text:
Channel 10 (Israel)

Channel 10 (ערוץ עשר), formerly known as Israel 10 (ישראל 10), was an Israeli free-to-air television channel. Operating under the auspices of The Second Authority for Television and Radio, Channel 10 was one of three commercial television channels in Israel (others being Keshet 12 and Reshet 13), enjoying an average audience rating of 6.5% in 2011 within its main news program. Despite the name, the channel was actually broadcast on channel 14 from 1 November 2017 until its closure on 16 January 2019.

Channel 10 underwent a merger with rival network Reshet 13 (of Reshet), and this channel ceased transmissions on 16 January 2019. Some programs from Channel 10 moved over to Reshet 13. For news programmes, the merged company took resources from Channel 10's news production company (which subsequently changed on-air branding to HaHadashot 13), switching from Israel Television News Company. The new channel is mutually owned by some of the channel owners of both networks.

History
Channel 10 began broadcasting on January 28, 2002. The channel offers original drama series, entertainment shows, news shows, lifestyle programs and foreign programs. The channel got an own news company in 2003. In 2006, during the Second Lebanon War, Channel 10 News exposed a series of malfunctions in the decision making process leading to the war. Two American presidents have granted Channel 10 exclusive interviews, and during 2011 alone it aired interviews with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague, Governor Rick Perry, Dennis Ross, French Presidential Candidate Marine Le Pen and others.

In 2011 the Channel encountered financial difficulties and asked the Knesset's finance committee to postpone payment on a tax and royalty debt to the State. The Coalition of Netanyahu's government, in response, ordered all of its MK's to vote against such a postponement. Such tax waivers were regularly given in the past. Israeli and International press published that the Israeli Government has done so in retaliation to an exclusive story published by Channel 10 news, investigating the way in which Netanyahu financed trips abroad, together with his wife. Following that story, the State Comptroller opened a formal investigation and Prime Minister Netanyahu filled a libel suit against the Channel.

From 2013 to 2019, The channel gradually transferred its programs to 16:9 widescreen picture format, which became most of the content's aspect ratio by 2016. On 1 March 2016, the channel's news programs began broadcasting in widescreen as well. A few of the channel's productions and programs still remain in 4:3 aspect ratio, for which the channel switches its broadcast automatically.

Financial crisis
In November 2008, when Channel 10 found itself in severe financial straits, the SBA gave its present owners until March 1, 2009 to refinance its debt. However, in January 2009 the Knesset's Economic Affairs Committee overturned this decision. The decision meant that Channel 10's shareholders, Yossi Maiman, Ronald Lauder and Arnon Milchan, would be replaced as the channel's operators in February 2010. The regular broadcast schedules remained in place until they replaced by the new franchisee. The channel owned a NIS 10 million debt, which the Treasury demanded in cash after agreeing to defer the rest of the channel's NIS 28 million debt.

By July 2009, Channel 10 had cost its shareholders NIS 1.3 billion. It also owed about NIS 103 million more for content, license fees and royalties. The shareholders stated they would not pay the debt. Maiman announced that he and the other partners had no intention of paying any more of the channel's bills, and the channel announced that it was canceling planned productions. In August, the channel's directors undertook to invest NIS 19 million in television content, NIS 4 million more than their previous offer. They also agreed to invest more of the money for dramatic productions. Artist guild representatives said that they would petition the Israeli High Court of Justice if the agreement did not take them into account. In September, the SBA suspended its search for a new franchisee pending the approval of the Treasury and the Communications Ministry. The controversy over a profile of US American businessman Sheldon Adelson broadcast by Channel 10 risked the withdrawal of financing from Ronald Lauder, the last major funder left at that date. Until the end of 2011 the fate of the channel remained unknown. In mid January 2012, the channel was given another year to regulate its financial obligations. In December 2014, the channel was days away from closing down. On the night of 27/28 December 2014, the station ceased regular broadcasting, showing instead a picture of Benjamin Netanyahu and the message "In three days, Channel 10 will close. The prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who serves as the communications minister, refuses to find a solution." In January 2015, the station was allowed to function without a new permanent license for another six months, under the authority of the Attorney General. A permanent decision was postponed until after the Knesset elections scheduled for March 17 and the formation of a new government. A major reason quoted for the move was ensuring the expression of a wide range of political opinions on TV during the election campaign.

In May 2015, the RGE Media Group of Leonard Blavatnik, Aviv Giladi and Udi Recanati acquired 51% of Channel 10. A month after, the station got a 15-year license from the Second Television and Radio Authority Council.

In June 2018, due to financial issues caused by the 2017 Channel 2 split, RGE filed a merger with Reshet's Channel 13. As a part of the merger plan, Channel 10 News (RGE's news company) was to become a part of Channel 13, and some programs from Channel 10 would join Reshet 13. This channel would stop broadcasting, and more than 100 employees would be eliminated if the merger goes through. In October 2018, Reshet announced that the merger was cancelled. Reshet's owners have since reconsidered the merger, and after a long battle with the Second Authority, the merger was approved, and was scheduled for 16 January 2019.

Shows about current affairs

 * Hayom Shehaya (The Day That Was) – late night current events program.
 * London et Kirschenbaum – current affairs news show.
 * Economy at night - a show about current economic events. the show was aired during 2009-2017.

Investigative shows

 * Kolbotek - a veteran Israeli consumer affairs and investigative reporting TV show on Channel 2.

Reality shows

 * Hisardut (Survivor) – Reality game show. (Moved to the now-defunct Channel 2, currently airing on channel Reshet 13)
 * Baby Boom (Israeli TV series) - an Israeli television series that debuted in 2014 on Channel 10.
 * The winning couple VIP - an Israeli reality television series that aired in 2014-2017 on Channel 10.
 * The Search - a reality TV show. each episode centered on a person looking for a man that had a major part in his life, in order to show graduated, ask for forgiveness and get closer.
 * The Biggest Loser - the show focuses on over wight participants competing on losing the most wight.
 * HaDugmaniot – (The Models) reality documentary series.
 * Me'usharot (From Riches) Reality TV docusoap based on the Real Housewives franchise.

Interview shows

 * Intimate - an Interview show, by Rafi reshef, that aired in 2015-2019.

Drama shows

 * Hostages – drama series.
 * Achat Efes Efes (One Zero Zero) – Action drama series.

Game shows

 * La'uf al HaMillion (Go For The Million) – Game Show.
 * HaChulia HaChalasha (The Weakest Link) – Game Show.

Comedy shows

 * Naor's Friends – comedy featuring comedian Naor Zion.
 * Gav Ha'Uma – satire show hosted by Lior Schleien.

Action shows

In addition to these shows, 10 also produced and broadcast the Israeli versions of the quizzes The Weakest Link, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Deal or No Deal, and Jeopardy!, the reality shows The Biggest Loser, Beauty and the Geek, The Bachelor and the comedy improvisation show Whose Line is it Anyway?. It also broadcast Krav Sakinim ("Knife Fight"), a local adaptation of the Japanese cooking competition show Iron Chef. Every Night with Assaf Harel was a late night talk show on Channel 10. In mid 2013, the Israeli version of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition began airing on this channel, hosted by Amos Tamam.

Knesset security breach
In June 2013, an investigative report by the news program Tzinor Laila (English: Nightline) aired on Channel 10 in which journalists described a type of 'plastic gun', showing how all its parts can be 3D printed and assembled, and the program's journalists managed to smuggle the weapon twice into the Knesset. First, they managed to bring it into the offices of Miri Regev. Second, reporter Uri Even carried the weapon into an event in the Knesset compound attended by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The reporters passed all related security checks, including metal detector scans, and got only a few feet away from Netanyahu.

Though the expose was created for the purposes of raising awareness and the firearm (a Liberator model handgun) was never actually filled with bullets, a public controversy ensued. The Prime Minister's official office issued a statement reading that "the way of action shown in the report is known to security personnel" and that "several other security arrangements, both visible and hidden, exist." The statement also argued that Channel 10's "act was irresponsible and could have endangered the perpetrators of the questionable 'journalistic mission' and cause them severe damage."

Other controversies
In 2009, The Vatican complained to the Israeli government about a TV clip aired on Channel 10 that allegedly blasphemed Jesus and Mary. On a show hosted by Lior Shlein, a clip was shown where Mary was said to have become pregnant at 15 by a schoolmate and the idea of Jesus walking on water was dismissed because "he was so fat he was ashamed to leave the house, let alone go to the Sea of Galilee with a bathing suit." Israel said the broadcaster would publicly apologize.

