text:
Talking cure

The Talking Cure and chimney sweeping were terms Bertha Pappenheim, known in case studies by the alias Anna O., used for the verbal therapy given to her by Josef Breuer. They were first published in Studies on Hysteria (1895).

As Ernest Jones put it, "On one occasion she related the details of the first appearance of a particular symptom and, to Breuer's great astonishment, this resulted in its complete disappearance," or in Lacan's words, "the more Anna provided signifiers, the more she chattered on, the better it went".

Invention of the term
Breuer found that Pappenheim's symptoms—headaches, excitement, curious vision disturbances, partial paralyses, and loss of sensation, which had no organic origin and are now called somatoform disorders—improved once the subject expressed her repressed trauma and related emotions, a process later called catharsis. Peter Gay considered that, "Breuer rightly claimed a quarter of a century later that his treatment of Bertha Pappenheim contained 'the germ cell of the whole of psychoanalysis'."

Sigmund Freud later adopted the term talking cure to describe the fundamental work of psychoanalysis. He himself referenced Breuer and Anna O. in his Lectures on Psychoanalysis at Clark University, Worcester, MA, in September 1909: "The patient herself, who, strange to say, could at this time only speak and understand English, christened this novel kind of treatment the 'talking cure' or used to refer to it jokingly as 'chimney-sweeping'."

Locus classicus
There are currently three English translations of Studies on Hysteria, the first by A. A. Brill (1937), the second by James Strachey (1955), included in the Standard Edition, and the third by Nicola Luckhurst (2004). The following samples come from Breuer’s case study on “Anna O...” where the concept of talking cure appears for the first time and illustrate how the translations differ:

Current status
Mental health professionals now use the term talking cure more widely to mean any of a variety of talking therapies. Some consider that after a century of employment the talking cure has finally led to the writing cure.

The Talking Cure: The science behind psychotherapy is also the name of a book published by Holt and authored by Susan C. Vaughan MD in 1997. It explores the way in which psychotherapy reshapes the through incorporating neuroscience research with psychotherapy research and research on development. It contains clinical vignettes of the "talking cure" in action from real psychotherapies.

Celebrity endorsement
The actress Diane Keaton attributes her recovery from bulimia to the talking cure: "All those disjointed words and half-sentences, all those complaining, awkward phrases...made the difference. It was the talking cure; the talking cure that gave me a way out of addiction; the damn talking cure."

title: Talking cure


text:
Numbered Treaties

The Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties) are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations, one of three groups of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921. These agreements were created to allow the Government of Canada to pursue settlement and resource extraction in the affected regions, which includes the entirety of modern-day Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, as well as parts of modern-day British Columbia, Ontario, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. These treaties expanded the Dominion of Canada with large tracts of land in exchange for promises made to the indigenous people of the area. These terms were dependent on individual negotiations and so specific terms differed with each treaty.

These treaties came in two waves—Numbers 1 through 7 from 1871 to 1877 and Numbers 8 through 11 from 1899 to 1921. In the first wave, the treaties were key in advancing European settlement across the Prairie regions as well as the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In the second wave, resource extraction was the main motive for government officials.

Today, these agreements are upheld by the Government of Canada, administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations. They are often criticized and are a leading issue within the fight for First Nation rights. The Constitution Act, 1982 gave protection of First Nations and treaty rights under Section 35. It states: "Aboriginal and treaty rights are hereby recognized and affirmed." This phrase was never fully defined. As a result, First Nations must attest their rights in court as the case in R v Sparrow.

Background
The relationship between The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples stretches back to the first contact between European colonialists and North American Indigenous peoples. Over centuries of interaction, treaties were established concerning the interaction between the monarch and Indigenous peoples. Both the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the British North America Act, 1867 (now the Constitution Act, 1867) established guidelines that would be later used to create the numbered treaties.

The Royal Proclamation occurred in 1763, and is considered to be the foundation of treaty-making in Canada. This proclamation established a line between the Appalachian Mountains from Nova Scotia to the southern region of the Province of Georgia, and prevented settlement beyond that specific area by settlers. The proclamation also established protocols that needed to be acknowledged by the governing authority in regards to purchasing land from First Nations Peoples in North America and later Canada. The Royal Proclamation was created as a result of the assertion of British jurisdiction over First Nation territory. While the British laid claim over First Nation territory, uprisings from Pontiac, the Three Fires Confederacy, and other First Nations Peoples resulted in a period of violence between the two peoples as the British attempted to maintain their claim and the Indigenous peoples fought to dislodge British troops from their land. As a result of these uprisings, the intention of the Royal Proclamation was to prevent future disputes. The Royal Proclamation stated that the only authoritative government that was able to purchase land from First Nations People was the British Crown. One of the stipulations of this agreement was that First Nations People were to be informed and attend the public assembly regarding the purchase of lands.

When the British North America Act 1867 was enacted, a division of power was established between the Dominion government and its provinces that separated First Nation Peoples and settlers. The federal government retained responsibility for providing health care, education, property rights and creating other laws that would affect the First Nations people. The government of Canada replaced the British Crown as the leading authority, and gained control of 19th-century First Nations land transfers.

Both the Royal Proclamation and the British North America Act impacted the procedures of governmental and First Nations negotiations. They set the stage for future negotiations that would occur, including the numbered treaties that would begin in 1871 with Treaty 1.

Negotiation
Negotiation of the Numbered Treaties began in 1871. The first seven affected those living on the prairies, while the remaining were negotiated at a later time between 1899 and 1921 and concerned those living further north. Each treaty delineates a tract of land which was thought to be the traditional territory of the First Nations signing that particular treaty. For Canada it was a necessary step before settlement and development could occur further westward. No two treaties were alike, as they were dependent upon specific geographic and social conditions within the territory being addressed.

Government
After confederation, the newly formed Dominion of Canada looked to expand its borders from sea to sea. There was a fear amongst the population that rapid expansion from the United States would leave the country cornered with limited arable land, lack of opportunity for economic growth, and resource extraction. To the west of Ontario was Rupert's Land, fur trading territory operated by the Hudson's Bay Company since 1670, which contained several trading post and some small settlements, such as the Red River Colony. During the first session of Parliament many called for the annexation of the territory and letters were sent to the British Monarchy suggesting that "it would promote the prosperity of the Canadian people, and conduce to the advantage of the whole Empire if the Dominion of Canada ... were extended westward to the shore of the Pacific Ocean". In the following years, negotiations took place to acquire full control of the region with the creation of the Rupert's Land Act of 1868 and the North-Western Territory Transfer Act of 1870. Even though the government acquired the land from the Hudson's Bay Company, they failed to have full control and use of the land; this transfer solely provided sovereignty over the area.

One of the conditions to ensure British Columbia would join Confederation at the time was the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway to connect it to the rest of the nation. This major infrastructure project would have to go through the interior of the newly acquired land and through First Nation territory. Canadian law, as set out in the Royal Proclamation, recognized that the First Nations who inhabited these lands prior to European contact had title to the land. In order to satisfy British Columbia's request and the growing need for land by eastern settlers and new immigrants, treaties had to be created with the First Nation people in the interior.

Similarly, the later treaties of the turn of the century were not conducted until the land was useful for government purposes. When gold was discovered in the Klondike in the 1890s, Treaty 8 was established in the hopes of quelling tensions and conflicts between First Nations of the northern reaches and miners and traders. Despite the fact that First Nations people of the Mackenzie River Valley were in economic need well before the 1920s, it was not until an abundance of oil was found that treaties needed to be implemented. The Government of Canada lobbied for treaties in the north only when potential development could be supported in the region. For political and economic reasoning, the Government of Canada hastily put treaties into place without regards to First Nation well-being.

First Nations
With Treaties 1–7, there was some resistance from members of the First Nations to the treaty process and growing anxiety that it would allow a flood of settlers, but many saw it as a way to secure much needed assistance. The First Nations at this time were suffering due to the changing dynamics of the west including disease, famine, and conflict. First Nations people were being decimated by disease, specifically smallpox, and tuberculosis which had catastrophic ramifications for several groups. Tsuu T'ina for example were decimated by Old World disease. Their population fell from several thousand to only 300 to 400 remaining within the 1800s. They began to suffer from famine due to the near extinction of the buffalo. Active participation in selling pemmican and hide in the fur trade, in addition to hunting for personal sustenance, meant that those living on the plains lacked a vital food source to maintain their livelihood. They were eager to receive food aid and other assistance from the government, which they believed would be offered following the implementation of treaties. Some First Nation groups also sought to ensure some form of education would be provided to them through the implementation of the treaties. Education was crucial to the First Nations because their cultural way of life was diminishing around them quite rapidly. They believed that the promise of education would not only help curb the loss of culture but also ensure their children's future success in a new developed West. In the northern regions of this land that was not covered by any treaty, the First Nations were suffering from similar issues, but had to continue to lobby the Canadian government for years before treaties were negotiated. A focus on materials needed for survival was placed when they did finally occur.

