text:
Talk:A Tribe Called Quest

Untitled
While some (me) might agree with the first sentence it was not at all NPOV and I removed it. -- 84.146.253.13 08:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

wouldn't a tribe called quest be considered abstract hip hop? q-tip refers to himself as the abstract (poet) Scenario, check the rhyme, jazz, bon. applebum, buggin out, and others primarely deal w/ hypothetical and/or conceptual aspects. and abstract is a tough word to operationally define. so what is being use to refer to 'abstract hip hop'? Person referring to others as 'kids' isn't a metaphor an abstraction of (relatively subjective) reality? thus, metaphors are abstract. and abstract doesn't always have to represent the selective concentration on certain aspects of reality and/or the concept that is being expressed. the abstract can refer to sensations, emotions, and sometimes even society. thus, abstract : concrete :: femenitity : masculinity    hence, the abstract pertains to socio-emotional aspects of one's existence; the concrete is w/ regard to goal-orientation and the physical aspects of one's existence. do you consider a Tribe Called Quest 'abstract hip hop'?

RIAA Certifications
Someone got that shit fucked up big, do a little research before changing the page.

http://www.riaa.com/gp/database/default.asp

Type in the artist and it says there...

PITATPOR=Gold TLET-Platinum MM-Platinum BRL-Platinum TLM-Gold

Links

 * Had to delete the BBC link as it was inactive. Wow, there should be more discussion about such an important group. -04:55, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * On the wiki page under "reunion" it states that Phife said that Tribe had another album they had to complete due to the contract they had. Is there any proof of this? Thanks Iscream22 (talk) 17:56, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

beats, rhymes, and life
this album is cited as being ill received, how is that possible? it was number one on the charts in the summer of 96! it may have been in the shadow of "all eyez on me" but seriously, it deserves more credit than this.12.129.98.129 01:23, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ATCQtheanthology.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:B00002JX28.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg
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Albums???
What is this????? "The Lost Demos" and "Native Tonuges Unreleased and Unleashed"????? I don't think they have those at allmusicguide or amazon. So, whatever it is, I'm going to removed it ASAP. -- SoulBrotherNumberOne 05:27, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

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Influence and legacy
*If sources aren't added to this section soon, I'm deleting it. THE AMERICAN METROSEXUAL (talk) 02:51, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. THE AMERICAN METROSEXUAL (talk) 16:35, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Low End Theory
This part of the video changes from black and white to color, and features the group members wearing prosthetics that make their eyeballs appear to be bulging out, relating to the song's theme about undergoing stressful situations.

While the song has a few lines in the third verse about being under stress I don't think that qualifies it as the theme of the song. The word/idea "buggin" has multiple meanings and the song uses most of them. Bugged out eyes are simply another meaning of the word. The first verse uses it in the sense of being hyperactive. The second in the sense of something being disappointingly unfair or worthy of anger. The third uses it in the sense of losing one's temper and then in the sense of something being broken or messed up. The fourth, in context, uses it in the sense of being excellent at a task.

I would contend that the theme is the different meanings of 'buggin' as well as being a 'getting to know you' song as they spend their time telling you about themselves and their style. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.106.112.194 (talk) 10:28, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

First album "largely offended the record buying public"?
Why does the article say that People's Instinctive Travels "offended" consumers - especially given that the rest of the section sounds like it was a particularly inoffensive album. 142.1.211.174 (talk) 17:02, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Phife's basketball career
Yo whoever slipped in the part about Phife "courting professional basketball ambitions" at 5'3" is a fucking genius.
 * Right. Taken care of (and removed some other quaint trivia & blather). Albrecht Conz (talk) 06:29, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Breakup
Would it not be accurate to say that the group is permanently disbanded now that Phife has died? I know there's supposedly a posthumous album coming, but stuff like that is usually released off the backs of deaths of artists without any creative input by them. I don't see how one could say that Tribe is still a group now. Basil the Bat Lord (talk) 05:39, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

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music video 2018
On June 28, 2018, the surviving members released a music video for their 2016 song "The Space Program". Is it a single or is this a stand-alone thing? The brave celery (talk) 14:50, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: HipHop Music Culture
— Assignment last updated by Selenophile05 (talk) 19:54, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Tribe Called Quest


text:
Soil cement

Soil cement is a construction material, a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of portland cement and water, usually processed in a tumbler, compacted to high density. Hard, semi-rigid durable material is formed by hydration of the cement particles.

Soil cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a subbase layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.

Soil cement mixtures differs from Portland cement concrete in the amount of paste (cement-water mixture). While in Portland cement concretes, the paste coats all aggregate particles and binds them together, in soil cements the amount of cement is lower and therefore there are voids left, and the result is a cement matrix with nodules of uncemented material.

CMS was invented by Benjamin Harrison Flynn to pave roads in Louisiana after WW1.

Cement-modified soils (CMS)
A cement-modified soil contains a relatively small proportion of Portland cement, less than in ordinary soil-cement. The result is caked or slightly hardened material, similar to a soil, but with improved mechanical properties such as lower plasticity, increased bearing ratio and shear strength, and decreased volume change. The purpose of modifying soil with Portland cement is to improve a substandard soil's engineering qualities.

Soil-cement base (SCB)
A soil-cement base contains higher proportion of cement than cement-modified soil. It is commonly used as a cheap pavement base for roads, streets, parking lots, airports, and material handling areas. Specialized equipment, such as a soil stabilizer and a mechanical cement spreader is usually required. A seal coat is required in order to keep moisture out. For uses as a road construction material, a suitable surface coating, usually a thin layer of asphalt concrete, is needed to reduce wear.

In comparison with granular bases, soil cement bases can be thinner for the same road load, owing to their slab-like behavior that distributes load over broader areas. In-place or nearby located materials can be used for construction - locally found soil, stone, or reclaimed granular base from a road being reconstructed. This conserves both material and energy.

The strength of soil-cement bases actually increases with age, providing good long-term performance.

Cement-treated base (CTB)
A cement-treated base is a mix of granular soil aggregates or aggregate material with Portland cement and water. It is similar in use and performance to soil-cement base.

Acrylic copolymer (Rhino Snot)
Developed for the U.S. Military in desert conditions and commercially trademarked, "Rhino Snot" is a water-soluble acrylic copolymer applied to soil or sand to penetrate and coat the surface. When dry, it forms a waterproof, UV-resistant, solid bond which binds the soil together, reducing dust. In higher concentrations, it creates a durable surface that can withstand heavy traffic, allowing existing soil to be used for roads, parking lots, trails and other heavy-traffic areas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Soil cement


text:
Notan

Nōtan (濃淡) is a Japanese design concept involving the play and placement of light and dark elements as they are placed next to the other in the composition of art and imagery.

Uses
This use of light and dark translates shape and form into flat shapes on a two-dimensional surface. Nōtan is traditionally presented in paint, ink, or cut paper, but it is relevant to a host of modern-day image-making techniques, such as lithography in printmaking, and rotoscoping in animation.

title: Notan


text:
Kawaramachi Street

Kawaramachi Street (河原町通) runs parallel to the west bank of the Kamo River on the eastern side of Kyoto, Japan. Its intersection with Shijō Street is called Shijō Kawaramachi and is a leading shopping district of the city.

Both Shijō and Kawaramachi Street are protected with smoking bans.

Edo Period
Located outside of Heian-kyō and runs almost parallel to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Odoi. It is thought that it was established when the city expanded to the Kamo River in the early Edo Period.

From north to south it extends from Aoibashi Nishizume to Jujō Street. North of Aoibashi Nishizume its name changes to Shimogamo Main Street. South of Jujō Street it curves along the Kamo River and joins with Kuzebashi Street. The stretch between Sanjō Street and Shijō Street is one of Kyoto's downtown shopping streets.

Because the portion between Shijō Street and Kamijuzuyacho Street runs parallel to the Kamo River bending in a North-North-East and South-South-West direction it naturally intersects with north–south running Teramachi Street and Gokomachi Street.

History
It is not clear when the excavation began of the eastern end of Heikan-kyo and inner eastern side of Odoi but because Odoi was runs along Kawaramachi Street's western side it is thought to be after the creation of Kawaramachi.

Points of Interest

 * Kitamura Museum
 * Kyoto Prefectural Centre for Arts and Culture
 * Honzen-ji
 * Shōjōkeiin
 * Rozan-ji
 * Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
 * Bank of Japan Kyoto Branch
 * Kyoto City Office
 * Zesuto-Oike (Underground shopping street)
 * Kyoto Hotel Okura
 * Kyoto Shiyakusho-mae Station of Kyoto Municipal Subway Tōzai Line
 * Honnō-ji
 * Mina Kyoto
 * Takashimaya Kyoto Branch
 * KYOTO MARUI
 * Kyoto-kawaramachi Station of Hankyu Kyoto Main Line
 * Hito-machi Cultural Exchange Centre
 * Shōsei-en Garden

title: Kawaramachi Street


text:
Maddalena archipelago

The Maddalena Archipelago is a group of islands in the Strait of Bonifacio between Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy). The whole archipelago makes the territory of the La Maddalena comune in Sardinia.

