text:
Petroleum reservoir

A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.

Oil field

An oil field is an area of accumulated liquid petroleum underground in multiple (potentially linked) reservoirs, trapped as it rises to impermeable rock formations. In industrial terms, an oil field implies that there is an economic benefit worthy of commercial attention. Oil fields may extend up to several hundred kilometers across the surface, meaning that extraction efforts can be large and spread out across the area. In addition to extraction equipment, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges to find more reservoir area, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities.

Oil fields can occur anywhere that the geology of the underlying rock allows, meaning that certain fields can be far away from civilization, including at sea. Creating an operation at an oil field can be a logistically complex undertaking, as it involves the equipment associated with extraction and transportation, as well as infrastructure such as roads and housing for workers. This infrastructure has to be designed with the lifespan of the oil field in mind, as production can last many years. Several companies, such as Hill International, Bechtel, Esso, Weatherford International, Schlumberger, Baker Hughes and Halliburton, have organizations that specialize in the large-scale construction of the infrastructure to support oil field exploitation.

The term "oilfield" can be used as a shorthand to refer to the entire petroleum industry. However, it is more accurate to divide the oil industry into three sectors: upstream (crude oil production from wells and separation of water from oil), midstream (pipeline and tanker transport of crude oil) and downstream (refining of crude oil to products, marketing of refined products, and transportation to oil stations).

More than 65,000 oil fields are scattered around the globe, on land and offshore. The largest are the Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia and the Burgan Field in Kuwait, with more than 66 to 104 billion barrels (9.5×109 m3) estimated in each. In the modern age, the location of oil fields with proven oil reserves is a key underlying factor in many geopolitical conflicts.

Gas field

Natural gas originates by the same geological thermal cracking process that converts kerogen to petroleum. As a consequence, oil and natural gas are often found together. In common usage, deposits rich in oil are known as oil fields, and deposits rich in natural gas are called natural gas fields.

In general, organic sediments buried in depths of 1,000 m to 6,000 m (at temperatures of 60 °C to 150 °C) generate oil, while sediments buried deeper and at higher temperatures generate natural gas. The deeper the source, the "drier" the gas (that is, the smaller the proportion of condensates in the gas). Because both oil and natural gas are lighter than water, they tend to rise from their sources until they either seep to the surface or are trapped by a non-permeable stratigraphic trap. They can be extracted from the trap by drilling.

The largest natural gas field is South Pars/Asalouyeh gas field, which is shared between Iran and Qatar. The second largest natural gas field is the Urengoy gas field, and the third largest is the Yamburg gas field, both in Russia.

Like oil, natural gas is often found underwater in offshore gas fields such as the North Sea, Corrib Gas Field off Ireland, and near Sable Island. The technology to extract and transport offshore natural gas is different from land-based fields. It uses a few, very large offshore drilling rigs, due to the cost and logistical difficulties in working over water.

Rising gas prices in the early 21st century encouraged drillers to revisit fields that previously were not considered economically viable. For example, in 2008 McMoran Exploration passed a drilling depth of over 32,000 feet (9754 m) (the deepest test well in the history of gas production) at the Blackbeard site in the Gulf of Mexico. ExxonMobil's drill rig there had reached 30,000 feet by 2006, without finding gas, before it abandoned the site.

Formation
Crude oil is found in all oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's crust from the remains of once-living things. Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the remains of microscopic plants and animals into oil and natural gas.

Roy Nurmi, an interpretation adviser for Schlumberger oil field services company, described the process as follows:

Plankton and algae, proteins and the life that's floating in the sea, as it dies, falls to the bottom, and these organisms are going to be the source of our oil and gas. When they're buried with the accumulating sediment and reach an adequate temperature, something above 50 to 70 °C they start to cook. This transformation, this change, changes them into the liquid hydrocarbons that move and migrate, will become our oil and gas reservoir. In addition to the aquatic ecosystem, which is usually a sea but might also be a river, lake, coral reef, or algal mat, the formation of an oil or gas reservoir also requires a sedimentary basin that passes through four steps:
 * Deep burial under sand and mud
 * Pressure cooking
 * Hydrocarbon migration from the source to the reservoir rock
 * Trapping by impermeable rock

Timing is also an important consideration; it is suggested that the Ohio River Valley could have had as much oil as the Middle East at one time, but that it escaped due to a lack of traps. The North Sea, on the other hand, endured millions of years of sea level changes that successfully resulted in the formation of more than 150 oil fields.

Although the process is generally the same, various environmental factors lead to the creation of a wide variety of reservoirs. Reservoirs exist anywhere from the land surface to 30000 ft below the surface and are a variety of shapes, sizes, and ages. In recent years, igneous reservoirs have become an important new field of oil exploration, especially in trachyte and basalt formations. These two types of reservoirs differ in oil content and physical properties like fracture connectivity, pore connectivity, and rock porosity.

Traps
A trap forms when the buoyancy forces driving the upward migration of hydrocarbons through a permeable rock cannot overcome the capillary forces of a sealing medium. The timing of trap formation relative to that of petroleum generation and migration is crucial to ensuring a reservoir can form.

Petroleum geologists broadly classify traps into three categories that are based on their geological characteristics: the structural trap, the stratigraphic trap, and the far less common hydrodynamic trap. The trapping mechanisms for many petroleum reservoirs have characteristics from several categories and can be known as a combination trap. Traps are described as structural traps (in deformed strata such as folds and faults) or stratigraphic traps (in areas where rock types change, such as unconformities, pinch-outs and reefs).

Structural traps
Structural traps are formed as a result of changes in the structure of the subsurface from processes such as folding and faulting, leading to the formation of domes, anticlines, and folds. Examples of this kind of trap are an anticline trap, a fault trap, and a salt dome trap. They are more easily delineated and more prospective than their stratigraphic counterparts, with the majority of the world's petroleum reserves being found in structural traps.

Stratigraphic traps
Stratigraphic traps are formed as a result of lateral and vertical variations in the thickness, texture, porosity, or lithology of the reservoir rock. Examples of this type of trap are an unconformity trap, a lens trap and a reef trap.

Hydrodynamic traps
Hydrodynamic traps are a far less common type of trap. They are caused by the differences in water pressure, that are associated with water flow, creating a tilt of the hydrocarbon-water contact.

Seal / cap rock
The seal (also referred to as a cap rock) is a fundamental part of the trap that prevents hydrocarbons from further upward migration. A capillary seal is formed when the capillary pressure across the pore throats is greater than or equal to the buoyancy pressure of the migrating hydrocarbons. They do not allow fluids to migrate across them until their integrity is disrupted, causing them to leak. There are two types of capillary seal whose classifications are based on the preferential mechanism of leaking: the hydraulic seal and the membrane seal.

A membrane seal will leak whenever the pressure differential across the seal exceeds the threshold displacement pressure, allowing fluids to migrate through the pore spaces in the seal. It will leak just enough to bring the pressure differential below that of the displacement pressure and will reseal.

A hydraulic seal occurs in rocks that have a significantly higher displacement pressure such that the pressure required for tension fracturing is actually lower than the pressure required for fluid displacement—for example, in evaporites or very tight shales. The rock will fracture when the pore pressure is greater than both its minimum stress and its tensile strength then reseal when the pressure reduces and the fractures close.

Unconventional reservoirs
Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoirs are accumulations where oil and gas phases are tightly bound to the rock fabric by strong capillary forces, requiring specialised measures for evaluation and extraction. Unconventional reservoirs form in completely different ways to conventional reservoirs, the main difference being that they do not have "traps". This type of reservoir can be driven in a unique way as well, as buoyancy might not be the driving force for oil and gas accumulation in such reservoirs. This is analogous to saying that the oil which can be extracted forms within the source rock itself, as opposed to accumulating under a cap rock. Oil sands are an example of an unconventional oil reservoir.

Unconventional reservoirs and their associated unconventional oil encompass a broad spectrum of petroleum extraction and refinement techniques, as well as many different sources. Since the oil is contained within the source rock, unconventional reservoirs require that the extracting entity function as a mining operation rather than drilling and pumping like a conventional reservoir. This has tradeoffs, with higher post-production costs associated with complete and clean extraction of oil being a factor of consideration for a company interested in pursuing a reservoir. Tailings are also left behind, increasing cleanup costs. Despite these tradeoffs, unconventional oil is being pursued at a higher rate because of the scarcity of conventional reservoirs around the world.

Estimating reserves
After the discovery of a reservoir, a petroleum engineer will seek to build a better picture of the accumulation. In a simple textbook example of a uniform reservoir, the first stage is to conduct a seismic survey to determine the possible size of the trap. Appraisal wells can be used to determine the location of oil-water contact and with it the height of the oil bearing sands. Often coupled with seismic data, it is possible to estimate the volume of an oil-bearing reservoir.

The next step is to use information from appraisal wells to estimate the porosity of the rock. The porosity of an oil field, or the percentage of the total volume that contains fluids rather than solid rock, is 20–35% or less. It can give information on the actual capacity. Laboratory testing can determine the characteristics of the reservoir fluids, particularly the expansion factor of the oil, or how much the oil expands when brought from the high pressure and high temperature of the reservoir to a "stock tank" at the surface.

