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Kolkata Book Fair

The International Kolkata Book Fair (formerly Calcutta Book Fair) is a winter fair in Kolkata. It is a unique book fair in the sense of not being a trade fair—the book fair is primarily for the general public rather than whole-sale distributors. It is the world's largest non-trade book fair, Asia's largest book fair and the most attended book fair. It is the world's third-largest annual conglomeration of books after the Frankfurt Book Fair and the London Book Fair. Many Kolkatans consider the book fair an inherent part of Kolkata, and instances of people visiting the fair every day during its duration are not uncommon. The fair offers a typical fairground experience with a book flavour—with picnickers, singer-songwriters, and candy floss vendors. With a total footfall of over 2 million people, it is world's largest book fair by attendance. The success of the Kolkata Book Fair has resulted in many book fairs in smaller cities in West Bengal like Siliguri, and was inspired, in turn, by the first World Book Fair at New Delhi in 1972.

The popularity of the Kolkata Book Fair was seminal in India being nominated the Guest of Honour at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2006, according to the Frankfurt Book Fair organizers. The book fair has been celebrated in theatre, literature, songs and limericks in Kolkata.

The 44th International Kolkata Book Fair took place between 29 January and 9 February 2020 at the Central Park, Bidhannagar.

The 45th edition was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The 45th International Kolkata Book Fair took place between 28 February 2022 and 13 march at the Central Park, Bidhannagar. The theme was Bangladesh.

Inception

The book fair was started on a small scale in 1976 by the Kolkata Publishers and Booksellers Guild. The book fair was started to meet the growing public demand for books.

Duration
The 44th International Kolkata Book fair 2020 started on 29 January 2020 and ended on 9 February 2020. It was to be around a week-long event but popular demand forced authorities to extend the duration. Even though there is usually an extended holiday in Calcutta during the period of 23 January (Subhas Chandra Bose's birthday) to 26 January (Republic Day of India), the fair is held at the beginning of February to overlap with the payday of most Kolkatans.

The fair typically overlaps with the Hindu festival of Saraswati Puja. Saraswati is the Goddess of Learning, and hence many Hindu households observe the day by worshiping books on that day and not touching books for any other purpose. This practice causes a lower footfall on the corresponding day in the book fair.

Venue
Since year 2009, the fair has been held in its new location at Milan Mela near Science City on E.M. Bypass. The initial apprehension about reduced attendance at the new site has been proven wrong. Millions visited the book fair in 2009.

The fair used to be held on the Maidan, Asia's large urban park. It was being held at the Park Street end of the Maidan, due to a better road and rail network, having moved there from the other end of Maidan in 1991.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Kolkata played host to two annual book fairs, one by the Kolkata Publishers and Booksellers Guild, and one by the Government of West Bengal − the Grontho Mela ('Grontho' is archaic Bengali word for book). 'Grontho Mela' was held from late December until early January and was the showcase for books published by Government-run publishing houses. While this was initially a rival commercial venture, the unprecedented growth of the 'Kolkata Book Fair' caused the Government of West Bengal to merge the two book fairs in 1992.

Conservation problems for the Victoria Memorial include high dust pollution, which is often accentuated by public fairs on the Maidan. The Kolkata High Court's 2004 decision to move all public fairs to the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass has not been greeted with enthusiasm by fair organizers due to the present location being in the heart of Kolkata, and being very well serviced by public transport. The book fair and a few other fairs, however, were granted special permission by the Kolkata High Court to continue holding the fair on the Maidan in 2005 and 2006. However, the choice of Maidan as the annual venue for the book fair is no longer certain.

A demand for a permanent round-the-year indoor space for the fair, comprising only some of the stalls, had been given by the fair authorities to the Government of West Bengal. The former Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, in a statement in 2005, had agreed to this request but no progress has been made on this front.

However, many Kolkatans feel that the fair will lose its ambience if it is held indoors or away from the Maidan, which is a vast stretch of green in the heart of the city. After a yearlong uncertainty, the world's largest non-trade book fair, settled for Park Circus Maidan to host the literary carnival in 2008.

However, organisers of Asia's biggest book fair remained apprehensive, keeping in mind the disgrace in January 2007 when the Kolkata High Court did not allow them to host the fair at the Maidan on environmental grounds. The Publishers and Booksellers Guild had to shift the most-awaited cultural event to Salt Lake in 2007 after the city's green brigade won a legal battle to block the fair at the Maidan.

Kolkata Book Fair 2022
The 45th International Kolkata Book fair held from 28 February to 13 March at Salt Lake, Central Park. Bangladesh is the theme country for Book Fair 2022. Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal and Bangladesh State Minister for Cultural Affairs, K. M. Khalid inaugurated the fair. In this occasion Banerjee renamed the ground as Boimela Prangon. The 45th Book fair was postponed from 2 years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Kolkata Book Fair 2021
The International Kolkata Book fair which was supposed to be held in January–February 2021, was cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic.

Kolkata Book Fair 2020
The 44th International Kolkata Book fair was held from 29 January to 9 February. Russia was the theme country for IKBF 2020, with the Russia Pavilion hosting sessions by various Russian authors and speakers. The owl 'Tito' was adopted as the mascot for the Kolkata Book Fair 2020.

Kolkata Book Fair 2019
The 43rd International Kolkata Book Fair was held from 31 January to 11 February 2019. The book fair was inaugurated by Hon'ble Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee and other distinguished writers were present on the dais as Morales declared the fair open by striking the customary gong at the new venue Central Park ground in Salt Lake. Due to undergoing construction the venue was shifted from Milan Mela ground to Salt lake Central Park. Visitors were allowed from 12 noon to 8 pm every day.

According to an organizer of the event, English books are seen as a status symbol, and are sometimes carried by people who do not even know English. Sometimes parents will encourage their children to read books in English, rather than their native language.

The theme country for IKBF 2019 was Guatemala. Keeping the theme in mind the two main gates showcased Guatemala architecture.

Kolkata Book Fair 2018
The 42nd International Kolkata Book Fair was held from 30 January to 11 February 2018. The opening ceremony was done with the students of AIS(Adamas International School) The focal theme was France. The book fair was inaugurated by Honorable Chief Minister of West Bengal, Smt. Mamata Banerjee, in the presence of Special Guest Ms. Francoise Nyssen, Hon'ble Minister of Culture & Communication, France.

Kolkata Book Fair 2017
The 41st International Kolkata Book Fair was held from 25 January – 5 February 2017. The focal theme was Costa Rica. The book fair was inaugurated by Honorable Chief Minister of West Bengal, Smt. Mamata Banerjee.

Kolkata Book Fair 2016
The 40th International Kolkata Book Fair was held from 27 January to 7 February 2016. Bolivia was the Focal Theme Country in 2016. The year which is coincidentally the 50th year of Che Guevara's immortal struggle against imperialism in Bolivia. The book fair was inaugurated by Ms Magela Baudoin, a noted litterateur and novelist of the Focal Theme Country, Bolivia, in the presence of our Honored Chief Guest, Honorable Chief Minister of West Bengal, Smt. Mamata Banerjee and other dignitaries.

Kolkata Book Fair 2015
The 39th International Kolkata Book Fair 2015 was inaugurated on 27 January at 4:00 pm, Tuesday by the Honorable Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banarjee. The fair is held between 28 January and 8 February from 1 pm to 8 pm.

The focal theme of the 2015 fair is Great Britain.

Kolkata Book Fair 2014
The 38th International Kolkata Book Fair 2014 was inaugurated on 28 January at 4:30 pm by the Honorable Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banarjee. The fair was held between 29 January and 9 February from 1PM to 8PM.

The focal theme of the 2014 fair was Peru. Wikipedia, world's largest multilingual free Internet encyclopaedia, also made its debut at the 38th International Kolkata Book Fair, where it launched a campaign "to sign up volunteers who can contribute to enrich" the Bengali language version of Wikipedia. The Book Seller and Publisher Guild introduced the Book Privilege Card in 2014 for the internet-savvy readers. A printout of the mail will serve as the Privilege Card that gives an additional 15% discount on the purchase of books worth 500 and above.

Kolkata Book Fair 2013
The 37th International Kolkata Book Fair 2013 was inaugurated on 26 January 2013 and stayed operational from 30 January to 10 February 2013. The focal theme this year was "Bangladesh". Nearly 1.9 million book lovers visited this fair. The duration of the 2013 Kolkata Book Fair was extended by three days, following a request from West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee, to help small and medium-sized publishers. The 37th edition of the popular fair started on 26 January in the state capital instead of 29 January and ended on 10 February as scheduled earlier. The fair did a business of over Rs.20 crore. Besides the focus country of Bangladesh, Britain, the US, Italy, Vietnam, China, Israel and Costa Rica set up book pavilions at the fair. Also, Nobel laureates, writers, dramatists and musicians from various countries took part in the Kolkata Literary Meet to mark the centenary of poet-writer Rabindranath Tagore winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Iconic Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay, who died in October 2013, was remembered at the event through speeches and an award instituted in his memory.

Kolkata Book Fair 2012
The 36th International Kolkata Book Fair 2012 flagged off on 25 January 2012 and was operational till 5 February 2012. The focal theme this year was Italy. West Bengal's newly appointed Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee inaugurated the Kolkata Book Fair on 24 January 2012 at 4:30 pm. This year many fire prevention measures were taken, in consideration of recent fire incidents in Kolkata such as the AMRI Hospital tragedy.

Power cut
On Monday, 30 January 2012, in a bizarre move, the Kolkata Book Fair authorities switched off power during an interaction of Pakistan cricketer and politician Imran Khan with the media, claiming that a press meet scheduled to last for five minutes had stretched to nearly 45 minutes. According to TV footage, the Imran's address to the media ended abruptly as the power was switched off. There could have been utter chaos or security problems owing to the action of the Book Fair authorities. "We did switch off power because the next programme could not be started. So we were forced to do so," Kolkata Book Fair organizer's top official Tridib Kumar Chattopadhyay told a local TV news channel.

Information about 2012 Bookfair
36th Kolkata Book Fair 2012 was opened by the famous Italian writer Beppe Severgnini. Important personages such as Vikram Seth, Ruskin Bond and Chetan Bhagat literature were scheduled to participate in a 12-day event, as were many writers from abroad.

Kolkata Book Fair, the world's largest non-trade book fair, had also earned the distinction of being the largest book fair in Asia. "This is the third largest annual conglomeration of books after the Frankfurt Book Fair and Book Fair in London." This Year the Book Fair, with Italy as the theme country, was inaugurated in the presence of Severgnini, Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee and other senior officials from the world of culture and literature. Kolkata Book Fair has become an integral part of the culture of Bengal since its inception in 1976.

