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Big Love

Big Love is an American drama television series created by Mark V. Olsen and Will Scheffer that aired on HBO from 2006 to 2011. It stars Bill Paxton as the patriarch of a fundamentalist Mormon family in contemporary Utah that practices polygamy, with Jeanne Tripplehorn, Chloë Sevigny, and Ginnifer Goodwin portraying his wives. The series charts the family's life in and out of the public sphere in their Salt Lake City suburb, as well as their associations with a fundamentalist compound in the area. It features key supporting performances from Amanda Seyfried, Grace Zabriskie, Daveigh Chase, Matt Ross, Mary Kay Place, Bruce Dern, Melora Walters, and Harry Dean Stanton.

The series premiered in the United States on March 11, 2006, following the sixth-season premiere of the HBO series The Sopranos. Big Love was a success for HBO, running for five seasons before concluding its run on March 20, 2011.

Big Love received widespread critical acclaim, and earned several major awards and nominations throughout its run. The third season was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, and the first three were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama. For acting, Chloë Sevigny won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in the series' third season, and Bill Paxton was nominated three times for his leading role. At the Emmys, Ellen Burstyn, Bruce Dern, Mary Kay Place, and Sissy Spacek were all nominated for their recurring roles, while series' creators Olsen and Scheffer won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Drama.

The series has been the subject of articles in academic journals, including the Columbia Law Review, Law and Contemporary Problems, and Michigan Journal of Gender & Law. Several publications listed the series's first three seasons as among the best television of the decade 2000–09, and its final season ranked among the best-reviewed scripted series of 2011.

Concept and writing
Big Love was created by Mark V. Olsen and Will Scheffer, who also served as executive producers. Olsen and Scheffer spent nearly three years researching the premise of the show, with the intent of creating a "fair, non-judgmental portrayal of polygamy in America." Olsen said that the family dynamics were key to the series' narrative, mixing family affection with tensions. "It's that combustion, negotiating that mix of feelings that I think keeps an audience coming back for more."

The fictional fundamentalist group the United Effort Brotherhood (UEB) has characteristics similar to the historic United Effort Plan established by the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) and taken over by the state of Utah in 2005. The FLDS is one of the most prolific and well-known polygamist groups and identifies itself as the legitimate successor of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which officially discontinued polygamy in 1890.

Creators Olsen and Scheffer included a drive through the twin FLDS towns of Hildale, Utah, and Colorado City, Arizona, as part of their research for the show. The UEB has built its own temple on its Kansas compound. The raid on Juniper Creek is reminiscent of the Short Creek raid in 1953 when Arizona state police and National Guard troops took action against polygamists in Colorado City. Many of the businesses owned by the UEB are similar to businesses formerly run by FLDS members under the non-fictional UEP, which managed financial holdings of the FLDS. The creators read a single 2003 article published in Utah on the Darger family who are Independent Fundamentalist Mormons.

Filming and sets
Although set in Utah, the series was primarily filmed at the Santa Clarita Studios in Valencia, California. The location used for filming "Henrickson's Home Plus" scenes was The All American Home Center in Downey, California.

The exterior scenes of the three homes that Bill owns were filmed on location on Shady Lane, in the small town of Fillmore, California.

The mall scenes from season one were filmed in the Fox Hills Mall, in Culver City, California. Other exterior shots were filmed in Downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, and Sandy, Utah, as well as northeast Los Angeles, California.

Music
During the first three seasons, "God Only Knows", by The Beach Boys, played during the opening titles (and a cover version at the end of the series finale). The musical score for the series was composed by Anton Sanko. Mark Mothersbaugh composed music for the first season, while David Byrne was in charge of music during the second season. The theme song for the final two seasons of the series was "Home", by the band Engineers.

Overview

 * = Main cast
 * = Recurring cast
 * = Guest cast

Leading cast

 * Bill Paxton as Bill Henrickson – Husband to Barb, Nicki, and Margene. He is a practicing polygamist and, at the end of season 4, is elected to the Utah State Senate
 * Jeanne Tripplehorn as Barbara "Barb" Henrickson – Bill's first wife and the only wife to whom he is legally married; mother of Sarah, Ben, and Tancy ("Teeny").
 * Chloë Sevigny as Nicolette "Nicki" Grant – Bill's second wife, Barb's former caretaker during her bout with cancer, and Roman Grant's daughter; mother of Wayne and Raymond with Bill, and Cara Lynn with J.J.
 * Ginnifer Goodwin as Margene "Margie" Heffman – Bill's third and youngest wife; mother of Lester, Aaron, and Nell.
 * Amanda Seyfried as Sarah Henrickson – Bill and Barb's first daughter, struggling with her father's polygamy. She marries ex-Mormon Scott Quittman despite her parents' initial reservations.
 * Douglas Smith as Ben Henrickson – Bill and Barb's son. In the third season, he expresses his sexual attraction and love to Margene, his third mother, who pacifies him as she loves him as a son. He has stated his desire to follow The Principle—to practice polygamy, as his father does.

Henrickson family and friends

 * Branka Katić as Ana Mesovich– Bill's fourth wife. She and Bill marry, then she divorces the family.
 * Jolean Wejbe (replaced by Bella Thorne for Season 4) as Tancy "Teenie" Henrickson – Bill and Barb's younger daughter.
 * Keegan Holst as Wayne Henrickson – Bill and Nicki's older son.
 * Garrett Grey as Raymond Henrickson – Bill and Nicki's younger son.
 * Gavin Kent / Ethan Kent as Lester - Bill and Margene's son.
 * Hayden Zachery Nelson as Aaron - Bill and Margene's son.
 * Ailish (replaced by Julia O'Connor in season 4) as Nell Henrickson – Bill and Margene's daughter.
 * Aaron Paul as Scott Quittman – Sarah's boyfriend and eventual husband.
 * Tina Majorino as Heather Tuttle – Sarah Henrickson's co-worker and best friend.
 * Bonnie Bedelia as Virginia "Ginger" Heffman – Margene's alcoholic mother.

Extended Henrickson family

 * Shawn Doyle as Joey Henrickson – Bill's brother, Wanda's husband. Former professional football player with the Dallas Cowboys. He attempts to enter into polygamy like Bill and his forefathers, albeit reluctantly at first. (Seasons 1–4)
 * Melora Walters as Wanda Henrickson – Bill's sister-in-law, wife to Joey Henrickson, and sister of Nicki's first husband, J.J. Wanda's psychological problems surface when she poisons people who cross her or her family. (Seasons 1–4)
 * Bruce Dern as Frank Harlow – Bill's abusive and domineering father, who exiled Bill from Juniper Creek at age 14. In a strong, perennial, and sometimes violent feud with his wife Lois.
 * Grace Zabriskie as Lois Henrickson – Bill's mother. In a long-time feud against Bill's father, Frank Harlow that included attempted homicide.
 * Brian Kerwin as Eddie Henrickson – Lois' younger brother, Bill's maternal uncle.
 * Aidan Gonzales and Andrew Gonzales as Joey Henrickson Jr. – Joey and Wanda's son.
 * Christopher Randazzo and Zachary Randazzo as Joey Henrickson Jr. – Joey and Wanda's son. (season 4)
 * Mireille Enos as JoDean Marquart and Kathy Marquart – Kathy is Joey's second wife-to-be until her death in a car accident while being chased by Roman Grant. She lived in Joey and Wanda's home and assisted with the care of their infant son. Her twin sister, JoDean, marries Frank as his newest wife. (Seasons 3–4)

Dutton family

 * Ellen Burstyn as Nancy Dutton – Barb's semi-estranged mother.
 * Judith Hoag as Cindy Dutton-Price – Barb's sister.
 * Patrick Fabian as Ted Price – Cindy's husband.
 * Philip Baker Hall as Ned Johanssen - Barb's new stepfather.

