text: User talk:198.168.27.224

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:198.168.27.224


text:
Kevin Fitzgerald

Kevin Terrel Fitzgerald (born September 23, 1951), an American veterinarian who works at Alameda East Veterinary Hospital in his native Denver, Colorado is best known through his visibility on the Animal Planet reality show Emergency Vets and, more recently, E-Vet Interns. Fitzgerald also does stand-up comedy and a little tap dancing. In 2001, he was named one of the 50 most eligible bachelors by People.

Past jobs and positions
Kevin Fitzgerald was formerly a teacher at the University of Hawaii. On summers off, he worked as security for a wide variety of musical acts, such as Elvis Presley, The Who, Bob Marley, Willie Nelson, George Clinton, and The Rolling Stones. On an episode of Emergency Vets, Fitzgerald noted that he knew it was time to get serious about pursuing a career in veterinary medicine when Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones asked him if he wanted to "still be a bouncer at 50".

Fitzgerald joined the staff of Alameda East, a 24-hour facility equipped to provide emergency care, in 1985. He also once served as president of the Denver Area Veterinary Medical Society while he was on the board of directors of the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center.

Current jobs and positions
Fitzgerald is a veterinarian at Alameda East Veterinary Hospital, where the Animal Planet television series Emergency Vets and its follow-up E-Vet Interns were filmed. For the past 25 years, he has been an assistant professor adjunct at the University of Denver, where he teaches a course called "Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine". He also serves as a veterinary consultant for the Aurora, Colorado police department's K-9 division. He has written chapters in medical texts on subjects such as emergency veterinarian medicine, toxicology, and reptile medicine and surgery.

Fitzgerald is also a regular on the Denver-area stand-up comedy circuit, where he is billed as "the hardest working veterinarian in show business". An episode of Emergency Vets entitled "Fitz's Day" showed snippets of his stand-up act. "Everybody laughed when I said I wanted to do comedy", Fitzgerald noted dryly, "but no one's laughing now."

On August 11, 2007, Fitzgerald was a "Not My Job" guest on NPR's "Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me". He told stories about Keith Richards ("when Keith Richards suggests you're wasting your life, you gotta listen"), his fear of spiders and then correctly answered all three questions regarding BALCO founder Victor Conte. The segment has been replayed on several of Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me's "best of" and compilation episodes; as of February 2017, this is the most-repeated guest segment of the show.

After Emergency Vets ceased production in 2002, Fitzgerald occasionally appeared in a set of pet health reminder PSAs on Animal Planet called "Animal Tips With Dr. Fitz". He also appeared in PSAs for the Animal Planet animal welfare project "ROAR" (Reach Out, Act, Respond).

In 2007, Fitzgerald and the rest of the Alameda East team returned to prime-time television in a new Animal Planet series, E-Vet Interns. On the new series, Fitzgerald continually stresses the importance of exposing young vets to experiences with exotic animals such as snakes and other reptiles, as well as showing young vets how to give back to their community by providing services for "working animals" such as police dogs.

Stalking
Vicki Tenney, a West Virginia woman, began stalking Fitzgerald in 1999. She began by writing fan letters and in 2002, relocated to Denver and made death threats against Fitzgerald. By Christmas in 2004, Tenney was calling Fitzgerald daily saying she was going to kill him and had purchased a coffin for him. At a hearing in January 2006, she was deemed unfit to stand trial and ordered into treatment.

On October 27, 2006, Tenney was sentenced to 18 months of probation, obtain mental health treatment, and ordered to stay away from Fitzgerald and Alameda East Veterinary Hospital in a plea bargain in which she pleaded guilty to violating a restraining order. Doctors deemed Tenney more suitable to stand trial since her treatment began, but the prosecutor of the case, stating that she believed the disposition was appropriate, declined to bring Tenney to trial as long as Tenney continues to follow the requirements of her probation.

title: Kevin Fitzgerald


text: User talk:129.123.76.36

title: User talk:129.123.76.36


text:
State Arboretum of Utah

The State Arboretum of Utah (1500 acre) is an arboretum located across the campus of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah, as well as on an additional site (147 acre) at Red Butte Garden and Arboretum. The campus grounds and the Red Butte Garden are open to the public every day. The conservatory is open by appointment only.

The State Arboretum was established in 1961. It now contains over 8,000 trees (300 species and varieties, including over 200 taxa of conifers). The arboretum's conservatory (1100 sqft) contains over 400 exotic taxa. Red Butte Garden and Arboretum contains more than 1,500 conifers.

title: State Arboretum of Utah


text:
Aladdin Sane (song)

"Aladdin Sane (1913–1938–197?)" is a song by the English singer-songwriter David Bowie, the title track from his 1973 album Aladdin Sane. Described by biographer David Buckley as the album's "pivotal" song, it saw Bowie moving into more experimental musical styles following the success of his breakthrough glam rock release The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars in 1972.

Title
The name is a pun on "A Lad Insane" and it was inspired by Bowie's half-brother Terry, who had been diagnosed as a schizophrenic. An early variation was "Love Aladdin Vein", which Bowie dropped partly because of its drug connotations. The dates in parentheses refer to the years preceding World War I and World War II, with the third unknown date reflecting Bowie’s belief in an impending World War III.

The title has been rendered a number of ways on different releases since 1973. The original vinyl issue of Aladdin Sane listed it as "Aladdin Sane (1913-1938-197?)", followed by "RHMS Ellinis", the name of the ship on which it was written, in keeping with Bowie's practice on the album of indicating the origin of each track. The coda includes a quote from the song "On Broadway", and on the compilation album Changestwobowie (1981) it appeared in liner notes as "Aladdin Sane (1913-1938-197?)/On Broadway", co-credit going to Mann, Weil, Leiber and Stoller. On the 1990 Rykodisc CD reissue the track was referred to as simply "Aladdin Sane", but subsequent CD reissues of the album in 1999, 2003 and 2013 restored the "Aladdin Sane (1913-1938-197?)" title.

Music and lyrics
Bowie wrote "Aladdin Sane" in December 1972 as he sailed back to the UK following the first leg of his US Ziggy Stardust Tour. The subject matter was inspired by a book he was reading, Evelyn Waugh's 1930 book Vile Bodies (filmed in 2003 as Bright Young Things, a phrase that also appears in the song's lyrics). Bowie saw in Waugh's story of "frivolous, decadent and silly" behaviour on the eve of "imminent catastrophe" a reflection of contemporary society, particularly in America. At Bridge School Benefit X in 1996, Bowie played the song acoustically and reflected that the song was "about young people, just between the two wars, wanting to go and screw girls and kill foreigners."

The song features a piano solo by Mike Garson, an American keyboardist who had recently joined Bowie's band. Bowie politely rejected Garson's initial solo attempts, one in a blues style, the other Latin, asking the pianist for something akin to "the avant-garde jazz scene in the 60s". Garson obliged with the performance heard on the album, improvised and recorded in one take. In 1999, he remarked:

Garson remembered Bowie's guidance in making the solo come out the way it did:

Rolling Stone's contemporary review described the music as "hothouse orientalism, jagged, dissonant and daring, yet also wistful and backward-looking". Writing in 1981, NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray considered the song "one of Bowie's early 'European' pieces", while comparing Garson's piano playing to Cecil Taylor. Reviewing the 30th Anniversary Edition of Aladdin Sane in 2003, Sydney Morning Herald music critic Bernard Zuel also related the track to the composer's later work, finding the "to-and-fro between art and dramatic pop in the song provides a bridge between Bowie's pre-fame leanings and his mid-'70s decamp to Berlin". Biographer David Buckley has said that at the time of its release "Aladdin Sane" was "the clearest indicator of how Bowie was trying to free himself from the confines of rock".

"Zion"
A track now referred to as "Zion" has also appeared on bootlegs under the titles "Aladdin Vein", "Love Aladdin Vein", "A Lad in Vein", and "A Lad in Vain". Incorporating parts of "Aladdin Sane" and what would become "Sweet Thing (Reprise)" on Diamond Dogs, this instrumental piece was generally thought to have been recorded during the Aladdin Sane sessions at Trident Studios early in 1973. However a recent estimate places it alongside recordings for Pin Ups later that year, as a preview of Bowie's next original work, leading author Nicholas Pegg to suggest that it "perhaps ought to be regarded more as a Diamond Dogs demo than an Aladdin Sane out-take".

Personnel
According to Chris O'Leary:
 * David Bowie – lead vocals, 12-string acoustic guitar
 * Mick Ronson – lead and rhythm guitar
 * Trevor Bolder – bass
 * Mick Woodmansey – drums
 * Ken Fordham – tenor saxophone
 * Mike Garson – piano

Technical
 * David Bowie – producer
 * Ken Scott – producer, engineer

Live versions
"Aladdin Sane" was debuted live in February 1973, prior to the album’s release, and often played in concert during the later Ziggy Stardust tours and again on the Diamond Dogs tour in 1974. A performance from the first leg of the 1974 tour was released on David Live (1974), the same track also appearing on Rock Concert. A live version from the second leg of the same tour (previously available on the unofficial album A Portrait in Flesh) was released in 2017 on Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74). Bowie revived the song on stage in 1996, again with Garson on piano. In November of that year, he recorded an acoustic version with vocals from bass player Gail Ann Dorsey for the BBC session ChangesNowBowie, which was broadcast on 8 January 1997. This performance was released on an album titled ChangesNowBowie in 2020. Performances on the Outside Summer Festivals Tour were duets with bassist Gail Ann Dorsey that included quotations of "On Broadway" and "All Day and All of the Night".

