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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of oldest MLB players

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. — J I P | Talk 07:38, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

List of oldest MLB players

 * Delete This article doesn't seem to have a point. I say delete because what relevancy does listing players who are more than 45 years old when they played? Why not 50 years old? Why not 40 years old? Why not 46 years old? I don't see the value in such an article. What Wikipedia is not section 1.7 seems to agree with me. Masterhatch 08:53, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Arcadian 12:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 15:46, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting from a statistics/records viewpoint, although I'm not so sure on the criteria for inclusion. -- howcheng  [ talk • contribs • web ] 17:03, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, playing most major professional sports (golf is an exception but it's one of the few) into your late forties at the highest level is an exceptional accomplishment. I think it's marginally notable enough to get into Wikipedia. Marginally. Lord Bob 17:44, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Lord Bob. --Jacquelyn Marie 19:45, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 45 seems a reasonable place to put it. 50 would cut the list down to just 5 names.  In any case, a decent and useful list.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  22:44, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Lord Bob. Xoloz 04:01, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Lord Bob. -- DS1953 talk 05:29, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Central tolerance

In immunology, central tolerance (also known as negative selection) is the process of eliminating any developing T or B lymphocytes that are autoreactive, i.e. reactive to the body itself. Through elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes, tolerance ensures that the immune system does not attack self peptides. Lymphocyte maturation (and central tolerance) occurs in primary lymphoid organs such as the bone marrow and the thymus. In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow and T cells mature in the thymus.

Central tolerance is not perfect, so peripheral tolerance exists as a secondary mechanism to ensure that T and B cells are not self-reactive once they leave primary lymphoid organs. Peripheral tolerance is distinct from central tolerance in that it occurs once developing immune cells exit primary lymphoid organs (the thymus and bone-marrow), prior to their export into the periphery.

Function
Central tolerance is essential to proper immune cell functioning because it helps ensure that mature B cells and T cells do not recognize self-antigens as foreign microbes. More specifically, central tolerance is necessary because T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs) are made by cells through random somatic rearrangement. This process, known as V(D)J recombination, is important because it increases the receptor diversity which increases the likelihood that B cells and T cells will have receptors for novel antigens. Junctional diversity occurs during recombination and serves to further increase the diversity of BCRs and TCRs. The production of random TCRs and BCRs is an important method of defense against microbes due to their high mutation rate. This process also plays an important role in promoting the survival of a species, because there will be a variety of receptor arrangements within a species – this enables a very high chance of at least one member of the species having receptors for a novel antigen.

While the process of somatic recombination is essential to a successful immune defense, it can lead to autoreactivity. For example, lack of functional RAG1/2, enzymes necessary for somatic recombination, has been linked to development of immune cytopenias in which antibodies are produced against the patient's blood cells. Due to the nature of a random receptor recombination, there will be some BCRs and TCRs produced that recognize self antigens as foreign. This is problematic, since these B and T cells would, if activated, mount an immune response against self if not killed or inactivated by central tolerance mechanisms. Therefore, without central tolerance, the immune system could attack self, which is not sustainable and could result in an autoimmune disorder.

Mechanism
The result of central tolerance is a population of lymphocytes that do not mount immune response towards self-antigens. These cells use their TCR or BCR specificity to recognize foreign antigens, in order to play their specific roles in immune reaction against those antigens.

In this way, the mechanisms of central tolerance ensure that lymphocytes that would recognise self-antigens in a way that could endanger the host, are not released into the periphery.

It is of note that T cells, despite tolerance mechanisms, are at least to some extent self-reactive. TCR of conventional T cells must be able to recognize parts of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (MHC class I in case of CD8+ T cells or MHC class II in case of CD4+ T cells) to create proper interaction with antigen-presenting cell. Furthermore, TCRs of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are directly reactive towards self-antigens (although their self-reactivity is not very strong) and use this autoreactivity to regulate immune reactions by suppressing immune system when it should not be active. Importantly, lymphocytes can only develop tolerance towards antigens that are present in the bone marrow (for B cells) and thymus (for T cells).

T cell
T cell progenitors (also called thymocytes) are created in the bone marrow and then migrate to the thymus where they continue their development. During this development, the thymocytes perform the V(D)J recombination and some of the developing T cell clones produce TCR that is completely unfunctional (unable to bind peptide-MHC complexes) and some produce TCR that is self-reactive and could therefore promote autoimmunity. These "problematic" clones are therefore removed from the pool of T cells by specific mechanisms.

First, during "positive selection" the thymocytes are tested, ehether their TCR works properly and those with unfunctional TCR are removed by apoptosis. The mechanism has its name because it selects for survival only those thymocytes whose TCRs do interact with peptide-MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells in the thymus.

During the late stage of positive selection, another process called "MHC restricition" (or lineage commitment) takes place. In this process the thymocytes whose TCR recognize with MHCI (MHC class I) molecules become CD4- CD8+ and thymocytes whose TCR recognize MHCII (MHC class II) become CD4+ CD8-.

Subsequently, the positively selected thymocytes go through "negative selection" which tests the thymocytes for self-reactivity. The cells that are strongly self-reactive (and therefore prone to attacking the host cells) are removed by apoptosis. Thymocytes that are still self-reactive, but only slightly develop into T regulatory (Treg) cells. Thymocytes that are not self-reactive become mature naïve T cells. Both the Treg and mature naïve T cells subsequently migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs. The negative selection has its name because it selects for survival only those thymocytes whose TCRs do not interact (or interact only slightly) with peptide-MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells in the thymus.

Two other terms - recesive and dominant tolerance are also important regarding the T cell central tolerance. Both the terms refer to two possible ways of tolerance establishment towards particular antigen (typically self antigen). The "recesive tolerance" means that the antigen is tolerated via deletion of those T cells that would facilitate immune response against the antigen (deletion of autoreactive cells in negative selection). The "dominant tolerance" means that the T cell clones specific for the antigen are deviated into Treg cells and therefore suppress the immune response against the antigen (Treg selection during the negative selection).

