text:
Talk:Blue Water Bridge

Vandalism
I am about to report the repeated vandalism of this article by those who insert the name "Laurel Robinson" to the name of this bridge. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:33, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Map
map?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.151.57.113 (talk) 20:26, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

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Incoherence
"Stoically", he effectively cancelled his own father's "$6,115-a-year toll-collector's job", which John A. C. Swainson held since 1957.

This sentence is incoherent. What is the point of a link to stoicism? Why is it in quotes? Why "effectively"? Who was his father, not previously mentioned in the article? Why is the job mentioned in quotes? That's six problems in just one sentence, and a seventh is that "held" should be "had held". So yeah, incoherent. So would the two people who put it back when I removed it explain why those six questions don't matter to them? 46.208.152.26 (talk) 09:32, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Please read the original article from Time before you just delete sourced content. The word "stoically" is a direct quote, and it's linked so that readers unfamiliar with the term can get further information. I think the fact that a governor ending a toll that put his own father out of work is an interesting piece of information to include, and it reinforces a fact frequently overlooked that ending a toll doesn't just remove the toll, but it also ends employment for people in the process.
 * Additionally, when a bold change (such as the deletion of content) is contested through reversion, especially by two people, you should not be removing it a third time without discussion. Please see WP:BRD for a good alternative process that resorts to discussion much sooner.  Imzadi 1979  →   13:04, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * How's this, ? Let's lose the quote, keep the ref, and instead re-write it paraphrasing. Something like "In x-year, Michigan governor wikilink ended the $0.25 toll, effectively eliminating his own father's job as a toll collector." You're a much better wordsmith than I, so feel free to futz it around for better flow. This satisfies the IP's grammar concerns, and by adding the year, conveys more information. John from Idegon (talk) 14:12, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * IMO, the IP is absolutely correct; dad's name is irrelevant. John from Idegon (talk) 14:29, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue Water Bridge


text:
Talk:Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge

`

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Detroit–Windsor tunnel

Untitled
The toll for passenger autos in both US and CAN dollars should be given, just as it is for the Ambassador Bridge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.199.134.34 (talk • contribs) 17:02, May 21, 2007
 * Just did it. According to the website, it's $3.75 in both currencies. Eco84 | Talk 03:35, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Can you walk the tunnel? --Jdeboer 22:58, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

No, you cannot walk the tunnel - or the Ambassador Bridge for that matter. However, the annual Detroit Free Press marathon route passes through the tunnel (which at that time is closed to vehicle traffic). (24.114.255.83 16:40, 10 October 2007 (UTC))

"partially submerged"
"The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel is a partially submerged highway tunnel" as opposed to what? Why is "partially submerged" used instead of simply saying submerged or underwater? Why partially? Just keep the wording simple. --Criticalthinker (talk) 06:30, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

Second busiest crossing?
Is it the second busiest combined crossing, or the second busiest commercial crossing? The Peace Bridge is the busiest passenger traffic crossing between Canada and the US but is third for commercial traffic after the Ambassador Bridge and the tunnel. Based on available data for the Peace Bridge and the cited traffic for the tunnel in the article the total average daily combined traffic for the Peace Bridge beat the tunnel by a few thousand. So which is it? Are updated numbers available? 2001:470:1D:B66:1116:1B96:20DD:FFA5 (talk) 21:02, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

"Highway" Tunnel?
Why is this being called a highway tunnel? I'm not sure about the Windsor side, but the tunnel is not a part of any highway (local, state, or federal) on the American side. Is the actual tunnel designated a highway on the Windsor side? Just because it may connect two highways doesn't make it a designated highway, itself. --Criticalthinker (talk) 06:05, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

How many vehicles?
Referring to year 2010, the source cited in footnote #1 says the tunnel saw 1,177,520 vehicles in the first 4 months of the year. Annualized and broken down by 365 days, that works out to about 9700 vehicles per day. The introduction to the Wiki article says 13,000 a day.

Later in the Wiki article (section "traffic and tolls"), it is stated that 6650 vehicles used the tunnel each day in 2012. The article cited in footnote 5 confirms this data.

Laying aside whether traffic dropped about 40% in just two years(*), there are still tremendous internal discrepancies between the numbers in the Wiki article, as well as between the number in the Wiki article vs. footnote 1's source material.

(*) A Windsor Star article in 2012 confirms a severe drop between 2006 and 2012, although it shows only a 30% decline. The article also reveals an annual traffic count in 2012 of 10,575 vehicles per day based on the first 6 months of the year. http://blogs.windsorstar.com/news/bermuda-company-takes-control-of-tunnels-detroit-side

Jnmwiki (talk) 13:06, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

 * You are more than free to update the page with the most recent data available. This is not something you need to ask anyone's permission to change. --Criticalthinker (talk) 15:05, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Detroit–Windsor tunnel


text:
Eleemosynary

Eleemosynary may refer to:

 * Eleemosynary, relating to charity or the giving of alms
 * Eleemosynary (play), by Lee Blessing (1985)

title: Eleemosynary


text:
User talk:Cristinabold

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title: User talk:Cristinabold


text:
Barry Smith (ontologist)

Barry Smith (born 4 June 1952) is an academic working in the field of Applied Ontology. Smith is the author of more than 700 scientific publications, including 15 authored or edited books. He is one of the most widely cited living philosophers.

Education and career
From 1970 to 1973 Smith studied Mathematics and Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He obtained his PhD from the University of Manchester in 1976 for a dissertation on ontology and reference in Husserl and Frege. The dissertation was supervised by Wolfe Mays.

Among the cohort of graduate students supervised by Mays in Manchester at that time were Kevin Mulligan (Geneva/Lugano), and Peter Simons (Trinity College, Dublin). Both shared with Smith an interest in analytic metaphysics and in the contributions of turn-of-the-century Continental philosophers and logicians to central issues of analytic philosophy. In 1979 they together founded the Seminar for Austro-German Philosophy, which organized workshops and conferences centered around the work of early Central European philosophers from Bolzano to Tarski and their impact on subsequent generations. A central role in this respect was played by Husserl's contributions to formal ontology. One prominent supporter was Roderick Chisholm, who in his Intellectual Autobiography published in 1997 describes the 'significant role' played by these meetings in contemporary philosophy.

From 1976 to 1994 Smith held appointments at the University of Sheffield (1976–1979), the University of Manchester (1979–1989) and the International Academy of Philosophy, Liechtenstein (1989–1994). In 1994 he moved to the University at Buffalo (New York, USA), where he is currently Julian Park Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Affiliate Professor of Biomedical Informatics, and of Computer Science and Engineering. His students in Buffalo included: Berit Brogaard, Professor of Philosophy, University of Miami; Bill Mandrick, Associate Director (Ontology), RTX Corporation; Neil Otte, Senior Ontologist, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab; and Leo Zaibert, Hirsch Professor of Penal Theory and Ethics in the University of Cambridge.

From 2002 to 2006 Smith served as founding Director of the Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (IFOMIS), initially in Leipzig and then, from 2004, in Saarbrücken.

In 2005 Smith founded the National Center for Ontological Research (NCOR), under the auspices of which he initiated in 2006 the Ontology for the Intelligence Community, subsequently STIDS, conference series. In 2009 he founded the International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO).

From 1992 to 2016 Smith served as editor of  The Monist: An International Quarterly Journal of General Philosophical Inquiry.

From 2016 he served as editor of international standard ISO/IEC 21838: Top Level Ontologies, Parts 1 and 2, which were published by ISO in 2021. Part 1 specifies the requirements for being a top-level (which means: domain-neutral) ontology. Part 2 is devoted to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). In September 2022 the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung pointed to the fact that BFO is the first example of a piece of philosophy that has been elevated to the status of an industrial norm, describing this as a 'small sensation in the history of science'.

Since 2019 Smith has served as visiting professor at the University of Italian Switzerland.

In 2024 Smith initiated with John Beverley Masters and PhD programs in Applied Ontology. Initial intake of over 20 students will occur in August 2024.

Research activities
Ontology

From the beginning of his career Smith has worked in the field of ontology, initially on the history of ontology as a sub-discipline of philosophy in the tradition of Brentano, Husserl, Reinach and Ingarden. A special focus was on the theory of ontological dependence and part-whole relations proposed by Husserl, a theory which was applied by Husserl's students for example to the understanding of the ontology of mental and linguistic acts. In 1984 he published together with Mulligan and Simons the paper "Truth-Makers". This paper helped to launch truthmaker theory,  a still active research program at the borderlines of logic, semantics and philosophical ontology that is based on a new understanding of the correspondence theory of truth.

In the 1990s Smith worked closely with David Mark, one of the founders of geographic information science (GIS), on initiatives in the field of geospatial ontology. In this connection he introduced the idea of fiat objects to describe (often rectangular) geospatial entities, such as postal districts and real estate parcels, which are not separated from their surroundings by any physical discontinuity. This terminology has established itself in the GIS community, and it has also been generalized into other fields.

