text:
Vincent (TV series)

Vincent is a British television crime drama series, created and principally written by Stephen Butchard, that first broadcast on ITV on 10 October 2005.

Premise
Vincent follows the work of a private detective agency based in Manchester, run by private investigator Vincent Gallagher (Ray Winstone), who alongside his sidekick Beth (Suranne Jones), junior PI Robert (Joe Absolom) and fellow team members Gillian (Angel Coulby) and John (Ian Puleston-Davies), investigates cases which the police would either refuse to touch, or have been unable to solve. Vincent also has to deal with his arch enemy, DCI David Driscoll (Philip Glenister), who begins a relationship with his estranged wife Cathy (Eva Pope), resulting in Cathy becoming pregnant.

Following strong viewership and critical acclaim for the first series, a second four-part series was commissioned, which began transmission on 16 October 2006. Despite retaining consistent viewing figures, and Winstone's expressed interest in continuing in the role, ITV executives chose to axe Vincent following the conclusion of the second series.

The complete series was released on DVD on 13 November 2006 via ITV Studios Home Entertainment. On 25 February 2016, all eight episodes were also made available for download on the ITV Store. Both series of Vincent were also broadcast in the United States on BBC America.

Cast

 * Ray Winstone as Vincent Gallagher
 * Suranne Jones as Beth Goddard
 * Joe Absolom as Robert Ellison
 * Angel Coulby as Gillian Lafferty
 * Ian Puleston-Davies as John Thompson
 * Philip Glenister as DCI David Driscoll (Series 1)
 * Sandra Huggett as Roxanne (Series 1)
 * Eva Pope as Cathy Gallagher (Series 1)

title: Vincent (TV series)


text:
Showdown: Legends of Wrestling

Showdown: Legends of Wrestling is a professional wrestling video game developed by Acclaim Studios Austin and published by Acclaim Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2004. It is the sequel to the 2002 video game Legends of Wrestling II. A GameCube version of the game was also planned, but was cancelled. Showdown is the third and final game in the Legends of Wrestling video game series. It was the last game developed by the Austin studio prior to its closure later that year, and the last game released by Acclaim Entertainment in North America.

Roster
The game features a variety of legendary professional wrestlers featured in previous games, including André the Giant, Hulk Hogan and Eddie Guerrero. Wrestlers such as Rob Van Dam depart the series, and are replaced with the likes of Sting, Diamond Dallas Page, Randy Savage and more.

A significant addition for Showdown: Legends of Wrestling was the inclusion of Ultimate Warrior who had been in legal disputes with WWE and successfully had his likeness excluded from WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain the previous year. Also noteworthy is the absence of two Von Erich brothers, Mike and David, who were in both previous Legends of Wrestling games.

Some minor new features included a tribute to deceased legendary wrestlers as well as a tutorial fully narrated by Bret Hart.

Music
The theme music in the last two games was composed by "The Mouth of The South" Jimmy Hart. Hart appears as a playable character in all three games. He also composed some of the theme music for World Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment. The 1983 song "Metal Health" by Quiet Riot is used in promo videos for the game and is played at the main menu and Create-a-Legend screens.

Reception
Showdown: Legends of Wrestling received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

Xbox Nation called it "a steaming doodie. With extra stank on it." Consumer reaction was negative too, though not excessively so, primarily tempered by the stellar roster available in the game. The inclusion of former WCW commentary team of Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, Tony Schiavone, "The Living Legend" Larry Zbyszko and ring announcer Gary Michael Cappetta was welcomed. The commentary system turned out to be a failure, however, being unsophisticated and repetitive. It has arguably the best roster of popular 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s pro-wrestlers, including many 'legends' who didn't appear in the first two games.

The game was riddled with many serious bugs, glitches, crashes, and lock-ups. This suggested that Showdown: LoW was a rushed product with little attention to quality assurance on Acclaim's part. Other major negative aspects of the game are terribly lacking opponent AI, sluggish character movement, and clumsy game controls. Errors and omissions in the accompanying instruction booklet compounded this. The game's box also advertised commentary from Jerry "The King" Lawler which also was omitted from the game.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Showdown: Legends of Wrestling


text:
Talk:Angels (single)

Merge proposal
It has often been pointed out that individual recordings of songs should be merged with the main article. As this article is very short, and the Jessica Simpson version is non-notable, merging seems particularly called for. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:03, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. And the paragraphs about Jessica Simpson music video could be removed completely. -Hapsiainen 07:35, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angels (single)


text:
Fredrik Stefan Eaton

Fredrik Stefan Eaton, (June 26, 1938 – February 20, 2021) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist who was a member of the prominent Eaton family. He was the great-grandson of Eaton's department store founder Timothy Eaton.

Life and career
He was born in Toronto to John David Eaton and his wife, Signy Hildur Stefansson, and he was raised in the Forest Hill area. His mother was of Icelandic descent. He had three brothers – John Craig Eaton, Thor Edgar Eaton and George Ross Eaton.

In 1962, Eaton received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New Brunswick and started working as a salesman at Eaton's in British Columbia. From 1977 to 1988, he was the chairman, president and CEO of Eaton's.

Eaton served as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1991 to 1994. In 1993, he was appointed Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and served for two terms of five years.

He married Catherine "Nicky" Martin and had two children – Fredrik D'Arcy Eaton, who lives in Toronto and is head of the Catherine and Fredrik Eaton Charitable Foundation, and Flora Catherine Eaton Coakley, who lives in New York City.

Eaton lived with his family in Toronto, and he also had a country estate in Caledon, Ontario, a cottage on Georgian Bay, and a winter home in Florida. He was one of the most public members of the Eaton family, and he attended social events and endowed many institutions philanthropically.

Honours
In 1990, Eaton was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for having "contributed to many aspects of Canadian life. Through his leadership in a variety of organizations, in fields as diverse as those of business, education, nature, health care and the arts, he continued his family's tradition of exemplary service to the public." In 2001, he was awarded the Order of Ontario for his "contributions in numerous areas including health care and the arts".

title: Fredrik Stefan Eaton


text:
User:Manjunathbhatt

Manjunath is Wikipedia contributer and Mediawiki publisher.

title: User:Manjunathbhatt


text:
Content repository API for Java

Content Repository API for Java (JCR) is a specification for a Java platform application programming interface (API) to access content repositories in a uniform manner. The content repositories are used in content management systems to keep the content data and also the metadata used in content management systems (CMS) such as versioning metadata. The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR-170 (Version 1), and as JSR-283 (version 2). The main Java package is.

Overview
A JCR is a type of object database tailored to storing, searching, and retrieving hierarchical data. The JCR API grew out of the needs of content management systems, which require storing documents and other binary objects with associated metadata; however, the API is applicable to many additional types of applications. In addition to object storage, the JCR provides: APIs for versioning of data; transactions; observation of changes in data; and import or export of data to XML in a standard way.

Data structure
The data in a JCR consists of a tree of nodes with associated properties. Data is stored in the properties, which may hold simple values such as numbers and strings or binary data of arbitrary length. Nodes may optionally have one or more types associated with them which dictate the kinds of properties, number and type of child nodes, and certain behavioral characteristics of the nodes. Nodes may point to other nodes via a special reference type property. In this way nodes in a JCR offer both referential integrity and object-oriented concept of inheritance. Additional node types include the referenceable node type which allows the user to reference said node through use of a universally unique identifier. Another popular type is the versionable type. This makes the repository track a document's history and store copies of each version of the document.

Queries
A JCR can export portions of its tree to XML in two standard formats and can import hierarchies directly from XML. JSR 283 compliant implementations must support a standardized form of SQL for queries and a query object model QOM. JSR 283 deprecates the XPath query language defined in JSR 170. The Apache Jackrabbit reference implementation of JCR also supports the integration of the Apache Lucene search engine to give full text searches of data in the repository.

Available implementations
Both JSRs are led by David Nüscheler of Adobe Systems (formerly of Day Software). Day had both a commercial JCR implementation called Content Repository Extreme (CRX) and was involved in the open source Apache Jackrabbit JCR, which had its 2.0 release in January 2010. ModeShape is another open source JCR implementation that supports JSR-283. Adobe Experience Manager (AEM), Jahia, Hippo CMS and Magnolia are Enterprise Content Management systems built on the JCR API, using Jackrabbit as its repository by default, but able to plug in any other JSR-170 certified repository implementation. JSR-170 is also supported by Oracle Beehive, Oracle's enterprise collaboration software. The eXo JCR by eXo Platform is an open source repository with paid commercial support and documentation. Many other commercial vendors are working on JCR compatibility and products. Alfresco is an open source content management system which provides a JCR API onto their repository. GX released the new community version of its Web enterprise content management (ECM) platform based natively on Apache Jackrabbit and JSR.

PHP adaptions have been started by TYPO3, translating the Java API to PHP. The PHPCR interfaces are also implemented by Jackalope, a PHP frontend talking to the Jackrabbit backend through the WebDAV interface, and Midgard, a cross-language content repository.

title: Content repository API for Java


text:
Franklin W. Olin

Franklin Walter Olin (January 9, 1860 – May 21, 1951) was an American industrialist, philanthropist, and professional baseball player. He was the founder of Olin Corporation and Franklin W. Olin Foundation. Olin was born in Woodford, Vermont, and his father built mills and waterwheels.

College and professional athletics
Olin studied civil engineering at Cornell University, entering in 1881, where he also played baseball. While at Cornell, Olin was a well-regarded student athlete; he played both outfield and second base for the varsity baseball team, served as captain of the rifle team, rowed with the crew, and set school records in shot put and hammer throw. The Cornell baseball team won the State Intercollegiate League pennant twice while Olin played there, and they occasionally played against professional teams. Olin also assisted in the management of Cornell's athletics; he served as president of the Athletic Association and as a member of the Cornell Athletic Council, designed and managed the school's first batting cage, and invented a custom curved baseball bat which he claimed aided in hitting curve balls.

