text:
User talk:Yonwe

Native Latin speakers?
Greetings, fellow Latinist. If you have second, please share your thoughts in the discussion of a category for native Latin speakers who are also Wikipedians. --Flex 13:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Translation from Latin
We need some help with the following text for Talk:Ancient Greek phonology. We have already two translations who contradict each other. The question is what Glareanus told Erasmus about the native Greeks he met in Paris; did they pronounce beta as Beta or as Vita? We would appreaciate an expert opinion. Thank you. Andreas 02:06, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Ac Erasmus quidem quâ occasione ad scribendum de rectâ pronunciatione fuerit impulsus, paucis cognitum arbitror. Itaque visum hâc de adjicere, quod in schedâ quadam habeo, scriptâ olim manu Henrici Coracopetræi, viri egregiè docti, doctisque perfamiliaris. Ea ita habet: ‘Audivi M. Rutgerum Reschium, professorem Linguæ Græcæ in Collegio Buslidiano apud Lovanienses, meum piæ memoriæ præceptorem, narrantem, se habitâsse in Liliensi pædagogio unà cum Erasmo, plus minus biennio eo superius, se inferius cubiculum obtinente: Henricum autem Glareanum Parisiis Lovanium venisse, atque ab Erasmo in collegium vocatum fuisse ad prandium: quò cùm venisset, quid novi adferret interrogatum, dixisse (quod in itinere commentus erat, quòd sciret Erasmum plus satis rerum novarum studiosum, ac mirè credulum) quosdam in Græciâ natos Lutetiam venisse, viros ad miraculum doctos; qui longè aliam Græci sermonis pronunciationem usurparent, quàm quæ vulgò in hisce partibus recepta esset. Eos nempe sonare pro B vita, BETA: pro H ita, ETA: pro ai æ, AI: pro OI I, OI: & sic in cæteris. Quo audito, Erasmum paulò pòst conscripsisse Dialogum de rectâ Latini Græcique sermonis pronunciatione, ut videretur hujus rei ipse inventor, & obtulisse Petro Alostensi, typographo, imprimendum: qui cùm, fortè aliis occupatus, renueret; aut certè se tam citò excudere, quàm ipse volebat, non posse diceret; misisse libellum Basileam ad Frobenium, a quo mox impressus in lucem prodiit. Verùm Erasmum, cognitâ fraude, nunquam eâ pronunciandi ratione postea usum; nec amicis, quibuscum familiariter vivebat, ut eam observarent, præcepisse. In ejus rei fidem exhibuit M. Rutgerus ipsius Erasmi manuscriptam in gratiam Damiani à Goes Hispani pronunciationis formulam (cujus exemplar adhuc apud me est) in nullo diversam ab eâ, quâ passim docti & indocti in hac linguâ utuntur’. Henricus Coracopetræus Cuccensis. Neomagi. CI I LXIX. pridie Simonis & Iudæ.
 * We have now a good translation, so if you wish you could check it and see if you agree with it. Andreas 01:06, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

HELP US MAKING THE PROJECT OF ANCIENT GREEK WIKIPEDIA
We are the promoters of the Wikipedia in Ancient Greek. we need your help, specially for write NEW ARTICLES and the TRANSLATION OF THE MEDIAWIKI INTERFACE FOR ANCIENT GREEK, for demonstrating, to the language subcommittee, the value of our project.

Thanks a lot for your help. Ἡ Οὐικιπαιδεία needs you! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.40.197.5 (talk) 20:17, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Help at the Ancient Greek Wikipedia
Hi! How are you? I have noticed that you say in your user page that you speak Ancient Greek and I was wondering whether you could possibly help us revive the Ancient Greek Wikipedia at the Incubator. It would be great if you could lend us a helping hand. Jon Gua (talk) 14:22, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi! I am sorry to bother you again but I was wondering whether you could possibly sign this ( https://shorturl.at/hNQVY ) petition in order to get the Wikipedia in Ancient Greek approved. Thank you so much for your help. Jon Gua (talk) 07:16, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yonwe


text:
Bramcote

Bramcote is a suburban village and former civil parish in the Broxtowe district of Nottinghamshire, England, between Stapleford and Beeston. It is in Broxtowe parliamentary constituency. The main Nottingham–Derby road today is the A52, Brian Clough Way. Nearby are Beeston, Wollaton, Chilwell and Stapleford. One of the main roads between Nottingham and Derby used to pass through the village centre, entering a cutting that formed a blind bend. A country house to the north of the village became publicly owned and was demolished in 1968. Its grounds became a public area of park and hillside, now known as Bramcote Hills Park.

Demography
The population of Bramcote is 9,270 with a household average of 2.3. The Broxtowe Ward population measured at the Census 2011 showed a population of 7,270.

The proportion of residents identifying as White British is 82.7 per cent, with 17.3 per cent originating from 41 other countries, notably India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Jamaica, Barbados, Poland, Italy, the Netherlands, Greece, Russia and Australia. In religion, 60.7 per cent of Bramcote people see themselves as Christian, 3.6 per cent as Muslim, 2.8 per cent as Hindu and 2.5 per cent as Sikhs, while 22.6 per cent adhere to no religion.

Schools
There are four local schools:
 * Bramcote C of E (Aided) Primary School
 * Bramcote Hills Primary School
 * Bramcote College
 * Foxwood Academy

St John's College, Nottingham is a Church of England theological college situated on the southern edge of Bramcote.

A second comprehensive school, Bramcote Hills Sport & Community College, was found unsafe and demolished. Its pupil were moved to the nearby Bramcote Park and Alderman White schools. The building was replaced by Bramcote Hills College Sixth Form. In 2009, this, Bramcote Park Sports, Business & Enterprise School and Alderman White School joined to form White Hills Park Federation of Schools. Year 10 and 11 students can travel between the sites in a school minibus.

Leisure centre
Bramcote Leisure Centre in Bramcote Park, off the A52, has a pool with a water slide divided into a 25-metre pool and family splash pool, a teaching pool, a gym, a junior gym, a five-a-side pitch with a local team, the Bramcote Beers, a health suite and a crèche. It gained Quest Accreditation in March 2008 and the Aquamark ASA National Award Scheme for swimming programme quality, in November 2008. The Vitality fitness suite has recently had a £250,000 renovation, refurbishment and extension. The poolside changing rooms have also been updated.

Bus routes
Nottingham City Transport Trentbarton Nottingham Community Transport
 * 30: Nottingham – Ilkeston Road – Jubilee Campus – Wollaton Park – Bramcote – Wollaton Vale
 * i4: Nottingham – Stapleford – Sandiacre – Derby
 * 21: Nottingham – Kirk Hallam – Ilkeston
 * 18: Nottingham – Beeston – Stapleford
 * 20: Nottingham – Rylands – Beeston – Stapleford – Ilkeston – Heanor
 * L10: Wollaton – Bramcote – Beeston

Historical landmarks

 * Frances Longden Almshouses, Cow Lane
 * Of Bramcote Hall in Bramcote Park, the bottom few layers of brick remain.
 * Bramcote Manor House dates back to the Elizabethan period.
 * Bramcote Memorial Hall in Church Street commemorates victims of the First World War.

Churches
The Church of St Michael and All Angels, Bramcote, in Church Street, has three Sunday services and runs spiritual and social activities for all ages. Built in 1861, it marked its 150th anniversary year in 2011. The churchyard contains war graves of three World War I soldiers and one from World War II. Only the churchyard and tower remain of a previous Anglican church off Town Street, known locally known as the Sunken Church.

Bramcote Methodist Church in Chapel Street has a Sunday morning service and an evening Communion service once a month.

Emmanuel Church, an independent Evangelical church, meets on Sunday mornings at Bramcote College. It runs a programme for youth and children, a men's breakfast group, prayer groups and house groups.

Parks and open spaces
Bramcote Park is the biggest of the parks in Bramcote. Its wooded area stretches from Bramcote Park School towards Stapleford, Wollaton and the former landfill site. It is one of the few sites in the Nottingham area with a Green Flag Award. It features an extensive children's playground, car park and easy-access paths.

King George's Park offers views across Bramcote from a steeply sloping site with a network of surfaced paths linked to adjacent countryside. There are two free tennis courts, a children's playground and several parking areas.

Bramcote Ridge Open Space of about 12 hectares (29 acres) consists of a mosaic of acid grassland, naturally regenerating scrub and mature woodland managed as a nature reserve. It is a designated Grade II Site Important for Nature Conservation, and a listed Area of Restricted Development. It is surrounded on three sides by residential development, in which there is roadside parking.

Civil parish
In 1931 the parish had a population of 987. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged to form Beeston and Stapleford.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bramcote


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zurkhaneh

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Zurkhaneh
Incomplete foreign dictdef. --fvw *  13:39, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete I'd say. Marskell 21:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Why is this even here? --Jacquelyn Marie 22:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikitionary if necessary. Doubt it though. RENTASTRAWBERRY   FOR LET?   röck  02:27, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
1813 in architecture

The year 1813 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings

 * The Theatre Royal, Plymouth, England, designed by John Foulston, is opened.
 * 3 Abbey Road, London (later a recording studio)
 * Executive Mansion, Richmond, Virginia, official residence of the governor of Virginia in the United States, designed by Alexander Parris, is completed
 * Palacio de Mineria in Mexico City, designed by Manuel Tolsá, is completed.
 * Façade of Milan Cathedral, designed by Pellicani, is completed.

