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Rocket Racing League

The Rocket Racing League was a racing league that planned to use rocket-powered aircraft to race a closed-circuit air racetrack. Founded in 2005, the league made its first public flights in 2010 and was working to begin regular racing seasons. The "Rocket Racers" were slated to compete in the air and on a virtual racetrack easily viewed by a live audience as well as projected on large screen and handheld electronic displays.

Three prototype canard-style Rocket Racer aircraft were built between 2006 and 2010. The league had planned to hold its inaugural race season in 2008 with four races, but encountered financial difficulties that delayed fielding of Rocket Racers by the six teams that had been previously announced. With the addition of venture capital funding in mid-2009, technology development continued and one exhibition occurred in 2010, with another round of plans for an inaugural season of races in 2011. The 2011 races were never scheduled and the league was defunct by 2014.

Background
Projected to be an hour and one half in length, the races were intended to be between Rocket Racer planes that used liquid oxygen and either kerosene or ethanol fuel with a burn time of four minutes. The rocketplanes were expected to cost less than US$1 million each. The planes were based on the fixed-gear Velocity SE modified by XCOR Aerospace and the retractible gear Velocity XL modified by Armadillo Aerospace for the purpose of rocket racing. The Velocity airframe was derived from a commercially available kit plane that traced its design heritage to the Rutan Long-EZ, which had been modified to accept rocket power and custom avionics. In order to provide the airframes, RRL purchased the aircraft's manufacturer, Velocity Aircraft, in April 2008.

The RRL had been called "NASCAR with rockets", XCOR Aerospace flew the Rocket Racer for a public audience at the 2008 EAA AirVenture Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisconsin. If league competition were to begin, Whitelaw indicated tournament semifinals would be held each September in Nevada, with finals each October in New Mexico at the X Prize Cup competing for a $2 million championship purse.

Races were to have taken place on a race course two miles (3 km) long, one mile (1.6 km) wide, and 1500 ft in the air. A typical race would take about one hour, and fans would be able to see multiple camera views, including cockpit, "on-track," "side-by-side" and wing-angle views.

Additionally, a computer game had been planned which was to have interfaced with racer positional data in real time over the internet, allowing players to virtually compete with the rocket pilots.

The Track
The proposed "track" for a typical Rocket Race was to have begun with a staggered start. Pilots were to take off in pairs a few minutes apart, they would be competing against the clock but would maneuver around each other much like NASCAR. The pilots would be guided by a virtual three-dimensional "track" projected in their head-up display. Each racer was to have a separate track to follow but the courses were planned to be close together to build excitement.

Teams
, there were six teams registered to compete in the inaugural 2008 race season, Rocket Star Racing, Team Extreme Rocket Racing, Canada-based Beyond Gravity Rocket Racing, Bridenstine Rocket Racing, Santa Fe Racing and Thunderhawk Rocket Racing.

, RRL claimed that "official team recruitment will commence as the production-level Rocket Racers near completion", listing five "candidate teams of the RRL franchise": Bridenstine Rocket Racing, Santa Fe Racing, Rocket Star Racing, Team Extreme Rocket Racing, and Canada-based Beyond Gravity Rocket Racing.

History
The formation of the league was announced by Granger Whitelaw, and Peter Diamandis, founder of the Ansari X-Prize, in October 2005 in partnership with the Reno Air Races. According to Diamandis, the purpose of the league was to "inspire people of all ages to once again look up into the sky and find inspiration and excitement."

Initial plans called for a four-team league finals in 2006, to be followed by 10 teams competing in 2007, with video games based on the competition also out in 2007. In 2006, analysts identified doubts about the economics of the venture, and especially of the ability of RRL to attract a large fanbase similar to IndyCar and NASCAR. In the event, no races occurred in either 2006 or 2007.

In April 2008, the league stated that it was "ready for competition [announcing] four exhibition races will be held later [in the] year, one in Las Cruces."

On April 14, 2008, the Racing Rocket Racing Composite Corporation, a subsidiary of the Rocket Racing League, acquired Velocity Aircraft. The RRL announced their goal was to "produce an airframe that will be consistent for all competing Rocket Racers."

On May 26, 2010, a Velocity employee posted to the builder's email-list a note from Scott and Duane Swing that stated that they had bought back full ownership of Velocity Inc from Rocket Racing League. The RRL now owns no share of Velocity Inc.

League financial difficulties
None of the four planned 2008 races were actually run. The Rocket Racing League had difficulty in attracting and retaining sufficient financial backing, from both investors and sponsors, in order to get an initial racing season firmly scheduled in 2008, 2009, or 2010. Some progress with the rocket and aircraft technology continued however, but by 2014, the league had gone defunct.

The league twice failed to complete construction of six hangars contracted to be built on land adjacent to Spaceport America near Las Cruces, New Mexico. As of January 2009, the league was at risk of having their leases with the City of Las Cruces terminated.

In July 2009, the league announced the closing of a venture capital financing round of US$5.5 million. The funds were to be used for ongoing operations and for the development of a next-generation Rocket Racer.

, Peter Diamandis suggested that 2010 could be the year that we see "more than one racer in the air and possibly in exhibition races." Non-exhibition "live" races were to occur as early as 2011. Also in February, the Tulsa Air and Space Museum and Planetarium (TASM) announced that it would partner with the Rocket Racing League to host an exhibition flight of a Rocket Racer at the QuikTrip Air and Rocket Show at Tulsa International Airport in April 2010.

The Rocket Racing League announced a "2010 World Exhibition Tour" on April 24, 2010, when they unveiled their Mark-III X-racer rocket plane at the QuikTrip Air & Rocket Racing Show in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The RRL exhibition flights at Tulsa were the first simultaneous flights of two rocket-powered airplanes in the history of peacetime aviation. RRL duplicated this historic feat later that day. The league's intent in such exhibitions was to "build up the league's fan base, in addition to perfecting operations and technologies, before the league's official launch in 2012." The April event in Tulsa was the only RRL exhibition of 2010.

The league's financial difficulties continued in 2011 and no races were organized.

By 2014, persons formerly involved with the league had made public statements that the league had failed and was now defunct.

Rocket Racers
The Rocket Racing League had been developing prototype Rocket Racers since 2006, working with one airframe manufacturer and two rocket engine producers on three prototype aircraft to date. All three of the airframes have been of the canard configuration to more easily accommodate the rocket propulsion technology.

A fifth model was proposed, but not built, in 2011: the Mark-V X-Racer.

Predecessor aircraft
XCOR Aerospace developed the XCOR EZ-Rocket, later flown under Rocket Racing League sponsorship as an X-Racer prototype rocketplane. First flight was July 21, 2001 at Mojave Airport in Mojave, California. This XCOR technology demonstrator was a converted Rutan Long-EZ and, in its final version, utilized two 400 lbf (1.8 kN) thrust XCOR Aerospace isopropyl-alcohol-powered rocket engines of engine type XR-4A3. XCOR flew the EZ-Rocket for several years in development and demonstration flights, including, in collaboration with the RRL, at the 2005 X-Prize Cup in New Mexico.

By 2006, the design-point for the RRL racer had become a single rocket engine utilizing kerosene as the rocket fuel, carrying 1000 lb of liquid oxygen in its flight oxidizer tank.

The first RRL prototype built, known as the Mark-I X-Racer, was built on a Velocity SE airframe and was also powered by XCOR Aerospace rocket technology, a regeneratively-cooled and pump-fed XR-4K14 rocket engine. This rocket-powered aircraft flew several demonstration flights at the 2008 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh air show. The total thrust for the single-engine Mark-I X-Racer was 1500 lbf, approximately twice that of the EZ-Rocket.

Mark-II and Mark-III X-Racers
, the Rocket Racing League was utilizing a highly modified Velocity XL fixed-gear airframe and an Armadillo Aerospace 2,500 pound thrust liquid oxygen (LOX) and ethanol rocket engine in both its Mark-II X-Racer and Mark-III X-Racer demonstration vehicles. The Mark-II and Mark-III racers could take off just 4 seconds after the rocket engine was ignited; both vehicles were limited to a top speed of 300 mi/h. The rocket engine was a LOX-Ethanol, film-cooled, pressure-fed, blow-down design with a 10 to 15 ft-long exhaust plume. Plume-seeding technology allowed the plume color to vary from red to green to yellow to better facilitate race spectators in keeping track of specific racers while in the air.

The Mark-II (N205MB) racer utilized a standard fixed-gear XL airframe, modified for the addition of the Armadillo rocket propulsion. The Mark-III (N133XP) airframe was modified during manufacturing at Velocity Aircraft explicitly for use as a Rocket Racer, with canopy top, center seat and control stick, and other enhancements.

Mark V X-Racer
The Mark-V proposed design resembles "a sleek, rocket-powered sailplane" and may be built at Velocity Aircraft, although no firm contracts are in place to do so.

title: Rocket Racing League


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Valve timing

In a piston engine, the valve timing is the precise timing of the opening and closing of the valves. In an internal combustion engine those are usually poppet valves and in a steam engine they are usually slide valves or piston valves.

