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Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway

The Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway was a railroad in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Wheeling, West Virginia, areas. Originally built as the Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, a Pittsburgh extension of George J. Gould's Wabash Railroad, the venture entered receivership in 1908, and the line was cut loose. An extension completed in 1931 connected it to the Western Maryland Railway at Connellsville, Pennsylvania, forming part of the Alphabet Route, a coalition of independent lines between the Northeastern United States and the Midwest. It was leased by the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1964 in conjunction with the N&W acquiring several other sections of the former Alphabet Route but was leased to the new spinoff Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway in 1990, just months before the N&W was merged into the Norfolk Southern Railway.

The original Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway built several massive engineering works, including the Wabash Terminal in downtown Pittsburgh, damaged by two fires in 1946 and demolished in 1953. The Wabash Bridge over the Monongahela River into Pittsburgh was torn down in 1948. On December 27, 2004, the Wabash Tunnel just southwest of the bridge opened as a high occupancy vehicle roadway through Mount Washington. As of May 2024 the two piers of the long-gone Wabash Bridge remain standing.

The line included a branch to West End, Pennsylvania, abandoned in 2011, and a branch to West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, known as the Mifflin Branch. It also had a small industrial branch located near Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania.

At the end of 1960, P&WV operated 132 mi of the road on 223 mi of the track; that year it reported 439 million net ton-miles of revenue freight.

Gould system: 1901 to 1908
Around 1900, George J. Gould was assembling railroads to create a transcontinental system. The Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and Missouri Pacific Railroad formed the line from the Pacific Ocean at San Francisco to the Mississippi River at St. Louis (completed in 1909). Past St. Louis, Gould acquired the Wabash Railroad to Toledo.

On February 1, 1901, Gould, along with Joseph Ramsey, Jr., of the Wabash and others, formed the Pittsburgh-Toledo Syndicate, a syndicate intending to extend the system to Pittsburgh. The next month, the syndicate bought the Pittsburgh and Mansfield Railroad, an unbuilt line with a charter to build into downtown Pittsburgh. By May 1 the syndicate gained control of the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad, extending the system from Toledo southeast to Zanesville, Ohio, and Wheeling, West Virginia.

The extension to Pittsburgh was chartered in three parts—the Cross Creek Railroad April 23, 1900, in Ohio, Pittsburgh, Toledo and Western Railroad April 3, 1901, in West Virginia, and Pittsburgh, Carnegie and Western Railroad July 17, 1901, in Pennsylvania. Work on the line, branching off the P&WV's line to Wheeling at Pittsburgh Junction, Ohio, began June 14, 1901. On May 7, 1904, the three companies were consolidated into the Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, to which all the syndicate properties (including the W&LE) were transferred. The first train passed through the Wabash Tunnel. It crossed the |Wabash Bridge over the Monongahela River into Pittsburgh on June 1, and passenger service into the new Wabash Terminal began July 2, with through service over the W&LE and Wabash to Toledo, Chicago, St. Louis, and Kansas City.

In addition to the Pittsburgh extension, Gould planned a line from Zanesville southeast to Belington, West Virginia, which was built by the Little Kanawha Syndicate. From Belington east to tidewater in Baltimore, the Fuller Syndicate bought the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway and a controlling interest in the Western Maryland Railroad in 1902. Another part of the plan was the Philadelphia and Western Railway, a high-speed third rail electric interurban line, which would have run from Philadelphia west to the Western Maryland at York, Pennsylvania. The lines of the Fuller Syndicate were completed in Baltimore, but the Little Kanawha line was not completed, and a connection between the main system and the Fuller Syndicate was not built.

As Gould's plans affected the Pennsylvania Railroad's business, PRR took measures to fight back. This included evicting telegraph poles owned by Gould's Western Union from PRR property.

The Panic of 1907 hit Gould hard due to the high costs of building the line when all the easy routes had been taken. The Western Maryland Railroad was the first of his properties to fail, entering receivership on March 5, 1908. The Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway entered receivership on May 29 of that year, ending through traffic between Pittsburgh and the W&LE and Wabash systems.

Independence: 1908 to 1929
After years of operation by its receivers, the company was finally sold at foreclosure in August 1916 and reorganized November as the Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway. The line was again being considered for part of a major system—the "Fifth System" to supplement the four major players, the Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Central Railroad, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Erie Railroad—but there was still the issue of the gap between the W&LE/P&WV and the Western Maryland, never filled by the Little Kanawha Syndicate.

The existing West Side Belt Railroad provided for the beginning of this extension, crossing the P&WV at the southwest portal of the Wabash Tunnel under Mount Washington and running southeast and east to Clairton on the Monongahela River. After an initial denial, the Interstate Commerce Commission approved the P&WV's plan to acquire the West Side Belt in December 1928.

Pennsylvania Railroad influence: 1929 to 1964
In 1929, the Pennsylvania Railroad incorporated the Pennroad Corporation as an investment and holding company. This allowed the PRR to indirectly invest in other transportation companies without ICC regulation. Among the initial purchases, 72% of the P&WV was acquired.

On February 11, 1931, the extension to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, opened, where the Western Maryland continued east, splitting from the West Side Belt at Pierce. This formed what came to be known as the Alphabet Route, following roughly the same plan as Gould's system but using the Nickel Plate Road rather than the Wabash to reach both St. Louis and Chicago. The P&WV and Western Maryland never physically connected in Connellsville—a short section of Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad trackage was used to connect the P&WV to the WM.

The Nickel Plate leased the Wheeling and Lake Erie on December 1, 1949. In March 1950, the Pennroad announced plans to lease the P&WV to the Nickel Plate. In 1962, the Norfolk & Western Railway filed to include the P&WV in the upcoming merger of the Nickel Plate. On October 16, 1964, the Norfolk and Western acquired the Nickel Plate. They leased the P&WV. On the other hand, the Western Maryland Railway eventually went to the competing Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1967. Following the abandonment of the Western Maryland Railway mainline from Connellsville to Cumberland, Maryland, in 1975, a connection was established between the P&WV and the B&O at a location near Connellsville called Sodom, and the P&WV's connection to the P&LE and WM was abandoned at this same time. This enabled a semblance of the old Alphabet Route to continue under the Chessie System, although on B&O lines east from Connellsville instead of WM lines.

Norfolk and Western: 1964 to 1990
The Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railroad was organized in 1967 as a real estate investment trust to own the property leased to the N&W. The railroad is now a subsidiary of Power REIT, a real estate investment trust that is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol "PW". The leased properties consist of a railroad line 112 miles in length, extending from Connellsville, Washington, and Allegheny counties in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Brooke County in West Virginia, and Jefferson and Harrison counties in Ohio. There are also branch lines total 20 miles in length located in Washington County, Allegheny County in Pennsylvania, and Brooke County, West Virginia. The railroad was leased in 1964 to NSC, formerly Norfolk and Western Railway Company, by the company’s predecessor for 99 years with the right of unlimited renewal for an additional 99-year period under the same terms and conditions, including annual rent payments.