The 36th Kolkata Book Fair has a number of "firsts" in her bag. Kolkata's first Literature Meet (KLM), organized by the Fair, in which famous writers such as Vikram Seth, Ruskin Bond, Chetan Bhagat, Shashi Tharoor, Mohammed Hanif, Amit Chaudhuri and Basu Kuhn were present. Bangladeshi writer Tahmima Anam, French writer Nicholas Savage, graphic novelist Nicholas Wilde, Scottish novelist, essayist and travel writer Kapka Kassabova, Canadian writer Craig Taylor, Italian writer Alessandro Baricco were also scheduled to participate.

Kolkata Book Fair 2012 was also opened by the Chief Minister on 24 January 2012. After many years, the former Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee was not part of the event, which is close to his heart. This is the first time that a book fair was inaugurated in the presence of a Woman Chief Minister.

Another novelty was the musical performance at the opening ceremony, while signing the song performed by Kaushiki Desikan and Monali Thakur, Shantanu Moitra in presence of enthusiastic audience. A concert with emphasis on the effects of the composition of Rabindra Nath Tagore's foreign songs provided a melodic end to the program.

Directions to the 2012 fair: Milan Mela Complex, near Science City on E.M. Bypass, Kolkata. Those who want to know the route to follow Book Fair 2012 at Milan Mela are hereby informed that they can take Train route to Bidhannagar Station & from there may take Taxi or Buses towards Science City. The West Bengal Government will run extra buses from different locations of Kolkata to Milan Mela Kolkata Book Fair 2012 Venue at different timings daily.

Kolkata Book Fair 2011
Almost 1.7 million book lovers visited in 12 days in the 35th International Kolkata Book Fair. It was again held at Milan Mela, next to Science City, EM Bypass. Organized by the Publishers & Booksellers Guild, the 35th edition of the International Kolkata Book Fair 2011 was successfully held from 26 January to 6 February 2011. This year's fair was not only international but also carried an important historical significance. This year, on the occasion of the 150th birth anniversary of the Nobel Laureate immortal poet Rabindranath Tagore to whose memory the Fair had been dedicated, there was no entry fee for the visitors. Each and every book lover visiting the fair was given a pocket calendar with a photograph of Rabindranath Tagore as a memento. Over 1.6 million book lovers gathered in this 12-day book festival, and books worth Rs 16 crore were sold.

Noted Pulitzer Award-winning writer Richard Ford of US inaugurated the fair. The ex chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee was the chief guest while the guest of honour was the noted author Atin Bandyopadhyay. The special guest was the ambassador of US to India, Timothy J. Roemer.

This was the first time that the Little Magazine Publishers in Little Magazine enclave had been given space at a prime position in the fairground free of cost. Another first was the solar lighting on the fairground. Solar battery-operated vehicles were provided for the benefit of the aged and the disabled visitors to the fair.

The five halls in the fairground had been named after Acharya Prafulla Chandra, Debabrata Biswas, Shantideb Ghosh, Mother Teresa and Suchitra Mitra. Separate zones set up for the convenience of the discerning readers included religious literature zones, universities and educational institution zones, and Hindi and neighbouring literature zones. Talk shows centered around Rabindranath—AAMAR RABINDRANATH (Tagore in my life) were a major crowd puller. Celebrities from the fields of cinema, music, dance, drama, painting and literature spoke about the influence of the poet in their lives. Among the celebrities present were Ranjit Mallick, Swagatalakshmi, Mamatashankar, Lopamudra, Goutam Ghose, Chaiti Ghoshal, Anindita Kazi and Sunil Ganguly, Sirshendu, Samares, Suchitra Bhattacharya and others. Apart from these seminars, International Kolkata Book Fair 2011 had three international lectures: the Asoke Sarkar Memorial Lecture delivered by Richard Ford, a Pulitzer Prize winning American novelist, the Supriya Sarkar Memorial Lecture delivered by American scientist and bestselling author Mani Bhaumik, and the Sushil Mukherjea Memorial Lecture delivered by the noted author Akhil Sharma, US. A three-dimensional laser show hosted by US was held each evening in the Fairground where glimpses of American culture were displayed.

Other attractions included the Montemarte (art village) open-air auditorium, the Children's Pavilion 'CHELEBELA', and the Tagore Pavilion. The Theme Pavilion was a replica of the Capitol Building in Washington D.C. The Theme Gate was a replica of the Library of Congress building, US. The other gates were replicas of Jorasanko Gate, India Gate, Charminar Gate, Gateway of India and the Thakurbari Museum. The Tagore Pavilion was a replica of the Rabindranath Tagore memorial building of Bangladesh — Sahajadpur Kuthibari.

Kolkata Book Fair 2010
Mexico was selected as the focal theme and partner country for the 2010 Book Fair. The 34th International Kolkata Book Fair 2010 was held from 27 January to 7 February 2010. The Fair was inaugurated by Mr. Jorge Volpi on 25 January 2010 at 4:30 pm at Milan Mela Prangan. The Chief Guest Of Honour of 2010 Kolkata Book Fair was Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, Honourable Chief Minister, West Bengal.

Foreign Participants : 1. Bangladesh Complex, 2. Britain, 3. France, 4. Germany, 5. The African Union, 6. Japan, 7. Spain, 8. Italy, 9. European Union, 10. Sweden, 11. Romania, 12. 14 Latin American Countries, 13. Vietnam, 14. Cuba.

Other Participating States: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand.

Apart from the various large and small National and International Book Publishers, the other attractions of the Fair were an IT pavilion, a Little Magazine pavilion, some stalls of local Handicrafts and Arts and also an open area for the Foodies paved with a number of stalls of different delicious food items.

Kolkata Book Fair 2009
Scotland was selected the focal theme country for the 2009 Book Fair. It was the first time that it was held on the Milan Mela exhibition grounds. This year, for the first time, the Publishers and Booksellers' Guild released a Calcutta Book Fair Theme Song "Oi Daakchey Boi" produced by Cozmik Harmony - a partner of Washington Bangla Radio pioneering the digital era of Bengali Songs. The lyrics of "Oi Daakchey Boi" are by Sugata Guha, music by the popular percussionist Bikram Ghosh, and performed by Pratik Chowdhury, Ruprekha, Rupam Islam, Lopamudra Mitra, Srikanta Acharya, Bikram Ghosh, Shubhamita, Pulak and Rupankar Bagchi.

Kolkata Book Fair 2008
The United States was elected as the focal theme country for the 2008 Book Fair and was given a pavilion to showcase its books and publishers. Also, a US-Kolkata Literary Exchange (USKLE) has been created to organize this event with the Consulate General of the United States of America in Kolkata. The Kolkata Book Fair took place 30 January to 10 February 2008.

Pulitzer Prize–winning poet Yusef Komunyakaa led the delegation to the 2008 Kolkata Book Fair. Joining him on the board of advisers were several US poets laureate, including Rita Dove and Donald Hall.

Henry V Jardine, the United States Consul General in Kolkata said, "With the United States as the 'Theme Country' this year, the Consulate along with other organizations will work to bring a range of great programs, with prominent authors, artists, and academics. We will have a full schedule of events throughout the Fair time to highlight the life, culture, literature and arts of the United States. The Kolkata-based American Library will provide a display of some of its many books, periodicals and electronic media that are available for students, academics, or anyone wanting access to the Library's collection. Also, our office of the US Educational Foundation in India (USEFI) will conduct programs for prospective students interested in studying in the United States. USEFI has done such an impressive job over the last few years in promoting United States schools and universities that Indian students now represent the largest number of foreign students in the United States. SPAN Magazine, which is a popular source of information on the close Indo-US relationship, will also have representatives present and a display to highlight its more fascinating articles about shared Indian and American experiences."

Less than 24 hours before its inauguration, the Kolkata High Court banned the 33rd Kolkata Book Fair from being held on the Park Circus Maidan on environmental grounds. The fair was to be held from 29 January to 10 February. The court verdict was a culmination of a long-drawn battle between the environmentalists and the state on holding fairs at the Maidan, close to Victoria Memorial. In November 2003, the state had assured the court all fairs would be shifted from the Maidan and a permanent complex would come up on the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass.

Controversy over the 2007 fair
The 2007 fair attracted a lot of controversy over the Kolkata High Court decision banning fairs on the Maidan. The court granted the fair special permission for the year of 2005, and permission for "one last time" in the year 2006 to be held at Maidan, which has been the venue of the fair for the last 31 years. The Kolkata Book Fair was the only fair granted special permission in 2006. Despite the two years given to the fair organizers to find alternative venues, no progress was made till 2007, mainly due to the fact that Kolkata lacks a large convention center with modern facilities. An objection on the grounds of environmental damage was raised for the 2007 fair and it has drawn protest from various independent groups like the "Save the Maidan" campaign. The High Court has forbidden the Guild to hold the fair on Maidan.

A large part of the intellectuals, authors, editors, journalists and book lovers, including Sunil Gangopadhyay, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Samaresh Majumder, Suchitra Bhattacharya, Buddhadev Guha, Mrinal Sen, the Mayor of Kolkata, turned up at the Maidan venue on 31 January, the day of the inauguration of the fair, to protest the Kolkata High Court order banning the fair, and to symbolically inaugurate the Kolkata Book Fair. This was to show that the spirit of people supporting the fair cannot be killed.

In 2007 Romania participated for the first time. Romanian jazz artist Teodora Enache was present with her music.

The rescheduled Book Fair was held in Salt Lake City, a place located at the outskirts of Kolkata from 9 February up to 25 February.

With lesser space and lesser footfall, the 2007 fair was a moderate success at best.

The 2009 book fair at Milan Mela Maidan was a gala success, according to the figures published by the organizing committee. In 2010 book fair, the then Honorable Chief Minister of West Bengal Mr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharya remarked, "Some people are against the Book Fair in the name of environment." The Book Fair is sponsored by the Publishers Guild, a business forum.

Kolkata Book Fair 2006
2006 was the 32nd Kolkata Book Fair. The Court had issued an order the previous year against the holding of any fair or exhibition in the Maidan following a petition against it being converted into a venue for such occasions on grounds of environmental degradation. A bibliophile himself, Mr. Bhattacharjee took up the matter with the Defence Ministry, as the Indian Army is the custodian of the Maidan and the holding of any event there requires a no objection certificate from it.

Mr. Bhattacharjee made a similar appeal, and with success, for the 2006 Book Fair, an event that drew more than 2.5 million people and in the course of which Rs. 22 crores of books and other publications were sold, according to its organisers, the Booksellers and Publishers Guild. The Court then agreed to a one-time waiver in deference to an appeal from the State Government. Mr. Bhattacharjee had also sought the help of then Defence Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, to get the Army's nod. The latter has been approached to persuade his successor A. K. Antony to do the same. Defence sources said the Army authorities have told the Government that an NOC could not be issued without a clearance from the Court.

