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Talk:Geography of Ghana

Togo-Ghana border
I recently made an OMC map of Togo for the Geography of Togo article and noticed, while consulting other maps, including those already in the article, that there seems to be a disagreement over the alignment of the border between Togo and Ghana. The question is about the land inside an oxbow found at 9°38′N 0°18′E (see map).

OMC shows this as part of Togo, as do the relief map in the article and the CIA map in the main Togo article, but GoogleEarth says that it's part of Ghana, with the border cutting across the neck of that bit of territory. This is also what the satellite image shows. GoogleEarth also says that there is a village there called Butoe. Is it Ghanaian or Togolese?

Would anyone happen to know whether this represents an ongoing territorial dispute between Togo and Ghana, or perhaps a recent border change agreement? Or is it simply a mistake made by a mapmaker somewhere? I would appreciate any light that anyone could shed on this question, as I would like to adjust the OMC map accordingly. Also, if one of those political situations that I mentioned actually is the case, I think the Togo and Ghana articles should mention it.

Thanks.Kelisi 19:30, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't offer much help with this... though looking at few geoname databases, it would seem Butoe is associated with Ghana. The border in existing maps either seems to follow the river Oti or takes a short-cut - I'm not sure if there is any preference either way. I believe the border data GMT comes with is a rather old version of World Data Bank II (CIA Data Bank; WDB), and I know there a few errors here and there. I would assume that's the case also here... I used GMT to make the topographic maps, so I have very likely used the same border data than you. You could try asking people at WikiProject Maps – I think some of those guys have access to commercial/newer (hopefully better) data and might know which version is correct. Cheers, – Sadalmelik 21:01, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * After Ghana is more often read than Togo: I answered the question at Talk:Geography of Togo, the border takes the shortcut according to the Anglo-French demarcation of October 21, 1929. --Martin H. (talk) 15:16, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Understand our natural world
we 154.161.172.253 (talk) 08:44, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geography of Ghana


text:
User talk:Sirsingsalot

Aria Varasteh
Hi. Your article Aria Varasteh has been noticed and suggested for deletion because the subject does not appear notable. I have removed the deletion notice, but would reccomend that you add anyvalid calims to notability ASAP, or it will probably be deleted, quite quickly. Rich Farmbrough 22:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sirsingsalot


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User talk:LHLbyvirtue

Welcome!

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title: User talk:LHLbyvirtue


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List of Argentine Jews

The history of the Jews in Latin America began with seven sailors arriving in Christopher Columbus's crew. Since then, the Jewish population of Latin America has risen to more than 500,000 — most of whom live in Argentina, with large communities also present in Brazil. The following is a list of some prominent Argentine Jews:

Athletes

 * Daniel Brailovsky, football player
 * Carolina Duer, boxer
 * Gastón Etlis, tennis player
 * Nicolas Falczuk, football player
 * Fernando Fligman, football player
 * Naón Isidro, football player
 * Martín Jaite, tennis player
 * Waldo Kantor, volleyball player
 * Giselle Kañevsky, field hockey player
 * Valentina Kogan, handball player
 * Nora Koppel, weightlifter
 * Daniela Krukower, judoka
 * Lucas Matías Licht, football player
 * Bryan Man, football player
 * Federico Mociulsky, football player
 * José Pekerman, football coach
 * Sergio Roitman, tennis player
 * Martín Schusterman, rugby player
 * Diego Schwartzman, tennis player
 * Juan Pablo Sorín, football player
 * Eial Strahman, football player
 * Ezra Sued, football player
 * Pablo Tabachnik, table tennis player
 * Nicolás Tauber, football player
 * Jonathan Tennenbaum, football player
 * Nicolas Valansi, football player
 * Alexis Weisheim, football player
 * Fernando Zylberberg, field hockey player

Businesspeople

 * Marcos Galperin (1971–), co‑founder, Chairman, President and CEO of MercadoLibre
 * Alejandro Romay (1927–2015), media mogul, owner of Canal 9, Radio Belgrano (es:Radio Belgrano), the Buenos Aires cable system (BAC), and Miami television station WJAN

Entertainers

 * Héctor Babenco, film director
 * Sebastián Borensztein, screenwriter and filmmaker
 * Tato Bores, humorist
 * Daniel Burman, filmmaker
 * Julio Chávez, actor
 * Jorge Guinzburg, journalist, theatrical producer, humorist and TV and radio host
 * Gerardo Sofovich, TV producer, humorist
 * Hugo Sofovich, TV producer and humorist
 * Max Berliner, Polish-Argentine actor, author, film director and theater director
 * Norman Briski, well known theater actor, director and playwright

Musicians

 * Martha Argerich, concert pianist
 * Daniel Barenboim, conductor and pianist
 * Mario Davidovsky, composer
 * Giora Feidman, klezmer musician
 * Max Glücksmann, pioneer of the Argentine music and film industries
 * Osvaldo Golijov, classical composer
 * Alejandro Lerner, singer-songwriter
 * Lalo Schifrin, composer
 * Oscar Strasnoy, composer and conductor
 * Andrés Calamaro, singer-songwriter

Politicians

 * José Alperovich, former governor of Tucumán Province
 * Tania Bíder, revolutionary fighter
 * Myriam Bregman, congresswoman
 * Beatriz Rojkés de Alperovich, former provisional president of the Senate
 * Daniel Filmus, government minister and former senator
 * Itai Hagman, student leader and congressman
 * Carlos Heller, banker and congressman
 * César Jaroslavsky, former national congressman
 * Axel Kicillof, governor of Buenos Aires Province
 * Héctor Timerman, journalist, human rights activist and diplomat, former foreign minister
 * Hugo Yasky, trade unionist and congressman

Religion

 * Sergio Bergman, rabbi, politician, pharmacist, writer and social activist
 * Abraham Skorka, rabbi and biophysicist
 * Isaac Sacca, rabbi

Scientists

 * Laszlo Biro, inventor of the ballpoint pen
 * César Milstein, immunologist, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner

Mathematicians

 * Gregory Chaitin, mathematician
 * Beppo Levi, mathematician
 * Cora Sadosky, mathematician
 * Manuel Sadosky, mathematician

Writers

 * Marcos Aguinis, journalist, writer
 * Marcelo Birmajer, writer
 * Isidoro Blaisten, writer
 * Sergio Chejfec, writer
 * León Dujovne, writer, philosopher, journalist, essayist
 * Samuel Eichelbaum, writer
 * Juan Gelman, poet
 * Alberto Gerchunoff, writer
 * Noé Jitrik, essayist, literary critic
 * Alberto Manguel, novelist and essayist
 * Alejandra Pizarnik, poet
 * Andrés Rivera, born Marcos Ribak, novelist
 * Alejandro Rozitchner, essayist
 * Ana María Shua, writer
 * César Tiempo, born Israel Zeitlin, writer and screenwriter
 * Jacobo Timerman, political commentator, journalist
 * Bernardo Verbitsky, novelist
 * Horacio Verbitsky, journalist
 * Federico Andahazi, writer

Others

 * Mario Blejer, economist
 * Raymundo Gleyzer, a cinema director kidnapped by the Argentinian junta
 * Miguel Najdorf, Polish-Argentine chess grandmaster
 * Raquel Partnoy, painter
 * Naomi Preizler, fashion model and artist
 * Natalio Alberto Nisman, a lawyer who worked as a federal prosecutor, noted for being the chief investigator of the 1994 car bombing of the Jewish center in Buenos Aires, which killed 85 people, the worst terrorist attack in Argentina's history
 * Damián Szifron, film and television director and screenwriter

title: List of Argentine Jews


text:
The Overcoat

"The Overcoat" (Шине́ль, translit. Shinyél’; sometimes translated as "The Cloak") is a short story by Nikolai Gogol, published in 1842. The story has had a great influence on Russian literature. Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, discussing Russian realist writers, said: "We all came out from under Gogol's Overcoat" (a quote often misattributed to Dostoevsky). Writing in 1941, Vladimir Nabokov described "The Overcoat" as "The greatest Russian short story ever written".

Plot
The story narrates the life and death of titular councillor Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin (Russian: Акакий Акакиевич Башмачкин), an impoverished government clerk and copyist in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg. Although Akaky is dedicated to his job, he is little recognized in his department for his hard work. Instead, the younger clerks tease him and attempt to distract him whenever they can. His threadbare overcoat is often the butt of their jokes. Akaky decides it is necessary to have the coat repaired, so he takes it to his tailor, Petrovich, who declares the coat irreparable, telling Akaky he must buy a new overcoat.

The cost of a new overcoat is beyond Akaky's meager salary, so he forces himself to live within a strict budget to save sufficient money to buy the new overcoat. Meanwhile, he and Petrovich frequently meet to discuss the style of the new coat. During that time, Akaky's zeal for copying is replaced with excitement about his new overcoat, to the point that he thinks of little else. Finally, with the addition of an unexpectedly large holiday salary bonus, Akaky has saved enough money to buy a new overcoat.

Akaky and Petrovich go to the shops in St. Petersburg and pick the finest materials they can afford (marten fur was too expensive, so they use cat fur for the collar). The new coat is of impressively good quality and appearance and is the talk of Akaky's office on the day he arrives wearing it. His superior decides to host a party honoring the new overcoat, at which the habitually solitary Akaky is out of place; after the party, Akaky goes home, far later than he normally would. En route home, two ruffians confront him, take his coat, kick him down, and leave him in the snow.

Akaky finds no help from the authorities in recovering his lost overcoat. Finally, on the advice of another clerk in his department, he asks for help from an "important personage" (Russian: значительное лицо), a general recently promoted to his position who belittles and shouts at his subordinates to solidify his self-importance. After keeping Akaky waiting, the general demands of him exactly why he has brought so trivial a matter to him, personally, and not presented it to his secretary. Socially inept Akaky makes an unflattering remark concerning departmental secretaries, provoking so powerful a scolding from the general that he nearly faints and must be led from the general's office. Soon afterward, Akaky falls deathly ill with fever. In his last hours, he is delirious, imagining himself again sitting before the general; at first, Akaky pleads forgiveness, but as his death nears, he curses the general.

