text:
User talk:I.M. Rich

Fair use rationale for Image:Gorilla2wh.jpg
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Replaceable fair use Image:Flatbush_Avenue_Terminal.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Flatbush_Avenue_Terminal.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

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Image:Spacemonkeyzbiopic.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image (File:Kingsbridge Depot.jpg)
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Hip hop WikiProject Roll Call
Hello, fellow Hip Hop WikiProject members!

This message is being sent out to let all listed members of the project know to re-add your name to the members list, as all current names on the list have been erased in order to find out who is still active on the project. WikiGuy86 (talk) 04:40, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:I.M. Rich


text:
Buffalo Academy for Visual and Performing Arts

The Buffalo Academy for Visual and Performing Arts (BAVPA) is a magnet performing arts high school and part of Buffalo, New York's public school system. It serves grades 5-12 and requires students to apply in the field of their desired major concentration. Majors taught in the school are Dance, Media, Music, Technical Theater, Theater Arts, and Visual Arts.

BAVPA is affiliated with several community arts/performance organizations and colleges, including Hallwalls, WKBW-TV, Buffalo State College, and the University at Buffalo.

History
BAVPA was founded in 1977 as a magnet school, based on a recent court order demanding that Buffalo desegregate its schools. It was originally located at School 87 (then known as Clinton Junior High School) located 333 Clinton Street in the Lower East Side of Buffalo. Due to size constraints, the school moved to its current location in 2007. The new building, located at 450 Masten Avenue in Buffalo, is the former home to Woodlawn Junior High School and Buffalo Traditional School. Prior to that, it was the site of Offermann Stadium.

Former Principals
Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses
 * Philip Lafornara–1977-1978 (Principal - unknown, died)
 * Elmer J. Schamber–1978-1985 (Principal - City Honors School, retired)
 * David W. Hess–1985-1991 (Assistant Principal - Riverside High School, named Acting Assistant Superintendent for Secondary Education for Buffalo Public Schools)
 * Barbara A. Schnell–1991-1992 (Principal - Kensington Prep, named Principal of Buffalo Vocational Technical Center)
 * Ronald L. Meer–1992-1996 (Principal - Leonardo da Vinci High School, retired)
 * Deborah A. Smith–1996-2000 (Program Coordinator - Buffalo Public Schools, named Principal of Buffalo Vocational Technical Center)
 * Kevin E. Kazmierczak–2000-2008 (Director of Instrumental Music Programs - Buffalo Public Schools, named Principal of Tonawanda High School)
 * Darren J. Brown–2008-2011 (Principal - Community School 53, named Executive Director for Human Resources for Buffalo Public Schools)

Notable alumni

 * Ani DiFranco (Class of 1986)
 * Jesse L. Martin (Class of 1987)
 * Robert Paterson (Class of 1988)
 * Lucky Peterson
 * Alexis Spight
 * Sir John Barnett (Class of 2000)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Diamond Shamrock

Diamond Shamrock (formerly known as the Ultramar Diamond Shamrock Corporation) is an American brand of gasoline stations under the ownership of the Valero Energy Corporation and is currently headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. The former company was established on December 1, 1967 when Cleveland-based Diamond Alkali merged with Shamrock Oil of Amarillo, Texas, creating the entity known as the Diamond Shamrock Corporation.

The venerable company was the nineteenth largest energy company in the United States in 1985 and had operations in nineteen states, but had a massive presence in the states of Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, and Ohio, with a notable presence within certain markets of California and New York. Diamond Shamrock also owned and operated its well-known convenience store chain Corner Store, that became the predecessor of the chain CST Brands Inc. (succeeded by Circle K in 2017).

In May 1979, Diamond Shamrock announced that it would be moving its corporate headquarters from the crime-stricken Cleveland, Ohio to Dallas, Texas in an effort to improve the company’s image and reputation. Looking to expand its presence, the USD$160 million acquisition of the Sigmor Corporation in July 1982 added 600 more stores to Diamond Shamrock’s portfolio of locations and also as a dividend, it received ownership of the Three Rivers oil refinery located between San Antonio and Corpus Christi, Texas.

February 1987 saw the detachment of Diamond Shamrock’s production and exploration branch and would rename itself to the Maxus Energy Corporation once the split from its refining and marketing division took effect. Concurrently, Diamond Shamrock’s own refining and marketing division was also renamed as Diamond Shamrock R&M Inc. and would trade under DRM on the New York Stock Exchange. The split subsequently made Maxus Energy (NYSE: MXS) the largest energy company in the United States during that time.

In November 1995, it was announced that Diamond Shamrock would acquire Houston-based National Convenience Stores Inc., who operated business under the Stop-N-Go nameplate for USD$260 million, ruining Circle K’s opportunity to acquire the chain for themselves after their bid for USD$232 million. In September 1996, it was announced that Diamond Shamrock would be acquired by Montreal-based Ultramar, a Canadian oil company for USD$1.96 billion. The primary reason for the merger was originally to attain USD$75 million in annual savings, according to Roger Hemminghaus, the chairman of the newly combined companies Ultramar Diamond Shamrock. The Ultramar and Diamond Shamrock merger would also skyrocket the company to become the third-largest in gasoline refining and marketing corporation in the United States and would also increase Diamond Shamrock’s locations to more than 4,400 stores. In April 1997, it was announced that Ultramar Diamond Shamrock would be acquiring the U.S. operations of Total Petroleum N.A. for an estimate of USD$400 million, alongside their USD$414 million in debt.

In May 2001, it was announced that the Valero Energy Corporation had agreed to acquire Ultramar Diamond Shamrock for USD$4 billion, a deal that would make Valero Energy the second-largest oil refiner behind ExxonMobil. The acquisition was approved by the Federal Trade Commission on December 19 via an approval of a consent decree and was finalized and completed on January 2, 2002, ultimately ending the company’s operations. The merger of UDS and Valero would encompass a convenience store network of more than 5,000 stores and twelve refineries.

In July 2005, Valero Energy announced that it would be phasing out the Diamond Shamrock brand and convert its remaining 2,900 locations to the Valero name. Prior to this, the conversion of Diamond Shamrock stores had already started with the east and west coasts of the United States. The conversion would cost Valero Energy roughly USD$70 million and would take a little over two years to complete its conversion of over 1,030 stores and 830 branded wholesale sites. Despite the announcement, the remaining Diamond Shamrock locations would not be renovated and converted until 2006.

As of 2024, the Diamond Shamrock brand is still actively being in use by Valero Energy alongside its other brands Beacon, Shamrock, and Texaco (owned and used by Valero Energy solely in the United Kingdom and Ireland since its acquisition of its usage from Chevron in 2011).

The Diamond Shamrock brand is currently being used in Colorado, California, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and amongst other states.

History
The origins of Diamond Shamrock can be traced back to three foundation companies: Diamond Alkali, Shamrock Oil and Gas, and Sigmor Corporation.

Diamond Alkali
In 1910, a group of glass manufacturers founded Diamond Alkali in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They wanted the company to produce soda ash, a key ingredient in glass production. A factory was built in Painesville, Ohio, in 1912 to produce soda ash. During the 1920s, TR Evans led Diamond Alkali, which under his leadership became an important chemical producer. After World War II Ray Evans, TR's son, led the company to decentralize its operations. In Deer Park, Houston, Texas, in 1946 a new plant was built to produce chlorine and caustic soda. In 1948, the company moved its headquarters from Pittsburgh to Cleveland, Ohio. During the 1950s a third plant was constructed in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, helping the company continue to enlarge its range of products, expanding to produce plastics and chemicals for agriculture. The 1960s saw continued expansion of Diamond Alkali. A facility was opened in Delaware City, Delaware and additional chemical companies were purchased, including Chemical Process Company of Redwood City, California and the Nopco Chemical Company of New Jersey. In 1967, Diamond Alkali merged with Shamrock Oil and Gas of Amarillo. At the time of the merger the company produced about 20 percent oil and gas and 80 percent chemicals. In 1978, Diamond Shamrock moved its headquarters to Dallas. By 1980, Diamond Shamrock had about 12,400 employees in thirty-seven countries.