Since 2000 much of Smith's research has been centered on the application of ontology in biomedical informatics, where he has worked on a variety of projects relating to biomedical terminologies and electronic health records. He is a founding Coordinating Editor of the OBO Foundry and has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium and of the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). He contributes to the development of a number of biological and biomedical ontologies, including the Protein Ontology, the Plant Ontology, and others. Between 2005 and 2015 he was a co-PI of the NIH National Center for Biomedical Ontology, where he was responsible especially for dissemination of ontology best practices and for providing training opportunities for biomedical ontologists. Between 2013 and 2018 he served as ontology lead on the NIAID ImmPort project.

Smith works also on the ontology of social reality, particularly in connection with the work of John Searle. He serves as consultant to Hernando de Soto, Director of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy in Peru, on projects relating to the advancement of property and business rights among the poor in developing countries. De Soto's work is based on the crucial role of documents -- title deeds, stocks and shares, insurance policies -- in ensuring the sorts of rights with which we are accustomed in developed economies. Drawing on De Soto's work Smith proposed a theory of document acts that would parallel the theory of speech acts developed by Reinach in 1913 and then by J. L. Austin and Searle in the 1960s.

Intelligence, Defense and Security

Since 2008 Smith has worked on ontology initiatives in the military and intelligence field. In 2008–2010 he served as technical lead on a project sponsored by the US Army Net-Centric Data Strategy Center of Excellence (ANCDS CoE) to create the Universal Core Semantic Layer (UCore-SL). Since 2010 he was worked on a series of initiatives sponsored by the US Army Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD) to create a framework for semantic enhancement of intelligence data in the Cloud. Since 2014 he is collaborator on initiatives of the US Air Force Research Laboratory on planning, mission assurance, and lifecycle management. In this connection he has worked on the creation of an ontology for joint military doctrine, designed to support the use of information technology in joint operations by allowing computational access to the contents of Joint Doctrine publications. He has also contributed to the ecosystem of Space Domain Ontologies created under the direction of CUBRC in Buffalo, and he is one of the founding members of the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community Ontology Working Group (DIOWG).

In January 2024 a Memorandum was signed by the Chief Data Officers of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and of the DOD Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office (CDAIO) establishing BFO as baseline framework for ontology development in the DOD and Intelligence Community.

Industrial Ontologies Foundry

Since 2016 Smith has been centrally involved in the Industrial Ontologies Foundry (IOF) initiative, which is creating a set of open ontologies to support the data needs of the manufacturing and engineering industries in a way that will advance data interoperability. Basic Formal Ontology, which serves as the top-level hub of the IOF, has been applied in the development of ontologies in many areas of engineering, including maintenance, supply chain, product life cycle, and additive manufacturing.

Artificial Intelligence and Complex Systems

In 2022 Smith published with the German scientist Jobst Landgrebe ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World. Artificial Intelligence Without Fear''. The book defends the thesis that there are strict limits to what AI can achieve. For stochastic AI, the limits rest on the fact that, for a stochastic algorithm to work requires training data which are representative of the data in the target domain. Training data which satisfy this requirement can be achieved in relation to simple systems. Where complex systems are involved, however, as is the case for all systems involving organisms, features of the target domain are always changing in unforeseeable ways, and each such change has the potential to deprive the training data of its representativeness. For deterministic AI, the problems are similar, because there the models require very strict regularities of a sort which we do not generally find in complex systems.

Recognition

 * 1984–85, 1994 Humboldt Fellow, University of Erlangen (1984-85), University of Hamburg (1994), University of Konstanz (1994)
 * 1999 Fellow of the American Philosophical Society
 * 2002 Wolfgang Paul Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
 * 2004 SUNY Distinguished Professor
 * 2010 First Paolo Bozzi Prize for Ontology, University of Turin
 * 2014 Fellow of the American College of Medical Informatics (FACMI)

Leo Zaibert's The Theory and Practice of Ontology (2016) and Gloria Zúñiga y Postigo and Gerald J. Erion's Barry Smith an sich (2017) are Festschrifts dedicated to Smith containing studies of his work by colleagues and students.

Books

 * Structure and Gestalt: Philosophy and Literature in Austria-Hungary and Her Successor States (ed.), 1981.
 * Parts and Moments. Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology (ed.), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia, 1982.
 * Foundations of Gestalt Theory (ed.), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia, 1988.
 * Adolf Reinach, Sämtliche Werke. Kritische Ausgabe mit Kommentar, Band I: Die Werke, Teil I: Kritische Neuausgabe (1905–1914), Teil II: Nachgelassene Texte (1906–1917); Band II: Kommentar und Textkritik (ed. with Karl Schuhmann), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia 1989.
 * Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology, 2 vols. (ed. with Hans Burkhardt), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia, 1991.
 * Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano, Chicago-LaSalle, Open Court, 1994.
 * The Cambridge Companion to Husserl (ed., with David W. Smith), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
 * Rationality and Irrationality (ed., with Berit Brogaard), Vienna: öbv&hpt, 2001.
 * Formal Ontology in Information Systems (ed., with Christopher Welty), New York: ACM Press, 2001.
 * John Searle (ed.), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
 * Applied Ontology: An Introduction (ed. with K. Munn), 2008.
 * The Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality (ed. with David Mark and Isaac Ehrlich), Chicago: Open Court, 2008.
 * Biomedizinische Ontologie. Wissen strukturieren für den Informatik-Einsatz (ed. with Ludger Jansen), Zurich: vdf, 2008.
 * Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, with Robert Arp and Andrew Spear, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015. Chinese translation, published by the Peking Medical Publishing House in October 2020.
 * Why Machines Will Never Rule the World. Artificial Intelligence Without Fear (with Jobst Landgrebe), Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2022, ISBN 978-1-00-331010-5.

title: Barry Smith (ontologist)


text:
Sarath N. Silva

Sarath Nanda Silva PC served as the 41st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka.

He obtained his Primary and Secondary school education at Trinity College Kandy and continued to Sri Lanka Law College. Prior to civil service, his achievements included work obtaining a Master of Laws degree magna cum laude from the University of Brussels. He was admitted as an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka in June 1967 and commenced his career in the Attorney General's department in 1968 as a Crown Counsel. He was promoted to Senior State Counsel in 1975 and Deputy Solicitor-General in 1979. Appointed a Judge of the Sri Lankan Court of Appeal in 1987, he later became the President of the Court in 1994.

Controversial appointments and impeachment
Justice Silva was seen as close to President Chandrika Kumaratunga when first appointed to the Supreme Court in 1995, then serving under her as Attorney-General in 1996 and was appointed a President's Counsel the same year. His appointment as Chief Justice in 1999 evoked widespread protest in the media on concerns of there being more qualified and experienced judges in Sri Lanka, and Chandrika Kumaratunga was perceived as using him to control Court decisions. In his short term on the Court, he had contributed to and rendered decision on many Court cases that appeared to satisfy the Executive President's political needs.

In March 2003, the British Refugee Council released findings on the situation, citing a report from August 2001 where International Bar Association (IBA) concluded that there was "an overwhelming need for an independent credible judicial system" in Sri Lanka. It detailed instances of lack of accountability, breach of natural justice and potential for undue interference, as well singling out which positions should be protecting the rule of law. The position of Chief Justice was mentioned as one of possible abuse.

A conflict of interest came before Silva in June 2001 when an impeachment notice for his position was restrained by his very court.

In August 2001, the International Bar Association (IBA) concluded that there was "an overwhelming need for an independent credible judicial system" in Sri Lanka. It detailed instances of lack of accountability, breach of natural justice and potential for undue interference and pointed out that institutions which should be protecting the rule of law, including the President, government and the Chief Justice, were acting to undermine it. The IBA further opined that other Court members had been removed by Chief Justice Silva without inquiry. Despite these issues, he remained Chief Justice until retirement until 5 June 2009.

title: Sarath N. Silva


text:
User talk:Jmabel/Archive 21

Lenora Fulani
Thanks for the heads-up -- see my reply at Talk:Lenora Fulani. And hey, you got nothing on me when it comes to inadequate edit summaries -- I just stupidly used "improve" when I meant "remove". RadicalSubversiv E 06:59, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Thanks
Appreciate your quick response to my fair use query. Geez, those things are hard to read. I also was disappointed I did not recognize the site as Agence France.Kyle Andrew Brown 14:14, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Promotional photo
Can you clarify Publicity_photos? The text is REALLY bad an easy to miss interpret. Can you also clarify exactly what a promo photo of a celebrity is? Does a photo taken by someone at a premier event and the photo being is spread all over the internet and finally landing on a fan site qualify it as promo? Classify this please. Cheers. --None-of-the-Above 14:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I am trying to learn here, so can you please tell me what you would think about the copyright on this image . Clearly no source, but is it a promo photo? Is it technically valid to be on Wikipedia? --None-of-the-Above 17:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the tips. I would want to be a proper image sleuth. ;) --None-of-the-Above 20:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Romanian journal
Never being an avid reader of URL's, I haven't made a connection between you and the person who wrote the "Romanian journals" I've read one or two years ago, until I browsed through your user page tonight. I envy you for your sense of wonder and objectivity (and yes, this is on its own merit, completely unrelated to the barnstar :-)) -- most people (including myself) tend to simply discard value in countries which don't look or feel as good as their homeland, or at least qualify in the same ballpark (however, I must admit I never visited, say, an African country for some months -- actually never did at all.) You managed to go beyond that mentality and actually admire whatever you felt worthy. The piece I enjoyed most is the one where you're talking about young people humming Jewish songs, and commenting on Cişmigiu (not Jewish myself, in case you wondered; on an unrelated note, as far as I can remember, you also had one I liked about foot-skating on ice on the frozen lake in Cişmigiu, but I can't find a link right now.) Let me know (if, and) when you plan to come in Bucharest next time, I'd be happy to introduce you to my wife and daughter, and invite you to a true Romanian village, with all its best and its worst (I considered a play on "wurst", but you seem to be a vegan, so no wurst for you.) --Gutza T T+ 23:27, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Should you reply, please do it here, I hate following a conversation spanning across distinct pages. --Gutza T T+ 23:43, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, very much. On all counts. I'm not sure when I will next be in Romania. I had been planning to go this October, but my current contract got extended a few months, so I'll be staying here, probably into early December, because they are paying me to. But I will certainly get hold of you when I am headed that way! -- Jmabel | Talk 02:58, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

