text:
User talk:Zaidkamal

Welcome!

Hi there Zaidkamal (I cant believe I'm typing to the legendary ZaidKamal!) and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us!  Ban e  s  12:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Zaidkamal


text:
User:Deanos/HEIFER/tawnnp

very good. (that's it – for now)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Deanos/HEIFER/tawnnp


text:
NBR C Class

The NBR C Class (LNER Class J36) is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotives designed by Matthew Holmes for freight work on the North British Railway (NBR). They were introduced in 1888 with inside cylinders and Stephenson valve gear. A total of 168 locomotives was built, of which 123 came into British Railways ownership at nationalisation in 1948. This was the last class of steam engine in service in Scotland.

The NBR C Class (LNER Class J32) was a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive designed by Dugald Drummond for freight work on the North British Railway. They were built in 1876 and 1877 and had large 18-inch cylinders. A total of 32 locomotives were built. The NBR gave these engines the same designation (C class) as the Matthew Holmes engines above. The two types were very similar, and shared the same (then unusual) 18 inch cylinder size. Between 1898 and 1903, Holmes had all 32 of the Drummond locomotives rebuilt to match his own C class design. Thus the locomotives were considered a single class by the NBR, although on passing to LNER ownership they received the separate designations of J36 and J32 respectively.

Technical information
As built, they had a saturated (non-superheated) boiler at 140 lbf/in2 (150 lbf/in2 for the last 24) and Stephenson valve gears with slide valves. Between 1913 and 1923, the class was rebuilt with larger boilers set at 165 psi and the Reid side-window cab.

Predecessors
After the introduction of the Drummond Class C (LNER Class J32) 18-inch cylinder 0-6-0s for use on the Waverley Line in 1876, the NBR reverted to the 17-inch design with the Drummond Class D (J34) in 1879 and the Holmes Class D (J33) in 1883.

Holmes C Class
With the opening of the second Tay Rail Bridge in July 1887 and the upcoming opening of the Forth Bridge in March 1890, the NBR needed more powerful goods locos. The result was the Holmes Class C (J36). Introduced in 1888, it was built in regular batches until 1900, eventually totalling 168 locos. 138 were built at the NBR's Cowlairs Works while the other 30 were split equally between Neilson and Company and Sharp, Stewart and Company.

World War I
During the First World War, 25 of the class were sent to France for service with the Railway Operating Division. On return to Scotland, they were given names of battles, generals and a cartoon soldier in recognition of their service. The names were hand-painted on the splasher above the middle driving wheel so often disappeared during repaints.

LNER
On 1 January 1923, all 168 locos passed into the hands of the LNER, becoming Class J36. As with all ex-NBR locos, they had 9000 added to their number. The final eight unrebuilt locos were rebuilt in 1923. In 1937, Nos. 9714 and 9716 (later 5285 and 5287) were rebuilt with cutdown chimney and dome for use on the Gartverrie Branch. In 1946 the remaining locos were renumbered from 5210 to 5346. A number of locos had tender cabs fitted for use with Snowplows.

BR
At nationalisation in 1948, 123 locos passed into service of British Railways and had 60000 added to their number. 65288 of Dunfermline (62C) and 65345 of Thornton (62A) were the last to be withdrawn on 5 June 1967. They were the last steam locomotives in service in Scotland, outlasting the LNER and BR standard designs.

Preservation
One, 673 Maude (LNER number 9673; LNER 1946 number 5243; BR number 65243) has been preserved by the Scottish Railway Preservation Society at the Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway. It starred in the 2000 remake of The Railway Children on the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex. Last steamed in 2002, it is currently on static display awaiting funds for an overhaul.

Trivia
65288 was adopted by Dunfermline High School Railway Society and was repainted by society members while still in BR service. It was fitted with one small and one normal sized buffer at the front end.

title: NBR C Class


text: Category:North British Railway locomotives


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Orozko

Orozko is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country in northern Spain.

title: Orozko


text:
Talk:The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses

Tushery
If Robert Louis Stevenson did not like this novel and it is a quality work, imagine the quality of the works he did like. His view of The Black Arrow as "tushery" and his dislike of it are found in his letters. Project Gutenberg etext of The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, vol. 1 Articles and discussion are forthcoming on the 1948 and the 1984 films. drboisclair 13:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvement
Is it possible to make this article "GA" or "A" rated? I guess "FA" status is difficult to arrive at.--Drboisclair 15:42, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:RLStevenson BlackArrow.jpg
Image:RLStevenson BlackArrow.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 00:26, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm concerned we might as well remove that cover. It's just a generic cover with only the title and author on it, no illustration or anything else that adds anything to the article that isn't already there. Shinobu (talk) 17:37, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I could download a different cover that might even be more "decorative" of the story, using all of the safe-guards for images on this website.--Drboisclair (talk) 19:39, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Criticism
I notice that this section doesn't appear to be about criticism primarily. So perhaps you can think of a more appropriate title? Shinobu (talk) 16:36, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I fail to understand why you do not think that it is about criticism. The author himself judges (critiques) his own work. He is the expert par excellance on his own work. I suppose we could label it "critique" or "literary evaluation." What is your reason for saying that it is not about criticism?--Drboisclair (talk) 19:20, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Changing the "low" to "mid" level of Importance
To say that this novel has less importance than the interest of an historian is understating its level of importance. It is a notable work of Robert Louis Stevenson; it has never been out of print; and it has been made the subject of films and television programs throughout the world. I stand by the elevation of this novel to at least "mid" status. Even Catriona or David Balfour is rated "mid" and it is certainly not as well known as The Black Arrow--Drboisclair (talk) 22:06, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Article/Notes
It appears to me that in all the footnotes John Sutherland (modern editor of the book) is accidentally called Robert - no doubt from Stevenson's own name. The references to his edition are so extensive that correcting this, if I am right, would be quite a job. I must get hold of his annotated edition before I really make up my mind about the book (especially as Sutherland's critical work elsewhere is interesting). But I am re-reading "Black Arrow", having read it twice in the past, and knowing a bit more about the historical period now. So far, I find Stevenson's factual background much harder to relate to history than the article indicates. The background Wars in the story seem completely amorphous; I would certainly never have gathered that the Walsinghams represent the Woodvilles. And it is hard to see how the big battle can be First St Albans, especially as the article additionally mentions an encounter so very different as Tewkesbury. But with all names fictionalised, in that odd way of old novelists, it is hard to know where you are, either in place or in time.

Rogersansom (talk) 07:33, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The correction of the first name of the editor of the new edition took relatively less time than I thought by simply searching the sandbox for "Sutherland." I am sorry to say that the error was mine in having "Robert" for "John" here. It would be better in my estimation to readept the Latin abbreviations normally used in footnotes like "ibidem" and "op. cit.", but these have been deemed unWiki.--Drboisclair (talk) 08:12, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:09, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

Black Arrow TV Series
No mention of Southern production of three series of Black Arrow. Will someone please update this. 86.167.91.55 (talk) 14:02, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Is this the UK series of the 1970s? -Drboisclair (talk) 14:54, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You have this:
 * British TV series running from 1972 to 1975 starring successively Robin Langford and Simon Cuff as Richard Shelton during its run-Drboisclair (talk) 14:57, 15 January 2024 (UTC)


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Antoni Tàpies

Antoni Tàpies i Puig, 1st Marquess of Tàpies (13 December 1923 – 6 February 2012) was a Catalan painter, sculptor and art theorist.

Life
The son of Josep Tàpies i Mestre and Maria Puig i Guerra, Antoni Tàpies Puig was born in Barcelona on 13 December 1923. His father was a lawyer and Catalan nationalist who served briefly with the Republican government. Due to this, Tàpies grew up in an environment where he was exposed to a variety of cultural and social experiences of leaders in the Catalan public life and its republicanism. His maternal grandmother also exposed him to this world with her great involvement in civil and political activities.

Tàpies was first introduced to modern art as he entered secondary school in 1934. He became inspired by famous Christmas issue of the magazine, D’ací i d’allà, which contained reproductions of works by artists such as Marcel Duchamp, Georges Braque, Wassily Kandinsky and Pablo Picasso. At 17, Tàpies suffered a near-fatal heart attack caused by tuberculosis. He spent two years as a convalescent in the mountains, reading widely and pursuing an interest in art that had already expressed itself when he was in his early teens.

Tàpies studied at the German School of Barcelona. After studying law for three years, he devoted himself from 1943 onwards only to his painting. In 1945 Tàpies began experimenting with materials. At this time he also became increasingly interested in philosophy, especially that of Jean-Paul Sartre as well as Eastern thought. He became known as one of Spain's most renowned artists in the second half of the 20th century. His abstract art and other avant-garde works were displayed in many major museums all over the world. In 1954, Tàpies married Teresa Barba Fabregas. Together, they had three children Antoni, Miguel and Clara. He lived mainly in Barcelona.

Tàpies died on 6 February 2012.

Work
Tàpies first came into contact with contemporary art as a teenager through the magazine D’Ací i D’Allà, published in Barcelona, and during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), while he was still at school, he taught himself to draw and paint. On a French government scholarship in the early 1950s, he lived in Paris, to which he often returned. Both in Europe and beyond, the highly influential French critic and curator Michel Tapié enthusiastically promoted the work of Antoni Tàpies.

