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Straldzha

Straldzha (Стралджа ) is a small town in Yambol Province, southeastern Bulgaria, situated in the Sliven Valley. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Straldzha Municipality. As of 2022, the town had a population of 6,199.

The municipality of Straldzha is home to 12,014 people at the end of 2016: 6,326 of whom live in the city of Straldzha and 5,688 in the villages. It has a relatively high crude birth rate of 13,8‰ and a very high fertility rate of 3,01 children per woman, nearly two times higher than the national rate of 1,54 children per woman (at the end of 2016). The reason for this high fertility rate is the large concentration of ethnic Roma people in the municipality of Straldzha (nearly one-fifth of the population belong to the Romani community, which is exceeding four times the national average).

The small town is a hub for agriculture and wine production. Many residents however go to work and study in bigger cities, or abroad, in search of more opportunity.

During the communist regime, Straldzha was a growing town with many factories and workers from the nearby villages.

title: Straldzha


text:
Law of abode

The Law of Abode is a law in Greek mythology that is older than Zeus and all are powerless to revoke. The Law of Abode states that if any food or drink should pass through your lips while in the realm of Hades, then you may not go back above to Earth and are forever doomed to stay in the underworld.

When Persephone was kidnapped by Hades, she ate three pomegranate seeds. Had she eaten the entire pomegranate (and thus all the seeds), she would have been condemned to the underworld permanently.

Because she only ate half, Zeus agreed to a compromise and decreed that she would stay with Hades for 3 months of every year. During the other 9 months, she was reunited with her mother, Demeter, on the surface world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Law of abode


text:
Richard N. Swett

Richard Nelson "Dick" Swett (born May 1, 1957) is an American politician and diplomat from the U.S. state of New Hampshire who served as the U.S. representative for New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district from 1991 to 1995. He also served as the U.S. Ambassador to Denmark from 1998 to 2001.

Early life, education and career
Swett was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania and moved to New Hampshire with his family as a child. He attended Yale University and then became an architect in San Francisco.

Political career

Swett became active in the Democratic Party and eventually began a political career. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in November 1990 but was defeated at the election in November 1994.

In the run up to Swett's 1990 campaign, former Governor of New Hampshire Meldrim Thomson, Jr. complained unsuccessfully that listing him on the ballot as "Dick Swett" would be unlawfully misleading, since he was listed as "Lantos-Swett" in the telephone book, voter registration, deed to real property, and business.

Mitt Romney donated $250 to his 1992 campaign. They were fellow Mormons with homes on Lake Winnipesaukee.

In 1994, Swett voted for a bill to ban assault weapons that narrowly passed by two votes in the United States House of Representatives. His stand resulted in numerous threats against his life.

In 1996, Swett ran as a Democratic Party candidate for the Class 2 seat in the United States Senate from New Hampshire, against incumbent Republican Bob Smith, but was narrowly defeated. Smith had established himself as the most conservative Senator from the Northeast, and Bill Clinton's coattails nearly caused his defeat. On the night of the election many American media networks incorrectly projected that Swett had won.

In 1998, Bill Clinton appointed Swett to be United States Ambassador to Denmark. He served in that position until 2001, and then moved back to New Hampshire. Swett and Larry Coben wrote the national energy policy for Senator Joseph Lieberman's 2004 presidential campaign.

Swett returned to the field of architecture, assuming the position of Managing Principal for the Washington office of Leo A. Daly before becoming co-founder and CEO of Climate Prosperity Enterprise Solutions.

Swett is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.

On August 12, 2019, Swett endorsed Joe Biden for President.

Personal life
Swett is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In 1980, he married Katrina Lantos, a former congressional candidate and daughter of Congressman Tom Lantos, who had previously converted to the LDS Church while a student at Yale. They have seven children.

title: Richard N. Swett


text:
Gentoo

Gentoo may refer to:
 * Gentoo penguin, a species of bird.
 * Gentoo Linux, a computer operating system distribution named after the penguin.
 * Gentoo (file manager), a free file manager for Linux and other Unix-like systems.
 * Gentoo (term), an alternative, archaic name of the Telugu language, or a historical, archaic term for Hindus.
 * Gentoo Code, a document translated from Sanskrit regarding inheritance laws in Hinduism.

title: Gentoo


text: Talk:Lee High School

title: Talk:Lee High School


text:
User:Therazor2

My name is John Rogness. I am a software engineer for IBM in Rochester, MN.

Biographical Articles

Adam Curry Alexander Hamilton

title: User:Therazor2


text: Category:Airports in Jamaica

title: Category:Airports in Jamaica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Orr

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 17:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

David Orr
Tagged as a speedy, which IMO it was not (not nonsense, and makes a claim of notability). But the claim is not made in a verifiable way, the only link is to the site of the person written about, and there is no good indication of notability. A google search turns up several people named "David Orr" but none seem to be this person. Delete unless verifiable evidence of natability is provided. DES (talk) 00:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * (From Author), I do have proof of these awards, I just need to scan the actual certificates into my computer to put onto either my site/ wikipedia. And yes a google search comes up with plenty of people named David Orr, because there is more than one person with my name. In fact, doing a google search on a lot of these topics is probably not the best way to determine if an article is valid or not, because google only displays websites if they are added to its server to crawl. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MrMaestro (talk • contribs)  19:39, 5 October 2005

 * We don't need certificate scans, just add mention of the names, locations, and dates of the awards. That will let anyone interested verify this info. DES (talk) 00:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And we wouldn't be reduced to a google search if you provided verifiable citations of what you have done that is notable, and when and where you did it. DES (talk) 00:59, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The author of the article states "yes a google search comes up with plenty of people named David Orr, because there is more than one person with my name." This causes concern because we have a policy guideline Vanity page which states "Most often, vanity edits are edits about the editors themselves, their close relatives or their personal associates. While an article about a little-known company, say, should not automatically be taken as a vanity article, it is preferable for the initial author not to be an owner or employee of or an investor in the company; likewise, an article about a little-known musician or band should preferably not be by the musician, a member, or a manager, roadie, groupie, etc. Articles on very little-known subjects are often of debatable value for our readers, so if you write a new article on one it is particularly important to express the facts in a neutral way and as much as possible to cite sources that are credible, neutral, and independent.

 * As explained below, vanity by itself is not a basis for deletion, but lack of importance is (whether or not defined by Importance)." Importance is determined against guidelines outlined in WP:music for musicians and the article does not establish notability against these guidelines. However, you are welcome to put them on your user page. Welcome to Wikipedia, by the way. I vote to Userfy if that is the author's intentions until such time as notability can be established according to WP:music. Capitalistroadster 00:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Haha I know a guy names David Orr who is most definately not this guy. Delete With 5 Day Period per the nomination, do not speedy because the guy at least makes an assertion of notability. CastAStone 01:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * My "favorite" David Orr is the Cook County Clerk (in Chicago). He's probably just as notable as this guy.  We need a disambig page!

 * Scanned certificates or not, this not worth an article. Classic vanity article. Delete. --Calton | Talk 01:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slowly. I guess that's an assertion of notability.  Friday (talk) 02:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - This is an article about an aspiring musician. It mentions some awards and certificates --- none of which are particularly prestigious.  I wish Mr. Orr the best of luck, but he doesn't qualify as "notable" yet. jmd
 * Delete. Non-notable. utcursch | talk 11:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete May well be back one day when he is notable. Marcus22 14:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy or Delete. Statewide High School level awards don't confer notability.--Isotope23 15:11, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn vanity CLW 18:54, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy userfy regardless of certificate scans. Hall Monitor 20:03, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Stu 00:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Airports in Japan

This category is for airports in Japan.

title: Category:Airports in Japan


text:
User talk:Tom Clancy~enwiki

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some links I've found useful:
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merge
 * New user log
 * Be Bold
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off
 * Wikiquette
 * Contributing to Wikipedia
 * User page
 * How to upload files
 * Image copyright tags

Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

00:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tom Clancy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tom Clancy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:09, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:50, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tom Clancy~enwiki


text:
Nocturia

Nocturia is defined by the International Continence Society (ICS) as "the complaint that the individual has to wake at night one or more times for voiding (i.e., to urinate)". The term is derived from Latin nox – "night", and Greek [τα] ούρα – "urine". Causes are varied and can be difficult to discern. Although not every patient needs treatment, most people seek treatment for severe nocturia, waking up to void more than 2 or 3 times per night.