Awards

 * Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Auguste Caristie

Births

 * January 6 – Charles Lanyon, English architect associated with Belfast (died 1889)
 * February 23 – Ferdinand Stadler, Swiss architect (died 1870)
 * July 21 – Jakub Bursa, Czech architect, folk artist and builder (died 1884)
 * December 6 – August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Austrian architect (died 1868)
 * date unknown – John Skipton Mulvany, Irish architect (died 1870)

Deaths

 * June 6
 * Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (born 1739)
 * Antonio Cachia, Maltese architect, civil and military engineer and archaeologist (born 1739)
 * date unknown – Michael Searles, English Regency commercial architect (born 1750)

title: 1813 in architecture


text:
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon

The London Borough of Croydon has over 120 parks and open spaces within its boundaries, ranging from the 200 acre (80ha) Selsdon Wood Nature Reserve to many recreation grounds and sports fields scattered throughout the Borough. Croydon covers an area of 86.52 km2, the 256th largest district in England. Croydon's physical features consist of many hills and rivers that are spread out across the borough and into the North Downs, Surrey and the rest of South London. Some of the open spaces in Croydon form part of the well-known London LOOP walks where the first section was opened on 3 May 1996 with a ceremony on Farthing Downs in Coulsdon. As a borough in Outer London it also contains some open countryside in the form of country parks. Croydon Council is associated with several other boroughs who are taking part in the Downlands Countryside Management Project. These boroughs are Sutton; and by Surrey County Council; the City of London Corporation; the Surrey districts of Reigate and Banstead and Tandridge; and the Countryside Agency. An additional partner is Natural Britain.

Duppas Hill was Croydon's first public recreation ground, bought by the Board of Health in 1865. Addington Hills is a major floodplain in London for the Thames Valley and is recognised as a significant obstacle to the growth of London from its origins as a port on the north side of the river, to a large circular city. Mitcham Common also forms part of the borough although it is only partly in Croydon, the London Borough of Merton has the dominant half of the common, while Sutton make up most of the south side.

The Queen's Gardens, Park Hill and Norwood Grove are examples of ornamental gardens in the Borough.

There are also many recreation grounds such as the one in South Norwood which is currently undergoing major refurbishment works. Examples of meadows include Heavers Meadow and Brickfields Meadow both located in South Norwood.

History
The Great North Wood was a natural oak forest that covered the Sydenham Ridge and the southern reaches of the River Effra and its tributaries. It is a major part of the history of Croydon. The most notable tree, called Vicar's Oak, marked the boundary of four ancient parishes; Lambeth, Camberwell, Croydon and Bromley. John Aubrey referred to this "ancient remarkable tree" in the past tense as early as 1718, but according to JB Wilson, the Vicar's Oak survived until 1825. The earliest surviving mention of the wood dates from assize records in 1272, and it was known to be owned by the Whitehorse family during the reign of King Edward III. When Oliver Cromwell seized it from the Archbishop of Canterbury it was measured to cover 830 acre, but held only 9,200 oaken pollards. At this time it was known to stretch as far as Streatham from Croydon. Much timber was taken from the woodlands for use in the Royal Dockyard at Deptford as well for charcoal burning and building purposes. Much of the surviving woodlands were cleared and developed as a result of the 1797 Croydon Inclosure Act and sale of the late Lord Thurlow's estates in 1806, although some substantial fragments remain, notably the nature reserves at Dulwich Wood and Sydenham Hill Wood.

Principal open spaces
Apart from smaller green areas such as sports grounds and smaller gardens, and Selsdon Wood, which is National Trust property, the following are the major open spaces in the Borough:

Croydon North

 * Norwood Grove, Upper Norwood : Mansion, ornamental grounds and parkland, 34.5 acres (14ha)
 * South Norwood Country Park, South Norwood : former sewage farm, 125 acres (50ha)
 * South Norwood Lake and Grounds, South Norwood : large lake land and green space area, 28 acres (11ha)

Croydon Central

 * Lloyd Park , Croydon : founded by Frank Lloyd, 114 acres (46ha)
 * Addington Hills, Addington : also named Shirley Hills
 * Queen's Gardens, Central Croydon : urban park next to the Croydon Clocktower
 * Park Hill Recreation Ground : urban park beside the railway and including prominent water tower, 15 acres (6.1 ha)
 * Duppas Hill, Waddon
 * Addington Vale, Addington : former green belt land, public open space in 1963, 48 acres (19ha)
 * Mitcham Common, Merton : area of large common land, 460 acres (182ha)
 * Purley Way Playing Fields, Waddon : large green space next to the Croydon Colonnades, 109 acres (43.81ha)

Croydon South

 * Happy Valley Park, Old Coulsdon : countryside area, 252 acres (101ha)
 * Farthing Downs, Coulsdon : another countryside area in the borough, notable for its walking trails
 * Foxley Wood, Purley : An ancient urban woodland with Nature Reserve status noted for its diversity of flora and wildlife encompassed in an urban location featuring a nature trail. The Friends of Foxley in association with London Borough of Croydon manage the woodland.

Water
The River Wandle is also a major tributary of the River Thames, where it stretches to Wandsworth and Putney for 9 miles (14 km) from its main source in Waddon. It forms a rough western boundary with the London Borough of Sutton, and for part of its length forms the boundary between the London Boroughs of Croydon and Lambeth The main river ends at Waddon with one of its tributaries ending in Selhurst. Another tributary starts in Thornton Heath as the Norbury Brook, becomes the River Graveney and joins the Wandle near Summerstown.

Wandle Park is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote. The park received £400,000 towards better footpaths, more lighting, refurbished public toilets and new play areas for children.

Climate
The amount of green spaces in area can affect the climate of that particular area. Croydon has a temperate climate in common with most areas of Great Britain, it is similar to that of Greenwich in Inner London: its Köppen climate classification is Cfb. Its mean annual temperature of 9.6 °C is similar to that experienced throughout the Weald, and slightly cooler than nearby areas such as the Sussex coast and Central London. Rainfall is considerably below England's average (1971–2000) level of 838 mm, and every month is drier overall than the England average.


text: User talk:87.192.16.55

title: User talk:87.192.16.55


text:
User:Hswapnil

Hi

I am a nephrologist from India, currently working in North America. I plan to stick to my speciality for now.

Page(s) created by me
Thin basement membrane disease

Pages with substantial changes done by me
Nephrotic syndrome

IgA nephropathy

Work ahead
Improve dialysis

create vascular access, tubular disorders

title: User:Hswapnil


text:
1729 in architecture

The year 1729 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings

 * February 3 – The foundation stone is laid for the new Irish Houses of Parliament on College Green in Dublin, designed by Edward Lovett Pearce MP as the world's first purpose-built bicameral legislative building.
 * Completion of Castletown House, Celbridge, County Kildare, Ireland's first Palladian mansion, designed by Alessandro Galilei and Edward Lovett Pearce for William Conolly, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons.
 * Completion of Kinlet Hall, Shropshire, England, designed by Francis Smith of Warwick.
 * Completion of Marble Hill House, Twickenham, near London, designed by Roger Morris.
 * Completion of Sutton Scarsdale Hall, Derbyshire, England, designed by Francis Smith of Warwick.
 * Christ Church, Spitalfields, and St George in the East in London, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, are completed for the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches.
 * Chiswick House in London is designed by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and William Kent.
 * The Palladian Dormitory at Westminster School in London is designed by Richard Boyle.
 * Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) completed.

Awards

 * Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Joseph Eustache de Bourge.

Births

 * February 6 – Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia, Sicilian architect (died 1814)
 * June 29 (bapt.) – Thomas Atkinson, English architect working in Yorkshire (died 1798)
 * November 5 – Martín de Aldehuela, Spanish architect (died 1802)
 * November 24 – Jean-François Leroy, French architect (died 1791)
 * Approximate date – Joseph Turner, Welsh-born architect (died 1807)

Deaths

 * September 13 – Colen Campbell, Scottish-born architect (born 1676)

title: 1729 in architecture


text:
Talk:Oryx and Crake

Oryx?
i only finished a first reading, but isn't the question of whether oryx is the same girl jimmy and crake had previously seen over the internet left ambiguous? oryx seems to evade jimmy's questions regarding the matter. Streamless 13:47, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree: I think that Oryx is not necessarily physically identical with the girl in the pornography the two boys watch. Rather, it seems to me, the fact that she could be the same or not emphasizes the perverse fact that the story of her life is both extreme and commonplace. In fact, it does not matter whether she actually is that girl: she could be that girl. And thousands of other women could as well. --Jottce 16:39, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As I recall, it is ambiguous, and it's not settled conclusively. Afalbrig (talk) 10:23, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Uh, Oryx probably can't remember every detail of every photography session. Besides, Jimmy's misplaced compulsion for chivalry is probably reeeally annoying to her. --Phlip

 * even if what you say is true, the fact remains that the article asserts that the girl seen by jimmy and crake is oryx, and she may not be. i think other people interested in this page should weigh in with reasoned arguments. 207.29.128.130 13:49, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmmm well Jimmy is the narrator if I remember correctly. If the story is told from his point of view doesnt that make his version reality the most important version of reality? And I think Oryx may have admitted at one point sort of offhandedly that she was that girl or very likely could have been. And I'm pretty sure that Crake is depicted as believing Oryx to be the same girl. Eno-Etile 08:35, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I haven't finished the book yet, but I like Jottce's point. A slightly more subtle point to be made, is that for Crake, it doesn't matter if its the same girl. But he notices that the image of the girl in the porn movie (originally its not a photo), tugs at Jimmy's conscience. Sort of arbitrarily, seemingly randomly, the expression gets to Jimmy-- and that's why Crake uses her picture to trigger the secret communication with Maddaddam from the Extinctathon web game. He is trying to lead Jimmy into using his conscience and not just be morally numbed into accepting the injustices of their world. Jimmy feels sympathetic pain; first for the girl that may, or may not be, Oryx, and then for the actual woman Oryx. In a sense, it is misplaced chivalry, but it also signals hope and possible redemption for Jimmy, who has, after all, been raised to to not feel this kind of pain. In fact there is irony in that Jimmy seems to be more traumatized by neglect in his childhood, in contrast to Oryx, who seems to have overcome her childhood mistreatment. Cuvtixo (talk) 03:11, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

