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Rugby ball

A rugby ball is an elongated ellipsoidal ball used in both codes of rugby football. Its measurements and weight are specified by World Rugby and the Rugby League International Federation, the governing bodies for both codes, rugby union and rugby league respectively.

The rugby ball has an oval shape, four panels and a weight of about 400 grams. It is often confused with some balls of similar dimensions used in American, Canadian and Australian football.

History
William Gilbert started making footballs for the neighbouring Rugby School in 1823. The balls had an inner-tube made of a pig's bladder. Both men owned boot and shoe making businesses located close to Rugby school. In 1870, Richard Lindon introduced rubber inner-tubes and because of the pliability of rubber, the shape gradually changed from a sphere to an egg. Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby School out of hand stitched, leather casings and pigs' bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig's bladder, although early balls were more plum-shape than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig's bladder was.

Around 1862, Richard Lindon was desperate to find a replacement for the pig’s bladder and used an India rubber bladder instead. India rubber was too tough to inflate by mouth and so having been inspired by air syringes, he created a large brass air pump to inflate his rugby balls. Lindon also claimed to invent the rugby ball and its distinctive oval shape but didn't patent his design for either the ball, the bladder or the pump. By the 1880s there were several manufacturers of 'footballs' in England all using the same process.

The size and shape of the ball was not written into the rules until 1892, when it was determined as follows: - Length 11 to 11 1/4 inches - Circumference (end on) 30 to 31 inches - Circumference (in width) 25 1/2 to 26 inches - Weight: 12 to 13 ounces - Hand sewn with not less than 8 stitches to the inch

In 1892 the RFU endorsed ovalness as the compulsory shape. The gradual flattening of the ball continued over the years.

The introduction of synthetic footballs over the traditional leather balls, in both rugby codes, was originally governed by weather conditions. If the playing surface was wet, the synthetic ball was used, as it didn't absorb water and become heavy. Eventually, the leather balls were phased out completely. Polyester is used as backing material to hold the ball's oval shape, along with additional material for grips to enhance performance. The ball is stitched with polyester thread and coated with wax to make it more water-resistant.

Rugby union
The rugby ball used in rugby union is a prolate spheroid essentially elliptical in profile. Modern footballs are manufactured in a variety of colors and patterns. A regulation football is 28 - 30 cm long and 58 - 62 cm in circumference at its widest point. It weighs 410 - 460 g and is inflated to 65.7 - 68.8 kPa.

In 1980, traditional leather-encased balls, which were prone to water-logging, were replaced with balls encased in synthetic waterproof materials. The Gilbert Synergie was the match ball of the 2007 Rugby World Cup.

Most of the professional leagues use Adidas, Gilbert, Mitre or Webb Ellis manufactured balls.

Rugby league
Rugby league is played with a prolate spheroid shaped football which is inflated with nitrogen. A referee will stop play immediately if the ball does not meet the requirements of size and shape. Traditionally made of brown leather, modern footballs are synthetic and manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns. Senior competitions should use light coloured balls to allow spectators to see the ball more easily. The football used in rugby league is known as "international size" or "size 5" and is approximately 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference at its widest point. Smaller-sized balls are used for junior versions of the game, such as "Mini" and "Mod". A full size ball weighs between 383 and 440 g. Rugby league footballs are slightly more pointed than rugby union footballs and larger than American footballs.

Both the Australian National Rugby League and the Super League use balls made by Steeden. Steeden is also sometimes used as a noun to describe the ball itself.

title: Rugby ball


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Talk:Niforeika

Kalamaki
The article lists Kalamaki as a nearby village or town. I would be grateful if you could advise whether it refers to either town listed or another place of the same time. I would also be grateful if you could drop me a line on my talk page. Thanks for any help you can give me.

Capitalistroadster 10:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Niforeika


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Errigoiti

Errigoiti is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

Composition
Errigoitia municipality consists of several neighborhoods. It has the peculiarity that the parish church is located outside the urban core, near the cemetery. The old school and the shrine of San Antonio and some villages, form the Eleizalde neighborhood. The neighborhoods that make up the municipality, and their populations, are:

 * Atxikas-Rekalde (57)
 * Eleizalde-Olabarri (159)
 * Metxikas (117)
 * Uria (178)

title: Errigoiti


text:
Alexandra Carter

Alexandra Carter (born April 27, 1987) is a Canadian former voice actress who worked with Ocean Productions of Vancouver, British Columbia. Best known for her cute and nerdy characters, she was usually cast in the roles of very small boys or girls. Her last credited role was in 2012, doing a voice for the video game Sins of a Solar Empire: Rebellion. By 2013, if not earlier, she was working as a physician assistant.

Her roles include the angsty Aoi Housen of Infinite Ryvius, the geeky but sweet Sapphire from Trollz, Amara Aquilla/Magma from X-Men: Evolution, Princess Graciella from Barbie: A Fairy Secret, Rosy from Hamtaro, Nana from Meltylancer, Nicole Candler from Sabrina: Friends Forever, the maniacal Yagami from Maison Ikkoku, Paradice from Ōban Star-Racers, Momiji the Red Priestess from InuYasha, Kumomo from Mirmo!, and Twist from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.

Carter was born in Alberta, and later moved to British Columbia. She graduated in 2005, as class valedictorian, from H.J. Cambie Secondary School in Richmond. Her sister, Adrienne Carter, also did live action and voice work, last credited for voice work in a 2015 episode of Dora and Friends: Into the City!.

title: Alexandra Carter


text:
Tetrafluoroethylene

Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) is a fluorocarbon with the chemical formula C2F4. It is the simplest perfluorinated alkene. This gaseous species is used primarily in the industrial preparation of fluoropolymers.

It was first reported as "dicarbon tetrafluoride" in 1890.

Properties
Tetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic colorless, odorless gas that is insoluble in water. Like all unsaturated fluorocarbons, it is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. It is unstable towards decomposition to carbon and carbon tetrafluoride and prone to form explosive peroxides in contact with air.

Industrial use
Polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene produces polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymers such as Teflon and Fluon. PTFE is one of the two fluorocarbon resins composed wholly of fluorine and carbon. The other resin composed purely of carbon and fluorine is the copolymer of TFE with typically 6–9% hexafluoropropene (HFP), which is known as FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer). TFE is also used in the preparation of numerous copolymers that also include hydrogen and/or oxygen, including both fluoroplastics and fluoroelastomers. Typical TFE-based fluoroplastics include ETFE, the alternating 1:1 copolymer with ethylene, and PFA, which is a random copolymer similar to FEP but with a minor amount of a perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PAVE) rather than HFP. DuPont uses primarily perfluoro(methylvinylether), whereas Daikin uses primarily perfluoro(propylvinylether) in manufacturing PFA. There are numerous other fluoropolymers that contain tetrafluoroethylene, but usually not at greater than 50% by weight.