Geography
The archipelago consists of seven main islands and numerous small islets. The largest one is the island of La Maddalena (Isola La Maddalena), with a homonymous town, which is the largest settlement in the archipelago. The other six islands, in order of size, are: Caprera, Spargi, Santo Stefano, Santa Maria, Budelli and Razzoli. Only Maddalena, Caprera, and Santo Stefano are inhabited; Budelli had a single caretaker until 2021.

Lying adjacent to the tourist resort of the Costa Smeralda, Maddalena has the same clear waters and wind-blown granite coastlines but remains a haven for wildlife. It is a designated national park, the Parco Nazionale Arcipelago di La Maddalena. It is a popular tourist destination, especially among boaters. In 2006 it was placed on the tentative list for consideration as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

History
The islands have been inhabited since prehistoric times. They were known by the Romans as Cunicularia and were a busy shipping area during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. The Maddalenas have a strategic value and were the object of a dispute between the maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa in the 13th century and subsequently was abandoned for a long period before being colonised again by Corsican shepherds and by Sardinian settlements in the 18th century. Napoleon Bonaparte, Admiral Nelson, and Giuseppe Garibaldi all have historical links with the area.

The main access into and out of the archipelago is via the frequent car ferries from Palau on Sardinia that run into La Maddalena. There are roads only on Maddalena and Caprera.

From 1973 until 2008 the Santo Stefano island was a home for the NATO naval base which housed US nuclear submarines. Controversy arose in 2003 when the USS Hartford ran aground in the vicinity of the while on maneuvers in the area.

title: Maddalena archipelago


text:
Roland V-Drums

V-Drums (Virtual Drums) are a line of electronic drums by Roland Corporation Introduced originally in 1997.

Trigger types
V-Drums trigger devices are of four major types: mesh-head drum pads, rubber pads, cymbal pads and acoustic drum triggers. Mesh-head pads look very similar to acoustic drums, and attempt to emulate their feel. The simpler, more generic type is a rubber pad, which is less expensive, but also looks and feels less like an acoustic drum. There are several models of cymbal pads (also called V-Cymbals). The more expensive ones attempt to emulate the physical properties of acoustic cymbals of various types (e.g.: hi-hat, crash, ride), while the simpler, less expensive cymbal pads are less realistic. Acoustic drum triggers can be used to provide trigger signals from standard acoustic drums.

From an electrical point of view, trigger pads can be of the following types:
 * Mono pads, using one Piezoelectric sensor for the head. Usually kick-drum pads or older and less expensive pads.
 * Stereo pads, using one piezo sensor for the head and an additional switch for the rim. If the rim switch is triggered, the signal strength is determined by the head's piezo sensor. Mostly rubber pads and cymbal pads.
 * Stereo pads using two piezo sensors, one for the head and one for the rim. Mostly mesh-head pads.
 * Three-way pads using one piezo sensor and two switches. Roland's three-way cymbal pads (CY-12R/C, CY-13R and CY-15R) work this way, the piezo triggers the bow, and the switches trigger edge and bell.

Rubber pads
Round rubber pads were introduced with the TD-7 drum module in 1992 (previous Roland pads were polygonal) and were universally used as trigger pads for drums and cymbals. Since the introduction of mesh-head drum pads and cymbal-shaped trigger pads, standard rubber pads are only used as tom-tom and (until recently) bass drum trigger pads on Roland's less expensive drum kits. More expensive kits no longer include any rubber pads.

The downsides of rubber pads are their less realistic rebound and their relatively high ambient noise level (compared to mesh-head pads), but their lower price and increased durability still makes them a better choice in some cases.

Cloth-head pads
Cloth-head drum pads were introduced with the KD-9 in 2011, using a cloth-like material as the drum head with an underlying, relatively thick layer of foam. These pads are softer than rubber pads and feel more realistic, while producing less ambient noise. However, they are only available in small sizes, and the head tension cannot be adjusted like on mesh-head pads.

Mesh-head pads
Roland V-Drums mesh-head triggers resemble acoustic drums in both appearance and feel. The striking surface is a two-layer taut woven mesh of fibers fitted with several electronic sensors. This allows the mesh-head trigger to respond to the play of a drumstick in a manner that feels more like real drums than their earlier rubber predecessors. Roland developers have stated that the design of the mesh-head V-Pad was inspired in part by a small toy trampoline.

In 1997, Roland developed and patented an updated version of mesh-head drum triggers, a key feature of the V-Drums line. As such, the name "V-Drums" sometimes refers specifically to Roland's mesh-head based drum triggers. The company began marketing the mesh-head triggers under the "V-Drums" name in 1997, in conjunction with the TD-10 drum module.

Most Roland mesh-head V-Drums have a playable rim which have their own electronic sensors (and corresponding sounds) - exceptions being the PD-100, PD-80, and mesh head drums on the HD series of kits, which only have a single head sensor. V-Drums and other electronic drum products have taken substantial market share from acoustic drums due to advances in electronic drum technology that have improved the value proposition of electronic drums over acoustic. Electronic drum kits, especially mesh-head based ones, make significantly less ambient noise than acoustic drum kits and mesh heads provide a playing feel more similar to acoustic drums than non-mesh electronic pads (typically rubber).

Mesh heads used in V-Drums kits today are made by the American drumhead company Remo.

Acoustic drum triggers
Roland also makes acoustic drum triggers, which can be mounted on the rims of standard acoustic drums to provide trigger signals from those drums, effectively turning them into trigger pads. The acoustic drumhead can either be left on the drum, to get the acoustic sound as well as a trigger signal, or the drumhead can be replaced with a mesh-head to lower ambient noise, if only the trigger signal is needed.

Cymbal pads
In the early 2000s, Roland moved away from using standard rubber pads as cymbal triggers and introduced new cymbal-shaped trigger pads with a rubber surface, which they call V-Cymbals.

The more expensive cymbal pads can swing freely after being hit (only rotation of the pad is prevented by a special cymbal mount), so they feel more like real cymbals, while the less expensive cymbal pads are not movable and always stay in their fixed position, thus feeling less realistic. Some of the movable pads also feature a third bell zone, which is triggered when hitting the bell area of the cymbal pad. These cymbal pads are called three-way cymbals because of their three trigger zones (bell, bow and edge).

Electronic hi-hats
Electronic hi-hats are always made up of two components: a trigger pad to detect hits, and a variable resistor-based hi-hat controller to detect the foot position, so the drum module can determine whether the hi-hat is supposed to be open or closed (or somewhere in between).

The simpler, less expensive solution uses a simple fixed V-Cymbal pad in combination with a separate foot pedal controller, which allows the drum module to replicate the sound of a hi-hat, but does not emulate the feel and scope of expressiveness of acoustic hi-hats.

The more expensive V-Hi-Hats integrate trigger pad and controller into a set of two opposing pieces, designed to be mounted on a conventional hi-hat stand. Because the hi-hat pad moves with the position of the pedal and can swing freely when the hi-hat is opened, this solution is more similar to a traditional acoustic hi-hat. The most complex and most expensive VH-13 V-Hi-Hat and the older VH-12 can also detect different amounts of foot pressure in the closed position, but they are only compatible with the TD-30 and the older TD-12 and TD-20 drum modules. The simpler VH-11 can be used with more modules, but it cannot sense foot pressure in the closed position.

Roland drum modules
Roland drum modules range in features and price from the top-of-the-line TD-50X to the TD-50, TD-27, TD-17, TD-07, and TD-1. Higher model numbers denote more advanced models, while lower numbers are used for less expensive ones.

title: Roland V-Drums


text:
Talk:Willie Soon

Let's debate the term "denier"
Our manual of style gives little guidance on how to label people (except for gender identity). This is not terribly surprising — as an encyclopedia with the desire to be neutral it behooves us to document what people have done and leave labeling to others. That said, it is inevitable that we will use some labels — we are likely to talk about an individual as an actor, an acrobat, an athlete or an academic. Each of those terms is neutral, and if a preponderance of reliable sources use the term, we have no difficulty labeling the individual as such in Wikipedia's voice. In some cases, especially with pejorative terms, we might put the term in quotes and identify a source. For example Virginia Abernethy, who is in Category:American white supremacists isn't called a white supremacist in Wikipedia's voice. Instead the article states "In 2012, the Anti-Defamation League referred to Abernathy as an "unabashed white supremacist",..."

The use of neutral terms in Wikipedia's voice, if supported or supportable by multiple reliable sources is well accepted. Practice suggests that the use of pejorative terms is less common even when they can be found in reliable sources. This is as it should be. There are 256 entries in Category:American white supremacists. while I haven't looked at them all, a casual review suggests that the term "racist" in Wikipedia voice is exceedingly rare with labeling done, if at all, by quoting a reliable source.

We've all watched what happens when notable people are labeled as "racist". Many lose their jobs and some are canceled by society. Because of the stigma associated with the term, it is appropriate for Wikipedia to use the term very carefully, and that generally seems to be the case.

