text:
Milkor BXP

The BXP (which was also marketed later as the "Phoenix" in the USA) is a 9×19mm submachine gun developed by Andries Piek, with the fully automatic version finalised in 1978, and the semi-automatic version for civilians coming later in 1984. Due to an international arms embargo against South Africa, South Africans designed and manufactured some weapons as a small firearms industry developed locally. The BXP was one of these locally designed and developed firearms, and is considered the final stage of development of the line of hand machine carbines that started with the LDP in Rhodesia and the Kommando in South Africa. Produced originally by the South African company Milkor (Pty) Ltd, its name 'BXP' stands for 'Blowback eXperimental Parabellum', hinting both at its operating mechanism as well as its caliber. The original automatic version of the BXP was intended for use by South African law enforcement, including the South African Police, the Correctional Services, and the specialised airport security unit based at the then Jan Smuts International Airport, Johannesburg.

History
In Southern Africa in the 1970s, the political situation was deteriorating in both Rhodesia and South Africa, leading to civil security problems, especially in isolated areas and farming communities. In this scenario, Uzi-like hand machine carbines chambered in 9mm Parabellum became popular as home defence weapons in isolated areas, particularly for use by ladies or teenagers because of their manageable recoil.

Background
In Rhodesia, from 1976 to 1978, Bulawayo Engineering developed the Rhogun, GM Steel produced the GM15 (fully automatic) and GM16 (semi-automatic), and Stellyte Co. manufactured the Cobra submachine gun and the Scorpion machine pistol, all derivatives of the CZ Model 25 and/or the Uzi.

Arguably the most successful of the hand machine carbines of this era was Lacoste Engineering's LDP (also known as the ‘Rhuzi’, or Rhodesian Uzi), launched in Rhodesia in 1976, which was a short while later also made under licence by Maxim Parabellum in South Africa, with a few minor modifications, from 1978 onwards.

A South African farmer, by the name of Andries Piek, ordered an LDP for himself from Rhodesia shortly after they were launched. However, when the shipment of LDPs arrived in South Africa, it was seized by the South African Police, who suspected that the firearms could be converted to fully automatic quite easily. The law in South Africa, then and now, does not allow civilians to own fully automatic firearms. The police sent the confiscated LDP firearms to the South African Bureau of Standards for evaluation in this regard.

While the LDPs were being examined by the Bureau of Standards, the Police allowed Andries Piek to examine his confiscated firearm with a view to seeing if he could find a way to adapt it to ensure that it could only ever fire in semi-automatic mode. He came up with such a design, of which the Police approved. The importer then contracted Andries Piek to perform the same adaptation on the entire shipment of LDPs, which the Police then released to their buyers.

Andries Piek then bought himself a Kommando, but did not find the folding stock to his satisfaction, so he designed a new style of stock with a different locking mechanism, which Maxim Parabellum incorporated into their revised Kommando design going forward.

After these two design successes, Maxim Parabellum employed Andries Piek, the 'accidental designer', on their firearm design team, where he worked with Alex du Plessis for some time.

Design
After reviewing both his original LDP and Kommando hand machine carbines, Andries Piek thought that he could design a simpler and better version, which was later to become known as the BXP (Blowback eXperimental Parabellum). The 1st prototype of the BXP was completed in 1978, using standard Uzi magazines and with a fixed wooden stock. The 2nd prototype of the BXP was completed in 1980, still using the Uzi magazine but now with the upper hinged to the front of the lower. The final prototype of the BXP, also known as the Advanced Development Model (ADM) was completed in 1982. It was by now fully ambidextrous, but had replaced the Uzi box-style magazine with the trapezoidal magazine first used by Carl Gustav on his Model 45 (also known as ‘Swedish K’), and had also replaced the Uzi safety lever with a rotating thumb-operated lever.

The Milkor BXP went into commercial production in 1984, at which time only the original fully automatic model was being manufactured. It was well received, and purchased by the South African Police for use by their specialized units, by the South African Defence Force for use by their Reconnaissance Commandos, by the specialist security element at Jan Smuts International Airport (now O. R. Tambo Airport) in Johannesburg, by the Department of Correctional Services, and by various municipalities for their officers.

Finally, a few years later in 1987, Andries Piek designed, and Milkor manufactured, the semi-automatic version of the BXP for civilian use. There are a significant number of design changes from the fully automatic to the semi-automatic versions (which is hammer fired from a closed bolt) with the result that the South African Police did not believe that the firearm could be converted to fully automatic fire, and were prepared to grant civilian licences for it.

Manufacturers
Milkor manufactured both the fully automatic and semi-automatic versions of the BXP until 1991, when the rights and stock of parts were passed on to Supreme Technologies, who used the existing parts to manufacture approximately 1,500 more semi-automatic BXPs from 1992 – 1993, all of which were practically identical to those made by Milkor.

The rights and stock of parts then passed to Tressitu, who manufactured another 1,500 fully and semi-automatic BXPs from 1994 – 1998. While the design of the BXP remained essentially unchanged, Tressitu introduced a few minor cosmetic changes, such as stamping the name ‘BXP’ into the firearm. Also the parts originally made by Milkor were getting finished, so Tressitu started making new barrel shrouds and flash hiders, and using new barrels supplied by Vektor, etc.

The rights to the BXP were then passed on to Gary Barnes of Continental Weapons from 1999 – 2003, who received very few original parts and had to start manufacturing new parts to assemble more firearms. In this process, Gary Barnes made a number of small design changes, and also started using parts from the R4 rifle, such as the front sight, side-folding stock, etc. because they were readily available at that time. As his version of the semi-automatic BXP started to look increasingly different to the original Milkor version of the BXP, Continental Weapons changed its name to ‘Phoenix’ and marked and marketed it as such.

Finally, the rights to the BXP passed on to Truvello in 2003, who still own the rights to this day. Truvello introduced a few new changes of its own, in particular separating the bolt into the bolt face and the bolt carrier for ease of manufacturing, and changing the extractor to one made by Lapua, resulting in a hybrid BXP that was part Milkor, part Gary Barnes, and part Truvelo.

Truvelo mostly sold its semi-automatic BXPs to private security companies from 2003 – 2010, and then mothballed the project.

Design details
The weapon has the same T-shape as the Uzi- and MAC-10 submachine guns, and is manufactured in semi-automatic for civilian use and fully automatic for law enforcement use. Like its predecessors, such as the CZ Model 25 sub-machine gun of the 1940s, the Uzi of the 1950s, and the Walther MPK / MPL of the 1960s, the automatic version of the BXP fires from an open bolt, a tried and tested action by the time the BXP was developed in the early 1980s. However, the semi-automatic civilian version of the BXP fires from a closed bolt, which may be regarded as somewhat experimental in terms of the design of its action (hence the name).

Both the fully and semi-automatic versions are blowback operated. The bolt wraps around the rear of the barrel while closed to reduce length. The cocking-handle is at the top of the receiver. The BXP has an ambidextrous safety lever and a separate fire-mode selector built into the trigger. The law enforcement automatic version can be fired single-shot by partially-pressing the trigger, or in full-auto mode by fully-pressing the trigger. The interceptor notch catches the bolt if it is released during the cocking but prior to activating the sear. The weapon is coated with a rust-resistant coating which doubles as a dry lubricant coating.

Using a wide variety of available muzzle devices (including silencers, heat shields, and rifle grenades), the weapon can fire non-lethal or explosive projectiles by the means of blank cartridge in addition to normal ammunition. The BXP features an under-folding buttstock of stamped steel. The standard sights are open, but the BXP can be equipped with laser aiming modules and collimating sights.

The gun fires at about 800 rounds per minute, and is well-balanced and reasonably-accurate with a barrel length of 208 mm. The BXP uses a magazine that has the same size and shape as that of the Walther MPK, but the magazine retention notch is at a slightly different height. As with most other firearms of this class, i.e. of the same 9mm Parabellum caliber and with barrel lengths around 8 inches (200 mm) or so, the BXP is regarded as having an effective range of about 100 meters. With its folding stock extended, the BXP can be fired in a manner similar to a rifle, but the sharp edging of the stock extension makes the cheek weld very uncomfortable. With the stock folded forward, the BXP can also be fired single-handed in the style of a pistol.

Users

 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: Entered service with the South African Armed Forces in 1984. Also used by the South African Police Forces.
 * 🇵🇪 Peru:Used by Air force Special Group with AIM1/D laser designators and by army Special Operation Forces

title: Milkor BXP


text: Category:Juno Award winners

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Juno Award winners


text:
Talk:Cascade Tunnel

Gradients
What is the gradient of the second Cascade tunnel, and which end (E or W) is higher in elevation?

Tabletop 07:54, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The gradient in the tunnel is 1.7% and the higher elevation is at the eastern end.

