text:
Swindon railway station

Swindon railway station is on the Great Western Main Line in South West England, serving the town of Swindon, Wiltshire. The station is 77 mi down the line from the zero point at London Paddington and lies between Didcot Parkway and Chippenham. It is managed by Great Western Railway, which also operates all of the services from the station. It is the busiest station in Wiltshire, and the fifth busiest station in South West England.

Being roughly halfway between the English and Welsh capitals of London and Cardiff, it is an important junction where the former Great Western Railway line to Gloucester and Cheltenham Spa, the main line to Bristol Temple Meads, and the South Wales Main Line via Bristol Parkway diverge.

The station is sited approximately 220 yd from the central bus station and the town centre. It is served by GWR services from Paddington to Bristol Temple Meads; Cheltenham Spa via Gloucester; Cardiff Central, Swansea and the rest of South Wales; and to Westbury.

History
The main line of the Great Western Railway (GWR) was built and opened in stages. Construction began in late 1835, and by the end of August 1840 the line was open between Paddington and Faringdon Road (later known as Challow), also between Bristol and Bath. The section from Faringdon Road to a temporary terminus at Hay Lane (near Wootton Bassett) was opened on 17 December 1840; this passed to the north of the market town of Swindon (now known as Old Town); but the only intermediate station opened at that time was at Shrivenham.

Meanwhile, the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway had in 1836 been authorised to link the GWR with Gloucester and Cheltenham, and for this line, a junction at Swindon had been decided upon. The GWR line was planned by Isambard Kingdom Brunel to rise from both London and Bristol to a summit near Swindon, and to have easy gradients east of that summit, and steeper gradients to the west. Brunel, and his colleague Daniel Gooch, decided in October 1840 that one locomotive would not be able to manage the whole distance without taking on fuel; and it would be necessary to change locomotives part-way. Reading was chosen as one place to change engines, being both a major station and, at just under 36 mi, approximately one-third of the 118 mi distance from Paddington to Bristol. They also felt that it would be convenient to change locomotives at Swindon; not only was this almost two-thirds of the way (just over 77 mi) and the site of the junction for the Cheltenham line, it was also the summit of the line; and a train from London could have its fast locomotive replaced by a slower but more powerful locomotive for the journey on to Bristol. Accordingly, it was necessary to provide locomotive maintenance facilities at Swindon.

The proximity of the North Wilts Canal was also a factor, since it would enable coke for the locomotives and coal for the workshops to be supplied from the Somerset Coalfield at a reasonable price. A station was then planned around the junction, and opened at the same time as the first portion of the Cheltenham line (from Swindon to Kemble and Cirencester); the GWR main line was extended from Hay Lane to Chippenham on the same day, 31 May 1841. The GWR had engaged the Westminster firm of Messrs. J. & C. Rigby to build several stations, including all those between Steventon and Corsham; this firm was also given the construction contracts for all of the buildings at Swindon, including the station and its refreshment rooms, the locomotive repair shops, 300 houses and other buildings needed for the workers. The GWR was short of money, and in late 1841 the contractors, instead of asking for payment, agreed to give Swindon station and its refreshment rooms to the GWR free of charge, and to lease back the refreshment rooms for 99 years at one (old) penny per year. Part of the deal was that "All trains carrying passengers, not being Goods trains or trains to be sent express or for special purposes, and except trains not under the control of the Great Western Railway Company, which shall pass the Swindon Station either up or down, shall, save in case of emergency or unusual delay arising from accidents, stop there for refreshment of passengers for a reasonable period of about ten minutes." In this "reasonable period", not only could the passengers be refreshed but the locomotive would also be changed. Messrs. Rigby would then be able to use the profits from the refreshment rooms to recover their financial outlay. Not long after the contract was finalised, Rigby then sublet the rights to S. Y. Griffiths of Cheltenham for seven years, for which Griffiths paid Rigby £6,000 up front and then £1,100 per year. Before this expired, Rigby sold the lease to J. R. Phillips for £20,000 in August 1848.

With the railway passing through the town in early 1841, the Goddard Arms public house in Old Swindon was used as a railway booking office in lieu of a station. Tickets purchased included the fare for a horse-drawn carriage to the line at the bottom of the hill.

Swindon railway station opened in 1842 with construction of the GWR's engineering works continuing. Until 1895, every train stopped here for at least 10 minutes to change locomotives. Swindon station hosted the first recorded railway refreshment rooms, divided according to class. Swindonians, for a time, were eminently proud that even the current King and Queen of the time had partaken of refreshments there. The station in 1842 was built of three storeys, with the refreshment rooms on the ground floor, the upper floors comprising the station hotel and lounge. Until 1961, when Swindon Town station closed, the station was known as Swindon Junction.

The original building was demolished in 1972, with today's modern station and office block erected on the site.

The Travel Centre (booking office) at Swindon was APTIS-equipped by the end of October 1986, making it one of the first stations with the ticketing system which was eventually found across the UK at all staffed British Rail stations by the end of the 1980s.

On 2 June 2003 Platform 4 opened. Prior to this all westbound trains had used Platform 3 and eastbound services Platform 1. Services terminating or starting here on the lines to Westbury via Chippenham and Gloucester use platform 2, a west-facing inset bay.

Stationmasters

 * Christopher Hill 1841 – 1852 (afterwards station master at Chippenham)
 * George Wasborough Andrewes 1852 - 1855 (formerly station master at Chippenham, afterwards station master at Birmingham)
 * John Holmes 1859 - 1873 (formerly station master at Cirencester)
 * Mr. Reynolds 1873 – 1877
 * William Bonner 1877 – 1897 (formerly station master at Wrexham)
 * John Brewer 1897 – 1909 (formerly station master at Truro)
 * F.S. Davies from 1909 (formerly station master at Weymouth)
 * H.G. Cotterall 1915 – 1919 (formerly station master at Weymouth)
 * W. Thick 1919 – 1922 (formerly station master at Milford Haven)
 * S.N Cooper 1922 – 1930 (formerly station master at Pontypool)
 * Arthur Meddows Taylor 1930 – 1933 (brother of later station master Sidney, formerly station master at Didcot)
 * W.J. Pepler 1933 – 1935
 * Sidney Meddows Taylor 1935 – 1942 (brother of former station master Arthur, formerly station master at Bath)
 * G. Naylor 1942 – 1951 (formerly station master at Plymouth)
 * Ernest Sharples 1951 – 1955 (afterwards station master at Manchester London Road)

Services
All services at Swindon are operated by Great Western Railway.

The station is served by frequent intercity trains to London Paddington eastbound and westbound to Bristol, Cheltenham Spa and Cardiff along the Great Western Main Line as well as a local service to Westbury via the Wessex Main Line.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 5 tph to London Paddington
 * 2 tph to Bristol Temple Meads
 * 2 tph to Cardiff Central of which 1 continues to Swansea
 * 1 tph to Cheltenham Spa via Gloucester
 * 1 tp2h to Westbury via Melksham

Additional services run during the peak periods and some existing services are extended further afield. Some trains are extended beyond Swansea to Carmarthen and a number of trains are extended beyond Bristol Temple Meads to Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Exeter St Davids, Plymouth and Penzance.

Panel box
The railway in the vicinity of Swindon station and for a distance of about 20-30 mi in each direction towards Didcot, Bristol, South Wales and Gloucester was controlled from a signal box situated behind platform number 4. The panel box is a Western Region Integra design built by Henry Williams (Darlington) and opened in March 1968. The box was decommissioned in February 2016 and the panel was moved for preservation to Didcot Railway Centre.

Plans
It was announced in December 2005 that stations in the Thames Valley region were to be upgraded.

In August 2014, Network Rail completed the redoubling of the track between Swindon and Kemble in order to improve rail services between London and Cheltenham/Gloucester, and to allow for maintenance work in the Severn Tunnel when Swansea services are diverted via Gloucester. When originally laid in 1842 the line was double-track throughout, however some 12+1/4 mi of the second track were removed in 1968/69. , the Office of Rail Regulation was receiving submissions to restore this project (previously omitted) to Network Rail's plans for 2009–2014. The project cost was estimated at £50.2 million and received backing from the South West Development Agency and others but stalled when it was left out of the new Coalition Government's Spending Review in October 2010. Work commenced in January 2013 and was completed in August 2014.

On 1 March 2011, Transport Secretary Philip Hammond announced that plans for electrifying the Great Western main line west from Didcot through Swindon to Bristol and Cardiff had resumed at a planned cost of £704 million. The electrification project had first been announced by the previous Government's Transport Secretary Andrew Adonis, on 23 July 2009.

title: Swindon railway station


text:
Talk:The Majority Report with Sam Seder

Removed comment
I've removed the comment "Most anything he says that is funny was written by either Stephen Sherrill or Josh Orton." left by an anonymous user because it sounds like it's just a dig at Seder. If it's factually correct, it should be reworded before it goes back into the article. - dcljr (talk) 21:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I would add that if it's factually correct, it should be referenced. Who said that? --Asbl 05:01, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Anyone a fan enough to a Colbert Report
A list of recurring features.John wesley 21:28, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Itunes link
I see the Itunes link (under Music) has been in the article for a while, so I assume it's relevant. It needs to be explained in some way, though. - dcljr (talk) 18:29, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

it's own page?
hey, anyone else think the sam seder show deserves its own page at this point? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.72.85.26 (talk) 22:01, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

I do, but I don't feel qualified to take on that task right now. But, yeah, it should. TiffanyMarsh

Bill Scher liberaloasis

 * < http://liberaloasis.com >;
 * < http://liberaloasis.com/manifesto.htm >;
 * < http://liberaloasis.com/about/ >.
 * Need a page.

