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Introduction to quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the moon. Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain. The desire to resolve inconsistencies between observed phenomena and classical theory led to a revolution in physics, a shift in the original scientific paradigm: the development of quantum mechanics.

Many aspects of quantum mechanics are counterintuitive and can seem paradoxical because they describe behavior quite different from that seen at larger scales. In the words of quantum physicist Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics deals with "nature as She is—absurd". Features of quantum mechanics often defy simple explanations in everyday language. One example of this is the uncertainty principle: precise measurements of position cannot be combined with precise measurements of velocity. Another example is entanglement: a measurement made on one particle (such as an electron that is measured to have spin 'up') will correlate with a measurement on a second particle (an electron will be found to have spin 'down') if the two particles have a shared history. This will apply even if it is impossible for the result of the first measurement to have been transmitted to the second particle before the second measurement takes place.

Quantum mechanics helps us understand chemistry, because it explains how atoms interact with each other and form molecules. Many remarkable phenomena can be explained using quantum mechanics, like superfluidity. For example, if liquid helium cooled to a temperature near absolute zero is placed in a container, it spontaneously flows up and over the rim of its container; this is an effect which cannot be explained by classical physics.

History
James C. Maxwell's unification of the equations governing electricity, magnetism, and light in the late 19th century led to experiments on the interaction of light and matter. Some of these experiments had aspects which could not be explained until quantum mechanics emerged in the early part of the 20th century.

Evidence of quanta from the photoelectric effect
The seeds of the quantum revolution appear in the discovery by J.J. Thomson in 1897 that cathode rays were not continuous but "corpuscles" (electrons). Electrons had been named just six years earlier as part of the emerging theory of atoms. In 1900, Max Planck, unconvinced by the atomic theory, discovered that he needed discrete entities like atoms or electrons to explain black-body radiation.

Very hot – red hot or white hot – objects look similar when heated to the same temperature. This look results from a common curve of light intensity at different frequencies (colors), which is called black-body radiation. White hot objects have intensity across many colors in the visible range. The lowest frequencies above visible colors are infrared light, which also give off heat. Continuous wave theories of light and matter cannot explain the black-body radiation curve. Planck spread the heat energy among individual "oscillators" of an undefined character but with discrete energy capacity; this model explained black-body radiation.

At the time, electrons, atoms, and discrete oscillators were all exotic ideas to explain exotic phenomena. But in 1905 Albert Einstein proposed that light was also corpuscular, consisting of "energy quanta", in contradiction to the established science of light as a continuous wave, stretching back a hundred years to Thomas Young's work on diffraction.

Einstein's revolutionary proposal started by reanalyzing Planck's black-body theory, arriving at the same conclusions by using the new "energy quanta". Einstein then showed how energy quanta connected to Thomson's electron. In 1902, Philipp Lenard directed light from an arc lamp onto freshly cleaned metal plates housed in an evacuated glass tube. He measured the electric current coming off the metal plate, at higher and lower intensities of light and for different metals. Lenard showed that amount of current – the number of electrons – depended on the intensity of the light, but that the velocity of these electrons did not depend on intensity. This is the photoelectric effect. The continuous wave theories of the time predicted that more light intensity would accelerate the same amount of current to higher velocity, contrary to this experiment. Einstein's energy quanta explained the volume increase: one electron is ejected for each quantum: more quanta mean more electrons.

Einstein then predicted that the electron velocity would increase in direct proportion to the light frequency above a fixed value that depended upon the metal. Here the idea is that energy in energy-quanta depends upon the light frequency; the energy transferred to the electron comes in proportion to the light frequency. The type of metal gives a barrier, the fixed value, that the electrons must climb over to exit their atoms, to be emitted from the metal surface and be measured.

Ten years elapsed before Millikan's definitive experiment verified Einstein's prediction. During that time many scientists rejected the revolutionary idea of quanta. But Planck's and Einstein's concept was in the air and soon began to affect other physics and quantum theories.

Quantization of bound electrons in atoms
Experiments with light and matter in the late 1800s uncovered a reproducible but puzzling regularity. When light was shown through purified gasses, certain frequencies (colors) did not pass. These dark absorption 'lines' followed a distinctive pattern: the gaps between the lines decreased steadily. By 1889, the Rydberg formula predicted the lines for hydrogen gas using only a constant number and the integers to index the lines. The origin of this regularity was unknown. Solving this mystery would eventually become the first major step toward quantum mechanics.

Throughout the 19th century evidence grew for the atomic nature of matter. With Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897, scientist began the search for a model of the interior of the atom. Thomson proposed negative electrons swimming in a pool of positive charge. Between 1908 and 1911, Rutherford showed that the positive part was only 1/3000th of the diameter of the atom.

Models of "planetary" electrons orbiting a nuclear "Sun" were proposed, but cannot explain why the electron does not simply fall into the positive charge. In 1913 Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford connected the new atom models to the mystery of the Rydberg formula: the orbital radius of the electrons were constrained and the resulting energy differences matched the energy differences in the absorption lines. This meant that absorption and emission of light from atoms was energy quantized: only specific energies that matched the difference in orbital energy would be emitted or absorbed.

Trading one mystery – the regular pattern of the Rydberg formula – for another mystery – constraints on electron orbits – might not seem like a big advance, but the new atom model summarized many other experimental findings. The quantization of the photoelectric effect and now the quantization of the electron orbits set the stage for the final revolution.

Throughout the first and the modern era of quantum mechanics the concept that classical mechanics must be valid macroscopically constrained possible quantum models. This concept was formalized by Bohr in 1923 as the correspondence principle. It requires quantum theory to converge to classical limits. A related concept is Ehrenfest's theorem, which shows that the average values obtained from quantum mechanics (e.g. position and momentum) obey classical laws.

Quantization of spin
In 1922 Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach demonstrated that the magnetic properties of silver atoms defy classical explanation, the work contributing to Stern’s 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics. They fired a beam of silver atoms through a magnetic field. According to classical physics, the atoms should have emerged in a spray, with a continuous range of directions. Instead, the beam separated into two, and only two, diverging streams of atoms. Unlike the other quantum effects known at the time, this striking result involves the state of a single atom. In 1927, T.E. Phipps and J.B. Taylor obtained a similar, but less pronounced effect using hydrogen atoms in their ground state, thereby eliminating any doubts that may have been caused by the use of silver atoms.

In 1924, Wolfgang Pauli called it "two-valuedness not describable classically" and associated it with electrons in the outermost shell. The experiments lead to formulation of its theory described to arise from spin of the electron in 1925, by Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck, under the advice of Paul Ehrenfest.

Quantization of matter
In 1924 Louis de Broglie proposed that electrons in an atom are constrained not in "orbits" but as standing waves. In detail his solution did not work, but his hypothesis – that the electron "corpuscle" moves in the atom as a wave – spurred Erwin Schrödinger to develop a wave equation for electrons; when applied to hydrogen the Rydberg formula was accurately reproduced. Max Born's 1924 paper "Zur Quantenmechanik" was the first use of the words "quantum mechanics" in print. His later work included developing quantum collision models; in a footnote to a 1926 paper he proposed the Born rule connecting theoretical models to experiment.

In 1927 at Bell Labs, Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer fired slow-moving electrons at a crystalline nickel target which showed a diffraction pattern   indicating wave nature of electron whose theory was fully explained by Hans Bethe. A similar experiment by George Paget Thomson and Alexander Reid, firing electrons at thin celluloid foils and later metal films, observing rings, independently discovered matter wave nature of electrons.

Further developments
In 1928 Paul Dirac published his relativistic wave equation simultaneously incorporating relativity, predicting anti-matter, and providing a complete theory for the Stern–Gerlach result. These successes launched a new fundamental understanding of our world at small scale: quantum mechanics.

Planck and Einstein started the revolution with quanta that broke down the continuous models of matter and light. Twenty years later "corpuscles" like electrons came to be modeled as continuous waves. This result came to be called wave-particle duality, one iconic idea along with the uncertainty principle that sets quantum mechanics apart from older models of physics.

Quantum radiation, quantum fields
In 1923 Compton demonstrated that the Planck-Einstein energy quanta from light also had momentum; three years later the "energy quanta" got a new name "photon" Despite its role in almost all stages of the quantum revolution, no explicit model for light quanta existed until 1927 when Paul Dirac began work on a quantum theory of radiation that became quantum electrodynamics. Over the following decades this work evolved into quantum field theory, the basis for modern quantum optics and particle physics.

Wave–particle duality
The concept of wave–particle duality says that neither the classical concept of "particle" nor of "wave" can fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects, either photons or matter. Wave–particle duality is an example of the principle of complementarity in quantum physics. An elegant example of wave-particle duality is the double-slit experiment. In the double-slit experiment, as originally performed by Thomas Young in 1803, and then Augustin Fresnel a decade later, a beam of light is directed through two narrow, closely spaced slits, producing an interference pattern of light and dark bands on a screen. The same behavior can be demonstrated in water waves: the double-slit experiment was seen as a demonstration of the wave nature of light.

