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The Kids Are Alright (song)

"The Kids Are Alright" is a song written by Pete Townshend and recorded by the English rock band the Who. It appears as the seventh track on their debut album My Generation (1965).

Background
"The Kids Are Alright" was not released as a single until more than six months after it first appeared on the LP, first in the United States, and in the United Kingdom the following month. While not a huge hit at the time (reaching number 41 in the UK and number 85 in the US), the song, along with the album "My Generation", became anthems for the band and the Mod subculture of England in the 1960s. It later became the name of the documentary for the band in 1979. The song was edited for release in the U.S. and this version has become much more common than the original full-length U.K. version. The edit of the song features a substantially shortened instrumental break. A promotional film for the song was shot in Hyde Park in July or August 1966. In addition to appearing on My Generation, the beginning of the song can be heard on Quadrophenia, after the song "Helpless Dancer" has faded out.

The song uses a standard I-IV-V chord progression in the key of D while the chorus uses a ii-V-IV-I chord progression.

In present-day live performances, The Who add a long extra section to the end of "The Kids Are Alright", with partly improvised lyrics discussing the lessons learned since the song's composition. A version of this can be heard on Live at the Royal Albert Hall, recorded in 2000, in which Townshend assesses: "'When I wrote this song I was nothing but a kid, trying to work out right and wrong through all the things I did. I was kind of practising with my life. I was kind of taking chances in a marriage with my wife. I took some stuff and I drank some booze. There was almost nothing that I didn't try to use. And somehow I'm alright.'" After John Entwistle's death, the extra lyrics occasionally made reference to him, and his love of old red wine, which later inspired their song "Old Red Wine", a tribute to Entwistle.

During 2006 the song was listed at No. 34 in Pitchfork's list of the 200 greatest songs of the 1960s.

Covers
The song has been covered by bands such as The Pleasers (their third single in 1978), The Queers, Goldfinger, Eddie and the Hot Rods, Dropkick Murphys, Hi-Standard, Green Day, Pearl Jam, The Raveonettes, Patti Smith, The Kids, and Belle & Sebastian who closed their set with it at the Bowlie Weekender in 1999. In 2008, Billy Bob Thornton's band The Boxmasters recorded a version of the song as the closing number on the second disc of their album The Boxmasters. The song was also recorded for a covers album by Matthew Sweet and Bangles' Susanna Hoffs. Keith Moon, the drummer of The Who, also recorded a cover of this song for his 1975 solo album Two Sides of the Moon. In 2016, the song was covered in the Nickelodeon television show School of Rock.

In popular culture
This song is referenced in the title of the song "The Kids Aren't Alright" by the Offspring, the unrelated Fall Out Boy song of the same title, "The Kids are Alt-Right" by Bad Religion, "The Kids Are Insane" by Urge Overkill, "The Kids Are All Wrong" by Lagwagon, "All the Kids Are Right" by Local H, AWOLNATION's "THISKIDSNOTALRIGHT" and "The Kids" by The Parlor Mob, in which the main chorus line is 'No the kids ain't alright', as well as the songs "Kids" by Robbie Williams and Kylie Minogue and "The Kids Are Alright" by Chloe x Halle featured on their album of the same name. The title of the song was also used in the film The Kids Are All Right and for episode titles of the US television shows That 70's Show and Supernatural, as well as the Ballers Season 4 episode "The Kids Are Aight". It was also punned and featured in The Simpsons episode "The Kids Are All Fight". It was also used in the Final Fantasy VII novel The Kids Are Alright: A Turks Side Story, the novel having various references to The Who.

title: The Kids Are Alright (song)


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Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Criticism of marketing

Criticism of marketing

 * Nominated on 05:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC); needs 3 votes by October 22.

Not labelled as a stub, but it is. A huge topic that deserves a much better article than this.

Support:
 * 1) ♥purplefeltangel  (talk ) ♥ (contribs ) 05:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) AnyFile 17:02, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Paint Rock River

The Paint Rock River is a 58.7 mi tributary of the Tennessee River in northern Alabama in the United States. Its tributaries also drain a portion of south-central Tennessee.

The river is formed in northeastern Jackson County by the confluence of Estill Fork and Hurricane Creek, and flows generally southwardly, past the town of Paint Rock. In its upper course, the river flows through a deep valley cut into the Cumberland Plateau. In its lower course, the river is used to define part of the boundary between Madison and Marshall Counties.

title: Paint Rock River


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User:Marogilj

hello, this is my user page.

title: User:Marogilj


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Dowling Catholic High School

Dowling Catholic High School is a Catholic secondary school in West Des Moines, Iowa, within the Diocese of Des Moines.

As of the 2013-14 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,431 students and 94.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 15.1:1. The school's enrollment was 81.2% White, 4.1% Black, 10.2% Hispanic, 4.4% Asian and 0.1% American Indian / Alaska Native.

History
It was created in 1972 by the merger of St. Joseph Academy for girls (established in 1884) and Dowling High School for boys (established in 1918 as the Des Moines College boarding school for boys).

Academics
During the 2003-04 school year, Dowling Catholic High School was recognized with the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive.

Tuition
Total tuition cost for 2018-2019 is $11,176 plus fees. Tuition for students belonging to a Catholic Parish is $7,986 plus fees. Tuition for international students is $12,076 plus fees.

Baseball
The Maroons hold the record for most team home runs during a championship game with 5 in 2001.

Boys' basketball
Bobby Hansen who later played at the University of Iowa and nine years in the NBA, was on the 1979 state championship team.

Girls

 * 2007 Girls' Heartland Regional Champions

Debate
Dowling is the home of the Dowling Catholic Paradigm, one of the largest debate tournaments held by a school. In 2015, Dowling Catholic won 2 state titles for Congressional Debate, 1 for Public Forum debate, and 1 for Lincoln Douglas Debate.

Football
Home games are played at the 9,500 seat Valley Stadium in West Des Moines, Williams Stadium, or at Drake Stadium in Des Moines. In 2019, they became the first school in Iowa history to win seven straight Class 4A state championships.

Dowling made the playoffs 17 years in a row beginning in 1985 and ending in 2002 when Dowling missed the playoffs. The school won 36 consecutive games in the 1967 through 1971 graduating class seasons. Dowling won 64 consecutive Metro conference games, a streak lasting from 1968 to 1977. In addition to the 64 metro games Dowling also won 57 consecutive conference games lasting from 1993 to 2002. WDM, Valley is Dowling's primary rival since 1968 when the schools joined the Des Moines Metro Conference.

Swimming
The boys' swimming team won four championships, consecutively from 2001 to 2003. The girls' swim team won their first state title during the 2019 season.

Wrestling

 * Dowling has won State Dual Wrestling Championships in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992
 * Dowling has won the State Traditional Wrestling Championship in 1975, 1978, 1984, 1988, 1990, and 1991

 * Dowling has the state record for most consecutive dual wins with 136 set from January 1986 to January 1992

Notable alumni

 * Michael Annett, professional NASCAR driver
 * Jennie Baranczyk, head coach of women's basketball at University of Oklahoma
 * Chris Broussard, sports journalist
 * Caitlin Clark (class of 2020), professional basketball player for Indiana Fever (WNBA); played college basketball 2020-2024 University of Iowa
 * Shawn Crahan, Slipknot percussionist
 * Amara Darboh, former NFL wide receiver
 * Jerry Groom, College Football Hall of Fame offensive lineman
 * Matt Haack, NFL punter
 * Bobby Hansen, NBA basketball player
 * Tom Harkin, United States Senator (Iowa)
 * Bob Harlan, former president of the Green Bay Packers
 * George Kinley, businessman and Iowa state legislator
 * Matt Macri, MLB third baseman
 * Mike Mahoney, MLB catcher
 * Karen Maine, director and screenwriter of Yes, God, Yes
 * Matt McCoy, Iowa State Senator
 * Scott Pose, Major League Baseball player
 * Karissa Schweitzer, professional distance runner
 * Tyson Smith, NFL linebacker
 * Fred L. Turner, former CEO of McDonald's
 * Ross Verba, NFL lineman

title: Dowling Catholic High School


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User:Whitneyas

Whitneyas is the username frequently used by Alex Whitney. Whitney being the last name "as" standing for Alex Scott.

title: User:Whitneyas


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Open Arms (Journey song)

"Open Arms" is a song by American rock band Journey. It was released as a single from the Heavy Metal soundtrack and their 1981 album, Escape. Co-written by band members Steve Perry and Jonathan Cain, the song is a power ballad whose lyrics attempt to renew a drifting relationship. It is one of the band's most recognizable radio hits and their biggest US Billboard Hot 100 hit, reaching number two in February 1982 and holding that position for six weeks (behind "Centerfold" by the J. Geils Band and "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts).

"Open Arms" has been covered by various recording artists. American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey enjoyed an international hit with the song in 1996; hers is arguably the best-known version of the song in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The song has also been covered by such artists as American singer and songwriter Barry Manilow, R&B group Boyz II Men, American country music legend Dolly Parton, and Canadian singer Celine Dion. It is a favorite on reality television singing competitions as well, being performed by contestants on US shows The Voice and American Idol, and on the UK's The X Factor.

Journey's recording of "Open Arms" has been described as one of the greatest love songs ever written; VH1 named the song as the greatest power ballad of all time. Mike DeGagne of AllMusic described it as "one of rock's most beautiful ballads", which "gleams with an honesty and feel only Steve Perry could muster."