Soon, a corpse, identified as Akaky's ghost, haunts areas of St. Petersburg, taking overcoats from people; the police are finding it difficult to capture him. Finally, Akaky's ghost catches up with the general—who, since Akaky's death, had begun to feel guilt over having mistreated him—and takes his overcoat, frightening him terribly; satisfied, Akaky is not seen again. The narrator ends his narration with the account of another ghost seen in another part of the city. This other ghost meets the description of one of the ruffians.

Characters
Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin: Bureaucrat in one of the departments of the Russian government in St. Petersburg, the nation's capital city. Bashmachkin, about fifty, is a quiet, self-effacing man with red hair and a receding hairline. His job is to copy documents such as letters. Although he enjoys his work and never makes a mistake, he has no desire to take on more challenging work, realizing that he has limited capabilities. Because he is meek and dresses shabbily, most of his coworkers regard him as a nobody and frequently pick on him. When his cloak becomes so frayed that it can no longer protect him against the bitter cold, he dedicates himself to saving enough money to purchase a new cloak.

Petrovich: One-eyed, heavy-drinking, decent tailor whom Bashmachkin hires to make his new cloak. Petrovitch was once a serf.

Wife of Petrovich: Woman of plain looks whom the narrator says Petrovitch calls "a low female and a German" when they argue.

Bearded Assailants: Men who steal Akaky's new cloak.

Landlady of Bashmachkin: Elderly woman who advises Akaky to report the theft of his cloak to the district police chief.

District Police Chief: Official who hears Akaky's report about his stolen cloak. The policeman asks Akaky embarrassing questions, as if he was a criminal. The policeman is of no help.

Employee With Advice: Coworker of Akaky who advises him to see a certain prominent personage in a government office who will help Akaky track down his stolen cloak.

Prominent Personage: Bureaucrat mainly concerned with demonstrating the power he wields as a supervisor. He excoriates Akaky for not going through the proper government channels to get an interview. He is of no help.

Physician: Doctor called after Akaky develops a throat infection. He tells Akaky's landlady to order a coffin.

Interpretations
Gogol makes much of Akaky's name in the opening passages, saying, "the circumstances were such that it was quite out of the question to give him any other name..." The literal meaning of the name Akaky, derived from the Greek, is "harmless" or "lacking evil", showing the humiliation it must have taken to drive his ghost to violence. His surname Bashmachkin, meanwhile, comes from the word 'bashmak', a type of shoe. It is used in an expression "быть под башмаком" which means to be "under someone's thumb" or to "be henpecked".

Akaky progresses from an introverted and hopeless but functioning non-entity with no expectations of social or material success to one whose self-esteem and thereby expectations are raised by the overcoat. Akaky is described as humorously fit for his position as a non-entity. He is not oppressed by the nature of bureaucratic work because he enjoys performing bureaucratic tasks like copying because he lacks an inner life. Gogol makes light of his fitness for mundane bureaucratic activities by joking that Akaky was always "to be seen in the same place, the same attitude, the same occupation; so that it was afterwards affirmed that he had been born in undress uniform with a bald head." When Akaky is asked to make a minor change in a document instead of merely copying it, he cannot do it. Akaky "labored with love" and longed for nothing but copying. A good contrast would be Melville's Bartleby, the Scrivener. Bartleby is quite adept at his job as a copyist, but arrives "incurably forlorn" when he is first employed. Bartleby begins rejecting his work saying "I would prefer not to," gradually rejecting more and more, until he finally dies staring at a wall having rejected life itself. Bartleby's antisocial, otherworldly and melancholy features make him uncanny and he has been interpreted as a provocateur of existential crisis. Akaky, on the other hand, is presented in a humorous way initially. This is partly because he represents a "type" presented in anecdotal form by Gogol.

Critics have noted the famous "humane passage" which demonstrates a sudden shift in the narration's style from comic to tragic. Though Akaky is not oppressed by his task, he is by his coworkers who treat him "in a coolly despotic way" and "laughed at and made fun of him". Akaky usually does not respond, until finally he is provoked to exclaim "Leave me alone! Why do you insult me?" Upon hearing this, one new worker was compelled to stop. This young man never forgot Akaky and his "heart-rending words" which carried the unspoken message "I am thy brother." Remembering Akaky he "shuddered at how much inhumanity there is in man." Indeed, the coworker's comments underscore one possible interpretation of the story:"'How little humane feeling after all was to be found in men's hearts; how much coarseness and cruelty was to be found even in the educated and those who were everywhere regarded as good and honorable men.'"The narrator's portrayal of Akaky jars the reader, like the young man himself, from carefree mockery to graven sympathy. Gogol is noted for his instability of style, tone, genre among other literary devices, as Boris Eichenbaum notes. Eichenbaum also notes that Gogol wrote "The Overcoat" in a skaz—a difficult-to-translate colloquial language in Russian deriving from or associated with an oral storytelling tradition.

Akaky's overcoat allows him to become human instead of a merely bureaucratic tool. A Marxist reading of the text would interpret Akaky's material desire as granting him humanity. The story does not condemn private acquisition and materialism, but asserts that human beings can have fulfillment from attention to material goods. Material goods, in particular clothing, do not merely mask real human character, but can modify a person's identity in a positive and liberating way. Akaky's social alienation and belittlement give way to community inclusion and genuine respect.

It is also possible to read the text from a psychoanalytic perspective. Akaky's libido is repressed and sublimated into the task of copying. After he acquires the coat, he expresses sexual interest. Akaky "even started to run, without knowing why, after some lady." He also "halted out of curiosity before a shop window to look at a picture representing a handsome woman...baring her whole foot in a very pretty way." He laughs and does not know why because he experiences previously unknown feelings. Akaky also treats the coat with the tenderness and obsession of a lover. When the construction of the coat is first commissioned Akaky feels that his existence became "fuller, as if he were married."

Akaky's low position in the bureaucratic hierarchy is evident, and the extent to which he looks up the hierarchical ladder is well documented; sometimes forgotten, according to Harold McFarlin, is that he is not the lowest-ranked in the hierarchy and thus in society. He has mastered the bureaucratic language and has internalized it to the extent that he describes and treats the non-civil servants ("only two 'civilians,' the landlady and tailor, play more than incidental roles") as if they are part of the same world—the tailor is described as sitting "like a Turkish Pasha", that is, a government official, and Akaky "treats the self-effacing old landlady just like his bosses treat him at the office ('somehow coldly and despotically')".

Critical assessment
Vladimir Nabokov, writing in his Lectures on Russian Literature, gave the following appraisal of Gogol and his most famous story: "Steady Pushkin, matter-of-fact Tolstoy, restrained Chekhov have all had their moments of irrational insight which simultaneously blurred the sentence and disclosed a secret meaning worth the sudden focal shift. But with Gogol this shifting is the very basis of his art, so that whenever he tried to write in the round hand of literary tradition and to treat rational ideas in a logical way, he lost all trace of talent. When, as in the immortal The Overcoat, he really let himself go and pottered on the brink of his private abyss, he became the greatest artist that Russia has yet produced."

Films
A number of films have used the story, both in the Soviet Union and in other countries:
 * The Overcoat (1916) – an American silent film directed by Rae Berger
 * The Overcoat (1926) – a Soviet silent film directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg
 * The Overcoat (1951) – a film of Marcel Marceau's Mime Play with W. Schleif in Berlin
 * The Overcoat ("Il Cappotto") (1952) – an Italian film directed by Alberto Lattuada
 * The Awakening (1954), an adaptation for the Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Presents television series starring Buster Keaton, with the story transposed to an unnamed totalitarian state.
 * The Bespoke Overcoat (1955) – an Oscar-winning short British film directed by Jack Clayton based on Wolf Mankowitz's 1953 play of the same name. Here the story is transposed to the East End of London and the protagonists are poor Jews working in the clothing trade.
 * The Overcoat (1959) – a Soviet film directed by Aleksey Batalov
 * The Overcoat (1976) – an Iraqi Kurdish made-for-TV film adapted by Simko Nakam and directed by Jamal Mohamad
 * Nayi Sherwani (1986) – an adaptation for the Indian DD National television series Katha Sagar by Shyam Benegal
 * The Overcoat (1997) – a Greek film
 * The Overcoat (2001) – a Canadian made-for-TV film produced by the CBC
 * The Overcoat – an unfinished animated film by Yuriy Norshteyn and Francheska Yarbusova, in the works since the early 1980s.
 * The Overcoat (2017) – a short film adapted and directed by Patrick Myles starring Jason Watkins, Tim Key, Vicki Pepperdine and Alex Macqueen.
 * The Overcoat (2018) – an animated special adapted by Hugh O'Conor and directed by Sean Mullen & Meelis Arulepp, starring Cillian Murphy and Alfred Molina.

Radio

 * Gogol's story was adapted twice on the radio series Theatre Royal, first on October 11, 1953 and then on August 4, 1954, both versions starring Sir Michael Redgrave as Akaky.
 * Hans Conreid starred as Akaky in an adaptation on The CBS Radio Mystery Theater on March 3, 1977.
 * On April 3, 2002, the BBC Radio 4 series Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat broadcast an adaptation by Jim Poyser of the story starring Stephen Moore as Akaky. In this version, the Very Important Person whose overcoat Akaky's ghost takes is Akaky's immediate superior Colonel Borzov, and the ending is altered to have Akaky's ghost visit him in his office (rather than on his way home in his sleigh, as in the story) to take both the overcoat and Borzov's Very Important Person medal (and a bag of sugared rusks).

Ballet

 * The Russian composer German Okunev was working on a ballet version of 'The Overcoat' at the time of his death in 1973: it was completed and orchestrated by V. Sapozhnikov.
 * A recent adaptation by Morris Panych and Wendy Gorling, set to various music by Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich, was performed by actors using dance and mime. A film version was produced by the CBC.
 * The Danish choreographer Flemming Flindt created a version for Dennis Nahat and the Clevelend-San Jose Ballet. The principal role was performed by Rudolph Nureyev at the world premiere at the Edinburgh Festival in the summer of 1990.

