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Santa Tecla, El Salvador

Santa Tecla is a city and a municipality in the La Libertad department of El Salvador. It is the capital of the department of La Libertad.

The city was named after Saint Thecla who was a saint of the early Christian Church, and a reported follower of Paul of Tarsus in the 1st century AD. She is not mentioned in the New Testament, but the earliest record of her comes from the apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, probably composed in the early 2nd century.

Santa Tecla is situated at the southern foot of the San Salvador Volcano, and it is a part of the San Salvador metropolitan area. The municipality of Antiguo Cuscatlán sits on its eastern border.

History
Santa Tecla was founded as "Nueva San Salvador" on August 8, 1854, by President José María San Martín after the capital city was destroyed by an earthquake. It served as capital of the republic from 1855 to 1859 and became departmental capital in 1865. The continued development of the city was spurred by the success of the local coffee industry, becoming a very productive commercial city.

In 2003, the city was renamed "Santa Tecla," which was the historical name of the region prior to the founding of the city. On the occasion of its 150th anniversary(1854–2004) 2 concerts were presented by the renowned tenor, Fernando del Valle, great, great-grandson of Andrés del Valle, president of El Salvador in 1876, and a direct descendant of Colonel José María San Martín, President of El Salvador (1854–56). The tenor requested that the first concert take place on September 23, the feast day of the saint for whom the city is named.

Its current mayor is Roberto D'Aubuisson Jr, of the ARENA party. The FMLN Party had held the office in Santa Tecla for 5 terms.

Municipal government and information
In recent decades, Santa Tecla has received a major influx of new residents, which among other things, has led to the invasion of the main streets by informal sector traders in search of livelihood. The most rapid urban growth and disorderly, occurs in the period 1968–2000, when they occur as natural disasters and social civil war in the eighties and the 1986 earthquake that struck San Salvador in particular.

The urban extension to Santa Tecla breaks the boundaries of the restricted nature areas established by the Metro Plan 80–2000 (which regulates land use planning and land use in the municipalities of Greater San Salvador), producing a great impact environment in the foothills of the San Salvador volcano and in the Balsam mountains.

That combination of factors led to the loss of human lives in the Colonia Las Colinas, a development authorized by the Central Government in restricted areas of the Cordillera del Balsamo, during the earthquakes of January and February 2001. This event marked the Municipal Government for the need to plan better and with the participation of the citizenry, the development of the city. In this context, in 2002 the City Council led by Mayor Oscar Ortiz, starts the new participatory strategic planning process concluding with the Participatory Strategic Plan (PEP) of Santa Tecla for the period 2002 to 2012.

Municipal Division
Santa Tecla is divided into 5 districts, each with their own cantons, neighborhoods, and communities:

District 1:

 * Residencial Acovit
 * Residencial Girasoles
 * Reparto El Quequeisque
 * Colonia Quezaltepec
 * Residencial Alpes Suizos 1
 * Residencial Alpes Suizos 2
 * Residencial Europa
 * Lotificación Monteverde
 * Colonia Nuevo Amanecer
 * Colonia Don Bosco
 * Colonia Las Delicias
 * Residencial Pinares de Suiza
 * Comunidad Guadalupe 1 y 2
 * Cantón Victoria

District 2:

 * Colonia Buena Vista
 * Colonia Cumbres de Santa Tecla
 * Residencial San Antonio
 * Residencial Casa Bella
 * Residencial Casa Verde 1
 * Urbanización Hacienda San José
 * Urbanización Brisas de Santa Tecla
 * Parque Residencial Villas de Francia 1
 * Residencial Altos de Santa Mónica
 * Residencial Montesión
 * Residencial Pinares de Santa Mónica
 * Parque Residencial Villas de Francia 2
 * Colonia Jardines del Rey
 * Comunidad Las Margaritas
 * Colonia Santa Mónica
 * Colonia Santa Teresa
 * Comunidad Nueva Esperanza
 * Residencial Los Cipreses 1, 2, 3 y La Colina
 * Comunidad El Progreso
 * Comunidad El Tanque
 * Urbanización San Antonio Las Palmeras
 * Colonia Las Palmeras
 * Residencial San Rafael
 * Residencial Peña Blanca

District 3:

 * Bosques de Santa Teresa
 * Finca de Asturias Norte
 * Finca de Asturias Sur
 * Joyas de la Montaña
 * La Montaña 1
 * La Montaña 2
 * Paso Fresco
 * Jardines de La Sabana 1, 2 y 3
 * Jardines de Merliot
 * Jardines del Volcán 1, 2, 3 y 4
 * Comunidad El Rosal
 * Residencial Maya
 * Jardines de la Libertad
 * Jardines de Merliot
 * Comunidad El Trébol
 * Residencial Miraflores
 * Residencial Británica
 * Cantón Álvarez
 * Cantón El Progreso

District 4:

 * 8° Calle
 * 4° Calle
 * 3° Calle Entre 16° Y 7° Av.
 * 1° Calle Entre 16° Y 7° Av.
 * 6° Calle
 * Calle Daniel Hernández
 * 2° Calle
 * Calle José Ciriaco López
 * 7° Calle (Entre 2° Y 4° Av.)
 * 5° Calle (Entre 2° Y 4° Av.)
 * 9° Calle Entre 2° Y 4° Av.)
 * 6° Calle
 * 10 ° Calle
 * 14 ° Calle
 * 12 ° Calle
 * Comunidad María Victoria
 * Residencial El Paraíso
 * Residencial Las Colinas 1
 * Residencial Cima del Paraíso
 * Comunidad El Paraíso
 * Comunidad San Martin
 * Urbanización Alemania
 * Colonia Residencial El Paraíso
 * Residencial Las Gardenias
 * Comunidad El Carmencito
 * Comunidad Nueva Esperanza
 * Residencial Altos de Utila 1
 * Residencial Altos de Utila 2
 * Residencial Altos de Utila 3
 * Residencial Bethania
 * Residencial Las Piletas
 * Residencial Utila Place
 * Quinta Residencial Las Piletas
 * Urbanización Villa Bosque
 * Urbanización Palmira
 * Parque Residencial Primavera 1 y 2
 * Colonia San José del Pino
 * Comunidad San Rafael
 * Comunidad Fátima
 * Comunidad La Cruz del Refugio
 * Residencial Alturas De Tenerife
 * Los Arrecifes

District 5:

 * Cantón Ayagualo
 * Cantón Las Granadillas
 * Cantón El Triunfo
 * Cantón El Limón
 * Cantón El Matazano
 * Cantón Sacazil
 * Cantón Los Pajales
 * Comunidad Santa Marta
 * Comunidad Altos del Matazano

Rural zone of Santa Tecla
Santa Tecla has a rural zone with 12 cantons:
 * Álvarez
 * Ayagualo
 * El Limón
 * El Matazano
 * El Progreso
 * El Triunfo
 * Las Granadillas
 * Loma Larga
 * Los Pajales
 * Sacazil
 * Victoria

Demographics
The population of Santa Tecla is mostly mixed. Most inhabitants of the city of Santa Tecla are internal migrants from other departments of El Salvador, mainly Santa Ana and Chalatenango.

92% of the population lives in urban areas tecleña, putting Santa Tecla in one of the most urbanized cities in the country. In addition, 8% of the population living in marginalized communities. Santa Tecla has an unemployment rate of 5.1%. 31% of the population owns a vehicle, while 19% have two or more vehicles. Most homes have the servicios tecleños basic water and sewer, electric power, telephone and garbage collection.

Geography
District Municipality and the Department of La Libertad. It is limited by the following municipalities: to the north, Colón, San Juan Opico, Quezaltepeque and Nejapa, on the east by San Salvador, Antiguo Cuscatlan, Nuevo Cuscatlan, San Jose Villanueva, and Zaragoza to the south by La Libertad and west by Talnique and Comasagua. It is located between the geographic coordinates 13° 44'47 "LN (northern end) and 13° 32'22" LN (southern end), 89° 15'45 "LWG (eastern end) and 89° 23'58" LWG (far west).

Soil and terrain
Soil types found in the municipality are: red clay and Lithosols Latosols Alfisols (shallow stony phase of a very rugged mountainous hilly), Andosols and Regosols Inceptisols and Entisols (undulating to hilly stage), Regosols, Clay Latosols Anaosoles reddish, Entisols, Alfisols and Inceptisols (phases rolling to rugged mountain), and Regosols Lithosols. Entisols (phase very rugged mountainous hilly) and Latosol reddish clay, and Lithosols Andosols. Alfisols and Inceptisols (phase rolling to hilly terrain, the stoniness variable). Pyroclastic materials abound, andesitic and basaltic lavas, volcanic detrital sediments with pyroclastic material and lava flows intercalated dacite lavas and adesíticas and basaltic lava flows. The terrain features in the town most notable are the San Salvador volcano or Quezaltepec; the hills of Los Angeles, El Volador, Los Amates, El Convento, La Virgen or Elephant; the hills Los Cedros, Miralvalle, Los Mangos, El Zapote, Las Pools, La Mira, Santa Teresa, Pena Blanca, Long, El Combo, La Papaya, Guadalupe, El Amate, Alicante, El Sacazil, San Juan, El Manzano, The Pantheon, El Convento, El Dorado, The Bullocks, Three Ceibas, the Campo Santo, Las Canoas and the Pulpit in Santa Elena, El Bosque or El Cedral, El Potrero, Los plums, The Franchona, Santa Emilia, El Triunfo, Brazil, Spiders, Santa Elisa, Los Pajales and The Chichipate. The volcano of San Salvador or Quezaltepec is located 7.1 miles north of the city of Santa Tecla, with an elevation of 1893.39 meters above sea level on the edge of the crater. The main hills are Amates, located 7.5 kilometers west of Santa Tecla, with an elevation of 1,036 meters above sea level, the Virgin or Elephant, located 11.4 miles west of town, elevation 1,011 meters above sea level and El Volador, located 6.3 kilometers southwest of the city, with an elevation of 790 meters above sea level.

