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Spinosauridae

Spinosauridae (or spinosaurids) is a clade or family of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs comprising ten to seventeen known genera. Spinosaurid fossils have been recovered worldwide, including Africa, Europe, South America and Asia. Their remains have generally been attributed to the Early to Mid Cretaceous.

Spinosaurids were large bipedal carnivores. Their crocodilian-like skulls were long, low and narrow, bearing conical teeth with reduced or absent serrations. The tips of their upper and lower jaws fanned out into a spoon-shaped structure similar to a rosette, behind which there was a notch in the upper jaw that the expanded tip of the lower jaw fit into. The nostrils of spinosaurids were retracted to a position further back on the head than in most other theropods, and they had bony crests on their heads along the midline of their skulls. Their robust shoulders wielded stocky forelimbs, with three-fingered hands that bore an enlarged claw on the first digit. In many species, the upwards-projecting neural spines of the vertebrae (backbones) were significantly elongated and formed a sail on the animal's back (hence the family's etymology), which supported either a layer of skin or a fatty hump.

The genus Spinosaurus, from which the family, one of its subfamilies (Spinosaurinae) and tribes (Spinosaurini) borrow their names, is the longest known terrestrial predator from the fossil record, with an estimated length of up to 14 m and body mass of up to 7.4 MT. The closely related genus Sigilmassasaurus may have reached a similar or greater size, though its taxonomy is disputed. Direct fossil evidence and anatomical adaptations indicate that spinosaurids were at least partially piscivorous (fish-eating), with additional fossil finds indicating they also fed on other dinosaurs and pterosaurs. The osteology of spinosaurid teeth and bones has suggested a semiaquatic lifestyle for some members of this clade. This is further indicated by various anatomical adaptations, such as retracted eyes and nostrils; and the deepening of the tail in some taxa, which has been suggested to have aided in underwater propulsion akin to that of modern crocodilians. Spinosaurs are proposed to be closely related to the megalosaurid theropods of the Jurassic. This is due to both groups sharing many features such an enlarged claw on their first manual ungual and an elongated skull. However, some propose that this group (which is known as the Megalosauroidea) is paraphyletic and that spinosaurs represent either the most basal tetanurans or as basal carnosaurs which are less derived than the megalosaurids. Some have proposed a combination of the two ideas with spinosaurs being in a monophyletic Megalosauroidea inside a more inclusive Carnosauria that is made up of both allosauroids and megalosauroids.

History of discovery

The first spinosaurid fossil, a single conical tooth, was discovered circa 1820 by British paleontologist Gideon Mantell in the Wadhurst Clay Formation. In 1841, naturalist Sir Richard Owen mistakenly assigned it to a crocodilian he named Suchosaurus (meaning "crocodile lizard"). A second species, S. girardi, was later named in 1897. However, the spinosaurid nature of Suchosaurus was not recognized until a 1998 redescription of Baryonyx.

The first fossils referred to a spinosaurid were discovered in 1912 at the Bahariya Formation in Egypt. Consisting of vertebrae, skull fragments, and teeth, these remains became the holotype specimen of the new genus and species Spinosaurus aegyptiacus in 1915, when they were described by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer. The dinosaur's name meant "Egyptian spine lizard", in reference to the unusually long neural spines not seen previously in any other theropod. In April 1944, the holotype of S. aegyptiacus was destroyed during an allied bombing raid in World War II. In 1934, Stromer referred a partial skeleton also from the Bahariya Formation to a new species of Spinosaurus; the specimen has since been alternatively assigned to another African spinosaurid, Sigilmassasaurus.

In 1983, a relatively complete skeleton was excavated from the Smokejacks pit in Surrey, England. These remains were described by British paleontologists Alan J. Charig and Angela C. Milner in 1986 as the holotype of a new species, Baryonyx walkeri. After the discovery of Baryonyx, many new genera have since been described, with the majority from very incomplete remains. However, other finds bear enough fossil material and distinct anatomical features to be assigned with confidence. Paul Sereno and colleagues described Suchomimus in 1998, a baryonychine from Niger, on the basis of a partial skeleton found in 1997. In 2004, partial jaw bones were recovered from the Alcântara Formation, these were referred to a new genus of spinosaurine named Oxalaia in 2011 by Alexander Kellner.

On 2021 a recent discovery in Isle of Wight an island off the south coast of England, remains of a spinosaurid which is said to be of a new species is found. As per the findings, it is about 10 meters in length and weighed several tons. The prehistoric bones of the spinosaurid were found in a geological layer of rock known as the Vectis Formation in Compton Chine, it is the first identifiable theropod from the Vectis Formation. The study was led by Christopher Barker, a PhD doctoral student in vertebrate paleontology at the University of Southampton.

In February 2024, a new spinosaur was announced with the name of Riojavenatrix lacustris. Originally discovered in La Rioja in 2005, it is the 5th spinosaur species to be discovered in the Iberian Peninsula. It was found to have lived 120 million years ago and was around 7-8 metres long with a 1.5 metric ton body mass.

Description

Although reliable size and weight estimates for most known spinosaurids are hindered by the lack of good material, all known spinosaurids were large animals. The smallest genus known from good material is Irritator, which was between 6 and 8 m long and around 1 t in weight. Ichthyovenator, Baryonyx, and Suchomimus ranged from 7.5 to 11 m long, and weighed between 1 and 5.2 t. Oxalaia may have reached a length of between 12 and 14 m and a weight of 5 to 7 t. The largest known genus is Spinosaurus, which was capable of reaching lengths of 14 m and weighed around 7.4 t, making it the longest known theropod dinosaur and terrestrial predator. The closely allied Sigilmassasaurus may have grown to a similar or greater length, though its taxonomic relationship with Spinosaurus is uncertain. This consistency in large body size among spinosaurids could have evolved as a byproduct of their preference for semiaquatic lifestyles, as without the need to compete with other large theropod dinosaurs for food, they would have been able to grow to massive lengths.

Skull

Spinosaurid skulls—similar in many respects to those of crocodilians—were long, low and narrow. As in other theropods, various fenestrae (openings) in the skull aided in reducing its weight. In spinosaurs however, the antorbital fenestrae were greatly reduced, akin to those of crocodilians. The tips of the premaxillae (frontmost snout bones) were expanded in a spoon shape, forming what has been called a "terminal rosette" of enlarged teeth. Behind this expansion, the upper jaw had a notch bearing significantly smaller teeth, into which the also expanded tips of the dentaries (tooth bearing bones of the mandible) fit into, with a notch behind the expansion of the dentary. The maxillae (main upper jaw bones) were long and formed a low branch under the nostrils that connected to the rear of the premaxillae. The teeth at the frontmost part of the maxillae were small, becoming significantly larger soon after and then gradually decreasing in size towards the back of the jaw. Analysis of the teeth of spinosaurids and their comparison to the teeth of tyrannosaurids suggest that the deep roots of spinosaurids helped to better anchor the teeth of these animals and distribute the stress against lateral forces generated during bites in predation and feeding scenarios.

Despite their highly modified skulls, analysis of the endocasts of Baryonyx walkeri and Ceratosuchops inferodios reveals spinosaurid brains shared a high degree of similarity with those of other non-maniraptoriform theropods.

Lengthwise atop their skulls ran a thin and shallow sagittal crest that was usually tallest near or above the eyes, either becoming shorter or disappearing entirely towards the front of the head. Spinosaurus 's head crest was comb-shaped and bore distinct vertical grooves, while those of Baryonyx and Suchomimus looked like small triangular bumps. Irritator's median crest stopped above and behind the eyes in a bulbous, flattened shape. However, given that no fully preserved skulls are known for the genus, the complete shape of Irritator 's crest is unknown. Cristatusaurus and Suchomimus (a possible synonym of the former) both had narrow premaxillary crests. Angaturama (a possible synonym of Irritator) had an unusually tall crest on its premaxillae that nearly overhung the tip of the snout with a small forward protrusion.

Spinosaurid nostrils were set far back on the skull, at least behind the teeth of the premaxillae, instead of at the front of the snout as in most theropods. Those of Baryonyx and Suchomimus were large and started between the first and fourth maxillary teeth, while Spinosaurus 's nostrils were far smaller and more retracted. Irritator 's nostrils were positioned similarly to those of Baryonyx and Suchomimus, and were between those of Spinosaurus and Suchomimus in size. Spinosaurids had long secondary palates, bony and rugose structures on the roof of their mouths that are also found in extant crocodilians, but not in most theropod dinosaurs. Oxalaia had a particularly elaborate secondary palate, while most spinosaurs had smoother ones. The teeth of spinosaurids were conical, with an oval to circular cross section and either absent or very fine serrations. Their teeth ranged from slightly recurved, such as those of Baryonyx and Suchomimus, to straight, such as those of Spinosaurus and Siamosaurus, and the crown was often ornamented with longitudinal grooves or ridges.

Postcranial skeleton
The coracoid bones of the shoulders in spinosaurids were robust and hook shaped. The arms were relatively large and well-built; the radius (long bone of the forearm) was stout and usually only half as long as the humerus (upper arm bone). Spinosaurid hands had three fingers, typical of tetanurans, and wielded an enlarged ungual on the first finger (or "thumb"), which formed the bony core of a keratin claw. In genera like Baryonyx and Suchomimus, the phalanges (finger bones) were of conventional length for large theropods, and bore hook-shaped, strongly curved hand claws. Based on fragmentary material from the forelimbs of Spinosaurus, it appears to have had longer, more gracile hands and straighter claws than other spinosaurids.