Language
Unlike previous treaties, which included both First Nations and European tradition, the numbered treaties were conducted in a purely British diplomatic manner. First Nations were given translators, either of European or Métis descent, who were to translate what was being said during the discussions. What can be seen here is a significant difference between the written documents used by government officials of the time, and the oral traditions used by the First Nations communities throughout the negotiation process. This reality is proven through diaries like those of the Indian commissioner, Duncan Campbell Scott, who wrote a detailed account of negotiating Treaty 9 through Treaty 11. There are also claims from First Nations people that Alexander Morris failed to mention the surrender clause in the treaty text at the negotiations for Treaty 6, leading to miscommunication between the two groups. Evidence can also be found amongst the few written documents of the time by First Nations chiefs; during Treaty 3 negotiations, Chief Powasson took detailed notes during the negotiations, which shows the differences in understanding of what was being offered during the talks because of the language barrier.

The use of specific wording during the negotiations and within the treaties are also points of contention. The language used by the commissioners during the numbered treaties negotiations addressed First Nations tradition by giving them entitlement of children and the Crown was identified as Queen Mother. When the commissioner recognized First Nations peoples as children and the Crown as Queen Mother it ensured the First Nations people were to always to be protected from danger by their parents and enjoy their freedom. As the numbered treaties negotiations came to an end, the language use was significant to First Nations people. To seal the numbered treaties references to the natural world like, "You will always be cared for, all the time, as long as the sun walks" was used to appeal to the First Nations people.

These treaty presentation copies are held in the Bruce Peel Special Collections at University of Alberta Library. Each is printed on parchment with text in black and red and a blue and red border.

List
In the table below is information about each numbered treaty including its signing date, its location, the major signers, those affected, and a brief summary of what each group received following the agreement.

Government
The Crown's intentions were based upon expansion and transition. The treaties allowed the fur trading territory to house a new settler society. As stated in the written terms of the numbered treaties, the Crown desired "peace and goodwill" between First Nations and Her Majesty. In the view of the Crown, treaties were the agreement to trade First Nations territory for "bounty and benevolence". This language makes the First Nations wards of the state and under the government's protection. With these agreements, not only could the Dominion of Canada expand west and northward, but also First Nations could make the transition into a new economy. No longer would First Nations be dependent on a nomadic lifestyle, but rather begin to adapt and integrate into a western settlement society through farming and other entrepreneurial means. To treaty makers, the treaties were essentially a beneficial commercial exchange of both land and identity.

First Nations
Originally, First Nations people felt the treaties had the potential to satisfy the needs of their communities and foster mutual respect and understanding between themselves, the Crown, and all people of Canada. Throughout the signing of the treaties, First Nations believed that their agreement was everlasting, and had many reasons for believing so. For example, during the signing of Treaty 6, a pipe ceremony was conducted before the signing stipulating that nothing but the truth was to be spoken during negotiations.

Effects and violations
Many First Nations groups felt the numbered treaties signed by the Dominion Government and their First Nations chiefs between 1877 and 1921 were rushed and disorganized, limiting to the Indigenous way of life and ultimately had poor results due to unfulfilled promises. Because of the treaties, Canada was seen as an oppressive colonizer at this time, most prominently because the government was more concerned with changing the various First Nations groups, rather than negotiating and collaborating with them. Some of the most prominent effects of the numbered treaties for First Nations groups included limited funds for education, supplies (such as fishing net twine) and minimal allocation of land as First Nations reserves. Upon signing the treaties, Canada obtained control of most aspects of society, especially in schooling, resource extraction, land use and implementation of laws for various social issues (such as alcohol policies).

The Dominion Government also violated many of the treaty terms; in restructuring and mandating education through the creation of residential schools, the government breached the treaty agreements around the question of education. Many First Nations were allocated less reserve lands than they were supposed to according to the Treaty, which resulted in many indigenous land claims based on treaty rights entitlements. Also, First Nations felt the agreements from the numbered treaties were dishonoured when their traditional forms of governance were removed and they became "wards of the state", and when Indian agents began to control the sale of their seeds and livestock. Further restrictions and policies were put in place that controlled First Nations' way of life beyond the original stipulations that were outlined in the numbered treaties.

The American Indian Movement of the 1960s interpreted the treaties as being invalid because they were:
 * coerced, accordingly not an agreement between equal partners
 * breached many times in their history by the government, notably by the residential school system and resource extraction
 * not reached by agreement with the lawful hereditary chiefs, and especially without the involvement of women who by tradition often had final authority

As a result of the agency asserted during treaty negotiations and the active pursuit of treaty revisions by Indigenous leaders like Plains Cree chiefs Pitikwahanapiwiyin (also known as Pound Maker) and Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear), Crown officials acting to establish and maintain the Numbered Treaties had to resort to exploiting environmental conditions such as epidemics and hunger crises as well as utilizing underhanded tactics of arrest and incarceration of leaders in order to gain control over and coerce First Nations who continuously protested the broken promises, attacks on Indigenous autonomy, and theft of land surrounding the Crown's manipulations of agreed upon Treaty terms and language.

Legacy
In 1981, all provinces other than Quebec agreed to a constitutional amendment, which included a reiteration of the rights of the indigenous peoples of Canada as established by former treaties (Chapter 35). Subsequent attempts (Meech Lake Accord, Charlottetown Accord) to try to appease the government of Quebec with certain constitutional provisions, such as the recognition of Quebec as a "distinct society" failed in part due to First Nations opposition. Many aboriginal leaders saw this renegotiation as an opportune time to enshrine the increased rights and powers and recognition that they had been campaigning for since the process of patriating the Canadian constitution began in the 1970s. With Newfoundland and Manitoba as the only provinces yet to sign the Meech Lake Accord, First Nations groups in Manitoba mobilized and managed, with the legislative maneuvering of the then Chief of the Red Sucker Lake First Nation and member of the Manitoba Legislative Assembly Elijah Harper, to delay the ratification of the accord until the legislative session ended for the summer, essentially "killing" the bill to ratify the accord, and with that, the Meech Lake Accord itself. Later, controversy occurred during the 1995 Quebec independence referendum, with differing points of view regarding the rights of provincial and indigenous nations to end or maintain their union with Canada, though it had never been in dispute that First Nations would have to voluntarily agree with their formal treaty partner, the Canadian Crown, to modify the treaties.

In 2010, Canada signed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In 2011 and again in 2012 the United Nations criticized the federal government over Attawapiskat. In 2012 in Daniels v. Canada the Federal Court of Canada ruled that 200,000 off-reserve First Nations people and 400,000 Métis were also "Indians" under s. 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867. These had no formal representation at the Assembly of First Nations, which had hitherto been assumed by the federal government to speak authoritatively on all matters involving "Indians".

In 2012 the Idle No More movement and subsequent hunger strike by Attawapiskat First Nation Chief Theresa Spence brought the assertion that the treaties provide for direct Crown recourse back to public attention. Chief Spence demanded direct Crown attention to the Cabinet's attempt to remove federal government oversight of lands and waters and environmental issues that duplicated provincial oversight of the same. After an agreement by opposition parties was struck to end Chief Spence's hunger strike, the legal analysis that supported the principle of direct Crown recourse was adamantly supported by interim Liberal Party of Canada leader Bob Rae and others. Idle No More itself presented its legal analysis via Pamela Palmater. Her analysis resembled that of Matthew Coon Come, who summarized the Grand Council of the Crees position in a scholarly analysis of the Quebec sovereignty movement and its authority to withdraw from Confederation taking First Nations territory with it. Both his analysis and Palmater's emphasize the need for voluntary renegotiation of treaties between equal partners, and the impossibility of cutting off any avenue of appeal to the Crown.

In 2024, APTN premiered Treaty Road, a documentary series about the treaties and their impact on Canada's indigenous peoples.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Numbered Treaties


text:
Bad a' Chreamha

Bad a' Chreamha is a small hill in Scotland, occupying the broad peninsula between Loch Carron and Loch Kishorn. It consists of a long low ridge; the northwestern side is marked by a series of broken crags, whilst to the south the hill slopes down to the shores of Loch Carron.

Bad a' Chreamha may be climbed from the path between Achintraid and Reraig, which passes to the west side of the hill, below the crags. The bealach that separates Bad a' Chreamha from An Sgurr lies a kilometre or so east of this path: from here the summit can be reached by skirting above the crags. The hill may also be climbed from the shores of Loch Carron, heading north from the road at any convenient point.

title: Bad a' Chreamha


text:
Salzberg

Salzberg may refer to:

 * Bochnia, Sivac
 * Praid, Harghita County, Romania
 * Salzberg, a formerly independent municipality in Bavaria, now part of Berchtesgaden
 * Salzberg, a district of Neuenstein, Hesse, Germany

People with the surname

 * Barry Salzberg (born 1953), American businessman, accountant, and lawyer
 * Sharon Salzberg (born 1952), American author and Buddhist meditation teacher

title: Salzberg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wee old man's pub

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:08, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Wee old man's pub
The article claims that "The term "wee old man's pub" is part of the general lexicon of Scotland"; if this were true, I'd expect a few relevant Google hits, but can't find any that aren't mirrors of Wikipedia or lists of words for search engine positioning boosting. CLW 16:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The phenomenon exists and isn't confined to Scotland. Move to Local pub if you must have an entry. Pilatus 16:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'd support something like local pub or locals pub, which is widely known and is a well-understood usage. (btw, is it the old man or the pub that is "wee" here??) MCB 23:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It is the old man that is "wee" in the usage proposed. -- Cactus.man  ✍  17:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - the concept exists but the chosen title is somewhat obscure and not worthy of a separate article. As per Pilatus, some reference to a traditional "local" may be worthy, but in the main Pub article and not on its own. -- Cactus.man  ✍  17:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:L96

How can ammunition be "notably intense"?

