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Dorit Beinisch

Dorit Beinisch (דורית ביניש; born February 28, 1942) is a retired Israeli jurist. She was the 9th president of the Supreme Court of Israel. Appointed on September 14, 2006, after the retirement of Aharon Barak, she served in this position until February 28, 2012. She was the first woman to serve as president of the Israeli Supreme Court.

Background
Dorit Werba was born in Tel Aviv. Her father, Aharon Werba, a civil servant, immigrated to Palestine from Poland in 1933. Her mother, Chava, was a kindergarten teacher in Tel Aviv. Beinisch served in the Israeli Defense Forces, where she reached the rank of lieutenant. She studied law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, completing her Bachelor of Laws degree (LL.B.) in 1967. Two years later she completed her Master of Laws (LL.M.), summa cum laude, at the same university, while apprenticing in the Justice Ministry. In 1964, she married Yeheskell Beinisch, a Jerusalem lawyer. They have two daughters and five grandchildren.

Beinisch was awarded honorary Doctor of Philosophy degrees by the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in June 2010, and Ben-Gurion University in May 2012, as well as an Honorary Fellowship by The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya.

On November 12, 2012, she was awarded Doctor of Philosophy "honoris causa" degree from the Weizmann Institute of Science. Beinisch was awarded "Doctor of Humane Letters-Honoris Causa"by The "Hebrew Union College"Jerusalem, on November 14th,2012. Dorit Beinisch is a member as an Officer at The French "National Order of the Legion of Honour" since December 17, 2012. On December 30, 2012, Beinisch was awarded as a knight of The Movement for Quality Government in Israel.

On May 8, 2013, Beinisch was awarded "Honorary Citizen of Jerusalem". On June 13, she was awarded "Honorary Fellowship" by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Academic College. In May 2015 Beinisch received an honorary award from The Holon Technological Institute. Beinisch was nominated in May 2013 as The Chancellor of the Open University of Israel and chairwoman of its Council. In March 2023, Beinisch was named as “honorary citizen of Tel Aviv -Yaffo”.

From 2012–2014, she taught a seminar on national security judging at the Center on Law and Security (CLS) with Samuel Rascoff and Andrew Weissmann at NYU Law as a distinguished global fellow and a senior fellow.

Beinisch is a critic of the Israeli government’s judicial reform initiative, citing that it threatens the independence of the judiciary.

Legal career
Beinisch joined the Ministry of Justice in 1967, doing her legal internship in the legislation department. She served in the Ministry of Justice for 28 years, holding senior positions to which women in Israel had never been appointed before.

State Attorney’s Office (1967–1995)
Between 1967 and 1969, Beinisch served as Assistant in the Jerusalem District Attorney's Office until she completed her master's degree, moving up in 1970 to become Senior Assistant to the State Attorney.

From 1976 to 1982, she served as the Director of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law in the State Attorney's Office. She represented the state before the Supreme Court in constitutional and administrative cases.

From 1982 through 1988 she served as the Deputy State Attorney. She played an instrumental role in prosecuting some of the state's most difficult cases. She collected evidence for the Kahan commission which investigated the Sabra and Shatila massacre. During the prosecution of the Gush Emunim Underground she received threats to her life.

Beinisch served as the State Attorney of Israel from 1989 to 1995, the first woman in Israel to hold this position. In this position, she directed all government litigation in all levels of courts, took part in forming the State's policy in criminal, constitutional and civil fields, and was responsible for all the professional aspects of legal representation of the state of Israel in the courts.

She supervised the lengthy investigation, trial and eventual conviction of then Shas Party chairman and former interior minister Aryeh Deri. She represented the state before the Supreme Court in significant constitutional, administrative and criminal law cases. For example, in the late 1980s, she headed the struggle in the Supreme Court that led to the banning of the far right-wing Kach party from the Knesset. She refused to represent Yitzhak Rabin's government in the High Court when a petition was filed against its decision to deport 415 Hamas members to Lebanon.

Beinisch fought for her professional and legal views on controversial issues, such as the Kav 300 affair in 1984. Appointed to handle the case by then attorney general Yitzhak Zamir, Beinisch, together with two other prosecutors, fought against the government and the Shin Bet to expose lies, resulting in rumors that she was having an affair with one of the Shin Bet agents and threats against her life.

Supreme Court Justice (1995–2005)
Beinisch was appointed as a Justice of Israel's Supreme Court in December 1995. She served as chair of the Central Elections Commission.

President of Supreme Court (2006–2012)
In September 2006 Beinisch was sworn in as President of the Supreme Court of Israel, after being voted in unanimously, becoming the first woman in Israel to hold this position. As President of the Supreme Court, she was the head of the Israeli judiciary and responsible for managing the court system. She believed that one of her primary tasks as President of the Supreme Court was to safeguard the independence of the Israeli court system and ensure its apolitical character.

In her rulings, Beinisch emphasized the same principles that she fought for during her public career, together with her belief regarding the role of the Supreme Court in a democratic society to protect human and civil rights, with special attention to the rights of women and children, socially vulnerable populations, and immigrant workers. Beinisch emphasized the importance of judicial review of the activities of the executive branch, including the military, as well as the importance of following the rule of law and the principle of non-discriminatory law enforcement, and preserving every person's right of access to court.

On January 27, 2010, Beinisch was injured when a 52-year-old man named Pinchas Cohen hurled his sneaker at her during a hearing on medical marijuana, hitting her between the eyes, breaking her glasses and knocking her off her chair. Cohen was disgruntled with the legal system over a family court decision four years earlier and has a violent history. He was arrested and later apologized for his act, and stated that he hoped she was well.

Landmark rulings
Beinisch has focused on government corruption and to ensuring that government institutions adhere to the law, with a particular emphasis placed on the Defence Forces, the police and general security services.

In 2004 Beinisch criticized the use of expedited legislative mechanisms, often used by the Knesset to legislate various economic laws and reforms. She ruled that although judicial review of the legislative process in Israeli does not recognize a ground of lack of “legislative due process”, the Court would intervene if there is a defect in the legislative process that “goes to the heart of the process.” Such a defect is one that involves a severe and substantial violation of the basic principles of the legislative process in Israel's parliamentary and constitutional system.

In a 2006 case concerning a detainee's right to legal counsel, the Supreme Court acquitted a soldier convicted of using drugs on the basis of his own confession, because the military policeman who interrogated him did not inform him of his right to consult with an attorney.

In this decision, Beinisch ruled that in view of the normative change in the Israeli legal system introduced by the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty, and in the absence of legislation on this issue, the time has come to adopt a case law doctrine of inadmissibility for illegally obtained evidence. She also held that the appropriate doctrine for the Israeli legal system to adopt is not an absolute one, but a relative doctrine which allows the court to exclude illegally obtained evidence at its discretion. In the specific case of the appellant, the failure to inform him of his right to consult a lawyer was intentional, and this was a significant factor in Beinisch's decision to exclude the confessions he made in the interrogation.

The same year, in one of her most famous and controversial rulings as a justice, she ruled that parents cannot use corporal punishment, writing that corporal punishment violates the child's right to dignity and bodily integrity.

Some of her most important rulings have dealt safeguarding human rights while addressing pressing security needs, primarily in cases concerning Israel's activities in the occupied Palestinian territories. In a 2005 ruling against the Israeli army's use of “human shields” she concurred with then-President Aharon Barak that the practice of sending in a local Palestinian ahead of Israeli troops during arrest raids endangered his life, violated his free will and his human dignity.

In a judgment rendered in September 2007 concerning the separation fence being built by Israel, Beinisch ruled that the military commander did not exercise his discretion in a proportionate manner and that he must alter the route of the fence in regards to a segment near the Palestinian village of Bil'in. In her judgment, Beinisch accepted the military commander's claim that the fence in Bil'in area was built for reasons of national security. Nevertheless, she held that the military commander had determined the route of the fence while taking into account the future construction plans for new Israeli neighborhoods near this area. These planned neighborhoods do not constitute a vital security need, and hence cannot be taken into account when determining the route of the fence. Thus, Beinisch concluded, the route of the fence in the Bil'in area did not meet the proportionality requirement.

In 2007, a petition was brought before the Supreme Court regarding the government's decision to protect the schools in Israeli cities from attacks by “Qassam” rockets fired from the Gaza Strip. In light of this decision, the authorities adopted a protection plan under which only some of the classrooms were protected. Beinisch ruled that the decision not to fully protect the main classrooms of children in grades 4-12 was extremely unreasonable. It was held that the court would intervene — albeit on rare occasions and with restraint — even in decisions concerning the professional discretion of the authority or the budgets allocated by it, if these decisions depart in an extreme manner from the margin of reasonableness given to the administrative authority.

In 2008, Beinisch ruled on interpretation of the Unlawful Combatants Law and the extent to which the law is consistent with international humanitarian law. In her leading judgment, she wrote that the administrative detention of an "unlawful combatant" significantly violates his right to personal liberty. This was consistent with the basic outlook that prevails in the Israeli legal system, according to which it is preferable to uphold a statute by interpretive means wherever possible, rather than to declare it void for constitutional reasons.