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 01:00, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Podcast?
I added the Infobox radio show. I am not sure how to add the podcast. I presume the URL to zune://subscribe/?MajorityReport=http://feeds.feedburner.com/MajorityReport is the podcast URL, but the help page on the Infobox not mentions zune://. Any heads up appreciated. --Rava77 (talk) 01:16, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Vote/consensus on moving Michael Brooks to a new article
Hi everyone,

As you know, longtime host Michael Brooks passed away today. It has been brought to my attention that a new article has been made about him, instead of keeping his information on this article. I thought we could vote on the issue and make a consensus whether to keep the information surrounding his death on this article, or to move it to another article that may contain more information.

I personally oppose the move. There just isn't enough information, personal or otherwise, on Michael Brooks to make him notable or to craft a very satisfactory Wikipedia article. We barely know his birthday and don't really know where he lived or much on his background. -HandIsNotNookls (talk) 03:35, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

 * His birthday is August 13, he grew up relatively poor, he had talked on air at length about his background. I understand that this comment is really late, but the man was an author, commentator, met with Lula da Silva, and was even helping to the magazine Jacobin form a studio to create online video content. People have been given pages for less. Full bias here, since personally Michael Brooks had been an influence on me personally, politically, and even spiritually. The article that ended up being written was wonderful.~𝓜𝓙𝓛'𝓼 𝓔𝓿𝓲𝓵 𝓢𝓲𝓼𝓽𝓮𝓻 (talk) 20:27, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Is "The Majority Report" considered part of the "Dirtbag Left"?
I was just wondering if we should make a link or put some information linking the show with the Dirtbag left since it does have some similarities with shows like Chapo Trap House and streamers like Hasan Piker. Since they often have the hosts from those programs on the show, I figured that The Majority Report is also considered part of that group. Any thoughts on this? DinosaurPlaneteer (talk) 03:06, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

Sarah Silverman
Yeah I don't think Sam Seder is married to Sarah Silverman. I think someone just thought that was cute with the 2 SS... 58.104.30.135 (talk) 10:44, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Majority Report with Sam Seder


text:
Talk:Potsdamer

The generic term is shandy; merging would give both articles richer context. --Wetman 21:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

wrong!
this article is almost completely wrong, as it's content is a mix of what is known as Potsdamer and Berliner Weiße. "Potsdamer" is a mix of beer and orange lemonade (a beer mix with lemon instead of orange is called "Radler" or "Alster"/"Alsterwasser"). "Berliner Weiße" is a mix of Beer and woodruff or raspberry syrop (NOT SODA OR LEMONADE).

Maybe incomplete, but not wrong
I don't know if the names vary in different parts of Northeast Germany, but I spent a month in Brandenburg and they called beer mixed with woodruff or berry limonade a Potsdamer. If you know that it goes by other names, go ahead and add them, but what I wrote isn't incorrect. As for merging it with shandy, that seems like a fine idea. I'm a bit of a n00b, so I wouldn't know how to do it. --Doctor Love 22:47, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Potsdamer


text:
No One (band)

No One is an American four-piece nu metal band from Chicago, Illinois. They released one studio album through Immortal Records in August 2001 to minimal success. No One has performed on Ozzfest and alongside the likes of Slipknot and System of a Down. After lagging commercial success, the group disbanded in 2003. They reformed in 2010 and began performing concerts again. Two of their members, guitarist B-Larz (Bob Bielarz) and bassist Flare (Mike Flaherty), died in 2014 and 2019 respectively, and No One remains mostly inactive as of 2024.

Career
Vocalist Murk and guitarist B-Larz originally came together in 1994 under the name Black Talon. With the addition of bassist Flare and drummer Billy K, No One was born. They played their first concert on August 5, 2000 at Champ’s. The show occurred between two Chicago dates for Ozzfest, which allowed No One to be exposed to the likes of Disturbed, Soulfly, and The Deadlights. A mere two weeks later, they joined Johnny K to record a three-track demo.

Shortly after, No One received a phone call notifying them that a manager in California had been shopping the demo around without their consent. Although this bothered the Chicago quartet, they soon received offers from various labels. No One eventually chose Immortal Records, partially because at the time Immortal were known for never having dropped a band from its roster. At the time of signing the record deal, No One only had five songs to their name but did not tell the label and wrote the rest of their album in the studio. They released their one and only self-titled album in August 2001 and toured with various popular nu metal groups including Slipknot, System of a Down, and American Head Charge.

The album charted at No. 35 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart but its two singles did not manage to chart. Ironically, Immortal Records saw No One as a major disappointment and soon dropped the band from their roster. Bassist Flare soon exited the group but No One continued to write new music and post demos on their now-defunct website before disbanding in 2003.

As of 2010 the band started playing shows again.

The band's guitarist Bob Bielarz, his wife Viengsavanh "Vee" Malaythong-Bielarz, and his friend Jeremy Muzika, went missing on June 20, 2014, just after 11:00pm, after Bielarz's boat capsized in the Cal-Sag Channel near Palos Hills, Illinois. The bodies of Vee and Jeremy were recovered on June 22. Bielarz was identified on June 23. No One has since been inactive again, and bassist Mike "Flare" Flaherty died on April 1, 2019, following a battle with stage three lung cancer.

Band members

 * Murk (Rick Murawski) – vocals
 * Billy K (Billy Kassanits) – drums
 * Knuckles (Rick Oleferchik) – Bass

Past members
 * B-Larz (Bob Bielarz) – guitar 2000–2003, 2010–2014; (died 2014)
 * Flare (Mike Flaherty) – bass 2000–2003, 2010–2014; (died 2019)

title: No One (band)


text:
List of cultural venues in Swansea

This is a list of cultural venues in the City and County of Swansea, Wales.

Stadia
List of stadiums with seating capacity:
 * Liberty Stadium (20,280)
 * St Helens Rugby and Cricket Ground (10,500)
 * Pryderi Park Stadium

Indoor venues

 * Landore Bowls Stadium

Playing fields

 * King George V Playing Field, Sketty
 * Stafford Common

Golf courses

 * Clyne Golf Club, Mayals
 * Fairwood Park Golf Course, Fairwood Common
 * Gower Golf Club, Gowerton
 * Inco Golf Course, Clydach
 * Langland Bay Golf Course, Oystermouth
 * Pennard Golf Course, Pennard
 * Morriston Golf Course, Morriston

Leisure centres

 * Bishopston Sports Centre
 * Cefn Hengoed Leisure Centre, Llansamlet
 * City of Swansea Gymnastics Club
 * Morriston Leisure Centre
 * Olchfa Pool
 * Penlan Leisure Centre
 * Pentrehafod Sports Hall and Pool
 * Penyrheol Leisure Centre
 * Pontarddulais Community Leisure Centre
 * Wales National Pool, Sketty
 * Swansea Leisure Centre
 * Swansea University Sports Centre

Performing arts
List of performing arts venues and their seating capacities:
 * Albert Hall (800)
 * Swansea Arena (3,500)
 * Guildhall
 * Brangwyn Hall (1,070)
 * George Hall (200)
 * Lord Mayor's Reception Room (30-130)
 * Dylan Thomas Centre (110)
 * Dylan Thomas Theatre (144)
 * Grand Theatre
 * Main Theatre (1,000)
 * Arts Wing (175)
 * Great Hall, Swansea University (700)
 * Patti Pavilion (900)
 * Penyrheol Theatre (500)
 * Taliesin Arts Centre (330) Official Site
 * YMCA Theatre

Choral venues

 * Tabernacle Chapel, Morriston (3,000)

Open-air venues

 * Castle Square, city centre
 * Singleton Park, Sketty
 * Felindre, venue for the 2006 National Eisteddfod of Wales

Historic and architectural venues
This is a list of historic and architectural places and their use as a cultural venue:
 * Oystermouth Castle (Shakespeare performances)

Museums and art galleries

 * 1940s Swansea Bay, Crymlyn Burrows
 * Attic Gallery, Maritime Quarter
 * Dylan Thomas Centre
 * Egypt Centre, University of Wales, Swansea
 * Elysium Gallery
 * Glynn Vivian Art Gallery
 * Gower Heritage Centre
 * Mission Gallery, Maritime Quarter
 * National Waterfront Museum (until 2005, the Maritime and Industrial Museum)
 * Swansea Museum

Places of worship
These are a few of the places of worship in Swansea, many of them in the city centre:

Dharmavajra Buddhist Centre, Uplands (Buddhist)
 * Cathedral Church of Saint Joseph, Greenhill (Roman Catholic)
 * City Church Swansea Dyfatty St SA1 1QQ (Pentecostal)
 * Ebenezer Baptist Church (Evangelical)
 * High Street Unitarian Church, Swansea (Unitarianism)
 * Kafel Centre, (Racial Attacks and Harassment Monitoring Association)
 * Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses, Uplands (Jehovah's Witnesses)
 * Mount Pleasant Baptist Church (Evangelical)
 * Pantygwydr Baptist Church (Baptist)
 * St. Benedict's, Sketty (Roman Catholic)
 * St. David's Priory (Roman Catholic)
 * St Gabriel's, Brynmill (Church in Wales (Anglican))
 * St. Mary's Church (Church in Wales (Anglican))
 * St. Paul's Church, Sketty (Church in Wales (Anglican))
 * Sketty Methodist Church, (Methodist)
 * Waterfront Community Church (Apostolic)

title: List of cultural venues in Swansea


text:
User:KHatcher~enwiki

Kathryn Hatcher serves on the University of Georgia faculty (1978-present) at the Institute of Ecology in Athens, Georgia USA, and previously worked for State of Maryland DNR Water Resources Administration (1974-78). She graduated from Georgia Tech (BCE, 1972) and MIT (SMCE, 1974).

title: User:KHatcher~enwiki


title: File:Xmen392.PNG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List author

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 22:27, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