The hindlimbs of Suchomimus and Baryonyx were somewhat short and mostly conventional of other megalosauroid theropods. Ichthyovenator 's hip region was reduced, having the shortest pubis (pubic bone) and ischium (lower and rearmost hip bone) in proportion to the ilium (main hip bone) of any other known theropod. Spinosaurus had an even smaller pelvis and hindlimbs in proportion to its body size; its legs composed just over 25 percent of the total body length. Substantially complete spinosaurid foot remains are only known from Spinosaurus. Unlike most theropods—which walk on three toes, with the hallux (first toe) being reduced and elevated off the ground—Spinosaurus walked on four functional toes, with an enlarged hallux that came in contact with the ground. The unguals of its feet, in contrast with the deeper, smaller and recurved unguals of other theropods, were shallow, long, large in relation to the foot, and had flat bottoms. Based on comparisons with those of modern shorebirds, it is possible that Spinosaurus 's feet were webbed.

The upward-projecting neural spines of spinosaurid vertebrae (backbones) were very tall, more so than in most theropods. In life, these spines would have been covered in skin or fat tissue and formed a sail down the animal's back, a condition that has also been observed in some carcharodontosaurid and ornithopod dinosaurs. The eponymous neural spines of Spinosaurus were extremely tall, measuring over 1 m in height on some of the dorsal (back) vertebrae. Suchomimus had a lower, ridge-like sail across the majority of its back, hip, and tail region. Baryonyx showed a reduced sail, with a few of the rearmost vertebral spines being somewhat elongated. Ichthyovenator had a sinusoidal (wave-like) sail that was separated in two over the hips, with the upper ends of some neural spines being broad and fan-shaped. A neural spine from the holotype of Vallibonavenatrix shows a similar morphology to those of Ichthyovenator, indicating the presence of a sail in this genus as well. One partial skeleton possibly referable to Angaturama also had elongated neural spines on its hip region. The presence of a sail in fragmentary taxa like Sigilmassasaurus is unknown. In members of the subfamily Spinosaurinae, like Ichthyovenator and Spinosaurus, the neural spines of the caudal (tail) vertebrae were tall and reclined, accompanied by also elongated chevrons—long, thin bones that form the underside of the tail. This was most pronounced in Spinosaurus, in which the spines and chevrons formed a large paddle-like structure, deepening the tail significantly along most of its length.

Classification

The family Spinosauridae was named by Stromer in 1915 to include the single genus Spinosaurus. The clade was expanded as more close relatives of Spinosaurus were uncovered. The first cladistic definition of Spinosauridae was provided by Paul Sereno in 1998 (as "All spinosauroids closer to Spinosaurus than to Torvosaurus").

Traditionally, Spinosauridae is divided into two subfamilies: Spinosaurinae, which contains the genera Icthyovenator, Irritator, Oxalaia, Sigilmassasaurus and Spinosaurus, is marked by unserrated, straight teeth, and external nares which are further back on the skull than in baryonychines, and Baryonychinae, which contains the genera Baryonyx, Cristatusaurus, Suchosaurus, Suchomimus, Ceratosuchops, and Riparovenator, which is marked by serrated, slightly curved teeth, smaller size, and more teeth in the lower jaw behind the terminal rosette than in spinosaurines. Others, such as Siamosaurus, may belong to either Baryonychinae or Spinosaurinae, but are too incompletely known to be assigned with confidence. Siamosaurus was classified as a spinosaurine in 2018, but the results are provisional and not entirely conclusive.

The subfamily Spinosaurinae was named by Sereno in 1998, and defined by Thomas Holtz and colleagues in 2004 as all taxa closer to Spinosaurus aegyptiacus than to Baryonyx walkeri. The subfamily Baryonychinae was named by Charig & Milner in 1986. They erected both the subfamily and the family Baryonychidae for the newly discovered Baryonyx, before it was referred to Spinosauridae. Their subfamily was defined by Holtz and colleagues in 2004, as the complementary clade of all taxa closer to Baryonyx walkeri than to Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Examinations in 2017 by Marcos Sales and Cesar Schultz indicate that the South American spinosaurids Angaturama and Irritator were intermediate between Baronychinae and Spinosaurinae based on their craniodental features and cladistic analysis. A study by Arden et al. 2018 named the tribe Spinosaurini to include Spinosaurus and Sigilmassasaurus, the latter of which's validity as a spinosaurid is debated. In 2021 Barker et al. named the new tribe Ceratosuchopsini within the Baryonychinae to encompass Suchomimus, Riparovenator, and Ceratosuchops.

The 2017 study mentioned above indicates that Baryonychinae may in fact be non-monophyletic. Their cladogram can be seen below.

The next cladogram displays an analysis of Tetanurae simplified to show only Spinosauridae from Allain colleagues in 2012:

The 2018 phylogenetic analysis by Arden and colleagues, which included many unnamed taxa, resolved Baryonychinae as monophyletic, and also coined the new term Spinosaurini for the clade of Sigilmassasaurus and Spinosaurus.

In 2021, Chris Barker, Hone, Darren Naish, Andrea Cau, Lockwood, Foster, Clarkin, Schneider, and Gostling described two new spinosaurid species, Ceratosuchops inferodios and Riparovenator milnerae. In the paper, they performed a phylogenetic analysis incorporating a general range of theropods, but mostly focusing on Spinosauridae. The results of the analysis appear below:

See also the phylogenetic results in the 2022 article describing Iberospinus.

Evolution
Spinosaurids appear to have been widespread from the Barremian to the Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period, about 130 to 95 million years ago. Possibly the earliest remains of spinosaurids are known from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and India, the latter of which otherwise has no remains of spinosaurids. They shared features such as long, narrow, crocodile-like skulls; sub-circular teeth, with fine to no serrations; the terminal rosette of the snout; and a secondary palate that made them more resistant to torsion. In contrast, the primitive and typical condition for theropods was a tall, narrow snout with blade-like (ziphodont) teeth with serrated carinae. The skull adaptations of spinosaurids converged with those of crocodilians; early members of the latter group had skulls similar to typical theropods, later developing elongated snouts, conical teeth, and secondary palates. These adaptations may have been the result of a dietary change from terrestrial prey to fish. Unlike crocodiles, the post-cranial skeletons of baryonychine spinosaurids do not appear to have aquatic adaptations. Sereno and colleagues proposed in 1998 that the large thumb-claw and robust forelimbs of spinosaurids evolved in the Middle Jurassic, before the elongation of the skull and other adaptations related to fish-eating, since the former features are shared with their megalosaurid relatives. They also suggested that the spinosaurines and baryonychines diverged before the Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous.

Several theories have been proposed about the biogeography of the spinosaurids. Since Suchomimus was more closely related to Baryonyx (from Europe) than to Spinosaurus—although that genus also lived in Africa—the distribution of spinosaurids cannot be explained as vicariance resulting from continental rifting. Sereno and colleagues proposed that spinosaurids were initially distributed across the supercontinent Pangea, but split with the opening of the Tethys Sea. Spinosaurines would then have evolved in the south (Africa and South America: in Gondwana) and baryonychines in the north (Europe: in Laurasia), with Suchomimus the result of a single north-to-south dispersal event. Buffetaut and the Tunisian palaeontologist Mohamed Ouaja also suggested in 2002 that baryonychines could be the ancestors of spinosaurines, which appear to have replaced the former in Africa. Milner suggested in 2003 that spinosaurids originated in Laurasia during the Jurassic, and dispersed via the Iberian land bridge into Gondwana, where they radiated. In 2007, Buffetaut pointed out that palaeogeographical studies had demonstrated that Iberia was near northern Africa during the Early Cretaceous, which he found to confirm Milner's idea that the Iberian region was a stepping stone between Europe and Africa, which is supported by the presence of baryonychines in Iberia. The direction of the dispersal between Europe and Africa is still unknown, and subsequent discoveries of spinosaurid remains in Asia and possibly Australia indicate that it may have been complex.

In 2016, the Spanish palaeontologist Alejandro Serrano-Martínez and colleagues reported the oldest known spinosaurid fossil, a tooth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger, which they found to suggest that spinosaurids originated in Gondwana, since other known Jurassic spinosaurid teeth are also from Africa, but they found the subsequent dispersal routes unclear. Some later studies instead suggested this tooth belonged to a megalosaurid. Candeiro and colleagues suggested in 2017 that spinosaurids of northern Gondwana were replaced by other predators, such as abelisauroids, since no definite spinosaurid fossils are known from after the Cenomanian anywhere in the world. They attributed the disappearance of spinosaurids and other shifts in the fauna of Gondwana to changes in the environment, perhaps caused by transgressions in sea level. Malafaia and colleagues stated in 2020 that Baryonyx remains the oldest unquestionable spinosaurid, while acknowledging that older remains had also been tentatively assigned to the group. Barker and colleagues found support for a European origin for spinosaurids in 2021, with an expansion to Asia and Gondwana during the first half of the Early Cretaceous. In contrast to Sereno, these authors suggested there had been at least two dispersal events from Europe to Africa, leading to Suchomimus and the African part of Spinosaurinae.

