text:
Bernard W. Rogers

Bernard William Rogers (July 16, 1921 – October 27, 2008) was a United States Army general who served as the 28th Chief of Staff of the United States Army, and later as NATO's Supreme Allied Commander, Europe and Commander in Chief, United States European Command.

Besides the Distinguished Service Cross, Rogers' decorations included the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star, four awards of the Legion of Merit and three awards of the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Early life and education
Rogers was born in Fairview, Kansas on July 16, 1921. He spent a year at Kansas State University, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity, before receiving an appointment to the United States Military Academy in 1940, where he was First Captain of the Corps of Cadets. He graduated in June 1943 as Cadet First Captain (first in his class), and was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry. He was assigned to the 275th Infantry Regiment, 70th Infantry Division, and attended the officer basic course at the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning in preparation for a World War II combat assignment.

Military career
Rogers was promoted to temporary first lieutenant in December 1943. Rather than the combat assignment he expected, Rogers' contribution to the war effort was his return to West Point to teach. He provided instruction in economics, government, and history from 1944 to 1945, and received promotion to temporary captain in February 1945. From 1945 to 1947 he served as aide to the High Commissioner to Austria and commander of the Sixth Army, General Mark W. Clark.

In 1947, Rogers attended the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1950 (he was later awarded a Master of Arts in the same subject). During his time at Oxford he was promoted to permanent captain.

Korean War
Following graduation from Oxford, Rogers was aide to the chief of Army Field Forces from 1950 from 1951, being promoted to temporary major in July 1951. He graduated from the Infantry School advanced course in 1952.

Rogers was then deployed to the Korean War, where he commanded the 3d Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment from 1952 to 1953, being promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel in August 1953.

Interbellum
Rogers' next assignment was as aide to the commander in chief and staff intelligence officer of the United Nations and Far East Commands from 1953 to 1954. Rogers returned to the United States and graduated from the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in 1955.

Rogers next commanded the 1st Battalion, 23d Infantry Regiment from 1955 to 1956, then served in the Coordination Division, Office of the Chief of Staff from 1956 to 1958. This was followed by duty as executive and senior aide to the chief of staff from 1958 to 1959 and promotion to permanent major January 1959 and temporary colonel in September 1959.

Selected to attend the Army War College, Rogers graduated in 1960 and was appointed to command the 1st Battle Group, 19th Infantry, 24th Infantry Division in Europe from 1960 to 1961. His next assignment in the division was as chief of staff and he also served as chief of the Troop Operation Branch, Operations Division, United States Army, Europe from 1961 to 1962. Rogers' next duty was as military assistant and executive officer to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Maxwell Taylor, from 1962 to 1966.

Vietnam War
Rogers was promoted to permanent lieutenant colonel in January 1964 and temporary brigadier general in October 1966, moving on to become the assistant commander of the 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam from 1966 to 1967. He served under General William E. DePuy and General John H. Hay, and took part in two major offensives, Operation Cedar Falls and Operation Junction City, later writing an account of them at the request of General William Westmoreland. As assistant commander of the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross—the Army's highest award for valor after the Medal of Honor—for leading a successful counterattack against a Vietcong raid on a South Vietnamese special forces camp. He rallied troops on the ground and personally scouted enemy positions from a low-flying helicopter under heavy fire. Rogers was one of only a few individuals to receive the Distinguished Service Cross in Vietnam for actions taken while serving as a general.

After returning from Vietnam, Rogers served two years as Commandant of the Corps of Cadets at West Point from 1967 to 1969, being promoted to permanent colonel in June 1968.

Division and senior commands
Rogers became one of a select few senior officers chosen for division command, and was assigned commanding officer of the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized), and Fort Carson, Colorado, from 1969 to 1970. At that time, the 5th "was considered to be one of the most disorganized and unprepared units in the Army. Racial conflict and drug abuse were serious problems. The division also experienced a high turnover rate as soldiers rotating back from their tours of duty in Vietnam served out the remainder of their enlistments."