Kolkata Book Fair 2005
The 30th Kolkata Book Fair got underway in the City of Joy on the Republic Day at the city's Maidan from 25 January to 6 February 2005. In 2005, the fair housed about 600 stalls, including more than 20 pavilions, and recorded 13 to 14 lakh visitors every year. Kolkata Book Fair 2005 was of special significance as it was technically updated and remodeled to keep pace with international standards. Kolkata Book Fair was ranked at par with its foreign counterpart—World Book Fair, Frankfurt on the world calendar.

For the first time in the fair's history, three big players of the publishing industry -- Ananda Publishers, Mitra & Ghosh and Dey's Publishing— set-up their stalls adjacent to each other. This caused small and medium publishers some concern as they felt the three crowd pullers would tell upon the distribution of buyers in the fair.

France was the theme of 2005's fair. French writer and critic Daniel Pennac inaugurated the event. He shared the dais with West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadev Bhattacharya.

Green case against Book Fair at High Court 2005
An eminent environmentalist moved the Calcutta High Court claiming that preparation for the Kolkata Book Fair was leading to pollution of the Brigade Parade Ground area, considered to be the lung of the metropolis. Subhas Dutta placed before a division bench, presided by justice Asim Banerjee, 30 photographs which he claimed were proof of the digging and spoiling of the ground by contractors and workers setting up the showrooms and book fair offices. Dutta claimed trenches had been dug to place cables and to prepare service privies, affecting the environmental balance of the ground, and alleged that the State Government had not taken any action in this regard. The High Court directed early that the environmental balance of the brigade parade ground must be kept intact and the greenery maintained for the sake of the people's health. It had also directed that prior permission of the military authorities, which own the ground, was necessary before the State Government granted permission for any usage of the ground by any organisation.

Focus on IT in Kolkata Book Fair 2005
Kolkata Book Fair 2005, held at Milan Mela Prangan, highlighted the IT and ITES aspects of the state along with the changing face of West Bengal's infrastructure and talent pool. The book fair had an information technology park (ITP) where several IT companies displayed and sold IT products relating to education, literature and other projects. On display were IT products suitable for libraries, school education and technical disciplines as well as details of courses, hardware and CDs of books. The stalls of ITES players like the Academy of Animation Arts and Technology focused on the potential of the biotech and animation sectors. One study by a global consulting firm indicated that by 2005, the Indian animation industry could be worth $1.5 billion in a global market of $5–7 billion. The Academy of Animation Arts and Technology set up an animation school to provide training on the fundamentals of animation.

The 2005 Kolkata Book Fair was held over an area of 800,000 sq ft (75,330 sq m), with a stall cover area of 200,000 sq.ft. 535 book stalls took part in the fair. Footfall recorded was over 14 lakhs. Single-day sales on the final day exceeded Rs.2 million.

Kolkata Book Fair 2004
There was enough police posted at the venue of the 29th Kolkata Book Fair to tackle any eventuality even before it was formally inaugurated on Tuesday by Chilean poet Raúl Zurita. Although lights seemed to have gotten brighter this year, the 'ground' reality remained unchanged. The handful of visitors on the inaugural day managed to raise enough dust to put a cavalry charge to shame. Chile being the theme for the fair, the inaugural ceremony had more to do with Pablo Neruda and Latin American literature than about the event itself.

Participants
Most bookstalls in the book fair keep English and Bengali books. Popular book stalls include Ananda Publishers, Dey's Publishing, Deb Sahitya Kutir, and Mitra Ghosh Publishers, Pratibhas, Punashcha, Sishu Sahitya Samsad, Deep Prakashan, Tuli Kalam, Bhasha o Sahitya, Maondol Book House, Saraswato Library - among Bengali language book shops and Timely Books, Seagull Books, Rupa & Co., Penguin India, Tata Mcgraw-Hill - among English language book shops.

Virtually all major European scientific publishers or corresponding franchisees set up shop, including Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Kluwer and Springer Verlag.

The fair's diplomatic mission stalls display and sell books from their countries. The British Council, United States Information Service, and Alliance française typically host stalls. The European Union, Bangladesh and several Latin American embassies have hosted stalls in recent years.

Most major news media in Calcutta have stalls, including The Statesman and The Telegraph.

Calcutta institutions, which have their own press or publishing house typically host stalls - including the Indian Museum, Asiatic Society, survey institutes like Zoological Survey of India, Botanical Survey of India, Geological Survey of India, and universities like University of Calcutta, Jadavpur University and Rabindra Bharati University.

Other notable annual stalls include:
 * The famous Santiniketan-based used bookseller Subarnarekha
 * A stall hosted by Kolkata artist Rathin Mitra, featuring his famous panoramas of Kolkata
 * The BenFish (Bengal Fisheries) food stall, which typically attracts more customers than most bookshops

The initial rule that only publishers, and not institutions which just sold or distributed books but did not publish any books, can participate in the fair has been waved in the 2000s. This rule often forced small distributors to bring out a token publication just to be able to participate in the fair.

In 2014, Wikipedia made its first appearance at the Kolkata Book fair, launching its campaign to enthuse people to become regular contributors to its site. It booked a stall and lined up an awareness programme to sign up volunteers. Incidentally, Kolkata fares poorly when it comes to contributing to the world's biggest online encyclopedia. As of 2013, the city had only seven senior contributors and some volunteers. Wikipedia needs people from Kolkata to contribute voluntarily not only to the mother website but also to its Bengali language version of Wikipedia. The Book Fair authorities have already sealed the deal and are looking forward to this heavyweight participant.

Themes
Starting from the 1990s, the book fair has been themed annually, typically on a country - on the lines of the Guest of Honour at the Frankfurt Book Fair. The theme country embassy is typically given a stall at the fairground centre, and many book shops theme their collections based on the fair theme. The temporary gates of the fair are designed according to the theme, on the basis of a design competition among Kolkata students. Typically, the Chief Guest at the fair is from the themed country and have been such noted dignitaries as Günter Grass and Richard Dawkins.

Starting from 2005, one of the newest participating international pavilions is named the 'guest of honour', and is a kind of secondary theme of the fair. Australia was the guest of honour for 2007.

'Italy' was declared the theme for Kolkata Book Fair 2012, by Publishers and Booksellers Guild, Kolkata.

Dedicated enclaves

 * All first editions of books which are released in the fair are housed in a special release gallery.
 * The Book Fair has been the annual show for Bengali little magazines since the inception of the fair. The little magazines are now housed in a special dedicated section in the fair.
 * From the 1990s, the Kolkata Book Fair also has a special section for budding artists, authors, poets and painters. It is called Montmartre after the Montmartre in Paris. It typically has poetry recitals, and live face sketching for patrons by upcoming artists.
 * The fair also has a special children's section starting from the 2000s.
 * Following the devastating fire of 1997, the food stalls have also shared a common enclave.

Events
A number of events are held in conjunction with the book fair.
 * A number of book signings and book releases with first edition distributions are held in conjunction with the fair, due to the high visibility of the fair
 * A series of seminars and talks by literati
 * Competitive events for school children like essay writing and trivia sessions
 * The Walk for Books to raise money for child literacy programs
 * Theme country events, including a talk by the Chief Guest
 * The Asoke Kumar Sarkar Memorial Lecture, the annual lecture delivered since 1984 by noted publishers and educators like W. Bradford Wiley
 * The Book Bazaar, the auction held on the last day of the fair to auction off remainder stock, has been discontinued

Propaganda
The Kolkata Book Fair attracts a lot of people looking for free propaganda and idea promotion. The fair does have its share of fair and useful propaganda, and relief fund raisers, along the lines of the Frankfurt Book Fair protest movement against the official German spelling reforms.

Challenges, problems and solutions
The biggest problem the book fair faces are the huge crowds which visit the fair - crowd and litter control are a major issue at the fair.

An associated problem is dust pollution, and resulting dust allergy and depreciation of exhibited books due to shopsoiling. The grass is usually trodden bare in the first few days, leaving the top soil dry and prone to erosion. Watering is typically used to control the problem, but it makes the grounds muddy.

Traffic and parking problems during fair days usually make the visit steeped in logistics. Most Kolkatans prefer to use public transport like the Kolkata Metro Railway and bus service, which have extended schedules during fair days.

A large fire in 1997 destroyed over one third of the fair, burnt over 100,000 books and caused the death of a visitor (Jiten Seal), who suffered a heart attack brought on by the ensuing stampede. Stricter fire laws, construction laws, and prohibition of open flames in the fair ground were instituted in the wake of the disaster, and insurance for stall holders was made compulsory. A massive downpour in 1998 also resulted in a lot of book damage, but the insurance laws made sure that stall owners did not suffer financial damage. The popularity of the fair has continued to grow despite these two setbacks. In both cases, the fair recovered and continued after a damage repair break.

Another problem due to the huge crowds is shoplifting. Typically, every stall has its own security - who control traffic flow into the stall. Such measures often lead to long and winding queues in front of the more popular stalls.

Inaugurations
A renowned person inaugurates the Kolkata Book Fair each year.

title: Kolkata Book Fair


text:
C More Entertainment

C More Entertainment AB was a pay television company that previously operated as Canal+. It targets Nordic countries and has a separate channel in Sweden (C More Film).

The main competitors of C More Entertainment are Viasat Film and Viasat Sport, which are part of Nordic Entertainment Group (NENT) since 2018.

Since 30 October 2012, the C More channels in Finland are bundled with MTV Oy's premium channels. The combined package was initially named MTV3 Total (later MTV Total) but was changed back to C More in 2017.

Ownership history
South African company MultiChoice launched the Nordic version of FilmNet in 1985, and SuperSport followed in 1995. The channels were renamed Canal+ in 1997 after MultiChoice sold most of its European operations to French company Groupe Canal+. In 2003, two private equity firms, Baker Capital and Nordic Capital, acquired 100% of Canal+ Television from the international media conglomerate Vivendi Universal. At the same time, the company changed its legal name to C More Entertainment, but it retained the right to use the “Canal+” trademark. On 9 February 2005 SBS Broadcasting Group announced the acquisition of C More Entertainment. Belgian SBS channels VT4 and VIJFtv launched their VOD offering under the C-More brand in October 2006. On 16 June 2008 Swedish TV4 Gruppen announced it had acquired C More Entertainment from German ProSiebenSat.1 Media (which acquired SBS) for €320 million. In May 2010 Telenor bought 35% of shares in C More Entertainment from TV4 Gruppen for SEK787 million, but sold them back in 2014.

Programming
C More Entertainment operated over 20 SD channels in the Nordic region and eleven HD channels in September 2012.

