text:
Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey

The multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye'de çok partili dönem) started in 1945.

Preludes
with the establishment of the opposition Liberal Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) by Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930 after President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk asked Okyar to establish the party as part of an attempted transition to multi-party democracy in Turkey. It was soon closed by the Republican People's Party (CHP) government, however, when Atatürk found the party to be too influenced by Islamist-rooted elements.

1950–1960: DP in power
The National Development Party (Milli Kalkınma Partisi) was founded by Nuri Demirağ. The next year, the Democrat Party was established, and was elected in 1950.

Very popular at first, the government, led by Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, relaxed the restrictions on public Islam and presided over a booming economy thanks to the Marshall Plan. In the later half of the decade, however, the government introduced censorship laws limiting dissent, while it became plagued by high inflation and a massive debt. The government also attempted to use the army to suppress its political rivals. The army revolted in the 1960 coup, ending the Menderes government, and soon thereafter returning rule to civilian administration.

1960 coup
The army balked at the government's instrumentalization of it, and on May 27, 1960, General Cemal Gürsel led a military coup d'état removing President Celal Bayar and Prime Minister Menderes. Menderes was executed with two ministers. In October 1961, the military junta returned the power to civilians. The political system that emerged in the wake of the 1960 coup was a fractured one, producing a series of unstable government coalitions in parliament.

1961–1980: The Second Republic
In 1965, the Justice Party of Süleyman Demirel won an absolute majority, which it increased in 1969. But there was increasing polarization between the Justice Party on the right and the CHP of İsmet İnönü and Bülent Ecevit on the left. In 1969, the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) was founded by Alparslan Türkeş, a member of the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish branch of NATO's stay-behind army. MHP's youth organizations became known as the Grey Wolves.

A memorandum from the military on March 12, 1971 threatened intervention, forcing the Demirel government to resign. After a period of interim government, Bülent Ecevit became Prime Minister and governed in a coalition with the religious National Salvation Party. In 1974, the Greek military junta supported a coup in Cyprus led by extremist Greek Cypriots who were hostile to President of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios. Prime Minister Ecevit invaded Cyprus on July 20, 1974 to counter the potential Greek coup.

The fractured political scene and poor economy led to mounting violence between ultranationalists and communists in the streets of Turkey's cities. The NATO stay-behind army Counter-Guerrilla, related to the National Intelligence Organization (Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı, MIT) engaged itself in domestic terror and killed hundreds. As in Italy, it engaged itself in a strategy of tension The overall death-toll of the terror of the 1970s in estimated at 5,000, with right-wing and terrorism responsible for the most part. According to statistics published by the British Searchlight magazine, in 1978 there were 3,319 fascist attacks, in which 831 were killed and 3,121 wounded.

1980–2002
Out of the rubble of the previous political system came a single-party governance under Turgut Özal's Motherland Party (ANAP), which combined a globally oriented economic program with conservative social values. Under Özal, the economy boomed, converting towns like Gaziantep from small provincial capitals into mid-sized economic boomtowns.

Upon the retirement of President Kenan Evren, the leader of the 1980 coup, Özal was elected President, leaving parliament in the hands of Yıldırım Akbulut, and, in 1991, Mesut Yılmaz. Yılmaz redoubled Turkey's economic profile and renewed its orientation toward Europe. However, political instability followed, as the host of politicians banned from politics during the 1980 coup reentered politics, fracturing the vote, and the Motherland Party became increasingly corrupt. Özal died of a heart attack in 1993, and Süleyman Demirel was elected president.

The 1995 elections brought a short-lived coalition between Yılmaz's Motherland Party and the True Path Party (DYP), now with Tansu Çiller at the helm. Çiller then turned to the Welfare Party (RP), headed by Necmettin Erbakan, the former leader of the National Salvation Party, allowing Erbakan to enter the Prime Ministry. In 1997, the military, citing his government's support for religious policies deemed dangerous to Turkey's secular nature, sent a memorandum to Erbakan requesting that he resign, which he did. Shortly thereafter, the RP was banned and reborn as the Virtue Party (FP). A new government was formed by ANAP and Ecevit's Democratic Left Party (DSP) supported from the outside by the center-left CHP, led by Deniz Baykal. Under this government, Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the PKK, was captured in 1999 in Kenya. Imprisoned in the prison-island of İmralı in the Marmara Sea, Öcalan was tried for treason and sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment.

The DSP won big in the 1999 elections on the strength of the Öcalan abduction. Second place went, surprisingly, to the MHP. These two parties, alongside Yılmaz's ANAP formed a government. The popular perception was that it would fail; these were, after all, the inheritors of the two groups that were fighting so violently in the streets during the 1970s. However, the government was somewhat effective, if not harmonious, bringing about much-needed economic reform, instituting human rights legislation, and bringing Turkey ever closer to the European Union (EU).

2002–present: AKP government
A series of economic shocks led to new elections in 2002, bringing into power the religiously conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP) of former mayor of Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The Erdoğan government started negotiations with the EU on October 3, 2005.

The AKP again won the 2007 elections, which followed the controversial August 2007 presidential election, during which AKP member Abdullah Gül was elected President at the third round. Recent developments in Iraq (explained under positions on terrorism and security), secular and religious concerns, the intervention of the military in political issues, relations with the EU, the United States, and the Muslim world were the main issues. The outcome of this election, which brought the Turkish and Kurdish ethnic/nationalist parties (MHP and DTP) into the parliament, will affect Turkey's bid for European Union membership, as Turkish perceptions of the current process (or lack thereof) affected the results and will continue to affect policy making in coming years.

Ergenekon and Sledgehammer
Alleged members of a clandestine group called Ergenekon were detained in 2008 as part of a long and complex trial. Members are accused of terrorism and plotting to overthrow the civilian government.

On 22 February 2010 more than 40 officers arrested and then were formally charged with attempting to overthrow the government with respect to so-called "Sledgehammer" plot. They include four admirals, a general and two colonels, some of them retired, including former commanders of the Turkish navy and air force (three days later, the former commanders of the navy and air force were released).

2013–2017
Although the 2013 protests in Turkey started as a response against the removal of Taksim Gezi Park in Istanbul, they have sparked riots across the country in cities such as Izmir and Ankara as well. Three and a half million people are estimated to have taken an active part in almost 5,000 demonstrations across Turkey connected with the original Gezi Park protest. Twenty-two people were killed and more than 8,000 were injured, many critically.

In August 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct presidential election.

In the Turkish parliamentary elections of 1 November 2015, the AKP won back the absolute majority in parliament: 317 of the 550 seats. CHP won 134 seats, HDP 59 seats, MHP 40 seats.

Since 2013, in the conflict between Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and Turkish government, 304 civilians were killed by ISIL attacks across Turkey,       excluding the 2015 Ankara bombings allegedly perpetrated by ISIL in which 109 civilians died;  the bombings were the deadliest terror attack in modern Turkish history.

On 15 July 2016, factions within the Turkish military attempted to overthrow President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, citing growing non-secularism and censorship as motivation for the attempted coup. The coup was blamed by the government on the influence of the vast network led by U.S.-based Muslim cleric Fethullah Gülen. In the aftermath of the failed coup, major purges have occurred, including that of military officials, police officers, judges, governors and civil servants, as well as factions within the media. There have been allegations of torture in connection with these purges.

On 16 April 2017, a constitutional referendum was voted in, although narrowly and divided. The referendum created a presidential republic. Many observers and European states viewed the referendum as an "enabling act" and see it as "democratically backsliding".

2018–present
President Erdoğan was re-elected on 24 June 2018. Erdoğan's party, the AKP, won a majority in the parliament with its ally, the MHP, in the parliamentary election. The opposition CHP considered the election unfair.

In October 2018, Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul.

Between 9 October and 25 November 2019, Turkey conducted a military offensive into north-eastern Syria.

In May 2023, Erdoğan won a third presidential term, with AK Party and its allies holding a parliamentary majority in a divisive general election.


text: Wikipedia:Shortpages/Short pages1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Shortpages/Short pages1


text:
Heartless Bastards

Heartless Bastards are an American rock band formed in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2003. The band has released six albums.

