text:
Talk:CocoRosie

Untitled
If anyone goes through and updates this article, they may want to consider including something about the "people hate cocorosie" meme that seems to be spreading through the alternative music press. Maybe a "controversy" section? 76.98.145.131 (talk) 03:29, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Hi. I presume that you are talking about the article called "Why Do People Hate CocoRosie?". This is a single article that was copied and pasted by a number of unoriginal websites (Google-search it). Now I wouldn't call a single (badly-written, in my opinion) article a "meme". For all I know, you are the person who wrote the article and you are trying to start a Cocorosie-hating wave. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wawawemn (talk • contribs) 01:05, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Debut Album needs rewrite
The entire text of this articles doesn't sound like an encyclopedia but a poorly written biography. "Bored and looking for change?" Source? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.209.215.87 (talk) 20:34, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Freak Folk
I made this edit just to find some middle ground. I haven't looked at the video yet but my guess from the site wrapped around it is that it isn't a source of the highest caliber. Anyone is free to revert this edit should they please. Protonk (talk) 05:16, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I just listened to the video and...as far as I can tell, unless I misheard, they never once even mentioned freak folk. Silver  seren C 05:24, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Bianca Casady and the C.i.A be merged into CocoRosie. Other side projects are listed in the main article, this one would seem to fit & not merit it's own page. JamesG5 (talk) 07:25, 7 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Merge not notable enough to be stand alone article. Kagundu Wanna Chat? 03:44, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

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Needs a major edit: Too long, rambling, way too many quotes
I had not heard of CocoRosie before seeing them mentioned in the article on Elizabeth Cotten. I realize I'm not very up to date on the music scene, but do they really merit such a long article? It really needs a major edit to improve readability, and I'm not knowledgeable enough to do it properly. I am going to correct "Sierra stated that her and Bianca refer to themselves . . . . Bianca stated that her and Sierra . . ." because OUCH! Someone needs to tighten this up, decide what is and what isn't essential, and take out a lot of quotation marks.2601:5C2:201:3D30:45B4:B6BE:B1B0:E7F5 (talk) 09:07, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

Casady family / Haddad family
The Casadys are an influential Des Moines family with connections to agro-business (Pioneer Hi Bred International), banking (Central State Bank), land owning, media, the arts, etc. There's a wealth of published information about various Casady family members going back to the early 1800s. Their father Timothy Casady's great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were the prominent banker Simon Casady and Iowa state senator Phineas M. Casady. Their father's uncle was Oklahoma Episcopal Bishop Thomas Casady, the son of Thomas was the liberal journalist Si Casady, and Si's grandson is the Game of Thrones producer and talent agent Guymon Casady. On their mother's side, they are related to the Haddad family, a wealthy Greek Orthodox Syrian/Lebanese-American business family from West Virginia. Christina Hunter's mother Martha Stevens of Iowa was a cousin of Fred Haddad; Haddad co-founded the Heck's discount store franchise and was once the wealthiest person in West Virginia. I wanted to incorporate this into the article, but I couldn't find good enough sources. Most sources I've seen are obituaries, local papers, etc. If anybody can find better sources, that would be great. Thanks! Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 11:22, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

Bianca and Sierra have said that their father Timothy Casady "came from an Iowa farm family, and he himself started out as a farmer" who "was trying to farm organic in a distinctly nonorganic culture." The New York Times article mentions their skepticism of their father's claim that "the F.B.I. ran him out of town because agro-business felt too threatened by his finding all these herb-based pesticides." Timothy Casady's father Simon Wheeler Casady III was a major shareholder for Pioneer and his great-grandfather Simon Casady Jr. was a co-founder of Pioneer along with Henry A. Wallace and others. I was curious as to whether or not Timothy Casady ever worked for Pioneer and why/how he ended up in organic farming despite being from a family that gained their wealth from GMOs. I've looked for sources, but can't find any. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 08:58, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

lack of verifiable Cherokee ancestry
The Casady sisters have publicly stated on many occasions that their grandfather was Native American (Cherokee) and they are often described in the media as "part Native", "half-Cherokee", etc. Their supposedly Native grandfather, Jack Hunter of Madison, WV father of Christina Hunter, is listed as "white" on the 1940 census, as are both of his parents. Because of this, I'd strongly caution against adding any descent categories in future related to Native Americans in general or the Cherokee in particular. Probably just a family myth, like many white Southerners/Appalachians believe, but not a credible claim. Their great-grandfather Harry is listed as an "undertaker" on the 1940 census (I assume the song "Undertaker" is inspired by the family business, Hunter and Hunter Funeral Home of Madison, West Virginia). Have they mentioned this in interviews? That would be cool to incorporate into the article. Their music is so heavily informed by their family background, it would be nice to incorporate more about their family into the article, sources permitting. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 11:45, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

1950 census records for Tina Hunter, her father Jack Hunter, and her mother Martha. Note that both are listed as white. Jack because his ancestry was European and not Native at all. Martha because Syrian/Lebanese people have been considered white on the census for the past century. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 14:03, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:CocoRosie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian senior

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied. android 79  23:54, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Brian senior

 * Delete. nn-bio. Unfortunately it does make an "assertion" of notability ("should be worshiped like a god"), so not speedy on those grounds. --Trovatore 23:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as per WP:CSD A7; no reasonable assertion of notability. Hall Monitor 23:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as Hall Monitor said. Saying you're "the best" and "should be worshipped" is no credible assertion of notability.  Tagged with nn-bio.  Friday (talk) 23:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Blake Garden (Kensington, California)

Blake Garden is a teaching facility for the UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design in the hills of Kensington, California, a census-designated place of the East Bay region of the Bay Area in Northern California, approximately 4 mi north of the main University of California, Berkeley campus. It was originally designed by landscape architect Mabel Symmes for the estate owned by her sister and brother-in-law, Anita and Anson Blake; the trio lived in Blake House, a mansion on the estate designed by architect Walter Danforth Bliss and completed in 1924. The Blakes deeded the grounds to their alma mater, the University of California, in 1957, which took full control after Anita's death in 1962, implementing a redesign by Geraldine Knight Scott starting from 1964. Blake House served as the official residence of the President of the University of California from 1967 to 2008. Since 2009, Blake Garden has been open to the public on weekdays.

Blake family
'' In Berkeley (before Kensington). ''

One of the original trustees of the University of California, Anson Gale Stiles, purchased land on Piedmont Avenue, east of the present-day Berkeley campus in the late 1860s. Anson's Piedmont house was completed in 1895. Anson ultimately left the property to his daughter, Harriet Waters Stiles (1840–1928). Additionally, two of Harriet's sons, Anson Stiles Blake (1870–1959) and Edwin Tyler Blake (1875–1949), would later build homes and gardens on this same property.