Steps of T cell tolerance Regulatory T cells are another type of T cell that mature in the thymus. Selection of T reg cells occurs in the thymic medulla and is accompanied by the transcription of FOXP3. T reg cells are important for regulating autoimmunity by suppressing the immune system when it should not be active.
 * 1) Development of T cell progenitors                                                                                T cell precursors originate from bone marrow (BM). Population of the earliest hematopoietic progenitors do not bear markers of differentiated cells (for that they are called Lin- „lineage negative“) but express molecules such as SCA1 (stem cell antigen) and KIT (receptor for stem cell factor SCF). Based on these markers the cells are called LSKs (Lineage-SCA1-KIT). This population can be further divided, based on expression of markers such as CD150 and FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), into CD150+ FLT3-hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and CD150- FLT3low multipotent progenitors (MPPs). The HSCs are „true hematopoietic stem cells“ because they have the ability of self-renewal (generating new HSCs) and also have the potential to differentiate into all blood cell types. The direct descendants of HSCs are the more mature multipotent progenitors (MPPs) that highly proliferate, can differentiate into all blood cell types but are not capable of self-renewal (do not have the ability to indefinitely generate new MPPs and therefore HSCs are needed for generation of new MPPs). Some of the MPPs further upregulate expression of FLT3 (becoming CD150- FLT3high) and start to upregulate genes specific for lymphoid lineage (for example Rag1) (but remain Lin-). These progenitors (still belong to the LSK cells) consist of two similar populations termed lymphoid-primed MPPs (LMPPs) and early lymphoid progenitors (ELPs). The LMPPs/ELPs subsequently give rise to common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). These cells (FLT3high LIN- KITlow) do not belong to LSK pool, are more mature and more prone towards the lymphoid lineage, meaning that under normal circumstances they will ultimately give rise to T or B cells or other lymphocytes (NK cells). But since they are only progenitors, their cell fate is not strictly predetermined and they still have the ability to differentiate into other lineages.
 * 2) Migration into the thymus                                                                                Progenitors from bone marrow (BM), even the HSCs, have the ability to randomly exit the BM to the bloodstream and thus can be readily detected there. Therefore, after being generated, the T cell progenitors exit the BM and are randomly carried by blood throughout the body. At the moment they reach postcapillary venules in the thymic cortico-medullary junction, they start slowing down and rolling on the endothelium, because all the progenitors, including LSK cells, express on their surface glycoprotein PSGL1, which is a ligand for P-selectin, expressed on the thymic endothelium. But out of all the aforementioned T cell progenitors, only the LMPPs/ELPs and CLPs express chemokine receptors CCR7 and CCR9 that enable them to enter the thymus. The thymic endothelium express chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which are ligands for CCR7 and CCL25 which is a ligand for CCR9. The final part of thymic entry is not yet fully understood. Suggested model is that receptor sensing of chemokines by the progenitors activates their integrins (suggested integrins are VLA-4 and LFA-1) which engage with ligands on the endothelium. This interaction stops the rolling, leads to cellular arrest and finally to transmigration along the chemokine gradient inside thymus. Therefore, all the progenitors will be rolling on the thymic endothelium, but only the LMPPs/ELPs and CLPs will enter the thymus because only they have the proper receptor equipement to do so. The mechanism is highly similar to the transmigration, which is used by leukocytes to enter lymph nodes or inflamed tissues.
 * 3) Early thymic development                                                                                From the moment LMPPs/ETPs and CLPs enter the thymus in the corticomedullary junction, they are referred to as thymus settling progenitors (TSPs). The TSPs highly proliferate and start to migrate to the subcapsullar zone of the thymus. It is not celar what signals drive the migration. One possibility is that they migrate along chemokine gradients, using CXCR4, CCR7 and CCR9 receptors but the migration can be also driven only by interactions of integrins and other cells and ECM (extra-cellular matrix) without direct involvement of chemokines. As they migrate towards the subcapsular zone, the TSPs further continue in their differentiation, which is driven mainly by the thymic microenvironment. Out of many signals the TSPs and other subsequent precursors receive from the microenvironment, the Notch signalling is especially important to drive their differentiation fate. The precursors express Notch1 receptor which is activated by ligands present in the thymic tissue. The subsequent activation of Notch pathway leads to gradual loss of the progenitors capability to generate other cell lineages and they ultimately become only capable to create T cells but this comes at the later stages of the differentiation. At the stage of TSPs, the progenitors still retain the capacity to create both lymphoid and myeloid cells. Given their capability to generate other cell lineages (mainly in vitro) it is even debated that they can physiologically, at least partially contribute to generation of other cell types, present in the thymus, mainly plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). But this has not yet been clearly proven.
 * 4) DN to DP stages                                                                                In the next step, the TSPs give rise to early thymic precursors (ETPs), also called as double negative 1 (DN1) cells. The term „double negative“ refers to the fact that at this stage the precursors do not express CD4 nor CD8 coreceptors (sometimes they are even termed „triple negative“ because they also do not express CD3 complex). The DN stages can be distinguished by the expression of surface markers CD44 and CD25, with the DN1 cells being CD44+ CD25-. Similarly to the TSPs, the DN1 cells are still capable of generating other cell types aside from T cells, such as B cells, NK cells, DCs and macrophages (lymphoid and myeloid lineage). But, due to the Notch signalling, they start to committing towards T cell lineage by expression of transcription factors (TFs) such as GATA3 and TCF1. Subsequently, the DN1 cells differentiate into DN2 cells, that are CD44+ and CD25+. The DN2 stage can be further divided into two substages DN2a and DN2b. The transition from the earlier DN2a substage to the later DN2b is also called commitement, because it is at this moment when the T cell precursor finally and completely lose their ability to generate other cell lineages and from that moment they can (even in vitro) only differentiate into T cells. After the commitement, at the DN2b substage, the precursors also start to produce CD3 complex (signalling component of the future TCR receptor complex).  Next, the precursors continue their differentiation into DN3 phase in which they are CD44- CD25+. At this stage, the cells finally arrive to the subcapsular zone of the thymus, further proliferate and most importantly, start to express Rag1 and Rag2 (recombinases of the V(D)J recombination of T or B cell receptors). Therefore, it is the DN3 stage at which the T cell precursors start to build their TCRs.  It is also at this stage when the precursors decide whether they become αβ or γδ T cell. There are two possible models of how this decision step is made. The first possibility is that the cell fate is simply determined during the development of the precursor by the commitment similar to the development of other cell lineages. Therefore, some T cell precursors commit to γδ T cell and therefore in this step recombine γδTCR and some commit to αβ T cell and similarly recombine αβTCR. The other and generally more accepted model is that the commitment is determined during the TCR rearrangement and formation. Since the V(D)J recombination is step-by-step process, the precursors firstly recombine their genes to produce γδTCR. At the moment, the strength of signal that is produced by the newly formed TCR decides. If the γδTCR is properly formed and receives strong signal by interacting with the ligands present in the thymus, then the precursor continue its development into γδ T cell through specific selection processes. If the T cell precursor receives only weak signal, then the γδTCR formation is scratched and the recombination towards αβTCR starts.  Those precursors firstly recombine TCRβ chain and combine it with invariant TCRα (substitute chain) and in previous stages formed CD3 complex to create so-called pre-TCR. With this premature TCR, they enter process called β-selection. This is a control step, in which the progenitor needs to receive positive signal from the pre-TCR to survive. They further need signal from CXCR4 (ligand is CXCL12) which does not serve here to direct migration but as a survival signal along with Notch signalling. Therefore, the β-selection step controls whether the TCRβ chain is properly formed and functional. It can be also understood as a positive selection specific only for the TCRβ chain (TCRα chain is not yet formed) but control for self-reactivity is not included in this step and comes later, especially in the medullary section. The cells that do not create functional γδTCR or pre-TCR or do not successfully pass through β-selection are removed by apoptosis.   The cells that successfully pass the β-selection continue their development into DN4 stage, stop the expression of CD25 becoming CD44- CD25- and begin migration inside thymic cortex. It is, again, not completely clear what drives the migration. Probably, the receptors CXCR4 and CXCR9 on the DN4 cells drive the migration along gradients of chemokines CXCL12 and CCL25, although other models of migration to the cortex were established mainly based on movement dynamics of cells due to their extensive proliferation or fluid currents in the thymus without direct involvement of chemokine-driven migration. The DN4 cells subsequently begin the expression of CD8 and CD4 coreceptors becoming CD8+ CD4+ DP cells (DP means double positive because they express both the coreceptors).  Once in the thymic cortex, the DP cells finalize the rearrangement of TCRα chain, which results in production of complete αβTCR complex, which marks the cells ready to enter the positive selection, which takes place in the thymic cortex.
 * 5) During positive selection, T cells are checked for their ability to bind peptide-MHC complexes with affinity. If the T cell cannot bind the MHC class I or MHC class II complex, it does not receive survival signals, so it dies via apoptosis. T cell receptors with sufficient affinity for peptide-MHC complexes are selected for survival.
 * 6) * Depending on whether the T cell binds MHC I or II, it will become a CD8+ or CD4+ T cell, respectively.
 * 7) * Positive selection occurs in the thymic cortex with the help of thymic epithelial cells that contain surface MHC I and MHC II molecules.
 * 8) During negative selection, T cells are tested for their affinity to self. If they bind a self peptide, then they are signaled to apoptose (process of clonal deletion).
 * 9) * The thymic epithelial cells display self antigen to the T cells to test their affinity for self.
 * 10) * Transcriptional regulators AIRE and Fezf2 play important roles in the expression of self tissue antigens on the thymic epithelial cells in the thymus.
 * 11) * Negative selection occurs in the cortico-medullary junction and in the thymic medulla.
 * 12) The T cells that do not bind self, but do recognize antigen/MHC complexes, and are either CD4+ or CD8+, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs as mature naïve T cells.