Other releases
The original song has appeared on several compilations:
 * The Best of David Bowie (Japan 1974)
 * Chameleon (Australia/New Zealand 1979)
 * Changestwobowie (1981)
 * The Best of 1969/1974 (1997)

Cover versions

 * Toni Basil – Live at the Roxy
 * Emergency Broadcast Network – Sampled for "Homicidal Schizophrenic (A Lad Insane)" on Telecommunication Breakdown (1996)

title: Aladdin Sane (song)


text:
Bathurst Airport (New Brunswick)

Bathurst Airport is located 3 NM west northwest of Bathurst  in South Tetagouche, New Brunswick, Canada. It is listed as an airport of entry and can accept general aviation aircraft with up to 15 occupants.

In June 2020, Air Canada, the only airline operating scheduled passenger flights from the airport, indefinitely suspended all operation at Bathurst Airport due to the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Thrice-weekly service to Montreal resumed on June 1, 2021, however the decreased service resulted in the Bathurst Airport operating on a deficit for several years.

title: Bathurst Airport (New Brunswick)


text:
Wheels Are Turnin'

Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in November 1984. It reached No. 7 on the Billboard 200. The lead single was "I Do' Wanna Know," which stalled at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100. The second single, "Can't Fight This Feeling," was REO's second and longest-running number one single. Other singles released were "One Lonely Night" and "Live Every Moment". These singles also reached the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100, reaching #19 and #34, respectively. The singles from the album also had success on other Billboard charts: "Can't Fight This Feeling" and "I Do' Wanna Know" each reached #5 on the Mainstream Rock chart, with "One Lonely Night" reaching #17, and "Can't Fight This Feeling" and "One Lonely Night" reached #3 and #10, respectively on the Adult Contemporary chart.

Billboard writer Kim Freeman suggested that the release of "I Do' Wanna Know" before "Can't Fight This Feeling" could be regarded as an "oversight." However, lead singer Kevin Cronin, who wrote both songs, disagreed, stating "not all singles are released to be hits." Paul Grein attributed the initial sluggish sales of Wheels Are Turnin' before the release of "Can't Fight This Feeling" to the fact that "I Do' Wanna Know" was not successful with pop radio stations and noted that sales began to take off only after the release of the second single.

In 2013, the album was released on CD by UK-based company Rock Candy Records, with expanded liner notes and photos. The LP version contained a cut-out stroboscope.

Personnel
REO Speedwagon
 * Kevin Cronin - lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar on "Thru the Window"
 * Gary Richrath - electric guitar
 * Neal Doughty - keyboards
 * Bruce Hall - bass
 * Alan Gratzer - drums

Additional personnel
 * Steve Forman – percussion
 * Tommy Funderburk – backing vocals
 * Tom Kelly – backing vocals
 * Richard Page – backing vocals
 * Bill Cuomo - orchestration on "Can't Fight This Feeling"

Production

 * Kevin Cronin – producer, arrangements
 * Alan Gratzer – producer
 * Gary Richrath – producer
 * David DeVore – assistant producer, engineer
 * Julian Stoll – assistant engineer
 * Steve Hall – mastering at Future Disc (Hollywood, California).
 * John Kosh – art direction, design
 * Ron Larson – art direction, design
 * Randee St. Nicholas – photography

title: Wheels Are Turnin'


text:
User:Searchme/CoinBox

WikiProject Numismatics/External resources

Bounties
Numismatics

 * Including:Exonumia, Scripophily, Notaphily, Coin collecting, Commemorative coin, Coining (machining), Carson City Mint, Charlotte Mint, Denver Mint, Philadelphia Mint, San Francisco Mint, West Point Mint, Royal Mint, Byzantine coinage, or any current stub.

Portal

 * Portal:Numismatics
 * Portal:Numismatics/box-header
 * Portal:Numismatics/box-footer
 * Portal:Numismatics/Intro
 * Portal:Numismatics/Selected article
 * Portal:Numismatics/Selected article archive
 * Portal:Numismatics/Selected issue
 * Portal:Numismatics/Selected issue archive
 * Portal:Numismatics/Selected picture
 * Portal:Numismatics/Selected picture archive
 * Portal:Numismatics/Numismatics lists
 * Portal:Numismatics/Numismatics lists2
 * Portal:Numismatics/Categories
 * Portal:Numismatics/Did you know
 * Portal:Numismatics/Did you know archive
 * Portal:Numismatics/Images
 * Portal:Numismatics/Numismatics news
 * Portal:Numismatics/Numismatic featured content
 * Portal:Numismatics/Numismatic terminology
 * Portal:Numismatics/WikiProjects
 * Portal:Numismatics/Portals
 * Portal:Numismatics/Numismatic topics

InterWiki

 * n:Portal:Economy and business
 * n:Category:United States
 * Coin Collector News

Commons US Images

 * commons:Category:PD US money
 * United States dollar
 * commons:Category:United States bills
 * commons:Category:United States coins
 * American Gold Eagle
 * American Platinum Eagle
 * commons:Category:United States quarters
 * commons:Category:United States commemoratives
 * commons:Category:United States dollar coins
 * American Silver Eagle
 * commons:Category:Silver coins
 * commons:Category:United States nickels

Lists

 * List of circulating currencies
 * List of historical currencies
 * List of currencies
 * List of mints
 * List of circulating coins
 * List of coins
 * List of motifs on banknotes
 * Category:Currency images

Templates

 * PreEuroCurrencies
 * EuropeanCurrencies
 * US currency and coinage
 * HK currency and coinage
 * British coinage
 * Canadian currency and coinage
 * IrishNotes
 * British Coins
 * IrishCoins
 * DK currency and coinage
 * Crown
 * WorldCurrencies
 * Currencies of the Americas
 * Currencies of Asia
 * Currencies of Africa
 * Currencies of Europe
 * Exonumianotice
 * Numismaticnotice
 * Money-stub
 * Infobox Coin
 * Numismatics
 * N-start
 * NumismaticWikiProject-Member

Numismatics
Greetings!! I'd like to welcome you to WikiProject Numismatics. Anything you see that can be improved upon, go for it, anything that is lacking add it, anything that is all together absent, please fill us in. There are quite a few knowledgeable people of both numismatics and wikipedia, in this little project, so don't hesitate to ask. Please be sure to read through the whole of the project pages, as we have just recently started using some of them. Again, welcome.

 * You can add this to your user page:

Which looks like so:

 * Hope this gets you off and contributing to the little project that makes the world go round. If you need anything don't hesitate to ask either me, or Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Numismatics.  See ya  :)

An IRC channel has been registered for WikiProject:Numismatics. It is located here

 * valign="top"|
 * }

Permissions
Boilerplate_request_for_permission

Needed

 * World Coin Gallery
 * Ron's WPM Homepage

title: User:Searchme/CoinBox


text:
Hirudiculture

Hirudiculture is the culture, or farming, of leeches in both natural and artificial environments. This practice drew the attention of Parisian savants and members of the French Société Zoologique d'Acclimitation in the mid-to-late 19th century as a part of a larger interest in the culture of fish and oysters. Leech culture was seen as a solution to growing demand for medicinal leeches throughout the world.

The use of leeches for medicinal purposes, or hirudotherapy, has been revived by contemporary medicine.

title: Hirudiculture


text:
File:Batman Arkham Asylum Television Credits.jpg

Licensing
he:תמונה:Arkham asylum.jpg


text:
Wind (spacecraft)

The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Wind satellite is a NASA science spacecraft designed to study radio waves and plasma that occur in the solar wind and in the Earth's magnetosphere. It was launched on 1 November 1994, at 09:31:00 UTC, from launch pad LC-17B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Merritt Island, Florida, aboard a McDonnell Douglas Delta II 7925-10 rocket. Wind was designed and manufactured by Martin Marietta Astro Space Division in East Windsor Township, New Jersey. The satellite is a spin-stabilized cylindrical satellite with a diameter of 2.4 m and a height of 1.8 m.

The spacecraft's original mission was to orbit the Sun at the Lagrangian point, but this was delayed to study the magnetosphere and near lunar environment when the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft were sent to the same location. Wind has been at continuously since May 2004, and is still operating. , Wind currently has enough fuel to last over 50 more years at, until at least 2070. Wind continues to collect data, and by the end of 2023 had contributed data to over 7,290 scientific publications.

Mission operations are conducted from the Multi-Mission Operations Center (MMOC) in Building 14 at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Wind data can be accessed using the SPEDAS software. Wind is the sister ship to GGS Polar.

Science objectives
The aim of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative is to understand the behaviour of the solar-terrestrial plasma environment, in order to predict how the Earth's atmosphere will respond to changes in solar wind conditions. Wind objective is to measure the properties of the solar wind before it reaches the Earth.

 * Provide complete plasma, energetic particle, and magnetic field input for magnetospheric and ionospheric studies.
 * Determine the magnetospheric output to interplanetary space in the up-stream region.
 * Investigate basic plasma processes occurring in the near-Earth solar wind.
 * Provide baseline ecliptic plane observations to be used in heliospheric latitudes by the Ulysses mission.

Instruments
The Wind spacecraft has an array of instruments including: KONUS, the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI), the Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Experiment (SMS), The Energetic Particles: Acceleration, Composition, and Transport (EPACT) investigation, the Solar Wind Experiment (SWE), a Three-Dimensional Plasma and Energetic Particle Investigation (3DP), the Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS), and the Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation (WAVES). The KONUS and TGRS instruments are primarily for gamma-ray and high energy photon observations of solar flares or gamma-ray bursts and part of the Gamma-ray Coordinates Network. The SMS experiment measures the mass and mass-to-charge ratios of heavy ions. The SWE and 3DP experiments are meant to measure/analyze the lower energy (below 10 MeV) solar wind protons and electrons. The WAVES and MFI experiments were designed to measure the electric and magnetic fields observed in the solar wind. All together, the Wind spacecraft's suite of instruments allows for a complete description of plasma phenomena in the solar wind plane of the ecliptic.

