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Alte Weser Lighthouse

The Alte Weser Lighthouse is located offshore from the estuary mouth of the river Weser in the German Bight, southern North Sea. It was built on sand between 1961 and 1964. The lighthouse took over duties and replaced the historical Roter Sand Lighthouse on 1 September 1964. The latter had been built from 1883 to 1885.

General aspects
The Alte Weser Lighthouse was built between 1961 and 1964. It consists of steel-coated ferroconcrete and a steel superstructure. It was built offshore into a sand bed at a depth of 11 m below mean sea level. Its height measures about 40 m above msl. Depending on the color of the light beam, its visibility is between 18 and 23 sm. The only inhabited place where the Alte Weser or Roter Sand Lighthouse can be seen with the naked eye is the German island of Wangerooge.

Technical data
The light characteristic is "F WRG", i.e. a continuous light, coloured white, red or green depending on the bearing of the lighthouse. The light is emitted by a 2000 Watt Xenon lamp. On low visibility conditions a foghorn sounds a signal, the Morse code letters "AL", with an interval of one minute.

On the tower a number of additional navigational and meteorological devices are installed next to the optics. Directional antennae and a radar serve as means of security in the Weser approach while an anemometer and an automated tide gauge collect data on wind conditions and water levels. The tower has a built-in emergency power system and provides accommodation for a maintenance crew.

Construction
The previous lighthouse (Roter Sand) was constructed in 1885 in the outer Weser waterway of the German Bight. By the end of the 1950s, the lighthouse had been badly damaged by corrosion and leaching of its concrete. To replace the old lighthouse, the Alte Weser was built in the years 1961–1964, not far from the former location. Simultaneously, the conditions for ship traffic in the outer Weser waterway were to be improved and the new lighthouse was to be established as an offshore part of the radar chain on the Weser between Bremen and the North Sea (fig. 1).

The novel form of the tower (fig. 2), its downward tapering tower shaft together with its cantilevered upper storeys, was based on a design by engineer Andreas Carstens, Bremerhaven. The conical design of the tower was intended to minimize exposure to waves and drift ice. The German Waterway Administration, the Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt (WSA) Bremerhaven as the responsible governmental agency, assigned the task of workmanship to a cooperative of companies: Philipp Holzmann, Strabag Bau AG, Hermann Moeller. This cooperative instructed the Howaldtswerke in Kiel to carry out the steelworks.

The steelwork's for the tower shaft, the upper storeys and the equipment were carried out in a dry dock of the Howaldts factory in Kiel (fig. 3). The tower shaft was towed through the Kiel Canal towards its destination site in the Outer-Weser waterway (fig. 6). For this purpose a floating offshore lift platform which had been supplied with a central cut-out for the tower was used. At the site the shaft was lowered and subsequently jetted into the sand to the intended depth. After feeding in a layer of underwater concrete, the shaft was evacuated and the additional layers of ferroconcrete were installed (fig. 5).

Frequently, adequate supply of building materials was hampered and delayed, because relatively small coasters had been contracted for transport, which were quite sensitive to the state of the sea and weather conditions. Timing was especially important in order to ensure joints were constructed correctly. To this end, all building materials needed for the underwater concrete had to arrive on time and without delay. Therefore, an optimal weather period was required.

A further interruption happened due to two accidents. The first was fatal when a sudden leak killed two workers. However, the exact reason for the accident was never fully revealed. The tower shaft which had been lowered and jetted into the sand had to be abandoned. The upper storeys were detached and transported back to Kiel on the offshore lift platform for later use. One year later the upper storeys were re-used on a second tower shaft nearby. The old stump of the tower shaft remains underground today. The storm surge of 1962 which cost many human lives in Hamburg and other places on the German coast had no impact on the construction of the lighthouse. The first accident did however force a new start to the works in Kiel, causing a delay of one year. The second accident happened because of a malfunction of the gripper at the front legs of the offshore lift platform. A second platform had to be used in order to repair and replace the first one. In the third year, after the lift platform had been repaired, the construction works resumed at the tower shaft and were subsequently completed.

Next, the offshore lift platform could pick up the upper storeys which were still stored at Kiel (fig. 6) to join them with the tower shaft in the North Sea. Under favourable weather conditions the upper storeys were placed on top of the tower without complications (fig. 7). Now, the completing works such as installation of the optics including the corresponding blinds and the installation of the standby sets were implemented. The power supply of the lighthouse demanded special attention. A 6 kV cable was run from the Robbenplate Lighthouse (fig. 1) towards Alte Weser, jetted in using a special device (Einspuelstiefel, Fig. 8) and threaded into the tower through a protective cable conduit. In addition, measures had to be taken to adopt the same cable for the planned Tegeler Plate Lighthouse (see below). The foundation of the building was safeguarded with stone ballast poured down on bush mats against rinsing and water erosion. In 1964 the light of Alte Weser Lighthouse went into service (fig. 9). In 1972 the four keepers were displaced when the lighthouse became automated.

Tegeler Plate Lighthouse
As an additional improvement of the waterway conditions as implemented by the procedure as a whole (see above), construction of another lighthouse was essential. This effort simultaneously made it possible to take the light vessel Bremen out of service. As a location for the new lighthouse the Tegeler Plate sand bar was chosen. The tower shaft, as well as the upper storeys of the Tegeler Plate Lighthouse, were intended to be entirely built as steel construction. The tower shaft's height of about 46 m as well as the local shallow water conditions (i.e. average low tide about 2.50 m above ground level) made it possible to pile jet the tower shaft 18 m deep into the sand in one step. To this end, jetting the tower shaft into sand as a first step was considered to be followed by placing the upper storeys on top as a second step. In this manner corrections of slight discrepancies of the shaft could be made.

After the steelworks had been carried out at Wilhelmhaven, the tower shaft and the upper stories were brought to the intended position by a salvage ship carrying heavy water pump systems, and were jetted into the sandy ground. The power cable already installed at the Alte Weser Lighthouse was integrated. The Tegeler Plate Lighthouse went into service in 1966 – it was unmanned and operated remotely from the beginning. Only emergency quarters were set up for maintenance workers. The base was secured through stone ballasting.

With these arrangements two important steps for the deepening project of the Outer Weser waterway had been accomplished.

In popular culture
Alte Weser Lighthouse was featured on a German stamp in 1976.

Alte Weser Lighthouse, as well as Tegeler Plate, Roter Sand and others, were shown on various paintings by Katharina Noack.

In German

 * Leuchtturm Roter Sand: Bildband. 2005. Wirtschaftsverlag N.W. Verlag für neue Wissenschaft. ISBN 3-86509-334-5
 * Luttermann, H.-J. 2003. Blüsen, Baken, Feuertürme. Convent. ISBN 3-934613-54-3
 * Scheiblich, R. 1998. Leuchttürme an Deutschlands Küsten, 2nd ed., Delius Klasing.
 * Scheiblich, R., and H.-J. Lutterman. 2003. Sterne unter den Wolken. Convent. ISBN 3-934613-51-9
 * Scheiblich, R., and H. Staack. 2002. Leuchttürme Lexikon. Edition Ellert & Richter. ISBN 3-8319-0038-8
 * Seedorf, R., and P. Fäthke. 1989. Gerettet! Leuchtturm Roter Sand. ISBN 3-88412-116-2
 * Schnall, U. 1999. Leuchttürme an deutschen Küsten. 4th ed., Ellert & Richter, ISBN 3-89234-521-X
 * Stölting, S. 1985. Leuchtturm Roter Sand. 1885–1985. Worpsweder Vlg., Lil.
 * Zemke, F.-K. 2000. Deutsche Leuchttürme einst und jetzt. Koehlers Verlagsges. ISBN 3-7822-0769-6

title: Alte Weser Lighthouse


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Category:United States senators from Alaska

Members, past and present, who represented the State of Alaska in the United States Senate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Akbar Tandjung

Djandji Akbar Zahiruddin Tandjung (born 14 August 1945) is an Indonesian politician who served as the Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 1999 until 2004. A member of the Golkar party, he also served as the party's chairman from 1999 until 2004 and was a member of the People's Representative Council from East Java from 1977 until 2004.

He served as a minister under former presidents Suharto and B.J. Habibie. He was Speaker of the People's Representative Council (DPR) from 1999 to 2004. In 2002 he was convicted of corruption over the embezzlement of funds intended for food relief for the poor, but the conviction was overturned on appeal in 2004.

Early life and education
Djandji Akbar Zahiruddin Tandjung was born on 14 August 1945 in Sorkam, North Sumatra during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. The son of Zahiruddin Tandjung and Siti Kasmijah, he is a Muslim Pesisir by ethnicity. He is the 13th of 16 siblings, four of whom died before adulthood.

He attended the Muhammadiyah People's School in Sorkam, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra province. He also attended Christian Elementary School in Medan, North Sumatra. In Jakarta, he attended Cikini Junior High School and then Kanisius High School, graduating in 1964.

He studied at the University of Indonesia, where he engaged in student activism and served as president of the Faculty of Technology. From 1972 to 1974, he was president of the influential Indonesian Muslim Students Association (HMI). He also joined the Indonesian National Youth Committee (KNPI), which is affiliated with Golkar.

Political career
In 1976, then-Golkar leader Amir Murtono invited Akbar to stand for election for the party. In 1977, Akbar was elected to the House of Representatives, representing Golkar for East Java province. He was re-elected in 1982 and 1987. In the late 1980s, when long-serving president Suharto started to more actively seek Muslim support, Akbar became deputy secretary general of Golkar. Under Suharto, he served as State Minister for Youth Affairs and Sport from 1988 to 1993. He then served as State Minister of Housing from March 1993 to May 1998. Under Suharto's successor B.J. Habibie, he served as State Secretary from May 1998 to May 1999.

