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Talk:List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment

University of Chicago
The University of Chicago, with $10.3 billion as of a recent date, is missing from the list. Please add it after checking the exact amount. 2603:300A:1400:D200:A552:12A4:6F59:F2EC (talk) 08:58, 28 October 2023 (UTC)Larry Siegel, University of Chicago

Stanford University
An IP editor continues to change the figure for Stanford from the NACUBO-sourced one to one that includes non-endowment funds such as expendable funds and capital reserves per their reference here. The IP editor has been asked to discuss the edit but has not yet done so. Here is another opportunity on this talk page for them to discuss why they think their edit is more appropriate in this article. 72Dino (talk) 20:05, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Syracuse University
Should be on the list as per the wikipedia page on Syracuse University lists its endowment at $1.01 billion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.24.6.168 (talk) 22:03, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Change the criteria for listing?
With the new NACUBO rankings, there are now 70 universities with $1 billion or more in endowment. This criteria ($1 billion minimum endowment) that is currently used for listing a university is untenable to maintain as the number of schools qualifying will continue to grow. Therefore, I think we need to rethink the criteria for inclusion. How about the "Top 50 largest endowments". That way, the criteria is scalable no matter how large endowment values grow with time. CrazyPaco (talk) 02:08, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

Limiting the list to universities with endowments over $1bn makes this extremely selective, and ignores the vast majority of institutions. I would much rather see a list of the top 200 or 300. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wrcheatham (talk • contribs) 17:17, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

Also, when it comes to the "Endowment per Student" section, I would like to see a much more complete list. It's not really helpful to see just 50 schools. I would think the relevant list should be the top 300+ schools sorted automatically by endowment per student. That's what the "Endowment by Student" section is supposed to be about. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wrcheatham (talk • contribs) 17:20, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

Why only NACUBO figures for the table?
Why is the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO), which has a membership of 2,500 colleges and universities, the only source for endowment market value calculations used in the table?....for several reasons. Primarily, for matters of consistency and thus comparability from one institution to another, including comparisons over time.

The NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments is the only third party WP:SOURCE available for the consistent calculation, and thus comparison, of the market value of most higher education endowments. It is the most thorough endowment report, represents the industry standard for such comparison, and is an organization whose credibility is beyond reproach. The consistency of this annual reporting, not only between institutions but also from year-to-year, allows for the best possible, although sometimes inherently imperfect, comparisons of endowments between different institutions. On the other hand, any one institution's own financial reports may not necessarily calculate endowment market value in the same manner as required by NACUBO, or they may vary in the inclusion of different components such as including or not including real estate valuations or non-liquid assets. Thus other reports of endowment market values from other sources may not necessarily be directly comparable to NACUBO figures, and in fact, endowment market values reported the NACUBO study reports and those seen in official annual financial reports published by individual institutions (easily found by googling for any particular school's financial report) are often inconsistent. Furthermore, universities that comprise systems or have branch/regional/satellite campuses may or may not include endowments restricted to individual campuses in a manner different than the figures reported to the NACUBO study, thus making the relative comparability between NACUBO and non-NACUBO sources less clear. And perhaps most obviously, the date of individual institution's market value calculation may not be done on the same date as those in the NACUBO study thus making them inherently incomparable. Therefore, to ensure endowment market values are as comparable and consistent as possible from one institution to the next, and from one year to the next, only the values from this third-party source, NACUBO, are included in the article's table. CrazyPaco (talk) 07:23, 6 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I moved the page per WP:CrazyPaco to List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment according to NACUBO. --Heisenberg, Ph.D. (talk) 16:40, 6 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Was not per CrazyPaco. Was solely per Heisenberg, Ph.D. If you have a have suggestion to incorporate endowment market value figures from elsewhere that make sense, then please discuss it here. CrazyPaco (talk) 19:28, 6 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I didn't mind the move very much but I'm also happy keeping the article at this title, too. Whatever its title, it seems quite important to keep the criteria the same not because NACUBO is perfect or we have a special liking of NACUBO but because it is important to try to ensure our data are comparable in a listing like this and using NACUBO's data seems to be the best way to do this.  I would be amenable to adding additional sources of information in additional columns if there is significant support for doing that, too. ElKevbo (talk) 20:32, 6 November 2013 (UTC)
 * The article move was actually reversed by another editor on MOS grounds. I didn't suggest the move, but I also didn't have an issue with it either. I also don't have an issue with a new section for alternative endowment values (particularly combined systems or what not). What has been a problem in the past is people adding alternative numbers or mid year numbers to the table. As you mentioned, and with which I agree completely, the comparability between numbers can be destroyed by such additions.  I know of no other way to make numbers comparable than to use a single source of calculations such as the NACUBO's numbers.
 * Separately, do you have any suggestions for table cutoffs. The table is going to grow infinitely big if the cutoff of the list remains at $1 billion. At a 8% annual rate of growth, there will be over 150 entries by the end of the decade. I'm weary of arbitrary cut-offs, but equally worried about the sustainability of such a table. CrazyPaco (talk) 00:19, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * "Then, let's sit around and see who else if 'worthy' of joining this wonderful group". Do as you please with the article sir. In fact, I'd support moving it to: List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment according to CrazyPaco --Heisenberg, Ph.D. (talk) 01:59, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Heisenberg, please review the following Wikipedia policies: WP:NPA, WP:TALK, WP:CON, WP:AGF. Your participation with constructive comments, if you have any, about the issues of this article are welcome. CrazyPaco (talk) 17:36, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree with CrazyPaco. In addition to violating an alphabet soup of policies, Heisenberg Ph.D. is violating Dick.--GrapedApe (talk) 13:12, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

If we are going to use NACUBO as the sole source, the article should be renamed to indicate that the numbers are NACUBO's. The numbers disagree with many numbers directly reported by the universities. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.52.160.127 (talk) 04:45, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Universities report the numbers directly to NACUBO, so they should be the same except for some timing differences. Bahooka (talk) 05:14, 2 April 2014 (UTC)
 * It's pretty clear from the sourcing that NACUBO is the source.--GrapedApe (talk) 12:01, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

Cincinnati, OU, and SUNY endowment numbers were updated from each institution's June 30, 2022 financial report, which is the also the date used by NACUBO. The revision was undone by. Because they are not included in the NACUBO study, these institutions were updated individually. If the article will use NACUBO as the sole source, it seems these institutions should be removed from the list. This is further supported by SUNY and OU not appearing in the 2021 NACUBO report currently cited. Redraiderengineer (talk) 15:12, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The spirit of the article is to provide data that give a general (encyclopedic vs news report) information. NACUBO, being detached from any of the institutions reported on, seems to be an objective national organization of accountants and such.  They can be assumed to apply uniform accounting standards for what counts as endowment, what attributes make a university foundation (vs myriad foundations allied in diverse ways). They also provide valuable data vs time for all institutions.  University foundations are not objective sources of information since those providing the data have an interest in making themselves look good.  Those foundation reps have a conflict of interest (and their data are thus suspect).
 * If you want to propose to revisit the tradition of relying on NACUBO, this Talk page would be a suitable place to do start. --Smokefoot (talk) 18:44, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * • NACUBO is a professional organization for business and financial officers at institutions of higher education. While an independent organization, NACUBO is not completely detached from the institutions in their reports.
 * • The NACUBO-TIAA Study of Endowments (NTSE) is assembled from a web-based survey sent to institutions of higher education. The data in the study is self-reported by the institutions and/or their foundations.
 * "However, we should note that ALL of the data in the endowment survey report, including returns by asset class, are self reported, with no easy way to to provide independent verification. It is therefore possible that some survey respondents reported returns for periods prior to June 30."
 * • The financial reports from the institutions and/or their foundations are independently audited. For example, Cincinnati's financial report was independently audited by Forvis, LLP. In this case, all three institutions use the same fiscal year as NACUBO (July 1 - June 30).
 * With that said, there's value in having a consistent approach to calculating the results. NTSE is likely the best available source and offers comparability. To keep with NACUBO as the sole source, I propose removing the institutions not included in the current NTSE study year (2022) from the list. Redraiderengineer (talk) 21:07, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You do what you think is best. Typical Wikipedia protocol would be to summarize any big changes you recommend on this Talk page.  As you can see, I have been tending this article for a long time, often by reverting well-meaning folk who want to update a school. My guess is that many of those attempted edits were motivated by affection for their alma mater.  But who knows.  Good luck and happy editing, --Smokefoot (talk) 22:12, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * With no new discussion on this proposal in the past month, I have updated the article to adhere with the NACUBO-only policy. Additionally, some endowment values were corrected to using the 2022 report and rounded to three decimal places for uniformity. Redraiderengineer (talk) 23:33, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Using only NACUBO is a poor policy because you end up having big schools like University of Chicago completely off the list. Title should reworded if you are only sourcing NACUBO, because as it stands this page is not, despite the title a "List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment" Jjazz76 (talk) 05:57, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