As is the case for many regions of El Salvador, the makeup of Santa Tecla's terrain and its many natural springs makes the area prone to landslides. As mentioned above, much of the terrain is composed of pyroclastic materials with low permeability. Pore water pressure or pore air pressure are unable to dissipate fast enough; the subsequent strength loss triggers land sliding. This is especially true during seismic activity, for instance during the January 2001 and February 2001 El Salvador earthquakes.

(MUTE) The Santa Tecla Museum
The MUTE's neoclassical building was originally designed and built as a prison in 1902 by architect José Jeréz; who also designed most of Santa Tecla's landmarks. The highlight of the building is the main tower, which once served as office for the mayor of the city. The building was made from various materials including clay brick of volcanic origin. The original prison had 4 major cells to house 15 inmates each; however records show that up to 40 inmates were held in each of the cells. In addition, the prison had 6 small punishment cells and 4 additional rooms 2 for the kitchen and 2 for special punishment prisoners, one of them named “the little one”, where no sound or light could be heard or seen. Visitors today may experience the coldness of this room and other interesting attractions at MUTE.

Santa Tecla Municipal Palace
Santa Tecla has many examples of neo-classical architecture. One of them is the Palace of Fine Arts (Santa Tecla Municipal Palace). It is estimated that this building was built in 1911 for residential purposes. Later the property became part of the municipality as a way to cancel a debt and the building became the offices of the municipal council. Considered a Santa Tecla landmark this eclectic building with 17 rooms, imposing columns and a central courtyard reflects several architectural styles, among them: neo-gothic, neo-romantic, neo-renaissance and neo-vicentine. It is assumed that much of the infrastructure in Santa Tecla's early years is the work of architect José Jeréz, who is responsible for this Municipal Palace and several other buildings like “Hogar del Niño Adalberto Guirola” El Carmen Church, The Guirola House, the former Santa Tecla Penitentiary (now MUTE museum). Over the years, this building deteriorated by weather and natural disasters. In January 2001 a major earthquake struck El Salvador seriously damaging this building. However, the municipality with the help of the Government of Andalucía in Spain, began restoration work to preserve this architectural masterpiece. In October 2008 the work was concluded and the building became The Municipal Palace of Fine Arts in order to establish an artistic home for children, youth and adults.

El Carmen Cathedral
Santa Tecla is home to the church Iglesia El Carmen, an architectural relic of the nineteenth century. This temple was erected between 1856 and 1914. It has a characteristic neo-Gothic style with structures carved in wood and walls made of brick and talpetate (material made from volcanic ash).

It houses 3 stunning historical bells that echoed throughout Santa Tecla. Each one with its own name (appointed on behalf of the contributors to the temple) Carmela, forged in 1908, “La Chaleca” made in 1918, and “Corazón”, made in 1923.

The 2001 earthquakes seriously damaged the structure. The temple was given an uninhabitable status by experts.

Daniel Hernandez Town Square
Located along the Pan-American highway in downtown Santa Tecla, Daniel Hernández is a place to relax and enjoy the city's history.

Some of the highlights to be found within the square include:

A monument to the memory of Daniel Hernandez; a teacher who at the early age of fifteen was considered an expert on subjects as diverse as mathematics, geography, astronomy and chemistry. Hernandez, from whom the square receives its name, also contributed to the foundation and design of the streets of Villa Santa Tecla, which at the time was meant to be the new capital of El Salvador. Hernandez also promoted community development projects such as the installation of water services and the first illuminated plaza in the city; he was also one of the founders of San Rafael Hospital (located on the outskirts of Santa Tecla). On July 16, 1896, Hernandez died in the city he helped to build.

Jose Maria San Martin Town Square
The city of Santa Tecla, formerly known as “Nueva San Salvador”, was the temporary capital of El Salvador in the mid nineteenth century. This left behind many historic buildings and landmarks, including two historic town squares within its historical center: José María San Martín and Daniel Hernandez.

The first one is located on street Daniel Hernandez, better known as the Pan-American Highway. This plaza is the scene of a monument in honor of former president José María San Martín, who issued a decree authorizing the establishment of the city under the name of Nueva San Salvador on August 8, 1854.

In April 1854 a devastating earthquake caused extensive damage to San Salvador, capital of the country. It was decided to move the government to the city of Cojutepeque, department of Cuscatlan, and later it was moved to a “new” city: “Nueva San Salvador”, in a valley less vulnerable to earthquakes, in a farm known as Santa Tecla.

José María San Martín was president of the country at the time; among his achievements was the creation of the Department of Chalatenango in 1855. He also instructed the lawyer Isidro Menéndez to issue several laws for the country. San Martín died in 1857.

Plaza Merliot
Located at 17th Avenue North, and Chiltiupan Street, Plaza Merliot was built by the Salvadoran construction company, Grupo Agrisal, in 1994. It became the first mall ever to be built on the City of Santa Tecla, and the third one to be built in the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador. Although many people in Santa Tecla go to the Antiguo Cuscatlan shopping district, which is the current shopping hotspot of the metropolitan area, made up by 3 shopping malls, and 8 shopping centers, restaurants, communications, hotels, and business parks, Plaza Merliot continues to be preferred by the people of Santa Tecla. Plaza Merliot is made up of three levels, and a central plaza where the food court is at.

Ecoparque El Espino
Ecoparque El Espino is located in the villa of the same name in the foothills of Boqueron (San Salvador) Volcano, just 5.1 km north of the Santa Tecla Downtown. Visitors enjoy the natural environment of pine trees, coffee trees, cypresses and flowers of various colors that adorn this 35-hectare park, that are constantly monitored by rangers of the cooperative that administer the site. There are many activities to do in Ecoparque El Espino. One of them is mountain biking. You can purchase a membership for US$20 a month with unlimited access to the Eco Park and of all its trails. The park has three hiking trails that you can travel in an average of 45 minutes each. They pass through a forest made up of massive 200-year-old trees and luscious forest. Among its main attractions there is a hanging 24-meter-long bridge. One can spot many local birds like clarineros, toucans, chachas (wild chickens), tinamous and magpies. There are also wild animals like kinkajous, armadillos (locally known as cuzucos), rabbits, Central American agouti, and many others. Another attraction is the site called “El Infiernillo” (the little hell) a small area of land where steam is emanating deep from the depths of the earth. The park monitors this volcanic activity with the help of high tech equipment donated by the Spanish International Cooperation Agency (AECI) in 2004 for purposes of education and scientific research. At the end of the 45-minute walk there is an outlook, whose height is 1,233 meters above sea level. There you will find a spectacular panoramic view of the capital city metropolitan area that contrasts with the green of the Cordillera del Balsamo.

Los Chorros
Just 5.7 kilometers west of Santa Tecla, lies a natural oasis, a tourist icon visited by many national and international tourists. Made up of 12 acres of land; four of them are entitled for public use, the other acres are part of a nature preservation area. This park has a large number of water springs coming down from San Salvador volcano. There are four pools: one for children, one with slides and the other two designed to integrate them with the natural uniqueness of the location. This tourist center opened in 1952, thanks to the vision of Salvadoran poet Raul Contreras, who wanted his remains buried at the park. The land where the park is located belonged to the Soundy family who sold the property to the Salvadoran Institute of Tourism in 1956. This park has held important international events, including Miss Universe in 1975, due to the impressive landscape. In 2001 the facilities were severely damaged by the earthquakes. But its reconstruction was done shortly after the natural disaster. In this park you will find children's play areas, an amphitheater for educational and cultural events, picnic areas, a footbridge, access ramps for people with disabilities and trails into the forest.

Boqueron (San Salvador) Volcano
Located on top of San Salvador volcano at 1,800 m and just 13.6 kilometers from Downtown Santa Tecla, this park main attraction is a large crater 5 kilometers in diameter and 558 meters deep. El Boquerón enjoys a cool climate year round. The park offers many walking trails through pine trees and other plants cultivated in this site. Among the plant species identified are ornamentals such as “cartuchos”, hydrangeas, begonias and wild “sultanas”. There is wildlife such as armadillos, raccoons, deer, and foxes, among others. You can request the company of guides, such as the Tourism Police (POLITUR) if you are brave and fit enough to hike down to “El Boqueroncito” inside the large crater. From there you can see the “Picacho” the highest point of the volcano, which an excellent place for mountain is biking. Worth noting that El Boquerón last eruption took place in 1917 causing extensive damage to San Salvador and other towns as Nejapa, Quezaltepeque where large amounts of lava can still be seen at the site known as El Playón, outside the city. Recently the road to the Volcano has been developed in an effort to expand tourism in the surrounding city areas. Several restaurants, coffee shops and other recreational activities have opened in recent years.

