text:
Grecian bend

The Grecian bend was a term applied first to a stooped posture which became fashionable c. 1820, named after the gracefully-inclined figures seen in the art of ancient Greece. It was also the name of a dance move introduced to polite society in America just before the American Civil War. The "bend" was considered very daring at the time.

The stoop or the silhouette created by the fashion in women's dress for corsets, crinolettes and bustles by 1869 was also called the Grecian bend. Contemporary illustrations often show a woman with a large bustle and a very small parasol, bending forward.

The term was also given to those who suffered from decompression sickness, or "the bends", due to working in caissons during the building of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. The name was given because afflicted individuals characteristically arched their backs in the same manner as the then popular "Grecian bend" fashion.

Appearance in popular music
There were many songs published with "Grecian Bend" in their titles. The term "Grecian bend" appears in the song "The Garden Where The Praties Grow" by Johnny Patterson: "Have you ever been in love my boys Or have you felt the pain? I'd sooner be in jail myself Than be in love again For the girl I loved was beautiful I'd have you all to know And I met her in the garden Where the praties grow

She was just the sort of creature boys That Nature did intend To walk right through the world my boys Without the Grecian bend Nor did she wear a chignon I'd have you all to know And I met her in the garden Where the praties grow"

title: Grecian bend


text:
Jim Caple

Jim Caple (1962 – October 1, 2023) was an American columnist and senior writer for ESPN.com. He worked previously with the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and the St. Paul Pioneer Press.

Life and career
Caple was born in 1962. He attended R.A. Long High School in Longview, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in Seattle, where he reported for and later became an editor of the school newspaper, The Daily. He worked at the Post-Intelligencer and the Pioneer Press before spending 17 years with ESPN. His time at ESPN included writing articles for its Page 2 website, which took a more comedic look at sports. He last wrote for The Athletic.

Caple covered 20 World Series and 12 Olympic Games. Caple wrote the book The Devil Wears Pinstripes. He also co-wrote the book Best Boston Sports Arguments with fellow sportswriter Steve Buckley and wrote a novel, The Navigator, which was partially based on his father's stint as a B-24 navigator in World War II.

On October 2, 2023, his wife Vicki wrote that he died the previous day. At the time of his death, he suffered from ALS and dementia. He was 61.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jim Caple


text:
List of Baptist confessions of faith

Since the early days of the Baptist movement, various denominations have adopted common confessions of faith as the basis for cooperative work among churches. The following is a list of confessions that have been important to the development of various Baptist churches throughout history.

17th century

 * 1611 Thomas Helwys Declaration of Faith
 * 1644 First London Baptist Confession - revised in 1646
 * 1651 The Faith and Practice of Thirty Congregations
 * 1654 The True Gospel-Faith Declared According to the Scriptures
 * 1656 The Somerset Confession of Faith
 * 1655 Midland Confession of Faith
 * 1660 The Standard Confession
 * 1678 The Orthodox Creed
 * 1689 Second London Baptist Confession - originally written in 1677
 * 1691 A Short Confession or a Brief Narrative of Faith

18th century

 * 1729 The Goatyard Declaration of Faith
 * 1742 The Philadelphia Confession
 * 1757 Carter Lane Declaration of Faith
 * 1758 The Sandy Creek Confession
 * 1770 Articles of Religion of the New Connexion
 * 1788 The Coalheaver's Confession.

19th century

 * 1833 New Hampshire Confession of Faith
 * 1834 A Treatise on the Faith of the Freewill Baptists
 * 1858 The Abstract of Principles
 * 1866 Compend of Christian Doctrines Held by Baptists
 * 1878 The Articles of Faith of the Gospel Standard Aid and Poor Relief Societies (Strict Baptist)—an expression of Hyper-Calvinism

20th century

 * 1900 Fulton Confession of Faith (Primitive Baptists)
 * 1923 Articles of Faith Put Forth by the Baptist Union of America
 * 1925 Baptist Faith and Message - revised in 1963, 1998 and 2000
 * 1935 Treatise on the Faith and Practice of the Free Will Baptists
 * 1985 Doctrinal Statement of the Brazilian Baptists, 1985, Brazilian Baptist Convention.

title: List of Baptist confessions of faith


text:
Bois-Brûlés

Bois-Brûlés (burnt wood) are Métis. The name is most frequently associated with the French-speaking Métis of the Red River Colony in the Red River valley of Canada and the United States.

The Bois-Brûlés, led by their leader Cuthbert Grant, took part in the Battle of Seven Oaks (1816). The "Chanson de la Grenouillère", composed in 1816 by Métis bard Pierre Falcon in honour of the Battle of Seven Oaks, also called "Falcon's Song" or "la Bataille des sept chênes", refers to the Métis participants as victorious "Bois-Brûlés", and the song remained central to Métis lore for generations. In 1837 Pierre Falcon also wrote "The Dickson Song" or "Ballade du Général Dickson". The song is about "General" James Dickson who planned to raise an army of Bois-Brûlés for the purpose of setting up a kingdom in California.

William H. Keating described a group of Métis buffalo hunters he encountered at Pembina by the Red River of the North in 1823 as Bois brulés.

"All of them have a blue capote with a hood, which they use only in bad weather; the capote is secured round their waist by a military sash; they wear a shirt of calico or painted muslin, moccassins and leather leggings fastened round the leg by garters ornamented with beads,&c. The Bois brulés often dispense with a hat; when they have one, it is generally variegated in the Indian manner, with feathers, gilt lace, and other tawdry ornaments."

- William Keating 1824

Later in the 19th century, the people in 1869 came into temporary prominence during the Riel Rebellion in the Red River area. They were alternatively called Métis; historically the majority were descendants of French Canadian men and First Nations women.

The name Bois-Brûlés seems to have waned in popularity and general use after the merger of the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company in 1821. The young Canadian adventurer Martin McLeod, later a fur trader and Minnesota Territory politician in the United States, referred to the "Brules" in 1837 in his journal of travel to the Red River of the North region with James Dickson, who had a dream of an Indian empire. As late as 1900, the American author Jack London used the term in his short story, "An Odyssey of the North".

title: Bois-Brûlés


text:
Category:Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford

Fellows and Principals of Brasenose College, Oxford.

See also alumni.


text:
Arce, Spain

Arce (Basque: Artzi) is a town located in the province of Navarre, in the autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

title: Arce, Spain


text:
Talk:Vlachs of Serbia

Older ethnic Serbs in Romania call the Romanians "Vlahs"
I'm Serb from Romania. My grandparents and other old people in the village where I lived used to call the native Romanians "Vlasi"(serb word for Vlahs) and not "Rumuni" (Romanians). I would like to have this statement added to the article. We live our daily lives separated from today's Serbia for more than a century - a direct contact was almost non-existent after the 1st world war when new eastern european countries were formed. Moreover, my grandparents were almost illiterate, attending only a bit of primary school, like most of their generation of that time and nobody forced them to call the Romanians that way. I think it was a common thing among elderly Serbs, most of them living in other romanian villages near the serbian-romanian border, to call the Romanians "Vlachs". Younger Serbs' generations call them "Rumuni"(serb word for "Romanian"). As I didn't have time to do study the matter thoroughly, I just came across some videos with TV programmes in this "language" after a quick search on the internet. Speaking both serbian and romanian language, i noticed the following differences (compared to the standard Romanian language):