In 1948, Tàpies helped co-found the first post-war movement in Spain known as Dau al Set which was connected to the Surrealist and Dadaist Movements. The main leader and founder of Dau al Set was the poet Joan Brossa. The movement also had a publication of the same name, Dau al Set. Tàpies started as a surrealist painter, his early works were influenced by Paul Klee and Joan Miró; but soon become an informal artist, working in a style known as pintura matèrica, in which non artistic materials are incorporated into the paintings. In 1953, he began working in mixed media; which is considered his most original contribution to art. One of the first to create serious art in this way, he added clay and marble dust to his paint and used waste paper, string, and rags (Grey and Green Painting, Tate Gallery, London, 1957). Canvas Burned to Matter from c. 1960, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is an example of the artist's mixed media assemblages that combine the principles of Dada and Surrealism.

Tàpies' international reputation was well established by the end of the 1950s. From the late 1950s to early 1960s, Tàpies worked with Enrique Tábara, Antonio Saura, Manolo Millares and many other Spanish Informalist artists. In 1966, he was arrested at a clandestine assembly at the University of Barcelona; his work of the early 1970s is marked by symbols of Catalan identity (which was anathema to Franco). In 1974 he made a series of lithographs called Assassins and displayed them in the Galerie Maeght in Paris, in honour of militant anarchist Salvador Puig Antich's memory. In about 1970 (influenced by pop art), he began incorporating more substantial objects into his paintings, such as parts of furniture. Tàpies's ideas have had worldwide influence on art, especially in the realms of painting, sculpture, etchings and lithography. Examples of his work are found in numerous major international collections. His work is associated with both Tachisme and Abstract Expressionism.

The paintings produced by Tàpies, later in the 1970s and in the 1980s, reveal his application of this aesthetic of meditative emptiness, for example in spray-painted canvases with linear elements suggestive of Oriental calligraphy, in mixed-media paintings that extended the vocabulary of Art informel, and in his oblique allusions to imagery within a fundamentally abstract idiom, as in Imprint of a Basket on Cloth (1980). Among the artists' work linked in style to that of Tàpies is that of the American painter Julian Schnabel as both have been connected to the art term "Matter".

Graphic work
Tàpies began producing graphic work in 1947. He produced collector’s books and dossiers in association with poets and writers such as Alberti, Bonnefoy, Du Bouchet, Brodsky, Brossa, Daive, Dupin, Foix, Frémon, Gimferrer, Guillén, Jabès, Mestres Quadreny, Mitscherlich, Paz, Saramago, Takiguchi, Ullán, Valente and Zambrano.

Essays
Tàpies has written essays which have been collected in a series of publications, some translated into different languages: La pràctica de l’art (1970), L’art contra l’estètica, (1974), Memòria personal (1978), La realitat com a art (1982), Per un art modern i progressista (1985), Valor de l’art (1993) and L’art i els seus llocs (1999). These works include Tàpies reflecting on things such as art, life, and politics. He also discusses the social role of art and the artist, reflects on the influences of his work, and explains his artistic as well as political views.

Movements
Throughout the span of his life, Antoni Tàpies has been associated with a number of movements such as Art Informel and Haute Pâte, both of which were popular in post-war Europe. He became a part of the avant-garde group Dau al Set in 1948, a group that had strong ties to Surrealism. Early works of his were surrealistic, but in 1953 he began working in abstract art. Some of Tàpies's most famous and original works fall within this genre. They are characterized by his use of marble dust and clay that he mixed with his paints as well as the incorporation of found objects such as string, paper, and cloth. In the late 1960s into the early 1970s Tàpies began to be influenced by the movement of pop art. Because of this he began using larger items, such as pieces of furniture, in his works.

Exhibitions

 * In 1950, Tàpies' first solo show was held at the Galeries Laietanes, Barcelona, and he was included in the Carnegie International in Pittsburgh.
 * In 1953 he had his first shows in the United States, at the Marshall Field Art Gallery in Chicago and the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York.
 * In 1962 he was given the opportunity to have a Guggenheim Retrospective.
 * Some of his other retrospectives were presented at the Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, in 1973 and at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York, in 1977.
 * Later he was the subject of retrospective exhibitions at the Jeu de Paume in Paris in 1994.
 * Kestnergesellschaft in Hannover in 1998.
 * In the year 2000 in New York, he had an exhibition at the Pace Gallery, which consisted of multimedia paintings as well as small bronzes and assemblages.
 * The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid in 2000, and was exhibited at the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City in 2006, 2012, and 2014.
 * In 2007 at the age of 83, Tàpies had an exhibition at Pace Wildenstein where he showed 17 paintings done on wood as well as canvas.
 * In 2017, Nahmad Contemporary in New York presented the exhibition Tàpies: Paintings, 1970–2003.
 * 'Antoni Tàpies. Objects'. Until February, 2018 at Fundació Antoni Tàpies museum, Barcelona

Legacy
The Fundació Antoni Tàpies is a museum and cultural center located in Carrer d'Aragó, in Barcelona that is dedicated to the works and life of Antoni Tàpies. It was established in 1984 by Tàpies himself. His intent was to create a forum that would promote the study as well as the knowledge of modern and contemporary art. It includes the temporary exhibitions, film seasons, lectures, symposiums, as well as different activities and showings of Tàpies's work. The foundation owns one of the most extensive collections of Tàpies's work, mostly donated by Tàpies himself. It also contains a large library that is dedicated solely to the artists of our century and the modern literature and documentation pertaining to the genre.

Recognition

 * Tàpies was awarded in 1958 the First Prize for painting at the Pittsburgh International, and the UNESCO and David E. Bright Prizes at the Venice Biennale.
 * In 1958 Tàpies, along with Eduardo Chillida, represented Spain in the Venice Biennale.
 * He received the Rubens Prize of Siegen, Germany, in 1972.
 * In the Academic Sphere, he received an Honorary Doctorate from the Rovira i Virgili University in 1994.
 * In 2003 Tàpies won Spain's most prestigious art award, the Velázquez prize.
 * On 9 April 2010, he was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of Marqués de Tápies (Marquess of Tàpies) (English: Marquess of Tàpies).
 * Furthermore, he designed Rovira i Virgili University’s logo, which is characterized by the letter "a", symbol of the university's knowledge principle.

title: Antoni Tàpies


text:
Ortuella

Ortuella is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

Nowadays part of the Greater Bilbao region, until the beginning of the 19th century it was integrated in the Valley of Somorrostro of the Encartaciones next to the Santurtzi. In 1901 the locality segregated from the Council of the Santurtzi, those days happening to denominate the Santurce-Ortuella. This segregation was motivated by an increase of population due to the mining height of end of the 19th century, being the district of Ortuella the one of greater population in the council. In the 1980s, and by means of the resolution of 27 March 1981, the name of the municipality definitively lost the term "Santurce", simply being "Ortuella", which was the usual name used by their citizens.

Ortuella was the site of a deadly explosion at the Marcelino Ugalde Primary School on 23 October 1980 that killed 50 schoolchildren and 14 adults, and injured killed and injured an additional 128.

The patron saint of Ortuella is Saint Felix of Cantalica (18 May), the name of the main church of the municipality.

Neighborhoods
Ortuella is administratively divided into 6 neighborhoods or wards:
 * Cadegal (Pop. 46)
 * Orconera (Pop. 39)
 * Nocedal (Pop. 204)
 * Ortuella (Pop. 7.475)
 * Triano (Pop. 10)
 * Urioste (Pop. 803)

Notable people

 * Joseba Agirre, footballer
 * José Arechavaleta, botanist
 * Pepeo Calleja, footballer
 * Florencio Constantino, operatic tenor
 * Juan Antonio Ipiña, football manager

title: Ortuella


text:
User talk:HOTTIE

Welcome!

Hi there Hottie and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us!  Ban e  s  13:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:HOTTIE


text:
Christian Frederik Hansen

Christian Frederik Hansen (29 February 1756 – 10 July 1845), known as C. F. Hansen, was the leading Danish architect between the late 18th century and the mid 19th century, and on account of his position at the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi) the most powerful person in artistic circles for many years. He was known as "Denmark’s Palladio" on account of the architectural style he promoted. His buildings are known for their simplicity, strength and scale.

Early life and education
He was born in Copenhagen into the poor household of shoemaker and leatherworker Matthias Hansen and his wife Anna Marie, who had been nursemaid for Prince Christian VII. He was the youngest son in the family, and there was not much money to spend on his upbringing. His parents sent him to train in business, but he wanted to draw. His mother used her connections at the royal court, and found some influential people who interested themselves in his education and training.

He was brought into training as a bricklayer, and at the same time he attended classes at the Academy of Art starting in 1766. He studied at the Academy under architect Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, but probably also received some training from Nicolas-Henri Jardin. He won the Academy's small silver medallion in 1772–1773, the large silver medallion in 1774–1775, and the large gold medallion in 1779.

Early career
He was taken into Harsdorff's private studio where he worked on the construction of Frederik V's chapel at Roskilde Cathedral in 1780.

He received no travel grant from the Academy, in spite of his receiving the gold medallion. Instead he received economic support from Dowager Queen Juliane Marie and King Christian VII for a shorter tour, and he traveled out of the country starting in late 1782, travelling over Vienna and Venice to Rome, where he studied ancient Roman art. His student drawings from the trip are kept in the Academy's Library to this day.

