text:
Almas Kishkenbayev

Almas Kishkenbayev (or Kishkenbaev) (Алмас Кiшкенбаев, Almas Kışkenbaev) (born June 1, 1985) is a Kazakh singer who rose to popularity after winning SuperStar KZ, the Kazakh version of Pop Idol, shown by Perviy Kanal Evraziya.

Almas is also the second only Idol winner who was previously a Wildcard on the show, next to Canada's Ryan Malcolm from Canadian Idol. Almas advanced to the finals as the jury's choice even though he received 3rd highest votes.

Nikolai Pokotylo – 27.4% Aynur Shankilova – 25.4% Almas Kishkenbayev – 14.3%

SuperStar KZ performances
Kyzylorda Auditions: Semi Finals: Wildcards: Top 12: You're My Everything Top 11: Говори Top 10: Последняя Поэма by Valeriya Top 9: Everything I Do (I Do It For You) by Bryan Adams Top 8: Жігіттер Жыры by Dos Mukasan Top 7: Soli Top 6: Беловежская Пуща Top 5: Love To See You Cry by Enrique Iglesias Top 5: Insatiable by Darren Hayes Top 4: Немного Жаль by Filipp Kirkorov Top 4: О, Махаббат by Medeu Arynbayev Top 3: Belle Top 3: Девушки, Как Звезды by Andrey Gubin Grand Final: Три Волшебных Слова Grand Final: Кен Дала Grand Final: Love To See You Cry by Enrique Iglesias

Discography
Мәңгілікке Мой HiT #1 (My HiT #1) singing Золотая Пора (Golden Season)

Мой HiT 3 (My HiT #3) singing Мәңгілікке

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Almas Kishkenbayev


text:
National Oceanography Centre

The National Oceanography Centre (NOC) is a marine science research and technology institution based across two sites, one in Southampton and one in Liverpool, England. It is the UK’s largest institution for integrated sea level science, coastal and deep ocean research and technology development. The Centre was established to promote co-operation with institutions across the UK marine science community, to better address key issues including sea level change, the ocean's role in climate change, computer simulation of the ocean's behaviour, and the long term monitoring and future of the Arctic Circle.

Marine science national capability
The NOC operates ships and equipment which contribute to the country's national marine capability. Such equipment provided by the NOC includes Royal Research Ships, RRS James Cook and RRS Discovery, deep submersibles, including the Autosub autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), advanced ocean sensors and other instruments.

The NOC is responsible for a number of programs, including the global mean sea level data archive, the UK's sea level monitoring system for flood warning and climate change, and the national archive of subsea sediment cores. The NOC is also responsible for the National Oceanographic Library, which houses archives including those of RRS Discovery and HMS Challenger, and is the UK's main facility for holding and distributing marine environment data.

History
The National Oceanography Centre’s waterfront headquarters were opened in 1996 by Prince Philip, as the Southampton Oceanography Centre. It brought together the University of Southampton's departments of oceanography and geology with the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, formerly based in Wormley, Surrey, and Research Vessel Services, formerly based in Barry Docks, South Wales.

It was renamed the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton in 2005, again by the Duke of Edinburgh, its new name reflecting its prominence in ocean and earth sciences within the UK.

Until April 2010, the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton was jointly owned by the University of Southampton and the Natural Environment Research Council. The term National Oceanography Centre, Southampton continues to be used to describe the collaborative relationship at the waterfront campus.

The National Oceanography Centre’s Liverpool site, on the University of Liverpool campus, was formerly the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory and specialises in tidal and sea level science. It hosts the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility, the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level and the British Oceanographic Data Centre. It was formerly housed at the Bidston Observatory on the Wirral before moving to the University of Liverpool campus in 2004.

On 1 November 2019 the NOC began operating as an independent self-governing organisation – a charitable company limited by guarantee.

NOC Association
The NOC Association of Marine Science National Capability Beneficiaries is a network of partners, associates and research institutions which work with the NOC in supporting research and technology development.

Partners
The NOC’s partners include the University of Southampton, whose Ocean and Earth Science academic unit is co-located at the NOC’s dockside headquarters, which houses around 520 staff, as well as around 700 undergraduate and postgraduate students. The NOC's Joseph Proudman Building on the campus of the University of Liverpool is used for the teaching of postgraduate students

The NOC is responsible for managing UK marine science national capability. This includes provision of major facilities, programmes of sustained observing, survey, mapping, data management and other functions. The NOC also manages contracts placed by NERC with other organisations to provide some national capability functions. Such organisations are known as Delivery Partners and include:

 * Plymouth Marine Laboratory
 * Scottish Association for Marine Science
 * British Antarctic Survey
 * British Geological Survey
 * Marine Biological Association
 * Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (named after Alister Hardy)

The centre is committed to international engagement and has developed a range of international partnerships through the International and Strategic Partnerships Office, including an alliance of Europe’s three principal oceanographic research institutions with Ifremer of France and GEOMAR of Germany.

The NOC is a member of the European Global Ocean Observing System (EuroGOOS)

title: National Oceanography Centre


text: Template:Presidents of Venezuela

title: Template:Presidents of Venezuela


text:
Category:Restaurants in France

 * Category for restaurants in France, see also Category:French restaurants.

title: Category:Restaurants in France


title: File:SB13.png


text:
User:Mamawrites/archive2

Political movement
I didn't actually nominate it; I was just moving the collaboration-of-the-week notice from the article to the talk page, to comply with the usual Wikipedia practice for such tags. The person who originally added the notice seemed insistent on doing things their own way in many regards, so it's possible they never bothered to make the nomination itself (and if your high standards for writing are offended by "they" as a gender-neutral singular, I apologize). --Michael Snow 19:41, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

3RR
I'm well aware of the 3RR. Out of curiosity, on what page were you concerned that I might violate it? — Dan | Talk 22:47, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see. The 3RR doesn't apply to reverting vandalism, and the other user has already been blocked for his edits, but thanks anyway for the notice. — Dan | Talk 22:51, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Girl - table
That didn't quite work in my browser, Firefox - the text got squashed to the left. May I suggest you make a table containing the contents box, and the two photos, while you leave the definition text above it? Thanks, --Janke | Talk 06:26:51, 2005-09-09 (UTC)
 * Well... To be honest, I think it's better to have the photos at right. Too much whitespace at the contents box this way --Janke | Talk 06:37:33, 2005-09-09 (UTC)
 * No panic! If you can find a way to get a nice layout without too much whitespace, that would be great! (Just checked - looks pretty good now!) As for animation (and comics) - that would be worth looking into, Manga, etc. - but I'm no expert there. My contributions are only in the suggested photos, you've seen some of my uploads on the gallery page (I think the little girl in the amusement ride car might be funny, as a counterpoint in gender roles... ;-) PS: Try the and  commands if you want to affect the Contents box... Keep up the good work! --Janke | Talk 11:16:18, 2005-09-09 (UTC)
 * Glad to see that you got it figured out. If you have any more questiosn, you know where to find me! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 01:17, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well unfortunately, Raul reverted my changes with this note (copied from his talk page, in response to my query about why he did so...) "Your solution didn't look bad in my browser actually, but (as a general rule) you want to avoid html and complex table layouts (like you had) because (a) they tend to break on some browsers, and (B) while they might look good on Wikipedia, they tend not to transfer well to other wikis. →Raul654" I guess I'll defer to his experience, although it rankles a bit... Mamawrites 10:45, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Exceptional Newcomer Award

Thanks for the award, and here's one for you too! :) - ulayiti (talk)  12:07, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

WP:COTW
Dear Sandy, listening to thanks always gives a feeling of Sound of Music. Your saying thanks to me for my small contributions to Girl came as a pleasant surprise, and I found again that Small is Beautiful. --Bhadani 12:35, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
I've enjoyed working with you. Rick Norwood 13:38, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the flower!
You did a lot more than I ever did on the Girl article! (I just contributed a few photos, no deep thoughts at all...) Keep up the good work on Wikipedia, and think happy thoughts! --Janke | Talk 17:14:31, 2005-09-12 (UTC)