After reviewing more articles the gradient appears to be closer to 1.6% so I've corrected it. Also close inspection of pictures of the west portal gives the length as 41152 ft. and the elevation as 2247ft. and pictures of the east portal gives the length as 41183 ft. and the elevation as 2881 ft. The difference in length is due to adding to the tunnel for the doors at the east end. The length on the west portal is the original length without the doors. The difference in elevation of 634 ft. divided by the original length of 41152 ft times 100 for percentage gives 1.54% for the gradient. However the gradient is slightly higher since the gradient transitions to level as the track exits the east portal before starting down hill at a 2.2% gradient. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.19.45.169 (talk) 23:17, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

More research turn up the precise number as 1.565%. 24.19.45.169 (talk) 02:02, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

In the article, the gradient in the old tunnel is given as 1.7%. However, the tunnel connected Wellington on the west with Cascade Station on the east. The elevation of Tye (= Wellington) is 3,264 ft ( http://www.lat-long.com/Latitude-Longitude-1530262-Washington-Tye.html ) and the elevation of Cascade Station is 3,383 ft ( http://myweb.msoe.edu/~westr/stevens.htm ). The difference in elevation is 119 ft, which, divided by the tunnel length (13,813 ft) yields a gradient of just 0.9%. So which gradient is correct, and what are the elevations of both portals? 79.199.55.159 (talk) 10:46, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

Switchbacks
It looks like the old tunnel didn't avoid all switchbacks, and that there was one at Scenic and one north of Deception Falls. Is this correct? --SPUI (talk) 20:13, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Never mind - I found a map that shows a sharp hairpin curve at each end. The one north of Deception Falls was in a tunnel. --SPUI (talk) 23:26, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

"longest tunnel" claim
the article states "It is the longest tunnel in the United States." i think it was the longest tunnel when originally constructed, but is it still? there are longer tunnels that are not rail tunnels - there's a 100+ mile tunnel providing water to NYC, for instance, but i'm not sure if there are longer rail tunnels or road tunnels in the US. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.92.68.224 (talk • contribs).

I believe the intention was that it is the longest railroad tunnel in the United States. I fixed the article to state longest railroad tunnel.

Ventilation system (under History)
Can someone familiar with the subject clarify the ventilation system? At present, it refers to trains entering the EASTERN portal, which means trains going downhill. Why would they need any ventilation at all? And why does closing doors and turning on fans at the same time help? - I would have thought closing doors would defeat the purpose of the fans. --Ian Page 23:06, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

"In addition there are stations spaced every 1500 and 2500 (based on location in tunnel) that provide additional air tanks and equipment to be used in the event of a failure."

What measurement is being used here? Murderbike 07:37, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

I believe the measurement is feet. However, I could not find any reference to verify it. The fans and doors go together and are at the east end of the tunnel. Turning on the fans without closing the doors will allow the air to blow out the east end without ventilating the tunnel. The tunnel is basically 8 miles long and a 100 car freight train is around a mile long or 1/8 of the tunnel. A train travels at 20-25 mph through the tunnel taking around 20 minutes to traverse the tunnel. A train in the tunnel is like a piston in a cylinder. It pushes the air in the tunnel out ahead of it. This leaves the hot exhaust gases in the tunnel causing the engines on the next train through the tunnel to overheat. Even a westbound (downhill) train will have the engines idling. Blowing both fans behind a westbound train will clear the tunnel of exhaust gases as the train exits the tunnel allowing the next train to immediately enter. For more detailed information see http://www.halcyon.com/tawhite/CASCADE%20TUNNEL.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.19.45.169 (talk) 20:18, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Separated Material on the Cascade Tunnel from Material on the New Cascade Tunnel
I separated the material on the original Cascade Tunnel from the material on the second Cascade Tunnel to make it easier to add material and perhaps at some point create separate articles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.19.45.169 (talk) 23:15, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Diagram is a Candidate for Speedy Deletion
Copyright Tag entered. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.77.221.54 (talk) 12:40, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Tunnel contractor
Article says current tunnel "was built ... by A. Guthrie of St. Paul, Minnesota." Would that be Arlo Guthrie? Ha. Is there a more complete name for the contractor? Sca (talk) 17:52, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Conflicting info on the boxcab locomotives used for the original 3-phase tunnel when electrified
This article gives the power of each unit as 1500 hp. However, the article GN boxcab (3 phase) gives 1000 hp, which agrees with its source (an on-line page that looks pretty good, but still might have a glitch). I will leave the correction to someone who can find a really definitive source. Oaklandguy (talk) 20:14, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * William D. Middleton in When the Steam Railroads Electrified gives the figure of 1500 hp; although it's not footnoted I assume that's where the number in this article came from. Middleton tends to be authoritative on this subject. An article from Railway Age from 1909 says that the specification called for 1000 hp, but that the locomotives did 1500 in operation, with 1900 as a maximum. The Electric Journal from 1911 gives the 1900 figure. A contemporary GE bulletin backs this up: four traction motors, each with a specified output (over three hours) of 250 hp, with an output in tests from 375 hp to 475 hp, depending on voltage and air (for cooling?). That gives a combined figure of 1000 hp specified, and 1500-1900 hp in operation. Brian Solomon in Electric Locomotives follows Middleton. Mackensen (talk) 00:13, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Electric locos have two ratings, starting and continuous. I suspect that is the cause of the confusion.Sturmovik (talk)
 * That's possible, but the sources appear to discuss the expected continuous output compared to the actual performance of the production models. Further clarification would help, do you have additional sources? Most modern sources follow Middleton so they aren't much help. Mackensen (talk) 02:26, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Trying to analyze the rating of electric locos from a century ago to what we understand today seems like comparing apples with oranges. It is true that modern electric locos have a continuous rating and a maximum rating (generally for one hour).  But trying to relate this to what was done back in 1909 for a system that was only a four miles in length is pushing things too far.  For a start, the locos would have been designed for this very specific location and duty, whereas modern locos tend to be more general purpose in nature. For what its worth, I have some other sources of data. (1) Burch (1911), p.134 quotes a figure of 1700 h.p. (2) Manson (1923), Table F, Line 8, p.318-319 quotes a one hour of 1500 h.p. and a continuous of 1400 h.p. Whilst I have the greatest respect for Middleton, and he always listed all of his sources, for early locomotives I prefer to rely on data published closer to the time.  Luckily Manson gives us a very complete listing, including the actual motor reference which is either "GE I506" or "GE 1506" - KirksKeyKard (talk) 10:45, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * When dealing with overload or observed power ratings of electrics I believe the standard practice is to use the catalogue listed motor hp as the official rating and then explain that there was an overload capability. That's how its done on the PRR GG1 article.  You need to find out the exact motors used and then get the hp rating.  I'm sure it's in Google Books somewhere.Sturmovik (talk) 12:13, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I've made my contribution. From the evidence collected the rating of 1500 h.p. may not be exactly right, but it's well within the range of what various sources state.  On that basis, it gives a reader a good idea of the relative power of this locomotive in comparison to others. I don't see any overwhelming reason to change it, other than an OCD need to be precise. KirksKeyKard (talk) 13:26, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * My final words on this issue. From Manson, we get that the one-hour tractive effort was 38,000 lbf (170 kN).  Based on the maximum speed of 15 mph, and doing the maths, then this equates to a one-hour power of 1528 h.p. (1140 kW), which just happens to be right where the article claims. Also, motor power does not equate to the power at the wheels because of losses in the transmission, it is just the power at the output shaft.  In other words, multiplying the number of motors by the motor power (as printed on the rating plate) is not the same as the actual power required to pull a train. If you want a to learn more about this subject, and the maths, then I suggest you read  - KirksKeyKard (talk) 15:40, 15 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I've added a full-text reference to a 1909 paper by Hutchinson, of a presentation given to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. As he was consulting engineer this should be definitive enough. He states that "the specification of the motor required an output of 250 h.p. continuously for three hours ....". As there were four motors per locomotive, that adds up to 1000 h.p.. But as he also makes clear, the actual performance of the motors greatly exceeded the specification, giving a continuous output of 375 h.p., a total of 1500 h.p.. So you can take your pick. I've left in the 1500 h.p. figure, but if you want to add more technical clarification that's fine. Kognos (talk) 10:07, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Today's second feature/October 8, 2005

Today's featured picture

Sochi is a popular Russian resort, situated in the Krasnodar Krai, near the Russian border with Abkhazia, Georgia. It is located in a spectacular natural setting with snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus mountains overlooking the Black Sea.

This picture of the sunset at Sochi, taken by Prokudin-Gorskii in 1915, is an example of early colour photography.

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text:
Talk:Silver Surfer

Edit-warring anon IP
As I have noted on the talk page for of anon IP 2a02:c7d:2542:a200:f9a9:57b6:f0fe:e0f1, who is edit-warring rather than following WP:BRD after he was reverted the first time: "The infobox must match the article content. The WP:LEAD reads: "The character was created by Jack Kirby and first appeared in the comic book Fantastic Four #48, published in 1966." Please refrain form edit-warring to add something to the infobox that is not factually supported by the article text, and discuss the issue on the article's talk page." --Tenebrae (talk) 22:18, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

Image deletion nomination(s)
One or more images currently used in this article have been nominated for deletion as violations of the non-free content criteria (NFCC).

You can read more about what this means and why these files are being nominated for deletion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics.

You can participate at the deletion discussion(s) at Files for discussion/2020 April 28. If you are not familiar with NFCC-related deletion discussions, I recommend reading the post linked above first.

