text:
Henry Francis Pelham

Henry Francis Pelham, FSA, FBA (10 September 1846 in Bergh Apton, Norfolk – 13 February 1907) was an English scholar and historian. He was Camden Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford from 1889 to 1907, and was also President of Trinity College, Oxford, from 1897 to 1907.

Early life
He was grandson of Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester, and eldest of the five children of John Thomas Pelham, bishop of Norwich, and Henrietta, second daughter of Thomas William Tatton of Wythenshawe Hall, Cheshire. Of his three brothers, John Barrington became vicar of Thundridge in 1908, and Sidney archdeacon of Norfolk in 1901.

Pelham was born on 19 September 1846 at Bergh Apton, then his father's parish. Entering Harrow in May 1860, he moved rapidly up the school, and left in December 1864. Next year he won an open classical scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, matriculating on 22 April 1865; he came into residence in October.

Academic career

At Oxford he took 'first classes' in honour classical moderations and in literæ humaniores, was elected a fellow of Exeter College in 1869, and graduated B.A. in the same year. In 1870, he won the chancellor's English essay prize with a dissertation on the reciprocal influence of national character and national language.

He worked continuously as classical tutor and lecturer at Exeter College from 1870 to 1889. He was elected by his college proctor of the university in 1879. Losing his fellowship on his marriage in 1873, he was re-elected in 1882, under the statutes of the second university commission. From school onwards his principal subject was ancient and more particularly Roman history. He soon began to publish articles on this theme (first in Journal of Philology, 1876), while his lectures, which (under the system then growing up) were open to members of other colleges besides Exeter, attracted increasingly large audiences; he also planned, with the Clarendon Press, a detailed History of the Roman Empire, which he was not destined to carry out.

In 1887, he succeeded W. W. Capes as 'common fund reader' in ancient history, and in 1889 he became Camden Professor of Ancient History in succession to George Rawlinson, a post to which a fellowship at Brasenose College is attached. As professor he developed the lectures and teaching which he had been giving as college tutor and reader, and attracted even larger audiences.

But his research work was stopped by an attack of cataract in both eyes (1890), and though a few specimen paragraphs of his projected History were set up in type in 1888, he completed in manuscript only three and a half chapters, covering the years B.C. 35-15, and he never resumed the work after 1890; his other research, too, was hereafter limited to detached points in Roman imperial history.

On the other hand, he joined actively in administrative work, for which his strong personality and his clear sense fitted him at least as well as for research; he served on many Oxford boards, was a member of the Hebdomadal Council from 1879 to 1905, aided semi-academic educational movements (he was a founder of the women's college Somerville Hall), and in 1897 accepted the presidency of his old college. Trinity.

He was elected honorary fellow of Exeter in 1895, was an original fellow of the British Academy in 1902 and received the hon. degree of LL.D. at Aberdeen in 1906. He became F.S.A. in 1890 and was on the governing body of Abingdon School  until 1895.

Family and personal life
On 30 July 1873, he married Laura Priscilla Buxton, third daughter of Sir Edward Buxton, 2nd Baronet, and granddaughter of Sir Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet. They had three sons and two daughters:

 * Sir Edward Henry Pelham (1876–1949), civil servant
 * Arthur John Pelham (24 December 1878 – 11 August 1883), died in childhood
 * Rt Rev Herbert Pelham (1881–1944), Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness
 * Catherine Harriet Pelham (8 September 1885 – 20 November 1894), died in childhood
 * Laura Grace Pelham (20 September 1888 – 18 April 1980) married David Francis Bickmore (1891–1918), son of Rev Francis Askew Bickmore

He died in the president's lodgings at Trinity on 12 February 1907, and was buried in St Sepulchre's Cemetery.

title: Henry Francis Pelham


text:
Big Bang (disambiguation)

The Big Bang was, according to the prevailing cosmological theory of the universe's early development, the event that led to the formation of the universe.

Big Bang may also refer to:

Science

 * Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the production of certain hydrogen isotopes early in the universe's existence
 * Cold Big Bang, an alternative theory in which the start of the universe is at absolute zero

Films

 * Big Bang (film), a 2007 Korean film by Jeong-woo Park
 * The Big Bang (1987 film), also referred to as Le Big-Bang, an X-rated animated science fiction fantasy film, directed by Picha
 * The Big Bang (1989 film), a documentary by James Toback
 * The Big Bang (2011 film), a thriller starring Sienna Guillory and Antonio Banderas
 * The Big Bang (2019 film), a Malayalam-language short film

Groups

 * Big Bang (British band), a British electronic synthpop duo formed in 1988
 * Bigbang (Norwegian band), a Norwegian rock trio formed in 1992
 * BigBang (South Korean band), a South Korean boy band formed in 2006

Albums

 * Big Bang (single album), eponymous single album by the South Korean boy band
 * Big Bang (BigBang album), eponymous Japanese-language studio album by the South Korean boy band
 * Big Bang (Los Enanitos Verdes album), 1994
 * Big Bang (Magdallan album), 1992
 * Big Bang (Os Paralamas do Sucesso album), 1989
 * Big Bang (Waltari album), 1995
 * Big Bang!, a 1989 album by Fuzzbox
 * Big Bang!!!, an album by Shoko Nakagawa
 * The Big Bang (Busta Rhymes album), 2006
 * The Big Bang (Dom & Roland album), 2011
 * The Big Bang!: Best of the MC5, a 2000 album by MC5
 * The Big Bang – The Essential Collection, an album by TNT

Songs

 * "Big Bang", a song by Bad Religion from No Control
 * "Big Bang", a song by Cursive from Happy Hollow
 * "Big Bang", a 2007 song by Les Horribles Cernettes
 * "The Big Bang" (song), a 2010 song by Rock Mafia
 * "The Big Bang", a song by Godley & Creme from Goodbye Blue Sky
 * "The Big Bang", a song by Johnny Mandel from soundtrack for Caddyshack

Television

 * The Big Bang (TV series), a children's TV science programme shown on ITV from 1996 to 2004
 * "The Big Bang" (Atlanta), 2016
 * "The Big Bang" (Charlie Jade), 2005
 * "The Big Bang" (Doctor Who), 2010

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Big Bang (Singh book), a 2004 book by Simon Singh about the cosmological model
 * Big Bang (novel), a 2019 novel by David Bowman
 * Big Bang, a game mode in the puzzle video game Puyo Puyo Tetris
 * Big Bang Comics, Gary Carlson and Chris Ecker's retro-style comic book
 * Hublot Big Bang, a wristwatch
 * Big-Bang Cannon, a toy
 * The Big Bang, an event in Fortnite: Battle Royale

Events

 * Big Bang (comics), a Milestone Comics event
 * Big Bang (financial markets), the deregulation of financial markets in the United Kingdom in 1986
 * The Big Bang Fair, or The Big Bang UK Young Scientists and Engineers Fair, a celebration of science, technology, engineering and maths for young people
 * Operation Big Bang, "British Bang" or "Big Bang"; one of the largest conventional explosions in history
 * ROH The Big Bang!, a wrestling event

Other uses

 * Big Bang (faction), a faction within the Democratic Party, a political party in Italy
 * Big bang adoption, instant changeover as a system adoption process
 * Big-bang firing order, an aspect of some motorcycle engines
 * System 7 or Big Bang, a Macintosh operating system

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Big Bang (disambiguation)


text:
Kagame (surname)

Kagame is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexis Kagame (1912–1981), Rwandan historian
 * Ange Kagame (born 1993), Rwandan philanthropist
 * Jeannette Kagame (born 1962), First Lady of Rwanda
 * Kayije Kagame (born 1987), Rwandan–Swiss artist and actress
 * Paul Kagame (born 1957), President of Rwanda
 * Shyaka Kagamé (born 1983), Rwandan–Swiss filmmaker

title: Kagame (surname)


text: User talk:63.114.228.2

title: User talk:63.114.228.2


text:
Template talk:Non-free film screenshot

plainlinks
Could an admin please add <span class="plainlinks"> to the beginning of the second bullet point (and, of course, </span> to the end of it); at the moment, one of the links span two lines and this messes up the image placement, making it look ugly. haz (us e r talk) 20:36, 21 March 2006

Protected edit request on 17 March 2014
I think the sentece on top should be changed to this: This image is a screenshot from a copyrighted film or advertisement. The copyright for it is most likely owned by the studio which produced the film or advertisement, and possibly also by any actors appearing in the screenshot. It is believed that the use of a limited number of web-resolution screenshots --189.24.243.106 (talk) 21:55, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

189.24.243.106 (talk) 21:55, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — {{U|Technical 13}} (t • e • c) 12:08, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
 * 189's request seems fairly straightforward to me (add "or advertisement" to the first paragraph), but I don't think it should be implemented. The existing non-free promotional or non-free video screenshot templates are probably more suitable for screenshots of advertisements than this template. Cheers,  Little Mountain  5  17:23, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 29 January 2020
This template can be switched to use Uploader information if a change in the order of the bulleted list; I've drafted a new version of the template at Template:Non-free film screenshot/sandbox. Yes, I know I can edit this template myself, but I'd like at least one other person agreeing. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 10:55, 29 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — JJMC89  (T·C) 04:02, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Non-free film screenshot


text:
IFREMER

The or Ifremer is an oceanographic institution in Brest, France. A state-run and funded scientific organization, it is France’s national integrated marine science research institute.

Scope of works
Ifremer focuses its research activities in the following areas:
 * Monitoring, use and enhancement of coastal seas
 * Monitoring and optimization of aquaculture production
 * Fishery resources
 * Exploration and exploitation of the oceans and their biodiversity
 * Circulation and marine ecosystems, mechanisms, trends and forecasting
 * Engineering of major facilities in the service of oceanography
 * Knowledge transfer and innovation in its fields of its activities

In 1985, Ifremer partnered with Dr. Robert Ballard for an ultimately successful expedition to locate the wreck of the RMS Titanic. In 1994 Ifremer assisted in the salvage of the cargo from the SS John Barry.