Before graduating, Olin briefly played professional baseball. As a professional baseball player, Olin played at least 49 games over two seasons, mostly in 1884. That year, he played for three teams, the Washington Nationals team for the American Association (21+ games) and their team for the Union Association (one or two games), and later the Toledo Blue Stockings (26+ games). In 1885, Olin played at least one game for the Detroit Wolverines, in which he played somewhat poorly, effectively ending his career. Olin batted left-handed, and mostly played outfield positions. In this relatively short professional career, Olin played quite well, earning a batting average of .316 over 177 at bats, and a fielding percentage of .800.

Career and later life
After graduating from Cornell with the class of 1886, Olin worked in several jobs before founding a blasting powder mill construction business, the F. W. Olin Company, which would eventually become the Olin Corporation. The company's first mill opened in East Alton, Illinois, in 1892.

He married Mary Mott Moulton of Toledo, Ohio, on May 28, 1889. Olin and Mary moved to Alton, Illinois around 1890, where Olin would live until his death. They had three sons, Franklin W. Jr. (predeceased), John, and Spencer, all three of whom also graduated from Cornell.

He formed the Western Cartridge Company in 1898 to manufacture ammunition; during World War I he diversified into brassmaking for use in cartridge shells. In 1931 Olin acquired the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. His management of the several inter-related businesses has been described as "autocratic," characterized by close personal management of the enterprise and a fairly secretive attitude toward sales information and trade secrets, due especially to the businesses' rivalry with DuPont. In 1944 (after World War II), the businesses consolidated into a single "Olin Industries," and Olin retired from management of the firm, leaving it to his sons John and Spencer.

Olin died in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1951. A portion of his fortune was willed to the Franklin W. Olin Foundation, which endowed numerous buildings and professorships in his name at college campuses across the United States. In 1997, the foundation established Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering in Needham, Massachusetts.

title: Franklin W. Olin


text:
2001 SEA Games

The 2001 Southeast Asian Games (Sukan Asia Tenggara 2001), officially known as the 21st Southeast Asian Games, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This was the fifth time that Malaysia plays as SEA Games hosts, the country previously held the event in 1965, 1971, 1977, and 1989, all of which were staged in Kuala Lumpur.

Held from 8 to 17 September 2001 (although several events had commenced from 1 September 2001), these were the first SEA Games to have taken place in the new millennium. Around 4,165 athletes have participated at the Kuala Lumpur Games, which featured 391 events in 32 sports. It was opened by Salahuddin, the King of Malaysia at the Bukit Jalil National Stadium.

The final medal tally was led by host Malaysia, followed by Thailand and Indonesia. Several Games and National Records were broken during the games. The games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the Southeast Asian nations.

Development and preparation
The Kuala Lumpur 21st SEA Games Organizing Committee (KULSOC) was formed to oversee the staging of the event.

Venues
The 2001 Southeast Asian Games used a mix of new, existing and temporary venues. Most venues were pre-existing public-sporting facilities which were reverted to public use after the games. No major retrofitting work were done in most venues as most had been used to host major multi-disciplinary events such as the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

At the centrepiece of the activities was the Bukit Jalil National Sports Complex. Incorporating the new 87,411-seat national stadium, it hosted most of the events.

A games village was not built. Instead, a "village in the city" concept saw athletes and officials housed in hotels across Peninsular Malaysia. Besides being physically near to the sport venues, it was hoped that it will add vibe to all the states and reduce post-games costs in converting a dedicated games village to other uses.

The 21st Southeast Asian Games had 39 venues for the games. 19 in Kuala Lumpur, 10 in Selangor, 4 in Johor and 3 each in Negeri Sembilan and Penang respectively.

Torch relay
The 21st SEA Games torch relay ran from 10 March 2001 to 8 September 2001, covering a distance of 7,884 km. The run began in Labuan followed by Sabah and Sarawak. In the peninsula, it started in Langkawi and passed through 12 states before it ended in Kuala Lumpur. The last leg of the run covered approximately 15 km, from Merdeka Square to Bukit Jalil National Stadium.

Logo and mascot
The official logo for the games is an interpretation of a flame. In stylising the "flame" for the logo's design, its tongues have been individually separated and simplified. The logo's weaving formation conveys unity, and a coming together of Southeast Asia's best athletes. Its "weaving" also gives an opportunity to form the Roman numeral XXI, representing the 21st century, as well as having the Kuala Lumpur Games being the 21st edition of the SEA Games.

The mascot of the 2001 SEA Games is a squirrel named Si Tumas, a short form for Tupai Emas (Golden squirrel). In addition, the Si is phonetically similar to SEA as in SEA Games, and it is also a friendly form of address in Malay.

Songs
The theme song of the games is "In Glory We Celebrate (The SEA Games - 2001)", composed by Helen Yap from Magic Nova Productions with lyrics written in English by Tom Leng and lyrics written in Malay by Loloq, and was sung by Lynn Ali. A campaign song of the games was composed by Jaafar Abdul Rahman Idris with lyrics written by Dato Mokhzani Ismail and was sung by Adibah Noor.

Sponsors
A total of 26 sponsors, comprising 4 official partners, 8 main sponsors and 14 official sponsors, sponsored the games.

 * Official partners
 * Petronas
 * Telekom Malaysia
 * Tenaga Nasional
 * PROTON Holdings
 * Main sponsors
 * Antioni
 * Milo
 * Coca-Cola
 * Spritzer
 * Genting Group
 * Bata Shoes
 * Syarikat Supreme Landmark & Wireless Corp. Sdn. Berhad
 * Galaxy Automation Sdn. Berhad

 * Official sponsors
 * Fraser and Neave
 * Nestlé Cereals
 * Lion Corporation
 * Nikon
 * Kodak
 * Asia Pacific Sports
 * Mesuma Sports Sdn Bhd
 * FBT
 * Royal Selangor
 * Siemens
 * Fujitsu
 * Stanson
 * Consolidated Farms
 * Malaysia Airlines

Closing ceremony
The closing ceremony took place on 17 September 2001 in a rainy night with the theme: ASEAN, a time to celebrate (ASEAN: Masa untuk merayakan). It was attended by 100,000 audiences who managed to get into the stadium and take their seats. The ceremony begins with the performance of local celebrities including Erra Fazira and Ziana Zain.

After that, a group of paratroopers descended on the field of the stadium with the flags of the 10 participating nations of the games accompanied with the song "Jalur Gemilang" performed by a choir group. The athletes of the participating nations then paraded into the stadium by order of sports competed at the games and received warm welcome by the audience in the stadium. The order began with the aquatics, followed by archery, athletics and other sports. The ceremony then continues with the performance of "Citrawarna Malaysia', performed by 300 dancers and 50 drum players that rocks the stadium with the rhythmic beat that reflects the diversity of the song rhythm and the traditional dances of the multi-racial society in Malaysia. Later, Mohd Qabil Ambak Mahamad Fathil, the Malaysian Equestrian rider was declared the Best Sportsman of the games, while the Thai Athletics sprinter Supavadee Khawpeag was declared the Best Sportswoman of the games.

After Prime minister Mahathir Mohammad declared the games closed, the Southeast Asian Games Federation flag was lowered and the flame of the cauldron was extinguished. The president of the Southeast Asian Games Federation and the president of the Olympic Council of Malaysia, Tan Sri Tunku Muda Serting Imran then handed over the games flag and the baton to the president of the Vietnam Olympic Committee and the Minister of Sports, Nguyen Danh Thai, a symbol of the SEA Games responsibilities being officially handed over to Vietnam, host of the 2003 Southeast Asian Games. The national anthem of Vietnam was played as the National Flag of Vietnam was raised. After that, an 11-minute Vietnam segment performance titled "Welcome to Vietnam" was performed by Vietnamese female dancers carrying a giant red flag with them. The performance was divided into three parts. The ceremony concludes with a Malaysian farewell segment performance in which the firework simultaneously released into the sky with 21 mountaineers fall from the roof using the ropes attached to them and distribute gifts to some lucky audiences while the balloons and colourful papers were spread into the air. A special concert was then held by popular artistes like Siti Nurhaliza, Erra Fazira, Sheila Majid and Amy of Search.

Participating nations

 * (Host)
 * (Host)
 * (Host)
 * (Host)
 * (Host)

Sports

 * Aquatics

Medal table
A total of 1280 medals comprising 392 gold medals, 390 silver medals and 498 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The Host Malaysia's performance was their best ever yet in Southeast Asian Games History and emerged as overall champion of the games.

 * Key

Broadcasting
During the Games, 32 sports events were broadcast live. The host broadcast activities were provided by Radio Televisyen Malaysia.

Host nation (Malaysia)
 * Key

title: 2001 SEA Games


text:
Alaska Native corporation

The Alaska Native Regional Corporations were established in 1971 when the United States Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) which settled land and financial claims made by the Alaska Natives and provided for the establishment of 13 regional corporations to administer those claims.

Associations, regional and village corporations
Under ANCSA the state was originally divided into twelve regions, each represented by a "Native association" responsible for the enrollment of past and present residents of the region. Individual Alaska Natives enrolled in these associations, and their village level equivalents, were made shareholder in the Regional and Village Corporations created by the Act. The twelve for-profit regional corporations, and a thirteenth region representing those Alaska Natives who were no longer residents of Alaska in 1971, were awarded the monetary and property compensation created by ANCSA. Village corporations and their shareholders received compensation through the regional corporations. The fact that many ostensibly Alaska Native villages throughout the state were not empowered by the ANCSA to form village corporations later led to a number of lawsuits.

The regional and village corporations are now owned by Alaska Native people through privately owned shares of corporation stock. Alaska Natives alive at ANCSA's enactment on December 17, 1971, who enrolled in a Native association (at the regional and/or village level) received 100 shares of stock in the respective corporation. In 2006, the 109th Congress passed S.449 which amended ANCSA, and allowed for shares to be more easily issued to those who had missed the enrollment, or were born after the enrollment period by reducing the requirement for voting from a majority of shareholders to a majority of attending shareholders at corporation meetings.

During the 1970s, ANCSA regional and village corporations selected land in and around native villages in the state in proportion to their enrolled populations. Village corporations own the surface rights to the lands they selected, but regional corporations own the subsurface rights of both their own selections and of those of the village corporations.