The lease provides that NSC, at its own expense and without deduction from the rent, will maintain, manage, and operate the leased property and make such improvements thereto as it considers desirable. Such improvements made by NSC become the property of the Pittsburgh & West Virginia Railroad, and the cost thereof constitutes a recorded indebtedness of the company to NSC.

The company’s business consists solely of owning the properties subject to the lease and collecting rent thereon. Upon termination of the lease, all properties covered by the lease would be returned to Pittsburgh & West Virginia Railroad, together with sufficient cash and other assets to permit the railroad's operation for one year.

Wheeling and Lake Erie: 1990 to present
On May 17, 1990, Norfolk Southern spun off most of the former W&LE as a new Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway. The P&WV lease was transferred to the new W&LE, which has also acquired trackage rights over CSX Transportation lines from Connellsville East to Hagerstown, Maryland.

title: Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway


text:
User talk:Tbhimdi

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

23:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tbhimdi


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User talk:HAE~enwiki

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , You seem to be off to a good start. I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

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Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

23:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called HAE. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name HAE~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:13, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:33, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:HAE~enwiki


text:
File:Phantasmagoria (Doctor Who).jpg

Summary
Big Finish Doctor Who 02 - Phantasmagoria CD cover

Fair use in Phantasmagoria (Doctor Who audio)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Phantasmagoria (Doctor Who).jpg


text:
User talk:Application Architecture

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some links I've found useful:
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

23:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Application Architecture


text:
Talk:Niagara Falls, New York

Wikipedia Project
Why was the "crime" section of the article significantly shorter than the others? Aewashbu (talk) 02:36, 17 February 2022 (UTC)Alexandra Washburn

title: Talk:Niagara Falls, New York


text:
File:Have I Offended Someone.jpg

Summary
Cover of Frank Zappa's Have I Offended Someone? (1997)

title: File:Have I Offended Someone.jpg


text:
User talk:Lucius Domitius

help request
I would like to ask an administrator if it is possible to change my username. How can I contact an administrator? Thanks in advance.

hi, an adminstartor cant change your username but a buercrat can, the fastest way for that to happen is to list your name here if you have anymore problems feel free to re-add  or ask me on my talk pageBenon 03:58, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lucius Domitius


text:
Heroides

The Heroides (The Heroines), or Epistulae Heroidum (Letters of Heroines), is a collection of fifteen epistolary poems composed by Ovid in Latin elegiac couplets and presented as though written by a selection of aggrieved heroines of Greek and Roman mythology in address to their heroic lovers who have in some way mistreated, neglected, or abandoned them. A further set of six poems, widely known as the Double Heroides and numbered 16 to 21 in modern scholarly editions, follows these individual letters and presents three separate exchanges of paired epistles: one each from a heroic lover to his absent beloved and from the heroine in return.

The Heroides were long held in low esteem by literary scholars but, like other works by Ovid, were re-evaluated more positively in the late 20th century. Arguably some of Ovid's most influential works (see below), one point that has greatly contributed to their mystique—and to the reverberations they have produced within the writings of later generations—is directly attributable to Ovid himself. In the third book of his Ars Amatoria, Ovid argues that in writing these fictional epistolary poems in the personae of famous heroines, rather than from a first-person perspective, he created an entirely new literary genre. Recommending parts of his poetic output as suitable reading material to his assumed audience of Roman women, Ovid wrote of his Heroides: "vel tibi composita cantetur Epistola voce: | ignotum hoc aliis ille novavit opus" (Ars Amatoria 3.345–6: "Or let an Epistle be sung out by you in practiced voice: unknown to others, he [sc. Ovid] originated this sort of composition"). The full extent of Ovid's originality in this matter has been a point of scholarly contention: E. J. Kenney, for instance, notes that "novavit is ambiguous: either 'invented' or 'renewed', cunningly obscuring without explicitly disclaiming O[vid]'s debt to Propertius' Arethusa (4.3) for the original idea." In spite of various interpretations of Propertius 4.3, consensus nevertheless concedes to Ovid much of the credit in the thorough exploration of what was then a highly innovative poetic form.

Dating and authenticity
The exact dating of the Heroides, as with the overall chronology of the Ovidian corpus, remains a matter of debate. As Peter E. Knox notes, "[t]here is no consensus about the relative chronology of this [sc. early] phase of O[vid]'s career," a position which has not advanced significantly since that comment was made. Exact dating is hindered not only by a lack of evidence, but by the fact that much of what is known at all comes from Ovid's own poetry. One passage in the second book of Ovid's Amores (Am.) has been adduced especially often in this context:

Knox notes that "[t]his passage ... provides the only external evidence for the date of composition of the Heroides listed here. The only collection of Heroides attested by O[vid] therefore antedates at least the second edition of the Amores (c. 2 BC), and probably the first (c. 16 BC) ..." On this view, the most probable date of composition for at least the majority of the collection of single Heroides ranges between c. 25 and 16 BC, if indeed their eventual publication predated that of the assumed first edition of the Amores in that latter year. Regardless of absolute dating, the evidence nonetheless suggests that the single Heroides represent some of Ovid's earliest poetic efforts.

Questions of authenticity, however, have often inhibited the literary appreciation of these poems. Joseph Farrell identifies three distinct issues of importance to the collection in this regard: (1) individual interpolations within single poems, (2) the authorship of entire poems by a possible Ovidian impersonator, and (3) the relation of the Double Heroides to the singles, coupled with the authenticity of that secondary collection. Discussion of these issues has been a focus, even if tangentially, of many treatments of the Heroides in recent memory.

As an example following these lines, for some time scholars debated over whether this passage from the Amores—corroborating, as it does, only the existence of Her. 1–2, 4–7, 10–11, and very possibly of 12, 13, and 15—could be cited fairly as evidence for the inauthenticity of at least the letters of Briseis (3), Hermione (8), Deianira (9), and Hypermnestra (14), if not also those of Medea (12), Laodamia (13), and Sappho (15). Stephen Hinds argues, however, that this list constitutes only a poetic catalogue, in which there was no need for Ovid to have enumerated every individual epistle. This assertion has been widely persuasive, and the tendency amongst scholarly readings of the later 1990s and following has been towards careful and insightful literary explication of individual letters, either proceeding under the assumption of, or with an eye towards proving, Ovidian authorship. Other studies, eschewing direct engagement with this issue in favour of highlighting the more ingenious elements—and thereby demonstrating the high value—of individual poems in the collection, have essentially subsumed the authenticity debate, implicating it through a tacit equation of high literary quality with Ovidian authorship. This trend is visible especially in the most recent monographs on the Heroides. On the other hand, some scholars have taken a completely different route, ascribing the whole collection to one or two Ovidian imitators (the catalogue in Am. 2.18, as well as Ars am. 3.345–6 and Epistulae ex Ponto 4.16.13–14, would then be interpolations introduced to establish the imitations as authentic Ovid).