He returned home September 1784, and became a member of the Academy in 1785.

18 years in Altona
Shortly afterwards he was named to the position of Regional Architect for the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, with residence in Altona, a position for which he had applied in 1782. He held this position from 24 November 1784 until his retirement on 31 October 1844.

He was named titular Professor at the Academy in 1791. In 1792 he married Anne Margrethe Rahbek.

He prospered during his 18 years in Altona and Hamburg, with a private practice that made up for the meager earnings he made in his official position. He built fine houses for the well-to-do, both in town and out in the country, estates on Elbchaussee, and small churches. He designed many fine houses along Altona's elegant boulevard Palmaille, including some investment houses at his own expense, which helped boost his earnings substantially when sold. He used a simple Roman Palladio-style in his work.

When Harsdorff died in 1799 a number of public building projects were transferred to Hansen, among these the completion of Frederik's Church, also known as The Marble Church (Marmorkirken) in Copenhagen.

Return to Copenhagen
He returned to Copenhagen in 1804, where he lived until his death. He had a large, social household in a fabulously appointed apartment in Copenhagen. In 1808 he was named Professor of Architecture, Chief Building Director, and given the position of State Advisor (etatsråd). He held the title of Chief Building Director until his retirement.

Hansen was responsible for the building of the City Hall and Courthouse on Nytorv (1805–1815), and the rebuilding of Church of Our Lady (Vor Frue Kirke) along with the surrounding square (1811–1829), after the church was burned down during the bombing of the second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807.

He overtook Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard's leading position at the Academy, and was chosen eight times as Director of the Academy, 1811–1818, 1821–1827, and 1830–1833.

He was responsible for the Town Hall and Court Building at the site of the old Waisenhus, which was completed in 1815. That same year Metropolitan School was completed on Frue Plads.

The other major work he did was the rebuilding of Christiansborg Palace, which had burned down during the fire of 1794. The chapel was completed in 1826, and the rest of the building was completed in 1828.

In 1823 his church in Hørsholm, on the site of the former Hirschholm Palace, was dedicated. In 1826 he was named ‘’Konferensråd’’. In 1830 he established a medallion to be given to young architects. He became titled with the Order of the Dannebrog in 1840.

His marble bust of sculptor Hermann Ernst Freund is in the Academy's Assembly Hall, as is his portrait of artist Conrad Christian August Bøhndel.

He died at his home in Frederiksberg at the age of nearly 90, and is buried in the Holmen Church in Copenhagen.

Works

 * Krummbek Manor, Lasbek, Germany (1803)
 * Det Hvide Palæ, Randbøldal, Denmark (1839)
 * Christiansborg Palace (2nd), Copenhagen, Denmark (1803−1828)
 * Copenhagen Court House, Copenhagen, Denmark (1815)
 * Hørsholm Church (1822–23)
 * Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen), Copenhagen, Denmark (1829)

title: Christian Frederik Hansen


text:
Pitchstone

Pitchstone is a dark coloured, glassy volcanic rock formed when felsic lava or magma cools quickly. Since it is a volcanic glass, pitchstone may have a conchoidal fracture. Pitchstones may also contain phenocrysts, in which case it is a form of vitrophyre. Pitchstone has a resinous lustre, or silky in some cases, and a variable composition. Its colour may be mottled, streaked, or uniform brown, red, green, gray, or black. It is an extrusive rock that is very resistant to erosion.

The pitchstone ridge of An Sgùrr on the Isle of Eigg, Scotland, was possibly formed as a lava flow in a valley.

Pitchstone from the Isle of Arran was used as the raw material for making various items from the Mesolithic through the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Mesolithic use appears to have been limited to the Isle of Arran itself, while in later periods the material or items made from it were transported around Britain.

title: Pitchstone


text:
User talk:Ozwell

Welcome!

Hi there Ozwell and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us!  Ban e  s  13:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Ozwell


text:
Sorenson Squeeze

Sorenson Squeeze was a software video encoding tool used to compress and convert video and audio files on Mac OS X or Windows operating systems. It was sold as a standalone tool and has also long been bundled with Avid Media Composer.

History
Sorenson Squeeze was first announced on July 17, 2001, as the first variable bit rate (VBR) compression application for Mac OS X, and was released on October 29 of that same year. By March 2002, Sorenson Squeeze became available for Windows OS. Sorenson Squeeze was originally released as a tool for encoding videos for the Web and QuickTime playback but began adding new codecs  as more versions were released.

The software was discontinued by Sorenson in January 2019, and correspondingly was no longer offered as part of Avid Media Composer.

Features
Squeeze included a number of features to improve video & audio quality. Features included: GPU accelerated H.264 encoding, adaptive bitrate encoding, HD encoding and Dolby certified AC3 Audio. Intelligent encoding presets available in Squeeze included: x265 (H.265) MainConcept H.264 and MainConcept H.264 CUDA. Adaptive bitrate encoding allows for optimal bitrate and error resilience based on network conditions, resulting in a dynamic adjustment of the video bitstream being delivered.

It encoded to multiple formats including QuickTime, Windows Media, Flash Video, Silverlight, WebM & WMV. It uses multiple codecs, including the Sorenson codecs SV3 Pro and Spark, H.265, H.264, H.263, VP6, VC1, MPEG2, and many others. Squeeze operates on the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Squeeze offers native plugins to Avid, Apple Final Cut Pro and Adobe Premiere (CS4, CS5) NLEs.

Each copy of Squeeze included the Dolby Certified AC3 Consumer encoder. Squeeze also included a simplified review and approval process, which allows the user to automatically send secure, password protected videos for immediate review. Instant feedback is received via Web or mobile.

Versions

 * Sorenson Squeeze was released on October 29, 2001.
 * Sorenson Squeeze for Macromedia Flash MX was released on March 14, 2002.
 * Sorenson Squeeze 3 for MPEG-4 was released in January 2003.
 * Sorenson Squeeze 3 Compression Suite was released in January 2003.
 * Sorenson Squeeze 5 was released on March 31, 2008.
 * Sorenson Squeeze was updated to version 5.1 on May 11, 2009.
 * Sorenson Squeeze 6 was released on November 3, 2009.
 * Sorenson Squeeze 7 was released January 25, 2011.

Awards

 * Streaming Media magazine Readers’ Choice Award for Encoding Software for 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.
 * 2008 Vanguard Award from Digital Content Producer magazine

Squeeze 7 system requirements
Windows
 * Pentium IV-based computer or greater
 * Windows XP, Vista or 7
 * 32- and 64-bit compatible (including AVID 64-bit update); Faster performance on 64-bit systems
 * 512 MB RAM
 * 120 MB available hard drive space
 * QuickTime 7.2 or later
 * DirectX 9.0b or later

Macintosh
 * Intel-based processor
 * Mac OS 10.4 or later
 * 32- and 64-bit compatible; Faster performance on 64-bit systems
 * 512 MB RAM
 * 120 MB available hard drive space
 * QuickTime 7.2 or later

title: Sorenson Squeeze


text:
Kokumbona

Kokumbona (also Kakambona) is a village on the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.

It was a Japanese base during World War II and the site of a United States Marine Corps amphibious landing on 19 August 1942.

Located on Guadalcanal's north coast, west of Honiara.

title: Kokumbona


text:
Otxandio

Otxandio (in Basque and officially, in Spanish Ochandiano) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque autonomous community, Spain. Otxandio is part of the comarca of Durangaldea and has a population of 1,269 inhabitants as of 2010 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.

Toponymy
The name of the town is documented for the first time in the 12th century. However, it would not be considered a town until the 18th century. The name in Spanish, Ochandiano is an anthroponym formed by a name and the -ano suffix, of Latin origin, probably from the evolution of the suffix -anum. The origin of the word seems to come from the Basque words Ochoa Handia, that may be translated as "big wolf".

The name in Basque, Otxandio comes from the phonetic evolution of the Spanish variation, Ochandiano, given due to the loss of the intervocalic n; from Ochandiano to Ochandiao and then Ochandio. Then, the adaptation to the Basque orthographic rules changes Ochandio to Otxandio.

Since 1984, the official name of the municipality is Otxandio.

Spanish Civil War
Early in the Spanish Civil War, on 22 July 1936, Otxandio was bombed by two Nationalist Breguet XIX bombers, which attacked the main square during the celebration of the "fiestas de Santa María" killing 57 -61 people, almost all of them civilians.

Geography
Otxandio serves during centuries as the port of entry of Biscay from Álava. It is located at the southernmost part of the province and limits with Abadiño at north, Dima at north and west, Ubide at southwest and the province of Álava at south.

Notable people

 * Athletic Bilbao left-back Koikili Lertxundi was born in Otxandio.
 * Bishop Victor Garaygordóbil Berrizbeitia, Prelate Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Babahoyo, Ecuador, was born in Otxandio.

title: Otxandio


text:
Nobuo Fujita

Nobuo Fujita (藤田 信雄) (1911 – 30 September 1997) was a Japanese naval aviator of the Imperial Japanese Navy who flew a floatplane from the long-range submarine aircraft carrier JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-25 and conducted the Lookout Air Raids in southern Oregon on September 9, 1942, making him the only Axis pilot during World War II to aerial bomb the contiguous United States. Using incendiary bombs, his mission was to start massive forest fires in the Pacific Northwest near the city of Brookings, Oregon, with the objective of drawing the U.S. military's resources away from the Pacific Theater. The strategy was also later used in the Japanese fire balloon campaign.