Text of the Act
The Act lays out the specifics of the corporations' status. Here is an excerpt of the relevant portion:

 * 43 U.S.C. § 1606

 * (a) Division of Alaska into twelve geographic regions; common heritage and common interest of region; area of region commensurate with operations of Native association; boundary disputes, arbitration. For purposes of this chapter, the State of Alaska shall be divided by the Secretary within one year after December 18, 1971, into twelve geographic regions, with each region composed as far as practicable of Natives having a common heritage and sharing common interests. In the absence of good cause shown to the contrary, such regions shall approximate the areas covered by the operations of the following existing Native associations:

 * (1) Arctic Slope Native Association (Utqiaġvik, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, Atqasuk, Nuiqsut, Kaktovik, Anaktuvuk Pass);

 * (2) Bering Straits Association (Seward Peninsula, Unalakleet, Saint Lawrence Island);

 * (3) Northwest Alaska Native Association (Kotzebue);

 * (4) Association of Village Council Presidents (southwest coast, all villages in the Bethel area, including all villages on the Lower Yukon River and the Lower Kuskokwim River);

 * (5) Tanana Chiefs' Conference (Koyukuk, Middle and Upper Yukon Rivers, Upper Kuskokwim, Tanana River);

 * (6) Cook Inlet Association (Kenai, Tyonek, Eklutna, Iliamna);

 * (7) Bristol Bay Native Association (Dillingham, Upper Alaska Peninsula);

 * (8) Aleut League (Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands and that part of the Alaska Peninsula which is in the Aleut League);

 * (9) Chugach Native Association (Cordova, Tatitlek, Port Graham, English Bay, Valdez, and Seward);

 * (10) Tlingit-Haida Central Council (southeastern Alaska, including Metlakatla);

 * (11) Kodiak Area Native Association (all villages on and around Kodiak Island); and

 * (12) Copper River Native Association (Copper Center, Glennallen, Chitina, Mentasta).

 * [...]

 * (c) Establishment of thirteenth region for nonresident Natives; majority vote; Regional Corporation for thirteenth region. [...]

 * (d) Incorporation; business for profit; eligibility for benefits; provisions in articles for carrying out chapter. Five incorporators within each region, named by the Native association in the region, shall incorporate under the laws of Alaska a Regional Corporation to conduct business for profit, which shall be eligible for the benefits of this chapter so long as it is organized and functions in accordance with this chapter. The articles of incorporation shall include provisions necessary to carry out the terms of this chapter.

The thirteen regional corporations created under ANCSA are:

Alaska Native village corporations
There are over 200 village corporations, corresponding to the list of villages published in the text of ANCSA. Most corporations serve a single village, though some smaller villages have consolidated their corporations over the years.

The Afognak Native Corporation was organized in 1977 through the merger of two ANCSA village corporations: Port Lions Native Corporation and Natives of Afognak, Inc. It is governed by a nine-member board of directors. Afognak Native Corporation has many business interests. For 18 years it participated in and profited from timber development ventures on Afogank Island. It also operates a number of successful subsidiaries including Leasing, Bioenergy Operations and Oil Field Services. In the late 1990s, the Afognak Native Corporation launched a government contracting business. The Afognak Native Corporation is a wealthy corporation and was listed in the Top 100 Contractors of the Federal Government in 2010. Coming in at No. 79, The Afognak Native Corporation's contracts were $749,557,576.49. Afognak Native Corporation entities also received NASA Small Business Contractor of the Year Award in 2013. The Corporation's profile is listed as "Construction and Engineering" services. The Afognak Native Corporation has approximately 900 shareholders and pays over $12 million in dividends annually. The Afognak Native Corporation controls over 160,000 acres of land in the Kodiak Archipelago and the lands form the core of financial success of the corporation.

Subsequent legislation and litigation
The federal Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (ISDA) gave self-autonomy to both Native Indian tribal governments and to ANCs.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the CARES Act had set aside about US$8 billion in funds for federally-recognized "tribal governments". The U.S. Treasury Department earmarked about US$500 million of those funds for ANCs. While the federal government had generally recognized that ANCs fell under "tribal governments" since the passage of the ISDA, three Native Indian tribes from the lower 48 states sued the Treasury, asserting that the ANCs were not federally-recognized "tribal governments" under a statutory interpretation of the law. This led to the United States Supreme Court case, Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, which was decided in June 2021 that under ISDA, the ANCs were federally-recognized "tribal governments" and thus qualified for CARES funds.

title: Alaska Native corporation


text:
Nu Arae

Nu Arae (ν Arae / ν Ara) is shared by two star systems in the constellation Ara: They are separated by 0.49° on the heavens. The stars are also sometimes referred to Upsilon Arae (υ1 and υ2 Arae), but more generally unlettered.
 * ν1 Arae
 * ν2 Arae

title: Nu Arae


text: Template:CAC 40 companies

title: Template:CAC 40 companies


text:
V539 Arae

V539 Arae (Bayer designation Nu$1$ Arae (ν$1$ Arae / ν$1$ Ara)) is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Ara. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 3.30 ± 0.47, this system is at a distance of roughly 1000 ly from Earth.

The core members of this system, ν$1$ Ara AB, consist of a pair of B-type main-sequence stars in a close orbit with a period of 3.169 days and an eccentricity of 0.06. Their respective stellar classifications are B2 V and B3 V, and they have a combined visual magnitude of 5.65. Because the orbital plane lies close to the line of sight from the Earth, this pair form a detached eclipsing binary of the Algol type. The eclipse of the primary causes a decrease of 0.52 in magnitude, while the secondary eclipse decreases the magnitude by 0.43. At an angular separation of 12.34 arcseconds, is the tertiary component of this system; a magnitude 9.40 A-type main-sequence star with a classification of A1 V.

The system is sometimes referred as Upsilon$1$ Arae (υ$1$ Arae), and more generally unlettered.

title: V539 Arae


text:
Nu2 Arae

Nu2 Arae, Latinized from ν2 Arae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern constellation of Ara. It is approximately 570 ly from the Earth and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.10. The stellar classification of B9.5 III-IV shows this to be a B-type star with a spectrum that displays features part way between the subgiant and giant star stages.

The star is sometimes referred as Upsilon2 Arae (υ2 Arae).

title: Nu2 Arae


text: User talk:71.108.89.137

title: User talk:71.108.89.137


text: User talk:83.198.218.38

title: User talk:83.198.218.38


text:
Garry Hobbs

Garry Hobbs is a fictional character in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Ricky Groves. He made his first appearance on 18 September 2000, alongside the Slater family. It was announced on 26 March 2009 that Groves and co-star Kara Tointon, who played Dawn Swann, would be written out of the soap, and he made his final appearance on 27 August 2009 after nearly nine years on the show.

Storylines
Garry comes to Walford on 18 September 2000 on the day of Ethel Skinner's Funeral, along with his girlfriend Lynne Slater (Elaine Lordan) and her family. Thinking himself a big hit with the ladies, Garry flirts with numerous women and is unwilling to settle down. Eventually he and Lynne get engaged and, on 7 December 2001, marry despite Beppe di Marco (Michael Greco) trying to stop the wedding. Beppe declares his love for Lynne but she marries Garry.

He finds work as a mechanic and lives with the Slaters. However, Lynne has an affair with her ex-fiancé, Jason James (Joseph Millson). The couple pull through and decide to try for a baby. In November 2002, Garry has a drunken one-night stand with Laura Beale (Hannah Waterman) and is stunned on Christmas Day when she tells him that she is expecting his baby.

Her husband Ian throws her out, assuming she has been unfaithful so Lynne takes pity on Laura and allows her to stay, much to Garry's horror, until Ian tells her that Garry is the father of Laura's baby. Lynne is distraught but eventually forgives Garry. However, the couple separate in July 2003 after Garry misses a date with Lynne to support Laura during labour. After being thrown out by the Slaters, Garry and Laura lived together, naming their son Bobby (Alex Francis), in honour of Garry's favourite footballer Bobby Moore. When Bobby needed a blood transfusion, Laura discovered that Ian was in fact Bobby's father, as Garry's blood group was incompatible. On returning from hospital, Laura tried to get Ian interested in Bobby but when he refused to have anything to do with her or baby Bobby, she kept quiet about Bobby's paternity, because she wanted him to have a father.

Garry and Laura's relationship didn't last as he was still in love with Lynne and they eventually reconciled after Garry had a fling with Lynne's sister Belinda Peacock (Leanne Lakey) in November 2003, making Lynne realise that she still loved Garry. Lynne later became pregnant with his child.

After Laura's death on 30 April 2004, Bobby moved in with Garry and Lynne. Lynne struggled to accept him but was relieved when Pat Evans (Pam St. Clement) revealed that Ian was Bobby's father after finding Bobby's birth certificate. Garry was persuaded to give Bobby to Ian, devastating him; further upset occurred in July 2004, when Lynne, unconscious after a fairground accident, needed an emergency caesarean.

Lynne survived but their daughter, Vivienne, was stillborn. Unable to forgive Garry for allowing the operation, she left Walford after Vivienne's funeral. Devastated, Garry tried to commit suicide but was saved by Minty Peterson (Cliff Parisi). Garry moves in with Minty and they become good friends, surviving Garry's dislike of Minty's girlfriends...and Minty's brief engagement to Hazel (Kika Mirylees) - Garry's mother.

In November 2004, Garry is shocked when Lynne’s teenage cousin Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner) moves in with the Slaters and seduces him by kissing him on the lips, just as Lynne’s father Charlie (Derek Martin) walks in.

Garry becomes infatuated with Dawn Swann (Kara Tointon), but his attempts to make her notice him are rebuffed. Dawn dates other men and uses Garry's generosity on various occasions. Garry supports Dawn after the death of her fiancé, Jase Dyer (Stephen Lord), and, believing she has romantic feelings for him, proposes.

When Dawn refuses, he storms off, terrifying the locals when his car is found at a popular suicide spot. Fearing Garry has killed himself, Dawn realises her true feelings for him and tells a crowded Queen Vic that she loves him, only for Garry to enter and overhear. Despite her initial shock, Dawn and Garry begin dating, eventually becoming engaged but in July 2009, Dawn has an affair with Garry's boss, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden).

