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Douglas Hondo

Douglas Tafadzwa Hondo (born 7 July 1979) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played nine Test matches and 56 One Day Internationals as a right-arm medium-fast swing bowler, and is distinctive for his dreadlocks.

Early career
Hondo was first introduced to cricket at the primary school, his elder brother being the first in the family to take up the game. Hondo and his brother were under the guidance of Peter Sharples, a pioneer of taking cricket into the townships, or "high-density suburbs" as they are known in Zimbabwe. He coached the Queensdale Primary School team which consisted mainly of players who had no family background in the game due to the Rhodesian racist policies.

Hondo was captain of the team in grades 6 and 7, opening the batting and the bowling. Like Tatenda Taibu and his mates, he attended Churchill School. He excelled, first as the under-15 captain and then in the full team, including taking 7–10 versus Gateway High School and scoring 121 versus Hillcrest.

Domestic career
Hondo made the Mashonaland U-13 team and then the national U-15 team. A back injury put Hondo out of U-19 contention for a year but he made it to the CFX academy in 2000.

When he had finished at the academy, he was placed with the Midlands team in Kwekwe. Hondo was plagued by bad form, taking only 11 wickets at more than 50 runs apiece.

Not wanted for the tours after being dropped from the Zimbabwean squad, Hondo started playing club cricket in Adelaide with Stuart Matsikenyeri.

International career
Despite this he was, surprisingly, called up for the first Test versus South Africa. Hondo assumed he was to be a net bowler but he was bowling well in the nets and then the first choice, Brighton Watambwa, was injured and Hondo made his debut. He did not bowl well, in a poor team performance, and South Africa scored 600–3 declared, Hondo taking the wicket of Gary Kirsten for 212. Hondo acquitted himself well with the bat, playing supportive innings to Andy Flower's pair of centuries, but was dismissed in the second innings with Flower stranded on 199*.

Dropped for the second Test, Hondo did play two ODIs against England but he was very inaccurate. Here in Australian season, he worked on his accuracy and was rewarded by being called up to the squad in India for the five-match ODI series. He did not play in the first two games but in the third he took three wickets,(Dinesh Mongia, Saurav Ganguly and VVS Laxman) and, along with Pommie Mbangwa, reduced India to 4 wickets for 51 runs. Hondo took the last wicket and Zimbabwe went on to win, with Hondo named as man of the match.

In the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy, he had another excellent performance against India at R. Premadasa Stadium, where he rattled the Indian top order by taking the wickets of Saurav Ganguly, Dinesh Mongia, Sachin Tendulkar and Yuvraj Singh and reduced them to 5/87. However, India recovered well thanks to the century from Kaif (111 not out) and 71 from Dravid and won the match by 14 runs. Four days later, in his next match he had the bowling figure of 4/45 against England in the same tournament.

Hondo toured England in 2003 but did not do well.

A series of back and hamstring injuries mean he has not played international cricket since January 2005.

Coaching career
Following a difference of opinion with Zimbabwe Cricket, (who insisted that four players sporting dreadlocks either had their hair cut or were dropped) Hondo made his way to England.

He became Head Coach for Shepherd Neame league side Upminster CC and played in the Devon Cricket League, for Premier Side Sandford – in his first game he took 2 wickets for 10runs off 6 overs.

In 2011 Hondo become Player/Coach for Two Counties Cricket Division 1 side Ipswich Cricket Club. After a successful campaign in 2011 Hondo will return in 2012 to resume his duties as both Player and Coach.

In 2012 Hondo played for the Hawera United Cricket Club, in New Zealand over 2 seasons.

title: Douglas Hondo


text: Template:History of Indonesia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:History of Indonesia


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User talk:Paldorslate

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! G Clark 20:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Paldorslate


text: User talk:68.55.247.248

title: User talk:68.55.247.248


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Alaska Zoo

The Alaska Zoo is a zoo in Anchorage, Alaska, located on 25 acre of the Anchorage Hillside. It is a popular attraction in Alaska, with nearly 200,000 visitors per year.

The zoo is currently home to more than 100 birds and mammals representing some 50 species. The zoo has the widest variety of animals native to the state of Alaska as well as some exotics such as Amur tigers, Bactrian camels, and yaks.

In addition to viewing, the zoo specializes in education, research, wildlife conservation, and animal rehabilitation; many of the animals currently in the zoo were found orphaned or injured.

History
In 1966, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder won a contest offering a prize of "$3,000 or a baby elephant". He chose the elephant, a female Asian elephant named Annabelle. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available.

With Annabelle's increasing popularity, Seawell formed a non-profit corporation to build a place "where the public could visit animals and learn about them." It was incorporated on March 28, 1968, as the Alaska Children's Zoo, which opened in 1969 with Annabelle and other donated animals. The zoo was located on land adjacent to Seawell's ranch. The zoo's name was changed to Alaska Zoo in June 1980.

In 1983, a female African elephant named Maggie arrived at the Alaska Zoo as a companion for Annabelle.

The zoo attracted some attention, even outside Alaska, in 1994 when Binky, then one of the zoo's polar bears, injured several visitors who entered his enclosure, famously pacing with an Australian woman's shoe dangling from his mouth (the current polar bear exhibit is human-proof).

In 1997, Annabelle died, leaving her companion, Maggie alone. In 2004, in spite of mounting criticism, Alaska Zoo officials decided to keep Maggie in Alaska for at least three more years, rather than sending her to an elephant sanctuary in a warmer climate, where she could also socialize with other elephants. As of June 6, 2007, she was moved to the PAWS sanctuary in California.

Annabelle (1964–1997), an Asian elephant
Annabelle, an Asian elephant, was born in India in 1964. In 1966, in a Chiffon Tissue contest sponsored by Crown Zellerbach, she was offered as an alternative prize between "$3,000 or a baby elephant". The prize-winner, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder, chose the elephant. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available. Annabelle was one of the first animals when the zoo was founded as the Alaska Children's Zoo in 1969, along with several orphaned and injured animals in need of homes, including a black bear, seal, Arctic fox, and petting zoo goats.

Annabelle died of complications of a foot infection on December 15, 1997.

Maggie (1983–2021), an African elephant
Maggie, an African elephant, came to the Alaska Zoo in 1983 as a companion for Annabelle. Maggie originated in Zimbabwe, Africa, where her herd had been culled – selectively destroyed to reduce numbers – leaving her in need of a home. Maggie is also known as having the first elephant treadmill in the world.

In 2007, Maggie was moved to the PAWS sanctuary in California, by game show host and animal rights activist Bob Barker. She died in August of 2021.

Current species
A highlight of the species at the zoo include:

 * Brown bear
 * American black bear
 * Polar bear
 * Dall sheep
 * Mountain goat
 * North American porcupine
 * Flying squirrel
 * Wolverine
 * North American river otter
 * Siberian tiger
 * Snow leopard
 * Canada lynx
 * Bald eagle
 * Golden eagle
 * Bactrian camel
 * Alpaca
 * Common raven
 * Trumpeter swan
 * Red-tailed hawk
 * Sharp-shinned hawk
 * Moose
 * Reindeer
 * Sitka deer
 * Great grey owl
 * Great horned owl
 * Short-eared owl
 * Peale's falcon
 * Domestic yak
 * Muskox
 * Harbor seal
 * Gray wolf
 * Coyote
 * Red fox

Conservation efforts
The Alaska Zoo is proactive in its conservation efforts and research, as well as education programs. The zoo is a part of the Species Survival Program for tigers and snow leopards, and the Polar Bear International helping with the conservation of polar bears. Also, the zoo is involved in animal husbandry and research on a variety of scales in part with the University of Alaska Anchorage.

title: Alaska Zoo


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File:As the Flower Withers Album Cover.jpg

Summary
Album cover for My Dying Bride's As the Flower Withers


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Henry H. Wells

Henry Horatio Wells (September 17, 1823 – February 12, 1900), a Michigan lawyer and Union Army officer in the American Civil War, succeeded Francis Harrison Pierpont as the appointed provisional governor of Virginia from 1868 to 1869 during Reconstruction. A Radical Republican labeled a carpetbagger, Wells was defeated for election in 1869 by Gilbert C. Walker, who also became his appointed successor. Wells then served as U.S. Attorney for Virginia and later for the District of Columbia.

Early and family life
Henry Wells was born in Rochester, New York and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He attended Romeo Academy, then read law with Theodore Romeyn.

In 1848 Wells married Millicent Hunt of Detroit, with whom he had a son and a daughter before she died after giving birth to that short-lived daughter in 1852. In 1854, Wells married Phoebe Higby, and they had a daughter.

Michigan legal and political career
Wells was admitted to the Michigan bar circa 1846. In his private legal practice, Wells defended men accused of assisting fugitive slaves.

Wells joined the new Republican Party and ran for office. Voters later elected Wells to the Michigan House of Representatives. He served one term (1854–1856) and advocated temperance, free public schools, abolition of slavery, and extending civil and political rights to African Americans.

Military career
During the American Civil War, Wells received a commission as a major in the 26th Michigan Infantry and was soon promoted to lieutenant colonel. His unit was assigned to Alexandria, Virginia to occupy that city in the controlled part of the Union Army of Virginia. As provost marshal since February 1863 (and full colonel as of March 30, 1864), Wells led military police in Alexandria, and soon supervised law enforcement in all Union-controlled territory south of the Potomac River.

Francis Harrison Pierpont (who had helped establish West Virginia in 1861) was appointed governor of Union-controlled portions of Virginia during the war and made Alexandria his headquarters. Fellow abolitionist John Curtiss Underwood became the U.S. District Judge stationed in Alexandria.

After President Abraham Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, Wells played an important role in pursuing and apprehending the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, in a barn in Caroline County, Virginia. Wells had interrogated Dr. Samuel Mudd, which had led to the crucial tip. He was also associated with the proceedings before Judge Underwood in which the captured Jefferson Davis was charged with treason (although that prosecution was later quashed). Wells received a promotion to brevet brigadier general in May 1865.

On May 9, 1865, Virginia's Confederate Governor General William Smith was arrested, and President Andrew Johnson appointed Pierpont as Virginia's provisional governor. Pierpont moved the state government's seat back to Richmond but became unpopular. In 1864, Pierpont called a constitutional convention in Alexandria that abolished slavery. That constitution was thus temporarily extended to the entire state until a new constitution (without the slavery provisions in Virginia's Constitution of 1850) could be drafted and adopted.