History
Heartless Bastards originally started as a recording project of Erika Wennerstrom. She played most of the instruments and featured David Colvin on drums, along with contributions from Reuben Glaser on lead guitar and Jesse Ebaugh on bass. A five-song demo was recorded in December 2002 at Ultrasuede Studios by Shannon McGee. Wennerstrom put together a live band and played the first live show at the Comet, a bar in the Cincinnati community of Northside, in August 2003. The live lineup came to be a three-piece with Kevin Vaughn on drums and Mike Lamping on bass. The band was signed to Fat Possum Records in 2004 after Patrick Carney from the Black Keys passed along a demo he received from Wennerstrom.

According to Wennerstrom, the name of the band came from a question on a Mega Touch trivia quiz game at a bar. A question asked the name of Tom Petty's backing band, and one of the options was "Tom Petty and the Heartless Bastards". She thought it was funny, and used it when she later formed a band.

Their debut album Stairs and Elevators was released in 2004. Rolling Stone said, "the Heartless Bastards are a small-town band who are ready to show the big city no mercy". The Village Voice wrote: "deadeye accurate in pitch and message ... what we've got is a hard, gnarled voice singing simple-seeming melodies that feel archetypal rather than ordinary, which is no easier to explain than it is to do". Stylus Magazine gave the group high praise, stating, "[Wennerstrom] and her two band mates have created an album with more rocking songs and fat hooks than most bands can dream of. It's not just that they rock, it's that you believe what you hear, that they love the sound they make, that Wennerstrom lays her soul bare in her lyrics without sounding like Sarah McLachlan, that the women of rock who labored to make it OK for a girl to dream of playing guitar deserve far better than Avril Lavigne or Kelly Osbourne as their descendants."

The second full-length album from the band, All This Time, was released on August 8, 2006. The band road tested many of the tracks on the record prior to releasing it. The album relies less on guitar riffs and belted vocals and more on musicianship, without leaving behind the group's unique sound. On the modern rock station WOXY, the band was ranked No. 12 on the 97 Best of 2005, putting the band among the likes of Spoon and ahead of the White Stripes.

In August 2008, a new line-up for the band was announced. Erika Wennerstrom remains the only constant member, rejoined by bassist Jesse Ebaugh and original Heartless Bastards drummer Dave Colvin.

Their third album The Mountain was released February 3, 2009, on Fat Possum Records and was produced by Spoon producer Mike McCarthy. For this album the band broadened their sound to include elements of country music, employing violin, banjo, mandolin, and steel guitar.

Heartless Bastards performed a taping for the PBS series Austin City Limits on June 3, 2009, as part of the show's 35th anniversary season. In October and November 2009 the band opened for Wolfmother during the band's American tour.

On November 17, 2011, Heartless Bastards announced they had signed with Brooklyn-based Partisan Records to release their fourth album Arrow on February 14, 2012. On December 15, 2011, the band announced on Twitter that the pre-order for Arrow was launched, and that fans could get a limited edition lithograph by preordering. Arrow was produced by Spoon drummer Jim Eno at his Public Hi-Fi home studio in Austin, Texas. It featured a line-up of Erika Wennerstrom (vocals/guitar), Jesse Ebaugh (bass), Dave Colvin (drums) and Mark Nathan (guitar). Wennerstrom said, "I feel like this is the strongest record I've ever done. I feel like playing with these guys, us all being so connected, really helped make it so fully realized. I'm really, really happy with it".

On December 1, 2011, the first single from Arrow called "Parted Ways" was released exclusively on RollingStone.com and to the band's fans.

The band appeared at the Fonda Theater in Los Angeles on September 28, 2014, as part of "George Fest: A Night to Celebrate The Music of George Harrison". Their performance of "If Not For You", the Bob Dylan song Harrison included on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass, is included on the 2016 soundtrack album and in the concert film, also included as the third disc of the Vagrant/Hot Records package.

The band's fifth album, Restless Ones, was released on June 16, 2015.

Wennerstrom released her debut solo album, Sweet Unknown, in 2018.

The band's sixth album, A Beautiful Life, was released on September 10, 2021. The album was the first on their own label, Sweet Unknown Records. It was preceded by the singles "How Low" and "Revolution". Wennerstrom considered releasing the album as a solo effort, but then decided that the album was a continuation of the journey begun on the band's debut Stairs and Elevators.

Discography

 * 2005 - Stairs and Elevators - Fat Possum Records
 * 2006 - All This Time - Fat Possum Records
 * 2009 - The Mountain - Fat Possum Records; No. 150 U.S.
 * 2012 - Arrow - Partisan Records; No. 78 U.S.
 * 2015 - Restless Ones - Partisan Records
 * 2021 - A Beautiful Life - Sweet Unknown Records

Television credits

 * "Sway" was featured in Season 4 for the television series Friday Night Lights, and included on the Friday Night Lights Vol. 2 soundtrack album. "All This Time" was featured in "Git Er 'Dun" (Season 1, Episode 5) of Friday Night Lights, but was not featured on the official soundtrack.
 * "Got to Have Rock and Roll" was featured in "Discovery" (season 2 episode 4) of Suits, while "Marathon" was featured in "Blood in the Water" (season 2 episode 12) of the show.
 * "Only for You" was featured in "The Path of the Righteous" (season 1 episode 11) of Daredevil as well as Chuck season 5 episode 4 "Chuck vs. The Business Trip".
 * "Hi Line" and "Gates of Dawn" were performed live on Last Call with Carson Daly in November 2015.

Reviews

 * The Village Voice review of Stairs and Elevators
 * Stylus Magazine review of Stairs and Elevators
 * PopMatters review of Stairs and Elevators
 * Blender review of Stairs and Elevators
 * Prefixmag review of Stairs and Elevators
 * Sponic Zine review of Stairs and Elevators
 * Stylus Magazine review of All This Time
 * Pitchfork review of All This Time
 * Blender review of All This Time
 * The Austin Chronicle review of All This Time
 * Time review July 30, 2013

title: Heartless Bastards


text:
Talk:Hank Parker Jr.

2 Busch Poles
Just for reference he has two. One of his poles he got for Roush, and I believe he did not start the race, when he was a test driver. If you go to racing reference, look at all his career starts, he has two poles. Don't just look at his driver page. Casey14 01:19, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Dale Earnhardt, Jr. which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:14, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

Major overhaul
I'm the person that's been doing an overhaul on some stuff so in can be right for 2024 and beyond I am a fan of this driver and I want to think the original creator of this Wikipedia for making a Wikipedia on one of my favorite Xfinity series underdogs, I have added tons of things that were not added originally, but are there now, and to conclude on how many poles he has, I can confirm that he has two poles not one, and he only joined RFK racing or at the time called Roush racing to mentor Carl Edwards from 2005 to 2006, but yeah I want to think the original creator of this Wikipedia. MadBlade 2 (talk) 00:28, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hank Parker Jr.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Molag Amur

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Rob Church Talk 02:43, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Molag Amur
not real, nonsenese and not notable Gator1 20:41, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - Gator1 20:41, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just because it's fiction doesn't mean it's not notable. It's not nonsensical. Punkmorten 22:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If not expanded, however, merge to Vvardenfell is also an option. Punkmorten 22:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Somewhere. Better. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 02:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Like, say, Regions of Vvardenfell, or better yet, the already existing Vvardenfell. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 19:41, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, i'm going to add a pic and some information Shanul 13:19, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
One-party period of the Republic of Turkey

The one-party period of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye'de tek partili dönem) began with the formal establishment of the country in 1923. The Republican People's Party (CHP) was the only party between 1923 and 1945, when the National Development Party was established. After winning the first multiparty elections in 1946 by a landslide, the Republican People's Party lost the majority to the Democratic Party in the 1950 elections. During the one-party period, President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk repeatedly requested that opposition parties be established to stand against the Republican People's Party in order to transition into multi-party democracy. Kâzım Karabekir established the Progressive Republican Party in 1924 but it was banned after its members' involvement in the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion. In 1930 the Liberal Republican Party was established but then dissolved again by its founder. Despite Atatürk's efforts to establish a self-propagating multi-party system, this was only established after his death in 1938.

1923–1938: Presidency of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country began. The institutions and constitutions of Western states such as France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland were analysed and adapted according to the needs and characteristics of the Turkish nation. Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding the intentions of President Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk), the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the first caliphs".

Atatürk's regime initiated a wide range of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, linguistic, and economic policy changes that were designed to transform the new Republic of Turkey into a secular and modern nation-state.