In Kensington.

When the Stiles/Blake family land on Piedmont was later purchased by the university in 1922 to build Memorial Stadium, the families relocated to a 45 acre site in Kensington, encompassing where Blake Garden is today. The site was owned by Harriet who divided the land evenly between her four children: Eliza; Robert; Edwin; and Anson.

Two of those children - Eliza Seely Blake Thatcher (1872–1944), and Robert Pierpont Blake (1886–1950) - lived outside the Bay Area and sold their shares to developers.

The two other siblings, Anson and Edwin Blake, built two homes on the property in the Kensington hills. Anson Blake's house was completed in 1925, and is also known as La Casa Adelante. Edwin Blake's house is also known as Quinta de La Lilas.

The widowed Harriet would live with Edwin, while Anson's sister-in-law, Mabel Symmes (1875–1962), would live with Anson and Anita (1872–1962), his wife and Mabel's sister. Anita and Mabel transplanted much of the Piedmont garden to the new Kensington site, taking four months and thirty truckloads to do so.

Anson Blake's house is now Blake Garden (see below). Over the next thirty years, the Symmes sisters would continue to collect botanical specimens and develop the site. A small colony of semi-feral cats kept the rodent population from eating the plants. From the start, the Blakes invited students from the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of California to the estate.

Edwin Blake's house is now a Carmelite Monastery, which is adjacent to Blake Garden.

University of California
The garden was deeded to the University of California in 1957 by Anson and Anita Blake, and Mai Arbegast was appointed acting director of Blake Garden, working closely with the family to identify and catalog the plant species that had been collected. Title on the site passed to the university upon the deaths of Anita Blake and her sister Mabel Symmes in 1962. Geraldine Knight Scott was appointed director of Blake Garden and began preparing the site for public visitation by clearing overgrown foliage and creating an influential Long Range Development Plan in 1964. For a "brief and unsatisfactory" time from 1962 to 1964, it was used as a women's graduate student dormitory. The remote location proved to be frightening at night and too distant, at approximately 4 mi north of the Berkeley campus.

The President of the University of California had traditionally lived in President's House, a residence on the Berkeley campus; when Clark Kerr was promoted from the Chancellor of Berkeley to UC president, he continued to live in his own private residence, and had President's House remodeled into University House to hold official events. University House would become the Berkeley chancellor's residence in 1965, when Roger W. Heyns moved into the house. In 1967, Charles Hitch succeeded Kerr as UC president and selected Blake House as his residence; it would continue to serve as the residence for the University of California president from 1967 to 2008. Hitch moved into the residence in April 1969, following a US$459000 1969 refurbishment paid through private donations. Improvements were designed by the architects Ron and Myra Brocchini, and upgrades to the grounds were designed by Scott to increase security and privacy while maintaining public access, including the stucco wall and fencing east of Blake House. Hitch also paid a "posessory interest" tax equivalent to a property tax directly to Contra Costa County from his own pocket.

Russell Beatty succeeded Scott as the director of Blake Garden in 1967, implementing a new mission as an "outdoor laboratory" for student projects in landscape architecture. In addition, the Children's Adventure Garden and Playground was built in 1970, spearheaded by Walter Doty, and ran for three years, with children responsible for tending plants under the guidance of Berkeley students. Under Beatty, the Cut-Flower Garden was created in 1973 and a bouquet was delivered daily to the House.

Hitch's successor as UC President, David S. Saxon, lived in Blake House from 1975 to 1983. In 1983, the University of California helped incoming President David P. Gardner purchase a different home in Orinda, as Blake House was configured with only two bedrooms at the time and Gardner wanted more privacy. Nevertheless, Gardner used Blake House for official events and as an off-campus presidential office. In 2002, an inspection revealed cracks and water damage; Robert Dynes called it "pretty much unlivable" with a leaky roof, mold, and broken fixtures. Mark Yudof broke from tradition when he became UC President in 2008; as part of his vow to bring "fiscal responsibility" to the system, he chose to live in a rented house instead of spending the estimated US$10 million in renovations and refurbishment for Blake House, although a few events continued to be held at Blake House. The chair of the Regents of the University of California, Russell Gould, described the mansion as having "great bones, but it is a money pit." In 2013, incoming UC president Janet Napolitano rented a house in Oakland as her presidential residence; at the time, Blake House was called "stately, but run-down" and it was estimated that required renovations could cost up to US$6 million, compared to the US$100,000 annual cost of renting a suitable house.

The Seldon Williams House, a historic residence at 2821 Clairemont Blvd, designed by Julia Morgan and completed in 1928, was purchased for the UC president in 2021; according to a news release describing that acquisition, "UC's former official presidential residence, Blake House in Kensington, has been uninhabitable for more than a decade because of extensive — and cost-prohibitive — deferred maintenance, in addition to significant seismic risks and landslide hazards. The university plans to sell this property at an appropriate time, with proceeds going to UC Berkeley's College of Environmental Design." The upper garden is crossed by the Hayward Fault, which runs through Kensington parallel to Arlington Avenue, and the site is part of an area considered "highly susceptible to movement" as a potential site of a future major earthquake.

Blake House and Formal Garden
Blake House was a 27-room mansion designed in a Spanish style by Walter Danforth Bliss for Anson Blake and his wife Anita. Hitch called it "the biggest three-bedroom house in the world", as the first floor was used for formal receptions and official functions, while residential spaces were limited to the second floor. The 1967–68 remodel as the UC Presidential house left the building with 12434 ft2 of floor space, seven bathrooms, two kitchens, and three bedrooms. Blake Garden occupies a site with grades of up to 50%; the land east of Blake House, sited on the upper third, is relatively flat, while the land west of the House is much steeper. The grounds are divided into five "garden rooms": the Formal Garden east of the House; Redwood Canyon to the north of the House; the areas West of the House, including the Lower Lawn and Mediterranean Section; Australian Hollow south of the House, and the Cut-Flower Garden east of Australian Hollow, including a vegetable garden, the Cottage Garden, the Square Garden, greenhouses, and tool sheds used by the Blake Garden staff. In addition, there is an entrance area that connects the House with Rincon Road to the east.

The siting of Blake House is integral to the garden's design: it shelters the Formal Garden from the strong prevailing winds off the Golden Gate. The grounds for both estates were designed by Mrs. Blake's sister, Mabel Symmes, who graduated from the university's Landscape Architecture Department in 1914. Ms. Symmes' original plan showed great sensitivity to the site. Much of her original plan can still be seen in the design of the Formal Gardens east of the house, with its grotto, inspired by the Villa Tusculana at Frascati, Italy and the reflecting pool which was part of a system to take advantage of underground water. The koi that live in the pool are named for Blake family members.