The collection
The paired letters of the Double Heroides are not outlined here: see the relevant section of that article for the double epistles (16–21). The single Heroides are written from the viewpoints of the following heroines (and heroes). The quotations highlighted are the opening couplets of each poem, by which each would have been identified in medieval manuscripts of the collection:
 * I. Penelope writes to her famed husband, Odysseus, a hero of the Trojan War, towards the end of his long absence (the subject of Homer's Odyssey).

nil mihi rescribas attinet: ipse veni! A letter in return does me no good; come yourself!
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula I:
 * width="380px"|Haec tua Penelope lento tibi mittit, Ulixe;
 * This your Penelope sends to you, too-slow Ulysses;
 * }
 * II. Phyllis, the daughter of Lycurgus, writes to her lover Demophoon, the son of Theseus, king of Athens, after he fails in his promised return from his homeland.

ultra promissum tempus abesse queror! Complain: you're gone far longer than you promised!
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula II:
 * width="380px"|Hospita, Demophoon, tua te Rhodopeia Phyllis
 * I, your hostess, Demophoon—I, your Phyllis of Rhodope—
 * }
 * III. Briseis, the daughter of Briseus, writes to Achilles, the central hero of the Trojan War and focal character of Homer's Iliad, urging him to accept her as part of a package-deal from Agamemnon, leader of the Greek forces at Troy, and to return to battle against the Trojans.

vix bene barbarica Graeca notata manu. The Greek painstakingly copied out by her uncivilised hand.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula III:
 * width="380px"|Quam legis, a rapta Briseide littera venit,
 * What you're reading—this letter came from your ravished Briseis,
 * }
 * IV. Phaedra, wife of Theseus, writes to her stepson, Hippolytus, confessing her semi-incestuous and illicit love for him.

mittit Amazonio Cressa puella viro. The Cretan maiden sends to the man born of an Amazon.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula IV:
 * width="380px"|Quam nisi tu dederis, caritura est ipsa, salutem
 * What well-being she herself will lack unless you give it her
 * }
 * V. The nymph Oenone, by Hellenistic tradition Paris' first wife, writes to Paris, son of Priam King of Troy, after he abandoned her to go on his famed journey to Sparta, and then returned with the abducted Helen of Sparta as a wife.

mittit ab Idaeis verba legenda iugis. From Mount Ida, to her Paris, though you refuse her as yours.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula V:
 * width="380px"|Nympha suo Paridi, quamvis suus esse recuset
 * The Nymph sends words you ordered her to write,
 * }
 * VI. Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos, to Jason, after he abandoned her for Medea

dicit: et in verbis pars quota mentis erat? Speaks to Jason: how much of your heart was truly in your words?
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula VI:
 * width="380px"|Lemnias Hypsipyle Bacchi genus Aesone nato
 * Hypsipyle of Lemnos, born of the people of Bacchus,
 * }
 * VII. Dido to Aeneas, on his departure to Italy

quae legis a nobis ultima verba legi. What you read are the last words written by me.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula VII:
 * width="380px"|Accipe, Dardanide, moriturae carmen Elissae;
 * Dardanian, receive this song of dying Elissa:
 * }
 * VIII. Hermione, daughter of Menelaus, to Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, urging him to save her from marriage to Achilles' son, Pyrrhus

nunc fratrem. nomen coniugis alter habet. Now her cousin. The wife has changed her name.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula VIII:
 * width="380px"|Alloquor Hermione nuper fratremque virumque
 * Hermione speaks to one lately her cousin and husband,
 * }
 * IX. Deianira, daughter of Oeneus, king of Aetolia, to her husband Hercules, after he laid down his weapons to be with Iole, the daughter of Eurytus, king of Oechalia

littera si coniunx Deianira tua est. By your wife, if Deianira is your wife.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula IX:
 * width="380px"|Mittor ad Alciden a coniuge conscia mentis
 * A letter, that shares her feelings, sent to Alcides
 * }
 * X. Ariadne to Theseus after he abandoned her on the island of Naxos on his way back to Athens. He does not marry Phaedra until later (see Epistle IV).

vivit. Et haec aequa mente tulisse velis? Do you expect her to have endured this too, patiently?
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula X:
 * width="380px"|Illa relicta feris etiam nunc, improbe Theseu
 * Even now, left to the wild beasts, she might live, cruel Theseus.
 * }
 * XI. Canace, daughter of Aeolus, to her brother and lover, Macareus, before killing herself following the death of their baby at the hands of their father

mittit et armata verba notata manu. And, armed, these words are written by her hand.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula XI:
 * width="380px"|Aeolis Aeolidae quam non habet ipsa salutem
 * An Aeolid, who has no health herself, sends it to an Aeolid,
 * }
 * XII. Medea to Jason, after he abandoned her to marry Creusa (also known as Glauce)

surely you can spare some time from your kingship?
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula XII:
 * width="380px"|dicit, an a regnis tempora nulla vacant?
 * Scorned Medea, the helpless exile, speaks to her recent husband,
 * }
 * XIII. Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus, to her husband Protesilaus, urging him not to take too many risks in the Greeks' attack on Troy

Haemonis Haemonio Laodamia viro. From Thessaly to Thessaly's lord, Laodamia to her husband.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula XIII:
 * width="380px"|Mittit et optat amans, quo mittitur, ire salutem
 * She, who sends this, wishes loving greetings to go to whom it's sent:
 * }
 * XIV. Hypermnestra to her husband, Lynceus, calling for him to save her from death at the hands of her father, Danaus

cetera nuptarum crimine turba iacet. The rest lie dead because of their brides' crime.
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula XIV:
 * width="380px"|Mittit Hypermestra de tot modo fratribus uni;
 * Hypermestra sends this letter to her one cousin of many,
 * }
 * XV. Sappho to her ex-lover Phaon, after he left her

Protinus est oculis cognita nostra tuis? Are any of them known to your eyes, straight away, as mine?
 * valign=top width="80px"|Epistula XV:
 * width="380px"|Ecquid, ut adspecta est studiosae littera dextrae,
 * When these letters, from my eager hand, are examined
 * }

Translations and influence
The Heroides were popularized by the Loire valley poet Baudri of Bourgueil in the late eleventh century, and Héloïse used them as models in her famous letters to Peter Abelard. A translation, Les Vingt et Une Epistres d'Ovide, was made of this work at the end of the 15th century by the French poet Octavien de Saint-Gelais, who later became Bishop of Angoulême. While Saint-Gelais' translation does not do full justice to the original, it introduced many non-Latin readers to Ovid's fictional letters and inspired many of them to compose their own Heroidean-style epistles. Perhaps the most successful of these were the Quatre Epistres d'Ovide (c. 1500) by André de La Vigne, a friend and colleague of Saint-Gelais. Later translations and creative responses to the Heroides include Jean Lemaire de Belges's Premiere Epître de l'Amant vert (1505), Fausto Andrelini's verse epistles (1509–1511; written in the name of Anne de Bretagne), Michel d'Amboise Contrepistres d'Ovide (1546), and Juan Rodríguez de la Cámara's Bursario, a partial translation of the Heroides.

Classics scholar W. M. Spackman argues the Heroides influenced the development of the European novel: of Helen's reply to Paris, Spackman writes, "its mere 268 lines contain in embryo everything that has, since, developed into the novel of dissected motivations that is one of our glories, from La Princesse de Clèves, Manon Lescaut and Les Liaisons Dangereuses to Stendhal and Proust".

