text:
Avio

Avio S.p.A. is an Italian company operating in the aerospace sector with its head office in Colleferro near Rome, Italy. Founded in 1908, it is present in Italy and abroad with different commercial offices and 10 production sites. Avio operates in:

 * solid-propellant motors for space and tactical propulsion
 * electronic/electrical control and automation systems

Avio is Prime Contractor for the new European launcher Vega and sub-contractor for the Ariane program, both financed by the European Space Agency (ESA).

The company is active in the field of technological research. It carries out projects in collaboration with 14 Italian and 10 foreign universities and research centres, which are aimed at the continuous improvement of product and process technologies. It also undertakes the research of solutions in order to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft engines, in conformity with the objectives of consumption and emissions reduction dictated, within the European area, by the ACARE body.

Avio has 5 sites in Italy, France and French Guiana, and employs around 1200 people, about 30% of whom work in research and development.

Avio is listed on the Milan stock exchange in the Star segment: in 2018 it had revenues of 388.7 million euros.

Early 20th century
In 1908, aeronautical production was in its early stages in Turin, Italy. At that time Fiat decided to design and produce an airplane engine, the SA 8/75, derived from racing cars. The first mass-produced engine produced by Fiat was the A10. 1,070 units were created between 1914 and 1915: at this point the pioneer age had come to an end and the company decided to design and construct complete aircraft. Thus in 1916 the Società Italiana Aviazione was founded, changing its name in 1918 to Fiat Aviazione.

In Turin, besides aircraft engines, and along the lines of the internal-combustion engine, Fiat diversified production with the construction in 1909 of Fiat San Giorgio for marine diesel engines, the area from which activities in the field of industrial engines for electric power generation later ensued. In Colleferro (Rome), the Bombrini Parodi-Delfino-BPD Company, established in Genoa in 1912, started manufacturing explosives and chemical products, from which the space segment originated.

The aeronautical field began in Brindisi with the SACA Company. Gradually, other companies began such as the CMASA di Marina Company in Pisa, founded in 1921 by German design engineer Claude Dornier, in collaboration with Rinaldo Piaggio and Attilio Odero.

Development of large engines and turbines
Avio were present in the development and manufacture of engines for the production of electric energy, having developed large engines for ships.

Fiat started the study of marine engines in 1903. Beginning from 1926, with engineer Giovanni Chiesa, the manufacture with engines with 750mm-diameter cylinders, the maximum diameter permitted by technologies of the time, which increased engine power up to 4,500HP. In 1971, production began on large diesel engines in Trieste, in a new factory established through a collaboration agreement with the state company IRI (Institute for Industrial Reconstruction).

Starting from the 1930s, a strategy of diversification, which derived from engines produced for ships and submarines, led Avio entering the field of railway diesel engines, while the first engines for the production of electric energy for industrial use had been experimented with in the early post-war period. The development of a gas turbine was started up through a collaboration agreement stipulated with Westinghouse in 1954. Avio's experience in this field, combined with the increased availability of methane gas, enabled the development and manufacture of several electric power generation plants in Italy and abroad.

The success of the gas turbines led to the decision to leave the segment of large diesel engines in order to focus on this. In 1973, Fiat set up the company Turbomeccanica Turbogas (TTG), focusing entirely on the Turin Company's activities in the energy sector. In 1986, Fiat Aviazione incorporated TTG, and developed the activities until 2001, when it was made over to Siemens, changing the marine and industrial activities to the development of aeroderivative turbines.

Development of explosives and propellants
The BPD industrial plants were established 50 km from Rome, along the railway line for Cassino, due to the initiative of the engineer Leopoldo Parodi – Delfino, supported by Senator Giovanni Bombrini, and the resolution of the State to provide the country with an independent production capacity in the chemical field.

Situated in a poor region of Roman countryside, the town of Colleferro began around the industrial site and was elevated to a municipal district in 1935 by Royal Decree. The town grew in correlation with the production activities of BPD that, from explosives, extended to several chemical products derived for agricultural and industrial uses. The production plants developed and expanded attracting labour, and the company provided for social works.

In 1927, the BPD Test Centre started to experiment on the first rockets powered by chemical powder. After the Second World War, on the initiative of Francesco Serra di Cassano, son-in-law and successor to BPD's founder, mechanical production, which had been started up in the 1930s for munitions activities, was developed and expanded. The Test Centre intensified experimentation on propellants, beginning with the launching of multi-stage sounding rockets for research in the upper atmosphere, produced at the Salto di Quirra military firing range in Sardinia, in the early 1960s.

In 1966, following its success with the rockets, BPD entered into a contract with ELDO (forerunner of the European Space Agency – ESA) for the development and production of the apogee boost motor of the ELDO-PAS telecommunications satellite. This led to development in the field of solid-propellant motors.

In 1968, the SNIA Viscosa Company took over BPD, which became SNIA-BPD. In 1975, under this company configuration, ESA initially gave the BPD branch of SNIA the task of developing and producing the separation motors of the European Ariane satellite launcher, and in 1984, the contract for the manufacture of the Ariane 5 boosters. The Ariane take-off motors have been completed now for over twenty years at the launch site in French Guiana, under the subsidiary companies Europropulsion and Regulus, set up in 1988.

In 1990, SNIA sold the BPD branch to the Gilardini Company, which was bought by Fiat Aviazione in 1994. From 1989 Fiat Aviazione became FiatAvio S.p.A.

Aviation activities
Fiat took on the role of Italian prime contractor for the NATO F-104G aircraft. With the name change of the Fiat Aviazione to Fiat Avio in 1989, the company collaborated on the design and manufacture of propulsion systems for, among the others, the Panavia Tornado and Harrier in the military sector, and Boeing and Airbus in the commercial one.

In 1997, the acquisition of the controlling stake in Alfa Romeo Avio from Finmeccanica was key to a national strategic project aimed at reducing the excessive fragmentation of the Italian companies and at increasing competitiveness through more systematic synergies.

From 2000 to 2011
Avio has thus been able to set out on the road of growing internationalisation, placing itself among the major world players in the field of the design and production of components and modules for aerospace propulsion. The foundation of AvioPolska in 2001, was followed in 2005 by the creation of DutchAero, with the acquisition of Phillips Aerospace.

In 2003, the Fiat Group, struggling with the crisis in the automobile sector, sold Fiat Avio S.p.A. to a consortium formed by the US fund The Carlyle Group (70%), and Finmeccanica S.p.A. (30%), which beat off competition from French company Snecma. Fiat Avio was valued at the timea at €1.5 billion, and changed its name to Avio S.p.A.

In August 2006, the British fund Cinven announced the acquisition of Avio S.p.A. from Carlyle for a total value of €2.57 billion.

Avio S.p.A. was then held by the sole shareholder BCV Investments S.C.A., a company under Luxembourg law that was mainly owned by funds traceable to the British company Cinven Limited (85%) and a company belonging to Leonardo S.p.A. (15%).

The spin-off in 2012
In December 2012, it was announced that an agreement had been signed for the acquisition by General Electric of the aeronautical division of Avio Spa. The purchase was finalized on 1 August 2013 for a cost of €3.3 billion and determined the split between Avio's space division, which continues to be owned by Cinven and Leonardo, and the company's aviation division, which took the name Avio Aero and thus became a GE Aviation business now totally unrelated to the Avio Group.

The Vega launcher
The main programme Avio is working on is the European Vega light-lift launcher. The rocket consists of four stages, the first three equipped with solid propellant motors and the last one using liquid propulsion. It is about 30 metres high overall, with a maximum diameter of 3 metres. The maximum load it can carry is 1,500 kg in polar orbit at an altitude of about 700 km.

The Vega's maiden flight took place in February 2012. Following the success of this first launch, the project has grown in importance and the launcher has made eighteen flights, putting various types of cargo into orbit, including numerous microsatellites for various private, institutional and government customers. With the VV04 mission, Vega put the IXV (Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle), a prototype of the European reusable Space Rider, into a sub-orbital trajectory.

Within the Vega programme, Avio is currently prime contractor for the production of the new-generation light launchers:

 * Vega C, whose qualification launch is scheduled for 2022;
 * Vega E, for which preliminary study activities started up and the first tests were conducted on a prototype of the M10 liquid oxygen-methane engine at a reduced scale in 2018 and a full-scale prototype in 2020. The qualification launch is scheduled for 2025.

Ariane 5 and Ariane 6 launchers
The Ariane programme was born in the early 1970s with the objective of building space launchers optimised for geostationary transfer orbits under the sponsorship of the ESA and the Ariane Group, which plays the role of prime contractor in this project.

Within the programme, Avio has been involved in the development and production of boosters and stage separation motors since the 1970s. Currently, for the Ariane 5 programme, it is acting as subcontractor for the development and production of the liquid-oxygen turbopump for the Vulcain 2 engine and the P230 solid-propellant engine, the booster used as the first stage in a dual configuration.

As regards the new European medium-heavy Ariane 6 launcher, Avio is responsible for the P120C solid-propellant motor (common to the first stage of the Vega C), which will act as a booster for the launcher (in dual configuration for the medium Ariane 62 version and in quadruple configuration for the heavy Ariane 64 version), and the liquid-oxygen turbopump (LOX) for the Vinci motor. The maiden launch of Ariane 6 took place on 9 July 2024.

Solid-propellant propulsion systems for tactical missiles
In October 2013, Avio signed a contract with MBDA, a European consortium engaged in the construction of missiles and missile defence technologies,[14] for the design and production of the engine of the Camm ER (Common Anti-air Modular Missile Extended Range). Avio is also responsible for the engine of the Aster 30 anti-aircraft/anti-missile missile.

Space Rider
The Space Rider programme envisages the construction of a reusable space module launched by the Vega C launcher capable of orbiting the Earth for weeks and then re-entering the Earth's surface by landing on an airstrip. The programme, currently still in the research and development phase, is targeting 2023 for the first mission. The Space Rider programme originated at the ESA Ministerial Conference in 2014, and sees Avio in the role of Co-Prime Contractor together with Thales Alenia Space.