Diet and feeding

Spinosaurid teeth resemble those of crocodiles, which are used for piercing and holding prey. Therefore, teeth with small or no serrations, such as in spinosaurids, were not good for cutting or ripping into flesh but instead helped to ensure a strong grip on a struggling prey animal. Spinosaurid jaws were likened by Romain Vullo and colleagues to those of the pike conger eel, in what they hypothesized was convergent evolution for aquatic feeding. Both kinds of animals have some teeth in the end of the upper and lower jaws that are larger than the others and an area of the upper jaw with smaller teeth, creating a gap into which the enlarged teeth of the lower jaw fit, with the full structure called a terminal rosette. In the past, spinosaurids have often been considered piscivores (fish-eaters) in the main, based on comparisons of their jaws with those of modern crocodilians. In 2007, British paleontologist Emily J. Rayfield and colleagues conducted biomechanical studies on the skull of Baryonyx, which had a long, laterally compressed skull, comparing it to gharial (long, narrow, tubular) and alligator (flat and wide) skulls. They found that the structure of baryonychine jaws converged on that of gharials, in that the two taxa showed similar response patterns to stress from simulated feeding loads, and did so with and without the presence of a (simulated) secondary palate. The gharial, exemplar of a long, narrow, and tubular snout, is a fish specialist. However, this snout anatomy does not preclude other options for the spinosaurids. The gharial is the most extreme example and a fish specialist; Australian freshwater crocodiles, which have similarly shaped skulls to gharials, also specialize more on fish than sympatric, broad snouted crocodiles and are opportunistic feeders which eat all manner of small aquatic prey, including insects and crustaceans. Thus, spinosaurids' snouts correlate with piscivory; this is consistent with hypotheses of this diet for spinosaurids, in particular baryonychines, but it does not indicate that they were solely piscivorous. Further study by Andrew R. Cuff and Rayfield in 2013 on the skulls of Spinosaurus and Baryonyx did not recover similarities in the skulls of Baryonyx and the gharial that the previous study did. Baryonyx had, in models where the size difference of the skulls was corrected for, greater resistance to torsion and dorsoventral bending than both Spinosaurus and the gharial, while both spinosaurids were inferior to the gharial, alligator, and slender-snouted crocodile in resisting torsion and medio-lateral bending. When the results from the modeling were not scaled according to size, then both spinosaurids performed better than all the crocodilians in resistance to bending and torsion, due to their larger size. Thus, Cuff and Rayfield suggested that the skulls were not efficiently built to deal well with relatively large, struggling prey, but that spinosaurids may overcome prey simply by their size advantage, and not skull build. In 2002, Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues studied the construction of the spinosaurid skull, and concluded that their mode of feeding was to use extremely quick, powerful strikes to seize small prey items using their jaws, whilst employing the powerful neck muscles in rapid up-and-down motion. Due to the narrow snout, vigorous side-to-side motion of the skull during prey capture is unlikely. Based on the size and positions of their nostrils, Marcos Sales and Cesar Schultz in 2017 suggested that Spinosaurus possessed a greater reliance on its sense of smell and had a more piscivorous lifestyle than Irritator and baryonychines.

Direct fossil evidence shows that spinosaurids fed on fish as well as a variety of other small to medium-sized animals, including dinosaurs. Baryonyx was found with scales of the prehistoric fish Scheenstia in its body cavity, and these were abraded, hypothetically by gastric juices. Bones of a young Iguanodon, also abraded, were found alongside this specimen. If these represent Baryonyx’s meal, the animal was, whether in this case a hunter, or a scavenger, an eater of more diverse fare than fish. Moreover, there is a documented example of a spinosaurid having eaten a pterosaur, as one Irritator tooth was found lodged within the fossil vertebrae of an ornithocheirid pterosaur found in the Romualdo Formation of Brazil. This may represent a predation or a scavenging event. A fossil snout referred to Spinosaurus was discovered with a vertebra from the sclerorhynchid Onchopristis embedded in it. In the Sao Khua Formation of Thailand, isolated tooth crowns from Siamosaurus have been found in association with sauropod remains, indicating possible predation or scavenging. The Portuguese Iberospinus fossils were also found associated with isolated Iguanodon teeth, and those cases are listed; along with other such associations as support for opportunistic feeding behaviour in spinosaurids.

A 2018 study by Auguste Hassler and colleagues of calcium isotopes in the teeth of North African theropods found that spinosaurids had a mixed diet of fish and herbivorous dinosaurs, whereas the other theropods examined (abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids) mainly fed on herbivorous dinosaurs. This might indicate ecological partitioning between these theropods. Later in 2018, Tito Aureliano and colleagues presented a possible scenario for the food web of Brazilian Romualdo Formation. The researchers proposed that the diet of spinosaurines from this environment may have included—in addition to pterosaurs—terrestrial and aquatic crocodyliforms, juveniles of their own species, turtles, and small to medium-sized dinosaurs. This would have made spinosaurines apex predators within this particular ecosystem.

Forelimb function

The use of the robust forelimbs and giant recurved claws of spinosaurs remains a debated topic. Charig and Milner speculated in 1986 that Baryonyx may have crouched by the riverbank and used its claws to gaff fish out of the water, similarly to grizzly bears. In 1987, British biologist Andrew Kitchener argued that with both its crocodile-like snout and enlarged claws, Baryonyx seemed to have too many adaptations for piscivory when one would have been enough. Kitchener instead postulated that Baryonyx more likely used its arms to scavenge the corpses of large dinosaurs, such as Iguanodon, by breaking into the carcass with the large claws, and subsequently probing for viscera with its long snout. In their 1997 article, Charig and Milner rejected this hypothesis, pointing out that in most cases, a carcass would have already been largely emptied out by its initial predators. Later research has also ruled out this sort of specialized scavenging.

In 1986, Charig and Milner suggested that the robust forelimbs and giant thumb claws would have been Baryonyx 's primary method of capturing, killing, and tearing apart large prey; whereas its long snout would have been used mostly for fishing. A 2005 study by Canadian paleontologist the François Therrien and colleagues agreed that spinosaur forelimbs were probably used for hunting larger prey items, given that their snouts could not resist the bending stress. In a 2017 review of the family, David Hone and Holtz considered possible functions in digging for water sources or hard to reach prey, as well as burrowing into soil to construct nests.

Cranial crests and neural spines

Theropod heads are often decorated with some form of crest, horn, or rugose structure, which in life, would have been extended by keratin. Though there has been little discussion on the head crests of spinosaurs, Hone and Holtz in 2017 considered that their most likely use was for displaying to potential mates or as a means of threatening rivals and other predators. Such has been suggested for theropod cranial structures before, which may have been aided by unusual or bright coloration to provide further visual cues.

Many theories have been proposed over the years for the use of spinosaurid dorsal sails, such as thermoregulation; to aid in swimming; to store energy or insulate the animal; or for display purposes, such as intimidating rivals and predators, or attracting mates. Many elaborate body structures of modern-day animals serve to attract members of the opposite sex during mating. It is possible that the sail of Spinosaurus was used for courtship, in a way similar to a peacock's tail. In 1915, Stromer speculated that the size of the neural spines may have differed between males and females. In 2012, French paleontologist Ronan Allain and colleagues suggested considering the high diversity in neural spine elongation observed in theropod dinosaurs, as well as histological research done on the sails of synapsids (stem mammals), the sinusoidal sail of Ichthyovenator was likely used for courtship display or recognising members of its own species. In a 2013 blog post, Darren Naish considered the latter function unlikely, favouring the hypothesis of sexual selection for Ichthyovenator's sail because it appears to have evolved on its own, without very close relatives. Naish also notes it is possible similar relatives have not yet been discovered.

In 2015, the German biophysicist Jan Gimsa and colleagues suggested that this feature could also have aided aquatic movement by improving manoeuvrability when submerged, and acted as fulcrum for powerful movements of the neck and tail (similar to those of sailfish or thresher sharks).

Ontogeny
Juvenile spinosaurid fossils are somewhat rare. However, an ungual phalanx measuring 21 mm belonging to a very young Spinosaurus indicates that Spinosaurus, and probably by extent other spinosaurids, may have developed their semiaquatic adaptations at birth or at a very young age and maintained the adaptations throughout their lives. The specimen, found in 1999 and described by Simone Maganuco, Cristiano Dal Sasso and colleagues in 2018, is believed to have come from a very small juvenile measuring 1.78 m, making said specimen the smallest known example of a spinosaurid currently described.

Habitat preference
A 2010 publication by Romain Amiot and colleagues found that oxygen isotope ratios of spinosaurid bones indicates semiaquatic lifestyles. Isotope ratios from teeth from Baryonyx, Irritator, Siamosaurus, and Spinosaurus were compared with isotopic compositions from contemporaneous theropods, turtles, and crocodilians. The study found that, among theropods, spinosaurid isotope ratios were closer to those of turtles and crocodilians. Siamosaurus specimens tended to have the largest difference from the ratios of other theropods, and Spinosaurus tended to have the least difference. The authors concluded that spinosaurids, like modern crocodilians and hippopotamuses, spent much of their daily lives in water. The authors also suggested that semiaquatic habits and piscivory in spinosaurids can explain how spinosaurids coexisted with other large theropods: by feeding on different prey items and living in different habitats, the different types of theropods would have been out of direct competition. In 2018, an analysis was conducted on the partial tibia of an indeterminate spinosaurine from the early Albian, the bone was from a sub-adult between 7 and 13 m (22 and 42 ft) in length still growing moderately fast before its death. This specimen (LPP-PV-0042) was found in the Araripe Basin of Brazil and taken to the University of San Carlos for a CT Scan, where it revealed osteosclerosis (high bone density). This condition had previously only been observed in Spinosaurus, as a possible way of controlling its buoyancy. The presence of this condition on the leg fragment showed that semi-aquatic adaptations in spinosaurids were already present at least 10 million years before Spinosaurus aegyptiacus appeared. According to the phylogenetic bracketing method, this high bone density might have been present in all spinosaurines. In 2020, a scientific paper by paleontologists published in the scientific journal Cretaceous Research found taphonomic evidence in the Kem Kem group that would support Spinosaurus being a semi-aquatic dinosaur. However, research conducted in 2023 cited the immediate assumption of Spinosaurids being avid divers due to correlations in bone compactness as being subject to errors, such as flawed statistical methods and measurements, as well as sampling bias. A study conducted in 2023 by Stephanie Baumgart also found similar results with the previous studies as; given amount of variation in specimens and in data collection techniques, they concluded that previous evidence isn’t strong enough to put Spinosaurus swimming and diving entirely submerged. Spinosaurus still more likely mostly hung out on shore, akin to wader lifestyle previously interfered.