The Loeb Classical Library presents the Heroides with Amores in Ovid I. Penguin Books first published Harold Isbell's translation in 1990. Isbell's translation uses unrhymed couplets that generally alternate between eleven and nine syllables. A translation in rhymed couplets by Daryl Hine appeared in 1991.

It was the inspiration for 15 monologues starring 15 separate actors, by 15 playwrights at the Jermyn Street Theatre in 2020.

Selected bibliography
For references specifically relating to that subject, please see the relevant bibliography of the Double Heroides.

Editions

 * Dörrie, H. (ed.) (1971) P. Ovidi Nasonis Epistulae Heroidum (Berlin and New York)
 * Showerman, G. (ed. with an English translation) and Goold, G. P. (2nd edition revised) (1986) Ovid, Heroides and Amores (Cambridge, MA and London)

Commentaries

 * Kenney, E. J. (ed.) (1996) Ovid Heroides XVI–XXI (Cambridge).
 * Knox, P. E. (ed.) (1995) Ovid: Heroides. Select Epistles (Cambridge).
 * Roebuck, L. T. (ed.) (1998) Heroides I w/ Notes & Comm. (Classical Association of New England)

Literary overviews and textual criticism

 * Anderson, W. S. (1973) "The Heroides", in J. W. Binns (ed.) Ovid (London and Boston): 49–83.
 * Arena, A. (1995) "Ovidio e l'ideologia augustea: I motivi delle Heroides ed il loro significato", Latomus 54.4: 822–41.
 * Beck, M. (1996) Die Epistulae Heroidum XVIII und XIX des Corpus Ovidianum (Paderborn).
 * Courtney, E. (1965) "Ovidian and Non-Ovidian Heroides", Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London (BICS) 12: 63–6.
 * ___. (1998) "Echtheitskritik: Ovidian and Non-Ovidian Heroides Again", CJ 93: 157–66.
 * Fulkerson, L. (2005) The Ovidian Heroine as Author: Reading, Writing, and Community in the Heroides (Cambridge).
 * Heinze, T. (1991–93) "The Authenticity of Ovid Heroides 12 Reconsidered", Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London (BICS) 38: 94–8.
 * Jacobson, H. (1974) Ovid's Heroides (Princeton).
 * Kennedy, D. F. (2002) "Epistolarity: The Heroides", in P. R. Hardie (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Ovid (Cambridge): 217–32.
 * Knox, P. E. (1986) "Ovid's Medea and the Authenticity of Heroides 12", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology (HSCP) 90: 207–23.
 * ___. (2002) "The Heroides: Elegiac Voices", in B. W. Boyd (ed.) Brill's Companion to Ovid (Leiden): 117–39.
 * Lachmann, K. (1876) Kleinere Schriften zur classischen Philologie, Bd. 2 (Berlin).
 * Lindheim, S. (2003) Mail and Female: Epistolary Narrative and Desire in Ovid's Heroides (Madison, WI).
 * Lingenberg, W. (2003) Das erste Buch der Heroidenbriefe. Echtheitskritische Untersuchungen (Paderborn).
 * Palmer, A. (ed.) [completed by L.C. Purser (ed.)] (1898) P. Ovidi Nasonis Heroides, with the Greek translation of Planudes (Oxford).
 * Rahn, H. (1963) "Ovids elegische Epistel", Antike und Abendland (A&A) 7: 105–120.
 * Reeve, M. D. (1973) "Notes on Ovid's Heroides", Classical Quarterly (CQ) 23: 324–338.
 * Rosenmeyer, P. A. (1997) "Ovid's Heroides and Tristia: Voices from Exile", Ramus 26.1: 29–56. [Reprinted in Knox (ed.) (2006): 217–37.]
 * Smith, R. A. (1994) "Fantasy, Myth, and Love Letters: Text and Tale in Ovid's Heroides", Arethusa 27: 247–73.
 * Spentzou, E. (2003) Readers and Writers in Ovid's Heroides: Transgressions of Genre and Gender (Oxford).
 * Steinmetz, P. (1987) "Die literarische Form der Epistulae Heroidum Ovids", Gymnasium 94: 128–45.
 * Stroh, W. (1991) "Heroides Ovidianae cur epistolas scribant", in G. Papponetti (ed.) Ovidio poeta della memoria (Rome): 201–44.
 * Tarrant, R. J. (1981) "The Authenticity of the Letter of Sappho to Phaon", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology (HSCP) 85: 133–53.
 * Verducci, F. (1985) Ovid's Toyshop of the Heart (Princeton).
 * Verducci, F. (1985) Ovid's Toyshop of the Heart (Princeton).
 * Verducci, F. (1985) Ovid's Toyshop of the Heart (Princeton).

Analyses of individual epistles

 * Barchiesi, A. (1995) Review of Hintermeier (1993), Journal of Roman Studies (JRS) 85: 325–7.
 * ___. (2001) Speaking Volumes: Narrative and Intertext in Ovid and Other Latin Poets, eds. and trans. M. Fox and S. Marchesi (London):
 * "Continuities", 9–28. [Translated and reprinted from Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici (MD) 16 (1986).]
 * "Narrativity and Convention in the Heroides", 29–48. [Translated and reprinted from Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici (MD) 19 (1987).]
 * "Future Reflexive: Two Modes of Allusion and the Heroides", 105–28. [Reprinted from Harvard Studies in Classical Philology (HSCP) 95 (1993).]
 * Casali, S. (1992) "Enone, Apollo pastore, e l'amore immedicabile: giochi ovidiani su di un topos elegiaco", Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici (MD) 28: 85–100.
 * Fulkerson, L. (2002a) "Writing Yourself to Death: Strategies of (Mis)reading in Heroides 2", Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici (MD) 48: 145–65.
 * ___. (2002b) "(Un)Sympathetic Magic: A Study of Heroides 13", American Journal of Philology (AJPh) 123: 61–87.
 * ___. (2003) "Chain(ed) Mail: Hypermestra and the Dual Readership of Heroides 14", Transactions of the American Philological Association (TAPA) 133: 123–146.
 * Hinds, S. (1993) "Medea in Ovid: Scenes from the Life of an Intertextual Heroine", Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici (MD) 30: 9–47.
 * ___. (1999) "First Among Women: Ovid, and the Traditions of ‘Exemplary' Catalogue", in amor : roma, S. M. Braund and R. Mayer (eds.), Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (PCPS) Supp. 22: 123–42.
 * Hintermeier, C. M. (1993) Die Briefpaare in Ovids Heroides, Palingensia 41 (Stuttgart).
 * Jolivet, J.-C. (2001) Allusion et fiction epistolaire dans Les Heroïdes: Recherches sur l'intertextualité ovidienne, Collection de l' École Française de Rome 289 (Rome).
 * Kennedy, D. F. (1984) "The Epistolary Mode and the First of Ovid's Heroides", Classical Quarterly (CQ) n.s. 34: 413–22. [Reprinted in Knox (ed.) (2006): 69–85.]
 * Lindheim, S. (2000) "Omnia Vincit Amor: Or, Why Oenone Should Have Known It Would Never Work Out (Eclogue 10 and Heroides 5)", Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici (MD) 44: 83–101.
 * Rosati, G. (1991) "Protesilao, Paride, e l'amante elegiaco: un modello omerico in Ovidio", Maia 43.2: 103–14.
 * ___. (1992) "L'elegia al femminile: le Heroides di Ovidio (e altre heroides)", Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici (MD) 29: 71–94.
 * Vessey, D. W. T. (1976) "Humor and Humanity in Ovid's Heroides", Arethusa 9: 91–110.
 * Viarre, S. (1987) "Des poèmes d'Homère aux Heroïdes d'Ovide: Le récit épique et son interpretation élégiaque", Bulletin de l'association Guillaume Budé Ser. 4: 3.