Great! Drop me a line on e-mail and on my talk page when you know a date and a generic schedule for you stay! --Gutza T T+ 19:34, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you very much. My English sucks. I'm not a Englisg native and if I'm in hurry I mess up things a lot. --Locketudor 09:55, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

African Americans
Mr. Mabel, maybe you should arrange for African Americans to be watched a little more closely...:)

Otherwise, thank you for everything else.--VKokielov 07:34, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't mean to imply...I'm sorry.--VKokielov 01:07, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm used to hierarchies. All right.  Noted.  --VKokielov 03:42, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Hey
I have sent you a new message on te Serbs talk page, look when you have the time...

Okay Doky
I will read the copyright info. Sorry if i caused any inconvience. Empty

Interwiki bot
Hi, thanks for your attention. The bot did the wrong changes again because you only took the links out of Wesleyan, but not out of de:Wes and nl:Wes. I have done this now. --Head 08:22, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

What do you think about 207.237.85.184?
I don't know what to think about 207.237.85.184 removing that relevant bit of information about the founders in the A.N.S.W.E.R. article. I know that you and I both have fixed the information back several times, and they don't seem to want to use the discussion page as suggested. I'm curious to know what you think about 207.237.85.184. Please do let me know... Schuminweb 11:25, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi, the above user is me. I apologize for all this. I didn't really understand how the site worked, and thought that my revisions were somehow being reverted automatically. I finally did some investigation, and realized I could just explain it. I hope I haven't agitated you too much.

Regarding my revision, I deleted the reference to the International Action Center in the opening paragraph about A.N.S.W.E.R. because although the IAC was a founding member of the ANSWER Coalition - among a few others - it no longer is a member. In fact it belongs to an entirely different antiwar coalition, the Troops Out Now Coalition. It therefore is an inappopriate sentence for an introduction to ANSWER. If you go the ANSWER website for instance, you will not find any mention of the International Action Center. None of the ANSWER groups refer to it as an "IAC" or "Ramsey Clark" initiative. Of course, if one were to write a history of ANSWER, on the other hand, it would be necessary to describe the IAC's past involvement.

Likewise, I removed the International R.E.S.P.O.N.S.E. criticism of ANSWER, because after a little investigation, that does not appear to be the name of any functioning social justice organization. In fact, it appears simply to be a webpage satirically created to slander and criticize ANSWER. We are, after all, talking about one of, if not the largest, antiwar coalitions in the country, so it has been involved in many meaningful debates, polemics, and discussions. The Wikipedia entry instead unduly highlights a criticism from a made-up group, which could have been thrown together in a few minutes. It doesn't really shed any light on the history of the organization or its involvement in the antiwar movement. It could be listed in the "criticisms" of ANSWER section of the page, but it's hardly the authoritative, or even credible, voice when it comes to describing ANSWER's organizational approach. Really the entry needs to be thoroughly expanded, because at the present time, "International RESPONSE" and the "Lerner incident" - receive an inordinate amount of attention considering everything that ANSWER has done in its 4-year (to the day) history. The "Lerner Incident" really is less than 1% of ANSWER's history - no antiwar coalition backed his claim of antisemitism, and the issue soon disappeared. It shouldn't be written out of the history, but it shouldn't be half the entry. I attempted to cut it down, but had the revision reverted once again. The pen 00:34, 14 September 2005 (UTC)The_pen

I'm copying this to Talk:A.N.S.W.E.R., which is probably where this conversation should continue. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:20, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

User categorization
Greetings, Jmabel! Please accept this message as an invitation to categorize your user page in the category Category:Wikipedians in Washington and removing your name from the Wikipedians/Washington page. The page will be deleted when all users have been removed. Even if you do not wish to be placed in a category, could you take a moment to remove your name from the Wikipedians/Washington page? Thanks!!

To add your name to the category, please use the tag   to ensure proper sorting.

For more information, please see User categorisation and Category:Wikipedians by location. -- Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 04:30, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

French Revolution Template
Hey, I love what you've done to the French Revolution pages. I was wondering if the Template:French Revolution should perhaps be stripped of the entries on French history before and after the Revolution and become specifically a "French Revolution" template? Or if the Template:History of France should also be included on the main page? Also, it might be nice if a tiny picture could be added to the template. --NYArtsnWords 22:28, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with you that Template:History of France is a little crazy right now. The old version did this weird thing of mixing periods ("Modern France") and political regimes ("First Empire") without rhyme or reason, leaving some political regimes off the template and putting others on.  I tried one rewrite of it, but the continued confusion historical periods with political regimes was criticized by User:SimonP, so I rewrote it to keep a clear distinction between them.  You can see some of our discussion on this on Talk:History of France.  I am really divided on this.... I think SimonP has a good point: history is not only the story of governments and political regimes, and one would like more discussion of other  cultural and sociological issues in the periods as one finds in historians like Eric Hobsbawm et.al. who have increasingly stressed a more global view and have used "the long nineteenth century", "the short twentieth century" or "early modern" as period divisions.  On the other hand, I know that when people come to a French history page, sometimes they want to find the article on the First Empire or the Fourth Republic right away.  A drill-down format might work to simplify the template; discuss it on History of France and see what people say. -- NYArtsnWords 15:33, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Lott and minstrel show
Hi, Joe! I've added most of your notes from Talk:Blackface/Lott into minstrel show. I kept a lot of your wording the same, though I paraphrased many of the direct quotes from Lott's book. The next step will be to change the parenthetical citations to wikified reference notes. At any rate, please look over everything and see if you agree with the rearranging I did to fit the new content. Let me know what you think! BrianSmithson 03:41, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Mariano Azuela
Joe- The reason I removed the link to the Spanish page as a reference is that this page has no sources either, and to have a Wikipedia article use an unsourced Wikipedia article as it's source seems rather circular. Upon closer inspection, the Spanish article is almost certainly drawn from the Colegio de Mexico website. The way it is structured, some of the phrases, etc. make it seem likely that this was the original source. When I added material to the English version I drew most of it from this source as well, and thus used it as a reference. I re-wrote the reference so that it makes more sense. If you still want to keep the Spanish page as a source that's OK, but my preference would be to simply link to it and say, "This entry has a corresponding page in the Spanish wikipedia..." or something of the sort, but I'll leave the decision up to you. best, - Marcuse 13:42, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Mussolini in Munich
I left an explanation at commons:Image talk:Adolf Hitler und Benito Mussolini in München 1940.jpg why I believe that this photo is from 1940. However, I'd be happy to hear arguments in favour of 1936. Thuresson 15:38, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

World Music
Hi! - Initial reply over at my talk page but i'm still in the middle of working on this "World Music" article and related things. It'll be a while because it involves working across multiple pages of music artists in relation to the main World Music page. --wayland 11:56, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Duck!
Thanks. That is the best answer I have ever got to the duck question. Ground Zero | t 13:24, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

From Barcelona
Hello. This is just to thanks you for your work in the subjects concerning Catalonia. Unfortunately, some people seems to have fun in changing pages, usually with a political purpose. This purpose is always the same: cut off any reference to Catalonia as a nation.

My english is quite poor, as you can see, and I can't write good contributions, but if you need some help or information, please use my discussion pages, in the english or catalan wikipedia.

(potser ens podríem entendre prou be, en català) (tal vez en español la comunicación seria más fluída). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joan sense nick (talk • contribs) 13 Sept 2005

 * Creo que comunicar en español será mutuamente el más fácil. Yo puedo leer catalán (con unas pocas dificultades) pero no puedo escribirlo.
 * Su inglés está mejor que crees. Lo que escribió (arriba) es casi perfecto.
 * Es posible que tengas razón en decir que el cambio tuvo motivación política, pero pudiera ser támbien ignorancia o estupidez. Si la intención es negar la nacionalidad catalana, ¿no crees que hubiese cabiado la página Catalonia en una página estrecha tratando solamente con la comunidad autónoma moderna? Cambiarlo en un semi-esbozo tratando estrachament con el reino antiguo era muy raro, ¿no?
 * Puedes responder aquí, miraré la página. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:00, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Joan_sense_nick"

Hola. Yo leo bien en inglés (pese a no tener nivel para redactar buenos artículos), por lo que te ruego que me escribas en tu idioma, y yo te contestaré en el mio (catalán) o en español. Dime cual prefieres.