B cell
Immature B cells in the bone marrow undergo negative selection when they bind self peptides.

Properly functioning B cell receptors recognize non-self antigen, or pathogen-associated molecular proteins (PAMPs).

Main outcomes of autoreactivity of BCRs
 * 1) Apoptosis (clonal deletion)
 * 2) Receptor editing: the self-reactive B cell changes specificity by rearranging genes and develops a new BCR that does not respond to self. This process gives the B cell a chance for editing the BCR before it is signaled to apoptose or becomes anergic.
 * 3) Induction of anergy (a state of non-reactivity)

Genetic diseases
Genetic defects in central tolerance can lead to autoimmunity.

 * Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome Type I is caused by mutations in the human gene AIRE. This leads to a lack of expression of peripheral antigens in the thymus, and hence a lack of negative selection towards key peripheral proteins such as insulin. Multiple autoimmune symptoms result.

History
The first use of central tolerance was by Ray Owen in 1945 when he noticed that dizygotic twin cattle did not produce antibodies when one of the twins was injected with the other's blood. His findings were confirmed by later experiments by Hasek and Billingham. The results were explained by Burnet's clonal selection hypothesis. Burnet and Medawar won the Nobel Prize in 1960 for their work in explaining how immune tolerance works.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Central tolerance


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CSAO

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Companies
Conrail Shared Assets Operations, an American railroad company

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Club du Sahel et de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, a development organization from the Sahel.

title: CSAO


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Category talk:Burkina Faso stubs

AfricaW-geo-stub
There are two reasons for adding this stub as well: Grutness...  wha?  09:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) A number of editors of geographical articles search for stubs to expand primarily on the type of item rather than location.
 * 2) It is easier for WP:WSS to judge if and when a separate BurkinaFaso-geo-stub will be needed.

title: Category talk:Burkina Faso stubs


text: User talk:71.109.157.129

title: User talk:71.109.157.129


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Barred danio

The barred danio (Devario pathirana) is a fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae). Originating in Sri Lanka, this fish grows to a maximum length of 2 inches (6 cm).

In the wild, the barred danio is understood to be critically endangered, but is freely available from captive-bred stock. Typically, the fish prefer water with a 6.0-8.0 pH, a water hardness of 5.0-19.0 dGH, and an ideal temperature range of 69-79 °F (20-26 °C). Its diet consists of annelid worms, small crustaceans, and insects. The barred danio is oviparous (an egg layer), and is found mostly in the Nilwala River basin.

title: Barred danio


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User talk:Abisen

 * Welcome to wikipedia. I saw your recent edits to Bulandshahr. Please keep up the nice work. --Bhadani 08:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abisen


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Martin Donnelly (sportsman)

Martin Paterson Donnelly (17 October 1917 – 22 October 1999) was a New Zealand-born sportsman who played Test cricket for New Zealand and rugby union for England. He worked for Courtaulds in England and Sydney.

Personal life
Born in Ngāruawāhia, New Zealand, Donnelly's twin brother Maurice died in the Spanish flu epidemic in 1918. Donnelly's maternal great-grandfather, William Butler was a British Army veteran in the 20th Regiment of Foot later renamed the Lancashire Fusiliers and settled in Howick, New Zealand in 1847 as part of the Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps.

1930s
Donnelly's sporting talent emerged quickly and Donnelly became known for his batting and fielding skills, as well as his prowess at Rugby Union. While still a student at New Plymouth Boys' High School, Donnelly made 49 for Taranaki against the touring MCC side in January 1936. This led to his first-class debut in January 1936 for Wellington in a Plunket Shield match against Auckland, in which he made 22 and 38.

Aged only 19, Donnelly was a surprise selection for the 1937 New Zealand tour of England, having played only one first-class match. After showing more promise than results in the warm up matches, the selectors showed patience and Donnelly made his Test debut in the 1st Test at Lord's. He made a duck and 21, but remained in the team to make 4 and 37*, and 58 and 0 in the following two Tests. He achieved greater success against the county sides, finishing second in the batting averages, and earned praise from Wisden, which called him "a star in the making".

Returning to New Zealand, Donnelly moved to Christchurch in 1938 to attend the University of Canterbury and play for Canterbury. While there, he won the Redpath Cup as the best batsman in the Plunket Shield in 1939. He also played rugby for Canterbury University, the Canterbury Provincial XV, and for New Zealand Universities.

1940s
At the completion of his degree, Donnelly returned to Wellington but played only one more first-class match before enlisting in the New Zealand Army in 1940. Commissioned in 1941, he served as a tank commander in northern Africa and Italy, rising to the rank of Major. While in Cairo, he purchased what would become his lucky cap, an old multi-striped number, that he would wear whenever he took the field in his post-war cricketing career.

At war's end, Donnelly was a member of the Dominions side that played an England XI at Lord's in 1945, making 133, including a six hit onto the roof of the pavilion, before going up to Worcester College, Oxford, to read history. He played cricket for Oxford University in 1946, scoring six centuries, and then as captain in 1947. He headed the Oxford batting averages each year, gained a reputation as the best left-hander in the world, and won selection as Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1948.

Following his graduation from Oxford, Donnelly commenced working for Courtaulds while playing cricket for Warwickshire. In 1948, playing for Warwickshire against Middlesex, he was bowled by left-arm spinner Jack Young from the wrong side of the stumps, the ball having bounced off his foot and over his head before landing behind the stumps and spinning back to dislodge the bails.

He continued to impress observers with his attacking style of play, including former champion C B Fry, who believed Donnelly to be the best left-handed batsman he had seen. On this form, Donnelly was chosen for the 1949 New Zealand tour of England, where he continued to enhance his reputation, making 462 runs in the Test series at 77.00, including scores of 64, 206, 75 and 80. Donnelly's 206 at Lord's was the first Test double century by a New Zealander and remained the highest New Zealand Test score until Bert Sutcliffe's 230 not out against India at Delhi in 1955–56.

The 1949 series would prove to be the end of Donnelly's Test career. In all, Donnelly played just seven Tests, all in England, making 582 runs at 52.90.

A short man (his nickname was "Squib"), Donnelly is one of only two cricketers (along with Percy Chapman) to have scored centuries at Lord's in each of the three "classic matches": Test matches (206 for New Zealand against England in 1949), Gentlemen versus Players (scoring 162 for the Gentlemen in 1947) and the University Match (scoring 142 for Oxford against Cambridge in 1946).

In 1960, Neville Cardus expressed the opinion that Donnelly was the finest left-handed foreign batsman to play in England since World War II. Donnelly's favourite shot, a legside flick off the pads, often had spectators gasping in admiration, while some commentators suggested he was the best cover-point of all time.

Rugby career
Donnelly also played rugby for the Oxford University team, achieving success as a fly half, and, less successfully, as centre in the English national rugby side for their match against Ireland at Lansdowne Road in Dublin in 1947.

Later life
After four first-class matches in 1950, Courtaulds transferred the newly married Donnelly to their Sydney office to assume a managerial role. He developed a preference for fishing over cricket.

Despite having played only 13 of his 131 first-class matches in New Zealand, and in only seven Test matches, none of which were in New Zealand, he was elevated to the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1990. He died in Sydney on 22 October 1999, survived by his wife, three sons and one daughter.

Donnelly House, one of four houses at New Plymouth Boys' High School, is named in his honour.