At a time of falling morale, Rogers made sweeping changes in the daily routine of soldiers by abolishing kitchen duty (KP), reveille, roll call and Friday night "GI parties", in which soldiers scrubbed the barracks for Saturday inspections. On February 17, 1970, Rogers issued Fort Carson Regulation NO. 600–16, "Enlisted Men's Council," which established a two-way channel of communication for enlisted men to relay their grievances and suggestions for improvements. The twenty-member "Fort Carson Enlisted Men's Council" elected as its chair 20-year old combat veteran Specialist 4 Scott M. Gray; at its first meeting the council pointed out eighteen issues and suggested ways of solving them. Rogers concurred with the council and ordered the implementation of all recommended improvement initiatives. After four months, 192 issues were discussed by the council; 107 improvements were recommended; 69 were implemented by Rogers. Later, councils for junior officers and racial minorities to express their concerns were introduced, and a Greenwich Village-style free speech coffeehouse, complete with folk singers, was set up. Old-line officers were aghast, and two decorated brigade commanders were relieved by Rogers from their duties, but his new strategy worked as morale improved, racial tensions de-escalated and re-enlistments rose. Specialist 5 William J. Rosendahl told The New York Times that he, "had just about given up any hope of working for change within the system when Bobby [Senator Robert F. Kennedy] was shot. Now General Rogers has given me a new faith in that at least some people in the power structure are willing to listen." Rogers became known as one of the brightest thinkers in the army after he shared his innovative ways of dealing with disciplinary, racial, drugs and other problems at the annual Army Commanders Conference on November 30, 1970.

Rogers was promoted to temporary major general in February 1970, permanent brigadier general in August 1971, temporary lieutenant general in November 1972 and permanent major general in June 1973. The latter came while serving as Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel of the Army, from 1972 to 1974. He was promoted to temporary general in November 1974, and was chosen to command the United States Army Forces Command at Fort McPherson from 1974 to 1976.

Army Chief of Staff
Following this assignment Rogers was selected to be Chief of Staff of the United States Army, a post he held from October 1, 1976, until June 21, 1979, the last World War II veteran to do so. Some highlights of his tenure include supervising the army's move to a 24-division, all-component force; establishing priorities for near-term readiness, midterm modernization, and long-term sustainability; establishing a program to enhance the quality of life of army personnel; and suggesting a limited draft to fill the Individual Ready Reserve.

Rogers continued the reforms he began as a division commander as Chief of Staff, improving training programs and developing plans for a modern "quick-strike" force. He also took steps to make the army more friendly toward women and minorities, calling on commanders to "eliminate any discriminatory handling of soldiers." He also authorized the formation of Delta Force, the first United States military counter-terrorist unit.

Rogers was responsible for starting the army's renaissance after falling into a state of low morale and readiness following the Vietnam War. His innovations and reforms were continued under his successor, General Edward C. Meyer.

Supreme Allied Commander
Rogers was appointed by President Jimmy Carter as Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), North Atlantic Treaty Organization in June 1979 and, concomitantly, as Commander in Chief of United States European Command. He assumed his duties as SACEUR on July 1, 1979.

In his role as SACEUR, Rogers would have been in command of all NATO forces in the event of an attack by the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact on Western Europe. His emphasis on combat readiness led some soldiers to comment that there were two armies – one in Europe ready for war and one in the United States that was not.

Despite his charmed career, Rogers was eager to leave the bureaucratic labyrinth of the Pentagon behind when he assumed his NATO post in Belgium. "You've heard that phrase from a country song that goes: "Happiness is Lubbock, Texas, in the rearview mirror"? ... Well, for me, happiness is the Pentagon in the rearview mirror."

- Bernard W. Rogers

When the Reagan administration signed a treaty with the Soviet Union requiring each side to withdraw intermediate-range missiles from Europe, Rogers called the agreement "foolish." He said the Warsaw Pact's superiority in foot soldiers and conventional weapons left NATO forces at risk of being quickly overrun. His stance drew a pointed rebuke in 1987 from Secretary of State, George P. Shultz, who called the general's comments "way out of line." Rogers soon retired. He served as SACEUR for eight years, longer than any other NATO Supreme Allied Commander. He retired from the army after 47 years of service in June 1987.

Historiographers note that the implementation of AirLand Battle doctrine that he brought with him to NATO was the source of inter-allies friction. The then-current NATO battlefield strategy for the conventional defense of Central Europe was summarized in a 1987 thesis.

SACEUR Rogers was troubled by NATO's inadequate conventional military forces when faced with a Warsaw Pact that dominated his on a numeric basis, and ceteris paribus, he would need to resort to the nuclear option. To improve NATO's conventional defence capability, Rogers proposed a novel idea he labelled the "Follow-on Forces Attack" (FOFA) Concept, which theorized to counter a Warsaw Pact invasion by making deep conventional attacks the enemy's second and third echelon forces to prevent them from reaching NATO's defensive positions.

Later life and death
After his retirement in 1987, Rogers was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Atlantic Council of the United States. He served on the boards of the USO and the Association of the United States Army and was a consultant and director to several companies, including Coca-Cola and General Dynamics.