This perceived ambiguity concerning Oryx was not apparent to me when I read this novel. Doesn't Oryx go in to extreme detail about her childhood in the child porn industry? Doesn't she repeatedly admit that she is the girl from the garage in San Francisco? Jimmy recognized Oryx from the photographs of the San Francisco incident- and at that point in the novel she is not much older than the girl they capture on the child porn website. Moreover, eye structure does not change as you age- this is the basis for facial recognition technology. I think the fact that Atwood repeatedly discusses Oryx's unique gaze confirms the identity of this character. As an aside- I think this article is terrible and should be deleted from wikipedia... Jonsthesquire (talk) 00:06, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It is heavily implied that the "teacher" who sleeps with Jimmy and Crake is the girl from the website. I always laugh when I see deletion requests made in these types of places. Talk pages of terrible articles are not frequented by admins ;). Connor Behan (talk) 07:50, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

Dystopian fiction?
A work of Dystopian fiction? Crake might well argue it is, rather, Utopian. ;-)

Atlant 22:41, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

One of the book's schticks is it takes everything that many "intellectuals" say about society - that humans are predestined by the Just So Stories of evolutionary psychology - and pushes them to their illogical conclusion. To whatever extent a reader finds themself identifying with Crake, or agreeing with the problems he perceives, Atwood has done her job. --Phlip
 * I see more of inspiration from H.G.Wells' The Time Machine and the "digital divide", than the illogical conclusions of "intellectuals" or evolutionary psychology. Remember also that the story is narrated by Snowman/Jimmy who doesn't agree with Crake's vision, but he admired Crake and knows that Crake chose him alone among humans to survive and take care of the crakes. The reader isn't exactly identifying with Crake, but with the Crake of Jimmy's memory. And certainly the problems Crake perceives in his society seem real enough and I see no reason to think they are not actually issues in society that Atwood herself is concerned about. Cuvtixo (talk) 15:55, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Also note that the Crakers have been assigned historically significant names, very similar to what Aldous Huxley did in Brave New World. This suggests that Crake not only created a (the ultimate!) dystopia but also, by completing the analogy, is an author of it, rather than a dictator or tyrant. At any rate, the connection with Brave New World should be noted on the main page, yes? --24.199.91.123 (talk) 00:43, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Clearly the old society is deeply dysfunctional, suffering from a rigid class system, borderline despotism, environmental devastation, and degeneracy. As for the Crakers, they're designed to be peaceful and live in harmony with nature, but they're so docile and childlike that their civilization might not go anywhere. Afalbrig (talk) 10:23, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Publication date?
Jottce wrote me to report that the American pub date was May 2003, some monmths before what I initially reported as the date of the first Canadian edition. would anyone actually know the Canadian pub date. Can't imagine it wasn't first (or at the very least I imagine it was released simultaneously).--Victoriagirl 21:39, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Pigoon Picture
I don't quite get the pig picture with a caption about pigoons. The pigoons in the book were pretty clearly not pigs. —Rhododendrites (talk) 20:57, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The pigoons were pigs with immune systems compatible with humans so that their organs could be used for transplantation. (I've read that research is actually being done in this area.  The scary part about the book is that we're not really that far away from many of the things it describes.)  And the story doesn't actually come out and say it, but the pigs seem to be unusually intelligent, perhaps from human genes; they use tactics and know what guns are.  But otherwise, they look pretty much like pigs. Afalbrig (talk) 10:23, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think Atwood was deliberately vague about what many of the hybrid animals, including pigoons, looked like. By the way, in "real life," pigs are often used in heart research because their hearts are fairly close in size to adult human hearts. Real pigs are also naturally intelligent animals. Atwood may be trying to challenge us to think about certain issues like: are the pigoons more sympathetic or more evil because they seem to be very intelligent? More unnatural, and less deserving of survival? How does our attribution of intelligence change the morality of the situation?  Atwood is being provocative Cuvtixo (talk) 03:12, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Pigoons
Having just re read the book can anyone tell me where it mentions that pigoons are a hybrid of pig and baboon? From memory that only applies to the Crakers mating ritual and not to the pigoons. I know it definately mentions lobsters mind you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.150.88.189 (talk) 07:14, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * They aren't. It doesn't say so anywhere in the book. Either this is something Atwood mentioned in an interview or a total fabrication. For a fabrication it at least fits the established naming convention of other hybrid animals in the book... If it is a fabrication it is one which is repeated on a lot of (admittedly uncredible) websites.

I believe the entry on pigoons should be changed to read that they are a hybrid pig/human, as it is human organs that are transplanted, not baboon organs. Also, in The Year of the Flood it states they are named pigoons, "like pig balloon, because they were so big."(page 221, paragraph 2)

Critical Analysis
The "Critical Analysis" section added last week appears to be an essay by that consists entirely of unreferenced original work contrary to WP:OR. I'm deleting it. This is not a commentary on the essay's value; but Wikipedia is not the right place for it. TJRC (talk) 21:49, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Skunkweed
"skunkweed" is a fairly common slang term for some strains of marijuana that are especially strong and foul smelling. There isn't any reason to believe that Atwood meant this to be a similar, but not identical, substance as part of an alternate world. ;) Cuvtixo (talk) 03:29, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

I totally agree- I thought that comment was especially silly in the original article. I think Atwood would have sounded condescending if she had referred to "skunkweed" as marijuana. In some ways, the constant mentioning of "skunkweed" was a hook to connect the reader to this imagined universe. It's not uncommon for disillusioned people to smoke weed frequently- and I think at some level she wanted to tie this activity to Jimmy and Crake's other fun and games. Jonsthesquire (talk) 23:56, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Third to last paragraph in the Plot Summary section
I think that this should be deleted or moved. It interrupts the plot summary with a non-sequitur about Crakes dreams and the meaning of these dreams within the overall theme of the novel. Additionally, it conveys an uncited opinion that is, presumably, that of the author of the paragraph. Alexandergreenb (talk) 05:52, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Allusions/references to other works
There's a lot of great information here but it seems like it would benefit from being more organized so everything is clearer for readers. Would it be a good idea to put all the references that Atwood makes obvious (so the epigraphs and Slaughterhouse-Five) first and then have a second paragraph on those references/allusions which are less immediately clear and the conjecture of critics? Also, could anyone provide more information as to the parallels with Swift as this doesn't seem as clear as the comparison to Frankenstein but could be really interesting. (Although the lack of clarity could stem more from my small knowledge of Swift than anything else).Peachynewt (talk) 15:41, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

For section 8, See Also, it would be beneficial to add 'Climate Change' and 'Corporatization,' as these are also very important themes in the novel. --Seraphini (talk) 22:50, 7 March 2017 (UTC)

some Plot-Summary improvements
I have just finished reading the book for the 2nd time, and had it in front of me for reference as I wrote my edits. I don't know how to get my edits which you cancelled back to quote them exactly here, (How do I do such?), so I will just discuss their substance.

The first edit-item issue is straightforward, it seems to me. Crake repeatedly specifies and refers to the fact that it's only the Grandmasters, the proven best experts of the Extinctathon game, that he's interested in. So describing them in my edit as "expert" rather than as merely "proficient" is more correct and informative. Second edit:   The name of the pill, which you leave unstated, is "BlyssPluss". This is obviously an informative and suggestive name. It's main (open to public) purpose and marketing appeal in the story was for drastically improved sex, which is why my description of it as a "Viagra-like super pill" was both correct and aptly descriptive and correctly suggestive. Merely describing it as "a prophylactic agent" is vague,ambiguous and highly misleading by omission and mis-suggestion. Specifically, the phrase "a prophylactic agent" is vague and ambiguous cuz it doesn't specify What it prevents or causes: pregnancy from one intercourse, or permanent sterility, or something else? It is misleading because it stands alone, which falsely suggests it is the main or only important feature of the pill for the story. It's (secret) permanent-sterility rendering function (not mere "prophylactic") is mentioned only once and plays no further role in the story. In fact, it's super-Viagra aspects, along with its secret killer-virus carrying function, are both Much more important and prominent in the story. The fact that in the story it's sterility and virus-carrying features were both secret from the public, and the latter it's Most important feature for the story, justifies the parenthetical "(deceptive)" indication in the edit. So again, this edit comprised a constructive, informative improvement. If you somehow disagree with any of this, we can bog down to the level of specific page refs, etc, for proof. But I believe these claims are obvious to any impartial reader recently familiar with the story.

--- — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tommster1 (talk • contribs) 21:48, 11 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I have moved this to the bottom per WP:BOTTOMPOST, and adjusted the formatting for readability. Grayfell (talk) 22:13, 11 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Okay, while your enthusiasm is appreciated, please remember that this is a collaborative project which has been built by many editors, not just the one who reverted you. Please comment on content, not contributors, and be aware that starting multiple lengthy discussions for relatively minor changes to a plot summary could be seen as tendentious or uncivil. Editors often have many pages on their watchlists, so it helps to be brief, also. Thanks. Grayfell (talk) 22:27, 11 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Tommster1's edit was inappropriately rolled back as "test/vandalism" when it was neither. On the 3 points (a) changing 'proficient' to 'expert' is fine; (b) I don't think the use of brackets is appropriate for "(deceptive)" but clarifying how his "stated goals" differ from his goals is fine; describing BlyssPluss is fine but I don't think using one brand name for a real-life pill that is kind-of similar is appropriate - better to describe it as the category of drug that they both fall under. maclean (talk) 00:11, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