Journey version
Journey recorded "Open Arms" for their seventh studio album, Escape, which was produced by Kevin Elson and Mike Stone. Jonathan Cain had begun writing the song while he was still a member of The Babys, but Babys vocalist/bassist John Waite turned down the melody as "sentimental rubbish". Cain eventually finished the song with Steve Perry during the writing sessions for Escape, changing the key from A to D and changing the melody slightly, but it was almost left off the album; Journey's guitarist Neal Schon reportedly disliked the song because "it was so far removed from anything [Journey] had ever attempted to record before". Drummer Steve Smith recalls that Schon noted that it "sounds kinda Mary Poppins", added to which the other members of the band were against the idea of performing ballads.

In 2005 Perry commented on the emotions he felt while producing Live in Houston 1981: The Escape Tour and listening to the band performing the song 24 years previously: "I had to keep my head down on the console when "Open Arms" was on. There is one line in the song that I always wanted to be a certain way. I have ideals about certain things. The line "wanting you near" — I just wanted that line to go up and soar. I wanted it to be heartfelt.  Every time it would come by I would just have to keep my head down and try to swallow the lump in my throat.  I felt so proud of the song."

In the Journey episode of VH1's Behind the Music, Perry recalls the recording sessions for the song becoming an ordeal; Schon taunted Perry and Cain in the studio. But when the band performed it in concert for the first time during their Escape Tour in the fall of 1981, the audience was thunderstruck, much to Schon's disbelief. After two encores, the band left the stage and Schon suddenly said, "Man, that song really kicked ass!" Perry recalled being incensed at Schon's hypocrisy. "I looked at him, and I wanted to kill him," he later said.

During an episode of the radio show In the Studio with Redbeard devoted to the album Escape, Jonathan Cain said he was ill with a bad cold when he recorded the piano track to "Open Arms" and wanted to re-do the track. Everybody else disagreed and they used the track Cain recorded while "under the weather".

"Open Arms" was used on the soundtrack to the animated Canadian film Heavy Metal (released to theatres in August 1981), and it was released as the third single from Escape in January 1982 in the United States. It was also featured on two occasions during scenes of the 1982 film The Last American Virgin. It became one of Journey's biggest singles there, and the most successful of the five singles released from Escape (only one other, "Who's Crying Now", reached the top five). It stayed at number 2 for six weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, kept from the number one spot by "Centerfold" by the J. Geils Band and "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, and it was also a top ten hit on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. The single was less successful on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, only reaching the top forty.

The song and its status as a power ballad has been remembered years following its original release. One critic praised "Open Arms" as "a lyrical rock ballad and one of the band's best-written songs", while the Associated Press wrote that the song was "fueled by Perry's operatic, high-flying vocal style." It has also been referred to as a "wedding anthem" (in a December 2005 Lumino article ), and VH1 placed the song at number 1 on their "25 Greatest Power Ballads" list. AllMusic said "One of rock's most beautiful ballads, "Open Arms" gleams with an honesty and feel only Steve Perry could muster," and a review of a Journey concert in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution characterized the song as a "classic ballad". Steve Perry told the Boston Globe, "I can't tell you how many times I get a tap on the shoulder and somebody says...'This was my prom song'." Billboard called it a "sentimental ballad featuring some delicate keyboard work and Steve Perry's seductive vocal." The song was later included on Journey's box set Time3 (1992) and the compilation album The Essential Journey (2001).

In popular culture
In 2003 American Idol contestant Clay Aiken performed the song during a key semi-final round of the show, and later in a duet with fellow Idol Kelly Clarkson (the winner from the previous year) on their joint February—April 2004 concert tour. "Open Arms" was included on the set list for Britney Spears' 1999 ...Baby One More Time Tour, and it was also used as the love theme for Japanese director Eiichiro Hasumi's film Umizaru (2004). Matt Stone and Trey Parker, the creators of the animated television comedy South Park, frequently reference and parody Journey and their music in their work. In Episode 132 of South Park, entitled "Erection Day" (2005), a little girl playing piano in a talent competition begins to sing the opening to "Open Arms" ("Lying beside you, here in the dark...") before the scene ends. In the 2007 film I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry the song is played during a gay benefit costume party. "Open Arms" is one of twelve greatest hits re-recorded by Journey featuring current lead vocalist Arnel Pineda on the second disc of their latest 2008 album Revelation. The song also appeared in the 1982 film The Last American Virgin as well as a 1982 episode of the US daytime soap opera General Hospital. The song was used in the Season 3 finale of Cobra Kai.

Escape version

 * Steve Perry – lead vocals
 * Neal Schon – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Jonathan Cain – keyboards, rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Ross Valory – bass, backing vocals
 * Steve Smith – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Revelation version

 * Arnel Pineda – lead vocals
 * Neal Schon – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Jonathan Cain – keyboards, rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Ross Valory – bass, backing vocals
 * Deen Castronovo – drums, backing vocals

Mariah Carey version
Mariah Carey co-produced her cover of the song with Walter Afanasieff for her fifth album, Daydream (1995). Carey's career has crossed paths with Journey's: the band's drummer Steve Smith played drums on many of her earlier singles, and its bassist for a short period in the mid-1980s, Randy Jackson, has worked with her for a long time.

The song was released as the album's third single between late 1995 and early 1996 by Columbia Records in most markets outside the United States. It became a number 4 hit in the United Kingdom and was performed live on the BBC's flagship chart television show, Top of the Pops. It also reached the top-ten in Ireland, Poland and New Zealand; and the top-twenty in Iceland and the Netherlands. The single's music video, directed by Larry Jordan, is a live performance of the song by Carey at Madison Square Garden. The video for the Spanish version of the song, "El Amor Que Soñé", was recorded after the MSG show as Mariah performed to the studio track.

Background and release
While recording for the album, Carey expressed the desire to cover the song, saying: "I've always loved Steve Perry's voice, I think he's really an amazing singer. [...] I have a lot of good memories of growing up listening to that song and I always used to sing it and think that it would be a great singer song, kind of a great performance song.” Together with Walter Afanasieff, they toned down the song's arrangement, making it a bit glossy, especially in comparison to the "raw and powerful 'One Sweet Day.'" Additionally, with the help of her background singers, Carey added a touch of gospel to the song. Lyrically, the song presents Mariah crying out "in humility for a relationship to be restored."

Released as the album's third single in the United Kingdom, Australia and Europe in general, "Open Arms" received a CD single release in December 1995, whilst the radio release in the UK occurred in early February 1996. A UK CD single for "Open Arms" included the Daydream track "I Am Free" and live versions of "Fantasy" and "Vision of Love" (1990). Another version of the CD single comprised the album cuts of "Hero" (1993) and "Without You" (1994), and a radio edit of "I'll Be There" (1992). A Spanish version of the song titled "El Amor Que Soñé" ("The Love I Dreamt Of") was also released on Australian's editions of the single, as well as Spanish and Latin American re-editions of Daydream.

Critical reception
The cover was universally panned by critics. Bill Lamb felt it was "simply an uninspired song selection." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic also criticized the cover, calling it "second rate". "Open Arms" received a negative review from Stephen Holden as well, who called it a "sobbing remake". Rolling Stone called it an "ill-advised" cover. A Billboard reviewer was more favorable, labelling it a "reverent rendition". Mike Wass of Idolator ranked it at number 4 on his list of Carey's best covers.

Commercial performance
UK sales for the song stand at 105,000 units.

Formats and track listings
UK CD (Part 1) / Australian CD/Cassette (Part 1)
 * 1) "Open Arms" - 3:30
 * 2) "I Am Free" - 3:09
 * 3) "Fantasy" (Live from Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden) - 4:32
 * 4) "Vision of Love" (Live from Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden) - 3:50

UK CD (Part 2)
 * 1) "Open Arms"
 * 2) "Hero"
 * 3) "Without You"
 * 4) "I'll Be There"

Australian CD/Cassette (Part 2)
 * 1) "Open Arms" - 3:30
 * 2) "Slipping Away" - 4:32
 * 3) "El Amor Que Soñé" - 3:29

UK Cassette Single
 * 1) "Open Arms" - 3:30
 * 2) "I Am Free" - 3:09

European CD Single
 * 1) "Open Arms" - 3:30
 * 2) "Vision of Love" (Live from Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden) - 3:49

European CD Maxi-Single / European 12" Single
 * 1) "Open Arms" - 3:30
 * 2) "Fantasy" (Live from Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden) - 4:31
 * 3) "Vision of Love" (live from Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden) - 3:49
 * 4) "Make It Happen" (live from Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden) - 4:43

Other cover versions

 * The Taiwanese boy band 5566 released a cover of "Open Arms" in 2005.
 * Country music singer Collin Raye released a cover of "Open Arms" on his compilation album The Best of Collin Raye: Direct Hits in 1997. His version charted at number 70 on the Hot Country Songs charts that year based on unsolicited airplay.
 * In 2016, South Korean singer and musical actress, Jung Yoo-ji sang Mariah Carey's rendition of the song during her special appearance at the Chinese version of the show "I  Am The Singer".