Minty finds out and tells Garry, who punches Phil and decides to leave Walford on his and Dawn's wedding day. He goes to a canal and boards the boat he and Minty have been keeping and, as he is sailing away, Dawn arrives and runs alongside, telling him how much she loves him. He docks the boat, letting Dawn and her daughter, Summer, onboard and they sail away together on 27 August 2009.

On 21 September 2010, Minty rings Garry owing to his leaving Heather Trott (Cheryl Fergison), and asks if he can come and live with Garry and Dawn for a while, thinking that it is time to move on.

Creation and development
Garry was introduced in 2000 as part of the new Slater family, a replacement for the di Marco family. The Slaters were said to cause ructions among the already-established characters. Garry was described as having "a roving eye".

Reception
For his role as Garry, Groves was nominated for "Funniest Performance" at the 2007 Inside Soap Awards. In September 2012, Inside Soap named Dawn and Garry's exit as their number 4 happy ending, "When Dawn said she'd marry Garry, we suspected it was only because of a shared obsession with having a needless double in their names. (Frankly, she could do a lot better.) But off they chugged along the Grand Union Canal to a happy future – Garry and Dawn smiling, Summer cheerfully picking her nose. We'd like to think they're still together. But it's a long shot." In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Garry 81st on their ranked list of the best EastEnders characters of all time, calling him "Luckless" and "one of life's chancers" that received his "happy ever after" with Dawn.

title: Garry Hobbs


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title: User talk:68.39.253.198


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File:SHG FROG.svg

Summary
An example of a typical second-harmonic generation, frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG FROG) setup.

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Ricky Groves

Richard Groves (born 23 April 1968) is an English actor best known for playing Garry Hobbs in EastEnders from 2000 to 2009. Before his role in EastEnders he appeared in the series Burnside, a spin-off from The Bill. He trained at The Poor School in London.

Career
Groves joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Garry Hobbs, the boyfriend of Lynne Slater, a member of the newly introduced Slater family. He left the show in August 2009 alongside Dawn Swann. Groves took part in TV series Celebrity Coach Trip partnered with friend and co-star Alex Ferns.

In 2009, Groves took part in the seventh series of Strictly Come Dancing. In 2014, Groves took part in the second series of Splash'' on ITV.

Personal life
Groves became engaged in 2005 to girlfriend and EastEnders co-star Hannah Waterman who played Laura Beale. The pair married in a ceremony on 2 September 2006, in a country church on Dartmoor. In January 2010, it was announced that Groves and Waterman, were to separate after 3½ years of marriage.

He is a supporter of West Ham Utd, Groves has also talked of his love of gardening shows on television, and partook in a gardening trivia quiz when he was interviewed by Tony Livesey on Five Live in October 2010.

title: Ricky Groves


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Theo Walcott

Theo James Walcott (born 16 March 1989) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. He represented England at the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2012 and won 47 caps, scoring eight goals.

Walcott is a product of the Southampton Academy and started his career with Southampton before joining Arsenal for £5 million in 2006. His speedy pace and ball crossing led his manager Arsène Wenger to deploy him on the wing for most of his career. Walcott has been played as a striker since the 2012–13 season when he was Arsenal's top scorer, and he has scored more than 100 goals for the club.

On 30 May 2006, Walcott became England's youngest-ever senior football player, aged 17 years and 75 days. In December, he received the BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year award. On 6 September 2008, he made his first competitive start in a World Cup qualifier against Andorra, and in the following match against Croatia on 10 September he opened his senior international goals tally and became the youngest player in history to score a hat-trick for England.

Early life
Walcott was born to a black British Jamaican father and a white English mother. He was born in Stanmore, London, but grew up in Compton, Berkshire. He attended Compton Church of England Primary School and The Downs School. He grew up as a Liverpool fan due to his father's support of Liverpool. When Chelsea asked him to be a ball boy, he used the opportunity to meet his Liverpool idols:"'I was playing in a tournament for Swindon when Southampton and Chelsea showed an interest. Chelsea invited me to be a ball-boy for a match against Liverpool and it was fantastic to meet my heroes Michael Owen and Robbie Fowler. I was a Liverpool fan simply because my dad followed them. Unfortunately I wasn't born when the team had their golden era, but I enjoyed watching the likes of Michael Owen, Robbie Fowler and Steve McManaman when I was growing up. When Liverpool won the Champions League last year, I went mad. I was shouting so loud I think I woke up the entire village where I live!'"

Early career
As a child Walcott started playing football for his local village team and later for nearby Newbury. He scored more than 100 goals in his one and only season for Newbury, before leaving there for Swindon Town. He spent only six months there before leaving for Southampton after he rejected a chance to join Chelsea. Nike agreed to a sponsorship deal with Walcott when he was fourteen years old.

Southampton
In the 2004–05 season, Walcott starred in the Southampton youth team that reached the final of the FA Youth Cup against Ipswich Town. In addition he became the youngest person to play in the Southampton reserve team, aged 15 years and 175 days, when he came off the bench against Watford in September 2004. However, he did not play in the Premier League, and Southampton were relegated to the Championship at the end of the 2004–05 season.

Before the start of the 2005–06 season, Walcott linked up with the first-team's tour of Scotland, just two weeks after leaving school. He became the youngest-ever player with the Southampton first team, at 16 years and 143 days, after coming on as a substitute in Southampton's 0–0 draw at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the Championship.

Walcott made his full first-team debut away to Leeds United on 18 October 2005, and became Southampton's youngest senior goalscorer after 25 minutes of the 2–1 defeat. He scored again away at Millwall four days later, and yet again in his full home debut against Stoke City the following Saturday. His rapid rise to fame also led him to be named amongst the top three finalists for the prestigious BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year award on 11 December 2005.

Arsenal
Walcott transferred to Arsenal on 20 January 2006, for a fee of £5 million, rising to £12 million depending on appearances for club and country. The original fee, payable by instalments reported in The Times as £5 million down, five increments of £1 million to be paid after each set of ten Premier League appearances, and £2 million in "bonus payments", was revised down to £9.1 million in a compromise settlement agreed in March 2008. Walcott initially joined as a scholar, having agreed to sign a professional contract on his 17th birthday on 16 March 2006. In September 2008, manager Arsène Wenger confirmed that Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea and Liverpool had all been interested in signing him.

2006–07 season
Walcott made his Premier League debut on 19 August 2006, the first day of the 2006–07 season, coming on as a substitute against Aston Villa and setting up a goal for Gilberto Silva. His next appearance was four days later in the Champions League, in the second leg of Arsenal's third qualifying round match against Dinamo Zagreb; he became the youngest-ever Arsenal player to appear in European competition, a record since beaten by Jack Wilshere. Within minutes of coming on, Walcott received his first yellow card in Arsenal colours for taking a shot several seconds after the referee had already blown for offside. During stoppage time, his cross beat the Dinamo defence and Mathieu Flamini scored, giving Arsenal a 2–1 win, their first in the new Emirates Stadium, and giving Walcott his second assist in two substitute appearances. His first start came in a home league match against Watford on 14 October 2006. Walcott's exploits with Arsenal and England earned him the BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year award at the end of 2006.

Walcott's first goal for Arsenal came in the 2007 League Cup Final against Chelsea at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, on 25 February 2007. His 12th-minute strike was overshadowed by events later on in the match: John Terry was knocked unconscious, Didier Drogba scored twice to give Chelsea a 2–1 victory and three players were sent off following a mass brawl. A persistent shoulder injury limited his performance, and Arsène Wenger said that after the injury, "he was 50 per cent of what he was before."

2007–2010
Walcott's first home goals of the 2007–08 season were scored in a Champions League match against Slavia Prague, which Arsenal won 7–0; he also set up a goal for Cesc Fàbregas. Walcott scored his first two Premier League goals in a 2–2 draw with Birmingham City at St Andrew's on 23 February 2008. In the Champions League quarter-final on 8 April, Walcott "beat six Liverpool defenders during a magical run from inside his own half before squaring for [Emmanuel] Adebayor to sidefoot home" for a late equaliser, but Liverpool scored twice more to take the match 4–2 and the tie 5–3 on aggregate. A couple of weeks later, Wenger claimed that Walcott had made the shift from boy to man, but was not yet a monster. He finished the season with seven goals in all competitions and four in the league.

For the 2008–09 season, Walcott changed his shirt number from 32 to 14, as previously worn by his idol, Thierry Henry. He had wanted number 8, but that had already been taken by Samir Nasri. He established himself as a first-team regular, starting many matches on the right of midfield or on the wing. On 18 October, Walcott scored his first Premier League goal of the season, Arsenal's third as they came back from 1–0 down to beat Everton 3–1. Three days later, he scored Arsenal's second in a 5–2 win away to Fenerbahçe in the 2008–09 Champions League, rounding the goalkeeper before finishing from a tight angle.

Walcott dislocated his right shoulder in November while training with England for a friendly against Germany. He underwent surgery to correct a hereditary weakness, and returned to action in March, but at the end of the season he still felt that it was hampering his performance. In April 2009, he scored against Wigan Athletic, before, four days later in the Champions League quarter-final second leg, he gave his team a 10th-minute lead against Villarreal after receiving a pass from Fàbregas and flicking the ball over the goalkeeper. Arsenal won 4–1 on aggregate.

In the next match, an FA Cup semi-final against Chelsea, Walcott put Arsenal ahead in the first half, although they eventually lost 2–1. Three days later, Walcott came off to the bench to run half the length of the field before squaring for Andrey Arshavin to put Arsenal 4–3 up against Liverpool in the 90th minute; the match finished 4–4. In May 2009 he signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal.

Walcott's 2009–10 season was marred by injury: he made only 15 starts in all competitions. Problems with lower back, knee and hamstring meant he did not play a full 90 minutes until 9 December, against Olympiacos in the Champions League, as Arsenal, already qualified for the knockout stages, fielded the youngest team ever to start a match in that competition. On 6 March 2010, Walcott scored his second goal of the season against Burnley in a 3–1 victory to give Arsenal a decisive lead, with a left-footed effort from the edge of the box, after cutting inside from the right flank.