HERA mission
Avio will participate in the ESA's HERA mission, which foresees the study of an asteroid with the ultimate goal of developing a space defence system against possible future asteroid impacts on the Earth's surface.

Listing on the Stock Exchange
On April 1, 2017, Avio officially carried out the merger with Space2 and obtained the necessary clearance from Consob for admission to the Milan Stock Exchange. In particular, the incorporation of Avio into Space2 took place with the acquisition of 85.68% of Avio's share capital by Space2, Leonardo S.p.A. and In Orbit s.r.l.. The company subsequently took the name Avio S.p.A.

On 10 April 2017, the listing on the stock exchange took place. As a result of the transaction Leonardo Finmeccanica increased its shareholding (from 14% to about 28%); more than 40 managers also joined the shareholding structure with a stake of about 4% through the corporate vehicle InOrbit srl.

Subsidiaries, Joint-Ventures and holdings
Among others, Avio holds control or shareholdings in the following companies:

 * 70% of SpaceLab, a Joint Venture with the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for the development of new propulsion systems;
 * 60% of Regulus, a company incorporated under French law that is responsible for the loading of solid propulsion motors at the space base in French Guiana;
 * 50% of Europropulsion, a joint venture with ArianeGroup, responsible for the integration of European launchers in French Guiana;
 * 3% of shares in the French company Arianespace, European launch service provider, responsible for the sale and management of the European Vega and Ariane launchers.

Management
Giulio Ranzo has held the role of Chief Executive Officer since 2015, while Roberto Italia holds the role of Chairman of the Board of Directors.

SPTF at Perdasdefogu
Towards the beginning of 2020, the company announced the start of the construction of the Space Propulsion Test Facility at Perdasdefogu, a firing range with test bench where future liquid propellant engines will be tested.

Production and activities
The company currently operates in Italy and abroad at its headquarters in Colleferro (Rome), and has other branches in Campania (Airola in the province of Benevento), Piedmont (Rivalta in the province of Turin) and France (Metropolitan and French Guiana) with a total of about 1000 employees.

Main sectors of activities are:
 * design, development and production of space launchers (the Vega launcher and its evolution Vega C);
 * solid and liquid propellant propulsion systems for the Ariane 5 and Ariane 6 programmes;
 * solid propellant propulsion systems for tactical missiles (Aster 30, Aspide, Marte and Camm-ER);
 * liquid propellant propulsion systems for satellites;
 * research and development.

title: Avio


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Hi-5 (Greek group)

Hi-5 was a Greek pop girl group formed in Athens in 2003 through the Greek version of the reality TV show Popstars. The group consisted of Marlain Angelides, Frosso Papacharalambous, Nancy Stergiopoulou, Irini Psixrami and Shaya. The band had a large fanbase in Greece and Cyprus. They disbanded in March 2005.

History
Hi-5 had been created in 2003 and consisted of Marlain Angelides, Frosso Papacharalambous, Nancy Stergiopoulou, Irini Psixrami and Shaya, who were the winners of the Greek version of the popular talent show Popstars. The band released more than five chart-topping singles over the course of one year.

Their debut single "Ksero ti Zitaw" was released by Warner in the spring of 2003 and was later certified gold that June. The single went Gold and enjoyed heavy radio and television airplay. Hi5 were able to sustain their commercial success by releasing the song "To Tixero Asteri" which also reached the top of the airplay charts, furthering the band's mainstream exposure. The success of those singles was accompanied by the release of Hi-5's debut self-titled studio album, which also reached number one in Greece, eventually reaching Platinum status for shipments of over 40,000 copies. The longevity of the album in the charts was supported by the commercial success of its third single, "Allo Agapi Ke Allo Sex". That single was able to replicate the success of the two previous singles, enjoying massive airplay thanks to the controversial and suggestive nature of its lyrics and the catchiness of its melody. By the end of the year, Hi5 received various awards from MAD channel and other shows because of their phenomenal success. In the Christmas season of 2003, the band also released a Christmas album, which was certified Gold partially thanks to the success of its single "Agnosto Paidi Tou Kosmou".

In 2004, the band released their third studio album, which enjoyed great initial success. The lead single "Genithika Ksana" peaked at number one in the Greek singles chart, while also receiving heavy airplay. The album followed suit, debuting at number one, while going Gold. However, the success of this album was short-lived. Specifically, the band faced a backlash after a live performance during which they were booed. During the same live performance a part of the audience threw yogurt at Hi-5. This event was widely reported by the Greek media. The deteriorating popularity of the band following this event led to numerous fights between the band members, which led to their decisive breakup by the end of 2004.

Furthermore, their song Lathos I Sosto was chosen to be played in the Billboard radio during the summer of 2003. Their third and last studio album, entitled Makria Apo Afti ti Gi, was released in June 2004. Hi-5 disbanded in February 2005, after a fight and the closing down of their record company, the Greek repertoire division of Warner Music Greece. All of the band's members, except Papacharalambous, who had returned to her homeland of Cyprus in order to finish her studies, pursued solo careers. Angelidou got the main role of the musical Saturday Night Fever, Psixrami worked in bars performing rock songs, Shaya worked in a nightclub and Stergiopoulou also worked in a nightclub alongside Greek singer Thanos Petrelis. Following the band's disband, Shaya had been featured in songs by multiple recording artists and has released her debut single as a solo singer in 2010.

Discography
Studio albums

 * Hi-5 (2003)
 * Mia Nichta San ki Afti (2003)
 * Makria Apo Afti ti Gi (2004)

CD singles

 * "Xero Ti Zitao" (2003)
 * "Tichero Asteri" (2003)
 * "Allo Agapi Allo Sex/Me Ena Fili" (2003)
 * "Agnosto Pedi tou Kosmou" (2003)
 * "Gennithika Xana/To Be With You" (2004)
 * "Tipota/Skepsou" (2005)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hi-5 (Greek group)


text: Category:1796 in law

title: Category:1796 in law


text: User talk:208.252.5.90

title: User talk:208.252.5.90


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Infanta Isabel Maria of Braganza

Infanta Isabel Maria of Braganza (Queluz, 4 July 1801 – Benfica, then Belém, 22 April 1876) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) and fourth daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Spain. She acted as regent for her brother Pedro IV and for her niece Maria II in 1826-1828.

Early life
Her full name was Isabel Maria da Conceição Joana Gualberta Ana Francisca de Assis Xavier de Paula de Alcântara Antónia Rafaela Micaela Gabriela Joaquina Gonzaga de Bragança e Bourbon. She was a titular of the Great-Cross of the Order of Our Lady of Conception; Dame of the orders of Saint Isabel and of the Noble Dames of Mary Louise and awarded with the Starry Cross of Austria.

Regency
Because Prince Pedro, who was heir to the throne, was already Emperor in Brazil, his brother Prince Miguel was exiled in Vienna, their mother Queen Carlota Joaquina was exiled in Queluz and Isabel's older sisters (Maria Teresa and Maria Francisca of Assisi) had married to Spanish infantes (princes), Isabel Maria was chosen to be Regent of the Kingdom until Pedro I of Brazil returned to claim the Portuguese throne as Pedro IV of Portugal. Pedro IV, however, immediately abdicated in favour of his daughter Maria da Glória (who became Maria II of Portugal), with the condition that she should marry her uncle Miguel. Pedro and Maria remained in Brazil and Isabel Maria continued as regent until 1828, when a civil war started between absolutists, supporting Miguel, and liberals, supporting Maria II (called the Liberal War) that would end with a liberal victory and defeat and consequent exile of Miguel.

Later life
Isabel Maria retired from politics and turned her life to religion. She died unmarried in Benfica (at the time not a neighbourhood of Lisbon but a near town in Belém municipality) on 22 April 1876. She was the last surviving child of John VI of Portugal and the last grandchild of Maria I of Portugal. She is buried in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza.

title: Infanta Isabel Maria of Braganza


text:
Midwest Central Railroad

The Midwest Central Railroad is a narrow gauge heritage railroad operating within the confines of Mount Pleasant, Iowa's McMillan Park, site of the Midwest Old Thresher's Reunion. The railroad is a registered, 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The mainline track is a 1 mile (1.6 kilometer) loop with traffic moving in a clockwise direction regulated by an electrically signaled block system. The mainline loop features two stations: at the north end, the original Hillsboro, Iowa, depot along with a Milwaukee Road signal tower; and at the south end, a newer wood frame/metal sided building.

Locomotives
The Midwest Central has six steam locomotives: two are operational, three are awaiting in-depth boiler inspections, and one has a new boiler and awaits complete reassembly.
 * No. 6 is a built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1891 for the Surry, Sussex and Southampton Railway in Virginia.  It was sold to the Argent Lumber (see the Midwest Central's website and the "Taplines" website for more information) of South Carolina in the late 1920s, and bought by the Midwest Central (along with No. 2) in 1960.

 * No. 9 is a Class C (3-truck) 80 ton Shay locomotive built by Lima Locomotive Works in 1923. Originally owned and operated at the West Side Lumber Company of California, it was acquired by the Midwest Central in 1966. In 2011, the Midwest Central and the Georgetown Loop Railroad entered into a multi-year lease agreement to bring No. 9 to Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) standards and use it for revenue passenger service. No. 9 returned to the Midwest Central in June, 2019.

