text:
File:WDFFinLMoviePoster.jpg

Summary
Official poster of the film Why Do Fools Fall in Love. Low resolution.

Source: All Posters -- http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Why-Do-Fools-Fall-in-Love-Video-Release-Posters_i862518_.htm

Fair use rationale for Why Do Fools Fall in Love (film)

 * This image is being used to illustrate the article of the movie in question, and is used for informational purposes only.
 * This image is of low resolution.
 * It is believed that this image will not devalue the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the original work.
 * Image is needed for educational purposes only in relation to the subject it is discussing and to identify the film in cinematic history.
 * Image used for comment, reporting, and teaching qualifies as Fair Use.

Fair use rationale for Gregory Nava

 * This image is being used to illustrate the article of the movie in question, and is used for informational purposes only.
 * This image is of low resolution.
 * It is believed that this image will not devalue the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the original work.
 * Image is needed for educational purposes only in relation to the subject it is discussing and to identify the film in cinematic history.
 * Image used for comment, reporting, and teaching qualifies as Fair Use.

title: File:WDFFinLMoviePoster.jpg


text:
User talk:Emir Arven/Archives 1

Welcome
Hi, Emir. While I realize that you were very upset with the anonymous user you reported to Administrator Intervention, please be aware that Wikipedia does not allow personal attacks against any editor for any reason. No Personal Attacks is offical policy on Wikipedia, and it clearly sets out that calling any editor a Nazi or comparing them to Nazis is unacceptible for any reason. Please avoid making similar statements in the future. If you have a content dispute with another editor, please take it to Requests for Comment, but do not under any circumstances make personal attacks against other editors. It is simply not tolerated. If you have questions about how Wikipedia policy works, feel free to ask here and I will answer them. -- Essjay ·  Talk 11:37, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I am sorry and I will respect the rules.Emir Arven 11:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Post messages in talk pages
Hi Emir, also make sure you write messages to other users in their TALK page, not their USER page. Editing another person's user page is considered vandalism by Wikipedia even if you did not intend vandalism. Here you can find all of Wikipedia's policies: Category:Wikipedia policies and guidelines --AI 02:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much.Emir Arven 16:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Srebrenica massacre
As you probably noticed, the Srebrenica massacre article has been protected from editing due to the continuous edit warring of Oldadamml, you and anonymous editors, following a request by me. I invite you to courteously discuss the issues at the discussion page, which you can find at Talk:Srebrenica massacre. See you, Jitse Niesen (talk) 12:09, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I saw your message on my talk page with regard to this; I suggest you start an RfC on the matter to further develop community consensus. As a general rule, I don't get involved in content disputes where I am not familiar enough with the subject to be able to determine what is going on. RfC will allow other contributors, including administrators, who are more familiar with the situation to weigh in and develop a consensus on how to deal with the issue. -- Essjay ·  Talk 04:46, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Srebrenica massacre
Dakle, jos jednom ako nisam bio jasan : ti si tvrdio da nesto nije relevantno ako se ne nalazi u judgment ICTY. Ja se slazem s tobom i kazem : u clanku treba da bude samo materijal koji se nalazi u judgment ICTY. Prvi paragraph tvoje verzije ne nalazi se u judgment ICTY. --Oldadamml 13:08, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, I said that Morriliions opinon is not relevant, cause judges had already considered his opinion, and decided that.Emir Arven 13:13, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Srebrenica massacre
http://www.radios.co.yu/arhivavesti.html 2005-06-13 11:00:00 NAJVAZNIJE VESTI - PREGLED

U HRVATSKOJ UHAPSEN OSUMNJICENI PRIPADNIK 'SKORPIONA'

Vukovarsko-sremska policija uhapsila je sinoc u Banovcima hrvatskog drzavljanina Slobodana D. za koga se sumnja da je, kao pripadnik specijalne jedinice Skorpioni, ubijao ili ucestvovao u ubistvu sedmoro Bosnjaka iz Srebrenice.

To je agenciji Hina potvrdio nacelnik Operativno-komunikacijskog centra Policijske uprave vukovarsko-sremske Tomislav Iljic. --Oldadamml 13:37, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Znaci ovo je jedan od pokazatelja da je bilo pripadnika Skorpiona iz Hrvatske. --Oldadamml 13:37, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Zamolio bih te da ne prljaš moju talk stranicu svojim glupostima. Nadam se da će vam historija suditi, jer i poslije genocida, i nakon prekopavanja masovnih grobnica, ponovo pokušavate negirati genocid, bijednom i prljavom propagandom. Donekle to mogu razumjeti, jer se bliži kraj Tužbe BiH protiv SCG za agresiju i genocid (u februaru 2006), koja je po svim pravnim analizama već dobijena. Nažalost oni koji negiraju holakaust su isti kao i oni koji relativizuju genocid. Znam da tvoja sorta nema obraza, ni savjesti, ali ako ništa pogledaj snimak na kojem škorpioni ubijaju vezanu djecu s leđa, i pogledaj u kojim uniformama to rade. Vidjećeš i da pričaju ekavicu. Naravno tebi trebaju dokazi. I dobićeš dokaze februara 2006, a nakon toga tvoji praunuci će ti psovati sve po spisku, jer će mojim unucima plaćati ratnu odštetu, upravo zbog seronja kao što si ti koji se prave pametni, i ironijom pokušavaju da ismijavaju masovne grobnice koje se iskopavaju svaki dan. Da svaki dan (eto množi malo, ako se hoćeš igrat bukvače), ali nažalost, mnoge su prekopavane po nekoliko puta, pa to otežava identifikaciju (5 hiljada tijela je iskopano do sada, ali samo je 2000 identificirano, jer je postupak spor), a to prikrivanje i uništavanje dokaza su radile srpske vlasti sve do nedavno. Mogu samo reći da mi se gadiš i nemoj ovdje više navraćati.Emir Arven 17:34, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Hague
I would not recommend u anything, not even hospital, but talking about crimes it is enough to see the number of Serbian war criminals in the Hague. 1) Srbs 106 (72,6 %)                           2) Croats 31 (21,23%) 3) Bosniaks 9 (6,16%)                           1)Serbs received 554 years prison sentence, until now. (76%).                           2)Croats received 142 years prison sentence, until now. (19,4%).                            3)Bosniaks received 33 years prison sentence, until now. (4,5%).

Interesuje me gde si nasao ove podatke. Ne sumnjam da su tacni, ali me interesuje izvor, pa ako mozes da mi prebacis link na moj talk, voleo bih da procitam vise detalja. --Oldadamml 06:59, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

-Oldadamml
Hi Emir, Oldadamml seems to be a hardline case of a Serb nationalist, and if he continues with some of his more disputable and one sided edits, I'd advise you to take the matter over to Requests for arbitration. GeneralPatton 16:51, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your advice.Emir Arven 17:55, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Milosh
Hi, well, again the best way is to take his case to Requests for arbitration, the quotes you showed me make a pretty good case against him. GeneralPatton 03:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Bosnian language
Bosancica is a vital part of bosnian language history, bosancica was written and founded by bosniak bogumils..please include this in the article on bosnian language...or else I will do that on my own.

 * Let me explain, bosancica is a script originally from Bosnian, it is Bosnian heritage, and I included those information, but dont mix script with the language, language is much bigger and important than a script. If you insist to write about Bosancica in Bosnian language article administrators can lock the article and put POV tag, which will cause damage for Bosnian language and those who worked hard on the article. So don't insisist too much. Btw, Bosnian is older than Bosancica, so when you say that Bosnian language descends from Bosancica, you are taking away a part of Bosnian history, and actually doing Serb nationalists job, to deny our language. If you know more detailes about Bosancica go to the bosancica article and give your contribution.Emir Arven 17:51, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Ok you seem to know what you are talking about and I respect that, but when reading through the article I don't seem to find anything of the smart things you are saying in your reply to me. Please make the article on the bosnian language more nationalistic and brave. For example why don't you write that the Bosnian language is the oldest one counting serbian croatian and bosnian AND why don't I get to read anything about the truth - btw that croatian and serbian developed from Bosnian.... and why don't I GET TO READ THAT Bosnia indeed is the oldest country counting once again serbia croatia and Bosnia..this is important and the articles need to be more brave and rather more nationalistic, because why shouldn't the bosnian articles be like that since all the croatian and serbian are...listen man both you and me know the truth but we need to get out there and put our interessts forward, it's enough with the serbs and croats denying our God-given right as the only people of Bosnia, this right here, our struggle for justice and identity, is just a continue of the previous war/agression on the bosniak people. What I am trying to say is THE WAR IS NOT OVER, and it probably never will be...that's just the way it is