1990s
C More Entertainment was originated from the Filmnet channel created in 1985. In the early 1990s, Filmnet became two channels: Filmnet Plus and The Complete Movie Channel: Filmnet. They were later rebranded as Filmnet 1 and Filmnet 2.

Canal+ bought Filmnet in 1996 and the two channels were renamed on 1 September 1997. Filmnet 1 became "Canal+" with localized versions for the different Nordic countries and Filmnet 2 became the pan-Nordic "Canal+ Gul/Canal+ Kulta" ( "Canal+ Yellow/Canal+ Gold," following the colour naming pattern used by Canal+ in France and other countries).

A third channel "Canal+ Blå/Canal+ Sininen" (Blue) was created on 3 September 1999.

2000s
"Canal+ Zap/ Rød/Punainen" (Red) was launched on 22 September 2001, allowing cable and satellite viewers to choose an alternative match to watch during fixtures of the FA Premier League and National Hockey League.

The channels were redesigned on 1 May 2004. The three colour-coded mixed channels were replaced with four themed channels. The Canal+ line-up consisted of the main Canal+ channel, Canal+ Film 1 and Canal+ Film 2 showing new movies, the all-sports channel Canal+ Sport, and C More Film, a channel showing older films. C More Film was the first channel to use the C More name.

The line-up was extended on 1 September 2005, when Canal+ Film 3, C More Film 2, and C More HD were launched. C More HD was the first HD channel for the Nordic region. Canal+ Film 1 was renamed "Canal+ Film". Canal+ Sport was split into country-specific channels. Canal+, which had been country-specific, became pan-Nordic. At the same time, IPTV operators in association with satellite operator Canal Digital launched an interactive VOD service called "Canal+ Play", accessed from the customer's set-top box, letting the viewers watch any seasons from any show ebroadcast on Canal+ and any movie that was showing on the channels. On satellite it has since been merged to the Canal Digital Go service, covering every channel on the platform and also available without a box online (much like its British equivalent Sky Go).

On 1 November 2006 the C More Film and C More Film 2 channels were merged with Canal+ Film 2 and the main Canal+ channel was replaced by a bonus channel Canal+ Mix, showing series, entertainment, music, sports, children’s programmings, documentaries and movies. C More also introduced a new sports channel called Canal+ Sport 2. Three channels were renamed: Canal+ Film was renamed back to "Canal+ Film 1", Canal+ Sport became Canal+ Sport 1", and C More HD became "Canal+ HD". Customers previously could only subscribe to all channels, but customers were now able to only subscribe to the sports or movie channels. The "Canal+ Film" package consisted of Canal+ Film 1, 2 and 3 and "Canal+ Sport" consisted of Canal+ Sport 1 and 2. The full package was called "Canal+ Total" and contains Canal+ Mix and Canal+ HD as a bonus.

On 1 February 2007 Canal+ HD was split to 2 channels in HD: Canal+ Film HD airs movies in HD and Canal+ Sport HD airs sports events in HD. In September 2007 a pay-per-view sports service called C Sports was launched in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. It was never launched in Finland or available in Finnish but could also be viewed there. The service initially showed single matches from Canal+ channels on a PPV basis, but soon after launch customers could also subscribe to a season ticket. This allowed them to view all matches from a chosen league during its season. In 2009 it was expanded to cover an archive of all shown matches and the ability to watch live streams of all Canal+ Sport's channels. The service is still available in all countries except for Finland, where the content of the service is now available through parent company MTV3's VOD service Katsomo.

The channel were again redesigned on 1 November 2007. The movies and series channels were all renamed and recategorised. Canal+ Film 1 became "Canal+ First", specialized in new movies, as well as series and Canal+ Film 2 was replaced by "Canal+ Hits", specialized in classic and old movies. Canal+ Film 3 and Canal+ Mix were renamed "Canal+ Action", specialized in action movies and series and "Canal+ Drama", specialized in TV shows and movies related to drama and romantic and were joined by Canal+ Comedy which broadcasts movies in different genres. Canal+ Sport 1 and 2 kept their names but were joined by Canal+ Sport Extra which time-shared overnights with Canal 69, specialized in pornographic movies.

In July 2009, C More Entertainment launched Canal 9, a new sports channel, and another program for men. Canal 9 was free for Canal+ Sport and Canal+ Total customers on cable, satellite and IPTV and shared many sports rights with Canal+ channels, along with its independently purchased rights commissioned by TV4 Gruppen. The station was modeled on the Finnish MTV3 Max. There have been discussions to rename MTV3 Max as Canal 9 Suomi. In November 2011 Canal 9 also launched in Norway.

On 1 October 2009 Canal+ launched the SF-kanalen, a channel which broadcasts Swedish movies and miniseries from the libraries of Svensk Filmindustri. After TV4's purchase of the company, Canal+ and Svensk Filmindustri became part of the same corporation. SF-kanalen replaced Canal 69, which ceased operations the day before.

2010s
On 1 April 2010 Canal+ Comedy was replaced by Canal+ Series. It was similar to Canal+ Hits, but it showed series from 8pm to midnight instead of movies, while from midnight to 8pm it showed movies.

On 14 May 2010 C More Entertainment launched three sports channels named Canal+ Sport 3, Canal+ Football and Canal+ Hockey. Canal+ Sport 3 was only available in Norway. At the same time, many new sports rights were announced. Later that year Canal+ announced it would launch a second Finnish-language sports channel called Canal+ Aitio ( Canal+ Skybox) in December, since it retained the Finnish rights to Premier League and UEFA Champions League matches. The new channel allowed broadcasting a second simultaneous match from the Premier League, previously only possible on FTA channels. Canal+ also launched a new channel for Finnish viewers called "Canal+ Urheilu". HD versions of the channels have since appeared on all platforms.

On 1 June 2011 Canal+ launched two movies and series channels named Canal+ Family and Canal+ Emotion. Canal+ Family consists of family-oriented movies and children’s programmings. At the same time, Canal+ Drama was renamed as Canal+ Emotion.

In May 2012, C More Entertainment announced it would rebrand itself as C More. While most channels kept their previous names (apart from replacing the Canal+ suffix with C More), some sports channels were renamed. Canal+ Sport 1 was changed to C More Sport, Canal+ Sport 2 was changed to C More Tennis, Canal+ Sport Extra to C More Extreme, and Canal+ Extra channels were renamed to C More Live. The only channels unchanged during the rebrand are Canal 9 and the Danish Canal 8 Sport, which was launched in August 2012 as the successor of Canal+ Sport 1 Denmark. C More Entertainment also announced that it would add documentaries as a new type of programming to complement their film programming.

On 30 October 2012, C More channels in Finland were merged with MTV3 Kanavapaketti to form MTV3 Total. C More Urheilu (Sport), C More Aitio and C More Premier HD were renamed MTV3 MAX Sport 1, MTV3 MAX Sport 2 and MTV3 MAX Premier HD, respectively. The package was renamed MTV Total in the corporate-wide rebrand at MTV Oy in 2013, and then changed back to C More in 2017. As a result of the 2017 rebrand, MTV Oy's MTV Juniori and MTV Max were renamed C More Juniori and C More Max, respectively.

In October 2012, C More launched Filmnet in Sweden, an online streaming service to compete with Netflix and HBO Nordic. Filmnet was available in Norway and Finland in early 2013. In Denmark, C More worked with YouSee on a similar service called YouBio. The Filmnet-branded services were moved to the main C More website on 30 June 2015.

Television channels
Movies and Entertainment Group

Discontinued:
 * C More Action (formerly Canal+ Film 3 and Canal+ Action)
 * C More Emotion (formerly Canal+ Emotion. Replaced Canal+ Drama.)
 * C More Film
 * C More Film 2
 * C More First (formerly Canal+ Film 1, Canal+ Film and Canal+. Replaced Canal+ Gul.)
 * C More Hits (formerly Canal+ Film 2 and Canal+ Hits. Replaced Canal+ Blå.)
 * C More Juniori (Finland only. Formerly Subtv Juniori, Sub Juniori, MTV3 Juniori and MTV Juniori.)
 * C More Kids (formerly Canal+ Family)
 * C More Series (formerly Canal+ Series. Replaced Canal+ Comedy.)
 * C More Stars
 * Canal+ Blå (replaced by Canal+ Film 2)
 * Canal+ Comedy (replaced by Canal+ Series)
 * Canal+ Drama (replaced by Canal+ Emotion)
 * Canal+ Film HD (formerly C More HD and Canal+ HD)
 * Canal+ Gul (replaced by Canal+ Film 1)
 * SF-kanalen

Sports Group

Discontinued:
 * C More Extreme (formerly Canal+ Sport Extra)
 * C More Fotboll (Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Football.)
 * C More Golf (Denmark only)
 * C More Hockey (Norway and Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Hockey.)
 * C More Hockey (Norway and Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Hockey.)
 * C More Live (Norway and Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Sport 3.)
 * C More Live 2 (Norway and Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Extra 1.)
 * C More Live 3 (Norway and Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Extra 2.)
 * C More Live 4 (Norway and Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Extra 3.)
 * C More Live 5 (Norway and Sweden only. Replaced C More Tennis.)
 * C More Max (Finland only. Formerly MTV3 MAX and MTV Max.)
 * C More Premier HD (Finland only. Formerly Canal+ Premier HD. Renamed MTV MAX Premier HD.)
 * C More Sport (Sweden only. Formerly Canal+ Sport and Canal+ Sport 1. Replaced Canal+ Zap.)
 * C More Sport 1 (Finland only. Formerly Canal+ Sport 1, Canal+ Urheilu, MTV3 MAX Sport 1 and MTV Sport 1.)
 * C More Sport 2 (Finland only. Formerly Canal+ Sport 2, Canal+ Aitio, MTV3 MAX Sport 2 and MTV Sport 2.)
 * C More Tennis (replaced Canal+ Sport 2)
 * Canal 8 Sport (Denmark only. Sold to Discovery Communications. Replaced Canal+ Sport 1.)
 * Canal 9 (Denmark only. Sold to Discovery Communications.)
 * Canal+ Extra 4
 * Canal+ Sport 2 (replaced by C More Tennis)
 * Canal+ Sport HD
 * Sportkanalen (Sweden only)

OnDemand Services

Discontinued:
 * C More Play (Denmark and Norway)
 * C Sports (Denmark and Norway)
 * Filmnet (Sweden only)

Rights
The premium pay-TV concept used by C More Entertainment is based on exclusive broadcasting rights. These broadcasting rights include sports, movies and TV series.