Shamrock Oil and Gas
John Sheerin founded Shamrock Oil and Gas on August 9, 1929. As a native of Ireland he named the company after the symbol of his country of origin. The company was financed by the Fownes family of Pennsylvania and headquartered in Amarillo. The early years of the company were difficult experiencing a loss of about $9 million. In 1933, Shamrock built its first refinery and its first gas station, both in Sunray, Moore County, Texas. James Harold Dunn joined the company in 1938 as a vice president and general manager, having previously been an engineer at the Lone Star Gas Corporation. The following year Shamrock showed its first, albeit small, profit. During 1939-1940 Lone Star and Shamrock cooperated on the construction of a plant at Murchison in Henderson County whose aim was to recycle natural gas. In 1943, the company paid its first dividend, and by 1944 the company was listed on the NYSE. In 1945, Dunn became the company president, a post he had for ten years. In 1955, Claybourne Allison "Buzz" Cash succeeded him, and in 1959 Shamrock opened its first catalytic cracking unit in Sunray.

In 1960, Shamrock purchased a large number of gas stations from the chain of Sigmor.

Sigmor
During the 1930s and 1940s, Sigfried "Sig" Moore operated the chain. In 1943, Moore loaned Thomas E. Turner, an employee, money to launch his own business. Turner decided to use the name Sigmor for the chain of stores he established during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1952, Sigmor was incorporated. In 1959, a restructuring took place which allowed each individual gas station to incorporate separately. In 1960, most of the chain was purchased by Shamrock and then leased back to Turner, who continued to lead the company. In 1978, Sigmor purchased its stations back from Diamond Shamrock, continuing to market DS products. By 1983, Sigmor was one of the largest independent service-station chains in the USA.

Diamond Shamrock
The merger gave Diamond Shamrock 600 retail outlets, plus the Three Rivers oil refinery which was built by Sigmor during the 1970s. In 1987, The Diamond Shamrock Refining and Marketing Company severed ties with Diamond Shamrock Corporation, which was the parent company, and became independent with its headquarters in San Antonio. At that time, as part of the reorganization, Diamond Shamrock Corporation became Maxus Energy Corporation, severing all legal ties to the Diamond Shamrock Refining and Marketing Company. In 1990, Diamond Shamrock Refining and Marketing Company shortened its name to Diamond Shamrock, Incorporated, as it had taken the step of incorporating at that time.

1985–2001
In 1985, the company had a $604.7 million loss. It restructured itself in the year before December 1986. On Wednesday December 3, 1986, T. Boone Pickens offered to buy Diamond Shamrock for $2 billion. Kit Freiden of the Associated Press stated "some analysts predicted the giant energy company would reject the offer."

In 1988, the company's annual refinery sales were $1.8 billion. Diamond Shamrock owned and operated 529 stores. 423 of them were in Texas, with 94 of them in Greater Houston. The company owned an additional 64 stores in Colorado. In 1988, the company bought from investor F. Philip Handy 80 Tenneco gasoline stations, with 30 of them in Houston. According to the plans, the Tenneco stores would be rebranded as Diamond Shamrocks.

In 1995, Diamond Shamrock had 2,000 stores, with most of them in Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Louisiana. Of them, over 170 stores were in Houston. That year, Diamond Shamrock bought the National Convenience Stores Stop N Go chain for $260 million. The plans called for the combined company to be headquartered in San Antonio. The combined company was to have two refineries in Texas, 11,000 employees, and 2,600 stores.

In 1996, Canadian company Ultramar bought Diamond Shamrock for $1.96 billion in stock and assumed debt. The combined company was renamed "Ultramar Diamond Shamrock". Diamond Shamrock also sold Total Petroleum, which started in Alma, Michigan, to Marathon Petroleum in 1999.

Valero Energy Corporation acquired Ultramar Diamond Shamrock in 2001.

2021–present (revival)
Beginning in Early 2021, Valero revived the Diamond Shamrock brand and gave a new logo and design to be relevant to the 2018 Valero rebrand for the brand with new locations in California, Georgia, New Mexico and Texas.

title: Diamond Shamrock


text:
KSLX-FM

KSLX-FM is a classic rock radio station serving the Phoenix, Arizona, area. The Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc. outlet broadcasts at 100.7 MHz with an ERP of 100 kW and is licensed to Scottsdale, Arizona. KSLX simulcasts in digital HD Radio. Its studios are located on North 52nd Street west of Papago Park and its transmitter is in South Mountain Park.

History
100.7 signed on August 1, 1969 as KDOT-FM "K-Dot", a beautiful music station co-owned with KDOT (1440 AM). Owned by Central Arizona Broadcasting, KDOT-FM broadcast beautiful music from studios on the second floor of a building adjacent to the Safari Resort hotel, on Scottsdale Road just north of Camelback Road in Scottsdale.

In 1978, First Media Corporation acquired KDOT and its AM counterpart, then known as KSGR, and flipped the stations to Top 40 as simulcasting KOPA-AM-FM. The call sign KOPA was pronounced "copa" and reflected the last two syllables of Maricopa County (home to Scottsdale and the greater Phoenix metropolitan area). The station operated as KOPA until February 5, 1986, when the station's call sign and format were changed again, to KSLX-FM. KSLX hosted a popular morning program in the late 1980s, the "Jones and Boze Show", featuring David K. Jones and Bob Boze Bell. Bell is a popular local western artist and writer (and co-owner and Executive Editor of True West Magazine since 1999). The station would later be acquired by Sandusky as a sister station to KDKB and KUPD, thus creating a rock cluster in the market. In 2013 Minneapolis based Hubbard Broadcasting bought the five-stations and has operated them ever since.

In 2017 KSLX ascended to the top of the Phoenix ratings for the first time in its 31 year history. The station now plays Led Zeppelin, the Eagles, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Journey, the Beatles, Pat Benatar, the Rolling Stones and more. The on-air line-up includes Mark and NeanderPaul from 5-10am weekdays, Karen Dalessandro 2-7pm weekdays and Nights with Alice Cooper 7pm-12am weeknights.

HD radio
KSLX's HD Radio signal is multiplexed. The main signal is broadcast in analog as well as an HD Radio Digital broadcast of KSLX's classic rock programming.

KSLX's HD2 subchannel is airing a simulcast of sports-formatted KDUS 1060 AM Tempe.

title: KSLX-FM


text: Category:Spanish people by city

title: Category:Spanish people by city


text:
Talk:Shatterstar

Sexual Orientation
Is there any evidence that Shatterstar is gay?
 * A couple vague suggestions, but no more evidence than for hundreds of other characters. Besides, he's an alien, from a world with a rather different conception of sexuality/reproduction/romance. So I'm removing the Category:LGBT_comic_book_characters. -leigh (φθόγγος) 02:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it was probably Jeph Loeb's intention to make him gay during his run on the book in the late '90s, but I'm guessing this didn't meet with editorial approval. He dropped a lot of hints about Rictor and Shatterstar being "best friends" but given Rictors previous heterosexuality and Shatterstar's lack of concern for anything but fighting I'm guessing it would have been out of character and was dropped.

 * Its more plausable as Rictor officially came out as bi in X-Factor #14. Thus Shatterstar's comment of "I miss Rictor" after he stopped the gay bashing makes more sense. Artemisboy 20:57, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Rictor actually did not come out in X-Factor #14. Besides, Ric's orientation does not affect Shatterstar's orientation. A gay man can be in love with a straight man. P.S. That's why I added the 'citation needed' thingie in 'Star's article. Lots42 03:20, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

If anyone is planning on adding the category, I would advise that we wait until the next issue comes out in the event that the kiss in X-Fator #43 is an author fake out.Luminum (talk) 20:10, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
 * PAD has assured the world it is definitely not one.~ZytheTalk to me! 00:32, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Wait, Rob Liefeld was upset he was "non-hetero" and then said he was supposed to be asexual? Asexual is non-heterosexual. That sentence makes no sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.41.107.96 (talk) 02:18, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

powers
Bio-energy? Healing? Luck? The strength and agility seem to have consensus, but the others?