System-wide
I don't think system-wide endowments should be listed in a list comparing those system-wide endowments to endowments of specific individual universities. In many cases, these system-wide endowments include endowments from several independent university campuses, health science centers, research centers, law schools, agriculture center, and other institutions that are not part of the flagship university. It is comparing apples to oranges. Those system-wide endowments create a false view of the flagship university's actual endowment. Treydavis3 (talk) 20:41, 6 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that is there are less than ideal comparisons, but I'm not sure, given the above mentioned differences in sources how to make them comparable. Some universities don't release numbers for individual schools or campuses. Penn State, for instance, has 19 campuses, including separate campuses for law and medicine, and there are no publicly available break downs of those numbers. Other schools in the table, such as Kansas and Purdue have a few campus and have been noted as "systems", even though they aren't listed as such on NACUBO's report which makes me wonder about the appropriateness of such notation per WP:OR. However, such schools aren't anywhere near the equivalent to systems to those of, say, the UC system or the University of Texas system, that include multiple full fledged national-level research universities. I'm not sure, how in the existing table, numbers calculated in variety of manners can be introduced and still have those numbers be comparable to the degree of the unified presentation that the NACUBO study provides. However, perhaps a new section could be added to address such discrepancies. It could include breakdowns of system or campus endowments if available, while noting market value calculations may differ from the NACUBO study. CrazyPaco (talk) 18:09, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * What about making two separate tables, one for university endowments and another for system-wide endowments? I don't think they should be in the same comparison tables because they are comparing two different endowments. Treydavis3 (talk) 03:28, 9 November 2013 (UTC)
 * You first have to define what is a system vs a single university. I don't think that is as easy as it seems, especially without original research. And then you have the problem of the availability of a system's individual university endowments that aren't necessarily publicly available, or vice versa, making for the likely possibility that such a split couldn't be consistently applied for each system or school. It also isn't necessarily clear in every case what exactly is reported for each individual school, when they part of a system, particularly in the school's own reports. There are a lot of potential assumptions to be made trying to split the table apart. Therefore, I think the first table needs to stay as is for consistency just because the NACUBO study knows a lot more about the numbers that it collects than we do. The existing table thus reflects NACUBO's report of endowment comparability, and it is noted as such, and thus also avoids introducing the editorializing or bias of Wikipedia editors. That said, I'd have no problem with adding a second, separate table that could contain information of system or university unit breakdowns or combinations that are known from other sources and not necessarily included in the NACUBO table. Such a table could include, for example, both the breakdowns of the UT system endowment, if available, or the combination of the Cal State system endowment that was removed from the NACUBO table. While I support adding such a table, and encourage you pursue it if you like, my guess is that the multiple sources and inherent complexities of that table will likely result in it becoming outdate and poorly maintained over time, and it will inherently be perpetually incomplete. None of those reasons are ones to prevent it from being created though.  CrazyPaco (talk) 08:56, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

University of Iowa
Should be on the list as per the wikipedia page on University of Iowa lists its endowment at $1.06 billion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.158.101.11 (talk) 19:18, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * The NACUBO references shows it at $981 million most recently, so it does not make the cut off. Thanks, Bahooka (talk) 20:31, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

Alumni success tables
I will be adding tables depicting universities producing most millionaires and billionaires. Financial endowments are mostly comprised of donations to the institution. In the recent years, alumni giving has become even more crucial as tuition puts strain on undergraduate students and un-funded graduate students. Though, those are rarer at better universities with large endowments(as listed in this article). Furthermore, alumni contribution has picked up as public universities face budget cuts from their representative governmental agencies. Social stratification has also been a new trend in higher education that relates to financial standings of universities. This is old news, but it's no big news that the best and most selective universities also have the largest endowments. Higher ed scholars believe that the recent stratification is partially due to a divide between university haves and haves-nots.

The reader of the encyclopedia will gain valuable information comparing the institutions producing the most financial successful alumni relative to their endowment. The source is a legitimate source(BusinessInsider) which is frequently used by higher education publications such as higher Ed Today and the Chronicle of Higher Education.

Let me know what you all think, DMB112 (talk) 18:40, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * That's not within the parameters of this list. If you have reliable sources (WP:RS) on that, then put it in List of colleges and universities in the United States by number of millionaires and billionaires. --GrapedApe (talk) 14:47, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

University of Cincinnati
Over 1 billion as of November 2013. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.140.86.63 (talk) 08:03, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

2013
The new NECSE tables are out. I don't have time, but someone should add the 2013. Keep 2005. It's interesting to see the trend. EDIT: Never mind...I'll do it. DMB112 (talk) 14:53, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

Sort by Endowment?
Is this possible? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.69.232.127 (talk) 20:33, 4 October 2014 (UTC)

Sorting by enrollment is broken
On the second table, if you try to sort by enrollment, it sorts alphabetically, rather than numerically, so you get 1,000; 1,500; 1,980; 10,450; 15,000; 19,000; 2,000; etc. I know there's a template that can be added to numbers to they sort right, but not sure what and don't have time right now to track it down. Matchups 23:12, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

California State University system
I know this article only cites NACUBO, but the CSU system in California has a $1.4 billion endowment system-wide. Can we include that here? --Eustressmeister (talk) 15:43, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

Rutgers University
Rutgers reached 1 billion in December 2015. Itsnotmyfault1 (talk) 20:43, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

External Link for most recent year (2017)
It seems that the link for the most recent NACUBO endowment study is broken. That slippage may explain the wildly inaccurate figures cited for some schools for that year. Given the falsity of that column, it would be useful for someone to find a good source for NACUBO and to make the appropriate edits. I don't seem to be able to find a good citation or would do it myself rather than posting about it

PS: don't seem to be able to move my comment above the Rutgers footnote: apologies. I'll leave my post up for a day or so and then delete it to restore the note to its proper position.

Bluedudemi (talk) 19:23, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Can you view this link: https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2017-Endowment-Market-Values.ashx?la=en&hash=E71088CDC05C76FCA30072DA109F91BBC10B0290? I cross checked Harvard, Yale, and Rutgers and those numbers appear ok.--Smokefoot (talk) 19:30, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

help with sortability
Hi all, I cleaned up the (spammed) citations on the uni list and updated the dead links with working ones. After I changed this however, the "sort" function on the table has glitched somehow. I set the table to sortable but doesn't seem to work. May be an experienced wiki user can help to identify the issue and clear up sortability on that table. Thanks. GreaterPonce665 (talk) 05:11, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

2020 update
I updated the table for privates today. The references remain needful of checking. The data for publics will be inserted later. The table of $/student was old and the definition of a student was challenged. NACUBO provides these data, so I included them for the privates. On a related topic, it would be nice to have an article on state dollars allocated to higher ed. --Smokefoot (talk) 00:31, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Why in the world did you remove the public institutions from the "Endowments per enrollee?" And why did you remove the template in that section requesting clarification about the definition of "student" without addressing that (very significant) problem? ElKevbo (talk) 00:36, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * With respect to your question, the answers are that I am doing what seems useful to readers.
 * With regards to listing only privates for the student data: first of all the data are correct. Second, I am anticipating what readers want to see. Third, I have no idea what the state support is for the public schools.  For public schools, state support is virtually the equivalent to endowment.  So one can make public schools look pathetic by including an Indiana U next to Notre Dame, but that impression would be false, because IU gets tens of millions from the state of Indiana. So effectively, for all we know, IU has at least as many dollars per student as NDU.
 * Do you see what I am getting at? I will recheck in the AM, signing off for a while.--Smokefoot (talk) 00:44, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * On basis are you asserting that "all the data are correct?" You've removed the references from the table so there doesn't seem to be any basis to make that assertion (nor the ability for any other editor to verify the data or add to the table because no one else knows where the data came from).
 * On what basis are you asserting that "state support is virtually the equivalent to endowment?"
 * And why does it matter that "one can make public schools look pathetic" based on this ratio which is simple and accurate (assuming the underlying data are accurate)? It's not a comparison of all sources of funding, just endowments; trying to mix in state funding is off-topic. ElKevbo (talk) 00:52, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, you have me hooked for one more round.
 * 1)"On basis are you asserting that "all the data are correct?" You've removed the references from the table" The data are correct to the extent that NACUCO is correct. Hopefully we can agree those data are good. Go ahead and add the ref.  I just did not want to play with the formatting since no one prior to you ever paid any attention!
 * "On what basis are you asserting that "state support is virtually the equivalent to endowment?"" dollars are dollars.
 * ""And why does it matter that "one can make public schools look pathetic"" because I am concerned that we present accurate data (which we do) and (!) that we avoid deceiving readers into thinking those comparisons are meaningful. But maybe I am misguided (hence remove the table if you are convinced)  Part of my intention was to eventually document that private and public schools operate very differently.  Now I am signing off!  Thanks for your comments. --Smokefoot (talk) 01:03, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The comparison is meaningful. Public institutions build endowments and raise money just like private institutions do.  That wasn't the case a few decades ago but now the fundraising systems of public institutions are just as sophisticated as those of private institutions.  It's a completely reasonable comparison to the extent that endowments are meaningful for public institutions (they are meaningful, just not the final source of financial support like they are for many - but not all - private institutions).
 * NACUBO includes public institutions in its tables, including the one that makes this specific comparison, so clearly they - people who have significant expertise in this area - believe it's a worthwhile comparison. So I'm very wary of a Wikipedia editor asserting that the comparison cannot or should not be made when that editor cannot cite any evidence except for his or her own experience and opinion. ElKevbo (talk) 01:15, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

No historical data but ...
The historical data on endowments/institution were removed. That removal is ok with me. It was sorta interesting to see the year-on-year growth/decline in some cases. --Smokefoot (talk) 23:49, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I dont see the point in ranking the endowments.  The data are nuanced in many ways.  As you probably know, the whole ranking business is complicated and controversial.--Smokefoot (talk) 16:31, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
 * As rankings go, this seems quite straightforward: an institution has whatever endowment it has, no nuance or subjectivity to it. Yes, there's lots of things that affect how much an endowment of a given size translates to "wealth" (student body size being the biggest), but all we can do is contextualize the data as best we can. Sorting alphabetically tells the reader very little, whereas sorting by endowment size (which I think we should adopt; the rank column is a step toward that) allows the reader to easily see what the e.g. five biggest endowments are, something many will surely be wondering. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 16:50, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Well readers can do the ranking without help. The second reason for my repugnance for ranking is that now, as one of the caretakers of this article, I must deal with those envious editors vying for rank.