Variations of the double-slit experiment have been performed using electrons, atoms, and even large molecules, and the same type of interference pattern is seen. Thus it has been demonstrated that all matter possesses wave characteristics.

If the source intensity is turned down, the same interference pattern will slowly build up, one "count" or particle (e.g. photon or electron) at a time. The quantum system acts as a wave when passing through the double slits, but as a particle when it is detected. This is a typical feature of quantum complementarity: a quantum system acts as a wave in an experiment to measure its wave-like properties, and like a particle in an experiment to measure its particle-like properties. The point on the detector screen where any individual particle shows up is the result of a random process. However, the distribution pattern of many individual particles mimics the diffraction pattern produced by waves.

Uncertainty principle
Suppose it is desired to measure the position and speed of an object—for example, a car going through a radar speed trap. It can be assumed that the car has a definite position and speed at a particular moment in time. How accurately these values can be measured depends on the quality of the measuring equipment. If the precision of the measuring equipment is improved, it provides a result closer to the true value. It might be assumed that the speed of the car and its position could be operationally defined and measured simultaneously, as precisely as might be desired.

In 1927, Heisenberg proved that this last assumption is not correct. Quantum mechanics shows that certain pairs of physical properties, for example, position and speed, cannot be simultaneously measured, nor defined in operational terms, to arbitrary precision: the more precisely one property is measured, or defined in operational terms, the less precisely can the other be thus treated. This statement is known as the uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle is not only a statement about the accuracy of our measuring equipment but, more deeply, is about the conceptual nature of the measured quantities—the assumption that the car had simultaneously defined position and speed does not work in quantum mechanics. On a scale of cars and people, these uncertainties are negligible, but when dealing with atoms and electrons they become critical.

Heisenberg gave, as an illustration, the measurement of the position and momentum of an electron using a photon of light. In measuring the electron's position, the higher the frequency of the photon, the more accurate is the measurement of the position of the impact of the photon with the electron, but the greater is the disturbance of the electron. This is because from the impact with the photon, the electron absorbs a random amount of energy, rendering the measurement obtained of its momentum increasingly uncertain, for one is necessarily measuring its post-impact disturbed momentum from the collision products and not its original momentum (momentum which should be simultaneously measured with position). With a photon of lower frequency, the disturbance (and hence uncertainty) in the momentum is less, but so is the accuracy of the measurement of the position of the impact.

At the heart of the uncertainty principle is a fact that for any mathematical analysis in the position and velocity domains, achieving a sharper (more precise) curve in the position domain can only be done at the expense of a more gradual (less precise) curve in the speed domain, and vice versa. More sharpness in the position domain requires contributions from more frequencies in the speed domain to create the narrower curve, and vice versa. It is a fundamental tradeoff inherent in any such related or complementary measurements, but is only really noticeable at the smallest (Planck) scale, near the size of elementary particles.

The uncertainty principle shows mathematically that the product of the uncertainty in the position and momentum of a particle (momentum is velocity multiplied by mass) could never be less than a certain value, and that this value is related to the Planck constant.

Wave function collapse
Wave function collapse means that a measurement has forced or converted a quantum (probabilistic or potential) state into a definite measured value. This phenomenon is only seen in quantum mechanics rather than classical mechanics.

For example, before a photon actually "shows up" on a detection screen it can be described only with a set of probabilities for where it might show up. When it does appear, for instance in the CCD of an electronic camera, the time and space where it interacted with the device are known within very tight limits. However, the photon has disappeared in the process of being captured (measured), and its quantum wave function has disappeared with it. In its place, some macroscopic physical change in the detection screen has appeared, e.g., an exposed spot in a sheet of photographic film, or a change in electric potential in some cell of a CCD.

Eigenstates and eigenvalues
Because of the uncertainty principle, statements about both the position and momentum of particles can assign only a probability that the position or momentum has some numerical value. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate clearly the difference between the state of something indeterminate, such as an electron in a probability cloud, and the state of something having a definite value. When an object can definitely be "pinned-down" in some respect, it is said to possess an eigenstate.

In the Stern–Gerlach experiment discussed above, the quantum model predicts two possible values of spin for the atom compared to the magnetic axis. These two eigenstates are named arbitrarily 'up' and 'down'. The quantum model predicts these states will be measured with equal probability, but no intermediate values will be seen. This is what the Stern–Gerlach experiment shows.

The eigenstates of spin about the vertical axis are not simultaneously eigenstates of spin about the horizontal axis, so this atom has an equal probability of being found to have either value of spin about the horizontal axis. As described in the section above, measuring the spin about the horizontal axis can allow an atom that was spun up to spin down: measuring its spin about the horizontal axis collapses its wave function into one of the eigenstates of this measurement, which means it is no longer in an eigenstate of spin about the vertical axis, so can take either value.

The Pauli exclusion principle

In 1924, Wolfgang Pauli proposed a new quantum degree of freedom (or quantum number), with two possible values, to resolve inconsistencies between observed molecular spectra and the predictions of quantum mechanics. In particular, the spectrum of atomic hydrogen had a doublet, or pair of lines differing by a small amount, where only one line was expected. Pauli formulated his exclusion principle, stating, "There cannot exist an atom in such a quantum state that two electrons within [it] have the same set of quantum numbers."

A year later, Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit identified Pauli's new degree of freedom with the property called spin whose effects were observed in the Stern–Gerlach experiment.

Dirac wave equation
In 1928, Paul Dirac extended the Pauli equation, which described spinning electrons, to account for special relativity. The result was a theory that dealt properly with events, such as the speed at which an electron orbits the nucleus, occurring at a substantial fraction of the speed of light. By using the simplest electromagnetic interaction, Dirac was able to predict the value of the magnetic moment associated with the electron's spin and found the experimentally observed value, which was too large to be that of a spinning charged sphere governed by classical physics. He was able to solve for the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom and to reproduce from physical first principles Sommerfeld's successful formula for the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum.

Dirac's equations sometimes yielded a negative value for energy, for which he proposed a novel solution: he posited the existence of an antielectron and a dynamical vacuum. This led to the many-particle quantum field theory.

Quantum entanglement
In quantum physics, a group of particles can interact or be created together in such a way that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance. This is known as quantum entanglement.

An early landmark in the study of entanglement was the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, a thought experiment proposed by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen which argues that the description of physical reality provided by quantum mechanics is incomplete. In a 1935 paper titled "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?", they argued for the existence of "elements of reality" that were not part of quantum theory, and speculated that it should be possible to construct a theory containing these hidden variables.

The thought experiment involves a pair of particles prepared in what would later become known as an entangled state. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen pointed out that, in this state, if the position of the first particle were measured, the result of measuring the position of the second particle could be predicted. If instead the momentum of the first particle were measured, then the result of measuring the momentum of the second particle could be predicted. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the theory of relativity. They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: "If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with probability equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of reality corresponding to that quantity." From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables incompatible and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any system. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen therefore concluded that quantum theory does not provide a complete description of reality. In the same year, Erwin Schrödinger used the word "entanglement" and declared: "I would not call that one but rather the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics."

The Irish physicist John Stewart Bell carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated. This constraint would later be named the Bell inequality. Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality. Consequently, the only way that hidden variables could explain the predictions of quantum physics is if they are "nonlocal", which is to say that somehow the two particles are able to interact instantaneously no matter how widely they ever become separated. Performing experiments like those that Bell suggested, physicists have found that nature obeys quantum mechanics and violates Bell inequalities. In other words, the results of these experiments are incompatible with any local hidden variable theory.

Quantum field theory
The idea of quantum field theory began in the late 1920s with British physicist Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the energy of the electromagnetic field; just as in quantum mechanics the energy of an electron in the hydrogen atom was quantized. Quantization is a procedure for constructing a quantum theory starting from a classical theory.

Merriam-Webster defines a field in physics as "a region or space in which a given effect (such as magnetism) exists". Other effects that manifest themselves as fields are gravitation and static electricity. In 2008, physicist Richard Hammond wrote:

"Sometimes we distinguish between quantum mechanics (QM) and quantum field theory (QFT). QM refers to a system in which the number of particles is fixed, and the fields (such as the electromechanical field) are continuous classical entities. QFT ... goes a step further and allows for the creation and annihilation of particles ..."

He added, however, that quantum mechanics is often used to refer to "the entire notion of quantum view".

In 1931, Dirac proposed the existence of particles that later became known as antimatter. Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1933 with Schrödinger "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory".

Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the name of the quantum theory of the electromagnetic force. Understanding QED begins with understanding electromagnetism. Electromagnetism can be called "electrodynamics" because it is a dynamic interaction between electrical and magnetic forces. Electromagnetism begins with the electric charge.

Electric charges are the sources of and create, electric fields. An electric field is a field that exerts a force on any particles that carry electric charges, at any point in space. This includes the electron, proton, and even quarks, among others. As a force is exerted, electric charges move, a current flows, and a magnetic field is produced. The changing magnetic field, in turn, causes electric current (often moving electrons). The physical description of interacting charged particles, electrical currents, electrical fields, and magnetic fields is called electromagnetism.

