text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Homer (aficionado)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 19:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Homer (aficionado)
dicdef, no obvious potential for expansion --Trovatore 04:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Depending on how you read it it could be an nn-bio. Delete anyway. --fvw *  04:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dictionary entry. Flowerparty ■ 00:29, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef Denni ☯ 00:30, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dicdef, and not even a particularly good one, since the term is more often used to refer to announcers or referees/umpires rather than fans. MCB 06:24, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hoy Field (Cornell)

David F. Hoy Field, usually referred to simply as Hoy Field, was a baseball field at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. It was home to the Big Red baseball team from 1922 to 2022, when the team moved to a newly constructed facility east of campus, Booth Field. The former Hoy Field was demolished in 2023 to make way for a new building for the Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science.

Description
Hoy Field was located just west of Schoellkopf Field and east of the Engineering Quad on the southern end of Cornell's central campus. The dimensions of the field from home plate to the outfield fence were 315 feet in left field, 405 feet in center field, and 325 feet in right field. Seating capacity was about 500.

Predating the field itself was Bacon Cage, an indoor batting cage between Hoy Field and Schoellkopf Stadium. According to university historian Corey Earle, it was dedicated to George W. Bacon, an 1892 Cornell graduate who had helped lead efforts to build the university's athletic complex. Bacon Cage was also used as an indoor golf driving range. In 1985, it was demolished to make way for the Hoy Parking Garage.

Hoy Field also had batting facilities dedicated in memory of Kerry Brooks, a 1990 graduate of Cornell and a former "Big Red" co-captain.

Percy Field
Cornell's previous baseball field was Percy Field, which stood at the current location of Ithaca High School from the 1890s until 1922. The metal bleachers from Percy Field were preserved and moved to the new baseball field.

David F. Hoy
The new baseball field was built at the urging of David "Davy" Hoy. Hoy, an alumnus and university registrar since 1894, had served the university's baseball advisor for thirty years, and traveled south with the team for spring training each year. The new field was dedicated April 22, 1922 with a parade and band concert. Hoy threw out the first pitch on the field; the ball he used is preserved in the Kroch Library collections. The field was named in honor of Hoy in October 1923.

Hoy was injured in a 1929 bus accident in Virginia while riding with the baseball team, and he died December 6, 1930 "of heart disease and other complications" at age 67. Cornell's fight song, Give My Regards to Davy references "Davy" Hoy prominently.

Notable events
On April 21, 1923, Columbia pitcher Lou Gehrig struck out ten Big Red players and hit a "legendary" home run, which may be the longest home run in Hoy Field history. A 2015 analysis suggests that Gehrig's home run was "the equivalent of hitting a home run either to the top of Rhodes Hall, or over it into the woods behind it."

In 1947 it was proposed that the School of Industrial and Labor Relations be housed in a new building that would be built partly over the field, but protests from students and alumni blocked the project.

The facility was given a $3.25 million renovation in 2006. The playing field was re-oriented so that home plate, which had faced south, would face southwest, and the grass surface was replaced with artificial turf, FieldTurf, which was hoped would reduce maintenance costs and increase the field's availability for practice time in the early spring.

In 2012, the field hosted the 2012 Ivy League Baseball Championship Series, in which Cornell defeated Dartmouth two games to one.

Replacement
The 2008 Campus Master Plan called for the relocation of Hoy Field in anticipation of future construction. Groundbreaking on a new building for the Bowers CIS school was held in October 2022 in the space formerly occupied by Hoy Field. The building is expected to be completed in 2025.

The baseball field and several other athletic facilities would be moved to the edge of the Ithaca campus, off Game Farm Road in the Town of Ithaca. The 160-acre site would be near existing facilities including the Reis Tennis Center, Oxley Equestrian Center, and the Robinson Softball Complex, and adjacent to the McGovern Athletics Complex. The new facility would retain Hoy Field's capacity while adding lighting as well as a support building which would include new locker rooms, batting cages, and a press box. The Town of Ithaca approved the plans and construction began in 2022.

The new field is named after longtime donor Rich Booth, a 1982 graduate and former pitcher, who had earlier endowed Cornell's head baseball coaching position in memory of coach Ted Thoren. Booth Field was officially dedicated April 22, 2023 and the first game was played there the same day, against Princeton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hoy Field (Cornell)


text:
Sahbi Karoui

Sahbi Karoui is a member of the African Union's Pan-African Parliament representing Tunisia.

title: Sahbi Karoui


text:
WAOL

WAOL (99.5 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Ripley, Ohio, and serving the southeastern suburbs of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. It carries a hot adult contemporary radio format and is owned by Donald Bowles and Venita Frame Bowles, through licensee Dreamcatcher Communications, Inc. It calls itself "99-5 The Edge."

WAOL has an effective radiated power of 13,000 watts. The transmitter is off Vermillion Pike in Stonewall, Kentucky.

History
In 1993, the station signed on the air. It formerly aired an Adult Hits music format as "Max FM," then relaunched as "The Edge" in October 2013 after a period of identifying as simply "The New 99.5 WAOL."

title: WAOL


text: User talk:24.0.127.23

title: User talk:24.0.127.23


text:
Fruit (software)

Fruit is a chess engine developed by Fabien Letouzey. In the SSDF rating list released on November 24, 2006, Fruit version 2.2.1 had a rating of 2842. In the CEGT rating list released on January 24, 2007, Fruit version 2.2.1 had a rating of 2776.

History
At the World Computer Chess Championship in Reykjavík in 2005, Fruit 2.2 scored 8.5 out of 11, finishing in second place behind Zappa.

Until Version 2.1 (Peach), Fruit was free and open-source software subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License and as such contributed much to the development in computer chess in recent years. Some people still work on the v2.1 source code and have created variations from the original Fruit.

As of July 23, 2007, Fruit became freeware. Fruit 2.3.1 was one of the top 3 free UCI chess engines.

Technical details of Fruit 2.1
Fruit uses the classical Negascout (principal variation search) algorithm with iterative deepening to traverse the game tree. It also uses the null-move heuristic. The original version used a simplistic evaluation function with a robust search. Later versions have improved evaluation functions. The board representation is distinct — Fruit uses a 16x16 board.

Derivatives
Although in 2007 Fabien Letouzey stopped the development of Fruit with version 2.3.1, the earlier open source 2.1 version provided the basis for many other programs.

Toga II
Toga II is a derivative created by Thomas Gaksch, currently continued by Jerry Donald Watson. It has more chess knowledge, multi-processor support, and perhaps a better search algorithm. It is based on Fruit 2.1 and is free. The strongest version is Toga II 4.0, released on 29 December 2017 by Jerry Donald Watson. Experimental versions of Toga II running on computer clusters have competed in the World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC). At about 80 ELO above Fruit 2.3.1, Toga II is the strongest Fruit derivative.

In 2008, forks of Toga II started to appear, like Grapefruit and Cyclone.

GambitFruit
GambitFruit is another free derivative of Fruit 2.1, created by Ryan Benitez. It plays a more aggressive style and has more chess knowledge. GambitFruit also incorporates improvements from Toga II. Development of GambitFruit stopped in 2005.

GNU Chess
GNU Chess 6.x is based on Fruit 2.1 and the project is since 2011 under active development.

Fruit Reloaded
Fruit Reloaded by Fabien Letouzey, Daniel Mehrmann and Ryan Benitez is an independent fork of Fruit 2.1 with a number of enhancements.

Rybka controversy
In June 2011, a lengthy investigation by the International Computer Games Association (ICGA) determined Rybka was plagiarized from Fruit and Crafty. The author of Rybka, Vasik Rajlich, refused to address the allegations against Rybka with the ICGA, instead preferring an ex post facto public interview conducted by Nelson Hernandez on July 4, 2011. Rajlich had previously said: I went through the Fruit 2.1 source code forwards and backwards and took many things.

Senpai
On the tenth anniversary of the start of Fruit development in 2014, Fabien Letouzey released a completely new engine, Senpai, under the GPLv3. Senpai makes use of chess engine developments made in the intervening decade. It differs from Fruit in using bitboards and C++11's thread support for SMP.

Fruit derivatives

 * Toga II Developers Discussion Board
 * Grapefruit
 * Fruit Reloaded
 * CCRL website

title: Fruit (software)


text:
Talk:West Side Nut Club

References needed
I could swear that I've seen the organization covered in multiple press sources, including (obviously), the Evansville Courier. I firmly believe that a case for notability can be made, but a reader that isn't familiar with the topic might very well nominate the article for deletion if it isn't made more clear. Please introduce multiple independent/third-party citations to short up the piece. MrZaius talk  14:19, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Side Nut Club


text: Category:Communications in the Czech Republic


text:
Talk:List of storms named Karen

proposed formatting

 * This is the way I would format the page:

The name Karen has been used for thirteen tropical cyclones worldwide.