Several appeals were brought before the Supreme Court challenging specific internment orders that were made under the Unlawful Combatants Law. In her leading judgment, Beinisch wrote that there is no doubt that the administrative detention of an “unlawful combatant” significantly violates the right to personal liberty. While holding the law constitutional, she held that in view of the extent of the violation of personal liberty and of the extreme nature of the measure of detention provided in the law, an interpretive effort should be made in order to minimize, in so far as possible, the violation of the right to liberty so that it is commensurate with the need to achieve the security purpose, and not in excess thereof. Beinisch also held that the provisions of the statute should be interpreted, in so far as possible, in a manner consistent with the accepted norms of international law.

In 2009, Beinisch issued a precedent-setting ruling on the unconstitutional nature of the privatization of prisons. In this judgement, a panel of nine justices led by Beinisch struck down Amendment 28 to the Prison Ordinance, which calls for the creation of a prison in Israel to be managed and operated by a private corporation. She concluded that the Amendment violates the constitutional rights to personal freedom and human dignity. In her ruling, Beinisch stressed that although Amendment 28 was enacted out of a desire to improve the detention conditions of prisoners in Israel, the main purpose behind the Amendment was an economic one, reflecting a desire to save as much money as possible for the State. In this context, she stressed in her ruling that although the Supreme Court does not generally intervene in the government's and the Knesset's economic policies, when it comes to legislation affecting the most basic constitutional rights, the fact that an economic rationale may have motivated the legislation does not prevent the Court from passing judgment on the law.

In May 2012, the court ruled that employers who pay female employees a significantly lower salary than their male counterparts will bear the burden of proof in case they are accused of discrimination, thus strengthening women's workplace rights. In Beinisch's ruling, the High Court stated that a woman suing for discrimination will not have to prove she was deprived of pay because of her gender, but only show there is a significant difference in salaries. At this point, the burden of proof would lie with the employer who, in his part, will have to convince that there is a legitimate reason for the salary and that the employee was not discriminated. Moreover, the High Court recognized that at times, women have less leverage than men at negotiating pay; therefore, claims that a pay was negotiated freely before hiring the worker will not be enough to justify the extensive gaps.

Beinisch has also written some remarkable dissenting opinions. In a case dealing with former President of State, Moshe Katzav she held in a minority opinion that the plea-bargain agreement - formulated by the Attorney General and the former President of Israel over sexual abuse charges - should be canceled because the details of that bargain contravened administrative principles and were against the public interest. In another case, Beinisch held, in a minority opinion, that the total ban on political advertisements in television and radio broadcasts is invalid because there is no explicit authorization in the primary legislation for such an excessive limitation on freedom of political expression.

title: Dorit Beinisch


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Domain parking

Domain parking is the registration of an Internet domain name without that domain being associated with any services such as e-mail or a website. This may have been done with a view to reserving the domain name for future development, and to protect against the possibility of cybersquatting. Since the domain name registrar will have set name servers for the domain, the registrar or reseller potentially has use of the domain rather than the final registrant.

Domain parking can be classified as monetized and non-monetized. In the former, advertisements are shown to visitors and the domain is "monetized". In the latter, an "Under Construction" or a "Coming Soon" message may or may not be put up on the domain by the registrar or reseller. This is a single-page website that people see when they type the domain name or follow a link in a web browser. Domain names can be parked before a web site is ready for launching.

Parked domain monetization
The term "domain parking" may also refer to an advertising practice, more precisely called "parked domain monetization", used primarily by domain name registrars and internet advertising publishers to monetize type-in traffic visiting a parked, "under-developed", or unused domain name. The domain name will usually resolve to a web page containing advertising listings and links. These links will be targeted to the predicted interests of the visitor and may change dynamically based on the results that visitors click on. Usually the domain holder is paid based on how many links have been visited (e.g. pay per click) and on how beneficial those visits have been. The keywords for any given domain name provide clues as to the intent of the visitor before arriving.

Another use of domain parking is to be a placeholder for an existing web site. The domain holder might also choose to redirect a domain to another website it has registered, either through URL redirection, domain cloaking or by pointing it as an alias of the main domain, although if this is done by the ultimate registrant, the domain is then in use, rather than parked.

Expired domains that were formerly websites are also sought after for parked domain monetization. A domain that was used as a website and is allowed to expire will still maintain most of its prior inbound links. These types of domains usually attract their largest amount of visitor traffic initially after being claimed from the domain drop lists. As website operators and search engines begin to remove the former inbound links, the traffic to the parked domain will begin to decline. The process of re-registering expired names is known as dropcatching and various domain name registries have differing views on it.

On domains with a 'one-click' implementation, a click on a keyword is not necessary to generate ad revenue. The ads are targeted based on the domain name. Domains with 'two-click' implementations require a click on a keyword or a keyword search to generate ad revenue.

There are several companies that actively cater to domain name holders and act as middlemen to serve advertisements on parking pages. The parking pages are propagated automatically on a domain holder's web property when they either change the name servers or forward the URL.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Domain parking


text:
Talk:You're a Grand Old Flag

Barney?

 * == Barney ==
 * If you seen Barney goes to school or Barney in Concert, He sings this song in them.

Due to the "if you seen," the deifying capital H in "he," and the total unnoteworthiness of the fact that a very well-known song was sung in a children's television show, I deem this section… funny. And a BJAODN candidate.

 * I don't quite know what BJAODN means (probably "Bad Joke"-something) but you've got a good point. Therefore, I deem it GONE thanks to magical powers of my keyboard. >:) Wahkeenah 02:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Inconsistency regarding song title
At the time of writing, it says at one place in the article:

"Cohan [...] originally named his tune 'You're a Grand Old Rag'"

At another place it says

"some artists such as Billy Murray had recorded it under its original title, 'The Grand Old Rag'." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Torr3 (talk • contribs) 17:27, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:You're a Grand Old Flag


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Gallery (band)

Gallery was an American soft rock band, formed in Detroit, Michigan by Jim Gold. While Gallery did record a number of songs, they are most famous for their 1972 hit single "Nice to Be with You", written by Gold. The song was arranged and produced by Dennis Coffey and Mike Theodore and released by Sussex Records. It became an international hit single, reaching the top five in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand; sales of one million copies earned the band a gold record. The song reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and remained in the Hot 100 for 22 weeks, tying with War's "Slippin' into Darkness" for most weeks on the chart during 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 14 song for 1972. "Nice to Be with You" reached No. 1 on Cashbox, WCFL, and WLS.

Gallery followed up a few months later with a cover of Mac Davis's "I Believe in Music", which charted moderately well at No. 22 on Billboard and No. 13 on Cashbox. They also toured across the South Pacific.

In early 1973, Gallery's third and last Hot 100 hit, Tom Lazaros's "Big City Miss Ruth Ann", reached No. 23 on the Hot 100, No. 12 on Cashbox, and No. 7 on WCFL. A remake of The Crickets' "Maybe Baby" "Bubbled Under" at No. 118 in July 1973.

In early 1974 "Friends" / "Love Every Little Thing About You" failed to chart. Gallery disbanded, and Gold embarked on a solo career.

title: Gallery (band)


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User talk:Gxlghia

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Coleman Milne and Woodall Nicholson, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing! Vclaw 22:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gxlghia


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Jack Carington Smith

Jack Carington Smith (26 February 1908 – 19 March 1972) was an Australian artist from Launceston, Tasmania. Born simply "Smith", he adopted "Carington Smith" as his surname around 1936 when he won a travelling scholarship which enabled him to study at the Royal Academy of Arts, London.

He was head of the art department, Hobart Technical College from 1940 to 1970 during which time it was renamed Tasmanian School of Art, a faculty of the University of Tasmania.

He won the Sulman Prize in 1949 for Bush Pastoral, a Mural design for New State Building, Hobart, and (after entering regularly for twenty years) the Archibald Prize in 1963 with a portrait of Professor James McAuley, who was then the chair of the University of Tasmania, and the Rubinstein Prize 1966. Smith also worked as a tutor who taught other artists, including Max Angus, Roger Murphy and Jeff Hook.

The Carington Smith Library in the Centre for the Arts, University of Tasmania is named for him.

title: Jack Carington Smith


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Hilda Plowright

Hilda Plowright (29 November 1890 – 9 October 1973) was a British actress.

Biography
Plowright was born in Swaffham, Norfolk, England. Following a career on the stage in Britain she came to the United States and obtained work and a Social Security number in New York. She died in San Diego, California following a career in film, theatre and television, primarily playing older women in assorted small roles. She had over 50 film and television appearances between 1938 and 1965. She also appeared in at least 13 theatre productions on Broadway between 1925 and 1940.

Theatrical work in Britain
Plowright had an extensive theatrical career in Britain from 1908 to 1921. The 17 August 1916 review from The Cornishman of her in the title role, Ann Annington, of Lechmere Worrall's play "Ann" (later made into the film Her Winning Way) was favourable: "In the title role of 'Ann,' Miss Hilda Plowright pleased the audience immensely. The eccentricity, daring, winsomeness, and vivacity of Ann's character was most skilfully evolved, and the mastery obtained over the American accent and mannerism was most noticeable."