Thanks for the barnstar
Thanks a lot! I really appreciate it. utcursch | talk 11:38, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

The charter is here. (Relating to Esperanza)
Hello Mamawrites, the Charter for Esperanza is up. Take a looksie :) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:52, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza made less bureaucratic
Hello again, I have (unilatterly) taken away the 'assembly' idea, as per my reasons at that edit summary and per Wikipedia talk:Esperanza/Charter. I have left the admin general, as some leadership is good. Now, all you have to do is be a member to establish consensus, the whole assembly idea is gone. Also, I have added an advisory committee, of four members, with limited power besides watching over the admin general and making sure he doesn't do anything stupid. Please look at the ammended charter, and I would love a comment. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:25, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

The last time I'm spamming you all with Esperanza stuff
Hello Mamawrites. As you may or may not know, there have been some troubles with Esperanza. So now, as a last ditch to save the community, please vote at Esperanza/Reform on all neccisary polls. P.S. I'm very sorry for spamming you all with these messages, and this will be the last time. I recommend putting ESP on your watchlist. Cheers and please look at that, let's stop the civil war then. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:48, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

In re: Sockpuppets
Mamawrites:

JCarriker & Redwolf24 are not sockpuppets. While I don't know JCarriker as well, I do know Redwolf24 very well, and have for several months; I assure you, he is not a sockpuppet. He's a highschooler from Washington State. -- Essjay ·  Talk 14:55, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for the 'Thank you' award for the Girl collaboration! - C HAIRBOY (☎) 21:42, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

thanks
Thanks for your note. I have to admit it confused me, as I hadn't intended to participate in WP:COTW, but had just happened to be editing that article around that time. I think the article could use alot more work (it even has a dispute header at the moment), but at least it has some nice images, which was what I was there for at the time. In any case your note was thoughtful and appreciated, and you seem like an interesting person from your user page. Nice having met you, Sam Spade 01:38, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Mediation
Hello, Mamawrites! Thanks for your support of my mediation committee nomination; I'm pleased to announce that I'm now an official mediator. Thanks once again. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 20:34, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * (response to WP:ESP) Actually, mainly because I didn't see the message. :-) Plus there was really nothing to reply about... Now I'm thoroughly confused... Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 19:52, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Wikimania
Might want to move your link, today's the last day... Wikimania_2006/Official_requirements_for_potential_host_cities

title: User:Mamawrites/archive2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ross Jeffries

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980My RfA 22:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Ross Jeffries
Delete Not notable Adcruft DutchSeduction 10:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. — J I P | Talk 10:44, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: he does get a lot of Google results, though the article is pretty terrible. Also, was there an AfD recently that concerned him or his work? I didn't see one in the edit history. -- Kjkolb 13:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Compare to the article Seduction Community that recently went AfD and was removed. It is now WP:VfU at VfU.  Another terribly written article is David DeAngelo, another commercial seduction community guy.  There should be one NPOV article to explain the social phenomenon which is kept linkspam and adcruft free. DutchSeduction 15:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup, and copyedit. This figure is notable as well.  I'm not sure why this collection of articles receives so many deletion votes based on poor editing when many other articles on Wikipedia have been sitting in cleanup for years.  Jeffries is notable.  Let's fix some of the errors without resorting to an unnecessary deletion.  --Quintin3265 16:22, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep only if edited into an NPOV article. If it remains objectionable adcruft Delete  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   20:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. The guy the Tom Cruise character in Magnolia was based on should have a Wikipedia article. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 22:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and continue to develop. Does not garner the same amount of attention on Google as David DeAngelo does, but this person still appears to be more than reasonably notable within his field.  Hall Monitor 22:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Take note: In 'The Game' by Neill Strauss, Paul Thomas Anderson is said to have studied Ross Jeffries while writing Magnolia. 24.22.189.60 04:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Ross Jeffries is definitely a notable person. Article needs to be redacted though. Intersofia 14:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep very notable Klonimus 07:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ninefish

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ëvilphoenix Burn! 17:43, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Ninefish
Non-notable graphics designer. Gets 510 Google hits. Page is written from the first person and reads like an advertisement. Delete. — J I P | Talk 10:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC) Delete --Rogerd 01:41, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ditto above. MONGO 10:44, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, delete. --A bit iffy 10:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, delete got a bit carried away with looping links, should be a user page. --ninefish
 * Yes, I was wondering if that was the case, ninefish. Thanks for saying so, as it makes the necessary action more clear-cut. Oh, and welcome to Wikipedia.--A bit iffy 11:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, feel free to take any content you need for your userpage before it is deleted. - Mgm|(talk) 11:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * i'm done thanks guys Ninefish 19:32, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.112.135.229

title: User talk:70.112.135.229


text: Category:Polish jazz

title: Category:Polish jazz


text:
River Bulbourne

The River Bulbourne is a small river in Dacorum, Hertfordshire, England. The word bourne derives from the Anglo-Saxon word for a stream. It is an unnavigable tributary of the River Gade, which flows into the River Colne, which in turn is a tributary of the River Thames. The Bulbourne is an example of a chalk stream, which is a watercourse that flows from chalk-fed groundwater. Chalk streams are a very rare habitat globally, with more than 85% of all the 210 chalk streams in the world are found in England. The river is reduced in size, due to human activity, the main one being the building of the London to Birmingham Grand Union Canal through the narrow valley which takes most of the river's water.

Geography
The Bulbourne flows in the Chiltern Hills, part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England, which formed between 84 and 100 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period when the area was a chalk-depositing marine environment. The valley is at the southernmost limit of the Pleistocene glaciation ice erosion of the Chiltern scarp, giving it a smooth, rounded appearance. Around Berkhamsted the valley sides rise 300 ft. It is situated on the northern rim of the larger syncline or down-folding of rocks called the London Basin. The underlying geology is chalk, which outcrops in places along the east side of the valley. The subsoil is predominantly a stiff reddish clay-with-flints; in the valley itself the chalk is overlain with alluvium.

Course
The river runs in a south-easterly direction from between Cow Roast and Dudswell in Northchurch, through Berkhamsted, Bourne End and Boxmoor, to where it joins the River Gade at Two Waters in Apsley near Hemel Hempstead. The current total length of the river is 7 miles; from its source to its mouth it falls 30 m.

Human activity
The River Bulbourne was historically rich in eels and other fish, fast-moving and prone to frequent localised flooding. Over the years, human activity has had a significant effect on the river. Originally, the source of the Bulbourne was near the hamlet of Bulbourne, near Tring (which would make the river 2.9 miles longer); in 1700 the source was said to be Parkhill Farm, near Pendley Manor (making the river 0.5 miles shorter).

Settlement in the valley began prior to the Late Iron Age period. The upper Bulbourne Valley was rich in timber and iron ore in the form of bog iron. In the late Iron Age, a 4 sqmi area around Northchurch was a major iron production centre (considered to be one of the most important late Iron Age and Roman industrial areas in England). Water was drawn from 14 well shafts close to the river at Cow Roast, where a Roman town grew up between the river and the Roman- engineered Akeman Street (which had been a pre-existing route from St Albans (Verulamium) to Cirencester (Corinium)) Iron production ceased at the end of the Roman period. There were Roman villas in Northchurch, Berkhamsted and Boxmoor.

Early Anglo-Saxon settlements arose in Northchurch and Berkhamsted. In the Medieval period, the Bulbourne powered two watermills in Berkhamsted (Upper and Lower - recorded in 1086) and another in Bourne End. It also fed the three moats of the large Norman (Motte and Bailey) Berkhamsted Castle, that stands close to the centre of the town. The river created a marsh environment (at times referred to as an 'unhealthy swamp') in the centre of the valley, which added to the defences of the castle.

