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Ring of Gullion

The Ring of Gullion is a geological formation and area, officially designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, (AONB) located in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The area centres on Slieve Gullion, the highest peak in County Armagh, measures roughly 42 by 18 km and comprises some 150 km2 defined topographically by the hills of an ancient ring dyke. Parts of the area have also been officially listed as Areas of Special Scientific Interest.

The geological formation was the first ring dyke to be mapped, although its significance was not understood until similar structures had been described from Scotland. It was emplaced during the Paleogene opening of the Atlantic Ocean during the formation of the North Atlantic Igneous Province.

Geological history and features
The structure of the ring dyke was produced when the active volcano's caldera underwent collapse producing a concentric suite of faults providing space into which magma was able to intrude. The ring dyke is composite with both porphyritic granophyre and porphyritic felsite components. The composition of the remainder of the volcano today is dominated by gabbro and granophyre and is also the site of a noted occurrence of platinum group elements.

The rocks of the area are complex and have featured in international geological debate since the 1950s. The site has attracted geologists from all over the world and featured in a number of theories that have been put forward to explain the unusual rock relationships. Some of these theories have now become an accepted part of geological science.

Chief amongst the source of debate is the interaction of disparate forces in shaping the modern geology of the area: rock from the Silurian period, shaped and interspersed by more than one period of volcanic activity and later glacial forces which have led to the highly unusual nature of the area today.

In terms of the development of this geology, some of the areas rocks date from the Silurian period when and formed part of an ancient ocean more than 400 million years ago Added to this landscape, the volcano added masses of molten granitic rock or magma, which forms the bedrock that underlies Newry town and much of the Slieve Gullion area. These igneous rocks are some 390 million years old. Further volcanic activity took place during the Tertiary period, some 66 million years ago. The complex nature of the formation of the area has led to the debates as to origin but it is speculated that much of the modern geology of the area began with the development of a very large volcano of which little now remains. Volcanoes also erupted in the south of the area and as a result, remains of volcanic necks can be found in the hills around Forkhill. Along the contact zone between the Silurian rocks and the Newry granite a roughly circular fracture developed into which was intruded a series of acidic lavas. These cooled to form very hard granophyre and felsite rocks – in fact two 'ring dykes' or the "outer" and "inner" rings.

Slieve Gullion itself is in fact a more recent addition than the ring dykes which surround it and is made up of layers of igneous rock. As with the ring itself, there has been some debate as to their origins. One suggestion is that a huge explosive eruption of the volcano created a vast crater, or caldera, into which lavas were excluded in layers. Another more plausible explanation is that the lavas were extruded in layers. There is evidence of many highly unusual features developed by the interaction of basic and acidic magmas.

Added to this complex interaction of pre-volcanic and volcanic activity, the area was subject to the action of glaciers during successive Ice Ages. Deep valleys were formed as glaciers exploited weaknesses in the rocks (faults and softer rocks) while hills were scoured leaving craggy outcrops, boulder strewn slopes and rocky ridges and hollows and rounded drumlins were formed in valley floors. The 'tail' of Slieve Gullion, which itself forms the 'crag', is seen at Dromintee, and is a ridge of boulder clay deposited in the wake of Slieve Gullion as it was overrun by ice moving from the north.

Bar the main feature of Slieve Gullion and its rocky ring, their area includes a number of lakes and parks in the area, including the following:

Slieve Gullion Forest Park
Slieve Gullion Forest Park, owned and managed by the Forest Service, includes many acres of natural and planted forest, and eight mile scenic drive, and a way-marked trail which brings the traveller almost halfway up the height of the mountain, to the summit. The scenic drive overlooks the Ring of Gullion, Mourne Mountains, Cooley Peninsula and Armagh Drumlins. The path offers access to both the cairns on top of the mountain and the lake, while the Courtyard Centre has a garden, refreshments and toilet facilities.

Camlough Lake

Camlough Lake or Camloch (from the Irish for Crooked Lake) was formed as a glacial ribbon lake, and takes its name from its irregular shape; although its modern form does not appear particularly crooked, its shape was much less regular in the past before its level was raised by the embankment built in the late 19th century. The glacial left-over sits in a valley carved between Slieve Gullion and Camlough Mountain and is today the largest lake in the Ring of Gullion.

Close to the shore of the lake is an approximately one kilometre long tunnel, wide enough to drive an articulated truck into, which was excavated in the 1960s as part of a planned development intended to create a man-made cavern within Slieve Gullion mountain which was to have been used to store and release water to generate electricity. It was planned that the pumped hydro storage scheme, when operational, would generate more than 200 megawatts of electricity had it been completed; however, plans were shelved with the onset of the troubles.

Cashel Lakes
Upper and lower Cashel Lakes (or Cashel Loughs), together with Carrigans Lough are attractive upland lakes with clean unpolluted water, home to a recorded 30 species of water beetle, 15 species of spider and 10 species of ground beetle.

Cultural heritage
The Ring of Gullion has numerous associations with Irish legends and myths, and several remains from the pre-Norman, and indeed pre-Christian era. In the Táin Bó Cuailgne (the Cattle raid of Cooley) Cú Chulainn is reputed to have defended Ulster, single-handed, against the armees of Queen Maeve of Connacht at the Gap of the North, which lies at the south of the area. In another tale, Fionn Mac Cumhaill was bewitched by the Sorceress Miluchra on the summit of Slieve Gullion at the Lough of calliagh Bhirra and turned into an old, decrepit man. Although he managed to have the spell undone, his hair remained white thereafter. To this day the superstition survives that if you bathe in the lough your hair will turn white.

Human habitation in the Ring of Gullion is said to have occurred for at least 6000 years and a rich inheritance of historic monuments survives to mark the duration of that settlement. The area contains the remains of 20 or so large stone tombs and the King's Ring at Clontygora, and the Ballymacdermot tomb are two of the best examples of Court Tombs in the Northern Ireland. The monument at Ballykeel is also an outstanding example of a Portal Tomb while the South Cairn on the summit of Slieve Gullion has the distinction of being the highest surviving Passage Tomb in Britain or Ireland.

During the eighteenth Century, the last great age of Irish language literature, the Ring of Gullion was known as the District of Poets or District of Songs. Well-known poets associated with the area included Séamus Mór Mac Mhurchaidh, Art Mac Cumhaigh, and Peadar Ó Doirnín.

Among the cultural and architectural heritage of the area are the following sites:

The Dorsey
From the Irish Doirse, which means 'Doors' or 'gates', this Iron Age earthwork is located at Dorsey on the western edge of the Ring of Gullion. The structure consists of two roughly parallel massive earth bank and ditch ramparts over a mile long lie astride an old routeway to Eamhain Macha (Navan Fort, near Armagh – the ancient capital of Ulster). Recent evidence dates part of the monument to around 100BC, contemporary with a major phase of activity at Navan and lending support to the tradition that the Dorsey was once the 'gateway' to Ulster.

The function of the Dorsey is a matter of debate. It has been suggested that it was a defensive enclosure related to the Black Pig's Dyke whilst others suggest that it was simply to serve as two lines of linear embankment and was not an enclosure at all. Otherwise, it has been speculated that the site had a ritual function, however, its true purpose has yet to be determined.

Kilnasaggart Stone
From the Irish Cill na Sagart for Church of the Priests, this 2.8-metre pillar stone is held to be possibly the oldest dateable stone monument in Ireland. An inscription on the stone reads "In loc so Taninmarni Ternoc mac Cernan Bic er cul Peter Apstel", or that Ternoc the son of Cernan Bic put the place under the protection of Peter the Apostle. As Ternoc's death is recorded in the annals of 714 or 716, the stone can reasonably be dated to around AD700.

The stone marks the site of an early Christian cemetery and a church was probably located close by. The original church was a 5th-century Patrician foundation originally called Domnach Culind (Gullion Church). The poet Eóchaid Rígéices is buried here according to the 11th century Laud Genealogies- Mac dond Óengus-sin Eocho Rígéices, qui hospitatus apud Daimíne & qui sepultus est in Domnuch Cuilind ("Aengus had a son Eochaid, the royal poet, who visited Daimine Daim Argat and who is buried in the church at Slieve Gullion"). He was the first cousin and nephew of the Ulaid kings Muiredach Muinderg and Forga mac Dallán mheic Dubthach. Excavations at the site in 1966 and 1968 revealed an early Christian graveyard with graves oriented radially around the pillar and facing towards the rising sun. The stone stands on the ancient road which ran from [Tara] in County Meath and through the Moyry Pass to Dunseverick Head on the North Antrim Coast (Sighe Midhlachra), and close to the modern border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Killevy Churches
From the Irish Cill Shléibhe for Mountain Church, this site held one of early Christian Ireland's most important early monastic sites. Founded by St Monnina in the 5th century, the site at the foot of Slieve Gullion is largely restricted to two adjacent churches, a graveyard, the reputed grave of St Monnina's grave, and a small holy well still visited by pilgrims on her feast day, 6 July. The West Church dates from the 11th century. It is the smaller and more ancient of the two with an impressive lintel doorway. The East Church dates from the 15th century and has an impressive arched window with angel carvings still visible.

Following plundering by the Vikings in 923, monastic life continued and the site was occupied by the Augustinian Nuns until 1542 with the dissolution of the Monasteries.

Moyry Castle

Just to the south of Jonesborough lies a strategic mountain pass known as Moyry Pass or the 'Gap of the North', above which Lord Mountjoy built Moyry Castle on a rocky outcrop in 1601, a year after his capturing the area for the crown. The pass itself market the most favoured ancient route between the provinces of Ulster and Leinster as it was said to be the widest route through which an army could pass while under attack. Now ruined, the castle was built as a three-storey tower with rounded corners and gun loops and can be clearly seen from the modern railroad line (laid in 1852).