Camshaft
In four-stroke cycle engines and some two-stroke cycle engines, the valve timing is controlled by the camshaft. It can be varied by modifying the camshaft, or it can be varied during engine operation by variable valve timing. It is also affected by the adjustment of the valve mechanism, and particularly by the tappet clearance. However, this variation is normally unwanted.

Valve overlap
With traditional fixed valve timing, an engine will have a period of "valve overlap" at the end of the exhaust stroke, when both the intake and exhaust valves are open. The intake valve is opened before the exhaust gases have completely left the cylinder, and their considerable velocity assists in drawing in the fresh charge. Engine designers aim to close the exhaust valve just as the fresh charge from the intake valve reaches it, to prevent either loss of fresh charge or unscavenged exhaust gas. In the diagram, the valve overlap periods are indicated by the overlap of the red and blue arcs.

Key:

 * TDC = Top dead centre
 * BDC = Bottom dead centre
 * IO = Inlet valve opens
 * IC = Inlet valve closes
 * EO = Exhaust valve opens
 * EC = Exhaust valve closes

Either valve opens before the piston head reaches top dead centre or bottom dead centre. The amount in crankshaft degrees by which the valves open before top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lead. The amount in crankshaft by which the valves close after top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lag. Valve overlap is a secondary means to cool exhaust valves with intake air during valve overlap. Primary cooling is accomplished by dissipating heat to the valve seats.

Variable valve timing
Engines that always run at a relatively high speed, such as race car engines, will have considerable overlap in their valve timings for maximum volumetric efficiency. Road car engines are different because they are required to idle at less than 1000rpm, and excessive valve overlap would make smooth idling impossible because of the mixing of fresh and exhaust gases. Variable valve timing can give both maximum power at high rpm and smooth idling at low rpm by making small changes to the relative angular position of the camshafts and thereby varying the valve overlap.

Ported engines
Many two-stroke cycle and all wankel engines do not have a camshaft or valves, and the port timing can only be varied by machining the ports, and/or modifying the piston skirt (two-stroke applications). However, some supercharged two-stroke diesel engines (such as the Wilksch aero-engine) do have a cylinder head and poppet valves, similar to a four-stroke cycle engine.

Tappet clearance
The valve timing of a diesel engine also depends on tappet clearance of the inlet and exhaust valves.

If tappet clearance is less, then valve will open early and close late. If tappet clearance is more, then valve will open late and close early. Tappet clearance is measured by an instrument called feeler gauge.

External combustion engines
In an external combustion engine, such as a steam engine, the control of the valve timing is by the valve gear. In a typical piston valve arrangement, the timing of the intake and exhaust events for each cylinder are inextricably related as they are governed by the movement of a single piston uncovering two ports. However, the duration of the intake event can be controlled (the "cut-off") using the reversing gear and this reduces steam usage under cruising conditions.

Caprotti valve gear is more closely related to that of an internal combustion engine, uses poppet valves, and was developed to allow independent timing of the intake and exhaust events. It was never used as widely as piston valves or the earlier slide valves.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Valve timing


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Benjamin Wood (American politician)

Benjamin Wood (October 13, 1820 – February 21, 1900) was an American politician and publishing entrepreneur from the state of New York during the American Civil War.

Life and career
Wood, the son of Benjamin and Rebecca (Lehman) Wood, was born in Shelbyville, Kentucky, on October 13, 1820, and was the brother of US congressional representative and New York City Mayor Fernando Wood. The Wood family moved from Kentucky to New York City, and Benjamin Wood was educated in New York City. He entered the mercantile and shipping business, and in 1860, he purchased the New York Daily News (not to be confused with the current New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919), of which he was the editor and publisher until he died in 1900.

In 1861 the federal government effectively shut down the paper by suspending its delivery via the postal service as being sympathetic with the Confederacy. During the interval, he wrote a novel, Fort Lafayette or, Love and Secession (1862).

Wood was able to re-open the paper 18 months later. In the period from 1863 to 1865 the paper printed personal columns and the War Department alleged that they were used by Confederate spies for coded communications. The managing editor William McKellar was arrested and brought before a congressional investigative committee. After that Benjamin Wood was regarded as a traitor by many northern citizens.

Wood was elected as a Democrat to the 37th and 38th United States Congresses (March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1865) He was a member of the New York State Senate (4th D.) in 1866 and 1867 and elected to the 47th United States Congress (March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883). He was a presidential elector in 1884.

Death and personal life
Wood died in New York City on February 21, 1900, and was interred at Calvary Cemetery in Queens. It was estimated that he left to his wife, Ida Mayfield Wood, around $2 million.

His wife Ida became a recluse and miser, who resided at New York City's Herald Square Hotel for 24 years, refusing contact with the outside world, and was the subject of a famous court case after her death in 1932, when her true identity of Ellen Walsh came to light.

title: Benjamin Wood (American politician)


text:
Big Thinkers (TV series)

Big Thinkers is a former ZDTV (later TechTV) television program. It featured a half-hour interview with a "big thinker" in science, technology, and other fields. The show was originally hosted by Mark Eddo, later replaced by John C. Dvorak. In 2001 the show changed its format, transforming from a weekly half-hour interview to a documentary-style program. This new format was initially referred to on the TechTV website as Big Thinkers 2.0.

The new incarnation of the Big Thinkers series was produced by Winton / duPont Films, a documentary film company located in the Presidio of San Francisco. Interviews were filmed in a 16:9 format and intercut with public domain material from the Prelinger Archives. This archival footage (mostly film clips from the 1940s and 1950s) was used to create visual metaphors highlighting the speaker's points.

Individuals featured on Big Thinkers 2.0

 * Scott Adams - cartoonist
 * Douglas Adams - author
 * Ralph Merkle - nanotechnology researcher
 * Jaron Lanier - virtual reality pioneer
 * Ian Wilmut - embryologist
 * David Gelernter - professor of computer science
 * Stewart Brand - founder of the Long Now Foundation
 * Lawrence Lessig - law professor
 * Neil Spiller - architect
 * Sherry Turkle - psychologist
 * James Lovelock - independent scientist
 * Robert Langer - biotechnology researcher
 * Rodney Brooks - robotics researcher
 * Jack Horner - paleontologist
 * Daniel Dennett - philosopher
 * Michio Kaku - theoretical physicist
 * Alvin Toffler - futurist
 * Tom Kelley - General Manager of IDEO
 * Steve Jones - biologist
 * Tod Machover - musician
 * Dean Kamen - inventor
 * Michael Powell - politician (former FCC Chairman)
 * Penn Fraser Jillette - entertainer

title: Big Thinkers (TV series)


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Pendeen Lighthouse

Pendeen Lighthouse, also known as Pendeen Watch is an active aid to navigation located 2 km to the north of Pendeen in west Cornwall, England. It is located within the Aire Point to Carrick Du SSSI, the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the Penwith Heritage Coast. The South West Coast Path passes to the south.

Layout
Attached to the tower itself, there is an E-shaped building split into a terrace of four cottages. Three of the cottages were originally used to house the three resident keepers, their wives and families, with the fourth used as an office area and sleeping accommodation for the supernumerary keepers. They are now let as holiday cottages. Water was originally collected off the flat roof of the accommodation block and stored in an underground tank. Behind the cottages are three kitchen gardens (which soon fell into disuse as nothing would grow in such an exposed position). On the seaward side of the complex, the fog siren and its accompanying machinery is housed in a separate building.

Significance
The lighthouse, together with the attached keepers' cottages, are Grade II listed, as is the separate engine house (with its fog horn equipment), along with other associated buildings and the boundary walls. Pendeen's engine house is 'the only example in the country to have retained its 12" siren with associated machinery'.

Construction
Trinity House decided to build a lighthouse and foghorn here in 1891 and the building was designed by their engineer Sir Thomas Matthews. The 17 m tower, buildings and surrounding wall were constructed by Arthur Carkeek of Redruth who had to flatten the headland before building could commence. The light was first lit on 3 October 1900.

Lamp and optic
A five–wick Argand lamp was initially provided, by Messrs Chance of Smethwick, near Birmingham; but this was replaced in 1906 by a Matthews 3-50mm dia. mantle lamp. (The original Argand oil lamp was initially retained as a standby lamp, and it was later put on display at the Trinity House National Lighthouse Museum in Penzance).

Chance Brothers also manufactured the lens system: a large (first-order) rotating optic made up of two sets of four panels (eight panels in all), which displayed a group of four flashes every fifteen seconds, (which remained in use until 2023); it had a range of 20 nmi.

In 1922 a 75mm Hood incandescent oil burner was installed in place of the earlier lamp; Pendeen was one of the first lighthouses to be fitted with this new type of mantle lamp, which increased the light's visible range to almost 28 nmi.

Fog siren
The fog signal was sounded from a detached engine house a little to the north-west. In 1900 it contained a pair of Hornsby oil engines providing compressed air for the twin 5-inch sirens, which sounded a seven-second blast every one-and-a-half minutes, through vertical curved trumpets (still in place) on the engine room roof.