During the Industrial Age in 1797, the Grand Union Canal was dug alongside the entire length of the river, and the Bulbourne became the main source of water for the canal, which was the main link between London and the coalfields of the Midlands. This manmade waterway was the only one to be built across the Chilterns Hills. Ensuring a constant supply of water in a region of permeable chalk was an engineering challenge which required the building of reservoirs, pumps and boreholes.

After the Pre-Roman Road and the canal, the next major transport route to carve its way along the Bulbourne valley was Sparrows Herne Turnpike founded in 1762,  followed by the London to Birmingham railway, in 1834.

In 1883, the Berkhamsted Times congratulated a Mr Bedford on having converted the remaining "dirty ditches and offensive marshes" into watercress beds. Thus the River Bulbourne was reduced by centuries of increased drinking needs, dredging, milling and agriculture, as well as by the London to Birmingham Canal.

In October 2011, concerns were raised about local water levels when the River Bulbourne dried up. Local commentators blamed increased water consumption brought about by the number of new property developments in Berkhamsted, although the Environment Agency and the Veolia water company claimed it was due to a low water table, caused by lack of rainfall.

Tributaries
The Bourne Gutter is a short 400 yard tributary of the Bulbourne, rising between Berkhamsted and Bourne End. In very wet years it runs from springs nearly three miles further up a side valley, near Hockeridge Bottom. According to local legend it is a "Woe Water", said to only flow at a time of national emergency.

Another small tributary was 60 feet at St Johns Well Lane (in Berkhamsted); it dried up in the 1930s due to increased local water-pumping needs. From at least the Middle Ages the 'holy well' there had been Berkhamsted's principal source of drinking water.

Part restoration
The Bulbourne flows through Boxmoor, and it was on this stretch that a major river restoration project was undertaken in January 2017. Working in conjunction with the Environment Agency, the Box Moor Trust restored a kilometre stretch of the River; the river in this location had been heavily modified in the past, and as a result was overly deep, straight and wide. As such, the restoration work was carried out in order to return the river to a more natural state. The bulk of this work was carried out in January 2017, whilst the creation of ephemeral ponds took place in November, 2017. The ‘Bringing Back the Bulbourne’ project scooped the ‘best medium scale’ award at The Wild Trout Trust Conservation Awards. The natural meander of this section of the chalk stream was restored (a globally rare habitat), creating new habitats for plants and wildlife. Removing a weir has allowed fish to move along the river, while cutting back trees has allowed more light to reach the river.

title: River Bulbourne


text:
Talk:Kate L. Turabian

Untitled
Could the example be edited?! Maybe some key points? --Henry Hadlow 10:45, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

language
Opinons should be left out of this.

Is there any reason particular to the Turabian style that makes it so frequently lambasted by graduate students? coz otherwise it seems to me that graduate students will bitch a lot on anything dissertation-related, be it citation styles, having to buy paper, or *gasp* actually doing work.

I agree. I'm a grad student who likes the Turabian style and it seems just as plausible to write, "Many grad students admire Turabian." Both are completely subjective. anonymous, Jan. 24, 2007

Are any of Kate's relatives still living? It would be neat if a relative of hers, who knows her material as well as she did, could tour graduate schools across the United States to humor us and give us insight and help. I wish she were still living so I could meet her. It would be fun to have her relative as a "mystery guest." I'm wondering if Kate L. Turabian has a living legacy, like Peggy Post continuing in Emily Post's footsteps on etiquette. 76.183.170.64 05:32, 6 July 2007 (UTC) A Curious Fan in Dallas, Texas

External links modified
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Is it a typo?
In 2028, the University of Chicago Press published the 9th edition of the book. 134.19.246.188 (talk) 19:06, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Armenian-American by marriage
How can anyone be any ethnicity by being married to someone? You would have to be born as such. jowston (talk) 18:44, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree. I've changed "Armenian-American by marriage" to stating that her surname came from her Armenian-American husband. Doremo (talk) 15:12, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kate L. Turabian


text:
User talk:Pravindvaidya

The VC dimension (for Vapnik Chervonenkis dimension) is a measure of the capacity of a statistical classification algorithm. It is one of the core concepts in Vapnik Chervonenkis theory. It was originally defined by Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis.

Intuitively, the capacity of a classification model is related to how complicated it can be. Think of thresholding a high-degree polynomial, where if the polynomial evaluates above zero, we classify that point into a positive class, negative otherwise. If we use a very high-degree polynomial, it can be very wiggly, and can fit a training set exactly. But, we should expect that outside of the training points, the classifier would not generalize well, because it is too wiggly. Such a polynomial has a high capacity. Alternatively, we can think about thresholding a linear polynomial. This polynomial may not fit the entire training set, because it has a low capacity. This notion of capacity can be made more rigorous.

First, we need the concept of shattering. Consider a classification model f with some parameter vector θ. The model f can shatter a set of data points if, for all assignments of labels to those data points, there exists a θ such that the model f makes no errors when evaluating that set of data points.

Now, we are ready to define a mathematical notion of capacity, called the VC dimension. The VC dimension of a model f is the maximum h such that some data point set of cardinality h can be shattered by f.

The VC dimension has utility in statistical learning theory, because it can predict a probabilistic upper bound on the test error of a classification model.

The bound on the test error of a classification model (on data that is drawn i.i.d. from the same distribution as the training set) is given by

Training error + with probability 1 − η, where h is the VC dimension of the classification model, and N is the size of the training set.

[edit] References and sources

title: User talk:Pravindvaidya


text:
Talk:Pakruojis

No title
Article should be about a city in Lithuania (see Pakruojis), but it is about district, and, as district is already at Pakruojis district municipality, information should be merged and this article should be removed or information about city should be added. Knutux 10:45, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Pakruojis


text:
Vaalee (1999 film)

Vaalee is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language psychological romantic thriller film written and directed by S. J. Suryah in his directorial debut. The film stars Ajith Kumar in dual roles with Simran and Jyothika in her Tamil debut while Vivek, Rajeev, Pandu and Sujitha appear in important supporting roles. A modern-day adaptation of the legend of Vali from the Ramayana, it revolves around identical twins Shiva and Deva, with Deva being deaf-mute. When Shiva marries Priya, Deva becomes obsessed with her and lusts for her.

Suryah completed the script for Vaalee in 60 days, and the project was picked up for production by S. S. Chakravarthy of NIC Arts. The soundtrack was composed by Deva, and the lyrics were written by Vairamuthu. The cinematography was handled by Jeeva, while the editing was done by the duo B. Lenin and V. T. Vijayan.

Vaalee was released on 30 April 1999 to positive reviews from critics. The film became a commercial success, running for over 270 days in theatres. Ajith won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil and Jyothika won Best Female Debut – South at the same ceremony. The film was remade in Kannada in 2001 under the same title.

Plot
Shiva and Deva are identical twins. Deva, the elder brother, is deaf-mute; but he is an expert at lip reading, and the head of a successful advertising company. Shiva loves and trusts his brother. Shiva falls in love with Priya, who wants to marry someone who is an ex-smoker, ex-drunkard, and got ditched by a girl but is pining for her. Learning this, Shiva, with the help of his friend Vicky, invents a romance between him and a certain Sona, and wins Priya's love. Soon Priya realises Shiva's trick and breaks up with him. He tries to tell her that he only cheated and lied to her in the old romance story, but he truly loved her. One day, Priya comes to Shiva's house and slaps him, but eventually she reciprocates his love.

Meanwhile, Deva chances upon Priya and lusts for her. His obsession continues even after his brother marries her and he devises various means of getting close to Priya and keeping Shiva and her apart. Some of the methods Deva uses to woo Priya are masochistic (wounding his hand by the running car engine to stop the couple's wedding night) and psychotic (repeated attempts to murder his brother).