Live cover performances

 * Solid Gold (season 2) Host Andy Gibb performed the song on January 30, 1982
 * Korean-American singer Lena Park performed the song on MBC's 'Wednesday Arts Stage' in 2002.
 * American Idol contestant Clay Aiken performed the song during a key semi-final round of the show in 2003, and later in a duet with fellow Idol Kelly Clarkson (the winner from the previous year) on their joint February—April 2004 concert tour.
 * Australian Idol season 3 finalist Anne Robertson performed this song on the show in 2005 for the 1980s theme night.
 * American Idol contestant Elliott Yamin performed the song in 2006 on season 5.
 * 2008 The X Factor finalist, Daniel Evans recorded a version of the song which was released as his debut single on January 25, 2010, as a digital download.
 * The X Factor contestant Joe McElderry performed his version of "Open Arms" as his second song on Semi-Final night, on December 5, 2009. All 4 judges hailed the performance on the night, with Louis Walsh saying that if Joe released that song tomorrow, he would have a Number 1 single the very next day. This performance saw Joe through to the Grand Final of the X Factor.
 * 2011 to 2015, Celine Dion performs "Open Arms" at the start of her Las Vegas show Celine.
 * Mexican band Tobby covered the song, as "Quiero Amar" (English: "I Want to Love"), whose translation was made by Menny Carrasco, a member of the group.
 * The Voice contestant Jermaine Paul performed the song in 2012 on Season 2 of The Voice.
 * The song has also been covered live by Korean singer Younha and Taiwanese boy band 5566.
 * Britney Spears performed the song at her cousin's wedding in 1996 when she was 15; this video eventually led to her getting a record contract. She also performed the song on her ...Baby One More Time Tour.
 * The song has been covered live by several SM Entertainment artists including EXO.
 * The song has also been covered by Philippine singer Aiza Seguerra.

title: Open Arms (Journey song)


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User talk:Marogilj

hello, this is my talk page. please feel free to discuss things with me.

title: User talk:Marogilj


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Golden-handed tamarin

The golden-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas), also known as the red-handed tamarin or Midas tamarin, is a New World monkey belonging to the family Callitrichidae.

Distribution and habitat
This species is native to wooded areas north of the Amazon River in Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, and possibly Venezuela. A population of tamarins south of the Amazon River that lack the contrasting feet and hands was previously believed to be a sub-population of golden-handed tamarins but is now treated as a separate species, the black tamarin.

Populations of golden-handed tamarins appear to be expanding into the historical range of the pied tamarin, with the golden-handed tamarin gradually displacing the pied tamarin through interspecific competition.

This species prefers trees with small crowns.

Description
The golden-handed tamarin's body measures 20.5 - 28 cm; including the tail it measures 31 - 44 cm. It weighs 400 - 550 g.

The fur of the golden-handed tamarin is dark brown or black, with contrasting golden-orange hair on its feet and hands (hence the common name). The dark face is hairless, the big ears stick out of the fur. As with all marmosets, there are claws instead of nails on the fingers and toes (with the exception of the big toe). Furthermore, the thumb is not opposable.

Biology and behavior
The life expectancy of Saguinus midas is approximately 10 years in the wild and 16 years in captivity. These tamarins live in cooperative groups of 4 to 15 members with little competition within group even between breeding males. Adults can reach sexual maturity aged 16–20 months. Only one female in the group will breed during breeding season with the other females suppressing the instinct. The gestation period is 140–170 days and mothers typically give birth to two offspring. Young tamarins are cared for primarily by the father and turned over to the mother only to nurse, however the entire group helps with the care of the young. Defense is a priority in a group, and when one tamarin is threatened the others will rush to its defense. The golden-handed tamarin is territorial and can be aggressive, with sharp canines and claws instead of fingernails on all fingers and all but the large toe.

The golden-handed tamarin is an exceptional climber and spends most of its time among the vines and branches of the trees. It is quick and agile and is a superb jumper known to jump distances of over 60 ft from a tree to the ground with no sign of injury. It is an omnivore. Its diet consists of leaves, plant exudates, fruit, flowers, eggs, insects and other arthropods, frogs, spiders, lizards, and nectar. Its natural predators include small cats, birds of prey, and snakes.

title: Golden-handed tamarin


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Polished plate glass

Polished plate is a type of hand-made glass. It is produced by casting glass onto a table and subsequently grinding and polishing the glass. This was originally done by hand, and then later by machine. It was an expensive process requiring a large capital investment.

Other methods of producing hand-blown window glass included: broad sheet, blown plate, crown glass and cylinder blown sheet. These methods of manufacture lasted at least until the end of the 19th century. The early 20th century marks the move away from hand-blown to machine manufactured glass such as rolled plate, machine drawn cylinder sheet, flat drawn sheet, polished plate glass, and float glass.

The Frenchman, Louis Lucas de Nehou, in 1688, in conjunction with Abraham Thevart, succeeded in perfecting the process of casting plate-glass. Mirror plates prior to the invention had been made from blown "sheet" glass, and were consequently very limited in size. De Nehou's process of rolling molten glass poured on an iron table rendered the manufacture of very large plates possible.

In 1773 English polished plate (by the French process) was produced at Ravenhead.

By 1800 a steam engine was used to carry out the grinding and polishing of the cast glass.

title: Polished plate glass


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Bełżyce

Bełżyce is a town in eastern Poland, in the Lublin Voivodeship, in Lublin County, and about 20 km to the west of the city of Lublin. Bełżyce belongs to the historical region of Lesser Poland. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 6,290.

Middle Ages
Presumably, in the early 13th century, a minor royal castle was in the area of the present city. The building was transferred to local magnates, who provided ability to settle a town according to Magdeburg Rights in 1349. In 1416 town settlement process began and next year king Władysław Jagiełło gave an official document, allowing Bełżyce to improve. First, town was populated by farmers, craftsmen, merchants and alcohol producers. A wooden church was built and a Catholic parish of St. Paul's conversion was created. Since 1432, while two new privileges were acquired, major growth has been noticeable – representatives of four religions lived here together. Catholics and Eastern Christians as farmers, Protestant craftsmen, and Jewish merchants. Bełżyce was a private town located in the Lublin Voivodeship, later also in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown.

Protestant domination
The 16th and 17th centuries were a period of Protestant influence in the area. Bełżyce became a Protestant, Polish Brethren centre of Lesser Poland. In 1558 a Catholic church was given away and transferred into a Protestant one by Andrzej Bzicki, the town mayor. The Protestant “regime” was so well developed that the mayor issued a directive to residents to take part in services under the punishment of fine or even imprisonment. In 1575, an intellectual religious exchange took place between Rabbi Jacob Nachman of Belzyce and Martin Czechowic of Lublin. The next two centuries were a period of permanent religious riot (with Catholic attempt to retake the church in about 1630), the Cossacks assaults while Khmelnytsky’s uprising (massacre of Jews), fires and plagues of cholera and typhoid fever. A new Catholic church was built in 1670 (the old one was given back in 1654 ) and 113 years later there are no more Protestants in the town, as their church burned in 1783.

Partition period
In 1795, as a result of the Partitions of Poland, Bełżyce was annexed by the Austrian Empire, it became part of the newly established administrative region of West Galicia. Since 1809 it had been in borders of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw and since 1815 of Congress Poland, later forcibly integrated into Imperial Russia. The 19th century was a period of changes, as a castle was transformed into a distillery. In 1860 the city occupied nearly 950 ha with about 150 buildings. After the January Uprising, as part of anti-Polish repressions Bełżyce was stripped of its town rights, as it later turned out for nearly 100 years. Two major fires affected the city – first, in 1866, which destroyed 25 buildings, second, in 1913. The whole town was almost destroyed; residents formed a fire brigade. In 1917, 3666 people populated the town, mostly Jewish, as a result of the Russian discriminatory regulations.

Interwar Poland
Bełżyce became again part of Poland after the country regained independence in 1918. Administratively it was part of the Lublin Voivodeship.

World War II
During the invasion of Poland in 1939 the town was captured by the Nazi German Army. The Jews from Bełżyce and nearby towns (including Bychawa and Piotrowice) were resettled into a dozen or so houses on Południowa Street (now Tysiąclecia Street) in December 1940. Between 1940 and 1943 there was a ghetto, consisting of Jews from around Poland and abroad. It was called a transit ghetto. The Jews kept in the crowded area of the ghetto were decimated by typhus and the terrible sanitary conditions. On May 22, 1942, 3,000 Jews from the Bełżyce ghetto were sent to Majdanek and Sobibor, where they were put into the gas chambers. Of the 2,100 Jews from the town, only around 35 survived the war. A Torah scroll from 1730 as well as both synagogues were destroyed by the Germans. The Jewish community ceased to exist.

Post-1945
The second half of the 20th century brought little improvements to Bełżyce city. In 1958 town rights were restored. In 1971 “Warmasz” (Warsaw Groceries Machines’ Factory) company opened their branch factory in Bełżyce, later substituted by a creamery equipment factory "Spomasz".

Historic sites

 * A castle that was built by the owners of Bełżyce in 1417, captured by the Cossack forces of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1648, and, since Second World War, has been used as a dairy farm.
 * A late Renaissance Catholic Church of the Conversion of Saint Paul with a Catholic cemetery
 * Jewish cemetery established in the 19th century.
 * The manor of Brzeziński family, built in the 1840s together with the park complex.

title: Bełżyce


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Sternal angle

The sternal angle (also known as the angle of Lewis, angle of Louis, angle of Ludovic, or manubriosternal junction) is the projecting  angle formed between the manubrium and body of a sternum at their junction at the manubriosternal joint.