The garden is home to nearly 1500 plant species, over fifty bird species, as well as raccoons, frogs, salamanders, and the occasional fox. The garden is all organic, with many sustainable practices including four kinds of composting, rainwater harvesting, and hives of honeybees. Decorations in the Garden include several sculptures with Asian themes, such as the glazed pagoda, which were purchased and installed originally by Anita Blake.

Outdoor garden rooms in Blake Garden
There are two streams on-site, draining the north and south edges; both were stabilized with vegetation during construction. The Redwood Canyon, with redwood cuttings brought from the Blakes' properties in Berkeley and St. Helena, is planted along a natural waterway. It also divides the property from the adjacent Carmelite Monastery. In Symmes' original design, the adjoining Edwin Blake garden was designed to be a contiguous extension of the Anson and Anita Blake property; the Carmelites later built a fence north of the canyon, disconnecting a stone bridge that spans the stream. Most of the plants here are shade-tolerant.

Plantings on the steep slope west of the house include the Mediterranean Garden, a showcase of drought-tolerant plants from the world's Mediterranean climates in diamond-shaped beds linked by switchback paths leading to a lookout over the Bay on the property's western edge, near a large lawsonite rock outcropping and a picnic shelter reconstructed by Professor Garrett Eckbo.

The original plan also shows a lake in the Australian Hollow, the southwestern corner of the property, taking advantage of the high water table in that part of the garden. In 2010 this area was restored to a native wetland by UC students, volunteers and Blake Garden staff. The wetland now provides habitat to a community of Pacific chorus frogs and area birds. This area is distinguished by a thornless blackberry brush tunnel.

South of Blake House, Anita Blake and Mabel Symmes had planned and built a formal, symmetric Rose Garden surrounding a square pool. This is now the Square Garden, retaining the water lily-filled pond, but with flower beds brimming with low-water perennials instead of roses. The area southeast of the House has been developed as the Cut Flower Garden, including the Cottage Garden, which has roses, flowers for cutting, vegetables and herbs and the Event Lawn and surrounding beds, another example of water-smart gardening. Additionally, the Create with Nature Zone offers a space for visitors of all ages to experiment and build with materials collected from the garden.

Residents

 * 1928–1962: Blake family (Anson Blake, Anita Blake, and Mabel Symmes)
 * 1962–1964: Prytanean Alumni Foundation (female graduate students)
 * 1969–1975: UC President Charles J. Hitch
 * 1975–1983: UC President David S. Saxon
 * 1983–1992: none, but hosted official events
 * 1992–1995: UC President Jack Peltason
 * 1995–2003: UC President Richard C. Atkinson
 * 2003–2008: UC President Robert C. Dynes

title: Blake Garden (Kensington, California)


text:
Talk:Monopolistic competition

Are these really examples
...of monopolistic competition??

"including the markets for restaurants, books, clothing, films and service industries in large cities." I believe it would me much better using the examples of 'Taxi Firms, Foreign Cuisine(i.e Chinese, Indian)'. I think it would be an extremely sensible assumption if we said That some of the markets mentioned were actually oligopolistic and do hold some barriers to entry. E.g It is incresingly hard to enter the clothing market and compete with such market shares of the big clothes chains. Lukeitfc 18:21, 4 October 2006 (UTC)Lukeitfc

 * Thanks for your help 🙂🙂🙂 105.112.24.248 (talk) 21:36, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

"Hard to enter" is not the same thing as "barrier to entry." For example, facing competitors with well-established brand names is not a barrier to entry. Facing competitors who hire thugs to intimidate potential competitors is. Wikiant 18:36, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

I believe that this demonstrates the fact that these markets do not have freedom of entry and exit though. And I personally don't believe that they demonstrate monopolistic competition very well.Lukeitfc 15:46, 5 October 2006 (UTC)Lukeitfc

 * I'm not following your argument. If you're looking for examples of monopolistically competitive industries, select any industry in which brand name plays a prominent role. Wikiant 21:34, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Monopolistic competition isn't where brand names play a prominent role though, it's very similar to perfect competition, but with product differentiation.Lukeitfc 19:18, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Reliance on brand names is an indicator of monopolistic competition. There is no point in the firm differentiating its product if it cannot then direct consumers to its product (versus its competitors' products). Hence, if firms spend money developing brand names, it is likely that the industry is monopolistically competitive. You are correct that the difference between perfect competition and monopolistic competition is differentiation. However, because differentiation need not be "objective" but merely "perceived," it becomes difficult to identify what industries do and do not have differentiated brands. Because it is easy to observe which industries spend significant energy developing brand names, the prevelance of brand names ends up being a better ex post indicator of monopolistic competition. Wikiant 20:03, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Yes, but I still think that to the 'lay-perso' there are much better examples of monopolistic competition. Lukeitfc 10:55, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

The statement "This is refuted by defenders of advertising who argue that (1) brand names can represent a guarantee of quality, and (2) advertising helps reduce the cost to consumers of weighing the tradeoffs of numerous competing brands." feels peculiar, specifically part 2, which seems to justify itself by stating that consumers are better off not choosing the best product, which is circularly false as consumers weighing the tradeoffs is a key driver to market evolution and cost reductions. Nedruod 04:08, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Profits on Long run Equilibrium
On the long run equilibrium profits tend to be more than zero, because competition among profit maximizing companies with demand curves of imperfect elasticity will not bring the average cost to equal average revenue since, obviously, this is not profit maximizing. And if profits were zero, then it would not be inefficient because its level of output will equal output in perfect competition since both situations are similar in the model, the only difference is on the elasticity of supply and demand.--201.21.231.165 00:07, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

In the long-run, however, whatever distinguishing characteristic that enables one firm to reap monopoly profits will be duplicated by competing firms. This competition will drive the price of the product down and, in the long-run, the monopolistically competitive firm will make zero economic profit (i.e. a rate of return equal to the rate required to compensate debt and equity holders for the risk of investing in the firm). Unlike in perfect competition, the monopolistically competitive firm does not produce at the lowest attainable average total cost. Instead, the firm produces at an inefficient output level, reaping more in additional revenue than it incurs in additional cost versus the efficient output level.

These two paragraphs seem to contradict each other. The first suggests that the long run result would be the production of goods with equilvalent features by different firms, ie the introduction of perfect substitutes. In that case, wouldn't we expect pricing at LRMC since the firms producing perfect substitutes should be competing solely on price, so we get perfectly elastic firm demand curves - raise your price and all your business goes to the other firm. The later paragraph seems to describe a different scenario where no perfect substitutes emerge, so the demand curves maintain some inelasticity.