Political career
After ending his military service on September 21, 1865, Wells resumed private legal practice. He remained in Alexandria and was active in the Alexandria Canal Company, and then the Alexandria Canal, Railroad, and Bridge Company, which constructed a canal in what became Arlington, Virginia and bridge to Georgetown (Washington, D.C.). He associated with Judge Underwood and local Alexandria attorney S. Ferguson Beach, who held Radical Republican views. Wells firmly supported recognizing the civil rights of African Americans.

In 1866, the Radical Republicans in Congress won large majorities and soon took charge. They closed down the state's civilian government and put Virginia (and nine other former Confederate states) under military rule. Virginia was administered as the "First Military District" in 1867–69 under General John Schofield. Schofield oversaw the transition to civilian rule after Virginia's voters (including freedmen) selected delegates to write a constitution to succeed the 1864 document (and the 1850 Virginia Constitution, which explicitly recognized and permitted slavery). The convention (which included 20 African American delegates) began meeting on December 3, 1867. Delegates elected Judge Underwood their president, and Rev. James W. Hunnicutt to head the committee on suffrage. Wells and Hunnicutt wanted to protect Black voting rights and disenfranchise Confederate veterans and sympathizers.

Other Virginians, who had previously been politically active and supported the Confederate government, met in December 1867. Led by Alexander H.H. Stuart of Staunton, they established the Conservative Party of Virginia to oppose whatever the Underwood Convention proposed. Another opposition leader was William Mahone (1826–1895), a railroad president and former Confederate general who said it was time for a New Departure for the state's Conservative Party (it merged with the Democratic party in 1883). Nonetheless, whites had to accept the results of the war, including civil rights and the vote for freedmen.

Governor Pierpont had become unpopular with all sides. On April 4, 1868, General Schofield removed him and appointed his friend Wells in his place. On May 6 and 7, 1868, Virginia's Republican convention nominated Wells for governor on a ticket with James H. Clements for lieutenant governor and Thomas R. Bowden for attorney general. The Conservatives nominated Robert E. Withers. However, the new constitution needed to be ratified before such an election could be held, and the provisions disenfranchising former Confederates were controversial. General Schofield postponed the scheduled June 2, 1868 ratification vote.

On Christmas Day, 1868, both Richmond newspapers published a letter from Stuart advocating "universal amnesty". General Ulysses S. Grant and influential Republican Congressmen had met with Virginia's Conservative leaders (including the Committee of Nine formed about a week after Stuart's letter), as well as Wells and his allies, and Gilbert C. Walker (another former Northerner turned Norfolk businessman) and Franklin Stearns of Richmond). Grant intervened and supported Schofield in protecting the voting rights of Confederate veterans. The multiple federally supervised Virginia elections in 1869 thus included a vote on the new state constitution, a separate one on its disfranchisement clause that would have stripped the vote from most former Confederates, and a separate vote for state officials.

Republicans again nominated Wells for Virginia's governor in March 1869 on a ticket with Black physician J.D. Harris for lieutenant governor. However, in the 1869 on July 6, 1869, voters selected Gilbert C. Walker, who had support from both Mahone's "True Republicans" and the Conservatives, by a vote of 119,535 to 101,204. Voters also resoundingly rejected the Confederate disfranchisement clause. Thus, Virginia became the only Southern state not to have a civilian Radical government during Reconstruction.

Wells gave up his office on September 21, 1869, and Schofield appointed Walker his successor until the newly elected governor's swearing-in on January 1, 1870.

Later career
Wells sought a federal judgeship but was unsuccessful. As an attorney with former governor Henry A. Wise (who had opposed Negro suffrage) in the April 1870 trial to decide whether George Chahoon or Henry K. Ellyson had become Richmond's mayor, Wells was among 300 people in attendance at the Court of Appeals session in Richmond on April 27, 1870. An overcrowded balcony collapsed, as did the courtroom's floor, which both fell into the hall of the Virginia House of Delegates. About 60 people died, and over a hundred people sustained serious injuries. Wells suffered several broken ribs.

President Grant nominated Wells as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. On May 28, 1870, the Senate approved Wells' nomination, and he served until 1872.

Wells then moved to Washington, D.C., and resumed private legal practice. He served as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from September 1875 until January 1880. He then continued a private legal practice with his son Henry Hunt Wells, who had been his deputy U.S. Attorney, but who died in early 1894. Meanwhile, Wells had helped found the American Bar Association in 1878.

Death and legacy
Wells finally retired in 1895, after his wife Phoebe Higby Wells had died on July 20, 1893, and his health was failing. At some point, he traveled to what later became known as Hawaii and may have accompanied a friend on an around-the-world trip.

On February 12, 1900, Wells died in his daughter's home in Palmyra, New York. He was buried beside his wife in the Rock Creek Cemetery, located in Washington, D.C. The Library of Virginia has many of his papers.

title: Henry H. Wells


text:
The Instigator

The Instigator is the second studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97's. Miller's first album came more than a decade earlier. Miller is joined by idol Robyn Hitchcock on "Point Shirley" and the album's title comes from the song "The El."

Track listing
All songs written by Rhett Miller, unless otherwise noted. "Erica the Beautiful" "This Is What I Do (Too)"
 * 1) "Our Love" – 3:32
 * 2) "This Is What I Do" – 3:10
 * 3) "Come Around" – 3:41
 * 4) "Things That Disappear" (Miller, Jon Brion) – 3:23
 * 5) "World Inside The World" – 3:45
 * 6) "Point Shirley" – 3:09
 * 7) "Four-Eyed Girl" – 2:28
 * 8) "Hover" – 2:50
 * 9) "The El" – 3:09
 * 10) "Your Nervous Heart" – 3:47
 * 11) "I Want To Live" – 3:40
 * 12) "Terrible Vision" – 4:06
 * Japan-only bonus tracks

Personnel
Primary Musicians
 * Rhett Miller - vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar on "Our Love", "The El"
 * Jon Brion - backing vocals, electric guitar, bass, drums, piano, acoustic guitar, dobro on "Point Shirley", upright piano on "Four Eyed Girl", "Hover", B-3 organ on "Four Eyed Girl", vibraphone on "Hover", baritone guitar on "The El", "Your Nervous Heart", "talentmaker" on "World Inside the World"
 * Josh Freese - drums
 * Lenny Castro - percussion

Additional Musicians
 * Robyn Hitchcock - backing vocals, electric guitar on "Point Shirley"
 * Jim Keltner - drums on "Point Shirley", "Terrible Vision", percussion on "Terrible Vision"
 * David Garza - backing vocals, bass on "Four Eyed Girl", "distorto" guitar on "The El"
 * John Doe - backing vocals on "The El"
 * Dan McCaroll - drums on "The El"
 * Chrissy Guerrero - backing vocals on "Terrible Vision"
 * Karen Kilgarriff - backing vocals on "Terrible Vision"

title: The Instigator


text:
User:KMM~enwiki

I am working at the University of Freiburg, Germany, as an assistant professor for molecular biology and protein engineering. Here is my lab webpage.

title: User:KMM~enwiki


text:
Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory

The Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory was a United States government official responsible for surveying land in the Northwest Territory in the United States late in the late 18th and early 19th century. The position was created in the Land Act of 1796 to survey lands ceded by Native Americans northwest of the Ohio River and above the mouth of the Kentucky River. This act, and those that followed evolved into the Public Land Survey System.

Rufus Putnam was appointed to the office in 1797, and held it until 1803. His office was in Marietta. In 1801, the position was offered to Andrew Ellicott by Thomas Jefferson, but he refused, because he was upset at slow pay for work he had done for the federal government. Jared Mansfield held the office from 1803 to 1813. His office was in Cincinnati. Josiah Meigs held office 1813 to 1815, and Edward Tiffin from 1815 to his death in 1829. Tiffin had his office in Chillicothe. The Surveyor General of Illinois office was created on April 29, 1816, reducing effective area to Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. William Lytle served 1829 until his death in 1831. He moved the office back to Cincinnati. Micajah T. Williams held the office 1831 to 1834, when Robert Todd Lytle took over. Ezekiel S. Haines was appointed in 1838. Judge William Johnston held the office 1841–1845 as thanks for his efforts in supporting the Whig ticket in 1840. Lucius Lyon was appointed in 1845, and moved his office to Detroit. In June 1845, the Ohio and Indiana offices were closed, and subsequent surveys were made under the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The Surveyor General was initially paid $2000 per year, and his deputies were paid three dollars per mile surveyed.

Putnam was occupied in 1797 with laying off the Greenville Treaty Line and surveying the United States Military District and Moravian Indian Grants, and he started the survey of Congress Lands in 1798.

Mansfield is credited with "considerable scientific ability and high standards of workmanship." He laid out astronomically the Indiana baseline and Second Principal Meridian, in spite of the difficulties. Pressures on him are illustrated in a letter Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin wrote to Mansfield: "The new act (March 13, 1805) is intended to palliate errors made in surveys north of the Ohio. At four dollars per mile, great correctness cannot be attained in that part of the country. Do your best at that price. Congress desires that corners and boundaries be definitely fixed, and the precise content of each is not equally important. A few acres more or less is not so important as it is that corners and boundaries should be known with precision to avoid litigation. It is of primary importance that the land should be surveyed and subdivided."

Tiffin established the scheme of guide meridians and standard parallels for townships distant from the principal meridians and baselines, which became a feature of the Public Land Survey System.

On March 3, 1803, a Surveyor General position was created for lands south of Tennessee, and there followed a number of similar positions over the next years. In 1822, the first surveying district was created, namely the state of Ohio, with an officer called Surveyor General in charge.

Until the re-organization of the United States General Land Office in 1836, each Surveyor General acted more or less independently, setting his own standards for execution of field work.


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Joel Casamayor

Joel Casamayor Johnson (born July 12, 1971) is a Cuban American former professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2011. He held world championships in two weight classes, including the WBA super featherweight title from 2000 to 2002; and the WBC, Ring magazine and lineal lightweight titles between 2006 and 2008. As an amateur, Casamayor won a gold medal in the bantamweight division at the 1992 Olympics, after which he defected to the United States on the eve of the 1996 Olympics.

