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State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia

The State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske), commonly abbreviated ZAVNOH, was first convened on 13–14 June 1943 in Otočac and Plitvice as the chief political representative body in World War II Axis-occupied Croatia (part of Yugoslavia at the time). It was dominated by the Communist Party of Croatia, a nominally-independent political party active in the territory largely corresponding to present-day Croatia. Despite its nominal independence, the party was a de facto branch of the Josip Broz Tito-led Communist Party of Yugoslavia. ZAVNOH also included representatives or former members of peasant organisations, trade unions, the Croatian Peasant Party, and the Independent Democratic Party.

In addition to performing day-to-day regulatory and government tasks in the territory held by Yugoslav Partisans within Croatia under the leadership of Andrija Hebrang, ZAVNOH sought to broaden the appeal of partisan resistance to the Croatian population by presenting it as not entirely communist. It also tried to reconcile Croat and Serb equality with the promotion of Croatia's interests, sometimes marginalising the Serbs and triggering conflict with Tito. At its third session, in Topusko, ZAVNOH upheld the decisions on federal post-war Yugoslavia adopted by the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia. In 1945, ZAVNOH was renamed the People's Sabor of Croatia.

Its work, ideas and decisions contributed to the leadership programme of the League of Communists of Croatia, culminating in the 1971 Croatian Spring. ZAVNOH's decisions were then used to justify newly introduced policies seeking to reform the Yugoslav federation and promote Croatian interests. The 1990 Constitution of Croatia, adopted shortly before the declaration of Croatian independence, cites ZAVNOH in its preamble as a foundation of Croatian statehood.

Axis invasion of Yugoslavia
Seeking retribution for their withdrawal from the Tripartite Pact after the March 1941 Yugoslav coup d'état, Adolf Hitler sought to destroy the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by dismembering it for annexation by Nazi Germany and its allies. The move was supported by Italian leader Benito Mussolini, who believed that it would help Fascist Italy expand their territory by absorbing former Yugoslav territories. German plans for the breakup of Yugoslavia also envisaged some form of autonomy for the Croats, exploiting Croatian dissatisfaction with the Yugoslav regime. Hitler offered Hungary the opportunity to absorb Croatia on 27 March 1941 (apparently referring to the territories largely corresponding to the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia), but Regent Miklós Horthy declined his offer. Only days later, Germany determined to establish a Croatian puppet state.

The Nazis turned to the Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka, HSS), the most popular Croatian political party at the time, to set up the state. They offered party leader Vladko Maček the opportunity to govern it, but Maček declined. Its rule was then reluctantly offered to the Italian-based Ustaše and their leader, Ante Pavelić. Mussolini sought to capitalise on the promises made in a 1927 memorandum submitted by Pavelić and Ivo Frank, promising territorial concessions to Italy. The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was declared on 10 April, as the Wehrmacht was approaching Zagreb. The declaration was made by Slavko Kvaternik at the urging of, and with support from, SS Colonel Edmund Veesenmayer of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop. Pavelić and the Ustaše were only permitted to leave Italy and Italian-occupied territory in Yugoslavia after Mussolini extracted a written confirmation of the 1927 pledge, allowing him to reach Zagreb in the early morning of 15 April with 195 Ustašas. Yugoslavia surrendered shortly thereafter, on 17 April 1941, with King Peter II and the government fleeing the country. The decision to abandon armed resistance to the Axis powers so early placed the Yugoslav government-in-exile in a poor position, further weakened by quarreling ministers who appeared united only in their opposition to communism.

Partisan resistance
With defeat imminent, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) instructed its 8,000 members to stockpile weapons in anticipation of armed resistance (which spread throughout the country, except for Macedonia, by the end of 1941). Building on its experience in nationwide clandestine operation, the KPJ organised the Partisans into a resistance force led by Josip Broz Tito. The KPJ concluded that the German invasion of the Soviet Union had created favourable conditions for an uprising, and its politburo established the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (Narodonooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije, with Tito its commander-in-chief) on 27 June 1941. In the territory largely corresponding to present-day Croatia, the Communist Party of Croatia (Komunistička partija Hrvatske, KPH) operated as a nominally-independent party but was a de facto KPJ branch; at the beginning of the war, it had 4,000 members.

The Serb population living in the NDH was eager to join the Partisan struggle, due to their severe persecution by the Ustaše regime. The KPJ competed for Serb loyalty with the Chetniks: nationalist Serb guerrillas who fought the Partisans and the NDH, backed by Fascist Italy and organised as the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia. A major contributor to Croat Partisan recruitment was the transfer of a large portion of the Adriatic coast to Italy through the Treaties of Rome as fulfilment of Pavelić's promise to Mussolini. By late 1943, Croatia's contribution to the Yugoslav Partisan resistance was disproportionately large: 38 of its 97 brigades.

Establishment of the AVNOJ
In November 1942, the Partisans captured the town of Bihać and secured a large part of western Bosnia, Dalmatia and Lika. On 26 and 27 November, the pan-Yugoslav Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije, AVNOJ) was established in Bihać at the urging of Tito and the KPJ. At its first session, the AVNOJ adopted a multi-ethnic federal state as the basis for the country's future government but did not determine the post-war system of government. The number of future federal units and their equality were ambiguous.

The AVNOJ elected Ivan Ribar president; Ribar, the first president of the Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia), symbolised continuity with the pre-war government. The 1942 AVNOJ-established bodies were not formally considered a government, and Tito said that international relations precluded the formation of a government at that point; he described AVNOJ as a political instrument designed to mobilise. Despite ambiguity about the number and equality of future federal units, the AVNOJ urged the convening of similar assemblies in future federal units.

First session
During the first session of the AVNOJ, Tito tasked KPH central committee member Pavle Gregorić with setting up a supreme political body of the national liberation movement in Croatia as soon as possible. A working group – AVNOJ Delegates from Croatia (Vijećnici AVNOJ-a iz Hrvatske) – was set up in Slunj in early December 1942, and the State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske, ZAVNOH) was expected to convene in mid-January 1943. However, the Axis Case White offensive forced the plans to be postponed. The eight-member Initiative Committee of the ZAVNOH (Inicijativni odbor ZAVNOH-a) was instead convened in the village of Ponori, near Korenica. The Initiative Committee was headed by three-member secretariat consisting of Gregorić, Stanko Ćanica-Opačić, and Šime Balen. Balen, a former HSS member who was persuaded to join the KPJ by KPH central-committee secretary Andrija Hebrang, later headed the ZAVNOH propaganda department. Another former HSS activist, Nikola Rubčić, was brought in as the editor of Vjesnik (the ZAVNOH's official newspaper).

On 17 March 1943, the committee declared that it was assuming all popular authority in Croatia until the ZAVNOH was convened. A 26 May declaration emphasised that the national liberation movement in Croatia was part of the Yugoslav national liberation movement; Croats and Serbs would independently decide on internal matters and relations with other peoples after the country's liberation.

After the successful spring 1943 offensive and recapture of most of the Banija, Kordun, and Lika regions by the 1st Corps, the ZAVNOH first convened in Otočac and Plitvice as Croatia's supreme representative political body on 13–14 June. The session consisted of 112 members, with an eleven-member executive committee led by president Vladimir Nazor and three vice-presidents. It adopted the Plivice Resolution, detailing the history of the Croatian people and their struggle for freedom, the backward nature of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the reign of terror of the NDH and the Chetniks, and the betrayal of the royal government in exile. The resolution called for the recovery of Croatian lands seized by foreigners and "full and true democratic freedom and equality of Croats and Serbs".

The first ZAVNOH session recognised a "free Bosnia and Herzegovina", relinquishing control of Livno. In return, it received Dvor and the coast between the Neretva River and the Bay of Kotor originally assigned to the Bosnian or Herzegovinan Partisans.

Second session
Between the ZAVNOH's first and the second sessions, the national liberation movement in Croatia grew from 25,000 to 100,000 fighters and increased its control – particularly on the coast, after the surrender of Italy. On 20 September 1943, the ZAVNOH executive committee decided to add Istria, Rijeka, Zadar and other Croatian lands previously annexed by Italy to Croatia (and thus to Yugoslavia). The AVNOJ confirmed the decision on 30 September. Tito criticised the ZAVNOH for assuming sovereignty in place of Yugoslavia, seeing the decision as an example of latent nationalism in the KPH leadership (which controlled about fifty percent of the Yugoslav Partisan forces at the time).

The ZAVNOH's second session was held in Plaški from 12 to 15 October 1943. It expanded by 66 members, largely drawn from the HSS. The HSS splintered early in the war. Vladko Maček led the party's most influential faction, adopting a policy of waiting for liberation by the Allies. Another group, which included former Ban of Croatia Ivan Šubašić, fled the country to join the royal government in exile. A third group joined the Ustaše; a fourth group, led by Božidar Magovac (organised as the HSS executive committee), joined the KPH-dominated national liberation movement. Magovac saw his HSS faction and the KPH as a coalition of equals. Although some Partisan fighters resented the acceptance of HSS members, the official KPH position was that the newcomers were welcome and free to maintain their political views. This position was taken in the (accurate) belief that a greater involvement of HSS members would lead to broader Croat participation in the Partisan struggle. A group of Independent Democratic Party (Samostalna demokratska stranka, SDS) leaders also agreed to cooperate with the movement. Peasant organisations and trade unions sent representatives to the ZAVNOH, which sought to represent as broad a segment of the population as possible. Participation of the organisations depended on their acceptance of the KPH's lead.