Prevalence
Studies have shown that 5–15% of people who are 20–50 years old, 20–30% of people who are 50–70 years old, and 10–50% of people 70+ years old urinate at least twice a night. Nocturia becomes more common with age. More than 50 percent of men and women over the age of 60 have been measured to have nocturia in many communities. Even more over the age of 80 are shown to experience symptoms nightly. Nocturia symptoms also often worsen with age. Although rates are about the same for both genders, data shows that there is a higher prevalence in younger women than younger men and older men than older women.

Impact
Research suggests that more than 60% of people are negatively affected by nocturia. The resulting insomnia and sleep deprivation can cause exhaustion, changes in mood, sleepiness, impaired productivity, fatigue, increased risk of accidents, and cognitive dysfunction. 25% of falls that older individuals experience happen during the night, of which 25% occur while waking up to void.

A quality-of-life test for people who experience nocturia was published in 2004. The pilot study was conducted only on men.

Diagnosis
Nocturia diagnosis requires knowing the patient's nocturnal urine volume (NUV). The ICS defines NUV as "the total volume of urine passed between the time the individual goes to bed with the intention of sleeping and the time of waking with the intention of rising". Thus, NUV excludes the last void before going to bed but includes the first morning void, if the urge to urinate woke the patient. The amount of sleep a patient gets and the amount they intend to get are also considered in a diagnosis.

As with any patient, a detailed history of the problem is required to establish what is normal for that patient. The principal diagnostic tool for nocturia is the voiding bladder diary. Based on information recorded in the diary, a physician can classify the patient as having global polyuria, nocturnal polyuria, or bladder storage problems. A voiding bladder diary should record:
 * number of voids
 * timing of voids
 * volume voided
 * volume and time of fluid intake

Patients should include the first morning void in the NUV. However, the first morning void is not included with the number of nightly voids.

Polyuria
Polyuria is excessive, or abnormally large, production or passage of urine. Increased production and passage of urine may also be termed diuresis. Polyuria is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder (not a disease by itself), but it can be classed as a disorder, at least when its underlying causes are not clear.

Global polyuria
Global polyuria is the continuous overproduction of urine that is not only limited to sleep hours. This occurs in response to increased fluid intake and is defined as urine outputs of greater than 40 mL/kg/24 hours. Common causes of global polyuria are primary thirst disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus (DI). Urination imbalance may lead to polydipsia or excessive thirst to prevent circulatory collapse. Central diabetes insipidus is caused by low levels of vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin, or argipressin). ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in and released from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH increases water absorption in the collecting duct systems of kidney nephrons, subsequently decreasing urine production. ADH regulates hydration levels in the body, which helps regulates water levels. In nephrogenic DI, the kidneys do not respond properly to the normal amount of ADH.

Diagnosis of DI can be made by an overnight water deprivation test. This requires the patient to eliminate fluid intake for a fixed period of time, usually around 8–12 hours. If the first morning void is not highly concentrated, the patient is diagnosed with DI. Central DI usually can be treated with a synthetic replacement of ADH, called desmopressin. This is taken to control thirst and frequent urination. Although there is no substitute for nephrogenic DI, it may be treated with careful regulation of fluid intake.

Nocturnal polyuria
Nocturnal polyuria is defined as an increase in urine production during the night but with a proportional decrease in daytime urine production that results in a normal 24-hour urine volume. With the 24-hour urine production within normal limits, nocturnal polyuria can be translated to having a nocturnal polyuria index (NPi) greater than 35% of the normal 24-hour urine volume. NPi is calculated simply by dividing NUV by the 24-hour urine volume. Similar to the inability to control urination, a disruption of arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels has been proposed for nocturia. Compared with normal patients, nocturia patients have a nocturnal decrease in AVP level.

Other causes of nocturnal polyuria include diseases such as
 * congestive heart failure
 * nephritic syndrome
 * liver failure
 * lifestyle patterns such as excessive nighttime drinking
 * sleep apnea increasing obstructive airway resistance. Obstructive sleep apnea sufferers have been shown to have increases in renal sodium and water excretion that are mediated by elevated plasma atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) levels. ANH is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to high blood volume. When activated, ANH releases water, subsequently increasing urine production.

Bladder storage
Normal human bladder storage capacity varies from person to person and is considered 400–600 mL. A bladder storage disorder is any factor that increases the frequency of small volume voids. These factors are usually related to lower urinary tract symptoms that affect the capacity of the bladder. Some patients with nocturia have neither global nor nocturnal polyuria, according to the above criteria. Such patients most likely have a bladder storage disorder that impacts their nighttime voiding, or a sleep disorder. Nocturnal bladder capacity (NBC) is defined as the largest voided volume during the sleep period.

Decreased NBC can be traced to a decreased maximum voided volume or decreased bladder storage. Decreased NBC can be related to other disorders, such as:
 * benign prostatic hyperplasia, also known as prostate enlargement
 * neurogenic bladder dysfunction
 * learned voiding dysfunction
 * anxiety disorders
 * urinary tract infection
 * certain pharmacological agents.

Mixed causes
A significant number of nocturia cases occur from a combination of causes. Mixed nocturia is more common than many realise and is a combination of nocturnal polyuria and decreased nocturnal bladder capacity. In a study of 194 nocturia patients:
 * 7% were determined to solely have nocturnal polyuria
 * 57% solely had decreased NBC
 * 36% had a mixed cause of the two

Multifactorial nocturia is often unrelated to an underlying urological condition. Mixed nocturia is diagnosed through the maintenance and analysis of bladder diaries of the patient. Assessment of cause contributions is done through formulas.

Lifestyle changes
Although there is no cure for nocturia, many actions can manage the symptoms.
 * Limiting caffeine and alcohol intake. Both are diuretic.
 * Beverage consumption regulation. In regard to nocturia, this specifically means avoiding consuming fluids for three or more hours before bedtime and thus giving the bladder less fluid to store overnight. This especially helps people with urgency incontinence. However, one study regarding geriatric patients showed that this measure reduced voiding at night by only a small amount and is thus suboptimal for managing nocturia in older people. Fluid restriction does not help people who have nocturia due to gravity-induced third spacing of fluid, because fluid is mobilized when they lie in a reclining position.
 * Compression stockings may be worn through the day to prevent fluid from accumulating in the legs, unless heart failure or another contraindication is present.
 * Drugs that increase the passing of urine can help decrease the third spacing of fluid, but they could also increase nocturia.

Medications

 * ADH replacements, such as desmopressin and vasopressin
 * Selective alpha-1 blockers are the most commonly used medicine to treat BPH. Alpha-1 blockers are first-line treatment for the symptoms of BPH in men.   Doxazosin, terazosin, alfuzosin, and tamsulosin have all been well established in treatment to reduce lower urine tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. They are all believed to be similarly effective for this purpose. First-generation alpha-1 blockers, like prazosin, are not recommended to treat lower urinary tract symptoms because of their blood-pressure-lowering effect. Later-generation drugs in this class are used for this purpose. In some cases, alpha-1 blockers have been used in combined therapy with 5-alpha reductase blockers. Dutasteride and tamsulosin are on the market as combined therapy, and results have shown that they improve symptoms significantly versus monotherapy.
 * If urinary tract infection is causative, it can be treated with urinary antimicrobials.
 * Antimuscarinic agents such as oxybutynin, tolterodine, and solifenacin are especially used in patients who suffer from nocturia due to an overactive bladder and urgency incontinence, because they help bladder contractility.