The bio-energy through sword costs him a lot of energy, but he uses it once in a while (fight with Reignfire's MLF (X-force 20-something), Kings of Pain annuals and some other examples I can't remember right now.) Healing: he heals faster than a regular human, especially as one of his favourite tactics was to hit opponents behind by stabbing himself through the stomach. Nothing close to a Wolverine, Sabretooth or Deadpool though. Luck-powers: I have never seen them mentioned in connection with Shatterstar, maybe somebody thought he had them because of some connection to Longshot. Dizzy D 23:54, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

The enhanced physical capabilities: strength, speed, stamina, agility, reflexes, and healing are all verified by the OHOTMU, as is the bio-energy he channels through the sword. I think you're right about the luck powers, someone might have mixed him up with Longshot. I'm not certain about the hollow bones either, that one is most definitely Longshot. 4.225.11.123 04:04, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Teleport Powers
Currently the article states that he has a pair of blades that allow him to do the team teleport, however I've read all the X-Factor issues and never once does it say that it's his blades that give him the power. In fact they've haven't explained it at all really besides needing the connection with someone. More than likely it's an extension of his mutant ability to shoot energy out of a blade. The section should be re-worded as there's no evidence it's his blades that allow him to do it.72.89.142.185 (talk) 02:46, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Shatterstar


text:
Talk:Tennōji Station

Station name
The standard writing of is "Tennoji". not Ten'nouji. Paullb 23:52, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tennōji Station


text:
Talk:Zünheboto

WP:INDIA Banner/Nagaland Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Nagaland workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Nagaland or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  Amartyabag   TALK2ME  10:25, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zünheboto


text:
User talk:WELLHUNG

Your username has been blocked as inappropriate, in line with our blocking policy. You are encouraged to create a new account and contribute to Wikipedia under a more appropriate username, and in a constructive manner. See Username for guidance on selecting an appropriate username. You may also edit Wikipedia without creating an account. You are not allowed to edit Wikipedia under an inappropriate username. If you would like to discuss the block, you may edit your talk page or email the administrator who blocked you.

Due to Wikipedia's mechanism for enforcing name changes, your IP address may be temporarily blocked. Unless you have also been engaging in vandalism, we will remove that block as soon as possible—if this doesn't happen within an hour or so, please email an administrator and explain the situation (see the list of administrators).

If you want to keep the contributions from your old account for your new one, leave a note on Changing username. This can only be done before you create the new one.

title: User talk:WELLHUNG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Goth slang

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus (6d/4k/2dis) Ryan Norton T 07:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Goth slang
POV; NOT dict 1, 2 & 3
 * Keep: I think slang terms fit in to wikipedia nicely. If someone searches for something they don't know what is, they at least get an awnser. But anyway: Don't delete, this article just need some work.
 * Delete: per talk page, also noting Wikipedia is neither a dictionary, lists of definitions, nor a slang guide. I will concede, however, that some of the terms should perhaps have pages of their own (subject to verifiability and NPOV) or be described directly in the Goth article, which is the only one pointing to the nominee.  --Kgf0 23:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * addendum delete also for original research per principle anonymous contributer on Talk: "It is almost completely original research, drawn from thread topics on Goth Forums, where goths added their opinions." --Kgf0 19:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Will become and is already partly a trash list. POV in itself is not a deletion criteria but can only be POV is. And unverifiable to boot. Marskell 00:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable. --Jacquelyn Marie 16:11, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. You all know by now I'm a listcruft deletionist, but while Wikipedia is not a slang dictionary, there is ample precedent for articles collecting and discussing, and even (gasp) listing, slang of subcultures and ethnic/national groups. For example, we already have: Bargoens (Dutch slang), Boston slang, Bypassing, Canadian slang, Christianese, Catholic Street slang, Cockney rhyming slang, Drug slang, Euphemism, Gay slang, Singapore gay terminology, Germanía, Grypsera, Grunge speak, Helsinki slang, Hip hop slang, Internet slang, London slang, Lunfardo, Medical slang, Polari, Sexual slang, Body parts slang, Baseball slang, Computer hacker slang, Leet, Military slang, and Professional wrestling slang. POV and OR can be cleaned up. See my point? MCB 23:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Most of what you list are articles about slang, and thus they belong, even if they include examples - the articles have meat beyond their lists. Drug slang and Hip hop slang are double redirects and should be fixed. Of the ones that are not articles, but are simply lists of slang terms, none have been up more than 7 months, and only Boston slang and Singapore gay terminology have been up more than 3 months - this leads me to believe that they simply have not yet been AfD'd. The latter I will AfD myself, since it wouldn't belong in an English language encyclopedia even if there was no list-of-slang policy.  Of the remainder, Catholic Street slang (which, if kept, should be moved to Catholic street slang unless it is the slang used on Catholic Street), Baseball slang, Military slang, and Professional wrestling slang are the ones with short article histories that could conceivably be cleaned up enough to salvage as articles; there should be numerous sources on each of the last three, and a potential sociological angle on the first (remains to be seen if that can be done without violating WP:NOR.  Canadian slang, Gay slang, Sexual slang (redir to List of sexual slang), and Body parts slang are all less than 2 months old, and should not live to see 3.
 * In short, for these reasons, I don't think your examples support your argument, especially given your stated position on list cruft. The existence of violations of policy does not negate the policy, any more than the continued existence of criminality negates the law.  This seems particularly applicable in this case given the probability that the "police" have simply not caught wind of the "crimes" in question yet.  For this list, IMHO, even if the WP:NOR and WP:NPOV issues can be cleaned (assuming anyone is even interested in doing the work) it will still fail WP:V and WP:NOT.  --Kgf0 23:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Sorry, too late. Wikipedia is already a slang dictionary. I say add this one to the list. Besides, goth isn't about to leave and I'm sure it will leave a mark on our language somewhere. Denni ☯ 00:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this list re-appears on a website somewhere, list it as an external link in Goth.  Jkelly 22:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * STRONG POLICY. This is against wikipedia's official policy stated at WP:NOT. Some of the entries pointed by MCB should have been gone a long time ago anyway. -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 03:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above — Wackymacs 17:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for two reasons. As noted above, Wikipedia is full of lists of slang phrases.
 * Secondly, the article now has two main sources for the material listed at the bottom.
 * Deathlibrarian 09:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Those aren't published sources, those are chat logs; it's still original research ("Posts to bulletin boards and Usenet, or messages left on blogs, are never acceptable as primary or secondary sources") and in violation of WP:NOT regardless how many other pages are also in violation. Also, the other slang pages that are lists rather than articles will be AfD'd in good time.  See London slang for an example of what an article about slang should look like (and note that the example terms have Wictionary entries of their own). --Kgf0 21:12, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep very interesting, it's information afterall. --Mateusc 17:10, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Article could be improved, certainly: NPOV, it's a bit too Melbourne-centric at the moment (the reference to the Megabar is just too obscure), a better introductory paragraph explaining the derisory nature of many terms, better references (there are plenty of books which could be used - see main Goth article, forum logs just won't do). Needs a lot of work, and healthy debate like this. It is against official Wikipedia policy unfortunately. Canley 01:06, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Entrance to Blue Hawk Mine.JPG

title: File:Entrance to Blue Hawk Mine.JPG


text: Category:United States state case law

title: Category:United States state case law


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Category:United States affirmative action case law

This category contains United States case law regarding affirmative action in the United States.