He was chairman of Golkar from 1998 to 2004, helping to rebuild the party following Suharto's 1998 resignation. At the Golkar convention in December 2004, Akbar lost the party's chairmanship to Jusuf Kalla, at that time the country's vice president.

Akbar has remained an influential figure within Golkar. Ahead of the 2014 Indonesian presidential elections, he criticized Golkar's plan to nominate then-party chairman Aburizal Bakrie for the presidency. The party ended up dropping Bakrie as its candidate and threw its weight behind Prabowo Subianto, with Akbar serving as one of his campaign advisers.

In 2017, Akbar expressed concern that Golkar could lose legislative seats in Indonesia's 2019 elections because of a negative public perception of its chairman, Setya Novanto. He said the party should make changes to improve its image.

Corruption conviction, appeal, and acquittal
In September 2002, Central Jakarta District Court sentenced Akbar to three years in jail for embezzling Rp 40 billion (about $4.8 million) in state funds that were supposed to have been spent on a 1999 food program for the poor. Prosecutors had recommended a four-year jail sentence, although the maximum penalty for corruption and abuse of power is 20 years. Two other people involved in the scandal, Dadang Sukandar and Winfried Simatupang, were each sentenced to 18 months in jail. The two served their time in Jakarta's Cipinang penitentiary, but Akbar never went to jail. He remained free pending a lengthy appeal process and continued to hold his government and political jobs. In January 2003, the Jakarta High Court upheld his conviction. In February 2004, a panel of five Supreme Court judges overturned Akbar's corruption conviction on the grounds he had just been following orders in 1999 from then-president B.J. Habibie. After the ruling, a dissenting judge, Abdul Rahman Saleh, said Akbar had engaged in "corrupt practice" and was guilty of "shameful conduct because he failed to show minimal appropriate efforts to protect state money”.

Honours

 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2022)

title: Akbar Tandjung


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Category:United States senators from Arizona

Members, past and present, who represented the State of Arizona in the United States Senate.


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Talk:Hex (TV series)

Overview
The second paragraph of the overview currently reads:

The show depicted teen sex, alcohol and drug use, mental illness, abortion, and human sacrifice. It was cancelled in April 2006 after the end of the second series.

This seems to imply that the show was canceled because of its depiction of those things. This is misleading editorializing (and not supported by the citation). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paul Gorman (talk • contribs) 00:20, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Cast and Credit Issues
I hesitate to add a cleanup template since the page is constantly evolving (as is the prominence of the various characters within the show). There are, however, problems with the way the cast members are listed. IMO characters should be listed in their order of prominence in the show's credits, yet people seem to be adding characters haphazardly. In addition, the TV box template has a link to Christopher Judge, the American actor who plays Teal'c on Stargate SG-1, and who has never appeared on Hex! In addition, there are characters listed who were never regulars (Reverend George, Lilith Hughes) who should either not be listed at all or should be listed in a new subsection devoted to recurring or guest characters. In addition, some of the regular characters from series one (Cassie Hughes, Jo Watkins) became recurring characters in series two, IMO requiring additional notation for clarity, and recurring characters from series two (Jez/Ramiel) who are important to the plot are not listed at all. Canonblack 14:40, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have a taken a crack at rectifying as many of the problems as I could solve myself. Feel free to correct as necessary. Canonblack 17:12, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've had a crack at reorganising the Cast List today, by taking the main characters that appear in most of the episodes of the two series and putting them underneath new series headings. In addition I've moved a few characters underneath the Recurring Cast list and have created stubs for all of the main characters. Ghandir 20:03, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

"See Also"
I'm removing the "See Also" section. The addition of the link to the article Azazeal is germane to this article, but is now incorporated in the "Synopsis" section. Discussion of the mythological Grigori and Nephilim are not germane to an article about this TV series, and the conflict between mythological "fact" and the TV programme's internal mythology have already been addressed in the "Influences" section. Links to the articles Nephilim and Grigori are also already found there. In addition, the anonymous user who added "Grigori" and Nephilim" to "See Also" didn't bother to check his spelling or the accuracy of his links, predisposing me to delete rather than correct. In other words, the "See Also" section is redundant and has been made inaccurate and slightly irrelevant. Canonblack 18:27, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * On reflection, I really like what Chaosfeary was doing with the "See Also" idea. We could really flesh out the subject without overloading this one page by having a summary of articles on characters from the show.  In my (admittedly long-winded) Synopsis, some characters get barely a nod and others get no mention at all.  However, since there is only the Azazeal article thus far, I have padded the section with links to articles that might be relevant to coverage of Hex: articles for Christina Cole, Colin Salmon, and Geraldine James (actors in this programme) and As If (previous production from the same producers).  I still don't agree that linking to articles on the Biblical Grigori and Nephilim are relevant, however, since we've established that Hex substantially deviates from the Biblical version.  Hex is fiction, and the producers are allowed artistic license.  It's not a documentary that might inspire viewers to "read more about it".  But if someone strongly disagrees, I won't remove Grigori and Nephilim links that are re-added to this section. Canonblack 12:18, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

The Synopses
Although I'll be the first to argue against Hex's similarities with Buffy, I do really like what has been done with the Episode List, the relevent Episode Pages (example), the Character List and the corresponding Character Pages (example). Now obviously I could just go around creating stubs for the Hex characters and episodes and link it all up but it'd just get removed for being rubbish, so I'm going to start work on /some/ of the pages first. Of course primarily I want to check with the main contributors of this page that I'd have the support of them for what I'm attempting - and of course any help would be great. Drop me a line.. Ghandir 20:03, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Um, well, Hex is a small and cancelled show. I helped with the expansion of the Charmed articles by designing al templates for the characters and rewriting parts of the bios which were full of fanny nonsense. But I don't see how there's enough information in 18 episodes of Hex to warrant a full category of pages. How about a page for Hex characters that incorporates all of them, and a page for Hex episodes with small bios and descriptions, with links to the IMDB and TV.com pages for them instead? Zythe 23:54, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Zythe, for the most part. Is it just me, or do the synopses seem absurdly long? I think I will take a crack at abbreviating or paraphrasing some of it.Arcayne 15:32, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Thelma has her own wikipedia entry ao i was thinking of doing one for Cassie and Ella and doing a page for all the other smaller characters, as they are not key characters i think pone entry will suffice to cover them all. Also do you think an episode guide would be a good idea? Chris1989uk 18:01, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Influences
The Buffy language reference needs to be clarified. The example of "über" is a poor one and the sentence contradicts itself; if true it should be footnoted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.19.186.2 (talk • contribs) 22:59, 18 June 2006

 * I agree. I'm going to remove the example until someone can provide a citation for it, not least because I think it's really strange to claim that "über" didn't enter mainstream vocabulary until 2002.  Besides which, if we're acknowledging that the word is in the mainstream already, then regardless of whether it's Buffy that put it there or not, then its use in Hex can hardly be used as an example of the show borrowing from Buffy.  I'll leave in the general claim of borrowed dialogue for now, but I'd like someone to come up with some better examples of lines lifted directly from Buffy.  Binabik80 02:31, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I re-removed the "Buffy speak" section again. It is poorly documented at best that such a thing even exists, and even if it did, does it apply to Hex.  Smattering a script with a few pop-cultural tidbits is not an example of a writing-style. Web Warlock 19:56, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Its well documented that Buffy-Speak exists. This has been spoken off by Joss Whedon, and many of the creative team of BTVS. I would even agree that this show is obviously trying to capture some of the same popularity. It seems rather obvious. I think those are better points to make(if someone can find reference points) then putting all that energy into the plot. The plot is too long and doesn't make any sense. Can anyone clarify and shorten it? First of all, can someone explain why we know that Azazeal is evil? I didn't understand why he was so certainly the bad guy. Also, if the problem with the pregnancy was that the other Nephilim were going to be free to come to earth what ever came of that as Malachi kept on living? Shouldn't an army of them have appeared? Clear these things up if you can, anyone!
 * This is a two and a half year old thread. I don't know if anyone with access to WP:Reliable sources is still reading.--Peter cohen (talk) 09:33, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Über didn't enter the mainstream vocabulary until 2002?? Where did that little factoid come from. It's been in English-speaking entertainment at least since the 70's (with popular usage in Monty Python and other series). I would hazard a guess that most folk who speak German would have a bit of a problem with that statement, mate.Arcayne 15:28, 31 January 2007 (UTC) Even if it was a german word, using it in the English language would mark a big change. BTVS definitely had an impact on language.

I only see references to Buffy. So far, no one has mentioned Anne Rice's Mayfair witches as an influence. I just watched season one (US) on DVD and it seems to be a complete rip-off of her Mayfair / Lasher books. Anyone else share this opinion? Jeff 23:47, 27 June 2007

 * More importantly, does someone we can reliably cite share this opinion? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  06:02, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Cassie's fate (spoilers!)
Does anyone know if Cassie's death was planned from the start, or if the actress who portrayed her wanted to leave so they killed her off? --DrBat 15:12, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Actress left, screwed plans for s2. ~ZytheTalk to me! 23:59, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Actually, the directors (or producers or whomever) filmed a shower scene in which her breasts were exposed. As she was not made aware of this violation of her 'no nudity clause' of her contract, she left the series. The producers had only themselves to blame.Arcayne 15:43, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

I purged the 'Deeper into the darkness' quote, because it simply didn't belong there, having nothing to do with the article.Arcayne 15:45, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

LGBT Related?
Is the show really LGBT-related? It might have some episodes that deal with LGBT issues, but is the whole show? -- SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 01:04, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There are three gay characters in the series.--NeilEvans 19:13, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Three out of nineteen doesn't seem like enough to label the show "LGBT-related"... -- SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 22:00, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * thelma is one of the main characters in both series, so I think it should be left as LGBT related.--NeilEvans 22:52, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Citation needed
The following statements:

 * It was marketed by Sky as "the British Buffy" and was also compared with Charmed, but in the June 9 2006 issue of Entertainment Weekly, the creators stated that whereas Charmed and Buffy were send-ups of the horror genre, Hex took its mythology seriously and not for camp.