Scholarship of tangential significance

 * Armstrong, R. (2005) Ovid and His Love Poetry (London) [esp. chs. 2 and 4]
 * Hardie, P. R. (2002) Ovid's Poetics of Illusion (Cambridge).
 * Holzberg, N. (1997) "Playing with his Life: Ovid's 'Autobiographical' References", Lampas 30: 4–19. [Reprinted in Knox (ed.) (2006): 51–68.]
 * ___. (2002) Ovid: The Poet and His Work, trans. G. M. Goshgarian (Ithaca, NY and London).
 * James, S. L. (2003) Learned Girls and Male Persuasion: Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy (Berkeley). [esp. ch. 5]
 * Kauffman, L. S. (1986) Discourses of Desire: Gender, Genre, and Epistolary Fictions (Ithaca, NY).
 * Knox, P. E. (ed.) (2006) Oxford Readings in Ovid (Oxford and New York).
 * Zwierlein, O. (1999) Die Ovid- und Vergil-Revision in tiberischer Zeit (Berlin and New York).

title: Heroides


text:
First Impressions of Earth

First Impressions of Earth is the third studio album by American rock band the Strokes. It was released through RCA Records first on December 30, 2005, in Germany, and on January 3, 2006, elsewhere. Three singles were released from the album: "Juicebox", "Heart in a Cage", and "You Only Live Once".

Recording
The album was recorded over a ten-month period. The Strokes initially set out to record it with Gordon Raphael, the producer of their first two albums. Later on however, guitarist Albert Hammond, Jr. introduced them to Grammy Award-winning producer David Kahne (Paul McCartney, Tony Bennett, Sublime), and they brought him in to collaborate with Raphael. However, the collaboration did not work out so Raphael stepped down. As a result, Kahne produced the majority of the album.

Critical
The album has a score of 69 out of 100 from Metacritic based on 38 reviews indicating "generally favorable reviews". Some of the reviews were among the harshest the Strokes had received up to this point in the band's recording career. For instance, Heather Phares of AllMusic called the album the Strokes' "weakest album yet." At the same time, the album also received positive reviews from the likes of Will Hermes of Entertainment Weekly who praised the album and thought it was a marked improvement over the Strokes' previous album Room on Fire. In his "Consumer Guide", Robert Christgau gave the album a three-star honorable mention while picking out two songs from the album ("You Only Live Once" and "Ask Me Anything") and stating, "You know how it is--the gym does more for your wind than for your jump shot."

Other reviews were positive. Playlouder gave it four-and-a-half stars out of five and said, "Turns out what the world was waiting for really was those that saved guitars finally making a record that truly reaped the rewards of their efforts." Punknews.org gave it a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five and said, "What exactly it is the Strokes ultimately hope to achieve with their music remains to be seen. However, so long as they continue to put out quality discs with high replay value, they will remain that rare breed of band where hype did not spoil the goods." MusicOMH gave it a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five and stated, "For the first six songs, the whole thing is as exhilarating as Is This It, it's in a different way, undoubtedly, but there's the same giddy rush of excitement." Stylus Magazine gave it a B− and called it "the first pretty good album of the year." Tiny Mix Tapes also gave the album a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five and said, "There is indeed more good than bad. Unfortunately, there is also more bad than there should be."

Some of the reviews are mixed or negative. Drowned in Sound gave it a score of six out of ten and stated, "Cast away the politics and the last twenty minutes and you'll still be left with two or three top tunes to add to your daily playlists, but it was never going to be ground-breaking or innovative." Uncut gave it three stars out of five and said, "The ambition's hampered by Julian Casablancas' sad-sack singing." Paste also gave it a score of six out of ten and stated, "By the time they're through brandishing quotations, The Strokes don't have much of their own to say here." Slant Magazine gave it two-and-a-half stars out of five and said it "introduces some subtle new colors to the band's musical palette... but the pervasive sense of inert boredom, which has been noted as a strength in the past, is difficult to shake." PopMatters gave it a score of five stars out of ten and said, "While it might be easy to point to the industry guy behind the boards, the album speaks for itself, and the Strokes managed to write a flop all by themselves."

"Heart in a Cage" was the album's second single, followed by "You Only Live Once". NME rated First Impressions of Earth at #8 in its Albums of the Year 2006 list.

Commercial
First Impressions of Earth entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, the Strokes' first album at the top spot. The album peaked at #4 in the US, with an entry sales week of 88,000 units, somewhat below the performance of its predecessors. In Canada, the album debuted at #3, selling just under 10,000 copies. As of October 2006, the album had sold 271,000 units in the US, and has received gold certification for sold over 500.000 units by RIAA in June 2021. Although the album was the band's first release to reach #1 on any chart worldwide, it is the only one not to reach UK platinum status, and spent much less time on the charts than the previous albums. However, it has still achieved gold sales in Australia. and UK.

Personnel
The Strokes
 * Julian Casablancas – vocals, drums on "Evening Sun"
 * Albert Hammond, Jr. – guitar
 * Nick Valensi – guitar, Mellotron on "Ask Me Anything"
 * Nikolai Fraiture – bass guitar
 * Fabrizio Moretti – drums, percussion

Production
 * Steve Sisco – assistant mixing engineer
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering ("Killing Lies" and "Fear of Sleep")
 * Andy Wallace – mixing
 * David Kahne – producer, engineer
 * Gordon Raphael – producer ("Razorblade", "Electricityscape, and "Killing Lies")

Design
 * Piero Fornasetti – disc artwork ("Strumenti Musicali", 1952)
 * Lothar Quinte – cover art ("Ohne Titel", 1968)
 * Günter Fruhtrunk – rear cover art ("Mathematik der Intuition", 1962)
 * James Bellesini - album design for Love Police
 * Dan Winters – photography

Artwork
The following artworks appear in the 32-page booklet included with the album:

"You Only Live Once"
 * picture of lathanum aluminate by Professor Michael Davidson

"Juicebox"
 * "Rocketship" (from cover of Fantastic Story Magazine's Summer 1952 issue) by Alex Schomburg

"Heart in a Cage"
 * "The Brain" by Henry Groskinsky

"Razorblade"
 * "Scout" by Richard Phillips

"On the Other Side"
 * "Nativity", 13th CE by Guido da Siena
 * "The Flayed Ox", 1655 by Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn
 * "Les Pantoufles, The Slippers" by Samuel van Hoogstraten
 * "The Pieta of Saint-Germain-des-Prés", ca. 1500 by The Master of Saint-Germain-des-Prés