--MattXIV (talk) 17:24, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

I agree with Matt's criticism, but the text seems to have changed: A firm making profits in the short run will nonetheless only break even in the long run because demand will decrease and average total cost will increase. This means in the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will make zero economic profit. This kind of violates the definition of monopoly. Note that Strict monopoly is not required. Owning the last mile of utility service to one person's house doesn't meet the definition of monopoly in terms of marketshare, but it fully meets the description of monopoly in terms of pricing power. If one person's cost to bring power to your house is the cost of burning that much coal while the next person's cost involves bribing the city, ripping up the central road, laying a new line of cable, then routing that out to the respective neighborhoods, fair market price is, "How much ya got?"2601:8C3:8000:2F71:C4A7:D168:A77:8747 (talk) 22:59, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

Graphs need legends
I can make some guesses as to what they're supposed to mean, but I don't have the same textbook sitting in front of me that whoever put those there does. At a minimum, an explaination of what every one of those abbreviations is would be nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Andy Christ (talk • contribs) 23:22, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Inefficiency
The inefficiencies associated with the MC market structure are socially undesireable. The question is whether there are countervailing benfits. The factor most frequently mentioned is the desirability of having a variety of choices. At the theoretical level this factor would seem to make no difference becuase of the assumption of perfect knowledge. The MC consumer knows perfectly well which product he will purchase and the fact that there are "Choices" does nothing to increase or diminsih the utility associated with the consumed good.Jgard5000 (talk) 17:33, 26 October 2009 (UTC)Jgard5000Jgard5000 (talk) 17:33, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Picture
No pictures?Lbertolotti (talk) 19:18, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * There were some figures, which were removed without explanation in March 2013, so I've brought them back. Yaris678 (talk) 19:14, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

"Monopoloistically Competitive"
Why don't these sections just say "monopolistic?" --Daniel J. Hakimi (talk) 01:22, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

Included the works of Dixit and Stiglitz in the introduction as their model has proved influential in many areas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jockab (talk • contribs) 04:53, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

monopolist competition 41.87.70.62 (talk) 18:39, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monopolistic competition


text:
2003 SEA Games

The 2003 Southeast Asian Games (Đại hội Thể thao Đông Nam Á 2003), officially known as the 22nd Southeast Asian Games, SEA Games 22 and also known as Vietnam 2003, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held from 5 to 13 December 2003 in Hanoi, Vietnam. This was the first time that Vietnam had staged the SEA Games, and it saw East Timor, which had just gained independence in 2002; although not being an ASEAN member and despite its geographical location closer to the Pacific archipelago than the Asian continent, making its debut at the games.

The games was held from 5 to 13 December 2003, although several events had commenced from 29 November 2003. Around 5,000 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games, which featured 442 events in 32 sports. Vietnam is the eighth nation to host the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines and Brunei. The games was opened by Phan Văn Khải, the Prime Minister of Vietnam at the newly constructed Mỹ Đình National Stadium and was closed by Pham Gia Khiem, the Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam.

The final medal tally was led by host Vietnam, followed by Thailand and Indonesia. A number of records in Games and National level were broken during this edition. The games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the participating nations.

Development and preparation
The 22nd SEA Games organising committee was formed to oversee the staging of the games with Nguyen Danh Thai as its chairman. The Vietnamese government was spending a lot of money upgrading sports facilities and building new ones, including the 40,000-seat Mỹ Đình National Stadium which is the biggest stadium in the country, spending about 60 million to US$70 million for its construction.

Venues
The 2003 Southeast Asian Games used a mix of new, existing and temporary venues with the centrepiece of the activities being the Mỹ Đình Sports Complex which was opened in September 2003. Incorporating the new 40,192-seat national stadium, it hosted most of the events.

A games village was not built. Instead, a "village in the city" concept saw athletes and officials housed in hotels in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Besides being physically near to the sport venues, it was hoped that they will add vibe to both cities and reduce post-games costs in converting a dedicated games village to other uses.

The 22nd Southeast Asian Games had 31 venues for the games, 20 in Hanoi (and surrounding provinces) and 11 in Ho Chi Minh City.

Torch relay
The torch relay of the 2003 Southeast Asian Games began with Ho Chi Minh City and passed through several cities in Vietnam before it ended in Hanoi, which is the main venue of the games.

Logo
The logo of the 2003 Southeast Asian Games is a stylisation of a legendary bird named "Chim Lac". Designed by Artist Nguyen Chi Long, it depicts the bird decorated the Ngoc Lu bronze drum, a typical antiquity of the ancient Dong Son Vietnamese culture. The Emblem is composed of harmonious and strong curves that resembles movement and strength upwards represents the Olympic Spirit: "Faster, Higher and Stronger". The 5 lines of colours represents the tough and drastic competition in sports. The 10 intersecting circles, the symbol of the Southeast Asian Games Federation, represents the participating nations of the Southeast Asian Games and the Southeast Asian Games itself.

Mascot
Designed by artist Nguyen Thai Hung, the mascot of the 2003 Southeast Asian Games is a golden water buffalo named Trâu Vàng. Described as a gentle, industrious, wise, faithful and harmonious animal in nature, the buffalo resembles the water and rice civilisation in Vietnam, as well as in other Southeast Asian countries. To the Vietnamese people, the Golden Buffalo symbolises a desire for abundant harvest, prosperity, happiness, power and the Vietnamese martial spirit as well as open–heartedness, joy and hospitality of the host country.

Songs
The games' hymn was "For the World of Tomorrow" (Vì một thế giới ngày mai), which was composed by Nguyen Quang Vinh. This song has 2 Versions.

Sponsors
A total of 24 sponsors comprising 2 Official Partners and 22 Official Sponsors sponsored the games.

Official Partners Official Sponsors
 * LG Electronics
 * Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group
 * Petronas
 * Interfood
 * Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
 * Nestle Milo
 * Rinnai
 * Halida
 * Vietnam MobiFone
 * Petrolimex
 * Ha Long Canfoco
 * Vietnam Airlines
 * Vietnam Glass and Ceramics
 * Uni-President
 * Dai Bang paint
 * Dong Luc Sport
 * TNT N.V.
 * Super Horse Energy Drink
 * Petrovietnam
 * Bao Viet Vietnam Insurance
 * Vital
 * Yamaha
 * Foci
 * Grand Sport

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony took place at the Hanoi Mỹ Đình National Stadium at 19:00 VST. A total of 40,000 audience attended the opening ceremony. Also present at the ceremony were General Secretary Nong Duc Manh, Prime Minister Phan Van Khai, officials from ministries, national agencies, the diplomatic corps, the leaders of the Southeast Asian Sports Federation and heads of regional sporting delegations. A parallel ceremony was held in Ho Chi Minh City.