Sports
En 2007, el Santa Tecla Fútbol Club nació por iniciativa del entonces alcalde de la ciudad, Óscar Ortiz, quien se asoció con varios empresarios locales para comprar una plaza en la Liga de Ascenso. Apadrinado por el gobierno municipal, el club ascendió a la Liga Mayor de Fútbol en 2012, bajo la dirección técnica del argentino Oswaldo Escudero, campeón mundial Sub 20 en 1979 junto a Diego Armando Maradona. La gloria llegó muy pronto. El Clausura 2015 vio la primera coronación en la historia del club, con tan solo ocho años de existencia después de superar en penaltis an Isidro Metapán. El título les confirió classificar a su primera experiencia internacional: la Concacaf Liga de Campeones de 2015–2016.

El segundo campeonato llegó tres torneos después (Apertura 2016), conseguido al vencer 3-2 al histórico Alianza de la capital, uno de los equipos más importantes de Centroamérica. La gran figura de aquella conquista fue Sebastián Abreu, el exmundialista uruguayo, goleador en Argentina, México y España, récord mundial con más clubes en su carrera profesional (26). 'El Loco' fue fundamental para el título de los 'Pericos', al anotar el gol del empate a dos y el definitivo tanto de la victoria en tiempo de reposición. De la mano del uruguayo, Santa Tecla volvió a someter 4-0 an Alianza para lograr el bicampeonato consecutivo en el Clausura 2017. En su aparición en los octavos de final de la 'Concachampions', el poderoso Seattle Sounders sufrió en demasía para eliminar a la sensación cuscatleca después de perder 2-1 en el Estadio Las Delicias y remontar (4-0) en el CenturyLink Field.

En 2015, Roberto d’Aubuisson tuvo, como uno de los pilares fundamentales de su gestión, el deporte y es por ello que se mejoraron zonas verdes y parques. Así mismo estos lugares se convirtieron en zonas recreativas para disfrutar en familia. Trabajo la Mejora del parque recreativo El Cafetalón Se construyo nuevos parques tales como: el parque Adela Van Severen. Gracias an estas aéreas recreativas se mantuvo y se impulso el deporte.

Actualmente con varias Escuelas Municipales:
 * Escuela de Futbol
 * Escuela de Baloncesto
 * Escuela de Voleibol Sala
 * Escuela de Voleibol Playa
 * Escuela de Tae Kwon Do
 * Escuela de Karate Do
 * Escuela de Patinaje
 * Escuela de Ajedrez
 * Clases de Skateboarding
 * Clases de Aeróbicos
 * Clases de Boxeo y Judo
 * Clases de Halterofilia
 * Clases de Luchas
 * Clases de Balionmano
 * Clases de Padel

Education
There are 104 school centers in the municipality, of which 34 are public and 70 are private schools. By the beginning of 2001 there were 16,918 students enrolled in the Santa Tecla public school district, of which 2,072 were in kindergarten, 12,979 enrolled between the grades 1st through 9th, and 1,867 in 1st and 2nd Bachelor Year. There was a total of 8,332 male student enrolled, and 8,586 female student enrolled. The total number of citizen in Santa Tecla (aged from 5 to 19) is as of 2001 53,228, thus the public school district cover approximately 46.2% of the student population.

On the other hand, there are far more private schools than public but they only cover 42.2% of the student population. Among the most priced private schools in the municipality, is the Cuscatlán British Academy, known as ABC in its Spanish acronym, which offers all classes in English, and has adopted the school calendar of Great Britain. The Lycée Français de San Salvador ("French Lyceum of San Salvador"), a school that offers all classes in French and has adapted the French school year. There are many other private institutions located on the northern side of the historic downtown of Santa Tecla, and many Private Catholic institutions as well, one of the best known are, Lamatepec School a bilingual Catholic school for boys only, and the Floresta, a bilingual catholic school for girls only. Other schools and educational institutions are renowned Santa Tecla: Saint Cecilia Salesian School, St. Agnes School, Champagnat School, Belén School, Our Lady of the Rosary of Fátima School, Bethania School, French School (French-Spanish), and the British Academy (British English).

This leaves an 8.6% of the youth (age 5 to 19) to fall under the categories of home schooled, or not attending to either a private nor public institution for various reasons, which among the top one is poverty. Officially out of the student population only 0.17% are registered as home schooled, the other 8.43% are children who are not attending to either a private nor public education institution is mainly due to rural poverty factors, and others.

Santa Tecla is home to the first Salesian institute to be founded in Central America, Saint Cecilia Salesian School (1899), which is one of the most prestigious schools in El Salvador. Later arrived the Sisters of Mary Help of Christians, who established the Colegio Santa Inés in 1906; the Colegio Belén, established in 1916 by the Carmelite Sisters of Saint Joseph; the Colegio Champagnat, a Marist school established in 1925; and Bethania Institute, established in 1928. Other important schools are Colegio Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Fátima, and Escuela Alberto Masferrer, both operated by the Dominican Sisters of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin.

Santa Tecla also offers higher institutes of education such as various universities. The most known and expensive university in the municipality is the Higher School of Economy and Business, known as ESEN for its Spanish acronym, the institution is fairly new, owned, and constructed by Ricardo Poma, owner of Grupo Roble, one of the top businesses in the country. Another top university is the Communications University Monica Herrera, which offers the careers of strategic design, marketing, and integrated communications.

Sister cities

 * 🇪🇸 Gijon
 * 🇳🇴 Nesodden

title: Santa Tecla, El Salvador


text:
Talk:Robin Warren

Discovery date question
This article says that Dr. Warren discovered Helicobacter pylori in 1979. However, the Helicobacter pylori article says that the bacterium was originally seen in 1875, first suspected to cause disease in 1899, and "rediscovered" by Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren in 1982.  I am wondering if somebody can double-check whether the 1979 date or the 1982 date is correct? 69.140.157.138 02:18, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Warren-Florey commonalities, and how stray observations lead to seminal discoveries
I'm somewhat amused that both Robin Warren and Howard Florey have a couple of things in common. Both are from the University of Adelaide, and both owe their prizes in large part to the fact the other recipient left the the petri dish out too long. Is this a common occurence in medicine? (And they both went to the same school (Saint Peters College, Adelaide) Funkeystu (talk) 03:11, 1 May 2009 (UTC) )

 * Not that they left out a dish too long, which happens all the time in such laboratories, really. The point at which one is done with a plate is very subjective, and apart from it drying out, or mold forming, plates can often have very long useful lives, a matter still understood though the art of streaking (see also ) is in the decline in this era of kit-based micro practice.

 * The requisite elements of these early and continuing discoverers are, at least, that (i) their observational practices and habits of minds were such that the observation of the visual data on the plate, whatever it was, registered with them (as opposed to washing over them not to be internalized, amidst the noise of all other visual, experiential data), and in doing so, struck them as deserving further thought. In this regard, think of Prof Agassiz and his pedagogic fish (e.g., ). Then—not unrelatedly—a further requisite element (ii) that the moment or two of further thought given the observations somehow connected with earlier disciplined learning to create the thought of how the observation fit into establish scientific knowledge, and to suggest a practical first test to see if the perceived connection was as important as first perceived. Finally, (iii), the matter did not end with the thought, it ended with action, actual follow-up testing of the significance of the observation. Anyone familiar with scientific life, in particular laboratory research in modern times, will find it easy to see why any of this sequence of steps might be interrupted, for any given case of a stray observation. The word miraculous comes to mind, for the fact that these seminal observations were not longer missed. Le Prof Leprof 7272 (talk) 21:53, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:55, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

I have found an image here um... i dont know if it can be used link: image —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.236.138.23 (talk) 09:40, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Poor article shape based on lede
…and initial once-over, based on comparison to Barry Marshall article. Someone with training in micro should ope the 2 articles side by side, and make this as strong s the other. Apart from the biographical details, these stories run in parallel, and the two ledes (and articles should not be so demonstrably different in quality). Le Prof Leprof 7272 (talk) 15:42, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Robin Warren


text:
Moving Units (EP)

Moving Units is the first release by the band of the same name, Moving Units. It was first released early 2002 on Festival Of Dead Deer's former label, Three One G, in 12" vinyl; the first pressing was on pink vinyl and the second on green. After the band moved to Palm Records, it was reissued on February 4, 2003, on CD.

Track listing

 * 1) "Between Us & Them"
 * 2) "X and Y"
 * 3) "I Am"
 * 4) "Melodrama"

title: Moving Units (EP)


text:
Talk:Barry Marshall

Self-induced gastritis
This article states that Marshall's self-induced gastritis was resolved with the aid of antibiotics, but the Helicobacter pylori article states that it resolved without treatment. Anyone know which is right?

 * According to his Nobel Lecture, after several endoscopic examinations and biopsies showing that he had an on-going gastric bacterial infection and persistant gastritis he took antibiotics starting 14 days after drinking the bacterial culture. --JWSchmidt 01:52, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The truth is that it probably resolved spontaneously. I will edit the Wiki but I don't want to make a big entry as the whole issue is rather complicated. I'll post something on my blog site soon and correct the H.pylori article.Barjammar 22:39, 27 January 2007 (UTC)Barry Marshall

New writer; I used to do 10-30 upper GI fluoroscopies a day in radiology- until this H pylori was discovered as the culprit and its treatment permitted by the US medical establishment as the cause of stomach and pyloric ulcers. Now that test is rare in the US.