 * Re: "student body size being the biggest" is probably untrue. A bigger factor is how the components of the endowment are structured, e.g., for a

 * divinity school (Princeton, Chicago, Harvard,), where multi-billion $ endowments do nothing for non-divinity students.
 * Med schools, super expensive, but useless for 99% of students
 * the care of a coin collection because of some eccentric donor's request (Princeton).--Smokefoot (talk) 17:26, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

Updating endowments per student data
I realized that NACUBO also seems to publish endowment per student data; see https://www.nacubo.org/Research/2020/Public-NTSE-Tables (see "Table: U.S. and Canadian 2020 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value, Percentage Change in Market Value from FY19 to FY20, and FY20 Endowment Market Values Per Full-time Equivalent Student (Excel)"). It's not quite as user-friendly as College Raptor, but it's more up-to-date and a more direct source, so we should probably switch to it. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:39, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The main problem with per student data is that such analyses give undue weight to boutique institutions and tiny schools. So we risk emphasizing institutions that barely qualify as universities.--Smokefoot (talk) 13:45, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I have to disagree with that—for many readers here, the salient question is "which colleges can lavish the most resources on their students"? A giant institution that doesn't rank very highly on a per-capita basis isn't likely to be seen as truly wealthy; being "boutique" is the point. Just since one has never heard of e.g. Soka doesn't mean it doesn't count as a college. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 14:35, 30 June 2021 (UTC),
 * well there are probably smaller institutions with even fainter scholar imprint, if that is possible, than SOKA. So let me look around. Probably some ultra-religious entity.--Smokefoot (talk) 19:30, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I fail to see the relevance of your concerns, Smokefoot. Can you please explain them differently or provide some specific examples? Why exactly is publishing information about endowment per student "emphasizing institutions that barely qualify as universities" [emphasis added]? What exactly is your concern? ElKevbo (talk) 20:21, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * When I downloaded and sorted the NACUBO data, there were a few institutions that showed up in the top 10 that weren't on the College Raptor list. They are Rockefeller University (graduate-only), Princeton Theological Seminary (which is separate from Princeton University), and Principia College (Christian Science liberal arts college; its absence was probably hardest to explain on the Raptor list). Beyond those, it's the usual suspects of Ivies and top liberal arts colleges. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 20:24, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Try to find History, English, Physics, Chemistry depts at Soka. They might call themselves a university.... Just sayin' --Smokefoot (talk) 23:11, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * We're not going to make or avoid making any edits simply because you personally disagree or don't like something. Please review WP:NPOV. ElKevbo (talk) 00:21, 1 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Of course we arent going to make decisions based on the comments/views of a single editor. But individual editors are welcome to express views and encourage analysis.  The question that I am probing is how does one define a "university"?  Some crackpot gives a billion dollars to create an operation that offers instruction in ultra-specialized topics, then declares that they are an-amazing-institution-that-deserves-respect on par with those that actually teach flim-flam topics like history and physics. How lame. Like I said, there no doubt are institutions that do even less than SOKA, and should be considered in this aanalysis. --Smokefoot (talk) 01:37, 1 July 2021 (UTC)
 * We determine what is a college or university the same way we do everything else: we rely on reliable sources. In this instance, we can rely on NACUBO. If we were answering that question in other contexts, in the U.S. we could look to the U.S. Department of Education and recognized accreditors to determine if an institution is a legitimate college or university. If we need to classify an institution, we look to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. ElKevbo (talk) 03:19, 1 July 2021 (UTC)
 * "We determine what is a college or university the same way we do everything else..." THAT is the question. Wikipedia is not bound to do anything "the same way we do everything else..." For example, in my editing world of chemistry, we often do not accept international naming conventions. You see: we have discussions, reach consensus, and then act.  And often we revise our decisions.  We are autonomous and thinking. In any case, thank you for indulging me, despite my nonparticipation in groupthink. Go ahead, SOKA should be compared with the University of Chicago.--Smokefoot (talk) 11:44, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

Done
I'm fed up with having to revert IPs trying to make updates to individual institutions who don't see or don't heed the editnotice. It'd really be nice if the WMF would take up Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Mobile_and_apps/Mobile_editnotices (aka T201595). {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 21:24, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Next NACUBO report
News reports suggest that 2020 witnessed dramatic changes in university endowments, several ranging from 30-50+%. It is likely that readers will be keenly interested in not just the new numbers but the previous (2019) values. This idea is not actionable until February or March, 2022, when the next NACUBO report appears.--Smokefoot (talk) 20:25, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

Order
I am respectfully asking to please stop randomly re-ordering items in the table. Whether or not a table is sortable, information should not be sorted randomly by default. Filetime (talk) 00:31, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Global list?
It would be very helpful, especially in providing reference for various pages, if there was a global ranking of colleges and universities by endowment size. A long-standing statement on the University of Cambridge page that it is "among the wealthiest in the world" is clearly true but in question; in supporting it, however, we are forced to convert currencies and make sure affiliated colleges are included in that number. I'll do that work for this particular page and will even help, best I can, in working with anyone interested in developing the global list. But a global list would be a very helpful page in many ways; we should develop it. HarvardStuff (talk) 21:37, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that a global list would be useful or at least would be of great interest to readers. We have this Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size but it appears to be dated and incomplete.

 * The US and Canadian data are reported annually by NACUBO, which is accepted as an objective source. Self-reported data from North American universities are probably not reliable.  We are constantly battling folks entering data for their fav institutions as reported by those institutional foundations.  Another beauty of the NACUBO data: it comes out once each year.   I do not know about sources for endowment data from other countries except the institutions themselves, which again are not necessarily reliable.  My guess is that Oxbridge etc would be dwarfed by top US endowments.

 * You can see that the page has endowment per student. (of course one could debate the definition of a "student").  Some time ago, I changed it to only list institutions with ≥1000 students otherwise weird institutions top the list.

 * There are many other kinds of info that could be of interest.

 * I would be interested in seeing endowments for an institution corrected for the funds dedicated specifically to athletics and for med schools. One suspects that big chunks of Harvard, Yale, etc funds are dedicated to highly specialized functions like divinity schools.
 * It would be interesting to see state funding for public (and some private!) institutions. State funding is equivalent to endowment income in some ways.--Smokefoot (talk) 22:58, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

Brigham Young University
Large endowment but not on the >$1 billion list. See https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d10/tables/dt10_372.asp 2600:4040:278E:A400:EDB3:2CB1:94E:56D1 (talk) 21:11, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The article has a NACUBO data-only policy, and BYU isn't included in the FY2022 NACUBO report. Redraiderengineer (talk) 00:57, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * the policy should be revisited. Jjazz76 (talk) 05:57, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

Revisiting the NACUBO-only policy
I can’t see any good reason to continue to privilege self-reported data from one association of institutions. Most edits I see on this page are a fly-swatting edit-war of removing non-NACUBO schools whose data is just as reliable as those who have merely chosen to associate together. So long as data reasonably reliable, and is of the same type, other schools should be added.