In 1928 Paul Dirac produced a relativistic quantum theory of electromagnetism. This was the progenitor to modern quantum electrodynamics, in that it had essential ingredients of the modern theory. However, the problem of unsolvable infinities developed in this relativistic quantum theory. Years later, renormalization largely solved this problem. Initially viewed as a provisional, suspect procedure by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent tool in QED and other fields of physics. Also, in the late 1940s Feynman diagrams provided a way to make predictions with QED by finding a probability amplitude for each possible way that an interaction could occur. The diagrams showed in particular that the electromagnetic force is the exchange of photons between interacting particles.

The Lamb shift is an example of a quantum electrodynamics prediction that has been experimentally verified. It is an effect whereby the quantum nature of the electromagnetic field makes the energy levels in an atom or ion deviate slightly from what they would otherwise be. As a result, spectral lines may shift or split.

Similarly, within a freely propagating electromagnetic wave, the current can also be just an abstract displacement current, instead of involving charge carriers. In QED, its full description makes essential use of short-lived virtual particles. There, QED again validates an earlier, rather mysterious concept.

Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the quantum field theory that describes three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifies all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy.

Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. For example, it does not fully explain baryon asymmetry, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses. Accordingly, it is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.

Interpretations
The physical measurements, equations, and predictions pertinent to quantum mechanics are all consistent and hold a very high level of confirmation. However, the question of what these abstract models say about the underlying nature of the real world has received competing answers. These interpretations are widely varying and sometimes somewhat abstract. For instance, the Copenhagen interpretation states that before a measurement, statements about a particle's properties are completely meaningless, while the many-worlds interpretation describes the existence of a multiverse made up of every possible universe.

Light behaves in some aspects like particles and in other aspects like waves. Matter—the "stuff" of the universe consisting of particles such as electrons and atoms—exhibits wavelike behavior too. Some light sources, such as neon lights, give off only certain specific frequencies of light, a small set of distinct pure colors determined by neon's atomic structure. Quantum mechanics shows that light, along with all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, comes in discrete units, called photons, and predicts its spectral energies (corresponding to pure colors), and the intensities of its light beams. A single photon is a quantum, or smallest observable particle, of the electromagnetic field. A partial photon is never experimentally observed. More broadly, quantum mechanics shows that many properties of objects, such as position, speed, and angular momentum, that appeared continuous in the zoomed-out view of classical mechanics, turn out to be (in the very tiny, zoomed-in scale of quantum mechanics) quantized. Such properties of elementary particles are required to take on one of a set of small, discrete allowable values, and since the gap between these values is also small, the discontinuities are only apparent at very tiny (atomic) scales.

Everyday applications
The relationship between the frequency of electromagnetic radiation and the energy of each photon is why ultraviolet light can cause sunburn, but visible or infrared light cannot. A photon of ultraviolet light delivers a high amount of energy—enough to contribute to cellular damage such as occurs in a sunburn. A photon of infrared light delivers less energy—only enough to warm one's skin. So, an infrared lamp can warm a large surface, perhaps large enough to keep people comfortable in a cold room, but it cannot give anyone a sunburn.

Technological applications
Applications of quantum mechanics include the laser, the transistor, the electron microscope, and magnetic resonance imaging. A special class of quantum mechanical applications is related to macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superfluid helium and superconductors. The study of semiconductors led to the invention of the diode and the transistor, which are indispensable for modern electronics.

In even a simple light switch, quantum tunneling is absolutely vital, as otherwise the electrons in the electric current could not penetrate the potential barrier made up of a layer of oxide. Flash memory chips found in USB drives also use quantum tunneling, to erase their memory cells.

title: Introduction to quantum mechanics


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vandalism
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Seabhcán 22:23, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

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Stefansson Bay

Stefansson Bay is a bay indenting the coast for 10 mi between Law Promontory and Fold Island. Mawson of the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) applied the name to a sweep of the coast west of Cape Wilkins which he observed on about February 18, 1931. Exploration by DI personnel on the William Scoresby, 1936, and the Lars Christensen expedition 1936–37, defined this section of the coast more accurately. It was named for Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Arctic explorer.

title: Stefansson Bay


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Medical protocol

Medical protocol may refer to:

 * Medical guideline, for a medical treatment
 * Medical protocol, a set of rules followed by an emergency medical technician, nurse, physician, therapist, etc.
 * Clinical protocol, a method in a clinical trial or medical research study

title: Medical protocol


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Talk:Mena Suvari

Birthdate
The current birthdate listed is February 13. IMDB has February 9. Mena Suvari is listed on both the February 9 and February 13 pages. Which is it?
 * Well, IMDb does say the 9th. www.menasuvarifan.com lists her birthdate as the 13th.  That's probably the reason for the confusion.  I don't know which is right though.  Dismas|(talk) 22:46, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Mena herself says that her birthday is the 13th, per April of the menasuvarifan site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.115.11.137 (talk) 18:30, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * As far as I'm concerned, IMDb is the "gold standard" for what it covers. Clearly, actors and actresses are aware of their own listings, and can make corrections. Also, although there are some web sites that list February 13, a large majority list February 9.
 * Rbraunwa 06:31, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You know, she was on the IMDb:s "today's birthdays" segment on February 9 this year, an then again four days later on the 13th. So the date was "corrected" between this time. Howver, IMDb has since reverted the date back to February 9, so apparently this was the right date all along. As for using IMDb as a standrad for the birthdates of the movie industry personalities... I'm not so sure. Virtually anyone can update the IMDb, though for dates of birth and death you nead a source to back up your claim. I do think, that for the better-known individuals IMDb is very accurate. But it never hurts to get a second opinion.

 * As far as I'm concerned, IMDb is only as accurate and reliable as Wikipedia. You'll find plenty of errors if you look hard enough; calling it the "gold standard" is quite silly, the only reason we use it at all is because it's conveniently online. -Silence 14:47, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Although I am not sure of her birthdate, what I am sure of is that the IMDB is inherently unreliable and calling it a reliable source is a crime against all reliable sources out there. In fact, if the IMDB says something - and I don't mean credits - what I mean is trivia or any personal info about an actor - than the opposite is usually true. You can't believe how much incorrect info they've been responsible for over the years. Mercifully, most websites have now realized that and copy us, instead of IMDB. Anyway, has anyone seen something like an interview or anything she was personally involved in that mentions her birth date? I find those are the only good sources for living people. Mad Jack O'Lantern 08:52, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The date is Feb 13, BTW. I found a record under Mena Brinkmann born on Feb 13, 1979 residing is Los Angeles with Robert Brinkmann.--Fallout boy 10:57, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

WTF?
"Suvari is the only actress to appear in three consecutive movies that start with the word "American"" Someone's OCD is showing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.70.44.248 (talk) 05:04, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

There is no proof of her new fiancee being a music producer, in fact where is there proof that he is a concert promoter? You should replace it with, club promoter as in, "hands out flyers" on the street corner. Get your facts straight. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.53.90.178 (talk) 19:16, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

For some reason the Wiki entry said that Mena had been in an episode of Law and Order Special Victims Unit in the 2004 season. I have removed the reference, Mena did not appear on SVU. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.115.11.137 (talk) 18:31, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

snl hosting not listed
why doesnt any mention of her appearance and hosting of saturday night live appear in her list of tv appearences? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.160.131.17 (talk) 07:44, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Character Name
Her role in "Grass is Always Greener," the episode of Boy Meets World, her character name was Hillary, not Laura. It's a small thing, but I figured I'd throw it out there. Not sure if It's worth editing it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.11.242.131 (talk) 12:18, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Relationships
On August 18, 2015, Mena was wearing what looks like an engagement ring on the television show, Hollywood Game Night. Is there another relationship in her life? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scottstp (talk • contribs) 20:12, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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"...an American actress..."?
Shouldn't it be a lower case "american"? And from which part of "America" might she come from? America is a pretty huge landmass. Mentioing the country instead of just an entire continent should help to narrow it down a bit. 2003:D0:AF48:CD00:C4C2:1A17:C20B:5714 (talk) 19:27, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mena Suvari


text:
Arthur Willink

Arthur Willink (1850-1913) was a nineteenth-century British theologian and clergyman.

Biography
His most notable work is The World of the Unseen, a piece in which he argues that the universe consists of three parallel planes: the earth, heaven, and hell. God, Willink argues, exists on a complete separate, infinite-dimensional space completely removed from these three planes.

In The World of the Unseen, he wrote:

"This emphasizes very strongly what has been said about the Omniscience of God. For He, dwelling in the Highest Space of all, not only has this perfect view of all the constituents of our being, but also is most infinitely near to every point and particle of our whole constitution. So that in the most strictly physical sense it is true that in Him we live and move and have our being. Willink was one of the earliest philosophers to postulate that the world exists in more than the three dimensions we are used to, thus setting the stage for the development of hyperspace theories.

He was curate in charge at Wye Church from 1895 to 1896.