Amateur career
Casamayor's amateur record stands at 363 wins and 30 losses.
 * 1989 – Gold medal (Bantamweight) at the Junior World Championships
 * 1992 – Gold medal (Bantamweight) at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain
 * Defeated Venkatesan Devarajan (India) points
 * Defeated Riadh Klaai (Tunisia) points
 * Defeated Roberto Jalnaiz (Philippines) KO 1
 * Defeated Mohammed Achik (Morocco) TKO 1
 * Defeated Wayne McCullough (Ireland) points
 * 1993 – Silver medal (Bantamweight) at the 1993 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Tampere, Finland
 * Defeated Agathangelos Tsiripidis (Greece) TKO 3
 * Defeated Dirk Krueger (Germany) points
 * Defeated Arthur Mikaelian (Armenia) points
 * Defeated Vladislav Antonov (Russia) points
 * Lost to Alexander Hristov (Bulgaria) points
 * 1994 – Bronze medal (Featherweight) at the World Cup in Bangkok, Thailand
 * Defeated Brian Carr (Scotland) points
 * Defeated Nourredine Medjihoud (Algeria) points
 * Defeated Cristian Rodriguez (Argentina) points
 * Lost to Falk Huste (Germany) points
 * 1994 – Silver Medal (Featherweight) at the Goodwill Games in St. Petersburg, Russia
 * Defeated Kai Kandelin (Finland) TKO 1
 * Defeated Claude Chinon (France) points
 * Lost to Ramaz Paliani (Russia) points
 * 1995 – Competed (Featherweight) at the 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Berlin, Germany
 * Lost to Raimkul Malachbekov (Russia) points

Professional career
He won the NABF Super Featherweight title in 1999 by beating Jose Luis Noyola. Later that year, he won the WBA Super Featherweight title by stopping Jong-Kwon Baek in 5 rounds. In 2002, he lost that title in a controversial unification bout with WBO champion Acelino Freitas. At one point in the fight, Casamayor slipped and the referee ruled it a knockdown. Casamayor also had a point deducted for a late hit. Many believe Casamayor should have won the fight. In 2004, Diego Corrales, whom Casamayor stopped in 2003 for the Vacant IBA super featherweight title, defeated him for the vacant WBO Super Featherweight title via a very close and controversial decision. Casamayor failed to take the WBC Lightweight title from José Luis Castillo later that year because the judges scored what seemed to be a clear win for Casamayor over Castillo. After the disputed loss to Castillo, Casamayor's career appeared to be in a downward spiral and he was set up with undefeated rising prospect Almazbek Raiymkulov in June 2005. In a close, spirited battle the bout ended in a draw, with many believing that Casamayor's best days were behind him.

After two victories against little known opposition, in October 2006, Casamayor yet again took on the popular Diego Corrales, and defeated him by split decision, winning the WBC Lightweight title and recognition as the world lightweight champion by Ring Magazine. He was stripped of the WBC title for signing to fight then WBO lightweight champion Freitas rather than defend against his mandatory challenger, WBC interim champion David Díaz. Although the fight with Freitas never took place, David Díaz was still named WBC champion and Freitas went on to fight WBA champion Juan Díaz, losing via a 9th-round TKO.

After Casamayor threatened the WBC with legal action, he was named as their interim champ. He defended the interim championship as well as The Ring's title against Jose Armando Santa Cruz on November 11, 2007 and won a controversial split decision.

The WBC removed Casamayor's interim title when, instead of fighting a rematch with Santa Cruz, he signed to fight undefeated Michael Katsidis, the WBO interim lightweight titlist. On March 22, 2008, in a great battle, Casamayor became the first man to defeat the Australian Katsidis when he won the fight with a TKO in the 10th round. With the win, Casamayor retained his Ring Magazine world title and added the WBO interim championship to his collection.

Casamayor vs. Marquez
Casamayor was defeated by Juan Manuel Márquez on September 13, 2008. Marquez (49-4-1, 36 KOs) by Knockout in the 11th round at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, Paradise. In the first four rounds of the bout, Marquez continually walked into counter lefts from Casamayor. It took Marquez until the fifth round to be able to find the range with his right hand. By the fifth round, a cut over Casamayor's right eye was opened from a clash of heads. Rounds five, six, seven and eight were rounds where Marquez landed straight punches from the outside, but he was also nailed by Casamayor whenever he lunged forward. Two minutes into the eleventh round, Casamayor was knocked down by a right hand as he pulled away from an intense exchange. Casamayor got up and immediately tried to smother Marquez, but Marquez let his hands go in furious combination. Casamayor swung back, but he went down again with about 7 seconds left in the round. Referee Tony Weeks stepped in and stopped the fight before Casamayor had a chance to stand up again. This caused some anger from fans, however, Casamayor was gracious in defeat and said, "Marquez was the best this night." The official judges had the fight scored 95-95, 95-95, and 97-93 for Marquez.

Casamayor is a unionized boxer, a member of the Joint Association of Boxers.

Comeback
On November 6, 2009, Casamayor beat Jason Davis by unanimous decision.

Casamayor fought Mexican American Robert Guerrero at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, on July 31, 2010. The 10 round bout was an undercard of the Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Juan Díaz II event. The 39-year-old pugilist lost the match by unanimous decision: 98–89, 98–89, 97–90. Guerrero rocked Casamayor throughout the fight, sending him down in the second round. The Cuban got up and looked exhausted after two rounds. He recovered in the next rounds but Guerrero continued to put pressure, landing several combinations and outboxing him. In the last minute of the final round, the Cuban engaged on the offensive, with Guerrero being knocked down for the first time in his professional career.

title: Joel Casamayor


text:
Sam Cook (cricketer, born 1921)

Cecil "Sam" Cook (23 August 1921 – 4 September 1996) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club and in one Test match for the England cricket team.

Life and career
Born in Tetbury, Gloucestershire, Cook was a small and stocky slow left-arm spinner, who emerged unexpectedly after World War II when Gloucestershire had lost Tom Goddard’s former partner, Reg Sinfield. Wally Hammond saw him in the nets during the spring, and with great expectations that were later amply fulfilled, he immediately recruited Cook. Cook, who was never known by his given name, took a wicket with his first ball in first-class cricket, and 133 wickets in the 1946 season, when he played in the Test Trial. Not a great spinner of the ball, Cook relied on accuracy and flight: if he lacked penetration as a bowler, he was also very rarely mastered. In the following year with the Bristol pitch – which had caused little satisfaction for its tendency to be either a spinners’ (as in 1939) or a batsman's (as in 1946) paradise – being reconditioned with a sand dressing, Cook offered superb support to Goddard to form the most difficult bowling attack in the country.

Cook was called into the England team to play the South Africans on a batting pitch at Trent Bridge in 1947, after taking six South African wickets in the second innings of the MCC match in May. However, in the Test match, he took no wickets for 127 runs, scored 0 and 4, and was never picked again. The Kent fast bowler Jack Martin, who had done equally well in the MCC match, was also picked for the Trent Bridge Test, also fared badly, and was likewise discarded, never to appear in Test cricket again. In 1948, with the Bristol pitch dressed with loam instead of sand, Cook declined considerably and never threatened the superbly-skilled Australian batsmen, and it took him until August 1949 to recapture any sort of form.

Cook took 139 wickets in 1950, but by this time Johnny Wardle, Malcolm Hilton, and later Tony Lock – all far better batsmen and fielders – were able to prevent him from having the slightest chance of returning to Test cricket. Owing to the loss of Goddard, Cook faltered a little between 1951 and 1955, but the wet summer and dry spring of 1956 allowed him to form a combination with Bomber Wells that led Cook to his most successful season with 149 wickets for less than fifteen runs apiece, including an amazing ten for 35 against Worcestershire and thirteen for 121 against Nottinghamshire. The following two seasons were moderate, but with the newly found spinning riches of John Mortimore and David Allen, Gloucestershire acquired the most formidable bowling attack in the country during the brilliant summer of 1959, with Cook "making full use of his wealth of experience". In this period, Gloucestershire, as in the days of Parker, Goddard, and Sinfield, often played three spinners, right up to the time when Cook retired in 1964. However, despite heading the first-class bowling averages for the only time in 1962, Cook's extreme weakness with the bat and in the field saw him left out for many matches even in that season and on grassier pitches, the switch in emphasis to seam bowling made things even tougher for Cook as he grew older.

In all first-class cricket, Cook took 1,782 wickets. Not known for his batting skills, he scored fewer than 2,000 first-class runs and never reached 40 in an innings. After retirement, he stood as a first-class umpire until 1986.

Sam Cook died in his hometown of Tetbury on 4 September 1996, at the age of 75.

title: Sam Cook (cricketer, born 1921)


text:
Day labor

Day labor (or day labour in Commonwealth spelling) is work done where the worker is hired and paid one day at a time, with no promise that more work will be available in the future. It is a form of contingent work.

Types
Day laborers (also known archaically as daysmen ) find work through three common routes.

Firstly, some employment agencies specialize in very short-term contracts for manual labor most often in construction, factories, offices, and manufacturing. These companies usually have offices where workers can arrive and be assigned to a job on the spot, as they are available.

Secondly, a manager looking for additional labor to fill an unexpected change in plans is presented with a problem of finding the needed quantity of labor with the right skills. Imagine the magnitude of the task of looking for workers, on the side of the street or by calling various employment agencies, who can verify that they are journeyman asphalt rakers, typists, programmers, etc. The benefit of representation is applied to both the labor and employer. Labor is given a source of recourse to achieve a safe work environment free of favoritism and arbitrary work assignments. Employers benefit from organized labor training programs, benefit plans, dispute resolution and a labor supply meeting most employers labor demand at most any time or place. The benefit of a labor supply arriving at a specified time and location within less than a day's notice is reduced overhead resources.

Thirdly and less formally, workers meet at well-known locations, usually public street corners or commercial parking lots, and wait for building contractors, landscapers, home owners and small business owners, and other potential employers to offer work.

Day labor in the United States
Informal day labor is not new to the United States, and day laborers are not always migrant workers in many cases. In his study of day laborers in Atlanta, Terry Easton interviews white and black day laborers in addition to Hispanic workers. Many other metropolitan areas still have non-immigrant day laborers, and many other large and small cities have immigrant day laborers from a variety of countries, including Mongolia, Poland, Russia, Brazil, Central and South America, and countries in Africa. Non-immigrant informal day labor, seen in many cities, does not generate the controversy or calls to police and local government seen when immigrant day laborers gather to wait for work.