Between 1924 and 1926, Pendeen was the first Trinity House station to be fitted with a new, more powerful 12-inch siren, which gave a seven-second blast once a minute. This was part of a general upgrade to the lighthouse, which would also see new Gardner semi-diesel engines installed in the engine house and an electric filament lamp replacing the petroleum vapour light in the lantern.

Electrification
In 1926 Pendeen was one of the first Trinity House lighthouses to be equipped with an incandescent light bulb: 'in order to obviate a watch being kept during fog both in the engine room and the lantern, electric light has been introduced in place of the petroleum-vapour lamps and the apparatus in the lantern made automatic'. The electric current was generated by dynamos directly coupled to another set of semi-diesel engines. The lamp used was an Osram 3.5kW gas-filled bulb, specially designed for Trinity House by the General Electric Company. The automated equipment included a turntable lamp changer: in the event of a lamp failure, a reserve bulb was brought into position and lit (and an alarm notified the keeper), and if the reserve bulb then failed, it was replaced by a self-lighting acetylene lamp; the system remained in use until the mid-1990s.

In the engine house, the Gardners were replaced by a pair of Ruston & Hornsby diesels in 1963. That same year the hand-wound clockwork which turned the lens was replaced by a pair of electric motors.

Automation
Pendeen Lighthouse was automated in 1995 with the keepers leaving the station on 3 May. The original revolving optic was retained, but equipped with new 35W metal-halide lamps (on a new automatic lamp changer) in place of the 3.5kW filament bulbs. These, and the motors to turn the optic, were battery-powered (with the batteries being charged from the mains or from a standby generator when needed). As part of the preparation for automation the fog siren was decommissioned and replaced with a roof-mounted electric fog signal, sounding once every 20 seconds; (The fog signal was decommissioned in April 2014).

Upgrade
In 2023 the revolving fresnel lens assembly was removed as part of a Trinity House project to eliminate the use of mercury from its lighthouses (the lens floated in a cast iron bath containing around 40 litre of the liquid metal, vapour from which is now deemed hazardous to health). In 2024 a new self-contained LED lantern unit was installed in place of the old lens.

title: Pendeen Lighthouse


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Popular Socialist Party

Popular Socialist Party may refer to:

 * Dominican Popular Socialist Party
 * Popular Socialist Party (Argentina)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Brazil)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Chile)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Cuba)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Haiti)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)
 * Popular Socialist Party (Spain)
 * Popular Socialist Party of Mexico
 * Labour Popular Socialist Party, early 20th-century Russian party
 * Lithuanian Popular Socialist Democratic Party
 * Praja Socialist Party (India)

title: Popular Socialist Party


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pig 'N' Whistle

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980My RfA 22:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Pig 'N' Whistle
Not intended to be an article A bit iffy 20:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC) (PS: if you're the creator of the article, see Reference desk to ask a question.)--A bit iffy 21:03, 4 October 2005 (UTC) In view of the rewrite by User:23skidoo, I now recommend keep, (or move to better-named article if more appropriate). --A bit iffy 04:46, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand, and cleanup a lot. If the NBC show Jesse gets a page, than this show does too. --CastAStone 22:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Legitimate TV show and no less worthy of an article than eTalk Daily. I'll expand it a bit. 24.71.223.140 01:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC) (vote actually by User:23skidoo - for some reason I got logged out).
 * Followup comment: I have rewritten the article to remove the first person content and make it a proper TV stub. Still needs to be categorized, plus it needs to be moved to The Pig and Whistle after the AFD is resolved (I don't know if we're allowed to move articles once they begin AFD). 23skidoo 02:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * We can, as long as we point the AFD to the new title. Bearcat 18:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; valid article topic. Kudos to 23skidoo for the cleanup. Bearcat 18:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep rewritten article. Mindmatrix 19:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Igusyougus

Welcome!

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Image copyright problem with Image:Frankstallone.jpg
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AfD nomination of Tammy Parks
I have nominated Tammy Parks, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Tammy Parks. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Morbidthoughts (talk) 20:14, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Igusyougus! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 23:29, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Suzanne Stokes -

Proposed deletion of Snapdragon (film)
Hello, Igusyougus, and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia!

I wanted to let you know that I’m proposing an article that you worked on, Snapdragon (film), for deletion because I don't think it meets our criteria for inclusion. If you don't want the article deleted:

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It helps to explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. If you have any questions, feel free to ask on the Help Desk. Thanks again for contributing! UnitedStatesian (talk) 20:16, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of The Legend of the Roller Blade Seven for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article The Legend of the Roller Blade Seven is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/The Legend of the Roller Blade Seven until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Railfan23 (talk) 03:43, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Day of the Warrior
Hello, Igusyougus

Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username Voorts, and I thank you for your contributions.

I wanted to let you know, however, that I've proposed an article that you started, Day of the Warrior, for deletion because it meets one or more of our deletion criteria, and I don't think that it is suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. The particular issue can be found in the notice that is now visible at the top of the article.

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(Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)

voorts (talk/contributions) 17:04, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Hello,
 * @Voorts
 * I deproDed it. Sources attest it is quite notable. Best, - My, oh my! (Mushy Yank)  23:08, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Igusyougus


text:
User talk:Akensil

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Akensil


text:
Category talk:Camping equipment

I've removed this text:

 * Sanitation systems
 * Thetford, a company based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is the world's leading supplier to the RV industry. In the 1960's, a man (mr. Sargent) started this company by inventing the still used and renowned Porta Potti. This sped up the independance of RV'ers around the world. In a later stage the Portable toilet appeared in a cassette type version for the European market (www.thetford-europe.com) Nowadays the sanitation systems in Recreational Vehicles consist either of a fixed toilet with a large waste holding tank (mainly US market) or a cassette based system.
 * In these toilets and waste tanks campers make use of additives to break down the waste, protect the toilet and it's mechanics and decrease gas build up. The main supplier of these products is the beforementioned Thetford, which is logical as they are also the main supplier of the toilets themselves, and usually these products are co-developed for the best performance.

looks like advertisement, and out of place in the description of a category, anyway Valhalla 20:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Camping equipment


text:
The Goose Girl

"The Goose Girl" (Die Gänsemagd) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and first published in Grimm's Fairy Tales in 1815 (KHM 89). It is of Aarne-Thompson type 533.

The story was first translated into English by Edgar Taylor in 1826, then by many others, e.g. by an anonymous community of translators in 1865, by Lucy Crane in 1881, by LucMargaret Hunt in 1884, etc. Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book in 1889.

Origin
The tale was first published by the Brothers Grimm in the first edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen, vol. 2, in 1815, as number 3. It appears as no. 89 since the second edition (1819). Grimm's source for the story is the German storyteller Dorothea Viehmann (1755–1815).

Summary
A widowed queen sends her daughter to a faraway land to marry. Accompanying the princess are her magical horse Falada, who can speak, and a waiting maid. The queen gives the princess a special charm that will protect her as long as she wears it.

The princess and her servant travel for a time, and eventually the princess grows thirsty. She asks the maid to go and fetch her some water, but the maid simply says: "If you want water, get it for yourself. I do not want to be your servant any longer." So the princess has to fetch herself water from the nearby stream. She wails softly: "What will become of me?" The charm answers: "Alas, alas, if your mother knew, her loving heart would break in two." After a while, the princess gets thirsty again. So she asks her maid once more to get her some water. But again the evil servant says, "I will not serve you any longer, no matter what you or your mother say." The servant leaves the poor princess to drink from the river by her dainty little hands. When she bends to the water her charm falls out of her bosom and floats away.

The maid takes advantage of the princess's vulnerability. She orders the princess to change clothes with her and the horses as well. She threatens to kill the princess if she doesn't swear never to say a word about this reversal of roles to any living being. Sadly, the princess takes the oath. The maid servant then rides off on Falada, while the princess has to mount the maid's nag. At the palace, the maid poses as princess and the "princess servant" is ordered to guard the geese with a little boy called Conrad. The false bride orders Falada to be killed, as she fears she might talk. The real princess hears of this and begs the slaughterer to nail Falada's head above the doorway where she passes with her geese every morning.

The next morning the goose girl addresses Falada's head over the doorway: "Falada, Falada, thou art dead, and all the joy in my life has fled", and Falada answers "Alas, Alas, if your mother knew, her loving heart would break in two." On the goose meadow, Conrad watches the princess comb her beautiful hair and he becomes greedy to pluck one or two of her golden locks. But the goose girl sees this and says a charm: "Blow wind, blow, I say, take Conrad's hat away. Do not let him come back today until my hair is combed today." And so the wind takes his hat away, and he cannot return before the goose girl has finished brushing and plaiting her hair.

Meanwhile, Conrad goes to the king and declares he will not herd geese with this girl any longer because of the strange things that happen. The king tells him to do it one more time, and the next morning hides and watches. He finds everything as Conrad has told. That evening, he asks the princess to tell him her story. But she refuses to say anything because of her oath. The king suggests that she might tell everything to the iron stove. She agrees, climbs into the stove and tells her story while the king listens from outside.

As the king is convinced she has told the truth, he has the goose girl clad in royal clothes. He then tricks the false princess into "choosing her own punishment". While each choice is different in each version of the story, in the classic version, she tells the king that a false servant should be dragged through town naked in a barrel with internal spikes. As a result, she is punished that way until she dies.