The second session appointed a 15-member executive committee (led by a president and three vice-presidents) to discharge political functions, and a six-member secretariat selected from the executive committee members as a de facto Croatian government to perform day-to-day tasks. The secretariat retained its function until the People's Government was appointed in Split on 14 April 1945.

In his speech to the second session, Hebrang urged the KPH to accept the popular "mass movement" instead of pursuing a leftist agenda. He urged the party to ensure that the Partisan struggle was not perceived as exclusively communist, condemning "fanatics flying only the red flag" and extremism in the KPJ. The ZAVNOH replied that it did not intend to radically change social life, and recognised the status of private property.

On 12 January 1944, the Serbian Club of ZAVNOH Members was established in Otočac. It was chaired by Rade Pribičević, a member of the pre-war SDS' Main Committee. Despite Pribičević's assertion that Croatian Serbs would pursue Croatia's interests in Yugoslavia, there was some resentment of their actual, perceived or expected position. The principal complaints were that the Serbs were marginalised in Croatia, Ustaše atrocities were overlooked, Serbs were underrepresented in the ZAVNOH, and their Cyrillic script was discouraged. Although Hebrang insisted on teaching the Cyrillic script in all schools, he also said that Croatia Serbs had to accept their a minority status (albeit with equal rights) in a Croatian state. Hebrang's efforts to emphasise Croat contribution to the Partisan struggle contributed to perceived Croatian Serb marginalisation. As a result of this (and Chetnik propaganda), four ethnic-Serb Partisan commanders and about 90 subordinates defected to Germany in the Kordun region in 1944. Hebrang's policies also increased KPJ leadership concern about his effects on Serb Partisan support.

Third session
The AVNOJ's decision on the self-determination of all Yugoslav nations was meant to be confirmed by representative bodies of all future federal units. The ZAVNOH met for this purpose on 8–9 May 1944 in Topusko. The session convened in a spa restaurant in the evening, and concluded the next morning to minimise exposure to potential air assault. One hundred five of 166 delegates attended, along with AVNOJ president Ivan Ribar and vice-presidents Moša Pijade, Marko Vujačić and Josip Rus, and Ivan Milutinović as a non-Croatian member of the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia. The Partisan forces in Croatia were represented by the 4th Corps (previously designated as the 1st Corps) commander and commissar, Generals Ivan Gošnjak and Većeslav Holjevac. General Ivan Rukavina and Colonel Bogdan Oreščanin were also present. The Allied forces in Yugoslavia were represented by Red Army Colonels Vladimir Goroshchenko and Mikhail Bodrov, British Major Owen Reed, and US Office of Strategic Services Captain George Selvig.

The ZAVNOH adopted four fundamental constitutional acts. It approved the work of the Croatian delegates at the second session of the AVNOJ and, as the representative of the Federal State of Croatia, approved the establishment of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. It praised the latter as an expression of the wish of Croatian Croats and Serbs to live in a truly democratic South Slavic state offering full equality, the unification of Croatian lands, and the realisation of Croatian statehood. The declaration of a Croatian federal state was greeted favourably by its general public.

The ZAVNOH declared itself the "true national assembly of democratic Croatia" and its highest authority as a federal unit in Yugoslavia. Its assembly was designated as the legislature, and its 30-person executive committee as the highest executive body.

The third document adopted at the session was the Declaration of the Basic Rights of Peoples and Citizens of Democratic Croatia. In addition to the rights of ownership and property, private enterprise, and the freedom of religion and conscience, speech, the press, assembly, consultation, and association (the latter four within the Partisan movement for the duration of the war), the document specified that the Croats and Serbs of Croatia were equal regardless of politics, ethnicity, race, and religion. Worded in consideration of Ustaše repression against the Serbs, it was considered a contribution to improving Croat–Serb relations. The fourth constitutional decision determined the hierarchy of the regional national liberation committees.

In his speech at the session, Hebrang declared that the struggle was not for communism, but for democracy and national liberation (displeasing the KPJ leadership). A further point of conflict between Hebrang and the KPJ was support of the Magovac-edited HSS publication, Slobodni dom. Hebrang considered the newspaper a useful tool against Maček loyalists, but the KPJ feared the re-establishment of the HSS (although the publication was issued by the ZAVNOH). Magovac wanted to pursue HSS independence from the KPH and, finding this objective unrealistic and receiving no support from other former HSS members, he resigned his editorial and political positions.

Fourth session
The conflict between Tito and the KPJ, on one hand, and Hebrang, ZAVNOH and the KPH gradually deepened. In September 1944, Tito criticised the ZAVNOH regulation introducing religion as a mandatory educational subject in Croatia's Partisan-held territory. Days later, he accused Hebrang of nationalism for establishing the Croatian Telegraphic Agency as an independent news agency. By 20 October, Hebrang was replaced by Vladimir Bakarić as secretary of the KPH central committee. Due to his popularity in Croatia, however, he was called to recently captured Belgrade and appointed Yugoslav minister of industry.

In early January 1945, the ZAVNOH moved its seat to Šibenik to prepare for the post-war period. Its executive committee met in Split on 14 April to proclaim the Decision on the People's Government, presided over by Bakarić. The ZAVNOH moved to Zagreb on 20 May, holding its fourth session on 25 July at the Croatian Parliament building in St. Mark's Square. It renamed itself the National Parliament of Croatia (Narodni Sabor Hrvatske), emphasising the Croatian legislative body's continuity as representative of Croatian state sovereignty.

Croatian Spring
Twenty five years after the war, during the 1971 political upheaval known as the Croatian Spring, the then-leaders of the League of Communists of Croatia (Savez komunista Hrvatske, SKH) publicly stated that the status of Croats in Yugoslavia had not been resolved in accordance with ZAVNOH decisions, and they advocated a reform of the Yugoslav federation. Mika Tripalo cited decisions made at the council's third session as confirmation of the statehood of Yugoslav republics, and the SKH leaders asked for increased powers of the Yugoslav republics to reflect their national sovereignty. They emphasised that the wartime national liberation struggle was not only intended to be a social liberation, but also a reform of relations among the Yugoslav nations.

The SKH leadership borrowed from the nation-related themes employed by the KPH leadership nearly three decades earlier: promoting Croatian unity and its culture, language and history, and acknowledging the role of the Catholic Church. They sought to address the over-representation of Serbs in public institutions such as the police, the league, and some state-owned enterprises. Although the SKH leadership was forced to resign by Tito and many of their policies were reversed, their efforts to reform Yugoslavia were considered by a federal commission in 1971. The commission introduced constitutional amendments confirming the statehood of the Yugoslav republics which were retained in the 1974 constitution.

Memorial
The Topusko spa restaurant building, where the ZAVNOH's third session was held, was converted into a memorial in 1984 to commemorate the session's 40th anniversary. According to news reports, the building was blown up on 14 September 1991 by the Croatian armed forces or police as they retreated before the 7th Banija Division of the armed forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Yugoslav People's Army captured Topusko during the Croatian War of Independence. Although an initiative to restore the building was launched in 2007 by the municipal government (supported by Parliament), it had produced no results by 2019.

Constitution of Croatia
The ZAVNOH has been frequently noted as part of the foundations of Croatia as a republic in Yugoslavia and the independent Republic of Croatia. In its preamble, the Croatian constitution (adopted in 1990) cites decisions adopted by the ZAVNOH as part of the historical foundations of Croatian statehood and its right to national sovereignty. In a speech commemorating the fifth anniversary of the independence of Croatia, President Franjo Tuđman said that it was the ZAVNOH's work which allowed Croatia to declare its independence.

In November 1991, the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (also known as the Badinter Commission) was established to evaluate candidates for recognition as states after the breakup of Yugoslavia by providing opinions on a set of legal questions. About the question of whether the Serbian populations in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have the right to self-determination, acting president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia Branko Kostić said that the ZAVNOH gave the Croats and the Serbs of Croatia the position of "constituent nations". According to Kostić, the Croatian Constitution reduced the Serbs of Croatia to a national minority who should have the right to secede from Croatia if Croatian independence was recognised. In January 1992, the Badinter Commission ruled that the Serbs living in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were entitled to the rights attributed to minorities and ethnic groups under international law; however, it did not use the term "constituent nation".


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Caer Caradoc

Caer Caradoc (Caer Caradog, the fort of Caradog) is a hill in the English county of Shropshire. It overlooks the town of Church Stretton and the village of All Stretton and offers panoramic views to the north towards the Wrekin, east to Wenlock Edge, and west over the nearby Long Mynd. It is not to be confused with another hillfort of the same name 1 km west of Chapel Lawn near Bucknell.

Caer Caradoc rises sharply out of a narrow valley known as the Stretton Gap. It is the highest point on a high, narrow, northeast–southwest "whaleback ridge", sometimes called a hogsback ridge. The Wrekin is a very similarly shaped hill and on the same alignment, some 10 mi to the north-east. Caer Caradoc can be fairly easily climbed from Church Stretton but the ascent/descent is steep; a more gentle climb is from the village of Cardington, which lies two miles (3 km) east.

Much of the hill is composed from volcanic rocks, like the Wrekin and other hills, formed of narrow ridges of resistant Precambrian rock thrust upwards by movements deep down along the Church Stretton Fault. This fault line runs from Staffordshire in England to Pembrokeshire in Wales and can be seen on Ordnance Survey maps as a line of springs on this hill.

The summit has an Ancient British Iron Age or late Bronze Age hill fort. It is this which the hill is named after – Caer Caradog in Welsh meaning Caradog's fort. Local legend has it that this was the site of Caratacus' last battle against the Roman legions during the Roman conquest of Britain, and that after the battle he hid in the cave near its summit. However, there is no river nearby and Tacitus refers to a river in his description of the site.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Caer Caradoc


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Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements

Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements is a 2001 book by Stephen D. Shenfield.