List author
What seems like a non-notable newspaper writer. The book is ranked #2,194,184 on amazon, and is published through the vanity press Xlibris Thue | talk 21:03, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nonsensical title, non-notable writer. -R. fiend 06:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cyberbullying

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep Wikibofh 14:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Cyberbullying
Hmmm...where to start. (First editor) is a non-notable educator (at a non-notable institution) with co-authorship of 4 papers to his name. (Second editor) appears to have a little more notability than his colleague. The whole issue smacks of dicdef, original research and postmodern jibberjabber that professional professors throw around when their tenure is threatened. Delete or come up with some convincing prose that demonstrates clearly the how and why of bullying via the internet and why it is a bigger deal than actual physical violence. Eddie.willers 21:03, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * {Rejoinder} Despite the fact that Mr. Willers provided absolutely no constructive feedback regarding this project, I feel that he has contributed immeasurably, insofar as his comments represent a good example of one form of cyberbullying – that is, groundless, unqualified, and clearly inept criticism of another’s work. I will not respond to the personal attack, except for thanking him for visiting our site.  I will, however, continue to contribute to the development of Wikipedia and the cyberbullying article specifically as this is an area of interest. Non-notable educator 22:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Response to Non-Notable Educator. Sir, I am saddened by your apparent inability to maintain a clear focus on the purpose of this forum. An AFD Nomination is not required to provide 'constructive feedback', as the process calls for contributory votes from other users. Although, as you assert, and to which I shall admit, my criticism is somewhat 'groundless, unqualified, and clearly inept', at no point does my nomination veer in to the realms of personal attack (aka 'cyberbullying') and to suggest that it does is disingenuous, to say the least. I maintain that you have signally failed in your article to clearly set forth a difference between actual physical intimidation in the real world and its electronic percieved equivalent.
 * Keep/Expand/Cleanup Cyber bullying (as two words) has received mainstream media attention internationally as a concept w/r/t kids in chat rooms, and using SMS and IM. Apparently it's more prevalent than in-person bullying due to anonymity the web provides. Here are a few media mentions: Louisiana TV station, CBS News, CBC backgrounder, Wired Safety article Maybe redirect to Cyber bullying since that's how it's usually written? Jessamyn 23:41, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. I have changed this to a web stub and provided references. User Jessamyn has listed others with potential. This is a significant issue regarding technology use by children and young people. Should be renamed as Cyber bullying.Capitalistroadster 03:36, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Jessamyn. The article has a lot of potential. Saberwyn 03:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup as per above. -- Kjkolb 03:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above. Ryan Norton T 05:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep echoing above. Dottore So 07:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep These newstories made CNN and ABC, at least, not to mention my local paper. Xoloz 10:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to Cyber bullying Alf melmac 12:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep newsmaking --JAranda | yeah 20:16, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Private Butcher 22:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If that link is an explanation of your keep vote, it is not transparent to me. Jkelly 23:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'd suggest that it might be better titled Cyber bullying, with a preserved redirect.  Jkelly 23:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP!!!! I CREATED THIS ARTICLE, I DID NOT MAKE UP THIS SUBJECT, THE PORTMANTEAU IS MENTIONED ON MANY WEBSITES AND IT ISN'T EVEN THAT BIG OF A "HOG" ON THE WIKIPEDIA DATABASE ANYWAY.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Largent, West Virginia

Largent is an unincorporated community village located chiefly in Morgan County and partly in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Largent is located on the Cacapon River, approximately 18 miles southwest of Berkeley Springs along Cacapon Road (West Virginia Route 9). It is located by Old Enon Cemetery, Stony Creek, and the Cacapon River. Largent's original town name was Enon. It was most likely renamed when Postal Service found another town of Enon elsewhere in the state. The Enon name is found in local church and cemetery names. The Enon school is found on USGS maps from 1914 through 1923 (Capon Bridge maps). The school has been open at least since the 1930s. The Baileys bought the building in 1958 and it has been a residence since.

The Largent Bridge was built in the 1930s during the New Deal. Initially it was a one lane bridge, but it was quickly expanded to be a two-way bridge. The addition (difference in concrete) can be seen from underneath the bridge.

Businesses
The only (currently operating) local business is Stoney Creek Country Store.

Communication
Largent's post office was in operation from 1906 until the 1950s. Residences and businesses in Largent are currently serviced by Great Cacapon's post office, therefore bearing Great Cacapon addresses. However, Largent's telephone exchange is 947 which is a Paw Paw exchange.

Transportation
Other roads include Kilgore Lane, Alpine Drive, Stoney Creek Road, Dunrovin Lane, Golliday Lane and Oliver Lane. A bridge over the Cacapon River is part of Cacapon Road and leads to the town of Woodrow.

title: Largent, West Virginia


text:
Oppositional defiant disorder

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is listed in the DSM-5 under Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders and defined as "a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness". This behavior is usually targeted toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures, including law enforcement officials. Unlike conduct disorder (CD), those with ODD do not generally show patterns of aggression towards random people, violence against animals, destruction of property, theft, or deceit. One-half of children with ODD also fulfill the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.

History
Oppositional defiant disorder was first defined in the DSM-III (1980). Since the introduction of ODD as an independent disorder, the field trials to inform its definition have included predominantly male subjects. Some clinicians have debated whether the diagnostic criteria would be clinically relevant for use with women, and furthermore, some have questioned whether gender-specific criteria and thresholds should be included. Additionally, some clinicians have questioned the preclusion of ODD when conduct disorder is present. According to Dickstein, the DSM-5 attempts to:

Epidemiology
ODD is a pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior, and it is one of the most prevalent disorders from preschool age to adulthood. This can include frequent temper tantrums, excessive arguing with adults, refusing to follow rules, purposefully upsetting others, getting easily irked, having an angry attitude, and vindictive acts. Children with ODD usually begin showing symptoms around age 6 to 8, although the disorder can emerge in younger children too. Symptoms can last throughout teenage years. The pooled prevalence is 3.6% up to age 18.

Oppositional defiant disorder has a prevalence of 1–11%. The average prevalence is approximately 3%. Gender and age play an important role in the rate of the disorder. ODD gradually develops and becomes apparent in preschool years, often before the age of eight years old. However, it is very unlikely to emerge following early adolescence.

There is a difference in prevalence between boys and girls, with a ratio of 1.4 to 1 before adolescence. Other research suggests a 2:1 ratio. Prevalence in girls tends to increase after puberty. Researchers have found that the general prevalence of ODD throughout cultures remains constant. However, the gendered disparities in diagnoses is only seen in Western cultures. It is unknown whether this reflects underlying differences in incidence or under-diagnosis of girls. Physical abuse at home is a significant predictor of diagnosis for girls only, and emotional responsiveness of parents is a significant predictor of diagnosis for boys only, which may have implications for how gendered socialization and received gender roles affect ODD symptoms and outcomes.

Children from lower-income backgrounds are more likely to be diagnosed with ODD. The correlative link between low income and ODD diagnosis is direct in boys, but in girls, the link is more complex; the diagnosis is associated with specific parental techniques such as corporal punishment which are in turn linked to lower income households. This disparity may be linked to a more general tendency of boys and men to display more externalized psychiatric symptoms, and girls to display more internalized ones (such as self-harm or anorexia nervosa).

African Americans and Latinos are more likely to receive diagnoses of ODD or other conduct disorders compared to non-Hispanic White youth with the same symptoms, who are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. This has wide-ranging implications about the role of racial bias in how certain behaviors are perceived and categorized as either defiant or inattentive/hyperactive.

Prevalence of ODD and conduct disorder are significantly higher among children in foster care. One survey in Norway found that 14 percent met the criteria, and other studies have found a prevalence of up to 17 or even 29 percent. Low parental attachment and parenting style are strong predictors of ODD symptoms.

Earlier conceptions of ODD had higher rates of diagnosis. When the disorder was first included in the DSM-III, the prevalence was 25% higher than when the DSM-IV revised the criteria of diagnosis. The DSM-V made more changes to the criteria, grouping certain characteristics together in order to demonstrate that people with ODD display both emotional and behavioral symptoms. In addition, criteria were added to help guide clinicians in diagnosis because of the difficulty found in identifying whether the behaviors or other symptoms are directly related to the disorder or simply a phase in a child's life. Consequently, future studies may find that there was also a decline in prevalence between the DSM-IV and the DSM-V.

Signs and symptoms
The fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) (now replaced by DSM-5) states that a person must exhibit four out of the eight signs and symptoms to meet the diagnostic threshold for ODD. These symptoms include:
 * Often loses temper
 * Is often touchy or easily annoyed
 * Is often angry and resentful
 * Often argues with authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults
 * Often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules
 * Often deliberately annoys others
 * Often blames others for their own mistakes or misbehavior
 * Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past six months

These behaviors are mostly directed towards an authority figure such as a teacher or a parent. Although these behaviors can be typical among siblings, they must be observed with individuals other than siblings for an ODD diagnosis. Children with ODD can be verbally aggressive. However, they do not display physical aggressiveness, a behavior observed in conduct disorder. Furthermore, they must be perpetuated for longer than six months and must be considered beyond a normal child's age, gender and culture to fit the diagnosis. For children under five years of age, they must occur on most days over a period of six months. For children over five years of age, they must occur at least once a week for at least six months. If symptoms are confined to only one setting, most commonly home, it is considered mild in severity. If it is observed in two settings, it is characterized as moderate, and if the symptoms are observed in three or more settings, it is considered severe.

These patterns of behavior result in impairment at school or other social venues.

Etiology
There is no specific element that has yet been identified as directly causing ODD. Research looking precisely at the etiological factors linked with ODD is limited. The literature often examines common risk factors linked with all disruptive behaviors, rather than ODD specifically. Symptoms of ODD are also often believed to be the same as CD, even though the disorders have their own respective set of symptoms. When looking at disruptive behaviors such as ODD, research has shown that the causes of behaviors are multi-factorial. However, disruptive behaviors have been identified as being mostly due either to biological or environmental factors.