Ifremer operates a number of vessels, including the submarine Nautile.

In 2008, Ifremer partnered with Dr. Bruce Shillito for the testing and initial operations of the PERISCOP, a deep sea fish recovery device.

In 2023, Ifremer sent the Atalante ship and the Victor 6000 ROV to the rescue operation of the Titan submersible.

Ifremer centres
Ifremer is located at 26 sites, including five main centres (Boulogne, Brest, Nantes, Toulon and Tahiti), with headquarters at Brest. About twenty research departments are associated to these centres :

 * Centre Manche - Mer du Nord, associated to Université Lille Nord de France
 * Centre in Boulogne-sur-Mer
 * Station of Port-en-Bessin
 * Centre in Brest
 * Station of Saint-Malo
 * Station of Argenton-en-Landunvez
 * Station of Concarneau
 * Station of Lorient
 * Station of La Trinité-sur-Mer
 * Centre in Nantes
 * Station of Bouin
 * Station of La Rochelle
 * Station of La Tremblade
 * Station of Arcachon
 * Laboratory of Bidart
 * Centre Méditerranée (Toulon)
 * Station of Sète
 * Station of Palavas-les-Flots
 * Unit of Montpellier
 * Station of San-Giuliano
 * Centre in Tahiti
 * Délégation de Nouvelle-Calédonie
 * Délégation of Guyane
 * Délégation of la Réunion
 * Délégation of Antilles

title: IFREMER


text:
User talk:Rcolquhoun22

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Zzyzx11 (Talk) 22:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Origin of Students at Cal Poly
Please do not create articles that have little or no encyclopedic context, such as a data dump of statistics. Thank you. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 22:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rcolquhoun22


text: User talk:70.149.100.173

title: User talk:70.149.100.173


text:
Cape Ann (Enderby Land)

Cape Ann is a cape on the coast of East Antarctica, surmounted by Mount Biscoe rising to a peak of 700 metres.

It was first photographed from the air in December 1929 during a Norwegian expedition led by explorer and aviator Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen. Less than a month later, the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition led by Douglas Mawson photographed the cape from their ship Discovery (the ship used by Robert Falcon Scott for his first Antarctic expedition, 1901–1904). Both expeditions concluded that the cape and mountain were those sighted during February and March 1831 by John Biscoe's Antarctic expedition and given the name Cape Ann, probably after Biscoe's wife. Mawson proposed that the cape retain the name Cape Ann and the mountain be named Mount Biscoe.

The mountain has a distinctive sharp black peak. Its position was fixed by an ANARE survey party in 1957.

title: Cape Ann (Enderby Land)


text:
Full depth recycling

Full depth recycling or full depth reclamation (FDR) is a process that rebuilds worn out asphalt pavements by recycling the existing roadway.

Processes
Old asphalt and base materials are pulverized using a specialized machine called a reclaimer. On top of the pulverized material, water is added to reach the optimal moisture content for compaction and then a variety of materials, such as dry cement, lime, fly ash, or asphalt emulsion are incorporated for stabilization. A reclaimer is used again to mix all the materials. After shaping and grading, the new base is compacted to produce a strong, durable base for either an asphalt or concrete surface.

Since this method recycles the materials in situ, there is no need to haul in aggregate or haul out old material for disposal. The vehicle movements are reduced and there is no need for detours since it can be done under traffic, making this process more convenient for local residents.

FDR with cement saves money while preserving natural resources by using existing materials and conserving virgin aggregates. The road performance is improved through better stabilization, building a stronger, low-maintenance road that will last for many years.

With proper engineering and testing protocols the FDR process provides a design life-cycle of 30 years. FDR is a manufacturing process and not an installation. Other pavement materials, such as concrete, asphalt, or aggregate base go through a rigorous quality control program that meets a qualified standard prior to site delivery and contractor installation. The FDR process requires the same level of understanding and product controls during lab testing and field verification to meet long-term performance goals.

title: Full depth recycling


text:
User:Flyer 13

Greetings,

Nothing much here, I don't do a whole lot of drastic editing right now, I'm mostly fixing typos, grammatical errors, and other simple problems.

I'm open to comments and criticisms, just drop in on my discussion page.

Cheers,

--flyer_13

title: User:Flyer 13


text:
Stigma (ligature)

Stigma (ϛ) is a ligature of the Greek letters sigma (Σ) and tau (Τ), which was used in writing Greek between the Middle Ages and the 19th century. It is also used as a numeral symbol for the number 6. In this unrelated function, it is a continuation of the old letter digamma (originally Ϝ, cursive form ), which had served as a numeral since antiquity and was conflated with the σ-τ ligature in the minuscule handwriting of the Middle Ages.

History and use
The στ ligature was one of many ligature forms that came into widespread use as part of the minuscule writing style of Greek from the 9th and 10th centuries onwards. It is based on the lunate form (Ϲ) of the letter sigma.

With many other ligatures, it was used to print Greek during the early-modern era. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of ligatures in print gradually diminished. The στ ligature was among the last to go, around the middle of the 19th century.

The name, stigma (στίγμα), is originally a common Greek noun meaning "a mark, dot, puncture", or generally "a sign", from the verb στίζω ("[I] puncture"); the related but distinct word stigme (στιγμή) is the classical and post-classical word for "geometric point; punctuation mark". Stigma was co-opted as a name specifically for the στ sign, evidently because of the acrophonic value of its initial st- as well as the analogy with the name of sigma.

The numeral symbol, originally quite unrelated to the στ ligature, developed from the letter Ϝ, which stood for the sound in early pre-classical forms of the Greek alphabet. This symbol became obsolete as a letter during the classical era but remained part of the Greek alphabet-based system of numerals, where its value of 6 corresponded to its original place in the alphabet. In its handwritten forms, its shape changed from through  to  or  during the Hellenistic period and late antiquity. Originally called wau, it was called digamma in classical Greek and episemon during the Byzantine era. It was conflated with the στ ligature owing to the accidental similarities of their shapes. The association between the numeral 6 and the letter sequence στ became so strong that today, in Greece, the letter sequence ΣΤʹ or στʹ is often used in lieu of ϛʹ itself to write the number 6.

In modern practice, the term stigma is often applied to the symbol ϛ both in its function as a ligature and as a numeral, whereas the term digamma is normally used for the ancient letter representing, which appears in modern print as Ϝ or ϝ (the form has a large number of close variants).

In modern typefaces, lowercase stigma is similar in appearance to final sigma (ς), but the top loop tends to be larger, and extends farther to the right. It can normally be distinguished from final sigma in the context, because the combination στ never occurs at the end of a word, and conversely the final sigma form ς never occurs inside a word and is never used as a numeral either. Uppercase forms of stigma as a numeral (Ϛ) are rare in practice; when they occur, they can often be confused with uppercase forms of another numeral symbol, koppa (Ϟϟ), which stands for 90.

Stigma is encoded in Unicode as "Greek letter stigma" U+03DA (Ϛ) and "Greek small letter stigma" U+03DB (ϛ).

title: Stigma (ligature)


text:
Mount Codrington

Mount Codrington (-66.3°N, 52.86667°W) is a prominent mountain, 1,520 m high, standing 24 mi south-southeast of Cape Close, 17 mi east of Johnston Peak, and 11 mi south of Simmers Peaks. Mount Codrington forms the northeastern end of the Napier Mountains.

It was charted in 1930 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition under Mawson as being the prominent peak sighted and so named by John Biscoe in March 1831.

title: Mount Codrington


text:
Shakwak Agreement

The Shakwak Agreement, also known as the Shakwak Project, is a highway construction funding accord between the United States and Canada, reached in 1976. The agreement, covering Canadian portions of the Haines Highway and Alaska Highway, deals with long-standing requests from Alaskans for improvement of the roads connecting the panhandle with the rest of the state of Alaska.

Under the agreement, the United States approves funds that are used by Canadian contractors to rebuild the highway. For most of the last 20 years, the funding was handled by the Yukon government, as it tendered sections of the highways for work. The Haines Highway rebuild was actually completed during the early 1980s, then funding dried up for several years. Work since the early 1990s has been carried out on the Alaska Highway, and is expected to be completed before 2010, with two major bridge replacements yet to be completed; the Donjek River bridge was completed and opened to traffic in late September 2007; the White River bridge was completed several years ago, leaving the Duke and Slims river bridges yet to be built.

title: Shakwak Agreement


text:
User:Cosmicwaterfall

I am a student whom enjoys reading novels, playing tennis, and surfing the Internet.

title: User:Cosmicwaterfall


text:
User:Masonprof/Sandbox

This is Mason's Sandbox.

The Definite Integral
The integral is defined by the area under the curve of a function's graph. It is most commonly found by the concept of many rectangles under the line and as their number increases, the area of the rectangles becomes closer to the area under the curve.

Let $$f$$ be a function defined on the closed interval $$[a, b]$$. Divide this interval into n subintervals by choosing any $$n-1$$ intermediate points between $$a$$ and $$b$$. Let $$x_{0} = a$$ and $$x_{n} = b$$, and let $$x_{1}, x_{2}, ..., x_{n-1}$$ be the intermediate points so that

$$x_{0} < x_{1} < x_{2}< ...< x_{n-1}< x_{n}$$

The points $$x_{0} < x_{1} < x_{2}< ...< x_{n-1}< x_{n}$$ are not necessarily equidistant. Let $$\Delta_{1}x$$ be the length of the first subinterval so that $$\Delta_{1}x = x_{1}-x_{0}$$; let $$\Delta_{2}x$$ be the length of the second subinterval so that $$\Delta_{2}x = x_{2} - x_{1}$$; and so forth so that the length of the $$i$$th subinterval $$\Delta_{i}x$$, and

$$\Delta_{i}x = x_{i} - x_{i-1}$$

A set of all such intervals of the interval $$[a, b]$$ is called a partition of the interval $$[a, b]$$. Let $$\Delta$$ be such a partition. The partition $$\Delta$$ contains $$n$$ subintervals. One of these subintervals is the longest; however, there may be more than one such subinterval. The length of the longest subinterval of the partition $$\Delta$$, called the norm of the partition, is denoted be $$\vert \vert \Delta \vert \vert$$.

