text: User talk:128.8.250.43

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:128.8.250.43


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aramaic Latin alphabet

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:49, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Aramaic Latin alphabet
This is exactly the same as Aramaic Latin Alphabet (see Articles for deletion/Aramaic Latin Alphabet). The article was moved here from that latter article by a user due to the policy on capitalisation of titles. However, the original author continued to work on the article under its old title, leaving this unfinished. Both articles are nonsense created by someone playing around with the Aramaic alphabet. Gareth Hughes 15:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. — Gareth Hughes 15:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I toyed with the idea of voting for a redirect to Aramaic alphabet, but there's not really any point, is there? --Angr/undefined 21:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bawbag

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 02:06, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Bawbag
Nonsense. WP does not need one page for every existing insult. About 17200 hits in Google -- ReyBrujo 15:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dictdef (if that). Flapdragon 16:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the Wictionary, surely? 17200 Google hits is quite good, really (it's not only a small group of people using it). --Oppolo 17:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is rubbish as a dictionary article. Wiktionary can do better than this from a standing start.  See bawbag. Uncle G 19:27, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment it is of course a Scottish word for scrotum (used as an insult), just on case anyone doesn't realise. Whether that's the kind of term they have in Wiktionary I don't know, though somehow doubt it. Flapdragon 17:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do you doubt that Wiktionary will take Scottish words? If a word is well attested as being a word, Wiktionary will take it, insult, Scottish, or otherwise.  Wiktionary's criteria for inclusion are neutral with respect to the meanings of words. Uncle G 19:27, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is just a synonym for scrotum. Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  Synonyms don't warrant separate articles in Wikipedia as they do in Wiktionary.  At the very most, this would be a redirect.  Delete. Uncle G 19:27, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki --Rogerd 07:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bawbag


text:
2000 Rugby Borough Council election

Elections to Rugby Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council seats were up for election. The council stayed under no overall control. The number of councillors for each party after the election were Labour eighteen, Conservative fourteen, Liberal Democrat nine and Independent seven.

Election result

 * }

title: 2000 Rugby Borough Council election


text:
Talk:Multi-armed bandit

The picture of NASA Ames in the article has an odd caption. I don't think it's useful for the article and I will edit it out in a few days if no one objects. Sgt101 (talk) 18:14, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Multi-armed bandit


text:
Zoya

Zoya (Зоя) is a feminine Russian, Belorussian and Ukrainian first name, a variant of Zoe, meaning "life", from Greek ζωή (zoē), "life".

People

 * Zoya (singer) (born 1993), American singer
 * Zoya Afroz (born 1994), Indian actress and model
 * Zoya Akhtar (born 1972), Indian film director and screenwriter
 * Zoya Barantsevich (1896–1952), Russian actress
 * Zoya Berber (born 1987), Russian actress on the TV series Fartsa
 * Zoya Buryak (born 1966), Russian actress
 * Zoya Cherkassky-Nnadi (born 1976), Israeli artist
 * Zoya Douchine (born 1983), German figure skater
 * Zoya Fyodorova (1909–1981), Russian actress
 * Zoya Hussain (born 1990), Indian actress, writer and director
 * Zoya Ivanova (born 1952), retired long-distance runner from Kazakhstan
 * Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1923–1941), Soviet partisan, Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Zoya Krakhmalnikova (1929–2008), Russian Christian writer, activist and Soviet dissident
 * Zoya Klyuchko (1933–2016), Ukrainian entomologist
 * Zoya Mironova (1913–2008), Russian speed skater and surgeon
 * Zoya Nasir (born 1990), Pakistani television actress and beautician
 * Zoya Phan (born 1980), political activist for the Karen people of Burma currently living in the UK
 * Zoya Pirzad (born 1952), renowned Iranian-Armenian writer and novelist
 * Zoya Schleining (born 1961), German chess player
 * Zoya Semenduyeva (1929–2020), Soviet and Israeli poet
 * Zoya Smirnow, survivor of a corp of twelve Russian girls who disguised themselves as boys to join the army
 * Zoya Spasovkhodskaya (born 1949), Soviet heptathlete
 * Zoya Svetova (born 1959), Russian journalist and author
 * Zoya Voskresenskaya (1907–1992), Soviet diplomat and author
 * Zoya Zakarian (born 1950), Persian-Armenian playwright, lyricist, and poet; see Iranian rock

Surname

 * Shaalin Zoya (born 1997), Indian actress, dancer and anchor
 * Zach Zoya (born 1998), Canadian rapper and performer at the 2021 Osheaga Get Together

Fiction

 * Zoya (1944 film), a Soviet film
 * Zoya (2020 film), a Russian film
 * Zoya (novel), a 1988 novel by Danielle Steel
 * Zoya (1995 film), a 1995 TV film based on the novel with Melissa Gilbert
 * Zoya, a nurse and doctor in training in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's 1966 novel Cancer Ward
 * Zoya (YRF Spy Universe), a fictional character in Indian films, portrayed by Katrina Kaif
 * Zoya Farooqui, a character on the Indian soap opera Qubool Hai
 * Zoya Lott, a character in the TV series Gossip Girl
 * Zoya Nazyalensky, a character in Leigh Bardugo's Grishaverse novels; see King of Scars
 * Zoya Qureshi, a character in the Indian movie Ishaqzaade
 * Zoya Riaz, a character played by actress Tripti Dimri in the Indian movie Animal
 * Zoya Siddiqui, the female protagonist of the Hindi-language TV series Bepannah
 * Zoya Singh Solanki, the titular character of the Indian movie The Zoya Factor
 * Zoya the Destroya, alter ego of Ruth Wilder, a fictional wrestler in the TV series GLOW
 * Zoya the Thief, a main character in the video game Trine
 * Zoya Ivanovna, a character in the TV series Tom Clancy’s Jack Ryan

Other uses

 * Zöyä, the Tatar name of the village of Sviyazhsk
 * 1793 Zoya, an asteroid named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya

title: Zoya


text:
Fernand Leduc

Fernand Leduc (4 July 1916 – 28 January 2014) was a Canadian abstract expressionist painter and a major figure in the Quebec contemporary art scene in the 1940s and 1950s. During his 50-year career, Leduc participated in many expositions in Canada and France. He was born in Viauville, Montreal, Quebec.

Biography
In 1938 Leduc started his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts de Montréal. After graduating in 1943, he left the church and shortly after became a member of the Contemporary Arts Society. Leduc played a major role in forming the group known as the Les Automatistes, co-signing the Refus Global manifesto, but not contributing to the illustrated book. He moved to Paris with his wife Thérèse Renaud in 1946 and slowly distanced himself from the group. There he participated in an exhibition, called Automatisme, at the Galerie du Luxembourg that examined the group. By late 1948, he had joined the Plasticiens. In Paris, Leduc developed a friendship with the painter Jean Bazaine, who was at the time producing works which could be described as abstracted landscapes. This contact was an influence on Leduc's works of the early 1950s.

He returned from Paris in 1953. With Paul-Émile Borduas, the theoretician of the Automatist group, he was the one who maintained the closest ties with the French surrealists. Leduc moved to a type of hard-edge abstraction in 1955. He helped found the Non-Figurative Artists' Association of Montréal (Association des artistes non-figuratifs de Montréal) in 1956 and was its first President. He experimented at that time with various forms of spontaneous and gestural nonfigurative painting, his works gradually becoming more involved with interactions and contrast of colours.

Leduc returned to France in 1959 and stayed there until 1970, when he came back for two years to teach in Montréal. In 1970, the Centre culturel canadien in Paris in combination with the National Gallery of Canada held a travelling exhibition of 16 paintings done over a three-year period in which he used biomorphic abstraction. In 1977 he received the Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award. In 1979 he was awarded the Louis-Philippe Hébert Prize and the Paul-Émile Borduas Prize in 1988.

Leduc died of cancer in Montreal on January 28, 2014.