 * No. 16 is an 18-ton tank locomotive built by Henschel of Germany in 1951. Originally built to use 900 mm gauge, it was altered to run on Midwest Central's  narrow gauge track.  In 2011, No. 16 was taken out of service for an in-depth boiler inspection. The inspection date and final disposition of this locomotive has not been determined.
 * No. 2 is a built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1906. No. 2  came with No. 6 from Argent Lumber of South Carolina. No. 2 ran for many years until it was determined the boiler had sufficiently deteriorated to warrant replacement. A boiler built by Lund Machine Works of New Ulm, Minnesota, is on-site with the locomotive awaiting reassembly. The Midwest Central has received several cash grants to help finance the rebuilding project.
 * Coahuila y Zacatecas No. 1 is a 2-8-0 built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1897. It was owned and operated by Mexico's Coahuila and Zacatecas Railroad. According to the RGUSRail website, CyZ "... was a narrow gauge railroad that began operating in January 1898 linking Saltillo and Avalos in central Mexico mainly hauling iron ore to smelters in San Luis Potosi, Monterrey and Torreón as well as providing transport for several thousand mine workers and their families..."  CyZ No. 1 originally burned wood, was converted to coal shortly after delivery to CyZ, and eventually converted to oil. The chassis and running gear appear to be sound but the boiler needs repair.
 * Argent No. 1 is a 2-6-0 built by H. K. Porter in 1914. Argent No. 1 was originally owned by Beaufort County Lumber Company of North Carolina with ownership later transferred to Argent Lumber. After Argent Lumber went bankrupt and was liquidated, Argent No. 1 resided in a city park, eventually being purchased by Florida's "Petticoat Junction Theme Park" until its closing in 1984. It then became part of a private collection in Warrior, Alabama. It was purchased by the Midwest Central in late 2018 arriving on site in April, 2019. The boiler needs extensive repairs and likely replacement; the chassis and running gear have not been evaluated.

There are two Plymouth diesel locomotives that came from Carbon Limestone Company of Hillsville, Pennsylvania. The Plymouth's were originally gauge and were regauged to  narrow gauge after arrival in Mt. Pleasant. No. D14 is used on a regular basis and No. D9 entered service in 2021. Frederick Snare No. 2 s a small Vulcan Iron Works gasoline switcher. A Ford Model A fireman truck and a Ford Model T foreman truck complete the power roster.

Railroad cars
The Midwest Central 's passenger cars were constructed at the Midwest Central shops using Southern Pacific flat cars, East Broadtop Railroad coal hopper cars, or were custom built on a Midwest Central fabricated chassis. There are 3 cabooses: one is all-metal from the White Pass and Yukon Railroad, the second is the last surviving Bellevue and Cascade narrow gauge caboose, numbered 055, and the third is wood construction on a SP flatcar frame by scaling up an HO model Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad caboose to full size. The Midwest Central has two Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (D&RGW) boxcars (3366 and 3007), one D&RGW gondola, and numerous D&RGW and White Pass and Yukon Route (WPYRR) flat cars. The flat cars range from fully restored (D&RGW Nos 6216 and 6206) to extremely rough. Many years ago, several East Broad Top coal hoppers were purchased and transported to Mt. Pleasant with the thoughts of using the brake gear, draft gear, steel frame and trucks as the starting point for creating additional passenger cars.

Events
There are three primary operating events throughout the year: the "Old Threshers Reunion," held on the 5 days ending on Labor Day; "Midwest Haunted Rails," held on the last 3 Friday/Saturday pairs in October and "North Pole Express," held on the 3 Saturday/Sunday pairs starting Thanksgiving weekend. The railroad is also available for hire for special occasions. During the off-season, equipment can be seen moving about as needed for repairs between the South Station, Old Threhser's Museum "B," and the main shop.

title: Midwest Central Railroad


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry/Requested articles

From Requested articles/Natural Sciences

 * Aufbau reaction
 * Biological chemical defence
 * Electropolymerization - now redirects to Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries
 * Exciton chirality for determining absolute stereochemistry
 * Flory-Krigbaum theory
 * Insertion polymerization
 * Lyophobic colloid
 * Octant rule related to above and to circular dichroism
 * Overlap integral : Overlap density : Overlap population: basic concepts are often overlooked in Wikipedia
 * Photodeposition
 * Protosilicate
 * Ternary phase diagram
 * Tethanol to olefin process (relevant to methanol economy)
 * Total-reflection X-ray Fluorescence Analysis

Chemicals

 * 1-Aminoindane, 2-Aminoindane already exists.
 * 1-Aminotetralin, 2-Aminotetralin already exists.
 * Branched alkenes
 * Caffeine ascorbate, Caffeine citrate already exists.
 * Caprylic triglyceride / Capric triglyceride
 * Carbopal 956
 * Cloransulam-methyl - an agricultural herbicide
 * Cyclohexane peroxide
 * Cycloprolylproline
 * Diallyl phthalate
 * Flumetsulam - an agricultural herbicide
 * Lithium ozonide
 * Phosphorous tetrachloride fluoride
 * Polycarbodiimide
 * Sea Brat 4 - a dispersant considered for oil spill cleanup
 * Shibuol - a type of tannin found in persimmons
 * Sodium olivate
 * Tetramethylammonium ozonide
 * Tetrasodium etidronate
 * D-Tagatose galaktofructose term use by EU Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

Formulas

 * HSO6
 * Zn(BH)2


text:
Piatã, Bahia

Piatã is a municipality in the state of Bahia in Brazil. The population is 16,984 (2020 est.) in an area of 1825.86 km2. The elevation is 1,268 m.

title: Piatã, Bahia


text:
1991 Recopa Sudamericana

The 1991 Recopa Sudamericana was the third Recopa Sudamericana, an annual football match between the winners of the previous season's Copa Libertadores and Supercopa Sudamericana competitions.

However, this edition was scratched and Olimpia of Paraguay were awarded the Recopa Sudamericana as the club won both the 1990 Copa Libertadores and 1990 Supercopa Sudamericana.

Olimpia's feat of being crowned the champion of a competition without having played a match was unprecedented in the history of international football.

title: 1991 Recopa Sudamericana


text:
Manship

Manship may refer to:

 * The characteristic of being a man
 * Maleness, the characteristic, state or condition of being male
 * Masculinity, The degree or property of being masculine

People

 * Charles Henry Manship (1812–1895), mayor of Jackson, Mississippi
 * David Manship, current publisher of The Advocate
 * Deborah Manship (born 1953), Welsh actress
 * Douglas Manship Sr., former publisher of The Advocate, namesake of The Manship Theatre at Louisiana State University
 * James Renwick Manship, American historian
 * Jeff Manship (born 1985), American baseball player
 * Paul Manship (1885–1966), American sculptor

title: Manship


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry/Accuracy disputes

 * Depleted uranium
 * Uranium trioxide
 * noble metal -- there have been a lot of changes made recently, principally by a single editor. On balance, I think the article is better now than before.  Still, there are no web-verifiable citations that demonstrate that the scope of the list of noble-metals is correct -- just citations to books which most Wikipedians can't access.  And some of the article appears to be potential original research  I think the article could use the eyes of a few chemists or metallurgists on it.  20:36, 29 June 2009 (UTC)


text:
WLS-FM

WLS-FM (94.7 MHz) is a commercial classic hits radio station licensed to serve Chicago, Illinois. Owned by Cumulus Media, the station serves the Chicago metropolitan area, and is the radio home of Dave Fogel. The WLS-FM studios are located at the NBC Tower in the city's Streeterville neighborhood, while its transmitter is located at Willis Tower.

Early years
The American Broadcasting Company, owners of Chicago's ABC Radio Network affiliate WENR (890 AM)—which operated in a time-share arrangement with WLS (890 AM), radio adjunct of the Prairie Farmer and itself an ABC affiliate—launched this station as WENR-FM on January 1, 1948. This time-share agreement ended in February 1954, when ABC's parent company American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres and the Prairie Farmer merged their AM stations into one, WLS becoming the surviving entity and jointly owned by both. WENR-FM retained its callsign but began simulcasting WLS's programming, later adopting its own separate programming formats (which included classical and Broadway theater show tunes) for part of the day. ABC purchased the Prairie Farmer in November 1959, giving it sole ownership of WLS and WENR-FM.

In 1964, WENR-FM became WLS-FM, with a beautiful music format broadcasting in stereo from noon to midnight, as well as Blackhawks home games. By 1968, WLS-FM expanded its hours on the air to 6 a.m. to Midnight, simulcasting WLS (AM)'s Clark Weber morning show from 6 to 8 a.m. and carrying Don McNeill's Breakfast Club from 8 to 9 a.m.

In the summer of 1968, WLS-FM experimented with a locally produced underground progressive rock show. Dubbed "Spoke", and using the tag-line "The Flash That Holds The Wheel Of Life Together", the program aired from 10 p.m. to midnight and featured unnamed announcers using stage-whisper delivery laden with plate reverb, obtuse biker-style free verse intros delivered over backgrounds of electronic music, mid-eastern music and sound effects. It was replaced in 1969 with a syndicated program from the ABC Radio Network entitled "Love", voice-tracked by "Brother John" Rydgren, and which aired from 7 p.m. to 1 am. Shortly afterward, WLS-FM adopted a full-time progressive rock format.

Rock to disco to Top 40 and CHR
In 1970, ABC decided to change the call signs on all of their FM radio stations to distinguish them from their co-owned AM (and excluding two markets, TV) counterparts; this not only included WLS-FM, but WABC-FM in New York City, WXYZ-FM in Detroit, KXYZ-FM in Houston, KGO-FM in San Francisco, and KQV-FM in Pittsburgh. While ABC had originally selected WXAI as a replacement call sign for WLS-FM, WDAI for WXYZ-FM, and WRIF for WABC-FM, the FCC instead assigned WRIF as WXYZ-FM's replacement, and renamed WLS-FM as WDAI; WABC-FM selected WPLJ as a replacement call sign.

As part of this new FM initiative by ABC, all six FM stations dropped the "Love" progressive rock format and each adopted album-oriented rock formats. At age 19, Jim Kerr hosted mornings at WDAI and did additional work at WLS before finding future success at WPLJ and WAXQ. WDAI became the original Chicago radio home of Steve Dahl in January 1978, and used the slogan "Chicago's Best Rock" with the Morning Sickness with Steve Dahl.