After the foundation of the Liberal Republican Party by Ali Fethi Okyar, religious groups joined the liberals and consequently, widespread bloody disorders took place, especially in the eastern territories. The Liberal Republican Party was dissolved on 17 November 1930 and no further attempt at a multiparty democracy was made until 1945.

Opposition, 1924–1927
In 1924, while the "Issue of Mosul" was on the table, Sheikh Said began to organise the Sheikh Said Rebellion. Sheikh Said was a wealthy Kurdish hereditary chieftain (Tribal chief) of a local Naqshbandi order. Piran emphasised the issue of religion; he not only opposed the abolition of the Caliphate, but also the adoption of civil codes based on Western models, the closure of religious orders, the ban on polygamy and the new obligatory civil marriage. Piran stirred up his followers against the policies of the government, which he considered to be against Islam. In an effort to restore Islamic law, Piran's forces moved through the countryside, seized government offices and marched on the important cities of Elazığ and Diyarbakır. Members of the government saw the Sheikh Said Rebellion as an attempt at a counter-revolution. They urged immediate military action to prevent its spread. The "Law for the Maintenance of Public Order" was passed to deal with the rebellion on 4 March 1925. It gave the government exceptional powers and included the authority to shut down subversive groups (The law was eventually repealed on 4 March 1929).

There were also parliamentarians in the GNA who were not happy with these changes. There were so many members who were denounced as opposition sympathisers at a private meeting of the Republican People's Party (CHP) that Mustafa Kemal expressed his fear of being among the minority in his own party. He decided not to purge this group. After a censure motion gave the chance to a breakaway group, Kâzım Karabekir, along with his friends, established such a group on 17 October 1924. The censure became a confidence vote at the CHP for Mustafa Kemal. On 8 November the motion was rejected by 148 votes to 18, and 41 votes were absent. The CHP held all but one seat in the parliament. After the majority of the CHP chose him Mustafa Kemal said, "the Turkish nation is firmly determined to advance fearlessly on the path of the republic, civilisation and progress".

On 17 November 1924, the breakaway group officially established the Progressive Republican Party (PRP) with 29 deputies and the first multi-party system began. The PRP's economic program suggested liberalism, in contrast to the statism of CHP, and its social program was based on conservatism in contrast to the modernism of CHP. Leaders of the party strongly supported the Kemalist revolution in principle, but had different opinions on the cultural revolution and the principle of secularism. The RPR was not against Mustafa Kemal's main positions as declared in its program. The program supported the main mechanisms for establishing secularism in the country and the civic law, or as stated, "the needs of the age" (article 3) and the uniform system of education (article 49). These principles were set by the leaders at the onset. The only legal opposition became a home for all kinds of differing views.

During 1926, a plot to assassinate Mustafa Kemal was uncovered in İzmir. It originated with a former deputy who had opposed the abolition of the Caliphate and had a personal grudge. The trail turned from an inquiry of the planners of this attempt to an investigation carried out ostensibly to uncover subversive activities and actually used to undermine those with differing views regarding Kemal's cultural revolution. The sweeping investigation brought before the tribunal a large number of political opponents, including Karabekir, the leader of PRP. A number of surviving leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress, who were at best second-rank in the Turkish movement, including Cavid, Ahmed Şükrü, and Ismail Canbulat were found guilty of treason and hanged. During these investigations there was a link that was uncovered among the members of the PRP to the Sheikh Said Rebellion. The PRP was dissolved following the outcomes of the trial. The pattern of organized opposition, however, was broken. This action was the only broad political purge during Atatürk's presidency. Mustafa Kemal's saying, "My mortal body will turn into dust, but the Republic of Turkey will last forever," was regarded as a will after the assassination attempt.

Reforms
The country saw a steady process of secular Westernization which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet; the dress law (the wearing of a fez was outlawed); the law on family names; and many other reforms.

Infrastructure
In 1927, Atatürk ordered the integration of road construction goals into development plans. Prior to this, the road network had consisted of 13,885 km of ruined surface roads, 4,450 km of stabilized roads, and 94 bridges. In 1935, a new entity was established under the government called Şose ve Köprüler Reisliği (Headship of Roads and Bridges) which would drive the development of new roads after World War II.

1927 census
The first census of the republic was on 1927. The census gathered data about literacy, economic and social values.

Opposition, 1930–1931
On August 11, 1930, Mustafa Kemal decided to try a multiparty movement once again and asked Ali Fethi Okyar to establish a new party. He insisted on the protection of secular reforms. The brand-new Liberal Republican Party succeeded all around the country. Without the establishment of a real political spectrum, once again, the party became the center to opposition of Atatürk's reforms, particularly in regard to the role of religion in public life.

On December 23, 1930, a chain of violent incidents occurred, starting with the rebellion of Islamic fundamentalists in Menemen, a small town in the Aegean region. This so-called Menemen Incident was considered a serious threat against secular reforms.

In November 1930, Ali Fethi Okyar dissolved his own party after seeing the rising fundamentalist threat. Mustafa Kemal never succeeded in establishing a long lasting multi-party parliamentary system during his presidency. A more lasting multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey began in 1945. In 1950, the Republican People's Party released the majority position to the Democratic Party after losing the 1950 elections. There are arguments that Kemal did not promote direct democracy by dominating the country with his one-party rule. The reason behind the failed experiments with pluralism during this period was that not all groups in the country had agreed to a minimal consensus regarding shared values (mainly secularism) and shared rules for conflict resolution. In response to such criticisms, Mustafa Kemal's biographer Andrew Mango said: "between the two wars, democracy could not be sustained in many relatively richer and better-educated societies. Atatürk's enlightened authoritarianism left a reasonable space for free private lives. More could not have been expected in his lifetime." Even though, at times, he did not appear to be a democrat in his actions, he always supported the idea of eventually building a civil society; a system of totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of the state. In one of his many speeches about the importance of democracy, Mustafa Kemal said in the year 1933: Republic means the democratic administration of the state. We founded the Republic, reaching its tenth year. It should enforce all the requirements of democracy as the time comes''

Kurdish rebellions
There were several Kurdish rebellions in the 1920s and 1930s: Koçkiri Rebellion, Sheikh Said Rebellion, Dersim Rebellion, Ararat rebellion. They all were suppressed by the Turkish Army. In particular, due to Dersim Rebellion in 1937–38 thousands of Alevi Kurds were killed by the Turkish Army and thousands more were taken into exile, depopulating the province. A key component of the Turkification process was the policy of massive population resettlement, a result of the 1934 Law on Resettlement, a policy targeting the region of Dersim as one of its first test cases with disastrous consequences for the local population.

Massacres
The Zilan Massacre refers to the massacre  of thousands of Kurdish residents in the Zilan Valley of Turkey by 12/13 July 1930, during the Ararat rebellion, in which 800–1500 armed men participated.

The Zilan Massacre took place in the Zilan or Zeylan valley (Kurdish: Geliyê Zîlan, Turkish: Zilan Deresi, Zeylân Deresi) located to the north of the town of Erciş in Van Province. The massacre took place in July 1930, before the Third Ararat Operation (Turkish: Üçüncü Ağrı Harekâtı, September 7–14, 1930), which was a military operation of the Turkish IX Corps under the command of Ferik (Lieutenant General) Salih (Omurtak) against Mount Ararat. The number of people killed in the massacre varies according to different sources. According to the daily newspaper Cumhuriyet (July 16, 1930), about 15,000 people died. The account of Hesen Hîşyar Serdî (1907 – September 14, 1985), a writer and participant in the Ararat rebellion, states that 47,000 villagers from 18 villages of Ademan, Sipkan, Zilan and Hesenan tribes were killed. Armenian researcher Garo Sasuni states that 5,000 women, children and the elderly were massacred. Finally, according to Berliner Tageblatt, the Turks in the area of Zilan destroyed 220 villages and massacred 4,500 women and the elderly.

The Dersim Massacre took place in 1937 and 1938 in Dersim, now called Tunceli Province, in Turkey. It was the outcome of a Turkish military campaign against the Dersim Rebellion by local ethnic minority groups against Turkey's Resettlement Law of 1934. Thousands of Alevi Kurds and Zazas died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict.

Foreign policies
Atatürk's foreign policy was aligned with his motto, "peace at home and peace in the world." a perception of peace linked to his project of civilization and modernization.