Synopsis
Russian Fascism is an analysis of fascism, its manifestations in Russian political and cultural history, and fascist tendencies and movements in contemporary Russia. It examines the likelihood that Russia would follow the same path as Weimar Germany.

Publication
The book was first published in 2000 through M. E. Sharpe as a 324-page hardcover and was given a paperback release by the same company in 2001. In 2015, Routledge issued a second edition of the work in hardback and e-book formats.

Reception
In Science & Society, Irina Mukhina criticized Shenfield's definition of fascism in Russian Fascism, as she felt that "While Shenfield's definition of fascism, supported by abundant empirical evidence, is useful for the analysis of organizations that appear to be undeniably fascist, this definition and its usage become problematic when the author evaluates Russia's fascist traditions and tendencies. A. James Gregor, in Slavic Review, also voiced concerns over the definition while also noting that it was "among the first of the serious works that undertake a comparative study of "fascism" in the former Soviet Union."

Sven Gunnar Simonsen reviewed the text for the Journal of Peace Research, praising Shenfield for his patience in discussing a wide topic and "for intelligently addressing the important question of whether Stalin, and today's Communist Party under leader Gennady Zuganov, may be described as Fascist." Andreas Umland noted that the book was "pioneering in at least two regards", stating that one of them was "a serious attempt to integrate his research on the Russian extreme right into the field of comparative fascist study."


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Talk:California State Route 170

Why is Lankershim Boulevard redirected to this?
SR 170 in North Hollywood is the Lankershim Bypass, but no part of it actually overlaps Lankershim; in fact they only cross once. Beyond that it's the Cahuenga Blvd bypass. --98.239.96.64 (talk) 08:07, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:California State Route 170


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John Steed

Major The Hon. John Wickham Gascoyne Beresford Steed usually known as John Steed, is a fictional character and the central protagonist on the 1960s British spy series The Avengers and its 1970s sequel The New Avengers, played by Patrick Macnee in both; by Donald Monat in the South-African radio series adaptation of The Avengers; by Ralph Fiennes in the 1998 film of the same name and by Julian Wadham in various audio adventures from  Big Finish Productions.

Steed is a secret agent working for an unnamed branch of British intelligence. He was teamed with a variety of partners, including Dr. David Keel (1961), Dr. Martin King (1962), Venus Smith (1962–1963), Cathy Gale (1962–1964), Emma Peel (1965–1968), Tara King (1968–1969), Lady Diana Forbes-Blakeney (1969), Purdey, and Mike Gambit (both 1976–1977).

Pre-Avengers
Steed was born John Wickham Gascoyne Beresford Steed sometime between 1922 and 1925 (the actor who played him, Patrick Macnee, was born 1922). A scion of a noble family, Steed attended Eton (like Macnee), where he once got into a fight with the school bully, James Bond, and was eventually expelled (like Macnee). Steed's best friend was Mark Crayford, who later followed him into British Intelligence. However Crayford was always secretly jealous of Steed and later defected to the Soviet Union and attempted to destroy Steed and his legacy.

Steed was a distinguished veteran of World War II, initially serving as a Royal Navy motor torpedo boat commander (like Macnee) but at some point transferring to the Coldstream Guards and then to the Intelligence Corps. He spent the early part of his war service posted at RAF Camp 472 Hamelin, which was a jumping-off point for British spies on the continent. He received the Military Cross for single-handedly taking a German machine-gun post. Before leaving the British Army to join "The Ministry" in 1945, Steed achieved the rank of Major and in it is established he served on courts-martial towards the end of the war. He was also imprisoned by the Japanese at some point over the Christmas period.

In the New Avengers episode "Hostage" he refers to having spent time as a cowboy when he was 21, riding point for the 'Lazy T', on a cattle drive from Arizona to the Black Hills of Dakota.

He maintained a modest mews flat in London during the 1960s (first at 5 Westminster Mews, later at 3 Stable Mews) and drove a variety of elaborate, old-fashioned cars, including a Rolls-Royce and several different models of Bentley, one of which he calls Fido. In one episode also a Vauxhall 30/98 can be seen. By The New Avengers, Steed had moved out to the country, to a manor house known as "Steed's Stud", and was no longer driving vintage cars, but contemporary Jaguars instead.

There are few details regarding his family, although he does refer to an Aunt Penelope (who sends him weighty rock cakes by post) in "Dead Man's Treasure", a 13-year-old nephew in "Legacy of Death" and teenage niece.

The Avengers
During the first season Steed's character was a more rough-and-tumble operative than the suave, sophisticated gentleman he became during the Gale and Peel eras. His most common style of dress as Dr. Keel's sidekick was a trenchcoat and suit, though the famous bowler hat and umbrella appeared as early as "The Frighteners", the 15th episode to be aired. Most of the first-season episodes are lost, but Macnee hints in his memoir that the bowler and brolly initially appeared earlier. During the show's budget-strained first season, Macnee supplemented his on-screen wardrobe with numerous items from his own wardrobe, including the bowler and umbrella. By the second season, Steed had dispensed with the trenchcoat and was found wearing the familiar three-piece suits with which he is afterward identified.

He was initially shown answering to several different superiors such as "One-Ten" and "Charles". During most of the Gale-Peel era the source of his orders was left a mystery. For the final season of the original series (the Tara King era) Steed was shown taking his orders from an obese man called "Mother" who used a wheelchair (and once from a blind woman named "Father").

In The New Avengers, Steed was shown working on his own, and it was suggested that he had moved into an administrative role in British intelligence, although that did not stop him from directly participating in missions.

Out of all his partners, he was closest to Mrs Peel; while their interaction was often laced with dry, sardonic wit on both sides, he respected her as an equal, and owed her his life on more than a few occasions. Regarding the question of whether they had a sexual relationship at any time, Macnee thought they went to bed on a very regular basis (just not in view of the camera), Rigg thought they were engaged in a very enjoyable extended flirtation that ultimately went nowhere, and Brian Clemens said he wrote them with the idea they'd had an affair before Emma's first appearance in the series.

Description
One of Steed's trademarks was his impeccable dress, often consisting of a three-piece suit, sometimes in styles that harkened back to the early 20th century, along with a trademark bowler hat, and always carried an umbrella. His umbrella, with its distinctive whangee handle, was designed by British umbrella maker Swaine Adeney Brigg. His bowler and umbrella were in fact his favourite weapons. The umbrella contained a concealed sword, though he seldom actually drew the blade, more frequently using the umbrella itself as a striking and hooking weapon. Other specially-equipped umbrellas included one that featured a sound recorder, one with a tip that could emit knock out gas, one with a camera hidden under the handle for covert photography, and one that contained measures of whisky. (The swordstick featured in the title sequence was made by venerable English umbrella maker James Smith & Sons.) The bowler had a metal plate concealed in its lining and was very hard, it could stop bullets and knock down opponents. Although he was witty and highly sagacious, he was also a suave and ruthless spy. In combat, he is an excellent swordsman and adept at unarmed combat. Whilst he does use firearms on occasion he does not habitually carry one (a trait taken from Macnee who disliked them after his wartime service). A bon vivant, he also seemed to be something of an oenophile, having an impeccable palate and a love for champagne. When meeting Tara King, Emma Peel informed her that Steed liked his tea with 3 sugars and stirred anti-clockwise and in the episode "The Morning After" professes to prefer to deal in guineas as currency.

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Portela (Loures)

Portela is a former civil parish in the municipality of Loures, Lisbon District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Moscavide e Portela.

History

In toponymic terms, Portela gets its name from two Portuguese definitions: portela is derived from a corruption of the Latin portulla or portella, which means "small door" or "entryway"", since it can be considered the access to Lisbon (and/or south part of the Tagus estuary); the term portela is also, literally "a point where a road or street forms a bend or angle, ordinarily in a bottleneck or tributary"". Geographically, the second statement is also true, since the parish's northern limits are cornered by two important bends (Avenida Infante Dom Henriques-IC17 and IC17-A1).

Portela's masterplan was deeply inspired by Swiss architect Le Corbusier's utopian scheme of "A Contemporary City for 3 Million People" (1922), and its urbanism based on the premise of a modern architecture that was exposed it to the maximum levels of sun, air and nature (as stated in the 1933 Athens Charter of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne).

Similarly, in the early part of the 1960s, a development in Buenos Aires had a comparable effect on the future urbanization of Portela; the development was geometric in design, with composite linear roadways around a central centre. In Lisbon, a similar layout was achieved by a New York architect, who was commissioned to construct a development that centred on a large commercial mall in the 1970s (the first of its type to be completed using urban planning concepts in the capital). The idea was to organize apartment blocks around a central commercial structure, in order to create a pole of socio-economic activities. Constituted in 1985, the civil parish of Portela has become a Portuguese reference for urban architecture.

In 1965, a draft plan for the future scheme was approved by the Government, implying the expropriation of five farms which were sharing this parcel of land and supplying Lisbon with agricultural goods. The plan, covering an area of 50 hectares, laid out a vision for a future area with 4500 homes and all sort of social equipments, responding to the big demand of housing for the people who were flocking to the Capital in a high number either from the ex-colonies in Africa or from other parts of the country.