For the first hour of the Champions League quarter-final first leg, Arsenal were outclassed by Barcelona, although only two goals behind. Walcott's appearance off the bench was the turning point. He scored within three minutes of entering the match, "brought speed and fearlessness to the hosts' attacks", and was involved in the move that led to Fàbregas' equaliser from the penalty spot. After much debate, Wenger reacted to Walcott's performance by starting him in the second leg. According to BBC Sport's match report, Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola "anticipated his inclusion by bringing in the pacy Eric Abidal" to mark him, and Walcott's main contribution was to set up Nicklas Bendtner's opening goal in a 4–1 defeat.

2010–2013
Walcott's start to the 2010–11 season was particularly successful, winning Arsenal's Player of the Month vote in August by a landslide. In the second match of the new Premier League season, Walcott scored the first hat-trick of his club career as Arsenal beat newly promoted Blackpool 6–0. On 27 December 2010, he scored a goal and made an assist to help beat Chelsea 3–1 in what Arsène Wenger dubbed a "must-win" match.

Interviewed after Arsenal's FA Cup third-round tie against Leeds United in January 2011, Walcott admitted diving in the last minute of the match in an unsuccessful attempt to win a penalty kick. He was fouled soon afterward, legitimately winning a penalty which was converted by Fàbregas to secure a draw and a replay of the fixture – which Arsenal won. On 21 February, during the 1–0 victory against Stoke City, Walcott caught his studs in the turf, sustaining an ankle injury that ruled him out of the League Cup final and the Champions League last-16 second leg against Barcelona. On the last day of the season, he came off the bench to score the equaliser in a 2–2 draw away to Fulham, and ended up with a then career high of 9 goals in the Premier League and 13 in all competitions.

On 16 August, Walcott scored his first goal of the season in the first leg of a Champions League qualifying match against Udinese, giving a vital 1–0 win to Arsenal to carry on into the second leg of the tie. Walcott scored again in the second leg as Arsenal came from behind to win 2–1 and 3–1 on aggregate which helped Arsenal secure qualification for the lucrative group stage of the competition for the 14th straight season. Walcott scored Arsenal's first goal in the 2011–12 Premier League campaign against Manchester United, though this was a mere consolation as Arsenal lost 8–2. He netted his fourth goal on 29 October in a 5–3 win at Chelsea where he picked up the ball on the wing, slipped, then got up and jinked past two Chelsea players before scoring.

Walcott scored his first goal of 2012 in the 3–2 defeat at Swansea City, chipping the ball over Swans goalkeeper Michel Vorm. On 4 February 2012, he was involved in the build-up for three goals in the 7–1 home victory against Blackburn Rovers, setting up two goals for Robin van Persie and one for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain. On 26 February, Walcott scored two second-half goals against Tottenham Hotspur to help them win 5–2 after being 0–2 down in the North London derby. On 24 March, Walcott scored Arsenal's second goal in a 3–0 home win over Aston Villa before being substituted by Oxlade-Chamberlain in the 78th minute. An injury in a 0–0 draw with Chelsea on 21 April looked set to rule Walcott out for the rest of the season but he was able to return in a substitute appearance on the last day of the season in a 3–2 win for Arsenal over West Bromwich Albion.

On 15 September 2012, Walcott came on as a substitute for Gervinho and scored his first goal of the season in a 6–1 win over his former club Southampton. On 26 September, he scored twice in a 6–1 win against Coventry City in the League Cup. On 30 October, Walcott scored Arsenal's first goal in first half stoppage time and their fourth goal in second half stoppage time in a League Cup tie at Reading to help the club complete a comeback from 4–0 down to 4–4. Arsenal won 7–5 in extra time, in which Walcott completed his hat-trick and backed up his argument that he should be played as a striker. Former Gunner Niall Quinn praised Walcott's performance as incredible, in what he described as "the most extraordinary game that I've seen." This took him to five League Cup goals for the season, a total which would make him the top scorer in the 2012–13 competition. On 29 December, Walcott was deployed as a lone striker and scored his first Premier League hat-trick of the season and provided two assists in an emphatic 7–3 win over Newcastle United. One of Walcott's strikes against Newcastle was voted as the Goal of the Month for November on the BBC's Match of the Day. On 18 January 2013, Walcott ended speculation about his future when he signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract with Arsenal. Two days later Walcott scored Arsenal's only goal in a 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. This started a run of four successive matches in which he scored, with Walcott also scoring in a 5–1 win against West Ham United on 23 January, a 3–2 win against Brighton & Hove Albion in the FA Cup and a 2–2 draw at home to Liverpool. He scored his 20th goal of the season against Queens Park Rangers after just 20 seconds. The match ended 1–0 and Walcott's goal became the fastest goal of the Premier League that season. Walcott scored another goal in a 4–1 victory over Wigan Athletic which resulted in Wigan's relegation. Walcott finished the season with 14 goals and 12 assists from 32 Premier League matches and scoring 21 times with 16 assists in all competitions to be Arsenal's top scorer.

2013–2017
Walcott started the 2013–14 campaign in good form, registering assists against Fenerbahçe in the Champions League play-off round as well as against Fulham and Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League, and scoring against Olympique de Marseille in the Champions League group stage. He suffered an abdominal injury in late September that required surgery, and was out of action for two months, returning against his former club Southampton in late November.

He appeared as a substitute in Arsenal's next four fixtures, assisting goals against Cardiff City and Everton, and started his first match since returning from injury, against Manchester City on 14 December. He scored twice against City, but could not prevent Arsenal from losing the match 6–3. On 26 December, his two goals against West Ham United included the first headed goal of his club career. Walcott injured a knee late in the FA Cup third-round tie against Tottenham Hotspur at the Emirates Stadium in January 2014. In response to abuse from the area holding the visiting fans while he was being stretchered off, Walcott made a hand gesture that reflected the 2–0 scoreline, and he and the stretcher-bearers were pelted with coins and other missiles thrown from that area. The FA "reminded him of his responsibilities", but took no further action. The injury, a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament of his left knee, meant he was ruled out for at least six months, so would miss the rest of the season and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

On 1 November 2014, Walcott came off the bench in the 81st minute during a 3–0 Premier League home victory against Burnley for his first Gunners appearance in ten months. He made his first start of the season against Hull City in the third round of the FA Cup on 4 January 2015, exactly a year after sustaining his injury at the same stage of the competition. On 25 January, Walcott scored his first goal of 2014–15 campaign in the second minute of Arsenal's 3–2 FA Cup fourth-round win at Brighton & Hove Albion. In Arsenal's final match of the league season, Walcott scored a 34-minute hat-trick against West Bromwich Albion at the Emirates Stadium. On 30 May, Walcott was selected to start at centre forward for Arsenal in the 2015 FA Cup Final, scoring the opening goal in the team's 4–0 victory against Aston Villa.

Ahead of the new season, it was announced that Walcott had extended his contract with Arsenal after prolonged negotiations. Walcott netted twice in pre-season in wins against Everton and Wolfsburg, as Arsenal won the Premier League Asia Trophy and the Emirates Cup. He began the 2015–16 season starting at centre forward and assisting Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain's winning goal in the 1–0 defeat of Chelsea in the 2015 FA Community Shield on 2 August 2015.

On 12 September, Walcott scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 home victory against Stoke City in the 2015–16 Premier League. He netted three more times in September, including the opener in a 5–2 league win at Leicester City and in back-to-back UEFA Champions League defeats to Dinamo Zagreb and Olympiacos; in the latter of these he picked up an assist for an Alexis Sánchez header. His performances saw him voted Arsenal Supporters' Player of the Month for September. He registered another two assists in a 3–0 home league win over Manchester United on 4 October. On 21 December, Walcott opened the scoring in a 2–1 league defeat of Manchester City at the Emirates. On 8 March, Walcott scored a brace in a 4–0 away victory over Hull City in an FA Cup replay

Walcott started Arsenal's opening match of the 2016–17 season against Liverpool, in which he missed a penalty after being brought down by Alberto Moreno, however, he made-up for his earlier miss by scoring Arsenal's opener, however Arsenal still lost the match 3–4. Walcott scored his second goal of the season and his 100th career goal after linking up with Alex Iwobi to chip the ball over Hull City goalkeeper Eldin Jakupović to score Arsenal's second goal in a 4–1 win. He then netted his first Champions League goals of the season with a brace in a 2–0 win over Basel on 30 September.

On 17 December 2016, Walcott scored the opening goal of a 2–1 loss at Manchester City before being substituted with a calf injury. He returned on 28 January 2017, scoring a hat-trick against former club Southampton in the fourth round of the FA Cup at St. Mary's Stadium. He scored his 100th goal for Arsenal on 20 February in the next round of the FA Cup in a 2–0 victory over Sutton United. On 5 April, Walcott captained Arsenal to a 3–0 win in their league match at The Emirates against London rivals West Ham United; he scored the second goal, which was his 19th and last of the season and took his total to 104. He was an unused substitute as Arsenal beat Chelsea 2–1 in the 2017 FA Cup Final.

2017–18 season
With the scores tied at 1–1 after normal time, Walcott converted his kick as Arsenal beat Chelsea 4–1 on penalties to win the 2017 Community Shield, but throughout his last season at Arsenal, he was mainly used in the Europa League and in the EFL Cup, and he only made 6 substitute appearances in the Premier League. By October, he was increasingly on the fringes at Arsenal, and was criticised following a poor performance when made captain in a 2–1 League Cup victory at home to Championship side Norwich City. with Arsenal's second highest goalscorer Ian Wright suggesting that for Walcott's own good, he needed to leave the club, a view with which Wenger disagreed. Walcott did score four goals during his last season at the club, against Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup, and three in the Europa League group stage, all coming against BATE Borisov, with two away, and one at home.

Everton
On 17 January 2018, Walcott signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Everton in what the BBC reported as "a deal worth more than £20m". He made his debut for the club three days later, providing the assist for Oumar Niasse's equaliser in a 1–1 draw at home to West Bromwich Albion in the Premier League. He then recorded a brace in his next match, a 2–1 win over Leicester.