While Shiva is away at work as a substitute for his injured brother, Priya looks after Deva. Priya soon realises the intentions Deva has towards her, but Shiva refuses to believe her and has complete trust in his brother. He even goes as far as to take Priya to a psychiatrist. To get away from it all, Shiva and Priya go on a long-delayed honeymoon, but Deva shows up there. Shiva watches Deva touching Priya's dress and kissing her photo and he realises that she was right all along. Deva beats up Shiva, packs him in a gunny bag, and throws him into a lorry.

Deva disguises himself as Shiva and tries to seduce Priya. Shiva calls her to warn her that Deva is there but Deva picks up the call. She thinks that Shiva told Deva where they are and the one on the phone is Deva's assistant Sudha who called her to tell that Deva might injure himself to disturb their honeymoon. She takes off the phone's wire so that he will not call them back. Shiva then hastens to the house to save Priya from Deva.

Soon, Priya learns that he is Deva and escapes from him, then shoots him with a revolver. Deva falls into the pool unconscious, and when Shiva comes, she narrates the whole incident to him. He hugs and apologises to her for not believing her earlier, for taking her to the psychiatrist without knowing the truth and for trusting Deva without knowing his intentions towards her. Suddenly, Deva regains consciousness, but Shiva immediately kills him with the revolver. In the afterlife, Deva talks about his inability to express his feelings for Priya because he was mute.

Development
S. J. Suryah had worked as an assistant director in Vasanth's Aasai (1995) which featured Ajith Kumar as well as working with him during the making of Ullaasam (1997). Ajith asked Suryah to prepare a good script and promised he would give him a chance to make his directorial debut. After Suryah completed the script of Vaalee in 60 days, the pair approached S. S. Chakravarthy to produce the film. The film is a modern-day adaptation of the legend of Vali from the Ramayana.

Casting
Keerthi Reddy was announced to be the lead actress in the film in December 1997, though she was replaced by Simran before filming began. Roja and Meena also were approached to play the female lead but both of them could not allocate the dates. Jyothika, sister of actress Nagma, made her Tamil debut in the film as an imaginary character, Sona. Livingston made a guest appearance as it was Suryah's wish that he appear in at least one scene. This is the first film where Ajith played two characters. Ajith mentioned that Vaalee "was very close to my heart and I gave it everything I had", adding that he had initially received widespread negative publicity and scepticism for doing a dual role too early in his career. Simran's voice was dubbed by Savitha Radhakrishnan.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Deva and lyrics were written by Vairamuthu. The song "Oh Sona" is based on "Susanna" by VOF de Kunst, and "Where Do I Begin?", the theme to Love Story composed by Francis Lai.

Release
Vaalee was released on 30 April 1999. The film became a huge commercial success, running for 270 days in theatres in Tamil Nadu, and 100 days in Kerala. It provided a major breakthrough for Ajith, Simran and Jyothika's careers. The film was dubbed and released in Telugu in October 1999.

Critical reception
Vaalee received positive reviews from critics. Lakshmi of Deccan Herald described the film as "definitely worth seeing", saying it "has something for all tastes – a pleasant love angle, some suspense, complex psychological nuances, good acting, pleasing songs" while praising Ajith's performance. The New Indian Express labelled Simran's portrayal as "outstanding" while mentioning Suryah does a "fairly good job and succeeds". K. P. S. of Kalki appreciated Deva's music, the performances of Ajith and Simran, and Jeeva's cinematography, adding that Suryah's future as a director seemed bright.

Ananda Vikatan appreciated the film by giving 45 marks and mentioned "Director SJ Suryah established his stamp of film-making in his very first film by taking up a straight line story with an engaging screenplay and realistic dialogues. Ajith Kumar has done a fantastic job in dual role and Simran also proved that she can act". K. N. Vijiyan of New Straits Times wrote, "It is amazing what fresh ideas new directors can come out with [...] Using a simple story, Suryah has come out with a winner". D. S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, "Rich production values, fine performances by Ajit Kumar (playing the dual role of brothers) and Simran, bold and powerful dialogue by S. J. Surya, who has directed the movie based on his story and screenplay, are the major contributing factor[s]" in the film.

Remakes
Vaalee was remade in Kannada under the same title (2001). Boney Kapoor entered negotiations with Chakravarthy to acquire the remake rights for Hindi and other languages. In response, Suryah attempted to block Chakravarthy from selling the remake rights by filing a case to the Madras High Court, but his plea was rejected. Kapoor and Chakravarthy's deal was closed around July/August 2020. In November 2021, Suryah appealed to the Supreme Court of India, using a 2017 verdict by the Madras High Court that only the screenwriter holds the remake rights to his own film, but on 25 April 2022, the Supreme Court rejected his plea: "There can be no dispute that in respect of a cinematograph film, it is the producer of the film who is the owner of the copyright in the cinematograph film itself".

title: Vaalee (1999 film)


text:
Yves Chauvin

Yves Chauvin (10 October 1930 – 27 January 2015) was a French chemist and Nobel Prize laureate. He was honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole and a member of the French Academy of Science. He was known for his work for deciphering the process of olefin metathesis for which he was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock.

Life
Yves Chauvin was born on 10 October 1930 in Menen, Belgium, to French parents; his father worked as an electrical engineer. He graduated in 1954 from the École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon. He began working in the chemical industry but was frustrated there. He is quoted as saying, "If you want to find something new, look for something new...there is a certain amount of risk in this attitude, as even the slightest failure tends to be resounding, but you are so happy when you succeed that it is worth taking the risk." In 1960, Chauvin began working for the French Petroleum Institute in Rueil-Malmaison. He became honorary director of research there following his retirement from the institute in 1995. Chauvin also served as an emeritus (retired) director of research at the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics, and Electronics.

Awards and recognitions
He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for his work from the early 1970s in the area of olefin metathesis. Chauvin was embarrassed to receive his award and initially indicated that he might not accept it. He did however receive his award from the King of Sweden and deliver his Nobel lecture. He was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 2005.

Research
Chauvin's work centred on metathesis, which involves organic (carbon-based) compounds. In metathesis, chemists break double bonds more easily by introducing a catalyst—that is, a substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction. Chemists began performing metathesis in the 1950s without knowing exactly how the reaction worked. This lack of understanding hindered the search for more efficient catalysts.

In the early 1970s Chauvin achieved a breakthrough when he described the mechanism by which a metal atom bound to a carbon atom in one group of atoms causes the group to shift places with a group of atoms in another molecule and explained metathesis in detail. He showed that the reaction involves two double bonds. One of the double bonds connects two parts of an organic molecule. The other double bond connects a metal-based catalyst to a fragment of an organic molecule. In metathesis, these two double bonds combine and split to make four single bonds. The single bonds form a ring that connects the metal catalyst, the organic fragment, and the two parts of the organic molecule. The metal catalyst then breaks off from the ring, carrying away part of the organic molecule. This process leaves the fragment attached to the remainder of the organic molecule with a double bond, forming a new organic compound. Scholars have compared this reaction to a dance in which two sets of partners join hands to form a ring and then split apart again to form two new partnerships.

Chauvin's description of metathesis led Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock to develop catalysts that carried out the reaction more efficiently. The three chemists' work has enabled manufacturers to make organic compounds, including some plastics and medicines, using less energy because the required reaction pressures and temperatures became lower, and using fewer harmful and expensive chemicals, and creating fewer contaminant reaction by-products and hazardous waste that must be extracted from the desired synthetic. It was for this process they were awarded with 2005 Chemistry Nobel Prize.

Death
Chauvin died, at the age of 84, on 27 January 2015 in Tours, France.

Publications

 * (This article is occasionally cited as 1970 as the year of publication due to a typographical error in the original publication.)
 * (This article is occasionally cited as 1970 as the year of publication due to a typographical error in the original publication.)
 * (This article is occasionally cited as 1970 as the year of publication due to a typographical error in the original publication.)
 * (This article is occasionally cited as 1970 as the year of publication due to a typographical error in the original publication.)

title: Yves Chauvin


text: User talk:158.64.118.158

title: User talk:158.64.118.158


text:
Kelong

A kelong (or kellong) is an offshore platform built predominantly with wood, which can be found in waters off Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia. Only a handful remain around Singapore due to rapid urbanisation.