Aside from making our job much easier, are there other compelling reasons to privilege the NACUBO data? — HTGS (talk) 02:33, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Beginning over a decade ago, the Why only NACUBO figures for the table? section covers the evolution of this discussion featuring active editors such as and.
 * While initially questioning this consensus, I ultimately agreed it was likely the best available source in a discussion with . Here is a quick summary of those reasons from my point of view.
 * The NACUBO study uses self-reported data, but the report provides a uniform approach for calculating endowment data across institutions for the same one-year period. A uniform approach offers comparability between institutions in the list (and year-to-year) instead of a potentially indiscriminate list of financial data. It is also helpful to readers who may not be well-versed in higher education endowments.
 * The study is a secondary source and thus generally preferred over a primary source (i.e., an institution's financial report).
 * The study provides a (minor) check on boosterism.
 * Redraiderengineer (talk) 01:41, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Perhaps my views have changed over time but I'm not sure that the current practice of relying on this one source serves us and our readers well. At a minimum, if we stick with this practice then the article needs to be retitled so it's clear to readers. More importantly, I'm not sure about the ethics and legality of us just reproducing a significant portion of another document. Facts can't be copyrighted so this may not be a legal issue but it's certainly questionable whether an encyclopedia should just be reproducing a portion of a table in another source and adding very little context. ElKevbo (talk) 02:11, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @ElKevbo, you might like to check out Copyright in lists for a little insight into how we think about lists being copyrighted. Essentially, so long as the data and the list is compiled objectively—as it is here—we’re fine. — HTGS (talk) 02:27, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks; I left out a critical word in my response about the likely legality of this list. Apologies for any confusion! ElKevbo (talk) 03:04, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Can we get deeper into why the data sets aren’t compatible? Is there a difference in how U Chicago evaluates its numbers from how the NACUBO schools do? I think that would help me a lot, because the distinction between primary and secondary sources feels pretty irrelevant here, and I think a lot of people could take it that one is more independent or more reliable. — HTGS (talk) 02:24, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi I am one of the defenders of using only NACUBO. We dont use it because their data are easy. Instead, the two main justifications for using NACUBO are:
 * (i) those data are more objective because they are issued once a year (vs diverse editors updating) and NACUBO seems to be a third party that would avoid bias. One could say, "more objective than what?" My response is that we do not have alternative comprehensive lists.  Lord knows, this article would be viewed as less reliable if we ad hoc'd it.
 * (ii) use of NACUBO data helps us avoid WP:BOOSTERISM, which is a persistent problem, usually by fly-by editors who want their favorite institution to look good. On that topic, administrators of those institutions also can be expected to be biased.
 * Overall, the listing is highly consulted almost for the very reason that it irks some of us. It's like democracy, an imperfect system, but the best we have. IMHO.--Smokefoot (talk) 04:18, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I’m not sure boosterism makes a lot of sense here. This page already “boosts” every institute listed by NACUBO, so why shouldn’t (eg) Chicago be “boosted” equally? In fact, to flip your point, administrators of those already listed institutions might have an interest in preventing non-NACUBO institutes from being added. I also don’t think we can really suggest that the data from non-NACUBO schools is unreliable or non-objective. As has been pointed out, they all get audits from reputable firms (Chicago uses KPMG for example).
 * At this point, the reader is misled by our avoiding schools that should be ranked in higher slots. Rice, Brown, NYU, USC etc should all be below Chicago, but because of our peculiar preference for citing a single one list above all other data, we don’t paint the full picture. Readers don’t care about data from NACUBO being better than data from other schools, they only want the information. — HTGS (talk) 03:05, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh, its about UChicago which for some reason did not participate in the NACUBO. Good point.  But let's not break a pretty good system for one flaw, instead lets address the flaw and put in an adhoc update on UChicago (and others) with an explanatory footnote.--Smokefoot (talk) 03:33, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I mean, honestly I just used Chicago as the most prominent example—it’s certainly the one that IPs try to add the most. It feels kind of absurd to break out that one school though, doesn’t it? Shouldn’t we just permit all schools that have equally strong sourcing to UChicago? — HTGS (talk) 01:04, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * What policy allows us to purposefully and repeatedly exclude the many other reliable sources that also publish this information? (Other than WP:IAR, of course.) ElKevbo (talk) 03:53, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ..and when did you stop beating your wife? --Smokefoot (talk) 16:49, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Are you going to try to answer the question or just make further comments that very clearly assume bad faith? ElKevbo (talk) 01:06, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I really don’t think that’s a helpful response, @Smokefoot. We want to follow policy wherever possible, and we should be able to back up exclusions with policy and guideline rationale. — HTGS (talk) 01:08, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, I have assiduously responded to many queries over years in support this friggin page and then I  get accused of "purposefully and repeatedly exclude the many other reliable sources.." ...  I do not know of "many other reliable sources".  Or any.  NACUBO is a single source of information by a group that we AGF.  As mentioned above, their data comes out once each year, which minimizes ad hoc additions and minimizes WP:BOOSTERISM.  If there is another single source, let's assess it.  If one looks at Wiki articles on demographics or economics, these data-driven articles always rely on collective sources (CIA, World Bank, IMF,...).  Sometimes they list two data sources (see List of countries by total fertility rate), which we could do also. My main plea is that we seek consensus on one or more single sources for almost all the data, and then fill in occasional gaps as in the case of Univ Chicago.--Smokefoot (talk) 02:07, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

For the record, the other schools I have seen added by IPs are SUNY, Liberty University,  College of the Holy Cross, University of Cincinnati and Brigham Young University. There may be others that would make the list, but I doubt there are many more. — HTGS (talk) 06:32, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Private schools

The data on the right column are from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_333.90.asp. "Endowment funds of the 120 degree-granting postsecondary institutions with the largest endowments, by rank order: Fiscal year 2021" The idea here is to show other data for those that doubt NACUBO. The risk of overwhelming readers and inviting even more meddling. The data for public schools deviate more strongly from NACUBO. We could even limit both tables to a combined 120 institutions, as set by the U.S. Dept. of Ed.--Smokefoot (talk) 00:22, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

--Smokefoot (talk) 23:26, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

Hi–Amherst College is not listed in the "Endowments per student greater than $1 million dollars, probably because the cell in the NCSE Endowment Market values is blank for that category. Amherst is still definitely in the Williams-Pomona range. What should be done about this? Kwafsdnva (talk) 03:18, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Endowment per student
See the discussion at Talk:Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size. Its very deceptive.--Smokefoot (talk) 19:24, 3 April 2024 (UTC)


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Ngan'gi language

Ngan'gi, formerly known as Ngan'gityemerri, and also known as Ngan'gikurunggurr, Moil/Moyle, Tyemeri/Tyemerri, Marityemeri, and Nordaniman, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Daly River region of Australiaʼs Northern Territory. There are three mutually intelligible dialects, with the two sister dialects known as Ngen'giwumirri and Ngan'gimerri.

Classification and alternative names and spellings
The first major study of Ngan'gi was Darrell Tryon's 1974 work, a broad discussion of Ngan'gi as one of a dozen or so "Daly Family languages". Tryon viewed Ngan'gikurunggurr and Ngen'giwumirri as two languages of the "Tyemeri subgroup" of the Daly family. The Daly Family was described as covering the area from the Daly River southwards to the Fitzmaurice River, comprising nine languages and fifteen dialects. Ngen'giwumirri was viewed as a dialect of Ngan'gikurunggurr, with which it shares approximately 84% of cognates, with the two forming the Tyemirri group of languages.

Ngangityemerri was a name used by linguists for the languages consisting of Ngan'gikurunggurr and Ngan'giwumirri now known as Ngan'gi.

Today Ngen'giwumirri and Ngan'gimerri (spoken by the Ngan'gimerri people) are seen as sister dialects, which are 90% cognate but distinct languages socio-linguistically (Reid & McTaggart, 2008). Ngan’gityemerri used to be used as a cover term for all three varieties, but more recently the term Ngan’gi has been adopted as standard practice. The group of languages is classified with Murrinh-Patha as a Southern Daly family, a position not without problems; see Southern Daly languages for details.

Other names for the language include Moil, Tyemeri (Tyemerri ), Marityemeri, Nordaniman. Moil/Moyle is a geographical term referring to the Moyle River.

The varieties of this language have been spelt differently in different sources, including Ngangikurrunggurr, Ngangikurongor, Ngangikarangurr, Ngangikurrungur, Tyemeri, Marityemeri [Tryon 1974]; Marri Sjemirri' (used by Marrithiyel speakers for Ngan'gikurunggurr, Moiil, Moil, Moyle, Moyl [Reid 1990]; Ngan'gikurunggurr, Ngankikurungkurr, Nangikurungguru, Nangikurungurr, Ngangikurrunggurr, Nangikurunurr,Tyemeri, Nangityemeri [Top End Handbook]; and Ngankikurungkurr [Hoddinott and Kofod 1988].

Sometimes it is referred to by the names it is called by neighbouring languages, such as Marityemeri, Marri Sjemirri and Murrinh Tyemerri.

Speakers
Ngan'gi is spoken by about 150–200 people in the region around the Daly River, most of them living in the communities of Nauiyu (Daly River Mission), Peppimenarti, and Wudigapildhiyerr) and in a number of smaller outstations on traditional lands (such as Nganambala and Merrepen). Official census data, however, states only 26 at home speakers.

The Ngen'giwumirri dialect has around 30 speakers, but Ngan'gimerri is no longer spoken.

Grammatical features
Ngan'gi is a non-Pama-Nyungan language with strong head-marking properties. It has 31 finite verbs, which combine with a large class of coverbs to form morphologically complex verb words with the type of information requiring a sentence to convey in English (including information about the subject, the object and other participants). Ngan'gi also has a system of 16 noun classes (including bound prefixes and free words), which exhibit agreement properties on modifying words.

Phonology
Ngan'gi has sound features which are unusual by Australian standards, including a three-way obstruent contrast; it has two series of stops, as well as phonemic fricatives.

Vowels
In Ngan'gityemerri /a/ is a phonological back vowel rather than front or central vowel.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ngan'gi language


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User:Aegistron

"Then one thing, from the right side of the screen. Came a man. A man, with a plastic rectangle." -Strong Bad

title: User:Aegistron


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Talk:Language game (philosophy)

HTML comment
Could someone please take that HTML comment out? I don't know how to hide content, and don't want to delete the author's structure.

 * Which HTML comment? Stumps 11:34, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

The concept needs a header
That list under "The concept ..." seems like it needs a header, but I don't feel quite qualified to write one...

What is " PI 2"? (mentioned in Description section)
What is " PI 2"? It is mentioned in the Description section of this article: "...The term 'language game' is used to refer to: Fictional examples of language use that are simpler than our own everyday language. (e.g. PI 2)..."

I have searched, but get many spurious hits on a computer named Raspberry PI2, and a File Extension called ".PI2".

If the answer is already in Wikipedia, recommend adding a link.

68.35.173.107 (talk) 21:55, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It's one of Ludwig Wittgenstein's 'Philosophical Investigations'. PI7 is wikilinked, but maybe it would be better to link every PI to the page... Air (talk) 18:56, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

run-on sentence
"Because Lyotard's discussion is primarily applied in the contexts of authority, power and legitimation, where Wittgenstein's is broad, and concerned to mark distinctions between a wide range of activities in which language users engage, we can deduce that Lyotard uses the "language-gaminess" which Wittgenstein points out, to direct his own analysis and attention to the ways in which certain language-games, when in service to ideals, tend to form ideas about the world in their navigation, and that the larger language-gameplay whereby these certain smaller language-games are more likely to play out in certain conglomerations that reinforce and comment upon, the "opinion" side of relationships between propositions about the world, at the risk of denying important contrary or non-similar "judgments" if they clash with typical game-play."