After that, the prince and the true princess are married and reign over their kingdom for many years.

Variants
The story uses the false bride plot with a good-hearted princess being seized by her maid and turned into a common goose girl. It is similar to other AT-533 tales like the American "The Golden Bracelet". These motifs are also found, centered on a male character, in The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward (Child ballad 271) and the chivalric romance Roswall and Lillian.

In the 13th century, the tale became attached to Bertrada of Laon, the mother of Charlemagne.

Adaptations
Despite the story being viewed as obscure, there have been many film versions, from countries ranging from Germany to even America. Falada is often restored to life in film versions, or even spared entirely. While the Queen is implied to have died in the original story, many versions also have her survive to expose the false bride at the wedding. The false bride's motive for suggesting such a cruel punishment varies by retelling; in some, she is simply too ignorant to recognize herself, others have her play along to keep the charade, and others imply she has believed the king is talking about the true bride. Such film versions include:
 * Harold MacGrath adapted the story into a novel, which was then developed into a 1915 American silent film starring Marguerite Clark. In this version, the princess is stolen at birth and raised as a goose-girl, by a courtier who places his own daughter in her stead. The king she was engaged to at birth falls in love with her without knowing who she is. The courtier's daughter, Hildegarde, is ignorant of the truth and portrayed sympathetically in the original novel, but the film version restores her role as a villainess, where she is raised by her father and is only presented as the princess when she has come of age. The film is believed to be lost.
 * The plot was reworked into 2002's The Princess and the Pea, combining it with another fairy tale.
 * The Goose Girl, a 1957 West German film by Fritz Genschow.
 * The fairy tale was shown in the 1960s television show Jackanory during Season 1, Episode 38 and was read by Dilys Hamlett.
 * In 1985, Tom Davenport adapted the story into a short film as one of his "From the Brothers Grimm" series. While visibly set in the American Appalachia, the narration refers to the characters as princesses, princes, and kings, implying that the story retained its European setting. This version is more faithful to Grimm, as Falada is not restored and the false bride is put to death.
 * The story was adapted by East German studio DEFA for their fairytale movie series in the 1989 film The Goose Princess (Die Geschichte von der Gänseprinzessin und ihrem treuen Pferd Falada), directed by Konrad Petzold.
 * Titled "The Goose Maiden" in this version, the tale was loosely adapted into a 1999 German short animated episode with slight differences from the source material. This episode was a part of the series SimsalaGrimm. While Falada is still beheaded, this version has him restored to life. There is no prince, but the king himself is the betrothed. Another change is that the princess has been bewitched into forgetting who she is, rather than being forced into posing as the goose-girl.
 * The story was featured in the anime Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi. In this version, the evil maid is explicitly a witch's daughter. Similar to SimsalaGrimm, the prince and the king are conflated, and he recognizes the princess after overhearing her talk to Falada's head. In the end, the prince makes a charm with his own blood to defeat the witch.

Literature:
 * The Goose Girl by Shannon Hale is an adaptation of the tale in the form of a novel.
 * Bloodleaf, the first of a young adult fantasy trilogy by Crystal Smith, is a gothic retelling of "The Goose Girl." It was published by HMHTeen in 2019.
 * "The Goose Girl" was one of the many folktales used in Emma Donoghue's novel Kissing The Witch. The tale was titled "The Tale of The Handkerchief".
 * Author Alethea Kontis adapted this tale together with The Wild Swans in the form of a novel titled Dearest.
 * Adrienne Rich's 1974 poem "The Fact of a Doorframe" references the Goose Girl.
 * The tale was retold into a short children's book by Eric A. Kimmel.
 * In the shōjo manga Ludwig Revolution (ルードヴィッヒ革命 Rūdovihhi Kakumei) the story tells about Prince Ludwig who is ordered by his father to find himself a wife more suitable than the women he often brings into the castle. Along with his servant Wilhelm, they travel across the land in search of fair maidens from classic stories in hopes of finding Ludwig a wife. It includes the tale of "The Goose Girl" among other tales from the Brothers Grimm.
 * "Falada: the Goose Girl's Horse" is a short story adaption by author Nancy Farmer. This version tells the classic tale from Falada's point of view.
 * The Canadian poet Jay Macpherson references the story of the Goose Girl in her poems "Poor Child" and "What Falada Said," both reprinted in Poems Twice Told: The Boatman and Welcoming Disaster.
 * The Scottish comic book writer Grant Morrison references the story in Doom Patrol issue 31, "The Word Made Flesh," when Baphomet takes the form of Falada's head.
 * Intisar Khanani, author of the Sunbolt Chronicles, wrote a fantasy retelling of the Goose Girl, titled "Thorn". The novel was independently published in 2012 and re-published by HarperCollins in 2020.
 * "Feathers of Snow: A Goose Girl Retelling" by Alice Ivinya is a book based on the fairy tale.
 * Though Eudora Welty's novella The Robber Bridegroom is named after and largely follows the plot of a different Brothers Grimm fairy tale, much of the action derives from "The Goose Girl."
 * "Little Thieves" by Margeret Owen is a YA fantasy novel retelling the story of the Goose Girl from the perspective of the princess' maid. It was published in 2021 by Henry Holt and Co.

Other:
 * Although an original story, the German opera Königskinder by Engelbert Humperdinck was inspired by Brothers Grimm fairy tales, particularly "The Goose Girl."
 * In the Doom Patrol comics and live-action series, Baphomet, a magical oracle able to appear in any guise she chooses, in the Unwritten Book storyline, chose to appear in the guise of Falada the magic horse, from The Goose Girl.

title: The Goose Girl


text:
Germantown, Louisville

Germantown is a neighborhood three miles southeast of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, USA. Germantown is also a general term for an area of Louisville from the Original Highlands to St Joseph and Bradley neighborhoods that were predominantly settled by Germans. The actual neighborhood is bounded by Barrett Ave, Eastern Parkway, and the South Fork of Beargrass Creek.

History
The area was settled as small farms and butcher shops by German immigrants in the 1870s. At this time the area was nicknamed 'Frogtown' because the adjacent Beargrass Creek frequently flooded the area, causing numerous epidemics of malaria. The flooding problem was solved when Beargrass Creek was routed into a much deeper concrete canal. The area was subdivided and developed heavily during the 1890s, when the largest collection of shotgun houses in the city of Louisville was built.

In 1907, a bridge was built across the South Fork of Beargrass Creek which allowed French settlers north of the creek, in an area called Paristown, to attend the one Catholic church in the area.

The German-Paristown Neighborhood Association was founded in 1973, making it one of Louisville's first neighborhood associations.

Today the area is undergoing a transition to a younger, more educated demographic. Many homes in the neighborhood are being renovated and urban homesteading (complete with gardens, bee hives, and backyard chickens) is common.

Demographics
As of 2000, the population of Germantown was 3,867, of which 93.9% are white, 4.2% are black, 1.6% are listed as other, and 0.7% are Hispanic. College graduates are of the 17.9% population, people without a high school degree are 29.3%. Females outnumber males 52.9% to 47.1%.

title: Germantown, Louisville


text: Category:Science fiction theatre

title: Category:Science fiction theatre


text:
Shamshi-Adad IV

Šamši-Adad IV, inscribed mdšam-ši-d IM, was the king of Assyria, 1054/3–1050 BC, the 91st to be listed on the Assyrian Kinglist. He was a son of Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I (1114–1076 BC), the third to have taken the throne, after his brothers Ašarēd-apil-Ekur and Ashur-bel-kala, and he usurped the kingship from the latter’s son, the short-reigning Erība-Adad II (1055–1054 BC). It is quite probable that he was fairly elderly when he seized the throne.

Biography
The Assyrian kinglist recalls that he “came up from Karduniaš (i.e. Babylonia). He ousted Erība-Adad, son of Aššur-bêl-kala, seized the throne and ruled for 4 years.” The king of Babylon was Adad-apla-iddina, who had been installed more than a decade earlier by Šamši-Adad’s brother, Ashur-bel-kala. The extent to which he was instrumental in the succession is uncertain but it seems that Šamši-Adad may have earlier sought refuge in exile in the south.

The Synchronistic Kinglist gives Ea-, presumed to be Ea-mukin-zēri (c. 1008 BC), as his Babylonian contemporary, an unlikely pairing as he was likely to have been concurrent with the latter kings of the 2nd dynasty of Isin during its dying throes. The political events of his reign are obscure and his fragmentary inscriptions are limited to commemorating renovation work carried out on the Ištar temple at Nineveh and the bīt nāmeru, “gate-tower,” at Aššur.