"Vision of Division"
 * "The Continuous Monument", 1969 by Superstudio

"Ask Me Anything"
 * music notes and "Yellow Room" courtesy of Milton Glaser

"Electricityscape"
 * Image #BB1863 by John Foxx

"Killing Lies"
 * Etoffe & Tapis Etrangers. Plate 19. by Benigno Crespi

"Fear of Sleep"
 * West 83rd St., New York City, 1996 photo by Jeff Prant

"15 Minutes"
 * "Lowe's Paradise Theater" by Henry Groskinsky

 * "Ize of the World"
 * Gun Barrel Eyes image by Milton Glaser

"Red Light"
 * "Leopard", 1967 by Mel Ramos

title: First Impressions of Earth


text:
Talk:California Space Authority

First Re-write
Much better re-write to avoid the copy-vio problems. Johntex\talk 23:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah this is very nice to hear. I got a message from WSpaceport that he'll contact someone who can certify that the article's can be released under the GFDL. These two "temp" pages will not be deleted though; I'll move these into the main article namespace once everything is confirmed. --HappyCamper 16:03, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Request for more information
Greetings again --

Message was flashed moments ago to the Honorable Andrea Seastrand (former congresswoman and CSA's ExecDir), Jamie Foster (COO and CSA webmaster) and Eric Daniels (Gov't Affairs) for their action to contact you, once one of them has registered on Wikipedia (I gave them a brief synopsis of the site and GFDL). However, it's the weekend -- and a three-day one at that with Columbus Day on Monday -- so I don't expect them to respond back until later in the week once one of them learns their way around the site.

Regards, WSpaceport 00:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, that sounds great. --HappyCamper 01:47, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Response
This is Jamie Foster, COO for the California Space Authority (CSA), new Wikipedia user = WJamieF. Our thanks to WSpaceport for trying to spread the word about CSA. All the material he has submitted is accurate, and we'd certainly like to have it as available publicly as possible. However, we can't have the content about CSA be editable by just anyone. We can't have just anyone, for instance, rewriting our Vision or Mission statement and then redistributing that. Hopefully you can appreciate the concern and perhaps offer some mitigation. I think I read that there's a way to "lock" an article from editing or otherwise keep it out of the copyleft domain, but if I additionally recall correctly, that approach is frowned upon as it's not particularly helpful to your project. Let me know what you might suggest. BTW, the page load time on Wikipedia this morning was pretty slow (>30 seconds/page); is that typical? Thank you! WJamieF 16:12, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks for making an account! Here are some answers to your questions...Typically, pages on Wikipedia load quickly - a 30 second delay is not the typical load time, and certainly not the intended load time. Generally speaking, the delay is quite unnoticible.

 * All material submitted to Wikipedia must be compatible with the GFDL. The GFDL text can be found here. There are no exceptions to this - all contributions are released into the public domain where anyone can edit it - including company mission statements and the like. Here is a page where the issue of copyrights are discussed further: Copyrights.

 * Granted, if someone were to claim that the mission statement of the CSA is X when in fact it is Y, the software that Wikipedia runs allows anyone to potentially notice the mistake in the article and immediately correct it. There are a team of volunteers who monitor continuously edits made to the encyclopedia, and will correct any sort of vandalism to articles. This is done continuously, 24 hours a day to preserve and ensure the factual integrity and reliability of Wikipedia.

 * Of course, malicious editing may not be corrected immediately, but on average, vandalism of articles is corrected in 5 minutes or less. Also, all the changes to an article are preserved in its article history - this allows anyone to go back and track all the changes that have taken place, and determine which changes constitute encyclopedic content to be kept. This is why it is important to submit factual, verifyable content from the onset of creating an article.

 * However, an article about an institution on Wikipedia does not necessarily imply that the article will mention the institution's mission statement, products, and the like. It may mention these things, but this is conditional many things, such as whether the content is considered neutral in representation of the subject. Having said that, Wikipedia is not to be used for promotional purposes. For an article to be kept on Wikipedia, at minimum it must be considered "notable" and "encyclopedic" by the community at large. Articles which are exceptions to this are deleted, usually through our Articles for Deletion procedures. Any article can be nominated for deletion by anyone. If an article about the CSA is to be written, it has to be in compliance with the text listed here. It should be decided from the onset whether this can be satisfied, otherwise, you may spend a tremendous amount of energy writing an article, only to see it deleted.

 * Wikipedia does have articles on companies and the like - generally, these are very large or well known companies - you may want to see our articles on Microsoft, Google and Wal Mart to get an idea of how an article on the CSA might potentially evolve into, provided that it is kept by the community. I hope this helps, and if you have any more questions, feel free to post them here so we can address this further. The article in the "temp" page as it stands can be moved into the main namespace - I don't see any copyright issues with it - but if this is contrary to what is desired, I will delete it - provided that WSpaceport agrees, and that no other editors have contributed to the page. If the latter occurs, the deletion must go through the typical articles for deletion process. (Hmm...more complicated than I thought, as an anonymous IP initially edited the page. I overlooked this. Well, let me wait for your reply first to see what to do next.) Thanks for your reply! --HappyCamper 19:22, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Content changes
HC -- Thanks for your explanation as well as hopefully allaying any concerns WJamieF or others within CSA may have about being listed in Wikipedia.

I'm also glad the content changes I made in the CSA/Temp file now meet your and other Wiki administrator's requirements (and hopefully CSA as well). My intent was to assist CSA by giving them a little more exposure as I've recently done with other aerospace-related sites by updating and/or creating some necessary encyclopedic "meat" to the bones (National Space Society, Ad Astra magazine, Space Frontier Foundation, U.S. Space Foundation, Young Astronaut Council, World Space Week, Coalition for Space Exploration, Space Exploration Alliance, etc. -- all groups that I currently hold membership or positions within). Ditto for crossreferencing/linking sites to each other and in categories where appropriate.

Not bad work for a rookie of a couple of weeks, if I don't mind saying so. ;-)

Regards, WSpaceport 20:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

HC -- Another follow-up: the "anonymous IP" may have also been me (I had a couple of Wiki pages opened simultaneously and may not have officially logged in on one of them when I went back in to make a couple of corrections). Like I said earlier: I'm still a rookie at this.

Regards, WSpaceport 20:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm...I think I spoke too soon about the article's acceptibility. I thought the article read differently the other day I looked at it. I think a lot of work still needs to be done. I took a closer look and the text is still essentially a verbatim copy of this page. It seems that the article has been only slightly "wikified", with one paragraph change. This is not sufficient to address the copyright problems.