WDAI switched to all-disco as "Disco DAI" at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day, 1979, marking the switch by going from Don McLean's "American Pie" to "Staying Alive" by the Bee Gees. Steve Dahl would wind up the morning host at former crosstown rival WLUP, and would anchor the "Disco Demolition Night" promotion in July 1979 that would later be cited as a harbinger for the genre's popular collapse in America during 1980. The station stayed with the disco craze until 7 a.m. on May 22, 1980, when, after stunting by playing Donna Summer's "Last Dance" on a loop, 94.7 became WRCK-FM, "95 W-ROCK", a hybrid of Adult Top 40 and oldies, and featured Bob Sirott in mornings for a brief time. The 1978 switch to disco was the first in a series of format changes that continued up to its switch to classic hits in October 2012.

On October 20, 1980, WRCK-FM switched to a Top 40/CHR format with a partial simulcast of WLS (AM) and changed its call sign back to WLS-FM. The simulcast included Larry Lujack during the morning drive and Brant Miller's evening show into the mid-1980s, while airing its own programming during the day. WLS-FM was thereafter programmed separately during the day and simulcast WLS (AM) at night.

On January 20, 1986, WLS-FM ended simulcasting the AM and became known as WYTZ, "Z-95". Initially, the station retained its mainstream Top 40/CHR format, but for only a short period of time in mid-1989, the station slowly went towards a rock-lean, though it returned back to mainstream a couple of months later; at the time, competitor "B96" increasingly focused on R&B and dance music. WYTZ, which was briefly rebranded as "Hell" (an aborted and controversial one-week stunt) and "Hot 94.7" in March 1991, became rhythmic for a short-period of time and could not withstand the competition from "B96". This competition left "Q101" the only mainstream Top 40/CHR station in the Chicago area until "B96" went towards mainstream by late 1991-early 1992.

Rotating formats
WYTZ again became WLS-FM at 7 p.m. on October 25, 1991. After playing "Everybody's Talkin'" by Harry Nilsson, the station switched formats to talk, again simulcasting WLS (AM) much of the time. On June 13, 1994, WLS-FM split off from simulcasting and launched its own "Young Talk" format featuring former popular WKQX (Q101) morning host Robert Murphy ("Murphy in the Morning"), Rich Roeper, Rush Limbaugh (in simulcast with the AM), Jay Marvin, Lise Dominique, Turi Ryder and Johnny Vonn, as a way to compete against WLUP-FM's hot talk format. This failed to turn around ratings, and WLS-FM went back to a full-time simulcast once again with WLS (AM) on June 2, 1995.

After still achieving low ratings, WLS-FM separated from WLS (AM) again on November 22, 1995. After stunting with Christmas music throughout November and December, the station switched to a country music format and became "94.7 Kicks Country", WKXK, at Noon on December 26. The first song aired on "Kicks Country" was "Gone Country" by Alan Jackson. However, Infinity Broadcasting (now Audacy) station WUSN continued to do well as the heritage country station, while WKXK was unable to even achieve mediocre ratings.

On May 1, 1997, WKXK dropped the country format and flipped to classic rock, branded as "CD 94.7" (with new WXCD call letters being implemented on May 23). After some early ratings success, former heritage classic rocker and competitor WLUP-FM, which had earlier switched to a modern adult contemporary format, returned to the classic rock format, resulting in mediocre ratings at WXCD. WXCD abruptly dropped classic rock on November 29, 2000, and flipped to an '80s' hits format, rebranded as "The Zone", and changed its call sign to WZZN. The flip promptly led existing '80s' hits station WXXY to drop the format and flip to Spanish hits in January 2001. By July 2001, the station evolved into a gold-based modern AC format. On September 14, 2001, WZZN changed formats again to alternative rock to compete with WKQX, which previously had the format to itself.

By 2003, the station evolved into more of an active rock format, all the while using "94.7 The Zone" as its handle, and positioning itself on the air as "the hardest rock on the planet". However, the station continued to flounder in the ratings. By 2004, the station began beating WKQX with the shift to active rock, but yet beaten again by WKQX during the spring and summer of 2005, when WDRV moved from classic hits to classic rock and WLUP-FM from classic rock to mainstream rock.

Oldies years
After long-time oldies station WJMK dropped its 1960s and 1970s oldies format in June 2005 for a variety hits format branded as "Jack FM", at noon on September 26, 2005, WZZN dropped its active rock format (and finally ditched the "Zone" branding) and flipped to oldies as "94.7 True Oldies", with programming from Scott Shannon's The True Oldies Channel except for morning and afternoon drive times, when the station aired local programming. The final song on "The Zone" was "For Whom the Bell Tolls" by Metallica, while the first song on "True Oldies" was "Rock and Roll Music" by The Beatles.

In 2006, the station added some local air personalities who were previously at WJMK when it was an oldies station. Eventually, the station was live and local (which included hosts such as John Landecker, Dick Biondi, and Greg Brown) except for overnights, when they would continue to run True Oldies Channel programming. In 2007, Walt Disney Company sold its ABC Radio radio division, including WLS (AM) and WZZN, to Citadel Broadcasting. From 2007 to 2008, the oldies format was modified to include a small amount of 1980s hits and a focus on oldies from 1964 to 1979. The station continued to play a couple pre-1964 oldies per hour. On June 19, 2008, Citadel announced that WZZN would become once again WLS-FM. The WZZN call sign was dropped at Midnight on June 25, 2008, and as of 12:01 am on June 26, 2008, the station has officially been known as WLS-FM. The idea was to bring back the heritage of WLS and its old Top 40 format and jingles. The station was then branded as "94.7 WLS-FM" with the slogan "Chicago's Greatest Hits Of All Time". The first song on the current incarnation of WLS-FM was a special radio edit of "Life Is a Rock (But the Radio Rolled Me)" by Reunion, one played as a Top 40 hit on the original WLS which would explicitly mention the station in their lyrics. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.

Shift to classic hits
On October 1, 2012, WLS-FM modified their oldies format to a classic rock-leaning classic hits format. The Scott Shannon "True Oldies Channel" branding, programming, and voice tracking were removed. The pre-1964 oldies were dropped entirely, while Motown and 1970s pop and disco hits were cut back, and more 1980s songs were also added. The focus on the station was now hits of the 1970s and early 1980s with only several 1960s songs per hour. Morning DJ Dave Fogel was released to make room for Brant Miller's return to the station (Fogel was hired at WJMK just two days after being let go from WLS). Fred Winston was also hired as a full-time DJ in afternoons. In 2013, Robert Murphy was hired as an afternoon jock; Winston was let go.

On November 3, 2014, Jack Diamond, formerly of sister station WRQX in Washington, D.C., became WLS-FM's new morning show host, with Miller shifting to a co-hosting role. Diamond would leave the station in July 2015, with Miller re-assuming a main hosting role. Kim Berk, formerly of WWFS in New York, joined Miller as co-host in January 2016. Robert Murphy was released from the station in December 2016 to be replaced by Ron Parker (from WCBS-FM in New York) to handle afternoon duties. As of late 2017, the focus is now mainly hits of the 1970s through the early 1980s, with a small sampling of pre-1970/post-1989 and mid-late 1980s and early 1990s hits mixed in due to the playlist being limited. The start of 2018 brought Dave Fogel back to WLS-FM as Berk's morning co-host, with Miller briefly moving to a weather reporting only position, until being released.

On November 17, 2017, WLS-FM became Chicago's only classic hits station when rival WJMK changed formats to classic hip-hop.

title: WLS-FM


text:
Professional writing

Professional writing is writing for reward or as a profession; as a product or object, professional writing is any form of written communication produced in a workplace environment or context that enables employees to, for example, communicate effectively among themselves, help leadership make informed decisions, advise clients, comply with federal, state, or local regulatory bodies, bid for contracts, etc. Professional writing is widely understood to be mediated by the social, rhetorical, and material contexts within which it is produced. For example, in a business office, a memorandum (abbrev. memo) can be used to provide a solution to a problem, make a suggestion, or convey information. Other forms of professional writing commonly generated in the workplace include email, letters, reports, and instructions. In seeking to inform, persuade, instruct, stimulate debate, or encourage action from recipients, skilled professional writers make adjustments to different degrees of shared context, e.g., from a relatively accessible style useful for unsolicited contact letter to prospective clients to a technical report that relies on a highly specialized in-house vocabulary.

A professional writer may be freelance, meaning they work on a self-employed basis, or fully employed in an occupation where their primary responsibility is the production of specialized documentation, such as journalism, marketing, advertising, public relations, or the military. Yet even workers who don't necessarily think of themselves as professional writing practitioners regularly produce professional documentation regularly in the course of their work as lawyers, doctors, entrepreneurs, engineers, and social workers. Moreover, as Anne Beaufort observes, writing skills have become increasingly important to so-called "blue collar" occupations since "technologies have driven more record keeping and decision making to those who are directly involved in manufacturing, information-processing, and care-giving activities."

Overview
Professional writing is any type of writing with the purpose of facilitating the work of a business or organization and directed to internal or external audiences of the professional writer's organization. Examples of internal business writing include email messages, memos, and reports while some examples of external business writing are letters and email messages.

Professional writing differs from other types of writing, such as academic and technical writing, because the term defines a general overview of writing that is done for profit in a workplace environment. Professional writing differs from academic writing due to the difference in purpose and readership between the two styles. Academic writing informs the audience through a critical approach and directs further thinking by reconstructing the order of the author's thinking and the intertextual traces of their reading. In contrast, professional writing is applied to a business or setting (a hospital, a company, or a factory) and is meant to facilitate work through communication. The audience of academic writing is also limited in contrast to professional writing; specialized experts in specific fields make up the primary readership of academic writing while the amount and identities of readers of professional writing can be varied. When writing, professional writers must take into consideration the possibility of unexpected tertiary readers who can come across their document.