Atlantic
 * 1989 Atlantic hurricane season - 1989's Tropical Storm Karen formed near Isle of Youth, bringing heavy rainfall and some damage to Cuba, but no casualties
 * 1995 Atlantic hurricane season - 1995's Tropical Storm Karen was a minimal storm that was absorbed by Hurricane Iris (1995)
 * Hurricane Karen (2001) - caused moderate damage and sank some ships in Bermuda as an extratropical storm, later made landfall at Nova Scotia as a tropical storm
 * Hurricane Karen (2007) - Category 1 hurricane in the tropical Atlantic, never approached land

Western Pacific
 * 1948 Pacific typhoon season - 1948's Super Typhoon Karen remained over open waters
 * 1952 Pacific typhoon season - 1952's Typhoon Karen struck South Korea
 * 1956 Pacific typhoon season - 1956's Typhoon Karen/Lucille crossed northern Philippines
 * 1960 Pacific typhoon season - 1960's Typhoon Karen left 56 dead and 7,000 homeless in the Philippines
 * 1962 Pacific typhoon season - 1962's Typhoon Karen destroyed 95% of the buildings on Guam and caused 11 deaths overall, resulting in its retirement.

PAGASA Naming The Following Typhoons were named Karen by PAGASA
 * 2004's Typhoon Rananim, see 2004 Pacific typhoon season
 * 2008's Typhoon Nuri, see Typhoon Nuri (Karen)

Southwest Indian Ocean
 * Used in 1964

Australia region
 * 1977's Cyclone Karen, see 1975-80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons (details unknown)

user:Everyme 20:50, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Well when i added this years i left a little space at the edge as PAGASA is within the WPAC naming system, also i would have this years name pointing at this years article. Jason Rees (talk) 23:47, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * When Japanese people talk about typhoons, they always use JMA designation (e.g. T6228, 28th typhoon in 1962) rather than typhoon names (e.g. Karen). Please refer to List of historic tropical cyclone names. So I'd like to add JMA designation to each typhoon.--HERB (talk) 12:45, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Karen


text:
Talk:List of storms named Karl

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hurricane Karl (2010) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:01, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Karl


text:
Talk:List of storms named Kate

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Typhoon Joan (1970) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:16, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Kate


text: Talk:List of storms named Kristy

title: Talk:List of storms named Kristy


text: Talk:List of storms named Kyle

title: Talk:List of storms named Kyle


text:
Category:United States senators from New Hampshire

People who have represented New Hampshire in the United States Senate.


text:
Talk:Star coupler

Star couplers on DEC Alphas?
Is it really true that star couplers were used with Alphas? I thought they were only used with VAX's.

 * They certainly weren't used on later-generation Alphas as there was no interface (that I'm aware of) that could connect a CI to a PCI bus-based Alpha. (Just imagine the physical difficulties of connecting those four huge cables to PCI-sized I/O bulkhead panels!) And besides, when you were talking 100baseT or even Gigabit Ethernet, why would you use a 70Mb CI? What I can't remember was whether there was an interface that allowed the early Alphas to connect a VAXBI Bus card cage (from the Futurebus or what-have-you); from there, you could have used a BCI to get to the CI.

 * But even if it could be done, it certainly wasn't commonly done, though. I'm pretty sure all the "modern" systems in the VMS Development lab were using Etherneting (of one form or another) as their cluster interconnect.

 * Perhaps someone with a better memory about this than I will come along and clarify things for us both? :-)

 * Atlant 15:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

This was not that uncommon, when access to heritage equipment was required. Under OpenVMS, AlphaServers could use the CIPCA-AA card (max two per system for AS8400s) that used a PCI slot and another EISA slot for power to connect from PCI to CI. 130.76.64.16

I have a couple of DEC7000 systems - laserbus AXP - that came with XMI-bus CI adapters and star couplers. These were apparently used for disk arrays, not networking or clustering. I can't remember the model of the CI-SCSI interface, but it does exist.

66.69.192.118 21:54, 29 January 2006 (UTC) Doc

Did DEC use that name?
As far as I can recall (warning: my contact with DEC gear ended over 15 years ago), these things were described as star couplers, but always called "CI" cables etc (for "Computer Interconnect"). But then, I'm Australian; maybe this is a language difference? —Chris Chittleborough 12:51, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I just found out that DEC sold CI cables plus star couplers. —Chris Chittleborough 14:07, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the DEC part numbers for the various Star Couplers were SC104 (for a four-port), SC108 (eight-port) and SC116 (for a later sixteen-port version). But I no longer have access to the Dick Best List (officially, the Option/Module List) so I can't say for sure.

 * Atlant 14:46, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Star coupler


text:
All the Pain Money Can Buy

All the Pain Money Can Buy is the second studio album by American rock band Fastball, released on March 10, 1998, on Hollywood Records. The album includes the hit singles "The Way" (1998), "Fire Escape" (1998), and "Out of My Head" (1999). The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in June 1998 and went Platinum in September of the same year, making it Fastball's most successful release.

Background
The members of Fastball still had side jobs as late as January 1998. Tony Scalzo worked the graveyard shift at The Bagel Manufactory in Austin. He, Shuffield, and Zuniga would be on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Night with Conan O'Brien just four months later. Fastball's second album, All the Pain Money Can Buy, was released on Hollywood Records. Within just six months, it had sold more than a million copies.

The single "The Way" stayed on top of Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart for seven weeks, and was a top-five hit on Billboard's Top 40 Mainstream chart. Scalzo was inspired to write the song in 1997 after reading a news article about Lela and Raymond Howard, an elderly couple who had disappeared in Texas. Though Lela had Alzheimer's and Raymond was recovering from brain surgery, the couple had been driving to a local festival. They were discovered two weeks later, dead, at the bottom of a ravine near Hot Springs, Arkansas, hundreds of miles off their intended route. Scalzo chose to imagine that they began reminiscing and decided to become ethereal beings on a permanent romantic trip, the answer to the song's question, "Where were they going without ever knowing the way?"

Fastball followed up "The Way" with a second single, "Fire Escape", and a third single, "Out of My Head", which reached the top ten on Billboard's Top 40 chart and was a top ten hit on the Adult Top 40 chart for 29 weeks. The album's promotional tour featured Marcy Playground and Everclear, after which Fastball moved to the H.O.R.D.E. Tour.

In 1999, Fastball received two Grammy Award nominations as a result of All the Pain Money Can Buy. One was for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, and the other was Best Long Form Video for "The Way". They also received an MTV Award nomination for Best New Artist.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Way" – 4:17 (Tony Scalzo)
 * 2) "Fire Escape" – 3:21 (Miles Zuniga)
 * 3) "Better Than It Was" – 2:48 (Scalzo)
 * 4) "Which Way to the Top?" (Featuring Poe) – 3:50 (Zuniga, Jeff Groves)
 * 5) "Sooner or Later" – 2:39 (Zuniga)
 * 6) "Warm Fuzzy Feeling" – 1:55 (Scalzo)
 * 7) "Slow Drag" – 3:37 (Zuniga)
 * 8) "G.O.D. (Good Old Days)" – 3:31 (Scalzo)
 * 9) "Charlie, The Methadone Man" – 3:17 (Zuniga)
 * 10) "Out of My Head" – 2:32 (Scalzo)
 * 11) "Damaged Goods" – 3:02 (Zuniga)
 * 12) "Nowhere Road" – 3:25 (Scalzo)
 * 13) "Sweetwater, Texas" – 3:53 (Zuniga)

Bonus tracks

 * 1) "Freeloader Freddy"
 * 2) "This Guy's in Love with You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David)
 * 3) "Sweetwater, Texas" (live) (Zuniga)

Bonus tracks (2018 reissue)

 * 1) "Quit Your Job"
 * 2) "Freeloader Freddie"
 * 3) "The Way" (cassette demo)
 * 4) "Fire Escape" (demo)
 * 5) "Slow Drag" (demo)
 * 6) "Sweetwater, Texas" (demo)
 * 7) "Androgynous"
 * 8) "This Guy's in Love with You"
 * 9) "The Way" (unpaved acoustic version)

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

Fastball
 * Tony Scalzo – vocals (lead on 1, 3, 6, 8, 12), bass guitar, keyboards
 * Miles Zuniga – vocals (lead on 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13), guitar
 * Joey Shuffield – drums, percussion