Wesley Harte wrote Martin Donnelly: His Record-By-Innings in 1990. A biography titled Martin Donnelly: New Zealand Cricket's Master Craftsman was written by Rod Nye and published in 1999.

title: Martin Donnelly (sportsman)


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User talk:Jschuess

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Archangels Of Destruction

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Deletion review nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Gareth Hughes 22:15, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

The Archangels Of Destruction
More Stargate Wars cruft, this time a clan. There's no need to have an article on a nn clan in a nn online game. - A Man In  Black  (conspire | past ops) 09:01, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The #1 alliance is now my #1 deleted article on Wikipedia --Ryan Delaney talk 09:25, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete of course. It would be nice if clans could be speedied.  Oh well. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:01, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Keep. AManinblack: Please don't abuse your administrative powers by deleting all the articles I create or contribute to. To quote my argument against your proposal to delete the Stargate Wars article: "Has anyone actually read 'What wikipedia is not' (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information)?I quote : "Subjects [people] of encyclopedia articles must have a claim to fame besides being fondly remembered by their friends and relatives." However: no where in that OFFICIAL article by the wikipedia admin does it say that non-human subjects (i.e. Clans, as a clan itself is not human, but the members of the clan are; Online games, such as Stargate Wars) need to be 'notable'." What have I ever done to you that deserves this? ZPMMaker 12:41, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This isn't a personal vendetta. Non-notable games aren't encyclopedic material, and players of those non-notable games are certainly not encyclopedic material. I used my administrative powers to speedily delete two articles on Stargate Wars players, per Criteria for speedy deletion A7, and I'm nominating the other things for deletion normally (which is something any user can do). While it isn't written in stone that a subject needs to be notable, in practice the vast majority of things (games included) need to have some evidence of notability, particularly if they're largely interchangable units in a homogenous whole (for example, Kings of Chaos clones). Efforts to write a notability guideline or policy have run into problems where people can't decide if notability applies to this or that sort of thing (places, towns, schools, roads, etc.) and there is a minority of users who don't feel notability should be a factor in these decisions, but the vast majority of Wikipedians require evidence of notability from the vast majority of things, web-based online games included. - A Man In  Black  (conspire | past ops) 21:38, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes I realise that characters/users need to be notable (and as such have even agreed with you on your deletion page for UNKNOWN, as I have now read said 'rules' and realise this requirement). However, it does not say anywhere that a subject (non-individual, i.e. a road, city, internet-game...) needs to be notable; I realise that it is expected, but it is not a necessary requirement of Wikipedia. If all encyclopaediae worked on this basis, small insignificant (not-notable) things like an 'Aardvark' or some extinct animal (other than those dinosaurs; they ARE notable) wouldn't even get into it! To quote Encyclopedia, an Encyclopaedia (such as Wikipedia) is a 'compendium of knowledge'. Thus, all knowledge, regardless of notability, should be included. I realise that some of the things that some users post on Wikipedia are absolutely wrong (i.e. making an article dedicated to the fact that the moon is made of cheese (and making an article dedicated to the theory that the moon is made of cheese)), but other articles that are made are actually genuine in its' validity - regardless of the subjects' notability - are being unjustly deleted based on their notability. Now I do believe that there needs to be better ways of proving that information is correct by Wikipedia and it's users/administrators. Perhaps we could discuss such methods on my talk pages (it'd take up too much space here, and would be irrelevant to the deletion process). ZPMMaker 08:19, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia does not catalog every person, every website, every toy, every intersection, every book, every song, every issue of every magazine, every model of computer, every day, or every building, nor should it. It's an absolutely hopeless, pointless goal to try to catalog every fact (rather than offer a useful overview of human understanding). Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. If you look through a week's worth of AFD logs, you'll find that notability is a criterion: many of Wikipedia's rules are unwritten.
 * Any information in this article will rot quickly and may very quickly become moot (and will indeed be forgotten) if the game goes out of business/is C&D'ed, and, in the meantime, this game's impact is limited and influence nonexistent. Should it become notable in some way outside of a corner of the Stargate fandom (totally unscientific note: I've hit up several hardcore SG-1 fans and they've never heard of this game), then an article can be written, but until then, there's no need for this article. - A Man In  Black  (conspire | past ops) 10:04, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Fine! Be like that! lol. All Stargate people who like this article (as well as the Stargate Wars article: I have copied the article onto my own website where this, and articles like this, are guarenteed acceptance (it must be Stargate though....). Also, what's "C&D'ed" mean? Legally (by most national and international constitutions/laws/legislatures), all rules must be written for them to be acted upon/enforced. Why does this not apply here? I'm not saying that Wikipedia is stupid, so don't get the wrong idea; I think that these rules that newbies don't know about need to be written! ZPMMaker 07:41, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Make sure you give the authors credit, to satisfy the GFDL (the hippie granola open-source license Wikipedia licenses its content under).
 * C&D = Cease and desist; Stargate Wars is one cease-and-desist letter from whoever owns Stargate from being shut down. (Someone mentioned "Foxing" in one of these AFDs - same thing.)
 * Lastly, welcome to Wikipedia, where, like many online communities, many of the rules of conduct are not written down, particularly in the case of some of the more esoteric background infrastructure processes such as AFD. I agree that they should all be written down (or as many as possible, anyway), but trying to write a notability guideline has been a difficult process that has yet to produce any fruit. - A Man In  Black  (conspire | past ops) 09:47, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text: Category:Omahans

title: Category:Omahans


text:
Talk:General relativity/Archive 3

The development of GR page has been moved
It is now called the "History of general relativity". That is its topic anyway as a practical matter. Maybe a seperate page on the development phase will be done later. For now, I wish to call a spade a spade. --EMS | Talk 02:55, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Reflections of Relativity link.
On, an anonymous user placed in the article:

 * It is out of date (says black holes are not proven to exist) and errs in saying quantum states are preserved on null geodesics (violates inverse square law of optics). Mixes up photons and other bosons.

First of all, black holes indeed are not proven to exist. The black hole is a theorem of GR, and it is also true that astronomers have found concentrations of matter so massive and dense such that if GR is correct then they must be black holes. However, all observations involving these concentrations of matter are indirect, and many astronomer do not consider it to be a given that these objects are in fact black holes. Many think that these may be quark stars instead, and point to certain observations as evidence of this. Do note that under GR, quark stars only exist for a fraction of a second as a star collapses into a black hole. Stable quark stars, if they exist (and that has not been proven either) would be a serious blow to GR.

Non anonymous, not wrong
It was I who placed the material you find objectionable, and I had signed in. Black holes are proven to exist: There is one at the center of our Galaxy. See recent papers by Schoedel, Genzel, Ekhart and others. There is a movie which with some calculations establishes a massive black hole ar Sag A:

The way the argument runs is that while earlier, people tried to mimic the strong gravity of a black hole by assuming a very dense star cluster or a ball of massive neutrinos, the new observations go in so close that neither of these configurations could be stable. Everybody trying to explain the motions of stars near Sag A* with anything but a black hole gave up about 2 years ago.

The Max Planck page at explains more - two groups UCLA and Max Planck have established the black hole is there. Also look on the web under Fulvio Melia who has given several talks on the analysis and implications.

There are also proven black holes in some X-ray binaries, which can be shown from the flicker period at the inner edge of the disk. Fish a bit on the Web.

--your next complaint-- As for the other comments: I fail to see how quantum states would not be preserved along null geodesics (since they have no passage of proper time). (With the neutrinos, their quantum state apparently not being preserved is evidence that they are massive.) I would also like to see citations of where photons and other bosons are mixed up, as well as for the other criticized portions of that text.

 * Quantum States - Well maybe I was too sticky there. It seems to me, however, that because the light cone is 3-dimensional, a bundle of rays on it must spread, so its density matrix decreases. That is the inverse square law, which holds classically and in QM. There is also some work showing polarization change in a ray's passing a region of strong gravity, I believe - but hard to look up so if you want, delete that part.

-- the boson challenge--
 * Bosons: Here is the offending sentence: "In fact, the presence of one boson in a particular quantum state actually enhances the probability of another photon entering that state." from the page:

As to other problems, I am tired of reading that turgid attempt of someone's to put her/his own stamp on relativity. The writer is unidentified, and the discourse ranges from dilatory to heavily laden with equations, often derived in a cumbersome way, with detours.

Pdn 16:07, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Once that data is provided, a decision can be made as to whether to keep as-is, add a warning to, or remove outright this web reference. If it indeed has significant errors, I would lean towards removing it, but I don't feel that the case for that has been proven. So for now I feel that the link should be kept without warnings.