Turkey was admitted to the League of Nations in July 1932.

1938–1950: İnönü (National Chief)
After Atatürk's death on November 10, 1938, İsmet İnönü became president. During the İnönü presidency two forces struggled for dominance: one group wanted to increase the control over state functions, while the other group wanted to debate domestic and foreign affairs. İnönü's main legacy was the method he left to Turkey to balance these forces.

İnönü had little time to balance these forces before World War II broke out in September 1939. İnönü sided with the group seeking more control over state functions. A large group of politicians, journalists, landowners and elites opposed his move.

İnönü's policies did not completely suppress expression or fully-representative democracy: he personally forced the system into multi-party politics. However, it only happened due to the pressures of the United States. The politics of Anatolia did not yield to personal politics because of the geopolitical position.

Politics before World War II
On 5 July 1938 the Turkish military entered the Syrian Sanjak of Alexandretta, then expelled most of its Arab and Armenian inhabitants. The allocation of seats in the provincial assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities of the First Syrian Republic under international supervision: out of 40 seats, 22 were given to the Turks, nine to Alawi Arabs, five to Armenians, two to Sunni Arabs, and two to Christian Arabs - according to the populations of the respective ethnicities. The assembly was appointed in the summer of 1938 and the French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on July 4, 1938. On September 2, 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Republic of Hatay. This Republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. Atatürk proposed the name "Hatay", and the government was under Turkish control. The president, Tayfur Sökmen, was a member of Turkish parliament (elected in 1935 and representing Antakya and the prime minister, Abdurrahman Melek, was also elected to the Turkish parliament (representing Gaziantep) in 1939 while still holding the prime-ministerial post. In 1939, following a popular referendum, the Republic of Hatay became a Turkish province.

Politics of World War II
During World War II (1939-1945), Turkey initially maintained a policy of active neutrality. In 1939–41 Ankara signed treaties - firstly with Britain and France, and subsequently with Nazi Germany.

As a result of geopolitical tensions between Turkey and the Soviet Union, the Western Allies provided incentives for Turkey to distance itself from Germany.

On 23 February 1945, when the defeat of the Axis seemed inevitable, the Turkish government declared war on Germany and on the Empire of Japan. It thereby qualified for membership of the fledgling United Nations. However, the war declaration was merely symbolic as Turkish forces did not take part in any action during the war.

Additional bibliography

 * Cemil Koçak, « Parliament Membership during the Single-Party System in Turkey (1925–1945) », European Journal of Turkish Studies, 3 | 2005


text:
Laurent Colot

Laurent Colot (1520–1590) was a French physician.

Colot specialized in the treatment of kidney stones, using secret techniques he inherited from his father Germain. Laurent was named lithotomist of the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris and, in 1556, was named Operator of Stones for Henri II, although Ambroise Paré was the king's general surgeon.

Colot was the first of several generations of Paris lithotomists.

title: Laurent Colot


text:
User:Celestianpower/Archive7

'This page is an archive of the seventh 20 topics on my talk page, lodged between the 24th of September 2005 and the 14th of October 2005. Please do not modify this page. If you wish to revive a discussion here, please don't hesitate to copy it back to my current talk page and add your comment per my policy.'

Copyvio The_Hatchet_Man
I notice you've copyvio'd this, but the link you provide for where it's copied from quotes the Wikipedia article itself as it's source... P —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.15.19.128 (talk • contribs) 15:05, 2 October 2005
 * Sorry - I've removed the notice. It does have all of the trademarks though, bias, no wikification and someone creditted as the author. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 14:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Are you running for RfA again?
Are you thinking of running again for Adminship any time soon? Fir e  Fox  T  C 15:27, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, in fact. User:Starblind will nominate me on October the 17th (in 15 days time). This is to coincide with the 6 month anniversary of my first edit on Wikipedia. This is because on my last run, many opposed due to lack of time here. Be sure to support when this time arises lol! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 15:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I shall write a note in my diary lol (Wait a min... what diary???) - I believe the correct spelling is coincide by the way. Did I not vote in your last one, I thought I did?!? Probably my bad memory! Fir  e  Fo  x  15:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought it was wrong but couldn't for the life of me remember what was wrong about it.
 * I don't expect you did, we'd hardly interacted... --Cel e stianpower hablamé 15:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I tended to vote in most peoples RfA's though... ah well. Just type words into Google and it should correct them for you :) What is your name then, I'm intrigued. Fir  e  Fo  x  15:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have sent you an email containing my name. Please do not use it publicly, on Wikipedia or otherwise, for security reasons. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 15:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Course I won't - I'm sure Celestian is a name, I might be being dumb though. Are you with Gmail? Fir  e  Fo  x  15:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Celestianpower has 2 uses, 1). Me and 2). An ancient monk dynasty in North Spain. I have no idea about Celestian.
 * Yes I have - been using it for ages but I have a hotmail account that's publically available so it gets all of the spam and my gmail accounbt is just for friends. That's why I sent it to you via hotmail: my default WikiEmail is hotmail. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 15:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Um... I think I recieved it from your Gmail address actually. Lol I have about 10 Gmail accounts. In my main one I've never deleted anything and I'm up to 2420 messages to date! Fir  e  Fo  x  15:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Yeah I'm pretty sure I recieved it from your Gmail address. I see you do a lot of work on Pokémon - I used to love that, it got too confusing though, when they went over 150 creatures! I didn't know that Pokémon was still "alive". Fir e  Fo  x  16:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah - you did. My mistake. It's still big in Japan, less so in the US and even less so here. I do think that it deserves to still be big everywhere though. What really bugs me is the predjudice against Pokemon on wikipedia. Pokemon, even though some don't like it, is much more notable (in termas of hits) than a lot of other fiction. Take Mickey Mouse for example. It get half as many hits as Pikachu. See WP:PACFAQ for more information. There. I feel much better now. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 16:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How do you mean, "predjudice". And how do you know that Pikachu gets more hits - is there some way that people have been hiding from me?!? (Puts on scowl) Fir  e  Fo  x  16:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh right - you mean google hits - I get it now! Fir  e  Fo  x  16:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry - wasn't being clear. Also, I got it wrong. Pikachu gets a few hundered thousand hits less but Pokemon (with or with out the e accented) gets double. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 16:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you play a lot? Surely there can't be that many people around who you can play Pokémon with? Fir  e  Fo  x  16:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Play what? Video games are one player, TV show is one player (well, yu get the idea) and Card game, well I was never very good. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 16:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well the card game is the only thing I remember - although I had my own weird variation of the game. Not forgetting the TV show of course... I haven't seen it on TV for ages though. Do you watch Doctor Who or Big Brother? Those are the things I'm most interested in. And EastEnders, The Bill, Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Hollyoaks, The Simpsons (the list goes on). Fir  e  Fo  x  16:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Big Brother? Yes. You must have seen me editting the BB6 page...
 * Doctor Who? No. Although lots have people have told me to. Perhaps I'll watch next series...
 * Hollyoaks, Simpsons, Corrie, EastEnders? Yes - I'm a soap addict.
 * The rest? No. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 16:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Lol yeah, that's probably how I knew you, from BB6. You must watch next series of Doctor who, I tell you!!! I'm a bit annoyed after everything in my room has moved round - now I have to look backwards to see my tele when I'm on the PC :( I have weird dreams - I'd just thought I'd add that :P Fir  e  Fo  x  17:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Rogerd RfA
I wanted to thank you for supporting my RfA. Unfortunately, it did not reach the required level of support and failed. Apparently, some didn't feel that I had participated enough outside the article namespace. I may try again in a few months. Thanks again. --Rogerd 21:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Resignation
Hello spam list, look at this. Essjay is the new leader of Esperanza, and I'm interested in seeing how he runs it. I'm busy doing other work... Please comment at that talk page there. I will still probably run the spamlist though. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome / BB 6
Thank you for your kind welcome! And also thanks for taking my BB6 comments on board and removing the more obvious advertising links.