 * Ono što možemo uraditi ti i ja ili bilo koji Bošnjak, jeste da promovišemo Wikipediju među bošnjačkim intelektualcima, jer danas na Wikipediji ima skoro 20 puta više srpskih i hrvatskih korisnika, nego bošnjačkih. Na 1000 stanovnika u BiH ima samo 25 internet korisnika (od kojih je tek pola Bošnjaka), dok npr. u susjednoj Hrvatskoj koja ima sličan broj stanovnika kao BiH, na 1000 ljudi dolazi 225 korisnika interneta da ne govorim u SCG koja je mnogo veća. Odnos je kao nebo i zemlja, pa tako šta god da napišemo to ide s velikom mukom, jer oni koji nama ne žele dobro razvale članak tako što iskoriste nepromišljene akcije bošnjačkih pojedinaca i pokažu te akcije administratorima kao primjer vandalizma, i onda i ono malo članaka ode do vraga. Zato sam ti rekao da ne insistiraš mnogo, jer ima nas nekoliko koji držimo stvari pod kontrolom i sarađujemo sa internacionalnim korisnicima, pa nam te akcije mogu samo odmoći. Ovo je dugotrajniji put, ali ipak siguran, jer bosanski jezik je konačno standardizovan (što nije bio), priznat od svih relevantnih faktora (što nije bio), uključen u enciklopedije (što nije bio), a krenuli smo od ničeg, sada ipak imamo nešto i svakim danom napredujemo, ali smo se odlučili na put istine oko čega se svi slažu i oko čega nacionalisti iz susjednih naroda neće praviti problem, koju malo pomalo proširujemo i dobijamo kredibilitet u engleskoj Wikipedijskoj zajednici, a to je izuzetno bitno, jer mi nismo narod koji vrijeđa, negira nečije pravo da bude ono što jeste, podmeće i podvaljuje kako to rade susjedi zbog čeka imaju lošu reputaciju u svijetu. Mi moramo sačuvati naše dostojanstvo u svakom slučaju. Poenta: Promocija Wikipedije među bošnjačkim intelektualcima. Pozdrav.Emir Arven 22:47, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Well alot of the things you are saying sound reasonable, BUT on the other hand some of them sound as excuses for not having the couarage to make a difference. You are saying that the bosniaks are a friendly peacekeeping people and I agree with you they are, they could have done the same crimes to the serb people as the serbs did to bosniaks, but the bosniaks chose not to. But maybe we bosniaks should become a bit more agressive and claim our rights at a higher level. It is so obvious that bosniaks are the ethnic (original) bosnians so why not write this, LIVE FOREVER objects such changes on articles because he claims that bosniaks aren't ethnic bosnians, how could they not BE I mean like bonsiak and bosnian means the same thing. And why not write that bosancica is heritage of the bosnian language and has nothing to do either with serbian or croatian, this is nothing but the truth so why don't write it, offcourse serbs and croats will not agree and object because their lives are just a big lie and they are denying the truth. THe truth is also, both you and I know, that serbian and croatian developed from bosnian..they know this but won't confess it. Yes I know we are fewer but it is quality that decides and not amount..remember that and I believe there are quite many bosniak traitors among us, just take a look at LIVE FOREVER.

HEHE sorry emir, wrote the wrong name in the articles haha I don't consider you to be a traitor nor' to object bosniaks as ethnic bosnians, I MENT the user LIVE FOREVER the whole time...got a bit crazy there !

 * Trenutno je članak sasvim uredu. Svako mijenjanje će donijeti samo koncetraciju srpskih i hrvatskih vandala koji ga mogu vrlo lako uništiti. Što se tiče Live Forever, on je dao nemjerljiv doprinos promociji Bošnjaka, na ovoj Wikipediji i po prvi put zahvaljujući njemu naći će se jedan članak o Bošnjacima na naslovnoj strani engleske Wikipedije. Međutim, vjerovatno su ga tvoje akcije iziritirale (da bi to znao moraš mnogo više stvari znati o radu Wikipedije, Wikimedija fondacije i drugih institucija, kao i samu materiju o kojoj želiš pisati-ono što si pokušao ubaciti o bosančici je bilo kontraproduktivno jer jezik ne nastaje iz pisma, nego pismo nastaje u jeziku, o tome ja barem znam mnogo više nego ti jer to je moja materija), Live Forever nije znao da ti lijepo pojasni o čemu se radi, i zato ste vjerovatno došli u sukob. Da li si ti uopšte svjestan koliko je truda potrebno da se napiše jedan članak npr. o genocidu u srebrenici u okruženju koje je puno sh vandala? Potrebno je mjesec ili dva minimalno, a samo tri čovjeka su taj članak uradila u situaciji kada se to činilo nemogućim. I šta se onda dešava? Onda dođe neki bošnjački seronja koji nema pojma ni o čemu osim da je Bošnjak nacionalista, i koji nikad nije napisao ni jedan članak niti je izgubio ni jedan sat rada na nekom članku, izbriše par paragafa koji se tiču Srba, nazove ih fašistima, što srbi iskoriste, prijave Wikimediji ili administratorima i trud od mjesec ili dva mjeseca dana rade ode dođavola, i još što je gore ostane srpska verzija članka. Zapamti ovo nije forum, ovo je enciklopedija koja se uzima kao referenca na drugim stranicama. Dakle, Bošnjak zezne Bošnjake. Nadam se da si shvatio o čemu se radi. Nadam se da si ti razuman čovjek i da nam nećeš odmoći.Emir Arven 21:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

The Truth Now
Ovaj ce vama napraviti veca sranja nego bilo kom drugom... A primetio sam i da si ti sam primetio. Hoces li da krenem u proces trazenja bana za njega na osnovu onog sto je pricao na mojoj strani? --millosh (talk (sr:)) 18:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ne znam sta ste vas dvojica pricali, ali s obzirom da si ti takodjer mene vrijedjao na osnovu cega ja mogu pokrenuti proces trazenja bana, to bi bilo licemjerno od tebe. Moj savjet obadvojici je da se pokrijete dekom po glavi i prestanete srati, jer ovo je enciklopedija, a ne forum, i ako se mislite prepucavati nemojte to raditi na mojoj strani za razgovor. Hvala unaprijed. Emir Arven 21:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Zaboravi. To sam ti hteo uciniti kao uslugu... Bas me briga da za nekog ko ne ume da vodi racuna o sebi ja sad nesto trazim. Ukljucujuci i banovanje. Taj ce biti banovan tako sto ce neko potpuno deseti traziti njegovo banovanje, potpuno sam uveren u to. Jedino sto ce vam napraviti do tada ogromnu stetu. (Inace, sa vredjanjima na nacionalnoj osnovi si sam poceo.) --millosh (talk (sr:)) 09:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Emir Arven/Archives 1


text:
How Strange, Innocence

How Strange, Innocence is the first album recorded by post-rock band Explosions in the Sky. It was released on January 17, 2000. It is their only album for the Sad Loud America label. Initially only 300 copies were issued in the form of CD-Rs. Due to many requests from fans, the album was remastered from the original tapes, given new artwork, and reissued on CD by Temporary Residence Limited on October 11, 2005.

The album was also released in a limited edition, 300 copy, double LP 180 gram vinyl on Ruined Potential records. The record was released in 5 different colors (black, blue, red, gray and white). The black, blue, and gray versions came with a special insert. The band sold the vinyl version exclusively on their 2004 tour. On July 4, 2019, a vinyl re-issue and streaming platform release (along with 2005's The Rescue) was announced for August 16.

title: How Strange, Innocence


text:
Anders Svensson

Anders Gunnar Svensson (born 17 July 1976) is a Swedish former professional footballer. He was a central midfielder, known for his passing, free kicks, and set piece-taking abilities, who usually operated in a playmaking role. He was capped 148 times for the Sweden national team, many times as a captain, before he retired from international football in 2013. He is the most capped male player for Sweden, beating Thomas Ravelli's previous record of 143 caps.

As well as being named captain of Sweden on several occasions, Svensson also captained Southampton and Elfsborg. He played important roles in the 2002 and 2006 World Cups, in which he proved his leadership skills, resulting in him being named captain of that Sweden national team in 2009.

He is the eighth-most capped European player in history, after Lothar Matthäus, Martin Reim, Cristiano Ronaldo, Iker Casillas, Vitālijs Astafjevs, Sergio Ramos, and Gianluigi Buffon. Svensson also represented the Sweden national team at three consecutive European Championships, in 2004, 2008, and 2012.

Early years
Svensson was born on 17 July 1976 in Gothenburg to parents Bertil and Gun Svensson. Svensson has three brothers, the oldest one, Thomas, Kristoffer, and the youngest one, Marcus. His father Bertil was his coach at Guldhedens IK. He grew up watching English football on television, and when he finally played the game, he was compared with one of the best talents of English football David Beckham. In 1980, Svensson joined Guldhedens IK, where he played for ten years.

IF Elfsborg
Svensson played at Guldhedens IK for ten years, until he moved to Borås, where he began to play for IF Elfsborg.

As his role on the pitch was that of an offensive midfielder, although at Southampton he also played on the left side of midfield. He made his breakthrough while playing for IF Elfsborg in the late 1990s before moving to English side Southampton in 2001.

Southampton
Svensson moved to Southampton on 14 June 2001 for a £750,000 transfer fee. In his first season in the Premier League, Svensson scored four goals in 35 appearances for the Saints, and the club finished in 11th place, missing the UEFA Cup participation by just one point. He was a key player for Southampton; although near the end of his time with the club, he was rarely selected for Gordon Strachan's starting 11.

He played an important role for Southampton in their success in the 2002–03 FA Cup. Their opening match was a 4–0 win against fellow Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. Svensson scored a goal along with other goal scorers Michael Svensson, Jo Tessem, and James Beattie, taking the club to a second consecutive victory against Tottenham, having beaten them on New Year's Day in the league. He played for Southampton in the 2003 FA Cup Final against Arsenal, which Southampton lost 1–0. Svensson also played in the 2003–04 UEFA Cup for the Saints, but the club was knocked out of the tournament in the first round.

During his time with Southampton, Svensson made 140 appearances. Despite chairman Rupert Lowe allegedly offering him a new contract, Svensson turned down the offer in order to return to his former club IF Elfsborg.

Return to IF Elfsborg

He rejoined Elfsborg in 2005 and was the captain of the team until 2014, when he gave up the title to Johan Larsson. He helped the team win the 2006 and 2012 Allsvenskan titles. After another 10 years at IF Elfsborg Svensson decided to announce his retirement from professional football in 2015.

International career
In 1996, he debuted in the Swedish under-21 team. In 1998, he played in the U-21 championships along with Jörgen Pettersson, Yksel Osmanovski, Daniel Andersson, and Freddie Ljungberg.