--EMS | Talk 15:13, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There can be no doubt that Sag A* is a gravitationally collapsed object, and that if GR is correct it is a black hole. The same also applies to the other super-massive objects in the centers of galaxies. I just don't think that there is a consensus that these really are black holes, at least amongst astronomers. However, that said, I will also admit that any scenario explaining how these objects could be something else is speculative. (I don't believe in black holes myself, btw. Even so, I also admit that GR is the best theory we have at this time.  I just want the record to be straight in that I am not alone in not liking or accepting the black hole as physical reality.)

That said, I will concede that if the text is saying that nothing that ceratinly is a black hole (if GR is correct) is known, that is not correct.

For the quantum state business, I will point out that an expanding light sphere is composed of numerous photons. My focus is on each one.

As for the boson/photon business, I need more context to be sure of the mix-up, but the offending sentence does indict itself.

Beyond that, I think that the greatest indictment is in your last paragraph about the work as a whole. This seems to be an ancient reference, predating Chris Hillman's reworking of things.

Finally, it is good to see that the "culprit" is you. However, my feeling is that either we keep this reference or we don't. There are plenty of good resources out there. We don't need to reference an inadequate one. --EMS | Talk 17:31, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

removal of threads
Dear "CyclopsX",

The "Spacetime Myth" thread is a part of this record for better or worse. If you find it embarassing, then so be it. My advice is to leave it alone, and stop calling attention to it. --EMS | Talk 03:28, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rewrite ready
I have finally gotten around to doing a rewrite of this article. The draft is at User:Ems57fcva/sandbox/General_relativity_2. Comments/suggestions/complaints are appreciated. Outright edits can also be done (as with most any other Wikipedia entry). All that I ask is that an explanation is given in the edit summary and/or the associated talk page (which does not exist yet, but that should not stop anyone from creating it).

As you will see, this rewrite takes a fairly different tack than the current article. In my view it does a better job of describing what general relativity is all about. The features include:
 * an abbreviated introduction/lead,
 * a sectioned-out overview of the primary features of GR,
 * a sectioned and list-based overview of the important predictions of GR,
 * a sectioned and detailed overview of how GR differs from classical mechanics and SR,
 * a new Status section, and
 * an abbreviated references section, with most of the prior material having been moved to a new page entitled "general relativity resources", which is also for now in my user space.

Please don't "promote" this on your own. I will do so once I am sure that there is no objection to my doing so. Or if you do, please read and implement the "TO DO" list in the comments at the top of the page. (I disconnected some category-related stuff so that this draft would not appear in the category pages.) --EMS | Talk 04:24, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I won't be in a position to comment on this until much later in the week. However, if you're still looking for checking at that time, I'll do what I can to contribute. --Christopher Thomas 20:24, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

For some reason I cannot currently save edits to the talk page associated with the rewrite. If others are having the same trouble, then let's try putting comments here. I have put in a bug report on this in the meantime. --EMS | Talk 01:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

This issue seems to have been resolved. --EMS | Talk 03:01, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Last Call
Unless there is an objection, I will most likely move the rewrite over on Monday evening [Eastern (USA) time].

There have been some changes to it, but nothing dramatic. --EMS | Talk 02:18, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Done

 * " 'The time has come ...' " - From The Walrus and the Carpenter by Lewis Carroll.

The rewrite has been moved. Don't say that you weren't warned.

I will admit that this is not a final product and that I am still tweaking it a bit. Then again, in Wikipedia nothing is a final product. --EMS | Talk 22:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Thoughts

 * 1) Should the GIF of spacetime being warped be moved down to the Spacetime as a curved Lorentzian manifold section?
 * 2) For the Classical mechanics and special relativity section: Should an article be created on the principle of minimal coupling, and the Conservation of energy-momentum and Electromagnetism sections placed under it, with the content for those sections in this article being reduced to "See principle of minimal coupling"?

For idea 2:
 * The advantage is that
 * this shortens the article even more and
 * removes some of the more abstract math.
 * The disadvantages are that
 * it breaks up the comparison with classical mechanics and special relativity and
 * hides some useful information.

So my tempatation is to do idea 1 but not idea 2. --EMS | Talk 04:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Some time ago, the GIF was not at the top of the article; I moved it to the top to grab the reader's attention. I can understand why it might be good to move it down to the section you mentioned, but I think for an encyclopedia article, grabbing someone's attention is probably more important.
 * I can live with that. --EMS | Talk 15:51, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I noticed you gave an example of geodesic deviation (GD) (two people head due North etc...); is this technically GD? I mean, the paths meet because of the Earth's curvature. I thought that GD referred specifically to gravity (although I agree that the point is that lines cross due to curvature) - this is just a question of terminology. It's not strictly an example (two balls falling - and converging - in the Earth's gravitational field would be an example of GD). I think perhaps, 'this analogy illustrates the idea of geodesic deviation' may be better technically. Also, 'GD is used as an alternative to gravity' is potentially misleading. I think this needs a little explanation or the wording needs to be changed.
 * I strongly assure you that geodesic deviation is an attribute of any curved manifold. That is why using the surface of the Earth is a good way of illustrating it.  The difference is that the surface of a sphere is a 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold while spacetime is a 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold.  However, for both manifolds geodesic deviation is as I defined it in the article: The tendency of intially parallel paths to become non-parallel as they are geodesically extended along the manifold.
 * That paragraph could use a little work though. The mention of "geodesic deviation" is sundered from its definition (which should just preceed it), and your balls gedanken is a good way of showing how the concept is extended into GR itself. --EMS | Talk 15:51, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * As regards your Idea 2, it depends on how much should go into a possible principle of minimal coupling article. If it is only intended that the two sections you mentioned are to go in this possible new article, then maybe it's not worth creating a new article, unless more details and explanations are given (than is currently in the two sections). On the other hand, the new article is bound to be expanded. Maybe more examples could be given - does the principle of minimal coupling hold exclusively ? Are there (quantum or non-quantum) examples that violate the principle of minimal coupling ? --Mpatel 09:23, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that you are echoing my own thoughts on this matter. Let's leave it be for now, until we have more of a sense of what the fuller article would achieve. --EMS | Talk 15:51, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

"ad hoc" remark
Mpatel -

I think that your remark about the cosomological constant being "ad hoc" would be better placed in the History of general relativity article. I would prefer to find ways to contract the History section of this article, while details such as this remark are used to expand and fully flesh out the History of GR article. --EMS | Talk 16:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'll do just that. ---Mpatel 16:09, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. --EMS | Talk 16:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Proposal
I agree that the physical cosmology template shouldn't really have been on this page. However, let me propose that someone make a Template:Gravity or Template:General Relativity with links to gravity, general relativity, tests of general relativity, equivalence principle, Schwarzschild metric, black hole, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker, gravitational singularity, gravitational radiation, event horizon, etc, and also a reciprocal link to physical cosmology, which is closely related (although also closely related to astrophysics and particle physics). Comments? –Joke137 15:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Not a bad idea. However, I would have this be a GR template and leave gravity out of it.  My complaint is similar to that of GR being listed as a part of physical cosmology:  There is a lot more to gravity than GR, just as there is a lot more to GR than cosmology.  Whatever is placed into that template's box should fit neatly into the corresponding conceptual "box".  (I disagree with GR being restored to the physical cosmology template for that reason btw.)

 * Also note that as a rule, every article listed in the box should be tagged with that template. (This is another reason why the GR article should not be in the cosmology template given that you concede that the template should not be on the GR page.) Perhaps the template can contain a "Related topics" section listing relevant articles that do not fit into the box and therefore lack the template.  That may be acceptable as the means by which cross-navigation occurs.