Nonetheless, immigrants are a large source of day laborers in the United States. Often, day labor work is in small residential construction or landscaping. These workers earn, on average, $8–$10 an hour. The media and a study by UCLA portrays day laborers as mostly being illegal immigrants from Mexico and Central America, who otherwise can't get work due to current employment regulations. Other research has found that day laborers are not typically illegal immigrants, many even being citizens of the US, and that day labor is often a transition to full-time work.

Unorganized day labor creates real problems for day laborers: 1 in 3 corner day laborers have experienced theft of wages in the past two months; 1 in 5 experienced a serious worksite injury in the past year. Low wages and poor working conditions, employer abuse, and lack of insurance for work related accidents is common.

Numerous complaints are made about immigrant day laborers. These include loitering, noise, crime and rushing cars of potential employers in parking lots. Cities and counties have tried a variety of solutions with varied success. Some municipalities and communities have supported workers' efforts to organize themselves into democratically run workers' centers, designated areas, and organizations to defend workers' rights in general. Workers' Centers of this kind date back at least 18 years to Los Angeles. Other municipalities have targeted day labor sites for aggressive enforcement of immigration laws.

Though united in their commitment to the rights of immigrant workers, NDLON and the Day Labor Research Institute represent two very different models of day labor center. NDLON represents the "social service agency model" and the Institute the "day laborer designed model." These different models of day labor centers may yield markedly different results that reflect the different goals of each model.

Problems when workers' centers are established are also common: day laborers often continue to congregate in large numbers on the streets surrounding the day labor centers, refusing to leave the street and use the center; new problems can be created, including new crowds of homeless and substance abusers loitering near the center after hours, and large numbers of day laborers drawn from other areas to the streets surrounding the centers. Low levels of work at the centers, low wages, and problems with the job distribution system are also common.

Organizations

 * Public Architecture's Day Labor Station
 * Library Service to Day Laborers: Biblio/webliography
 * Casa Latina
 * Issue Lab: Day Labor
 * Day Labor Research Institute

In film and television

 * PBS The Workers documentary
 * PBS Farmingville documentary
 * Day Labor, a short comedy satirizing corporate America through the experience of two laborers
 * The Job, an award-winning comic short

title: Day labor


text:
Penult

Penult is a linguistics term for the second-to-last syllable of a word. It is an abbreviation of penultimate, which describes the next-to-last item in a series. The penult follows the antepenult and precedes the ultima. For example, the main stress falls on the penult in such English words as banána, and Mississíppi, and just about all words ending in -ic such as músic, frántic, and phonétic. Occasionally, "penult" refers to the last word but one of a sentence.

The terms are often used in reference to languages like Latin and Ancient Greek, whose position of the pitch accent or stress of a word falls only on one of the last three syllables, and sometimes in discussing poetic meter.

In certain languages, such as Welsh and Polish, stress is always on the penult.

title: Penult


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Gerald Cardinale

Gerald Cardinale (February 27, 1934 – February 20, 2021) was an American Republican Party politician, who served in the New Jersey State Senate from 1982 until his death in 2021, representing the 39th Legislative District. He also served one term in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1980 until 1982. At the time of his death, he was the second-most senior senator in the state, behind Richard Codey, who also came to office in January 1982, but had served in the General Assembly since 1974. Cardinale was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1984, 1988 and 1992 and served as a Delegate to the New Jersey Republican State Platform Committee in 1983.

Early life
Cardinale was born in Brooklyn on February 27, 1934. He studied chemistry at St. John's University, obtaining Bachelor of Science in 1955. He subsequently earned a D.D.S. from the New York University College of Dentistry in 1959. He was a dentist by profession, and he had an office in Fort Lee, New Jersey. He resided in Demarest, where he served as mayor from 1975 to 1979. He was also a trustee of the Demarest Public Schools Board of Education from 1967 to 1973, serving as its president from 1969 to 1971.

New Jersey Assembly
Before his service as State Senator, Cardinale spent one term in the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, the General Assembly, from 1980 to 1981.

New Jersey Senate
Cardinale served in the State Senate as deputy majority leader from 1994 to 2001, as majority whip from 1992 to 1993, as assistant minority leader from 1987 to 1989 and as minority whip from 1985 to 1986. He served in the Senate on the Commerce Committee, the Judiciary Committee and the Legislative Oversight Committee.

In 2018, Cardinale sponsored a bill alongside Senators Paul Sarlo, Kristin Corrado, Loretta Weinberg, and Joseph Lagana that would push a special election to the following year if a vacancy for the County Sheriff, Clerk, or Surrogate posts if the vacancy occurs 70 days before election day. In March 2019 Cardinale expressed his opposition to marijuana legalization. He called the social justice argument in favor of legalization "B.S." as well as saying it wouldn't solve the budget problems that those in favor of legalization have argued.

After Cardinale's death in February 2021, Holly Schepisi won a Republican Party special convention over Robert Auth to fill the vacant senate seat and was sworn in on March 25, 2021.

Committee assignments

 * Commerce
 * Judiciary

Campaign for Congress
After New Jersey's 5th congressional district Congresswoman Marge Roukema announced her retirement in 2002, she endorsed Cardinale as her successor in the Republican primary. However, Cardinale finished with 25%, a close third behind State Assemblyman Scott Garrett (the eventual winner, with 45%) and David C. Russo (who received 26% of votes cast).

Personal life
Cardinale married Carole Petrullo in 1959. They attended the same preschool in Brooklyn, but only reconnected years later when three friends set them up on blind dates. They remained married for 62 years until his death. Together, they had five children: Marisa, Christine, Kara, Gary, and Nicole.

Cardinale died on the morning of February 20, 2021, at the Pascack Valley Medical Center in Westwood, New Jersey. He was 86, and suffered a brief illness prior to his death that was not related to COVID-19. At the time of his death, he was running for re-election to a thirteenth term in the state senate. Cardinale's funeral was on February 24 at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church in Tenafly, New Jersey. He was buried at Brookside Cemetery in Englewood, New Jersey.

2017
In 2017 Cardinale faced a challenge from Democrat Linda H. Schwager and Libertarian James Tosone. In his second closest election in that district since 1981 he beat Schwager by over 4,000 votes. Cardinale won Bergen, and Passaic Counties by about 4,000 and 2,000 votes respectively.

2013
In a year that was good, electorally, for incumbent State Senate Republicans, Cardinale won re-election by over 16,000 votes, and finishing with more than 60% of the vote in Bergen and Passaic Counties.

2011
2011 re-redistricting put part of Passaic County in the district. Democrats nominated Lorraine M. Waldes. Cardinale easily defeated Waldes.

2007
In his second closest election since 1981 at that point, Cardinale defeated Democratic nominee Joseph Ariyan by 5,000 votes.

2003
During the 2003 general election in New Jersey Democrats gained a majority in the State Senate for the first time since 1992, however Cardinale still won re-election easily.

2001
In 2001, Republicans lost two seats in the State Senate making the partisan makeup a 20–20 split. Republicans lost the Governorship with the retirement of Governor Donald DiFrancesco and the election of James McGreevey. Regardless, Cardinale won re-election in the then-safe Republican 39th District.

1997
In 1997 Incumbent Republican Governor Christine Todd Whitman barely squeaked out a re-election win over State Senator and Woodbridge Township Mayor James McGreevey, Cardinale, who at this point was still serving as Deputy Majority Leader under the leadership of Majority Leader John O. Bennett and Senate President Donald DiFrancesco, cruised to re-election.

1993
Cardinale who was serving as Majority Whip easily beat Democratic nominee Stephen Jaffe.

1991
In the 1991 election, Republicans gained an overwhelming Majority in the State Senate. Cardinale was made Majority Whip following the election.

1987
Cardinale easily won re-election to a third term in 1987.

1983
In what was Cardinale's closest election since 1981 he faced now former State Senator Francis X. Herbert, who lost by a little under 2,000 votes.

1981
Then an Assemblyman, Cardinale ran for State Senate for the first time against incumbent Democratic State Senator Frank Herbert, Cardinale beat him by a wide margin.

1979
In 1979 Cardinale, again ran for General Assembly this time he won coming in first place.

1977
In 1977 Cardinale ran for General Assembly losing to Incumbent Harold Martin and newcomer Greta Kiernan.

title: Gerald Cardinale


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Golden Axe Warrior

Golden Axe Warrior is an action-adventure role-playing video game, developed and published by Sega. It was released on the Master System in 1991 as a spin-off of the Golden Axe video game series. The game follows a young warrior who tries to avenge the death of his parents by exploring ten labyrinths, collecting nine missing crystals and battling with the evil tyrant Death Adder. Players must cross a large world, fight enemies, seek mysterious labyrinths, fight bosses, and obtain the crystals that are guarded by many monsters. All the playable characters from the original Golden Axe make cameo appearances.

The game has drawn comparisons to NES titles The Legend of Zelda and Willow, as well as Master System titles Ys I: Ancient Ys Vanished and Lord of the Sword. Golden Axe Warrior  received a positive to mixed reception upon release. It received positive reviews from American, French and German magazines, but was criticized by British magazines for having little to do with the arcade original.

Plot
The evil giant, Death Adder, has invaded the countries of Firewood, Nendoria and Altorulia and killed the royal families. A young hero from Firewood sets out on a quest to destroy the giant. To counter Adder's evil magic he needs to find the nine crystals of the royal family from Firewood. These crystals warded off Death Adder until the king was betrayed by a minister who sold the crystals to Adder. Death Adder has hidden the crystals in nine labyrinths. On his quest the hero visits numerous villages and discovers numerous people hiding from Death Adder. He can learn the Thunder, Earth, Fire and Water magics. He learns that the princess of Firewood is still alive and that he is the son of the king of Altorulia. After finding all nine crystals the hero is able to enter the tenth and final labyrinth where he must find the mythical Golden Axe, the only weapon that can harm Death Adder, before facing the giant himself.

Gameplay
Players take control of the game's hero, who can be named at the start of a new quest. The game features a large overworld with over 200 unique screens and many enemies. Players must retrieve each of the game's nine crystals by locating hidden labyrinths. Each labyrinth is guarded by monsters and full of puzzles that must be solved in order to reach the boss and retrieve the crystal. Throughout the game, players collect various items and abilities that allow access to previously unreachable areas. The tenth labyrinth is only accessible after collecting the nine crystals. Players must then find the Golden Axe and use it to defeat Death Adder.