He debuted for the Sweden national side against South Africa in 1999.

He was known for being a good free kick taker, which he showed in the 2002 World Cup in South Korea/Japan, where he scored a free kick goal against Argentina, which effectively eliminated the opponent in the group stages. He set up the opening goal for Henrik Larsson against Senegal through an in-swinging corner. He nearly scored a golden goal in extra time, but his shot from inside the box was denied by the post. He played for Sweden in the Euro 2004, as well as the 2006 World Cup.

However, he found form for the national team during the Euro 2008 qualifying stage. He played 11 games with 2 goals and 1 assist which led Sweden to the Euro 2008. Svensson played every minute of every game during Euro 2008, but did not find form. His frustration showed, conceding a few free kicks during their last game in the tournament. After Henrik Larsson retired, and Zlatan Ibrahimović declared that he was unsure about his future in the national team, Svensson was the team captain for Sweden in a friendly against Italy (0–1). After Ibrahimović returned to the national team in the summer of 2010, Svensson was named co-captain, although Ibrahimović remained official captain on the pitch.

On 6 September 2013, Svensson became the joint most capped male player in Swedish football history, equalling Thomas Ravelli's record with his 143rd cap; he would later claim the record for himself. It was to be a memorable night for Svensson, as he scored the winner as Sweden came from behind to beat Ireland 2–1. In November 2013, the Swedish Football Association (SvFF) sparked a sexism scandal at its annual awards Gala when it presented Svensson with a Volvo car for winning 146 caps. The governing body was widely criticised for failing to honour Therese Sjögran, who had 187 caps. After Sweden failed to win against Portugal in the play-offs for the World Cup 2014 in November 2013, Svensson decided to retire from international duty.

Post-playing career
In 2014, Svensson, still actively playing at that time, started to work as a football commentator for Kanal 5.

Personal life
Svensson was in a two-year relationship with fashion designer Anine Bing while playing for Southampton. The pair met in London where she was modelling at the time. Svensson married Emma Johansson in July 2007 at Thorberg Castle.

International

 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Svensson goal.

Honours
IF Elfsborg
 * Allsvenskan: 2006, 2012
 * Svenska Cupen: 2000–01, 2013–14
 * Svenska Supercupen: 2007
 * Atlantic Cup: 2011

Southampton
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2002–03

title: Anders Svensson


text:
Talk:List of locomotive builders

comment
Please excuse the naivete, but did not Australian State owned railway workshops effectively build their own engines at times? Are we caught up with the issue of where 'company' is a limiting term - because I am sure that in Western Australia the WAGR (Western Australian Government Railways) built engines. Where/how do we list "in-house" construction? I am very interested in how we get around this one.User:SatuSuro 14:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see why the Australian State Railways shouldn't be included as a locomotive (or other) builder. After all, Wikipedia is full of locos built by British Railways Chevin 17:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems fine to me, but I'm wondering why Siemens aren't included in the list of Locotive manufacturers.
 * Probably because nobody's added them to the list yet. slambo 15:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have added Ipswich workshops, Queensland Railways. Biscuittin (talk) 08:02, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Number ever built.
Trains magazine had a article estimating the number of locomotives ever built worldwide. It was about, IIRC, 500,000.

Tabletop (talk) 06:29, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 25 external links on List of locomotive builders. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Selection Criteria and Categorization
In this article, should manufacturers only be listed once in the country where their headquarters are located, or should there be a separate entry for each country that the manufacturer builds locomotives in? What is the criteria for listing subsidiaries? What is the proper way to indicate that a manufacturer is now a subsidiary of another manufacturer? Do manufacturers of track machines and DMUs/EMUs qualify for this list? Sorry for my ignorance and the list of questions, and thank you for any replies. HONDAGUY (talk) 02:17, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Modern Steam Traction
I do apologize for this, but I feel as though the 5AT Project doesn’t deserve to be on this list. My reasoning is that throughout the project existence, to my knowledge, it never produced a single locomotive. Therefore, by my train of thought (forgive the pun), they don’t classify as a locomotive builder. I wish to put this up for debate and see how people feel on this topic before I or anyone else changed it. If you have an opinion on this, please either write below or on my talk page. Thank you for your time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Locomotive 150 (talk • contribs) 03:52, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of locomotive builders


text: Talk:Doom spin-offs

title: Talk:Doom spin-offs


text: User talk:72.27.36.74

title: User talk:72.27.36.74


text: User:Tcdw

title: User:Tcdw


text: User talk:68.125.130.110

title: User talk:68.125.130.110


text:
Rifaat al-Assad

Rifaat Ali al-Assad (رِفْعَتُ عَلِيِّ ٱلْأَسَدِ; born 22 August 1937) is the younger brother of the late President of Syria, Hafez al-Assad, and Jamil al-Assad, and the uncle of the incumbent President Bashar al-Assad. He was the commanding officer of the ground operations of the 1982 Hama massacre ordered by Hafez al-Assad.

After launching a failed coup attempt against Hafez al-Assad in 1984, Rifaat lived in exile in France for 36 years and returned to Syria in October 2021 after being found guilty in France of acquiring millions of euros diverted from the Syrian state. In September 2022, France's highest court, the Cour de Cassation, confirmed the ruling.

In August 2023, Switzerland issued an international arrest warrant on Rifaat al-Assad after its Federal Criminal Court demanded his extradition to prosecute him for his role in supervising ground operations of the Hama Massacre. The warrant was issued as part of the proceedings related to the war-crimes complaint filed in 2013 by the human rights organization "TRIAL International" at the Swiss Office of Attorney General. In March 2024, the Swiss OAG charged Rifaat Al-Assad with numerous crimes committed in the February 1982 Hama massacre.

Early life and education
Rifaat al-Assad was born in the village of Qardaha, near Lattakia in western Syria on 22 August 1937. He studied Political Science and Economics at Damascus University and was later given an honorary PhD in Politics from the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Early experience
Rifaat joined the Syrian Arab Army in 1958 as a First Lieutenant, and was rapidly promoted after training in various Soviet military academies (mainly in the Yekaterinburg Artillery school). In 1965, he became commander of a special security force loyal to the military wing of the Ba'ath and soon, supported Hafez al-Assad's overthrow of Salah Jadid and seizure of power in 1970. He was allowed to form his own paramilitary group, the Defense Companies, in 1971, which soon transformed into a powerful and regular military force trained and armed by the Soviet Union. He was a qualified paratrooper.

Under Hafez's rule

Rifaat al-Assad played a key role in his brother's takeover of executive power in 1970, dubbed the Corrective Revolution, and ran the elite internal security forces and the Defense Companies (سرايا الدفاع; ) in the 1970s and early 1980s. In addition to his military posture, Rifaat created the "League of Higher Graduates" (رابطة الخريجين العليا,  ), which provided discussion forums on public affairs for Syrian post-graduates, outside the constraints of the Baath party. With more than fifteen branches across Syria, this cultural project gathered tens of thousands of members. He had a pivotal role throughout the 1970s and, until 1984, many saw him as the likely successor to his elder brother. Hafez Assad appointed him second vice president in March 1984.

In 1976, he visited Lebanon as a guest of Tony Frangiyeh since they had close and personal ties.

On 28 June 1979 fifteen men were hanged in Damascus. They had been convicted of attempting to assassinate Rifaat al-Assad.

Foreign relations
Numerous rumours tie Rifaat al-Assad to various foreign interests. Rifaat was close to King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia. Abdullah was married to a sister of Rifaat's wife, and Rifaat has on occasions—even after his public estrangement from the rulers in Syria—been invited to Saudi Arabia, with pictures of him and the royal family displayed in the state-controlled press.

After the Iraq War, there were press reports that he had started talks with US government representatives on helping to form a coalition with other anti-Assad groups to provide an alternative Syrian leadership, on the model of the Iraqi National Congress. Rifaat has held a meeting with the former Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad Allawi. Yossef Bodansky, the director of the US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, has stated that Rifaat enjoys support from both the United States and Saudi Arabia; he has been featured in the Saudi press as visiting the royal family in 2007. The Bashar government remains wary of his intentions and carefully monitors his activities.

Rifaat was mentioned by the influential American think tank Stratfor as a possible suspect for the 2005 bombing that killed Lebanese ex-prime minister Rafiq Hariri and the string of attacks that struck Beirut after the subsequent Syrian withdrawal. The goal would have been to destabilize the Syrian government. However, there has been no mention of Rifaat in the United Nations Mehlis reports on the crime.

In 1983, Rifaat met with PLO leader Yasir Arafat in an attempt to appease growing tensions between Syria and Arafat's loyalists.

Ion Mihai Pacepa, a general in the security forces of Communist Romania who defected to the U.S. in 1978, claimed that Rifaat al-Assad was recruited by Romanian intelligence during the Cold War. In Pacepa's 1996 novel Red Horizons, Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu is quoted as saying that Rifaat was "eating out of our hand" and went on to say: "Do I need a back channel for secret political communications? A way to inform Hafez secretly about my future discussions with Carter? Do I need to have somebody disappear in the West? Rifaat will take care of it. Now he can't do without my money." Pacepa later reasserted this allegation, describing Rifaat as "our well-paid agent" in a 2003 article in which he discussed the then Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.

Release of David S. Dodge
Rifaat al-Assad contributed to the release of US politician and educator David S. Dodge on 21 July 1983.

On 19 July 1982, Dodge was abducted by pro-Iranian militiamen, members of the Islamic Amal in Beirut, led by Hussein al-Musawi. He was first held in Lebanon and then kept captive in Iran until his release one year later. Through contacts in the Iranian regime of Khomeini, Rifaat was able to secure the release of Dodge and was publicly thanked by US president Ronald Reagan.