He would be succeeded by his son, Aššur-naṣir-apli I.

title: Shamshi-Adad IV


text:
Talk:Methanol economy

Comparison to Ethanol
With Ethanol getting more and more news coverage, I think this article should have a section discussing the similarities and differences between using Ethanol vs using Methanol as a fuel. --Flatline 21:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

A highly irresponsible, non-evidentiary statement is made with regards to methanol's toxicity: "methanol is toxic (this risk has been hugely overstated; methanol poisoning invariably results from drinking illegal liquor; methanol volatilizes and biodegrades rapidly in the environment.)" Stating that methanol is toxic is like stating that strychnine is toxic:  the hazard is there, intrinsic to the substance, though the dose may not be enough to induce any health effects (so you don't die from the volatilized strychnine sitting on a shelf across the room). Exposure studies and the developmental health literature has recently been synthesized by a panel of the National Toxicology Program, a part of the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15995730&query_hl=8&itool=pubmed_docsum. --Faithandreason

I don't understand the reasoning for de-emphasizing the specific toxic endpoints associated with methanol exposure in the current (20 May 2006) version of the story, relative to the prior version. While a fuller discussion of the toxicity of methanol is available on the methanol entry, since the current article discusses "advantages and disadvantages" to an MeOH economy, an assessment of the relative benefits and costs of MeOH should be fully discussed. MeOH has known neurological (optic nerve) and developmental (e.g. neural tube closure) associations at relatively high doses, which may be experienced under accidental exposure conditions. It's worth doing a formal risk assessment of MeOH as a fuel, and compare those risks to the benefits. Only then can the relative costs and benefits be fully elucidated, under some uncertainty. The current text appears to imply that there is some controversy over MeOH toxicity. --Faithandreason

Not all disadvantages Theoretical
A high percentages of disadvantages listed are not in fact theoretical, but known. This to me means there needs to be two sections on disadvantages: known and theoretical.

For example, methanol's effect on aluminum is known. The hydrophilic nature of methanol is also known, not theorized. In fact, looking at the list, the vast majority of these are known disadvantages. The energy density is a theoretical disadvantage because for it to be a disadvantage the net energy extracted would have to be lower. The liquid vs. gas aspect is also theoretical as in some cases liquids are easier to manage than gases. The effect on plastics regarding permeability is also theoretical as it relies on the use of those materials. And the final theoretical disadvantage is the underground leakage aspect. All else are confirmed problems/disadvantages and should be listed as such. To do otherwise gives the false impression that there are no known problems/disadvantages, only theorized ones. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ucntcme (talk • contribs) 00:15, 8 January 2007 (UTC).

It's well known that methanol contain insoluble contaminants such as halide ions which has a great effect on corrosivity, while insoluble contaminants may cause clogging. Acidic combustion products may also cause corrosive wear on certain engine components, this is also well known. These problems are however similar with ethanol and can generally be solved by carefully selecting the right construction materials, setting up standards for fuel quality and selecting te right oil and fuel additives. Aluminium, as an example can be protected from methanols corrosive effects by anodizing. Methanols hydrophilic nature is mainly a problem when using methanol-gasoline blends. When using pure methanol, some water content is't an issue. Permeability is also a problem for gasoline-methanol blends, specifically when using low methanol blends. With high methanol blends this isn't an issue. All this is also not theories, but rather well documented facts. That liquids can be easier to handle, and especially transport is also well known and not only a theory. JEdlund —The preceding  signed but undated.

Merge into methanol (fuel)?
I vote "no", since the whole point of a methanol economy is not just to use it as a fuel, but to make it in "green" ways, first. Thus, methanol can substitute for hydrogen in all of hydrogen's suggested uses (save for a few odd aerospace uses). The methanol (fuel) article only cares about use of methanol as a fuel, and doesn't really care how it's produced. One could argue for merging the methanol fuel article into methanol economy (since it's really a subsection of that), but this would not be fair, either, as much of the interest in methanol as a fuel doesn't really address methanol source, and doesn't need to. So, it's better to leave the two articles separate, as they are. To use another fuel as an example, hydrogen as a fuel is now used in the space shuttle, but nobody cares if it comes from fossil fuels (which it does) because it is used in the space shuttle for it's extreme energy/weight ratio. None of this has any relevance to hydrogen fuels in a hydrogen economy, where hydrogen is used not because of its weight/energy ratio, but because it causes less pollution at the end use point. So two separate articles are needed, because the uses of hydrogen as a fuel have completely different objects, and there are very many difficulties and arguments in each, which have nothing to do with the other, for that reason. Same with methanol. S B Harris 08:06, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Extraction from atmosphere
I have changed this part of the article for the following reasons. In the book on "The Methanol Economy" by George Olah etc. on page 243 Olah mentions selective membranes only with relation to extraction from exhaust gases from fossil fuel plants. He then mentions alkali absorbents such as KOH as feasible ways of extracting from the atmosphere. He also mentions that KOH is especially suitable for electrolytic recovery of carbon dioxide. I do not include this fact in the article, in order to avoid excessive detail Zfishwiki 19:53, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Methanol production merge into methanol
This article should be about methanol economy and not about methanol production —Preceding unsigned comment added by V8rik (talk • contribs) 17:05, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Methanol production is a very important part of the methanol economy. Before using methanol as a fuel, energy storage media or raw material in an economy based on methanol it is important to know where we are going to get the methanol from in the present and more importantly in the future. The article on methanol discusses only the present ways to produce methanol from fossil fuels (mostly natural gas) going through syn-gas. This way of producing methanol is only discussed shortly in the methanol economy article to avoid redundancy. It seems to me that other alternative methanol production methods not used nowadays have more relevance in the article on methanol economy as they are a central point of the methanol economy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Goepy (talk • contribs) 18:10, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Hydrogen vs Methanol for range extenders in plug-in hybrid cars
I developt my ideas aboout the Methanol economy independent. It started as I visited the international automobile show in Frankfurt 2007. There had been at the GM booth Opel Flextreme and Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid cars.

3 cars, 3 different range extenders with gasoline, diesel and hydrogen.

As I started to calculate profitability of the different range extenders in different scenarios, there was never a profitability of the hydrogen fuel cell system.

How to transport hydrogen more economic? Let's take a carbon atom to carry 4 hydrogen atoms. But Methan needs still a high pressure tank. Let's take one Oxygen atom, and it's Methanol easy to carry in a simple tank.

From where to take the carbon atom?

As soon as photovoltaic is available cheap and in huge quantity, energy is no problem, the only problem is easy to carry energy for mobile usage. So let's take biomass as carbon source only, energy for all the chemical process. 1kg dry wood can in such a way deliver 1,65 litre Methanol.

I made Ocober 2007 an interview with a developer in a reputated resarch institute: Methanol engine with generator can reach over 40% electric efficiency.

My calculation for a medium sized plug-in hybrid car over 300.000 km hydrogen vs Methaol:

The Methanol car needs 2800 kg more wood, but has a simple engine and a simple tank. The energy to produce Methanol from water and wood is about the same as for making hydrogen, liquification, compression into the tank. But 2800 kg more wood are a bargain compared to the fuel cells, the high pressure tanks and all the hydrogen infra structure.

--Pege.founder (talk) 19:11, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas contributor to climate change: is it a subject of debate?
After made this change to the article, correcting a somewhat misleading statement about CO2 emissions caused by methanol production,  reverted the change. I have changed it back and added sources to back up the fact that carbon dioxide is a known greenhouse gas. It seems to me that keeping a neutral point of view requires that we not claim there is a scientific debate where there is none. Could anyone disagreeing with this change please explain their reasoning here? Pyrospirit ( talk  ·  contribs ) 03:59, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it is great you know how to pop in all of those nice links to the articles and all, but did you really look at the diff?

 * "However, the CO2 effect on the climate, if any, is the [sic] subject of debate." is the quote that I considered to have more consensus for a brief snippet of discussion on CO2's effect on the climate. I guess you now want a reference that there is a debate on whether CO2 emissions has had an affect on climate? Note well, the debate is not whether an arbitrary amount of CO2 can effect the climate of the earth. (Venus, duh, everyone knows all about Venus.) The debate is whether CO2 emissions from human sources have had an effect on the climate. Where have you been?

 * Now, you somehow confused the statement in question, quoted above, by somehow saying this: "I have changed it back and added sources to back up the fact that carbon dioxide is a known greenhouse gas." Well, what on earth does that have to do with the reversion, the debate, or anything? (Greenhouse gas) ≠ (climate change) CO2 is a greenhouse gas, but that was not the crux of the reversion... The insinuation that (Greenhouse gas emissions) = (climate change) is a fallacy in logic, and the debate between whether CO2 from human emissions is causing climate change is a very hot debate. So the reversion will continue. There is a legitimate debate. There are people who debate:
 * Whether climate change has occurred in the last 200 years
 * Whether climate changes in the last 200 years are caused by emissions of greenhouse gases, the sun, or some other source
 * Whether the increased amount of CO2 in the environment is good or bad or indifferent

 * I believe it is arrogant of Mr. Killian to assume that he can remove a portion of the Wikipedia that indicates that there is a debate, even if the debate is settled in his mind. It may be settled in a lot of people's minds, but the debate is no less real. If there were a statement about there being a consensus, then I believe there is a consensus (although that might touch off a debate). But to negate the debate or to conceal the debate is not in the best interest of the Wikipedia.