Surgery
If the cause of nocturia is related to benign prostatic hyperplasia or an overactive bladder, surgical actions may be sought out.
 * Surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia includes increasingly popular and minimally invasive laser surgery.
 * Surgical correction of the pelvic organ prolapse
 * sacral nerve stimulation
 * Bladder augmentation
 * Detrusor muscle myectomy

title: Nocturia


text:
User talk:Jay McCall

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some links I've found useful:
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merge
 * New user log
 * Be Bold
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off
 * Wikiquette
 * Contributing to Wikipedia
 * User page
 * How to upload files
 * Image copyright tags

Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

00:32, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jay McCall


text:
User talk:John C. Robinson

The Free Republic Controversy
Money is often the center-point or at least the lead-pipe of any good controversy. This is perfectly illustrated in the battle of (or against) Free Republic. A number of the site's detractors have repeatedly "demonstrated" that Free Republic is bilking thousands from little old ladies in a Jimmy Bakker-esque scam. I will offer a counterpoint for thought.

In this article I will attempt to justify some of that cost. Some? Despite popular conception, I am only an ancillary participant in the internal operations of the site, and therefore I simply do not know where every dollar is spent. However, I can tell you where and why exactly $6,700 is spent every month.

My father is Jim Robinson. I do contract work for him/Free Republic via my company cobbled together to support such activities. I do not speak for my father nor for Free Republic (LLC or .com) nor for any participant of the site.

Question: $72,000? Sniff Test!!
The question on seemingly everybody's mind. How much does it cost to run Free Republic? It's just a dumb website, right? Anybody can host their dumb ol' website for thirty bucks, so why are they asking for $22,000 (give or take) every freakin' month? Sniff Test!!

Answer: Size Matters
The site is huge, hosts nearly 1.5 million articles, more than 30 million comments, and easily does two to three million page views daily. Infrastructure of this scale "do(es) not grow on trees" as Skinner, admin of DemocraticUnderground.com--the antithesis of FreeRepublic.com, points out.

First I will touch on the scale of computing resources required to run a large database-driven dynamic website. Dynamic, every page view runs database queries and Perl-language software. With two to three million page views per day, custom-tailored to the preferences of the reader, we require two database servers and three web servers to drive the site and afford headroom when traffic spikes (Katrina, election cycles, 9/11--we do our best to keep the site running during these peak loads.) An additional front-end machine serves static content (some images and html pages.) We also host a secure server for credit card donations on a separate machine. Finally, an additional machine is left to toil on administrative tasks. That's 2 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 8 machines. Hardware is not free. Fortunately, for the most part it is a one-time expense addressed in the budget as a $300 line item (see Equip, Maintenance and Repairs) and an occassional higher quartery fundraising goal for special purchases.

$2,700 Here
This delivers the discussion to the next point of scale I need to make. Network resources. To be honest, I don't know how many gigabytes of data we push out each day. It's not an important figure. We've contracted with Verio for co-location and bandwidth, and we measure megabits per second. The site sustains in excess of 10 Mbps throughout most of the day. For that, and a full cabinet to store our equipment, Verio charges exactly $2,700 monthly. Down from $7,000/mo for a similar UUNET setup in 2001. It is important to note that this is a guaranteed 10 Mbps of throughput--reserved for us, to deliver Internet content. Many web hosts will advertise 100 Mbps service for some low-low price. They may not be telling you, or not upfront about, the fact that their bandwidth is shared by thousands of clients. You will see only a fraction of that, there is no guarantee you will be able to handle sudden traffic bursts effectively. Anyway, the point I'm making here is that it doesn't matter if you're allocated a googol of gigabytes by your web host if you're only able to push out a trickle due to burdened connectivity.

$4,000 There
The last subject I will touch upon is a matter of human resources. If the previously enumerated resources are sometimes overlooked, the HR issue is almost always overlooked. If it sounds like whining, well, I apologize in advance, the subject affects me directly.

It takes time to manage servers, to patch systems and troubleshoot issues. Free Republic, LLC owns eight machines, I oversee those, plus three other machines that assist Free Republic in some form. My day-to-day activities include: keeping abreast of the latest public security exploits and determining if they affect operations, and occassionally patching systems of said defects, monitoring network and server health, analyzing odd-ball traffic (sometimes indicates security threat), toubleshooting performance issues, keeping up with news from the distros and software we leverage, planning upgrade paths, and exploring software that will aid in these goals.

I program. I write and maintain software that is used directly and indirectly by the site. From the very visible forum software to the invisible mechanics lurking below. From the website's moderator tools to the low-level sysadmin tools. Features, big and small and mis-. I take care of it all. Including a years-in-the-making revisioning of the software. All the while, my #1 goal is to minimize interruption of ongoing operations. (Oh! How I wish to be able to take the site down for a week and refactor the database schema!) And, while I'm not much of a website designer, I do design and write the HTML, and attempt to architect the information in the best manner possible (at least the revisioning will.)

Also, I--well, my better part, Tami--deals with contract negotiations for bandwidth, credit card processing (a web of external entities in itself), obtaining and maintaining our secure certificate, domain names, hardware purchases, etc. She's an ever-present influence in the behind-the-scenes matters, from discussions of FR direction and focus, to how she dislikes a thin dashed gray line on some new page I've designed. Her input is manifold and not to be discounted.

She and I are Robinson-DeFehr Consulting, and we're consuming $4,000 every month of the $22,000 to be raised.

Now, I do not slave over the site every day for 16+ hours 7 days a week 365.24 days a year. Sometimes I do little at all. At other times, I burn the midnight oil either because I feel inspired or because I'm fighting a fire or simply because that's the only opportuntity I have to impact the site with a server-intensive task. I figure I owe 30 hours a week, I aim for that and anything else I do is simply because I enjoy what I do. $48,000/year is justified: I pay my own income taxes, including the employer's side of FICA, I pay my own health benefits, I purchase my own resources (computers I personally use, books, lots of books), my business must carry liability insurance and we pay the "LLC" tax. Subtract those costs of doing business and it works out to a fair and comparable salary.

Or, $6,700 Total
In sum, that's six-thousand seven hundred accounted and justified dollars alleged to be somewhere between $30 to a "generous" $600 by some of the site's detractors. They smoke crack.

Hidden Costs
This article serves merely as a demonstration of "hidden costs." The site does not accept commercial advertising, its sole revenue stream is through reader donations. Large sites have the same costs, if not more (we try to do things on the cheap.) These sites often rely upon commercial advertising to offset the costs of operation. Advertising is a big business, and successful sites are good earners, able to offset operations costs and turn a profit. In one form or another it's all advertising. Free Republic's advertising is simply more explicit: we need $X for Y period of service. Few see a banner ad as representing tens of thousands of dollars every month.

Consider other non-obvious costs and $22,000 is not a far out figure.

 * Er, not that I really care, but $7,000 is 32% of $22,000. If someone gave me an itemized budget for 32% of their monthly expenses and told me that I should be able to find the other 68% in "other non-obvious costs," I'd laugh them right out of the office. In fact, now that I'm interested, I took a look at the budget page:

 * Bandwidth and Colocation $2,700

Explained

 * System Administation and Programming 4,000

Explained
 * Administrative and Taxes 9,500

Can you give a detailed accounting of the taxes? In an LLC, flow through taxation means the LLC itself is not taxed - the members are taxed on the profits. Are members (members are the equivalent of sharholders of a corporation, but for an LLC) of Free Republic, LLC engaging only in not-for-profit activities vis-a-vie the IRS definitions in p535? Is Free Repbulic LLC engaging in any for-profit activities, vis-a-vie the same publication (This is substantially different than a 501c3 definition)? Can you give a detailed breakdown of member distributions over the past three years?