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Talk:Saint Francis High School (La Cañada Flintridge, California)

NPOV
If you are new to Wikipedia, please read NPOV on what is and isn't considered appropriate for inclusion in an article. Content that is unencyclopaedic, patent nonsense, or vanity should also be avoided. If there is any other content that would be useful in this article however, feel free to re-add it. Cheers. Peruvianllama 23:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposed change
The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (also just Capuchins) are a distinct group from the Order of Friars Minor (also just Franciscans). Right now, the article is linking to the wrong order. This should be changed. Gentgeen 21:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Change has been made. Peruvianllama 06:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

link spelling
the link spelling to the homepage is incorrect, please correct this all powerful mod.
 * Done, thanks. --fvw *  14:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

User Box
user Capuchin

Alumni
Regarding the current disagreement over 2 names on the alumni list: I restored Daniel Paladini for whom there is no shortage of sources confirming that he attended St. Francis and was a soccer star there. Regarding Lloyd Monserratt, for whom the proferred source is Rep. Xavier Becerra's tribute speech in the Congressional Record, I think that we have usually accepted evidence of that sort unless there was reason to question it. (Unfortunately, the newspaper obituaries I could find online don't mention his high school.) Let's see if others offer opinions about Monserratt. --Arxiloxos (talk) 00:27, 22 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Good edits Arxiloxos. The Facebook was not a proper source for Paladini but you have found other sources to replace Facebook, well done. Regarding Monseratt, unless there are other contradictory sources or complaints from Monseratt himself via official WP channels the Congressional Record is sufficient. -- — Keithbob • Talk  • 16:53, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * FWIW, the only way to get the other editor to stop edit warring and leaving notes like the ones found here was to open the DRN case. Thanks for intervening. --evrik (talk) 18:50, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Well maybe not the only way, but your point is well taken. Anyway it seems to be working out. Happy to be of some help. :-) -- — Keithbob •  Talk  • 19:05, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Revert of independent sources and restoral of unsourced tag
I checked a couple pages of Google search until references to this school were really running thin. I believe that what was on the web should satisfy Wiki criteria without further taggring. The sources were as independent as you are going to get and tend to back up the mild claims on the school website. I think they should have been left as a reference since its claims are quite modest. Please point out which things that you removed are clearly objectionable, and not useful as indications of the academic and athletic success of the school. Jzsj (talk) 21:55, 22 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Please make an argument that includes specific sources for specific content. There is nothing here to respond to. John from Idegon (talk) 23:16, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

In 2012 the school's Academic Decathlon team placed first in the California medium school bracket. In 2017, St. Francis had 160 graduates and 51 were members of the National Honor Society. The graduates were offered 301 scholarships and awards toward college studies.

A FieldTurf and all-weather track has been installed inside the Friedman Field complex, with a gymnasium renovation, field house, home-side bleacher, and patio renovation.

The Golden Knights competed in nine sports within the Mission League through the 2016-2017 season, as a part of the CIF Southern Section. For 2017-2018 they will be a part of a reformed Angelus League. At the varsity and junior varsity levels, football,

cross country, basketball, soccer, track,

volleyball, baseball, tennis, and golf

are available to students. Football, basketball, track, and volleyball are also available on the freshmen/sophomore level. Loyola High School is a principal athletic rival. Please inform of objections to placement of this embellished version into the article. And what might still prevent removal of the tag. Thanks. Jzsj (talk) 00:06, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * You have no reliable sources for the AD team's achievement. The sanctioning body for this doesn't publish results on a website? Per guidelines, we do not discuss individual achievement and you have no independent sources; as such, I oppose the second graph entirely. The change in conference should be noted with a reliable journalistic source (not the advertisement rag cited previously). If the previous conference dated to the school's inception, or there is no other info available, it is not necessary to use two sets of dates - that's just unneeded verbiage. A listing of varsity sports can be sourced to the school, but an independent source such as the conference or the state sanctioning body would be preferable. If this is a coed school, be sure to list what sports are available to which sex and any coed teams. JV and less sports are irrelevant for an encyclopedia article. The references to various individual players are unneeded and seem spammy. Do not include a rival without an independent reference. That is usually easy enough. Just look through some coverage of games and look for the words rivals or rivalry. What we are trying to avoid is students deciding it is something different, or something depending on a single season. Your getting close to the refimprove tag being cleared, let's get these changes done and take a look. If you are OK with my proposed modifications, feel free to change what you have sourcing for now. It's doubtful you can posit an argument that will sway me in the second graph. John from Idegon (talk) 01:50, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Also regarding the second paragraph, the number of graduates for one given year seems trivial. On the third graph, if it isn't important enough for a newspaper to cover it, how do you have any argument that a world wide website should? John from Idegon (talk) 01:54, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I have the LA Times reporting the number of graduates. I suggest this is a good indication of the size of the school, since third-party reports of enrollment are not very common. With this I hope that I was justified in removing the tag. Jzsj (talk) 06:43, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Third party enrollment figures are ridiculously easy to come by and I have added them, along with demographics. Without a reliable journalistic source, I still object to the bit on the athletic field renovations. And, again, I fail to see the utility in adding the number of graduates from one of this school's 70 graduating classes.  Again, the purpose of an encyclopedia article is to summarize the relevant (to the world, not the school community or to potential enrollees) information already published in reliable sources entirely independent of the school.  Without the reliable independent sources, it does not belong, period.  As to the relevance, that is subject to consensus.  Consensus is already expressed in general in the guidelines, but is subject to overturn with a strong enough argument on individual article talk pages.  I see no strength in your arguments, and at this point you do not have a consensus.  You are of course, welcome to attempt any of the many WP:DR methods, but other than WP:3O, you need to work more here to try to gain a consensus on what you want.  Be advised that simply being verifiable is no guarantee of inclusion. What you are not welcome to do, however is to keep yoyoing the article over material that you know darn well is in dispute.  I've added more or less standard content to address your false assertion that there are no third party sources to attendance.  That material is well sourced and addresses both our concerns.  Your repeated re-adding of material I have expressed problems with, however, is simply disruptive and needs to stop.  Thanks, . John from Idegon (talk) 21:37, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the tip on the nces website and that it is acceptable for an independent reference. I didn't find it on the first six pages of Google Search. Is there a list anywhere of what Wiki accepts as reliable sources? Any help in removing the tag is appreciated. Jzsj (talk) 23:29, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

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Category:United States antitrust case law

This category contains United States case law regarding antitrust law.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/River 94.9

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep (3k/1d) Ryan Norton T 08:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

River 94.9
Non-notable. Comes close to being advertising. --PacknCanes 23:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per the approx 9 billion other wiki articles on radio stations. --CastAStone 00:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Understand the nom but verifiable radio stations are pretty straightforward keeps. Marskell 00:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Marskell. Grutness...  wha?  01:02, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Roasting

Untitled
What about roasted peanuts? The article on peanuts lists roasting as a possible cause of allergies in North America. It says they are not roasted in India or China, where they are widely consumed, but there are few peanut allergies.

Fundimental Differences between Roasting and Baking
what are they? --Hm2k 17:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * In case anyone still wants to know a year later, roasting is high temperature, while baking is medium to low temperature.--Christopher Tanner, CCC 04:11, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Do we not "roast" a Turkey at a low temperature or inside round?

Roasting and baking is the same thing. To cook something in a dry, warm or hot, environment. Roasting refers to cooking meats while baking refers to cooking pastries, cakes and breads. Traveler11125 05:29, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Roasting terms
In britain 'joint' refers to the cut of meat, not the method used to cook it. It usually refers to leg or shoulder. Also we tend to say roast chicken or roast veg rather than roasted.

Coffee
I don't like the paragraph on coffee in this article. IMHO it should be a couple sentences on how coffee starts green and is processed by roasting, and maybe a little description of generally how it's done, or something like that. The details here are more appropriate for the article on coffee roasting. 24.128.68.185 (talk) 23:00, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

a new section is needed
a new section should be added to this article,and it should take a bout the medical view for this subject ,for example(health benfites from Roasting food,or health concerns. it also shoild be mentioned if Roasting food preduce chemical complicated products.