Choose a point in each subinterval of the partition $$\Delta$$: Let $$\xi_{1}$$ be the point chosen in $$[x_{0}, x_{1}]$$ so that $$x_{0} \leq \xi_{1} \leq x_{1}$$. Let $$\xi_{2}$$ be the point chosen in $$[x_{1}, x_{2}]$$, so that $$x_{1} \leq \xi_{2} \leq x_{2}$$, and so forth, so that $$\xi_{i}$$ is the point chosen in $$[x_{i-1},x_{1}]$$, and $$x_{i-1} \leq \xi_{i} \leq x_{i}$$. Form the sum

$$f(\xi_{1} )\Delta_{1}x + f(\xi_{2} )\Delta_{2}x + ... + f(\xi_{i} )\Delta_{i}x + ... + f(\xi_{n} )\Delta_{n}x$$

or

$$ \sum^n_{i=1}f(\xi_{i})\Delta_{i}x $$

Such a sum is called a Riemann sum, named for the mathematician Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866).

Taking the norm to be sufficiently small, the sum can be made accurate to the area under the curve. To find the exact area of the region, let the region be denoted as $$R$$, and the norm must approach zero. Using the limit and Riemann sum, we have

$$\lim_{ \vert \vert \Delta \vert \vert \rightarrow 0} f(\xi_{i})\Delta_{i}x$$

This is the definition of the definite integral, one of the most important aspects in calculus, and is written as

$$\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx=\lim_{ \vert \vert \Delta \vert \vert \rightarrow 0}\sum^n_{i=1}f(\xi_{i})\Delta_{i}x$$

title: User:Masonprof/Sandbox


text:
Peter O'Brian (film producer)

Peter O'Brian (born 1947) is a Canadian film producer and broadcast executive. Films produced by O'Brian's company, Independent Pictures, have won nineteen Genie Awards. His production credits include Blood and Guts, The Grey Fox, Outrageous!, John and the Missus, Milk and Honey and My American Cousin.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, O'Brian was educated at the University of Toronto and Emerson College in Boston, graduating in 1969 with a double major in mass communications and film. He returned to Toronto and began working as an assistant director and production manager.

In 1975, he produced his first film, the Dan Aykroyd movie Love at First Sight. In 1977, he founded Independent Pictures.

He took a sabbatical from producing in the early 1990s to run the Canadian Film Centre for its first three years of operation. In 1997, he became president of Mission Pictures.

On September 29, 2005, O'Brian was appointed chair of the board of TVOntario, the province of Ontario's public television network.

O'Brian is married to former long serving federal Cabinet Minister Dr. Carolyn Bennett.

title: Peter O'Brian (film producer)


text:
Tula Mountains

The Tula Mountains are a group of extensive mountains lying immediately eastward of Amundsen Bay in Enderby Land, Antarctica. They were discovered on January 14, 1930, by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) under Mawson and named "Tula Range" by him after John Biscoe's brig, the Tula, from which Biscoe discovered Enderby Land in 1831. The term "mountains" was recommended for the group following an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) sledge survey in 1958 by G.A. Knuckey.

Named Tula mountains

 * Mount Bartlett
 * Mount Bond
 * Mount Degerfeldt
 * Mount Denham
 * Mount Dungey
 * Mount Hampson
 * Mount Hardy
 * Mount Harvey
 * Mount Henksen
 * Mount Keyser
 * Mount King
 * Mount Letten
 * Mount Lunde
 * Mount Mateer
 * Mount Morrison
 * Mount Parviainen
 * Mount Porteus
 * Pythagoras Peak
 * Mount Reed
 * Mount Renouard
 * Mount Rhodes
 * Mount Riiser-Larsen
 * Mount Ryder
 * Mount Selwood
 * Mount Shirshov
 * Mount Sones
 * Mount Storer

title: Tula Mountains


text:
Intracellular parasite

Intracellular parasites are microparasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host. They are also called intracellular pathogens.

Types
There are two main types of intracellular parasites: Facultative and Obligate.

Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing in or outside of host cells. Obligate intracellular parasites, on the other hand, need a host cell to live and reproduce. Many of these types of cells require specialized host types, and invasion of host cells occurs in different ways.

Facultative
Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells.

Bacterial examples include:

Fungal examples include:

Obligate
Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources.

All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

Bacterial examples (that affect humans) include:
 * Chlamydia, and closely related species.
 * Rickettsia
 * Coxiella
 * Certain species of Mycobacterium such as Mycobacterium leprae, that survive in phagocytes
 * Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Protozoan examples (that affect humans) include:
 * Apicomplexans (Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum )
 * Trypanosomatids (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi)

Fungal examples (that affect humans) include:
 * Pneumocystis jirovecii

The mitochondria in eukaryotic cells may also have originally been such parasites, but ended up forming a mutualistic relationship (endosymbiotic theory).

Study of obligate pathogens is difficult because they cannot usually be reproduced outside the host. However, in 2009 scientists reported a technique allowing the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii to grow in an axenic culture and suggested the technique may be useful for study of other pathogens.

Unusual examples
Polypodium is a rare metazoan (animal) intracellular parasite, distinct from most if not all other intracellular parasites for this reason. It lives inside the unfertilized egg cells (oocytes) of fish.

Invasion
When an intracellular parasite goes to enter a host cell, it is particular about the type of host cell. This is because most intracellular parasites are able to infect only a few different cell types.

 * Viruses use a number of host receptors to gain entry to the cell, usually by causing endocytosis. See viral entry for more on this well-studied topic.
 * Bacteria are also generally small enough to be engulfed by endocytosis, which they trigger with adhesins. Unlike viruses, they can and often do manipulate the cell's behavior beforehand, by injecting effector proteins into the cytosol.
 * Protists are generally too big to enter through endocytosis; they use alternate ways.
 * Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii are apicomplexans, named for the fact they have a "apical complex", used for gaining entry into the cell. The apicomplexan first moves on the cell looking for an ideal receptor. When the receptor is found, it re-orients itself so the apical complex points at the cell. It then secretes a number of proteins to form a moving junction, through which it gains entry.
 * Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania enter by subverting the pathways for plasma membrane repair. All nucleated cells use calcium concentration as a signal for membrane damage. T. cruzi attaches to the target cell then increases the calcium concentration inside, disrupting the actin network and triggering the repair mechanism. Lysosomes are recruited to this disruption and release their contents to the extracellular side, as a way to replenish the plasma membrane. T. cruzi take advantage of the excess membrane to form a vacuole in the host cell, gaining entry. Because this repair mechanism is universal to all cells with a nucleus, T. cruzi is not picky about the target cell type. Leishmania also uses this mechanism.
 * Leishmania can also trigger phagocytosis. It is able to withstand the degradation process the cell carries out following phagocytosis.
 * Microsporidians, which are tiny protozoans related to fungi, seems to form "polar tubes" that poke into the target cell.

Other intracellular parasites have developed different ways to enter a host cell that do not require a specific component or action from within the host cell. An example is intracellular parasites using a method called gliding motility. This is the use of an actin-myosin motor that is connected to the intracellular parasites' cytoskeleton.

Nutrition
The majority of intracellular parasites must keep host cells alive as long as possible while they are reproducing and growing. In order to grow, they need nutrients that might be scarce in their free form in the cell. To study the mechanism that intracellular parasites use to obtain nutrients, Legionella pneumophila, a bacterial facultative intracellular parasite, has been used as a model. It is known that Legionella pneumophila obtains nutrients by promoting host proteasomal degradation. Self-degradation of host proteins into amino acids provides the parasite with its primary carbon and energy source.

Susceptibility
People with T cell deficiencies are particularly susceptible to intracellular pathogens.

title: Intracellular parasite


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Napier Mountains

The Napier Mountains are a group of close set peaks, the highest being Mount Elkins, at about 2,300 meters above sea level. This mountain range is located in Enderby Land, in the claimed Australian Antarctic Territory, East Antarctica.

Location
The Napier Mountains are roughly four degrees west of Cape Boothby, Edward VIII Bay and Edward VIII Ice Shelf, and 3.5 degrees east of Amundsen Bay. The Napier Mountains are centered about 64 km south of Cape Batterbee in Enderby Land, East Antarctica. It extends about 64 km in a northwest–southeast direction from Mount Codrington and includes Mount Kjerringa and the Young Nunataks.

Discovery
The Napier Mountains were discovered in January 1930 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition under explorer Douglas Mawson. They were named by Mawson after John Mellis Napier, a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia. The mountain range was first visited by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions party in 1960. Members of this party included Syd Kirkby and Terence James Elkins.

Features
Geographic features of the Napier Mountains include:

 * Fitzgerald Nunataks
 * Grimsley Peaks
 * Mount Breckinridge
 * Mount Codrington
 * Mount Elkins
 * Mount Griffiths
 * Mount Maines
 * Mount Rabben
 * Skorefjell
 * Stor Hånakken Mountain
 * Wilkinson Peaks
 * Young Nunataks

Geology and orogeny
The Napier complex is among the most ancient terrestrial terranes on Earth. Its evolution is characterized by high-grade metamorphism and several strong deformations. At least four distinct tectonothermal events occurred in the Archaean eon:
 * 1) 3.8 billion years ago (Ga): occurrence of initial felsic igneous activity over a long period of time
 * 2) 3.0 Ga: emplacement of charnockite at Proclamation Island
 * 3) 2.8 Ga: occurrence of a very-high grade discrete tectonothermal event (an ultra-high temperature metamorphic event)
 * 4) 2.5 Ga: occurrence of a subsequent, protracted high-grade tectonothermal event

Much of the East Antarctic craton was formed in the Precambrian by a series of tectonothermal orogenic events. Napier orogeny formed the cratonic nucleus approximately 4 Ga. Mount Elkins is a classic example of Napier orogeny. Napier orogeny is characterized by high-grade metamorphism and plate tectonics. The orogenic events which resulted in the formation of the Napier complex (including Mount Elkins) have been dated to the Archean. Radiometrically dated to as old as 3.8 billion years, some of the zircons collected from the orthogneisses of Mount Sones are among the oldest rock specimens found on Earth. Billions of years of erosion and tectonic deformation have exposed the metamorphic rock core of these ancient mountains.