Selected expositions

 * 1950–1951: Galerie Creuze, Paris
 * 1950: Cercle Universitaire, Montréal
 * 1955: Musée de Granby; lycée Pierre Corneille, Montréal
 * 1956: Galerie l'Actuelle, Montréal
 * 1958: Galerie Denyse Delrue, Montréal
 * 1959: Galerie Artek, Montréal
 * 1961: Délégation du Québec à Paris
 * 1962: Galerie Hautefeuille, Paris
 * 1963–1965: Galerie 60, Montréal
 * 1966: Musée du Québec; Musée d'Art Contemporain, Montréal
 * 1970	Centre Culturel Canadien, Paris; Galerie III, Montréal; Exposition rétrospective de Fernand Leduc, Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal; Musée du Québec; Mendel Art Gallery, Saskatoon; Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint-John; Beaverbrook Art Gallery, Fredericton; Université de Sherbrooke; The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa
 * 1972: Galerie Jolliet, Québec; Galerie III, Montréal
 * 1973: Tapestries Les 7 jours, Centre culturel canadien, Paris; Thielson Gallery, London, Ontario; Exposition itinérante à travers les provinces maritimes, Galerie III, Montréal
 * 1974: Tapestries Les 7 jours, Galerie Kostiner-Silvers, Montréal; Journées Canadiennes, Toulouse, France
 * 1975: Dizaine canadienne (Ten days over Canada), Lyon, France; Tapestries Les 7 jours, Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Ontario et York University, Toronto, Ontario; Michochromies, House of Canada, London, United Kingdom; Microchromies pastels, Galerie Gilles Corbeil, Montréal
 * 1980: Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal; Centre Canadien à Paris; Musée Municipal, Brest, France
 * 1984: Services Culturels du Québec, Paris
 * 1985: Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chartres
 * 1986: Musée du Nouveau Monde de La Rochelle
 * 1997: Musée du Québec, Québec
 * 2001: Galerie Graff, Montréal
 * 2011: Galerie Michel-Ange, Montréal

Suggested reading

 * Jean-Pierre Duquette, Fernand Leduc.

title: Fernand Leduc


text:
Talk:Hobble skirt

The origin of the Coca-Cola bottle's shape is under dispute. The official company position is that it was modeled after a cacao pod, the image of which was given to the bottler, by mistake, rather than a coca leaf or kola nut. *shrug* We'll probably never know for sure what's the truth, but I think it's sufficient to add the "may have been" -Fuzzy 15:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Modern hobble skirt
Maybe there should be an picture of modern hobble, because they are still in use today. --193.198.16.211 08:50, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

...or having an object between the legs?
Just what kind of objects do women need to have between their legs?D8a

Bicycles, horses, jars with lids they're trying to unscrew. 207.237.193.23 03:09, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is a wide variety of objects that person might need to have between his/her legs in order to perform some tasks. --83.131.28.94 14:48, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

I thought the exact same thing when I read this. Do we really need this line?

It does bring a smile to your face though. A bit of fun mixed with fashion history perhaps? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Q11 (talk • contribs) 09:35, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Bondage Item
I think that it should be mentioned that the Hobble Skirt has become a very popular accessory in recent years among the BDSM community.

(161.65.235.200 (talk) 19:30, 30 September 2020 (UTC))

title: Talk:Hobble skirt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew Bishop

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980 23:35, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Andrew Bishop
I wanted to go for sure with afd as I'm not 100% positive this would be A7 CSD. -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 15:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Playing for The Ospreys seems good enough for me. The original version was a bit gushing, the next edit wasn't an improvement, but I don't see a reason to delete the whole thing. JPD 15:58, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Pburka 17:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup as professional sportsperson. Capitalistroadster 17:39, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Capitalistroadster, notable sports figure. Hall Monitor 18:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Amazon Surveillance System

article name
Is this the proper name to be adopted in a english wikipedia's article? Why isn't the name something like "Amazonia's vigilance system" ? --Mecanismo 15:42, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I was just wondering that myself, and my gut feeling says this should be renamed.--chris.lawson 23:29, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It is referred to as "Amazon Surveillance System" in this peer-reviewed journal: "The Brazilian Military under Cardoso: Overcoming the Identity Crisis," by João R. Martins Filho and Daniel Zirker, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Autumn, 2000), pp. vi+143-170. www.jstor.org/stable/166441. --Lacarids (talk) 14:55, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

 * this not a topic. This artice rename pls,..Komara muthu (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 06:51, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Amazon Surveillance System


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shoaib Zamakda

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:25, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Article makes claims of notability as world-class soccer player. Google doesn't recognize the name. DS 15:45, 8 October 2005 (UTC) As a matter of fact, i am the best
 * 2005 (UTC)  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   16:28, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Dlyons493 --Alhutch 20:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Rogerd 07:33, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. Hall Monitor 18:09, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Cacicazgo

Cacicazgo is a phonetic Spanish transliteration (or a derivative) of the Taíno word for the lands ruled by a cacique. The Spanish colonial system recognized indigenous elites as nobles in Mexico and Peru, and other areas. Nobles could entail their estates, which were called cacicazgos on the model of Spanish entailed estates, or mayorazgos. This term is found in contexts such as "la princesa de Cofachiqui, señora de un cacigazgo indígena" or, for example: "In November of 1493, the island of Boriquén had approximately 20 cacigazgos." According to Spanish chronicles, the cacique was at the apex of the Taíno feudal structure. Bartolomé de las Casas refers to these cacigazgos as kingdoms.

Many individual cacicazgos have been studied in colonial Mexico, showing that entailment was a successful means to preserve noble indigenous resources as the situation for commoners declined. There are cases where Spaniards married into cacique families, thereby giving them access to indigenous resources. In the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico, a whole section of records, called Vínculos, is devoted to individual noble entailments. A collection of them was published in 1961. Cacicazgos survived into the nineteenth century. Conflicts over inheritance were common, and the litigants' arguments found in these cases form the basis for understanding some of the dynamics of the institution. Over time, the concept of cacique shifted, with some women attaining the title of cacica. Cacicazgo likewise underwent some transformation during the colonial era in Mexico. "By law, a cacique was a single heir and possessor of a cacicazgo estate, which always included land and often a subject labor force to work it. The Indians themselves, however, saw things differently, and by late colonial times it was not unusual for all the sons and daughters of a cacique (or cacica) to adopt the title. How and why this change took place, its chronology, and what it meant for local community organization remain imperfectly understood...The late colonial setting was vastly different, and indigenous noble claims of the period must be understood in the context in which they arose."

title: Cacicazgo


text:
Paul Jones (footballer, born 1967)

Paul Steven Jones (born 18 April 1967) is a retired Welsh international football goalkeeper. During his playing career, he played for several clubs, including Wolverhampton Wanderers, Stockport County and Southampton.

Club career
Born in Chirk near Wrexham, and educated in Shropshire at the Thomas Adams School in Wem, Jones started his career at Bridgnorth Town, joining Kidderminster Harriers in 1986 and then moved to Wolverhampton Wanderers for a fee of £60,000 in 1991. He only managed to play 44 games before moving on to Stockport County in 1996 where he was ever present in the 1996–97 season.

When Stockport County manager Dave Jones joined Southampton as manager, he signed Jones. He won Southampton player of the season in 1998 and earned a call up to Wales and became the number one goalkeeper. He played for Southampton in the 2003 FA Cup final against Arsenal (which was lost 1–0) coming on as substitute for the injured Antti Niemi. He was the first ever goalkeeper to make a substitute appearance in an FA Cup final.

He left Southampton in 2004, but not before joining Liverpool on loan during a goalkeeping injury crisis, thus becoming the club's oldest post-war debutant. Jones re-joined Wolverhampton Wanderers in January 2004, but was loaned out to Watford in December of that year. In January 2006, Wolves cancelled Jones' contract by mutual consent. In February 2006, he joined Queens Park Rangers for the rest of the 2005–06 season. Due to his success at the club he was given a one-year extension to his contract that would last up until May 2007. When this contract expired Jones was released by the London club and later signed for non-league Bognor Regis Town.

International career
Jones made his international debut against Scotland on 27 May 1997, coming on as a half-time substitute for Andy Marriott.

Jones won his 50th Welsh cap against Slovakia on 7 October 2006 but had a match to forget. Wales were beaten 5–1, their worst home result for 98 years and he was beaten from long range on three occasions. He marked the occasion with 50 shaved in his hair.

Honours
Southampton
 * FA Cup runner up – 2003

Kidderminster Harriers
 * FA Trophy Winner – 1987

Stockport County
 * Division 2 runner up (promotion to Division 1) – 1996–97

Individual
 * Welsh Footballer of the Year: 1999

title: Paul Jones (footballer, born 1967)


text:
Scots Dumpy

The Scots Dumpy is a traditional Scottish breed of chicken. It is characterised by very short legs, so short that the body is a few centimetres from the ground; as in other breeds of creeper chicken, this chondrodystrophy is caused by a recessive lethal allele. The Dumpy has at times been known by other names, among them Bakie, Corlaigh, Crawler, Creeper and Stumpy. There are both standard-sized and bantam Scots Dumpies. It is one of two Scottish breeds of chicken, the other being the Scots Grey.

History
The Scots Dumpy is a traditional Scottish breed; short-legged birds of this type have been bred in Scotland for more than two centuries. Some were introduced to England in the mid-nineteenth century, and were first shown at the Metropolitan Poultry Exhibition in Baker Street in London in 1852. In 1854 John Fairlie of Cheveley Park in Cambridgeshire showed some at the Cheltenham Poultry Show in Cheltenham. It later became one of the rarest British breeds. In 1975 a search for surviving stock in Scotland was unsuccessful. Two years later a dozen birds were imported from Kenya, descendants of a small flock taken there in 1902 in the dowry of Violet Mabel Carnegie, and used to re-constitute the breed.

In 2009 it was listed by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust as "at risk", the lowest of the four levels of endangerment the RBST assigned to poultry at that time.

Characteristics
There is no set colour for the Scots Dumpy, which is usually cuckoo, black or white; the breed standard allows any colour standardised in other breeds. The comb is single and bright red. The ear-lobes are small, the wattles of medium size; they and the face are also bright red. The eyes are red in the white and cuckoo varieties, dark in the black.

The legs are abnormally short, the shanks no longer than 3.75 cm, so the birds have an unusual waddling or swimming gait. They are otherwise normal in all respects, with a long heavy low-set body, deep breast, broad back, and well-arched tail. They have four toes.