Does this seriously need a citation?
"...which is considered by some as a flavor enhancement" (second sentence of intro). Why does that need citation? What sort of citation could be found? This is common knowledge, I believe. Would anyone argue the point that some people find that it enhances the flavor? That's the whole point — isn't that obvious? It's not done for any other reason. People caramelize food because it enhances the flavor. Is there any other reason to do it? Thus, it seems obvious to the point of redundancy to even say that it "is considered by some as a flavor enhancer". Frerin (talk) 12:25, 22 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree. It may have more to do with how it is being stated here, particularly the "some" people bit.  I'll try a restatement.  --Dfred (talk) 16:46, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Hendl
synonym for chicken (food) / roast chicken, regional cooking variant Widefox ; talk 07:09, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I think that a question like this should be raised on a Hugarian Wikiproject or similar if it is an issue. It can't specifically be a synonym for both. Gregkaye  ✍ ♪  11:57, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

Seal the juices?
I see this part at "Methods" about cooking at high temprature. Aren't we already proven at the Molecular Gastronomy that we cannot seal the juices? — Preceding unsigned comment added by ArcticTeriyaki (talk • contribs) 06:13, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

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"Hot cuts" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Hot cuts. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 20:32, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Original meaning
The article says Roasting originally meant turning meat or a bird on a spit in front of a fire.

Etymonline says originally "cook on a grate or gridiron," related to Germanic words meaning "gridiron, grate;". Wiktionary makes no mention of a spit in its main entry. Wiktionary mentions a griddle in the Middle English version, but cites a source with quotes mentioning both grill and spit. OED makes no mention of a spit in its entry; one of its quotes mentions a spit but it could be either contrasting or elaborating for all I can tell. I'm going to make the statement less specific. --Dan Wylie-Sears 2 (talk) 21:28, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roasting


text:
Makomanai Ice Arena

Makomanai Sekisui Heim Ice Arena (真駒内セキスイハイム アイスアリーナ) is an indoor ice skating arena in Minami-ku, Sapporo, Japan. It was built in December, 1970, holds 11,500 people (10,024 seats, fixed plus temporary, and 1,476 standing places), and has an area of 10,133 m2 in total.

The figure skating and some of the ice hockey games and the closing ceremonies from the 1972 Winter Olympics were held at this arena.

Overview
After the Games, the arena is utilized as a permanent ice skating rink open to the community.

Located at the northern end of the Makomanai Park, the arena is used not only as an ice skating venue, but also for a huge meeting, and concert venue.

The stadium has been known as its nickname, "Makomanai Ice Arena", and on April 1, 2007, the nickname was changed to the "Makomanai Sekisui Heim Ice Arena", after Sekisui Heim, a Japanese real estate company, acquired its naming rights.

In 1998, it was one of the venues for the Volleyball Men's World Championship, the Pool D of the tournament was played here.

Location
The arena is a 20 to 25 minute walk from Makomanai Station on the Namboku Line.

title: Makomanai Ice Arena


text:
Peche Island

Peche Island (French pronunciation anglicized to, therefore occasionally misspelled "Peach"), is an uninhabited, currently 86 acre (reduced by erosion from a 1965 measurement of 109 acres / 43.7 ha) Canadian island in the Detroit River, at its opening into Lake Saint Clair. It is 1.2 miles (1.9 km) east of U.S. island Belle Isle, and 360 yards (330 m) from the Windsor shore.

The island was formed from a peninsula of the Canadian shore by the action of the Detroit River. There is a central marsh on the island. The present channel was eroded until the core of the island remained. There are man-made channels cut through the island to ensure fresh water supply and recreational opportunities. The island's flora and fauna have been heavily affected by human activity, and the forest is the result of a rehabilitation programme.

Formerly an Ontario provincial park, ownership was transferred to the City of Windsor in 1999.

The island offers attractive Detroit city views, a wide sandy beach and shallow river bottom, and is a favorite with summer boaters. As of June 27, 2018, the City of Windsor began to run a ferry service to the island for day trips. Tours operate on select days during the week and weekends, weather permitting, from June to October. Boaters, canoers and kayakers can enjoy the island's trails and beaches and approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) of canals. The park is open only during the day. Sailors are advised to anchor along the southern shore of the island, abeam the Windsor Yacht Club. Speed between red buoy DP2 west of Peche Island and green buoy DP5 east of Peche Island must be held below 5 knots (9 km/h). For kayakers, the circumnavigation distance is approximately 3 miles (4.8 km).

From November through March large numbers of waterfowl, especially canvasback, redhead, lesser scaup, common goldeneye and common merganser, are all found in the nearby waters. Peregrine falcons and bald eagles are often attracted by these large flocks and can sometimes be seen perched in the island's larger treetops, or in the nesting platforms constructed by the Essex County Field Naturalists' Club. Muskie, walleye, bass, bluegill and perch are found in the waters surrounding the island, and fishing pressures are reported low. Water quality is good, and carefully monitored, as the City of Windsor's supply is drawn from nearby. Peche Island is one of the few places where the rare blue ash tree (Fraxinus quadrangulata) can be found.

Name
Early French explorers' maps state the island was named Isle au Large, or Isle du Large. Possible meanings include "at a distance", since Peche Island is the farthest island upstream, on the Detroit River, before entering Lake St. Clair, or "keep your distance", because of dangerous shallows on the north side.

The island was next called variations of "Peche" Isle, including Isle aux Pecheurs and Isle a la Peche (Isle à la Peche), the French word for "fishing" - the island was once used as a fishing station. Local accounts from folk onomastics have incorrectly derived the name from a peach orchard once located there, or connected the name with the French word for "sin", claiming the island was once the preferred site for duels and assignations.

History

The island was used by natives and Ottawa Native Chief Pontiac in the summer months. It was a known as a Native fishing village because of the abundance of white fish in the waters surrounding it. After the coming of the Europeans, Alexis Maisonville purchased the island in 1774 from the Ottawa Natives. This purchase was later revoked by Governor Dorchester, and all islands became Native lands. 1802 Alexi Maisonville in the Upper Canada Land Petitions (1763-1865)  Petitions for the Occupation of Peche Island. George Meldrum wrote this on behalf of Alexi Maisonville petition for Peche Island.

“I certify that I was present when the Chiefs of the Ottawa Nation signed a deed of gift of an Island commonly called the Fishing Island in favour of Alexis Maisonville and after wards went with said Maisonville with others to the said Island where we found the same Indians who dug up a sod and delivered it to Maisonville saying by this we put you in possession of this Island and confirm the deed we have signed all this was performed in the year of Our Lord one thousand seen hundred & Seventy two to the best of my knowledge.”

Detroit 19 May 1802

George Meldrum

The first and only known permanent residents of the island were a French-Canadian family named LaForest. In 1775 Louisa St. Aubin gave birth to an illegitimate son Charles in 1774. She married on February 2, 1780 at Ste Anne church Detroit to Antoine LaForest, son of William and Marguerite Tremblay, settlers at Grosse Pointe (Grand Marais) in 1750 when the King gave land grants for settlement in Detroit. She gave birth on January 15, 1781 to her second child, Jean Marie Laforest, was not born on the island. There is evidence that the LaForests were living with Indians, and treated as if they were natives at this time. There is also evidence that her grandmother, Louise Gauthier St. Aubin, was fluent in the native language and went to the Ottawa village to exchange her baked goods for honey and bear grease.

They shared the island with local natives. According to Laforest family records the LaForest dit Tineau families never had a deed to the island. They did ask for Liberty of the island in 1832. They received the right to fish on it. Even when ownership was transferred to the Crown by the Chippewa Indians in 1857, they were not asked to leave the island. A survey done by J. Barthey on February 14, 1859 shows three  homes on the island. They were log huts and 16 x 32 ft with an outhouse behind each one. The names on the homes were Charles Jr, Oliver and Benjamin. Charles and Benjamin were the sons of Charles LaForest dit Tineau and Ursula Soulliere. Oliver was the son of Joseph LaForest and Marie Anne Casavan. Oliver left the island and his brother Leon took it from him.

In the tax rolls of 1868 in Sandwich Ontario these three are listed as living on Peche Island: Charles Teno Lafforette, Benjamin Teno Lafforette and Leon Lafforette. They had 18 acres of land each. It was Charles LaForest dit Tineau's sons that sold the island for 300 dollars to William Gasper Hall. They left Peche Island to farm on land across from the island where their brothers Jean Baptist and Antoine had been farming since 1838.