 * Why, what do you know, I found a scientist or 2 who seems to indicate that there is a debate. Try some of these links... American Physical Society Dr. Spencer, Dr. Ball, Global warming controversy (a locked article, hmm... sounds like a debate may be brewing), Mr. Taylor, Dr. Spencer again, Czech President Klaus wants to debate, Blacklisted URL: "wiki.idebate.org/index.php/Debate:Global_warming,_human-caused%3F" (Wiki Debate on global warming). That last link is supposed to be pretty comprehensive, but that is debatable.

 * I like to saw logs! (talk) 06:13, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I made that edit because that part of the article seemed to imply that carbon dioxide isn't a greenhouse gas, or that CO2's status as a greenhouse gas is a matter of debate. Whether human CO2 emissions are a major cause of climate change is a different matter entirely. While there are some scientists who disagree with the mainstream scientific consensus on the matter, it is misleading to portray this in the article as a lack of scientific consensus. It's not a matter of negating or concealing debate, but of accurately portraying what debate there is, and not misrepresenting it. According to this publication of the Royal Society, "The work of the IPCC is backed by the worldwide scientific community. A joint statement of support was issued in May 2001 by the science academies of Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Caribbean, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Sweden and the UK. It stated: “We recognize the IPCC as the world’s most reliable source of information on climate change and its causes, and we endorse its method of achieving consensus.”" The same document addresses the issue of the relatively few scientists who do not think that climate change is a problem.

 * For this article, I think we should phrase it in a way similar to the lead section of global warming (a featured article). Since this has already been discussed extensively there, we should go with the consensus established at Talk:Global warming/FAQ in order to remain consistent between articles. Therefore, I propose the following wording for this article: "The use of methane or another fossil fuel for the production of methanol using all the above mentioned synthetic routes has a potential drawback: the emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, human-caused CO2 emissions contribute to global warming. While the vast majority of scientists working on climate change agree with this conclusion, its validity and the degree to which CO2 affects the climate has been disputed by some scientists and is a source of heated political debate." This adds back the references I added earlier, since this section of the article is rather lacking in references, and adds two more taken directly from the global warming article, where they are used for a very similar statement. This version also makes it clearer that the majority of the debate is among politicians, not scientists, while still mentioning the scientific dissent. Any objections to this wording? Pyrospirit  ( talk  ·  contribs ) 16:58, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, that looks a lot better. While there is no need for any details or citations in Methanol economy, we need to ensure that we do not presuppose anything. The Wikipedia, as you linked to, is full of articles discussing the debate. I have never seen a WP article with a FAQ, so thanks for the link. YOu are now providing evidence that I was scrounging up. To continue the theme of debate on this talk page, I would offer this piece of evidence that demonstrates that the IPCC's position and models and consensus is not without debate in the climatology community. See Doubts about global climate models used by the IPCC. And so the wording you proposed sounds reasonable. I liked the adjectives "hot" and "heated," but not to invent something and make my invention sound mean, ugly - or to promote some absurd non sequitur that I am trying to amplify, but because it seems to me that both sides are quite, um, affected by the debate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Uruiamme (talk • contribs) 23:54, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * There's always a need for citations. Anyway, I'm glad we agree on this wording, and I'll add it into the article now. While I still disagree with you on the warming effect of human-emitted CO2, I don't see the need to continue debating on this article's talk page now that we've resolved the content issue; I guess we can just agree to disagree. Pyrospirit  ( talk  ·  contribs ) 00:50, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

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The article is supposed to be about methanol economy, not advocacy
The article is pitching methanol economy as some sort of idealized goal. The slant partially defeats whatever goals advocates might have in mind. Why not just describe the components of a methanol economy without the explicit and implicit judgements? --Smokefoot (talk) 16:06, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methanol economy


text:
Robert Roosa

Robert Vincent Roosa (June 21, 1918 – December 23, 1993) was an American economist and banker. He served as Treasury Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs during the Kennedy administration. He believed the U.S. dollar should be the world's leading currency and reference point because the United States was the leading political and economic power.

Early years
Born in Marquette, Michigan, he studied at the University of Michigan, receiving his A.B. in 1939. He received a Rhodes Scholarship but due to the outbreak of war in Europe did not attend Oxford. Instead, he remained at Michigan, taking M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in 1940 and 1942 respectively. Between 1939 and 1943, he taught economics at Michigan, Harvard, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During World War II he served in London as assistant to Charles P. Kindleberger in the Enemy Objectives Unit, identifying potentially valuable enemy targets.

Postwar years
From 1946 he worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, ultimately reaching the position of vice president in the bank's research department. He then joined the Treasury, under John F. Kennedy, as Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs, where he helped to address the balance of payments problem facing America at that time. One of his solutions was the creation of bonds that would attract and allow foreign holders of dollars to turn them into long-term assets as an alternative to buying U.S. gold. Known as Roosa bonds, they were bought with dollars, but denominated and repaid in Swiss francs. Roosa believed that the international monetary system should be based on a reference and that the reference should be the U.S. dollar. He continued under the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson until 1964.

Roosa joined the Wall Street firm of Brown Brothers Harriman as a partner, in 1965. In 1966, he was elected to both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He was a director at the Council on Foreign Relations between 1966 and 1981, and a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation. He also became a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty in 1979. He was also a member of the Trilateral Commission. From 1975 to 1986, he was chairman of the Brookings Institution. Roosa retired from Brown Brothers in 1991.

Personal
Roosa was married to Ruth Roosa (née AmEnde), who died in October 1993. They had two daughters. Roosa died in Port Chester, New York in December 1993, aged 75.

Publications

 * Milton Friedman and Robert V. Roosa, The Balance of Payments: Free Versus Fixed Exchange Rates, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. (1967)

title: Robert Roosa


text:
User:Devanden

Welcome to my Wikipedia page,

title: User:Devanden


text:
Missing in Action (video game)

M.I.A.: Missing in Action is an action arcade game released by Konami in 1989. The game is a spiritual successor to Green Beret (also known as Rush'n Attack). The game is influenced by popular action films of the time such as Commando, Rambo: First Blood Part II, and Missing in Action.

Gameplay
The player takes on the role of a US Army special operations Green beret and player 2 takes the role of a soldier of the United Nations in cooperative mode. Players must infiltrate enemy POW camps in Vietnam to find prisoners of wars and lead them to freedom. Like its predecessor, there are a total of six levels in the game: war-torn field, jungle, airstrip, railyard, POW camp, and escaping POW camp. M.I.A. can be played by up to two players, with player 1 in green and player 2 in blue.

Throughout most of the game, the player's main weapon is a knife, which is capable of destroying any enemy in the game. By killing the red enemy soldiers, the player can acquire additional weapons. The available weapons consist of an assault rifle (12 rounds), a flamethrower (2 rounds), a bazooka (3 rounds), and grenades (3 rounds). Unlike Green Beret, the player can carry more than one weapon and switch between them at will. If the player loses a life, then only their currently equipped weapon will be lost.

At the end of each level, an assorted number of troops appears on fixed machine gun positions (usually four) that must be eliminated. On the last mission of the game, the freed hostages are susceptible to being slain by enemies; if all the POWs get killed then "MISSION FAILED" flashes on the screen and the game is permanently over.

Versions
There were three versions of M.I.A.: versions S and T, which were produced for the American and international markets, and a Japanese version. In some versions, the order of the first four stages is randomized. In the Japanese version, every second stage scrolls from left-to-right instead of right-to-left as in the international versions.

Missing in Action was made available on Microsoft's Game Room service for its Xbox 360 console and for Windows-based PCs in December 2010.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Missing in Action on their March 15, 1989 issue as being the twentieth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.

title: Missing in Action (video game)


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Rexam

Rexam plc was a British-based multinational consumer packaging company headquartered in London, England. After spending much of its life as a paper producer known as Bowater, it diversified and became a leading manufacturer of beverage cans. It had 55 plants in over 20 countries across Asia, Europe, North America and South America. In June 2016, Rexam was acquired by Ball Corporation for $8.4 billion.

Foundation
Manchester-born William Vansittart Bowater trained as a manager with James Wrigley and Sons, a paper making business based in Manchester. Having been dismissed in 1881 at age 43, Bowater decided to establish himself as a paper agent in London.

In a quickly expanding market, Bowater later secured contracts to supply newsprint to two of the leading publishing entrepreneurs: Alfred Harmsworth, then publisher of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror; and Edward Lloyd, publisher of the Daily Chronicle. The company was subsequently renamed W.V. Bowater and Sons after three of Bowater's sons joined the business, but as an agent the business had few staff: Bowater and his three sons as partner; six clerks; two typists; and an office boy.

After Bowater's death in 1907, in 1910, the company became a private limited liability company, led by Thomas Vansittart Bowater. It expanded into large-scale dealing in waste paper, including the export of surplus newspapers to the Far East to enable their protection during shipping of tea plants. But after Thomas became Lord Mayor of London in 1913, the company was left to be run by his younger brothers, who expanded the business internationally. They established an office in Sydney to export newsprint to Australia, and the Hudson Packaging and Paper Company to market UK newsprint in the United States.