Additional musicians
 * Kim Bullard – organ, keyboards, programming
 * Bennett Salvay – electric piano, horn arrangement
 * Poe – vocals on "Which Way to the Top?"
 * Walt Vincent – piano on "Sooner or Later"
 * Guy Fantasy – background vocals on "Sooner or Later"
 * Dennis Farias – trumpet on "G.O.D. (Good Old Days)"
 * Rick Braun – trumpet on "G.O.D. (Good Old Days)"
 * Nick Lane – trombone on "G.O.D. (Good Old Days)"
 * Doug Norwine – tenor sax on "G.O.D. (Good Old Days)"
 * Greg Smith – baritone sax on "G.O.D. (Good Old Days)"
 * Erika Duke-Kirkpatrick – cello on "Charlie, the Methadone Man"

Production
 * Joe Barresi – engineer
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing

title: All the Pain Money Can Buy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hax with tax

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 19:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Hax with tax
Non-notable piece of software. --fvw *  04:16, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Pure advertising. The hack author is using Wikipedia to advertise their cheat program. A link was placed in PSO's "See also" section, which is how I noticed it. I reverted that link. -- Myria 04:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Reads like an ad. Ryan Norton T 04:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

It's an important phenoma in the PSO community right now. If it was an ad, don't you think I would have offered a way to recieve it? Rahonavis 05:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I am definitely not Taxer, and not a Hax/Tax user.
 * Delete. I'm PSO's most famous cheater, but you don't see my name or my work anywhere with PSO.  It doesn't belong on Wikipedia. -- Myria 04:48, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. It is not an ad, or even a joke - it is an insight to the psobb world (vote by 82.9.104.91)
 * Delete and enter as candidate for Poster Child of Non-Notable Gamecruft. Dottore So 11:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing more than a seemingly vanity description of the program, and a version history.  A summary could be placed in Phantasy Star Online if really required. -- Mewcenary 14:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Marcus22 19:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ad --JAranda | yeah 19:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Optichan 19:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a joke that started on the PSO:BB forums. I mean, really. Code that will be compiled on a 286 or 386? An algorithm that predicts password changes before they're MADE. This just shows people will believe anything. Nezu Chiza 20:09, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow..er, Delete, per Nezu Chiza. I wonder, sometimes... pls tell me this is NOT an "important phenoma[sic] in the PSO community. From the article: "[The authors] even go as far as acting as if it's a joke to prevent being taken seriously." For real, tho. Eaglizard 09:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This is a real program for a real game. Why delete it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.202.186.33 (talk • contribs) 15:43, 8 October 2005
 * Delete -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 15:47, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- did anyone look at the screenshot? Obvious hoax. The image probably belongs on IFD, too. --Zetawoof 23:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete I am a software developer, and this appears to be pure fabrication, judging by both the screenshots and the version history ("100,000 lines of code", etc.) This is either an inside joke to that community, or a "script kiddie" attempting to impress their peers.  --Dan East 05:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Trenton, Nova Scotia

Trenton is a town located in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Founded in 1786, it is situated on the east bank of the East River of Pictou. The community gained its name in 1882 at the suggestion of a prominent citizen, Harvey Graham, after he visited Trenton, New Jersey. It was incorporated as a town on 11 March 1911.

Economy
Since the 1870s, the town's economy was tied to the TrentonWorks factory and its predecessors which occupies a large property along the East River of Pictou. This factory closed permanently in 2016 after various incarnations as a steel fabrication, railcar fabrication, and wind turbine tower fabrication facility. Since the late 1960s, the town has also been host to the Trenton Generating Station. Other large employers in the past have included a paint manufacturer (Tibbett's Paints) as well as a glass works (Trenton Glass).

The town's economy is undergoing a transition to a post-industrial tertiary/service economy. Major employers in the region are located outside the town, namely a Michelin Tire factory in Granton and an Asia Pulp & Paper (Paper Excellence Canada) pulp mill in Abercrombie.

The TrentonWorks facility dominates the town's waterfront, having opened in the 1870s as Canada's first steel mill before being converted to focus exclusively on manufactured steel products by the late 19th century. The TrentonWorks site was used to produce railway cars throughout the entire 20th century before production ceased in 2007. Part of the facility was used as a shipyard to produce small cargo ships during both World Wars; the railcar plant was temporarily retooled during these conflicts to produce munitions. As of 2010, the facility is undergoing a $60 million conversion to produce components for wind turbines in a partnership between South Korean industrial conglomerate Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) and the governments of Nova Scotia and Canada. The end of railcar manufacturing on the TrentonWorks site saw the loss of 1300 jobs (at peak employment); it is currently hoped that the conversion to produce wind turbine components by DSME will return employment to pre-2007 levels.

Trenton Forge is a separate company located adjacent to the TrentonWorks property dates to the 1870s and operates one of the largest forges in the world. At one time, Trenton also hosted a glass works and paint factory.

The town has been facing significant economic turmoil in recent decades as the local economy transitions from industrial to post-industrial. Rural depopulation in Canada has affected Pictou County and Trenton has witnessed the loss of numerous institutions and businesses over the years. These include: 5 schools, a movie theatre, doctors' offices, many businesses, and several industries. The town has very few local services, relying on the growing commercial district in neighbouring New Glasgow; it has recently seen its last bank branch and gas station close.

With the town's residential and commercial tax base in decline, finances are strained for maintaining existing services and it is believed that amalgamation with New Glasgow is inevitable.

Trenton Steeltown Centennial Park
A beautiful park located on the north-east edge of Trenton is a popular site attraction for the locals of the Trenton community, as well as the visitors who are passing by. The Centennial Park offers a variety of walking trails within the 560 acre environment therefore, making the park the largest public green space in Pictou County, it is a great way to interact with the locals and engage in a healthy lifestyle. Trenton Park offers other attractions including an outdoor swimming pool, amphitheater, and summer time canteen for refreshments. Out of the many walking locations that are offered a highly popular trial located in the middle of the park overlooks beautiful diverse ponds which is now part of the Trans Canada trail. It is extremely important for the Town of Trenton to focus on the continued development and maintenance of this valuable asset which will aid in the growth of the entire community. A picnic area located in Trenton park provides visitors a space to stop and enjoy food while enjoying the landscape.

Trenton Airport
The airport is located at 174 Duke Street. The airport offers accommodations year round and is open to public transportation upon request. Since the opening of Trenton Airport a variety of recognizable people have used the facility which include: Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip, Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Babe Ruth, Bill Clinton, along with numerous Canadian Prime Ministers and politicians.

Education
Trenton has two public schools. Trenton Elementary School is located at 1 Sixth Street, offering grades primary through four. Trenton Middle School is located at 6 Dickie Street and occupying grades five through eight. Recently, the Chignecto-Central Regional School Board received approval from the province to add an additional pre-primary site for Trenton Elementary School. This allows the children of Trenton to benefit from the program, with more educational opportunities.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Trenton had a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of. With a land area of 6.07 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Trenton, Nova Scotia


text:
User:Ed Poor/Table of the Americas

 * see Table of the Americas, deleted by fvw who wasn't sure where I was going with it.

title: User:Ed Poor/Table of the Americas


text:
Talk:Enumerated powers (United States)

Loose constructionism
Loose constructionism is a valid and used term. It's no less POV than the term "strict constructionism". Google gives over 20,000 hits for "loose constructionism", and over 40,000 for "loose constructionist". Granted, "strict constructivist" gets more hits, but that's because they're more prominently discussed. —thames 04:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Applies to all branches of US Government
This article reads as if enumerated powers only applies to the Legislative Branch. Unless I'm woefully mistaken, each branch of the Federal Government has enumerated powers. HyperCapitalist (talk) 23:26, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Reads like political propoganda
This entry needs a lot of work to lose the POV and become a useful entry. Perhaps it's time to nominate for deletion until someone can write a more objective entry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.231.129.153 (talk) 04:47, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

The Enmerated Powers Doctrine
The Enmerated Powers Doctrine

Summary The Enumerated Powers Doctrine is a reference to the foundational idea all specified power granted to governments are limited to the discrete set of powers specified within the government's charter (Constitution) and any power not specified is withheld from government. This is the philosophical basis underpining government formed under the auspices of constitutional Rule of Law. In the U.S., the Founders, Framers, Drafters and Ratifiers of the Constitution inaugurated just such governments in a federal structure - State and National government. The Founders operated under the idea, "enumeration presupposes something not enumerated," as explained by Chief Justice Marshall in Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824. All powers not enumerated are therefore withheld, and reserved, in our system, to the state governments (codified by the 10th Amendment). Often, however, intended power grants can be subverted by governments and one such example follows. In the Founding-era, it was clear the "police power" (or power to enact criminal statutes and penalties) was not granted to the Federal government beyond the four specific powers articulated in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution)[1]. Such police power over U.S. citizens was retained by the States under their own sovereignty, but not conferred by enumeration to the Federal government beyond those four powers: criminalizing and punishing counterfeiting, piracy, other crimes on the high seas, and treason. The Supreme Court "rewrote" the Commerce Clause[2] of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) to embody a new police power. Congress now regularly enacts laws often in the guise of regulating commerce, but in actuality in violation of the Commerce Clause's original intent[3] as understood in the "Dormant Commerce Clause."[4]

Sources: 1. United States v. Lopez, 514 US 549, 584-85

2. Gonzales v. Raich, 545 US 1, 70 (2005) (Thomas, J., dissenting)

3. The original intent of the Commerce Clause was solely to remove/reduce obstructions to commerce between states. See Florida v. United States HHS, 780 F. Supp. 2d 1256, 1276 (ND FL 2011).