Leon and his wife and family remained on the island after the sale. They were very poor. In 1877 he could not pay his taxes of $13.92 and was listed as a very poor person. He died in 1881 in Tecumseh, Ontario. His daughter Sophie Rose Champine, on behalf of her mother Rosalie Drouillard LaForest, started the inquiry into the sale of the island. They felt they did not agree to sell their share of it. They had moved to River Rouge at the time of this dispute. It was her mother Rosalie who supposedly gave the "curse of Peche island".

Hiram Walker's sons purchased the property in 1883, from the estate of William G. Hall. There is a fable that the property was forcefully taken from the Laforet family by Hiram Walker's men and was cursed by the Laforets as they left.

It was used as a summer home by Hiram Walker, who attempted, for many years, to develop it. Canals were dug to bring in supplies and to ensure the flow of fresh water. Yachts were purchased - the Pastime and the Lurline - for travelling to the island from Walker's office and for cruises and parties on the river and lakes.

Walker built a 40-room mansion. He planted many trees and established an orchard, along with building a greenhouse to cultivate flowers. He next added a golf course, stables, icehouse and a carriage house. A generator for electric power was constructed. Today, the only visible construction on the island is the ruins of the Walker estate, the result of a 1929 fire.

Walker employed the botanical services of Rolla James Coryell, whose family owned approximately 80 acres (devoted to nurseries and orchards) in Birmingham, Michigan (The Coryell Brothers were all graduates of the Michigan State University Agriculture, Botany, and Farming School). As Walker was developing the island as well as his estate outside of Windsor (Kingsville, Ontario), he allowed Rolla and his wife Mabel Owen Coryell to live on the island.

On August 23, 1894 a daughter was born to Rolla and Mabel on Peche Island and was christened Helen Walker Coryell (the Walker as a middle name was a salutation to their employer). Helen Walker Coryell (1894-1978) is the only known birth that occurred on the island.

According to The Ferry Steamers: The Story of the Detroit-Windsor Ferry Boats by William Oxford, the Detroit, Belle Isle, & Windsor Ferry Company, then owners of Boblo Island Park, bought the island in 1907. In 1913, the company announced plans to turn it into an amusement park. The ferry company president, Walter Campbell, lived in Walker's summer home while planning to turn it at least temporarily into the central pavilion of his new resort. He died there at the age of 71 in 1923.

The island passed to DWFC's successor, the Bob-Lo Excursion Company, in 1939. No further development took place, and the island was sold in 1956 and then again in 1962, this time to E. J. Harris, who envisioned a $30 million resort. He paid $1500 per month for the island, which he intended to expand by 500 acre with fill. Dredging started in 1965 for a 1000-well marina. The plan included an 18-hole golf course, plus Canadian-themed recreation areas: ice skating, a ski hill, restaurants, a hotel, reforestation, and possible cable car service from Windsor and Detroit. On-island transport would be by horse and carriage and dog sleds. The project was to be completed by 1972. As a 1968 newspaper ad advertised the area, at least some of this work had actually been done. He constructed several buildings, and sewage, hydro, water and telephone were connected to the mainland. The project operated for one season with ferry boats from Dieppe Park and barges from Riverside. However, due to mismanagement, Harris ran into stiff opposition from neighbours and local political leaders. By 1971 he had lost $700,000 and was over $500,000 in debt. He offered Peche Island for auction.

The island passed briefly through the hands of a developer who foresaw an exclusive residential community on the island before the Government of Ontario bought it back for $400,000 in 1974. Early plans to develop the island as a nature area, with groomed trails, mooring facilities and shelters, stalled for lack of funds. During provincial ownership it was designated as provincial park but never operated as one.

While originally hoping to obtain the island for $1.00, the City of Windsor acquired the land from the Province of Ontario on January 1, 1999 for a reported fee of $1.3 million. Included in the purchase, the city also got 276.7 acres of water lots and 1.3 acres on the mainland, on the north side of Riverside Drive East next to Lakeview Marina. There are no plans to develop the island beyond maintaining public toilets.

On January 16, 2018, the City of Windsor announced it was going to spend $CAD 1 million on a pontoon boat for residents that do not have their own boats or canoes or kayaks, but still wish to visit the island, as well as for new signage regarding the new ferry service. The boat would have a capacity of around a dozen or so pedestrians or cyclists and operate in the summer only. This is the result of an earlier proposal from 2009.

Wrecks
In 1865, the 38-ton schooner Eugenie wrecked on Peche Island. The steamship Oneida ran aground there in July 1871. On July 8, 1998, the Tadoussac ran aground 2 mi east of Peche Island.

Lighthouse
The Peche Island Rear Range Light was built of cast iron in 1908 to mark the narrow passage from Lake St. Clair to the Detroit River and guarded the reef for some 75 years. It was never staffed.

In 1926 the height was raised to 66 ft and with that additional height the tower protected the passage until September 23, 1983, when it was scheduled for decommission and destruction. Learning of the plan to demolish the tower, a rescue effort was begun by Marine City, Michigan to relocate it to a site in the city's Waterworks Park. The tower's weight is 35 tons and with the height of 66 ft and a diameter of 14 ft the move took ingenuity and perseverance, but was finally successful.

title: Peche Island


text: Talk:Rockman EXE Phantom of Network

title: Talk:Rockman EXE Phantom of Network


text: Category:United States civil rights case law


text:
Category:United States communications regulation case law

This category contains United States case law regarding the regulation of communications.


text:
Category:United States copyright case law

This category contains United States case law regarding copyright.


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Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)

The Irish Brigade (Brigada Irlandesa, "Irish Brigade" Briogáid na hÉireann) fought on the Nationalist side of Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. The unit was formed wholly of Roman Catholics by the politician Eoin O'Duffy, who had previously organised the banned quasi-fascist Blueshirts and openly fascist Greenshirts in Ireland. Despite the declaration by the Irish government that participation in the war was unwelcome and ill-advised, 700 of O'Duffy's followers went to Spain. They saw their primary role in Spain as fighting for the Roman Catholic Church against the Red Terror of Spanish anticlericalists. They also saw many religious and historical parallels in the two nations, and hoped to prevent communism gaining ground in Spain.

Initial involvement
The Irish Catholic primate Cardinal Joseph MacRory was approached in early August 1936 by the Spanish nationalist Count Ramírez de Arellano, a Carlist from Navarre, for help for the Nationalist rebels. MacRory suggested that O'Duffy was the best man to help, as his politics were supportive and he had organised the enormous Dublin Eucharistic Congress in 1932. In 1935 O'Duffy had formed the National Corporate Party, a small fascist group, and hoped that its involvement in Spain would increase its popular vote. He travelled to Spain later in 1936 to meet Franco and Ramírez, promising that 5,000 volunteers would follow him.

Franco's desire for Irish support changed in an opportunist manner. Early in the war, when Franco was one of a group of rebel generals, he felt that encouraging Irish involvement would cement his support from the equally religious-minded Carlist groups, and so ensure his leadership of the Nationalists. By December 1936 he was certain of the Carlists' support, and thereafter played down the need for Irish volunteers.

Support for the brigade
Support for Irish involvement was based primarily on the Catholic ethos of most Irish people, as distinct from their opinion on Spanish politics per se. Many Irish Independent newspaper editorials endorsed the idea, and on 10 August 1936 it published a letter from O'Duffy seeking assistance for his "anti-Red Crusade". The Catholic Church was naturally on his side. Cardinal McRory stated 'There is no room any longer for any doubts as to the issue at stake in the Spanish conflict...It is a question of whether Spain will remain as she has been so long, a Christian and Catholic land, or a Bolshevist and anti-God one.' Many local government County Councils passed resolutions in support, starting with Clonmel on 21 August.