Geoff B 16:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Easy, its .338

title: Talk:L96


text: User talk:209.158.191.252

title: User talk:209.158.191.252


text:
Love Object

Love Object is a 2003 American horror film written and directed by Robert Parigi. Kenneth (played by Desmond Harrington) is an efficient but socially awkward technical writer who develops an obsessive relationship with Nikki, a realistic sex doll he purchases.

Plot
Kenneth Winslow is an extremely shy but knowledgeable technical writer who orders a sex-doll.

He develops a relationship with "Nikki," to the point of talking and even arguing with her. Kenneth begins to display bizarre behavior, and starts to feel stalked by Nikki. Their relationship evolves into a love-hate situation, and at one point he even beats the doll.

At work, Kenneth meets Lisa, a temp, with whom he begins to develop a relationship. Kenneth encourages Lisa to resemble Nikki by cutting her hair the way Nikki has it and wearing the same clothes Nikki has. As his imagined relationship with Nikki becomes more sinister and dominating, Kenneth resorts to cutting up and disposing of the doll.

Lisa eventually becomes aware of Nikki's existence, and promptly breaks up with Kenneth. Later, a bound and gagged Lisa is discovered by Kenneth's landlord, and Kenneth bludgeons him with a hammer. Kenneth then begins to transform Lisa into the doll. He dresses her up in Nikki's clothes, straps her down, and begins to replace her blood with embalming fluid.

Lisa manages to escape from her restraints and attacks Kenneth with a small statue, rendering him unconscious. At this point the police arrive, and when they see Lisa over the unconscious Kenneth they shoot her. Lisa, wearing Nikki's clothes, falls dead in the crate Nikki came in, thus completing her transformation. Kenneth is believed to be Lisa's victim, and is not charged with a crime.

Much later, he re-orders another Nikki. While buying flowers for Nikki, he notices the attractive brunette at the floral shop. The viewer is left to assume that Kenneth's obsessive love triangle cycle will start all over again.

Cast

 * Desmond Harrington as Kenneth Winslow
 * Melissa Sagemiller as Lisa Bellmer
 * Udo Kier as Radley, the landlord
 * Rip Torn as Mr. Novak
 * Camille Guaty as cashier at floral shop

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10.

Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle said that "[it f]eels so depressingly vacant that it registers less as a film than as a pointed lesson in what not to do in the wacky world of non-traditional dating".

Carla Meyer of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote "What might have been a commentary on the objectification of women becomes an unrestrained forum for twisted ideas of sexuality".

According to Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post, "The [film is a] sort of clumsy undertaking that trips up everyone and everything in it".

On a contrary, David Sterritt of The Christian Science Monitor said that "Horror fans will find effective shivers", while Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times had praised the director saying that "[he] shows a kinky sense of humor in this brisk low-budget film, and ably creates a smirking menace".

title: Love Object


text: User talk:88.111.15.139

title: User talk:88.111.15.139


text:
Arts and Humanities Data Service

The Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) was a United Kingdom national service aiding the discovery, creation and preservation of digital resources in and for research, teaching and learning in the arts and humanities. It was established in 1996 and ceased operation in 2008 (although the website and related digital collections are still accessible).

Organised via a Managing Executive at King's College London and five AHDS Centres, hosted by various UK Higher Education Institutions, the AHDS was funded until the end of March 2008 by the Joint Information Systems Committee and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC).

However, in March 2007 the AHRC decided to cease funding for the AHDS beyond March 2008. As a result, the AHDS is now advising AHRC applicants to ensure their projects include a budget for the costs of preservation and sustainability (whether with the AHDS or another service).

Following the demise of AHDS, and the cessation of the Methods Network, the Centre for e-Research (CeRch) was established at King's College London in 2008. The Centre's aims are to facilitate interdisciplinary, institutional, national and international collaboration.

The five subject-based AHDS Centres are:

 * AHDS Archaeology — University of York
 * AHDS History — University of Essex
 * AHDS Literature, Languages and Linguistics — Oxford University
 * AHDS Performing Arts — HATII at the University of Glasgow
 * AHDS Visual Arts — University for the Creative Arts (Farnham campus)

Specific areas of work that the Arts and Humanities Data Service covers include:

 * digital preservation — including a series of preservation handbooks detailing specific preservation issues with various digital file formats and information on its digital repository
 * Advice on digitization — including a series of case studies of existing digitization projects, information papers on specific issues in digitization, and longer Guides to Good Practice dealing with digitization topics in particular arts and humanities disciplines
 * Online collections created by universities and museums in the UK. These include:
 * An online catalogue with details of collections held within the archive
 * Designing Shakespeare — 40 years of Shakespearian performance in London and Stratford
 * The Stormont Papers - Parliamentary debates from Northern Ireland from 1921 to 1972.

title: Arts and Humanities Data Service


text:
Talk:Jay Gordon (singer)

African-American confirmation/verification/citation, something?
Is he actually part black? Is there anything that shows this so that we can properly categorize the article? Breetastic (talk) 17:38, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Guilty Gear XX in L.A. Vocal Edition?
Is he the same Jay Gordon who sang in the Guilty Gear XX in L.A. Vocal Edition soundtrack?

^ Not according to IMDb, but you know how accurate they can be. *shrug* — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.115.117.119 (talk) 14:37, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jay Gordon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101103080311/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=148597 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=148597

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:01, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Girlfriend
Jay Gordon girlfriend Fetishaa (talk) 13:11, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Rachel ladyofthenight Fetishaa (talk) 13:12, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

No early life?
Is there literally no information about him before Orgy? I remember reading somewhere his father is a producer and he grew up in the industry. I've also seen things in relation to his pre-Orgy music days too. Why isn't anything related to that in the article?

I can add it myself, but I wasn't sure if there was a reason why it wasn't there already (unverified sources, etc.) 209.6.209.222 (talk) 10:23, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jay Gordon (singer)


text:
Talk:Mathai Manjooran

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 18:44, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathai Manjooran


text:
User talk:Sweet430

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Mike C | talk 16:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image Tagging Image:Duodenum.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Duodenum.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 04:07, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sweet430


text:
Talk:Russian America

Clean-up, Re-write?
The article makes it sound as if all Russians disappeared from Alasaka. Anyone visiting Sitka knows this ain't true.
 * The article no longer reads that way. Balon Greyjoy (talk) 12:20, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Alaska purchase in modern terms
Which is it then - 123 million or 1.76 billion dollars? Two conflicting conversions to modern day values of the original 7.2 million dollar purchase are given in this article. cheers Geopersona (talk) 05:17, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

Contradictory numbers for max Russians in Alaska
Under "Missionary Activity," para 3: "(The number of ethnic Russian settlers had always been less than the record 812, almost all concentrated in Sitka and Kodiak)."

Under "Sale of Alaska to the US," para 3: "At the height of Russian America, the Russian population had reached 700."

Unless I'm wrong, these need to be reconciled.

Pldean (talk) 20:04, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

There were much more Russians.

812 is the EMPLOYEES AND PROPERTY OF THE CORPORATION !!! According to the corporate report tabel RAC 1855.

However, not only the Corporation’s employees lived on these lands. The Russians began to penetrate during the time of Semyon Dezhnyov. Semyon Dezhnev himself was already sailing along the compiled Pomors map. She was very inaccurate and no one knew the exact road to Okhotsk. It was he who was looking for her.

But the Russians began to penetrate Alaska before him. These were singles vessels of the Koch type, which the Norwegians called the Cog.

They did this in the 18th century, long before the founding of the RAC. And the corporation was not responsible for their activity.

She was responsible only for corporate settlers and company personnel. Then in Russia there was serfdom - and corporate settlers were the property of the corporation. Yes reminds dystopia. But it is so. However, the corporation was quite good about its property.

But Promyslovik and free settlers were not part of the staff, not the property of the corporation. And no one knows how many there were exactly. Since most of them were mixed with local peoples. And they stayed in Alaska and in California and Southern Oregon. They became American citizens and only the Orthodox religion remained from their self-identification.

The number 700 is completely false and not based on sources. 46.183.4.70 (talk) 07:03, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

re Russian loanwords from Mayan (!)
Good grief, we had this passage in the first paragraph of the body text:

And two sources are given: The first has no URL, and second mentions no such thing. And although Yuri Knorozov was very expert on Maya, he was also a Soviet citizen, and the Soviets were infamous for claiming a lot of things they didn't do -- invention of radio, television, the lightbulb and so forth -- and claiming expeditions to southern Mexico would fit in with this you'd think. His article describes his most famous paper with "Upon the publication of this work from a then hardly known scholar, Knorozov and his thesis came under some severe and at times dismissive criticism... The situation was further complicated by Knorozov's paper appearing during the height of the Cold War, and many were able to dismiss his paper as being founded on misguided Marxist-Leninist ideology and polemic...." although it does finish with "However, despite claims to the contrary by several of Knorozov's detractors, Knorozov himself never did include such polemic in his writings." And that's even if he did say any such thing as claimed, for which I haven't seen evidence. And I mean, besides all that, it's arrant nonsense. I'm pretty sure the Russians not get to southern Mexico, let alone hang around long enough to pick up loanwords into their general language. Even accepting that толк ("tolk") and "tzolk" sound alike, so what -- a single instance can be explained by random chance, which is seen rarely but not never. Finally, while it would make sense for Russian to pick up a native word for "canoe" or "maize" or whatever, why would they pick up a core word like "value" when they must have already had one... this would be remarkable, especially since "tzolk" doesn't mean "value", it means "score" which is different altogether. Let's see... [shuffle shuffle]... Wiktionary says толк is derived from Old East Slavic тълкъ (tŭlkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *tъlkъ (it also gives various meanings for толк, none of which are "value" or "score" or anything close. It means "sense" mainly (in the sense of "in the sense"), and how on Earth would this rather subtle concept need to be imported into the Russian language from a stone age civilization.) Sheesh.
 * Кнорозов Ю.В. (1960). "Об изучении фасцинации // Вопросы языкознания".
 * Кнорозов Ю.В. (1955). "Письменность древних майя: (опыт расшифровки) // Советская этнография".