"On 21 July 1983 US deputy press secretary Larry Speakes stated:

 * The Government of the United States is grateful to Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad and to Dr. Rifaat al-Assad for the humanitarian efforts they undertook which led to Mr. Dodge’s release."

Hama massacre
In February 1982, as commander of the Defense Companies, he commanded the forces that put down a revolt in the city of Hama, by ordering his forces to shell the city with BM-21 Grad rockets, killing thousands of its inhabitants (reports of the total number of deaths range from between 10,000 and 40,000). This became known as the Hama Massacre. Due to his high-profile role in the military campaign that killed tens of thousands of civilians and destroyed most sections of Hama city, Rifaat acquired the nickname "Butcher of Hama". US journalist Thomas Friedman stated in his book From Beirut to Jerusalem that Rifaat later said that the total number of victims was 38,000.

Rifaat, however, has repeatedly denied playing any role in the Hama massacre. Rifaat al-Assad presented his version for the Hama massacre during the conference in Paris to form the Syrian National Democratic Council on 15 November 2011. He was also implicated in the 1980 Tadmor Prison massacre and acquired the sobriquet, the "butcher of Tadmor."

Rifaat al-Assad was also mentioned in a CIA report regarding drug smuggling activities in Syria during the 1980s, along with other Syrian officials such as Ali Haydar, Mustafa Tlass and Shafiq Fayadh.

Attempted coup d'état
When Hafez al-Assad suffered from heart problems in late 1983, he established a six-member committee to run the country composed of Abdul Halim Khaddam, Abdullah al-Ahmar, Mustafa Tlass, Mustafa al-Shihabi, Abdul Rauf al-Kasm and Zuhair Masharqa. Rifaat was not included, and the council consisted entirely of close Sunni Muslim loyalists to Hafez, who were mostly lightweights in the military-security establishment. This caused unease in the Alawi-dominated officer corps, and several high-ranking officers began rallying around Rifaat, while others remained loyal to Hafez's instructions.

In March 1984, Rifaat's troops, now numbering more than 55,000 with tanks, artillery, aircraft and helicopters, began asserting control over Damascus. A squadron of Rifaat's T-72 tanks took position at the central roundabout of Kafr Sousa and in Mount Qasioun, overlooking the city. Rifaat's forces set up checkpoints and roadblocks, put up posters of him in State buildings, disarmed regular troops and arbitrarily arrested soldiers of the regular Army, occupied and commandeered Police Stations, Intelligence buildings, and State buildings; the Defense Companies rapidly outnumbered and took control over both the Special Forces and the Republican Guard. Although Damascus was divided between two armies and seemed on the brink of war, Rifaat did not move. Informed that Rifaat was heading to Damascus, his brother Hafez al Assad left his headquarters to meet him. "British journalist Patrick Seale reports an intimate moment between the two brothers :
 * At Rifat's home in Mezze the brothers were at last face to face. 'You want to overthrow the regime?' Asad asked. 'Here I am. I am the regime.' For an hour they stormed at each other but, in his role of elder brother and with his mother in the house, Asad could not fail to win the contest. Deferring to him at last, as he had so often done in their youths, Rifat chose to accept (although with some inward scepticism) Asad's pledge that trust between them would be restored and would be the basis for their future work together."

There was a clear division and tensions between forces loyal to Hafez, namely the 3rd Armoured Division (commanded by General Shafiq Fayadh), the Republican Guard (commanded by General Adnan Makhlouf), the various Intelligence services (commanded by Generals Mohamed Khouli and Ali Duba), the National Police, and the Special Forces (commanded by General Ali Haidar); and the Defense Companies loyal to Rifaat. By the middle of 1984 Hafez had returned from his sick bed and assumed full control, at which point most officers rallied around him. Initially, it seemed that Rifaat was going to be put on trial and even faced a questioning that was broadcast on television. However, it is believed that Hafez's daughter Bushra actually saved her uncle by convincing her father that purging him would disgrace the family and might cause tensions not only in the Assad family, but with the Makhlouf family as well (since Rifaat is also married to a woman from that family, who are also the second most prevalent Alawite family, dominating the leadership of the security services behind the Assads). In what at first seemed a compromise, Rifaat was made vice-president with responsibility for security affairs, but this proved a wholly nominal post. Command of the 'Defense Companies', which was trimmed down to an Armoured Division size, was transferred to another officer, and ultimately the entire unit was disbanded and absorbed into other units, like the 4th Mechanized Division, the Republican Guard, and the Airborne Special Forces Division. Rifaat was then sent to the Soviet Union on "an open-ended working visit". His closest supporters and others who had failed to prove their loyalty to Hafez were purged from the army and Baath Party in the years that followed. Upon his departure, Rifaat acquired $US300 million of public money including a $US100 million Libyan loan. In 2015, he claimed that the money had been a gift from Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.

During the 1990s
Although he returned for his mother's funeral in 1992, and for some time lived in Syria, Rifaat was thereafter confined to exile in France and Spain. He nominally retained the post of vice president until 8 February 1998, when he was stripped of this. He had retained a large business empire both in Syria and abroad, partly through his son Sumer. However, the 1999 crackdown, involving armed clashes in Lattakia, destroyed much of his remaining network in Syria; large numbers of Rifaat's supporters were arrested. This was seen as tied to the issue of succession, with Rifaat having begun to position himself to succeed the ailing Hafez, who in his turn sought to eliminate all potential competition for his designated successor, his son Bashar al-Assad.

In France, Rifaat has loudly protested against the succession of Bashar to the post of president, claiming that he himself embodies the "only constitutional legality" (as vice president, alleging his dismissal was unconstitutional). He has made threatening remarks about planning to return to Syria at a time of his choosing to assume "his responsibilities and fulfill the will of the people", and that while he will rule benevolently and democratically, he will do so with "the power of the people and the army" behind him.

Groups and organizations
Rifaat's son Sumer is the head of a minor pan-Arab TV channel, the Arab News Network (ANN), which functions as his father's political mouthpiece. He also claims to run a political party, of uncertain fortunes. Rifaat himself heads the United National Group (al-tajammu' al-qawmi al-muwahhid), which is another political party or alliance; it is known to have self-professed members among Rifaat's fellow exiles from Syria, but neither can be considered an active organization, even if they regularly release statements in favor of Rifaat's return to Syria and protesting to president Bashar al-Assad. Further, Rifaat founded the Arab Democratic Party in Lebanon in the early 1970s, a small Alawite sectarian/political group in Lebanon, which during the Lebanese Civil War acted as an armed militia loyal to the Syrian government (through Rifaat). Ali Eid, the general secretary of the party today, supports the Syrian president Bashar Al-Assad.

Legal issues in Europe and return to Syria
In December 2013, human rights organization "Trial International" filed criminal proceedings against Rifaat al-Assad. As commander of Defense Brigades that took part in the Hama Massacre, Rifaat was charged with organizing extrajudicial killings, large-scale torture, sexual violence, mass-rapes, summary executions and forced disappearances. An inquiry was launched by the Swiss Office of the Attorney General (OAG) on 19 December of the same year.

Since 2014, Rifaat was accused of organised money laundering, aggravated tax fraud and embezzling Syrian funds to buy property worth at least €90 million in France. In addition, Spanish authorities have seized his assets and bank accounts in a money laundering investigation since 2017. In June 2020, a Paris court sentenced Rifaat to four years in prison; hence, his properties in Paris and London would be seized.

In October 2021, Rifaat returned to Damascus at the age of 84. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad allowed his uncle to return to the country after decades in exile in order "to avoid imprisonment in France".

In September 2022, France's highest court, the Cour de Cassation, confirmed the four-year prison sentence. In August 2023, the Swiss Federal Criminal Court ordered the extradition of Rifaat al-Assad, prompting their authorities to issue an arrest warrant to prosecute him.

Personal life
In 2010, Rifaat was living in Mayfair, London. he was living in Avenue Foch, Paris, while trying to sell his real estate properties.

Rifaat married four times and his polygamous marriages as well as the marriages of his children have produced strong alliances and ties with prominent families and prestigious clans within Syria and the Arab world. He firstly married one of his cousins, Amirah, from al-Qurdahah. Then, he married Salma Makhlouf, a cousin of Hafez Assad's wife, Anisa. His third spouse is a young woman from the traditional Sunni Muslim establishment, Rajaa Bakrat. His fourth wife, Lina al-Khayyir, is from one of the most prominent Alawite families in Syria. The sister of one of his spouses was married to the late King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.

Rifaat's daughter Tumadir married Muin Nassif Kheir Beik, a member of the most powerful and prestigious Alawite family. His son-in-law is a relative of the Syrian activist and poet Kamal Kheir Beik. Tamadhin, another daughter, married a Makhlouf. Lama married Ala Fayyad, the son of Alawite General Shafiq Fayadh. Rifaat's eldest son, Mudar, married Maya Haydar, the daughter of the ultra-rich entrepreneur Muhammad Haydar from the prominent al-Haddadin Alawite tribe. His youngest son, Ribal Al-Assad, born 1975, is a businessman and political activist. He resided in Paris and has spoken frequently on French and international media on the Syrian crisis.

title: Rifaat al-Assad


text:
Talk:Skelmersdale branch

I don't think this is correct. The evidence of the ground surgests it was the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway that built this branch, not the East Lancs.

For example, the stone marker pillars near the Ormskirk end say LYR.