Need citation. As well, the statement identifying the issue of Entertainment Weekly is placed incorrectly. It needs to be turned into a properly cited reference. Please see WP:EXTERNAL or WP:ATT for assistance. It cannot remain in the form it is in currently, and will be removed in a few days unless it is converted. :) Arcayne   (cast a spell)  16:43, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

I'd also question the inclusion of it at all. The only reason to include it would be to give some idea about the show (particularly since the structure of the sentence juxtaposes the Producers description with the assertion that it was "marketed as" the British Buffy, thus suggesting that their description is accurate.) Yet in my experience Hex is FAR more camp in style and tone than Buffy ever was. (comment added by User:24.218.221.152)

Just a note: almost a week has gone by without any additions of citations to the article. I will wait until Teusday 6/12/07, and then I will start removing uncited info to the Discussion area. Use the time wisely. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  01:36, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * As promised, the uncited info has been removed from the article to the section below. When reliable, verifiable citations are provided, they can be placed back intot he article, but not until then. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  19:03, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed statements

 * "It mixes elements of gothic horror, soap opera, and modern teen dramedy."
 * "Hex was developed by the creators of As If."
 * "It was marketed by Sky as "the British Buffy" and was also compared with Charmed, but in the June 9 2006 issue of Entertainment Weekly, the creators stated that whereas Charmed and Buffy were send-ups of the horror genre, Hex took its mythology seriously and not for camp ."
 * "BBC America has also edited Hex for content, removing and/or changing nudity, violence and language."
 * "Influences - Hex borrows very loosely from biblical Apocrypha, such as The Book of Enoch. For example, the fallen angels referred to in the programme as "the Nephilim" were called the "Watchers" or "Grigori" in later apocryphal texts. It was the offspring of the Grigori by mortal women who were called the Nephilim. In some late apocryphal texts, the Nephilim were giants of great size, yet Azazeal is no taller than a normal, tall man, even in his non-human form. The spelling and pronunciation of Azazeal's name has also been altered from an apocryphal version, and in that version, he was a leader of the Grigori, not of the Nephilim."
 * "Ella Dee's 'Book of Orokiah' is similar to the Book of Shadows from Charmed, containing information as how to kill demons and protect oneself from evil, etc.."

Additional removed statements
The song listings for the episodes need citation. As far as I can tell, the episodes don't credit the music used within the series, anc closed-captioning of the episodes do not reveal it, either. So, how are the song titles beign arrived at? When they are cited,they can be reintroduced tothe article, and not before:

 * Music (section)

 * Series One (sub-section)
 * Episode 1
 * Blur - "Crazy Beat"
 * N.E.R.D - "Rock Star Poser" (Jason Nevins mix)
 * Beverly Knight - "Come As You Are"
 * The Concretes - "You Can't Hurry Love"
 * Pleasure- "Sensitivity" (as Cassie is traced)

 * Episode 2
 * N.E.R.D - "She Wants To Move"
 * PJ Harvey - "We Float"

 * Episode 3

 * The Kills - "Kissy Kissy"
 * Joss Stone - "Super Duper Love"

 *  Episode 4
 * N.E.R.D - "Don't Worry About It"
 * Kurt Elling (sung by Trevor Waters) - "Close Your Eyes"
 * Infadels - "Can't Get Enough (Mekon Remix)"
 * Trulife - "seraphimia"
 * Helicopter Girl - "Satan's Seventh Bride"

 *  Episode 5
 * Blur - "Sweet Song"

 * Series Two (sub-section)
 * "' Episode 1 ''
 * Timo Maas feat. Brian Molko - "First Day"
 * Gorillaz - "Feel Good Inc."

 *  Episode 8
 * Katrine De Candole - "Look me over closely"

Is/was
The show was cancelled. It is not on anymore. Therefore, it was a show. It doesn't meet the criteria for "is a show". - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  23:37, 27 April 2009 (UTC)
 * You say that the tense use is per the guidelines. If you could provide a link to the relevant bit that may convince your interlocutor.--Peter cohen (talk) 10:11, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Anyone familiar with this series care to add it to this list?
Types of mythological or fantastic beings in contemporary fiction is a page of, well, fantasy works (movie, TV, written, whatever) and the assorted mythological and/or fantastic critters they contain. This series would possibly qualify. Anyone care to add it? Tamtrible (talk) 01:03, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hex (TV series)


text:
Category:United States senators from Arkansas

Members, past and present, who represented the State of Arkansas in the United States Senate.


text:
Dimitri Nanopoulos

Dimitri V. Nanopoulos (Δημήτρης Νανόπουλος; born 13 September 1948) is a Greek physicist. He is one of the most regularly cited researchers in the world, cited more than 48,500 times across a number of separate branches of science.

Biography
Dimitri Nanopoulos was born and raised in Athens. His grandfather, Dimitris Nakas, was an Aromanian and an ardent Greek nationalist who had migrated at the beginning of the 20th century to New York, but in March 1914 traveled back to his native land in order to participate in the Greek struggle for northern Epirus, and died in 1916; Nanopoulos' father was born nine months prior. His father's name was Vaios. His mother, Vasiliki Korasidi, was born in Kifissia but descended from the Greek island of Kea. Nanopoulos studied Physics at the University of Athens and he graduated in 1971, continuing his studies at the University of Sussex in England, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1973 in High Energy Physics. He has been a Research Fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland and for many years has been a staff member and Research Fellow at the École Normale Supérieure, in Paris, France and at Harvard University, Cambridge, United States. In 1989, he was elected Professor at the Department of Physics, at the NASA-supported Texas A&M University, where since 1992 he has been a Distinguished Professor of Physics, and since 2002 holder of the Mitchell/Heep Chair in High Energy Physics; he is also a distinguished HARC fellow at the Houston Advanced Research Center in Houston, Texas. In 1997 he was appointed regular member of the Academy of Athens, and, in 2005, President of the Greek National Council for Research and Technology, Greek National Representative to the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, and to the European Space Agency (ESA).

He has made several contributions to particle physics and cosmology, and works in string unified theories, fundamentals of quantum theory, astroparticle physics and quantum-inspired models of brain function. He has written over 645 original papers, including 14 books. He has over 42,500 citations, placing him as the fourth most cited High Energy Physicist of all time, according to the 2001 and 2004 census. Since 1988 he has been fellow of the American Physical Society, and since 1992 member of the Italian Physical Society. In 1996, he was made Commander of the Order of Honour of the Greek State. He is one of the principal developers of the flipped SU(5) model, first proposed by Stephen M. Barr in a paper published in 1982. It was further described in a 1984 paper by Nanopoulos, J. P. Deredinger, and J.E Kim and a 1987 paper by Nanopoulos, I. Antoniadis, John Ellis, and John Hagelin.

On 17 October 2006 he was awarded the Onassis International prize by the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation. On 28 September 2009, he was awarded the 2009 Enrico Fermi Prize from the Italian Physical Society in recognition of his pioneering work in the field of string theory.

title: Dimitri Nanopoulos


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Ghiyasuddin International School

Ghiyasuddin International School is the first public-private school opened in Malé, the capital of the Maldives. The school building was constructed with Japanese aid, and began operating in February, 1999, as Ghiyasuddin School. In the year 2010, Ghiyasuddin School was privatized and renamed Ghiyasuddin International School. Ghiyaasudhin school was the original name by moki.until it was made international.

The school is named after Muhammed Ghiya'as ud-din, who became Sultan in 1766 and is known for introducing breadfruit to the country.

History
Ghiyasuddin International opened on 7 February 1999 as Ghiyasuddin School. Ghiyasuddin School was the sixth primary school to be opened in Malé. The school was funded and constructed with the aid of the Japanese government. Even though the school had started operating, the construction was finished one month later, on 14 March. The school was inaugurated on 9 June 1999 by the then president Maumoon Abdul Gayyoom.

On 4 November 2009, The Maldivian Government signed an agreement with Shri Educare Ltd to privatize the school. It was the first school to be privatized under the government's privatization policy. With the agreement, the school was renamed as "Ghiyasuddin International School". And on 10 January 2010, Ghiyasuddin International was officially inaugurated by President of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed.

title: Ghiyasuddin International School


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Coconut water

Coconut water (also coconut juice) is the clear liquid inside young coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). In early development, it serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during the nuclear phase of development. As development continues, the endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the rind of the coconut pulp. The liquid inside young coconuts is sometimes preferred to the liquid of a ripened coconut. Coconut water from young green coconuts is also known specifically as buko juice in Philippine English.

Harvesting
Fresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while they are green. A hole may be bored into the coconut to provide access to the "meat" (liquid and pulp). In young coconuts, the liquid and air may be under some pressure and may spray slightly when the inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts that have fallen to the ground are susceptible to rot and damage from insects or other animals.

Products
Plain coconut water has long been a popular drink in tropical countries, where it is available fresh, canned, or bottled.

Coconuts for drinking are served chilled, fresh, or packaged. They are often sold by street vendors who cut them open with machetes or similar implements in front of customers. Coconut water for retail can be found in ordinary aluminum cans, Tetra Paks, glass bottles or plastic bottles, sometimes with coconut pulp or coconut jelly included.

Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar (though coconut sap is used more often). It is also used to make nata de coco, a jelly-like food.

Nutritional value
Providing 19 kcal of food energy in a 100 ml amount, coconut water is 95% water and 4% carbohydrates, with negligible protein and fat content (table). Coconut water contains small amounts of vitamins and dietary minerals, all under 10% of the Daily Value (DV).

Risks
The Food and Drug Administration has identified a risk of bacterial contamination in coconut water sold as "raw".