2020–21: Loan to Southampton
On 5 October 2020, Walcott rejoined Southampton on loan. On 17 October, he played for Southampton again for the first time since 2006 and provided an assist to Jannik Vestergaard's 92nd minute equaliser in a 3–3 draw against Chelsea in the Premier League. Walcott scored his first goal since rejoining the club in a 1–1 draw against Wolves on 23 November. He would score again in a 1–1 draw against his former side Arsenal in the league on 16 December.

Return to Southampton
On 18 May 2021, Walcott signed a permanent two-year contract at Southampton which activated after his current loan deal with Everton expired at the end of June. On 14 August 2021, Walcott made his first appearance since joining Southampton against Everton in a 3–1 defeat. Walcott would not score during the 2021–22 season.

On 23 October 2022, Walcott made his first appearance of the 2022–23 season in a 1–1 draw against Arsenal, replacing Adam Armstrong in the 73rd minute. On 18 March 2023, Walcott scored his first goal since his permanent move back to Southampton in a 3–3 draw against Tottenham Hotspur. On 21 April, he scored the second goal of a 3–3 away draw against former club Arsenal. On 28 May 2023, Walcott confirmed his exit from Southampton following the conclusion of the season, but expressed his desire to continue playing football.

Retirement from football
On 18 August 2023, Walcott announced his retirement from football, bringing an end to a career that spanned 563 club appearances and 47 England caps. Walcott released a message on Twitter thanking all the clubs, coaches and players he worked with and played alongside.

2006 World Cup
On 8 May 2006, 17-year old Walcott was named in Sven-Göran Eriksson's squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

On 25 May 2006, Walcott came on as a second-half substitute for the England B team against Belarus. On 30 May 2006, he became England's youngest-ever senior player by appearing in a 3–1 friendly win over Hungary at Old Trafford aged 17 years and 75 days. Despite being one of only two fully fit strikers in the England squad (the other being Peter Crouch), he did not play during the tournament. Eriksson defended his decision, claiming that the experience would serve Walcott well for future tournaments.

After the World Cup, Eriksson stepped down as England manager. New appointment Steve McClaren put Walcott into the England Under-21s, claiming he was "toughening up" on his squad selections.

2007 and 2009 Under-21 European Championships
On 15 August 2006, Walcott became the youngest player ever to score for the England under-21 team when he scored the opener after three minutes in England's 2–2 draw with Moldova at Ipswich Town's ground Portman Road. The match against Moldova was his first cap for the England under-21s.

Walcott scored two goals against Germany to seal qualification for England to the Under-21 European Championship, in the playoff second leg in October 2006, with his second drawing comparisons with Thierry Henry. Over the summer of 2009, Walcott participated in England under-21 team's 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship campaign despite protestations from his club manager, Arsène Wenger. Wenger complained that Walcott's participation in the tournament as well as matches with the senior squad would lead to burn out and injury.

England reached the final of the U21 Euros, where they lost 4–0 to Germany, with Walcott thus earning a silver medal as a runner-up.

2010 World Cup qualification and omission from Finals
On 6 September 2008, Walcott made his first competitive start in a World Cup qualifier against Andorra, and in the following match against Croatia on 10 September he opened his senior international goals tally and became the youngest player in history to score a hat-trick for England. In doing so, Walcott also became the first England player to score a hat-trick in a competitive match since Michael Owen in 2001.

Walcott returned to the international fold on 3 March 2010 in a friendly against Egypt. It was his first international start for nine months. He faded after a bright start and was replaced by Shaun Wright-Phillips after 57 minutes as England recovered from a goal down to beat Egypt 3–1 at Wembley Stadium. His performance came under heavy criticism from Chris Waddle who said of Walcott, "I've never seen him develop. He just doesn't understand the game for me – where to be running, when to run inside a full back, when to just play a one-two. It's all off the cuff. I just don't think he's got a football brain and he's going to have problems. Let's be honest, good defenders would catch him offside every time."

Walcott started England's friendly victories against Mexico and Japan in May 2010. However, on 1 June 2010, it was announced that Walcott had been left out of England's 23-man World Cup squad by Fabio Capello. On 4 July, a few days after England's exit from the World Cup, Lionel Messi said that he was shocked by Walcott's exclusion as he believed that Walcott could have made the difference against Germany and Algeria. In January 2011, Capello admitted that he had made a mistake in not selecting Walcott for the 2010 World Cup.

Euro 2012
In the Euro 2012 qualifying match against Switzerland on 7 September 2010, Walcott was stretchered off after he was clipped in the build-up to Wayne Rooney's opener for England after 10 minutes putting him out of action for several weeks.

At UEFA Euro 2012, Walcott appeared for England as a second-half substitute in the group match against Sweden. Shortly after coming on, Walcott scored to bring the match level at 2–2. Less than 15 minutes later, he provided the cross for Danny Welbeck's 74th-minute winner in England's 3–2 victory. Afterwards, England manager Roy Hodgson praised Walcott's "enormous" impact on the match, while Lee Dixon on the BBC said Walcott had "changed the game". Walcott also played in the final group match against Ukraine which England won 1–0.

2014 World Cup Qualifying
Walcott started in England's 5–0 win against San Marino, but was injured in an early clash with the goalkeeper Aldo Simoncini. After treatment on the touchline, he was substituted for Aaron Lennon, and then taken to hospital as a precaution, where he underwent "scans and tests" according to England manager Roy Hodgson, Walcott was later ruled out of England's next match against Poland, he did not start a match in the qualifiers until almost a year later on 6 September, when he played the full 90 minutes in the 4–0 win against Moldova, he also played 87 minutes in the following match against Ukraine, which ended in a 0–0 draw, but he was injured before England's match against Montenegro and he was still out against Poland, which England won 2–0 to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, in Brazil.

Euro 2016 omission and World Cup 2018 qualifying
Having missed out on the 2014 World Cup through injury, Walcott was not selected by Roy Hodgson for the 26-man provisional Euro 2016 squad announced in May 2016. Hodgson commented, "Theo unfortunately has not got such a regular match over the last few months and has had a few problems with injury. It's a tough decision but it's one you have to take."

Walcott was informed by England manager Gareth Southgate on 16 March 2017, his 28th birthday, that he was being dropped from the squad to play a friendly against Germany and a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Lithuania, despite scoring 17 goals in 29 appearances in all club competitions during the 2016–17 season. Southgate said that Walcott had not transferred his early season form into the England matches against Malta and Slovenia in October 2016 and Spain in November 2016. The appearance against Spain would prove to be Walcott's final appearance for England.

Style of play
Walcott is well known for his rapid pace, with former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola declaring that "you would need a pistol to stop him." He has been likened by Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger to the club's all-time leading scorer, Thierry Henry. FIFA World Player of the Year winner Lionel Messi has described Walcott as "one of the most dangerous players I have ever played against." In addition to his speed, Walcott also possesses good balance, movement and technique.

Personal life
His family made a cameo appearance in the 2007 film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, directed by David Yates, the uncle of Walcott. Walcott himself was due to appear as well, but his commitments to Arsenal forced him to drop out. His cousin Jacob Walcott was a trainee at Reading and a member of the England national under-17 football team appearing in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. His older sister, Hollie, is a bodybuilder who came second in the British Natural Bodybuilding Federation Central Championships in July 2010.

Walcott has been in a long-term relationship with Melanie Slade, after meeting in 2004 at the WestQuay shopping centre in Southampton. The couple married at the Castello di Vincigliata in Tuscany, Italy, in June 2013. Their first son Finley James Walcott was born on 10 April 2014, with their second son, Arlo, being born on 26 November 2016.

Walcott has been involved with the UK charities Build a School and Best Beginnings. He also has a pie named in his honour at the Arsenal pie shop in Holloway, which won a gold award at the British Pie Awards of 2015.

On 6 April 2008, Walcott was a torchbearer for the Olympic Flame for Beijing 2008 as it was paraded around London. He was the penultimate torchbearer just before Dame Kelly Holmes.

Endorsements
When Walcott was 14 years old, he signed an endorsement deal with American sportswear and equipment supplier, Nike. In November 2012 he appeared in an advert for the new Nike Green Speed II alongside Eden Hazard and Raheem Sterling.

In February 2015, Walcott announced a new sponsorship deal with Adidas. Walcott appeared in an advert for Adidas in August 2016, showing off his skills in dribbling and flicking a ball into the open top of a wheelie bin.

Walcott features in EA Sports' FIFA video game series. One of his goal celebrations – 'pat-a-cake' dance with Mesut Özil – appears in FIFA 14.

Books
Walcott currently has four published books – "T.J. and the Hat-Trick", "T.J. and the Penalty", "T.J. and the Winning Goal" and "T.J. and the Cup Run". The first two were published in April 2010, with the latter two being published in August 2010. All four were published by Corgi Children's.

In August 2011, Walcott's autobiography Theo: Growing Up Fast was published by Bantam Press. The book caused controversy because of his criticism of England manager Fabio Capello, whom he describes as "cold and clinical".

International

 * Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Walcott goal.

Honours
Southampton
 * FA Youth Cup runner-up: 2004–05

Arsenal
 * FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016–17
 * FA Community Shield: 2015, 2017
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2006–07

England U21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2009

Individual
 * BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year: 2006
 * BBC London Young Footballer of the Year: 2008

title: Theo Walcott


text:
Judy A. Holdener

Judy Holdener (née Newhauser) is an American mathematician and educator. She is a professor of mathematics at Kenyon College. She was born in 1965. Holdener's primary interest is in number theory. She discovered a simpler proof of the theorem of Touchard, which states that every perfect number is of the form 2k, 12k+1, or 36k+9.

Holdener earned her B.S. in mathematics at Kent State University and her M.S. and Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Holdener joined the faculty of Kenyon College in 1997, where she is currently the John B. McCoy Distinguished Teaching Chair.

The poem Euler's Daughter by award-winning South African poet Athol Williams is dedicated to Holdener in celebration of her love of mathematics and life.

title: Judy A. Holdener


text:
Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Ozyorsk or Ozersk (Озёрск) is a closed city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. It had a population of 82,164 as of the 2010 census.