Use
Scots Dumpy hens lay about 180 white or cream-coloured eggs per year. They are good sitters, and have been used to hatch clutches of game-bird eggs.

title: Scots Dumpy


text:
Myelin basic protein

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a protein believed to be important in the process of myelination of nerves in the nervous system. The myelin sheath is a multi-layered membrane, unique to the nervous system, that functions as an insulator to greatly increase the velocity of axonal impulse conduction. MBP maintains the correct structure of myelin, interacting with the lipids in the myelin membrane.

MBP was initially sequenced in 1971 after isolation from bovine myelin membranes. MBP knockout mice called shiverer mice were subsequently developed and characterized in the early 1980s. Shiverer mice exhibit decreased amounts of CNS myelination and a progressive disorder characterized by tremors, seizures, and early death. The human gene for MBP is on chromosome 18; the protein localizes to the CNS and to various cells of the hematopoietic lineage.

The pool of MBP in the central nervous system is very diverse, with several splice variants being expressed and a large number of post-translational modifications on the protein, which include phosphorylation, methylation, deamidation, and citrullination. These forms differ by the presence or the absence of short (10 to 20 residues) peptides in various internal locations in the sequence. In general, the major form of MBP is a protein of about 18.5 Kd (170 residues).

In melanocytic cell types, MBP gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

Gene expression
The protein encoded by the classic MBP gene is a major constituent of the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the nervous system. However, MBP-related transcripts are also present in the bone marrow and the immune system. These mRNAs arise from the long MBP gene (otherwise called "Golli-MBP") that contains three additional exons located upstream of the classic MBP exons. Alternative splicing from the Golli and the MBP transcription start sites gives rise to two sets of MBP-related transcripts and gene products. The Golli mRNAs contain three exons unique to Golli-MBP, spliced in-frame to one or more MBP exons. They encode hybrid proteins that have an N-terminal Golli amino acid sequence linked to the MBP amino acid sequence. The second family of transcripts contains only MBP exons and produces the well-characterized myelin basic proteins. This complex gene structure is conserved among species, suggesting that the MBP transcription unit is an integral part of the Golli transcription unit and that this arrangement is important for the function and/or regulation of these genes. At protein level, the concentration of MBP in the CNS is tenfold higher in sections of white matter compared with cerebral cortex.

Structure

Myelin basic protein has been classified as an intrinsically disordered protein that has no stable secondary structure in solution. Like most IDPs, it has a high net charge and a low mean hydrophobicity, minimizing the hydrophobic effect that drives traditional protein folding. It does contain some exceptions to normal IDP amino acid content. For example, MBP has more arginine and less glutamic acid than most IDPs. However, this is likely because those changes are necessary for MBP to be sufficiently basic and positively charged to correctly interact with the membrane. Notably, MBP has been shown to adopt a more stable secondary structure on interaction with lipids. NMR and Cys-specific spin labeling experiments have predicted this structure to contain beta sheet and regions of amphipathic helix.

As implied by its name, myelin basic protein is significantly basic, with an isoelectric point of 10. It is thought to associate with the cell membrane through electrostatic interactions between its positive charges and negatively charged phospholipid heads of the plasma membrane. It can undergo a large variety of post-translational modifications, creating various charge isomers known as C1-C6 or C8. These modifications include phosphorylation, methylation, deamidation, citrullination, ADP-ribosylation, and N-terminal acylation. C1 is the least modified, while C8 is the most distinct, containing 6-11 additional citrullinations. Since each of these decreases its positive charge, C8 has the smallest net positive charge of the isomers. Alternations in these post-translational modifications have been associated with demyelinating diseases. Notably, MBP isolated from individuals with multiple sclerosis have had a higher degree of citrullination and a smaller positive charge. In a rare, severe form of MS known as Marburg's syndrome, the citrullination was even more extensive.

Role in disease
Interest in MBP has centered on its role in demyelinating diseases, in particular, multiple sclerosis (MS). The target antigen of the autoimmune response in MS has not yet been identified. However, several studies have shown a role for antibodies against MBP in the pathogenesis of MS. Some studies have linked a genetic predisposition to MS to the MBP gene, though a majority have not.

A "molecular mimicry" hypothesis of multiple sclerosis has been suggested, in which T cells are, in essence, confusing MBP with human herpesvirus-6. Researchers in the United States created a synthetic peptide with a sequence identical to that of an HHV-6 peptide. Elevated levels of MBP have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV infections and signs of encephalopathy, and although MBP does not seem to be a sensitive diagnostic marker of HIV encephalopathy, it has been suggested that it may serve a role as a prognostic indicator of disease progression. It is able to show that T cells were activated by this peptide. These activated T cells also recognized and initiated an immune response against a synthetically created peptide sequence that is identical to part of human MBP. During their research, they found that the levels of these cross-reactive T cells are significantly elevated in multiple sclerosis patients.

Some research has shown that inoculating an animal with MBP to generate an MBP-specific immune response against it increases blood–brain barrier permeability. Permeability is enhanced when the animal is inoculated against non-specific proteins.

A targeted immune response to MBP has been implicated in lethal rabies infection. The inoculation of MBP generates increases the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), allowing immune cells to enter the brain, the primary site of rabies virus replication. In a study of mice infected with Silver-haired bat rabies virus (SHBRV), the mortality rate of mice treated with MBP improved 20%-30% over the untreated control group. It is significant to note that healthy uninfected mice treated with MBP showed an increase in mortality rate between 0% and 40%.

Interactions
Myelin basic protein has been shown to interact in vivo with proteolipid protein 1, and in vitro with calmodulin, actin, tropomyosin, tubulin, clathrin, 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and multiple molecules of the immune system.

title: Myelin basic protein


text:
Sullivans Hollow

Sullivan's Hollow is a valley near Mize, Mississippi. The area was home to the outlaw William Cicero "Wild Bill" Sullivan, who was indicted for the murder of his brother, Wilson. Settled originally by Thomas Sullivan (1775–1855) around the year 1820/21, Sullivan's Hollow was considered to be about six miles long by three miles wide. As his children (22 by two wives) established families of their own the area called Sullivan's Hollow expanded. Today the unofficial boundaries of the "hollow" is a triangular area which runs from Mize (in Smith County) to Mount Olive and Hot Coffee in Covington County. The area was supposed by some historians to be an area of great lawlessness.

For example, William "Wild Bill" Sullivan (1851–1932) was reported to have killed forty (some reports claim fifty) men. However historians consulting with long time residents of the county were never able to confirm more than one.

When asked about the clan, long time local residents remarked, "The Sullivans and their neighbors were strong independent people who wanted to be left alone and did not take any guff from anyone. If reports of lawlessness kept outsiders away it was just fine with them."

The Smith County Courthouse has been burned three times. The story goes that shortly before the current courthouse was built in 1912, two Sullivan boys killed a man and were indicted by the grand jury for murder. The legend claims they then burned down the courthouse and hid out for several years. Eventually they turned themselves in and because there was no record of a grand jury indictment they went free. Such stories are common in Smith county.

title: Sullivans Hollow


text:
Talk:Quadroon

untitled
Offensive?

I assume such a designate would be considered offensive as with the "n-bomb" although I've also heard my mixed race friends use the term. Can someone clear this up and add in the lede for ignorant people like me? It's not a word I would use by choice but it's in my lexicon thanks to Archer (the cartoon). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.24.18.184 (talk) 20:22, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Why would it be anything like the "n-bomb"? it isn't a derogatory term you know, it's just a racial classification. 220.238.69.169 (talk) 14:38, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I fit by genome, and I don't find it especially so. Unlike 'mullato' or 'sambo', besides the roon whatever that is, it's just a fraction. 98.4.112.204 (talk) 09:46, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

Racial classification
I've gone down a minor rabbit hole into archaic terms for mixed-race individuals, and this is what I've come up with: half white/black is mulatto, 1/4 black to 3/4 white is quadroon/terceroon, 1/8 black is octoroon/mustee, 1/16 black was quintroon/mustafino, and any less than that would be called a "nigger in the woodpile" in accordance with the one-drop rule. 3/4 black to 1/4 white is sambo/griffe, and 7/8 black was mango/sacatra. These terms were also applied to native ancestry; more specific to native/white mixes were métis, mestizo, and mestee, related terms used in various contexts and overlapping with the above; mestee in particular was used for greater proportions of white ancestry, with mustee & mustafino being derived from it. Other general terms include sang-mêlé (mixed-blood), creole, etc. This should cover most of it, although it's not exhaustive, and there are variations that go down to 1/32 or 1/64, as seen in the article.

As for "hexadecaroon", I never heard of that word until this article. Checking on google books, the other terms I listed lead to 19th century literature and other historical references, while "hexadecaroon" only leads to modern literature on race/colonialism. I think it may be a fanciful scholarly invention that wasn't used historically; thus, I've taken the step of switching out "hexadecaroon" from the lede in favor of quintroon.