Needs to be broken up and made understandable to lay readers. Jonathan Tweet (talk) 17:51, 25 June 2018 (UTC)
 * OR-alert: "Because Lyotard's discussion is [impenetrable gobbledygook], we can deduce that Lyotard uses X in order to Y [more gobbledygook]." Wikipedia editors don't deduce, we summarize (not the case here) what reliable sources say (none are in evidence), through the use of citations (there aren't any).  Ergo, I've blanked the section as unsourced original research.

 * Much of the rest of the article deserves closer scrutiny. Per Wikipedia's policy on Verifiability, unsourced material may be challenged and removed.  The burden of proof is on the person who wishes to add material.  Editors should not hesitate to remove unsourced content. (Please use a detailed edit summary to say what you are doing and why, and link to this TP section, or raise another.) Mathglot (talk) 07:23, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Hi
Arabia 2601:40A:4200:4AC0:8DBC:6761:633E:74F1 (talk) 00:04, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Language game (philosophy)


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User:BiT

I do things.

title: User:BiT


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Marie Vassiltchikov

Princess Marie Illarionovna Vassiltchikov (Мария Илларионовна Васильчикова; 11 January 1917 – 12 August 1978) was a Russian princess who wrote Berlin Diaries, 1940-1945, which described the effects of the bombing of Berlin and events leading to the attempted assassination of Adolf Hitler in the 20 July Plot.

Early life
Princess Marie ("Missie") Vassiltchikov was born in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire on 11 January 1917. She was the fourth child of a member of the Fourth Duma, Prince Hilarion Vassiltchikov (1881–1969) and his wife, the former Princess Lidiya Vyazemskaya (1886–1946). Her family fled Russia in 1919, following the Bolshevik October Revolution by joining members of the Romanov family evacuated by the British fleet.

Marie Vassiltchikov lived as a refugee, initially in the French Third Republic, then Weimar Republic Germany, and then Lithuania until just before the start of World War II.

World War II
In 1940, Vassiltchikov and her sister, Princess Tatiana Vassiltchikova (Tatiana von Metternich-Winneburg) (1915–2006), traveled to Berlin where, as stateless persons, they were able to obtain work permits. After brief employment with the Broadcasting Service, Vassiltchikov transferred to the Auswärtiges Amt (AA), the German Foreign Ministry's Information Office, where she worked as the assistant to Dr. Adam von Trott zu Solz, a key member of the anti-Nazi resistance, a former Rhodes scholar, and a descendant of American founding father, John Jay.

Vassiltchikov, an avid diarist who lived in borrowed apartments, kept an account of her life that she hid at her workplace, and attended events at aristocratic locales. This included a royal wedding at Schloss Neuschwanstein, and repeated visits to Schloss Johannisberg (Rheingau) and Schloss Königswart (now Kynžvart Castle in the Czech Republic).

20 July Plot
Vassiltchikov's workplace, the A.A., was a gathering place for civilian members of the anti-Nazi resisters, including Adam von Trott zu Solz, who was a member of the Kreisau Circle, the leaders of the 20 July Plot to kill Adolf Hitler. They had to hide their activities from Nazi SS General, Franz Six, von Trott zu Solz's A.A.'s Reich Security Office contact, a convicted Nuremberg trial war criminal responsible for crimes against humanity as one of the leaders of Einsatzgruppen B's Vorkommando Moskau active in Smolensk.

Vassiltchikov described Six in her diary as an evil presence who carried a whip with a German shepherd at his side, and said that von Trott zu Solz made a point to meet with Six alone so that others would not have to deal with him. Not thought to be actively involved in the plot, Vassiltchikov alluded to repeated conversations with von Trott zu Solz about it in her diary, recorded her life in the plotters' circle in shorthand, and changed the diary's hiding locations.

Following the failed attempt to kill Hitler, Vassiltchikov and Princess Elenore (Loremarie) von Schönburg went to Gestapo headquarters to plead for the life of von Trott zu Solz and others, and to bring food and packages until they were warned by a guard not to return.

Bombing of Berlin
Vassiltchikov's diaries detail the bombing of Berlin, the bombing of the Berlin Zoo, and the chaotic daily life of what remained of Berlin's cosmopolitan pre-war nobility and intelligentsia.

Austria
After von Trott zu Solz and others were executed in 1944, Vassiltchikov fled Berlin and traveled to Vienna, where she worked as a nurse. Her diary describes her time there as a descent from privilege to near-death, when, at the end of the war, she was found digging for food outside of a concentration camp by the United States Third Army under George S. Patton outside Gmunden, Austria, on 4 May 1945.

Post-war
Vassiltchikov contracted scarlet fever and was transported to a hospital unit, after which she worked as an interpreter for US Army where she met her future husband who worked in military intelligence.

Vassiltchikov married U.S. Army Captain Peter Harnden (born in London on 9 April 1913) on 28 January 1946. They settled in Paris, where Harnden opened an architectural firm. After Harnden died in Cadaqués on 15 October 1971, Vassiltchikov moved to London where she worked on her wartime diaries.

Vassiltchikov died in London of leukemia on 12 August 1978, after which, her brother, George Vassiltchikov, edited her diaries.

Vassiltchikov was survived by her four children: Marina Harnden, 15 September 1948, Anthony Harnden, born in Paris 13 February 1951, died in Cadaqués 4 January 1999; Michael Harnden, 10 October 1954; Alexandra Harnden, 18 March 1956,; her brother, Prince Yuri "Georgie" Vassiltchikov; and her sister, Princess Tatiana von Metternich-Winneburg, who was married to Paul Alfons von Metternich-Winneburg, a descendant of Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, wrote two books about her wartime experiences, and worked with the International Red Cross.

Vassiltchikov's diaries were published by Chatto and Windus, Ltd, in the UK, in 1985, by Random House in 1987, and Vintage Books in 1988.

title: Marie Vassiltchikov


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User talk:Aegistron

moi kaikki! erm...hey ~PR sup

$$1+1=2 jee!$$

title: User talk:Aegistron


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Legorreta

Legorreta  is a town and municipality located in the Goierri region of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Legorreta


text: User talk:68.210.198.125

title: User talk:68.210.198.125


text: User talk:82.56.183.106

title: User talk:82.56.183.106


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Pentapolis

A pentapolis (from Greek πεντα- penta-, 'five' and πόλις polis, 'city') is a geographic and/or institutional grouping of five cities. Cities in the ancient world probably formed such groups for political, commercial and military reasons, as happened later with the Cinque Ports in England.

Significant historical cases

 * The Philistine Pentapolis: Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath, all combined to make Philistia.
 * In the biblical Holy Land, describes the region where five cities—Sodom, Gomorrah, Zoara, Admah and Zeboim—united to resist the invasion of Chedorlaomer, and of which four were shortly after destroyed.
 * The Doric—or Dorian Pentapolis: Kos, on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea; Knidos, in Caria on the west coast of Asia Minor; Lindus, Ialysus and Camirus, all three on Rhodes.
 * The Phrygian Pentapolis: Eukarpia, Hierapolis, Otrus, Bruzus, and Stectorium.
 * The Pontic Pentapolis: Apollonia, Callatis, Mesembria, Odessos, and Tomis, all on the Black Sea.
 * The Western Pentapolis of Cyrenaica: five main Greek colonies that came to be in the Roman province of Libya Superior, the western part of Cyrenaica until Diocletian's Tetrarchy reform in AD 296 (now Libya). The most important was Cyrene and its port Apollonia, Ptolemais (the next capital after Cyrene's destruction by an earthquake), port of Barca (the later Arab provincial capital Barka), Teucheira (modern Tocra) and Berenice (modern Benghazi); also known as the Pentapolis inferior ("lower pentapolis"'). This is the Pentapolis that is referenced in the official title of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
 * In Italy there were:
 * an early pentapolis including: Ravenna, Forlì, Forlimpopoli, Classe, Caesarea.
 * a later, medieval Duchy of the Pentapolis on the Adriatic coast east of Tuscany and north of the duchy of Spoleto, including the port cities (North to South) of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Sinigaglia and Ancona. It was part of the core of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. Later, after the fall of the Exarchate, it was transformed into the March of Ancona
 * The Cinque Ports in England—the five being Hastings, New Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich.

Italy

 * The Cinque Terre are five rustic coastal towns in Liguria that are now organized into the Cinque Terre National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

India

 * The National Capital Region (NCR) consists of five cities, namely, Delhi, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Noida and Faridabad.

United States

 * The Five Towns, on the southwestern shore of New York's Long Island region, is a group of towns comprising the villages of Lawrence and Cedarhurst, the hamlets of Woodmere and Inwood, and "The Hewletts", which consist of the villages of Hewlett Bay Park, Hewlett Harbor and Hewlett Neck and the hamlet of Hewlett.
 * The Five Boroughs of New York City, which were separately governed city-counties until the 1874 and 1898 annexations.
 * The Quad Cities of Iowa and Illinois (so named before the fifth city, Bettendorf, Iowa, grew in the mid-20th century) that share cultural institutions and infrastructure.
 * Locally known as "The Five Cities" in San Luis Obispo County, California are Arroyo Grande, Pismo Beach, Shell Beach, Grover Beach, and Oceano.

Algeria

 * There are five qsur "walled villages" (ksour) located on rocky outcrops along the Oued Mzab collectively known as the Pentapolis, founded between 1012 and 1350. They are: Ghardaïa (Tagherdayt), the principal settlement today; Beni Isguen (At Isjen); Melika (At Mlishet); Bounoura (At Bunur); and El Atteuf (Tajnint), the oldest of the five settlements. Adding the more recent settlements of Bérianne and El Guerrara, the Mzab Heptapolis is completed.

title: Pentapolis


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Earth Changes

The phrase "Earth Changes" was coined by the American psychic Edgar Cayce (1877–1945) to refer to the belief that the world would soon enter on a series of cataclysmic events causing major alterations in human life on the planet.