Sincerely, The Squirrel Conspiracy (talk) 21:52, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Silver server as the inspiration for the Silver Surfer.
The Silver Surfer's name is close to "silver server", and he kind of looks a bit like a silver teapot on a silver tray. Could this be part of the inspiration for the character and/or his name, whether as a joke or not? Polar Apposite (talk) 19:15, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That's... very unlikely. Argento Surfer (talk) 19:33, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Why? Polar Apposite (talk) 09:18, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The creation of the character is very well documented, and not disputed by any of the participants involved. None of them have ever mentioned serving trays. He's on a surfboard because Jack Kirby was tired of drawing spaceships, not for a pun. Argento Surfer (talk) 12:44, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The Silver Surfer's origin is in alien astronomy (an allusion to "gastronomy"?) and his role was to provide ("serve up" one could say) planets (an allusion to "plates"?) to an alien ruler. This ties in with the Silver Surfer's name and appearance. Certainly it could be a coincidence. But if so, it is a remarkable one, and perhaps therefore deserves comment in the article, if only to say that there is no evidence that the pun was deliberate. But it is in the nature of puns to have the ability to be used cryptically, that is to say, with plausible denial. http://www.comicbookreligion.com/?c=9947&Silver_Server shows that I'm not the only one to notice that the origin story of the Silver Surfer seems to tie in with the "silver server" idea/pun. Polar Apposite (talk) 10:59, 9 October 2022 (UTC)
 * There is no need for the article to mention the possibility of a pun, then say there's no evidence that it's relevant. That would be original research, which is not acceptable in an article. Argento Surfer (talk) 14:49, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
 * There's no need to do original research, since people e.g. http://www.comicbookreligion.com/?c=9947&Silver_Server are already saying there is a pun. All that would be needed would be document the existence of that page and any other existing discussion in the media or academia about a possible pun. Polar Apposite (talk) 21:08, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * People seeing a pun is not evidence of it being intended. Comic Book Religion is not a reliable source., and even if it was, it's covering a satire of the Silver Surfer, not the Silver Surfer directly. What you proposed, Could this be part of the inspiration for the character, isn't supported by the link or the spoof and would be original research as Wikipedia uses the term. Argento Surfer (talk) 12:51, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That image is coming from Megaton Man, where Don Simpson will have parodied several other heroes as well. Should commentary of the same spoof be added to Galactus regarding the name Gluttonous?  Should we add commentary that Wolverine has been viewed as "the Most Useless X-Man" because Pete Holmes spoofed that?  No to both questions, and I concur with Argento Surfer that this addition does not add any encyclopedic value. 2pou (talk) 13:34, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying any of the things you mentioned should be in Wikipedia, but I've seen in a lot of Wikipedia articles a section called "In popular culture" where that sort of information does get included. I don't see why it should *not* be included. I guess it depends on whether Don Simpson's spoof of Galactus is notable. Polar Apposite (talk) 20:47, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * An "in pop culture" section would be redundant here, as Silver Surfer is popular culture. Argento Surfer (talk) 10:25, 24 October 2022 (UTC)
 * If there's no published information suggesting that the Silver Surfer's name and look and origin story are deliberate rather than a remarkable coincidence, then I guess to speculate that they are not a coincidence would be original research. Is there really no published information on this? It seems surprising. Anyway, the fact that a "pun" has been commented on repeatedly is interesting in itself, and important, so I would have thought that would warrant some mention of it in the article. "Pun" seems an understatement, as it's a pun, and an appearance that matches the pun, and an origin story that matches the pun. It's more like a whole other interpretation or aspect of the Silver Surfer character. I think in an article about Gandalf the Grey, one could reasonably comment that some people have drawn a parallel with the Christian religion's Jesus due to how Gandalf descends to an underworld for three days, after an apparent death, but returns to the world of the living, in somewhat miraculous-looking way. The analogous (though less lofty, and more comedic) allusion to a "silver server" seemingly contained in the name, look, and origin of the Silver Surfer whether provable or not is so important that it should be mentioned, in my opinion. Polar Apposite (talk) 20:42, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there really no published information on this? I have never seen any, and I don't find this compelling enough to look for any. Neither Stan Lee nor Jack Kirby ever alluded to this pun despite when discussing the creation of the character. Even if there exists a reliable source raising the possibility, I see no value in adding such speculation from uninvolved parties. Argento Surfer (talk) 10:25, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

MCU Special Presentation
Lately there’s been talk from reliable sources like Comic Book Resources that there’s a Silver Surfer “Special Presentation” set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It’s already listed in the Wikipedia article here. Should it be put in the television section or is it too early? 0Detail-Attention215 (talk) 21:54, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

MCU
I think Mikey'Da'Man, Archangel was being racist in the edit summary, in the revision history of this page. In mentioning how to report on the Shalla-Bal incarnation of the Silver Surfer appearing in the MCU soon, they used the "Peter Parker is Spider-Man. Miles Morales is Miles Morales." dog whistle as an argument, non-ironically. MaXXXine (talk) 23:23, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Here's the situation. The name "Silver Surfer" is synonymous with Norrin Radd, just like the name "Spider-Man" is with Peter Parker." Therefore, the article about the Silver Surfer is about Norrin Radd, and the article about Spider-Man is about Peter Parker. As a result, something about Shalla-Ball, such as a portrayor, should not be in the Silver Surfer article, but in the Shalla-Bal article, like portrayors of Miles Morales should be in the Miles Morales article, not the Spider-Man article. Your accusation is stupid. Mikey'Da'Man, Archangel (talk) 23:35, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silver Surfer


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Budget Enforcement Act of 1990

The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (BEA) (, title XIII; ; codified as amended at scattered sections of 2 U.S.C. & ) was enacted by the United States Congress as title XIII of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, to enforce the deficit reduction accomplished by that law by revising the federal budget control procedures originally enacted by the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act. The BEA created two new budget control processes: a set of caps on annually-appropriated discretionary spending, and a "pay-as-you-go" or "PAYGO" process for entitlements and taxes.

Legislative history
The predecessor to the BEA, Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, was originally enacted in 1985 and set overall deficit targets as a way to force Congress to enact future deficit reduction. If these deficit targets were not met, the president was required issue a sequestration order to automatically reduce discretionary spending.

However, policymakers achieved these targets by using overly optimistic budget projections and other budget gimmicks, and Gramm-Rudman-Hollings was eventually viewed by policymakers as contributing to, rather than solving, the problem of rising deficits. By October 1990, the president's Office of Management and Budget projected a budget deficit for fiscal year 1991 that exceeded the statutory target; if Congress did not enact a deficit reduction plan, sequestration would have cut discretionary spending by about one-third.

In November 1990, Congress and President George H.W. Bush agreed to a bipartisan deficit reduction deal that would achieve roughly $500 billion in savings over five years through a combination of spending cuts and tax increases. These savings were enacted through the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and enforced by the budget procedures contained in Title XIII, the BEA, which was signed into law on November 5, 1990.

Provisions
Unlike Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, which set fixed deficit targets in hopes of encouraging future Congressional action, the BEA implemented budget controls meant to prevent Congress from taking actions that would increase the deficit. Specifically, the BEA

 * Introduced caps on discretionary spending, thus limiting the amount of funds Congress could provide in annual appropriations bills. Members of Congress could enforce these caps while a bill was under consideration by raising a point of order. If the caps were breached through enacted legislation, they would be enforced by a presidential sequester order that would cut discretionary spending across the board.
 * Introduced statutory "pay-as-you-go" or PAYGO procedures to govern new legislation that impacted direct spending and/or revenues. PAYGO required that any new spending increase or tax cut be offset by spending cuts or tax increases elsewhere. The Office of Management and Budget would track such legislation throughout the fiscal year on a PAYGO scorecard, and if such spending increases and tax cuts were not completely offset, the President would issue a sequestration order that would cut non-exempt direct spending programs.
 * Extended and revised the deficit targets from Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, allowing for revisions to the deficit targets to reflect changes in the economy, ensuring that sequestration would not be triggered unless Congress breached the discretionary spending caps or violated PAYGO.

Subsequent legislation
The BEA was extended by the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1993, and again by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. It expired in 2002, but the Democratic Majority adopted some of its principles, known as PAYGO, or Pay-As-You-Go, in their rules during the 110th Congress. This was passed as H. RES. 6 on January 4, 2007. Statutory PAYGO was reinstated by the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010, which President Barack Obama signed on February 12, 2010. Discretionary spending caps, as well as deficit reduction targets, were reintroduced by the Budget Control Act of 2011.

Legacy and impact
The BEA is credited with helping to reduce deficits during the 1990s, and regarded as more successful than its predecessor Gramm-Rudman-Hollings. Then-director of the Congressional Budget Office, Robert Reischauer, compared the legacy of these two laws in testimony before Congress in 1993, concluding that “budget procedures are much better at enforcing deficit reduction agreements (as the Budget Enforcement Act has done) than at forcing such agreements to be reached." Sequestration was triggered only twice under the BEA, resulting in small discretionary spending cuts in 1991. However, Congress began to weaken the BEA's budget controls when faced with budget surpluses in the late 1990s.

title: Budget Enforcement Act of 1990


text: Category:Reims

title: Category:Reims


text:
Ochanomizu

Ochanomizu (御茶ノ水) is a neighborhood in Tokyo, Japan. It extends from the Yushima section of Bunkyo-ku to the Kanda section of Chiyoda-ku. Sundai Preparatory School, Meiji University, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and Juntendo University all have main campuses in the area. Ochanomizu Station on the Chūō Line is the transport hub of the district. Prior to the Great Kantō earthquake, Ochanomizu University was also there; after the earthquake, it moved to its present location in the Ōtsuka neighborhood of Bunkyo-ku. Ochanomizu is also the location of the Holy Resurrection Cathedral (Nikorai-dō).

Ochanomizu is famous for its many musical instrument stores, as well as ski and snowboard shops located a short walk from the station; it is a popular district for bargain-conscious musicians and sportsmen.