4. The original intent is clearly understood by the Supreme Court in its "Dormant" Commerce Clause jurisprudence. See Tenn. Wine & Spirits Retailers v. Thomas, 139 S. Ct. 2449, 2460 (2019), but the Court selectively ignores the original intent across the rest of the Commerce Clause corpus juris. 174.247.81.94 (talk) 05:26, 1 November 2022 (UTC)

The Four Felonies
The Four Felonies

Summary

The Four Felonies is a reference to the enumerated power of Congress to enact felony statutes (also called the federal "power to punish" or "police power") specified in the U.S. Constitution. Article I Section 8, contains exactly two clauses: Clause 6 & 10, which delegate enforcement of three felonies to Congress. One additional clause in Article III provides the federal government power over a fourth crime. Thomas Jefferson elucidated the specific four when he wrote, "The Constitution ... delegated to Congress the power to punish Treason, counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations, and no other crimes whatsoever ..."[1]

Jefferson went on to affirm the "express" effect of the Tenth Amendment was to leave all other criminal legislative power to the Sovereign states under their police powers - a power retained by, and exclusive to, the States.

Footnotes 1. Pilon, Roger. 2000. Chapter: "The Illegitimate War on Drugs" in After Prohibition. T. Lynch. The Cato Institute. 174.247.81.94 (talk) 05:27, 1 November 2022 (UTC)

Why Alcohol and Not Drugs: A Simple Example of Defying the Enumerated Powers
THE FOUR FELONIES AND THE ROOT CAUSE OF FEDERAL POLICE OVERREACH

November, 2022

This article presents abecedarian legal and political items seemingly lost to U.S. history in order to draw attention to root causes of today's massive Federal overreach. It does so from a baseline assertion that our Founders had good ideas and used sound philosophies to form a brilliant federal structure of government. The structure would remain fully intact for a mere century or so, but was unparalleled as-built. Among the founding First Principles enunciated in Founding-era documents, treatises, speeches, etc., one will not find the idea that governments are formed to solve societal problems or to otherwise micromanage, by social engineering, the lives of the people (a la Progressivism and Conservatism, today). Instead, the Founders saw government as a necessary evil and "rulers" in need of clear and rigid restraints. In fact, they constructed a nation ruled by laws, not men. Thus, foremost of the prime directives to the Federal Government is to secure rights above all else: "Our Constitution is born of the prepositions that all legitimate governments secure the equal rights to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Cruzan v. Director, MO. Health Dept., 497 U.S. 261, 330 (1990) (Stevens dissenting) (citation omitted).

The Constitution structured restrains on the new government by enumerating only specific, discrete powers to the Federal Government. See the "doctrine of enumerated powers" ("The Illegitimate War on Drugs" by Roger Pilon, in After Prohibition at 25. 2000. I. Lynch. Cato Institute). In short, the doctrine instructs that a grant of power is limited to what is explicitly enumerated and nothing more. For the legal minds: the idea is reinforced under long-standing cannons of legal construction: (i) expression unius est exclusio expressum facit cessare tacitum, or "What is expressed makes what is silent cease." See the famous and enduring essay, "Some Reflections on the Readings of Statutes" 47 Colum. L. Rev. 527, 537 (1947) Frankfurter, J. The purpose of this article more pointedly then, is to highlight an ongoing, glaring, yet relatively unaddressed violation by Congress of this, among other First Principles, in an exercise of power far beyond any specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The upshot of the matter: Congress must find authority in a specific provision in the Constitution to enact a law, but has often completely failed to do so.

In particular, in a brazen disregard of constitutional limits, the Federal Government has illicitly expanded the specific "power to punish" beyond the four enumerated crimes specified in Article 1, Section 8, clauses 6 and 10; and Article 3, Section 3, clause 2 (The "Four Felonies" or the Federal "Police Power"). See Taylor v. United States, 195 L. Ed. 2d 456, 465 (2016) (Thomas, J., dissenting); and the Second Resolve Clause, Kentucky Resolutions (1798) (T. Jefferson):

The Constitution ... delegated to Congress the power to punish Treason, counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations, and no other crimes whatsoever ...(emphasis added) Second Resolve Clause, supra.).

A mere glance at today's bloated federal criminal code makes crystal clear the Federal Government has far exceeded any grant of power to punish. To what extent? Compare:

"The powers delegated ... to the federal government are few and defined..." See Federalist No. 45 (J. Madison).

With

"There are so many federal laws that no one, including the justice department, the principal law enforcement agency, knows the actual number of crimes." Gamble v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 1960, 2006 (2019) (Gorsuch, J dissenting) (citations omitted).

See also United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 584-85 (1995) (Rehnquist, CJ). ("The Federal Government has nothing approaching a police power.")

How did this severely misconfigured over policing state of affairs created by Congress come about? First, among the underlying primary cultural factors in play are the dominant western moral ideologies which have intensified over the decades. Utopianists of various flavors emerge from separate echo chambers but unify in pushing for more rules and more government to insert more authoritarian fixes for endless perceived grievances and societal ills. More to the point, to go way beyond (1) securing rights, and (2) exercising few and defined powers. Of course, ideologues who obtain positions of power feel compelled - and enjoy exercising power to impose ideas, truths, virtues, and concomitant restrictions and punishments on the rest of us. And so we have a government transformed into what I deem an "Oligarchy of Ideologues" actively seeking to cast off restraints on power.

Second, in the political realm, I believe the broad and vague "tough on crime" messaging from Conservative and Progressive voices alike has fueled decades of massive federal police power overreach. But Conservative members of Congress are foremost among those who tout small, limited government while voting for increased federal intrusion in the form of innumerable criminal statutes in the name of being tough on crime. More federal laws equals more federal police equals bigger government. The time has come to "walk the talk" on liberty and limited government and long overdue is the time to prioritize our founding moral code and First Principles.

Things were not always this misconfigured. In 1919, for instance, the powers exercised by the Federal Government were truly few and defined. So when Congress sought to respond to a moral outrage of the day in the form of Prohibition, they recognized the Constitution granted no power to prohibit/police alcohol on a federal level. So, the Representatives of the people chose to create and ratify the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, granting just such a power. This particular action accorded with the Article V process for amending the Document to legitimately grant a new power to the federal government in order to prohibit, police and/or punish.

But skip forward some 50-years to the modern-era of Federal power and efforts to intervene to cure social ills of the Sixties in the outrage-du-jour: illicit drugs beyond alcohol. Someone had to capitalize politically on the sentiment a voila, the "War on Drugs" was born: prompted by LBJ's "War on Crime", but beginning in earnest as a component of Nixon's presidential campaign platform. Did the public get the message and thence elect him to attempt to solve addiction via federal power? Who knows, but Congress sure did - members there did the dirty lawmaking work for Nixon to sign. In an egregious power grab, Congress enacted a nationwide police measure prohibiting a whole host of substances (schedule of controlled substances). In utter malfeasance, this particular Congress, unlike their predecessors in 1919, elected to skip Article V amendment process altogether. In 1970, the Controlled Substances Act passed based on an astounding subversion of the Constitution. And the Supreme Court in subsequent cases upheld the Act (and myriad other laws in other cases) based on nothing less than pro tanto the creation of a new and false constitution.

Very few Americans seem to be aware of this major deviation in our legislative history. How exactly does Congress outlaw alcohol by the specifically required step involving amending the Constitution, but outlaw marijuana and cocaine, etc., without doing the same? The truly confounding answer: a "rewrite" of a specific constitutional provision by the Supreme Court (see Gonzales v. Raich, 545 US 1, 70 (2005) (Thomas, J., dissenting). In the intervening 50-years, the Court essentially fabricated-by-rewrite a new police power into the Interstate Commerce Clause. The distortive effect has grown unchecked to the point Congress now enacts laws (like the Controlled Substances Act) in direct contravention of the Commerce Clause's original intent[1] as interpreted and applied, incongruously, in "Dormant" Commerce Clause jurisprudence[2]. As a consequence, a good portion of the Federal criminal code is simply illegitimate.