In popular culture

 * The protagonist in the 2003 novel The Namesake, by Jhumpa Lahiri, is named for Gogol because of the importance that "The Overcoat" had on his father as a young man in Calcutta. The "Gogol" of this novel finds meaning in the story, after struggling with the name given to him by his father. In the novel, Gogol's father justifies his choice for his son's name by saying "We all came out of Gogol's Overcoat......One day you will understand..." An adaptation of the novel was produced as a film, The Namesake, in 2006, directed by Mira Nair.
 * The manga Bungo Stray Dogs features a character named after Nikolai Gogol whose supernatural ability is named The Overcoat, which allows him to store and retrieve anything from his overcoat.

title: The Overcoat


text:
Talk:Dirty War

"Hero"
I removed the mention of Aldo Rico as an "opposition leader" worthy of mention at the supposed divide between sides for and against prosecuting the genocide's responsibles; and added "citation needed" to the claim that such action was controversial at all. For a controversy to exist there must be a sizable dissenting partiality, and the words of a lone Junta-nostalgic a side don't make. Since he was being refered in that paragraph as a "Malvinas war hero", it's clear to me that its addition was made from a clear non-neutral POV.

New article?
The bulk of the article should definitely be transferred into a new "Dirty War(Argentina)" section. -- —This unsigned comment was added by Valenciano (talk • contribs) 18:21, 27 February 2006.

The title should be changed - it is a terrible offense to Argentinian History
As has already been claimed by other users, the term "Dirty War" is highly offensive given the assymetry of the sides within the conflict. Within the article itself is a quote from Estela de Carlotto: "[That term] is a way to minimize state terrorism and is a term born outside the country. It is a totally wrong concept; there was no war, dirty nor clean." Argentinians use the term "State Terrorism" and the article should be revised. 190.190.209.118 (talk) 18:14, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * My father was chased (he could escape) and 2 of my uncles were imprisoned with no trial nor motifs or proofs, in an absolute clandestine manner. They were tortured during their time in prison, fortunately they survived. The title given here should be corrected as soon as possible, it was State Terrorism. 170.210.48.100 (talk) 19:20, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The title is based on what is commonly used in English sources to describe what happened. Being "wrong" or offensive to some people does not matter, nor does what it is called in Argentine sources. It can be made clear what actually took place by what the article says, not what its title says. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 20:43, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dirty War


text:
Talk:National Reorganization Process

Move
I think that this article should be more along the lines of the article in Spanish wikipedia I'll start working on merging/translating them as I have time. As they stated below this was the official name of this period and Dirty War was just a part of it. MarianoL (talk) 21:02, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Shouldn't we move Dirty War here??? Is almost the same thing and both are inextricably related.

If nobody comments, I'll merge them together and then move in 2-3 days...

--Sebastian Kessel Talk 22:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

It may even be better to merge this article to Dirty War, was the events carried out by the junta are known in the English-speaking world as the Dirty War. Alr 18:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * See my comments at Talk:Dirty War. The Dirty War was specifically the repression of insurgency and its associated violations of human rights (plus the response by the insurgent groups). The Proceso was the whole government. The Dirty War is considered by some to have started before the Proceso (with the AAA et al), and it should be treated like that. This article about the Proceso should be expanded with info about censorship of the media, the Plan Cóndor, etc. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 21:04, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

No official investigation backs the 30,000 number, so I made the pertinent ammendments. —Preceding unsigned comment added by YoungSpinoza (talk • contribs)

Yes, the dirty war could be merged with this. Pablo, if some or many (I despise indefinite articles) historians consider the dirty war to have started before, then you should state it as such a "consideration" or hypothesis, not a fact ("are considered to have continued" instead of "continued"). Regarding, Lopez Rega, a link should be included to where it says he was (instead of he was suspected of) being a member of P2, and it should be something else than gelli's declarations to be a friend of peron. I made some changes, justification is in the history log. YoungSpinoza 16:04, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It could by no means be merged with the Dirty War article. The Operativo Independencia started well before the PRN, during Isabel Perón's mandate; the military government and the military repression of insurgence were certainly linked, but quite distinct.
 * López Rega's name was found in the Propaganda Due member lists found by the police in Licio Gelli's house in 1981, right next to Lastiri, Vignes and Massera. You can check it here. Taragüí @ 16:19, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, then. Regarding the conadep issue. There was not misrepresentation, it was a literal transcription of the english version of the nunca mas document. By the way, why did you revert the link to the spanish version if there's an enlish one?. YoungSpinoza 18:48, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * NO MERGE. "Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional" is propaganda term. It's a bit like if you called Nazy Germany the "Third Reich", which was to last a thousand years. Tazmaniacs

I will remove the tag as there is no more discussion about this. FedericoEcon 20:08, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Tag?
Why the cleanup tag? --Guinnog 16:18, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm taking it down; if you want to reinsert it, please say here what you think neds cleaned up to assist other editors. Thanks. --Guinnog 14:09, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Rename?
This page should really be moved to National Reorganization Process (as per WP:UE). Its a direct, literal translation and anyway we have to clarify the Spanish original version all the time. Shall I? —Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 23:29, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I kind of like the name, but you have a great point. Go ahead. Sebastian Kessel Talk 05:33, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Rename to History of Argentina from 1976 to 1983
I propose this, because I understand that Dirty War has been reserved to the human rights violations of the junta, while this article is supposed to include economic policies — of which much more can be said, of course. Furthermore, if you check the History of Argentina article, you'll see that this time-period is actually under the header "Dirty War". Thus, this renaming would help the "History of Argentina" article get more coherent. Tazmaniacs 12:39, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The Process was the official name of the military government, and thus the name of the Article. I believe the article centres in the government itself, and does not include other aspects of the history of the country during that time that could include Scientific achievements, culture events and other topics. Same thing for Generation of '80; it describes a lot of a par of decades in Argentine history, but is centered around a special topic. Mariano (t/c) 12:59, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Few months later, but Internet is another time-dimension... I'd like to recall Naming conflict guidelines here:
 * "Descriptive names - Choose a descriptive name for an article that does not carry POV implications. For instance, what do we call the controversy over Qur'an handling at Guantanamo Bay? The article is located at Qur'an desecration controversy of 2005. Note that the title makes no statement about who is the (more) guilty party: it does not "give away" that conclusion; in fact the article itself draws no conclusion. Similarly, the article on the September 11, 2001 attacks does not assign responsibility for the attacks in the article name."
 * As "Dirty War", for that matter, we can't say that National Reorganization Process is NPOV. It is the name used by the junta itself, and "reorganizing" means that Argentina was dis- or badly organized. The assassination of 30.000 persons is hardly what I call "reorganization." I would rather call it something like "destructuralization of society," sort of a reference to the sociological concept of anomia.
 * The second reason is not concerned by NPOV, but by article coherence and navigation on Wikipedia. Currently, this article & Dirty War sort of overlap, although they are not exactly the same. I understand that "Dirty War" is in fact a sub-article of NRP, as NRP englobes the Dirty War & economic policies — of course, this is not 100% correct, as demonstrated by controversies concerning when exactly did the so-called Dirty War started, in particular concerning Isabel Peron's rule.
 * Now, I hear your argument concerning cultural aspects, etc. But, precisely, History of Argentina between 1973 and 1976 could easily include a section on cultural events, with a resume of what is relevant and maybe a "main article: Cultural history of Argentina" or sgth like that. Another NPOV title for this article could be Government of Argentina from 1973 to 1976, but that's a weasel word IMO and is hundreds light-years from the popular designation of this period as the junta.
 * I hope you folks interested by the subject will leave a comment here when you have some time, I really think something should be done about this title - and don't forget: silence is approval! I will make now a similar request on "Talk:Dirty War". Tazmaniacs 18:31, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Background
I changed the sentence "He advocated a fascist policy dubbed Peronism" for "He advocated a new policy dubbed Peronism". I think that is very imprudent calling the Peronism a fascist policy. That assuption would need a serious discussion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrspokito (talk • contribs) 23:16, 26 January 2008 (UTC) Actually Peronism is a way of Fascism--Matutemats (talk) 22:29, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

No real privatization
The article claims that there was privatization, during this period.Nonsense.Infact, with the only exception of Pinochet, all military rulers in South America were state's companies friends.There was an opening of foreign trade, but with unreal exchange and big inflation.Telecomunnications, oil were state's monoplies during all this period in Argentina. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.9.121.178 (talk) 22:41, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Scilingo
The section says he was convicted and sentenced in Spain. Can someone elaborate on that? How did Spain get involved? --MartinezMD (talk) 04:08, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Check Adolfo Scilingo's article, under "Judgment" there's the explanation of the Spanish Universal jurisdiction law. Mariano (t/c) 06:32, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I "understand" Spain's law, but how did Spain get involved? WHo pressed charges? Was there any international resistance to Spain's prosecution of a case outside their domain, etc.  That's the information I'm looking for. --MartinezMD (talk) 13:49, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Conservative vs liberal
Lead says "a time of state terrorism against civilians (as well as neoliberal economic policies)". Economic policies section says "along what would later be known as neoconservative lines". So which is it? Neoliberal or neoconservative? MartinezMD (talk) 20:11, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

Categorization as neo-fascist
2804:248:fb90:5e00:8176:a98b:e224:88bc

If you dispute the characterization of the military junta as neo-fascist, then I invite you to do it here. I listed 4 distinct sources that explicitly state the regime was fascist, and I can probably find more if I do not limit myself to only English academia.