Professional writing differs from technical writing because of the type of content in technical writing. Technical writing could be identified as a concentration of the broad generalization of professional writing—technical writing is principally directed towards fields of interest. Both are similar in that they take place in a professional workplace context and are primarily targeted to allow communication between experts; however, technical writing focuses on technical, specialized topics, such as science, technology, and engineering.

Style
The audience of professional and business documents plays a significant role in the style of a professional document. Successful professional writers adapt their documents to fulfill the needs of their audience. Four factors are taken into consideration when a professional writer creates a professional document:
 * 1) the reader's pre-existing knowledge of the covered material,
 * 2) the readers' expectations of style and format based on examples of the same genre,
 * 3) the readers' level of reading based on the reason for reading the document, and
 * 4) the relationship between writer and reader.

The reader's pre-existing knowledge remains an important focus for a professional document because it would affect the reader's ability to read the document. For example, a general audience with little knowledge of a document's subject would be unable to read it if it contained specific, technical jargon. A professional writer would then have to minimize the amount of technical jargon or define terms for the reader.

Expectations of style and format are influential in the format and development of a professional document. Precedents created by earlier documents of the same genre of a professional writer's work heavily influence how the reader of their document will judge the credibility of both the writer and document. Documents belonging to a specific genre are expected to be written in a way that adheres to a format and style that defines that genre. If a professional writer were to produce a document that does not adhere to the precedence style, they and the document would lose credibility.

Regarding business and professional writing, the relationship between writer and reader is key. The familiarity between the two influences the language used. For example, an employee might write more informally via email to a coworker of the same hierarchical level than they would write via email to their employer.

Communication
There is, particularly in business, a need for concise and unambiguous communication with colleagues, suppliers, clients, and the general public. Professional writing forestalls inattentiveness and criticism.

Persuasion
Persuasive professional writing is connected to the concept of rhetoric, which focuses on informing or persuading and relies upon stimulating the interest of the audience through creating authoritative arguments. A professional writer uses research, rhetoric and persuasion when creating a document that is intended to suggest a solution to a problem or encourage action. A professional writer uses persuasive language when trying to influence the reader to do something as a result of reading a document. Professional writing Feasibility reports economic justification reports and advertising brochures are examples of documents that have such purposes.

Information
Clear and concise professional writing is vital in many fields where a misunderstanding could have serious consequences, such as in law, engineering, technical manuals, and product labels. Misunderstandings might also occur with international audiences; for this reason, a professional writer would have to take careful consideration of cultural differences. The use of language, style, and even color in a document could have detrimental effects because these elements, along with others, can change meaning when translated. For example, a picture of a woman wearing a swimsuit on the beach in an ad would be met with nonchalance in the United States; however, if the same picture was shown in an area with a prevalent Muslim populace, it would be met with outrage because of the religious beliefs that bar women from showing skin. This analysis and consideration of direct and possible audiences help create clear and concise writing and language that professional language requires.

Examples

 * Law – correspondence, pleadings, discovery, motions, briefs, mediation and arbitration statements, memoranda of law, applications for incorporation or formation of business entities, legal documents such as wills, deeds, powers of attorney, and contracts; in the case of the judiciary, orders; and in the case of other government officials, myriad documents related to the legislative process and the exercise of executive authority
 * Science and Engineering – journals, technical data, manuals
 * Retail – inventory reports, damage reports, data sheets, manuals, labels
 * Entertainment – proposals, contracts, reviews, books
 * Publishing – web content, proposals, contracts, book editing
 * Military – operational reporting, orders production, policy or decision briefs, doctrine
 * Self-marketing – writing a professional career overview

Skills
The Association of Teachers of Technical Writing regard the development of technical communications that are "clear, effective, efficient, appropriate, accurate, useful, and delivered on schedule and within budget as nearly as possible" as a core principle-in-practice. Skills may be acquired through practice or formal learning. While many practitioners of professional writing do so as a vocation rather than as full-time employment, the element of "professionalism" is what defines professional writing. Such is the importance of professional writing in the modern world, many academic institutions offer courses up to degree level on the subject, with some tailored to specific professions such as social work.

title: Professional writing


text:
Eugene A. Stead

Eugene Anson Stead Jr. (October 6, 1908, in Atlanta, Georgia – June 12, 2005) is best known as a physician, medical educator, and researcher. He served on the faculties at Harvard, Emory (where he received a Bachelor of Science and MD degree), and Duke universities. He is the founder of the physician assistant (PA) profession.

Emory University
As an undergraduate at Emory University, he earned his tuition by working in the biology department as a student assistant. Following his obtainment of an MD Degree, he interned in internal medicine and surgery at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and also at Cincinnati General Hospital and Boston City Hospital. By age 33, he had become a professor of medicine at Emory. He believed that medical school could be shortened to two years to allow for a greater deal of time as a physician and financial savings. While Stead was a professor, he gave a talk to one of the medical organizations in Atlanta, Fulton County Medical Society, describing his points of reasoning regarding medical school. His views were made public by local newspapers and were viewed as slightly radical, resulting in the president of Emory University calling him and verbally reprimanding him.

Leadership positions at Emory University and Duke University
The timeline of his leadership positions at Emory University started at 1942 through being a chairmen of the Department of Medicine. Four years later he became Dean of the School of Medicine at Emory University. Following this he became a professor of medicine and Chairmen of the Department of Medicine at Duke University for 20 years. Many of his students and mentees went on to become notable researchers and educators.

Creation of the Physician Assistant Program
Stead believed that some of the skills that a doctor has to do in practice become habit. Therefore he believed that health professionals other than a physician could learn the general skills of a doctor in a shorter amount of time. His curriculum was inspired by the short intensive training of doctors during World War II. Additionally, because there were corpsmen during World War II and the Vietnam War who were taught how to do emergency medicine in terms of paramedical skills, the creation of the physician assistant program provided them a medium to continue their application of the training and skills they had learned.

In 1967, he graduated the first class of physician assistant students from Duke University's PA program. His educational philosophy placed emphasis on applying medical knowledge specifically to a patient, rather than the focus being on memorizing a large quantity of information. He wanted all PAs to be required to have mentoring relationships with physicians to ensure access to a larger body of medical knowledge.

Awards

 * American College of Physicians Distinguished Teacher Award
 * The Association of American Medical Colleges' Abraham Flexner Award for Distinguished Service to Medical Education
 * Kober Medal from the Association of American Physicians
 * Durham North Carolina's City of Medicine Award
 * William G Anlyan, MD Lifetime Achievement Award from Duke University

Personal life
Eugene Stead and his wife Evelyn had three children. As a 25-year family project, they built a house at Kerr Lake.

Impact
There are now more than 306 PA programs in the US. National PA day is celebrated in many places on October 6 to commemorate the day the first class of PAs graduated from Duke University in 1967. It happens to coincide with Dr. Stead's birthday. The job outlook for physician assistants is projected to be 27% between the years of 2022-2032, which is faster than average.

Nationally, there is a healthcare worker shortage. The healthcare profession that is suffering the most from this shortage, however, are physicians. Studies and surveys have found that the majority of Americans who have personally been treated by a PA or have a family member who has, were satisfied, which points to physician assistants being able to support physicians and alleviate the burden of the shortage. Legislation that has allowed to an expansion of the scope of practice from physician assistant's has been met with pushback from the American Medical Association, who warn of the dangers to patient safety and emphasize that PA's work best within a physician-led team.

Eugene Stead's research in the 1940s paved the way for cardiac catheterization in medicine, which is now used to treat heart failure.

Medical positions

 * Chair Dept. of Medicine, Emory University (1942-46)
 * Dean of the School of Medicine, Emory University (1945-46)
 * Chair Dept. Of Medicine, Duke University (1947-1967)

title: Eugene A. Stead


text:
List of fermented soy products

This is a list of fermented soy products. A diverse variety of soy food products made from fermented soybeans exists.

title: List of fermented soy products


text:
CERNET

The China Education and Research Network (CERNET; ) is the first nationwide education and research computer network in China. The CERNET project is funded by the Chinese government and directly managed by the Chinese Ministry of Education. It is constructed and operated by Tsinghua University and the other leading Chinese universities.

Structure
CERNET has a four-layer hierarchy (the nationwide backbone, regional networks, provincial networks and campus networks). CERNET National Center is located in Tsinghua University, which is responsible for operation and management of CERNET backbone nationwide. The ten regional network centers and main nodes are distributed in Tsinghua University, Peking University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, South China Institute of Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Southeast University and Northeast University, which are responsible for operation, management, planning and construction of CERNET regional backbones.

CERNET provincial nodes are distributed among 38 universities in 36 cities around the country.

Data and statistics
By the end of 2000, bandwidth of CERNET backbone has been up to 2.5 Gbit/s. CERNET has 12 global and regional channels connected with the United States, Canada, the UK, Germany, Japan and Hong Kong, the international gateway bandwidth over 250 Mbit/s. The transmission rate of the regional networks has reached 155 Mbit/s. More than 2,000 education and research institutions, 1.2 million PCs and 20 million end users have connected to CERNET.

Developments
CERNET has been powered to allow access by most higher education institutions nationwide with backbone upgrades and expansions having been accomplished in eight regions. The large-scale China Education Information System has been built up. Mirroring systems for discipline-specific information of famous overseas universities, and a full-text search system for higher education and key subject information will soon be set up.

CERNET is an important platform for China's remote learning initiative. To accommodate demands of distance learning program as defined in Education Revitalizing Initiative Oriented to 21st century, CERNET high-speed backbone was started in 1999. By leveraging the existing fiber infrastructure and resources from state and local treasury, CERNET has completed 40% of the 20,000 km high-speed transmission link crossing 29 provincial capitals, and cut over the 2.5G high-speed trunks from Beijing via Wuhan to Guangzhou, and from Wuhan via Nanjing to Shanghai. Nowadays, the medium-to-high-speed regional network (155M) connecting 21 cities is just under construction. Some 40 to 50 universities and colleges have accessed to CERNET backbone at speed of 10M to 100M.