Time domain sampler
The electric field detectors of the Wind WAVES instrument are composed of three orthogonal electric field dipole antennas, two in the spin plane (roughly the plane of the ecliptic) of the spacecraft and one along the spin axis. The complete WAVES suite of instruments includes five total receivers including: Low Frequency FFT receiver called FFT (0.3 Hz to 11 kHz), Thermal Noise Receiver called TNR (4–256 kHz), Radio receiver band 1 called RAD1 (20–1040 kHz), Radio receiver band 2 called RAD2 (1.075–13.825 MHz), and the Time Domain Sampler called TDS (designed and built by the University of Minnesota). The longer of the two spin plane antenna, defined as Ex, is 100 m tip-to-tip while the shorter, defined as Ey, is 15 m tip-to-tip. The spin axis dipole, defined as Ez, is roughly 12 m tip-to-tip. When accounting for spacecraft potential, these antenna lengths are adjusted to ~41.1 m, ~3.79 m, and ~2.17 m [Note: these are subject to change and only estimates and not necessarily accurate to two decimal places]. The Wind WAVES instrument also detects magnetic fields using three orthogonal search coil magnetometers (designed and built by the University of Iowa). The XY search coils are oriented to be parallel to the XY dipole antenna. The search coils allow for high-frequency magnetic field measurements (defined as Bx, By, and Bz). The WAVES Z-axis is anti-parallel to the Z-GSE (Geocentric Solar Ecliptic) direction. Thus, any rotations can be done about the Z-axis in the normal Eulerian sense followed by a change of sign in the Z-component of any GSE vector rotated into WAVES coordinates.

Electric (and magnetic) field waveform captures can be obtained from the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) receiver. TDS samples are a waveform capture of 2048 points (16384 points on the STEREO spacecraft) per field component. The waveforms are measures of electric field versus time. In the highest sampling rates, the Fast (TDSF) sampler runs at ~120,000 samples per second (sps) and the Slow (TDSS) sampler runs at ~7,500 sps. TDSF samples are composed of two electric field components (typically Ex and Ey) while TDSS samples are composed of four vectors, either three electric and one magnetic field or three magnetic and one electric field. The TDSF receiver has little to no gain below about ~120 Hz and the search coil magnetometers roll off around ~3.3 Hz.

Thermal Noise Receiver
The TNR measures ~4–256 kHz electric fields in up to 5 logarithmically spaced frequency bands, though typically only set at 3 bands, from 32 or 16 channels per band, with a 7 nV/(Hz)1/2 sensitivity, 400 Hz to 6.4 kHz bandwidth, and total dynamic range in excess of 100 dB. The data are taken by two multi-channel receivers which nominally sample for 20 ms at a 1 MHz sampling rate (see Bougeret 1995 for more information). The TNR is often used to determine the local plasma density by observing the plasma line, an emission at the local upper hybrid frequency due to a thermal noise response of the wire dipole antenna. One should note that observation of the plasma line requires the dipole antenna to be longer than the local Debye length, λDe. For typical conditions in the solar wind λDe ~7-20 m, much shorter than the wire dipole antenna on Wind. The majority of this section was taken from.

Wind / 3DP
The Wind / 3DP instrument (designed and built at the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory) was designed to make full three-dimensional measurements of the distributions of suprathermal electrons and ions in the solar wind. The instrument includes three arrays, each consisting of a pair of double-ended semiconductor telescopes each with two or three closely sandwiched passivated ion implanted silicon detectors, which measure electrons and ions above ~20 keV. The instrument also has top-hat symmetrical spherical section electrostatic analyzers (ES) with microchannel plate detectors (MCPs) are used to measure ions and electrons from ~3 eV to 30 keV. The two types of detectors have energy resolutions ranging from ΔE/E ≈0.3 for the solid state telescopes (SST) and ΔE/E ≈ 0.2 for the top-hat ES analyzers. The angular resolutions are 22.5° × 36° for the SST and 5.6° (near the ecliptic) to 22.5° for the top-hat ES analyzers. The particle detectors can obtain a full 4π steradian coverage in one full(half) spin (~3 seconds) for the SST (top-hat ES analyzers). The majority of this section was taken from.

Electrostatic analyzers
The arrays of detectors are mounted on two opposing booms, each 0.5 m in length. The top-hat ES analyzers are composed of four separate detectors, each with different geometry factors to cover different ranges of energies. The electron detectors, EESA, and ion detectors, PESA, are each separated into low (L) and high (H) energy detectors. The H and L analyzers contain 24 and 16 discrete anodes, respectively. The anode layout provides a 5.6° angular resolution within ± 22.5° of the ecliptic plane (increases to 22.5° at normal incidence to ecliptic plane). The analyzers are swept logarithmically in energy and counters sample at 1024 samples/spin (~3 ms sample period). Thus the analyzers can be set to sample 64 energy samples per sweep at 16 sweeps per spin or 32 energy samples per sweep at 32 sweeps per spin, etc. The detectors are defined as follows:

 * EESA Low (EL): covers electrons from ~3 eV to ~1 keV (These values vary from moment structure to moment structure depending on duration of data sampling, spacecraft potential, and whether in burst or survey mode. The typical range is ~5 eV to ~1.11 keV. ) with an 11.25° spin phase resolution. EL has a total geometric factor of 1.3 × 10−2 E cm2-sr (where E is energy in eV) with a nearly identical 180° field of view (FOV), radial to the spacecraft, to that of PESA-L.
 * EESA High (EH): covers electrons from ~200 eV to ~30 keV (though typical values vary from a minimum of ~137 eV to a maximum of ~28 keV) in a 32 sample energy sweep each 11.25° of spacecraft spin. EH has a total geometric factor of 2.0 × 10−1 E cm2-sr, MCP efficiency of about 70% and grid transmission of about 73%. EH has a 360° planar FOV tangent to the spacecraft surface which can be electro statically deflected into a cone up to ±45° out of its normal plane.
 * PESA Low (PL): covers ions with a 14 sample energy sweep (Note that in survey mode the data structures typically take 25 data points at 14 different energies while in burst mode they take 64 data points at 14 different energies.) from ~100 eV to ~10 keV (often energies range from ~700 eV to ~6 keV) each 5.6° of spacecraft spin. PL has a total geometric factor of only 1.6 × 10−4 E cm2-sr but an identical energy-angle response to that of PESA-H. While in the solar wind, PL reorients itself along the bulk flow direction to capture the solar wind flow which results in a narrow range of pitch-angle coverage.
 * PESA High (PH): covers ions with a 15 sample energy sweep from as low as ~80 eV to as high as ~30 keV (typical energy range is ~500 eV to ~28 keV ) each 11.25° of spacecraft (Note that PH has multiple data modes where the number of data points per energy bin can be any of the following: 121, 97, 88, 65, or 56). PH has a total geometric factor of 1.5 × 10−2 E cm2-sr with a MCP efficiency of about 50% and grid entrance post transmission of about 75%.

The majority of this section was taken from Wilson III (2010).

Solid-state telescopes
The SST detectors consist of three arrays of double-ended telescopes, each of which is composed of either a pair or triplet of closely sandwiched semiconductor detectors. The center detector (Thick or T) of the triplet is 1.5 cm2 in area, 500 μm thick, while the other detectors, foil (F) and open (O), are the same area but only 300 μm thick. One direction of the telescopes is covered in a thin lexan foil, ~1500 Angstrom (Å) of aluminum evaporated on each side to eliminate sunlight, (SST-Foil) where the thickness was chosen to stop protons up to the energy of electrons (~400 keV). Electrons are essentially unaffected by the foil. On the opposite side (SST-Open), a common broom magnet is used to refuse electrons below ~400 keV from entering but leaves the ions essentially unaffected. Thus, if no higher energy particles penetrate the detector walls, the SST-Foil should only measure electrons and the SST-Open only ions. Each double-ended telescope has two 36° × 20° FWHM FOV, thus each end of the five telescopes can cover a 180° × 20° piece of space. Telescope 6 views the same angle to spin axis as telescope 2, but both ends of telescope 2 have a drilled tantalum cover to reduce the geometric factor by a factor of 10 to measure the most intense fluxes. The SST-Foil data structures typically have 7 energy bins each with 48 data points while the SST-Open has 9 energy bins each with 48 data points. Both detectors have energy resolutions of ΔE/E ≈ 30%. The majority of this section was taken from.

Wind / MFI
The Magnetic Field Instrument (MFI) on board Wind is composed of dual triaxial fluxgate magnetometers. The MFI has a dynamic range of ±4 nT to ±65,536 nT, digital resolution ranging from ±0.001 nT to ±16 nT, sensor noise level of < 0.006 nT (R.M.S.) for 0–10 Hz signals, and sample rates varying from 44 samples per second (sps) in snapshot memory to 10.87 sps in standard mode. The data are also available in averages at 3 seconds, 1 minute, and 1 hour. The data sampled at higher rates (i.e. >10 sps) is referred to as High Time Resolution (HTR) data in some studies.

Wind / SWE
The Wind spacecraft has two Faraday Cup (FC) ion instruments. The SWE FCs can produce reduced ion distribution functions with up to 20 angular and 30 energy per charge bins every 92 seconds. Each sensor has a ~15° tilt above or below the spin plane and an energy range from ~150 eV to ~8 keV. A circular aperture limits the effects of aberration near the modulator grid and defines the collecting area of the collector plates in each FC. The FCs sample at a set energy for each spacecraft rotation, then step up the energy for the next rotation. Since there are up to 30 energy bins for these detectors, a full reduced distribution function requires 30 rotations or slightly more than 90 seconds.