Mnmh, an established editor added this, in the fall of 2020, and at the time it also said that корабль (ship) and водоросль (alga) were similar words (it doesn't give the Maya equivalent though). Somehow I'm not seeing Russians having had to say, before Mayan contact, "this floaty thing we go about in" rather than "ship".

Removed. Herostratus (talk) 22:11, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

N.B. the editor who put it in doesn't remember the circumstances and has no objection to removal. Herostratus (talk) 21:28, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

Hawai’i
While under the jurisdiction of the Russian-American Conpany, there should probably be some rewording of the discussion of the Hawai’i outposts. They shouldn’t be listed as settlements in North America, for instance, because Hawai’i isn’t in North America. 104.220.190.191 (talk) 00:51, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Preceded by and succeeded by Kingdom of Hawaii and Alta California
In the info box, under "Preceded by" and "Succeeded by," the Kingdom of Hawaii and Alta California are both listed. This is nonsensical. Russian America did not "succeed" Alta California; Russia simply had outposts and sparse settlements in parts of Alta California (part of New Spain and later Mexico). There was no transfer of jurisdiction or ownership. As for Hawaii: Again, there was no transfer of sovereignty or jurisdiction. Russia never owned or governed part of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Leaving these in the info box implies far more than what occurred in history. I recommend that they be removed from the info box. What remains in the body of the article adequately and accurately explains what Russia was doing in part of Alta California and in the Kingdom of Hawaii. If there's no discussion or opposition, I (or someone else) will delete them. Holy (talk) 18:31, 31 March 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, no discussion in 5 days, so I'm making the deletions. Holy (talk) 22:39, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge
Support for merging Russian colonization of North America into Russian America was previously expressed at Talk:Russian America/Archive 1. I am agnostic as to which title is better, but as far as I can tell have exactly the same scope, especially given the inclusion of pre-colony history as background. -- Beland (talk) 01:00, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Support Even the subheadings are similar. —Michael Z. 19:14, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment I think that that title might be used as a disambig page, one may potentially search for "Russian colonization of North America" and mean Settlement of the Americas.★Trekker (talk) 12:51, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Support These articles are basically identical.  Aearthrise (talk) 01:08, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Support same scope, so a merge is definitely in order. Prefer the article title Russian colonization of North America, since it describes most accurately the entire process and period of the Russian empire's claim and colony-building efforts on the literal continent of North America.—N2e (talk) 12:54, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Support but title should be kept Russian America as that refers to the political entity. Any new information from the colonization article can easily fit into the headings already present in that article.Yeoutie (talk) 16:35, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose The Russian American article gives a cliff-notes summary of the colonization, but readers should be able to have a separate longer, more detailed page on the colonization-specific topic. Merging the article would result in a deletion of large portions of information as is usually what happens when two articles are merged. SouthernResidentOrca (talk) 01:11, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Seperate article on the colonization activities is more appropriate, since that is better for the readers' understanding. Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 20:39, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Support: Dup article and unneeded WP:CFORK, Oppose votes have not addressed how the topics are different. Summary articles are important, but this is not a case where SUMMARYSTYLE applies: the topics are simply rephrased titles for the same subject. There is a great deal of unsourced material in the article (I tagged it, it should not be included in merge unless properly referenced). When the unsourced content and the content duplicated in the target are taken into considerations, this article contains little to merge and nothing is gained by spliting the subject.  // Timothy :: talk  19:38, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 10:52, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Russian colonization of North America which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:16, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russian America


text:
Vardis Fisher

Vardis Alvero Fisher (March 31, 1895 – July 9, 1968) was an American writer from Idaho who wrote popular historical novels of the Old West. After studying at the University of Utah and the University of Chicago, Fisher taught English at the University of Utah and then at the Washington Square College of New York University until 1931. He worked with the Federal Writers' Project to write the Works Project Administration The Idaho Guide, which was published in 1937. In 1939, Fisher wrote Children of God, a historical novel concerning the early Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The novel won the Harper Prize. In 1940, Fisher relocated to Hagerman, Idaho, and spent the next twenty years writing the 12-volume Testament of Man (1943–1960) series of novels, depicting the history of humans from cavemen to civilization. Fisher's novel Mountain Man (1965) was adapted in the film Jeremiah Johnson (1972).

Fisher is often grouped with disaffected Mormon writers in Mormon fiction. Leonard Arrington and his graduate student John Haupt wrote that Fisher was sympathetic towards Mormonism, an idea that Fisher's widow, Opal Laurel Holmes, repudiated strongly. A more recent paper by Michael Austin suggests that Fisher's work was influenced by residual "scars" of his family heritage and Mormon upbringing and that these scars resulted in his incorporating into many of his novels the theme of a religious unbeliever trying to find ways to live within a religious community.

Early life and education
Fisher was born on March 31, 1895, in Annis, Idaho, near present-day Rigby. His family relocated to an isolated home in 1905. Fisher saw livestock raising firsthand, including de-horning cattle and butchering. He read many books in the Rigby library. His family was "nominally Mormon," according to Louie Attebery, professor at the College of Idaho, in A Literary History of the American West, but in Mormons and Popular Culture, Mormon literature scholar Michael Austin states that Fisher was raised by "strict Mormon parents," though the remoteness of the Fisher home prevented contact with a Mormon community. Fisher was not officially baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints until he was 20 years old, and he abandoned the church for good soon afterward, though his mother, sister, and children all remained Mormon. "Vardis Fisher was a religious unbeliever," Austin writes, "but Mormonism was the religion that he didn't believe in."

Vardis and his brother Vivian lived with their aunt for one year while attending school in Annis. Vardis and Vivian, at ages thirteen and ten, transferred to a school in Poplar, Idaho the next year, where they lived on their own for half of the school year. They attended high school in Rigby, living in a hut built by their father. They lived off of fish and other wildlife. One of Fisher's classmates described them as wearing old-fashioned clothes and being social outcasts. Fisher graduated from Rigby High School in 1915 and began studies at the University of Utah in the same year. He married Leona McMurtrey in 1917 and often spent all his free time studying and reading. He published his first short story, "Whose Mother?" in the University of Utah student literary magazine, The University Pen, in December 1916. He published several more works in the magazine between 1916 and 1923. Fisher signed up to join the Air Force in the spring of 1918 and attended cadet school in Berkeley, California. He lost motivation when he found out that he might become a non-commissioned officer, and resigned in early summer, returning to Idaho Falls. Fisher's mother had been ordered by her doctor to relocate from Fisher Bottom to a place with a milder climate, so she moved to Idaho Falls. Fisher's father, Joe Fisher, went to auto mechanic's school in Portland, Oregon, and started an automotive shop in Idaho Falls with his brother. Fisher worked with his father and uncle in their automotive shop, and stayed there while Leona went to live with her parents in Antelope while their baby was born.

Fisher's brother, Vivian, was drafted into the army and Fisher joined him. The war ended before they were sent abroad. Fisher's military service, including his earlier air force training, was less than four months. During his last year at the University of Utah, in 1920, he wrote several plays. One of his teachers felt the plays were promising and offered him a teaching job. Fisher spent the summer studying at the University of Chicago in order to qualify for teaching at the University of Utah that fall. He found the University of Chicago intensely stimulating, writing that the library contained "all the lordly wealth of wisdom". In September 1921, Fisher returned to the University of Chicago for his MA, this time bringing his wife and child with him. One of his teachers called him a "book drunkard" and he read so much that he temporarily could not read. Leona read to him until his eyes recovered and he could afford new eyeglasses. In 1922, Fisher wrote his thesis on Daniel Defoe and graduated with his MA. He continued studying at the University of Chicago for a doctoral degree, writing his dissertation on George Meredith. Fisher received his Ph.D. magna cum laude from the University of Chicago in 1925.

Teaching and early writing
Fisher started teaching at the University of Utah in 1925. He was initially nervous and insecure. He inspired a few students, including Wallace Stegner during freshman English in 1926. Stegner later wrote that Fisher "put a can opener on my head and opened up my brains." The professor was frank with students about his lack of religious belief and contempt for Mormon theology. He did not have friends among the other faculty members, and even made enemies with a few. At the time, University of Utah felt a heavy Mormon influence from faculty and administrators who were Mormon. Since he tended to stare at others, he sometimes wore dark glasses to hide the direction of his gaze. His later wife Trusler started teaching at the University of Utah in 1926. Fisher resigned from the University of Utah after accepting a position at Washington Square College of New York University, feeling that he would have been asked to resign soon anyway. He married Trusler in 1929 after they moved to New York City for his new appointment. He taught English at Washington Square College of New York University until 1931, and he became friends with Thomas Wolfe during his stay there.