The ceremony started with the song, "Vietnam – Our Fatherland" followed by the appearance of parachutists, carrying 11 national flags of the competing Southeast Asian countries with them. The procession of Vietnam flag and the 22nd SEA Games' symbol flag then took place as all the lights in the stadium came on at once. After that, eleven regional sporting delegations, including 5,005 coaches and athletes, marched past the reviewing stand in an exciting welcome from the officials and spectators.

The sacred torch, which was taken from the Ho Chi Minh Museum was passed by Truong Quoc Thang (cyclist), Bui Thi Nhung (runner), Vu Kim Anh (Karate exponent) and athletes from 10 regional countries to Nguyen Thuy Hien (Wushu exponent). Nguyen Thuy Hien then passed the flame to the Prime Minister who in turn passed it to an athlete dressed like national hero Giong. The athlete who dressed like Giong then lit the flame on the cauldron which burn throughout the course of the Games. Minister-Chairman of the Physical Training and Sports Committee Nguyen Danh Thai, who is also the chairman of the Vietnam National Olympic Committee, president of the 22nd Southeast Asia Sports Council and head of the 22nd SEA Games Organising Board then gave his speech, warmly welcomed Party and State leaders, delegates, domestic and international guests, and 11 sports delegations from Southeast Asian countries to the 22nd SEA Games. After that, on behalf of the host country, Prime Minister Phan Van Khai declared the 22nd SEA Games open. Later, Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem, Chairman of the National Steering Board for the 22nd SEA Games, Minister-Chairman Nguyen Danh Thai, and Ha Noi Mayor Hoang Van Nghien presented flowers and banners to 11 participating sports delegations. After that, on behalf of the referees and athletes, referee Hoang Quoc Vinh and shooter Nguyen Manh Tuong swore an oath of "Solidarity, Honesty and Fair Play".

These are followed by a three part mass performance, which is more than a thousand performers including children. The parts that make up the mass performance are "The Land of the Dragon and Fairy" which depicted the Vietnamese legend of the country's origins, "Message of Peace" and "United ASEAN Looks To The Future" which comprises four performances: "Lands by the Pacific Ocean," "Essential Convergence," "New Tune," and "ASEAN Towards The Future". After the mass performance, the Games mascot, the golden buffalo and 22 singers were then appear at the center of the stage with the singers singing the Games official song "For the World of Tomorrow". The ceremony concluded with thousands of flying balls released and fireworks displayed in four places in Hanoi.

Closing ceremony
The closing ceremony was held on 13 December 2003 at the Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Hanoi at 19:00 (VST). Around 40,000 spectators attended the closing ceremony at Mỹ Đình National Stadium including Party General Secretary Nong Duc Manh, Vice President Truong My Hoa and leaders of the Asian Sport Federation.

The ceremony begins with laser beams shooting about in the stadium and colourful parachute gliders pierced through the sky. Athletes later marched into the stadium by order of sports competed at the games.

They were then followed by Vietnamese music played by the Vietnamese Symphonic Orchestra and performance by local dancers and singers. Nguyen Danh Thai, Minister-Chairman of the State Committee for Physical Training and Sports, President of the 22nd SEA Games Council and Head of the 22nd SEA Games Organising Committee gave his speech, affirmed that the Games have successfully concluded after boisterous competition days. Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia Khiem, Chairman of the 22nd SEA Games national steering board, on behalf of the host country, declared the regional sporting event closed.

Then the blue SEA Games flag was taken down and brought to the Vietnamese representatives by the Vietnamese Army soldiers dressed in white uniform with Vietnamese singer My Linh and a Philippine singer sang the song “For the World of Tomorrow”. At the same time, the flame of the cauldron was extinguished. Prime Minister Nguyen Danh Thai and Chairman of the Hanoi People's Committee Hoang Van Nghien handed over the SEA Games Flag to the Chairman of the Games Organising Committee Roberto Pagdanganan and the Mayor of Manila, Lito Atienza, symbolises the Southeast Asian Games responsibilities being handed over to Philippines, host of the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. The national anthem of the Philippines was played as the National Flag of the Philippines was raised. After that, the Filipino performance troop presented a special folk art performance, representing the host country. The ceremony concluded with a Vietnam farewell segment performance by Vietnamese dancers, showing the culture of Vietnam.

Participating nations

 * Brunei
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * East Timor
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Laos
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * Vietnam (Host)

Sports

¹ - not an official Olympic Sport ² - sport played only in the SEA Games ³ - not a traditional Olympic nor SEA Games Sport and introduced only by the host country.

Medal table
A total of 1440 medals, comprising 444 gold medals, 441 silver medals and 555 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The host Vietnam performance was its best ever yet in Southeast Asian Games history, emerged as overall champion of the games.

title: 2003 SEA Games


text:
WJFF

WJFF (90.5 FM) is a non-commercial, listener-supported public radio station licensed to Jeffersonville, New York and serving the Catskill Mountains of New York and Northeast Pennsylvania.

WJFF has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3,200 watts. The transmitter is approximately two miles west of Liberty, New York, off Old Loomis Road.

History
In January 1988, Radio Catskill, Inc., received a construction permit for WJFF. The radio station's studio building was built on the north side of the Jefferson Lake dam. Spearheaded by Malcolm Brown and the enthusiasm of local residents, the station was constructed almost entirely by volunteer labor.

The station signed on January 20, 1990. Initially the station transmitted with a power of 830 watts. This was increased to 3,700 watts in early 1996.

1996 was also the year that Catskill Radio Inc. applied for and received authorization to build its former Monticello FM translator, 94.5 W233AH. Radio Catskill sold the translator effective November 8, 2023.

Programming
The schedule is a mix of local, national and international programming, including several NPR shows (Morning Edition, All Things Considered and Fresh Air with Terry Gross) and the BBC World Service.

title: WJFF


text: User talk:24.78.165.189

title: User talk:24.78.165.189


text:
Mary (Nabokov novel)

Mary (Машенька, Mašen'ka) is the debut novel by Vladimir Nabokov, first published under the pen name V. Sirin in 1926 by Russian-language publisher "Slovo".