Grant family

 * Harry Dean Stanton as Roman Grant – Nicki and Alby's father, self-proclaimed Prophet, and leader of the Juniper Creek compound. He is smothered to death by Joey Henrickson to avenge his involvement in the death of Joey's fiancée Kathy.
 * Mary Kay Place as Adaleen Hallstrom Grant – One of Roman Grant's wives and mother of Nicki and Alby. Although sixth wife to Roman, Adaleen is his most trusted confidante and is able to influence his political decisions. After Roman's death, Alby sends Adaleen to be a wife of J.J., against Adaleen's and Nicki's wishes.
 * Daveigh Chase as Rhonda Volmer – A teenage sociopath who was to be married to Roman Grant. During Roman's trial, Rhonda was bribed to go away so she could not take the stand and damage the defense's case.
 * Matt Ross as Alby Grant – Roman Grant's closeted gay son and the heir-apparent 'Prophet' of Juniper Creek. Takes over the compound after Roman dies.
 * Anne Dudek as Lura Grant – Third and favorite wife of Alby. She helps Alby try to kill Roman in both the second and third seasons.
 * Željko Ivanek as J.J. Percy Walker – Nicki's first husband and father of Nicki's firstborn, daughter Cara Lynn. J.J. is domineering, and with Alby's pull, forces the widowed Adaleen to marry him.
 * Cassi Thomson as Cara Lynn Walker - Nicki and J.J.'s daughter.

Bill's business partners and associates

 * Joel McKinnon Miller as Don Embry – Bill's business partner and best friend. A polygamist until two of his wives ran away, leaving him a monogamist both in spirit and in fact. Bill asked him to take a 'bullet'—by confessing his polygamy to a reporter—to allow Bill's state senate candidacy to move forward.
 * Wendy Phillips as Peg Embry – Don's wife, Home Plus' head bookkeeper.
 * Kyle Gallner as Jason Embry – Don and Peg's son, Ben's best friend. Jason isn't fond of polygamy.
 * Annie Fitzgerald as Verna – Don's second wife.
 * Renee Albert as Julep ("Jo-Jo") – Don's third wife.
 * Lawrence O'Donnell as Lee Hatcher – Bill's attorney.
 * Jim Beaver as Carter Reese – Business acquaintance of Bill.
 * Jodie Markell as Wendy Hunt – Bill's secretary and the company's junior bookkeeper.
 * Adam Beach as Tommy Flute – Jerry Flute's son and a manager of the Blackfoot Casino.
 * Luke Askew as Hollis S. Green – Patriarch and proclaimed Prophet of a rival polygamist group. Hollis serves as one of the show's antagonists. His sect frequently uses violence and kidnapping for its ends.
 * Sandy Martin as Selma Green – Hollis' first wife and partner, Roman's youngest sister. A masculine-deep-voiced woman who usually wears male clothes and hairstyles.
 * Gregory Itzin as Senator Dwyer – The Republican Senate President of the Utah State Senate.
 * Sissy Spacek as Marilyn Densham - A powerful political lobbyist who becomes Bill's enemy.

Recurring

 * Robert Patrick as Bud Mayberry – Leader of a polygamist fringe group.
 * Mark L. Young as Franky – Frank's son with Nita. Despite the significant age difference between Bill and Franky, Bill considers Franky to be as much his brother as Joey is. Franky is the boyfriend of Rhonda Volmer during the first half of the third season.
 * Carlos Jacott and Audrey Wasilewski as Carl Martin and Pam Martin – Neighbors of the Henricksons'.
 * Sarah Jones as Brynn – Ben's ex-girlfriend.
 * Carli Coleman as Brandy Thissel – Bill's ex-con cousin.
 * Robert Beltran as Jerry Flute – Business representative of a Native American reservation that wants to build a casino with Bill's collaboration.
 * Noa Tishby as Ladonna Flute – Jerry's assertive, opinionated wife.
 * Michele Greene as Sheila Jackson White – Channel 9 TV reporter.
 * Charles Esten as Ray Henry – Head Prosecutor for the Roman Grant case. Had a flirtation and went on a date with Nicki before he learned of her true identity.
 * Ben Koldyke as Dale Tomasson – Alby's lover, who hanged himself after Lura revealed his affair to his wife and family.
 * Kevin Rankin as Verlan Walker – Cousin to Cara Lynn. He was kicked out when he became a teenager. It is revealed that he is married to Rhonda Vollmer with whom he has a child.
 * Christian Campbell as Greg Ivey – Cara Lynn's high school math teacher and later lover.

Family tree

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Season 1
In Sandy, Utah, fundamentalist Mormon Bill Henrickson practices a polygamous marriage with his three wives: Barbara "Barb", Nicolette "Nicki", and Margene "Margie". Bill owns and operates Home Plus, a local hardware store chain which earns the family considerable income, and allows him to support his wives and their seven children. Tensions rise within the family amidst the wives with the newly-introduced Margie, a former babysitter of Bill's and employee at his store—as well as between Bill and Roman Grant, Nicolette's father, who is an influential patriarch and prophet of Juniper Creek, the fundamentalist compound where Nicolette and Bill were raised. Meanwhile, Bill and Barb's eldest children, Ben and Sarah, individually deal with maintaining a façade to conceal their parents' polygamous marriage from their peers and community.

Barb seeks independence by taking a job as a schoolteacher, while Nicki, a compulsive shopper, incurs nearly $60,000 in credit card debt, and Margie struggles to find footing in the family. Bill and his associate Don Embry, also a polygamist, continue to dispute with Roman over business holdings in Home Plus. Roman is aided by his sociopathic teenage bride Rhonda Volmer, as well as his son (and Nicolette's elder brother) Alby, a closeted homosexual and ardent follower of the United Effort Brotherhood (UEB), the priesthood of Juniper Creek. Bill, who was shunned from Juniper Creek as a teenager, is devastated when he discovers that his shunning was not caused by his parents, Frank and Lois, but by Roman, who feared Bill would usurp the prophecy.

After deciding to follow through with her baptism, Margie discovers she is pregnant. Shortly after, Barb is awarded the title of "Mother of the Year" by the local government after daughter Teeny nominates her. Flattered, Barb goes to attend the award ceremony at the governor's mansion, but is disqualified before the crowd when the judges are informed that she is a polygamist.

Season 2
After the family's exposure, Barb goes into seclusion, and Margie suspects their neighbors, Pam and Carl, were responsible. Home Plus billboards are vandalized, and the tumult within the house results in Bill and Barb forgetting Nicki's anniversary, exacerbating tensions. Barb decides to begin taking classes at the University of Utah to earn a Master's degree. At Juniper Creek, Bill's sister-in-law, Wanda, is tried by the community for attempting to poison Alby to death; Bill's brother Joey, a former NFL player, turns himself into police to prevent Wanda from facing prison.

Sarah joins an ex-Mormon support group to voice her frustrations over her family life, and meets Scott, a twenty-something-year-old whom she begins dating. Rhonda escapes Juniper Creek and manipulates her way into staying with Sarah's friend and co-worker, Heather; she then begins manipulating and blackmailing Heather and her family in order to help forge a career as a singer. Wanda is released from a psychiatric institute after Alby's poisoning, and Lois attempts to persuade Joey to take a second wife, Kathy. Meanwhile, Nicki enrolls son Wayne in a Catholic school, and grows paranoid that he will be indoctrinated, while Bill develops an attraction to Ana, a Serbian immigrant who works at a local diner; Margie uncovers this and forges a friendship with Ana unbeknownst to Bill. At home, teenaged Ben confesses to Bill and Barb that he is having sex with his irreligious girlfriend, Bryn, and expresses interest in practicing polygamy himself.