If possible, could you also comment on the corresponding talk page in reply to my initial query on the linkspam? Thanks! Mewcenary 16:27, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:JETFA
I am starting to feel JETFA was a bad idea. It seems to be causing some deal of animosity around here, so I have made a push to disband it. If you still want to be a part of it, go right ahead, but as a card-carrying Esperanzian, I can no longer, in good faith, be a part of the WikiProject. Please see my feelings further at the JETFA page. See you around. -- Lord Vold e  mort  (Dark Mark) 16:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

¿Cómo se dice "I didn't like him"?
I'm helping my friend with his spanish coursework but I'm not sure about this sentence - is it no lo me gusté or something similar? It's the "lo" part I'm not sure about. Cheers, Fir  e  Fo  x  16:29, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure it's "no le gusto". However, I may be wrong! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 16:44, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That would be the present though wouldn't it, although I get the main idea. ¡Gracias! Fir  e  Fo  x  16:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry - no le gusté - forgot that you said past tense. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:03, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thought you might be interested that I finished my spanish coursework - I included preterite, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, present, future and subjunctive! So tired now! Fir  e  Fo  x  17:08, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No conditional. Tssk, tssk. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:10, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I couldn't find anywhere to put it... I thought of saying por favor mejoráis el hotel, porque me gustaría que vuestros huéspedes sean felices. Instead I said quiero instead of me gustaría 'cause I thought that it might cancel out the subjunctive - and that would be BAD Fir  e  Fo  x  17:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I suppose so. Oh well - you can fit it in next time. :) --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You make it sound like leaving out the conditional is a bad thing - we're not even meant to know let alone use the subjunctive until year 12! Fir  e  Fo  x  17:22, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I was joking. I've only been taught the present, imperfect, perfect, preterite and simple future. I have however taught myself the conditional (too darn useful and too easy to learn not to know). --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You haven't been taught the future? That's unusual. I haven't been taught the pluperfect although it is very easy when you know the imperfect and the perfect. What about present continuous and imperfect continuous? Fir  e  Fo  x  17:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry - I forgot that one. Nope - no pluperfect or continuous tenses. What about the past historic? --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What is the past historic? Fir  e  Fo  x  17:44, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't that the same as the preterite? Fir  e  Fo  x  17:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No - it's the spanish version of bible english (or at least that's how I understand it). --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm... I looked on the web and it says "Preterite (also known as Past Historic)" - what is bible english?!?!? Fir  e  Fo  x  18:01, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have you never read the bible (or at least bits of it)? I must be wrong however. Frenchg has a a separate past historic and as I'd heard of the past historic in Spanish, I imagined it would be similar. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 18:10, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well yes, I have read bits of the bible - but I still don't get it. Fir  e  Fo  x  18:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh - I give up. I'm obviously just wrong! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 18:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, its probably me as usual - so much for the "20 inactive topic" archive scheme :P Fir  e  Fo  x  18:41, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Lol - I forgot. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 19:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 20:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Advisory Committee election deadline set
Our new admin general, Essjay, has set the date for the advisory committee elections, that date being October 7th. By UTC it is October 5th right now. So see WP:ESP/E for voting in two days, and add yourself to the list if you're interested in running. On a personal note, I'm considering running, as I only resigned as admin general because of time. I'm sure I could help out on the advisory committee... Anywho, watchlist that page, and be sure to read the voting method too. Regards, R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

UKCOTW: Hungerford massacre
Just to let you know, an article you've voted for has became this week's UKCOTW - Hungerford massacre. Come and help out! Cheers -- Joolz 21:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:CP
Hi, you've reported copyright infringements to WP:CP in the last week, a new measure was recently passed to allow the speedy deltion of new pages that are cut and paste copyvios. Please follow these instructions if you come across this type of copyvio. Thanks. --nixie 00:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you very much for your support on my nomination for adminship. Now that I have been made an admin, I will do my best to live up to the truest you and the community have placed in me. If you ever see my doing something you think is incorrect or questionable, or does not live up to the standards that should be expected of an admin, please let me know. DES (talk) 15:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

RE: My Userpage
No, course I wouldn't be offended - go for it, as you say! :) I was never good at art :P Fir  e  Fo  x  17:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just wondering, since I left the above message have you been re-designing your userpage??? (By the way, Miss Gibson said I had "the perfect use of the subjunctive" in my coursework so I'm well chuffed!) lol, Fir  e  Fo  x  16:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Been a bit busy but I will be soon!
 * Well done on your spanish by the way... --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:30, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well thank you! :P (10 days to go 'til your RfA!) Fir  e  Fo  x  17:41, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As if I haven't been counting down! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:43, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Counting down by the second, lol? - I'm sure it'll go well! Right, so admins can (un)block users, delete articles, (un)protect pages - anything else? Who changes things like:

Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! Please check that the last edit was not vandalism before adding onto it.
 * as I have noticed that this message only recently changed - is that Beareaucrats (or how ever you spell it) or is that also admins? (P.S. Somehow I have messed up this formatting - sorry!) Fir  e  Fo  x  17:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I hope so (touch wood as teeth chatter loudly)...
 * I may e wrong but I think only developers (or is it stewards?) Can edit that text.
 * No messed up formatting, don't worry (not that you were). --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:54, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

And to become a developer - you can't do that like RfA's and RfB's can you? It's just certain people (maybe employed?), right? I was also wondering, where it says in the logon screen: ''However, giving your e-mail address allows other users to send you mail without knowing your address, and enables password reminders to be requested. We won't reveal your address to anyone.'' - Surely this is a load of rubbish as if I sent you an email you would know my address? Fir e  Fo  x  17:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No - there are only 2 developers, Jimbo and Tim. About the email adress, yes but you have to send me an email. You aren'6t forced top send the email. You only send an email if youn want the other person to know your email adress. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 20:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah I was thinking that... But it doesn't make it 100% clear. Fire  Fox   esp  20:56, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

I was totally misinformed and told as such by Jimbo himself! OMG! Anyway, you'll find all of the developer information here. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 22:06, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Snicket Wikicity
Thanks for the invite, but what exactly is a "Wikicity"? Pacaman 17:04, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * WikiCities is a sister project of sorts to Wikipedia and uses the same software. It is where users create and manage their own wiki's on particular subjects. See wikicities for more information. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So is it really just like all of the ASUE articles on wikipedia cut out and put in one place? Pacaman 17:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In a way, yes, but it will hope to have much more detailed information (stuff that would be deleted here as "non-notable cruft"). It also, as it grows, will have differing policies to here and different stylistic guidelines. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:28, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool, i'm in :D

Robot?
When you put robot: adding espanol in your edit summary - well, I don't really understand what that means. Could you explain for me? Fire Fox   esp  19:19, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It meant that I was adding the sapnsih interwiki link to my user page. Although I'm not a robot, that's the edit summary I see all the time.
 * I perefer your previous signature actually. Please change it back! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 19:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Me too, the red and black combination on your old sig looked really nice. →Jo urna list   >>talk<<  20:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh ok then, you twisted my arm :P Fire  Fox   esp  20:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Umm, I meant the one before that one actually, with the WP:ESP link on the "e" but it's your signature!
 * And I had no idea that you watchlisted my userpage, Journalist! I must be popular! Yay (has WikiParty). Okay, shut up now, CP. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 20:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I watch your userpage! Ah you see the problem with the old one, was that some newbie clicked the link to Esperanza and left a message for me there, instead of on my talk page. I'll change it back in a sec. Fire  Fox   esp  20:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I know that. You always reply so fast, and I appreciate it! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 20:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I watch the user-pages of everyone on my 'list of high regard' :). →Jo urna list   >>talk<<  20:19, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah I thought you must know. I think it would be a good idea to have a customiseable orange bar, you know the one that says "you have new messages", like a second watchlist. So it could tell me when you had left a message here or something - or is that too complicated? Changed my sig back now. Or do you want it COMPLETELY reverted? (to Fir  e  Fo  x )  Fir  e  Fox  20:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally, I like the one with the blue "x" but both are perfectly fine.
 * By the way, why don't you log on the new esperanza IRC channel? Did you download that FireFox extension I meantioned? If so, just click the link on the WP:ESP homepage. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 20:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

