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Arctic Refuge drilling controversy

The question of whether to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been an ongoing political controversy in the United States since 1977. As of 2017, Republicans have attempted to allow drilling in ANWR almost fifty times, finally being successful with the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

ANWR comprises 19 e6acre of the north Alaskan coast. The land is situated between the Beaufort Sea to the north, Brooks Range to the south, and Prudhoe Bay to the west. It is the largest protected wilderness in the United States and was created by Congress under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Section 1002 of that act deferred a decision on the management of oil and gas exploration and development of 1.5 e6acre in the coastal plain, known as the "1002 area". The controversy surrounds drilling for oil in this subsection of ANWR.

Much of the debate over whether to drill in the 1002 area of ANWR rests on the amount of economically recoverable oil, as it relates to world oil markets, weighed against the potential harm oil exploration might have upon the natural wildlife, in particular the calving ground of the Porcupine caribou. In their documentary Being Caribou the Porcupine herd was followed in its yearly migration by author and wildlife biologist Karsten Heuer and filmmaker Leanne Allison to provide a broader understanding of what is at stake if the oil drilling should happen and educating the public. There has been controversy over the scientific reports' methodology and transparency of information during the Trump administration. Although there have been complaints from employees within the Department of the Interior, the reports remain the central evidence for those who argue that the drilling operation will not have a detrimental impact on local wildlife.

On December 3, 2020, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) gave notice of sale for the Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program in the ANWR with a livestream video drilling rights lease sale scheduled for January 6, 2021. The Trump administration issued the first leases on January 19, 2021. On President Joe Biden's first day in Office, he issued an executive order for a temporary moratorium on drilling activity in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. On June 1, 2021, Secretary of Interior Deb Haaland suspended all Trump-era oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge pending a review of how fossil fuel drilling would impact the remote landscape. On September 6 2023, the Biden administration cancelled the leases.

History

Before Alaska was granted statehood on January 3, 1959, virtually all 375 e6acre of the Territory of Alaska was federal land and wilderness. The act granting statehood gave Alaska the right to select 103 e6acre for use as an economic and tax base.

In 1966, Alaska Natives protested a federal oil and gas lease sale of lands on the North Slope claimed by Natives. Late that year, Secretary of the interior Stewart Udall ordered the lease sale suspended. Shortly thereafter announced a 'freeze' on the disposition of all federal land in Alaska, pending congressional settlement of Native land claims.

These claims were settled in 1971 by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which granted them 44 e6acre. The act also froze development on federal lands, pending a final selection of parks, monuments, and refuges. The law was set to expire in 1978.

Toward the end of 1976, with the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System virtually complete, major conservation groups shifted their attention to how best to protect the hundreds of millions of acres of Alaskan wilderness unaffected by the pipeline. On May 16, 1979, the United States House of Representatives approved a conservationist-backed bill that would have protected more than 125 e6acre of federal lands in Alaska, including the calving ground of the nation's largest caribou herd. Backed by President Jimmy Carter, and sponsored by Morris K. Udall and John B. Anderson, the bill would have prohibited all commercial activity in 67 e6acre designated as wilderness areas. The U.S. Senate had opposed similar legislation in the past and filibusters were threatened.

On December 2, 1980, Carter signed into law the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, which created more than 104 e6acre of national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas from federal holdings in that state. The bill allowed drilling in ANWR, but not without Congress's approval and the completion of an Environmental Impact Study (EIS). Both sides of the controversy announced they would attempt to change it in the next session of Congress.

Section 1002 of the act stated that a comprehensive inventory of fish and wildlife resources would be conducted on 1.5 e6acre of the Arctic Refuge coastal plain (1002 Area). Potential petroleum reserves in the 1002 Area were to be evaluated from surface geological studies and seismic exploration surveys. No exploratory drilling was allowed. These studies and recommendations for future management of the Arctic Refuge coastal plain were to be prepared in a report to Congress.

In 1985, Chevron drilled a 15,000 foot test bore, known as KIC-1, on a private tract inside the border of ANWR. The well was capped, and the drilling platform, dismantled. The results are a closely held secret.

In November 1986, a draft report by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service recommended that all of the coastal plain within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge be opened for oil and gas development. It also proposed to trade the mineral rights of 166000 acre in the refuge for surface rights to 896,000 acre owned by corporations of six Alaska native groups, including Aleuts, Eskimos and Tlingits. The report said that the oil and gas potentials of the coastal plain were needed for the country's economy and national security.

Conservationists said that oil development would unnecessarily threaten the existence of the Porcupine caribou by cutting off the herd from calving areas. They also expressed concerns that oil operations would erode the fragile ecological systems that support wildlife on the tundra of the Arctic plain. The proposal faced stiff opposition in the House of Representatives. Morris Udall, chairman of the House Interior Committee, said he would reintroduce legislation to turn the entire coastal plain into a wilderness area, effectively giving the refuge permanent protection from development.

On July 17, 1987, the United States and the Canadian government signed the "Agreement on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd," a treaty designed to protect the species from damage to its habitat and migration routes. Canada has a special interest in the region because its Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park borders the refuge. The treaty required an impact assessment and required that where activity in one country is "likely to cause significant long-term adverse impact on the Porcupine Caribou Herd or its habitat, the other Party will be notified and given an opportunity to consult prior to final decision". This focus on the Porcupine caribou led to the animal becoming a visual rhetoric or symbol of the drilling issue much in the same way the polar bear has become the image of global warming.

In March 1989, a bill permitting drilling in the reserve was "sailing through the Senate and had been expected to come up for a vote" when the Exxon Valdez oil spill delayed and ultimately derailed the process.

In 1996, the Republican-majority House and Senate voted to allow drilling in ANWR, but this legislation was vetoed by President Bill Clinton. Toward the end of his presidential term, environmentalists pressed Clinton to declare the Arctic Refuge a U.S. National Monument. Doing so would have permanently closed the area to oil exploration. While Clinton did create several refuge monuments, the Arctic Refuge was not among them.

A 1998 report by the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that there was between 5.7 Goilbbl and 16.0 Goilbbl of technically recoverable oil in the designated 1002 area, and that most of the oil would be found west of the Marsh Creek anticline. The term technically recoverable oil is based on the price per barrel where oil that is more costly to drill becomes viable with rising prices. When non-federal and Native areas are excluded, the estimated amounts of technically recoverable oil are reduced to 4.3 Goilbbl and 11.8 Goilbbl. These figures differed from an earlier 1987 USGS report that estimated smaller quantities of oil and that it would be found in the southern and eastern parts of the 1002 area. However, the 1998 report warned that the "estimates cannot be compared directly because different methods were used in preparing those parts of the 1987 Report to Congress".

In the 2000s, the House of Representatives and Senate repeatedly voted on the status of the refuge. President George W. Bush pushed to perform exploratory drilling for crude oil and natural gas in and around the refuge. The House of Representatives voted in August 2001 to allow drilling. In April 2002, the Senate rejected it. In 2001, Time's Douglas C. Waller said the Arctic Refuge drilling issue has been used by both Democrats and Republicans as a political device, especially through contentious election cycles.

The Republican-controlled House of Representatives again approved Arctic Refuge drilling as part of the 2005 energy bill on April 21, 2005, but the House-Senate conference committee later removed the Arctic Refuge provision. The Republican-controlled Senate passed Arctic Refuge drilling on March 16, 2005, as part of the federal budget resolution for the fiscal year 2006. That Arctic Refuge provision was removed during the reconciliation process due to Democrats in the House of Representatives who signed a letter stating they would oppose any version of the budget that had Arctic Refuge drilling in it.

On December 15, 2005, Republican Alaska Senator Ted Stevens attached an Arctic Refuge drilling amendment to the annual defense appropriations bill. A group of Democratic senators led a successful filibuster of the bill on December 21, and the language was subsequently removed.

On June 18, 2008, President George W. Bush pressed Congress to reverse the ban on offshore drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in addition to approving the extraction of oil from shale on federal lands. Despite his previous stance on the issue, Bush said the growing energy crisis was a major factor for reversing the presidential executive order issued by President George H. W. Bush in 1990, which banned coastal oil exploration, and oil and gas leasing on most of the outer continental shelf. In conjunction with the presidential order, the Congress had enacted a moratorium on drilling in 1982 and renewed it annually.

In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed declaring an additional 5 million acres of the refuge as a wilderness area, which would put a total of 12.8 e6acre of the refuge permanently off-limits to drilling or other development, including the coastal plain where oil exploration has been sought.

In 2017, the Republican-controlled House and Senate included in tax legislation a provision that would open the 1002 area of ANWR to oil and gas drilling. It passed both the Senate and House of Representatives on December 20, 2017. President Trump signed it into law on December 22, 2017.

In September 2019, the Trump administration said they would like to see the entire coastal plain opened for gas and oil exploration, the most aggressive of the suggested development options. The Interior Department's Bureau of Land Management BLM filed a final environmental impact statement and planned to start granting leases by the end of 2019. In a review of the statement, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said the BLM's final statement underestimated the climate impacts of the oil leases because they viewed global warming as cyclical rather than human-made. The administration's plan calls for "the construction of as many as four places for airstrips and well pads, 175 miles of roads, vertical supports for pipelines, a seawater-treatment plant and a barge landing and storage site."

On August 17, 2020, the Secretary of the Interior David Bernhardt announced that the required reviews were complete and oil and gas drilling leases in the ANWR's coastal plain could now be put up for auction. Both the Republican governor Mike Dunleavy and the Republican senators Lisa Murkowski and Dan Sullivan approved the sales of the leases. There have been no recent seismic studies of how much oil there is in the area. Previous studies undertaken in the 1980s used older technologies that were "relatively primitive", according to the New York Times. It is also unknown how many oil and gas companies would bid on the leases, which would involve years of litigation. Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, and other banks stated they would not finance drilling in the ANWR, after a public outcry in support of the native Gwichʼin people and against the potential impact it would have on climate change. In September 2020, the attorneys general of 15 states, led by Bob Ferguson, filed a federal lawsuit to stop any drilling, alleging that the Administrative Procedure Act and the National Environmental Policy Act had been violated.