In conclusion, this ivory tower subterfuge has been sustained by most all "Conservative" Justices (Constitutionalists in name only), but must now be confronted by the Justice on this Supreme Court. They must follow the example of the august Justice Clarence Thomas, a voice in the wilderness, who has time-and-again called out the subversion, the overreach by Congress, and the errant Court[3]. The Supreme Court has seen quite a bit of turnover in recent years and is now where the real action is: The focus of the collective eye needs to be there as the institution now hangs in the balance. The return to our original Constitution and ordered liberty must start by first retracting the overweening federal police power and reinstating our other critical First Principles. Any efforts toward this may very well stall out if the Court succumbs to ongoing Utopianist pressure as it has for nearly a century.

Singed, Dignitas

1. The original intent of the Commerce Clause is indisputable: to eliminate or reduce burdens or obstruction to trade. See Florida v. United States HHS, 780 F. Supp. 2d 1256, 1276-1277 (ND FL. 2011).

2. The original intent is fully acknowledged by the Supreme Court. See "Dorman" Commerce Clause jurisprudence: Tenn. Wine & Spirits Retailers v. Thomas, 139 S. Ct. 2449, 2460 (2019). But the Court selectively cleaves and ignores the original intent across the rest of Commerce Clause law. This modern-era bifurcated mutant is a blatant, stunning case of judicial malfeasance: a deliberate, inconsistent application and interpretation of the Constitution. In the words of President Biden: Come on, Man!"

3. See United States v. Lopez, 514 US 549, 584-85 (1995) (Thomas, J concurring); United States v. Morrison, 529 US 598, 618-19 (2000); Gonzales v. Raich, supra., at 34-42 (Justice Scalia misuses the Necessary and Proper Clause. He also sidesteps Justice Thomas's main argument regarding the lack of any enumerated general federal police power; and Taylor, supra., at 467-68 (Justice Thomas's elegant Four Felonies discussion in his dissent is swatted down by Justice Alito, supporting and perpetuating the Court's refusal to reinstate the Constitution's Commerce Clause as written, "[w]e have not been asked to reconsider Gonzales v. Raich." 174.247.81.241 (talk) 06:10, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enumerated powers (United States)


text:
Marco Antonio Campos

Marco Antonio Campos (9 September 1919 – 19 February 1996) was a Mexican comedian, actor, and singer best known as Viruta in the double act Viruta y Capulina with Gaspar Henaine. His best known role is as the straight man in the comic duo Viruta y Capulina along with Gaspar Henaine. Campos and Henaine worked together in 95 comedy films and one television series until they separated over work issues in 1969. He died in 1996 from an aortic aneurysm.

Selected filmography

 * Comedians and Songs (1960)

Awards

 * 2005, Premio Casa de América de Poesía Americana

title: Marco Antonio Campos


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William S. Hart Union High School District

The William S. Hart Union High School District (commonly referred to simply as the Hart District) is a school district in the Santa Clarita Valley of Los Angeles County, California. It serves all of the valley's high school students (grades 9–12) and most of its junior high school students (grades 7–8). As of 2022–23, the total number of enrolled students (in 16 schools) was 22,469. The district's superintendent is Mike Kuhlman. The district is named after William S. Hart, one of the first western film stars, who lived in Newhall and was a local benefactor. The region served by the Hart District is also served by the Sulphur Springs, Saugus, Castaic, and Newhall elementary school districts.

History
Prior to the establishment of William S. Hart High School in 1945, students in the Santa Clarita Valley continuing after elementary school would attend San Fernando High School in the Pacoima neighborhood of Los Angeles.

Enrollment decline
Between the 2015 and 2019, student enrolment within the Hart District declined 11.7% from an all-time high of 27,155 students during the 2015–16 academic year to 23,968 students during the 2019–2020 academic year. The COVID-19 pandemic continued this downward trend, with student enrolment declining a further 6.5% to 22,469 students during the 2022–23 academic year. Despite a number of new housing developments being constructed throughout the Santa Clarita Valley, overall student enrolment is still expected to continue declining for the foreseeable future.

High schools
Eight of the district's ten high schools are located within the city of Santa Clarita, with Castaic High School and West Ranch High School being located in the unincorporated communities of Castaic and Stevenson Ranch, respectively.

Jereann Bowman High School serves as the district's continuation high school. The Academy of the Canyons and Learning Post Academy offer students alternative education pathways.

Junior high schools
Five of the district's six junior high schools are located within the city of Santa Clarita, with Rancho Pico Junior High being located in the Unincorporated community of Stevenson Ranch.

Student demographics
As of the 2022–23 school year, 22,469 students were enrolled in Hart District schools. 44.2% of students were Hispanic or Latino, 33.4% were non-Hispanic white, 7.8% were Asian American, 5.1% were Filipino, 4.6% were multiracial, 4.4% were African American, 0.2% were Pacific Islander, and 0.1% were Indigenous American.

2015–16
During the 2015–16 school year, an all-time high of 27,155 students were enrolled in Hart District schools. 39.8% were non-Hispanic white, 39.6% of students were Hispanic or Latino, 6.0% were Asian American, 5.0% were African American, 4.7% were multiracial, 4.3% were Filipino, 0.2% were Indigenous American, and 0.1% were Pacific Islander.

Feeder districts

 * Castaic Union School District: serves Castaic, Val Verde, and a small portion of northwestern Valencia.
 * Newhall School District: serves Stevenson Ranch, southern Valencia, and almost all of Newhall.
 * Saugus Union School District: serves Saugus, northern Valencia, and western Canyon Country.
 * Sulphur Springs School District: serves the majority of Canyon Country and part of northeastern Newhall.

The Castaic, Newhall, and Saugus Union school districts have offices in Valencia, while the Sulphur Springs School District's office is in Canyon Country. Castaic Union School District serves grades K–8; the other districts serve grades K–6.

Governing board
Hart District governing board members are composed of five members, elected to a four-year term, by geographical district. The elections are held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even numbered years.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nathan brain

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 19:48, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Nathan brain
obvious hoax, possible attack page --Trovatore 04:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obvious hoax, probable attack page Ryan Norton T 04:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletefound no reference to this person on internet. joke or vanity-Dakota 04:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, perhaps speedy on the basis of "People's Republic of Elbonia". Gazpacho 07:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as per WP:PN. Hall Monitor 17:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Normal delete; While silly, it sadly doesn't meet WP:PN. Eaglizard 09:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Mohamed Salah Zaray

Mohamed Salah Zaray is a member of the African Union's Pan-African Parliament representing Tunisia.

title: Mohamed Salah Zaray


text:
Robert Sobel

Robert Sobel (February 19, 1931 – June 2, 1999) was an American professor of history at Hofstra University and a well-known and prolific writer of business histories.

Biography
Sobel was born in the Bronx. He completed his B.S.S. (1951) and M.A. (1952) at City College of New York, and after serving in the U.S. Army, obtained a Ph.D. from New York University in 1957. He started teaching at Hofstra in 1956. Sobel eventually became Lawrence Stessin Distinguished Professor of Business History at Hofstra University.

Sobel and his wife, the former Carole Ritter, had two children. He died from brain cancer at his home in Long Beach, New York, on June 2, 1999, at the age of 68. After his death, the university established the Robert Sobel Endowed Scholarship for Excellence in Business History & Finance.

Books
Sobel's first business history, published in 1965, was The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market. It was the first history of the stock market written in over a generation. The commercial and critical success of The Big Board launched a prodigious writing career during which Sobel authored more than 30 books, several of them best sellers, many articles, book reviews, and scripts for television documentaries and mini-series. From 1972 to 1988, Sobel's weekly investment column, "Knowing the Street", was nationally syndicated through New York Newsday. He was also regularly published in national periodicals, including The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. At the time of his death, Sobel was also a contributing editor to Barron's Magazine. He was a regular guest on financial and other news shows, such as Wall Street Week and Crossfire.

Sobel was nearly as famous for his only work of fiction, the 1973 book, For Want of a Nail. This book is an alternate history in which Burgoyne won the Battle of Saratoga during the American Revolutionary War. This work detailed the history of an alternate timeline, complete with footnotes. Sobel had authored or co-authored several actual textbooks. For Want of a Nail was republished in 1997 and won a special achievement Sidewise Award for Alternate History that year.