FYI, if you're not a robot, you shouldn't use robot in your edit summaries. Andre ( talk ) 05:50, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Nominated for RfA early
A few notes... 1) accept here: Requests for adminship/Celestianpower 2 2) get those who offered to conominate. Its not necessary to wait another week or so... 3) uhhh... I desire a lemon. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 21:30, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Re:Birthday
Thank you very much for the socks. Er... I hope you're not implying that I am a sock, are you? :) I'm glad to see your up for RFA again. I believe your success is guaranteed this time. Redwolf24 has a pretty good nomination record. Good luck! Ac  e  tic  ' Acid  06:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanking our attractive poll workers (as Redwolf24 said)
Tito xd (?!?) 07:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * <= I didn't know you looked like that! Fir  e  Fo  x  07:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neither did I. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 08:02, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe you should take a closer look lol. Your RfA seems to be going well :) Fir  e  Fo  x  08:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes - it's all very exciting! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 08:23, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well good luck, at the rate it's going at the moment you should be fine. I'm currently annoyed as my Firefox refuses to start (for some unknown reason) so I am using IE. *Hate it* Fir  e  Fo  x  08:39, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How awful! I hope it sorts itself out soon or I'll have to banish you! --Cel e stianpower hablamé 11:01, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I was so desperate do get rid of IE I restored my computer 5 times, which didn't work, so I re-installed Firefox. Later today, I hope to format my computer to get rid of all the junk. Fir  e  Fo  x  11:05, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You could try dowloading Opera just in the meantime so you don't have to use IE... --Cel e stianpower hablamé 11:08, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've already got Opera actually, but FF seems to be working now - touch wood. I changed my IRC nickname to FireFoxy 'cos it sounds and looks better :P Fir  e  Fo  x  11:11, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You mean like her? => Yes, it's a much better name. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 11:17, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Votes, votes
Thanks a lot for your supportive vote on the Esperanza election. Hopefully, I'll fufill my quest to become one of the first advisors. I noticed you're also up for adminship. Good luck on that: if you succeed, I'm sure you'll be a great admin/cabalist! Cheers, Bratsche talk 02:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Forgot to mention that you're doing a great job as an election staff-member. Thanks! Bratsche talk 02:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Pokémon
Hi. Sorry for my poor english, i'm brazilian. About the Pokémon articles, i can help with little mistakes, or add interwikis, just little things. The_Joker | PT 16:06, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I can subscribe the PCP. Thanks, The_Joker | PT 19:51, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Celestianpower/Archive7


text:
Talk:Randy MacDonald

Importance Level
Regarding to the importance level. Randy has raced 93 truck races, and now runs a Busch teams. If anyone disagrees with the level, we can discuss it. It was hard to asses if it should be Low or Mid. Casey14 00:51, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No arguments here, esp. since he is one of 58 international drivers in NASCAR, has raced at all 3 levels, ...-slowpokeiv 17:42, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Randy MacDonald


text:
User talk:JeffieAlex

High school student...

title: User talk:JeffieAlex


text:
Template:Tram line

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;"
 * style="background:#;color:inherit;" |
 * style="background:#;color:inherit;" |
 * style="background:#;color:inherit;" |
 * style="background:#;color:inherit;" |

 * This template is a simplified version of ; only four parameters (previous, next, route, col) are recognised, and all are mandatory.

title: Template:Tram line


text:
Ludovisi Ares

The Ludovisi Ares is an Antonine Roman marble sculpture of Ares, a fine 2nd-century copy of a late 4th-century BCE Greek original, associated with Scopas or Lysippus: thus the Roman god of war receives his Greek name, Ares.

Ares/Mars is portrayed as young and beardless and seated on a trophy of arms, while an Eros plays about his feet, drawing attention to the fact that the god of war, in a moment of repose, is presented as a love object. The 18th-century connoisseur Johann Joachim Winckelmann, a man with a practiced eye for male beauty, found the Ludovisi Ares the most beautiful Mars that had been preserved from Antiquity, when he wrote the catalogue of the Ludovisi collection.

Rediscovered in 1622, the sculpture was apparently originally part of the temple of Mars (founded in 132 BCE in the southern part of the Campus Martius ), of which few traces remain, for it was recovered near the site of the church of San Salvatore in Campo. Pietro Santi Bartoli recorded in his notes that it had been found near the Palazzo Santa Croce in Rione Campitelli during the digging of a drain. (Haskell and Penny 1981:260) The sculpture found its way into the collection formed by Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi (1595–1632) the nephew of Pope Gregory XV at the splendid villa and gardens he built near Porta Pinciana, on the site where Julius Caesar and his heir, Octavian (Caesar Augustus), had had their villa. The sculpture was lightly restored by the young Bernini, who refinished its surfaces and discreetly provided a right foot; he was probably largely responsible for the cupid, which Haskell and Penny note was omitted from G.F. Susini's bronze replica and from the prints of the sculpture in Maffei's anthology. The sculpture was a sensational find. A small-scale bronze replica of it was executed by G.F. Susini, heir and assistant to his more famous uncle Antonio Susini, when he visited Rome in the 1630s and copied several marbles from Ludovisi's collection; a bronze of the Ludovisi Ares is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Later, the Ludovisi Ares was one of the featured antiquities to be seen on the "grand tour". For example, the portrait of English tourist John Talbot (later first Earl Talbot) by Pompeo Batoni depicts him next to the statue to display his culture and showing his familiarity with great works of art. Less expensive representations could be found: Giambattista Piranesi's son Francesco made an engraving of it at the Villa Ludovisi in 1783. Casts of the Ludovisi Ares found their way into early museum collections, such as the Copenhagen Glyptotek and were influential to several generations of Neoclassical and academic students.

In 1901, the eventual heir, prince Boncompagni-Ludovisi, brought the Ludovisi antiquities to auction. The Italian state purchased 96 of the objects, and the rest have been dispersed among the museums of Europe and the US. The Ares is conserved in the section of the National Museum of the Terme that is housed in Palazzo Altemps, Rome.

A depiction of the statue is used as an emblem for the Greek athletic club Aris Thessaloniki.

title: Ludovisi Ares


text:
Omaha Knights

Omaha Knights may refer to:

 * Omaha Knights (AHA) an ice hockey team that played from (1939–1942) in the American Hockey Association and from (1945–1951) in the United States Hockey League
 * Omaha Knights (IHL) an ice hockey team that played from (1959–1963) in the International Hockey League
 * Omaha Knights (1963–1965) an ice hockey team that played from (1963–1965) in the Central Professional Hockey League
 * Omaha Knights (1966–1975) an ice hockey team that played from (1966–1975) in the Central Hockey League

title: Omaha Knights


text: Talk:Brad Teague

title: Talk:Brad Teague


text:
John L. Heilbron

John Lewis Heilbron (March 17, 1934 – November 5, 2023) was an American historian of science best known for his work in the history of physics and the history of astronomy. He was Professor of History and Vice-Chancellor Emeritus (Vice-Chancellor 1990–1994) at the University of California, Berkeley, senior research fellow at Worcester College, Oxford, and visiting professor at Yale University and the California Institute of Technology. He edited the academic journal Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences for twenty-five years.

Biography
Born in San Francisco on March 17, 1934, Heilbron attended Lowell High School in San Francisco, California, and was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society. He received his A.B. (1955) and M.A. (1958) degrees in physics and his Ph.D. (1964) in history from the University of California, Berkeley. He was Thomas Kuhn's graduate student in the 1960s when Kuhn was writing The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Heilbron was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He died on November 5, 2023, at the age of 89.

Author
In additition to his university work, Heilbron authored over 20 books primarily dealing with the history of science; they included studies of phenomena such as geometry, electricity and quantum physics, as well as biographies of scientists such as Galileo and Max Planck. His approach saw him investigating the influence of politics, personalities and institutions on the emergence of new scientific ideas. His study of the relationship between the church and science, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories, was awarded the profession's highest prize, the Pfizer Prize from the History of Science Society.

Awards and honors

 * 1988: member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1988: Honorary degree, University of Bologna.
 * 1990: member, American Philosophical Society
 * 1993: awarded the George Sarton Medal by the History of Science Society.
 * 2000: Honorary degree, University of Pavia.
 * 2006: Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics, a joint award of the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics.
 * 2006: Wilkins Prize Lecture of the Royal Society of London.