For similar reasons, Wikipedia ought to be careful about labeling someone a denier as in "climate denial". We could debate which term carries more public opprobrium. I'm not here to argue that they occupy exactly the same relative niche, but both are pejoratives, serious enough that those so labeled are often threatened with death. I'm not the only one who sees parallels –this article in The Atlantic compares the denial of climate change to the denial of racism.

The entire point of a label is categorization. We can (and do) spent several paragraphs explaining what Bruce Jenner did in the Olympics, or we can use a label "decathlete". If the label is an accurate portrayal of some aspects of the subject's actions, and it is neutral, no harm is done by using the shorter label instead of the longer explanation. In the case of pejorative terms, we are better served by a lengthier explanation of their activities, allowing the reader to label (or not) as they so choose.

I think it is also relevant to note that the MOS discussion of gender identity suggests:

While that advice is specific to gender designation, it sounds like useful advice for a broader variety of situations.

For this reason, I have removed the term "denier" as a label for this person. It is worth noting that while they were two sources, the New York Times article doesn't use the term. The Guardian does use the term, but I think we need to come to a consensus whether such a pejorative term can be used in Wikipedia's voice ever, and if so, how much support is necessary.

I don't think it was ever justified, but in the spirit of WP:BRD I accept it as a bold edit which I have reverted and now wish to engage in discussion before determining what further should be done. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sphilbrick (talk • contribs)

 * Sorry, that is not how WP:BRD works. The term has been in the article for months. And, without prejudice to the outcome, the state your edit left the article in is unacceptable. Piping "climate change" into "climate change denial"? Seriously? I'll revert your bold edit while we can discuss what an adequate form would be. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 19:51, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * If you need a second source for "denier", there is this. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 19:54, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Sphilbrick: The "bold edit" was made here by Rockypedia, who is now banned. I think that when you said "Our manual of style gives little guidance on how to label people" you might have missed WP:LABEL, but I don't argue against "denier" on that basis. I also don't think this page is the natural spot for arguing about "denier" in general, it's merely appropriate to observe that it's poorly sourced and that this is a BLP (which is why I suggest that the removal was on good faith BLP grounds so WP:BLPREQUESTRESTORE applies). We just had a short discussion on the Sallie Baliunas talk page with thread title Removed the word "denier" but it turned out to be an "experiment". Without supporting arguments about pejorative words, I support removal in this place in this article. Peter Gulutzan (talk) 19:58, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

 * [edit conflict] By that reasoning, we should remove the word "climatologist" from articles about climatologists. It leads to them getting death threats. Michael Mann Michael E. Mann gets daily death threats because of the lies denialists tell about him. Maybe we should delete the fact that he was the first who found that the temperature curve looks like a hockey stick! That could save him a few unwanted nightly phone calls per week.

 * You see the mistake? Of course deniers are not hated because someone calls them "denier" on Wikipedia. They are hated because they ruin our future by distorting facts, cherry-picking data, influencing politicians, spreading false rumors, hiding facts, and just being generally dishonest. By making a Wikipedia article call Willie Soon a "climate change scientist" and sourcing this to the Guardian, which called him a denier instead, you are helping them do that. "Denier" is an accurate portrayal for that man, and it is in the sources cited.
 * BTW, the "bold edit" you reverted was three years old: . By the usual definition, your deletion itself is the bold edit and can be deleted per BRD. Redefining a situation like this is something an old-fashioned Englishman would call "not cricket".
 * There seems to have been a denialism whitewashing campaign in the past few weeks. Did a denialist outlet start this? In the winter, they say it's cold, therefore there is no global warming. In the summer, they start campaigns claiming they are a poor persecuted minority. (If Soon loses his job, he may have to live on the 1.3 million he got from fossil fuel companies for getting the result they wanted. Sad!)
 * Also, you laid an easter egg: The link in "climate change scientist" does not link to the place it seems to link to. --Hob Gadling (talk) 19:58, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , from . --Stephan Schulz (talk) 20:34, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , Apologies for the link mistake. I noticed it and thought I click on the X to remove the pipe but I must've done it wrong. That was not my intention. S Philbrick  (Talk)  20:20, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , I'm interested in serious arguments but claiming that " we should remove the word "climatologist" from articles about climatologists" is about as silly an argument as I'd seen today. I'm sorry to hear that Michael Mann is getting death threats but they are not remotely because he is a climatologist and you know that. Make a serious point and I will take you seriously. S Philbrick  (Talk)  20:27, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , I have seen Manual of Style/Words to watch, but I did miss it. It very clearly identifies "denialist" as a word to avoid. I don't doubt there are several sources but to doesn't exactly qualify as "widely used by reliable sources to describe the subject" and even if that can be substantiated, the guideline says "...in which case use in-text attribution."  S Philbrick  (Talk)  20:32, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , Thanks for conceding that deniers are hated. While it probably wasn't your intention, I'm not (generally) in favor of taking actions that increase hate. Why do you support this? S Philbrick  (Talk)  20:40, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * With respect to the last, may I request that you retract it as an obviously inflammatory and irrelevant rhetorical device, and replace it with something that has some hope of being productive? --JBL (talk) 21:30, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , Huh? Hob Gadling said Stating that "deniers are hated" logically follows. Do you disagree?  S Philbrick  (Talk)  15:27, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your comment on my talk page, and for striking. --JBL (talk) 19:48, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Are you trying to annoy me by pinging, repinging, triple-pringing, and then quadruple-pinging me to a page which I am watching anyway?
 * they are not remotely because he is a climatologist and you know that I do not know anything like that. He is getting death threats because despicable liars picked him out of the climatologist crowd and falsely accused him of faking his data, although everybody else who looked at the same place found the same thing. That could have happened to every other climatologist. The fact that you claim he is getting death threats for other reasons than doing his job shows me that you are not here to build an encyclopedia, but instead in order to make false insinuations against serious scientists because you do not like their results. And with that, you used up the little WP:AGF I still had for you. I do not think you are capable of making or recognizing serious arguments. Go play devil's advocate somewhere else. --Hob Gadling (talk) 06:09, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Couple of points: don't know if Michael Mann has received any death threats, but mainstream scientists such as Michael E. Mann have had to deal with harassment, including death threats. We should also note that the latter Mann is a skeptic, a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Soon isn't a skeptic in the same sense. . . dave souza, talk 09:38, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not trying to annoy you. I use a feature which adds a reply link to all posts. When I click on it, it automatically formats and adds a ping to the name of the editor to whom I am responding. . It is automatically added, and I consider it polite to let someone know when I respond to them. While it will be more work, I'll try to remember to remove your name from the responses, but as it is automatic, I may occasionally forget. S Philbrick  (Talk)  15:30, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry I made the mistake of assuming you knew something that's blindingly obvious. I'll try not to assume that in the future. S Philbrick  (Talk)  15:33, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * It was actually $60K per year max if you're willing to do your own original arithmetic. Pelirojopajaro (talk) 09:26, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

I don't think I think we need to come to a consensus whether such a pejorative term can be used in Wikipedia's voice ever makes sense. Firstly, this isn't the place for such discussion, and secondly it is used in multiple articles and I think we've already had that discussion (though I doubt I can find it). The answer, of course, is that yes it can be used, if supported by reliable sources. So you need to rein in your ambitions to discussing whether it is appropriate in this article. Which will again turn on RS. Speaking of not RS, are you aware of the IPCC = Gangster "Science" talk he gave? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPQSlHbnXv0. 1:26 is particularly good William M. Connolley (talk) 09:14, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , I agree with you that this is probably not the best place to have a definitive discussion. I won't be surprised to see if this issue has been discussed elsewhere, but like you I don't know where it might be. If you or anyone has thoughts on where to have the general discussion about how "denier" should be used in articles, I'm happy to start a discussion there and provide a link here. S Philbrick  (Talk)  15:36, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

This article is a joke and anti-Soon editors jokers
Many of the claims against Soons conflict of interest scandal have been refuted by the Heartland Institute. You can use facts and determine whether something is true or not. Here are many quotes, all based in *fact*:

 * Kert Davies, the source of the accusations, has been making similar attacks against Dr. Soon and other climate scientists since as long ago as 1997. He is not a credible source.

 * Grants supporting Dr. Soon’s work were vetted and submitted by the Smithsonian, not by Dr. Soon. Grant dollars went to the Smithsonian, which kept around 40 percent of the money for oversight and overhead.

 * The amount of industry support Dr. Soon received, variously reported as $1 million or $1.2 million, includes the Smithsonian Institution’s 40 percent share and was received over the course of ten years.

 * By agreement between donors and the Smithsonian, Dr. Soon wasn’t even aware of who some of the donors were, making a conflict of interest impossible.

 * Disclosure of funding sources is not a common requirement of academic journals in the physical sciences field. Most climate scientists – alarmist as well as skeptical – do not disclose their funding sources.