Meanwhile, Bill begins a business venture with Weber Gaming, a casino that operates on virtual currency, and is caught in the crossfires of a dispute between the Grant family and the Greenes, an underground polygamist family. Roman is ambushed by the Greenes and critically injured, leaving him hospitalized at the compound; Alby assumes the role of the compound leader and, with the help of wife Lura, extends Roman's convalescence by keeping him sedated. Joey begins to court Kathy, and Nicki holds a party for him, Kathy, and Wanda at their home. Meanwhile, Barb reunites with her estranged mother Nancy, and sister Cindy, on the occasion of Nancy's remarriage. Adaleen realizes Alby has been sedating Roman, and brings Roman to Bill's home seeking safety. Barb and Margie confess to neighbor Pam that they are polygamists.

Season 3
After Margie gives birth to Nell, Bill begins dating Ana formally. Roman is indicted on charges of rape and child sex abuse based on claims made by Alby, who is seeking to take his place. Posing as Margie, Nicki takes a job at the district attorney's office to help pay off her credit card debts, meanwhile seeking the state's evidence against her father. While cruising for sex at a rest stop, Alby is attacked by a stranger, and suspects Bill has put a hit on him, but it is revealed to be Adaleen, attempting to dissuade him of his same-sex attractions. Barb becomes concerned that her cervical cancer, treated with a hysterectomy years prior, may have recurred, but test results determine she is still in remission. Bill takes in his younger half-brother, Frankie, who has been kicked out of Juniper Creek, and it is revealed that Nicki has been on birth control for several years; meanwhile, Sarah discovers she is pregnant with Scott's child. Margie's alcoholic mother, Ginger, dies in an accident. Meanwhile, Bill pursues a business venture with Jerry Flute, a member of the Blackfoot tribe, on a casino.

Adaleen bribes Rhonda with $30,000 if she refuses to testify against Roman, and Rhonda takes the money and flees to Los Angeles. Roman is acquitted of the charges. Bill marries Ana, but it is short-lived, as she divorces the family within a matter of days. The family make a cross-country pilgrimage to Cumorah, New York, visiting historical sites associated with Mormon pioneers en route. During the trip, Ginger's ashes are lost, and Barb finds Nicki's birth control pills, which she assumes are Sarah's. Nicki confesses they are hers. That night, Sarah suffers a miscarriage.

Nicki is persuaded to keep her job at the D.A.'s office by Ray, her boss who has a crush on her, but quits when Margie discovers she's using her identity. Sarah and Heather make plans to enroll at Arizona State University, but Sarah eventually backs out. Roman attempts to marry Kathy to Hollis Greene as punishment for her testifying against him. Roman chases her when she flees, and she dies in a car accident while trying to escape. After her death, Bill attempts to get the D.A. to charge Roman with murder. Bill seeks a document legitimizing polygamy in the LDS church from Cindy and Ted. In an investigation into the letter, Barb becomes formally excommunicated from the LDS church.

Lois and Frank attempt to rekindle their tumultuous marriage after Lois's extensive attempts to murder him. Nicki develops romantic feelings for Ray, but he inadvertently discovers she is Roman's daughter, and is married to Bill. Enraged over her dishonesty, Ray threatens to charge Nicki with obstruction of justice, and she goes to stay at the compound. She returns home to mend her marriage with Bill.

Season 4
Roman disappears, and the D.A. attempts to dismantle Juniper Creek. Fearing a witch-hunt, Bill decides to run for office against a stark anti-polygamy candidate as an open polygamist. Nicki takes in Cara Lynn, her daughter from a previous arranged marriage on the compound who has been raised by her father, J.J. (brother of Wanda) in Kansas. Alby begins a romantic relationship with Dale, a married attorney negotiating with Juniper Creek on behalf of the state. Sarah is married to Scott by Bill, and reunites with Heather. Adaleen invites Nicki to the compound where she reveals Roman's corpse, which she's been keeping in a meat freezer; Nicki urges her to inform the authorities. Joey and Nicki believe Bill is to be the next prophet of the compound.

Margie begins a jewelry business sold via televised shopping. On the compound, Lois, Ben, and Kathy's sister JoDean begin an illicit business selling exotic birds smuggled from Mexico. Bill, Nicki, and Cara Lynn travel to Washington, D.C. where Bill attempts to get a land endorsement; there, he is met with the ire of Marilyn Densham, a venal lobbyist. Meanwhile, Barb takes over duties at the casino. Marilyn comes to Salt Lake City during the primaries and tries to forge a working relationship with Bill based on his business ventures, and both Margie and Ben are ostracized when it is revealed they have romantic feelings toward on another; Ben flees to the compound and joins Lois, Frank, and JoDean. Frank crashes a political party at Bill's casino, and Bill receives news he has won the nomination.

Bill and the wives find Ana working at an upscale restaurant and discover she is pregnant with Bill's child. Alby's feelings for Dale deepen and he rents an apartment for them to meet in; Lura discovers their affair and informs Dale's wife, leading Dale to commit suicide in the apartment. The Greenes kidnap Lois, Frank, and Ben in Mexico. Meanwhile, Sarah moves with Scott to Portland, Oregon, against Nicki and Barb's wishes. Bill arrives in Mexico to save Lois, Frank, and Ben from execution; Lois attacks Hollis with a machete, cutting off his arm. They drive him to a hospital to save him under the condition that Ben, Frank, and Lois are freed. Bill returns home safely with Ben. Barb discovers that Marilyn is in cahoots with the casino's opposition, leading Bill to confront and fire her. Nicki discovers she is infertile, and Margie marries Goran, Ana's new boyfriend, to prevent him from being deported.

On election day, Bill and Barb dispute over Bill's handling of a drug deal within the casino, and Marilyn discovers Bill is a polygamist. J.J. has a doctor lure Nicki to the compound, claiming she is pregnant. Wanda informs Bill that J.J. has impregnated Adaleen with her and J.J.'s child, and that Nicki is being tricked into having Cara Lynn's egg implanted into her. Adaleen breaks free and interrupts the procedure, and Nicki stabs J.J. with surgical scissors. That evening, Adaleen burns down the compound clinic with J.J. and his wife inside, killing them. Bill wins the election, and announces during a press interview that he is a polygamist, inviting each of the wives onstage.

Season 5
After his election, Bill establishes his own church in Sandy, and seeks to reform the Juniper Creek compound and dismantle the UEB against Alby's wishes. Meanwhile, he faces the ire of local government and the public. An open house invitation hosted by Bill and the wives is coldly received, though a group of fellow polygamists arrive at the end of the night. Barb and mother Nancy join a group focusing on Mormon mother-daughter relationships, and Barb comes to believe she possesses the priesthood, which Bill and Nicki vehemently challenge; Barb begins drinking alcohol, which also stuns the family. On Christmas Eve, Margie reveals that she was in fact sixteen when she married Bill, and had concealed her true age. Heather, who attended the holiday dinner with Ben, inadvertently tells her bishop when she returns to college. The bishop being a mandated reporter reports the situation to the police and ultimately Heather's father. Heather's father, in turn, launches an investigation against Bill for statutory rape. Lois is diagnosed with dementia due to an untreated STI and Bill moves her into their home.

Nicki struggles to tell Cara Lynn that her father is dead, and Adaleen reveals she has been impregnated with Cara Lynn and J.J.'s incestuous child. Alby begins a mission to "purify" the compound, leading his wife, Lura, to leave him. Meanwhile, Cara Lynn begins an illicit relationship with her math teacher, Greg, which Margie and Nicki uncover. Rhonda returns to Sandy with her new husband, Verlan, and their infant child. The two attempt to extort money from Alby for the past abuses Rhonda suffered at the hands of Roman, and Verlan begins offering sexual favors to Alby in exchange for money. In an effort to legally adopt Cara Lynn, Nicki requests that Barb formally divorce Bill in order for her and Bill to legally adopt her. Barb reluctantly agrees. Pam confides in Margie that she and Carl may be divorcing.