The area in which the castle is located remains mountainous and boggy although no longer heavily wooded and little remains of the stone bawn wall which once surrounded the castle bar one stretch to the south east.

Settlement
Most of the Ring of Gullion sits within the old Barony of Orior Upper within County Armagh, and lies within the boundaries of Newry and Mourne District Council.

List of places in the Ring of Gullion area

 * Altnaveigh
 * Aughanduff
 * Belleeks
 * Bessbrook
 * Camlough
 * Corrinshego
 * Dorsy
 * Dromintee
 * Fathom
 * Forkill
 * Jonesborough
 * Killeen
 * Lislea
 * Meigh
 * Mullaghbawn
 * Newtowncloghoge
 * Silverbridge

AONB and official status
The Ring of Gullion was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty by order of the Department of Environment in December 1991.

The AONB area of the Ring of Gullion includes the Mountain Ring and its various slopes, but also there is a deviation to the west to include the famous Dorsey Enclosure. In the west it also includes the valley of the Cully Water and the Umeracam River which separate the hills of the ring dyke from the rolling drumlin landscape extending towards Crossmaglen and Cullyhanna. In the north-west the ring dyke runs through the higher ground of the Fews where it is picked out by sharp rocky hills with distinctive heath vegetation (which is the derivation of The Fews name). To the east its boundary is the Newry Canal and the Newry River flowing towards Carlingford Lough under the brow of Anglesey and Flagstaff Mountains.

The countryside of the Ring of Gullion area was designated the Slieve Gullion Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) in June 1994 and is run by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. ESA designation is a voluntary scheme which provides financial encouragement for farmers to adopt farming practices which maintain and enhance the landscape, wildlife and heritage of their land holding.

In 2023, the Ring of Gullion was awarded Global Geopark status by UNESCO.

Management
The Ring of Gullion is managed by Ring of Gullion Partnership. There is one paid staff member who implements the Management Plan 2010–2016 and four who implement the Landscape Conservation Action Plan. Staff are administered by Newry, Mourne and Down District Council (NMDDC). This management is funded through NIEA, NMDDC and the Heritage Lottery Fund. There are also several other smaller project funders.

Transport
The M1 / A1 motorway passes through the east of the area with a number of exits between (and at) Newry and Dundalk providing access to the area.

Rail transport may also be used to reach the area with both NI Railways and Iarnród Éireann serving Newry and Dundalk respectively and the Enterprise calling at both Dundalk railway station and Newry railway station.

title: Ring of Gullion


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Status of religious freedom in Mauritanian

appears to have been created in error. correct page "Status of religious freedom in Mauritania" already exists. Delete

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asamushi-Onsen

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was RENAME to Asamushi Onsen and KEEP. — J I P | Talk 16:19, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Asamushi-Onsen
This article is the same as Asamushi-Onsen Station except for the Station part. The same IP address created both pages, so this one should be removed (the one with Station follows the Japan rail naming convention). A redirect would work, except the new page already exists, and an article for Asamushi-Onsen (not the station) may be desired in the future. Neier 13:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per what I said above . - Neier 13:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename and keep. Fg2's update (good work) makes this afd mostly pointless. Neier 22:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Asamushi Onsen. Kappa 15:09, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as Kappa said, and of course then keep. I've added material to distinguish it from the article on the train station. Fg2 09:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Toksovo

Toksovo (То́ксово; Toksova) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located 20 km to the north of St. Petersburg on the Karelian Isthmus. It is served by two neighboring stations of the Saint Petersburg-Khiytola railroad: Toksovo (constructed in 1917) and Kavgolovo (1929) (which serves a popular ski resort). Population:

History
Toksovo was first mentioned in chronicles in 1500. At the time, it belonged to Vodskaya Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas Novgorod Lands were subdivided into. In 1583, after the Livonian War, it became Swedish. In 1708, in the Great Northern War, it was conquered by Russia. In the same year, it was included into Saint Petersburg Governorate, and later on became a part of Shlisselburgsky Uyezd. In 1914, the governorate was renamed Petrograd Governorate.

In the 19th century, the region became a ski resort and a dacha place, known as the "Finnish Switzerland" or "Saint Petersburg Switzerland."

After the October Revolution, North Ingria, including Toksovo, seceded from Bolshevist Russia, but was reincorporated with the Treaty of Tartu at the end of 1920. On February 14, 1923 Shlisselburgsky Uyezd was merged into Petrogradsky Uyezd. In January, 1924 the uyezd and the governorate were renamed Leningradsky/Leningrad.

On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Kuyvozovsky District, with the administrative center in the village of Kuyvozy, was established. The district was inhabited by Ingrian Finns, with Finnish being the official language (since 1931). On October 30, 1930, the district center was transferred to Toksovo, which at the time being had a status of suburban settlement. On March 20, 1936 Kuyvozovsky District was renamed Toksovsky. On February 22, 1939 Toksovsky District was abolished and merged into Pargolovsky District. On April 3, 1954 Pargolovsky District was abolished, and Toksovo was transferred to Vsevolozhsky District. On May 13, 1963 Toksovo was granted urban-type settlement status.

In 1937, a large ski ramp was built in Toksovo, and in the late 1950s another one, which at the time was the largest ski jump of Europe and the fourth largest of the world. Today the largest hill is out of order, but smaller ones are operating and have plastic mattings.

In 1937–1939, during the Great Purge, the Rzhevsky artillery range, a large area to the southeast of Toksovo, was the main NKVD place of execution near Leningrad. In 1942, during the Siege of Leningrad all Finns and Izhorians were deported from the townlet and the region. During the Siege of Leningrad an important radar station was operated near the townlet. In 1953, after Joseph Stalin's death, Finns and Izhorians were allowed to return. In 1974, a European bison farm was started here. In 2000, Toksovan Sanomat, a Finnish Language newspaper, began publication. In 2002, at Koirankangas near Toksovo the Memorial society found a secret grave with remains of 30,000 people executed by the NKVD, among whom are most probably the philosopher Pavel Florensky and other prominent people. In 2003, a stage of the FIS Cross-country skiing World Cup was held in the townlet. Currently it is a ski and tourist resort and a dacha place, famous for its forests and lakes.

Transportation
Toksovo is located on the railroad connecting Saint Petersburg with Sortavala via Priozersk. The two railway stations in the settlement, Toksovo railway station and Kavgolovo railway platform, are connected by suburban service with the Finland Station.

Toksovo is essentially a suburb of Saint Petersburg, and is included in the dense suburban road network.

Tourism
The north part of Toksovo (unofficially called Kavgolovo like the nearby railway platform) is a center of a recreational area, which includes sports facilities like ski jumps and ski slopes, and attracts holiday visitors from Saint Petersburg. National and international competitions are held on a regular basis.

Culture and recreation
Toksovo contains seven objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. Six of them commemorate events of the World War II, in particular, the Siege of Leningrad, and the seventh one is the summer house where in 1927 Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, a Russian author, stayed.

title: Toksovo


text:
Darren Almond

Darren James Almond (born August 1971, Appley Bridge, Lancashire) is an English artist, based in London. He was nominated for the 2005 Turner Prize.

Life and career
Almond graduated from Winchester School of Art in 1993, with a BA (hons) degree in Fine Arts. He works in a variety of media including photography and film, which he uses to explore the effects of time on the individual. He uses "sculpture, film and photography to produce work that harnesses the symbolic and emotional potential of objects, places and situations, producing works which have universal as well as personal resonances".

In 1995, Almond had his first solo exhibition in London, showing a single work, KN120, which consisted of a large ceiling fan installed under London's Westway and wired to his studio.

A Real Time Piece (1995), was a live video link that showed his studio, empty but for an industrial flip-clock on the wall that amplified the passing of each minute. Among Almond's other early works is a series of nameplates in cast aluminium, made in imitation of the plaques on British 125 inter-city trains. The film Schwebebahn (1995) features the Sky Train, Wuppertal's public transport system; over three days, Almond journeyed from the beginning of the line to its end and back again, filming inside and outside of the train in one long unedited take.

Since 1998, he has taken a series of photographs on nights with a full moon, using extended exposure times of fifteen minutes or longer. The Fullmoon series began as a way of navigating the places of traditional landscape painters, e.g. with a shot of Mount Saint Victoire in Provence that had been the subject of many of Cézanne's paintings, but has evolved over time to include other remote locations.

For Six Months Later (1999), Almond repeatedly photographed at very precise times an identical location of his studio throughout a set period of time. Each shot features Almond's desk and chair, a window, two fans and a wall mounted flip clock. Each and every photograph is identical with the only variations being the amount of light that permeates the space and the time displayed on the clock. Meantime (2000) comprised a shipping container the artist had transformed into a functioning digital clock and filmed as it traveled across the Atlantic. It has been said to be an atypical performance in a typical sculpture (assisted readymade) in a time-framed installation.

The film installation Mine (2001) was shot in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. In this two-part work, one projection was shot in colour and shows the miners in their locker room changing for work. The camera is stationary and the miners come and go. The second projection shows the view of the tunnel, in black and white, shot from the train that descends into the passages of the mine, in effect what is awaiting the miners when they are finished dressing for work. His series Infinite Betweens consists of photographs that were taken in Tibet, where traditional prayer flags are hung in trails across the mountain ridges as a way to make offerings of thanks and prayers. The flags accumulate and become scattered over one of the highest and most exposed landscapes on earth. As with the Fullmoon photographs, Almond made use of moonlight and long exposures to shoot Infinite Betweens, preserving the movement of the flags and confronting the viewer with impossible perspectives, different focal points and a feeling of being within the picture.

These photographs developed out of Almond's film In the Between (2006), a 3-channel HD video with audio that examines the new high speed train that connects China with Tibet, a reinforcement of Chinese dominance. The title of these works refers to the Buddhist vision of relativity of all beings and things, the idea that we always occupy an 'in-between' state that is never ending and infinite. In Sometimes Still (2010), Almond follows a Tendai monk as he engages with the Buddhist process of Kaihōgyō, the feat of physical and mental endurance by which these monks attempt to reach a state of Buddhahood.