Hace poco tiempo que he descubierto Wikipedia y me ha interesado vivamente por lo que tiene de obra colectiva y plural. Es apasionante. Existe, sin embargo, el peligro de la manipulación interesada de determinados artículos, especialmente los de tema político, filosófico, etc. En poco tiempo ya he detectado, por ejemplo, gentes enmendándose mútuamente artículos de historia. En el caso de la história, la cultura o incluso la geografia de las naciones que actualmente no estan constituídas como Estado, existe un problema de categorización de sus contenidos. Catalunya, (como Escocia, Kurdistan o Tibet), no aparecen en igualdad de condiciones junto a los demás pueblos, con lo que los artículos que tratan de sus realidades quedan ocultos. Y, por desgracia, frecuentemente son manipulados tendenciosamente. Un caso muy claro es observar los artículos sobre el País Vasco o Catalunya en la Wikipedia en español. Yo, personalmente, creo en la igualdad de todos los pueblos, incluído el mío. Intentaré trabajar en esa dirección, si me es posible, en la wikipedia.

Un cordial saludo. --Joan sense nick 00:16, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Si el artículo de "Catalonia" ha sido editado anteriormente a mí es porque es tendencioso o simplemente falso en muchas ocasiones. Es la primera vez que edito en Wiki y no firmé la edición por desconocimiento de cómo hacerlo, por lo que me disculpo. Como comentaba, como visión de "¿Qué piensa un nacionalista radical de Cataluña?" me parece correcto, pero como definición de "Catalonia" no hay por dónde cogerlo. Es impresentable. No es una cuestión de opiniones. Catón 18:21, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for correction on The Mountain
Hi. I was the culprit who linked to the disambig page for that on the Collot d'Herbois page. Sorry. Thanks for the correction. I didn't see the blue link (didn't look far enough I guess; just read the info on the d page. Mille mercis (probable bad French). User:FeanorStar7

Fujimori
The same anon you cleaned up yesterday came back after you left. I have half a mind to blanket revert -- not so much on NPOV grounds (of which there are many), but on language ones. –Hajor 13:26, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Scratch that. Hadn't seen your message on Talk:Fuji. –Hajor 16:30, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Black Legend
Thanks for banging on about this hateful propaganda. I do think the alterations by Robot #68.236.16.130 are literate and correct; for example, libels are a matter of judgment, but criticism is simply a description, which is really what Wikipedia wants; also the substitution of that for which is subtle but spot on. Pity there's no name or talk page - if the alterations had been outrageous then you'd have to suspect something, especially on an article like this. What jokes about Attila the Hun?--shtove 21:38, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Mihai Eminescu
Thanks for inviting me to edit Mihai Eminescu. You will see some results in a few days. By the way, I had noticed the mention of antisemitism in the Abraham Goldfaden article (I even wanted to give it as a good example), but I didn't know it was your work. Quatrocentu 06:38, 18 September 2005 (UTC) | Talk

Yiddish etc.
Did you by any chance write the stub on Theodor Gaster? It mentions he was the son of one Moses Gaster who, I think, is in bad need of an article himself. Moses Gaster (1856-1939) did plenty for Romanian, Jewish, and British ethnology, linguistics, and whatnot. He was a friend of Eminescu (who hated Jewry but befriended Jews - many antisemits defend themselves by saying "oh, but I have many Jewish friends"), until he was kicked out of Romania and came to Britain. His son reprinted some of his works in 3 volumes of Studies and texts in folklore, magic, mediaeval romance, Hebrew Apocrypha, and Samaritan archaeology (New York, 1971). The Romanian Academy gives (or used to give) a Moses Gaster award for work in folklore and anthropology. Quatrocentu Quatrocentu 07:10, 18 September 2005 (UTC) | Talk

Na Na Songs
Curses! Now I will be able to sleep once more only if you reveal the answer to my admittedly implicit question at -Nunh-huh 07:31, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Never mind! "Land of 1000 Dances". I rest easy. - 07:34, 18

September 2005 (UTC)

Schop
Never read Parerga? For the read of your life, order Parerga and Paralipomena by Schopenhauer. It is quite an education. 152.163.101.13 22:17, 18 September 2005 (UTC)James Moriarty, Professor of Mathematics

RE your post on my page, Joe: Correct on both count
Here's the dialogue from my page - your copy here:

Be all of this as it may, no one is entitled to be an administrator. We need some people to do these tasks; we try to choose uncontroversial nominees with broad support. I wasn't involved in this particular process, but there is really never a case to be made that controversy is inappropriate. Controversy is controversy, one cannot wish it away. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:43, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks like you initially tell me that I should feel entitled or expecting of Adminship, but at the same time others should not call my actions inappropriate merely because there is controversy: You appear to be correct on both counts. Was that your intended message?--GordonWatts 10:08, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

--GordonWatts 10:10, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Where I learned about the History of Islam
You previously added an external link to History of Islam but it is no longer on the article. I agree with you that it is a quality link, but I don't think the editors on that site will take my word for it. Would you check it out? Uriah923 15:51, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Uriah923, are you serious? I would have thought consensus against doing exactly the above would have been clear enough to anyone. Jmabel, you of course can do what you like, but I suggest that due to the negative implications of the linkspam involved, Wikipedia would be better off using higher quality references than this link in this case. - Taxman Talk 17:15, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

My pleasure. well spotted  - Nunh-huh 04:13, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jmabel/Archive 21


text: User talk:155.43.62.22

title: User talk:155.43.62.22


text:
Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest

Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest is an annual nine-day festival in the twin cities of Kitchener–Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Based on the original German Oktoberfest, it is billed as Canada's Greatest Bavarian Festival, and is the second-largest Oktoberfest in the world. It is held every October, starting on the Friday before Canadian Thanksgiving and running until the Saturday after. Estimates indicate that the event attracts roughly 700,000 visitors to Waterloo Region, Ontario every year. While its best-known draws are the beer-based celebrations, other cultural and entertainment attractions also fill the week. The most well known is the parade held on Thanksgiving Day; as the only major parade on Canadian Thanksgiving, it is televised throughout Canada and portions of the northern United States on CTV. During the 2016 Oktoberfest parade, an estimated 150,000 people lined the streets along the route.

The twin cities and the surrounding areas of Waterloo Region have a long history of German roots; Kitchener was formerly named Berlin. Many of the Canadians of German ethnicity reside in or near these municipalities. Many still speak German as well. A common phrase at the celebrations is Gemütlichkeit, German for congeniality, or warm friendliness. This word is even programmed into the bus route displays, so during Oktoberfest it will show the route and Gemütlichkeit, or Willkommen.

The festival's mascot is Onkel Hans, a rotund man in Bavarian dress with a thick moustache, lederhosen, and a traditional felt hat with tassel. His graphical image shows him holding a beer stein in one hand, and a sausage (in a roll) in the other. A lesser-known icon is his counterpart Tante Frieda, a similarly stout woman wearing a dirndl.

Another icon of the festival is Miss Oktoberfest. This position was formerly selected in a televised beauty pageant, the applicant coming from across Waterloo Region. The position is now selected by a closed committee of judges from a panel of local applicants; community involvement and personal character form the main criteria under the new system.

The Early Years: 1967-1969
In 1967, communities across Canada celebrated their Centennial Anniversary with a variety of festivals. The federal government provided funding for these events, including Expo’67 in Montreal. Kitchener-Waterloo was no different in its quest to hold a public event that would increase tourism to the area. Starting in 1967, the community tried a total of three different events as it looked for a more permanent festival. Between the years 1967–1969, the region tested events such as a Heritage Festival, Winterfest and Oktoberfest. The success of each event was monitored and evaluated as they decided what festival would be used going forward. Due to unstable weather patterns, people planning Winterfest found this event to be unreliable and it was quickly removed from the list. The Heritage Festival was removed from the list as too many communities had this event, the region was looking for an event that made them stand out.

The first Oktoberfest event took place in 1967 with events held from October 11 to 14th. Festivities took place at the Concordia Club in Kitchener and drew a crowd of 2,000 people. The event included opening ceremonies with a keg-tapping, dancing, food and beer. In 1969, Kitchener Chamber of Commerce requested that Concordia Club allow the city to run the event for that year on a trial basis. Although the event only turned a profit of $703.73, Oktoberfest was selected as the ongoing event as it showed great potential for future events.

Another long-standing tradition that started in 1967 was that Oktoberfest would be a benefit to the community. In 1967, the first donation of $3,200 was donated to Big Brothers of Waterloo Region. In recent years Oktoberfest does a variety of fundraising for various causes.