Works

 * Not Death's Dark Night: An Hour's Communion With The Dead (1892)
 * The World of the Unseen: An Essay on the Relation of Higher Space to Things Eternal (1893)

title: Arthur Willink


text:
Hansen Mountains

Hansen Mountains (Hansenfjella) is a large group of nunataks rising to about 300 m above the Antarctic plateau. The mountains are approximately 55 mi south of Stefansson Bay and they extend 25 mi from northwest to southeast in Kemp Land, East Antarctica. The Hansen Mountains were first mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the 1936–1937 Lars Christensen Expedition. They were named for H.E. Hansen, the Norwegian cartographer who compiled the maps for this and other Norwegian Antarctic expeditions.

Standing at 1700 m, their highest peak is Mount Gjeita, known in Australian sources as Mount Banfield. Their northernmost peak is called Fram Peak, named "Framfjellet" (the forward peak) by the personnel of the Lars Christensen Expedition.

title: Hansen Mountains


text:
User talk:Ken kag

I presume you are the same editor as the one that placed a response to the Sheng issue on my talk page. Please see my response to your query on User talk:137.248.43.54. Kind regards, — mark ✎ 22:24, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ken kag


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Ordnance Survey archive1

Ordnance Survey
95% non-self nom - just painstakingly referenced it. --PopUpPirate 22:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Ryan Norton T 23:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Object
 * 1) Lead too short
 * 2) Too many short paragraphs (combine or make longer)
 * Had a go at fixing it --PopUpPirate 23:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The lead looks better - thanks. The paragraphs are still short though - and there is at least one one-sentence paragraph. Ryan Norton T 02:21, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Actioned. --PopUpPirate 19:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Why are there two lists of external links? Notes to editors, like that in the first caption should be commented out, and the image caption should come before the source acknowledgement. To link to main artiles use main. Try and work some of those see alsos into the text since they seem to be relevant, and remove others like UK topics. The Ordnance Survey working in 60 countries seems like it would be worth expanding on in the article - but there is no other mention of it beyond on the lead.--nixie 23:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Another editor has kindly fixed the external links thing - I agree with your comment about the 60 countries and will try to add to it. Pity it didn't appear in Peer Review but then these things never do! (wasnt directed at you btw!!) --PopUpPirate 00:18, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Object due to the two unfree images. Not sure what they add to the article, could they just be removed?  JYolkowski // talk 02:18, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The 2 map images are imo crucial to the article, and could in no way be obtained in any other way. --PopUpPirate 11:45, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * In that case, an alternate suggestion might be to get rid of one of the images, and write up a fair use rationale for the other one. It seems like there might be a plausible fair use claim.  JYolkowski // talk 23:05, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to go with that - do people think the article would be better with only 1 OS image (all things considered) - I think the 2 images make a good comparison but I understand the counterclaim. --PopUpPirate 00:21, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object
 * Why does the lead mention only the 18th century? An overview is required.
 * A 'one inch' map?
 * Lots of short paragraphs inhibit the flow.
 * Lacks depth and is not comprehensive. For example, what were the economic/social circumstances that led to the establishment of the OS? Do the maps have distinctive features? Have they played a role in historical research? Have they made a significant contribution in the history of map-making? Tony 12:56, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment – please reduce the size of those images. In lower resolutions, 600x800 it squeezes the text alongside. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  04:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Width reduced by 100px --PopUpPirate 14:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I notice some inline comments. Please convert them to inote. Thanks. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actioned. --PopUpPirate 19:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments:
 * The first time it says 'one-inch', 'six-inch' etc it should explain that this means 'one inch to the mile' (at least I assume it does).
 * What year did the fire at the tower of London take place? How severely did it affect their work?
 * The footnote contradicts the bit about the OS doing maps abroad during WWI. Maybe it just needs 'currently' inserting into it?
 * Something showing what one inch to the mile is as a ratio would be useful.
 * I'd like to know which countries the OS prepared maps in during WWI. Is this the only overseas work they've done?
 * CTOAGN 12:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments actioned. --PopUpPirate 19:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object Title of this article needs to be changed to reflect the fact that it is about the British OS rather than the OS services of other countries or OS type services in general. --Sf 12:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The name of the organisation is Ordnance Survey, the only other OS's are called Ordnance Survey Ireland and Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland. --PopUpPirate 19:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.158.69.60

title: User talk:69.158.69.60


text:
Malcolm MacLeod (British Army officer)

Major-General Malcolm Neynoe MacLeod (23 May 1882 – 1 August 1969) was Director General of the Ordnance Survey from 1935 to 1943.

In 1935, he started the retriangulation of Great Britain, an immense task which involved erecting concrete triangulation pillars (trig points) on prominent (often inaccessible) hilltops throughout Britain. As well as being an immense physical task, it was also an extremely complex mathematical undertaking. MacLeod can fairly be said to be the creator of the Ordnance Survey in its modern form.

MacLeod was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1900, serving in India from 1902 until 1914. During World War I he commanded the 4th Field Survey Battalion and was awarded the MC in the 1917 New Year Honours. He became Chief Instructor at the School of Artillery, Larkhill in 1920, serving until 1923 when he moved to the Ordnance Survey. After attending the Staff College, Quetta. he was Director-General of the Ordnance Survey in 1935, retiring in 1943.

title: Malcolm MacLeod (British Army officer)


text:
Talk:The Open Group

Open?
Is the "Open Group" really 'open' if it holds copyrights?

 * That question is not relevant to the purposes of Wikipedia. Tverbeek 16:01, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Anyone can hold a copyright and set whatever terms they like on it; that's not what "open" in this case means. It's actually a holdover from the Unix wars of the late 1980s, when it seemed everyone had a different, proprietary version of Unix and there were no real standards for anything; "Open" in this case means "available to anyone interested, usually without signing an NDA" (cf. open source). -lee 22:53, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
I didn't place the notice, but it does read like an advertisement ... most of the intro is straight from their web page. There's a lot more interesting things to say about the Open Group if someone has a sense of history and a nice paper and/or email archive to reference - David Gerard 10:58, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In this edit, (which is opengroup12.44mont.buildinet.net) basically threw in their own webpage. It does provide useful information, so I won't just revert, but the page basically needs a complete rewrite to digest the new information into neutral encyclopedic form - David Gerard 11:07, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Profit?
Could somebody elaborate if the Open Group is a profit-oriented entity? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.49.250.236 (talk) 16:46, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

history
The two paragraphs for the history section don't appear to fit together, because they are describing (apparently) unrelated events. TEDickey (talk) 09:50, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

is or **was** Open Group working on Single UNIX Specification
Statement "The Open Group is most famous as the certifying body for the UNIX trademark,[2] and its publication of the Single UNIX Specification technical standard,[3]" looks non consistent with article about Single_Unix_Specification

"The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) is the collective name of a family of standards for computer operating systems to qualify for the name "Unix".  The SUS is developed and maintained by the Austin Group,  based on earlier work by the IEEE and The Open Group."

Also [Unix Wars] statement: In 1996, X/Open and the new OSF merged to form the Open Group. COSE work such as the Single UNIX Specification, the current standard for branded Unix, is now the responsibility of the Open Group. However, the damage to Unix's market reputation had been done. is quite different (or my English is very poor ;/ )

Sffp (talk) 10:10, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

 * They are related. See Austin Group TEDickey (talk) 10:45, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Open Group


text:
User talk:Jwjackso

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Academic Challenger 22:26, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jwjackso


text:
User:Tregoweth/monobook.js

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mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s'); popupAdminLinks=true; popupFixRedirs=true; popupPreviews=true; popupPreviewFirstParOnly=false; popupDragging=true; popupRedlinkRemoval=true // Script from User:Lupin/recent2.js mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/recent2.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

title: User:Tregoweth/monobook.js


text:
Magnet Bay

Magnet Bay is a shallow coastal indentation, 7 nmi wide and receding only 2 nmi, located 9 nmi west of Cape Davis at the northwest side of Edward VIII Plateau in Antarctica.

The British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929–31, under Mawson, originally charted Magnet Bay as a larger bay extending from Cape Davis to Cape Borley, naming it after the vessel Magnet, in which Peter Kemp first sighted land in this vicinity in 1833. Later exploration, particularly that of the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, has shown the bay to be less extensive.

title: Magnet Bay


text: User talk:62.111.220.194

title: User talk:62.111.220.194


text:
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki

Quṭb al-Aqṭāb Khwāja Sayyid Muḥammad Bakhtiyār al-Ḥusaynī, Quṭb al-Dīn Bakhtiyār Kākī (born 1173 – died 1235) was a Sunni Muslim Sufi mystic, saint and scholar of the Chishti Order from Delhi, India. He was the disciple and the spiritual successor of Mu'in al-Din Chishti as head of the Chishti order. Before him the Chishti order in India was confined to Ajmer and Nagaur. He played a major role in establishing the order securely in Delhi. His dargah located adjacent to Zafar Mahal in Mehrauli, and the oldest dargah in Delhi, is also the venue of his annual Urs festivities. The Urs was held in high regard by many rulers of Delhi like Iltutmish who built a nearby stepwell, Gandhak ki Baoli for him, Sher Shah Suri who built a grand gateway, Bahadur Shah I who built the Moti Masjid mosque nearby and Farrukhsiyar who added a marble screen and a mosque.