Back in the 1990's a nurse I worked with in an American orthopedic office informed me that she would be seeing a doctor for treatment of an ulcer (that I would have to cover her area that afternoon). I told her of a new insight into the cause of ulcers- H pylori.

A usually docile orthopod heard me and shouted out in rage that the treatment was unproven, and told me to keep the idea to myself. I was unaware that the doctor's wife was an internist who was beginning to lose thousands of dollars a year in Tagamet prescriptions and its required periodic liver testing. It burned me on how the dollar corrupts virtue. I remembered this lesson when it was discovered a form of gadolinium used in MRI's was causing NSF and radiologists poo-pooed it- until proven- now patients everywhere are screened for kidney function before any form of radiologic contrast is injected.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.170.78.58 (talk) 15:02, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Is this true?
Hi. Read all about it here. Barjammar 16:12, 21 January 2007 (UTC) Barry Marshall (yes - its really me!)

Recently, Marhsall has been criticised for appearing in an infomercial touting the book "World's Greatest Treasury of Health Secrets" sold by Bottom Line Press, which is not a medical publisher.

Seems the only citation of this is a blog, which I don't think is good citation. I'm going to remove it --Glockmeister 14:03, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I saw this and have had people email me that they saw it too. I've been going nuts looking for a citation. It could have been someone pretending to be him (never know with these infomercials). Strangely, sockpuppets have been removing the citation, so something weird is going on. I looked at your history and I know you're not a sockpuppet, so I'll leave it deleted for now while I look for a citation. Mjk2357 16:46, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Another update - I don't want to sound like a nut but this is weird to me. A guy just posted on my blog re: this article and said I was "spamming" Wikipedia. One glance at my history shows I'm no spammer - but who cares because there are a lot of self-appointed "authorities" here that don't know what they're talking about, right? The weird thing was he chose "no reply" to his post so I couldn't respond to what he wrote. And his post was in perfect English but the blog it pointed to was in Chinese and all this guy's other comments were in Chinese. So I deleted it.

 * Still looking for confirmation or a source this guy was on this infomercial. Someone help - YouTube turned up empty. Mjk2357 01:37, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Ok I'll see what Google turns up Glockmeister 01:56, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I tried - I couldn't find anything. May you have better luck. I don't care about this enough to sit up all night watching infomercials! Mjk2357 02:06, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh...my...god... look at this!! - http://www.archivista.ch/cgi-bin/mwfd/user_info.pl?uid=44. "Barjammar" was the one that initially reverted my post. This is too weird... Mjk2357 02:35, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * More evidence: http://www.helico.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl . Now, hopefully, Barjammar is just pretending to be Barry Marshall, right? I mean, it couldn't actually be Barry Marshall, reverting my addition without denying he was in the infomercial. Mjk2357 02:37, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Doubt it. I've tried Google, but didn't get anywhereGlockmeister 06:38, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There might be two Barjammars, because I'm pretty sure the Barjammar that's the moderator of helico.com is the real Barry Marshall. Anyway, this has passed my strangeness threshold. I've turned the issue over to the admins. Mjk2357 18:41, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is true. I saw the infomercial again and recorded it. I've reposted the info with caveats, airtimes, producer's info and other references. If anyone knows how to get a video clip off a DVR and onto the Internet let me know and I'll post the raw data. Mjk2357 09:34, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

It certainly seems to be Barry Marshall. Go to https://tvz.healthsecrets.com/ and skip to 2:06 of the video clip on the main page. The person in the video has an Australian accent and looks like the person in the pictures on Barry Marshall's personal website. http://www.vianet.net.au/~bjmrshll/ 70.69.54.1 11:05, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

I tried contacting Barry Marshall and his Laboratory through their web sites to verify this. No luck. Barry Marshall doesn't publish his e-mail address and the only e-mail address on his "helico.com Foundation" (always suspicious am I of ".com foundations") bounces as "no such mail address". Maybe try their WHOIS record which they're required by regulation to keep up to date? [[User:Anon] Fri Jan 19 10:38:17 (UTC)

Any luck with WHOIS? I asked around. We may have an answer in a few days Toru-chan 00:26, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

It seems to me that the infomercial comments on this article are driven by mjk2357 original research and not any actual biographical sources. The history shows that mjk2357 added to the article the statement "Recently, Marshall has been criticised for appearing in an infomercial touting the book..." which was sourced only from mjk2357's blog site. BLPs require neutral point of view (NPOV) and no original research. I personally posted a comment on mjk2357's blog site about the wikipedia rules for biographies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons in October which mjk2357 promptly deleted (see above). More than three removals/edits by various editors have all been reverted by mjk2357. TLB 10:23, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * See above - Dr. Marshall has confirmed the information in this section - also see his own blog. When the guy himself admits it, and there's taped evidence, it's not orig. research! Mjk2357 12:09, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No comment from mjk2357 on NPOV and I don’t think he understands original research (yes, the content is verifiable but that is only 1 of 3 criteria for biographies). I am going to undo this is clearly disputed material. Additionally there is an exception for 3RR 24hour rule for living biographies.

 * This appears to be original research to me. Definition is here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_research. None of the section footnotes even mentions Marshall. My main issue is that the primary source is the authors blog and the subjects response (Dr. Marshall) was directly instigated by this wikipedia article section, not to any other source. This seems fundamentally at odds with what wikipedia is meant to do; not to create new content but to summarize and encapsulate a subject. This would be especially true for biographies of living persons. This section should be dropped until properly sourced as this section is completely self-referential.

 * I have issues with the section as outlined below:

 * "Recently Dr. Marshall appeared in an infomercial by Bottom Line Health, promoting The World's Greatest Treasury of Health Secrets, which is not a peer-reviewed book."
 * - "Recently" is ambiguous.
 * - The Bottom Line Health page does not exist, not sure if it ever did.
 * - There is no evidence that Bottom Line Health suggested this was a "peer-reviewed" book. The book is not an academic or scholarly release and is instead targeted at a general audience. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_reviewed#Reasons_for_peer_review

 * "Bottom Line Health claims in the infomercial that no doctor was paid for the inclusion of their research in the book, however the publisher does not specify that Dr. Marshall was not compensated for his appearance in the video program promoting it."
 * - No reference for this information. This statement is conjecture and there is not any relevance provided.

 * "Bottom Line Health is not a medical publisher and it has published other material on 'natural and alternative cures' making claims that have not been validated by the FDA."
 * - This is not sourced, the footnotes are customer complaints.
 * - Again, what information describes this book as anything other than general audience? Publishers publish many types of content, is there a reason why the publishers should be exclusively medical publishers?
 * - Is there any information that the book claims its remedies have been approved by the FDA? By definition would not "natural and alternative" medicine be unapproved by the FDA? As a note, the FDA has in fact approved treatment for ulcers described in the book by Marshall. TLB 08:17, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

This is a serious issue
Hi; I checked with the manager of my office and apparently there was no payment. Someone may put evidence on my blog page. Barjammar 21:04, 24 January 2007 (UTC)Barry Marshall.

I refer you once again to Dr. Marshall's own blog where he says he was paid for his appearance. However this was donated to charity. If you research this book you will find it is pure quackery. It's a serious issue that a Nobel Prize winner was seen endorsing it! Dr. Marshall himself has admitted that it was a mistake for him to appear in the book. Anyone who looks up Dr. Marshall's page after seeing this informercial deserves to see this information and know that Dr. Marshall no longer endorses this book. As for the claims not being validated by the FDA, this is stated on Bottom Line's website, which is sourced. You are justified in editing this section but not in removing it entirely. I find it suspicious also that someone whose only contributions to Wikipedia are on this page (plus one other minor edit) is such a hawk about the rules. Perhaps this is a separate account you have for doing controversial things such as this? Mjk2357 12:13, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The above paragraph sounds completely different from the disputed section content; an altogether different intention and tone. TLB 12:38, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * What are you saying? That you would accept inclusion of the section if it was rewritten? If so feel free to do so. However blanking sourced material repeatedly is in violation of policy. However, I have added a dispute tag and I am waiting for input from other users before restoring anything - at least for the time being. Mjk2357 12:56, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

One more thing: I checked the policy for living biographies and by repeatedly blanking a sourced section it's you that's in violation of the policy, not me. Mjk2357 12:16, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * These were reverts of your work which have been going on since October, not blanking. WP:BLP demands WP:NPOV and WP:NOR otherwise it is meant to be removed immediately. TLB 07:01, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As I explained above it's not a violation of NPOV or NOR if the subject of the article confirms the accuracy of the section! What part about that don't you understand? I'm willing to let this issue be debated and not get into a time-wasting revert war with you but by removing the tag you're hiding even the mention of a debate.