 * I also counsel you to leave event horizon and gravitational singularity out of the GR list. Those are sub-topics of black hole, and so are not appropriate to a list of high-level GR articles.  OTOH, Kerr metric should be included. --EMS | Talk 15:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Here is an attempt Template:General relativity. I modelled it after (i.e. stole it from) the Template:Cosmology. I think that gravitational singularity and event horizon are both more general than black holes, and are fundamental, important topics in GR. For example, even horizons occur in de Sitter space and singularities occur in FLRW space. They are fundamental to the causal structure (e.g. the Penrose diagram) of spacetime (which should have an article, but doesn't) and the Hawking singularity theorems are probably the most important development in theoretical relativity of the latter half of the twentieth century. In any case, I thought I would make a template and hash this out before starting to add the template to pages. –Joke137 18:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have modified the template to group the "core" articles together. I think that it will do.  As for event horizon and gravitational singularity, I have decided that the issue is that I hate black holes with a purple passion, and therefore just should not be touching that issue.  So if you are sure that those belong there, then so be it.
 * I leave it up to you to populate the pages with the new template. --EMS | Talk 20:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I like your changes. I am curious why you hate black holes. I actually think the notion of "singularity" and "event horizon" are more fundamental to GR than black hole, in some sense, and I was thinking of putting the black hole down with related topics... –Joke137 20:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I advise against doing "Black hole" as a related topic. It is too bound up with the other topics and is a central topic relating to GR both popularly and academicly.  As for why I dislike them: I will respond on your talk page.  Black holes are a theorem of GR, and in the article space that is all that matters.  --EMS | Talk 21:11, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I haven't been following this until today, and don't really want to pay much attention even now (plate too full), but FWIW, Joke137 is clearly completely correct in saying that both horizons (event, Cauchy) and curvature singularities are emphatically more general than the notion of black hole. EMS, it is a very good thing that you self-censor your "hatred" of black holes in the gtr pages, and I very much hope you can continue to do that, despite the apparent strength of your feelings.  Maybe you can set a model, showing that even individuals with maverick opinions can make useful improvments as long as they can keep strictly separate the task of motivating their own maverick ideas from the task of explaining as clearly and fairly as possible a body of well-established theory (e.g. the gtr pages).---CH  (talk) 02:22, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Inertial frame of reference article
Can people kindly look at inertial frame of reference, and even if you don't want to change it at least watch it for a while? I just did a major revert from this version and I think that it would be wise to ensure that it does not reappear. Suffice it to say that any GR-related stuff on other pages needs to be kept "in line".

I have dealt before with the editor who did the rewrite of March 6 (when most of the egregious material appeared). He means well, but does not know what he does not know. I do not know how much support the previous version will have, but I would like people to be ready to defend the reversion just-in-case.

Thanks everyone. --EMS | Talk 02:46, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

General theories of relativity (new article by ErkDemon)
This article has been created and flagged as dubious. I thought those here would be well placed to comment.The primary author is ErkDemon.

 * Hi, all, just to clarify: ErkDemon created the article General theories of relativity, and I put up a "dispute" flag, left a message on his talk page, and left a longer message on Talk:General theories of relativity. I encourage anyone interested to join in the discussion, but please, do it in the right talk page!  TIA---CH  (talk) 02:01, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:General relativity/Archive 3


text:
James Edward Zimmerman

James Edward Zimmerman (February 19, 1923 – August 4, 1999) was born in Lantry, South Dakota. He was a coinventor of the radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and he is credited with coining the term.

Career

 * Westinghouse Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania - 1943 – ??
 * Smithsonian Institution, 1953 – 1955
 * Ford Motor Company, Scientific Laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan, 1955 – 1969
 * SHE (later BTi, then 4-D Neuroimaging), Founder 1969 – 1970
 * National Bureau of Standards, 1970 – 1985

While at NIST, Zimmerman introduced two important innovations in SQUID magnetometry:
 * Fractional-turn SQUID, improving the coupling efficiency
 * SQUID gradiometer, improving sensitivity to nearby fields

In addition, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, he also gave a major contribution to the development of low-power closed-cycle Stirling refrigerators, to reach temperatures in the range 4K - 8K with the purpose of cooling SQUID devices and small-scale superconducting electronics without resorting to liquid helium dewar vessels. A major achievement was the use of plastic parts made in the laboratory, which would be assembled in a totally non-magnetic cryocooler (refrigerator), in order not to interfere with highly sensitive SQUIDs.. Later, he was also involved in the development of pulse tube cryocoolers.

Education
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, B.S. Electrical Engineering 1943 Carnegie Institute of Technology, ScD Physics 1951 – 1953

Awards

 * NIST Fellow
 * Samuel Wesley Stratton Award, the highest award for scientific achievement conferred by NIST
 * In 1987 he became one of the first to make a SQUID using the newly discovered high-temperature superconductors.

Trivia
On New Year's Eve of 1969, he participated in an historic experiment, conducted at MIT in collaboration with David Cohen and Edgar Edelsak recording the first human magnetocardiogram using a SQUID sensor.

title: James Edward Zimmerman


text: User talk:84.44.128.63

title: User talk:84.44.128.63


text:
User:Denis NICOLAS

Welcome!

You can visit my personal web site.

title: User:Denis NICOLAS


text:
User talk:Stagking

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 09:04, 15 October 2005 (UTC).

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 * 1) Bruce Ferguson -

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title: User talk:Stagking


text:
TWS

TWS may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * TWS (group), a K-pop boy group
 * Captain America: The Winter Soldier, a 2014 film
 * The Weekly Standard, a former American political magazine
 * The White Stripes, an American rock band
 * The White Stripes (album), 1999 debut album by The White Stripes
 * Toad the Wet Sprocket, an American alternative rock band

Organizations

 * The Wilberforce Society, a Cambridge, England-based think tank
 * The Wilderness Society (Australia)
 * The Wilderness Society (United States)
 * The Williams School, a school in New London, Connecticut, US

Science and technology

 * Thermal weapon sight
 * Track while scan, a radar mode
 * True wind speed; see Apparent wind
 * True wireless stereo, in headphones
 * Tsunami warning system

Other uses

 * Texas World Speedway, a road-racing track in College Station, Texas, US

title: TWS


text:
Linton, New Zealand

Linton is a suburb of Palmerston North, situated 11km south-west of the city.

The Linton Military Camp, the largest army camp in New Zealand, is four kilometres north-east of the settlement.

History
Linton is named for James Linton, an early settler in the area, and also twice Mayor of Palmerston North. The Scotsman was one of the first European settlers in Palmerston. He and his wife, Sarah, arrived on horseback from Wairarapa early in 1871. Linton served as mayor of Palmerston North 1879-82 and 1884-5, and was a director and ardent promoter of the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company.

The site of the original planned Linton township is several kilometres away from current army camp, at the location of a Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company station on the Wellington ‒ Longburn railway line. Along with several other directors of this private company, James Linton was honoured by having a railway station settlement on the line named after him. The line, opened in 1886, was a successful venture, but the Linton township did not develop. In 1889, a school was established, and St Columba's Church, which serve the small farming community.

Prior to 1996, Linton was part of the Manawatu electorate. However, due to the reformation of the electoral system from FPP to MMP, the electorate of Palmerston North's boundaries were redrawn to include Linton. In 2007, the boundaries were redrawn and Linton was shifted into the Rangitikei electorate.

Until 2013, Linton was part of the Ashhurst-Fitzherbert Ward of Palmerston North City Council, alongside Aokautere and Turitea.

Demographics
Pihauatua statistical area covers 141.87 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Pihauatua had a larger boundary, covering 143.78 km2. Using that boundary, Pihauatua had a population of 1,227 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 42 people (3.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 138 people (12.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 414 households, comprising 648 males and 582 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.11 males per female. The median age was 39.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 261 people (21.3%) aged under 15 years, 225 (18.3%) aged 15 to 29, 603 (49.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 141 (11.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 88.5% European/Pākehā, 11.5% Māori, 1.7% Pacific peoples, 4.6% Asian, and 3.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 18.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.3% had no religion, 34.2% were Christian, 0.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 0.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 297 (30.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 105 (10.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $44,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 249 people (25.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 561 (58.1%) people were employed full-time, 174 (18.0%) were part-time, and 24 (2.5%) were unemployed.