This includes "natural events" (such as major earthquakes, the melting of the polar ice caps, a pole shift of the planetary axis, major weather events, solar flares and so on ) as well as huge changes of the local and global social, economical and political systems.

Cayce
Cayce himself also made many prophecies of cataclysmic events involving the whole planet. He claimed the polar axis would shift and that many areas that are now land would again become ocean floor, and that Atlantis would rise from the sea. In more recent times, self-proclaimed psychic Gordon-Michael Scallion has issued a variety of prophecies centering on the concept of "Earth Changes" and publishes a monthly newsletter, The Earth Changes Report.

New Age
Cayce's term has been taken up in certain segments of the New Age movement, often associated with other predictions by people claiming to have psychic abilities. These beliefs have occasionally been associated with Christian millennialism and beliefs about UFOs. Some New Age adherents believe that Earth changes will preface a "Golden Age" of spirituality and world peace.

I Am America
In the late 1980s, Lori Toye published the I Am America Map, based on several visions that she claimed to have beginning in 1983. The I Am America Map sold over 40,000 copies, and was followed by subsequent maps: Freedom Star World map, Golden Cities map, and an Earth Changes Progression series of maps. These maps represented the earth's future geography after climatic earth changes.

Reception and interpretation
Prophecies of Earth changes have been described as a form of pseudoscience, in which terminology and ideas borrowed from science are used to rationalize non-scriptural apocalyptical thought based on visionary experiences. David Spangler, a leader of the Findhorn Foundation spiritual community, described prophecies of Earth changes as an expression of collective fear and anger, rather than as foretelling of actual future events.

title: Earth Changes


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Gangnam station

Gangnam is a station on Line 2 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. The station is located within the Greater Gangnam Area between the Gangnam and Seocho Districts of Seoul, South Korea. The station is the busiest station on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, serving over 70,000 daily passengers on average.

This station serves as a crucial transfer point between Line 2 and buses to all over Seoul and southern Gyeonggi Province. It became the northern terminus of the Shinbundang Line on October 29, 2011 until May 28, 2022 when it was extended north to Sinsa, whereas the southern terminus being at Gwanggyo.

Both stations have two tracks and two side platforms.

History

 * December 9, 1982 - The station name was decided to be 'Gangnam Station'.
 * December 23, 1982 - Line 2 station completed.
 * October 29, 2011 - Shinbundang Line station completed.

The station
The area surrounding the station is an important commercial and entertainment district. The station is located at the western end of Teheranno, home to many corporate headquarters and impressive towers, while the area immediately to the north of the station is densely packed with bars, restaurants and clubs. There are also many shops in the subway station below ground. In 2007, the area was the 10th most expensive shopping street in the world with an average rent of US$431 per square foot.

The section of Gangnam Boulevard from exit No.2 of this station to exit No.5 of Sinnonhyeon Station of Line 9 is designated as a smoke-free zone by the Gangnam District office.

Line 2 runs on the right hand track, whereas the Shinbundang Line runs on the left hand track; this is because the Shinbundang Line is a national railway line (which typically runs on the left), while Line 2 is a subway line (which typically runs on the right in Seoul). This can be confusing to tourists making a transfer here, as many tourists are accustomed to riding on either the left-hand track or the right-hand track.

Passenger load
In 2007, it was the busiest subway station in the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system, with approximately 123,000 daily passengers using it on average.

In a survey conducted in 2011 by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs on 92 Administrative divisions across the country, it reported that Gangnam Station had a daily average of 110,129 people boarding and 114,338 people alighting the subway. Making this the busiest public transit stop, with more than 100,000 people every day.

Vicinity

 * Exit 1: KIPO Seoul Office, Yeoksam Tax Office
 * Exit 8: Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters)
 * Exit 10 : Seoul Seocho Elementary School
 * Exit 12 : Yeoksam Post Office, National Library for Children and Young Adults

The headquarters of South Korean skincare and cosmetics manufacturer Skin Food is in the DaeRyung Scecho Tower in Seocho-dong, Seocho-gu nearby to this station.

title: Gangnam station


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William Donald Ross

William Donald Ross (June 20, 1869 – June 25, 1947), was a financier, banker and the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario.

Born in 1869 in Bras d'Or, Nova Scotia, Ross went to work for the Bank of Nova Scotia emptying wastebaskets at the age of 14. The family farm had failed and Ross left school in order to earn money. He rose through the ranks, becoming manager of branches in Stellarton and New Glasgow before becoming manager of the Charlottetown branch at the age of 24.

In 1901, he joined the Ministry of Finance in Ottawa before becoming general manager of the Metropolitan Bank of Toronto and moving to Toronto with his wife and children. In his new city, Ross helped find the funds to found Branksome Hall, a new private school for girls, operated by his cousin. In 1914, the Metropolitan Bank was acquired by the Bank of Nova Scotia, where Ross would ultimately become vice-president and sit on the board of directors.

Ross's first wife, Susan Archibald McGregor, died in 1909. Her father would become Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. They had three children: Donald, Isabel and Susan. He later married Isabel MacKay and they had two children: Jean and John.

A supporter of and fundraiser for the Liberal Party of Canada, Ross was appointed as Lieutenant Governor of Ontario by Governor General Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon, on the advice of William Lyon Mackenzie King, in 1926. He asked to be relieved from office in 1931 due to the onset of the Great Depression as his income from private investments declined and he was no longer sufficient to supplement the $10,000 annual salary he received in his vice-regal role.

In 1937, Ross became co-owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team. His son Donald became club president.

He died in Toronto in 1947.

title: William Donald Ross


text:
Sinigaglia

Sinigaglia is an alternative spelling of Senigallia, a comune and port town in Italy. It is also an Italian surname that may refer to
 * Davide Sinigaglia (born 1981), Italian association football player
 * Giuseppe Sinigaglia (1884–1916), Italian rower
 * Stadio Giuseppe Sinigaglia in Italy named after Giuseppe Sinigaglia
 * Leone Sinigaglia (1868–1944), Italian composer and mountaineer
 * Lucrezia Sinigaglia (born 1990), Italian sabre fencer
 * Marco Sinigaglia (born 1968), Italian former football midfielder
 * María Alicia Sinigaglia (born 1964), Argentinian fencer
 * Oscar Sinigaglia, Italian engineer and industrialist
 * Riccardo Sinigaglia (born 1953), Italian architect and musician

title: Sinigaglia


text:
Talk:Barham Salih

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Tribe.
Which tribe is he from? --Yomal Sidoroff-Biarmskii (talk) 07:17, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

9th President
Someone please explain to me why is he the 9th President and not the 8th? Broosk (talk) 18:58, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Please also have a look on Talk:List of Presidents of Iraq --Broosk (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:41, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Vice Presidents
Why are the 3 vice presidents not shown in the infobox? GoodDay (talk) 03:01, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barham Salih


text:
Akron Township, Peoria County, Illinois

Akron Township is located in Peoria County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,025 and it contained 408 housing units. The village of Princeville is partially located in Akron Township along its western border.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.48 sqmi, of which 36.37 sqmi (or 99.70%) is land and 0.11 sqmi (or 0.30%) is water.

title: Akron Township, Peoria County, Illinois


text:
Winged cat

The winged cat – a feline with wings like a bird, bat or other flying creature – is a theme in artwork and legend going back to prehistory, especially mythological depictions of big cats with eagle wings in Eurasia and North Africa. Belief in domestic cats with wings persists to the present day as an urban legend.

Sightings of cats with supposed wings are easily explained by medical conditions that can result in matted hair, loose skin, or supernumerary limbs on or near the shoulders, that flap about in a wing-like manner as the cat runs.

Big cats in mythology
Pantherines with wings, especially winged lions, are a common theme in ancient religious and mythological art of the Sumerians and other Mesopotamians, Akkadians, Persians, and Scythians, and other peoples with whom they came into contact and shared ideas in the Middle East, Near East, and Europe. These sometimes also feature a winged cat's body with a bird's head (e.g., the gryphon) or human face (e.g. the lamassu and sphinx). It is hardly a unique, biologically impossible, artistic conceit in works of Classical Antiquity; Greco-Roman, Egyptian, and other works also often depicted winged horses (Pterippus) such as Pegasus, animal-headed human figures (the Minotaur, and many Egyptian deities like the cat-headed Bastet and Sekhmet), half-human and half-horse figures (the centaur), and other mythological part-cat beasts, such as the Chimera. Art of this sort featuring felids dates back to the Upper Paleolithic era, to 40,000 BCE, though it is uncertain when winged felines in particular were first represented.

Aq Bars is a legendary winged snow leopard, a symbol of ancient Turkic and Bulgar origin, and going back to an uncertain period in pre-literate history. Emblematic use of snow leopards with wings continues in the modern coat of arms of Tatarstan, Russian Federation; Samarqand, Uzbekistan; and Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.

Such fanciful creatures appear twice in the context of the Judeo-Christian bible. In the Book of Daniel of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament, the first beast in the vision of the beasts from the sea (chapter 7, dating to around the 2nd century BC) resembled a winged lion. The (probably unrelated) Lion of Saint Mark is the winged heraldic symbol of Mark the Evangelist of the New Testament (1st century AD), and features prominently in Christian art from the early church to the present day. In later, medieval Christianity, both cats (of the domestic sort) and bats were associated with the Devil, and demons were sometimes depicted as bat-winged cats. For example, an Athanasius Kircher engraving from 1667 depicted a demonic creature with a cat's head, bat's wings and human torso.