 * Again I also repeat my suspicions that such a new user who only cares about this one issue can quote policy, albeit inaccurately, in such detail. You wouldn't happen to be using double accounts, would you? Bad form. Mjk2357 04:38, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

This is a serious issue (continued)

 * I should not have removed the tags, I thought the discussion with Toru-chan was finished. TLB 13:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Glad you've admitted that, but another Australian (I know you're from Sydney) has just removed them again. This is not a national pride issue, ok? It's about someone with a lot of credibility endorsing something with no credibility and leading people astray.Mjk2357 16:25, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * More groundless accusations. I could say that this is another example of an American moral agenda being forced onto the world, but I won't. Please try to stay on subject without the personal attacks.One example TLB 00:49, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well my perspective is your own nationalism is keeping you from being objective here. As for a moral agenda, everyone has one, including Wikipedia. Wikipedia's is supposed to be free and accurate information. The info I added was accurate. Unfortunately you and another Australian have succeeded (so far) in suppressing it. As for when I was warned about no personal attacks, that user was nobly trying to cool a debate with the LaRouche people, who, if you've been here as long as I have, you would know almost ruined Wikipedia. I don't have any apologies to make about standing up to them. Mjk2357 10:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "As I explained above it's not a violation of NPOV or NOR if the subject of the article confirms the accuracy of the section!" What does the subject confirmation have to do with NPOV? Wouldn't a subject's response to a wikipedia article be biased? I have outlined my problems with your treatment of the subject in the "Is this true?" section as not neutral; I don't think that Dr. Marshall's response is any more neutral. The sections commentary, relevance and moral judgements are your original work. I agree with Toru-chan that there should be links to both websites and people wanting more information can read the commentary for themselves.

 * I also think using your blog as a the primary source for a section you are writing on wikipedia is unethical. So is blackmailing a response out of Dr. Marshall by publishing original and negative commentary against him and reverting any removals of this commentary by the subject and other editors. TLB 13:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I only posted my blog entry to get other people to confirm what I thought I saw while groggily watching TV at 4:40 AM! If you want to delete the blog link, fine. But suppressing this information is not fine. Users should be alerted as to an ongoing debate and be allowed to contribute to it. I agree Dr. Marshall's response is not NPOV since it's from the subject, but since it confirms embarrassing information, rather than denying it, that doesn't really matter, does it? If President Bush tomorrow admitted the whole Iraq War was based on lies, does that make it POV and not suitable for wikipedia? Ridiculous. Mjk2357 16:25, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * So you admit to posting unverified negative comments on a wikipedia biography in order to draw readers to your blog and support your agenda? Are you from Current Affair? Biographies and wikipedia articles should be a summary of collected information/commentary on a subject. So far your blog is the only other source which mentions Dr. Marshall. I do not want to delete your blog as an external link, I just don't feel the section you defended for months was neutral or a summary of biographical information on the subject. TLB 00:49, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No, in order to confirm that I really saw what I thought I saw. I knew a link on the main page would actually draw people to answer - which they did, confirming the story, while few people read the talk page. After the info was confirmed I should have removed the link, but I just forgot. As you can see from my blog I don't even update it frequently so I'm hardly trying to "draw traffic" or anything like that. Mjk2357 10:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As for blackmail - wow - now you're going all out with the weird accusations. Like I said before I like Dr. Marhsall - I think he's a cool guy - a good model for scientists - however he made a mistake that is now misleading people. As Toru-Chan said, people come to Wikipedia for information - it should not be censored. Mjk2357 16:25, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No, I do not think your blog link should be removed, even if previously posted on wikipeida under dubious means. I am saying that crusaders should not be writing a section on the crusades. TLB 00:49, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, so nobody who has a moral position on an issue can edit a page about that issue? In that case I think the Stalin and Fascism pages would be entirely blank. That argument doesn't hold up, and you obviously don't apply it to yourself otherwise you as an Australian with an obvious emotional interest in this issue would excuse yourself from getting involved. But you didn't - in fact you even changed a title heading on the talk page to disguise the fact that there is a "national pride" factor involved with this debate - you're hiding your own POV. Mjk2357 10:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * In response to, "If you research this book you will find it is pure quackery". First let me say I in no way am attempting to defend the infomercial or book but didn't Dr. Marshall review one of the sections? Is this section quackery? The comments on your blog are from "anonymous" users and don't reference the content at all. Another infomercial comment site seems to only be about Hugh Downs and not the content. I found another website with customer comments about how the content was "obvious", and many said that you would be better off searching google to find these "remedies". What if you don't have access to the internet? Does your term "quackery" mean the book contains false information or just obvious, vague or basic medical information as specified in the internet comments? TLB 13:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * One example (there are plenty more): The book advises treating heartburn by drinking vinegar. This is against all medical advice and could be very dangerous. The tone of the infomercial is such that "most doctors are misleading you" and you should use "alternative cures." I suggest you watch the infomercial yourself - a user has supplied a link on this page I believe. Mjk2357 16:25, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I have seen the infomercial and I think your analysis is subjective. The quotes you used above are not quotes from the infomercial linked at the bottom of this discussion. Maybe I am only seeing a shortened version? Where are the quotes you used above? TLB 00:49, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The full infomercial is an hour long. Because of my slow connection I can't view the video - was the video an hour or just a clip? I clearly remember the host talking about vinegar, but I don't have the full recording on my DVR anymore. Mjk2357 10:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "You wouldn't happen to be using double accounts, would you?" I see you are never short of accusations. Anyone who doesn't agree with you is a sockpuppet or spammer? This is my first and only wikipedia account. As for bad form, you deleted a post I put on your blog (the primary source for the disputed section) last year about wikipedia rules for BLP (before you had anything verified). TLB 13:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I explained above why I posted that. I deleted your comment because it was an anonymous attack (see first comment on this talk page where I talked with Glockmeister about your anonymous post on my blog). Had you left contact info we could have debated all this back in October and not be wasting our time now. Mjk2357 16:25, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * What? All of your posts on your blog are anonymous. What contact information was I meant to leave, my email address, phone number? The customer complaints on the infomercial info sites are anonymous as well but those are sourced. TLB 00:49, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * How about a wikipedia account? Obviously you had one. Just say I am user Trizow and I think this post violates policy X. If you had been nice about it I would have removed the link. Mjk2357 10:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I am glad I now know some of the rules for wikipedia as experienced editors with agendas can exploit unexperienced users. I have been reading wikipedia for years but new to create an account (last year) when I read this very article and decided that I should chime in as an advocate. I don't really see why you need to make personal attacks to advance your case. TLB 13:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, if you are not a sockpuppet I apologize. You claimed I was a spammer- wish to apologize for that? I helped to expose a big sockpuppeteer named Zdrv a while back - maybe now I think everyone is one because of that. However, once again, you are mistaken when it comes to the rules. You can't claim NPOV and NOR violations when Dr. Marshall himself has admitted this event happened. The fact that he doesn't want the material included is immaterial - no subject would want embarrassing material included - but that doesn't mean Wiki biographies should be 100% positive. Mjk2357 16:25, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I cut and pasted word for word the notice for BLPs. Not sure how this means I called you a spammer, this was what I knew about wikipedia at the time. As I have said previously, verifiability of infomercial appearance is not in debate, the infomercial/book integrity, relevance to biographical sources and your commentary/judgements/agenda are what I have identified as NPOV and NOR. TLB 00:49, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The title of your post was "Please Stop Spamming Wikipedia." I think that qualifies as calling me a spammer. Perhaps you did not know the terminology back then. Mjk2357 10:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I appreciate that my Wikipedia page is getting back to normal with the "book" episode being represented by a link. I don't have time to study the rules but whoever did that for me, many thanks. I hope it sticks. Barjammar 13:00, 23 January 2007 (UTC) Barry Marshall

I think we do need to make some reference to it, but also don't think we need blow it out of proportion. Barjammar was basically suckered into giving an endorsement for a book that he believed, based on the article he checked for them, was bone fide. Could happen to any of us, and he's come clean. That aught to be good enough. We've *all* made the odd mistake in our past. Acknowledge it, but it needn't take up half our of Wiki. BTW Contrary to what Barjammar thinks, this is not an exclusively Wiki/mjk thing. It was discussed on quite a few web sites. People tend to come to Wiki when they're looking for an answer. For that reason, we still need to have a reference for anyone looking for it. But lets keep it in proportion. Toru-chan 01:08, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Toru-chan please restore the infomercial section to the degree you feel appropriate, as I do not feel like wasting time in a revert/policy debate war with Trizow. Thanks! Mjk2357 01:20, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Hi Mjk, yeah, it's a grey area. Probably it is worth a subheading in the wiki article itself, but so long as your blog and Barjammar's admission are live external links it is still on the record and we can leave it like that. Basically we'll give Barjammar the benefit of the doubt on this occasion. If Barjammar goes in another Informercial we can reconsider, but somehow I don't see it! :-) Toru-chan 03:54, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I doubt it - I think he's learned his lesson ;) Actually I think he is pretty cool - drinking the bacteria himself to prove it causes ulcers? Now that's science! Too bad he took it as a personal attack - I'm just an opponent of quacks as I'm sure he is as well. Mjk2357 12:30, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Always best to keep your cool. Guess he was embarrassed. Anyway Barjammar: tempting as it may be, best scrap plans to appear on the new Suzanne Somers Thighmaster promotional tour, and get back to your medical research. ;-) Toru-chan 02:32, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Since this all seems to have settled down to a nice tidy verified one-sentence mention (which is about what it deserves), I think the dispute over the neutrality of the article is probably over; I've removed the tag. Glad to see it was worked out... Shimgray | talk | 20:23, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

The
infomercial, program length commercial, seems to be @:

< http://tvz.healthsecrets.com/?CFID=751683&CFTOKEN=19549302 >.