I also changed the given definition of "terceroon", since I believe the source was incorrect. It does in fact refer to three generations remove, but this is counting the full-blooded ancestor as the first, making it equivalent to quadroon, not octoroon. This is stated here, and Wiktionary gives it as: (dated) A person with one white and one mulatto parent which fits my definition and agrees with other sources (as an aside, it seems that while quadroon refers to one quarter, and octoroon one-eighth, quintroon refers to the fifth generation, which is also supported by etymonline ).

Questions/comments welcome. Xcalibur (talk) 14:09, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quadroon


text:
Nycteris

Nycteris comprises a genus of bats commonly called slit-faced or hollow-faced bats. They are grouped in the family Nycteridae. The bats are found in East Malaysia, Indonesia, and many parts of Africa.

Description
They are small bats, from 4 to 8 cm in body length, and with grey, brown, or reddish fur. The skull is distinguished by a characteristic interorbital concavity, externally connected to a long slit that runs down the centre of their faces from between the eyes to the nostrils, and probably assists in echolocation. They have large ears, and a complex nose-leaf. Their tails end in a T-shape, formed from cartilage, a unique feature among mammals. Their dental formula is:

Nycterids have a reduction of the hand phalanges: the 2nd digit has only metacarpus, and the 3rd only two phalanges. The pectoral girdle has parallel features to birds. The sternum is strongly developed and the mesosternum has a keel.

Habitat and biology
Slit-faced bats inhabit rainforests and savanna, and roost in caves, trees, and buildings, typically in fairly small colonies. Some even roost in animal burrows, such as those of hedgehogs, aardvarks or porcupines. They eat insects, and some terrestrial invertebrates, such as spiders and small scorpions. At least one species, the large slit-faced bat, even catches vertebrate prey, such as frogs and small birds.

The echolocation calls of slit-faced bats are relatively quiet and short in duration, and they seem to target their prey by hearing the sounds it produces, rather than by sonar. They give birth once or twice each year.

Distribution
The genus Nycteris is found in the Afrotropics and the adjacent areas of Palaearctic, Madagascar and Oriental realms.

Classification
Most sources report 13 species. However, 16 have been described. Those of indeterminate status are marked with "?" in the list below.

Family Nycteridae
 * Genus Nycteris
 * Bate's slit-faced bat, N. arge
 * Andersen's slit-faced bat, N. aurita
 * Gambian slit-faced bat, N. gambiensis
 * Large slit-faced bat, N. grandis
 * Hairy slit-faced bat, N. hispida
 * N. h. hispida
 * N. h. pallida
 * Intermediate slit-faced bat, N. intermedia
 * Javan slit-faced bat, N. javanica
 * Large-eared slit-faced bat, N. macrotis
 * N. m.aethiopica
 * N. m. macrotis
 * N. m.luteola
 * Malagasy slit-faced bat, N. madagascariensis
 * Ja slit-faced bat, N. major
 * N. m. avakubia
 * N. m. major
 * Dwarf slit-faced bat, N. nana
 * N. n.nana
 * N. n.tristis
 * Egyptian slit-faced bat, N. thebaica
 * N. t. adana
 * N. t. albiventer
 * N. t. capensis
 * N. t. damarensis
 * N. t. najdiya
 * N. t. thebaica
 * Malayan slit-faced bat, N. tragata
 * Parissi's slit-faced bat, N. parisii ?
 * Vinson's slit-faced bat, N. vinsoni
 * Wood's slit-faced bat, N. woodi

title: Nycteris


text:
User talk:Knuto

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Vsmith 15:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
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Coryton
I removed the note about the oil refinery in Coryton, Cardiff, the refinery is in Coryton Essex, near Corringham, EssexYendor1958 13:08, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Invitation to join projects related to the Energy Portal
Hello ! You made some great contributions on energy related issues. I thought you might like to be aware of the opportunity to contribute to the energy portal. If you are able to help and wish to show your support (and to automatically add yourself to the list of Wikipedians plugged into the Energy Portal), you might also like to paste one of these user boxes onto your user page (according to your colour preference!): Beagel (talk) 21:35, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Synthetic crude/Synthetic fuel
Merry Christmas, Knuto! I proposed to merge the Synthetic crude article to the Synthetic fuel article. Your comment is appreciated. Beagel (talk) 08:06, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Synthetic fuel
Hi, Knuto. There is a plan to improve the Synthetic fuel article to the GA level. In this process, there are still several issues, which should be done before renominating this article for GAN. As you have contributed to the article and/or discussion, you may be interested to participate in the discussion about the article improvement. Thank you. Beagel (talk) 07:27, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

K factor (engineering)
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a search with the contents of K factor (engineering), and it appears to be very similar to another Wikipedia page: K factor crude oil refining. It is possible that you have accidentally duplicated contents, or made an error while creating the page— you might want to look at the pages and see if that is the case. If you are intentionally trying to rename an article, please see Help:Moving a page for instructions on how to do this without copying and pasting. If you are trying to move or copy content from one article to a different one, please see Copying within Wikipedia and be sure you have acknowledged the duplication of material in an edit summary to preserve attribution history.

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title: User talk:Knuto


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shadower

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirect -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 20:46, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Shadower
If this term is in fact used, it should be included in List of internet slang, not in its own page. -- ReyBrujo 15:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN--Rogerd 07:34, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of internet slang, and make sure content is added there. --Irishpunktom\talk 13:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Pat Kiernan

Patrick Kiernan (born November 20, 1968) is a Canadian-American television host, appearing as the morning news anchor of NY1 since 1997. He is widely known in New York City for his "In the Papers" feature, in which he summarizes the colorful content in New York City's daily newspapers, replete with his deadpan humor. Kiernan has also hosted game shows and appeared in films and on television either as himself or as a reporter.

Career
Kiernan began his news career in 1988 at CKRA-FM in Edmonton while a business student at the University of Alberta. He later made a transition from radio to television at Edmonton's CFRN News. In 1993, he moved to another Edmonton television station, CITV, where he produced the weekday primetime newscast. Kiernan moved to New York City three years later to work for Time Warner, where he soon became the morning anchor of NY1. Kiernan is usually on air from 5 AM until 10 AM, weekdays. He was on air on the morning of the September 11th terrorist attacks, and remained on air for nearly 15 hours that day. Kiernan also serves as a correspondent for Business News Network in Canada. From 2000 to 2004, Kiernan was the co-anchor of the CNNfn program "The Money Gang." His co-hosts included Christine Romans and two fellow Canadians, Amanda Lang and Ali Velshi. In 2008, Kiernan created Pat's Papers, a website curation of his favorite stories from newspapers across the United States.

In January 2011, Kiernan joined TrivWorks as a "Special Host" available for select corporate team building events.

In January 2014, Kiernan added an afternoon job to his long-running morning routine, joining WABC (AM) Radio to host a 5 pm weeknight news/talk show recapping the events of the day in and around New York City. He left WABC in early 2015.

Kiernan joined Bloomberg TV Canada in 2015 as the host of the channel's Thursday night Bloomberg North program. The half-hour report reviews the week's global business events from a Canadian perspective.

The routine of his early morning commute to work at NY1 is the subject of Kiernan's first children's book Good Morning, City, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2016. A starred review in Publishers Weekly explains that "Kiernan knows a lot about how a city shakes off sleep."

Kiernan has appeared in cameos as himself or as a reporter in such films as The Interpreter (2005), Night at the Museum (2006), True North (film) (2006), The Son of No One (2011), Iron Man 3 (2013), and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). He has been featured in publications including New York magazine ("Morning Star", February 5, 2001), the New York Post ("Dream Job: Pat Kiernan", October 3, 2005), and The New Yorker ("Explainer"; May 21, 2012).

On March 7, 2012, he served as guest co-host with Kelly Ripa on Live! with Kelly. The appearance came nearly a year after a New York Magazine article in which he declared his interest in the soon-to-be-vacant job because it was a "rare intersection" of his knowledge of New York City and his passion for pop culture. The New York Daily News covered the March 7 program with a minute-by-minute live blog.

In 2013, Canada's Report on Business named Kiernan one of the "16 Canadians We Want Back".

Game shows
Kiernan has also hosted several game shows, all produced by Michael Davies: Studio 7, which aired on The WB Television Network in the summer of 2004; two seasons of The World Series of Pop Culture, which began airing on VH1 July 10, 2006, and July 9, 2007, respectively. He served as the off-screen "questioner" of the U.S. version of Grand Slam, which premiered on GSN on August 4, 2007.

In May 2013 Kiernan joined Crowd Rules as one of the two co-hosts on the small business competition series. The ratings for the series fell below expectations and CNBC has yet to air six of the eight episodes initially produced.

Personal life
Kiernan was married to Dawn Lerohl on June 4, 1994. They moved to Manhattan in 1996 and are citizens of both the United States and Canada. They used to reside on the Upper West Side, but in April 2012 Kiernan purchased a $2 million townhouse in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. They have two children, Lucy (October 27, 2001) and Maeve (July 12, 2004).

Filmography
All roles are credited as himself, unless otherwise noted.

title: Pat Kiernan


text:
Normal Lyceum of Helsinki

Normal Lyceum of Helsinki (In Finnish; Helsingin normaalilyseo) is a school in Helsinki, Finland, consisting of the upper part of primary school (peruskoulun yläaste, grades 7 to 9) and secondary school (lukio).