On December 3, 2020, the Bureau of Land Management gave notice of sale for the Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program in the ANWR, with the Federal Register Notice published on December 7. The livestream video drilling rights lease sale was scheduled for January 6, 2021. Of the twenty-two tracts up for auction, full bids were offered for only eleven tracts. An Alaskan state entity, the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority, won the bids on nine tracts. Two small independent companies, Knik Arm Services LLC and Regenerate Alaska Inc, won one tract each. The auction generated $14.4 million, lower than the $1.8 billion estimate from the Congressional Budget Office in 2019, and the auction did not receive bids from any oil and gas companies.

On June 1, 2021, Secretary of Interior Deb Haaland suspended all Trump-era oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge pending a review of how fossil fuel drilling would impact the remote landscape. Indigenous and conservation groups urged Biden to make the suspension permanent. On September 6 2023, the Biden administration cancelled the leases.

Estimates of oil reserves

In 1998, the USGS estimated that between 5.7 and 16.0 Goilbbl of technically recoverable crude oil and natural gas liquids are in the coastal plain area of ANWR, with a mean estimate of 10.4 Goilbbl, of which 7.7 Goilbbl lie within the Federal portion of the ANWR 1002 Area. In comparison, the estimated volume of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil in the rest of the United States is about 120 Goilbbl.

The ANWR and undiscovered estimates are categorized as prospective resources and therefore, not proven oil reserves. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) reports U.S. proved reserves are roughly 29 Goilbbl of crude and natural gas liquids, of which 21 Goilbbl are crude. A variety of sources compiled by the DOE estimate world proved oil and gas condensate reserves to range from 1.1 to 1.3 Toilbbl.

The DOE reported there is uncertainty about the underlying resource base in ANWR. "The USGS oil resource estimates are based largely on the oil productivity of geologic formations that exist in the neighboring State lands and which continue into ANWR. Consequently, there is considerable uncertainty regarding both the size and quality of the oil resources that exist in ANWR. Thus, the potential ultimate oil recovery and potential yearly production are highly uncertain."

In 2010, the USGS revised an estimate of the oil in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska (NPRA), concluding that it contained approximately "896 million barrels of conventional, undiscovered oil". The NPRA is west of ANWR. The reason for the decrease is because of new exploratory drilling, which showed that many areas that were believed to hold oil actually hold natural gas.

The opening of the ANWR 1002 Area to oil and natural gas development is projected to increase U.S. crude oil production starting in 2018. In the mean ANWR oil resource case, additional oil production resulting from the opening of ANWR reaches 780000 oilbbl/d in 2027 and then declines to 710000 oilbbl/d in 2030. In the low and high ANWR oil resource cases, additional oil production resulting from the opening of ANWR peaks in 2028 at 510,000 and 1.45 Moilbbl/d, respectively.

Between 2018 and 2030, cumulative additional oil production is projected to be 2.6 Goilbbl for the mean oil resource case, while the low and high resource cases project a cumulative additional oil production of 1.9 and 4.3 Goilbbl, respectively. In 2017, the United States consumed 19.877 Moilbbl/d of petroleum products. It produced roughly 9.355 Moilbbl/d of crude oil, and imported 7.912 Moilbbl/d of crude and 2.163 Moilbbl/d of petroleum products.

Projected impact on global oil price
The total production from ANWR would be between 0.4 and 1.2 percent of total world oil consumption in 2030. Consequently, ANWR oil production is not projected to have any significant impact on world oil prices. Furthermore, the Energy Information Administration does not feel ANWR will affect the global price of oil when past behaviors of the oil market are considered. "The opening of ANWR is projected to have its largest oil price reduction impacts as follows: a reduction in low-sulfur, light crude oil prices of $0.41 per barrel (2006 dollars) in 2026 for the low oil resource case, $0.75 per barrel in 2025 for the mean oil resource case, and $1.44 per barrel in 2027 for the high oil resource case, relative to the reference case." "Assuming that world oil markets continue to work as they do today, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) could neutralize any potential price impact of ANWR oil production by reducing its oil exports by an equal amount."

Support for drilling
President Donald Trump said that he had little interest in drilling in the Arctic Refuge until a friend "who's in that world and in that business" called and told him Republicans have been trying to do so for decades — so he had it included in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. "After that I said, 'Oh, make sure that's in the [tax] bill,'" he said in a speech at the GOP congressional retreat.

President George W. Bush's administration supported drilling in the Arctic Refuge, saying that it could "keep [America]'s economy growing by creating jobs and ensuring that businesses can expand [and] it will make America less dependent on foreign sources of energy", and that "scientists have developed innovative techniques to reach ANWR's oil with virtually no impact on the land or local wildlife."

Both of Alaska's U.S. senators, Republicans Lisa Murkowski and Dan Sullivan, have indicated they support ANWR drilling.

Voice of the Arctic Iñupiat, a nonprofit organization that advocates for Iñupiaq people and culture, supports ANWR development.

A June 29, 2008, Pew Research Poll reported that 50% of Americans favor drilling of oil and gas in ANWR while 43% oppose (compared to 42% in favor and 50% opposed in February of the same year). A CNN opinion poll conducted on August 31, 2008, reported 59% favor drilling for oil in ANWR, while 39% oppose it. In the state of Alaska, residents receive annual dividends from a permanent fund funded partially by oil-lease revenues. In 2013, the dividend came to $900 per resident.

The United States Department of Energy estimates that ANWR oil production between 2018 and 2030 would reduce the cumulative net expenditures on imported crude oil and liquid fuels by an estimated $135 to $327 billion (2006 dollars), reducing the foreign trade deficit.

Arctic Power cites a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service report stating that 77 of the 567 wildlife refuges in 22 states had oil and gas activities. Louisiana had the most with 19 units, followed by Texas, which had 11 units. Furthermore, oil or gas was produced in 45 of the 567 units located in 15 states. The number of producing wells in each unit ranged from one to more than 300 in the Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge in Louisiana.

Opposition to drilling
President Joe Biden signed an executive order to halt new Arctic drilling on his first day in office. Biden subsequently suspended oil drilling leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in June 2021. "President Biden believes America's national treasures are cultural and economic cornerstones of our country," White House National Climate Advisor Gina McCarthy said in a statement. On September 6 2023, the Biden administration cancelled the leases.

Former president Barack Obama also opposed drilling in the Arctic Refuge. In a League of Conservation Voters questionnaire, Obama said, "I strongly reject drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge because it would irreversibly damage a protected national wildlife refuge without creating sufficient oil supplies to meaningfully affect the global market price or have a discernible impact on U.S. energy security." Senator John McCain, while running for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, said, "As far as ANWR is concerned, I don't want to drill in the Grand Canyon, and I don't want to drill in the Everglades. This is one of the most pristine and beautiful parts of the world."

In 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy reported uncertainties about the USGS oil estimates for ANWR and the projected effects on oil price and supplies. "There is little direct knowledge regarding the petroleum geology of the ANWR region. ... ANWR oil production is not projected to have a large impact on world oil prices. ... Additional oil production resulting from the opening of ANWR would be only a small portion of total world oil production, and would likely be offset in part by somewhat lower production outside the United States."

The DOE reported that annual United States consumption of crude oil and petroleum products was 7.55 Goilbbl in 2006. In comparison, the USGS estimated that the ANWR reserve contains 10.4 Goilbbl, although only 7.7 Goilbbl were thought to be within the proposed drilling region.

"Environmentalists and most congressional Democrats have resisted drilling in the area because the required network of oil platforms, pipelines, roads and support facilities, not to mention the threat of foul spills, would play havoc on wildlife. The coastal plain, for example, is a calving home for some 129,000 caribou."

The NRDC has said that drilling would not take place in a compact, 2000 acre space as proponents say, but would create "a spiderweb of industrial sprawl across the whole of the refuge's 1.5 e6acre coastal plain, including drill sites, airports and roads, and gravel mines, spreading across more than 640000 acre. The NRDC also said there is danger of oil spills in the region.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has said that the 1002 area has a "greater degree of ecological diversity than any other similar sized area of Alaska's north slope". The FWS also states, "Those who campaigned to establish the Arctic Refuge recognized its wild qualities and the significance of these spatial relationships. Here lies an unusually diverse assemblage of large animals and smaller, less-appreciated life forms, tied to their physical environments and to each other by natural, undisturbed ecological and evolutionary processes."

Prior to 2008, 39% of the residents of the United States and a majority of Canadians opposed drilling in the refuge.

The Alaska Inter-Tribal Council (AI-TC), which represents 229 Native Alaskan tribes, officially opposes any development in ANWR. In March 2005, Luci Beach, the executive director of the steering committee for the Native Alaskan and Canadian Gwich'in tribe (a member of the AI-TC), during a trip to Washington D.C., while speaking for a unified group of 55 Alaskan and Canadian indigenous peoples, said that drilling in ANWR is "a human rights issue and it's a basic Aboriginal human rights issue". The Gwich'in tribe adamantly believes that drilling in ANWR would have serious negative effects on the calving grounds of the Porcupine caribou herd that they partially rely on for food.

A part of the Inupiat population of Kaktovik, and 5,000 to 7,000 Gwich'in peoples feel their lifestyle would be disrupted or destroyed by drilling. The Inupiat from Point Hope, Alaska recently passed resolutions recognizing that drilling in ANWR would allow resource exploitation in other wilderness areas. The Inupiat, Gwitch'in, and other tribes are calling for sustainable energy practices and policies. The Tanana Chiefs Conference (representing 42 Alaska Native villages from 37 tribes) opposes drilling, as do at least 90 Native American tribes. The National Congress of American Indians (representing 250 tribes), the Native American Rights Fund as well as some Canadian tribes also oppose drilling in the 1002 area.

