

Animal biodiversity has shown to decline because of chronic noise levels in cities and along roadways. Musician and soundscape ecologist Bernie Krause relates biophony to an orchestra, where different groups of animals in an environment make sounds at different levels to avoid overlap or competition in their communication. Manmade noise such as jets flying over a habitat can disrupt the natural order of these sounds, even putting certain species in danger of predators. For example, some frogs synchronize in a way that protects individuals from attracting attention. The noise of a jet can cause the frogs to stop or fall out of sync, temporarily breaking this effect and exposing them to other animals.

On land, animal communication is shaped by physical characteristics of an environment such as distance, range of vision, weather, and surrounding noise. The physical layout of a habitat may impede the spread of soundwaves while air conditions can affect sound quality and speed. Animals can adapt to factors like distance by adjusting the frequency and amplitute of their calls to maximize communication effectiveness. Some species such as the urban great tits have changed the frequency of their calls to adapt. Soundscapes of particular habitats are always evolving because the activities and species that exist in those habitats changes over time.

In terms of evolution, man-made noise is a much more recent phenomenon. Indeed, through investigating collected recordings, ecologists can study ethology of animal acoustic communication, evolution, and development of acoustic behavior, relationships between animal sounds and their environment. However, all those ecological research goals have a precondition that those bioacoustic recordings are well investigated so that the animal species can be accurately recognized. Scientific research has shown that it has potential to change behavior, alter physiology and even restructure animal communities.

Soundscapes
Soundscapes are composed of the anthrophony, geophony and biophony of a particular environment. They are specific to location and change over time. Acoustic ecology aims to study the relationship between these things, i.e. the relationship between humans, animals and nature, within these soundscapes. These relationships are delicate and subject to disruption by natural or man-made means.

In his book The Tuning of the World, Schafer used new terms like 'soundmarks' -- a specific community's distinctive sounds—and 'keynotes' -- prevalent but overlooked background sounds such as traffic—to help categorize the different elements of a soundscape.

Biophony
Biophony is the study of sounds emerging from animal sources, like whale vocalizations or birdsong.

Geophony
Geophony can be defined as the sounds originating from the Earth's natural processes, such as the blowing of wind or movement of waves.

Anthrophony
Anthrophony is the soundscape defined by man-made sources, like speech or road noise.

Research on the relationship between visual and auditory experiences in urban settings finds that the positive or negative visual perceptions of a landscape can directly affect the emotional assessment of the location's soundscape. A pleasant view or comfortable surroundings can increase people's tolerance and even appreciation for the sounds of an environment.

People's preferences for noise control have been shown to differ based on the culture and technology of the time period as well as the familiarity or practicality of certain sounds. For example, accepted sources of loud noise such as church bells or trucks may not bother a neighborhood as much as someone's new leaf blower, even if it is not as loud as more familiar sounds. This is why it is considered difficult to generalize which sounds are unwanted in a community.

Studying the soundscapes and traumatic impact of war has shown the effectiveness of noise as a psychological weapon to produce fear.

Impacts of Man-Made Sound on Biospheres
Aircraft activity has been a continuing development around the world and has some very good potential to change social-ecological systems. In Alaska, for example the communities are reporting that the aircraft disturb wildlife and negatively influence harvest practices and experiences. The limited data has some restricted knowledge about the extent of aircraft activity over traditional harvest areas. It is actually very impressive to see the amount of aircraft overflight around the rural subsistence, because the activity is increasing significantly and they have reached a median of 12 overflights per day near human development, which is six times greater than undeveloped areas. Therefore, those planes startle caribou prefer to avoid aircraft themselves, which has a result that they will need to go farther to do a better harvest, but this will occur in adding some costs for fuel, equipment, and the effort for sure. Those kind of examples help to understand the impact on social-ecological dynamics in Antarctica.

The ambient noise present within the world's oceans; geophonic, anthrophonic, and biophonic, has been identified as a critical indicator to the well-being of the regional biosphere.

Acoustic niche
The acoustic niche hypothesis, as proposed by acoustic ecologist Bernie Krause in 1993, refers to the process in which organisms partition the acoustic domain, finding their own niche in frequency and/or time in order to communicate without competition from other species. The theory draws from the ideas of niche differentiation and can be used to predict differences between young and mature ecosystems.

In mature ecosystems, species will sing at unique bandwidths and specific times, displaying a lack of interspecies competition in the acoustic environment. Conversely, in young ecosystems, one is more likely to encounter multiple species using similar frequency bandwidths, which can result in interference between their respective calls, or a complete lack of activity in uncontested bandwidths. The degree of partitioning in an environment can be used to indicate ecosystem health and biodiversity.

"Dominion" by Barry Truax
"Dominion" uses Canadian soundmarks that were made in different province by the World Soundscape Project at Simon Fraser University for an event of cross-country tour that happened in 1973. What is interesting about those sounds is that they are stretched over the time, so the extended versions allowed the people that listen to the sound in a more harmonic way. Those unique sound signals, were picked up by the live performers and then amplified to give the best experience possible to his audience.

Archaeoacoustics
This is a subfield of archeology and acoustics that in general study the relation between people and sound along the history. This is an interdisciplinary field that has methodological contributions from acoustics, archeology and computer simulation. Many cultures explored through archaeology were mostly focused on the oral, which lead the researchers to believe that studying the sonic nature of archaeological sites and artifacts may reveal new information on the civilization being scrutinized. Marc E. Moglen (2007) recreated pre-historical Soundscapes (Acoustic Ecology) at University of California, Berkeley's Department of Anthropology, combining compositional techniques with site recordings for a non-diegetic piece in the virtual world of Second Life, on "Okapi Island". At the Center for New Media the acoustic ecological setting of the former jazz scene in Oakland, CA was developed for a virtual world setting.

title: Acoustic ecology


text: Category:"Weird Al" Yankovic songs

title: Category:"Weird Al" Yankovic songs


text:
File:URDAD ResponsibilityAllocation.jpg

Summary
Fritz Solms www.solms.co.za

title: File:URDAD ResponsibilityAllocation.jpg


text:
User talk:Kefalonia

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 15:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thank you for your vote on my RFA
Now that the voting has officially closed, I would like to thank you very much for supporting my candidacy for adminstrator and as of 18:36, 28 October 2005 (UTC) I am an administrator. I will make sure to use the additional power judiciously and I welcome any comments you may have. --Reflex Reaction 19:39, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Tomf688's RfA
Well, it seems I'm now an administrator. I wanted to thank you for your vote of confidence, and, as always, feel free to drop me a line at any time. -- tomf688 {talk} 01:00, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

My RfA
Thank you for your support! If you should ever have any concerns about my actions as an administrator, please be sure to tell me! Kirill Lokshin 13:35, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Dvyost RfA Thanks
Thanks for your support on my RfA! Rest assured that I'll do my best to wield the mop with honor and righteousness. Cheers! --Dave 14:43, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

My RfA
Thanks for your vote in my RfA, Kefalonia, it's much appreciated. Regards, Babajobu 21:45, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

RFA for Johntex
Hello, I want to thank you for your support of my RfA. I'm looking forward to using the new tools in the fight against vandalism. I hope I see you around Wikipedia soon. Best, Johntex\talk 00:25, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks from Pamri
Hi, Thanks a ton for voting at my RFA. I am now a wikipedia administrator. I hope I can keep your trust. Thanks again. --Pamri • Talk • [ Reply] 16:49, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

RfA thanks
Thank-you for expressing your confidence in me at my recent Request for Adminship. The final result was 40/0/0, and my "superpowers" have now been activated. I look forward to helping out with the development of the encyclopedia.