 * Yup your correct. It was the Liverpool Ormskirk that was built by the ELR.--Son of Paddy's Ego 15:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Skelmersdale branch


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stay-at-home robots

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:43, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Stay-at-home robots
Non-notable vanity, bandcruft, and poorly written to boot. No google hits for several variations on page title. Doesn't appear they ever made any recordings. Author's only contribution to date. -- RoySmith 15:03, 8 October 2005 (UTC) Keep -- who cares if it's true or not. Perception IS reality.
 * Delete I'm afraid, despite their claim of being extremely popular and having been allowed to play at some friends Xmas party. -- Egil 15:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — ceejayoz ★ 15:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a tough one, but let's steel ourselves. Flapdragon 16:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity before they push us down the stairs. Gazpacho 19:35, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 07:01, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator Saberwyn 04:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/Clubs

Please create new discussions on the general WikiProject Football talk page. The archives (see on the right) are kept only for historical value.


text:
Jim Rosenthal

Jim Rosenthal (born 6 November 1947) is an English sports presenter and commentator. In a long broadcasting career, Rosenthal has presented coverage of many sports including football, rugby, automotive racing, boxing and athletics. He has covered eight FIFA World Cups, three Rugby World Cups, two Olympic Games and 150 Formula One races.

Early life
Rosenthal grew up in Oxford, the son of Maud Ruth ( Levy) and Albrecht Gabriel "Albi" Rosenthal, a music scholar and antiquarian book seller who was from an academic family. His father was born in Munich, Germany. His paternal great-grandfather, Leo Olschki, founded the Leo S. Olschki Editore publishing house, and his maternal grandfather was German Jewish physician and writer Oscar Levy.

Rosenthal attended Josca's Preparatory School before going to Magdalen College School. He then joined the staff of the Oxford Mail and went on to work for BBC local and national radio.

Rosenthal worked for Snooker Scene magazine in the early 1970s where his editor was Clive Everton, and Rosenthal, a keen amateur hockey player, edited the short-lived Hockey Scene magazine, also owned by Everton.

Broadcasting career
Rosenthal worked for BBC Radio WM before moving to BBC Radio 2. He worked for the BBC Radio Sports Unit between 1976 and 1980. His television career began when he joined ITV in 1980. He was part of the ITV team covering the FIFA World Cup since 1982.

In the 1980s, Rosenthal commentated on boxing matches for ITV when first-choice commentator Reg Gutteridge was otherwise engaged or unable to travel. In the 1990s, Rosenthal was a presenter of ITV's The Big Fight Live, which reached huge nationwide audiences for boxing contests involving the likes of Nigel Benn, Chris Eubank and Naseem Hamed, then the likes of Amir Khan and Joe Calzaghe when it returned in 2005.

Rosenthal covered three Rugby World Cup campaigns for ITV, including anchoring coverage of England's victory in the 2003 final. He was the presenter of Formula One (F1) motor racing on ITV for eight years and presented 152 Formula One races from 1997. He agreed terms with ITV to present its coverage of the sport in early 1997. In October 2005, it was announced that Steve Rider had been re-recruited by ITV from BBC Sport, to assume Rosenthal's former role for the 2006 Formula One season.

Rosenthal presented ITV's Champions League football coverage, as well as their boxing output. He presented ITV4's Champions League Live show and the channel's live match coverage, until he was dropped in 2008 from his exclusive contract with ITV after 28 years with the channel as the network sought new presenters. ITV's head of news and sport, Mark Sharman, said at the time:

Jim Rosenthal has made a magnificent contribution to ITV Sport over a long period of time but we will no longer tie him to an exclusive contract. He will be free to explore other challenges while ITV Sport will have the opportunity to make on-air changes.

Internationally, Rosenthal regularly hosted the UEFA Gala Dinner in Monaco, a football spectacular that is broadcast across the world. He has presented the live FA Cup draws for ITV, and editions of BBC Radio 5 Live's Sportsweek show.

In 2010, Rosenthal took on announcing duties on game show The Whole 19 Yards and reported for ITV Sport during the opening ceremony of the World Cup in South Africa. In September of that year, he joined Channel 5 to front their Europa League football coverage. Rosenthal said: "I've covered many different sports throughout my career, but football has always been my first love. It's tremendous to be back covering the game at the highest level." His first appearance was on 16 September 2010 covering the game between Liverpool and Steaua Bucharest from Anfield.

In 2011, Rosenthal became the lead presenter on the boxing channel BoxNation. Since 2014, Rosenthal has provided commentary for Channel 4's coverage of Crufts.

In November 2019, Rosenthal became the new "Voice of JACK", replacing and following the death of actor Paul Darrow as the new on-air voice of Oxfordshire's local JACK branded radio stations and their national radio station Union JACK. He is the lead presenter of matchday coverage on Manchester United's in-house channel MUTV and is one of the presenters of Amazon Prime's Premier League coverage.

On 10 May 2021, Rosenthal began broadcasting on the JACK Group’s new breakfast show "JACK's Wake Up Call" together with Trevor Marshall from JACKFM Oxford. The show is broadcast from the Oxford studios where Trevor Marshall was previously presenter of the "JACK's Morning Glory" breakfast show.

Acting
Rosenthal has appeared in Renford Rejects and Footballers' Wives.

Awards
He has twice been named as the Royal Television Society's Sports Presenter of the Year. He was the main anchor of ITV's BAFTA winning coverage of the 2003 Rugby World Cup, which took him to Australia for the final.

Personal life
Rosenthal has always been a supporter of his childhood home team of Oxford United. He once wore an Oxford United hat whilst hosting the ITV coverage of the 1986 Football League Cup Final from Wembley Stadium. From 2010 to 2012, Rosenthal was a member of the Oxford United board of directors.

On 17 June 2024, Northampton Town Football Club announced that Rosenthal had been appointed to the club's Board of Directors.

He is married to his wife Chrissy. His son, Tom, is a comedian who has starred in Friday Night Dinner on Channel 4 and Plebs on ITV2. Jim Rosenthal made a guest appearance as a commentator on a chariot race at the start of Plebs Series 2 and made a guest voice appearance as a Grand Prix Commentator in the Friday Night Dinner Series 4 episode "The Funeral".

title: Jim Rosenthal


text:
Severus Sanctus Endelechius

Severus Sanctus Endelechius (or Endelechus) was a 4th century poet and rhetorician, and the writer of De Mortibus Boum (or Bovum), i.e. On the Deaths of Cattle.

It is a poem belonging to the classical bucolic tradition, but also concerned with Christian apologetics. It mentions a cattle plague, which has been identified as rinderpest. Another title is Carmen bucolicum de virtute signi crucis domini.

He has been identified with a rhetorician Severus who was a friend of Paulinus of Nola known as Severus Rhetor. He probably lived towards the end of the 4th century.

title: Severus Sanctus Endelechius


text:
Finnur Magnússon

Finnur Magnússon, sometimes referred to by the Danish version of his name under which he published, Finno Magnusun, Finn Magnussen or Magnusen, (27 August 1781 – 24 December 1847) was an Icelandic scholar and archaeologist who worked in Denmark.

Biography
Finnur Magnússon was born in Skálholt, Iceland. He was the grandchild of Finnur Jónsson, Bishop of Skálholt. He claimed descent from Ári Marsson, who according to the Landnámabók discovered Hvítramannaland near Vinland.

Finnur studied law at the University of Copenhagen and returned to Iceland to work in Reykjavík, where he became a clerk in the superior court in 1806. In 1812 he returned to Denmark to study Old Norse literature and history and in 1815 became a professor of literature at Copenhagen. In 1819, he was assigned to hold lectures in Norse literature and mythology at the university and the Academy of Art. In 1823 he obtained a position at the King's private archive, and in 1829 became its head. In 1836 he earned his doctorate. He represented Iceland and the Faroes on the Østifternes Stænderforsamling and in 1839 was appointed to represent it on the Danish provincial advisory council (Rådgivende provinsialstænderforsamlinger).

He was a founder member of the Icelandic Literary Society (Hið Íslenzka Bókmenntafélag, Det Islandske Litterære Selskab), for ten years summarised domestic and world news for its annual publication, Íslenzk sagnablöð, and wrote the first issue when it became Skírnir. With Carl Christian Rafn and others, he founded the Royal Norse Ancient Writings Society (Det Kongelige nordiske Oldskriftselskab). He is most remembered for his translation and exposition of the Elder Edda. His masterpiece, first published in 1824, was Eddalæren og dens Oprindelse (The Eddic Lore and its Origin). In it he was one of the first to put forward a Romantic, nature-mythological view of the Norse myths. For example, he regarded the valkyries as heavenly lights such as meteors and the Aurora Borealis. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1836.

He was interested in and called on for his expertise in runes, but his scholarship in this area was weaker. He declared the Dighton Rock petroglyphs in Rhode Island to be runic. He was involved in an academic controversy when he claimed to have deciphered a skaldic verse in runes on the Runamo rockface in Sweden; in 1844 the marks were shown to be natural. He also misinterpreted the Ruthwell Cross runes.

He saw no conflict between Danish and Icelandic nationalism, and regarded Danish as his second native language; while still a student he published a book of poems in Danish (Ubetydeligheder - Inconsequentialities, 1800), and he also wrote Icelandic poetry.

He was married in 1821 to Nicoline Frydensberg (1804–1886), born in Reykjavík, but the marriage was dissolved in 1840. In his final years he had money problems and sold Icelandic manuscripts from his collection to the Bodleian Library, the British Museum and the Advocates' Library in Edinburgh, apparently overcharging the first two. He died in Copenhagen.