Anecdotal sources describe coconut water being used in the southern part of India for senicide, the killing of elderly people, a procedure known as thalaikoothal. In this custom, the elderly person is made to drink an excessive amount of coconut water, eventually resulting in fever and death, the exact causes of which have not been determined.

Commercialization
Since the early 21st century, coconut water has been marketed in Western countries as a natural energy or sports drink having low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories, and significant electrolyte content.

False advertising
Marketing claims attributing health benefits to coconut water are not based on science and are disallowed by certain regulatory agencies like the United States Food and Drug Administration which warned producers about misleading marketing claims that coconut water is antiviral, can lower cholesterol, can regulate blood glucose levels, and other false claims, as inappropriate for the product.

Some companies have faced class-action lawsuits over false advertising claims that the product was "super-hydrating", "nutrient-packed", and "mega-electrolyte". The plaintiffs also alleged that one company, Vita Coco, falsely claimed that its product had "15 times the electrolytes found in sports drinks" and misrepresented the levels of sodium and magnesium as advertised. The company denied any wrongdoing and settled the lawsuit for US$10 million in April 2012.

Medical use in Cambodia
Although substituting coconut water for saline is not recommended by physicians today, it was a common practice during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. The Documentation Center of Cambodia cited the practice of allowing untrained nurses to administer green coconut water during the Pol Pot regime as a crime against humanity.

title: Coconut water


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Talk:Bruno of Cologne

Legend of the Damnation of the Doctor of Paris
Did Jacob Bidermann properly identify Bruno - in this case, St. Bruno - as one of the many friends of the Doctor of Paris, assembled in the cathedral for his last rites, and unusually privileged for something most of us would have a hard time believing ever happened.

The book's frontispiece (Edinburgh Press edition) to Jacob Bidermann's treatment of the Damnation of the Doctor of Paris happens to carry a full page rhetorical caveat that, if the legend is not properly to be laid at the feet of St. Bruno, then to whose feet should it be laid? In any case, Bidermann's play merely recounts the fate of some other man, we are told. Well, it's certainly nice to have a caveat like that, 500 years after the fact, where the dusts of time tend to make any more accurate of an identification almost impossible.

Nevertheless, it implies that Jacob Bidermann was working on materials commonly available to researchers of the time, and regardless of the materials at hand, he knew that he was relying on arguable foundations hundreds of years old when he put his version of the story together in 1602.

NPOV?
Having read this article, I question whether it uses the proper neutral point of view necessary for an encyclopedia article. I refer readers to the American Heritage Dictionary's definition 2 at http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hagiography. WeeWillieWiki (talk) 21:34, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Requested move 18 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. – robertsky (talk) 21:06, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

– "Bruno of Cologne" is too ambiguous. There were four archbishops of Cologne of this name on top of the Carthusian founder. A majority of the top ten Google Scholar hits, for example, are for the first archbishop, not the Carthusian. And both men are regarded as saints. I am not strongly attached to the disambiguator "(Carthusian)". Srnec (talk) 01:31, 18 February 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. Queen of Hearts (talk • stalk • she/they) 01:39, 25 February 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Bruno of Cologne → Bruno of Cologne (Carthusian)
 * Bruno of Cologne (disambiguation) → Bruno of Cologne
 * Oppose. A saint and founder of a major order. I think he's primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:48, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * What about "Bruno the Carthusian"? It is used, e.g., in Bruno the Carthusian and His Mortuary Roll (Brepols, 2014) and Bruno the Carthusian: Theology and Reform in His Commentary on the Pauline Epistles (Salzburg, 2013). It gets 430 GScholar hits. The 10th-century archbishop is not an obscure figure and is also regarded as a saint. "Bruno of Cologne" is a very common way to refer to him, as in the thesis title The Political Career of Archbishop Bruno of Cologne and throughout Henry Mayr-Harting's mongoraph Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany: The View from Cologne (Oxford, 2007). Srnec (talk) 21:28, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I realise that the archbishop is not obscure, but I still think the Carthusian founder can be regarded as primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:19, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak Support. The archbishops (esp. the first) are certainly very famous. I am not particularly thrilled by the disambiguator "(Carthusian)". "Bruno the Carthusian" sounds smoother, but is probably not as recognizable.  Although I am wondering if in this case the status quo is really that intolerable - that is a simple hatnote to the disambiguation page?  Walrasiad (talk) 06:45, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Necrothesp. A good case for primary topic can be made here, plus we don't seem to have an ideal disambiguator and overall this seems like a solution looking for a problem to me. The status quo is fine. — Amakuru (talk) 18:19, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bruno of Cologne


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Play therapy

Play therapy refers to a range of methods of capitalising on children's natural urge to explore and harnessing it to meet and respond to the developmental and later also their mental health needs. It is also used for forensic or psychological assessment purposes where the individual is too young or too traumatised to give a verbal account of adverse, abusive or potentially criminal circumstances in their life.

Play therapy is extensively acknowledged by specialists as an effective intervention in complementing children's personal and inter-personal development. Play and play therapy are generally employed with children aged six months through late adolescence and young adulthood. They provide a contained way for them to express their experiences and feelings through an imaginative self-expressive process in the context of a trusted relationship with the care giver or therapist. As children's and young people's experiences and knowledge are typically communicated through play, it is an essential vehicle for personality and social development.

In recent years, play therapists in the western hemisphere, as a body of health professionals, are usually members or affiliates of professional training institutions and tend to be subject to codes of ethical practice.

Play as therapy
Jean Piaget emphasized play as an essential expression of children's feelings, especially because they do not know how to communicate their feelings with words. Play helps a child develop a sense of true self and a mastery over their innate abilities resulting in a sense of worth and aptitude. During play, children are driven to meet the essential need of exploring and affecting their environment. Play also contributes in the advancement of creative thinking. Play likewise provides a way for children to release strong emotions. During play, children may play out challenging life experiences by re-engineering them, thereby discharging emotional states, with the potential of integrating every experience back into stability and gaining a greater sense of mastery.

General
Play therapy is a form of psychotherapy which uses play as the main mode of communication especially with children, and people whose speech capacity may be compromised, to determine and overcome psychosocial challenges. It is aimed at helping patients towards better growth and development, social integration, decreased aggression, emotional modulation, social skill development, empathy, and trauma resolution. Play therapy also assists with sensorimotor development and coping skills.

Play therapy is an effective technique for therapy, regardless of age, gender, or nature of the problem. When children do not know how to communicate their problems, they act out. This may look like misbehavior in school, with friends or at home. Play therapy seeks to provide a way children can cope with difficult emotions and helps them find healthier solutions and coping mechanisms.

Diagnostic tool
Play therapy can also be used as a tool for diagnosis. A play therapist observes a client playing with toys (play-houses, soft toys, dolls, etc.) to determine the cause of the disturbed behaviour. The objects and patterns of play, as well as the willingness to interact with the therapist, can be used to understand the underlying rationale for behaviour both inside and outside of therapy session. Caution, however, should be taken when using play therapy for assessment and/or diagnostic purposes. According to the psychodynamic view, people (especially children) will engage in play behaviour to work through their interior anxieties. According to this viewpoint, play therapy can be used as a self-regulating mechanism, as long as children are allowed time for free play or unstructured play. However, some forms of therapy depart from non-directiveness in fantasy play, and introduce varying amounts of direction, during the therapy session.

An example of a more directive approach to play therapy, for example, can entail the use of a type of desensitisation or relearning therapy, to change troubling behaviours, either systematically or through a less structured approach. The hope is that through the language of symbolic play, such desensitisation may take place, as a natural part of the therapeutic experience, and lead to positive treatment outcomes.

Origins
Children's play has been recorded in artefacts at least since antiquity. In eighteenth-century Europe, Rousseau (1712–1778) wrote, in his book Emile, about the importance of observing play as a way to learn about and understand children.

From Education to Therapeutics
During the 19th century, European educationalists began to address play as an integral part of childhood education. They include Friedrich Fröbel, Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, L. S. Vygotsky, Margaret Lowenfeld, and Hans Zulliger.

Hermine Hug-Hellmuth formalised play as therapy by providing children with toys to express themselves and observed play to analyse the child. In 1919, Melanie Klein began to use play as a means of analyzing children under the age of six. She believed that child's play was essentially the same as free association used with adults, and that as such, it was provide access to the child's unconscious. Anna Freud (1946, 1965) used play as a means to facilitate an attachment to the therapist and supposedly gain access to the child's psyche.

Arguably, the first documented case, describing a proto-therapeutic use of play, was in 1909 when Sigmund Freud published his work with "Little Hans", a five-year-old child suffering from a horse phobia. Freud saw him once briefly and recommended his father take note of Hans' play to provide observations which might assist the child. The case of "Little Hans" was the first case where a child's difficulty was adduced to emotional factors.

Models
Play therapy can be divided into two basic types: non-directive and directive. Non-directive play therapy is a non-intrusive method in which children are encouraged to play in the expectation that this will alleviate their problems as perceived by their care-givers and other adults. It is often classified as a psychodynamic therapy. In contrast, directed play therapy is a method that includes more structure and guidance by the therapist as children work through emotional and behavioural difficulties through play. It often contains a behavioural component and the process includes more prompting by the therapist. Both types of play therapy have received at least some empirical support. On average, play therapy treatment groups, when compared to control groups, improve by .8 standard deviations.

Jessie Taft (1933), (Otto Rank's American translator), and Frederick H. Allen (1934) developed an approach they entitled relationship therapy. The primary emphasis is placed on the emotional relationship between the therapist and the child. The focus is placed on the child's freedom and strength to choose.

Virginia Axline, a child therapist from the 1950s applied Carl Rogers' work to children. Rogers had explored the work of the therapist relationship and developed non-directive therapy, later called Client-Centred Therapy. Axline summarized her concept of play therapy in her article, 'Entering the child's world via play experiences'. She described play as a therapeutic experience that allows the child to express themselves in their own way and time. That type of freedom allows adults and children to develop a secure relationship.(Progressive Education, 27, p. 68). Axline also wrote Dibs in Search of Self, which describes a series of play therapy sessions over a period of a year.