A 2018 study of buoyancy (through simulation with 3D models) by the Canadian palaeontologist Donald M. Henderson found that distantly related theropods floated as well as the tested spinosaurs, and instead supported they would have stayed by the shorelines or shallow water rather than being semi-aquatic.

Distribution
Confirmed spinosaurids have been found on every continent except for North America, Australia and Antarctica, the first of which was Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, discovered at the Bahariya Formation in Egypt. Baryonychines were common, such as Baryonyx, which lived during the Barremian of England and Spain. Baryonyx-like teeth are also found from the earlier Hauterivian and later Aptian sediments of Spain, as well as the Hauterivian of England. Baryonychines were represented in Africa, with Suchomimus tenerensis and Cristatusaurus lapparenti as well as Baryonyx-like teeth from the Aptian of Niger. as well as in Europe, with Suchosaurus cultridens and S. girardi from the England. Baryonyx-like teeth are also reported from the Ashdown Sands of Sussex, in England, and the Burgos Province, in Spain. Other European spinosaurids Camarillasaurus cirugedae and Iberospinus natarioi are known from the Barremian of Spain and Portugal, respectively.

The earliest record of spinosaurines is from Europe, with the Barremian species Vallibonavenatrix cani from Spain. Spinosaurines are also present in Albian sediments of Tunisia and Algeria, and in Cenomanian sediments of Egypt and Morocco. In Africa, baryonychines were common in the Aptian, and then replaced by spinosaurines in the Albian and Cenomanian. such as in the Kem Kem beds of Morocco, which housed an ecosystem containing many large coexisting predators. A fragment of a spinosaurine lower jaw from the Early Cretaceous was also reported from Tunisia, and referred to Spinosaurus. Spinosaurinae's range also extended to South America, particularly Brazil, with the discoveries of Irritator challengeri, Angaturama limai, and Oxalaia quilombensis. There was also a fossil tooth in Argentina which has been referred to the Spinosauridae by Leonardo Salgado and colleagues. This referral is doubted by Gengo Tanaka et al., who offers Hamadasuchus, a crocodilian, as the most likely animal of origin for these teeth.

Partial skeletons and numerous fossil teeth indicate spinosaurids were widespread in Asia; three taxa—all spinosaurines—have been named: Siamosaurus suteethorni from Thailand, "Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis from China, and Ichthyovenator laosensis from Laos. Spinosaurid teeth have been found in Malaysia; they were the first dinosaur remains discovered in the country. Some intermediate specimens extend the known range of spinosaurids past the youngest dates of named taxa. A single baryonychine tooth was found from the mid-Santonian, in the Majiacun Formation of Henan, China. However, the tooth lacks spinosaurid synapomorphies. At la Cantalera-1, a site in the early Barremian Blesa Formation in Treul, Spain, two types of spinosaurid teeth were found, and they were assigned, tentatively, as indeterminate spinosaurine and baryonychine taxa. An indeterminate spinosaurid was discovered in the Early Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation, Australia. It is known from a single 4 cm long partial cervical vertebra, designated NMV P221081. It is missing most of the neural arch. The specimen is from a juvenile estimated to be about 2 to 3 meters long (6–9 ft). Out of all spinosaurids, it most closely resembles Baryonyx. In 2019, it was suggested that the vertebra instead belonged to a megaraptorid theropod, as opposed to a spinosaur.

title: Spinosauridae


text:
User talk:Bluejays2006

Maoririder, please stop creating sockpuppets. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 18:52, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why? --Tony Sidaway Talk 05:23, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Because repeatedly attempting to duck community oversight gets old fast, particularly w/ arbitration active. I have no objection to Maoririder assuming whatever alias he likes once that's closed, but prior to that, I'd like to see him edit openly to demonstrate good faith.  Regardless, it's just a request, and I really don't expect it to be more effective than any other time the request has been made.  — Lomn | Talk / RfC 07:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * What is it about chasing Maoririder around that counts as "community oversight"? He seems harmless enough, just sits at his computer and writes articles. Are you some kind of wikicop?  Is that it? Does he need to show id to get past the doorman? --Tony Sidaway Talk  07:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikify tag
Please stop adding the tag to articles that are wikified. The tag should only be added when the article subject's name is not in bold type, or not properly linked, or otherwise incorrectly formatted.--Scimitar parley 20:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Midget wrestler
Somebody nominated your article about midget wrestlers for deletion. I tweaked it a bit and then Jessamyn just came along and expanded it into a really great article. I just love wikis! Everybody is now voting to keep. Yay! --Tony Sidaway Talk 15:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Bluejays2006


text:
Lorne Henderson

Lorne Henderson (October 31, 1920 – February 7, 2002) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1963 to 1985, and was a cabinet minister in the government of William Davis. Henderson was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.

Background
He was born in Enniskillen, Ontario and received a grade eight education in the area. Henderson worked as a hog farmer before entering political life.

Politics
He was a member of the Enniskillen council from 1946 to 1949, deputy reeve from 1950 to 1951, and reeve from 1952 to 1957. His career in municipal politics culminated when he was named Warden of Lambton County in 1957.

Henderson was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1963 provincial election, defeating Liberal Party candidate Russell Watson by 874 votes in Lambton East. He served as a backbench supporter of John Robarts's government, and initially continued in this role when Davis succeeded Robarts as premier in 1971. He was re-elected with an increased majority in the elections of 1967 and 1971, and with a reduced majority in 1975.

He was appointed to cabinet on October 7, 1975 as a Minister without portfolio responsible for Housing, and was promoted to Chairman of Cabinet on February 3, 1977. Re-elected again in the 1977 election, he appointed as Minister of Government Services on January 21, 1978, and as Minister of Agriculture and Food on August 30, 1979. Henderson was most proud of his work in the Agriculture portfolio, although reviews from the farming community and his department staff were often less than flattering.

He was re-elected with a landslide majority in the 1981 election, and was named Provincial Secretary for Resource Development on February 13, 1982. He resigned from cabinet entirely on July 6, 1983. Henderson supported Frank Miller to succeed Davis as party leader in 1985, and did not campaign in that year's election.

Henderson was notorious for both his poor grammar and his ability to win government patronage. When the Charlotte Eleanor Englehart Petrolia Hospital in his constituency received a $160,000 donation in 1975, Henderson delivered it with the line, "Me and the premier brung you this cheque". He also possessed a remarkable ability to remember people's names after having only met them once and would often set-up appointments on Saturday afternoons with constituents.

title: Lorne Henderson


text:
User:Aleahey

'''Andrew Leahey is not your grandmothers editor! Leave him a message.'''

title: User:Aleahey


text:
MMSC

MMSC may refer to:

 * Multimedia Messaging Service
 * Double Master of Science, an academic degree
 * Methyl methionine sulfonium chloride
 * Master of Medical Science, an academic degree
 * Master of Management Sciences, an academic degree
 * Madras Motor Sports Club, an auto racing club in Chennai, India
 * Mohammadpur Model School & College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
 * Master of Metaphysical Science, a degree offered by the University of Metaphysics
 * Multi-Mission Surface Combatant, an export variant of the Freedom-class littoral combat ship developed for the Royal Saudi Navy.

title: MMSC


text: User talk:198.188.175.86

title: User talk:198.188.175.86


text:
Indian Council of Agricultural Research

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous body responsible for co-ordinating agricultural education and research in India. It reports to the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture. The Union Minister of Agriculture serves as its president. It is the largest network of agricultural research and education institutes in the world.

The committee to Advise on Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education (Yashpal Committee, 2009) has recommended setting up of a constitutional body – the National Commission for Higher Education and Research – which would be a unified supreme body to regulate all branches of higher education including agricultural education. Presently, regulation of agricultural education is the mandate of ICAR, Veterinary Council of India (Veterinary sub-discipline) and Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (Forestry sub-discipline). A number of natural resource management institutes of India also come under the ICAR.