In 1962 Fujita was invited to Brookings where he gave his family's 400-year-old katana to the city in friendship, Fujita later sponsored a trip for Brookings high school students to visit Japan in 1985 and returned to the city again in 1990, 1992, and 1995. In 1997, a few days before his death, Fujita was made an honorary citizen of the city.

Early life and military career
Nobuo Fujita joined the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1932 and became a pilot in 1933. Fujita also had a younger brother who was killed in the war.

Pearl Harbor and U.S. West Coast

Fujita was on board JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-25 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, where the I-25 and three other submarines patrolled a line 193 km north of Oahu. Fujita's plane, a Yokosuka E14Y "Glen" seaplane, did not function properly, and he was unable to participate in the reconnaissance mission planned before the attack.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, I-25 patrolled along the West Coast of the United States with eight other submarines. They attacked U.S. shipping before returning to their base in Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. They arrived there on January 11, 1942, to be refueled and refurbished.

South Pacific
I-25's next mission was to reconnoiter the Australian harbours of Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart, followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington and Auckland. On 17 February 1942, Nobuo Fujita took off in the "Glen" for a reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour to examine the city's airbase. By 07:30, he had returned to I-25, disassembled the "Glen" and stowed it in the water-tight hangar.

The next mission was a similar flight over Melbourne, Australia. Fujita took off from Cape Wickham on King Island at the western end of Bass Strait, about halfway between Victoria and Tasmania. The floatplane was launched on 26 February at 3AM for its flight to Melbourne over Port Phillip Bay. During the flight, Fujita recorded details of the bayside industrial areas and shipping activity, as well as noting the presence of one light cruiser, and five destroyers.

Fujita's next reconnaissance flight in Australia was over Hobart on 1 March. I-25 then headed for New Zealand, where Fujita flew a reconnaissance flight over Wellington on 8 March. He flew over Auckland on 13 March, followed by Fiji on 17 March. The submarine returned to its base at Kwajalein on 31 March.

Pacific Northwest
On 28 May, Fujita performed a reconnaissance of Kodiak, Alaska, in preparation for the invasion of the Aleutian Islands. On 21 June, I-25 shelled the U.S. base of Fort Stevens, near Astoria, Oregon. Fujita was on the deck of I-25 during the attack.

Bombing Oregon

Fujita himself suggested the idea of a submarine-based seaplane to bomb military targets, including ships at sea, and attacks on the U.S. mainland, especially the strategic Panama Canal. The idea was approved, and the mission was given to JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-25. Submarine aircraft carriers such as the giant I-400-class submarines would be developed specifically to bomb the Panama Canal.

At 06:00 on 9 September, I-25 surfaced west of the Oregon/California border where she launched the Glen, flown by Fujita and Petty Officer Okuda Shoji, with a 154 kg load of two incendiary bombs. Fujita dropped two bombs, one on Wheeler Ridge on Mount Emily in Oregon. The location of the other bomb is unknown. The Wheeler Ridge bomb started a small fire 16 km due east of Brookings, which U.S. Forest Service employees were able to extinguish. Rain the night before had made the forest very damp, and the bombs were rendered essentially ineffective. Fujita's plane had been spotted by two men, Howard Gardner and Bob Larson, at the Mount Emily fire lookout tower in the Siskiyou National Forest. Two other lookouts (the Chetco Point Lookout and the Long Ridge Lookout) reported the plane, but could not see it due to heavy fog. The plane was seen and heard by many people, especially when Fujita flew over Brookings in both directions. At about noon that day, Howard Gardner at the Mount Emily Lookout reported seeing smoke. The four U.S. Forest Service employees discovered that the fire was caused by a Japanese bomb. Approximately 27 kg of fragments, including the nose of the bomb, were turned over to the United States Army.

After the bombing, I-25 came under attack by a USAAF aircraft on patrol, forcing the submarine to dive and hide on the ocean floor off Port Orford. The American attacks caused only minor damage, and Fujita flew a second bombing sortie three weeks later on 29 September. Fujita used the Cape Blanco Light as a beacon. After 90 minutes flying east, he dropped his bombs and reported seeing flames, but the bombing remained unnoticed in the U.S.

The submarine torpedoed and sank the SS Camden and SS Larry Doheny and then sailed for home. On its way to Japan, I-25 sank the Soviet submarine L-16, which was in transit between Dutch Harbor, Alaska, and San Francisco, California, mistaking it for an American submarine (Japan and the USSR were not at war at the time).

The two attacks on Oregon in September 1942 were the only enemy aircraft bombings on the contiguous United States and were the second time the continental United States was attacked by such aircraft during World War II, following the bombing of Dutch Harbor in Unalaska, Alaska three months earlier.

Post-bombing
Fujita continued as an Imperial Japanese Navy pilot, mainly in reconnaissance duties, and was promoted to the rank of Ensign. In 1943 he was transferred to the Kashima Naval Air Corps, a seaplane training and later a mainland air defense unit, where he served as an instructor attached to the aviation squadron. In February 1945 while flying a Mitsubishi F1M reconnaissance floatplane Fujita was involved in the interception and unconfirmed downing of an American Grumman F6F Hellcat.

Just before the end of the war Fujita volunteered to join the Kamikaze Special Attack Force and he was transferred to the Kawa Naval Air Corps where he trained kamikaze pilots and prepared to take part in an attack himself. Kawanishi N1K Kyōfū floatplanes were used for the training but because of multiple factors including poor visibility and the difficulty for crew members with little flight experience to take off and land on water Fujita did not perform any missions before the war's end. After the war but before his demobilization Fujita was promoted to Sub-Lieutenant.

Later life
After the war he opened a hardware store in Ibaraki Prefecture, and later worked at a company making wire.

Fujita was invited to Brookings in 1962 by the local Jaycees, after the Japanese government was assured he would not be tried as a war criminal. He gave the City of Brookings his family's 400-year-old katana in friendship. Fujita had intended to use the sword to commit seppuku if he should be arrested as a suspect of war crime. Although his visit still raised some controversy the town treated him with respect and affection, while US President John F. Kennedy congratulated the town on their efforts to promote international friendship.

Impressed by his welcome in the United States, during his visit, he promised to invite Brookings students to Japan. Despite the bankruptcy of his company, Fujita made good on his promise by co-sponsoring the visit of three female students from Brookings-Harbor High School to Japan in 1985. During the visit, Fujita received a US flag flown over the US Capitol Building and a dedicatory letter from an aide of President Ronald Reagan "with admiration for your kindness and generosity." Both are now on display at the Nobuo Fujita Corner of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force's Camp Kasumigaura Public Relations Center near Tsuchiura.

Fujita returned to Brookings in 1990, 1992, and 1995. In 1992, he planted a tree at the bomb site as a gesture of peace. In 1995, he moved the samurai sword from the Brookings City Hall into the new library's display case. Fujita helped to gather money to build the library. He was later named an "ambassador of goodwill" by the city for his continued peace efforts.

Fujita was made an honorary citizen of Brookings while hospitalized for lung cancer in Tsuchiura, he died a few days later on September 30, 1997, at the age of 85. In October 1998, his daughter, Yoriko Asakura, buried some of Fujita's ashes at the bomb site near Brookings. According to local resident Brenda Jacques his daughter told her that “part of [her father’s] soul would forever be flying over Mount Emily”.

title: Nobuo Fujita


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nobody likes onions

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Karmafist 23:18, 17 October 2005 (UTC) tally on talk page

Nobody likes onions
This page is about a non-notable podcast The Land 13:03, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The show does happen to have 5,000+ listeners in only 4 months. (Unsigned comment by User:67.52.216.10 )
 * Delete per nomination.
 * Delete per nom. This was speedily deleted earlier. - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 16:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nobody Likes Onions is in the top 15 of Podcasts in the World and is in good standing in the ever-expanding podcast community. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.212.1.104 (talk • contribs) 18:54, 11 October 2005
 * Cite a good source. - C HAIRBOY (☎) 02:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This podcast is currently ranked #8 in the world at podcastalley.com and that's in 4 short months. How is that "non-notable"?

This show is of no consequence to the general community. The rankings on podcastalley.com are based on votes by listeners. It's possible for one person to vote repeatedly, thus making the rankings useless. It seems like the top ten podcasts in the world as per ranked by podcastalley are different each month, which makes citing NLO as the number eight podcast even less useful, as it is likely that a new crop of podcasts will hold the top spots in the coming month.

Bottom line: this is a non-notable podcast. Efforts to argue otherwise are based on irrelevant information. This is NLO-Cruft and should be deleted.

 * Spoken like a true person that knows nothing about podcasts or podcasting. Votng is by listeners, making NLO a topic of pop culture. It's not person for one person to vote repeatedly unless they do so from different IP addresses and email addresses. You don't know what you're talking about. NLO has consistently been climbing the ranking snce it's inception. There are a million entries in Wikipedia that serve only as a reference for pop culture items. This is no different. Do not delete!

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Parametric model

In statistics, a parametric model or parametric family or finite-dimensional model is a particular class of statistical models. Specifically, a parametric model is a family of probability distributions that has a finite number of parameters.