In May 2006, a resolution was passed in the village of Kaktovik calling Shell Oil Company "a hostile and dangerous force" that authorized the mayor to take legal and other actions necessary to "defend the community". The resolution also calls on all North Slope communities to oppose Shell owned offshore leases unrelated to the ANWR controversy until the company becomes more respectful of the people. Mayor Sonsalla says Shell has failed to work with the villagers on how the company would protect bowhead whales, which are part of Native culture, subsistence life, and diet.

Moderate Republican House of Representatives member Carlos Curbelo and eleven others sent a letter to the Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, urging him to not include drilling in the December 2017 major tax rewrite, but the language remained in Senate-passed bill. Rep. Curbelo still voted for the final bill that included drilling.

title: Arctic Refuge drilling controversy


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Talk:Ronald W. Reagan/Doral Senior High School

Jtkiefer T - 23:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Ronald W. Reagan/Doral Senior High School
Ronald W. Reagan/Doral Senior High School is the proper name of the school. Can anyone please make this change? Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.144.5.187 (talk) 21:49, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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A Warning to the Hindus

A Warning to the Hindus is a 1939 booklet by Savitri Devi. It was written to further Indian nationalism by way of Nazi ethics and spirituality. Savitri believed the Indian people to be of Aryan descent, and thus sought to promote explicitly Nazi ideals, such as ethnic purity and xenophobia, within India. Within the text, emphasis is focused on many supposed horrors the future could hold should India choose to accept diversity and reject Nazi Aryanism. The author projected Hindu India as the last surviving remnant of ancient Aryan spirituality, and issued this work as a warning to what she perceived as the threat of submergence through ‘alien,’ meaning non-Aryan, influences, such as Islam.

Background and summary
After working at the Hindu Mission in Calcutta for eighteen months, and having been influenced by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's concept of Hindutva, Devi concluded that “. . . nothing is more necessary, to-day, than to revive, to exalt, to cultivate intelligent Hinduism through the length and breadth of India.” A Warning to the Hindus is Devi’s attempt to alert Hindus to the threat of submergence and cultural alienation, which she saw as resulting from the disproportional growth of the Muslim population in India. She thought the hitherto complacent response of upper-caste Hindus would result in Hinduism suffering the same fate as pagan classical Greece.

The book expresses admiration of Hinduism for its view of visible beauty, its broad artistic outlook on life and the universe, and its conception of God as both creative and destructive: living expressions of Aryan Paganism, which Devi saw as being lost in the West. As an outspoken Nazi, she criticizes Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as creedal religions, and for being narrowly anthropocentric, in contrast with Hinduism, which is presented as biocentric.

Devi proposes that the numerical decline of Hinduism could be successfully remedied by a relaxation of the strict rules implicit in the caste system, which would have the additional benefits of developing Hindu solidarity and nationalist sentiment. Additionally, she argues that women should play a more active role in fostering devotional nationalism in the home with shrines to Shivaji and other national heroes.

Publication
A Warning to the Hindus was first published by Brahmachari Bijoy Krishna of the Hindu Mission in Calcutta in 1939, with a foreword by Ganesh Damodar Savarkar (brother of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar). It was translated into six Indian languages, including Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi. It was re-published in 1993 by Promilla Paperbacks (New Delhi, ISBN 81-85002-40-1).

title: A Warning to the Hindus


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Nancy White (singer-songwriter)

Nancy Adele White (born November 11, 1944) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, whose humorous and satirical songs on political and social topics were a regular feature on CBC Radio from 1976 to 1994 on the public affairs show Sunday Morning.

Background
Originally from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, White was educated at Dalhousie University. She began her career as a journalist in Charlottetown and Halifax, occasionally performing her comedic songs at coffeehouse nights, and began pursuing music and theatre more actively after moving to Toronto in 1970.

Career
In Toronto she performed in a theatrical production of Under Milk Wood, originated the role of Ophelia in Cliff Jones's musical Rockabye Hamlet (originally known as Kronborg: 1582), and was a co-creator and star of the musical revues Hey Seester, You Want My Sailor? and Ice Folly. Beginning in 1976 she was a regular contributor of comedic songs to CBC Radio's Sunday Morning, frequently appearing on the program until she was dropped as part of a revamp of the program's format in 1994.

In 1978 she released Civil Service Songwriter, her debut album as a recording artist. She has since released numerous other albums, blending both her comedic songs and forays into more serious songwriting.

She created a number of works with comedian Gay Claitman, including the radio play Lies My Mother Told Me, the short run comedy series Gee, That's a Cute Dress Marjene, and the stage comedy revue Little Pink Lies. She won two ACTRA Awards at the 8th ACTRA Awards in 1979 for Lies My Mother Told Me, for Best Radio Variety Writing with Claitman and Best Radio Variety Performance with Claitman and Robert Cameron.

Following her departure from Sunday Morning in 1994, she was an occasional contributor to CBC's weekend pop culture magazine Definitely Not the Opera and the CTV Television Network's newsmagazine series W5, and performed on tour with the political comedy duo Double Exposure.

She was one of the writers, with Bob Johnston and Jeff Hochhauser, of the musical Anne & Gilbert, based on the Lucy Maud Montgomery books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island.

Personal life
She was formerly married to the composer and keyboardist Doug Wilde. Their daughters, Suzy and Maddy Wilde, are also singers, Suzy in the glam folk band StoneFox and in Flashlight Radio (with Ben Whitely), and Maddy in the indie rock band Spiral Beach.

Albums

 * Civil Service Songwriter (1978)
 * Sort of Political
 * What Should I Wear to the Revolution (1982)
 * Unexpected (1983)
 * The Sunday Morning Tapes (1984)
 * Unimpeachable (1987)
 * Bimbolandia (1988)
 * Momnipotent: Songs for Weary Parents (1990, Mouton)
 * Pumping Irony (1993, CBC/Mouton)
 * Homely for the Holidays (1994)
 * Songs of the Spanish Civil War (1994)
 * Gaelic Envy and Other Torch Songs (1998, Borealis)
 * Unexpected (CD re-release 2001, Borealis)
 * Stickers on Fruit (2002, Borealis)

Compilations

 * Canoesongs, Volume One
 * Canoesongs, Volume Two
 * The World's Greatest Hockey Hits, Volume One

title: Nancy White (singer-songwriter)


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Category:Manitoba government departments and agencies

Government departments and agencies in Manitoba, past and present.


text:
Talk:Photorespiration

Comments
Photorespiration is the energy intensive process by which plants rescue some of the carbon from phosphoglycollate, not what this article is talking about which is the oxygenase activity of rubisco. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rachelpurdon (talk • contribs) 09:27, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * You are totally right. Photorrespiration is the transformation of phosphoglycolate, not the production of phosphoglycolate (although, of course, it is also necessary).--Miguelferig (talk) 20:21, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

I went into a little more depth on C3 and C4.

Can you add a reference for (Ashwani)?

Rozzychan 03:24, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

I created a map of the pathways involved in photorespiration and put it into the new created paragraph "Biochemistry of photorespiration". If there are any mistakes, let me know and I'll correct the map. --Crenim (talk) 20:12, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

"Pyruvate" should be "hydroxypyruvate". It has a hydroxyl group. 129.67.43.239 (talk) 06:50, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Glycine is typoed as Gylcine. Twice! 129.67.43.239 (talk) 06:55, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

There's NH2 instead of NH3. 129.67.43.239 (talk) 06:56, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Additional diagram?
Does anyone think there is any need for this additional diagram (found, confusingly and poorly explained, on the photosynthesis page) I might add it near the bottom of the page for the moment, I think it's reasonably useful.Rachelpurdon (talk) 12:05, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

To Do

 * Details on trying to improve Rubisco to try and reduce photorespiration
 * Alternative roles for photorespiration

Better lede needed urgently
The lead section is too long and too technical. Either I am thick, or it is failing to explain (in outline) how photorespiration "ameliorate[s] the consequences of a wasteful oxygenation reaction by the enzyme RuBisCO". Can someone fix this now, please? AWhiteC (talk) 10:35, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Replying to my own post: always a bad sign! The first sentence reads "Photorespiration (...) is a process in plant metabolism which attempts to ameliorate the consequences of a wasteful oxygenation reaction by the enzyme RuBisCO" Surely it should read "Photorespiration (...) is a process in plant metabolism which consists of a wasteful oxygenation side-reaction by the enzyme RuBisCO" (or equivalent).

title: Talk:Photorespiration


text: User talk:69.138.154.93

title: User talk:69.138.154.93


text: Category:Religion in Lithuania

title: Category:Religion in Lithuania


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User talk:Albinoratt

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 23:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Albinoratt


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Nicolas de Montreux

Nicolas de Montreux (c. 1561–1608) was a French nobleman, novelist, poet, translator and dramatist.

Born in Sablé-sur-Sarthe, in the province of Maine, he was the son of a maître des requêtes and may have become a priest around 1585. In 1591 he came under the protection of the Duke of Mercœur (he became his librarian) and participated in the civil wars on the side of the Ligue, until he was imprisoned. Upon his release, he joined the court of Henry IV of France.

Montreux signed many of his works with the anagram "Ollénix du Mont Sacré".

Works
Montreux's vast corpus spans theater, the novel, the pastoral, history, poetry and spiritual reflection and he shows a pronounced preoccupation with moral questions (such as chastity). With Béroalde de Verville, Montreux represents a literature of transition from the Valois court (and the generation of "La Pléiade") to the Bourbon court of Henry IV and the baroque, and both of these authors attempted to compete with the translation of foreign masterpieces by the creation of original works in French.

Montreux's first work was published at the age of 16 (a French adaptation from Italian of the 16th volume of Amadis of Gaul, 1577).