Weapons and armor can be upgraded and several magic abilities can be learned. Using magic requires the use of pots which are depleted after every use. The game's currency is horns collected from enemies; these horns can be spent in towns throughout the game. Hidden areas can be uncovered by chopping down trees with an axe or clearing rocks using Earth magic.

Development and release
The game is considered to be one of the system's rarest games. It is included as an unlockable game in Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

Reception
Golden Axe Warrior received a positive to mixed reception upon release. American magazine GamePro scored it 5 out of 5, comparing it to NES titles Legend of Zelda and Willow, concluding that Golden Axe Warrior is "a great game". It also received positive reviews from French magazines Joystick and Player One, each scoring it 88%, and German magazine Video Games, which scored it 81%. However, it received mixed reviews from British magazines, which pointed out that the game was vastly different from the original Golden Axe, including one in Sega Pro, which rated Golden Axe Warrior a 67%; Computer and Video Games also pointed out the difference, calling it an "incredibly dull RPG." Reviewers in Mean Machines called it "boring" and "tedious", recommending Ys and Lord of the Sword instead.

IGN mentioned the game in its article "A History of Gaming's Most Shameless Rip-Offs", calling it a rip-off of The Legend of Zelda. They noted similarities in enemies and map designs, and called the soundtrack "eerily similar" to Zelda but without any of the personality.

title: Golden Axe Warrior


text:
User:Zaqona

Zaqona is the net name of George Thornton. The name is associated with all sites made by him, mostly on Angelfire. That is on the net. The main on being Neighbours Girls and Boys http://www.angelfire.com/wi3/nan/index.html Stating who is who past and present of the Neighbours cast. Email address can be found on mail web site.

title: User:Zaqona


text: Category:Monorails in Japan

title: Category:Monorails in Japan


text:
Émile Argand

Émile Argand (6 January 1879 – 14 September 1940) was a Swiss geologist.

He was born in Eaux-Vives near Geneva. He attended vocational school in Geneva then worked as a draftsman. He studied anatomy in Paris, but gave up medicine to pursue his interest in geology.

He was an early proponent of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, viewing plate tectonics and continental collisions as the best explanation for the formation of the Alps. He is also noted for his application of the theory of tectonics to the continent of Asia.

He founded the Geological Institute of Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

Awards and honors

 * 1913 Spendiarov Prize
 * 1926 Marcel Benoist Prize
 * A region of wrinkle ridges on the Moon was named Dorsa Argand after him.
 * There is a road named "Rue Emile-Argand" at the University of Neuchâtel.
 * Argandite, a mineral.

title: Émile Argand


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Delta Arae

Delta Arae, Latinized from δ Arae, is the Bayer designation for a double star in the southern constellation Ara. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.62 and is visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax of 16.48 mas, it is about 198 ly distant from the Earth.

Delta Arae is massive B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B8 Vn. The 'n' suffix indicates the absorption lines are spread out broadly because the star is spinning rapidly. It has a projected rotational velocity of 255 km/s, resulting in an equatorial bulge with a radius 13% larger than the polar radius. It has a magnitude 9.5 companion G-type main sequence star that may form a binary star system with Delta Arae.

There is a 12th magnitude optical companion located 47.4 arcseconds away along a position angle of 313°.

Etymology
Delta Arae was known as 龜三 (meaning: "the 3rd (star) of Guī") in traditional Chinese astronomy.

Allen erroneously called both Delta and Zeta Arae "Tseen Yin" (天陰). He probably confused the constellation "Ara" with "Ari", as 天陰 is actually in Aries.

title: Delta Arae


text:
The Believer (Rhett Miller album)

The Believer is a solo album by American country/rock musician Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97's.

Track listing
All songs written by Rhett Miller unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "My Valentine"
 * 2) "Help Me, Suzanne"
 * 3) "Meteor Shower" (Miller, Jerry Marotta)
 * 4) "Brand New Way"
 * 5) "Ain't That Strange"
 * 6) "I Believe She's Lying" (Jon Brion, Aimee Mann)
 * 7) "Fireflies"
 * 8) "Singular Girl" (Miller, Ken Bethea, Murry Hammond, Philip Peeples) (newly recorded from Satellite Rides bonus CD)
 * 9) "I'm with Her" (Miller, Andrew Williams)
 * 10) "Delicate"
 * 11) "The Believer" (for Elliott Smith)
 * 12) "Question" (Miller, Ken Bethea, Murry Hammond, Philip Peeples, Simon Ford) (newly recorded from Satellite Rides)

title: The Believer (Rhett Miller album)


text:
Native American Day

Native American Day is a holiday observed in several US states in celebration of Native American culture. In California and Nevada, the holiday is designated on the fourth Friday of September, whereas in South Dakota and Wisconsin, it falls on the second Monday of October. Within each of these states, Native American Day honors the cultural contributions of Native American communities to the respective state's history, as well as to the overall country. The state of Washington celebrates Native American Heritage Day on the Friday immediately following the fourth Thursday in November. The state of Tennessee observes a similar American Indian Day each year on the fourth Monday of September. President George W. Bush signed into law legislation introduced by Congressman Joe Baca (D-Calif.), to designate the Friday after Thanksgiving as Native American Heritage Day.

California
In 1939, Governor Culbert Olson declared October 1 to be "Indian Day", making California the first state to honor this holiday. In 1968, Governor Ronald Reagan signed a resolution calling for a holiday called American Indian Day, to be held the Fourth Friday in September. In 1998, the California Assembly passed AB 1953, which made Native American Day an official state holiday, designated annually on the fourth Friday in September. In 2021, the State of California amended section 135 of the Code of Civil Procedure (effective January 1, 2022), making Native American Day a judicial holiday; Columbus Day remains on the list of holidays in Government Code 6700, but it is no longer a judicial holiday.

Nevada
In 1997, the state of Nevada also declared the Fourth Friday of September as Native American Day.

South Dakota
In 1989, the South Dakota legislature unanimously passed legislation proposed by Governor George S. Mickelson to proclaim 1990 as the "Year of Reconciliation" between Native Americans and whites, to change Columbus Day to Native American Day and to make Martin Luther King's birthday into a state holiday. Since 1990, the second Monday in October has been celebrated as Native American Day in South Dakota.

On October 3, 2017, The Proclamation of Native American day was announced by the Mayor of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Accepting the Proclamation would be the Lakota-Dakota-Nakota representatives of Sioux Falls.

South Dakota and Vermont, which celebrates Indigenous Peoples' Day, are the only states to practice non-observance of the federal holiday of Columbus Day.

Tennessee
In 1994, the state General Assembly established the "fourth Monday in September of each year" to be especially observed in Tennessee as "American Indian Day" (TCA 15-2-106), "to recognize the contributions of American Indians with suitable ceremony and fellowship designed to promote greater understanding and brotherhood between American Indians and the non-Indian people of the state of Tennessee".

Washington
In 2014, the Washington state Legislature designated the Friday immediately following the fourth Thursday in November, currently a state legal and school holiday" to be recognized and honored as "Native American Heritage Day." (RCW 1.16.050), " recognize and honor Washington state's proud and resonant Native American heritage".

California

 * The text of the 1998 bill

South Dakota

 * South Dakota legislation.
 * South Dakota holiday legislation

title: Native American Day


text:
Majd al-Dawla

Abu Talib Rustam (997–1029), commonly known by his laqab (honorific title) of Majd al-Dawla (مجد الدوله), was the last amir (ruler) of the Buyid amirate of Ray from 997 to 1029. He was the eldest son of Fakhr al-Dawla ((r. 976 – 980)). A weak ruler, he was a figurehead most of his reign, whilst his mother Sayyida Shirin was the real ruler of the kingdom.

Majd al-Dawla's reign saw the gradual shrinking of Buyid holdings in central Iran; Gurgan and Tabaristan had been lost to the Ziyarids in 997, while several of the western towns were seized by the Sallarids of Azerbaijan. There were also internal troubles, such as the revolt of the Daylamite military officer Ibn Fuladh in 1016. Following the death of Sayyida Shirin in 1028, Majd al-Dawla was faced with a revolt by his Daylamite soldiers, and thus requested the assistance of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud ((r. 998 – 1030)) in dealing with them. Mahmud came to Ray in 1029, deposed Majd al-Dawla as ruler, and sacked the city, bringing an end to Buyid rule there.

Majd al-Dawla was reportedly sent to the Ghaznavid capital of Ghazni, where he died.

Background
Abu Talib Rustam was a member of the Buyid dynasty, a Daylamite family which ruled mainly over what is now the south and western part of Iran, as well as all of present-day Iraq. The Buyid realm was mostly divided into three independent principalities, centered on Ray (in Jibal), Shiraz (in Fars) and Baghdad (in Iraq). Abu Talib Rustam was born in 993. He was the son of the Buyid amir (ruler) Fakhr al-Dawla ((r. 976 – 980)), who ruled Jibal, Tabaristan and Gurgan. His mother was Sayyida Shirin, a princess from the Bavand dynasty in Tabaristan. Abu Talib Rustam was to be thoroughly educated to become fit to rule. His tutor was Ibn Faris (died 1004), a prominent Persian scholar and grammarian from Hamadan.

Accession
Following Fakhr al-Dawla's death by stomach illness in 997, his realm in Jibal was divided between Abu Talib Rustam, who received the capital of Ray and its surroundings, and the younger son Shams al-Dawla, who received the cities of Hamadan and Qirmisin as far as the borders of Mesopotamia. They were both installed as co-rulers by Sayyida Shirin, who became the regent of the realm due to their young age. Regardless, Shams al-Dawla was Abu Talib Rustam's subordinate. The senior Buyid amir Samsam al-Dawla ((r. 983 – 998)), who ruled Fars, had faithfully acknowledged Fakhr al-Dawla as senior amir during the latter's reign. Because of this, Samsam al-Dawla was now entitled to ask for the allegiance of Majd al-Dawla in return.

An arrangement with the Buyid amir of Iraq, Baha al-Dawla ((r. 988 – 1012)), and the Abbasid caliph, however, seemed more appealing to the court at Ray. Details regarding the negotiations between the parties are unknown. In 998, on the request of Baha al-Dawla, the caliph al-Qadir ((r. 991 – 1031)) gave Abu Talib Rustam the dual title of Majd al-Dawla wa-Falak al-umma. According to the Iranologist Wilferd Madelung; "In return for this service, Baha al-dawla must have gained, besides the recognition of the caliph al-Qadir, an alliance and some kind of recognition of his supremacy, although his name was not mentioned on the coinage of Majd al-dawla until years later."