-the letter "t" is replaced by "ć" in words, similar to "-ce" in the romanian Banat dialect, for ex. "uice" instead of "uite"(engl. "look! "). The same applies for "d", being replaced by "đ" - rather serbian influence -  somewhat similar to ekavic and ijekavic dialects of the serbian language -the grammar is simpler -there are no modern words(or serbian words are used instead), wrong or less plural and genitive forms, same words that have a different meaning in the standard/modern romanian language or were used in the past, etc. It might seem a big difference at first glance, but it's not. With a bit of "cleaning" it would reduce significantly the "linguistic distance" to the standard romanian, and sound more like serbian and croatian(or British/American English). Even "uncleaned"(like now) it doesn't look like another language. The difference would remain bigger than the one between serbian and croatian, but much smaller than that between serbian and macedonian. 217.80.214.152 (talk) 10:53, 20 March 2023 (UTC)
 * For this to be added, you'd need to bring a reliable source. Newspapers, books or academic articles. Super   Ψ   Dro  14:08, 20 March 2023 (UTC)
 * There is a plenty of sources of this. Let me start with Dositej Obradović, the most significant Serbian writer, politician, etc.which in one of the most significant literatury piece of Serbian literature use term Vlach for Romanians throught his work Život i priključenie
 * https://sr.m.wikisource.org/sr-el/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5
 * Otac moj zvao se Đurađ Obradović, rodom Srbin, po zanatu ćurčija i trgovac; mati moja, Kruna imenom, bila je rodom iz sela Semartona nedaleko od Čakova, kći Ranka Paunkića. Toliko sam malen ostao po ocu sirota, da jedva ga pamtim, no rasteći, koga sam god čuo o njemu govoriti, nije ga niko bez uzdisanja spominjao, koliko Srblji toliko i Vlasi, dobrim bratom Đukom nazivljući ga, žaleći što je mlad umro, i želeći da njegova deca njemu podobna budu.
 * My father's name was Đurađ Obradović, a Serb by birth, a curcija by trade and a merchant; my mother, named Kruna, was born in the village of Semartona, not far from Čakovo, the daughter of Ranko Paunkić. As a child my father left the family, and I became an orphan, that I hardly remember him, but growing up, whoever I heard talking about him, no one mentioned him without sighing, both Serbs and Vlachs, calling him Đuka our good brother, being in sorrow for he has died young, and wishing that his children be good as him
 * I will cite thousands of this examples if needed.
 * Fr TRIBALIA212 (talk) 13:04, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
 * This text is two centuries old. Ever since the Romanians have gotten their own nation state and with the rise of nationalism, "Romanian" has replaced "Vlach" as the name the European nations knew the Romanians by. Further, in those times, Banat, which is where Obradović lived, was Austrian, so he was not a "Serb in Romania". The article for those, Serbs of Romania, covers their history from 1919/1920 onwards. Super   Ψ   Dro  14:37, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I will collect day by day all sources.
 * This is about situation from end of 19th century
 * https://vsov.academia.edu/MirceaMaran
 * The question of the identity of Romanians in the Banat is a particularly interesting problem, which has a lot of specificity in it, both in relation to compatriots who live in their home country, and in relation to fellow citizens who are members of the majority Serbian nation and other national communities, who live in that part of the Banat. which is part of the Republic of Serbia. The roots of that identity should be sought in the specific historical conditions in which the population found itself in the past. Until the emergence of national identity, at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, we can only talk about the ethnic identity of this population, which was called Vlachs (Vlasi) by the neighboring peoples and their fellow citizens, as well as by the representatives of the governments of the states that ruled the Banat. The term Romanian (rumân in the Banat dialect of the Romanian language, i.e. român in the literary language) was only used internally until the middle of the 18th century, that is, that is how the members of this nation called themselves. Serbs also used the name Vlachs (Vlasi) for Romanians, and only since the Revolution of 1848-49. began to call them Romans (Romanima), that is - later, Romanians (Rumunima), although the term Vlach was used sporadically for a certain time. 77.243.25.13 (talk) 20:30, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't mention sources 77.243.25.13 (talk) 20:32, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

Objective critetia
To define as minority, this cannot be free choice of an induvidiual to belong to any minority nor the state whose citizens these individuals are The CoE of OBLIGATORY clarification to the FCNM, clearly says that it is the right of an individual to FREELY choose whether to be treated as minority or not, not to freely choose to belong to any minority without OBJECTIVE CRITERIA https://rm.coe.int/16800c10cf Further more, UN opinion report to the CCPR on the defintion of minority clearly states following "The existence of an ethnic, religious or linguistic minority in a given State party does not depend upon a decision by that State party but requires to be established by objective criteria" https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/0e1a35/pdf/ This means that the state cannot decide on its existence or not. As such, I think that there are not a single author who before 2010, when issue was politized claimed that there is separate Vlach minority. Even self declaration in this case says that this the Romanian minority as members, before 2010 and forced promotion of vlahism, in Romanian declared as Romanian. The problem is it translation from Romanian to Serbian and than to English

Knowing that this population in all census before 1948 was considered Romania, as well as Serbian ethnologist, like T. Dordevic, a founder together with Cvijic of Serbian ethnography, as well in all official documents, this is the clear ethnic engineering Also Cvijic mention Romanians in this are in 1923.

"It has remained unexplained until now why some families in Homolj and Mlava, both Serbian and Romanian, are called Jelins."

https://archive.org/details/KrozNaseRumune

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3ma9plMXxAEUjk1S2tNTTV2Qlk/edit?usp=drive_web

For following reason

1. There is no objective scientific criteria in Serbian ethnography before 2010, who considered this population nothhing else but Romanians 2. In census before 1948, Romanianans was used to designate 3. Archivial records like the annual Ministy of education report, used always Romanian 4. The right to self declaration doesnt mean to choose randomly any minority, but a right to be treated or not 5. The population in Romanian declare as Romanian 6. Vlach also refer to Aromanian population. Creation a new group with the same name is seen by Aromanians as the attack on their identity 7. There is not even single member of the community, which can be accepted as relevant, and not doing folk linguistics, as WIKIPEDIA is exactly doing now, has no position as such

I would like to cite less known source in French from 1990s: Dimitrijević-Rufu, Dejan (1998): Identités contextuelles. Le cas d’une communauté „roumaine” de Serbie, Cahiers Balkaniques 25 – „Les Oublié des Balkans”, 91–117.

On fold lingustic/anthropology practised on wikipedia here more

Manovich, Diane (2014): Folk Linguistics and Politicized Language: the Introduction of Minority Language Education for the Vlachs in Serbia (submitted to CEU Nationalism Studies Program in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts), Budapest (http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2014/manovich_diane.pdf).

Also one of best linguistic on Romance languges Weigand,in the begining if 20th considered these nothinhg but Romanians

Weigand, Gustav (1900): Die rumänischen Dialekte der kleinen Walachei, Serbiens und Bulgariens. Siebenter Jahresbericht des Instituts für Rumänische Sprache 7 (1900), 1-92.

There is also twenty moore other reasons why this article should be considered to have biased, one sided view

As for objective criteria this letter sent to Serbian Academy clearly point this:

https://acad.ro/mediaAR/pctVedereAR/2020/d0220-ScrisoareAcademiaSarba.pdf 109.93.173.29 (talk) 19:19, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I've already tried to argue this point before to no avail. I would recommend to you to rather add all this information to the article. If the article is already written in a certain, objective and truthful way, it will be hard to argue against something being a certain something. Super Dromaeosaurus (talk) 22:41, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Special Voters Registry
Due to proverbial erroneous Serbian ethnic censuses (enough for this is decline to 1360 persons in 1961) alternative data for ethnicity should be also used. The only one which is publicly available is the number of adult voters registered in special voters Registry from 2022, which show significant discrepancy (knowing that these data is only about adult population and the rate for other minorities of adults who are register in this registry is low). Namely according to this registry https://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/extfile/sr/files/additionalDocuments/337/858/ODLUKA%20O%20KONA%C4%8CNOM%20BROJU%20BIRA%C4%8CA.pdf there are 23 AlexLucca (talk) 13:03, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * We cannot use that figure as proof of the amount of the Timok Vlachs that there are in Serbia without reliable sources specifically connecting the two. Otherwise this is WP:Original research. Super Dromaeosaurus (talk) 15:02, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * sorry but I don't understand what do you mean by "reliable sources connecting the two".
 * Information provided is from the RIK - Serbian Electoral Commission (state body) entrusted to organise regular elections for minority councils (it also organized elections at all other levels of government).
 * This role of the RIK is prescribed by the Law on the Election of National Councils of National Minorities.
 * What exact "reliable sources connecting the two" would you accept to Google it?
 * I mean this is NO original research done by mean. It is a well known fact, not even concerned to be questioned, belonging to the same group of questions as if one would ask "whether the sum will rise next morning".
 * So to clarify this absurdity let me know:
 * - what type of source you need? - article of the law, report by the Electoral Commission on the elections held, other governmental electoral reports, reports by the CoE, reports by the CSOs, scholarly articles, press articles
 * -how this connection should be established? - direct mentioning that such and such minority has such and such number of citizens register in the special voting registry.
 * I mean for me it stil hard to grasp meaning of "reliable sources connecting the two", as if you have asked me provide me with the "reliable sources connecting" that X number of voters in country Y means that these X voters also represent the population of country Y.
 * This in line with developments in gathering data on ethnicity proposed by the CoE for all its members, due to rising number of persons who don't declare ethnicity at census (it stands at around 7 % in Serbia in 2022, but rising to 10 % in Romania in 2022 or North Macedonia in 2021, and even 30 % in Czech Republic), persons avoiding to participate census (so the numbers are collected from administrative sources), persons living more than 1 year abroad but practicing circulat migration, change of census methodology where only part of population is sampled, but also the unreliability of the census data in the Balkans (every census in the Balkans is contested e.g. Roma, Albanians, Romanians/Vlachs, Bulgarians, Montenegrins or Bosniaks in Serbia, all minorities in Albania and Macedonia, Serbs in Croatia, Serbs and Montenegrins in Montenegro)
 * This is known as a "terror of the census" well oulined by Florian Bieber in his 2015 article "The construction of national identity and its challenges in post‐yugoslav censuses" in Social Quarterly Journal (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ssqu.12195)
 * ECMI articles summarizing this new position of the CoE in https://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/redakteure/publications/JEMIE_Datens%C3%A4tze/Jemie_2020_2/01_Introduction_Djordjevic.pdf
 * And
 * https://www.ecmi.de/infochannel/detail/ecmi-minorities-blog-towards-evidence-based-minority-policy-processing-of-ethnic-data-and-monitoring-the-quality-of-national-minority-protection
 * Please note that this discrepancy appears with other minorities as well
 * in case of Bulgarians - number of those declared at census is 12918 and registered in DVR is 16573
 * 2823
 * 113849
 * 16573
 * 23341
 * 2744
 * 3727
 * 116406
 * 2329
 * 317
 * 65426
 * 20784
 * 3093
 * 7247
 * 27525
 * 2527
 * 2435
 * 1491
 * 456199 AlexLucca (talk) 06:22, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Proposal for redefinition
Knowing that before 1948, Vlachs didn't exist as such in Serbia, but in censuses, government documents,church records Romanian was used, even as such were included in accompanying documents to Versaille Treaties, known by the name Romanian in Serbia and foreign press, etc I proposed the definition as such The Vlachs (Romanian: rumâń; Serbian: власи / vlasi), considered officially as Romanians until 1948, are a Romanian-speaking population group living in eastern Serbia, mainly within the Timok Valley OR The Vlachs (Romanian: rumâń; Serbian: власи / vlasi), known as Romanians before 1948, are a Romanian-speaking population group living in eastern Serbia, mainly within the Timok Valley 188.120.99.194 (talk) 02:49, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