Films
Plowright had a starring role in her first film, the 1938 Hopalong Cassidy B-movie Partners of the Plains where Gwen Gaze was the leading lady.

Plowright's role as a Quaker librarian in The Philadelphia Story has been noted as one of the first examples on film of a librarian saying "shush" to patrons, giving rise to and popularising a "new dimension to the stereotype" of stern, straightlaced librarians in film. She also was cast in Wilson as Jeannette Rankin. She auditioned for, but was not given, the role of Frau Schmidt in The Sound of Music.

Her last film was My Fair Lady in 1964 in which she had a minor role.

Filmography
Plowright appeared in mostly small character roles often uncredited, in dozens of films throughout her career, including the following: • Partners of the Plains (1938) - Aunt Martha

• Holiday (1938) - Marjorie (uncredited)

• You Can't Take It With You (1938) - Lady Melville (uncredited)

• Cafe Society (1939) - Maid (uncredited)

• The Little Princess (1939) - Nurse (uncredited)

• The Sun Never Sets (1939) - Queen Elizabeth (uncredited)

• The Women (1939) - Miss Fordyce (uncredited)

• Television Spy (1939) - Amelia Sheldon

• Raffles (1939) - Wilson

• Queen of the Mob (1940) - Mrs. Milliken (uncredited)

• Foreign Correspondent (1940) - Miss Pimm (uncredited)

• The Philadelphia Story (1940) - Librarian (uncredited)

• Kitty Foyle (1940) - Nurse (uncredited)

• Shining Victory (1941) - Nurse (uncredited)

• Suspicion (1941) - Postmistress (uncredited)

• Two-Faced Woman (1941) - Minor Role (uncredited)

• The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) - Nurse (uncredited)

• Now, Voyager (1942) - Justine (uncredited)

• Random Harvest (1942) - Paula's Nurse (uncredited)

• Mr. Lucky (1943) - Dorothy's Maid (uncredited)

• The Hour Before the Dawn (1944) - Mrs. Merritt (uncredited)

• Ministry of Fear (1944) - Maid for Mrs. Bellane #2 (uncredited)

• Wilson (1944) - Rep. Jeanette Rankin (uncredited)

• Casanova Brown (1944) - English Maid (uncredited)

• The Suspect (1944) - Mrs. Margett (uncredited)

• The Fatal Witness (1945) - Lady Mong - Dinner Guest (uncredited)

• Kitty (1945) - Mrs. Thickness (uncredited)

• Confidential Agent (1945) - Miner's Wife (uncredited)

• Devotion (1946) - Elderly Woman (uncredited)

• Sister Kenny (1946) - Saleslady (uncredited)

• The Imperfect Lady (1947) - Customer (uncredited)

• Cass Timberlane (1947) - Maid (uncredited)

• The Woman in White (1948) - Woman Attendant (uncredited)

• A Life of Her Own (1950) - Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)

• The Company She Keeps (1951) - Victim (uncredited)

• Thunder on the Hill (1951) - Villager (uncredited)

• Rhubarb (1951) - Katie (uncredited)

• Thunder in the East (1953) - Mrs. Morrisey (uncredited)

• Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953) - Nursemaid (uncredited)

• A Star is Born (1954) - Shrine Auditorium Photographer (uncredited)

• Battle Cry (1955) - Mrs. Rogers (uncredited)

• Moonfleet (1955) - Granny Tucker (uncredited)

• Until They Sail (1957) - Woman (uncredited)

• Darby's Rangers (1958)

• Separate Tables (1958) - Mabel (uncredited)

• Lover Come Back (1961) - Cleaning Woman (uncredited)

• Summer Magic (1963) - Mary

• My Fair Lady (1964) - Bystander (uncredited)

• 36 Hours (1964) - German Agent

Television
Plowright's television credits included two appearances in Alfred Hitchcock Presents in 1957 and 1959. Other television credits included NBC Matinee Theater (1956) and roles on The Gale Storm Show (1956), The Joseph Cotten Show (1956), and Schlitz Playhouse (1951).

 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957) (Season 2 Episode 32: "The Hands of Mr. Ottermole") as Mrs. Whybrow
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1959) (Season 4 Episode 29: "Banquo's Chair") as Mae Thorpe

Broadway Theatre credits
Broadway productions where Plowright appeared were:
 * A Tale of the Wolf (1925)
 * Saturday Night (1926)
 * Twelfth Night (1926)
 * When Crummles Played (1928)
 * Michael and Mary (1929)
 * Heat Wave (1931)
 * The Lady with a Lamp (1931)
 * The Good Fairy (1932)
 * The Party's Over (1933)
 * The Distaff Side (1934)
 * For Valor (1935)
 * And Now Good-bye (1937)
 * Leave Her to Heaven (1940)

title: Hilda Plowright


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Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament

The Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament is the essential leadership of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP), consisting of one President and four Vice-Presidents.

The President and each Vice-President represent a different region of Africa. The current members of the Bureau are:
 * Acting President –Hon. Ashebir Gayo from Ethiopia
 * Third Vice-President – Hon. Lucia Passos from Cape Verde

The Bureau is responsible for:
 * The management and administration of the affairs and facilities of Parliament and its organs.
 * Regulating the procedures relating to the financial, organisational and administrative needs in accordance with Financial Rules of the AU and matters concerning Members and the internal organisation of Parliament and its organs.
 * Determining the draft agenda and the programmes of the sessions of Parliament.
 * Determining the establishment, plan and structure of the Secretariat and lay down regulations for the staff, including their terms and conditions of service.
 * Proposing to Parliament for adoption the establishment and job descriptions of its support staff.
 * Proposing, to the Pan African Parliament, the appointment of the Clerk and Deputy Clerks to Parliament.
 * The preparation of the draft budget and its presentation to the responsible Committee.
 * Coordinating and harmonising the functions of Permanent Committees.
 * Any other matters in accordance with the directives issued by Parliament.

Carrying out any other functions as may be prescribed by Parliament or incidental to these functions.

List of Bureaus with representatives by region
Legend:   President -  Vice-president

title: Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament


text: User talk:84.48.99.181

title: User talk:84.48.99.181


text: User talk:71.243.54.120

title: User talk:71.243.54.120


text:
Milka Planinc

Milka Planinc ( Malada; ; 21 November 1924 – 7 October 2010) was a Croatian communist politician who served as Prime Minister of Yugoslavia from 1982 to 1986. She was the first and only woman to hold this office. Planinc was also the first female head of government of a diplomatically recognized socialist state in Europe.

Early life
Planinc was born Milka Malada in a mixed ethnic Croat and ethnic Serb family in Žitnić, a small village near Drniš, Dalmatia in modern-day Croatia. She attended school until the onset of World War II interrupted her education. She joined the Communist Youth League in 1941, which was a pivotal year in Planinc's life and for her country. Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia and divided the country among German, Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian occupying authorities. Soon a resistance movement known as the Partisans was formed, led by Marshal Josip Broz Tito. Planinc waited impatiently for the day when she would be old enough to join the anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia.

Aged 19, Planinc joined the Partisans and became extremely devoted to Tito. In 1944 she joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. She became county commissar of the 11th Dalmatian Strike Brigade whose job it was to teach party principles and policies, and ensure party loyalty. Planinc spent years working for the Partisans and the Communist Party, and when they gained control of the entire region she enrolled in the Higher School of Administration in Zagreb to continue her education. Partisan commander Simo Dubajić, himself accused of war crimes, later alleged that Planinc was involved with the post-war massacre at Kočevski Rog. Planinc rejected Dubajić's accusations, calling them political speculation. She personally advocated that these crimes be investigated, and judicially and scientifically processed.

In 1950, she married an engineer named Zvonko Planinc. The couple had a son and a daughter.

Political career
Planinc began to pursue a full-time career within the League of Communists of Croatia. She specialized in education, agitation, and propaganda, and in 1959 she was elected into the Croatian Central Committee, the executive body.

Having served in a variety of posts in Zagreb, as the Secretary of the People's Assembly of Trešnjevka in 1957 and then the Secretary of Cultural Affairs of the City of Zagreb in 1961, she became the Secretary of the City of Zagreb League of Communists Committee, and the Secretary for Education of the Socialist Republic of Croatia in 1963, a position in which she remained until 1965.

Greater party acknowledgement did not come until 1966 when she was elected into the Presidium of the League of Communists of Croatia (LCC), and then to the executive committee of the LCC in 1968. She served as the President of the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Croatia 1967–1971.

After the events of Croatian Spring, the leadership of LCC was removed, and Planinc became president of the Central Committee in 1971. She made the decision to arrest Franjo Tuđman, Marko Veselica, Dražen Budiša, Šime Đodan and Vlado Gotovac, among others, who had all participated in the Croatian Spring. She remained the Leader of the League of Communists of Croatia until 1982.