-- Tommster1 (talk) 07:58, 12 June 2016 (UTC)Tommster1 Hello Grayfell and Maclean25. Thank You for the substantive and content specific responses regarding my edit and it's reversion. I'm glad we have a common interest and caring about the subject. Re Grayfell's comments above, note that my above edits-defense Nowhere comments on the contributor/reverter. Also, please note that the defense above was longish only because of the seemingly "tendentious and uncivil", as well as seemingly obtuse while clearly false, unsubstantiated reversion and characterization of the edit as both test/vandalism and as not constructive. I also much prefer the maximal brevity compatible with the human meaning context. Also, if the edits were so relatively minor then why were they repeatedly blocked with out substantiation while stubbornly mis-characterized? Also, I don't get the point here of your pointing out "that this is a collaborative project which has been built by many editors, not just the one who reverted you." What does that have to do with here specifically defending a reverted edit? Please understand that all my responses here are meant as amiable and substantive. Re Maclean25's comments above, Thank you for expressing your concurrence re the mis-characterization. Re using the term "Viagra-like", there Is no actual PDR pharma category that well-fits this fictional drug; however, the story repeatedly emphasizes it's primary sex-enhancment role as essential to it's broad, rapid and worldwide appeal---which is central to it's secret viral human-wipeout purpose---. Would not "Viagra-like" be a widely understood, highly effective, and highly concise correct analogical indicator of a "great sex" drug with great and undiscriminating popular appeal. I can think of nothing more concise and better to immediately get the gist across. Can you? Such to Crake was exactly the main popular-presentation point of BlyssPluss, and also inspired that very name. The current term "prophylactic agent" is quite bad; it is misleading, extremely vague and uninformative, largely false by omission and mis-emphasis, and it drastically mis-represents the pills' large and important role in the story. So I again propose "BlyssPluss, a Viagra-like superpill" as extremely apt for at-a-glance expression of it's story-context public gist. The alternative is a full sentence or two describing both it's open and secret features, and their pivotal importance to the story. So at this point, I take it it's OK by you people now to change to "expert", and to elaborate a bit around the "deceptive" matter re Crakes mis-representation of the Crakers, Correct? I'll await responses here before reinstating (again) the "Viagra..." pill part. There are several other substantial plot-summary weaknesses present, to be addressed in my next installment here. Or should I first just edit them in, as Wiki intro-guidelines invite, and await any reversion? In friendly support of and contributing to the admirable Wiki project. Cheerio, Tommster1 (talk) 07:58, 12 June 2016 (UTC)Tommster1

---

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title: Talk:Oryx and Crake


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Hot/C/Cal-Cam

Cala

 * 1) Calabazilla
 * 2) Calabozo
 * 3) Calabrian Stage
 * 4) Calah
 * 5) Calamander wood
 * 6) Calamian Group
 * 7) Calamintha grandiflora
 * 8) Calampelis
 * 9) Calandrinia
 * 10) Calarca

Calc-Cale

 * 1) Calcarea
 * 2) Calcarenite
 * 3) Calcareous rock
 * 4) Calcareous soil
 * 5) Calcasieu
 * 6) Calceolaria
 * 7) Calchas
 * 8) Calcichordates
 * 9) Calcination
 * 10) Calcisol
 * 11) Calcium-channel blocker
 * 12) Calcrete
 * 13) Calculated field
 * 14) Calculus of vectors
 * 15) Calderón Bridge
 * 16) Caldwell
 * 17) Caleb Mills
 * 18) Caledonian Orogenic Belt
 * 19) Calendar Month
 * 20) Calendaring

Cali

 * 1) Cali
 * 2) Caliche
 * 3) Caliciales
 * 4) California Coastal Rocks and Islands National Monument
 * 5) California Nutmeg
 * 6) Californian Indian
 * 7) Californian plants
 * 8) Calixtines
 * 9) Calixto García y Iñigues

Call

 * 1) Call accounting
 * 2) Call agent
 * 3) Call center in a box
 * 4) Call center overflow
 * 5) Call control
 * 6) Call distributor
 * 7) Call generator
 * 8) Call monitoring
 * 9) Call pickup service
 * 10) Call routing service
 * 11) Call

Calla-Calli

 * 1) Calla
 * 2) Callan-Gross Relation
 * 3) Calle de Alcala
 * 4) Called routine
 * 5) Callichroa
 * 6) Callide Valley
 * 7) Calling program
 * 8) Calling routine
 * 9) Callinicus of Heliopolis
 * 10) Callinus
 * 11) Calliope (Greek mythology)
 * 12) Calliopsis
 * 13) Callirrhoë
 * 14) Callisto (astronomy)
 * 15) Callisto (Greek mythology)
 * 16) Callistus
 * 17) Callixtus

Calm-Caly

 * 1) Calmar
 * 2) Calneh
 * 3) Calochortus luteus
 * 4) Calomel
 * 5) Calpurnius
 * 6) Caltagirone
 * 7) Calthus palustris
 * 8) Calukya Dynasty
 * 9) Calumet District NE Indiana, Greater Chicago.
 * 10) Calumet Harbor
 * 11) Calvin Ellis Stowe
 * 12) Calvinistic Methodist Church
 * 13) Calvus
 * 14) Calycanthus floridus
 * 15) Calyceraceae Genus of Calycerales
 * 16) Calycerales
 * 17) Calymene Genus of Trilobite
 * 18) Calypso (astronomy)
 * 19) Calypso (Greek mythology)
 * 20) Calypso (music)

Cam

 * 1) CAM (computing)
 * 2) Cam mechanism

Cama-Came

 * 1) CAMAC
 * 2) Camar caste of India
 * 3) Camargo Society
 * 4) Camass
 * 5) Camassia esculenta
 * 6) Cambisol see FAO soil classification
 * 7) Cambium
 * 8) Cambodian art and architecture
 * 9) Camborne-Redruth
 * 10) Cambridge Critics
 * 11) Cambridge Platform
 * 12) Cambridge Radio Survey
 * 13) Cambuluc
 * 14) Camel Hair
 * 15) Camel's hair
 * 16) Cameo cat
 * 17) Cameo Glass
 * 18) Camera ready
 * 19) Camerata
 * 20) Cameron McRae Winslow

Cami-Camu

 * 1) Camilla (Wergeland) Collett
 * 2) Camilla Urso
 * 3) Camille Christophe Gerono
 * 4) Camille Jullian
 * 5) Camille Roy
 * 6) Camillo Sitte
 * 7) Camillus
 * 8) Camisards
 * 9) Camp Fire Boys and Girls
 * 10) Camp Gagetown
 * 11) Camp LeJeune
 * 12) Campagna di Roma
 * 13) Campaign Furniture
 * 14) Campaign of Ilerda
 * 15) Campaigns in North Africa
 * 16) Camphor tree
 * 17) Campidano
 * 18) Campos
 * 19) Camptostromatoidea
 * 20) Camu River


text:
1715 in architecture

The year 1715 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings

 * The Clarendon Building at the University of Oxford, England, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, is completed.
 * Chapel and Hall, The Queen's College, Oxford, England, designed by George Clarke after Hawksmoor, structurally completed.
 * St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham, England, designed by Thomas Archer is consecrated as a parish church.
 * Many batteries and redoubts are built in Malta. Surviving examples include Saint Mary's Battery, Qolla l-Bajda Battery, Briconet Redoubt and Vendôme Tower.
 * Filippo Juvarra starts working on the previously postponed construction of the church of Santa Christina in Turin.
 * Filippo Juvarra starts rebuilding the church of San Filippo Neri, Turin in which the roof had collapsed during the siege of Turin during the War of the Spanish Succession.
 * Fountain of the Tritons in Rome completed by Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri.
 * Clarence House, 22 Watling Street, Thaxted, England, is completed.

Events

 * Colen Campbell publishes the first volume of Vitruvius Britannicus, or the British Architect.

title: 1715 in architecture


text:
Democratic National Front Party

The Democratic National Front Party (in Albanian: Partia Balli Kombëtar Demokrat) (PBKD), also sometimes referred to as the Right National Front or Right National Party, is a political party in Albania led by Artur Roshi. It was formed in 1998 by breaking away from the ultra-nationalist National Front. The PBKD is a right-wing group with nationalist policies which aim to create a Greater Albania. It remains closely linked to the National Front, but has made its policies more moderate.

In the 2005 elections, PBKD was part of the Alliance for Freedom, Justice and Welfare. PBKD got 0.6% of the proportional votes, and no seats.

In 2005 the congress of the National Front rejected a proposal to merge the two parties.

History
The party was formed in 1997-1998 as a result of personal disagreements between Hysen Selfo, then deputy leader of the National Front, and the National Front's leader Abaz Ermenji.

The National Front parties trace their origins to the 1940s. Balli Kombëtar (The National Front) was an Albanian nationalist and anti-communist organization established in 1942. It was led by Ali Këlcyra and Mit'hat Frashëri.

In 1942 Balli Kombëtar entered into a fragile alliance with the Communist-led National Liberation Front, and acted as a resistance group against Italian and German occupation forces in Albania. However, when it appeared that the communists were to seize power in Albania, the organisation began collaboration with the Axis Powers during their occupation of Greece and Yugoslavia. In 1943 for example, members recruited by the organization participated alongside the Wehrmacht in burning villages in Albania and Greece and on the territory, which is today the modern North Macedonia.

title: Democratic National Front Party


text:
Community marketing

Community marketing is a strategy to engage an audience in an active, non-intrusive prospect and customer conversation.

Definition
Whereas marketing communication strategies such as advertising, promotion, PR, and sales all focus on attaining customers, community marketing focuses on the perceived needs of existing customers. This accomplishes four things for a business:

 * Connects existing customers with prospects
 * Connects prospects with each other
 * Connects a company with customers/prospects to solidify loyalty
 * Connects customers with customers to improve product adoption, satisfaction, etc.

There are two types:

 * Organic or natural marketing occurs without the assistance of the company. Organic marketing is word-of-mouth marketing and is one of the most effective marketing methods
 * Sponsored community marketing is promoted by company through activities like investments in the local community improvement initiatives or corporate social responsibility.

Skepticism among consumers as a result of blatant advertising and other unethical communications has affected the success of the sponsored form of community marketing. Continuing success in community marketing strategies has been found in engaging and cultivating the natural communities that form around their product/service.