His most famous work is an immense pastoral novel/play the Bergeries de Julliette in five volumes (1585–1598) (inspired by the Diane of Jorge de Montemayor and the pastoral works of Ariosto and Tasso) which uses a prose frame in which is inserted short stories and short plays in verse. Montreux's work would be the most significant pastoral novel produced in France until L'Astrée by Honoré d'Urfé.

He wrote several long adventure novels which, like Bérolade de Verville's, were inspired by the Hispano-Portuguese chivalric adventure novel (like Amadis of Gaul) and the ancient Greek novel (like the works of Heliodorus of Emesa or Achilles Tatius): Les chastes et delectables Jardins d'Amour semez de divers discours et histoires amoureuses (1594), L’Œuvre de la Chasteté, qui se remarque par les diverses fortunes, adventures et fidelles Amours de Criniton et de Lydie in three volumes (1595–9) et Les Amours de Cleandre et Domiphille (1597).

Montreux is responsible for several plays: four tragedies Tragédie du jeune Cyrus (drawn from Xenophon, 1581), Isabelle (1594), Cléopâtre (1594), Sophonisbe (1601); two comedies La Joyeuse (drawn from Xenophon, 1581) and Joseph le Chaste; 3 pastorals Athlette (1585), Diane (1592) Arimène ou le berger désespéré (1597). He also wrote religious poems, a history of the Ottoman Empire from 1565 to 1606, and a long work of spiritual philosophy L'Homme et ses dignités (1599).

Apart from his Bergeries de Juliette, Nicolas de Montreux was largely forgotten by the end of the 17th century, yet he remains an important precursor to the baroque novel of the first half of the 17th century.

title: Nicolas de Montreux


text:
T-Pain

Faheem Rashad Najm (born September 30, 1984), known professionally as T-Pain, is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer, and actor. He is known for popularizing creative use of Auto-Tune pitch correction, often used with extreme parameter settings to create electronic-styled vocal performances. Blending its use with R&B and hip hop sensibilities, T-Pain become a prominent figure in both genres throughout the 2000s. Other music industry artists, such as Lil Wayne, Kanye West, Future, and Travis Scott, have since utilized Auto-Tune to a similar effect.

T-Pain began his recording career as part of the Tallahassee, Florida-based hip hop group, Nappy Headz. He released his debut solo mixtape, Back @ It independently in 2004, and signed with Senegalese-American singer Akon through his label Konvict Muzik, in a joint venture with Jive Records the following year. His 2005 debut single, "I'm Sprung" was quickly met with commercial success, peaking at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and receiving platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Its follow-up, "I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)" (featuring Mike Jones) saw further commercial success at number five on the chart; both served as lead singles for his debut studio album, Rappa Ternt Sanga (2005). Its moderate reception was succeeded by his second album, Epiphany (2007), which peaked atop the US Billboard 200 and spawned the Billboard Hot 100-number one single "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')" (featuring Yung Joc), as well as the top-40 single "Bartender" (featuring Akon). His third album, Three Ringz (2008) was preceded by the single "Can't Believe It" (featuring Lil Wayne), and his fourth album, Revolver (2011) was preceded by "5 O'Clock" (featuring Wiz Khalifa and Lily Allen). His fifth album, Oblivion (2017) sustained long-term delays and was met with critical and commercial failure, serving as his final major label release.

Meanwhile, T-Pain saw continued success as a guest performer on nine Billboard Hot 100-top ten singles—"Shawty" by Plies, "Cyclone" by Baby Bash, "Good Life" by Kanye West, "Shawty Get Loose" by Lil Mama, "Got Money" by Lil Wayne, "Blame It" by Jamie Foxx, and "Hey Baby (Drop It to the Floor)" by Pitbull—which includes two singles that peaked the chart: "Kiss Kiss" by Chris Brown and "Low" by Flo Rida. The latter was named third in the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and received diamond (10× platinum) certification by the RIAA. "Good Life" and "Blame It" both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song and Best Rap/Sung Performance, respectively, from T-Pain's total of 12 nominations for the award. Outside of music, he founded the record label Nappy Boy Entertainment in 2005 and has signed rapper Travie McCoy to brief commercial success. Furthermore, he has produced and written material for other artists, and voice acted in film and television including Tom & Jerry, Freaknik: The Musical, The Cleveland Show, Squidbillies and We Bare Bears.

Early life
Najm was born and raised in Tallahassee, Florida, to parents Aliyah, a Bahamian chef, and Shasheem, who founded the Homeboyz to Men program. His stage name is short for "Tallahassee Pain", and was chosen because of the hardships he experienced while living there. Najm was brought up in a Muslim household, but he has expressed his lack of interest in the concept of religion. At three years old, he got his first taste of the music business when a friend of the family, gospel jazz artist/producer Ben Tankard, allowed him to spend time and "twist the knobs" at his recording studio. At age ten, Najm turned his bedroom into a music studio, using a keyboard, a beat machine and a four-track recorder.

1999–2006: Early career and Rappa Ternt Sanga
T-Pain joined the rap group Nappy Headz in 1999. Through a mutual connection with music promoter TJ Chapman, he was discovered by Rocco Did It Again! and Mike Blumstein—founders of the independent record label Chase Entertainment—to whom he signed. He released his debut mixtape, Back @ It in 2004, and later released the song "I'm Fucked Up", a slightly altered cover version of Akon's then-popular 2004 single, "Locked Up". Akon himself came across the song and immediately offered him a deal to his label, Konvict Muzik. While T-Pain was offered other record deals, with the highest-bidding being US$900,000, Akon promised the young artist a personal mentorship in the industry. Meanwhile, Blumstein and Rocco remained involved in T-Pain's careers as joint co-managers. Afterward, T-Pain began singing instead of rapping, and used this inspiration to begin recording for his debut studio album, Rappa Ternt Sanga. Released on December 6, 2005, through a joint venture with Jive Records, the album reached number 33 on the Billboard 200, and has since received gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

The album was preceded by the lead single, "I'm Sprung", which was released in August 2005 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and number nine on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The second single, "I'm N Luv (Wit a Stripper)" (featuring Mike Jones), was released in December 2005 and peaked at number five on the former chart, and number ten on the latter. The third and final single from the album, "Studio Luv", was released in October 2006 and failed to chart.

2007–2008: Epiphany
In mid-2006, T-Pain began work on his second album, now with the Zomba Label Group as well as his previous labels. The album, titled Epiphany, was released on June 5, 2007. The album sold 171,000 records in its first week, reaching number one on the Billboard 200. The record has since sold 819,000 records in the United States.

The album was preceded by the lead single "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')" (featuring Yung Joc), released in February 2007. The song reached number one on both the Hot 100 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming his first to peak atop both charts. The album's second single, "Bartender" (featuring Akon), was released in June 2007 and reached number five on the Hot 100 and number nine on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The third and final single from the album, "Church", was released in October 2007 and failed to chart in the United States.

Speaking in May 2007 to Pete Lewis of Blues & Soul about his reason for naming his second album 'Epiphany', T-Pain stated: "One of the two dictionary meanings of epiphany is 'a sudden moment of insight or revelation'. And to me the title 'Epiphany' signifies the moment I realized that, to make the best music I can, I needed to just go in the studio and be myself, and not concentrate so hard on following other people's formulas." While promoting his second album, T-Pain made guest appearances on multiple songs by other artists. T-Pain was featured on "I'm a Flirt" (remix) by R. Kelly with T.I., "Outta My System" by Bow Wow, "Baby Don't Go" by Fabolous, "I'm So Hood" by DJ Khaled with many other rappers, "Shawty" by Plies, "Kiss Kiss" by Chris Brown, "Low" by Flo Rida, and "Good Life" by Kanye West. For two weeks in late 2007, T-Pain was featured on four top ten singles simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

His performance on West's "Good Life" won the BET Award for Best Collaboration and was nominated in several other categories. In 2008, the song won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Song.

2007–2009: Three Ringz
In 2007, T-Pain began work on his third album, Three Ringz with Rocco Valdes, Akon and Lil Wayne. The album was also his first under his newly launched label, Nappy Boy Entertainment. Released on November 11, 2008, the album sold 168,000 records in its first week and reached number four on the Billboard 200. A mixtape, Pr33 Ringz, was released in early 2008 for the album's promotion. Thr333 Ringz was preceded by three singles; jts lead single, "Can't Believe It" (featuring Lil Wayne), was released in July 2008 and reached number seven on the Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The album's second single, "Chopped 'N' Skrewed" (featuring Ludacris), was released in September 2008; it reached number 27 on the Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The third and final single from the album, "Freeze" (featuring Chris Brown), was released in October 2008; it reached number 38 on the Hot 100 and number 39 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Guest appearances on Three Ringz include T.I., Lil Wayne, Ludacris, DJ Khaled, Ciara, Chris Brown and Kanye West, among others.

In 2008, T-Pain continued to guest perform on numerous singles, such as "She Got It" by 2 Pistols, "Go Girl" by Ciara, "The Boss" by Rick Ross, "Cash Flow" by Ace Hood, "Shawty Get Loose" by Lil Mama, "One More Drink" by Ludacris, and "Go Hard" by DJ Khaled. T-Pain and Ludacris collaborated to perform "Chopped 'N' Skrewed" and "One More Drink" on American late-night television programs Jimmy Kimmel Live! on ABC in November 2008 and on NBC's Saturday Night Live in the same month. T-Pain appeared again on SNL in February 2009 (S34E15, hosted by Bradley Cooper with musical guest TV on the Radio) as a feature in the Digital Short premier of The Lonely Island single, "I'm on a Boat," off their Incredibad album. T-Pain also supported the album in 2009 with his Thr33 Ringz Tour, which included sold-out shows across North America. T-Pain and rapper Lil Wayne formed the duo T-Wayne in 2008. The duo released a self-titled mixtape in late 2008; it charted on the Billboard 200 in January 2009. Their debut album was going to be released in 2009, but never was.