When Tito died in 1980, he left a plan for a rotation of eight leaders, with the leader coming from each federal unit in turn. On 29 April 1982, the Federal Conference of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia approved a list of ministers submitted by Planinc, and on 15 May 1982 a joint session of the National Assembly's two houses named her head of the Federal Executive Council; thus she became prime minister. She became the first woman to occupy such a high post in the country's 64-year history. Planinc had a new governmental body, The Federal Executive Committee, and it consisted of 29 members. All of the members of this committee were new, except for five that were members of the old committee.

She would serve as the President of the Federal Executive Council (Prime Minister) of Yugoslavia (a post equivalent to prime minister) between 1982 and 1986. Her mandate as prime minister was remembered as the times when the government finally decided to regulate external debt of SFR Yugoslavia and to start to pay it back. In order to achieve necessary means, her cabinet implemented restrictive economic measures for a few years.

The 1974 constitution had left the central government with very little authority, as the power was divided into the separate republics. Planinc tried to re-focus the central government and gain international alliances with visits to Britain, the United States, and Moscow. Though her visits to Washington gave her promises of economic support, her visit to Moscow was said to be with "nothing lost, and nothing gained".

Planinc offered her resignation in October 1985, but this was not accepted. On 12 February 1986 Planinc's government submitted a request to the International Monetary Fund for advanced surveillance. The request was approved a month later. Her term ended in May 1986, and before long she became a member of the LCY Central Committee.

Later life
Planinc spent the rest of her time living through Yugoslav Wars with the collapse of communism in Europe. In 1993 her husband died, and in 1994 her son Zoran committed suicide.

From the late 1990s until her death, Planinc required the use of a wheelchair and rarely left her home. She resided in Zagreb until her death on 7 October 2010, aged 85. She was interred at the Zagreb's Mirogoj Cemetery.

title: Milka Planinc


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Curt Chiarelli

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:28, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Curt Chiarelli
Self-promotion, non-notable. The fact that he's been spamming his website to lots of articles doesn't help either. --fvw *  22:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep, but tone down the POV and self-promotion. "Youngest production designer in this country" (whichever country that might be; there are more than one) makes him notable-ish, if verifiable and "youngest" by a significant amount. Tonywalton [[Image:Pentacle-circumscribed.png|15px]] | Talk 00:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 02:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. PacknCanes 02:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Hasn't contributed to Quantum String Theory or salamander metabolism   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete self-promo, self-important vanity page that, as usual with such articles, makes the subject look more ridiculous than anything else. Deleting this is doing Curt a favour. Dottore So 11:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jeannine Savard

Jeannine Savard (born 1950) is an American poet, born in the Adirondack Mountain Region of New York State. Her poems are lyrical and involve and reflect the lush region of the country, as well as the Sonoran Desert where she has lived since the 1980s as an Associate Professor of English at Arizona State University.

Savard's poems have appeared in Blackbird , The Fiddlehead, Superstition Review , Crab Orchard Review, Hayden’s Ferry Review, The Salt River Review , The Blue Guitar Magazine, and The Nashville Review.

Published works
Savard has published several volumes of poetry, including:
 * Accounted For (2011), Red Hen Press. ISBN 978-1-59709-489-4.
 * Snow Water Cove (Reissue: 2006), A Carnegie Mellon Classic Contemporary, Carnegie Mellon University Press. ISBN 0-88748-455-7.
 * My Hand Upon Your Name (2005), Red Hen Press. ISBN 1-59709-009-3.
 * Snow Water Cove (1988), University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-291-1.
 * Trumpeter (1993), Carnegie Mellon University Press. ISBN 0-88748-153-1.

title: Jeannine Savard


text: User talk:Izzy8900

title: User talk:Izzy8900


text:
Transforming growth factor beta

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three different mammalian isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 3, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3) and many other signaling proteins. TGFB proteins are produced by all white blood cell lineages.

Activated TGF-β complexes with other factors to form a serine/threonine kinase complex that binds to TGF-β receptors. TGF-β receptors are composed of both type 1 and type 2 receptor subunits. After the binding of TGF-β, the type 2 receptor kinase phosphorylates and activates the type 1 receptor kinase that activates a signaling cascade. This leads to the activation of different downstream substrates and regulatory proteins, inducing transcription of different target genes that function in differentiation, chemotaxis, proliferation, and activation of many immune cells.

TGF-β is secreted by many cell types, including macrophages, in a latent form in which it is complexed with two other polypeptides, latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP) and latency-associated peptide (LAP). Serum proteinases such as plasmin catalyze the release of active TGF-β from the complex. This often occurs on the surface of macrophages where the latent TGF-β complex is bound to CD36 via its ligand, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Inflammatory stimuli that activate macrophages enhance the release of active TGF-β by promoting the activation of plasmin. Macrophages can also endocytose IgG-bound latent TGF-β complexes that are secreted by plasma cells and then release active TGF-β into the extracellular fluid. Among its key functions is regulation of inflammatory processes, particularly in the gut. TGF-β also plays a crucial role in stem cell differentiation as well as T-cell regulation and differentiation.

Because of its role in immune and stem cell regulation and differentiation, it is a highly researched cytokine in the fields of cancer, auto-immune diseases, and infectious disease.

The TGF-β superfamily includes endogenous growth inhibiting proteins; an increase in expression of TGF-β often correlates with the malignancy of many cancers and a defect in the cellular growth inhibition response to TGF-β. Its immunosuppressive functions then come to dominate, contributing to oncogenesis. The dysregulation of its immunosuppressive functions is also implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, although their effect is mediated by the environment of other cytokines present.

Structure
The primary 3 mammalian types are:
 * TGF beta 1 – TGFB1
 * TGF beta 2 – TGFB2
 * TGF beta 3 – TGFB3

A fourth member, TGF beta 4, has been identified in birds – TGRB4 (synonyms: endometrial bleeding associated factor beta-4 (EBAF), Lefty preproprotein, LEFTA; Left-Right Determination Factor 2; LEFTYA; Left-Right Determination Factor A; Transforming Growth Factor Beta-4; Protein Lefty-2; Protein Lefty-A   ).

A fourth member of the subfamily, TGFB4, has been identified in birds and a fifth, TGFB5, only in frogs.

The peptide structures of the TGF-β isoforms are highly similar (homologies on the order of 70–80%). They are all encoded as large protein precursors; TGF-β1 contains 390 amino acids and TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 each contain 412 amino acids. They each have an N-terminal signal peptide of 20–30 amino acids that they require for secretion from a cell, a pro-region called latency-associated peptide (LAP - Alias: Pro-TGF beta 1, LAP/TGF beta 1), and a 112-114 amino acid C-terminal region that becomes the mature TGF-β molecule following its release from the pro-region by proteolytic cleavage. The mature TGF-β protein dimerizes to produce a 25 KDa active protein with many conserved structural motifs. TGF-β has nine cysteine residues that are conserved among its family. Eight form disulfide bonds within the protein to create a cysteine knot structure characteristic of the TGF-β superfamily. The ninth cysteine forms a disulfide bond with the ninth cysteine of another TGF-β protein to produce a dimer. Many other conserved residues in TGF-β are thought to form secondary structure through hydrophobic interactions. The region between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines houses the most divergent area of TGF-β proteins that is exposed at the surface of the protein and is implicated in receptor binding and specificity of TGF-β.

Latent TGF-β complex
All three TGF-βs are synthesized as precursor molecules containing a propeptide region in addition to the TGF-β homodimer. After it is synthesized, the TGF-β homodimer interacts with a Latency-Associated Peptide (LAP), a protein derived from the N-terminal region of the TGF-β gene product, forming a complex called Small Latent Complex (SLC). This complex remains in the cell until it is bound by another protein called Latent TGF-β-Binding Protein (LTBP), forming a larger complex called Large Latent Complex (LLC). It is this LLC that gets secreted to the extracellular matrix (ECM).

In most cases, before the LLC is secreted, the TGF-β precursor is cleaved from the propeptide but remains attached to it by noncovalent bonds. After its secretion, it remains in the extracellular matrix as an inactivated complex containing both the LTBP and the LAP which need to be further processed in order to release active TGF-β. The attachment of TGF-β to the LTBP is by disulfide bond which allows it to remain inactive by preventing it from binding to its receptors. Because different cellular mechanisms require distinct levels of TGF-β signaling, the inactive complex of this cytokine gives opportunity for a proper mediation of TGF-β signaling.

There are four different LTBP isoforms known, LTBP-1, LTBP-2, LTBP-3 and LTBP-4. Mutation or alteration of LAP or LTBP can result in improper TGF-β signaling. Mice lacking LTBP-3 or LTBP-4 demonstrate phenotypes consistent to phenotypes seen in mice with altered TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, specific LTBP isoforms have a propensity to associate with specific LAP•TGF-β isoforms. For example, LTBP-4 is reported to bind only to TGF-β1, thus, mutation in LTBP-4 can lead to TGF-β associated complications which are specific to tissues that predominantly involves TGF-β1. Moreover, the structural differences within the LAP's provide different latent TGF-β complexes which are selective but to specific stimuli generated by specific activators.