1920s
The start of the First World War brought about huge growth in the paper market, and the company was prepared for this having purchased a site for development as a pulp and paper making mill in Northfleet, on the south side of the Thames estuary near Gravesend. However, with restrictions on both raw materials and production imposed by the Ministry of War, construction was not started by contractor Armstrong Whitworth until post the end of the war. After the need to redesign the plant proposed by Armstrong Whitworth, eldest grandson Eric Bowater was put in charge of the project to select new secondary contractors. After he established full production from the plant in July 1925, in 1927 at the age of 32, he became chairman and managing director of W.V. Bowater and Sons.

In 1928, Eric sold stakes in the business to both Lord Rothermere and other investors, reducing the families stake to 40%. The resulting cash injection allowed a doubling of expansion at Northfleet through additional investment. In 1929, he agreed a deal with both Lord Rothermere and Beaverbrook Newspapers to establish a new pulp and paper mill beside the Manchester Ship Canal in Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, the product from which would be consumed under long term supply deals to the newspapers of the two investors. Resultantly, by the end of 1930 with both plants online at full production, Bowater's mills output was 175,000 tons of newsprint per annum, 22% of the UK's total newsprint output.

1930s
However, the great depression cut badly into both investors businesses, resulting in a desperate need for cash injections. After Rothermere sold his stakes in both the main company and the Mersey mill, Beaverbrook took the same action, resulting the company being again completely in family control. As newspaper circulation rose again, Eric invested to double the capacity of the Mersey mills.

After the death of Edward Lloyd, in 1936 the company bought both the Sittingbourne and relatively new Kemsley Paper Mill. This brought the company's output to 500,000 tons per annum across four plants, producing 60% of British newsprint and the largest newsprint maker in Europe.

After a Scandinavian-cartel engineered a large rise in pulp prices, Eric started to buy into raw pulp production. After buying forest interests in both Sweden and Norway, he bought a large pulp and paper mill at Corner Brook, Newfoundland in 1938, which owned 7000 mi2 of timber and produced 200,000 tons per year of paper. This brought the companies newsprint output up to 800,000 tons per annum.

Second World War
At the outbreak of the Second World War, the British government restricted the import and consumption of wood and other products used to create pulp, resulting in an 80% reducing in the companies pre-War UK output. Resultantly, the Northfleet plant which was closest to occupied Europe was closed down. From 1940, Eric Bowater himself was seconded by William Morris to join his team at Ministry of Aircraft Production, for which he was knighted in 1944.

Post War
After he returned to the business in 1945, Sir Eric Bowater focused the business on packaging in the UK, and international expansion. After buying Acme Corrugated Cases Ltd in 1944, Bowater began to organise the companies interests into a series of wholly owned subsidiaries. As a result, by the mid-1950s, Bowater was the largest producer of newsprint in the world. The Company diversified into tissue manufacturing in 1956 forming Bowater-Scott, a joint venture with the Scott Corporation; Scott Corporation bought out the Bowater interest in the joint venture in 1986. Bowater opened a new factory in Gillingham, Kent in the 1960s.

By 1962, company assets totalled close to £200 million. Consuming huge amounts of capital, the company had failed to invest in its newsprint production, leaving it with a high cost base which was added to by the opening of Bowater House, a new head office in Knightsbridge. After the death of Sir Eric in 1962, the company began to consolidate. The money-losing European assets were slowly sold off, until the last French plant was sold in the early 1970s. UK and North American newsprint was unwound, with the loss of 300,000 tons of annual production and the closure of the Northfleet mill.

The company demerged its existing United States subsidiary, Bowater Inc., in 1984. However three years later, in 1987, the company acquired Rexham Corporation, a manufacturer of plastic, paper and foil, based in North Carolina.

In 1992, the company acquired Dickinson Robinson Group Packaging. In 1995, the name was changed to Rexam, an abbreviation of the name of one of the Company's subsidiaries, Riegel Paper America, and the business was refocused again – this time into consumer packaging.

In 2005, Rexam disposed of its glass manufacturing businesses to Ardagh Glass Group so as to concentrate on its beverage can production worldwide. It then went on to acquire O–I Plastics, a plastic packaging business in North America, in 2007. In June 2011, Rexam agreed to sell its lid-making operations to the U.S.-based Berry Plastics for £222 million (US$360 million).

On 13 February 2014, Rexam acquired 51% stake in United Arab Can Manufacturing Ltd for $122 million.

In February 2015, Rexam accepted Ball Corporation's sweetened takeover offer of £4.4 billion ($6.7 billion), a deal which created one of the world's biggest consumer-packaging suppliers. Ball was required to sell eight U.S. aluminum can plants. In June 2016, Rexam was acquired by Ball Corporation for $8.4 billion.

Operations
Rexam had around 55 plants in over 20 countries and employed around 8,000 people. Its operations span Europe, the Americas and Asia.

title: Rexam


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Eriba-Adad II

Erība-Adad II, inscribed m SU -d IM, “Adad has replaced,” was the king of Assyria 1056/55–1054 BC, the 94th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist. He was the son of Aššur-bēl-kala whom he briefly succeeded and was deposed by his uncle Šamši-Adad IV.

Biography
The Khorsabad kinglist mistakenly gives him as a son of Ilu-kabkabi, i.e. the father of the 18th century BC king Šamši-Adad I. Despite his short two-year reign, there are fragmentary inscriptions where he claims his rule extended to the Aramaeans and lists conquests far and wide in intense military campaigns, imitating those of Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I, for which he styled himself “king of the four quarters.” He would have appeared on a destroyed section of the eponym list designated as Cc.

He was one of the restorers of the é.ḫur.sağ.kur.kur.ra, “House, Mountain of the Lands,” or the cella of the temple of the god Aššur, as commemorated in one of his inscriptions. A fragmentary literary text is dated to his reign. The Synchronistic Kinglist gives his name, but the Babylonian counterpart is illegible, possibly having been Simbar-Šipak based on the sequence of kings before and after. This chronicle seems quite fanciful in its chronology during the Assyrian dark-age. In any case, the king Adad-apla-iddina would have been his contemporary, sheltering his uncle, Šamši-Adad IV in political exile while he regrouped and planned his putsch. Although Aššur-bēl-kala had married Adad-apla-iddina’s daughter, it seems unlikely that Adad-apla-iddina would have then participated in an effort to depose his own grandson, so it seems likely that Erība-Adad was the issue of another queen and the Babylonian king’s change of attitude due to earlier political events in Assyria. His rule came to an end when Šamši-Adad “went up Kardun]iaš He drove Erība-Adad, [son of Aššur-bēl-ka]la, from the throne.”

An Aššur monumental stele (number 27) from the Stelenreihe, "row of stelae," has been attributed to him and is inscribed laconically: "Erība-adad, king of the universe".

title: Eriba-Adad II


text: User talk:82.13.181.20

title: User talk:82.13.181.20


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IBM 602

The IBM 602 Calculating Punch, introduced in 1946, was an electromechanical calculator capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The 602 was IBM's first machine that did division. (The IBM 601, introduced in 1931, only multiplied.) Like other IBM calculators, it was programmed using a control panel. Input data was read from a punched card, the results could be punched in the same card or a trailing card.

The 602 was available in four models: Model 1, Model 2, Model 50, and Model 51. The "Series 50" models were low-cost versions that ran at a slower speed, with half as many program steps, and fewer storage registers and counters.

Two additional counters were available as an optional feature. Program steps execute in one machine cycle, except for steps performing multiplication or division which take as many machine cycles as needed for the operation. Punching rate is roughly four columns per machine cycle. The total number of machine cycles required per card varies depending on the data and programming.

Programming the 602 for each problem involved two things:
 * 1) A control panel wired for the sequence of the calculation
 * 2) A Skip Bar with "inserts" placed for the first column of each field to punch

title: IBM 602


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Rodovia Assis Chateaubriand

Rodovia Assis Chateubriand (officially designated SP-425) is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Its name honours the Brazilian journalist and press tycoon, Assis Chateaubriand, owner of Diários Associados.

The highway, which is single-lane in most of its length, crosses the state in the northeast–southwest direction. It starts in the city of Guaíra, and passes through Barretos, Olímpia and São José do Rio Preto, where it interconnects with the Rodovia Transbrasiliana (BR-153). The traject continues to Presidente Prudente, passing through Penápolis and Martinópolis.

It is managed and maintained by the Department of Roads of the State of São Paulo. Toll is not required.

title: Rodovia Assis Chateaubriand


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/St. Stephen's Society

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 00:04, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

St. Stephen's Society
Potentially notable organization (difficult to find in the press but seems sometimes referred to on Christian sites/webgroups}, but the article now is extremely POV and probably vanity, with few verifiable facts to pull out Dvyost 21:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no google news hits: or . --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 02:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article does need rewrite, but it is a noteworthy organization.--Nicodemus75 20:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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IK Sleipner

Idrottsklubben Sleipner is a sports club in Norrköping, Sweden; the main sports are football and ten-pin bowling. It was founded in 1903, and named after the deity Odin's horse Sleipnir from Norse mythology. Currently, the club's senior men's team plays football in Division 2. They are mostly known for winning Allsvenskan in 1938, but have since been overshadowed by local rivals IFK Norrköping both locally and nationally. The rivalry in beginning 1900 up until 1950 was often fierce as IK Sleipner was the workingclass team whilst IFK Norrköping came from the academical class. The club is affiliated to the Östergötlands Fotbollförbund. In the early 20th Century, the club also played bandy.