Manufacture
TFE is manufactured from chloroform. Chloroform is fluorinated by reaction with hydrogen fluoride to produce chlorodifluoromethane (R-22). Pyrolysis of chlorodifluoromethane (at 550–750 °C) yields TFE, with difluorocarbene as an intermediate.
 * CHCl3 + 2 HF → CHClF2 + 2 HCl
 * 2 CHClF2 → C2F4 + 2 HCl

Alternatively, it can be prepared by pyrolysis of fluoroform (which is also produced from chloroform and HF):
 * 2 CHF3 → C2F4 + 2 HF

Laboratory methods
A convenient, safe method for generating TFE is the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of pentafluoropropionic acid:
 * C2F5CO2Na →   C2F4  +  CO2  +  NaF

The depolymerization reaction – vacuum pyrolysis of PTFE at 650 – in a quartz vessel – is a traditional laboratory synthesis of TFE. The process is however challenging because attention must be paid to pressure, as well as the avoidance of perfluoroisobutylene. PTFE polymer cracks, and at a pressure below 5 Torr exclusively C2F4 is obtained. At higher pressures the product mixture contains hexafluoropropylene and octafluorocyclobutane.

Reactions
Tetrafluoroethylene is a reactive molecule that participates in myriad reactions. Owing to the presence of four fluorine substituents, its reactions differ strongly from the behavior of conventional alkenes such as ethylene. Tetrafluoroethylene dimerizes, giving octafluorocyclobutane. Even normal alkenes and dienes add tetrafluoroethylene in a [2+2] manner. 1,3-Butadiene gives 3-vinyl-1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane.

Safety
The main hazard associated with TFE is that of explosion, especially if oxygen is present. TFE reacts with oxygen at low temperatures to form an explosive oxide, the detonation of which is usually sufficient to trigger explosive decomposition of TFE to C and CF4. Explosions can also be caused by adiabatic compression if the TFE is handled under high pressure, which it typically is in an industrial setting. If pressurised TFE is allowed into a vessel or pipework at a lower pressure, then the atmosphere in the vessel will be compressed by the TFE, causing it to heat up, potentially to the point where it might detonate the TFE. This has been known to cause explosions. In industry, pipework is flushed with pressurized nitrogen, before the introduction of TFE, both to exclude oxygen and prevent adiabatic compression.

TFE is an alkylating agent, albeit a weak one, and as such is expected to be a carcinogen. LD50(rat, inhalation) = 40000 ppm.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies TFE as probably carcinogenic to humans based on animal studies.

title: Tetrafluoroethylene


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Garuda Purana

The Garuda Purana is one of 18 Mahāpurāṇa texts in Hinduism. It is a part of the Vaishnavism literature corpus, primarily centering around the Hindu god Vishnu. It was composed in Sanskrit and is today also available in various languages like Gujarati and English. The earliest version of the text may have been composed in the first millennium CE, but it was likely expanded and changed over a long period of time.

The Garuda Purana text, known in many versions, contains more than 15,000 verses. Its chapters encyclopedically deal with a highly diverse collection of topics, including cosmology, mythology, relationship between gods, ethics, good versus evil, various schools of Hindu philosophies, the theory of Yoga, the theory of "heaven and hell" with "karma and rebirth", ancestral rites, and soteriology; rivers and geography, types of minerals and stones, testing methods for gems for their quality; listing of plants and herbs, various diseases and their symptoms, various medicines, aphrodisiacs, and prophylactics; astronomy, astrology, the moon and planets, and the Hindu calendar and its basis; architecture, home building, and essential features of a Hindu temple; rites of passage, charity and gift making, economy, thrift, duties of a king, politics, state officials and their roles and how to appoint them; genres of literature, and rules of grammar. The final chapters discuss how to practice Yoga (Samkhya and Advaita types), personal development, and the benefits of self-knowledge.

The Padma Purana categorizes the Garuda Purana—along with the Bhagavata Purana, the Vishnu Purana, and itself—as a Sattva Purana (a Purana that represents goodness and purity). The text, like all Mahapuranas, is attributed to the sage Veda Vyāsa in the Hindu tradition.

History
According to Pintchman, the text was composed sometime in the first millennium CE, but likely compiled and changed over a long period of time. Gietz et al. place the first version of the text only between the fourth and eleventh centuries CE.

Leadbeater states that the text is likely from about 900 CE, given that it includes chapters on Yoga and Tantra techniques that likely developed later. Other scholars suggest that the earliest core of the text may be from the first centuries of the common era, and additional chapters were added thereafter through the sixth century or later.

The version of the Garuda Purana that survives into the modern era, states Dalal, is likely from 800 to 1000 CE, with sections added in the 2nd millennium. Pintchman suggests 850 to 1000 CE. Chaudhuri and Banerjee, as well as Hazra, on the other hand, state that it cannot be from before about the tenth or eleventh century CE.

The text exists in many versions, with varying numbers of chapters and considerably different content. Some Garuda Purana manuscripts have been known by the titles "Sauparna Purana" (mentioned in Bhagavata Purana section 12.13), "Tarksya Purana" (the Persian scholar Al-Biruni who visited India mentions this name), and "Vainateya Purana" (mentioned in Vayu Purana sections 2.42 and 104.8).

The book Garudapuranasaroddhara, translated by Ernest Wood and SV Subrahmanyam, appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This, states Ludo Rocher, created major confusion because it was mistaken for the Garuda Purana, a misidentification first discovered by Albrecht Weber. Garuda-purana-saroddhara is actually the original bhasya work (commentary) of Naunidhirama, which cites a section of the now nonexistent version of Garuda Purana as well as other Indian texts. The earliest translation of one version of the Garuda Purana, by Manmatha Nath Dutt, was published in the early twentieth century.

Structure
The Garuda Purana is a Vaishnava Purana and has, according to the tradition, 19,000 shlokas (verses). However, the manuscripts that have survived into the modern era have preserved about 8,000 verses. These are divided into two parts: a Purvakhanda (early section) and an Uttarakhanda (later section, more often known as Pretakhanda or Pretakalpa). The Purvakhanda contains about 229 chapters, but in some versions of the text this section has between 240–243 chapters. The Uttarakhanda varies between 34 and 49 chapters. The Venkatesvara Edition of the Purana has an additional Khanda named Brahmakhanda.

The Garuda Purana was likely fashioned after the Agni Purana, the other major medieval India encyclopedia that has survived. The text's structure is idiosyncratic, in that it is a medley, and does not follow the theoretical structure expected in a historic puranic genre of Indian literature. It is presented as information that Garuda (the man-bird vehicle of Vishnu) learned from Vishnu and then narrated to the sage Kashyapa, which then spread in the mythical forest of Naimisha to reach the sage Vyasa.

Contents: Purvakhanda
The largest section (90%) of the text is Purvakhanda, which discusses a wide range of topics associated with life and living. The remaining is Pretakhanda, which deals primarily with rituals associated with death and cremation.

Cosmology
The cosmology presented in Garuda Purana revolves around Vishnu and Lakshmi, and it is their union that created the universe. Vishnu is the unchanging reality called Brahman, while Lakshmi is the changing reality called Maya. The goddess is the material cause of the universe, the god acts to begin the process.

Like other Puranas, the cosmogenesis in Garuda Purana weaves the Samkhya theory of two realities—the Purusha (spirit) and Prakriti (matter), the masculine and feminine—presented as interdependent, each playing a different but essential role to create the observed universe. Goddess Lakshmi is the creative power of Prakriti, the cosmic seed and the source of creation. God Vishnu is the substance of Purusha, the soul and the constant. Pintchman states that the masculine and the feminine are presented by the Garuda Purana as inseparable aspects of the same divine, metaphysical truth Brahman.

Madan states that the Garuda Purana elaborates the repeatedly found theme in Hindu religious thought that the living body is a microcosm of the universe, governed by the same laws and made out of the same substances. All the gods are inside the human body; what is outside the body is present within it as well. Body and cosmos, states Madan, are equated in this theme. Vishnu is presented by the text as the supreme soul within the body.