Definition
A statistical model is a collection of probability distributions on some sample space. We assume that the collection, $𝒫$, is indexed by some set $Θ$. The set $Θ$ is called the parameter set or, more commonly, the parameter space. For each $θ ∈ Θ$, let $F_{θ}$ denote the corresponding member of the collection; so $F_{θ}$ is a cumulative distribution function. Then a statistical model can be written as

\mathcal{P} = \big\{ F_\theta\ \big|\ \theta\in\Theta \big\}. $$

The model is a parametric model if $Θ ⊆ ℝ^{k}$ for some positive integer $k$.

When the model consists of absolutely continuous distributions, it is often specified in terms of corresponding probability density functions:

\mathcal{P} = \big\{ f_\theta\ \big|\ \theta\in\Theta \big\}. $$

Examples

 * The Poisson family of distributions is parametrized by a single number $λ > 0$:

\mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ p_\lambda(j) = \tfrac{\lambda^j}{j!}e^{-\lambda},\ j=0,1,2,3,\dots \ \Big|\;\; \lambda>0 \ \Big\}, $$ where $p_{λ}$ is the probability mass function. This family is an exponential family.

 * The normal family is parametrized by $θ = (μ, σ)$, where $μ ∈ ℝ$ is a location parameter and $σ > 0$ is a scale parameter:

\mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ f_\theta(x) = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \exp\left(-\tfrac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\ \Big|\;\; \mu\in\mathbb{R}, \sigma>0 \ \Big\}. $$ This parametrized family is both an exponential family and a location-scale family.

 * The Weibull translation model has a three-dimensional parameter $θ = (λ, β, μ)$:

\mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ f_\theta(x) = \tfrac{\beta}{\lambda} \left(\tfrac{x-\mu}{\lambda}\right)^{\beta-1}\! \exp\!\big(\!-\!\big(\tfrac{x-\mu}{\lambda}\big)^\beta \big)\, \mathbf{1}_{\{x>\mu\}} \ \Big|\;\; \lambda>0,\, \beta>0,\, \mu\in\mathbb{R} \ \Big\}. $$

 * The binomial model is parametrized by $θ = (n, p)$, where $n$ is a non-negative integer and $p$ is a probability (i.e. $p ≥ 0$ and $p ≤ 1$):

\mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ p_\theta(k) = \tfrac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}\, p^k (1-p)^{n-k},\ k=0,1,2,\dots, n \ \Big|\;\; n\in\mathbb{Z}_{\ge 0},\, p \ge 0 \land p \le 1\Big\}. $$ This example illustrates the definition for a model with some discrete parameters.

General remarks
A parametric model is called identifiable if the mapping $θ ↦ P_{θ}$ is invertible, i.e. there are no two different parameter values $θ_{1}$ and $θ_{2}$ such that $P_{θ_{1}} = P_{θ_{2}}|undefined$.

Comparisons with other classes of models
Parametric models are contrasted with the semi-parametric, semi-nonparametric, and non-parametric models, all of which consist of an infinite set of "parameters" for description. The distinction between these four classes is as follows:
 * in a "parametric" model all the parameters are in finite-dimensional parameter spaces;
 * a model is "non-parametric" if all the parameters are in infinite-dimensional parameter spaces;
 * a "semi-parametric" model contains finite-dimensional parameters of interest and infinite-dimensional nuisance parameters;
 * a "semi-nonparametric" model has both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional unknown parameters of interest.

Some statisticians believe that the concepts "parametric", "non-parametric", and "semi-parametric" are ambiguous. It can also be noted that the set of all probability measures has cardinality of continuum, and therefore it is possible to parametrize any model at all by a single number in (0,1) interval. This difficulty can be avoided by considering only "smooth" parametric models.

title: Parametric model


text:
Plentzia

Plentzia (Plencia) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. The town has 4,459 inhabitants (2023).

Plentzia is located 25 km north-east of Bilbao. It is part of the Bilbao metropolitan area, as well as being the terminus of the first line of the city's Metro. In addition to the Metro, two BizkaiBus bus routes serve the town, with further destinations served from Urduliz, the next stop on the Metro. Plentzia is approximately 30 min by car from Bilbao and Bilbao airport. Coming from Bilbao, take the BI-634 from Bilbao to Sopelana and then follow the signposts along the BI-2122 to Plentzia. From the airport, take the BI-631 as far as Mungia, and from there the BI-2120 to Plentzia.

Plentzia is a resort town with a large beach beside the Plentzia River estuary, in the round, shell-shaped Bay of Plentzia, shared with neighbouring Gorliz and Barrika. The beach is very popular as it is clean and the sea is calm due to the shelter of the bay and the town has many amenities for visitors.

Plentzia and its neighbouring municipalities are popular locations for better-off families from Bilbao to buy weekend–holiday homes and during the summer months the town's beach and bars and restaurants become much busier thanks to these residents and other visitors from Bilbao.

As in most Basque towns, Plentzia has a number of restaurants and bars ranging from small bars offering pintxos to restaurants with formal dining. There is also a small Council-run museum telling the town's history and in particular dealing with its history as a merchant marine port. The town also has an indoor municipal Jai Alai Fronton where the traditional Basque sport of pelota is played and competitive matches can often be seen.

History
The origins of Plentzia goes back to the beginning of the 13th century, when the Lord of Vizcaya Lope Díaz II of Haro define the maritime term of the district of Gorliz, focused on whale hunting. However, the villa was not founded until the year 1299 by Diego López V of Haro. It stood in the area coastal Gaminiz, belonging to the community of Gorliz, which would separate the whole which would constitute the town of Plentzia.

The original name of the new town was Placencia of Butron or Plasencia of Butron, but with the passage of years the use will short it giving rise to the current "Plencia". The “plencianos” were governed by the jurisdiction of Logroño. Subsequent Lords of Vizcaya and Kings of Castile would confirm the privileges of the town.

title: Plentzia


text:
User talk:Bannana girl 07

Welcome!

Hi there Bannana girl 07 and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us!  Ban e  s  13:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Bannana girl 07


text:
User:Arnero

About Arne Rosenfeldt
1977 birth

sailing

1988 computer language basic

1992? Computer language.C++ (Ansi C, with variable declaraions in the middle in the function and other C++ comforts)

interest in computer Graphic

2002 diploma in physics

Occupation with lasers and UHV.

Other Wikis
And in the German Wiki and the Commons and de.unecyclopedia I have the same user name.

Politics
The wiki content is free. So a profit organization can distribute it, but do not allow advertising on wikipedia itselft. Do not upgrade the server, do not hire more people, do not complicate the software. If an edit takes an hour to arrive at the server, edit wars will stop and a good edit needs more than one hour anyways, you will have to live with typos though.

Philosophy
On what base is an analogy choosen? I have not played with Barbie, so I think humans are quite complicated, they may even be more complicated than math. But most people have a built in Intuition (knowledge) about humans and use it for pets, but even for wild animals and for the genesis. Pretty long stretch, in my opinion.

Looking for a home outside Wikipedia: Application of the fresnel equation on multilayers
The following m-code can calculate multilayers as needed for optical coating, polarizer, ellipsometry, resist: %2006-10-14: Code checked with Freesnell and wikipedia.org/wiki/fresnel and references therein layer=[1 0;3+i 0.2;2+i/4 0.2;3+i 0.2;1 0]; % n+i*k width si=sin(60/180*pi); wavenumber= 2*pi/0.263;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Core{ snellsius=wavenumber*sqrt( layer(:,1).^2 - si^2); fresnel = { 	@(k,r) [        k(1)   -      k(2)         2*  k(1)  ]  /  (     k(1)  +      k(2)   ), ... %s-polarization @(k,r) [       k(1)*r -      k(2)/r       2*  k(1)  ]  /  (     k(1)*r+      k(2)/r ) };		%p-polarization

s=size(layer); s=s(1); G=zeros(s*2,s*2);adr=@(l,d) l*2+d-1; % Global matrix for p=1:2	%polarization for l=1:s-1	%layer for d=0:1	%initial (due to fresnel equations traditionally formulated in push fashion) E=fresnel{p}(snellsius([l+d l+(1-d)]),layer(l+(1-d),1)/layer(l+d,1)) * exp(i*snellsius(l+d)*layer(l+d,2)); for f=0:1 %final. flattening G( adr(l+f,1-f), adr(l+d, d) )=E(f+1); end end end t =  inv(eye(2*s-2,2*s-2)-G(2:2*s-1,2:2*s-1)) * G(2:2*s-1,[1 2*s]); t =  [1 0 ; t; 0 1]; for l=1:s	%unflattening Eg(l,:,:,p)=permute([t(adr(l,0),:) ; t(adr(l,1),:)],[3 1 2]); end end %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% }Core

for l=1:s E=fresnel{1}([snellsius(1) snellsius(l)],layer(l,1)); %should work the same for fresnel{2} Flux_into_layer(l,:)=(1-abs(E(1))^2)/abs(E(2))^2*abs(Eg(l,:,1,1)).^2; %specialize for (coming from the bottum, unity s polarzation). All (layers, directions) Flux_gain(l,:)=sum(Flux_into_layer(l,:)) *  (abs(exp(i*snellsius(l)*layer(l,2)))^2-1) ; end