In another incident in 2009, a reality show contestant called his shoe "Mohammed", sparking an angry response from local Muslims. In a clip, one of the contestants referred to his shoes as "Nasrin" and "Mohammed." Nasrin, a Palestinian from Haifa who was voted off the show early, had clashed with him.

title: Channel 10 (Israel)


text:
User talk:Ciciban

Anomalocaris
Dank! Flossen sind seitlich. Gruss. ArthurWeasley (talk) 18:07, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Marc Chavannes
Hi! It seems you recently created an unreferenced biography of a living person: Marc Chavannes. Our verifiability policy requires that all content be cited to a reliable source. Please add references as soon as possible. Thanks! --LaraBot (talk) 00:10, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Hi there. An unreferenced article you recently created does not comply with Wikipedia's policy regarding biographies of living people, so it has been moved into your user space: User:Ciciban/Marc Chavannes. Once reliable sources have been added, it may be moved back into the article space. If reliable sources are not added in a reasonable amount of time, the page may be deleted. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask me on my talk page. Thanks! --MZMcBride (talk) 00:39, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

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IRS (disambiguation)
Dear Ciciban, I needed to revert your edit at IRS because consensus is that most people searching for the term are looking for the Internal Revenue Service and not International Railway Standard; however, I added your term to the IRS (disambiguation) page which lists other uses of the term "IRS". Please let me know if you have any problems or want to discuss further. Thanks for your contributions. Best, -- Michael Scott Cuthbert (talk) 17:07, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * So did I :) I have meanwhile deleted my entry. Yours, Ciciban (talk) 20:09, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I could swear I looked for it already there twice and didn't see it. Sorry about that.  All the best! -- Michael Scott Cuthbert (talk) 03:56, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

Talk:Hurricane Irma
Hello. Please read WP:TPG, WP:NOTAFORUM, WP:AAGF, and WP:NOTVAND. The image was not created by us and it is not our responsibility to explain what it means. If you have suggestions along the lines of the latter point, then feel free to make them. Anything else is off-topic.--Jasper Deng (talk) 06:29, 9 September 2017 (UTC)
 * @Jasper Deng The image was not created by us and it is not our responsibility to explain what it means — wrong, because it is used here. Yours, Ciciban (talk) 06:34, 9 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Correct, because we do not state anything not from the original source. In any case, I highly suggest you drop the WP:STICK here and move on to something more productive.--Jasper Deng (talk) 06:41, 9 September 2017 (UTC)
 * @Jasper Deng Between not commenting on anything from outside and not state anything not from the original source there is a gap of working with the source. yours, Ciciban (talk) 06:59, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

A page you started (Gillum) has been reviewed!
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ciciban


text:
Dion Ebrahim

Dion Digby Ebrahim (born 7 August 1980) is a Zimbabwean former cricketer, who played in 29 Test matches and 82 One Day Internationals (ODI) for the Zimbabwe national cricket team. He now lives in New Zealand where he works as a cricket coach.

International career
A graduate of the CFX Academy in Harare, Ebrahim was considered an integral part of Zimbabwean cricket until falling out of favour with authorities.

Ebrahim has a highest ODI score of 121 and a highest Test score of 94.

Domestic career
Since leaving Zimbabwe in 2005, he has played in England as the captain of Stony Stratford CC who play in the Northants Premier Division. He also played in New Zealand for the Hawera United Cricket Club and Taranaki in the Hawke Cup. He holds the record for the number of Hawke Cup centuries for Taranaki.

In 2009, he was contracted by Zimbabwean franchise side Matabeleland Tuskers. He appeared for the Tuskers and thus he made himself available for national selection again.

In mid-2011, he played for Shenley village in the Hertfordshire League in England. He spent the 2011/12 and the 2012/13 summers playing in Taranaki, New Zealand.

Ebrahim has coached at almost all levels of cricket in New Zealand, from schools to provincial and national age group levels. In June 2021 he was appointed coach of Otago. He resigned from the position in March 2024.

Arrest
Dion was arrested for using a Zimbabwe Cricket sponsored car after the ZC board did not offer him a new contract. Dion's lawyer told the police that ZC did not pay Dion his outstanding match fees. It was revealed that Tatenda Taibu was also involved in the case. ZC owed both Dion and Tatenda $200,000 each in backpay. Tatenda told Associated Press that he would not give back the car until he had match fee outstandings paid to him fully. But the ZC Board said that the Ebrahim's payment is separate to the continued use of the ZC registered car. The problem remains unsolved.

Personal life
Ebrahim is married to New Zealand international cricketer Kate Ebrahim.

title: Dion Ebrahim


text:
Festival of Lights

Festival of Lights or Celebration of Light may refer to:

Abrahamic religions

 * Candlemas, a Christian holiday
 * Christmas, a Christian holiday
 * Eid al-Adha, a Muslim holiday
 * Eid al-Fitr, a Muslim holiday
 * Hanukkah, a Jewish holiday
 * Saint Lucy's Day, a Christian holiday

Eastern religions

 * Diwali, a religious festival associated with Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism
 * Karthika Deepam, a post-Diwali Tamil festival associated with Hinduism
 * Kartik Purnima, a post-Diwali religious festival associated with Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism
 * Lantern Festival, a Chinese festival, originating in Buddhism, that marks the last day of the Lunar New Year or Spring Festival
 * Tazaungdaing festival, a Buddhist festival marking the end of Kathina

Other religions

 * Imbolc, a Gaelic and Neopagan festival
 * Kwanzaa

United Arab Emirates

 * Sharjah Light Festival, in Sharjah

Canada

 * Cavalcade of Lights Festival, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Celebration of Light, a fireworks and light display in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Celebration of Lights, an annual winter light festival in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada
 * Festival of Northern Lights, held each winter in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada
 * Peterborough Musicfest, formerly named the Peterborough Summer Festival of Lights, a concert series in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
 * Winter Festival of Lights in Niagara Falls, Canada

United States

 * Celebration of Lights, a former winter lights festival in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Festival of Lights (Hawaii), an annual Christmas celebration in Hawaii
 * Holiday Trail of Lights, a multi-city event celebrated in Louisiana and Texas in the United States
 * Magnificent Mile Lights Festival, an annual festival on North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
 * Nights of Lights, an annual holiday light festival in St. Augustine, Florida

Elsewhere

 * Festival of Lights (Berlin)
 * Festival of Lights (Lyon), a French local tradition known as Fête des lumières
 * Festival of Lights (Zagreb)
 * Festival of Lights (New Plymouth), a summer event of lights and performances in New Zealand
 * Jerusalem Festival of Light, an annual outdoor summer art festival
 * Guangzhou International Light Festival, Guangzhou, China
 * Nationwide Festival of Light, a series of rallies by conservative Christian groups in September 1971 in the United Kingdom
 * Light Night, an annual festival in Leeds, United Kingdom
 * Vivid Sydney
 * Kobe Luminarie, Kobe, Japan
 * Signal Festival, Prague

Other uses

 * Festival of Lights (film), a 2010 film
 * Festival of Light Australia, an advocacy group

title: Festival of Lights


text: Category:Communications in North Korea

title: Category:Communications in North Korea


text: User talk:194.82.37.50

title: User talk:194.82.37.50


text: File:Turn Loose the Swans Album Cover.jpg


text:
User:Dd007~enwiki

I am a martial artist, culture lover, spiritual person. I have a black belt in Tae Kwon Do. I also have been learning martial arts called Pratyush. I have also learned katas from karate. I am quite an open minded person. I am quite interested in yoga -not just exercise, but as a part of meditaion.

title: User:Dd007~enwiki


text:
Lola Mora

Dolores Candelaria Mora Vega (November 17, 1866 – June 7, 1936) known professionally as Lola Mora, was a sculptor born in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. She is known today as a cultural rebel and a pioneer of women in her artistic field.

Early life
Dolores was the daughter of Romualdo Alejandro Mora, a prosperous landowner of Tucumán Province of Spanish origin and Regina Vega. She was the third born of seven children, three boys and four girls. Her parents decided that the girls should also have the best education possible (unusual behavior for the time). In 1870, her parents moved the family to San Miguel del Tucumán when Lola was four years old. At seven years of age, she was a boarding school pupil at Colegio Sarmiento de Tucumán Province. In 1885, both her parents died within two days. Her older sister Paula Mora Vega married the engineer Guillermo Rucker, and together took care of the orphans.

Education
At 20 years of age she began painting portraits, but soon turned to sculpting marble and granite. She studied art in her home province and then, with a scholarship, in Rome, Italy, studying under Costantino Barbella and Giulio Monteverde. In 1900 she returned to Argentina and, with government connections, was commissioned to create two bas-reliefs for the Historical House of Tucumán.

As her career developed, her sensual style and her status as a female artist made her controversial. In 1903 her Nereids Fountain, created for the city of Buenos Aires, met bureaucratic problems at the city's Deliberative Council, which had the sculpture moved around from place to place.

Near the end of her life, she entered into some extravagant business (such as financing petroleum surveys in Salta), and then retired with only a pension to support herself. After her death in Buenos Aires, in poverty and obscurity, her friends burned her letters, mementos, and personal diaries.

Mora obtained various patents. One included a system to project films without a screen (using a column of vapor), as well as systems for mining.

Mora was the subject of the 1996 film Lola Mora (film), directed by Argentine director Javier Torre.