Sports rights

 * Football
 * Serie A (Sweden only)
 * Real Madrid TV
 * Arsenal TV
 * Barça TV
 * Milan TV
 * Liga BBVA (Finland and Sweden only)
 * Major League Soccer (excluding Finland)
 * UEFA Champions League (only in Finland)
 * UEFA Europa League (only in Finland)
 * UEFA Euro 2012 (Denmark and Norway only)
 * Motorsports (excluding Finland)
 * Swedish Speedway Championship
 * Swedish Touring Car Championship
 * IndyCar Series
 * Formula 3
 * BTCC
 * Tennis
 * Wimbledon
 * French Open
 * ATP
 * WTA
 * Ice Hockey
 * Swedish Hockey League
 * IIHF World Championship
 * Other sports
 * NBA
 * UFC
 * Diamond League (only in Finland)

Film and TV rights
In 2011, C More Entertainment had exclusive first-run deals for feature films and TV series with Fox Entertainment Group, DreamWorks, Home Box Office, MGM, Nonstop Entertainment, Paramount Pictures, Sandrew Metronome, Svensk Filmindustri, Warner Bros. Pictures and Zentropa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: C More Entertainment


text: Category:Ships sunk by submarines

title: Category:Ships sunk by submarines


text:
Talk:Hordes of the Things

This article really ought to be split into This would allow the inward-bound links to be targeted properly. —Phil | Talk 12:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hordes of the Things (radio series)
 * Hordes of the Things (game)
 * I have done so. -Acjelen 07:13, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hordes of the Things


text: Template:Joetsu Shinkansen

title: Template:Joetsu Shinkansen


text:
Zeebrugge Raid

The Zeebrugge Raid (Aanval op de haven van Zeebrugge; Raid sur Zeebruges) on 23 April 1918, was an attempt by the Royal Navy to block the Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge. The British intended to sink obsolete ships in the canal entrance, to prevent German vessels from leaving port. The port was used by the Imperial German Navy as a base for U-boats and light shipping, which were a threat to Allied control of the English Channel and southern North Sea. Several attempts to close the Flanders ports by bombardment failed and Operation Hush, a 1917 plan to advance up the coast, proved abortive. As ship losses to U-boats increased, finding a way to close the ports became urgent and the Admiralty became more willing to consider a raid.

An attempt to raid Zeebrugge was made on 2 April 1918 but was cancelled at the last moment, after the wind direction changed and made it impossible to lay a smokescreen to cover the ships. Another attempt was made on 23 April, with a concurrent attack on Ostend. Two of three blockships were scuttled in the narrowest part of the Bruges–Ostend Canal and one of two submarines rammed the viaduct linking the shore and the mole, to trap the German garrison. The blockships were sunk in the wrong place and after a few days the Germans had opened the canal to submarines at high tide. Lessons were learned during the operation that would be put to use in the Second World War.

Strategic developments
At the end of 1916 a combined operation against Borkum, Ostend and Zeebrugge had been considered by Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, commander of the Coast of Ireland Station. The plan was rejected due to the difficulty of supplying a landing force and the vulnerability of such a force to a land counter-attack; subsequent proposals were rejected for the same reasons. A bombardment of the Zeebrugge lock gates under cover of a smoke screen was studied by Vice-Admiral Sir Reginald Bacon, commander of the Dover Patrol and the Admiralty in late 1915 but was also rejected as too risky. In 1916, Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt proposed an attack to block Zeebrugge, which was rejected. Tyrwhitt suggested a more ambitious operation to capture the mole and the town as a prelude to advancing on Antwerp. Bacon was asked to give his opinion and rejected the plan, as did the Admiralty.

Rear-Admiral Roger Keyes was appointed director of the Plans Division at the Admiralty in October 1917 and on 3 December submitted another plan for the blocking of Zeebrugge and Ostend using old cruisers in a night attack in the period from 14 to 19 March. Bacon also proposed an operation on 18 December, which combined Tyrwhitt's landing on the mole with a blocking operation. A monitor, HMS Sir John Moore (1915), was to land 1,000 troops on the mole, the monitor HMS General Craufurd (1915) was to bombard the lock gates and fortifications from short range; the blockships were to enter the harbour in the confusion. The raid was proposed in 1917 by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe but was not authorised until Keyes adapted Bacon's plan for a blocking operation, to make it difficult for German ships and submarines to leave the port. The raid was approved in January 1918 and volunteer crews were obtained from the Grand Fleet "to perform a hazardous service".

Tactical developments
The possibility of a landing on the Belgian coast was not abandoned, despite the number of rejected plans and early in 1917, Bacon assisted in the planning of Operation Hush, landings by the three brigades of the 1st Division around Middelkerke at the northern extremity of the Western Front. The operation was dependent on the advance of the British armies in the Third Battle of Ypres and had no influence on events at Zeebrugge and Ostend. If landings at the ports were successful, the forces involved would be doomed unless they were relieved by the advance of the armies in Flanders. Bacon devised a plan to destroy the lock gates at Zeebrugge by bombardment with the 15-inch guns of the monitors HMS Erebus (I02), HMS Terror (I03) and HMS Marshal Soult (1915).

The bombardment would have to be undertaken at long range, because of the danger of return fire from the Kaiser Wilhelm battery at Knokke and meant aiming at a target 90 by in area at a range of 13 nmi, using directions from an artillery-observation aircraft. Bacon calculated that 252 shells would be necessary and that it would take at least 84 minutes to fire them. If the attempt began with surprise and the bombardment ships were obscured by a smoke screen, the German guns at Knokke might not have enough time accurately to return fire before the bombardment ended. Bacon thought that the destruction of the lock gates was worth the sacrifice of a monitor but that risking all three for no result was impossible to avoid.

The plan needed a rare combination of wind, tide and weather; to obtain surprise the monitors would need to be in position before dawn. Mist and low cloud would make artillery observation from an aircraft impossible and the wind would have to be blowing from a narrow range of bearings or the smoke screen would be carried over the ships and out to sea, exposing them to view from the shore. Such conditions were unlikely to recur for several days, making a bombardment on the following day most unlikely. The bombardment force sailed for Zeebrugge three times but changes in the weather forced a return to England each time. On 11 May, Bacon ordered another attempt for the next day; a buoy was laid 15 nmi to the north-west of the mole as a guide and a second buoy was placed in the bombardment position. A bearing was taken from the buoy to the base of the mole at Zeebrugge by a ship sailing from the buoy to the mole, despite a mist which reduced visibility to a mile and the ship advancing perilously close to German shore batteries. The ship returned to the buoy by 4:45 a.m., with the bearing and distance. The bombardment ships had taken position, the Motor Launches had formed a line, ready to generate the smokescreen and the escorts formed a square around the monitors. Five destroyers zigzagged around the flotilla as a screen against U-boats, the minesweepers began operating around the monitors and the covering force cruised in the distance, ready to intercept a German destroyer sortie.

Zeebrugge bombardment, 12 May 1917
The bombardment opened late because of the need to tow Marshal Soult, slowing the armada and also by a haze off the harbour. Two Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) artillery-observation aircraft from Dunkirk, which had taken off at 2:00 a.m., had to wait from 3:00 a.m. over Zeebrugge for almost two hours. The aircraft were met by seven Sopwith Pups from 4 (Naval) Squadron RNAS, which patrolled the coast from 5:45 a.m. as six Sopwith Triplanes of 10 (Naval) Squadron RNAS flew over the fleet. One of the artillery-observation aircraft had engine trouble and force-landed in the Netherlands; the other ran short of petrol. Firing from the monitors was opened just after 5:00 a.m. and at first fell short; many of the shells failed to explode, which left the aircraft unable to signal the fall of shot. The accuracy of the bombardment improved soon after; Marshal Soult hit the target with its twelfth shell and Erebus with its twenty-sixth. Terror was most hampered by the loss of one of the aircraft and by dud shells; only forty-five of the 250 shells fired were reported and the observation aircraft had to return because of fuel shortage at 5:30 a.m., leaving the last half-hour of the bombardment reliant on estimated corrections of aim. Two relieving aircraft also had engine trouble and failed to arrive.

In the first hour of the bombardment, German retaliation was limited to anti-aircraft fire and attempts to jam the wireless of the artillery-observation aircraft. When the Pups from 4 (Naval) Squadron arrived, twice their number of German Albatros fighters engaged them and some of the aircraft from over the fleet, which joined in the dogfight. The British claimed five German aircraft shot down and the fleet was able to complete the bombardment. A third patrol later shot down a German seaplane into Ostend harbour and lost one fighter. At 6:00 a.m. the ships weighed anchor, just as the Kaiser Wilhelm battery opened fire. Two seaplanes which attempted to approach the fleet were driven off by British fighter seaplanes, which escorted the fleet home. Bacon returned with the impression that the bombardment had succeeded but aerial photographs taken the following week revealed that about fifteen shells had landed within a few yards of the lock gates on the western side and four shells had fallen just as close on the eastern side. The basin north of the locks had been hit and some damage caused to the docks but Zeebrugge remained open to German destroyers and U-boats. The Admiralty concluded that had the monitors been ready to fire as soon as the observer in the artillery-observation aircraft signalled or if the shoot had been reported throughout, the lock gates would have been hit. Bacon made preparations to bombard Ostend harbour.

Ostend bombardment, 5 June 1917
Attempts to bombard Ostend on 26 and 27 May were abandoned because of poor weather but on 4 June, the bombardment ships sailed for the Ratel Bank off Ostend; the bombardment force was smaller and the covering force larger than for the Zeebrugge operation, since surprise was less likely. The Harwich Force provided four light cruisers, a flotilla leader and eight destroyers as a covering force off the Thornton Bank and a second wave of four light cruisers and eight destroyers to guard against an attack from the Schouwen Bank. The firing buoy and its bearing and range from the target were established using the Zeebrugge method and the escorting ships formed a square around the bombardment ships.

German destroyers were sighted east of the Ratel Bank at 1:42 a.m. by HMS Lance (1914) and HMS Lochinvar (1915) which were steering towards Ostend to establish the range and bearing of the target from the sighting buoy. The German destroyers frustrated two attempts to enter the harbour, which left the fleet without sighting data and reliant on dead reckoning. At about 2:30 a.m., gunfire was heard from the direction of the covering force to the north and at about 3:00 a.m. the bombardment force Motor Launches began to lay a smokescreen. At dawn the coast became visible and Bacon corrected the position by taking a bearing on Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk. The bombardment commenced at 3:20 a.m., German coastal guns replied within minutes and fired accurately at Erebus and Terror but with no effect.