Activation
Although TGF-β is important in regulating crucial cellular activities, only a few TGF-β activating pathways are currently known, and the full mechanism behind the suggested activation pathways is not yet well understood. Some of the known activating pathways are cell or tissue specific, while some are seen in multiple cell types and tissues. Proteases, integrins, pH, and reactive oxygen species are just few of the currently known factors that can activate TGF-β, as discussed below. It is well known that perturbations of these activating factors can lead to unregulated TGF-β signaling levels that may cause several complications including inflammation, autoimmune disorders, fibrosis, cancer and cataracts. In most cases, an activated TGF-β ligand will initiate the TGF-β signaling cascade as long as TGF-β receptors I and II are available for binding. This is due to a high affinity between TGF-β and its receptors, suggesting why the TGF-β signaling recruits a latency system to mediate its signaling.

Activation by protease and metalloprotease
Plasmin and a number of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play a key role in promoting tumor invasion and tissue remodeling by inducing proteolysis of several ECM components. The TGF-β activation process involves the release of the LLC from the matrix, followed by further proteolysis of the LAP to release TGF-β to its receptors. MMP-9 and MMP-2 are known to cleave latent TGF-β. The LAP complex contains a protease-sensitive hinge region which can be the potential target for this liberation of TGF-β. Despite the fact that MMPs have been proven to play a key role in activating TGF-β, mice with mutations in MMP-9 and MMP-2 genes can still activate TGF-β and do not show any TGF-β deficiency phenotypes, this may reflect redundancy among the activating enzymes suggesting that other unknown proteases might be involved.

Activation by pH
Acidic conditions can denature the LAP. Treatment of the medium with extremes of pH (1.5 or 12) resulted in significant activation of TGF-β as shown by radio-receptor assays, while mild acid treatment (pH 4.5) yielded only 20-30% of the activation achieved by pH 1.5.

Activation by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
The structure of LAP is important in maintaining its function. Structure modification of LAP can lead to disturb the interaction between LAP and TGF-β and thus activating it. Factors that may cause such modification may include hydroxyl radicals from reactive oxygen species (ROS). TGF-β was rapidly activated after in vivo radiation exposure ROS.

Activation by thrombospondin-1
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular glycoprotein found in plasma of healthy patients with levels in the range of 50–250 ng/ml. TSP-1 levels are known to increase in response to injury and during development. TSP-1 activates latent TGF-beta by forming direct interactions with the latent TGF-β complex and induces a conformational rearrangement preventing it from binding to the matured TGF-β.

Activation by Alpha(V) containing integrins
The general theme of integrins participating in latent TGF-β1 activation arose from studies that examined mutations/knockouts of β6 integrin, αV integrin, β8 integrin and in LAP. These mutations produced phenotypes that were similar to phenotypes seen in TGF-β1 knockout mice. Currently there are two proposed models of how αV containing integrins can activate latent TGF-β1; the first proposed model is by inducing conformational change to the latent TGF-β1 complex and hence releasing the active TGF-β1 and the second model is by a protease-dependent mechanism.

Conformation change mechanism pathway (without proteolysis)
αVβ6 integrin was the first integrin to be identified as TGF-β1 activator. LAPs contain an RGD motif which is recognized by vast majority of αV containing integrins, and αVβ6 integrin can activate TGF-β1 by binding to the RGD motif present in LAP-β1 and LAP-β3. Upon binding, it induces adhesion-mediated cell forces that are translated into biochemical signals which can lead to liberation/activation of TGFb from its latent complex. This pathway has been demonstrated for activation of TGF-β in epithelial cells and does not associate MMPs.

Integrin protease-dependent activation mechanism
Because MMP-2 and MMP-9 can activate TGF-β through proteolytic degradation of the latent TGF beta complex, αV containing integrins activate TGF-β1 by creating a close connection between the latent TGF-β complex and MMPs. Integrins αVβ6 and αVβ3 are suggested to simultaneously bind the latent TGF-β1 complex and proteinases, simultaneous inducing conformational changes of the LAP and sequestering proteases to close proximity. Regardless of involving MMPs, this mechanism still necessitate the association of integrins and that makes it a non proteolytic pathway.

Signaling pathways

Canonical signaling: The SMAD pathway
Smads are a class of intracellular signalling proteins and transcription factors for the TGF-β family of signalling molecules. This pathway conceptually resembles the Jak-STAT signal transduction pathway characterized in the activation of cytokine receptors implicated, for example, in the B cell isotype switching pathway. As previously stated, the binding of the TGF-β ligand to the TGF-β receptor, the type 2 receptor kinase phosphorylates and activates the type 1 receptor kinase that activates a signaling cascade. In the case of Smad, receptor-activated Smads are phosphorylated by the type 1 TGF-β receptor kinase, and these go on to complex with other Smads, which is able to translocate into the cell nucleus to induce transcription of different effectors.

More specifically, activated TGF-β complexes bind to the type 2 domain of the TGF-β receptor which then recruits and phosphorylates a type 1 receptor. The type 1 receptor then recruits and phosphorylates a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD). The R-SMAD then binds to the common SMAD (coSMAD) SMAD4 and forms a heterodimeric complex. This complex then enters the cell nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor for various genes, including those to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 pathway, which triggers apoptosis. The SMAD pathway is regulated by feedback inhibition. SMAD6 and SMAD7 may block type I receptors. There is also substantial evidence that TGF-β-dependent signaling via the SMAD-3 pathway is responsible for many of the inhibitory functions of TGF-β discussed in later sections and thus it is implicated in oncogenesis.

The Smads are not the only TGF-β-regulated signaling pathways. Non-Smad signaling proteins can initiate parallel signaling that eventually cooperate with the Smads or crosstalk with other major signaling pathways. Among them, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that include the extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK1 and 2), Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPK play an important role in the TGF-β signaling. ERK 1 and 2 are activated via the Raf-Ras-MEK1/2 pathway induced by mitogenic stimuli such as epidermal growth factor, whereas the JNK and p38 MAPK are activated by the MAPK kinase, activated themselves by the TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) upon stress stimuli.

Apoptosis via the DAXX pathway
TGF-β induces apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in human lymphocytes and hepatocytes. The importance of this function is clear in TGF-β deficient mice which experience hyperproliferation and unregulated autoimmunity. In a separate apoptotic pathway from the association of death-associated protein 6 (DAXX) with the death receptor Fas, there is evidence of association and binding between DAXX and type 2 TGF-β receptor kinase, wherein DAXX binds to the C-terminal region of the type 2 TGF-β receptor. The exact molecular mechanism is unknown, but as a general overview, DAXX is then phosphorylated by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2), which then activates apoptosis signal-inducing kinase 1 (ASK1), which goes on to activate the Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and thus apoptosis as seen in the left panel of the adjacent image.

TGFβ receptor inhibitors
Galunisertib is the selective and potent TGFβRI kinase inhibitor.

TGF-β mimic
The parasitic roundworm Heligmosomoides polygyrus secretes a molecule that mimics the ability of mammalian TGF-β to bind to the TGFβR complex and trigger downstream signalling pathways. This molecule, termed Hp-TGM, shares no sequence homology to TGF-β and is secreted by H. polygyrus in a biologically active form. Hp-TGM consists of 5 domains, with the first three shown to crucial for interaction with the TGFβR complex, with functions for domains 4 and 5 not yet known. Importantly, Hp-TGM shows promise as a novel therapeutic as it induces less fibrosis than TGF-β in vivo in mice and can be used to induce populations of human FOXP3+ regulatory T cells that had much greater stability than those induced by TGF-β.

T lymphocytes
TGF-β1 plays a role in the induction from CD4+ T cells of both induced Treg cells (iTreg cells), which have a regulatory function, and Th17 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines.

TGF-β1 alone precipitates the expression of FOXP3 and Treg differentiation from activated T helper cells, and the mechanism for this differentiation is unknown for both induced T regulatory cells as well as natural T regulatory cells. In mouse models, the effect of TGF-β1 appears to be age-dependent.

Studies show that neutralization of TGF-β1 in vitro inhibits the differentiation of helper T cells into Th17 cells. The role of TGF-β1 in the generation of Th17 cells goes against its dominant conceptualization as an anti-inflammatory cytokine; however, the shared requirement between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells suggests that an imbalance between these two cell types can be an important link to autoimmunity. Co-activation by IL-6 from activated dendritic cells, which serves to activate the transcription factor STAT3, is required in addition to TGF-β1 for the differentiation of Th17 cells. However, the molecular mechanism of Th17 differentiation is not well understood. Because Th17 cells are distinct from Th1 and Th2 lineages in that they have been shown to be capable of regulatory functions, this is further evidence of TGF-β1's regulatory function in the immune system.

B lymphocytes
TGF-β has mainly inhibitory effects on B lymphocytes. TGF-β inhibits B cell proliferation. The exact mechanism is unknown, but there is evidence that TGF-β inhibits B cell proliferation by inducing the transcription factor Id3, inducing expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 21 (a regulator of cell cycle progression through the G1 and S phase), and repressing other key regulatory genes such as c-myc and ATM. CD40, a key surface molecule in the activation of the innate immune response, can induce Smad7 expression to reverse the growth inhibition of B cells induced by TGF-β. TGF-β also blocks B cell activation and promotes class switching IgA in both human and mouse B cells and has an otherwise inhibitory function for antibody production.