Wind / KONUS and TGRS
KONUS remains a very active partner in the Gamma-ray Coordinates Network (GCN) and the Interplanetary Network. Notifications of astrophysical transients are sent worldwide instantly from KONUS, and are of importance in the subsequent positioning of telescopes everywhere. Thus, the instrument remains an active contributor to the astrophysical community, for instance, with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift mission).

The TGRS instrument was shut off early in the mission due to the planned expiration of coolant.

Wind / EPACT
The Energetic Particles: Acceleration, Composition and Transport (EPACT) investigation consists of multiple telescopes including: the Low Energy Matrix Telescope (LEMT); SupraThermal Energetic Particle telescope (STEP); and ELectron-Isotope TElescope system (ELITE). ELITE is composed of two Alpha-Proton-Electron (APE) telescopes and an Isotope Telescope (IT).

The highest energy telescopes (APE and IT) failed early in the mission, though APE does two channels of ~5 and ~20 MeV protons but IT was turned off. However, LEMT (covering energies in the 1–10 MeV/nucl range) and STEP (measuring ions heavier than protons in the 20 keV–1 MeV/nucl range) still continue to provide valuable data.

Wind / SMS
The Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Experiment (SMS) on Wind is composed of three separate instruments: SupraThermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS); high-resolution mass spectrometer (MASS); and Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS). STICS determines the mass, mass per charge, and energy for ions in the energy range of 6–230 keV/e. MASS determines elemental and isotopic abundances from 0.5 to 12 keV/e. SWICS determines mass, charge, and energy for ions in the energy range of 0.5 to 30 keV/e. The SWICS "stop" microchannel plate detector (MCP) experienced a failure resulting in reduced capabilities for this instrument and was eventually turned off in May 2000. The SMS data processing unit (DPU) experienced a latch-up reset on 26 June 2009, that placed the MASS acceleration/deceleration power supply into a fixed voltage mode, rather than stepping through a set of voltages. In 2010, MASS experienced a small degradation in the acceleration/deceleration power supply which reduced the efficiency of the instrument, though this does not seriously affect science data analysis.

Discoveries

 * 1) Observation of relationship between large-scale solar wind-magnetosphere interactions and magnetic reconnection at the terrestrial magnetopause.
 * 2) First statistical study of high frequency (≥1 kHz) electric field fluctuations in the ramp of interplanetary (IP) shocks. The study found that the amplitude of ion acoustic waves (IAWs) increased with increasing fast mode Mach number and shock compression ratio. They also found that the IAWs had the highest probability of occurrence in the ramp region.
 * 3) Observation of the largest whistler wave using a search coil magnetometer in the radiation belts.
 * 4) First observation of shocklets upstream of a quasi-perpendicular IP shock.
 * 5) First simultaneous observations of whistler mode waves with electron distributions unstable to the whistler heat flux instability.
 * 6) First observation of an electrostatic solitary wave at an IP shock with an amplitude exceeding 100 mV/m.
 * 7) First observation of electron-Berstein-like waves at an IP shock.
 * 8) First observation of the source region of an IP Type II radio burst.
 * 9) First evidence for Langmuir wave coupling to Z-mode waves.
 * 10) First evidence to suggest that the observed bi-polar ES structures in the shock transition region are consistent with BGK modes or electron phase space holes.
 * 11) First evidence of a correlation between the amplitude of electron phase space holes and the change in electron temperature.
 * 12) First evidence of three-wave interactions in the terrestrial foreshock using bi-coherence.
 * 13) First evidence of proton temperature anisotropy constraints due to mirror, firehose, and ion cyclotron instabilities.
 * 14) First evidence of Alfvén-cyclotron dissipation.
 * 15) First (shared with STEREO spacecraft) observation of electron trapping by a very large amplitude whistler wave in the radiation belts (also seen in STEREO observations).
 * 16) First observation of Langmuir and whistler waves in the lunar wake.
 * 17) First evidence of direct evidence of electron cyclotron resonance with whistler mode waves driven by a heat flux instability in the solar wind.
 * 18) First evidence of local field-aligned ion beam generation by foreshock electromagnetic waves called short large amplitude magnetic structures or SLAMS, which are soliton-like waves in the magnetosonic mode.
 * 19) Observation of interplanetary and interstellar dust particle impacts, with over 100,000 impacts recorded as of 2019.
 * 20) First evidence of connection between a fast radio burst and a magnetar with the Milky Way galaxy. The press release can be found at Fast Radio Bursts.  This work led to at least six papers published in Nature.
 * 21) First observation of a giant flare — emission of greater apparent intensity than gamma ray bursts with an average occurrence rate of once per decade — within the nearby Sculptor Galaxy. The press release can be found at Giant Flare in Nearby Galaxy.  This work led to at least six papers published in Nature.

A comprehensive review of the contributions made by Wind to science was published in Reviews of Geophysics by and highlighted by the journal in an Editors' Vox on the Eos (magazine) website.

List of refereed publications for Wind
For a complete list of refereed publications directly or indirectly using data from the Wind spacecraft, see [//wind.nasa.gov/bibliographies.php https://wind.nasa.gov/bibliographies.php].

Wind continues to produce relevant research, with its data having contributed to over 4800 publications since 1 January 2010 and over 2480 publications prior. As of 5 May 2024 (not including 2024 publications), the total number of publications either directly or indirectly using Wind data is ~7293, or an average of ~243 publications/year (the average since 2018 is ~441 publications/year or ~2648 publications since 2018). Wind data has been used in over 120 high impact refereed publications with ~15 in Science, ~71 in Nature Publishing Group (includes Nature, Nature Physics, Nature Communications, Scientific Reports, and Scientific American), and ~37 in Physical Review Letters. Many of these publications utilized Wind data directly and indirectly by citing the OMNI dataset at CDAWeb, which relies heavily upon Wind measurements.

Science highlights in the news

 * An April 2012 paper makes NASA's homepage news.
 * A March 2013 paper using data from the Wind spacecraft was highlighted as a Physical Review Letters Spotlight article and a NASA Feature Article.
 * An April 2013 paper was highlighted on the NASA website.
 * A September 2014 paper was highlighted on the NASA website and at Popular Science.
 * Wind celebrated the 20th anniversary of its launch on November 1, 2014, highlighted on NASA's homepage.
 * A November 2016 paper primarily using THEMIS observations and utilizing data from the Wind spacecraft was published in Physical Review Letters and selected as an Editors' Suggestion article, and was highlighted on the NASA and THEMIS Science Nuggest sites.
 * Wind data was used in a June 2019 paper showing that ions are heated in a preferential zone close to the solar surface, at altitudes that will be visited by Parker Solar Probe in roughly two years.
 * Wind celebrated the 25th anniversary of its launch on 1 November 2019, highlighted in a NASA feature article.
 * Wind/ KONUS data was used to show, for the first time, that fast radio bursts may originate from magnetars, highlighted by NASA at Fast Radio Bursts on 4 November 2020.
 * Wind/ KONUS data helped provide evidence of the first giant flare in the nearby Sculptor Galaxy, highlighted by NASA at Giant Flare in Nearby Galaxy on 13 January 2021.
 * Wind/ LEMT data helped to pinpoint the source region of solar energetic particles, highlighted by NASA at Scientists Trace Fastest Solar Particles to Their Roots on 10 March 2021.
 * Wind/ KONUS data helped to detect one of the strongest/brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) events on record, with a total energy output of 1054 ergs (or 1047 J). The story is highlighted on 13 October 2022 at Exceptional Cosmic Blast.
 * Wind celebrated the 28th anniversary of its launch on 1 November 2022.
 * On 21 February 2023 the Wind review paper published in Reviews of Geophysics was awarded as a Top Cited Article 2021-2022 by the journal.

Awards

 * The Wind Operations Team at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center received the NASA Group Achievement Award in June 2015 for recovery of the Wind spacecraft's command and attitude processor.
 * The Wind Operations Team at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center received the AIAA Space Operations & Support Award on 2 September 2015. The award honors the team's "exceptional ingenuity and personal sacrifice in the recovery of NASA's Wind spacecraft". Jacqueline Snell, engineering manager for the Wind, Geotail, and Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) missions, accepted the award on behalf of the team.
 * In 2019, Lynn B. Wilson III, the project scientist for Wind, was awarded NASA's Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal.

title: Wind (spacecraft)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ian Nordstrom

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete, also delete the image. Rob Church Talk 00:06, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Ian Nordstrom
del vanity. mikka (t) 22:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, and the picture too. Harvestdancer 23:06, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, delete. -- Captain Disdain 00:13, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn/vanity. Borderline speedy, I don't really consider "administrator of Imths.com" an assertion of notability. MCB 07:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Alfred Hrdlicka

Alfred Hrdlicka (27 February 1928 – 5 December 2009) was an Austrian sculptor, painter, and professor. His surname is sometimes written Hrdlička.

He was born in Vienna. After learning to be a dental technician from 1943 to 1945, Hrdlicka studied painting until 1952 at the Akademie der bildenden Künste under Albert Paris Gütersloh and Josef Dobrowsky. Afterwards he studied sculpture until 1957 under Fritz Wotruba. In 1960 he had his first exhibition in Vienna; in 1964 he attained international attention as a representative of Austria at the Venice Biennale, Italy.

In 2008, his new religious work about the Apostles, Religion, Flesh and Power, attracted criticism about its homoerotic theme. The exhibition was housed in the museum of the St. Stephen's Cathedral of Vienna. He taught many sculptors, such as Hans Sailer, Angela Laich and others.