Genetic influences
Research indicates that parents pass on a tendency for externalizing disorders to their children that may be displayed in multiple ways, such as inattention, hyperactivity, or oppositional and conduct problems. Research has also shown that there is a genetic overlap between ODD and other externalizing disorders. Heritability can vary by age, age of onset, and other factors. Adoption and twin studies indicate that 50% or more of the variance causing antisocial behavior is attributable to heredity for both males and females. ODD also tends to occur in families with a history of ADHD, substance use disorders, or mood disorders, suggesting that a vulnerability to develop ODD may be inherited. A difficult temperament, impulsivity, and a tendency to seek rewards can also increase the risk of developing ODD. New studies into gene variants have also identified possible gene-environment (G x E) interactions, specifically in the development of conduct problems. A variant of the gene that encodes the neurotransmitter metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA), which relates to neural systems involved in aggression, plays a key role in regulating behavior following threatening events. Brain imaging studies show patterns of arousal in areas of the brain that are associated with aggression in response to emotion-provoking stimuli.

Prenatal factors and birth complications
Many pregnancy and birth problems are related to the development of conduct problems. Malnutrition, specifically protein deficiency, lead poisoning or exposure to lead, and mother's use of alcohol or other substances during pregnancy may increase the risk of developing ODD. In numerous research, substance use prior to birth has also been associated with developing disruptive behaviors such as ODD. Although pregnancy and birth factors are correlated with ODD, strong evidence of direct biological causation is lacking.

Neurobiological factors
Deficits and injuries to certain areas of the brain can lead to serious behavioral problems in children. Brain imaging studies have suggested that children with ODD may have hypofunction in the part of the brain responsible for reasoning, judgment, and impulse control. Children with ODD are thought to have an overactive behavioral activation system (BAS), and an underactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS). The BAS stimulates behavior in response to signals of reward or non-punishment. The BIS produces anxiety and inhibits ongoing behavior in the presence of novel events, innate fear stimuli, and signals of non-reward or punishment. Neuroimaging studies have also identified structural and functional brain abnormalities in several brain regions in youths with conduct disorders. These brain regions are the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and insula, as well as interconnected regions.

Social-cognitive factors
As many as 40 percent of boys and 25 percent of girls with persistent conduct problems display significant social-cognitive impairments. Some of these deficits include immature forms of thinking (such as egocentrism), failure to use verbal mediators to regulate his or her behavior, and cognitive distortions, such as interpreting a neutral event as an intentional hostile act. Children with ODD have difficulty controlling their emotions or behaviors. In fact, students with ODD have limited social knowledge that is based only on individual experiences, which shapes how they process information and solve problems cognitively. This information can be linked with the social information processing model (SIP) that describes how children process information to respond appropriately or inappropriately in social settings. This model explains that children will go through five stages before displaying behaviors: encoding, mental representations, response accessing, evaluation, and enactment. However, children with ODD have cognitive distortions and impaired cognitive processes. This will therefore directly impact their interactions and relationship negatively. It has been shown that social and cognitive impairments result in negative peer relationships, loss of friendship, and an interruption in socially engaging in activities. Children learn through observational learning and social learning. Therefore, observations of models have a direct impact and greatly influence children's behaviors and decision-making processes. Children often learn through modeling behavior. Modeling can act as a powerful tool to modify children's cognition and behaviors.

Environmental factors
Negative parenting practices and parent–child conflict may lead to antisocial behavior, but they may also be a reaction to the oppositional and aggressive behaviors of children. Factors such as a family history of mental illnesses and/or substance use disorders as well as a dysfunctional family and inconsistent discipline by a parent or guardian can lead to the development of behavior disorders. Parenting practices not providing adequate or appropriate adjustment to situations as well as a high ratio of conflicting events within a family are causal factors of risk for developing ODD.

Insecure parent–child attachments can also contribute to ODD. Often little internalization of parent and societal standards exists in children with conduct problems. These weak bonds with their parents may lead children to associate with delinquency and substance use. Family instability and stress can also contribute to the development of ODD. Although the association between family factors and conduct problems is well established, the nature of this association and the possible causal role of family factors continues to be debated.

School is also a significant environmental context besides family that strongly influences a child's maladaptive behaviors. Studies indicate that child and adolescent externalizing disorders like ODD are strongly linked to peer network and teacher response. Children with ODD present hostile and defiant behavior toward authority including teachers which makes teachers less tolerant toward deviant children. The way in which a teacher handles disruptive behavior has a significant influence on the behavior of children with ODD. Negative relationships from the socializing influences and support network of teachers and peers increases the risk of deviant behavior. This is because the child consequently gets affiliated with deviant peers that reinforce antisocial behavior and delinquency. Due to the significant influence of teachers in managing disruptive behaviors, teacher training is a recommended intervention to change the disruptive behavior of ODD children.

In a number of studies, low socioeconomic status has also been associated with disruptive behaviors such as ODD.

Other social factors such as neglect, abuse, parents that are not involved, and lack of supervision can also contribute to ODD.

Externalizing problems are reported to be more frequent among minority-status youth, a finding that is likely related to economic hardship, limited employment opportunities, and living in high-risk urban neighborhoods. Studies have also found that the state of being exposed to violence was a contribution factor for externalizing behaviors to occur.

Diagnosis
For a child or adolescent to qualify for a diagnosis of ODD, behaviors must cause considerable distress for the family or interfere significantly with academic or social functioning. Such interference might manifest as challenges in learning at school, making friends, or placing the individual in harmful situations. These behaviors must also persist for at least six months. It is crucial to consider the bio-socio complexity in the expression and management of ODD. Biological factors such as genetics and neurodevelopmental variations interact with social factors like family dynamics, educational practices, and societal norms to influence the manifestation and recognition of ODD symptoms. The effects of ODD can be amplified by other disorders in comorbidity such as ADHD, depression, and substance use disorders. This intricate interplay between biological predispositions and social factors can lead to diverse clinical presentations, affecting the approaches to treatment and support.

Additionally, it has been observed that adults who were diagnosed with ODD as children tend to have a higher chance of being diagnosed with other mental illnesses in their lifetime, as well as being at a higher risk of developing social and emotional problems. This suggests that longitudinal support and intervention, taking into account the individual's biological makeup and social context, are vital for improving long-term outcomes for those with ODD.

Management
Approaches to the treatment of ODD include parent management training, individual psychotherapy, family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and social skills training. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, treatments for ODD are tailored specifically to the individual child, and different treatment techniques are applied for pre-schoolers and adolescents.

Children with oppositional defiant disorder tend to exhibit problematic behavior that can be very difficult to control. An occupational therapist can recommend family based education referred to as parent management training (PMT) in order to encourage positive parents and child relationships and reduce the child's tantrums and other disruptive behaviors. Since ODD is a neurological disorder that has biological correlates, an occupational therapist can also provide problem solving training to encourage positive coping skills when difficult situations arise, as well as offer cognitive behavioral therapy.

Psychopharmacological treatment
Psychopharmacological treatment is the use of prescribed medication in managing oppositional defiant disorder. Prescribed medications to control ODD include mood stabilizers, anti-psychotics, and stimulants. In two controlled randomized trials, it was found that between administered lithium and the placebo group, administering lithium decreased aggression in children with conduct disorder in a safe manner. However, a third study found the treatment of lithium over a period of two weeks invalid. Other drugs seen in studies include haloperidol, thioridazine, and methylphenidate which also is effective in treating ADHD, as it is a common comorbidity.

The effectiveness of drug and medication treatment is not well established. Effects that can result from taking these medications include hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, obesity, and increase in weight. Psychopharmacological treatment is found to be most effective when paired with another treatment plan, such as individual intervention or multimodal intervention.

Individual interventions
Individual interventions are focused on child-specific individualized plans. These interventions include anger control/stress inoculation, assertiveness training, a child-focused problem-solving skills training program, and self-monitoring skills.

Anger control and stress inoculation help prepare the child for possible upsetting situations or events that may cause anger and stress. They include a process of steps the child may go through.

Assertiveness training educates individuals in keeping a balance between passivity and aggression. It aims to help the child respond in a controlled and fair manner.

A child-focused problem-solving skills training program aims to teach the child new skills and cognitive processes that teach how to deal with negative thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Parent and family treatment
According to randomized trials, evidence shows that parent management training is most effective. It has strong influences over a long period of time and in various environments.

Parent-child interaction training is intended to coach the parents while involving the child. This training has two phases; the first phase is child-directed interaction, where the focus is to teach the child non-directive play skills. The second phase is parent-directed interaction, where the parents are coached on aspects including clear instruction, praise for compliance, and time-out for noncompliance. The parent-child interaction training is best suited for elementary-aged children.

Parent and family treatment has a low financial cost, which can yield an increase in beneficial results.

Multimodal intervention
Multimodal intervention is an effective treatment that looks at different levels including family, peers, school, and neighborhood. It is an intervention that concentrates on multiple risk factors. The focus is on parent training, classroom social skills, and playground behavior programs. The intervention is intensive and addresses barriers to individuals' improvement such as parental substance use or parental marital conflict.

An impediment to treatment includes the nature of the disorder itself, whereby treatment is often not complied with and is not continued or adhered to for adequate periods of time.

Comorbidity
Oppositional defiant disorder can be described as a term or disorder with a variety of pathways in regard to comorbidity. High importance must be given to the representation of ODD as a distinct psychiatric disorder independent of conduct disorder.