Benefits

 * Bi-directional communication with customers - Resulting in increased feedback, identification of customer needs, and a customer-focused product development
 * Reduced Communication Barriers - Easily introduce messaging to customer audience regarding new products, Public relations strategies, or Damage control (news)
 * Identify, engage, and leverage Advocates - Allow enthused and loyal customers to benefit your overall marketing through Word of mouth and Knowledge Management that reduces the load on your internal support mechanisms (particularly for tech products).
 * Gaining Trusted Advisor Status - Reduced skepticism towards your marketing message as a result of a demonstrated openness, transparency, and commitment to customer focus through Community Marketing involvement. Results in an "ownership" of the discussion surrounding a product/service that reduces negativity and positions the providing company as a resource, rather than simply a vendor.

Tools used

 * Online Social Networking - The chief medium for Community Marketing revolves around Web 2.0 interactivity such as Internet forums, Wiki's, Social networks, Blogs, and related syndication (RSS).
 * Community-Specific Tools & Features - To encourage community participation, many companies offer tools and features exclusively to "members" of the community. These include Webcasts, Podcasts, and email bulletins. The key factor, however, in using these tools is the value of the message. Communities revolve around user-valuable messages (information, support, tips & tricks, etc.) and NOT promotional messages.
 * Community Infrastructure and Governance - Some communities engage the participation of their customers in the role of elected officials, advisory board members, and volunteer "guru" status in order to exemplify key customers in their communities.
 * Partnerships - Although this is often a purely Public relations strategy, some people view partnerships with non-profit consumer advocacy organizations to be a Community Marketing effort.

The power of community in marketing
Some of the world's strongest brands were originally built through low-cost community-based marketing. Nike Inc., Starbucks and Google are some examples. When companies focus on meeting customer needs, they don't have to spend big money to attract new customers. And when they stay close to their communities they don't need market research to tell them what people want. Kiehl's, a renowned global body-care brand now owned by L'Oreal, for example has people from around the world make pilgrimages to the original New York City store. Kiehl's packaging is plain, its stores are basic and from its 1851 founding until today, the brand has never advertised. Success has been driven by products tailored to customers' needs, word-of-mouth promotion, free in-store product trials and the personal connections forged by requiring active community involvement of every employee.
 * Community costs less

The topmost human needs are having a sense of belonging and the feeling of being understood. These needs are most often met through families, clubs and communities. When companies begin to focus on building communities, it makes a powerful impact that forges emotional bonds. When a new community is established, people who once felt left out now find kindred spirits. They begin to have a place to belong. When an existing community is strengthened, people who once felt marginalized now find validation. They discover that they have an important role to play. While its brand image is brash and unapologetically competitive, Nike has done an amazing job of connecting with under-appreciated consumer segments and fostering communities that build empowerment, from making running mainstream, to supporting inner-city basketball, to empowering girls as athletes. The reward has been intense customer loyalty.
 * Community Grows Loyalty

Community brands remain relevant because they're constantly adapting to the changing needs, interests and values of the people who give them meaning. Starbucks originally provided the caffeine addicts a "theater of coffee" experience, with each nuance carefully engineered. As more newcomers joined the tribe, baristas were trained to educate them on coffee exotica, developing a dimension of accessible adventure for the brand. When technology caused a convergence of work and home life, Starbucks lost its individuality and it was not a much sought out place for coffee due to the emerging baristas. Starbucks responded by tapping the larger cultural trend of consumption-based self-expression to offer an endlessly configurable array of unique toppings, ingredients and preparation techniques inspired by customer requests and baristas' creativity. While Starbucks has stumbled of late, it's telling that upon his return to reinvent the company, CEO Howard Schultz quickly reached out to the community by establishing mystarbucksidea.com.
 * Community Maintains Authenticity

Growth and innovation are fueled by a passionate brand community. Vans, originally a maker of cheap deck shoes, followed the interests of its dedicated customers to expand into custom surf shoes, surf competitions, skateboarding shoes and gear, skateboard parks, touring music festivals and even a feature film. And within each of those businesses, new products, features and ways of marketing were generated through a continuous flow of ideas from the grassroots. Harley-Davidson understood that while its community shared a core passion for the brand, they also had a wide variety of unfulfilled needs and challenges. By methodically focusing on meeting these, the company built substantial new businesses around motorcycle customization, riding gear, motorcycle-inspired fashion and home decoration. It also created the largest motorcycle club in the world, motorcycle rentals and rider training businesses, a museum, shipping and travel services, and even destination cafés.
 * Community Drives Innovation

In times of change, businesses must often reinvent themselves to survive. Yet the impulse for many is to hunker down, wait for the tide to turn and worry about changing later. This both increases the risk of failure and misses the opportunity to energize employees and jump back into competition. By engaging the community-starting with customers, but extending to channel partners, employees, government, society and investors-a company can reinvent itself in an organic way. Products and activities that are no longer adding value can be eliminated, freeing up resources for new initiatives. Focusing activities on understanding and meeting the community's changing needs keeps spending in check while seeding new growth and laying the foundation for expansion. Lou Gerstner reinvented IBM in this way. Under pressure to dismantle the massive organization, Gerstner instead initiated "Operation Bear Hug," tasking executives across the company with reaching out to their most important customers and discovering their most pressing challenges. This led to the insight that IBM's real strength was as a provider of integrated solutions-and its reinvention as the "e-business" company. In tough times more than ever, people crave a sense of community support. When companies provide this-by building communities that deliver tangible and emotional value, through employees and customers working together to solve collective challenges-they build lasting bonds of loyalty and discover new sources of growth. Good marketing always puts people at the center. Smart marketing in tough times taps the collective power of community.
 * Community Supports Natural Reinvention

title: Community marketing


text:
User:Streamless

Hello. Streamless 13:47, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Streamless


text:
Upper Merion Area School District

The Upper Merion Area School District provides education to Upper Merion Township, Bridgeport, and West Conshohocken in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. It consists of seven schools.

Schools

 * Upper Merion Area High School (grades 9-12)
 * Upper Merion Area Middle School (grades 5-8)
 * Bridgeport Elementary School (grades K-4)
 * Caley Elementary School (grades K-4)
 * Candlebrook Elementary School (grades K-4)
 * Gulph Elementary School (grades K-4)
 * Roberts Elementary School (grades K-4)

The mascot for the Upper Merion Area Middle School and High School is the Viking. School colors are Gold and Navy Blue. The mascot for Caley Elementary School is the Cougar. The mascot for Roberts Elementary School is the Raccoon. The mascot for Candlebrook Elementary school is the Cub. The mascot for Bridgeport Elementary school is the Bear. The mascot for Gulph Elementary School is the Gator. A new middle school was completed in 2006 (and even visited by former president, Barack Obama), as part of the district's plan to replace most school buildings. All five Elementary Schools have been built or rebuilt since 2000.

Governance
In September 1999 the district began a voluntary school uniform pilot program at Roberts Elementary, but superintendent Terry Mancini stated that due to a new principal starting that year, it would be unlikely to be widely adhered to.

The district is governed by a nine-member Board of Directors elected to four-year terms. Since the late 1960s, the district is one of only two in Montgomery County (along with Spring-Ford School District) to have board members elected by region. The district has three regions with two members from each region while three at-large members fill out the remainder of the board. The political breakdown as of December 2017 is 8 Democrats and 1 Republican.

title: Upper Merion Area School District


text:
1807 in architecture

The year 1807 in architecture involved some significant events.

Events

 * John Smith is appointed official city architect of Aberdeen in Scotland.
 * St Mark's Basilica in Venice is consecrated as a cathedral.

Buildings

 * The church of San Pietro di Cremeno, Genoa, Italy, is built.
 * The Templo de la Virgen del Carmen church in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico, designed by Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras, is completed.
 * Saint Petersburg Manege (riding school), designed by Giacomo Quarenghi, is completed.
 * "Old Academy" building for Perth Academy, Scotland, designed by Robert Reid, is completed.
 * Chester City Club in England, designed by Thomas Harrison, is built as the Commercial Coffee Room.
 * Huguang Guild Hall in Beijing, is built.
 * Royal Crescent, Brighton, England (begun 1798) is completed.
 * In Lincoln County, Maine, the Nichols-Sortwell House and Castle Tucker, examples of federal architecture, are built at Wiscasset's seaport on the Sheepscot River.

Awards

 * Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Jean-Nicolas Huyot.

Births

 * April 28 – Alan Stevenson, Scottish lighthouse engineer (died 1865)
 * September 26 – John Hayward, English architect (died 1891)

Deaths

 * February 22 – John Carr, English architect (born 1723)

title: 1807 in architecture


text:
Michel catalog

The Michel catalog (MICHEL-Briefmarken-Katalog) is the largest and best-known stamp catalog in the German-speaking world. First published in 1910, it has become an important reference work for philately, with information not available in the English-language Scott catalogue.

Origins
The catalog started out as a price list for the dealer Hugo Michel of Apolda. By 1920 it was split into two volumes, for "Europe" and "overseas", and eventually grew to a present-day size of about a dozen volumes covering the entire world, with additional specialized volumes bringing the total to some forty catalogs.

Scope
It extensively covers specialized Germany collecting including the complex World War II era stamps of Germany, occupied territories, and provisional stamps.

Unlike Scott, Michel does not issue a complete set of catalogs every year, instead updating only several of the volumes. Michel is also more detailed, with quantities issued, sheet formats, and so forth. Also of significance to some collectors is its coverage of countries and periods omitted by Scott for editorial or political reasons. For instance, US embargoes against Cuba, Iraq, and North Korea are reflected by Scott's failure to show market values for those countries' stamp issues (as late as 2002, Scott did not supply any information at all about North Korean stamps), and Michel is one of few sources for that information.

Michel also documents stamps issued apparently with little or no intent of being used to pay postage and stamps issued by regions or areas with dubious political status. Scott excludes many issues that were unlikely to be actually used to pay postage.