The oldest crustal components found to date in the Napier complex appear to be of igneous derivation. This rock appears to have been overprinted by an ultra-high temperature metamorphic event (UHT) that occurred near the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. Using a lutetium-hafnium (Lu-Hf) method to examine garnet, orthopyroxene, sapphirine, osumilite and rutile from this UHT granulite belt, Choi et al determined an isochron age of 2.4 billion years for this metamorphic event. Using SHRIMPU–Pb zircon dating methodology, Belyatsky et al determined the oldest tectonothermal event in the formation of the Napier Complex to have occurred approximately 2.8 Ga.

Preservation of the UHT mineral assemblage in the analyzed rock suggests rapid cooling, with closure likely to have occurred for the Lu-Hf system at post-peak UHT conditions near a closure temperature of 800 °C. UHT granulites appear to have evolved in a low Lu-Hf environment, probably formed when the rocks were first extracted from a mantle profoundly depleted in lithophile elements. The source materials for the magmas that formed the Napier Complex were extremely depleted relative to the chondritic uniform reservoir. These results also suggest significant depletion of the early Archean mantle, in agreement with the early igneous differentiation of the Earth that the latest core formation models require.

title: Napier Mountains


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Hawiye

The Hawiye (Hawiye; بنو هوية) are one of the principal and largest of the Somali clans, tracing their lineage back to Sheikh Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman, also known as Sheikh Hawiye, the eponymous figure of the clan. They are considered the earliest documented clan to have settled in the Somali peninsula, as noted in the 12th century by Al-Idrisi, occupying the regions spanning from Ras Hafun to Merca, which served as their capital. Presently, the Hawiye reside in central and southern Somalia, Somaliland, Djibouti, the Somali region of Ethiopia, Harar, Oromia, and Afar regions, as well as Kenya (specifically the North Eastern Province and Eastern Province). Furthermore, they represent the majority of the population in the capital city of Mogadishu.

The Hawiye have historically exercised authority over large sections of the Horn of Africa as Sovereign Sultans and Imams overseeing crucial trade routes that have existed since the early periods of Somali maritime history. The coastal regions experienced a vibrant expansion of foreign trade and commerce, with numerous ships traversing between multiple kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa making them very affluent. This political and economic influence continued to have relevance well into the modern age, with the Hawiye clan playing a pivotal and historically significant role in laying the foundations of the Somali nation. The enduring legacy of the Hawiye's governance and control over trade routes has left a lasting impact on the development and shaping of Somalia.

Origins and Etymology
Sheikh Hawiye, also known as Ahmed based on oral traditions and Arabic hagiologies, is renowned as a revered saint and religious figure who bore the epithet "Hawi al 'Uluum", meaning the conservator of knowledge, denoting his mastery of Islamic knowledge. Through the passage of time, this appellation was condensed to just "Hawiyah" or "Hawiye" and subsequently evolved into the ethnonym of his progeny. The genealogy of Sheikh Hawiye, as delineated in these oral narratives, Arabic hagiologies, and indigenous manuscripts, can be traced as follows: Ahmed (Hawiye) Bin Abdulrahman (Irir) Bin Uthman (Samaale) Bin Muhammed Bin Hanbal Bin Mahdi Bin Ahmed Bin Mohammed Bin Aqeel Bin Abu Talib.

It is through these sources that the lineage of Sheikh Hawiye can be comprehensively understood and appreciated within the broader historical and cultural contexts. Some scholars consider these genealogical claims as historically untenable, but instead argue that they reflect a longstanding cross cultural exchange between Somalia and Southern Arabia. According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran Ioan Lewis, the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the Prophet are most probably figurative expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society. However, "there is a strong historically valid component in these legends." Hawiye, the eldest son of Irir, is known to have a sibling named Aji, whose actual name is documented in oral traditions and further supported by Al Idrus's work "History of Somalia" as Ismail, the progenitor of Dir, also known as Abu-Bakr. Hawiye was married to two women, from whom he had six sons. The first wife, Arbera, hailing from Arab lineage, bore him three sons - Karanle, Xaskuul, and Raarane. On the other hand, his second wife, Ghirei, belonging to the Harla, gave birth to Gugundhabe, Gorgarte, and Jambeelle. This genealogical account of Hawiye's family structure is crucial in understanding the historical lineage and heritage of the Hawiye. The oral traditions and written sources provide valuable insights into the familial connections and societal structures prevalent to this day.

The tomb of Shiekh Hawiye can be found in Qundhuro, situated within the Haraghe region, which served as his primary residence for the later years of his life as a revered Sheikh who dedicated himself to the propagation of the teachings of Islam. Alongside Shiekh Hawiye rests his eldest son, Karanle, in a burial site. The Hawiye furthered the spread of Islam in the Horn of Africa.

Distribution

The Hawiye are believed to be the largest Somali clan and comprise the majority in Somalia as well as the majority in the NFD region of Kenya according to respective censuses. The origin and traditional homeland of the Hawiye is believed to be in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, where he was preceded by the arrival of his Samaale ancestors in the areas between Djibouti and Somaliland, before descending southeast and along the Shabelle Valley.

In Somalia, Hawiye subclans inhabit the fertile lands along the Shabelle River of Beledweyne located in the Hiran region. Their territory stretches from the coastline just south of Mogadishu to the north of the historic port town of Hobyo in the central Mudug region. The Hawiye constitute the majority in the Hirshabelle state of Somalia, with the Abgaal clan being present while in Galmudug Hawiye are the majority as well. The Hawiye also have a second majority presence in the South West State region, They can also be found in Jubbaland. The Fiqishini subclan of the Habar Gidir inhabit the Sool region of Somaliland.

The Hawiye also live in their traditional birthplace Ethiopia, holding a sizeable population in the Somali Region of Ethiopia as well as cities like Babile in the Oromia region. In the southern parts of the Somali Region, Hawiye can be found in many zones, and are majority in 3/9 of the zones, namely the Liben zone and the Shabelle zone. They can also be found in many other zones, such as the Afdheer, Dollo, Sitti, Erer, Faafan and Korahe zone.

In Kenya, the Hawiye can also be found in the North Eastern Province (Kenya) region of Kenya where the Degoodi sub-clan is 3rd majority out of Somali clans in Kenya and the majority in the Wajir region, followed by another Hawiye sub-clan, the Ajuran and then the Murule who are the majority of the Mandera region as shown in the Kenyan census.

Major Hawiye cities inhabited by the Hawiye clan consist of the capital of Somalia, Mogadishu, along with various other cities such as Beledweyne, Galkayo, Babile, Dusmareb, Jowhar, Wajir and Mandera.

Sultanates
The Hawiye has produced various sultanates, some of which ruled large parts of the Horn of Africa. Some of these include:

The Ajuran Sultanate, which was led by the Ajuran sub-clan of the Hawiye. Specifically the Ajuran are said to be part of the Jambelle Hawiye but became displaced from modern Hawiye territories in the late 17th to early 18th centuries due to historical conflict particularly in South Central Somalia. Lee Cassanelli in his 1982 book "The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900" often refers to the Ajuran as former leaders of a Hawiye clan dynasty. They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate that ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa and East Africa. The Ajuran Empire's sphere of influence in the Horn of Africa was one of the largest in the region. The empire covered much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Hobyo in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.

The Hiraab Imaamate, also known as the Yacquubi Dynasty, which was governed by the Hiraab sub-clan of the Hawiye. It was founded by Imam Omar who successfully rebelled and defeated the Ajuran and established an independent kingdom. By 1700, the Hiraab and other clans occupied a large territory stretching the interior from the Shabelle valley to the arid lands of Mudug and to the coastal areas of Mogadishu towards Hobyo. After the immediate fall of the Ajuuraan, the Hiraab established an independent rule for at least two centuries. It was called Regno di Magadozo or the Kingdom of Magadoxo in official medieval bulletins, and at their peak, they would go on to dominate what became Greater Benadir.

These sultanates both ruled over present-day Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia. Minor Hawiye sultanates throughout these periods include the southern reigns of the Lama Jidle (Afgoi) Sultanate of the Silcis and the El Amir (Merca) dynasty of the Wadalaan. In the north, minor sultanates of the Sultanate of Bale and the Imamate of Aussa (preceded by Hubat and Harar principalities), were led by members of the Ajuran and the Karanle, respectively. Under these major and minor sultanates, Somalia flourished and various key port cities and towns were created. Explorer John Kirk arrived in southern Somalia in 1873 during a period of great economic prosperity with the region being dominated by the Imamate and the Geledi Sultanate. Kirk met Imam Mahmood who reigned over Mogadishu. Trade between the Hiraab of Mogadishu and the Geledi Sultanate led by Ahmed Yusuf was flourishing. Kirk noted a variety of other things. Roughly 20 large dhows were docked in both Mogadishu and Merka respectively filled with grain produced from the farms of the Geledi in the interior with much of the trade being destined for Zanzibar.

Role and Influence in Somalia
The Hawiye have historically played an important role in Somalia. The majority of Somalia's founding fathers hailed from the Hawiye. At Independence in 1960, the first President, Prime Minister, Parliamentary Speaker and the Father of the Somali Military were all Hawiye. Aden Adde the first President and Speaker was Udeejeen. The first Prime Minister Abdullahi Issa was Habar Gidir. The father of the Somali Military Daud Abdulle Hirsi was Abgaal. As was the initiator of the October revolution coup d'état in 1969, Brigadier General Salaad Gabeyre Kediye. The military leader to overthrow and exile the successor of the coup President Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council in 1991 before fighting and defeating subsequent US occupying forces (1993-1995) was General Mohamed Farrah Aidid, a Habar Gidir. Since then the Hawiye have produced five more Presidents and four more Prime Ministers.