Deity worship
The text describes Vishnu, Vaishnava festivals and puja (worship), and offers mahatmya (a pilgrimage tour guide) to Vishnu-related sacred places. However, the Garuda Purana also includes significant sections with reverence for Shaiva, Shakti, and Smarta traditions, including the Panchayatana puja of Vishnu, Shiva, Durga, Surya (Sun), and Ganesha.

Features of a temple
The Garuda Purana includes chapters on the architecture and design of a temple. It describes recommended layouts and dimensional ratios for design and construction.

In the first design, it recommends that a plot of ground should be divided into a grid of 8×8 (64) squares, with the four innermost squares forming the chatuskon (adytum). The core of the temple, states the text, should be reachable through 12 entrances, and the walls of the temple raised touching the 48 of the squares. The height of the temple plinth should be based on the length of the platform, the vault in the inner sanctum should be co-extensive with adytum's length with the indents therein set at a third and a fifth ratio of the inner vault's chord. The arc should be half the height of pinnacle, and the text describes various ratios of the temple's exterior to the adytum, those within adytum and then that of the floor plan to the vimana (spire).

The second design details a 16 square grid, with four inner squares (pada) for the adytum. The text thereafter presents the various ratios for the temple design. The dimensions of the carvings and images on the walls, edifices, pillars and the murti are recommended by the text to be certain harmonic proportions of the layout (length of a pada), the adytum and the spire.

The text asserts that temples exist in many thematic forms. These include the bairaja (rectangle themed), puspakaksa (quadrilateral themed), kailasha (circular themed), malikahvaya (segments of sphere themed), and tripistapam (octagon themed). The text claims these five themes create 45 different styles of temples, from the Meru style to Shrivatsa style. Each thematic form of temple architecture permits nine styles of temples, and the Purana lists all 45 styles. It also states that within these various temple styles, the inner edifice is best in five shapes: triangle, lotus-shaped, crescent, rectangular, and octagonal. The text thereafter describes the design guidelines for the Mandapa and the Garbha Griha.

The temple design, states Jonathan Parry, follows the homology at the foundation of Hindu thought, that the cosmos and body are harmonious correspondence of each other; the temple is a model and reminder of this cosmic homology.

Gemology
The Garuda Purana describes 14 gems, their varieties, and how to test their quality. The gems discussed include ruby, pearl, yellow sapphire, hessonite, emerald, diamond, cats eye, blue sapphire, coral, red garnet, jade, colorless quartz, and bloodstone. The technical discussion of gems in the text is woven with its theories on the mythical creation of each gem, astrological significance, and talisman benefits.

The text describes the characteristics of the gems, how to clean and make jewelry from them, and cautions that gem experts should be consulted before buying them. For example, it describes using jamvera fruit juice (contains lime) mixed with boiled rice starch in order to clean and soften pearls, then piercing them to make holes for jewelry. A sequential vitanapatti method of cleaning, states the text—wherein the pearls are cleaned with hot water, wine, and milk—gives the best results. It also describes a friction test by which pearls should be examined. Similar procedures and tests are described for emerald, jade, diamonds, and all other gems included in the text.

Laws of virtue
Chapter 93 of the Garuda Purvakhanda presents sage Yajnavalkya's theory on laws of virtue. The text asserts that knowledge is condensed in the Vedas, in texts of different schools of philosophy such as Nyaya and Mimamsa, in the Shastras on dharma, on making money and temporal sciences written by 14 holy sages. Thereafter, through Yajnavalkya, the text presents its laws of virtue. The first one it lists is dāna (charity), which it defines as:

"A gift, made at a proper time and place, to a deserving person, in a true spirit of compassionate sympathy, carries the merit of all sorts of pious acts."

- Garuda Purana

The text similarly discusses the following virtues—right conduct, damah (self-restraint), ahimsa (non-killing, non-violence in actions, words, and thoughts), studying the Vedas, and performing rites of passage. The text presents different set of diet and rites of passage rules based on the class and stage of life of a person. . In one version of the Garuda Purana, these chapters on laws of virtue are borrowed from and duplicates of nearly 500 verses found in the Yajnavalkya Smriti. The various versions of Garuda Purana show significant variations.

The Garuda Purana asserts that the highest and most imperative religious duty is to introspect into one's own soul, seeking self-communion.

Ethics (Nityaachaara)
The chapter 108 and thereafter, present Garuda Purana 's theories on Nityaachaara (नित्याचार, lit. 'ethics and right conduct') towards others.

"Quit the country where you can find neither friends nor pleasures, nor in which there is any knowledge to be gained."

- Garuda Purana

The Garuda Purana asserts: save money for times of distress, but be willing to give it up all to save your wife. It is prudent to sacrifice oneself to save a family, and it is prudent to sacrifice one family to save a village. It is prudent to save a country if left with a choice to save the country or a village. Yet, in verses that follow, it says a man should renounce that country whose inhabitants champion prejudice, and forgo the friend who he discovers to be deceitful.

The text cautions against application of knowledge which is wedded to meanness, against pursuit of physical beauty without ennobling mind, and against making friends with those who abandon their dear ones in adversity. It is the nature of all living beings to pursue one's own self-interest. Yet, do not acquire wealth through vicious means or by bowing down to your enemies.

The text also asserts that: men of excellence live with honest means, are true to their wives, pass their time in intellectual pursuits and are hospitable to newcomers. Eternal are the rewards when one weds one's knowledge with noble nature, deep is the friendship roused by connection of the soul. The discussion on ethics is mixed in other chapters.

Good government
Governance is part of the Neeti Shaastra section of the Garuda Purana, and this section influenced later Indian texts on politics and economy.

The Purvakhanda, from chapter 111 onwards, describes the characteristics of a good king and good government. Dharma should guide the king, the rule should be based on truth and justice, and he must protect the country from foreign invaders. Taxation should be bearable, never cause hardship on the merchants or taxpayers, and should be similar in style to one used by the florist who harvests a few flowers without uprooting the plants and while sustaining the future crops. A good government advances order and prosperity for all.

A stable king is one whose kingdom is prosperous, whose treasury is full, and who never chastises his ministers or servants. He secures services from the qualified, honest and virtuous, rejects the incapable, wicked and malicious, states chapter 113. A good government collects taxes like a bee collecting honey from all the flowers when ready and without draining any flower.

Medicine (Dhanvantari Samhita)
Chapters 146–218 of the Purvakhanda present the Dhanvantari Samhita, its treatise on medicine. The opening verses assert that the text describes the pathology, pathogeny, and symptoms of all diseases studied by ancient sages, in terms of its causes, incubation stage, manifestation in full form, amelioration, location, diagnosis, and treatment.

Parts of the pathology and medicine-related chapters of Garuda Purana, states Ludo Rocher, are similar to Nidanasthana of Vagbhata's Astangahridaya, and these two may be different manuscript recensions of the same underlying but now lost text. Susmita Pande states that other chapters of Garuda Purana, such as those on nutrition and diet to prevent diseases, are similar to those found in the more ancient Hindu text Sushruta Samhita.

The text includes various lists of diseases, agricultural products, herbs, and formulations with claims to medicinal value. For example, chapters 202 and 227 of the Purvakhanda list Sanskrit names of over 450 plants and herbs, along with claims to their nutritional or medicinal value.