Kitchener - Waterloo Oktoberfest Inc: 1970
On December 29, 1970, K-W Oktoberfest Inc. was formed switching control of the festival from the city of Kitchener and Waterloo, to a private business to ensure the success of the event. The objectives for this board was simple. First, to evolve the event into something that supported the community and its values. Secondly, to increase tourism to Kitchener, Waterloo and the surrounding area.

The First Board of Directors: Archie Gillies, Barry Bernstein, Lawrence Bingeman, P. Hubert, Jonas Bingeman, Herb Schneider, Jack Bishop, Bob Wagner, Darwin Clay, Mike Walters, Werner Metzger, Mike Hoesch, Dick Hermansen, Paul Weiner, Richard Nausser, Fred Ryan, Carl Hesse, Bryce Ruhnke, Owen Lackenbauer, Norman Schneider and J.R Zuber.

Original Objectives in 1970: the following list is from

 * To promote, support, co-ordinate and project the festival of Oktoberfest within the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo and the surrounding area during the month of October.
 * To unite all organizations, ethnic clubs, institutions and professions in the Kitchener-Waterloo area in the promotion of Oktoberfest.
 * To manufacture, import, buy, sell, license and develop wares, goods, articles and symbols that are required in the advancement, celebration and promotion of Oktoberfest.
 * To conduct contests and competitions in the various sports and other activities during the celebration of Oktoberfest.
 * To conduct and promote a beauty pageant for the title of “Miss Oktoberfest”
 * To bring the attention of the general public to the culture, history, background and origin of the German people residing in the Kitchener-Waterloo area. To promote tourism and to advance and secure the interest in the community and to preserve an accurate history, background and development of the community.
 * To promote good will and understanding in the spirit of fellowship and brotherhood of all inhabitants of the Kitchener-Waterloo area.
 * To provide improved opportunities and facilities in the Kitchener-Waterloo area for the purpose of celebrating Oktoberfest and to ensure that high standards are maintained and to acquire, purchase, lease lands and buildings for such purposes.
 * To do all such things as are incidental or conductive to the attainment of the above objects and to encourage the inhabitants, visitors and guest to participate in the spirit and intent of Oktoberfest.

Oktoberfest Controversy Since 1967
1970 Annual Poster: The 1970 event poster, or “The Million Dollar Poster” as it is now known, became the centre of attention during the 1970 festival. LLBO commissioner Mackey ordered posters removed from public streets and declared that they could only be posted in drinking establishments. The issue was that the posters featured the word ‘beer’ and included a picture of a woman holding mugs of frothy beer. Although this was promotional advertising for the event, it was seen as advertising promoting drinking. Event organizers at the time had been worried that the lack of advertising would have a negative effect on the festival. Due to national coverage of the story about the posters, it increased knowledge of the event.

1971-1972 Glenbriar Incident: During the 1971 festival it was expected that there would be a net profit of $84,700, leaving the festival with a surplus budget of $8,745.67. The expected profit included an assumption that the Heidelberg Haus would bring in a surplus of $7,000 based on the previous year's performance. As the event closed and the accounting began, it became obvious that something was wrong, as the event was showing an operating loss of $17,704. The issue was traced back to underperformance at the Heidelberg Haus that showed a $7,000 loss instead of a profit. The issue became worse for K-W Oktoberfest when their office's lease was canceled due to financial reasons. This was quickly solved as Waterloo Town Square offered office space to the organizers.

The financial issue was solved in the spring of 1972. The 4 German clubs and Bingeman Park Farms all contributed an additional $4,000 each to bring the event into a financial surplus for the 1971 event. The money was charged bank interest rates and also required K-W Oktoberfest to complete an audit of Heilberg Haus to understand what went wrong.

1974 Opening Ceremonies: In 1974 there was controversy surrounding the keg-tapping, related to what permission was required and who was able to give it to them. Kitchener Mayor Sid McLennan and Regional Chair Jack Young proceeding with the keg-tapping without issue. In 1975, the event was canceled due to a new law put in place by the Liquor Board. A new law was in place for the 1976 festival and the event once again signaled the start of Oktoberfest. 1975 was the only year in Oktoberfest history that the keg-tapping did not signal the start of the event.

2019 Reset Needed for Oktoberfest :2019-2020 President Tim Beckett stated that the festival was in need of a reset. Beckett felt that a reset was needed to ensure the success of Oktoberfest for another 50 years. Beckett stated that the event needs to return to a destination festival. Beckett would like to see the event attract people not just locally, however, at a national and international level.

2020 Virtual Oktoberfest: Live concerts were scrapped caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, so virtual concerts were held in their place.

Oktoberfest President Since 1967

 * 1969-1971 - Darwin Clay
 * 1972-1976 - Jack Bishop
 * 1977-1978 - Charles E. Greb
 * 1979-1980 - Bill Stewart
 * 1981-1982 - William E. Renaud
 * 1983-1984 - William Henderson
 * 1985-1986 - Jack Peterson
 * 1987-1988 - Guenter Jessat
 * 1989-1990 - Carol Sherban
 * 1991-1992 - Glen Walker
 * 1993-1994 - Donald Nurse
 * 1995-1996 - Don Craig
 * 1997-1998 - Peter Eichinger
 * 1999-2000 - August Sherban
 * 2001-2002 - Lois Peterson
 * 2003-2004 - Don Willcox
 * 2005-2006 - Henning Grumme
 * 2007-2008 - Mark Kreller
 * 2009-2010 - Paul Buttinger
 * 2011-2012 - Vic Degutis
 * 2013-2014 - Harry Vogt
 * 2015-2016 - Alfred Lowrick
 * 2017-2018 - Margo Jones
 * 2019-2020 - Tim Beckett
 * 2021-2022 - TBA

Clubs and Festhalls
Many celebrations in the festival take place in festhallen; these venues serve beer (Molson Coors Brewing Company is the exclusive corporate sponsor) and traditional foods, and host traditional dancing and music, particularly polkas. The major festhalls are operated by the German clubs based in the cities:
 * The Alpine Club of Kitchener.
 * The Concordia Club of Kitchener, the largest ethnic German club in Canada.
 * Hubertushaus, operated by the German–Canadian Hunting & Fishing Club of Mannheim.
 * The Schwaben Club of Kitchener.
 * The Transylvania Club of Kitchener.

Other festhalls and biergartens are operated out of existing bars, clubs, and other venues in the cities, which take on Germanic names (such as Karlsberghaus, Altes Muenchen Haus, and Ruedesheimer Garten) for the festival events. In 2010, festhalls opened for the first time in Cambridge and Elmira.

Events
Nightly ticketed events take place at festhalls across the region based on the traditional concept of Oktoberfest. Throughout the week the following single events take place and have become an important part of the overall festival.

Opening ceremonies
These include an official keg-tapping to start the festival; at Wilkommen Platz, downtown Kitchener (before 2019 at Kitchener City Hall) (Friday)

Pancake breakfast
Free breakfast for all comers, in Uptown Waterloo (Saturday)

Barrel Race
Keg-rolling race in Uptown (Saturday)

Oktoberfest 5K Fun Run
A family oriented Turkey Trot down the parade route right before the Thanksgiving Day parade. (Monday)

Oktoberfest Parade
Including bands, traditional dancers, floats and revelry, down King Street in both cities; broadcast nationally by CTV (Thanksgiving Monday) and local radio coverage is provided by CKGL.

During the 2016 Oktoberfest parade, an estimated 150,000 people lined the streets along the route.

Miss Oktoberfest
The Miss Oktoberfest Pageant started in 1969 and was held at the German Club in Kitchener. The first year the winner took part in local festivities. (cite 40, 36) In 1970, the format was changed, and the winner of Miss Oktoberfest would then compete for Miss Canada. In 1971, the winner of Miss Oktoberfest Donna Sawicky, went on to win Miss Canada. Sending Miss Oktoberfest on to Miss Canada Pageant increased national knowledge of K-W Oktoberfest.

In 2003, Miss Oktoberfest Pageant was cancelled due to the cost of hotels and flights. The same year, The Miss Oktoberfest Ball started with the criteria of participants being from an 80 km radius. Miss Oktoberfest is now selected by a panel, selection criteria are based on community involvement and other activities.

For the first time in 17 years, no pageant is planned in 2020. This time the pandemic was the cause.