Works (selection)

 * Roll over Mondrian. Etching, 1967.
 * Friedrich Engels Monument  in Wuppertal, 1981.
 * Gegendenkmal at the Stephansplatz in Hamburg, 1985–86.
 * Mahnmal gegen Krieg und Faschismus (Memorial against War and Fascism) on the Albertinaplatz in Vienna. Sculpture, 1988–91.

Exhibitions (selection)

 * 1960: Wiener-Kunsthalle, Zedlitzgasse, Vienna (with Fritz Martinz)
 * 1962: Künstlerhaus, Französischer Saal, Vienna (with Fritz Martinz)
 * 1963: Ausstellungspavillon Zwerglgarten, Salzburg (organized by Galerie Welz)
 * 1964: 32. Biennale (Venice), with Herbert Boeckl
 * 2008: Werkschau in der Kunsthalle Würth (Schwäbisch Hall)
 * 2010: Belvedere (Wien): Alfred Hrdlicka. Unsparing!

Literature

 * Wolfgang Kermer: Wiener Blut am Weissenhof: die Stuttgarter Jahre Alfred Hrdlickas. Mit zwei Texten von Alfred Hrdlicka. [Stuttgart]: [Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart], 2008
 * Alfred Weidinger: "Alfred Hrdlicka - Parallelwelten. Biografische Notizen 1928–1964." In: Alfred Hrdlicka - Schonungslos!. Bibliothek der Provinz, Weitra 2010, S. 13–56.
 * Bettina Secker: Alfred Hrdlicka-Neolithikum, Kindler, Munich, 1984

title: Alfred Hrdlicka


text: User talk:163.153.27.11

title: User talk:163.153.27.11


text:
Killing of Jonny Gammage

On October 12, 1995, African-American businessman Jonny Gammage was killed by police officers from several departments around Pittsburgh.

Background
Jon E. Gammage was on born on July 20, 1964, in Syracuse, New York, to Johnny L. and Narves Gammage. He was the cousin of Ray Seals, an NFL football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Gammage graduated from the University at Buffalo in 1987. He was Seals's business partner and adviser, helping him manage his entrepreneurial and philanthropic ventures.

Death
On October 12, 1995, Gammage was driving a dark blue 1988 Jaguar XJ6 towards his apartment in Moon Township, Pennsylvania. The car he was driving belonged to Seals, who was not present. Around 2 a.m. Lieutenant Milton Mulholland of the Brentwood Police Department pulled Gammage over just within the Pittsburgh city limits along State Route 51 near Frank and Shirley's Diner, at 2209 Saw Mill Run Blvd.

Four more police officers from several police departments were at the scene when a struggle ensued and, after seven minutes, Gammage died. His last words were "Keith, Keith, I'm 31. I'm only 31."

He was officially declared dead at 3:51am at Mercy Hospital in Pittsburgh. Besides the officers involved, the only other witness to the killing was a tow-truck driver.

Autopsy
A coroner's report by the Allegheny County medical examiner stated that his cause of death was homicide by asphyxiation due to pressure applied to the chest and neck. Cyril Wecht, a pathologist who performed an independent autopsy, told CBS This Morning that,

"[There was] no evidence of a heart attack or any other natural disease process. He died as a result of asphyxiating due to compression of the lower neck and upper chest area... through the application of some instrumentality. Considering that these were police officers involved, then the best bet obviously would be a night-stick, a truncheon of some kind that would have been pressed down somewhat parallel to the ground, perpendicular to the transverse lie of the chest with a significant amount of pressure applied over a sustained period of time."

Trials
On November 3, 1995, a coroner's jury after a three-day open inquest recommended that homicide charges be brought against all five officers. According to the foreman of the coroner's jury, 10 to 15 officers testified that Officer John Vojtas had said "The son of a bitch bit me. I hope he dies." Allegheny County district attorney Bob Colville filed charges of involuntary manslaughter against Mullholland, Michael Albert of the Baldwin Police Department, and John Vojtas of the Brentwood Police Department. One of the officers, Keith Henderson became a witness for the prosecution in the subsequent trials.

Mulholland and Albert
The first trial of Mulholland and Albert ended in mistrial after Allegheny County Medical Examiner Cyril Wecht made what were ruled to be prejudicial statements during his testimony. The judge assigned to the case, David R. Cashman, ruled that the case could not be retried. This ruling was overturned by the state Supreme Court, Cashman was removed from the case, and Mullholland and Albert were re-tried. The second trial was again deemed a mistrial when the jury deadlocked, 11–1, with the lone vote for conviction coming from the one black jury member. Following this second mistrial, Mullholland and Albert's attorneys successfully argued that a third trial would constitute double jeopardy for their clients, and charges against the men were dropped.

Vojtas
Officer Vojtas was tried separately before an all-white jury. The jury deliberated for two days. On November 14, 1996, Vojtas was acquitted. Outside the courthouse, black protesters yelled, "Murderer!", and chanted, "No justice, no peace!" Pittsburgh Mayor Tom Murphy, who is white, appealed for calm and criticized the verdict. "I don't think that this is Pittsburgh's finest day. I think justice could have been done better."

Six months after his trial, Vojtas was promoted to sergeant. In 1999, he was placed on administrative duty after he was sued by the family of his deceased fiancée, Judith Barrett, who died by suicide in 1993 from a bullet fired from his service weapon. Before the Allegheny County Police arrived at the scene, evidence had been removed by the Brentwood Police and parts of the suicide case file went missing. The jury in the wrongful death civil trial ordered Vojtas to pay the family $215,000 which an insurance company for the Brentwood Police settled for $125,000. Vojtas returned to active duty in December 2003. By September 2019, Votjas had retired.

Aftermath
Despite community pressure in both Pittsburgh and Syracuse, the U.S. Department of Justice declined to bring a civil rights action against the officers and police departments involved.

Mentions in media
The incident forms part of the basis of the song "Police Story" on the Anti-Flag album, A New Kind of Army.

The incident is also mentioned by rapper Sun Rise Above on the song "Triple 7 Special".

The Gammage Project, a play by Attilio Favorini, centers around the events of the murder and the trial.

In the This is Us season five premiere, Randall tells Malik about Gammage's death and how tough it was to cope with it on his own.

title: Killing of Jonny Gammage


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 October 13


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 October 13

Category:Cole Porter compositions to Category:Compositions by Cole Porter

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 14:31, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to match the naming scheme in use. I really wish this could be done with a speedy rename, though ... — Pladask 22:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Rick Block (talk) 01:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. NatusRoma 05:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve: Consistency. (SEWilco 14:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 15:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Gurps Halo; Category:Halo Gurps

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 14:28, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete. Mistakenly listed in AfD along with a companion article, these are empty categories for the author's personal nonencyclopedic project - the author wrote:
 * i am creating a Halo campaing book for gurps with an friend of mine, but as it is no finished i shall updat this article every once in a while.

Enough said. BD2412 talk 22:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Frag 'em. I can't forsee any need for these. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 22:33, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not part of Wikipedia. (SEWilco 14:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete. No argument. siafu 15:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Experimental particle physics concepts to Category:Experimental particle physics

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 14:27, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Bring together experimental particle physics equipment/experiments with techniques/ideas. Categories like Category:Particle accelerators would now be put on here. Discussed at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject Physics--generally agreed there to be reasonable. -- SCZenz 19:01, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve: Sounds reasonable. (SEWilco 19:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 15:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Bell Canada to Category:BCE Inc.

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename to Category:Bell Canada Enterprises. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 14:26, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

BCE Inc. (legally "BCE Inc.", also known as "Bell Canada Enterprises" ) is a Canadian company with the following subsidiaries: Bell Canada, Bell Globemedia, and BCE Ventures. The Category:Bell Canada currently contains companies from each of these subsidiaries. For example, Bell Mobility is a part of Bell Canada, Category:Bell Globemedia is a sub-category of this category, and this category also contains Telesat Canada, a division of BCE Ventures. This category also contains members of the board of directors of BCE Inc., not Bell Canada. A category does not appear to be needed for the subject of just the subsidiary Bell Canada, so the renaming of this category is requested. Kurieeto 15:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment "Bell Canada Enterprises" is probably better? 132.205.45.110 16:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Either option would be fine with me for the purposes of this cfr, I by default went with the legal name of the company. Kurieeto 17:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename Category:BCE Inc. We should use the official names of companies. CalJW 19:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: A three letter abbreviation is not distinctive and does not identify the entity well. I'm sure it is legally also known as "Bell Canada Enterprises" so prefer .  (SEWilco 19:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Category:Bell Canada Enterprises, per SEWilco. BD2412  talk 22:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No proof given that it is "legally also known as Bell Canada Enterprises", just an assumption.  However, is it feasible to make it Category:BCE Inc. (Bell Canadian Enterprises) as a clarifying compromise? Also, am curious about the "Inc.":  I thought "Ltd." was used in Canada - yes? no? 12.73.198.178 00:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - "Inc." is the term used on the company's website linked to above. Your suggested compromise could also be selected as an option in this vote. Kurieeto 02:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment — To answer your curiosity, federally incorporated Canadian companies may use a number of legal element designations, including "Inc.", "Incorporated", "Ltd.", and "Limited". See . Luigizanasi 16:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. It may be the legal name, but Wikipedia's policy is to use the commonly used name. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 01:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - But "Bell Canada" also properly refers to a subsidiary of BCE, while this category is being used as if it has the scope of BCE and all subsidiaries. It is therefore ambiguous to the reader if a Category:Bell Canada refers to BCE Inc. as the company's common name, or just to one of BCE's subsidiaries. Kurieeto 02:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename to Category:Bell Canada Enterprises. The company website seems to use both Bell Canada Enterprises and BCE Inc. indifferently. Bell Canada Enterprises is more obvious as to what the category is about for people who are not up on TLAs. Luigizanasi 03:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to . Corporate fact sheet says "Company: BCE Inc. (Bell Canada Enterprises)". (SEWilco 05:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC))
 * If that's what the "corporate fact sheet" says, then definitely and obviously the appropriate Wikipedia title is Category:BCE Inc. (Bell Canada Enterprises), as was already suggested, not just Category:Bell Canada Enterprises, which is only a parenthetical for the company!. 12.73.194.175 17:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Bell Canada Enterprises. Avoid abbreviations. siafu 15:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Bell Canada Enterprises per abbrv and main article title. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  21:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:BCE Inc., the company is pretty universally known by its acronym. No one would propose expanding Category:IBM. - SimonP 00:05, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Just out of curiosity, I asked my wife whether she knew what BCE or BCE Inc. was. She did not. But she did know Bell Canada Enterprises & IBM. OK, I know, it's original research & not allowed. :-) Luigizanasi 16:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Bell Canada Enterprises. Avoid abbreviations. -Splash talk 02:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Bell Canada Enterprises. The article BCE Inc. is strictly a redirect to Bell Canada. Wikipedia does not have a rule that the official name of a company always trumps clarity; Wikipedia does not have a rule that we can't use the "expanded" form of an acronym as our primary title or category name. Wikipedia does, however, contraindicate the use of Ltd. or Inc. in article and category titles. And IBM is not really a valid comparison; BCE doesn't even approach the shadows of the kind of worldwide household-name status that IBM has. A more appropriate comparison would be CBC -- even though that acronym is still orders of magnitude more widely known than BCE, the CBC's article is at Canadian Broadcasting Corporation rather than CBC.  Bearcat 17:37, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename, but to Category:BCE or Category:BCE (Bell Canada Enterprises); it is popularly known as BCE (e.g., BCE Place in Toronto, not 'Bell Canada Enterprises, (Inc.) Place', etc.), and this is descriptive enough (w/o 'Inc.'); my latter suggestion is a potential disambig. (Oh: BCE (and CBC) are initialisms, not acronyms like CSIS ('see-sis'); Inc. is an abbreviation.) :) E Pluribus Anthony 09:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Irish_terrorists