Thanks for supporting my RfA
I know I've been slow in saying this, but thanks for supporting my request for adminship. It was an honor to be both nominated and approved as an admin. If there is ever any adminish (is that a word :-) things you need help with, please let me know. --Alabamaboy 16:35, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Johann Wolfgang's RfA
Thank you for voting on my RfA. I realize that I have not been here long, however other users said I would do just fine as an administrator, so I followed their advice. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ] 17:45, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Muhammad bin Qasim
Muhammad bin Qasim article is whitewashed as well. --Dangerous-Boy 23:51, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for supporting me for adminship. The RfA passed today. I look forward to working with you to make Wikipedia a better place. --Nlu 03:58, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Hi Kefalonia, Thank you very much for your support on my RfA. I was both surprised and delighted about the amount of support votes and all the kind words! If I can ever help with anything or if you have any comments about my actions as an admin, please let me know! Regards, Joann e B 14:00, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

130.76.64.16
This user is messing with pages again and I noticed you were the last admin to warn them. See Special:Contributions/130.76.64.16. --waffle iron 23:53, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Miborovsky's RfA
Hello there ,

Thank you for supporting me on my RfA. It's Thanksgiving Day, too... so once again a big thank you! Have an awesome weekend! (If you celebrate Thanksgiving, that is.) I will do all I can for Wikipedia, to protect it from the alien scum of the universe... I mean, uh, from Willy on Wheels and Wikipedia is Communism!
 * -- Миборовский U 06:58, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

RfA thanks
I'd like to thank you for your support of my RfA. As I wrote, I was looking forward to feedback from the community, and I would like to let you know that you should please feel free to leave any further feedback for me you may have for me in the future at my Talk page. Thanks again. Jkelly 09:03, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Cheers
Another thank you for support on an RfA! Please do keep an eye on me and my logs, especially while I'm learning the ropes with the new buttons. Other than that, I echo all the other thank yous on the page, and also add my appreciation for the kind comment. Steve block talk 10:34, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Please read
BrandonYusufToropov 14:03, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Apologies
I was sleeping when I wrote that. I totally missed the first post in which it was clearly explained that repeated blanking (without discussing) is considered vandalism. Personally, I prefer handwritten warnings, but you don't seem to have done anything wrong. Sorry again! - Mgm|(talk) 11:17, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Map on islamic invasion of south asia
What happened to map on islamic invasion of south asia. It's gone. --Dangerous-Boy 20:55, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The image was deleted because of missing copyrights. --Kefalonia 12:30, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Joe's RfA
Thank you for being the last person to vote in my successful RfA! :-) Should you require a helping hand, you can feel free to call on me at any time. I'll try to be there for you, as I aim to be for all my fellow Wikipedians! -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 04:17, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

malo's RfA
Kefalonia, thanks for your support on my RFA. I was rather suprised at the overwhelming support I received. Thank you for your confidence in me. I hope that I'll live up to your expectations in the future as well. -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 05:42, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Adminship EdwinHJ
In the light of the opposition to Edwin's 3rd attempt, you may wish to review your position.Phase1 22:23, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Mon beau RfA
Sadly, a burglar stole all of my shiny colored boxes and pictures that I use for RfA thanks. Nevertheless... Thanks for supporting my RfA. The final tally was a smashing 22/4/1. Deltabeignet 23:54, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

My RFA
Hey Kefalonia! Thanks for your support on my RfA. The final outcome was an unanimous (45/0/0), so I am now an administrator. If you need help, or have a question, please don't hesitate to let me know! Again, thanks! :D --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  03:38, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for your support of my Rfa, Kefalonia. I am happy to announce that I have successfully been voted an administrator, and wish to say that I will work harder to make Wikipedia a more reliable source of information. I apologize if this seems impersonal but it is past my bedtime. Croat Canuck 06:59, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

W.marsh's RfA
Thank you for your support on my RfA. The final outcome was (30/2/0). I will do my best at the position I now am in. Thanks again! --W.marsh 03:03, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Adminship
Hi, thanks for supporting my request for adminship. If there's ever something I can help you out with please drop me a note. Happy holidays! Jacoplane 16:32, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Howcheng's RfA
Thank you for your support in my recent request for adminship. I was successfully promoted with a final tally of 74/0/0. I will endeavour not to let you down. Thanks again.  howch e  ng   {chat} 07:13, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

RfA thanks from Deathphoenix
Hi Kefalonia,

I just wanted to thank you for supporting me in my RfA. To tell you the truth, I was surprised by all the support I've gotten. I never saw myself as more than an occasional Wiki-hobbyist.

My wife sends her curses, as Wikipedia will likely suck up more of my time. She jokingly (I think) said she was tempted to log on to Wikipedia just to vote Oppose and let everyone know that she didn't want her husband to be an admin.

I'll make sure your trust in me is founded. --Deathphoenix 15:22, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for your support of my RfA, and for your generous comments. I appreciate your confidence. Best wishes for a happy new year, Tom Harrison Talk 13:46, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Francs2000 RfB
Hello Kefalonia, could you please provide a proper explanation under your vote of oppostion against Francs2000's RfB as many are awaiting your answer. — M o e   ε  05:06, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

My Request for Adminship
Hey man, thanks a lot for voting in my RfA, I got it! :) If you need anything, just give me a shout. - FrancisTyers 01:02, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanky thanky to Kefalonia!
Hi Kefalonia, just want to say thanks for your support of my RfA! Now that I'm an admin, if there is anything I can do to help you out, please let me know. Incidentally, since SIIEG is now gone, if now or down the road you have any articles you'd like me to check out or watchlist, along the lines of Muhammad bin-Qasim or Islamic conquest of South Asia, please feel free just to drop a note on my talkpage. I won't be using admin privileges on Islam-related articles, but I'll help out however I can. Thanks again! Babajobu 15:58, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Many thanks for your support on my request for adminiship, I'm sure you'll be glad to know the final result was 92/1/0. I am now an administrator and (as always) if I do anything you have issue with, please talk about it with me. --Alf melmac 10:57, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
 Pgk's RFA

Thanks for your support on my request for adminship.

The final outcome was (80/3/0), so I am now an administrator. I was flattered by the level of support and the comments, so I'm under real pressure not to disappoint, thus if you have any queries, suggestions or problems with any of my actions as an admin then please leave me a note --pgk( talk ) 11:41, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

My RFA - query
You've voted oppose on my RFA - of course you are welcome to. Nonetheless I'll try to persuade you that you're mistaken. You did it with "as per Frank". Since Frank said ''In my observations of, and experiences with, William M. Connolley, he showed himself the exact opposite of what is described in his nomination. I have observed him, and/or interacted with him, in connection with several entries in non-mainstream science - a category of endeavour that he has a strong bias against. He has treated with contempt and extreme rudeness any contributor who did not share his bias.'', and as far as I know I've never encountered you, I'm confused.

If you've checked the aetherometry debate, you'll have found it very polarised: so I hope you haven't taken F's comments as though they were accurate. For the record, I dispute all of them. You'll notice that he provides no diffs in his support: I offer you, , , etc as evidence of insults on FZ's side.

May I ask, what examples of "extreme rudeness" you have encountered from me?

William M. Connolley 15:27, 9 January 2006 (UTC).

Thank you
 Francs2000's Bureaucratship

Thanks for your constructive comments on my request for bureaucratship.

The final outcome was (70/5/0), so I am now a bureaucrat. If you have any queries, suggestions or problems with any of my actions as a bureaucrat then please leave me a note. -- Francs2000 22:15, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Compliments on your contributions
I have searched through many wikipedia edits. From some of your edits, it appears that you are one of the least biased wikipedia users. I thank you for helping out wikipedia. Words are cheap though. I want to reward you, not with money or material things, but with useful knowledge that very few people have. If interested, email me at " inspector (at) fbi.zzn.com ", and identify yourself. I'll give you a unique verification code that you can post here to verify your email address. An Inspector 04:37, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks

I would like to express my thanks to all the good people who spent their valuable time time and effort working on my (failed) RfA voting. Especially for those who actually voted to support me :). Lets move on and make together our Wikipedia an even greater place abakharev 09:22, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

My RfA
Kefalonia, thank you very much for supporting me during my recent RfA campaign! Thanks to you, I am now an admin. Please drop by if you need anything - I'll be glad to help you. Once again, thanks! -- M @  t  hwiz  2020  22:58, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

RfA thanks from rogerd
Hi Kefalonia- Thanks for your support on my RfA. I appreciate the kind words that you used in your comments. If I can be of any service please leave me a message --rogerd 01:34, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
 Thanks  Thanks for your recent support on my RfA. It passed with a final vote of 24/1/2 :-). If you ever need anything, feel free to leave me a message! --Admrboltz (T | C) 04:34, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Belated thanks
I now have a few extra tabs at the top of my Wikipedia pages. Thanks for your support. Banno 07:54, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

My RfA
I don't have a fancy layout like other new admins, but I just want to thank you for your support at my RfA. It passed 47/3/1, so I have officially been promoted. I hope I won't let you down. If I'm not doing something properly, please tell me. Aecis Mr. Mojo risin' 21:29, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

RFA thanks
Thanks for supporting me in my RFA. --TimPope 14:06, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the ArbCom Vote!
I wanted to thank my few "yes voters" in person...well, not in person, but at least contact you directly. Thank you for your vote. It is appreciated. I love you.