His most famous disciple and spiritual successor was Fariduddin Ganjshakar, who in turn became the spiritual master of Delhi's noted Sufi saint, Nizamuddin Auliya, who himself was the spiritual master of Amir Khusrau and Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi.

Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki had much influence on Sufism in India. As he continued and developed the traditional ideas of universal brotherhood and charity within the Chisti order, a new dimension of Islam started opening up in India which had hitherto not been present. He forms an important part of the Sufi movement which attracted many people to Islam in India in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. People of every religion like Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, etc. visiting his Dargah every week.

Early life
Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki was born in 569 A.H. (1173 C.E.) in the ancient city of Osh (alternatively Awsh or Ush) in the Fergana Valley (present Osh in southern Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), part of historic Transoxiana). According to his biography mentioned in, Ain-i-Akbari, written in the 16th century by Mughal Emperor Akbar’s vizier, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, he was the son of Sayyid Kamal al-Din Musa al-Husayni, whom he lost at the young age of a year and a half.

Khwaja Qutb al-Din's original name was Bakhtiyar and later on he was given the title Qutb al-Din. He was a Husayni Sayyid and his lineage is recorded as follows: He is Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar bin Kamal al-Din Musa, bin Muhammad, bin Ahmad, bin Husam al-Din, bin Rashid al-Din, bin Radi al-Din, bin Hasan, bin Muhammad Ishaq, bin Muhammad, bin Ali, bin Ja'far, bin Ali al-Rida, bin Musa al-Kazim, bin Ja'far al-Sadiq, bin Muhammad al-Baqir, bin Ali Zayn al-Abidin, bin Husayn, bin Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatimah al-Zahra, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad. His mother, who herself was an educated lady, arranged for his education by Shaikh Abu Hafs. And his known descendants are in karachi Pakistan. ,Hazrat Sahabzada Syed Muhammad Mateen Ali chisti and his spiritually successor and Son Hazrat Sahabzada Syed Muhammad Nasir Ali Chisti Mateeni.

Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki took oath of allegiance at the hands of Khawaja Mu'in al-Din Chishti, and received the khilafat and khirqa (Sufi cloak) from him, when Khawaja Mu'in al-Din Chishti passed through Osh during his journey to Isfahan. His spiritual master then guided him to India and asked him to stay there. Thus, he was the first spiritual successor of Mu'in al-Din Chishti.

Move to Delhi
In obedience to the desire of his spiritual master, Mu'in al-Din Chishti, Khwaja Bakhtiyar moved to the city of Delhi during the reign of Iltutmish (r. 1211–1236) of the Delhi Sultanate. Many people started visiting him daily.

He was called Kaki due to a Karamat (miracle) attributed to him in Delhi. It is said that he asked his wife not to take credit from the local baker despite their extreme poverty. Instead he told her to pick up Kak (a kind of bread) from a corner of their house whenever needed. After this, his wife found that Kak miraculously appeared in that corner whenever she required it. The baker, in the meantime, had become worried whether the Khwaja had stopped taking credit due to being perchance angry with him. Accordingly, when the baker's wife asked the reason from the Khwaja's wife, she told her about the miracle of Kak. Although the Kak stopped appearing after this, from that day the people started referring to him as Kaki.

Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki, like other Chisti saints, did not formulate any formal doctrine. He used to hold a majlis, a gathering, where he gave his discourses or fatwas. Directed at the common masses, these contained an emphasis on renunciation, having complete trust in one God, treating all human beings as equal and helping them as much as possible, etc. Whatever money was donated to him, he usually spent it on charity the same day.

He was a great believer in helping the needy without heeding the result. When an eminent disciple, Farid al-Din Ganjshakar, asked him about the legality of amulets (ta'wiz) which were controversial as they could lead to theological problems of semi-idolatory in Islam, he replied that the fulfilment of desires belonged to no one; the amulets contained God's name and His words and could be given to the people.

He continued and extended the musical tradition of the Chisti order by participating in sama or  Mehfil-e-Sama. It is conjectured that this was with the view that, being in consonance with the role of music in some modes of Hindu worship, it could serve as a basis of contact with the local people and would facilitate mutual adjustments between the two communities. On the 14th of Rabi' al-Awwal 633 A.H. (27 November 1235 CE) he attended a Mehfil-e-Sama where the poet Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami sang the following verses: Those who are slain by the dagger of surrender; Receive every moment a new life from the unseen. Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki was so overcome and enraptured by these verses that he fainted away. He died four days later while still in that state of ecstasy. His dargah (shrine) is adjacent to the Zafar Mahal, near Qutb Minar complex, in Mehrauli, Delhi. After his death his will was read that emphasized that only the person who has done no haram and have never left the sunnah of Asr prayer may only lead his namaz-e-janaza (funeral prayer). This left to a brief lull as nearly everybody did not adhered to the contents of the will. Finally a teary eyed Illtutmish come out of the congregation saying that "I did not want to reveal my inner self to everybody but the will of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki wants so". His Janaza prayer was finally led by Illtutmish as he was the only person who fulfilled and adhered to the contents of the will.

Left of the Ajmeri Gate of the dargah at Mehrauli, lies Moti Masjid, a small mosque for private prayer built by Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I in 1709, an imitation of the much larger Moti Masjid built by his father, Aurangzeb, inside the Red Fort of Delhi.

His influence over people
As a well-known saint, Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki exercised great sway over the people. He continued the policy of non-involvement with the government of the day. This was the traditional way of saints of the Chisti order in South Asia, as they felt that their linkage with rulers and the government would turn their mind towards worldly matters.

During the lifetime of the Khwaja he was held in great esteem by the Delhi Sultan, Iltutmish. It is contended that the Qutb Minar, the world's tallest brick minaret, partially built by Iltumish, was named so after him. He was also the favorite saint of the Lodi dynasty which ruled over Delhi from 1451 to 1526. His importance continues to this day and can be gauged by the following historical fact. When Mahatma Gandhi launched his last fast-unto-death in Delhi in 1948, asking that all communal violence be ended once and for all, he was pressed by leaders of all denominations to end the fast. One of the six conditions that Gandhi put forward to end the fast was that Hindus and Sikhs as an act of atonement should repair the shrine of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki which had been damaged during the communal riots.

Phoolwalon-ki-sair festival
The darbaar shrine of Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki has also been the venue of the annual Phoolwalon-ki-sair (a festival of flower-sellers) in autumn, which has now become an important inter-faith festival of Delhi.

The festival has its origins in 1812, when Queen Mumtaz Mahal, wife of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar II (r. 1806–1837) made a vow to offer a chadar and flower pankha at the Dargah and a pankha at the Yogmaya Temple, also at Mehrauli, if her son Mirza Jehangir, who, after inviting the wrath of Sir Archibald Seton, the then British Resident of the Red Fort, was exiled to Allahabad, returned safely. And as the legend goes, he did, and so began the tradition. The festival was stopped by the British in 1942, but later revived by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1961 to bridge the Hindu-Muslim gap, and inculcate secularist ideals.

Royal grave enclosure
Incidentally, Akbar II is now buried nearby in a marble enclosure, along with other Mughals, Bahadur Shah I and Shah Alam II. An empty grave, also known as Sardgah, of the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, can also be found here, as he had willed to be buried next to the famous shrine, as did his previous Mughal predecessors. Unfortunately, he was exiled to Burma where he died. Talks of bringing back his remains here have been raised in the past, from time to time.

Titles
Honorary titles given to Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar include:
 * Qutb al-Aqtāb
 * Malik al-Mashā'ikh
 * Ra'īs al-Sālikīn
 * Sirāj al-Awlīyā

title: Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki


text:
Klöckner Stadium

Klöckner Stadium is a multi-purpose sports stadium located on the campus of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. The stadium is home to the Virginia Cavaliers's men's and women's soccer team in the fall, and the men's and women's lacrosse teams in the spring.

The stadium was designed by VMDO Architects and built in 1992 at a cost of $3.4 million, and its naming rights were awarded to the Klöckner Group of Germany for $1.2 million.

History
The Virginia men's soccer team won national championships in the first three years they played at Klöckner and subsequently added two more in 2009 and 2014.

Additionally, both Virginia lacrosse teams have won national championships while at Klöckner—1999, 2003, 2006, 2011, 2019, and 2021 for the men, and 1993 and 2004 for the women (who were also national runners-up in 2005 and 2007).

The fourth team playing at the stadium, women's soccer, participated in the 1991, 2013, 2014, and 2020 NCAA Final Fours.