Regardless, this article can probably benefit from a section explicitly dedicated to discussing it's ideology- which I'll create soon. HadesTTW (he/him • talk) 01:38, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I would like to see more sources that label the regime as "fascist", and I would also like to see the arguments they use to support this position. -- 2804:248:FBCE:E400:541F:7B50:638E:F471 (talk) 08:32, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * There are 4 reliable sources listed. Discuss here before removing sourced material. MartinezMD (talk) 11:14, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The only source that tries to make an argument that regime was fascist is Finchelstein, the other ones just throw the label around. You need more than that before adding such categories. Again, are the more sources which label the regime "fascist"? If so, which arguments do they use? What characteristics of Videla's regime were fascist? -- 2804:248:FB1F:6600:4CF3:4DD7:D2E6:531C (talk) 23:38, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Well that's a better discussion. There's Finchelstein who has written several books/articles on fascism and describes the dictatorship as fascist. Then there's Egbal Ahmad. He describes neofascism in several countries, characterizing them, etc and mentions how several countries would fit that description, including Argentina in "The Neo-Fascist State: Notes on the Pathology of Power in the Third World" this link may go the book and with lesser mentions in other writings he includes Argentina. Then there's Cole Rizki a UVA professor interested in gay/trans issues writes a good article where fascism in Argentina and gay/trans issues overlapped with torture/oppression in Duke university's Radical History Review “No State Apparatus Goes to Bed Genocidal Then Wakes Up Democratic”. There are others who do just mention/label the dictatorship as fascist, but these mentioned scholars have done more work/writing. Now this is just in the English language. There's got to be more in Spanish, but that's more effort for me to sort through. Maybe you could look as well and not assign me all the work. MartinezMD (talk) 05:54, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, so we have some sources. The first source mentions as characteristics of so-called "neo-fascism": "Repressive terrorist state apparatus" (not necessarily fascist), "State control over the economy and labor" (Not all Latin American dictatorships maintained state control over the economy), and "origins in petit bourgeois and propertied class" (debatable). After that it mostly talks about repression, foreign policy, etc. Except for the second one, none of the characteristics are defining of fascism. And no other core tenets of fascism are mentioned. It seems the source in question just throws the label around. The same is true for the second source. It talks about the regime's social conservatism and repression, while fascism is of course a socially conservative ideology, and fascist regimes repress opposition, those things are also not necessarily fascist.

 * Some core tenets of Fascism are: Totalitarianism, Corporatism, Anti-communism, Anti-capitalism, Palingenetic ultranationalism, etc.

 * Videla's regime (as well as other Latin American military dictatorships) doesn't follow most of these, they were just regular right-wing dicatorships, if anything, Peronism was closer to fascism than Videla's regime. Peronism was opposed to both capitalism and communism, and portrayed itself as a "third position" and alternative to both, which are some core tenets of fascism, and it also had it roots in the 1943 military coup, which was led by pro-Axis officers.

 * Lastly, since you're the one wanting to include these categories, the burden is on you to justify them, so far, their inclusion is not justified. -- 2804:248:FBC6:2700:6413:478B:FA10:AA3C (talk) 05:15, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I didn't add the labels. It's the other editor who added them. I just reverted the removal of sourced material to follow WP policy then took a devil's advocate stance. But I will disagree with you in that Videla's regime goal was totalitarianism, was also nationalistic and anti-communistic. You should get other editors' opinions here, maybe an RFC, since it is not up to either of us to decide this, but to follow WP policy such as WP:RS and WP:V. MartinezMD (talk) 10:50, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok. Sure, Videla's regime was nationalistic and anti-communist (though calling it totalitarian is debatable), but it didn't follow many other core tenets of fascism, and as such, it can't be labeled a fascist regime. And I forgot to mention, but per WP:CATDEF, Videla's regime would also need to be commonly and consistently defined as fascist in order for the categories to be added. Perhaps it is appropriate to open an RfC, but as of now the inclusion of these categories is not justified. I think they should be removed until at least there is consensus to include them. -- 2804:248:FB24:CC00:F5DB:B168:537D:AE7 (talk) 08:03, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Then shouldn’t the article not say that it is fascist. Jakester499 (talk) 23:07, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree, none of the sources in the article presented a good argument to label the regime "fascist". -- 2804:248:FB24:CC00:D9E:4236:6505:A3EC (talk) 01:28, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

Economic policies
The economic policies section is a mess. It's not clear who did what and what minister was in charge of what area when. There is no chronological thread that ties this so it's a hodgepodge of copy and paste and direct translation that doesn't help. Emilitog (talk) 20:18, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Reorganization Process


text:
Randy Hundley

Cecil Randolph Hundley Jr. (born June 1, 1942) is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and the San Diego Padres. Hundley played the majority of his career with the Cubs and was considered their leader in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Despite being a light-hitter, Hundley was regarded as one of the best defensive catchers of his era, and the best Cubs catcher since Gabby Hartnett in 1940.

Baseball career
Hundley was signed by the San Francisco Giants as an amateur free agent in 1960 for the sum of $104,000. While playing for the Double-A El Paso Sun Kings in 1963, he posted a .325 batting average with 23 home runs and 81 runs batted in. Hundley made his major league debut with the Giants on September 27 1964. He returned to the minor leagues in 1965, playing for the Tacoma Giants of the Pacific Coast League although, he was called back to the major leagues briefly in June when regular Giants catcher Tom Haller was injured. In December 1965, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs along with future 20-game winner Bill Hands in exchange for Lindy McDaniel and Don Landrum, as part of first-year manager Leo Durocher's rebuilding effort.

Durocher installed the 24-year-old Hundley as the Cubs' starting catcher and he went on to play in 149 games in 1966, breaking Mickey Cochrane's 41-year-old major league record for most games played by a rookie catcher. He also hit for the cycle on August 11, 1966, in a 9-8, 11 inning victory against the Houston Astros and set a National League record for most home runs by a rookie catcher with 19. Hundley led National League catchers in assists and finished the season ranked fourth in the 1966 National League Rookie of the Year voting.

Hundley continued to shoulder a heavy workload in 1967, playing in 152 games and committing just four errors to set a National League record for fewest errors by a catcher in a season. He led National League catchers in putouts and won the 1967 National League Gold Glove Award for catchers as the Cubs improved from a last place finish in 1966 to finish in third place. Hundley was the first catcher to begin using a new hinged catcher's mitt that permitted a one-handed catching style, protecting his throwing hand. He became a stalwart for the Cubs, setting a record in 1968 with 160 games behind the plate (147 complete) as the Cubs again finished the season in third place.

The Cubs began the 1969 season by winning 11 of their first 12 games and held first place from the first day of the season. By late June, Hundley's batting average was above .300 along with 11 home runs earning him a spot as a reserve for the National League team in the 1969 All-Star Game. The entire Chicago Cubs infield joined Hundley on the National League team with third baseman Ron Santo and shortstop Don Kessinger making the team as starting players.

By August 16, the Cubs were nine games ahead of the second place New York Mets and appeared to be on their way to winning the National League Eastern Division title. However, as the season entered its final month, the Cubs would suffer an eight-game losing streak while the Mets countered with a ten-game winning streak. After 155 days in first place, the Cubs dropped to second place as the Mets went on to clinch the division title and eventually won the world championship. Hundley ended the year with a .255 batting average with 18 home runs and 64 runs batted in. He led National League catchers in assists and in games played becoming the first player to catch 150 games for three consecutive years (1967–1969). In his book, The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, baseball historian Bill James cited manager Durocher's method of using his regular players every day without any rest days as a factor in the Cubs' 1969 collapse.

Hundley's heavy workload began to take its toll on his body. He missed the first four games of the 1970 season when he suffered a chip fracture in his left thumb during a tag play at home plate. Worse was to come on April 21, 1970 when he suffered a severely sprained left knee during a collision at home plate with the Cardinals' Carl Taylor. The injury forced him to miss three months of the season and he ended the year having appeared in only 73 games.

Hundley once again missed the opening day game of the 1971 season with an ailing knee. He made his first appearance of the season as a pinch hitter in the ninth inning of a game on April 12, 1971 and collapsed after hitting a fly ball to center field. Hundley returned to play on May 11 but, after only eight games, he had to undergo knee surgery and missed the rest of the season.

Hundley returned to play in 114 games for the Cubs in 1972 and led National League catchers with a .995 fielding percentage. However, his damaged knee forced him to favor one side which caused his throws to be off mark. His heavy workload had exacted a price and he was never the same player after his knee injuries.

He was traded from the Cubs to the Twins for George Mitterwald at the Winter Meetings on December 6, 1973. He also played a season with the Padres in 1975 before re-signing with the Cubs on April 13, 1976. In 1977, new Cubs manager Herman Franks named Hundley as his bullpen coach. He was activated late in the season and appeared in two games before retiring at the age of 35.

Career statistics
In a fourteen-year major league career, Hundley played in 1,061 games, accumulating 813 hits in 3,442 at bats for a .236 career batting average along with 82 home runs, 381 runs batted in and a .292 on-base percentage. He ended his career with a .990 fielding percentage.

While Hundley was a relatively light hitter (more so later in his career), he was valued for his defensive skills and for the way he handled the pitching staff. Cubs' relief pitcher Phil Regan said of Hundley in 1972, "He's not only our catcher, he's our leader." He was one of few catchers to steal home, doing so on May 19, 1966 against Gary Kroll of the Houston Astros after tripling off Turk Farrell. Hundley caught two no-hitters in 1972; Burt Hooton on April 16 and Milt Pappas on September 2. He is one of a handful of men to catch two no-hitters in one season.

Post retirement
Hundley managed in the Cubs minor league system from 1979 to 1981, leading the Midland Cubs to first place in the Western Division of the Texas League in 1979.

After leaving the playing field, Hundley originated the idea of baseball fantasy camps, and since the early 1980s, has operated them to the delight of many a middle aged fan/camper and also to the former pro players who return to the uniform to help coach the teams. For years, Hundley operated camps for many major league teams but now concentrates on the Chicago Cubs. He also occasionally filled in as a commentator on Cubs radio broadcasts. His son Todd Hundley was also a catcher, playing in the major leagues for 15 years. In 2023, together with John St. Augustine, he self-published a memoir entitled Ironman: Legendary Chicago Cubs Catcher Randy Hundley that was reviewed in the Chicago Tribune.

title: Randy Hundley


text: Category:Cruisers of the United Kingdom

title: Category:Cruisers of the United Kingdom


text:
User talk:88.109.60.248

March 2023
Hello, I'm Skynxnex. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Jac Morgan have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse or the Help desk. Thanks. Skynxnex (talk) 20:36, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:88.109.60.248


text:
List of Mexican Jews

Mexico has had a Jewish population since the early Colonial Era. However, these early individuals could not openly worship as they were persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition for practicing Judaism. After achieving independence, Mexico eventually adopted freedom of religion and began receiving Jewish immigrants, many of them refugees. The book Estudio histórico de la migración judía a México 1900-1950 has records of almost 18,300 who emigrated to Mexico between 1900 and 1950. Most (7,023) were Ashkenazi Jews whose ancestors had settled in Eastern Europe, mainly Poland. A further 2,640 Jews arrived from either Spain or the Ottoman Empire and 1,619 came from Cuba and the United States.