Flux_gain

Particle-Wave Duality
... as the hardest part right at the beginning of quantum mechanics compared to relativistic effects like spin, gauge fields, Schrödinger equation, wich are later or just lengthy:

True, when quantum mechanics was new, some physicists thought that it put humans back into the picture, because the principles of quantum mechanics tell us how to calculate the probabilities of various results that might be found by a human observer. But, starting with the work of Hugh Everett forty years ago, the tendency of physicists who think deeply about these things has been to reformulate quantum mechanics in an entirely objective way, with observers treated just like everything else. I don't know if this program has been completely successful yet, but I think it will be.

from []

Inlet cone
moved to discussion page

title: User:Arnero


text:
Talk:Gymea Bay, New South Wales

Untitled
Something not quite right in this article. It defines Gymea Bay as a suburb extending along the western shore of Gymea Bay, without linking or defining the second meaning of Gymea Bay. And is the suburb really named after the lily, or after a water feature (the second meaning) that is named after a lily?. -- Chris j wood 13:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I have now added both meanings of Gymea Bay Michaeljwest 13:56, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Gallery
I recently removed 2 images from this article that looked pretty much the same. All images have the same caption 4 times over and 2 out of 2 images look almost identical. I would like to remove at least one of these images or even two. Mostly because there is no need to have so many images in this small article and they all look similar. I will leave this message here for response before I consider removing 2 images PoorPhotoremovalist (talk) 09:12, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * If you are planning to delete photos from articles, you should at least create a wikimedia commons page that features the deleted photos and then add the link to article. J Bar (talk) 23:30, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Gymea Bay, New South Wales. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223815/http://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/files/1953aa01-d435-4825-b727-a1ce00fdce5d/Origin_Suburb_Place_Names_May_2013.pdf to http://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/files/1953aa01-d435-4825-b727-a1ce00fdce5d/Origin_Suburb_Place_Names_May_2013.pdf

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title: Talk:Gymea Bay, New South Wales


text:
Santurtzi

Santurtzi (Santurce; Santurtzi ) is a port town in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, Spain. It is located in the Bilbao Abra bay, near the mouth of the Nervión river, on its left bank, 14 km downriver from Bilbao and forms part of the Greater Bilbao agglomeration. It has a population of 45,853 (2019) and a land area of 6.77 km2.

The district of Santurce of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico derives its name from Santurtzi.

History and Toponyms
According to legends, the current church of St. George was originally founded as a monastery by English monks fleeing from religious persecution. They established themselves on the Basque coast, specifically the Somorrostro Valley, from which would later develop the town of Santurtzi.

The name Santurtzi is derived from the Latin Sant Georgi, as was the hermitage in Gordejuela near current Oquendo. In neighbouring Cantabria, Burgos and Araba exist several towns with variations of the same name: Santurde, Santiurde de Reinosa and Santurdejo.

The Spanish language form Santurce first appeared in 1333, whilst its Basque counterpart would first be shown written in 1372. During the Middle Ages it could also be found referred to as San Jurdic, San Yurdie, Sturse and Santursi, amongst others. In current day, both names are used interchangeably, with certain preference given to Santurtzi, given its frequent use in Spanish.

The official name of the municipality has also seen various changes. During the 19th century it was officially considered to be Santurce, however in 1901 it was divided in two. The inland part of this division would become Santurce Ortuella, as the mining town of Ortuella had grown enough to promote itself as the largest urban conglomeration of Santurce. The coastal side maintained its population base in Santurtzi, and began to be called Old Santurce. The cultural and traditional relationship between the two divisions can still be observed in the border area of Kabiezes.

On 14 November 1980, Vicente Zorita Alonsoa candidate for the Basque Parliament and a long time administrative employeewas murdered by ETA as a statement against political supporters of the oligarchy.

Geography
In general, Santurtzi has a very rough orography, although excluding Mount Serantes (452m) - one of its most symbolic topographic elements - it is not at high altitude, the significant heights being spurs of the Serantes (Serandi): The Mallet (245m) and the Fortified Heights (123 and 106m). Its relief is contained within the north flank of the anticline of Biscay. It is a structural type relief composed of urgonian limestone from the Cretaceous period found all throughout Punta Lucero-Serantes, smoothly inclined towards the Estuary of Bilbao.

The climate in Santurtzi pertains to the humid oceanic climate type. The temperatures are moderate throughout the year, with more frequent rains in spring and autumn. Winters are mild and summers not excessively warm. The average temperature is 20 °C (70ªF) in summer and 8 °C (48ªF) in winter.

Santurtzi City Council
Santurtzi City Council (2023-2027):

Mayor
 * Karmele Tubilla (PNV)

Councillors

 * Edorta Rodrigo Izaola (PNV)
 * Itziar Carrocera Fernández (PNV)
 * Miguel Álvarez Ramírez (PNV)
 * Ixone Andreu (PNV)
 * Sonia López Bahamonde (PNV)
 * Imanol Urrutxua Betanzos (PNV)
 * Juan Andrades García (PSE)
 * Itziar Utrera Pérez (PSE)
 * Mario Gómez Pérez (PSE)
 * Olga Pastor Albizu (PSE)
 * Pedro Martínez González (PSE)
 * Ainhoa Lopera Corada (Elkarrekin Podemos)
 * José Manuel De Pablos Bajo (Elkarrekin Podemos)
 * Miren Matanzas Gorostizaga (EH Bildu)
 * Carlos Sáez Méndez (EH Bildu)
 * Amaia Ginea Mardones (EH Bildu)
 * Jose Ignacio Martín Haba (EH Bildu)
 * Naiara Gutierrez Bilbao (EH Bildu)
 * Beñat Goikoetxea López (EH Bildu)
 * Luis Ángel Urdiales Villanueva (EH Bildu)

Tourism
The life in the area is focused on the sea, which inspires its work and its leisure. Fishing boat and rowing boat races, and the celebrations of the Virgin of the Carmen are carried out each year.

Events and festivities

 * Easter Monday - Pascua - Cornites
 * April 23, San Jorge
 * June 24, San Juan, San Juan neighbourhood
 * June 29, San Pedro (Cabieces neighbourhood)
 * July 16, Virgen del Carmen
 * September 8, Virgen del Mar (Mamariga neighbourhood)

Monuments

 * San Jorge church (1725, the tower in 1844)
 * House Toasts (1890)
 * Town Hall (1905)
 * Monument to Cristóbal Murrieta (1923)
 * Patronato Santa Eulalia (1914)
 * Home and clinical San Juan de Dios (1925)
 * Oriol Palace (1913)
 * Science of navigation school (1860) and Hijas de la Cruz college (1863)
 * Virgen del Mar church (1901)
 * Fishermen Confraternity (1916)
 * Town Park (1918) and Central Kiosk (1917)
 * Mamariga fountain (1882)
 * Monument to the Sardinera (1964)
 * Fishing Port (1916) and Virgin of Carmen (1950)
 * Museum of Sculptures
 * Monument to Miguel de Unamuno
 * Señorío de Vizcaya Square (redesign 2007)

title: Santurtzi


text: User talk:207.29.198.246

title: User talk:207.29.198.246


text:
Wanda Beach Murders

The Wanda Beach Murders, also known simply as "Wanda", were the unsolved murders of Marianne Schmidt and Christine Sharrock at Wanda Beach near Cronulla in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on 11 January 1965. The victims, both aged 15, were best friends and neighbours from the suburb of West Ryde, and their partially buried bodies were discovered the next day. The brutal nature of the slayings and the fact that they occurred on a deserted, windswept beach brought massive publicity to the case. By April 1966, police had interviewed some 7,000 people, making it the largest investigation in Australian history. It remains one of the most infamous unsolved Australian murder cases of the 1960s, and New South Wales' oldest unsolved homicide case.

The victims
Marianne Schmidt had arrived in Melbourne, Victoria, with her family from West Germany in September 1958. At the time, the Schmidt family consisted of parents Helmut and Elisabeth; and Marianne and her siblings: Helmut Jr., Hans, Peter, Trixie, and Wolfgang. Another child, Norbert, was born the following year. After arriving in Australia, the Schmidt family lived in a migrant hostel in Unanderra, New South Wales, before settling in Temora. In 1963, Helmut moved the family to the Sydney area after being diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease, residing in a home in West Ryde. Helmut passed away the following year.

Marianne's next-door neighbour was Christine Sharrock, who lived with her grandparents Jim and Jeanette Taig. Sharrock's father had died in 1953; her mother Beryl remarried and was living in the north-western Sydney suburb of Seven Hills. Sharrock moved in with her grandparents by choice and when the Schmidts arrived next-door, she developed a strong friendship with Marianne, who was of the same age. It is not known why Sharrock preferred to live with her grandparents and not her mother and stepfather.

Disappearance
On 1 January 1965, at the height of the surf music era, Sharrock and Schmidt visited the beach at Cronulla, which had been a popular picnic spot for the Schmidt family. Diary entries, read after the murders, indicated that the girls had kissed some boys at the beach this day. The following day, the Schmidt children visited Cronulla again without Sharrock. Meanwhile, Schmidt's mother had been admitted to a hospital for a major operation, leaving Helmut Jr. and Marianne in charge of the household. On Saturday 9 January, Schmidt and Sharrock asked Schmidt's mother (who was still hospitalised) if they could take the younger children to Cronulla the next day and were given permission; however, rain prevented the trip.