The sternal angle is a palpable and visible landmark in surface anatomy, presenting as either a slight body ridge or depression upon the upper chest wall which corresponds to the underlying manubriosternal joint. The sternal angle is palpable and often visible in young people.

The sternal angle corresponds to the level of the 2nd costal cartilage on either side, and the level between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebra. The sternal angle is used to define the transverse thoracic plane which represents the imaginary boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum. It is also used to identify the second rib during physical examination and then the rest of the ribs by counting.

Anatomy
The sternal angle forms an angle of about 162° in males.

Relations
It marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages, (sources differ) the level of the intervertebral disc between thoracic vertebra T4-T5  or the lower border of the thoracic vertebra T4,  and the space between the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae T3-T4. The horizontal plane that passes through the sternal angle and the articular disc between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae represents the imaginary boundary between the superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum.

It is located approximately 7 cm inferior to the superior margin of the manubrium.

The sternal angle is used in the definition of the thoracic plane.

The angle also marks the level of a number of features:

 * Boundary between the superior and inferior portion of the mediastinum
 * Passage of the thoracic duct from right to left behind esophagus
 * Tracheal bifurcation. The carina of the trachea is thus, present here. It is deep to the sternal angle.
 * The bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk
 * The superior limit of the fibrous pericardium surrounding the ascending aorta
 * Termination of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava
 * Ligamentum arteriosum
 * Loop of left recurrent laryngeal nerve around aortic arch
 * The beginning and end of the aortic arch

Clinical significance
The sternal angle is the most frequent site of sternal fracture among elderly people.

Surface anatomy and physical examination
The sternal angle marks the point at which the costal cartilage of either second rib articulates with the sternum. During physical examinations, the readily palpated sternal angle is thus used as a landmark to identify the 2nd rib, and by extension, by counting, also the remaining ribs. Meanwhile, the first rib cannot be used for this purpose because it cannot be palpated. Counting ribs is essential attempting to make a thoracic incision; an incision at the first or second rib interspace can result in damage to large, important blood vessels and the brachial plexus. Identification of the second rib and thus the second intercostal space inferiorly is useful when auscultating heart sounds. The optimal location for auscultation of the aortic valve is generally the right second intercostal space, whereas the optimal location for auscultation of the pulmonic valve is generally the left second intercostal space.

The sternal angle is used as the starting point in physical examinations of the heart since the sternal angle is located 5 cm superior to the right atrium.

History
The sternal angle is also called the angle of Louis, but the reason for that name was lost. Once thought to be after Antoine Louis or Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig, it is now believed to be after Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis.

title: Sternal angle


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Charles Adler (broadcaster)

Charles Adler (born August 25, 1954) is a Hungarian-Canadian writer/broadcaster and political commentator, most noted as a former host of the newsmagazine series Global Sunday and as host of the syndicated radio talk show Charles Adler Tonight on the Global News radio network from 2016 until 2021.

Life and career
Adler grew up in Montreal, where he started his broadcast career while attending McGill University. After a stint at Radio McGill, he became a producer at CKGM in Montreal in the summer of 1973. His first professional radio job as an on-air personality began in 1974, when he hosted a weeknight rock show at CKXL in Calgary. Within the year he was back in Montreal working at CJAD, followed by work at stations in Hamilton, London, Winnipeg and Toronto. He returned to Calgary in 1989 to launch a talk radio show called Hot Talk. He followed that with a move to the USA that saw him host a nationally syndicated radio show out of Tampa that hit more than 120 markets.

In 1994, he launched a television show called Adler on Line in Boston which a year later earned Adler an Emmy Award for Best Host in New England. 1996 saw him returning to Canada to host the Charles Adler Show in Toronto on CFRB. Two years later he was back in Western Canada, hosting Adler on Line on CJOB in Winnipeg. In 2001, Adler was the debut host on Global Sunday, a national Sunday night TV show. Along with numerous appearances on Canadian news and current affairs shows, Adler has also guest hosted in the USA on the Fox News Channel.

In 2004, Corus Radio launched Adler as a national host of Charles Adler which aired on 14 radio stations for more than eight years. In 2011, he began to host a self-titled daily talk series on the Sun News Network that aired weeknights at 8:00 and 11:00 (ET) and ran until September 2013. Adler returned to hosting a daily talk show on 680 CJOB in Winnipeg and was heard on weekends on 630 CHED in Edmonton and Newstalk 770 in Calgary. Adler announced on July 30, 2015, that after 17 years he was leaving CJOB effective August 7, 2015. Adler moved to Vancouver, British Columbia in order to be closer to his family. On October 13, 2015, The Charles Adler Show launched on SiriusXM and aired until November 21, 2016.

In November 2016 Corus re-launched Adler as a network show. Charles Adler Tonight was based at Global News Radio 980 CKNW in Vancouver where the show aired weeknights. The show was also heard on Global News Radio 770 CHQR in Calgary, 630 CHED in Edmonton, in Winnipeg at 680 CJOB, CFMJ AM640 in Toronto, and CFPL AM980 in London. The show ran for five years until concluding in September 2021.

Adler received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Radio Television Digital News Association on May 27, 2017. Adler is a regular columnist for The Winnipeg Free Press.

Political views
Though Adler identified himself as a conservative for much of his broadcast career, and has even been described in media as "the closest Canada ever came to having its own Rush Limbaugh", since 2019 he has stated that he has "parted ways" with conservatism and has been increasingly critical of the Conservative Party of Canada and its provincial affiliates, particularly over issues concerning Islamophobia and civil rights, and now considers himself a centrist.

title: Charles Adler (broadcaster)


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Valley High School (West Des Moines, Iowa)

Valley High School (VHS) is a public high school located in West Des Moines, Iowa. VHS is a three-year comprehensive high school with approximately 2,000 students. The school hosts grades 10–12. It is run by the West Des Moines Community Schools. Freshmen attend a separate school, Valley Southwoods.

Demographics
As of the 2021–22 school year, there were 572 students (27.9% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 97 (4.7% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

History
In October 1895, the first established high school in Valley Junction at 415 Seventh Street was opened. Valley Junction's first graduation was held on May 31, 1901, with just nine graduates. By 1916, the study body population had grown and a local bond was passed for a new high school. Construction on $50,000 structure at Eighth and Hillside was completed in 1917.

In 1938, when Valley Junction changed its name, the school district changed, becoming the West Des Moines Independent School District. At this time, one high school, a junior high school and three elementary schools served the needs of the community. In the same year a grant from the Public Works Administration allowed for a new concrete stadium to be built just north of the high school on Eighth Street.

In 1962, 38 acre of farmland near 35th and Ashworth Road were purchased by the School Board for $116,000 as a site for a new high school. Construction of Valley High School was completed in four phases from 1963 to 1970. Valley became a four-year high school during the 1971–72 school year. Costing nearly $5.5 million, Valley High School stretched almost one-quarter of a mile from end to end. Also in 1971, Valley opened the Metropolitan Conference's newest and largest gymnasium. Additional classrooms, science labs, and other student spaces have been added over the years. The first year that the new school was open, it was used for classrooms for some sixth grade students and for the ninth grade year of the class of 1970. The next year, it became a three-year high school. The graduating class of 1975 was the first class to attend four years in the new building.

In 1995, the school district had 546 students as an average enrollment in grades 9-12, making Valley the largest high school in the state.

In the fall of 1997, the construction of the Freshman High School Building, Valley Southwoods, was completed, and Valley High School became a tenth through 12th grade building. Throughout the early 2010s, construction continued on Valley, including the Staplin Performing Arts Center, the schools auditorium.

Academics
Valley offers almost 190 academic courses, including 23 Advanced Placement Program (AP) courses. Valley also has recently started an Honors Program, which is meant to be comparable to the IB (International Baccalaureate) Program.

Athletics
Football

The Valley High School football team won the Iowa State 4A Championships in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2011.

Boys' Cross Country

The Valley High School Boys' Cross Country team won the 1A State title in 1955.

The Valley High School Boys' Cross Country team won the 2A State title in 1962.

Boys' basketball

The Valley High School boys' basketball team won the 4A state title in 1993, 2016, 2023, and 2024.

Girls' basketball

The Valley High School girls' basketball Team won the 5A state title in 2017 and 2019.

Wrestling

The Valley High School wrestling team won the 3A dual tournament state title in 2016.

Boys' swimming

The Valley High School Boys' Swim Team won the 4A State title in 1984 and 2010.

Girls' swimming

The Valley High School girls' swimming and diving team won the state title in 1974, 1975, in addition to winning it four years in a row (2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008).

Girls' soccer

The Valley High School girls' soccer team won the 4A State title in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010.

Boys' soccer

The Valley High School boys' soccer club won the state title 1996, 1997, 2001, 2006 and 2016.

Boys' Track and Field

The Valley High School Boys' Track and Field won the State title in Outdoor Track and Field in 1942, 1955, 1998, 2003, 2006, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

The Valley High School Boys' Track and Field won the State title in Indoor Track and Field in 1951 and 1952.

The Valley High School Boys' Track and Field won the State title in the Pentathlon in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2016.