The early residents of the modern Portela were young couples with their children, many returning from the Portuguese Colonies, others liberal professionals such as lawyers, engineers, physicians, or judges and some older politicians, ostensibly from middle- to upper-middle class. The growth of the region was influenced by the youth culture, a bohemian collection of punk, metal, anarchist and others on the vanguard of the youth movement, who would spend time in the Bairro Alto district, ending their nights in Cais do Sodré, Jamaica, Tóquio or Shangrila. As time evolved, the Association of Portela Homeowners, the parish Church and the Junta Freguesia became more active in the activities of the residents. By the 1990s, the youth movement had moved on to areas of Alcântara-Mar, the Kapital or the Kremlin. At this time, the Esplanada da Portela (the main strip), with its open-air green-spaces attracted more of the local residents, and slowly the tennis courts and football field were constructed to fix the local population. As the population continued to age, many married and moved away, although some remained in the region while others moved closer to the river's edge, as the Expo 98 lands were repurposed for residential living.

Geography
Bordering the urban parishes of Moscavide, Sacavém, Prior Velho and the municipality of Lisbon (parish of Santa Maria dos Olivais), Portela includes approximately 20,000 inhabitants in an area of about one km2. It is located barely two kilometres from Lisbon's International Airport and at the intersection of two of Portugal's main road axisways: the A1 (Lisbon-Oporto motorway) and A12-IC17 CRIL (Circular Regional Interior de Lisboa) inter-urban ring-roadway (linking it directly to the Vasco da Gama bridge and the southern part of the Tagus estuary. The parish is situated on a gentle slope running west to east forming a slight plateau. Starting from the southern edge of the Seminary of Olivais, the southern border extends east to the on/off-ramps of the Vasco da Gama bridge, then follows the motorway northeast until the intersection of the A1-E1 cloverleaf interchange. The border then follows the A1-E1 west until the interchange at Avenida Mal. Craveiro Lopes, where it bypasses the Avenida Dr. Alfredo Bensaúde, instead following the Estrada da Circunvalação until the Largo dos Bombeiros, before returning to the Seminary. It is several blocks north of the Parque das Nações (Nation's Park), which lies in the neighbouring Santa Maria dos Olivais.

Its demographics identify an area that includes 41% youth, while only 5.6% seniors, indicating a relatively young population; infant natality (130) to mortality (63) from 1997 identifies a community that is growing (1997). Portela is a high-density residential neighborhood situated on the northeastern section of Lisbon's city boundary. It is the home of 11809 people, most of whom commute to Lisbon for work and leisure. The Commercial Centre of Portela (Centro Comercial da Portela), hosts one of the higher building in Lisbon, Concórdia (80m), the Church of Cristo Rei da Portela, the Parque Desportivo da Associação dos Moradores da Portela, the Seminary of Olivais and the parks of Almeida Garrett and Descobertas, are examples of the urban social and cultural structures that have attracted residents to the area in the past. The Centro Comercial is situated in the heart of the civil parish, at the former-centre of the communities traditional centre. It was remodelled and reinvigorated to include new shops such as computer and technology, spas, clothing/apparel outlets and shoe shops, in addition to banking. The Church of Cristo Rei da Portela is the pride of the Catholic faith community; erected slowly, through local contributions, it is a significant modern architectural design uncommon to the other Portuguese styles. The parish has a Complex with two pools, that is operated by the municipal company GesLoures. One pool of the Complex (25 x 12,5 meters) is used for swim competitions, training and more advanced classes, while the other (12.5 x 8 metres) is used for more basic swimming classes. The facilities were one of the few buildings to the constructed to be energy efficient, recycling energy, utilizing solar panels and reducing the consume of energy and emissions of carbon dioxide. The Parque Desportivo has three tennis courts and field, an esplanade and a swimming pool. Generally, the parish is a linear alignment of roads, comprising a hundred 10- to 12-storey buildings, that form a rectangle which has a circular shaped shopping centre and a 20-storey tower at its very middle point.

With a large population density (approximately 12430 inhabitants per square kilometre), the parish is equipped with many collective structures including water supplies, sewage treatment, garbage pickup (with access to landfill in Vila Franca de Xira) and recently the canalization of natural gas. In the northwest corner of the civil parish, on the corner of Avenida do Ralis and the Estrada da Circunvalação, remains a degraded part of this modern civil parish, consisting of dozens of bungalows, abandoned buildings and ruins.

title: Portela (Loures)


text:
User talk:Darren.hatcher

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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You must put a proper copyright tag on Image:Mrsoutsm.jpg or it will get deleted. But, better, upload a much larger version (and put a copyright tag on it). Wikipedia is very good a generating thumbnails automatically, eg. as in Thames Barrier. -- RHaworth 17:05, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darren.hatcher


text:
Glo (album)

Glo is the third full studio album by the band Delirious?. It was released in 2000, just over a year after their previous album Mezzamorphis.

Personnel
Delirious?
 * Martin Smith – lead vocals, additional keyboards, guitars
 * Tim Jupp – keyboards, additional programming
 * Stuart Garrard – acoustic guitars, electric guitars, additional programming, backing vocals
 * Jon Thatcher – electric bass, synth bass
 * Stewart Smith – drums, percussion, samples, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Tedd T – programming
 * DJ Kenny Mitchell – turntable tweaks, additional beeps
 * Robert A. Ash – bagpipes
 * Roderick S. MscDonald – bagpipes
 * Hugh MacMillan – bagpipes
 * Gerald Le Feuvre – cello, strings (14)
 * Jane Kane – strings (14)
 * John Kane – strings (14)
 * Chian Lim – strings (14)
 * Anna Smith – vocal effects (1)
 * Sharlene Hector – harmony vocals (2)
 * Tasia Tjornhom – additional backing vocals (2)
 * Chuck Zwicky – additional backing vocals (2)
 * Arun Community Church Choir – choir
 * The Grant Choir – choir

Production

 * Delirious? – producers
 * Tedd T – producer, additional recording
 * Chuck Zwicky – recording, mixing
 * Martin Smith – additional recording
 * Andrew Lower – recording assistant
 * Damon Riley – recording assistant
 * Andy Searle-Barnes – recording assistant
 * Nik Smith – recording assistant
 * Neil Stainton – recording assistant
 * Paul Burton – monks recording
 * Tim Jupp – monks recording
 * Chris Blair – mastering
 * Giles Lambert – creative direction, art direction
 * Stewart Smith – creative direction, art direction
 * Andy Hutch – photography
 * Mitch Jenkins – photography
 * Catherine Hughes – stylist
 * Tony Patoto – band management

Studios
 * Recorded at Clarion Studios (Brighton, UK); Ford Lane Studios (Ford, West Sussex, UK); Westside Studios (London, UK); Ampleforth Abbey Church (Ampleforth, York, UK); Antenna Studios (Nashville, Tennessee, USA).
 * Mixed at Jacobs Studios (Farnham, Surrey, UK).
 * Mastered at Abbey Road Studios (London, UK).

title: Glo (album)


text:
Aminiya School

Aminiya School is a primary, secondary school in Malé, the capital of the Maldives. It is the first girls' secondary school in the country and remained the only all-girls school until 14 June 2011.

History
It was founded in 1944 by Mohamed Amin Didi to accommodate female students from Majeediyya School (then known as "Madhrasathul Saniyya") which became an all-boy institution. The school is divided into four houses, namely Aminarani, Dhainkanba, Raadhafathi and Rehendhi.

Till 2011, the school remained as a secondary school for only girls. In 2011 the school established Primary, Grade 1 making it both a primary and secondary school. Now there are grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 for the Primary, and grade 8, 9 and 10 for the Secondary. Aminiya school has high honours of prizes and a large number of Aminiya's most successful women came from here as students. In 2018, the school's insignia was preserved as a historical monument. The school later changed buildings and is now in the old CHSE building.

title: Aminiya School


text:
Talk:Gosford Park

Character relationships and plot elements
I'm a fan of this film, but having seen it a number of times I still find the large number of characters and plot details confusing. So the last time I watched it I took some notes and have written up some information I think is useful or interesting.

However, I am still uncertain as to my accuracy, so please read what I've put into "Relationships between the characters" and "Some plot elements (spoilers)", and check for accuracy, or put any other comments you think are relevant here or into the article. Robertbyrne 17:06, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Gave it a go! Quill 03:18, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Added some info about my favorite movie! --Brad 7/22/06

Why is it called Gosford Park? Anubis1975 12:37, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Sweet Talker 21:40, 9 August 2007 (UTC) I believe the name of the estate is Gosford Park but the name of the estate is never mentioned in the script.