I often don't use my computer sound, so I could see, not hear.

It includes Hugh Malcolm Downs, Barry Marshall, & "Arthur Johnson".

I found comments @:

< http://thepermanentpress.blogspot.com/2006/09/what-heck-is-this-nobel-prize-winner.html >;

< http://tvsquad.com/2006/09/29/creepy-infomercial-replaces-creepy-host-with-hugh-downs >.

Thank You.

hopiakuta ; [[ <nowiki> </nowiki> { [[%c2%a1]] [[%c2%bf]] [[ %7e%7e%7e%7e ]] } ;]] 12:53, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Questions About "Barry Marshall" Entry
Um, I was just wondering, if Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered the cause of gastritis and stomach ulcers, then who discovered the cure? Was it them who found the cure? Did scientists and doctors find the cure automatically because the treatment is the same for all bacteria? Or did it take more research to discover the cure? Please answer my questions if you do in fact know the answer, below. Thankyou.

ANSWER: —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.245.21.104 (talk) 01:16, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

What kind of a reference is this?
The number 2: Customer reaction/complaints to World's Greatest Treasury of Health Secrets

The same Barry Marshall?
When moving house a few months ago, I came across some papers related to my 1985 nomination in the Western Australia Section of the Five Outstanding Young Australian Awards, run by Australian Jaycees. Included in that documentation was a letter listing the 5 winners from the 16 nominees. One of the five winners was "Barry Marshall", but no details were given in the letter regarding his achievements. The awards ceremony in Bunbury on 31 August 1985 is long lost from my memory, but the letter says that's the date the awards were presented, and I do remember attending.

Can anyone confirm whether this award winner is the same Barry Marshall? I suspect it is, but I don't want to add unverified information to the main article. Yes, I've Googled, but have found no supporting evidence.

Picture
The picture attached to the article was most certainly not the Barry Marshall that is the subject of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.187.169.10 (talk) 14:00, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Barry Marshall


text:
Mike Conroy (writer)

Mike Conroy is a British pop culture writer and former comic book retailer. He is best known for co-creating the long-running industry award, the Eagle Awards. He was an editor for the trade journal Comics International from 1997 to 2010, with the title of editor-in-chief from 2006 to 2010.

Conroy has written for Borderline, Panini Group, Eaglemoss, and SFX among others, primarily as a comics historian. He has written three books on comics history.

Career
Conroy managed the Eagle Awards from 1977 to 2014, with some significant hiatuses. He co-created the awards with Richard Burton in 1976, and the Eagles were presented annually at the British Comic Art Convention in the period 1977–1981, and then the United Kingdom Comic Art Convention in the period 1987–1990, as well as select other conventions in the years in-between.

In 1978, Conroy took over management of the London Comic Mart from Nick Landau, putting on four editions of the "New Original Comic Mart" that year, all held at the Royal Horticultural Society's Old Hall. Landau and his company Titan Distributors took back the Mart from Conroy in 1979.

The Eagle Awards took a hiatus for much of the 1990s as Conroy concentrated on his freelance writing. (The Eagles were replaced in the interim by the UK Comic Art Award and then the National Comics Awards.) He became a contributor to Comics International early on its existence, and his "Frame to Frame" column was a long-running featuring discussing the interaction between movies and comics. In 1997, he became news editor of Comics International (replacing Phill Hall in that position).

In 2000, Conroy revived the Eagles; they were presented at Comic Festival in 2000 and 2002, and then at Comic Expo in the years 2004 and 2006–2008.

Meanwhile, Comics International changed hands in 2006, and Conroy was promoted to editor-in-chief. Under Conroy's direction, however, the magazine only published eight regular issues (and a few specials) in three years, before shutting down.

After leaving Comics International, Conroy became a columnist for the online publication World of Superheroes.

Conroy transferred the management of the Eagle Awards to his teenage daughter Cassandra in 2009 (although Mike stayed on as advisor). The 2009 Awards were canceled, however, due to a "lack of nominations." The 2010–2012 awards were presented at the London MCM Expo, but a rift between MCM and the Conroys caused no Eagles to be awarded in 2013. The Conroys decided to continue the awards separate from MCM, and in April 2014 it was announced that the award would be presented at the London Film and Comic Con (LFCC) and be renamed: first "The Stan Lee Eagle Award" and then the "True Believer Comic Awards." The inaugural True Believer Comics Awards were presented July 12, 2014, at the London Film and Comic Con; they have not been awarded since.

title: Mike Conroy (writer)


text:
In-system programming

In-system programming (ISP), or also called in-circuit serial programming (ICSP), is the ability of some programmable logic devices, microcontrollers, chipsets and other embedded devices to be programmed while installed in a complete system, rather than requiring the chip to be programmed prior to installing it into the system. It also allows firmware updates to be delivered to the on-chip memory of microcontrollers and related processors without requiring specialist programming circuitry on the circuit board, and simplifies design work.

Overview
There is no standard for in-system programming protocols for programming microcontroller devices. Almost all manufacturers of microcontrollers support this feature, but all have implemented their own protocols, which often differ even for different devices from the same manufacturer. In general, modern protocols try to keep the number of pins used low, typically to 2 pins. Some ISP interfaces manage to achieve the same with just a single pin, others use up to 4 for implementing a JTAG interface.

The primary advantage of in-system programming is that it allows manufacturers of electronic devices to integrate programming and testing into a single production phase, and save money, rather than requiring a separate programming stage prior to assembling the system. This may allow manufacturers to program the chips in their own system's production line instead of buying pre-programmed chips from a manufacturer or distributor, making it feasible to apply code or design changes in the middle of a production run. The other advantage is that production can always use the latest firmware, and new features as well as bug fixes can be implemented and put into production without the delay occurring when using pre-programmed microcontrollers.

Microcontrollers are typically soldered directly to a printed circuit board and usually do not have the circuitry or space for a large external programming cable to another computer.

Typically, chips supporting ISP have internal circuitry to generate any necessary programming voltage from the system's normal supply voltage, and communicate with the programmer via a serial protocol. Most programmable logic devices use a variant of the JTAG protocol for ISP, in order to facilitate easier integration with automated testing procedures. Other devices usually use proprietary protocols or protocols defined by older standards. In systems complex enough to require moderately large glue logic, designers may implement a JTAG-controlled programming subsystem for non-JTAG devices such as flash memory and microcontrollers, allowing the entire programming and test procedure to be accomplished under the control of a single protocol.

History
Starting from the early 1990s an important technological evolution in the architecture of the microcontrollers was witnessed. At first, they were realized in two possible solutions: with OTP (one-time programmable) or with EPROM memories. In these technologies, memory-erasing process requires the chip to be exposed to ultraviolet light through a specific window above the package. In 1993 Microchip Technology introduced the first microcontroller with EEPROM memory: the PIC16C84. EEPROM memories can be electrically erased. This feature allowed to lower the realization costs by removing the erasing window above the package and initiate in-system programming technology. With ISP flashing process can be performed directly on the board at the end of the production process. This evolution gave the possibility to unify the programming and functional test phase and in production environments and to start the preliminary production of the boards even if the firmware development has not yet been completed. This way it was possible to correct bugs or to make changes at a later time. In the same year, Atmel developed the first microcontroller with flash memory, easier and faster to program and with much longer life cycle compared to EEPROM memories.

Microcontrollers that support ISP are usually provided with pins used by the serial communication peripheral to interface with the programmer, a flash/EEPROM memory and the circuitry used to supply the voltage necessary to program the microcontroller. The communication peripheral is in turn connected to a programming peripheral which provides commands to operate on the flash or EEPROM memory.

When designing electronic boards for ISP programming it’s necessary to take into account some guidelines to have a programming phase as reliable as possible. Some microcontrollers with a low number of pins share the programming lines with the I/O lines. This could be a problem if the necessary precautions are not taken into account in the design of the board; the device can suffer the damage of the I/O components during the programming. Moreover, it’s important to connect the ISP lines to high impedance circuitry both to avoid a damage of the components by the programmer and because the microcontroller often cannot supply enough current to pilot the line. Many microcontrollers need a dedicated RESET line to enter in the Programming Mode. It is necessary to pay attention to current supplied for line driving and to check for presence of watchdogs connected to the RESET line that can generate an unwanted reset and, so, to lead a programming failure. Moreover, some microcontrollers need a higher voltage to enter in Programming Mode and, hence, it’s necessary to check that this value it’s not attenuated and that this voltage is not forwarded to others components on the board.

Industrial application
In-System Programming process takes place during the final stage of production of the product and it can be performed in two different ways based on the production volumes.

In the first method, a connector is manually connected to the programmer. This solution expects the human participation to the programming process that has to connect the programmer to the electronic board with the cable. Hence, this solution is meant for low production volumes.