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. See closure note. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 14:08, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Overly specific. Has no articles in it. Just has 2 subcategories-Category:Irish National Liberation Army and Category:Irish Republican Army--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91 ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  13:18, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - It's consistent with the other categories Category:German terrorists, Category:Saudi Arabian terrorists, Category:French terrorists, etc in Category:Terrorists by nationality. The edit history says it was created today at 13:00 and tagged for deletion at 13:05, which is a bit early to nominate it for being empty. JW 15:05, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It's now been more than 4 days and it's still empty.--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  05:28, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep per JW. -- SCZenz 19:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Consistent and populated. (SEWilco 19:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete. Inherently POV and quite likely only created as a provocation (sorry, but given the history of editing in related articles this seems more than likely). Also, it appears redundant as there is already a Category:Proscribed paramilitary organizations in Northern Ireland which seems to cover the same ground in a neutral, non-provocative way. Palmiro | Talk 22:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It will be impossible to put articles/subcategories in this category, as many people consider that NPOV requires that we avoid the use of POV terms such as "terrorist' cf Words to avoid in articles, and as a result such usages have been scrupulously avoided on all the articles in question. This applies just as much to placing articles in categories.
 * There are good reasons why the current category is named as it is: apart from the POV problems with "terrorism", many people would consider that any categorisation of, say, the IRA as terrorists would be unfair unless opposing organisations such as, for example, the SAS, which have also killed unarmed civilians, are categorised as such. Many other people would vehemently object to this. The current category allows us to get around this problem.
 * I cannot imagine that an attempt to place the likes of Michael Collins (widely seen as the father of the independent Irish State) or Frank Ryan, who died largely as a result of wounds he received in the anti-fascist war in Spain, in a category denominated "terrorists" could be pulled off without the mother of all edit wars.
 * The category was created by an anonymous user, whose only previous contribution was the POV edit placing the category:IRA in category:Terrorism. The requirement to assume good faith is considerably attenuated in these circumstances.
 * In fairness I should point out that the reason the category is currently empty is that I reverted changes to cat:INLA and cat:IRA adding them to it as unacceptable POV changes. I'm pretty sure, though, that if I hadn't someone else would have. Palmiro | Talk 19:04, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * comment please do not depopulate categories listed on CFD until the end of the discussion. This gives a false impression that the category is empty. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  21:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * query: surely the requirement to maintain NPOV (and accuracy, in the case of the IRA category) is not suspended simply because a category is on CFD? As it's explained here, it hardly "gives a false impression that the category is empty". Palmiro | Talk 13:56, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Under normal circumstances I would agree and would have not reverted. However, because the category is childless, removing any content, even POV content gives a false impression. Not all users read all of the discussion, they look and vote. Seeings a CFD only lasts 7 days, these articles/categories remaining till the end will not harm anything. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  14:11, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - consistency in categorisation is a huge help. Besides, is there any good reason to constrain our categorisation to Northern Ireland, or to organisations, rather than individuals, who may be unaffiliated? RMoloney 00:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you suggest an example of an article that could be covered by (preferably an NPOV renaming of) this category, but not by the existing category?
 * Note that in other controversial areas other terminology has been used, e.g. Category:Palestinian militants. Palmiro | Talk 18:27, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - totally unpopulated, and a general trend becoming rampant in wikipedia of creating inherently generic and pov categories simply for the sake of it. Categories should be reserved for well defined objects, not as generic tags. Djegan 18:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV language. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 23:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As has been pointed out before, one person's terrorist is another's freedom-fighter and, thus, the language of the title is inherently POV. And it won't do to make Category:Irish freedom fighters because that would have exactly the same POV issues: categories can't balance one another in the way different sections of one article can. Though I do think there is no reason why we can't have Category:Proscribed groups in Foo or somesuch. -Splash talk 02:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep per JW & RMoloney Youngamerican 05:35, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I think the whole categorisation scheme needs to be reconsidered, after all a group is not a terrorist. Something along the lines of proscribed groups in foo for organisations, and persons found guilty of terrorism in foo for individuals, both which can be stated factually and neutrally --TimPope 10:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support this suggestion. Palmiro | Talk 13:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support this idea too. It is an excellent idea, and far more neutral. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 15:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Lapsed Pacifist 16:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support any well defined category, which is not arbitrary, including this proposal. Djegan 16:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. That would be a much better way of doing things. — Trilobite 17:35, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I like this idea, but maybe a name like "Armed factions of Foo"? siafu 19:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Question How would such an idea handle the IRA (1916-1922) and the ANC? Started as "proscribed", went on to be war heroes! --Red King 22:31, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Both of those examples are in the category Category: National liberation movements. My reasoning for the above suggestions was thinking about Nelson Mandela, who under the present categorisation schema would be placed in "South African terrorists", not very neutral, whereas I propose he could be placed in "persons found guilty of terrorism in South Africa". --TimPope 09:30, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. More NPOV, and I take on board Djegan's comment below. (This is a change of vote - I apologise if I've made an error of etiquette, I don't spend much time at AfD or CfD). RMoloney 15:10, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lapsed Pacifist 11:20, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The word terrorist is somewhat overused in Wikipedia and this is a case in point. Many people do not regard the Provisional IRA and their like as terrorists, and though we may disagree with them, Wikipedia is not supposed to be written from a majority point of view, but a neutral one. — Trilobite 17:35, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Deliberately tendentious and unhelpful.  For example, the Soviet Union, the Taliban were terrorists but to the USA they were freedom fighters.  it is impossible to use such words without taking a particular PoV.  It certainly doesn't do anything for conflict resolution.  See also Truth and Reconciliation Commission. --Red King 22:31, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -The Tom 01:14, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - as long as we have Category:Terrorists and Category:Terrorists by nationality it is very important that we apply them equally, and not exempt some groups for political reasons. JW 09:31, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment whilst it is fair to say uniformity is preferred, Categorization means that this is not an absolute must - their will be variation and we should not slavishly follow one convention, such as the parent categories Category:Terrorists or Category:Terrorists by nationality. Moreover we do not create one category for each nationality merely because it (the country) exist, their will be variation and exceptions. Djegan 10:12, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: in any case, we've been here before, with a previous decision to rename these categories: [], and that's why we have the current version 62.84.76.18 15:58, 17 October 2005 (UTC) (Palmiro, logged out due to apparent bug).
 * Delete There was a similar debate a few months ago about "terrorist" categories.  I don't even know why we're debating this.Yuber(talk) 20:10, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I do not even understand why someone could support keeping this category. "Terrorists" is about as POV as it gets. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pádraic MacUidhir (talk • contribs) 16:57, 19 October 2005
 * Closing note there was a proposal to overhaul the terroists categories, if you wish to do so, please start a new discussion thread on Wikipedia talk:Categories for deletion. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta  14:08, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Financial investors

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 13:56, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

No idea why this category was ever set up - there are better categories, such as Category:Investment managers for this. DocendoDiscimus 12:39, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No argument. siafu 16:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * merge. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  21:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:International banks → Category:Supranational banks

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 13:54, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

International bank is a generic term for any bank that operates outside its home country. What is meant here are Supranational banks - which is also how the members of this category characterize themselves. DocendoDiscimus 12:39, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed. CalJW 19:10, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve: Uses the right term. (SEWilco 19:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 16:05, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. -Splash talk 02:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:NHL officials → Category:Ice hockey officials

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 13:52, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

