text:
Talk:Portland Wind Farm

Update
Obviously, some of the information on the Pacific Hydro site needs an update, expected completion third quarter 2005 is no longer current! Either it happened or it didn't! I have emailed them asking for the latest information. Andrewa 18:01, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Snowtown Wind Farm which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 00:03, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Inconsistent capacities
The sum of the nameplate powers of the four stages seems to add to 179 MW, not 195 MW. Is there a missing stage, or was one of the later stages downgraded?

title: Talk:Portland Wind Farm


text:
Daath

Daath may refer to:

 * Da'at (Kabbalah), a mystical state in Kabbalah
 * Dååth, an American death metal band

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Daath


text:
Great Milton

Great Milton is a village and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about 7 mi east of Oxford. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 1,042.

The School
Great Milton church of England primary school is a prominent part of the village community with the only village tennis courts.

History
The Domesday Book of 1086 records that Remigius de Fécamp, Bishop of Lincoln held a large estate of 31 hides of land at Great Milton. The estate had presumably belonged to the Diocese of Dorchester, of which Remigius had been consecrated bishop in 1070. The see of Dorchester had been absorbed into that of Lincoln in 1072, and Remigius had been translated to Lincoln as bishop of the newly united diocese.

The Domesday Book lists two water mills in the parish. By the time of the Hundred Rolls in 1279 there was a third watermill and in about 1500 there was a fourth mill. There is no known subsequent record of the third and fourth mills, but both of the others seem to have survived until the 17th century and in at least one case the 18th century. By the end of 19th century both mills were disused.

Great Milton had a post mill with four sails. In about 1901 Henry Taunt photographed it, by which time it had lost one pair of sails and appeared derelict.

In 1762 a fire destroyed 16 houses in the village.

By 1822 the parish had at least four public houses: the Bell, the Bull, the King's Head and the Red Lion. The Bell, King's Head and Red Lion had all ceased trading by the 1990s. Greene King Brewery controlled The Bull until 2013, when 110 villagers including chef Raymond Blanc bought it and turned it into a community pub.

Parish church
The nave and chancel of the Church of England parish church of Saint Mary were built shortly after the Norman Conquest of England. The building was damaged by fire in the 13th century. During the 14th century the chancel was enlarged and the north and south aisles were added. At this time the church served a parish including the villages of Chilworth Valery and Chilworth Muzzard, the hamlets of Combe and Little Milton, and the manor of Ascot. In 1850 St Mary's was restored at a cost of £2,000.

In 1552 St Mary's had four bells plus a Sanctus bell, and in 1631 Ellis I Knight of Reading, Berkshire cast a ring of five bells. It now has a ring of eight. Ellis II & Henry III Knight recast what are now the fifth and eighth bells in 1673. Thomas Rudhall of Gloucester cast the treble, second and third bells in 1771 and the tenor bell in 1772. In 1848 William Taylor of Loughborough, who at that time also had a foundry at Oxford, cast the sixth bell. In 1825 W & J Taylor of Loughborough also cast the present Sanctus bell.

St Mary's has a church clock that was made in 1699 by Nicholas Harris of Fritwell.

Methodist church
Great Milton Methodist church was built in 1842 as a Wesleyan chapel. It is a member of the Oxford Methodist Circuit.

Notable historic houses
The oldest part of Great Milton Manor House is 15th-century. The south wing was rebuilt around 1600, and the north wing later in the 17th century. In 1908 the house was doubled in size to designs by the architect EP Warren. In 1984 Raymond Blanc had the house converted into Le Manoir aux Quat'Saisons hotel and restaurant. It is a Grade II* listed building.

The Priory is a 16th- and 17th-century Tudor and Jacobean house in Church Road, said to have been built for Herbert Westfaling and later to have been the home of John Thurloe. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Pettits House is an early 17th-century Jacobean house in the High Street. In 1854 a school room and a bell gable were added to the north side to accommodate a National School for the parish. In the 20th century the parish school moved to new premises and the school room was converted into a house. It is a Grade II* listed building.

The Great House was built around 1720. It has a seven-bay front facing the parish church. In 1788 the politician Richard Ryder had a south wing added, almost certainly designed by James Wyatt. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Amenities
The village has a Church of England Primary School, a public house, The Bull, and a post office and general store. The Manor House is now Raymond Blanc's restaurant and hotel, Le Manoir aux Quat'Saisons.

Great Milton has two bus services. Oxford Bus Company route 46 links the village with central Oxford via Wheatley, Horspath and Cowley. Buses run hourly, seven days a week, from early morning until after midnight. Red Rose Travel route 275 serves the village six days a week, once each morning on the way to Oxford and once each afternoon on the way back to High Wycombe. It does not serve Great Milton on Sundays or Bank Holidays.

Sports
The village was the original base of Great Milton Hockey Club, a mixed-sex field hockey team that plays annually in the Oxfordshire Gladiators' Cup.

Notable residents

 * Raymond Blanc (born 1949), chef patron at Le Manoir aux Quat' Saisons, a hotel-restaurant in the village
 * Sinclair Hood, archaeologist and academic. (1917-2021)
 * Michael de Larrabeiti (1934–2008), an English novelist and travel writer, lived in the village.
 * Peter Lawrence (1913–2005), a master at Eton College and an author, retired to Great Milton in 1977.
 * Sir Tim Rice (born 1944), lyricist and author.
 * Richard Ryder (1766–1832), politician, Home Secretary between 1809 and 1812.
 * Thomas Skynner (17281789), Archdeacon of Totnes from 1772 until 1775.
 * William Speechly (1735–1819), horticulturalist and early cultivator of pineapples and grapes in the UK.
 * John Thurloe (1616–68), Secretary of State under Oliver Cromwell.
 * Sir Martin Wood CBE, FRS, (1927–2021), an engineer.
 * Dr Peter Zinovieff (1933–2021), composer, musician, inventor and engineer

title: Great Milton


text:
User talk:Elagizy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Gaff talk 18:02, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion of InfraDrive
A tag has been placed on InfraDrive, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the article or have a copy emailed to you.  role player 22:41, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

January 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but you removed a speedy deletion tag from a page you have created yourself. If you do not believe the page should be deleted, you can place a tag on the page, under the existing speedy deletion tag (please do not remove the speedy deletion tag), and make your case on the page's. Administrators will look at your reasoning before deciding what to do with the page.  role player 23:16, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

FYI conflict of interest guideline
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 * 1) editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with;
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For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for businesses. For more details about what, exactly, constitutes a conflict of interest, please see our conflict of interest guidelines. — Athaenara ✉  23:23, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elagizy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teen Spirit

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirect to A*Teens — article is never likely to progress past this stage. --Gareth Hughes 20:41, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Teen Spirit
This doesn't appear to meet speedy criteria, but clearly is worthy of deletion. Delete. -SocratesJedi | Talk 18:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I do not think this article needs to be deleted. The original article was junk, but I've cleaned it up a bit, and hopefully others can expand it.  The subject of the article is actually an album by A*Teens, which, according to the A*Teens article, sold 3 million copies worldwide.  I believe this establishes it as notable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joel7687 (talk • contribs) 12:35, 17 October 2005  (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States


text:
1974 CFL season

The 1974 CFL season is considered to be the 21st season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 17th Canadian Football League season.

CFL News in 1974
The Eastern Conference extended its regular season schedule from 14 to 16 games in 1974. The Western Football Conference had been playing a 16-game schedule since 1952. ORFU, which had not competed for the Grey Cup in 20 seasons and had dropped to amateur status, ceased to exist. The Montreal Alouettes change their colours to red, white and blue, and adopt the triangular "Delta" logo with the Montreal colours in it on a navy blue helmet.

The first players' strike in league history occurred during training camp. The strike was settled prior to the beginning of the regular season. No games were cancelled as a result of the dispute. It was this strike, which coincided with a similarly timed strike in the National Football League, which brought into existence the World Football League, a potential rival league to both the NFL and CFL, and one of the WFL's teams was to be placed in Toronto. In retaliation, Canadian Parliament introduced (but never passed) the Canadian Football Act, which would have given the CFL a government-enforced monopoly on professional football in Canada. The spectre of the bill prompted the Toronto franchise owner to relocate his team to the U.S. before it began play, and the only presence the WFL would ever have in Canada was a single game in London, Ontario, a city where the CFL had (and still has today) no direct presence.

Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points

 * Bold text means that they have clinched the playoffs.
 * Edmonton and Montreal have first round byes.

Grey Cup playoffs
The Montreal Alouettes are the 1974 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Edmonton Eskimos, 20–7, at Vancouver's Empire Stadium. Montreal's Sonny Wade (QB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Offence and Junior Ah You (DE) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Defence. Montreal's Don Sweet (K) was named Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.