1859
The whole part that talks about 1859, as a year when name change happened is completely untrue. I don't how did you come to this data, but the year should be moved to 1948. Sources among thousands that exist are for example Serbian censuses from 1884 http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1889/Pdf/G188911002.pdf Page 42 to 48 and 306 to 318 1890 http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1893/pdf/G189311002.pdf 1900

1900 https://www.zajednicavlahasrbije.com/Statisticki%20godisnjak%20Kraljevine%20Srbije.pdf 1921 https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1921/Pdf/G19214001.pdf 1931 178.223.206.56 (talk) 03:21, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vlachs of Serbia


text:
Calcium hypochlorite

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with chemical formula Ca(ClO)2, also written as Ca(OCl)2. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. This compound is relatively stable as a solid and solution and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite. "Pure" samples have 99.2% active chlorine. Given common industrial purity, an active chlorine content of 65-70% is typical. It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent.

History
Charles Tennant and Charles Macintosh developed an industrial process in the late 18th century for the manufacture of chloride of lime, patenting it 1799. Tennant's process is essentially still used today, and became of military importance during World War I, because calcium hypochlorite was the active ingredient in trench disinfectant.

Sanitation
Calcium hypochlorite is commonly used to sanitize public swimming pools and disinfect drinking water. Generally the commercial substances are sold with a purity of 65% to 73% with other chemicals present, such as calcium chloride and calcium carbonate, resulting from the manufacturing process. In solution, calcium hypochlorite could be used as a general purpose sanitizer, but due to calcium residue (making the water harder), sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is usually preferred.

Organic chemistry
Calcium hypochlorite is a general oxidizing agent and therefore finds some use in organic chemistry. For instance the compound is used to cleave glycols, α-hydroxy carboxylic acids and keto acids to yield fragmented aldehydes or carboxylic acids. Calcium hypochlorite can also be used in the haloform reaction to manufacture chloroform. Calcium hypochlorite can be used to oxidize thiol and sulfide byproducts in organic synthesis and thereby reduce their odour and make them safe to dispose of. The reagent used in organic chemistry is similar to the sanitizer at ~70% purity.

Production
Calcium hypochlorite is produced industrially by treating moist slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) with chlorine. The one-step reaction is shown below:

 * 2 Cl2 + 2 Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2 H2O

Industrial setups allow for the reaction to be conducted in stages to give various compositions, each producing different ratios of calcium hypochlorite, unconverted lime, and calcium chloride. In one process, the chloride-rich first stage water is discarded, while the solid precipitate is dissolved in a mixture of water and lye for another round of chlorination to reach the target purity. Commercial calcium hypochlorite consists of anhydrous Ca(OCl)2, dibasic calcium hypochlorite Ca3(OCl)2(OH)4 (also written as Ca(OCl)2*2Ca(OH)2), and dibasic calcium chloride Ca3Cl2(OH)4 (also written as CaCl2*2Ca(OH)2).

Reactions
Calcium hypochlorite reacts rapidly with acids producing calcium chloride, chlorine gas, and water:
 * Ca(ClO)2 + 4 HCl → CaCl2 + 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O

Safety
It is a strong oxidizing agent, as it contains a hypochlorite ion at the valence +1 (redox state: Cl+1).

Calcium hypochlorite should not be stored wet and hot, or near any acid, organic materials, or metals. The unhydrated form is safer to handle.

title: Calcium hypochlorite


text: User talk:69.244.148.201

title: User talk:69.244.148.201


text: User talk:82.251.242.163

title: User talk:82.251.242.163


text: User talk:66.100.118.66

title: User talk:66.100.118.66


text:
New Worlds Mission

The New Worlds Mission is a proposed project comprising a large occulter flying in formation with a space telescope designed to block the light of nearby stars in order to observe their orbiting exoplanets. The observations could be taken with an existing space telescope or a dedicated visible light optical telescope optimally designed for the task of finding exoplanets. A preliminary research project was funded from 2005 through 2008 by NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) and headed by Webster Cash of the University of Colorado at Boulder in conjunction with Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Northrop Grumman, Southwest Research Institute and others. Since 2010 the project has been looking for additional financing from NASA and other sources in the amount of roughly US$3 billion including its own four-meter telescope. If financed and launched, it would operate for five years.

Purpose
Currently, the direct detection of extrasolar planets (or exoplanets) is extremely difficult. This is primarily due to:

 * Exoplanets appearing extremely close to their host stars when observed at astronomical distances. Even the closest of stars are several light years away. This means that while looking for exoplanets, one would typically be observing very small angles from the star, on the order of several tens of milli-arcseconds. Angles this small are impossible to resolve from the ground due to astronomical seeing.
 * Exoplanets being extremely dim compared to their host stars. Typically, the star will be approximately a billion times brighter than the orbiting planet. This makes it nearly impossible to see planets against the star's glare.

The difficulty of observing such a dim planet so close to a bright star is the obstacle that has prevented astronomers from directly photographing exoplanets. To date, only a handful of exoplanets have been photographed. The first exoplanet to be photographed, 2M1207b, is in orbit around a star called 2M1207. Astronomers were only able to photograph this planet because it is a very unusual planet that is very far from its host star, approximately 55 astronomical units (about twice the distance of Neptune). Furthermore, the planet is orbiting a very dim star, known as a brown dwarf.

To overcome the difficulty of distinguishing more Earth-like planets in the vicinity of a bright star, the New Worlds Mission would block the star's light with an occulter. The occulter would block all of the starlight from reaching the observer, while allowing the planet's light to pass undisturbed. The starshade would be tens of meters across and probably made out of Kapton, a lightweight material similar to Mylar.

Methods
Traditional methods of exoplanet detection rely on indirect means of inferring the existence of orbiting bodies. These methods include:

 * Astrometry – watching a star move slightly due to the gravitational influence of a nearby planet
 * Observing Doppler shifts of the star's spectrum due to the star's movement
 * Observing the amount of light from a star change as an extrasolar planet transits the star, preventing a portion of the light from reaching the observer
 * Pulsar timing
 * Gravitational microlensing
 * Observing radiation from circumstellar disks in the infrared

All of these methods provide convincing evidence for the existence of extrasolar planets, but none of them provide actual images of the planets.