TGF-β also induces apoptosis of immature or resting B cells; the mechanism is unknown, but may overlap with its anti-proliferation pathway. TGF-β has been shown to downregulate c-myc as it does in the inhibition of B cell proliferation. It is also known to induce NF-κB inhibitor IKBa, inhibiting NF-κB activation. NF-κB is a transcription factor that regulates the production of cytokines like IL-1, TNF-a, and defensins, although its function in apoptosis may be separate from this function.

Macrophages
The general consensus in the literature is that TGF-β stimulates resting monocytes and inhibits activated macrophages. For monocytes, TGF-β has been shown to function as a chemoattractant as well as an upregulator of anti-inflammatory response. However, TGF-β has also been shown to downregulate inflammatory cytokine production in monocytes and macrophages, likely by the aforementioned inhibition of NF-κB. This contradiction may be due to the fact that the effect of TGF-β has been shown to be highly context-dependent.

TGF-β is thought to play a role in alternative macrophage activation seen in lean mice, and these macrophages maintain an anti-inflammatory phenotype. This phenotype is lost in obese mice, who have not only more macrophages than lean mice but also classically activated macrophages which release TNF-α and other pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to a chronically pro-inflammatory milieu.

Cell cycle
TGF-β plays a crucial role in the regulation of the cell cycle by blocking progress through G1 phase. TGF-β causes synthesis of p15 and p21 proteins, which block the cyclin:CDK complex responsible for retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation. Thus, TGF-β blocks advancement through the G1 phase of the cycle. In doing so, TGF-β suppresses expression of c-myc, a gene which is involved in G1 cell cycle progression.

Cancer
In normal cells, TGF-β, acting through its signaling pathway, stops the cell cycle at the G1 stage to stop proliferation, induce differentiation, or promote apoptosis. In many cancer cells, parts of the TGF-β signaling pathway are mutated, and TGF-β no longer controls the cell. These cancer cells proliferate. The surrounding stromal cells (fibroblasts) also proliferate. Both cells increase their production of TGF-β. This TGF-β acts on the surrounding stromal cells, immune cells, endothelial and smooth-muscle cells. It causes immunosuppression and angiogenesis, which makes the cancer more invasive. TGF-β1 has been implicated in the process of activating Hepatic Stellate Cells (HSCs) with the magnitude of hepatic fibrosis being in proportion to increase in TGF-β levels. Studies have shown that ACTA2 is associated with TGF-β pathway that enhances contractile properties of HSCs leading to Liver fibrosis. TGF-β also converts effector T-cells, which normally attack cancer with an inflammatory (immune) reaction, into regulatory (suppressor) T-cells, which turn off the inflammatory reaction. Normal tissue integrity is preserved by feedback interactions between different cell types that express adhesion molecules and secrete cytokines. Disruption of these feedback mechanisms in cancer damages a tissue. When TGF-β signaling fails to control NF-κB activity in cancer cells, this has at least two potential effects: first, it enables the malignant tumor to persist in the presence of activated immune cells, and second, the cancer cell outlasts immune cells because it survives in the presence of apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mediators.

Furthermore, forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) as a transcription factor is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T (Treg) cells. FOXP3 polymorphism (rs3761548) might be involved in cancer progression like gastric cancer through influencing Tregs function and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β.

Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, or tuberculosis, has been shown to result in increased levels of active TGF-β within the lung. Due to the broad range of suppressive effects of TGF-β on immune cells, computer modeling has predicted that TGF-β blockade may improve immune responses and infection outcome. Research in animal models has further shown that TGF-β impairs immune responses and elimination of TGF-β signaling results in and enhanced T cell response and lower bacterial burdens. Thus, therapies which block TGF-β may have the potential to improve therapy for tuberculosis.

Heart disease
One animal study suggests that cholesterol suppresses the responsiveness of cardiovascular cells to TGF-β and its protective qualities, thus allowing atherosclerosis and heart disease to develop, while statins, drugs that lower cholesterol levels, may enhance the responsiveness of cardiovascular cells to the protective actions of TGF-β.

TGF-β is involved in regeneration of zebrafish heart.

Marfan syndrome
TGF-β signaling also likely plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome, a disease characterized by disproportionate height, arachnodactyly, ectopia lentis and heart complications such as mitral valve prolapse and aortic enlargement increasing the likelihood of aortic dissection. While the underlying defect in Marfan syndrome is faulty synthesis of the glycoprotein fibrillin I, normally an important component of elastic fibers, it has been shown that the Marfan syndrome phenotype can be relieved by addition of a TGF-β antagonist in affected mice. This suggests that while the symptoms of Marfan syndrome may seem consistent with a connective tissue disorder, the mechanism is more likely related to reduced sequestration of TGF-β by fibrillin.

Loeys–Dietz syndrome
TGF-β signaling is also disturbed in Loeys–Dietz syndrome which is caused by mutations in the TGF-β receptor.

Obesity and diabetes
TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway is important in regulating glucose and energy homeostasis and might play a role in diabetic nephropathy.

As noted above in the section about macrophages, loss of TGF-β signaling in obesity is one contributor to the inflammatory milieu generated in the case of obesity.

Multiple Sclerosis
Induced T regulatory cells (iTreg), stimulated by TGF-β in the presence of IL-2, suppressed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) via a FOXP3 and IL-10 mediated response. This suggests a possible role for TGF-β and iTreg in the regulation and treatment of MS.

Decreased levels of TGF-β have been observed in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Its role in multiple sclerosis can be explained due to TGF-β role in regulating apoptosis of Th17 cells. When TGF-β levels decrease, they are unable to induce Th17 cells apoptosis. Th17 cells secretes TNF-α, which induces demyelination of the oligodendroglial via TNF receptor 1. The decreased TGF-β levels lead to increased Th17 cells and subsequently increased TNFα levels. As a result, demyelination of neurons occurs. TGF-β have also been observed to induce oligodendrocyte (myelin sheath producing cells) growth. Hence, the decreased TGF-β levels during MS may also prevent remyelination of neurons.

Neurological
Higher concentrations of TGF-β are found in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease as compared to control subjects, suggesting a possible role in the neurodegenerative cascade leading to Alzheimer's disease symptoms and pathology. The role of TGF-β in neuronal dysfunction remains an active area of research.

Other
Overactive TGF-β pathway, with an increase of TGF-β2, was reported in the studies of patients with keratoconus.

There is substantial evidence in animal and some human studies that TGF-β in breast milk may be a key immunoregulatory factor in the development of infant immune response, moderating the risk of atopic disease or autoimmunity.

Skin aging is caused in part by TGF-β, which reduces the subcutaneous fat that gives skin a pleasant appearance and texture. TGF-β does this by blocking the conversion of dermal fibroblasts into fat cells; with fewer fat cells underneath to provide support, the skin becomes saggy and wrinkled. Subcutaneous fat also produces cathelicidin, which is a peptide that fights bacterial infections.

title: Transforming growth factor beta


text:
Somua

Somua, an acronym for Société d'outillage mécanique et d'usinage d'artillerie, was a French company that manufactured machinery and vehicles. A subsidiary of Schneider-Creusot, Somua was based in Saint-Ouen, a suburb of Paris.

Overview
In 1930 Somua introduced several models of trucks equipped with advanced diesel engines, half cabins and three axles and with payloads from 10 to 13 tonnes. Somua also produced a lighter range with five to eight tonnes payload, equipped with gasoline engines. In 1936 Somua produced a railcar for PLM, the XS 1 to 11.

Arguably the most famous product in Somua's history was its 20-ton World War II tank, the Somua S35 and the Somua S40. Furthermore, France's first tank in 1916, the Schneider CA1, as well as later in 1918 some Renault FT tanks, were manufactured by Somua in their Saint-Ouen facility during World War I.

Somua's production of trucks practically ceased between 1943 and 1946. However, in 1944 the company developed a truck under license from the Swedish Hesselman company. Named the JL 12 and equipped with a flex-fuel four cylinder engine, the vehicle did not impress the "Commission des plans de modernisation de l'automobile", which decided in 1946 to combine Somua with Willème and Panhard to form a new grouping, the Générale française de l'automobile (GFA).

In 1946 Somua launched a new range of trucks, named JL 15, with a five-speed transmission to exploit the 130 horsepower delivered by the 8.6 liter six-cylinder diesel engine. It was available with six choices of chassis: 6.30 meters to 10.89 meters and 2 or 3 axles, supporting 11 to 16 tonnes payload. The JL 15 was available in truck or bus configuration - the models were respectively the JL 15T and JL 15LO.

In 1948 Somua built two double 1500 V DC EMU rail engines for SNCF. They mainly operated in the South West region of France.

Delivery began in 1950 of the Somua OP5 bus model to Paris public transport operator RATP.

In 1955 Somua introduced the JL 19, available with two or three axles and powered by a six-cylinder diesel engine, the D615 9.3 liter engine, producing 180 hp and with a manual ten-speed transmission. The JL 19 was available as a carrier or tractor, with five different chassis and with engines from a variety of manufacturers, and bore a payload of up to 26 tonnes. Around this time Latil (the heavyweight vehicle division of Renault) and Somua were merged under the LRS brand, which later became Saviem. Saviem kept manufacturing the JL as the Saviem JL 20, fitted with its own diesel engines.