CFL Leaders

 * CFL Passing Leaders
 * CFL Rushing Leaders
 * CFL Receiving Leaders

Offence

 * QB – Tom Wilkinson, Edmonton Eskimos
 * RB – George Reed, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * RB – Lou Harris, BC Lions
 * RB – Roy Bell, Edmonton Eskimos
 * TE – Tony Gabriel, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * WR – Johnny Rodgers, Montreal Alouettes
 * WR – Rhome Nixon, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * C – Bob Swift, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * OG – Ed George, Montreal Alouettes
 * OG – Curtis Wester, BC Lions
 * OT – Charlie Turner, Edmonton Eskimos
 * OT – Larry Watkins, Edmonton Eskimos

Defence

 * DT – John Helton, Calgary Stampeders
 * DT – Jim Stillwagon, Toronto Argonauts
 * DE – Wayne Smith, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DE – George Wells, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * LB – Jerry Campbell, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * LB – Mike Widger, Montreal Alouettes
 * LB – Roger Goree, Calgary Stampeders
 * DB – Al Marcelin, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DB – Dick Adams, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DB – Larry Highbaugh, Edmonton Eskimos
 * DB – Lorne Richardson, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * DB – Dickie Harris, Montreal Alouettes

Offence

 * QB – Jimmy Jones, Montreal Alouettes
 * RB – Andy Hopkins, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * RB – Art Green, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * RB – Steve Ferrughelli, Montreal Alouettes
 * TE – Tony Gabriel, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * WR – Johnny Rodgers, Montreal Alouettes
 * WR – Rhome Nixon, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * C – Bob McKeown, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * OG – Ed George, Montreal Alouettes
 * OG – Ed Chalupka, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * OT – Noah Jackson, Toronto Argonauts
 * OT – Dan Yochum, Montreal Alouettes

Defence

 * DT – Rudy Sims, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DT – Jim Stillwagon, Toronto Argonauts
 * DE – Wayne Smith, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DE – Junior Ah You, Montreal Alouettes
 * LB – Jerry Campbell, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * LB – Mike Widger, Montreal Alouettes
 * LB – Chuck Zapiec, Montreal Alouettes
 * DB – Al Marcelin, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DB – Dick Adams, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DB – Rod Woodward, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DB – Al Brenner, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * DB – Dickie Harris, Montreal Alouettes
 * DB – Phil Price, Montreal Alouettes

Offence

 * QB – Tom Wilkinson, Edmonton Eskimos
 * RB – George Reed, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * RB – Lou Harris, BC Lions
 * RB – Roy Bell, Edmonton Eskimos
 * SB – Rudy Linterman, Calgary Stampeders
 * TE – Tyrone Walls, Edmonton Eskimos
 * WR – Tom Forzani, Calgary Stampeders
 * WR – Tom Scott, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * C – Bob Swift, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * OG – Ralph Galloway, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * OG – Curtis Wester, BC Lions
 * OT – Charlie Turner, Edmonton Eskimos
 * OT – Larry Watkins, Edmonton Eskimos

Defence

 * DT – John Helton, Calgary Stampeders
 * DT – Garrett Hunsperger, BC Lions
 * DE – Jim Heighton, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * DE – George Wells, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * LB – Ray Nettles, BC Lions
 * LB – Pete Wysocki, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * LB – Roger Goree, Calgary Stampeders
 * DB – Paul Williams, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * DB – Chuck Willis, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * DB – Larry Highbaugh, Edmonton Eskimos
 * DB – Lorne Richardson, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * DB – Ted Provost, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * DB – Howard Starks, Calgary Stampeders

1974 CFL Awards

 * CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award – Tom Wilkinson (QB), Edmonton Eskimos
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Canadian Award – Tony Gabriel (TE), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award – John Helton (DT), Calgary Stampeders
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award – Ed George (OG), Montreal Alouettes
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award – Sam Cvijanovich (LB), Toronto Argonauts
 * CFL's Coach of the Year – Marv Levy, Montreal Alouettes

title: 1974 CFL season


text:
ID&T

ID&T is a Dutch entertainment and medium enterprise that was founded in the early 1990s. Their event Thunderdome is named the oldest electronic festival in the Netherlands, with later events like Mysteryland, Trance Energy and Sensation. It operates many of the largest electronic dance music events in the world. They were also involved in the editions of Tomorrowland up until 2013.

Early years and growth
ID&T stands for the initials of three founders of the company, Irfan van Ewijk, Duncan Stutterheim and Theo Lelie, all residents of Amsterdam. All three were experienced in organizing house, techno and trance parties when they created ID&T, and their goal is to organize the largest events in the Netherlands and the European electronic dance music scene. Their first big event was "The Final Exam" in the Utrecht Conference Center, with about 12,000 people in attendance.

Today, ID&T is one of the largest dance organizers in the Netherlands. Events organised by the company include Sensation in the Amsterdam Arena, with around 40,000 people. There are two editions, Sensation (formerly known as Sensation White) (house), happening in the first Saturday of July, where all attendees come dressed in white, and BLACK (formerly known as Sensation Black) (techno, hardstyle, and hardcore), happening in the Saturday thereafter, where all attendees wear in black.

Other parties include Mysteryland on the Floriade 2002 terrain near Hoofddorp, with around 50,000 people, Innercity in the Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre (45,000 people) with eight areas and several styles, happening in the middle of December, Thunderdome (hardcore techno and techno), Trance Energy, Bloomingdale and NJOY. Such parties last all night, from 11pm to 7am (except open-air ones), including laser shows and fireworks. ID&T also operated the ID&T Release magazine and the music download portal ID&T Dance Tunes.com. Since 2014 the music download portal went offline without prior notice. Currently only Dance-Tunes Radio is active, an online streaming service hosted from Belgium. They organized the first event where a single DJ played all night long, with Tiësto in Gelredome on 11 May 2003. These events were organized again in the same venue on two subsequent nights on 29 and 30 October 2004 and again on 2 June 2007. The same happened at Ethias Arena in Hasselt (Belgium) on 6 Nov 2004 and 19 May 2007. The concerts in 2007 are named 'Elements of Life'.

They also collaborated with Q-Dance in the organization of "The One Man Show" concert of DJ Luna at the Gelredome in Arnhem.

On July 16, 2005, the first Sensation White was organized in Germany, at Arena AufSchalke in Gelsenkirchen. Together with the musical and theatre company Stage Entertainment (formerly Stage Holding) they created ID&T Germany as a joint venture. On April 16, 2005 the same event took place in Belgium. In 2009, it was organized for the first time on two subsequent nights on 3 and 4 July in the Amsterdam Arena where the opening of the Wicked Wonderland took place.

SFX/LiveStyle
In 2013, the American conglomerate SFX Entertainment acquired a 75% majority stake in ID&T. In December 2014, it was announced that ID&T would be a "creative partner" for Electric Zoo 2015 in New York City, which is also owned by SFX.

In 2016, SFX filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection; the transition was not expected to impact ID&T's events, besides the U.S. TomorrowWorld event (whose fate had been in question following infrastructural issues that marred the 2015 edition). The company later emerged under new leadership as LiveStyle.

Superstruct
In 2021, LiveStyle sold ID&T to the British company Superstruct Entertainment, a company led by Cream co-founder James Barton that also owns Øyafestivalen and Sónar.

International Dance Music Awards

 * Notes

title: ID&T


text:
Ottoman military band

Ottoman military bands were the first-recorded military marching bands. Though often known as mehter (مهتر, plural: مهتران mehterân; from "senior" in Persian) in West Europe, that word, properly speaking, refers only to a single musician in the band. In Ottoman, the band was generally known as mehterân (مهتران seniors), though those bands used in the retinue of a vizier or prince were generally known as mehterhane (Persian: مهترخانه, meaning "house of seniors"), the band as a whole is often termed mehter bölüğü ("mehter company [troop]"), mehter takımı ("mehter platoon"). In West Europe, the band's music is also often called Janissary music because the janissaries formed the core of the bands.

History
Such military bands as the mehters, were not definitively mentioned until the 13th century. It is believed that the first "mehter" was sent to Osman I by the Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad III as a present along with a letter that salutes the newly formed state. From then on every day after the afternoon prayer; "mehter" played for the Ottoman ruler. The notion of a military marching band, such as those in use even today, began to be borrowed from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. The sound associated with the mehterân also exercised an influence on European classical music, with composers such as Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven all writing compositions inspired by or designed to imitate the music of the mehters.

In 1826, the music of the mehters fell into disfavor following Sultan Mahmud II's abolition of the Janissary Corps, who had formed the core of the bands. Subsequent to this, in the mid and late 19th century, the genre went into decline along with the Ottoman Empire. In 1911, as the empire was beginning to collapse, the director of Istanbul's military museum attempted a somewhat successful revival of the tradition, and by 1953—so as to celebrate the 500-year anniversary of the Fall of Constantinople to the forces of Sultan Mehmed II—the tradition had been fully restored as a band of the Turkish Armed Forces.

Today, the music of the mehters is largely ceremonial and considered by many Turks as a stirring example of heroism and a reminder of Turkey's historical past. Though the majority of the pieces performed by them are newer compositions.

Today, the Armed Forces Mehter Unit (Mehter Bölüğü) is the traditional band of the Turkish Armed Forces and it performs regularly at the Military Museum (Askeri Müze) in Istanbul as well as during certain state ceremonies. There is also the Ministry of Culture Istanbul Historical Music Ensemble.