The Hawiye elite played a leading role during the Somali Rebellion in opposing the post civilian era dictatorship of President Siad Barre under the auspices of SODAF, the SSDF and the Somali National Movement (SNM) before converging to form their own branch the infamous United Somali Congress (USC). The long-standing clan conflicts that had engulfed other clans in the rest of the country under the ex dictatorship continued unabated into the late 90s with its eventual victors setting up autonomous regional states (Somaliland and Puntland) while Mogadishu underwent a new Civil War starting in late 1991 with the city divided between warring Hawiye factions of Aidid and Abgaal President Ali Mahdi. Despite 2 interim governments built from Djibouti and supplanted in the capital with its elected Hawiye Presidencies in Ali Mahdi Muhammad in 1991 and Abdiqasim Salad Hassan (Habargidir) a decade later, 14 national peace conferences throughout their tenures and a 3-year UN/US humanitarian & peacekeeping intervention (1992-1995), the Mogadishu Civil War remained a stalemate until 2006 which saw the rise of the popular Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a predominately Hawiye-based Islamic Fundamentalist Organisation that ended the rule of factional warlords and their chiefdoms, with the ICU promoting religious reform while conquering large parts of the country. But even with its moderate leadership and revolutionary appeal, the International Community, encouraged by the US global War on Terror campaign, endorsed a historically damaging Ethiopian Occupation to overthrow the ICU and prop the weak internationally recognised interim federal government (TFG) of President Abdullahi Yusuf, a Darod Majerteen, which was built in Kenya in 2004 and based there before moving into the city of Baidoa. With the TFG reliant on neighbours Ethiopia and Kenya, adopting their principles of federalism and in particular imitating the state structure of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, the moderate ICU leadership moved to Djibouti and Eritrea in exile, eventually returning to power under a new name, the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) and successfully ending the Ethiopian occupation. A coalition of sorts in later successive governments have since been formed, with new challenges posed by radical offshoots Al-Shabaab, an Alqaeda affiliate takfeer group notorious for bomb attacks that hasn't spared the old, the women or the children though claiming to solely fight the Government and its partners from the African Union peacekeeping forces.

The Hawiye figure prominently in many important fields of Somali society such as the Business & Media sector. For example, Abdirahman Yabarow, the editor-in-chief of VOA Somali is kin. Yusuf Garaad Omar who was the Chairman of BBC Somali for over a decade and helped pioneer its rise during his tenure, is also a member. As are the heads of major national corporations - Jubba Airways and Hormuud Telecom.

Currently the Hawiye play a leading role in the regional states of Galmudug, Hirshabelle and Benadir (Mogadishu), but also in Somalia and among the Somali people as a whole.

History
According to 12th-century author Al-Idrisi, the Hawiye clan occupied the coastal areas between Ras Hafun and Merca, as well as the lower basin of the lower Shabelle river. Al-Idrisi's mention of the Hawiye is the first documentary reference to a specific Somali group in the Horn of Africa. Later Arab writers also make references to the Hawiye clan in connection with both Merca and the lower Shabelle valley. Ibn Sa'id (1214–74), for instance, considered Merca to be the capital of the Hawiye, who lived in fifty villages on the bank of a river which he called "the nile of Mogadishu, a clear reference to the Shabelle river.

"One must mention the Hawīya and Garğēda who are also represented as clan families or clans among the Somali. Both groups seem to have been long established in the Sultanate of Bale: the early immigrants from Merca started from a Hawiya-occupied region and oral traditions relate the Garğēda with the time of the 'holy war' in the 1530s."

Along with Rahanweyn, the Hawiye clan also came under the Ajuran Empire control in the 13th century that governed much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Hobyo in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.

Known to medieval writers as the Ajan Coast  Harold Marcus credits the role of the Hawiye-led commonwealth alliance  in expanding and islamizing the communities of what is now southeast Ethiopia and southern Somalia during the 15th and 16th centuries.

The Hawiye are also featured in the early history of the northern Ifat Sultanate during the reign of Emperors Zara Yaqob and Amda Seyon I. Sabr ad-Din of Ifat who declared war on Amda Seyon, had summoned 15 notables for the battle, the 8th notable was the King of Harla and the 9th notable was the King of Hubat. According to best known travel and tourism handbook "Guide to Ethiopia" by author Phillip Briggs and ecologist professor Marco Viganó, the Kundudo (Qundhura) mountain ranges which sits at the mouth of Gursum, Somali (woreda) and easiest to access via Babile was the locality of ancient Hubat,  an early Hawiye settlement area pre-dating and surrounding Harar particularly towards the South East and also historically inhabited by nomadic highland Hawiye clans who had turned to farming and cultivation during the rainfall season according to J.Spencer's "Islam in Ethiopia" where they later repelled and neighboured the Oromo Invasions. Many old towns and villages bearing Hawiye ancestral names can still be found in the modern Eastern Hararghe region today. With Adal Sultanate succeeding Ifat Sultanate, the Hawiye figured prominently as leaders and soldiers in what culminated to become the 16th century conquest of Ethiopia (Futuh Al-Habasha). The most famous and widely read Public Historian of Ethiopia, former Minister of Education, Arts & Culture and Dean of the National Library under Haile Selassie, Takla Sadiq Mekuria, author of the "History of Ethiopia; Nubia, Aksum, Zagoe till the Time of the Reign of Aşe Yækunno Amlak", had state devoted the largest study - a 950-page book in 1961 to the life and times of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (known as Ahmed Gurey or Mohamed Gragne, the Atilla of Africa and the King of Zeila) as well as the history of the elite core family-unit of the Malassay Army in his rough monograph on the Gragn Wars called "Ya Gragn Warara" (The Conquests of Gragn), in it he draws on the evidence from Arab Faqih Sihab Uddin and the chronicles of Sarsa-Dengel. Through the mediation of Dagazmac Wargnah he interviewed Ahmed Ali Shami, the most senior authoritative scholar of Harar to have produced the concise manuscript history of Harar (in his Fatah Madinat Harar manuscript) for several European institutions and maintains several preserved Arabic manuscripts, which all provide the only extensive family tree and genealogical known tradition of 8 generations of the father and relatives of Gragne's lineage from the Karanle Hawiye branch with his mother stated to be of the ethnic Harla. This is also found in the Aussa chronicles and books authored by Manfred Kropp, Layla Sabaq and Berhanu Kamal and others. Gragne's wife was also the daughter of Emir Mahfuz, an important relative, ruler of Zeila and a Balaw, a Karanle subclan also listed as a group of tribes from Bale and a commonly Ethiopian mistranslation of the Coptic Christian synaxarium of Alexandria's "muslim badawī (bedouin/nomadic descent)" for Muslims in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia and the Red Sea Gulf. See example - Ethiopian chronicles of 10th century Muslim convert Saint George the Egyptian Balaw. Weakened by centuries of northern conflict, a fraction of the Hawiye of the post Adal Harar Emirate continued to remain powerful in the Somali interior   and would later form a dynasty of jurists in early modern Zeila. "Since sections of the Hawiyya were migrating southward before and during Gragn's jihad, it is not inconceivable that they brought certain theocratic notions with them. Indeed, the Ajuran maintained a wakil (governor) in the region around Qallafo. This area was not only the traditional Hawiyya homeland, but also stood midway geographically between the emirates of Harar and the Benaadir, an ideal link for the transmission of political and religious ideas."

Enrico Cerulli, an Author on key Somali social development and early history, mentions the following passage on the birth and succession of the Ajuran Sultanate.

"The oral sources also provide us with recurrent themes that point to certain structural features of Ajuran rule. The descendants of the Ajuraan (among which are the Gareen imams) can therefore be understood to have inherited the spiritual (Islamic) and the secular (numerical) power provided by the alliance of the first three Hawiyya 'brothers'. Ajuran power reposed on the twin pillars of spiritual preeminence and Hawiyya kinship solidarity, a potent combination in the Somali cultural context. In historical terms, a theocratic ideology superimposed on an extensive network of Hawiyya-affiliated clans helped uphold Ajuran dominance over a wide region. The Darandoolle, it should be noted, were part of the Gurqaate, a clan section collateral to the Jambelle Hawiyya from whom Ajuran (and Gareen) is said to have been descended. Intermarriage among the descedants of these uterine brothers on the one hand helped reinforce the solidarity of the Hawiyya. On the other hand, competition between collateral lines was very common in Somalia, particularly where the titular leadership of a larger clan-confederation was at stake. Such a struggle for the dominant place within the Hawiyya-dominated Ajuran confederation may also be reflected in the rise of the Silcis and El Amir in the later years of Ajuran rule. Both are said to have been descedants of Gurqaate Hawiyya, as were the Abgaal Darandoolle. Thus it can be argued that the dominant groups which appeared toward the end of the Ajuran era—the Darandoolle near Muqdisho, the Silcis near Afgooye, and the El Amir in Marka—represent the partition of the Ajuran imamate among collateral Hawiyya sections. Or perhaps one branch of the Hawiyya—namely the Gurqaate—forcibly replaced another (the Jambelle) as leaders of the clan."

The Hiraab Imamate was the main successor state of the Ajuran Sultanate. The reason for their rebellion was the Ajuran rulers, in the end, became extremely prideful, neglected the sharia law, and imposed a heavy tax on their subjects which was the main reason for the rebellion. Other groups would follow in the rebellion which would eventually bring down Ajuran rule in the inter-riverine region and Benadir coast. Lee Cassanelli in his book, The Shaping of Somali society, provides a historical picture of the Hiraab Imamate. He writes:

"According to local oral tradition, the Hiraab imamate was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the Ajuran Empire and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.