Rowlan 16:04, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Aurangzeb article
Check this out on Aurangzeb article. . I've reverted back to the revision on the left shown in the link. Just thought you might be interested in keeping it accurate.--Dangerous-Boy 19:33, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

2006 bin Laden video
I recently started 2006 bin Laden video. Please improve it in any way you see fit. Thanks. KI 23:32, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for voting!
Hello there! I wanted to thank you for taking the time to vote on my arbitration commitee nomination. Although it was not successful, I appreciate the time you spent to read my statement and questions and for then voting, either positively or negativly. Again, thank you!  Páll  (Die pienk olifant) 22:12, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Please vote
Hi. You voted in support of Alex Bakharev his previous RfA, and I just wanted to let you know that there's a second one at Requests for adminship/Alex Bakharev 2. --Khoikhoi 03:10, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Raja Dahir
Maybe your like to take a look at this article. It sort of looks kind of NPOV.--Dangerous-Boy 07:46, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

can you e-mail me ?
Zeq 17:21, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

My RfA
Thank you for your support in my request for adminship. I'm delighted that the RfA succeeded with a final consensus of 52/17/7, and receiving comments including having 'excellent potential to become a great moderator', and I am now an administrator. It did however only just pass, and I shall do my very best to rectify any of my errors, including the general belief that I should do more article work. If you have any concerns, or if you ever feel that I may be able to help you, please feel free to leave a message on my talk page. Again, thank you! Ian13/talk 19:55, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your support of my RfA
Thank you for your support of my successful request for adminship. I am honoured that the nomination was supported unanimously and that the community expressed confidence that I would use the tools wisely. If you have any concerns please let me know on my talk page. Regards A Y  Arktos 02:48, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

RFA Thanks
P.S. If you are interested in The Beatles, User:Lar has asked me to tag on a little note advertising the creation of a new Beatles WikiProject that we are currently setting up. Please sign up and help.

RfA/Christopherlin
Thanks for your vote of support in my recent RfA. It didn't go through this time (22/11/8), but I hope you'll keep me in mind for any future RfA. --Christopherlin 17:02, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Siddiqui RfC
I've filed an RfC against Siddiqui. Please support it by endorsing the RfC at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Siddiqui

अमेय आर्यन DaBroodey 08:29, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, now I feel that I have to retaliate for your graciousness and admit that it took me too long (hopefully your offer didn't expire). I wish the occasion was a little more pleasurable, though. Cheers! ←Humus sapiens ну? 09:09, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Nice
Hello… nice to meet you. There is no life beyond wikipedia. --Bhadani 16:52, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia_talk:Censorship
A revised version of the proposed policy against censorship is now open for voting. Will you kindly review the policy and make your opinions known? Thank you very much.Loom91 09:57, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

My RfA
I noticed you supported my last nomination to become an admin. If you would please review my current nomination I would be very appreciative. Thanks. Nick Catalano contrib talk 15:40, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Muhammad bin Qasim
it's being taken over by apologists again.--Dangerous-Boy 18:59, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg
Hello, Kefalonia. An automated process has found and will an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that is in your userspace. The image (Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg) was found at the following location: User talk:Kefalonia. This image or media will be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. This does not necessarily mean that the image is being deleted, or that the image is being removed from other pages. It is only being removed from the page mentioned above. All mainspace instances of this image will not be affected Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 21:53, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kefalonia


text:
User talk:Emperor Of Dirt

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 15:16, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Emperor Of Dirt


text:
Pretty (Ugly Before)

"Pretty (Ugly Before)" is a song by American singer-songwriter Elliott Smith. It was released as a limited-edition 7" vinyl single in 2003 by record label Suicide Squeeze, Smith's final single released during his lifetime. It was later re-released by Domino in 2004, and appeared on Smith's posthumous final album, From a Basement on the Hill.

The song features (post-bridge) backing vocals from Smith's former Heatmiser bandmate Sam Coomes.

Release
"Pretty (Ugly Before)" was released as a limited-edition 7" vinyl single in 2003 by record label Suicide Squeeze. The single did not chart in the United States. It was re-released in 2004 by record label Domino, reaching number 85 in the UK Singles Chart, and appeared on Smith's posthumous final album, From a Basement on the Hill. An alternate version of the single's B-side, "A Distorted Reality Is Now a Necessity to Be Free", also appears on the album.

Recording
"Pretty (Ugly Before)" was recorded at Fort Apache Studios in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by engineer Matthew Ellard and assisted by Andrew Beckman, while Elliott was on tour with his band. Beckman recalls "Elliott was very shy at first and kept his distance. Once we started talking about gear, he opened up quickly.  He was excited about the Line 6 delay pedal he was using for the backwards delay at the end of the song.  During the first take, I gave him a huge thumbs up and he couldn't help but smile."

The Mellotron-like keyboard part during the intro was created using a Casio SK-1 sampler, which the keyboard player Aaron Embry sang one note into then spread the sample out across the keyboard. Because the SK-1 has no internal storage, he had to do this every time he wanted to use the sound. "I remember scrambling around trying to find a combination of adapters that would allow us to get a mini sized output from the Casio into our Neve 8078 console. Thankfully we got it working, as the sound is haunting and a perfect intro to this amazing tune," remembered Beckman.

Smith recorded his vocals alone in the control room on a Neumann U67 mic while the band and crew enjoyed a dinner in the adjacent kitchen.

title: Pretty (Ugly Before)


text:
File:URDAD ResponsibilityIdentification.jpg

Summary
Fritz Solms www.solms.co.za


text:
Argyrokastro

Argyrokastro (Αργυρόκαστρο Silver Castle) may refer to:

 * Argyrokastro Castle, castle in the region of the Peloponnese, Greece
 * Argyrokastro, the Greek name of Gjirokastër, a city in southern Albania
 * Argyrokastro Castle, or Gjirokastër Castle, a castle in Gjirokastër, southern Albania

title: Argyrokastro


text:
Crime City

Crime City may refer to:

Games

 * Crime City, a game for the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga
 * Crime City, a 1989 arcade video game
 * Crime City, a 1992 video game by Impressions Games
 * Crime Cities, a 2000 video game
 * CSI: Crime City, a 2010 video game
 * Gangstar: Crime City, a 2006 open-world action-adventure video game
 * MicroMacro: Crime City, a board game published in 2020

Film

 * New Crime City, a 1994 film
 * Whispering City, a 1947 Canadian film also known as Crime City
 * Crime City (film series), South Korean crime action film series
 * The Outlaws (2017 film), first film in the series with literal title Crime City
 * The Roundup (2022 film), second film in the series with literal title Crime City 2
 * The Roundup: No Way Out, upcoming third film in the series with literal title Crime City 3

Other

 * Crime City Rollers, a women's flat track roller derby league based in Malmö, Sweden

title: Crime City


text:
User talk:Dreilly

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 15:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Dreilly


text:
Giorgio Lamberti

Giorgio Lamberti (born 28 January 1969) is an Italian former swimmer. In 1991 he became the first swimmer of Italy to win a world title, and gold medal, at a FINA World Aquatics Championships. He formerly held world records in the short course and long course 200 metre freestyle as well as in the short course 400 metre freestyle.

Biography
Lamberti was born in Brescia, Lombardy. At six, he was advised to begin swimming to improve his light physique. At 17, in 1986, he won the first of his six Italian championships. He took part in the following 1986 World Aquatics Championships, where he reached the B final in the 200 freestyle, and took part in the Italian 4x200 freestyle relay.

The following year, now coached by Alberto Castagnetti, he established the new short course record at Bonn in the 200 and 400 m freestyle. However, he did not qualify for the finals in the same races at the 1988 Summer Olympic Games later in the year. At the 1989 European LC Championships, held again in Bonn, winning the gold medal in the 100 and 200 m freestyle; in the latter, with 1'46"69, he set the new world record, which remained unbeaten for 10 years, until Grant Hackett improved it at Brisbane in 1999. Lamberti at Bonn won another gold medal in the 4x200 freestyle.