The British bombardment ceased at 4:00 a.m.; the fleet weighed anchor at 4:20 a.m. and withdrew northwards. The covering force guarded the ships from a point 5 nmi distant, having engaged two German destroyers as they tried to reach Zeebrugge, sinking SMS S20 (1912). Ostend was a larger target than Zeebrugge and could be seen from the sea, which made accurate shooting easier. The dockyard was hit by twenty out of 115 shells and intelligence reports noted the sinking of a lighter, a UC-boat, damage to three destroyers and that the German command had been made anxious about the security of the coast. Had Bacon been able to repeat the shore bombardments at short intervals, naval operations from the Flanders coast by the Germans would have been much more difficult to organise. More bombardments were planned but these were all postponed because essential conditions of tide and weather were not met. After several months, the bombardments resumed but the Germans had been able to repair the damage. As the long methodical bombardments of Ostend and Zeebrugge had proved impractical, Bacon attached a large monitor to the forces which patrolled coastal barrages, ready to exploit opportunities of favourable wind and weather to bombard Zeebrugge and Ostend, which occurred several times but had no effect on the working of the ports.

German defences
By 1917 the German defences on the Flanders coast included Kaiser Wilhelm II, a heavy artillery battery at Knokke, east of the Bruges Canal, of four 12 in guns, with a range of 41000 yd and the Tirpitz battery of four 11 in guns, with a range of 35000 yd, 1.5 mi west of Ostend. Two more batteries were being built in early 1917 and between the main defences were many mobile guns, entrenchments and machine-gun nests. The only vulnerable part of the German defensive system was the lock gates at Zeebrugge, the destruction of which would make the canal to Bruges tidal and drastically reduce the number of ships and submarines that could pass along it.

British preparations
An appeal was made to the Grand Fleet for volunteers for special service on 23 February 1918. Very few of the participants were aware of the objective. The cruisers involved in the blockade, including HMS Vindictive (1897), were equipped in Chatham by over 2,000 workers for the special fitting out or (in the case of the ships to be sunk) stripping out of unnecessary equipment, including their masts. Iris, Daffodil and the submarines were converted in Portsmouth. The fleet made its rendezvous at Swin Deep, about 8 nmi south of Clacton. The first opportunity for the raid was early April 1918 and on 2 April the fleet sailed and Zeebrugge was bombed by 65 Squadron from Dunkirk. The success of the raid depended upon smokescreens to protect the British ships from the fire of German coastal artillery but the wind direction was unfavourable and the attack was called off. Zeebrugge was visible to the fleet and the fleet to the Germans in Zeebrugge; seventy-seven ships of all sizes, some with their lights already switched off, had to make a sharp turn to the west to return to their bases.

Raid
A second attempt was made on 23 April, in conjunction with a raid on the neighbouring harbour of Ostend. The raid began with a diversion against the mile-long Zeebrugge mole, led by the old cruiser, Vindictive, with two Mersey ferries, Daffodil and Iris II. The three ships were accompanied by two old submarines, which were filled with explosives to blow up the viaduct connecting the mole to the shore. Vindictive was to land a force of 200 sailors and a battalion of Royal Marines, at the entrance to the Bruges–Ostend Canal, to destroy German gun positions. During the landing the wind changed and the smokescreen to cover the ship was blown offshore. The marines immediately came under massed fire and suffered many casualties. Vindictive was spotted by German gunners and forced to land in the wrong place, resulting in the loss of the marines' heavy gun support. Eventually the submarine HMS C3 commanded by Lieutenant Richard Sandford, destroyed the viaduct when its demolition charge exploded.

The attempt to sink three old cruisers to block the flow of traffic in and out of the Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge failed. The failure of the attack on the Zeebrugge mole resulted in the Germans concentrating their fire on the three blocking ships, HMS Thetis (1890), HMS Intrepid (1891) and HMS Iphigenia (1891), which were filled with concrete. Thetis, which had been ordered to ram the lock gates at the end of the channel, was severely damaged by German fire and collided with a submerged wire net, which disabled both of its engines. Starting to sink before reaching the main channel, the crew of Thetis coaxed enough power from the engines to bring it over a dredged part of the outer channel and scuttled the ship. The two other ships were sunk at the narrowest point of the canal. The submarines C1 (Lieutenant A. C. Newbold) and C3 were old, manned by volunteer crews of one other officer and four ratings. They had five tons of amatol packed into their fore-ends and were to be driven into the viaduct and then blown up, to prevent reinforcement of the German garrison on the mole. The crews were to abandon their submarines shortly before the collision with the viaduct, leaving the submarines to steer themselves automatically. During the passage from Dover, C1 parted with its tow and arrived too late to take part in the operation. Sandford elected to steer C3 into the viaduct manually instead of depending on the automatic system.

Zeebrugge
In 1931, the official historian, Sir Henry Newbolt, wrote that before the raid, two submarines entered or left the Flanders bases each day and continued at that rate during the week after the raid. The block ships were sunk in the wrong position and the canal was only obstructed for a few days. The Germans removed two piers in the western bank of the canal near the block ships and dredged a channel through the silt near their sterns. At high tide, U-boats could move along the new channel past the block ships.

The average number of passages was maintained until June, when the rate fell to about one submarine per day, to an extent due to a bombardment of Zeebrugge on 9 June. After the damage was repaired, the rate of U-boat traffic did not return to the pre-raid level. Newbolt considered that the reduced traffic was caused by the recall of some U-boats to Germany in June, after reports that operations in the Dover Straits had become too dangerous. The usual remedy, of increasing the number of destroyer raids, was not possible because of the difficulty in using Zeebrugge as a harbour.

Newbolt wrote that the raid on Zeebrugge was part of an anti-submarine campaign which had lasted for five months, using patrols and minefields to close the Straits and which continued despite the most destructive sortie achieved by the Germans during the war. The British anti-submarine measures inflicted a steady attrition of the Flanders U-boats and the attack on Zeebrugge came when the German blockade of Britain was supposed to have reduced drastically the resources and endurance of the British Empire. News of the raid was skilfully exploited to raise Allied morale and to foreshadow victory Possunt quia posse videntur ("They can because they think they can"). Bacon wrote in 1931 that he was a seagoing commander with intimate knowledge of the tidal and navigational conditions in the Ostend and Zeebrugge areas; operational failures were due in part to the appointment of Keyes (an Admiralty man) and his changes to plans Bacon had laid.

Ostend
Ostend had been attacked at the same time as the attempt on Zeebrugge but this effort was a failure. Believing the Zeebrugge raid to have been effective, the British undertook the Second Ostend Raid on 9 May, in which Vindictive and another cruiser HMS Sappho (1891) were sunk as a blockships. The plan took guidance from the experience gained at Zeebrugge.

Casualties
Of the 1,700 men involved in the operation, S. F. Wise recorded in 1981 that 300 were wounded and more than 200 killed. Kendall gave figures of 227 dead and 356 wounded. The destroyer HMS North Star (1916) was sunk. Among the dead was Wing Commander Frank Brock, the man who devised and commanded the smoke screen. Most of the casualties were buried in England either because they died of their wounds en route or because the survivors recovered their bodies. The Zeebrugge plot of St James's Cemetery, Dover has nine unidentified men and fifty named men who died on 23 April 1918 but most fatalities were returned to their families for local burial. The Germans suffered casualties of eight dead and sixteen wounded.

Victoria Cross
The Zeebrugge Raid was promoted by Allied propaganda as a British victory and eight Victoria Crosses were awarded. The 4th Battalion Royal Marines was awarded the Victoria Cross for the action. Under Rule 13 of the Victoria Cross warrant, a ballot was stipulated to select the recipients. Victoria Cross rules specify that four Victoria Crosses should be awarded this way (one to an officer, one to an NCO and two to other ranks) but they were not observed and only two Victoria Crosses were awarded. This was the last time that Victoria Crosses were awarded by ballot, although the rule remained within the Victoria Cross warrant. In a mark of respect to those involved in the raid, the Royal Marines have never raised another 4th Battalion.

A ballot was similarly held for the crews of the assault vessels for the Zeebrugge Mole (Vindictive, Royal Daffodil and Iris II) and the raiding parties. Victoria Crosses were awarded to Able Seaman Albert Edward McKenzie (Vindictive) and Captain Alfred Carpenter (commander of Vindictive). Lieutenant-Commander Arthur Harrison and Lieutenant-Commander George Bradford who led raiding parties from Vindictive and Iris II received posthumous VCs. Sergeant Norman Finch, Royal Marine Artillery, was selected by the 4th Battalion. Richard Sandford, commander of the submarine C.3 and Captain Edward Bamford who led the 4th Battalion were also awarded.

Order of battle
Royal Navy order of battle for the Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids: 22 April 1918
 * Assembled at the Swin Spitway (off the River Blackwater, Essex)
 * Assault vessels for the Zeebrugge Mole: HMS Vindictive (1897) (Arrogant-class cruiser), SS Royal Daffodil and Iris II (converted Mersey ferries)
 * Blockships for the Bruges Canal: HMS Thetis (1890), HMS Intrepid (1891) and HMS Iphigenia (1891) (Apollo-class cruisers)
 * Blockships for Ostend Harbour: HMS Sirius (1890) and HMS Brilliant (1891) (Apollo-class cruisers)
 * Assembled at Dover
 * Flagship, HMS Warwick (D25) (Admiralty W-class destroyer)
 * Unit L (to escort Vindictive): HMS Phoebe (1916) and HMS North Star (1916) (Admiralty M-class destroyers)
 * Unit M (to tow submarines): HMS Trident (1915) (Talisman-class destroyer) and HMS Mansfield (1914) (Hawthorn M-class destroyer)
 * Unit F (to patrol north of Zeebrugge): HMS Whirlwind (D30) (Admiralty W-class destroyer) and HMS Myngs (1914) (Admiralty M-class destroyer)
 * Unit R (to patrol north of Zeebrugge): HMS Velox (D34) (Admiralty V-class destroyer), HMS Morris, HMS Moorsom (1914) (Admiralty M-class destroyers) and HMS Melpomene (1915) (Medea-class destroyer)
 * Unit X (escort to Ostend blockships): HMS Tempest (H71) and HMS Tetrarch (1917) (R-class destroyer)
 * Submarines (to damage Zeebrugge viaduct): HMS C1 and HMS C3 (British C-class submarines), together with a picket boat to rescue crews
 * Minesweeper (to take off surplus crew from blockships): HMS Lingfield (Racecourse-class minesweeper)
 * Coastal motor boats (CMB), numbers 5, 7, 15, 16, 17, 21B, 22B, 23B, 24A, 25BD, 26B, 27A, 28A, 29A, 30B, 32A, 34A and 35A
 * Motor Launches (ML), numbers 79, 110, 121, 128, 223, 239, 241, 252, 258, 262, 272, 280, 282, 308, 314, 345, 397, 416, 420, 422, 424, 513, 525, 526, 533, 549, 552, 555, 557, 558, 560, 561 and 562
 * To bombard Zeebrugge: HMS Erebus (I02) and HMS Terror (I03) (Erebus-class monitors)
 * Escort to Zeebrugge monitors: HMS Termagant (1915) (Talisman-class destroyer), HMS Truculent (1916) (Yarrow Later M-class destroyer) and HMS Manly (1914) (Yarrow M-class destroyer)
 * Outer Patrol off Zeebrugge: HMS Attentive (1904) (Adventure-class cruiser), HMS Scott (1917) (Admiralty type flotilla leader), HMS Ulleswater (1917) (Yarrow Later M-class destroyer), HMS Teazer (1917) and HMS Stork (1916) (R-class destroyers)
 * Assembled at Dunkirk
 * Monitors (to bombard Ostend): HMS Marshal Soult (1915) (Marshal Ney-class monitor), HMS Lord Clive (1915), HMS Prince Eugene, HMS General Craufurd (1915) (Lord Clive-class monitors), HMS M24, HMS M26 and HMS M21 (M15-class monitors)
 * Outer Patrol off Ostend: HMS Swift (1907) (destroyer leader), HMS Faulknor (1914) (Faulknor-class flotilla leader), HMS Matchless (1914), HMS Mastiff (1914) (Thornycroft M-class destroyers) and HMS Afridi (1907) (1905 Tribal-class destroyer)
 * Escort to Ostend monitors: HMS Mentor (1914) (Hawthorn M-class destroyer), HMS Lightfoot (1915) (Marksman-class flotilla leader), HMS Zubian (Tribal-class destroyer) and French Navy destroyers Lestin, Roux and Bouclier
 * Motor Launches (12 for smoke screens and 6 for escort to large monitors), Numbers 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, 30, 60, 105, 254, 274, 276, 279, 283, 429, 512, 532, 551, 556
 * French Navy torpedo boats (TB) and motor launches (escort to M-class monitors), TB numbers 1 and 2, ML numbers 33 and 3
 * Coastal Motor Boats (CMB): numbers 2, 4, 10 and 12 (40 ft class)  and numbers 19A and 20A (55 ft class)
 * Personnel participating in raids and covering operations
 * Royal Navy: 82 officers and 1,698 men including
 * Royal Marine Artillery: 2 officers and 58 men and
 * Royal Marine Light Infantry: 30 officers and 660 men