2009–2012: RevolveR
He collaborated with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for the CMT Music Awards, performing "Thug Story", a parody of Swift's hit single "Love Story". In an interview with MTV, T-Pain announced that he would release his fourth studio album in November 2009 and that its title would be UBER. He stated that although he originally wanted to release the album in the summer of 2010, his label had pushed the release forward. However, the album was not released in 2009.

An iPhone application called "I Am T-Pain", featuring an auto tuner, allowing fans to record and modify their own voice to accompany an instrumental collection of T-Pain's music, was released in September 2009. In July 2009, T-Pain endorsed the 2009 T-Pain Killa Cam-Pain, a grassroots effort to help him become elected as president of Florida State University.

In November 2009, T-Pain released the first single from his fourth studio album, "Take Your Shirt Off". The single only managed to reach number eighty on the Hot 100, and was later dubbed a promotional single. In February 2010, he released "Reverse Cowgirl" (featuring Young Jeezy), which was the official lead single from his fourth studio album. He later release an updated version of the song excluding Young Jeezy's verse and adding a new bridge. The single reached number seventy-five on the Hot 100 and number sixty-four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming a mild hit. The single has since been dubbed a promotional single. T-Pain was later featured on the "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" single in February 2010, which reached number two on the Hot 100. In March 2010, T-Pain developed and starred in Cartoon Network's Adult Swim animated musical special, Freaknik: The Musical.

T-Pain released a mixtape on his Nappy Boy label in February 2010, T-Pain Presents: Nappy Boy All Stars Vol.1, which contained remixes of songs including "Forever" by Drake. On May 5, 2011, he announced another mixtape, prEVOLVEr, serving as a predecessor to his album. The mixtape including collaborations from artists such as Lil Wayne and Field Mob. In June 2010, T-Pain confirmed that his fourth studio album, now titled RevolveR, had been completed and mastered, but that it would not be released until album sales increase. T-Pain's first feature film, Lottery Ticket, was released on August 20, 2010. In October 2010, T-Pain release his third promotional single, "Rap Song". The song charted poorly, peaking at 89 on the Hot 100.

T-Pain was featured on the hit single "All I Do Is Win" by DJ Khaled, along with the remix. He featured on Wisin & Yandel's single "Imaginate" and Bun B's single "Trillionaire." In the last two quarters of 2010, he was featured on the hit singles "Hey Baby (Drop It To The Floor)" by Pitbull, and "Move That Body" by Nelly. He was also featured on another single by Wisin & Yandel along with rapper 50 Cent called "No Dejemos Que Se Apague." The last two singles T-Pain was featured on in 2010 were the official remixes to "Black & Yellow" by rapper Wiz Khalifa and "Loving You No More" by Diddy – Dirty Money.

T-Pain was featured on the first single by DJ Khaled called "Welcome To My Hood" off his 2011 album We the Best Forever. The song featured him along with Rick Ross, Plies, and Lil Wayne. He was also featured on albums such as Drake's Take Care, Lil Wayne's Tha Carter IV and Tech N9ne's All 6s and 7s. A new toy called "iAm T-Pain Microphone" was released in 2011, at the price of $39.99. On January 29, 2011, T-Pain was featured on Italian DJ Benny Benassi's song "Electroman", released as the third single in the album of the same name. In January, JRandall released a single, "Can't Sleep", featuring T-Pain. On March 22, 2011, the next single from RevolveЯ, "Best Love Song" (featuring Chris Brown), was released. On Twitter, T-Pain stated that he would release his prEVOLVEЯ mixtape when he got 500,000 followers and release his album RevolveЯ when he got 1,000,000 followers. Also in 2011, he appeared on another Adult Swim show: the sixth-season premiere episode of Squidbillies, performing a version of the theme song in addition to the original song "(I Like) Drivin' In My Truck" with Unknown Hinson; this song was released in 2012 as part of the free digital album The Squidbillies Present: Music For Americans Only Made by Americans in China for Americans Only God Bless America, U.S.A. on the Adult Swim Music website.

On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, T-Pain (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) would henceforth release all material (including RevolveЯ) on the RCA Records brand. The album RevolveЯ was eventually released in December 2011, alongside the transatlantic Top 10 single "5 O'Clock", which samples UK singer Lily Allen and features Wiz Khalifa.

2013–2017: Oblivion
On April 1, 2013, after the announcement of T-Pain cutting off his signature dreads, he announced the title of his fifth studio album, then entitled Stoicville: The Phoenix stating, "To me, a Phoenix represents new beginnings. A new era, a new life, I'm rising from the ashes." Prior to releasing his fifth studio album, he released T-Pain Presents Happy Hour, a greatest hits compilation. Its first single, "Up Down (Do This All Day)" (featuring B.o.B), produced by DJ Mustard, was officially released on August 13, 2013. The song peaked at number 62 on the Billboard Hot 100. The second single "Drankin Patna" was released a year later on July 21, 2014. On November 7, 2014, T-Pain premiered the intro/title track off of Stoicville. On November 21, 2014, T-Pain premiered "Coming Home" as the first promotional single in support of Stoicville and made it available for free on his official website.

On June 8, 2015, T-Pain released a song titled "Make That Shit Work" (featuring Juicy J). Following another delay, T-Pain confirmed the album was still on its way, missing its December 11 expected release date to further delay. On December 9, 2015, to mark the one-year anniversary of the most popular Tiny Desk Concert ever and the 10th anniversary of his debut album, Rappa Ternt Sanga, T-Pain performed a short set of some previous hits, along with a cover of "A Change Is Gonna Come" and the premiere of a new song, "Officially Yours".

On October 27, 2016, T-Pain premiered "Dan Bilzerian" (featuring Lil Yachty). He worked with Bruno Mars on his third studio album, 24K Magic, as one of the writers on the track "Straight Up & Down".

After teasing the release of a long-shelved collaboration project with Lil Wayne, T-Wayne was released on May 18, 2017, via T-Pain's SoundCloud for streaming and free digital download. It consists of eight tracks recorded in 2009 described as "lost demos". In 2017, he collaborated with Italian rappers J-Ax and Fedez for the single "Senza pagare", from the album Comunisti col Rolex. After numerous delays and project name changes, T-Pain's fifth album Oblivion was released November 17, 2017.

2019: 1UP
On February 27, 2019, the same day T-Pain was revealed to be the winner of the first US season of The Masked Singer, he released a surprise new album titled 1UP and announced a new U.S. tour in support of it. He hosted the iHeartRadio Music Awards on March 14.

In December 2020, T-Pain appeared in ComplexLand virtual event to discuss his thoughts on the future of esports.

2023–present: On Top of the Covers
On March 17, 2023, T-Pain released On Top of the Covers. The album includes a selection of cover songs and notably did not include the use of autotune. He collaborated with Meghan Trainor on the single "Been Like This" from Trainor's sixth album Timeless.

In February 2024, T-Pain acknowledged that he had ghostwritten music for country singers including Rhett Akins, Luke Bryan and Dallas Davidson while living in Nashville for two years, but said that he preferred not to be credited on country songs because of the racism he experienced in the country music industry.

Phone app
On September 24, 2009, T-Pain joined with iPhone app creator Smule to create a new app entitled "I Am T-Pain" to allow people to use his style of Auto-Tune in karaoke; it was released the following day.

Film and television
In May 2009, T-Pain made an appearance on a live-action episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force as Frylock, where he made his debut as an actor. In late 2009, T-Pain developed a concept to create an animated television special, Freaknik: The Musical, which he submitted to Adult Swim. It premiered on March 7, 2010, and features many guest celebrities such as Lil Wayne, Young Ca$h, Snoop Dogg, Sophia Fresh, Rick Ross, Andy Samberg and Charlie Murphy.

T-Pain made his cinema acting debut in the comedy film Lottery Ticket as a liquor store clerk.

In November 2016, T-Pain also appeared in an episode of the YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History as American singer Stevie Wonder.

T-Pain was the champion of the first season of the Fox reality music competition The Masked Singer as "Monster". He returned as a guest panelist in the sixth episode of season three.

Since 2018, T-Pain has been the host of T-Pain's School of Business, a documentary series airing on Fuse in which T-Pain travels around the United States meeting with different entrepreneurs. The show has aired for two seasons so far: the first in 2018, which had six episodes, and the second in 2019, which had eight episodes.

Video games
T-Pain has confirmed his involvement in the development of the upcoming video game Grand Theft Auto VI, although his role has not been specified.

Musical style
T-Pain defined in 2005 his own music style as "Hard & B", a play on R&B. In 2024, T-Pain said that country and gospel music were major influences on his music.

He mentioned GarageBand and Logic Pro as the software he uses to produce his own beats.

Use of Auto-Tune
Musically, T-Pain is best known for popularizing the use of Auto-Tune, a pitch-correcting audio processor, for vocals, with the effect turned up to give the voice a robotic quality. He has used this effect throughout his singing career, starting in 2003. This use of Auto-Tune had been pioneered by Cher in her successful 1998 single "Believe". T-Pain, who had been looking for a way to make his voice sound unique, was inspired to use Auto-Tune after hearing the Darkchild remix of the 1999 song "If You Had My Love" by Jennifer Lopez, which makes occasional use of the effect. He was also inspired in part by a similar sound achieved by Roger Troutman in the 1980s (using a talk box) and Teddy Riley in the 1990s (using both talk boxes and vocoders).