History
The town was founded on the shores of Lake Irtyash in 1947. Until 1994, it was known as Chelyabinsk-65, and even earlier, as Chelyabinsk-40 (the digits are the last digits of the postal code, and the name is that of the nearest big city, which was a common practice of giving names to closed towns).

Codenamed City 40, Ozersk was the birthplace of the Soviet nuclear weapons program after the Second World War. In 1994, it was granted town status and renamed Ozyorsk.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as the Town of Ozyorsk—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of Ozyorsk is incorporated as Ozyorsky Urban Okrug.

Economy
Ozyorsk was and remains a closed town because of its proximity to the Mayak plant, one of the sources of Soviet plutonium during the Cold War, and now a Russian facility for processing nuclear waste and recycling nuclear material from decommissioned nuclear weapons.

The plant itself covers an area of approximately 90 km2 and employs about 15,000 people.

The Mayak is primarily engaged in reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel from the nuclear submarines and icebreakers and from nuclear power plants. Commercially, it produces cobalt-60, iridium-192, and carbon-14.

The town's coat of arms depicts a flame-colored salamander.

Southern-Urals Construction Department (ЗАО "Южноуральское управление строительства") is another major enterprise. Its activities include construction for atomic industry needs, production of concrete constructions and construction materials.

Main products of Plant of Wiring Products #2 (ЗАО "Завод электромонтажных изделий №2") are low-voltage devices for military-industrial establishments.

Radioactive contamination and the 1957 disaster
Ozyorsk and Richland in the US were the first two cities in the world to produce plutonium for use in Cold War atomic bombs.

The Chelyabinsk region has been reported as being one of the most polluted places on Earth, having previously been a center of production of weapons-grade plutonium.

Ozyorsk and the surrounding countryside have been heavily contaminated by industrial pollution from the Mayak plutonium plant since the late 1940s. The Mayak plant was one of the largest producers of weapons-grade plutonium for the Soviet Union during much of the Cold War, particularly during the Soviet atomic bomb program. Built and operated with great haste and disregard for safety, largely out of gaps in information, between 1945 and 1957 the plant dumped and released large amounts of solid, liquid and gaseous radioactive material into the area immediately around the plant. Over time, the sum of radionuclide contamination is estimated to be 2-3 times the release from the explosions from the Chernobyl accident.

Kyshtym disaster
In 1957, the Mayak plant was the site of a major disaster, releasing more radioactive contamination than the meltdown at Chernobyl. An improperly stored underground tank of high-level liquid nuclear waste exploded, contaminating thousands of square kilometres of territory, now known as the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT). The matter was quietly and secretly covered up, and few either inside or outside Russia were aware of the full scope of the disaster until 1980.

Before the 1957 accident, much of the waste was dumped into the Techa River, which it severely contaminated as well as residents of dozens of riverside villages such as Muslyumovo, who relied on the river as their sole source of drinking, washing and bathing water. After the 1957 accident, dumping in the Techa River officially ceased, but the waste material was dumped in convenient shallow lakes near the plant instead, of which 7 have been officially identified. Of particular concern is Lake Karachay, the closest lake to the plant (now notorious as the most contaminated place on Earth ) where roughly 4.4 exabecquerels of high-level liquid waste (75-90% of the total radioactivity released by Chernobyl) was dumped and concentrated in the shallow 45 ha lake over several decades.

In addition to the radioactive risks, the airborne lead and particulate soot levels in Ozyorsk (along with much of the Ural industrial region) are also very high—roughly equal to the levels encountered along busy roadsides in the era predating unleaded gasoline and catalytic converters—due to the presence of numerous lead smelters.

On Sunday September 29, 1957 at 4:22 pm, in the production association "Beacon" in Ozersk one of the containers exploded, in which high-level waste was kept. The explosion completely destroyed a stainless steel container located in a concrete canyon 8.2 meters deep. In total, there were 14 containers ("cans") in the canyon. One tenth of the radioactive substances were lifted into the air. After the explosion, a column of smoke and dust rose up to a kilometer high, the dust flickered with an orange-red light and settled on buildings and people. The rest of the waste discarded from the tank remained at the industrial site. Reactor plants got into the contamination zone.

Immediately after the explosion at the facilities of the chemical plant, dosimetrists noted a sharp increase in the background radiation. Many industrial buildings, vehicles, concrete and railways were contaminated. The main spot of radioactive contamination fell on the territory of industrial sites, and 256 cubic meters of radioactive solutions were poured into the tank. The radioactive cloud passed the city of atomic scientists and passed by due to the successful location of the city - when it was laid, the wind rose was taken into account.

As a result of the explosion of the container, a concrete slab weighing 160 tons was torn off. A brick wall was destroyed in a building located 200 meters from the explosion site. They did not immediately notice the polluted streets, canteens, shops, schools, and kindergartens. In the first hours after the explosion, radioactive substances were brought into the city on the wheels of cars and buses, on the clothes and shoes of industrial workers. The most polluted was the central Lenin street, especially when entering the city from the industrial site, and Shkolnaya street, where the management of the plant lived. Subsequently, the flow of radioactive substances was suspended. It was forbidden to enter the city from industrial sites for cars and buses. Site workers at the checkpoint got off the buses and passed the checkpoint. This requirement extended to everyone, regardless of rank and official position. Shoes were washed on flowing trays.

The territory, which was exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the explosion at the chemical plant, was named "East Ural Radioactive Trace" (EURT). Its total length was about 300 km, with a width of 5–10 km. This area was inhabited by about 270 thousand people. Fields, pastures, reservoirs, forests were polluted on the territory, which turned out to be unsuitable for further use.

In a memo addressed to the Central Committee of the CPSU, Industry Minister E.P. Slavsky wrote: "Investigating the causes of the accident on the spot, the commission believes that the main culprits of this incident are the head of the radiochemical plant and the chief engineer of this plant, who committed a gross violation of the technological regulations for the operation of storage of radioactive solutions". In the order for the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, signed by E.P. Slavsky, it was noted that the reason for the explosion was insufficient cooling of the container, which led to an increase in the temperature in it and to the creation of conditions for the explosion of salts. This was later confirmed in experiments carried out by the Central Factory Laboratory (CPL). The director of the plant M. A. Demyanovich took all the blame for the accident, for which he was relieved of his duties as director.

The radiation accident in the Urals posed a whole series of completely new tasks for science and practice. It was necessary to develop measures for the radiation protection of the population. An Experimental Station was created in the Urals, which played a leading role in studying the consequences of the accident and developing the necessary recommendations.

Radioactive contamination of the local population
While the environmental impact of the disaster was immense, the contamination of the local populace was equally devastating. The average person living in Ozyorsk, 8 km from the Mayak Nuclear Facility, had a long term radioactive burden on their body at 17 Bq. Because of the large amounts of radioactive materials that were discharged into the atmosphere, over 22 small towns throughout the region were evacuated. Some cities took two years for a full evacuation to take place.

Reports indicated that humans living in the affected area during the time that the disaster took place and their offspring have developed problems with reproductive functions, mortality, age structure, and sex deformities. These populations were recorded at experiencing a radioactive exposure of 40-500 mSv.

Education and culture
There are seventeen different cultural and public-service institutions.

There are sixteen secondary schools, two schools specializing in the English language, one gymnasium, physics-mathematics lyceum, three professional colleges, Southern-Ural Polytechnical College, Music College, Ozyorsk Engineering Institute (an affiliate of National Research Nuclear University MEPhI), and affiliates of Yekaterinburg's and Chelyabinsk's universities.

In popular culture
City 40 is a documentary film about the town, by Samira Goetschel, released in July 2016. The Half Life of Valery K is a 2022 historical fiction novel by Natasha Pulley. Most of the novel is set in City 40.

title: Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast


text:
Pro-vice-chancellor

A pro-vice-chancellor (or pro vice-chancellor, PVC) or deputy vice-chancellor (DVC) is a deputy  to the vice-chancellor of a university. In the older English universities, and Commonwealth universities following their tradition, PVCs were typically academics who took on additional managerial responsibilities for a limited time, alongside their regular teaching and research. However, in the newer English universities (e.g. those that originated as polytechnics), the post was usually a permanent one, and this is now the increasing trend among older universities also. Individual pro-vice-chancellors may be in charge of areas such as administration, research and development, student affairs, and academic and education affairs. In some universities, there are one or more deputy vice-chancellors subordinate to the vice-chancellor, with pro-vice-chancellor at an executive level ranking below deputy vice-chancellor. PVCs or DVCs are normally empowered to substitute for the vice-chancellor in both ceremonial and executive functions when the vice-chancellor is absent from the university.

In Scotland, the titles of deputy principal and senior deputy principal are used instead of pro vice-chancellor and deputy vice-chancellor. At the University of Stirling there is one senior deputy principal and three deputy principals. The number can vary depending on the needs of the university at any point in time, but remits usually cover, teaching and learning, research, graduate students and international affairs.

In the National University of Ireland, each president of the constituent universities (being University College Dublin, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Galway and National University of Ireland, Maynooth), holds the title of pro-vice-chancellor of the NUI, though they generally only use this title at conferring ceremonies.

In the Australian Catholic University, there are three pro-vice-chancellors, each one responsible for both an area of academic affairs and a regional area. The University of New England, Australia also has three PVCs (two deans and another academic) and a deputy VC (research). In the Federation University Australia, there are five deputy vice-chancellors and one pro-vice chancellor.