These are facts that directly challenge all the claims on this article about alleged conflict of interest. Now that this lie has been disproven, how fast will wookiepedians make this paragraph disappear? These points reveal the lies that wikipedia has become, while asking for donations, everything that challenges the lies gets deleted. Addeps3 (talk) 18:18, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Without a reliable source for those claims, you will not get far. --Hob Gadling (talk) 19:21, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you for explaining your problem. The Heartland Institute is the leading source of climate denial in the US, and is tasked with generating propaganda and disinformation by its fossil fuel funders. Viriditas (talk) 00:07, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

Soon and Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, also some early history
The article mentions DDP, but doesn't note that Soon was one of the most popular speakers there. Was Willie Soon Paid For Science…Or Anti-Science? "Willie Soon at DDP 2000-2014, #18-#32." there lists 15 talks, 2000-2014, i.e., he spoke every year. Of course, that's not not RS, but if someone cares, past history is listed at DDP Events, showing speakers for 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023. Soon spoke at all of those. Anyway, Soon has a long relationship with DDP. Of course, Fred Singer spoke a few times as well.

Willie Soon And Friends In The Early Days Before Climate Science Denial is also not itself RS, but has sourcves on more details on Soon's PhD advisor Joseph Kunc, mentioned in the page. Unfortunately, someone deleted the video where Art Robinson explained how he and Soon got connected (leading to some of the work for the Oregon Petition). JohnMashey (talk) 06:03, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Willie Soon


text:
Ottomo Station

Ottomo Station (乙供駅) is a railway station in the town of Tōhoku in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector railway operator Aoimori Railway Company.

Lines
Ottomo Station is served by the Aoimori Railway Line, and is 64.3 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Aomori Station. It is 681.6 kilometers from Tokyo Station.

Station layout
Ottomo Station has two ground-level island platforms connected by a footbridge; however, one side of each platform is not in use. The station is staffed.

Bus services

 * Towada Kanko bus stop
 * For Shichinohe

History
Ottomo Station was opened on January 1, 1894 as a station on the Nippon Railway. On January 1, 1906, with the nationalization of the Nippon Railway, it became a station of the Tōhoku Main Line of the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), the pre-war predecessor to the Japan National Railways (JNR). Regularly scheduled freight services were discontinued from March 15, 1972. With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, it came under the operational control of East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

The section of the Tōhoku Main Line including this station was transferred to Aoimori Railway on December 4, 2010.

Surrounding area

 * Tohoku town office
 * Ottomo Post Office

title: Ottomo Station


text:
European route E45

European route E45 connects Norway and Italy, through Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Austria. With a length of about 5190 km, it is the longest north–south European route (some east–west routes are longer).

The route passes through Alta (Norway) – Kautokeino – Hetta (Finland) – Palojoensuu – Kaaresuvanto – Gällivare (Sweden) – Porjus – Jokkmokk – Arvidsjaur – Östersund – Mora – Säffle – Åmål – Brålanda – Gothenburg ... Frederikshavn (Denmark) – Aalborg – Randers – Aarhus – Skanderborg – Vejle – Kolding – Frøslev – Flensburg (Germany) – Hamburg – Hanover – Hildesheim – Göttingen – Kassel – Fulda – Würzburg – Nuremberg – Munich – Rosenheim – Wörgl (Austria) – Innsbruck – Brenner – Fortezza (Italy) – Bolzano – Trento – Verona – Modena – Bologna – Cesena – Perugia – Fiano Romano – Naples – Salerno – Sicignano – Cosenza – Villa San Giovanni ... Messina – Catania – Siracusa – Gela.

Norway and Finland
E45 is 172 km long in Norway and 101 km long in Finland. It has no other number in Norway, but follows routes 21 and 93 in Finland.

The E45 was not signposted in Finland after the 2006 extension, since the official document uses the Swedish version ("Karesuando") of the name of the village at the Finnish–Swedish border, hinting that it would start on the Swedish side. The Swedish government proposed the extension alone in 2005 and let the E45 end at the border, partly because of lack of interest from Finnish authorities. The gap between the end of E45 and the European route E8 was about 1 km along the existing Finnish regional road 959 Karesuvanto (FIN) – Karesuando (SWE)

In August 2016, after a political proposal in 2007, the governments of Norway and Finland applied for an extension of E45 Karesuando–Kaaresuvanto–Palojoensuu–Hetta–Kautokeino–Alta. This was approved by the work group, and became valid on 5 December 2017. E45 sign posts were mounted starting 9 February 2018, replacing route 93 in Norway, and complementing road 959, 21 and 93 in Finland.

Sweden
In November 2006, the E45 was extended with the then existing Swedish national road 45, which makes it start from Karesuando at the Swedish–Finnish border (near the E8), over Östersund–Mora–Grums, to Gothenburg and on. This extended the length of the route by about 1690 km. The signs of road 45 was changed to E45 during the summer of 2007. The E45 has now no other national number. In Sweden the road is called Inlandsvägen.

The E45 in Sweden is mostly a standard road. Between Karesuando and Torsby (1370 km) the road is usually 6–8 meters wide, and goes mostly through sparsely populated forests, with occasional villages and only two cities above 10,000 people, Östersund and Mora. The E45 is a motorway for 6 km together with the E18 south of Grums. Between Säffle and Trollhättan several parts of it is 2+1 road with a middle barrier, in total around 40 km. Between Trollhättan and Surte there is a 52 km long motorway, finished in 2012. Between Surte and Gothenburg there is a 17 km road designed equivalently to a motorway. The exception is that there are two gaps in the Trollhättan–Surte motorway and there are two traffic lights along the Surte–Gothenburg road. The speed limit is usually 100 km/h north of Mora and usually 90 km/h south thereof. There are 27 road crossings or intersections where the Swedish E45 does not follow the straight direction. There are 26 level crossings with railways. There are 19 motorway exits and 29 other motorway-like exits.

The ferry between Gothenburg and Frederikshavn runs about six times a day and takes 3½ hours.

Denmark
In Denmark the E45 is a motorway (speed limit 110 to 130 km/h) from the south of Frederikshavn along the east coast of Jutland to the Denmark–Germany border. The E45 has no other national number. It connects to the E39 and E20 motorways.

In 1992 it was renamed from E3 (which before 1985 ended in Lisbon, Portugal) and until 2006, with the extension in Sweden, the northern endpoint was Frederikshavn.

The total length in Denmark is 357 km.

Germany
The E45 follows: The length in Germany is 1022 km.
 * A7, Danish border–Würzburg
 * A3, Würzburg–Nuremberg
 * A9, Nuremberg–Munich
 * A99, Munich Beltway
 * A8, Munich–Rosenheim
 * A93, Rosenheim–Austrian border

Between Nuremberg and Verona, Italy the E45 corresponds with the route of the old imperial road, the Via Imperii, though the Autobahns are newer roads.

Austria
The E45 follows: The length in Austria is 109 km.
 * Inn Valley Autobahn A12, German border–Innsbruck
 * Brenner Autobahn A13, Innsbruck–Italian border (at Brenner Pass)

Italy
Owing to the greater recognition of motorways and nationally or locally numbered major roads in Italy, in colloquial usage "E45" often refers to the Cesena-Orte segment, possibly further expanded to include the Ravenna-Cesena section of the SS3bis (formally part of the E55, and forming together the Strada di Grande Comunicazione Ravenna-Orte) and/or the Orte-Rome segment.

Route

 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * : Alta – Kautokeino – 🇳🇴 Norway/🇫🇮 Finland border

 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * : 🇳🇴 Norway/🇫🇮 Finland border – Hetta – Palojoensuu
 * : Palojoensuu – Kaaresuvanto
 * : Kaaresuvanto – 🇫🇮 Finland/🇸🇪 Sweden border

 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * : Karesuando – Svappavaara (Start of Concurrency with ) – Gällivare (End of Concurrency with ) – Arvidsjaur – Storuman (Start of Concurrency with ) – Stensele (End of Concurrency with ) – Håxås – Östersund (Start of Concurrency with ) – Brunflo (End of Concurrency with ) – Sveg – Mora – Malung (Start of Concurrency with ) – Stöllet – Önneby – Torsby (End of Concurrency with ) – Vålberg – Åmål – Trollhättan – Gothenburg
 * Ferry Sign.svg Gothenburg 🇸🇪 – Fredrikshavn 🇩🇰

 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * : Fredrikshavn – Aalborg – Randers – Aarhus – Horsens – Vejle – Kolding – Haderslev – Aabenraa – 🇩🇰/🇩🇪 border

 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * : 🇩🇰/🇩🇪 border – Flensburg – Neumünster – Hamburg – Hanover – Hildesheim - Göttingen – Kassel – Fulda – Würzburg
 * : Würzburg – Nuremberg
 * : Nuremberg – Ingolstadt – Munich
 * : Munich
 * : Munich – Rosenheim
 * : Rosenheim – 🇩🇪/🇦🇹 border

 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * : 🇩🇪/🇦🇹 border – Kufstein – Wörgl (Start of Concurrency with ) – Wiesing – Innsbruck (End of Concurrency with )
 * : Innsbruck – Matrei am Brenner – 🇦🇹/🇮🇹 border

 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * : 🇦🇹/🇮🇹 border – Brennero – Vipiteno – Bolzano – Trento – Rovereto – Verona – Mantua – Modena (Start of Concurrency with )
 * : Modena – La Stanga (End of Concurrency with )
 * : La Stanga – Bologna – Cesena
 * : Cesena – San Piero in Bagno – Sansepolcro – Città di Castello - Umbertide – Perugia – Todi – Terni
 * : Terni – Narni – Orte
 * : Orte – Nazzano – Monterotondo – Frosinone – Caserta – Afragola – Casalnuovo di Napoli – Casoria – Naples
 * : Naples – Pompeii – Salerno
 * : Salerno – Battipaglia – Cosenza – Vibo Valentia – Villa San Giovanni
 * Ferry Sign.svg Villa San Giovanni – Messina
 * : Messina – Taormina – Giarre – Catania
 * : Catania
 * : Catania – Mungina – Augusta
 * : Augusta – Melilli – Syracuse
 * : Syracuse – Noto – Rosolini
 * – Rosolini – Modica – Ragusa – Comiso – Gela

title: European route E45


text:
Urania (disambiguation)

Urania is a muse in Greek mythology.