Plot summary
Mary is the story of Lev Glebovich Ganin, a Russian émigré and former White Guard Officer displaced by the Russian Revolution. Ganin is now living in a boarding house in Berlin, along with a young Russian girl, Klara, an old Russian poet, Podtyagin, his landlady, Lydia Nikolaevna Dorn and his neighbour, Aleksey Ivanovich Alfyorov, whom he meets in a dark, broken-down elevator at the beginning of the novel. Through a series of conversations with Alfyorov and a photograph, Ganin discovers that his long-lost first love, Mary, is now the wife of his rather unappealing neighbour, and that she will be joining him soon. As Ganin realizes this, he ends his relationship with his current girlfriend, Lyudmila, and begins to be consumed by his memories of his time in Russia with Mary, which Ganin notes were "perhaps the happiest days of his life". Enthralled by his vision of Mary and unable to let Alfyorov have her, Ganin contrives to reunite with Mary, who he believes still loves him. Eventually, Ganin claims that he will leave Berlin the night before Mary is to arrive and his fellow residents throw a party for him the night before. Ganin steadily plies Alfyorov with alcohol, heavily intoxicating him. Just before Alfyorov falls into his drunken sleep, he asks Ganin to set his alarm clock for half past seven, as Alfyorov intends to pick up Mary at the train station the next morning. The infatuated Ganin instead sets the clock for eleven and plans to meet Mary at the train station himself. However, as he leaves the house, he has a moment of clarity. "The world of memories in which Ganin had dwelt became what it was in reality: the distant past... Other than that image no Mary existed, nor could exist." Instead of meeting Mary, Ganin decides to board a train to France.

A secondary, minor plot concerns an old Russian poet, Anton Sergeyevich Podtyagin, who appears to be an older version of Ganin. He frequently expresses that his life dedicated to poetry has been a waste. Podtyagin desires to eventually leave Berlin and arrive in Paris, but fails to do so on several occasions due to a series of unfortunate events (i.e. loses passport).

Characters in Mary
Lev Glebovich Ganin – The protagonist of the novel; a young displaced Russian writer in Berlin who is unable to forget Mary, his first love.

Aleksey Ivanovich Alfyorov – The husband of Mary and the neighbour of Ganin.

Lydia Nikolaevna Dorn – The landlady of Ganin. An old Russian woman who inherited the boarding house after her German husband died.

Lyudmila Borisovna Rubanski – Ganin's girlfriend in the opening chapters of the novel.

Klara – A young Russian girl living in the same building as Ganin. She harbors an intense attraction to him.

Anton Sergeyevich Podtyagin – An old Russian poet who desires to leave Berlin for Paris, but fails to do so. Reappears briefly in The Gift.

Mary Alfyorov – The eponymous character and Ganin's first love. Mary never appears in the present of the novel, but only in Ganin's memories.

Kolin and Gornotsvetov – Ballet dancers, also living at Lydia's boarding house.

Erika – Maid (her name is mentioned in chapter 2, clearing way the plates, and in chapter 7, delivering a letter to Ganin).

Russian doctor – Unnamed physician called on to see Podtyagin (chapter 16).

Background
Mary was first written and published in the mid-1920s during Nabokov's stay in Berlin. Nabokov's (or "Sirin's", as he was known at the time) first novel contains, as many of his works do, key autobiographical elements. According to Brian Boyd, the character Mary Alfyorov is based on Nabokov's first love, Valentina (Lyussya) Evgenievna Shulgin, a fifteen-year-old Russian girl he met in 1915 at a pavilion in the estate of Vyra, at the age of sixteen. Nabokov's time with Lyussya is recorded in the final chapter of his autobiography, Speak, Memory where she is given the pseudonym "Tamara". Nabokov confirms this connection himself in the foreword to the English edition, where he writes that "Mary is a twin sister of my Tamara". Like Ganin, Nabokov was separated from Tamara by the Russian Revolution and forced into Berlin as an émigré.

Reception
The novel was initially well-received in the 1920s for its inventive structure and vivid descriptions of pre-Revolutionary Russia. Among contemporary critics however, it is generally viewed as an early, relatively juvenile work of Nabokov, written at a time before he came into his own as an author. Nabokov himself seemed to share the same opinion, at least on a technical level, as he notes its "flaws, the artifacts of innocence and inexperience". Furthermore, Nabokov's decision to translate and publish Mary in English last out of all his Russian novels perhaps is an indication of his opinion on its quality (the Russian works which he held in most esteem, such as Invitation to a Beheading and The Defense, were translated and published into English decades earlier). Yet the author seemed to also have a softer side for his first novel, "confessing to the sentimental stab of [his] attachment" to it.

Analysis
In Mary, Nabokov explores many of the metaphysical ideas of French philosopher Henri Bergson and investigates the nature of the relationships between time, memory and consciousness, as noticed by scholars like Boyd and Eric Laursen.

Furthermore, the issue of solipsism, which, according to Alfred Appel, is "a central concern" in Nabokov's oeuvre, is prominently featured in Mary, as Ganin struggles with the self-created image of his first love. As Leona Toker remarks, "the romance which started solipsistically in the imagination [ends], no less solipsistically".

Film adaptation
A film adaptation, titled Maschenka after the original Russian title, was released in 1987. The film, directed by John Goldschmidt with screenplay by John Mortimer, starred Cary Elwes as Ganin and Irina Brook as Maschenka. John Goldschmidt won the Cine De Luca Award for directing 'Maschenka" at the Monte Carlo TV Festival.

Publication history

 * 1970, USA, McGraw-Hill
 * 1989, USA, Vintage International ISBN 0-679-72620-9, Pub Date November 1989

English translation and authorial changes
The novel first appeared in English in 1970 in a translation by Michael Glenny "in collaboration with the author." According to Nabokov, "I realized as soon as [we] started that our translation should be as faithful to the text as I would have insisted on its being had that text not been mine." He further stated that "The only adjustments I deemed necessary are limited to brief utilitarian phrases in three or four pages alluding to routine Russian matters ...[and] the switch of seasonal dates in Ganin's Julian Calendar to those of the Gregorian style in general use."

title: Mary (Nabokov novel)


text:
User talk:Accumulator

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

--JAranda'' | yeah 23:10, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Accumulator


text:
Talk:Short code

Bottom Line
how does the short code relate to the actual (long) phone number? i oft use pc2sms services (chikka, bigfoot, etc) to txt people -- even manually with emails a la "[number]@messaging.verizon.com" or "[number]@smshandler.cingular.net" -- but that requires the full 10-digits (US). how does one text pc2sms when given a short code? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.105.218.16 (talk) 20:29, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Why the merge?
I don't understand why we have collapsed 'short code' and 'common short code.' the article now merges two very different and unrelated topics.