¿How can an article about this movie go without mentioning Jean Renoir's "The Rules of the Game"? It's practically an homage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.143.54.80 (talk) 03:53, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

I lack experience or skill in wiki editing so I am going to just put my suggestion here, I don't want to botch up a nice article. I notice that despite Derek Jacobi being listed as one of the stars of the film up top and in the little side box, there is no mention at all of his role in the film, and only side mention of the trivia that there were two Knights and two Dames involved including him. I had to consult the filmography on the Derek Jacobi article to find that he played a character named "Probert," and an offsite page that suggested his role in the household was that of a valet. http://www.pitt.edu/~kloman/gosford.html I haven't seen the film but had it recommended to me, and feel that if he is listed as a major acting talent at the top of the article, that at least brief mention in the synopsis should be made of his role, however small. I leave it to more pro Wikiteers to decide if this should be done or how to do it. Thanks! GretchenRPH (talk) 17:52, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 19:20, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Bertha and Sir William
I thought Elsie was pretty clear that Sir William was with her and not with Bertha, so I'm taking him out of the description of her. 220.253.13.209 07:21, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

She made it clear that Sir William could not have been with Bertha despite coming from the direction of the ironing room otherwise if he was with Elsie then it would have been peculiar that after washing Constance's proposed blouse for the hunt that Mary return to a room where Elsie was not to be found. Well, unless, Elsie was able to take care of Sir William in the amount of time in which it took Mary to wash and iron the blouse? Sir Williams sexual propensities were never made out in the film so that is all for speculation unless someone can come up with a convincible narrative through his character habits and actions by which to speculate. Elsie did say that she enjoyed listening to him which could indicate that if they did have sexual activity (which we do not know) followed by a chat then a washing and ironing may not be time enough in order not to be found out by a visiting servant and thus provide a bit of scandal to discuss with Constance and through her others in their social circle although it could possibly be a way to get Sir William to guarantee her allowance for life?76.170.88.72 (talk) 12:10, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

On the plot reduction
I don't think the plot synopsis necessarily needs to be reduced, but it does need to be edited. In just one paragraph, I found numerous grammatical errors. Also, superfluous details are included in the synopsis, while more important actions or conversations are left out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.236.108.83 (talk) 16:40, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

I can see why the plot summary seems too long...but here are just too many insights and accurate observations fitted within a well writted article, just to be mutilated by a layman. "Gosford Park" is a very very complex film, about people from a very very complex time. Could we call on the author to reconsider his/hers dispositions? Sadagar 02:21, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

I also disagree with the recommendation to reduce the plot description. I just watched it for the second time, and both my wife and I were still confused about several points. The summary is quite well written and concise for the complexity of the topic, and helped us resolve several questions. I challenge the complainer to understand more than half of these relationships on a first viewing of the film. Kevin (talk) 23:21, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

I, too, disagree with the recommendation to reduce the plot description. Sadagar and Kevin are right. Also, Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia, being an article with rich content itself does not automatically warrant content removal, unless there are irrelevant and poorly written info, which other editors and I believe it may not the case here. Hence I removed the tag. Da Vynci (talk) 06:38, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

What became of the cast list? It was very helpful, especially because it seperated the 'upstairs' characters from the 'downstairs' ones. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kingmikeking (talk • contribs) 09:41, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

While I understand the desire to reduce the size of the plot summary, I find the current summary to be incredibly subjective, biased, and classist. Every last "upstairs" person -- aristocrat and guest -- is listed, but the downstairs cast is only partially listed and given short shrift. Why? Because they are servants and don't count? Why not summarize both the upstairs and downstairs cast to the same (greater or lesser) degree? Did the person editing this plot summary not see the film nor understand its themes? Contributor tom (talk) 07:34, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

The plot in present form is a story line since it lists every step of the film. You might as well not see it.LimeyCinema1960 (talk) 04:54, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * General comments on tweek editing.

 * There is no mention of an abortion in the movie just implication that there is information that SW would give a job for that information to be withheld from the public.

 * There is no indication that Lady Sylia makes a practice of encouraging male guest to proposition her just because she has the balls to do so.

 * The bird shot hits SW not SW hunting out the stray birdshot. We really do not know just how inured if at all is SW with the birdshot. He certainly was irritated by the stray birdshot but did it draw blood? We do not know.

 * There is no need for a detailed listing of the comings and goings from the drawing room.

 * The police do not know what has happened and the guest certainly do not if all they know is the SW is slumped in a chair. All they know is that he is dead. They do not even know that he was stabbed until his valet uprights SW's body.

 * I do not know if a full list of the guests and help are necessary in the plot.2605:E000:9152:8F00:3832:5234:5BA4:7DB6 (talk) 06:26, 7 August 2017 (UTC)

Titles and Styles in the Movie
This movie was absolutely excellent in their usage of titles. All the usages of titles were correct. For example, Lord Stockbridge is a baron, and thus always referred to as Lord Stockbridge. All peers below Dukes (Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron) are referred to as Lord X, X being the title of peerage. Hence the father of three sisters, the Earl of Carton was referred to that on first reference and Lord Carton thereafter. The Countess of Trentham was referred to as Lady Threntham. The three sisters being daughters of an Earl, has the courtesy title of "Lady X Y". X being their first name and Y being their surname. They are always referred to as Lady X and not Lady Y. If a courtesy Lady marries a commoner (including knights), they are called Lady X Z, Z being the surname of their husband. IE. Lady Sylvia McCordle, Lady Lavinia Meredith. However, Louisa married a peer, Baron Stockbridge, hence why she became Lady Stockbridge. If a courtesy lady who was the daughter of an earl marries a commoner, she retains her rank. If she marries another peer, she takes the rank of the wife of that peer. The daughter of an earl outranks a baroness. Hence why in the scene of the servants dining, both Mary the countess's maid and Lady Lavinia's maid were asked to sit above Lady Stockbridge's maid. This is because both Sylvia and Lavinia married commoners and retained their original rank, but Louisa married a baron and dropped in rank. This was very subtle, and one has to understand the table of precedence to catch this. As well, Lord Rupert Standish was implied to be the younger son of a baron, thus in the movie he was never referred to as Lord Standish, which would imply a peer whose peerage title was Standish. In the movie, it was always Lord Rupert or Lord Rupert Standish. Hence why when Mr. Blond in the billiard scene stated "met my daughter, Lady Rupert Standish?" Isobel, whose father was a commoner (albeit a knight), has no courtesy title, would become Lady Rupert Standish if she married him. Similar to how a woman marries John Smith becomes Mrs. John Smith.

I'm writing all this because the synopsis in the article made mistakes where the movie did not. The synopsis on the page referred to Lady Louisa when it should have been Lady Stockbridge. It referred to Lord Standish when it should have been Lord Rupert.

Once again, the movie was great because all the titles were always correct. It even incorporated tiny and minute details such as dropping in the table of precedence. Eddo 01:59 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Hm, I'd say that all those titles and rankings, and accuracy thereof, had very little impact on the greatness of the film, so long as the viewers are aware of the upstairs/downstairs split. Everyone upstairs outranks everybody downstairs, and that's really all viewers need to know. Thankfully it's not necessary to memorize all that complicated peerage nonsense to enjoy the movie!Vonbontee (talk) 10:00, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Only somebody with little or no interest in historic accuracy and, I'd wager, with a huge chip on his (or her) shoulder will deny that accurate titles in a film like this are important.94.218.14.123 (talk) 12:16, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Actually you are wrong on at least one point Lord Rupert Standish would have to be the younger son of a Marquess or Duke not a Baron to have the courtesy title of Lord and Standish will have been his surname not his fathers title although they could be the same but that is unlikely. The younger sons of Earls and all sons of Barons and Viscounts use the style of Honourable before there names. Penrithguy (talk) 19:46, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are right. I meant to type Marquess, but I typed Baron by accident, it was really late at night.  Thanks though for catching my mistake. Eddo 23:48 08 February 2009 (UTC)

Position of body at stabbing
The current plot is incorrect if it says that Sir William was slumped over his desk at the time of the stabbing. He is sitting in the chair high enough so that all the killer had to do was step forward behind Sir William enough in order to punch the knife into his chest.LimeyCinema1960 (talk) 09:08, 29 January 2014 (UTC) The stabber pushes the body over the desk when leaving it behind.LimeyCinema1960 (talk) 09:09, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Gay subtext?
Somebody wrote that there was an implied sexual relationship between philippe & balaban's characters. AFAIC Recall, this is nonsense. Are there RS that say this? Dingsuntil (talk) 12:14, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The New York Times review mentions it. Davemck (talk) 13:33, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Is this good enough? It's just a blanket assertion. There's no indication of why they say this. Other sources describe the film as having a gay subtext, but only cite Northam's character. I doubt the NYT applies the same editorial scrutiny to film reviewers claims of homosexuality of characters that it does to other stories, so not obvious that overall reliability of NYT should be applied here. Dingsuntil (talk) 20:37, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

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Historical Basis for William McCordle Story
In the DVD commentary mention is made of a businessman in London who was the basis for the Sir William story. The name sounded like a William "Whitely" but with a "k" sound ("Whickely", "Wickly", or something like). In the real story, the businessman forces the women in his employ whom he has impregnated to leave his company. Anything on this anywhere?--Artaxerxes (talk) 14:50, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

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User:Dougdodge

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We appreciate your contributions to the Simon Oakland article, but we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material. Perhaps you would like to rewrite the article in your own words. For more information, take a look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Happy editing!

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Rimi Sen

Rimi Sen (born Subhamitra Sen on 21 September 1981) is an Indian actress and producer who appears in Hindi, Telugu, and Bengali films. Sen debuted as child actress in the 1996 Bengali film Damu. She made her debut as a lead actress in 2002, in the Telugu film Nee Thodu Kavali. In 2003, she made her Hindi film debut in the comedy film Hungama for which she was nominated at the Filmfare Awards for Best Female Debut. Subsequently, she appeared in several successful films including Baghban (2003), Dhoom (2004), Garam Masala (2005), Kyon Ki (2005), Phir Hera Pheri (2006) and Golmaal: Fun Unlimited (2006). She also participated in the reality television show Bigg Boss in 2015.

Early life
Sen was born as Subhamitra Sen into a Bengali Baidya family Calcutta, West Bengal. She graduated with a degree in commerce from the University of Calcutta.

Career
Since childhood, Sen dreamt of becoming an actress. She lived at Jyotish Roy Road, New Alipore, Kolkata with her mother. She did her schooling from Vidya Bharati New Alipore near Mint. After completing her studies, she persuaded her mother to accompany her to Mumbai. She later said that she wasn't encouraged by anyone in her family except by her grandfather. After doing the rounds, she got into ads including one Coca-Cola ad with Aamir Khan.