Girls' track and field

The Valley High School girls' track and field won the 4A State Track and Field Meet in 1998, 2003 and 2006.

Boys' tennis

The Valley High School Boys' Tennis Team won the State title in 1985, 1986, 1993 and 2010.

Girls' tennis

The Valley High School girls' tennis team won the state title in 1993, 2A in 1994 and 2001.

Girls' golf

The Valley High School Girls' Golf Team won the state title in 1968, 1970, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 3A in 1982, 1983, and 4A in 2006.

Boys' golf

The Valley High School boys' golf team won the state title in 1976, 1989, 2008, 2012, 2017, and 2024.

Baseball

The Valley High School baseball team won the state title in 1955, 1995, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006.

Softball

The Valley High School girls' softball team won state titles in 1990, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2019.

Synchronized Swimming (No longer sanctioned by IGHSAU)

The Valley High School Girls' Synchronized Swim Team won the State title in 1979, 1980 and 1981. It is now held as a club sport during the winter and spring.

Music & arts
The Valley Music Department was honored with the first GRAMMY Signature School award in 1999. The 240-member Valley Marchmasters were selected to perform in the 2004 Tournament of Roses Parade. In March 2007, the band traveled to Dublin, Ireland to march in the Saint Patrick's Day Parade.

In addition to the strong band program, Valley's orchestra has completed concert tours in Austria and Italy. In June 2007, the orchestra traveled to New York City, New York to play at Carnegie Hall as part of NYBOF'07.

The choral show, jazz, and core ensembles have performed in several national and international festivals from Carnegie Hall to Disney World, and received top honors at competitions throughout the country.

The school also has a high school radio station, KWDM, which broadcasts from 6am to 6pm, Monday through Friday. It is one of only two high school radio programs in Iowa and the only high school program in the state to have a fully digital production and on-air studio.

Activities
Valley High School won the 2006 National High School Mock Trial Championship, held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and more recently won the state competition in 2011. Valley has a large selection of clubs for students to participate in.

The Valley High School debate team has won the Lincoln-Douglas division of the Tournament of Champions (debate), the debate national championship, more times than any other high school in the United States. In the 2015–16 debate season, they were in the top five programs in the country by number of Tournament of Champions bids and hosted a tournament with an octafinals bid to the Tournament of Champions in Lincoln-Douglas, the highest level, one of only eight high schools in the country to do so.

Notable alumni

 * Cindy Axne (born 1965), U.S. Representative
 * Jake Campos (born 1994), XFL player
 * Jared Clauss (born 1981), retired professional football player, who played for the Tennessee Titans after being drafted in the seventh round from the University of Iowa
 * Dominique Dafney (born 1997), professional football player for the Green Bay Packers
 * Katelyn Epperly (born 1990), American Idol Season 9
 * Broc Everett, 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Individual Champion
 * Rodney Faraon (born 1970), former CIA officer and film/television producer
 * Justin Hartwig (born 1978), Super Bowl XLIII Champion center for the Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Peter Hedges (born 1962), film director and screenwriter
 * Ashley Hinson (born 1983) US Congresswoman- Iowa 1st District
 * Dan Jennings (born 1987), retired pitcher for the Chicago White Sox
 * Peter Jok (born 1994), professional basketball player
 * Shawn Johnson (born 1992), retired artistic gymnast, Olympic gold and silver medalist, Dancing with the Stars Season Eight winner and Dancing with the Stars Season Fifteen runner-up
 * Karlos Kirby (born 1968), Olympic bobsledder
 * Carl Pohlad (1915–2009), businessman and owner of the Minnesota Twins
 * Major General Roger W. Sandler, US Army Retired (born 1934), Chief, United States Army Reserve, 1991–1994.
 * David Woodard (born 1964), conductor


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Frosty Forst

Brian "Frosty" Forst (born September 6, 1938) is a former broadcaster on CKNW radio in Vancouver, British Columbia. He retired in May 2005 after about 40 years on the air at the same station and as the highest-rated radio personality in western Canada.

Early history
Forst was raised in Vancouver's Kerrisdale neighborhood. He comes from a prominent local family; the Forst family business (in furniture and appliances) had several locations around the Lower Mainland. Forst Stores sponsored the noon news on the hillbilly station in New Westminster for many years.

Forst graduated from Magee High School in 1956 and pursued his passion for radio by taking a training course in broadcasting run by John Ansell of CKWX. Through contacts at school he made a connection with CKPG in north-central British Columbia. He arrived in Prince George in 1956 and spent some time in training, but was chosen as Teen Jock at Vancouver's CJOR a year later, replacing Red Robinson. Bruno Cimolai was his co-host at CJOR.

In 1958, Forst returned to AM 600 to read the news, but was forced to leave again. Disappointed, he started exploring other occupations, including working in a warehouse for a women's undergarment store. Frustration led him to a new North Vancouver station -- CKLG, which was playing to the older MOR crowd—in 1959.

Becoming "Frosty"
Forst became "Frosty" in 1960, when he was hired by CFUN. There, he teamed up with Al Jordon, Dave McCormick, Ken Chang and Brian Lord to become the Good Guys, who were on air 24 hours a day with modern music, bringing the local radio market into the modern world.

Within three years, many of the CFUN staff had taken jobs elsewhere. Forst, following his father's advice, sought a position at CKNW, where he was hired by program director Hal Davis in 1964. From there he advanced to a million-dollar contract, a vast audience, and 31 years as CKNW's morning air personality. His ratings in Canada remain unsurpassed.

Forst's personal life has been turbulent. He has had a number of marriages and other romantic relationships, and sired a second family late in life. Throughout his career, he had public-relations issues (he ended his final shift at CKNW without indicating to his listeners that he was retiring), but his fans stayed faithful and his popularity seldom wavered.

title: Frosty Forst


text:
Benji Marshall

Benjamin Quentin Marshall (born 25 February 1985) is a New Zealand professional rugby league coach and former player who is the head coach of the Wests Tigers in the NRL.

He played at or  for the Wests Tigers in two separate spells, St. George Illawarra Dragons, Brisbane Broncos and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League (NRL), and at representative level for the NRL All Stars and New Zealand Kiwis.

Marshall was also briefly a professional rugby union player with the Blues in Super Rugby.

Marshall played for fourteen seasons in the National Rugby League for Sydney club Wests Tigers, with whom he won the 2005 NRL Premiership. He has been noted for his flamboyant attack, including sidesteps, no-look passes and flick-passes. In 2010 Marshall won the Golden Boot Award for the best international player.

In 2022, Marshall signed a five-year deal to become an assistant coach of Wests Tigers under Tim Sheens, with Marshall succeeding Sheens as Head Coach ahead of 2025 season after Sheens' impending retirement.

Early years
Marshall was born in Whakatane, New Zealand. He is of Māori descent. He is the eldest of three brothers, and the elder brother of New Zealand Māori international Jeremy Marshall-King. He was raised without his biological father, but has spoken of the influence of his foster-father Michael Doherty, and other men within his extended family. He has said he had, "10 or 11 fathers … which is not a bad thing."

Marshall was a pupil at Whakatane High School. He was offered a scholarship to play for Keebra Park State High School in Gold Coast, Queensland when he was 16. While living on the Gold Coast, he played junior rugby league for the Nerang Roosters. While in high school in Australia, Marshall played for the Australian Schoolboys team in 2003, and also represented Australia in touch football that same year. Although eligible to represent Australia, Marshall declared his allegiance to the New Zealand Kiwis early in his career.

Wests Tigers (2003-2013)
The start of his career riddled by injuries (2003-04)

In Round 20 of the 2003 NRL season, Marshall made his NRL debut for the Wests Tigers against the Newcastle Knights, coming on as a replacement in the 14th minute as. The Wests Tigers won the match 52–12 at Campbelltown Stadium. Marshall continued to make appearances for Wests Tigers for the remainder of 2003 when his studies allowed, playing halfback. In Round 24 against the Penrith Panthers, Marshall scored his first NRL try in the Tigers 44–28 loss at Penrith Stadium. He scored one try from four appearances in his debut season.

In 2004, Marshall starred in the pre-season World Sevens competition helping the Wests Tigers to win the tournament. He began the season playing at centre until he dislocated his shoulder in Round 4 against the North Queensland Cowboys. During his time off the Tigers struggled in attack. When he returned after four weeks, he was moved to the play-making position of five-eighth. From there, Marshall set the club on a record 3 match winning streak. He dislocated the same shoulder four weeks into his return in Round 13. Marshall's season ended as he had surgery, finishing the year with 2 tries from 7 matches.

Blossoming into one of rugby league's superstars en route to the Wests Tigers' maiden premiership (2005)

In 2005, Marshall injured his other shoulder in the opening minutes of the first trial match. After missing the opening round match, Marshall played five-eighth for the club's second match of the year against defending premiers, the Bulldogs. With an injury free run, Marshall demonstrated a passing, running, and kicking game to complement his stepping. He was able to score individual tries and set up tries for his team-mates. Marshall also made his New Zealand debut in the 2005 ANZAC Test. Marshall was a member of the Wests Tigers that defeated North Queensland Cowboys in the 2005 NRL grand final, where he famously set up a 90-metre try to Pat Richards, which was considered to be one of the best tries of grand final history. The try involved a trademark 'flick pass', at about the 50-metre line to Richards. Marshall was named as New Zealand five-eighth for the 2005 Tri Nations tour. However, surgery on his weak shoulder in the off-season ruled him out and he also missed the 2006 World Club Challenge.