Kelongs are built by fishermen primarily for fishing or fish farming purposes, although larger structures can also function as dwellings for them and their families.

Structurally, kelongs are often built without the need for nails, using rattan to bind tree trunks and wooden planks together. The decks of some kelongs have open spaces with nets that hang partially in the water, allowing for captured fish to be kept live until they are sold or cooked. Anchored into the sea bed using wooden piles of about 20 m in length and driven about six metres into the sea, they are usually sited in shallow water, although some can be found in deeper waters. Some kelongs are less isolated and are connected to land via a wooden gangway. Other variants of kelongs can be mobile, with some portion of the building floating freely. Some buildings are large, being made up of groups of kelongs joined together into a massive offshore community.

Singapore
Kelongs can be found in the northeastern coastal areas.

title: Kelong


text:
Cauchy's theorem (group theory)

In mathematics, specifically group theory, Cauchy's theorem states that if $G$ is a finite group and $p$ is a prime number dividing the order of $G$ (the number of elements in $G$), then $G$ contains an element of order $p$. That is, there is $x$ in $G$ such that $p$ is the smallest positive integer with $x$$p$ = $e$, where $e$ is the identity element of $G$. It is named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who discovered it in 1845.

The theorem is a partial converse to Lagrange's theorem, which states that the order of any subgroup of a finite group $G$ divides the order of $G$. In general, not every divisor of $$|G|$$ arises as the order of a subgroup of $$G$$. Cauchy's theorem states that for any prime divisor $p$ of the order of $G$, there is a subgroup of $G$ whose order is $p$—the cyclic group generated by the element in Cauchy's theorem.

Cauchy's theorem is generalized by Sylow's first theorem, which implies that if $p$$n$ is the maximal power of $p$ dividing the order of $G$, then $G$ has a subgroup of order $p$$n$ (and using the fact that a $p$-group is solvable, one can show that $G$ has subgroups of order $p$$r$ for any $r$ less than or equal to $n$).

Statement and proof
Many texts prove the theorem with the use of strong induction and the class equation, though considerably less machinery is required to prove the theorem in the abelian case. One can also invoke group actions for the proof.

$$

Proof 1
We first prove the special case that where $G$ is abelian, and then the general case; both proofs are by induction on $n$ = |$G$|, and have as starting case $n$ = $p$ which is trivial because any non-identity element now has order $p$. Suppose first that $G$ is abelian. Take any non-identity element $a$, and let $H$ be the cyclic group it generates. If $p$ divides |$H$|, then $a$undefined is an element of order $H$. If $p$ does not divide |$p$|, then it divides the order [$p$:$H$] of the quotient group $G$/$H$, which therefore contains an element of order $G$ by the inductive hypothesis. That element is a class $H$ for some $p$ in $xH$, and if $x$ is the order of $G$ in $m$, then $x$$G$ = $x$ in $m$ gives ($e$)$G$ = $xH$ in $m$/$eH$, so $G$ divides $H$; as before $p$$m$/$x$ is now an element of order $m$ in $p$, completing the proof for the abelian case.

In the general case, let $p$ be the center of $G$, which is an abelian subgroup. If $Z$ divides |$G$|, then $p$ contains an element of order $Z$ by the case of abelian groups, and this element works for $Z$ as well. So we may assume that $p$ does not divide the order of $G$. Since $p$ does divide |$Z$|, and $p$ is the disjoint union of $G$ and of the conjugacy classes of non-central elements, there exists a conjugacy class of a non-central element $G$ whose size is not divisible by $Z$. But the class equation shows that size is [$a$ : $p$$G$($C$)], so $G$ divides the order of the centralizer $a$$p$($C$) of $G$ in $a$, which is a proper subgroup because $a$ is not central. This subgroup contains an element of order $G$ by the inductive hypothesis, and we are done.

Proof 2
This proof uses the fact that for any action of a (cyclic) group of prime order $a$, the only possible orbit sizes are 1 and $p$, which is immediate from the orbit stabilizer theorem.

The set that our cyclic group shall act on is the set
 * $$ X = \{\,(x_1,\ldots,x_p) \in G^p : x_1x_2\cdots x_p = e\, \} $$

of $p$-tuples of elements of $p$ whose product (in order) gives the identity. Such a $p$-tuple is uniquely determined by all its components except the last one, as the last element must be the inverse of the product of those preceding elements. One also sees that those elements can be chosen freely, so $G$ has |$p$|$p$−1 elements, which is divisible by $X$.

Now from the fact that in a group if $G$ = $p$ then also $p$ = $ab$, it follows that any cyclic permutation of the components of an element of $e$ again gives an element of $ba$. Therefore one can define an action of the cyclic group $e$$X$ of order $X$ on $C$ by cyclic permutations of components, in other words in which a chosen generator of $p$$p$ sends
 * $$(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_p)\mapsto(x_2,\ldots,x_p,x_1)$$.

As remarked, orbits in $X$ under this action either have size 1 or size $C$. The former happens precisely for those tuples $$(x,x,\ldots,x)$$ for which $$x^p=e$$. Counting the elements of $p$ by orbits, and reducing modulo $X$, one sees that the number of elements satisfying $$x^p=e$$ is divisible by $p$. But $X$ = $p$ is one such element, so there must be at least other solutions for $p$, and these solutions are elements of order $x$. This completes the proof.

Applications
Cauchy's theorem implies a rough classification of all elementary abelian groups (groups whose non-identity elements all have equal, finite order). If $$G$$ is such a group, and $$x \in G$$ has order $$p$$, then $$p$$ must be prime, since otherwise Cauchy's theorem applied to the (finite) subgroup generated by $$x$$ produces an element of order less than $$p$$. Moreover, every finite subgroup of $$G$$ has order a power of $$p$$ (including $$G$$ itself, if it is finite). This argument applies equally to $e$-groups, where every element's order is a power of $$p$$ (but not necessarily every order is the same).

One may use the abelian case of Cauchy's Theorem in an inductive proof of the first of Sylow's theorems, similar to the first proof above, although there are also proofs that avoid doing this special case separately.

title: Cauchy's theorem (group theory)


text:
Louise Hay

Louise Lynn Hay (October 8, 1926 – August 30, 2017) was an American motivational author, professional speaker and AIDS advocate. She authored several New Thought self-help books, including the 1984 book You Can Heal Your Life, and founded Hay House publishing.

Early life
Hay was born Helen Vera Lunney in Los Angeles to parents Henry John Lunney (1901–1998) and Veronica Chwala (1894–1985), Hay recounted her life story in an interview with Mark Oppenheimer of The New York Times in May 2008.

In it, Hay stated that she was born in Los Angeles to a poor mother who remarried Louise's violent stepfather, Ernest Carl Wanzenreid (1903–1992), who physically abused her and her mother. When she was about 5, she was raped by a neighbor. At 15, she dropped out of University High School in Los Angeles without a diploma, became pregnant and, on her 16th birthday, gave up her newborn baby girl for adoption.

She then moved to Chicago, where she worked in low-paying jobs. In 1950, she moved on again, to New York. At this point she changed her first name, and began a career as a fashion model. She achieved success, working for Bill Blass, Oleg Cassini, and Pauline Trigère. In 1954, she married the English businessman Andrew Hay (1928–2001); after 14 years of marriage, she felt devastated when he left her for another woman, Sharman Douglas (1928–1996).

Career
Hay said that about this time she found the First Church of Religious Science on 48th Street, which taught her the transformative power of thought. Hay studied the New Thought works of "positive thinking" authors. One was Florence Scovel Shinn who believed that positive thinking could change people's material circumstances, and the other, Religious Science founder Ernest Holmes who taught that positive thinking could heal the body.