Medical explanations
There are three different causes of wing-like appendages. The most common is long-haired cats having matted fur that can form if it is not properly groomed. Less commonly, mats can occur in shorthaired cats if molted fur adheres to growing fur. When the cat runs, the mats flap up and down and give the impression of wings. These can be very uncomfortable for the cat and can harbour dirt, feces and parasites. Extensive mats must be shaved or clipped by a veterinarian. This explanation is ultimately untenable as the sole solution to the winged cat phenomenon, for several reasons. Many notable examples of winged cats feature shorthaired specimens. The occurrence of mats in longhaired cats is easily recognisable by experienced cat owners and breeders, but not recognisable to novices. Matted fur is not considered notable and rarely reported, except by those unfamiliar with the condition. Although mats can occur all over a longhaired cat's body, to novice eyes, they are most noticeable on the flanks when the cat is in motion.

The second explanation of reports of winged cats is a skin condition called feline cutaneous asthenia, which is related to Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (elastic skin) in humans. In "winged" cats with cutaneous asthenia, the pseudo-wings only occur on the shoulders, haunches, or back, and the cats can often actively move these growths, suggesting the presence of neuromuscular tissue within them, which is not present within clumps of matted fur alone.

The third explanation is a form of conjoining or extra supernumerary limbs. These non-functional or poorly functional growths would be fur-covered and might resemble wings, as in one winged-cat case recently documented by Karl Shuker, in which the "wings" were shown to be supernumerary limbs.

There are more than 138 reported sightings of animals claimed to be winged cats, though most of these are clearly nothing more than individuals with clumps of matted fur, some cases of cutaneous asthenia or supernumerary limbs, and others taxidermy frauds (freakshow "grifts"), or just sensationalist tabloid journalism. There are over 30 documented cases (with physical evidence) and at least 20 photographs, and one video. There is at least one stuffed winged cat, but this may be a nineteenth-century grift.

There is no evidence of actual bird- or bat-like wings, and there is no scientific reason to believe such a thing is possible. The only true winged mammals, bats, have wings in place of arms, as do birds, while species of gliding mammals like flying squirrels, have membranes of skin that stretch between the front and rear limbs. Neither feature has ever been reported for cats. Classical and modern art featuring cats, as well as reports of alleged winged cats, uniformly place the wings or apparent wings on the back of cats with four legs.

Reports of sightings

 * The earliest currently known report of a winged cat is from Henry David Thoreau: "A few years before I lived in the woods there was what was called a 'winged cat' in one of the farm-houses in Lincoln nearest the pond, Mr. Gillian Baker's. When I called to see her in June, 1842, she was gone a-hunting in the woods, as was her wont ... but her mistress told me that she came into the neighborhood a little more than a year before, in April, and was finally taken into their house; that she was of a dark brownish-grey colour, with a white spot on her throat, and white feet, and had a large bushy tail like a fox; that in the winter the fur grew thick and flattened out along her sides, forming strips ten or twelve inches long by two and a half wide, and under her chin like a muff, the upper side loose, the under matted like felt, and in the spring these appendages dropped off. They gave me a pair of her 'wings,' which I keep still. There is no appearance of a membrane about them. Some thought it was part flying squirrel or some other wild animal, which is not impossible, for, according to naturalists, prolific hybrids have been produced by the union of the marten and the domestic cat."
 * In the 19th century, there was an alleged winged cat at the centre of a custody dispute with one party claiming him to be their cat, Thomas, and the other claiming it to be their feline, Bessy.
 * In Animal Fakes and Frauds (1976), S. Peter Dance described a 19th-century winged cat that was preserved and offered for sale in the early 1960s. Its wings had grown when the cat was very young. It had been exhibited during the 19th century by a circus owner, but, when its original owner demanded its return, the cat mysteriously died. It was stuffed but has not been properly examined.
 * A "flying cat" was reported in India in 1868. It was shot by Alexander Gibson, and the skin was exhibited at a meeting of the Bombay Asiatic Society. Gibson believed it to be a cat, but others claim it to be a bat or flying fox.
 * In August 1894, a cat said to have wings resembling those of a duckling was being exhibited by David Badcock of Reach, Cambridgeshire, England. It was later stolen and turned up in Liverpool, England, but had shed its wings.
 * In 1897, a tortoiseshell cat with pheasant-like wings projecting from each side of its 4th ribs was reported shot and killed in Matlock, Derbyshire. The story appeared in the High Peak News of Saturday, 26 June 1897. Witnesses claimed the cat used its wings outstretched to help run faster.
 * In 1899, London's Strand Magazine reported a winged cat or kitten belonging to a woman living in Wiveliscombe, Somerset, England. Cat show judge HC Brooke also described it in the weekly magazine Cat Gossip in 1927: "This cat had growing from its back two appendages which reminded the observer irresistibly of the wings of a chicken before the adult feathers appear. These appendages were not flabby, but apparently gristly, about six or eight inches long, and place in exactly the position assumed by the wings of a bird in the act of taking flight. They did not make their appearance until the kitten was several weeks old." Someone attempted to cut off the wings, with fatal consequences for the cat.

 * In 1933 or 1934, a winged black-and-white cat was claimed to have been captured in Oxford, England by Mrs Hughes Griffiths. She claimed it used its six-inch wings to aid in jumping long distances. It was exhibited for a while at Oxford Zoo.
 * In 1936, a winged cat was supposedly found on a farm near Portpatrick, Wigtownshire, Scotland. It was a white long-haired cat, and the wings were flaps 6 in (15 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) wide on its back. They flapped up and down when the cat ran. This is consistent with badly matted fur.
 * In 1939, Sally, a black-and-white cat said to have a 24-inch wingspan, from Attercliffe, Sheffield, England, was sold to a Blackpool museum of freaks.
 * During World War II, an overweight black-and-white cat in Ashford, Middlesex, became a local attraction because of the wings which sprouted from its shoulders. This also seems like a case of matted fur.
 * In June 1949, a 20-pound cat with a 23-inch wingspan was said to have been shot in northern Sweden. A Professor Rendahl of the State Museum of Natural History said the wings were a deformity of the skin which happened to take the shape of wings.
 * In 1950, a tortoiseshell cat called Sandy with "sizable" wings was exhibited at a carnival in Sutton, Nottinghamshire. Sandy had not previously grown wings, so this seems a case of matted fur.
 * In either 1950 or 1959, Madrid papers reported that Juan Priego's grey Angora cat, Angolina, had grown a pair of large fluffy wings.
 * In May 1959, a "winged" Persian cat was caught near Pineville, West Virginia. The finder, Douglas Shelton, named it Thomas, but, after the cat made headlines, Mrs Charles Hicks claimed it was her lost cat, Mitzi. When the cat was produced in court, her wings had fallen off and turned out to be extensive mats of fur.
 * In 1966, a winged cat from Alfred, Ontario, Canada, was killed and was examined by scientists at Kemptville Agricultural School. The wings were nothing more than matted fur. The cat was also suffering from rabies.
 * In the October/November 1967 issue of the Cats Protection League's periodical The Cat, Cecily Waddon reported a matted Persian whose felted fur resembled wings and flapped when the cat moved.
 * In 1970, J. A. Sandford of Wallingford, Connecticut saw a "winged" cat in a neighbor's garden. The orange-and-white longhaired cat was "positively waddling due to large wing-like growths hanging from its midsection." The owner claimed it was how the cat shed its fur in summer. The fur was matted into rectangular pads about five inches long by four inches wide. Some claim it to be a case of feline cutaneous asthenia, but it is a textbook case of matted fur.
 * In 1975, the Manchester Evening News published a photograph of a winged cat which had lived in the Banister Walton & Co builder's yard at Trafford Park, Manchester, England, during the 1960s. It had a pair of 11-inch-long fluffy wings projecting from its back. The skin of its tail was flattened into a broad flap. Workmen reported that the cat could raise its wings above its body, suggesting the deformity contained muscle as well as skin. This sometimes happens with cutaneous asthenia.
 * In 1986, a winged cat was reported in Anglesey, Britain, and later shed its wings, suggesting they were mats of fur.
 * In April 1995, Martin Millner claimed to have spotted a fluffy winged tabby in Backbarrow, Cumbria, England.
 * In 1998, a black cat was found in Northwood, Middlesex, with supposed wings that were 2-3 inches back from the shoulder blades, 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, 1 inch thick, and flapped as the cat ran.
 * In 2004, at Bukreyevk (near Kursk), Central Russia, a winged, ginger, stray tomcat named Vaska was drowned by superstitious villagers, according to the local Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper.
 * In 2007, in Xianyang, Shaanxi province, China, it was claimed that a one-year-old tomcat grew ten-centimeter-long wings, with bones, in just one month, starting out as bumps. The owner, Feng, believed it was because the cat had been sexually harassed by other cats. The story appeared in the newspaper Huashang.
 * In May 2009, another winged cat was reported in China, with the story appearing on MSNBC.
 * In 2011, a "winged" cat was reported in Tatarstan, Russia, becoming famous due to a YouTube video. It was informally called Aq Bars, after the winged snow leopard on Tatarstan's coat of arms.