Mehteran identity
Mehter, literally "pre-eminences" in Ottoman, was the type of military ensemble within the Ottoman army which played martial tunes during military campaigns. The mehteran was usually associated with the Janissary corps of the Army, usually composed of Christian converts to Islam. The music of mehteran is called "mehter marşı" or "mehter march". "Mehterhane" is the name that was used for the group of players before the acceptance of the military band tradition by the Ottomans.

Mehter as Ottoman military music arose in the era of Osman Ghazi and had been played in the wars and in ceremonies customarily organized for various everyday purposes. There is not, however, any definite information about this organization until the era of Fatih Sultan Mehmed. With Fatih, while the establishment of the empire was developing, a radical improvement began, as well, in the organization of the mehter ensembles within the Ottoman Army.

Origins and early years of the bands
Mehter tunes are found as far back as the 16th century. Nevertheless, it is known that Abdülkadir Meragi, the great Turkish music master, came to the Ottoman lands during the era of Yıldırım Bayezid Khan and composed some mehter melodies for the Ottoman classical army. In that period, Nefiri Behram Ağa and Emir-i Hac also wrote some mehter tunes. Mehter bands played some compositions of Hasan Can and Gazi Giray Han of Kırım, as well. There was great development of Turkish music in the 17th century. In the meantime, mehter conductors and bandmasters such as Zurnazenbaşı (head of the zurna players) İbrahim Ağa, Zurnazen Daği, Ahmed Çelebi from Edirne, Mehter Ahmed from Edirne also composed mehter tunes.

Evliya Çelebi provided important data about the mehterhane and mehter musicians in the middle of the 17th century. "There are 300 artists in mehterhane-i Hümayun (the mehterhane of the palace) in Istanbul. These are quite precious and well paid people. There is additionally a mehter takımı of 40 people in Yedikule since there is a citadel. They are on duty three times a day, in other words they give three concerts, so that public listens to Turkish military music. This is a law of Fatih. Moreover, there are 1,000 mehter artists in addition to them in Istanbul. Their bands are in Eyüp S, Kasımpaşa (kapdan-ı Deryalık, the center of [the] Turkish Naval Forces), Galata, Tophane, Rumelihisarı, Beykoz, Anadoluhisarı, Üsküdar and Kız Kulesi . These mehter bands are on duty (i.e. give concerts) twice a day, in the daybreak and sunset hour."

Mehterhane preserved its existence, changing continuously, until the Janissary corps was abolished in the 1820s. According to its final form, each one was composed of nine davuls, nine zurnas, nine nakkares, nine cymbals and nine horns/trumpets, plus the timpanist/s using one or two Kos timpani, and a bandmaster. This band was called Dokuz katlı mehterhane (mehterhane composed of instruments, each instrument's number is nine). Mehter had many improvements in its music and performance parallel to its organization and establishment. Furthermore, renovations in the areas of art and culture influenced the music also. The studies and compositions of the music teachers of the palace in the 17th century such as Hanende Recep Çelebi, Zurnazenbaşı İbrahim Ağa, Eyyubi Mehmet Çelebi, Solakzade Mehmed Hendemi (who was also a very famous historian) and Selim III, the sultan and one of the great music masters of the 18th century, had influence on the renovation of the mehter bandsmen and the growth of the repertoire.

Western European interlude
This well known and traditional organization was annulled while the radical and western European types of reforms took place in the Ottoman Empire in the era of Mahmud II (1808–1839). As Western European-style music shows became more commonplace with the impact of the reformist efforts of the palace and its environment, Mahmud II left the mehter aside and wanted a military band to be established in accordance with the Western European practice. The Muzıka-i Humayun (Royal Band in Ottoman Turkish, the military band of the palace) began officially to function in 1831 as the official state band of the Ottoman armed forces and this was the beginning of an obscure period in the history of the mehter traditions, which goes back at least 500 years. It would eventually evolve to become the modern day Harmonic Band of the Turkish Armed Forces, the seniormost and oldest of its kind.

Instrumentation

The standard instruments employed by a mehterân ensemble are the kös (a giant timpani), the nakare (a small kettledrum), the davul (a bass drum), the zil (cymbals), the kaba zurna (a bass variety of the zurna), the boru (a kind of trumpet), and the cevgen (a kind of stick bearing small concealed bells). They also played the daf (frame drum) and clarinets.

Documents from ancient times to the present indicate that yurağ (zurna), sıbızgı (sipsili nefir, the horn), the horn of Hun (şahnay), burguv (the horn), kuğruv (kös), tümrük (davul) and ve çeng (the cymbals) were the instruments in the tuğ band of the Turks in central Asia.

There were two types of zurna used by the Ottoman bandsmen. One of them was called the kabazurna having a low tone was played in the mehterhanes of the Ottomans and Kırım. 100 instrumentalists had played the kabazurna in the 17th century in Istanbul. The other, called the curazurna, small in size and high-pitched, was accompanied by the davul or the çifte na'ra. Evliya Çelebi wrote "There are boathouses belonging to the sovereigns. If the sultan wants to go to the new-palace or somewhere else, he travels at the back of a light galley under the precious dome on the jewel throne by watching the waterside houses, vineyards and orchards and shipyards on the side of Haliç with the accompaniment of only the curazurna and the çifte na'ra performing", while he was talking about the garden of the shipyard in Istanbul. The curazurna as the small zurna was planned to be added to the military mehter unit, which was intended to be established by Enver Paşa in 1917. Kabazurnas were made in Istanbul in the 16th century.

The musical instruments played in the mehterhane of the Ottomans could be classified as follows:

Woodwinds
Kabazurna, Cura zurna, the Mehter pipe, clarinets

Brass
Horns (kurrenay), Boru and other trumpets (nafir) (Western natural trumpets or clarions would later be imported)

Drumline
The Kös (large timpani used by some bands), the Davul (bass drum), the Nakkare (small timpani), the Tabılbaz (medium timpani used by most bands), the Def (frame drum)

The Cymbals and the rattles
The Cymbals (clash cymbals) and the Çoğan (cevgen, Turkish crescents)

Organization
The Mehter bands were divided structurally into sections having a commander called bölükbaşı. The number of these sections was equal to the number of the kinds of the musical instrument:

 * section of the zurna players/clarinettists
 * of the hornists/trumpeters
 * of the nakkare drummers
 * of the cymbalists
 * of the davul and frame drummers
 * of the çoğan players (also formed the choir portion of the band)
 * of the Kös timpanist/s

Zurnazenler Bölüğü (the section of the zurna players) had a section leader called the zurnazen who was also called the mehterbaşı (leader of the mehter), wearing red robes and a red cap, who served as conductor of the band. Other members of the section were called zurnacı or zurnazen whose rank was that of a soldier. Zurnazens were dressed in a purple quilted cap wrapped with a white destar on their head, a white robe, a sash around the waist, a red shalwar, yellow Yemeni (light, flat heeled shoes) and a red biniş (cübbe).

The zurna is the most fundamental music instrument of the mehter band. It can play all the melodies in solo. Its sound is colorful, lively, pastoral, imposing, emotional and frisky. Sliding sounds as well as short and sharp sounds can be obtained. Many masters of this musical instrument, which is the most convenient instrument for virtuoso playing among Turkish instruments, such as zurnazenbaşı İbrahim Ağa and Daği Ahmed Çelebi from Edirne, whose names are still very well known, come to mind. Moreover, there were great zurna masters among the Ottoman pashas such as zurnazen Mustafa Paşa.

The same organization and uniforms are also seen in the other sections.

Structure
The different varieties of bands are classed according to the number of instruments and musicians employed: either six-layered (altı katlı), seven-layered (yedi katlı), or nine-layered (dokuz katlı).

In the early 19th century the Vizier's personal band included nine each of drums and fifes and flutes, seven trumpets and four cymbals (plus the optional timpanist).

The costumes worn by the mehterân, despite wide variance in color and style, are always very colourful, often including high ribbed hats which are flared at the top and long robes wrapped in colourful silks. The band director, conductor and section leaders all wear red robes. A colour guard wearing period uniforms and carrying weapons and flags of the era is present.

Members
Ceremonial Members:

Style
The sound of the Ottoman military band is characterized by an often shrill sound combining bass drums, horns (boru), bells, the triangle and cymbals (zil), among others. It is still played at state, military and tourist functions in modern Turkey by the Mehter Band and the troops that accompany it.

Mehterân usually play classical Turkish music such as peşrev, semai, nakış, cengiharbi, murabba and kalenderi.

The oldest extant marches were written by Nefiri Behram, Emir-i Hac, Hasan Can and Gazi Giray II in the 16th century. Very few of these pieces are played today in Mehter groups.

Mehter today
The Ottoman Military Band, Mehter, still plays on special occasions in Turkey as the Mehter Troop, which is part of the Turkish Armed Forces. The band also plays every day during summer months in Harbiye Istanbul; during winter months, it performs at indoor concerts. Its largest event takes place on May 29 of each year, which celebrates the conquest of Constantinople on May 29, 1453.

Local ensembles play in holiday concerts and even in community celebrations all over Turkey.