In the context of oppositional defiant disorder and comorbidity with other disorders, researchers often conclude that ODD co-occurs with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, emotional disorders as well as mood disorders. Those mood disorders can be linked to major depression or bipolar disorder. Indirect consequences of ODD can also be related or associated with a later mental disorder. For instance, conduct disorder is often studied in connection with ODD. Strong comorbidity can be observed within those two disorders, but an even higher connection with ADHD in relation to ODD can be seen. For instance, children or adolescents who have ODD with coexisting ADHD will usually be more aggressive and have more of the negative behavioral symptoms of ODD, which can inhibit them from having a successful academic life. This will be reflected in their academic path as students.

Other conditions that can be predicted in children or people with ODD are learning disorders in which the person has significant impairments with academics and language disorders, in which problems can be observed related to language production and/or comprehension.

Criticism
Oppositional defiant disorder's validity as a diagnosis has been criticized since its inclusion in the DSM III in 1980. ODD was considered to produce minor impairment insufficient to qualify as a medical diagnosis, and was difficult to separate from conduct disorder, with some estimates that over 50% of those diagnosed with conduct disorder would also meet criteria for ODD. The diagnosis of ODD was also criticized for medicalizing normal developmental behavior. To address these problems, the DSM-III-R dropped the criterion of swearing and changed the cutoff from five of nine criteria, to four of eight. Most evidence indicated a dose–response relationship between the severity of symptoms and level of functional impairment, suggesting that the diagnostic threshold was arbitrary. Early field trials of ODD used subjects who were over 75% male.

Recent criticisms of ODD suggest that the use of ODD as a diagnosis exacerbates the stigma surrounding reactive behavior and frames normal reactions to trauma as personal issues of self-control. Anti-psychiatry scholars have extensively criticized this diagnosis through a Foucauldian framework, characterizing it as a tool of the psy apparatus which pathologizes resistance to injustice. Oppositional defiant disorder has been compared to drapetomania, a now-obsolete disorder proposed by Samuel A. Cartwright which characterized slaves in the Antebellum South who repeatedly tried to escape as being mentally ill.

Race and gender bias in the US
Research has shown that African Americans and Latino Americans are disproportionately likely to be diagnosed with ODD compared to White counterparts displaying the same symptoms, who are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of ODD may not account for contextual problems experienced by the patient, and can be influenced by cultural and personal racial bias on the part of counselors and therapists. Many children diagnosed with ODD were, upon reassessment, found to better fit diagnoses of obsessive–compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or anxiety disorder. Diagnoses of ODD or conduct disorder are not eligible for disability accommodation at school under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. When parents request accommodation for a diagnosed disorder which is eligible, such as ADHD, the request can be denied on the basis that such conditions are co-morbid with ODD. This bias in perception and diagnosis leads to defiant behaviors being medicalized and rehabilitated in White children, but criminalized for Latino and African American ones. Counselors working with children diagnosed with ODD reported that it was common for them to face stigma around the diagnosis in educational and justice systems, and that the diagnosis affected patients' self image. In one study over a quarter of children placed in the foster care system in the United States were found to have been diagnosed with ODD. Over half of children in the juvenile justice system have been diagnosed with ODD.

Latina women may be disproportionately impacted by the diagnosis of ODD because of the difference between Latino and White conceptions of femininity and appropriate feminine behavior.

African American males are known to be more likely to be suspended or expelled from school, receive harsher sentences for the same offenses as defendants of different races, or be searched, assaulted or killed by police officers. The disproportionately high diagnosis of ODD in AA males may be used to rationalize these outcomes. In this manner, ODD diagnoses can serve as a mechanism of the school-to-prison pipeline. From this viewpoint, the ODD diagnosis frames expected reactions to injustice or trauma as defiant or criminal.

title: Oppositional defiant disorder


text:
John R. Carter

John R. Carter may refer to:

 * John Carter (Texas politician) (born 1941), U.S. Representative from Texas
 * John R. Carter (diplomat) (1864–1944), American attorney, diplomat and banker

title: John R. Carter


text:
File:Juggernauts (Doctor Who).jpg

Summary
Big Finish Doctor Who 65 cover by Lee Binding.

Fair use in The Juggernauts
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Juggernauts (Doctor Who).jpg


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Elliott Brothers (computer company)

Elliott Brothers (London) Ltd was an early computer company of the 1950s and 1960s in the United Kingdom. It traced its descent from a firm of instrument makers founded by William Elliott in London around 1804. The research laboratories were originally set up in 1946 at Borehamwood and the first Elliott 152 computer appeared in 1950.

In its day the company was very influential. The computer scientist Bobby Hersom was an employee from 1953 to 1954, and Sir Tony Hoare was an employee there from August 1960 to 1968. He wrote an ALGOL 60 compiler for the Elliott 803. He also worked on an operating system for the new Elliott 503 Mark II computer. The founder of the UK's first software house, Dina St Johnston, had her first programming job there from 1953 to 1958, and John Lansdown pioneered the use of computers as an aid to planning on an Elliott 803 computer in 1963. In 1966 the company established an integrated circuit design and manufacturing facility in Glenrothes, Scotland, followed by a metal–oxide semiconductor (MOS) research laboratory.

In 1967, Elliott Automation was merged into the English Electric company and in 1968 the computer part of the company became part of International Computers Limited (ICL).

Origins
William Elliott was born in either 1780 or 1781 and apprenticed to the instrument maker William Blackwell in 1795. In 1804, Elliott began his own company to make drawing instruments, scales, and scientific instruments. In 1850, his two sons Charles and Fredrick joined his business. The company prospered, and manufactured a range of surveying, navigational, and other instruments. William Elliott died in 1853. In the 1850s the company began manufacturing electrical instruments, which were used by researchers such as James Clerk Maxwell and others. Charles Elliott retired in 1865, and when Frederick died in 1873 he left the business to his wife Susan.

In 1876, the company expanded to a new factory to manufacture telegraph equipment and instruments for the British Admiralty. There was increased demand for electrical switchboards for the growing electric power industry. Susan Elliott became partners with Willoughby Smith, who had significant expertise in telegraphic instruments; she was the last Elliott family member associated with the company when she died in 1880. Smith in turn brought his sons in to manage the company operations.

In 1893, the instrument making company Theilers joined Elliotts, with W. O. Smith and G. K. E. Elphinstone as managers. Elphinstone had useful connections with the British Navy. He was knighted for his contributions at Elliotts during World War I, with developments in gunnery instruments for the Navy.

In 1898, the company moved out of London to a new site in Lewisham, then located in Kent. One of the main products at this site was naval gunnery tables, which were mechanical analog computers, which were manufactured until after World War II. Aircraft instruments became an important product line with the development of heavier than air flight; instruments such as tachometers and altimeters were vital in aviation. In 1916, the company changed its name to Elliott Brothers (London), Limited. In 1920, Siemens Brothers started purchasing shares of the company.

The end of Admiralty contracts after the war severely affected Elliott Brothers, which had not been involved in radar and electronics technology during the war. Siemens Brothers had sold their interest in the company, and a new director, Leon Bagrit, was instrumental in rebuilding and redirecting the firm into new areas.

In 1946, John Flavell Coales founded the Research Laboratories of Elliott Brothers at Borehamwood. This laboratory was the site of development of radar systems for the Government, and in 1947 produced a stored-program digital computer. By 1950 the laboratory had a staff of 450, and had developed the commercial Elliott 401 computer. In 1953, Elliott formed an "Aviation Division" at Borehamwood. In 1957, the company changed its name to Elliott Automation Ltd.

By 1966, Elliott Automation had started their own semiconductor factory at Glenrothes, Scotland. The company had about 35,000 employees. In 1967 Elliott Automation was merged into English Electric.

Elliott Automation
Elliott Automation (as it had become) merged with English Electric in 1967. The data processing computer part of the company was merged with International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) in 1968; this marriage was forced by the British Government, who believed that the UK required a strong national computer company. The combined company was called International Computers Limited (ICL). The real-time computer part of Elliott Automation remained, and was renamed Marconi Elliott Computer Systems Limited in 1969 and GEC Computers Limited in 1972, and remained at the original Borehamwood research laboratories until the late 1990s. The agreement which governed the split of computer technologies between the two companies disallowed ICT from developing real-time computer systems and disallowed Elliott Automation from developing data processing computer systems for a few years after the split. The remainder of Elliott Automation which produced aircraft instruments and control systems, was retained by English Electric.

EASAMS
EASAMS was E A Space and Advanced Military Systems (the EA was never spelled out), based in Frimley, Surrey – first at the nearby Marconi Electronic Systems plant in Chobham Road and later, when it became a limited company, at its headquarters in Lyon Way. It evolved its proprietary EMPRENT, an early program evaluation and review technique (PERT) planning system used in building North Sea oil platforms, and for the BAC TSR-2. Developments for the cancelled TSR-2 were later incorporated into multirole combat aircraft (MRCA), which finally became the Panavia Tornado.

EASAMS senior management was highly conservative, and a number of innovative engineers working on 'private venture' projects such as Hierarchical Object-Oriented Design (HOOD) and Ada language development left to form their own firms. These included Admiral Computing (which later merged with Logica), Systems Designers Ltd (which later merged with Electronic Data Systems (EDS), and subsequently became part of Hewlett-Packard (HP)) and Software Sciences (later a part of IBM UK).

EASAMS Ltd was an independent company within General Electric Company (GEC), founded in 1962 to provide services in system design, operational research and project management. In the 1990s EASAMS became part of Marconi Electronic Systems before losing its identity.