The chapter 201 of the text presents veterinary diseases of horses and their treatment. The verses describe various types of ulcers and cutaneous infections in horses, and 42 herbs for veterinary care formulations.
 * Veterinary science

Yoga (Brahma Gita)
The last ten chapters of the Purvakhanda are dedicated to Yoga, and are sometimes referred to as the Brahma Gita. This section is notable for references to Hindu deity Dattatreya as the guru of Ashtang (eight-limbed) Yoga.

The text describes a variety of asanas (postures), then adds that the postures are means, not the goal. The goal of Yoga is meditation, samadhi, and self-knowledge.

Ian Whicher states that the Garuda Purana in chapter 229 recommends using saguna Vishnu (with form like a murti) in the early stages of Yoga meditation to help concentration and draw in one's attention with the help of the gross form of the object. After this has been mastered, states the text, the meditation should shift from saguna to nirguna, unto the subtle, abstract formless Vishnu within, with the help of a guru (teacher). These ideas of Garuda Purana were influential, and were cited by later texts such as in verse 3.3 of the 17th-century Arthabodhini.

Contents: Pretakhanda
The second section of the text, also known as Uttarakhanda and Pretakalpa, includes chapters on funeral rites and life after death. This section was commented upon by Navanidhirama in his publication Garuda Purana Saroddhara, which was translated by Wood and Subramanyam in 1911.

The text specifies the following for last rites:

"A dead child, who died before completing his second year, should be buried instead of being cremated, and no sort of Sraddha or Udaka-kriya is necessary. The friends or relatives of a child, dead after completing its second year of life, shall carry its corpse to the cremation ground and exhume it in fire by mentally reciting the Yama Suktam."

- Rigveda 10.14, Garuda Purana

The Pretakhanda is the second and minor part of Garuda Purana. Rocher states that it is "entirely unsystematic work" presented with motley confusion and many repetitions in the Purana, dealing with "death, the dead and beyond". Monier Monier-Williams wrote in 1891 that portions of verses recited at cremation funerals are perhaps based on this relatively modern section of the Garuda Purana, but added that Hindu funeral practices do not always agree with guidance in the Garuda Purana. Three quite different versions of the Pretakhanda of the Garuda Purana are known, and the variation between the chapters, states Jonathan Parry, is enormous.

The Pretakhanda also talks in details about the various types of hell and the sins that can lead one into them. It gives a detailed description of what a soul goes through after death, having met the yamaduta and the journey to naraka in the year following the death.

Contents: Brahmakhanda
Available only in the Venkateswara Edition of the Garuda Purana, the Brahmakhanda has 29 chapters in the form of an interlocution between Krishna and Garuda, on the supremacy of Vishnu, the nature and form of other gods, and the description of the shrine of Venkateshvara at Tirupati and other Tirthas there. While speaking about the supremacy of Vishnu and the nature of other gods, it criticises some of the Advaitic doctrines (like Upadhi, Maya, and Avidya) and upholds the doctrine of Madhvacharya's school; a distinctive feature which is scarcely observed in any other Purana.

The form and the contents of this section prove its later origin, a fact further substantiated by the absence of any reference to this section in other Puranas such as the Narada Purana.

title: Garuda Purana


text:
Leon Pryce

Leon Pryce (born 9 October 1981) is a professional rugby League coach who most recently coached Workington Town in League 1 and an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a and  in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.

A Great Britain and England international back, he previously played for St Helens, with whom he had Challenge Cup, and Super League Championship success, the Catalans Dragons, Hull FC and the Bradford Bulls. He is a product of the Bradford Bulls Academy system.

Background
Pryce was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, England.

Personal life
Of Jamaican descent, Pryce comes from a family of rugby league players; he is the older brother of Bradford Bulls player Karl Pryce, and his son, Will Pryce, has also found a profession in rugby league as in 2019 he signed a professional contract with Huddersfield Giants after representing the England U16 international squad against France whilst also scoring a try. His cousin, Steve Pryce, has coached in Jamaica, and he is also the cousin of Featherstone Rovers player Waine Pryce.

Bradford Bulls
At age 16, Pryce captained the England schools side. Pryce came through the academy ranks at Bradford Bulls, after the club signed him from amateur side Queensbury in Bradford. Pryce played for Bradford on the wing in the 1999 Super League Grand Final which was lost to St. Helens. He made his full début for England against France in 1999, and has also represented his home county of Yorkshire.

Pryce played for Bradford on the wing in their 2001 Super League Grand Final victory against the Wigan. As Super League VI champions, Bradford played against 2001 NRL Premiers, the Newcastle Knights in the 2002 World Club Challenge. Pryce was selected for the substitutes bench in Bradford's victory. Later that year Pryce played for Bradford from the substitutes bench in their 2002 Super League Grand Final loss against St. Helens.

In 2003, Pryce received 120 hours community service for unlawful wounding, after attacking former Bulls' fitness conditioner Eddie McGuinness with a glass. He played for Bradford from the substitutes bench in their 2003 Super League Grand Final victory against the Wigan. Having won Super League VIII, Bradford played against 2003 NRL Premiers, Penrith Panthers in the 2004 World Club Challenge. Pryce played at stand-off half back and scored a try in Bradford's 22–4 victory. He played for Bradford on the wing and scored a try in their 2005 Super League Grand Final victory against Leeds, winning the Harry Sunderland Award for a Man of the Match performance.

St Helens
After Bradford did not renew his contract in 2005, in 2006 Pryce joined St. Helens. One of the key issues in the decision was that he would start at stand off, a position Pryce has long coveted.

Pryce won his first trophy with St Helens in August 2006, defeating Huddersfield in the Challenge Cup Final at Twickenham. St Helens reached the 2006 Super League Grand final to be contested against Hull FC, and Pryce played at stand-off half back, scoring a try in Saints' 26–4 victory. As 2006 Super League champions, St Helens faced 2006 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2007 World Club Challenge. Pryce played at stand-off half back in the Saints' 18–14 victory. He went on to win the Challenge Cup again in 2007 when Saints beat Catalans Dragons 30–8 at Wembley Stadium. He was a joint winner of the Lance Todd Trophy along with Paul Wellens.

In July 2007, Pryce was accused of squeezing Sam Burgess' testicles. He was later found guilty of the incident and banned for three matches. That year he was voted rugby league's dirtiest player by RL Weekly readers. He was again found guilty of a similar misconduct, against Bradford forward Andy Lynch on 22 February 2008. However, he escaped a possible eight-match ban as the disciplinary panel ruled the contact "minimal".

His success at the club continued as he helped Saints to a 26–18 win over Hull in the 2008 Challenge Cup Final.

He was named in the England squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.

He was named in the Super League Dream Team for the 2008's Super League XIII season.

He played in 2008's Super League XIII Grand Final defeat by Leeds.

Pryce went with the England squad to compete in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup tournament in Australia. In Group A's first match against Papua New Guinea he played at stand-off half back in England's victory.

In 2008 Pryce was charged and appeared in court alongside Stuart Reardon on charges of assault and violence following an alleged incident at Reardon's estranged wife's house in Queensbury, Bradford. They were charged with using violence to gain entry and common assault. The charge of using violence to gain entry against both defendants was dropped after the prosecution offered no evidence. In March 2009, having been found guilty of common assault, the pair were given a 12-week suspended sentence.

He played in the 2009 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford.