Selected exhibitions
Almond's first one-person exhibition was in 1995 at Great Western Studios, London. In 1997 he had an exhibition at London's Institute of Contemporary Arts. His subsequent solo exhibitions include those at The Renaissance Society, Chicago (1999); De Appel, Amsterdam, (2001); Kunsthalle Zürich, Switzerland (2001); Tate Britain, London (2001); K21 Düsseldorf, Germany (2005); Museum Folkwang, Essen (2006); SITE Santa Fe, New Mexico (2007); Parasol Unit, London (2008); and Darren Almond: The Principle of Moments, White Cube Gallery, London (2010).

In 1997, aged 26, he was the youngest YBA included in Charles Saatchi's Sensation show where he showed two works, A Bigger Clock and Fan, featuring objects, an oversized wall mountable flip clock and an equally out of proportion ceiling fan. He has also participated in the Berlin Biennale, Germany (2001); Venice Biennale, Italy (2003); Busan Biennale, South Korea (2004); The Turner Prize, Tate Britain, London (2005); Moscow Biennale, Russia (2007); and The Tate Triennial, Tate Britain, London (2009).

Collections
The work of Darren almond is a part of important public and private collections of international contemporary art, such as:
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York.
 * Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Canada.
 * Fondation Beyeler, Basel.
 * La Colección Jumex, Mexico City.
 * Centre national des arts plastiques, Paris.
 * Elgiz Museum of Contemporary Art, Istanbul.
 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.
 * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago.
 * Tate Gallery, London.
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
 * Saatchi Collection
 * Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, Turin.
 * Rubell Family Collection, Miami.
 * Kramlich Collection, San Francisco.
 * Fondazione Nicola Trussardi, Milan.

Awards
Notably, Almond was shortlisted for the Turner Prize in 2005, where he exhibited the four-screen video installation If I Had You (2003) about his grandmother – "a portrait of youthful reminiscence and the dignity of old age" In 1996, Almond was awarded the Art & Innovation Prize by the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, followed by his solo exhibition at White Cube, London in 1997.

Public commissions
In 2011, Almond was commissioned with a photographic installation and lightbox panels for the Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.

Monographs

 * Madden, Kathleen. Terminus, Galerie Max Hetzler / White Cube / Holzwarth Publications, 2008
 * Weck, Ziba de. Index, Parasol Unit / Koenig Books, London, 2008
 * Heynan, Julian. Darren Almond. 50 moons at a time, K21 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, Cologne 2004
 * Barnes, Brad. Darren Almond. 11 Miles…From Safety, Jay Jopling / White Cube, London 2003
 * Walker, Hamza and Martin Herbert. Darren Almond, Kunsthalle Zürich, Zurich 2001

Films

 * This Is Modern Art (presented by Matthew Collins), Oxford Television Company, Production, Channel 4, June–July 1999

Reviews

 * Review by Adrian Searle, guardian.co.uk; accessed 9 December 2016.
 * Review by Susie Rushton, Independent.co.uk; accessed 9 December 2016.
 * Erica MacArthur, 4art.com "Fire Under Snow" (review by Erica MacArthur), ArtReview, 21 March 2008.
 * Review by Gareth Scurlock, timesonline.co.uk; accessed 9 December 2016.

title: Darren Almond


text: Category:Federal government buildings in Ottawa


text: User talk:81.77.200.147

title: User talk:81.77.200.147


text: User talk:81.77.63.228

title: User talk:81.77.63.228


text:
User talk:Hammerite

Hey, welcome to Wikipedia! I noticed you left an update of what you've changed on Talk:Zombies Ate My Neighbors; that's fine, but you'd probably find it easier to simply fill in the edit summary space found at the bottom of the edit box. That way the description of what you changed will be stored together with the change you made and will also be displayed in users' watchlists. Anyway, if you have any other questions don't hesitate to ask!

Oh and I bet you can guess where my username comes from... :) GarrettTalk 13:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the tip, I must have been blind not to see that little box!... So another Thief fan, eh! It's always nice to meet a fellow Taffer. :D Hammerite 16:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hi and thank you for your addition to discrete probability distribution. And I have one remark. I would like to ask you, if possible, to use an edit summary when you contribute. It is one of those small things which seem to make a difference, think of it as the "Subject:" line in an email. I hope you don't mind. :) Thanks, and happy editing! Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:17, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Please!! There's no such thing as a cumulative density function! Density would not be called "density" but for the fact that it is strictly local and in no way cumulative. Michael Hardy 02:22, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Whoops. No need to hyperventilate over it though Mike. Hammerite 21:12, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Little context in Looking Glass Software
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Looking Glass Software, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Looking Glass Software is very short providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Looking Glass Software, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 23:30, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

RfD nomination of Daily Hate
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. NellieBly (talk) 13:21, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

RfD nomination of Daily Wail
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. NellieBly (talk) 13:22, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

RfD nomination of Paultard
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. NellieBly (talk) 23:05, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of The Market of Alturien

The article The Market of Alturien has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable board game."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 23:03, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

"Political correctness gone mad" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_correctness_gone_mad&redirect=no Political correctness gone mad] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. A7V2 (talk) 22:14, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hammerite


text: Category:Canadian federal government buildings


text:
User talk:ChaseDave

I've marked your contribution Open Source Marketing as a potential copyright violation, the pdf document you reference and have cut pieces from is licensed under the Creative Commons License version which prohibits derivatives, which I believe your work would be classed as. Thanks --pgk( talk ) 13:33, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Open Source Marketing, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing! -- pgk( talk ) 13:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChaseDave


text:
Macdonald Block

Macdonald Block may refer to:

 * Macdonald Block (Victoria, British Columbia)
 * Macdonald Block Complex, Toronto

title: Macdonald Block


text:
Talk:Gary Powell (musician)

Siblings
There have been various unverifiable comments about Gary's siblings and family ties to Colin Powell. In paticular, it has been claimed on this page that he is Asafa Powell's brother (almsot cetrainly not true), that Hope Powell is his sister and that Colin Powell is a relation.

I have found no evidence for any of these on the internet so have removed them; if this is wrong, please provide some evidence. Robdurbar 13:35, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

What's Gary's birthday??? We need to know!!!

Bollocks "unfortunately they split under a row where Barât was envious of Gary's earnings on the side in the buy-to-let market since he ploughed his fortune into the failed Beagle II mission to Mars." Surely thats just bollocks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.131.77.81 (talk) 03:56, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

family
Gary has one son (Wolfe) with long term partner Jude born in June 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sophieetmoi (talk • contribs) 17:26, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gary Powell (musician)


text:
Laikipia County

Laikipia County is one of the 47 Counties of Kenya, located on the Equator in the former Rift Valley Province of the Country. Laikipia is a cosmopolitan County and is Listed as County number 31. The county has two major urban centres: Nanyuki to the southeast, and Nyahururu to the southwest. Its County government headquarters town is Rumuruti. The County lies between latitudes 0° 18" South and 0° 51" North and between longitudes 36° 11" and 37° 24' East. It borders Samburu County to the North, Isiolo County to the North East, Meru County to the East, Nyeri County to the South East, Nyandarua County to the South, Nakuru County to the South West and Baringo County to the West.

Economic activities in the county consist mainly of tourism and agriculture, chiefly grain crops, ranching and greenhouse horticulture.

The county encompasses the high, dry Laikipia Plateau, and has a cool, temperate climate with both rainy and dry seasons.

Demographics
Laikipia county has a total population of 518,560 of which 259,440 are males, 259,102 females and 18 intersex persons. There are 149,271 household with an average household size of 3.4 persons per household and a population density 54 people per square kilometre.

Religion
Religion in Laikipia County

Administrative units
There are five sub counties, fifteen county assembly wards, fifty two locations.

Sub-Counties
Source
 * Laikipia Central
 * Laikipia East
 * Laikipia North
 * Laikipia West
 * Nyahururu
 * Kirima (newly created)

Electoral constituencies
Source
 * Laikipia East Constituency
 * Laikipia West Constituency
 * Laikipia North Constituency

Political leadership
Joshua Irungu is the current governor, serving his second and final term as governor. He returned after governor Ndiritu Muriithi had defeated him in the 2017 general elections Joshua Irungu, He is deputised by Reuben Kamuri, the current Deputy Governor, after Joshua Irungu did not run a second time with his previous deputy governor Gitonga Kabugi. John Kinyua Nderitu is the senator. He has been in office since 2017, replacing the first senator Godfrey Gitahi Kariuki. Jane Kagiri was elected women representative for the county in 2022. For Laikipia County, the County Executive Committee comprises:-

Source

Members of Parliament 2022-2027 (Laikipia County)

 * Hon. Mwangi Kiunjuri Laikipia East Constituency of the Service Party
 * Hon. Wachira Karani of United Democratic Alliance Member of Parliament Laikipia West Constituency
 * Hon. Korere, Sarah Paulata of Jubilee Party Member of Parliament Laikipia North Constituency.

Education
There are 600 ECD centres 304 primary schools and 99 secondary schools. The county has also 4 teachers training colleges, 9 Youth Polytechnics, 94 adult training institutions and 2 universities.

Health
There are a total of 175 health facilities in the county with three county referral hospitals, 10 sub county hospitals, 21 health centers and 141 dispensaries. The County has 1024 health personnel of different cadre. The HIV prevalence rate stands at 3.2 per cent.

Transport and communication
The county is covered by 1112.2 km of road network. of this 77.0 km is covered by earth surface, 705.5 km is murram surface and 319.7 km is covered by bitumen.

There are 19 Post Offices with 2,299 installed letter boxes, 2,079 rented letter boxes and 220 vacant letter boxes.