In the 1991 World Aquatics Championships in Perth, Lamberti won the gold medal in the 200 m freestyle, winning also a medal in the 100 m and 4x200 m races. His gold medal in the 200 metre freestyle at the 1991 World Championships made him the first Italian world champion, gold medalist, at a World Aquatics Championships in swimming. In the European Championships held in the same year at Athens, he won a silver medal in the 200 m, behind Artur Wojdat, and a bronze in the 100 (won by Alexander Popov) and 400 m (won by Yevgeny Sadovyi). Lamberti participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics, obtaining a fifth place in the 4x200 m relay as his best results.

After swimming
He retired from professional swimming in 1993, and, from 2003 to 2008, was a member of the city's council of Brescia, with responsibility of sports and recreation. He later held several positions in the Italian Swimming Federation.

On 3 November 2000, he had a son, Michele Lamberti, who also became a competitive swimmer. His son was birthed by his wife, Tanya Vannini, who was also a competitive swimmer. In addition to Michele, his other children are Noemi and Matteo.

Recognition

 * In 2004 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
 * Italian swim club Team Veneto designed their swim cap and logo to depict Giorgio Lamberti in honour of his accomplishments for Italian swimming on the global level.

title: Giorgio Lamberti


text:
List of funicular railways

This is a list of funicular railways, organised by place within country and continent. The funiculars range from short urban lines to significant multi-section mountain railways.

A funicular railway is distinguished from the similar incline elevator in that it has two vehicles that counterbalance one another rather than independently operated cars.

South Africa

 * Cape of Good Hope, Flying Dutchman Funicular (opened 1996)

Réunion

 * Saint-Benoît, Takamaka funicular (opened 1968) industrial funicular for Takamaka hydroelectric power stations employees

Saint Helena

 * Jamestown, Jacob's Ladder (1829–1871)

Brazil

 * Niterói, Niterói funicular (1906- closed before 1950s)
 * Paranapiacaba, São Paulo Railway (two lines 1867–1982; later rack operated)
 * Rio de Janeiro:
 * Outeiro da Glória funicular (opened 1942; modernized 2003)
 * Paula Mattos funicular (1877-1926)
 * Salvador:
 * Gonçalves funicular (opened 1889)
 * Liberdade-Calçada funicular (opened 1981)
 * Pilar funicular (opened 1915) replacing a rack railway from 1897
 * Santos, Monte Serrat funicular (opened 1927)

Alberta

 * Edmonton:
 * Edmonton Incline Railway (1908–1913)
 * River Valley Funicular, opened 2017 (This is an inclined elevator, not a funicular)

Ontario

 * Hamilton, Hamilton Incline Railway (1900–1936)
 * Niagara Falls:
 * Falls Incline Railway (also known as the Horseshoe Falls Incline) (1966–)
 * Leander Colt Incline (circa 1869–1889)
 * Hornblower Niagara Funicular (1894–1990, 2019–; also known as the Maid of the Mist Incline and the Clifton Incline)
 * Maid of the Mist Incline (1894–1990, reopened 2019)
 * Whirlpool Rapids Incline (circa 1876–1934)

Quebec

 * Montreal, Mount Royal Funicular Railway (1884–1918)
 * Quebec City, Old Quebec Funicular (1879–1907) cable, (1907–1945) electric, rebuilt in 1946, in operation to this day. (This has been modified to operate as a pair of inclined elevators, it is no longer a funicular)

Chile

 * Santiago
 * Cerro San Cristóbal (opened 1925)
 * Cerro Santa Lucía (opened 1902, closed 1910)
 * Cerro 18 (opened 2016)
 * Parque de La Infancia Funicular (opened 2012)
 * Valparaíso (see also: Funicular railways of Valparaíso)
 * Arrayán (opened 1905, closed 1964)
 * Artillería (opened 1893)
 * Barón (opened 1906)
 * Bellavista (opened 1897, closed 1955)
 * Concepción (opened 1883)
 * Cordillera (opened 1887)
 * El Hogar (opened 1912, closed 1955)
 * El Peral (opened 1902)
 * Esmeralda (opened 1905, closed 1962)
 * Espíritu Santo (opened 1911)
 * Florida (opened 1906)
 * Hospital Carlos van Buren (opened 1929)
 * La Cruz (opened 1908, closed 1992)
 * Larrain (opened 1906)
 * Las Monjas (opened 1912)
 * Lecheros (opened 1906)
 * Mariposas (opened 1904)
 * Pantéon (opened 1900, closed 1952)
 * Perdices (opened 1932, closed 1962)
 * Placeres (opened 1913, closed 1971)
 * Ramaditas (opened 1914, closed 1955)
 * Reina Victoria (opened 1902)
 * San Agustin (opened 1913)
 * Sant Domingo (opened 1910, closed 1965)
 * Villaseca (opened 1907)
 * Viña del Mar
 * Villanelo (opened 1983)

Colombia

 * Bogotá, Monserrate (1929)

Guanajuato

 * Guanajuato City, Guanajuato funicular : inaugurated in 2001, it joins the theatre Juarez to the monument El Pipila.

Nuevo León

 * Grutas de García (replaced by an aerial tramway)

Arkansas

 * Marble Falls, Dogpatch USA, Dogpatch Funicular Tram (1971–1993)

California

 * Capitola, Shadowbrook (1958–), single car incline used to access a unique riverfront restaurant that's been in business since 1947.
 * Fairfax (1913–1929)
 * Feather River Canyon, Bucks Creek Powerhouse, single car incline used for inspection of water system, later abandoned. Rails still visible on canyon walls.
 * Industry, Pacific Palms Resort, Industry Hills Golf Club funicular (opened 1979; later closed for maintenance)
 * Los Angeles
 * Angels Flight (opened 1901, closed 1969, moved and re-opened 1996, closed 2001, re-opened 2010, closed 2013, re-opened in 2017)
 * Court Flight (closed), (operated from 1904 to 1943 damaged by fire; razed 1944), site of Court of Flags.
 * Mt. Washington Railway (1909–1919), Operated in the Highland Park/Mt. Washington neighborhood of L.A., ticket office and powerhouse still exist.
 * Playa del Rey (1901–1909) Two cars ran in a counterbalance configuration from a Los Angeles Pacific Railway stop at the base of the Westchester cliffs to a hotel at the top of the bluff. Legend has it that the two cars were named 'Alphonse' and 'Gaston'.
 * San Francisco
 * Fillmore Counterbalance
 * Telegraph Hill, funicular to the observatory at the summit operated on Greenwich Street between 1884 and 1886.
 * Las Casitas Tram, San Francisco, funicular serving a private home on Bay Street
 * Santa Catalina Island, Island Mountain Railway (1904–1918; 1921–1923)
 * Valencia, Six Flags Magic Mountain Honda Express, (original name: Funicular)

Colorado

 * Cañon City, Royal Gorge, Royal Gorge Incline (1931–2013)
 * Golden, Lookout Mountain (1912–1920)
 * Golden, South Table Mountain (1912–1920)
 * Manitou Springs, Manitou Incline (1907–1990)
 * Morrison, Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Mount Morrison Cable Incline (1909–1914)

Iowa

 * Dubuque
 * Fourth Street Elevator (opened 1882; still operational)
 * Eleventh Street Elevator (closed)

Massachusetts

 * Hadley, Mount Holyoke Railroad (1854–1938)
 * Holyoke, Mount Tom Railroad (1897–1938)

Michigan

 * Kalamazoo, Western State Normal Railroad (1908–1949)

Minnesota

 * Duluth
 * 7th Avenue West Incline Railway (1891–1939)
 * Duluth Belt Line Railway (in West Duluth) (1889–1916)

Missouri

 * Branson, Marvel Cave, Silver Dollar City, 218 ft long, 500 ft rise, Curved. (opened 1957, still operational)

New Jersey

 * Hoboken, Hoboken Elevated Wagon Lift (1873–1949)
 * Orange Orange Mountain Cable Railway (1893–1902)
 * Weehawken
 * Eldorado Elevator
 * Weehawken Elevated Wagon Lift (opened 1873–closed)

New York

 * Beacon, Mount Beacon Incline Railway (1902–1972; 1975–1978)
 * Lake George, Prospect Mountain Cable Incline Railway (1895–1903)
 * Niagara Falls, Prospect Park Incline Railway (1847–1907)
 * Palenville, Otis Elevating Railway (1892–1918)
 * Sea Cliff, Sea Cliff Incline (1886–after 1907)
 * Yonkers
 * Park Hill Incline (1894–1937)
 * Ridge Hill Incline, Yonkers other funicular to the Sprain Ridge Hospital Campus.