 * The owner of the text can release it under the GFDL, but once this is done, it cannot be reversed - releasing something into the GFDL means that it is done forever, so please keep this in mind if this is what the CSA would like to do. I'd feel comfortable moving this CSA article into the main article space if it is explicitly stated here that the CSA would like to release that particular text into the GFDL. This is necessary, because the text is too similar to the original. Another option is to rewrite the content of that page entirely. Let's address the anonymous IP issue later if it's decided that the page should be deleted. Please note that this is effectively an extension on the copyright processing steps on Wikipedia, so it would be nice to resolve this as soon as possible. --HappyCamper 20:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright, this is converging towards something more acceptable for Wikipedia. The sentence:

 * Designated by the state of California as California's Spaceport Authority, CSA is a member-based "enterprise" association that works closely with stakeholders statewide to facilitate California's competitiveness and space enterprise vitality

 * needs to be reworded or sourced, and so does the paragraph "Comprising of space-related companies, entrepreneurs, government agencies, and academic research programs..."

 * Also, the list of things related to RTC #98-431 should be sourced. Apart from the two paragraphs mentioned above, it seems that a lot of material is taken from government websites. As I understand it, documents prepared in an official capacity for the US government and released for distribution are in the public domain. These technically don't violate copyright, but if you could source them, that would make the article even better. Check out Cite sources and in particular Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations for guidance. Once you finish with this, I'd be more than happy to move this into the main article space. Keep up the good work! --HappyCamper 00:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Another attempt
HC -- O.K., I'll see what I can do to remedy that for you. (I believe the latest version now meets your requirements, as well as CSA's)

Other pages
While we're on this topic, can you also look at Space Exploration Alliance/Temp which replaces copyvio notices posted by Johntex\talk on Space Exploration Alliance? (see his comments copied below):

''Me again, I just saw your note at California Space Authority that you are a member of that group. Do you likewise have the rights to repost material from Space Exploration Alliance? I am not sure what the rules are about verifying that users have permission to upload content. In any case, at a minimum, the format of the articles needs to be changed. Wikipedia is not a directory or a listing of press releases. The articles need to be rewritten in a more encyclopedic style. For instance, phone numbers and addresses need to be removed. If you have any question, please drop me a note. I hope you continue to contribute to Wikipedia! Thanks, Johntex\talk 02:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi Spaceport, I've now put comments on both of the items that I flagged saying that I believe the copyvio problems are corrected. It is up to an administrator to remove the copyvio notices and replace the existing articles with the ones you have created in the Temp pages. I suspect an administrator will be along shortly to do this. Thanks for your hard work. Johntex\talk23:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)''

Regards, WSpaceport 22:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll take a look at those later. If they are listed on WP:CP, another admin should have got to them by now. If they decided to delete those pages, I will look into the option of restoring them for you so you can edit them like what you have done here. In the meantime. --HappyCamper 00:31, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Good work!
I think all the concerns raised have been adequately addressed, so the article has been moved into the main article space. --HappyCamper 02:26, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:California Space Authority


text:
User:Darklock

No, I'm not a bot.

de:Benutzer:Darklock es:Usuario:Darklock fr:Utilisateur:Darklock nl:Gebruiker:Darklock ja:利用者:Darklock pt:Usuário:Darklock sv:Användare:Darklock

title: User:Darklock


text:
File:Whispers of Terror.jpg

Summary
Big Finish Doctor Who 03 - Whispers Of Terror CD Cover

Fair use in Whispers of Terror
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Whispers of Terror.jpg


text:
Jon Daniels

Jon Daniels (born August 24, 1977) is an American baseball executive senior advisor for the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He recently served as president of baseball operations for the Texas Rangers before being released from the position on August 17, 2022. When hired at age 28, he was the youngest GM in Major League Baseball at the time.

Early life and education
Daniels was born and raised to a Jewish family in Queens, New York. He attended Hunter College High School and Cornell University, majored in Applied Economics and Management, and joined the Delta Chi Fraternity. One of his classmates was A. J. Preller. After graduating from Cornell in 1999, Daniels went into business development for Allied Domecq. In 2003, he married Robyn Daniels. The couple resides in Southlake, Texas, with their son, Lincoln, and daughters Harper and Charlotte.

Early career
Daniels' baseball career began in 2001, when he landed an internship with the Colorado Rockies. After the baseball season concluded that year, Daniels was informed of an opening in the Texas Rangers organization. He applied and was hired by then general manager John Hart as an assistant in the baseball operations department. He was promoted to director of baseball operations in October 2003. In this role, Daniels negotiated multi-year contracts for Michael Young, Hank Blalock, and Francisco Cordero. In July 2004, Grady Fuson left the organization and Daniels was promoted to assistant general manager.

General manager
On October 4, 2005, Hart announced he was stepping down as GM and the Rangers replaced him with Daniels. At the age of 28 years and 41 days, Daniels became the youngest general manager in Major League Baseball history.

Daniels' first major deal as general manager was trading Alfonso Soriano to the Washington Nationals for Brad Wilkerson, Terrmel Sledge, and Armando Galarraga. Soriano hit 46 homers and went on to steal 41 bases the next season and Wilkerson played most of the season injured and ended with a .222 batting average. On the other hand, trading Soriano opened up a spot for rookie Ian Kinsler and freed up money that would have been spent on Soriano's salary to be more flexible in offering Kevin Millwood a large contract.

A trade made in December of 2005, sent pitcher Chris Young, outfielder Sledge and first baseman Adrián González to the San Diego Padres for pitchers Adam Eaton and Akinori Otsuka, and catcher Billy Killian. While Otsuka filled a valuable role as the Rangers closer, the oft-injured Eaton only pitched 65 innings with an ERA of 5.12. Dallas-native Chris Young pitched 180 innings for the Padres, racking up 164 K's and posting an ERA of 3.46. Adrián González (considered a prized prospect) batted .304 for the Padres while hitting 24 home runs. This is generally considered the worst move of Daniels' career.

Some of Daniels' other moves have been better received. On the eve of the 2006 season, after losing #2 starter Eaton to injury, Daniels made a three-way deal, sending Juan Dominguez to the Oakland Athletics for John Rheinecker and Freddie Bynum, the latter of which he turned and traded to the Chicago Cubs for John Koronka. Koronka and Rheinecker helped shore up the Rangers rotation in April and May, while Dominguez stayed at Oakland's AAA affiliate for the entire year.

Another trade Daniels made was sending Laynce Nix, Kevin Mench, and Francisco Cordero to the Milwaukee Brewers for minor leaguer Nelson Cruz, and All-star left fielder Carlos Lee. The trade was completed just before the trade deadline of the 2006 season. Lee was the most sought after trade target during the season and provided the Rangers with a strong bat in the middle of the lineup. Lee then signed a $100 million free agent contract with the Houston Astros, giving the Rangers the #17 and #35 draft picks in 2007 (Blake Beavan and Julio Borbon, respectively) as compensation. Cruz emerged as a power-hitting All-Star in the 2009 season for the Rangers, and became a mainstay in the lineup during the World Series years. In late December 2006, Daniels collaborated with White Sox general manager Kenny Williams, engineering a trade in which the Rangers acquired Brandon McCarthy in exchange for John Danks.