The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the Habar Gidir and Duduble, a Fiqhi/Qadi of Sheekhaal, and the Imam was reserved for the Mudulood branch who is believed to have been the first born. Once established, the Imamate ruled the territories from the Shabeelle valley, the Benaadir provinces, the Mareeg areas all the way to the arid lands of Mudug, whilst the ancient port of Hobyo emerged as the commercial border and Mogadishu being its capital for the newly established Hiraab Imamate in the late 17th century.

Hobyo served as a prosperous commercial centre for the Imamate. The agricultural centres of El Dher and Harardhere included the production of sorghum and beans, supplementing with herds of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, whilst the aromatic woods and raisins were the primary exports as rice, other foodstuffs and clothes were imported. Merchants looking for exotic goods came to Hobyo to buy textiles, precious metals and pearls. The commercial goods harvested along the Shabelle river were brought to Hobyo for trade. Also, the increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southerly cities such as Mogadishu further boosted the prosperity of Hobyo, as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their supplies.

The economy of the Hawiye includes the predominant nomadic pastoralism, and to some extent, cultivation within agricultural settlements in the riverine area, as well as mercantile commerce along the urban coast. At various points throughout history, trade of modern and ancient commodities by the Hawiye through maritime routes included cattle skin, slaves, ivory and ambergris.

Richard Burton, a famous 19th century British explorer said to have been the first European to reach the Holy Islamic sites of Mecca and Medina in secrecy, on visiting the country of the Somalis in 1854 noted among other authors at the time, the northern and southern expansion of the Hiraab prior to the Imamate's deeper conflicts with the advent of Colonialism, said the following;

To the south the Nogal valley touches the Hawiyah, the Marehan and some small neighbouring countries. The Hawiyah are doubtless of ancient origin; they call all Somal except themselves Hashiyah (Aji) and thus claim to be equivalent to the rest of the nation. The antiquity of the Hawiyah is proved by its present widely scattered state; it is a powerful tribe in the Mijjarthayn country and yet it is found in the hills of Harar. It should be noted that the movement towards the South West is faster for the more northerly Hawiyah tribes and therefore further away from the rivers.

Soon afterwards, the entire peninsula was snapped up by Colonial powers and it led to the birth of a Modern Somalia. However, the Hiraab hereditary leadership has remained intact up to this day and enjoys a dominant influence in national Somali affairs.

Clan tree
Due to antiquity and oldened traditions, there are sometimes no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures or many lineages are omitted. Ali Jimale Ahmed outlines his genealogical clan tree of the Hawiye in The Invention of Somalia.

 * Samaale
 * Irir
 * Hawiye
 * Karanle
 * Kaariye
 * Gidir
 * Sexawle
 * Baad
 * Murusade
 * Sabti
 * Abakar Sabti
 * Abdalla Sabti
 * Idinle Sabti
 * Ibrahim Sabti
 * Foorculus
 * Habar Ceyno
 * Habar Maxamed
 * Gugundhabe
 * Molkaal (Molcal)
 * Badi Ade
 * Afgaab
 * Maamiye
 * Subeer
 * Baydisle
 * Saransoor
 * Gaaljecel
 * Barsane
 * Sooranle
 * Doqondiide
 * Dirisame
 * Dar-Waaq
 * Abtisame
 * Lahube
 * Aloofi
 * Makahiil Omar
 * Degoodi
 * Fai
 * Dumaal
 * Ciise
 * Masarre
 * Jidle alias Murule
 * Abdi (Yabarsein)
 * Kuulow
 * Sharmarke
 * Nacabsoor
 * Jijeele
 * Reer Faqay
 * Reer Wabar
 * Gorgaarte
 * Maxamed (Madhibaan)
 * Hiraab
 * Mudulood
 * Udejeen
 * Kheyre Macalin
 * Adan Yacqub
 * Cabdi Sheikh (Sheekhaal)
 * Darandole
 * Hilibi
 * Cismaan
 * Wa'daan
 * Maalinle
 * Samakaay
 * Moobleen
 * Magacle
 * Abidig
 * Ilaaway
 * Abgaal (Cali)
 * Harti
 * Warsangeli
 * Suul Harti
 * Maxamed Caroone
 * Agoonyar
 * Owbakar
 * Reer Imaam
 * Yabar Maxamed
 * Nugaale (Habar Nugaal)
 * Cabdalla Caroone
 * Ciise Harti
 * Wa'budhan
 * Galmaax Yonis
 * Yusuf Galmaax
 * Maxamed Muuse
 * Cumar Galmaax
 * Celi Cumar
 * Reer Mataan (Abdulle)
 * Abdulle Galmaax
 * Xuseen Yonis
 * Sahal Koraaye
 * Adan Yonis
 * Kabaale Wacbudhan
 * Saleeban Muse
 * Xeyle Muse
 * Dauud
 * Isaaq Dauud
 * Yusuf Dauud
 * Reer Ugaas
 * Wa'aysle (Warculus)
 * Saleeban Waceysle
 * Cumar Saleeban
 * Dhagaweyne Cumar
 * Faqay Cumar
 * Cabdalle Cumar
 * Cali Gaaf
 * Absuge
 * Macalin Dhiblaawe
 * Abdirahman Saleban
 * Jibraail Waceysle
 * Haaruun Waceysle
 * Duduble (Maxamuud Hiraab)
 * Maxamed Camal
 * Maqlisame
 * Owradeen
 * Sheekhaal
 * Loobage
 * Maxamed Cagane
 * Aw-Qudub
 * Habar Gidir
 * Sacad
 * Saleebaan
 * Cayr
 * Saruur
 * Wadalaan
 * Silcis
 * Hawadle
 * Samatalis
 * Dige Samatalis
 * Ciise Dige
 * Ibrahim Ciise
 * Madaxweyne Ciise
 * Ali Madaxweyne
 * Yabar Madaxweyne
 * Abdalle Madaxweyne
 * Agoon Abdalle
 * Yabar Dige
 * Adan Warsame
 * Cabdalle Samatalis
 * Faramage Samatalis
 * Reer Ugaas
 * Yusuf Samatalis
 * Abdi Yusuf
 * Jambeelle
 * Hintire
 * Ajuran
 * Gareen
 * Waalamage
 * Xaskul
 * Owsaan
 * Raarane Hawiye

NOTE: The Sheekhaal, Xawaadle and Saransoor (Gaaljecel, Dagoodi, Ciise, Masarre, Tuuf Garre) are historically counted as Hawiye lineages under Hiraab, Gorgaarte and Gugundhabe respectively. The Ajuuraan are similarly descendants of Jambeelle.

Rulers and Nobility

 * Dirre Sheikh Hussein (saint), 13th Century Muslim Saint of East Africa and Ruler of the Sultanate of Bale
 * Abadir Umar ar-Rida, Patron Saint and Ruler of Harar
 * Garad Abun Adashe, Emir of Adal, Paternal Uncle of Ahmed Gurey
 * Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi nicknamed "Ahmed Gurey", Somali Imam, General of the Adal Sultanate and Conqueror of Ethiopia
 * Wazir Abbas, Grand Vizier, the Bahr Negash of Adal Sultanate
 * Sultan Talha ibn Abbas, succeeding Sultan of Adal
 * Muhammad Gasa, First Ruler of the Imamate of Aussa
 * Caaqil Dheryodhoobe, Legendary Warrior Chief of Central Somalia and Strategic Thinker
 * Mowlana Abd al-Rahman Nurow, Late Renaissance Era Religious Reformist of East Africa
 * Malaakh Hassan Geedi Abtow, Traditional leader of Mogadishu
 * Sheikh Hassan Barsane, National Anti Colonial leader
 * Laashin Ahmed Gabyow, Somali Patriot and Fighter Poet of the Benadir Coast

 * Olol Dinle, Last Sultan of the Ajuran Sultanate
 * Capo Sandhool Guure, Traditional leader of Hiiraan
 * Capo Hersi Gurey, Traditional leader of Mudug
 * Nabadoon Mohamed Hassan Xaad, Chairman of Hawiye Elders Council

Politicians

 * Abdullahi Issa, Prime Minister of Somalia, 1956–1960
 * Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, President of Somalia, 1960–1967
 * Haji Farah Ali Omar, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia, 1967–1969
 * Hussein Kulmiye Afrah, Vice President of Somalia, 1971–1990
 * Mohamed Ibrahim Liqliiqato, President of the National Assembly, 1982–1989
 * Ali Mahdi Muhammad, President of Somalia, 1991–2000Aden Abdulle Osman Daar.jpg]]
 * Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, President of Somalia, 2000–2004
 * Ali Mohammed Ghedi, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2004–2007
 * Nur Hassan Hussein, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2007–2009
 * Sharif Ahmed, President of Somalia, 2009–2012
 * Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia, 2012–2017, 2022–Current
 * Hassan Ali Khaire, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2017–2020
 * Mohamed Hussein Roble, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2020–2022
 * Abdulrahman Kinana, First Ever Speaker of the East African Community (EAC) Legislative Assembly, 2001–2006; Former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Defence of Tanzania
 * Sheikh Ali Jimale, Cabinet Minister, First Opposition Party Secretary-General and Runners Up in the 1961 Presidential Elections
 * Hassan Nur Elmi, 1960s Governor of Benadir, Permanent Representative to the United Nations
 * Abdirahman Haji Mumin, SYL Party Secretary General, Minister of Defence from 1962-1965
 * Abdullahi Ahmed Addow, 1963-1970 Governor of the Central Bank, Minister of Economic Affairs, later Somali Ambassador to the United States 1970–1980
 * Mohamed Sheikh Osman, 1970s-1980s Former Minister of Finance, Commerce and Industry
 * Omar Hassan Mohamud "Istarliin", 1960s Mayor of Mogadishu and Chairman of the Somali Rebellion SODAF
 * Ali Mohamed Osoble "Wardhigley", MP Elected from Mogadishu, Minister of Information, Health and Labour, Vice Chairman of SNM, Chairman of USC
 * Mohamed Afrah Qanyare, Politician, Businessman, Chairman of the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT)
 * Abukar Umar Adani, Islamist, Tycoon, Owner of the El-Ma`an Port which served as Mogadishu's temporary Port since its closure in 1995
 * Abdullahi Mohamed Ali "Sanbaloolshe", Politician, Diplomat, Secretary of State for National Security and Intelligence Chief (NISA)
 * Shaaban Ali Issack, Former Member of Kenyan National Assembly/Parliament, Assistant Minister for Urban Development, 1995–2007
 * Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab, Mayor of Mogadishu, Chief of the Somali Supreme Court, 2012–2016
 * Mohamed Nur, Popular Mayor of Mogadishu, 2009–2012, famously nicknamed Tarzan
 * Mohamed Hussein Ali, Former Member of Kenyan National Assembly/Parliament, 2007-2013