Season ending injury after glimpses of amazing talent (2006)"Benji equals anybody I've seen in terms of flair, and making something happen. He is a remarkable talent, born out of living on the edge. That's the way he is. He was made to be a footballer."  -Wayne Bennett Marshall made his comeback from surgery against St George Illawarra in round 1, but broke his cheek bone. He played the rest of the match and set up the winning try.

Making his comeback against the Cowboys, Marshall set up many tries with a mixture of stepping and perceptiveness. In the 79th minute he was injured by Cowboy's prop Carl Webb. He popped his shoulder out but recovered in three weeks, playing for New Zealand in the ANZAC test. With another injury-free run he began producing dominating performances for the Tigers but eight weeks into his come-back he dislocated the same shoulder that had been dislocated against North Queensland, and he missed the rest of the season.

Adapting to new roles and overcoming more injuries (2007)

In 2007, Marshall again made his comeback from injury against the Melbourne Storm in Round 1. Marshall had to adapt to changes within the team such as the departure of halfback, Scott Prince, and the added responsibility of goal kicking while fullback, Brett Hodgson, was recovering from a knee injury. The Daily Telegraph later said, "Marshall had to become something else, he had to become an organiser, a dictator, a tactician. This never came naturally to him but he made himself into that type of player because he had to do it."

Marshall was selected to play for New Zealand at five-eighth in the 2007 ANZAC test, kicking one goal in the 6–30 loss. In round 8, Marshall sustained a fractured shoulder in a tackle where his arm was jammed between Melbourne's Israel Folau and the Tigers' Taniela Tuiaki, and didn't return until round 20. Following the season, he missed the Centenary Trans-Tasman Test due to injury and also missed the Kiwis' Tour of Great Britain and France.

Rugby League World Cup victory (2008)

In 2008 Marshall's injury troubles continued when he suffered a knee ligament tear in the third minute of the season's opening game. He returned in round 7. Halfway through 2008, coach Tim Sheens' announced his plan to move Marshall to the halfback position during the 2009 season, going as far as encouraging New Zealand coach Stephen Kearney to play Marshall in this role during the 2008 World Cup. The suggestion was declined.

Marshall was named in the 24-man Kiwis squad for the World Cup. He captained New Zealand for the first time on 8 November, against England. Marshall scored a try and kicked two conversions in the World Cup final victory over the Kangaroos. It was the Kiwis first ever World Cup victory, in a game they were considered "massive underdogs".

Bestowed upon the captaincy of the Kiwis' as one of the league's marquee talents (2009)

In round one of the 2009 season, Marshall started at halfback alongside John Morris at five-eighth. By the third round of the season, Marshall began to make an impact in his new role, helping the team to a 40–24 win over the Sydney Roosters.

In March, despite speculation that he might play rugby union in Japan, Marshall signed with the Wests Tigers for a further two seasons through to the end of 2011. Following Kiwis captain Nathan Cayless' retirement from international football, Marshall was named as captain in that year's ANZAC test.

Marshall returned to his old position of five-eighth from July, though both Marshall and coach Tim Sheens insisted that Marshall had been switching between first and second receiver throughout the entire season. He went on to be named at 5/8 in the Team of the Year as chosen by The Rugby League International Federation.

Arguably the best season of Marshall's career; Golden Boot winner (2010)

In early 2010, Marshall signed a further extension with the Tigers, to stay at the club until the end of the 2015 season, saying, "I just can't see myself as anything other than a one-club man." As captain of New Zealand, Marshall was an automatic selection for the NRL All Stars in 2010.

In March 2010, Marshall scored two tries against the Parramatta Eels to become the highest try-scorer for the Wests Tigers, breaking the record of 43 previously held by Daniel Fitzhenry. For the 2010 Anzac Test, he captained New Zealand at five-eighth in their loss against Australia. Later that year, in a match against the Titans, Marshall kicked a 51-metre-long field goal, considered to be the longest in NRL history. 2010 was the first season that Marshall had played without missing a game due to injury, and his form was thought to be close to his career-best. He played in 34 games in 2010, the most of any NRL player, including the Tigers' 13-12 loss in the preliminary final to the Dragons.

Marshall lead the Kiwis to victory in the 2010 Four Nations tournament, setting up two late tries in what was described as, "perhaps the finest game of his life." He was then awarded the Rugby League World Golden Boot Award for international footballer of the year. Big League magazine named him one of the year's five top players.

Top pointscorer in the NRL; Dally M Five-Eighth of the Year (2011)

As New Zealand captain, Marshall was again an automatic selection in the 2011 All Stars Match.

In March, Marshall was charged with assault after another man sustained a facial injury during an altercation with Marshall at a McDonald's restaurant in Sydney. In August, the judge dismissed the case, saying she had reasonable doubt that the injury was caused by Marshall.

In round 14 of the 2011 season, Marshall scored 2 tries against the New Zealand Warriors. He had then scored a try against every team in the NRL. Before the end of the season he had eclipsed Brett Hodgson as the highest scorer in the short history of the Wests Tigers, having amassed 797 points in 151 games. Marshall was the top point-scorer for the 2011 NRL season, winning the Dally M Five-Eighth of the Year and also placing second in the Dally M Player of the Year voting. After the post-season test against Australia in Newcastle, Marshall travelled to England with the Kiwis for the 2011 Four Nations tournament.

On 3 November 2011, The annual RLIF Awards dinner was held at the Tower of London and Marshall was named stand-off half back of the year.

Another respectable season from Marshall with an injury-riddled Tigers team (2012)

Marshall captained the NRL All Stars team to victory in the inaugural Arthur Beetson trophy. He was one of the few players to appear in every Wests Tigers game for the year and, despite the club's poor showing, led the NRL in try assists and line-break assists in the regular season. With the departure of Robert Lui in the off-season, the club tried a number of players at halfback in 2012, before Marshall switched from five-eighth in May.

In the penultimate game of the regular season, Marshall kicked two goals to become the first Wests Tigers and 43rd player in the Australian competition to score one thousand points. At the end of the season he was nominated for the Dally M halfback of the year.

During the post-season Trans-Tasman Test 10–18 loss to Australia in Townsville, Marshall played his 20th game as New Zealand test captain, breaking the record for 'most capped captain' for the Kiwis previously held by Gary Freeman since 1995.

Relegation to the bench as career form slumped (2013)

As the incumbent New Zealand national captain, Marshall was again selected to play in the 2013 NRL All Stars game. Weeks later, New Zealand coach Stephen Kearney announced that Marshall had been dropped as the team's captain. Marshall said, "It was the proudest moment of my career, captaining my country. I was lucky enough that I got to break the record for most caps as Kiwi captain. The decision was Steve's and the New Zealand Rugby League's, and it's just a decision I'm just going to have to live with."

By May, with the Wests Tigers on a losing streak, Marshall was dropped to the bench. Coach Mick Potter said, "We needed to change something around. We can't just keep doing what we've been doing and expect a result. Benji, as you could imagine, was disappointed. Disappointed is probably not hard enough." Marshall later admitted he was playing badly and without confidence. "This year, I've hardly taken the line on and I've hardly been tackled. Over the first six rounds I was barely contributing to the team," he said.

In July, Marshall sought a release from the remaining two years of his contract with Wests Tigers to pursue a career in rugby union, after the club declined to offer him a contract extension and upgrade that had been previously verbally agreed upon. He finished the remainder of the season before leaving, and left the Wests Tigers as the club's all-time top try and point scorer.

Highlights

 * First Grade Debut: 2003 – Round 20, Wests Tigers v Newcastle Knights, Campbelltown Stadium, Sydney, 27 July.
 * Premierships: 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 – 16 in the Grand Final, Stadium Australia, Sydney, 2 October.
 * New Zealand Test Debut: 2005 – ANZAC Test, New Zealand v Australia, Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane, 22 April.
 * New Zealand Test Captain: 2008–12
 * New Zealand Test Squad Selection: 2005–12
 * World Cups: 2008 – New Zealand defeated Australia 34 – 20 in Final, Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane, 26 October.
 * NRL All Stars Debut: 2010 – NRL All Stars v Indigenous All Stars, Skilled Park, Robina, Queensland, 13 February.
 * NRL All Stars Captain: 2012–13
 * NRL All Stars Selection: 2010–13

Auckland Blues (2014)
In August Marshall entered negotiations with the Blues to play Super Rugby in New Zealand. He indicated his desire to play for the Auckland team, even if it meant a pay cut and the probability of starting on the bench.

Marshall signed a two-year deal with the Auckland franchise worth close to $500,000 a season, announced via Blues official YouTube channel, with Marshall wearing the Blues jumper while still signed with Wests Tigers. Blues coach Sir John Kirwan hinted that number 10 (first five-eighth), not 15 (fullback), may be Marshall's ideal position. Marshall later said, "I'm a little bit dirty on myself for the way I left. I could've done things a lot better. I know that. The whole Auckland Blues jumper fiasco. The disrespect of doing that. I didn't know it at the time, and people around me were telling me to do it. I was dumb enough to listen."