Having read now the Free Republic main page, the statement under "Who runs Free Republic?" seems needlessly complicated with words like "commercial," "in the sense of a traditional business." Would the following statement be true or false: "Free Republic LLC has never made a profit distribution to any member."?

Could you give a more detailed breakdown of "Adminstrative?"

 * Legal and Accounting 1,000

Reasonable

 * Bank Fees, Credit Card Fees, Processing Fees 800

7% is outrageous for bank, cc and processing. Do you have some sort of borrowed monies or trust structure that adds and expense on this line?
 * Equip, Maintenance and Repairs 300

Explained

 * Office Expenses, Rents, Insurance, Telephone, ISP, Supplies, Misc. 2,500

Reasonable

 * Travel Expenses 800

Reasonable.

Hipocrite - « Talk » 15:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Dunno if I made it clear here, the idea was to demonstrate that the part of the site I am responsible for, which some people had figured only cost $300 to operate, actually takes quite a bit more. The site isn't mine, it's my father's. I don't know all the details. The budget is supposed to be a "high level" overview, but it probably should state that he and his partner are the "Adminstrative" line item. Thanks for having a look, I appreciate the comments. John C. Robinson 00:22, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry for my confusion. Are you saying that the Adminstrative and Taxes line item is a membership distribution, or is it some other fee arrangement between the LLC and it's members? Hipocrite - « Talk » 13:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I asked Jim about the $800 "Bank Fees, Credit Card Fees, Processing Fees". The figure is derived from an approximate 4% of an estimated $20,000/monthly collected from credit card and PayPal. It's a rough figure. With this quarter's goal, the $800/mo would represent 3 1/3% of collected funds.

 * Yes, that is far more reasonable. I didn't understand it was a projected number. Hipocrite - « Talk » 13:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

To address something you said earlier, the "Who runs Free Republic?" section may seem "needlessly complicated" because the site was never intended to be organized as a traditional business, or, well, any type of business. The site is an outgrowth of Jim's participation in a Prodigy message board covering Whitewater back in the mid 90's. It has always been his hobby project. It was only later organized as an LLC as a direct result of the lawsuit brought on by the Los Angeles Times. I believe the general idea was to protect me from legal fallout (I was originally a member of the LLC, I later removed myself.)

 * I think the question that remains unadressed was "Would the following statement be true or false: "Free Republic LLC has never made a profit distribution to any member?" I'd also ask about the Adminstrative line item and any implication there for member fee-for-service agreements. I consider the section on the front page needlessly complicated because it uses the meaningless word "non-commercial," as opposed to the meaningful "not-for-profit." Hipocrite - « Talk » 13:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Anyway, if you're interested in extending the FR article with excerpts of these early days I'll dig up some posts of historic interest for you. John C. Robinson 23:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I would be, yes. Hipocrite - « Talk » 13:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Unaddressed only because I haven't a clue—you're speaking a language unfamiliar to me. I can tell you my take on this, Jim and Amy are compensated for their time. Profit distribution, member distribution, fee-for-service, IRS p535 definitions, I don't know what any of that means.

Perhaps addressing your question in a different way. For years I've unsuccessfully petitioned my father to grow the site into a real money making venture. The popularity of the site would turn a significant profit in advertising sales, far more than donations. The later of which would not dry up because of advertising (especially if donors were able to remove advertising.) Jim doesn't want to take it in that direction. To me, that isn't the sign of somebody trying to get rich. With regard to the money, he's merely content with pulling a living out of the site. He's had the opportunity to sell the site, at a time when people paid stupid money for such things, all the while pulling down a salary. He didn't want that either. He could be swimming in cash. It's somewhat frustrating to me, but that's how it is.

There's plenty of interesting history that I believe is germane to the FR article. As I find interesting tidbits I'll append them to this talk page. One of those interesting bits is the TalkSpot deal (the "stupid money" offer) I previously mentioned.

John C. Robinson 21:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Pleasure to meet you
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! In addition nice to see you here, I am sure you can add a lot a number of articles. If you have something that is unique to add, please remember that wiki doesn't allow research to be published here first. Often, people will publish elsewhere, then refer to it when writing wiki articles. Some associates of Ayn Rand have done just that. As far as the $72,000 goes can't you just go to Geocities for free and save all that money? Maybe you can pay in Canadian dollars and that way it would cost less! (heh) :-) Dominick 12:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
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Really, what's the point of "no original research" if you can just post it on a blog or something and cite that? Even if you're not supposed to, how can WP vet the source? And what about topic experts? If Einstein was alive today ... John C. Robinson 00:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I mentioned it because I didn't think you would want to participate in this kind of stuff here, but I guess you dont mind, so my point was moot. I think the policy was intended to keep people from making up a theory about Nazi Radio Transmitters in the Brain, and starting an unfounded artcle. Blogs are only sources if you are talking about the person writing the Blog. Barbara Striesand's blog is an example, we can use that to talk about her, but her opinion (!) on global warming is not going to appear in the global warming article. If you have original research, it is easy enough to publish at a symposium, or any refereed journal. There are other venues to do this at as well. For the FR data to be used, it would be used as a source for the FR article. We would not use something published at FR, to talk about say, Pamela Anderson. Dominick 14:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The "interview" is no biggie. Didn't realize it was considered that until I read the FR talk page. Perhaps something useful will come of it. Certainly if I can introduce more background into the article, that would be great. John C. Robinson 21:31, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

new FR controversy
You may wanna look at the FR talk page. Dominick 17:12, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding the in-progress pro-/anti- edit war? Seems like the only sane option is to let them fight it out until both sides get bored. Later, cue the adults to come in and clean up the mess. :-( IMHO, it is pointless to try to maintain balance in that kind of environment. And let's be honest, that's the absolute best WP will ever see in a political article, a balance of PoV. John C. Robinson 19:32, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Good approach. paul klenk talk
 * I didn't like some people at FR doing what the people at DU did. Directing people here to wear down editors doesn't do anyone any good. Dominick 22:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. In this case, it makes us (FR) look bad. John C. Robinson 23:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

What is Bryan up to?
Is Bryan still working for you guys? Eschoir (talk) 17:42, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:John C. Robinson


text:
Consuelo (novel)

Consuelo is a novel by George Sand, first published serially in 1842–1843 in the Revue indépendante, a periodical founded in 1841 by Sand, Pierre Leroux and Louis Viardot. According to The Nuttall Encyclopædia, it is "[Sand's] masterpiece; the impersonation of the triumph of moral purity over manifold temptations."

The character of Consuelo was supposedly modeled after Louis Viardot's wife, the soprano Pauline Viardot. Pauline Viardot was a good friend of both Sand's and of her lover Frédéric Chopin.

First sentence
''«Oui, oui, Mesdemoiselles, hochez la tête tant qu'il vous plaira; la plus sage et la meilleure d'entre vous, c'est ... Mais je ne veux pas le dire; car c'est la seule de ma classe qui ait de la modestie, et je craindrais, en la nommant, de lui faire perdre à l'instant même cette rare vertu que je vous souhaite.... »''

"Go on then, young ladies, shake your heads at me, but I'll tell you this... the best behaved and the cleverest girl among you is... — no, I won't tell you who, because she is the only one of my class who has any modesty. I am afraid that if I pointed her out here, she would instantly lose that rare virtue. It is one that I wish the rest of you had more of..." —

Synopsis
Consuelo is a Spanish girl abandoned in Italy whose voice attracts the old maestro Nicola Porpora. Through him she is presented to Count Zustiniani. The latter, after her successful début on the stage, falls in love with her, but is repulsed. When her early lover Angoletto forgets her, Consuelo is sent by Porpora to the home of a German family in Bohemia. Her entrance into this household prepares the way for the sequel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt (1843).