Milestones

 * 2006: ICAR represented in the First Governing Body of the FAO Seed Treaty (ITPGRFA) in Madrid, Spain.
 * 2006: ICAR developed a vaccine against bird flu. The vaccine was developed at the High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal, the only facility in the country to conduct tests for the H5N1 variant of bird flu. It was entrusted with the task of developing a vaccine by the ICAR after the Avian Influenza outbreak in February.
 * 2007: Launch of US - India Agricultural Knowledge Initiative.
 * 2008: India-Brazil-South Africa Joint Working Group on Agriculture Initiated.
 * 2009: In December 2009, it announced that it was considering a policy to provide open access to its research.
 * 2009: New and restructured postgraduate curricula & syllabi introduced.
 * 2010: In March 2010, ICAR made its two flagship journals (Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Indian Journal of Animal Sciences) as Open Access Journals.
 * 2011: ICAR scientists were the first in the world to sequence the pigeonpea genome. It was an indigenous effort by 31 scientists led by Nagendra Kumar Singh of NRCPB. The first draft of the sequence was published in J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol.
 * 2013: On 13 September 2013, it announced the Open Access Policy and committed for making all the public funded scholarly research outputs openly available via open access repositories.
 * 2019: ICAR has also published an Integrated Mobile App called KISAAN (Krishi Integrated Solution for Agri Apps Navigation) for Farmers of country Mobile App has interface in 12 Indian Languages.

Accreditation
ICAR provides accreditation to agriculture universities, colleges and programmes, through its accreditation unit, National Agricultural Education Accreditation Board (NAEAB). The board was established in 1996 and given its current name in 2017. The accreditation serves only as a badge of quality assurance. It is not mandatory, is not a form of affiliation or recognition and does not give approval to open an institute or a program. , NAEAB lists only 39 accredited institutes.

While ICAR accreditation is voluntary, since 2016-17 it is linked with the release of grants for education quality assurance for State Agricultural Universities. It is also used by some institutes as an affiliation or admission requirements. In September 2021, Goa University has reinstated affiliation to a college, after previously cancelling the affiliation because the college was not accredited by NAEAB. In 2022, students were not accepted to master's degree at Rajiv Gandhi University because their B.Sc. in Agriculture degree was from an unaccredited private university.

ICAR institutions
, ICAR has following institutions:
 * 4 Deemed Universities
 * 65 ICAR Institutions
 * 15 National Research Centres
 * 6 National Bureaux
 * 13 Directorates/Project Directorates
 * 11 Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI)

ICAR headquarters
Indian Council of Agricultural Research's headquarters is in New Delhi.

Examination system
All India Entrance Exam for Agriculture (CUET) conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA) is an entrance exam for admission into the agricultural universities recognized by ICAR.

Agricultural Research Service
The Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB) conducts all India competitive examination Agricultural Research Service (ARS), to recruit posts in the ARS of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

ICAR awards
ICAR presents the following awards:
 * Choudhary Devi Lal Outstanding All-India Coordinated Research Project Award
 * Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award
 * Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Award for Tribal Areas
 * Hari Om Ashram Trust Award
 * Jawaharlal Nehru Award for outstanding doctoral thesis research
 * Vasantrao Naik Award
 * Lal Bahadur Shastri Young Scientist Award
 * Bharat Ratna Dr C Subramaniam Outstanding Teacher Award
 * Punjab Rao Deshmukh Woman Agricultural Scientist Award
 * Chaudhary Charan Singh Award for Excellence in Journalism in Agricultural Research and Development
 * N.G. Ranga Farmer Award for Diversified Agriculture
 * Jagjivan Ram Kisan Puruskar
 * Swamy Sahajanand Saraswati Extension Scientist/ Worker Award
 * ICAR Award for Outstanding Multidisciplinary Team Research in Agriculture and Allied Sciences
 * National Krishi Vigyan Kendra Award
 * Dr Rajendra Prasad Puruskar for Technical Books in Hindi in The Field of Agriculture and Allied Sciences
 * Udyan Pandit Award for excellence in fruit growing

title: Indian Council of Agricultural Research


text:
Freddy Bienstock

Freddy Bienstock (April 24, 1923 – September 20, 2009) was an American music publisher who built his career in music by being the person responsible for soliciting and selecting songs for Elvis Presley's early albums and films.

Early life
Bienstock was born to a Jewish family in Switzerland on April 24, 1923, and relocated to Vienna with his family when he was three-years old. After the Anschluss, he emigrated to the United States in 1938, just before the outbreak of World War II, with his brother Johnny Bienstock, who later founded Big Top Records. The family ended up settling in New Jersey after his parents came to the U.S. in 1939.

Music career
After visiting a cousin, Jean Aberbach, who worked as an executive with Chappell Music at New York City's Brill Building, Bienstock found employment in the stock room there. He worked his way up to song plugger, offering sheet music for new songs to their prospective performers. He was hired in the 1950s by Hill & Range, a music publishing firm owned by his cousins Jean and Julian Aberbach that had long specialized in country music. There, Bienstock was given the task of finding songs for the company's most promising performer, Elvis Presley, supplying him with such songs by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as "Don't" and "Jailhouse Rock", two of the King's earliest hit songs.

Originally not a fan of rock and roll, Bienstock developed an ear for the music that Presley would want. At his Brill Building "factory", he would get prospective songs from the songwriting teams of Burt Bacharach and Hal David, Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett, as well as from Leiber and Stoller, and take them to Memphis, Tennessee, where Presley would make his choices. Leiber recalled how "Mike and I would stay up all night and write" a song after Bienstock requested a tune for Presley that he said was needed by the next morning, and that needed to be delivered the next day regardless of quality. Bienstock would claim that "for the first 12 years of his career, Elvis wouldn’t look at a song unless I’d seen it already."

In the 1960s, Bienstock was charged with finding material for Presley's musical films, requiring about ten original songs for each movie, with as many as four films produced annually. With so many songwriters anxious to get their songs published and performed by Presley, Bienstock was successful in demanding that a substantial portion of royalties that the writer would normally receive would be given to Presley and Hill & Range, a practice that has been called "the Elvis Tax". But as Presley's popularity, as well as his record sales, plummeted as the decade wore on, this practice became less and less frequent. Accomplished songwriters were not willing to turn over publishing rights and the prospect of Elvis recording one of their songs became unappealing.

Bienstock purchased Belinda Music, Hill & Range's subsidiary in the UK, in 1966 and changed its name to Carlin Music to honor his daughter. This company became the basis for many further music publishing acquisitions, building the firm's catalog to 100,000 songs. He acquired Chappell Music from PolyGram in 1984 — marking his elevation from storeroom clerk to become the firm's primary shareholder and president three decades later — in a deal valued at $100 million, with Bienstock owning 15% of the company. At the time of the acquisition, Chappell was the world's largest music publisher, holding copyrights on 400,000 song titles and netting $30 million annually on gross revenues of $80 million. He sold the company to Warner Communications in 1988. Hudson Bay Music Company, a music publishing firm that he established together with Leiber and Stoller, remained in business until 1980.

Carlin America was formed in 1994, and controlled the rights to such music as the 1956 R&B song "Fever" that became a traditional pop standard when modified by Peggy Lee, "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" by the Australian rock group AC/DC and Meat Loaf's "Paradise by the Dashboard Light". By the time of his death, Carlin America's catalog included Broadway theatre, classical, country music, pop classic standards.

Bienstock was the CEO and President of Carlin Music and Carlin America, and was on the board of directors of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP).

Death
Bienstock died at age 86 on September 20, 2009, at his home in Manhattan. He was survived by his wife, Miriam Bienstock, who had become a partner in Atlantic Records after acquiring an ownership stake from her first husband Herb Abramson. He was also survived by his daughter Caroline, the namesake of Carlin Music and Carlin America and his successor on the board of the National Music Publishers Association and who served as COO of Carlin America at the time of Bienstock's death. A son, Robert Bienstock, also had been an executive in the family business and there were five grandchildren surviving him.

title: Freddy Bienstock


text:
Nantuxent Creek

Nantuxent Creek is a 5.5 mi estuary of Delaware Bay in Cumberland County, New Jersey in the United States.

It rises on the border of Lawrence and Downe Townships, in the marshes to the northwest of Newport, at the convergence of Middle Brook and Pages Run. It forms part of the border between the two townships. As it runs south, then west around Jones Island, it passes the Nantuxent Wildlife Management Area, which lies on the island, and Newport Landing on the other bank. Its named tributaries are all marsh channels which enter it in the vicinity of Jones Island or below.

The creek empties into Nantuxent Cove of Delaware Bay.

Tributaries

 * Eagle Island Gut
 * Loopers Gut
 * Blizzard Neck Gut
 * Granddad Gut
 * Ponds Creek
 * Little Pond Creek
 * Nancy Gut
 * Hay Gut
 * Blackbird Gut

title: Nantuxent Creek


title: User:Bluejays2006


text:
Waldenström

Waldenström is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Paul Petter Waldenström (1838–1917), Swedish theologian who became the most prominent leader of the free church movement in late 19th century Sweden
 * Jan G. Waldenström (1906–1996), Swedish physician who identified the condition known as Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Grand-nephew of Paul Petter Waldenström

title: Waldenström


text: User talk:69.140.195.70

title: User talk:69.140.195.70


text:
User talk:Purewell

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! ...en passant! 19:02, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Image Tagging Image:Devon.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Devon.png. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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title: User talk:Purewell


text:
Northwest Philadelphia

Northwest Philadelphia is a section of the city of Philadelphia. The official boundary is Stenton Avenue to the north, the Schuylkill River to the southwest, Northwestern Avenue to the northwest, Roosevelt Boulevard to the south, and Wister Street and Stenton Avenue to the east. Conventionally, the area east of Wissahickon Creek, which comprises Germantown, Mount Airy, Chestnut Hill, and Cedarbrook, is termed the 'Upper Northwest', and the area west of the creek, which comprises Roxborough, Wissahickon, East Falls, and Manayunk, is termed the 'Lower Northwest'. The area of Philadelphia west of the Schuylkill River is known as West Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols two districts located within Northwest Philadelphia. The two patrol districts serving Northwest Philadelphia are the 5th and 14th districts.