Works
Mora's works include (in Buenos Aires unless otherwise noted):
 * two bas-reliefs at the House of Tucumán, with the themes of the May Revolution's First National Government and the Declaration of Independence, 1900
 * the Nereids Fountain, now located at Puerto Madero, 1903
 * two major sculptural groups flanking the entrance, and other interior and exterior work, Palace of the Argentine National Congress, inaugurated 1906 (four allegorical sculptures of Peace, Justice, Liberty and Progress were moved to the grounds of the Government House of San Salvador de Jujuy)
 * several sculpture groups placed along the "Oath Passage" in the historic centre of Rosario, leading to the National Flag Memorial
 * female figure for the crypt of Ramon Lopez Lecube, La Recoleta Cemetery, circa 1912
 * Avellaneda Memorial, Plaza Alsina, Avellaneda, 1913
 * Liberty, Independence Square, San Miguel de Tucumán
 * Monument to Francisco Narciso de Laprida, San José de Jáchal

title: Lola Mora


text:
Boozoo Bajou

Boozoo Bajou is a German musical duo composed of Florian Seyberth and Peter Heider. They are noted for their distinct blend of Cajun sounds with island rhythms. Their first album, Satta, was released in 2001. In 2005 they released Dust My Broom. The list of Boozoo Bajou remixes for other artists includes Common, Tosca, Trüby Trio, and Tony Joe White.

Studio albums

 * Satta (2001)
 * Dust My Broom (2005)
 * Grains (2009)
 * Coming Home (2010)
 * 4 (2014)
 * Lambique (2021)
 * Finistère (2023)

Compilations

 * Juke Joint (2003)
 * Remixes (2003)
 * Juke Joint Vol. II (2006)

Compilation appearances

 * 1999: Glücklich III
 * 2000: Om Lounge Volume 3
 * 2001: Coffeeshop Volume 4
 * 2001: Bar Lounge Classics Volume 01
 * 2002: Bar Lounge Classics Volume 02
 * 2003: Later - The Bee
 * 2004: The Outernational Sound / Thievery Corporation
 * 2004: Bar Lounge Classics Weekend Edition
 * 2005: Impulsive! Revolutionary Jazz Reworked
 * 2006: Brazilectro Session 8
 * 2006: Hed Kandi - Serve Chilled
 * 2007: The Bria Project - Poolside Affair Vol. 1
 * 2009: Bar Lounge Classics Deluxe Edition

title: Boozoo Bajou


text:
Talk:Order of chivalry

why are these aristocrats allowed to wear all the medals from low ranks to the highest ranks without even being anywhere near the battle fields??!

Miscellaneous
Can someone post information about the Monarchial Order of the Holy Spirit in France? And the Sovereign Military Order of the Dragon in Serbia ==> http://www.redzmaja.org/?lang=en

The link to the Order of St. George goes to a Russian decoration, not the Hungarian chivalric order that this page describes. --68.41.122.213 16:21, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

I'd question the inclusion of the Kappa Alpha Order on this page. Not only does it seem irrelevent the page it links to is hardly wiki worthy, with neutrality issues and tons of pointless information.--68.231.168.20 12:05, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

New article
I just posted this article: Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George. It's a new article and I'm hoping for experts to expand it. Where does it fit in this article? --Ashley Rovira 13:18, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem
Considerable parts of this article were lifted without attribution from Franc,ois Velde's Heraldica website, linked at the bottom. J S Ayer 00:44, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Consistency of Classification
I don't see why orders created by the Duke of Burgundy (Golden Fleece) and the Count of Savoy (Annunziata) are considered monarchial, orders created by the Duke of Bavaria (St. Anthony) and the Margrave of Brandenburg (Swan) and several others are considered princely, and an order created by the Duke of Bar (St. Hubert) is considered baronial. Any takers? J S Ayer 01:02, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

I suppose the criterion is that the Duke of Burgundy wound up King of Spain and the Count of Savoy wound up King of Italy, while the King of Bavaria and the King of Prussia wound up having their own armies and ambassadors while still owing some homage to an emperor, and the Duke of Bar always remained a subject. J S Ayer 14:46, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Order of Ormus
Order of Orsmus does not exist, its only hoax or joke. Author of article give link to one article about Vatican secret archives, where is nothing about this "order" and as reference book cited Boulton´s Knights of crown, where is nothing. Of course nothing about this order is in Burke Word orders, van Duren Orders or any other book. Yopie 12:05, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

on pseudo-chivalric orders
I added a new brief section on pseudo-chivalric orders. It was not meant to be comprehensive, only to introduce the idea into the current article. It is expected that a very comprehensive new article (titled Pseudo-chivalric orders) will cover the topic in substantial detail. Please feel free to expand, modify, move under a different heading, or otherwise change what I have added to the article at this point. I feel that I expressed an overly sympathetic view towards the myriad fake and pseudo-chivalric "orders" that are out on the Web today, but I also tried to maintain something of a NPOV on the topic. Would adding (listing) some of the current pseudo-chivalric orders of the day to the present article be too controversial? I suppose that listing some old pseudo-chivalric orders can be safely done without bringing a vicious edit war down on this article. At the very least, those organizations calling themselves chivalric orders should be described as they are -- generally without an internationally recognized fons honorum at the least. I look forward to the separate new article that should cover this topic in more detail. -L.Smithfield (talk) 19:09, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Good work! I tried before six months article "Pseudo- order", but now is deleted, because I added listings of pseudo-orders and every member of this "orders" furiously deleted this article. I can help you with this vandals. Yopie 11:48, 30 May 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yopie (talk • contribs)

 * I did not know that you had written the article Pseudo-chivalric orders previously, and that it got deleted! But I am not surprised.  I know that many of these so-called chivalric orders will get very animated when they are listed out in the open for what they really are.  I think that an article like Pseudo-chivalric orders is both needed and useful to the public.  I think that the article should list both the older and now extinct pseudo-orders as well as the various current ones that are known, and at least the current ones that have some sort of presence on the web.  These latter ones are probably most visible to the public due to their web presence.  I don't really know the situation with all of these pseudo-orders, but I am willing to help out with an article on it as best as I can (I'm time-limited also).  Also, I am not an expert on the topic.  Thanks for your previous efforts in this area. -L.Smithfield (talk) 13:18, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

how to categorize these types of "orders"?
Although this is more a discussion for the new article (yet to be written as of this time) Pseudo-chivalric orders I will put his here for consideration. I just came across an "order" of knighthood that I had not seen before. The "order" is: Although I did not see that this "order" claims to be chivalric (but I didn't spend the time to read through the whole of the web site since it is fairly extensive) it clearly is not a normally recognized order of knighthood as the idea is generally understood. After examining this "order" briefly and seeing that it is largely or principally sponsored by a one Prinz Karl Friedrich von Deutschland it appears to be a part of a network of related websites that were probably first identified on the talk page of the Wiki-article Almanach de Gotha. I just realized that this Prinz Karl Friedrich von Deutschland has a host of realted web sites dealing with royalty, nobility, knighthood, and heraldry. Some of these web sites are (and there may be more yet): Some of these were listed over on the Almanach de Gotha talk page but I didn't see that they were all connected until now. This guy (Prinz Karl Friedrich von Deutschland) has been very busy! His various web sites are fairly extensive and are likely to be quite confusing to various visitors who may not (probably do not) know who this Prinz Karl Friedrich von Deutschland is. So the question is how should these types of "orders" he handled? In what sort of article might they be listed? Should these sorts of "orders" be listed at all? They are not normal internationally recognized orders but neither may they claim to be chivalric. -L.Smithfield (talk) 19:13, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The Imperial Order of The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem
 * The Imperial Order of The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem (complete with what appear to be advertisements from Register.com)
 * The Imperial Order of The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem (at another domain name)
 * Almanach de Holy Roman Empire
 * Almanach de Holy Roman Empire (a variation of the above with advertisements from Register.com)
 * The Imperial Council of Princes and Counts of Germany and Europe
 * The Imperial Council of Princes and Counts of Germany and Europe (a variant of the previous one)
 * The Imperial College of Heraldry of Germany
 * The Imperial College of Heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire

 * I agree with you, one can see here | His Imperial and Royal Highness Prinz Karl Friedrich von Deutschland? or | Charles VIII of Germany and | Fake German Prince's chivalry site. It is hoax. Yopie 23:02, 2 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yopie (talk • contribs)

 * In my haste, I neglected to list above two web sites of HI&RH Prinz Karl Friedrich von Deutschland (from the Almanach de Gotha talk page). The two web sites are:
 * Almanach de Chivalry
 * Almanach de Saxe Gotha (note slight change of name from previous Almanach de Gotha)
 * The first of these partly pertains to my question above (Should pseudo-orders not claiming chivalric character be listed in an article someplace?). This site (Almanach de Chivalry) pretends to list orders of chivalry of which it lists its own The Imperial Order of The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem as being one (an order of chivalry).  So, as far as this particular "order" is concerned, it is indeed a pseudo-chivalric order.  But there are still many "orders" out there that are fake but do not claim to be chivalric.  Should there be a separate article on those?  Or just group them together into a single article anyway (and differentiate them as necessary there)? -L.Smithfield (talk) 03:02, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * By my opinion, if fake "order" do not claim chivalric tradition, should be in separate article. But I don't know any self-styled order, who don't claim to be "chivalric". Self-styled Benedictine sounds weird... For inspiration you can look to | NL wiki.--Yopie 01:09, 18 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yopie (talk • contribs)

Looked at your comments, so do you have actual official evidence that he is a fake and that aforementioned websites are run by the person in question or is it hearsay on your part quite tired of people making semi official statements without actual evidence, being produced at the time of the statement being made, whereas, producing official evidence would not be just showing or producing further hearsay and comments by others unless they are made by an official body or person ie government or likewise, to many so called experts who do not hold, bear or enjoy any sort of official standing, make sweeping statements about the rights or standings of others without showing evidence to their comments, just a thought for all.