Samsam al-Dawla soon died afterwards, and by 999 Fars was under the control of Baha al-Dawla, who had now become senior amir.

Early reign
Following Fakhr al-Dawla's death, the Ziyarid ruler Qabus ((r. 977 – 981)) conquered Tabaristan and Gurgan, which he had previously ruled before being defeated by the Buyids. Following Majd al-Dawla's failure to repel Qabus, the latter ruled Tabaristan and Gurgan with little disturbance. Majd al-Dawla also lost several western towns (including Zanjan) to the Sallarids of Azerbaijan. The Hasanwayhid chieftain Badr ibn Hasanwayh ((r. 979 – 1013)), who ruled around Qirmisin as a Buyid vassal, went to Ray to help Majd al-Dawla administer the local affairs, but his help was rebuffed. As a result, Badr kept gradually dissociating himself from the affairs at Ray. By at least as early as 1003, Sayyida Shirin had secured the governorship of Isfahan to her first cousin Ala al-Dawla Muhammad, thus marking the start of the Kakuyid dynasty.

In 1005, Majd al-Dawla assumed the imperial Persian title of shahanshah (King of Kings) in order to signal his ascendancy over that of his brothers and vassals. Nevertheless, he did not attempt to challenge the dominant position of Baha al-Dawla. From 1009/10 and onwards, Majd al-Dawla officially recognized Baha al-Dawla as senior amir on his coins. Some of them later on even refers Baha al-Dawla by the title of shahanshah. Baha al-Dawla died in December 1012, and was succeeded by his son Abu Shuja Fanna Khusraw (Sultan al-Dawla), who assumed the title of shahanshah as a claim over his father's dominant position. Majd al-Dawla did not acknowledge Sultan al-Dawla's claim, as he himself had in reality become the senior amir.

Internal affairs
In 1008, with the assistance of his vizier Abu 'Ali ibn 'Ali, Majd al-Dawla attempted to throw off the regency of his mother. Sayyida Shirin, however, escaped to Badr ibn Hasanwayh, and together with Shams al-Dawla they put Ray under siege. After several battles, the city was taken and Majd al-Dawla was captured. He was imprisoned by his mother in the fort of Tabarak, while Shams al-Dawla took to power in Ray. A year later (in 1009), Sayyida Shirin fell out with Shams al-Dawla, and thus freed and reinstated Majd al-Dawla in Ray, while Shams al-Dawla returned to Hamadan. Power continued to be held by Sayyida Shirin. In 1014, Majd al-Dawla and Sayyida Shirin were forced to flee to Damavand following an attack on Ray by Shams al-Dawla. However, a mutiny amongst the troops of Shams al-Dawla forced the latter to return to Hamadan, while Majd al-Dawla and Sayyida Shirin returned to Ray. In the same year, the distinguished Persian polymath Avicenna (died 1037) went to Ray, where he entered into the service of Majd al-Dawla and Sayyida Shirin. There he served as the physician at the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served as the "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in Qazvin and Hamadan, though details regarding this tenure are unclear. Avicenna later joined Shams al-Dawla, possibly due to his opponent Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani also working under Sayyida Shirin.

In 1016, Majd al-Dawla and Sayyida Shirin declined the demand of the Daylamite military officer Ibn Fuladh to become the governor of Qazvin. As a result, the latter started attacking the outskirts of Ray. With the help of the Bavandid prince Abu Ja'far Muhammad (died 1028), Majd al-Dawla repelled Ibn Fuladh from Ray, who fled to the Ziyarid ruler Manuchihr ((r. 1012 – 1031)). There Ibn Fuladh secured Manuchihr's assistance in exchange for his fealty. Reinforced by 2,000 troops by Manuchihr, Ibn Fuladh laid siege to Ray, thus forcing Majd al-Dawla to appoint him as the governor of Isfahan. Following this event, records of Ibn Fuladh disappear, which suggests he was unable to dislodge the then incumbent governor of Isfahan, Ala al-Dawla Muhammad.

The fragility of Majd al-Dawla's kingdom allowed Ala al-Dawla Muhammad to rule autonomously, as well as expand his realm into the northern and western mountains, then controlled by autonomous Kurdish dynasties such as the Annazids. In 1023, Ala al-Dawla Muhammad captured Hamadan, putting an end to the rule of Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla ((r. 1021 – 1023)). Majd al-Dawla was powerless to interfere. Although Ala al-Dawla Muhammad was virtually an independent monarch and the most powerful figure in Jibal, he continued to mint coins inscribed with the name of Majd al-Dawla as his suzerain until the latter's downfall in 1029. A distinguished coin minted by Ala al-Dawla Muhammad in 1019/20 at Isfahan mentions Majd al-Dawla as shahanshah.

Downfall
When Sayyida Shirin died in 1028, the consequences of the political seclusion of Majd al-Dawla became apparent. He was soon faced with a revolt by his Daylamite soldiers, and requested the assistance of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud ((r. 998 – 1030)) in dealing with them. Mahmud had been keen to expand his power to the west, but had refrained from attacking Ray due to the resolute presence of Sayyida Shirin. Using Majd al-Dawla's request for help as a pretext, Mahmud conquered Ray in March/April 1029. He deposed Majd al-Dawla as ruler, and sacked the city, bringing an end to Buyid rule there. Much of the great library in Ray was burned, while many inhabitants were assembled and stoned as heretics. Mahmud justified his onslaught as a way of purging "infidel Batiniyya and evil-doing innovators".

The Iranologist Clifford Edmund Bosworth referred to Majd al-Dawla's decision as "foolish." The Arab historian Ibn al-Athir (died 1233) reports that following the conquest of Ray, Mahmud is said to have summoned Majd al-Dawla and asked him; "Have you not read the Shahnama, which is the history of the Persians, and al-Tabari's History, which is the history of the Muslims? When Majd al-Dawla answered yes, Mahmud replied; "Your conduct is not that of one who has." Majd al-Dawla was reportedly sent to the Ghaznavid capital of Ghazni, where he died. One of Majd al-Dawla's sons, Fana-Khusrau, would attempt to restore the power of the Buyids in the following years, but failed. Majd al-Dawla was also survived by another son named Abu Dulaf.

Culture
From the end of the 10th-century to 1029, Ray had flourished as a center of learning, possibly partly due to maintaining its independence from other Buyid principalities, as well as only occasionally being involved in dynastic struggles. Majd al-Dawla himself was highly engaged in learning. The western regions of Iran were notable for being dominated by Arabic literature; however, after around the mid 10th-century, Persian literary movements from the eastern region of Khurasan started to gain popularity in the western regions, including the court of Majd al-Dawla.

title: Majd al-Dawla


text: User talk:24.172.187.34

title: User talk:24.172.187.34


text:
Pelindaba

Pelindaba ("Pelile Ndaba", Zulu for "end of story" or "the conclusion") is South Africa's main nuclear research centre, run by the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation. It is situated south-east of the Hartbeespoort Dam, approximately 33 km (22 miles) west of Pretoria, on the farm that once belonged to Gustav Preller. During the apartheid era, it was the location where South Africa's atomic bombs were partially developed and constructed.

History
The research reactor SAFARI-1 was received from the United States, constructed and inaugurated in 1965. Since then, it has operated with an output of up to 20 MW. The reactor cost $10.5 million. Enriched uranium for use in the reactor was initially supplied by the U.S. and has been subject to IAEA safeguards.

At the time of Pelindaba's inauguration, future cooperation between France and South Africa on nuclear technology was anticipated. That relationship ultimately lead to the establishment of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station.

While the official purpose of the Pelindaba facility was "to harness the versatile power of the atom and apply it to maximum peaceful advantage" it was also speculated that South Africa could produce its own atomic weapons by 1966.

In 1966, Pelindaba reported detecting elevated levels of radiation following French nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific.

In 1970, it was officially revealed that the development of a pilot plant for the enrichment of uranium was under way. Prime Minister John Vorster said of the development that "our sole objective in the development and application of the process is to promote the peaceful application of nuclear energy. Only then can it be to our benefit and to the benefit of mankind." Details of the method of uranium enrichment were withheld as official state secrets.

In 1971, the Chairman of the South African Atomic Energy Board, Abraham J. A. Roux, stated that long hair would not be tolerated in the workplace at Pelindaba.

In 1975, Pelindaba ordered shipments of weapons grade uranium from the U.S., specified for "peaceful uses only". It was to be supplied on condition that any plutonium produced from its fission be returned to the U.S. 27 months later, no shipments had been received.

In 1975, Prime Minister John Vorster said that he expected South Africa to have new uranium enrichment capacity by 1983. He stated that while South Africa was seeking international partners in its enrichment program, it would "go it alone" if necessary. The enrichment process developed at Pelindaba promised to provide major efficiency gains over prior centrifugal processes.

In 1977, Finance Minister Owen Horwood stated that his party stood by its assurance that its nuclear program was for peaceful purposes, but also that it reserved the right to use its potential for other-than-peaceful purposes. The same year, the London Telegraph reported that South Africa had the capability to make nuclear weapons "any time it wishes."

In 1984, the Associated Press reported that South Africa had refused international inspections of facilities at Pelindaba and associated enrichment works at Valindaba. In 1988, the New York Times reported that the SAFARI-1 reactor at Pelindaba was regularly inspected by the IAEA.

In 1992, it was revealed that the Valindaba facility had enriched uranium for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The plant was operational from 1975 until 1990.

In 1996, the Associated Press described Pelindaba as the place "once at the heart of South Africa's (nuclear) weapons program".

The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) was established as a public company by the new government of South Africa in 1999.

A 4 MV Van de Graaff particle accelerator operates at Pelindaba for various purposes in nuclear scientific research.

1986 fire
In 1986, a fire at Pelindaba killed two cleaning staff and injured two other personnel. No radioactive releases occurred during the incident.

1994 theft of residue barrels
In August 1994, barrels containing "enriched uranium residue" were stolen from Pelindaba. The theft was detected on 16 August. The contents of 30 barrels were discovered dumped near Pelindaba and as of 4 September, 100 barrels remained missing.