North Carolina

 * Fontana Dam turbine hall access on the east side of the Little Tennessee River (technically not a funicular, but an inclined railway a single car with a balance sled which rolls on tracks underneath the cab). No longer operational.
 * Maggie Valley, Ghost Town in the Sky (opened 1961, closed 2002, park reopened 2007, then closed again, incline still not operational)

Ohio

 * Cincinnati
 * Bellevue Incline (1876–1926)
 * Fairview Incline (1892–1923)
 * Mount Adams Incline (1874–1948)
 * Mount Auburn Incline (1872–1898)
 * Price Hill Incline (1874–1943)

Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
 * Altoona, Horseshoe Curve funicular (still operational)
 * Ashley, Ashley Planes (1837–1948)
 * Beaver Falls, Patterson Heights Incline (1895–1927)
 * Johnstown, Johnstown Inclined Plane (opened 1891; still operational)
 * Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway (1847–1938)
 * Mount Jefferson Plane, Summit Hill
 * Mount Pisgah Plane, Jim Thorpe
 * Pittsburgh
 * Bellevue Incline (1887–1892)
 * Castle Shannon Incline (1890–1964)
 * Castle Shannon South Incline (1892–c. 1914)
 * Clifton Incline (1889–1905)
 * Duquesne Incline (opened 1877; still operational)
 * Fort Pitt Incline (1882–1900)
 * H.B. Hays and Brothers Coal Railroad, inclines on Becks Run and Streets Run, operational in 1877
 * Knoxville Incline (1890–1960)
 * Monongahela Incline (opened 1870; still operational)
 * Monongahela Freight Incline (1884–1935)
 * Mount Oliver Incline (1872–1951)
 * Norwood Incline (1901–1923)
 * Nunnery Hill Incline (1888–1895)
 * Penn Incline (1884–1953)
 * Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Plane (bef. 1871–c. 1912)
 * St. Clair Incline (1888–c. 1932)
 * Troy Hill Incline (1888–1898)
 * West Elizabeth
 * Walton's coal incline
 * O'Neil and Company Incline

 * Fajardo, El Conquistador Resort

Tennessee

 * Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain Incline Railway (opened 1895; still operational)

Utah

 * Park City, The St. Regis Funicular (opened 2009; still operational, this is a pair of inclined lifts, not a funicular).

Virginia

 * Roanoke, Mill Mountain Incline (1910–1929)

Washington

 * Seattle, Queen Anne Counterbalance (1901-1940)

Wisconsin

 * Milwaukee, Villa Terrace Decorative Arts Museum (This is an inclined lift, not a funicular)

China

 * Anhui
 * Huangshan funicular

 * Chongqing
 * Yuzhong, Wanglongmen funicular (1945–1993)
 * Yuzhong, Caiyuanba funicular (1953–1996)
 * Yuzhong, Chaotianmen funicular (1983–2007) (2019 Planned reopening)

 * Jiangxi
 * Jiujiang, Lushan – Sandiequan funicular

 * Shanxi
 * Taiyuan, Ximingkuang Cable Car (西铭矿缆车)

Hong Kong

 * Peak Tram
 * Ocean Park, Ocean Express
 * Po Fook Hill Elevator
 * Discovery Bay Elevator

Japan

 *  Aomori Prefecture
 * Sotogahama, Seikan Tunnel Museum, Seikan Tunnel Tappi Shako Line
 *  Fukuoka Prefecture
 * Kitakyushu, Hobashira Cable
 *  Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Kawanishi, Nose Railway, Myoken Cable
 * Kobe:
 * Kobe City Urban Development, Maya Cablecar
 * Rokko Maya Railway, Rokko Cable Line
 * Skylator (Legally an elevator, not a funicular.)
 *  Ibaraki Prefecture
 * Tsukuba, Tsukuba Kanko Railway, Mt. Tsukuba Cable Car
 *  Kagawa Prefecture
 * Takamatsu, Shikoku Cable, Yakuri Cable
 *  Kanagawa Prefecture
 * Hakone, Hakone Tozan Railway, Hakone Tozan Cable Car
 * Isehara, Oyama Kanko Dentetsu, Oyama Cable Car
 *  Kyoto Prefecture
 * Kyoto, Kyoto:
 * Keifuku Electric Railroad, Eizan Cable
 * Kurama-dera, Kurama-dera Cable
 * Miyazu, Tango Kairiku Kotsu, Amanohashidate Cable Car
 * Yawata, Keihan Electric Railway, Otokoyama Cable
 *  Nara Prefecture
 * Ikoma, Kinki Nippon Railway, Ikoma Cable
 *  Oita Prefecture
 * Beppu, Okamoto MFG, Beppu Rakutenchi Cable
 *  Osaka Prefecture
 * Yao, Kinki Nippon Railway, Nishi Shigi Cable
 *  Tokyo Metropolitan Prefecture
 * Hachioji, Takao Tozan Electric Railway, Takao Tozan Cable
 * Ome, Mitake Tozan Railway, Mitake Tozan Cable
 *  Toyama Prefecture
 * Tateyama:
 * Tateyama Kurobe Kanko, Kurobe Cable Car
 * Tateyama Kurobe Kanko, Tateyama Cable Car
 *  Shiga Prefecture
 * Otsu, Hieizan Railway, Sakamoto Cable
 *  Shizuoka Prefecture
 * Kannami, Izuhakone Railway, Jukkokutoge Cable Car
 *  Wakayama Prefecture
 * Koya, Nankai Electric Railway, Koyasan Cable

North Korea

 * Paektu Mountain Funicular, Paektu Mountain

South Korea

 * Samcheok, ChooChooPark Incline Train

Russia
(Russia is a transcontinental country spanning Europe and Asia. All the funicular railways below are on the East Asian side so are listed here.)

 * Vladivostok, Vladivostok Funicular (opened 1934)

India

 * Joginder Nagar, Himachal Pradesh is India's highest funicular at 2530 metres (8300 feet) elevation above sea level. It was built in 1930s to carry heavy machinery of Shanan Power House to Barot. It is on one meter gauge. It is a 4-stage network of funicular and horizontal track and has six haulage car stations. The loading capacity of haulage way cars are 15, 10, 5 tons. Higher the capacity, lower the speed. Haulage Way Car or Trolley at Jogindernagar is one of a few funicular railways all over the globe and is considered as an engineering marvel of the 20th century.
 * Bhira and Bhivpuri Road in the state of Maharashtra, the Tata Group operates funicular railways.
 * Tamil Nadu, Palani Murugan temple, Palani Temple Funicular
 * Saptashrungi, Maharashtra, inaugurated in 2018.
 * Virar, Maharashtra, Jeevdani Temple.

Malaysia

 * Penang, Penang Hill, Penang Hill Railway (1923-2010 with 2 independent sections; re-opened in 2011 as a one-section funicular)

Philippines

 * Tagaytay Highlands Funicular, Tagaytay, Cavite

Thailand

 * Chiang Mai, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep
 * Phetchaburi, Khao Wang
 * Songkhla, Khao Tang Kuan

Vietnam

 * Danang, Ba Na Hill

Azerbaijan

 * Baku, Baku Funicular (1960–late 1980s; re-opened 2001)

Georgia

 * Tbilisi, funicular to Mtatsminda Pantheon (1905-2000; re-opened 2013)

Israel

 * Haifa, Carmelit (1959-1986; re-opened 1992)

Lebanon

 * Harissa, Funiculaire de Harissa (opened 1965)

Turkey
Turkey is in both Europe and Asia. The border between the two continents is the Bosphorus Strait. All the funicular railways in Turkey are on the European side of the Bosphorus Strait so they are listed under Europe.