Fisher began as a regionalist. His knowledge of his region's history, folkways, and dialect made him an inspiring writer, according to Attebery at the College of Idaho. Toilers of the Hills (1928) was successful, with critics calling it the first important fiction coming from the Rocky Mountain region. It was compared to Caldwell, Garland, and Cather. It was based on the life of Fisher's uncle. Frederick Manfred cited Dark Bridwall (1931) as one of the ten great novels in American literature. While it was a commercial failure, reviewers cautiously praised its "power" and "sheer living interest of humanity." The novel was compared with Thomas Hardy and William Faulkner. He taught for the summers of 1931 and 1932 at the University of Montana out of economic necessity; he was not asked to return after his second summer teaching there.

Work at and during the Federal Writers' Project
In Tragic Life, the first of Fisher's autobiographical tetralogy, had many favorable reviews, and a second printing was issued by Doubleday and Caxton Press in 1933. The next two books, published in 1934 and 1935, were divisive, with critics receiving them as "sternly beautiful" or "erotic tripe." In Tragic Life sold fewer than 2000 copies, but its attention from Eastern literary critics helped Caxton establish itself as a prominent publisher of Western literature.

In 1935 Fisher accepted a job with the Federal Writers' Project, part of the Works Progress Administration, and wrote most of The Idaho Guide. There were few other writers in Idaho who could help him with the project and his superiors were surprisingly ignorant of Idaho's features and at one point ordered him to remove all photos of potatoes, Idaho's best-known crop. Fisher received help from high school students, who provided obscure information about remote locations. Fisher was determined to be the first state writer's project director to publish his state's guide, figuring that the first guide would receive the most review space in newspapers. His guide, published in January 1937, was the first from the Federal Writers' Project to be published. Even Alsberg, the project's director who had tried to delay the book's release, used it as a model for other state directors. Fisher saw the government as wasting resources in bureaucracy, and felt that the eastern United States saw the West as a source of wealth to be exploited. Fisher published two more books in his position as project director and resigned from the Federal Writers' Project in 1939.

In 1937, Doubleday published April: A Fable of Love. The novel was Fisher's favorite of the books he had written. The fantasy, set in Antelope country, focused on an introverted girl's life. Doubleday also published Fisher's Forgive Us Our Virtues (1938). Neither book sold well and Doubleday stopped publishing Fisher's works.

In 1939, Fisher's Children of God won the Harper Prize, which included a cash prize that Fisher used to build a home in Hagerman. The book was his most popular, outselling all his previous books combined, and was still in print in 1989. Frederick M. Smith, president of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, strongly repudiated the book in the Kansas City Times. In the LDS Church, John A. Widtsoe wrote an unpublished review of the book where he criticized Fisher's portrayal of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young in 1939. Widtsoe, knowing that his position as an apostle in the church would make his review appear to be an official position of the LDS Church, asked the first presidency if he should publish the review. The first presidency decided against publishing the review, and Children of God was not reviewed or mentioned in any official church publication. Darryl F. Zanuck purchased the movie rights to the book, but only to prevent a lawsuit in the screenwriting of Brigham Young (1940).

Mormon literary critic Michael Austin called Children of God "one of the most influential novels about Mormonism ever published." Carl Van Doren, one of the Harper prize judges, said that the book was neither anti-Mormon invective nor pro-Mormon hagiography. Terryl Givens called Children of God an "immense success". Givens wrote that Fisher presents Joseph Smith as a simple but likable man, and Brigham Young as "pragmatic and decisive;" a successful portrayal of the way adversity solidified bonds between early Saints. The book ends after the practice of polygamy is officially ended, with members who want to still practice polygamy moving to Canada or Mexico.

Testament of Man
In 1940, Fisher moved to Hagerman, Idaho with his third wife. There he started his Testament of Man series, an epic series spanning twelve volumes and tracing the development of the human race from prehistoric times, culminating in another autobiographical work, Orphans of Gethsemane. He read over 2,000 scholarly books in his research on the history and development of the human race for the Testament of Man series. Writing the 12 unsuccessful books took 20 years, and readers disliked the long, rambling digressions. Vanguard Press published volumes one through five; Abelard published the sixth and seven, and Alan Swallow published volumes eight through twelve. J. H. Gipson, a publisher at Caxton Printers, published In Tragic Life, which was somewhat successful. Caxton printers had published The Idaho Guide, and Gipson and Fisher were friends until Gipson refused to print Jesus Came Again: A Parable, the eighth novel of the twelve-volume epic. Alan Swallow offered to publish the remaining volumes, focusing on special signed and numbered editions to help offset printing costs. All twelve novels in the series have been out of print for decades.

Anthropologist Marilyn Grunkemeyer stated that all the protagonists in The Testament of Man are Fisher himself. She noted that Fisher did not listen to advice from his editors and publishers in publishing the Testament of Man, resulting in poorly edited books. She described reading Orphans of Gethsemane (1960) as "one of the most difficult reading experiences of my life," stating that the book was "spiritually exhausting and emotionally toxic." She wrote that the entire twelve volumes were "a massive exposition of one of the greatest perduring male fantasies of all time." Austin wrote that the novels are "pretty good," and provided "a good sampling of the state of anthropological scholarship during his lifetime."

Fisher was named a lifetime member of the Western Literature Association.

Non-fiction and historical novels
Fisher wrote various short stories and newspapers articles, mostly in the 1930s and 1940s but with a few in the 1950s and 1960s. His work appeared in Esquire, Coronet, Rocky Mountain Review, and Western Folklore. Fisher wrote a weekly column for the Idaho Statesman titled "Objection Overruled" from 1941 until 1946. After a dispute with his editor, Fisher resigned from writing at the Idaho Statesman and started writing a column for Idaho Pioneer Statewide called "Vardis Fisher Says". Fisher continued to write the column until he died. Most of his journalistic work is collected in Thomas Wolfe as I Knew Him and Other Essays, with the notable exception of "The Mormons" published in Transatlantic. Fisher has been described as a "cranky Idaho Old Rightist."

His novel Mountain Man (1965) was adapted for Sydney Pollack's film, Jeremiah Johnson (1972). The Mothers: An American Saga of Courage told the story of the Donner Party tragedy. Tale of Valor (1958) is a novel recounting the Lewis and Clark Expedition. God or Caesar? is his non-fiction book on how to write.

Controversy over relation to Mormonism
Fisher was grouped with Mormon writers of the "lost generation" first described by Edward Geary in 1977. The "lost generation" was a group of writers with Mormon backgrounds who used Mormon characters or themes in their work. Many of this group did not attend the LDS Church formally but felt an affinity towards Mormonism. Their work was sympathetic to Mormons, portraying them sensitively, though Mormons themselves often saw their work as disloyal. Leonard Arrington and his graduate student, Jon Haupt, read a paper at the Association for Mormon Letters (later published as a 1978 BYU Studies article), which stated that Fisher was not an apostate and that his works reflected his Mormon background. In reaction to the Arrington and Haupt article, Fisher's widow, Opal Laurel Holmes, issued a press release that Fisher was not Mormon and that his Mormon upbringing was minimal. Michael Austin argues that Fisher has "scars" of Mormonism. Austin argues that the "type" of Fisher character in each of the 12 Testament of Man books show sympathies to religion. These characters have creative impulses that clash with religious fundamentalists. The characters of the Fisher "type" often seek to understand religion as a reaction to people close to them, much in the same way Fisher was close to his mother and first wife, both devout Mormons. Austin concludes that the characters, and by extension Fisher, are definitely influenced by the culture of the religion they reject.

Personal life
Fisher married Leona McMurtrey on September 10, 1917, and their son Grant was born the next year. Their son Wayne was born in 1921. During his studies at the U of U, Fisher did not spend much time in companionship with his new wife. During their separation, Fisher was intensely jealous of any other man who interacted with Leona, often demanding details in letters about people she had spoken with. In September 1924, Fisher told his mother and Leona that he had fallen in love with fellow graduate student Margaret Trusler, and that he wanted to separate from Leona. He explained that if he stayed with Leona, it would cripple his career as a writer to make her happy. On September 8, Leona committed suicide. Fisher blamed himself for her suicide and wrote many poems to her after her death. He later called her suicide the "great crisis" of his life. Their children lived on their grandparents' ranch following Leona's death.

Fisher married Margaret Trusler on October 2, 1928. She gave birth to Thornton Fisher in February 1937. She was frequently apart from Fisher, and while Fisher disliked religion, Margaret was a Christian. In July 1936, Fisher met Opal Laurel Holmes, a competent researcher in his WPA project. They were mutually attracted to one another. Fisher divorced Margaret in 1939. Fisher married Opal Laurel Holmes on April 16, 1940, and bought land near Hagerman, Idaho, where they built their own house.

Opal Holmes was his co-author on Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West (1968). Opal Fisher died in 1995, leaving $237,000 from her estate to the University of Idaho for the creation of a humanities professorship.