Sen made her debut as a lead actress in the Telugu movie Nee Thodu Kavali. Her debut Hindi film, Vijay Galani's Hungama was released in 2003. It was a comedy film, in which she co-starred with Akshaye Khanna, Aftab Shivdasani and Paresh Rawal.

She followed it with appearances in big-budget movies such as Dhoom (2004), Kyon Ki (2005), Garam Masala (2005) and Golmaal (2006). Sen also did a cameo in the 2006 film Dhoom 2, and she followed it with Johnny Gaddaar, alongside newcomer actor Neil Nitin Mukesh. In 2008, she appeared in De Taali and in 2009, Sankat City and Horn Ok Please. All three of these films were box office disasters. After these films, her career declined.

She further appeared in the films Thank You and Shagird in 2011. Both failed to do well. In 2015, she participated in the reality show Bigg Boss.

Sen has produced a film, Budhia Singh - Born to Run. She changed her screen name, Rimi, to her real name, Subhamitra Sen for her production venture.

Reality TV
Sen was a celebrity contestant in the ninth season of the Indian version of the reality TV show Big Brother, Bigg Boss. It aired in October 2015. Sen entered the house with Suyyash Rai as her partner for the show; however, her pairing was revised on Day 5, when Rochelle Rao was chosen as her new partner. She was evicted after staying in the house for 7.5 weeks.

In 2016, Sen participated in the dance celebrity reality show, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9 as a wild card entrant but did not get selected.

title: Rimi Sen


text:
High School! Kimengumi

High School! Kimengumi (ハイスクール!奇面組) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Motoei Shinzawa. A first series Third Year Funny-face Club was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from October 1980 to April 1982. ''High School! Kimengumi'' was serialized in the same magazine from April 1982 to July 1987. An anime television series aired from October 1985 to September 1987 and an animated film premiered in July 1986. A sequel manga, titled ''Flash! Funny-face Club, was published in Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan'' from 2001 to 2005.

Summary
''High School! Kimengumi'' is an episodic chronicle of the bizarre adventures of a group of misfit junior high school (and later high school) boys who form a club known as the "Kimengumi". All of the character names in the series are puns. For example, "Kawa Yui" is another way of saying "kawaii", and "Uru Chie" is a slang form of "urusai", meaning "obnoxious" or "annoying".

Manga
''High School! Kimengumi'' is written and illustrated by Motoei Shinzawa. A first series titled Third Year Funny-face Club (3年奇面組) was published in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from October 13, 1980, to April 12, 1982. Shueisha collected its chapters in six tankōbon volumes published between August 15, 1981, and January 8, 1983.

''High School! Kimengumi was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump'' from April 19, 1982, to July 6, 1987. Shueisha released the individual chapters into twenty volumes published between April 8, 1983, and February 10, 1988.

Another series titled Return of High School! Funny-face Club (帰ってきたハイスクール!奇面組) was published by Popeye on December 1, 2000. Shueisha later released the series into a single volume on February 4, 2004.

A fourth series, titled Flash! Funny-face Club (フラッシュ!奇面組), was serialized in Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan from 2001 to 2005. It was compiled into three tankōbon volumes published from July 22, 2002, and July 22, 2005.

Third Year Funny-face Club

 * }

High School! Funny-face Club

 * }

Flash! Funny-face Club

 * }

Anime
A 86-episode anime adaptation produced by NAS and Fuji Television was broadcast in Japan from October 12, 1985, to September 21, 1987, on Fuji TV.

Songs
The theme songs, with the exceptions of the fifth ending and insert Nakuko mo Warau Kimengumi, were performed by various sub-groups or former members of Onyanko Club:
 * Opening themes 1–5, ending themes 1, 3–4, 6, insert songs 1–2 by Ushiroyubi Sasaregumi
 * Opening themes 6–7, ending themes 7–8 by Ushirogami Hikaretai
 * Ending theme 2 by Onyanko Club and Ushiroyubi Sasaregumi
 * Ending theme 5 by Musukko Club

Opening themes

 * 1) Ushiroyubi Sasare-gumi
 * 2) Zō-san no Scanty
 * 3) Nagisa no "..." (Kagi Kakko)
 * 4) Waza Ari!
 * 5) Kashiko
 * 6) Toki no Kawa wo Koete
 * 7) Anata wo Shiritai

Insert songs

 * Abunai Sa·ka·na
 * Watashi ha Chie no Wa (Puzzling)
 * Nakuko mo Warau Kimengumi

Closing themes

 * 1) Jogakusei no Ketsui
 * 2) Banana no Namida
 * 3) Neko Jita Gokoro mo Koi no Uchi
 * 4) Not Only ★ But Also
 * 5) Chotto Karai Aitsu
 * 6) Pythagoras wo Buttobase
 * 7) Ushirogami Hikaretai
 * 8) Tatsutori Ato wo Nigosazu

Video releases
Kimengumi has been released on DVD in Japan in two different box set releases. The movie was released as part of the second DVD set in 2008.

 * High School! Kimengumi DVD Box 1
 * Pioneer LDC, 2001-05-25

 * High School! Kimengumi DVD Box 2
 * Pioneer LDC, 2001-07-25

 * High School! Kimengumi DVD Box 3
 * Pioneer LDCA, 2001-09-21

 * High School! Kimengumi Complete DVD Box 1
 * E-Net Frontier, 2007-12-21

 * High School! Kimengumi Complete DVD Box 2
 * E-Net Frontier, 2008-02-22

Video games
There is a traditional boardgame based on the series titled ''High School! Kimengumi Game'', released by Bandai. Three video games have been based on the series:
 * High School! Kimengumi for the Master System, an adventure game
 * High School! Kimengumi for the MSX2, a port of the Master System game
 * High School! Kimengumi: The Table Hockey for PlayStation

There is also a series of pachinko games based on the series manufactured by Maruhon

Reception
In a 2006 survey of celebrities by TV Asahi, ''High School! Kimengumi'' was listed as #87 on a list of the top 100 favorite anime series.

title: High School! Kimengumi


text:
User talk:The wub/archive01

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:52, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

User:DataBoy
thanks for cleaning up my wiki page, wub; this rocks!

(moved from user page --the wub (talk) 22:22, 12 May 2005 (UTC))

Beyond Lies the Wub
I'm not sure if the plot summary in Beyond Lies the Wub is right, maybe you'd be the right one to check it. Kappa 09:14, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Family Guy Wiki
Hi. I noticed that you have made several edits on the article "Family Guy". You may be interested to know that I have created a new Wiki that is exclusively about Family Guy. Knowing you are an experienced Wikipedian and Family Guy fan, I sure would appreciate your help contributing to the Family Guy Wiki. We started on May 9, so we are in the starting stages. To check it out, click here.

Thank you,

--milkmanjb

User:Humanbot update 03 June 2005
On this day version two is released of the client-side User:Humanbot script. It allows you to browse the English Wikipedia on other tabs and edit it normally. en:User:Humanbot. r3m0t talk 09:44, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Best laugh I've had in ages
Hehe, you liked that? I thought it was fitting.. plus, I've got to show some WikiLove to my fellow hommies, you dig? ;-) Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 02:18, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you for voting on my RFA. Have some pie! I was pleasantly surprised by the sheer number of supporters (including several people that usually disagree with my opinion). I shall do my best with the proverbial mop. Yours, Radiant_ >|< 08:14, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

User:Humanbot update 08 June 2005
Version two-two released today includes in that green box a nice count of how many articles are left. This more or less co-incides with the event of hitting only 1000 articles remaining. Also, I have re-arranged the User:Humanbot page to make it easier to get to the right stuff. Progress charts, wikicookies, wikilove and a more thorough spelling check is promised when this is completed. (and also when the exam pressure eases off a little on me) r3m0t talk 17:43, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC) Note: If you think this message was too trivial for a mailing, tell me and I'll stick to more important announcements on the list.

Oops
Yeah, I totally forgot, they were screenshots I took with the PC game. The copyright goes to SEGA, right?

~Wraith89

Template:Locke Arrakon
Hi there :)

Thanks for adding Template:Locke Arrakon to TFD. Just in case you're wondering where your nomination went, I decided to use a bit of common sense and just speedily delete it to save everybody from wasting their time. Don't worry- you did the right thing by nominating it, but it's just such an obvious one there's no point in even voting, since the template namespace is supposed to be for templates. If you want to go through that process, you can be my guest and relist it (or let me know)— I just don't see the point.

Yours, Frazzydee|✍ 22:36, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:Humanbot update 13 June 2005
The spelling2 project (to work on secondary namespaces) was opened and finished. Progress charts will be available soon.

Version six-three tracks who made the edits and rankings are available. Much of the work was done while I was asleep, explaining my low place ;).

The next project, which may even be released today, will probably fix incorrectly capitalised headings, particularly "See Also" and "External Links".

The mailing list has grown to 24 people and while that is very nice for my ego, it is rather difficult to send out updates. This is why I did not send out a notice that the spelling2 project had opened. From now on, then, you must watch User:Humanbot/announce for updates. r3m0t talk 12:00, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

My RFA
Hi Wub! Thanks for finishing the heartening line of support votes on my RFA! Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:54, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Crush by elephant!
Thanks for that one in Tfd, very funny and unique. <> Who ? ¿ ? 16:22, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I can't help thinking that you have no idea what you are talking about. Danny 11:09, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for your vote of confidence in my skills on my RfA. I appreciate it very much. Regards, Bratsche talk  5 pillars 14:23, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

UK COTW: Transport in the United Kingdom
Hey, just to let you know, an article you supported, Transport in the United Kingdom, is this week's collaboration. Cheers! -- Joolz 19:21, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Category:UK Wikipedians
Hi, just to let you know that the list of UK participants at the UK notice board was getting rather long, so I have replaced it with the above category which I have added to your user page. -- Francs2000 | Talk 30 June 2005 21:06 (UTC)

WB's image of American Idiot
Well. I don't care and you're not gonna stop me from removing his/her own image that was obviously uploaded by some god damned son of a bitch. But, that's it, please delete it. As I answered you at the talk page. -- Mike Garcia | talk 9 July 2005 19:18 (UTC)

And another thing, please stop reverting the edits on 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours and Green Day, you know PetSounds has the wrong information and if you continue this too, I'm tracking you off. -- Mike Garcia | talk 9 July 2005 19:21 (UTC)

My RfA
Dear "The wub" interesting name, made me tilt my head...