While ice fishing with his sons, Don is attacked by a masked stranger and nearly dies; it is later revealed to be Verlan, working on behalf of Alby. Nicki decides to devote her time rescuing women from the compound. During a confrontation, Alby kidnaps Nicki and brings her to a secluded location to murder her. Nicki begs for her life, and he instead shoots Verlan to death, sparing Nicki. The wives prepare for the possibility that Bill may be indicted, and Bill is infuriated when he discovers Barb has been attending a reform-LDS church.

Alby attempts to assassinate Bill at the state capitol, but his attempt is thwarted and Alby is imprisoned. As Bill's potential trial looms, Barb decides to join the reform-LDS church, and Margie considers making a mission to South America, leaving Nicki fearful she will be left alone. Meanwhile, Lois's dementia worsens significantly, and she is placed in an assisted living home. Bill proposes the legalization of polygamy in an effort to prevent the covert abuses that have occurred in compounds like Juniper Creek. Bill and Don lose ownership of Home Plus amidst the scandal. Barb is ultimately unable to follow through with her baptism, and instead joins the family at the church where Bill gives an emotional Easter sermon.

While the Henricksons prepare for Easter dinner, Frank helps Lois commit assisted suicide, recounting their life together while she dies in his arms. In his driveway, Bill is confronted by a mentally-ill Carl, who is infuriated over Bill's kind gesture of re-sodding his and Pam's front lawn. Carl shoots Bill in the chest. Barb, Nicki, and Margie rush to his aid, and at Bill's request Barb performs a blessing over him as he bleeds to death on the ground.

Eleven months later, Sarah returns home with Scott and her newborn son, who they've named after Bill for a blessing by Barb. As Sarah and Scott prepare to fly back to Oregon, Margie also prepares to leave on her mission to South America. The wives emotionally embrace as Bill watches from the dining table.

Music
The series' theme song for its first three seasons was "God Only Knows" by The Beach Boys. For the series' fourth and fifth seasons, the song "Home", performed by the British band Engineers, was adopted as the show's theme song along with a new title sequence. "God Only Knows" was covered by Natalie Maines for the closing of the series finale.

David Byrne recorded a complete soundtrack to the second season, released as Big Love: Hymnal on August 19, 2008.

Critical opinion
Review aggregate Metacritic indicated positive critical response for all five seasons. The average scores for the first through fourth seasons were 72/100, 71/100, 79/100, and 70/100, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The fifth and final season received an average score of 85/100, or "universal acclaim". Based on its overall Metacritic score of 75, Business Insider ranked the series at number 29 in its 2017 list of every HBO series ranked "from best to worst".

Upon its debut, reaction to the series was mixed-to-positive. Initial raves came from publications such as Time magazine, The Wall Street Journal, and New York Daily News. James Poniewozik described it as a "first-rate drama" and Dorothy Rabinowitz said it was "seriously compelling". Publications such as Entertainment Weekly, The New Yorker, Variety, the Boston Globe, and The Hollywood Reporter were all positive as well. Notable detractors included Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times, who said it ultimately "didn't convince"; Doug Elfman of the Chicago Sun-Times, who felt its quality didn't match its concept; and John Leonard of New York magazine, describing it as "more soapy than salacious".

By the second season, critical reception warmed. Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post and noted critic Alan Sepinwall remained ambivalent towards the show; otherwise critics were uniformly positive. In particular, several critics noted improvements from season one. Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Big Love has dropped the last vestiges of its ostentatious quirkiness and fashioned itself into a rich and grounded family drama", and Diane Werts of Newsday said that "'Big Love' does more this year than you might expect, and more richly, more provocatively, more dramatically and amusingly, too." The second season was cited among the best shows of 2007 by numerous publications, including PopMatters, the San Francisco Chronicle, Time, Entertainment Weekly and NPR.

Season three vaulted Big Love to universal critical acclaim. Notably, Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly gave the season's early episodes an 'A' grade, and Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times said, "If there's a better written, better acted, more originally conceived show on television, I defy you to name it." After two years of popping up spottily on critics' 'Best Of' lists, season three was recognized as one of the top seasons of television from 2009. In aggregating Top 10 lists from every major television critic, Metacritic reported that 10 critics had cited the series, tying for the eighth-most mentions (and, in particular, Big Love ranked third on that list among series in their third season or later).

Though only its first three seasons aired in the 2000s (decade), multiple critics cited Big Love as one of the best series of the decade. They include the Huffington Post, Ain't It Cool News and The A.V. Club, who wrote "Big Love has proved to be one of the most ... earnest studies of religion and morality ever to air on television."

Returning in 2010, Big Love was met with mixed critical response for a shorter fourth season. General consensus dictated that the series was focused too much on plot, with character development suffering as a result. The Washington Post identified a lack of energy in the actors, looking "alternately confused and pooped, empty shells of the characters they used to play". Putting it into perspective, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote, "In this new season the show is spinning off into too many directions. None, taken individually, is terrible, but altogether these myriad plots create a lack of focus." The A.V. Club, which a year earlier had cited the drama as one of the previous decade's top 20 shows, described the fourth season after its finale as "The season that virtually obliterated Big Love dramatic credibility."

When the series returned for its fifth and final season the next year, critical reaction was extremely enthusiastic. Big Love received the best early reviews of its entire run. Mary McNamara wrote, "Big Love quickly reclaims its astonishing ability to balance the insightful and the absurd, hilarity and heartbreak and the personal with the political." Similar raves came from Nancy DeWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal, who said the final season was "mesmerizing", and the New York Post, which awarded the final season a perfect four out of four stars. Overall, the final season of Big Love tied as the fourth-best reviewed returning show of 2011, trailing only Breaking Bad, Louie and the animated comedy Archer. It was the tenth-best reviewed scripted series of the year overall.

Response to the series finale, "When Men and Mountains Meet", was passionate among top publications. Jace Lacob of the Daily Beast called it the "perfect way to close out this series" and described his reaction to it as "emotional". James Poniewozik wrote for Time magazine that "In the end ... Big Love came back full circle to the core relationships ... We closed on a moving if messy note for a moving if messy series." Mary McNamara, of the Los Angeles Times dubbed it "a perfect finish to an astonishingly ambitious show that often careened through genre, narrative structure and believability like they were false walls on a stage". In her rumination on the finale, Ginia Bellafante of The New York Times noted that Big Love "was always at its most compelling as an indictment of the mindless spiritual avidity and the bizarre displays of self-exoneration that can go on in the name of faith", and celebrated the finale for committing to that theme. She also wrote that the series had "achieved the resonance of [HBO's] other heralded series." Writing for TV Squad, Dr. Ryan Vaughn was less enthusiastic about the finale but said, "I'm not going to let a great series be sullied with a mediocre finale." Finally, Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the series finale, and the series as a whole, a B+, writing that its first three seasons in particular qualified as "remarkable television".

LDS Church and others
In March 2006, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which ended practice of polygamy in 1890 and often distances itself from modern polygamist breakoffs, issued a public statement citing concerns over the program's depiction of abuse, polygamy, use of stereotypes, and television's depiction of moral and civic values in general. Among other things, the church stated, "Despite its popularity with some, much of today's television entertainment shows an unhealthy preoccupation with sex, coarse humor and foul language. Big Love, like so much other television programming, is essentially lazy and indulgent entertainment that does nothing for our society and will never nourish great minds." In March 2009, the LDS Church stated that HBO's writers, producers, and executives were displaying insensitivity to church members by choosing to display simulated segments of the LDS Church's Endowment ceremony in an episode of Big Love. Independent of the church's statement, some members of the LDS Church called for a boycott for ceremony depiction. HBO made a public apology to those offended by the depiction but defended a decision to broadcast it anyway. The network stated the depiction was accurate and done with reverence. The LDS Church also stated that the show had continued to blur the distinction between the LDS Church and "the show's fictional non-Mormon characters".