Urania may also refer to:

Mythology

 * Aphrodite Urania, a title for the Greek goddess Aphrodite, as opposed to Aphrodite Pandemos
 * Urania, an Oceanid

People

 * Julia Urania, wife of Roman client King Ptolemy of Mauretania
 * Urania Papatheu (born 1965), Italian politician

Places

 * Urânia, a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
 * Urania, Louisiana, a town in the United States
 * Urania, Michigan, a former community
 * Urania, South Australia, a locality in the Yorke Peninsula Council

Magazines and journals

 * Urania, a German science magazine published by Gesellschaft zur Verbreitung wissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse
 * Urania (journal), a genderqueer feminist journal circulated between 1916 and 1940
 * Urania (magazine), a number of science fiction magazines
 * Urania - Postępy Astronomii, a Polish popular science magazine

Literature

 * The Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania, a work by Lady Mary Wroth
 * Urania (original title Uranie), 1889 work by Camille Flammarion
 * Urania, a poem by Samuel Austin

Buildings

 * Hala Urania, an indoor arena in Olsztyn, Poland
 * Urania (Berlin), the first science center in the world, founded in Berlin in 1888
 * Urania (Vienna), an observatory
 * Urania Sternwarte, an observatory in Zurich

Other

 * 30 Urania, an asteroid
 * Unified Reduced Non-Inductive Assessment (URANIA), an upgrade to Pegasus Toroidal Experiment
 * Urania (moth), a moth genus in subfamily Uraniinae
 * Urania, a synonym for a genus of plants, Ravenala
 * Uranium dioxide, or urania, or uranic oxide
 * Yellowcake, also called urania, concentrated uranium ore

Other uses

 * ITALIAN SHIP Urania, several ships of that name
 * Urania Genève Sport, a Swiss football club
 * Urania Records, an American classical and jazz record label founded in 1951
 * Uranian (sexology), a 19th-century term that referred to a person of a third sex

title: Urania (disambiguation)


text:
Fobia (album)

Fobia is an album released by Mexican pop rock band Fobia. Their self-titled debut album was released in 1990. The songs are primarily themed around common phobias and anxieties, filled with dark humor and melodic music. Songs like Los muñecos and Las moscas deal with the fear of dolls and flies respectively. Other songs like Dios bendiga a los gusanos and El crucifijo deal with the anxieties of love. El microbito delivers humor and a quick change of pace towards the album's finale.

The band received critical and commercial success, added to the fact that a new wave of Rock en español saw new contemporary bands come out of the woodwork.

The original lineup was:
 * Leonardo de Lozanne (voice)
 * Cha! (bass)
 * Francisco Huidobro (guitar)
 * Gabriel Kuri (drums)
 * Iñaki (keyboards)

Track listing

 * 1) Los muñecos (The Dolls)
 * 2) Dios bendiga a los gusanos (God bless the worms)
 * 3) Las moscas (Flies)
 * 4) El cumpleaños (The birthday)
 * 5) Corazón en caracol (Heart in snail)
 * 6) La iguana (The iguana)
 * 7) Pudriendo (Rotting)
 * 8) Puedo rascarme solo (I can scratch myself)
 * 9) El microbito (The little microbe)
 * 10) El crucifijo (The crucifix)

title: Fobia (album)


text:
Talk:Esquipulas Peace Agreement

Grammar errrors in need of fixing:

3rd paragraph: In May 1986, a summit meeting, "Esquipulas I", took place, attended by the five Central American presidents. On February 15, 1987, Costa Rican President Oscar Arias submitted a Peace Plan which evolved from meeting.

6th paragraph: The US government refused to recognize the agreement due to its de facto recognition of the democratically elected government of Nicaragua, which the US government was seeking to undermine. The US ignored the agreement and violated conditions of it. Thus, the agreement was unsuccessful, although some have said it was successful as they considered  it a sly political attack on the government of Nicaragua. Eventually the agreement was rewritten more to the liking of the US government.

Also, Overall tone of the article is a bit odd. --Yuletide 21:29, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

The last paragraph of the article:

''Arias' efforts on behalf of the Esquipulas Peace Agreement earned him the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize. Despite the fact, he didn't propose or collaborate in any peace process in Central America. Real propositions came from the Guatemalan Government, headed by Vinicio Cerezo, which Arias plagiarized and presented as his "plan".''

is not written from a neutral point of view. This statement is not backed by any citations and appears to be opinion.

title: Talk:Esquipulas Peace Agreement


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Open Be File System

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 20:37, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Open Be File System
Absolute nonsense. Please do not confuse with OpenBFS which is real. AlistairMcMillan 08:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. - AlistairMcMillan 08:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's pretty safe to assume that you want your own nom deleted unless you specify otherwise. Regardless, redirect to OpenBFS, since this looks to be the long form thereof. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 14:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you have a source for the long form of OpenBFS? Google search returns over 14,000 results for "OpenBFS", 10 for "Open BeOS File System" (mostly forum postings and half of which are dups) and 7 for "Open Be File System" (again mostly forum postings, nothing official and mostly dups).  I think they avoid using a long form because the names BeOS and "Be File System" are probably owned by Palm. AlistairMcMillan 17:08, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism with no real tie to OpenBFS. Open Be File System is purported to be part of the currently non-existant Project Tiger OS.  Based on Google results it doesn't appear that the term "Open Be File System" is ever used in relation to OpenBFS or any Be File System in general.--Isotope23 17:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. mikka (t) 23:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. --Apyule 06:05, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Yadamae Station

Yadamae Station (矢田前駅) is a railway station on the Aoimori Railway Line is a railway station in the city of Aomori in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector railway operator Aoimori Railway Company.

Location
Yadamae Station is served by the Aoimori Railway Line, and is 112.7 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Metoki Station. It is 730.0 kilometers from Tokyo.

Surrounding area

 * Aomori-Higashi High School
 * Harabetsu Post Office
 * Aomori city hall Harabetsu branch

Station layout
Yadamae Station has two opposed side platforms, that are connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is unattended.

History
Yadamae Station was opened on 1 November 1986 as a station on the Japan National Railways' (JNR) Tōhoku Main Line. With the privatization of the JNR on 1 April 1987, it came under the operational control of East Japan Railway Company (JR East). On 4 December 2010, the Tōhoku Shinkansen was successfully extended north to Shin-Aomori Station from Hachinohe. As a result of the opening of the bullet train between the two stations, that section of the Tōhoku Main Line including this station was transferred to the Aoimori Railway Company from JR East on the same day.

Services
Yadamae Station is primarily served by trains operating on a local service on the Aoimori Railway Line between Aomori and Hachinohe. It is served by one rapid express train, the 560M train operated jointly by the Aoimori Railway and the Iwate Galaxy Railway between Aomori and Morioka. Passenger trains serve Yadamae Station over 17 and a half hours a day from 5:54am to 11:39pm. At peak hours between the first train and 9:37am, trains depart from the station roughly every 30 minutes; otherwise trains depart at an approximate hourly basis. In 2018, a daily average of 1,309 passengers boarded trains at Yadamae Station, an increase from the daily average of 913 passengers the station served in 2011, the first year of its ownership by the Aoimori Railway Company. In 2018, the station was the fifth busiest on the Aoimori Railway Line, excluding Aomori and Hachinohe stations. It is the third busiest station along the Aoimori Railway Line in the city of Aomori.

Bus services

 * Higashi-Kōkō-Mae bus stop
 * Aomori City Bus
 * For Aomori Station
 * For Yada
 * For Tōbu-Eigyōsho
 * For Tsukinokidate

title: Yadamae Station


text:
Whatley, Mendip

Whatley is a small rural village and civil parish about 2.5 mi west of Frome in the English county of Somerset. The parish lies south of Mells and north of Nunney, and includes the hamlets of Lower Whatley and Chantry.