Selected works

 * Udsigt over de kaukasiske Menneskestammers ældste Hjemsted og Udvandringer (1818)
 * Bidrag til nordisk Archæologie (1820), in which he maintained the Norse myths to be as appropriate as those of the Greeks for artistic representation
 * Den Ældre Edda: En samling af de nordiske folks ældste sagn og sange (1821–23)
 * Odin's Ravnes sang eller Fortale-Digtet
 * Magnuson, F. (1822). De Annulo aureo Runicis Characteribus signato, nuper in Anglia invento, et pluribus ejusdem Generis, brevis Dissertatio. Archaeologia Aeliana Series 1. Vol 1, p. 136.
 * Eddalæren og dens oprindelse (1824–26)
 * Priscae veterum borealium mythologiae lexicon (1828)
 * Catalogus Criticus Et Historico-Literarius Codicum ClIII Manuscriptorum Borealium (1832)
 * Grønlands historiske Mindesmærker (3 vols., 1838–42, with Carl Christian Rafn)
 * Runamo og Runerne (1841)
 * Antiquités russes (2 vols., 1850–52, with Carl Christian Rafn)

title: Finnur Magnússon


text:
Category talk:Great Western Railway locomotives

Missing classes
From http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/preserve_pres_gwr.htm we seem to be missing: GWR 6100 Class, GWR 6400 Class, GWR 3000 Class and Dean Goods Class (is that 2301 class ?). Also missing 'Corris Railway' class, 'Vale of Rheidol' class, 'Sentinel, number 12' class, 'Taff Valley' class 01, 'Taff Valley' class 02, 'Port Talbot' class, 'Welshpool & Llanfair' class, 'Powlesland & Mason' class, 'Cardiff Railway' class, 'Alexandra Docks' class and 'North Pembroke Railway' though all of those seem to be locomotives built for other purposes and then acquired by GWR so not sure how to handle. chowells 15:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * GWR 2600 Class mentions GWR 4120 Class also, but I can't find any info. chowells 15:22, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And GWR 3000 Class, GWR 3600 Class, GWR 3100 Class, GWR 4400 Class, GWR 47000 Class and finally GWR 5800 Class chowells 20:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)


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Varina Farms

Varina Farms, also known as Varina Plantation or Varina Farms Plantation or Varina on the James, is a plantation established in the 17th century on the James River about 10 mi south of Richmond, Virginia. An 820 acre property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as "Varina Plantation". At that time it included two contributing buildings and one other contributing site.

It was established 50 mi from the first settlement at Jamestown in the Virginia Colony, and across the river from Henricus, established by Thomas Dale in 1611. Varina Farm, as it is now called, was still a working, privately owned farm in 1977.

Description
The two-story residence, built in 1853, is a common-bond brick structure, which has a kitchen at the east side of the dwelling, separated by a long hyphen. It faces the James River, and the river-side of the house has French doors that open to the outdoors. There are five bays and the second floor has six-over-six sash and wooden sills and lintels. An Ionic porch runs the river side of the house and a portion of the west end of the house. The porch is dated to 1941 when the porch was rebuilt due to a tornado in 1941. Following a storm in 1911, the original low hipped roof was replaced with a high hipped roof.

Varina Farms covers 2,200 acres. Of that, the plantation—the historic portion of the farm that was nominated at the National Register of Historic Places—encompasses 820 acres. The farm has historic buildings, including a $1 1/2$-story antebellum brick barn and sheds.

John Rolfe and Pocahontas
In 1612, English colonist John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of a special strain of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in Jamestown for export to England, which was much better-liked by the Europeans than a harsher form which grew naturally in Virginia. As his tobacco became a cash crop for the struggling colony's economy, about 1615 he established a plantation estate 50 mi from the first settlement at Jamestown. He called his plantation Varina or Verinas, for the Spanish tobacco that was called Verinas. Varina plantation was established across the river from Sir Thomas Dale's 1611 settlement at the progressive community in Henricus.

The plantation became the home of Rolfe and his second wife, Rebecca (Pocahontas) whose father was the Powhatan tribe's leader for two years following their marriage in 1614 in Jamestown and then established their residence at Varina. It was the birthplace of their son, Thomas Rolfe in 1615. In 1616, Rolfe, his wife, and son traveled to London. While they were abroad, Pocahontas died on March 21, 1617, and was buried at St George's Church, Gravesend in Kent, England. Rolfe returned to Varina and ran it until 1622, when he is presumed to have died during the Indian massacre of 1622, in which 347 people outside of Jamestown died. Rolfe may have died due to sickness.

Varina settlement
After the massacre, Henricus was no longer a settlement and the village of Varina was established on the Varina plantation. Varina covered an area of 18 by 25 miles, but it later became known as Henrico. After that, Varina was generally referred to the plantation. It became the county seat of Henrico. A courthouse was built there. Much of Varina Plantation was incorporated into the glebe lands of Henrico Parish. By 1640, church, courthouse, and other buildings were built either on the Varina plantation or in the settlement of Varina, but their location is unknown. In the mid-1600s, Varina was split. Part of it remained with the Rolfe family and ultimately was owned by the great-grandson of John Rolfe, Col. John Bolling (1676-1729), the son of Jane Rolfe and Colonel Robert Bolling. Nathaniel Bacon acquired another tract.

Plantation owners
Most of the plantation property was bought by the Randolph family of Virginia. Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. bought land at Varina for his son, Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., who made it into a profitable plantation. Randolph was the 14th governor of Virginia. His wife, Martha, was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson. Randolph sold the plantation in 1825 to Pleasant Akin or Aiken of Petersburg. The present Classical Revival style mansion was built from 1853 to 1855, by Aiken's son, Albert M. Aiken. By the Civil War (1861–1865), the plantation was called Aiken's Landing, and it was a place where prisoners of war were exchanged.

Civil War
It was one of the two major Southern places for prisoner exchange. On August 3, 1862, 6,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were exchanged there. Union General Benjamin Butler and his troops engaged in a battle in 1864 that caused damage at the plantation and the area. The plantation house was hit by cannonballs and bullets, the evidence of which is found on the west wall of the house. A pontoon bridge was built by Union troops upstream of the house so that they could cross the river on their way to Richmond. Butler took over the plantation for his official headquarters and the house and cabin housed his staff. During that time, Butler, nicknamed "Dutch", led the effort to dig the Dutch Gap canal. Varina is located near a site of the (multi-site) Richmond National Battlefield Park.

Post-war
In 1876, James H. Caldwell purchased the house from Aiken family members. Several other people owned the house before it was bought in 1910 by the Stoneman family. In 1977, it was owned by Wilmer N. Stoneman, Jr. who operated the farm using modern agricultural practices. In the late 1980s the construction of the Varina-Enon Bridge a cable-stayed bridge which carries Interstate 295 across the James River near between Henrico County near Richmond and Chesterfield County bisected the property. It opened to traffic in July 1990. In 2024, Henrico County bought the farm for land preservation.

Archaeology
The Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission has conducted surface investigations of Varina and have found evidence of prehistoric activity on the property, as well as artifacts from the 17th and 18th centuries. There is evidence of a colonial structure about 650 feet northeast of the main house, which was found during an archaeological study. There are other 17th and early 18th century buildings that may have been on the Varina plantation land, including, the Varina Church, the glebe house, the first Henrico County courthouse, a terminus for a ferry across the James River, and Cocke's Ordinary.

title: Varina Farms


text:
Volhynians

The Volhynians (Волиняни, Volyniany, Wołynianie) were an East Slavic tribe of the Early Middle Ages and the Principality of Volhynia in 987–1199.

Russian Perspective
Russian historiography on regions like Volhynia, specifically before the emergence of the Soviet Union in 1922, brought together Eastern European lands as justification for Romanov rule. From this two branches of historiography can be traced into the 20th century. The split stems from different arguments surrounding the stability of the Kievan Rus' prior to the Mongol Invasion in the 13th Century. Solov'ev and Kliuchevskii declared the state of the Kievan Rus' to be dissolving at the time of the invasion, while others, typically Soviet historians, like Grekov argued that the main principalities of the Kievan Rus', like Galica-Volhynia at this time, were stable en route to being invaded by the Mongols.

Ukrainian Perspective
The Ukrainian study of their own respective medieval past begins with the study of the Cossack Chronicles. The Chronicles, authored in the 17th and 18th centuries, traces Ukrainian history from biblical eras into the time of the Khazars. in the 1920s Soviet censorship restricted the study and publication of literary work that demonstrated a separate national and historical background for Ukraine as something non-Muscovite, and therefore non-Russian.

The era of Romanticism in the 19th century brought with it the idea of human ingenuity as the most relevant driving historical force, and authors like Maksymovych and Kostomarov published works like Books of Genesis of the Ukrainian People to popularize this theory. These works were primarily pro-Ukrainian and othered influences like Poland and Lithuania in the general development of Eastern Europe. Volhynia has at different points in time existed in Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian, and Lithuanian spaces and so must be qualified in this argument as solely Ukrainian in the perspective of Maksymovych and Kostomarov.

Mykhailo Hrushevs'ky in the early 20th century generated what is widely considered the most complete repudiation of the Soviet conception of Ukrainian history. His work History of Ukraine-Rus', 1898-1937 reached global audiences and presented a concrete path for Ukrainian history that did not link them directly to the Muscovite succession.

Origins & Heritage
Among many East Slavic Tribes, the Volhynians are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle and lived along the Bug river in the region of Volhynia, that covered present-day sections of eastern Poland, western Ukraine and southern Belarus. Ukrainians today draw their ancestry from the Volhynian people and the Kievan Rus' at large. According to the information from the chronicle, it is considered that the Volhynians are descendants of the Dulebes and Buzhans.

According to the tradition recorded by Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob, in ancient times the Walitābā and their king Mājik, which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians, were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", implying existence of a Slavic federation which perished after the attack of the Avars.