Catalans Dragons
After being released by St Helens in 2011, Pryce signed for the Perpignan based Catalans Dragons for the 2012 season. The Stand-off made his début against Castleford Tigers in a 28–20 victory and was named Man of the Match. He went on to play 80 times for the French side and scored a total of 20 tries in the three seasons he spent at the club.

Hull FC
Pryce signed for Hull in 2015. In 2016 he was part of the team that won the Challenge Cup at Wembley for the first time. At the end of the 2016 season, Pryce announced his departure from Hull after two seasons and 38 appearances.

Bradford Bulls
Pryce re-signed for his hometown club Bradford ahead of the 2017 season, however the Bulls were liquidated in January 2017, casting doubt over Pryce's playing future. A new club was formed, soon after the old club was liquidated, and which Pryce signed for. The new club was kept in the Championship, but started on −12 points. After just 11 games Pryce announced his immediate retirement after a poor start to the season and fans booing his and the team's performance.

Post-playing career
After Pryce retired he set up his own player agency. His son Will Pryce plays for the Newcastle Knights in the NRL

Coaching career
After retiring during the 2017 season, Leon accepted an offer to coach League 1 side Workington Town for the 2018 season.

Club

 * Super League (4): 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006
 * World Club Challenge (3): 2002, 2004, 2007
 * League Leader's Shield (6): 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008
 * Challenge Cup (6): 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2016

title: Leon Pryce


text:
Etxebarri

Etxebarri, Doneztebeko Elizatea (Etxebarri, Anteiglesia de San Esteban) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Basque Community, in the North of Spain.

Since 13 January 2005, the name of "Etxebarri, Doneztebeko Elizatea" has been changed officially to "Etxebarri" to simplify the name. It translates as "new home/house" (etxe "home", barri "new"). Prior to the introduction of Standard Basque, the town's name was spelled Echevarri.

Etxebarri has an area of 33.38 square kilometres and a population of 11,563 people (2019), with a density of 346 inhabitants/km2.

Being so close to Bilbao (1.5 kilometres) has had a direct effect on Etxebarri. Until a few decades ago, Etxebarri was a small nucleus in which its rural population worked in industrial areas. Both the population and the industrial land increased considerably because of the congestion of Bilbao and the need for space for the installation of industries. Therefore, there was a significant increase in new population in the locality. In addition, since 2004, the Metro Bilbao underground train has reached Etxebarri. In fact, the threshold stipulated for the town in 2012 is about 10,000 inhabitants. It has a metro station of the Bilbao metro rapid transit service and a train station of the commuter rail service Euskotren Trena.

title: Etxebarri


text:
User talk:Ingy dust

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. bogdan 19:43, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed by an automated bot. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. If you feel you have received this notice in error, please contact the bot owner  // Tawkerbot2 19:44, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. Gflor e sTalk 19:44, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Casinodiario.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Casinodiario.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 09:37, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

User:Casinodiario
A tag has been placed on on your user page, User:Casinodiario, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person, and which is a violation of our policies regarding acceptable use of user pages: user pages are intended for active editors of Wikipedia to communicate with one another as part of the process of creating encyclopedic content, and should not be mistaken for free webhosting resources. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam and the guidelines on user pages.

If you can indicate why the page is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of the page in question and leave a note on this page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Calton | Talk 13:41, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ingy dust


text: Talk:Alexandra Carter

title: Talk:Alexandra Carter


text:
Banff and Buchan (Scottish Parliament constituency)

Banff and Buchan was a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood) between 1999 and 2011 when it was substantially succeeded by Banffshire and Buchan Coast. It elected one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post method of election. Also, however, it was one of nine constituencies in the North East Scotland electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.

Electoral region
Until the 2011 election, the other eight constituencies of the North East Scotland region were: Aberdeen Central, Aberdeen North, Aberdeen South, Angus, Dundee East, Dundee West, Gordon and West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine

The region covers the Aberdeenshire council area, the Aberdeen City council area, the Dundee City council area, part of the Angus council area, a small part of the Moray council area and a small part of the Perth and Kinross council area.

Constituency boundaries
The Banff and Buchan constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of an existing Westminster constituency. In 2005, however, the boundaries of the Westminster (House of Commons) constituency were subject to some alteration.

Boundary review
Following the First Periodic review of constituencies for the Scottish Parliament, Banff and Buchan has become the newly drawn seat of Banffshire and Buchan Coast for the elections in 2011.

Council area
The Holyrood constituency covered a northern portion of the Aberdeenshire council area. The rest of the Aberdeenshire area is covered by two other constituencies, both also in the North East Scotland electoral region: Gordon was the constituency to the south of the Banff and Buchan constituency, and the former West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine was further south. Gordon also covered a small eastern portion of the Moray council area.


text:
Arcanacon

Arcanacon is a role-playing convention held in Melbourne annually. It is one of several Role-playing conventions of Victoria, Australia run through the year.

Arcanacon is the longest running role-playing convention in Victoria.

In 1983 the convention was held at Melbourne University. As well as a Dungeons and Dragons major, it also included the second ever freeform to be run in Australia, as well as Traveller, DragonQuest, RuneQuest and Call of Cthulhu tournaments.

1984 saw the convention at University High School and the major appearance of Syd the Arcanasaur, the convention's mascot. In 1985 the convention moved to Melbourne College of Advanced Education, in 1988 it moved to Collingwood Education Centre where it remained until 2013. In 2014 it moved to Melbourne High School, joining Conquest www.conquest.asn.au and Unicon www.unicon.asn.au at that venue.

Initially the convention was held in September, but it later moved to August and then to July, where it was run during the Victorian School holiday period. In 2001, the convention moved to the Australia Day Weekend (the weekend closest to 26 January). The move was in part due to a perceived change in the focus of CanCon (which is run in Canberra on the same weekend) from mixed roleplaying and wargaming to solely wargaming.

Although sections of the convention had been run with various theme over the years, at Arcanacon XII the convention itself started running an overall theme. In 2000 this theme became a part of the events run at the convention, and games in the theme were sought out to give each year a different feel.

In 2007, a short documentary about roleplaying was filmed at Arcanacan XXI for the Channel 31 television programme Planet Nerd.

List of conventions

 * 1983 Arcanacon I
 * 1984 Arcanacon II
 * 1985 Arcanacon III
 * 1986 Arcanacon IV
 * 1987 Arcanacon V
 * 1988 Arcanacon VI
 * 1989 Arcanacon VII
 * 1990 Arcanacon VIII
 * 1991 Arcanacon IX
 * 1992 Arcanacon X
 * 1993 Arcanacon XI - First Eleven
 * 1994 Arcanacon XII - The Dirty Dozen
 * 1995 Arcanacon XIII - Unlucky for Some
 * 1996 Arcanacon XIV
 * 1997 Arcanacon XV
 * 1998 Arcanacon XVI - Sweet Sixteen
 * 1999 Arcanacon XVII - Summer of the 17th Troll
 * 2000 Arcanacon XVIII - Arcanacon 1800s: A Victorian Roleplaying Convention
 * 2001 Arcanacon XIX - Arcanacon 2001: a roleplaying convention
 * 2002 Arcanacon XX - Akenaken: Secrets of the ancient world
 * 2003 Arcanacon XXI - anniversaries, birthdays and celebrations

 * 2004 Arcanacon XXII - Folk Tales and Faerie Stories
 * 2005 Arcanacon XXIII - conspiracies, secrets and paranoia
 * 2006 Arcanacon XXIV - Swashbuckling, Exploration and Adventure
 * 2007 Arcanacon XXV - Legends of the Silver Screen
 * 2008 Arcanacon XXVI - Zombies, and Witches, and Dragons, Oh My!
 * 2009 Arcanacon XXVII - Syd-Punk
 * 2010 Arcanacon XXVIII - For Science!
 * 2011 Arcanacon XXIX
 * 2012 Arcanacon XXX - End of the World
 * 2013 Arcanacon XXXI - After the Apocalypse
 * 2014 Arcanacon XXXII - Rebirth
 * 2015 Arcanacon XXXIII - Back to the Future
 * 2019 Arcanacon XXXIV

title: Arcanacon


text:
Octafluorocyclobutane

Octafluorocyclobutane, or perfluorocyclobutane, C4F8, is an organofluorine compound which enjoys several niche applications. Octafluorocyclobutane is a colourless gas and shipped as a liquefied gas. It is the perfluorinated analogue of cyclobutane whereby all C–H bonds are replaced with C–F bonds.