The second method uses test points on the board. These are specific areas placed on the printed board, or PCB, that are electrically connected to some of the electronic components on the board. Test points are used to perform functional tests for components mounted on board and, since they are connected directly to some microcontroller pins, they are very effective for ISP. For medium and high production volumes using test points is the best solution since it allows to integrate the programming phase in an assembly line.

In production lines, boards are placed on a bed of nails called fixture. The latter are integrated, based on the production volumes, in semiautomatic or automatic test systems called ATE (automatic test equipment). Fixtures are specifically designed for each board - or at most for few models similar to the board they were designed for – therefore these are interchangeable in the system environment where they are integrated. The test system, once the board and the fixture are placed in position, has a mechanism to put in contact the needles of the fixture with the Test Points on the board to test. The system it’s connected to, or has directly integrated inside, an ISP programmer. This one has to program the device or devices mounted on the board: for example, a microcontroller and/or a serial memory.

Microchip ICSP
For most Microchip microcontrollers, ICSP programming is performed using two pins, clock (PGC) and data (PGD), while a high voltage (12 V) is present on the Vpp/MCLR pin. Low voltage programming (5 V or 3.3 V) dispenses with the high voltage, but reserves exclusive use of an I/O pin. However, for newer microcontrollers, specifically PIC18F6XJXX/8XJXX microcontrollers families from Microchip Technology, entering into ICSP modes is a bit different. Entering ICSP Program/Verify mode requires the following three steps:
 * 1)     Voltage is briefly applied to the MCLR (master clear) pin.
 * 2)     A 32-bit key sequence is presented on PGD.
 * 3)     Voltage is reapplied to MCLR.

A separate piece of hardware, called a programmer is required to connect to an I/O port of a PC on one side and to the PIC on the other side. A list of the features for each major programming type are:

 * 1) Parallel port - large bulky cable, most computers have only one port and it may be inconvenient to swap the programming cable with an attached printer. Most laptops newer than 2010 do not support this port. Parallel port programming is very fast.
 * 2) Serial port (COM port) - At one time the most popular method. Serial ports usually lack adequate circuit programming supply voltage. Most computers and laptops newer than 2010 lack support for this port.
 * 3) Socket (in or out of circuit) - the CPU must be either removed from circuit board, or a clamp must be attached to the chip-making access an issue.
 * 4) USB cable - Small and light weight, has support for voltage source and most computers have extra ports available. The distance between the circuit to be programmed and the computer is limited by the length of USB cable - it must usually be less than 180 cm. This can make programming devices deep in machinery or cabinets a problem.

ICSP programmers have many advantages, with size, computer port availability, and power source being major features. Due to variations in the interconnect scheme and the target circuit surrounding a micro-controller, there is no programmer that works with  all  possible target circuits or interconnects. Microchip Technology provides a detailed ICSP programming guide Many sites provide programming and circuit examples.

PICs are programmed using five signals (a sixth pin 'aux' is provided but not used). The data is transferred using a two-wire synchronous serial scheme, three more wires provide programming and chip power. The clock signal is always controlled by the programmer.

Signals and pinout

 *  Vpp  - Programming mode voltage. This must be connected to the MCLR pin, or the Vpp pin of the optional ICSP port available on some large-pin-count PICs. To put the PIC into programming mode, this line must be in a specified range that varies from PIC to PIC. For 5V PICs, this is always some amount above Vdd, and can be as high as 13.5 V. The 3.3 V only PICs like the 18FJ, 24H, and 33F series use a special signature to enter programming mode and Vpp is a digital signal that is either at ground or Vdd. There is no one Vpp voltage that is within the valid Vpp range of all PICs. In fact, the minimum required Vpp level for some PICs can damage other PICs.
 *  Vdd  - This is the positive power input to the PIC. Some programmers require this to be provided by the circuit (circuit must be at least partially powered up), some programmers expect to drive this line themselves and require the circuit to be off, while others can be configured either way (like the Microchip ICD2). The Embed Inc programmers expect to drive the Vdd line themselves and require the target circuit to be off during programming.
 *  Vss  - Negative power input to the PIC and the zero volts reference for the remaining signals. Voltages of the other signals are implicitly with respect to Vss.
 *  ICSPCLK  - Clock line of the serial data interface. This line swings from GND to Vdd and is always driven by the programmer. Data is transferred on the falling edge.
 *  ICSPDAT  - Serial data line. The serial interface is bi-directional, so this line can be driven by either the programmer or the PIC depending on the current operation. In either case this line swings from GND to Vdd. A bit is transferred on the falling edge of PGC.
 *  AUX/PGM  - Newer PIC controllers use this pin to enable low voltage programming (LVP). By holding PGM high, the micro-controller will enter LVP mode. PIC micro-controllers are shipped with LVP enabled - so if you use a brand new chip you can use it in LVP mode. The only way to change the mode is by using a high voltage programmer. If you program the micro controller with no connection to this pin, the mode is left unchanged.

RJ11 pinout
An industry standard for using RJ11 sockets with an ICSP programmer is supported by Microchip. The illustration represents information provided in their data sheets. However, there is room for confusion. The PIC data sheets show an inverted socket and do not provide a pictorial view of pinouts so it is unclear what side of the socket Pin 1 is located on. The illustration provided here is untested but uses the phone industry standard pinout (the RJ11 plug/socket was original developed for wired desktop phones).

title: In-system programming


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Cai Jing

Cai Jing (1047–1126), courtesy name Yuanchang (元長), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician who lived during the Northern Song dynasty of China. He is also fictionalised as one of the primary antagonists in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

Life
Cai Jing was from Xianyou, Xinghua (present-day Putian, Fujian). In 1070, he participated in the imperial examination and was a jinshi (a successful candidate). He served as a civil official in Qiantang before moving on to work in the Grand Secretary's office.

In 1086, Cai Jing was posted to the administrative office in Kaifeng, the capital. He supported the conservative faction in the imperial court, headed by Sima Guang, and won the praise of Sima. In 1094, Cai Jing became the Minister for Revenue. He helped Zhang Dun (章惇) revive the New Policies of reformist chancellor Wang Anshi, although he set out on a campaign of attrition to destroy or radically alter the written work of his predecessors and especially conservative enemies, thereby probably also purging much of Shen Kuo's written work.

During the reign of Emperor Huizong, Cai Jing was impeached and ordered to retire in Hangzhou. Cai Jing collaborated with the eunuch-general Tong Guan to win back his place in the imperial court. After rising to prominence in politics and becoming chancellor at one point, Cai Jing introduced the policy of huashigang (花石綱), for officials to focus on offering precious gifts and tributes to the emperor. In 1102 and 1113, he introduced reforms to the taxation laws on tea and salt trading, as well as increasing human labour. Cai Jing's policies were unpopular among the common people and led to corruption in the government.

Cai Jing and Tong Guan were two of the officials Emperor Huizong asked in 1115 to evaluate the proposal that the Song ally themselves with the Jurchen against the Liao. Huizong was not interested at first, and continued "to get mixed reports from his officials... [In 1118], Tong Guan, in a memorial that has not been preserved, proposed taking advantage of the disorder in Liao to regain Yan and Yun [two former Song territories]....Huizong wanted Cai Jing's opinion of Tong Guan's proposal and several times sent a eunuch to ask Cai Jing what he thought of it. It was not until Huizong kept Cai Jing after an audience and asked him directly, however that Cai Jing was willing to express his opinion. He told Huizong that he did not have confidence in Tong Guan." Despite other warnings, Huizong disregarded Cai Jing's concerns. "Not long afterwards, in 1120/6, Cai Jing retired, quite possibly because Huizong was tired of his resistance to the new alliance [between the Song and the Jurchen, who later betrayed their Song allies]."

In 1125, Imperial Academy official Chen Dong submitted a report to Emperor Huizong, denouncing six "traitors" in the imperial court, deemed responsible for the government's decline. The six were Cai Jing, Wang Fu (王黼), Tong Guan (童貫), Zhu Mian (朱勔), Li Yan (李彥), and Liang Shicheng (梁師成), with Cai as the group's leader. Cai Jing was stripped of his official post and banished to Lingnan (present-day Guangdong) after Emperor Qinzong came to the throne. Song Scholar Ebrey devotes an appendix in her biography of Huizong reporting how it "is not uncommon to find modern historians who portray Cai Jing as a strong supporter of the alliance" and hence a traitor. She concludes, however, that this was untrue and was actually the result of An Yaochen's 1118 memorial directed against Tong Guan and Cai Jing. Later, "Huizong told the eunuch Liang Shicheng that Cai Jing was the only one who consistently had argued against the northern campaign." Cai Jing starved to death along the journey at Tanzhou (present-day Changsha, Hunan) "as merchants reportedly refused to sell him food. Ill and over eighty, he died within ten days on his way to his site of banishment. On the same day, it was ruled that no future amnesties would lighten the exiles of twenty-three of [his] sons and grandsons [who had also been banished]."

title: Cai Jing


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Acacia pulchella

Acacia pulchella, commonly known as prickly moses or western prickly moses, is a shrub in the family Fabaceae. Endemic to Western Australia, it is one of the most common shrubs of the bushland around Perth and in the Darling Range.