Education
Linton Country School was a co-educational full state primary school, which opened in 1889 and closed in 2023 due to a small roll, and problems with staff, governance and finance.

title: Linton, New Zealand


text: Category:Hanoverians

title: Category:Hanoverians


text:
Alain Menu

Alain Menu (born 9 August 1963) is a Swiss racing driver who is currently working for Team BMR as a driving coach. He was one of the most successful touring car drivers of the 1990s, winning the prestigious British Touring Car Championship twice (the only driver during the series' 1991–2000 Super Touring era to do so). He drove for Chevrolet in the World Touring Car Championship between 2005 and 2012 with a best finish of second in 2012.

Team M Mobile (1992)
The son of a farmer, Menu was born in Geneva. Like many drivers who eventually build a career in touring cars, Menu began his career in single-seater racing, reaching the International Formula 3000 championship in 1991 after two years in the British Formula 3 Championship and one year in the British Formula 3000 Championship, in which he finished runner-up in 1990. However, for the next year he returned to Great Britain to race a BMW 3 Series in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), showing promise before being injured mid-season in a quadbike accident at Knockhill; despite only participating in half of the season, he still managed to finish 9th in the final championship standings. As a result of this accident, he was unable to jog for exercise again – he instead took up cycling as his main exercise.

Renault (1993–1998)
In 1993, Menu began a six-year association with Renault in the BTCC, who had just entered the series with the GB Motorsport run Renault 19. He finished second in a very wet round two at Donington Park behind teammate Tim Harvey. At the next round at Oulton Park, he crashed out of fifth place late on in the race. Menu collided with Nissan Primera of Tiff Needell on the final lap of round eight at Silverstone, dropping Menu for seventh to eighth and forcing Needell into the pits. The Renault team missed the double header at Knockhill and returned to the grid for round ten at Oulton Park. The car had been revised and Menu was sixth after the first few corners having started eighth; he went on to finish fourth behind John Cleland. The first year of their partnership was not particularly successful, with the 19 little better than a midfield runner in the hands of Menu and reigning champion Tim Harvey. However, Menu did manage to win one race at a rain-soaked Donington Park late in the season.

For 1994, the 19 was replaced by the Renault Laguna, which proved to be a much better package all-round. Alfa Romeo had dominated the first four races and Menu did not finish on the podium until Silverstone. At Oulton Park, Alfa Romeo were told to run their cars without their disputed aerodynamic aids and they left the circuit in protest. This allowed Menu to win the race from pole position and set fastest lap. He collided with Julian Bailey at the first corner of the British Grand Prix support race at Silverstone, triggering a pileup that red flagged the race. He took pole position for round fifteen at Oulton Park by nearly a second over BMW driver Joachim Winkelhock but made a poor start and finished third. Menu scored four further podiums in the last four races to finish second in the championship behind Gabriele Tarquini.

The running of the Renault team was taken over by WilliamsF1 for the 1995 season and Menu was joined by former Toyota driver Will Hoy. Despite relatively little testing, Menu qualified third for the season opener at Donington Park and went on to finish second in the race. He took pole position for the first race at Thruxton and held on to take a narrow victory over Cleland. Menu was running third in round seven at Silverstone when he was forced to retire with mechanical issues but he was able to take part in the second race of the day and he finished fourth. Third place in round nine at Oulton Park was the start of five successive mid-season podiums that kept him second in the championship behind Rickard Rydell and then Cleland. Menu was third in the championship after round 21 at Snetterton but three consecutive wins finished the year and elevated him back up to second in the standings.

Menu was partnered with Hoy once again in 1996. The main rival for the Renault team was Audi Sport UK and their 4-wheel drive car, driven by Frank Biela. The season opener at Donington Park saw Menu finish third behind teammate Hoy and Biela. Menu had to start the second race of the day from the back of the grid having failed the ride height check after race one. He recovered to seventh before having to retire with mechanical problems. Menu took pole position for the next event at Brands Hatch, but was demoted to second at the start by Biela and those positions stuck until the finish line. The next event at Thruxton saw Menu spin at Church corner in race one and ditch his car into the nearby woodland, he was unhurt but the damage left him on the sidelines for race two. Menu worked his way up into the lead of race one at Snetterton but almost immediately slowed down with car problems and retired. He took the first win of the year for Renault in the next meeting at Brands Hatch, winning both races. After this, Menu won twice more on his way to second in the championship, 92 points shy of champion Frank Biela.

He continued with Renault in 1997 and was joined by Renault Spider champion Jason Plato. The car was much more competitive for that year and Menu won the first four races of the season. Rounds five and six at Thruxton took place in wet conditions and the Renaults front row lock-out translated into two third-placed finishes for Menu. He was nudged into a spin in round eight at Brands Hatch by Anthony Reid's Nissan, but was able to rejoin the race and finish fourth while Reid finished fourteenth. Menu started on pole for a wet round eleven at Donington Park, although the two Audis got a better start and led into the first corner. Menu was able to cleanly retake second from John Bintcliffe, despite a misted up windscreen. Contact with James Thompson at Knockhill meant Menu retired for the first and only time that season. Just before round 19 at Thruxton, Menu pulled into the pits to fix a broken rear wheel, which meant he missed the start and he finished in a non–points classified finish for the first time that year. After the second race at Thruxton, Menu had secured the championship crown and so on the final lap of round 21 at Brands Hatch, Menu let teammate Plato through into second place to allow him to close in on Biela in the championship. Menu had taken twelve wins in a dominant car in 1997, a record that was later equalled by Ashley Sutton 26 years later.

1998 would see the Renault team have a large amount of sponsorship from Nescafe and Menu was once again partnered by Plato. The Renault Laguna was not as dominant as the previous season and Menu won only three races, the first which came at Thruxton in the second race of the year.

Ford (1999–2000)
Menu switched to Ford in 1999 with 1998 championship runner-up Anthony Reid leaving Nissan. The Ford Mondeo was not successful in 1999 and Menu finished 11th in the championship with 1 win at Knockhill. Menu would win his second title in 2000 against team-mates Anthony Reid and Rickard Rydell. He would be the last driver to win the BTCC title in a Ford until Ash Sutton 23 years later.

2000 was to be the last year of the BTCC in that form; the championship had been gradually in decline and losing entrants since 1998, with 2000 only featuring 3 works teams and 12 championship contenders, as opposed to the 9 teams and 20+ championship contenders in 1995. The championship was reformed for 2001 with new regulations, but only two manufacturers committed to the series, and Menu, like most of the star drivers, chose to leave the series.

VX Racing (2007)
On 4 October 2007, it was announced that Menu would make a one-off return to the BTCC with which he is most closely associated. He drove a Vauxhall Vectra for VX Racing at the final round of the 2007 BTCC season at Thruxton to assist Fabrizio Giovanardi in his successful title bid.

Team BMR (2014–2015)
On 27 January 2014, it was announced that Menu would return to the BTCC, driving a Volkswagen CC for Team BMR. Menu struggled to find the ideal set up in the new breed NGTC Touring Car. He finished 10th in the standings with a pair of podium finishes, 2nd at Rockingham and 3rd at Silverstone.

As of 2015, Menu is no longer a driver for Team BMR, however he remained on the team's roster as a driver coach, helping to train those involved in the British Touring Car Championship, Renault Clio Cup and Ginetta Junior Championship, but he refused to rule out driving for the team again later in the year.

DTM
From 2001 to 2003, Menu raced for Opel in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, a high-tech touring car series based in Germany. However, he achieved little success (Menu would describe his DTM years as "not very good" in a 2004 interview). While competing in the DTM, he ventured into sports car racing with Prodrive, competing in both the Le Mans 24 Hours and the Sebring 12 Hours as well as winning one race each in both the FIA GT Championship and the American Le Mans Series.