Inconsistency between "late medieval monarchical orders", "post-medieval monarchical orders" and "modern current orders"
To me it is quite vague why the Danish Order of the Elephant (founded in 1693) is classified as a modern current order, and on the other hand the Order of the Thistle (founded 1687) and the Order of Saint Joseph (founded 1807) as post-medieval monarchical orders, although the Danish order is also quite old. When does the post-medieval period begin and does it stop, and does the modern period begin? Furthermore, also a lot of European monarchical chivalric orders are missing, like the important Danish Order of the Dannebrog (founded 1671) or the exclusive Dutch Order of William (founded 1815). Demophon (talk) 09:44, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Knights of Columbus and similar orders.
Would not the Knights of Columbus and similar orders fall under the Self-Styled Chivalric Orders?

 * Because they don't claim chivalric status. --Yopie 09:17, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

The fundamentals
This is a fine list of chivalric orders you have compiled, but from an encyclopedia, one would at the very least expect an explanation of what the purpose of a chivalric order actually is..

"Orders of Chivalry" and "Orders of chivalry"
It's strange and misleading that "Orders of Chivalry" redirect to Military order and "Orders of chivalry" redirects to Chivalric order. --79.20.253.233 (talk) 22:41, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Indeed. That has been changed. I will also open up a discussion about the name of the article relevant to your inquiry, please see below. Chicbyaccident (talk) 11:57, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

Lists of medieval orders incomplete
I've just added the order of the Star and the Order of the Band, but I'm sure there are some others missing. Unfortunately I have no copy of Boulton's work at hand. Can someone check their copy and add those which are still missing? 145.53.0.242 (talk) 13:18, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

Contradiction in article
This article currently states: 'After the crusades, the memory of these crusading military orders became idealised and romanticised, resulting in the late medieval notion of chivalry which is reflected in the Arthurian romances of the time.' Yet according to the linked article on The Crusades, they happened in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. According to the linked article on Arthurian romance, it is dated to the 5th and early 6th centuries. Can somebody clarify what, if any, link exists between both? 89.101.41.216 (talk) 10:14, 11 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I am not sure that I completely understand your question here but I will try to give some response. Although the events of the Arthurian legends (real or imagined) occurred during the 5th or 6th centuries, they did not become the stuff of legend (mostly by word of mouth) until the 11th and following centuries.  Further (and I am not really very knowledgeable in this area), Arthurian stories and literature really began to increase in the 14th and 15th centuries and following.  What is now-a-days referred to as a Chivalric Order came about starting in the 14th century and following.  This time in history roughly coincides with the increase in the Arthurian legend and romances in popular culture. The Chivalric Orders were (not to be too disingenuous) a sort of attempt to bring back the glory and feel of the prior Military-Monastic Orders of the previous centuries.  The idea of Chivalry itself as we now know it (or think that we do) -- variously dating its start from between 800 AD and about 1100 AD (depending on what sources are referenced) -- was incorporated into the Arthurian romances even though King Arthur and his knights would not have strictly had such a code during their own time.  In other words, the Arthurian romances of the 14th century and beyond (whether oral or written) reflected the chivalry that was embodied in the new Chivalric Orders of the same time period.  I hope that this is helpful in some way to correlate these various historical periods together for you. Could the article be enhanced to clarify these relationships somewhat?  Yes, maybe. But not all of this material rightly belongs in this article either.  A combination of articles on Chivalry, Charlemagne and the establishment of his European empire (later called the Holy Roman Empire), the Crusades, the Military-Monastic Orders, King Arthur and Arthurian legends and romances, should all be referenced in order to get a more complete picture (if Wikipedia even covers these subjects well enough).  --L.Smithfield (talk) 15:46, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

the definition of "self-styled orders"
Under "Distinction: Based on Boulton...:Chivalric orders by purpose", it states "Self-styled orders: self-proclaimed imitation-orders without statutes or restricted memberships". I find two problems with this. First, because "self-styled" is not a purpose; it's an assessment by those outside of the group (no group likes to think of itself as "self-styled"). And second, because it misstates what a self-styled order is. Self-styled orders can indeed possess statutes, and they can have restricted memberships. As the Wiki Self-styled orders states, they "...are organizations which falsely claim to be chivalric orders", who lack a proper fons honorum, lack recognition by other, legitimate orders or by states or monarchs, etc. I'd like to change the description to reflect this reality, to something like "Self-styled orders: self-proclaimed imitation-orders without a legitimate fount of honor or recognition by legitimate orders or authorities" (changes bolded). It's a little longer than I'd prefer, but perhaps someone could suggest a way to express the same information in a more condensed fashion. Brevity has, alas, never been my strong suit. Bricology (talk) 18:11, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 16 November 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. EdJohnston (talk) 22:17, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Chivalric order → Order of chivalry – For WP:Consistency as per International Commission on Orders of Chivalry and more, and in line with order of merit. Of course chivalric order, knightly order and order of knighthood should be kept indicated as common other names in the lead section. See also: Talk:Order_(honour). Chicbyaccident (talk) 12:02, 16 November 2016 (UTC) --Relisting. — Music1201  talk  16:02, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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"Royal" Confraternity of Saint Theotonio
There is an anonymous user with an apparent agenda to promote the quasi-chivalric group as if it were an order of chivalry and keeps reverting my edits. I requested the he or she discuss it in this talk page but apparently, they are not open to discussion (as is usually the case with these sorts of things). The group is 1) not an order, 2) not royal (it was created by the younger brother of Dom Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, claimant to the Portuguese throne), and 3) not equal to anything else on the list it is on. If it is listed under a section where such groups as the modern Order of St. Lazarus would be, then fine. To the anonymous user who has so far declined to discuss the matter, please bring it here to avoid edit warring. -- Kimon talk 13:32, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

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Nadhiidinaa
Nadhiidinaa 196.191.50.155 (talk) 00:07, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Order of chivalry


text: User talk:24.92.210.154

title: User talk:24.92.210.154


text:
User talk:Enigarte

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. This message is regarding the article Sandbox. Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.-71.28.243.246 20:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Enigarte


text:
Salvatore Giuliano (film)

Salvatore Giuliano is a 1962 Italian drama film directed by Francesco Rosi. Using techniques of the documentary film, it recounts the criminal career of famous Sicilian bandit Salvatore Giuliano between 1943 and 1950, his death. In 2008, the film was included in the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage's 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978."

Plot
In 1950, Sicilian bandit Salvatore Giuliano is found dead in a backyard. According to the authorities' official announcement, Giuliano was killed in a shooting with the carabinieri, but asked by reporters some locals recall that they first heard three single shots and much later shots from a submachine gun.

In a series of nonlinear flashbacks, the film recounts Giuliano's criminal career, starting in 1943 after shooting a policeman. In 1945, Giuliano's gang is officially declared part of the military arm of the separatist party MIS which fights for Sicily's independence. The separatist movement is supported by the Allied Forces and the Mafia. After the 1946 declaration of Sicily's autonomous status, MIS' former militant members are granted amnesty, but Giuliano proceeds with his illegal activities, entangled in kidnappings and blackmail. While still adored by the local people at first, his popularity wanes after the 1947 Portella della Ginestra massacre, where his gang shoots eleven people during a May 1st gathering of supporters of the Communist and Socialist parties. One after one, his confidants are betrayed or cooperate with the police. During a meeting, Giualiano is shot by his former closest companion, Gaspare Pisciotta. Afterwards, the carabinieri, who had been waiting nearby, stage a death during a shootout.

Two years later, Pisciotta and the highest ranking members of Giuliano's gang are sentenced to life for the Portella della Ginestra killings. Pisciotta accuses the Mafia and members of the authorities of having given Giuliano the order for the massacre. In 1954, Pisciotta is poisoned in prison. The film ends with the shooting of a Mafia informant in public in 1960.

Cast

 * Salvo Randone as President of Viterbo Assize Court
 * Frank Wolff as Gaspare Pisciotta
 * Pietro Cammarata as Salvatore Giuliano
 * Sennuccio Benelli as Reporter
 * Giuseppe Calandra as Minor Official
 * Max Cartier as Francesco
 * Fernando Cicero as Bandit
 * Bruno Ukmar as Spy
 * Cosimo Torino as Frank Mannino
 * Federico Zardi as Pisciotta's Defense Counsel
 * Francesco Rosi (narration)

Production
After having been denied a public funding, Salvatore Giuliano was produced by Franco Cristaldi with funding by the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. Filming took place in 1961 at the locations of the actual events in Sicily, using mostly local non-professionals as actors.

Although the titular character of the film, Giuliano himself is seen only briefly, either as a dead man after his killing, or as an indistinct figure. By these means, Rosi (in the words of critic Michel Ciment) stressed his rejection of identification with his subject.

Reception
Salvatore Giuliano was received well by Italian critics and audiences (although it was denied the entry to the Venice Film Festival), was awarded numerous national film prizes and reached number ten in the list of the most successful Italian films of 1962.