Description
The shrub typically grows to a height of 1.5 m branches freely, and has flexuose and spine-tipped pale green branchlets and 1 mm stipules. The leaves are composed of three to five pinnae. Prickly moses is one of only few Acacia species to have true leaves rather than phyllodes. It has feathery, bipinnate leaves with leaflets up to 5 mm long. At the base of each leaf is one or two spines. It flowers in late winter and early spring. The rudimentary inflorescences occur in groups of one to three racemose spherical flower heads with a diameter of about 1 cm, usually containing 10 to 40 but sometimes up to 60 golden coloured flowers. The crustaceous seed pods that form after flowering have a narrowly oblong shape and are flat or slightly undulate with a length of 1.5 to 5 cm and a width of 3 to 5 mm.The brown seeds inside are mostly oblong and 2.5 to 4.5 mm (0.098 to 0.177 in) in length. The name "prickly moses" is said to be a corruption of "prickly mimosa".

Taxonomy
It was first described in 1813 by Robert Brown.

The specific epithet is derived from Latin and names small and beautiful. There are four recognised varieties: It belongs to the A pulchella group of wattles along with Acacia amputata, Acacia epacantha, Acacia fagonioides, Acacia guinetii, Acacia lasiocarpa and Acacia megacephala.
 * A. p. var. glaberrima
 * A. p. var. goadbyi
 * A. p. var. pulchella
 * A. p. var. reflexa

Distribution
It is found in the Perth, Peel, South West, Great Southern, and southern parts of the Wheatbelt and Mid West, where it is commonly situated in swamps, low-lying areas, and near creeks and rivers. The range of the plant extends from around Geraldton in the north down to near Esperance in the east and to coastal areas in the west and south. Geraldton to Esperance. A single population in Creek Conservation ParkPark has also been recorded in South Australia.

Ecology
Recent research suggests that A. pulchella may in some circumstances suppress the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.

Uses
This prickly shrub is useful as a screen to inhibit animal and human access to areas.

title: Acacia pulchella


text:
Open Content Alliance

The Open Content Alliance (OCA) was a consortium of organizations contributing to a permanent, publicly accessible archive of digitized texts. Its creation was announced in October 2005 by Yahoo!, the Internet Archive, the University of California, the University of Toronto and others. Scanning for the Open Content Alliance was administered by the Internet Archive, which also provided permanent storage and access through its website.

The OCA was, in part, a response to Google Book Search, which was announced in October 2004. OCA's approach to seeking permission from copyright holders differed significantly from that of Google Book Search. OCA digitized copyrighted works only after asking and receiving permission from the copyright holder ("opt-in"). By contrast, Google Book Search digitized copyrighted works unless explicitly told not to do so ("opt-out"), and contends that digitizing for the purposes of indexing is fair use.

Microsoft had a special relationship with the Open Content Alliance until May 2008. Microsoft joined the Open Content Alliance in October 2005 as part of its Live Book Search project. However, in May 2008 Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer funding the scanning of books through the Internet Archive. Microsoft removed any contractual restrictions on the content they had scanned and they relinquished the scanning equipment to their digitization partners and libraries to continue digitization programs. Between about 2006 and 2008 Microsoft sponsored the scanning of over 750,000 books, 300,000 of which are now part of the Internet Archive's on-line collections.

Opposition to Google Book Settlement
Brewster Kahle, a founder of the Open Content Alliance, actively opposed the proposed Google Book Settlement until its defeat in March 2011.

Contributors
The following are contributors to the OCA:

 * Adobe Systems Incorporated
 * Boston Library Consortium
 * Boston Public Library
 * The Bancroft Library
 * The British Library
 * Columbia University Libraries
 * Emory University Library
 * European Archive
 * Getty Research Institute
 * HP Labs
 * Indiana University Libraries
 * Internet Archive
 * Johns Hopkins University Libraries
 * McMaster University
 * Memorial University of Newfoundland
 * Missouri Botanical Garden
 * MSN
 * The National Archives
 * National Writers Union
 * Natural History Museum, London
 * National Library of Australia
 * O'Reilly Media
 * Perseus Project
 * Prelinger Library and Prelinger Archives
 * Research Libraries Group
 * Rice University Libraries
 * San Francisco Public Library
 * Simon Fraser University Library
 * Smithsonian Institution Libraries
 * Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala
 * University of Alberta Libraries
 * University of British Columbia Library
 * University of California Libraries
 * University of Chicago
 * University of Georgia
 * University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 * University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * University of Ottawa
 * University of Pittsburgh
 * University of Texas
 * University of Toronto
 * University of Virginia Library
 * Washington University in St. Louis
 * William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
 * Xerox Corporation
 * Yahoo!
 * York University Library

Biodiversity Heritage Library, a cooperative project of:
 * American Museum of Natural History
 * Harvard University Botany Libraries
 * Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
 * Missouri Botanical Garden
 * Natural History Museum, London
 * The New York Botanical Garden
 * Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 * Smithsonian Institution Libraries

title: Open Content Alliance


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Prickly Moses

Prickly Moses is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

 * Acacia brownii, endemic to eastern Australia
 * Acacia farnesiana
 * Acacia hubbardiana, native to north eastern Australia
 * Acacia pulchella, endemic to western Australia
 * Acacia ulicifolia, native to Australia
 * Acacia verticillata, native to south eastern Australia

title: Prickly Moses


text:
Avi Cohen

Avraham "Avi" Cohen (אבי כהן; 14 November 1956 – 29 December 2010) was an Israeli footballer who played as a defender, and a manager. He was best known for his spells playing for two British clubs: Liverpool in England and Rangers in Scotland. After retirement from active football and management, he was the chairman of the Israel Professional Footballers Association for over five years until he was killed in a motorcycle crash. after his death Maccabi Tel Aviv retired the number 5 that he formerly wore.

Career
Cohen was born in Cairo, Egypt, and was Jewish. He moved to Israel as a youngster, and began his playing career with Maccabi Tel Aviv, before joining Liverpool for a fee of £200,000 ($450,000) in July 1979, and became the first Israeli to play in England. He struggled to establish himself as a regular at Anfield and was released in November 1981, rejoining Maccabi. On 20 September 1980, Cohen stirred up controversy when he decided to play in Liverpool's away fixture versus Southampton, which fell on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. Liverpool drew with Southampton 2–2 in front of 24,085 spectators and Cohen was lambasted by the Israeli media for playing. He returned to the United Kingdom in 1987, when he had a brief spell under former Liverpool teammate Graeme Souness at Rangers, before ending his career with Maccabi Netanya.

He also played for the Israel national team, making his debut on 19 July 1976 during the 1976 Summer Olympics in a 0–0 draw against Guatemala. On 9 October 1984, Cohen scored his first goal against Greece in a 2–2 friendly draw. He was capped 51 times, scoring 3 goals. His son, Tamir, is also a professional footballer who plays for Maccabi Haifa in the Israeli Premier League and the Israel national team.

Personal life
Cohen was married to Dorit Cohen and the father of three, including the football player Tamir Cohen. In addition, Cohen was the brother-in-law of former football player Vicky Peretz and the uncle of Peretz sons – Adi and Omer Peretz.

In 2008, he participated in the Israeli reality version of Dancing with the Stars and was the fifth to be eliminated.

Death
On 20 December 2010, Cohen was seriously injured in a motorcycle crash. He was taken to Tel Aviv's Ichilov Hospital, where he was immediately taken into surgery. On 28 December 2010, the hospital declared that Cohen was brain dead. His brain death was confirmed by his son Tamir later the same day. Paying tribute to Cohen, Kenny Dalglish said "Avi was a lovely man who will be remembered fondly by everyone at Liverpool who knew him. He quickly integrated himself into the football club when he joined us and spent a lot of time learning English which really made him popular. He was well liked by all the lads and although he didn't spend a long time at the club, he certainly left his mark and no-one will forget how he helped us win the league against Aston Villa. My thoughts and those of everyone connected to the club are with Avi's family." Ally McCoist said "we knew his situation was bad but never for a second did we think it would come to this" before going on to say it was "so sad to hear that he has passed away."

Liverpool marked the death of Cohen with a period of applause before their Premier League match against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 29 December 2010. The club also played a friendly game against the local Jewish community in honor of Avi. They competed for the Avi Cohen cup. Liverpool Legends team won 1–0.

On 24 April 2011, his son Tamir, of Bolton Wanderers, paid a tribute to his late father after scoring the winner against Arsenal and celebrating with a printed T-shirt with his father's face on it.

Player

 * Club
 * Maccabi Tel Aviv
 * Liga Leumit First Division (2): 1976–77, 1978–79
 * State Cup (2): 1976–77, 1986–87
 * Israel Super Cup (1): 1988
 * Liverpool
 * Football League First Division (1): 1979–80
 * Charity Shield (2): 1979, 1980
 * European Cup (1): 1980–81

 * Rangers
 * League Cup (1): 1987–88

Individual

 * Israel Player of the Year (1): 1978–79
 * Member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame

title: Avi Cohen


text:
Ecodynamics

Ecodynamics is a part of applied economics. It covers knowledge on monetary value, the usage of money, and the money flow. It deals with labor, and capital.

title: Ecodynamics


text:
Talk:Streetsville Secondary School

The portable had plenty of usage (now without it, several classes are left without a room) and why should information about Leslie Merlino be included on this page?

this is outdated! i am also not sure whether this should even have its own article.--Alhutch 12:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Streetsville Secondary School