Nondirective play therapy
Non-directive play therapy, may encompass child psychotherapy and unstructured play therapy. It is guided by the notion that if given the chance to speak and play freely in appropriate therapeutic conditions, troubled children and young people will be helped towards resolving their difficulties. Non-directive play therapy is generally regarded as mainly non-intrusive. The hallmark of non-directive play therapy is that it has minimal constraints apart from the frame and thus can be used at any age. These approaches to therapy may originate from Margaret Lowenfeld, Anna Freud, Donald Winnicott, Michael Fordham, Dora Kalff, all of them child specialists or even from the adult therapist, Carl Rogers' non-directive psychotherapy and in his characterisation of "the optimal therapeutic conditions". Virginia Axline adapted Carl Rogers's theories to child therapy in 1946 and is widely considered the founder of this therapy. Different techniques have since been established that fall under the realm of non-directive play therapy, including traditional sandplay therapy, play therapy using provided toys and Winnicott's Squiggle and Spatula games. Each of these forms is covered briefly below.

Using toys in non-directive play therapy with children is a method used by child psychotherapists and play therapists. These approaches are derived from the way toys were used in Anna Freud's theoretical orientation. The idea behind this method is that children will be better able to express their feelings toward themselves and their environment through play with toys than through verbalisation of their feelings. Through this experience children may be able to achieve catharsis, gain more stability and enjoyment in their emotions, and test their own reality. Popular toys used during therapy are animals, dolls, hand puppets, soft toys, crayons, and cars. Therapists have deemed such objects as more likely to open imaginative play or creative associations, both of which are important in expression.

Sandplay

Jungian analytical method of psychotherapy using a tray of sand and miniature, symbolic figures is attributed to Dr. Margaret Lowenfeld, a paediatrician interested in child psychology who pioneered her "World Technique" in 1929, drawn from the writer H. G. Wells and his Floor Games published in 1911. Dora Kalff, who studied with her, combined Lowenfeld's World Technique with Carl Jung's idea of the collective unconscious and received Lowenfeld's permission to name her version of the work "sandplay". As in traditional non-directive play therapy, research has shown that allowing an individual to freely play with the sand and accompanying objects in the contained space of the sandtray (22.5" x 28.5") can facilitate a healing process as the unconscious expresses itself in the sand and influences the sand player. When a client creates "scenes" in the sandtray, little instruction is provided and the therapist offers little or no talk during the process. This protocol emphasises the importance of holding what Kalff referred to as the "free and protected space" to allow the unconscious to express itself in symbolic, non-verbal play. Upon completion of a tray, the client may or may not choose to talk about his or her creation, and the therapist, without the use of directives and without touching the sandtray, may offer supportive response that does not include interpretation. The rationale is that the therapist trusts and respects the process by allowing the images in the tray to exert their influence without interference. Sandplay Therapy can be used during individual sessions. The limitations presented by the boundaries of the sandtray can serve as physical and symbolic limitations to unconscious, symbolic matherial that can be further reflected in analytical dialogue. The ISST, International Society for Sandplay Therapy, defines guidelines for training in Sandplay Therapy as well as guidelines for becoming a teaching therapist.

Winnicott's Squiggle and Spatula games
Donald Winnicott probably first came upon the central notion of play from his collaboration in wartime with the psychiatric social worker, Clare Britton, (later a psychoanalyst and his second wife), who in 1945 published an article on the importance of play for children. By "playing", he meant not only the ways that children of all ages play, but also the way adults "play" through making art, or engaging in sports, hobbies, humour, meaningful conversation, etc. Winnicott believed that it was only in playing that people are entirely their true selves, so it followed that for psychoanalysis to be effective, it needed to serve as a mode of playing.

Two of the playing techniques Winnicott used in his work with children were the squiggle game and the spatula game. The first involved Winnicott drawing a shape for the child to play with and extend (or vice versa) – a practice extended by his followers into that of using partial interpretations as a 'squiggle' for a patient to make use of.

The second involved Winnicott placing a spatula (medical tongue depressor) within the child's reach for her/him to play with. Winnicott considered that babies will be automatically attracted to an object, reach for it, and then discover what they intend to do with it after a while. p. 75–6. From the child's initial hesitation in making use of the spatula, Winnicott derived his idea of the necessary 'period of hesitation' in childhood (or analysis), which makes possible a true connection to the toy, interpretation or object presented for transference. p. 12.

Efficacy
Winnicott came to consider that "Playing takes place in the potential space between the baby and the mother-figure....[T]he initiation of playing is associated with the life experience of the baby who has come to trust the mother figure". "Potential space" was Winnicott's term for a sense of an inviting and safe interpersonal field in which one can be spontaneously playful while at the same time connected to others. p. 162. Playing can also be seen in the use of a transitional object, a term Winnicott coined for an object, such as a teddy bear, which may have a quality for a small child of being both real and made-up at the same time. Winnicott pointed out that no one demands that a toddler explain whether his Binky is a "real bear" or a creation of the child's own imagination, and went on to argue that it was very important that the child be allowed to experience the Binky as being in an undefined, "transitional" status between the child's imagination and the real world outside the child. p. 169. For Winnicott, one of the most important and precarious stages of development was in the first three years of life, when an infant grows into a child with an increasingly separate sense of self in relation to a larger world of other people. In health, the child learns to bring his or her spontaneous, real self into play with others; whereas in a False self disorder, the child may find it unsafe or impossible to do so, and instead may feel compelled to hide the true self from other people, and pretend to be whatever they want instead. Playing with a transitional object can be an important early bridge "between self and other", which helps a child develop the capacity to be creative and genuine in relationships. p. 170-2.

Research
Play therapy has been considered to be an established and popular mode of therapy for children for over sixty years. Critics of play therapy have questioned the effectiveness of the technique for use with children and have suggested using other interventions with greater empirical support such as Cognitive behavioral therapy. They also argue that therapists focus more on the institution of play rather than the empirical literature when conducting therapy. Classically, Lebo argued against the efficacy of play therapy in 1953, and Phillips reiterated his argument again in 1985. Both claimed that play therapy lacks in several areas of hard research. Many studies included small sample sizes, which limits the generalisability, and many studies also only compared the effects of play therapy to a control group. Without a comparison to other therapies, it is difficult to determine if play therapy really is the most effective treatment. Recent play therapy researchers have worked to conduct more experimental studies with larger sample sizes, specific definitions and measures of treatment, and more direct comparisons.

Outside of the psychoanalytic child psychotherapy field, which is well annotated, research is comparatively lacking in other, or random applications, on the overall effectiveness of using toys in non-directive play therapy. Dell Lebo found that out of a sample of over 4,000 children, those who played with recommended toys vs. non-recommended or no toys during non-directive play therapy were no more likely to verbally express themselves to the therapist. Examples of recommended toys would be dolls or crayons, while example of non-recommended toys would be marbles or a checkers board game. There is also ongoing controversy in choosing toys for use in non-directive play therapy, with choices being largely made through intuition rather than through research. However, other research shows that following specific criteria when choosing toys in non-directive play therapy can make treatment more efficacious. Criteria for a desirable treatment toy include a toy that facilitates contact with the child, encourages catharsis, and lead to play that can be easily interpreted by a therapist.

Several meta analyses have shown promising results about the efficacy of non-directive play therapy. Meta analysis by authors LeBlanc and Ritchie, 2001, found an effect size of 0.66 for non-directive play therapy. This finding is comparable to the effect size of 0.71 found for psychotherapy used with children, indicating that both non-directive play and non-play therapies are almost equally effective in treating children with emotional difficulties. Meta analysis by authors Ray, Bratton, Rhine and Jones, 2001, found an even larger effect size for nondirective play therapy, with children performing at 0.93 standard deviations better than non-treatment groups. These results are stronger than previous meta-analytic results, which reported effect sizes of 0.71, 0.71, and 0.66. Meta analysis by authors Bratton, Ray, Rhine, and Jones, 2005, also found a large effect size of 0.92 for children being treated with non-directive play therapy. Results from all meta-analyses indicate that non-directive play therapy has been shown to be just as effective as psychotherapy used with children and even generates higher effect sizes in some studies.

Predictors of effectiveness
There are several predictors that may also influence how effectiveness play therapy is with children. The number of sessions is a significant predictor in post-test outcomes, with more sessions being indicative of higher effect sizes. Positive effects can be seen with 16 sessions, however, there is a peak effect when a child can complete 35–40 sessions. An exception is children that undergo play therapy in critical-incident settings, such as hospitals and domestic violence shelters. Results from studies that looked at these children indicated a large positive effect size after only 7 sessions, which shows that children in crisis may respond more readily to treatment. Parental involvement is also a significant predictor of positive play therapy results. This involvement generally entails participation in each session with the therapist and the child. Parental involvement in play therapy sessions has also been shown to diminish stress in the parent-child relationship when kids are exhibiting both internal and external behaviour problems. Despite these predictors which have been shown to increase effect sizes, play therapy has been shown to be equally effective across age, gender, and individual vs. group settings.

Play Therapist Training

Frequently counselors in the play therapy field address a number of obstacles when it comes to helping children. The vast majority of counselors starting off lack the basic knowledge needed to be an effective play therapist. Training for these counselors is done through many different techniques such as university counselor education programs, workshops in hopes to meet the various needs of the children. Different studies are also performed to further assess the progress of the counselor's skill set based on which type of training they pursued. Studies have shown that those that studied play therapy through the university level have displayed higher levels of skills, attitudes and knowledge. The children that need play therapy deal with many different disorders and behaviors and it is imperative that the therapist have these main skills in order for play therapy to be effective. Understanding the stages of child development and how play can help assist them with it is an important step to their learning process.