Wall Street
Sobel's dominant passion was Wall Street, a fascination that he held since his childhood. "It is as though you are walking through a historical theme park, with this engaging man at your side pointing out the sights," said Andrew Tobias, the author and investment guide, in a review in The New York Times of The Last Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1960s (W. W. Norton, 1978).

Most of Sobel's books were written for a general audience, but he never bristled when some scholarly writers dismissed him as a "popularizer," said his colleague and friend George David Smith, a professor of economic history at New York University. "Quite the contrary—he saw that as his mission in life."

Non-fiction

 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.
 * *** A paperback reprint of IBM: Colossus in Transition.

title: Robert Sobel


text:
Talk:Hurricane Lili (disambiguation)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Cyclone Lili (2019) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 06:04, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 22 August 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Discussion for moving the Hurricane Lili (disambiguation) article can continue in a separate forum, or be done WP:BOLDly. (non-admin closure) Natg 19 (talk) 02:19, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

– Hurricane Lili (disambiguation) is not a disambiguation page: it is a storm index (i.e. a set index article). The storm index should be moved to the base name. The resulting redirect Hurricane Lili (disambiguation) can continue to point to the storm index as a "disambiguation-like" page (or it may be better to fix incoming links and move the page without leaving a redirect). Consequently the article about the 2002 storm should be moved to Hurricane Lili (2002). Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 11:02, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hurricane Lili (disambiguation) → Hurricane Lili
 * Hurricane Lili → Hurricane Lili (2002)
 * I oppose. Lili in 2002 was retired. Retired storms get the article title without the year in parenthesis. Hurricanehink mobile (talk) 11:49, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * so where do you suggest Hurricane Lili (disambiguation) moves to? Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:00, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * For now, I don't think the article should be moved. Eventually, it should be moved/merged into a List of named storms (L), as mentioned below. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk )  14:09, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose 2002 title is clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, even a Dab page is a storm index. 114.125.244.88 (talk) 12:51, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * A disambiguation page and a storm index are not the same. A disambiguation page is an aid to navigation and lists only the titles of articles that might otherwise be called "Hurricane Lily". A set index article contains additional information, which is the case here. A page can't be both. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:00, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy move Hurricane Lili (disambiguation) → List of hurricanes named Lili and delete the incorrect (disambiguation) redirect. Storm indexes that aren't at the base name are titled as list articles. -- JHunterJ (talk) 16:14, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Redirect to and create List of named storms (L) which has to be better, than all of these stubby disambiguation pages which do not always contain the correct information or even better merge it with Lili (disambiguation). Jason Rees (talk) 17:46, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * List of named storms (L) is also not a disambiguation page so not a good target for a title that claims to be one. -- JHunterJ (talk) 18:40, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well we could move the content to List of named storms (L) and add the barebones of each system to Lilly.Jason Rees (talk) 20:59, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The retired hurricane is the primary topic. Rreagan007 (talk) 23:42, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * so where do you suggest Hurricane Lili (disambiguation) moves to? Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:00, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * - Draft:List of named storms (L)? ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:44, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment see also Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Archive 35 and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Archive 39 where this has gone around before. -- JHunterJ (talk) 18:44, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You'll forgive me for not unearthing that 4-year old discussion. I therefore agree your move. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 07:54, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:15, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * See also a proposal to merge the roughly 600 disambiguation pages that aren't really disambiguation pages, and maybe they've broken the rules for like 10 years, so let's just put them all into lists by letter. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 14:29, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Same comment as Rreagan007. Regards, 👦 15:14, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose. If a name is retired we don't add the year afterwards. Felicia (talk) 15:07, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose. The name was retired so why are we changing the name here?ChessEric (talk) 23:57, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * '''stronger oppose' ' 'nah cause storms that were retired in that year don't get (1921) ex. Hurricane Irma, ex. Hurricane Harvey HurricaneLaura2020 (talk) 21:36, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

 * As you may have seen already, I have boldly decided to merge the contents of Hurricane Lilli with Lilli, as i dont see why we need a seperate disambiguation page for the storms.Jason Rees (talk) 10:48, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * A perfectly acceptable approach. I've edited both the disambiguation page for disambiguation style (commas, one blue link per entry, alpha sections, etc.) and also the redirect for . If the storms project is good with this approach too, I think we're set. -- JHunterJ (talk) 11:32, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Except it's the wrong page: it should be Lili (disambiguation) not Lilli (disambiguation). Oops! Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 12:16, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok well I blame the L's!.Jason Rees (talk) 12:25, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Make sense I guess. LOL!ChessEric (talk) 18:44, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hurricane Lili (disambiguation)


text: Talk:List of storms named Lisa

title: Talk:List of storms named Lisa


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Bimolecular fluorescence complementation

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (also known as BiFC) is a technology typically used to validate protein interactions. It is based on the association of fluorescent protein fragments that are attached to components of the same macromolecular complex. Proteins that are postulated to interact are fused to unfolded complementary fragments of a fluorescent reporter protein and expressed in live cells. Interaction of these proteins will bring the fluorescent fragments within proximity, allowing the reporter protein to reform in its native three-dimensional structure and emit its fluorescent signal. This fluorescent signal can be detected and located within the cell using an inverted fluorescence microscope that allows imaging of fluorescence in cells. In addition, the intensity of the fluorescence emitted is proportional to the strength of the interaction, with stronger levels of fluorescence indicating close or direct interactions and lower fluorescence levels suggesting interaction within a complex. Therefore, through the visualisation and analysis of the intensity and distribution of fluorescence in these cells, one can identify both the location and interaction partners of proteins of interest.

History
Biochemical complementation was first reported in subtilisin-cleaved bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, then expanded using β-galactosidase mutants that allowed cells to grow on lactose.

Recognition of many proteins' ability to spontaneously assemble into functional complexes as well as the ability of protein fragments to assemble as a consequence of the spontaneous functional complex assembly of interaction partners to which they are fused was later reported for ubiquitin fragments in yeast protein interactions. In 2000, Ghosh et al developed a system that allowed a green fluorescent protein (GFP) to be reassembled using an anti-parallel leucine zipper in E. coli cells. This was achieved by dissecting GFP into C- and N-terminal GFP fragments. As the GFP fragment was attached to each leucine zipper by a linker, the heterodimerisation of the anti-parallel leucine zipper resulted in a reconstituted, or re-formed, GFP protein that could be visualised. The successful fluorescent signal indicated that the separate GFP peptide fragments were able to correctly reassemble and achieve tertiary folding. It was, therefore, postulated that using this technique, fragmented GFP could be used to study interaction of protein–protein pairs that have their N–C termini in close proximity. After the demonstration of successful fluorescent protein fragment reconstitution in mammalian cells, Hu et al. described the use of fragmented yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in the investigation of bZIP and Rel family transcription factor interactions. This was the first report bZIP protein interaction regulation by regions outside of the bZIP domain, regulation of subnuclear localization of the bZIP domains Fos and Jun by their different interacting partners, and modulation of transcriptional activation of bZIP and Rel proteins through mutual interactions. In addition, this study was the first report of an in vivo technique, now known as the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, to provide insight into the structural basis of protein complex formation through detection of fluorescence caused by the assembly of fluorescent reporter protein fragments tethered to interacting proteins.

Fluorescent labeling
Fluorophore activation occurs through an autocatalytic cyclization reaction that occurs after the protein has been folded correctly. This was advanced with the successful reconstitution of the YFP fluorophore from protein fragments that had been fused to interacting proteins within 8 hours of transfection, reported in 2002.

Selection of fusion protein production system
There are different production systems that can be used for the fusion protein generated. Transient gene expression is used to identify protein–protein interactions in vivo as well as in subcellular localisation of the BiFC complex. However, one must be cautious against protein over-expression, as this may skew both preferential localisation and the predominant protein complexes formed. Instead, weak promoters, the use of low levels of plasmid DNA in the transfection, and plasmid vectors that do not replicate in mammalian cells should be used to express proteins at or near their endogenous levels to mimic the physiological cellular environment. Also, careful selection of the fluorescent protein is important, as different fluorescent proteins require different cellular environments. For example, GFP can be used in E. coli cells, while YFP is used in mammalian cells.

Stable cell lines with the expression vector integrated into its genome allows more stable gene expression in the cell population, resulting in more consistent results.