Fisher died on July 9, 1968, after drinking and overdosing on sleeping pills.

Novels

 * Toilers of the Hills (1928)
 * Dark Bridwell (1931)
 * April: A Fable of Love (1937)
 * Odyssey of a Hero (1937)
 * Forgive Us Our Virtues: A Comedy of Evasions (1938)
 * Children of God (1939)
 * City of Illusion (1941)
 * The Mothers: An American Saga of Courage (1943)
 * Pemmican: A Novel of the Hudson's Bay Company (1956)
 * Tale Of Valor: A Novel of the Louis and Clark Expedition (1958)
 * Mountain Man: A Novel of Male and Female in the Early American West (1965)
 * Vridar Hunter tetralogy:
 * In Tragic Life (1932)
 * Passions Spin the Plot (1934)
 * We Are Betrayed (1935)
 * No Villain Need Be (1936)
 * Testament of Man series:
 * Darkness and the Deep (1943)
 * The Golden Rooms (1944)
 * Intimations of Eve (1946)
 * Adam and the Serpent (1947)
 * The Divine Passion (1948)
 * The Valley of Vision (1951)
 * The Island of the Innocent (1952)
 * Jesus Came Again: A Parable (1956)
 * A Goat for Azazel (1956)
 * Peace Like a River (1957)
 * My Holy Satan (1958)
 * Orphans in Gethsemane (pb two vols: The Great Confession and For Passion, for Heaven) (1960)

Short stories

 * "Love and Death" (1959)

Non-fiction

 * The Neurotic Nightingale (1935) [essays]
 * Idaho: A Guide in Word and Picture (1937), as Federal Writers' Project, state director
 * The Idaho Encyclopedia (1938)
 * Idaho Lore (1939)
 * The Caxton Printers in Idaho (1944)
 * God or Caesar? The Writing of Fiction for Beginners (1953)
 * Suicide or Murder: The Strange Death of Meriwether Lewis (1962)
 * Thomas Wolfe As I Knew Him and Other Essays (1963)
 * Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West (1968), with Opal Laurel Holmes

Poetry

 * Sonnets to an Imaginary Madonna (1927)

Archival collections

 * Vardis Fisher plays, MSS 1346 in the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
 * Papers of Vardis and Opal Fisher, 1934–1996, MSS 159 Special Collections and Archives, Boise State University
 * Mabel Clore Collection on Vardis Fisher, 1927-1972, MSS 002, Special Collections and Archives, Boise State University
 * Vardis Fisher Papers, 1922-1970 Cage 229, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries
 * Vardis Fisher Papers at the Newberry Library
 * Vardis Fisher Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

title: Vardis Fisher


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Santosh maharshi

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 13:33, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Santosh maharshi
Vanity created by User:Santosh Maharshi. "Santosh Maharshi" gets 2 google hits. Punkmorten 16:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity nn-bio.--Isotope23 16:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete not nn-bio, but not n either. — brighterorange  (talk) 18:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, prefereably speedy Tintin 19:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 04:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for above reasons. --Bhadani 11:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Martin Gottfried Weiss

Martin Gottfried Weiss, alternatively spelled Weiß (3 June 1905 – 29 May 1946), was the commandant of the Dachau concentration camp in 1945 at the time of his arrest. He also served from April 1940 until September 1942 as the commandant of Neuengamme concentration camp, and later, from November 1943 until May 1944, as the fourth commandant of Majdanek concentration camp. He was executed for war crimes.

Life
Weiss was born in Weiden in der Oberpfalz. His father worked for the Royal Bavarian State Railways. He had two sisters and was raised as a Catholic. After school he continued his education at a mechanical engineering school in Landshut. He finished school in 1924 and worked as intern in an ironworks. Later he worked for about three and a half years for the Upper Palatine electric company. In the summer of 1926 he joined the Nazi Party and founded a chapter of the SA and of the HJ with two friends in Weiden. Later he studied electrical engineering in Bad Frankenhausen, finishing in 1930. His grades were good, so he worked as an assistant at the school until April 1932, when he was released. He went back to the Weiden area and joined the SS.

SS career
From April 1933 he served with the guards of Dachau concentration camp; from November 1933 till February 1938 he was the engineer of the camp. In March he became adjutant to camp commander Hans Loritz and Alexander Piorkowski. He married in 1934, and he had at least two children.

In April 1940 he received an order for the construction of Neuengamme concentration camp. In November he became the camp commandant. The Neuengamme camp was tasked to deliver building materials for buildings in Hamburg. From April 1942 till July 1942 Weiss was also commandant of Arbeitsdorf.

Commandant in Dachau
On 1 September 1942 Weiss became commandant of Dachau concentration camp. Soon after this, Oswald Pohl criticised him severely, about the poor condition of the prisoners. Weiss thereafter made conditions in the camp a bit more humane. Weiss had taken some of his kapos from Neuengamme to Dachau. A last special action of Action 14f13 was carried out on his orders bringing death to 342 people in the Hartheim Euthanasia Centre. Weiss worked in Dachau until 31 October 1943.

During his time as commandant in Dachau, 35 people were hanged and 18 people were shot. Before his post-war trial, Weiss insisted that these people were not concentration-camp prisoners, but prisoners of the Gestapo. He said they were sentenced to death by order of Heinrich Himmler and the Reich Security Main Office. This contradicted the statement of Johann Kicks, and was also a violation of the rules of the concentration camps Lagerordnung.

Commander at Majdanek
Weiss was appointed commandant of Majdanek after his predecessor Hermann Florstedt was charged with wholesale theft from the Third Reich in order to enrich himself. He took up his position as commander of Majdanek concentration camp on 4 November 1943. On 3 November 1943, one of the worst massacres happened there; more than 17,000 Jewish people were murdered during Aktion Erntefest over the course of one day. Historians believe that Weiss was present at the time in Lublin-Majdanek to prepare himself for his new position. It is certain that on the first day of his new position as commandant, he was responsible for having to clean up the consequences of the massacre.

On 18 May 1944, SS-Obersturmbannführer Weiß was promoted. On 1 November 1944 he was sent to Mühldorf subcamp. There Organisation Todt built two underground plants for the production of fighter planes with the forced assistance of prisoners from Dachau. Because the Luftwaffe was suffering severe losses in the air war against the RAF, the forced labour contingent was driven hard. Jewish prisoners who worked there were afraid of being gassed, if they did not work hard enough. Some died of the hard work, some from typhus. Those who could not work any longer were sent to Auschwitz. The position of Weiß in Mühldorf is not absolutely clear. In any event, of all the command staff at Mühldorf, he had the highest rank.

At the end of April 1945, Weiss was in Dachau, perhaps in order to relieve the commandant, Eduard Weiter. On 28 April he discussed with SS-Standartenführer Kurt Becher how to hand over the camp to the US Army (uncertain, Becher later remembered only that the name of the man he talked to started with "W" ). On 28 April or 29 April Weiss fled from Dachau.

Conviction and execution
Weiss was apprehended in Munich on 29 April 1945 by corporal Henry Senger of the US Army 292nd Field Artillery Observation Battalion, and was tried during the Dachau Trials beginning on 13 November 1945. After being found guilty of "violating the laws and usages of war," Weiss was executed by hanging at Landsberg prison on 29 May 1946. Just before the black hood was placed over his head, Weiss shouted "I am dying for Germany!"

Literature

 * Jan Erik Schulte: Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung. Das Wirtschaftsimperium der SS. Oswald Pohl und das SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt 1933-1945. Paderborn 2001, ISBN 3-506-78245-2.
 * Karin Orth: Die Konzentrationslager-SS. dtv, München 2004, ISBN 3-423-34085-1.
 * Karin Orth: Das System der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Pendo Verlag, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-85-842-450-1.
 * Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
 * Case No. 000-50-2 (US vs. Martin Gottfried Weiss et al.) Tried 13 Dec. 45 in eng. Sprache (pdf-datei; 40,9 MB)

title: Martin Gottfried Weiss


text:
User talk:Pmaas

Wicker ancylid
Thanks so much Pmaas for your very nice additions to the article on this freshwater snail. If you are have an interest in gastropods of any kind, I might invite you to join WikiProject Gastropods...? Best wishes, Invertzoo (talk) 17:29, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Just in case:

Best wishes, Invertzoo (talk) 19:31, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Rituele slacht
Hoi Pmaas,