Theme
Consuelo's adventures continue in La comtesse de Rudolstadt where they take a more philosophical and esoteric dimension. Through all these adventures, Consuelo becomes an untouchable figure of the European artistic landscape of the 18th century thanks to the music and the support of her master, the Porpora. The two volumes, Consuelo and La comtesse de Rudolstadt, were edited separately but constitute a single work.

Posterity
After the death of George Sand, numerous of her novels disappear into oblivion and her work was quickly reduced to a handful of so-called «country» novels such as La Mare au diable or La Petite Fadette. However, from the 1960s to the 1970s, the rest of Sand's work began to be rediscovered through critical editions, colloquia and scholarly studies. Consuelo is rehabilitated and recognized as one of her masterpieces.

Theatrical treatments
Two operas are based on this novel:
 * Consuelo by Alfonso Rendano (1888)
 * Consuelo by Giacomo Orefice (1895)

title: Consuelo (novel)


text:
User talk:Charlie Yu

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some links I've found useful:
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Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

00:33, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Charlie Yu


text:
Politechnika Warszawska PW-5

The Politechnika Warszawska PW-5 Smyk (Polish: "Little rascal") is a single seater sailplane designed at the Warsaw University of Technology (Polish: "Politechnika Warszawska") and manufactured in Poland. It is a monotype World Class glider.

Development
The PW-5 was designed for, and won a competition held by the International Gliding Commission for a simple, low cost sailplane that would form the basis for a new competition class, the IGC World Class. Unlike other soaring competition classes, the World Class designation would guarantee that all pilots participated on an equal footing, and that pilots could not gain advantage by spending large amounts of money. The PW-5 was unanimously chosen from 42 design proposals in IGC international World Class design competition. In November 1989, the IGC issued a worldwide call for proposals. By February 1990, it had received 84 requests for design specifications from 25 countries. By August 1990, the IGC had received 42 design proposals from 20 countries. In September 1990, after reviewing the proposals, many of which came with models, the IGC recommended that 11 designs from 9 countries proceed to the prototype competition. In October 1992, the IGC inspected and tested 6 prototypes from 5 countries at Oerlinghausen Germany. After further review and collecting manufacturing data, in spring 1993 the IGC declared the PW-5, designed by a faculty/student team at Warsaw University of Technology, the first World Class glider.

The glider was designed at the Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering of the Warsaw University of Technology under the supervision of Roman Świtkiewicz. It was originally built by PZL at its factory in Świdnik and first flew in 1993. By the end of 2000 the new private company PZL-Bielsko1 was established by the original members of the design team from Warsaw University of Technology and the DWLKK company. A new factory at Bielsko produced a modified version of PW-5 glider called B1-PW-5.

Because its cost was comparable to the cost of the older Club class gliders of higher performance it did not sell as well as expected and the World class competitions were not very popular as well. In total fewer than 200 PW-5s have been built, though over 70 have been exported to the United States, where there is a keen following.

Design

 * The structure is all glass-epoxy composite
 * The wings are of trapeze contour with bow-shaped ends, shoulder-set on the fuselage, having a monospar structure with sandwich shells
 * Schempp-Hirth-type air brakes extend on the upper wing surface only
 * Fuselage shell of glass-epoxy composite monocoque structure, stiffened with frames
 * Fabric covered rudder
 * Fixed undercarriage consisting of main wheel behind the pilot, with shock absorber and drum brake, a smaller front wheel and a tail skid with a diminutive wheel to prevent scraping on the ground if overrotation takes place
 * Two tow releases, for aerotowing and winch-launching respectively

Variants
There are presently two versions of the PW-5. The Bielsko version, identified as B1 PW-5, has a few safety- and performance-related improvements:
 * Automatic hook-up of all controls upon assembly
 * Tow release for winch-launching moved forward; this follows a winching accident in New Zealand
 * Ballast holder in the tail to allow centre of gravity corrections
 * Total energy probe on the vertical empennage

There is a project in progress for building a motorglider designated PW-5M based on the PW-5.

The PW-5 has a two-seater derivative, the PW-6.

title: Politechnika Warszawska PW-5


text:
Iwaoka

Iwaoka (written: 岩岡) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Hisae Iwaoka (岩岡 ヒサエ), Japanese manga artist
 * Joji Iwaoka (岩岡 譲二), Japanese ice hockey player

title: Iwaoka


text: User talk:130.245.218.141

title: User talk:130.245.218.141


text:
Night Attack (album)

Night Attack is the fifth studio album by Australian band The Angels, it was released in November 1981 through Epic Records. The album peaked at No. 11 on the National albums chart. For the 1982 American release of Night Attack by Epic Records, they used the band name Angel City.

In June 2002, Shock Records issued The Complete Sessions 1980 - 1983. The 4-CD box set included remasters of Dark Room (9 bonus tracks), Night Attack (9 bonus tracks), Watch The Red (5 bonus tracks) and The Blow (2-CD set). In June 2006, Liberation Music re-issued Night Attack from The Complete Sessions 1980 - 1983. The album peaked at number 13 on the ARIA Charts and it also charted at number 14 on the Recorded Music NZ.

Track listings
All tracks written by John Brewster (as John Brewster-Jones), Rick Brewster (as Richard Brewster-Jones), Doc Neeson (as Bernard Neeson) unless otherwise indicated.

Australian 1981 release
 * Side one
 * 1) "Long Night" – 4:12
 * 2) "Runnin' Wild" – 4:19
 * 3) "Fashion and Fame" – 4:38
 * 4) "City Out of Control" – 5:55

 * Side two
 * 1) "Night Attack" (J. Brewster, R. Brewster, Neeson, Brent Eccles) – 3:31
 * 2) "Nothin' to Win" – 4:14
 * 3) "Living on the Outside" – 4:20
 * 4) "Talk About You" (J. Brewster, R. Brewster, Neeson, Eccles) – 3:29
 * 5) "Storm the Bastille" (J. Brewster, R. Brewster, Neeson, Chris Bailey) – 3:43

 * Bonus tracks on 2002 Shock Records release'''
 * 1) "Casablanca" – 4:18
 * 2) "Small Talk" – 3:31
 * 3) "Back on You" – 3:05
 * 4) "Chaplin's Drum" – 3:22
 * 5) "Fashion and Fame" (live) – 4:40
 * 6) "Talk About You" (live) (J. Brewster, R. Brewster, Neeson, Eccles) – 3:31
 * 7) "Bad Dream" (live) (J. Brewster, R. Brewster, Neeson, Bailey) – 4:20
 * 8) "Angel" (live) – 4:46
 * 9) "Devil's Gate" (live) – 5:51

Personnel

 * The Angels / Angel City members
 * Doc Neeson – lead vocals
 * Rick Brewster – lead guitar, producer, mixing at Cherokee Studios, Los Angeles
 * John Brewster – rhythm guitar, harmonica, vocals, producer, mixing
 * Chris Bailey – bass guitar, vocals
 * Brent Eccles – drums

 * Production
 * Ed Thacker – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Paul Ray – assistant engineer
 * Greg Calbi – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
 * Bob King – photography
 * J. Brewster, R. Brewster, Peter McIan – producers on bonus tracks

 * 2006 re-issue
 * Don Bartley, R. Brewster – remastering
 * David Williams – reissue coordinator, track selector
 * R. Brewster – compilation
 * Glenn A. Baker, R. Brewster, Brent Eccles – liner notes

title: Night Attack (album)


text:
Streptococcus agalactiae

Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as group B streptococcus or GBS) is a gram-positive coccus (round bacterium) with a tendency to form chains (as reflected by the genus name Streptococcus). It is a beta-hemolytic, catalase-negative, and facultative anaerobe.