Computers
The following computer models were produced:

 * Elliott 152 (1950)
 * Elliott Nicholas (1952)
 * Elliott/NRDC 401 (1953)   - prototype computer, installed in 1954 at Rothamsted Experimental Station
 * Elliott 153 (DF computer) (1954)
 * Elliott/GCHQ OEDIPUS (311) (1954)
 * TRIDAC (1954) three-dimensional analogue computer system for guided missile research, built for the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.
 * Elliott 402 (1955)
 * Elliott 403 (WREDAC) (1955)
 * Elliott 405 (1956) (One donated by Nestle to The Forest School, Winnersh and named Nellie )
 * Elliott 802  (1958–1961) 6 were sold
 * Elliott 803 (1959) about 250 sold, mainly 803B
 * 803A had 4 or 8 K of 39-bit words of memory and all internal data was held in one 102-bit long serial path.
 * 803B had 4 or 8 K of 39-bit words of memory. The single data path was split into several shorter (48-bit long) serial paths to reduce instruction execution time. A hardware floating point option was available.
 * Elliott ARCH 1000 (1962)
 * Elliott 503 (1963) software compatible with 803
 * Elliott 900 series (1963)
 * For military customers there were four models of the 900 series: 920A, 920B, 920M and 920C. Only a few of the 920A were produced, rapidly obsoleted by the faster 920B.  The 920M was a miniaturised version of the 920B.  They were discrete transistor machines. The 920C was a later even faster derivative built using custom integrated circuits.  All were shipped in robust "militarized" cases suitable for mounting in vehicles, ships and aircraft.
 * Civilian customers were sold versions of the 920A, 920B and 920C called Elliott 920A, 903 and 905 respectively. These were shipped in desk sized cabinets suitable for use in an office or laboratory environment.
 * Versions of the 920B and 920C for industrial automation were sold as Arch 900 and Arch900 respectively. These were shipped in industrial cabinets similar to those used for the civilian systems. Elliott 903 (51332543758).jpg
 * The 903 was a desk-sized machine popular with universities and colleges as a teaching machine, with small research laboratories as a scientific processor and also as a versatile system for use in industrial process control.  It was typically equipped with 8 or 16K of core store and was predominantly a paper tape based machine but card readers, line printers, incremental graph plotters and magnetic tape systems were also available. The machine was usually programmed in symbolic assembly code, ALGOL or FORTRAN II. The civilian 920C was the 905, also in a desk-sized configuration.  Some 905s had fixed head disk systems attached.  A FORTRAN IV system was provided for the 905.
 * Elliott 502 (1964)
 * One 502 used to generate simulated radar signals for training operators of Linesman/Mediator system.
 * Elliott 4100 series (1966) A joint development with NCR Corporation. Elliott selling to the scientific market and NCR selling to the commercial market.  The 4100 series had a two accumulator architecture with 64 K (4120 model) or 256 K (4130 model) words of 24-bit memory, of either 2 or 6 microseconds cycle time.  The 4100 could have a 4180 graphics display terminal with light pen for input connected.

title: Elliott Brothers (computer company)


text:
Butchertown, Louisville

Butchertown is a neighborhood just east of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, United States, bounded by I-65, Main Street, I-71, Beargrass Creek and Mellwood Avenue.

The Butchertown Historic District is a 50 acre part which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It includes the 1914-built Beaux Arts Stockyard Exchange Building designed by D.X. Murphy and Brother.

History
The first homes in the area were laid out in the 1820s along the newly completed Louisville to Lexington turnpike, referred to in that stretch as Story Avenue. Two of the first landowners in the area, Whig Party loyalist George Buchanan and Isaac Stewart, had the new community's streets named after major Whig Party members, such as John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In the 1850s Beargrass Creek was rerouted away from what is now downtown Louisville and through the area, making it an ideal area for butchers and stockyards because the animal remains could be dumped in the creek and such businesses were banned in the downtown area for sanitation reasons. The population swelled as waves of German immigrants entered the area. Bourbon Stockyards, built in 1836, was the first stockyard to locate in Butchertown. A bank is in portions of the original building.

Due to the high German population, and resentment of them by supporters of the Know Nothing party, Butchertown was where the "Bloody Monday" riots of August 1855 began as Know Nothings tried to prevent Germans and Irish from voting in an election. The riots killed 22 people.

For the first 100 years of its existence, Butchertown was a thriving residential and industrial area, though other Louisville neighborhoods regarded it as a haven for drunkards and brawlers. However, the area began declining after the great Ohio River flood of 1937 destroyed many of the homes there. Many other homes were demolished for the construction of the Ohio River flood wall, the construction of interstates and the Kennedy Interchange ("Spaghetti Junction") through the area, and the expansion of industrial land into formerly residential areas. Suburbanization continued to bring the residential areas into decline, until the few remaining residents began lobbying for rezoning (the entire area was zoned as industrial), and fixing up vacant and underrepaired houses.

Since the 1990s, the area has attracted many young professionals. In recent years, the east Market Street area of downtown Louisville has seen a great deal of revitalization, including the expansion of Waterfront Park, Louisville Slugger Field, and the conversion of empty store fronts into new condominiums. This has helped spur further improvements in Butchertown itself, as many new antique shops and art galleries have opened off the Market Street corridor.

In the 2000s, there were plans as part of the Ohio River Bridges Project to move the Kennedy Interchange further south when it was to be reconfigured by 2018, meaning that more buildings in Butchertown would be razed. However, these plans were scrapped in favor of reconfiguring the interchange in its existing location. Furthermore, the project included a second interstate bridge just east of the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge that opened as the Abraham Lincoln Bridge on December 6, 2015. The necessity of flyover ramps for the new bridge led to the demolishing of about one-third of Butchertown's David Armstrong Extreme Park, along with a rebuild of facilities on an adjacent property.

Demographics
As of 2000, the population of Butchertown was 975, of which Whites were 82.8%, Blacks were 7.2%, Hispanics were 5.3%, and other races were 4.7%. Males of all races were 60.1% of the population, while females were 39.9%.

Attractions

Butchertown contains several attractions, including the David Armstrong Extreme Park and Thomas Edison House, a shotgun house near where Thomas Edison lived in 1866 on Washington Street. It also contains the remaining front façade of the former early 19th century Heigold House, which features a detailed sketch of important early Whig Party leaders, displays the words "dedicated the greatest man in history, George Washington" etched across its front; the rest of the Fulton Street house has been razed. Lynn Family Stadium, a soccer stadium opened in 2020 home to Louisville City FC and Racing Louisville FC, is located in Butchertown.

Butchertown is also known for its emergence of more modern shops, restaurants, and destination spots. Located on E. Washington Street is Copper & Kings, a brandy and absinthe distillery that offers daily tours and various community events. It is also home to an LGBT night club and a variety of newer eateries.

title: Butchertown, Louisville


text:
Juan R. Torruella

Juan Rafael Torruella del Valle Sr. (June 7, 1933 –October 26, 2020) was a Puerto Rican jurist. He served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit from 1984 until his death, and as chief judge of that court from 1994 to 2001. He was the first Hispanic to serve on the First Circuit, which includes Puerto Rico.

Before becoming an appellate judge, he served as a district judge on the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico from 1974 to 1984. He was also a competitive sailor, competing for the Puerto Rican team at the Summer Olympic Games in 1964, 1968, 1972, and 1976.

Education and career
Torruella was born in Old San Juan, on June 7, 1933, to Juan N. Torruella and Belén del Valle de Torruella. His father was a dentist who became a lawyer.

Torruella graduated from the Admiral Farragut Academy in Pine Beach, New Jersey. He received his Bachelor of Science from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1954, his Juris Doctor from Boston University School of Law in 1957, his Master of Laws from University of Virginia School of Law in 1984, and a Master of Public Administration from University of Puerto Rico in 1984. His LL.M. work focused on judicial process. In 2003, Torruella received a Master of Studies in modern European history from Magdalen College, Oxford.

Torruella became a member of International Council Of Arbitration for Sport in 2006, and served as Deputy President of the CAS Ordinary Arbitration Division from 2010 to 2014.

Career as a lawyer
Although he intended to practice law in Massachusetts following his graduation from law school, Torruella did not take the Massachusetts bar examination because he contracted a serious case of the mumps the day before the exam. He instead returned to Puerto Rico and was admitted to the bar there. He served as law clerk to Associate Justice Pedro Pimentel of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court, and then worked for three years for the National Labor Relations Board in an investigations and litigation role in Puerto Rico. His practice was mostly in civil law, including admiralty, aviation, and labor law, but he also served as court-appointed counsel in some criminal cases. Torruella was in private practice of law in San Juan from 1959 to 1974, where he handled cases in both the federal courts and the Puerto Rico courts. He first worked at the law firm of Fiddler, Gonzalez & Rodriguez for eight years, becoming a partner at the firm. Torruella then became a solo practitioner, and then practiced law in partnership with Jaime Pieras, Jr., who later became a federal district judge.

District court service
Torruella was nominated by President Gerald Ford on November 18, 1974, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico vacated by Judge Hiram Rafael Cancio. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 1974, and received his commission two days later. He served as chief judge from 1982 to 1984. His service was terminated on October 30, 1984, due to his elevation to the First Circuit.

In 1979, Torruella was the judge in various criminal trespass cases against demonstrators who entered a beach in Vieques to protest its use by the U.S. Navy. Torruella ordered that the demonstrators receive separate trials. Some defendants were sentenced to prison; others received six-month suspended sentences. Some of the demonstrators were radical pro-independence advocates and refused to acknowledge the federal court's jurisdiction or to defend themselves at trial. The Vieques cases were the highest-profile of Torruella's cases over his decade as a district judge.

Court of appeals service
Torruella was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on August 1, 1984, to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, to a new seat created by 98 Stat. 333. He was confirmed by the Senate on October 3, 1984 by voice vote. He received his commission the following day, becoming the first Puerto Rican to serve on the circuit court bench. José A. Fusté replaced Torruella on the district bench.

Torruella served as chief judge of the First Circuit from 1994 to 2001. Although his length of service entitled him to assume senior status, Torruella chose to remain a judge on active service and continued to hear cases until his death in 2020.