Achievements

 * Swedish Champions
 * Winners (1): 1937–38

League

 * Allsvenskan
 * Winners (1): 1937–38
 * Runners-up (1): 1936–37
 * Division 2 Östra
 * Winners (1): 1933–34
 * Runners-up (1): 1943–44
 * Division 3 Östra
 * Winners (1): 1952–53
 * Runners-up (2): 1950–51, 1951–52
 * Division 3 Nordöstra Götaland
 * Winners (4): 1961, 1967, 1978, 2021
 * Division 4 Östergötland Östra
 * Winners (1): 1965

Cups

 * Svenska Cupen
 * Runners-up (1): 1941
 * Svenska Mästerskapet:
 * Runners-up (2): 1920, 1921

Attendances
In recent seasons IK Sleipner have had the following average attendances:

title: IK Sleipner


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Ashur-bel-kala

Aššūr-bēl-kala, inscribed maš-šur- EN -ka-la and meaning “Aššur is lord of all,” was the king of Assyria 1074/3–1056 BC, the 89th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist. He was the son of Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I, succeeded his brother Ašarēd-apil-Ekur who had briefly preceded him, and he ruled for 18 years He was the last king of the Middle Assyrian Empire, and his later reign was preoccupied with a revolution against his rule led by one Tukulti-Mer, which, by the end of his reign, allowed hordes of Arameans to press in on Assyria's western borders. He is perhaps best known for his zoological collection.

Biography
His reign marks the point at which the tide turned against the middle Assyrian empire, and substantial Levantine territory to the west was captured by the invading Arameans. Aššūr-bēl-kala was the last of the monarchs of the second millennium for whom there are any significant surviving inscriptions. His annals are recorded on numerous fragments from Aššur and Nineveh.

The Broken Obelisk
The Broken Obelisk, an unfinished part of a monumental inscription in the British Museum, is usually attributed to him following the arguments made by Weidner, Jaritz and Borger, despite its apparent imitation of the campaigns of Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I and his hunting of a nāḫiru (a “sea-horse”) in the Mediterranean (the “upper sea of the land of Amurru”). These arguments include the introduction of Babylonian month names, its discovery with a limestone statue of a naked Ištar inscribed with his name, the designation of the Arameans as living in KUR a-re-me, and their evident progress into traditionally Assyrian ruled lands. It was discovered by the ethnic Assyrian archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam in mid-August 1853 at a "locality about half-way between Sennacherib's palace and that of Assurbanipal" and depicts the (enlarged) king towering over bound, supplicant prisoners under five symbols of the gods. Any reconstruction of the events of his reign consequently depends heavily on whether this object is correctly assigned.

In his first year, he campaigned in the north against Urarṭu, delaying his adoption of the eponym office until the following year. In his second, he turned his attention to the countries Himme, Ḫabḫu, and Mari, the latter of which was under the authority of Tukulti-Mer, a pretender to the Assyrian throne. Thereafter his attention was largely absorbed with endless counterattacks against the hordes of Arameans pressing on his borders, whom he even pursued: “[...in] rafts (of inflated) goatskins I crossed the Euphrates.” He fought them as far as Carchemish, which he plundered, and in the Ḫārbūr valley, the Broken Obelisk referencing at least 15 campaigns. Texts recovered from Giricano, ancient Dunnu-ša-Uzibi, mostly dated to the eponym year of Ili-iddina (1069/68) his 5th or 6th year, include one that recalls the fighting the preceding year, the eponymy of Aššur-rem-nišešu, in Dunnu-ša-Liṣur-ṣala-Aššur in the district of Šinamu, when territory was lost. Sometime later the entire region fell to the invaders.

Building works and zoo
Among his civic construction activities were the re-excavation of a city moat and the irrigation of a public garden:

The continued prestige of Assyria was acknowledged by the gift of exotic animals by the Egyptians which nišē mātīšu ušebri, “he displayed (the animals) to the people of his land.” These he added to his collection of rare animals which he bred and dispatched merchants to acquire more, such as “a large female ape and a crocodile (and) a ‘river man’, beasts of the Great Sea” and the dromedaries he displayed in herds. Aššūr-bēl-kala’s interests were not solely zoological as he enjoyed hunting and boasts killing wild bulls and cows “at the city of Araziqu which is before the land of Ḫatti and at the foot of Mount Lebanon.”

He “rebuilt from top to bottom the storehouses of my lordly palace, which are at the fore part of the enclosure,” and Aššur-nādin-aḫḫē's terrace of the New Palace at Nineveh, placed gate guardians inspired by the nāḫiru he had supposedly hunted. He also repaired a quay wall originally built by Adad-nārārī I (c. 1307–1275 BC).

Relations with Babylonia
After his inauguration, he was apparently visited by the reigning Babylonian king, Marduk-šāpik-zēri, who “established friendly relations with Aššūr-bēl-kala,” and then returned to Sippar. This treaty followed the earlier poor relations of their predecessors, Tukultī-apil-Ešarra and Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, who had sparred and was probably motivated by their need to unite to fight their common enemy the Arameans. Marduk-šāpik-zēri died around five years later and this seems to have galvanized Aššūr-bēl-kala into intervening militarily to install a successor of his choice:

The Synchronistic History relates that the next king, Adad-apla-iddina, “son of Esagil-šaduni, son of a nobody,” was appointed by Aššūr-bēl-kala, who married his daughter and “took her with a vast dowry to Assyria,” while the Eclectic Chronicle gives his father as Itti-Marduk-balāṭu. The Synchronistic History concludes with noting that “the people of Assyria and Babylonia mingled (peacefully) with one another.”

His tomb was one of the five found on the lower reaches of the palace at Assur. He was briefly succeeded by his son, Erība-Adad II, whose short reign was followed by that of his brother Šamši-Adad IV.

title: Ashur-bel-kala


text:
User talk:Tom-/Glossary

Possible:

Images - you can find out about a picture by clicking it

title: User talk:Tom-/Glossary


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Giulio Lasso

Giulio Lassi, also known as Lasso and Scalzo (born before 1569; died 1612) was an Italian sculptor and architect, best known for his work in Palermo, Sicily. He was born, presumably in Rome, from Giovanni Domenico Lassi, a carpenter, and Camilla de Roberti; after the death of Giovanni Domenico, his mother married Giovanni di Lorenzo, called "the Moretto", also a carpenter, on April 25, 1569.

His younger step-brother Orazio Borgianni (born 1574), a painter, was trained by Lasso, as Giovanni Baglione referred in his biography of Orazio, published in 1642. Baglione also affirms that Giulio took the surname of "Scalzo" when he was a pupil of the sculptor Ludovico Scalza, and refers that he finally moved to Sicily.

Lasso's most famous works are the statue of St. James the Great, in the Dome of Messina (destroyed during the 2nd World War) and the Quattro Canti, an eight sided piazza in the centre of Palermo. The result of a road straightening and widening scheme, the Quattri Canti is one of Sicily's first examples of the Baroque style of architecture, and is also an early example of architectural town planning.

Lasso did not live to see its completion and the project was eventually finished under the supervision of Mariano Smiriglio, who was the  architect of the Palermo Senate.

Link
https://www.academia.edu/90431759/Una_modesta_proposta_ai_lassisti_Note_su_Giulio_Lassi_o_Lasso_detto_Scalzo_ante_1569_1612_fratellastro_di_Borgianni_e_sul_monumento_Pasqualini_di_Ludovico_Scalza

title: Giulio Lasso


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Asharid-apal-Ekur

Ašarēd-apil-Ekur, inscribed ma-šá-rid- A-É.KUR or m SAG.KAL-DUMU.UŠ-É.KUR and variants, meaning “the heir of the Ekur is foremost,” was the son and successor of Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I as king of Assyria, reigning for just two years, 1076/5–1074 BC, during the turmoil that engulfed the end of that lengthy reign, and he was the 88th king to appear on the Assyrian King List. His reign marked the elevation of the office of ummânu, “royal scribe,” and he was the first to have this recorded next to the king’s name on the Synchronistic King List, possibly identifying the contemporary redactor of this list.

Biography
According to an early reading of the Synchronistic King List, he was a contemporary of the Babylonian king Itti-Marduk-balāṭu, c. 1140–1132 BC, where this monarch had perhaps been relocated to follow Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, c. 1099-1082 BC. This part of the cuneiform text is now lost or disproven. Current theories of chronological succession suggest Marduk-šāpik-zēri, c. 1082–1069 BC, may have been his Babylonian counterpart, with Rowton suggesting synchronizing the two-year reign of Ašarēd-apil-Ekur with this king's 5th and 6th years.

There are no royal inscriptions known from his reign and he appears only in later king lists and in an eponym list. He was succeeded by his brother Aššur-bel-kala, then his nephew Eriba-Adad II, then his other brother Šamši-Adad IV.

title: Asharid-apal-Ekur


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User talk:Blademaster

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! — Ambush Commander (Talk) 21:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Blademaster