While it received a Silver Bear at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival and was titled "a major Italian film" by the critic of weekly German newspaper Die Zeit, the reaction of New York Times critic Howard Thompson upon the film's 1964 New York premiere was reserved, titling it "a curiously disjointed drama with a superbly imaginative camera eye."

In later years, critics' opinions of the film were unanimously positive, calling it "almost certainly the best film about the social and political forces that have shaped Sicily" (Derek Malcolm, The Guardian), "a landmark in political cinema" (Trevor Johnston, Time Out Film Guide), and an "exciting piece of filmmaking" (Terrence Rafferty, The New York Times) by a "bravura director" and "inspired innovator" (Michael Sragow, The New Yorker).

Film historian Gino Moliterno argued that "Rosi's highly original strategy in this landmark film is to aim at neither an "objective" journalistic documentary nor a fictional recreation but to employ as wide a range of disparate formal and stylistic elements as necessary to conduct a committed search for the truth that becomes, in a sense, its own narrative."

Director Martin Scorsese cited Salvatore Giuliano as one of his twelve favourite films of all time.

Awards

 * Silver Bear for Best Director, 12th Berlin International Film Festival, 1962
 * Grolla d'oro for Best Director, 1962
 * Globo d'oro for Best Film, 1962
 * Nastro d'argento for Best Director, Best Black-and-white Cinematography and Best Score, 1963

title: Salvatore Giuliano (film)


text:
Longitudinal mode

A longitudinal mode of a resonant cavity is a particular standing wave pattern formed by waves confined in the cavity. The longitudinal modes correspond to the wavelengths of the wave which are reinforced by constructive interference after many reflections from the cavity's reflecting surfaces. All other wavelengths are suppressed by destructive interference.

A longitudinal mode pattern has its nodes located axially along the length of the cavity. Transverse modes, with nodes located perpendicular to the axis of the cavity, may also exist.

Simple cavity
A common example of longitudinal modes are the light wavelengths produced by a laser. In the simplest case, the laser's optical cavity is formed by two opposed plane (flat) mirrors surrounding the gain medium (a plane-parallel or Fabry–Pérot cavity). The allowed modes of the cavity are those where the mirror separation distance L is equal to an exact multiple of half the wavelength, λ:
 * $$ L = q \frac{\lambda}{2} $$

where q is an integer known as the mode order.

In practice, the separation distance of the mirrors L is usually much greater than the wavelength of light λ, so the relevant values of q are large (around 105 to 106). The frequency separation between any two adjacent modes, q and q+1, in a material that is transparent at the laser wavelength, are given (for an empty linear resonator of length L) by Δν:
 * $$\Delta\nu = \frac{c}{2nL} $$

where c is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the material (note: n≈1 in air).

Composite cavity
If the cavity is non-empty (i.e. contains one or more elements with different values of refractive index), the values of L used are the optical path lengths for each element. The frequency spacing of longitudinal modes in the cavity is then given by:
 * $$\Delta \nu = \frac{c}{2\sum_i n_i L_i} = \frac{c}{2}\left[ \frac{1}{n_1 L_1 + n_2 L_2 + n_3 L_3 + \ldots} \right]$$

where ni is the refractive index of the i'th element of length Li.

More generally, the longitudinal modes may be found for any type of wave in a cavity by solving the relevant wave equation with the appropriate boundary conditions.

Both transverse and longitudinal waves may have longitudinal modes when confined to a cavity.

The analysis of longitudinal modes is especially important in lasers with single transversal mode, for example, in single-mode fiber lasers. The number of longitudinal modes of such a laser can be estimated as ratio of the spectral width of gain to the spectral separation of longitudinal modes.

Power per longitudinal mode
For lasers with single transversal mode, the power per one longitudinal mode can be significantly increased by the coherent addition of lasers. Such addition allows one to both scale-up the output power of a single-transverse-mode laser and reduce number of longitudinal modes; because the system chooses automatically only the modes which are common for all the combined lasers. The reduction of the number of longitudinal modes determines the limits of the coherent addition. The ability to coherently add one additional laser is exhausted when one longitudinal mode, common for the combined lasers, lies within the spectral width of the gain; a subsequent addition will lead to loss of efficiency of the coherent combination and will not increase the power per longitudinal mode of such a laser.

title: Longitudinal mode


text:
Alemtuzumab

Alemtuzumab, sold under the brand names Campath and Lemtrada among others, is a medication used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple sclerosis. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, it has been used as both a first line and second line treatment. It is given by injection into a vein.

It is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD52, a protein present on the surface of mature lymphocytes, but not on the stem cells from which these lymphocytes are derived. After treatment with alemtuzumab, these CD52-bearing lymphocytes are targeted for destruction.

Alemtuzumab was approved for medical use in the United States in 2001. (Mab)Campath was withdrawn from the markets in the US and the EU in 2012, to prepare for a higher-priced relaunch of Lemtrada aimed at multiple sclerosis.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Alemtuzumab is used for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in people who have been treated with alkylating agents and who have failed fludarabine therapy. It is an unconjugated antibody, thought to work via the activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Multiple sclerosis
It is used for the relapsing remitting form of multiple sclerosis. A 2017 Cochrane meta-analysis of studies comparing alemtuzumab to interferon beta 1a concluded that annual cycles of alemtuzumab probably reduces the proportion of people that experience relapse and may reduce the proportion of people who experience disability worsening and new T2 lesions on MRI, with adverse events found to be similarly high for both treatments. However the low-to-moderate levels of evidence in the included, existing studies were noted and the need for larger high-quality randomised, double‐blind, controlled trials comparing mono or combination therapy with alemtuzumab was highlighted.

Contraindications
Alemtuzumab is contraindicated in patients who have active infections, underlying immunodeficiency (e.g., seropositive for HIV), or known type I hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reactions to the substance.

Adverse effects
In November 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a safety announcement warning about rare but serious instances of stroke and blood vessel wall tears in multiple sclerosis patients who have received Lemtrada (alemtuzumab), mostly occurring within one day of initiating treatment and leading in some cases to permanent disability and even death.

In addition to the 13 cases to which the FDA safety announcement refers, a further five cases of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage have been retrospectively identified from four US multiple sclerosis centers in correspondence published online in February 2019.

In April 2019, the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) reported that it has started a review of the multiple sclerosis medicine Lemtrada (alemtuzumab) following new reports of immune-mediated conditions and of problems with the heart and blood vessels with this medicine, including fatal cases. The PRAC advised that while the review is ongoing, Lemtrada should only be started in adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis that is highly active despite treatment with at least two disease-modifying therapies (a type of multiple sclerosis medicine) or where other disease-modifying therapies cannot be used. The PRAC further advised that patients being treated with Lemtrada who are benefitting from it may continue treatment in consultation with their doctor.

Very common adverse reactions associated with alemtuzumab infusion in people with multiple sclerosis include upper respiratory tract and urinary tract infections, herpes virus infections, lymphopenia, leucopenia, changes in thyroid function, tachycardia, skin rashes, pruritus, pyrexia, and fatigue. The Summary of Product Characteristics provided in the electronic Medicines Compendium [eMC ] further lists common and uncommon adverse reactions that have been reported for Lemtrada, which include serious opportunistic nocardial infections and cytomegalovirus syndrome.

Alemtuzumab can also precipitate autoimmune disease through the suppression of regulatory T cell populations and/or the emergence of autoreactive B-cells.

Cases of multiple sclerosis reactivation/relapse have also been reported

Biochemical properties
Alemtuzumab is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody that is directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD52.

History
The origins of alemtuzumab date back to Campath-1 which was derived from the rat antibodies raised against human lymphocyte proteins by Herman Waldmann and colleagues in 1983. The name Campath derives from the pathology department of Cambridge University.

Initially, Campath-1 was not ideal for therapy because patients could, in theory, react against the foreign rat protein determinants of the antibody. To circumvent this problem, Greg Winter and his colleagues humanised Campath-1, by extracting the hypervariable loops that had specificity for CD52 and grafting them onto a human antibody framework. This became known as Campath-1H and serves as the basis for alemtuzumab.

While alemtuzumab started life as a laboratory tool for understanding the immune system, within a short time it was clinically investigated for use to improve the success of bone marrow transplants and as a treatment for leukaemia, lymphoma, vasculitis, organ transplants, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Economics
Campath as a medication was first approved for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 2001. It is marketed by Genzyme, which acquired the worldwide rights from Bayer AG in 2009. Genzyme was bought by Sanofi in 2011. In August/September 2012 Campath was withdrawn from the markets in the US and EU. This was done to prevent off-label use of the drug to treat multiple sclerosis and to prepare for a relaunch under the brand name Lemtrada, with a different dosage aimed at multiple sclerosis treatment, this is expected to be much higher-priced.

In February 2011, Sanofi-Aventis, since renamed Sanofi, acquired Genzyme, the manufacturer of alemtuzumab. The acquisition was delayed by a dispute between the two companies regarding the value of alemtuzumab.

In August 2012, Genzyme surrendered the license for all presentations of alemtuzumab, pending regulatory approval to reintroduce it as a treatment for multiple sclerosis. Concerns that Genzyme would later bring to market the same product at a much higher price proved correct.