Notable decisions and work
Torruella was consistently an advocate of Puerto Rican rights. He dissented from a 2005 ruling en banc First Circuit decision that Puerto Ricans are properly denied a voice in the election of the president of the United States because Puerto Rico is not a state. In August 2017, Torruella wrote a lengthy dissent when the en banc circuit rejected a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico's exclusion from congressional apportionment. Torruella wrote the book The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico: The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal (University of Puerto Rico: 1988), a study of the Supreme Court's decisions in the Insular Cases, in which Torruella argues that "colonial rule and the indignities of second-class citizenship can be ended not, as in the case of the Philippines, by granting the colony its independence ... but rather, by securing for Puerto Rico equality under American law" including Puerto Rican statehood. The book was favorably reviewed by Judge José A. Cabranes in the Harvard Law Review. In a 2018 article, Torruella argued that "Puerto Rico's colonial relationship to the United States throughout the United States' various 'experiments' with Puerto Rico and its people, although variously labeled for political purposes and constitutionally denominated an 'unincorporated territory,' has merely perpetuated the inherent inequality of the United States citizens who reside in Puerto Rico as compared to the rest of the nation, and is the major cause of the Island's economic crisis."

Torruella authored the First Circuit opinion in Planned Parenthood of Northern New England v. Heed (2004), in which the court upheld the district court's decision declaring New Hampshire's "parental notification" abortion law unconstitutional, and enjoining its enforcement. The decision held that the state law was inconsistent with the Constitution and relevant Supreme Court constitutional decisions in Roe v. Wade, Stenberg v. Carhart, and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey. The case later went to the Supreme Court in Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England (2006).

In 2009, Torruella wrote the opinion in Noonan v. Staples, Inc., allowing a suit for libel to proceed because even though the statements at issue were true they reflected "actual malice." (Under the law in Massachusetts and elsewhere in the U.S., truth is usually an absolute defense to libel, but Massachusetts law contains an exception if the defendant made the statement with "actual malice.") Torruella's decision did not decide the question of whether this exception was inconsistent with the Constitution's First Amendment because the argument was raised too late in the proceedings. A Harvard Law Review comment indicated that "the court's analysis serves as an indication that, had the constitutional claim been appropriately asserted, the law would not have survived."

In 2012, Torruella joined a unanimous First Circuit panel decision (written by Judge Michael Boudin) in Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services. The decision struck down section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which denied federal benefits to all same-sex couples, even those legally married under state law.

In 2015, Torruella dissented from a First Circuit decision denying Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's request for a writ of mandamus compelling the district court to grant a change of venue of Tsarnaev's trial due to widespread pretrial publicity. In July 2020, Torruella joined the opinion of Judge O. Rogeriee Thompson in vacating the federal death sentence of convicted Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, on the basis of legal errors in the sentencing proceedings. The First Circuit remanded to the district court for a new penalty phase. In a concurring opinion, Torruella wrote that he would have gone further to hold that the district court's denials of Tsarnaev's motions for change of venue were an abuse of discretion that "denied Tsarnaev the right to a fair trial and sentencing determination," given the huge media coverage of the bombing in the Boston area. Torruella cited the precedent in the trial of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City bombing, in which a change of venue to Denver was granted.

In June 2020, Torruella wrote for the unanimous panel when it found that Nestlé's chocolate wrappers did not need to disclose if they were made from cocoa production in Ivory Coast using forced child labor.

Sailing career
Torruella competed for Puerto Rico in four Olympic sailing events:
 * 1964: Enoshima in the Finn (31st)
 * 1968: Acapulco in the Flying Dutchman (28th)
 * 1972: Kiel in the Flying Dutchman (27th)
 * 1976: Kingston in the Soling (22nd)

Torruella was captain of the Puerto Rican team in each of the four Olympics. He also competed in the 1975 and 1979 Pan American Games. In the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Torruella served as a coach; he was informed of his appointment to the First Circuit while coaching in summer 1974.

As a yachtsman, Torruella made several long-distance sea voyages, including two trans-Atlantic crossings in 1992, on the 500th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage; a few years later, Torruella undertook an 8,000-mile sailing trip across the Caribbean Sea and Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean, where he visited the Galápagos Islands and Puerto Montt, Chile, before traveling to Buenos Aires, Argentina, via Cape Horn.

Personal life and death
Torruella met his wife, Judith (Judy) Wirt in 1955 and had two sons, two daughters, eight grandchildren, and numerous great-grandchildren. Torruella died on October 26, 2020, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from a massive heart attack, at the age of 87.

title: Juan R. Torruella


text:
Rhein-Main Air Base

Rhein-Main Air Base was a United States Air Force air base near the city of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It was a Military Airlift Command (MAC) and United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) installation, occupying the south side of Frankfurt Airport. Its military airport codes are discontinued. Established in 1945, Rhein-Main Air Base was the primary airlift and passenger hub for USAFE. It was billed as the "Gateway to Europe". It closed on 30 December 2005.

During its lifetime, the base's host airlift wing operated C-130 Hercules and C-9A Nightingale aircraft, as well as supporting many transient C-5 Galaxy, C-141 Starlifter, C-17 Globemaster III, KC-135 Stratotanker and KC-10 Extender flight operations each day. Daily or weekly contract air passenger flights were also conducted for United States personnel arriving in or leaving Europe.

Post War Reconstruction
After the U.S. 7th Army moved through the Frankfurt area, the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion (EAB), a unit of the IX Engineer Command, arrived at Frankfurt/Rhein-Main Airfield on 26 April 1945. The facility was classified as Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) Y-73. On 11 May 1945, the engineers began the task of clearing rubble and reconstructing major buildings. The Army engineers built new runways, aprons, hardstands, and taxiways leading to the terminal, as well as extending and widening the existing runway.

Initial Post War Use
Frankfurt/Rhein-Main Airfield was initially used by the Ninth Air Force as a tactical fighter base.

Tactical air groups initially stationed at the airfield included:
 * 362d Fighter Group (8 April 1945 – 30 April 1945)
 * 377th Fighter Group (14 April 1945 – 2 May 1945)
 * 378th Fighter Group (14 April 1945 – 2 May 1945)
 * 379th Fighter Group (8 April 1945 – 30 April 1945)
 * 425th Night Fighter Squadron (12 April 1945 – 2 May 1945)

Air Transport Mission
The first USAAF transport unit assigned to Rhein-Main was the 466th Air Service Group, activated on 20 November 1945. The 466th operated the aerial port, with a mixture of C-47 Skytrain, C-46 Commando, and C-54 Skymaster aircraft using the base for transport operations.

Construction of the Rhein-Main transport passenger and cargo terminal was completed in 1946, allowing an increase of air traffic into the base after the closure of the military passenger terminal at Orly Air Base, France. In March 1947, the USAFE Eastern Air Transport Service opened its hub at Rhein-Main.

The 61st Troop Carrier Group (TCG) was reassigned to Rhein-Main on 30 September 1946 from nearby Eschborn Air Base. The group assumed control of the transport mission, carrying out routine operations from the base using C-47 and C-54 aircraft. The 61st TCG was comprised of the 14th, 15th, and 53rd Troop Carrier Squadrons.

Berlin Airlift
The ongoing dispute over Berlin strained relations between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies (United States, United Kingdom, France). On 24 June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin, which lay deep within the Soviet-controlled zone of Germany, by cutting off all rail and road routes going through Soviet-controlled territory.

The next day, 25 June, the commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, gave the order to launch a massive airlift using both civil and military aircraft. Rhein-Main Air Base became the main terminal in western Germany for the American airlift. Aircraft of the 61st TCG participated using C-54 Skymasters to ferry coal, flour, and other cargo into West Berlin. Additional Troop Carrier Squadrons (20th, 48th and 54th) were assigned to the 61st group.

On 19 November 1948, the 513th Troop Carrier Group (Special) was activated at Rhein-Main Air Base to assist in the airlift, also using C-54s. Troop Carrier Squadrons activated with the 513th were the 313th, 330th, 331st, 332d, and 333d squadrons.

Nearly a year after the blockade began, the Soviet Union lifted it at 00:01, on 12 May 1949. However, the airlift did not end until 30 September, as the Western nations wanted to build up sufficient amounts of supplies in West Berlin in case the Soviets blockaded it again.

1949–1959
Although originally envisioned as a bomber base by USAFE, as a result of the Berlin Airlift, Rhein-Main became a principal European air transport terminal. With the end of the blockade, the 513th TCG was inactivated on 16 October 1949. The 61st TCG returned to routine transport operations until the outbreak of the Korean War, and on 21 July 1950, was reassigned to McChord Air Force Base, Washington.

The 61st was replaced by the 60th Troop Carrier Wing, which transferred from Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany on 2 June 1950. The 60th was equipped with the heavier C-82 Packet cargo aircraft. In 1953, the C-119 Flying Boxcar arrived, bringing an increased cargo capability to the wing. The 60th TCW consisted of the 10th, 11th and 12th Troop Carrier Squadrons.

In 1955, with the opening of USAFE bases in France, most heavy transport flights were shifted there and Rhein-Main became a passenger and tactical cargo hub. The 60th Troop Carrier Wing relocated to Dreux-Louvillier Air Base, France on 15 October 1955.

The 1614th Support Squadron of the Military Air Transport Service's (MATS) 1602d Air Transport Wing headquartered at Châteauroux, France provided aircraft maintenance, passenger services, air cargo handling, hotel operations and airlift operational support during the 1950s and 1960s. Rhein-Main was placed under the 7310th Air Base Wing, which for over a decade provided ground service as well as cargo and passenger loading and unloading for USAFE and MATS transports.