title: Zeebrugge Raid


text:
Clyde railway station, Sydney

Clyde railway station is located on the Main Suburban line, serving the Sydney suburb of Clyde. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 Western and T2 Inner West & Leppington line services.

History
Clyde station opened in 1882 as Rosehill Junction. It was renamed Clyde on 19 August 1883, Clyde Junction on 1 August 1901, and back to Clyde in April 1904. The station was also rebuilt in 1959.

On 17 November 1888, Clyde became a Junction station with the opening of the Carlingford line to Rosehill. As part of the Parramatta Light Rail project, the Carlingford line closed on 5 January 2020.

Transport links
Clyde station is served by two NightRide routes:
 * N60: Fairfield station to City (Town Hall)
 * N61: Carlingford station to Town Hall station

title: Clyde railway station, Sydney


text:
Martin Furnival Jones

Sir Edward Martin Furnival Jones CBE (7 May 1912 – 1 March 1997) was Director General of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal security service, from 1965 until 1972.

Career
Born in High Barnet and educated at Highgate School, Furnival Jones was a Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge graduate, having read modern and medieval languages, as well as law.

He was admitted as a solicitor in England in 1937, joining the leading City of London law firm Slaughter and May. When the Second World War broke out, Furnival Jones was commissioned into the Intelligence Corps, transferring to the Security Service, MI5, in 1941.

He was Director-General of MI5 from 1965 to 1972.

Personal life
Jones resided in the Hampstead Garden Suburb. He was a tennis player and bird watcher and loved to perform in amateur theatre in both the local groups, including the Play and Pageant Union and Speedwell Players. It was during a production of I Remember Mama that he first met his wife, Margaret.

title: Martin Furnival Jones


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TrossmanPrinciple

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 23:15, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

TrossmanPrinciple
A cursory Google will reveal that this does not exist, and the page itself implies that the writer took it upon him/herself to name an idiosyncratic observation after themselves. Jogloran 12:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per WP:NOR DES (talk) 18:22, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. My only source for this [article] is my own observation of this pattern in small startups and enormous companies alike, i.e. it's original research. Sliggy 18:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Relisting, not enough discussion. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:22, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 00:30, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above reasons - Dalbury 01:15, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above reasons (just voting to make sure there are enough for consensus). --Jacquelyn Marie 01:21, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NOR and NN vanity. - Sensor 02:04, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. DV8 2XL 02:49, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete OR --Rogerd 00:25, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Lost submarines of Italy

title: Category:Lost submarines of Italy


text: User talk:128.39.148.123

title: User talk:128.39.148.123


text:
Nathaniel S. Berry

Nathaniel Springer Berry (September 1, 1796 –April 27, 1894) served as the 28th governor of New Hampshire during the American Civil War.

Early life
N. S. Berry was born on September 1, 1796, in Bath (in modern-day Maine, then a part of Massachusetts). His father died when Berry six years old, and after his mother's remarriage the family relocated to Bath, New Hampshire, where Berry attended the local schools.

At age 16 Berry became an apprentice in a leather goods manufacturing factory, where he learned the tanning, currier and saddle making trades.

Start of career
After completing his apprenticeship at age 21, Berry relocated to Bristol, New Hampshire, where he purchased a tannery.

In the 1820s and 1830s Berry was active in the New Hampshire Militia. He received a commission as a second lieutenant in the 34th Regiment, and advanced through the ranks to become regimental commander with the rank of colonel.

Berry later relocated to Hebron, New Hampshire, where he continued to operate a successful leather goods business until it was destroyed in an 1857 fire.

A Democrat, Berry served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1828, 1833, and 1834. He served in the New Hampshire State Senate in 1835 and 1836. Berry was also a delegate to the 1840 Democratic National Convention.

Unhappy with the Democratic Party's support for slavery, and also interested in other reform movements including temperance, Berry became involved in the movement which led to the creation of the Free Soil Party. He ran unsuccessfully for Governor as a Free Soil Democratic candidate in every annual election from 1846 to 1850, enabling the election of Whig nominee Anthony Colby by splitting the Democratic vote in 1846. In some elections Berry's candidacy prevented the "regular" Democratic nominee from receiving the majority of the popular vote required by New Hampshire's constitution, and the state legislature had to choose the winner.

Berry served as a Judge of the Grafton County Court of Common Pleas from June 1841 to June 1850. He was a Judge of Grafton County's Probate Court from 1856 to 1861. He became a Republican when the party was created in the mid-1850s.

Governorship
In March 1861 Berry was the successful Republican nominee for Governor. He was reelected in March 1862, and served from June 1861 to June 1863.

Serving during the American Civil War, Berry was a strong supporter of the Union. During his governorship New Hampshire provided to the Union Army fifteen infantry regiments, three companies of sharpshooters, four companies of cavalry and one company of heavy artillery.

In June 1862, Abraham Lincoln desired to issue a call for more recruits to join the Union Army, but hesitated because he wanted to demonstrate that the war effort still had popular support, following a perceived ebb in Union state morale as the result of several battlefield reverses. Berry was one of the organizers of an effort to send Lincoln a letter from the state governors to inform him that the states would respond positively if he issued a call for additional troops. Now able to demonstrate popular support for continuing the war effort, Lincoln requested the states to provide additional soldiers.

Berry was also an active participant in the September 1862 War Governors' Conference. During this meeting Union state governors indicated their continued support for Lincoln's wartime policies, including the Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln indicated he intended to issue at an opportune moment.

Later life
Berry did not run for reelection in 1863. He resided first with his wife's family in Andover, Massachusetts, and later with his daughter in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He later returned to Hebron, where he lived until moving to Bristol in 1888 to reside with his son.

Death and burial
Berry died in Bristol on April 27, 1894, at age 97. He was buried at Homeland Cemetery in Bristol.

title: Nathaniel S. Berry


text:
Talk:The Empress Ballroom

kenall was @ the empress ballroom-

Requested move
It seems as though it wouldn't be unreasonable to merge this with the Winter gardens article, since both have information the other could use, and neither of them are substantial enough to create an article on it's own. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Soonlaypale (talk • contribs) 19:32, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi; thanks for noticing that this article can merge into the other. I agree there's not enough content here to warrant a separate article, and the other article isn't over-long, so a merge makes sense. It turns out you don't need a page move, all you have to do is merge the content from this article into the appropriate section. Then you can make this page into a redirect. When you merge the content, use an edit summary such as "merging content from The Empress Ballroom", and then the history will retain a link to the place where the content came from. (The brackets for links still work in the edit summary.) Please let me know if you have any questions. Cheers. -GTBacchus(talk) 21:29, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I would suggest you just go ahead and do the redirect, there is not enough content and nor would there ever be really for this article and what little additional information there is in this article can be added to the Winter Gardens article. ♦Tangerines♦ · Talk 22:49, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, that's done. -GTBacchus(talk) 23:38, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Empress Ballroom


text:
FARICE-1

FARICE-1 is a submarine communications cable connecting Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Scotland. The cable has been in use since January 2004 and is 100% owned by Iceland. The cable had an initial design capacity of 720 Gbit/s and is a two fibre pair design. The length of the cable is 1205 km for the direct route between Iceland and Scotland. The cable structure and repeaters were made by Pirelli and the terminal equipment was supplied by TYCO. In the year 2013 the terminal equipment was upgraded by Ciena (100 Gbit/s technology) bringing the total capacity of the submarine cable to 11 Tbit/s. The cable has service access points in Reykjavik and Keflavik Airport as well as in London Telehouse East. The company Farice ehf sells services over the FARICE-1 cable. FARICE-2 was never built. DANICE is the complementary submarine cable.

The landing points are:
 * 1. Seyðisfjörður, Iceland, backhauled to Reykjavík and KEF Airport
 * 3. Funningsfjørður, Faroe Islands, backhauled to 4. Tórshavn
 * 5. Dunnet Bay, Caithness, Highland, Scotland, backhauled to London Telehouse (previously Edinburgh)

title: FARICE-1


text:
Talk:Tooheys New

— J I P | Talk 12:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Untitled
Pretty sure that New has been called New since well before 1998! As the Cruel sea sung on their album 'the Honeymoon is Over', long before then:

''Checkin out my brothers for the taste of glue Hangin round the pub house buy a schooner of New''

- Quaidy 23:40, 22 May 2006 (UTC) :

Correct, it has always been known as New, as opposed to Old- the stout. It was available as Tooheys Draught in bottle and can form. This was changed to New in 1998 for consistency. I've ammended the text to reflect this.

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 05:22, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tooheys New


text:
Michael Hanley

Sir Michael Bowen Hanley KCB (24 February 1918 – 1 January 2001) was Director General (DG) of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal security service, from 1972 to 1978.