As a pioneer in Internet study in China, operation of CERNET and advancing CERNET management. CERNET, a computer network independently designed, constructed and managed by technical personnel at home, is technologically powerful. In network construction, CERNET attaches highest importance to network security. In 1999, CERNET set up China's first network contingency response center called CCERT. Up to date, CCERT has handled more than 2000 network security cases, efficiently ensuring normal operation of CERNET and advancing CERNET management.

Experimentation and research
CERNET is also the experiment platform for China to proceed with study on next generation of Internet applications, and has played a major role in the China Next Generation Internet effort. Relying on current network facilities and technical competence, CERNET has set up the IPv6, an experiment platform with nationwide coverage. In 1998, CERNET joined 6bone, an experimental IP-based network of next generation, and became a backbone member of it in November. CERNET is the first in China that interconnects with Internet2, the next generation of Internet, providing its users with an easy access to Internet2.

CERNET is an important cultivation base for information and network professionals in China. For example, in the study program for computer information network and its application in the "State Key Sci-tech Breakthrough Project during Ninth Five-Year Plan Period", researchers from CERNET and other partner organizations published more than one hundred academic papers both at home and abroad, representing a significant achievement in IT competence fostering.

Furthermore, CERNET supports and guarantees implementation of a batch of important Internet application projects in China. For example, the on-line enrollment and admission system played a crucial role in the 2000 admission season around the country. Moreover, CERNET enhances the information infrastructure in China, shortens the gap between China and the west in information industry, and plays a pioneer role in China's information initiative.

title: CERNET


text:
USS Stringham (TB-19)

USS Stringham (Torpedo Boat No. 19/TB-19) was a steel torpedo boat in the United States Navy. Stringham was named for Silas H. Stringham, who served in the United States Navy from the War of 1812 through the American Civil War.

Stringham was launched on 10 June 1899 by Harlan & Hollingsworth, Wilmington, DE; sponsored by Miss Edwina Stringham Creighton; and was placed in reduced commission on 7 November 1905.

Assigned to the Reserve Torpedo Flotilla at Annapolis, MD, upon completion, Stringham was placed in full commission on 30 October 1906 and assigned to the 3d Torpedo Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet. Stringham operated on the eastern seaboard between Key West, FL and Cape Cod, MA, into 1907. Detached on 11 October 1907 from the Atlantic Fleet, Stringham was placed in reserve, in reduced commission, on 31 January 1908 at the Norfolk Navy Yard.

Placed in full commission again on 1 July 1908, Stringham rejoined the 3d Torpedo Flotilla. She operated primarily out of Newport, RI, through October; then proceeded to Charleston, SC, where she was placed in reserve on 19 November 1908. Recommissioned on 14 August 1909, Stringham was assigned duty as flagship of the 3d Division, Atlantic Torpedo Flotilla, on 9 September. During October, she participated with units of the Atlantic Fleet in the Hudson–Fulton Celebration, steaming up the Hudson as far as Albany, NY, on 8 October. Returning south to Charleston, Stringham was again placed in reserve on 30 November.

Assigned to temporary duty with the 1st Torpedo Division on 1 April 1910, Stringham was transferred to the Engineering Experimental Station at Annapolis, MD, on 14 September. She served as a practice ship and training vessel for midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy from 1911 to 1913.

On 26 July 1912, near Annapolis, Maryland, Stringham successfully received the first radio signal transmitted from an aircraft to a surface ship. Ensign Charles H. Maddox, USN, transmitted "We are off the water, going ahead full speed on a course for the Naval Academy" from an altitude of 300 feet to the Stringham, distant three nautical miles. Later test messages from Maddox's "Wright flyer style" aircraft were received by Stringham at distances of up to 15 miles. Maddox later wrote, "These were the first radio messages ever received from an airplane radio transmitting set in the United States and probably in the world."

Stringham was placed out of commission on 21 November 1913 at the Norfolk Navy Yard, was struck from the Navy list on 26 November 1913, and designated for use as a target on 17 December 1913. Never actually used as a target, Stringham remained at Norfolk until sold on 18 May 1923 to E. L. Hurst of Roanoke Dock for scrapping. While being towed to a scrapyard, the ship broke loose and ended up beached on the tip of Willoughby Spit in Norfolk. In October 2021, the wreck is still there but is deteriorating quickly. wreck at 36°58'00.2"N 76°17'53.3"W.

title: USS Stringham (TB-19)


text:
Sheffield Forgemasters

Sheffield Forgemasters is a heavy engineering firm located in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The company specialises in the production of large bespoke steel castings and forgings, as well as standard rolls, ingots and bars. The company was nationalised in July 2021, becoming wholly owned by the UK's Ministry of Defence.

Origins
Sheffield Forgemasters traces its origins to a 1750s blacksmith forge, and then Naylor Vickers and Co. founded by George Naylor and Edward Vickers, the predecessor of Vickers Limited. Vickers built the River Don Works in 1865. In 1983, the River Don Works, then part of state-owned British Steel, merged with Firth Brown Steels to create Sheffield Forgemasters.

Early years
In the 1980s, Forgemasters manufactured components for the Iraqi Project Babylon "supergun", which it had believed were for a petrochemical refinery. The British investigation exonerated the company's directors, and the incident became known as the Supergun affair.

In 1998, the company was divided and sold to American companies. Allegheny Teledyne bought the aerospace business. Atchison Casting Corp bought the River Don and Rolls businesses, which retained the Sheffield Forgemasters name. Forgemasters was threatened with liquidation in 2002. Atchison went bankrupt in 2003 and was acquired by KPS. In 2005, Graham Honeyman led a successful effort to buy Forgemasters; Honeyman became the company's chief executive and majority shareholder.

Forgemasters experienced a work stoppage from severe flooding in the summer of 2007 when the works were inundated by the River Don. Three weeks after the event, repairs were ahead of schedule and the works were approaching full production.

Civil nuclear market
In the late-2000s, Forgemasters made a failed attempt to acquire a 15,000 tonne forging press for manufacturing ultra-large civil nuclear components. In March 2010, the company had secured £140 million in funding over two years, including an £80 million loan from the British government. Plans to acquire the press were ultimately suspended. The government loan was cancelled in June 2010 with a change of government. Forgemasters declined to apply for a new loan in 2011 as foreign competitors were building such presses, and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster had caused uncertainty in the civil nuclear market.

Financial difficulties
Forgemasters suffered as the British steel industry declined in the early 2010s. It reported its first operating loss, of £9.4 million, since separating from Atchison in the 14 months leading to December 2014. In January 2016, the company announced plans to reduce its workforce from 800 to 700. The company's financial health attracted attention due to its involvement in Britain's nuclear submarine programme.

In 2016, Forgemasters obtained a £30 million loan from US bank Wells Fargo. The loan was underwritten by nuclear submarine contractors BAE Systems, Babcock International and Rolls-Royce Marine Power, in an arrangement negotiated by the British Ministry of Defence (MoD); the intervention forestalled Chinese investment and control in the company. In March 2018, the arrangement was due to expire in July 2019; Sky News reported that the underwriters were seeking a replacement to Honeyman, possibly as a precondition for renewal. In July 2018, Honeyman was replaced as chief executive by David Bond from BAE Systems.

Nationalisation
In December 2020, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Forgemasters were in preliminary talks for the nationalisation of the company. In July 2021, the UK government announced that the MoD had launched an offer to take over the company for £2.56 million, and intended to invest a further £400 million over the next decade to support defence outputs. Investment will include a new heavy forge line and flood alleviation measures. The current senior management will run the company with two new non-executive directors.

In March 2022 the government told SF to end its supply contract with Gazprom as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The company had already stopped any sales business with Russia by that date.

In July 2024 newly-installed Secretary for Defence John Healey toured the SF plant with his Australian counterpart Richard Marles in the framework of the AUKUS partnership.

In July 2024 the MoD announced an arrangement with SF to repair Ukrainian vehicles.

Capabilities
The company specialises in forged and cast steel components for the defence, engineering, nuclear, offshore, petrochemical and steel processing industries worldwide.

The company received the American Society of Mechanical Engineers N-stamp accreditation for critical nuclear components in 1992, having produced major components for the Astute-class submarines and the civil nuclear industry, including Sizewell B, the UK's only pressurised water reactor. The accreditation lapsed some years later, with the lack of nuclear work. In 2023 the company was working to regain ASME status for heavy forgings and castings to the civil nuclear market, to position itself for anticipated expansion of civil nuclear capacity in the UK.

Sheffield Forgemasters currently has the capacity for pouring the largest single casting (570 tonnes) in Europe. The two forging presses in use can exert a pressure of 4,500 tonnes and 10,000 tonnes on a billet of steel. The 4,500 tonne press was installed in 2010 to replace a 1,500 tonne press which dated back to 1897 and was originally steam powered, and after several upgrades became hydraulically operated.

title: Sheffield Forgemasters


text:
User talk:Chii~enwiki

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Long John Nebel

Long John Nebel (born John Zimmerman; June 11, 1911 – April 10, 1978) was an influential New York City talk radio show host.

From the mid-1950s until his death in 1978, Nebel was a hugely popular all-night radio host, with millions of regular listeners and what Donald Bain described as "a fanatically loyal following" to his syndicated program, which dealt mainly with anomalous phenomena, UFOs, and other offbeat topics.

Youth and young adulthood
Nebel was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. He dropped out of school after the eighth grade, but he was an avid reader throughout his life, and he was conversant on many topics. Rumor had it that he was the son of a physician and ran away with a circus as a youngster.