With such information, it is possible to estimate how many "stock tank" barrels of oil are located in the reservoir. Such oil is called the stock tank oil initially in place. As a result of studying factors such as the permeability of the rock (how easily fluids can flow through the rock) and possible drive mechanisms, it is possible to estimate the recovery factor, or what proportion of oil in place can be reasonably expected to be produced. The recovery factor is commonly 30–35%, giving a value for the recoverable resources.

The difficulty is that reservoirs are not uniform. They have variable porosities and permeabilities and may be compartmentalized, with fractures and faults breaking them up and complicating fluid flow. For this reason, computer modeling of economically viable reservoirs is often carried out. Geologists, geophysicists, and reservoir engineers work together to build a model that allows simulation of the flow of fluids in the reservoir, leading to an improved estimate of the recoverable resources.

Reserves are only the part of those recoverable resources that will be developed through identified and approved development projects. Because the evaluation of reserves has a direct impact on the company or the asset value, it usually follows a strict set of rules or guidelines.

Production
To obtain the contents of the oil reservoir, it is usually necessary to drill into the Earth's crust, although surface oil seeps exist in some parts of the world, such as the La Brea Tar Pits in California and numerous seeps in Trinidad. Factors that affect the quantity of recoverable hydrocarbons in a reservoir include the fluid distribution in the reservoir, initial volumes of fluids in place, reservoir pressure, fluid and rock properties, reservoir geometry, well type, well count, well placement, development concept, and operating philosophy.

Modern production includes thermal, gas injection, and chemical methods of extraction to enhance oil recovery.

Drive mechanisms
A virgin reservoir may be under sufficient pressure to push hydrocarbons to the surface. As the fluids are produced, the pressure will often decline, and production will falter. The reservoir may respond to the withdrawal of fluid in a way that tends to maintain the pressure. Artificial drive methods may be necessary.

Solution-gas drive
This mechanism (also known as depletion drive) depends on the associated gas of the oil. The virgin reservoir may be entirely semi-liquid but will be expected to have gaseous hydrocarbons in solution due to the pressure. As the reservoir depletes, the pressure falls below the bubble point, and the gas comes out of solution to form a gas cap at the top. This gas cap pushes down on the liquid helping to maintain pressure.

This occurs when the natural gas is in a cap below the oil. When the well is drilled the lowered pressure above means that the oil expands. As the pressure is reduced it reaches bubble point, and subsequently the gas bubbles drive the oil to the surface. The bubbles then reach critical saturation and flow together as a single gas phase. Beyond this point and below this pressure, the gas phase flows out more rapidly than the oil because of its lowered viscosity. More free gas is produced, and eventually the energy source is depleted. In some cases depending on the geology the gas may migrate to the top of the oil and form a secondary gas cap. Some energy may be supplied by water, gas in water, or compressed rock. These are usually minor contributions with respect to hydrocarbon expansion.

By properly managing the production rates, greater benefits can be had from solution-gas drives. Secondary recovery involves the injection of gas or water to maintain reservoir pressure. The gas/oil ratio and the oil production rate are stable until the reservoir pressure drops below the bubble point when critical gas saturation is reached. When the gas is exhausted, the gas/oil ratio and the oil rate drops, the reservoir pressure has been reduced, and the reservoir energy is exhausted.

Gas cap drive
In reservoirs already having a gas cap (the virgin pressure is already below bubble point), the gas cap expands with the depletion of the reservoir, pushing down on the liquid sections applying extra pressure. This is present in the reservoir if there is more gas than can be dissolved in the reservoir. The gas will often migrate to the crest of the structure. It is compressed on top of the oil reserve, as the oil is produced the cap helps to push the oil out. Over time the gas cap moves down and infiltrates the oil, and the well will produce more and more gas until it produces only gas.

It is best to manage the gas cap effectively, that is, placing the oil wells such that the gas cap will not reach them until the maximum amount of oil is produced. Also a high production rate may cause the gas to migrate downward into the production interval. In this case, over time the reservoir pressure depletion is not as steep as in the case of solution-based gas drive. In this case, the oil rate will not decline as steeply but will depend also on the placement of the well with respect to the gas cap. As with other drive mechanisms, water or gas injection can be used to maintain reservoir pressure. When a gas cap is coupled with water influx, the recovery mechanism can be highly efficient.

Aquifer (water) drive
Water (usually salty) may be present below the hydrocarbons. Water, as with all liquids, is compressible to a small degree. As the hydrocarbons are depleted, the reduction in pressure in the reservoir allows the water to expand slightly. Although this unit expansion is minute, if the aquifer is large enough this will translate into a large increase in volume, which will push up on the hydrocarbons, maintaining pressure.

With a water-drive reservoir, the decline in reservoir pressure is very slight; in some cases, the reservoir pressure may remain unchanged. The gas/oil ratio also remains stable. The oil rate will remain fairly stable until the water reaches the well. In time, the water cut will increase, and the well will be watered out.

The water may be present in an aquifer (but rarely one replenished with surface water). This water gradually replaces the volume of oil and gas that is produced out of the well, given that the production rate is equivalent to the aquifer activity. That is, the aquifer is being replenished from some natural water influx. If the water begins to be produced along with the oil, the recovery rate may become uneconomical owing to the higher lifting and water disposal costs.

Water and gas injection
If the natural drives are insufficient, as they very often are, then the pressure can be artificially maintained by injecting water into the aquifer or gas into the gas cap.

Gravity drainage
The force of gravity will cause the oil to move downward of the gas and upward of the water. If vertical permeability exists then recovery rates may be even better.

Gas and gas condensate reservoirs
These occur if the reservoir conditions allow the hydrocarbons to exist as a gas. Retrieval is a matter of gas expansion. Recovery from a closed reservoir (i.e., no water drive) is very good, especially if bottom hole pressure is reduced to a minimum (usually done with compressors at the wellhead). Any produced liquids are light-colored to colorless, with a gravity higher than 45 API. Gas cycling is the process where dry gas is injected and produced along with condensed liquid.

title: Petroleum reservoir


text:
User talk:BostonLow

Boston Low is a fictional astronaut that is the main character in the game "The Dig" published by Lucas Arts in 1995.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:BostonLow


text:
User:Nlu/monobook.css

/* always underline links */ a { text-decoration: underline; }

title: User:Nlu/monobook.css


text:
Anadarko Petroleum

Anadarko Petroleum Corporation was a company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration. It was organized in Delaware and headquartered in two skyscrapers in The Woodlands, Texas: the Allison Tower and the Hackett Tower, both named after former CEOs of the company. In 2019, the company was acquired by Occidental Petroleum.

The company was the subject of multiple environmental cases, including the largest environmental contamination settlement in American history - the 2014 settlement related to the former Tronox subsidiary of Kerr McGee, a company purchased by Anadarko in 2006.

In addition to exploration and production, the company engaged in petroleum and natural gas gathering, processing, treating, and transportation. The company also participated in the hard minerals business through its ownership of non-operated joint ventures and royalty arrangements. As of December 31, 2018, the company had approximately 1.473 e9BOE of proved reserves, 45% of which was oil reserves, 37% of which was natural gas, and 18% was natural gas liquids. In 2018, the company produced 666 e3BOE per day.

The company's operations in the United States accounted for 86% of total sales volumes during 2018 and 88% of total proved reserves at year-end 2018. In the United States, the company had major holdings in the Delaware Basin, where it had over 580,000 gross acres, primarily in the Cline Shale; the Denver Basin, where it had more than 400,000 net acres; operating 4,600 vertical wells and 1,400 horizontal wells, and in Greater Natural Buttes, Utah, where it had approximately 2,850 wells.

The company's international operations accounted for 14% of total sales volumes during 2018 and 12% of total proved reserves at year-end 2018. The company had holdings in Algeria, Ghana, Mozambique, Colombia, and Côte d’Ivoire. In the 2019 Forbes Global 2000, Anadarko Petroleum was ranked as the 587th -largest public company in the world.

History
Anadarko was formed in 1959 as a subsidiary of Panhandle Eastern Corporation Pipe Line Company after the discovery of large amounts of natural gas in the Anadarko Basin, which underlies the western part of the state of Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle, and extending into southwestern Kansas and southeastern Colorado.

In 1986, Panhandle Eastern Corporation distributed its interests in Anadarko to its shareholders via a corporate spin-off, and Anadarko became a public company.

In 1999, the company purchased a 7.5 acre tract in The Woodlands, Texas from the Woodlands Land Company to build an 800000 sqft, 32-story headquarters building, on the site. In 2012, the company began construction of another office tower adjacent to its headquarters. The company named its two office towers after former CEOs. The buildings were completed in 2014.

In April 2000, the company acquired Union Pacific Resources in a $4.4 billion transaction.

In June 2001, the company acquired Berkeley Petroleum Corporation for C$1.2 billion plus the assumption of C$400 million in debt.

In December 2003, Robert J. Allison Jr. resigned as chief executive officer and was replaced by James T. Hackett, previously the chief operating officer of Devon Energy.

In June 2006, the company acquired Western Gas Resources in a $5.3 billion cash transaction.

In August 2006, the company acquired Kerr-McGee for $16 billion in cash.

In January 2007, the company sold assets in West Texas for $1 billion.

In February 2007, the company sold assets in Oklahoma and Texas for $860 million.

In December 2008, the company sold its 50% interest in the Peregrino heavy oil field offshore Brazil to Statoil for $1.4 billion.

In January 2012, the company sold midstream assets to Western Gas Partners for $483 million.