Main books

 * 2022: The Incomparable Monsignor: Francesco Bianchini's World of Science, History, and Court Intrigue. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192856654
 * 2021: The Ghost of Galileo in a Forgotten Painting from the English Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198861300
 * 2020:  Niels Bohr: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198819264
 * 2018: The History of Physics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199684120
 * 2013: Love, Literature, and the Quantum Atom, with Finn Aaserud, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199680283
 * 2010: Galileo, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-958352-8. (See Galileo Galilei.)
 * 2003: The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (ed.), Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6.
 * 2003: Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms, Oxford Portraits in Science, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512378-6.
 * 1999: The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-85433-0. 2001 paperback: ISBN 0-674-00536-8.
 * 1999: Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-40688-1.
 * 1997: Geometry Civilized: History, Culture, Technique. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850078-5. 2000 paperback: ISBN 0-19-850690-2.
 * 1989: Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, with Robert W. Seidel. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06426-7.
 * 1986: The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05710-4
 * 1979: Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03478-3.
 * 1974: H. G. J. Moseley: The Life and Letters of an English Physicist, 1887-1915, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02375-7.

title: John L. Heilbron


text:
Talk:County Limerick

Style
Please help refocus this article on the county! Djegan 20:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

The new lead
The statement in the new lead which was inserted into the county articles is completely misleading; County Limerick is one of the 32 traditional counties - yes. But the traditional county is not co-locational with modern Limerick County Council. Sarah777 (talk) 12:32, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on County Limerick. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census to http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:14, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on County Limerick. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/ to http://www.histpop.org/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090912060933/http://www.limerick.gaa.ie/limericksongs.html to http://www.limerick.gaa.ie/limericksongs.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060721114615/http://www.visitlimerick.com/ to http://www.visitlimerick.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:14, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:County Limerick


text:
DAI Global

DAI Global, LLC is a privately held development company with corporate offices in more than a dozen countries, including in Bethesda, Maryland, in the United States; London and Apsley, Hertfordshire, in the United Kingdom; Abuja and Lagos, in Nigeria; and Brussels, Vienna, and other European capitals.

In 2015, it received US$272,429,308 of contract funding by USAID to deliver development services; in 2014, it received £58.3 million from the U.K. Department for International Development for such services.

DAI operates worldwide, with a particularly strong presence in Central America, South America, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, and the Asia-Pacific region. It has worked in 160 developing and transition countries in the areas of water and natural resources management, energy and climate change, governance and public sector management, private sector development and development finances, economics and trade, agriculture and agribusiness, crisis mitigation and stability operations, digital acceleration, and global health.

History
DAI was founded in 1970 as Development Alternatives, Inc., it is now legally renamed and formally registered as DAI Global, LLC, by Charles Franklin Sweet, Donald R. Mickelwait, and John M. Buck, who met at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Prior to enrolling in the M.P.A program at Harvard in 1969, Sweet had spent five years working in Vietnam for both International Voluntary Services and the United States Department of State.

DAI's early work mostly consisted of analytical studies for government clients. In 1973, DAI won a contract to conduct a comparative study of 36 USAID projects in Latin America and Africa. Two years later, the company's study, Strategies for Small Farmer Development, established the concept of a "process approach" that enabled the pursuit of development objectives while allowing enough leeway to adapt to evolving conditions on the ground. The study consolidated DAI's reputation in the development community and led to further business.

In 1980, DAI opened its first regional office in Jakarta, Indonesia. In 1985, Jim Boomgard, current CEO, then a Ph.D. agricultural economist, played a key role in developing an approach to small business promotion in developing countries. He managed a multicountry study on the emerging field of microenterprise development, which led to DAI winning a major new worldwide contract: Growth and Equity through Micro-enterprise Investments and Institutions (GEMINI).

At the start of the 1990s, DAI moved its headquarters from Washington, D.C., to Bethesda, Maryland. In 1995, DAI invested in London, UK-based Graham Bannock & Partners Ltd., which as the now wholly owned DAI Europe would go on to give DAI a presence as an implementing partner for the U.K. Department for International Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and other European clients. In South Africa, DAI established Ebony Development Alternatives in 1994 as a joint venture with Ebony Financial Services, the first black accounting firm in South Africa. This company was renamed Ebony Consulting International and subsequently ECIAfrica.

Following the terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., on September 11, 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan and DAI was chosen to lead a variety of development projects in the midst of the counterinsurgency. A Philadelphia Inquirer journalist who visited one of DAI's projects in 2010 described it as a "model of success". After the United States invaded Iraq in 2003, DAI won a project to help provide effective governance in the country. Other projects in Iraq covering agriculture and the restoration of the Iraqi Marshlands were to follow. For his work on the later project, DAI's Peter Reiss was awarded the Lourdes Arizpe award by the American Anthropological Association. The company established DAI Palestine in 2004.

Following the Asian tsunami in December of that year DAI was recognized for its efforts in both Indonesia and Sri Lanka by then USAID Administrator Andrew Natsios in testimony before Congress: "In this environment, the international relief community, including USAID, the U.S. military, and other U.S. Government agencies, displayed remarkable ingenuity. Despite the great size and complexity of the response, flexibility became the rule of the day. A good example of this is the partnership between USAID and two of its partners, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Development Alternatives (DAI). Prior to the earthquake, humanitarian organizations were not permitted into Aceh province without express permission by the Government of Indonesia. Despite this restriction, IOM and DAI had managed to retain a strong relationship with provincial officials through a network of local staff in every district. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, USAID and other donors capitalized on these relationships by providing relief funding to IOM and DAI to immediately move relief commodities into Aceh from Medan on 80 trucks contracted by USAID/Indonesia."

In 2005 the employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) became the sole owner of the company. The ESOP, a retirement plan in which all corporate employees are automatically enrolled, now represents hundreds of employees, none of whom owns more than 3 percent of the company. In 2006, DAI was named Government Contractor of the year in an annual award sponsored by Washington Technology magazine, the Professional Service Council, and GovCon.

At the start of 2009, Boomgard succeeded Tony Barclay as DAI's new CEO and the company, launched new offices in Amman, Mexico City and Islamabad. The next year, Julian Lob-Levyt—formerly CEO of the GAVI Alliance—joined the firm to lead its international operations from the London office, DAI was named the #1 company in the state of Maryland, and the company celebrated its 40th birthday with a series of community events at its locations around the world, publishing a history of the company to mark the occasion. In his foreword to the book, Jim Boomgard looked ahead to the next chapter in DAI's history: "The next 10 years will determine whether we can make an American success story into a global success story. Over the next 10 years, we'll execute a new strategy designed to bring our strengths, our experience, and our commitment to a changing and in many ways expanding landscape of international development—a landscape that will see more development driven from the ground up, more decision making in countries that have traditionally been the recipients of donor assistance, and a more diverse and influential array of local actors in the development arena."

In 2011, DAI was named a Devex Top 40 Development Innovator, one of only 10 consulting firms so honored globally. The award was based on a poll of 100,000 Devex members, who comprise the world's largest network of international development professionals.

Clients
Clients of DAI include development agencies, international lending institutions, private corporations and philanthropies, and governments. Among them: United States Agency for International Development, European Commission, U.K. Department for International Development, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of State, Millennium Challenge Corporation, Australian Agency for International Development (AusAid), World Bank, International Finance Corporation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, World Food Programme, Asian Development Bank, and various private companies and national governments.

Incidents
On September 26, 2010, Linda Norgrove and three Afghan colleagues were kidnapped in the Chawkay (aka Tsawkay, Sawkay) district of eastern Kunar Province. Ambushed by members of the Taliban on the main highway from Jalalabad to Asadabad, Norgrove and others were eventually taken into the Dewegal Valley within the Chowkai District by their captors. Eventually, a rescue attempt was carried out by Navy SEALs, from the Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as Navy SEAL Team 6), a unit used for high-risk counter-terrorist operations. Norgorve was wounded in the action, received emergency medical treatment and was evacuated by helicopter, but died from her injuries.

In December 2009, Alan Phillip Gross was detained by Cuban authorities after attempting to distribute satellite communications equipment. He was principal of a small business called JBDC, working as a subcontractor on a USAID project. The Supreme Court of Cuba sentenced Gross to 15 years of imprisonment despite diplomatic pressure from high level American officials. Gross was released in December 2014 at the same time as other prisoners were released on both sides (US and Cuba) and announcement of planned resumption of diplomatic relations.

title: DAI Global


text:
Private sector development

Private sector development (PSD) is a term in the international development industry to refer to a range of strategies for promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in developing countries by building private enterprises. This could be through working with firms directly, with membership organisations to represent them, or through a range of areas of policy and regulation to promote functioning, competitive markets.