Whoa anyway, thank you VERY much for giving me a vote at my RfA. Keep on editing :D Redwolf24 21:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for voting in my RfA; I promise I'll wield my sacred mop with care. If you ever need me for anything, you know where to find me. Thanks again! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:31, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Rollback and godmode-light
Hiya, The wub, I noticed you use the godmode-light script. As you use an emulation of the rollback feature I would be interested in hearing your thoughts on a proposal I have which would grant the rollback feature to those who request it, similar to Requests for adminship, except with a lower threshold. The proposal is at Requests for rollback; your comments are welcomed at Wikipedia talk:Requests for rollback. Thanks! Talrias (t | e | c) 17:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Are you haveing any problems with it, because I can't seem to get it work, it just stops after Getting article history, in Firefox it gets to the second step (Getting article edit form...) before it freezes. --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  08:46, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

thanks for supporting me
Hello, just a quick note to express my gratitude for your support of my RfA. I'm sure I'll become a familiar face on places like the Administrator's Noticeboard and Requests for Adminship, as well as the murkier parts of my new job. "From everyone who has been given much, much will be demanded; and from the one who has been entrusted with much, much more will be asked." (Luke 12:48, NIV) Never was a truer word spoken. I feel empowered, yes, but not in the "oooh cool delete button!" way I was kind of expecting. Already I feel the weight of the responsibility I have now been entrusted with, a weight that will no doubt reduce given time. Thank you for believing in me. :) GarrettTalk 10:28, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Mind Benders
Hello,. Thank you for submitting an entry to the pre-round and/or participating in round one of WP:MIND. I sincerly hope you enjoyed it. Round Two, which I have made a bit more difficult than round one, will open at approximately 2 PM EST, Sunday, July 24. In addition, the voting for pre-round has also been extended until the end of round two. I hope to see you at Round Two, so prepare for some WikIFun!!! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 17:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

UKCOTW: Cornish people
Just to let you know, an article you've voted for, has became this week's UKCOTW - Cornish people. Come and help out! Cheers -- Joolz 19:27, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Re:
I replied to the first message at my talk page and to the band message at my band page. By the way I didnt know you liked Futurama :O Redwolf24 02:41, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Futurama
Greatest. Show. Ever! All glory to the hypno toad... unless, that is, you have a Hard-Shelled Whooping Terrier. jglc | t | c 15:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi. Just wanted to say I a agree with the above, and I like your hypnotoad picture :) MyNameIsClare talk  14:02, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

W40k wikicity
Hi. I'd really apreciate your offer for help. The wikicity is pretty new and I've been away on wacation so I haven't been able to add much. But hopefully it will become as comprehensive as for example memory-alpha in a while. Also suggestions for logo and css theme would be nice. --Dalen 17:14, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've discovered that there is another wiki on Warhammer 40k called Lexicanum. I've taken the decision to abandon the Warhammer 40k wiki in favor of the Lexicanum wiki which has more editors. I've migrated most of the content (will migrate the rest soon). But I hope it's all right for you and that you come on over there as well. In case you want to continue the wikicities wiki I can give you administrator access. --Dalen 20:33, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Sango's RfA
Hi, The wub. Thanks for supporting my RfA! I am honored to have your endoresment and hope to make good use of the mop. Sango 123  01:41, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Sasquatch's RfA
Thanks for your support on my RfA! Happy editting! Sasquatch′↔T↔C 04:56, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

VfD pollution
Ril enlisted Persecution by Muslims for VfD again, just 24 hours after the article withstood the first VfD. You might be interested to watch it. --Germen (Talk | Contribs ) 10:20, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:The wub/archive01


text: File:Upfa.png

title: File:Upfa.png


text:
Dell DRAC

The Dell Remote Access Controller (DRAC) is an out-of-band management platform on certain Dell servers. The platform may be provided on a separate expansion card, or integrated into the main board; when integrated, the platform is referred to as iDRAC.

It mostly uses separate resources to the main server resources, and provides a browser-based and/or command-line interface (CLI) for managing and monitoring the server hardware.

Features
The controller has its own processor, memory, network connection, and access to the system bus. Key features include power management, virtual media access and remote console capabilities, all available through a supported web browser or command-line interface. This gives system administrators the ability to configure a machine as if they were sitting at the local console (terminal).

The DRAC interfaces with baseboard management controller (BMC) chips, and is based on the Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) 2.0 standard, which allows the use of IPMI out-of-band interfaces such as IPMI Over LAN.

Versions
The Dell Remote Access Controllers (DRAC) and the Integrated Dell Remote Access Controllers (iDRAC) come in different versions, where a new (i)DRAC version is often linked to a new generation of Poweredge servers.

The hardware is often integrated on the motherboard of the server, and the combined product is termed iDRAC, where the "i" is for integrated. When iDRAC Express is used, the software and hardware systems management functions are shared with one of the server's on-board network interfaces using a unique IP address. By contrast, iDRAC Enterprise version features a dedicated physical network interface.

iDRAC version 7 was introduced in conjunction with the release of Dell PowerEdge generation 12 servers in March 2012, and is only available on 12th generation models. Unlike previous versions the functionality of iDRAC 7 is the same for rack, tower and blade-servers.

An overview of the different versions:

Power management
With the DRAC enabled and using its own separate network connection, a user may login and reboot the system even if the core operating system has crashed. If the operating system has loaded the correct drivers, the DRAC will attempt to shut down the system gracefully. Without this feature and with the system running, administrators can use the remote console to access the operating system too.

Remote console
The remote console features of the DRAC allow an administrator to interface with the computer as if sitting in front of it, and one can share the local inputs from keyboard and mouse as well as video output (DRAC does not support remote sound). Remote-console capability relies on either an Active X or Java plug-in, or HTML5 in the later models, which displays a window showing the video output on the local terminal and which takes mouse and keyboard input. This behavior closely resembles that of other remote access solutions such as VNC or RDP but also works if the operating system of the server doesn't work anymore (unlike VNC or RDP). It is used to take the server console remotely.

Virtual media
The DRAC enables a user to mount remotely shared disk-images as if they were connected to the system. In combination with the remote console, this gives administrators the ability to completely re-install an operating system, a task which traditionally required local console access to the physical machine. Administrators can control virtual media through the browser or through the OpenManage tools provided by Dell, though specific versions of browsers restrict some functionality.

Access
The main DRAC management takes place via a web interface. All generations of the DRAC use the default user name  and the default password. Starting with the DRAC 3, Microsoft Active Directory can also provide authentication either with Dell AD Schema Extensions or Standard Schema.

Implementation
The DRAC5 and iDRAC6 and higher are embedded platforms running Linux and Busybox. The firmware source code is available on the Dell website, but it is not possible to compile the source into a replacement firmware as Dell does not include a build environment.

The DRAC provides remote access to the system console (keyboard and screen) allowing the system BIOS to be accessed over the Internet when the server is rebooted. This is done by configuring the system BIOS to send its output to a serial port (as a stream of text using VT100-compatible control codes). The chosen serial port is then redirected to the DRAC's serial port. Users can then log into the DRAC via SSH and run a command to connect the SSH session to the serial port, thus allowing the console to be accessed over the Internet.

Earlier versions of the DRAC used ActiveX in Internet Explorer to provide a remote-console interface in a web browser; however, this was unpopular with non-Windows users who did not have access to Internet Explorer. The latest revision of the DRAC6 uses a Java application instead (launched from within the browser), though both the DRAC5 and iDRAC6 also provided the aforementioned platform-independent SSH access.

iDRAC6
iDRAC6 is available in two levels: iDRAC6 Express and iDRAC6 Enterprise. iDRAC6 Express (which integrates features previously charged for in DRAC5) became a standard offering on Dell's servers. Certain features are not available for the Express version, including the remote console functionality and the vFlash SD card slot. As with iDRAC, iDRAC6 Enterprise is a standard offering on blade servers
 * iDRAC6 offers three upgrades: iDRAC6 Express, iDRAC6 Enterprise, and VFlash Media
 * iDRAC6 offers power budgeting
 * iDRAC6 Enterprise's virtual console and virtual media features are now integrated into a single plug-in
 * iDRAC6 Enterprise's virtual console now allows two users to collaborate on the same server
 * iDRAC6 now allows customers to view what is on the server LCD without a server-side visit
 * iDRAC6 supports IPv6

iDRAC7
On 6 March 2012, software version 1.00.00 for the iDRAC7 was released for generation 12 servers. iDRAC 7 does not work on earlier generation servers although some of the new functions introduced with iDRAC 7 might be offered in iDRAC 6 releases. As of May 2019, the current version was 2.63.60.62.

With the introduction of iDRAC 7, the licensing model has changed. iDRAC 7 now supports lifecycle controller. Some features of Lifecycle controller are licensed and to access those features via iDRAC the correct licenses for those functions need to be enabled.