Production
Octafluorocyclobutane is produced by the dimerization of tetrafluoroethylene and the reductive coupling of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.

Applications
In the production of semiconductor materials and devices, octafluorocyclobutane serves as a deposition gas and etchant. It has also been investigated as a refrigerant in specialised applications, as a replacement for ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Exploiting its volatility and chemical inertness, octafluorocyclobutane may be found in some aerosolized foods. It is listed by the Codex Alimentarius under number 946 (E946 for EU). It is investigated as a possible replacement for sulfur hexafluoride as a dielectric gas.

Appendix
Its critical point is at 115.3 °C and 2.79 MPa.

title: Octafluorocyclobutane


text:
How to Name It?

How to Name It? (1986) is an instrumental Indian-Western fusion album by Ilaiyaraaja. This was Ilayaraaja's first fusion music album. The album has musical movements that are dedicated to Tyagaraja, a religious musician and composer from South India (1767-1847) and the Western baroque music composer, J. S. Bach (1685-1750) of Germany.

One of the tracks is based on Preludium in E by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Track listing

 * 1) "How to Name It?" (7:22)
 * 2) "Mad Mod Mood Fugue" (2:01)
 * 3) "You Cannot Be Free" (5:31)
 * 4) "Study for Violin" (1:38)
 * 5) "It Is Fixed" (5:04)
 * 6) "Chamber Welcomes Thiyagaraja" (5:49)
 * 7) "I Met Bach in My House" (7:16)
 * 8) "And We Had a Talk" (1:34)
 * 9) "Don't Compare" (8:08)
 * 10) "Do Anything" (5:21)

title: How to Name It?


text:
Talk:Venerable (Buddhism)

This article is a bit problematic. Since no Buddhist sect (other than some recent Western creations) uses English as its primary language, it's not really correct to say that any Buddhist sect bestows the title 'Venerable'. What you have is various different titles that mean different things in different sects that are translated as 'Venerable' when the names of monks are put into English. I imagine that Thera (Pali/Sanskrit for 'elder') is what is most commonly meant here; that is commonly used for senior monks in the Theravada tradition. Bhante is another option- often translated as 'Venerable Sir' when put into English. There's also maha (great) that is often thrown in with thera; it means something quite specific with respect to Thai monastic titles (you actually become a maha after passing a certain level of Pali exams- or at least that used to be the rule), but I don't know about anywhere else. I'm not really sure if there is anywhere to go with this particular article --Clay Collier 10:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The FPMT seem to use venerable for their older sangha. Secretlondon 10:44, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Venerable (Buddhism)


text:
Talk:Limnochori, Achaea

Kalamaki
There is reference in this article to a town of Kalamaki. I would be grateful if someone could let me know whether it refers to either of the towns listed or a new one. I would also be grateful if you could provide any references. Thanks for any help you can give me by leaving a message on my talk page. Capitalistroadster 10:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Limnochori, Achaea


text:
Langeais

Langeais is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. On 1 January 2017, the former commune of Les Essards was merged into Langeais.

Sights
Langeais has a church of the 11th, 12th and 15th centuries, but is chiefly interesting for its large and historic château built soon after the middle of the 15th century by Jean Bourré, minister of Louis XI. Here the marriage of Charles VIII and Anne of Brittany took place in 1491. In the park, are the ruins of a keep of late 10th century architecture, built by Fulk Nerra (Black Hawk in old French), count of Anjou.

Transportation
Langeais is served by the A85 autoroute.

International relations
Langeais is twinned with:
 * Eppstein, Germany
 * Gondar, Portugal

title: Langeais


text:
Category:Russian cosmonauts

For cosmonauts who first flew before the Soviet Union's breakup in 1991, see Category:Soviet cosmonauts.

title: Category:Russian cosmonauts


text:
Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)

Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Gaelic: Carraig, Cumnaig agus Srath Dhùn) is a county constituency of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, covering parts of the council areas of South Ayrshire and East Ayrshire. It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election. Also, it is one of nine constituencies in the South Scotland electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to the nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.

The seat has been held by Elena Whitham of the Scottish National Party since the 2021 Scottish Parliament election.

Electoral region
The other eight constituencies of the South Scotland region are: Ayr; Clydesdale; Dumfriesshire; East Lothian; Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire; Galloway and West Dumfries; Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley and Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale.

The region covers the Dumfries and Galloway council area, the East Ayrshire council area, part of the East Lothian council area, part of the Midlothian council area, the Scottish Borders council area, the South Ayrshire council area and part of the South Lanarkshire council area.

Constituency boundaries and council areas
The Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of an existing Westminster constituency. In 2005, however, Scottish Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies were mostly replaced with new constituencies.

The rest of East Ayrshire is covered by the Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley constituency, whilst the rest of the South Ayrshire is covered by Ayr constituency.

Following their First Periodic review into constituencies to the Scottish Parliament in time for the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the Boundary Commission for Scotland recommended redrawing the Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituency. The electoral wards used in the current creation of Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley are:

 * Kyle (South Ayrshire)
 * Maybole, North Carrick and Coylton (South Ayrshire)
 * Girvan and South Carrick (South Ayrshire)
 * Ballochmyle (East Ayrshire)
 * Cumnock and New Cumnock (East Ayrshire)
 * Doon Valley (East Ayrshire)

Constituency profile
The rural constituency of Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley is a diverse and sparsely populated area made up of former mining communities, outlying suburban villages, fertile farmlands and coastal resorts. Carrick stretches along the rugged and idyllic Ayrshire coast between Ayr and Galloway, taking in Culzean Castle and the resorts of Turnberry, home to the renowned Turnberry hotel and golf course, and Maidens. The main population centres within Carrick are Girvan, which serves as the area's main harbour and the main town of the Carrick area, and Maybole, the historic capital of the kingdom of Carrick. To the north west of the constituency, are the former mining villages of Tarbolton, Annbank and Mossblown. The more affluent suburban villages of Dundoald, Loans, Coylton and Symington serve as commuter villages to Ayr, Prestwick and Troon. Cumnock, Doon Valley and Ballochmyle in the East Ayrshire section of the constituency housed the central headquarters of coal mining operations in the Ayrshire area prior to the industry's collapse in the 1980s. The area is predominantly composed of dispersed and deprived former mining communities such as Cumnock, New Cunmock, Dalmellington, Bellsbank and Patna. The Trade Union movement was particularly strong in the area during the 1980s and 1990s. Keir Hardie, who is regarded as one of the primary founders of the Labour Party, was active in organising a local trade union for miners in the area during the late 1800s,

Voting patterns
At Westminster, the equivalent South Ayrshire and later Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituencies consistently returned Labour MP's since the 1930s. The area was among the most reliable and safest Labour areas in Scotland and the UK as a whole, with Labour continually gaining the majority of the vote in most electoral wards in the constituency. On a local level, Cumnock, Ballochmyle, Doon Valley, Maybole, Annbank, Tarbolton, Mossblown and parts of Girvan consistently supported Labour, with these areas making up the majority of the constituency. Rural and suburban areas in Kyle and Carrick have been more supportive of Conservative candidates in the past - including Coylton, Dundoald, Loans, Monkton, Symington, Dunure, Minishant and Girvan Ailsa at the 2003 local election for South Ayrshire. At the 1979 UK general election the Scottish Labour Party - a pro-independence breakaway group from the UK Labour Party - polled second place in the constituency at just 1,521 votes behind Labour's George Foulkes.