S. agalactiae is the most common human pathogen of streptococci belonging to group B of the Rebecca Lancefield classification of streptococci. GBS are surrounded by a bacterial capsule composed of polysaccharides (exopolysacharide). The species is subclassified into ten serotypes (Ia, Ib, II–IX) depending on the immunologic reactivity of their polysaccharide capsule.

The plural term group B streptococci (referring to the serotypes) and the singular term group B streptococcus (referring to the single species) are both commonly used synonymously with S. agalactiae even though S. halichoeri and S. pseudoporcinus are also group B Streptococci. These species test positive as group B, but are not frequently carried by humans, and only rarely cause disease.

In general, GBS is a harmless commensal bacterium being part of the human microbiota colonizing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to 30% of healthy human adults (asymptomatic carriers). Nevertheless, GBS can cause severe invasive infections especially in newborns, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems.

S. agalactiae is also a common veterinary pathogen, because it can cause bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) in dairy cows. The species name agalactiae meaning "of no milk", alludes to this.

Laboratory identification
GBS grows readily on blood agar plates as colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of β-hemolysis. GBS is characterized by the presence in the cell wall of the antigen group B of Lancefield classification (Lancefield grouping) that can be detected directly in intact bacteria using latex agglutination tests. The CAMP test is also another important test for identification of GBS. The CAMP factor produced by GBS acts synergistically with the staphylococcal β-hemolysin inducing enhanced hemolysis of sheep or bovine erythrocytes. GBS is also able to hydrolyze hippurate and this test can also be used to identify presumptively GBS. Hemolytic GBS strains produce an orange-brick-red non-isoprenoid polyene (ornithine rhamnolipid) pigment (granadaene) when cultivated on granada medium that allows its straightforward identification. GBS can also be identified using MALDI-TOF (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) instruments. GBS colonies can additionally be identified tentatively after their appearance in chromogenic agar media, nevertheless GBS-like colonies that develop in chromogenic media should be confirmed as GBS using additional reliable tests (e.g.latex agglutination or the CAMP test) to avoid potential mis-identification. A summary of the laboratory techniques for GBS identification is depicted in Ref 7.

GBS colonization
GBS is a normal component of the intestinal and vaginal microbiota in some people, GBS is an asymptomatic (presenting no symptoms) colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina in up to 30% of otherwise healthy adults, including pregnant women. GBS colonization may be permanent, intermittent or temporary. In different studies, GBS vaginal colonization rate ranges from 0% to 36%, most studies reporting colonization rates in sexually active women over 20%. It has been estimated that maternal GBS colonization worldwide is 18%, with regional variation from 11% to 35%. These variations in the reported prevalence of asymptomatic GBS colonization could be related to the detection methods used, and differences in populations sampled.

Virulence
As other virulent bacteria, GBS harbors an important number of virulence factors (virulence factors are molecules produced by bacteria that boosts their capacity to infect and damage human tissues), the most important being the capsular polysaccharide (rich in sialic acid) and a pore-forming toxin, β-hemolysin. Today it is considered that GBS pigment (granadaene) and hemolysin are identical or closely related molecules.

Sialic acid is a notable virulence factor in S. agalactiae despite being found normally in humans and many other animals. By expressing an unusually high amount of sialic acid on the bacterial cell surface, S. agalactiae can subvert the innate immune system, convincing leukocytes that the bacteria are human cells.

GBS infection in newborns
GBS colonization of the vagina usually does not cause problems in healthy women, nevertheless during pregnancy it can sometimes cause serious illness for the mother and the newborn. GBS is the leading cause of bacterial neonatal infection in the baby during gestation and after delivery with significant mortality rates in premature infants. GBS infections in the mother can cause chorioamnionitis (a severe infection of the placental tissues) infrequently, postpartum infections (after birth) and it had been related with prematurity and fetal death. GBS urinary tract infections (UTI) may also induce labor and cause premature delivery. In the western world, GBS (in the absence of effective prevention measures) is the major cause of several bacterial infections of the newborn neonatal infection sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can lead to death or long-term sequelae. GBS neonatal infection typically originates in the lower reproductive tract of infected mothers. GBS infections in newborns are separated into two clinical syndromes, early-onset disease (EOD) and late-onset disease (LOD). EOD manifests from 0 to 7 living days in the newborn, most of the cases of EOD being apparent within 24h of birth. The most common clinical syndromes of EOD are sepsis without apparent focus, pneumonia, and less frequently meningitis. EOD is acquired vertically (vertical transmission), through exposure of the fetus or the baby to GBS from the vagina of a colonized woman, either intrautero or during birth after rupture of membranes. Infants can be infected during passage through the birth canal, nevertheless newborns that acquire GBS through this route can become only colonized, and these colonized infants habitually do not develop EOD. Roughly 50% of newborns to GBS colonized mothers are also GBS colonized and (without prevention measures) 1–2% of these newborns will develop EOD.

In the past, the incidence of EOD ranged from 0.7 to 3.7 per thousand live births in the US and from 0.2 to 3.25 per thousand in Europe. In 2008, after widespread use of antenatal screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), the CDC reported an incidence of 0.28 cases of EOD per thousand live births in the US. Multistate surveillance 2006-2015 shows a decline in EOD from 0.37 to 0.23 per 1000 live births in the US but LOD remains steady at 0.31 per 1000 live births. In 2021 had been estimated a total of 1970 deaths ((0.59/100,000 population) in the US caused by GBS neonatal infections. It was estimated that 226 infants (49 per 100,000) in the United States had a clinically significant GBS infection, and that approximately 11 (2.4%) of those cases resulted in death.

It has been indicated that where there was a policy of providing IAP for GBS colonized mothers the overall risk of EOGBS is 0.3%.

Though maternal GBS colonization is the key determinant for EOD, other factors also increase the risk. These factors include onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation (premature birth), prolonged rupture of membranes (≥18h before delivery), intra-partum fever (>38 °C, >100.4 °F), amniotic infections (chorioamnionitis), young maternal age, and low levels of GBS anticapsular polysaccharide antibodies in the mother. Nevertheless, most babies who develop EOD are born to GBS colonized mothers without any additional risk factor. A previous sibling with EOD is also an important risk factor for development of the infection in subsequent deliveries, probably reflecting a lack of GBS polysaccharides protective antibodies in the mother. Heavy GBS vaginal colonization is also associated with a higher risk for EOD. Overall, the case–fatality rates from EOD have declined, from 50% observed in studies from the 1970s to 2 to 10% in recent years, mainly as a consequence of improvements in therapy and management. Fatal neonatal infections by GBS are more frequent among premature infants.

GBS LOD affects infants from 7 days to 3 months of age and is more likely to cause bacteremia or meningitis. LOD can be acquired from the mother or from environmental sources. Hearing loss and mental impairment can be a long-term sequela of GBS meningitis. In contrast with EOD, the incidence of LOD has remained unchanged at 0.26 per 1000 live births in the US. S. agalactiae neonatal meningitis does not present with the hallmark sign of adult meningitis, a stiff neck; rather, it presents with nonspecific symptoms, such as fever, vomiting and irritability, and can consequently lead to a late diagnosis.