Chevrolet (2005–2012)
In 2004, Menu announced his return to production-based touring car racing, with the fledgling Chevrolet team, RML in the 2005 World Touring Car Championship season. Menu, and his equally highly regarded team-mate Nicola Larini, did not expect to win races in their first year but the team's performance was still seen as a big disappointment, Menu only achieving three points finishes, his best result being a 6th at Spa-Francorchamps.

The team had expected to make progress up the grid in 2006, and their faith was fulfilled at a very wet Brands Hatch on 21 May when Menu won the second race of the day, scoring Chevrolet's first-ever outright win in a FIA-accredited world championship event.

Chevrolet introduced the new Cruze model to the championship for 2009. Menu crashed out of the first race of the season at the Race of Brazil after the collision with BMW pair Andy Priaulx and Jörg Müller. At the Race of Morocco, he had originally qualified second but was demoted to tenth by the stewards after his car did not restart following a mandatory visit to the weighing bay after the second phase of qualifying. He was caught up in a race one incident with Jorg Müller and Rickard Rydell which put Rydell out of the race with damage. The Race of France saw Menu take his first win in the Chevrolet Cruze having started on the reversed grid pole for race two and winning the race from there. Menu collided with Augusto Farfus in race one of the Race of Portugal with Menu being spun into the wall. Menu's teammate Larini tagged Tiago Monteiro while the pair tried to avoid the wreckage but Mehdi Bennani collided with the stationary Chevrolet, the track was then blocked and the race red flagged. Menu took pole position at the following event, the Race of UK at Brands Hatch. Having swapped places throughout the race with teammate Huff, Menu won the race to take his second win of the year. During the final qualifying session of the year for the Race of Macau, Yvan Muller lost control on cement dust that had been laid on the track following an earlier accident for James Thompson. Tarquini hit Muller's car, and the SEAT Sport pair were then hit by Menu. He finished the season tenth in the drivers' championship behind fifth placed Huff.

He stayed with Chevrolet for the 2010 season, joined by Huff and new teammate Yvan Muller. Menu brought out the red flags during qualifying for the Race of Morocco when he crashed into the wall during Q1. He came into contact with the wall again during race two when he tangled with BMW Team RBM driver Augusto Farfus. Having been passed by eBay Motors driver Colin Turkington near the end of the race one of the Race of UK, Menu dropped down the order to benefit from the reversed grid for race two. He started on the front row but damaged his steering trying to pass Farfus which put an end to his race. He won only one race in 2010, the first race of the Race of Germany and he finished the year sixth in the standings, three places and 103 points down on teammate Huff while Muller was champion.

Menu continued with Chevrolet for 2012. Muller had won the first three races of the season but Menu broke this streak by winning the second race of the Race of Spain, despite going through a gravel trap after encountering oil on the circuit. He took his first pole position of the season at the Race of Morocco and won the first race of the day. Menu was running third in the second race of the Race of Slovakia until he dropped down the order and retired with a broken rim. The second race of the Race of Hungary saw Menu pull away from his teammates to chase down race leader and eventual winner Norbert Michelisz to close in on his teammates in the championship. While running third in race two of the Race of Austria, he suffered a puncture and a high speed collision with the barriers ensued in the final sector of the lap. A similar specification Chevrolet Cruze of bamboo-engineering's Alex MacDowall also had a left front puncture and came to rest in the gravel trap in close proximity to Menu's stranded car. He took up the role of comic book character Michel Vaillant for the Race of Portugal. His Chevrolet Cruze raced in special Vaillante colours and he wore a special race suit and dyed his hair to look like the French comic book racer.

Menu began a run of three successive pole positions at the Race of United States, but he retired from the first race with power steering issues. He led a Chevrolet 1–2–3 from pole in the opening race of the Race of Japan and led from start to finish in race one of the Race of China. Menu was pushed into a half spin by teammate Muller in the second race while leading, allowing Huff to go through and win. Muller finished second and Menu finished third but a post race thirty-second penalty saw Muller drop to thirteenth in the classification and Menu was elevated to second in the championship. Menu won the final race of the year at Macau and secured his best overall result in the WTCC with second in the drivers' championship, twelve points shy of Huff.

Prior to the Race of Brazil, Chevrolet announced they were ending their WTCC programme, leaving their drivers without seats for 2013.

Porsche Supercup
Having been unable to find a seat in the WTCC, Menu moved to the Porsche Supercup for the 2013 season, driving for team FACH Auto Tech. Some sources stated that FACH Auto Tech is Menu's own team, but he declared that it is not true. With the main sponsor of the team not supplying funds, Menu only completed one race of the season.

Other activities
In 2006, he won the 200 km de Buenos Aires, a round of Argentina's TC2000 championship, with Matias Rossi driving a Chevrolet Astra.

In a 2005 poll by readers of Motorsport Magazine, Menu was voted the fourth greatest touring car driver of all time.

Career

 * 2012: 2nd in World Touring Car Championship, 6 wins (Chevrolet Cruze)
 * 2011: 3rd in World Touring Car Championship, 5 wins (Chevrolet Cruze)
 * 2010: 6th in World Touring Car Championship, 1 win (Chevrolet Cruze)
 * 2009: 10th in World Touring Car Championship, 2 wins (Chevrolet Cruze)
 * 2008: 9th in World Touring Car Championship, 3 wins (Chevrolet Lacetti), 3rd "200 km de Buenos Aires" (TC2000)
 * 2007: 6th in World Touring Car Championship, 5 wins (Chevrolet Lacetti)
 * 2006: 15th in World Touring Car Championship, 1 win (Chevrolet Lacetti), won the "200 km de Buenos Aires" (TC2000)
 * 2005: 16th in World Touring Car Championship (Chevrolet Lacetti)
 * 2004: 4th in class, 11th overall at Le Mans 24 Hours (Ferrari 550 Maranello), 2nd, BTCC Masters Race, Donington Park
 * 2003: 9th in Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (Opel Astra), 1st in class at Petit Le Mans (Ferrari 550 Maranello)
 * 2002: 9th in Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (Opel Astra), DNF (engine) at Le Mans 24 Hours (Ferrari 550 Maranello)
 * 2001: 21st in Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (Opel Astra), 1 win in FIA GT Championship (Ferrari 550 Maranello)
 * 2000: 1st in British Touring Car Championship, 6 wins (Ford Mondeo)
 * 1999: 11th in British Touring Car Championship, 1 win (Ford Mondeo)
 * 1998: 4th in British Touring Car Championship, 3 wins (Renault Laguna)
 * 1997: 1st in British Touring Car Championship, 12 wins (Renault Laguna)
 * 1996: 2nd in British Touring Car Championship, 4 wins (Renault Laguna)
 * 1995: 2nd in British Touring Car Championship, 7 wins (Renault Laguna)
 * 1994: 2nd in British Touring Car Championship, 2 wins (Renault Laguna)
 * 1993: 10th in British Touring Car Championship, 1 win (Renault 19)
 * 1992: 9th in British Touring Car Championship (BMW 3 Series) (only completed half-season)
 * 1991: International Formula 3000 Championship
 * 1990: 2nd in British Formula 3000 Championship
 * 1989: British Formula 3 Championship
 * 1988: British Formula 3 Championship
 * 1987: 2nd in British Formula Ford 1600 Championship, 2nd in FF1600 Festival.
 * 1985: French FF1600 Championship
 * 1984: Enrolled at the Elf Winfield racing school in France.

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft/Masters results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
 * † – Retired, but was classified as he completed 90% of the winner's race distance.

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) Races in bold indicate pole position (1 point awarded – 1996–2000 all races, 2007 just for first race) Races in italics indicate fastest lap (1 point awarded – 2007 only) * signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap (1 point awarded – 1998–2000 just in feature race, 2007 all races)

Complete Italian Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

‡ Guest driver – not eligible for points

Complete V8 Supercar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete World Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) † – Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

Complete Porsche Supercup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete TCR International Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 75% of the race distance.

‡ As Menu was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Bathurst 1000 results
* Super Touring race

title: Alain Menu