Je bent wat te vlug geweest met je bewerkingen in het artikel legal aspects of ritual slaughter. Je stelt namelijk herhaaldelijk dat Nederland een verbod heeft op rituele slacht, terwijl het voorstel nog niet eens door de Eerste Kamer is en zelfs daarna niet per direct in werking zal treden. Iniatiefneemster Marianne Thieme stelde vandaag zelf: En als ik dan heel optimistisch reken dan kan het voorstel vanaf 2012-2013 in werking treden"'' (bron). Ik heb de bewoording in het artikel derhalve aangepast. - TaalVerbeteraar (talk) 23:36, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Daar heb je gelijk in. Niet gedacht aan de eerste kamer. Bedankt voor het aanpassen. Peter Maas\talk 08:26, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Invitation to help assess WikiProject Gastropods
Hi. I am inviting members of some WikiProjects to take part in evaluating their projects in order to help the Wikimedia Foundation better understand such projects from the inside, to encourage reflection on best practices, and to compile a list of best practices as recommended by a number of projects. I am contacting you because you are listed as an active member of WikiProject Gastropods. Having witnessed that project's work in the past in my volunteer capacity, I'd very much like to include it. I hope that you will have time and interest in participating. As much or as little as you would like to supply would be gratefully received. The assessment questions are posted at WikiProject Gastropods/Self-assessment. I will myself steer clear of the page until after any discussion seems to have become dormant, at which point I will ask questions to make sure that I am developing a good overview of opinions. Thanks. --Maggie Dennis (WMF) (talk) 13:02, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Europe 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Europe/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like Germany, Italy, the Benelux countries, Iberian Peninsula, Romania, Slovenia etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. If you would like to see masses of articles being improved for Europe and your specialist country like WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon, sign up today and once the challenge starts a contest can be organized. This is a way we can target every country of Europe, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant and also sign under any country sub challenge on the page that you might contribute to! Thank you. --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:09, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Wikiproject Zoo mailing list
Hello! You are receiving this message because you have added yourself as a member of the Wikiproject Zoo. This is the first such message, however we hope that this can be used to coordinate editing and development of articles later down the road. If you wish to opt out of further messages remove yourself from the mailing list here, and if consider yourself not active within the project, please remove yourself from member list here. For Wikiproject Zoo general discussions and suggestions, please use the project talk page. (Delivered: 16:42, 27 January 2017 (UTC))

WikiProject Zoo - newsletter No.2 -2017
{| style="position: relative; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; padding: 0.5em 1em; background-color:Cornsilk; border: 2px solid #bddff2; border-color: rgba( 109, 193, 240, 0.75 ); border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 8px 8px 12px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.7 );"
 * Newsletter Nr 2, 2017-12-30, for  WikiProject Zoo

Wikiproject Zoo wish you a Happy New Year 2018
The activity within the project has been rather low this year, and therefore we want to tell you that any kind of help to develop the project further next year will be extremely valued, like meking some of the red links blue, and participating any categorizing or whatever you want!

Participation:

This is the second newsletter sent by mass mail to members in WikiProject Zoo, to everyone who added yourself as a member of the Wikiproject Zoo. This is the second such message, however we hope that this can be used to coordinate editing and development of articles later down the road. If you wish to opt out of further messages remove yourself from the mailing list here, and if consider yourself not active within the project, please remove yourself from member list here. For Wikiproject Zoo general discussions and suggestions, please use the project talk page.

'''Don't want newsletters? If you wish to opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself from the mailing list or alternatively to opt-out of all massmessage mailings, you may add Category:Opted-out of message delivery to your user talk page.'''

Cheers from your WikiProject Zoo coordinator.

To discontinue receiving Project Genealogy newsletters, please remove your name from our mailing list. Newsletter delivered by MediaWiki message delivery
 * }

WikiProject Zoo - newsletter No.3 -2018
{| style="position: relative; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; padding: 0.5em 1em; background-color:Cornsilk; border: 2px solid #bddff2; border-color: rgba( 109, 193, 240, 0.75 ); border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 8px 8px 12px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.7 );"
 * Newsletter Nr 3, 2018-12-25, for  WikiProject Zoo

Wikiproject Zoo wish you a Happy New Year 2019
The activity within the project has been rather low this year, and therefore we want to tell you that any kind of help to develop the project further next year will be extremely valued, like meking some of the red links blue, and participating any categorizing or whatever you want!

Participation:

This is the third newsletter sent by mass mail to members in WikiProject Zoo, to everyone who added yourself as a member of the Wikiproject Zoo. This is the second such message, however we hope that this can be used to coordinate editing and development of articles later down the road. If you wish to opt out of further messages remove yourself from the mailing list here, and if consider yourself not active within the project, please remove yourself from member list here. For Wikiproject Zoo general discussions and suggestions, please use the project talk page.

'''Don't want newsletters? If you wish to opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself from the mailing list or alternatively to opt-out of all massmessage mailings, you may add Category:Opted-out of message delivery to your user talk page.'''

Cheers from your WikiProject Zoo coordinator.

To discontinue receiving Project Genealogy newsletters, please remove your name from our mailing list. Newsletter delivered by MediaWiki message delivery
 * }

MfD nomination of Portal:Extinction
Portal:Extinction, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Extinction and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Portal:Extinction during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Mark Schierbecker (talk) 02:36, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pmaas


text:
Hugh Ross (Northern Ireland politician)

Hugh Ross (born c. 1944 ) is an Ulster nationalist politician, Presbyterian minister and member of the Orange Order, who was previously the leader of the now defunct Ulster Independence Movement (UIM).

UIM leadership
Ross began his political involvement with the Ulster Clubs which emerged in the 1980s to galvanise opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement and appeared on the BBC's local news programme in August 1986 to launch an attack on cross-border co-operation. Eventually the UIM developed out of this group and Ross became leader of the main avowedly Ulster nationalist organisation in Northern Ireland's history.

Ross enjoyed relatively high vote shares as a candidate at both the Upper Bann by-election of 1990 and the 1994 European elections. He headed the list for the UIM at the 1996 elections for the Northern Ireland Forum (a precursor to the Northern Ireland Assembly) although he failed to get elected and has since largely left politics, emerging from time to time to write articles for the Ulster Third Way journal, Ulster Nation.

As a member of the Orange Order, Rev Ross was also involved in the difficulties over the march to Drumcree Church and addressed rallies of Order supporters in the area.

The Committee allegations
Ross' retirement from the political scene was in part caused by accusations in a Channel 4 documentary that he was part of a committee which oversaw collusion between the Royal Ulster Constabulary and loyalists.

The programme and resulting book claimed that the Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee (ULCCC), an umbrella group for loyalist paramilitary organisations that had been refounded in 1991 actually acted as a co-ordination body between a number of leading community figures including Ross, Ulster Bank chief Billy Abernethy with elements of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and loyalist gunmen such as Billy Wright with the aim of identifying targets. One of the leading sources for the book was Jim Sands, a UIM member who served as assistant to Ross. Sands claimed that Ross was a leading member of the ULCCC and thus had an input in deciding the targets of loyalist terror groups. Sands further claimed that Ross believed in a militantly violent path to Ulster nationalism and claimed in a 1991 interview that Ross aimed to form a symbiotic relationship between the UIM and Ulster Resistance in the style of Sinn Féin and the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Other UIM activists were implicated in the allegations, such as Nelson McCausland, whilst Abernethy was a supporter having signed the nomination papers for Ross's candidacy in Upper Bann.

In response to the initial broadcast Ross appeared on the Channel 4 programme Right to Reply. During the show Ross argued that he had no links to paramilitaries or the 'Inner Force' of the RUC and added that clips shown of him speaking had been taken out of context and amounted to only a few minutes from an interview that lasted a few hours. He further added that he had only agreed to work with the Committee's makers as he felt it was an opportunity to promote his largely unknown political party. Ross was accompanied to the studio by David Trimble and it was later alleged that the two had a close relationship, founded on their mutual interest in Ulster nationalism (it being claimed that after his spell in the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party Trimble had been involved in authoring the pro-independence booklet Beyond the Religious Divide, produced by the New Ulster Political Research Group in 1977).

Following the Right to Reply appearance Ross sent a letter to the producers of the Committee threatening them with a defamation suit, although ultimately nothing came of this. Sands would later claim that his evidence regarding UIM involvement in any conspiracy had been a hoax. Despite this Ross was photographed in July 1995 at what was purported to be ULCCC meeting in attendance with Abernethy and Alex Kerr, an associate of Billy Wright.

Ultimately the allegations remained unproven, but the incident damaged Ross's reputation and saw membership of the UIM dwindle. The group disappeared after the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum elections and Ross took no further part in politics.

title: Hugh Ross (Northern Ireland politician)


text:
Talk:Vardis Fisher

Untitled
All the information in the new page is taken from the dust jacket and list of books in the hardcover edition of Pemmican, plus personal knowledge about the movie Jeremiah Johnson and the contents of The Mothers, Children of God, and God or Caesar?. Alan Nicoll 16:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

The Testament of Man series, after Jesus Came Again, also includes Peace Like A River, My Holy Satan, and Orphans in Gethsemane -- the latter a reworking of the Hunter stories.