However, the Irish government and senior civil servants were dismayed by the Church's militant position on the war in Spain, one official in the Department of External Affairs describing it as 'not very helpful guidance' and worrying about the involvement of Irish citizens in 'a foreign war of this terrible character'. The Irish leader de Valera remained strictly neutral, and, despite the opposition of the Fine Gael party, but with the support of the Labour Party, signed Ireland up to the multi-national Non-Intervention Committee in February 1937. In late 1936 de Valera's publicist Aodh de Blácam wrote "For God and Spain; the Truth about the Spanish War", in support of Franco.

Rallies were also held around the country in support of Franco by a Catholic organisation named the Irish Christian Front, including a mass meeting of 40,000 people in Cork city, where some rioting broke out between Republican and pro-Franco supporters.

This support was mirrored outside the Irish Free State. In the USA the largely Catholic Irish American community was in a minority that supported Franco and the rebels, but a proposal in the US Congress to allow sales of arms to the Spanish Republic was opposed successfully by a campaign led by the Catholic Joseph Kennedy. In Northern Ireland, support was so strong in the Catholic minority that it largely abandoned the Northern Ireland Labour Party, whose leader Harry Midgley supported the Spanish Republic. Midgley was greeted at one party meeting with chants of "we want Franco".

Volunteers
In late 1936 some 7,000 men volunteered, of whom about 700 eventually went to Spain. While many of the officers were aligned with O'Duffy's political party, the majority of his force were not NCP members but former Blueshirts still loyal to the general. Some were former IRA or National Army men, like O'Duffy veterans of the pro-Treaty side of the Irish Civil War. But many others were young and naive, the Irish Department of External Affairs described them as 'very young men, who have been enticed from their families by the impression that they are going to fight for Christianity'. One author has described some of the Brigade as 'social misfits who saw themselves as the twentieth century's Wild Geese, and rural lads talked into enlistment by rhetoric from the pulpit. According to Matt Doolan, an ex-brigader, "the Irish Brigade was a very fair cross-section of Irish life of the period, including a number of prominent members of the Old IRA."

By now Franco was less keen on having an Irish Brigade, and O'Duffy had difficulty persuading him to arrange a ship to transport his men; a ship expected in October was cancelled. 200 travelled to Spain in small groups, and eventually 500 others embarked on the German ship Urundi at Galway in November 1936. Large crowds gathered to sing 'Faith of Our Fathers' as volunteers were blessed by priests and handed Sacred Heart badges, miraculous medals and prayer books. One of O'Duffy's associates, Liam Walsh had secured a commitment from Nazi Germany to send the Urundi to pick up the Irish volunteers. It docked at Ferrol in December 1936.

Training and deployment
From their training base at Cáceres the volunteers were attached to the Spanish Foreign Legion as its "XV Bandera" (roughly, "fifteenth battalion"), divided in four companies. Their uniforms were German ones dyed a light green, with silver harp badges. Two of their officers, Fitzpatrick and Nangle, were Irishmen who had formerly served as officers in the British Army; O'Duffy suspected that they were actually in the employ of the British government, and in turn Fitzpatrick considered O'Duffy to be "a shit".

At Cáceres, the Brigade's discipline and in particular their excessive drinking was strongly criticized by their Spanish superiors. There was also dissension between the volunteers and their Chaplain, Father Mulrean, who made himself unpopular due to his public berating of the Irishmen for their 'immoral' behaviour in front of Spanish officers

Many of the volunteers also witnessed mass executions by the machine gunning of captured republicans at Caceres, one recalling, 'we saw General Franco's army executing the Reds in mass groups every morning'.

On 19 February 1937 they were deployed to the Jarama battle area, as part of the right flank at Ciempozuelos, but when approaching the front line they were fired upon by a newly formed and allied Falangist unit from the Canary Islands. In an hour-long exchange of friendly fire 2 Irish brigaders and up to 9 Spanish Falangists were killed.

Most of the Brigade's time at the front was spent manning the trenches at Ciempozuelos, where, according to one volunteer, 'we never saw the Reds but were often under Red artillery fire'. Casualties due to artillery and mortar fire as well as disease and ill health mounted steadily. In its only offensive action, against the village of Titulcia in a rainstorm, six brigaders were killed and 15 wounded before they retired to their own trenches; the following day the brigade refused to continue the attack and was placed in defensive positions at La Maranosa nearby. These were the only two incidents the brigade was involved in where fighting took place.

Mixed reputation
As Franco no longer needed the brigade for political reasons, he never sent a second ship for the next 600 volunteers who had assembled in Galway in January 1937. In February, the prospect of more Irish reinforcements arriving was precluded by the de Valera government passing a law prohibiting any more volunteers to leave for Spain to fight for either side.

The brigaders in Spain had a problem coping with oily food and the unaccustomed profusion of good wine. In April 1937 O'Duffy's adjutant Captain Gunning made off with the wages and a number of passports. O'Duffy's men started to nickname him "O'Scruffy" and "Old John Bollocks". One Brigade member noted in his diary that morale was collapsing, 'Bandera cracking up - all men are getting sick & weak, dozens going to hospital each day...great rumours about going home.

Meanwhile, after the failed assault on Titulcia, the Francoist general Juan Yagüe wrote to Franco reporting that due to 'the total lack of professional commanders... the military efficiency of this unit is absolutely nil' and recommending that the Irish Brigade be dissolved, with those who wanted to serve in other units accommodated and with the rest repatriated to Ireland.

Withdrawal and reaction
O'Duffy then offered to withdraw his unit, and Franco agreed. The new Foreign Legion general Juan Yagüe loathed O'Duffy. Most of the brigade returned to Cáceres and was shipped home from Portugal. On its arrival in late June 1937 in Dublin it was greeted by hundreds, not thousands as expected, and O'Duffy's political career was over. Showing their displeasure with the affair, the volunteers from County Kerry and from the north of Ireland marched off separately from the main contingent, disassociating themselves from O'Duffy.

By the time Irish pro-Franco volunteers returned to Ireland, there was no longer widespread support for Franco's cause. Fearghal McGarry writes, 'As it dragged on and atrocities such as the German bombing of Guernica, a village in the Catholic Basque region, became known the idea of Franco leading a religious crusade became more difficult to sustain. Also significant was the collapse of the opportunistic pro-Franco lobby. By the summer of 1937 the Irish Brigade had returned in failure and the Christian Front had acrimoniously collapsed under its own internal pressures. Even the Catholic church toned down its pro-Franco stance when it was revealed that the Christian Front had gained control of its national collection for Spain under rather dubious circumstances'.

The losses of the Brigade are not exactly clear. One bandera member cited 35 killed in Spain and 40 more wounded. While another count calculates that ten were killed in action and another 21 died of wounds or disease. Historian Fearghal McGarry writes that 'they left behind them fifteen dead compatriots [and] six hospitalized legionnaires

The Irish government destroyed its files relating to the Brigade in May 1940.

title: Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)


text:
Category:United States corporate case law

This category is for United States state and federal cases defining the legal structures, rights, and obligations of corporations.


text: Category:Ukrainians

title: Category:Ukrainians


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Rolladen-Schneider LS1

The Rolladen-Schneider LS1 is a Standard Class single-seat glider manufactured in Germany by Rolladen-Schneider from 1968 to 1977.

Development
The LS-1 Standard Class design was the first aircraft type arising from the partnership between Wolf Lemke and Walter Schneider, who had already worked together as students on the ground breaking Akaflieg Darmstadt D-36. Here, and in subsequent Lemke-Schneider (LS) designs, Wolf Lemke concentrated on the aerodynamics while Walter Schneider contributed mostly to the structural and production issues.

The LS1 made its debut at the 1968 German National Championships, taking first and second place with the designers themselves at the controls. The success of this design increased in the subsequent years until, in 1975, it was the most flown glider in the German Nationals. The LS1-c took first place in the 1970 World Championships at Marfa, Texas. Jan Rothhardt also won the World Gliding Competition Championships 2015 in the Club Class. Furthermore Christoph Nacke became Junior World Gliding Champion in the Club Class in 2005.