The largest soccer crowd to see a game at Klöckner Stadium was on September 28, 2007, when 7,906 fans watched an ACC game against Virginia Tech. The largest lacrosse crowd was first seen on April 12, 2008, when a game against Duke University attracted the stadium capacity, 8,000 spectators. When Duke University returned to Klöckner Stadium on April 17, 2010, the stadium capacity of 8,000 was reached again. As at Scott Stadium (the prior home of Virginia's soccer and lacrosse teams), some spectators sit or stand in the grassy areas behind each goal, as well as in the bleachers.

During the 2006 soccer season, a video board was installed at Klöckner Stadium. It debuted on September 27, 2006, during a men's soccer game between Virginia and American University. The video board was upgraded prior to the 2019 season.

title: Klöckner Stadium


text:
User talk:80.229.234.135

Decimal odds
Added to copyvio list page. User:Luigi30 (Ταλκ) 22:28, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.229.234.135


text:
Brun's theorem

In number theory, Brun's theorem states that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes (pairs of prime numbers which differ by 2) converges to a finite value known as Brun's constant, usually denoted by B2. Brun's theorem was proved by Viggo Brun in 1919, and it has historical importance in the introduction of sieve methods.

Asymptotic bounds on twin primes
The convergence of the sum of reciprocals of twin primes follows from bounds on the density of the sequence of twin primes. Let $$\pi_2(x)$$ denote the number of primes p ≤ x for which p + 2 is also prime (i.e. $$\pi_2(x)$$ is the number of twin primes with the smaller at most x). Then, we have

 * $$\pi_2(x) = O\!\left(\frac {x(\log\log x)^2}{(\log x)^2} \right)\!.$$

That is, twin primes are less frequent than prime numbers by nearly a logarithmic factor. This bound gives the intuition that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes converges, or stated in other words, the twin primes form a small set. In explicit terms, the sum

 * $$\sum\limits_{ p \, : \, p + 2 \in \mathbb{P} } {\left( {\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}} \right)} = \left( {\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5}} \right) + \left( {\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7}} \right) + \left( {\frac{1} + \frac{1}} \right) +  \cdots $$

either has finitely many terms or has infinitely many terms but is convergent: its value is known as Brun's constant.

If it were the case that the sum diverged, then that fact would imply that there are infinitely many twin primes. Because the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes instead converges, it is not possible to conclude from this result that there are finitely many or infinitely many twin primes. Brun's constant could be an irrational number only if there are infinitely many twin primes.

Numerical estimates
The series converges extremely slowly. Thomas Nicely remarks that after summing the first billion (109) terms, the relative error is still more than 5%.

By calculating the twin primes up to 1014 (and discovering the Pentium FDIV bug along the way), Nicely heuristically estimated Brun's constant to be 1.902160578. Nicely has extended his computation to 1.6 as of 18 January 2010 but this is not the largest computation of its type.

In 2002, Pascal Sebah and Patrick Demichel used all twin primes up to 1016 to give the estimate that B2 ≈ 1.902160583104. Hence,

The last is based on extrapolation from the sum 1.830484424658... for the twin primes below 1016. Dominic Klyve showed conditionally (in an unpublished thesis) that B2 < 2.1754 (assuming the extended Riemann hypothesis). It has been shown unconditionally that B2 < 2.347.

There is also a Brun's constant for prime quadruplets. A prime quadruplet is a pair of two twin prime pairs, separated by a distance of 4 (the smallest possible distance). The first prime quadruplets are (5, 7, 11, 13), (11, 13, 17, 19), (101, 103, 107, 109). Brun's constant for prime quadruplets, denoted by B4, is the sum of the reciprocals of all prime quadruplets:

 * $$B_4 = \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} + \frac{1}{11} + \frac{1}{13}\right)

+ \left(\frac{1}{11} + \frac{1}{13} + \frac{1}{17} + \frac{1}{19}\right) + \left(\frac{1}{101} + \frac{1}{103} + \frac{1}{107} + \frac{1}{109}\right) + \cdots$$

with value:

 * B4 = 0.87058 83800 ± 0.00000 00005, the error range having a 99% confidence level according to Nicely.

This constant should not be confused with the Brun's constant for cousin primes, as prime pairs of the form (p, p + 4), which is also written as B4. Wolf derived an estimate for the Brun-type sums Bn of 4/n.

Further results
Let $$C_2=0.6601\ldots$$ be the twin prime constant. Then it is conjectured that
 * $$\pi_2(x) \sim 2C_2\frac{x}{(\log x)^2}.$$

In particular,
 * $$\pi_2(x) < (2C_2+\varepsilon)\frac{x}{(\log x)^2}$$

for every $$\varepsilon>0$$ and all sufficiently large x.

Many special cases of the above have been proved. Most recently, Jie Wu proved that for sufficiently large x,
 * $$\pi_2(x) < 4.5\,\frac{x}{(\log x)^2}$$

where 4.5 corresponds to $$\varepsilon \approx 3.18$$ in the above.

In popular culture
The digits of Brun's constant were used in a bid of $1,902,160,540 in the Nortel patent auction. The bid was posted by Google and was one of three Google bids based on mathematical constants. Furthermore, academic research on the constant ultimately resulted in the Pentium FDIV bug becoming a notable public relations fiasco for Intel.

title: Brun's theorem


text:
Seaton Glacier

Seaton Glacier (-66.71667°N, 56.43333°W) is a glacier 17 miles (27 km) long, flowing southeast into Edward VIII Ice Shelf at the northwest part of Edward VIII Bay. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, remapped, 1954–58, by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) and named by ANCA in 1958 for Flight Lt. John Seaton, RAAF, pilot with ANARE at Mawson in 1956.

title: Seaton Glacier


text:
User:Tregoweth/monobook.css

table.persondata {display:table;}

title: User:Tregoweth/monobook.css


text:
François Béroalde de Verville

François Béroalde de Verville (27 April 1556 – 19–26 October 1626) was a French Renaissance novelist, poet and intellectual. He was born in Paris, the son of Matthieu Brouard (or Brouart), called "Béroalde", a professor of Agrippa d'Aubigné and Pierre de l'Estoile and a Huguenot; his mother, Marie Bletz, was the niece of the humanist and Hebrew scholar François Vatable (called "Watebled"). At the time of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, his family fled to Geneva (1573), but Béroalde returned to Paris in 1581. During the civil wars, Béroalde abjured Calvinism and joined the factions around Henri III of France (he may also have served in the army). In 1589 he moved to Tours (the French parlement fled here from 1589-1594), and became chanoine (canon) of the cathedral chapter of Saint Gatien, Tours, where he remained until his death.

Works
Béroalde had close ties to the intellectual and creative milieus of the late 16th century and early 17th century (including Pierre de L'Estoile, Roland Brisset, Guy de Tours) and was under the protection of two conseillers du roi (Pierre Brochard and René Crespin). His writings cover topics as varied as history, mathematics, optics, alchemy, medicine, painting, sculpture, love, silk... He wrote in both verse and prose, and in all manner of tones (satirical, moral, spiritual, philosophical, political). Béroalde represents a literature of transition from the Valois court (and the generation of "La Pléiade") to the Bourbon court of Henri IV and the baroque, and (like his contemporary Nicolas de Montreux) he attempted to compete with the translation of foreign masterpieces by the creation of original works in French.

His first works were contributions to a work on mathematics and mechanics (1578) and to a history of blazons (1581). His numerous historical and philosophical works include: Les Recherches de la pierre philosophale on the philosopher's stone (1583); Dialogue de la vertu (1584); L'idée de la republique (1584); a translation of Justus Lipsius (1592); De l'ame et de ses excellences (1593), De la sagesse (1593); La Pucelle d'Orleans on Joan of Arc (1599); a history of silk worms (1600); a history of Herodias (1600); and a French edition with commentaries of Francesco Colonna's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1600).

His poetry includes: Les Apprehensions spirituelles, poemes et autres oeuvres philosophiques (1583); love poems, Les Soupirs amoureux (1583); a contribution of verses to the translation of La Diane by Jorge de Montemayor (1592); spiritual poems, La Muse celeste (1593); and a translation of Jeremiah's Book of Lamentations, Les Tenebres (1599).

Béroalde published several long fiction works: Les Avantures de Floride, histoire françoise in 4 tomes (1593-1596), Le Cabinet de Minerve (1596), an unfinished novel Le Restablissement de Troye, avec lequel parmy les hazards des armes, se voyent les amours d’Æsionne (1597), Le Voyage des princes fortunes (1610), and Le Palais des curieux (1612). With their elaborate plots, multiple characters and adventurous situations, these adventure novels show the inspiration of the Hispano-Portuguese chivalric adventure novel (like Amadis of Gaul) and of the ancient Greek novel (like the work of Heliodorus of Emesa or Achilles Tatius), but they also straddle the line between fiction and philosophical or encyclopedic writing, and frequently veer off into discussions of moral phenomena or in symbolic ekphrasis (inspired by the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) of cabinets of curiosities, architecture and other elements.

His most famous work is the playful, chaotic, baroque, sometimes obscene and almost unreadable Moyen de parvenir (first published around 1617) -- a parody of books of "table talk", of Rabelais and of Michel de Montaigne's "The Essays"—in which a host of famous individuals debate, discuss and joke (with often coarse humor) about historical and philosophical matters.