Ocha-no-mizu literally means "tea water", after the nearby Kanda River from which water was extracted to make the shōgun's tea during the Edo period.

title: Ochanomizu


text:
Talk:Creem

Original research
I had originally added this paragraph,
 * A trivia note: the famous "Boy Howdy" beer-bottle logo was drawn originally by a friend of Reay, local (and unknown) artist R. Crumb, for $50; while the logo was ultimately very successful, Reay and Kramer apparently had a falling out over the price, leading to the departure of the founding editor after only the fourth issue.

as my very firstest contribution to an article, but was forced to remove it when I realized it was original research; my only source for the information is Tony Reay himself. :(

I am Tony Reay… and you certainly didn’t get that story from ME. Crumb was a west coast graphic comix star and had already done the Big Brother album cover as well as Zap comics… I had never met or spoken with him before he showed up and offered to draw the cover for fifty bucks. I agreed (for the name value alone). Barry told me to pay him 35 bucks… I paid him the fifty we had agreed on. But that incident had absolutely NOTHING to do with the differences in editorial direction that led to me leaving Creem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:7504:401:7CF7:D61C:E143:33A0 (talk) 08:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

I still say it's interesting info, though. At least somebody might read it here. Eaglizard 07:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I found verification for the Crumb drawing story in the Harper-Collins CREEM book and added it as a reference, although they mentioned both the $50 Reay and $25 Kramer versions. I'm a huge Crumb fan, and have never read anything where Crumb discusses this particular drawing. I'd say the genesis is lost in the sands of time and molasses of ego, but for the purposes of Wikipedia having a cite on paper is good enough, no matter who is right. The point is - it was a classic design, it identified and branded the magazine, and it was the bargain of the century. K8 fan (talk) 05:06, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Heavy Metal
Wikipedia's page agrees with teh book Hammer of the Gods which accredits 'heavy metal' to William Burroughs, who has a character called The Heavy Metal kid in a 1962 novel. So this needs top be corrected.199.172.169.86 (talk) 05:58, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

RESPONSE: But it was the first it was used as a description of music, and not a literary device in a novel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.243.91.182 (talk) 02:42, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Versions
The original Creem from Michigan is usually considered the only true Creem Magazine. But two other versions of Creem followed the demise of the original that in one way or another are part of the Creem's history--for better or worse.

These versions were oversized and based in New York. In varying ways they were in keeping with Creem's spirit though not necessarily employing the same crop of writers.

The first version was headed by Marvin Scott Jarret who later published Raygun and now does the fashion magazine Nylon. That version was neither all that interesting or memorable. The second version, published by people who owned some adult oriented magazines, was edited by Mark Petracca. As a fan of the original Creem, and an Ohioan, Petracca tried to capture the spirit of the original Creem and was somewhat successful at it, even bringing some original Creem writers.

When Petracca was pushed out the magazine, it limped along for awhile until the pernicious publishers decided they lost interest in such a magazine and finally folded it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.173.11.48 (talk • contribs) 05:35, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Battle between CREEM Media and T.A. Riggs, Licensing, LLC
The following was added on 1 January, 2013. It was removed as it was unreferenced. I placed it here awaiting references: K8 fan (talk) 04:52, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

The litigation between Kramer and Creem Media is over. The internal fighting and litigation kept the magazine in a state of confusion and off the market. Creem Media was sued by T.A. Riggs Licensing LLC in 2010 for breach of contract. Creem Media lost that suit, and Riggs was awarded $575,000.00. Creem Media was either unable or unwilling to pay. In November of 2011 Creem Media attempted to have the judgment set aside, but in January of 2012 the Court upheld the Judgment. In February of 2012 the Court appointed a Receiver to seize all of Creem Media's assets to help satisfy the outstanding judgment. The Receiver has transferred all of the Intellectual Property from Creem Media, Inc to Riggs, CREEM International, Inc purchased the assets from Riggs being the new successor company with all rights of ownership.

There is an outstanding warrant for the arrest of Jason Turner for contempt of Court.

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Creem. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130117225743/http://creemusa.com/creem-magazines/creem-magazine-issues/1985-creem-magazine-issues/may-1985-creem-magazine-issue/ to http://creemusa.com/creem-magazines/creem-magazine-issues/1985-creem-magazine-issues/may-1985-creem-magazine-issue/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081010004801/http://www.observer.com/2007/no-rock-love-gents-try-creem-each-other to http://www.observer.com/2007/no-rock-love-gents-try-creem-each-other

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title: Talk:Creem


text:
Mexican violetear

The Mexican violetear (Colibri thalassinus) is a medium-sized, metallic green hummingbird species commonly found in forested areas from Mexico to Nicaragua. This species, together with the lesser violetear were previously considered conspecific, and together called the green violetear.

Taxonomy
The Mexican violetear belongs to the order Apodiformes. Hummingbirds share this order with the swifts, such as the white-collared swift. The name Apodiformes is derived from the Greek words "a pous", meaning "without foot". While apodiforms do in fact have feet, they are quite small and their legs are short and relatively weak. Many birds in this order cannot walk, and thus rarely if ever land on the ground, where they are not well-adapted to forage or to escape from predators. Members of this order spend a majority of their active time in the air.

Description
The Mexican violetear is roughly medium-sized by hummingbird standards. It averages around 9.7 to 12 cm in total length. Its bill is black and mostly straight with only a slight downward curve and measures from 1.8 to 2.5 cm. The body mass can vary from 4.8 to 5.6 g. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 5.8 to 6.8 cm and the tail is 3.5 to 4.3 cm. The bird has a wingspan of 12 cm. It is shining green above with a glittering violet ear-patch on the sides of its neck. Its throat and chest are a glittering green with a shining green belly. The tail is a metallic blue-green with more bronzy central feathers and a prominent black subterminal band.

Vocalizations
Solitary males sing from above, exposed twigs in their territory every day. Their song is a monotonously repeated sharp and dry “tsu-tzeek” at a rate of about one call per second.

Distribution
The Mexican violetear breeds from the highlands of southern Mexico south to Nicaragua. It is a rare but annual nonbreeding visitor to the United States, primarily southern and central Texas, with scattered records as far north as extreme southern Canada. According to IUCN C. thalissinus can be found in much of montane areas of the northern Andes, stretching from Bolivia to Venezuela.

Habitat
Common habitats for the Mexican violetear is in the canopy and borders of subtropical and lower temperate forest, secondary woodland and scrub, and clearings and gardens in the subtropical zone. It is recorded mostly between altitudes of 1200 to 2300 m, though they will sometimes wander as far down as 500 m in search of food sources. It generally prefers more humid and high-altitude areas, such as cloud forests.

Diet
The Mexican violetear forages alone but tends to gather at flowering trees, especially coffee-shade Inga. They feed at mid-level to canopy and often hold and defend a feeding territory. They primarily feed on nectar and small insects. They are a fairly common species that thrives in deforested areas.

Breeding
Like most hummingbirds, the Mexican violetear is a solitary nester. The male's only involvement in the breeding process is to attract and mate with the female. The female is then responsible for choosing a nest location, generally on a low, small horizontal branch in a protected area. The nest is small and built from various plant materials, spider webs, and down woven together to form a sturdy cup structure. Two small white eggs are laid within the nest and the female incubates them on her own. Incubation time is 14–18 days. Hatchlings are primarily fed insects due to high nutritional requirements. No information was found on the length of the nestling stage or age at fledgling. Breeding takes place though the wet season into the early dry season, which varies by latitude.

Migration
Seasonal movements of the Mexican violetear are not well understood. Many individuals of northern populations move south or and/or to lower elevations following the end of the breeding season (July to November in Mexico), but regular occurrence hundreds of kilometres north of this range suggests a more complex migration strategy.

title: Mexican violetear


text:
Category:United States senators from Wisconsin

People who have represented the state of Wisconsin in the United States Senate.


text:
Wikipedia:Today's second feature/October 9, 2005

Today's featured picture

The Mallard, also known in North America as the Wild Duck, is a common and widespread dabbling duck which breeds throughout the temperate and sub-tropical areas. It is probably the best-known of all ducks. The females are light brown, with plumage much like most female dabbling ducks. They can be distinguished from other ducks, by the distinctive speculum.

Photo credit: M. Correns


text:
User:CristiS

Hello, I am CristiS.

Miscellaneous
My Contributions

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:CristiS


text:
User talk:StefanoC

Austro-Hungarian multiethnic society
Austria-Hungary was not one the last European multi-national countries: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Poland (Germans, Belorussians, Unkrainians, Lithuanians), Switzerland, Spain (see the tensions there), Bulgaria (Turks), Germany (Poles), Soviet Union, Finland (Swedes), and so on.

Neither it was multi-ethnic state, at least in simple understanding. It was loose federation of two and half countries (Austria, Hungay and Bosnia) where ethnic relations wildly varied from place to place. Pavel Vozenilek 22:34, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

(I copied the discussion to the Austria-Hungary talk page)

C'è un modo per essere lo stesso utente in due wikipedias ?
Come posso condividere la stessa user page, preferences, etc. fra en.wikipedia e it.wikipedia ?