In order to match with other subcats under Category:Sports officiating, and also allows for those prominent in Europe and elsewhere outside the NHL. MisfitToys 01:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP and add the supercategory "Ice hockey officials" 132.205.45.110 16:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and make into a subcategory of Category:Ice hockey officials, per above - Hockey is not the same all over the world, and the rules of the NHL have always been different and have recently been changed. NHL officials must therefore have knowledge and training that differs from the other hockey leagues, making them seperately notable. BD2412  talk 17:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Not all hockey is NHL. (SEWilco 19:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename. The two categories (existing and proposed) are currently coterminous.  Can be split in the future if the need arises. siafu 16:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above. Although they are within the same scope, there is a difference between a "ice hockey official" and an official NHL official. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  22:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as above — we'd lose meaning with the proposal. -Splash talk 02:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep I'd vote to make the NHL officials cat a subcat of Ice hockey officials Youngamerican 05:38, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do create an Category:Ice hockey officials category. Do subcategorize Category:NHL officials there. But do not rename as proposed; while all NHL officials are ice hockey officials, not all ice hockey officials are NHL officials. Bearcat 17:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * RENAME to Category:National Hockey League officials, as per Naming conventions (categories). Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP. this cat should be a sub-cat of the proposed cat, as said above.  DO NOT rename as suggested by the user immediately above here unless the user is willing to iniate the renaming several hundred cats that use initialisms, the use of which is not addressed in the naming convention guidelines (not laws) -Mayumashu 04:03, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It is addressed - see Naming conventions (categories) under "General naming conventions". Which several hundred cats are you referring to? siafu 16:05, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Metal Gear Solid villains

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 13:46, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

This category has been nearly depopulated by merges into List of Metal Gear characters. While that list may be split in the near future, it's unlikely that Category:Metal Gear Solid characters will need a subcat. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 00:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No argument. siafu 16:12, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Uhm.. this is sad. delete. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  22:04, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:JocelynW

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 23:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:JocelynW


text:
Shokan

Shokan may refer to:
 * Shokan, New York, a town in the United States
 * Shokan Railroad Station, an abandoned railway station
 * Shokan (archaeological site), a village from the late Meroitic period, excavated by the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, the Netherlands in 1962-1964 (named Shokan by the excavators after a contemporary but abandoned hamlet nearby)

title: Shokan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Enste

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Deletion review nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep — I've expanded the article to a three-point dab. --Gareth Hughes 17:21, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Enste
One sentence isn't good enough... Have lengthened some, but still not sure if it's a keep bjelleklang 23:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 12:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but modify. A check on Google and de.Wikipedia shows that this is a small city in Westphalia, not a dynasty as stated in the entry. Jtmichcock 13:20, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Enste


text:
Talk:Carla Estrada

Untitled
hola carla

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Carla Estrada. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070216091150/http://www.esmas.com:80/espectaculos/farandula/483270.html to http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/farandula/483270.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:53, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carla Estrada


text:
Boston Brook Airport

Boston Brook Airport is located 9 NM southwest of Boston Brook, New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Boston Brook Airport


text:
Geology of the Falkland Islands

The geology of the Falkland Islands is described in several publications. The Falkland Islands are located on a projection of the Patagonian continental shelf. In ancient geological time this shelf was part of Gondwana, which around 400 million years ago broke from what is now Africa and drifted westwards relative to Africa. Studies of the seabed surrounding the islands indicated the possibility of oil. Intensive exploration began in 1996, although there had been some earlier seismic surveys in the region.

Proterozoic Eon and Paleozoic Era
The geological history of the Falkland Islands began more than thousand million years ago (Mya), before they existed as separate islands. From its earliest history the Falklands Islands has been linked to South America. Evidence from xenoliths suggests that the lithosphere of Deseado Massif in southern Patagonia formed 2100 to 1000 Mya in the Paleo and Mesoproterozoic. Since these times the Falklands Islands and Deseado Massif have formed a single tectonic block. Like today both regions were next to each other during the Neoproterozoic when they formed part of the ancient supercontinent of Rodinia.

About 290 million years ago, in the Carboniferous period, an ice age engulfed the area as glaciers advanced from the polar region, eroding and transporting rocks. These rocks were deposited as extensive moraines and glacial till. When the glacial sediments were turned into stone they formed the rocks that now make up the Fitzroy Tillite Formation in the Falklands. Identical rocks are found in southern Africa.

Mesozoic Era
The breakup of Gondwana in the Mesozoic Era led to the formation of a large number of minor crustal fragments, including the Falkland Islands. At first, the fragment containing the islands separated from the southeastern part of Africa on a section that would become Antarctica and later rotated by almost 180°. The interior of Gondwana was based on crystalline rocks more than a billion years old; in the Falklands today these are found in the Cape Meredith complex. Sand and mud filled and eventually covered the developing continental rifts. Later these sediments covering the rifts hardened into rock. These rock sequences from Gondwana's break-up can be identified in places as far apart as South Africa, western Antarctica and Brazil. In the Falkland Islands, these sequences are known as the West Falkland Group.

Two hundred million years ago, tectonic forces tore Gondwana apart. Sheets of liquid basalt intruded into the cracks that formed between the sedimentary layers. The resulting solidified sheets can now be seen in the form of dikes that cut the oldest sedimentary layers, those that lie principally in the southern part of East Falkland and in South Africa.

Tectonic forces continued to form the region: a mountainous chain formed, part of which now forms Wickham Heights on East Falkland Island and extends westwards through West Falkland into the Jason Islands. A basin developed and was filled with land-based, or terrigenous, sediments. These layers of sand and mud filled the basin as it sank; as they hardened, they produced the rocks of the sedimentary Lafonia Group of the Falklands. These rocks are similar to those in southern Africa's Karoo basin.

Geological structure
The oldest rocks in the Falklands are gneiss and granite in the Cape Meredith complex, which radiometric studies place at around 1100 million years old. These types of rocks are visible in cliffs at the south end of West Falkland. The Cape Meredith complex corresponds to the crystalline rocks that made up the interior of the Gondwana supercontinent. This type of rock also has a great geological similarity to rocks currently found in South Africa and in Queen Maud Land in Antarctica. On top of the gneiss and granite lie layers of quartzite, sandstone, and shales or mudstone in West Falkland. Cross-bedding and ripple marks identify the zone where these rocks were deposited as the shallow waters of a delta environment where currents transported submarine sediments. In the case of the Falklands these palaeocurrent directions mostly run northward, and are very similar to those in formations in South Africa that run southward. Comparison of the two provides evidence that the block of sandstone sediments that contains the islands has rotated. Rocks in the central part of West Falkland contain fossils of marine organisms that lived in shallow water.

Formation of basalt dikes
The plain of Lafonia is made of the arenaceous, or sandy, sediments of the Lafonia Group. Depressions in the sediments formed where they were cut by vertical basalt dikes. The dike is revealed by the erosion of the less resistant rock matrix; this can be observed on Lively Island. In West Falkland there are several dikes that cut the rocks of the West Falkland group, but these dykes, unlike the previous ones, are chemically more unstable and have eroded. The only indication of their existence is the aligned linear depressions. In the margins of these depressions there is evidence of contact baking or hornfels formation adjacent to the once molten basalt dyke.

Folding of West Falkland
Most of the layers of West Falkland and its satellite islands are slightly inclined from the horizontal. This inclination shows different types from rocks in different places. The quartzites of Port Stephens and Stanley are more resistant than the arenaceous sediments of the formation at Fox Bay. The Hornby Mountains, near Falkland Sound have experienced tectonic forces of uplift and folding by which the beds of the West Falkland Group, the Fitzroy Tillite and the Lafonia Group are inclined to the vertical.

Folding of East Falkland
Where East Falkland is underlain by rocks from the West Falkland Group, the rock layers are severely deformed. The layers are tightly folded with steep to vertical dips. The very soft rocks near the Fox Bay Formation are highly susceptible to erosion. The hardest quartzites are more resistant and have created a very irregular landscape with steeply inclined rock layers found along the length of the mountain chain on East Falkland from the city of Stanley westward to Wickham Heights.

Glaciation and weathering
The effects of the ice age erosion that occurred in the Pleistocene glaciation between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago are visible in the islands. The tops of the hills have been exposed to most of the effects of freezing and thawing. Also, the strong winds that are characteristic of the region carry sand grains up to heights of a metre above ground level; the resulting sand-blasting causes rocks and pillar-shaped rock structures to show the most erosion in their lowest exposed levels, at one metre and below. This unique pattern of erosion is evident in the higher elevations of West Falkland where quartzites of the Port Stephens Formation are exposed at the surface. During the last glaciation, snow that accumulated year after year formed glaciers in some elevated leeward zones. These and previous glaciers modified the landscape on the eastern mountain slopes that were protected from the westerly winds. The reason for glacier accumulation on the eastern slopes could be that the climate could have been very dry, or that the prevailing wind prevented glaciers from forming in places other than eastern slopes.

Another effect of glaciation can be seen on East Falkland in the basins called glacial cirques that were created on Mount Usborne. On West Falkland there are glacial cirques on Mount Adam and on the Hornby mountains. Several of these hold tarns, or small cirque ponds.

Rock flows or moraines are another characteristic left by glaciation. In the Falklands, these generally occur only at the mouth of the cirques, although in one valley they extend some 3 km south of the drainage divide that was the likely ice source; north of this same divide, a closer-in moraine loop dams in a small lake. These moraines are morphologically quite different from the very widespread stone runs, which are the result of periglacial processes.

All the boulders in the stone runs are remnants of quartzites that were repeatedly ground down from repeated weathering, perhaps by a combination of frost action and thermal fatigue. They are found principally in the Port Stanley Beds and to a lesser degree in the Port Stephens Formation. Excavations show that the colour of the upper parts of the rocks is different from the lower part. This is due to rainwater erosion that has whitened the stones and left them a light grey colour. Below ground level, where the rocks have been protected from erosion, they acquire an orange colour from iron oxide.