Austria

 * Axams Olympiabahn (opened 1975)
 * Bad Hofgastein, Schlossalmbahn (opened 1964, replaced by monocable gondola 2018)
 * Ellmau, Hartkaiserbahn (opened 1972, replaced by monocable gondola in 2015)
 * Graz, Schlossbergbahn (opened 1894)
 * Großglockner, Großglockner-Gletscherbahn
 * Hallstatt, Salzbergbahn
 * Innerfragant, Mölltaler Gletscherbahn
 * Innsbruck
 * Hungerburgbahn (opened 1907, replaced 2005)
 * Bergisel Skisprung-Stadion (opened 2002)
 * Kaprun:
 * Gletscherbahn Kaprun 2 (1974–2000; site of the Kaprun disaster)
 * Lärchwandschrägaufzug (opened 1952)
 * Gletschershuttle (opened 1990)
 * Kolbnitz, Reißeck:
 * Kreuzeckbahn (opened 1974)
 * Reißeckbahn closed for public transport
 * Kufstein, Festungsbahn
 * Reutte, Ehrenberg Liner (opened 2019)
 * Sankt Leonhard im Pitztal, Pitzexpress (opened 1983)
 * Salzburg:
 * Reisszug (opened c. 1500)
 * Festungsbahn (opened 1892)
 * Seefeld in Tirol, Rosshütte (opened 1969)
 * Serfaus, U-Bahn Serfaus (opened 1985)
 * Spital am Pyhrn, Wurzeralmbahn
 * St. Anton am Arlberg, Kandaharbahn (opened 1972, replaced by monocable gondola Nassereinbahn in 2000)
 * St. Johann in Tirol, Harschbichlbahn I & II (replaced in 1987)
 * Zauchensee, Weltcupexpress (opened 2000)

Belgium

 * Spa, Funiculaire de Spa

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Ciglane, Sarajevo, Kosi lift

Bulgaria

 * Veliko Tarnovo, Trapezitsa fortress (opened 2014)
 * Belchin, Tsari Mali Grad fortress (opened 2013)

Croatia

 * Zagreb, Zagreb Funicular

Czech Republic

 * Prague:
 * Petřín funicular (since 1891)
 * Letná funicular (1891–1916, officially abolished in 1922, in 1926–1935 served as the first Prague escalator)
 * NH Hotel Prague funicular (since 1996)
 * Karlovy Vary:
 * Karlovy Vary Diana Funicular (opened 1912)
 * Karlovy Vary Imperial Funicular (subway; opened 1907)
 * Karlovy Vary Slovenská-Imperial Funicular (1912–1959)
 * Karlovy Vary Tři kříže Funicular (Dreikreuzberg, unfinished, the construction process began 1913 and was interrupted 1914 with World War I)

Finland

 * Turku, Kakola Funicular (2019)

France

 * Arcachon, Arcachon Funicular (1913-1948) replaced in 1949 by a vertical elevator
 * Les Arcs, Funiculaire Arc-en-ciel (opened 1989)
 * Aven Armand, Aven Arman Funicular (opened 1963) tunnel funicular to provide access to the limestone cave
 * Bagnères-de-Luchon, La Chaumière Funicular (1894-1970)
 * Barèges, Funiculaire du pic de l'Ayré (1937–2000)
 * Besançon, Funiculaire de Beauregard-Bregille (1912-1987)
 * La Bourboule, La Bourboule Funicular (1902-1958)
 * Cannes, Super-Cannes Funicular (1928-1965)
 * Les Deux Alpes, Funiculaire Dôme Express (opened 1989)
 * Évian-les-Bains, Évian-les-Bains Funicular (1913-1969; re-opened 2002)
 * Grasse, Grasse Funicular (1909-1938)
 * Grottes des Demoiselles, Grottes des Demoiselles Funicular (opened 1931) tunnel funicular to provide access to the limestone cave
 * Le Havre, Funiculaire du Havre (1890-1944; reopened 1950)
 * Langres, Funiculaire Panoramique Sous-Bie
 * Laon, Poma 2000 (1989-2016) rubber tyres automated guideway transit cable-driven people mover funicular
 * Lourdes, Funiculaire du Pic du Jer (opened 1900)
 * Lyon:
 * Croix-Paquet Funicular (1891-1972) converted into Lyon Metro Line C from 1974
 * Rue Terme Funicular (1862-1967) mainly in tunnel, converted into a road tunnel from 1968
 * Saint Jean – Saint Just (opened 1878) from 1901 until 1958 converted into a rack railway, converted back to a funicular in 1958
 * Saint Jean – Fourvière Funicular (opened 1900)
 * Saint Paul – Fourvière Funicular (1900-1937)
 * Marseille, Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde Funicular (1892-1967)
 * Menton, l'Annonciade Funicular (1914-closed c.1939)
 * Meudon, Bellevue funicular (1893-1917, re-opened 1922, closed 1934)
 * Mont-Dore, Funiculaire du Capucin (opened 1898)
 * Nancy, Cure d'Air Funicular (1905-1914)
 * Nice:
 * Cimiez Funicular (1906-closed c.1955)
 * Expo Internationale 1884 Funicular (1883-1884) 1884 Nice world's fair funicular
 * Zygofolis Funicular (1987-1991) amusement park funicular
 * Paris, Montmartre Funicular (1900-1931; 1935–1990) converted into an inclined elevator from 1991
 * Pau, Funiculaire de Pau (1908-1970; re-opened 1978)
 * Penly Nuclear Power Plant, Penly Funicular (opened 1991) private funicular to transport workers and professional visitors from car parc to power plant
 * Rouen, Bonsecour Funicular (1892-1915)
 * Saint-Hilaire du Touvet, Funiculaire de Saint-Hilaire du Touvet (opened 1924)
 * Thonon-les-Bains, Funiculaire de Thonon-les-Bains (opened 1888)
 * Tignes, Funiculaire du Perce-Neige (opened 1993)
 * Le Tréport, Le Tréport Funicular (1908-1941) replaced by a gondola lift from 1958 until 1982 and by an inclided elevator from 2006
 * Val-d'Isère, Funival (opened 1988)

Germany

 * Andernach, Krahnenbergbahn (1895–1941)
 * Augustusburg, Augustusburg Cable Railway
 * Bad Ems:
 * Kurwaldbahn
 * Malbergbahn (1887–1979)
 * Bad Pyrmont, Bombergbahn (1895–1923)
 * Bad Wildbad, Sommerbergbahn
 * Baden-Baden, Merkurbergbahn
 * Dresden:
 * Schwebebahn Dresden
 * Standseilbahn Dresden
 * Freiburg im Breisgau, Schlossbergbahn
 * Heidelberg, Heidelberger Bergbahn
 * Hirschau, Monte Kaolino
 * Hohenwarte, Standseilbahn Hohenwarte
 * Karlsruhe, Turmbergbahn
 * Koblenz, Rittersturzbahn (1928–1959)
 * Künzelsau, Künzelsauer Bergbahn
 * Oberstdorf, Schattbergsprungstadion
 * Oberweißbach, Oberweißbacher Bergbahn

 * Peterskopf, Peterskopfbahn
 * Saarbrücken, Standseilbahn Eschberg (c. 1870–1926)
 * Sellin, Sellin Pier Lift
 * Straßberg, Standseilbahn Kaiseringen (1912–1921; military funicular)
 * Stuttgart, Standseilbahn Stuttgart
 * Bad Herrenalb, Falkenburgbahn
 * Wiesbaden, Nerobergbahn
 * Willingen, Mühlenkopfschanze Funicular

Greece

 * Athens, Lycabettus, Lycabettus Funicular
 * Ermones, Corfu, Grand Mediterraneo Beach Resort Funicular
 * Attika, Mt Parnes, Mt Parnes Funicular

Hungary

 * Budapest, Castle Hill Funicular (1870, in 1944 destroyed, 1986 rebuilt)