The goal of the New Worlds Mission is to block the light coming from nearby stars with an occulter. This would allow the direct observation of orbiting planets. The occulter would be a large sheet disc flown thousands of kilometers along the line of sight. The disc would likely be several tens of meters in diameter and would fit inside existing expendable launch vehicles and be deployed after launch.

One difficulty with this concept is that light incoming from the target star would diffract around the disc and constructively interfere along the central axis. Thus the starlight would still be easily visible, making planet detection impossible. This concept was first famously theorized by Siméon Poisson in order to disprove the wave theory of light, as he thought the existence of a bright spot at the center of the shadow to be nonsensical. However Dominique Arago experimentally verified the existence of the spot of Arago. This effect can be negated by specifically shaping the occulter. By adding specially shaped petals to the outer edge of the disc, the spot of Arago will disappear, allowing the suppression of the star's light.

This technique would make planetary detection possible for stars within approximately 10 parsecs (about 32 light years) of Earth. It is estimated that there could be several thousand exoplanets within that distance. The starshade is similar to but should not be confused with the Aragoscope, which is a proposed imaging device designed to use the diffraction of light around a perfectly-circular light-shield to produce an image. The starshade is a proposed sunflower-shaped coronagraph disc that was designed to block starlight that interferes with telescopic observations of other worlds. The "petals" of the "sunflower" shape of the starshade are designed to eliminate the diffraction that is the central feature of an Aragoscope.

The starshade is a spacecraft designed by Webster Cash, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado at Boulder's Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy. The proposed spacecraft was designed to work in tandem with space telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, which did not use it, or a new 4-meter telescope. It would fly 72000 km in front of a space telescope (between the telescope and a target star) and approximately 238,600 mi away from Earth, outside of Earth's heliocentric orbit. When unfurled, the starshade resembles a sunflower, with pointed protrusions around its circumference. The starshade acts as a very large coronagraph: it blocks light of a distant star, making it easier to observe associated planets. The unfurled starshade could reduce collected light from bright stars by as much as 10 billion-fold. Light that "leaks" around the edges would be used by the telescope as it scans the target system for planets. With the reduction of the harsh light, astronomers will be able to check exoplanet atmospheres tens of trillions of miles away for the potential chemical signatures of life.

Objectives
The New Worlds Mission aims to discover and analyze terrestrial extrasolar planets:

 * 1) Detection: First, using the space telescope and 'starshade', or occulter, exoplanetary systems will be directly detected.
 * 2) System mapping: Following detection, system mapping would involve the direct mapping of planetary systems through the detection of the planetary light separate from the parent star. In a sufficiently high-quality image, planets would appear as individual star-like objects. A series of images of the planetary system would allow measurements of planetary orbits, and the brightness and broadband colors of the planets would provide information about their basic nature.
 * 3) Planet studies: At this stage, detailed study of individual planets would take place. With a low noise level and a modest signal, spectroscopy and photometry can be performed. Spectroscopy allows scientists to perform chemical analysis of atmospheres and surfaces, which might hold clues to the existence of life elsewhere in the universe. Photometry will show variation in color and intensity as surface features rotate in and out of the field of view, allowing for the detection of oceans, continents, polar caps and clouds.
 * 4) Planet imaging: A large increase in capability is needed to achieve true planet imaging. However, techniques of interferometry show that, in principle, this is possible to achieve. Fifty to one hundred percent of a planet's surface could theoretically be mapped, depending on the planet's inclination.
 * 5) Planetary assessment: The final step in extrasolar planet studies would be the ability to study these distant worlds in the same way that Earth-observing systems study the Earth's surface. Such a telescope would need to be extremely large, to collect enough light to resolve and analyze small details on the planet's surface. However, these kinds of studies do not lie in the foreseeable future, for it takes square kilometers of collecting area to capture the needed signal.

In addition to finding and analyzing terrestrial planets, it can also discover and analyze gas giants. The New Worlds Mission will also find moons and rings orbiting extrasolar planets. This technique will involve direct imaging of planets by blocking the starlight with a starshade. It will study the moons and rings in detail and find whether moons can also support life if gas giant planets orbit in the habitable zones of parent stars.

Architecture
There are many possibilities for various New Worlds Missions, including

 * New Worlds Discoverer proposed to use an existing space telescope (like the James Webb telescope), to find exoplanets. The size of the starshade could be optimized for the observing telescope.
 * New Worlds Observer would use two spacecraft, one that has a dedicated telescope and one with a starshade to find exoplanets. The possibility of two starshades is also a consideration. One starshade to point towards the desired target while the other moves into position for the next target. This would eliminate some of the time delay in observing different systems and allow for many more targets to be observed in the same timespan.
 * New Worlds Imager would use many spacecraft/starshades. This would allow observers to resolve the planet and obtain true planetary imaging.

title: New Worlds Mission


text:
Arellano, Navarre

Arellano is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

title: Arellano, Navarre


text:
Ramsbottom Evangelical Church

Ramsbottom Evangelical Church is a Protestant, Reformed, church situated in the town of Ramsbottom, Greater Manchester, England, now known as Trinity Grace Church. The church was a member of the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches, but left in 2018. Trinity Grace Church is now a member of the Association of Confessional Baptist Churches (ACBC) UK, having adopted the Second London Baptist Confession of 1677/89 as its doctrinal standard and seeking to be confessional in its church polity. Close ties have been established with many churches in the region including Trinity Baptist Church Charlesworth and Bethany Evangelical Church in Leigh. It is also involved in active evangelism outreach in the town, including street preaching, door-to-door ministry, a 'Thursday Club' for youngsters, and courses for all ages. The church is also committed to the work of overseas missions and has strong connections with Kenya, Nigeria and Poland.

Church History
The beginnings of Ramsbottom Evangelical Church go back to Summerseat in the late 1950s when the Primitive Methodist Church invited Rev. Raymond Gregory, minister of Dundee Lane Congregational Church to minister to them. The Primitive Methodist building became unsafe due to river erosion and for a period of time the church held their meetings in a car garage on Robin Road.

1961 marked a turning point in the life of the Evangelical Church when younger men were invited to attend a Billy Graham crusade which resulted in a cross pollination of religious ideals from the United States with those of 1960's England.

Later the church moved to the Summerseat Liberal Club and in 1963 to the Summerseat Co-op on a ten-year lease. When the lease on the Co-op building ran out, in 1973, the leaseholders would not re-new the contract. After that the church met in private homes until 1976 when it moved to its present location.

In 1998 Rev. Raymond Gregory retired and was replaced as Minister by Oliver Allmand-Smith. Since that time Tony Flanders and Rob Stredder have also been called to the ministry in the church. There have been several phases of expansion to the building which is located next to the level crossing in the centre of the town.

title: Ramsbottom Evangelical Church


text:
Areso

Areso is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

title: Areso


text:
Arguedas

Arguedas may refer to:

People with the surname

 * José María Arguedas (1911–1969), Peruvian novelist
 * Alcides Arguedas (1879–1946), Bolivian writer and historian
 * Juan Carlos Arguedas (born 1970), Costa Rican soccer player

Places

 * Arguedas, Navarre, a municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

title: Arguedas


text:
One Time for All Time

One Time for All Time is the second studio album by the instrumental post-rock band 65daysofstatic, released on October 24, 2005 on Monotreme.

"Radio Protector" was released as a 7" single in February 2006 on Monotreme Records. The band have stated on their website that this will be the only single release from the album.