After the success of T-Pain's first two albums, his use of Auto-Tune was replicated by a number of hip hop artists, including Snoop Dogg on the 2007 single "Sensual Seduction", Lil Wayne on the 2008 single "Lollipop", Kanye West on the 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak (on which T-Pain served as a consultant), the Black Eyed Peas on the 2009 single "Boom Boom Pow", and Diddy on the 2010 album Last Train to Paris. In a November 2008 interview, T-Pain revealed that Diddy had paid him for the right to use Auto-Tune in T-Pain's style on the then-upcoming Last Train to Paris, and he felt that other artists should do the same.

In 2009, rapper Jay-Z released the single "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)", which criticized the practice. The song directly mentioned T-Pain, with the lyrics "You niggas singing too much/ Get back to rap, you T-Paining too much." Jay-Z has insisted that the song was not a personal attack on T-Pain, and that he was simply criticizing a trend that he felt had run its course. T-Pain has said that he loved the song. However, he felt personally hurt by a general backlash against the use of Auto-Tune that began at around the same time. Nevertheless, he has continued to use Auto-Tune, feeling that it is simply part of his musical style, as opposed to jumping on a trend as was the case for other artists.

Personal life
T-Pain has been married to Amber Najm (née Wyatt) since 2003. They have three children: one daughter, Lyriq, and two sons Muziq and Kaydnz Kodah (born May 2009).

On March 27, 2009, T-Pain was involved in a golf cart accident, the same day he was due for a music video shoot for Lil' Kim's "Download" song. He suffered cuts, bruises, and four missing teeth and had emergency dental work done. He returned to performing two days later.

On April 1, 2013, T-Pain revealed that he had cut off his iconic dreadlocks, stating "We must all learn to adjust with our surroundings. Those who get stuck doing the same things for too long are bound to get left behind the strong who press on & reinvent themselves. Also good news hair grows back."

On August 30, 2016, T-Pain's niece, Javona Glover, was stabbed to death in a local Walgreens store in his hometown, Tallahassee, Florida. In 2017, a suspect in the case was found dead in an apparent suicide.

He is an avid gamer who regularly streams on Twitch. He has many tattoos, some of which are internet memes or otherwise Internet-related.

Legal issues
On April 28, 2007, T-Pain refused to shorten his performance at Radio One's Spring Fest Concert in Miami, which caused police presence to escalate backstage. He became agitated after concert officials stopped his performance of "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')". Police chased him and his entourage out of the premises and detained them.

In June 2007, a warrant was issued for T-Pain's arrest for driving with a suspended license. He subsequently turned himself in to the Leon County Jail on November 2, 2007. He was held without bail, but was released three hours later.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Rappa Ternt Sanga (2005)
 * Epiphany (2007)
 * Three Ringz (2008)
 * Revolver (2011)
 * Oblivion (2017)
 * 1UP (2019)
 * On Top of the Covers (2023)

Awards and nominations

 * American Music Awards
 * 2007, Favorite Male Artist (Nominated)
 * BET Awards
 * 2009, Best Male R&B Artist (Nominated)
 * 2009, Best Collaboration ("Blame It") with Jamie Foxx (Won)
 * 2009, Viewer's Choice ("Can't Believe It") with Lil Wayne (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Collaboration ("Kiss Kiss") with Chris Brown (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Collaboration ("Low") with Flo Rida (Nominated)
 * 2008, Viewer's Choice ("Kiss Kiss") with Chris Brown (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Collaboration ("Good Life") with Kanye West (Won)
 * 2008, Video of the Year ("Good Life") with Kanye West (Nominated)
 * BET Hip Hop Awards
 * 2009. Producer of the Year (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Ringtone ("Low") with Flo Rida (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Hip-Hop Video ("Good Life") with Kanye West (Won)
 * 2008, Best Hip-Hop Collabo ("Low") with Flo Rida (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Hip-Hop Collabo ("Good Life") with Kanye West (Nominated)
 * 2008, Track of the Year ("Good Life") with Kanye West (Nominated)
 * BMI Urban Awards
 * Song Writer Of The Year (Won)
 * Producer Of The Year shared with J.R. Rotem & Kanye West (Won)
 * Grammy Awards

 * rowspan="4"| 2008
 * "Bartender" (featuring Akon)
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| "Good Life" (with Kanye West)
 * Best Rap Song
 * Won
 * rowspan="4"|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration
 * Nominated
 * "Kiss Kiss" (with Chris Brown)
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"| 2009
 * "Got Money" (with Lil Wayne)
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| "Low" (with Flo Rida)
 * Nominated
 * Best Rap Song
 * Nominated
 * Tha Carter III (as featured artist & producer)
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"| 2010
 * "I'm on a Boat" (with The Lonely Island)
 * Best Rap/Sung Collaboration
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| "Blame It" (with Jamie Foxx)
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * Won
 * Best R&B Song
 * Nominated
 * Three Ringz
 * Best Contemporary R&B Album
 * Nominated
 * }
 * rowspan="2"| "Blame It" (with Jamie Foxx)
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * Won
 * Best R&B Song
 * Nominated
 * Three Ringz
 * Best Contemporary R&B Album
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Best Contemporary R&B Album
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

 * Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards
 * 2009, Favorite Male Singer (Nominated)
 * Ozone Music Awards
 * 2008, TJ's DJ's Hustler of the Year (Nominated)
 * 2008, Club Banger of the Year ("I'm So Hood") with DJ Khaled, Trick Daddy, Rick Ross, & Plies (Nominated)
 * 2008, Club Banger of the Year ("Low") with Flo Rida (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Rap/R&B Collaboration ("She Got It") with 2 Pistols & Tay Dizm (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best R&B Artist (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best TJ's DJ's Tastemaker Award (Won)
 * 2007, Best Male R&B Artist (Won)
 * 2007, Best Rap/R&B Collaboration ("Shawty") with Plies (Won)
 * 2007: Best Rap/R&B Collaboration ("Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')") with Yung Joc (Nominated)
 * 2006, Best Rap/R&B Collaboration ("I'm N Luv (Wit a Stripper) (Remix)" with Twista, Pimp C, Paul Wall, R. Kelly, MJG, and Too Short) (Won)
 * MTV Video Music Award
 * 2008, Best Hip-Hop Video ("Low") with Flo Rida (Nominated)
 * 2008, Best Male Video ("Low") with Flo Rida (Nominated)
 * 2007, Monster Single of the Year ("Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin)"), featuring Yung Joc (Nominated)
 * People's Choice Awards
 * 2008, Favorite Hip-Hop Song, "Low" with Flo Rida [Won]
 * 2008, Favorite Hip-Hop Song, "Good Life" with Kanye West [Nominated]
 * Teen Choice Awards
 * 2008, Choice Hook-Up: Flo Rida Featuring T-Pain, "Low" (Nominated)
 * 2008, Choice Music: R&B Artist – T-Pain (Nominated)
 * 2008, Choice Music: Rap/Hip-Hop Track – Lil Mama featuring Chris Brown and T-Pain, "Shawty Get Loose" (Won)
 * Vibe Awards
 * 2007, Best R&B Artist (Nominated)
 * 2007, Best Collaboration ("Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin)") with Yung Joc (Nominated)
 * 2007, Song of the Year ("Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin)") with Yung Joc (Won)
 * Brit Asia TV Music Awards
 * 2014, Best Music Video ("Daddy Da Cash" by RDB feat. T-Pain) (Won)
 * The Streamer Awards
 * 2022, Best Music Streamer (Nominated)
 * 2023, Best Music Streamer (Won)

title: T-Pain


text:
User:Martyman/Sandbox/Canberra Geography

Geography

Canberra covers an area 805.6 km² and is located near the Brindabella Ranges, approximately 150 kilometres inland from Australia's east coast. It is located at altitudes that range from 550 m to 700 m above sea level. The highest point is Mt Ainslie which is one of several large hills that also include Mt. Mugga Mugga, Mt. Taylor and Black Mountain. The surrounding bushland and the original bushland that Canberra was built in is a mixture of eucalyptus savanna, scrubland, swamp and dry eucalyptus forests.

The Molonglo River flows through Canberra and has been dammed to form the body of water in the centre of the city called Lake Burley Griffin. The Molonglo then flows into the Murrumbidgee northwest of Canberra, which in turn flows along Canberra's south-western outskirts. The Queanbeyan River joins the Molonglo River at Oaks Estate just within the ACT. A number of creeks flow into the Molonglo and Murrumbidgee, such as Jerrabomberra and Yarralumla Creeks. Two of these creeks, the Ginninderra and Tuggeranong, have similarly been dammed to form Lakes Ginninderra and Tuggeranong. Until recently the Molonglo had a history of sometimes lethal floods; prior to the filling of Lake Burley Griffin, the area was a flood plain.

Climate
Because of its elevation and distance from the coast, Canberra has four distinct seasons, unlike many other Australian cities whose climates are moderated by the sea. Canberra is notorious for hot, dry summers, and cold winters with heavy fog and frequent frosts. According to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, January is Canberra's hottest month, with a mean daily maximum temperature of 27.7 °C—the highest recorded maximum temperature was 42.2 °C on 1 February 1968. The mean daily maximum for July, the coldest month, is 11.2 °C and the mean daily minimum is −0.2 °C. The lowest recorded minimum temperature was −10.0 °C on 11 July 1971. In one out of approximately three winters snow falls in the city. Thunderstorms can occur between October and March, and annual rainfall is 629 mm, distributed fairly throughout the year.

Geology
Notable geological formations in the Canberra region include the Canberra Formation of ???, the Pittman Formation, Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale.

In the 1840s fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period where discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon. At the time these where the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed.

The oldest rocks in the Canberra region date from the Ordovician around 480 Million Years Ago. During this period the Canberra region along with most of Southern Australia was part of the ocean floor. Formations from this period include the Black Mountain Sandstone formation and the Pittman Formation consisting largely of Quartz-rich sandstone, siltstone and shale.