The Mehter Troop also performs as invited guests to events all over the globe as ambassadors of Turkish musical traditions. For example, the Troop played "Jeeway Jeeway (Long Live) Pakistan" during the Pakistan Day Parade of 2017. The band also appeared in the 1992 Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo.

title: Ottoman military band


text:
Compass Maps

Compass Maps was a U.S. publisher of road maps. It was based in Modesto, California.

It was founded in 1963 by Dick and Shirley Elke. They produced high quality maps of Northern and Southern California. They also did some maps of places in Nevada (Reno, Las Vegas), as well as Salt Lake City, Utah. In 2007, they had nearly 100 area maps that they produced. However, the company shut down in March 2008 for reorganization, then reopened in May of that same year, to only shut down, this time for good, in June 2008. They were located on 1172 Kansas Avenue in Modesto, just west of Highway 99.

title: Compass Maps


text:
Talk:War of the Quadruple Alliance

Austria
Certainly "Austria" in this article should not link to the small, present-day state of that name, but I'm not sure what it should link to. I'd be inclined to link to Holy Roman Empire, but I believe that some states of the Empire were not part of the Alliance. - Jmabel | Talk 19:58, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

"Spain fared poorly in the war"
First I would like to add that it is not mentioned in the article, that the Spanish Fleet was attacked by British ships wihtout the pertinent declaration of war being issued by the British Crown, betraying the traditional war code. Second I would like to point out that Spain defeated repeatedly the Austrian Army in Sicily, for example on the 15th of October 1718 in the Battle of Melazzo, on the 17th of June 1719 in the battle of Francavilla etc... The mistakes committed by the general Leide was not to pursue the retreating armies in any of the victories, but in my opinion, the performance of the Spanish Expeditionary Force cannot be considered poor. Moreover, I think it's partial and therefore suggest to change the paragraph containing the information cited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.217.143.198 (talk) 17:04, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Firstly, the traditional code of war mattered exceedingly little in an age where ships at sea shot at other nation's ships at sea more or less constantly in peacetime; given Spain's traditional power in the New World it was the most frequent target of that, and so it should have expected something like this. Especially since they had attacked Sardinia without a declaration of war themselves to start this entire sorry conflict. Yes, it's true that the Spanish armies repeatedly defeated the Habsburgs in Sicily and Sardinia, but ultimately their achievements were more than outdone by the intervention of the British, Dutch, French, and Savoyards and the failure of their navies in the Med and their men at arms in the colonies. Feel free to edit things about the performance of the expeditionary force in Sicily, but that does not excuse the poor showings elsewhere. 75.36.161.208 (talk) 01:27, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

Casualties.
Could someone explain how the allies managed to take over five times the casualties as the Spanish?

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wars18c.htm#Quadruple - The entire war doesn't need to be defined by four major battles; consider how extensive the Spanish borders were even up until this point, and many border clashes are more than easily possible in these types of conflicts. Also consider that the allies fought for greater cause and had more than surperior numbers, and therefore could absorb such a hit. Look at the European Theatre of World War II, which could be defined by battles such as Stalingrad, Leningrad, Normandy, or the Battle of Britain. Regardless, the casualties of the war were defined mostly through continuous, slow-moving conflict, as it may have been here. All in all, with the way the Spaniards really may have faired in this war, I just couldn't call this a decisive victory for the allies. The Italian provinces were to Spain what Ladoga Karelia was to Finland when they fought the USSR, and this is the same result. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.84.113.129 (talk) 02:00, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd agree the website isn't a reliable source, but it does cite a book as a reference point. Do you have any alternative figures? Lord Cornwallis (talk) 23:10, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Could partly be explained by armies and navies being far from their bases for extended periods (poor nutrition, unsanitary conditions, physical streess) suffering more from disease than those which are close to or at their bases. Disease could claim enormous tolls of sick and dead in those days. Another possibility is the Spanish figures only reflect those killed and wounded in battle but not from disease. Just a thought.

 * Even that doesn't explain it; cobbling together all the extremely limited precise statistics we have on this Wiki on this War would almost reach the total Spanish casualty count itself, and we have maybe three or four battles with precise Spanish casualties. So something is clearly wrong here. I'd say that the website is a somewhat reliable source in most other matters, but in this I'd say it's far from it. It's also worth noting that these battles we have info on are all *Spanish victories*, which were by any account a minority in this war. I advocate we remove them until we know better. 75.36.161.208 (talk) 01:27, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
 * This website is being used again for casualties figures in the infobox - the website itself isn't a reliable source so it would need to come from White's book, but this poses a few problems/issues:

Eastfarthingan (talk) 12:34, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Where did the figures come from?
 * The Dutch Republic has casualty figures even though they didn't commit to any fighting.
 * The numbers also don't add up.

Alternate name?
Is there an alternate name for this war? Searching "war of quadruple alliance" spain philip -wikipedia returns virtually nothing on Google or Google Books. I can't believe this war actually happened, then the whole War of Spanish Succession would have been fought for nothing! --Gary123 (talk) 17:08, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:War of the Quadruple Alliance


text:
Talk:British invasions of the River Plate

Argentina counted as a belligerent?
Canada is counted as a belligerent on the war of 1812 page, so then shouldn't Argentina also on this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.175.173.61 (talk) 13:35, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

No no, it shan't: His/Her Majesty's subjects cannot afford to be seen losing against such uncivilized peoples without the aid of any European Power, let alone if they lost twice. It would be against all Rigth & Reason. By Jingo, no. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.19.93.182 (talk) 18:53, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

Naming
This is English Wikipedia. In English this is known as the River Plate, and British historical documents always refer to this as the River Plate. Please move this page back. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Portable (talk • contribs)
 * Please see Talk:Río de la Plata/name Mariano (t/c) 07:29, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I know; but it is telling that the recent BBC story on the invasions calls it the River Plate. -- ALoan (Talk) 01:35, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Invasion in a global context
It is surely important that the invasion is seen as part of the Napoleonic Wars. This was a truly global war and involved simultaneous battles everywhere. Describing the invasion as no more than British imperialism deprives the reader of the opportunity to explore the way that global trade and ideological movements were making themselves felt even on the river Plate. The "imperial expansion" description is not only mistaking an effect for a cause but reads like petty nationalism - nationalist movements define themselves against amorphous ogres rather than the reality of global socioeconomics.

 * You are mixing things up. By the time of the British invasions the Fourth Coalition was in game, and the distraction plan on the West Indies against the Third Coalition was set in Central America. What's more, Napoleon never had any activity in South America, so what would be the purpose of the British invasions in the context of the Napoleonic Wars?
 * The laces between Spain and its colonies were already weakened for the King was overthroned by Napoleon (what would give path to the independences of those countries in the Southern Cone).
 * The economic implications of the British invasion can't be blindly ignored. Britain had an expansionist movement during that time, as was the attempt to regain control of the United States in the War of 1812.
 * The position of the South American colonies was not that of Spain as history shows; see for instance May Revolution.
 * Mariano (t/c) 10:23, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree entirely that the French were not heavily involved in South America. Their Spanish allies were already in power. The Spanish King was overthrown by Napoleon in 1808, after the period considered in this article.

 * All of the forces arranged against Napoleon were suffering from a trade embargo. As you say "The economic implications of the British invasion can't be blindly ignored" and these economic implications were directly related to the allied status of the Spanish. Spain was operating the embargo against Britain through its colonies. It was of paramount importance for Britain that the French and Spanish colonies be prised away from their rulers. As part of this Britain equipped and financed liberation movements as well as direct attacks. As a trading empire the British were as happy that South America should be non-aligned and prepared to trade as part of the British Empire.

 * On the subject of the War of 1812, this was largely about American expansionism and also related to the Napoleonic trade embargos. The May Revolution was also directly related to the Napoleonic Wars and the change in Spanish allied status. Please see the links.

 * The Napoleonic War was continuous for Britain, even when the various coalitions against Napoleon collapsed. Remember, France and England are divided by 22 miles of sea and Napoleon had threatened to invade England on several occasions. The Napoleonic wars were two countries locked in death combat, fighting each other for territory, influence and resources on a global scale.

 * Pointing out, in a very brief note, that the Spanish were an ally of the French at that time provides the reader with an avenue for further investigation. Why were these European superpowers fighting? What was at stake? Was the confict commercial or political? Who gained from this commerce...... Leaving the text as "British expansionism" shuts down the enquiry making events seem like simple conflicts between "good" and "evil", obscuring the socioeconomic checkerboard of history.

 * Presenting your country´s imperialism as "kind" and "trading" and "ideological" is petty nationalism. During the last five centuries England-Britain, Spain and other europeans contruies have tried to seize america´s wealth by all kinds of means. Brittish invasions of the River Plate was a greedy attempt to conquest a new colony and open new markets, in this case taking advantage of the critical situation of Spain at that time, caught in between Britain (at sea) and France (on land). Trying to present this episode (and many others from european contries over the centuries) other way is petty nationalism  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.103.3.109 (talk) 21:12, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Should be "River Plate"
The title should be River Plate, instead of Rio de la Plata.