USAFE turned over the northern part of the base to the German government for use as Flughafen Frankfurt am Main, the chief commercial airport for the greater Frankfurt area, in April 1959. The remainder of the base remained in USAF hands as the principal aerial port for the US Department of Defense in Germany.

Military Dependents
From 1947 until the 1960s, dependent children of military and government personnel living on base or in the surrounding communities attended Rhein-Main School for grades Kindergarten through 8th grade and Frankfurt American High School above 8th grade.

1960s
The 1966 closure of USAFE bases in France increased cargo traffic at Rhein-Main extensively. On 1 July 1969, Military Airlift Command (MAC) transferred the 435th Tactical Airlift Wing from RAF High Wycombe in the United Kingdom to Rhein-Main as host unit and upgraded its facilities.

Squadrons assigned to Rhein-Main along with the 435th TAW included:
 * 37th Tactical Airlift Squadron operating C-130Hercules (Assigned 1 October 1977)
 * 55th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron operating C-9A Nightingale
 * 630th Military Airlift Support Squadron (MASSq)
 * 322nd Combat Support Group (CSG)

The 55th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron flew aeromedical missions throughout the USAFE AOR.

Other Military Airlift Command squadrons were assigned to USAFE bases, notably at Torrejón AB, Spain and Inçirlik AB, Turkey. These were also assigned as subordinate units of the 435th TAW.

The 630th MASSq operated Rhein-Main's freight and passenger terminals providing aircraft maintenance for transitory C-17 Globemaster Iii, C-141 Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy aircraft supporting aerial ports throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. As a result, Temporary Duty (TDY) support of missions was not uncommon. Rhein-Main AB served as the principal Port of Entry for all U.S. servicemen and women serving in West Germany as well as military and diplomatic air freight destined for U.S. bases and embassies throughout USAFE's Area of Responsibility (AOR).

1970-1990
On 1 July 1975, the USAF and Military Airlift Command entered into an agreement with the Federal Republic of Germany that only transport aircraft would be stationed at Rhein-Main Air Base.

On 10 December 1978, a group of military dependents evacuated from Iran on C-141s landed at Rhein-Main after leaving Tehran late the day before. They had spent the first night in Athens, their second leg of the trip was to Rhein-Main, then on to McGuire Air Force Base. Each plane held approximately 150 women and children.

Later, on 20 January 1981, the American hostages held during the Iran hostage crisis were flown to Rhein-Main in a C-9A Nightingale aeromedical aircraft.

On 23 October 1983, the bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut, Lebanon occurred. Rhein Main AB was instrumental in the processing of the casualties from that bombing in the days and weeks to follow. 241 military personnel perished in the blast.

During the Soviet-Afghan War of the 1980s, Rhein-Main AB was the primary airbase supporting a program run by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Affairs, under the authority of George M. Dykes, IV, DoD Director of Humanitarian Assistance, supporting Afghan guerrillas (at that time known as Mujaheddin) in their fight against the Soviet Union. Over 100 Afghan Relief Flights were flown using C-141 Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy aircraft. Another 10 Pack Animal Transport flights, flown by Flying Tigers Airlines in B747F aircraft, transported Texas mules to Afghanistan in a covert operation providing logistics to the Afghan guerrillas.

These missions were routed through the airbase. They included approximately 50 aeromedical evacuation flights bringing combat wounded Afghan guerrillas and, women and children, from PAF Base Nur Khan, Chaklala, Pakistan to the US and Europe for surgery. These flights were supported by the 55th AAS with medical aircrews from the 2d Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron.

On 8 August 1985, the Red Army Faction snuck a car laden with explosives onto the base and parked it behind the headquarters building. At approximately 7:15 AM the car exploded killing Airman First Class Frank Scarton of Michigan and Becky Jo Bristol of San Antonio, Texas, and wounding 20 others.

Post Cold War
In 1990, Rhein-Main Air Base was a major staging base for supplies and equipment heading to the Gulf War, with many cargo aircraft originating from home bases in the United States stopping at the base on their support missions.

The 37th TAS also took part in airlift operations during Operations Desert Shield/Storm in Southwest Asia from 14 August 1990 – 29 March 1991. It also air-dropped humanitarian supplies supporting Operation Provide Comfort for the relief of fleeing Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq in April–May 1991.

Starting in July 1992, the 37th TAS conducted airlift and airdrop missions to Bosnia and Herzegovina supporting Operation Provide Promise.

The U.S. staged Operation Provide Hope, a substantial airlift in February 1992 to the former Soviet Union, from Rhein-Main AB. The operation also had a much larger ground logistics phase, and in late February, a closing ceremony to the airlift phase was held at Rhein-Main AB, using a Russian Antonov An-124 cargo aircraft to transport the last shipment of air-delivered supplies.

On 1 April 1992 the 435th TAW was realigned from Military Airlift Command to United States Air Forces in Europe and redesignated as the 435th Airlift Wing (435 AW). The 37th Tactical Airlift Squadron (37 TAS) became the 37th Airlift Squadron (37 AS) on the same date.

At its peak, Rhein-Main AB had a population of 10,000. However, by 1993, USAF officials announced the intent to downsize the base by half.

On 1 July 1993, the 55th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron moved to Ramstein Air Base with its C-9A Nightingale aircraft. The 37th Airlift Squadron was subsequently reassigned to Ramstein on 1 October 1994. With these moves completed and most heavy Air Mobility Command (AMC) airlifters moving transcontinental cargo and passenger traffic to Ramstein and Spangdahlem Air Base, the stage was set for a complete closure in 2005.

On 1 April 1995, the 435 AW was inactivated and replaced with the 469th Air Base Group under USAFE command and the 726th Air Mobility Squadron (726 AMS) under AMC. The 469 ABG inactivated on 10 October 2005. The 726th Air Mobility Squadron was the last unit at the base.

From September 2001 until 2005, Rhein-Main continued to provide support for transient military cargo aircraft and AMC-chartered civilian airliners supporting military transport activities throughout Europe, also acting as a waypoint for air mobility operations throughout Southwest Asia towards the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Special Operations
Although the primary mission of Rhein-Main was strategic and tactical airlift, the base also operated a substantial set of special operations missions.

The 7406th Operations Squadron was activated at Rhein-Main on 10 May 1955 receiving its first aircraft (RB-50s) in March 1956. These jet-powered aircraft were replaced with specially configured C-130A-II reconnaissance aircraft in 1958, mostly indistinguishable from other common C-130 aircraft. The 7406th operated and maintained the aircraft and provided the front-end flight crews (pilots, navigators, flight engineers, etc.). A separate USAF Security Service squadron provided the crew as intelligence collection operators on the aircraft.

One of these C-130s (56-0528) was shot down with the loss of a crew of seventeen over Yerevan, Soviet Armenia on 2 September 1958. Four Soviet MiG-17 pilots took turns firing on the unarmed C-130 when the American aircraft penetrated Soviet airspace while on a mission along the Turkish-Armenian border.

Between 5–10 June 1967, during the Arab-Israeli Six-Day War, the 7406th flew missions over the battle zone gathering electronic intelligence data.

The 7406th continued flying recon missions from Rhein-Main in the C-130B models until 30 June 1973 when the squadron's sister Security Service flying squadron moved to Ellinikon International Airport, Athens, Greece (known to the U.S. as Hellenikon Air Base). Operational missions were flown until 13 June 1974 from Greece when the unit was disbanded. The 7206th nomenclature continued, embodied in the 7206th Air Base Group as a support group in Athens until 1993. Surveillance missions continued from Hellenikon under the auspices of the 6916th Electronic Security Squadron (ESS).

With the relocation of the 7406th to Greece, the 7th Special Operations Squadron was moved from Ramstein to Rhein-Main as one of the units shuffled as part of Operation Creek Action. The 7406th's Hercules aircraft had been used for covert communications intelligence (COMINT) missions along the Eastern Bloc borders. The 7th SOS's MC-130Es, code-named Combat Talon, were no less mysterious and were also striking to look at with their matte black camouflage scheme and two large hooks on the nose. The 7th SOS's MC-130Es were spotted in every corner of Europe.

The 7th SOS was reassigned under the 7575th Operations Group in 1977, and then to the 39th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Wing on 1 February 1987. It was relocated to RAF Alconbury in the United Kingdom in December 1992, coming under a different group in the process.

The 7575th Operations Group operated at Rhein-Main from 1 July 1977 to 31 March 1991. Initially, three unique subordinate units were assigned to the group: the 7405th Operations Squadron, the 7580th Operations Squadron, and the 7th Special Operations Squadron. The 7405th had recently moved from Wiesbaden Air Base and converted to flying heavily modified C-130E Hercules reconnaissance aircraft. The 7405th provided the front-end crews as well as some special system operators, while the 7580th was supplied electronic warfare officers operating signals intelligence (SIGINT) equipment and specialized aircraft maintenance personnel. The mission of the 7405th and 7580th was to conduct covert reconnaissance flights through the West Berlin Air Corridors, also known as the Berlin corridors and control zone.

The 7575th Operations Group ceased their reconnaissance mission soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and was deactivated shortly after that.

Closure
On 23 December 1999, the U.S. and German governments agreed to close the base. The last military flights involving the base took place in late September 2005 with the formal closure ceremony taking place on 10 October 2005. The final handover to the German government occurred on 30 December 2005 and the 726th AMS transferred to Spangdahlem Air Base.

Subsequently, the Frankfurt Airport Authority leveled the entire base, and in October 2015, commenced building what would become a third passenger terminal (Terminal 3) and other airport facilities.

In 2019, it became known that excavated soil from the construction site for Terminal 3 was contaminated with PFAS chemicals with the volume of polluted soil being approximately 600,000 cubic metres. It was considered highly probable that the contamination originated with firefighting foams which had been used by USAFE, primarily for training purposes.

title: Rhein-Main Air Base