In the early 1970s Hay became a Religious Science practitioner. In this role she led people in spoken affirmations, which she believed would cure their illnesses, and became popular as a workshop leader. She had also studied Transcendental Meditation with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the Maharishi International University in Fairfield, Iowa.

Hay described how in 1977 or 1978 she was diagnosed with "incurable" cervical cancer, and how she came to the conclusion that by holding on to her resentment for her childhood abuse and rape she had contributed to its onset. She reported how she had refused conventional medical treatment, and began a regime of forgiveness, coupled with therapy, nutrition, reflexology, and occasional colonic enemas. She claimed in the interview that she rid herself of the cancer by this method, but, while swearing to its truth, admitted that she had outlived every doctor who could confirm her story.

In 1976, Hay wrote and self-published her first book, Heal Your Body, which began as a small pamphlet containing a list of different bodily ailments and their "probable" metaphysical causes. This pamphlet was later enlarged and extended into her book You Can Heal Your Life, published in 1984. In February 2008, it was fourth on the New York Times paperback advice bestsellers list.

Around the same time she began "Hay Rides" by leading support groups for people living with HIV/AIDS. These grew from a few people in her living room to hundreds of men in a large hall in West Hollywood, California. Her work with AIDS patients drew fame and she was invited to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Phil Donahue Show in the same week, in March 1988. Following this, You Can Heal Your Life immediately landed on the New York Times bestseller list. More than 50 million copies sold around the world in over 30 languages and it also has been made into a movie. You Can Heal Your Life is also included in the book 50 Self-Help Classics for being significant in its field. It is often described as a part of the New Age movement.

Hay wrote, that it has "...sold more than thirty-five million copies". It was announced in 2011 that You Can Heal your Life had reached 40 million sales. See page 225 of her book (December 2008 printing)

Publishing house
In 1984, Hay established the Hay House publishing firm. In 1988 Reid Tracy joined the company as an accountant and would eventually become its CEO. The business flourished and attracted various writers. Hay House is the primary publisher of books and audio books by over 130 authors, including Deepak Chopra, as well as many books by Wayne Dyer. Hay House also publishes the teachings of "Abraham" as channeled through Esther Hicks.

Legacy
In addition to running her publishing company, Hay ran a charitable organization called the Hay Foundation, which she founded in 1985. Its mission is to build futures and support organizations that enhance the quality of life for people, animals, and the environment.

In 2008, a movie about Louise Hay's life was released, titled You Can Heal Your Life. In Hay's own words on the film's official Web site: "This movie is the story of my life, my teachings, and how I've applied the principles of my teachings to my own life." The movie also features notable speakers and authors in the field of personal development including Gregg Braden, Wayne Dyer, Gay Hendricks, Esther and Jerry Hicks, and Doreen Virtue; it was directed by Emmy Award-winning director Michael A. Goorjian.

In the same year Louise Hay won a Minerva Award at The Women's Conference.

In September 2011, Hay and Cheryl Richardson released their book You Can Create An Exceptional Life.

The 2021 documentary film Another Hayride, built entirely from archival footage and narrated by writer/minister David Ault, explores how Louise drew hundreds of gay men with AIDS by teaching them self-love in 1980s Los Angeles.

Death
Hay died in her sleep on the morning of August 30, 2017 at the age of 90.

Ideas and teachings
Hay's two best-known books, Heal Your Body: The Mental Causes for Physical Illness and the Metaphysical Way to Overcome Them and You Can Heal Your Life, directly associate physical problems such as cancer with specific negative emotional patterns and assert that healing the emotional components will also heal the physical conditions. Hay wrote in You Can Heal Your Life that thoughts—not just sexual behavior—could help cause AIDS:

"It is my belief that VENEREAL DISEASE is almost always sexual guilt. It comes from a feeling, often subconscious, that it is not right to express ourselves sexually. A carrier with a venereal disease can have many partners, but only those whose mental and physical immune systems are weak will be susceptible to it."

Works
Hay's works include;
 * You Can Heal Your Life. Hay House Inc., 1984. ISBN 0-937611-01-8
 * Heal Your Body: The Mental Causes for Physical Illness and the Metaphysical Way to Overcome Them. Hay House Inc. (1984) ISBN 0-937611-35-2
 * Mirror Work (1984)
 * The AIDS Book: Creating a Positive Approach. Hay House Inc. (1988) ISBN 0-937611-32-8
 * A Garden of Thoughts: My Affirmation Journal. Hay House Inc. (1989) ISBN 978-0937611678
 * The Totality of Possibilities (1989)
 * Receiving Prosperity: How to Attract Wealth, Success, and Love into Your Life (1989)
 * The Power of Your Spoken Word (1990)
 * Self-Esteem: Motivational Affirmations for Building Confidence and Recognizing Self-Worth (1990)
 * Love Yourself, Heal Your Life Workbook. Hay House Inc. (1990)
 * The Power Is Within You. Hay House Inc. (1991)
 * Heart Thoughts. Hay House Inc., 1992 ISBN 978-1-4019-3720-1
 * Loving Thoughts For Increasing Prosperity. Hay House Inc. (1993)
 * I Can Do It (1993)
 * Meditations to Heal Your Life (1994)
 * 101 Power Thoughts (1994)
 * Gratitude: A Way Of Life. Hay House Inc. (1996)
 * Life! Reflections On Your Journey. Hay House Inc. (1996) ISBN 978-1561700929
 *  Living Perfect Love: Empowering Rituals For Women. Humantics MultiMedia Publishers (1996) ISBN 978-0-9652851-0-0
 * Heal Your Body A-Z: The Mental Causes for Physical Illness and the Way to Overcome Them. Hay House Inc. (1998) ISBN 978-1561707928
 * 101 Ways To Health And Healing. Hay House Inc. (1998) ISBN 978-1-56170-496-5
 * Empowering Women: A Guide to Loving Yourself, Breaking Rules, and Bringing Good into Your Life (1996)
 * Colors and Numbers (1998)
 * Everyday Positive Thinking (2004)
 * I Think, I Am!: Teaching Kids the Power of Affirmations (2008)
 * Experience Your Good Now!: Learning to Use (2010)
 * 21 Days to Master Affirmations (2011)
 * You Can Create An Exceptional Life (2011)
 * Painting the Future: A Tales of Everday Magic Novel (2012)
 * (with David Kessler)
 * The Bone Broth Secret: A Culinary Adventure in Health, Beauty, and Longevity (2018) (with Heather Dane)
 * Trust Life: Love Yourself Every Day with Wisdom from Louise Hay (2018)
 * The Bone Broth Secret: A Culinary Adventure in Health, Beauty, and Longevity (2018) (with Heather Dane)
 * Trust Life: Love Yourself Every Day with Wisdom from Louise Hay (2018)
 * Trust Life: Love Yourself Every Day with Wisdom from Louise Hay (2018)

title: Louise Hay


text:
George Geary

George Geary (9 July 1893 – 6 March 1981) was a first-class cricketer who played for Leicestershire County Cricket Club and the England cricket team.

Abilities
Above medium pace and right-handed, Geary was able to swing the new ball, but most of his success relied on his persistence and ability to bowl with slight yet well-disguised variations of pace and cut. He was able to bowl overs on unresponsive pitches, as shown in the last Test of the 1928/1929 Ashes tour, when he bowled 81 overs on a typical billiard-table Australian wicket in very hot weather. His tall and solid build enabled him to get bounce and bowl longer spells, which was advantageous in Australian conditions, where many English bowlers of slighter build struggled.

Geary was also a capable lower order batsman who usually relied upon hitting, but could get runs with a quiet, if unstylish determination when they were desperately needed. Though he never scored a thousand runs in a calendar year – his best aggregates were 923 in 1929 and 900 in 1925 – his runs were frequently of great value to a county that never possessed any of the exceptionally high-class batsmen other counties could command in Geary's heyday. Owing to his considerable height and reach, Geary was an excellent slip catcher and, despite all the bowling he had to do, was almost always his county's leading fielder.