The company was a minor manufacturer of trolleybuses, building a total of just 55: one in 1938 and the others in the period 1947–1955. Another French manufacturer, Vétra, supplied the "overwhelming majority" of trolleybuses in use on French systems during the relevant period. Somua-built trolleybuses used electrical propulsion equipment from Westinghouse.

title: Somua


text:
User talk:65.208.35.16

November 2016
Hello, I'm Drchriswilliams. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Gantt chart have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Drchriswilliams (talk) 21:31, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.208.35.16


text:
Talk:Gabber (disambiguation)

Removed from page
It does not look like this is related to the term "Gabber" and the term is not mentioned on the target article as an alternative name. Courtland 22:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC) This definition was moved to Wiktionary (see Wiktionary linkage on the page) Courtland 22:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Gabba, is a cricket ground in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 * Gabber a Dutch word derived from the Yiddish word khaver, meaning friend.
 * If only the music genre and the software are accepted entries in Wikipedia, this disamb. is unnecessary.
 * Quoting policy: If there are only two topics to which a given title might refer, and one is the primary topic, then a disambiguation page is not needed—it is sufficient to use a hatnote on the primary topic article, pointing to the other article. Disambiguation page or hatnotes? Jiiimbooh (talk) 05:14, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gabber (disambiguation)


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User:Andy Bugay

I guess I'll be expanding this soon, but you can find me at my website, andybugay.com. Please feel free to contact me through my AIM (PsycheEnFuego).

I'll probably be expanding this as I go along.

Go Bears.

Go Bulls as well, Dan.

reciprocal shout out

 * Rubber cat

title: User:Andy Bugay


text: User talk:Tadbrockway

title: User talk:Tadbrockway


text: User talk:Msujd

title: User talk:Msujd


text: User talk:Donus

title: User talk:Donus


text: User talk:Jessa Larmin

title: User talk:Jessa Larmin


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User talk:Graffiti62

Welcome !
Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. However, adding content without citing a reliable source is not consistent with our policy on attribution and verifiability. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Tabercil 22:40, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Graffiti62


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User talk:Madcom8888

user page
It is felt that the article you created at Alex S. Dumani and Alex s. dumani is not suitable for a Wikipedia article. I have moved it to User:. You are at liberty to move it back into the (Main) namespace but bear in mind that if you do so, it is likely to be nominated for deletion. As a user page it is likely to survive untouched. -- RHaworth 20:12, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

User:Madcom8888
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Madcom8888), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or Wikipedia is not a general hosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 08:03, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:Adumani.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Adumani.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Calton | Talk 00:33, 26 January 2007 (UTC) — Calton | Talk 00:33, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Alex Dumani
Hello Madcom8888,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Alex Dumani for deletion, because it seems to be promotional, rather than an encyclopedia article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Newyorkadam (talk) 23:21, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

File:Alexdumani.jpg listed for discussion
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Talk:Clinker (boat building)

Cotter bolts etc

 * 1) Some said clench and others said clinch. In my experience, clench is the more usual.
 * 2) Cotter bolts have nothing to do with a shipwright or boatbuilder's work. The cotter would work its way out and the whole lot would fall to bits. They were of use where everything stayed still and the same way up: not a description of a boat. There was one instance of cotter bolts being used on shipboard.  I cannot remember where I have seen the reference but I recall that the chain plates of the wooden walls were fastened with bolts secured by having a cotter driven through a slot in the inboard end, the cotter was then bent to prevent it working loose.--Boatbuff (talk) 16:33, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * 1) A rivet is clenched at only one end and neither end of a rivet is used with a washer as both ends of a clench bolt were. Also, a rivet is short in relation to its diameter. A clench bolt might easily be 2 feet long and ½" diameter. (RJP 22:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC))

 * 1) The dictionary definition indicates clinch is the accurate, denotative term referred to in this article. Clinch specifically means deforming the end of a rod, whereas clench means holding tightly. I don't deny that some people may have misspelled it in other pages or sources, but I encourage you to improve as you see fit.
 * 2) Pin bolts were described in this section when I corrected some grammar, and cotter bolt was used as a synonym for pin bolt on another page, so I added the alternate name. Not to defend the section, it seemed to me the author here thought it expedient to give a quick history of three different types of bolts, maybe to put clinch bolts in perspective (?), and doesn't say pin bolts are used in boat building. Nonetheless, you make some good points and I agree with your comments.
 * 3) Rivet was used as a synonym for clinch bolt on another page, so I added that phrase here. Even though a clinch bolt has similarities with a rivet, you've clarified basic distinctions. I encourage you to improve the section as you see fit. --Simian, 2005-10-14, 01:28 Z

 * Am pasting the following deleted from article page: My Random House dictionary explains that "clinker," which has several unrelated meanings, came into use in Britain in the 1700s as a variant of "clincher." This referred to the method already mentioned in the article, of holding the strakes together one way or another, such as a nail, partly driven in, then bent over. Although the article states that clinker was primarily British, with lapstrake as the preferred term in this country (USA), the term clinker-built was the preferred term for the rowboats used by life guards along the beaches of the New Jersey shore.

Maybe someone can incorporate it into the article. --Technopat (talk) 21:44, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Terminology
There are an awful lot of terms on this page which are neither obvious to the average (i.e. non-nautical) reader, nor linked to helpful references. These include: Hog See keelson Stem - link added in main article Boatman (talk) 14:51, 9 March 2010 (UTC) Apron Deadwoods Garboard Lands See the introductory paragraph of the article. Thwart risings Thwart - link added in main article Boatman (talk) 14:51, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Stringer

Breast hook

Quarter knee

Rubbing strake

Sheer strake

Crutch plate

Painter ring

Stretcher

Stem band

Horse

Shroud plate

Step

Toe strap

I'd go through and add a bunch of links (and may do some of them, in fact), but a lot of these are terms which are ambiguous (horse, apron, stem, hog, step especially) and require more research than I have time for at this time. However, since this is a significant form of boatbuilding, it seems that it really should be cleaned up by someone knowledgeable in the field.

Septegram 14:58, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I was right. I tried to add a bunch of links, particularly to the non-ambiguous terms, but to little avail.  My nautical knowledge is extremely limited, and this article is virtually meaningless to me, filled as it is with technical terms without elaboration.  To someone with my level of knowledge of boatbuilding or less, this article will simply be an exercise in frustration.
 * Septegram 15:11, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the great page! Only one suggestion. Would it be possible to add picture of the tools mentioned? (Or links to pages with descriptions & pictures?) I come from Genoa (Italy) where there was a long tradition of boat building, now almost complitely lost! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.16.53.66 (talk) 05:19, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

This looks interesting: McCarthy 2005
Interestingly, it is the only book in the entire US LOC cat that is catalogued with subject=Fasteners--History.

I haven't read it, but decided to point it out here.

— ¾-10 19:55, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Illustration
Here I have a illustration on commons who describe a Midship section, parts with numbers. Its can help to explane how a wooden boat or ship are build-up from structure. Boatbuilder. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.230.211.136 (talk) 21:54, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Waterproofing
As someone completely ignorant of boat-building, I came to this article to find out what keeps the water out. Everyone knows that water under pressure will stream through the tiniest crack. So what stops a clinker-built boat from sinking within minutes? I presume the answer is mainly 'caulking', so why is there only one passing mention of caulking in the article?86.181.84.206 (talk) 14:07, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

A In a wooden boat, apart perhaps from the garboard (the strake alongside the keel) you don't caulk clinker planking. The lands (overlaps between adjoning strakes) must be made carefully at the correct angle, which varies constantly anlong its length. The rivets hold the strakes together and the lands should seal themselves when the boat becomes wet in use. If the building job has not been done well enough for this to happen, you are in trouble. In case someone does not know what a strake is; a plank is not quite the same thing as a strake but gives the general idea. Caulking an iron vessel is done quite differently from the method in a wooden one and I suspect that this was done, though I have no direct experience of it. (RJPe (talk) 21:36, 7 October 2010 (UTC))

Incorrect or uncited allegation
The article says "Clinker is the British term, which is also used in Canada and most other countries of the world except the USA, where the method is known as lapstrake." Having grown up around boat builders in the USA and learning about Viking ships in school, I've only ever heard it called clinker-built, never lapstrake. Both Webster's and American Heritage define the term primarily under clinker-built; lapstrake in both cases says something along the lines of "see clinker-built". I'm inclined to believe that the article's assertion that it's known as lapstrake rather than clinker-built in the US isn't just uncited but is (at least most commonly) wrong. SumnerH (talk) 07:42, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

Searching google n-grams in the American English corpus also confirms that clinker is at least as common as lapstrake. Updating the page accordingly since there have been no objections. SumnerH (talk) 22:00, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

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User talk:Grahamc03

Please stop removing content from Wikipedia; it is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. . In particular, you removed content from my talk page. Please do not do that. Thanks, --Durin 22:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Re: Removal of content on Three 6 Mafia

 * The content you deleted is shown by this diff. You deleted it without explanation (use edit summary to do so), and the content appeared to be pertinent and relevant to the article. --Durin 22:49, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe so, I don't know. But, removing content without an explanation and/or cite that supports the deletion is usually looked upon as vandalism. I've reverted your change, and due to heavy vandalism on the article for many hours, I have temporarily protected the page. Also, please add " ~ " on to the end of your comments on talk pages. The Wikipedia software uses that to sign for you, including date and time of your comment. Alternatively, you can click the second to last button on the buttons above the edit window to do the same. Thanks, --Durin 22:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Re:signatures. No worries; we all have to learn sometime. Thanks for doing it, and thanks for being polite. --Durin 23:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

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2005 Division Series

2005 Division Series may refer to:

 * 2005 American League Division Series
 * 2005 National League Division Series

title: 2005 Division Series


text:
Pehr Henrik Ling

Pehr Henrik Ling (15 November 1776 – 3 May 1839) pioneered the teaching of physical education in Sweden. Ling is credited as the father of Swedish massage.