Rogers died in 2008 at Inova Fairfax Hospital, Virginia, after suffering a heart attack. He was survived by his wife of 63 years, Ann E. Rogers of McLean; three children, retired United States Army Colonel Michael W. Rogers of Manassas, Virginia, Diane Opperman of Arlington and Susan Kroetch of Alexandria; a sister; a brother; six grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren.

Personal life
Rogers married Ann Ellen Jones in 1944. He was an Honorary Director of The Atlantic Council of the United States, and sat on the Association of the United States Army's Council of Trustees. He was also a supporter of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. He was an Honorary Fellow of University College, Oxford, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, and a Patron Councilor of the Atlantic Council of the United States.

Other honors and awards he has received include:
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1980
 * Distinguished Service Citation, Honorary Alumni Citees, University of Kansas Alumni Association, 1984
 * H.H. Arnold Award, Air Force Association, 1985
 * Distinguished Graduate Award, USMA Association of Graduates, 1995
 * George C. Marshall Medal, United States Army Association, 1999

Unit awards
Korean Presidential Unit Citation, Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation, Vietnam Civil Actions Unit Citation

Other awards

 * Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg Combat Infantryman Badge
 * Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
 * United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png Army Staff Identification Badge
 * US 1st Infantry Division SSI.svg 1st Infantry Division "Combat Patch"

title: Bernard W. Rogers


text: User talk:70.110.107.152

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.110.107.152


text:
Sviblovo (Moscow Metro)

Sviblovo (Свиблово) is a Moscow Metro station in the Sviblovo District, North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line, between Botanichesky Sad and Babushkinskaya stations.

Design
Built according to a standard design in 1978, the station features pillars faced with white marble and accented with vertical strips of anodized aluminum. The walls are also white marble and are decorated with friezes containing the names and coats of arms of the various cities and towns surrounding Moscow. Sviblovo's architect was Robert Pogrebnoi.

Entrances
The entrances to the station are located on either side of Snezhnaya Ulitsa south of the intersection with Amundsena Ulitsa.

title: Sviblovo (Moscow Metro)


text:
United States Armor Association

The United States Armor Association is a non-profit organization with over 6,000 members dedicated to disseminating knowledge of the military art and sciences, with special attention to mobility in ground warfare.

History
The United States Armor Association, recently renamed "The Cavalry and Armor Association," grew out of the United States Cavalry Association, established by a small group of cavalry officers in 1885 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Membership
Membership in the United States Armor Association is open to anyone currently serving in the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marines, Coast Guard, or former members of these organizations and veterans. Members receive ARMOR, the professional journal of the Army's Armor and Cavalry branch, which began life as The Journal of the U.S. Cavalry Association, in 1888, published by cavalry officers serving on the American frontier.

Awards program
In 1986, the United States Armor Association began an Awards Program to honor the very best of America's tankers and troopers. The Saint George Award program provides the mounted force with a way to recognize outstanding performers, their spouses (Order of St. Joan D'Arc Medallion) and Armor Force supporters (Noble Patron of Armor Award).

title: United States Armor Association


text:
BarlowGirl (album)

BarlowGirl is the debut album from the Christian rock and CCM band, BarlowGirl. The album was released on February 24, 2004 on Fervent Records. The album hit No. 14 on Billboard magazine's Top Heatseekers chart, and No. 9 on the Top Christian Albums chart.

Singles
A total of five singles were released for this album:
 * "Harder Than the First Time" is the album's debut single. It peaked at No. 16 on the Radio & Records (R&R) Christian Rock chart and at No. 18 on the Christian Hit Radio (CHR) chart.
 * "Never Alone" set a record for the longest running No. 1 song on the R&R Christian CHR and Rock charts in 2004. The song also peaked at No. 20 on the R&R Christian Adult Contemporary (AC) chart and at No. 21 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs. BarlowGirl beat its R&R CHR record the following year with their single "I Need You to Love Me" from their sophomore release, Another Journal Entry.
 * "Clothes" was released for airplay on Radio Disney.
 * "Mirror" peaked at No. 3 on the R&R Christian CHR chart and No. 37 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs.
 * "On My Own" peaked at No. 18 on the AC chart.