In contrast to the statement made by the LDS church, several real fundamentalist Mormon polygamists spoke in favor of the series: In a 2006 interview in The New York Times with various polygamist wives, one noted: "It's a more realistic view of a polygamous family that lives out in society than people have known. It can be seen as a viable alternative lifestyle between consenting adults."

Academic assessment
Since its premiere, Big Love has been the subject of several studies in the humanities and social sciences.

Dr. Cheryl Hanna explored "the problem of categorical exclusions to the consent doctrine in private intimate relationships" through the lens of Big Love, specifically citing its "beautifully explored" tensions between individual autonomy and state interests. In her conclusion, she wrote "the future of feminist legal theory depends on its ability to remain ambivalent about the tensions presented in the consent doctrine as applied to contexts such as polygamy, prostitution, sadomasochistic sex, obscenity, and domestic violence. Big Love seeks to persuade us to accept ambivalence and to be open to changing our minds because of the complicated nature of women's (and men's) lives; feminist legal theory ought to persuade us to do the same."

For the Columbia Law Review, Dr. Adrienne D. Davis assessed legal debates surrounding polygamy after the premiere of Big Love and how it was being likened to same-sex marriage. She wrote, "The highly acclaimed hit series self-consciously invites viewers to consider analogies between same-sex and polygamous families. In the show's much-anticipated second season, the invitation became more pointed and persistent, with intermittent references to 'coming out,' 'closeted families,' and 'the state' as repressively surveilling nonconforming 'big love.'" However, she claimed that Hollywood and television critics' desire to interpret the polygamy in Big Love and beyond as representative of American "quirky families" was a miscue. Ultimately, she argues that the dichotomy presented by Big Love works when viewed in terms of "intimacy liberty, privacy, autonomy, and agency, or even an incipient constitutional respect for 'sexual minorities.'"; the very essence, as Davis notes and commends, of the series' themes.

Dr. Brenda Cossman examined Big Love closely in her study of "migrating marriages" for Law and Contemporary Problems. In addition to asserting that "Just as in Big Love, same-sex marriage is never more than one degree away of separation from polygamy", she found that the series adds crucial insight to the understanding of marriages that exist between legal and cultural recognition. As she explains, "These cases can be seen through the lens of ... Big Love, in which marriages are produced as the culturally real in the here and the now, even when legal recognition remains elusive." By exploring the movement seeking to culturally legitimize same-sex marriage, she concluded Big Love served as a most powerful, unique allegory: "Big Love plays on an even more decisive gap: polygamous marriages are not legal in Utah or anywhere else in the country. Yet the point and the poignancy of the show is to depict a 'real-life' family. Bill Hendrickson and his three wives struggle with all of the daily trials of contemporary family life: parenting, finances, intimacy, and sex. The sympathetic portrayal of their family is as culturally real, although it suffers by virtue of its nonlegal recognition."

Big Love was also studied as a part of Andrew Atkinson's study of HBO programs and the post-secular humanistic themes they elicit. In writing of Big Love, Atkinson too draws on the parallel between gay rights and polygamist rights illuminated by the series, but focuses more on the series' influential humanistic elements. In fact, he somewhat rebuffs earlier assertions made: "The attention that is paid to the minute details of Mormon ritual, theology, and historical disputes demonstrates that HBO's writers are uncomfortable with the supposed dichotomy that constructs homosexuality as by default areligious." Atkinson focuses on the ending, interpreting Barb's blessing of Bill as a "ritual innovation [that] indicates that FLDS Mormonism must shed the trappings of patriarchy if it wants to legitimate polygamy in a post-feminist society", and the fall of Alby, the closet homosexual, as a powerful interpretation of "the future theo-political and sexual tensions that Mormonism, and by extension, the broader American polity, will face as the post-secular matures". In concluding, Atkinson makes the case that Big Love and other HBO shows like The Sopranos, The Wire and Six Feet Under "contribute to a fuller conception of humanity" than other forms of art and entertainment.

Awards and nominations
Series
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series - nominated
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama - nominated
 * Television Critics Association Award for Best New Program - nominated
 * AFI Award Top Television Program - co-winner

Acting
 * Bill Paxton for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama - nominated
 * Chloë Sevigny for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film - win
 * Ellen Burstyn for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series - nominated, for season two
 * Sissy Spacek for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series - nominated, for season four
 * Mary Kay Place for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series - nominated, for season four
 * Bruce Dern for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series - nominated, for season five

Directing
 * Rodrigo García for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series - nominated for the pilot

Writing
 * Mark V. Olsen & Will Scheffer for the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Drama - win for the pilot
 * Melanie Marnich for the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Drama - nominated for the episode "Come, Ye Saints".

title: Big Love


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Rho2 Cancri

Rho2 Cancri (ρ2 Cancri) is a solitary, yellow-hued star in the constellation Cancer. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.22, it is visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.70 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located around 490 light-years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.06 due to interstellar dust.

At the age of about 234 million years, is an evolved, G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III. It has an estimated 3.6 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 24 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 310 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of $16.3$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rho2 Cancri


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Jameson Parker

Francis Jameson Parker Jr. (born November 18, 1947) is an American actor, best known for his roles as the first Brad Vernon in the soap opera One Life to Live, and as A.J. Simon on the 1980s television series Simon & Simon.

Early life and education
Jameson Parker Jr. was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 18, 1947. He is the son of Jameson and Sydney Buchanan ( Sullivan) Parker. His father had been general legal counsel for the Parker family steel mill, an investment analyst, and government attorney (working first with the Maryland Public Expenditure Council and later with the United States Naval Reserve). In 1947, he was in private practice, but about to embark on a career as a diplomat with the United States Department of State.

His mother was the daughter of Mark Sullivan Sr., a former editor of Collier's and later columnist with the New York Herald Tribune newspaper. She was a short story author (under a pen name), and a reporter for The Washington Post. His parents eloped on June 8, 1933, and married in Rockville, Maryland.

Jameson Parker Sr. died in 1972. His widow married her husband's Harvard Law School friend, Lewis Metcalfe Walling, a former New Deal labor attorney, in 1974.

Jameson Jr. attended St. Albans School, Washington, D.C., and a Swiss prep school. He studied drama at Beloit College in Wisconsin.

Acting career
At Beloit College, he acted in student theater productions, and, while living in Washington, D.C., he landed a job with a production of The Great White Hope at the Arena Stage and then acted in theatrical productions of Caligula and Indians. After completing his degree at Beloit College in 1971, he performed in dinner theater and summer stock in the Washington, D.C., area.

In 1972, he moved to New York City, where he secured several television commercials and appeared in off-Broadway plays. He was cast as Dale Robinson in the daytime drama Somerset and created the role of Brad Vernon on One Life to Live. During this period, Parker guest-starred on the ABC series Family and Hart to Hart.

Parker made his motion picture debut in The Bell Jar (1979) and starred in A Small Circle of Friends (1980), in which he played one of three radical college students during the 1960s. The United Artists film received a limited theatrical release and grossed under $1 million. Another film from early in his acting career was the controversial White Dog (1982).

In addition, he played the leads in several CBS television movies: Women at West Point (1979), Anatomy of a Seduction (1979), The Gathering II (1979), The Promise of Love (1980), Callie and Son (1981), and A Caribbean Mystery (1983).