Italy

 * Arenzano, Arenzano Funicular
 * Bergamo:
 * Bergamo Upper City funicular
 * Bergamo – San Vigilio funicular
 * Biella, Biella funicular
 * Como, Como–Brunate funicular
 * Campodolcino, Campodolcino funicular
 * Capri, Capri funicular
 * Catanzaro, Catanzaro funicular
 * Certaldo, Certaldo funicular
 * Genoa:
 * Quezzi funicular
 * Sant'Anna funicular
 * Zecca–Righi funicular
 * Kaltern/Caldaro, Mendel funicular
 * Livorno, Montenero funicular
 * Mondovì, Mondovì funicular
 * Montecatini Terme, Montecatini Terme funicular
 * Mercogliano, Montevergine funicular
 * Naples:
 * Central funicular
 * Chiaia funicular
 * Mergellina funicular
 * Montesanto funicular
 * Orvieto, Stazione FS–Piazza Cahen funicular
 * San Pellegrino Terme, San Pellegrino funicular (1909–1988)
 * Santa Cristina Gherdëina, Gardena Ronda Express
 * Sorrento funicular (1893–1898)
 * Trieste, Trieste–Opicina tramway
 * Urtijëi, Resciesa funicular (opened 2010)
 * Varese:
 * Kursaal funicular (1911–1944)
 * Vellone–Campo dei Fiori funicular
 * Vellone–Sacro Monte funicular
 * Verona, Verona funicular

Lithuania

 * Kaunas:
 * Žaliakalnis Funicular Railway (built in 1931)
 * Aleksotas Funicular Railway (officially opened on 6 December 1935)
 * Vilnius, Gediminas Hill Funicular Railway (opened in 2003)

Luxembourg

 * Luxembourg City, Pfaffenthal-Kirchberg funicular

Malta

 * St. Julian's, Hotel Valentina Funicular

Norway

 * Bergen, Fløibanen
 * Rjukan, Gaustatoppen
 * Tyssedal, Mågelibanen

Poland

 * Krynica, Góra Parkowa funicular (opened 1937)
 * Zakopane, Gubałówka Hill funicular (opened 1938)
 * Międzybrodzie Żywieckie, Góra Żar funicular (opened 2003)
 * Gdynia, Kamienna Góra funicular (opened 2015)

Portugal

 * Braga, Bom Jesus Funicular (Elevador do Bom Jesus do Monte),
 * Lisbon:
 * Bica Funicular (Elevador/Ascensor da Bica),
 * Glória Funicular (Elevador/Ascensor da Glória)
 * Lavra Funicular (Elevador/Ascensor do Lavra)
 * Porto, Guindais Funicular (Ascensor dos Guindais,)
 * Nazaré, Nazaré Funicular (Ascensor da Nazaré)
 * Viana do Castelo, Elevador de Santa Luzia (Elevador de Santa Luzia)
 * Viseu, Funicular de Viseu (Funicular de Viseu)

Russia
(Russia is a transcontinental country spanning Europe and Asia. All the funicular railways below are on the European side so are listed here.)

 * Nizhny Novgorod
 * Kremlin funicular (1896-1926; to be totally rebuilt and re-opened in 2023)
 * Pokhvalinsky funicular (1896-1927)
 * Sochi
 * Ordzhonikidze Sanatorium funicular (private) (1952-2010)
 * "Sochinsky" Central Military Sanatorium funicular (private) (1934-2002; re-opened 2015)
 * Svetlogorsk, Svetlogorsk Funicular (1908-closed 1960s) replaced by a cable car from 1983

Slovakia

 * Starý Smokovec, Starý Smokovec–Hrebienok funicular

Slovenia

 * Ljubljana, Ljubljana Castle funicular (This is an inclined elevators, not a funicular)

Spain

 * Asturias:
 * Bulnes funicular
 * Barcelona:
 * Montjuïc funicular
 * Tibidabo funicular
 * Vallvidrera funicular
 * Bilbao:
 * Artxanda funicular
 * Larreineta funicular
 * Catalonia Gelida, Gelida funicular
 * Madrid San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Valle de los Caídos funicular
 * CataloniaMontserrat:
 * Sant Joan funicular
 * Santa Cova funicular
 * San Sebastián, Igueldo funicular
 * Santander, Río de la Pila funicular

Sweden

 * Stockholm, Skansens Bergbana
 * Åre, Jämtland County, Åre Bergbana
 * Skärholmen, Skärholmens bergbana
 * Nacka Strand, Nacka Strand bergbana
 * Liljeholmen, Nybohovshissen
 * Falun, Lugnets bergbana

Switzerland
(See also article List of funiculars in Switzerland, which tabulates Swiss funiculars in a sortable form.)

Aargau

 * Wettingen: Schräglift Webermühle

Bern

 * Bern:
 * Marzilibahn
 * Bärenbähnli
 * Beatenberg, Thunersee–Beatenberg Funicular
 * Biel/Bienne:
 * Biel/Bienne–Leubringen/Evilard funicular
 * Biel/Bienne–Magglingen/Macolin funicular
 * Brienz, Giessbachbahn
 * Handegg, Gelmerbahn
 * Innertkirchen:
 * Chapfbahn (Üssri Urweid – Chapf)
 * Interlaken:
 * Harderbahn
 * Heimwehfluhbahn
 * Kandersteg: Nordic Arena lift
 * Lauterbrunnen
 * Tunnel lift of Trümmelbach Falls
 * Seilbahn Lauterbrunnen–Grütschalp (1891–2006; later a aerial cable car)
 * Ligerz, Vinifuni Ligerz–Prêles
 * Mürren, Allmendhubelbahn
 * Meiringen, Reichenbachfall-Bahn
 * Reichenbach, Niesenbahn
 * Ringgenberg, Schräglift Ringgenberg
 * St-Imier, Funiculaire Saint-Imier – Mont-Soleil
 * Wabern bei Bern, Gurtenbahn

Fribourg

 * Fribourg, Funiculaire Neuveville – Saint-Pierre à Fribourg
 * Moléson, Funiculaire Moléson-sur-Gruyères – Plan-Francey

Geneva

 * Funiculaire du Salève (1892–1937; not a funicular and in France: see Chemin de fer du Salève)

Glarus

 * Linthal
 * Braunwaldbahn
 * Standseilbahn Linth-Limmern

Graubünden

 * Arosa: Tschuggen Express
 * Davos:
 * Parsennbahn
 * Schatzalp-Bahn
 * Flims, Caumasee-Lift
 * Poschiavo, Cavaglia–Palü funicular
 * Samedan, Muottas-Muragl-Bahn
 * Sedrun: Standseilbahn Mira–Las Rueras (1997–ca. 2014)
 * St. Moritz, Standseilbahn St. Moritz–Corviglia (2 sections)

Lucerne

 * Kriens, Sonnenbergbahn
 * Luzern:
 * Gütschlift (Drahtseilbahn Gütsch)
 * Standseilbahn Hotel Montana
 * Dietschibergbahn (1912–1978)
 * Bürgenstock, Bürgenstock-Bahn

Neuchâtel

 * Neuchâtel:
 * Fun'ambule (Gare–Université)
 * Funiculaire Ecluse–Plan
 * Funiculaire de Chaumont (La Coudre–Chaumont)
 * Funiculaire Suchard in Serrières (1892–1954)

Nidwalden

 * Stans, Stanserhorn-Bahn (3 sections in 1897, 2 converted to an aerial cableway in 1973)
 * Stansstad, Fürigenbahn

Obwalden

 * Engelberg
 * Gerschnialpbahn
 * Drahtseilbahn Engelberg–Hotel Terrasse (1905–2008)

Schwyz

 * Schwyz:
 * Stoosbahn (opened 2017)
 * Drahtseilbahn Schwyz–Stoos (1933–2017)

St. Gallen

 * Bergbahn Rheineck–Walzenhausen (1896–1958; later a rack railway)
 * Bad Ragaz, Wartensteinbahn (1891–1964)
 * St. Gallen, Mühleggbahn
 * Unterwasser, Iltiosbahn

Ticino

 * Locarno, Locarno–Madonna del Sasso funicular
 * Lugano:
 * Lugano Città–Stazione funicular
 * Monte Brè funicular
 * Monte San Salvatore funicular
 * Lugano degli Angioli funicular (1913–1986)
 * Piotta, Ritom funicular

Uri

 * Amsteg
 * Standseilbahn Amsteg–Arniberg
 * Standseilbahn Amsteg–Bristen
 * Treib, Treib–Seelisberg–Bahn