Track listing

 * 1) "Drove Through Ghosts to Get Here" – 4:18
 * 2) "Await Rescue" – 4:44
 * 3) "23kid" – 4:32
 * 4) "Welcome to the Times" – 3:53
 * 5) "Mean Low Water" – 4:00
 * 6) "Climbing on Roofs (DeSperate Edit)" – 2:27
 * 7) "The Big Afraid" – 2:08
 * 8) "65 Doesn't Understand You" – 5:36
 * 9) "Radio Protector" – 5:26

Bonus tracks on Japanese release (previously released on Retreat! Retreat! single)
 * "AOD" – 6:15
 * "The Major Cities of the World Are Being Destroyed One By One By the Monsters" – 4:09

title: One Time for All Time


text: User talk:67.122.197.121

title: User talk:67.122.197.121


text: User talk:80.1.156.249

title: User talk:80.1.156.249


text:
Talk:2006 Republican Party scandals

NPOV note
To potential editors of this article, please note that this is an article about a slogan. It is not about whether there is, in fact, a "culture of corruption" in the Republican Party, or in Washington D.C., or anywhere else for that matter. It would be impossible to have an NPOV discussion of such a claim. This article is therefore only about the fact that this slogan is being used at all, without consideration of its validity. Please do not use this article as an attempt to bash Republicans, demonize Democrats, or score any other manner of political points. Cheers! BD2412 talk 14:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Added additional links and information about the "culture of corruption." A search on Yahoo, 12/07/2007 for "Democrat culture of corruption" revealed 6,390,000 links.  Any portrayal of the political term "culture of corruption" that does not more fairly address the long and well documented history of democrat corruption, including the distorted use of political sloganeering (such as this) is distorted, unbalanced, and promotes an agenda no matter what "artful terms" are used to try to slant the definition against Republicans. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.74.135.19 (talk • contribs)
 * It's not really a matter of slanting the definition, the purpose of the article is to explain the use of the term in historical context - much like the term "Slick Willy" was directed at Bill Clinton. bd2412  T 17:49, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Relevence/NPOV question
The last paragraph of the article, "Some political commentators have observed that Democrats must take care not to paint with too broad a brush in applying such a label, as some Democrats are connected with Republicans currently under investigation. For example, it has been alleged that Abramoff paid some expenses for Democratic Reps. James Clyburn and Bennie Thompson." Really isn't relevent, nor impartial, as it is addressing the validity of the slogans use, not what it is and how it is being used. , if someone has some reason why it should remain, please add it back with an explanation. Dan 21:11, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The above phrase should be added precisely because it is addressing the validity of the slogan's use - not saying that the slogan is invalid per se, but that commentators have made that point. BD2412  T 21:21, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

To avoid the appearance of bias and a political agenda, balancing information about some of the problems with the Democratic Party's adoption of this phrase must be presented. Wiki's own policies require this:

Key Policies

2. Avoid bias. Articles should be written from a neutral point of view, representing all views on a subject, factually and objectively, in an order which is agreeable to a common consensus.

Ignoring the hypocrisy in using a political slogan, when one is guilty of the same things is very relevant. Ignoring the hypocrisy and ignoring the controversy demonstrates a very clear bias. The entire definition is written in a slanted way that itself smacks of politicking.
 * The article is about the slogan, and the use thereof. What Democrats do is not relevant unless some substantial effort is underway to describe such behavior with that slogan. For the record, when I wrote the article, I included references to such use pointed at Democrats, which I have just realized was apparently removed by someone with partisan goals. I will restore the paragraph that I had included:
 * Some political commentators have observed that Democrats must take care not to paint with too broad a brush in applying such a label, as some Democrats are connected with Republicans currently under investigation. For example, it has been alleged that Abramoff paid some expenses for Democratic Reps. James Clyburn and Bennie Thompson.
 * However, some of your examples, such as Kennedy driving drunk and McKinney hitting a cop, are simply not "corruption" in the sense of the political corruption that the slogan addresses. Note also that the Dems have stripped Jefferson of his post in the House. bd2412  T 01:52, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Reworked and cleaned up a bit for readability and transitions. Made mostly changes to add balance and attempted to be fair, but point out how the sloganeering is used by both sides, but that the object of the slogan, i.e. "corruption" can not be ignored without separating the slogan and phrase from actual context.
 * Indeed - much improved. bd2412  T 03:00, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Culture of Life
I've changed the comparison to the slogan "Culture of Life" to the related slogan "Culture of Death." I thought it was more apt a comparison, to "culture of corruption as they're both pejorative terms Dan 21:11, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I've restored the culture of life reference, but kept the culture of death reference as well - the former term is more popularly used (per the article on that topic) and the use of "culture of corruption" appears to be intended as a counter (e.g., they claim to be X, but in fact are Y). BD2412  T 21:21, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * "Culture of (anything)" is more of a buzzword meme. And I really think it will serve to confuse the reader more than help if a discussion of similar Republican memes is inserted in the first paragraph of this article, before an accurate picture of "Culture of Corruption" itself is painted.66.209.15.235 23:07, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Changes 12/14/05
I have added that some members of the democratic party use the slogan. To say that the democratic party is unified in its use of this slogan is innacurate. In addition, although I didn't change anything in the positive/ negative euphemism sentence, I think there may be a need for a rewrite of this. A euphemism is an "agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unplesant." First, right to life people would find this term as offensive as any other it may be used as a substitute for. Second, if "culture of corruption" is described in this article as a "political slogan", why shouldn't "culture of life/death" be described in the same terms. They are political slogans just as much as "culture of corruption". I won't make this change immediately, because I'm interested in first hearing if people agree with this. Please leave comments on the board.
 * Culture of life is currently categorized as a political slogan. If you can find a more appropriate word than "euphamism", please do. bd2412  T 22:27, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If it is categorized as a political slogan, it should be referred to as one in the article, not a euphemism. Do you agree?
 * Well, I think there's more leeway on "culture of life" - I think it is more than just a political slogan. But I have no objection to it being so characterized here. bd2412  T 22:46, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The official site of the Democratic Party (democrats.org) is using "Culture of Corruption" extensively; just look for the link on the red sidebar. It links to an detailed list of Republican offenses they maintain and monitor, located at http://www.democrats.org/a/national/honest_government/abuse_of_power/66.209.15.236 22:04, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Donkey Cons? This is not NPOV!
The third paragraph includes a book plug, followed by a line item list of corruption allegations against Democrats. Some of these allegations are blatant lies (Reid did not accept boxing tickets to promote legislation) while others are badly researched, at best, as Kennedy being described as "drunk" instead of under the influence of pain killers, with the additional "when anyone else would have gone straight to jail" clearly indicating the author's POV. By contract, a cursory examination of the article reveals that allegations of actual Republican corruptions are given less detail and, seemingly, importance.66.209.31.30 18:10, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've repaired the article by placing it in contextual chronological order, and removing the list of incidents which have not been associated with the use of the term. This is an article about the term, and every incident discussed herein must be referenced to a substantial use of the term in relation to that incident. bd2412  T 19:46, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the fast edit. I would recommend removing reference to declining poll numbers and control of the house as part of the "republican response" with this book, as these seem to be separate issues, and not central to any established reasoning for the book's inclusion into this wikipedia article. If you are gong to link to WorldNetDaily, it should be noted that WND and the publisher of "Donkey Con" (Nelson Imprints) shared a financial relationship as recently as 2004, and this is based off what I've pulled from wikipedia itself.  I'm certain a more thorough research into the matter would conclude that no review of this book by WorldNetDaily should be considered without noting its own financial interest in the book's success.  Also a small nitpick: "that" after the word "reported" read as extraneous.66.209.15.236 22:04, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Please feel free to make any corrections to the article that you see fit - this is Wikipedia, after all, the encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Cheers! bd2412  T 23:09, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the invitation, but I should decline. You have been largely handling this article for some time, since October (I think), and I hate to just rewrite the work of others, even when invited.  I have never been keen on collaborative composition concept, as much as I admire what wiki has been able to achieve.  Besides, I only stumbled across this article while doing research for an essay, and I thought I would point out a few rough corners.  Cheers, mate!66.209.15.235 23:29, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

NPOV surrenders
Recent edits to this article have removed any illusion that it is NPOV. Frankly, I'm concerned.

• Accusations of Republican corruption are now padded, as scandals are now described as "real or perceived scandals."

• The very definition used within the article for "culture of corruption" is laborious, and doesn't emphasize the main implication of cronyism.

• A new paragraph venemously labels the phrase as "sloganeering", a "political attempt to paint the Republican Party as the sole source of corruption", a "politcal tactic to erode support" from a base which is "very intolerant of such claims." It then ends with "both parties carry baggage", and though whoever wrote that paragraph may think he or she has NPOV, they are only deluding themselves -- this is a republican talking point to respond to corruption claims, and one which the Republicans plan to feature prominently in the upcoming November election. In fact, they already are.

• Much of the additions range from factually inaccurate recent Republican talking points to the bizarre, such as the contributor's assertion that Harry Reid led "a charge" to hush Gonzales from investigating the Abramoff scandal. Source for this hubris? I couldn't even google one.
 * EDIT I've found an article stating that Chuck Schumer led Senators to call for Gonzales to recuse himself from the investigation because of the A.G.'s (and administration's) personal connection to Abramoff, but the way that this article is worded wrongly implies that Reid "led the charge". It can easily be misread as stating that Reid was trying to stop the investigation. That's the way I read it on first pass.  Further, 28 of 31 senators did not receive contributions from abramoff, but rather companies which abramoff has been associated with in the past.  This very counter claim is woreded to imply that these specific contributions to 28 Democrat senators were improper (and possibly part of the investigation) when this is simply not factual.  This claim also glosses over the fact that Abramoff was well known for courting companies which traditionally contributed to Democrat candidates, so he could then redirect their contributions to the GOP.66.209.31.29 00:05, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

• A quote from a Wall Street Journal opinion page, which is itself a noted source of right wing bias, is randomly inserted out of context.