Prevention of neonatal infection
The only reliable way to prevent EOD currently is intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), that is to say administration of antibiotics during delivery. It has been proved that intravenous penicillin or ampicillin administered for at least 4 hours before delivery to GBS colonized women is very effective at preventing vertical transmission of GBS from mother to baby and EOD. Intravenous penicillin remains the agent of choice for IAP, with intravenous ampicillin as an acceptable alternative. For penicillin allergic women, the laboratory requisitions for ordering antepartum GBS screening cultures should indicate clearly the presence of penicillin allergy. Cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin are used to prevent EOD in infants born to penicillin-allergic mothers. Intravenous vancomycin is recommended for IAP in women colonized with a clindamycin-resistant Group B Streptococcus strain and a severe penicillin allergy. There are two ways to identify female candidates to receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis: a risk-based approach or a culture-based screening approach. The culture-based screening approach identifies candidates to receive IAP using lower vaginal and rectal cultures obtained between 36 and 37 weeks' gestation (32–34 weeks of gestation for women with twins ) and IAP is administered to all GBS colonized women. The risk-based strategy identifies candidates to receive IAP by the aforementioned risk factors known to increase the probability of EOD without considering if the mother is or is not a GBS carrier.

IAP is also recommended for women with intrapartum risk factors if their GBS carrier status is not known at the time of delivery, for women with GBS bacteriuria during their pregnancy, and for women who have had an infant with EOD previously.

The risk-based approach for IAP is in general less effective than the culture-based approach because in most of the cases EOD develops among newborns, which are born to mothers without risk factors.

In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with several professional groups, issued its revised GBS prevention guidelines.

In 2018, the task of revising and updating the GBS prophylaxis guidelines was transferred from the CDC to ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), the American Academy of Pediatrics and to the American Society for Microbiology.

The ACOG committee issued an update document on Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns in 2019. This document does not introduce important changes from the CDC guidelines. The key measures necessary for preventing neonatal GBS early onset disease continue to be universal prenatal screening by culture of GBS from swabs collected from the lower vagina and rectum, correct collection and microbiological processing of the samples, and proper implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. The ACOG now recommends performing universal GBS screening between 36 and 37 weeks of gestation. This new recommendation provides a five-week window for valid culture results that includes births that occur up to a gestational age of at least 41 weeks.

The culture-based screening approach is followed in most developed countries such as the United States,   France, Spain, Belgium, Canada, Argentina, and Australia. The risk-based strategy is followed in the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands.

Screening for GBS colonization
Though the GBS colonization status of women can change during pregnancy, cultures to detect GBS carried out ≤5 weeks before delivery predict quite accurately the GBS carrier status at delivery.

In contrast, if the prenatal culture is performed more than five weeks before delivery it is unreliable for predicting accurately the GBS carrier status at delivery.

The clinical specimens recommended for culture of GBS at 36–37 weeks' gestation, this recommendation provides a 5-week window for valid culture results that includes births that occur up to a gestational age of at least 41 weeks (32–34 weeks of gestation for women with twins ) are swabs collected the lower vagina (near the introitus) and then from the rectum (through the anal sphincter) without use of a speculum. Vaginal-rectal samples should be collected using a flocked swab preferably, since flocked swabs releases samples and microorganisms more effectively than fiber swabs.

Following the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of United States (CDC) these swabs should be placed into a non-nutritive transport medium and later inoculated into a selective enrichment broth, Todd Hewitt broth with selective antibiotics  (enrichment culture). After incubation the enrichment broth is subcultured to blood agar plates and GBS like colonies are identified by the CAMP test or using latex agglutination with GBS antisera. After incubation the enrichment broth can also be subcultured to granada medium agar where GBS grows as pink-red colonies or to chromogenic agars, where GBS grows as colored colonies. GBS-like colonies that develop in chromogenic media should be confirmed as GBS using additional reliable tests to avoid mis-identification.

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridization probes have been developed for identifying GBS directly from recto-vaginal samples, but they has a high false negative rate, and still cannot replace antenatal culture for the most accurate detection of GBS carriers. This technology to detect GBS must be improved and simplified to make the method cost-effective and useful as a point-of-care test. Nevertheless These tests can also be used to detect GBS directly from broth media, after the enrichment step, avoiding the subculture of the incubated enrichment broth to an appropriate agar plate.

Vaccination
Though IAP for EOD prevention is associated with a large decline in the incidence of the disease, there is, however, no effective strategy for preventing late-onset neonatal GBS disease.

Vaccination is considered an ideal solution to prevent not only EOD and LOD but also GBS infections in adults at risk. Nevertheless, though research and clinical trials for the development of an effective vaccine to prevent GBS infections are underway, no vaccine was available in 2023. The capsular polysaccharide of GBS is not only an important GBS virulence factor but it is also an excellent candidate for the development of an effective vaccine. Protein-based vaccines are also in development.

GBS infection in adults
GBS is also an important infectious agent able to cause invasive infections in adults. Serious life-threatening invasive GBS infections are increasingly recognized in the elderly and individuals compromised by underlying diseases such as diabetes, cirrhosis and cancer. GBS infections in adults include urinary tract infection, skin and soft-tissue infection (skin and skin structure infection) bacteremia, osteomyelitis, meningitis and endocarditis. GBS infection in adults can be serious and related with high mortality. In general penicillin is the antibiotic of choice for treatment of GBS infection. Gentamicin (for synergy with penicillin G or ampicillin) can also be used in patients with life-threatening invasive GBS.

Non-human infections
Streptococcus agalactiae was historically studied as a disease of cattle that harmed milk production, leading to its name "agalactiae" which means "absence of milk". Strains of bovine and human bacteria are generally interchangeable, with evidence of transmission from animals to humans and vice versa.

Cattle
GBS is a major cause of mastitis (an infection of the udder) in dairy cattle and an important source of economic loss for the industry. GBS in cows can either produce an acute febrile disease or a subacute more chronic condition. Both lead to diminishing milk production (hence its name: agalactiae meaning "of no milk"). Outbreaks in herds are common, so this is of major importance for the dairy industry, and programs to reduce the impact of S. agalactiae disease have been enforced in many countries over the last 40 years.

Other animals
GBS also causes severe epidemics in farmed fish, causing sepsis and external and internal hemorrhages, having been reported from wild and captive fish involved in epizootics in many countries. Vaccination is an effective method to prevent pathogenic diseases in aquaculture and different kinds vaccines to prevent GBS infections have been developed recently.

GBS has also been found in many other animals, such as camels, dogs, cats, crocodiles, seals, elephants and dolphins.

title: Streptococcus agalactiae


text:
User talk:Mutt0026

Dave Adelaide education student left wing

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title: User talk:Mutt0026


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User talk:GeneralAntilles

Meetup
Meetup/Tampa -- You're invited! Hires an editor (talk) 14:51, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Maemo logo color.svg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Maemo logo color.svg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Maemo (operating system) page move
Hi,

When you moved this page, you forgot to move the talk archive. Please check in future whether there are any dependent pages to be moved in such cases. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 19:42, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

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Thank you for uploading free images/media to Wikipedia! As you may know, there is another Wikimedia Foundation project called Wikimedia Commons, a central media repository for all free media. In future, please upload media there instead (see m:Help:Unified login). That way, all of the other language Wikipedias can use them too, as well as our many sister projects. This will also allow our visitors to search for, view and use our media in one central location. If you wish to move previous uploads to Commons, see Moving images to the Commons (you may view previous uploads by going to your user contributions on the left and choosing the 'file' namespace from the drop down box (or see ). Please note that non-free content, such as images claimed as fair use, cannot be uploaded to the Wikimedia Commons. Help us spread the word about Commons by informing other users, and please continue uploading!--IngerAlHaosului (talk) 11:47, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Tinymail for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Tinymail is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. SL93 (talk) 10:25, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:GeneralAntilles


text:
User talk:Light time

Welcome
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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

00:36, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Light time


text:
Talk:Board of Longitude

Material in wrong place
Frankly, much of the material in this article repeats material that would more properly (and probably is) found in the article on Harrison. I think I'll trim it down a bit in the future, but not now.Unschool 00:37, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Review by Board of Longitude project at University of Cambridge and NMM
I am not editing this entry myself, because it would be a conflict of interest since I was a researcher on the five-year Board of Longitude project at the University of Cambridge and the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. But - in addition to there being some factual errors in this article which need to be addressed - we have made many valuable discoveries about the subject which should be mentioned as well. While our project book isn't yet published, we currently have articles on the university website about the Commissioners of Longitude (i.e. Board of Longitude) and about the legislation that helped redefine their mission over the 114 years of their existence. Here are some specific suggestions:

 * It would be good to use the term "reward" rather than "prize" throughout the article if possible, because they were called rewards at the time, and the two terms had slightly different meanings in the eighteenth century.