Béroalde's corpus is vast and his works show a preoccupation with encyclopedic learning, the organization of knowledge and the difficulties of interpretation.

Largely forgotten since the 17th century, Béroalde was rediscovered in the 19th century and has gained renewed critical appreciation in recent years.

title: François Béroalde de Verville


text:
River City

River City is a Scottish television soap opera created by Stephen Greenhorn which has been broadcast on BBC One Scotland since 24 September 2002. Since 2019, the show has aired episodes a day earlier on the new BBC Scotland channel. Set in the fictional district of Shieldinch in the west end of Glasgow, River City follows the lives of the local residents and their families as they go about their day-to-day lives. From its inception in 2002, the soap struggled to grasp viewers' approval, but would gradually see a rise in popularity. In 2023, the soap won 'Best Drama' at the Royal Television Society Scotland awards.

Development and launch
In 2000, BBC Scotland were in talks of launching its own serial drama for Scotland. With the success of the BBC's other soap operas EastEnders and Holby City, which was launched the year before, the Corporation opened to independent producers but later decided to open an in-house bid. The BBC invited Stephen Greenhorn, who had finished working on the Glasgow Kiss for the BBC that year, to help develop the soap.

When deciding where to set the new soap, the BBC thought Glasgow was the "obvious option" but were worried it was too overexposed and they were looking at other locations. Greenhorn suggested Edinburgh, but the BBC raised concerns that setting it in Edinburgh "wouldn't connect emotionally". The only other urban cities left were Dundee and Aberdeen, but these were ruled out. He thought setting it in the likes of Stirling "simply wouldn't work". Greenhorn had spent a lot of time in Leith writing a story about the opening of the Scottish Parliament so he suggested the port district as the setting as he believed it shared similarities to Glasgow. The BBC loved the idea and asked for Greenhorn to begin work on writing a new drama.

It took six months for Greenhorn to write a 50- to 60-page 'document' about the new soap. The soap was to be set in Leith and titled The Shore. Although the BBC were impressed, they thought the right setting for the show was to be in the west of Scotland, essentially in Glasgow. This set Greenhorn back as he had already begun developing characters and producing storylines, but they didn't fit into the social classes and lifestyle of the city. Before he could rewrite his proposals, Greenhorn has to deicide where in Glasgow, the soap would be set. He settled for Whiteinch just on the north banks of the River Clyde.

His original commission for the soap only covered the first three episodes, however, Greenhorn planned to stick around to help contribute to what he hoped would become a Scottish household soap opera. He also wanted to stick around to help the soap become a "drama factory" to open doors to actors, writers and crews to get into the television industry. BBC Scotland began building a purpose-built backlot, studio facility and office accommodation on an old whisky and vodka bottling plant in Dumbarton. This would be the setting for the show and helped for the BBC to build Shieldinch from scratch.

The soap's title, The Shore, was dropped by the BBC and Greenhorn suggested simply calling it Sheildinch, but this was rejected. In a brainstorming session, the final decision was River City People, although this was later shortened to River City. The BBC kept the name of the new soap opera a secret until its inception, simply referring it to as the Scottish Soap.

The first episode aired on Tuesday 24 September 2002 on BBC One Scotland. On the same day, the Manchester United played in the United's Champions League match against Bayer Leverkusen. Over 700,000 viewers tuned into the first episode of River City.

The show was branded "River Shitty" in its early days.

2010s
In November 2017, a short crossover episode of the show was made for Children in Need and featured several of the show's characters meeting characters from Scottish sitcom Scot Squad.

2020s
In March 2020, production of River City was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and filming recommenced in August 2020. In place of new episodes, a select number of "classic" episodes were aired.

In February 2022, it was announced the cast were back filming another series. In March of the same year, the show returned to its original broadcast pattern of two half-hour episodes a week. After a break which started in August 2023, the show returned in October with a new format. Starting in October, each year's output will be three 11-week runs of 2 episodes.

Setting
River City is set in Shieldinch, a fictional district in the west end of Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland. Shieldinch was founded in 1860 and was known for its shipyard (the local pub is named "The Tall Ship", which is a tribute to the area's shipbuilding heritage). The name is derived from the real districts of Whiteinch and Shieldhall, located on opposite banks of the River Clyde. Filming takes place on a set built specifically for the soap opera in the nearby town of Dumbarton.

Characters
The storylines featured in River City are based on personal relationships and family life. Community involvement and the ability to come to terms with family issues, distress, and disagreements contribute to the development of each character. One of the original families that River City had been centered on was the Hamilton family which included Malcolm Hamilton; his daughters; Eileen Donachie, formally called Eileen Henderson; Gina Hamilton, previously known as Gina Buchanan and Gina Rossi; Gina's daughters; Ruth Rossi; Green; and Joanne Rossi. Another family that was integral to River City was the Hendersons. Both of these families have grown as the show has gone on. Eileen had two children, Kirsty and Brian, with her husband Raymond, as well as a stepdaughter Hazel who was her second husband Tommy's daughter from a previous marriage. She later had another son, Stuart, with Raymond which happened by chance. Joanne Rossi's son Franco and Ruth Rossi's daughter Ellie also became part of the show.

The Hamilton and Adams-Mullen families were the main focus of the plot for several River City storylines. The Hamiltons played centre stage from the drama's beginnings in 2002, and the Adams–Mullen families from around 2003. Around the start of 2007, the storylines were based around the recently integrated Murdoch clan. In the year 2008 a new couple, the McKees, had been brought into the show when they made a new home in Shieldinch, giving them a big part in several storylines focused on their lives outside Shieldinch and the challenges of coming to a new town. As well as this, 2009 saw the introduction of the students and the hairdressers, consisting of father, daughter and two stylists. The current longest-serving character is Bob O'Hara, played by Stephen Purdon. He is the longest-serving character since Deirdre Davis' (Eileen Donachie) exit in May 2016 (the last character to have appeared since Episode 1). Scarlett O'Hara, played by Sally Howitt, is the longest-serving female character, having appeared since 2003. In 2016, Scottish actress Juliet Cadzow, known for appearing in Balamory, joined the soap.

title: River City


text:
Cape Boothby

Cape Boothby is a rounded cape in East Antarctica along the east side of the coastal projection of Edward VIII Plateau. It is 4 mi north of Kloa Point, just north of Edward VIII Bay. It was discovered on 28 February 1936 by Discovery Investigations personnel on the, and named for the captain of the vessel, Lieutenant Commander C.R.U. Boothby, Royal Naval Reserve.

title: Cape Boothby


text:
Mignon McLaughlin

Mignon McLaughlin (June 6, 1913 – December 20, 1983) was an American journalist and author.

Biography
Mignon McLaughlin was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and grew up in New York City, where her mother, Joyce Neuhaus, was a prominent attorney. She graduated from Smith College in 1933 and returned to New York, embarking on a career as a journalist and a writer of short stories for Redbook, Cosmopolitan, and other women's magazines.

With her husband, Time editor Robert McLaughlin, she wrote the play Gayden, which had a limited run on Broadway during the 1949 season.

In the 1950s, she began publishing aphorisms that were later collected in three books:The Neurotic's Notebook, The Second Neurotic's Notebook, and The Complete Neurotic's Notebook. In his commentary on aphorisms, Melvin Maddocks notes the focus in McLaughlin's book on selections that speak in a personal voice.

She worked for Vogue in the 1940s, '50s and '60s and was copy editor and managing editor of Glamour in the 1960s and early 1970s.

She retired in 1973 and died in Coral Gables, Florida, on December 20, 1983.

title: Mignon McLaughlin


text:
Alf Kirchen

Alfred John Kirchen (26 August 1913 – 18 August 1999) was an English footballer.

Born in Shouldham, Norfolk, Kirchen played for local clubs, and for his county at youth level. He was signed by Tom Parker, the manager of Second Division Norwich City in 1934 and he immediately impressed, scoring seven goals in fourteen League games, and three in four FA Cup games for the Canaries. He soon caught the eye of First Division champions Arsenal, and was signed for £6,000 in March 1935, at the age of 21.

Kirchen arrived too late at Arsenal to pick up a League winner's medal (the club completed a hat-trick of titles that year), but he still made an immediate impact, scoring twice on his debut against Arsenal's arch-rivals Tottenham Hotspur on 6 March 1935 – the match finished 6–0 to Arsenal, a record in a North London derby. An outside right, Kirchen had to fight for a first-team spot with Joe Hulme (who started the 1936 FA Cup Final ahead of him), but by the start of the 1936–37 season, Kirchen was the Gunners' first-choice outside right.

Kirchen became well known for his fierce shooting; unusually fast and immensely powerful, he was equally at home on either wing, for he could hit a ball left or right-footed, with equal facility, which soon attracted international attention; he picked up 3 caps and scored 2 goals for England on a 1937 tour of Scandinavia, his debut coming against Norway on 14 May 1937, and his final match being against Finland on 20 May of the same year. Despite these performances however, he was never picked again.