Overview
Supporters argue that PSD is an important part of poverty reduction. Whether as workers, subsistence farmers or entrepreneurs, most poor people already participate in markets. Strengthening these markets in ways that secure higher incomes for the poor is therefore seen by PSD advocates as a fair and efficient way to fight poverty. Earning a decent income in the private sector, it is argued, is also more dignifying than relying on hand-outs.

An April 2013 EPS PEAKS paper found a strong and well-established case for donors to intervene in private markets to deliver subsidies for development purposes. The researcher found that the theoretical reasons for intervention were well established by the economics literature, but that the practical approaches and frameworks for delivering subsidies to private sector entities are more complex and less understood. The approaches that do exist vary widely. The researcher identified some key criteria that can be used to evaluate different approaches and instruments and gave examples of their usage by different donor institutions. In practical terms, they said that thoroughly-researched cost benefit analyses should be used to assess project impact and that it was vital that donors recognise that actively distorting a market outcome might have significant consequences, and that these need to be understood and analysed.

Business environment reform
Where entrepreneurship and markets are stifled by inappropriate regulation, excessive taxation, lack of fair competition, lack of voice or an unstable policy environment, growth and poverty reduction are likely to suffer. Typically, donors first fund business environment analyses, such as the World Bank's Doing Business Reports, identifying the major constraints to business growth. They then work with government and other stakeholders to implement reforms.

The private sector itself can play an important role in advocating for a better business environment. Many development agencies thus work to strengthen the capacity of businesses and business associations to engage in public-private dialogue with governments.

Business linkages and value chain development
A value chain is a series of activities that enterprises undertake when they produce a good or service, adding value to the inputs at each stage. Value Chain Development thus seeks to maximise the value of any given type of product, whilst incurring the least possible cost to the producers, in the places along the production chain that give the most benefit to poor people. One way is to improve production processes. Another way is to increase the commercial linkages between the businesses that poor people own or work for, and businesses that can offer them new and more profitable opportunities as customers or suppliers.

Business development services
This approach seeks to build markets in services that improve the performance of individual enterprises. Some of the most important BDS markets are in training, consultancy, marketing, market information, information technology and technology transfer. For many within the development community, donors should ideally not undertake BDS directly; instead they should facilitate commercial BDS providers to be self-sustaining, through the improvement of their techniques and the sourcing of new clients. BDS markets can be sustainable where providers recover their costs via the fees they charge for services.

However, business development services are also found in developed countries where the argument advanced is that the market for business development fails and therefore the government should enable this market. Developed countries experience suggests that fees for publicly supported advice was a policy that did not work. In fact, the evidence suggests that subsidised intensive work with relatively few business clients works well, which suggests the requirement for DBS to be self-financing is too onerous.

Market Systems Development
The Market Systems Development (MSD) approach, also known as M4P, aims to understand how poor people interact with market systems, and how these systems can be changed to improve their lives. It aims for large-scale, sustainable impact by focusing on overall markets, rather than targeting individual actors within that market. In this sense, an MSD programme may incorporate various elements of value chain development, BDS and/or business environment reform. Donors that have pioneered the MSD approach include the UK's Department for International Development (DFID), Australian Government's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), the Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The BEAM Exchange is a leading source of information about the MSD approach.

Green growth
A number of development agencies are engaged in developing markets to channel finance raised for climate change mitigation and adaptation in industrialised countries towards initiatives that reduce carbon emissions in the developing world. Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) are used to bridge the public and private sectors with the goal of enabling growth in a given industry or region. If managed appropriately, they argue, the challenge of responding to climate change could generate decent jobs and incomes for many millions of poor people.

Women's Economic Empowerment
In many parts of the developing world, women are systematically excluded from business opportunities. Discrimination can disadvantage women in their access to the knowledge and skills needed to be successful in business. At the same time, laws that disadvantage women in gaining access to property can make it hard for women to raise the necessary capital.

Local economic development
Local Economic Development (LED) typically starts by analysing the economy of a particular region or municipality, identifying opportunities to enhance its prospects. LED strategies may combine any of the following: business environment reform, value chain development, infrastructure development, innovation and technology policy, planning and/ or skills development. LED programmes often involve local and regional governments, the private sector and civil society in programme design and implementation. LEDknowledge.org is an open access database of publications on Local Economic Development. In addition, the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development has a knowledge page on Local Economic Development and Clusters.

Public-private partnerships
Many development agencies are now working directly with businesses to deliver development impacts. Such public-private partnerships or public-private development partnerships cover a wide range of activities. A common characteristic of most PPPs is the aim to leverage the development impact of companies’ core business activities. One increasingly common approach is to create a Challenge Fund, whereby companies bid for donor funding, competing to maximise the development impact of the grant money made available. Other PPP programmes assist companies in finding business partners in developing countries, or offer technical support and expertise.

Access to finance
Affordable access to finance is seen by most experts as vital to private enterprises in the developing world. While some development agencies therefore see it as part of Private Sector Development, many treat it as a separate field in its own right.

Private sector development in conflict-affected environments
Conflict presents unique challenges and unique opportunities for Private Sector Development. One the one hand, conflict disrupts the regular functioning of markets and in their place creates a war economy. PSD practitioners must be sensitive to the impact of their activities on the conflict situation, e.g. effects on the distribution of resources, as well as the impacts that conflict will have on their activities. On the other hand, where it generates job creation and trade, Private Sector Development can play a role in peacebuilding and preparing for future development.

Industrial policy
Industrial policy is broadly defined as selective government intervention to promote a specific economic sector and promote structural change. It may target manufacturing, agricultural or services sectors.

Innovation policy
Innovation is an important driver of competitiveness, growth and employment generation. In the context of private sector development, “innovation is understood as the commercially successful introduction or implementation of a technical or organisational innovation.” Donor agency support to innovation covers a broad range of activities, including the creation of appropriate framework conditions for innovation, and the development of innovative capacities of companies. This may include business advisory and support services, finance and skills development; business incubators and technology extension services, as well as value chain and cluster approaches.

Digital transformation
Digital technologies are driving the fourth industrial revolution of the 21st century and the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to further accelerate the speed of change. Digital transformation of companies, industries and economies can boost productivity, innovation and access to global markets for producers in developing countries. On the other hand, without the necessary infrastructure (e.g. access to reliable electricity and networks), a suitably skilled workforce and an enabling regulatory environment many poor countries are likely to find themselves at the wrong end of the global digital divide.

Private sector development following the financial crisis
For many people, the global financial crisis has raised questions about the ways in which markets should be regulated in order to ensure long-term, sustainable development. At the same time, with many countries now faced with slower growth and higher unemployment, reviving economies by kick-starting the private sector is seen by many as at the heart of a global response.

title: Private sector development


text:
Phalombe

Phalombe is a town in Malawi. It is the district capital of Phalombe District.

Location
Phalombe is located about 44 km, by road, north-east of Mulanje, along the T408 Road. This is approximately 97 km, by road, east of Blantyre, the financial capital of Malawi and the largest city in the country's Southern Region. Phalombe lies at an average location of 766 m above sea level. The geographical location of Phalombe are 15°48'12.0"S, 35°39'12.0"E (Latitude:-15.803333; Longitude:35.653333).

Overview
It is situated below the Fort Lister Gap between the two larger parts of the Mulanje Massif. Due to this location it is vulnerable for flash floods, which can easily occur during the rainy season. The most devastating one in recent history occurred in March 1991, which left Phalombe with a 2-3 meter (7 to 10 feet) high mud layer and killed hundreds of people. On this spot a monument was erected to remember the named and unnamed victims.

Points of interest
5 km, south of the town center, along the Phalombe-Mulanje Road, is a Catholic mission consisting of a Catholic church and the Holy Family Hospital. The hospital is run by locals in association with the Dutch charity Memisa and is staffed by Malawian clinical officers as well as Dutch tropical doctors. Holy Family Nursing College is attached to the hospital. The road from Mulanje to Phalombe is tarmacked, as of May 2019.

Weather
Generally, the weather in Phalombe is warm, muggy and cloudy, from November to April and is comfortable, clear and cool from May through October. During the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 59 °F to 86 °F (15 °C to 30 °C) and is rarely below 56 °F (13 °C) or above 92 °F (33 °C).

title: Phalombe