Administrative divisions
The county has three constituencies:
 * Laikipia North Constituency
 * Laikipia West Constituency
 * Laikipia East Constituency

title: Laikipia County


text:
Talk:Test the Nation

Merging
February 26, 2008: Merged the Test the Nation Ireland page into the general Test the Nation page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gorvis (talk • contribs) 17:09, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Country of origin
I believe it actually originated in the Netherlands, not the UK. Can anyone provide evidence either way? --Bonalaw 13:36, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I know it originated in the UK, and have seen proof. I can't remember exactly where, though, so I'm off to look... --TheIslander 21:31, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * After being told by a Dutch friend that it originated in the Netherlands, I did a bit of research and found that it did originate from there.

 * This Press release, from the producers of the show Talent TV states:

 * "Talent TV acquired the Japanese rights for Test the Nation from Dutch creator Eyeworks, along with those for the UK and Ireland."

 * This Dutch site also says that Test the Nation began in 2001 in the Netherlands. The last paragraph talks about the BBC in the UK, and other nations, having the format, too.

 * The original was called "De Nationale IQ Test" in the Netherlands - The Dutch Wikipedia page from this states that it was first broadcast in 2001.Stoosh 00:16, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Spelling
Since I realised after posting that my edit summary was incorrect, I wanted to clarify why I think the programme spelling should remain. This article as a whole is in British English. (My edit summary suggested it should be that way because the program was British, which, from reading the entry (and the discussion above) I should have known to be false.) - Cafemusique 01:51, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Wrong Link
The bit within the UK section of international versions says " But at the start of 2007 there was a similar programme broadcast on BBC One called Your Country Needs You" There is a hyperlink on the You Country Needs You however that links to a page about the UK's Eurovision National Final rather than the game show. I have removed this link as it is misleading. 82.5.224.82 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:20, 21 April 2011 (UTC).

title: Talk:Test the Nation


text:
Category:Suffolk County Executives

This category is for persons who have held the office of Suffolk County Executive.

title: Category:Suffolk County Executives


text:
LMU

LMU may refer to:
 * ICAO designator for AlMasria Universal Airlines, an Egyptian airline
 * Lambung Mangkurat University
 * Latin Monetary Union
 * Leeds Metropolitan University
 * Liaoning Medical University
 * Lincoln Memorial University
 * London Metropolitan University
 * Loyola Marymount University
 * Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
 * LMU, an abbreviation for Late Middle Ukrainian, a period of the Ukrainian language in the mid and late 18th century

title: LMU


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pecnut

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 16:24, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Pecnut
It is not clear to me why this person is notable; because he writes forum contributions, or because his website is sometimes up, sometimes down?--Austrian 13:38, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn CLW 15:35, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. linas 23:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 12:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn forumcruft. MCB 00:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pecnut


text:
Siegestor

The Siegestor (Victory Gate) in Munich is a three-arched memorial arch, crowned with a statue of Bavaria with a lion-quadriga. The monument was originally dedicated to the glory of the Bavarian army. Since its restoration following World War II, it now stands as a reminder to peace.

The Siegestor is 21 meters high, 24 m wide, and 12 m deep. It is located between the Ludwig Maximilian University and the Ohmstraße, where the Ludwigstraße (south) ends and the Leopoldstraße (north) begins. It thus sits at the boundary between the two Munich districts of Maxvorstadt and Schwabing.

History
The arch was commissioned by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, designed by Friedrich von Gärtner and completed by Eduard Mezger in 1852. The marble quadriga was sculpted by Johann Martin von Wagner, artistic advisor to Ludwig and a professor at the University of Würzburg. Lions were likely used in the quadriga, instead of the horses, because the lion was a heraldic charge of the House of Wittelsbach, the ruling family of the Bavarian monarchy.

The arch was originally dedicated to the glory of the Bavarian army (Dem Bayerischen Heere). Today, the Siegestor is a monument and reminder to peace. After sustaining heavy damage in World War II it was to be demolished in July 1945, however, the arch was reconstructed and restored only partially, in a manner similar to the conservation of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche in Berlin. The new inscription on the back side by Wilhelm Hausenstein reads Dem Sieg geweiht, vom Krieg zerstört, zum Frieden mahnend, "Dedicated to victory, destroyed by war, urging peace". In the early 21st century, the remaining statues were meticulously cleaned and restored.

In popular culture
In the second of the German language film series, Heimat 2 by Edgar Reitz, Evelyne and Ansgar meet and talk by the monument, on which the inscription honoring peace may be seen.

In the ninth season of The Amazing Race, the final Pit Stop for the third leg (a double length leg) was in front of the monument, where the last team to arrive was eliminated from The Amazing Race.

title: Siegestor


text:
Frost Building

The Frost Building is a curved 7 and 6 storey office building complex on the south east side of Queen's Park Crescent in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Government of Ontario owns the building and is part of the large Queen's Park campus. The Frost Building is home to the Ontario Ministry of Finance and Treasury Board Secretariat. It is divided into a North block, located on 95 Grosvenor St, and a South block, located on 7 Queen's Park Crescent. A five-storey glass walkway connects the two blocks from the 2nd and 6th floors.

The building is named after Leslie Frost, Premier of Ontario for over a decade starting in 1949.

The Frost Building is also commonly referred to as the Ontario Treasury Building. The south block of the building has seven floors. The top floor houses the Office of the Minister of Finance and the Office of the Deputy Minister of Finance. The current Finance Minister of Ontario is Peter Bethlenfalvy and the Deputy Minister of Finance is Greg Orencsak.

The building is a landmark of modern office building architecture in Canada, dating from the early 1950s. It was one of the first totally "modern look" buildings without any of the fancy curlicues of older buildings. It was also original in that it follows the curve of the street on which it resides. The north block was built in the 1960s as an addition to the South Block.

The Ontario Firefighters' Memorial is located in a small parkette to the southwest corner of the building.

Other government buildings nearby include:

 * Ontario Government Buildings - Hearst, Mowat and Hepburn Blocks
 * Whitney Block
 * Ontario Power Building - shares the curve building design with the Frost Building

The building is connected by tunnel to the Queen's Park (TTC) subway station, Whitney Block, and MacDonald Block Complex.

title: Frost Building


text:
Eugénie Potonié-Pierre

Eugénie Potonié-Pierre (5 November 1844 – 12 June 1898 Paris) was a French feminist who founded the Federation of French Feminist Societies in 1892.

She joined the Society for the Amelioration of Women's Condition with Léon Richer and Maria Deraismes in the 1870s. She served as the secretary and wrote for the organization's publication Le Droit des femmes (Women's Rights). In 1880, with Léonie Rouzade, she founded Union des Femmes.

She was secretary of the committee of the International Congress for Women's Rights, in 1892, and 1896. In her speech to the International Congress of 1896 in Berlin, Potonié-Pierre credited herself and French feminist peers with coining the term féminisme.

Death
She died 12 June 1898, from a cerebral hemorrhage at age 54. She is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Quote
"The woman of the future will, I'm certain, be the same as today's, able to see beyond oppressive laws and idiotic customs."

title: Eugénie Potonié-Pierre


text:
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Enfield

The London Borough of Enfield is the northernmost of the Outer London boroughs. The borough lies within the Metropolitan Green Belt, and several of its 123 or more parks and open spaces are part of it. The ancient Enfield Chase, remnants of which still exist, occupied much of the area. In addition to many playgrounds and sports facilities (including a number of golf courses), the main areas of public open space are:

 * Albany Park: Enfield Wash, 45 acre formally opened 1902, since extended; west of Enfield Lock railway station
 * Arnos Park, Arnos Grove: 44 acre opened in 1928; north of Arnos Grove tube station; Pymmes Brook Trail passes through it
 * Beech Hill Park, Hadley Wood: includes Hadley Wood Golf Course
 * Broomfield Park, Palmers Green: 54 acre, purchased 1903
 * Bullsmoor Playing Fields, Freezywater
 * Bury Lodge Gardens Edmonton
 * Bush Hill Park Recreation Ground Bush Hill Park was officially opened on 18 April 1911
 * Churchfields Recreation Ground Edmonton
 * Craig Park, Edmonton
 * Cunningham Park, Freezywater
 * Ryans Park, Enfield Highway
 * Durants Park, Enfield Highway created in 1903.
 * Forty Hall Park: an estate of 273 acre managed by Enfield Borough, includes woodlands and grounds around Forty Hall
 * Firs Farm, (Firs Lane Winchmore Hill London N21 2PJ)'
 * Grovelands Park, Southgate
 * Hilly Fields, near Gordon Hill railway station: 62 acre purchased 1911
 * Hollywood Gardens, Edmonton
 * Jubilee Park, Lower Edmonton
 * King George's Field, Enfield Highway, opened in 1939, to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of King George V and Queen Mary in 1935.
 * Minchenden Oak Garden, Southgate
 * Montagu Road Recreation Ground, Edmonton
 * Oakwood Park: 64 acre purchased 1927
 * Ponders End Recreation Ground ( Ryans Park), Ponders End
 * Plevna Road Open Space, Edmonton
 * Pymmes Park, Edmonton: 53 acre purchased 1899
 * Tatem Park, Edmonton
 * Town Park, Enfield Town, which incorporates the last public remnant of Enfield Old Park.
 * Trent Park: country park
 * Whitewebbs Park

Apart from those open spaces, there are the two large reservoirs. The King George V and the William Girling collectively known as the Chingford Reservoirs situated alongside the River Lea in the east of the Borough.