Play therapist requirements may differ from state to state, but generally, play therapists need a Master's degree or higher degree in a mental health related subject. They must also have demonstrated skills in the field of Child Development. After obtaining a degree, additional classes and work is needed to obtain a certification as a Registered Play Therapist (RPT). Additional work includes: 150 documented hours of instruction, specific to play therapy, a minimum of 350 direct client contact hours (under Supervision of someone who is a Registered Play Therapist Supervisor RPT-S), and 35 hours of direct supervision with 5 session observations.

Directive play therapy
In the 1930s David Levy developed a technique he called release therapy. His technique emphasized a structured approach. A child, who had experienced a specific stressful situation, would be allowed to engage in free play. Subsequently, the therapist would introduce play materials related to the stress-evoking situation allowing the child to reenact the traumatic event and release the associated emotions.

In 1955, Gove Hambidge expanded on Levy's work emphasizing a "structured play therapy" model, which was more direct in introducing situations. The format of the approach was to establish rapport, recreate the stress-evoking situation, play out the situation and then free play to recover.

Directive play therapy is guided by the notion that using directives to guide the child through play will cause a faster change than is generated by nondirective play therapy. The therapist plays a much bigger role in directive play therapy. Therapists may use several techniques to engage the child, such as engaging in play with the child themselves or suggesting new topics instead of letting the child direct the conversation himself. Stories read by directive therapists are more likely to have an underlying purpose, and therapists are more likely to create interpretations of stories that children tell. In directive therapy games are generally chosen for the child, and children are given themes and character profiles when engaging in doll or puppet activities. This therapy still leaves room for free expression by the child, but it is more structured than nondirective play therapy. There are also different established techniques that are used in directive play therapy, including directed sandtray therapy and cognitive behavioral play therapy.

Directed sandtray therapy is more commonly used with trauma victims and involves the "talk" therapy to a much greater extent. Because trauma is often debilitating, directed sandplay therapy works to create change in the present, without the lengthy healing process often required in traditional sandplay therapy. This is why the role of the therapist is important in this approach. Therapists may ask clients questions about their sandtray, suggest them to change the sandtray, ask them to elaborate on why they chose particular objects to put in the tray, and on rare occasions, change the sandtray themselves. Use of directives by the therapist is very common. While traditional sandplay therapy is thought to work best in helping clients access troubling memories, directed sandtray therapy is used to help people manage their memories and the impact it has had on their lives.

Filial therapy, developed by Bernard and Louise Guerney, was an innovation in play therapy during the 1960s. The filial approach emphasizes a structured training program for parents in which they learn how to employ child-centered play sessions in the home. In the 1960s, with the advent of school counselors, school-based play therapy began a major shift from the private sector. Counselor-educators such as Alexander (1964); Landreth; Muro (1968); Myrick and Holdin (1971); Nelson (1966); and Waterland (1970) began to contribute significantly, especially in terms of using play therapy as both an educational and preventive tool in dealing with children's issues.

Roger Phillips, in the early 1980s, was one of the first to suggest that combining aspects of cognitive behavioral therapy with play interventions would be a good theory to investigate. Cognitive behavioral play therapy was then developed to be used with very young children between two and six years of age. It incorporates aspects of Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy with play therapy because children may not have the developed cognitive abilities necessary for participation in straight cognitive therapy. In this therapy, specific toys such as dolls and stuffed animals may be used to model particular cognitive strategies, such as effective coping mechanisms and problem-solving skills. Little emphasis is placed on the children's verbalizations in these interactions but rather on their actions and their play. Creating stories with the dolls and stuffed animals is a common method used by cognitive behavioral play therapists to change children's maladaptive thinking.

Efficacy
The efficacy of directive play therapy has been less established than that of nondirective play therapy, yet the numbers still indicate that this mode of play therapy is also effective. In 2001 meta analysis by authors Ray, Bratton, Rhine, and Jones, direct play therapy was found to have an effect size of .73 compared to the .93 effect size that nondirective play therapy was found to have. Similarly in 2005 meta analysis by authors Bratton, Ray, Rhine, and Jones, directive therapy had an effect size of 0.71, while nondirective play therapy had an effect size of 0.92. Although the effect sizes of directive therapy are statistically significantly lower than those of nondirective play therapy, they are still comparable to the effect sizes for psychotherapy used with children, demonstrated by Casey, Weisz, and LeBlanc. A potential reason for the difference in the effect size may be due to the number of studies that have been done on nondirective vs. directive play therapy. Approximately 73 studies in each meta analysis examined nondirective play therapy, while there were only 12 studies that looked at directive play therapy. Once more research is done on directive play therapy, there is potential that effect sizes between nondirective and directive play therapy will be more comparable.

Application of electronic games
The prevalence and popularity of video games in recent years has created a wealth of psychological studies centred around them. While the bulk of those studies have covered video game violence and addiction, some mental health practitioners in the West, are becoming interested in including such games as therapeutic tools. These are by definition "directive" tools since they are internally governed by algorithms. Since the introduction of electronic media into popular Western culture, the nature of games has become more diverse, complex, realistic and social. The commonalities between electronic and traditional play (such as providing a safe space to work through strong emotions) infer similar benefits. Video games have been broken into two categories: "serious" games, or games developed specifically for health or learning reasons, and "off-the-shelf" games, or games without a clinical focus that may be re-purposed for a clinical setting. Use of electronic games by clinicians is a new practice, and unknown risks as well as benefits may arise as the practice becomes more mainstream.

Research
Most of the current research relating to electronic games in therapeutic settings is focused on alleviating the symptoms of depression, primarily in adolescents. However, some games have been developed specifically for children with anxiety and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), The same company behind the latter intends to create electronic treatments for children on the autism spectrum, and those living with Major depressive disorder, among other disorders. The favoured approach for mental health treatment is through Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). While this method is effective, it is not without its limitations: for example, boredom with the material, patients forgetting or not practicing techniques outside of a session, or the accessibility of care. It is these areas that therapists hope to address through the use of electronic games. Preliminary research has been done with small groups, and the conclusions drawn warrant studying the issue in greater depth.

Role-playing games (RPGs) are the most common type of electronic game used as part of therapeutic interventions. These are games where players assume roles, and outcomes depend on the actions taken by the player in a virtual world. Psychologists are able to gain insights into the elements of the capability of the patient to create or experiment with an alternate identity. There are also those who underscore the ease in the treatment process since playing an RPG as a treatment situation is often experienced as an invitation to play, which makes the process safe and without risk of exposure or embarrassment. The most well-known and well-documented RPG-style game used in treatment is SPARX. Taking place in a fantasy world, SPARX users play through seven levels, each lasting about half an hour, and each level teaching a technique to overcome depressive thoughts and behaviours. Reviews of the study have found the game treatment comparable to CBT-only therapy. However one review noted that SPARX alone is not more effective than standard CBT treatment. There are also studies that found role-playing games, when combined with the Adlerian Play Therapy (AdPT) techniques, lead to increased psychosocial development. ReachOutCentral is geared toward youth and teens, providing gamified information on the intersection of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. An edition developed specifically to aid clinicians, ReachOutPro, offers more tools to increase patients' engagement.

Other applications
Biofeedback (sometimes known as applied psychophysiological feedback) media is more suited to treating a range of anxiety disorders. Biofeedback tools are able to measure heart rate, skin moisture, blood flow, and brain activity to ascertain stress levels, with a goal of teaching stress management and relaxation techniques. The development of electronic games using this equipment is still in its infancy, and thus few games are on the market. The Journey to Wild Divine's developers have asserted that their products are a tool, not a game, though the three instalments contain many game elements. Conversely, Freeze Framer's design is reminiscent of an Atari system. Three simplistic games are included in Freeze Framer's 2.0 model, using psychophysiological feedback as a controller. The effectiveness of both pieces of software saw significant changes in participants' depression levels. A biofeedback game initially designed to assist with anxiety symptoms, Relax to Win, was similarly found to have broader treatment applications. Extended Attention Span Training (EAST), developed by NASA to gauge the attention of pilots, was remodeled as an ADHD aid. Brain waves of participants were monitored during play of commercial video games available on PlayStation, and the difficulty of the games increased as participants' attention waned. The efficacy of this treatment is comparable to traditional ADHD intervention.

Several online-only or mobile games (Re-Mission, Personal Investigator, Treasure Hunt, and Play Attention) have been specifically noted for use in alleviating disorders other than those for anxiety and mood. Re-Mission 2 especially targets children, the game having been designed with the knowledge that today's western youth are immersed in digital media. Mobile applications for anxiety, depression, relaxation, and other areas of mental health are readily available in the Android Play Store and the Apple App Store. The proliferation of laptops, mobile phones, and tablets means one can access these apps at any time, in any place. Many of them are low-cost or even free, and the games do not need to be complex to be of benefit. Playing a three-minute game of Tetris has the potential to curb a number of cravings, a longer play time could reduce flashback symptoms from posttraumatic stress disorder, and an initial study found that a visual-spatial game such as Tetris or Candy Crush, when played closely following a traumatic event, could be used as a "'therapeutic vaccine" to prevent future flashbacks.

Efficacy
While the field of allowing electronic media a place in a therapist's office is new, the equipment is not necessarily so. Most western children are familiar with modern PCs, consoles, and handheld devices even if the practitioner is not. An even more recent addition to interacting with a game environment is virtual reality equipment, which both adolescent and clinician might need to learn to use properly. The umbrella term for the preliminary studies done with VR is Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET). This research is based on traditional exposure therapy and has been found to be more effective for participants than for those placed in a wait list control group, though not as effective as in-person treatments. One study tracked two groups – one group receiving a typical, lengthier treatment while the other was treated via shorter VRET sessions – and found that the effectiveness for VRET patients was significantly less at the six-month mark.