 * You might think so; I could not possibly comment. See Talk:Río de la Plata/name. -- ALoan (Talk) 09:46, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Spanish naval supremacy
I thought Spanish naval supremacy ended a long time before Trafalgar? Cyclopaedic (talk) 23:23, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * You are correct, but it was still good enough to keep the links with its colonies open. The word "supremacy" is used badly (in my view) to indicate this. But some are insistent!
 * Which does not mean that British naval supremacy started before it. Check this article, or this one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.129.34.242 (talk) 19:09, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Myth of No Assistance
In a time when only a small percentage of people owned muskets (they were expensive items made by craftsmen) the timely shipment of thousands of muskets from Spain made the difference to the success or otherwise of the militia. So one cannot say that there was no help from "the metropolis" (Spain) - without it the British would have surely succeeded. However, one can say "minimal aid".

 * In any case, it's what all sources say. Do you have some author that backs this proposal, or is it just your own interpretation?

 * Notice that when it is mentioned that there was "no aid from Spain" the key words are "from Spain". There was aid by other cities in the viceroyalty. During the first invasion the bulk of the forces of Buenos Aires were dispached to Buenos Aires because Sobremonte thought the attack would be there, so they were there for Liniers to command them. If Sobremonte had keep the armies in Buenos Aires, the British could not have taken it, or at least faced a stronger resistance than they did. For the second one, part of the preparation was a general request for aid to all possible sources. Liniers, French, even told of his triumph to the French king Napoleon, in order to get aid from France. MBelgrano (talk) 01:58, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

The article states that after a number of calls for help a shipload of muskets was sent by the Spanish government. If this is not the case then we need these questions to be answered: Was a shipload of muskets recieved? If so, from where? Most importantly, who ordered that they be sent?

 * The part you have read talks about events before either invasion. By that point, an attack was a possibility, but just that. As explained, those things were dispached to Montevideo in a tactical mistake. When historians consider that there was no help, they talk about both the period of British rule in Buenos Aires and the attempts to gather a resistance, and the period before the second imminent invasion. MBelgrano (talk) 14:02, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

The arms were sent in response to repeated requests that warned of a likely British attack and therefore it is false to say that no aid was sent. The argument you give is nothing but a mass of tendentious excuses for redefining help as non help. As for historians coming from a nationalistic point of view, their motives for repeating the founding myth are obvious but the logic employed is still plainly false: the fact is that requests for aid in case of a British invasion were made and a shipload of weapons was indeed sent. It doesn't matter if it occured before, during or after: aid was given. QED.

 * And if we come to consider it, we may point as well that every men, weapon and building was in there by Spanish help. Or, even better, that the viceroyalties couldn't be considered a different thing than Spain because they were part of it. But it would be simply our own discussions. "Excuses" or not, what I explained is the viewpoint held by all historians who dealed with this topic, regardless or their school of thought. Even memories and autobiographies of the peoples who took part in it consider it this way. If such a prominent historian consensus is "wrong", you can surely mention some historians that acknowledge this viewpoint and reject it as wrong. Can you? MBelgrano (talk) 22:45, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

We are talking about a specific request made due to a percieved specific threat and the resulting specific response to that request. We are not talking about the entire preceeding colonial history of the region - which merely is obfuscation of the issue with yet more bad logic. I'll never accept that white is black just because some "authority" says it is. The simple fact is the account as it stands contradicts the claim that no aid was sent - however adequate or inadequate that aid may have been.

This should have occurred to me earlier. There is a solution: If instead of saying in the introduction "without aid from the metropolis", which is falsified later in the article by the shipment of arms, and instead we put "without the help of military reinforcements from the metropolis" -  which is true - then we can all be happy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.75.29.6 (talk) 00:15, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I will not try to explain things in a didactic way anymore. If you insist in that the lack of aid is a "myth", cite sources that say so. MBelgrano (talk) 01:33, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
 * This disagreement comes down to the different meanings of the word "military" in English and Spanish. In Spanish "military" can only mean soldiers and so "military aid" is to send soldiers to help and in English it can mean the same thing but it also can mean sending supplies, like guns, gunpowder, food, tents, and whatever can help a military without sending soldiers.

NPOV
Describing British discussions about the region as "British pretensions" is not a neutral statement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.61.27 (talk) 17:50, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Criollo are not Creole
There is a constant confusion here between criollo (a social rank) and creole, who had nothing to do with the River Plate region.

NPOV Check
"British pretensions" is a POV title. "Anglo-Spanish rivalry" was suggested as an alternative but simply dismissed. The context of a century of ANglo-spanish wars and the Napoleonic Wars was also reverted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.4.27.128 (talk) 19:07, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

The proposed text to restore balance is:

The discussion will be held at User talk:86.4.27.128, as this topic was raised by this user at several pages at once. Cambalachero (talk) 19:53, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

No, it will not, it should be held here.

Discussion of NPOV in British invasions of the Río de la Plata
The article has a section called "British pretensions". I think this may be a problem with the author using "pretension" as "advancing a claim" when it is a sophisticated word that has a clear shading towards a rather slimy "wrongful claim", it is a "weasel word". In this section it describes episodes of British planning extracted from a century of history without any indication that the 18th century was full of conflict between Britain and Spain. The section needs, at the minimum, a change of name and a qualifying sentence to provide balance. My suggestion is to replace the title of the section "British pretensions" with "Anglo Spanish Rivalry" and add the sentence given below:

Anglo Spanish Rivalry

The immediate cause of the Invasions of the River Plate was that Spain was allied to France from 1803 to 1808 during the global conflict known as the Napoleonic Wars in which Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to conquer Europe and gain global ascendancy. The hostility between the British and the Spanish in the 18th century was the result of the six Anglo-Spanish Wars from 1702 to 1783, most of which lasted for several years.

Alternatively I would recommend cutting the section altogether because it contributes little to an understanding of why the British invaded then withdrew and never came back despite having a huge navy and army after defeating Napoleon.

Please do not reply with "you are an idiot, you do not understand". My whole point is that any reader coming to this page could not possibly understand given the information provided. Without further explanation it looks like a POV is being put across. 86.4.27.128 (talk) 15:58, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Very well, I'm tired of this, so I won't try to explain things anymore. If you do not understand why Britain did not insist on the attacks despite of their military strength, I won't explain it to you. The section cites a reputed historian in a work about the British Invasions, with the exact tone provided here. Cite another reputed historian for any changes you propose, or the discussion will end here. Cambalachero (talk) 16:18, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I am sure that there are historians who do not have a neutral point of view but this is Wikipedia where we are supposed to strive for it. The wording "British pretensions" is a POV in itself. we do not need to quote historians at each other to know this.  The lack of any global context in the section is simply bad structure and results in a parochial POV. The lack of any comment about Free Trade in the section is also a shame, as you yourself must know.86.4.27.128 (talk) 16:29, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Provide your reasons to consider Félix Luna a biased author, or the discussion will not continue. Cambalachero (talk) 16:43, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, if he used "British pretensions" as the heading for a section this suggests he did not understand the subtleties of English or was biassed. Perhaps it is a linguistic mistake. The discussion of the section heading is not about historical facts but about a word that is laden with spite.  Any native english speaker would pick this up - there is a comment on this page by someone else who noticed this. The content of the section is not disputed, the objection is that this content does not include the wider context.  The POV in the section is purely South American, the fact that there were global conflicts involving Britain and Spain is a crucial insight. 86.4.27.128 (talk) 17:17, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I have tried to understand your misgivings about my suggested edit. I have removed "pretentions" which is a pretentious title and changed it to "British interest in the region". I have removed the second mention of Napoleon and simply noted that there were six major Anglo-Spanish wars that alos excited British interest in the region - I have included a link so that the interested reader can explore this aspect of world history. 86.4.27.128 (talk) 18:29, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

'''Ho ho! Pretensión is indeed Spanish for "Claim". It does not quite mean a simple claim in English so this apparent POV was largely linguistic. ''' 86.4.27.128 but now: Argcontrib (talk) 12:29, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

POV and Luna
There are some minor POV looking statements in the article. I wonder of over-reliance on the work of Luna might be at the root of this? Certainly it does seem some sections verge on single-sourced. Rich Farmbrough, 17:20, 13 February 2012 (UTC).

 * (Note: I am fairly ignorant of the subject matter, and had not read the previous section when I wrote the above.) Rich Farmbrough, 17:25, 13 February 2012 (UTC).

Spanish (?) Soldiers Inflation
I do see some inflation in the number of Spanish soldiers, also account for the population in general who fought against the British??186.62.144.66 (talk) 20:10, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Can you be more specific, and supply reliable sources to demonstate it? Lord Cornwallis (talk) 21:12, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 23 May 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move per request.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 05:13, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

British invasions of the Río de la Plata → British invasions of the River Plate – Reason: English-language name 186.7.245.4 (talk) 14:50, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support – In the context of these events, the river is uniformly referred to as the "River Plate", which is the standard British term for it. RGloucester  — ☎ 16:59, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support Per nom. WCM email 18:22, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support This is the English language Wikipedia, so the English-language names for things should be used except for where foreign language names are more common Nick-D (talk) 08:20, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support Per nom. Lord Cornwallis (talk) 09:46, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support - per nomination. Anotherclown (talk) 11:45, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

St Helena Reinforcements
The official records of the time [National Archives|The National Archives (United Kingdom)] record WO 1/161 states only 300 troops were added to the force. This was due to the Ocean Transport being lost in a storm on the 21 April (later arrived safely). Reinforements were sent from England but arrived after the main force had been taken Prisoner of War. Rincewind 68 (talk) 10:40, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

Tupac Amaru
was Tupac Amaru not defeated 20 years earlier in 1782? this would mean the regular army not being deployed to defend aginst him in 1806 and the first British invasion? Rincewind 68 (talk) 11:25, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

Non sequitur
The fourth paragraph of the the Fist Invasion section starts with this sentence:

 * The wealthy members of society were not pleased with the British arrival.