Covert Way is Enfield's only Local Nature Reserve.


text:
Talk:List of ports in Australia

Completeness?
Was this created from any authoritative source or restrictive definition? The lists seem to be extrememly short to me, but I don't want to add more ports to the list that I think belong there without some reference for completeness. --Scott Davis Talk 13:41, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Overwritten
I am about to overwrite this list with a list of ports as they appear in the Gazetteer. This will have the following advantages: The disadvantages are: Eventually I will merge the previous information into the current article. Until then, I'm of the view that this overwrite is an improvement. The previous version is still in the article history; revert me if you disagree. Hesperian 13:25, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) It will be complete, authoritative, well defined and referenced, in some sense, per Scott's query above;
 * 2) Ports will be listed according to their gazetted names, and will therefore link to an article on the port itself, rather than to cities in which they are located.
 * 1) Information on port usage will be lost.

 * I am still confused, sorry. What was the source of the list of ports, is it places with "Port" in their name.  I am almost sure that the list is not complete.  For example the Batemans Bay marina is missing.  Eden was too?!
 * I appreciate that for large cities, the port and the city articles should be separate. For smaller places like Ulladulla and Bermagui though I don't think this is the way to go, but that can be solved by a redirect - is that what is intended? --Golden Wattle  talk 21:54, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The source was the Gazetteer of Australia. The criterion was all places of type "PORT" (i.e. ports) or "HBR" (i.e. harbours, havens, roadsteads, marinas). It would appear that Batemans Bay Marina is not a gazetted place.
 * I prefer to link to the actual harbours, rather than link directly to the "wrong" place. I do believe that we'll have an article on Ulladulla Harbour eventually. I'm sure there's plenty to write about it; it's just a matter of waiting for someone to get around to writing it. Hesperian 22:53, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In particular because Eden was missing, I am tagging the list as incomplete - no disrespect to Hesperian but Geoscience Australia is not sufficiently authorative. Eden is a major minor regional port!  I hate to think what else is missing.--Golden Wattle  talk 22:45, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No offense taken. Actually, the Gazetteer of Australia is the ultimate authority on place names in Australia. Which is a shame because I agree that in some areas it is incomplete. e.g. less than a third of Australia's lighthouses have been gazetted. Hesperian 22:53, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

With reference to the comment, "I prefer to link to the actual harbours, rather than link directly to the "wrong" place." Not sure if you have been to Ulladulla, the harbour is at the centre of the town. I think it would be better if we included information on harbours in the place and allowed the article to break out when it got too detailed. A bit like schools in a community. I doubt for Ulladulla it will be a separate article - a challenge of course for somebody to prove me wrong. It does need to be a separate section within the article. My redirection policy only applies to very small places like Bermagui and Ulladulla and I intend that they should indeed have a separate section on the harbour within the placename article.--Golden Wattle talk 23:21, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

How should we annotate non-gazetted ports?
The article states in the heading ''The list also contains some entries for places that are widely recognised as ports or harbours, yet have not been gazetted as such. These are noted and individually referenced in the list.'' - How should we note and reference to identify clearly? I think there are going to be similar numbers of ungazetted places as gazetted places in the end for NSW at least, particularly if this list includes historic ports such as Tathra - I think it should, but of course noted as such. --Golden Wattle talk 00:43, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It wasn't very clear, was it? What I meant to say was that places that aren't gazetted are provided with an explicit citation, so places that don't have an explicit citation can be assumed to cite the Gazetteer of Australia. The alternative is to explicitly cite the Gazetteer for every gazetted entry; this might make sense once we get to the point where the gazetted ports only constitute half the list. Hesperian 01:42, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Until we get the full list together this article maybe needs to be called the "List of Gazetted Ports in Australia". It's missing some pretty important ones as is (Port of Melbourne - the biggest port in the country) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.49.69.44 (talk) 04:29, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Red links
Thanks for making it some sort of complete list (I only just noticed). Should we make redirects from the red links, and disambiguate wrong blue ones to unique article names for the ports (then make redirects to a town there)? The redirects mean this list is still right if someone later turns the redirect into an article. Examples: Port Glenelg (presently red) will likely never have an article, so I'd like to make it a redirect to Glenelg, South Australia. Outer Harbour is presently a redirect to Outer Harbor, South Australia, but is listed as a port in Queensland. --Scott Davis Talk 13:33, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that some of the west aus entries that are blue are to wrong articles as well.I think we will encounter wrong arts and dismbig and redirect issues for most entries SatuSuro 13:59, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

wikitable sortable
What about using "wikitable sortable" so that the ports can be sorted in:

 * Alphabetical order
 * Size of ship
 * Order along coastline
 * etc.   Tabletop (talk) 04:09, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:List of ports in Australia


text:
South Stack Cliffs RSPB reserve

South Stack Cliffs RSPB reserve is a nature reserve, run by the RSPB, on Holy Island on the North West coast of Anglesey, Wales. The reserve is on sea cliffs facing the islet of South Stack, and is crossed by the Anglesey Coastal Path. There is an information centre based in Elin's Tower in the reserve.

It is best known for its breeding seabirds, including puffins, razorbills, guillemots, kittiwakes and fulmars. peregrine falcons, common kestrels and choughs also nest on the cliffs.

The area is famous for its rare bird species, such as black lark and grey catbird and fascinating geology.

South Stack Cliffs RSPB reserve also helps to conserve the silver-studded blue butterfly Plebejus argus found on the reserve in Spring. The Spathulate fleawort, a subspecies of field fleawort, a small yellow flower, is only found here, in the whole world.

title: South Stack Cliffs RSPB reserve


text:
Lim Swee Say

Lim Swee Say (born 13 July 1954) is a Singaporean former politician who served as Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress between 2005 and 2015, Minister for Manpower between 2015 and 2018, Minister in the Prime Minister's Office between 2004 and 2015, Second Minister for National Development between 2004 and 2005, and Minister for the Environment between 2000 and 2004.

A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Buona Vista ward of Tanjong Pagar GRC between 1997 and 2001, Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC between 2001 and 2006, Holland–Bukit Timah GRC between 2006 and 2011, and the Bedok ward of East Coast GRC between 2011 and 2020.

Lim was appointed as a non-executive independent director in Singtel in 2021.

Early life and career
Lim was educated at Catholic High School and National Junior College before graduating from Loughborough University in 1976 with a first class honours degree in electronics, computer and systems engineering under a scholarship conferred by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in 1973.

He subsequently went on to complete a master's degree in management at Stanford University in 1991.

Lim served as Chief Executive of the National Computer Board between 1986 and 1991, and later as chairman between 1994 and 1998.

He also served as Deputy Managing Director at the Economic Development Board (EDB) based in New York City between 1991 and 1993, and later as managing director between 1994 and 1996.

Political career
Lim made his political debut in the 1997 general election as part of a five-member PAP team contesting in Tanjong Pagar GRC, led by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and was elected in a walkover. He was on the PAP's team in Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC at the 2001 general election, and in Holland–Bukit Timah GRC at the 2006 general election, and was elected unopposed on both occasions. At the 2011 general election, Lim stood in East Coast GRC, where the PAP's team defeated the team from the opposition Workers' Party by 59,992 votes (54.8%) to 49,429 (45.2%).

Lim served as Deputy Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) from 1997 to 1999. He also served on the Committee on Singapore's Competitiveness from 1997 to 1998, and chaired its Sub-committee on Manpower Development.

In 1999, Lim was appointed as Minister of State for Trade and Industry and Minister of State for Information, Communications and the Arts.

Lim was made a member of the PAP's Central Executive Committee in 1999 and served as the chairman of the party's youth wing between 2000 and 2004.

Lim was made the Acting Minister for the Environment on 1 October 2000. He became a full minister of the Cabinet on 23 November 2001.

Minister in Prime Minister's Office (2004–2015)
On 12 August 2004, Lim was appointed a Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. He also served as the Second Minister for National Development from 12 August 2004 to 29 May 2006.

In 2005, Lim became the Deputy Secretary-General of the NTUC for the second time (while continuing to serve concurrently as a Minister without portfolio in the Prime Minister's Office). In 2007, he was made the Secretary-General of the NTUC.

In 2014, Lim appeared on Singapore's Mediacorp Channel 8 episode "Hear Me Out", to respond to the criticisms against him and clarify himself on a few topics such as his Zorro costume, "Cheaper Better Faster", "Better, Betterer, Betterest", "Deaf Frog" and why Singapore implements Progressive Wage Model instead of minimum wage.

Minister for Manpower (2015–2018)
On 4 May 2015, Lim relinquished his post of Minister in Prime Minister's Office and NTUC secretary-general (in line with the NTUC's retirement policies) and was appointed the Minister for Manpower.

Lim retired from the cabinet on 1 May 2018, with his Manpower portfolio succeeded to Josephine Teo. On 5 May, Lim was awarded the Distinguished Comrade of Labour during the May Day Awards ceremony.

Retirement from politics
In 2020, Lim announced that he would be retiring from politics, and not stand for the 2020 general election.

Personal life
Lim married to Elaine Cheong Siew Boon (born 1952) in 1981, introduced by a mutual friend. The couple had one daughter and one son. Cheong died on 6 July 2021, after battling stage 4 cancer since 2017.

He is a Roman Catholic and is an ethnic Singaporean Chinese of Teochew descent.

title: Lim Swee Say


text:
Craig Rivet

Anthony Craig Rivet (born September 13, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 18 seasons in the NHL, including 12 with the Montreal Canadiens. He later played for the San Jose Sharks, Buffalo Sabres, and Columbus Blue Jackets before finishing his career with the Elmira Jackals of the ECHL.

Junior career
Rivet was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft from the Kingston Frontenacs in the Ontario Hockey League. He was drafted in the third round, 68th overall. Upon being drafted, he recorded junior career highs in 1992–93 with 19 goals, 55 assists, and 74 points. He added 12 points in the playoffs as Kingston advanced to the semi-finals but were eliminated by the Peterborough Petes in five games.

Montreal Canadiens
After spending his first few professional seasons with Montreal's AHL affiliate, the Fredericton Canadiens, Rivet earned a full-time roster spot with Montreal in 1997–98 and became an alternate captain to Saku Koivu during his time with the team. After a 25-point season with a career-high 8 goals in 2001–02, he re-signed with the Canadiens to a four-year, $12 million contract extension. In 2005–06, Rivet improved to 34 points, his best offensive output with the Canadiens.