Ex-Mormon?
Fisher is listed both in the category here as an Ex-Mormon, as well as on the list of Former Latter-day Saints. But the impression I get from the references listed on the article, Fisher was never Mormon. None of them come right out and say "Fisher was never affiiliated with the LDS church", but that's the distinct impression left... The article at atheists.org has the most information... Should he he removed from those two listings? I don't know enough about Fisher to know myself, but certainly if he should be listed as an ex-mormon, there needs to be something about it on his article and a reference... -Porlob 02:43, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Fisher was born to a Mormon family, studied and taught at a Morman University. Was he ever baptisted a Morman? I don't remember ever reading that he was. In Ophans in Gethsemane Vridar Hunter, (Vardis Fisher's alter ego?) had only the Bible to read and studied it constantly. If he was never a Mormon he definitely studied it and practiced it while at home in Antelope Hills country. Defenbaugh 01:36, 18 July 2007 (UTC) defenbaugh July 17, 2007

I think the confusion here stems from what one means by suggesting that someone has a religious affiliation. Does it mean actual membership or is it simply being raised or oriented in a faith tradition? If we insist upon the first, Vardis Fisher was not a Mormon. But if we accept the common convention that someone raised in a faith tradition is identified as such then Vardis Fisher was a Mormon who separated from his faith. The Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England, as two well known denominations, each contend that anyone baptized in their churches are Catholic or Anglican. Fisher's father was active in the Mormon Church and Vardis Fisher's youth was thoroughly Mormon even though he did not adhere to this faith as an adult. LAWinans (talk) 04:14, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

The American Atheist insistence that Fisher "was not a Mormon" has its source in the rabid anti-Mormonism of Fisher's third wife, Opal. Fisher's father was a Mormon bishop in an area settled by Mormons (Swan Valley). His mother was a Campbellite, which is why he had the Bible scorched into him. Fisher's sister Irene was a lifelong Mormon. His wife Leona was Mormon. His parents did Temple work. He was "called to a mission," which is when he broke from the LDS Church. Fisher was certainly an apostate, but the idea that he does not depict Mormonism from "within" (unlike, say, Wallace Stegner) is simply ridiculous. My website reprints my own essay on Fisher's Mormon heritage (http://www.dancingbadger.com/vfmormonf.htm), which was written at Opal Fisher's request and with her assistance, then attacked and vilified by Mrs. Fisher and the American Atheist crowd. So yeah, I have a dog in this fight (I am "essayist Mick McAllister," though I can't figure out how to fix "citation needed."), but I also have among the top five academic credentials to settle it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MMcA (talk • contribs) 22:04, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Where was the essay originally published? Rachel Helps (BYU) (talk) 19:31, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

.com
Unable to access VardisFisher.com for some time now --Calypsoparakeet 18:38, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay. I deleted it. Pepso 22:43, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Peace Like a River - References Different Book
The hyperlink to the Wiki entry about "Peace Like a River" discusses a different book, same title, but different author how can we remedy this? LAWinans (talk) 04:03, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Vardis Fisher. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172645/http://library.boisestate.edu/westernwriters/ to http://library.boisestate.edu/westernwriters/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121007072915/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470403802.html to http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470403802.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:04, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

influence on Anthro
An unsourced statement in the article stated that Testament of Man influenced the comic book Anthro. The only thing I could find, an interview with Joe Orlando, stated that Orlando had been reading some of Fisher's work when he started editing Anthro. Please comment if you find a source that defines the relationship as an "influence." Rachel Helps (BYU) (talk) 20:18, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vardis Fisher


text:
General Theory

General theory may refer to:

 * Generalized theory of gravitation
 * General theory of relativity
 * General systems theory
 * Generalized cohomology theory
 * The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, a 1936 book written by John Maynard Keynes

title: General Theory


text:
Dynamic scoring

Dynamic scoring is a forecasting technique for government revenues, expenditures, and budget deficits that incorporates predictions about the behavior of people and organizations based on changes in fiscal policy, usually tax rates. Dynamic scoring depends on models of the behavior of economic agents which predict how they would react once the tax rate or other policy change goes into effect. This means the uncertainty induced in predictions is greater to the degree that the proposed policy is unlike current policy. Unfortunately, any such model depends heavily on judgment, and there is no evidence that it is more effective or accurate.

For example, a dynamic scoring model may include econometric model of a transitional phase as the population adapts to the new policy, rather than the so-called static-scoring alternative of standard assumption about behavior of people being immediately and directly sensitive to prices. The outcome of the dynamic analysis is therefore heavily dependent on assumptions about future behaviors and rates of change. The dynamic analysis is potentially more accurate than the alternative, if the econometric model correctly captures how households and firms will react to a policy changes. This has been attacked as assumption-driven compared to static scoring which makes simpler assumptions about behavior change due to the introduction of a new policy.

United States national government, 2015-2018
Using dynamic scoring has been promoted by Republican legislators to argue that supply-side tax policy, for example the Bush tax cuts of 2001 and 2011 GOP Path to Prosperity proposal, return higher benefits in terms of GDP growth and revenue increases than are predicted from static scoring. Some economists argue that their dynamic scoring conclusions are overstated, pointing out that CBO practices already include some dynamic scoring elements and that to include more may lead to politicization of the department.

On January 6, 2013, the version of the Pro-Growth Budgeting Act of 2013 included in the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014 passed the United States House of Representatives as part of their Rules adopted in House Resolution 5, passed with the exclusive support of the Republican Party (United States) by a vote of 234-172. The same rules package for the year had other controversial provisions funded. The bill will require the Congressional Budget Office to use dynamic scoring to provide a macroeconomic impact analysis for bills that are estimated to have a large budgetary effect. The text of the provision reads:

(a) An estimate provided by the Congressional Budget Office under section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 for any major legislation shall, to the extent practicable, incorporate the budgetary effects of changes in economic output, employment, capital stock, and other macroeconomic variables resulting from such legislation.

(b) An estimate provided by the Joint Committee on Taxation to the Director of the Congressional Budget Office under section 201(f) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 for any major legislation shall, to the extent practicable, incorporate the budgetary effects of changes in economic output, employment, capital stock, and other macroeconomic variables resulting from such legislation.

(c) An estimate referred to in this clause shall, to the extent practicable, include--

 * (1) a qualitative assessment of the budgetary effects (including macroeconomic variables described in paragraphs (a) and (b)) of such legislation in the 20-fiscal year period beginning after the last fiscal year of the most recently agreed to concurrent resolution on the budget that set forth appropriate levels required by section 301 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974; and

 * (2) an identification of the critical assumptions and the source of data underlying that estimate.

(d) As used in this clause--

 * (1) the term `major legislation' means any bill or joint resolution--

 * (A) for which an estimate is required to be prepared pursuant to section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and that causes a gross budgetary effect (before incorporating macroeconomic effects) in any fiscal year over the years of the most recently agreed to concurrent resolution on the budget equal to or greater than 0.25 percent of the current projected gross domestic product of the United States for that fiscal year; or

 * (B) designated as such by the chair of the Committee on the Budget for all direct spending legislation other than revenue legislation or the Member who is chair or vice chair, as applicable, of the Joint Committee on Taxation for revenue legislation; and

 * (2) the term `budgetary effects' means changes in revenues, outlays, and deficits.''

These provisions were removed in January 2019 for the 116th Congress by H. Res. 6 section 102(u).

Kansas
The Kansas state government cut personal income taxes to stimulate economic growth, depending on optimistic assumptions from dynamic scoring for state revenue. Authors of the plan claimed that "cutting taxes can have a near immediate and permanent impact," arguing for tax cuts over rebuilding roads or improving the quality of schools. In addition, the tax on "pass-through" businesses was eliminated. After continual revenue deficits, the largest sales tax increase in Kansas history, downgrades from Moody's and Standard & Poor's and economic performance that lagged neighboring states, the election of 2016 was a referendum on tax policy and the legislature increased income taxes over the governor's veto  Kansas's "rainy day" fund reported levels $570 million lower than before the tax cut, even though Kansas had directed more tax revenue to it.

title: Dynamic scoring


text:
House of Pain (album)

House of Pain (Fine Malt Lyrics), or simply House of Pain, is the debut album by American hip hop group House of Pain, released on July 21, 1992, through Tommy Boy Records. The photograph on the album cover was taken at 820 South Fairfax Avenue in Los Angeles.

Reception

 * Rolling Stone (10/29/92, p. 70) – 3.5 Stars – Good Plus – "With a groovy swagger, this collection of hard-core hip-hop tracks offers many moments of technicolor snap and crackle, and also titled House of Pain."
 * Q (12/92, p. 124) – 3 Stars – Good – "...their music is of the dense, hard-hitting school of hip hop...the group have absorbed black rap's musical lessons and create a satisfying platform for their above average deliveries..."
 * The Source (9/92, p. 57) – 3.5 Stars – Good Plus – "...a very solid and at times exceptional album...imagine if Licensed to Ill wasn't an upper middle class Jewish thing but rather a working class Irish thang...the atmosphere is like that of a cross between a frat party and a bar room brawl..."
 * NME (11/7/92, p. 34) – 6 – Good – "...contains some creative and accomplished rap music..."

Personnel
House of Pain:
 * Danny Boy O'Connor – vocals
 * DJ Lethal – scratches, production
 * Everlast – vocals

Technical personnel:
 * DJ Muggs
 * Ralph tha Funky Mexican

title: House of Pain (album)


text:
Voluntary Committee of Lawyers

The original Voluntary Committee of Lawyers (VCL) was founded in 1927 to bring about the repeal of prohibition and the Volstead Act. The VCL provided legal support for the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, an umbrella organization that opposed prohibition. With its urging, the American Bar Association called for repeal in 1928. Under the leadership of Joseph H. Choate, Jr., lawyers in every state were actively involved in working to bring about repeal, which occurred in 1933. At that time, the VCL closed its books and ceased to exist.

Modern incarnation
A modern version of the Voluntary Committee of Lawyers was incorporated in 1996, established through its founding committee, including former U.S. Attorneys General Elliot Richardson and Nicholas Katzenbach, former American Bar Association President George Bushnell, former federal judge A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr. and labor lawyer Theodore W. Kheel. The modern VCL was inspired by the earlier group of the same name, but focused on the modern war on drugs.

title: Voluntary Committee of Lawyers