 * Caro StefanoC (la prossima volta iti prego di firmare con quattro tilde il tuo messaggio), non credo sia possibile l'operazione che mi hai richiesta, o se lo non ho mai visto farla da utente alcun, in ogni caso non rientra nel mio raggio di conoscenza al momento. A pensarci bene non avrebbe molto senso, le wikipedia in lungua sono diverse, hanno diversi costrutti e templates, oltra il fatto che i contributi svolti sarebbero sicuramente diversi. Quello che puoi fare è copiare il sorgente delle parti in comune e incollarlo nella pagina hce ti serve, aggiungendo

it:User:StefanoC

 * Spero di esserti stao utile. Una curiosità: attraverso quale via sei arrivato alla mia userpage? Federico Pistono  ✆   ✍  17:44, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * (non ho ancora capito qual è la convenzione per le discussioni sulle User talk pages: bisogna rispondere sulla pagina dell'altro user, o la discussione viene mantenuta nella stessa pagina su cui è iniziata ?). Comunque, appena ho scoperto i template linguistici sono andato per curiosità a vedermi quali erano gli user di madrelingua italiana su en.wikipedia: non sono tanti. Mi ha incuriosito il fatto che tu fossi segnato due volte, e dalla tua user page ho capito che sei una specie di wiki hacker, e quindi ho chiesto a te.

 * comunque, dato che mi capita talvolta di tradurre articoli da en a it, è (leggermente) scocciante doversi loggare prima su en, poi su it, mi chiedevo se ci fosse il modo di avere un utente unico. Forse bisogna andare nella cache del browser ed editare il cookie ? StefanoC 08:23, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Solitamente si copia il sorgente della discussione avvenuta fino a quel momento e lo si incolla nella pagina del tuo interlocutore comprensiva di risposta, in questo modo si ha modo di monitorare tutta la discussione avvenuta fino a quel momento senza dover esercitare lavoro extra da parte di entrambe le fazioni.

 * Per quanto riguarda la traduzione degli articoli non capisco proprio quale sia il tuo dubbio. Ci sono motivi ben precisi, sia a livello di amministrazione che di database per cui le wikipediæ sono separate. Comprendo che a prima vista può sembrare frustrante, ma prova ad immaginare cosa implicherebbe a livello organizzativo quello che richiedi, non penso sia praticabile in modo efficente. Cosa ti costa tenere due tab aperti su Firefox in cui sei loggato in entrambi, li aversti in ogni caso. Se ti riferisci al fatto che i progressi fatti in una wikipedia non vengono esposti anche nelle altre allora sono pienamente in accordo con te, credo bisognerebbe inserire un modo per visualizzare i contributi di un utente nella sua totalità, così da rendere guistizia al lavoro svolto in tutte le sua sfaccettature.

 * Per la questione dei cookie credo sia possibile in qualche modo, non dovrebbe essere difficile, ma a questo punto ti conviene memorizzare la password con le chiavi di registro offerte da Firefox, di modo tale che ogni qualvolta accedi a en/it sei automaticamente loggato, come faccio io. Detto in altri termini, è un problema locale, non remoto.

 * As fot the hacker part, tu mi lusinghi ma non ho l'arroganza di poter accettare un tale complimento. ^_^ Federico Pistono   ✆   ✍  10:48, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Elizabeth Strong Worthington
I have nominated Elizabeth Strong Worthington, an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Elizabeth Strong Worthington. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. John Vandenberg (chat) 02:47, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:StefanoC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tff (band)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Doc (?) 17:12, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Tff (band)
Vanity, just formed, no record contract, etc. CambridgeBayWeather 08:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fails WP:Music Qaz  ( talk ) 08:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * For a parallel discussion of the very same band, see . Uncle G 12:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. (ammusing how quickly this article was created and subsequently tagged with AFD haha) --Qirex 13:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC) (sorry, forgot sig; applied in 2nd edit)
 * Delete as per vote under Tee Eff Eff. Mallocks 16:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Boulevard Bridge

Boulevard Bridge in the independent city of Richmond, Virginia is a toll bridge which carries State Route 161 across the James River. Despite the renovation work in the early 1990s, weight restrictions on the bridge limit vehicles to under 7,500 lbs. It is 2030 ft long.

History
The Boulevard Bridge was completed in 1925. It was privately owned and financed by the Boulevard Bridge Corporation for the purpose of providing access to the new Westover Hills neighborhood in South Richmond, where one of the selling points of the homes was free bridge access. It is named for The Boulevard, a main route through Richmond that ends just north of the bridge in Byrd Park. For many years, 5-cent tolls were collected at a toll booth midway on the span, and it became widely known as the "Nickel Bridge". Some years later, tolls were increased to 10 cents, and the nickname became the "Dime Bridge". However, despite all subsequent toll increases, it is still known today as the "nickel bridge" to many locals.

During the years of ownership by the Boulevard Bridge Corporation, Westover Hills residents were given free access across the bridge by the use of a special license plate that was attached below the state plates on their cars. These plates had to be applied for and were also sold to the general public. They were changed each year, and in the last years before Richmond Metropolitan Authority (RMA) control, windshield stickers were used.

Initially, the early toll-barrier was located in the middle of the span (actually above the north shore of the river between the canal and the north end), because all the property on either side except the right-of-way for the roadway itself was owned by others, and the toll barrier at that location could be erected at no additional land acquisition expense. It was certainly not possible to circumvent paying the toll at that location. The toll booths were relocated to a plaza north of the bridge in the mid-1960s.

On November 24, 1969, the RMA, which was building Richmond's new expressway system at the time, purchased the Boulevard Bridge for $1.2 million. The toll on the bridge was kept at 10 cents until 1988, when it was doubled to 20 cents.

In August 1992, the RMA closed the bridge for 18 months to complete extensive renovation work, which included widening the existing lanes, installing new toll booths and equipment on the north end of the bridge, and improving safe access for bicycles and pedestrians. The bridge reopened in October 1993.

The toll was increased in 1998 to 25 cents.

In 2008, the RMA increased the tolls on all of its roads, bringing the Boulevard Bridge to the rate of 35 cents.

Tolls
The current toll rate is 50 cents.

title: Boulevard Bridge


text:
Category:United States senators from Wyoming

People who have represented the state of Wyoming in the United States Senate.


text: Category:Rhode Island cities

title: Category:Rhode Island cities


text:
Chudów

Chudów is a village in the district of Gliwice County, within the municipality of Gmina Gierałtowice, Silesian Voivodeship, in the historical region of Silesia. It lies approximately 3 km east of Gierałtowice, 12 km south-east of Gliwice, and 16 km west of the regional capital Katowice.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1295 as Chudow attested in the Latin manuscript Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis. Chudów was a privately owned medieval manor purchased in 1532 by the Roman-German Silesian nobility House of Saszowski family, who already owned the neighbouring manor of Gierałtowice. Chudów is famous for its 16th-century Renaissance castle residence, built by the nobleman and scion John Saszowski von Geraltowitz (alias Geraltowsky in German, Gierałtowski in Polish). The village remained part of the House of Saszowski estates and a residence of its branch scions alias Geraltowsky von Geraltowitz (in Polish: Gierałtowski z Gieraltowic) until it was sold in the first half of the 17th century. Historical sources say, it was one of the most magnificent castle residences in Upper Silesia, host to many banquets and sport hunting activities of the aristocracy, in later times even included its own castle brewery and inn. The original entrance to the castle was via a drawbridge over the moat, which lead directly to the second floor of the castle tower.

In 1706, new owners of the castle was the family Foglarów. After 1768, the castle changed owners quite often, losing in importance. In 1837, the castle owner Alexander von Bally, made several reconstructions to the original design of the castle. The castle suffered severe fire damage in 1875, and its last owner left it as a picturesque ruin. Abandoned to ruin since the late 19th century, only parts of the walls, four-sided tower and outline of the moat survived to the present day. In 1995, the newly founded Chudów Castle Foundation, has since began gradual castle restoration and reconstruction work. Since 1966 the castle ruin is under registration No. A/568 categorized as of significant cultural value and tracked as objects of cultural heritage in Poland by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

In an already restored tower, there is a small museum that shows one of the most interesting exhibitions of ceramic medieval Gothic cocklestove tiles found in Poland, discovered on the castle grounds during restoration works and archaeological excavations.

Since 2000, the Chudów Castle Foundation organizes in August an annual medieval fair along with historical reenactments of medieval tournaments and warfare on Chudów castle grounds.

title: Chudów


text:
1990 Palanca Awards

The 40th Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country. This year saw the inclusion of a new category, Dulang Pantelebisyon [Teleplay], for the Filipino Division.