Early career
For all his build and strength, and his shrewd skill, George Geary proved to be quite a nervous starter in the cricket world. He played a few times for Leicestershire in 1912, and in 1913 established himself as the leading bowler of what became a very weak bowling side in good weather owing to the tragic illness of Tom Jayes. The last year before the First World War saw Geary come right to the front with 114 wickets for just over 20 runs apiece, far ahead of any other bowler in the team.

While serving in the air force during the war, Geary was unlucky to have his leg cut by an aeroplane propeller and this affected, at least temporarily, his great strength and powerful build. After a very disappointing season in 1919 in which his wickets cost over 34 runs each, Geary did not play a single first-class game in 1920 – preferring the financial incentives of a Lancashire League professional job. He played a few times in midweek games in 1921, and was so successful that he took 23 wickets on unresponsive pitches and decided to commit himself to Leicestershire again.

He was bowled relatively little (though with good success) during 1922, but the following year saw him advance into the elite of bowlers with 115 wickets for less the eighteen runs apiece, and in 1924, seemingly out of necessity given the terrible weakness of Leicestershire's batting, Geary advanced so much that he scored 864 runs for an average of 24, which was excellent in so appallingly wet a summer, and was probably denied the "double" only by an injury during June. His test debut against a weak South African side was due only to England experimenting after the rubber had been decided, and was of no consequence. Remarkably given how little service he had given to Leicestershire, Geary received a benefit but it was severely affected by rain.

Test career
In 1925 he advanced even further, scoring a maiden century against Kent, then June 1926 saw Geary produce two of his finest performances against powerful batting sides (even considering the treacherous pitches): he took fourteen cheap wickets against both Hampshire and Lancashire. The latter match was Lancashire's last defeat for over a year and a half. He consequently played in two of the Tests that year and saved England from defeat at Headingley with some steady batting whilst George Macaulay hit up 76, but took only three wickets. 1927, with so many very dead wickets, was a struggle for Geary, but on the matting wickets of South Africa he bowled so well to be regarded as the most dangerous bowler since the incomparable Sydney Barnes, taking twelve wickets at Johannesburg.

However, a severe arm injury ruled Geary out of the last three Tests and, though he batted with some success in many games in 1928, he could bowl so little that he took only ten expensive wickets. Yet, his powerful build was seen as so vital for the rock-hard Australian pitches that Geary, with the reputation he had acquired, was still chosen. He proved a great success, heading the averages and working amazingly hard to back up probably the strongest batting side any country has ever fielded – so strong that men of such class as Phil Mead and Ernest Tyldesley could not keep their Test places. Following on from this, 1929 was his best season ever, for he exceeded 150 wickets and on a rain-affected pitch against an admittedly weak Glamorgan batting lineup had the astonishing figures of 10 wickets for 18 runs, which was at the time the best bowling figures in the history of first-class cricket. He also had his highest ever batting aggregate with 923 runs. 1930, with the Australians back, saw Geary as powerless as all of England's other bowlers to stop the onslaught of Bradman, and he was also affected by injury. With Voce and Bowes developing he had no chance of retaining his Test place in the following years. Geary still bowled well in the wet summers of 1931 and 1932, but the dry summer of 1933 was disastrous: Geary took only 40 wickets and not once took five in an innings.

However, despite further injuries, in 1934 he bowled so well when fit that he was chosen for two Tests, but his only significant contribution was an innings of 53 against the marvellous leg spin bowling of Grimmett and O'Reilly at Trent Bridge. These were his last Tests.

Late career
In 1935 Geary was in such deadly form on fiery or sticky pitches early in the season that, despite injuries hampering him later, he was second in the averages to Hedley Verity and took 11 for 40 in one match against Sussex. In his second benefit match the following year, Geary produced his best bowling since 1929 on a broken pitch, with an amazing 7 for 7 and 13 for 43 in the match. His last two seasons in 1937 and 1938 saw him decline with the ball on improved Leicester pitches, but his batting in 1938 was so good that he averaged over 30 – far above any previous season – and hit three centuries.

Retirement and death
His retirement at the end of that year did not mark the close of Geary's involvement with cricket. For over twenty years after that he was cricket coach at Charterhouse and in that time was seen as one of the best coaches any school has ever had. Most notably, the brilliant batsman Peter May admitted that Geary's coaching played a vital role in his development. After he left Charterhouse in 1959, Geary went to Rugby School, who were desperate for assistance to develop young players and improved their fortunes. Geary, as always, served them wholeheartedly, and he bowled, without the sweater to keep him cool, in the nets until he was about seventy-seven, a testimony to his amazing endurance despite many injuries and other setbacks. He died after gradually failing health in 1981 at the age of eighty-seven.

title: George Geary


text:
User talk:CryptoRemis

Please do not upload nonsens images under inappropriate names, incorrectly tagged, and without verifiable source. Lupo 10:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You are blocked now for 15 minutes. Consider this your last warning. If you keep up that nonsense, you'll get a longer block. Lupo 10:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Look just piss off you wanker--CryptoRemis 11:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CryptoRemis


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Menander (general)

Menander (Μένανδρος; fl. 4th century BC) was an officer in the service of Alexander the Great. He was one of those called etairoi, but he held the command of a body of mercenaries. He was appointed by Alexander to the government of Lydia, during the settlement of the affairs of Asia made by Alexander when at Tyre (331 BC). Menander appears to have remained at that post until the year 323 BC, when he was commissioned to lead a reinforcement of troops to Alexander at Babylon — he arrived there just before the king's last illness. In the division of the provinces, after the death of Alexander, Menander received his former government of Lydia, of which he was quick to take possession.

He appears soon to have attached himself to the party of Antigonus and was the first to give Antigonus information about the ambitious schemes of Perdiccas for marrying Cleopatra. In the new distribution of the provinces at Triparadisus (321 BC) he lost the government of Lydia, which was given to Cleitus; but this was probably only in order that he might liaise more easily with Antigonus, as illustrated by him commanding a part of Antigonus's army in the first campaign against Eumenes (320 BC). The following year, Menander learnt of the escape of Eumenes from Nora, and advanced with an army into Cappadocia to attack him, forcing him to take refuge in Cilicia. After this, there is no further records about Menander.

title: Menander (general)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Psychological murder

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ëvilphoenix Burn! 17:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Psychological murder
This seems to be more a figure of speech than a well-defined term. Delete -- Arthur Frayn 10:52, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Off-the-top-of-the-head addition. Marskell 14:49, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism not in wide use. MCB 23:42, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Rogerd 01:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Kayrat Tuntekov

Kayrat Tuntekov (Қайрат Түнтеков, Qairat Tüntekov) (born February 14, 1986, in Shymkent, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union) is a Kazakh singer who rose to popularity after winning SuperStar KZ 2, the Kazakh version of Pop Idol, shown by Perviy Kanal Evraziya. Kayrat won in his semi final group with highest votes of 26.1% of the total vote to advance to the finals of SuperStar KZ 2. During the entire series, Kayrat sang in five languages - Kazakh, Russian, English, Spanish, Arabic and French.

Kayrat was famous for being in the same semi final group as first SuperStar KZ - Almas Kishkenbayev in 2003, but did not advance. This is the first Idol series where two or more eventual Idol winners have been in the same semi final group.

SuperStar KZ 2 performances
Auditions: Rock Your Body by Justin Timberlake Theatre Round: One In A Million by Bosson Semi Finals: Top 12: Rock Your Body by Justin Timberlake Top 11: I Don't Want to Miss a Thing by Aerosmith Top 10: Смуглянка from the film В Бой Идут Одни Top 9: In the Army Now by Status Quo Top 8: Obsésion (No Es Amor) by Aventura Top 7: Бакыт Кушагында by Shamshi Kaldayakov Top 6: Tellement 'N' Brick by Faudel Top 5: Voglio D'Anima by Toto Cutugno Top 4: Alive by P.O.D. Top 4: (Go To) California by Rob Zombie Top 3: It's Gonna Be Me by 'N Sync Top 3: Eray by Faudel Grand Final: Позови Меня Grand Final: I Don't Want to Miss a Thing by Aerosmith

Discography
2005: Кайрат Тунтеков

Other recordings
2006: Сенсің Әнім

title: Kayrat Tuntekov


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William Cowan (fur trader)

Doctor William Cowan (c. 1818 – June 20, 1902) was a physician and fur trader.