Christianization
In 981 prince Vladimir the Great subjugated the Volhynians under Kievan Rus'.The Volhynians were Christianized into Eastern Orthodoxy by Vladimir the Great in his work to modernize the Kievan Rus' state. Both previously and well after the Christianization of the East Slavs, the Volhynians practiced pagan and animalistic rituals despite Vladimir's decree.

In order to maintain Christianity, Vladimir the Great placed his son Vsevolod as prince over Vladimir, Volhynia's most prominent city.

Power & Succession
For much of the 9th and 10th centuries when Kievan rule was established Volhynia acted in line but semi-independently from the prince-hood.

In the late 11th Century Kievan rule fell into decline after the death of Yaroslav the Wise and Volhynia, as one portion of a fragmented Kievan Rus', shifted into an aristocratic rule in which the territory was controlled by Boyars. These Boyars, due in majority part to their geographic position relative to the capital of the Kievan Rus' were controlled by the Grand Prince of Kiev in a way that allowed Volhynia to adopt the systems and customs, such as Christianity, in a concrete way. In 1146, Volhynia reverted to a patriarchal succession state when Iziaslav Mstislavich decided his son would take the throne, rather than continue allowing the Kievan prince or an associate of the prince to control the principality.

The end of the 10th century brought with it the merger of Galicia and Volhynia. After the conclusion of several conflicts and the ending of the Rostyslavych princely line, Galicia was incorporated into Volhynia by Roman the Great in 1199.

Trade & Connections
Trade routes used by the Varangians to access Constantinople served as the foundation for a foreign trade economy

Much of Volhynia's influence as a powerful principality of the Kievan Rus' developed from geographical proximity. The kingdoms of Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania all increased the relevance of Volhynia as a center of trade for the Kievan Rus'. The commercial gains of this southwest region promoted moving from Eastern Europe into the Black Sea

Even domestically, the movement of ideas promoted glasswork and artisanship among the most populated regions in the Kievan Rus', including Vladimir.

title: Volhynians


text:
Matthäus Hetzenauer

Matthäus Hetzenauer (, 23 December 1924 – 3 October 2004) was an Austrian sniper in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He served in the 3rd Gebirgsjäger Division on the Eastern Front of World War II, and he was with 345 confirmed kills the most successful German sniper. In Nazi Germany, confirmed kills were only valid in the presence of an officer, so Hetzenauer's estimated kills are many times higher. His longest confirmed kill was reported at 1100 m. Hetzenauer received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 April 1945.

Early life
Matthäus Hetzenauer was born on 23 December 1924 in the Austrian Tyrolean village of Brixen im Thale to Simon and Magdalena Hetzenauer, descendants of a long line of Austrian peasantry in the Kitzbühel region. He was baptized as a Catholic on Christmas Eve in the medieval parish church and was raised with his two brothers and sister on his parents’ farm above the village.

Military career
Hetzenauer trained as a sniper from March to July 1944 at the Truppenübungsplatz Seetaler-Alpe in Steiermark, before being assigned as a Gefreiter to the 3rd Gebirgsjäger Division. He utilized both a Karabiner 98k sniper variant with 6× telescopic sight and a Gewehr 43 with ZF4 4× telescopic sight. He saw action against Soviet forces in the Carpathians, Hungary, and Slovakia.

On 6 November 1944, he suffered head trauma from artillery fire and was awarded the Wound Badge three days later.

Gefreiter Hetzenauer received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 April 1945. Generalleutnant and division commander Paul Klatt had recommended Hetzenauer because of his numerous sniper kills, which totalled two enemy companies, without fear for his own safety under artillery fire and enemy attacks. This recommendation was approved by General der Gebirgstruppe Karl von Le Suire and General der Panzertruppe Walter Nehring.

Hetzenauer was captured by Soviet troops the following month, and served five years in a Soviet prison camp.

He died on 3 October 2004. His wife Maria died in 2006.

Awards

 * Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (1 September 1944) & 1st Class (25 November 1944)
 * Wound Badge (1939) in Black (9 November 1944)
 * Infantry Assault Badge in Silver (13 November 1944)
 * Sniper's Badge in Gold (3 December 1944; one of three recipients)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 April 1945 as Gefreiter and sniper in the 7./Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 144

title: Matthäus Hetzenauer


text:
Eureka (word)

Eureka (εὕρηκα) is an interjection used to celebrate a discovery or invention. It is a transliteration of an exclamation attributed to Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes.

Etymology
"Eureka" comes from the Ancient Greek word heúrēka, meaning "I have found (it)", which is the first person singular perfect indicative active of the verb  heurískō "I find". It is closely related to heuristic, which refers to experience-based techniques for problem-solving, learning, and discovery.

Pronunciation
The accent of the English word is on the second syllable, following Latin rules of accent, which require that a penult (next-to-last syllable) must be accented if it contains a long vowel. In the Greek pronunciation, the first syllable has a high pitch accent, because the Ancient Greek rules of accent do not force accent to the penult unless the ultima (last syllable) has a long vowel.

The initial is dropped in modern Greek and in several other European languages, including Catalan, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and English, but preserved in others, such as Finnish, Danish, and German.

Archimedes
The exclamation "Eureka!" is attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes. He reportedly proclaimed "Eureka! Eureka!" after he had stepped into a bath and noticed that the water level rose, whereupon he suddenly understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body he had submerged. (This relation is not what is known as Archimedes' principle—that deals with the upthrust experienced by a body immersed in a fluid. )  He then realized that the volume of irregular objects could be measured with precision, a previously intractable problem. He is said to have been so eager to share his discovery that he leapt out of his bathtub and ran naked through the streets of Syracuse.

Archimedes' insight led to the solution of a problem posed by Hiero of Syracuse, on how to assess the purity of an irregular golden votive crown; he had given his goldsmith the pure gold to be used, and correctly suspected he had been cheated by the goldsmith removing gold and adding the same weight of silver. Equipment for weighing objects with a fair amount of precision already existed, and now that Archimedes could also measure volume, their ratio would give the object's density, an important indicator of purity (as gold is nearly twice as dense as silver and therefore has significantly greater weight for the same volume).

Authenticity
This story first appeared in written form in Vitruvius's books of architecture, two centuries after it supposedly took place. Some scholars have doubted the accuracy of this tale, on the grounds that the votive crown was a fine item, thus an impure crown would displace water only minutely, compared to a pure one. Precise means needed to measure this minute difference was not available at the time. For the problem posed to Archimedes, though, there is a simple method which requires no precision equipment: using a balance, compare the weight of the crown against pure gold. While they are still suspended from the arms of the balance, simultaneously submerge the crown and the gold in water. If the volumes are the same, the balance remains in equilibrium, meaning that their densities are the same and therefore the crown must be pure gold. But if the density of the crown is less (due to being alloyed with another metal like silver), increased buoyancy of the crown results in imbalance. Galileo Galilei himself weighed in on the controversy, suggesting a design for a hydrostatic balance that could be used to compare the dry weight of an object with the weight of the same object submerged in water.

California
The expression is also the state motto of California, referring to the momentous discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848. The California State Seal has included the word Eureka since its original design by Robert S. Garnett in 1850; the official text from that time describing the seal states that this word's meaning applies "either to the principle involved in the admission of the State or the success of the miner at work". In 1957 the state legislature attempted to make "In God We Trust" the state motto as part of the same post WWII anti-Communist movement that successfully added the term "under God" to the American Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, but this attempt did not succeed and "Eureka" was made the official motto in 1963.

The city of Eureka, California, founded in 1850, uses the California State Seal as its official seal. Eureka is a considerable distance from Sutter's Mill, but was the jumping off point of a smaller gold rush in nearby Trinity County, California in 1850. It is the largest of at least eleven remaining US cities and towns named for the exclamation, "eureka!". As a result of the extensive use of the exclamation dating from 1849, there were nearly 40 locales so named by the 1880s in a nation that had none in the 1840s. Many places, works of culture, and other objects have since been named "Eureka"; see Eureka (disambiguation) for a list.

Australia
"Eureka" was also associated with a gold rush in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The Eureka Stockade was a revolt in 1854 by gold miners against unjust mining license fees and a brutal administration supervising the miners. The rebellion demonstrated the refusal of the workers to be dominated by unfair government and laws. The Eureka Stockade has often been referred to as the "birth of democracy" in Australia.

Mathematics
Another mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss, echoed Archimedes when in 1796 he wrote in his diary, "ΕΥΡΗΚΑ! num = Δ + Δ + Δ", referring to his discovery that any positive integer could be expressed as the sum of at most three triangular numbers. This result is now known as Gauss's Eureka theorem and is a special case of what later became known as the Fermat polygonal number theorem.

title: Eureka (word)


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Research institute

A research institute, research centre, research center or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.

Famous research institutes
In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory, and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory.

The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, India. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts.

The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven, a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs, Xerox Parc, The Scripps Research Institute, Beckman Institute, RTI International, and SRI International. Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model.

Thomas Edison, dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.

Research institutes in Europe
From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in the seventeenth century to foster research.

In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg. His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724.

At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN, the European Southern Observatory ESO (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), the EUMETSAT facility, the Italian -European Sistema Trieste with, among others, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion projects ITER and Wendelstein 7-X, which in addition to technical developments have a strong research focus.

Scientific research in 20th century USA
Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation.

1900–1939
This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included the Rockefeller Institute, Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study. Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation.

1940 onward
As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States.

The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities. A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to the fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence.