• Already debunked lies about Harry Reid, previously edited out, have been reinserted.

• Though the term was invented by the Democrats to describe the "Culture of Corruption" within the Republican-run administration and congress, specifically regarding cronyism, more space in this wiki article is now devoted to attacking Democrats. You cannot pretend this is NPOV by word space or paragraph count. Giving more space to Republican counters of "Democrat Corruption" in an article describing a Democrat slogan to highlight Republican corruption is hardly NPOV, and more than a paragraph or two (if absolutely necessary) indicates a glaring and willful ignorance of wiki's NPOV policy.

• One more little beauty, near the beginning: "The Democratics rely on parallel euphamisms such as "choice" to describe the act of abortion". Can anyone justify this early phrasing (which has nothing to do with the matter at hand) as NPOV wording to enhance understanding of the meaning of the phrase "Culture of Corruption"? I mean, and do it without having their head 'asplode?66.209.15.234 22:14, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Please feel free to edit the article accordingly. I'm trying to round up a larger group of editors to spread the work and minimize the possible bias. Cheers! bd2412  T 01:17, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Responses section?
It seems like a separate section for specific sourced responses to the slogan might help with some of the POV warring. By sourced responses, I mean responses by politicians/media figures, as opposed to some of the current attempts at claiming whether or not corruption claims are true or that Democrats are also corrupt(those are better handled on articles about the scandal and/or person). Sxeptomaniac 23:22, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

The absolute basics
Here is what I think can absolutely be said in an NPOV way about the topic of this article: That's a framework that I think is fair to start with. bd2412 T 01:15, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) "Culture of corruption" is a political slogan, e.g. a phrase that one party is attempting to use as shorthand for a more complex set of ideas in order to gain a political advantage.
 * 2) The complex set of ideas that the term is intended to communicate primarily involves:
 * 3) lobbyists attempting to gain support for specific allocations of funds by offering cash, gifts, trips, etc. to lawmakers
 * 4) lawmakers and other political figures soliciting or accepting cash, gifts, trips, etc. in exchange for their offer of political support
 * 5) lawmakers directing or diverting federal funds towards businesses run by friends or by those who have offered political support, thereby preventing other qualified businesses from having an opportunity to earn those funds
 * 6) situations in which persons are offered or receive political appointments not based on their objective qualifications for the position, but based on where their loyalties lie, or their ability to provide cash, gifts, and the like to the party responsible for the appointment
 * 7) This slogan has predominantly been used by members of the U.S. Democratic Party since about the summer of 2005, and those persons have used it in a way that is directed towards the U.S. Republican Party.
 * 8) The slogan has specifically been used by members of the U.S. Democratic Party to describe events that have involved members of the U.S. Republican Party who either have been accused or convicted of the activities outlined above.
 * 9) Criticism has been raised against those members of the U.S. Democratic Party based on comparable incidents involving members of the U.S. Democratic Party.

 * I put some work into the article, attempting to develop a better framework and cut back on the POV sections. I'm still not happy with most of it.  I would rather focus on the people who have used it and what the context was.  The Republican response section is in need of specific responses, which I've had difficulty finding in my searches, though I did find a couple of good references to public opinion and added those in a third section.  I think detailing various scandals isn't part of the scope of the article, so I've removed some of that, particularly when it didn't directly relate to the slogan. Sxeptomaniac 23:01, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Substantial changes
I have made some substantial changes. In particular I have eliminated most of the secondary allegations since there are now convictions in the Cunningham and Ney scandals. For the purposes of this article it does not matter much who Safavian is, merely that something like 10 GOP staff are indicted.

I have also extended the article to cover Foley since this has become the metanym for the whole system.

The phrase is also used to refer to Haliburton extensively but I think that there needs to be more citations.

Doing a bit of Googling I found that the phrase was used to refer to an earlier scandal in Maryland. I am pretty sure that Dean's original comment was a reference to that scandal since it was an exact copy of the Abramoff scheme, albeit involving a Democrat.

The phrase is clearly used by the Democratic party, not just 'members'. Dean and Pelosi are two of the three principle leaders. The commentary on the GOP response was unstructured, wooly and out of date. The only consistent reply has been to point to Jefferson 'Dollar Bill'. I am not aware of any GOP politicians repeating Solomon's attacks on Reid, nor are they likely to.

I did some checks and found that CNN, WaPo and the NYTimes are very careful not to use the phrase except when reporting statements by Democrats. I would strongly suspect that there is a style guide entry requiring that. I don't expect that to change until after the Democrats stop using the phrase which won't be until the 2006 or possibly even the 2008 election. --Gorgonzilla 17:47, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the article definitely needed the cuts. I kind of liked having some information regarding the effectiveness of the slogan, though.  I also worry that the list of scandals diverts attention from the use of the slogan itself.  Also, whether or not they've been indicted seems irrelevant.  The important aspect (for the purposes of this article) is the scandal, not the legal proceedings. Sxeptomaniac 23:40, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Indictments provide an objective test. Now that there are actual convictions it is hardly likely that anyone will refer to squibs that never errupt into actual procedings as part of the culture of corruption. Speculation on the effectiveness of the slogan is going to be pretty subjective and POV. We will know empirically how effective the slogan has been in just three weeks time. The article was last edited before the Ney conviction and the Foley erruption when the question of whether GOP scandals would effect the election was still being debated. --Gorgonzilla 02:51, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * ...and now it is history. bd2412  T 01:38, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Almost everything in this article is unsourced.
Sources need to be added. Grundle2600 (talk) 16:57, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Relevance issues
It seems like a number of items here are not showing any relevance to the actual article. Is there anything to indicate that the term has been used in reference to Rod Blagojevich, for example? I propose pruning back the article, as it's not supposed to be a collection of all scandals of the various parties. It's about a specific phrase and what it's been used in reference to. If it can't be fixed, it should probably just be deleted. Sχeptomaniacχαιρετε 22:27, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

I agree. The "Republican Response" section would only belong here if there were a similar slogan, and then should be mentioned and then referenced to a seperate article. This also applies to any book or article using, "Culture of Corruption" in it's title. formeat 04:41, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The "Republican Response" need not be a slogan at all, just a description of how the Republican Party responded to the slogan/campaign theme raised by the Democrats in that election cycle. bd2412  T 16:40, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Article move
Moved from Culture of corruption because it's less about that political slogan than about the evidence backing up the charge that Republicans are more corrupt than Democrats, which is either a violation of NPOV or simply WP:OR.

All contributors, whether they accept or reject the premise of the slogan, agree that nine Republican politicians left office amid scandals that year. So this "neutral fact" should be the basis of the article.

Any material about the phrase, if it's truly encyclopedic, could go in a small section of this article or moved to a more general article. --Uncle Ed (talk) 13:16, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110609123804/http://www.rollcall.com/news/-13467-1.html to http://www.rollcall.com/news/-13467-1.html

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on 2006 Republican party scandals. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:

 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060506033250/http://www.aim.org:80/media_monitor/4521_0_2_0_C/ to http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/4521_0_2_0_C/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20051128220457/http://www.ajc.com:80/news/content/news/stories/0705/04demslobby.html to http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/stories/0705/04demslobby.html

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120204045153/http://www.democrats.org/a/2005/08/an_episode_of_t.php to http://www.democrats.org/a/2005/08/an_episode_of_t.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120204045159/http://www.democrats.org/a/2005/10/republican_cult.php to http://www.democrats.org/a/2005/10/republican_cult.php

title: Talk:2006 Republican Party scandals


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valery Isayev

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 18:48, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Valery Isayev
Page doesn't assert significance of this person. Was linked at Belarus national football team as current manager, but this info is wrong. Monkbel 14:22, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete two google hits  --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 03:24, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bombing of Augsburg in World War II

The bombing of Augsburg in World War II included two British RAF and one USAAF bombing raids against the German city of Augsburg on 17 April 1942 and 25/26 February 1944.