Festhall Single Night Events

 * University Nights – a night for local University students run by the local Sigma Chi fraternities. Buses run all night from University Avenue in Waterloo to the Kitchener Memorial Auditorium, where the event takes place. Traditionally, Wilfrid Laurier University's night is on Thursday and University of Waterloo's is on the Friday of the second weekend, however both nights attract students from both schools, as well as other nearby colleges.
 * Rocktoberfest – major concert featuring rock acts, as well as more traditional music; Queensmount Arena (Altes Muenchen Haus), Kitchener (Sunday)

Relevance
Although it is marketed as a German festival, some do not consider Oktoberfest to be indicative of German culture in general. "The fact is, Oktoberfest in Germany is a very localized festival. It really is a Munich festival. ... [Oktoberfest in Kitchener] celebrates only a "tiny aspect" of German culture [Bavarian]", according to German studies professor James Skidmore of the University of Waterloo.

title: Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest


text:
Talk:Quantum optics

Nobel Prize?
I don't really know about anything about this, but I heard today that the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to men in this field. Could somebody explain what their contribution was, on the page, or would that go in a separate article? ParkerHiggins 17:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I realize this is a rather tardy answer, but yes, the prizewinner in question is Theodor W. Hänsch of the Max Plank Institute. Maury (talk) 22:16, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * There were more:
 * in 2008, together with Hänsch: Roy J. Glauber and John Lewis Hall
 * in 2001 for Bose Einstein Condensation: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman
 * in 1997 for trapping atoms: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips
 * in 1989 for revolutionary atom clocks: Norman Ramsey
 * in 1981 for pioneering laser spectroscopy: Arthur L. Schawlow and Nicolaas Bloembergen
 * in 1964 for invention of lasers: Charles H. Townes, Nikolai Bassow and Alexander Prochorow
 * -----<)kmk(>--- (talk) 22:13, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Optical Damping
Apparently some researchers at Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)used a couple of techniques to cool a mirror to -274 celsius, using two techniques called optical trapping (something to do with keeping a mirror in a precise position) and optical damping, which i think is a form of doppler cooling.

There aren't any articles about optical damping available on wiki, here's the article i found these referenced in. http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/409/1. Hopefully someone can explain it in more detail. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.152.246.65 (talk) 05:51, 12 April 2007 (UTC). Nahola Ahmed Ebrahim El-Dessoky —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.232.63.216 (talk) 18:26, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

History section
Hi, I've just read the History section of the article and I've found two points that may be relevant.
 * Use of the word photonics "Research into quantum optics (...) is now often called photonics". While this is one acception, photonics may also refer to the optical telecomunication industry.
 * Photoelectric effect "the only possible explanation for the effect was the existence of particles of light called photons". After having read, I would attenuate the affirmation. I don't have the article anymore, but the summary I had made back then reads "the onset of the photoelectric effect, the relation between electron energy and the wave frequency, the bunching of photoelectrons in a Hanbury-Brown and Twiss interferometer as well as their poissonian statistics can be acounted for in a ad hoc semiclassical theory (classical field)". Historically, it seems that the discovery of Compton scattering has played a great role in the acceptation of Einstein's theory. --Mathieu Perrin (talk) 21:39, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds plausible. I'd have no objection if you copied the summary into the article, and icluded the reference, per usual. User:Linas (talk) 17:28, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Opening sentence
I disagree with the opening sentence: "Light is made up of particles called photons and hence inherently is "grainy" (quantized)." Can someone point out the evidence for the pointlike character of photons? I accept the existence of discrete excitations of the electromagnetic field. However, the best I can do to produce a particle seems to be to consider a superposition of energy states to form a wavepacket. However, a wavepacket is not a fundamental, indivisible element of the electromagnetic field.

The opening sentence presupposes the existence of particles called photons and uses this to justify the quantization that we observe. Logically, this does not seem tenable. Historically, we observed quantization and have invented the idea of photons (as quanta of the E/M field) as a result. However, to the very best of my knowledge, we don't have strong evidence that light is made up of indivisible particles. 67.171.217.43 (talk) 03:40, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

I'm here for roughly the same reason. "Light propagating in a vacuum has its energy and momentum quantized according to an integer number of particles known as photons" The two-slit experiment shows that light propagates as a wave. It acts as a particle when it interacts with something (gets "measured"). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.142.105.226 (talk) 18:00, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Quantum electronics
The article titled Quantum electronics has been redirected here, and copied with minimal changes to maintain sentence structure. It looks weak, and the Discussion page cut and paste below is not encouraging. This is just an interim step in cleanup of links from major revision of J.B. Gunn article. Michael P. Barnett (talk) 03:55, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

Clarity
In the 1950s to the 1970s the field was seen as what has now become the part of quantum optics that draws not from atomic physics but from solid-state physics.

To this educated Englishman, this sentence is completely devoid of meaning.

Solid State Physics and Electrons
"Solid-State Physics regularly takes Quantum Mechanics into account, and is usually concerned with electrons."

I'm a little uncertain about the above quote for the following reasons:
 * A lot of work copes pretty well with semi-classical models.
 * The second part ("is usually concerned with electrons") is a bit unclear. Phonons are a good example of Solid-State Physics, not concerned with electrons.

Can anyone think of a more accurate replacement for this sentence? --djsik 11:08, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Quantum electronics
I'm interested in quantum electronics, but this page only talks about its loss of focus because of its migration in to simular subjects but nothing about quantum electronics itself. Seb-Gibbs (talk) 13:59, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Emphasis
This tag was added:. What exactly is dubious? IRWolfie- (talk) 19:40, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, lasers are very dependent on transitions between energy levels of atoms (or molecules) through which stimulated emission takes place. But I can not agree with the text: "the quantum mechanics underlying the laser's principles was studied now with more emphasis on the properties of light" unless I am totally missing what is being said (in which case it surely needs to be rewritten!). Laser light is, if anything simpler to understand than thermal radiation, as it is similar to an RF oscillator (rather pure sine wave) rather than bandlimited noise. The photon statistics are simply those of a poisson process rather than the more complicated Bose-Einstein statistics of thermal radiation, and there isn't anything about the quantum nature of light from a laser that is unique to the laser (except for the lack of "wave noise," which isn't really a quantum concept). So if anything, it is non-laser light where the quantum aspects (photon statistics) of the light require further analysis. The application of quantum mechanics to lasers in particular has to do with the atoms/molecules providing stimulated emission.

 * Now one can see that whoever wrote this text was trying very hard to make "quantum optics" relevant by mentioning lasers. But as far as I can see, this wasn't really a valid point; if anything the opposite is true. Interferometrist (talk) 23:10, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

 * OK, sounds good. So, can't you find some edit that provides the correct emphasis? As otherwise, you leave the work to us shmucks, to muddle with... User:Linas (talk) 17:35, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Suggested Edits from Dodd-Walls Centre Researchers
Hello Wikipedians. I work for the Dodd-Walls Centre, a New Zealand-based national research centre focusing on quantum optics. I asked some of the researchers to review this page. Here are their suggestions below:

The first is from Howard Carmichael from the University of Auckland:

 * 1) 3rd paragraph, last line: I'd change "Doppler cooling..." to "Doppler and Sisyphus cooling..."; the link for Sisyphus cooling is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyphus_cooling - change made L00connor (talk) 01:31, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
 * 2) 4th paragraph: the synopsis is a pretty short; I'd at least add cavity and circuit QED, two related fields that move quantum optics squarely into the domain of single and few-photon experiments; circuit QED (superconducting circuits) is particularly remarkable, as the microwave photons involved have 100,000 times smaller energy than those of visible light.
 * 3) The following article (though itself hardly complete) might be a helpful reference:  H. J. Carmichael, “Quantum Optics,” in Fundamentals of Photonics and Physics, Vol. 1, ed. D. L. Andrews,  Wiley, New York, 2015, pp. 77-119.
 * 4) Might add a short paragraph on how quantum optics theory has impacted the understanding of open quantum systems and quantum measurement, the latter a troubling concern since the inception of quantum mechanics. The attached New Scientist article by Philip Ball gives some sense of the direction, though the impact on day-to-day methods used worldwide is on a broader front.
 * 5) Opening of "Concepts" section: I'd modify the sentence "..., but as quantum mechanical particles described by a wavefunction spread over a finite region" as photons are massless particles and assigning a wavefunction in the standard Schroedinger sense is problematic; could simply change "…described by a wavefunction spread over a finite region" to "…understood as quantized excitations of a Maxwell wave spread over a finite region".
 * 6) Concerning the Howard Carmichael Wiki reference by Ashton, I'd never say "quantum jump method" (2nd bullet of "Areas of Research"); my words (since the early 1990s) are "quantum trajectories" or "quantum trajectory method" or "quantum trajectory theory".

The second is from Ashton Bradley from the University of Otago:

 * In my view, antibunching, quantum jump method, input-output theory, cascade systems, and positive-P representation were all important developments.

 * I think that these three main areas of research on Howard Carmichael's page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Carmichael) all belong in quantum optics, as do points 1,2,6(this one to join with 3 on Howard’s) on Crispin Gardiner’s bulleted list (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_Gardiner)

 * They are already well-referenced on their respective pages, and could likely be abbreviated and linked to from paragraph 2 of “History” in Quantum Optics, by adding few judicious sentences, or a new paragraph.L00connor (talk) 02:31, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

If nobody objects I will go ahead and make these changes. L00connor (talk) 03:41, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Jaynes-Cummings model?
I think JCM is important/useful for thinking about quantum optics, but it's not mentioned on this page. 128.62.20.76 (talk) 18:08, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quantum optics


text:
Macizo de Anaga

Anaga massif (Macizo de Anaga) is a mountain range in the northeastern part of the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The highest point is 1,024 m (Cruz de Taborno). It stretches from the Punta de Anaga in the northeast to Cruz del Carmen in the southwest. Anaga features the mountain peaks of Bichuelo, Anambro, Chinobre, Pico Limante, Cruz de Taborno and Cruz del Carmen. The mountains were formed by a volcanic eruption about 7 to 9 million years ago making it the oldest part of the island. Since 1987 it has been protected as a "natural park", reclassified as "rural park" in 1994. Since 2015 it is also an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and is the place that has the largest number of endemic species in Europe.