Names
Alemtuzumab is the international nonproprietary name.

Antiviral properties
In an in-vitro experiment, it has been shown that alemtuzumab has antiviral properties against HIV-1.

Graft-versus-host disease
A 2009 retrospective study of alemtuzumab (10 mg IV weekly) in 20 patients (no controls) with severe steroid-resistant acute intestinal graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) demonstrated improvement. Overall response rate was 70%, with complete response in 35%. In this study, the median survival was 280 days. Important complications following this treatment included cytomegalovirus reactivation, bacterial infection, and invasive aspergillosis infection.

title: Alemtuzumab


text: Category:People from Tucumán Province

title: Category:People from Tucumán Province


text:
NTP, Inc.

NTP, Inc. is a Virginia-based patent holding company founded in 1992 by the late inventor Thomas J. Campana Jr. and Donald E. Stout. The company's primary asset is a portfolio of 50 US patents and additional pending US and international patent applications. These patents and patent applications disclose inventions in the fields of wireless email and RF Antenna design. The named inventors include Andrew Andros and Thomas Campana. About half of the US patents were originally assigned to Telefind Corporation, a Florida-based company (now out of business) partly owned by Campana.

NTP has been characterized as a patent troll because it is a non-practicing entity that aggressively enforces its patent portfolio against larger, well-established companies. The most notable case was against Research in Motion, makers of the BlackBerry mobile email system.

NTP also owns an equity stake in mobile email start up company Visto.

Patent licenses
NTP licensed its mobile email patents to Visto, Nokia, Good Technology, RIM, and RIM's partners. The RIM license agreement was part of an overall settlement of a patent infringement lawsuit brought by NTP against RIM (see below).

NTP attempted to license to Palm, Inc., but license negotiations have broken down. On November 6, 2006, NTP announced that it had filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Palm, Inc. in response to the breakdown in licensing talks. However, on March 22, 2007, United States District Court Judge James R. Spencer (Eastern Division of Virginia, Richmond Division) granted a stay of proceedings in the NTP's lawsuit against Palm, Inc. Judge Spencer also granted Palm's motion to strike from the complaint NTP's allegation of wrongdoing at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

In September 2007, NTP filed patent infringement lawsuits against several large telecommunications companies including AT&T, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile, and Verizon Wireless. It asserted the same patents that it asserted against RIM. The cases have not yet been settled.

In 2006, the New York Times reported that Geoff Goodfellow, a former Silicon valley entrepreneur who developed and commercialized wireless push email, was reportedly paid $4,000 per day in "hush money" to withhold information that could have potentially invalidated the claims in the NTP v. RIM lawsuit.

RIM patent infringement litigation
In 2000, NTP sent notice of their wireless email patents to a number of companies and offered to license the patents to them. None of the companies took a license. NTP brought a patent infringement lawsuit against one of the companies, Research in Motion, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. This court is well known for its strict adherence to timetables and deadlines, sometimes referred to as the "rocket docket," and is particularly efficient at trying patent cases.

During the trial, RIM tried to show that a functional wireless email system was already in the public domain at the time the NTP inventions had been made. This would have invalidated the NTP patents. The prior system was called "System for Automated Messages" (SAM). RIM demonstrated SAM in court and it appeared to work. But the NTP attorneys discovered that RIM was not using vintage SAM software, but a more modern version that came after NTP's inventions were made. Therefore, the judge instructed the jury to disregard the demonstration as invalid.

The jury eventually found that the NTP patents were valid, that RIM had infringed them, that the infringement had been "willful", and that the infringement had cost NTP $33 million in damages (the greater of a reasonable royalty or lost profits). The judge, James R. Spencer increased the damages to $53 million as a punitive measure because the infringement had been willful. He also instructed RIM to pay NTP's legal fees of $4.5 million and issued an injunction ordering RIM to cease and desist infringing the patents. This would have shut down the BlackBerry systems in the US.

RIM appealed all of the findings of the court. The injunction and other remedies were stayed pending the outcome of the appeals.

In March 2005, during the appeals process, RIM and NTP tried to negotiate a settlement of their dispute. One of the terms of the settlement was to be for $450 million. But negotiations broke down due to other issues. On June 10, 2005 the matter returned to the courts.

In early November 2005 the US Department of Justice filed a brief requesting that RIM's service be allowed to continue because of the large number of BlackBerry users in the US Federal Government.

In January 2006, the US Supreme Court refused to hear RIM's appeal of the holding of liability for patent infringement, and the matter was returned to a lower court. The previously granted injunction preventing all RIM sales in the US and use of the BlackBerry device might have been enforced by the presiding district court judge had the two parties not been able to reach a settlement.

On February 9, 2006, the US Department of Defense (DOD) filed a brief stating that an injunction shutting down the BlackBerry service while excluding government users was unworkable. The DOD also stated that the BlackBerry was crucial for national security given the large number of government users.

On February 9, 2006, RIM announced that it had developed software workarounds that would not infringe the NTP patents, and would implement those if the injunction was enforced.

Even though in the meantime, the U.S. Patent Office had already re-examined the patents in question and concluded they were invalid (see below), that decision was subject to review and appeal (and the patents were as a matter of legal fiction valid until such time), and with the results certainly not being known before the court of first instance's ruling on the injunction (it had denied a stay of the proceedings), there was a strong incentive for the parties to reach a settlement.

On March 3, 2006, after a stern warning from Judge Spencer, RIM and NTP announced that they had settled their dispute. Under the terms of the settlement, RIM has agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million (USD) in a "full and final settlement of all claims." In a statement, RIM said that "all terms of the agreement have been finalized and the litigation against RIM has been dismissed by a court order this afternoon. The agreement eliminates the need for any further court proceedings or decisions relating to damages or injunctive relief." The settlement is believed low by some analysts, because of the absence of any future royalties on the technology in question.

Patent reexaminations
During the litigation, RIM found previously unconsidered prior art that "raised a substantial new question of patentability" of the NTP patents. RIM filed 12 "requests for a reexamination" in the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from December 2002 to May 2005. A team of senior patent examiners at the USPTO was assigned to the cases and the cases were granted "special" status. Special status means that the proceedings are accelerated.

NTP became suspicious of contacts between RIM and the PTO, prompting the company to file FOIA requests which revealed attempts by RIM attorney David Stewart to obtain off-the-record interviews with PTO examiners, though such interviews are prohibited by federal regulations (e.g., 37 CFR 1.560(a), stating that "requests that reexamination requesters participate in interviews with examiners will not be granted" and 37 CFR 1.955 stating that "interviews prohibited in inter partes reexamination proceedings" ).

RIM and NTP filed thousands of pages of documentation and expert opinions to support their respective positions. Some of the cases have been examined and some of the patents were rejected. In two of the cases, the rejections were made final.

NTP has appealed the final rejections to the USPTO's Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI). A key issue is whether certain documents found in a Norwegian library should be considered "publications" and would therefore anticipate the claims of the patents. These documents are known as the "Telenor" documents.

The BPAI affirmed the rejection and NTP appealed the decision the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC). On August 1, 2011, the CAFC vacated in part, reversed in part, and remanded the case back to the USPTO. The CAFC agreed that the Telenor documents were a valid reference, but that the USPTO had given the phrase "electronic email [message]" an overly broad interpretation in its rejection of the claims.

2010 Litigation
On 2010-07-09, NTP filed suit against Apple, Google, HTC, LG, Microsoft and Motorola. On Dec. 9, 2010, Article One Partners announced that 3 of the patents held by NTP would be posted to their online community to utilize Public participation in patent examination.

2012 Settlements
NTP announced on July 23, 2012, that it has settled patent suits with AT&T Inc., Verizon Wireless, Sprint Nextel Corp., T-Mobile USA, Apple Inc., HTC Corp., Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc. (now part of Google Inc.), Palm Inc. (now part of Hewlett-Packard Co.), LG Electronics, Samsung Electronics, Google Inc., Microsoft Corp., and Yahoo Inc. The terms of the settlements were not disclosed.

Patents in question
(This may not be a comprehensive list)
 * - Electronic mail system with RF communications to mobile processors
 * - System for wireless transmission and receiving of information and method of operation thereof
 * - System for wireless serial transmission of encoded information
 * - Electronic mail system with RF communications to mobile processors
 * - Electronic mail system with RF communications to mobile radios
 * - System for wireless serial transmission of encoded information
 * - System for wireless transmission and receiving of information and method of operation thereof
 * - System for transferring information from an RF receiver to a processor under control of a program stored by the processor and method of operation thereof
 * - Electronic mail system with RF communications to mobile processor
 * - Electronic mail system with RF communications to mobile processors originating from outside of the electronic mail system and method of operation thereof

USPTO reexamination serial numbers
This list may not be complete. Several cases have been merged.