LIST OF WINNERS

The 1990 winners were divided into fifteen categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] novel, short story, short story for children, poetry, essay, one-act play, and full-length play, plus the Dulang Pantelebisyon, open only for the Filipino Division:

Novel

 * Grand Prize: Azucena Grajo Uranza, Bamboo in the Wind

Short Story

 * Special Prize:
 * Charlson Ong, "A Tropical Winter's Tale"
 * Vicar Rosales, "Islas"
 * Isagani R. Cruz, "Once Upon A Time Some Years From Now"
 * Victorino Manalo, "The Hunting Season"
 * Isagani R. Cruz, "What I Did Last Summer"

Short Story for Children

 * First Prize: Ramon Sunico, "Two Friends, One World"
 * Second Prize: Alfred A. Yuson, "The Boy Who Ate the Stars"
 * Third Prize: Jaime An Lim, "Yasmin"

Poetry

 * First Prize: Ricardo M. De Ungria, "Body English"
 * Ricardo M. De Ungria, "Decimal Places"

 * Second Prize: Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., "Pinoy Septych and Other Poems"
 * Jaime An Lim, "Trios"
 * Fidelito Cortes, "Waitressing for the Exterminator"

 * Third Prize: Ma. Luisa A. Igloria, "Cartography"
 * J. Neil C. Garcia, "Fish Wife and Other Poems"
 * Lina Sagaral Reyes, "Istorya"

Essay

 * First Prize: Isagani R. Cruz, "The Other Other: Towards a Post Colonial Poetics"
 * Second Prize: Buenaventura S. Medina Jr., "The Conscious Unconscious"
 * Eric Gamalinda, "The Unbearable Lightness of EDSA"

 * Third Prize: No Winner

One-Act Play

 * First Prize: No Winner
 * Second Prize: No Winner
 * Third Prize: Dean Francis Alfar, "Fragments of Memory"

Full-Length Play

 * Honorable Mention:
 * Bobby Flores Villasis, "Eidolon"
 * Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero, "Retribution"

Nobela

 * Honorable Mentions: Reynaldo A. Duque, Gagamba
 * Rosauro Dela Cruz, Kwadresentinyal

Maikling Kwento

 * First Prize: Danilo Consumido, "Agam-agam ng Isang Historyador"
 * Second Prize: Lav Indico Diaz, "Pula, Puti at Saka Blu, At Marami Pang Kolor"
 * Third Prize: Henry Empeno, "Sanlibo't Isang Gabi ng mga Palabas sa Pag-aantay..."

Maikling Kwentong Pambata

 * First Prize: Rene O. Villanueva, "Ang Unang Baboy sa Langit"
 * Rene O. Villanueva, "Tungkung Langit at Alunsina"

 * Second Prize: Ruben D. Canlas Jr., "Ang mga Kagila-gilalas na Pakikipagsapalaran nina Alegria at Andante sa Bimbolimbo"
 * Reynaldo A. Duque, "Angalo at Aran"

 * Third Prize: Ramon Sunico, "Mata at Mangga"
 * Edgardo B. Maranan, "Si Kidlat, Si Kulog, Si Kilot"

Tula

 * First Prize: Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo, "Anyaya ng Imperyalista"
 * Second Prize: Romulo P. Baquiran Jr., "Baryo"
 * Third Prize: Lilia Quindoza Santiago, "Ordinaryo at Iba pang Tula"

Sanaysay

 * First Prize: Isagani R. Cruz, "Ang Buhay sa Salamin ng Sining: Ang Kudeta Bilang Texto"
 * Second Prize: Josephine Barrios, "Ang Sinderelang Hindi Sinderela"
 * Third Prize: Virgilio S. Almario, "Pasyon at Katwiran sa Likod ng Salamin"

Dulang May Isang Yugto

 * First Prize: Chris Millado, "Usapang Babae"
 * Second Prize: Rosauro Dela Cruz, "Ang Pagliliwanag ng Isip ni Cecillo Segismundo"
 * Third Prize: Bienvenido Noriega Jr., "Naikuwento Lang sa Akin"

Dulang Ganap ang Haba

 * First Prize: Bienvenido Noriega Jr., "Deuterium"
 * Second Prize: Manuel R. Buising, "Lista sa Tubig"
 * Third Prize: Rene O. Villanueva, "Botong"

Dulang Pantelebisyon

 * First Prize: Emmanuel Q. Palo, "Ang Pagbabalik ni Kiwada"
 * Manuel R. Buising, "Patay-Bata"

 * Second Prize: Eli Rueda Guieb III, "Pilat"
 * Third Prizes: Melchor Salandanan Ventura, "Mrs. Raquel V. Matias"
 * Jovenal Velasco, "Si Tomboy, atbp."

 * Honorable Mentions: Rolando S. Salvana, "Spirit"
 * Elsa M. Coscolluela, "Without Ceremony"

title: 1990 Palanca Awards


text: Talk:Football in Western Australia

title: Talk:Football in Western Australia


text: User:Jdorje/Deaths

title: User:Jdorje/Deaths


text:
User talk:Krishnendu das

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 08:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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Copyright Violation
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Babukishan, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a direct copy from http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=5971. As a copyright violation, Babukishan appears to qualify for speedy deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. Babukishan has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If the source is a credible one, please consider rewriting the content and citing the source. If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GFDL, you can comment to that effect on Talk:Babukishan. If the article has already been deleted, but you have a proper release, you can reenter the content at Babukishan, after describing the release on the talk page. However, you may want to consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you, and please feel free to continue contributing to Wikipedia.

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Babukishan, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a direct copy from http://www.bigmagic.com/pages/blackj/column105a.html. As a copyright violation, Babukishan appears to qualify for speedy deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. Babukishan has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If the source is a credible one, please consider rewriting the content and citing the source. If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GFDL, you can comment to that effect on Talk:Babukishan. If the article has already been deleted, but you have a proper release, you can reenter the content at Babukishan, after describing the release on the talk page. However, you may want to consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you, and please feel free to continue contributing to Wikipedia.

Also this is repeated on this page and is also copyright violation. CambridgeBayWeather 08:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Image
I simply do not believe your claim that Image:Babukishan.jpg is a screenshot - it is 2304x1728 pixels and nice and clear. It is a photograph. Please replace with a proper copyright tag. -- RHaworth 11:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

So why did you not use these images in Babukishan?? -- RHaworth 08:40, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Apologies
I feel a bit guilty - between us, the Weather man and I have wiped out virtually everything you have submitted - and we are told not to bite the newbies! Also, assuming that you actually are Krishnendu das, you may well own the copyright to the stuff you have uploaded.

The real reason we have deleted is what I call contempt of Wikipedia (like contempt of court but not quite so serious). In Wikipedia, we expect people to take the trouble to study Wikipedia first and prepare articles just for Wikipedia in proper Wiki style. We will not be fobbed off with quick copy and pastes from somewhere else.

Feel free to try again - providing that you are notable. -- RHaworth 11:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Krishnendu das


text:
User:AutumnSnow

I have participated in Wikipedia since autumn 2005.

I have also participated in Japanese Wikipedia.

Articles that I created

 * Murata Makoto
 * Relation (database)

de:Benutzer:HerbstSchnee ja:利用者:秋雪 zh:User:秋雪

title: User:AutumnSnow


text:
Hopkins syndrome

Hopkins syndrome is a neurological disorder. Its cause has not been established, but its association with asthma exacerbations (usually with a respiratory infection as a trigger) has led to suspicion that the initial viral insult that causes the respiratory infection is also implicated in the subsequent paralysis. Herpes simplex virus type I DNA has been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of at least one patient diagnosed with Hopkins syndrome. In several cases, anti-viral antibody titers for echovirus, enterovirus, coxsackievirus and poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were specifically sought; all were negative. , There is one reported case in which Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was found in the patient.

The syndrome appears to involve the spinal cord: specifically, the anterior horn cells subserving the affected muscles are often damaged. The evidence for anterior horn cell involvement comes from radiological, , and electromyographical studies. In one case, a biopsy of an affected muscle "revealed scattered atrophic fibers, indicating lesions in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord".

As the illness is rare, no treatments have been subjected to a randomized controlled trial. Acyclovir, steroids and therapeutic plasma exchange have been tried; one report suggests that the latter is more effective than steroidal therapy. The prognosis for recovery of function of the affected limbs is generally considered to be poor.

title: Hopkins syndrome


text:
Watcyn Thomas

Watcyn Thomas (16 January 1906 – 10 August 1977) was a Welsh rugby union player who captained Wales in the early 1930s.

Thomas was born in Llanelli and educated at Llanelli County School and at University College, Swansea. While still at school he was the first captain of the newly formed Welsh Secondary Schools XV in 1924. He then joined Llanelli RFC, moving to Swansea in December 1927. A teacher by profession, he moved to St Helens to teach at Cowley Grammar School in 1929, and played rugby for Waterloo and Lancashire, captaining Lancashire to the championship in 1934–35.

After Llanelli's victory against the touring New Zealand Maoris, he won his first cap for Wales against England in 1927. Against Scotland in 1931 he played for 70 minutes with a broken collarbone and scored a try. As captain he led Wales to victory over England at Twickenham in 1933, overcoming the "Twickenham bogey" that had haunted Wales. However, after the match against Ireland the same year, Thomas fell out with the selectors, who had selected a prop as flanker and a flanker as prop for the match. Thomas ignored this and played them in their usual positions, and never played for Wales again.

In 1936 he moved to Birmingham to teach at King Edward VI School Aston, and died in that city in 1977. An extension to a building at the school, opened in May 2008, is named in his honour.

He was the first Welsh man to be president of the English Schools Rugby Football Union.

Biography

 * Hughes, Gareth (1983) One Hundred Years of Scarlet (Llanelli Rugby Football Club) ISBN 0-9509159-0-4

title: Watcyn Thomas


text: Category:Catholic Church by country

title: Category:Catholic Church by country


text:
User:CristiS/Sandbox

OK, this should be used for testing...