Determination of fusion sites
When deciding the linker fusion site on the protein surface, there are three main considerations. First, the fluorescent protein fragments must be able to associate with one another when their tethered proteins interact. Structural information and the location of the interaction surface may be useful when determining the fusion site to the linker, although the information is not necessary, as multiple combinations and permutations can be screened. Secondly, the creation of the fusion protein must not significantly alter the localisation, stability, or expression of the proteins to which the fragments are linked as compared to the endogenous wild-type proteins. Finally, the addition of the fluorescent fragment fusion must not affect the biological function of the protein, preferably verified using assays that evaluate all of the proteins' known functions.

Designing linkers
A linker is a short amino acid sequence that tethers the fluorescent reporter protein fragment to the protein of interest, forming the fusion protein. When designing a linker sequence, one must ensure that the linker is sufficiently soluble and long to provide the fluorescent protein fragments with flexibility and freedom of movement so that the fragment and its partner fragment will collide frequently enough to reconstitute during the interaction of their respective fused proteins. Although it is not documented, it is possible that the length or the sequence of the linker may influence complementation of some proteins. Reported linker sequences RSIAT and RPACKIPNDLKQKVMNH (single amino acid code) and AAANSSIDLISVPVDSR (Sigma) have been successfully used in BiFC experiments.

Creating proper plasmid expression vectors
When designing plasmid vectors to express the proteins of interest, the construct must be able to express proteins that are able to form fusion proteins with fluorescent protein fragments without disrupting the protein's function. In addition, the expected protein complex must be able to accept stabilisation of the fluorescent protein fragment interaction without affecting the protein complex function or the cell being studied. Many fluorescent protein fragments that combine in several ways can be used in BiFC. Generally, YFP is recommended to serve as the reporter protein, cleaved at residue 155 (N-terminal consisting of residues 1–154 and C-terminal consisting of residues 155–238) or residue 173 in particular, as these sets of fragments are highly efficient in their complementation when fused to many interacting proteins and they produce low levels fluorescence when fused to non-interacting proteins. It is suggested that each target protein is fused to both the N- and C-terminal fragments of the fluorescent reporter protein in turn, and that the fragments are fused at each of the N- and C-terminal ends of the target proteins. This will allow a total of eight different permutations, with interactions being tested:

N-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 1 + C-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 2 N-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 1 + C-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 2

N-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 1 + C-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 2

N-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 1 + C-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 2

C-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 1 + N-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 2

C-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 1 + N-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 2

C-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 1 + N-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 2

C-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 1 + N-terminal fragment fused at the C-terminal protein 2

Selection of appropriate cell culture system
As previously stated, it is important to ensure that the fluorescent reporter protein being used in BiFC is appropriate and can be expressed in the cell culture system of choice, as not all reporter proteins can fluoresce or be visualised in all model systems.

Selection of appropriate controls
Fluorescent protein fragments can associate and fluoresce at low efficiency in the absence of a specific interaction. Therefore, it is important to include controls to ensure that the fluorescence from fluorescent reporter protein reconstitution is not due to unspecific contact.

Some controls include fluorophore fragments linked to non-interacting proteins, as the presence of these fusions tend to decrease non-specific complementation and false positive results.

Another control is created by linking the fluorescent protein fragment to proteins with mutated interaction faces. So long as the fluorescent fragment is fused to the mutated proteins in the same manner as the wild-type protein, and the gene expression levels and localisation are unaffected by the mutation, this serves as a strong negative control, as the mutant proteins, and therefore, the fluorescent fragments, should be unable to interact.

Internal controls are also necessary to normalise for differences in transfection efficiencies and gene expression in different cells. This is accomplished by co-transfecting cells with plasmids encoding the fusion proteins of interest as well as a whole (non-fragmented) protein that fluoresces at a different wavelength from the fluorescent reporter protein. During visualisation, one determines the fluorescence intensities of the BiFC complex and the internal control which, after subtracting background signal, becomes a ratio. This ratio represents the BiFC efficiency and can be compared with other ratios to determine the relative efficiencies of the formation of different complexes.

Cell transfection
Once the fusion proteins and controls have been designed and generated in their appropriate expression system, the plasmids must be transfected into the cells to be studied. After transfection, one must wait, typically about eight hours, to allow time for the fusion proteins to interact and their linked fluorescent reporter protein fragments to associate and fluoresce.

Visualisation and analysis
After sufficient time for the fusion proteins and their linked fluorescent fragments to interact and fluoresce, the cells can be observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope that can visualise fluorescence in cells. Although the fluorescence intensity of BiFC complexes is usually <10% of that produced by expression of intact fluorescent proteins, the extremely low autofluorescence in the visible range extremely most cells often makes the BiFC signal orders of magnitude higher than background fluorescence.

If fluorescence is detected when the fusion proteins are expressed, but is lacking or significantly reduced after the expression of the mutated negative control, it is likely that a specific interaction occurs between the two target proteins of interest. However, if the fluorescence intensity is not significantly different between the mutated negative control fusion protein and its wild-type counterpart, then the fluorescence is likely caused by non-specific protein interactions, so a different combination of fusion protein conformations should be tested.

If no fluorescence is detected, an interaction may still exist between the proteins of interest, as the creation of the fusion protein may alter the structure or interaction face of the target protein or the fluorescence fragments may be physically unable to associate. To ensure that this result is not a false negative, that there is no interaction, the protein interaction must be tested in a situation where fluorescence complementation and activation requires an external signal. In this case, if the external signal fails to cause fluorescence fragment association, it is likely that the proteins do not interact or there is a physical impediment to fluorescence complementation.

Relevant biological context
Proteins interact with different protein partners and other macromolecules to achieve functions that support different functions in cells that support survival of the organism. Identifying these interactions may provide clues to their effects on cell processes. As these interactions can be affected by both the internal environment and external stimuli, studying these interactions in vivo and at endogenous levels, as is recommended in BiFC, provides a physiologically-relevant context from which to draw conclusions about protein interactions.

Direct visualization
BiFC enables direct visualisation of protein interactions in living cells with limited cell perturbation, rather than relying on secondary effects or staining by exogenous molecules that can fail to distribute evenly. This, and the ability to observe the living cells for long periods of time, is made possible by the strong intrinsic fluorescence of the reconstituted reporter protein reduces the chances of an incorrect readout associated with the protein isolation process.

Sensitivity
Unlike many in vivo protein-interaction assays, BiFC does not require protein complexes to be formed by a large proportion of the proteins or at stoichiometric proportions. Instead, BiFC can detect interactions among protein subpopulations, weak interactions, and low expression proteins due to the stable complementation of the fluorescent reporter protein. In addition, successful fluorescent protein reconstitution has been reported for protein partners over 7 nm apart, so long as the linkers binding the fluorophore fragment to the protein of interest has the flexibility needed to associate with its corresponding fragment. Furthermore, the strength of the protein interaction can be quantitatively determined by changes in fluorescent signal strength.

Spatial resolution
BiFC allows measurement of spatial and temporal changes in protein complexes, even in response to activating and inhibiting drugs and subcellularly, providing the highest spatial resolution of in vivo protein–protein interaction assays.

No specialised equipment
BiFC does not require specialised equipment, as visualisation is possible with an inverted fluorescence microscope that can detect fluorescence in cells. In addition, analysis does not require complex data processing or correction for other sources of fluorescence.

No structural information needed
BiFC can be performed without structural information about the interaction partners, so long as the fluorescent reporter protein fragments can associate within the complex, as multiple combinations of fusion proteins can be screened. This is due to the assumption that, since the protein functions are recapitulated in the in vivo context, the complex structure will resemble that of the intact proteins seen physiologically.

Multiple applications
The BiFC technology has been refined and expanded to include the abilities to simultaneously visualise multiple protein complexes in the same cell, RNA/protein interactions, to quickly detect changes in gene transduction pathways, demonstrate hidden phenotypes of drugs, where the predicted treatment outcome (i.e. cell death, differentiation, morphological change) is not seen in vivo, study complex formation in different cellular compartments, and to map protein interaction surfaces

Real-time detection
The fluorescent signal only is produced after the proteins have interacted, which is generally in the order of hours. Hence BiFC is unable to provide real-time detection of protein interactions. The delay for chemical reactions to generate fluorophore may also have an effect on the dynamics of complex dissociation and partner exchange.

Irreversible BiFC formation
BiFC complex formation is only reversible during the initial step of fluorescent reporter protein re-assembly, typically in the order of milliseconds. Once the fluorochrome has been reconstituted, it is essentially irreversible in vitro. This prevents proteins from interacting with others and may disrupt the association/disassociation of protein complexes in dynamic equilibrium.

Independent fluorescent protein fragment associations
Fluorescent protein fragments have a limited ability to associate independent of the proteins to which they are fused. Although protein-independent association will vary depending on identities of the fusion proteins and their expression levels, one must provide the necessary and numerous controls to distinguish between true and false-positive protein interactions. Generally, this limitation is mitigated by ensuring that the fusion proteins of interest are expressed at endogenous concentrations.

