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International reaction to the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill

The controversial Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill promoted by the Fijian government throughout 2005 generated enormous debate, both locally and internationally. The legislation aimed to establish a Commission empowered to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the coup d'état that deposed the elected government of Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry in May 2000. Support for the legislation came from Japan, while New Zealand opposed it. Australia, too, expressed strong reservations about the legislation, but also called on opponents of it, including the Military of Fiji, to show greater moderation. Non-governmental organizations in a number of countries took positions, also.

Susan Boyd
On 15 June 2005, Susan Boyd, Australia's former High Commissioner to Fiji, accused the Qarase government of promoting the controversial Reconciliation and Unity Bill for purely political purposes. The bill proposes the establishment of a Commission with the power (subject to presidential approval) to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the 2000 coup. Most of those imprisoned for offenses related to the 2000 coup, she told ABC Asia Pacific Focus, were members of the Conservative Alliance, whose six seats in the House of Representatives were crucial to maintaining the government's parliamentary majority.

She said that the attempt to legislate reconciliation was overly simplistic. "People have to make up for their misdeeds, apologies have to be accepted by those who are harmed, and the onus is really on those who have sinned, rather than the onus on those who have been sinned against," Boyd said.

She paid tribute to Commodore Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama, the commander of the Fijian Military. "It was the military that really brought Fiji back onto the right track," she said. She expressed concern, however, that the "tremendously widespread campaign against the bill," which Bainimarama and the military strongly oppose, could lead to another coup, as she saw an ongoing power struggle between the government and the military. "The military commander Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama has always expressed himself that if government goes off the rails it is his job to restore the situation," Boyd said.

Boyd's remarks provoked an angry reaction from Prime Minister Qarase, as well as from Conservative Alliance Secretary Ropate Sivo. Qarase said on June 20 that the majority of the Fijian population, especially Christians, supported the bill. He said that Boyd's comments as a visitor were untrue and "irresponsible." Sivo, for his part, considered Boyd to be an inappropriate person to be commenting on the situation. He accused her and others in her position of having "abandoned the sinking ship" during the coup crisis. He also disputed her claim that Commodore Bainimarama had ended the crisis, saying that that was achieved through a traditional Fijian ceremony in Parliament.

Alexander Downer
On a visit to Fiji from 28 to 30 September 2005, Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer cautioned both promoters and opponents of the legislation. He said that Australia was concerned about certain aspects of the bill, especially its amnesty provisions. "We feel amnesties that are poorly handled and prematurely handled would be very provocative," Downer said. The Fijian government had assured him, he said, that amendments were in the pipeline, and said he was hopeful that the matter would be removed sensibly. "I'm optimistic now, without being 100 percent certain, that they're going to handle this in a sensible way," Downer told Australia's Radio National.

At the same time, he called on one of the bill's most unyielding opponents, Military Commander Commodore Frank Bainimarama to back off. "It's not the job of a military commander to play politics, his job is to command his troops," Downer said. He also said that the future of Fiji should be decided by all the people, not just a small number of individuals. Downer said he was "optimistic", though not completely sure, that the Fijian government would handle the matter "sensibly."

On 29 September, Bainimarama reacted strongly to Downer's criticism of the Military's involvement in politics. Bainimarama said that the Military was disappointed by Downer's remarks, insisting that his criticism of the bill was security-related.

The Commander reiterated his disappointment with Downer's position on 30 September, saying that Australians have never experienced a coup and do not know what it is like to live through one. "I told him (Downer) his country has not experienced a coup to feel what the military went through here. He can't compare the situation there to this side," Bainimarama said. He insisted that the Military's opposition to the Unity Bill was not political, but security-related, and accused the ruling Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua of turning it into a political issue. "We were never involved in politics," he said. "It was the political party that pushed their agenda, the Bill, forward and we only reacted to the consequences the Bill would bring." Making these comments at a press conference at Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Bainimarama ordered the Daily Post newspaper to leave because they supported the bill and were therefore, he said, against the Military.

Support for the Commander, meanwhile, came from Senator James Ah Koy, who commended him for opposing the Unity Bill and for standing up to the Australian Foreign Minister. ''"I really support him for his strong words against Mr Downer," he said on 1 October. ''"He is a strong man and we are blessed to have him in office. His priority is national security and that is why he is coming out strong on the Bill."