The manufacture of the LS1 was discontinued after the IGC introduced the new unrestricted 15 metre-class in the spring 1977, as the manufacturer needed all its resources to increase production of the LS3.

A total of 464 LS1 were built. Among Rolladen-Schneider’s Standard class gliders it was succeeded by the LS2 (one only) and LS4.

Aerodynamics

 * The designers desired to demonstrate that high performance and pleasant flight characteristics could coexist in a standard class sailplane built with the then still-unexplored GRP technology.
 * The performance improvements came from the wing having a high aspect ratio, the double tapered wing; and the new FX 66-S-196 laminar-flow airfoil profile developed by Professor Franz Wortmann. This profile supports laminar flow over a wide range of lift coefficient.
 * The natural qualities of the airfoil profile combined with careful wing design yielded gentle low-speed behaviour.
 * Variants up to the LS1-d had an all-flying tail with oversensitive handling characteristics at high speeds. A conventional stabiliser and elevator were adopted for later variants. Although fractionally less efficient, this is much safer and more pleasant to fly.
 * The front of the original two-piece canopy was blended with the fuselage for improved aerodynamics.

Construction

 * The materials used were glass fibre, Conticell foam, polystyrene, plywood for the spar webs and hardwood in reinforcements. Wood was phased out in the LS1-f version.
 * The FX 66-S-196 profile, with a thickness-to-chord ratio of almost 20%, made it possible to build a light and economical spar. This was important because in the late sixties glass fibre was the only affordable reinforcement material - carbon was still too expensive.
 * The GRP fuselage shell was produced in female moulds, in an innovative method developed by Wolf Lemke. The LS1 V-1 prototype was the pattern or ‘plug’ for the serial production moulds.
 * The undercarriage was initially fixed, as required by the standard class rules of the time. The wheel was sprung and had its own wheel housing, separate from the internal fuselage space. The wheel brake was coupled to the air brake system.
 * The new one-piece canopy of the LS1-f required an innovative hinge with complex kinetics to deliver the forward opening movement.

Variants

 * LS1-0 V-1 - prototype had an internal load bearing tubular steel scaffold (as in present-day Schempp-Hirth sailplanes). This structure was substituted by full GRP construction in production versions.
 * LS1-0 - angle of incidence was increased and improvements to the control system. (23 built of LS1-0. LS1-a, and LS1-b together)
 * LS1-a - trailing edge air brakes of the prototype were dropped in favour of conventional Schempp-Hirth air brakes (change incorporated on all further variants) (23 built of LS1-0. LS1-a, and LS1-b together)
 * LS1-b - (23 built of LS1-0. LS1-a, and LS1-b together)
 * LS1-c - (198 built of LS1-c and LS1-d together)
 * LS1-d - was the first to have water ballast, following a class rule change. (198 built of LS1-c and LS1-d together)
 * LS1-e - version was built privately by a Rolladen-Schneider employee under the direction of Wolf Lemke. Differs from the LS1-c only in the use of an LS2 type tailplane (2 built)
 * LS1-ef - tailplane of the LS1-f and the same fuselage as former versions (1 built)
 * LS1-f - introduced the one-piece canopy, conventional tailplane, redesigned rudder and structural changes that allowed more water ballast and higher flight mass. It also has a reduced wing incidence relative to the fuselage, resulting in noticeably better high speed performance than the earlier LS1 variants. (240 built)
 * LS1-f(45) - Water ballasts of 2 x 90 liters instead of 2 x 45 liters, increasing the maximal wing loading from 40 to 45 kg/m2 (hence the name) (2 built).

title: Rolladen-Schneider LS1


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Rowan College at Burlington County

Rowan College at Burlington County (RCBC) is a public community college in Burlington County, New Jersey. Main facilities are located in Mount Laurel, with other campuses in Mount Holly, McGuire AFB/Joint Base, and formerly Pemberton and Willingboro.

History
Founded as Burlington County College in 1966, the college opened to 1,051 students in 1969 at Lenape High School. The Pemberton campus opened a few years later in 1971. In 1972, the college received accreditation by the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education, as well as the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.

Throughout the next several years, the college underwent a series of changes, including increased enrollment, the opening of new campuses, the addition of more degree programs, and several leadership changes (see below).

In 2015, Burlington County College was renamed to Rowan College at Burlington County in recognition of its historic partnership with Rowan University.

In 2016, RCBC became the first community college in New Jersey authorized to offer junior-year courses in its "3+1" option to Rowan University.

Mount Laurel Campus
RCBC's main campus is located in the Hartford section of Mount Laurel, opened in 1995. It houses the Student Success Center and campus quad to cater to students working toward advanced degrees. A Health Sciences Center is located off of Briggs Road.

Mount Holly Campus
Located on High and Mill Street in Mount Holly, this campus houses RCBC's culinary arts program. This location also includes a student art gallery, as well as a student-run restaurant named Vaulted Cuisine. All of RCBC's art programs are located on this campus.

Willingboro Campus
RCBC held a full-time presence in Willingboro from 1974 to 2022, having offered a more accessible location for residents of towns along the Route 130 corridor. This campus featured classrooms, computer labs, a student lounge, college offices, and student services.

McGuire AFB/Joint Base Campus
RCBC's McGuire AFB/Joint Base campus serves the needs of adult learners who are seeking to achieve a promotion in their current career or credentials they need to embark on a new career. Located in the northern part of Burlington County.

Notable alumni

 * Zach Braddock (born 1987), former professional baseball player
 * Mario Cerrito (born 1984), film director and producer
 * Ant Clemons (born 1991), singer
 * Denver Riggleman (born 1970), businessman and former politician who served one term as the United States representative for Virginia's 5th congressional district

title: Rowan College at Burlington County


text:
Category:United States death penalty case law

This category is for court cases in the United States dealing with the legality of the death penalty or particular methods of execution.


text:
Category:United States education case law

This category is for state and federal court decisions in the United States addressing the rights of students or faculty within the school, or the right to have an education.

See also:
 * Category:United States federal education legislation


text:
Category:United States electoral redistricting case law

This category is for state and federal court decisions dealing with the implications upon voter rights of the redistricting or reapportionment of electoral districts.


text: Category:United States federalism case law


text: Category:Economy of Malta

title: Category:Economy of Malta


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Talk:Mansa, Punjab

Population
The text says "688,630" and the info box says "	272,608". Which is correct (if any)? Stephenb (Talk) 10:09, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Usually this kind of thing is caused by different editors looking at figures for the district, sub-district or urban area, which are all different. It's a particular problem at the moment as we're waiting for the full results of the 2011 census; but the district populations have already been published, and enthusiastic editors are putting 2011 district numbers onto articles that are specifically about the towns and not the districts. Give it a few months and that should be less of a problem. FlagSteward (talk) 01:04, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mansa, Punjab


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A. Schilling & Company

A. Schilling & Company was an American foodstuffs company founded in San Francisco, California, in 1881, by German emigres August Schilling and George F. Volkmann. They engaged in the processing of coffee, tea, baking powder, spices, extracts, and other unrelated products which they supplied to the grocery trade.

Schilling had processing plants at various locations in San Francisco. In 1903, the firm erected a new factory and office building at the corner of Second and Folsom Streets. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed the plant with only remnants of the brick walls left standing. Rebuilding at that location lasted about a year and during this period, goods processed in New York and elsewhere were shipped to San Francisco for distribution. The plant remained there until 1967 when the operation was relocated to 1311 Schilling Place, Salinas, California.

In 1947, the McCormick & Company, Inc. of Baltimore acquired the A. Schilling & Company. "Schilling", remaining in San Francisco, was operated as a division of McCormick's business. The acquisition of Schilling enabled McCormick to begin coast-to-coast distribution in the U.S. The company name then became "McCormick/Schilling" and was used until the 1990s when it was changed to "McCormick".

Between November 1991 and February 1992, McCormick/Schilling hosted a recipe contest in which contestants had to use "at least two spices, seasonings and/or extracts, excluding salt and pepper".

title: A. Schilling & Company