Catalogue publications
There are 15 main catalogues, all issued in German; about 400,000 are printed annually. Their information is also accessible on the Michel internet pages.

Germany
The standard Germany catalogue (Michel-Deutschland-Katalog) covers all German stamps issues. A more detailed specialized catalogue is available. For young collectors a simplified "Junior Catalogue" is available. All these catalogues are published on an annual basis.

Europe
Called "Europa-Katalog (EK)" these catalogues appear annually and are divided as follows:
 * EK1 West and Central Europe
 * EK2 Southern Europe
 * EK3 North and Northwest Europe
 * EK4 Eastern Europe

Overseas
Called "Übersee-Katalog (ÜK)" these catalogues appear about every three years. As of 2014 there are 10 issues, some in two volumes. In contrast to the European catalogues the number of stamps printed is not indicated. Not all issues are represented by images.
 * ÜK1 North and Central America
 * ÜK2 Caribbean Islands
 * ÜK3 South America
 * ÜK4 North and East Africa
 * ÜK5 West Africa
 * ÜK6 Southern Africa
 * ÜK7 Australia, Oceania, Antarctic Territories
 * ÜK8 South and Southeast Asia
 * ÜK9 Central and East Asia
 * ÜK10 Middle East

Other stamp catalogues
Aside from Germany, a number of other countries are covered in specialized catalogues that indicate more details such as variations and first day cancellation. Specialized catalogues are available for Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, Great Britain, United States, Croatia, and the United Nations. In addition, other philatelic titles are published.

English issues
Recently Michel publishers (Schwaneberger Verlag) has issued some English-language titles, viz.:

 * Gulf States (2006, all colour focussed on the Arabian semi-island from Abu Dhabi-Yemen inc. the "sheikhdom issues");
 * Germany Specialized Vol. 1 (2007, empire, colonies ec. up to 1945), Vol. 2 (2009, WWII and aftermath inc. related as Generalgouvernement, allied occ. zones); not covered up to now old German states and post-1949, probably in a Vol. 3. The Germany specializeds are issued in co-operation with the APS affiliate German Philatelic Society.

title: Michel catalog


text:
Port Wakefield

Port Wakefield may refer to.

Australia

 * Port Wakefield, South Australia, a town and locality
 * Port Wakefield railway line, part of the now-closed Balaklava-Moonta railway line in South Australia
 * Port Wakefield Circuit, a former motor racing circuit in South Australia
 * Port Wakefield Road, a major highway in South Australia
 * District Council of Port Wakefield, a former local government area in South Australia

United States

 * Port Wakefield, Alaska, a ghost town

title: Port Wakefield


text:
Carboxymethyl cellulose

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone. It is often used in its sodium salt form, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. It used to be marketed under the name Tylose, a registered trademark of SE Tylose.

Preparation
Carboxymethyl cellulose is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid. The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive. Fabrics made of cellulose–e.g., cotton or viscose rayon—may also be converted into CMC.

Following the initial reaction, the resultant mixture produces approximately 60% CMC and 40% salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate). This product, called technical CMC, is used in detergents. An additional purification process is used to remove salts to produce pure CMC, which is used for food and pharmaceutical applications. An intermediate "semi-purified" grade is also produced, which is typically used in paper applications such as the restoration of archival documents.

Structure
CMC is a derivative of the regenerated cellulose [C6H10O5]n with hydroxy-acetic acid (hydroxy ethanoic acid) CH2(OH)COOH or sodium monochloroacetate ClCH2COONa. The CMC backbone consists of D-glucose residues linked by -1,4-linkage. It has carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone. It is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

Properties
CMC is a white or lightly yellow powder with no odor, flavor, or poisonous properties. It is hygroscopic and dissolves well in hot or cold water, forming a viscous solution. It is not soluble in organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform, and benzene. The functional properties of CMC depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e., how many of the hydroxyl groups have been converted to carboxymethylene groups in the substitution reaction), as well as the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure and the degree of clustering of the carboxymethyl substituents. It is commonly used as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products, both food and non-food-related. It is mainly used because it has a high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic.

Introduction
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in applications ranging from food production to medical treatments. It is commonly used as a viscosity modifier or thickener and to stabilize emulsions in both food and non-food products. It is used primarily because it has high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic, as the major source fiber is either softwood pulp or cotton linter. It is also used in non-food products which include products such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, reusable heat packs, various paper products, filtration materials, synthetic membranes, wound healing applications, and also in leather crafting to help burnish edges.

Food science
CMC is registered as E466 or E469 (when it is enzymatically hydrolyzed). It is used for a viscosity modifier or thickener and to stabilize emulsions in various products, including ice cream, mayonnaise, and beverages. It is also used extensively in gluten-free and reduced-fat food products.

CMC's variable viscosity (high while cold, and low while hot) makes it useful in the preparation of cold foods and textures in beverages and edible gels. With a DS around 1.0, it can prevent dehydration and shrinkage of gelatin while also contributing to a more airy structure. In some foods, it can be used to control oil and moisture content.

CMC is used to achieve tartrate or cold stability in wine, which can prevent excess energy usage while chilling wine in warm climates. It is more stable than metatartaric acid and is very effective in inhibiting tartrate precipitation. It is reported that KHT crystals, in the presence of CMC, grow slower and change their morphology. Their shape becomes flatter because they lose 2 of the 7 faces, changing their dimensions. CMC molecules, negatively charged at wine pH, interact with the electropositive surface of the crystals, where potassium ions are accumulated. The slower growth of the crystals and the modification of their shape are caused by the competition between CMC molecules and bitartrate ions for binding to the KHT crystals.

Food fraud

 * Shrimp and prawns: CMC injections have been used to fraudulently increase the weight and visual appeal of shrimp and prawns so as to short-weight customers.

Detergent uses
CMC is a common ingredient in cleaning products because of its thickening and stabilizing properties and nontoxic composition. In detergent and cleaning products, it can be used to enhance texture and assist in the suspension of dirt and grime in the cleaning product. Its adjustable viscosity can be used to standardize the textures of the products, especially when used along with other chemicals.

CMC helps with the removal of grease and aids in the creation of small bubbles in the soap. This, along with its ability to suspend dirt in mixtures, can make soaps and other cleaning products more efficient.

Textile uses
CMC is used in textiles as a thickening agent in textile printing, constituting about 2-3% of printing pastes. It is also used in fabric finishing to affect the fabric's texture. Additionally, CMC serves as a binding agent in non-woven fabrics, contributing to the strength and stability of the material. In sizing applications, about 1-3% of CMC is used to protect yarns during weaving to reduce breakages.

CMC aids in thickening printing pastes, which makes the prints themself more precise. It is also used to thicken dyes. Additionally, it is an alternative to synthetic thickeners.

Cosmetics uses
CMC is an ingredient used in over 50% of cosmetic products. As a thickening agent, it is used in formulations where viscosity needs to be precisely controlled. In hair care, about 25% of shampoos and conditioners utilize CMC for its conditioning and detangling effects. It is also used in the makeup and toothpaste industries to control the products' texture. Due to its ability to retain moisture, it is also used in skincare products. CMC serves as a film-forming agent in approximately 10% of sunscreens.

CMC aids in pigment suspension and dispersion, binding other ingredients for even distribution. CMC, when combined with Fatty Acid Ethanolamine or 2,2'-Iminodiethanol in a hair product, can form a thin film around the hair.

Specific culinary uses
CMC powder is widely used in the ice cream industry, to make ice creams without churning or extremely low temperatures, thereby eliminating the need for conventional churners or salt ice mixes. CMC is used in baking breads and cakes. The use of CMC gives the loaf an improved quality at a reduced cost, by reducing the need for fat. CMC is also used as an emulsifier in biscuits. Dispersing fat uniformly in the dough, improves the release of the dough from the molds and cutters, achieving well-shaped biscuits without any distorted edges. It can also help to reduce the amount of egg yolk or fat used in making the biscuits. The use of CMC in candy preparation ensures smooth dispersion in flavor oils and improves texture and quality. CMC is used in chewing gums, margarine, and peanut butter as an emulsifier.

Medical applications
CMC is also used in numerous medical applications.

Some examples include:
 * 1) Device for epistaxis (nose bleeding). A poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) balloon is covered by CMC knitted fabric reinforced by nylon. The device is soaked in water to form a gel, which is inserted into the nose of the balloon and inflated. The combination of the inflated balloon and the therapeutic effect of the CMC stops the bleeding.
 * 2) Fabric used as a dressing following ear nose and throat surgical procedures.
 * 3) Water is added to form a gel, and this gel is inserted into the sinus cavity following surgery.

In ophthalmology, CMC is used as a lubricating agent in artificial tears solutions for the treatment of dry eyes.

In veterinary medicine, CMC is used in abdominal surgeries in large animals, particularly horses, to prevent the formation of bowel adhesions.

Research applications
Insoluble CMC (water-insoluble) can be used in the purification of proteins, particularly in the form of charged filtration membranes or as granules in cation-exchange resins for ion-exchange chromatography. Its low solubility is a result of a lower DS value (the number of carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit in the cellulose chain) compared to soluble CMC. Insoluble CMC offers physical properties similar to insoluble cellulose, while the negatively charged carboxylate groups allow it to bind to positively charged proteins. Insoluble CMC can also be chemically cross-linked to enhance the mechanical strength of the material.

Moreover, CMC has been used extensively to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases (part of the cellulase complex); it is a highly specific substrate for endo-acting cellulases, as its structure has been engineered to decrystallize cellulose and create amorphous sites that are ideal for endoglucanase action. CMC is desirable because the catalysis product (glucose) is easily measured using a reducing sugar assay, such as 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. Using CMC in enzyme assays is especially important in screening for cellulase enzymes that are needed for more efficient cellulosic ethanol conversion. CMC was misused in early work with cellulase enzymes, as many had associated whole cellulase activity with CMC hydrolysis. As the mechanism of cellulose depolymerization became better understood, it became clear that exo-cellulases are dominant in the degradation of crystalline (e.g. Avicel) and not soluble (e.g. CMC) cellulose.