The 2010 Census recorded 67,476 individuals professing Judaism, most of whom live in Mexico City.

The following is a list of notable past and present Mexican Jews (not all with both parents Jewish, nor all practising Judaism), arranged by their main field of activity: Jose Luis Seligson Visual Artist

Academia

 * Adina Cemet, sociologist, author, essayist.
 * Julio Frenk, president of the University of Miami, former Secretary of Health and dean of the Harvard School of Public Health
 * Enrique Krauze, public intellectual, historian, essayist, critic, producer, and publisher
 * Helen Kleinbort Krauze, historian, mother of Enrique Krauze
 * Arturo Warman, anthropologist, cabinet member of Salinas and Zedillo
 * Larissa Adler Lomnitz, social anthropologist (French-born)
 * Judit Bokser, sociologist
 * Flora Botton, sinologist and gender studies scholar
 * Daniel Cazés, anthropologist and gender studies scholar
 * Enrique Leff, economist, environmental sociologist and environmentalist
 * Katya Mandoki, philosophy scholar
 * Otto Mayer-Serral, musicologist
 * Andrés Roemer; lawyer and economist

Architecture

 * Sara Topelson de Grinberg, architect
 * Abraham Zabludovsky, architect
 * Alejandro Zohn, architect, Holocaust survivor

Classical music

 * Daniel Catán, composer
 * Max Lifchitz, composer
 * Henryk Szeryng, violinist

Photography

 * Senya Fleshin, photographer and anarchist
 * Mariana Yampolsky, photographer

Visual arts

 * Maurice Ascalon, sculptor
 * Arnold Belkin, painter, born in Canada
 * Olga Costa, painter
 * Luis Filcer, Expressionist painter
 * Pedro Friedeberg, painter
 * Mathias Goeritz, painter, sculptor, born in Germany
 * Vlady Kibalchich Russakov, painter
 * Tosia Malamud, sculptor
 * Leonardo Nierman, painter, sculptor
 * Wolfgang Paalen, painter, sculptor and art philosopher
 * Fanny Rabel, painter, member of Los Fridos artistic group.
 * Diego Rivera, painter, muralist (Atheist)
 * José Sacal, sculptor

Business

 * Carlos Alazraki, advertising executive
 * Daniel Lubetzky, entrepreneur, author
 * Franz Mayer, financier, photographer, collector, and the founder of the Franz Mayer Museum
 * Moisés Saba, businessman; board member of various companies
 * Sergio Zyman, marketing executive

Film and television

 * Brigitte Alexander, actress, director, author and translator for UNESCO
 * Susana Alexander, actress
 * Erick Elias, actor
 * Irán Eory, actress, model
 * Gabriela Goldsmith, actress
 * Israel Jaitovich, host and comedian
 * Pati Jinich, TV chef, cookbook author
 * Brontis Jodorowsky, actor
 * Mauricio Kleiff, screenwriter
 * María Eugenia Llamas, actress
 * Mariana Levy, actress
 * Emmanuel Lubezki, cinematographer, winner of three Ariel Awards for Best Cinematography (1992, 1993, 1994) and 3 Oscars in the category (2013–15)
 * Miroslava, actress
 * Norma Mora, actress
 * David Ostrosky, actor
 * Alfredo Ripstein, film producer
 * Arturo Ripstein, filmmaker, screenwriter, producer
 * Claudia Salinas, model, actress
 * Alexander Salkind, producer.
 * Ilya Salkind, producer.
 * Diego Schoening, singer, actor and television host
 * Alan Tacher, television host
 * Ari Telch, actor
 * Gregorio Walerstein, film producer and screenwriter

Music

 * Alix Bauer, singer, founding member of Timbiriche
 * Ari Borovoy, songwriter, founding member of the Latin pop group OV7
 * Adan Jodorowsky, musician, singer, and actor
 * Mark Tacher, musician, vocalist, guitarist, and television host
 * Ariel Pink, musician, indie rocker, progenitor of the hypnagogic pop genre

Journalism

 * Shanik Berman, journalist
 * David Faitelson, sports journalist
 * Giselle Fernández, television journalist
 * Adela Micha, TV and radio journalist
 * Jacobo Zabludovsky Kraveski, TV journalist

Literature

 * Chloe Aridjis, novelist
 * Sabina Berman, author, playwright, screenwriter
 * Anita Brenner, writer, historian
 * Mariana Frenk-Westheim, prose writer, Hispanist, translator
 * Margo Glantz, writer and critic * a prose writer who was author of the New York Times bestseller The Empress.
 * Bárbara Jacobs, author, poet, essayist, translator
 * Myriam Moscona, author, journalist, poet and Ladino translator
 * Moises Salinas author and psychologist
 * Sara Sefchovich, writer
 * Esther Seligson, writer, poet, translator, and historian
 * Ilan Stavans, literary critic

Biology

 * Jerzy Rzedowski, botanist, plant geographer, researcher, Holocaust survivor
 * Annie Pardo Cemo, cell biologist

Engineering

 * Edward Esseis, nuclear engineer

Mathematics

 * Samuel Gitler Hammer, mathematician

Medicine

 * George Rosenkranz, pioneering scientist in the field of steroid chemistry; Contract bridge Grand Life Master
 * Pablo Rudomín Zevnovaty, neuroscientist
 * Nora Volkow, psychiatrist; current director of the United States' National Institute on Drug Abuse
 * David Kershenobich Stalnikowitz, gastroenterologist; former director of the Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Health Sciences and Nutrition
 * Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch, personal physician of emperor Maximilian of Mexico and the inventor of the blood pressure meter (also known as sphygmomanometer)
 * Edna Cukierman, biochemist
 * René Drucker Colín, neuroscientist
 * Enrique Graue Wiechers, ophtalmologist, former rector of UNAM.
 * Marcos Rojkind Matlyuk, physiologist
 * Arturo Rosenblueth, physiologist, known as one of the pioneers of cybernetics

Physics

 * Jacob Bekenstein, physicist
 * Deborah Berebichez, physicist
 * Gloria Koenigsberger, physicist
 * Marcos Moshinsky, awarded physicist, UNAM cathedratic, Ukrainian-born

Politics

 * Andrés Roemer, diplomat, author
 * Binyamin Temkin, Israeli politician
 * Claudia Sheinbaum, President-elect of Mexico
 * David Goldbaum, surveyor and politician of Baja California
 * Diego de Montemayor, founder of Monterrey
 * Eliezer Ronen, Israeli politician
 * Gabriela Brimmer, writer and activist for persons with disabilities
 * Jorge Castañeda Gutman, politician and academic who served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs; also known for losing a Supreme Court ruling that would have allowed him to run as an Independent in the 2006 Presidential race
 * José Woldenberg, political scientist and sociologist
 * Juan de Oñate, Governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, descendant of Conversos
 * Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva, adventurer, slave-trader, first Governor of Nuevo León
 * Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal, Marrana, sister of Luis de Carabajal, executed along with family members for practicing Judaism
 * Luis de Carabajal the younger, author, merchant
 * Salomón Chertorivski Woldenberg, Senator from Mexico City and former Secretary of Health
 * Vicente Lombardo Toledano, labor leader

Religion

 * Jacob Avigdor, Chief Rabbi of the Ashkenazi Jewish community, author, Holocaust survivor
 * Yosef Dayan, rabbi and the author of several books in Hebrew, Spanish and Italian
 * Moisés Kaiman, rabbi from Monterrey

Sports

 * Ilana Berger, tennis player
 * Wolf Ruvinskis, wrestler
 * Daniel Michael Reyes, Flag football

title: List of Mexican Jews


text:
Test data exclusivity

Test data exclusivity refers to protection of clinical trial data required to be submitted to a regulatory agency to prove safety and efficacy of a new drug, and prevention of generic drug manufacturers from relying on this data in their own applications. It provides a form of market exclusivity outside that provided by patent rights.

Pharmaceutical companies argue that since test data is so expensive to produce, it is an unfair advantage to let other companies rely on that data without cost. Critics charge that it can act as a restriction to producing a generic copy; that although it would not raise prices of drugs, it would prevent prices from falling due to generic competition; and make it more costly for the poor to gain access to life-saving drugs (e.g. anti-HIV & anti-malarial medications.) Developed countries with innovative pharmaceutical industries (including the United States) have sought data exclusivity provisions in Free Trade Agreements with their trading partners, e.g. DR-CAFTA which includes such a provision.

According to the European Commission:
 * ""Data exclusivity" refers to the period during which the data of the original marketing authorisation holder relating to (pre-) clinical testing is protected. Accordingly, in relation to marketing authorisation applications submitted after 30 October 2005 for the applications filed in the framework of national procedures or 20 November 2005 for applications filed in the framework of the centralised procedure, 'data exclusivity' refers to the eight-year protection period during which generic applicant may not refer to the information of the original marketing authorisation holder and 'marketing exclusivity' refers to the ten-year period after which generic products can be placed on the market. However, in relation to marketing authorisation applications submitted before the above mentioned dates, the wording 'data exclusivity' refers to the six or ten-year protection period granted to the original marketing authorisation (MA) holder before generic applicants can file their applications for marketing authorisation."

One critical issue in this regard is the issue of data exclusivity for pioneer drug companies (pharmaceutical R&D organizations). From the standpoint of economics, industries where the R&D process is costly and risky need longer exclusivity periods to realize innovation benefits, compared to those industries where innovation is easier and less costly.

Some academics allege that pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection unfairly restricts the rapid public dispersal of knowledge that is supposed to be the trade-off for a grant of a patent or intellectual monopoly privilege. They allege that data exclusivity is really a form of evergreening pharmaceutical patent protection that may even restrict the capacity of governments to benefit from the granting of a compulsory license on the patents on a medicine, since the data monopoly will still prevent the marketing of generic products, even though the patent licenses have been granted by the government or a court.

A separate criticism of data exclusivity concerns medical and research ethics. Specifically, it is considered unethical under the Declaration of Helsinki to undertake duplicative clinical trials on human subjects. Similar concerns have been raised in the context of test data protection for certain agricultural or cosmetic products, leading in some countries to proposals for cost sharing rather than exclusive rights as the form of test data protection.