title: BarlowGirl (album)


text:
Talk:Eric McCormack

Toluca Lake residency
There are many references to Eric living in Toluca Lake. I know we can't include our personal witnessing, seeing him in the neighborhood on a regular basis, riding his bike or walking his dogs, or in his front yard, or on Halloween, handing out candy to the kids on Valley Spring Lane in Toluca Lake. But since I've been challenged to prove this, here are the first few links that popped up in a one-minute search. WikiBob47 (talk) 19:19, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

http://www.buddytv.com/will-and-grace/photos/actor-eric-mccormack-rides-a-tandem-bicycle-with-his-son-in-tolu-84718.aspx#comments

http://teddyhilton.com/2011-08-17-eric-mccormack-takes-his-three-dogs-for-a-walk

http://www.celebritiesfans.com/addresses/actors/eric-mccormack

http://realestalker.blogspot.com/2011/02/disney-cash-cow-miley-cyrus-flips.html

http://celebrityhousegossip.com/eric-mccormacks-house-in-toluca-lake-ca

His official FB page http://www.facebook.com/OfficialEricMcCormack?sk=wall
 * I removed your change because you cited a blog. These other cites are dreadful, gossipy garbage. Frankly, I don't see the need to say McCormack lives in Toluca Lake or to even have such a category. It's trivial.--Bbb23 (talk) 19:23, 22 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I posted them to show you the facts, and I didn't do an extensive search, as I noted above. Is it any more trivial to say he actually lives in Toluca Lake rather than saying he lives in Los Angeles, when his actual residence is in Toluca Lake and not Los Angeles? He lives at (Redacted), in a cloistered community of celebrities and studio moguls set around a private lake. Respectfully, WikiBob47 (talk) 19:53, 22 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think we even need to say that he lives in LA. I've also commented extensively on your Talk page (as have others). Don't include addresses of subjects here, please.--Bbb23 (talk) 20:37, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

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Travelers
Came to Eric's page to read about his new series Travelers (TV series), but it isn't mentioned once. First episode aired last night, so came to Wikipedia hoping to get more information. Leaving this here in case a fan of his wants to do some research. Stéphane Charette (talk) 08:42, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:37, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
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text:
Pierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail

Pierre Alexis, Viscount of Ponson du Terrail (8 July 1829 – 20 January 1871) was a French writer. He was a prolific novelist, producing in the space of twenty years some seventy-three volumes, and is best remembered today for his creation of the fictional character of Rocambole.

Biography
He was born in Montmaur (Hautes Alpes).

Ponson du Terrail's early works squarely belonged to the Gothic novel genre: his La Baronne Trépassée (1852) was a murky Ann Radcliffe-like tale of revenge in the macabre surroundings of 18th-century Germany Black Forest. The novel was translated by Brian Stableford as The Vampire and the Devil's Son in 2007. ISBN 978-1-932983-55-5

La Femme Immortelle (1869) was another of Ponson's classic flirtations with the supernatural and the theme of vampires. The novel was also translated by Brian Stableford as The Immortal Woman in 2013. ISBN 978-1-61227-175-0

When Ponson du Terrail embarked in 1857 on writing the first novel of the Rocambole series, L'Héritage Mystérieux (also known as Les Drames de Paris), for the daily newspaper La Patrie, he merely meant to copy the success of Eugène Sue's best-selling Les Mystères de Paris. Rocambole's importance to mystery fiction and adventure novels cannot be overestimated, as it represents the transition from the old-fashioned Gothic novel to modern heroic fiction. The word rocambolesque has become common in French to label any kind of fantastic adventures, especially those with multiple new turns in the story.

Rocambole became a huge success, providing a constant and considerable source of revenue to Ponson du Terrail, who continued churning out his adventures. In total, he produced nine Rocambole novels. His other notable novels include Les Coulisses du monde (1853) and Le Forgeron de la Cour-Dieu (1869).

In August 1870, as Ponson du Terrail had embarked on a new Rocambole saga, Emperor Napoleon III surrendered to Germany. Ponson fled from Paris to his country estate near Orléans, where he gathered a group of like-minded companions and began a guerilla-style warfare, not unlike what Rocambole himself would have done. However, Ponson was soon forced to flee to Bordeaux after the Germans burned down his castle.

He died in Bordeaux in 1871, leaving the saga of Rocambole uncompleted and was buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in the Montmartre Quarter of Paris.

Quotes
Ponson du Terrail wrote in a hurry and rarely checked what he had written, rushing to meet deadlines. He is well known for some eccentric sentences :
 * "Her hands were as cold as those of a snake" (fr :Elle avait les mains aussi froides que celles d'un serpent)
 * "With one hand, he raised the dagger, and with the other he said.." (D'une main il leva son poignard, et de l'autre il lui dit...")

title: Pierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail


text:
Palais de Chaillot

The Palais de Chaillot is a building at the top of the Chaillot hill in the Trocadéro area in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France.