In January 2012, the company announced the discovery of a significant natural gas field, the Collier gas field, offshore Mozambique.

In May 2012, a planned CEO succession of Al Walker occurred, with Jim Hackett becoming Executive Chairman until May 2013, when Hackett retired to pursue a master's degree in theology. Al Walker became Chairman as well as CEO in May 2013.

In 2015, the company made an offer to acquire Apache Corporation, but the offer was rejected.

In February 2016, the company sold its interest in the Springfield oil and gas gathering system near the Eagle Ford shale for $750 million to Western Gas Partners.

In March 2016, the company announced layoffs affecting 1,000 employees or 17% of its staff. The layoffs were the result of weak commodity prices.

In December 2016, the company acquired assets in the Gulf of Mexico from Freeport-McMoRan. The company also announced the sale of its assets in the Marcellus Shale.

In January 2017, the company sold its assets in the Eagle Ford to Sanchez Energy and The Blackstone Group for $2.3 billion.

In June 2019, the company and the co-venturers in Mozambique’s Offshore Area 1 proceeded to start the Area 1 Mozambique LNG project, Mozambique's first onshore LNG development, to support the development of the Golfinho gas field and Atum gas field.

In August 2019, the company was acquired by Occidental Petroleum after Occidental outbid Chevron Corporation.

Environmental record
In December 2016, Anadarko was ranked as among the 14th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights and resource extraction in the Arctic by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.

Deepwater Horizon oil spill involvement
Anadarko owned a 25% non-operating minority interest in the Macondo Prospect, which was 65% owned and operated by BP, and was affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Under the joint operating agreement, Anadarko was required to pay costs related to any incident in proportion to its 25% ownership—except when caused by the operating partner's gross negligence or willful misconduct. Anadarko contended that gross negligence or willful misconduct by BP led to the explosion.

Settlement with BP

In early 2010, BP billed Anadarko more than $272million as a partial payment for its share of cleanup and response costs in the Gulf.

In May 2011, MOEX Offshore, a subsidiary of Mitsui and owner of a 10% non-operating ownership interest in the Macondo Prospect, settled claims with BP for $1.07billion.

In October 2011, Anadarko settled all claims with BP for $4 billion and its 25% stake in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (Macondo Prospect) to BP in return for indemnification by BP for all costs related to the oil spill, including those arising under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

Fine under the Clean Water Act
In December 2015, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ordered Anadarko to pay a civil fine under the Clean Water Act of $159.5 million, or $50 per barrel of oil spilled as a result of the Deepwater Horizon explosion. The judge stated Anadarko was not at fault for the spill, but the company's 25% ownership stake made it responsible. Barbier wrote that the $159.5 million fine "strikes the appropriate balance between Anadarko's lack of culpability and the extreme seriousness of this spill." The fine came after BP and Anadarko had unsuccessfully appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States to reject Judge Carl Barbier's finding of negligence in the Deepwater Horizon accident.

Tronox litigation and settlements
In April 2014, Anadarko settled with the U.S. Department of Justice and the Environmental Protection Agency to pay $5.15 billion to clean up environmental waste sites around the country. It was the largest environmental contamination settlement in American history.

The environmental contamination sites were inherited by Anadarko after it purchased Kerr-McGee in 2005. As background, in 2006, Kerr-McGee spun off its Tronox subsidiary to offload 70 years of environmental dumping of toxic waste across 22 states beginning in the 1920s. The environmental damages included polluting Lake Mead in Nevada with rocket fuel, leaving behind radioactive waste piles throughout the territory of the Navajo Nation and dumping carcinogenic creosote in communities throughout the East, Midwest and South at its wood-treating facilities. According to one report, "Kerr-McGee, rather than pay for the environmental mess it created, decided to shift the liabilities between 2002 and 2006 into Tronox. Kerr-McGee, meanwhile, kept its oil and gas assets with Anadarko acquiring the remainder of Kerr-McGee.

Lawsuit from Tronox shareholders
In 2009, shareholders of Tronox sued Anadarko, as successor to Kerr-McGee, for having misled investors about the large environmental and other liabilities Tronox would assume from Kerr-McGee.

Lawsuit from the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Justice
The United States Department of Justice, on behalf of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, sued Anadarko for $25 billion.

In April 2014, the parties reached a $5.15 billion settlement in what was at the time the largest environmental contamination settlement in American history. Since then the total amount for the complete and comprehensive cleanup of the BP DeepWater Horizon incident, with which Anadarko was connected by its non-operating ownership of 35% of the project (see above), has passed $60 billion.

title: Anadarko Petroleum


text:
Honda Phantom

The Honda Phantom TA150

is a single cylinder Thai-made "retro cruiser" motorcycle. It was known in Australia as the TA Shadow. Production of the TA200 was stopped in Thailand on 3 March 2010.

Overall design was very similar to the Honda TA150. The major differences was that the TA200 contains a four-stroke engine and higher 197 cc displacement.

This motorcycle was very popular in Singapore due to it being one of the few cruisers available for a class 2B license (the most basic motorcycle license in Singapore). Class 2B license holders are only allowed to ride motorcycles with displacement below 200 cc.

Specifications

 * Engine Type: 4-stroke Single-cylinder, air-cooled, 2-valve SOHC
 * Displacement: 196.9 cc
 * Bore x Stroke 63.5 mm x 62.2 mm
 * Compression Ratio: 9.0:1
 * Ignition System: CDI
 * Redline: Unknown - early TA200s (Custom 3? Short handlebar version) up to 2004 have NO rev limiter
 * 6-speed gearbox (Conventional motorcycle 1N23456)
 * Clutch System: Wet Multiplate Clutch
 * Drivetrain: Chain (520)
 * Sprockets (Front / Rear tooth count): 13 / 39 or 41 (standard)
 * Dimensions (WxLxH): 775 x 2256 x 1085 mm
 * Seat Height: 699 mm
 * Wheelbase: 1505 mm
 * Front Tire: 90/90R17 / 49P.
 * Rear Tire: 130/90R15 / 66P.
 * Dry Weight: 140 kg
 * Fuel Tank Capacity (Total / Reserve): 9.68 litres / 2 litres
 * MPG: City riding (2 pax), 48 mpg, 17 km per L, Highway riding 75 mpg, 26 km per L; City/Highway riding (1 pax), 87 mpg, 37 km per L (avg)
 * Suspension System: Front - Telescopic, Rear, Double Shock
 * Brake System: Front / Rear Disc Brakes (Dual Piston Calipers)
 * Tyre Size: Front - 90/90 - 17M / C49P (Tubeless) ; Rear - 130/90 15M / C66P (Tubeless), available from Metzeler (Lasertec), Pirelli (City Demon), Bridgestone (Exedra), IRC (from Thailand) and Shinko (with white-walled option)
 * Battery: Maintenance-Free 12V - 3.5Ah
 * Max. Power Output: 12.3 kW / 16.48 hp @ 8000 rpm
 * Max. Torque: 16.2 nm / 11.95 lb-ft @6500 rpm

title: Honda Phantom


text:
Cardew Robinson

Douglas John Cardew Robinson (14 August 1917 – 28 December 1992) was a British comic whose career was rooted in the music hall and Gang Shows.

Early life and career
Born in Goodmayes, Essex, Robinson was educated at Harrow County School for Boys. He enjoyed acting in school productions and loved the books of Frank Richards, featuring Billy Bunter of Greyfriars and the weekly magazine The Gem with the adventures of Ralph Reckness Cardew of St Jim's. In the early 1930s, while at Harrow County School, he wrote for the school magazine, The Gaytonian, using the pseudonym Hotbreaks.

On leaving school, Robinson took a job with a local newspaper, but it folded and he then joined Joe Boganny's touring Crazy College Boys, which opened at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, London. However, Robinson knew that he required a more traditional training, and went into repertory theatre where one of his roles was as the monster in an adaptation of Frankenstein. It was while serving in the RAF during the Second World War that he created his 'Cardew the Cad of the School' character. Promoted to flight-sergeant and put in charge of the show, Robinson toured France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

After the war, he appeared with the commercial production of the Gang Show in variety theatres. Robinson began working in variety; he also played the Cad character on radio and stage. Later he played the character in a film, Fun at St. Fanny's. 'Cardew the Cad' became a cartoon strip in Radio Fun, a children's comic of the period.

Television, films and theatre
Robinson had appeared in films as early as 1938, starting in a short in the series Ghost Tales Retold and following it ten years later with A Piece of Cake starring Cyril Fletcher. Robinson successfully made the transition from variety and radio into TV and films. In the latter, he nearly always played small but memorable cameo parts; thus, an early theatrical review mentioned "Mr Cardew Robinson, who seems to specialise in grotesques". Unusually, in the 1956 film Fun at St Fanny's he had one of the main roles, playing himself and received second to top billing.

One of his last appearances on television was in an episode of Last of the Summer Wine, in which Robinson, by then in his 70s, played a hen-pecked husband led astray by Compo and Clegg. He also appeared as a Second World War veteran turned priest in an episode of Hancock's Half Hour. When Hancock was holding a reunion of his old Army friends, Robinson was the only one who appeared not to have become staid and boring, but when he took off his scarf, it was seen that he had become a vicar.

In the production of Camelot in London in 1964, Robinson played King Pellenore. The show apparently ran for 650 performances, although it was not well received by the critics. The same year, Robinson's television work included the series Fire Crackers, featuring the day-to-day challenges and mishaps of the Cropper's End Fire Brigade.