Then follows quote number 14:

 * "The lack of identification with the Spanish government in Buenos Aires began to express itself on the friendly welcome extended to the enemy by ladies who, smiling, gave them welcome. Moreover, the 1 July, Sarratea Martin -father-in-law of Liniers- and his brother-in-law Leon Altolaguirre offered a reception to the British leaders, attended by Santiago de Liniers and his wife's brother-in-law Lázaro de Rivera."

Notice the non sequitur?

--Abulmiskafur (talk) 04:11, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

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The 2/71st Foot never left Scotland.
Both colours belong to the 1/71st Foot, the 1st battalion of the regiment: King's Colour and Battalion's Colour. The 2nd battalion was a depot based in Scotland, not a fighting unit. BRITISH INFANTRY BATTALIONS CARRIED 2 COLOURS IN THE FIELD. And the original Battalion's Colour was buff, not white. The 71st's regimental facings (collar, handcuffs, lapels) were buff, not white. When the regimental facings were white or black, the white or black Battalion's Colour always included a broad red Saint George's Cross. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.99.89.51 (talk) 11:25, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Vid. 71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.99.89.51 (talk) 11:30, 31 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Torlakovac

Torlakovac is a village in the municipality of Donji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was 592.

title: Torlakovac


text:
Nixon McLean

Nixon Alexei McNamara McLean (born 20 July 1973) is a West Indian cricketer from St. Vincent and the Grenadines. He featured in the role of a right-arm fast-medium bowler who played both Tests and ODIs for the West Indies. McLean also featured for the Windward Islands, Hampshire, KwaZulu-Natal, Somerset and the Canterbury Wizards in his cricketing career.

Playing career
He made his ODI debut for the Windies in 1996, notching figures of two for 33, against Australia at Melbourne. During 1998 McLean joined up with English side Hampshire where he stayed for a sum of two seasons. With Hampshire, he picked up 51 limited overs wickets along with 108 first class wickets which came at an average of under 30. McLean was also an essential part, as the tournament's leading wicket taker, of the Windward Islands' victorious 2000-01 Red Stripe Bowl campaign.

He later joined up, in 2001, with South African club KwaZulu-Natal. During his debut season he picked up 44 first class wickets at and average of 16.13 and 15 List A wickets at an average of 15.33. He thus played an essential part in Natal winning both the Standard Bank Cup and the Supersport Series, South Africa's domestic ODI and four day tournaments, in that 2001–02 season. He then stayed with the club for another successive season. McLean's impressive performances for Natal earned him a place in the Windies' World Cup 2003 squad.

During 2003 McLean joined up with Somerset, where he stayed for three seasons. With a best showing of six for 79, he eventually claimed 120 first class wickets at an average of 29.22 in 33 matches for that club. He later joined New Zealand side Canterbury Wizards in 2005.

Later work
After calling an end to his playing days, McLean joined the board of the West Indies Retired Players Foundation, a foundation designed to improve the game on a domestic level through the help of former players. McLean also serves as the current vice president of the West Indies Players' Association.

title: Nixon McLean


text:
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift is a 2006 action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan. It is the standalone sequel to The Fast and the Furious (2001) and 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003), and the third installment in the Fast & Furious franchise. It stars Lucas Black and Bow Wow. In the film, car enthusiast Sean Boswell (Black) is sent to live in Tokyo with his estranged father and finds solace exploring the city's drifting community.

A third Fast & Furious film was confirmed in June 2005, when Lin was selected as director. Morgan was hired after an open call soon after, thus marking the first film in the franchise's longtime association with Lin, Morgan, actor Sung Kang, and composer Brian Tyler. Principal photography began in August 2005 and lasted until that November, with filming locations including Los Angeles and Tokyo, making Tokyo Drift the first film in the franchise to feature an international filming location.

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Los Angeles on June 4, 2006, and was released in the United States on June 16, by Universal Pictures. Tokyo Drift grossed $159 million worldwide, making it the lowest-grossing film in the franchise. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its driving sequences but criticism for its screenplay and acting performances. In subsequent years, Tokyo Drift has garnered a more favorable view, with some commentators considering it one of the best of the franchise. It was followed by a prequel trilogy, the first being Fast & Furious in 2009 and the last being Fast & Furious 6 in 2013. A direct-sequel titled Furious 7 was released in 2015. Within the story's continuity, the film is set in-between Fast & Furious 6 and Furious 7.

Plot
In Oro Valley, Arizona, high school troublemaker Sean Boswell races classmate Clay in their respective 1971 Chevy Monte Carlo and 2003 SRT-10 Dodge Viper, when they end up ramming each other and crashing. While Clay's family wealth helps him escape punishment, Sean is sent to live with his father, a U.S. Navy lieutenant stationed in Tokyo, to avoid jail time, as he is a repeat offender. He also befriends military brat Twinkie, who introduces him to drift racing. Driving to an underground car meet in Twinkie's 2005 Volkswagen Touran, Sean gets into a confrontation with Takashi, the Drift King (DK), over Takashi's girlfriend Neela. Sean agrees to race Takashi's Nissan Fairlady Z33 in a Silvia S15 Spec-S lent to him by retired drift racer Han Lue. Unexperienced with drifting, Sean wrecks the Silvia and loses.

To repay the debt, Sean agrees to work for Han. Han begins teaching drift racing to Sean, whom he calls the only person ever to stand up to Takashi, who is connected to the yakuza through his uncle, Kamata. Sean masters the art, practicing in a 2006 Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX, and gains further respect after defeating Takashi's lieutenant, Morimoto. Han and Sean become friends.

Sean eventually asks Neela out on a date; Neela explains that after her mother died, she moved in with Takashi's grandmother. An irate Takashi assaults Sean the next day, telling him to stay away from Neela. Neela leaves Takashi and moves in with Sean and Han.

After Kamata reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him, Takashi and Morimoto confront Han, Sean, and Neela, who flee after Twinkie creates a distraction. Takashi and Morimoto pursue the trio, with Morimoto crashing, and Han buying Sean and Neela time to escape. The chase ends when Sean and Neela's Lancer Evo IX crashes, while Han's 1994 Veilside RX-7 is broadsided by a 1992 Mercedes-Benz W140 S-Class sedan and then explodes. Takashi later draws a gun on Sean, but his father draws on Takashi; the standoff ends when Neela agrees to leave with Takashi. Sean and his father make amends, while Twinkie gives money to Sean to compensate Kamata for the stolen funds. Sean delivers the cash to Kamata and challenges Takashi to a drift, with the loser leaving Tokyo. Kamata agrees on the condition they downhill-drift a mountain pass that only Takashi has descended successfully. Sean and Han's crew restore Sean's father's 1967 Ford Mustang Fastback and tune it to drift specifications, making use of the engine and other components from the wrecked Silvia.

On the mountain, Takashi initially leads, but Sean's practice and training allow him to catch up. Desperate, Takashi rams Sean repeatedly. Takashi eventually misses, subsequently driving off a cliff and crashing as Sean crosses the finish line. Kamata honors his word, and Sean, dubbed the new Drift King, remains in Tokyo. Neela, Twinkie, and Sean, now driving a Silvia S15 Spec R, enjoy themselves at a car meet when Dominic Toretto arrives in a 1970 Plymouth Road Runner to challenge Sean to a race. Sean accepts after Dom proclaims Han was family.

Cast

 * Lucas Black as Sean Boswell: A young man interested in street racing.
 * Bow Wow as Twinkie: Sean's first friend he meets in Tokyo, who sells various consumer goods and introduces Sean to drift racing.
 * Sung Kang as Han Lue: DK's business partner and old friend of Dominic Toretto, who befriends Sean and teaches him how to drift.
 * Brian Tee as Takashi: Sean's enemy who is acknowledged as the best drift racer and given the title "Drift King", or simply "D.K.".
 * Nathalie Kelley as Neela: Takashi's girlfriend who later falls for Sean.
 * Sonny Chiba (credited as JJ Sonny Chiba) as Kamata: Takashi's uncle who is the head of the yakuza.
 * Leonardo Nam as Morimoto: Takashi's right-hand man.
 * Brian Goodman as Lieutenant Boswell: Sean's father.
 * Zachery Ty Bryan as Clay: The quarterback of Sean's school whom Sean races at the beginning of the film.
 * Lynda Boyd as Ms. Boswell: Sean's mother who is fed up with moving them around and sends him to Tokyo, Japan to live with his father.
 * Jason Tobin as Earl: One of Han's friends who specializes in tuning the cars, along with Reiko.
 * Keiko Kitagawa as Reiko: Earl's friend and fellow tuner.
 * Nikki Griffin as Cindy: Clay's girlfriend, who suggests that Clay and Sean race to win her.
 * Satoshi Tsumabuki as Exceedingly Handsome Guy: Who starts the first race between Sean and Takashi (cameo)
 * Keiichi Tsuchiya as an elderly fisherman (uncredited cameo)
 * Kazutoshi Wadakura as an elderly fisherman (uncredited cameo)
 * Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto (uncredited cameo)

Character development after the events of Tokyo Drift
Han Lue went on to make a brief appearance in Fast & Furious before returning as a main character in Fast Five, Fast & Furious 6, F9 and Fast X. Sean Boswell, Twinkie and Earl also returned to the series in F9. During the events of F9, Boswell, Twinkie and Earl had left Japan and were involved in rocket development in Germany. How they came from their circumstances of the Japanese drift scene to their work in the military industry is not explained in the series. They are shown testing rockets by attaching them to the top of motor vehicles, which came to use in F9.