Design
The building was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former Palais du Trocadéro with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of the former Palais du Trocadéro, encapsulated in new construction. The large central hall and towers of the old palais were demolished, leaving only the basement, with a wide esplanade created on top, establishing an open view from the place du Trocadéro to the Eiffel Tower and beyond.

The buildings are decorated with quotations by Paul Valéry, and sculptural groups at the attic level by Raymond Delamarre, Carlo Sarrabezolles and Alfred Bottiau. The eight gilded figures on the terrace of the Rights of Man are attributed to the sculptors Alexandre Descatoire, Marcel Gimond, Jean Paris dit Pryas, Paul Cornet, Lucien Brasseur, Robert Couturier, Paul Niclausse and Félix-Alexandre Desruelles.

The buildings now house a number of museums:
 * the Musée national de la Marine (naval museum) and the Musée de l'Homme (prehistory and anthropology) in the southern (Passy) wing,
 * the Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, including the Musée national des Monuments Français, in the eastern (Paris) wing, from which one also enters the Théâtre national de Chaillot, a theatre below the esplanade.

1937 Expo: Construction
For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot.

World War II
It was on the front terrace of the palace that Adolf Hitler was pictured during his short tour of the city in 1940, with the Eiffel Tower in the background. This became an iconic image of the Second World War. On VE Day, 8 May 1945, the U.S. Army in Paris celebrated their victory on the same spot. Over 2800 soldiers, sailors and airmen listened to the victory speech to the troops by President Harry S. Truman, and then an address by the ranking officer in Paris, Lt. Gen John C. H. Lee, commanding general of the Com-Z logistics operations of the U.S. Army in Europe since May 1942.

1948/1951: United Nations General Assembly
In 1948, the Palais de Chaillot hosted the third United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and, in 1951, the sixth UNGA It is in the Palais de Chaillot that the UNGA adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December 1948. This event is now commemorated by a stone, and the esplanade is known as the esplanade des droits de l'homme ("esplanade of human rights").

1952–1959: Temporary NATO headquarters
The Palais de Chaillot also served as temporary NATO headquarters in Paris, from 1952 until the permanent HQ at "Palais de l'OTAN" (now Université Paris Dauphine) was inaugurated in 1959.

Related articles

 * Trocadéro Palace
 * Château de Chaillot

title: Palais de Chaillot


text:
Tartu Observatory

The Tartu Observatory (Tartu Observatoorium) is the largest astronomical observatory in Estonia. On 1 January 2018, Tartu Observatory was joined again to the University of Tartu, and the observatory is now an institute of the university. It is located on the Tõravere hill, about 20 km south-west of Tartu in Nõo Parish, Tartu County. The old Tartu Observatory, located in Tartu city centre, is known internationally for its connection to Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and the Struve Geodetic Arc, of which it is the first reference point.

History
The Tartu Observatory was founded at the Imperial University of Dorpat as it was reopened in 1802. The observatory building was completed in 1810 on the Toome hill in Dorpat. The instruments were installed in 1814 by von Struve who subsequently started observations. In 1824, a 9" Fraunhofer refractor arrived, the largest achromatic telescope in the world at the time. When von Struve began assembling his Geodetic Arc in 1816, the doorstep of the observatory became its first point.

In 1946 the renamed Tartu Observatory was separated from the university and subjected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences. The authorities started to look for the new observational base in 1950. A patch of land on the Tõravere hill was assigned for the purpose and in 1958 construction began. By 1963, the new observatory building was completed, part of the astronomers from the old observatory moved in, and the 50 cm reflector telescope had first light. In 1964, an international conference was held and the Tartu Observatory was renamed von Struve Observatory. In 1974 the 1.5 metre telescope become operational. The name of the observatory was reverted to Tartu Observatory in 1995. In 1998, a 0.6 metre reflector and in 2013, a 0.3 metre modern robotic telescope were installed.

The old observatory building now mainly serves as a museum and is a part of a public science education centre.

Several notable scientists have been associated with the Tartu Observatory: Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, Johann Heinrich von Mädler, Thomas Clausen, Ernst Julius Öpik, Grigori Kuzmin, Jaan Einasto.

Equipment
The observatory has three main telescopes. The 1.5 metre Cassegrain reflector, which is the largest optical telescope in Northern Europe, is used for spectroscopic observations. The second and third telescope are a 0.6 metre and 0.31 metre reflectors for photometric observations. There is also a pitch for a collection of meteorological instruments on the observatory grounds.

Tartu Observatory has also laboratories for accurate radiometric calibration for near-UV to shortwave infrared radiation; vacuum-, vibration-, temperature, and electromagnetic compatibility testing.

title: Tartu Observatory