Demographics and culture
Northwest Philadelphia has substantial African American, Irish-American, Jewish-American, German-American, Italian-American, and British American (English American/Scottish American) populations, but its culture is varied, and only smaller neighborhoods within it can be said to be known for one ethnicity predominating. In 2011, Northwest Philadelphia lost 8.6 percent of its population. In 1990, African Americans account for "slightly more than 50 percent of the population".

Compared with other sections of Philadelphia, a substantial portion of the Northwest retains a more suburban feel. In East Falls there are large Tudor homes and big modern ranch homes on sizable properties only blocks from more humble townhouses and rowhouses. Upper Roxborough has post-World War II suburban housing developments, while Lower Roxborough consists mostly of rowhouses and urban twin houses and apartments over storefronts. There are also blocks of large Victorian homes peppered among the rowhouses. In some places the buildings and street grid have existed for three centuries, other spots nearby were farmland until after World War II, and have infrastructure that is very recently developed, 18th-century farmhouses to 19th-century rowhouses to 20th-century shopping centers. From an enclave of working-class Germantown rowhouses and small single mansions to the wealthy estates of Chestnut Hill, both may have been built in the period of 1880-1920.

Terrain and geography
Northwest Philadelphia is known for its hilly terrain, especially in the western half between the Wissahickon and the Schuylkill River. This hilly terrain is a distinct characteristic of Manayunk and Roxborough, making them popular for any recreation that can use a good hill (such as sledding and soapbox derbies, or especially challenging sessions of running and biking). Upper Roxborough, because it is one of the highest elevations in Philadelphia, is the site of a reservoir and many of the city's broadcast transmission towers. Ridge Avenue follows the ridge that divides the Wissahickon valley from the Schuylkill valley. Wissahickon Valley Park is located in Northwest Philadelphia.

Northwest Philadelphia's street grid is oriented along axes of northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast. These axes are skewed almost exactly 45° from the true north-south and east-west axes of Philadelphia's main street grid. The Wissahickon gorge divides the "halves" of Northwest Philadelphia because of the relative scarcity of road crossings. The rail lines tend to rather thoroughly divide adjacent neighborhoods, for the same reason. Manayunk's street grid evolved completely independently from Germantown's.

title: Northwest Philadelphia


text:
Talk:Polar Air Cargo

=Copyright Violations=

Untitled
Bayerischermann 19:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The deleted section (which I just deleted) were copy and pasted from the company website
 * The plane image does not have a proper license.
 * I presume the text which was copied and pasted from the company website was done so by a company employee as this is obviously a promotional page created by the company itself. I have flagged it as such. Thedjb 23:46, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Just a promotional page?
What kind of a sentence is this? "Unfortunately, the relationship between Polar Air Cargo and one if its main suppliers, AAR, remains questionable." It looks like it has been added by a person working for this mysterious AAR.

By the way, how can we stop Wikipedia from being used as just another channel to raise a website's Google Pagerank? Klod 18:06, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

=Missing information=
 * An aircraft similar to the 747-8 pictured suffered an engine strike on Engine 4 on landing. Ghj.htjog 22:11, 3 July 2022 (UTC)Ghj.htjog (talk) 22:12, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polar Air Cargo


text:
User talk:Skitzsofrenik

Image tagging for Image:Tenthdoctornew.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 14:05, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

It's just a cropped pic from the official site.

Image:Tenthdoctoralone.jpg
Hello. Please stop reverting to the version with the Doctor in a blue suit, cheers. thanks/Fenton, Matthew Lexic Dark 52278 Alpha 771 14:52, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Tenthdoctoralone1.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Hurleylost.PNG)
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title: User talk:Skitzsofrenik


text: User talk:82.31.105.217

title: User talk:82.31.105.217


text: Category:Cairenes

title: Category:Cairenes


text:
Talk:Chase Tower (Chicago)

Error in Skyline Picture
The Skyline Picture contains an error. The building identified as "55 E. Erie" is the Onterie Center, for which the address is 441 E. Erie. Rick lightburn (talk) 17:21, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:22, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Similar Building
I used to think this building was quite unique architecturally, but then I saw the Sompo Japan Building in Tokyo. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sompo_Japan_Building Are these the only two buildings in the world that look like this? --71.131.19.160 (talk) 06:08, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

No, the Solow Building in New York City has a similar curved facade. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solow_Building — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.251.245.226 (talk) 23:23, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

I grew up in Chicago and then lived in Tokyo for ten years, and I always had the same feeling: It seems like the architect of the Sompo Japan Building copied the Chase Tower. Of course back in the day they were called the First National Bank Building and the Yasuda Marine & Fire Insurance Building. I guess there is no such thing as a copyright on a building design. The Solow building and the main building at Fermilab have somewhat similar curving designs, but the Sompo Japan Building looks almost like an exact copy of the Chase Tower. --Westwind273 (talk) 03:36, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Also Grace Building in New York has a similar facade as well (same architect as Solow Building). This should be noted in the article (the curved facade) Triplecaña (talk) 00:02, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chase Tower (Chicago)


text:
Talk:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)

Blatant MBZ Propaganda!
I know marque enthusiasts are most likely to invest the time and effort in creating this kind of article, but some attention should be paid to NPOV. Much of this article reads like a Mercedes brochure.

pics
If anyone feels like adding some good pics plz do! we have 1 so far lol

 * Check out the external links especially FamilyCar.com - they've got the best automotive gallery. Htra0497 20:31, 15 November 2006 (AEST)

RE: Blatant MBZ Propaganda!
I know what you mean there are some bits which need changing, however the car is a ground-breaking one.

The car has technology which, as history has shown, will only become common place in 10 years time. It is the future of automotive technology today; and this is not just some PR bluff I’ve copied and pasted here, its the truth, agreed upon universally be automotive critics.

So yeah some bits need there wording changed a bit, but the article also has to show what this car is, i.e. A technological showcase of the highest order (which has already having a major effect on BMW, Audi and Lexus development).

Unfortunately for some, I am an enthusiast and although I try to be as NPOV as possible, im not perfect! --JCW 21:34, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Please be reminded that Wikipedia is not a place to advocate any technology, no matter how ground-breaking or revolutionary it may seem. We should not present any commercial product with favoritism.  If a car is as good as you think it is, the NPOV facts will speak for themselves. Shawnc 08:27, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

cleanup
OK, just to say I will happily clean this article up employing NPOV, but it will need a fair bit of work so I won't be able to start until end of the month (too busy till then).

Thanks --JCW 21:23, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

"Dr." Clarkson
I think it's fair to say that calling Jeremy Clarkson "Dr. Clarkson" is inappropriate and misleading, I've changed it back to being just Jeremy Clarkson. Lostchicken 08:43, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

according to the last Auto Motor, in the year 2009 merceds-benz lunch S Class cabrio.

Completely rewritten, is it okay now?
I've taken the liberty of completely rewriting the article to try and fix the NPOV problem while trying to retain as much information as possible. If you think my edits are okay, please comment so I can remove the cleanup tag. If not, please tell me where to work on the article some more. Nick L. 17:09, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

According to Mercedes Benz, the plant in Santiago Tianguistenco only produces commercial vehicles (trucks). They stopped making cars in 1996 .Philippz (talk) 02:48, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

Cup Holders? ?
So they are talking about all the technicial features of this car, then they put "Cup Holders" LOL Ok first of all for some reason I was laughing for like 10 minutes, I dunno why I found that so funny! Second of all, Most modern cars have cup holders. Is it necessary to list this "feature"

Short vs. long wheelbase
Correct me if I'm wrong but isn't the S-Class in the US/Nth American market only available in the long wheelsbase version? - Htra0497 15:07, 1st June 2007 (AET)

S300 Asia only model
For those who do not believe me(esp. American) Here is some evidence that S300 does exist and is being sold in Asia.

S300L: Excites and more

By Samuel Ee - October 28, 2006 The Business Times(Singapore)

COMFORT and elegance may be the traditional hallmarks of the flagship Mercedes-Benz saloon, but in Singapore nothing says you have arrived as much as an S-Class. So it is no exaggeration to say that the introduction of the 'entry-level' S300 version would probably send more than a frisson of excitement down the spines of some wealthy Singaporeans.

The new S-Class was first launched earlier this year with relatively larger S350, S500 and S600 models. But for cost, tax and other reasons, it is the three-litre version - or occasionally 2.8 litres in the past - that is usually the volume seller.

This new car will only be available here as an S300L, with the suffix denoting its long-wheelbase status - the car has an extra 120 mm for more spacious rear seat accommodation.

But other than the new three-litre V6 engine - first seen in the E280 - the S300L has exactly the same trim level as the S350L except for three features: the 300 does not have electric rear-side window blinds, remote boot closing and a reverse camera.

To reflect that and the smaller engine, it costs $289,888, or $39,000 less than the S350L. Otherwise, buyers still get the same high specifications like the smooth 7G-Tronic seven-speed automatic transmission, Comand controller with eight-inch colour display, Pre-Safe anticipatory occupant protection system, and that superb Airmatic air suspension, among others.