In 1967, he appeared in The Avengers episode entitled "The 50,000 Pound Breakfast" as a Minister.

He was a guest of Jack Howarth in the November 1974 episode of This Is Your Life.

Robinson was best known in Britain for appearances on television and radio shows such as You've Got to be Joking, which he created, as well as Does the Team Think?. He acted in one Carry On film, Carry On Up the Khyber, playing a fakir, and drawing a memorable line from Bernard Bresslaw, whose character, Bungdit Din, tells him "Fakir...off!".

Personal life and death
Robinson died of ischemic colitis in London on 27 December 1992 at the age of 75. His obituary in The Times, described him as "a quiet studious man, whose private face belied his public appearance". A letter to the paper from a later headmaster of his old school, talked about his "generous spirit". He had divorced before he died, but had two daughters, Leanne and Lindy.

Selected filmography

 * A Piece of Cake (1948) – Honest Joe (uncredited)
 * Calling All Cars (1954) – Reggie Ramsbottom
 * Fun at St. Fanny's (1955) – Cardew the Cad
 * Happy Is the Bride (1958) – George the Verger
 * The Navy Lark (1959) – Lt. Binns
 * I'm All Right Jack (1959) – Shop Steward
 * Let's Get Married (1960) – Salesman
 * Light Up the Sky! (1960) – Compere
 * A French Mistress (1960) – Ambulance Attendant
 * Three on a Spree (1961) – Micki
 * Hair of the Dog (1962) – Doctor
 * Crooks Anonymous (1962) – Wiseman – Helicopter Brother
 * Waltz of the Toreadors (1962) – Midgley the Undertaker
 * Go Kart Go (1963) – Postman
 * The Wrong Arm of the Law (1963) – Postman (uncredited)
 * Heavens Above! (1963) – Tramp
 * Ladies Who Do (1963) – Police Driver
 * A Stitch in Time (1963) – Pinching Patient (uncredited)
 * Father Came Too! (1963) – Fire Officer
 * Hide and Seek (1964) – Constable
 * Alfie (1966) – Gay Man in Pub (uncredited)
 * I Was Happy Here (1966) - Gravedigger
 * Three Bites of the Apple (1967) – Bernhard Hagstrom
 * Smashing Time (1967) – Custard Pie Vicar
 * The Avengers (1967) TV Series, Episode "The £50,000 Breakfast" – pet cemetery vicar
 * Carry On Up the Khyber (1968) – The Fakir
 * Where's Jack? (1969) – Lord Mayor
 * The Nine Ages of Nakedness (1969) – The Magistrate (segment "The Theatre")
 * The Thirteen Chairs (1969) – Car Park Attendant
 * The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins (1971) – Guest Appearance (segment "Sloth")
 * Come Play With Me (1977) – McIvar
 * What's Up Nurse! (1978) – Ticket Inspector
 * Pirates (1986) – Lawyer
 * Shirley Valentine (1989) – Londoner

title: Cardew Robinson


text:
Yanahuara District

Yanahuara District is a suburb within the city of Arequipa, Peru. Yanahuara is well known for its buildings built from sillar, a pearly white volcanic rock. At least 1/4 of the district's area is taken by "Umacollo", where various middle-class residential houses of the city are located. Yanahuara includes the popular avenue strip known as the "Avenida Ejército", where many banks and modern offices are also located. Its surroundings contain various well-cared churches of the Spanish-colonial era, as well as public parks and the well-known "el mirador e iglesia de Yanahuara", a popular spot where tourists concur to view the city and its background volcanoes.

Communities in Yanahuara

 * 1)  Valencia
 * 2)  Primavera
 * 3)  Barrio Magisterial 2
 * 4)  La Buganvillas
 * 5)  Santa Cecilia
 * 6)  Las Retamas
 * 7)  San José
 * 8)  Quinta Alpex
 * 9)  Jardin
 * 10)  Independencia Americana
 * 11)  Entel Perú
 * 12)  Cesar Vallejo
 * 13)  Ibarguen
 * 14)  Los Claveles
 * 15)  Santa Beatriz
 * 16)  Barreda
 * 17)  Piedra Santa I
 * 18)  Los Cedros
 * 19)  Los Independientes
 * 20)  La Estancia
 * 21)  Torreblanca
 * 22)  Buena Vista
 * 23)  La Gruta
 * 24)  Los Gladiolos
 * 25)  La Rinconada
 * 26)  Virgen del Carmen
 * 27)  Magnopata
 * 28)  Los Gladiolos
 * 29)  Piedra Santa II
 * 30)  Las Malvinas
 * 31)  Quinta Santa Catalina
 * 32)  Santa Patricia
 * 33)  Quinta Las Casuarinas
 * 34)  El Remanzo
 * 35)  Quinta Claudia
 * 36)  Quinta Leoncio Prado
 * 37)  Los Sauces
 * 38)  San Rafael
 * 39)  Villa El Prado F30631
 * 40)  Quinta La Cascada
 * 41)  San Pedro
 * 42)  El Texao
 * 43)  Paisajista Chilina
 * 44)  Luebke Reorganizada
 * 45)  Antonio Raymondi
 * 46)  Fraternidad
 * 47)  Juan XXIII
 * 48)  Quiroz Garcia
 * 49)  Magisterial 174 III Etapa
 * 50)  Nuestra Señora de Fatima
 * 51)  Entel Perú
 * 52)  La Rinconada
 * 53)  El Silencio
 * 54)  Quinta La Gruta
 * 55)  Quinta García Calderón
 * 56)  Quinta La Sevillana
 * 57)  Quinta María Santos

title: Yanahuara District


text:
National Physical Laboratory of India

The CSIR- National Physical Laboratory of India, situated in New Delhi, is the measurement standards laboratory of India. It maintains standards of SI units in India and calibrates the national standards of weights and measures.

History of measurement systems in India
In the Harappan era, which is nearly 5000 years old, one finds excellent examples of town planning and architecture. The sizes of the bricks were the same all over the region. In the time of Chandragupta Maurya, some 2400 years ago, there was a well - defined system of weights and measures. The government of that time ensured that everybody used the same system. In the Indian medical system, Ayurveda, the units of mass and volume were well defined.

The measurement system during the time of the Mughal emperor, Akbar, the guz was the measure of length. The guz was widely used till the introduction of the metric system in India in 1956. During the British period, efforts were made to achieve uniformity in weights and measures. A compromise was reached in the system of measurements which continued till India's independence in 1947. After independence in 1947, it was realized that for fast industrial growth of the country, it would be necessary to establish a modern measurement system in the country. The Lok Sabha in April 1955 resolved : This house is of the opinion that the Government of India should take necessary steps to introduce uniform weights and measures throughout the country based on metric system.

History of the National Physical Laboratory, India
The National Physical Laboratory, India was one of the earliest national laboratories set up under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone of NPL on 4 January 1947. Dr. K. S. Krishnan was the first Director of the laboratory. The main building of the laboratory was formally opened by Former Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on 21 January 1950. Former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, inaugurated the Silver Jubilee Celebration of the Laboratory on 23 December 1975.

NPL Charter:-

The main aim of the laboratory is to strengthen and advance physics-based research and development for the overall development of science and technology in the country. In particular its objectives are:

To establish, maintain and improve continuously by research, for the benefit of the nation, National Standards of Measurements and to realize the Units based on International System (Under the subordinate Legislations of Weights and Measures Act 1956, reissued in 1988 under the 1976 Act). To identify and conduct after due consideration, research in areas of physics which are most appropriate to the needsof the nation and for advancement of field

To assist industries, national and other agencies in their developmental tasks by precision measurements, calibration, development of devices, processes, and other allied problems related to physics.

To keep itself informed of and study critically the status of physics.

In 1957, India became member of the General Conference of Weight and Measures (CGPM), BIPM, an International Intergovernmental organization constituted by diplomatic treaty, i.e. ‘The Metre Convention’. Being NMI of India and to fulfil the mandate, Dr. K. S. Krishnan, the then Director, CSIR-NPL signed the ‘Metre Convention’ on behalf of Government of India. In 1958, BIPM provided CSIR-NPL the Copies No. 57 (NPK) and No. 4 of International Prototypes of the Kilogram (IPK) and the platinum-iridium (Pt–Ir) Metre bar, respectively, to realize the SI base units ‘kilogram’ and ‘metre’. This was the milestone in the foundation of quality infrastructure in independent India.

In 1960, when the metric system was officially adopted as the basis for SI units, the number of base units being maintained at the NPL increased. However, in 1963 on the recommendation of Nobel Laureate P.M.S. Blackett, these groups were brought together under a single umbrella. The objective was to bring greater coordination between the various groups and to give the standards activity a programme-based approach on a bigger scale and enable the Laboratory to play its role more effectively. Other physical standards in the form of standard cells, standard resistance coils, standard lamps, etc. were acquired and calibration and testing work were started in these areas also. It has since been maintaining six SI base units; namely, metre (for length), kilogram (for mass), second (for time), kelvin (for temperature), ampere (for current) and candela (for luminous intensity).

Maintenance of standards of measurements in India
Each modernized country, including India has a National Metrological Institute (NMI), which maintains the standards of measurements. This responsibility has been given to the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi.