Military personnel

 * Daud Abdulle Hirsi, First Commander-In-Chief of the Somali National Forces in 1960, Commanding Officer of the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
 * Salaad Gabeyre Kediye, Brigadier General, Father of the 1969 Kacaan Revolution
 * General Mohamed Farrah Aidid, Chairman of the United Somali Congress that toppled Dictator Siad Barre, battled US Delta forces and UNOSOM during Operation Restore Hope and a self-declared President of Somalia before his Death, 1987–1996
 * General Galal, Frunze Trained Major General, Former Deputy Defence Minister, Chief Architect of the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War and the Ogaden War 1977, Commander of the 1990 Somali Rebellion in Mogadishu, Transitional National Government of Somalia Head of National Commission for Security and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a Paramilitary Advisor, Four Time War Hero
 * Dahir Adan Elmi, Chief of Somali Armed Forces, Major General and the Commander of Qabdri-Daharre Battalion in Somalia-Ethiopian War in 1977 and awarded a Medal of Honour. He is regarded as the longest serving General in the Somali Army
 * Mohamud Barre Faytaan, First Chief of the Somali Air Defence Corps and later Somali Airlines
 * Mohamed Ali Dhagaxtuur, SYL Horseed Militia leader, Martyr of the 1948 Four-Power Commission Hanoolaato riots in Mogadishu named after the Dhagaxtuur Monument
 * Mohamed Abdulle Halane, Posthumous Gold Medallist of the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War commemorated in the Halane Elite Training Camp and Daljirka Dahsoon (Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Monument)
 * Ahmed Sheikh Mao, Cayr, First Commander of the Somali Air Force
 * Osman Sheikh Mao, Cayr, First Commander of the Somali Navy
 * Colonel Ahmed Maxamed Xasan, Abgaal, Award Winner fighter jet pilot who famously refused government orders to bomb Somaliland in the lead up to the Civil War, 1988–1991
 * General Ahmed Jila'ow Adow, former Director of the Somali Secret Services and a Mayor of Mogadishu in 1991
 * Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid, Longest reigning Police Commissioner, dubbed Tiger Abdi in the infamous Black Hawk Down
 * Mohammed Hussein Ali, Former Commissioner of the Kenya Police.
 * Hassan Dahir Aweys, Decorated Colonel of the Ogaden War, Founder of the Islamic Courts Union
 * Mohamed Abdi Hassan, Entrepreneur, Somalia's "Pirate Kingpin" who captured the MV Sirius Star Ship, 2008

Leading intellectuals

 * Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, Linguist, Author of the 1952 Kaddariya script
 * Ismail Jim'ale Osoble, Human Rights Lawyer, Journalist, Cabinet Minister, Author of the 1990 Somali Manifesto
 * Abdulkadir Yahya Ali, Peace Activist, Founder of the Center for Research and Dialogue
 * Elmi Ahmed Duale, Director General of Somali Public Health, World Health Organization East Africa Programme Coordinator, Permanent Representative of Somalia to the United Nations
 * Ahmed Mumin Warfa, Senior Government Advisor, Philanthropist, Scientist and Rector of the Zamzam University of Science and Technology, discovered the Cyclamen somalense species
 * Farah Weheliye Addo, Politician, Chairman of the Somali Football Association, Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations, Somali Olympic Committee and vice-president of the African Football Confederation (CAF)
 * Yusuf Garaad Omar, Editor-in-Chief of the BBC Somali Service
 * Abdi Mohamed Ulusso, Writer, Historian, 2004 Presidential Candidate
 * Ali Jimale, Educator at the City University of New York
 * Ali Sheikh Ahmed, Dual President of Mogadishu University and Al-Islaah
 * Elman Ali Ahmed, Entrepreneur and Social Activist
 * Hilowle Imam Omar, Chairman of the Somali Civil War Reconciliation Program
 * Ibrahim Hassan Addou, Former Professor of Washington University, Foreign Minister of the Islamic Courts Union in 2006
 * Hussein Ali Shido, SYL Politician, Ambassador and later founding member of the United Somali Congress
 * Hawa Abdi, Haskul subclan, Humanitarian, Physician, Writer, 5 time Award Winner and Nobel Peace Prize Nominee in 2012

Music, Literature, Culture and Sports

 * Axyaa Waddani, SYL Poet
 * Farah Gololeey, Poet, Political Bard
 * Abdi Bashiir Indhobuur, Poet and Composer
 * Abdulle Raage Tarawiil, Poet and Actor
 * Abshir Bacadle, Poet and Philanthropist
 * Abdukadir Osman (Aroma), Story Writer, Historian
 * Hasan Adan Samatar, Famous Musician in the 1970s and 1980s
 * K'naan, Somali-Canadian Poet, Rapper and Musician
 * Magool (Halima Khalif Omar), Musician
 * Ali Said Hassan, Somali Film Producer
 * Abdullah Noor Wasughe, Somali Olympian
 * Ayub Daud, International Footballer, Son of National Somalia Team Captain

Political factions and organizations

 * Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamic Revolutionary Group and rival administration to the Transitional Federal Government.
 * Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) a Somali alliance created by various faction leaders and entrepreneurs
 * Hizbul Shabaab, the Youth Movement wing of the ICU before ceding the organisation to its first leader Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow" who hails from the Habar Gidir
 * Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, a rival moderate Sufi paramilitary to Hizbul Shabaab
 * Juba Valley Alliance (JVA), primary opponent of the Somali Patriotic Movement
 * Somali National Alliance (SNA), formed by Mohamed Farrah Aidid
 * Somali Salvation Army (SSA), the Ali Mahdi Muhammad branch of the United Somali Congress
 * United Somali Congress (USC), formed in 1987, played a leading role in the ouster of the dictatorship

title: Hawiye


text:
User:Bogdantudor

This is my wikipedia page. Nothing to see, move along.

title: User:Bogdantudor


text: User talk:70.64.24.21

title: User talk:70.64.24.21


text: User talk:216.197.243.223

title: User talk:216.197.243.223


text:
Talk:Wooden churches of Maramureș

Untitled
Is this the same churches?

 * Photo gallery for Nina Aldrin Thune
 * http://www.cimec.ro/Monumente/unesco/UNESCOen/indexC31.htm

Lost reference
The cited reference is not available anymore. An alternative source can be found here. Carlotm (talk) 21:22, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

Hungarian names
These are not relevant here. The churches are in Romania and have been for a long time. The church congregants are Romanians. Finally, the Hungarian names of those villages are on the pages of the communes to which they belong. They should be removed. - Biruitorul Talk 11:50, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * At Ukraine both Romanian and Hungarian names could stay as also the article suggests.(KIENGIR (talk) 09:46, 16 September 2020 (UTC))

title: Talk:Wooden churches of Maramureș


text:
Talk:Orlando Pirates F.C.

Copyvio
The text I removed comes from: Its flowery language is also not ideal for an encyclopedia. Greenman 22:44, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Expansion?
I had never heard of this club until they showed up on FIFA 06... maybe someone could add a little color to the information here relating to the club's character?
 * They are one of the big two in South African soccer, with a long and colourful history. Unfortanately I'm not the person to write it :) Greenman 09:44, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Orlando Pirates.gif
Image:Orlando Pirates.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Orlando Pirates.gif
Image:Orlando Pirates.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 23:41, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Vodacom logo.jpg
Image:Vodacom logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 11:13, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Opfcold.jpg
Image:Opfcold.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Orlando Pirates. This may be a bold interpretation of consensus, but it's certainly well supported by Google News search and not without precedent in Category:Association football clubs in South Africa. Unless all merry hell breaks loose over this move, we might consider renaming the eponymous Category:Orlando Pirates F.C.. Favonian (talk) 12:27, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

Orlando Pirates FC → Orlando Pirates F.C. – "F.C." is standard usage for football club article titles. Mattythewhite (talk) 19:10, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose: The name of this individual club is unequivocally "Orlando Pirates FC". I would however support to wholly omit the FC and move to Orlando Pirates, as it is the most WP:COMMONNAME. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RJFF (talk • contribs) 23:47, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - firstly, I would disagree with the rationale that "F.C." is standard useage - it varies country to country, for example in North America the convention is "FC" (per FC Dallas, Austin Aztex FC etc.). However, the convention in South Africa does appear to be "F.C.", as can be seen in . GiantSnowman 09:26, 20 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose - There is no proof on the club's official website or the official South African league website whether the club is FC or F.C. Just because the norm for South African clubs is F.C. does not mean it is correct, it could just be the same user that created them applying the same logic. Therefore, I would suggest keeping the article name as "Orlando Pirates FC", or even better, moving it to just "Orlando Pirates" like RJFF suggested. Almost every source refers to as "Orlando Pirates" or "Orlando Pirates Football Club" (but not FC or F.C.). However, I am completely against a move to F.C. since there is absolutely no proof in this particular club's case that would warrant the move to go forward. TonyStarks (talk) 10:38, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Membership
I would to make a request a that on-line applications for membership be activated. There are instances where we have supporters who not card caring members willing to have though, but because of geographical disadvantages, such supportes remain cardless when we need them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.15.166.134 (talk) 10:26, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 7 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved (closed by non-admin page mover)  SITH   (talk)   14:26, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

Orlando Pirates → Orlando Pirates F.C. – The club's full name is Orlando Pirates Football Club, and so the article should be named Orlando Pirates F.C.. Also to match other clubs in the same country. Ben5218 (talk) 13:25, 7 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONSISTENCY. There is no need for this anomaly. Nzd   (talk)  13:40, 7 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support for consistency with other articles in Category:Soccer clubs in South Africa. Number   5  7  11:50, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support For the same reason Manchester United F.C. wasn't moved.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 12:18, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support I agree with nom. Excelse (talk) 12:34, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:07, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Orlando Pirates Football Club Logo.png

Kit UPDATES
How long till the 2019-20 kits are updated? Pledgewinters (talk) 08:05, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orlando Pirates F.C.


text:
St Columba's Church, London

St Columba's Church is one of the two London congregations of the Church of Scotland. The church building, designed by Sir Edward Maufe, is located in Pont Street, Knightsbridge, near Harrods department store. It was given Grade II listing by English Heritage in 1988.