On Monday 11 January, accompanied by Schmidt's four youngest siblings, the girls again set off by train for Cronulla railway station after transferring at Redfern. They arrived at about 11:00 am, but it was very windy and the beach was closed. The group then walked down to the southern end of the beach and sheltered among the rocks. Eight-year-old Wolfgang still wanted to swim, so Schmidt went with him to a shallow part of the surf away from the rocks. After they returned to the group, they had a picnic. At some point during this time, Sharrock left the others and went off by herself.

When Sharrock returned to the group, they decided to go for a walk into the sand-hills behind Wanda Beach. Around 1:00 pm, the group had reached a point around 400 metres (430 yards) beyond the Wanda Surf Club. They stopped to take shelter behind a sand-hill as the younger children were complaining about the conditions. Schmidt told her younger siblings that she and Sharrock would return to the rocky area at the south end of the beach where they had hidden their bags, then return to fetch the children and head home. Instead, however, the girls continued into the sand-hills. When Peter told them they were going the wrong way, they laughed at him and walked on.

The Schmidt children remained waiting behind the sand-hill until 5:00 pm, at which time they returned to collect their bags (including Schmidt and Sharrock's purses) and went home on the last train, arriving home around 8:00 pm. Schmidt and Sharrock were reported missing at 8:30 pm by Sharrock's grandmother.

The next morning, on Tuesday 12 January, Peter Smith was taking three young nephews for a walk through the Wanda Beach sand-hills. Some distance north of the Wanda Surf Club, he discovered what appeared to be a store mannequin buried face-down in the sand. He brushed away sand from the head and realised that it was a body, and the police were called from the surf club. At this point, Smith believed he had found only one body.

Investigation
When the murder scene was examined, Schmidt was found lying on her right side with her left leg bent. Sharrock was face down, her head against the sole of Schmidt's left foot. Both had scratch marks on their faces. From a 34 metre (37 yard) long drag mark leading to the scene, police determined that Sharrock had fled, possibly while Schmidt was dying, only to have been caught, incapacitated and dragged back to the body of her friend. An intensive search was undertaken to find the murder weapons, a long knife and some sort of blunt instrument, but they were never found. Tonnes of sand from around the murder scene were sifted through and various items were found, including a blood-stained knife blade, but police were unable to link it to the murders.

The autopsy for Sharrock found a BAC of 0.015, but alcohol was not found in Schmidt's autopsy. It was also discovered that Sharrock had consumed food (cabbage and celery – i.e. possibly a Chiko Roll) that was different from the rest of the party; it is suspected this occurred while she was alone. Sharrock's skull had been fractured by a blow to the back of the head and she had been stabbed fourteen times. Schmidt's throat had been deeply slashed and she had been stabbed six times. Their underwear had been cut, and attempts had been made to rape both girls. Semen was found on both girls but the autopsy showed that their hymens were intact. Schmidt's brother Hans had viewed photos of her body and said, "She'd been stabbed twenty-five to thirty times. She'd almost been decapitated because her throat had been cut so viciously."

It was also during Sharrock's absence that Wolfgang noticed a teenage boy hunting crabs. Later, he claimed to have seen the same boy twice more, once in the company of his sister and Sharrock and again sometime much later walking alone. There has been doubt about his description of this person, as Wolfgang's testimony over time variously suggested he had a homemade speargun, a fishing knife or both. The last official sighting of the girls was around 12:45 by local fireman Dennis Dostine, who was walking in the area with his son and saw the girls walking about 730 metres (800 yards) north of the surf club. Dostine told police that they seemed to be hurrying, and one of the girls often looked behind her as if they were being followed. He did not see anybody else. There had been a number of people seen in the area who were never identified and never came forward.

The funerals for Schmidt and Sharrock were held on 20 January, and an A£10,000 reward was posted in February (later converted to A$20,000 in 1966), which stood unchanged. In April 1966 the coroner handed down his report, by which time police had interviewed some 7,000 people, making it the largest investigation in Australian history. Despite this, the murders quickly became a cold case and none of the three main suspects fit the description of the surfer youth who has never been identified. The case was reopened in 2000, and in February 2012, the New South Wales Police Force's Cold Case Unit announced that a weak male DNA sample had been extracted from a pair of white shorts worn by Sharrock. While admitting that current technology was unable to provide more information, police were confident that future advances would give more assistance. In July 2014, police said that a semen sample taken from Schmidt's body had been lost and could not be located despite an extensive search.

Suspects
Cec Johnson, a former detective who had investigated the murders, was given a painting in 1975 by Alan Bassett, who had been jailed for the brutal rape and murder of Carolyn Orphin in Wollongong on 11 June 1966. Bassett's painting, titled "A Bloody Awful Thing", showed an abstract landscape. Johnson believed the painting showed blood trails, a broken knife blade and the body of a victim, and became convinced that Bassett was the Wanda Beach killer. He also became convinced that the painting showed a scene from the murders that only the killer would know, as well as clues to the also-unsolved murders of Wilhelmina Kruger and Anna Toskayoa Dowlingkoa. Despite the scepticism of other detectives, Johnson wrote a book about the case. However, before it could be published, he was killed in an accident. Other detectives, while retaining professional respect for Johnson, concluded that he was wrong in his belief.

One person Johnson convinced, however, was Daily Mirror crime reporter Bill Jenkings, who repeated Johnson's claims in his ghostwritten memoirs, As Crime Goes By. In a chapter devoted to the Wanda Beach murders, most of which is essentially a repeat of what he had written in his earlier book Crime Reporter, Jenkings mentions Bassett and his painting. Bassett, who had been released from prison in 1995, commenced proceedings for defamation in the Supreme Court of New South Wales; the publisher pleaded defences of justification (Bassett being a convicted murderer) and the proceedings never went further. Since his release, Bassett has voluntarily given a DNA sample to clear his name, but whether or not he has been eliminated as a suspect in the Wanda Beach murders has yet to be publicised.

A second suspect is serial killer Christopher Wilder. Two years prior to the murders, Wilder had been convicted of a gang-rape on a Sydney beach which led police to include him as a suspect. Wilder had emigrated to the United States in 1969; while visiting his parents in Australia in 1982, he was charged with sexual offenses against two 15-year-old girls whom he had forced to pose nude. Wilder fled back to the US, and in the first half of 1984 he committed eight murders and attempted several more. He accidentally killed himself during a struggle with police in New Hampshire on 13 April 1984.

A third suspect, not well publicised until 1998, is Derek Percy, who had been imprisoned since 1969 for the murder of a child on a beach in Victoria. Percy, considered too dangerous to be released and the prime suspect for a number of other murders of children in Melbourne and Sydney, died in 2013 from cancer. He was considered a leading suspect for the Wanda Beach murders by police. While Percy can be linked to Cronulla on the date of the murders, no other links have been found. It was hoped he would make confessions on his deathbed, but these never came.

Possible linked cases
Two far less well known murders also occurred during early 1966 (in the days following the nationally publicised disappearance of the Beaumont children) which, police at the time speculated, might have been connected to the Wanda Beach murders.

 * On Saturday 29 January 1966, a 56-year old cleaning lady named Wilhelmina Kruger was killed in the Piccadilly Centre on Crown Street in Wollongong. Her bloodied body was discovered around 5:45 a.m. at the foot of the basement-level stairs by a butcher who had arrived for work. Having been first assaulted three floors above, probably around 4:30 a.m., she had been brutally dragged down the escalators and stairs. She was then strangled, stabbed, mutilated and was found naked from the chest down. Police also found cigarette burns in her clothing and blond hair was found at the scene. In the time prior to the murder, Kruger had become nervous that someone was watching her and had been driven to work by her husband. Similarly, the lights in the car park within the Centre had shown recent signs of tampering, including on the morning of the murder. A witness who lived near the Centre reported seeing a vehicle speeding nearby at around 4:55 a.m. on the day of the murder. The witness described the vehicle as a rusty cream-coloured utility, possibly a Holden or a Chevrolet-type model with a plywood canopy attached to the rear of the vehicle. The witness gave a description of the driver as a tall, lean male of a disheveled appearance. This report was corroborated by two couples who were staying at the Centre's motel, who asked a male about local accommodation shortly before Kruger's murder. The group also stated that they heard the sound of a vehicle speeding away shortly after the murder. The group's description of the male to whom they spoke and the vehicle he drove matched the description of the speeding driver. Considered one of the most brutal attacks in the history of the state, the case remains unsolved.  Police believed that the murder might have been the work of the Wanda Beach killer, but would not say why.

 * Around midnight on Wednesday 16 February 1966, a 27-year old shop assistant and prostitute from Bondi named Anna Toskayoa Dowlingkoa went missing after leaving the Taxi Club in Kings Cross. Ten days later, at around 5:30 p.m. on 26 February, her semi-naked, strangled, stabbed and mutilated body was found by a truck driver who had stopped at the side of Old Illawarra Road in Menai to change a tyre. Most of Dowlingkoa's clothes and belongings were missing, and drag evidence showed that her body had been moved to a more visible location around three to four days prior to discovery. Police immediately linked her brutal "Jack the Ripper-like murder" with that of Kruger, and investigators from that crime were called in to assist. They believed that the murder might have been the work of the Wanda Beach killer, primarily based on circumstantial evidence and similarities in modus operandi.