It is a remote and wild area characterized by humid forests, such as laurisilva. Native plant species include Ceropegia dichotoma, Ceropegia fusca and Echium virescens. The Macizo de Anaga is also rich in archaeological finds, among which is the Mummy of San Andrés belonging to the ancient Guanche. The main villages in the Macizo de Anaga are San Andrés, Taganana and Igueste de San Andrés. A place in the mountains known as El Bailadero is believed to have been a place where witches were practicing witchcraft and dancing around a bonfire.

title: Macizo de Anaga


text:
List of deleted state highways in California

Since the current state highway system in California, United States, was designated, several routes have been deleted from the system by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and the California State Legislature.

State Route 5
State Route 5 followed the route of current SR 35 along Skyline Boulevard. It headed north along the ridges of the Santa Cruz Mountains from SR 17 near the Santa Clara-Santa Cruz county border to SR 1 in San Francisco. SR 5 was deleted in 1964 with the creation of Interstate 5 and was renumbered SR 35.

State Route 7 (Original)
State Route 7 ran from SR 1 near SR 47 in Long Beach to Valley Boulevard in Monterey Park as the Long Beach Freeway. Originally running as State Route 15 in 1934, the route was changed to prevent confusion with I-15. In 1985, SR 7 was deleted and has since been renumbered as Interstate 710. SR 7 was redesignated in Calexico from I-8 near Holtville to the United States/Mexico border in 1990. This route was completed in 2005.

State Route 11 (Original)
State Route 11 followed the route of current Interstate 110 and State Route 110 along the Harbor Freeway. It initially followed surface streets until the 1940s when the Arroyo Seco Parkway was completed. The Harbor Freeway, which was constructed to interstate standards, opened in phases from the late 1950s to the 1970s and SR 11 was since transferred to that route. In December 1978, the Harbor Freeway was approved as an Interstate Highway by the FHWA. In 1981, SR 11 was deleted and has since been renumbered as Interstate 110 on the Harbor Freeway, and State Route 110 on the Pasadena Freeway (later Arroyo Seco Parkway).

SR 11 was redesignated in San Diego from SR 905 near SR 125 to the United States/Mexico border in 1994 and the first segment opened in 2016.

State Route 21
State Route 21 closely followed the route of current Interstate 680. It began in San Jose heading northeast from I-280 and US 101 and closely paralleling SR 17 (now I-880) until reaching Fremont. From there, SR 21 headed northeast toward Pleasanton and intersected I-580. SR 21 then headed northwest to Concord and Martinez, California, intersecting SR 24 and SR 4 before reaching the Carquinez Strait. In Benicia, SR 21 intersected with SR 141 (now I-780) and ended in Fairfield at I-80. The route was added to the Interstate Highway System in 1973. This became the new alignment of I-680, and the old route to Vallejo became I-780. SR 21 was then deleted in 1976 once corresponding changes were made by the state legislature.

State Route 26 (Original)
State Route 26 was a state highway in Los Angeles and Orange counties in the U.S. state of California, from 1937 to 1964. It traveled from U.S. Route 101 Alternate (US 101 Alt.) in Santa Monica to SR 39 in Buena Park.

The route was assigned pre-1964 Legislative Route 173 (LR 173), defined in 1933 from Santa Monica to East Los Angeles. Between Santa Monica and Los Angeles, it was later replaced by the Santa Monica Freeway, and added to the Interstate Highway System on September 15, 1955. East of East Los Angeles, it was assigned LR 166.

The highway originally traveled along 10th Street in Los Angeles, but as Olympic Boulevard was built out to the west and east, it was aligned to that. East of Los Angeles, the highway turned southeast along the Anaheim Telegraph Road, which it followed into Santa Fe Springs. It then continued along Los Nietos Road, Valley View Avenue, and Stage Road before its terminus at La Habra Road (now Beach Boulevard). The portion east of Downtown Los Angeles was eventually deleted from the system as redundant to US 101 Byp. which later became Interstate 5 (I-5).

The highway was known as State Route 6 from 1934 to 1937. The current SR 26 bears no relation to this highway.

State Route 30
State Route 30 ran from Interstate 210 in San Dimas to Interstate 10 in Redlands through San Bernardino. It was built to freeway standards between Interstate 215 in San Bernardino and Interstate 10 and between the current terminus of State Route 57 in San Dimas to Foothill Boulevard in La Verne. When the freeway section between Foothill Boulevard and Interstate 215 was completed in 2007, the route was decommissioned and renumbered SR 210. It is expected to be incorporated into the Interstate highway system at some later date as an extension of Interstate 210.

State Route 31
State Route 31 ran from State Route 91 near Corona to Interstate 15 in Devore through San Bernardino. The route was deleted in 1974, when it was added to the interstate system. After being signed California 31, It was signed Temporary Interstate 15, and later, after being moved from Main Street in Corona, Hamner Avenue in Riverside County north of Corona, and Milliken Avenue in San Bernardino County to the Ontario Freeway. The route became Interstate 15.

State Route 35 (Original)
State Route 35 originally ran north to south from State Route 22 to US 99, first along Los Alamitos Boulevard in Seal Beach which turns into Norwalk Boulevard. The highway continued west on Centralia Road and then north along Pioneer Boulevard until reaching San Antonio Drive at Rosecrans Avenue. San Antonio Drive would turn back into Norwalk Boulevard and continue with that street name until turning into Old Mill Road at Beverly Boulevard. Route 35 would wind through Rose Hills and Avocado Heights as Workman Mill Road and would then turn into Puente Avenue at Valley Boulevard where it would continue to its end at U.S. 99 at the border of Baldwin Park and West Covina. The route was deleted in 1964 due to the replacement by Interstate 605 and SR 35 was redesignated along Skyline Boulevard in the San Francisco Bay Area.

State Route 42
State Route 42 ran from State Route 1 west of Inglewood to State Route 91 near Norwalk, largely along Manchester Avenue and Firestone Boulevard. It was deleted in 2000. The segment east of Interstate 5 (Santa Ana Freeway) was added to State Route 90. The segment west of Interstate 5 was added to the interstate system as Interstate 105. The freeway would not be opened until 1993, which resulted in the original route continuing to be signed as State Route 42. To this day, Route 42 is still sporadically signed in many places.

State Route 69
State Route 69 began at SR 198 amid Tulare County. It then headed north and intersected SR 216 in Woodlake and CR J27 amid farmland in the county. The route continued to meet SR 201 in Elderwood. After several miles through Tulare County, it crossed into Fresno County, where it met its north end at State Route 180. In 1972, this highway was decommissioned and renumbered SR 245.

State Route 85 (Original)
From 1963 to 1965, State Route 85 was a 10-11 mile highway that ran entirely on surface streets from US 101 near SR 237 to SR 82 along Mathilda Avenue and Saratoga-Sunnyvale Road (later De Anza Boulevard) between SR 82 and SR 9. The segment north of I-280 was deleted in 1965 once the current northern segment of the freeway opened. The southern segment was deleted in 1994 (the same day the remainder of the current freeway opened) and the route was immediately transferred over to the cities of Cupertino and Saratoga. The route still appeared in the California Transportation Commission's agenda in July 2000.

State Route 106
State Route 106 was originally created in 1964, and ran from State Route 38 in Redlands to State Route 18 in Running Springs. Prior to 1964, the highway was a part of Legislative Route 190, which ran from US 66 to State Route 38. After 1964, the route was split in half. The western portion became State Route 30. The eastern portion was combined with Legislative Route 207, and became State Route 106. A year later, its southern terminus was moved to Interstate 10. In 1972, State Route 106 was decommissioned. The northern portion between State Route 30 and State Route 18 was renumbered to State Route 330. The southern portion was added to State Route 30, extending it to Interstate 10. This also reconnected both halves of the original Legislative Route 190.

State Route 157
State Route 157 was planned to run from I-805 near Ocean View Boulevard in San Diego to SR 125 near the Sweetwater Reservoir, passing through the neighborhood of Paradise Hills. What was known as Route 285 became a state highway in 1959, and was redesignated as SR 157 in the 1964 state highway renumbering. By 1974, plans called for constructing the freeway from Nogal Street across Imperial Avenue to end at SR 54. However, the project was cancelled after objections from the community, and because it was not compatible with any long-term plans. Developments near the western half of the route served to discourage construction, and the plans for the eastern half were cancelled that year; the land was sold soon afterward. The mayor of National City, Kile Morgan, opposed the proposal, citing concerns that many projects for the South Bay were being opposed by others. The route was removed from the law by the Legislature in 1994.