Altering protein structure and steric hindrance
Fluorescent fragment linkage may alter the folding or structure of the protein of interest, leading to the elimination of an interacting protein's surface binding site. In addition, the arrangement of the fluorescent fragments may prevent fluorophore reconstitution through steric hindrance, although steric hindrance can be reduced or eliminated by using a linker sequence that allows sufficient flexibility for the fluorescent fragments to associate. Therefore, absence of fluorescence complementation may be a false negative and does not necessarily prove that the interaction in question does not occur.

Obligate anaerobes
Due to the requirement of molecular oxygen for fluorophore formation, BiFC cannot be used in obligate anaerobes, which cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. This limits the use of BiFC to aerobic organisms.

Autofluorescence
Autofluorescence is usually not a problem since the BiFC signal will be a lot higher than the background. However certain organisms, especially apicomplexa, have a higher autofluorescence that make it harder to apply BiFC in them. Certain fungi, such as Candida albicans, also have a high autofluorescent background, but BiFC can often still be performed when the proper controls and strains are used.

Use of fusion proteins
Because endogenous wild-type proteins cannot be visualised in vivo, fusion proteins must be created and their plasmids transfected into the cells studied. These fusion proteins may not recapitulate the functions, localisation, and interactions common to their wild-type counterparts, providing an inaccurate picture of the proteins in question. This problem can be alleviated by using structural information and the location of interaction sites to rationally identify fusion sites on the proteins of interest, using appropriate controls, and comparing the expression levels and functions of the fusion and wild-type proteins through Western Blots and functional assays.

Temperature dependence
Although low temperatures favour the reconstitution of fluorescence when fragments are within proximity, this may affect the behaviour of the target proteins leading to inaccurate conclusions regarding the nature of protein interactions and their interacting partners.

Exact interaction relationship unknown
Because fluorophore reconstitution can occur at a distance of 7 nm or more, fluorescence complementation may indicate either a direct or indirect (i.e. within the same complex) interaction between the fluorescent fragments' fused proteins.

Application
In addition to the validation of protein–protein interactions described above, BiFC has been expanded and adapted to other applications:

Assembly of bacterial ribosomes
The BiFC system has been applied to record ribosome biogenesis events in E.coli. The process of ribosomes assembly involves nucleation of ribosomal proteins in proper order and orientation. Perturbations in assembly can lead to structural defects in ribosomal subunits which as a result cannot join in the correct orientation to form fully functional ribosomes. Thus, the events of subunit joining signaled by the appearance of BiFC is an easy way to monitor ribosome biogenesis in contrast to laborious polysome profiling methods.

Multicolour fluorescence
The fluorescent protein fragments used in BiFC have been expanded to include the colours blue, cyan, green, yellow, red, cherry, and Venus. This range in colours has made the development of multicolour fluorescence complementation analysis possible. This technique allows multiple protein complexes to be visualised simultaneously in the same cell. In addition, proteins typically have a large number of alternative interaction partners. Therefore, by fusing fragments of different fluorescent proteins to candidate proteins, one can study competition between alternative interaction partners for complex formation through the complementation of different fluorescent colour fragments.

RNA-binding protein interactions
BiFC has been expanded to include the study of RNA-binding protein interactions in a method Rackham and Brown described as trimolecular fluorescence complementation (TriFC). In this method, a fragment of the Venus fluorescent protein is fused to the mRNA of interest, and the complementary Venus portion fused to the RNA-binding protein of interest. Similar to BiFC, if the mRNA and protein interact, the Venus protein will be reconstituted and fluoresce. Also known as the RNA bridge method, as the fluorophore and other interacting proteins form a bridge between the protein and the RNA of interest, this allows a simple detection and localisation of RNA-protein interactions within a living cell and provides a simple method to detect direct or indirect RNA-protein association (i.e. within a complex) that can be verified through in vitro analysis of purified compounds or RNAi knockdown of the bridging molecule(s).

Pathway organisation and signal transduction cascades
BiFC can be used to link genes to one other and their function through measurement of interactions among the proteins that the genes encode. This application is ideal for novel genes in which little is known about their up- and downstream effectors, as novel pathway linkages can be made. In addition, the effects of drugs, hormones, or deletion or knockdown of the gene of interest, and the subsequent effects on both the strength of the protein–protein interactions and the location of the interaction can be observed within seconds.

Complex formation in different cellular compartments
BiFC has been used to study nuclear translocation, via complex localisation, as well as interactions involving integral membrane proteins. Thus, BiFC is an important tool in understanding transcription factor localisation in subcellular compartments.

Quantifying protein–protein interaction surfaces
BiFC has been coupled with flow cytometry (BiFC-FC). This allows protein–protein interaction surfaces to be mapped through the introduction of site-directed or random mutations that affect complex formation.

Comparisons to other technologies
Most techniques used to study protein–protein interactions rely on in vitro methods. Unfortunately, studying proteins in an artificial system, outside of their cellular environment, poses a number of difficulties. For example, this may require the removal of proteins from their normal cellular environment. The processing required to isolate the protein may affect its interactions with other proteins. In addition, isolating the protein from the intracellular signaling and mechanisms that occur in the normal cell may provide a misleading picture of intracellular and physiological occurrences. Furthermore, proteins studied in vitro may be studied at concentrations vastly different from their normal abundance levels, may not necessarily be transported efficiently into the cells, or may not be selective enough to function in the host genome. Finally, by studying proteins in vitro, one is unable to determine the influence of specific protein–protein interactions in the cell on the functional or physiological consequences.

Other in vivo assays most commonly used to study protein–protein interactions include fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. Each of these assays has their advantages and disadvantages in comparison to BiFC:

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), also known as förster resonance energy transfer, resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET), is based on the transfer of energy from an excited (donor) chromophore or fluorophore (if the chromophores are fluorescent) to a nearby acceptor. In this method, fluorophores are chemically linked or genetically fused to two proteins hypothesised to interact. If the proteins interact, this will bring the fluorophores into close spatial proximity. If the fluorophores are oriented in a manner that exposes the fluorophores to one another, usually ensured when designing and constructing the fluorophore-protein linkage/fusion, then the energy transfer from the excited donor fluorophore will result in a change in the fluorescent intensities or lifetimes of the fluorophores.

Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H)
The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) is a genetic screening technique that can be used to detect physical (binding) protein–protein or protein–DNA interactions. It is usually applied in the model yeast organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It tests a 'bait' protein of (un)known function that is fused to, for example, the binding domain of the transcription factor GAL4 against potential interacting proteins or a cDNA library that express, for example, the GAL4 activation domain (the 'prey').


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Sodium selenite

Sodium selenite is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2SeO3. This salt is a colourless solid. The pentahydrate Na2SeO3(H2O)5 is the most common water-soluble selenium compound.

Synthesis and fundamental reactions
Sodium selenite usually is prepared by the reaction of selenium dioxide with sodium hydroxide:
 * SeO2 +  2 NaOH   →   Na2SeO3  +  H2O

The hydrate converts to the anhydrous salt upon heating to 40 °C.

According to X-ray crystallography, both anhydrous Na2SeO3 and its pentahydrate feature pyramidal SeO32−. The Se-O distances range from 1.67 to 1.72 Å. Oxidation of this anion gives sodium selenate, Na2SeO4.

Applications
Together with the related barium and zinc selenites, sodium selenite is mainly used in the manufacture of colorless glass. The pink color imparted by these selenites cancels out the green color imparted by iron impurities.

Because selenium is an essential element, sodium selenite is an ingredient in dietary supplements such as multi-vitamin/mineral products, but supplements that provide only selenium use L-selenomethionine or a selenium-enriched yeast.

The US Food and Drug Administration approved a selenium supplement to animal diets; the most common form is sodium selenite for pet foods. According to one article, "not much was known about which selenium compounds to approve for use in animal feeds when the decisions were made back in the 1970s .. At the time the regulatory action was taken, only the inorganic selenium salts (sodium selenite and sodium selenate) were available at a cost permitting their use in animal feed.”

Sodium selenite has been proposed as an effective suicide agent.

Safety
Selenium is toxic in high concentrations. As sodium selenite, the chronic toxic dose for human beings was described as about 2.4 to 3 milligrams of selenium per day. In 2000, the US Institute of Medicine set the adult Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for selenium from all sources - food, drinking water and dietary supplements - at 400 μg/day. The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 300 μg/day.

title: Sodium selenite


text:
Talk:List of storms named Marco

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hurricane Marco (1996) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:31, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Marco