Data exclusivity period for human-use drugs

 * United States: 5 years for new pharmaceutical chemical entities, 3 years for new indications for pharmaceutical drugs, and 12 years for biologic products.
 * European Union: 8 years (+ 2 years market exclusivity + 1 year for new indication)
 * Japan: 6 years
 * China: The government promised a protection period of 6 years for pharmaceutical drugs, when applying for membership to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

title: Test data exclusivity


text:
User:Stan2525/Sandbox

Current New Article or Translation Projects

title: User:Stan2525/Sandbox


text:
Batei Ungarin

Batei Ungarin (בתי אונגרין, lit. Hungarian Houses) is a Haredi Jewish neighborhood in Jerusalem, north-east of the Old City of Jerusalem. It was built by Kolel Ungarin, a Hungarian Jewish charity supporting Jews living in the Land of Israel.

History
Batei Ungarin was established in 1891 by immigrant Hungarian Jews. By World War I, there were 100-200 homes (350 by 1948), a synagogue, a beit midrash, and a mikveh. The original inhabitants of the neighborhood came from Hungary, and many of the residents who live there today can trace their lineage to Hungary. A major Hasidic group called Toldos Aharon has its headquarters on the edge of Batei Ungarin.

title: Batei Ungarin


text:
Anguish

Anguish (from the Latin angustia "distress") is "extreme unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering." The feeling of anguish is typically preceded by a tragedy or event that has a profound meaning to the being in question. Anguish can be felt physically or mentally (often referred to as emotional distress).

Anguish is also a term used in philosophy, often as a synonym for angst. It is a paramount feature of existentialist philosophy, in which anguish is often understood as the experience of an utterly free being in a world with zero absolutes (existential despair). In the theology of Søren Kierkegaard, it refers to a being with total free will who is in a constant state of spiritual fear in the face of their unlimited freedom.

Mental health
Anguish is made up of fear, distress, anxiety and panic. These stressors cause an enormous amount of dissonance, which could then lead to issues of mental health. While taken literally anguish may be defined as a physical event, but it may be extrapolated to an event of one’s psyche. It has been found that the anguish of a significant change in the way a young student lives (i.e. their new responsibilities, being on their own, multiple deadlines etc.) has contributed to significantly increased rates of college students with anxiety and depression.

Philosophy

 * Kierkegaard views anguish as the same as suffering. Everyone wants to find the "truth" but it takes anguish and suffering to "appropriate" the truth. Kierkegaard put it this way in 1847 and 1850.

 * Friedrich Nietzsche saw a new form of anguish emerging from secularisation’s erosion of any moral absolute, producing thereby what he ironically called “The advantages of our times: nothing is true, everything is permitted”.
 * Jean-Paul Sartre saw anguish as the product of man’s existential freedom, liable to manifest itself whenever a decision has to be made: thus when walking along a cliff, you might feel anguish to know that you have the freedom to throw yourself down to your imminent death. Sartre also saw the routines of everyday life as serving as “banisters” against existential despair: “guardrails against anguish”: alarm clocks...signposts, tax forms, policemen’.

Anguish and the trolley problem
A study done at the University of Princeton’s Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior suggests that the presence of the emotion influences the decisions made. The study uses a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine to measure the brain waves of a subject when put into a difficult position. In this particular session, the subject was presented with a situation where she had to decide the fate of five people versus one person by the flip of a switch, and then decide the fate of five people versus one person by the physical acting of condemning a man to his death. The results of the fMRI stated that the decision of death by switch was easier than the decision of physically pushing a man to his death. It is theorized that the participant is being subjected to the emotion of anguish when faced with future possibility of physical condemning another person and therefore the brain enforces an “emotional block” to encourage the cessation of this behavior.

Music
Music has a particular way of eliciting emotions into its listeners. Hearing a song, symphony, or sonnet filled with anguish, one might begin to reflect upon their own life and experiences that coincide with the notes, thereby bringing repressed memories beyond subconscious to our salient mind.

title: Anguish


text:
User:Salmannaqvi

'''Salman Naqvi belongs to Pakistan. His date of birth is August 2, 1973. He is an Information Technology Professional. His specialization is in AS/400 (iSeries). He is presently working in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. He did his first Master's from Pakistan in Information Technology and second Master's in computer sciences from United States.'''

title: User:Salmannaqvi


text:
Tianchisaurus

Tianchisaurus (meaning "heavenly pool lizard"), also invalidly called Tianchiasaurus and "Jurassosaurus", is a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian)-aged Toutunhe Formation of China. It is one of the oldest ankylosaurs, being slightly younger than the Moroccan Spicomellus. While many later-diverging ankylosaurids had bony clubs at the tips of their tails, Tianchisaurus likely lacked such a structure.

Discovery and naming
The holotype (IVPP V. 10614), discovered in 1974, consists of skull fragments, five cervicals, six dorsals, seven sacrals, and three caudals, limb fragments, scutes and some unidentifiable fragments.

The type specimen was informally referred to as "Jurassosaurus" after the 1993 film Jurassic Park, and the species epithet nedegoapeferima is formed from the surnames of the film's main stars: Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum, Richard Attenborough, Bob Peck, Martin Ferrero, Ariana Richards, and Joseph Mazzello. Director Steven Spielberg, who has funded Chinese dinosaur research, proposed the name. Dong Zhiming ultimately discarded the genus name "Jurassosaurus" (which is now a nomen nudum) in favor of Tianchisaurus, but retained the species name honoring the actors. The description paper uses the spellings Tianchiasaurus and Tianchisaurus interchangeably, but is spelled with the extra "a" in the section naming it as a new genus. In 1994, Dong published an erratum stating that Tianchisaurus is the correct name.

"Sanghongesaurus", mentioned by Zhao Xijin (1983), is sometimes referred to as a basal ornithischian or a synonym of Tianchisaurus.

title: Tianchisaurus


text:
Jumbo Video

Jumbo Video is a Canadian brand of franchised video stores. The brand is owned by Le SuperClub Vidéotron, a division of Quebecor Media, which maintained corporate-owned stores until 2018.

History
The company was founded in May 1987 and at one point claimed to be the third-largest player in the Canadian video rental industry. It was well known for offering free popcorn to customers, regardless of whether they rented videos. Their video game subsidiary Microplay was founded in 1986, and purchased by Jumbo Video in the late 1990s in order to facilitate the rentals of video games.

In 2004, due to financial issues that had been prevalent for many years, the assets of the chain were purchased by Quebecor Media, resulting in the re-branding of the stores with the current logo, and now Jumbo Video is now essentially the English Canadian brand of SuperClub, Quebec's dominant video rental chain, and the two brands now share similar marketing. As a result of the 2011-12 closures of Blockbuster Canada and Rogers Video, SuperClub and Jumbo together form Canada's largest remaining video rental chain.

As of early 2015, the Jumbo Video website listed 11 locations, five located in Ontario and the other six in various communities in Atlantic Canada. While all of them are closed, there is one remaining Jumbo Video store in London. It is family-owned for over 34 years. In addition to media rentals and sales, the store includes many varieties of popcorn, single-serve coffee, collectible toys (such as trading cards, figurines, and plushies), and other products. The St. John's, NL last location closed in 2015. In 2016, Jumbo Video became the last standing video store in London, Ontario.

The chain was previously publicly traded as a company called Jumbo Entertainment Inc. After selling its assets to Quebecor, the remaining shell company agreed to a reverse takeover by clothing retailer West 49.

In December 2022, a Jumbo Video was reopened in Belleville, Ontario, by an independent filmmaker.

Slogans

 * "Let us Entertain You" (1987-1990)
 * "Home of Free Popcorn!" (1990-1998)
 * "Home of the guarantee." (1998-2005)
 * "Tons of copies!" (2006-2018)

title: Jumbo Video


text:
Black Reel Awards

The Black Reel Awards, or BRAs, is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Foundation for the Augmentation of African Americans in film (FAAAF) to recognize excellence of African Americans, as well as the cinematic achievements of the African diaspora, in the global film industry, as assessed by the foundation’s voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette, officially called the Black Reel Award. The awards, first presented in 2000 in Washington, DC, are overseen by FAAAF.

The awards ceremony was initially awarded online during its first two years before the first live show presentation in 2002. The awards have broadcast to radio since 2014. The Black Reel Awards is the oldest cinema-exclusive awards ceremony for African Americans.

History
Founded by film critic Tim Gordon and Sabrina McNeal in 2000, the first annual Black Reel Awards presentation was held on February 16, 2000, online courtesy of Reel Images Magazine. Two years later, the third annual Black Reel Awards held its first live presentation at a private dinner function at the Cada Vez in Washington, DC, with an audience of about 150 people. Twenty statuettes were awarded, honoring African American artists, directors and other participants in the filmmaking industry, for their works in 2001. The ceremony ran for 90 minutes.

In subsequent years, the Black Reel Awards have largely been presented in the nation's capital, with the exception of one year when the awards were moved to New York. The awards have been presented live several times: the fourth annual Black Reel Awards presentation was held at H2O on the Southwest waterfront in Washington, DC with an audience of about 200 people; the sixth annual Black Reel Awards presentation was held at the French Embassy with an audience of about 350 people; and the thirteenth annual Black Reel Awards presentation was held at the MIST Harlem with an audience of about 200 people.

Initially winners were announced online. Later, the live awards presentations would use a sealed envelope to reveal the name of each winner.

The Black Reel Awards benefit the Foundation for the Advancement of African-Americans in Film (FAAAF), a non-profit arts organization whose mission is to provide educational opportunities to future minority film executives. Through the FAAAF programs "Reel Kids", and "Producer's Institute", scholarships are awarded to minority junior high, high school and college graduate students pursuing careers in the movie and television industries.

In 2015, the foundation changed its name to the Foundation for the Augmentation of African-Americans in Film.

Institutions
The first Outstanding Actor award was given to Denzel Washington for his performance in The Hurricane. He subsequently received the same honor the next two years, for his performances in Remember the Titans and Training Day.

At the 3rd Annual Black Reel Awards ceremony, held on February 16, 2002, the Outstanding Foreign Film category was introduced.

The 6th Annual Black Reel Awards, held in 2005, presented the first Vanguard Award for entertainer of the year to Jamie Foxx for his performances in  Collateral, Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story, and  Ray.