State Route 159
State Route 159 Between July 1, 1964, and the time it was turned back to local authorities, Route 159 was the segment of Linda Vista Avenue in Pasadena between State Route 134, the Ventura Freeway, and Interstate 210, the Foothill Freeway. From July 1, 1964, to 1965, this was also the segment of Figueroa Street between State Route 134 and Interstate 5. In 1965, this was to be deleted when I-210 was completed. Prior to July 1, 1964, it was a segment of California Legislative Route 165 and signed as California State Route 11.

State Route 171
State Route 171 was planned to run from I-5 near San Diego to I-805 through Switzer Canyon. It was to be called the Switzer Canyon Freeway, and had been suggested by consultant John Nolen in 1926. Originally designated as Route 284 in 1959, the route was renumbered as SR 171 in the 1964 state highway renumbering. However, the community opposed the project; it would have passed through Balboa Park and would have gone through canyons, residential districts, and a golf course. SANDAG endorsed the deletion in 1993, and the Legislature deleted the route in 1994.

State Route 176
State Route 176 ran from US 101 in Santa Maria to Sisquoc along Stowell Road, Philbric Road, and Foxen Canyon Road. Prior to July 1, 1964, it was an unsigned segment of California Legislative Route 148.

State Route 195
State Route 195 connected SR 86 with SR 111. It served as a connector between the two routes while the SR 86 expressway was constructed. This route was deleted in 2014, when the part that was not deleted in 2009 was transferred to SR 111.

State Route 196
State Route 196 was planned to run from Route 2 to Route 249 south of Palmdale. It was deleted before it could be constructed in 1965.

State Route 206
State Route 206 was deleted from the state highway system, with varying reasons. Between July 1, 1964, and the time it was turned back to local authorities, Route 206 ran from Highland Avenue, formerly State Route 30, in San Bernardino along North E Street, Kendall Drive, and Palm Avenue to the Barstow Freeway, Interstate 215, in Verdemont. Prior to July 1, 1964, Route 206 was California Legislative Route 191 and was signed as Business U. S. 66.

State Route 209
State Route 209 connected Point Loma with the interchange of I-5 and I-8 in San Diego. The route began at the Cabrillo National Monument and passed through Fort Rosecrans and the neighborhood of Point Loma via Catalina Boulevard, Canon Street, and Rosecrans Street. This route was deleted in 2003.

State Route 214
State Route 214 was deleted in 1998. Between July 1, 1964, and the time it was turned back to local authorities, Route 214 ran between Lakewood Boulevard, then State Route 19, in Long Beach and the Santa Ana Freeway, Interstate 5, in Anaheim. Route 214 traversed Carson Street in Los Angeles County (between Route 19 and the Los Angeles/Orange County Line). It continued into Orange County on Lincoln Avenue (between the Los Angeles/Orange County Line and Route 5). Prior to July 1, 1964, Route 214 was a segment of California Legislative Route 178. Between 1962 and July 1, 1964, it was signed as US 91. Before 1962, it was signed as both US 91 and State Route 18.

State Route 224
State Route 224 was a spur route connecting U.S. Route 101 in Carpinteria to Carpinteria State Beach. From US 101, it ran south along Casitas Pass Road, then west on Carpinteria Avenue before heading south again along Palm Avenue to the beach's entrance. The route was defined in the 1964 state highway renumbering, then deleted in 1996.

State Route 228
State Route 228 was to be a short bypass west of Brawley. The road as defined by the California State Legislature in the 1964 state highway renumbering would have begun at SR 86 2.5 mi southwest of Brawley and ended 2 mi west of Brawley. However, this was also included in the 1935 definition of Route 26, which continued north to Los Angeles and south to Calexico, along the approximate route of US 99. The route was deleted in 1998; by that time, no highway had been constructed along this route.

State Route 231
State Route 231 was a designation for a state highway from SR 86 to SR 195 near Mecca. In 1935, the route was added to the state highway system. Two years later, the route was given the designation of Route 204. In the 1964 state highway renumbering, the route was renumbered as SR 231. The Division of Highways proposed deleting this state highway in 1971, The routing was removed from the state highway system in 1972.

SR 231 was later used for what is now SR 261 and SR 241.

State Route 250
State Route 250 was the designation for State College Boulevard from I-5 in Orange to SR 91. The routing was only a temporary routing and the route ceased to be a state highway when the adjacent SR 57 freeway was completed.

State Route 252
State Route 252 was to connect I-5 to I-805, and provide almost direct access from I-805 to I-5, near the southern terminus of SR 15. The route would have run parallel to, and approximately halfway between, the current alignment of SR 94 and SR 54.

SR 252 was defined as Route 283 in 1959, and was redesignated as Route 252 in the 1964 state highway renumbering. The California Highway Commission reviewed a 1.8 mi proposal for the route in 1965. It was known as the El Toyon Freeway, and plans were to use it to balance the congestion between I-5 and I-805. By 1973, there was opposition based on concerns that it would split the community; according to an engineer from Caltrans, it was "a white man's freeway vs. a black community." If the freeway was not constructed, the federal government would stand to lose $10 million. The Comprehensive Planning Organization in 1974 proposed widening arterial streets nearby as an alternative, even though the construction would affect 240 buildings. Meanwhile, relocation of 280 households and the start of demolition had taken place.

In 1977, a local vote took place to determine what to construct or if SR 252 should be constructed; however, $4.4 million had already been spent to construct the 43rd street interchange with I-805. Alternate plans included a city street and constructing a below-grade freeway. By 1980, the California Transportation Commission had canceled plans to construct SR 252, due to the residential opposition. The city of National City made attempts to have the plans reinstated in 1986 to reduce congestion within city limits. The city of San Diego opposed the idea of constructing an additional freeway, while the county supported it. The state told Caltrans to sell the land to the city of San Diego, though National City expressed interest in purchasing it, even though there would be San Diego city permits needed to construct a freeway on it. National City then sued the state, but agreed to drop the suit in exchange for $10 million in traffic improvements on behalf of the city of San Diego.

In 1993, the San Diego Association of Governments and Caltrans planned to have SR 252, along with SR 157 and SR 171, officially removed; the abandoned land was to be used for residential purposes. The state legislature removed from the state highway system in 1994. The only portion constructed is the ramps to and from I-805 at 43rd Street, in southern San Diego, approximately 0.5 mi long; the ramps were completed in 1975.

State Route 256
State Route 256 was a proposed highway from I-80 to State Route 65 north of Roseville, and was deleted in 1994. This was originally signed as part of Route 65, and of US 99E through Roseville. Route 256, a once adopted route for a west-side bypass of Roseville was rescinded by the California Transportation Commission in 1976 because of cost and difficulty of crossing the Southern Pacific Switchyard.

State Route 274
State Route 274 ran along Balboa Avenue, entirely within the city of San Diego. The highway started at I-5 in Pacific Beach before continuing east into Kearny Mesa and intersecting I-805 and SR 163 before ending at I-15. Balboa Avenue still exists as a road between I-5 and I-15.

Balboa Avenue was constructed in Pacific Beach by 1956, and east into Clairemont by 1961. The Legislature designated the route as from I-5 to SR 103 in 1965, changing SR 103 to SR 15 in 1969. Between 1969 and 1970, Balboa Avenue was completed from I-5 to SR 163 and signed as SR 274. Completion of the route to I-15 was in place by 1982. A sinkhole 700 ft long and 65 ft deep opened at the I-15 interchange in 1998 after a storm across the region. The route was deleted from state laws in 1999, and given to the city of San Diego in 2001.

State Route 285
State Route 285 was defined in 1970 as Route 70 on West Street in Portola northwesterly to the north city limits, then to Lake Davis via Humbug Canyon, and then easterly to Grizzly Reservoir via the south shore of the lake. This was deleted in 1998 because of problems with the right of way and drainage. The route was never constructed. According to the Caltrans photolog, the old alignment for Route 285 essentially is exactly the same as existing West Street (in Portola) and Lake Davis Road northeast to Grizzly Road just northeast of the Big Grizzly Creek.

State Route 480
State Route 480 was a state highway in San Francisco consisting of the elevated double-decker Embarcadero Freeway (also known as the Embarcadero Skyway), the partly elevated Doyle Drive approach to the Golden Gate Bridge and the proposed and unbuilt section in between. The unbuilt section from Doyle Drive to Van Ness Avenue was to have been called the Golden Gate Freeway and the Embarcadero Freeway as originally planned would have extended from Van Ness along the north side of Bay Street and then along the Embarcadero to the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.

The Embarcadero Freeway, which had only been constructed from Broadway along the Embarcadero to the Bay Bridge, was universally panned with many locals comparing it to the Alaskan Way Viaduct in Seattle. Demands to demolish the freeway were proposed as early as 1963 with the San Francisco Board of Supervisors supporting the proposal. The freeway was eventually demolished after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and Doyle Drive is now part of U.S. Route 101. SR 480 was Interstate 480, an auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System, from 1955 to 1965. The entire route was deleted in 1991, approximately two years after the earthquake.