In modern popular culture
As detailed above, a winged cat appears in the chapter "Brute Neighbors" in Walden by Henry David Thoreau. Domestic cats, and sometimes larger types (panthers, etc.), with wings are today a frequent trope in fantasy art and fiction:

 * Whiskers, a recurring character in Michael Moorcock's Multiverse is a winged cat usually in the company of Jhary-a-Conel in novels published from 1967 to 1974.
 * The Fantastic Art of Boris Vallejo (1980), one of the most popular and influential single-artist fantasy and science fiction art books, prominently features a painting of a winged lion and a warrior woman.
 * Catwings, a 1988–1999 series of children's picture books by Ursula K. Le Guin, features several winged cats.
 * In the 1980s and 1990s, the Forgotten Realms role-playing game and related fantasy novels depicted shy winged cat-owl hybrids, called tressym, as the familiars of wizards.
 * The character Myau of the first Phantasy Star video game (1987) eats a special nut that gives him wings.
 * In Marvel comics [sic] associated with the character Thor, a subspecies of the Light Elves have winged cats that serve as their steeds. These Cat Elves first appeared in Alpha Flight #81 (Feb. 1990) and were created by James Hudnall and John Calimee.
 * Winged Panther is #40 in the Monster in My Pocket series (1989).
 * The Final Fantasy V video game (1992) generates many random enemy encounters with winged felines.
 * In the Lunar video game series (1992 onward), two supporting characters, Nall and Ruby, resemble flying cats for most of the game and even have stereotypical feline tendencies, like fish being a favorite dish.
 * The Cardcaptor Sakura manga series (1996–2000) and its sequel (2016–2024) feature Spinel Sun, a character who can present himself as a small butterfly-winged black cat or a large butterfly-winged black panther.
 * The Beyblade manga series (1999–2004) includes a winged cat, the Bit-Beast Venus.
 * A children's book by Laura Von Stetina, Mewingham Manor: Observations on a Curious New Species (Greenwich Workshop Press, 2002), features butterfly-winged kittens or "flittens". A line of flitten figurines is also produced by the publisher.
 * Happy, a character in the Japanese manga series Fairy Tail (2006 onward), is a blue cat who has wings (only when he wants.)
 * In the Ni no Kuni: Wrath of the White Witch video game (2011), the Auroralynx familiar is a winged cat.
 * The Bradford Editions produces a series, "Almost Purr-fect Angels", of winged cat fantasy figurines.
 * The Jaquins from Elena of Avalor are a cross between a jaguar and a macaw. Aside from their wings, they have feathers on the back of their legs and on the end of their tails.

title: Winged cat


text:
Frederick William Franz

Frederick William Franz (September 12, 1893 – December 22, 1992) was a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. In 1977 he was appointed president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, a legal entity used to administer the work of Jehovah's Witnesses. He had previously served as vice-president of the same corporation from 1945 until 1977 when he replaced Nathan H. Knorr as president. His position as president was administrative, as the Governing Body assumed over-all control of all Jehovah's Witness corporations in 1976. He remained president until his death in 1992.

Early life and education
Franz was born on September 12, 1893, in Covington, Kentucky. He was baptized in the Lutheran Church, but attended Catholic services as a child as a matter of convenience, before later attending the Presbyterian Church.

He graduated from Woodward High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1911 and attended the University of Cincinnati, where he studied liberal arts and biblical Greek, with the intention of becoming a Presbyterian preacher. He knew German and could read Latin, Greek and in later years self-taught Spanish, Portuguese, French and Hebrew.

Career
His association with the Bible Students began after he read the booklet Where are the Dead? by John Edgar. After studying the literature of Charles Taze Russell, he was baptized as a Bible Student. In Franz' own account of 1987, the baptism took place on April 5, 1914. A 1993 Watchtower obituary gives the date of November 30, 1913. The earlier date was confirmed by research of the Watch Tower Society.

In 1920, he joined the Watch Tower headquarters staff in Brooklyn, New York, and in 1926 became a member of the editorial staff as a Bible researcher and writer for the society's publications. Upon the death of Watch Tower president Joseph Rutherford, Franz became head of the editorial department, and in 1945 he replaced Hayden C. Covington as vice-president of the Watch Tower Society. Franz was the society's leading theologian and has been named as a leading figure in the preparation of the Witnesses' New World Translation of the Bible. His nephew and fellow Governing Body member Raymond Franz resigned from the Governing Body and was subsequently disfellowshipped in 1981 during F. W. Franz's presidency.

Franz continued to contribute to Watch Tower Society literature until his death in 1992 at the age of 99. He was succeeded as president of the Watch Tower Society by Milton G. Henschel.

Role in eschatology
In 2010, the Watch Tower Society asserted that the "generation" of 1914—regarded by Jehovah's Witnesses as the last generation before the battle of Armageddon—includes persons whose lives "overlap" with "the anointed who were on hand when the sign began to become evident in 1914." In 2015, Franz was cited as an example of one of the last members of the "anointed" alive in 1914, suggesting that the "generation" would include any individuals "anointed" up until his death in 1992 at the earliest.

title: Frederick William Franz


text:
Talk:Haloperidol

End-stage cancer palliative care
Although touched upon, the article doesn't really cover the use of this drug during the last week of palliative care for terminal cancer patients. With the reduction in use of haloperidol in psychiatric medicine, this is probably the most common use today. --Ef80 (talk) 18:56, 29 July 2014 (UTC)

Most commonly used typical antipsychotic
The statement that "it is the most commonly used typical antipsychotic" would seem to be important enough that it should appear in the lede rather than at the end of the third paragraph, so I have moved it up. Piperh (talk) 08:39, 12 December 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:02, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Neurotoxicity
User:Doc James: A while back I added this study to both the lede and the body of the article with the claim "haloperidol is neurotoxic". You removed the claim from the lede and changed the claim in the body to "haloperidol may be neurotoxic". The article finds finds clear evidence of neurotoxicity. The statement "further research is needed to confirm these findings" should not be taken as an indicator that the evidence is equivocal, as such statements are made indiscriminately in scientific literature and are uncorrellated with strength evidence. And even if the evidence were equivocal-- My god! Is this not worthy of the lede? -Wikiman2718 (talk) 08:57, 9 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Source says "A review of the literature suggests that haloperidol exerts measurable neurotoxic effects at all doses via many molecular mechanisms that lead to neuronal death." That means may, not definite... Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 09:12, 9 October 2019 (UTC)
 * The abstract is downplaying the risk. The article makes it clear that holoperidol and other first generation antipsychotics are neurotoxic. If you can't read the article, one of the authors wrote this editorial in which they make their views quite clear. And again, this is huge. Why did you take it out of the lede? This study found that IV haloperidol administration measurably decreases brain volume within two hours of administration. The authors commented that the brain returns to normal size soon after and concluded that haloperidol does not kill brain cells. However, studies on prolonged antipsychotic use (like the one in discussion) do find permanent decrease in brain volume, sometimes by up to ten percent. They forcibly inject kids with these drugs at the border, by the way. --Wikiman2718 (talk) 09:30, 9 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Because one study isn't enough to say anything for certain. Broad expert consensus may be stated with more certain terms, but for now 'suggests' would likely be more appropriate, without a place in the lede.
 * Asserting that the abstract is "downplaying the risk" without further qualification suggests that the article's new paragraph on neurotoxicity has been shaped by your primary personal opinion, which isn't what Wikipedia is for.
 * I'd agree with @Doc James on this. The additional information on neurotoxicity is interesting, but is certainly not a proportionate representation of the body of literature on this topic to date. AlexVojProc (talk) 01:17, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haloperidol


text:
Mickey Beyer Clausen

Mickey Beyer-Clausen (born April 3, 1975 in Copenhagen) is a Danish-born, entrepreneur and philanthropist, living in Southampton New York.

Personal life
Mickey Beyer-Clausen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1975. When Beyer-Clausen's father, Architect Benny Kjær Sørensen died in 1978, his mother, Purser at Scandinavian Airlines Jette Beyer-Clausen, became a single mother and raised him. In 2006, Beyer-Clausen married Allison Belmore (now Beyer-Clausen) and moved to New York City. In 2008, Mickey and Allison Beyer-Clausen moved to Southampton, New York, where they currently live with their two children, Anna (2009) and Oliver (2011).

Business activities
Mickey Beyer-Clausen is the co-founder of several technology businesses. In the ’90s, Beyer-Clausen was one of the first to launch internet businesses, and since 2008, Beyer-Clausen has pioneered the use of technology to improve people's lives.

In 1999, Beyer-Clausen co-founded Speednames, and in 2001 Ascio Technologies. Speednames and Ascio Technologies were both acquired by London AIM-listed Group NBT in January 2007 for $36 million.

In 2004, Beyer-Clausen co-founded Trunk Archive, which was acquired by Waddell & Reed and Ivy Asset Strategy Funds in 2013. In 2009, he co-founded Mental Workout.

Beyer-Clausen latest venture, Timeshifter was founded in 2017, and Beyer-Clausen is a co-founder and the CEO of this company.

Philanthropic endeavors
In 2002, Beyer-Clausen formed a foundation called the Happiness Foundation, which supports charitable organizations worldwide with strategic pro bono consultancy rather than money. Today, Beyer-Clausen is the chairman of Happiness Foundation.

title: Mickey Beyer Clausen


text:
Akrotiri Bay

Akrotiri Bay (Κόλπος Ακρωτηρίου, Kolpos Akrotiriou; Limasol Körfezi) is a part of the Mediterranean Sea east of the Akrotiri Peninsula on the southern coast of the island of Cyprus. The Western Sovereign Base Area of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, a British Overseas Territory set up after Cypriot independence was gained and was unanimously agreed with the British Empire that sovereign bases could be set up for use in the event of an invasion, administered as a Sovereign Base Area, borders the bay. The city of Limassol is also located on the bay. The southern end of the bay is formed by Cape Gata.

title: Akrotiri Bay