Development
Writer Chris Morgan was a fan of the Fast & Furious series, and the producers had an open writing call for the third film. Morgan originally pitched Dominic Toretto in Tokyo, learning to drift and solving a murder, but Universal Pictures wanted a high school-themed story.

Neal H. Moritz, who had produced the two previous installments, began working on the film in 2005. In June 2005, Moritz hired Justin Lin to direct it. Lin, who wasn't intimately familiar with drifting when he was approached to helm the project, recalled, "I was in film school when The Fast and the Furious came out, and I saw it along with a sold-out crowd who just ate it up. What really excited me about directing this film was the chance to harness that energycreate a whole new chapter and up the ante by bringing something new to the table for the audience who loves action and speed." Lin was not enthusiastic at first and was unimpressed by earlier drafts of the script, saying, "I think it's offensive and dated, and I don't have any intention of doing it." The producers allowed him to develop the film in his own way, although it was a constant challenge and he was always battling Universal to make the film better, but Lin said that "to their credit, they were very fair and reasonable."

It was impossible to get the necessary filming permits in Tokyo, so they went ahead without permission. According to Lin, "I wanted to shoot in Shibuya, which is the most crowded place in Tokyo. The cops, they're all so polite, so it takes ten minutes for them to come over and kick you out." Unknown to Lin, the studio had hired a fall guy, who stepped in when the police came to arrest him, and said he was the director and spent the night in jail instead.

Following respectable test screenings of The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Universal still felt it needed a star cameo appearance; Vin Diesel agreed to reprise his role as Dominic Toretto for a brief cameo, in exchange for Universal's ownership to rights of the Riddick character, in lieu of financial payment.

Technical
Races and stunts were coordinated by Terry J. Leonard, who also served as second unit director. The film used almost 250 vehicles, cutting up 25 and destroying more than 80.

The Nissan Silvia which Sean trashes in his first race in Japan is depicted as having an RB26DETT engine swap which itself is donated to the Ford Mustang. However, the car in the movie was actually powered by the Silvia's original engine. The Veilside body-kitted Mazda RX-7, (dubbed "Fortune"), driven by Han was originally built by Veilside for the 2005 Tokyo Auto Salon, but was later bought by Universal and repainted from dark red, to orange and black, for use in the movie. The car in which Dominic appears in at the end of the film is a highly customized 1970 Plymouth Road Runner, which was built for the SEMA Show.

SCC magazine tested the cars of the film, and noted that the cars in Tokyo Drift were slightly faster in an acceleration match up with the cars from 2 Fast 2 Furious.

Notable drifting personalities Keiichi Tsuchiya (who also made an uncredited cameo in the film), Rhys Millen, and Samuel Hübinette were consulted and employed by the movie to provide and execute the drifting and driving stunts in the film. Nobushige Kumakubo, Kazuhiro Tanaka, Tanner Foust, Rich Rutherford, Calvin Wan and Alex Pfeiffer were also brought in as none of Universal's own stunt drivers could drift. Some racing events were filmed within the Hawthorne Mall parking lot in Los Angeles, as filming in Tokyo required permits the studio was unable to obtain. They instead used street lights and multiple props to help recreate Tokyo.

Toshi Hayama was also brought in to keep elements of the film portrayed correctly, who was contacted by Roger Fan, an old high school friend who starred in Lin's Better Luck Tomorrow. Hayama ensured certain references were deployed correctly, such as the use of nitrous oxide in straights but not in turns, and keeping the use of references to sponsors to a minimum. One of Kamata's henchmen has missing fingers, a punishment typically deployed by the yakuza. He had to have the missing fingers digitally added in to appease cultural concerns.

Music
Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, composed of 12 songs, was released on June 20, 2006, through Universal Motown. It features contributions from Don Omar, Teriyaki Boyz, Atari Teenage Riot, Brian Tyler, DJ Shadow, Dragon Ash, Evil Nine, Far East Movement, Mos Def, N⋆E⋆R⋆D, Tego Calderón and The 5.6.7.8's. Brian Tyler's Original Score was released on June 27 via Varèse Sarabande, a week after Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.

Box office
Tokyo Drift brought in over $23 million on its opening weekend, placing at #3 behind Cars ($33.7 million) and Nacho Libre ($28.3 million). The film itself was in limited release in Japan (released under the name Wild Speed 3). The US box office was $62,514,415, and it grossed another $96,450,195 internationally, resulting in total receipts of $158,964,610. According to opening weekend polling by Universal the audience was 58% male and 60% under 25.

Critical response
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift gained a 37% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 142 critics; the average rating is 5/10. The site's consensus reads: "Eye-popping driving sequences coupled with a limp story and flat performances make this Drift a disappointing follow-up to previous Fast and Furious installments." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film, giving it three out of four stars, saying that director Justin Lin "takes an established franchise and makes it surprisingly fresh and intriguing," adding that Tokyo Drift is "more observant than we expect" and that "the story [is] about something more than fast cars". Michael Sragow of The Baltimore Sun felt that "the opening half-hour may prove to be a disreputable classic of pedal-to-the-metal filmmaking" and "the last downhill race is a doozy." Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said that "it's not much of a movie, but a hell of a ride". Todd McCarthy of Variety gave the film a positive review and praised the "good, old-fashioned genre filmmaking done in a no-nonsense, unpretentious style", adding it "stays in high gear most of the way with several exhilarating racing sequences, and benefits greatly from the evocative Japanese setting." McCarthy particularly praised the work of stunt coordinator Terry Leonard.

Michael Medved gave Tokyo Drift one and a half stars out of four, saying: "There's no discernible plot, or emotion, or humor, but the final race is well-staged and nicely shot. ... The main achievement of this vapid time-waster involves its promotion of new appreciation for the first two movies in the series." James Berardinelli wrote: "When it comes to eye candy, the film is on solid groundit offers plenty of babes and cars (with the latter being more lovingly photographed than the former). However, it is unacceptable that the movie's action scenes (races and chases) are boring and incoherent. If the movie can't deliver on its most important asset, what's the point?" Richard Roeper strongly criticized the film, saying, "The whole thing is preposterous. The acting is so awful, some of the worst performances I've seen in a long, long time." Ethan Alter of Premiere magazine was particularly critical of Black's character: "during the course of this movie, Sean makes so many dumb decisions it's a wonder that anyone wants to be associated with him." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said that Tokyo Drift "suffers from blurred vision, motor drag and a plot that's running on fumes. Look out for a star cameoit's the only surprise you'll get from this heap." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle thought "It quickly tanks, thanks to a lead character with no goals, focus, appeal or intelligence and a lead actor who's just a little too convincing at playing a dunce", adding: "As for the racing scenes, who cares about the finesse move of drifting, compared to going fast? And who wants to watch guys race in a parking lot?" Matt Singer of Village Voice called it "a subculture in search of a compelling story line, and Black's leaden performance makes you pine for the days of Paul Walker."

Rob Cohen, who directed the first film of the series, was very critical of this film, saying: "If you were to just watch Tokyo Drift, you'd say 'I never want to see anything related to Fast & Furious again.'"

Retrospective reviews
In critics' rankings of the series, Tokyo Drift had in the past often appeared on the bottom of the list. However, over time it has been seen more favorably, and was ranked second best in a list of all the Fast movies by IndieWire, The Washington Post, TheWrap, Screen Rant, and Collider. Esquire magazine and BuzzFeed News ranked it the best of the series.

It has become a favorite with car enthusiasts, seen as the film in the series most specifically dealing with car culture and focusing on cars themselves. Critics and fans have come to appreciate Tokyo Drift for introducing Sung Kang and Justin Lin to the franchise, and enjoyed the simple story, stylish direction, and that the film never takes itself too seriously. As the film series became more elaborate and incorporated less realistic storylines including heists and spying, the relative simplicity of Tokyo Drift has become more appreciated by critics. Tokyo Drift has been described as "the movie that kept the series alive" since "Vin Diesel abandoned his other projects, and came backwith Lin at the helm".

In a 2020 interview, Christopher Nolan said that although the first film was his favorite, he had a "soft spot" for Tokyo Drift.