History
According to Robinson, it was called Watelei in the Domesday Book of 1086, when the tenants of the Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey were Walter Hussey and John the Usher. He suggests the village name means 'The wet meadow' from the Old English woet and leah. The parish was part of the hundred of Frome.

The village gives its name to Whatley Quarry, which lies to the north-west of the village at and is said to be one of the largest in Europe. It is owned by Hanson plc and has been the object of protests against its impact on the environment.

The gatehouse at Manor farm was built around 1500 and is a Grade I listed building.

The hamlet of Lower Whatley is to the south of the village.

The hamlet of Chantry lies 1 mile to the west. It is one of the Thankful Villages which suffered no casualties in the First World War. Chantry Park is Grade II* listed: The Chantry is a neoclassical villa built c. 1825 to the design of Bath architect John Pinch the elder. The Chantry Estate and school were established by the family of James Fussell, an iron magnate operating the Old Iron Works, Mells in Vallis Vale between Mells and Great Elm.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Mendip, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Frome Rural District.

It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Religious sites
The Church of the Holy Trinity at Chantry dates from 1844–46 by George Gilbert Scott and William Moffatt, with further work by William George Brown of Frome, for James Fussell, who owned the local iron works. It is a Grade I listed building. In 1858 Richard William Church was among the clergy of the church. The Church of St George in Whatley dates from the 14th century. There is a sarsen stone in the church which may have pagan origins. The parish is part of the benefice of Mells with Buckland Dinham, Chantry, Great Elm and Whatley within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

title: Whatley, Mendip


text:
Go-Ahead

Go-Ahead or Go Ahead may refer to:
 * Go-Ahead Group, British transport operator
 * Go Ahead Eagles, Dutch football club
 * "Go Ahead", a song from Alicia Keys's album As I Am
 * "Go Ahead", a song from Rilo Kiley's album Take Offs and Landings
 * Go Ahead, the second album by Linx
 * Go Ahead (band), a band formed by Grateful Dead members Brent Mydland and Bill Kreutzmann
 * Go Ahead (TV series), a Chinese drama series first aired in 2020
 * Go Ahead!, a 1978 album by Tatsuro Yamashita
 * Go Ahead, a snack foods brand targeted at dieters, formerly owned by McVitie's and now part of Pladis Foods

title: Go-Ahead


text:
Belt buckle

A belt buckle is a buckle, a clasp for fastening two ends, such as of straps or a belt, in which a device attached to one of the ends is fitted or coupled to the other. The word enters Middle English via Old French and the Latin buccula or "cheek-strap," as for a helmet. Belt buckles and other fixtures are used on a variety of belts, including cingula, baltea, baldrics and later waist-belts.

Types
Belt buckles go back at least to the Iron Age and a gold "great buckle" was among the items interred at Sutton Hoo. Primarily decorative "shield on tongue" buckles were common Anglo-Saxon grave goods at this time, elaborately decorated on the "shield" portion and associated only with men. One such buckle, found in a 7th-century grave at Finglesham, Kent during excavations by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes in 1964 bears the image of a naked warrior standing between two spears wearing only a horned helmet and belt.

Frame-style buckles are the oldest design. In a frame-and-prong buckle the prong attaches to one end of the frame and extends "away" from the wearer through a hole in the belt, where it anchors against the opposite side of the frame. The oldest styles have a simple loop or D-shaped frame (see: D-ring), but "double-loop" or "center post" buckles whose prongs attach to a fixed center section appear in the 8th century. Very small buckles with removable center pins and chapes were introduced and used on shoes, beginning in the 17th century, but not often for waist-belts. A "chape" is the fixed cover or plate which attaches buckle to belt while the "mordant" or "bite" is the adjustable portion.

Plate-style buckles are common on western military belts of the mid-19th century, which often feature a three-hook clasp: two hooks fitting into one end of the belt and a third into the other. Officers might have a similar but more intricate clasp-style closure that featured two interlocking metal parts. In practice, the term "belt plate" refers to any flat, decorated surface on such a clasp. These precede development of modern "western-style" buckles, which feature a hinged frame affixed to one end of the belt and a simple hook clasp which enters the belt hole toward the wearer but leaves most of the buckle on the "outside" of the belt, providing an ample surface for decoration. The distance between the fixed frame or chape of a plate buckle and its adjustment prong is called the "throw."

Box-frame buckles are a 20th-century style of military friction buckle, common on webbed belts. The box-frame buckle consists of three parts (front, back and post). An adjustable captive post sits perpendicular to the belt to press it against the outer "box," which completely surround the webbing and minimize accidental adjustments should part of the belt snag on something. There may or may not be a metal tip on the opposite "tongue" end of the belt for easier insertion.

O-Ring/D-Ring buckles use one or two rings to form the buckle. The belt is fastened by threading through the ring(s). This is used with braided, webbing, and canvas belts.

Snap/Side release buckles use male and female ends to snap together. They are more functional and often used for outdoor activities.

Earlier, military-style buckles often use friction and are designed for use with cloth belts or straps. Simple friction buckles are one-piece frames with no prong whatsoever, the strap or belt winding through a series of slots, and may more technically be called "belt slides" or "belt trims." Although technically not buckles, other fasteners such as plastic "side-clasp" or even seat belt latches are also often used on belts, and colloquially called buckles.

Rise in popularity
Because of their strong association with military equipment, belt buckles were primarily a masculine ornament well into the 19th century.

Belt buckles became more popular as fashion accessories in the early 20th century, as the tops of trousers moved more toward the waist. "Western-style" belt buckles were largely popularized by cowboy movies in the United States and are often awarded to winners in rodeo events as prize medals or trophies, a custom later adopted by the Western States Endurance Run and a few other ultra-marathons. The large, flat surface of the western-style belt buckles make them a popular ornament or style of jewelry. Decorative "buckle sets" may contain a metal buckle, one or more matching loops which sit next to the buckle and a metal tip for the opposite, "tongue" end of the belt. "Belt plates" may be decorative covers for a plain buckle or other decorative fittings affixed to the belt itself, similar to "conchos" (from a Spanish word for "shell"). Decorative belt loops are sometimes awarded in scouting for participation in or completion of activities.

title: Belt buckle


text:
Talk:History of Kashmir

The Section "Historical Demographics of Kashmir" is Misleading
The section "Historical Demographics of Kashmir" is quite misleading, as it sights the demographics of the complete region as per 1941 and compares it with the data of only Indian side of Kashmir (which had a higher hindu population) as per 2003 and concludes that demographics are unchanged, which is not the case after the Kashmiri Pandit Exodus of 1990's. 202.9.123.20 (talk) 11:48, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 July 2023
Syed Ranbir Pahalvi (talk) 06:52, 19 July 2023 (UTC) Because one important topic is missing from it. So I want to write it.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Try writing out your proposed text here first Cannolis (talk) 07:11, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel
Syed Ranbir Pahalvi (talk) 06:53, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Grammar in the section "Early History"
In the last paragraph, it says "He then conquered of Gandhara where he committed many atrocities on Buddhists and destroyed their shrines." Could it be corrected to "He then conquered Gandhara where he committed many atrocities on Buddhists and destroyed their shrines." Weaverenergy (talk) 17:22, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Kashmir


text:
Talk:Jab

I'm not sure this page is right. It says 'the three main punches' but neglects to mention "the cross". There are four main punches in boxing: Jab, Cross, Hook and Uppercut. Also the definition of the jab is not correct. It is really "a straight punch thrown from the boxers lead arm" whereas the current definition just talks about distance.

Jab definition
I agree with the precedent comment...The jab is not only defined by its range but most importantly by the fact that it comes from the LEADING HAND. I suggest we add this point to the definition as well as Sonny Liston in the famous boxers for their jabs.

Cheers:)

Sonny Liston
Sorry for my blunder in the previous comment...Sonny Liston is already there! Cheers:)

Mike Tyson quote
"Jabbing is all to do with timing. If you're throwing jabs at the right time, you can be 5'6" and out jab a guy who's 6'4"." video Shawnc 01:45, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Jab vs. straight left
Isn't there a difference? AFAIK the jab is always thrown with a motion towards your opponent, and the fist may hang much lower down before the attack than in the straight left (where it has to hang before your nose). This means that in a straight left the fist really goes along a straight line whereas in a jab the fist describes a curve. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.50.73.98 (talk) 19:32, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jab


text:
John F. Donahue

John F. Donahue (often known as Jack Donahue) (July 28, 1924 – May 11, 2017) was an American businessman. He married happily to Rhodora (April 18, 1925 - December 12, 2022) on December 26, 1946. In 1955, Donahue founded Federated Investors, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which later became Federated Hermes. He was chairman and chief executive officer of Federated and a trustee/director of the firm from 1989 until April 1998. Donahue was also chief executive officer and a director or trustee of the investment companies managed by subsidiaries of the company.

As of 2011, his sons J. Christopher Donahue and Thomas R. Donahue served as an executive officer and director of the company. Donahue was a graduate of Central Catholic High School and of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York.