In February 2014, Marshall made his Super Rugby debut for the Blues against the Highlanders at Forsyth Barr Stadium in Dunedin coming on off the bench in the 59th minute playing at fullback which resulted in a re-shuffle with Charles Piutau shifting to the centres. In his debut game he set up a line-break assist to Peter Saili, which led to a try to Patrick Tuipulotu. However, the Blues end-up losing 21–29.

On 15 March 2014, Marshall made his first appearance at fullback for the Blues for the clash against the South African team, the at Ellis Park Stadium in Johannesburg. During the game, he scored his first Super Rugby try in the second half of the game (in the 80th minute). He made 10 runs (130 metres), 2 line-breaks, 3 Offloads and 2 Try-Assists - setting up a try to team outside-backs Frank Halai (in the 65th minute) and George Moala (in the 71st minute). Unfortunately, the Blues end-up losing 36–39. Despite the loss, Marshall made a couple of great touches with the ball and produce a strong performance in the game. Following round 5 (of the 2014 Super Rugby Season), Marshall was named at Fullback in the Fox-Sports' Round 5 Super Rugby 'Team of the week'.

However, on 23 April 2014, having made just one start and six appearances, Marshall was released from his contract with the Blues.

St. George Illawarra Dragons (2014-2016)
Return to rugby league (2014)

On 9 May 2014, Marshall signed a $2 1/2$-year contract with the St George Illawarra Dragons. He finished the year playing in 15 games and scoring 3 tries.

Surprise season; finishing in second place in Dally M Player of the Year voting (2015)

In 2015, Marshall steered the Dragons to their first NRL finals series since coach Wayne Bennett left the club at the end of the 2011 season. The Dragons were defeated in golden point extra time by the Bulldogs in the first elimination final with Marshall being forced from the field in the second half with an ankle injury. Marshall finished equal second in the Dally M medal count, behind Johnathan Thurston, who won the People's Choice award, along with the Player of the Year and Halfback of the Year.

Nagging injuries and a shell of his former self (2016)

On 24 July, Marshall played his 250th NRL game, playing against his former club Wests Tigers. Marshall had been set to play game number 250 the weekend earlier against the Gold Coast Titans, before a troublesome hamstring pushed it back a week. Benji ran out in his 250th game in the Red V of St George, meaning that he ended up playing a major milestone match against a team he played most of his career with.

Brisbane Broncos (2017)
Mid-career crisis and attempts to 'enjoy the game again' (2017)

After rejecting a one-year extension worth $300,000, Marshall decided to reunite with Wayne Bennett and sign with the Brisbane Broncos on a one-year deal. Marshall later said, "I had nowhere to go so I called him and he just said, 'come to Brisbane'. He talked to me about just enjoying the game again, which I had lost. I've just been trying to do that ever since." He played in 13 games for them, sometimes covering injured or representative players, and sometimes playing as a utility off the bench.

Return to Wests Tigers (2018-2020)
Homecoming; slow but sure return to the Benji of the past (2018)

Marshall signed a deal in August 2017 to go back to his first club The Wests Tigers for one year. With the departure of Aaron Woods, Marshall was named as one of 5 co-captains at Wests Tigers, alongside Chris Lawrence, Elijah Taylor, Russell Packer and Josh Reynolds. Coach Ivan Cleary said, "I just think it's the right model for us right now. When we started this preseason it was pretty obvious straight away that there was no real pecking order. There was no set culture to adhere to. It was all new." With the role rotating, Marshall made his return as on-field captain in round 3.

Named on the bench for his return in round 1, Marshall got a call-up to five-eighth after a late injury to Josh Reynolds, and was said to play a "central role" in the surprise victory over eventual premiers the Sydney Roosters. Marshall said, "I'm just enjoying being back in this No.6 jersey and I'm going to give my all every week to try and stay in it. If that happens I'll be pretty happy. I thought my career was coming to an end so to get this opportunity is a dream come true for me." With Reynolds suffering further injuries, Marshall made 21 appearances for the season as Wests' missed out on the finals, finishing in 9th position.

Veteran experience and subsequent return to the Kiwis' squad (2019)

Marshall's contract renewal for 2019 was announced at the same time as long-time teammate Robbie Farah. Farah said, "Once he texted me late last night to tell me he was staying on again, it relieved the nerves, to be honest. To know he was there for another year - the two old boys at the club - it made me feel a lot better."

Marshall was selected to represent the New Zealand Kiwis for their matchup against Tonga on 22 June. He started as halfback, pairing with Shaun Johnson for a much anticipated halves combination. This was his first appearance for the Kiwis in seven years, and also his return to captaincy. They won the game 34–14.

Marshall made 19 appearances for the Wests Tigers in the 2019 NRL season as the club finished ninth on the table and missed out on the finals. The year also saw Marshall put in a number of strong performances.

At the end of the regular season, Marshall captained New Zealand in two further tests, breaking the record for most matches as captain for them at 22. Wayne Bennett said, "I think it is great what the coach has done in bringing him back because he brings so much. They all get older, there's no doubt about that but they don't lose their skill level, they don't lose their commitment, they might lose a yard of speed but that's about all."

Comeback season, final stint at the Tigers (2020)

After the first game of the season, Fox Sports had a headline, "Benji Marshall is the second oldest player in the NRL. He's not playing like it." Finishing the game with one try, two try assists, and returning to the goal-kicking role for the first time since leaving Wests Tigers in 2013, Marshall said, "I am actually proud of myself that I am still playing. There was a pretty tough patch there when I thought I was going to have to retire, especially when I went to Brisbane." On 8 August, in round 13 of the season, Marshall and fellow Wests Tigers teammate Chris Lawrence played their 250th games for the Tigers in a 44–4 loss against the Newcastle Knights.

Towards the back end of the season, Marshall was informed by Wests that he was not part of their plans going into the 2021 season. In round 20, he played his final game for the club against Parramatta. Marshall was taken from the field early in the first half with a rib injury and did not return as Wests lost 28–24 at Bankwest Stadium.

South Sydney Rabbitohs (2021)
Farewell season; and one more opportunity at a premiership (2021)

On 29 January, Marshall signed a one-year contract with the South Sydney Rabbitohs. He made his debut for them in round 1 in a 26-18 loss against Melbourne.

In round 5 against Brisbane, he scored his first try for South Sydney in a 35-6 victory at Stadium Australia, and in round 7, he scored two tries for South Sydney in a 40-30 victory over the Gold Coast, playing at centre.

Marshall played a total of 22 games for South Sydney in the 2021 NRL season including the club's 2021 NRL Grand Final defeat against Penrith. Following the NRL premiership decider, Marshall announced his retirement on 6 October. He then signed a two-year contract with Fox Sports to work as an analyst/pundit.

In the 2022 Queen's Birthday and Platinum Jubilee Honours, Marshall was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to rugby league.

Coaching career
In 2022, it was announced that Marshall would be appointed the Tigers' assistant coach under long-time head coach Tim Sheens, with the original plan being an assistant coach for the 2023 and 2024 NRL seasons, which would see him take over the head coaching role in the 2025 season after Sheens' retirement.

However due to the Tigers' poor 2023 season, the club mutually parted ways with Sheens in August, with Marshall moving into the head coach role a year earlier than expected. Marshall would assume the role in the Tigers' Round 25 match, where the Tigers would break a 10-game losing streak, defeating the Dolphins 24-22. The final 3 games of the 2023 NRL season officially do not count toward Marshall's coaching record, as Tim Sheens was still technically the head coach until the conclusion of the season.

Wests Tigers (2024-)
Marshall was announced as the new head coach for the Wests Tigers starting in 2024. Marshall earned his first win as head coach in round 3 of the 2024 NRL season against Cronulla.

Media appearances
In 2022, Marshall competed on the sixth season of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia. On June 21, he was declared the winner of the series, raising over $487,000 for his chosen charity Souths Cares.

title: Benji Marshall


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Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association

The Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA) was a college athletic conference and the second college conference formed upon its foundation on January 12, 1907. The conference was initially formed by an agreement among representatives of five schools, the University of Kansas, University of Missouri, University of Nebraska, University of Iowa, and Washington University in St. Louis. Iowa State College and Drake University, both joined the conference together in March 1907. The University of Iowa, which had only taken part in football, left after the 1908 season and remained a member of the Big Ten Conference, but other schools joined the MVIAA, including Kansas State University, Grinnell College, the University of Oklahoma, and Oklahoma A&M.

In 1928, the conference split apart into two conferences, both of which claimed to be the legitimate heir to the MVIAA's history. Six schools — Iowa State, Kansas, Kansas State, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma — reorganized under the MVIAA name. This conference, popularly known as the "Big Six Conference" at the time and later as the Big Seven Conference, would eventually evolve into the Big Eight Conference. Drake, Grinnell, Washington, and Oklahoma A&M formed the Missouri Valley Conference, which retained the same administrative staff as the MVIAA. Until the Big Eight disbanded in 1996, both conferences claimed 1907 as their founding date and the same history through May 1928. To this day, it has never been definitively established which conference was the original.

Final pre-split members

 * Notes

Former associate members

 * Notes


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List of Justice League episodes

Justice League is an American animated series about a team of superheroes, which ran from 2001 to 2004 on Cartoon Network. The series is based on the Justice League and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics. It follows the adventures of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, The Flash, Hawkgirl, and Martian Manhunter. The series was immediately followed by Justice League Unlimited (2004-2006).