Although the SNP have traditionally performed poorly in Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley they were able to secure the Scottish Parliamentary constituency in 2011 with a majority of 2,581 votes. In 2016 Labour's support in the constituency slumped, with the Conservatives increasing their vote share by 9.7% to take 24.2% of the vote, narrowly behind Labour's 27.4%, allowing Jeane Freeman of the SNP to increase Adam Ingram's initial majority of 2,581 in 2011 to 6,006 in 2016 despite seeing little change in the SNP's vote share in the constituency, however the SNP have performed very well in recent elections

At the 2017 council elections, the Conservatives formed the largest party across the South Ayrshire section of the constituency through Kyle and Carrick, with the Labour Party remaining the largest party in Cumnock and Doon Valley in East Ayrshire. Conservative Bill Grant went on to gain the overlapping UK Parliament constituency of Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock with a 6% majority at the 2017 UK general election. The SNP regained this seat at the 2019 UK general election.

In 2021, the area returned the third largest swing towards the Conservatives in Scotland, who overtook Labour into second place in the constituency. The SNP's majority in the constituency was reduced from 6,006 to 4,337 votes.


text:
File:Arcanasour DSC00995.JPG

Summary
Photo taken and supplied by Brian Voon Yee Yap.

title: File:Arcanasour DSC00995.JPG


text:
Talk:Freddie Highmore

The Disney Family Singalong
Why is The Disney Family Singalong included even though he didn't appear in it? He's not even credited on IMDb page of this television special, not to mention Wikipedia. He made only one appearance in the promotional video on Facebook, which shouldn't count as an appearance in the programme. Lisztomaniac 13:49, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

The name of his spouse
This website reveals the name of Freddie's wife and shouldn't it be considered a reliable source? I saw the same site used on other articles in a similar context. Lisztomaniac 06:21, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * You clearly didn't go through the article. Nowhere in said article does it actually confirm her real name.  In fact, the last sentence says: "For now, fans can wait until the actor himself confirms her wife's identity."  The Instagram account used in the article posts picture of her/them.  That's not reliable.  Wherever else you seen this article, it should be removed.  The article itself isn't reliable.  Actual reliable sites don't speculate on her name or use a random Instagram account that posts pictures of someone ala a fan account for example.  Until Freddie reveals his wife's name and identity, leave it as he got married in summer 2021.  Freddie himself doesn't have any social media presence.  That's by choice.  So you will not see it on social media outside of speculation.   Mr. C.C. Hey yo!I didn't do it! 08:19, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Talk Show Appearances
The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Seth Meyers, Jimmy Kimmel Live, Conan O'Brien, Jimmy Fallon, Good Morning America, Live with Kelly and Ryan, The Oprah Winfrey Show, and Live with Regis and Kathie Lee. ....0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 08:25, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:43, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Freddie Highmore at GQ Men Year Awards 2021.jpg

title: Talk:Freddie Highmore


text:
Bretten

Bretten (South Franconian: Bredde) is a town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on Bertha Benz Memorial Route.

Geography
Bretten lies in the centre of a rectangle that is formed by Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Heilbronn and Stuttgart as corners. It has a population of approximately 28,000. The centre of Bretten consists of many old half-timbered houses around a lively marketplace. Towns and villages under the administration of Bretten include Bauerbach, Büchig, Diedelsheim, Dürrenbüchig, Gölshausen, Neibsheim, Rinklingen, Ruit and Sprantal.

History
Bretten was first mentioned as "villa breteheim" in the "Lorsch codex" in 767. Since 1148 Bretten had the right to mint and issue coins. In 1254 Bretten received city rights. In 1492 Bretten was granted to hold four fairs by Pfalzgraf Philipp. Philipp Melanchthon was born in Bretten in 1497. The residents of Bretten successfully sallied against the Swabian besiegers around Ulrich of Württemberg in 1504. In 1803 Bretten became “Badische Amtsstadt”. After the industrial revolution, the local economy was dominated by cooker production for many years. In 1975 Bretten was given the status of a "Große Kreisstadt" (district city).

Transport
Bretten station is on the Württemberg Western Railway and the Kraichgau Railway. Every two hours there are direct train connections to Stuttgart and Heidelberg. Many commuters live in Bretten and use S4 services of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn, which runs three times an hour to Karlsruhe and back. In Bretten there are five Stadtbahn stations and five more stations in the villages that belong to the district of Bretten. The motorways A5, A6 and A8 are reachable within approximately 30 minutes.

Peter and Paul Festival
The largest event in Bretten is the annual Peter and Paul Festival, which usually attracts up to 80,000 visitors. It is held one long weekend in summer. The main attractions are the numerous performances in countless camps and in the medieval lanes in the old town of Bretten. On Sunday, a huge procession of dressed-up citizens and guest groups takes place.

Visitors may be irritated or amused by the mixture of costumes which are related to different centuries. You can see medieval men-at-arms, shepherds, musicians and jugglers, as well as Biedermeier styled families and militias. But the festival has three different sources. The oldest is the successful sally of citizens and men-at-arms on June 28, 1504 against Swabian besiegers. Bretten was also the place for a traditional competition called the “shepherds’ jump”, that was celebrated by all local shepherds. During the 16th and the 18th century several shooting competitions took place, some of them on the Peter and Paul Day. In 1805 a citizen's militia was founded in Bretten. Since then the Peter and Paul Festival has been celebrated regularly. After the Revolution in Baden the militias were not allowed to wear weapons anymore and the festival became a children’s festival. In 1923 the militia was refounded and the festival became bigger, with many guests and militias from other towns. After World War II the American administration allowed the festival to happen again in 1950, with a new militia and several societies that promoted the medieval aspects of the sally in 1504. Nowadays the organising society tends to advance the medieval aspects of the festival. Many citizens of Bretten are busy all the year round organising the Festival, preparing their costumes, studying old books, practising music (especially drumming), fighting, dancing, juggling or practising other performances. Since the 1980s, the organising society has also engaged professional artists.

The festival also provides a fairground that attracts mainly kids and teenagers. For most citizens and guests the festival is the most important meeting point for former, existing or new friendships, or – as a pupil told the Bretten newspapers: “For me the Peter-and-Paul-Festival is a festival of love”.