He became well known by co-starring as A.J. Simon in Simon & Simon from 1981 to 1989. Thanks to the hit show's popularity, in 1985, Beloit awarded him its Distinguished Service Citation. With his Simon & Simon co-star Gerald McRaney he appeared in the theatrical movie Jackals, which Parker co-produced. After completing this movie, he returned to Beloit College to star in a live summer stock theatrical production as Brick in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. In 1987, starred alongside Donald Pleasence in John Carpenter's horror movie Prince of Darkness.

Parker guest-starred on the CBS series Walker, Texas Ranger as a corrupt cop. He appeared in the television movies Who Is Julia? (1986), Dead Before Dawn (1993), and Violation of Trust (1991). He guest starred on the sitcom Major Dad with his Simon & Simon co-star Gerald McRaney.

Parker's last known acting work was in 2003–2004, after a four-year hiatus, when he appeared in four episodes of JAG. In 2003, he co-hosted the show A Dog's Life with wife Darleen on the Outdoor Life Network (OLN). In 2009, Parker did voice-over work as the narrator for the documentary Endangered Species: California Fish and Game Wardens. He became a freelance writer for a variety of hard-copy and on-line magazines and wrote several books, among them the biography An Accidental Cowboy about his life after acting.

Writing career
Parker has written five books:
 * recounts his life after Simon & Simon

Personal life
Parker has been married three times. On July 19, 1969, he married Anne Taylor Davis in Fairfax County, Virginia, with whom he has one daughter. The two divorced on August 7, 1975, in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1976, Parker married Bonnie Dottley in New York City; the couple have three children. They divorced in 1992. He married Darleen Carr on June 18, 1992.

On October 1, 1992, Parker was shot in the left armpit and right arm by a neighbor during a verbal altercation concerning dog waste. He made a full recovery, and the neighbor was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to nine years in prison.

title: Jameson Parker


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Twelvepole Creek

Twelvepole Creek is a 32.2 mi river located in Wayne County, West Virginia, United States. It is part of the Mississippi River watershed, by way of the Ohio River. It is alternately known as Twelve Pole Creek.

Course
Twelvepole Creek rises in northern Mingo County before flowing north through Wayne County. The headwaters of the East Fork of the Twelvepole are dammed to form East Lynn Lake. The East Fork of the river then flows north through East Lynn, Wayne, and Lavalette. The West Fork of the Twelvepole flows north through Dunlow, West Virginia and joins the East Fork at the town of Wayne. The river then flows north again before draining into the Ohio River just east of Ceredo.

Origin of name
Twelvepole Creek received its name from early explorer. The group supposedly included a young George Washington. Traveling the Ohio River, they measured the mouth of the creek where it joined the Ohio in terms of poles, also known as rods. Being approximately 198 feet (12 poles) wide at its mouth, the creek was named Twelvepole Creek.

Recreation
East Lynn Lake and Beech Fork Lake (formed from one of Twelvepole Creek's tributaries) provide popular destinations for boating, fishing, swimming, and camping.

title: Twelvepole Creek


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Sigma1 Cancri

Sigma1 Cancri, Latinized from σ1 Cancri, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is faintly visible to the naked eye, with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.68. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.51 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located around 210 light years from the Sun.

This is a chemically peculiar A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A8 Vas. At an age of about 301 million years, Sigma1 Cancri is around 67% of the way through its main sequence lifespan. The star has 1.7 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 18 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,116 K. It has a magnitude 13.3 visual companion at an angular separation of 5.2 arc seconds along a position angle of 276°, as of 2011.

title: Sigma1 Cancri


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Media.Vision

Media.Vision (メディア・ビジョン株式会社) is a Japanese video game developer best known for the Wild Arms and Chaos Rings series of role-playing video games. They were one of the first companies developing games for the PlayStation and enjoyed a close relationship with Japan Studio in their early years.

History
The company was founded in 1993 by former members of Riot, a subsidiary of Telenet Japan responsible for developing the Tenshi no Uta series for PC Engine.

title: Media.Vision


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File:Panterapromo.jpg

https://consequence.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/pantera.gif

Fair use rationale for the Pantera article

 * 1) This photograph is being used solely for informational purposes.
 * 2) This photograph accurately depicts the subject of the article it is being used on, and is a significant addition.
 * 3) Dimebag Darrell is deceased and the band split a decade ago so no free alternative is available.
 * 4) The copyright holder will not be financially harmed by this photograph's reproduction in the article. Nufy8 18:17, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

title: File:Panterapromo.jpg


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Sigma2 Cancri

Sigma2 Cancri, Latinized from σ2 Cancri, is the Bayer designation for a solitary, white-hued star in the constellation Cancer. It is faintly visible to the naked eye, with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.44. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 16.79 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located around 194 light years from the Sun.

With an estimated age of 441 million years, this is an A-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of A7 IV. It is spinning relatively rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 133 K. The star has an estimated 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 21.5 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of roughly 8,309 K.

title: Sigma2 Cancri


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Sigma3 Cancri

Sigma3 Cancri (σ3 Cancri) is a solitary, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. With an apparent visual magnitude of +5.24, it is a dim star that is visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.03 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 296 light years from the Sun. The star's proper motion makes it a candidate for membership in the IC 2391 supercluster.

This is an evolved, G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G9 III. At the estimated age of 420 million years it is a red clump star on the horizontal branch, which indicates it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. Sigma3 Cancri has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10.3 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 72 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,170 K.

title: Sigma3 Cancri


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User talk:Criplercrosface9

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 03:32, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop removing content from Layla. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 03:33, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

I noticed you were adding a link to World Wrestling Entertainment, but that link doesn't really contibute to the article, and Wikipedia isn't a link depository. Other users have removed the link, and I'm inclined to agree; could you stop adding the link to that page, unless you're willing to discuss it at Talk:World Wrestling Entertainment? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 03:39, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Or an  e    (t)   (c)   (@)  03:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Please, stop adding advertisements for Ring of Honor, whatever that is, to the World Wrestling Entertainment page. If you persist in doing so, I'm afraid I'll have to block you from editing Wikipedia for disruption, and I really don't want to do that. That said, this is a final warning. Perhaps you'd rather practice in the sandbox instead? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 03:42, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

This is in reference to your "article" Dear Wikipedia. Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you, BobbyLee 07:22, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Criplercrosface9


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Hamilton Heights, Manhattan

Hamilton Heights is a neighborhood in the northern part of Manhattan in New York City. It is the northernmost part of the West Harlem area, along with Manhattanville and Morningside Heights to its south, and it contains the sub-neighborhood and historic district of Sugar Hill. Washington Heights lies to Hamilton Heights' north, and to its east is Central Harlem.

Hamilton Heights is bounded by 135th Street to the south, Riverside Drive to the west, 155th Street to the north, and Edgecombe Avenue and Saint Nicholas Avenue to the east. The community derives its name from Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, who lived the last two years of his life in what is now the Hamilton Grange National Memorial, back when Upper Manhattan was mostly farmland.

Hamilton Heights is part of Manhattan Community District 9, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10031, 10032, and 10039. It is patrolled by the 30th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Hamilton Heights was 48,520, a decrease of 2,035 (4.0%) from the 50,555 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 367.41 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 132.1 PD/acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 10.9% (5,287) White, 32.2% (15,646) African American, 0.2% (119) Native American, 2.2% (1,067) Asian, 0.0% (15) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (178) from other races, and 1.8% (884) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.2% (25,324) of the population.

The most significant changes in the racial composition of Hamilton Heights from 2000 to 2010 were the increase in the White population by 231% (3,691) and the decrease in the Black population by 26% (5,366). The Hispanic / Latino population also decreased by 2% (648) but remained the majority. Meanwhile, the Asian population increased by 90% (506) but remained a small minority, and the small population of all other races decreased by 15% (218).