Supported hardware platforms
iDRAC 7 runs on generation 12 PowerEdge servers. Per introduction in March 2012 the following servers use iDRAC7:
 * PowerEdge T620 – tower model of 620, can be converted to 5U rack system
 * PowerEdge R220 – native rack server, 1U
 * PowerEdge R320 – native rack server, 1U
 * PowerEdge R420 – native rack server, 1U
 * PowerEdge R520 – native rack server, 2U
 * PowerEdge R620 – native rack server, 1U
 * PowerEdge M620 – blade server for M1000e enclosure, half-height (max 16 per chassis)
 * PowerEdge R720 – rack-server, 2U
 * PowerEdge R720xd – an R720 with additional 2.5" hard drive bays in the front and rear of the enclosure

Supported operating systems
iDRAC 7 is supported by the following operating systems
 * Microsoft Windows Server 2016, x64
 * Microsoft Windows Server 2012, x64
 * Microsoft Windows Server 2008 SP2 (standard, enterprise and datacenter editions), x86 and x64
 * Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 (standard, enterprise and datacenter editions), x64
 * Microsoft Small Business Server 2011, x64
 * SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 10 and 11, x64
 * Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), 5.8 (x86/x64), 6.1 (x64) and 6.3 (x64)
 * Microsoft Hyper-V (with Windows server 2008) and Hyper-V R2 (Windows Server 2008 R2)
 * VMware ESX/ESXi 4.1, Update 2
 * VMWare ESXi 5 Patch 01
 * Citrix Systems Xen Server 6

Supported web browsers
The GUI for iDRAC7 uses a Web browser and Java. Internet Explorer 7, 8 and 9, as well as Firefox 6 + 7 were tested for different operating systems.

Limitations
To take advantage of storage greater than 256 MB on the iDRAC6 enterprise, Dell requires that a vFlash SD card be procured through Dell channels. As of December 2011, Dell vFlash SD cards differ from consumer SD cards by being over-provisioned by 100% for increased write endurance and performance.

While there are no other known functional differences between a Dell-branded vFlash SD card and a class 2 or greater SDHC card, the use of non-Dell media prevents the use of extended capacities and functions.

On a Linux client system the standard arrow and print screen keys cannot be used in the iDRAC6 Java virtual console application because of some incompatible key event IDs; however, the arrow keys on the numeric keypad can still be used.

Some combinations of DRAC firmware, web browser, and Java runtime do not support virtual media via the Java applet or the plugin in DRAC5 and iDRAC6.

title: Dell DRAC


text:
User:Energy/Joke

 Admins: hover over this text with your mouse

Please read this joke to the very end, if you've read the article in The Daily Religion.

A little man went on holiday to Tibet, and visited a monastery of 1000 Buddhist monks. As you'll probably know, Buddhist monks have to be hospitable to travellers: no exceptions. So he decided to stay the night with the monks in their monastery. He enjoyed himself 100%, his food was great, his bed was very comfortable. And he left in the morning. As he got to the bottom of the small mountain that the monastery was on, he turned and waved...and as he waved there was an almighty explosing. Half the monastery was destroyed, half the monks were killed.

The next year, he decided that he had enjoyed his holiday in Tibet so much that he'd go back again. He went back again, and the 500 remaining monks were still hospitable, though a little grudging. He enjoyed himself only 50% this time, and wasn't all that sorry to leave the dark glares of the monks. And he left in the morning. As he got to the bottom of the small mountain that the monastery was on, he turned and waved...and as he waved there was an almighty explosing. Half the monastery was destroyed, half the monks were killed.

This went on, year by year, until there were only two monks left living in a tent. They were incredibly fed up with him, and gave him half a tin of cold baked beans. One of them had to sleep outside the tent to make room for him. He was actually a bit fed up himself, and was thinking about finding another monastery to stay in. And he left in the morning. As he got to the bottom of the small mountain that the monastery was on, he turned and waved...and as he waved there was an almighty explosing. Half the monastery was destroyed, half the monks were killed.

The one remaining monk was furious. He grabbed a sword, and ran down the mountain after the little man. He said "Tell me why you killed all my fellow monks! Tell me now or I'll kill you!", and the little man smiled and refused to say anything. And the monk said "Tell me now, or I'll do it! I will." And still the man refused. So the monk killed the little man...

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

...so we'll never know why the little man killed all the monks. Hilarious, eh?

title: User:Energy/Joke


text:
User talk:LadyClaudius

Image Tagging Image:Ladyclaudius.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Ladyclaudius.gif. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Nv8200p (talk) 17:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LadyClaudius


text:
The Secret Language of Birds

The Secret Language of Birds is the third studio album by Jethro Tull frontman Ian Anderson, released in 2000. It is named after the dawn chorus, the natural sound of birds heard at dawn, most noticeably in the spring.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Secret Language of Birds" – 4:17
 * 2) "The Little Flower Girl" – 3:37
 * 3) "Montserrat" – 3:21
 * 4) "Postcard Day" – 5:07
 * 5) "The Water Carrier" – 2:56
 * 6) "Set-Aside" – 1:29
 * 7) "A Better Moon" – 3:46
 * 8) "Sanctuary" – 4:42
 * 9) "The Jasmine Corridor" – 3:54
 * 10) "The Habanero Reel" – 4:01
 * 11) "Panama Freighter" – 3:21
 * 12) "The Secret Language of Birds, PT. II" – 3:06
 * 13) "Boris Dancing" – 3:07
 * 14) "Circular Breathing" – 3:45
 * 15) "The Stormont Shuffle" – 3:20
 * 16) Extra Track Intro (unlisted) – 0:08
 * 17) "In the Grip of Stronger Stuff" (unlisted bonus track on US release. Recorded by Dutch TV for '2 Meter Sessies', 19 October 1999. Broadcast 23 December) – 2:50
 * 18) "Thick as a Brick" (unlisted bonus track on US release. Recorded by Dutch TV for '2 Meter Sessies', 19 October 1999. Broadcast 23 December) – 2:37

Introductions
To each track, Anderson wrote an introduction:

 * The Secret Language of Birds: "The big dawn chorus. Morning after a night before. Could turn out to be the special person. Everything's riding on this one."
 * The Little Flower Girl: "Sir William Russell Flint's fully clad but coquettish flower girl. Was it his favourite model Cecilia? Just showing up for another day's work. Hats off to one of the greatest technical watercolourists of all time."
 * Montserrat: "Been there. Between eruptions. Last gasp of colonial betrayal. Heart goes out. Dwarf Poincianas still growing strong, here at home. Ashfall wasteland where I picked them."
 * Postcard Day: "Holiday guilt. Having a simply wonderful time. Wish you were here, but sort of glad you're not."
 * The Water Carrier: "H2O at any price. No Delhi Belly. No regrets. No small change left. The best earthenware pots by Sir W.R.F. and Walter Langley. Would they have as lovingly executed the form and colour of the 1.5-litre plastic bottle? Of course."
 * Set-Aside: "Pointless and undignified prevarication." See Set-aside
 * A Better Moon: "Sultry and sub-tropical images of a Foweraker fantasy five thousand miles from home."
 * Sanctuary: "Last haven of zoo rejects and children wasted. Tricky one to try. Made me cry."
 * The Jasmine Corridor: "Nice place to say goodbye. Smells good, looks good, was good. Faces east. Always the optimistic light. Nothing ever really ends."
 * The Habanero Reel: "On a lighter note, I think quite a few people know that I'm keen on spicy food, particularly those who have visited our website. I use a lot of chilli peppers when I cook at home and the generally accepted number 10 strength killer is the habanero – in the Caribbean a close relative of this is the Scotch Bonnet, which I also refer to in this song. 'The Habanero Reel' is just an ode to capsicum, which gives off that excessive, burning heat. Of course, the best thing about it, as I say in the song, is that it is strictly legal!"
 * Panama Freighter: "Lonely Planet guide to traveller's romance. Pragmatism. Cynicism. You take U.S. dollar?"
 * The Secret Language of Birds, Pt. II: "Semantic set-aside. You with me?"
 * Boris Dancing: "I've always had a soft spot for Boris Yeltsin, I wrote the music to 'Boris Dancing' based on a visual image of a CNN news report from when Boris was seeking re-election. He was filmed in Red Square, sweating profusely, bright red in the face, boogieing frantically in front of a young Moscow rock band. He nearly died from a heart attack just a couple of days later. The song is in several rather difficult to follow time signatures, as when Boris was dancing he wasn't quite on the beat. 'Boris Dancing' is just a celebration of his strange, individual dance style."
 * Circular Breathing: "The deep breath that goes on forever. Strangely detached but objective view from a height. Pink Floyd's 'Learning To Fly' meets L.S. Lowry meets Status Quo's 'Pictures of Matchstick Men'. Or not."
 * The Stormont Shuffle: "Peace, Love, Misunderstanding. Decommissioning the vipers' tongues. Two part tune: north and south, slippery Sams, moaning Minnies. Doublecross, double talk, double trouble."

Personnel

 * Ian Anderson – vocals, flute, acoustic guitar, bouzouki, acoustic bass guitar, mandolin, percussion, piccolo
 * Andrew Giddings – accordion, piano, organ, marimba, percussion, electric bass, keyboards, orchestral sounds
 * Gerry Conway – drums on "The Secret Language of Birds" and "The Little Flower Girl"
 * Darrin Mooney – drums on "Sanctuary" and "The Secret Language of Birds, Pt.II"
 * James Duncan Anderson – drums on "Panama Freighter"
 * Martin Barre – electric guitar on "Boris Dancing" and "The Water Carrier"

title: The Secret Language of Birds


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