Metre
The standard unit of length, metre, is realized by employing a stabilized helium-neon laser as a source of light. Its frequency is measured experimentally. From this value of frequency and the internationally accepted value of the speed of light ($299,792,458 metres/second$), the wavelength is determined using the relation:

 * $$wavelength = \frac{velocity-of-light}{frequency}$$

The nominal value of wavelength, employed at NPL is 633 nanometer. By a sophisticated instrument, known as an optical interferometer, any length can be measured in terms of the wavelength of laser light.

The present level of uncertainty attained at NPL in length measurements is ±3 × 10−9. However, in most measurements, an uncertainty of ±1 × 10−6 is adequate.

Kilogramme
The Indian national standard of mass, kilogramme, is copy number 57 of the international prototype of the kilogram supplied by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: French – Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), Paris. This is a platinum-iridium cylinder whose mass is measured against the international prototype at BIPM. The NPL also maintains a group of transfer standard kilograms made of non-magnetic stainless steel and nickel-chromium alloy.

The uncertainty in mass measurements at NPL is ±4.6 × 10−9.

Second
The national standard of time interval, second as well as frequency, is maintained through four parameters, which can be measured most accurately. Therefore, attempts are made to link other physical quantities to time and frequency. The standard maintained at NPL has to be linked to different users. This process, known as dissemination, is carried out in a number of ways. For applications requiring low levels of uncertainty, there is satellite based dissemination service, which utilizes the Indian national satellite, INSAT. Time is also disseminated through TV, radio, and special telephone services. The caesium atomic clocks maintained at NPL are linked to other such instituted all over the world through a set of global positioning satellites.

Ampere
The unit of electric current, ampere, is realized at NPL by measuring the volt and the ohm separately.

The uncertainty in measurement of ampere is ± 1 × 10−6.

Kelvin
The standard of temperature is based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This is based on the assigned temperatures to several fixed points. One of the most fundamental temperatures of these is the triple point of water. At this temperature, ice, water and steam are at equilibrium with each other. This temperature has been assigned the value of 273.16 kelvins. This temperature can be realized, maintained and measured in the laboratory. At present temperature standards maintained at NPL cover a range of 54 to 2,473 kelvins.

The uncertainty in its measure is ± 2.5 × 10−4.

Candela
The unit of luminous intensity, candela, is realized by using an absolute radiometer. For practical work, a group of tungsten incandescent lamps are used.

The level of uncertainty is ± 1.3 × 10−2.

Mole
Experimental work has been initiated to realize mole, the SI unit for amount of substance

Radiation
The NPL does not maintain standards of measurements for ionizing radiations. This is the responsibility of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai.

Calibrator of weights and measures
The standards maintained at NPL are periodically compared with standards maintained at other National Metrological Institutes in the world as well as the BIPM in Paris. This exercise ensures that Indian national standards are equivalent to those of the rest of the world.

Any measurement made in a country should be directly or indirectly linked to the national standards of the country, For this purpose, a chain of laboratories are set up in different states of the country. The weights and measures used in daily life are tested in the laboratories and certified. It is the responsibility of the NPL to calibrate the measurement standards in these laboratories at different levels. In this manner, the measurements made in any part of the country are linked to the national standards and through them to the international standards.

The weights and balances used in local markets and other areas are expected to be certified by the Department of Weights and Measures of the local government. Working standards of these local departments should, in turn, be calibrated against the state level standards or any other laboratory which is entitled to do so. The state level laboratories are required to get their standards calibrated from the NPL at the national level which is equivalent to the international standards.

Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya (BND) or Indian Reference Materials
Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya (BND) or Indian reference materials are reference materials developed by NPL which derive their traceability from National Standards.

Research programs
NPL is also involved in research. One of the important research activities undertaken by NPL is to devise the chemical formula for the indelible ink which is being used in the Indian elections to prevent fraudulent voting. This ink, manufactured by the Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited is applied on the finger nail of the voter as an indicator that the voter has already cast his vote.

NPL also have section working on development of biosensors. Currently the division is headed by Dr. C. Sharma and section is primarily focusing on development of sensor for cholesterol, measurement and microfluidic based biosensors. Section is also developing biosensors for Uric acid detection.

India’s polar research program
During the 28th Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica (ISEA) (2008-2009), CSIR-NPL established a state of art Indian Polar Space Physics Laboratory (IPSPL) at Indian Permanent Research Base Maitri (70 0 46’ S, 110 43’ E), Antarctica on the occasion of International Polar Year (IPY) for continuous and real time monitoring of high latitude ionosphere to address the scientific interest of high latitudinal ionospheric consequences caused by the modulation of near-earth space environmental conditions. In 2011 CSIR-NPL provided leadership to the Antarctic expedition to India's newly constructed 3rd permanent scientific base “Bharati” (69° 24’ S, 76 ° 11’) to test & validate its facilities during extreme winter conditions. CSIR NPL is also the part of India's arctic expeditions. Himadri is India's first permanent Arctic research station located at the International Arctic Research base, Ny-Ålesund at Spitsbergen, Svalbard Norway. It was set up during India's second Arctic expedition in June 2008. It is located 1200 km from the North Pole.

The indelible mark/ink
During general election, nearly 40 million people wear a CSIR mark on their fingers. The indelible ink used to mark the fingernail of a voter during general elections is a time-tested gift of CSIR to the spirit of democracy. Developed in 1952, it was first produced in-campus. Subsequently, industry has been manufacturing the Ink. It is also exported to Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Turkey and other democracies.

Pristine air-quality monitoring station at Palampur
National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has established an atmospheric monitoring station in the campus of Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) at Palampur (H.P.) at an altitude of 1391 m for generating the base data for atmospheric trace species & properties to serve as reference for comparison of polluted atmosphere in India. At this station, NPL has installed state of art air monitoring system, greenhouse gas measurement system and Raman Lidar. A number of parameters like CO, NO, NO2,, SO2, , PM, HC & BC besides &  are being currently monitored at this station which is also equipped with weather station (AWS) for measurement of weather parameters.

Gold standard (BND-4201)
The BND-4201 is first Indian reference material for gold of ‘9999’ fineness (gold that is 99.99% pure with impurities of only 100 parts-per-million).

Padma Bhushan
Dr. K.S. Krishnan - 1954 Dr. A.R. Verma – 1982 Dr. A.P. Mitra - 1989 Dr. S.K. Joshi - 2003

Padma Shri
Dr. S.K. Joshi – 1991

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize
Dr. K.S. Krishnan - 1958 Dr. A.P. Mitra – 1968 Dr. Vinay Gupta - 2017

Other awards
Contributors to Nobel Peace Prize-winning team for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Dr. A.P. Mitra & Dr. Chhemmendra Sharma – 2007

title: National Physical Laboratory of India


text:
Favez

Favez is a rock band from Lausanne, Switzerland. On their first three albums (prior to 1997) they were called Favez Disciples, after a figure from the movie Le Mans with Steve McQueen

Current lineup
As of 2007, their lineup is:
 * Chris Wicky — vocals, guitar
 * Guy Borel — guitar
 * Yvan Lechef — bass guitar
 * Fabrice Marguerat — drums
 * Maude Oswald - Hammond
 * Jeff Albelda - Rhodes, piano

Discography

 * Always Satisfied (1992)
 * And the World Don't Care (1993)
 * Arrogance (1995)
 * The Eloquence of the Favez Disciples (1997)
 * A Sad Ride on the Line Again (1999)
 * Gentlemen Start Your Engines (2000)
 * From Lausanne, Switzerland (2002)
 * Bellefontaine Avenue (2003)
 * Old and Strong in the Modern Times (2005)
 * Bigger Mountains Higher Flags (2007)
 * En Garde! (2011)

title: Favez


text:
User talk:RaiderAspect

Welcome
Hello ,

Welcome and enjoy Wikipedia. Your edits are much appreciated.

These links might help you with your contributions:
 * Tutorial
 * Manual of Style
 * Policies and Guidelines

For Wikipedia-wide involvement, visit the Community Portal and the Village Pump.

Be sure to check out Australian resources, like The Australia Wikiportal, Australian Wikipedians' Notice Board, Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles. You can list yourself at Australian Wikipedians.

By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Preferably, use four tildes (~~~~), which produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page.

Again, welcome.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 06:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for your vote, and HDI discussion underway ...
Hello! I hope you're well. I'd like to thank you for participating in the vote earlier to include the HDI in the country infobox/template. Yay!

After a lengthy gestation, a discussion piece has been prepared to help give form to the vote. If you've a preference for how and where this information should appear in the infobox, I'd appreciate it if you head on over there and comment. :)

After a decision is arrived at, if at all, I'm also hopeful to prevail upon you to add the values (if you're willing and comfortable) for a handful of countries; the more people doing it, the less time it will take to implement the vote and realise the fruits of our collective labour.

Please let me know if you have any questions. Thanks again for your co-operation! E Pluribus Anthony 04:04, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Re: Australian Prime Ministers
Hi RaiderAspect. I thought the fact it looked, frankly, nasty, was reason enough. I intend to update them with party colour id's being used by WikiProject Australian politics. --cj | talk 02:35, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry about my earlier comments - they were a bit harsh. I'd just recieved some nasty emails from someone I had blocked, and was consequently moody :). With regards to the party colour id's, see here. JPD and I had separately developed templates for use in tables. I hope to synchronise these. They're still being developed, and I haven't yet created any for historical/defunct parties. You're welcome to suggest colours.--cj | talk 05:00, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Please read
BrandonYusufToropov 14:03, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Hello RaiderAspect,

You recently removed my contribution to the Solomon Islands page.