The entirety of Community District 9, which consists of Hamilton Heights, Manhattanville, and Morningside Heights, had 111,287 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years. This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most residents are children and middle-aged adults: 34% are between the ages of 25–44, while 21% are between 45 and 64, and 17% are between 0–17. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 16% and 12% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 9 was $50,048, though the median income in Hamilton Heights individually was $43,673. In 2018, an estimated 24% of Community District 9 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 51% in Community District 9, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Community District 9 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.

Housing and diversity
Most of the housing dates from the extension of the elevated and subway lines at the end of the 19th and the start of the 20th century. This fairly elegant housing became less desirable to white residents in the 1930s and 1940s as the population changed from white to black, even though the black residents were just as affluent as the white residents. There are spacious apartment buildings, brownstones and other row houses prominently lining the leafy eastern streets of Hamilton Heights, an area traditionally home to a substantial black professional class. The brownstone revival of the 1960s and 1970s led to a new movement of middle-class blacks in the area. Latinos arrived in large numbers in the 1980s, with Dominicans making up the majority. Today the local population is changing again, with Hispanics constituting a majority of the population followed by African Americans, West Indians and Whites. Gentrification since 2005 has dramatically increased the proportion of non-Hispanic whites. Many actors, artists, teachers, and other professionals now reside in Hamilton Heights.

After the Russian Revolution, especially after the 1940s, many Ukrainians, Russian White émigré, and Polish found their way to New York City. Hamilton Heights had a very heavy population of Eastern European heritage, with a predominantly large amount of Russians living in this immediate area. There were a couple of Russian Orthodox Churches erected, Russian book stores, bakeries, grocery and delicatessen stores, with theatres all along Broadway. The house on the corner of Broadway and W. 141st Street was known as the "Russian House" (Русский Дом) and a Russian library was on the other corner. During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, a lot of these Russians began to move out to suburban areas of New York and New Jersey. The only remaining landmark of this era is the Holy Fathers Russian Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, located on 524 W. 153rd Street, with some notable Russian Americans buried at the bordering Trinity Cemetery.

Notable sites
Hamilton Heights is the home of City College of New York (CCNY), Dance Theatre of Harlem, The Harlem School of the Arts and Aaron Davis Hall.

Historic Hamilton Heights comprises the Hamilton Heights Historic District and the Hamilton Heights/Sugar Hill Historic District Extension, both designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. One of the highest hills in Hamilton Heights slopes up from the Hudson River at 155th Street, and contains the Trinity Cemetery. Many individual buildings in the district are also landmarked, including Shepard Hall on the CCNY campus, and the building that once housed The High School of Music & Art.

The Audubon Mural Project paints the neighborhood with images of the birds depicted by John James Audubon in his early 19th century folio The Birds of America.

Parks
The neighborhood offers several parks, including the Riverbank State Park, embedded in Riverside Park, which runs along the Hudson River west of Hamilton Heights. Other parks in the neighborhood include Jackie Robinson Park, St. Nicholas Park, and smaller sites such as Johnny Hartman Square, Carmansville Playground, and William A. Harris Garden.

Police and crime
Hamilton Heights is served mostly by the 30th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 451 West 151st Street, although the City College area south of 141st Street and east of Amsterdam Avenue is actually served by the 26th Precinct. The 30th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 78.0% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 4 murders, 20 rapes, 190 robberies, 178 felony assaults, 69 burglaries, 289 grand larcenies, and 27 grand larcenies auto in 2019. Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 30th Precinct had a rate of 760 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.

, Manhattan Community District 9 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 57 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 633 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.

In 2019, the highest concentrations of felony assaults in Hamilton Heights were near the intersection of 135th Street and Broadway, where there were 10 felony assaults, and near the intersection of 145th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, where there were 11. The highest concentrations of robberies were nearby, around the intersection of 137th Street and Broadway, where there were 11 robberies, and around the intersection of 145th Street and Broadway, where there were 14.

Fire safety
Hamilton Heights is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Company 80/Ladder Company 23, located at 503 West 139th Street.

Health
Preterm and teenage births in Community District 9 are lower than the city average. In Community District 9, there were 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Community District 9 has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Community District 9 is 0.008 mg/m3, more than the city average. Seventeen percent of Community District 9 residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Community District 9, 21% of residents are obese, 10% are diabetic, and 29% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 83% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Community District 9, there are 11 bodegas.

The nearest hospital is the Harlem Hospital Center, located in Central Harlem.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Hamilton Heights is located in multiple ZIP Codes. Most of the neighborhood is in 10031; however, the area north of 153rd Street is in 10032, and the Polo Grounds Towers are in 10039. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices in or near Hamilton Heights:
 * Hamilton Grange Station Post Office – 521 West 146th Street
 * College Station Post Office - 217 West 140th Street
 * Fort Washington Post Office – 556 West 158th Street

Education
Community District 9 has a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. A plurality of residents age 25 and older (49%) have a college education or higher, while 21% have less than a high school education and 30% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of students in Community District 9 excelling in math rose from 25% in 2000 to 49% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 32% to 35% during the same time period.

Community District 9's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In the 2016–2017 school year, 27% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 65% of high school students in Community District 9 graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary and middle schools in Hamilton Heights as part of Community School District 5:
 * Hamilton Heights School (grades K–5)
 * New Design Middle School (grades 6–8)
 * PS 153 Adam Clayton Powell (grades PK–5)
 * PS 192 Jacob H Schiff (grades PK–5)
 * PS/IS 210 21st Century Academy For Community Leaders (grades PK–8)

The following public high schools are also located in Hamilton Heights, serving grades 9–12:
 * A. Philip Randolph Campus High School
 * High School for Math, Science and Engineering at City College – a specialized high school

Higher education
The City College of New York, of the City University of New York system, is located in Hamilton Heights.

Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Hamilton Grange branch at 503 West 145th Street. It is named after "founding father" Alexander Hamilton, who lived at Hamilton Grange. The branch, a Carnegie library, opened in 1907 and was renovated in 1975; it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Transportation
The New York City Subway's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stops in Hamilton Heights at the 137th Street–City College and 145th Street stations. The IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under St. Nicholas Avenue, providing service at 135th Street, 145th Street and 155th Street. The IND Concourse Line branches off north of the 145th Street station, and runs under Saint Nicholas Place to serve 155th Street.

The MTA Regional Bus Operations' buses serve the area.

Notable people

 * Count Basie (1904–1984), musician
 * Harry Belafonte (1927–2023), singer
 * Diahann Carroll (1935–2019), singer, actress
 * Duke Ellington (1899–1974), musician
 * Ralph Ellison (1913–1994), author
 * Álvaro Enrigue (born 1969), writer
 * ASAP Ferg (born 1988), rapper
 * George Gershwin (1898–1937), composer
 * Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), former Secretary of the Treasury
 * Oscar Hammerstein I (1846–1919), composer
 * Lena Horne (1917–2010), singer
 * Valeria Luiselli (born 1983), author
 * Yoselyn Ortega – Dominican-born American nanny convicted of stabbing to death children Lucia and Leo Krim in 2012.
 * Beverly Peer (1912–1997), jazz double-bassist.
 * Norman Rockwell (1894–1978), artist
 * Juelz Santana (born 1982), musician
 * Nicholas Teliatnikow (1909–1970), photojournalist, photographer
 * Malcolm X (1925–1965), civil rights activist

title: Hamilton Heights, Manhattan


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Tau Cancri

Tau Cancri (τ Cancri) is a solitary, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. With an apparent visual magnitude of +5.42, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.92 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 274 light-years from the Sun.