1942 raid: Operation "Margin"
In April 1942 RAF Bomber Command targeted the MAN U-boat diesel engine factory at Augsburg in Operation Margin. They hoped to take advantage of the capabilities of the new Avro Lancaster. The target was a long distance inside Germany, and a night-time attack would not have been as accurate, so the plan was to attack by day and cross enemy territory at low level. The bomber force was drawn from No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron at RAF Waddington and No. 97 Squadron at RAF Woodhall Spa. Each provided a flight of six aircraft. They practised low flying for a week. Thirty Douglas Boston medium bombers and a large Fighter Command effort were dispatched to targets in Northern France intending to draw off German fighters. One Boston was lost in these diversionary activities.

Flying at around 50 ft, the bombers crossed France but the aircraft of 44 Squadron, under Squadron Leader John Dering Nettleton, flew close by an airfield of II Gruppe/Jagdgeschwader 2. German fighters coming in to land set off in pursuit and shot down four Lancasters. The two remaining bombers flew on and attacked the target with four 1000 lb bombs each. One was hit by flak and crash-landed with the loss of three of the crew. The other, Nettleton's, flew back. The second six, from 97 Squadron, attacked shortly after in two sections of three. The first attacked at roof height, flying lower after dropping their load to evade flak on the way out but one was hit and crashed exploding. Of the last three aircraft, two were hit and caught fire. One exploded after completing the attack, the others had also completed the bomb run and were able to return home. In the course of the raid, seven of the 12 Lancasters had been shot down with the loss of 49 crewmen, 37 killed and 12 taken prisoner. Seven bombers were claimed by Hpt. Walter Oesau (2), Fw. Otto Pohl (2), Fw. Alexander Bleymüller, Hptm. Karl-Heinz Greisert and Fw. Ernst Bosseckert.

Only two of the first formation of Lancasters dropped their bombs on the factory. Five of the next dropped their bombs. After attacking the surviving Lancasters flew home at higher level under cover of darkness. Squadron Leader Nettleton returned in a badly damaged aircraft, landing near Blackpool. For his outstanding determination and leadership, Nettleton, who had nursed his crippled Lancaster aircraft back to England, would be awarded the Victoria Cross later that same month. Many of the other officers and men who had survived the mission received recognition with the award of Distinguished Service Orders, Distinguished Flying Crosses and Distinguished Flying Medals.

The operation had propaganda value to the British public (having proved that Bomber Command could reach distant targets within Germany). However, Lord Selborne, the Minister of Economic Warfare, was infuriated that the target had not been one of those specified by his Ministry for attack. Post-war analysis indicated the damage inflicted on the enemy was minor; five of the bombs dropped had failed to explode. Eight machine tools were destroyed out of a total of 2,700, and five cranes out of 558. Courageous men and valuable aircraft had been lost although Bomber Command had already learned not to send unescorted bombers on such sorties. Another lesson was that the Lancaster bomber's rifle-calibre machine guns had proved quite inadequate against enemy fighters that were fitted with self-sealing fuel tanks.

1944
In a final Big Week mission (#235), the Eighth Air Force bombed the Augsburg Messerschmitt works during the day on 25 February 1944. That night (25/26 February 1944), RAF Bomber Command followed with 594 aircraft and destroyed large parts of the centre of Augsburg. 21 RAF aircraft, 3.6% of the force was lost (at least four due to collision). During the Christmas holiday of 2016, 50,000 Augsburg residents were evacuated to remove a 3.8 tonne dud bomb.

The last bombings killed 730 people and injured 1,335; 85,000 were left homeless, and nearly a quarter of all homes had been destroyed. There were 246 "large or medium sized" and 820 small fires. Due to the frozen hydrants and water surfaces (the temperature was minus 18 degrees Celsius) fire fighting was difficult.

References and notes

 * Notes

 * Bibliography
 * Bowman, Martin E Legend of the Lancasters 2009, Pen and Sword Aviation, Barnsley

title: Bombing of Augsburg in World War II


text:
Tri-Cities (Michigan)

The name Tri-Cities refers to two regions in the U.S. state of Michigan. Both are located in the Lower Peninsula.

Saginaw/Midland/Bay City
The larger and more well known Tri-Cities is the region surrounding Saginaw, Bay City, and Midland, three cities of roughly equal medium size. This region, which is part of Central Michigan, includes much of Bay County, Saginaw County, and Midland County. These three counties make up the Greater Tri-Cities, a common term describing this region of Michigan. The region also goes by the name of the Great Lakes Bay Region.

Statistically, the region is known as the Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City Metropolitan Area, a combined statistical area composed of these three counties. Their combined population was 377,474 as of the 2020 census.

Grand Haven/Ferrysburg/Spring Lake
The smaller, less known Tri-Cities region lies in Western Michigan's Ottawa County, roughly west of Grand Rapids. The three municipalities are Grand Haven, Ferrysburg, and Spring Lake. The combined population of them and adjacent townships was 47,263 as of the 2020 Census.

Greater Tri Cities Region

 * Flint/Tri-Cities
 * The Thumb

Grand Haven/Ferrysburg/Spring Lake

 * Western Michigan

title: Tri-Cities (Michigan)


text:
Bécherel

Bécherel (Begerel, Gallo: Becherèu) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

History
During the Roman times the town was positioned close to the important road linking Rennes with Dinan to the north.

In 1124 Alain de Dinan was granted a substantial portion of land which he used to build a (stone) castle. This dominated the valley and the present town grew up around the castle.

In 1168 Henry II, the Le Mans born English king, seized the strategically important town of Bécherel and fortified it.

In the middle years of the fourteenth century, during the Breton War of Succession the English, who were allied with Jean IV (sometimes called Jean V according to the writer's point of view) of Brittany, occupied Bécherel. In 1363 Charles of Blois, accompanied by Bertrand du Guesclin, known also as the Black Dog of Brocéliande, laid siege to the town, but Jean's forces aggressively and successfully resisted. The parties decided to meet near Évran to resolve their differences, but the bishops now intervened and a partition of Brittany between the two parties was determined.

Troubles returned in April 1371 when Olivier de Clisson laid siege to the town. Bertrand du Guesclin joined in against the English, who still held Bécherel, in August 1371.

In 1419 Anne of Laval, who had inherited the barony through the decease of her brother, restored the town's fortifications, but by the sixteenth century the place had fallen into ruins. Between the sixteenth end eighteenth centuries prosperity returned, thanks to the cultivation and weaving of linen and hemp. Under Napoleon the "Continental System/Blockade" caused much damage to these industries, however, and they also suffered increasingly through the import to Europe of cheap cotton during the nineteenth century.

Though Bécherel was in the heart of the territory claimed by the Chouan royalists in the 1789 French Revolution, others would support the Republic especially after 1794 when the worst of the blood letting came to an end with the execution of Robespierre. The anniversary of the king's execution was still being widely celebrated each January 21 at the start of the twentieth century. The Chouan freedom fighters may not be so well remembered.

The nineteenth century saw the development of various leather based industries, and a factory manufacturing agricultural machinery underpinned the local economy. Between 1914 and 1971 the town was also the home of a large Dairy business. More recently the economy has increasingly been based on tourism and on the book trade.

Book town
Bécherel is a small village, called the "village of the books" because there are fifteen bookstores for around 660 inhabitants. Events and performances taking place at Bécherel include: the European Festival of Ancient Greek and Latin, in March, for the national "Spring of Poets" weekend. The "Fête du Livre", each Easter week-end, the Night of Books (August), "Lire en Fête" (October), Treasures of Bécherel (December).

Population
Inhabitants of Bécherel are called Bécherellais in French.

title: Bécherel


text:
User:Hunterd

This user is an Archaeological Geophysicist. Feel free to leave me a message here.

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title: User:Hunterd


text:
Talk:Sverdlovsk anthrax leak

Rewrite
Article has been re-written to avoid copyright issues. Original text had been emailed to me without providing any source. Link to PBS Frontline article has been added as sole source of article. ComaDivine 14:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Just to help an admin, I will list the page where your temp version is here: Sverdlovsk anthrax leak/Temp. --Irpen 00:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

I have re-written it again, as it was deleted purportedly for the same copyright violation. Only the essentials in chronological order now remain...and the article lacks depth as a result. Any copyright violation that can be garnered from the current temp version would be speculative at best. ComaDivine 15:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the new version is not copyvio. Once the main entry is deleted, it would be moved and we'll have a one more good article. Thanks for your effort! --Irpen 19:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Will this eventually be deleted? My rewrite is still listed as a temp. ComaDivine 11:30, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Temp page has been moved to the main article. RedWolf 17:18, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Claims
"Boris Yeltsin, a local Communist Party boss at this time, helped cover up the accident.[1]" -- that is simply not true, i.e. not in the referenced source.