Urban structure

Canberra is a planned city that was originally designed by Walter Burley Griffin, a major American architect of the 20th century. The city centre is laid out on two perpendicular axes: a water axis stretching along Lake Burley Griffin, and a ceremonial land axis stretching from Parliament House on Capital Hill north-eastward to the Australian War Memorial at the foot of Mt Ainslie. The area known as the Parliamentary Triangle is formed by three of Burley Griffin's axes, stretching from Capital Hill along Commonwealth Avenue to the Civic Centre around City Hill, along Constitution Avenue to the Defence precinct on Russell Hill, and along Kings Avenue back to Capital Hill.

The urban areas of Canberra are divided into seven districts. In chronological order of development, they are:

Oaks Estate is a small suburb located near the ACT/NSW border; it is not part of any of the districts and has close ties with the neighbouring NSW town of Queanbeyan, of which it was originally a part, before the ACT was seperated from NSW in 1910. The North and South Canberra districts are based on Walter Burley Griffin's designs. The others are based on land contour design, each with a central shopping area known as the town centre. The districts are typically separated from each other by natural parklands—some 30 Canberra Nature Parks in all. Although the urban development of Canberra after World War II did not follow Burley Griffin's plan, strict urban planning rules still govern the development in the city.
 * North Canberra, mostly settled in the 1920s and 30s, with expansion up to the 1960s, now 15 suburbs
 * South Canberra, settled from the 1920s to 60s, 13 suburbs
 * Woden, settled in 1963, 13 suburbs
 * Belconnen, first settled in 1967, 25 suburbs
 * Weston Creek, settled in 1969, 8 suburbs
 * Tuggeranong, settled in 1974, 19 suburbs
 * Gungahlin, settled in the early 1990s, 5 suburbs

Many of Canberra's suburbs are named after famous Australians, early settlers, or use Aboriginal words for their title. Street names typically follow a particular theme; for example, the streets of Duffy are named after Australian dams and weirs and the streets of Page are named after biologists and naturalists. Most foreign embassies and high commissions are located in the suburbs of Yarralumla, Deakin and O'Malley. Three suburbs are considered to be industrial districts: Fyshwick, Mitchell and Hume.


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Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"Clues" is the 14th episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, it originally aired on February 11, 1991, in broadcast syndication. The teleplay was written by Bruce D. Arthurs and Joe Menosky from a story by Arthurs and was directed by Les Landau.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. While en route to investigate a mysterious planet, the entire crew, with the exception of Lieutenant Commander Data, is rendered unconscious by an apparent wormhole. After they revive, Data explains that they were unconscious for only thirty seconds but a variety of clues discovered around the ship seem to indicate that he is lying.

Plot
The Enterprise investigates a T Tauri class star system with a single Class M planet that was picked up on a long-range sensor scan near the Ngame Nebula. As they approach the planet, the ship encounters a wormhole and everyone except Lt. Commander Data briefly loses consciousness. When the crew regains their senses, some of the ship's sensors suggest it has been nearly a day since the wormhole encounter, but Data states they were only out for moments and the ship's instruments were affected by the wormhole. Following Data's suggestion, Captain Picard decides to send a probe into the system to avoid further harm to the ship. The probe reports only the presence of a frozen gas giant instead of the Class M planet from before; again, Data attributes this to the effects of the wormhole.

As the ship moves away from the system, the crew begin to find evidence that does not support Data's claims that they were unconscious for only 30 seconds. For example, Chief Medical Officer Dr. Crusher has found moss samples that show a full day of growth, and has found that Worf, complaining of a sore wrist, actually had his wrist broken and reset by a medical professional. Picard begins to suspect Data's claims, and believes the rest of the crew is suffering from missing time syndrome. Picard confronts Data on the issue, but Data cannot provide a rational answer. Further studies of the crew by Dr. Crusher show that Data's explanations are impossible; they have lost a day from the wormhole encounter, and there is evidence that Data tampered with the probe's readings to mask the Class M planet. Picard recognizes that Data's actions may be for the protection of the Enterprise, but orders the ship to return to the system.

When they near the Class M planet, Ship's Counselor Troi is taken over by a mysterious energy pulse from the system, and starts to speak to the crew with a different voice. The entity that has taken over Troi informs Data that the plan has failed, and that their people will prepare to destroy the Enterprise. Picard learns from Data and the entity that they are in the space of the Paxans, a highly advanced but very xenophobic race who have kept themselves hidden by firing a stun beam at any ship that nears their system and then moving it away; crews of such ships normally associate it with the effects of a wormhole and leave without incident. However, in the case of the Enterprise, the stun beam did not affect Data; Data had revived the crew as the Paxans were attempting to move the ship, forcing a physical encounter that led to Worf's wrist being broken. Picard was able to offer the Paxans a deal as to attempt to conceal their previous meeting, using memory-wiping technology from the Paxans to forget their encounters with them, and ordered Data to behave as he did to protect the ship.

Picard is able to convince the Paxan in control of Troi that the previous plan failed because they left too many clues on the Enterprise that piqued human curiosity to solve the mystery and that if the Enterprise vanishes, it will cause others to come and investigate. The crew of the Enterprise, with the help of the Paxans, work together to completely eradicate any possible clues; once completed, the crew is stunned again, and the ship moves away from Paxan space. When the crew revives this time, they accept Data's explanations without question and continue on their mission, but Picard gives Data a mysterious and strange look, indicating that he may retain some memory of the events at a subconscious level.

Similarity to Red Dwarf
In their book The Red Dwarf Programme Guide, Chris Howarth and Steve Lyons point out the "uncanny similarities" between Clues and the Red Dwarf episode "Thanks for the Memory", which aired on UK television nearly two and a half years earlier. Howarth and Lyons note that the American show "has the cast waking up to find that time has passed of which they have no memory. Despite the resistance of their mechanical crew member, they attempt to find out what has happened, but learn that they were better off not knowing. One of them even has a broken limb..."

Reception
In 2012, Wired magazine said this was one of the best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.

In 2016, Vox rated this one of the top 25 essential episodes of all Star Trek.

In 2017, Netflix announced that "Clues" was among the top ten most re-watched Star Trek episodes on their streaming service, excluding the first two episodes of each series. Also in 2017, Popular Mechanics said that "Clues" was one of the top ten most fun episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, praising it as good science fiction television and a good plot twist.

Medium.com ranked this the 55th best episode Star Trek: The Next Generation in 2017.

In 2020, SyFy Wire noted this episode for its relationship between Picard and Data, which pits Data's loyalty against the ability of others to trust him.

Home video
This episode was released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season four DVD box set. On May 25, 1996, episodes "Devil's Due" and "Clues" were released on LaserDisc in the United States. Published by Paramount Home Video, the single double sided disc retailed for 34.95. The 12" video disc was in NTSC format with a Dolby Surround audio track. CBS announced on September 28, 2011, in celebration of the series' twenty-fifth anniversary, that Star Trek: The Next Generation would be completely re-mastered in 1080p high definition from the original 35 mm film negatives. For the remaster almost 25,000 reels of original film stock were rescanned and re-edited; all visual effects were digitally recomposed from original large-format negatives and newly created CGI shots. The release was accompanied by 7.1 DTS Master Audio. On July 30, 2013 "Clues" was released in 1080p high definition as part of the Season 4 Blu-ray box set in the United States. The set was released on July 29, 2013, in the United Kingdom.

title: Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation)


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Abies homolepis

Abies homolepis, also known as the Nikko fir, is a species of fir native to the mountains of central and southern Honshū and Shikoku, Japan. It grows at altitudes of 700–2,200 m, often in temperate rain forest with high rainfall and cool, humid summers, and heavy winter snowfall.

Description
It is a medium-sized to large evergreen coniferous tree growing to 30–40 m tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 1.5–3.5 cm long and 2–3 mm wide by 0.5 mm thick, glossy green above, and with two white bands of stomata below, and rounded or slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they lie partially flattened to either side of and above the shoot, with few below the shoot. The shoots are yellow-buff, glabrous, and often conspicuously grooved. The cones are 6–12 cm long and 3–4 cm broad, purple-blue before maturity; the scale bracts are short, and hidden in the closed cone. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6–7 months after pollination.

Uses
The wood of Nikko fir is used for general structural timber. Outside Japan, it is grown as an ornamental tree in northern Europe and North America.

It is also a popular forest tree since it is resistant to air pollution.

title: Abies homolepis


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Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation

The Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation for the Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada, Shoshone people, in and near the south side of the city of Ely in south-central White Pine County, Nevada. In 2005 it had a population of around 500, a textile business, and its own court system. The reservation is quite small, with a land area of only 104.99 acre and a 2000 census official resident population of 133 persons. Part of the city of Ely lies within its territory.

title: Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Booyaka

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  23:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Booyaka
nn neologism. --fvw *  23:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete protologisms. — brighterorange  (talk) 00:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Bart133 (t) 00:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non notable neologism if I've ever seen one. Shauri Yes babe?  00:49, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Condementh to Wiki-Hell. -- BD2412 talk 03:13, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn neologism. Nateji77 04:59, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to Interjection, as this is sometimes used as a synonym for Booyah (which also redirects to Interjection). - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 06:27, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Booyaka


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Talk:D'Argo

Clearing links to this disambiguation page
Links to this page from the main article space have been redirected to more appropriate targets. Courtland 23:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:D'Argo


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HMS Duke of Gloucester (1807)

HMS Duke of Gloucester (or Gloucester) was a 10-gun brig of the Royal Navy which was launched at the Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard in Kingston, Ontario. A Provincial Marine vessel, during the War of 1812, the brig took part in several of the early engagements between British and American naval forces on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. While being repaired at York, Duke of Gloucester was captured by Americans in 1813. A month later the British destroyed the brig at the Battle of Sackett's Harbor.