Unlike most other schools in Helsinki, the school is not owned by the city of Helsinki, but is instead part of the University of Helsinki, which itself is owned directly by the state of Finland. The school is considered one of the most prestigious. It is the hardest to get into, in the entire country, tied with Ressun Lukio.

The established nickname for the school is Norssi, which also means a student of the school. Former students who have graduated from the school are called vanha Norssi (Finnish for "old Norssi"). The school has a constant, good-natured rivalry with Ressun lukio (Ressu Upper Secondary School, previously known as "Helsingin reaalilyseo") and Helsingin Suomalainen Yhteiskoulu which are considered even more prestigious than the Normal Lyceum by some.

History
The Helsinki normal lyceum was initially conceived in the autumn of 1867, when Finnish-speaking classes were added to the Swedish normal lyceum of Helsinki. Because of linguistic political reasons, the Finnish classes were ordered to be discontinued in 1871, but the Finnish schooling continued directly in a privately owned Helsinki Finnish Primary School. In the autumn of 1878, the Primary School moved to a newly built school building at Ratakatu 2 in Punavuori, Helsinki.

In 1887, the Primary School became state-owned and was named the Helsinki Finnish Normal Lyceum. The school went through several name changes until finally becoming the Helsinki Normal Lyceum on January 1, 1995.

The school operated at Ratakatu 2 from 1887 to 1905 until it moved to a new building at Ratakatu 4 (nowadays Ratakatu 6). In the spring of 2006 teaching started again in the old school building at Ratakatu 6a, which has been completely renovated and modernized. At the same time a phased renovation of the school building at Ratakatu 6b started. Currently the teaching takes place at Ratakatu 6a and in some parts of Ratakatu 6b.

Notable alumni

 * Matti Klinge, professor of history
 * J.K. Paasikivi, politician and diplomat
 * Lasse Pöysti, actor and playwright
 * Pentti Saarikoski, poet
 * Erkki Salmenhaara, professor or musicology and composer
 * Toivo J. Särkkä, film director and producer
 * Mika Waltari, author

Trivia
Right next to the school is a gas station, which was used as the scenery for the fictional café "Wanha Bensis" in the Finnish drama series Kotikatu.

title: Normal Lyceum of Helsinki


text:
User talk:Pattieanneus

Welcome from Sean Black.
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Sean Jelly Baby? 15:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
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quotes
The Tom Baker quotes can now be found at wikiquote --TimPope 18:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pattieanneus


text: User talk:69.72.50.38

title: User talk:69.72.50.38


text:
Action on Smoking and Health

Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) is the name of a number of autonomous pressure groups (charities) in the anglosphere that seek to publicize the risks associated with tobacco smoking and campaign for greater restrictions on use and on cigarette and tobacco sales.

ASH (United States)
In the US, ASH was formed in 1967 by John F. Banzhaf III, and a distinguished body of physicians, attorneys and other prominent citizens who saw the need for an organization to represent nonsmokers’ rights. Over the years, ASH has taken the lead on a variety of initiatives to counter the deaths and economic burden imposed by the tobacco industry.

ASH has a long history of advocacy, education and legal initiatives in the fight against tobacco. ASH has fought for health in courts, before legislative bodies and regulatory agencies, as well as international agencies such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization. ASH's work and the work of its allies has spanned more than 40 years. Since the release of the original Surgeon General Report on smoking in January 1964, the global initiative for the prevention of tobacco-related damages has made enormous progress—and ASH has played a major role in achieving this progress.

ASH's actions have led to significant progress, including:
 * A ban on cigarette commercials over the airwaves in 1971;
 * A decision by Congress to ban smoking on airline flights in 1990;
 * The implementation of smoke-free legislation in a number of jurisdictions in the United States and other countries;
 * A 2001 executive order by President Bill Clinton prohibiting the government from promoting the sale or export of tobacco products;
 * Adoption and implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international treaty that deals exclusively with tobacco issues;
 * Inclusion of a tobacco use reduction indicator and the WHO FCTC in the UN Sustainable Development Goals;
 * A global discussion and advocacy resources to link tobacco control and human rights.

ASH (United Kingdom)
In the United Kingdom, ASH is a registered charity established in 1971, that aims to eliminate the harm caused by tobacco. It works to raise awareness of the health risks of tobacco, and also campaigns for policy measures. It provides the secretariat of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on smoking and health.

History
ASH was established in 1971 by the Royal College of Physicians following the refusal of the UK Government to act on the college's demand for laws to reduce tobacco use. Former health minister, John Dunwoody, became its first director. Its present-day board of trustees reflects its continued support from the medical establishment as it is composed largely of doctors and scientists.

ASH was awarded a WHO World No Tobacco Day Award in May 2011 and the 2012 Luther L Terry Award for "Outstanding Organization" by the American Cancer Society in December 2011.

Its current chief executive, appointed in 2003, is Deborah Arnott. She was appointed honorary associate professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Nottingham in 2011 and won the 2007 Alwyn Smith Prize awarded annually by the UK Faculty of Public Health to the person judged to have made the most outstanding contribution to the health of the public.

Funding
ASH is a charity describing itself as a "campaigning public health charity that works to eliminate the harm caused by tobacco".

Its funding for its core campaigning programme comes from the British Heart Foundation (BHF) and Cancer Research UK (CRUK). It has also received funding from the Department of Health under its Section 64 grant programme, which is earmarked for specific projects to further the department's public health objectives, and cannot be used to lobby the government.

Campaigns
ASH uses funding from the BHF and CRUK to influence policy on a variety of issues including taxation and smuggling, health inequalities, harm reduction, and smoking and young people. It also works to raise awareness of the methods used by the tobacco industry to influence public health policies. ASH coordinates the Smokefree Action Coalition (SFAC), the umbrella group for organisations working to reduce the harm caused by tobacco, which was set up to campaign for comprehensive smoke-free legislation.

In February 2006, ASH won its campaign for legislation which created comprehensive smoke-free indoor workplace regulation, introduced in England on 1 July 2007. The smoke-free regulations included all pubs, bars and private members' clubs, as well as cafés, restaurants, and enclosed workplaces. A similar smoke-free law had already come into force in Scotland in March 2006, and Northern Ireland and Wales followed in April 2007. Campaigning after this point focussed on the need for a new government strategy on tobacco control.

In 2008, ten years after the publication of "Smoking Kills", a white paper on tobacco and the first comprehensive strategy to tackle the issue, ASH published "Beyond Smoking Kills" which provided a review of progress on the control of tobacco. The report called for a number of measures including a tobacco display ban, prohibition of the sale of tobacco from vending machines and standardised tobacco packaging.

The Health Act 2009 provides for removal of vending machines for tobacco products (implemented in October 2011 ) and for the prohibition of the display of tobacco products at the point of sale in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. In March 2011, the Government committed to implement the point of sale legislation in England in large shops from April 2012 and in smaller shops from April 2015. It also committed to a public consultation on standardised packaging in early 2012. ASH, and the SFAC, actively campaigned for the introduction of standardised packaging, which was included in the Children and Families Act 2014 and was passed into law in March 2015. The charity described it as the "most important public health reform of this Parliament."

In 2015, ASH published "Smoking Still Kills" which called for a new government tobacco control strategy, and made a number of recommendations including an annual levy on tobacco companies to fund measures to help smokers quit and prevent youth uptake. At the launch of the report, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Public Health Jane Ellison committed to a new tobacco control strategy. Christopher Snowdon, a research fellow at the Institute of Economic Affairs, which had received funding from tobacco firms, noted the influence of the charity saying that the "manifesto of this tiny pressure group is, in effect, the manifesto of whichever party is in power."

ASH is also a member of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention Alliance on Tobacco Control.

Membership
ASH covers the whole of the UK and encourages supporters to get involved in the organisation's work, or just lend financial support. ASH Northern Ireland, ASH Scotland and ASH Wales are separate organisations.

ASH Scotland
ASH Scotland is an independent Scottish charity which aims to take action to reduce the harm caused by tobacco. First founded under the auspices of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1973, ASH Scotland became a wholly separate charity in 1993. ASH Scotland was awarded a WHO World No Tobacco Day Award in 2018.

The organisation seeks to improve health and quality of life by limiting the number of young people taking up smoking, reducing the number of adult smokers, protecting people from second-hand smoke and tackling the inequality resulting from tobacco use. This involves campaigning for change in the law, providing information to politicians, healthcare professionals and the public, and running programmes designed to help people be tobacco-free.

Following ASH Scotland campaigns, Scotland was the first part of the UK to introduce smoke-free public places legislation and the first part of the UK (and the third country globally) to declare a tobacco-free date (2034) as part of the Scottish Government's tobacco control strategy 'Creating a tobacco-free generation'.

ASH Wales
ASH Wales is a smoking cessation and health charity that began in 1976 as an autonomous branch of ASH UK, and later gained independent charity status in 2007. Its aim is to reduce the prevalence of smoking across Wales by identifying and addressing influential factors, increasing public awareness, and improving the quality and reach of cessation services. ASH Wales engages in a variety of projects including campaigning for tobacco-control public-health policy, research, training, educational workshops, advocacy, and support.