Each of the Black Reel Awards ceremonies has ended with the Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film.

Motion picture categories

 * Outstanding Film: since 2000
 * Outstanding Leading Performance: since 2024
 * Outstanding Director: since 2000
 * Outstanding Supporting Performance: since 2024
 * Outstanding Screenplay, Adapted or Original: since 2000
 * Outstanding Ensemble: since 2006
 * Outstanding Documentary: since 2010
 * Outstanding Foreign Film: since 2012
 * Outstanding World Cinema Film: since 2017
 * Outstanding Original Score: since 2011
 * Outstanding Original Song: since 2001
 * Outstanding Voice Performance: since 2013

Independent & next generation categories

 * Outstanding Independent Film: since 2002
 * Outstanding Independent Documentary: since 2010
 * Outstanding Independent Short Film: since 2010
 * Outstanding Breakthrough Performance: since 2003
 * Outstanding Emerging Director: since 2017
 * Outstanding First Screenplay: since 2017

Professional categories

 * Outstanding Cinematography : Since 2019
 * Outstanding Costume Design: Since 2019
 * Outstanding Production Design: Since 2019
 * Outstanding Editing: Since 2022

Discontinued categories

 * Television
 * Outstanding Original Television Program: 2001 to 2005
 * Film
 * Outstanding Actor: 2000 to 2023
 * Outstanding Actress: 2000 to 2023
 * Outstanding Actor – Independent Film: 2002 to 2005
 * Outstanding Actress – Independent Film: 2003 to 2005
 * Outstanding Actor – Drama: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Actor – Comedy or Musical: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Actress – Drama: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Actress – Musical or Comedy: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Supporting Actor: 2000 to 2023
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress: 2000 to 2023
 * Outstanding Supporting Actor – Drama: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Supporting Actor – Comedy or Musical
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress – Drama: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress – Musical or Comedy: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Film – Drama: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Film – Musical or Comedy: 2005 only
 * Outstanding Film Poster: 2001 to 2002
 * Outstanding Original Soundtrack: 2000 to 2009

In 2005, three categories, Outstanding Actor, Outstanding Actress, as well as Outstanding Film awards were split into two separate categories (Drama and Musical/Comedy). In addition, the Outstanding Original Television Program was discontinued in 2005 and later expanded and resurfaced in 2015 as the Outstanding Television Documentary or Special category.

In 2024, the categories for Outstanding Actor and Actress and Outstanding Supporting Actor and Actress were retired in favor of gender-neutral Outstanding Lead Performance and Outstanding Supporting Performance categories.

Television categories
A television awards, known as the Black Reel Awards for Television was first presented on August 1, 2017. The awards honors performers, programs, directors and writers over 27 categories in drama, comedy, music, documentaries and TV Movie or Limited Series. The TV Movie or Limited Series categories, which previously were honored as part of the Black Reel Awards were moved to the television awards.

Special categories
The Special Black Reel Awards are voted on by special foundation committees, rather than by the voting academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on a consistent annual basis.

Current special categories

 * Vanguard Entertainer of the Year Award: since 2004
 * Oscar Micheaux Filmmaker Distinction Award: since 2017
 * Sidney Poitier Lifetime Achievement Award: since 2017
 * Ruby Dee Humanitarian Award: since 2017
 * Chadwick Boseman Vanguard Award: since 2024

Discontinued special categories

 * Black Reel Award Special Achievement Award: 2004 to 2006

Ceremonies
• 2000 Awards

• 2001 Awards

• 2002 Awards

• 2003 Awards

• 2004 Awards

• 2005 Awards

• 2006 Awards

• 2007 Awards

• 2008 Awards

• 2010 Awards

• 2011 Awards

• 2012 Awards

• 2013 Awards

• 2014 Awards

• 2015 Awards

• 2016 Awards

• 2017 Awards

• 2018 Awards

• 2019 Awards

• 2020 Awards

• 2021 Awards

• 2022 Awards

• 2023 Awards

Film nominations
Below are the motion picture films with 10 or more nominations. The Harder They Fall holds the record for the most nominations with 20 while Black Panther holds the record for most wins for a single film with 10 categorical wins. 12 Years a Slave, Selma, and Dolemite Is My Name are tied for second place with 8 wins apiece. BlacKkKlansman currently holds the record for most nominations without a single win (11).

20 Nominations
 * The Harder They Fall 6 wins

19 Nominations
 * The Color Purple 9 wins

17 Nominations
 * Black Panther 10 wins

15 Nominations
 * One Night in Miami... 5 wins

14 nominations
 * Black Panther: Wakanda Forever 5 wins
 * For Colored Girls 3 wins
 * If Beale Street Could Talk 4 wins
 * Queen & Slim 4 wins
 * The Woman King 6 wins

13 nominations
 * Moonlight 7 wins
 * Passing 3 wins

12 nominations
 * Get Out 7 wins
 * Judas and the Black Messiah 3 wins

 11 nominations
 * BlacKkKlansman 0 wins
 * Dreamgirls 6 wins
 * Till 2 wins
 * Us 4 wins

10 nominations
 * Baby Boy 0 wins
 * Cadillac Records 3 wins
 * Dear White People 2 wins
 * Dolemite Is My Name 8 wins
 *  Fences 2 wins
 * The Inspection 4 wins
 * Love & Basketball 6 wins
 * Ma Rainey's Black Bottom 2 wins
 * Precious 7 wins
 * Rustin 0 wins'
 * Selma 8 wins

Actors with multiple awards for motion picture performances

 * D - indicates a winning role in drama categories (2005 ceremony)
 * C/M - indicates a winning role in comedy or musical categories (2005 ceremony)
 * I - indicates a winning role in Independent categories

Actors with multiple awards for television performances

 * D - indicates a winning role in drama categories
 * C - indicates a winning role in comedy categories
 * M/LS - indicates a winning role in television movie, mini-series or limited series categories
 * Years Italicized - Honored at Black Reel Awards Film honors (2000 - 2017)

title: Black Reel Awards


text:
Talk:Gamma World

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 * format=Y
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title: Talk:Gamma World


text:
Théâtre de l'Île

The Théâtre de l'Île (Theatre of the Island) is a small municipally run theatre in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. It is located on a small island at the southern end of the Ruisseau de la Brasserie, a small river running just to the west of Montcalm Street in the former city of Hull. The building was originally constructed in 1886 as the Hull Water Works, at a time when the site was at the heart of a largely industrial area. In the subsequent decades the building served a number of different purposes. In 1974, it suffered a devastating fire. The city of Hull and the National Capital Commission joined together to rebuild the structure as a theatre. It opened in 1976, and was the first municipally run theatre in Quebec.

The theatre seats up to 119. It puts on a number of different shows per year, with some 25,000 spectators per annum.

title: Théâtre de l'Île


text:
User talk:Luvspears707

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. JesseW, the juggling janitor 22:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luvspears707


text:
Talk:Tumbuka language

Untitled
Perhaps some or all of the vocabulary guide should be in a Wikitravel phrasebook instead of here? - Trezatium 22:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur. Some sample sentences are fine, but a vocabulary guide is not really encyclopedic. It's a tonal language by the way, and tone isn't even marked here. — mark ✎ 07:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm new to Wikipedia and just thought I'd add this because I've not been able to find any basic Tumbuka vocab guide elsewhere on the net. Wikitravel has phrasebooks for other languages but not Tumbuka as yet. Perhaps someone would like to create one (and revert this article back to the original stub)? As for the tonal nature of the language, I understand there are many versions of written Tumbuka, but don't know which is recommended as standard. The spellings used here are those taught to me in the Eastern Province of Zambia. As it happens I'm leaving for the area again later today, so unfortunately won't be able to work on this myself until next month. But if you're interested in making a proper encyclopedic article then one of the external links has some good historical information. - Trezatium 13:40, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Since my departure's been delayed for a few days, I've made the changes myself. The vocabulary guide is now in Wikitravel, and this article is now a stub once more. - Trezatium 13:37, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Some text transferred here from Wikitravel
I copied over some descriptive material from the Wikitravel page for this language. It's relevant but sounds anecdotal, so should probably have some citation and maybe a rewrite. Not clear to me from the history if this was transferred over to Wikitravel with the phrases by Trezatium.

Some of the phonetic stuff could come back - ultimately, so long as there is "no standard"- a comparative orthography table would be nice here too (as well on the PanAfrican L10n wiki for localization work). Actually this also raises the question of what orthography they are using over on the Tumbuka edition http://tum.wikipedia.org/ ? --A12n 00:32, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I wrote the paragraph about "substantial differences" based on what I'd heard from Malawians (anecdotal), as well as various academic articles I found on the web (which appear to be reliable). One of these is the fourth external link (History of the Tumbuka language in Malawi), which contains a lot of interesting info that could help to extend the article. Trezatium 21:12, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I have deleted that link since it leads to the Kamwendo article for which there is now a direct link. Kanjuzi (talk) 21:18, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

Spelling
It's true that the spelling doesn't seem to have been standardised to an agreed standard as yet. The Tumbuka Wikipedia and the Fuko newspaper write ba and cha but the online Citumbuka Dictionary of the Centre for Language Studies writes ŵa and ca. Kanjuzi (talk) 21:11, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

Linguistic Descriptions
I deleted the sentence that information about Tumbuka can be found in Turner's dictionary. I have consulted the dictionary and it contains virtually no information about the language apart from the meanings of selected words. Kiso's thesis on the other hand does contain some information, summarising information given in Vail and other sources. Kanjuzi (talk) 15:50, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

Where Spoken
There doesn't seem to be any evidence that Tumbuka is spoken to any extent in Tanzania. It does not seem to be listed as one of the 114 Tanzanian languages in this Ethnologue map, for example: http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_map.asp?name=TZ&seq=10 (unless hidden under a different name). So I have deleted 'Tanzania'. The Michigan State University information page http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html mentions only Malawi and the Lundazi district of Zambia. I have therefore deleted Tanzania along with the rather irrelevant information about the prefix chi-/si-/ki-. Kanjuzi (talk) 15:23, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