Career
Educated at Sedbergh School and Queen's College, Oxford where he read history, Hanley served during the Second World War, being commissioned into the Royal Artillery of the British Army on 28 December 1940. His service number was 164032. He was subsequently served as an assistant military attaché to the Joint Allied Intelligence Centre in Budapest from 1946 to 1948.

In 1948, Hanley joined the security service. He rose through the grades to be Deputy Director General of MI5, 1971–72. He was Director General of MI5 from 1972 to 1978.

As Director General, Hanley had a difficult relationship with the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson. Wilson wrongly suspected MI5 of plotting against him in a conspiracy known as 'The Wilson Plot'.

title: Michael Hanley


text:
Vickers Windsor

The Vickers Windsor was a Second World War British four-engine heavy bomber, intended for high altitude flight. The Windsor was designed by Barnes Wallis and Rex Pierson at the Vickers-Armstrongs factory at Brooklands.

Three prototype aircraft were built but planned production was cancelled due to the end of the war.

Design and development
As a possible replacement for the pre-war Vickers Wellington medium bomber, Vickers had proposed a series of designs. The first, to meet the same specification as the Bristol Buckingham and Air Ministry Specification B.11/41, was for a high speed twin-engined medium bomber, with remote controlled turrets in engine nacelles and guns in the nose. This was considered to be neither fast enough to be a fast bomber nor well armed enough to be a normal medium bomber. A four-engined development of the same design was also drawn up. The official position was that the Wellington was becoming obsolete but as the Vickers factories were set up only for geodetic construction any design would need to be based on that method. Vickers were working on a Wellington with a pressurised cabin for high altitude work and the Ministry was interested in a pressurized version of the Warwick; this was supported by Lord Beaverbrook. The proposed design changed the twin-engined Warwick wing for an elliptical wing with four Merlin engines. The aircraft was expected to manage 43,000 ft having delivered 8,000 lb of bombs. The contract for two prototypes of the Warwick was covered by Specification B.5/41 and development and construction work proceeded until September 1942. In mid-1942, the Wellington replacement and B.5/41 were merged as a result of a new specification, B.3/42 for a Lancaster replacement but without high altitude performance. Vickers could take the work already done along and fit the four-engine wing to a new design of fuselage and a contract was raised for what would become the Windsor. The wings of the first prototypes were built to the earlier specification and so had lower weight limits imposed.

The Windsor was designed to Air Ministry Specification B.5/41 (later modified to Spec. B.3/42) for a high-altitude heavy bomber with a pressurised crew compartment and an ability to fly at 345 mph at 31000 ft. Notable features of the Windsor included its pressurised crew compartment. The main undercarriage consisted of four single-wheel oleo struts - one in each engine nacelle. The defensive guns were mounted in barbettes at the rear of each outboard nacelle, which were to be remotely operated by a gunner in a pressurised compartment in the extreme tail.

The Windsor used Wallis's geodetic body and wing structure that Vickers had previously used in the Wellesley, Wellington and Warwick bombers. In these aircraft the wing structure flexural strength in bending and the torsional stiffness were calculated (and designed) as being controlled separately by a single spar and the geodetic lattice construction respectively. However, testing of wings showed that the geodetic structure also contributed to the wing bending resistance so, for the Windsor, Wallis designed the wing so the geodetic structure would take all the torsional and bending loads. This was achieved by gradually reducing the lattice angle (45 degrees relative to the span) at the wing tips to about 15 degrees at the root. A spar was not needed so there was more room for fuel. With no spar the wing was more flexible than before and there was concern that excessive deflections would occur in an emergency landing with wings full of fuel. To limit the deflection at the wing tip Wallis added an extra landing gear leg in the outboard engine nacelles. This also made the undercarriage in each nacelle more compact than two large struts used on other British heavy bombers. Instead of doped Irish linen covering used on the earlier geodetic aircraft, a stiff and light skin was used on the Windsor. This was made from woven steel wires and very thin (1/1000 in thickness) stainless steel ribbons, doped with PVC or other plastic, specially designed to avoid ballooning. To properly fit the skin to the frame, a tuning fork had to be used.

There was only room in the cockpit for the single pilot.

Operational history
Only three examples (the original plus successive prototypes known as Type 457 and Type 461) were built. This was due to refinements in the existing Lancaster bomber, rendering it suitable for the role for which the Windsor had been designed. The first prototype, serial DW506, flew on 23 October 1943, the second (DW512) on 10 or 15 February 1944, and the third (NK136) on 11 July 1944. All three were built at Vickers' secret dispersed Foxwarren Experimental Department between Brooklands and nearby Cobham. DW506 was assembled at Farnborough, DW512 flew from Wisley. The two latter prototypes were tested until the end of the Second World War, when further development and production were cancelled.

After 40 flights DW506 crashed on 2 March 1944. During flight tests of engine feathering one of the engines could not be brought back into use and the pilot made an emergency landing. The aircraft ran off the end of the runway and into a ditch breaking in half. Its rudder was reused on DW512. DW512 had more equipment fitted - including some armour but no armament - than DW506. It was grounded in November 1945 with the end of the project and marked for disposal in June 1946. The armament for NK136 was not ready until January 1945 and was ground tested in April. Air firing was begun at the end of May with DW512 as an accompanying camera aircraft. After the end of its flying life in November 1945 NK136 became an instructional airframe at RAF Manby until scrapped in 1948.

Two pre-production airframes were under construction; Type 471 (later Type 483) NN670, with Merlin 85s and expected 4,000 mile range, was nearly complete and being readied for first flight while NN673, to have Merlin 100s, was about halfway built.

Production contract for 300 Type 483 Windsors had been placed in 1943, by mid 1945 it was expected that deliveries would begin in July 1946. When it still looked like the war in the Pacific against Japan would be continuing, it was thought that as many as 30 squadrons could be equipped with the Windsor. The production contract had been cut back to 100 though by November 1944, then reduced to 40 and with the end of the war against Japan cancelled completely.

Variants

 * Type 447
 * First prototype, serial DW506, powered by four 1315 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 65 engines.

 * Type 457
 * Second prototype, serial DW512, powered by four 1635 hp Merlin 85 engines.

 * Type 461
 * Third prototype, serial NK136, powered by four 1635 hp Merlin 85 engines, armed with a pair of 20mm guns in each remote-controlled barbette in rear of outer engine nacelles, aimed from the unarmed tail position.

A Type 601, also known as the "Clyde Windsor", was proposed and would have been the Windsor B.II in service. This would use the Rolls-Royce Clyde turboprop engine with - if available - contra-rotating propellers for a top speed of over 400 mph. One of the pre-production Windsors ordered (NN673) would have been fitted with Clydes as a prototype. When the production was cancelled Vickers asked that one of the Windsor prototypes could be fitted with the Clyde engines for research, but this was also cancelled in early 1946.

Type 482 covered four civilian airliner designs based on the Windsor. In November 1943, an unpressurised continental (40 seats) or Empire route (24 seat/18 sleeper) aircraft and a transatlantic (also 24/18) aircraft. Followed in January 1944 by pressurised designs, one with a stressed skin fuselage and the other covered by Geosteel, with the pressure cabin being a rubberised bag within the structure.

Operators

 * Royal Air Force
 * Royal Air Force

title: Vickers Windsor


text:
David Graham (footballer, born 1978)

David Baillie Graham (born 6 October 1978) is a Scottish footballer. His favoured position is as a forward, although he can also play in midfield. He has been capped at Under-21 level by his country.

Playing career
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Graham began his career with Rangers, making his debut in the 5–3 away win against Shelbourne in the UEFA Cup first qualifying round first leg. He made four further appearances, all as a substitute before moving to Dunfermline Athletic in November 1998. He joined Inverness Caledonian Thistle on loan in January 2001, before moving to Torquay United on loan in March that year. He settled in well at Torquay United, helping the Devon side retain their league status on the final day of the season in the crucial game at Barnet. In July that year he signed permanently for Torquay and played a major role in turning the club's fortunes around, culminating in automatic promotion at the end of the 2003–04 season.

Wigan Athletic
Not surprisingly his form had been noticed by larger clubs than Torquay United and he moved to Wigan Athletic in June 2004 for a fee of £215,000. Despite helping Wigan to the Premier League, scoring once against Coventry City in the process, he moved to Sheffield Wednesday in August 2005 for a fee of £250,000.

Sheffield Wednesday
A slow start to his career at Hillsborough led him to sign on loan at Huddersfield Town on 23 January 2006, until the end of the season. He scored nine goals in seventeen appearances for Huddersfield Town, helping them to ensure a play-off place in League One, if not quite automatic promotion.

Graham was blocked from Wednesday's 2006 tour of the United States, visa restrictions due to a minor police offence nine years previously preventing his entry to the country. Wednesday accepted an undisclosed bid for Graham from Blackpool on 27 July 2006, but he turned down the move, instead joining Bradford City on a five-month loan deal.

After returning from his unsuccessful spell at Bradford, Graham again found it hard to break into Wednesday's first team under Brian Laws not making a single starting appearance for the first team. Although he impressed, scoring freely in the reserves. On 21 March it was announced that Graham would be returning to the team bottom of the football league where he first made a name for himself, on a loan until the end of the season, at Torquay United. In a bid to preserve their Football League status and hopefully impress Brian Laws enough to warrant a place on the team sheet. It later became clear that Graham had been transfer listed, fined two weeks wages and sent to Torquay due to a 'serious breach of club discipline'. Graham was unable to prevent Torquay's relegation from the Football League.

He finished his Wednesday career with three goals in 26 appearances.

Gillingham
At the end of the 2006–07 season Graham was told he had no future at the club and made available for transfer. He joined Gillingham on trial in July 2007. He was released by Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2007 and signed for Gillingham on a one-year contract the following day. He made his debut for Gillingham on 11 August 2007 against Cheltenham Town, as his side went down 1–0. He scored his first goals for the club on 2 October when he scored two in a 3–1 defeat of Leyton Orient. On 31 January, it was announced that he had been released from his contract.

Lincoln City
On 27 June 2008, Graham agreed to join former manager Peter Jackson at Lincoln City on a six-month deal. He made his debut against Rotherham United in a 1–0 defeat, and played ten games, eight as substitute, but failed to score during his six months. Lincoln City released him when his six-month contract came to an end.

Non-League
In March 2009 he signed for Sheffield of the Northern Premier League and then moved on to Conference North outfit Ilkeston Town. Following the winding-up of Ilkeston Town, Graham rejoined Sheffield F.C. debuting in the 2–0 Northern Premier League Division One South away defeat to Carlton Town on 18 September 2010.

In late October 2010 he moved to Worksop Town. At the start of the 2011–12 season, Graham signed for a third spell at Sheffield F.C.

Honours
Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 Third Division

title: David Graham (footballer, born 1978)