Campaigns
From 2012 onward ASH Wales campaigned for all 22 local authorities in Wales to introduce smoke-free policies in their children's playgrounds. To date, 20 out of 22 local authorities have implemented voluntary bans in their local playgrounds, with another currently in the process of implementing a ban.

ASH Wales played an instrumental role in the Welsh Government's decision to enforce a ban on smoking in cars with children. Smoking in a private vehicle when someone under the age of 18 is present became illegal in England and Wales on 1 October 2015.

The Filter Project
The Filter is the youth project of ASH Wales which delivers quit smoking support and prevention for children and young people aged 11–25. The Filter provides workshops and quit smoking programmes delivered by smoking cessation advisors.

The Filter Project was launched in 2013 as a result of funding from the Big Lottery Fund. Since then The Filter has delivered its workshops and cessation support to more than 6,000 people across Wales. From 2015 The Filter became part of an Erasmus+ funded partnership bringing together organisations from five different EU countries with the aim of reducing tobacco consumption across all of the nations. This partnership will examine the potential of The Filter to work on a transnational basis.

Wales Tobacco or Health Network
The Wales Tobacco or Health Network (WTHN) is a professional network led by ASH Wales for individuals in Wales with an interest in tobacco and its impact on public health. It focuses on smoking and tobacco control but also on wider issues of health and well being such as the links between wealth and health inequality.

The network contains both individuals and organisations with members from many sectors, including academia, the tobacco control community, education, government, healthcare, local government, the media, the NHS, public health, and the private and voluntary sectors.

Wales Tobacco Control Alliance
The Wales Tobacco Control Alliance (WTCA) is a network managed by ASH Wales to enable all third sector and professional organisations involved with tackling tobacco in Wales to inform and influence policy development and implementation. The WTCA came together to campaign for a comprehensive Tobacco Control Strategy for Wales and now work to monitor this plan and reduce the harm caused by tobacco use more generally. Since 2008 over 30 organisations have joined the WTCA. This includes other charities like Cancer Research UK, the British Heart Foundation, along with professional bodies such as the Royal College of Physicians and the British Medical Association.

Following a campaign by the WTCA the Welsh Government published its Tobacco Control Action Plan in February 2012 which set out a comprehensive strategy containing ambitions to reduce adult smoking prevalence to 16% by 2020.

ASH (Canada)
Founded in 1979, ASH is one of Canada's leading tobacco control organizations.

ASH Ireland
In 1992, ASH Ireland was established by the Irish Heart Foundation and the Irish Cancer Society.

ASH (New Zealand)
In New Zealand, ASH was formed in 1983. In 2011, the New Zealand Government set a target of making NZ smokefree by 2025. It was a member of the anti-smoking organisation Smokefree Coalition.

title: Action on Smoking and Health


text: User talk:200.35.88.130

title: User talk:200.35.88.130


text: User talk:216.93.236.30

title: User talk:216.93.236.30


text:
Swansea City Centre

Swansea city centre in Swansea, Wales, contains the main shopping, leisure and nightlife district in Swansea. The city centre covers much of the Castle ward including the area around Oxford Street, Castle Square, and the Quadrant Shopping Centre; Alexandra Road, High Street, Wind Street and the Castle; Parc Tawe; and the Maritime Quarter extending down to the seafront.

History
Swansea's early 18th century industrial development shaped the development of today's city centre. However, the heart of the city centre was bombed severely in 1941 in what is now termed the "Three Nights Blitz". Forty one acres of the city centre and 857 premises were destroyed beyond repair. Many local businesses had to be relocated just outside the area of devastation. The small area of Georgian streets around the Old Town Hall (now the Dylan Thomas Centre) and later buildings including the former Head Post Office on Wind Street, Swansea Harbour Trust Office (now Morgans Hotel), the Castle cinema and the Carlton Cinema on Oxford Street (now a Waterstone's bookshop) are rare survivors of the former streets and buildings.

The bombing necessitated the complete rebuilding of the city centre, a task which fell upon the county borough of Swansea. Preliminary plans were drawn up in 1943, a Compulsory Purchase order was obtained in 1946 and reconstruction work began in 1947. The reconstruction task took over thirty years to accomplish.

The new centre was planned on a grid-pattern of roads including the main thoroughfares of Kingsway, Princess Way, West Way and Oystermouth Road. At the time of the initial post-war rebuilding, the River Tawe riverfront and the South Dock (now the Maritime Quarter) were still port and industrial areas, separated from the commercial district by railway viaducts and roads. With the old shopping centre on High Street flattened, Swansea's main shopping district was rebuilt around the new Kingsway.

Redevelopment continued into the 1980s, including the construction of the Quadrant Shopping Centre, St. David's Shopping Centre, County Hall, Parc Tawe and the demolition of railway viaducts at Victoria Road. These developments reinforced the city centre as a largely retail centre with only limited office accommodation and housing. In recent years, a greater mix of uses has been encouraged in the city centre with the regeneration of the Maritime Quarter, Wind Street and Salubrious Place, the opening of the National Waterfront Museum and the refurbishment of Swansea Leisure Centre.

Economy
Swansea city centre provides about 24,000 jobs, or about 18% of jobs in the wider urban area. This is a low figure when compared to many other British cities, which often have around a quarter, a third or even more of their employment in the city centre. Retail, hotel and restaurant jobs are strongly represented in Swansea city centre, and there is a growing finance and business services sector, but much of the employment that would normally be found in a city centre has instead been located in outer areas of Swansea.

Retail
The city centre currently features 89650 m2 of comparison goods floorspace (clothing, furniture, electrical goods etc.) and 22950 m2 of convenience goods floorspace (food and groceries). According to an analysis cited in the City Centre Strategic Framework, Swansea is the eighteenth largest retail centre in the UK, relatively large for its population. However, the general quality, range and size of city centre shops is poor, so Swansea is usually ranked outside the top 50 retail centres in the UK on various industry listings. The poor retail performance is believed to be the result of several factors, including poor urban design, lack of recent development and competition from out-of-town shops at Fforestfach and Morfa.

Offices
Swansea city centre is not a major office location, although there are office premises including the BT Tower near Swansea Castle, Oldway House/Alexandra House on High Street/Alexandra Road and the JobCentre Plus building near the St. David's Shopping Centre. In 2002, there was 147960 m2 of office space in the city centre as a whole, and 30360 m2 in the retail core. Relatively low rents, generally less than £86 per m2 (£8 per sq. ft), underline the weakness of the city centre office market. However, an additional 65000 m2 is planned at SA1 Swansea Waterfront, adjacent to the city centre, and rents of £140 per m2 (£13 per sq. ft) have been achieved here. The City Centre Strategic Framework notes that this demonstrates that a commercially viable office market can eventually be developed in Swansea city centre.

Swansea Market/Quadrant Centre vicinity
Swansea Market, the Quadrant Shopping Centre and the St. David's Shopping Centre are in the middle of the city centre. The Quadrant Centre opened in the late 1970s and is dominated by chain stores; it has a multi-storey car park that opens directly into Debenhams on one floor. Swansea bus station is on the western side of the centre, and Swansea Grand Theatre is next door to the station on Singleton Street. A Tesco superstore is immediately south-east of the Quadrant.

High Street
High Street was once the main shopping street in Swansea and formed the central axis of the shopping centre. It was completely destroyed in World War II, leaving just a few buildings standing gutted, including half of the now demolished Woolworth Building, the Elysium Cinema building, the New Castle Buildings and smaller stores to the northern end including the historic Bush Inn (demolished in 2013). The High Street has a large indoor arcade filled with small local businesses.

Swansea Castle is to be found at the southern end of the street, and opposite the castle is Castle Square. Towards the northern end are Swansea railway station and the Swansea Grand Hotel. The stretch between the castle and railway station is dominated by local retailers, discount retailers and eating and drinking establishments. The street becomes mainly residential to the north of the railway station. In this residential stretch, there is one wedged-shaped building on the corner with Prince of Wales Street: this is the Palace Theatre, where Anthony Hopkins staged his first professional performance. It is the oldest theatre in Wales, one of only two remaining purpose-built music halls left in the United Kingdom, and the first place in Wales to screen a moving picture. It was once used as a nightclub but is now mostly derelict.

The Kingsway
Until the development of Wind Street as a nightlife zone, the Kingsway was the centre of nightlife in Swansea. While many of the bars have shut down due to competition from Wind Street bars, the largest night clubs in Swansea are still found here. Apart from the nightlife venues, The Kingsway has a number of banks, shops, fast food outlets and a branch of the YMCA. Swansea's former main Post Office was on this road too but moved to WH Smith inside the Quadrant Shopping Centre about 250 yd away.

In 2006, the Kingsway was re-engineered to become a one-way street for cars. The southern traffic lanes are now dedicated tw- way bus lanes developed in conjunction with the First Cymru's Swansea Metro bus route. At the eastern end of the Kingsway was a large roundabout incorporating a pedestrian subway. The subway has been filled in and the roundabout replaced with a traffic light crossroad and wider pedestrian walkways.