 * With respect to the first sentence of the article, the Commissioners of Longitude (later the communal Board of Longitude) were established to oversee funding as well as large rewards for improving methods of finding longitude at sea. Over the years, this mission expanded to include funding and rewarding improvements to navigation at large and early modern "science" and technology as well. The Board appears to have become the first British science and technology funding body. It became an influential institutional participant and authority in activities as diverse as improving technology (such as the invention of the sextant and the advancement of precision dividing), voyages of exploration like those of Captain Cook and polar exploration, and the foundation of the Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope. It often collaborated with institutions such as the Royal Society and the Admiralty, and sometimes with foreign counterparts.

 * It would be valuable to note in the first sentence of the Origins section that Europeans had been looking for a better way of finding longitude at sea for centuries.

 * With respect to the second sentence of the Origins sections, there is not actually any evidence that people in the eighteenth century commonly attributed the Cloudesley Shovell disaster in the Isles of Scilly to longitude. Only William Whiston and Humphry Ditton, who were seeking the establishment of a longitude reward, vaguely suggested a connection.

 * The first paragraph of the Origins section is correct that the first known communal meeting of some of the Commissioners took place in 1737 in order to give initial funding to John Harrison, whose timekeepers were generating much public and expert and institutional interest. However, it should be mentioned that individual Commissioners and especially the Astronomer Royal were active even before then in passing judgement on proposals and in some cases in participating in sea trials of inventions or new methods, and much individual activity and passing of judgement would continue to take place even alongside the communal meetings. (The Astronomer Royal was often treated as the premier longitude expert because it was long considered an astronomical problem, as navigation was still largely astronomical, and because the position and Greenwich Observatory had been founded in 1675 specifically to make observations to aid in the search for the longitude.)

 * Communal meetings of the Commissioners took place sporadically from 1737 on. The Commissioners only began meeting regularly and adopted some of the other trappings of a sitting body beginning in the 1760's, such as a Secretary to oversee institutional papers and travel refunds for the more distant of the officials in 1762. My own research and that of my colleagues suggests that this was when a sitting body known as the Board of Longitude actually institutionalized out of the independent experts named in 1714, and that it wasn't just a matter of the officials having "failed" in their mission up to that point, as it the common modern view. The term "Commissioner" which was employed throughout the Act of 1714 did not in the eighteenth century always indicate membership in a body nor in a standing body. The Act also did not provide the Commissioners with any of the normal trappings of a standing body including a communal title ("board" was never mentioned), staff, an official meeting place, existing funds, and provisions for either salaries or reimbursements. 18th-century publications did not regularly refer to a standing Board of Longitude by that title until the 1760's, either. A small number of reward-seekers including Jane Squire (active in the 1730's and 1740's) publicly complained about there not having been a standing Board from 1714 on. However, individual Commissioners including Thomas Hanmer pointed out that it was not logistically possible for them to meet communally to review every one of the multitude of longitude proposals produced, versus just the most promising. Isaac Newton commented that it only would have been possible for the Commissioners to review every proposal if they had done so from the very beginning. (In part that and other communal activity may not have occurred in 1714 because of the political turmoil which followed Queen Anne's death right after the passage of the Longitude Act.)

 * It might be good to list the 24 officials and specific individuals who were named as Commissioners of Longitude in 1714, if only at the end of the article. There is also no mention of the fact that later longitude acts added new Commissioners, initially after many of the original officials had died and later to alter the nature of the Board. See for example the third paragraph in the section "Early meetings 1737-1760" and the fourth paragraph in the section "The decades after John Harrison".

 * The description of the three staggered rewards is incomplete, and could also be linked to the actual text of the Act of 1714. First five or more of the Commissioners of Longitude needed to decide that a proposal seemed promising-enough to go into official testing, in which case they could direct that the Commissioners of the Navy have their Treasurer issue up to £2000 to conduct the trials. After the experiments were made, the Commissioners or "the major part of them" had to decide whether the proposal was "Practicable, and to what Degree of Exactness". There was a reward of £10,000 for a method that could find longitude to one degree of a great circle or 60 geographical miles, £15,000 for two-thirds of that distance, and £20,000 for half of that distance. Half of a reward would be paid when the Commissioners of major part of them agreed the method in question would work within 80 miles of shore. (This reflected concerns about the dangerous waters near coasts, although in reality those dangers had to do with far more than just longitude.) The other half of a reward would be issued when the method in question had been successfully tried on a voyage to the West Indies, which was an important trading route. Lesser rewards could also be given for methods or inventions which, while they did not the requirements for one of the three largest rewards, were still "found of considerable Use to the Publick".

 * The list in the Origins section of rewards and funding granted is a bit random and also very incomplete and skewed towards the earlier decades. The Board of Longitude continued issuing funding and rewards until its dissolution / transformation in 1828 for advances in longitude, navigation, science and technology. And most of this activity actually took place during the decades after the John Harrison years, which are essentially ignored in the Wikipedia article.

 * The rest of the article and the section "End of the Board's mandate" really doesn't say anything about the 114-year history of the Board, and ignores the tons of activities that took place post-Harrison from the 1770's to 1828. It also doesn't accurately and fully explain what happened in 1828, which might be more accurately described as the Board having been transformed into a new body to address similar concerns, rather than it having been completely abolished because the longitude problem had finally been deemed "solved".

 * The section "End of the Board's mandate" also inaccurately represents chronometers as a "solution" to the longitude problem, and the Board's not having given one of its three largest rewards to Harrison or someone else as their having failed in their mission. In fact, Harrison's own timekeepers were too expensive and complex to be reproduced for use across the Naval and mercantile fleets, which was a big part of why many Commissioners thought they couldn't necessarily justify giving him one of the rewards for "solving" the problem, even if his individual timekeepers yielded good trial results. (It was the Commissioners who suggested to Harrison that he alternatively ask Parliament for a large reward in light of his years of work, which had been well-funded by the Commissioners, and his advanced age.) Besides this, any chronometer would have still needed to be used in conjunction with astronomical methods, so they were never a self-contained "solution" per se. Astronomy and technology went hand and hand in this way until at least the advent of GPS in the late twentieth century. Chronometers also didn't truly come into their own as a technology until well into the nineteenth century. As a result, the Board continued to pursue other approaches during the ensuing decades even as they funded further chronometer development by different makers.
 * I don't see any conflict of interest; as far as I am concerned any contribution you can make in improving the article would be very welcome. . . Mean as custard (talk) 15:13, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Board of Longitude


text:
User talk:Rojam~enwiki

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00:37, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Rojam~enwiki


text:
Talk:Patrick Tobin Asselin

Untitled
Anyone know if Patrick is related to Gérard Asselin or Martial Asselin? Homey 00:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Tobin Asselin


text:
User talk:Patmac

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title: User talk:Patmac


text:
User talk:Rfernandez~enwiki

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00:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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title: User talk:Rfernandez~enwiki


text: Category:Airports in Jordan

title: Category:Airports in Jordan


text:
User talk:Grayfang

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

00:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grayfang