As a result, sitting in the driver's seat of an S300L feels very much like in an S350L, except that the performance is only adequate. The S300L is by no means sluggish, but the 231-hp engine is pulling a body which is longer, wider and taller than its predecessor. Even in standard form, the wheelbase of the new car is already 70 mm longer than the old one.

But the excellent transmission mitigates the performance deficit (the S300L has 41 hp less than the S350L) with its seven speeds shifting seamlessly and efficiently, while the new-generation S-Class's sportier steering and suspension set-up also aid in giving that impression of nimbleness. And those in the back will continue to enjoy the traditional experience of comfort, luxury and silence that an S-Class cabin always promises and delivers. Ultimately for some buyers, however, the three-pointed star on the bonnet is as important as all those qualities listed above.

And rightly so. Over the decades, the S-Class has come to represent the definitive luxury limousine and this new generation will continue to exude status and gravitas - even with the smallest engine in the range.

Ceecookie (talk) 08:10, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Assembly
What is the definition of assembly? The S500L was and probably is still assembled in Egypt from CKD sets made in Sindelfingen. I couldn't find a reference for the actual production (although I read it in the end of 2006 or beginning of 2007) just the announcement: http://www.dailystaregypt.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ArticleID=926 and in german http://www.bfai.de/fdb-SE,MKT20070119094656,Google.html 212.23.103.4 (talk) 00:18, 26 January 2008 (UTC) – According to Mercedes Benz, the plant in Santiago Tianguistenco only produces commercial vehicles (trucks). They stopped making cars in 1996. Philippz (talk) 02:46, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

Police Cars?
Can someone explain how/why these vehicles are used as police cars? That seems like a lot of money for a police car. Are the police vehicles really stripped down on the inside? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.100.98.109 (talk) 20:36, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

Mexico does not produce W221 police cars. According to Mercedes Benz, the plant in Santiago Tianguistenco only produces commercial vehicles (trucks). They stopped making cars in 1996. See here: http://www.daimler.com.mx/PerfilCorporativo.aspx and here: http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-1380400-49-1346171-1-0-0-0-0-0-9506-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html Philippz (talk) 02:44, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

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text:
Alcanzar una estrella II

Alcanzar una estrella II (English title: To reach a star II) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Luis de Llano Macedo for Televisa in 1991. It is the sequel to Alcanzar una estrella.

Sasha Sokol, Ricky Martin, Angélica Rivera, Erik Rubín, Bibi Gaytan and Pedro Fernández starred as protagonists, while José Alonso, Silvia Pasquel and Eduardo Palomo starred as antagonists. Eduardo Capetillo and Mariana Garza starred as special participation.

Two soundtrack albums were released for the series in 1991: Muñecos de Papel with the start of the series and Alcanzar una estrella II as it ended.

Plot
Eduardo puts out a call to all of Mexico's youth to find members for his new musical group, Muñecos de papel ("Paper Dolls"), but at last minute he cancels everything to go on tour with his beloved Lorena. The group decides to forge ahead without Eduardo, and thus six young people get to live their dreams of achieving fame and fortune. The series addresses many problems facing today's youth in the anecdotes about the lives of the members of the band.

Cast
• Sasha Sokol as Jessica Lascurain Conti

• Ricky Martin as Pablo Loredo Muriel

• Angélica Rivera as Silvana Vélez

• Erik Rubín as Miguel Ángel Castellar

• Bibi Gaytán as María del Mar "Marimar" Pérez

• Pedro Fernández as Jorge Puente

• José Alonso as Leonardo Lascurain

• Silvia Pasquel as Paulina Muriel de Loredo

• Otto Sirgo as Alejandro Loredo

• Eduardo Palomo as Gabriel Loredo Muriel

• Luis Gimeno as Don Odiseo Conti

• Anel as Verónica Vélez

• Angélica Ruvalcaba as Aurora Rueda

• Oscar Traven as Roque Escamilla

• Marcos Valdés as Amadeus Silva

• Andrea Legarreta as Adriana Matresta del Castillo Lugo

• Héctor Suárez Gomiz as Pedro Lugo

• Daniel Martín as Joaquín de la Fuente

• Alejandro Ibarra as René/Felipe Rueda (flashback scenes)

• Lorena Rojas as Sara del Río

• Gabriela Goldsmith as Cristina Carrillo

• Dacia González as María de la Luz "Lucha" Rueda

• Luis Bayardo as Gustavo Rueda

• Carlos Monden as Servando

• Ernesto Yáñez as Martín Negrete "El Colorado"

• Mayra Rojas as Liliana Rojas

• Octávio Galindo as Octavio de la Parra

• Luis Couturier as Gonzalo Castellar

• Rosángela Balbó as Mariana Castellar

• María Prado as Clara de Puente

• Pedro Weber "Chatanuga" as Ricardo Puente

• Nancy Tamez as Trixi

• Amara Villafuerte as Laura Vélez

• Florencia Ferret as Claudia Loredo Muriel

• Lina Santos as Lina

• Paola Santoni as Beti

• David Ostrosky as Roberto Uribe

• Yuyú as Flora de Pérez

• Polo Ortín as Anselmo Pérez

• Marisa De Lille as Delfina

• Sergio Sendel as Ricardo "Rico" Puente Jr.

• Mary Paz Banquells as Ivonne

• Benjamín Islas as Genaro

• Germán Novoa as Carlos Rueda

• Fernando Arau as Bernardo "Barrabas"

• Ada Croner

• Alejandra Israel

• Sergio Jurado

• Alexandra Loretto

• Ricardo Mondragón

• Beatriz Monroy

• René Quiroz

• Tito Resendiz

• Wanda Seux as Lucrecia Magaña/Layla Soraya

• Óscar Vallejo as Gaspar "Gasparin" Silva

• Marisol Santacruz as Shubanely Silva

• José Luis Salazar as Pedro Lugo del Castillo

• Eduardo Capetillo as Eduardo Casablanca

• Mariana Garza as Lorena Gaitán Roca/Melissa

Muñecos de Papel
Muñecos de Papel is the first soundtrack album to Alcanzar una estrella II, released in 1991. It includes the first opening song for the telenovela, "Estrella de Ilusion", performed by Zarabanda, as well as the second opening song "Muñeco de Papel", performed by the fictional band Muñecos de Papel (Sasha, Ricky Martin, Bibi Gaytan, Marisa de Lille, Pedro Fernández, Angelica Rivera and Erick Rubin).

The album version of "Muñeco de Papel" is different from the one that served as the opening song for the telenovela; Bibi Gaytán and Erick Rubín were then signed to Melody and due to differences between the record companies, their voices - which can be heard in the TV version (Sasha at 0:01, Bibi 0:13, Erick 0:40, Ricky 0:47, Pedro 0:54, Angelica 1:53)- were replaced by Sasha and Alejandro Ibarra, respectively.

Despite the title, this record was not a full Muñecos de Papel album; instead, it served to promote songs from the band members' solo albums ("Siento", "Juego de Ajedrez", "Oro") as well as other Sony Music artists such as Garibaldi that were not even featured in the telenovela. Songs such as Chantal Andere's "Musculo", which was often used in the TV show, are not present in this album - Chantal was also under contract with Melody.

Track listing

 * 1) "Siento" - Sasha Sokol
 * 2) "Estrella de Ilusion" - Zarabanda
 * 3) "Fan-Piras" - Gerardo Garcia
 * 4) "Muñeco de Papel" - Artistas Varios
 * 5) "Deja" - Gibrann
 * 6) "Para Llegar" - Angélica Rivera
 * 7) "Oro" - Pedro Fernández
 * 8) "Juego de Ajedrez" - Ricky Martin
 * 9) "Enciendo Una Vela" - Marianne
 * 10) "Banana" - Garibaldi (group)
 * 11) "Harto de Extrañarte" - Alejandro Ibarra
 * 12) "Amiga" - Ulisses

Alcanzar una estrella II
Alcanzar una estrella II is the second soundtrack album from Alcanzar una estrella II. It was released by Discos Melody in June 1991 as the telenovela was coming to an end.

The telenovela's fictional pop band Muñecos de Papel was formed by Sasha, Ricky Martin, Bibi Gaytan, Pedro Fernandez, Erick Rubin and Angelica Rivera.

This album includes the voices of Bibi Gaytan and Erick Rubin - both Bibi and Erick had been omitted from the Muñecos de Papel album, released months earlier by Sony. It is, however, unclear whether Sasha, Pedro Fernandez and Angelica Rivera contributed backing vocals to the only group song in Alcanzar una estrella II, "No quiero dejar de brillar" - Bibi Gaytan, Erick Rubin and Ricky Martin all have solo verses but the other members do not, and the credits do not include this information. The third opening song for the series, "No quiero dejar de brillar", is included in this album.

"No quiero dejar de brillar" did not achieve the success of the group's previous single "Muñeco de Papel". The song is not attributed to the fictional band Muñecos de Papel, but instead it's credited to "Estrellas de Alcanzar una Estrella" (Stars from Alcanzar una Estrella) - which might indicate that it was not recorded by all six members of the group. Further evidence is the fact that there are no Muñecos de Papel photos in the artwork, and the back cover only features Gaytan and Rubin (then under contract with Melody), as well as other cast members who were not part of Muñecos de Papel but did contribute songs: Angelica Ruvalcaba, Marisa De Lille and Hector Suarez Gomis. There are no images of Sasha, Martin, Fernandez or Rivera.