Oxford Street
Oxford Street is the main shopping street in Swansea which has major retailers such as Marks and Spencer and Next. The eastern end of the street, close to Castle Square, is pedestrianised and dominated by chain stores. The western end features mass-market/down-market multiple stores and links to two arcades of very small independent retailers. Further west, the street enters the Sandfields area and is mainly residential. Street markets are held on Oxford Street, Princess Way and Castle Square over Christmas.

Wind Street/Salubrious Place
Wind Street (Stryd y Gwynt) has a name which nowadays means different things in the two languages. The local English pronunciation has shifted from Street (i.e. with a meaning matching the Welsh name) to  Street (which doesn't). Wind Street was once a haunt of the poet Dylan Thomas and location of the covered alleyway 'Salubrious Passage'. It became a backwater in the second half of the 20th century when the commercial centre of Swansea shifted. It boasts the highest concentration of listed buildings in Swansea.

During the Second World War, the pubs of Wind Street saw the visit of a young star-to-be. A group of American GIs stationed in Swansea entered the Adelphi pub. An Australian soldier also stationed in Swansea saw this and proceeded to taunt the young GI, who was drinking milk, that he was not strong enough to drink alcohol. Unfortunately for him he had picked on the young Rocky Marciano who went on to become one of the world's greatest heavyweight boxers. Rocky floored him with one punch. Marciano himself confirmed this story.

Following redevelopment at the beginning of the 21st century, the area is now known for its pubs, bars, clubs and restaurant. The street developed a reputation for drunkenness and bad behaviour, leading to the council introducing a curb on new pub and club licences in the city centre. In December 2010, Wind Street had the second highest number of reported crimes in the whole of England and Wales.

In 2007 the development of the street's lower, south-eastern end was completed, as 'Salubrious Place', including an Aspers Casino, a Vue Cinema, a Premier Inn hotel, parking and additional eating and drinking venues. The casino closed in 2012 and Salubrious Place went into receivership in 2013, though in 2014 new plans were announced to re-invent the area.

Princess Way
Princess Way (Ffordd y Dywysoges) links Kingsway Circle to the north with Oystermouth Road to the south. The northern section of the street is fully pedestrianised and is fronted with shops. The southern section is fronted with pubs, restaurants and offices and has a Travelodge hotel, a Vue cinema and Aspers casino. The central portion of Princess Way opens onto two town squares.

Castle Square links Princess Way with Castle Street. Castle Square is a concreted square that slopes upwards towards steps to Swansea Castle to the east, forming an amphitheatre-like space. It has grass verges and a few trees on its sides, and two fountains. The square is faced to the south by Caer Street which is lined with shops in buildings with a mock Tudor facade. In July 2008, a permanent BBC TV big screen was constructed on the southern corner of Castle Square, to show BBC coverage of Beijing 2008 and London 2012 as well as local content.

St. Mary's Square links Princess Way with Whitewalls. St. Mary's Church stands in the middle of the square. It is fronted by the Quadrant Centre to the east; a clothes shop to the north; and offices and shops to the south.

Parc Tawe
Parc Tawe is an area on the west bank of the River Tawe in the Lower Swansea valley. The area includes several "out-of-town" style stores and entertainment units. There are car parking spaces in this area, but at peak periods it is subject to traffic congestion. A highly visible building is the Plantasia, a large triangular tropical plant house. Entertainments in the area include a 10 screen cinema and a ten pin bowling alley.

Alexandra Road vicinity
Alexandra Road is in an area to the north of the city centre at the foot of Townhill. It is home to a campus University of Wales Trinity Saint David (UWTSD) which has several premises in the area. Swansea College of Art's main centre is in a building that once housed the Dynevor Secondary school. The Glynn Vivian Art Gallery is here, as is Swansea Central police station. The Old Library building next to the old police station, on the corner of Orchard Street and Alexandra Road, once housed the central lending and reference library, which has now been relocated to the Civic Centre. The old police station has been converted into flats for students of UWTSD.

The old library is now part of Swansea College of Art and houses its Stained Glass, Product Design, Automotive Design, Games Design, 3D Computer Animation and Foundation courses. The BBC has two radio studios, a newsroom and general office at 32 Alexandra Road. It sub-lets part of its former building from UWTSD which now owns the building and hosts its Music Technology and Performing Arts courses. The Swansea Magistrates Court is located opposite the police station. The Mount Pleasant Baptist Church is in the far south of the area, on Kingsway.

St Helen's Road and Oystermouth Road
St Helens Road is the main route to the city centre from the south west of Swansea. The south side of the street is dominated by fast food outlets, restaurants, ethnic grocery stores and ethnic restaurants. Bryn-y-mor Road links to St. Helen's where many student bars and more restaurants can be found. The north side of the street has a number of solicitors and health centres. The road continues past the Guildhall and connects with Oystermouth Road. Oystermouth Road begins near the Leisure Centre and separates the shopping area of the city centre with the Maritime Quarter. It continues along the coast of Swansea Bay towards Mumbles. The north of the road has a number of bed and breakfast establishments near the city centre area.

Walter Road
Walter Road is the main route from the city centre to the west, including the Uplands district. Most of the road is lined with substantial three-storey town houses, many of which have been converted for use by small professional practices like accountants, solicitors, estate agents, civil engineers and surveyors. A few properties are still residential, nearly all divided into flats and bedsits.

The side streets around Walter Road are mainly residential, with mostly three bedroomed properties, mainly occupied by families. A number of properties have been converted into bedsits for use by students of Swansea University south of Walter Road and the University of Wales Trinity Saint David north of Walter Road.

Carmarthen Road
Carmarthen Road is a dual carriageway stretch of the A483 which runs NW from the Dyfatty traffic junction in the city centre. Carmarthen Road has a mix of developments including residential, retail and commercial parks and industrial units.

Fabian Way
Fabian Way, a stretch of the A483, departs the city centre to the east. It bypasses St. Thomas and Port Tennant to the north; and Swansea Docks and the SA1 Swansea Waterfront development to the south. It continues through Crymlyn Burrows where it connects with the M4 Motorway at the Earlswood junction (M4 Junction 42). This is considered as the main gateway to the city centre from the east, because of the connection to the M4 and Neath Port Talbot.

Plans
In January 2007, developers Hammerson and Urban Splash were chosen for a £1 billion redevelopment of the city centre. The two developers previously collaborated on Birmingham's Bullring development. The plan by architects BDP, includes more than 60000 m2 of additional retail space; 1,000 homes; new leisure, office, hotel and conference facilities; and a "European Boulevard" incorporating Oystermouth Road and Quay Parade.

The former David Evans department store has been replaced with a new development incorporating five stores trading over two floors, providing 58000 sqft of retail space. Zara, Slater's Menswear and JT Morgan have signed up for the scheme. In late 2011 The Gym Group opened a gym on the first floor of the development.

In December 2008, the Council sought expressions of interest from contractors for the redevelopment of the Quadrant bus station. The Council said that it hopes to award the contract in May 2009, with work starting soon after. The project was planned to take around 15 months to complete. The new bus station duly opened on 6 December 2010, though with many finishing touches not added until early 2011.

Transport
The city centre is served by buses at the Swansea bus station and by trains at Swansea railway station at the northern end of High Street. Additional bus stops are located on the Kingsway and on St. Mary's Square. A single bus rapid transit route marketed as Swansea Metro runs through the centre.

There are three Park and Ride sites with dedicated buses serving the city centre, all operated by First Cymru:

A fourth Park and Ride site is planned for the south of Swansea with the proposed site located in Blackpill serving both the city centre and Mumbles.

Nearest Places

 * Maritime Quarter
 * Sandfields
 * Mount Pleasant
 * Greenhill
 * Hafod
 * St Thomas

title: Swansea City Centre


text:
Norssi

Norssi is the informal name of various schools in Finland:
 * Helsingin normaalilyseo in Helsinki
 * Turun normaalikoulu in Turku
 * Oulun normaalikoulu in Oulu

title: Norssi


text:
User:Barcex

My home wiki is the Spanish-language Wikipedia, where my account is es:Usuario:Barcex. I'm admin and checkuser there and also admin on Wikimedia Commons. Anyway, I use to contribute here from time to time.

ceb:User:Barcex cs:Wikipedista:Barcex cy:Defnyddiwr:Barcex da:Bruger:Barcex pdc:Benutzer:Barcex de:Benutzer:Barcex es:Usuario:Barcex eo:Vikipediisto:Barcex fa:کاربر:Barcex fr:Utilisateur:Barcex fur:Utent:Barcex ga:Úsáideoir:Barcex gl:Usuario:Barcex ko:사용자:Barcex hr:Suradnik:Barcex it:Utente:Barcex he:משתמש:Barcex sw:User:Barcex la:Usor:Barcex hu:Szerkesztő:Barcex ja:利用者:Barcex pt:Usuário:Barcex ro:Utilizator:Barcex sco:User:Barcex sq:Përdoruesi:Barcex scn:Utenti:Barcex sl:Uporabnik:Barcex sr:Корисник:Barcex fi:Käyttäjä:Barcex tl:Tagagamit:Barcex ta:பயனர்:Barcex th:ผู้ใช้:Barcex vi:Thành viên:Barcex tr:Kullanıcı:Barcex yi:באַניצער:Barcex yo:User:Barcex zh:User:Barcex

title: User:Barcex


text:
Talk:Quantization error

"Many physical quantities are actually quantized by physical entities. Examples of fields where this limitation applies include electronics (due to electrons), optics (due to photons), and chemistry (due to molecules). This is sometimes known as the "quantum noise limit" of systems in those fields. This is a different manifestation of "quantization error," in which theoretical models may be analog but physics occurs digitally. Around the quantum limit, the distinction between analog and digital quantities vanishes."