Other uses
In laundry detergents, it is used as a soil suspension polymer designed to deposit onto cotton and other cellulosic fabrics, creating a negatively charged barrier to soils in the wash solution. CMC is also used as a thickening agent, for example, in the oil-drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud, where it acts as a viscosity modifier and water retention agent.

CMC is sometimes used as an electrode binder in advanced battery applications (i.e. lithium ion batteries), especially with graphite anodes. CMC's water solubility allows for less toxic and costly processing than with non-water-soluble binders, like the traditional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which requires toxic n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) for processing. CMC is often used in conjunction with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) for electrodes requiring extra flexibility, e.g. for use with silicon-containing anodes.

CMC is also used in ice packs to form a eutectic mixture resulting in a lower freezing point, and therefore more cooling capacity than ice.

Aqueous solutions of CMC have also been used to disperse carbon nanotubes, where the long CMC molecules are thought to wrap around the nanotubes, allowing them to be dispersed in water.

In conservation-restoration, it is used as an adhesive or fixative (commercial name Walocel, Klucel).

Adverse reactions
Effects on inflammation, microbiota-related metabolic syndrome, and colitis are a subject of research. Carboxymethyl cellulose is suggested as a possible cause of inflammation of the gut [], through alteration of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, and has been suggested as a triggering factor in inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

While thought to be uncommon, case reports of severe reactions to CMC exist. Skin testing is believed to be a useful diagnostic tool for this purpose. CMC was the active ingredient in an eye drop brand Ezricare Artificial Tears which was recalled due to potential bacterial contamination.

title: Carboxymethyl cellulose


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tus Wutch

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Tus Wutch
Slang, neologism. DS 13:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Not only that, it's a a failed attempt at humor. Delete. --Jacquelyn Marie 22:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --TM (talk) 22:31, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
And the Horse They Rode In On

And the Horse They Rode In On is an album by the Minneapolis band Soul Asylum, released in 1990. The vinyl, cassette, and CD versions of the album have different, but related, cover art. The band supported the album with a North American tour. The first single was "Spinnin.

Production
The album was produced by Steve Jordan. The majority of it was recorded live on an A&M sound stage in Los Angeles, and finished in Cannon Falls. The band decided to record what they felt like, rather than worry about a consistent style. Soul Asylum spent so much time recording that they collected several outtakes. "We 3" is about an eternal triangle. "Nice Guys (Don't Get Paid)" is about drug dealing.

Critical reception
The Windsor Star wrote that Gullible's Travels' is one of the best half-dozen rock tracks of the year." The Vancouver Sun determined that Soul Asylum "have channelled their hardcore angst and drunkards-on-skateboards mentality into some of the freshest and most melodic songwriting around."

The Dallas Morning News stated that the band "maintains its tradition of combining tightly flexed funk rhythms, sharp melodies, raggedly tuneful guitars and rough, passionate vocals." The Richmond Times-Dispatch noted that "All the King's Friends" "impressively welds a '60s-sounding rock melody to an almost speed-metal structure."

Track listing
All songs written by Dave Pirner unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "Spinnin'" – 2:37
 * 2) "Bitter Pill" – 2:49
 * 3) "Veil of Tears" – 4:06
 * 4) "Nice Guys (Don't Get Paid)" – 4:45
 * 5) "Something out of Nothing" – 3:15
 * 6) "Gullible's Travels" – 4:18 (Murphy)
 * 7) "Brand New Shine" – 3:15
 * 8) "Easy Street" – 3:34 (Pirner, Murphy)
 * 9) "Grounded" – 3:17
 * 10) "Be on Your Way" – 3:01
 * 11) "We 3" – 4:08
 * 12) "All the King's Friends" – 3:09

Singles

 * 1) "Brand New Shine"
 * 2) "Easy Street"
 * 3) "Veil of Tears"
 * 4) "Nice Guys (Don't Get Paid)"

title: And the Horse They Rode In On


text:
1751 in architecture

The year 1751 in architecture involved some significant events.

Events

 * June 29 – Foundations of Santo Domingo convent in Buenos Aires, designed by Antonio Masella Turin (construction completed in 1805), are laid.

Buildings

 * Dresden Cathedral in Saxony, designed by Gaetano Chiaveri (construction begun in 1738), is completed.
 * Church of St. Michael in Berg am Laim, Munich in Bavaria, designed by Johann Michael Fischer (construction begun in 1738), is completed.
 * Pilgrimage Church of Maria Schnee, Aufhausen in Bavaria, designed by Johann Michael Fischer (construction begun in 1736), is completed.
 * Crossmichael Parish Church in south west Scotland (construction begun in 1749) is completed.
 * The Kalvária Banská Štiavnica calvary in the Kingdom of Hungary (construction begun in 1744) is completed.
 * The Sunehri Masjid ("Golden Mosque") in the Red Fort of Old Delhi, India (construction begun in 1747) is completed.
 * Second Old Ursuline Convent, New Orleans, designed by Ignace François Broutin (construction begun in 1745), is completed.
 * Codrington Library at All Souls College, Oxford, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor (construction begun in 1716), is completed.
 * Prince William Mansion, Copenhagen, is completed.
 * Dutch House at Kuskovo near Moscow, designed by Y. I. Kologrivov (construction begun in 1749), is completed.

Births

 * May 20 – Jonathan Williams, American military engineer (d. 1815)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Carl Marcus Tuscher, German-born Danish portrait painter, printmaker, architect and decorator (born 1705)
 * February 8 – Nicola Salvi, Italian architect (b. 1697)
 * February 19 – Richard Cassels, German-born architect working in Ireland (b. 1690)
 * March 3 – Batty Langley, English garden designer and pioneer of Gothic Revival architecture (b. 1696)
 * August 9 – Ignace François Broutin, French military officer and architect in Louisiana (b. 1690)
 * December 18 – Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, Bohemian baroque architect (b. 1689)

title: 1751 in architecture


text:
Universal Design for Learning

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an educational framework based on research in the learning theory, including cognitive neuroscience, that guides the development of flexible learning environments and learning spaces that can accommodate individual learning differences.

Universal Design for learning is a set of principles that provide teachers with a structure to develop instructions to meet the diverse needs of all learners.

The UDL framework, first defined by David H. Rose, Ed.D. of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) in the 1990s, calls for creating a curriculum from the outset that provides:

 * Multiple means of representation give learners various ways of acquiring information and knowledge,
 * Multiple means of expression to provide learners alternatives for demonstrating what they know, and
 * Multiple means of engagement to tap into learners' interests, challenge them appropriately, and motivate them to learn.

Curriculum, as defined in the UDL literature, has four parts: instructional goals, methods, materials, and assessments. UDL is intended to increase access to learning by reducing physical, cognitive, intellectual, and organizational barriers to learning, as well as other obstacles. UDL principles also lend themselves to implementing inclusionary practices in the classroom.

Universal Design for Learning is referred to by name in American legislation, such as the Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA) of 2008 (Public Law 110-315), the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and the Assistive Technology Act of 1998. The emphasis is placed on equal access to curriculum by all students and the accountability required by IDEA 2004 and No Child Left Behind legislation has presented a need for a practice that will accommodate all learners.

Origins
The concept and language of Universal Design for Learning was inspired by the universal design movement in architecture and product development, originally formulated by Ronald L. Mace at North Carolina State University. Universal design calls for "the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design". UDL applies this general idea to learning: that curriculum should, from the outset, be designed to accommodate all kinds of learners. Educators have to be deliberate in the teaching and learning process in the classroom (e.g.,Preparing class learning profiles for each student). This will enable grouping by interest. Those students that have challenges will be given special assistance. This will enable specific multimedia to meet the needs of all students. However, recognizing that the UD principles created to guide the design of things (e.g., buildings, products) are not adequate for the design of social interactions (e.g., human learning environments), researchers at CAST looked to the neurosciences and theories of progressive education in developing the UDL principles. In particular, the work of Lev Vygotsky and, less directly, Benjamin Bloom informed the three-part UDL framework.

Some educational initiatives, such as Universal Design for Instruction (UDI) and Universal Instructional Design (UID), adapt the Mace principles for products and environments to learning environments, primarily at the postsecondary level. While these initiatives are similar to UDL, and have, in some cases, compatible goals, they are not equivalent to UDL and the terms are not interchangeable; they refer to distinct frameworks. On the other hand, UDI practices promoted by the DO-IT Center operationalize both UD and UDL principles to help educators maximize the learning of all students.

Implementation initiatives in the US
In 2006, representatives from more than two dozen educational and disability organizations in the US formed the National Universal Design for Learning Taskforce. The goal was to raise awareness of UDL among national, state, and local policymakers.

The organizations represented in the National Task Force on UDL include the National School Boards Association, the National Education Association (NEA), the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), the National Association of State Directors of Special Education (NASDSE), the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), the Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD),the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), the National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD), the National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP), Easter Seals, American Foundation for the Blind (AFB), Association on Higher Education and Disability, Higher Education Consortium for Special Education (HECSE), American Occupational Therapy Association, National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE), National Down Syndrome Congress (NDSC), Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA), TASH, the Arc of the United States, the Vocational Evaluation and Career Assessment Professionals Association (VECAP), the National Cerebral Palsy Association, and the Advocacy Institute.

Activities have included sponsoring a Congressional staff briefing on UDL in February 2007 and supporting efforts to include UDL in major education legislation for both K–12 and postsecondary.

Research
Research evidence on UDL is complicated as it is hard to isolate UDL from other pedagogical practices, for example, Coppola et al. (2019) combine UDL with Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy, and Phuong and Berkeley (2017) combine it with Adaptive Equity Oriented Pedagogy (AEP). Coppola et al. provide phenomenological evidence that learners with a variety of needs find UDL helpful for their learning. Phuong and Berkeley, using a randomized controlled trial, found that AEP, which is based on UDL, led to a significant improvement in students’ grades, even when several confounding variables were controlled for.