TODO List
EMPTY

Testing other stuff
This page: User:CristiS/Sandbox (check change to bold)

3 HRs:

title: User:CristiS/Sandbox


text:
Talk:Slumming

— J I P | Talk 08:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

NPOV tagging
This article is very coloured in its angle, and doesn't have any sources. Added NVOP

Slumming
I think that the article makes a good start, and, for what it is worth, I like its tone; it accords well with my own impressions of what "slumming" is about. For further development: discussion of the topic on a gradient leading from ideas about poverty to "the prosperity of poverty," bohemianism, slumming, and finally to certain forms of ethnography to class tourism. Tkatvgps (talk) 10:22, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * agree, that is what I remember reading about slumming. I don't see no pov bias here.  just need a few more references, that's it. i'm gonna load in a frank leslie photo of a slum tour later on. Lucky dog (talk) 03:42, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Poor quality
The article is very short of references and of doubtful objectivity. Ideally it should be based on examples from more than just London and New York.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 11:55, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slumming


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 10, 2005


text:
Historicism (Christianity)

In Christian eschatology, historicism is a method of interpretation of biblical prophecies which associates symbols with historical persons, nations or events. The main primary texts of interest to Christian historicists include apocalyptic literature, such as the Book of Daniel and the Book of Revelation. It sees the prophecies of Daniel as being fulfilled throughout history, extending from the past through the present to the future. It is sometimes called the continuous historical view. Commentators have also applied historicist methods to ancient Jewish history, to the Roman Empire, to Islam, to the Papacy, to the Modern era, and to the end time.

The historicist method starts with Daniel 2 and works progressively through consecutive prophecies of the book—chapters 7, 8 and 11—resulting in a view of Daniel's prophecies very different from preterism and futurism.

Almost all Protestant Reformers from the Reformation into the 19th century held historicist views.

Overview
Historicists believe that prophetic interpretation reveals the entire course of history of the church from the writing of the Book of Daniel, some centuries before the close of the 1st century, to the end of time. Historicist interpretations have been criticized for inconsistencies, conjectures, and speculations and historicist readings of the Book of Revelation have been revised as new events occur and new figures emerge on the world scene.

Historicism was the belief held by the majority of the Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther, John Calvin, Thomas Cranmer, and John Knox. The Catholic church tried to counter it with preterism and Futurism during the Counter-Reformation. This alternate view served to bolster the Catholic Church's position against attacks by Protestants, and is viewed as a Catholic defense against the Protestant Historicist view which identified the Roman Catholic Church as a persecuting apostasy and the Pope with the antichrist.

One of the most influential aspects of the Protestant historicist paradigm was the speculation that the Pope could be the antichrist. Martin Luther wrote this view, which was not novel, into the Smalcald Articles of 1537. It was then widely popularized in the 16th century, via sermons and drama, books and broadside publication. Jesuit commentators developed alternate approaches that would later become known as preterism and futurism, and applied them to apocalyptic literature; Francisco Ribera developed a form of futurism (1590), and Luis de Alcazar a form of preterism, at the same period.

The historicist approach has been used in attempts to predict the date of the end of the world. An example in post-Reformation Britain is in the works of Charles Wesley, who predicted that the end of the world would occur in 1794, based on his analysis of the Book of Revelation. Adam Clarke, whose commentary was published in 1831, proposed a possible date of 2015 for the end of the papal power.

In 19th-century America, William Miller proposed that the end of the world would occur on October 22, 1844, based on a historicist model used with Daniel 8:14. Miller's historicist approach to the Book of Daniel spawned a national movement in the United States known as Millerism. After the Great Disappointment some of the Millerites eventually organized the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which continues to maintain a historicist reading of biblical prophecy as essential to its eschatology. Millerites also formed other Adventist bodies, including the one that spawned the Watch Tower movement, better known as Jehovah's Witnesses, who hold to their own unique historicist interpretations of Bible prophecy.

Early interpretations
Prophetic commentaries in the early church usually interpreted individual passages rather than entire books. The earliest complete commentary on the Book of Revelation was carried out by Victorinus of Pettau, considered to be one of the earliest historicist commentators, around 300 AD. . Edward Bishop Elliott, a proponent of the historicist interpretation, wrote that it was modified and developed by the expositions of Andreas, Primasius (both 6th century), Bede (730 AD), Anspert, Arethas, Haimo of Auxerre, and Berengaudus (all of the 9th century). The 10th-century Catholic bishop Arnulf of Orléans was, according to Elliott, the first to apply the Man of Sin prophecy in to the papacy. Joachim of Floris gave the same interpretation in 1190, and the archbishop Eberhard II, Archbishop of Salzburg|Eberhard II, in 1240.

Joachimitism
Joachim of Fiore was an early historicist theologian. Joachimites divided history into three overlapping "stages" which each correspond to the persons of the Trinity. The first stage, of the Father, began with Adam, peaking with Abraham, and ending with Jesus. The second stage, of the Son, began with Uzziah, peaked with Zechariah, father of John the Baptist, and was ending around Joachim's time. The third stage, of the Holy Spirit, began with Benedict of Nursia, was peaking around Joachim's time, and would end with the end of history. Joachim believed that the Jews were the elect people of God during the Old Testament, he believed that during the "first seal" of the Old Testament the Jews endured oppression by the Egyptians, in the "second seal" they battled against the Canaanites and established their royal power and priesthood in Jerusalem. During the third seal the kingdom of the Hebrews was divided into many tribes, in the fourth seal Israel paid a price for its sins and was conquered by the Assyrians, in the fifth seal the Chaldeans took Jerusalem and under the sixth seal the Jews suffered captivity in Babylon and in the seventh seal the Temple was rebuilt and the Jews had a time of peace until the Greeks came, which caused an end to the Old Covenant, and the era of the Father came to an end.

The coming of Jesus resulted in the replacement of God's chosen people: he believed that the Hebrews erred by a denial of the trinity and due to that the Hebrews lost their priesthood and loyal power, which was given to the gentiles. Joachim drew connections between the rise of Islam and errors of the Greek church, he especially criticized the Orthodox rejection of filioque as a heresy. According to Joachim, God promising Hezekiah in protection in the Old Testament paralleled God's protection of the western Church under the Franks from the Islamic invasions.

Joachim divided the history of the Church into three times: the time of "Israel", from Christ to Constantine, the time of "Egypt" from Constantine to Charles, and the time of "Babylon" from Charles to Joachim.

Joachim believed that, just as the last kings in Judah could not protect themselves against Babylon, the Christian faith could not defend itself from Rome through reform within the Catholic Church because the Pope would be the Antichrist. Thus, he saw the papacy as both a force of good and evil.

Protestant
Protestant Reformers had a major interest in historicism, with a direct application to their struggle against the Papacy. Prominent leaders and scholars among them, including Martin Luther, John Calvin, Thomas Cranmer, John Knox, and Cotton Mather, identified the Roman Papacy as the antichrist. The Centuriators of Magdeburg, a group of Lutheran scholars in Magdeburg headed by Matthias Flacius, wrote the 12-volume "Magdeburg Centuries" to discredit the papacy and identify the pope as the antichrist. The fifth round of talks in the Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue notes,

William Tyndale, an English Protestant reformer, held that while the Roman Catholic realms of that age were the empire of Antichrist, any religious organization that distorted the doctrine of the Old and New Testaments also showed the work of antichrist. In his treatise The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, he expressly rejected the established Church teaching that looked to the future for an antichrist to rise up, and he taught that antichrist is a present spiritual force that will be with us until the end of the age under different religious disguises from time to time. Tyndale's translation of 2 Thessalonians, chapter 2, concerning the "man of lawlessness" reflected his understanding, but was significantly amended by later revisers, including the King James Bible committee, which followed the Vulgate more closely.

Rather than expecting a single antichrist to rule the earth during a future Tribulation period, Luther, John Calvin and other Protestant reformers saw the antichrist as a present feature in the world of their time, fulfilled in the papacy. Debated features of the Reformation historicist interpretations were the identification of; the antichrist (1 and 2 John); the Beasts of Revelation 13; the Man of Sin (or Man of Lawlessness) in 2 Thessalonians 2; the "Little horn" of Daniel 7 and 8, and the Whore of Babylon (Revelation 17).

Isaac Newton's religious views on the historicist approach are in the work published in 1733, after his death, Observations upon the Prophecies of the Book of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John. It took a stance toward the papacy similar to that of the early Protestant reformers. He avoided predictions based on prophetic literature, taking the view that prophecy when it has been shown to be fulfilled will be proof that God's providence has been imminently active in the world. This work regarded much prophecy as already fulfilled in the first millennium of the Christian era.

Modern
The 19th century was a significant watershed in the history of prophetic thought. While the historicist paradigm, together with its pre- or postmillennialism, the day-year principle, and the view of the papal antichrist, was dominant in English Protestant scholarship during much of the period from the Reformation to the middle of the 19th century (and continues to find expression in some groups today), it now was not the only one. Arising in Great Britain and Scotland, William Kelly and other Plymouth Brethren became the leading exponents of dispensationalist premillennial eschatology. By 1826, literalist interpretation of prophecy took hold and dispensationalism saw the light of day. The dispensationalist interpretation differed from the historicist model of interpreting Daniel and Revelation in picking up the Catholic theory that there was a gap in prophetic fulfillment of prophecy proposed by Futurism, but dispensationalism claim it was an anti-Catholic position.

The Great Disappointment
The unprecedented upheaval of the French Revolution in the 1790s was one of several factors that turned the eyes of Bible students around the world to the prophecies of Daniel and Revelation. Coming to the Bible with a historicist scheme of interpretation, Bible scholars began to study the time prophecies. Of special interest to many was the 1260 prophetic day time prophecy of. Many concluded that the end of the 1260-day prophecy initiated the "time of the end". Having to their satisfaction solved the 1260 days, it was only natural that they would turn their attention to unlocking the riddle of the 2300 days of.