Ex Parte Reexaminations

 * 90/006,491 filed on 12-26-2002
 * 90/006,493 filed on 12-26-2002
 * 90/006,494 filed on 12-26-2002
 * 90/006,495 filed on 12-26-2002
 * 90/006,678 filed on 06-24-2003
 * 90/006,680 filed on 06-24-2003
 * 90/006,681 filed on 06-24-2003
 * 90/007,723 filed on 09-16-2005
 * 90/007,726 filed on 09-22-2005
 * 90/007,735 filed on 09-28-2005 - on appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Inter Partes Reexaminations

 * 95/000,011 filed on 04-17-2003
 * 95/000,020 filed on 05-29-2003

title: NTP, Inc.


text:
Smart work zone

A smart work zone or intelligent work zone refers to a site-specific configuration of traffic control technology deployed within a roadway work zone to increase the safety of construction workers, provide "real-time" travel information, and efficiently route motorists through a work zone. Smart work zones reduce the dependency on human "flaggers" and make the work zone safer for roadway workers.

Common terms used to describe equipment configuration used within smart work zones: • Smart Arrow Board

• Zipper Merge

• Smart Traffic Monitoring System

• Advanced Queue Warning System

• End of Queue Detection System

• Dynamic Late Merge

• Queue Detection System

• Portable queue warning alert system

• Queue warning system

• Work zone queue detection warning system

• Stopped traffic advisory system

• Portable queue detection

• Conflict Warning System

• Over Height Vehicle Detection

• Portable Radar Sensors

• Trucks Entering System

• Variable Speed Limit

• Dynamic Speed Display

• Blue Tooth System Travel Time System

• Portable Rumble Strips Smart work zones often use radar guns or other non-intrusive sensors to detect the presence and speed of vehicles approaching a work zone, in order to display an appropriate message on one or more variable message signs.

In a "dynamic merge" system, for example, vehicles approaching a lane closure are directed to use all available lanes when congestion develops and speeds are low. When speeds are high, motorists are directed to merge early or are left to use their own judgement. Such a system is usually deployed in addition to traditional static messaging.

title: Smart work zone


text:
Microrasbora

Microrasbora is a genus of small fishes. The generic name means "small Rasbora", however these are more closely related to the danios than rasboras. They inhabit freshwater in Myanmar and Yunnan, China.

Taxonomy
Microrasbora, until recently, included a number of described species. Microrasbora erythromicron was first shown to be a member of the genus Danio in 1999. This move has been confirmed by numerous studies. Three other species, M. gatesi, M. kubotai, and M. nana were moved to a new genus, Microdevario, leaving Microrasbora rubescens as the only confirmed species in the genus. However, Fang et al. did not comment on the placement of Microrasbora microphthalma.

Species
Two described species are currently included in this genus:

 * Microrasbora microphthalma Y. E. Jiang, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2008
 * Microrasbora rubescens Annandale, 1918 (red dwarf rasbora)

Species of uncertain affinity:
 * Microrasbora cf. rubescens "Thuzari" – Flame Red Rasbora,Asian cardinal rasbora; tentatively placed here

title: Microrasbora


text: Category:Tucumán Province

title: Category:Tucumán Province


text:
Klosters

Klosters is a Swiss village in the Prättigau, politically part of the municipality of Klosters-Serneus, which belongs to the political district Prättigau/Davos in the canton of Grisons. In 2021, the municipality shortened its name to Klosters. Klosters itself consists of the two main parts Klosters Dorf ('Village') and Kloster Platz ('Place'), and the settlements Selfranga, Äuja, Monbiel. Together with neighbouring Serneus, the two villages form the former municipality of Klosters-Serneus. On 1 January 2016, the former municipality of Saas im Prättigau merged into Klosters-Serneus.

The village's ski resort lies 150 km from Zürich, the nearest international airport. Klosters is 10 km north from Davos and part of its extended ski area.

History
Klosters is first mentioned in 1222 as ecclesiam sancti Iacobi. In 1436 it was mentioned as zuo dem Closter. It was part of one of the Three Leagues in the League of the Ten Jurisdictions. A part of the league's coat of arms is visible on Klosters' coat of arms.

Geography
The Landquart River flows northwesterly through the village of Klosters and, along with various side streams, defines the geography of this region. Klosters-Serneus has an area, (as of 2016) of. Of this area, about 24.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 19.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 54.2% is unproductive land. In the 2004/09 survey a total of 179 ha or about 0.8% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of 33 ha over the 1985 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality increased by 14 ha and is now about 0.08% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, 4 ha is used for orchards and vineyards, 954 ha is fields and grasslands and 4797 ha consists of alpine grazing areas. Since 1985 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by 575 ha. Over the same time period the amount of forested land has increased by 315 ha. Rivers and lakes cover 289 ha in the municipality.

Before 2017, the municipality was located in and is the only municipality in Klosters sub-district of the Prättigau/Davos district, after 2017 it was part of the Prättigau/Davos Region. It was created in 1865 through the merger of the formerly independent municipalities of Serneus and Klosters. Until 1973 Klosters-Serneus was known as Klosters. It is the largest and uppermost village in the Prättigau valley. It consists of the villages of Klosters and Serneus and is made up of the sections of Platz, Dorf, Selfranga, Äuja and Monbiel.

The Jöriseen, a group of Alpine lakes located west of the Jörifless Pass and north of the Flüela Wisshorn, are within the village.

Demographics
Klosters-Serneus has a population of. , 19.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. In 2015 a small minority (226 or 5.9% of the population) was born in Germany and a small minority (286 or 7.5% of the population) was born in Portugal. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2015, was 7.0, while the death rate was 9.2 per thousand residents. Most of the population speaks German (88.7%), with Portuguese being second most common (2.9%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (2.6%).

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 57.0% of the population and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 25.3%. In 2015 there were 1,508 single residents, 1,768 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 231 widows or widowers and 301 divorced residents.

In 2015, there were 2,113 private households in Klosters-Serneus with an average household size of 2.13 persons. In 2015, about 33.5% of all buildings in the municipality were single family homes, which is much less than the percentage in the canton (49.4%) and much less than the percentage nationally (57.4%). Of the 1,376 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 34.8% were single family homes and 43.9% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 20.3% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 9.0% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2014 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 10.24. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.89%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Skiing
Klosters is well known as a favorite ski resort for Charles III and subsequently one cable car to the top of Gotschnagrat is recently renamed the "King Charles cablecar".

Heritage sites of national significance
The Reformierte Kirche am Platz is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 41.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.7%), the BDP (17.6%) and the SP (10.8%). In the federal election, a total of 1,341 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.4%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 46.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (28.7%), the SP (17.2%) and the CVP (4.7%).

Education
In Klosters-Serneus about 76.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

Economy
Klosters-Serneus is classed as a tourist community. In 2015 local hotels had a total of 128,053 overnight stays, of which 54.4% were international visitors.

, there were a total of 2,190 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 144 people worked in 62 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 554 workers in 83 separate businesses. There were 10 small businesses with a total of 219 employees and one mid sized business with a total of 97 employees. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 1,492 jobs in 313 businesses. There were 25 small businesses with a total of 645 employees. In 2015 a total of 10.2% of the population received social assistance.

In 2011 the unemployment rate in the municipality was 1.2%.

In 2015 the average cantonal, municipal and church tax rate in the municipality for a couple with two children making CHF80,000 was 3.5% while the rate for a single person making CHF150,000 was 15%, both of which are close to the average for the canton and nationally. In 2013 the average income in the municipality per tax payer was CHF70,989 and the per person average was CHF40,079, which is greater than the cantonal averages of CHF69,964 and CHF33,075 respectively In contrast, the national tax payer average is CHF82,682, while the national per person average is CHF35,825.

Religion
From the, 895 or 23.0% are Roman Catholic, while 2,587 or 66.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 106 individuals (or about 2.72% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 13 individuals (or about 0.33% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 32 (or about 0.82% of the population) who are Muslim. There are 14 individuals (or about 0.36% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 221 (or about 5.68% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 27 individuals (or about 0.69% of the population) did not answer the question.

Transport
Kloster Platz has cable car lift service to the top of Gotschnagrat at 2281 m. In winter it is part of the large ski area between Davos and Klosters. Klosters lies 150 km (93 mi) southeast from Zürich, the nearest international airport. National train service is available from Zürich to Landquart, with regular regional train service to Klosters.

The municipality has four railway stations: Klosters Platz, Klosters Dorf, Cavadürli, and Saas. There is also a variety of regional and local bus services. The local Rhaetian line is the Landquart-Davos Platz line, which connects at Landquart railway station with national rail to Zürich. The portion from Landquart to Klosters was first opened in 1889. Near Serneus this local line passes the 525 m long award-winning Sunniberg Bridge, which was completed 1998 as the centerpiece of the Klosters bypass and the Lanquart valley that lies south of the railway. In 2005 the Klosters bypass, which includes both the Sunniberg Bridge and the Gotschna Tunnel, was opened for traffic in a ceremony with Prince Charles, a frequent visitor to Klosters.