1996 accident
An accident at the Pelindaba research facility exposed workers to radiation. Harold Daniels and several others died from radiation burns and cancers related to the exposure.

2007 armed attack
Shortly after midnight on 8 November 2007, four armed men entered the facility and headed towards a control room in the eastern block. According to the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA), the state-owned entity that runs the facility, the four "technically sophisticated criminals" deactivated several layers of security, including a 10,000-volt electrical fence, suggesting insider knowledge of the system. An off-duty emergency services officer, who was shot by the men after a brief struggle, triggered an alarm, alerting a nearby police station. The four attackers escaped the facility by the same way they had entered after 45 minutes alone in the compound. Though their images were captured on closed-circuit television, they were not detected by security officers because nobody was monitoring the cameras at the time. On 16 November, three suspects, between the ages of 17 and 28, were arrested by local police in connection with the incident but were later released. In response to the attack, NECSA suspended six Pelindaba security personnel, including the general manager of security and promised an "internal investigation which will cover culpability, negligence and improvements of security systems." China has been speculated to be behind the attacks.

2009 leak of radioactive gases
On 16 March 2009, a leak of radioactive gases from Pelindaba was reported by NECSA. Abnormal levels of gamma radiation associated with xenon and krypton gases were detected, causing an emergency to be declared. Members of staff were evacuated.

title: Pelindaba


text: User talk:70.182.7.212

title: User talk:70.182.7.212


text:
Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate

Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP or TPAPR) is the chemical compound described by the formula N(C3H7)4RuO4. Sometimes known as the Ley–Griffith reagent, this ruthenium compound is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. This salt consists of the tetrapropylammonium cation and the perruthenate anion, RuO4(-).

Uses

Ruthenium tetroxide is a highly aggressive oxidant, but TPAP, which is its one-electron reduced derivative, is a mild oxidizing agent for the conversion of primary alcohols to aldehydes (the Ley oxidation). Secondary alcohols are similarly oxidized to ketones. It can also be used to oxidize primary alcohols all the way to the carboxylic acid with a higher catalyst loading, larger amount of the cooxidant, and addition of two equivalents of water. In this situation, the aldehyde reacts with water to form the geminal diol hydrate, which is then oxidized again.

The oxidation generates water that can be removed by adding molecular sieves. TPAP is expensive, but it can be used in catalytic amounts. The catalytic cycle is maintained by adding a stoichiometric amount of a co-oxidant such as N-methylmorpholine N-oxide or molecular oxygen.

TPAP is also used to cleave vicinal diols to form aldehydes.

title: Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate


text:
Justin Rockefeller

Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (born July 12, 1979) is an American impact investor and financial technology professional. He is a great-great grandson of John D. Rockefeller.

Rockefeller was born on July 12, 1979, in West Virginia, the youngest son of former West Virginia senator, Jay Rockefeller (b. 1937), and his wife, Sharon Percy Rockefeller (b. 1944). Rockefeller's maternal grandfather was former U.S. Senator Charles H. Percy (1919–2011), and his paternal grandparents were Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909–1992) and John D. Rockefeller III (1906–1978), the eldest son of philanthropists John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller.

Career
Rockefeller was the global director of family offices and foundations at Addepar, a financial technology company.

Rockefeller co-founded and chairs the board of directors of The ImPact a membership network of family enterprises (family offices, foundations, and businesses) that are committed to making investments with measurable social impact.

From 2009 to 2018, Rockefeller served on the board and the investment committee of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund; in those capacities, he helped the private foundation align its endowment with its mission. He also serves on the board of Japan Society, and speaks occasionally about impact investing, family offices, and technology, including at the World Economic Forum at Davos, Milken Institute, and Young Presidents' Organization.

Previously, Justin was venture partner at Richmond Global, LLC, a global venture capital firm focusing on technology-enabled services and mobile technologies in the U.S. and across major emerging markets.

Justin's previous board memberships include: Voxiva; Rockefeller Family Fund; Population Council; the International Council of The Museum of Modern Art; the Alliance for the Arts; and Generation Engage, which he cofounded in 2004. He also served on the National Leadership Council for GLSEN – the Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network, and on the NY State Commission on National and Community Service.

Personal life
In 2006, Rockefeller, who lives in New York City, married Indré Vengris, a dancer and fashion executive. Her father, Vitolis Enrikas Vengris, was born in Akademija, Kaunas in Lithuania, and came to Iowa in 1968 as a student. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1973. Justin and Indré reside in New York City and have two daughters

Rockefeller graduated from St. Albans School in 1998 and Princeton University in 2002.

title: Justin Rockefeller


text:
Talk:Hachi

Untitled
Edit comment from User:A Link to the Past: "Rv. Unless you plan on doing this to all articles, such as the FF articles?"

Actually, I've been doing it in a lot of places lately, although I plan on leaving the FF articles to the FF Wikiproject for the time being. Take a look at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer and video games for some more on this, including some input from WP:CVG on when it's appropriate to merge.

Even the FF Wikiproject doesn't support giving very minor characters who don't transcend their source material their own articles: see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Final Fantasy. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 20:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That is for minor characters - Hachi is in all games, and has a backstory and even somewhat of a "frontstory", for lack of a better term. - A Link to the Past (talk) 04:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Eh, hell, this one is an AFD candidate. Let's hash this out there. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hachi


text:
Leith Athletic F.C.

Leith Athletic Football Club is a football club based in the Leith area of Edinburgh, Scotland. They compete in the East of Scotland Football League, First Division. First team matches are played at Meadowbank Stadium.

The present club considers itself to be a continuation of the original Leith Athletic F.C., which was founded in 1887. They played in the Scottish Football League in four different spells between 1897 and 1953, but went out of business in 1955. The name was revived at local youth level in 1996. In 2008, Leith Athletic returned to senior football when they amalgamated with Edinburgh Athletic and took the latter's place in the East of Scotland League.

Original club
Leith Athletic were founded in 1887 in the Port of Leith. In 1891, Leith replaced Glasgow side Cowlairs in the Scottish Football League. After a reasonable start (fourth out of 12 in 1892), Leith had to apply for re-election in 1894 and 1895. They received only three votes in the latter year and were relegated to the Second Division. Leith fared rather better in the second flight, finishing second in 1896, 1897 and 1899, but they could not muster enough votes to be elected back into the First Division. In 1905, having failed again in the end of 1905 season voting, Leith Athletic were wound up and a new limited company formed to take over the old club's assets.

In 1891, Robert Clements and Matt McQueen played for Scotland against Ireland in Glasgow, McQueen having played a year earlier against Wales at Underwood Park in Paisley. Geordie Anderson, James Blessington and Robert Laing would represent the Scottish Football League against the Scottish Alliance League and the Irish League in the 1892–93 season. Blessington was transferred to Celtic in June 1893 for £20, and would gain four caps for Scotland against England and Ireland.

Now playing as Leith F.C., the team comfortably won the Scottish Second Division championship in 1906. Despite this triumph, they failed to be elected to the First Division, as runners-up Clyde and fourth placed Hamilton Academical were preferred. Leith and Raith Rovers finished level on points and were declared joint champions in 1910. Raith were promoted, but it appears that Leith did not contest the elections. The 1912–13 season saw Leith finish in last position and won re-election to stay in the league. They survived until the competition was suspended in 1915 and they joined the Eastern League.

Leith closed down for the duration of the First World War in 1916. When the club was reformed in 1919, the old name of Leith Athletic was revived and the club joined the Western League. After playing for one season (1923–24) in the Scottish Alliance, Leith were admitted to the Third Division in 1924. Leith won the Third Division championship in 1926, but failed to win election to the Second Division. The club were eliminated on the chairman's casting vote in the third ballot. It was becoming apparent that the two most prominent Edinburgh clubs, Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian were blocking attempts by Leith to progress.

The abolition of the Third Division meant that Leith had to rejoin the Scottish Alliance, but in 1927 they were admitted into the Scottish League, replacing Nithsdale Wanderers. The club's fortunes improved and they won the Second Division championship in 1930 and promotion to the First Division. Leith survived in the top division in 1931, but were relegated in 1932. The club were a middle-ranking Second Division side until the league was suspended in 1939–40.

An attempt in 1945 to revive St Bernard's, who had lost their ground in 1943 through a merger with Leith Athletic came to nothing. In 1946, Leith became founder members of the new Division C (third tier). The Second Division was expanded from 14 to 16 clubs in 1947, and Leith were elected to one of the vacancies. They were relegated in 1948, however, when the third tier was split, Leith joined Division C (North & East).

The C Divisions were made up largely of reserve teams and Leith campaigned for the non-reserve teams to be included in the Second Division. They were not successful and were expelled in August 1953, when they refused to play any more fixtures in Division C. It was too late for the club to join another competition and the club went out of business in 1955. In a supreme irony, the two C Divisions were abandoned that summer and, just as Leith had wanted, the non-reserve sides were admitted to the Second Division.

Modern club
A new Leith Athletic was formed in 1996, primarily as a club for boys football, with teams at various age groups between the ages of 5 and 21, whilst the club's adult side joined the Central Scottish Amateur Football League. In 2005, they attained their first Scottish amateur international, when Paul Lee played in a 2–1 win against Leinster. In the same year, Danny Swanson, Douglas Thom and Shaun Woodburn were capped for the Scottish Youth Football Association under-19 team, playing against Mid Ulster and Wales.

Leith Athletic amalgamated with Edinburgh Athletic in 2008 and took its place in the East of Scotland Football League. Leith were promoted to the East of Scotland Premier Division in 2011 but were relegated after one season. They regained their Premier Division place in 2013 and later won the league when it became a single division in 2015–16.

Stadium
At the time of their election to the Scottish Football League in 1891, Leith played at Bank Park, which was renamed Beechwood Park in 1895. After the end of the 1898–99 season the club moved to St Bernard's' New Logie Green, where they played two league matches before moving to Hawkhill for the remainder of the 1899–1900 season.

Between 1900 and 1904 Leith played at Chancelot Park, before moving to Old Logie Green. After the SFL was suspended during World War I the club played some matches at Chancelot Park and Wardie Park. When the club returned to the SFL in 1924 they returned to Old Logie Green. At the end of the 1925–26 season the club moved again, this time to New Powderhall.