William Miller's movement was essentially a one-doctrine movement—the visual, literal, premillennial return of Jesus in the clouds of heaven. Miller was not alone in his interest in prophecies. There were three things that Miller determined about this text:
 * 1) That the 2300 symbolic days represented 2300 real years as evidence in  and.
 * 2) That the sanctuary represents the earth or church. And,
 * 3) by referring to, that the 2300 years ended with the burning of the earth at the Second Advent.

Miller tied the vision to the Prophecy of Seventy Weeks in Daniel 9 where a beginning is given. He concluded that the 70-weeks (or 70-7s or 490 days/years) were the first 490 years of the 2300 years. The 490 years were to begin with the command to rebuild and restore Jerusalem. The Bible records 4 decrees concerning Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity.

Visions of Daniel
Traditional Protestant historicism interprets the four kingdoms in the Book of Daniel as Neo-Babylon, Medo-Persia (c. 550–330 BC), Greece under Alexander the Great, and the Roman Empire. followed by the birth of Jesus Christ (the Rock).

Additionally, historicists view the "little horn" in Daniel 7:8 and Daniel 8:9 as the Papacy.

Adam Clarke, writing in 1825, offered an alternative 1260-year period from 755 AD to 2015, based upon the Pope's elevation from being a subject of the Byzantine Empire to becoming the independent head of the Papal States by means of the Donation of Pepin.

Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
The prophecy of seventy weeks is interpreted as dealing with the Jewish nation from about the middle of the 5th century BCE until not long after the death of Jesus in the 1st century CE and so is not concerned with current or future history. Historicists consider Antiochus IV Epiphanes irrelevant to the fulfillment of the prophecy.

The historicist view on the prophecy of seventy weeks, in Daniel 9, stretches from [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Ezrachonology.jpg 457 BCE] to [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/TwentySevenAD.jpg 34 CE], and that the [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/2300days.jpg final "week" of the prophecy] refers to the events of the ministry of Jesus. This was the view taught by Martin Luther, John Calvin and Sir Isaac Newton.

Like others before them they equate the beginning of the 70 weeks "from the time the word goes out to rebuild and restore Jerusalem," of Daniel 9:25 with the decree by Artaxerxes I in 458/7 BCE which provided money for rebuilding the temple and Jerusalem and allowed for restoration of a Jewish administration. It ends 3½ years after the crucifixion of Jesus. The appearance of "Messiah the Prince" at the end of the 69 weeks (483 years) is aligned with the baptism of Jesus in 27 CE, in the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar. The 'cutting off' of the "anointed one" refers to the crucifixion 3½ years after the end of the 483 years, bringing "atonement for iniquity" and "everlasting righteousness". Jesus is said to 'confirm' the "covenant" between God and humankind by his death on the cross in the Spring (about Passover time) of 31 CE "in the midst of" the last seven years.

According to the New Testament, at the moment of his death the 4 inch (10 cm) thick curtain between the Holy and Most Holy Places in the Temple ripped from top to bottom  marking the end of the Temple's sacrificial system. The last week ends 3½ years after the crucifixion (i.e., in 34 CE) when the gospel was redirected from only the Jews to all Gentile nations. Jehovah's Witnesses have a similar interpretation, but place the period from 455 BCE to 29 CE, with the final "week" being fulfilled by 36 CE.

Some of the representative voices among exegetes of the last 150 years are E. W. Hengstenberg, J. N. Andrews, E. B. Pusey, J. Raska, J. Hontheim, Boutflower, Uriah Smith, and O. Gerhardt.

Great Tribulation
Most historicists see Matthew's reference to "great tribulation" as parallel to Revelation 6:12–13, having an end when Christ returns.

Some historicists believe that the Tribulation refers to the centuries of persecution endured by the Church and point to the following in the rest of the New Testament which shows the "tribulation", that almost every reference applies to what true Christians go through, rather than what they escape from.

This view is also called Classical Posttribulationism, an original theory of the Post-tribulation rapture view which holds the position that the church has always been in the tribulation because, during its entire existence, it has always suffered persecution and trouble. They believe that the tribulation is not a literal future event.

Historicists have also applied the Tribulation to the period known as "persecution of the saints" as related to Daniel 7 and Revelation 13.

Proponents

 * Martin Luther (1483–1546)
 * Thomas Brightman (1562–1607)
 * Alexander Forbes (1564–1617)
 * Joseph Mede (1586–1639)
 * Matthew Poole (1624–1679)
 * Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704)
 * Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
 * Campegius Vitringa (1659–1722)
 * Robert Fleming (1660–1716)
 * Matthew Henry (1662–1714)
 * Friedrich Adolph Lampe (c. 1670–1729 )
 * Charles Daubuz (1673–1717)
 * Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687–1752)
 * John Gill (1697–1771)
 * Bishop T. Newton (1704–82)
 * Thomas Scott (1747–1821)
 * George Stanley Faber (1773–1854)
 * William Miller (1782–1849)
 * William Cuninghame of Lainshaw (c.1775–1849)
 * Alexander Keith (1791–1880)
 * Edward Bishop Elliott (1793–1875)
 * Albert Barnes (1798–1870)
 * Christopher Wordsworth (1807–85)
 * James Aitken Wylie (1808–90)
 * T.R. Birks (1810–83)
 * Henry Grattan Guinness (1835–1910)
 * Basil Atkinson (1895–1971)
 * Ian Paisley (1926–2014)
 * Oral Edmond Collins (1928–2013)
 * Francis Nigel Lee (1934–2011)

title: Historicism (Christianity)


text:
Boulangerite

Boulangerite or antimonbleiblende is an uncommon monoclinic orthorhombic sulfosalt mineral, lead antimony sulfide, formula Pb5Sb4S11. It was named in 1837 in honor of French mining engineer Charles Boulanger (1810–1849), and had been a valid species since pre-IMA. It was first described prior to 1959, and is now grandfathered.

Properties
Boulangerite was considered to be a really rare mineral until later they found numerous ore deposits of said mineral. Nowadays it is considered as an uncommon mineral, which is rather cheap, with a color of light blue to black to grey. The dust of the mineral is black. Pseudohexagonal shape is common for this mineral. It forms rings rarely. It is the homeotype of lopatkaite. The strong subcell is orthorhombic, and has a halved c. It forms small, elongated prismic or fine, needle-like crystals. Each crystal can grow up to a few centimeters, and crystals can only be told apart in either an enlarged photo or from under a microscope, as it is almost as thin and fine as hair is. One of its unique properties is the parallel fibers to the direction of the elongation, although fibrous-radial, feathery masses are not uncommon as well. In other words, it is plumose, meaning aggregates form plume-like shapes. The latter is the so-called plumosite variant of the mineral, the name derived from the aggregates being plumose, though it can occur in felt-like fibrous or in thick granular clusters as well. The luster of it is always either matte blueish-grey or metallic lead-grey. It is a really heavy, though soft mineral, which is easily breakable, though it cannot be scratched by using fingernails due to the same hardness (2.5–3). The mineral being heavy although being soft is due to its compact mass. The cleavage is generally good. In case of the fibrous type, the fibers are flexible. It is an opaque mineral. The melting point of it is really low, 1 on the Kobell fusibility-scale, which is around 525 in °C. This is the point, where the mineral is the easiest to fuse or at which temperature it melts. It is completely soluble in hydrogen chloride. During the reaction with hydrochloric acid, it creates hydrogen sulfide. In nitric acid, it is partially soluble. It has a distinct anisotropism, and shows weak pleochroic attributes. Common impurities include iron, copper, tin and zinc. It mostly consists of lead (54.88%) thus it can be used as a lead ore, but the other main components are antimony (26.44%) (which is also why the mineral typically forms in antimony deposits) and sulfur (18.68%).

Formation
It typically forms in association of lead, zinc or antimony deposits, in a lodeic environment. It can also be found in company of metamorphic rocks as well, in the Apuan alps as well for instance. The specimens that get formed on these metamorphic rocks appear in the form of fine, crystal needles. It is also usually found with other sulfides as well, like with arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena or sphalerite, but is also can occur with siderites, dolomites and quartzes. It may occur in intergrowths with jamesonite and meneghinite, quartz or sphalerite. Usual finding places include Germany, Switzerland, Canada, the Czech republic, the old Yugoslavia, the Ural region in Russia, and from the british park city mines in Utah. The most known finding places include the Gutin mountains, more specifically Herja, Baia Mare, Baia Sprie, although it appears in greater quantities at the Slovak Ore Mountains (Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie), specifically Čučma and Zlatá Idka. A really few specimens can be found in Hungary, in the Gyöngyösoroszi ore mine, in French at Provence, and as mentioned above, in Italy, it can be found in the tuscan Apuan alps, in the Bottino mine, but it rarely occurs in carrara marble as well.

Identification and usage
At first glance, it is hard to differentiate boulangerite from zinkenite or jamesonite, so proper equipment is crucial for the identification. In the structure, there are interconnected SbS3 groups like in zinkenite, jamesonite and robinsonite. The smaller, and beautiful needle-like crystals attract a lot of collector's glimpses. As for the economical usage of boulangerite, it can be used up as a lead ore. The usage of said mineral is only reasonable when it appears in extended enough, quarriable deposits.

title: Boulangerite


text:
User talk:Jonburney

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 08:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Jonburney


text:
User talk:Eman1973

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 08:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Eman1973