Donahue died in his home in Naples, Florida on May 11, 2017, aged 92.

title: John F. Donahue


text:
Talk:Bukit Merah

The locator map for Bukit Merah looks inaccurate. According to, the Bukit Merah planning area extends all the way to the sea, but according to the locator map, it looks like it covers the Tanglin area. -- Natalinasmpf 08:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah its wrong. Or is that for the HDB area or wat? (but excluding Telok Blangah?)--Huaiwei 10:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Merah is now extended to the sea, is it okay now? Thanks Natalinasmpf for highlighting the problem. I have this funny thing about Bukit Merah, I used to pass by that place on bus, but I didn't seem to notice that there was a hill there. Was it just me? Does anyone know the height of the hill? --Vsion 08:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Haha sometimes I wonder if it is just mythology, although I do know for sure the area had a hilly terrain which was largely flattened over time, and it may not refer to just one hill.--Huaiwei 14:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bukit Merah


text:
Koyanagi Station

Koyanagi Station (小柳駅) is a railway station on the Aoimori Railway Line is a railway station in the city of Aomori in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector railway operator Aoimori Railway Company.

Location
Koyanagi Station is served by the Aoimori Railway Line, and is 114.7 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Metoki Station. It is 732.0 kilometers from Tokyo.

Surrounding area

 * Koyanagi Elementary School

Station layout
Koyanagi Station has two unnumbered opposed side platforms, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is unattended.

History
Koyanagi Station was opened on 1 November 1986 as a station on the Japan National Railways (JNR). With the privatization of the JNR on 1 April 1987, it came under the operational control of East Japan Railway Company (JR East). On 4 December 2010, the Tōhoku Shinkansen was successfully extended north to Shin-Aomori Station from Hachinohe. As a result of the opening of the bullet train between the two stations, that section of the Tōhoku Main Line including this station was transferred to the Aoimori Railway Company from JR East on the same day.

Services
Koyanagi Station is primarily served by trains operating on a local service on the Aoimori Railway Line between Aomori and Hachinohe. It is served by one rapid express train, the 560M train operated jointly by the Aoimori Railway and the Iwate Galaxy Railway between Aomori and Morioka. Passenger trains serve Koyanagi Station just over 17 hours a day from 5:51am to 11:42pm. At peak hours between the first train and 9:37am, trains depart from the station roughly every 30 minutes; otherwise trains depart at an approximate hourly basis. In 2018, a daily average of 1,085 passengers boarded trains at Koyanagi Station, an increase from the daily average of 559 passengers the station served in 2011, the first year of its operation on the Aoimori Railway Line. In 2018, the station was the seventh busiest on the Aoimori Railway Line, excluding Aomori and Hachinohe stations. It is the fourth busiest along the rail line in the city of Aomori.

Bus services

 * Koyanagi-Danchi bus stop
 * Aomori City Bus
 * For Aomori Station via Oka-Tsukurimishi or Minami-Tsukuda
 * For Tōbu-Eigyōsho via Harabetsu

title: Koyanagi Station


text: User talk:84.246.49.222

title: User talk:84.246.49.222


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Fiji

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IMGP0131.JPG


text:
Talk:Lev Gumilev

Untitled
I think this interpretation of Gumilev ideas about Russia is wrong. He does not mention it as any supper nation. He uses term Super-ethnos for all composite origin ethnos which does not have any single root in past, i.e. Supper ethnos is nation that feels as one ethnos while actually consists for multiple ethnic groups with mixed origin and traditions. For example to some extend US is Super-Ethnos, since it's population still did not forget their roots and tradition but at the same time all feels like Americans and speak the same language. As one of historic examples of Super-Ethnos Gumilev gives Byzantium. This terms are very widely misinterpreted on by non Russian readers probably due to language  barrier, I suggest this to be some how fixed in the text to avoid any misinterpretation of Gumilev works. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.103.237.67 (talk) 08:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, but how to fix it? Maybe add Super-ethnos article which will explain the term? --Alsh 07:33, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

antisemitism
Lev Gumilev's theories about Jews were loudly proclaimed and undisputed even by his supporters. To call it drivel is to whitewash history. Explain how the paragraph is POV. It identifies certain theories and describes what commentors have said about it. Not sure what you mean by "noone is bound to love Jews". Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 16:00, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I oppose to representing the last passage in the light of anti-semitism, as if the Jews disconcerted Gumilev more than other peoples. He famously said that every clever Ukrainian knows that he is Russian. As for the last phrase it is so obviously POV that I don/t think it has a place in the article. Let it stay here: "Some scholars even labeled Gumilyov's ideas, which pitted the "Eurasian" peoples against the trans-Atlantic Western Civilization, to be neo-racist in nature.". I would say that the guy responsible for the article quoted here is not "some scholars". He is so dizzy about his pet "Western Civilization" and "Pax Americana" that I wouldn't be surprize if he proclaimed "ex occidentum lux", while we all know that best things in life, including Judaism and Christianity, came from the East :) --Ghirla | talk 18:26, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see why we should overlook some scholars qualifying LG as an antisemite or at least an ultra-nationalist (which in case of Russia is pretty much synonymous). Here's more evidence:
 * "He is not only admired by semi-educated people but is also legitimised by sections of the academy (a university is named after him in Kazakhstan). It is argued that his work lends a spurious credence to nationalism and anti-semitism." (in Lev Gumilev: His Pretensions as a Founder of Ethnology and his Eurasian Theories by Viktor Shnirelman and Sergei Panarin )
 * "The embittered Lev Gumilev grew up to be the ultra-nationalist historian who reintroduced mystic racialism into post-Soviet education." (In Our lady of sorrows by Neal Ascherson The Observer (July 31, 2005) Review of Anna of All The Russians: The Life of Anna Akhmatova by Elaine Feinstein )
 * And more yet:, , , . I am posting this not to assassinate his character or other views. Our job is to reflect and systematize reality in encyclopedic manner. Cheers. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 23:33, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I have little sympathy with the man or his views, but I strongly object to Briangott's current version of the page, which makes Gumilev's perceived antisemitism completely overshadow his contributions as a serious scholar and an original thinker. Richard Wagner was a fierce anti-Semite, but I would likewise object if half the article on him were littered with quotations about his reactionary views. It is not his opinion about Jews that makes him (or Gumilev) so important. Besides, Briangotts' voluntary association with some of the worst trolls that pester Wikipedia (such as Molobo, Bonaparte, AndriyK) makes me alert to possible provocative edits on his part.--Ghirla | talk 11:27, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * WP:NPA please. This is not about you, me or Brian. According to what I know (my POV) so far, LG does not qualify for "a serious scholar": see the links above. Also, it is your & mine POV to insist what is important and what is not. Nobody prevents you from adding encyclopedic info, but please do not delete sourced material just because you don't like it. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 12:07, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't remove anything after some NPOVing was made. It remains to be ascertained whether Mr Yasmann and Radio Free Europe are authoritative sources for their POV to be quoted so extensively in the text. I would prefer to supply a link to their article without inserting the extensive and POV-phrased quote. --Ghirla | talk 12:12, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Ditto. This article was turned out to be an article on the antisemitism allegations for Lev Gumilev. I'm in favor of summarizing the claims in a few sentences and removing the comments by V.Yasmann reference. Just giving the link to the source in the reference section is enough. Regards. E104421 11:20, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Very briefly: the concept superethnos comes from the European dark age historiography (5 th - 6 th century) where one major problem is that the Goths, the Vandals or the Visigoths did not displace the population who were already there - rather they were an upper layer describing themselves as a people (Latin: gens, Greek: Ethnos)who constituted a ruling upper layer upon a subject population from whom they initially stood apart but overtime the upper layer began to assume traits of the older population, while the older population might assume traits over the ruler: thus, in France (which means the country of the Franks) the Frankish upper layer assumed the Roman dialect of the older population and their religion. Barendse (talk) 12:21, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