He was born in Scotland in about 1818 and studied medicine at the University of Glasgow. He caught cholera during the epidemic of 1848–1849 and decided to move to British North America for his health. He went to Upper Fort Garry in the Red River settlement as a physician for a group being sent there.

In 1852, he was appointed chief magistrate and became a member of the Council of Assiniboia the following year. Cowan joined the Hudson's Bay Company as a doctor and fur trader and, in 1856, he was sent to Moose Factory. He became chief trader there in 1860. In 1862, he returned to Upper Fort Garry as second-in-command to the governor of Assiniboia, William Mactavish.

On November 2, 1869, Louis Riel and the National Committee took control of Upper Fort Garry. Cowan spent the winter under house arrest but is believed to have been sympathetic to Riel's group. In the spring, Cowan left the colony and returned to Britain on furlough.

On his retirement in 1871, Cowan returned to Saint Paul, Minnesota. In 1879, he helped establish the Manitoba Historical Society and served as its president from 1881 to 1882. He served as an honorary consultant for the Winnipeg General Hospital, incorporated in 1882. In 1885, he returned to St. Paul and died there in 1902.

Cowan's journals served as an important record of the early events in the Red River Rebellion.

title: William Cowan (fur trader)


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Camp Modin

Camp Modin is a Jewish summer camp in New England. It was established in 1922 in what is now Lake George Regional Park in Canaan, Maine. In 1992 the camp moved to Salmon Lake in Maine's Belgrade Lakes region. An early example of a summer camp intended to provide Jewish children with Hebrew, religious, and cultural education as well as recreation, Camp Modin has been described as "the prototype for camps sponsored by every branch of the community, from socialist Zionists to Orthodox Jews."

Camp Modin is now a coed, non-denominational, pluralistic Jewish and kosher camp, employing over 180 professional teachers, mentors and counselors and providing more than 70 activities. It is accredited by the American Camp Association and is a member of both the Maine Youth Camping Association and the Maine Camp Experience.

Camp Modin became one of the first Jewish camps in the US to announce it would be open in the summer of 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

History
Camp Modin was founded by three couples who had studied under the influential Jewish educator Samson Benderly: Albert & Bertha Schoolman, Alexander & Julia Dushkin, and Isaac & Libbie Berkson. They opened a boys' camp on the site of an abandoned hotel on the shores of Lake George in Canaan, Maine in 1922, with 45 campers in the first class. A girls' camp on the other side of the lake was opened in 1925.

The camp was advertised as "The Summer Camp with a Jewish Idea" and was notable for its goal of financial self-sufficiency, allowing it to maintain its independence from other Jewish organizations; for the significant roles played by women in its operation (Libbie Berkson was the camp's director until 1958 ); and for its emphasis on Jewish pluralism, welcoming children from all Jewish religious movements, although the camp developed a reputation as the camp of choice for children from prominent traditional Jewish families, and Berkson described its religious practice as "religiously Conservative with leanings toward Liberal Reconstructionism". The prominent rabbi and philosopher Milton Steinberg was a counselor at the camp.

The Berksons bought out the other partners' interests in the camp in 1942 and ran it until 1958. In 1992, camp director David Adler, decided to move to a more modern facility, and relocated the camp to Salmon Lake in Belgrade.

Activities
Campers at Modin range in age from seven to sixteen years old, all of which participate in a variety of activities throughout the week. Weekday mornings, children participate in scheduled bunk activities; afternoons find them engaged in a "free-choice" elective program, which allows them to build a uniquely tailored program designed around their individual interests. The facilities in which these activities take place are first class. From its expansive waterfront and tournament ski boats, to its state of the art fitness pavilion and recreation center.

The current directors of Camp Modin are Howard & Lisa Salzberg and Samara Lender.

Notable people
Writer and director David Wain attended the camp in the 1980s, and Modin was the inspiration for his summer camp film, Wet Hot American Summer. Hank Azaria, an actor, also attended this camp. His last name is mentioned aloud as a fictional character's name in “Wet Hot American Summer” as a nod to the actor. Composer Craig Wedren, one of Wain's childhood friends, was another well-known summer resident at Modin. "We lived for going to Camp Modin," Wedren has stated in an interview, "our parents, aunts and uncles had all gone there, and we went there, too. I loved that place. We all did." Other famous alumni include director Shawn Levy and TV Funhouse creator Robert Smigel. Mindy Schneider's 2007 memoir "Not a Happy Camper" is rumored to be based on the original Camp Modin: the author attended Modin as a child. The playwright Benj Pasek attended the camp for five years and went on to write the Broadway hit musical and multiple Tony Award-winning musical Dear Evan Hansen

title: Camp Modin


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Talk:Ryoji Kaji

Kaji's Death
I think it is bleedingly obvious in the series that Misato killed Kaji. All the pieces just seem to fit together. If you have any good reasons why this might not be, tell me. --cheese-cube 10:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The matter of the fact is that there has been no official word and there is no hard evidence for the possibility. Moreover, the fans are all still in debate about it. Basically, this topic is a difficult matter, and we should tread carefully over it. We shouldn't say that an unknown thing is so until proven false. Otherwise, it would be like saying God exists just because it's so bleedingly obvious, and unless we can say why he doesn't, he will. Obviously, some people don't beleive in God, even if it seems obvious, because there is truthfully no hard evidence. Because of this, the Wikipedia entry for God is that of a "concept" of a supreme being rather than the supreme being itself. Similarly, it would be in our best interest to take the matter of Kaji's death as objectively as possible. It is a possibility, not a fact. -Anon
 * P.S. If you really do want a reason why this might not be, anyway, take the quote, "If I can see you again, I will say the words that I could not say 8 years ago. Bye." But Kaji's last words to the shooter was "Hi, you're a little late."
 * It's not outside the realm of possibilitly, but given the above comment, plus Misato's startled and fearful reaction to the presence of the message on her phone, and her collapse when she hears the message, I find it very, very unlikely that she was his killer. Willbyr (talk | contribs) 04:30, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

If Misato was the one who killed him, would it not have been an important enough event to be shown in her mind during the last two episodes?--193.195.185.254 02:04, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

In the manga, I believe you see the gun that shoots him, and it isn't the one that Misato uses. --Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici 23:21, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Besides, didn't the Red Cross book or something state it was just a underling who took Ryoji out? Fuyutsuki thought it was SEELE who would kill Kaji for his betrayal, and he seems to be in a better position to know. "Anno has said straight out that it wasn't Misato who shot Kaji. Also in the "Checkpoint" section of the official film book, it states that the person who shot Kaji was not a main character. It was some nameless security officer from either NERV or SEELE" and so on. --Gwern (contribs) 23:48 26 January 2007 (GMT)

How it's framed in the episode does make Misato seem like a very likely possibility, though. Can we at least add a note mentioning that it's a popular theory, or slightly hinted at?

Age?
In the main Characters page Kaji's age is stated as 31. Howeve in this article it is 30. Can somone please confirm and edit this discrepancy?

Sexual Peek
It should be noted when Kaji has sex with Misato Katsuragi in episode twenty, just when NERV finds out that Shinji is alive. Kaji finds out that she smokes prior to a chaotic event, too. 20:54, 6 June 2006 (UTC) Alexzero77
 * The episodes in which all of the major events involving Kaji appear should be noted in the article, not just these two instances. Willbyr (talk | contribs) 13:32, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Untitled
He doesn't have his own page? This is an insult to melon farmers everywhere. 97.103.214.234 (talk) 13:46, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ryoji Kaji