I have now researched the Wikipedia requirements for verifiability and neutrality. I will repost my comments in a way consistent with these guidelines.

There are several points in the article, that you have not been challenged, that are misleading or support a particular point of view. In the interests of consistency, I encourage you to carefully check the article and delete all POV comments from the article - not only the ones you disagree with.

The obvious question is who is the judge of what is a subjective opinion or an objective fact. If you feel qualified to take on that role, I would appreciate an outline of your particular expertise on the topic of Solomon Islands politics.

By the way, I just updated this opinionated comment about RAMSI:

"The mission, consisting of a policing effort, military support, and a large development component, has largely restored law and order to Honiara and the other provinces of Solomon Islands and has been seen as highly successful so far."

After the failure to maintain peace during the recent election I don't no anyone (except Downer) who would claim that RAMSI is a success.

I have also added a few comments with links to URL's. I hope this satisfies the need for verification.

Why do you support the Second Iraq War?
Why do you support the second Iraq war. Sure Saddam is a bastard but there are other assholes all over the world. Do you support an invasion of North Korea, Iran, Sudan, or Saudi Arabia (all brutal regimes)? Do you think America has the right to privatize Iraq's oil industry rather than letting Iraqis decide what they want with it? Do you think Bush had the right to lie to the American people about the reasons for going into Iraq (WMDs). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 142.167.202.250 (talk) 19:01, 29 December 2006 (UTC).

 * The fact that there are other brutal regimes does not mean that removing one is somehow morally wrong. I note that your one... addition to wikipedia was about Pinochet. Do you believe that the British and Spainish shouldn't have tried to prosecute him? After all, plenty of bloodier dictators have got off without prosecution. --RaiderAspect 01:23, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

I don't disagree with removing brutal dictators but i do disagree with going to war with a country under false pretenses. My question is why Iraq?, America had no problem supporting Saddam in the 80s when he was fighting Iran (even though he committed gross violations of human rights during this time period). I do think Pinochet should have been prosecuted. You probably think I'm some bleeding heart pinko socialist who loves dictators but thats not true. I just think America is hypocritical in their foreign policy. They overthrew Saddam (who was a bastard and he will burn in hell) and talk about democratic reform but the Americans have twice overthrown democratic goverments once in Iran in '53 and in Chile on 9/11/73 (which saw the installation of Pinochet). I think America needs to renounce terror and stop supporting dictators worldwide. (They are currently allied with Saudi Arabia (a brutal regime) and with Colombia (the worst human rights abusers in the western hemisphere)).

 * You are entitled to your views. I am entitled to mine. I frankly do not see the significance of things the US may or may not have done thirty years ago in Iran and Chile. It was a totally different world situation and a totally different American leadership. On an purely moral level, I would like American to renounce dictators everywhere. However, on a pragmatic level I realize that in the realm of foreign policy, you have to do business with disgusting individiuals. Nevertheless, that doesn't mean I believe that anyone should shed a tear for the destruction of one of the worst dictatorships. --RaiderAspect 04:25, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Its not a matter of what the US did or didn't do. They did do it and just becuase it was 30 years ago doesn't make it right. Even today they are friends with brutal regimes, they should mind their own business and stop getting involved in other countries affairs.

 * You are entitled to your opinions, regardless of how contradictary they are. --RaiderAspect 01:09, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

It's not contradictory, when i say they should mind their own business, i mean they shouldn't support terror for economic gain.

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Adventures of Tintin: Breaking Free
Hi, I've added three sources to this article. I believe this should take care of the sourcing and notability concerns, and you may want to revisit your AfD comments. Best regards, Dragonfiend 06:42, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Afghanistan
Your user page says "If I was a cynic I'd suggest the lack of action was due to the fact that it looks like Afghanistan's getting better not worse..." Note the recent addition to the Afghanistan article that reads: The start of 2007 saw the situation in Afghanistan steadily worsening. Taliban's growing strength led the US to consider longer tours and even an increase in troop numbers. According to news reports "U.S. military officials cited new evidence that the Pakistani military, which has long-standing ties to the Taliban movement, has turned a blind eye to the incursions." Also "The number of insurgent attacks is up by 300 percent since September [2006], when the Pakistani government put into effect a peace arrangement with tribal leaders in the north Waziristan area, along Afghanistan's eastern border, a U.S. military intelligence officer told reporters." [2] Opium production has also steadily increased, accounting for one-third to two-third of the country's GDP [3]. NN 05:09, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Firstly, please remember that better is a comparitive term. Secondly, remember that a few years ago the central Government had no power outside Kabul. Thirdly, remember that while the insurgents are launching more attacks, they're not having anymore success than before. Fourthly, remember that whereas four years ago the Afghani government did not have an army worth the name, it now has a reasonably effective one. Fifthly, remember that the insurgency only affects the southern most provinces. Finally, read WP:NOT --RaiderAspect 00:58, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You don't have to get so defensive. There wasn't any accusation made against you. I had added what I consider are facts to the article. You obviously have a different view. The purpose was to bring to your attention changes in case you wanted the other view presented. The lay reader is likely to confuse a 300% increase in attacks and booming heroin production as a worsening of the situation, but I am sure you will be able to explain the actual situation to them. NN 09:43, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Indian Rebellion of 1857
FYI Administrators' noticeboard/3RR. Little steps.

I noticed that he used American spelling on the talk page (which I found odd), so I had a look at his user page and saw "This user is of Indian ancestry." and "This user graduated from RIT at Rochester, New York". I have found that some Americans of Irish ancestry are also very sensitive to this sort of thing on pages relating to Irish issues. --Philip Baird Shearer 12:25, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

You're absolutely right. It's just that I've recently been bumping on the same editors, of the same partisan views, in several different articles. They always use the same unorthodox method in order to violate NPOV, so my patience has run thin. Also it's sad to see that WP doesn't have any powerful methods for protecting NPOV. Miskin 08:50, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

In any case, I'm trying to WP:AGF and explain this matter once again, for all the editors who joined late in the dispute and of course preferred to revert rather than read the talk page. So I started a new section, acknowledging that we must try to be patient about this. There's quite a few good editors and admins involved so I don't think defending NPOV will be a problem. Cheers. Miskin 23:02, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Afghan National Army
Your opinion, and that of anyone else, is wanted | here. Manxruler 15:54, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Bilderberg 'We are grateful...' quote
RaiderAspect - Thanks for removing that supposed David Rockefeller quote from the Bilderberg Group page.  I had been meaning to do that as soon as I had time to deal with the complaints. Hopefully that won't be necessary! - Crosbiesmith (talk) 23:44, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Melbourne meetup
Hey all, just a reminder that there's a meetup tomorrow at 11am in North Melbourne. There are more details at the meetup page. Hope to see you tomorrow! SteveBot (talk) 04:57, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Meetup invitation: Melbourne 26
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup next Sunday (6 January). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Melbourne 26. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 06:47, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Victoria)

Disambiguation link notification for February 5
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited German General Staff, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Hermann von Stein (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:04, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

February 2014
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=596469517 your edit] to French Army in World War I may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 "[]"s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
 * List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 10:27, 21 February 2014 (UTC)
 * 8th, 13th, 14th, and 21st Army Corps), with the objective of capturing Mulhouse and [Sarreboug].
 * The British government was alarmed, for it interpreted the mutinies as a

Disambiguation link notification for May 8
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Operation Sea Lion order of battle, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page 1st Army Tank Brigade (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 08:53, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

May 2014
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=610750955 your edit] to Soviet Armed Forces may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 "[]"s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
 * List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 06:24, 30 May 2014 (UTC)
 * web.archive.org/web/20060509003357/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939 from PWN Encyklopedia. Please note that the above link is the [[
 * generally a full member of the [Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo] and from 1934 onwards, a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Both civilians and professional served as

Fair Use in Australia discussion
As an Australian Wikipedian, your opinion is sought on a proposal to advocate for the introduction of Fair Use into Australian copyright law. The discussion is taking place at the Australian Wikipedians' notice board, please read the proposal and comment there. MediaWiki message delivery MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:08, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

This message has been automatically sent to all users in Category:Australian Wikipedians. If you do not wish to receive further messages like this, please either remove your user page from this category, or add yourself to Category:Opted-out of message delivery

Disambiguation link notification for February 3
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited François Darlan, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Brest ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan?client=notify fix with Dab solver]). Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:55, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

Notify
Just in case my earlier ping did not go through. See Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents (non-admins can comment/vote). Also, happy new year!  starship .paint  (exalt) 16:20, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

Apologies
hej Raider, I have to apologize for the disruption caused. I misread the WP:RFCEND page and thought RFCs may not be closed by involved editors. Turns out I was wrong. Sorry about that. Mvbaron (talk) 14:59, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:22, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C

 * You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.

Dear Wikimedian,

You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process.

This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the U4C Charter.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,

RamzyM (WMF) 23:10, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:RaiderAspect


text:
USS Bates

USS Bates (DE-68/APD-47) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1945. She sank after being hit by three kamikaze on 25 May 1945.