He finally picked up a League winners' medal as Arsenal won the 1937–38 title, playing nineteen games that season, but the Second World War intervened just as he was reaching the peak of his career. Kirchen served in the Royal Air Force as a PT instructor, which allowed him to continue playing wartime matches for Arsenal (he appeared 113 times, scoring 80 goals, as well as three more times for England), but a severe injury picked up in a match against West Ham United in 1943 forced his early retirement. In all, excluding wartime appearances, he played 101 League and Cup professional games for Arsenal, scoring 45 goals (total: 214 appearances and 125 goals).

Kirchen later returned to his old club Norwich City, as a trainer, before leaving football to become a farmer at Cringleford in Norfolk. He later returned to Norwich as a director of the club, and also served as Honorary President of the Norfolk Arsenal Supporters Club. He also represented his country at clay pigeon shooting and was a keen player of lawn bowls. He died in 1999, eight days short of what would have been his 86th birthday.

Honours

 * First Division: 1937–38
 * FA Charity Shield: 1938

title: Alf Kirchen


text:
Talk:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wina45.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:49, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 September 2020 and 11 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ctrlaledlt. Peer reviewers: Mathewlm9447.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:49, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Annah Marie, Chesneyt333.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:45, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Nothing in article on infections vs time
The most important thing to know about an epidemic is how many people are infected, worldwide, as a function of time, year by year. That information is totally missing from this article. This sort of thing: https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/HIV-AIDS.png but updated to 2017. Mollwollfumble (talk) 10:45, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I was able to find that exact graphic on the Our World In Data HIV/AIDs. The authors of the website give full permission to use any content as long as the authors are given credit. I have already created a Wikimedia with the graphic and plan to add it to the article. Larsonem7825 (talk) 22:50, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

"Pandemic"
HIV/AIDS was, and maybe still is, pandemic. Countless reliable sources refer to it as a pandemic, including current sources from the WHO [eg https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/why-the-hiv-epidemic-is-not-over]. Seems like the pandemic language was removed from the Wikipedia article after the WHO stopped referring to the ongoing HIV/AIDS public health issue as "pandemic." It seems to me that the language of current WHO statements implies that HIV/AIDS may no longer be pandemic--- global average incidence of HIV is falling after all. Instead of talking about a pandemic the WHO and UNAIDS emphasize epidemic HIV/AIDS using more local terminology---repeated ongoing local epidemics are still a serious worldwide public health issue. It would probably be bad public health messaging to declare the pandemic over until HIV/AIDS is more under control, even if it no longer fits the definition of pandemic, so it then makes sense that the WHO has not out right stated "This is why we've removed the 'pandemic' term from the fact sheet." I've edited the first sentence to this article in a way that I think is accurate, well sourced, and responsible, but wanted to explain my reasoning here in case further discussion is warranted. Of the universe (talk) 20:55, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * the NIH/NIAID/CDC bureacracy also hasn't explicitly stated theyre removing the term from their messaging but this paper, titled "Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic" could be bureaucrats signaling that theyre tired of the term:

"The phrase “HIV/AIDS pandemic” indicates that there is a global HIV epidemic, which may be generalized in some countries, such as South Africa, and localized in other countries, such as the United States."
 * the ✨ new phrasing ✨ seems to be "global HIV epidemic". whether that is the phrasing Wikipedia should use is another matter. .usarnamechoice (talk) 20:15, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Epidemiology ENPH 450
— Assignment last updated by Myhrwomr1621 (talk) 21:17, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

We have gone through and worked on finding citations for each section. If we did not find a citation our plan is to 1) delete the content OR 2) add relevant and up-to-date information that we found going in a similar direction as what was previously stated from sources we found while searching for the citation.

We are also planning on adding more recent information. This can be from years 2011 (which is the most recent data presented in the article thus far) through 2022. This information also includes statistics that were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research and treatment regarding developments during COVID-19 pandemic have been included.

We have made a Global HIV Data table looking at deaths, prevalence, and incidence rates from years 1990-2021. Data is recorded approximately every 5 years.

We have made an updated version of the regional data table under /*By Region*/. This includes all information from the previous two tables. This will include comparable data to previous years as stated in those tables. Updated statistics for different regions have been inserted as well.

We will be adding a graph taken from ourworldindata.org/hiv-aids. The authors have granted permission to all their information and graphics to be used in "any medium" as long as the work is cited and authors are given credit (labeled under a Creative Commons BY license). Larsonem7825 19dazahn (talk) 22:43, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

 * All updates have been uploaded by this group. Thanks for allowing us to contribute! Larsonem7825 (talk) 03:48, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Issues with figure relating to how many gay and bisexual men are infected with HIV in the USA
This is my first time doing this so please excuse me if it's not entirely right, but I noticed that there's a section of the page that states '1 in 6 gay and bisexual men were infected with HIV' in the USA - I thought this was unusually high so I checked the source and it doesn't seem to back it up? The source states that 'there are 1.2 million people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States, and approximately 40,000 people were diagnosed with HIV in 2015 alone. [...] For example, gay and bisexual men made up an estimated 2% of the U.S. population in 2013 but 55% of all PLWH in the United States. If current diagnosis rates continue, 1 in 6 gay and bisexual men will be diagnosed with HIV in their lifetime' - this works out to approx 9% / 1 in 10. Not sure which figure to replace this with though (?). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.151.205.250 (talk) 03:50, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

First outbreak 1981??
The article suggests the first outbreak was 1981, yet the main HIV / AIDS article citation 257 says that 5% of gay men in New York and san Francisco had HIV in 1978.

So the first outbreak in the USA was the 1970s not 80s and were there outbreaks elsewhere? 91.154.169.156 (talk) 20:15, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

 * @91.154.169.156 I haven't checked the sources but this definitely seems contradictory. Perhaps they have a definition of 'outbreak' that prevents the 1970s to count? I haven't checked the sources — Panamitsu (talk) 22:23, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Epidemiology ENPH 450
— Assignment last updated by Oakleykinley (talk) 14:46, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

HIV in Pregnancy
Hi there, I really love how detailed your information on the history of AIDS is. The titles are clear and concise and this looks super interesting as well. I think it might help you to include information about pregnancy and HIV. I know that historically it seemed impossible to envision those two things together and most women knew if they had HIV while pregnant it could be a death sentence. However, that is not the case anymore. We know with antiviral drugs and consistent treatment, women and babies can live long healthy lives now. Oakleykinley (talk) 14:54, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

Unreliable and unverified medical source: "Life or meth"
The only source substantiating this article's meth-related claims is "Life or meth", which has been included since the first edit in 2005. The linked website seems to belong to an anti-drug advocacy group. It contains no information regarding the data presented at the 12th Annual Retrovirus Conference in Boston, Michael Majeski, or Tony Zimbardi, as indicated in the article's text.

Since the provided source both failed verification and appears to be unreliable, I am removing the source from the article, as well as the two paragraphs which reference it.

30103db (talk) 02:00, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS


text:
Nanpantan

Nanpantan is a suburb of Loughborough, in the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, England. It is located in the south-west of the town of Loughborough, but the village is slightly separated from the main built-up area of Loughborough. It is also the site of the Nanpantan Reservoir.

The first edge rails used in a wagonway were on the Charnwood Forest Canal, in the section between Nanpantan and Loughborough.

Inside Nanpantan is a gastropub called The Priory. There is a small church here: Saint Mary in Charnwood, which was originally built as a mission room by the owner of Nanpantan Hall in 1888. After some years as a chapel of ease to the ecclesiastical parish of Emmanuel, Loughborough, Saint Mary in Charnwood became a parish in its own right, on 1 January 2015.

Nanpantan became a civil parish in 1894, being formed from the rural part of Loughborough, on 1 April 1936 it was abolished and merged with Loughborough. In 1931 the parish had a population of 680.

title: Nanpantan


text:
Schwartz Range

Schwartz Range is a range of mountains trending in a NE-SW direction, standing 17 miles southwest of Edward VIII Bay, in Antarctica. It was discovered in November 1954 by R. Dovers and Georges Schwartz during an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) sledging journey to Edward VIII Bay. Named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for Schwartz, who was French Observer with ANARE at Mawson Station in 1954.

title: Schwartz Range


text:
Robert Glacier

Robert Glacier is the eastern of two glaciers in Kemp Land entering the southern part of Edward VIII Bay. It was seen by Robert Dovers and G. Schwartz in 1954 while carrying out a sledge journey and survey of Edward VIII Bay. The other (western) glacier is Wilma Glacier. It was named by ANCA for Dovers, who was surveyor and officer in charge at Mawson Station in 1954. It is part of the Australian Antarctic Gazetteer and the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.

title: Robert Glacier


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SaRz

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  17:20, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

SaRz
Not notable group, I was unable to find any info on them with multiple google searches. feydey 22:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete band vanity with poor article. — brighterorange  (talk) 00:07, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, vanity CLW 06:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SaRz