Notable research centres

 * Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
 * Ames Research Center
 * Bell Labs
 * Bose Institute
 * Biological Research Centre
 * Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering
 * Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
 * Fraunhofer Society
 * Helmholtz Association
 * Institute for Advanced Study
 * Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is Asia's oldest research institute.
 * Indian Council of Medical Research
 * Marine Sciences Research Center
 * Max Planck Society
 * Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
 * Palo Alto Research Center
 * Pennington Biomedical Research Center
 * Rockefeller Institute
 * RTI International
 * SRI International, or SRI. Also known as Stanford Research Institute prior to 1977.
 * Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology
 * Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
 * Thomas J. Watson Research Center

title: Research institute


text: User talk:194.242.105.62

title: User talk:194.242.105.62


text:
Andrew Bishop

Andrew Bishop (born 7 August 1985) is a former Welsh international rugby union player who played for the Ospreys at Centre.

He was a stalwart of the Wales Under 21 Grand Slam victory in 2005. In May 2008 he was selected for the Wales' squad for the 2008 Tour of South Africa, making his debut as a substitute in the 2nd test on 14 June. Wales lost 37–21. He kept his place in the squad throughout the 2008–09 season and on 14 November, he made his first start against Canada. Wales won 34–13. He came on as a replacement in the 18th minute for Jamie Roberts in the match against the Wallabies. Critics thought this would affect Wales but Bishop held his own as Wales won 21–18, the only win that for Northern Hemisphere against one of The Big Three. Bishop then came on as a substitute against Scotland in the Six Nations. He it was his only game time in the tournament, although he was an unused replacement against England. Bishop then started for Wales on their North America tour opener against Canada. The Welsh team were missing players due to the Lions tour and injuries but still won 32–23. Bishop then started against United States. Wales won 48–15.

On 18 January 2010 he was named in the 35 man Wales national Squad for the 2010 Six Nations tournament. He was on the bench for every game, only coming on against Ireland.

On 8 October Bishop was forced to retire because of a recurring back injury.

Personal life
His brother David was also a professional rugby union player and was a Wales Under-21 international.

He now coaches Treorchy RFC. His daughters are Lara Bishop and Mila Bishop.

title: Andrew Bishop


text:
User talk:Torque451

Skem Branch

Any chance of a photograph of the Skem Branch marker for WikiCommons?--Son of Paddy's Ego 15:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, not possible these days. There were several in the 1970's but the last one 'disappeared' in the early 1990's. It was just past the end of the dark lane cut, about 50 yards from the gas pumping station. It could have simply been buried by the farmer but more likely someone with an interest in early railways took it as a souvenir.

title: User talk:Torque451


text:
Talk:Yamakasi (film)

Untitled
I've merged Frpk into Parkour. Suggest doing the same with this - its content is identical so just make it a redirect. Dl yo ns 493  Ta lk   15:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So: what is "frpk"? It's not defined anywhere at all, as near as I can tell. It redirects to parkour but with no indication of what it is. The purpose of an encyclopedia is to educate people, but none of the articles on this range of subjects appears to be written in English, and though I have read them all several times I still don't understand WHAT IT IS. Why is "frpk" merged into "parkour"?Fnarf999 00:44, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

I added a disamb., as the main article for Yamakasi is a french movie. -- ReyBrujo 17:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 08:24, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yamakasi (film)


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text: Category:Housing in Hong Kong

title: Category:Housing in Hong Kong


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Jim Tully

Jim Tully (June 3, 1886 – June 22, 1947) was an American vagabond, pugilist, and writer. He enjoyed critical and commercial success as a writer in the 1920s and 1930s.

Biography
Born near St. Marys, Ohio, to James Dennis and Bridget Marie Lawler Tully, an Irish immigrant ditch-digger and his wife, Tully enjoyed a relatively happy but impoverished childhood until the death of his mother in 1892. Unable to care for him, his father sent him to an orphanage in Cincinnati. He remained there for six years. What further education he acquired came in the hobo camps, boxcars, railroad yards, and public libraries scattered across the country. Finally, weary of the road, he arrived in Kent, Ohio, where he worked as a chain maker, professional boxer, and tree surgeon. He also began to write, mostly poetry published in the local newspapers.

He moved to Hollywood in 1912, when he began writing in earnest. His literary career took two distinct paths. He became one of the first reporters to cover Hollywood. As a free-lancer he was not constrained by the studios and wrote about Hollywood celebrities (including Charlie Chaplin, for whom he had worked) in ways that they did not always find agreeable. For these pieces, rather tame by current standards, he became known as the most-hated man in Hollywood—a title he relished. Less lucrative but closer to his heart were the books he wrote about his life on the road and the American underclass. He also wrote an affectionate memoir of his childhood with his extended Irish family, as well as novels on prostitution, boxing, Hollywood, and a travel book. While some of the more graphic books ran afoul of the censors, they also garnered both commercial success and critical acclaim from, among others, H. L. Mencken, George Jean Nathan, and Rupert Hughes, who wrote that Tully "has fathered the school of hard-boiled writing so zealously cultivated by Ernest Hemingway and lesser luminaries."

Beggars of Life, a silent film starring Louise Brooks based on Tully's memoir of the same name and its play adaptation, Outside Looking In, by Maxwell Anderson, was released in 1928.

Marriage and children
Tully married Florence May Bushnell on October 14, 1910, in Kent, Ohio. They had two children together: T. Alton Tully, born August 3, 1911, in Kent and daughter Trilby Jean Tully born November 13, 1918, in California. Tully later had two additional marriages, to Marna, Margaret Rider Myers in 1925, and finally to Myrtle Zwetow on June 28, 1933, in Ventura, California.

Autobiography

 * Beggars of Life (1924) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 * Circus Parade (1927) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 * A Man of the New School (1931) (Cincinnati: Greater Hotel Gibson in Cincinnati)

Novels

 * Emmett Lawler (1922) (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc.)
 * Jarnegan (1926) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 * Shanty Irish (1928) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 * Shadows of Men (1930) (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company)
 * Blood on the Moon (1931) (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.)
 * Laughter in Hell (1932) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 * Ladies in the Parlor (1935) (New York: Greenberg: Publisher)
 * The Bruiser (1936) (New York: Greenberg: Publisher)
 * Biddy Brogan’s Boy (1942) (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons)

Travel

 * Beggars Abroad (1930) (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company)

Profiles

 * A Dozen and One (1943) (Hollywood: Murray & Gee). CONTENTS: Introduction / Damon Runyon. -- Charlie Chaplin—Clark Gable—Jack Dempsey—Diego Rivera—George Jean Nathan—Wilson Mizner—Jim Cruze—Arnold Bennett—Tod Sloan—Paul Bern—Walter Winchell—Henry Armstrong—H.L. Mencken.

Plays

 * Black Boy w/ Frank Dazey (1926) play
 * Twenty Below w/ Robert Nichols (1927) play (London: Robert Holden & Co. Ltd.)

Articles

 * "Are Americans People?" The Story World and Photodramatist, May 1923.
 * "Speaking of Men—! Bill Hart, Sid Grauman & Sig Haugdahl," Triple-X Magazine, October 1924.
 * "Whales to Starboard!" Triple-X Magazine, January 1925.
 * "The Three Gamblers," Photoplay, January 1925.
 * "The Man Who Found Himself," Photoplay, February 1925.
 * "On the Banks of the Wabash," Photoplay, May 1925.
 * "The Extra Pirate," Photoplay, August 1925.
 * "The Girl with the Broken Ankle," Photoplay, August 1925.
 * "Can Dempsey Still Fight?" Liberty, August 22, 1925.
 * "The Lad Who Ran Away," Photoplay, September 1925.
 * "The Girl Who Kept Step," Photoplay, January 1926.
 * "A Top Rider," Photoplay, January 1926.
 * "Passing Strangers," Liberty, September 11, 1926.
 * "Owen, Tom, Matt and Joe," Photoplay, October 1925.
 * "A Modern Samaritan," Photoplay, November 1925.
 * "Writers I Have Known," Markets and Methods for Writers, April 1927.
 * "Aimee Semple McPherson," Liberty, January 12, 1929.
 * "The Failure of Jack London," Markets and Methods for Writers, March 1929.
 * "Two Thousand Rejection Slips," Markets and Methods for Writers, March 1930.
 * "My Writing Creed," Writer’s 1931 Year Book.
 * "Ex-Follies Girl," The Illustrated Love Magazine, March 1932.
 * "The Girl Who Lied," The Illustrated Love Magazine, August 1932.
 * "The Clown Who Juggled Apples" (W. C. Fields), Photoplay, January 1934.
 * "Warner Baxter—And Women," Movie Classic, January 1936.
 * "Today’s Greatest Prizefighter," Liberty, April 2, 1938.
 * "The Bruiser," Jack Dempsey’s Sports Magazine, May 1938.

Poetry

 * "The Dying Hobo," Esquire, April 1937.

title: Jim Tully


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François de Clermont-Tonnerre

François de Clermont-Tonnerre (1629 – 15 February 1701) was a French aristocrat and cleric. He served as the Count of Noyon, Bishop of Noyon, a pair de France and a member of the Conseil d'État.

Early life
Jean François de Clermont-Tonnerre was born in 1629. He was the younger son of comte François de Clermont-Tonnerre (1601-1679) and Marie Vignier de Saint-Liebaut. He received a doctorate at the Sorbonne after studying under the Jesuits.

Vocation
In 1694, he was appointed to replace Barbier d'Aucour at the Académie française and in 1695 became president of the Assembly of the French clergy. He also wrote some religious works, including a Rule of Saint Benedict (1687). At the time of his death, he was working on a Commentaire mystique et moral sur l'Ancien Testament.

He was summoned to the court of Louis XIV, who wanted to amuse himself with his excessive vanity. Clermont-Tonnerre founded a prize for poetry of 3,000 francs, whose topic was always to be an elegy on Louis XIV and his deeds.

Death
He died on 15 February 1701.

title: François de Clermont-Tonnerre


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Talk:Vai que É Mole

— J I P | Talk 15:16, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vai que É Mole