San Jose Sharks
With his contract set to expire at the end of the 2006–07 season, Rivet was traded on February 25, 2007, to the San Jose Sharks with a fifth-round draft pick in 2008 for Josh Gorges and a first-round draft pick in 2007. This pick would later be used to draft former Canadien captain Max Pacioretty (currently playing for the Washington Capitals). Before becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, he re-signed with the Sharks to a four-year, US$14 million contract, citing San Jose's fan base and competitiveness as major factors in staying with the club. He reportedly chose that offer over San Jose's offer of $12 million over the same time span, but with a no-trade clause. In the first season of his new contract, he recorded a career-high 30 assists and 35 points, topping all team defencemen in scoring (Brian Campbell finished with more points overall during the season, but only scored 19 of his points with San Jose).

Buffalo Sabres
On July 4, 2008, Rivet was traded to the Buffalo Sabres with a 2010 seventh round draft pick in exchange for two second round selections in the 2009 and 2010 drafts. Before making his 2008–09 debut with the Sabres, he was named team captain on October 8, replacing Jason Pominville, the last to be named captain as part of the Sabres rotating captaincy the previous season. At the end of the 2009-10 season, it was revealed that Rivet's play in the previous two seasons had been hampered by a double labrum tear, for which he would have off-season surgery. Despite initial estimates of 4–6 months for recovery, which would have impinged on the start of the 2010-11 season, he was expected to return for training camp. Despite this, the veteran defenseman announced that the 2010-11 season might be his last in the NHL. Rivet was waived by Buffalo on February 23, 2011.

Portland Pirates
After clearing waivers on February 24, 2011, Rivet was reassigned to the Sabres' American Hockey League farm team, the Portland Pirates.

Columbus Blue Jackets
On February 26, 2011, Rivet was claimed on re-entry waivers by the Columbus Blue Jackets.

Elmira Jackals
On October 10, 2011, Rivet signed a deal with the Elmira Jackals just 6 months after announcing his retirement. He later revealed the move was necessary to obtain his United States permanent residency.

International play
Rivet made one international appearance for Team Canada at the 2003 World Championships in Finland. He recorded 1 assist in 9 games as Team Canada captured the gold medal against Sweden 3-2 in the final.

Post-hockey career
Rivet co-hosted "The Instigators" with Andrew Peters on WGR 550 out of Buffalo and MSG Western New York. After stepping down from the show in September 2021, Rivet is currently co-hosting the podcast "After The Whistle" reunited with Andrew Peters.

title: Craig Rivet


text:
United Democratic Front (South Africa)

The United Democratic Front (UDF) was a South African popular front that existed from 1983 to 1991. The UDF comprised more than 400 public organizations including trade unions, students' unions, women's and parachurch organizations. The UDF's goal was to establish a "non-racial, united South Africa in which segregation is abolished and in which society is freed from institutional and systematic racism." Its slogan was "UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides." The Front was established in 1983 to oppose the introduction of the Tricameral Parliament by the white-dominated National Party government, and dissolved in 1991 during the early stages of the transition to democracy.

Background
Involvement in trade unions, beginning in Durban in 1973, helped create a strong, democratic political culture for black people in South Africa. Mass urban protest could also be traced to the student upsurge in Soweto in 1976.

1982 brought the effects of a world economic crisis to South Africa, and the price of gold fell in 1985. The result of these things and other economic problems caused mass unemployment, especially for young black South Africans.

The apartheid state wrote a new constitution in 1983 "in an attempt to allay criticism against apartheid and to set a new course." The new form of government created a Tricameral Parliament which allowed Coloured and Asian South Africans "nominal representation." Black people were still not allowed to participate in the government.

During a demonstration in Langa in 1984, police shot the participants which led to further insurrection. This led to a "black youth uprising" by 1985 in South Africa.

Formation
The plans for a new political organisation were introduced by Rev. Allan Boesak at a conference of the Transvaal Anti-South African Indian Council Committee (TASC) on 23 January 1983. The part of his speech calling for a "united front" of "churches, civic associations, trade unions, student organizations, and sports bodies" was unplanned, but well received. He also called for black people to have full participation in the government.

The UDF then formed regional committees, which established relationships with local organizations. The Natal UDF was launched first, in May, and then the Transvaal region (in June) and the Cape Province (July). Representatives of the regions formed the Interim National Committee, which also included outside activists.

At the end of July, the committee held a two-day meeting where they discussed a national launch date. Although most delegates wanted time to organise the regions before the national launch, they decided the best date was 20 August, the day the government planned to introduce the Tricameral Constitution. UDF sent out over 400,000 letters, flyers and brochures to advertise the launch of the group. The UDF's symbols – logo and slogan – were also selected at the meeting. Both the logo and slogan portray the widespread support the UDF hoped to achieve by incorporating a wide range of South Africans of all races. Some member organisations adapted the "UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides" slogan; for example, the Soweto Civic Association used "Soweto Civic Association Unites – Piet Koornhof Divides".

On 20 August 1983 the UDF was launched in the Rocklands community hall, Mitchell's Plain, near Cape Town. After a conference of delegates from 575 organisations, a public rally was held, attended by about 10,000 people. Frank Chikane, the first major speaker, called the day "a turning point in the struggle for freedom."

Activities of UDF
The UDF and its affiliates promoted rent boycotts, school protests, worker stay-away and a boycott of the tricameral system. These activities took place in earnest after September 1984.

In 1989, UDF sent delegates to the United States and the United Kingdom to discuss what foreign countries could do to help end apartheid. Women in the delegation "were the ones that dictated the conversation," with Albertina Sisulu conveying a strong message of nonviolence and compassion.

Banning and imprisonment
In 1986, President P. W. Botha prohibited the UDF from receiving foreign funds. The UDF was under a government ban as of February 1987 restricting its actions. In May 1987, a Natal provincial Supreme Court justice, John Didcott, ruled that the ban on the UDF's ability to receive foreign funding should be lifted. Foreign contributions made up more than half of the group's budget.

By late 1987, the UDF had a majority of its activists imprisoned.

Treason Trials
In the aftermath of the 1984 boycotts of the Tricameral Parliament, a large number of UDF members were arrested. On 19 February 1985, several UDF members, including Albertina Sisulu, Frank Chikane and Cassim Saloojee were arrested on high treason warrants. In the following years, much of the UDF leadership was trialled on high treason charges in two separate political trials, in which the state charged the UDF with being a "shadow organization for the African National Congress." While the charges in the Pietermaritzburg Treason Trial was dropped, the Delmas Treason Trial continued until 1988. In November 1988, eight of those accused of treason were acquitted of all charges, while four activists were found guilty of terrorism. The judge also ruled that the UDF was a "'revolutionary organization.' that incited violence in black townships in 1984 in a bid to render South Africa ungovernable." The convictions were overturned by the Appeal Court in Bloemfontein in 1989, releasing five activists, including Popo Molefe.

Disbanding
When the ANC, the South African Communist Party (SACP), the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) and other organizations were unbanned in February 1990, the UDF faced a change and "it became clear that the need for the UDF no longer existed." In March 1991, the decision to disband was made and the UDF held its last meeting on 14 August 1991 in Johannesburg.

Organisational structure
The UDF was an umbrella organisation that had a "federal structure" and a decentralized method of employing tactics. By 1986, there were 700 different organizations working under the umbrella which were often youth movements, community organizations, unions, professional societies and churches. Eventually there would be nearly "1,000 affiliated groups." UDF embraced a philosophy of "African nationalism, socialism and Christianity." The common goal of ending apartheid and systematic racism allowed different types of groups to work together. Any type of organization, regardless of race, sex or religion was welcome as long as they promoted an end to apartheid. UDF helped many of the smaller organizations have access to a source of funding.

The leadership structure included a National Executive Committee (NEC) at the top level which had three presidents, secretaries, a treasurer and representatives of the various regions. Despite the NEC leadership, much of the "momentum for action came from the bottom levels of the organisation and from its youngest members." Because members of UDF faced frequent arrests due to their activities, the leaders were "cautious and secretive."

UDF Women's Congress
Feminists involved in the UDF felt that the organization was not seriously promoting issues relating to women and that women "had a second-class status within the organization." The Women's Congress was formed on 23 April 1987 and included women's organizations affiliated with the UDF. Organizations, such as the Natal Organisation of Women (NOW), the Federation of Transvaal Women (FEDTRAW), Port Elizabeth Women's Organisation, Port Alfred Women's Organisation and the Gompo Women's Congress sent delegates to that first meeting. During the first meeting, the delegates created a list of issues and problems facing women involved in the UDF which included an absence of women in leadership roles and "UDF's failure to address issues of gender discrimination, and sexual harassment within the organization." Delegates elected Albertina Sisulu to the national council for the UDF Women's Congress.

In 1988, women were heavily involved in the mine worker's strike. Mostly working-class women protested the mining management's support of the government and at the rally, presented a petition. Some women attended "carrying babies on their backs."

Critics of the UDF Women's Congress believed that focusing on women's issues "had the potential to weaken the overall liberation struggle." Others disagreed, stating that "our struggle from freedom can only be won if men and women fight side by side."

Relationship with the ANC
Early in its life, the UDF adopted the Freedom Charter, a statement of the aims for a free South Africa and basis for a democratic constitution. At first, the African National Congress (ANC) did not welcome UDF's involvement.

Throughout its existence, the UDF demanded the release of imprisoned ANC leaders, as well as other political prisoners. In 1985, the UDF announced at a rally of 2,500 people, their campaign to see the release of Nelson Mandela.