The album was not as successful as Muñecos de Papel; still, Bibi Gaytan had her first solo hit with the single "Tan solo una mujer". No further singles were released.

Track listing

 * 1) "NO QUIERO DEJAR DE BRILLAR" – Estrellas de Alcanzar una Estrella
 * 2) "TAN SOLO UNA MUJER" – Bibi Gaytán
 * 3) "ASÍ QUIERO QUE SEA MI VIDA" – Marisa De Lile
 * 4) "REBELDÍA" – Marisa De Lille
 * 5) "HACIA EL VIENTO" Erick Rubin
 * 6) "EXTRAÑO SER NIÑA" – Angélica Ruvalcaba
 * 7) "CONTAMINACIÓN" Erick Rubin
 * 8) "UN LUGAR DONDE VIVIR" – Hector Suarez Gomis
 * 9) "SOLO QUIERO QUE ME VUELVAS A  QUERER" Bibi Gaytán
 * 10) "ENERGÍA ES AMOR" – Microchips
 * 11) "EN UN METRO" Erick Rubin
 * 12) "FÍJATE EN MI"  Bibi Gaytán

title: Alcanzar una estrella II


text:
Talk:James R. Thompson Center

Merger proposal

 * Rather than deleting the Atrium article it should be merged here.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/tcfkaWCDbwincowtchatlotpsoplrttaDCLaM) 18:35, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:23, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:James R. Thompson Center


text:
Portal talk:Comics/News

Archiving the news?
Should we archive the news somewhere like September 2005 in comics to help with completing List of years in comics or just remove it? Hiding talk 19:06, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks to me that they can be moved to the "events" section on 2005 in comics. Whitejay251 04:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ta for that, finally got round to it. Hiding talk 21:57, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Comics/News


text: User:Antidote

title: User:Antidote


text: User talk:129.67.43.240

title: User talk:129.67.43.240


text: Template:User xhtml-N

title: Template:User xhtml-N


text: Category:Egyptian people by city

title: Category:Egyptian people by city


text:
Cedar Creek (Delaware Bay)

Cedar Creek is a 10.5 mi stream and estuary of Delaware Bay in Cumberland County, New Jersey in the United States.

It rises in Lawrence Township and flows through Lummistown, where it is dammed twice to form the Lummis Lakes. It is dammed again at Cedarville to form Cedar Lake, below which it enters the marshes and becomes tidal. Fresh Creek, now mostly turned to marsh, ran south to connect it to Middle Brook and cut off Jones Island. Bowers Creek and Howells Creek discharge into it among the marshlands before it empties into Nantuxent Cove of Delaware Bay.

Tributaries

 * Howells Creek
 * Bowers Creek
 * Fresh Creek

title: Cedar Creek (Delaware Bay)


text:
Army School of Physical Training

The Army School of Physical Training (ASPT) is the headquarters of the Royal Army Physical Training Corps (RAPTC) and the central training establishment for physical education, physical fitness and sports instructors in the British Army. It is located in Fox Lines, Aldershot, Hampshire, England.

title: Army School of Physical Training


text:
User talk:Wikimagic

Just like to update known information

title: User talk:Wikimagic


text:
User talk:Pitam

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 19:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Taxobox examples
There is material on using taxoboxs at WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage. Finding a related article with a taxobox, clicking edit to view the markup, copying and then pasting it into the target article can be very efficient (it can save you from having to type in all the higher taxons). RJFJR 19:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Listed Lycopods for deletion
Please see the relevant discussion here and feel free to comment! I know it's frustrating to have an article you've created be put up for deletion, but I would still appreciate if you could help make sure that I did not create any factual errors in Lycopodium when I merged in the information you had under Lycopods. — HorsePunchKid → 龜  02:33, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently the correct action was for me to create a redirect after merging the information. This allows us to keep the history of the article you created, which you can still find here. Sorry about the confusion. — HorsePunchKid → 龜  03:42, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pitam


text: User talk:70.23.141.87

title: User talk:70.23.141.87


text:
ASPT

ASPT can refer to:

 * Army School of Physical Training
 * American Society of Plant Taxonomists
 * American Society of Phlebotomy Technicians
 * Advanced sleep-phase type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder; see Advanced sleep phase disorder

title: ASPT


text:
Niall Vallely

Niall Vallely is an Irish musician, born 1970 in Armagh, Northern Ireland. In 1966 his parents, Brian and Eithne Vallely had founded the Armagh Piper's Club, but he chose to learn the concertina instead, from the age of seven. His brother Cillian plays the uilleann pipes and low whistle, learning from Mark Donnelly. Another of his brothers, Caoimhin, plays classical piano, tin whistle and fiddle. In 1990, Vallely founded the group Nomos, which released two albums before breaking up in 2000. In 1992, Vallely completed a degree in music at University College, Cork.

In 1998, Vallely released a solo album of contemporary and traditional tunes from Ireland and Scotland. He also produced and composed the tunes for Karan Casey's album for children The Seal Maiden. Niall and Karan married in Barga, Italy in 2007. He appears on some of her albums. In 1999, he released his debut solo album, Beyond Words, and in 2003 Callan Bridge with his brother Cillian on uilleann pipes. Over the past few years Vallely has also been spending a lot of time writing new music. In 2007, he was commissioned by the BBC to compose music for a major TV series, The Flight of the Earls. The resulting piece was then premiered at the Grand Opera House in Belfast as part of the Belfast Festival at Queens and had a subsequent performance at the Irish College in Louvain, Belgium, as part of their Flight of the Earls celebrations. In 2008, he composed an electro-acoustic piece entitled "Rakish" based on the music of travelling piper Johnny Doran which was premiered at the William Kennedy Piping Festival in Armagh. Recent commissions have included pieces for cellist Kate Ellis, Zoë Conway, and the Vanbrugh String Quartet.

In 2004 he formed Buille with his brother Caoimhín Vallely (piano) and guitarist Paul Meehan. They released their debut album in 2005 on the Vertical Records label. They released their second album in 2009, entitled Buille 2. It featured a diverse range of guests including brother Cillian on uilleann pipes, Zoë Conway on fiddle, Cian O’Duill on viola, Kate Ellis on cello, Neil Yates on trumpet and flugelhorn, Ed Boyd and Paul Meehan on guitars and Brian Morrissey on bodhrán, percussion and banjo.

Discography

 * 1995  - Áine Uí Cheallaigh - Idir Dhá Chomhairle/In Two Minds (Gael Linn)
 * 1995  - Various - River of Sound (Virgin CD + BBC Video)
 * 1995 - Nomos - I Won't Be Afraid Any More (Solid/Grapevine/Green Linnet)
 * 1997 - Nomos - Set You Free (Grapevine/Green Linnet)
 * 1997 - Various - Sult, Spirit of the Music (Hummingbird) (w. Nomos)
 * 1998 – Gael Force DVD (w. Nomos)
 * 1999 - Niall Vallely - Beyond Words (Beyond Records)
 * 2012 - Niall Vallely - Beyond Words (Crow Valley Music)
 * 1999 - Various - Mega Celtique (w. Nomos)
 * 1999 - Paddy Keenan - na Keen Affair (Hot Conya Records)
 * 2000 - Karan Casey & Friends - The Seal Maiden (Music for Little People)
 * 2001 - Various - Celtic Christmas, Silver Anniversary Edition (Windham Hill Records)
 * 2001 - Lewis Nash & David O'Rourke's Celtic Jazz Collective (Mapleshade)
 * 2001 - Tim O'Brien - Two Journeys (Howdy Skies/Sugarhill Records)
 * 2001 - Karan Casey - The Winds Begin to Sing (Shanachie)
 * 2002 - Niall and Cillian Vallely - Callan Bridge (Compass Records)
 * 2002 - Various - Live From The Katharine Cornell Theater
 * 2003 - Various - Celtic Compass (Compass Records)
 * 2003 - Karan Casey - Distant Shore (Shanachie/Vertical)
 * 2003 - Donal Donnelly and Brian Hanlon – Driven
 * 2004 - Various - Masters of the Accordion (Arc)
 * 2004 - Various - Very Best of Celtic Christmas (Windham Hill)
 * 2004 - Various - Live Recordings From The William Kennedy Piping Festival
 * 2004 - Various - Other Voices, Songs from a Room 2
 * 2005 - Karan Casey - Chasing the Sun (Shanachie)
 * 2005 - Caoimhín Vallely – Strayaway
 * 2005 - Barry Kerr – The World Looks Away
 * 2006 – Tejedor – Música na Maleta (Arís Música)
 * 2007 - Niall Vallely, Paul Meehan, Caoimhin Vallely - Buille (Vertical Records/Compass Records)
 * 2007 - Various - Excalibur II: The Celtic Ring (EMI)
 * 2007 - Various - Armagh Pipers Club 40th Anniversary
 * 2007 - Various - A Christmas Celtic Sojourn Live [CD and DVD]
 * 2008 - Karan Casey – Ships in the Forest (Compass/Crow Valley Music)
 * 2008 - Various - Anglo International
 * 2009 – Buille – Buille 2 (Crow Valley Music)
 * 2010 – Transatlantic Sessions 4 [CD and DVD] (Whirlie Records)
 * 2010 - Daimh – Diversions (Greentrax)
 * 2011 - Highland Sessions [DVD] (Whirlie Records)

title: Niall Vallely