Early life
Ling was born in Södra Ljunga, Småland in 1776. His parents were Lars Peter Ling, a minister, and Hedvig Maria (Hedda) Molin. On his maternal side, Ling was the great-great grandson of the famous Swedish scientist Olof Rudbeck (1630–1702), who discovered the human lymphatic system. His family tree extends back to the sixteenth century and includes clergymen and peasants. His great grandfather apparently lived to 105 and had seventeen sons and two daughters. After graduating from the Växjö gymnasium in 1792, he studied theology at Lund University from 1793, completing his degree at Uppsala University in 1799. He then worked as a tutor for several families for the next three years.

Travels
In 1800, Ling left Sweden and lived abroad and traveled for seven years. He studied modern languages at the University of Copenhagen. He then traveled to Germany, France, and England. He took part in a naval battle as a volunteer on a Danish ship. Ling studied Goethe and Schiller, the Edda and northern mythology, and composed original poems in Swedish, German, French and Danish. He learned fencing at a school of French emigres and noticed its benefits, and those of physical education, on the gout in his arm. Financial difficulties and rheumatism caused him to return to Sweden.

Teaching

He read Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths' book Gymnastics for the Youth, and participated in the gymnastic exercises of the originator of Danish gymnastics, Franz Nachtegall He returned to Sweden 1804 in order to establish a gymnastic institute.

It is possible that Ling's gymnastics were inspired by Chinese body exercises. Also it is possible that there was a lot of influence from Ling's method in the development of Chinese body exercises, that is from the West to China.

Back in Sweden, Ling began a routine of daily exercise, including fencing, and in 1805 was appointed as a master of fencing at Lund University. Having discovered that his daily exercises had restored his health, Ling decided to apply this experience for the benefit of others. He saw the potential of adapting these techniques to promote better health in many situations and thus attended classes in anatomy and physiology, and went through the entire curriculum for the training of a medical doctor. He then outlined a system of gymnastics, exercises, and maneuvers divided into four branches: pedagogical, medical, military, and aesthetic which carried out his theories and demonstrated the scientific rigor to be integrated or approved by established medical practitioners. Ling was the gymnastics instructor in the Military Academy at Carlsberg.

After several attempts to interest the Swedish government, Ling at last obtained government cooperation in 1813, and founded the Royal Central Gymnastics Institute for the training of gymnastic instructors was opened in Stockholm, with Ling appointed as principal. Ling invented physical education apparatus including the box horse, wall bars, and beams. He is also credited with developing calisthenics and free calisthenics. Orthodox medical practitioners were opposed to the claims made by Ling and his disciples. However, by 1831, Ling was elected a member of the Swedish General Medical Association (Svenska läkaresällskapet), which demonstrated that his methods were regarded as worthy of professional recognition. He was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1835 and became a titular professor the same year.

Legacy

When Ling died of tuberculosis in 1839, he had charged three of his pupils with carrying on his legacy. These pupils were Lars Gabriel Branting (1799–1881), who succeeded Ling as principal of the Institute; August Georgii, who became sub-director of the Institute; and his own son, Hjalmar Ling (1820–1886). These three, along with Major Thure Brandt, who from c. 1861 specialized in the treatment of women (gynecological gymnastics), are regarded as the pioneers of Swedish medical gymnastics.

Although Ling is sometimes credited as the father of Swedish massage, it was not a part of his Gymnastic Movements nor the curriculum of the Royal Central Gymnastic Institute founded by Ling in 1813. The Swedish massage techniques effleurage (long, gliding strokes), petrissage (lifting and kneading the muscles), friction (firm, deep, circular rubbing movements), tapotement (brisk tapping or percussive movements), and vibration (rapidly shaking or vibrating specific muscles) are largely credited to Johann Georg Mezger (1838–1909).

Some sources mention that Ling learned massage from a Chinese friend, Ming, but this was an invention of Ling’s rivals, in an effort to discredit his work. Although Ling was probably aware of Chinese massage, he instead developed a system of integrated manual therapy, combining physical training and gymnastic procedures with knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology. He was the first to publish and popularize such a system with modern scientific knowledge.

Ling's system of medical gymnastics also influenced later institutions and systems. The Gymnastic Orthopedic Institute was founded in Stockholm in 1822 by Nils Åkerman, which from 1827 received a government grant. Around 1857, Gustav Zander developed a medico-mechanical system of gymnastics, known by his name, founding the Zander Institute at Stockholm in 1865. At the Stockholm Gymnastic Central Institute, qualified medical faculties have supervised the medical department since 1864. The Dedham Public Schools began teaching the Ling System in 1893.

Broadly speaking, there have been two streams of development in the Swedish gymnastics founded on Ling's beginnings, either in a conservative direction, making certain forms of gymnastic exercises subsidiary to the prescriptions of orthodox medical science, or else in an extremely progressive direction, making these exercises a substitute for any other treatment, and claiming them as cures for diseases. A representative of the latter, more extreme section was Henrik Kellgren (1837–1916), who had a special school and following.

Other accounts of Dr Ling's practice and philosophies were published: a Handbook of Medical Gymnastics (English edition, 1899) by Anders Wide of Stockholm represents the more conservative practice. Henrik Kellgren's system is partially based on Ling's, and is described in The Elements of Kellgren's Manual Treatment (1903) by Edgar F. Cyriax, who, before earning his MD at Edinburgh, had served at the Stockholm Institute as a gymnastic director. See also the encyclopedic work Sweden: its people and its industry: historical and statistical handbook (1904), p. 348, edited by Gustav Sandburg for the Swedish government.

The yoga scholar Mark Singleton states that Ling's gymnastics shaped the development of modern yoga as exercise in the Western world.

In 1939 and again in 1949, Sweden held a large gymnastics competition named for Ling, "The Lingiad" (written Lingiaden in Swedish).

Honors and awards
Honorary Fellow in Memoriam, National Academy of Kinesiology

title: Pehr Henrik Ling


text:
California State Route 166

State Route 166 (SR 166) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California. It connects the Central Coast to the southern San Joaquin Valley, running from State Route 1 in Guadalupe and through Santa Maria in Santa Barbara County to State Route 99 in Mettler in Kern County.

Route description

Route 166 starts off in Guadalupe in northwestern Santa Barbara County and heads east towards Santa Maria, the largest city on its eastern journey. It then joins with U.S. Route 101 for the last few miles in Santa Barbara County before crossing the Santa Maria River and splitting off in San Luis Obispo County. For the next 75 mi, SR 166 crosses the Santa Barbara/San Luis Obispo county line a total of five times. This stretch follows the Cuyama River through a canyon separating the Sierra Madre Mountains from mountains in San Luis Obispo County, and then opens out into the Cuyama Valley, passing cattle ranches, going through the Russell Ranch Oil Field, and passing Aliso Canyon Road, the turnoff to the South Cuyama Oil Field. On the north during this stretch is the mile-high Caliente Range, which contains Caliente Mountain, the highest peak in San Luis Obispo County.

After going through the towns of New Cuyama and Cuyama, the highway meets SR 33 north of Ventucopa. SR 33 and SR 166 merge until reaching Maricopa, where SR 166 heads due east for its last 20 mi, intersecting with I-5 about 9 mi north of the Grapevine. SR 166 ends at SR 99 in Mettler, and it is the last exit for both I-5 and SR 99 southbound before they merge near Wheeler Ridge.

In Kern County, Highway 166 is known as the Maricopa Highway. West of Maricopa, where it skirts Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties, it is called the Cuyama Highway. In the cities of Santa Maria and Guadalupe, it is known as Main Street.

SR 166 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, but is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. The route is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation. From US 101 to SR 33, SR 166 is known as the "CHP Officers Irvine and Stovall Memorial Highway". In February 1998, a large storm swelled the Cuyama River and caused it to wash out a section of the highway. Officers Britt Irvine and Rick Stovall were responding to an early morning call about a truck accident when their CHP cruiser drove off the washed out section.

History
Before 1964, the portion of SR 166 merged with SR 33 was part of US 399.

title: California State Route 166