Media

 * Newspaper: Brettener Woche/Kraichgauer Bote

Twin towns – sister cities
Bretten is twinned with:

 * Condeixa-a-Nova, Portugal
 * 🇩🇪 Hemer, Germany
 * 🇭🇺 Hidas, Hungary
 * 🇫🇷 Longjumeau, France
 * 🇭🇺 Nemesnádudvar, Hungary
 * 🇫🇷 Neuflize, France
 * 🏴 Pontypool, Wales, United Kingdom
 * 🇫🇷 Valserhône, France
 * 🇩🇪 Wittenberg, Germany

Notable people

 * Schwickart the Younger of Sickingen (died 1478), Amtmann of Bretten
 * Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560), theologian and ally of the Protestant reformer Martin Luther
 * Samuel Eisenmenger (1534–1585), physician and astronomer
 * Christian Mayer (1827–1910), Wisconsin businessman, mayor and legislator
 * Hermann Weber (1899–1956), zoologist
 * Peter Reichert (born 1961), footballer
 * Mile Kekin (born 1971), frontman of the Croatian band Hladno pivo
 * Serhat Akın (born 1981), footballer
 * Selçuk Alibaz (born 1989), footballer

title: Bretten


text:
User:Vanelburg~enwiki

Hi! My name is Christiaan van Elburg and I am an user on the Dutch Wikipedia. I plan to use this account mainly for placing inter language links, but I might be tempted to use it for other things too. Greetings, VanElburg 20:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC) (Dutch)VanElburg (Commons)VanElburg

title: User:Vanelburg~enwiki


text:
CEBus

CEBus(r), short for Consumer Electronics Bus, also known as EIA-600, is a set of electrical standards and communication protocols for electronic devices to transmit commands and data. It is suitable for devices in households and offices to use, and might be useful for utility interface and light industrial applications.

History
In 1984, members of the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) identified a need for standards that included more capability than the de facto home automation standard X10. X10 provided blind transmission of the commands ON, OFF, DIM, BRIGHT, ALL LIGHTS ON, and ALL UNITS OFF over powerline carrier, and later infrared and short range radio mediums. Over a six-year period, engineers representing international companies met on a regular basis and developed a proposed standard. They called this standard CEBus (pronounced "see bus"). The CEBus standard was released in September 1992.

CEBus is an open architecture set of specification documents which define protocols for products to communicate through power line wire, low voltage twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, infrared, RF, and fiber optics.

The CEBus Standard was developed on the foundation of an IR (infrared) protocol developed by GE (General Electric). This work was transferred to the EIA at the beginning of the EIA's involvement, under the plan that it would be expanded then maintained by the EIA.

Powerline carrier
The CEBus standard includes such things as spread spectrum modulation on the power line. Spread spectrum involves starting a modulation at one frequency, and altering the frequency during its cycle. The CEBus power line standard begins each burst at 100 kHz, and increases linearly to 400 kHz during a 100 microsecond duration. Both the bursts (referred to as "superior" state) and the absence of burst (referred to as the "inferior" state) create similar digits, so a pause in between is not necessary.

A digit 1 is created by an inferior or superior state that lasts 100 microseconds, and a digit 0 is created by an inferior or superior state that lasts 200 microseconds. Consequently, the transmission rate is variable, depending upon how many of the characters are one and how many are zero; the average rate is about 7,500 bits per second. A 400 microsecond burst is an end of frame indicator and also saves time. For example, if the 32-bit destination address field has some of its most significant bits zero, they need not be sent; the end of frame delimits the field and all receiving devices assume the untransmitted bits are zero.

CEBus transmissions are strings or packets of data that also vary in length, depending upon how much data is included. Some packets can be hundreds of bits in length. The minimum packet size is 64 bits, which at an average rate of 7,500 bits per second, will take about 1/117th of a second to be transmitted and received.

Other media
Other media besides powerline carrier are specified: coaxial cable, infrared, radio frequency, and optical fiber. The initial offerings supported only a powerline carrier.

Addresses
The CEBus standard involves device addresses that are set in hardware at the factory, and include 4 billion possibilities. The standard also offers a defined language of many object oriented controls which include commands such as volume up, fast forward, rewind, pause, skip, and temperature up or down 1 degree.

Common Application Language
The CEBUS standard includes a large number of control and operation tables, called the CAL contexts. These tables identify a variety of control and monitoring commands that are used by remote devices (elsewhere in a home, or with the Internet, even elsewhere in the world) to communicate with CEBus certified products. The tables include commands for very simple actions, such as power on, power off, change channel, etc. Also included are the possibility for very sophisticated feature and functionality discovery and enumeration. For example, two products can communicate with each other, completely automatically, to discover what capabilities exist in Product A, such that Product B can then display that info, or simply use it to select services available, a sampling being: a list of channels/inputs/outputs available, special capabilities available (like Away Mode, Movie Mode, security parameters, etc.), or data tables within a residential electrical power meter.

This HPnP work expanded upon the EIA-600 foundation, which generally just provides the means by which residential products can physically get packets between each other. CAL contexts added language to further refine EIA-600 so that products can know what features others have to share.

The simplified CEBus standard stack includes HPnP, CAL contexts, CEBus standard, and EIA-600.

Some companies publicly acknowledged as working on HPnP in 1996 include Amp, Honeywell, Intel, IMS, Microsoft, Siemens Meter Division, Thomson Consumer Electronics (Technicolor).

Technologies developed in parallel with HPnP: 1394, IRDA, UPnP.

Manufacturers
Presently, all of the communications hardware, language, and protocol is available on a chip produced by Intellon Corporation in Ocala, Florida and by Domosys Corporation in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Intellon or Domosys sell the chip to other manufacturers for use in their products, and offer to manufacture private label and OEM products using the CEBus standard. Intellon and Domosys also sell developer kits to develop a CEBus compatible product.

Having moved out of a laboratory and into the market, the CEBus trademark is owned by the EIA. Ongoing developments are conducted by a group known as the CIC (CEBus Industry Council). The CIC is a non-profit organization made up of the representatives of many national and international electronics firms, such as Microsoft, IBM, Compaq Computer Corp, AT&T Bell Labs, Honeywell, Panasonic, Sony, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Leviton, and Pacific Gas & Electric. Anyone can become a member of the CIC by paying an annual fee of $300 to $10,000 and fulfilling certain other requirements.

Although there is no restriction from anyone using the CEBus standard, the CIC is developing a non-profit testing laboratory which will be funded by certification charges. Manufacturers are encouraged to use the testing laboratory to verify the conformance of their product and its performance in a home network environment. When the performance is certified, the manufacturer pays a certification fee and is licensed to include the CEBus logo on their product.

title: CEBus


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Duval High School

Duval High School was a government-funded co-educaitonal bi-modal partially academically selective and comprehensive secondary day school, located in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.

Founded in 1974, the school enrolled approximately 600 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom 17 percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 15 percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; and the school's motto is Learning to Live.

In 2018 it was announced that Duval High would merge with Armidale High School to form the newly established Armidale Secondary College that will cater for approximately 1,500 students from Year 7 to Year 12. The installation of a temporary additional school at Duval High School started, in readiness for students during the transition period from January 2019. Construction of Armidale Secondary College commenced in 2019 and continue in 2020. Armidale Secondary College commenced in the new buildings in Term 1, 2021.

History
The school sits at the foot of Duval Mountain, which was named after stockman John Duval, a farmer from Staffordshire, England who, following the break and enter of a property, was sentenced to death in 1825. Duval was transported to New South Wales and worked for Captain William Dumaresq guiding squatters to the north.

The arts
Duval High School is also recognised for the talent of students in the field of arts, particularly drama and public speaking.

title: Duval High School