In both the murders of Kruger and Dowlingkoa, police believed that the killer was taunting them. In the Kruger murder, a witness calling himself "Gary" gave a statement that he and a girlfriend were sitting in his car parked in Railway Square, directly behind the Piccadilly Centre, when he saw the utility pulling into the square sometime between 2:30 a.m. and 3:00 a.m. on the morning of the murder. "Gary" also stated that the vehicle circled Railway Square three times before turning back onto Gladstone Avenue and parking opposite the Piccadilly Centre. Police checks revealed that no such person existed on any record and the address that "Gary" gave detectives was false.

Media
The murders were the focus of an episode of Crime Investigation Australia entitled "The Wanda Beach Murders/Beaumont Children Mystery". A book, Wanda: The Untold Story of the Wanda Beach Murders by Alan J. Whiticker, was published in January 2003. It was also the topic of the premiere January 2016 episode of Casefile True Crime Podcast, with the linked cases receiving a stand-alone episode in January 2018.

title: Wanda Beach Murders


text:
Leamside line

The Leamside Line, originally part of the Durham Junction Railway, is a disused railway line, located in the North East of England. The alignment diverges from the East Coast Main Line at Tursdale Junction, travelling a distance of 21 miles north through the Durham Coalfield and Washington, prior to joining the Durham Coast Line at Pelaw Junction. The Leamside Line closed to passenger traffic in 1964, under the Beeching cuts.

History
The first section of the Leamside Line was opened in August 1838, by the Durham Junction Railway, between Washington on the Stanhope and Tyne Railway, and Rainton Meadows.

In September 1843, the Durham Junction Railway was acquired by the Newcastle and Darlington Junction Railway ahead of the opening of the company's planned route between Newcastle and Darlington. The planned route involved operating over the existing alignment, owned by the Durham Junction Railway, which was operating at a loss, and therefore unable to upgrade the track. Upon completion, passenger services commenced in June 1844, between Darlington and Greenesfield, near Gateshead. The station at Greenesfield was subsequently closed, following the opening of Newcastle, in August 1850.

The line between Washington and Pelaw was opened in September 1849, by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway – the successor of the Newcastle and Darlington Junction Railway. Prior to the opening of this line, trains traveled via Brockley Whins.

The stone arch Victoria Viaduct, constructed between 1836 and 1838, is inspired by the design of the Alcántara Bridge in Spain. The line travels 135 ft over the River Wear, carried on four arches, spanning between 100 and 160 ft.

The Leamside Line constituted part of the original East Coast Main Line route from London to Edinburgh, until 1872, eventually being incorporated into the North Eastern Railway. The line's main source of revenue, as with most of the early railways, was mineral traffic, principally coal from the Durham Coalfield. The line was linked to many private colliery branch lines and waggonways.

In 1872, the North Eastern Railway line between Bishop Auckland and Gateshead, as well as the Croxdale link, became part of the East Coast Main Line. Thereafter, the Leamside Line continued to carry local passenger services and freight traffic, as well as serving as a diversionary route from the East Coast Main Line.

In 1941, passenger services between Ferryhill and Leamside were withdrawn, resulting in the closure of stations at Shincliffe (in June 1941), and Sherburn Colliery (in July 1941) to passengers. Leamside was the next station on the line to close, in October 1953, to both goods and passengers. Usworth and Washington followed around 10 years later, closing in September 1963. Penshaw and Fencehouses subsequently closed to passengers in May 1964. This marked the line's closure to passenger traffic, which occurred contemporaneously with the Penshaw–Sunderland line.

Ferryhill station, being at the junction with the modern East Coast Main Line remained open for a further three years, closing to passengers in March 1967. The station closed to goods in the 1980s. Coal and other freight continued to be carried for some years but declined due to the gradual demise of the Durham Coalfield between the 1970s and 1990s. In the late-1980s the line was used at weekends for East Coast Main Line trains that were diverted due to electrification of the line between Newcastle and Darlington, especially in 1989 to avoid Durham when there was a major remodeling of the track through Durham station.

In the early 1990s, and following the closure of the Freightliner terminal at Follingsby, near Wardley, the Leamside Line was mothballed almost entirely – the terminal being the recipient of most of the line's traffic during the final years of operation. A short section of the Leamside Line from Pelaw Junction remained in operation, serving the open-cast coal mine at Wardley, which has also since closed.

After closure
Following the line's closure in the early 1990s, the double track was reduced to a single line in some places, with the track severed at some level crossings along the line. Initially, the line's engineering features remained intact. However, the embankment carrying the line over Moors Burn, located around 500 yds from to the north of the former station at Fencehouses, had partially collapsed, leaving the former down track suspended. Substantial parts of the line and infrastructure were also missing from around the former station at Usworth, which has also become severely overgrown.

In January 2003, a large section of track, located to the south of Penshaw, was stolen over a six-day period. In late 2012 and early 2013, around 16 miles of track was lifted, with Network Rail insisting that this would have no effect on any future re-opening plans, as track renewal would be necessary. The line is currently safeguarded from development, with no sales of land attached to the line.

The former Freightliner terminal at Follingsby, near Wardley, is currently under development, with plans to construct an Amazon warehouse and fulfilment centre – leading to the potential creation of over 1,000 jobs. The site of the former open-cast coal mine at Wardley is also now under private development.

Proposed re-opening, upgrade and development
Since the line's closure in the early 1990s, a number of proposals to re-open the Leamside Line have been put forward, including plans by AECOM, ATOC, Durham County Council, Railtrack and Tyne and Wear PTE. The line has been considered for a number of potential uses, including a regional suburban rail service linking Tyneside and Teesside, a diversionary freight route for the East Coast Main Line, and an extension to the Tyne and Wear Metro network.

Part of the Durham to Sunderland Line, which diverged from the Leamside Line to the south-east of the Victoria Viaduct, re-opened in March 2002, following the Tyne and Wear Metro's extension to Wearside. The line terminates at South Hylton, around 3 mi from the former junction with the Leamside Line. In early 2020, discussions between councils began, looking into the potential extension of the Tyne and Wear Metro network to the International Advanced Manufacturing Park in Washington, using the former alignment of the Leamside Line.

In March 2020, a bid was made to the Restoring Your Railway fund to get funds for a feasibility study into reinstating the line. This bid was unsuccessful.

From being elected in 2019 the North of Tyne Mayor, Jamie Driscoll, campaigned for the reopening of the line.

At the Conservative Party conference in 2023, The Party announced plans to re-open the line as part of its "Network North" programme. However, the following day the Government backtracked and said they were only "looking into it".

In July 2024 North East mayor Kim McGuinness announced that around £8 million would be spent planning to bring part of the line back into use as part of the Tyne and Wear Metro to Washington.

The plan would expand the Metro network from its current endpoint in South Hylton through to Washington, the fourth biggest town in the UK without a railway station, then onto Follingsby and rejoin at Pelaw.

However the opening of a ‘Washington Metro Loop’ would still be years away and would require an estimated £745 million funding to be found.

title: Leamside line


text:
Talk:Body of Doctrine

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List of England international footballers

The England national men's football team represents the country of England in international association football. It is fielded by The Football Association, the governing body of football in England, and competes as a member of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), which encompasses the countries of Europe. England competed in the first official international football match on 30 November 1872, a 0–0 draw with Scotland at Hamilton Crescent.

England have competed in numerous competitions, and all players who have played in 10 or more matches, either as a member of the starting eleven or as a substitute, are listed below. Each player's details include his playing position while with the team, the number of caps earned and goals scored in all international matches, and details of the first and most recent matches played in. The names are initially ordered by number of caps (in descending order), then by date of debut, then by alphabetical order. All statistics are correct up to and including the match played on 14 July 2024.

Introduction
The first player to be capped 10 times by England was Norman Bailey, who played his 10th match in an 8–1 away win against Ireland on 23 February 1884 in the 1883–84 British Home Championship. His final match, in which he earned his 19th cap, was the 3–1 home defeat to Scotland on 19 March 1887. The appearance record is held by goalkeeper Peter Shilton, which he set on 7 June 1989 in a 1–1 away draw with Denmark in a friendly. Shilton's last match for England was the third-place match against Italy on 7 July 1990 in the World Cup. He finished his England career on 125 caps.

The goalscoring record is held by Harry Kane, with 66 goals from 98 matches between 2015 and 2024. Kane passed Wayne Rooney's record of 53 goals, which had stood for 8 years, with his 54th goal on 23 March 2023, in a 2–1 away win over Italy in a European Championship qualifier.

England's highest scorer in World Cup finals matches is Gary Lineker, with ten goals, and the highest scorers in European Championship finals matches are Alan Shearer and Harry Kane, with seven goals.

Key
Player: {{legend|#fbec5d|This colour background and the * symbol indicate that the player was active at club level as at the date specified above. }} Players marked † were in the squad that won the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Position: Playing positions are listed according to the tactical formations that were employed at the time. Thus the change in the names of defensive and midfield positions reflects the tactical evolution that occurred from the 1960s onwards. Caps and goals: Caps and goals comprise those in the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship, their associated qualification matches, as well as UEFA Nations League matches and international friendly tournaments and matches.