Description and construction
In 1806, plans were drawn up for a vessel to replace the aging Provincial Marine gunboat Swift. The new vessel was constructed at Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard in Kingston, Upper Canada under Master Shipwright John Dennis. When Duke of Gloucester was launched in May 1807, the Provincial Marine's role on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River was restricted to the transport of provisions and personnel for the colonial government and the British Army. The vessel measured 165 tons burthen and Duke of Gloucester's draught was shallow enough to allow the brig access to any port in any season. The vessel was armed with ten 12 pdr guns. By the War of 1812, the vessel was armed with six 6 pdr long guns and rated a schooner.

Service history
After entering service, Duke of Gloucester was retained for exclusive use by the colonial government. By 1812, the hull had rotted and a replacement, Prince Regent, was ordered. At the onset of the war, Duke of Gloucester was commanded by Lieutenant Francis Gauvreau. Duke of Gloucester was part of the squadron under the command of Master Commandant Hugh Earl that sailed to attack Sackett's Harbor on 19 July 1812. While the three larger vessels in the squadron, HMS Royal George (1809), Earl of Moira and Prince Regent attacked the American fortifications, Duke of Gloucester remained offshore. The attack failed and the British withdrew.

Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Moira were then ordered to capture a group of American merchant vessels sheltering at Ogdensburg, New York. Commodore Isaac Chauncey sent the schooner USS Julia (1812) to intercept the British vessels and the two forces met off Elizabethtown, Upper Canada on 31 July. Earl of Moira fired and missed Julia, but the strength of musket fire coming from the British shoreline forced the Americans to retreat to Ogdensburg. The following day, Earl of Moira and Duke of Gloucester began a naval blockade of Ogdensburg. The blockade was in effect until the end of the month when a temporary halt to the conflict allowed Julia and the merchant vessels to sail for Lake Ontario. For the rest of the year the squadron, with the exception of Royal George, performed the traditional duties of the Provincial Marine, transporting supplies along Lake Ontario.

During the winter of 1812–1813, Duke of Gloucester was sent to York, Upper Canada. However, by 1813, Duke of Gloucester was no longer seaworthy and was un-rigged. Duke of Gloucester was being repaired at York, with the intent of increasing the vessel's armament to 16 guns when the Americans briefly captured the colonial capital in 1813. Chauncey stripped the town of guns and supplies and towed the schooner back to Sackett's Harbor, New York. Renamed York, the schooner was converted to a powder hulk at Sackett's Harbor. York was herself damaged by the British a month later on 29 May 1813 in the Battle of Sackett's Harbor.

title: HMS Duke of Gloucester (1807)


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User talk:Quer

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --fvw *  23:34, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Plant names
Hello and welcome Quer,

There is endless work to be done here on plants. Perhaps you will join in this work on a broader range of plant articles. Plants often have many common names, more so for those as noticable as edible berries, still more for those with related commercial hybrids. You mention that the name “blackcap” is used for boysenberry in your area, demonstrating the complexity of common name use. The Wikipedia custom is to use common names as titles for plant articles rather than the safer scientific names. For this to be successful editors must consider the names carefully as well as relying on the assistance of other users from other places. You might try putting your information into a section for local common names, pointing out the locale where it is heard. Even then, as there is no reference for that particular use to be found on internet, it could be seen as original research. This is only an encyclopedia after all. Cheers Meggar 05:09, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

RED RASPBERRY. BLUE RASPBERRY.
Hello, a simple question: Wherefrom do you think come all those BLUE RASPBERRY products? This common name exists - or did it come from a red colored raspberry ? Have some nice thoughts. But I understand your points of view. Cheers --Quer (talk) 22:47, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quer


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Joseph E. Schmitz

Joseph Edward Schmitz (born August 28, 1956) is an American lawyer, former inspector general of the United States Department of Defense and a former executive with Blackwater Worldwide. After working as a watchdog at the Pentagon for three and a half years, Schmitz resigned to return to the private sector. Although allegations questioning his stewardship of the inspector general's office surfaced nine months after his resignation, a high-level review board, the President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency, cleared him of wrongdoing in 2006. He was named one of Donald Trump's foreign policy advisors for his 2016 presidential campaign.

Biography
Schmitz was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of John G. Schmitz, former California State Senator, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and U.S. presidential candidate in 1972. Schmitz attended Catholic schools as a child, and Georgetown Preparatory School for high school, a time period in which his father also served in Congress. He holds a Bachelor of Science (1978) from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, where he was on the wrestling team, and a Juris Doctor (1986) from Stanford University. He was one of seven children in his family.

Upon graduation from the Naval Academy, Schmitz served in the U.S. Navy for approximately four years, including a stint as an exchange officer with the German Navy. After leaving active duty, Schmitz went to law school, and was in the Naval Reserve until 2001. He clerked with James L. Buckley, circuit judge for the D.C. Circuit Court, and was a special assistant to Attorney General Edwin Meese III during the Reagan Administration. Schmitz entered the private sector in 1987, eventually joining the Patton Boggs law firm in Washington, D.C. He was also an adjunct professor of law at Georgetown University in the 1990s, and founded his own firm, Joseph E. Schmitz, PLLC, in 2008.

Schmitz is a member of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

He co-authored the book Shariah: The Threat To America by the Center for Security Policy, of which he is a senior fellow, and has been on the Advisory Board of the American Freedom Law Center, which is run by David Yerushalmi. Because of his involvement with these groups, he has been described as anti-Muslim by the Southern Poverty Law Center and Hope not Hate.

Inspector General of the Department of Defense
On June 18, 2001, Schmitz was nominated by President George W. Bush to act as the Inspector General of the Department of Defense. His nomination was held up in the Senate Armed Services Committee for unknown reasons until March 21, 2002, when he was confirmed by the full Senate by voice vote. One of his first actions as Inspector General was to hire controversial Republican operative L. Jean Lewis as his chief of staff.

Various senior officials in the Defense Department stated that Schmitz had an enduring fascination with Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, having personally redesigned the Defense Department Inspector General's seal to incorporate the Von Steuben family motto. Schmitz's association with the German journalist, Henning Von Steuben, the leader of the Von Steuben Family Association, attracted the criticism of Senator Chuck Grassley, who stated that Schmitz had "feted Von Steuben at an $800 meal allegedly paid for by public funds." In 2005, Schmitz canceled a planned $200,000 trip to Germany "to attend a ceremony at a Von Steuben statue," after Grassley questioned the expenditure.

As Inspector General, Schmitz investigated involvement of the U.S. military in the sex trade in South Korea, Bosnia, and Kosovo.

Role in 2020 Presidential Election
CNN reported that Schmitz sent a message to Representative Jim Jordan describing the legal basis for Vice President Mike Pence to block certification of the 2020 election. On January 5, 2021, Jordan forwarded Schmitz’ message to White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows.

Literature

 * Miller, T. Christian. (2006). Blood Money: Wasted Billions, Lost Lives, and Corporate Greed in Iraq. New York:  Little, Brown and Company.  See pages 68–69.
 * Scahill, Jeremy. (2007). Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army. New York: Nation Books.  See Chapter Seventeen:  "Joseph Schmitz: Christian Soldier."

title: Joseph E. Schmitz


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William Burton Walbert

William Burton Walbert (May 18, 1886 – December 2, 1959) was an American Southern gospel songwriter, singer, composer, and editor. He (co-)wrote many songs, and he was the director of the Vaughan School of Music in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee.

Early life
Walbert was born in Barren County, Kentucky on May 18, 1886. He attended the Vaughan School of Music in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee.

Career
Walbert worked for the James D. Vaughan Music Company, where he taught shape note singing schools. After James D. Vaughan's death, Walbert took charge of the school.

Walbert was also a music performer. In 1917, he joined the Vaughan Saxophone Quartet with Joe Allen, Ira Foust and Adger M. Pace. From 1923 to the 1930s, Walbert was a member of the Vaughan Radio Quartet, a band whose members included Pace, Hilman Barnard, and Otis Leon McCoy.

Walbert (co-)wrote many Southern gospel songs, including Peace Like a River, Oh, What a Blessing, Tell It Everywhere You Go, and I've Never Loved Him Better.

Personal life and death
Walbert married Mable Grace Vaughan, James David Vaughan's daughter, in 1915. They had a son, James D. Walbert, who became a pianist.

Walbert died of a stroke on December 2, 1959, in Birmingham, Alabama, at age 72. His funeral was held in Lawrenceburg. He was inducted into the Southern Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1959.

title: William Burton Walbert


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Musa Ukungilandela

Musa Ukungilandela is a studio album from Juluka, a South African band led by England-born Johnny Clegg and the Zulu Sipho Mchunu.

It was produced by Hilton Rosenthal and released in 1984, at a time when South Africa was under apartheid, which banned inter-racial bands. The album was the first to include what would later be called "Zulu rock", and marks the first time the artists used synthesizers.

The song Ibhola Lethu featured soccer game commentaries from Nelson Nkululeko Guimede.

The album was also the last collaboration between Johnny and Sipho for 13 years. Sipho, who had a number of wives and children, decided to return to his farm with his family. Johnny Clegg would then form another band, Savuka, which would catapult him to international fame, but the two artists would finally reunite in 1997 for a new album, Crocodile Love.

Track listing

 * 1) "Nans'Impi"
 * 2) "Zodwa"
 * 3) "Izinhlobo Nezinhlobo Zabantu"
 * 4) "Thoko"
 * 5) "Akanaki Nokunaka"
 * 6) "Trouble Musa Ukungilandela"
 * 7) "Wangizonda"
 * 8) "Kancane Kancane"
 * 9) "Ngeke"
 * 10) "Ibhola Lethu"

Personnel

 * Johnny Clegg - vocals, guitar
 * Sipho Mchunu - guitar, percussion, vocals
 * Gary Van Zyl - bass guitar, percussion, vocals
 * Derek de Beer - drums, percussion, vocals
 * Cyril Mnculwane - keyboards, vocals
 * Scorpion Madondo - flute, saxophone, vocals

title: Musa Ukungilandela