In the future, clinicians may look forward to using electronic media as a way to assess patients, as a motivational tool, and facilitate social in-person and virtual interactions. Current data, though limited, points toward combining traditional therapy methods with electronic media for the most effective treatment.

Play therapy in literature
In 1953 Clark Moustakas wrote his first book, Children in Play Therapy. In 1956 he compiled Publication of The Self, the result of the dialogues between Moustakas, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and others, forging the humanistic psychology movement. In 1973 Moustakas continued his journey into play therapy and published his novel The child's discovery of himself. Moustakas' work as being concerned with the kind of relationship needed to make therapy a growth experience. His stages start with the child's feelings being generally negative and as they are expressed, they become less intense, the end results tend to be the emergence of more positive feelings and more balanced relationships.

Now, there are several published books outlining play therapy and specific techniques within play therapy. The Association for Play Therapy has a comprehensive list of play therapy books on their website. These books include 101 Play Therapy Techniques by Jason Aronson, A Handbook of Play Therapy with Aggressive Children by David E. Crenshaw, ADAPT: A Developmental Attachment-based, Play Therapy, by Jennifer Lefebre, and many others that outline Play Therapy and its use in specific circumstances.

Parent/Child Play Therapy
Play therapy is an evidence based approach for children that allows them to find ways to learn, process their emotions, and make meaning of the world around them. Play therapy can be used for several reasons including trauma, autism, behavior, attachment, and language.

Training in nondirective play for parents has been shown to significantly reduce mental health problems in at-risk preschool children. One of the first parent/child play therapy approaches developed was Filial Therapy (in the 1960s - see History section above), in which parents are trained to facilitate nondirective play therapy sessions with their own children. Filial therapy has been shown to help children work through trauma and also resolve behavior problems.

Allowing children who struggle with trauma to use play therapy allows for them to work through their trauma and begin to trust beyond it. Adults that respond differently to the child's closed off and defensive behaviors will help children start to develop trust beyond their trauma. (Parker, Hergenrather, Smelser, & Kelly, 2021). When parents respond to children defensively, the child doesn't trust them due to their past trauma. Working with a child-centered play therapist allows for the therapist to engage with the child, convey messages, and is open with the child may express regarding their previous or current trauma, The therapist responds in an empathetic and understanding way to allow the child to become openminded and respond in an enjoyable way rather than a self-protective, defensive way.

Another approach to play therapy that involves parents is Theraplay, which was developed in the 1970s. At first, trained therapists worked with children, but Theraplay later evolved into an approach in which parents are trained to play with their children in specific ways at home. Theraplay is based on the idea that parents can improve their children's behavior and help them overcome emotional problems by engaging their children in forms of play that replicate the playful, attuned, and empathic interactions of a parent with an infant. Studies have shown that Theraplay is effective in changing children's behavior, especially for children suffering from attachment disorders.

In the 1980s, Stanley Greenspan developed Floortime, a comprehensive, play-based approach for parents and therapists to use with autistic children. There is evidence for the success of this program with children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. Lawrence J. Cohen has created an approach called Playful Parenting, in which he encourages parents to play with their children to help resolve emotional and behavioral issues. Parents are encouraged to connect playfully with their children through silliness, laughter, and roughhousing.

In 2006, Garry Landreth and Sue Bratton developed a highly researched and structured way of teaching parents to engage in therapeutic play with their children. It is based on a supervised entry-level training in child centred play therapy. They named it Child Parent Relationship Therapy. These 10 sessions focus on parenting issues in a group environment and utilises video and audio recordings to help the parents receive feedback on their 30-minute 'special play times' with their children.

More recently, Aletha Solter has developed a comprehensive approach for parents called Attachment Play, which describes evidence-based forms of play therapy, including non-directive play, more directive symbolic play, contingency play, and several laughter-producing activities. Parents are encouraged to use these playful activities to strengthen their connection with their children, resolve discipline issues, and also help the children work through traumatic experiences such as hospitalization or parental divorce.

The emotional bond formed between a caregiver and their child is called attachment. (Lin, 2003). A child having attachment issues is significant because a child can have either a good or bad attachment to their primary caregiver. Which can lead to development and behavioral issues as the age depending on the type of attachment. When using play therapy for attachment issues it is essential to ease into it because the child could have emotional isolating and the therapy benefits both the parent and child due to being connected on a deeper level. It allows the parent and the child to build their relationship and the child to feel more secure with the parent.

title: Play therapy


text:
Keydata Corporation

Keydata Corporation was one of the first companies in the time-sharing business in the 1960s. It was the brainchild of Charles W. Adams, an entrepreneur who had founded "Adams Associates" who were best remembered as the authors of computer equipment surveys during this period.

Keydata was located in Technology Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts (later moved to Watertown, Massachusetts), where Project MAC, the seminal venture sponsored by MIT which saw the development of MULTICS one of the earliest time sharing software systems. UNIX is a derivative of MULTICS. In addition, IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center was located in Technology Square and this R&D center developed the first IBM virtual memory system computer, CP/CMS. This was initially installed on a modified IBM System/360 Model 40 computer with the informal name of the "Cambridge box." Later IBM used modernized technology for the 360/67 and, today, all modern computers use "virtual memory."

The coincident location of the nexus of time sharing and virtual memory developers in Cambridge resulted in a heady climate of information technology state-of-the-art knowledge sharing which Keydata profited by, although its UNIVAC computer architecture permitted only software-based implementations. At the time, the fashion was the idea that computer power would be made available on a network connection of a "dumb" terminal to a "smart" mainframe computer utility, sharing mammoth computer power with thousands, if not millions, of users.

Keydata used a UNIVAC 490 computer using drum (secondary) memory to provide commercial applications such as inventory management and accounting applications on a network basis to slow Teletype-based terminals in customer locations and replaced in-house computers and other services with its highly customized parameter-driven distribution and manufacturing applications. The online transaction management application was monolithic, written in a proprietary high-level language; it consisted of hundreds of thousands of lines of code. The application was highly parametrized such that it could be customized to each customer's requirements just by tweaking the parameters. New parameters were introduced as needed. Networking to customers consisted of private, point to point connections through AT&T.

Other seminal services were initially implemented on this service, such as Instinet, a stock trading service now owned by Reuters which trades large block transactions on US securities markets, and a very early network inventory network application for Shell Oil company.

At its peak, Keydata had hundreds of customers on-line. As minicomputers arrived in the market, Keydata tried to adapt their applications to the DEC's VAX 780 and the Hewlett-Packard 3000 series, but this proved impossible due to the complexity of the project and the lack of resources.

title: Keydata Corporation


text:
List of schools in the Maldives

This is a list of primary and secondary schools in the South Asian island country of the Maldives. Tertiary schools are included in the separate list of universities and colleges in the Maldives.

Lhaviyani

 * Lh.Atoll education Centre(Lh. Hinnavaru)
 * Madhrasathul Ifthithaah(Lh. Naifaru)
 * Lh.Atoll School(Lh. Kurendhoo)
 * Habashee Pre-School(Lh. Kurendhoo)
 * Lh. Olhuvelifushi School(Lh. Olhuvelifushi)

Faafu Atoll

 * Faafu atholhu madharsa (Feeali)
 * Magoodhoo school (Magoodhoo)
 * Dharanboodhoo school (Dharanboodhoo)
 * Bilehdhoo school (Bilehdhoo)
 * Faafu Atoll Education center (Nilandhoo)

Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll

 * Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Education Centre (Thinadhoo, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll)
 * Thinadhoo School
 * Aboobakuru School
 * Madaveli School
 * Hoandeddhoo School
 * Nadellaa School
 * Rathafandhoo School
 * Vaadhoo Jamaaluddin School
 * Huvadhoo School (FaresMathoda)
 * Fiyoaree School
 * Raw'la Preschool
 * Kangaroo Preschool / Gdh.Thinadhoo

Addu City

 * Seenu Atoll School (Hulhumeedhoo)
 * Sharafuddin School (Hithadhoo)
 * Irshadiyya School (Maradhoo)
 * Shamsudheen School (Hulhumeedhoo) [Defunct, Merged with Seenu Atoll School]
 * Hulhudhoo School (Hulhumeedhoo) [Defunct, Merged with Seenu Atoll School]
 * Feydhoo School (Feydhoo)
 * Nooraanee School (Hithadhoo)
 * Addu High School (Hithadhoo)
 * Maradhoo school (Maradhoo)
 * Shareepee Pre school (Hulhumeedhoo)
 * Makthabul Asriyya (Hulhumeedhoo)
 * Addu Atoll Education Center (Hithadhoo)
 * Maradoofeydhoo School (Maradhoofeydhooo)
 * Hithadhoo School (Hithadhoo)
 * Kudhimaa Pre School (Feydhoo)
 * Aman pre-school (Maradhoo)
 * Ujala pre-school (Maradhoofeydhooo)
 * Medhevalu School (Hithadhoo)
 * Hiraa School (Hithadhoo)
 * Kangaroo husainiyya pre school
 * Mianz international school

Thaa Atoll
Thaa Atholhu Thauleemee Marukaz
 * Kinbidhoo School

title: List of schools in the Maldives


text:
Bast fibre

Bast fibre (also called phloem fibre or skin fibre) is plant fibre collected from the phloem (the "inner bark", sometimes called "skin") or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. It supports the conductive cells of the phloem and provides strength to the stem. Some of the economically important bast fibres are obtained from herbs cultivated in agriculture, as for instance flax, hemp, or ramie, but bast fibres from wild plants, such as stinging nettle, and trees such as lime or linden, willow, oak, wisteria, and mulberry have also been used in the past. Bast fibres are classified as soft fibres, and are flexible. Fibres from monocotyledonous plants, called "leaf fibre", are classified as hard fibres and are stiff.