History
USS Bates was named in honour of Ensign Edward M. Bates (19 September 1919 – 7 December 1941), who was killed on board USS Arizona (BB-39) during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Bates was launched on 6 June 1943 at the Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard, Inc., Hingham, Massachusetts; sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth Mason Bates, mother of Ensign Bates; and commissioned on 12 September 1943.

Battle of the Atlantic
Bates reported to the Atlantic Fleet, and escorted convoys to and from the British Isles until May 1944, primarily engaged in coastal escort and patrol duty with Escort Division 19. At this time, CortDiv 19 consisted of the destroyer escorts Bates, USS Bull (DE-693), USS Bunch (DE-694), USS Rich (DE-695), USS Amesbury, and USS Blessman. She completed three round-trip crossings by May. On 31 May 1944 she arrived at Plymouth, England, and reported to TF 129 in preparation for the invasion of Normandy. Between 6 and 12 June, she carried out fire support duties off the Normandy coast. On 8 June, she rescued 163 survivors of the destroyer USS Meredith (DD-726), which sustained severe damage and sank when she struck a mine.

Returning to New York City on 21 June, Bates underwent a brief yard availability and then escorted another convoy to England. Upon her return, she was converted to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport by Marine Basin Shipyard, Brooklyn. On 31 July her classification was changed to APD-47. Her conversion was completed on 23 October, and she departed the east coast five days later for the Pacific Ocean.

Pacific War
Between December 1944 and February 1945, Bates carried out training operations, with various Underwater Demolition Teams embarked, in the vicinity of the Hawaiian and western Caroline Islands. On 10 February, she departed Ulithi en route to the invasion of Iwo Jima. She arrived off Iwo Jima on 16 February and remained in the vicinity until 4 March, during which time she conducted high-speed observation runs around the island and acted as the parent ship for UDT-12.

After a brief period of availability at Ulithi she departed for the invasion of Okinawa. Between 25 March and 25 May, Bates assisted in UDT operations, conducted patrols, and escorted two convoys between Ulithi and Okinawa. On 6 April she rescued 23 survivors of the destroyer USS Morris (DD-417), which had been hit by a Japanese suicide aircraft.

At 1115 on 25 May, while patrolling two miles south of Ie Shima, Okinawa, Bates was attacked by three Japanese aircraft. The first dropped a bomb, scoring a near miss which ruptured the starboard hull of the ship, and then crashed into the starboard side of the fantail. The second aircraft, almost simultaneously, made a suicide hit on the pilothouse. Shortly thereafter, the third aircraft made a bombing run scoring a near miss amidships, portside, rupturing the hull. At 1145 the commanding officer ordered Bates abandoned. Twenty-one of her crew were either dead or missing from the attacks. During the afternoon, the tug USS Cree (ATF-84) was able to get a line aboard and towed Bates to Ie Shima anchorage. At 1923 on 25 May 1945, the still burning Bates capsized and sank in 20 fathoms of water.

Awards
Bates received three battle stars for her World War II service in the Atlantic and Pacific.

title: USS Bates


text:
Freya Mathews

Freya Mathews is an Australian environmental philosopher whose main work has been in the areas of ecological metaphysics and panpsychism. Her current special interests are in ecological civilization; indigenous (Australian and Chinese) perspectives on "sustainability" and how these perspectives may be adapted to the context of contemporary global society; panpsychism and critique of the metaphysics of modernity; and wildlife ethics and rewilding in the context of the Anthropocene.

Mathews has been teaching in Australian universities since 1979. She currently holds the post of Adjunct Professor of Environmental Philosophy at La Trobe University. Mathews is the author of several books and over seventy articles on ecological philosophy, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and politics. In addition to her research activities she manages a private biodiversity reserve in northern Victoria, Australia. She is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Works
Mathews's philosophy features a holistic approach to environmental ethics with a metaphysical basis. Particularly, she draws from Baruch Spinoza's notion of "ethic of interconnectedness", which treats the features of the natural world as attributes of the same underlying substance. Her advocacy of ontopoetics, which she described as a meaningful communicative exchanges between self and the world, is an aspect to this philosophical view. She also promotes a kind of ecocentrism to address and sustain inconvenient, and time-consuming conservation practice.

Selected publications

 * The Ecological Self, Routledge, London, 1991. Reissued 1993; paperback 1994
 * For Love of Matter: A Contemporary Panpsychism, SUNY Press, Albany, 2003
 * Journey to the Source of the Merri, Ginninderra Press, Canberra, 2003
 * Reinhabiting Reality: Towards a Recovery of Culture, SUNY Press, Albany, 2005
 * Ardea: a Philosophical Novella, Punctum Books, New York, 2016
 * Without Animals Life is not Worth Living, Ginninderra Press, Adelaide, 2016

title: Freya Mathews


text:
Silent Trigger

Silent Trigger is a 1996 American action thriller film directed by Russell Mulcahy starring Dolph Lundgren and Gina Bellman about a sniper and his female spotter. Lundgren plays Waxman, a former Special Forces soldier who is now working as a heavily armed assassin sent on a mission by a secretive "Agency", to assassinate a target from an abandoned skyscraper in construction. Memories and moral dilemmas resurface when a former spotter from a failed assignment shows up.

Plot
The movie takes place in and around an unfinished city skyscraper, the "Algonquin", where a sniper/spotter team (Waxman and Clegg) set up a firing platform on a top floor. The two arrive independently of each other, two of the Agency's assassins. As they meet, they recognize each other, as they have been on a mission together before.

This mission is portrayed in a series of flashbacks. In the first flashback, Waxman and Clegg were supposed to assassinate a female politician. Waxman hesitates when the politician lifts a child and, while hesitating, a helicopter appears, air assaulting soldiers in the courtyard behind the team's firing position. The two defeat the attacking force, including the machine gun-equipped helicopter, whose pilot and copilot are shot through the canopy.

Returning to the primary scene, one of the construction site security personnel is new on the job. The drug-addicted regular, O'Hara (Christopher Heyerdahl) attempts to win a statutory position over him by scaring him. As Waxman opens a roof door, a light by the security personnel turns on, and the newcomer, Klein (Conrad Dunn) leaves in search of it.

The internal lift of the building is clearly audible, and Clegg surveys Klein's movements, when he arrives. She interrupts his inspections when he is about to open the roof door. She takes him to the lift, sending him downwards. However, just as she is talking him off, she sees Waxman sitting on top of the lift car. He mounts a bomb on the lift car and, when the car begins moving, nearly falls down the shaft. He is saved by Clegg, and they both attempt keeping up the "just business"-facade, although some romantic appreciation is apparent.

While the two on the rooftop readjust their gear, O'Hara, presumably, decides to rape Clegg. However, Clegg pulls her small-caliber sidearm, and threatens O'Hara into the lift. When O'Hara returns downstairs, he picks up his gun and puts on body armor. He then surprises Clegg, while she is standing over the sink of the top-floor bathrooms. Clegg points her gun at him, and shoots a well-aimed bullet into his chest. Unsurprised by this, O'Hara attacks Clegg, but is encountered by Waxman, and a violent fight takes place in an unfinished hall between various building materials. The fight is won by Waxman, and he ties the now bloody O'Hara to a toilet.

Clegg and Waxman consummate their feelings for each other. Afterwards, as duty continues, Waxman heads for the bathrooms, but sees water running out under the door to the bathroom. He pulls his gun, and discovers that O'Hara has disappeared.

O'Hara bears the toilet with him down the stairs. A vengeful O'Hara grabs his shotgun and is about to go upstairs to finish off Waxman. Klein, the new security guard, shoots O'Hara with his shotgun, walks to the spot where the dying O'Hara lies and, in cold blood, puts a final shot into him.

Upstairs, the two are engaging the target. As before, Waxman hesitates and does not take the shot. As history repeats itself for the two, Clegg pulls her sidearm and implores Waxman to do his duty. Before the situation escalates, another shooter shoots the target four times and, when finished, takes aim for Clegg and Waxman. Waxman quickly throws himself and Clegg away from the shot, grabs his rifle and shoots the adversary. Waxman and Clegg defend themselves from Special Forces personnel raiding the skyscraper. Waxman and Clegg are surprised by Klein, who has stealthily entered the room. He shoots Waxman in the chest with his shotgun, but is threatened by Clegg who has picked up an MP5 submachine gun. He takes the lift car and leaves when the planted bomb explodes.

Believing Waxman to be dead, Clegg flees the skyscraper. As she walks away from the building, the top of a nearby fire hydrant is shot off. She looks up and sees Waxman, removing/revealing the body armor that he was wearing, then throwing his sniper rifle from the building. He then quietly mouths "Goodbye" to her. Clegg mouths "Bye", then walks away, smiling, as the skyscraper continues to burn.

Filming
The film was shot in an unfinished city skyscraper in Montreal.

Cast

 * Dolph Lundgren as Waxman "Shooter"
 * Gina Bellman as Clegg "Spotter"
 * Conrad Dunn as Klein "Supervisor"
 * Christopher Heyerdahl as O'Hara

title: Silent Trigger


text:
User:Straker

Well. Rather than leave this page empty, I'll say I've been around here pretty much forever; I didn't bother creating an account for a while, finally made one a couple years ago, and promptly forgot the pass until Oct 2005.

I'm a student for life, and take an inherently multidisciplinary approach to everything, though my background is mainly in biology, psychology, philosophy and chemistry.