Season 2 (2003–2004)
Starting this season, the episodes were produced in 16:9 widescreen which were letterboxed in 4:3 when broadcast.

Static Shock crossovers
Note: Chronologically, these episodes take place prior to "Starcrossed", as they make use of the original Watchtower and Shayera Hol still uses her "Hawkgirl" cover.

Other
Two spin-off comic book series (Justice League Adventures and Justice League Unlimited) were loosely set in the same continuity as the animated series. They feature characters who never appeared on the animated series such as Blue Beetle, Mary Marvel, Power Girl, Black Lightning and Firestorm and sometimes contradict events already shown, for example Wonder Woman remembering the events from "The Once and Future Thing".

Matt Wayne (who wrote "Chaos at the Earth's Core", "Flash and Substance", and "Patriot Act") wrote issues 37 and 38 of the comic, based on unused episode ideas.

title: List of Justice League episodes


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Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Oil painting

Oil painting

 * Nominated on 05:31, 15 October 2005 (UTC); needs 3 votes by 22nd October 2005.

currently very short article on a subject of great importance in history of art, there are already several comments on the talk page from readers feeling there should be more content.

Support:
 * 1) bodnotbod 05:31, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

.


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Talk:Knife of Dreams

The caption under the book's cover is apparently a joke. (No one who knew the names would make those guesses.) But it's funny, so I'm leaving it.

To say that Galina is captured by Perrin is misleading.

 * the other books of the WoT on wiki have a brief caption for the cover art.
 * for this particular one, the description can be easily found in the book, starting around the middle of page 67 of the paperback (mass market edition one?).
 * the description starts by detailing the background "silk hangings" and the maps, and then it names the characters: perrin (in white), berelain (the woman), neald (with a sword in brown, a guess but he's not wearing a black cloak probably due to the circumstances before the events lead neald into the tent), and queen aliandre's captain: the one in a breastplate over scarlet (his name evades me right now) ... and on the backside of the book you see the second ashaman, but wiki isn't showing the backside of any WoT book for some reason. (a shame because theres a lot more art back there)
 * hopefully enough agree with this to get it on the official page, or at least get enough to discuss what really should be there

The description of the book cover mentions Gaul. The only one on the the cover that could qualify as Gaul would be the figure in the loose fitting brown clothes. However, that figure is also in possession of a sword, which an Aiel would not touch. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Streppa (talk • contribs) 03:58, 27 January 2009 (UTC) I've added a bit saying that Tuon wasn't "officially" the Empress since it is mentionned (by Suroth) that she would not take a new name or become empress until the Mourning was over. Page 753, slightly below the halfway mark in the page.

Alright, I've change a lot of the Plot Summary bit, adding a somewhat thorough(in my opinion) summary of what Mat and his posse do in the book. It's my first long change, so please give pointers/criticisms just remember that I bruise easily ;). Ray B --

You said something along the lines of 'thanks to Alivia's innovation, mat whipped ass, etc.' I assume that you meant Aludra, the Illuminator, being as Alivia is the 400 yr. old former damane with Rand.

I was going to expand upon the Rand and Perrin summaries to match up with the large and somewhat overly done Mat summary, but, they were so ignored it's hard to really build upon it to any useful degree becaue the one/two line summations pretty much say it all.

-Hat Jones --- I tried to clean up some mistakes and add a more thorough short summary. Feel free to improve this further (or fix my mistakes ;-)

-C. Oezbek

--- I don't have my copy of the book here to do the scene justice, but isn't there another Forsaken tea party in this one, including a forceful insinuation that Sammael is either alive or being impersonated? 129.237.90.24 21:33, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Policy violation
The article, as it stands now, is currently in violation of WP:NOT section seven, as it is mainly a plot summary. More information will be need to be added concerning real-world context and sourced analysis, offering detail on a work's achievements, impact or historical significance, or it will continue to be in violation of policy. This is a major series; we should bring it into compliance.MPoint

Mazrim Taim
"Mazrim Taim is confirmed to be at the very least a Darkfriend in the last chapter of the book when he quotes what he claims is an old saying, "Let the lord of chaos rule."" I think this is incorrect. The book Lord of Chaos is in fact about Rand (the title "Lord of Chaos" originally referred to Lews Therin Telamon if I recall correctly), so I think this statement doesn't confirm anything. Anyone else have any ideas on this? 198.232.29.99 16:34, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * In the Prologue, Semirhage also says "Let the lord of chaos rule", obviously referring to Shaitan. Jhobson1 (talk) 21:23, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe that in the series, only darkfriends refer to the lord of chaos (whomever it might be, although I think it is just figurative). Plus it seems to have been the key theme of the meeting in Shayol Ghul which is shown from Carradin's (aka the man who calls himself Bors') perspective (from the fourth book's prologue, I think). Even before the line though, there is significant evidence that something is fishy about Taim, although it might be in the attempt for some sort of twist with his character. I think that the Aes Sedai questions the validity of his saying is clear proof that we are suppore to take special note. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.173.245.215 (talk) 00:53, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * On page 69 of the mass market paperback, Demandred delivers two messages from the Dark One that's to be kept secret between those present, the first message being, "Let the Lord of Chaos rule." Interestingly, this is found in the prologue titled "The First Message."  But perhaps, given the context that Reds are there asking him about bonding some of his men, he was thinking along the lines of the prophetic (to us) chant from a children's game heard in Great Arvalon, the Fourth Age (it appears just before the prologue)...

 * The lions sing and the hills take flight.
 * The moon by day, and the sun by night.
 * Blind woman, deaf man, jackdaw fool.
 * Let the Lord of Chaos rule.

 * Reds bonding warders is thought to be about the same as a moon by day and the sun by night. Generally, things are supposed to get chaotic before the last battle, thanks to the Dark One.

 * But let's not forget that Mazrim is recalling an old saying. At least one of the Aes Sedai there has been alive for at least 6 generations, and none of them have heard of the saying.  So if he's recalling an old saying, then it's one that predates the Aes Sedai present.  Meaning Mazrim would have to be older to have heard it or know someone who heard it.  Either way, the only people likely are those who've been sealed since shortly before the breaking... yeah, the Chosen/Forsaken.

 * So, I think those two things give, at the very least, compelling evidence, apart from Mazrim's own conduct, that suggest he may very well be not only just a darkfriend, but one of (or associated with) the Chosen/Forsaken. Personally, I think he's probably Demandred, but in any case maybe just a general blurb about fan speculation of his being a darkfriend would be best, else you invite a lot of theories to be aired here.Mukanil (talk) 04:48, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knife of Dreams


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amelia Henry

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE, per A8. -Splash talk 21:23, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Amelia Henry
Not particularly notable; not particularly helpful information; created by a vandal --Nlu 05:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Turns out, it's also a copyright violation. --Nlu 06:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as copyright infringement. Whether as one of the hopefuls for this season of the Apprentice, she is notable enough to warrant an article is also a matter for some debate. In my view, only the winner would meet the notability criteria. Capitalistroadster 07:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as a copyright violation. This one could actually be considered a commercial content provider. -- Kjkolb 13:38, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:68.90.77.157

title: User talk:68.90.77.157


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Category:Political parties in pre-Confederation New Brunswick

Political parties operating in New Brunswick before Canadian Confederation in 1867.


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Category:Political parties in pre-Confederation Nova Scotia

Political parties operating in Nova Scotia before Canadian Confederation in 1867.

v


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Cylinder blown sheet glass

Cylinder blown sheet is a type of hand-blown window glass. It is created with a similar process to broad sheet, but with the use of larger cylinders. In this manufacturing process glass is blown into a cylindrical iron mold. The ends are cut off and a cut is made down the side of the cylinder. The cut cylinder is then placed in an oven where the cylinder unrolls into a flat glass sheet. William J. Blenko used this method in the early 1900s to make stained glass. The result is much larger panes and improved surface quality over broad sheet, although still containing some imperfections. These imperfect panes have led to the misconception that glass is actually a high-viscosity fluid at room temperature, which is not the case.

This method caused surface damages on the glass due to the flattening and moving, and the sheet therefore had to be ground and polished. In 1839 the Chance Brothers invented the patent plate process where the glass plate was placed on a wet piece of leather and ground and polished to remove all the surface damage.

Other methods of producing hand-blown window glass included broad sheet, blown plate, crown glass and polished plate. These methods of manufacture lasted at least until the end of the 19th century. The early 20th century marks the move away from hand-blown to machine manufactured glass such as rolled plate, machine drawn cylinder sheet, the Fourcault process of flat drawn sheet, single and twin ground polished plate and most common, float glass.

Cylinder blown sheet glass was manufactured in the UK in the mid 19th century. It had been manufactured in France and Germany (and imported to the UK) since the 18th century.

title: Cylinder blown sheet glass


text: User talk:68.189.48.55

title: User talk:68.189.48.55


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Category:Political parties in pre-Confederation Canada

Political parties operating in British North America/Canada before Canadian Confederation in 1867.


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Blarg

Blarg may refer to:
 * Blarg, an alien species in the Ratchet & Clank video game series
 * Blarg, one of two common words used by the Alien in the web series Red vs. Blue
 * Blarg, an alien species in the episode "The Big Dipper Diner" of the animated series The Backyardigans

title: Blarg