Since the valuable fibres are located in the phloem, they must often be separated from the xylem material ("woody core"), and sometimes also from the epidermis. The process for this is called retting, and can be performed by micro-organisms either on land (nowadays the most important) or in water, or by chemicals (for instance high pH and chelating agents) or by pectinolytic enzymes. In the phloem, bast fibres occur in bundles that are glued together by pectin and calcium ions. More intense retting separates the fibre bundles into elementary fibres, that can be several centimetres long. Often bast fibres have higher tensile strength than other kinds, and are used in high-quality textiles (sometimes in blends with cotton or synthetic fibres), ropes, yarn, paper, composite materials and burlap. An important property of bast fibres is that they contain a special structure, the fibre node, that represents a weak point, and gives flexibility. Seed hairs, such as cotton, do not have nodes.

Etymology
The term "bast" derives from Old English bæst ("inner bark of trees from which ropes were made"), from Proto-Germanic *bastaz ("bast, rope"). It may have the same root as Latin  ("bundle") and Middle Irish basc ("necklace").

Use of bast fibre
Plants that have been used for bast fibre include flax (from which linen is made), hemp, jute, kenaf, kudzu, linden, milkweed, nettle, okra, paper mulberry, ramie, and roselle hemp.

Bast fiber from oak trees forms the oldest preserved woven fabrics in the world. It was unearthed at the archeological site at Çatalhöyük in Turkey and dates to  8000-9000 years ago. Bast fibres are processed for use in carpet, yarn, rope, geotextile (netting or matting), traditional carpets, hessian or burlap, paper, sacks, etc. Bast fibres are also used in the non-woven, moulding, and composite technology industries for the manufacturing of non-woven mats and carpets, composite boards as furniture materials, automobile door panels and headliners, etc. From prehistoric times through at least the early 20th century, bast shoes were woven from bast strips in the forest areas of Eastern Europe.

Where no other source of tanbark was available, bast has also been used for tanning leather.

title: Bast fibre


text:
John Blakiston

John Blakiston (c. 1603–1649), was a member of the English parliament, one of the regicides of King Charles I of England, a prominent mercer and coal merchant, puritan and anti-Episcopalian.

Biography
John Blakiston was born in 1603 in Sedgefield, County Durham, as the third son of Marmaduke Blakiston, Prebendary of York and Durham Cathedral.

In 1626 he married Susan Chamber. He was a fervent financial supporter of the Puritans migrating to America, though he himself never left the country. In 1636 he entered into an ideological dispute with Yeldard Alvey, an Arminian vicar at Newcastle, accusing him of heresy. Alvey emerged victorious from the fray, thanks to the support from Archbishop William Laud. Blakiston was fined and excommunicated.

He served as a member of parliament for Newcastle in the Long Parliament where he voiced republican ideas early on, but did not take up his seat until 1641 due to a contest over the result. In 1645 he was elected Mayor of Newcastle. He was voted an allowance of 4l. a week, from 3 June 1645, until 20 Aug. 1646. According to Noble, he was given the post of coal meter at Newcastle, worth 200l. a year.

He was appointed one of the king's judges, was present at every sitting during the trial. In January 1649, as a commissioner of the High Court of Justice at the trial of King Charles, he was 12th of the 59 signatories on the death warrant of the King.

He died in June 1649. In 1660, following the restoration, his estate was confiscated by the sheriff of Durham.

In popular culture
He's a minor character in Robert Wilton's novel Traitor's Field, published in May 2013 by Corvus, an imprint of Atlantic Books.

title: John Blakiston


text:
Snowking Winter Festival

The Snowking Winter Festival is an annual festival held each March in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada since 1996.

The festival is held in a snow castle, built from snow with window panes and other features made of ice. Each winter the castle is built on Yellowknife Bay, on Great Slave Lake. The castle is designed and the construction is supervised by Snowking, Anthony Foliot. The design evolves every year and the castle has grown to include an auditorium, cafe, courtyard, slide, parapets and turrets.

Once it is completed, the snow castle becomes a hub for winter arts activity in Yellowknife. The month-long festival includes concerts, art shows, children's theatre, and more. Carvers augment the castle with snow and ice sculptures.

History

The first Snowking castle was built in 1996. From humble beginnings in Yellowknife's Woodyard neighbourhood, where the castle was little more than tunnels in snowbanks augmented by blocks of snow cut from wind-formed snow drifts, the Snowking's Winter Festival has grown into a month-long event based around a large castle built of snow.

In the early years, Snowking and Sir Shiverin' Sam built forts of snow with their children near their homes on the shore of Yellowknife Bay. Over the years, the "castle" grew, and at some point moved out onto the ice of the bay. Each year the structure became larger and more elaborate. Crew members came and went over the years, but the Snowking remained dedicated to his kingdom. Funding was secured so that the castle could continue to operate and to grow each year. In 2009, the Government of Canada provided $16,900 of funding for the 2009 festival via the Building Communities Through Arts and Heritage Program of the Department of Canadian Heritage. In 2004, Foliot received $5,000 from the Northwest Territories Business Development Fund for the operation of the festival.

The Festival
Throughout the month of March, the castle hosts a film night, children's plays on the weekends, and live music most Friday and Saturday nights. It also host puppet shows and hockey games.

title: Snowking Winter Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gaston Lippitt

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 05:15, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Gaston Lippitt
Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,

ich bitte um Löschung dieses Artikels, da ich den Verfasser kenne und weiss, dass der Inhalt frei erfunden ist. Falls Sie die Daten kontrollieren, werden Sie zu der selben Überzeugung kommen und festellen, dass es keinerlei Quellen zur Person von Gaston Lippitt gibt.

Vielen Dank für die Bearbeitung Sylvia Aust

(This was posted on the German AfD page. Approx. Translation: I request deletion of this article since the author is personally known to me and I know that the content is fictitious. If you check the facts you will come to the same conclusion, and you will find that there are no sources dealing with the person "Gaston Lippitt". This comment by Gwaihir 09:11, 6 October 2005 (UTC))

 * Delete unless verified. I can find no English language internet references besides wiki-mirrors. There are German ones - but they may be mirros of de.wiki. --Doc (?) 09:28, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as hoax - all german references lead to the lodge; states that the real Gaston Lippitt died in 1990. --jergen 09:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is a hoax. 84.179.254.191 10:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC) (German Wikipedia)
 * Delete - hoax 217.82.217.95 14:32, 6 October 2005 (UTC) (german WP)
 * Delete as hoax -- Imladros 23:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. Andrew pmk | Talk 03:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Markus Schweiss 12:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text: Category:Schools in the Maldives

title: Category:Schools in the Maldives


text:
A. J. Hackett

Allan John "A. J." Hackett (born May 1958) is a New Zealand entrepreneur who popularised the extreme sport of bungy jumping. He made a bungy jump from the Eiffel Tower in 1987 and founded the first commercial bungy site in 1988. His daughter is freestyle skier, Margaux Hackett.

Early life
Hackett was born in Pukekohe, and grew up on Auckland's North Shore. He attended Westlake Boys High School between 1972 and 1974, where he played rugby union. He left school at the age of sixteen to serve an apprenticeship as a carpenter-joiner. During this time he took up snowboarding and skiing. He moved to Perth where he sold encyclopaedias for four months, later returning to New Zealand to set up a construction business.

Bungy jumping
Inspired by the Vanuatu ritual called land diving and the Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club experimental jumps in the 1970s, Hackett and fellow adventurer Chris Sigglekow, sought ways to make bungy jumping safe. Using a mathematical formula developed by New Zealand's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, he created a super-stretchy elastic bungy cord in the mid-1980s.

In November 1986, Hackett, along with Sigglekow, performed his first amateur bungy jump from the Upper Harbour Bridge (Greenhithe Bridge) in Auckland, citing it as "one of the most riveting experiences of my life." Following this Hackett made jumps from a bridge in Hamilton, the Auckland Harbour Bridge and other bridges in the North Island. These first jumps were made using a parachute harness; however, Hackett created a method where the harness was tied to the ankle and demonstrated its use by jumping off the Auckland Harbour Bridge a second time.

Hackett travelled to Paris in 1986 as part of the New Zealand Speed Skiing Team. While there he jumped off the 147 m Pont de la Caille and a cable car at the Tignes ski resort. He made what became a famous bungy jump off the Eiffel Tower in Paris on 26 June 1987, receiving a brief jail sentence for the illegal feat and generating international attention to the sport.

Back in New Zealand, Hackett launched his own company, AJ Hackett Bungy, and created a site on the Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge in Queenstown in 1988 to become the world's first commercial public bungy. He later expanded his company by founding bungy sites in Australia, France (Souleuvre Viaduct in Normandy), Germany, the United States, Mexico, Indonesia, and Macau. He is credited with launching New Zealand's adventure tourism industry and helping to develop a safe code of operation for bungy jumping in use internationally. Hackett initially partnered with Henry van Asch, but the two split in 1997 with van Asch taking over the New Zealand-based business.

In 2006 Hackett published his autobiography, Jump Start, which chronicles his bungy jumping adventures.

Records and accomplishments
Hackett is widely known for his many bungy stunts that have earned him Guinness records and personal milestones, including:
 * 1988: Jumping off the Auckland Stock Exchange Tower, claiming the title as being the world's first bungy off a building
 * 1990: Jumping 380 m out of a helicopter for the first time
 * 2000: Jumping off the Royal Gorge Bridge, also known as the highest suspension bridge in the world
 * 2006: Opening and jumping out of the Macau Tower in Macao measuring 233 m above ground and holding the title as the highest commercial bungy
 * 2007: Doubling the previous record of 700 m out of a helicopter with 1,499.6 metres in Malaysia with his new bungy technology allowing bungy stretches of over 1 kilometre

On 6 November 2007, Hackett was honoured by New Zealand television show This Is Your Life.

His company, AJ Hackett Bungy, was recognised by Westpac Queenstown Chamber of Commerce with a Business Excellence Award in the large business category.

In the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hackett was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to adventure tourism.

title: A. J. Hackett