Personal interests include biopsychology, cognitive science, military history, intelligence history, global politics, current events, medicine, genetics, nanotechnology, human factors, operations research, and pretty much everything interesting and relevant to modern society.

Remember, only those who are unsure of themselves will be concerned with saving face; those who are passionate and genuine will be concerned only with helping others understand.

title: User:Straker


text:
Talk:Petroleum reservoir

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 7 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kikoeta. Peer reviewers: NihalVela.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:30, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Oil formation
The long quote by Ray Nurmi, while accurate as an example, might mislead some into thinking that all oil is ~500 million years old. A more general view would be appropriate.Plazak 18:08, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It really should be re-written more encyclopedically, but for now I just removed the first sentence of the quote. Cheers Geologyguy 18:30, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Hydrocarbon reservoir
The article of this topic is relevant to natural gas too (and often these reservoirs have fractions of oil too). A better title could be Hydrocarbon reservoir. Are there any objections or other discussion? + m t  07:08, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * You have an excellent point that gas should be included. "Petroleum" is regarded in the industry as encompassing both oil and gas.  How about Petroleum reservoir?  Plazak (talk) 13:05, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've also thought that name, but I'm not sure if Petroleum is oil and gas or only crude oil (according to the Wikipedia article, petroleum has hydrocarbon lengths C5H12 to C42H86, which are all liquid). "Hydrocarbon" is technically more encompassing, since it includes oil and gas phases (or crude oil and natural gas). However, checking into my "Sedimentary Petrology" book (M.E. Tucker), petroleum is oil and gas as you mentioned. I'm not sure what is better: Wikipedia consistency or industry-speak consistency? + m t  19:31, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * We can make it anything we want. It would be easy to modify the Petroleum article to reflect the fact that it has both a popular meaning (crude oil) and a broader industry meaning (oil and gas).  I myself would vote for "Petroleum reservoir," because I think that it is the more common term within the industry, but either one would be preferable yo "oil reservoir."  Since we can set up redirects to point to a single article, either "Hydrocarbon reservoir" or "Petroleum reservoir" would be good.  Plazak (talk) 20:09, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, we'll go with petroleum reservoir, since it is more popular of the two (according to Google search hits), and uses more understandable terms (i.e., petroleum vs hydrocarbon). + m t  23:19, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

==File:Reservoir modeling software screen snapshot of isopach map for 8500ft deep oil reservoir 28ft thick located in the Erath field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana.png Nominated for speedy Deletion==

Split Drive Mechanisms section into new article?
I was looking for something on drive mechanisms and eventually arrived here via search after initially going to the Reservoir Engineering page expecting drive to be linked from there. I think the information presented here is a good start and could be expanded into a new article and linked from other relevant articles, such as this one and the reservoir engineering page. What are your views on creating a new article, possibly Drive Mechanism (Petroleum Reservoir)? Acb314 (talk) 13:29, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Petroleum reservoir. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.planetseed.com/node/15282

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:03, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

Definition of oil field
The definition of oil field in section Oil field currently says:"An oil field is a land area with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground."but that doesn't match most usage, which defines it pretty much as a synonym of petroleum reservoir. It's wrong on two counts: it doesn't have to be a land area, and it doesn't have to have any oil wells, operating or not. In addition, most of that section is Original research, should be cut way back, and needs a lot more references. Mathglot (talk) 23:32, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, I see what happened. The section was created in this edit by in 2018, with three images, and a sentence fragment to start off the section, that reads more like an image caption for the images they added: "A region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground.". (The IP user made five edits that day, then left Wikipedia.) This text was altered in this edit in June 2019 to read, "A land area with an abundance of oil wells...", which even as a group image caption was inaccurate, since one of the images was of an offshore platform. In August in this edit, it was turned into a complete sentence written like a definition: "An oil field is a land area with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground." I'll try and find some sources for a better definition. Mathglot (talk) 00:11, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Some definitions:
 * "An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related to, the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition. The field name refers to the surface area, although at times it may refer to both the surface and the underground productive formation."
 * These are from the Oilfield Glossary:
 * "An accumulation, pool or group of pools of oil in the subsurface. An oil field consists of a reservoir in a shape that will trap hydrocarbons and that is covered by an impermeable or sealing rock. Typically, industry professionals use the term with an implied assumption of economic size."
 * "The surface area above a subsurface oil accumulation is called an oil field."
 * Although these two sets of definitions are worded quite differently, they actually are pretty much identical where it counts. I think we can draw a definition (or rather, two) from these two sources, which seem like they are reliable, and highly relevant. Mathglot (talk) 05:56, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

Article Evaluation (October 2021)
Hi all, I have been assigned to this article as a part of my curriculum for an Environmental Science class. I look forward to editing and clarifying a lot of the details in this article. I'm going to go over some of my basic plans before I start, just to give a chance for comments and suggestions.

 * Add more about the geology and geography concerning reservoirs, as there is minimal information on geology besides their formation mechanisms and nearly nothing on geography (such as where in the world they form).
 * There are multiple sources that are out of date in terms of their links, and potentially information. Some are only kept online through internet archives, which holds a bit of doubt to their legitimacy (why were they taken down in the first place, and why haven't better ones been found?).
 * Some of the graphics about traps could use a graphical legend, rather than the text-based one that can be hard to interpret when looking back and forth at the different kinds of traps.
 * There are some minimal grammar/formatting issues that are minimal, but enough to want to change or add some explanation for.
 * Editing and fleshing out the Oil Field section + adding clarification about how an oil field can be a petroleum reservoir, but a petroleum reservoir doesn't necessarily have to be an oil field.
 * Vetting Schlumberger Limited as a credible source, since they are a vast part of the petroleum and gas industry, and it's possible that there may be bias present in their sources (of which they make up 7 out of the 19 for this page).

There will undoubtedly be more that I will do to this article, but in the meantime, I wish you happy editing! Kikoeta (talk) 21:51, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

Heading forward and suggestions
As I come to a close for my editing on this article, I encourage anyone who has any questions or wants to refute something I have put in to leave a comment, as I will be reading them into the foreseeable future. I have some suggestions for things that could be edited or potential ideas that could be implemented if the consensus is that they should.
 * The Formation section has an interesting bullet point by the name of "pressure cooking", which I was not focused on due to the issues with the Oil field section. I had noticed this in my initial evaluation, but my priorities were on making the article more coherent and reducing the issues with the previously mentioned section. I encourage someone to challenge this information, or at least expand on what exactly it is supposed to mean.
 * It had been brought up by a peer reviewer for my article that it may make more sense to move the Oil field and Gas field sections to after the Formation section, as that could make more sense chronologically speaking. I would like some input on this before editing it myself, so let me know your opinion on that specific change.

I was unable to find any kind of bias in the Schlumberger sources for the article, and when used, there was no bias present. The Unconventional Reservoir section is something that I have pioneered and would appreciate feedback on and expansion of. The Production section is also sparse, and has grounds for removal or integration with a lead sentence into Drive mechanisms.

Happy editing! Kikoeta (talk) 22:37, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petroleum reservoir


text:
Computational finance

Computational finance is a branch of applied computer science that deals with problems of practical interest in finance. Some slightly different definitions are the study of data and algorithms currently used in finance and the mathematics of computer programs that realize financial models or systems.

Computational finance emphasizes practical numerical methods rather than mathematical proofs and focuses on techniques that apply directly to economic analyses. It is an interdisciplinary field between mathematical finance and numerical methods. Two major areas are efficient and accurate computation of fair values of financial securities and the modeling of stochastic time series.

History
The birth of computational finance as a discipline can be traced to Harry Markowitz in the early 1950s. Markowitz conceived of the portfolio selection problem as an exercise in mean-variance optimization. This required more computer power than was available at the time, so he worked on useful algorithms for approximate solutions. Mathematical finance began with the same insight, but diverged by making simplifying assumptions to express relations in simple closed forms that did not require sophisticated computer science to evaluate.

In the 1960s, hedge fund managers such as Ed Thorp and Michael Goodkin (working with Harry Markowitz, Paul Samuelson and Robert C. Merton) pioneered the use of computers in arbitrage trading. In academics, sophisticated computer processing was needed by researchers such as Eugene Fama in order to analyze large amounts of financial data in support of the efficient-market hypothesis.

During the 1970s, the main focus of computational finance shifted to options pricing and analyzing mortgage securitizations. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a group of young quantitative practitioners who became known as "rocket scientists" arrived on Wall Street and brought along personal computers. This led to an explosion of both the amount and variety of computational finance applications. Many of the new techniques came from signal processing and speech recognition rather than traditional fields of computational economics like optimization and time series analysis.

By the end of the 1980s, the winding down of the Cold War brought a large group of displaced physicists and applied mathematicians, many from behind the Iron Curtain, into finance. These people become known as "financial engineers" ("quant" is a term that includes both rocket scientists and financial engineers, as well as quantitative portfolio managers). This led to a second major extension of the range of computational methods used in finance, also a move away from personal computers to mainframes and supercomputers. Around this time computational finance became recognized as a distinct academic subfield. The first degree program in computational finance was offered by Carnegie Mellon University in 1994.

Over the last 20 years, the field of computational finance has expanded into virtually every area of finance, and the demand for practitioners has grown dramatically. Moreover, many specialized companies have grown up to supply computational finance software and services.

Applications of Computational Finance

 * Algorithmic trading
 * Quantitative investing
 * High-frequency trading

title: Computational finance