Valais

 * Bettmeralp: Schräglift Alpmatten (Mieschgihalta)
 * Le Châtelard
 * Funiculaire du Châtelard (funiculaire de Barberine)
 * Mini-Funiculaire d'Emosson
 * Nendaz, Funiculaire Ecluses-Tracouet (Mer de Glace)
 * Saas-Fee, Metro Alpin Felskinn–Mittelallalin (highest in the world)
 * St-Luc, Funiculaire St-Luc – Tignousa
 * Sierre, Funiculaire Sierre–Montana–Crans (Sierre – Montana-Vermala)
 * Zermatt
 * Standseilbahn Zermatt–Sunnegga
 * Leisee Shuttle

Vaud

 * Cossonay, Funiculaire de Cossonay (Cossonay-Gare – Cossonay-Ville)
 * Les Avants, Les Avants–Sonloup funicular
 * Lausanne:
 * Chemin de fer Lausanne–Ouchy (1877–1958; later a rack railway and a rubber tyred metro)
 * Funiculaire Lausanne Flon–Gare (1879–1959; later a rack railway)
 * Funiculaire Lausanne-Signal (1899–1948)
 * Montreux:
 * Territet–Glion funicular
 * Funiculaire Territet–Mont Fleuri (1910–1992)
 * Vevey, Vevey–Chardonne–Mont Pèlerin funicular

Zug

 * Schönegg, Zugerbergbahn

Zürich

 * Kloten Zurich Airport:
 * Skymetro
 * Parkbahn (Standseilbahn The Circle-Butzenbüel)
 * Zürich:
 * Polybahn (Zürichbergbahn)
 * Seilbahn Rigiblick (Seilbahn Rigiviertel)
 * Dolderbahn (1895–1971; later a rack railway)

Turkey
(Turkey straddles the border between Europe and Asia, which passes along the Bosphorus Strait. All the funicular railways below are on the European side of the Bosphorus Strait so are listed here.)

 * Istanbul, Tünel
 * Istanbul, Kabataş-Taksim Funicular
 * Istanbul, Vadistanbul–Seyrantepe Funicular
 * Istanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi/Hisarüstü–Aşiyan Funicular

Ukraine

 * Kyiv, Kyiv Funicular
 * Odesa, Odesa Funicular

England

 * Bournemouth:
 * East Cliff Lift (1908–2016)
 * Fisherman's Walk Cliff Lift (opened 1935)
 * Westcliff Lift (opened 1908)
 * Bridgnorth, Cliff Railway (opened 1892)
 * Brighton, Devil's Dyke, Devil's Dyke Steep Grade Railway (1897–1909)
 * Bristol, Clifton Rocks Railway (1893–1934) – all in tunnel
 * Broadstairs, Broadstairs Cliff Railway (1901–1991) – inclined elevator, all in tunnel
 * Folkestone, Leas Lift (1885–2017; second pair 1890–1966) – water balanced
 * Hastings:
 * East Hill Lift (opened 1903)
 * West Hill Lift (opened 1891)
 * Lizard, The Lizard Lifeboat Station (RNLI)
 * Lynton and Lynmouth, Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway (opened 1890) – water balanced
 * London, London Millennium Funicular (2003-2021) – inclined elevator
 * Manchester, URBIS Museum
 * Margate, Margate Cliff Railway (Cliftonville Lido) (1913–1970s) – inclined elevator, parallel to cliff
 * Padstow, Padstow Cliff Railway (RNLI)
 * St Michael's Mount, St. Michael's Mount Tramway (private underground goods funicular)
 * Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Saltburn Cliff Tramway (opened 1884) – water balanced
 * Scarborough (See also article Scarborough funiculars):
 * Central Tramway Company, Scarborough (opened 1881)
 * North Cliff Lift (1930–1996)
 * Queens Parade Cliff Lift (1878–1887)
 * St Nicholas Cliff Lift (1929–2006)
 * Spa Cliff Lift (opened 1873)
 * Sennen Cove (private funicular)
 * Shipley, Shipley Glen Cable Tramway
 * Southend-on-Sea, Cliff Lift (opened 1912) – inclined elevator
 * Torquay, Babbacombe Cliff Railway (opened 1926)
 * Wakefield, National Coal Mining Museum
 * Windsor, Legoland, Legoland Hill Train (formerly Windsor Safari Park Funicular)
 * York, National Railway Museum, Museum Inclinator (removed 2013)

Scotland

 * Aviemore, Cairngorm Mountain Railway (2001–2018, 2023–)

Wales

 * Aberporth, Clausen Rolling Platform
 * Aberystwyth, Cliff Railway / Rheilffordd y Graig (opened 1896)
 * Blaenau Ffestiniog, Llechwedd Slate Caverns
 * Ebbw Vale
 * Ebbw Vale Garden Festival Funicular (1992–1992)
 * Ebbw Vale Cableway (opened 2015, 75 foot rise)
 * Llandudno, Great Orme Tramway / Tramffordd y Gogarth (opened 1902)
 * Machynlleth, Centre for Alternative Technology, CAT Funicular – water balanced
 * Swansea, Constitution Hill Incline Tramway (1898–1902)

Isle of Man

 * Douglas:
 * Douglas Head Incline Railway (1900–1954)
 * First Falcon Cliff Lift (1887–1896)
 * Laxey, Laxey Browside Tramway (1890–1906 or 1914)
 * Port Soderick, Port Soderick Beach Funicular (1897–1939)

Australia

 * Katoomba, Katoomba Scenic Railway

New Zealand

 * Wellington, Wellington Cable Car
 * Broken River Ski Area, Craigieburn Valley

title: List of funicular railways


text:
User talk:Mfgolfer

Hello, mfgolfer is a legend of whitchurch golf club folk lore. He plays to an exceptionally high standard and although no one has ever seen him not practising it is rumoured tha he sleeps...

title: User talk:Mfgolfer


text:
Talk:Pinball Illusions

Untitled
the PC version added a fourth

Four? My version only has three (Law And Order, Babewatch and Extreme Sports). Kinitawowi 15:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess there are more than one PC version. I personally only played the Amiga/AGA version, tho. Rvalles 00:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinball Illusions


text:
Manchester Blitz

The Manchester Blitz (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. It was one of three major raids on Manchester, an important inland port and industrial city; Trafford Park in neighbouring Stretford was a major centre of war production.

Raids on Manchester
Air raids began in August 1940, and in September 1940 the Palace Theatre on Oxford Street was hit. The heaviest raids occurred on the nights of 22/23 and 23/24 December 1940, killing an estimated 684 people and injuring more than 2,000. Manchester Cathedral, the Royal Exchange, the Free Trade Hall and the Manchester Assize Courts were among the large buildings damaged. On the night of 22/23 December, 272 tons of high explosives were dropped, and another 195 tons the following night. Almost 2,000 incendiaries were also dropped on the city over the two nights. The aircraft spread fanwise over the city and adopted the by then familiar tactic of dropping flares followed by incendiaries and high explosives with later waves targeting the fires caused by the earlier attacks. There were other less intensive bombing raids across Britain and two German aircraft were reported to have been lost over the British Isles on 24 December; one crashed in the sea near Blackpool and the other, loaded with incendiaries and flares, crashed in flames near Sussex with no survivors.

Salford and Stretford
Neighbouring Salford, Stretford and other districts were also badly damaged by the bombing. It is estimated that more than 215 people were killed and 910 injured in Salford, and more than 8,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. Seventy-three were killed in Stretford, and many more were injured.

In June 1941, German bombs damaged the original Salford Royal Hospital on Chapel Street at the junction with Adelphi Street, killing 14 nurses.

Further raids
On 11 March 1941, Old Trafford football stadium, the home of Manchester United F.C., was hit by a bomb aimed at the industrial complex of Trafford Park, wrecking the pitch and demolishing the stands. The stadium was rebuilt after the war and reopened in 1949, until which time United played at Manchester City's Maine Road stadium.

In June 1941, German bombs damaged the police headquarters. Manchester continued to be bombed by the Luftwaffe throughout the war, and became the target of airborne V-1 flying bombs. On Christmas Eve 1944, Heinkel He 111 bombers flying over the Yorkshire coast launched 45 flying bombs at Manchester. No V-1s landed in Manchester itself, but 27 people in neighbouring Oldham were killed by a stray bomb. Another 17 people were killed elsewhere and 109 wounded overall. RAF De Havilland Mosquitos shot down one German bomber over the North Sea and severely damaged another, causing it to crash land in Germany.

title: Manchester Blitz