With an age of about 620 million years and a stellar classification of G8 III, this is a red-clump giant star, which indicates that it has evolved onto the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It is a microvariable, showing a luminosity variation of 0.04 in magnitude. Tau Cancri has an estimated 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and 7.8 times the Sun's radius. The star radiates 40 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of $−13.90$.

title: Tau Cancri


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User talk:Johncage1000

Welcome!
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Happy editing! - User:Mys e kurity|Mysekurity ]] additions | e-mail ]]03:32, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi!
Hi!, i assume you are new. I liked most of your changes on the page I wrote, but too many of your change were too "tomato-tomahto". So I undid them. Since I notice your grammar corrections were good, I invite you to correct the again the article any time in the future, only avoid erasing too much info. Change places, make adjustments but don't erase stuff like Timm coment on the penguin, or "13 original members" and so on. Respect information and provide proof when you erase something. That's good even for your convenience, because that way you might always learn something new if you are mistaken. Also, "No more Joker" is not so proper, in my experience, here people tend to be very proper.

License tagging for Image:Robert morrow.jpg
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Image tagging for Image:Robertmmorrow.PNG
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Note
It is not awesome to vandalize Wikipedia articles just because Jon Stewart said it'd be wacky to do so. Nor is it awesome to tell people that their vandalism is awesome. You are blocked for three days. DS 03:53, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * .....meh, okay, so I overreacted. It's still not cool, but it's not THAT horribly uncool. Your block has been reduced to twelve hours. DS 04:45, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Why am I still blocked. The block with withdrawn to twelve hours last night.

http://bp3.blogger.com/_rfS6HhQ4p5E/RuYgVDITSVI/AAAAAAAAABc/d74m66huGbs/s1600-h/Wikipedia+Block2.bmp

Orphaned non-free media (File:NocturnaDCAU.jpg)
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Disambiguation link notification for February 18
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Orphaned non-free image File:NocturnaDCAU.jpg
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title: User talk:Johncage1000


text:
Upsilon1 Cancri

Upsilon1 Cancri, Latinised from υ1 Cancri, is the Bayer designation for a solitary, yellow-white-hued star in the constellation Cancer. It is faintly visible with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.7. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 13.05 mas as seen from Earth, this system is roughly 250 light-years from the Sun.

This object has a stellar classification of F0 IIIn, indicating it is an F-type giant star. The 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" absorption lines due to rapid rotation, and it shows a relatively high projected rotational velocity of 109.2 km/s. It is a variable star of unknown type that varies in brightness with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitude. The star is about 570 million years old and it has an estimated mass of 1.47 times that of the Sun. On average, it is radiating 25 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of $19$.

title: Upsilon1 Cancri


text:
User:Liulk

My contributions

 * In Wikipedia.
 * In Wiktionary.
 * In 中文 (Chinese)

zh:User:Liulk

title: User:Liulk


text:
User talk:Karmu2

Welcome!

Hello, Karmu2, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Below are some pages that you might find helpful. For a user-friendly interactive help forum see the Wikipedia Teahouse.

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically insert your username and the date. Again, If you need help visit the Teahouse or you can  to ask for help on your talk page, and a volunteer should respond shortly. Again, welcome! We are so glad you are here! Sm8900 (talk) 05:14, 11 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi. I did notice that you have been here quite a while; however, based on your talk page history, it appears a welcome message was not heretofore provided. it seems long overdue!! here, therefore, please accept this cup of tea. cheers, and happy editing!! --Sm8900 (talk) 05:15, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Note
Hello, I noticed you were having trouble signing your user name. All you have to do is do this use 3 of thses: ~ for just your name and 4 for the date as well. Plank 03:33, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Suze.JPG
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Replaceable fair use Image:Bruce_Dan_Izzy_Suze-2-.jpg
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File:SRTLO.JPG listed for discussion
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Conflict of interest and paid editing
You told us in that you are the owner of the subject's record label, and a lifelong friend. You therefore need to read about conflict of interest and you need to make the mandatory declaration of paid editing. --David Biddulph (talk) 18:06, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Hello, Karmu2. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about in the page Willie Wright (musician), you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a conflict of interest may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. We ask that you:

 * avoid editing or creating articles about yourself, your family, friends, colleagues, company, organization or competitors;
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In addition, you are required by the Wikimedia Foundation's terms of use to disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution which forms all or part of work for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation. See Paid-contribution disclosure.

Also, editing for the purpose of advertising, publicising, or promoting anyone or anything is not permitted. Thank you. -- Orange Mike |  Talk  00:54, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Your help desk question
You have responses.— Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  21:56, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karmu2


text: User talk:72.14.73.231

title: User talk:72.14.73.231


text: Category:Jemaah Islamiyah

title: Category:Jemaah Islamiyah


text: Category:Ecclesiastical titles

title: Category:Ecclesiastical titles


text:
Australia First

The phrase Australia First can refer to:

 * Australia First Movement (founded 1941)
 * Australia First Party (founded 1996)

title: Australia First


text:
Upsilon2 Cancri

Upsilon2 Cancri (υ2 Cancri) is a faint, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is near the lower brightness limit of stars that can be viewed with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +6.35. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.1325 mas as seen from our orbit, this system is roughly 635 light-years away.

This is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G9 III. It is radiating 98 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of $73.7$. Upsilon2 Cancri is a member of the Epsilon Indi Moving Group of stars that share a common motion through space.

title: Upsilon2 Cancri


text:
Talk:Kronborg

Moved article to new name
According to the Danish Palaces and Properties Agency the correct name of this property should be Kronborg Castle not Kronborg. Also, see consolidated List of castles and palaces in Denmark for standardized naming. Thanks. --SFDan 10:05, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

I disagree, and I also think there should have been much more discussion for such a drastic change. Calling Kronborg (Kron=Crown, Borg=Castle) 'Kronborg Castle' is a tautology, in Denmark it would not be called 'Kronborg borg' as the name itself tells you it is a castle and would simply be referred to as 'Kronborg'. I then suggest a revert. DDH89 (talk) 23:26, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Kronborg borg, no it is called "Kronborg Slot". Borg is a castle with a primary millatary purpose and slot is a castle which is used for living and entertainment. It is in danish called Kronborg Slot. E VII build a Borg but F II and C IV build slot's. The lack of a proper english translation makes no difference the name of the site is Kronborg and the castle at the site is Kronborg Castle.85.83.81.228 (talk) 16:32, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Discussion should have taken place first. Is there more to the site that the castle? Should there be two pages? Should one be called Kronberg Slot even? IceDragon64 (talk) 13:51, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Slaves
Just a comment on this edit comment: The actual term used at the time for these types of convicts was "slaves", so the editor who added it probably had no "emotive bias". But on the other hand the older use of this term should not be used without an additional explanation, and as that was not the case here, I support your edit to remove it. --Saddhiyama (talk) 14:39, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Shakespear Anniversary
When was this?

Possible improvements
There is surely a lot more that could be said. For example, what is it used for now? Tell us more of its history, links to history eslewhere. Tell us about the site in general. IceDragon64 (talk) 13:56, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

"Kronborg is known by many also as" Poor use of English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.148.42.189 (talk) 17:57, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Kronborg


text:
Chi Cancri

Chi Cancri, Latinized from χ Cancri, is a candidate astrometric binary star system in the northern zodiac constellation of Cancer. It has a yellow-white hue and is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.14. The system is located at a distance of 59 light years from the Sun, based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +33 km/s. It is estimated to have made its closest approach some 274,000 years ago when it came to within 12.87 pc.

The visible component of this system is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F6V, where the luminosity class of 'V' indicates it is generating energy through core hydrogen fusion. The star is 5.8 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of just 4.2 km/s. It has about the same mass as the Sun but 1.4 times the Sun's radius. Chi Cancri is radiating 2.4 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,130 K. It displays an infrared excess in the 18μm wavelength band, suggesting a circumstellar disk of dusty debris is orbiting the star.

title: Chi Cancri