More info needed
Much more is needed here: who regulates/issues short codes in Europe? Are European short codes EU-wide? Are North American short codes uniform across the U.S. and Canada? What is the relationship with traditional numbering plans? And so on... -- Anon 23:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I put in a request to expand. Mobilegamer 19:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Short Code (Computer language)
I have created a new page called Short Code (Computer language) and removed relevant material there. I have outlined my reasons on the talk page of the new article. Gondooley 18:59, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Copyvio
Large parts of this article are directly copied and pasted from two web sites. The rest needs more investiation as it's very like the rest is a copyvio too chowells 00:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Copied and subsequently edited by others makes it an unauthorized derivative work and therefore still a copyright violation. It shouldn't be too hard for someone who knows this subject to write an article from scratch – there wasn't that much here to begin with.  — Kbh3rd talk  03:54, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've written this article from scratch; it's available at Common Short Code/Temp -PdDemeter 02:05, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I've removed the infringing version, replacing it with your new version.  BTW, I (hopefully) made the intro paragraph a little more clear about exactly what this is – please check to make sure that I understood it correctly. — Kbh3rd talk  03:41, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) I've made a few changes to what you added, so hopefully it's all nice and clear now! -PdDemeter 19:02, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Asking Neustar for permission
Is someone asking Neustar, the copyright owner, for permission.
 * It's not necessary to ask permission simply to report that such a thing exists and to broadly discuss the technological concepts behind it. The original infringing version of the article has been replaced now.  However, if you know about the companies behind CSC, such as Neustar et al., please add that to the article.  — Kbh3rd talk  03:28, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

who removed www.usshortcodeswhois.com
Who removed this? Why was it removed?

Addition / removal of URLs
I see some anonymous users are adding / removing URLs, presumably of their own site. We are not a link directory and we will not allow edit wars between external sites seeking advertisement. If necessary, we will remove all external links to site carrying advertisements. David.Monniaux 21:29, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Naming
"Common Short Code" is a largely US-specific term probably adopted by CSCA for trademark reasons, they're called just "short codes" or "short numbers" in the rest of the world. I wonder what an uncommon short code is then...? Jpatokal 12:13, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

I think the point is that they are common to more than one network operator so that, for example, a company advertising in the UK does not have to quote different short codes for Orange, O2, Vodafone, T-Mobile and Three. 195.226.62.18 15:55, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The term "common short code" may be US-specific, but the distinction between carrier-managed and nationally-managed short codes is more widespread. The different country examples prove this. EU-mandated short codes are effectively a third category above nationally managed short codes. 82.210.249.81 (talk) 15:37, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

Removal
I removed the line about long numbers having slower delivery times. Long numbers are looked at as regualr phone numbers therefore have a direct route.

title: Talk:Short code


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Strewn Winery

Strewn Winery is a small winery in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. It was established in 1997 by winemaker Joe Will and his wife, food writer Jane Langdon. Located on the former site of the Niagara Canning Company, it is Canada's first winery cooking school and its teaching "highlights the close relationship between food and wine."

The winery produces a selection of VQA certified wines using grapes grown in its own vineyard as well as other vineyards in the Niagara Peninsula. Strewn uses Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Gewürztraminer, Pinot blanc and Vidal grapes. In addition to traditional wines, they also produce sweeter late harvest and ice wines.

Wines are produced under three different labels. Their very best wines are labelled Strewn Terroir, including their red Strewn Three meritage. Their general wines are simply labelled Strewn.

The 2017 Strewn Barrel Aged Chardonnay won a silver medal at the 2019 Ontario Wine Awards

title: Strewn Winery


text:
International DeeJay Gigolo Records

International DeeJay Gigolo Records is a German electronic music record label run by techno artist DJ Hell (real name Helmut Geier). The label was founded in Munich in 1996 by DJ Hell and DJ Upstart as an affiliate of label Disko B.  It is Germany's most successful electronic music record label, specialising in electro, house and techno with 80's pop and disco influences. "Gigolo" has released records by Dave Clarke, Jeff Mills, DJ Hell, Miss Kittin, The Hacker, The Penelopes, The Advent, Dopplereffekt, Fischerspooner, Tiga, Princess Superstar and Vitalic. In particular, the label is widely credited as being the germ cell of the electroclash music genre in the late 1990s.

Gigolo's most successful release came in 2001, with Vitalic's Poney EP (which included techno favourite "La Rock 01" on the B-side). This EP was remastered and re-issued in 2006. The label also releases showcase compilations, sometimes called "We Are Gigolo", of which there are now twelve volumes. After several successful years in Munich, Hell temporarily moved the label's office to Berlin in the mid-2000s.

Artists

 * Amanda Lepore
 * Acid Maria
 * Anthony Shakir
 * The Advent
 * Chris Korda
 * Dave Clarke
 * DJ Hell
 * DMX Krew
 * Fat Truckers
 * Fischerspooner
 * Jeff Mills
 * Kevin Gorman
 * Linda Lamb
 * Mike Perras
 * Miss Kittin
 * Mount Sims
 * Orlando Voorn
 * Princess Superstar
 * Psychonauts
 * Seelenluft
 * The Hacker
 * The Penelopes
 * Tiga
 * Tuxedomoon
 * Vitalic
 * Zombie Nation

title: International DeeJay Gigolo Records


text:
International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts

The International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA) was formed as a professional organization on November 18, 1983 at the Hilton Hotel in Corning, NY under the guidance of Herbert MacDonell. A group of bloodstain analysts recognized the need for a coordinated effort to develop themselves and the emerging field of bloodstain pattern analysis. Of the 23 people present at the meeting moderated by Deborah J. Wakida, 22 became Charter Members. Only Douglas Ridolfi of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department declined to join.

In the early 1980s Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) was beginning to make its way into the investigative toolbox of many North American forensic sections. As any new method of gathering and interpreting forensic evidence, there was some apprehension in many areas of the legal system. When the IABPA bylaws were formed, one of the main objectives of the association was identified as promoting the education of all involved with bloodstain pattern analysis. This was to be done through study, research, and experimentation. There was also an identified need for standardization in the areas of training, analysis, terminology, and reporting.

The IABPA meets annually in October, moving the location between Regions I to IV (see below).

Membership
There are four levels of membership within the IABPA.
 * Associate Member - a member who has not completed the 40-hour Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Course but has a general interest in the IABPA

 * Provisional Member - a member who has completed the 40-hour Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Course and has been recommended by a Full Member

 * Full Member - a Provisional Member may be promoted to Full Member after one year and having been recommended based on efforts in the field of bloodstain analysis study

 * Distinguished Member - a member may be granted distinguished status by his peers for significant service to the discipline or the IABPA

(Members receive the IABPA Newsletter, published quarterly.)