Society
The Klosters ski resort has been the winter destination for the British royal family, notably Prince Charles, for over three decades. Klosters takes pride in what Tom Robbins refers to as "Discreet luxury yes, pomposity just for show, no", it warns; here "understatement is written in capital letters". Prince William and Prince Harry learned to ski in the village and were often spotted at their usual haunt: Casa Antica. Other notables include Paul Newman, Gregory Peck, Yul Brynner, Lauren Bacall, Juliette Gréco, Irwin Shaw, Charles Korvin, Robert Capa, Greta Garbo and Gene Kelly, who famously danced on the tables in the hotel bar of the legendary Hotel Chesa Grischuna where Rex Harrison discussed his musical notes for "My Fair Lady" with the hotel pianist. Peter Viertel described Klosters as "Hollywood on the Rocks" in his acclaimed autobiography "Dangerous Friends" and in 1960 married Deborah Kerr in Klosters. In more recent history other regulars include Peter Mandelson, billionaires Nathaniel Rothschild, Thomas Schmidheiny, Friede Springer, Guy Spier and Peter Munk. Other notables include Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, Rupert Everett and Swiss movie producer Marc Forster. Local hotel proprietor and skier Ruth Guler ran the Hotel Wynegg, and socialised with several royals, though she treated them no differently to other guests. Nicholas Wheeler and Chrissie Rucker own the Haus Alpina chalet in Klosters.

Climate
Klosters has a Tundra climate (ET) under the Köppen climate classification. The average annual temperature is 36 F. The average coldest month is January with an average temperature of 15 F, while the warmest month is July with an average temperature of 55 F. The wettest month is August during which time Klosters received an average of 4.3 in of rain or snow. During this month it receives precipitation for 14.6 days. The month of June has the most precipitation days, 14.9 but only has 3.4 in of precipitation. The driest month is February during which time Klosters receives an average of 1.4 in of rain or snow. During this month it receives precipitation for 10.6 days.

title: Klosters


text:
Developable surface

In mathematics, a developable surface (or torse: archaic) is a smooth surface with zero Gaussian curvature. That is, it is a surface that can be flattened onto a plane without distortion (i.e. it can be bent without stretching or compression). Conversely, it is a surface which can be made by transforming a plane (i.e. "folding", "bending", "rolling", "cutting" and/or "gluing"). In three dimensions all developable surfaces are ruled surfaces (but not vice versa). There are developable surfaces in four-dimensional space $\mathbb{R}^4$ which are not ruled.

The envelope of a single parameter family of planes is called a developable surface.

Particulars
The developable surfaces which can be realized in three-dimensional space include:

 * Cylinders and, more generally, the "generalized" cylinder; its cross-section may be any smooth curve
 * Cones and, more generally, conical surfaces; away from the apex
 * The oloid and the sphericon are members of a special family of solids that develop their entire surface when rolling down a flat plane.
 * Planes (trivially); which may be viewed as a cylinder whose cross-section is a line
 * Tangent developable surfaces; which are constructed by extending the tangent lines of a spatial curve.
 * The torus has a metric under which it is developable, which can be embedded into three-dimensional space by the Nash embedding theorem and has a simple representation in four dimensions as the Cartesian product of two circles: see Clifford torus.

Formally, in mathematics, a developable surface is a surface with zero Gaussian curvature. One consequence of this is that all "developable" surfaces embedded in 3D-space are ruled surfaces (though hyperboloids are examples of ruled surfaces which are not developable). Because of this, many developable surfaces can be visualised as the surface formed by moving a straight line in space. For example, a cone is formed by keeping one end-point of a line fixed whilst moving the other end-point in a circle.

Application
Developable surfaces have several practical applications.

Developable Mechanisms are mechanisms that conform to a developable surface and can exhibit motion (deploy) off the surface.

Many cartographic projections involve projecting the Earth to a developable surface and then "unrolling" the surface into a region on the plane.

Since developable surfaces may be constructed by bending a flat sheet, they are also important in manufacturing objects from sheet metal, cardboard, and plywood. An industry which uses developed surfaces extensively is shipbuilding.

Non-developable surface
Most smooth surfaces (and most surfaces in general) are not developable surfaces. Non-developable surfaces are variously referred to as having "double curvature", "doubly curved", "compound curvature", "non-zero Gaussian curvature", etc.

Some of the most often-used non-developable surfaces are:

 * Spheres are not developable surfaces under any metric as they cannot be unrolled onto a plane.
 * The helicoid is a ruled surface – but unlike the ruled surfaces mentioned above, it is not a developable surface.
 * The hyperbolic paraboloid and the hyperboloid are slightly different doubly ruled surfaces – but unlike the ruled surfaces mentioned above, neither one is a developable surface.

Applications of non-developable surfaces
Many gridshells and tensile structures and similar constructions gain strength by using (any) doubly curved form.

title: Developable surface


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carol Sitter

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:15, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Carol Sitter
Nobody named "Carol Sitter" has been awarded a Medal of Honor. There was a "Carl Sitter" who was awarded a MoH for actions in the Korean War, but I can't verify that any of the information on this page would apply to him. --Carnildo 20:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Probably a misprint of Carl Sitter, but non-verifiable anyway. Besides, MoH is a great achievement, but not exaclty encyclopedic level of notability.--Isotope23 20:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've seen several articles on Medal of Honor recipients where notability is based solely on actions related to the award. I'm just pointing it out, not suggesting that they should or shouldn't have articles. -- Kjkolb 07:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * IMHO, circumstances surrounding the achievement definitely can be notable... I'm just saying I don't believe the MoH itself provides encyclopedic notability for everyone who has ever received it. Perhaps I should have clarified that.--Isotope23 13:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I understand. -- Kjkolb 13:43, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. CambridgeBayWeather 20:47, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator for reasons of non-verifiability. Hall Monitor 21:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Mythologies (Rhett Miller album)

Mythologies is the first studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, who later became the lead singer and songwriter of the Old 97's. Miller recorded the album with friend, and future Old 97's bassist, Murry Hammond. His next solo effort would wait more than a decade.

Track listing

 * 1) "Iron Child" – 2:40
 * 2) "Days Between Stations" – 2:44
 * 3) "Song for Truman Capote" – 3:32
 * 4) "Fishbowl" – 2:26
 * 5) "Still They Sing" – 4:28
 * 6) "Redbird Song" – 4:12
 * 7) "Cicada Song" – 4:07
 * 8) "Honey in My Tea" – 3:45
 * 9) "I'm Coming Home" – 3:19
 * 10) "Sea Shell Girl" – 4:07
 * 11) "Candy Apple Corkscrew Hair" – 1:57
 * 12) "Staten Island Ferry Boat" – 2:32
 * 13) "Between Timid and Timbuktu" – 2:09

title: Mythologies (Rhett Miller album)


text:
Talk:Windir

Copyright violation?
This article has been taken directly from windir's official website. ( http://www.windir.no ) Copyright violation? --DominicC13 20:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Not only that, but the information is also not uptodate anymore. (valfar is dead.) I'll look into it someday. --Soyweiser 18:01, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It appears these concerns have now been appropriately addressed and remedied. __meco (talk) 13:41, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Sognamål
"Windir's lyrics are not written in contemporary Norwegian but instead in an ancient local dialect named Sognamål." This sentence is dubious, sognamål is`n ancient, it is the dialect spoken by people living in Sogn today..--Njård 09:17, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Genre
Y hay thar, I was listening to Windir, and it crossed my mind that they may be a melodic black metal band... JackorKnave (talk) 17:54, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Alleged influence on Drudkh
The citation for this is allmusic, which doesn't cite its own source. Drudkh have not given interviews, so this claim is supposition. Even if Windir influenced Hate Forest and it was mentioned in an interview with that band, it does not follow that Windir influenced Drudkh even though they share members because they are different projects. Perceived musical similarities matter for naught in this regard as they are too open to confirmation bias. Furthermore, if one is impudent enough to imply the influence came from Windir using cultural angles on their art it still doesn't follow due to the prevalence of exploration of one's heritage within a large number of black metal acts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.223.206 (talk) 16:35, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Windir


text:
Danionella

Danionella is a genus of danionin fish found in freshwater habitats in Myanmar and West Bengal, India. It includes some of the smallest fishes.

Distribution
Four out of Five Described species of Danionella are found in Myanmar. D. translucida is described from the Ayeyarwady River basin, and D. mirifica was described from the Kamaing area in upper Myanmar. Danionella priapus is endemic to India.

Description
When first described, Danionella translucida was the smallest ostariophysan and the smallest adult vertebrate to inhabit fresh water. Its adult size ranges from 10–12 millimetres (.43–.47 in) SL. D. mirifica gets slightly larger, at about 14 mm (.55 in) SL, but is still one of the smallest freshwater fishes.

Danionella species lack scales and barbels, but possess a lateral line.

D. mirifica has a single row of melanophores between the pelvic fins and the tips of the cleithra, and there is a lack of melanophores on the underside of the abdomen.

D. dracula reaches 17 mm in length. It is neotonous, lacking 44 bones that develop late in the related zebrafish Danio rerio. They have teeth made of bone, rather than the true teeth of other fishes, and the males have a pair of boney fangs which may be used during male-male competitions over nesting sites. Britz et al. believe the lineage lost true teeth about 50 Ma.

Species

 * Danionella cerebrum Britz, Conway & Rüber, 2021
 * Danionella dracula Britz, Conway & Rüber, 2009 (Dracula fish)
 * Danionella mirifica Britz, 2003
 * Danionella priapus Britz, 2009
 * Danionella translucida T. R. Roberts, 1986

title: Danionella


text: Category:Argentine sculptors

title: Category:Argentine sculptors


text: Category:Rhett Miller albums

title: Category:Rhett Miller albums