Legacy
Initially seen as a one-off character in an almost straight-to-DVD release, Han Lue became a fan favorite due to his portrayal by Sung Kang and was brought back by director Justin Lin. Following Tokyo Drift, Han is retroactively introduced as a member of Dominic Toretto's crew in the next trilogy of films in the franchise: Fast & Furious (2009), Fast Five (2011), and Fast & Furious 6 (2013), each of which are set prior to Tokyo Drift.

Subsequent films have pivoted around Han's Tokyo Drift car crash scene: Fast & Furious 6 foreshadowed that the crash was no accident; Furious 7 (2015) featured a new villain, Deckard Shaw, who intercepted Han during the street race; and F9 (2021) reveals how and why Han's death was staged.

Following Lin's continuing work with the series, he attempted to bring back Lucas Black, with media reports that Black had signed on for a succession of movies. Black returned for Furious 7 in a minor role and was used to establish the story of Han's death, and indicated that he wanted his character's continuing story to be told for the fans, and that he was willing to be involved past his appearance in F9. Lin succeeded in getting all four main actors from Tokyo DriftKang, Black, Wow and Tobinto return to the franchise in F9.

title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift


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Symbol (choir)

The Symbol is a choir in Romania that links to the great choir of the patriarchy of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Its headquarters are in the basement or the patriarchal palace in the choir room named after the mentor of the choir Nicolae Lungu.

Founder and Conductors
The one who founded the choir is also the current conductor, Mr. Jean Lupu, currently 69 years old.

Excerpt from the 15-year album of the choir:

"Professor Jean Lupu, the founder and also the choir conductor, is a graduate of the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Craiova, the 'Radu Greceanu' High-school in Slatina and later, the National Academy of Music in Timișoara and Bucharest."

The one who is responsible for the funds distribution and management is Mrs. Doinița Neamțu. The president of the directorial council is Mrs. Aureliana Grama.

The assistant conductor is Luminița Gutanu, Doctor in Music, graduate of the National Music Institute in Kishinev, Republic of Moldova.

Repertory
The repertory comprises more than 250 compositions, 25% being the work of the choir's mentor.

title: Symbol (choir)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tezhuuarn

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  15:50, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Tezhuuarn
This page seems to be a hoax. Can't find either term in google. Addps4cat 18:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   18:40, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no context. delete per nom.--Alhutch 21:30, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Captain Disdain 00:45, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Abel Muzorewa

Untitled
There appears to be a discrepancy between this page and Prime Minister of Rhodesia. gren グレン 18:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

So, we seem to have a dispute here. My challenge is: find the portion of this article where Muzorewa says he will run for president. It's a very hard challenge, because there is nothing whatsoever in the article that says that; in fact, the article reports that he "would not say whether he would run in the next elections." Seems pretty clear to me. The person reverting me tells me this line is the author's "opinion", but the author is reporting what Muzorewa himself says, and it's a matter of fact, not opinion: either the author is wrong or he's right. Of course, because information on Wikipedia must be verifiable, we cannot cite a claim with a source that says something different from what our own article says. If this person wants the article to say something different, he or she must provide a different source verifying it. Everyking 03:39, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Muzorewa said they people were calling on him to lead the country and then repeatedly mentioned the 2008 election. Are we supposed to believe he was going to overthrow the government during the election? The author of the article was trying to argue that he was not spelling it out. Unfortunately, I am unable to find any other source mentioning Muzorewa or his statements. Perspicacite 04:18, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * So we just say what was reported: that he said people were calling on him to run. Obviously that's a good sign he has some intention of running, but it doesn't change the fact that he didn't actually say so. We can only report what the article actually says. Everyking 04:25, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

I am interested to know why the reported farm grab incident by the former Prime Minister and Bishop of the Church, was left out when it is obviously significant to the history of the man. http://allafrica.com/stories/200801241144.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mai Chibwe (talk • contribs) 22:31, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Probably because no-one has read it. Stick it in, it is interesting BillMasen (talk) 16:19, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

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Legal status

Legal status is the status or position held by an entity as determined by the law. It includes or entails a set of privileges, obligations, powers or restrictions that a person or thing has as encompassed in or declared by legislation.

Jack Balkin has defined the term by writing, "In law, status is generally a characteristic of an individual that has some legal consequences. Examples are being a servant, a woman, or a minor. Sometimes legal status refers to a characteristic wholly created by law, such as being a Social Security recipient." Thus, legal status is "a feature of individuals and their relationships to the law." Tiffany Graham added to Balkin's definition: "legal status refers to a set of characteristics that define an individual's membership in an official class, as a consequence of which rights, duties, capacities and/or incapacities are acquired."

title: Legal status


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George of Pisidia

George of Pisidia (, Geōrgios Pisidēs; Latinized as Pisida; ) was a Byzantine poet, born in Pisidia. As an important early poet of Byzantine literature, his work "contributed a great deal to the formation of many of the main features of Byzantine poetry".

Life and career
His poems suggest that he was a Pisidian by birth, and a friend of Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople and the Emperor Heraclius. He was a deacon, guardian of the sacred vessels, referendary, and chartophylax (keeper of the records) of the church of St. Sophia. His works have been published in the original Greek with a Latin version. About five thousand verses of his poetry, most in trimetric iambics, have survived.

His earliest work, in three cantos, is De expeditione Heraclii imperatoris contra Persas, libri tres on Heraclius' campaign against the Persians in 622 (a campaign in which a relic purporting to be the True Cross, which the Persians had captured some years before at Jerusalem, was recovered), seems to be the work of an eyewitness. This was followed by the Avarica (or Bellum Avaricum), an account of a futile attack on Constantinople by the Avars (626), during the absence of the emperor and his army, said to have been repulsed by the aid of the Virgin Mary; and by the Heraclias (or De extremo Chosroae Persarum regis excidio), a general survey of the exploits of Heraclius both at home and abroad down to the final overthrow of Chosroes in 627. In his paper The Official History of Heraclius' Persian Campaigns, James Howard-Johnston makes a strong case for George of Pisida also having composed a now lost account of Heraclius' Persian campaigns in a combination of prose and poetry. This account was apparently based on Heraclius' own dispatches from Persia to the citizens of Constantinople and was available for Theophanes the Confessor as a basis for his Chronographia.

Next he wrote In sanctam Jesu Christi, Dei nostri resurrectionem, in which the poet exhorts Flavius Constantinus to follow in the footsteps of his father, Heraclius. There was also a didactic poem, Hexameron or Cosmologia (also called Opus sex dierum seu Mundi opificium), upon the creation of the world, dedicated to Sergius; De vanitate vitae, a treatise on the vanity of life, after the manner of Ecclesiastes; Contra impium Severum Antiochiae, a controversial composition against Patriarch Severus of Antioch and his Monophysitism; two short poems, including In templum Deiparae Constantinopoli, in Blachernissitum upon the resurrection of Christ and on the recovery of the True Cross. He wrote one piece in prose, Encomium in S. Anastasium martyrem. References in Theophanus, Suidas, and Isaac Tzetzes, mention other lost works.

Michael Psellus later compared him with, and even prefers him to, Euripides. George of Pisidia has been suggested as a possible author of the Akathist Hymn to the Theotokos.

title: George of Pisidia


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Talk:Georgian Civil War

Untitled
davai ra —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.185.157.198 (talk) 07:02, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. Referencing and appropriate inline citation guidelines not met. With proper inline citations, this article would easily qualify as B --dashiellx (talk) 15:28, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Basayev in the infobox
I don't understand why he is repeatedly included in the list of separatist commanders. The other listed commanders are Vladislav Ardzinba and Ludvig Chibirov, heads of Abkhazia and South Ossetia respectively. But there were many other people with status higher than that of Basayev (who headed Gagra offensive and was later appointed commander of CMPC forces and deputy minister of defence of Abkhazia) - generals Sergei Dbar and Sultan Sosnaliyev, colonel Vladimir Arshba (first Abkhaz minister of defence), head of the CMPC Musa Shanibov. His role also wasn't the most important (and if it were some sources should have been brought confirming it).

Basayev was one of the prominent characters of the Abkhazian war but his inclusion in this list is not warranted. He's already mentioned in the articles about the War in Abkhazia and Gagra Offensive. Alæxis¿question? 19:25, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I originally included him just as a notable representative of Caucasian volunteers who actually fought for the separatists. I have no problem with him being replaced with someone else if there is an appropriate replacement.Kami888 (talk) 05:27, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Who's side did National Guard take?
There are some sources, like this one (anti-Shevardnadze, anti-Russian) which claim that National Guard fought for Zviadist forces. http://www.geocities.com/shavlego/rusintrv.htm There is also evidence that some National Guard generals indeed fought for Zhviadists. Does anyone have information about exactly which side the National Guard took? Kami888 (talk) 03:16, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

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Russia
How can Russia have fought on two sides of the war? 51.9.92.86 (talk) 21:59, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Well it wasn't. Official Moscow was allied to Shevardnadze and condemned separatism in Georgia back then. I remember Russian state TV calling abkhazian and ossetian fighters "bandits" those days. However, local "russian" political and military leaders (most of them probably not ethnic russians) openly or covertly supported the separatist movements due to various reasons. 95.32.208.110 (talk) 18:08, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georgian Civil War