However, the UDF was never formally attached to the ANC, and did not participate in the armed struggle. The UDF did not want to be associated with violent tactics or acts of sabotage against the government. In addition, the ANC over time, "showed an increasing intolerance for the values upheld by the UDF."

Relationship with the Black Consciousness Movement
The Black Consciousness Movement disagreed with the UDF on the issue of whether whites should be welcomed into the struggle against apartheid. The Black Consciousness movement was based on the principle that the liberation struggle should be led by black people, whereas the UDF welcomed anyone who shared their goals and was willing to commit to them in struggle.

Relationship with the Progressive Federal Party (PFP)
The Progressive Federal Party had vigorously opposed the introduction of the tricameral system (in the referendum), but once introduced continued as the official opposition in the "White" Assembly. "Let us voice strong opposition and offer vigorous resistance both within and without the system that excludes Blacks and continues to imprison Nelson Mandela" argued Helen Suzman, speaking at the Cape Town Conference of the PFP National Youth in 1984. At the same conference, a resolution was passed endorsing and supporting the recent establishment of the United Democratic Front and offer ' back office financial assistance". This support sponsored by Gordon Waddell and Harry Oppenheimer through the Western Province Regional PFP Youth Committee led by Stephen Drus ( Stephen Darori)

Mass Democratic Movement (MDM)
In 1989, the UDF and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) began cooperating more closely in a loose alliance called the Mass Democratic Movement, following restrictions on the UDF and COSATU by the apartheid government. The apartheid government described the MDM as a UDF/Cosatu/SACP alliance, although this was disputed by the MDM at the time. The loose nature of the MDM made it difficult for the apartheid government to ban, and the MDM has been described as having been "the UDF in another guise".

Notable members

 * Allan Boesak
 * Frank Chikane
 * Moses Chikane
 * Cheryl Carolus
 * Murphy Morobe
 * Mohammed Valli Moosa
 * Joe Gqabi
 * Frances Baard
 * Farid Esack
 * Jeremy Cronin
 * Andrew Boraine
 * Archie Gumede
 * Matthew Goniwe
 * Mkhuseli Jack
 * Helen Joseph
 * Mosiuoa Lekota
 * Yunus Mohamed
 * Popo Molefe
 * Trevor Manuel
 * Oscar Mpetha
 * Victoria Mxenge
 * Sister Bernard Ncube
 * Maite Nkoana-Mashabane
 * Gugile Nkwinti
 * Albertina Sisulu

title: United Democratic Front (South Africa)


text:
Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light

Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light is the debut release of Montreal-based instrumental act Bell Orchestre. On the back of the album, the track listing includes a track set off from the rest called (frost). On the iTunes Music Store, the last three minutes and fifty seconds of "Recording A Tunnel (The Invisible Bells)" are sold under the name "Frost" and "Recording A Tunnel (The Invisible Bells)" is shortened to 6:32 playing time.

Track listing

 * 1) "Recording a Tunnel (The Horns Play Underneath the Canal)" – 0:42
 * 2) "Les Lumières Pt. 1" – 6:17
 * 3) "Les Lumières Pt. 2" –3:50
 * 4) "Throw It on a Fire" – 4:46
 * 5) "Recording a Tunnel" – 1:53
 * 6) "The Upwards March" – 4:21
 * 7) "The Bells Play the Band" – 1:19
 * 8) "Recording a Tape... (Typewriter Duet)" – 3:41
 * 9) "Nuevo" – 5:51
 * 10) "Salvatore Amato" – 6:39
 * 11) "Recording a Tunnel (The Invisible Bells)" – 13:28


text:
2003 Rugby Borough Council election

Elections to Rugby Borough Council were held on 1 May 2003. One third of the council seats were up for election. The council stayed under no overall control. The number of councillors for each party after the election were Conservative 18, Labour 16, Liberal Democrat 10 and Independent 4.

Election result

 * }

title: 2003 Rugby Borough Council election


text:
Armistice of Mudanya

The Armistice of Mudanya (in Turkish: Mudanya Mütarekesi) was an agreement between Turkey (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) on the one hand, and Italy, France, and Britain on the other hand, signed in the Ottoman town of Mudanya, in the province of Bursa, on 11 October 1922. The Kingdom of Greece acceded to the armistice on 14 October 1922.

Context
Under the Armistice of Mudros, ending World War I in the Ottoman Empire, the Allied powers were allowed to occupy the forts of the Straits in the Dardanelles and Bosphorus. Subsequently, they also occupied Constantinople and decided to partition the Ottoman Empire. Turkish nationalists resisted this in the form of the Grand National Assembly. Having achieved victories over occupying powers in Anatolia, Turkish forces were advancing on the neutral zone of the Straits.

On 5 September 1922, Mustafa Kemal Pasha asserted the Turkish claim to East Thrace (Trakya). On 15 September, the British cabinet decided that British forces should maintain their position and issued an ultimatum.

On 19 September, Britain decided to deny Constantinople and Thrace to the Turkish nationalists, but France, Yugoslavia, Italy and the British dominions objected to another war. French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré tried to persuade the Turks to respect the neutral zone. The allies asked for a peace conference on 23 September, to which Mustafa Kemal agreed on 29 September, nominating Mudanya as the venue. Meanwhile, the British cabinet decided to abandon East Thrace to the Turks.

Talks were convened on 3 October and led to the Armistice of Mudanya being signed on 11 October. The Greeks acceded to the terms on 13 October.

Terms

 * Greek troops were to withdraw from Eastern Thrace as far as the Maritsa River (River Meriç) and Adrianople (Edirne) within 15 days.
 * Civil power would become Turkish 30 days after Greek troops left.
 * No more than 8,000 Turkish gendarmes were to be in East Thrace until a peace treaty was completed.

The final settlement between the parties was worked out at the Conference of Lausanne from 21 November 1922 to 24 February 1923 and from 23 April to 24 July 1923, leading to the Treaty of Lausanne.

Allied troops continued to occupy the neutral zone until they withdrew under the terms of the treaty.

title: Armistice of Mudanya


text:
Sackville College

Sackville College is a Jacobean almshouse in town of East Grinstead, West Sussex, England.

It was founded in 1609 with money left by Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset. Throughout its history it has provided sheltered accommodation for the elderly.

Foundation
Robert Sackville left £1,000 for the building and a rent charge of £330, for the endowment of a 'hospital or college' for twenty-one poor men and ten poor women, to be under the patronage and government of his heirs. This may have been an imitation of Emanuel College, Westminster, founded by his aunt, Anne Fiennes, Lady Dacre. The building of the almshouse known as 'Sackville College for the Poor' at East Grinstead was commenced about 1616 by the executors, his brother-in-law, Lord William Howard, and Sir George Rivers of Chafford. It was occupied before 1622.

Most of the Sackville lands were soon alienated by the founder's son, and the buyers refused to acknowledge the estate's liability to the college. On 6 July 1631 the poor inmates received a charter of incorporation, but their revenues were still irregularly paid. But in 1700, after long litigation, a reduced rent charge was imposed on the Sackville estates on behalf of the college, and the number of inmates reduced to twelve, with a warden. The college buildings were restored in the nineteenth century by the Countess Amherst and the Countess De la Warr.

Present charity
The College is run as a charity, operating under an Act of Parliament from 1624 and a royal charter from 1631. The College continues to receive patronage from William Sackville, 11th Earl De La Warr. The building is located at the end of the High Street close to St Swithun's Church.

It is built from local sandstone. The main building was completed in 1619, and remains exceptionally well preserved. The original lock is still used on the Chapel door and much furniture from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is preserved inside. It is a Grade I listed building. The building surrounds a courtyard which contains a well. The internal walls have large mullioned windows. The Great Hall features the original hammer-beam roof. Inside, the residences for the elderly have been modernized.

The College is run by a warden, who lives in part of the building that was originally used by the Sackville family on visits to their Sussex estates. The warden's office has not changed substantially since it was used by the Revd Dr John Mason Neale, who was warden from 1846 until his death in 1866. J.M. Neale was a hymn writer notable as the author of Good King Wenceslas. The warden's office is a good example of a Victorian study. The chapel was restored 1846–1866, in early C14 style by William Butterfield under the direction of Dr Neale.

The College is open Wednesday to Sunday during the summer.

title: Sackville College


text:
WCFS-FM

WCFS-FM (105.9 MHz) – branded Newsradio 105.9 WBBM – is a commercial all-news radio station licensed to the Chicago suburb of Elmwood Park, Illinois. Owned by Audacy, Inc., the station services the Chicago metropolitan area, operating as a full-time simulcast of WBBM (780 AM).

WCFS-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 4,100 watts. The transmitter is atop the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower). The studios and newsroom are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Loop. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WCFS-FM broadcasts over two HD Radio subchannels, and is available online via Audacy.

WLEY
The station originally held the call sign WLEY and broadcast at 107.1 MHz. WLEY was founded in February 1948, with commercial broadcasts beginning in April. The "LEY" in its call letters stood for Leyden Township, which contains the city of license of Elmwood Park. WLEY was owned by Zeb Zarnecki. The station broadcast in English and Polish. WLEY broadcast the "Polish Barn Dance", hosted by Zeb Zarnecki, along with other programs for the local Polish community. It is not related to today's 107.9 WLEY-FM in Aurora.

The station's studios and transmitter were located on Harlem Ave, in Elmwood Park. It had an ERP of 320 watts at a height above average terrain (HAAT) of 240 feet. In 1949, its ERP was increased to 1,000 watts and its HAAT was increased to 250 feet. In 1955, the station's ERP was increased to 32,000 watts and its frequency was changed to 105.9 MHz, after the previous occupant of that frequency, WFMT, moved to 98.7 MHz. WLEY was taken silent in 1956.