According to his own account in The Way Out World (1961), Nebel moved to New York City "around 1930", at the age of 19. His first job there was usher in the New York Paramount Theater. Nebel pursued a number of careers in his young adulthood (including a long period as a freelance photographer and a stint as a sidewalk salesman) before establishing the successful Long John's Auctions, an auction and consignment store in New Jersey. At his auction barn in New Jersey, he was billed as "Long John, the gab and gavel man", and people would attend just for an evening's entertainment.

The nickname "Long John Nebel" had several sources: "Long John" was a nickname for his tall, slender build (he stood 6'4" [1.93 m] and never weighed more than about 160 pounds [73 kg]).

Nebel did not seek a career in radio until around 1954, when he was 43 years old.

In 1972, Nebel married the former pin-up model Candy Jones, who became the co-host of his show. Her controversial claims of having been a victim of CIA mind-control influenced the direction of the program during its last six years on the air.

WOR
In the mid-1950s, radio throughout the United States was floundering and trying to redefine itself after the explosive popularity of television. Over several years, Nebel had many friends at various New York radio stations when he bought commercial time to advertise his auction house. WOR, one of New York's leading stations, faced poor ratings in 1954 when Nebel proposed an interview show. The format, as Donald Bain writes, "would be devoted to discussing strange and unexplained topics".

WOR's management was not especially impressed by Nebel's idea. However, deciding they had little to lose (following WOR's failed foray into broadcasting facsimile editions of the morning paper during the early morning hours), WOR offered him a midnight to 5:30 am time slot, the poorest-rated hours. Building on the modest fame of his auction house (and also hoping to generate more business), he used the same name, Long John, when he went on radio.

To the surprise of WOR's management, Nebel's show was a quick success among New York's night-owls and early risers. Unidentified flying objects were discussed almost daily, alongside topics such as voodoo, witchcraft, parapsychology, hypnotism, conspiracy theories, and ghosts. Perhaps fittingly for an overnight show, one of Nebel's sponsors was No-Doz caffeine pills.

Within a few months Nebel was getting not only high ratings, but press attention from throughout the United States for his distinctive and in many ways unprecedented program (WOR's powerful signal assured that Nebel's show was broadcast to over half of the United States' population). Bain notes that some listeners were put off by his "grating, often vicious manner", but many more adored him because of (or in spite of) his abrasive style. Keith writes: "Though Nebel could be brusque and even imperious in the phone, he was always a sympathetic listener and compasionate host."

Seven-second delay
WOR was worried about some of Nebel's guests or callers using profanity on the air. Nebel used one of the first broadcast delay systems in radio, giving engineers a chance to edit any unacceptable language before it was broadcast. In 1956, engineer Russell Tinklepaugh invented the system Nebel used. He built a modified Ampex 300 tape deck with an additional set of heads. The deck was able to record on a loop of 1/4" tape, and carry the tape around the perimeter of the deck to be played on the second set of heads. This resulted in a delay of several seconds, enough time to hit the "stop" button to avoid airing foul language.

WMCA, which went all-talk in 1970, used a similar system. It involved two Ampex 350 reel-to-reel machines side by side, each with the mounting order of its heads changed from erase-record-play to play-erase-record. Thus the tape loop, transported counter-clockwise, would record the microphone output, and then have to go all the way around to play it back over the air before being erased. When the engineer, producer, or air talent hit the "dump" button the feed would immediately be switched to the other Ampex, so there was very little disruption of the aired product. Today, of course, such delays are done digitally.

WNBC
In 1963, WNBC offered Nebel more than $100,000 per year (if not a record sum paid to a radio personality at the time, then very nearly so) to begin broadcasting from the station, and he accepted the offer. He joined WNBC in August 1964, and continued there until 1973, when WNBC, facing sliding ratings, decided to switch to an all rock music format. After a protracted battle with station management, Nebel refused to change the content of his show and resigned from the station in protest. According to Bain, one anonymous station employee insisted that the management at WNBC "deliberately fucked up [Nebel's] career" by spreading unfounded rumors about the format switch and Nebel's reaction to it.

WMCA
Nebel was quickly hired by WMCA, where, from 1973 to 1977, he continued his program, virtually unchanged from WNBC. The show was still popular, although his ratings on the less powerful WMCA were not as high as they had been at WNBC. At WMCA, John was constantly pestered by prank callers who often told him "Yes John, I'm coming down there, and I'm going to bash your head!"

Mutual Broadcasting System
Beginning in 1977, Nebel's show was broadcast nationwide over the Mutual Broadcasting System, replacing Mutual's national distribution of Herb Jepko's radio talk show.

Books
Nebel wrote two books that dealt with some of the most interesting of his guests. The Way Out World, published in 1961, covered his years at WOR and included UFO contactees, a stage magician, the Shaver Mystery, Edgar Cayce, and much more, which Nebel said he had gleaned from his "twenty thousand hours of interviewing and research". His second book, The Psychic World Around Us, co-written with Sanford M. Teller and published in 1969, dealt more specifically with tales of the paranormal and the guests whom he had interviewed while at WNBC.

Marriage to Candy Jones
Nebel had had a short-lived marriage early in his life, and had a daughter Jackie from that marriage. In the early 1960s he was married to Margaret Dallas, but he was single again in 1972 when he met and married the fashion model Candy Jones. She had been one of the favorite pin up girls of the World War II era. The marriage took place after a whirlwind, month-long courtship, although Nebel and Jones had met briefly when Nebel was a photographer decades earlier. Jones became the co-host of Nebel's show almost immediately, and continued in this role until his death.

Due to Jones's mood swings and shifts in personality, and some unusual and otherwise-unexplainable events in her life, Nebel said that he had come to suspect she had been a victim of a CIA mind control plot. Her story, with its conspiracy theory overtones, had a definite influence on the content of Nebel's radio show during its final six years.

Death
Although long plagued with heart disease, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1971. Nebel sought various treatments, but by the mid-1970s, he was in very poor health. He continued broadcasting, however, usually six nights per week, with Candy Jones as his co-host. Nebel died in April,1978 and his Mutual network slot was taken over by Larry King in January of that year. His show on WOR, called "Partyline", was handed to James Randi, skeptic and frequent guest on Nebel's show over the years.

Format of the show
Nebel's program gave the impression of being freewheeling and unpredictable, prone to sidetracks and digressions; very different from the precise, mannered approach of most contemporary radio. There were occasional heated arguments—rather mild when compared to the conflict on more recent programs such as the Jerry Springer Show, but such open conflict in any media was quite startling in the 1950s and 1960s.

Nebel, along with his regular guests and panelists, would interview various personalities and claimants (such as psychic Kuda Bux), and take occasional telephone calls from listeners in the New York area. He would also interview novelists and discuss their books in detail. He was surprised on one occasion by novelist Iris Murdoch's response that she was a frequent listener and had modeled one of her characters after one of his guests.

Nebel's approach was unique: talk radio per se did not yet exist as it would in later decades, and Nebel was navigating largely uncharted territory. Sometimes, Nebel entered the discussions, other times he described himself as a "moderator" and allowed his guests to have spirited debates, commenting only occasionally to guide the debate, or to announce station breaks.

It was not uncommon for Nebel to disappear for 20 minutes or more around 3:00 a.m. and leave his panel of frequent guests to run the show without him. Nebel usually invited callers during the last two hours of the program (from about 3:00 to 5:00 a.m.); up to 40,000 people might try to telephone during this period.

Nebel was perhaps best described as a curious skeptic with respect to the reality of paranormal topics; he frequently characterized himself as a "non-believer". Regarding the claims of the many alleged UFO contactees he interviewed, Nebel stated: "I don't buy any of it." He also noted that he was intrigued by the subject of UFOs, but did not have any firm theories or explanations about UFOs in general.

Some critics attacked Nebel for allowing crackpots free rein on the program, but he responded by saying his was not a traditional news or investigative journalism show, and that it was up to listeners to determine the validity of any guest's claims.

Nebel often asked pointed questions of his guests when he saw logical fallacies or inconsistencies in their stories. He did not suffer fools gladly, unless the fool was exceptionally entertaining. Still, he was rather sympathetic in at least offering guests a forum to state their claims.

When programs dealt with health and exercise, Nebel was fond of saying: "I am a lover, not an athlete." He also popularized the expression "wack-a-ding-hoi" for an idea or guest he believed was a little "crazy". When asked why his television show was no longer on the air, Nebel would respond that he was not good-looking enough to be on television. His friendly, good-humored approach was one of the great reasons for his popularity.

Regular guests
Jackie Gleason was a frequent guest. On one show, Gleason offered US$100,000 to anyone with physical proof of aliens visiting Earth (Gleason later upped the amount to US$1 million, but it was never claimed). Another memorable show found Gleason undertaking a sharp, occasionally even savage, debate with publisher Gray Barker. Gleason took Gray to task for presenting largely unsubstantiated tales of the Men in Black and contactees as factual.

The two most frequent guests on his radio show were science fiction writers Lester del Rey and Frederik Pohl. Each appeared on more than 400 of Nebel's broadcasts. Nebel also had philosopher Mortimer Adler and James Randi on frequently.

Sponsors
Nebel's sponsors included some unusual products. For example, the KelCo Class Calculator was, according to Nebel, developed by a NASA scientist, who was an occasional guest on his program. Basically a slide rule, the "calculator" was designed to pick horse racing winners.

Nebel's commercials were often as entertaining as the program itself. Nebel was a master story teller who could spin yarns around the virtues of his sponsors. Commercials often ran several minutes. His seven-minute commercial for a pornographic movie ("It Happened in Hollywood") was unforgettable. Apparently, he had not reviewed the copy before reading it cold on the air and he fell victim to uncontrollable fits of laughter throughout his long and fruitless attempt to read it. Another long running sponsor was Ho-Ho's Chinese Restaurant - "Ho means Good, Ho-Ho means Good-Good".