Baumann and Melle (2019) report in a small-scale study of 89 students, 73 without specific educational needs and 16 with specific educational needs, that the inclusion of UDL enhanced both students’ performance and their enjoyment of the learning experience.

Assistive Technology for UDL
Assistive technology (AT) is a pedagogical approach that can be used to enforce universal design for learning (UDL) in the inclusive classroom. AT and UDL can be theorized as two ends of a spectrum, where AT is on one end addressing personal or individual student needs, and UDL is on the other end concerned with classroom needs and curriculum design. Around the center of this spectrum, AT and UDL overlap such that student individual needs are addressed within the context of the larger curriculum, ideally without segregation or exclusion. UDL provides educators with the framework for an educational curriculum that addresses students' diverse learning styles and interests via AT.

According to the Technology-Related Assistance to Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004, AT includes AT devices and services. AT devices are physical hardware, equipment, or software used to improve a person's cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral experience. These devices differ from medical ones which may be implanted surgically. AT services aid a person in choosing and/or using AT devices.

Low-tech
Assistive technology devices can be characterized as low-tech, mid-tech, or high-tech. Low-tech devices are low in cost and students who use them do not usually need to participate in training. Low-tech devices include graphic organizers, visual aids, grid or stylized paper, and pencil grips, among others. Low-tech AT would be a first step in addressing a student's needs.

Mid-tech
Should students require additional support, educators can try implementing mid-tech devices, which do not necessarily require additional training and usually function with a power source, but are more affordable than their high-tech alternative. Mid-tech devices include audiobooks, simple-phrase communication software, predictive text software (ex: WordQ), and some tablets.

High-tech
High-tech devices are more complex types of AT. These devices are higher in cost and require extensive user training. Some examples of high-tech devices are text-to-speech and speech-to-text software, wheelchairs with alternative navigation software, and alternative mouse software. It is important to provide students and their families with low-cost recommendations for high-cost devices.

Implementation of Assistive Technology
The variety of assistive technology is what supports teachers in implementing universal design for learning (UDL) in their classrooms. The UDL framework promotes a flexible curriculum, which would be further supported by the implementation of various assistive technologies depending on the need of the student. For example, a student struggling in a language course might need digital AT to assist them in initiating or cueing the development of their ideas. However, from a UDL perspective, the teacher recognizes that the current version of the curriculum does not acknowledge forms of expression aside from manual writing. The teacher can adjust the curriculum to adapt to the needs of the students and implement AT to assist each individual student with their unique learning needs.

Research shows that the use of physical or virtual manipulatives improves academic performance in students, but it is difficult to compare results between classrooms since each classroom differs in how they implement assistive technology. Generally, teachers and other staff members need to consider the students' internal and external factors when implementing AT devices or services. Internal factors involve assessing the individual needs of the student, sometimes with neuropsychological testing by the school's professional staff, and deciding what type of AT addresses their need. External factors involve considering whether the classroom environment and the student's home environment can support the implementation of the AT including space requirements and training for teachers, students, and their families. More resources and attention need to be allocated towards teacher and staff training in using AT to support UDL practices in the classroom.

title: Universal Design for Learning


text:
Talk:Stuart Campbell (murderer)

Disambiguation needed
I think we should add some page about the video games journalist, because he now gets links on diffent pages to the murderer, for example on the digitiser page.
 * It appears the page has been added. The journalist, understandably, is a bit upset that links supposed to be coming in to him accidentally link here instead, so if you happen to catch any mistaken, please fix them. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 17:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Never mind: it appears there are 3 people who share the name; I made Stuart Campbell a disambig page and moved this one. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 19:08, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Merge
Danielle Jones and Stuart Campbell are very closley related in terms of notariaty and should be merged in to one page specifically under the undrella title of Stuart Campbell murder.--Lucy-marie 16:37, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stuart Campbell (murderer)


text:
Horsenden Hill

Horsenden Hill is a hill and open space, located between the Perivale, Sudbury, and Greenford areas of West London. It is in the London Borough of Ealing, close to the boundary with the London Borough of Brent. It is one of the higher eminences in the local area, rising to 85 m (276 ft) above sea level, and the summit forms part of the site of an ancient hillfort. It is the site of a trig point, TP4024.

Geology and formation
The base of this isolated hill is at an altitude of approximately 50 metres. Like all of the immediately surrounding area, the base of the hill, as well as the slopes of the hill up to about 70m, are on London Clay. Between about 70m and 80m is an isolated layer of sandier Claygate Beds. Both deposits are of Eocene age, dated at about 50 million years ago.

At the top of the hill, from about 80m to the summit at 85m, is a small and relatively thin layer of much younger Dollis Hill Gravel. This permeable gravel has to some extent protected the easily-eroded London Clay below from being removed. It is not uncommon to find hills in the London area which are capped by a protective layer of sand or gravel, with London Clay below. Another example is Barn Hill (Wembley), to the north-east. Barn Hill also has a cap of Dollis Hill Gravel. So too does Dollis Hill itself. Like Horsenden Hill, both are isolated hills rising above lower ground on London Clay.

The Dollis Hill Gravel was deposited more than half a million years ago by a river which flowed from well to the south and continued to the north-east, through the "Finchley depression" towards Hoddesdon in Hertfordshire. This is known because about 7% of the gravel, which is otherwise composed mostly of flint, consists of a hard stone called chert, which can only come from Lower Greensand beds found to the south in Surrey. The river was probably an ancestor of the River Wey in Surrey.

This gravel was probably a much more extensive deposit in this part of the London area than it is now.

The river which deposited the Dollis Hill Gravel at Horsenden Hill eventually flowed into the River Thames around Hoddesdon. At that time, the Thames was itself flowing on a course different from today's, roughly on a line through Burnham Beeches, the Vale of St Albans, Harlow, Chelmsford and Colchester.

Approximately 450,000 years ago, during the Anglian Stage, ice from northern Britain reached as far south as north London. A lobe of this ice advanced up the valley whose river had previously deposited the Dollis Hill Gravel.

As the ice moved up the valley (it eventually reached at least as far as Finchley), the water being brought from the south by the "proto-Wey" river was blocked. So a huge lake developed in front of the advancing ice sheet. Lacustrine deposits left by this lake have been identified in Finchley and Hendon.

Water in this lake rose towards the level of the watershed to the east, which seems to have run approximately south from Hampstead Heath.

To the north and west, the River Thames also became blocked by another lobe of the advancing ice sheet in the Vale of St Albans. Another lake developed there, with its water rising towards a watershed running along high ground from Bushey to Northwood, then south to Uxbridge. It is possible that, for a time, water from the blocked-up Thames spilled over that watershed through various gaps (such as the one south of Watford which is used today by the Euston-Watford railway line), into the "proto-Wey" lake.

Eventually, both watersheds were breached by the rising water. The Thames established a new course running east from Uxbridge. It cut off and was joined by the proto-Wey river at Richmond, and then it headed towards central London (roughly along the present course of the River Thames), and then towards the North Sea.

The lake in front of the Finchley ice lobe became drained. But prior to that, during the time that it rose and fell and swirled around, the lake must have caused a lot of erosion. In particular, it must have removed a lot of the Dollis Hill Gravel in this area. It left hills like Horsenden Hill and Barn Hill, which are capped by small remnants of the gravel, and whose isolated forms bears witness to the fluvial erosion which was carried out on all sides of each hill by the lake. These hills today are in the catchment area of the south-flowing River Brent.

So, if Horsenden Hill, and others like it, such as Barn Hill and Dollis Hill, today resemble islands in a lake which has since dried out, it is because that is a reasonable description of what they very probably are.

History
It is known that 2500 years ago Iron Age people settled on what today is called Horsenden Hill as large amounts of pottery have been discovered. In fact, in 1978 the Iron Age settlement on Horsenden Hill was declared as an Ancient Scheduled monument by English Heritage.

It was probably during Saxon times that the hill acquired its name originally "Horsingdon", the last syllable don meaning hill fortress.

In the Second World War the hill was the site of an anti-aircraft battery, which was used to protect the local factories from air attack. There are currently two disused reservoirs built into the hill on the south side.

Layout
To the south and east the hill is bound by the Grand Union Canal (Paddington branch), which runs roughly along the 100 ft contour line.

To the south west lies Perivale Wood Local Nature Reserve, run and maintained by the Selborne Society. A scenic spot on the Capital Ring in the summer months, Horsenden Hill offers fine views across west London, northwest London and beyond; places visible include Harrow on the Hill, the new Wembley Stadium, Northala Fields, planes coming in to land at Heathrow Airport, and on a clear day, the Home Counties of Surrey, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire.

Two golf courses cover parts of the hill on the south and east sides. Nearby stations are Perivale tube, Sudbury Town tube and Greenford tube and rail stations. There is also a visitors centre located at Horsenden Farm on the east side of the hill and a public car park on the north side. The visitors centre closes at dusk. Access to both is via Horsenden Lane in North Greenford.

In the summer of 2006, as part of the Horsenden Grazing Project, Highland cows were introduced to graze in a fenced-off area. Various other breeds of cow have subsequently been used.

title: Horsenden Hill


text:
1733 in architecture

The year 1733 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings

 * Clandon Park (Surrey), designed by Giacomo Leoni, completed.
 * Trafalgar House (Wiltshire) completed.
 * St John Horsleydown and St Luke Old Street in London, both designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and John James, are completed for the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches.
 * Wade's Bridge, Aberfeldy, Scotland, designed by William Adam, built.
 * Ludwigsburg Palace is completed.

Births

 * January 4 – Robert Mylne, Scottish architect (died 1811)

Deaths

 * December 7 – Edward Lovett Pearce, Irish palladian architect (born 1699)

title: 1733 in architecture


text: User talk:168.9.25.22

title: User talk:168.9.25.22