Petroleum exploration and reserves
The petroleum survey area of the Falkland Islands is in the sea to the north of the islands, covers 400,000 km2, and contains several sedimentary basins from the Mesozoic era. After conducting seismic reflection studies and three-dimensional exploration, six test wells were drilled. Five of the six wells produced samples of petroleum. However, none produced indications of commercial amounts.

According to British Geological Survey studies led by the geologist Phil Richards, the petroleum occurs at 2,700 metres below sea level and a maximum generation would be found beginning at 3,000 metres below sea level. The main petroleum source rocks have still not been penetrated because they are located at a depth deeper than 3,000 metres. It is considered probable that more than 60 billion barrels have been generated, that is, produced by natural forces, in deposits in the North Falkland Basin. These figures are based on the studies of pyrolysis obtained from wells and assume the existence of a mature rock interval of 400 metres thickness and covering an area of 40 by 40 km.

However, even with more conservative figures for the thickness and surface area of the source rock, the rich potential generator of petroleum, it is calculated that significant quantities can be extracted. For example, in an area of mature rock 35 by 12 km and 200 metres thick more than 11.5 billion barrels of petroleum could exist, including the production of 8 kilograms of hydrocarbon per tonne.

The brown lacustrine sediments are similar to the lacustrine source rocks of the Upper Permian to the south from the Junggar basin, which are among the richest source rocks for oil in the world. According to calculations of the Potential Production Index (obtained when multiplying the organic content of the rock by its thickness and potential production of hydrocarbons) they suggest the rocks of the North Falkland basin are second only to the Junggar basin in petroleum potential.

Although the wells indicate a potentially productive source rock, they also indicate that many of the target reservoirs are composed of volcaniclastic rocks with low porosity due to secondary mineralisation and are thus unlikely to store hydrocarbons in large quantities. This is not an anomalous view based solely on published data from one well, but based on information from multiple sources. Volcaniclastic-rich deposits are probably present in many parts of the basin, which is to be expected, given the major volcanic sediment source that lay to the west at the time of sedimentary deposition.

Tectonic-stratigraphic structure of the North Falkland Basin: post-exploratory-well analysis
The sedimentary material that fills the north part of North Falkland basin is divided in eight tectonic-stratigraphic geological units. A geologic unit is a volume of rock or ice of identifiable origin and age that is defined by distinctive characteristics. At present the biostratigraphic information collected is not sufficient to establish a stratigraphical sequence based on palynological and paleontological data. Also, the lithostratigraphical units are useful to describe the stratigraphy only of individual wells, but are not useful to make comparisons since there are lateral lithological variations between the units.

The North Falkland basin was where the fluvial-lacustrine (river-lake) deposition took place during the first and last stages of crest formation in the area, which created a permanent lake toward the end of the process of the subsidence or sinking of the crest. At the end of the formation of the crest, a process of sedimentation occurred that formed various delta systems, creating a large system of lakes.

Toward the end of the tectonic uplift, sedimentation occurred within several deltaic systems in a great system of lakes. Towards the end of the post-uplift phase, from the end of the early Albian or Cenomanian to the beginning of the late Paleocene, the North Falkland basin was characterized by the initial establishment of marginal coastal conditions and finally totally marine conditions, as a marine connection with the basin was formed. In the case of the Falkland basin, the marine conditions began in the early Jurassic and continued in the San Jorge River basin to the northwest, which suggests that marine conditions spread northwards from the south. The process of uplift in the Paleocene was followed by a process of tectonic subsidence in addition to the marine-deltaic deposition that took place during the rest of the Cenozoic period.

History of petroleum exploration
Geological surveys of the Falklands began in the late 1970s, when two petroleum services companies undertook seismic surveys of the Falklands and the surrounding seafloor. Although the data appeared to indicate the area was a viable site for exploratory drilling, the islands' government was not prepared to grant licences for drilling. With the growth of oil extraction in the North Sea, most crude extraction in British waters was confined to the North Sea area. Some limited surveying did continue, but this was halted entirely following the invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentina in 1982 and the subsequent conflict.

In 1992 the Falkland Islands government contracted the British Geological Survey to resume geological survey work in the Falklands. After an initial investigation showed the presence of several Mesozoic basins in the waters surrounding the islands, the first round of exploratory licences was granted covering the most promising of these basins, a fractured basin of elongated shape in relatively shallow waters north of the islands. Other candidate basins, located to the south and east of the islands, present a greater technological challenge, as they are located in considerably deeper waters.

When the Falkland Islands government granted licenses in 1996, seven companies agreed upon an exploratory drilling campaign. Six exploratory wells were drilled as planned for the first five-year period of the licences.

Along with geological and geophysical data obtained during the exploration campaign, environmental data were also gathered. On the other hand, new investigations in this local were carried out during the drilling campaign and were the object of study in recent years. Investigations of oil reserves in the Falklands area continued, but no large-scale extraction has yet commenced.

A new programme of exploratory drilling was scheduled to begin in February 2010 when the Ocean Guardian begins an expected programme of ten exploration wells for Desire Petroleum plc and its associate companies. In 2012 Leiv Eirikson is drilling in the East Falklands Basin.

In May 2015 oil was discovered in Isobel deep (North Falklands Basin) by a consortium of oil companies including Falkland Oil & Gas, Premier Oil, and Rockhopper Oil & Gas. In 2023, Rockhopper (working with Tel Aviv-listed Navitas Petroleum) indicated that it had been presented with a new development plan for its Sea Lion project that aimed to cut costs and proceed in phases. It was stated that: "If realized, the new plan — with a total price tag of $2.2 billion — could lead to 80,000 barrels per day of production (up to 100,000 b/d at peak) via a leased floating production, storage and offloading unit". A final investment decision was targeted for early 2024.

The petroleum system in the North Falkland Basin
The petroleum exploration discovered a system of source rock in the North Falkland Basin capable of generating more than 102 kg of hydrocarbons per tonne of rock. Although a great portion of the thickness of the source rock is geologically immature, it is capable of generating hydrocarbons below 2,000 metres. The rock generating the largest quantity of hydrocarbons is located at a depth of nearly 3,000 metres. The calculations of the volume of rock that lies just inside the bordering fringe of the petroleum deposit ranges from 36 billion cubic metres to 400 billion cubic metres, depending on the interpretation of the seismic survey data. In general, it is believed that the basin could have generated up to 60 billion barrels of petroleum. The petroleum exploration discovered that under the principal interval of source rock is a layer of sandstone approximately 100 metres thick with porosities reaching 30%. Up to now, very few sandstones with good reserve properties have been found in the succession of rifts below the interval of principal source rock, but very few wells have penetrated into this zone.

The absence of high pressure in the basin suggests that whatever quantity of petroleum was produced could have migrated laterally and thus could be trapped in rift reservoirs developed below and to the side of the source rock and could function—given its low level of porosity—as a seal for the deeper rock and would only be cut on the borders where it is intruded upon by faults.

title: Geology of the Falkland Islands


text:
Chichester Metro station

Chichester is a station on the Tyne and Wear Metro serving the Chichester, Laygate, Westoe and West Park areas of South Tyneside, as well as the nearby South Tyneside College campus. The station is affectionately referred to as 'Chi' by locals.

The station was used by approximately 390,000 passengers in 2017–18.

The Tyne & Wear Metro station at Chichester was opened in March 1984, and completed the initial Metro network. It was originally a station on the Green Line from Bank Foot (until 1991), and later, Airport. Since 2005, the station has been on the Yellow Line from St. James.

A statue of Queen Victoria had been moved to Chichester in 1949, from its original position in front of South Shields Town Hall. In 1981, it was removed to make way for the new Metro station at Chichester, and returned to its original position at the front of the Town Hall, where it remains today.

Chichester is situated on the former Stanhope & Tyne Railway route, rather than the former Brandling Junction Railway route via High Shields.

Part of this line had been transferred into National Coal Board ownership, and to the south of the station was a single-track electrified freight line, part of the Harton Colliery system. In the early 1990s, this line was de-electrified, and following the closure of Westoe Colliery in 1993, has been closed completely.

The former colliery line along Chichester Road was regenerated in the late 1990s, being replaced with a supermarket. The line itself was also the spot of the Westoe Netty, an open air public urinal which was depicted in a famous 1972 painting by Bob Olley. These toilets were saved when the colliery line was demolished, and are now preserved at the Beamish Open Air Museum in County Durham. In regards to the station, the colliery line ran behind Platform 2 with the tunnel beneath the concourse still visible from the Dean Road bridge.

Chichester was intended as one of the original interchange stations, which meant buses were timetabled to interchange with Metro services. This arrangement broke down after the deregulation of local bus services in 1986. Today, Chichester still serves as one of the Metro's main bus interchanges, due to the close proximity of the Stagecoach bus depot, but now serves mainly for nearby residential areas, as well as the South Tyneside College campus.

The platforms at Chichester are below street level, however the ticket hall is at ground level. The ticket hall contains two ticket machines and a newsagent. The station also houses four bicycle lockers.

Following the opening of the new South Shields Interchange in August 2019, Chichester is the single remaining station on the branch from Pelaw to South Shields which has yet to be refurbished.

In November 2014, two pieces of artwork produced by community group Bright Futures were installed in the station. It is also unique in having station signage in blue, instead of the original yellow, due to an advertising deal with South Tyneside College.

The station also had a brief cameo in the second version of the music video for the 1985 hit single Life in a Northern Town by The Dream Academy.

Services
, the station is served by up to five trains per hour on weekdays and Saturday, and up to four trains per hour during the evening and on Sunday.

Rolling stock used: Class 599 Metrocar

title: Chichester Metro station