In New Zealand universities, the term pro-vice-chancellor is sometimes used to denote senior executive positions equivalent to deans of colleges and schools in North American universities. In this case the term dean is normally reserved for academic administrative positions concerned with programmes and students. Most universities, however, use the term pro-vice-chancellor in the above sense. In Pakistan, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology is the only university which has a pro vice chancellor post.

title: Pro-vice-chancellor


text:
Talk:Optical computing

AFAIK While photons are much faster than electrons both electrical current and electromagnetic waves propagate at the speed of light. What matters is the heat dissipated and the transistor switching times. Julian

NB: This page is meant to emphasize the role of photons and photonics in optical computing. Also "photonic computing" is a term coming into more and more use ... perhaps because photon computing needs to be differentiated from quantum computing ... or it sounds more exotic than optical computing. Twang 22:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Agree with above. Suggest merging in Photonic logic as a subsection, and creating section covering different technologies for crystals, liquid state, nanoncavities etc. --Cedders 13:38, 17 April 2006 (UTC) Intel makes first photonic computer —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.197.87.94 (talk) 19:37, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

The introductory paragraph is riddled with technical innacuracies (mostly in the form of ommission), and should be reworked. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.171.79.50 (talk) 14:28, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

plasmonic logic gates
Anyone heard of this? It seems relevant, as it deals with the concept of plasmonics to create an OR gate.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-8949/90/4/045501/pdf;jsessionid=61BE0C007F3FAD2EDC77EAD079D11BF8.c4.iopscience.cld.iop.org - Design and analysis of an all optical OR gate using surface plasmon hopping along metallic nanorods

http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n7/full/ncomms1388.html - Cascaded logic gates in nanophotonic plasmon networks

Contradiction: power
This article appears to contradict itself on the issue of power consumption, first saying it will reduce it then saying that reduced power consumption is a myth. - Whitepaw (talk) 14:07, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

I think this may have to do with my comment below, in that the increased power consumption is attributed to "short range optical communications" (Which I assume is a cable like the Thunderbolt) rather than actual optical chips. Pixelgel (talk) 04:44, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

currently used tech
Consider adding intel lightpeak technology as one example, as well as other multiplexing systems? Aditya.m4 (talk) 11:26, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

speed
Compared to electrons, photons are much faster – light travels about 30 cm, or one foot, in a nanosecond – and have a higher bandwidth.

What is the speed of the eletron —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alex Rio Brazil (talk • contribs) 18:38, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

The speed that the electrons move in a device depends on the voltage applied to the device. However, both electrical and optical signals propagate using photons (source). The benefits of optical computing over electrical computing have nothing to do with the fact that photons are faster than electrons.

Right, the signal propagation speed isn't what is important, it's the switching time of the nonlinear element in the logic system. For electrical systems this is the gate voltage of the transistor, limited by the capacitance of the gate-oxide transistor. For optical logic systems it is the response time of the nonlinear optical medium. For semiconductor devices it is typically the relaxation time of the gain medium, which is on the order of a nanosecond and described by the semiconductor rate equations. For an effect like four-wave mixing it is determined by the nonlinear response time of the polarization of individual atoms, which is estimated to be >1 ps. Dougjorgesen (talk) 01:46, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Light colour moves at different speed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.149.46.63 (talk) 11:07, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

I don't know if the speed of photons vs. electrons is instrumental but what I do know is that conducting electrons are exceedingly slower than electromagnetic waves. See https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/how-fast-does-electricity-flow/. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Polariseke (talk • contribs) 10:57, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

Links
The links at the bottom are mostly "broken". An one of them points to a site where you have to pay $25 to see the content... I think we could do better looking for links! I'm going to check again in a few days (in case the breakage is temporary) and remove the broken links, an hopefully add a few non-broken ones to replace them. Slothie (talk) 10:01, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Talking about Optical Communication
The 'Misconceptions, challenges and prospects' first lists a misconception about power usage in short range optical communication. Doesn't that belong in an article about optical communication, not computing? Pixelgel (talk) 04:22, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci283992,00.html. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. NortyNort (Holla) 07:02, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

stray text
The below was stuck under "further reading" but I think it needs a better home:

Optical Implemnetation of Bounded non Deterministic Turing Machine, Patent by Shlomi Dolev and Yuval Nir Filed May 2003 in Israel, May 2004 USA; Solving Hamiltonian, and other NP-Complete problems. --- -- phoebe / (talk to me) 21:58, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Analog optical computing
The term "optical computing" has been used for decades to refer to any kind of (numeric or mathematical) computation done using light, such as the canonical 4F processor. But this article currently only reflects the much narrower area of digital optical computing. An expansion of the article would be great. Some starter sources might be Saleh and Teich, "Fundamentals of Photonics," or Goodman, "Fourier Optics." WakingLili (talk) 01:14, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

There is a brief mention of analog optical computing in the text, referencing SAR and correlators. It needs more and perhaps an introduction showing the historical context.Tedweverka (talk) 14:36, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Recent research

 * Want your computer to go faster? Just add light, February 26, 2014, TG Daily
 * Northeastern University assistant professor of physics Swastik Kar and his colleague Yung Joon Jung, an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,
 * They discovered that light-induced electrical currents rise much more sharply at the intersection of carbon nanotubes and silicon, compared to the intersection of silicon and a metal, as in traditional photodiode devices. “That sharp rise helps us design devices that can be turned on and off using light,” Kar said.

—  Ark25  (talk) 06:29, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

New Company
There is a new company, Optalysys, working on making an optical supercomputer. May be bogus, may be revolutionary: http://optalysys.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.9.178.102 (talk) 18:36, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Seems like they are still in business as of 2023. - Indefensible (talk) 00:09, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Optical computing


text:
WCNY-TV

WCNY-TV (channel 24) is a PBS member television station in Syracuse, New York, United States. Owned by The Public Broadcasting Council of Central New York, Inc., it is sister to classical music radio station WCNY-FM (91.3). The two stations share studios on West Fayette Street in Syracuse's Near Westside neighborhood and transmitter facilities in Pompey, New York.

WCNY is also seen on translator W22DO-D (channel 22), covering the Mohawk Valley (including Utica and Rome) from a transmitter on Smith Hill Road in Deerfield.

History
WCNY was established in March 1965 by the Onondaga County School Board Association under a charter by the New York State Education Department. A non-profit organization, initially known as The Educational Television Council of Central New York, Inc., was set up to manage the station. The station was originally assigned the call letters WHTV, but switched to WCNY-TV on September 23, 1965, after the station now known as WWNY-TV in Watertown gave up the call letters. It went on the air December 20, 1965.

The new station's equipment was donated by General Electric, whose plant in the nearby town of Salina manufactured broadcast equipment. General Electric also provided WCNY with its studios, located on Old Liverpool Road in the eastern end of Salina. (WCNY's entire TV and radio operations would be based there until 2013, when it moved to its current location.) WCNY initially broadcast in monochrome, using cameras used to tape The Beatles' first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, but switched to color in 1971.

WCNY was initially a member station of National Educational Television (NET). When NET was replaced by the Public Broadcasting Service in 1970, WCNY became a member station of PBS. Over the years, WCNY has been responsible for producing programs and specials of local interest, some of which were distributed nationally by PBS and/or other outlets. Among the programs produced by WCNY and seen nationally include Old Enough To Care, a six-part drama that was picked up by PBS and distributed to their member stations in 1982, and Pappyland, a children's television program co-produced with Craftsmen and Scribes' Creative Workshop and telecast for three years on TLC's Ready Set Learn block, in addition to various PBS member stations.

In 2007, the station discontinued its pledge drive, making it the only PBS member station to do so. According to WCNY's president and CEO, the station is "focused on truly eliminating our dependence on any state and federal funding".

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

WCNY-TV became the first television station in the Syracuse market to produce and broadcast its own programs in high definition in 2006.

WCNY-TV operates four digital programming subchannels, which also simulcast on W22DO-D.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WCNY-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 24, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 25, using virtual channel 24.

Prior to March 2013, WCNY-TV's main programming was broadcast in SD-only (480i) on subchannel 24.1, while continuous HD (1080i) programming was offered on subchannel 24.4. Create had also been cable-only until that month's channel map reorganization.

A repeater on UHF analog channel 62 had transmitted from Nedrow to reach over-the-air viewers south of Syracuse in higher elevations until the 2009 digital conversion.

title: WCNY-TV


text:
Beadle's About

Beadle's About was a British television programme hosted and written by Jeremy Beadle, where members of the public became victims of practical jokes behind hidden cameras. It was produced by LWT for ITV, and ran on Saturday nights from 22 November 1986 to 14 September 1996.

Format
Many of the practical jokes involved someone's car or van secretly being swapped for an identical one, and then having a disaster befall it, such as exploding, falling into the sea, or being dropped from a great height, as the owner of the vehicle looked on in horror. After a few minutes, Beadle would appear in disguise (typically, as a policeman or some other figure of authority, and often wearing a fake beard on top of his natural beard), and interact with the shell-shocked and/or irate victim. He would subtly drop more and more hints and would remove his disguise and point a stick microphone at the person. As the public were familiar with Beadle from the earlier show Game for a Laugh, they would then immediately realise they had been had, often with the words "I don't believe it!". A follow-up series was entitled 'It's Beadle!' which followed a similar format.

Memorable pranks
One of the most notable pranks was where Dorset resident Janet Elford was convinced into believing that aliens had landed in her garden. Members of the public were set up by a resident team of Beadle's About actors including: Pam Cole, Ricky Diamond, Tony McHale, Nicholas Young and Flavia Brilli.

Popularity
At its peak, the show attracted approximately 15 million viewers, making it one of ITV's most popular Saturday night programmes during that period. After the show was axed by ITV in 1996, Beadle's About was repeated on Granada Plus in the late 1990's, the show was then repeated in full on Challenge TV throughout the 2000's, although Challenge (and sister channels Ftn and Virgin 1) sometimes aired certain Beadle's About sketches (under the banner The Best of Beadle's About) as programming fillers whenever the channel had allocated time to fill after programmes finished early, Beadle's About then wasn't repeated in full on national TV for over a decade afterwards, until That's TV announced in December 2021 that the programme would feature in its Christmas schedule alongside other ITV programmes like The Benny Hill Show and Kenny Everett's New Year Specials.

Profanity bubble
The "Bleep!" or "Oops!" bubble used to block out offensive language was a well known feature from the show. The bubbles were simply clouds with either "Bleep!" or "Oops!" in them, the text being set in Balloon typeface. These were also used to cover up offensive hand gestures as well.

Jeremy once revealed in an interview that during editing, they deliberately inserted "bleeps" where there were no profanities as this made it funnier.

DVD releases
The first two series of Beadle's About have been released on DVD by Network.

title: Beadle's About


text: User talk:209.165.254.252

title: User talk:209.165.254.252