The Rangers committed fully to a rebuilding program during 2007, one that would directly lead to the team's unparalleled playoff success several years later. On July 31, 2007, Daniels made two career-defining trades, one with the Atlanta Braves, the other with Boston Red Sox. Daniels first agreed with Atlanta Braves General Manager John Schuerholz to trade coveted slugger Mark Teixeira and relief pitcher Ron Mahay for catching prospect Jarrod Saltalamacchia. The Rangers were also able to obtain four minor leaguers in the trade. The first of these prospects, left-hander Matt Harrison, emerged as a starter in the 2009 Ranger rotation. The second of these prospects acquired from the Braves, Elvis Andrus, was widely hailed as an elite young shortstop. Another, Neftalí Feliz, a well regarded power pitcher, joined the Rangers bullpen in 2009. Both Andrus and Feliz were named as All-Stars in 2010, a season in which Feliz was voted rookie of the year.

But there was another substantive trade that day, which occurred just before the trade deadline, Daniels sent closer Éric Gagné to the Boston Red Sox for young starting pitcher Kason Gabbard, Triple-A prospect David Murphy, and rookie-league outfielder Engel Beltre. Not receiving as much attention at the time, Daniels also made a third trade prior to the deadline sending center fielder Kenny Lofton to the Indians for catching prospect Max Ramírez. As a result of the 2007 draft, trades and Latin America free agent signings, the Rangers jumped to the #4 system in Baseball America 2008 organization rankings. This represented the biggest jump since Baseball America began ranking MLB farm systems.

Before the 2008 Season, Daniels traded the second member of what was once dubbed the "DVD trio", sending Edinson Vólquez to the Reds for outfielder Josh Hamilton. This trade has received positive reviews for both sides, as each player made an All-star appearance with their new team and both teams made the playoffs in the 2010 season. Hamilton emerged as one of the biggest stars in the game, winning the 2010 AL MVP, and establishing himself as an elite offensive performer. Baseball America recognized the Rangers as having the best farm system following the 2008 season. Notable additions to the system in 2008 included draft picks Justin Smoak, Robbie Ross, and Joe Wieland.

At the 2009 Winter Meetings, Daniels orchestrated a deal with the Baltimore Orioles, dealing veteran starting pitcher Kevin Millwood for young reliever Chris Ray and left-handed pitcher Ben Snyder. With the salary freed up by the departure of Millwood, the Rangers signed free agent Rich Harden. Daniels also signed free agents Vladimir Guerrero and Colby Lewis. On July 1, 2010, Daniels acquired catcher Bengie Molina from the San Francisco Giants for relief pitcher Chris Ray and prospect Michael Main. On July 9, Daniels acquired pitchers Cliff Lee and Mark Lowe from the Seattle Mariners for Blake Beavan, Matt Lawson, Josh Lueke, and prized prospect Justin Smoak. On July 29, Daniels acquired Jorge Cantú from the Florida Marlins for prospects Evan Reed and Omar Poveda. On July 30, Daniels acquired Cristian Guzmán from the Washington Nationals for prospects Ryan Tatusko and Tanner Roark. On July 31, after high expectations and several disappointments, Daniels traded away the Texas Rangers 2010 opening day starting catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia to the Boston Red Sox for prospects Chris McGuiness, Roman Mendez, a player to be named later, and cash considerations equaling near $350,000. The Rangers won the American League pennant when they eliminated the New York Yankees from the ALCS in 6 games. On December 8, Daniels was named the Baseball America Major League Executive of the Year.

On March 1, 2013, Daniels was promoted by the Rangers to be president of baseball operations and general manager. Nolan Ryan resigned as CEO of the Rangers and sold his stake in the team in October 2013. Daniels then became operating head of the franchise. Co-chairmen and principal owners Ray Davis and Bob Simpson largely left the Rangers' day-to-day operations in Daniels' hands. Ryan stated that he probably should have asked former Rangers owner Tom Hicks to help facilitate his relationship with Jon Daniels, when Ryan joined the organization in 2008 as club president. Daniels agreed to a three-year extension with the Rangers on November 14, 2014.

On November 20, 2013, Daniels traded Ian Kinsler to the Detroit Tigers for Prince Fielder and cash. The 2014 season was disastrous the Rangers hit with many injuries to top players finished last in the entire American League 67-95 (and 3rd worst in all of MLB). In 2015, the Rangers clinched the American League West title on the final day of the season, the team's 6th division title and 7th postseason appearance in franchise history. The Rangers started the season as poorly as their 2014 season ended, reaching a season low eight games under .500 (8-16) on May 3. The lone bright spot was the resurgence of Prince Fielder from season-ending surgery the prior year.

The second half of the season saw the team begin a resurgence, led in part by the acquisition of Cole Hamels from Philadelphia, the emergence of Shawn Tolleson as the team's closer after the team released Neftalí Feliz, the returns of Martín Pérez and Derek Holland from the disabled list, and vastly improved play by Shin-Soo Choo and Adrián Beltré. However, as late as August 3 the Rangers were still below .500. The improved play continued, and on September 15 (during a four-game home series against their in-state and division rivals the Houston Astros) the Rangers would defeat the Astros 6–5, taking the division lead in the process and ultimately sweeping the series with the Astros. The Rangers would not relinquish the division lead from that point forward, though they would not clinch the division until the last day of the season when they defeated the Los Angeles Angels 9–2. The Rangers lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in five games in the Division Series.

The Rangers won the AL West championship for the second straight season in 2016, and faced the Toronto Blue Jays in the Division Series. For the first time in franchise history, the Rangers finished with the American League's best record; thus giving them (potentially) home field advantage throughout the entire American League playoffs (and, with the American League's win in the 2016 All-Star Game, possible home field advantage throughout the entire World Series as well).

The Rangers fired Daniels on August 17, 2022, after six consecutive losing seasons. Davis said that Daniels was being relieved of his duties immediately after the decision was made not to renew his contract at the end of this season.

Tampa Bay Rays
On November 11, 2022, he was hired by the Tampa Bay Rays to serve as a senior advisor in the baseball operations department.

title: Jon Daniels


text: User talk:24.176.160.228

title: User talk:24.176.160.228


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coregistration

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Doc (?) 01:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Coregistration
Problem: not notable. Molotov (talk)  23:38, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. AfD tag was removed from the article by 205.245.170.129. Replaced by me. --GraemeL (talk) 12:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete nn (same contributor made GetRelevant page which ought to qualify for del as advertising. Pete.Hurd 23:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:Luglio

title: User talk:Luglio


text:
Have I Offended Someone?

Have I Offended Someone? is a compilation album featuring music by Frank Zappa, and was posthumously released in 1997. As indicated by the title, it compiles a number of Zappa's songs that have gained notoriety as being particularly offensive, and often satirical or parodic. Most of the tracks on the collection were previously available on other albums, but nearly all appear here in remixed form. The live version of "Dumb All Over" is a premiere recording. The 1984 recording of "Tinsel Town Rebellion" is listed as a premiere recording, as well, though it had previously appeared in the home video release Does Humor Belong in Music?.

The cover artwork was done by Ralph Steadman. The liner notes were written by Ed Sanders.

Track listing
All tracks by Frank Zappa, except where noted.

title: Have I Offended Someone?