This is getting ridiculous. Yes, Gumilev did mention that Rahdonites practiced slave trade in his books. It does not mean that he was an anti-Semite. He also wrote about Vikings plundering European cities. Does it mean that he is against Scandinavian nations? He also wrote about atrocities committed by the Rus warriors in Balkans. Does it mean that he is anti-Russian? Every nationality and ethnic group committed many very good and many very evil things through the course of history. And the Jews are not an exception. I deeply respect Jewish people, and understand all the pain and persecutions they have been through. But it does not mean that they were saints, OK. Why is it OK to write about bad things done by other nationalities, but it is always politically incorrect to write about bad things done by the Jews? Somehow, writing about death camps and gas chambers is not anti-German, writing about slave owners is not anti-American, writing about pogroms in Tzar's Russia is not anti-Russian, but writing about a guild of Jewish merchants (Rahdonites) who among other things practiced slave trade is somehow anti-Semitic. Before criticizing Gumilev accusing him of anti-Semitism one should read his works. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.48.8.109 (talk) 00:14, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with this assertion, especially that the accusation (more like suspicion) of anti-semitism is a very grave one. I think it should be toned down or deleted completely. Also some of the critical reviews of the Gumilev  never quote him directly, they only summarize/paraphrase his views, and this paraphrasing is inaccurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.74.255.146 (talk) 07:11, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The sources are unequivocal that Gumilev had some odious sentiments regarding Jews. There are a lot of discussions apropos in the russophone press.--Galassi (talk) 11:30, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that certain people in Russia today use his ethnogenesis ideas to justify their own antisemitic views. However, the last "anisemitism" paragraph still seems too POVish to me. It reminds me the following real episode. When Lev Gumilev was arrested, an MGB (KGB) interrogator said to him: "What kind of scientist you are? You are mrakobes!", and Lev responded something like: "Yes, guilty as charged". Since this is English wikipedia, Russian word "mrakobes" is literary a combination of "mrako" (darkness) and "bes" (devil). This word usually describes someone retarded, highly retrograde, for example a religious fanatic and possibly an antisemite. So, I found it rather ironic that last paragraph in this page describes Gumilev as indeed a "mrakobes". There was a similar real life episode with famous academician Ivan Pavlov. He was sitting on a bench near a church. A Red Army soldier was passing near by and asked him: "Did you actually go there [to the church]"; Pavlov said: "yes"; and the soldier responded to the Nobelist: "Oh, darkness!" (Russian: temnota), which is a slightly more polite version of "mrakobes". My very best wishes (talk) 18:24, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
 * We relate what sources say about him, not what he was like.--Galassi (talk) 18:59, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Аpparently there was more than met the eye: http://www.migdal.ru/times/93/16588/ & http://scepsis.net/library/id_837.html --Galassi (talk) 01:53, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I understand when people love their native culture (language, novels, poetry, songs). However when they start talking about their or someone else genes in the nationalistic context (as first of your linked sources does), that is when I agree with Moreschi. Here is the bottom line: not every claim of antisemitism belong to wikipedia pages and justifies making a separate "antisemitism" section. My very best wishes (talk) 03:20, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Indeed. But in this case it is more than justified, as this is probably its most scientific manifestation. I think I should translate the corresponding section from ruwiki, it is a lot more forceful than the English.--Galassi (talk) 13:33, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The AS paragraph lists POV of references as facts, then it lists the references. I changed the paragraph so that references appear first, and then the rest of the paragraph is preserved as is. Hopefully, you see my point.  I think Gumilev was not sympathetic to Khazar Jews -- much like Noam Chomsky is unsympathetic to Israel's national policy -- but would one call Chomsky an anti-semite because of this?  In any case,  I myself disagree with Gumilev (and agree with Artomonov and Pletneva).    This is my last attempt to change the paragraph.--72.74.255.146 (talk) 14:46, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Apparently his own mother was unhappy with his sentiments. See the link above.--16:39, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Here is my point: what he wrote about Khazars belongs to scientific discourse. His theories could be criticized by a lot of people as scientifically weak (as your second source tells; I can not judge it), but this is not an antisemitism which is a dark psychological conviction. Therefore, current version strikes me as POV-pushing. My very best wishes (talk) 14:11, 19 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Since there was no any further objections here for a few weeks, I made a couple of minor changes as suggested by the IP; this is just reordering a few phrases. My very best wishes (talk) 16:48, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

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Influence of Gumilyov on Vladimir Putin?
According to reliable sources, Vladimir Putin is on record as stating publicly that he believes in the bizarre theories of Gumilyov, and according to some commentators, this belief may be having a considerable influence on his current policies. At the time I am writing this, Russia is in the process of invading Ukraine, and Putin has near-as-dammit threatened to use nukes on NATO if they dare to interfere. All things considered, shouldn't somebody who knows exactly what this obscure Russian crank was on about expand this page to the point where it becomes useful? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.144.183.107 (talk) 10:02, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 10 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Lev Gumilev. However, I will boldly move his father's article to Nikolai Gumilev along; it would be jarring to have different transcriptions on articles about a father and a son. No such user (talk) 13:45, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Lev Gumilyov → Lev Gumilev – WP:COMMONNAME: the proposed spelling is the most common in the last three decades, and now about ten times more common than the current article title spelling, according to Google Books Ngram. —Michael Z. 06:17, 10 January 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per link submitted within the nomination. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 00:26, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. Srnec (talk) 00:40, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

See ngram for "Nikolai Gumilev,Nikolay Gumilev,Nikolay Gumilyov". No such user (talk) 13:45, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lev Gumilev


text:
Mundo Feliz

Mundo Feliz was the second album released by Mexican rock band Fobia in 1991.

Track listing

 * 1) Brincas (Jump)
 * 2) El Pepinillo Marino (The sea cucumber)
 * 3) Camila (Camila)
 * 4) El cerebro (The brain)
 * 5) Caminitos hacia el Cosmos (Little roads towards the Cosmos)
 * 6) El diablo (The devil)
 * 7) La fecha especial (The special date)
 * 8) Sacúdeme (Shake me)
 * 9) Mi pequeño corazón (My little heart)
 * 10) Mundo feliz (Happy world)
 * 11) Apachurrar el corazón (Smashing the heart)

Personnel

 * Leonardo de Lozanne: vocals
 * Cha!: bass
 * Francisco Huidobro: guitar
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title: Mundo Feliz


text: User talk:70.93.254.158

title: User talk:70.93.254.158


text: User talk:144.133.99.105

title: User talk:144.133.99.105


text: User talk:218.215.15.38

title: User talk:218.215.15.38


text:
Thomas of Britain

Thomas of Britain (also known as Thomas of England) was a poet of the 12th century. He is known for his Old French poem Tristan, a version of the Tristan and Iseult legend that exists only in eight fragments, amounting to around 3,300 lines of verse, mostly from the latter part of the story. It is calculated that this represents about one sixth of the original.

Works
Because Thomas's Tristan has an "obvious dependence" on Wace's Roman de Brut, which was completed by 1155, it is likely that Thomas wrote it after 1155, and probably by 1160, possibly for Eleanor of Aquitaine, since the work suggests close ties with the court of Henry II. Beyond this, the identity of the author is obscure. It has been speculated that he is to be identified with the "Thomas" who wrote the Romance of Horn, but this is unsupported. Tristan has similarities to the Tristan story Chevrefoil by Marie de France, but either author could have borrowed from the other, or both from a third source.

Although Thomas's own text is fragmentary, later adaptations of his work make it possible to reconstruct what is missing:
 * Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan (Middle High German), left incomplete c. 1210, though fortuitously it covers all those parts of Thomas's work which are lost. Gottfried expanded the story by about a third, while nonetheless remaining fairly faithful to Thomas.
 * Brother Robert's Old Norse Tristrams saga ok Ísöndar (Saga of Tristram and Isond), written in 1226 (prose), condensing the story.
 * The Middle English Sir Tristrem (verse, late 13th Century), a much abbreviated retelling.
 * The Italian La Tavola Ritonda (prose, 14th century).

Thomas' version is the earliest known representative of the "courtly branch" of the legend, to which Gottfried's also belongs. This branch differs from the "common" or "primitive" versions of Béroul and Eilhart von Oberge, in that greater emphasis is placed on pleasing the sensibilities and expectations of a courtly audience. Some scholars have theorized an "Ur-Tristan", an original French version that inspired all later accounts. Joseph Bédier attempted to reconstruct this original from the evidence provided by the later versions.

Editions and translations

 * Thomas, Les fragments du Roman de Tristan, ed. Bartina H. Wind, Paris/Geneva 1960.
 * Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan, with the surviving fragments of the Tristran of Thomas, translated A.T. Hatto, Penguin, 1960.
 * The Saga of Tristram and Ísönd, translated with an introduction by Paul Schach, University of Nebraska Press 1973.

title: Thomas of Britain


text:
Wilhelm von Winthem

Wilhelm von Winthem (1799–1847) was a naturalist and entomologist from Hamburg, Germany, who was chiefly interested in Diptera and Hymenoptera. Well placed in a port city, von Winthem built a world collection.

Winthem belonged to a long-established family of Hamburg merchants. A successful merchant himself he became very wealthy. He purchased huge numbers of insects, concentrating on Diptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. Johann Wilhelm Meigen worked on his European Diptera and he purchased the collection of Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann (who had borrowed specimens from him including flies from Brazil), and many others. Thus he built the most important Diptera collection of the age.

 * "For almost all the Diptera described in the present paper we are indebted to Wilhelm von Winthem of Hamburg, a young man who is collecting native and exotic insects with unusual enthusiasm and who has already made many welcome discoveries." — Wiedemann, 1819, Brasilianische Zweiflügler, Zoologisches Magazin (Kiel), 1(3):40-56.

In 1852 his collection was sold to the Imperial Museum in Vienna. Kept separately until at least 1880 it was finally incorporated into the main Diptera collections of the Naturhistorisches Museum. Von Winthem's specimens are identified with a printed label "coll. Winthem", usually with the species name added and, appropriately, with Wiedemann's or Meigen's handwritten labels.

title: Wilhelm von Winthem