Senga Dialect
I have deleted a reference to the Senga dialect, which according to the earlier version is not Tumbuka at all but a dialect of Sabi. The Wikipedia article on Senga, however, does not give any support for this view, other than a reference to "Christine Ahmed 1995" (no title at all is given) and a link to a request for a new language code for the Senga language of Zambia. 'Chisenga' is given by the Northern Malawi Language Survey (2006) p.30 as a district in the north of Malawi where Tumbuka is spoken; Senga is also listed as a dialect of Tumbuka by Maho (2009) "2nd New Updated Guthrie List" p.80. It is possible therefore that there has been confusion between two dialects of the same name. At any rate in view of the lack of proper documentation and possibility that there has been confusion, it seems best to omit the reference to the Senga dialect. Kanjuzi (talk) 18:35, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

IPA transcription of ŵ
ŵ (traditionally spelled "b") is well described by Atkins (1950) as a "closely lip-rounded [w] with the tongue in the close-i position". But its exact IPA transcription and its position on the table of consonants is unclear. Does anyone have any idea? Kanjuzi (talk) 14:39, 8 March 2019 (UTC) – I consulted the editor of the Citumbuka dictionary, who thought it a labial rather than a labio-dental; so pending a more detailed study by a phonetician, I have moved it to the plain labial row of the table. Kanjuzi (talk) 16:32, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

can we get a source for speaker population
7 million might be an overestimate. Anyone with access to Ethnologue who can get a number? 90.167.94.143 (talk) 21:14, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tumbuka language


text:
User:Fudoreaper/Wikimedia

Right, here's some stuff

 * Wikimedia server list
 * NOC
 * IP Addresses
 * Hosting company
 * Apache to DB connect setup
 * Server admin log
 * Harward vendor

title: User:Fudoreaper/Wikimedia


text:
Burritts Rapids

Burritts Rapids is a small village located on the Rideau River in eastern Ontario.

The hamlet was named after Stephen Burritt, whose family was the first to settle in this area. At one time, the hamlet prospered due to its location on the Rideau Canal. The community straddles the river, so part is located in Rideau Township, now Rideau-Jock Ward in Ottawa, and part in North Grenville Township.

There is a lock on the canal to bypass rapids here, the Burritts Rapids Bridge which crosses the canal and a stationary bridge which crosses the river.

History
In 1793, Stephen and Daniel Burritt, from Arlington, Vermont, settled in the vicinity of the area now known as Burritt's Rapids. A plaque was erected by the Ontario Archaeological and Historic Sites Board commemorating the founding of Burritt's Rapids.

By 1812, Burritts Rapids had become a bustling hamlet. At the peak of its prosperity, it had telegraphic and daily mail, 2 general stores, a bakery, a millinery shop, 2 shoe shops, a tin and stove store, a grist mill, a woolen mill, a tannery, 3 blacksmith shops, 3 wagon shops, a cabinet shop, 2 churches, 2 schools, 2 hotels, a bank and an Orange Lodge.

The hamlet's natural advantages as a transportation centre were enhanced by the opening of the Rideau Canal in 1831. Burritts Rapids was the site of the first bridge across the Rideau River. A post office was opened in 1839.

By 1866, Burritts Rapids was a village with a population of about 400 on the Rideau canal, in the townships of Oxford and Marlborough, and counties of Carleton and Grenville. It had two schools, and citizens were in the lumber business.

Unfortunately, the hamlet was by-passed by the railway, and its importance gradually diminished with the decline of the canal as a means of transportation.

Burritts Rapids was home to the Rideau Correctional and Treatment Centre from 1947 until its closure in 2004. It was subsequently demolished in 2013.

Public high school students in this area go to South Carleton High School in Richmond.

History of Burritts Rapids Community Hall
The Hall was built in 1855 by John French and operated as a general store. In 1892, the building was sold and it changed hands several more times during the early 1900s. The facility became known as the "Albert C. White Memorial Hall" in 1927, but in October 1935, Casey Swedlove sold the Hall and its property to the community. At that time, the name was formally changed to The Burritt's Rapids Community Hall, and has been run as a non-profit facility ever since.

In 1984, the Hall was designated under the Ontario Heritage Act as being of architectural and historical value: "… the building is an outstanding example of an early nineteenth century vernacular temple-fronted commercial structure, of the Classical Revival Style. It is clad in narrow feather-edge clapboard and is highlighted by recessed panelled front doors, large commercial style front windows, with panelled surrounds, engage pilasters, with classical entablature, returned eaves and small 12 over 8 upper sashes…"

In 1986, an extension was added to the south side of the building. Moneys for the project were donated by several local citizens and businesses, all of which are memorialized on a plaque inside the Hall. Many of the building materials were donated by the production company which filmed "Boy in Blue", in Burritts Rapids in 1984. The roof was installed by a volunteer group who proclaimed themselves to be "The Geriatric Builders".

title: Burritts Rapids


text:
Talk:Burlington Royals

The article for burlingotn athletic stadium states that seating capacity os 3,500 while this article says 3,000...
 * At least 3500 I would say. For example, the June 24, 2006 Opening Night boxscore (Bristol @ Burlington) has a paid attendance of 3622.  So bumping up to 3500 isn't unreasonable I think. –Pakman044 14:40, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:34, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burlington Royals


text:
Microplay

Microplay can refer to:

 * Microplay Software, a defunct video game label by MicroProse
 * Microplay, a Canadian video store chain, subsidiary of Le SuperClub Vidéotron

title: Microplay


text:
Talk:The Edge of Destruction

The Doctor's heart(s)
I just watched this serial and began to think that Ian and Barbara just weren't familiar with Time Lord physiology. This would explain the talk of a single heart. 101090ABC (talk) 00:07, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Please be aware that talk pages are for making improvements to the article not for fan speculation. second please try to understand that elements of this show evolved over - well almost 49 years now. As stated in the continuity section of this article the characteristic of the Dr having two hearts was first mentioned in The Spearhead from Space which aired almost six years after this story. Until that time as far as the writers - production staff - actors - were concerned he only had one heart. MarnetteD | Talk 02:03, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I am aware of talk page rules. My point actually was to say that my idea could be one possible explanation, as well as the ones already in the article, and if a source could be found, it could be put in the article as an explanation along with the explanations already in the article page. I am sorry if my point wasn't clear from my initial comment. 101090ABC (talk) 09:50, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * There can be no explanation that will not violate WP:OR and WP:SYNTHESIS. You are trying to apply an "in universe" explanation which we are supposed to avoid in an encyclopedia. I can't remember where it is but several years ago guidelines were installed that we only add items to articles from an "out of universe" perspective. This allows for readers who have not watched the show before, and who are not steeped in its lore, to understand what they are reading. I have reworded the item to try and fix this problem. Please don't take this the wrong way. As fans of the show we are always trying to make sense of the discontinuities that have crept in over the years. I do the same thing - for instance my explanation for the fact that guns have been fired in the TARDIS in spite of the "temporal state of grace" first described in The Hand of Fear is to point out that a) the 4ths Dr says that it exists "in here" b) they are standing in the wood paneled control room and c) he does not say that it applies to the whole TARDIS. Since all the weapons fired occur in other parts of the TARDIS this has always been an elegant answer for me but it is my own OR and SYNTHESIS and others will disagree with it. We are supposed to save these discussions speculations for chat rooms and such. I hope this helps explain things a little but I will understand if it doesn't. MarnetteD | Talk 15:01, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok, I understand. I just began to think about it when I saw the explanations already given in the article. I know, that Wikipedia must use certain rules, because I myself am a contributor to the Finnish Wikipedia. 101090ABC (talk) 16:25, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply and I hope that have continue to enjoy editing on both Wikis!! MarnetteD | Talk 18:37, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * See also Manual of Style/Writing about fiction. -- Red rose64 (talk) 18:40, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Tardis Alive
Article states:

 * This serial introduces the ideas that the TARDIS console and time rotor directly harness the energies which drive the ship, and that the TARDIS is "alive" and somewhat self-aware.

This isn't quite true though -- I forget which character it is, but one of Ian or Barbara first comment on touching the TARDIS in An Unearthly Child that it feels as though it is alive, so the idea was at least hinted at from the very beginning. 212.159.69.4 (talk) 06:37, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Edge of Destruction


text:
User:SignalMan/Sandbox Lab

Welcome to my first subpaged titled "Sandbox Lab" created independently from wikipedia's sandboxes to prevent unwarranted mistakes done to their perfect structure.

$$10^{\,\!10^{100}} \mbox{ mean } 10^{\,\!(460^{1000})}$$

title: User:SignalMan/Sandbox Lab


text:
Jaroslav Bednář

Jaroslav Bednář (born 9 November 1976) is a Czech professional ice hockey winger, who currently plays with HC Vrchlabí in the Czech.2 Liga

Playing career
Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Bednář began his career with Slavia Prague in 1994 and stayed there for three years before moving to rivals Sparta Prague. He played just 14 games before moving to Plzeň and then returned to play for Sparta for the next season. He then spent the next two seasons playing in Finland's SM-liiga with spells at JYP and HIFK where he led the teams in goals and points.

NHL
Bednář was drafted 51st overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, but never managed to recapture the form he had in Finland. He played 37 games for the Kings, scoring 4 goals and 11 assists for 15 points. On November 26, 2002, Bednář, along with Andreas Lilja was traded to the Florida Panthers for Dmitri Yushkevich, he played 65 games for Florida, scoring 6 goals and 14 assists for 20 points. Overall, Bednář played 102 regular season games, scoring 10 goals and 25 assists for 35 points.

Return to Europe
Bednář moved to Russia during the cancelled 2004–05 NHL season and played for Avangard Omsk where he played alongside Jaromír Jágr, Alexander Perezhogin and Oleg Tverdovsky. In 2005, Bednář returned to Slavia Prague where he has become one of their core players and left the team after four years on 29 April 2009 to sign with Atlant Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League. In 2010, Bednář signed a one-year contract with HC Davos from the Swiss NLA where he played alongside 3 other Czech players: Petr Sýkora, Petr Tatíček and Josef Marha. During the 2010–11 regular season, Bednář scored 35 goals and 15 assists for a total of 50 points in 43 games. On May 21, 2013, Bednar returned again to his original club, HC Slavia Praha, for a fourth stint. He would play three seasons with HK Hradec Králové through to 2018.

title: Jaroslav Bednář