Regions

 * Region I - Pacific time zone
 * Region II - Mountain time zone
 * Region III - Central time zone
 * Region IV - Eastern time zone
 * Region V - Europe and UK
 * Region VI - Asean and South Pacific

Executive board
The Executive Board of the IABPA consists of annually elected full members. The positions on the Board include:

 * President
 * Vice-President, Region I
 * Vice-President, Region II
 * Vice-President, Region III
 * Vice-President, Region IV
 * Vice-President, Region V
 * Vice-President, Region VI
 * Secretary/Treasurer
 * Sergeant At Arms
 * Historian
 * Webmaster

Charter members
The charter members (and their 1983 affiliation) of the IABPA were:

 * Tom Bevel (Oklahoma Police Department)
 * Joseph Dean (Sacramento County Sheriff's Department)
 * Charles Edel (Broward County Sheriff's Office)
 * Rod Englert (Multnomah County Sheriff's Office)
 * Robert Fitzer (San Francisco Police Department)
 * Harry Holmes (Virginia beach Police Department)
 * Stuart H. James (Independent Forensic Consultant)
 * Michael L. Johnson (Ada County Coroner)
 * Samuel Johnson (District 21 Medical Examiner's Office)
 * Ronald Linhart (Los Angeles Medical Examiner/Coroner)
 * Herbert Leon MacDonell (Laboratory of Forensic Science)
 * Sara Lea Moore (Laboratory of Forensic Science)
 * Robert W. Przygoda (Schuyler County Sheriff's Department)
 * Daniel Qyealy (Cook County Sheriff's Police)
 * Norman H. Reeves (Gloucester County Prosecutor's Office)
 * James W. Rossi (Cook County Sheriff's Police)
 * Donald Ray Schuessler (Eugene Police Department)
 * Hal F. Sharp (US Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory)
 * Casimer J. Smerecki (Middlesex County Prosecutor's Office)
 * Deborah J. Wakida (San Francisco Police Crime Laboratory)
 * Anita K. Y. Wonder (Wonder Institute)
 * Robert W. Young, Jr. (Columbus Police Department)


text:
Talk:Santa Fe Trail

William Becker 'First used???', minor point
This page is an excellent start. Can't wait for more additions. I wonder if the following quote needs clarification, "First used in 1821 by William Becknell". Becknell first used it for commercial purposes. But did he really use it first!? I think Native Americans used it first. Maybe they didn't travel all the way from Santa Fe to Missouri in one journey. But they certainly 'paved' the way. Just my 2 cents here. Pommerenke 22:14, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Traveling all the way seems very unlikely. Why would they have gone from an American city to a Mexican one? Meanwhile, Becknell did certainly travel the entire way. The point doesn't seem terribly debatable, although perhaps someone could add weasel words like "documented" or "known." -LlywelynII (talk) 20:29, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Text from 1821
This should be merged with the main text:

[In 1821] Missouri trader William Becknell Santa Fe, New Mexico and sells his merchandise for a huge profit (he immediately planned to return the following year over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.

Movie Date Verification

 * RJBurkhart|RJBurkhart]] 21:05, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

The supplies they brought are unfound! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.88.156.18 (talk • contribs)

Economics
This was a trade route. It would be nice to have some explanation of what was sold by the Americans and what by the Mexicans they came to trade with.Historicist (talk) 13:06, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * And its value. Quite. -LlywelynII (talk) 20:30, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * This seems like it should have a description somewhere, but I could only find a description of the first few trips, where regular supplies (eg, American calicoes and fabric) sold profitably for Mexican silver owing to New Mexico's distance and poor supply from the South. But surely the New Mexican market wasn't all that large. -LlywelynII (talk) 20:58, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * New Mexico Office of the State Historian by William H. Wroth has the rudimentary details of the trade. Basically, starting in the 1820s economically useful manufactured items were moved west, many of these goods actually moved further south towards Mexico's population centers. Traders heading back east took with them furs, livestock and Spanish gold coin, which was easily interchangeable with Spanish silver coin, the legal tender of the United States at the time. In the 1840s traders advertised and carried west with them spades, hoes, cutlery, textiles, "drugs, paint, tinware, and stationery, as well as several kinds of brandy and champagne"Synchronism (talk) 21:52, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Expansion
Doesn't seem to have economic data or comparison with waterborne trade at first glance, but this book from Gutenberg's seems to have plenty of other filler that might be added to the article. -LlywelynII (talk) 20:36, 14 February 2010 (UTC) how'd you know?! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.131.76.100 (talk) 19:29, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Trail map problems
The map of the Santa Fe Trail (drawn by a WP editor?) included in this article has several inaccuracies: WCCasey (talk) 16:43, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) The "canals" shown crossing New Jersey and Pennsylvania are fictitious
 * 2) Taos and Santa Fe are shown far to the north of their actual locations, with the result that...
 * 3) The western section of the trail route is shown too far to the north

 * In addition the trail’s eastern terminus should be Franklin, Missouri not Independence. Grey Wanderer (talk) 06:03, 31 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Any changes to the trail need to 1) have reliable sources, and 2) include revision of the map graphic. WCCasey (talk) 17:36, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Franklin, Missouri is the undisputed start of the trail, it shouldn't be this hard to correct simple errors, I have provided sources although there were none for Independence. Some years ago the city of Independence undertook a marketing campaign to promote itself as the start of the trail, so sometimes you see that misrepresentation around the web. Examining academic sources, and the long list of further reading will demonstrate this is incorrect. There is no requirement for the map to be updated, we shouldn't leave falsehoods in place just because the map not so good. Here is a link to a map made by the preeminent research association for the trail. If somebody wants they can update the map. Grey Wanderer (talk) 18:31, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * This map book starts around Franklin https://archive.org/details/santafenationalh00santa/page/n3 • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 18:47, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Page 4 of this book says something about Independence. https://archive.org/details/santafetrailbrie00unse_2 • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 09:48, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Nice source, It’s a fascinating history. The first European settlement into central Missouri used the Boone's Lick Road overland from the St. Louis area to settle the region along the Missouri River that became known at the Boonslick as early at 1810! After the War of 1812 William Becknell and others in Franklin, Missouri realized they were ideally positioned to connect the fledgling United States with the New Spain. The mules they obtained from the Spanish on that first trip are the origin of famous Missouri mule. As steamboats finally ascended he Missouri and settlement spread West along the river, the departure point for trading caravans also moved west, first to Independence, then to Westport, and eventually to Kansas City, all major points of departure not only for the Santa Fe Trail, but later the Mormon, Oregon, California Trails. St. Joseph became a point of departure on the later trails, but not for long as the railroad soon arrived. Kansas Citys’ foresight to build the first bridge over the Missouri is probably the single greatest reason it’s the regional metropolis of today and not St. Joe or Indepdence. I’ll try to incoportate some of this history in the article. Grey Wanderer (talk) 15:41, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Santa Fe Trail


text: Category:Fictional World War II veterans