After only a season at New Powderhall, the club moved to Marine Gardens, where they remained until moving to Meadowbank in 1936. After World War II the ground required rebuilding, and Leith spent the 1946–47 season at the adjacent New Meadowbank. When the original Meadowbank was reopened, it was renamed Old Meadowbank. In the early 1950s an experimental floodlit match was played against an invitation XI including the then leading Arsenal player, Jimmy Logie.

The reformed club played at Leith Links and Muirhouse Playing Fields before moving to the Meadowbank 3G pitch adjacent to Meadowbank Stadium in 2013. When Meadowbank closed for redevelopment in December 2017, matches were relocated to Peffermill 3G.

Former players
Two players from the original Leith Athletic were capped by Scotland: Matt McQueen, who made two appearances, in 1890 and 1891; and Robert Clements, capped once in 1891.

Records

 * Record attendance: 18,079 v East Fife, Division Two, 29 March 1930 (at Marine Gardens)

Honours
East of Scotland Football League East of Scotland Qualifying Cup East of Scotland League Cup King Cup Alex Jack Cup
 * Winners: 2015–16
 * Runners-up: 2014–15
 * Winners: 2014–15, 2016–17
 * Runners-up: 2015–16, 2017–18
 * Winners: 2015–16, 2016–17
 * Winners: 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
 * Runners-up: 2017–18

Original club
Scottish Football League Division Two Scottish Football League Division Three Scottish Qualifying Cup East of Scotland Shield Rosebery Charity Cup King Cup
 * Winners: 1905–06, 1909–10, 1929–30
 * Runners-up: 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1914–15
 * Runners-up: 1925–26, 1948–49
 * Winners: 1905, 1909, 1925, 1948, 1949
 * Winners: 1900–01
 * Winners: 1890–91, 1898–99, 1931–32, 1938–39
 * Winners: 1922–23

title: Leith Athletic F.C.


text:
Non liquet

In law, a non liquet (commonly known as "lacuna in the law") is any situation for which there is no applicable law. Non liquet translates into English from the Latin as "it is not clear". According to Cicero, the term was applied during the Roman Republic to a verdict of "not proven" if the guilt or innocence of the accused was "not clear". Strictly, a finding of non liquet could result in a decision that the matter will always remain non-justiciable, but a lacuna denotes within that concept a lacking and so that the matter should in future be governed by law.

Loopholes are a subset of lacunae.

A lacuna is any specific matter about which no law exists, but a body of public, judicial or academic opinion believes it should exist to address a particular issue (often described as "unregulated" or "wholly inadequately regulated" activities or areas). A loophole where properly defined, by contrast, denotes that a set of laws addressing a certain issue exists but can be circumvented (or is being exploited) because of a technical defect in the law.

Related legal interpretative rules
Related legal interpretative rules include the purposive rule and the mischief rule of some Commonwealth countries such as in the law of England and Wales as to decidedly-unclear legislation (Acts or Regulations).

In short, the wording will be interpreted if dictionaries and grammar allow to plug the gaps in the law as the state instrument (or ruling) intended.

Relationship to development of common law
All cases that establish a new rule or exception fill lacunae in the existing law.

If it is in a higher court in the jurisdiction, each of the decisions is thereafter considered to be a binding precedent. In England and Wales, if the decision is in or below the various divisions of the High Court, it is of persuasive precedent value.

Wider scope of morality

Moral principles and norms are broader than the intended reach of any system of laws (jurisdiction), which permits human autonomy and diversity of thinking or action:

"“It would not be correct to say that every moral obligation involves a legal duty; but every legal duty is founded on a moral obligation.”"

If the one-to-one relationship is accepted, that defines a definitive master set from which the subset, all true legal lacunae (as opposed to semantic omissions), is contained.

International law forums
A non liquet applies to facts with no answer from the governing system of law. It is prominent in international law as global forums such as the International Court of Justice and United Nations ad hoc tribunals, which are reluctant to invent or to mould law heavily to redress a moral-legal lacuna. One last resort in substantively deciding disputes is to seek the system to embrace accepted (lowest common denominator) procedural or non-controversial law of civilized nations. An instance is the Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company, Ltd, which took the doctrine of estoppel into international law. Such out-of-constrained confines (ex aequo et bono) jurisdiction has been heavily limited or ruled out by most treaty contracting parties as to their substantive obligations. Rather than use the term non-justiciable, the forum may flag up that it would like the clarity to decide on such matters in future by stating it is non liquet. Luhmann criticises such indecision as opposed to the paradigm of law being a complete (and autonomous) system.

English jurisprudence holds that municipal courts enforcing international law are not constrained to declare an area non liquet.

title: Non liquet


text: File:Girlfight.jpg

title: File:Girlfight.jpg


text:
Rot Weiss Ahlen

Rot Weiss Ahlen is a German football club based in Ahlen, North Rhine-Westphalia. Until 2006 the club was known as LR Ahlen for its major sponsor, but underwent a name change when the sponsor withdrew its support after the team was relegated to the Regionalliga (III) in that year.

History
The club has its roots in the local sides of the early 1900s formed by coalminers who played pickup games after work. In 1917, Freie Sportclub Union (FSCU) Ahlen was founded and became one of the region's best known teams, playing in the second-tier leagues of the time. The rise of the Third Reich saw the club disbanded as over three-quarters of its members were foreigners making the side politically unpalatable to the regime. A new club, Tus Germania Ahlen, was formed in 1933. This side merged with the strong local club Wacker Ahlen to create the town's largest sports association.

After World War II attempts to rebuild local teams failed until members of eight pre-war clubs came together to form Turn- und Sport Ahlen in 1948. The new side went on to many decades of routine play in the local upper leagues. In 1991, TuS were faced with a financial crisis and demotion to lower level play. A local benefactor, Helmut Spikker, helped bail the team out through the support provided by his firm, cosmetics manufacturer LR International.

Now on a firm footing, TuS Ahlen enjoyed an impressive run of success through the early 90s beginning with a Bezirksliga Westfalen (VII) title in 1992 and promotion to the Landesliga Westfalen (VI). In each of the following three seasons TuS earned another championship and promotion; out of the Landesliga, through the Verbandsliga Westfalen-Nordost (V) and Oberliga Westfalen (IV), leading to the Regionalliga West/Südwest (III).

Leichtathletik Rasensport Ahlen was formed on 1 June 1996 when TuS Ahlen merged with Blau-Weiß Ahlen to begin play in the Regionalliga West/Südwest in 1996–97. The club's rise was stalled and they made a bid to again move up by signing a number of players with Bundesliga experience for 1998–99. However, they could only manage a sixth-place finish and subsequently unloaded their expensive talent. Living more within their means, the side earned promotion with a second-place result in 1999–2000 and a 2–1 victory over 1. FC Union Berlin in the playoff round to advance to the 2. Bundesliga. Ahlen's best result came in their debut in the second tier when they ended sixth. The team slipped to become a lower-tier side and lingered for another five seasons before a 17th-place result led to their demotion in 2006.

After being relegated LR Ahlen lost the support of its major sponsor and underwent a name change to become Rot Weiss Ahlen on 31 May 2006. Chairman Spikker also left the club at the end of August with his successor being vice-president Heinz-Jürgen Gosda. The team returned to 2. Bundesliga play after finishing as champions of the Regionalliga Nord in 2007–08. With the end of the 2009–10 season, Ahlen was relegated to the 3. Liga, and the following year to the fifth NRW-Liga despite a 17th-place finish outside the drop down zone because of insolvency.

In 2020 the club finished second in the Oberliga Westfalen to win promotion to the Regionalliga West.

Honours
The club's honours:
 * Regionalliga Nord
 * Champions: 2008
 * Oberliga Westfalen
 * Champions: 1996, 2019
 * Runners-up: 2015, 2020
 * Verbandsliga Westfalen Nordost
 * Champions: 1995
 * Landesliga Westfalen
 * Champions: 1994
 * Bezirksliga Westfalen
 * Champions: 1993

Former managers

 * 1992 – 30 June 1996 Joachim Krug
 * 1 July 1996 – 18 August 1997 Wolfgang Sandhowe
 * 19 August 1997 – 13 October 1998 Klaus Berge
 * 14 October 1998 – 11 September 2000 Franz-Josef Tenhagen
 * 20 September 2000 – 27 November 2001 Peter Neururer
 * 30 November 2001 – 24 November 2002 Uwe Rapolder
 * 25 November 2002 – 2 January 2003 Uwe Fuchs
 * 3 January 2003 – 25 May 2003 Werner Lorant
 * 3 August 2003 – 14 November 2003 Stefan Kuntz
 * 24 November 2003 – 1 March 2005 Ingo Peter
 * 7 March 2005 – 25 October 2005 František Straka
 * 26 October 2005 – 14 May 2006 Paul Linz
 * 15 May 2006 – 29 October 2006 Bernard Dietz
 * 30 October 2006 – 30 June 2007 Heiko Bonan
 * 1 July 2007 – 3 March 2009 Christian Wück
 * 3 March 2009 – 16 April 2009 Bernd Heemsoth
 * 16 April 2009 – 20 September 2009 Stefan Emmerling
 * 20 September 2009 – 14 October 2009 Andreas Zimmermann
 * 14 October 2009 – 30 June 2010 Christian Hock
 * 1 July 2010 – 30 June 2011 Arie van Lent
 * 1 July 2011 – 15 November 2011 Thomas Berndsen
 * 21 November 2011 – 2 April 2012 Joachim Krug
 * 5 April 2012 – 30 June 2012 Peter Feldkötter
 * 1 July 2013 – 30 June 2013 Marco Antwerpen
 * 1 July 2013 – 14 April 2014 Carlos Castilla
 * 14 April 2014 – 18 May 2016 Marco Antwerpen
 * 1 July 2016 – 17 October 2016 Mircea Onisemiuc
 * 17 October 2016 – 24 October 2016 André Kruphölter
 * 24 October 2016 – 15 December 2017 Erhan Albayrak
 * 4 January 2018 – 13 September 2018 Michael Schrank
 * 10 October 2018 – 30 June 2020 Christian Britscho
 * 1 July 2020 – 16 November 2020 Björn Mehnert
 * 16 November 2020 – 29 November 2022 Andreas Zimmermann
 * 1 December 2022 – 6 March 2023 Andreas Golombek
 * 6 March 2023 – 30 June 2023 Markus Kaya
 * 1 July 2023 – 18 October 2023 Daniel Berlinski
 * 24 October 2023 – Present Björn Joppe

title: Rot Weiss Ahlen