WXFM
In 1957, the station was sold to Evelyn Chauvin Schoonfield, a school teacher from Detroit, for $22,500, and its call sign was changed to WXFM. In the early 1960s, the FCC investigated several unauthorized transfers of control, which placed renewal of the station's license in jeopardy. However, the FCC allowed Schoonfield to keep the license, and authorized the sale of the station to WXFM Inc., with controlling interest owned by Robert Victor.

In the 1960s and 1970s, WXFM featured a variety of musical programming, including classical, jazz, show tunes, folk music, light classical, and MOR programs. On October 3, 1962, it became an affiliate of the QXR Network.

In 1966, the station's transmitter was moved to 333 North Michigan Ave. in Downtown Chicago, and in 1974 its transmitter was moved to the Sears Tower.

In 1970, Triad Radio, a freeform program, began airing on the station. Triad Radio began in 1969, as a three hour weekly program on 105.1 WEAW-FM. The program eventually aired for five hours nightly on WXFM, and continued to air on the station through 1977. Triad Radio published a free monthly magazine that was distributed through retail outlets.

Dick Lawrence, historian and radio personality, hosted "Sound of the 1920s" an original hour-long feature program of vintage music 'old scratchies' woven together by offbeat historical themes.

Count Bee-Jay's "Journeys Into Music", broadcast from a truck stop at 39th and Morgan to the radio station was a daily feature on WXFM from the 70s into the early 80s.

In 1978, Herb Kent began hosting a show on WXFM.

In the early 1980s, jazz began to dominate WXFM's schedule. Personalities on the station at this time included Daddy-O Daylie and Dick Buckley. Pervis Spann hosted an overnight blues show.

WAGO
In 1984, the station was sold to Cox Communications for $9 million. On April 2, 1984, Cox launched a contemporary hits format on the station, and its call sign was changed to WAGO. The station was branded "G-106".

WAGO featured John Records Landecker in mornings, who had made a name for himself on 890 WLS.

Rock era
On March 4, 1985, the station's format was changed to album oriented rock (AOR) and its call letters were changed to WCKG. John Records Landecker continued hosting the morning show on WCKG until 1986, when he returned to 890 WLS.

By 1987, WCKG had transitioned into a classic rock format. On-air personalities included Stephanie Miller, John Howell, Mitch Michaels, Allan Stagg, Joe Thomas, Debbie Alexander, and Rich Koz.

WCKG picked up the syndicated Howard Stern Show for mornings in March 1995. Following on-air attacks on rival Chicago shock jock Mancow Muller's family and Muller's boss's family, Stern's show was dropped in October 1995. The station blamed issues with "some of Howard's on-air content", and the show moved to 1160 WJJD.

WCKG was traded to Infinity Broadcasting in 1996. At the end of the year, Infinity Broadcasting was purchased by the parent company of CBS.

Hot talk era
The station began evolving to a hot talk format in July 1996 with the addition of Steve Dahl in the afternoons and Stern returning to mornings, while classic rock continued to air in the remainder of the schedule. In 1998, Jonathon Brandmeier began hosting middays on WCKG, and the station further moved into a hot talk format. During this time, the station was branded "105.9 The PaCKaGe".

In 2002, rock music was re-added to the station's schedule in certain hours, and its slogan became "Talk That Rocks". On April 1, 2002, Kevin Matthews joined WCKG as midday host. Other personalities and programs during this era include, Patti Haze & Mary Pat LaRue, Pete McMurray, Opie and Anthony, Karen Hand and Dr. Kelly Johnson, Bill O'Reilly, Jim Cramer, Buzz Kilman, Wendy Snyder, Frankie "Hollywood" Rodriguez, Bob Sirott, Marianne Murciano, Little Steven's Underground Garage, and The House of Blues Radio Hour with Elwood Blues. The rock music was removed from the station's schedule by early 2005.

On October 25, 2005, the station was rebranded "Free FM". With Stern's departure from terrestrial radio on December 16, 2005, Infinity announced that effective January 3, 2006, WCKG would become the flagship station of Rover's Morning Glory. Following months of poor ratings, Rover's Morning Glory was dropped on August 1, 2006, and was replaced by the New York-based Opie and Anthony Show.

WCKG was also the flagship station of the NBA's Chicago Bulls from 2006 until 2007. With the demise of WCKG's talk format, the Bulls returned to all-sports 1000 WMVP.

Steve Dahl's son, Matt Dahl, joined WCKG on March 5, 2007, and Garry Meier joined the station on April 2, hosting late mornings. On May 2, 2007, the station's branding was changed from "Free FM" to "Chicago's FM Talk Station". It was later rebranded back to "The Package". By this time, the weekday lineup consisted of Opie and Anthony, Meier, Stan Lawrence and Terry Armour, Steve and Matt Dahl, Glenn Beck, Loveline, and Bill O'Reilly.

October 29, 2007, was the last day of the talk format on WCKG, as hosts and station staff said their goodbyes on-air. Steve Dahl's show continued to air on WCKG, with best-of clips airing for the rest of the day. His show moved to sister station 104.3 WJMK on November 5.

On November 2, CBS Radio gave stories to the media writers at the Chicago Sun-Times and Chicago Tribune that the station would switch to an all-Christmas format that afternoon before the unveiling of its actual new format. However this was a ruse, designed to throw long-time ratings leader 93.9 WLIT-FM off from its plans to start playing all-Christmas music beginning November 8. The trick worked, as WLIT switched to all-Christmas music on November 2, while WCKG continued to play the "Best of Dahl" until November 5. That day, WCKG began stunting by simulcasting several of Chicago's other CBS Radio stations. From 5:30 to 10 a.m., it carried Dahl's first show on WJMK. From 10 a.m. until 2 p.m., it simulcast 670 WSCR; from 2 to 4 p.m., it simulcast 93.1 WXRT, and from 4 to 5 p.m., it simulcast 780 WBBM.

Fresh 105.9
At 5 p.m., after the CBS Radio News bell for the top of the hour newscast, WCKG became "Fresh 105.9" with a modern-based adult contemporary format that originally focused on soft rock songs from the 1990s to current product (with some select 80s songs). The first song played was "Beautiful Day" by U2. The station shared its branding with co-owned WWFS in New York City. The station's call sign was changed to WCFS-FM, for "Chicago's Fresh", on November 26, 2007.

On February 25, 2008, morning personality Mike LeBaron and midday personality Lisa Greene signed on as the first DJ's on Chicago's "Fresh 105.9". In April 2008, Program Director Mike Peterson named Rick Hall as afternoon host. On October 6, 2009, Roxanne Steele began hosting afternoons on WCFS. Rick Hall moved to mornings on a temporary basis after Mike LeBaron left the station.

In November 2009, Steve Fisher debuted as the new morning host on WCFS. Upon Fisher's arrival, Rick Hall was moved to middays. However, in June 2010, new program director Jim Ryan told reporters that Hall had been released. Evening host Brooke Hunter was moved to middays.

On March 30, 2010, it was announced that Bill Gamble left CBS Radio Chicago, where he was Program Director of WCFS-FM and WUSN.

WBBM simulcast
On the morning of August 1, 2011, WCFS began redirecting listeners to sister stations 96.3 WBBM-FM and 99.5 WUSN. It played an hour and a half of "end"-themed songs, concluding with "End of the Road" by Boyz II Men and the first six seconds of "Don't You (Forget About Me)" by Simple Minds. Then at 8:10 a.m., WCFS replaced the "Fresh" AC format with an FM simulcast of co-owned all-news station 780 WBBM. Until that date, WBBM had been carried on WCFS-HD2, effectively (besides the loss of WCFS's physical staff) making the move merely a swap of the formats for the HD1 and HD2 subchannels.

The format change was seen as a counter to WBBM's new competitor, 101.1 WWWN, which switched to an all-news format on July 31, 2011, one day before WCFS's switch. The "Fresh" AC format was moved to WCFS-HD2 on August 1, rebranding as "The New Sound of Fresh 105.9 HD2".

The move left 93.9 WLIT-FM as the only adult contemporary radio station at the time in Chicago. The switch also gave the NFL's Chicago Bears an FM outlet. The "FM News" format on WWWN, which later became WIQI, failed in the market and was replaced by a 90's-centric adult hits format on July 17, 2012.

Though WCFS uses WBBM's on-air branding ("NewsRadio 780 and 105.9 FM, WBBM"), its official call sign remains WCFS, call letters only mentioned once per hour. Arbitron's use of the Portable People Meter for Chicago radio ratings does not need call letter verification to give credit for listening to 105.9 FM. WBBM thus identifies both signals in a rushed form of station identification at :56 past the hour as "WBBM-HD Chicago, WCFS-FM-HD1 Elmwood Park-Chicago".

The two stations have simulcast continuously since August 1, 2011, with one exception. During the 2015 baseball season, WBBM carried Chicago Cubs baseball exclusively over the AM 780 frequency during the 2015 season, while WCFS-FM 105.9 continued to carry the all-news format on its own during Cubs broadcasts. Starting with the 2016 season, the Cubs moved to co-owned 670 WSCR. WBBM and WCFS returned to a full-time simulcast at the end of the 2015 season.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.

HD Radio
WCFS-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio format. The HD2 subchannel carries a sports gambling format, branded as "The Bet".

The station's HD2 subchannel debuted in January 2006, and simulcast the all-news format of WBBM AM 780. After WBBM began simulcasting on the analog/HD1 in 2011, the HD2 subchannel continued to carry an automated version of WCFS's former AC format (which gradually shifted to Hot AC) as "Fresh 105.9", leading to one of the few situations where the station's callsign meaning referred instead to an HD Radio subchannel. In February 2019, the "Fresh" format was replaced with an electronic dance music format, branded as "Energy". This format had aired on co-owned 96.3 WBBM-FM-HD2 as "B96 Dance" from 2006 until February 2019, when it was replaced with "Channel Q".

On March 19, 2021, WCFS-HD2 switched to carrying a new national format covering legalized sports gaming, branded as "The Bet".

title: WCFS-FM