UFOs
Flying saucers were in the news regularly throughout the 1950s and 1960s and were a frequent topic on Nebel's show. Guests related to this subject included retired Marine Corps Major Donald Keyhoe, contactees George Adamski and George Van Tassel, artist Paulina Peavy, and skeptics like Arthur C. Clarke and Lester del Rey. Nebel discussed the so-called Shaver Mystery, the Flatwoods monster, the Nazca lines, and many other uncommon subjects.

Nebel gave a forum to Otis T. Carr, an Oklahoman who claimed to have discovered the secret of flying saucer propulsion, by studying the works of Nikola Tesla. With some of his regular panelists, Nebel journeyed to Oklahoma City for the unveiling of Carr's saucer. (Carr was later convicted of fraud and jailed after he took several hundred thousand dollars from investors, and never produced his prototype.)

Strange Occurrences
During a Thursday afternoon matinee at New York's Paramount Theatre, Nebel's friend, William Neff, a well-known conjuror, stepped into a spotlight in front of the curtain and began his performance. As Nebel watched, it seemed to him that he could see light through Neff's body, as if he were turning into frosted glass. Slowly, Neff became transparent, then disappeared completely, although his voice could still be heard. After a while, a faint outline like a very fine pencil sketch began to appear. A few minutes later, Neff gradually reappeared looking perfectly normal. The watching theatre audience assumed that the vanishing in front of their very eyes was a part of Neff's act.

As soon as the show was over, Nebel rushed backstage to ask Neff how he had done the vanishing trick. Neff seemed surprised at the question; he was not aware that he had "faded", but he admitted that the same thing had happened three years earlier at a theatre in Chicago. Nebel would later write this story in his book "The Way Out World" and could offer no explanation for it.

Pranks
Nebel was not above a few pranks, all in the name of showmanship and ratings: on one occasion, for example, he colluded with a friend to offer testimony supporting a guest's claims of astral projection.

Nebel spent weeks on his show developing a tale for his audience that the Empire State Building was rotated on giant ball bearings in the wee hours of the morning. At first Nebel said the motion was almost imperceptible. As the prank developed over time, Nebel began telling callers that if they visited the Empire State Building very late at night, they would find the shops at ground level had switched location to the block around the corner.

Nebel also was fond of telling his audience that the finest candle wicks were grown on "wick farms" located in the Midwest.

The fact that Nebel's second wife, Candy Jones claimed to have been the subject of CIA experiments in mind-control was discounted as a prank by those who pointed out his history of promoting hoaxes. Nebel, on the other hand, said that he believed what Jones had revealed to him under hypnosis, and never believed that her story was false in any way.

Influence
Jackie Gleason wrote in his introduction to Bain's biography of Nebel: "Why is [Nebel] so strangely entertaining?... because the best entertainment is entertainment that opens your mind and tells you the world is bigger than you thought it was."

Radio historian Michael C. Keith wrote: "Few people before or since have brought to all-night radio the kind of ingenuity, originality and variety that Nebel did. He represents one of post-World War II radio's creative high points and another example of the special nature of overnight programming ... He would come to be regarded as one of after-hours radio's true pioneers."

Nebel was a formative influence on talk radio: Donald Bain noted that in the early 1970s, "Fledgling (radio) announcers at broadcasting schools around the country were played tapes of Nebel shows as part of their course study." Recordings of Nebel's shows have circulated among fans of esoterica for decades.

Nebel's format paved the way for later radio hosts, including Art Bell, George Noory of Coast to Coast AM, Hilly Rose, Jeff Rense, and Clyde Lewis, all of whom have broadcast shows on paranormal topics. English actor Colin Bennett called Nebel the Art Bell of his era.

Additional references

 * The Way Out World. Long John Nebel. Prentice-Hall, 1961
 * The Psychic World Around Us. Long John Nebel and Sanford M. Teller, 1969.
 * Long John Nebel: Radio Talk King, Master Salesman, Magnificent Charlatan. Donald Bain. Macmillan Publishing Co., 1974
 * The Control of Candy Jones. Donald Bain. Playboy Books, 1975
 * The UFO Book. Jerome Clark. Visible Ink, 1998
 * Sounds in the Dark: All Night Radio In American Life. Michael C. Keith. Iowa State University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-8138-2981-X
 * from Archive.org, a 1957 episode of Nebel's show, featuring contactee George Van Tassel, writer Morris K. Jessup and others.
 * Baptist minister Walter Martin vs. Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair MP3 (1968)

title: Long John Nebel


text:
Talk:Althorp

conspiracy theory
Should we mention the conspiracy theory? Seems pointless without some more credible infomation.
 * Found these ==

A few sources here:
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/46533.stm
 * http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1998/01/12/fhead.htm
 * http://worldroots.com/brigitte/diana1.htm
 * -=# Amos E Wolfe talk #=-

The is said that: "is a country estate of about 14,000 acres (60 km2)". Cant be right, 1 hektare is 2,472 acres, so 16.000 acres is only 5.650 hektares, not 60 km2. Elijas Bijur (talk) 21:56, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

 * You've slipped the decimal point. A hectare is 2.47 acres (not quite two and a half), so 14000 acres is 5666 hectares or just over 56 and a half square kilometers. (Sixty km2 is 14826 acres.) Biblioteqa (talk) 05:40, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

Thorp - daughter's settlement?
I was surprised to see that "thorp" is said to be related to Scandinavian "throp" or "thrupp" and in Danish probably meant "daughter's settlement". The etymology given here reflects my own understanding of the word's origins. See also Oxford dictionaries. It is true that many Danish place names ending in -rup or -trup are said to have originated in -torp which is sometimes interpreted as meaning an additional settlement for those stemming from a larger or more important community in the area. Perhaps this has been referred to (or mistranslated as) "daughter's settlement" in the literature. I can see that it might be said to mean "daughter settlement" (cf "daughter company") meaning "subsidiary settlement". However, I believe that many "-thorps" in the U.K. are probably more closely related to Dutch "dorp" or German "dorf" and fail to see why Althorp should be an exception. The British Library tells us that even in names of Scandinavian origin, "thorp(e)" simply means "homestead".--Ipigott (talk) 11:11, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

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Pronunciation
You state that Althorp is popularly pronounced "AWL-thorp". Does this mean that "AWL-thrup" is an affectation? Valetude (talk) 16:33, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Althorp


text:
User talk:Munkyxtc

Welcome!
Hello Munkyxtc, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope that you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. Here are a few good links for newcomers: Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~), but refrain from doing so within articles. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! —Lifeisunfair 14:49, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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User Page
I can see you have had wikipedia since 6 October 2005, maybe you would like a user page, just a little info bout you, have a look at mine User:jaytur1 "I know it needs to be formatted" Have a look at other peoples. --JayTur1 (Contribs) 21:44, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Munkyxtc


text:
Fab

Fab or FAB may refer to:

Commerce

 * Fab (brand), a frozen confectionery
 * Fab (website), an e-commerce design web site
 * Fab, a digital asset marketplace by Epic Games
 * The FAB Awards, a food and beverage award
 * FAB Link, a European electricity link
 * Flavoured alcoholic beverage or alcopop, alcoholic drinks with circa 3–7% alcohol
 * First Abu Dhabi Bank, an Emirati bank
 * Semiconductor fabrication plant, a factory that manufactures integrated circuits, etc.
 * Flesh and Blood (card game), a fantasy card game (TCG).

Culture

 * Fab!, an Irish girl group active in the late 1990s
 * fab (magazine), a Canadian gay magazine
 * "FAB" (song), a song by JoJo featuring Remy Ma from the 2016 album Mad Love
 * Fernsehen aus Berlin, a German television station
 * Film Advisory Board, an American ratings board
 * Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood, a Japanese anime

Health and medicine

 * Fragment antigen-binding
 * French–American–British classification systems for hematological disease
 * Frontal Assessment Battery for the evaluation of executive function

Military

 * Benin Armed Forces (French: Forces armées béninoises)
 * Brazilian Air Force (Portuguese: Força Aérea Brasileira)
 * Brazilian Armed Forces (Portuguese: Forças Armadas Brasileiras)
 * Bolivian Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Boliviana)
 * Russian acronym for general-purpose bombs such as FAB-250 or FAB-500

People

 * Georgie Fab (born 1952), Canadian musician
 * Joe Fab (born 1951), American film producer
 * Mistah F.A.B. (born 1982), American rapper

Given name

 * Fab Filippo (born 1974), Canadian actor
 * Fab Melo (1990–2017), Brazilian basketball player
 * Fabrizio Moretti (born 1980), drummer in The Strokes
 * Fab Morvan (born 1966), French singer; member of Milli Vanilli

Science and technology

 * Fab (semiconductors), a factory where integrated circuits are fabricated
 * Fading affect bias
 * Fast atom bombardment
 * Feminist Approaches to Bioethics
 * Fly ash brick
 * Floating Action Button, a UI component of Google's Material Design
 * Fragment antigen-binding

Sport

 * Angolan Basketball Federation (Portuguese: Federação Angolana de Basquetebol)
 * Argentina Boxing Federation (Spanish: Federación Argentina de Boxeo)
 * Bolivian Athletics Federation (Spanish: Federación Atlética de Bolivia)

Transport

 * First Air, a Canadian airline
 * Farnborough Airport in Hampshire, England
 * Functional airspace block in the European Union

Other uses

 * Annobonese Creole language of Equatorial Guinea, ISO 639-3 code
 * Freeport Area of Bataan (FAB), formerly Bataan Export Processing Zone (BEPZ) or Bataan Economic Zone (BEZ) from November 20, 1972 to June 30, 2010, Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines
 * Cars in the 1960s British science-fiction television series Thunderbirds; see FAB 1

title: Fab


text:
Talk:Fab

FEDERATED ARRAY OF BRICKS PAGE HAS BEEN DELETED, OR DOESNT EXIST, SORRY CAPS LOCK. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.1.66 (talk) 13:09, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * WP:SOFIXIT. Cheers! -- Bgpaulus (talk) 13:13, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fab


text: User talk:83.117.85.168

title: User talk:83.117.85.168