History
The presence of Scottish Presbyterianism in London dates back to the Union of the Crowns in 1603. A congregation was established near what is now Trafalgar Square, with a permanent church later being built in Crown Court near Covent Garden. This church is still in use, although rebuilt. The growth in the Scottish community in London resulted in the need for a larger church than Crown Court Church alone could accommodate. The original St Columba's Church building of 1884 was destroyed by wartime bombing during the night of 10 May 1941. It was rebuilt on the same site in 1955 to a striking contemporary design by the architect Sir Edward Maufe, who also designed Guildford Cathedral. The church is named after Saint Columba, the famous saint from Ulster.

The war memorial chapel was dedicated on 25 March 1956.

The dance society London Reels meets at St Columba's once a month from September to June to dance Highland Reels.

Ministry
The current minister (as at April 2020) is the Rev C. Angus MacLeod, who was inducted to the charge by the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of England on 7 June 2012.

Newcastle congregation
St Columba's Church is linked (i.e. shares a minister) with St Andrew's Church in Newcastle upon Tyne. This church is located at the junction of Sandyford Road and Grantham Road in Newcastle. The nearest Tyne and Wear Metro station is Jesmond.

Moderators
There have been three Ministers of St. Columba's who have held the office as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland:
 * Very Rev. Robert F. V. Scott, 1956
 * Very Rev. J. Fraser McLuskey, 1983
 * Very Rev. John H. McIndoe, 1996

title: St Columba's Church, London


text:
Sarepta Therapeutics

Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. is a medical research and drug development company with corporate offices and research facilities in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Incorporated in 1980 as AntiVirals, shortly before going public the company changed its name from AntiVirals to AVI BioPharma soon with stock symbol AVII and in July 2012 changed name from AVI BioPharma to Sarepta Therapeutics and SRPT respectively. As of 2023, the company has four approved drugs (see the Products section below).

History
Sarepta started in Corvallis, Oregon on January 1, 1980 and was originally named Antivirals Inc. After occupying several research laboratory spaces in Corvallis, the company opened a production laboratory in Corvallis in February 2002 and was renamed AVI BioPharma Inc. The company made headlines in 2003 when it announced work on treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the West Nile virus. In July 2009, the company announced they would move their headquarters from Portland, Oregon, north to Bothell, Washington, near Seattle. At that time, the company led by president and CEO Leslie Hudson had 83 employees and quarterly revenues of $3.2 million. AVI had yet to turn a profit and had not yet developed any commercial products as of July 2009. The company lost $19.7 million in the second quarter of 2009, and then won an $11.5 million contract with the U.S. Department of Defense's Defense Threat Reduction Agency in October 2009. By this time, the company had completed its headquarters move to Bothell.

In 2012, the company moved a second time, to Cambridge, Massachusetts. At the time, CEO Chris Garabedian indicated the move was motivated by the need to recruit expertise in rare diseases. The Corvallis laboratory facility was closed in 2016. The company opened a new Genetic Therapies Center of Excellence in Columbus, Ohio in October, 2021 in order to dramatically advance research into therapeutics for several muscular dystrophies that had begun at Nationwide Children's Hospital several years earlier.

In February 2019, Sarepta acquired five gene therapy candidates for $165 million after one of them, MYO-101, produced results with a new gene therapy candidate for patients with Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy; two months after receiving a single treatment, muscles from all three patients were producing the protein they couldn't make on their own.

As of 2022, there are three FDA-approved Duchenne muscular dystrophy drugs in Sarepta Therapeutics' portfolio. In January 2023, Sarepta partnered with Catalent to manufacture delandistrogene moxeparvovec (SRP-9001).

Products
Its primary products are based on Morpholino oligomers (PMOs), synthetic nucleic acid analogs that were conceived of by James Summerton and invented by Summerton with Dwight Weller, originally developed under the name NeuGene Antisense. Since morpholino oligomers can form sequence-specific double-stranded complexes with RNA they are suitable use in antisense therapy. In one application, translation blocking, a morpholino oligomer binds to messenger RNA produced by a known disease-causing gene to prevent it from being translated into protein. Morpholinos can also work as splice-switching oligos, targeting pre-mRNA to alter splicing and so causing changes in the structure of the mature mRNA (the mechanism of the approved drug eteplirsen). Morpholinos have been tested for a wide range of applications including prevention of cardiac restenosis after angioplasty, treatment of coronary artery bypass grafts, treatment of polycystic kidney disease, redirection of drug metabolism, treatment of some mutations causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and inhibition of infectious diseases. Their greatest clinical and commercial success thus far has been in the treatment of DMD. A new class of Morpholino oligos, the peptide-linked Morpholinos or PPMO, are linked to an arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide to enhance their delivery into cells and have entered clinical trials

The Morpholino drug eteplirsen, targeting exon 51 of the dystrophin mRNA, was approved as a human therapeutic by the FDA in 2016 and antisense oligonucleotides for Morpholinos targeting other exons are also subsequently approved. Morpholinos have been used in preclinical studies to inhibit replication of a broad range of viruses, including influenza, West Nile virus, SARS, hepatitis C, dengue fever, Ebola and Calicivirus, all of which are single stranded RNA viruses. They are in advanced development for prevention and treatment of Ebola and Marburg viruses. In March 2013, the Company announced positive results from a non-human primate study of AVI-7288, the drug candidate for treatment of Marburg virus infection. The results showed that intramuscular administration of AVI-7288 resulted in survival rates up to 100 percent in monkeys exposed to this fatal virus. These results are similar to those in previous studies when the drug was given by intravenous injection.

In December 2019, golodirsen (Vyondys 53) received US FDA approval for the treatment of cases that can benefit from skipping exon 53 of the dystrophin transcript. The other approved PMO developed by Sarepta is casimersen (AMONDYS45) which is indicated for the treatment of DMD in patients amendable by exon 45 skipping.

In addition to development of Morpholinos as therapeutics, AVI has conducted six human trials for colorectal and pancreatic cancers using their cancer vaccine AVICINE.

In June 2023, ELEVIDYS (Delandistrogene moxeparvovec) was approved by the FDA for use in 4-5 year old boys with mutations in the DMD gene. The FDA granted accelerated approval to ELEVIDYS, which requires that the product be further studied to verify its clinical benefit.

title: Sarepta Therapeutics


text:
Beaver Glacier

Beaver Glacier may refer to:
 * Beaver Glacier (Enderby Land)
 * Beaver Glacier (Ross Ice Shelf)

title: Beaver Glacier


text:
Sunday Morning

Sunday Morning or Sunday Mornin' may refer to:

Art

 * Sunday Morning (poem), a poem by Wallace Stevens
 * Sunday Morning (collage), a public artwork by India Cruse-Griffin, in Indianapolis, Indiana, US

Albums

 * Sunday Morning (album), a 2002 album by Jake Shimabukuro
 * Sunday Mornin' (album), a 1961 album by Grant Green, or its title song (see below)

Songs

 * "Sunday Morning" (Earth, Wind & Fire song), 1993
 * "Sunday Morning" (Mitch James song), 2019
 * "Sunday Morning" (k-os song), 2006
 * "Sunday Morning" (Maroon 5 song), 2004
 * "Sunday Morning" (No Doubt song), 1997
 * "Sunday Morning" (The Velvet Underground song), 1967
 * "Sunday Mornin'" (Spanky and Our Gang song), 1966
 * "Sunday Mornin'", by Grant Green from the album Sunday Mornin'
 * "Sunday Morning", by the Bolshoi, 1986
 * "Sunday Morning", by Julian Lennon from his 1989 album Mr. Jordan
 * "Sunday Morning", by Ani DiFranco from her 2005 album Knuckle Down
 * "Sunday Morning", from the musical Natasha, Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812
 * "Sunday Morning" (日曜の朝), by Hikaru Utada from the 2006 album Ultra Blue
 * "Sunday Mornin", by Mary Mary from her 2011 album Go Get It
 * "Sunday Morning", by Matoma feat. Josie Dunne, from the 2018 album One in a Million
 * "Sunday Morning", by Mitch James, 2019
 * "Sunday Morning", by Ethel Cain, 2019

Radio and television

 * Sunday Morning (radio program), a Canadian radio program formerly aired on CBC Radio One
 * CBS News Sunday Morning, a television news program on CBS in the United States
 * Sunday Morning, a Japanese television news program on TBS
 * Sunday Morning, a UK television current affairs programme on BBC One

title: Sunday Morning


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BeOmega

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  23:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

BeOmega
Short orphan band page, no assertion of notability. Would nn-bio if this were about a person. Ilmari Karonen 22:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no question. Non notable bandity. Shauri Yes babe?  23:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC
 * delete Puffery for the non-notable purveors of the mood/sound for the 21st century Pete.Hurd 16:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BeOmega