In any case, Boris Yeltsin role is usually under reported, in fact he was the one who first officially acknowledged (in an interview published in 1993) that this incident was due to biological weapons. And that is mentioned in the source [1].Tezd (talk) 04:27, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Besides, the coordinates are wrong. 56°46'44"N  60°34'59"E seem to be far more accurate. Tezd (talk) 04:56, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sverdlovsk anthrax leak


text:
Noodle (disambiguation)

Noodles are a type of food.

Noodle or Noodles may also refer to:

Places

 * Noodle, Texas, a community in the United States

People

 * Noodles (musician), Kevin John Wasserman, (born 1963) an American guitarist and member of the band Offspring
 * Noodles, Masta Killa, (born 1969), a member of the musical group Wu-Tang Clan
 * Noodles, Jamie McLennan, (born 1971), a Canadian sportscaster & former goaltender in the National Hockey League
 * Noodles Hahn (Frank George Hahn, 1879–1960), American Major League Baseball player

Fictional characters

 * David "Noodles" Aaronson, the protagonist of 1952 novel Once Upon A Time In America
 * Noodle (Gorillaz), a fictional member of the band Gorillaz
 * Mr. Noodle, human character on Sesame Street
 * Noodles (Usagi Yojimbo), a character in the comic books series Usagi Yojimbo
 * Noodle, a fictional orphan girl from the 2023 film Wonka

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Noodle (film), a 2007 Israeli film
 * Noodles (band), a Japanese rock music group

Other uses

 * Noodle, a guide for the cable on a bicycle brake
 * Egg noodle, a form of pasta
 * Noodles & Company, an American fast food restaurant chain
 * Pool noodle, a piece of foam used while swimming
 * Noodle, an education technology company founded by John Katzman
 * Noodling, musical improvisation, often used in a pejorative sense
 * Noodle (dog), a pet influencer popular for TikTok videos

title: Noodle (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Tri-Cities (Michigan)

Untitled
The 400,000 population estimate is based on the combined population of Saginaw County, Bay County, and Midland County.

title: Talk:Tri-Cities (Michigan)


text:
John B. Smith

John B. Smith may refer to:

 * John B. Smith (Washington politician), American politician
 * John B. Smith (Wisconsin politician), American politician
 * John Baptist Smith (1843–1923), Confederate States Army officer
 * John Benjamin Smith (1796–1879), British politician
 * John Bernhardt Smith (1858–1912), American entomologist
 * John Blair Smith (1764–1799), president of Union College
 * John Brown Smith (1837–?), American anarchist
 * John Butler Smith (1838–1914), American politician

title: John B. Smith


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raised from an Egg

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 16:34, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Raised from an Egg
This actually sounds like a fun project, but alas, a couple of guys having fun sitting on a mountaintop doth not an encyclopedia topic make. Seems to fail WP:MUSIC - no album releases, no allmusic.com entry, no web presence, just a local band like many, many others -- Ferkelparade π 14:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, fails WP:MUSIC. Jkelly 16:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment This band seem to me like a lot more than just 'another local band'. If read into the article you can see without the source being bigheaded he has managed to describe a rather pioneering group. I have seen them play at the Make poverty history gig. Thier achivemnt was impressive alongh with others and made it into their my local paper (I have the article but not permission to print it yet). Please, patience is a virtue and websites do take time to build. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.69.125.144 (talk • contribs) 19:13, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn. Dottore So 11:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep This article details an upcoming band who may not yet be known to everyone, but as stated in the article, this band is in fact a musical "movement", and although they have not yet released any albums (which you seem to believe is the only thing that quantifies a "band"), one is in fact in production (as stated in the article), on a small record label. Disregarding music because it does not fulfil your 'criteria' would be a shameful attempt to classify art. For example, the Arctic Monkeys last weekend played a sold-out gig to 2,000 people at the Hammersmith Apollo, although they, too haven't released an album. How many bands do you know that:
 * a) Didn't start "local".
 * b) Are as radical as this band? This is not just another 'local band', this is a very unique way of expressing music, one which has not been seen in quite sometime. I personally, am a follower of this band (I began the article) and am very intruiged by their musical style and persona. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Notch (talk • contribs) 08:16, 14 October 2005

 * Delete. Fails WP:MUSIC (see my comment at Talk:Raised from an Egg). --Wikiacc (talk) 19:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I don't know anything about this band but their entry is a hell of a lot more amusing and well designed than most of the 'proper' band entries on this site. Have we really become a bunch of boring busy-bodies with too much time our hands? Let it stay, and if they don't come up with some stuff in the next few months we can reconsider. It has always been my opinion that Wikipedia needs to lighten up! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mapmaker (talk • contribs) 2:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 's first edit. --Wikiacc (talk) 22:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Comment. More importantly, the criteria apply to generic music bands. This isn't really a band (as the article states under 'opposition'), thus the criteria for a band are invalid. This is a new innovative way of looking at music, not an "album, album, gig, gig, single, EP, album, gig" band.They are unique and therefore the article should stay. Notch 16:14, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * User voted above. Karmafist 07:53, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Sorry, there's no way this user should become an admin. Whoops, was still on WP:RFA mode for a second there. Clear case of sockpuppet badvertising, and the inability to meet WP:MUSIC seals the deal. Strong Delete. Karmafist 07:51, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment you are a goon.(to all those who support delete) Stop harrassing this group of angelic individuals. I bet you spend all your time on wikipedia looking for articles to delete. I bet your real name is Gavin and your only friends are the cats you adopt when they happen to wander into your sqaulid bedsit, attracted by the stench of pot noodles. I bet the last girl you talked too was your mum who came around to drop of the clothes you got her to wash. I bet you can recite the entire script of neon genesis evangelon. I bet you're just jealous you didn't think of playing he guitar when you were young and free and still had hope that each new day would bring more than searching obsessively through the endless archives of wikipedia, folornley searching for something on which to exert what little power you have in life upon. I hope you get socks for Christmas. Good day to you sirs!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mapmaker (talk • contribs) 13:34, 16 October 2005
 * Please see No personal attacks. --Wikiacc (talk) 20:56, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It isn't a personal attack! It's aimed at all those support delete. I bet you're just angry because your real is gavin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.245.202 (talk • contribs) 20:11, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment Yeh and I bet you all play dungeons and dragons, and whenever you meet your friends you compare/boast about how BIG your memory is on your computer, and you always have stories about how last night you were kicking this orcs ass when suddenly you rolled a 2 and you were decapitated, and you fantasise about hot elf chicks with their HUGE SWORDS, tight, revealing, impracticle leather clothing and over sized breasts, but deep down you know that you won't ever get a girlfriend at all. And its really sad that you actually know the rules of wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.93.21.4 (talk • contribs) 21:45, 17 October 17 2005

 * Delete, fails WP:MUSIC, good luck with the album, return to WP when notability is established. Pete.Hurd 05:52, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks For the "good luck", not the delete.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Politics of Montana

Politics of Montana.

title: Category:Politics of Montana


text:
John Butler Smith

John Butler Smith (April 12, 1838 – August 10, 1914) was an American manufacturer and Republican politician from Hillsborough, New Hampshire, who served as the 44th governor of New Hampshire from 1893 to 1895. He owned Contoocook Mills Company.

Biography
Smith was born in Saxtons River, Vermont, on April 12, 1838. He attended the public schools of Hillsborough, New Hampshire, and the Francestown Academy. He worked in stores and shoe making factories before embarking on a successful business career, and eventually became owner of the Contoocook Mills Company and several stores, and his interests grew to include commercial real estate and banking.

A Republican, Smith was an Alternate to the 1884 Republican National Convention and one of New Hampshire's 1884 presidential electors.

From 1887 to 1889 he served as a member of the Governor's Council, and in 1890 he was elected Chairman of the Republican State Committee.

In 1892 Smith won election as governor, and he served from January 5, 1893, to January 3, 1895. Governor Smith actively proposed programs for preserving state forests and improving roads and highways.

After completing his term, he resumed management of his business interests and served as a member of the Republican State Committee. He died in Hillsborough on August 10, 1914, and was buried at Pine Grove Cemetery in Manchester.

Smith donated liberally to the Congregational Church and several charities, and the Smith Memorial Congregational Church in Hillsborough is named for him. The Gov. John Butler Smith House in Hillsborough was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

title: John Butler Smith


text:
Aria, Navarre

Aria is a village and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

title: Aria, Navarre