 * Is that really true, though? Charge is quantized but voltage isn't.  — Omegatron 15:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Is there a significant difference between round-off error vs. quantization error, or should they be merged? As far as I know, "round-off error" is applied more to mathematical calculations that *could* be calculated to higher precision, but were rounded off to save time, while "quantization error" is usually applied to actual measurements of the real world (something that cannot possibly be calculated). I think this is only a minor difference that could be mentioned in a sentence or two, in a combined article. --DavidCary 03:54, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, they are similar, but I don't think they're the same thing. Round-off error inherently uses rounding, while quantization error can be rounding, truncation, etc.  (Not sure what it is for floating-point numbers.)  Also quantization error is generally found in discussions about sampling theory and the error between internal representation and real-life signals, while round-off error is generally about computations on numbers.
 * In other words, in the signal processing realm, quantization error is added to a signal when it is first digitized, and round-off error is added as you do computations on that already-digital signal. Maybe they are the same thing with different names, but I think they are different enough to have different articles.  Maybe, maybe not.  — Omegatron 14:14, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

merge complete
See discussion at Talk:Quantization_noise.

 * Merge complete.

Copying discussion from quantization noise article (now merged) to this talk page.
"The noise is additive and independent of the signal when the number of bits $$ Q $$ is greater than 4, that is, more than 16 digitizing levels, $$ L = 2^Q $$."

 * Why?
 * Also, the letter L is used for both "load" and "number of levels" — Omegatron 14:07, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Derivation
Trying to find a derivation for the quantization noise power equations and subsequent SNR per bit resolution values. I can't find the type of derivation I am thinking of online. Some scribbled, incoherent notes from class (I was probably asleep, and can't find the source I copied them from):

$$\sigma^2_{e_t} = $$

$$\sigma^2_{e_t} = {5 \over 2} \sigma^2_{e_r}$$

LSB-1: $$\sigma^2_{e_l} = {2^{-2b} \over 3}$$

$$\sigma^2_{e_l} = 4 \sigma^2_{e_r}$$

Mean squared error or quantization noise

$${1 \over \Delta} 	\int_{-\Delta/2}^{\Delta/2} \epsilon^2\, d \epsilon = {1 \over \Delta} \left( {\epsilon^3 \over 3} \right) \Bigg|_{-\Delta/2}^{\Delta/2} = {1 \over \Delta} \left( {\Delta^3 \over 8 \cdot 3} + {\Delta^3 \over 8 \cdot 3} \right) = {\Delta^2 \over 12}$$

with a note making sure I remember that it's not always Δ2/12. The external link I included shows a more thorough derivation of q2/12. — Omegatron 06:04, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

I keep forgetting that Google Print exists.

Thesis
I have previously derived the SNR formulas in my thesis. Sorry for the unconventional symbols, i use Q for LSB (in volts) and N for the number of resolution bits and m=2^N for the number of levels. umax and umin are the max and min voltage corresponding to the quantized interval of Q*m

The noise power is assumed to be uniform:

$$P_\mathrm{noise}=\frac{1}{T}\int_{0}^{T}\left[(\frac{t}{T}-\frac{1}{2})Q\right]^{2}dt=2\int_{0}^{1/2}(tQ)^{2}dt=\frac{Q^{2}}{12}$$

where Q is the quantization step (often called LSB):

$$Q=\frac{u_\mathrm{max}-u_\mathrm{min}}{m}$$

In the case of a uniformly distributed signal (ramped, triangle etc) the signal power is

$$P_\mathrm{signal}^\mathrm{ramp}=\frac{1}{T}\int_{0}^{T}\left[(\frac{t}{T}-\frac{1}{2})(u_\mathrm{max}-u_\mathrm{min})\right]^{2}dt=\frac{(mQ)^{2}}{12}$$

where i use m=2^N for the number of levels (does not have to be a power of two!). And thus the SNR

$$\mathrm{SNR_{ramp}}=m^{2}=2^{2N}.$$

In decibels this is

$$\mathrm{SNR_{ramp}}[\textrm{dB}]=10\log_{10}(2^{2N})=2N\cdot10\log_{10}(2)=6.02N$$

Next case: A sine wave test tone. This one has more power than the ramped, namely:

$$P_\mathrm{signal}^\mathrm{sine}=\frac{1}{T}\int_{0}^{T}\left[\sin(2\pi\frac{t}{T})\frac{u_\mathrm{max}-u_\mathrm{min}}{2}\right]^{2}dt=\frac{(mQ)^{2}}{8}$$

And the SNR becomes

$$\mathrm{SNR_{sine}}=\frac{3}{2}m^{2}=\frac{3}{2}2^{2N}.$$

in decibels:

$$\mathrm{SNR_{sine}}[\textrm{dB}]=10\log_{10}(\frac{3}{2}2^{2N})=2N\cdot10\log_{10}(2)+10\log_{10}(3/2)=6.02N+1.76$$

/ Johan Stigwall

 * Wonderful. Thank you. — Omegatron 14:44, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

∞ How about adding that to the page? This is a pretty fundamental and relevant equation to people who use ADCs. Guerberj (talk) 16:49, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Don't Merge
Quantisation error is not Quantisation noise - it's a complicated topic and worthy of several pages to make the distinctions needed, especially when weighting and dither are brought in. --Lindosland 16:18, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well they're not even close to a page right now, so I figured the subjects were close enough to merge into one topic. — Omegatron 01:57, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Since quantization noise is entirely caused by quantization error, I'm in favor of merging. How can you possibly describe quantization noise without first describing quantization error? And if this article describes both, what is the purpose of another description of either one alone? --68.0.120.35 01:05, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Quantization noise is a misnomer, and really just a model. Quantization noise should redirect to quantization error, and the article on quantization error should explain the "noise" model, under what conditions it is useful, etc.

Error In Example?
I think there is a discrepancy in the formula for sawtooth SNR and the example given. The formula is approximated as 6.02 · n, where n=4 for 16 bit audio. However, the example provided comes up with the answer 6.02 · 16 = 96.3 dB, which is not in agreement with the formula.

One stinky bum 01:35, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

the right formula
Which of the following 4 formulas is the right way to calculate the quantization noise relative to a full-scale sinewave?

The "quantization noise" article currently gives the formulas

 * 1 : $$\mathrm{SNR_{ADC}} = 20 \log_{10}(2^Q) \approx 6.02 \cdot Q\ \mathrm{dB} $$
 * 2 : $$\mathrm{SNR_{ADC}} = \left ( 1.761 + 6.02 \cdot Q \right )\ \mathrm{dB} $$

(Are those 2 formulas contradictory?)

The article "Creating the Digital World: Step One" by Rob Howald gives a formula with one additional term
 * 3 : SQNR (dB) = ( 6.02 N + 10 log [ fsample/ 2 fbandwidth] + 1.76 ) dB

(The formulas (2) and (3) would give the same answer in the case where fsample == 2 fbandwidth.)

Also, the SQNR page gives a formula that looks completely different:
 * 4 : $$SQNR|_{dB}=P_{x^\nu}+6\nu+4.8$$

Which is the right way to calculate the quantization noise relative to a full-scale sinewave?

--68.0.120.35 01:05, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Why modulation?
I'm removing the first line of this article, which says that quantization error has to do with the conversion from PAM to PCM. If an analog signal is in a PAM form, there's already quantization error. --TedPavlic | talk 16:08, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Spanish version
I would suggest translating the spanish version: Ruido de cuantificación. --213.37.235.41 (talk) 19:12, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Redirection
The link to quantization noise redirect to itself ( = this page ). Since I'm not a regular wiki user I prefer just telling and letting someone "who knows" doing it 213.121.242.200 (talk) 22:46, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Misleading figure
The graphical representation of quantization error does not take into account how the digital signal is reconstructed. Quantization error is the difference between the reconstructed signal and the band limited original. --Kvng (talk) 19:20, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * You are wrong, only offects sampling rate are affected by signal reconstruction. The example seems to use infinite sampling rate, so there is nothing to reconstruct. It is a bit misleading however, such signal is invalid, noise should be added prior to sampling.--90.179.235.249 (talk) 19:20, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I did assume a finite sample rate. I can see how the figure is correct for a system with infinite sample rate. Infinite sample rate is not practical so I'm not convinced that this is a good illustration. --Kvng (talk) 03:12, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It's an illustration of quantization error, not sample rate.--90.179.235.249 (talk) 23:21, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quantization error


text:
Talk:Mount Wellington Tin Mine

Comment
Er, yeah. Seems pretty clearly in need of work, although I am not the person to turn this into a useful article. Mhari 15:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Wellington Tin Mine