New Zealand
New Zealand's Foreign Minister, Phil Goff, spoke out on 10 June, expressing concern about the legislation. Goff said that it was important not to give the impression that it was legitimate to use unconstitutional means to overthrow an elected government, any time or anywhere.

Japan
Kenro Ino, Japan's outgoing Ambassador to Fiji, applauded the legislation on 25 August. Interviewed by the Fiji Village news service, Ino said that stability in Fiji would result from uniting the races, and spoke positively about the government's efforts to promote reconciliation through the controversial bill.

Commonwealth of Nations
Don McKinnon, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations (of which Fiji is a member) called on the Fijian government to ensure that the legislation reflected the views of its citizens. He took pains to emphasize, however, that the Commonwealth had no position of its own with respect to the controversial bill.

International legal bodies
An international law body, the Law Association for Asia and the Pacific (LAWASIA) came out against the bill on 19 May, saying that it interfered with the process of law. "It does nothing to indicate to the victims of their actions that the legal system has delivered justice, and is tantamount to interfering with judicial process," considered Girdhari Lal Sanghi, president of LAWASIA. "While efforts to establish unity and reconciliation in Fiji are essential and worthy of support, the process must not be allowed to happen at the expense of the rule of law," Sanghi said.

John North of the Law Council of Australia predicted on 22 June that Fiji would become a dangerous place for tourists if the legislation were to become law. The council was concerned, he said, that a government-appointed body could overturn judicial decisions. The mixing of the powers of the executive and judicial branches of government was antithetical to democracy, he considered. He expressed hope that the Australian government would take a stand against what he considered to be a threat to democracy. He conceded that there were some good things in the bill, but insisted that "any decision to be able to grant people pardons or to overturn properly constituted sentences should not be left to a government-appointed body."

Former Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer of New Zealand also condemned the bill on 22 June, calling it "unconstitutional and a recipe for division and constitutional disaster." Palmer, now a lawyer with the Chen Palmer and Partners law firm in Wellington, New Zealand, was addressing the Fiji Law Society, which had sought his advice on the bill. He said that this legislation would enable any criminal behaviour to be labelled as "political", and would render the law of treason "inoperative" for the period designated for the Commission to function. The bill, he said, undermined the constitutional status of the Prerogative of Mercy Commission, and was therefore "inconsistent with the constitution."

On 2 July Palmer again attacked the legislation. "It appears to me to be a recipe for division and constitutional disaster. I can see no way in which this proposed legislation as currently fashioned can advance the interests of Fiji," he said. He reiterated that the bill was unconstitutional, and called it an affront to human rights, the rule of law, and judicial independence. He also expressed concern about the wording of the bill. The power to grant compensation to victims and amnesty to perpetrators of the coup is supposed to be subject to presidential approval, but Palmer considered that to be a legal fiction. The wording of the bill, he said, made it clear that the Commission's recommendations would be binding on the President. The Fiji Times quoted a prominent Suva lawyer, whom they did not name, as supporting Palmer's interpretation. "Legally, the Government can go ahead with the Bill without the President's permission or even informing him. And the Bill, as it is, does not give any authority to the President to have a say," the lawyer was quoted as saying.

Glenn Martin of the Bar Association of Queensland said on 27 June that if the legislation became law, local and international confidence in Fiji would be eroded. He also expressed concern at what he saw as an undermining of the independence of the Fijian judiciary. "Unfortunately, there is a real risk that a Bill in this form, which appears designed to interfere with proper judicial processes and outcomes, will erode local and international confidence in Fiji's institutions of State," he said. Another cause for concern, he said, was the expulsion of Peter Ridgeway, an Australian citizen, who as Fiji's Deputy Director of Public Prosecutions had spearheaded the prosecution of persons implicated into the coup.

The London-based International Bar Association (IBA) called for changes to the bill to be made on 9 February 2006. Joanna Salsbury, a lawyer with the Association's Human Rights Institute, said that the amnesty provisions were overemphasized and that there was too little recognition of the victims. "If you have an amnesty process that isn’t really linked to proper restitution for victims, then ultimately you have no form of reconciliation," she said. The organization had a total membership of more than twenty thousand lawyers and over 195 national Bar Associations and Law Societies.

Trade unions
The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions called for the bill to be withdrawn on 26 June. In a letter to Prime Minister Qarase, union secretary Guy Ryde questioned the government's motives bringing the legislation. "The Bill does not promote reconciliation but rather promotes the illegal overthrow of elected governments for political expediency," the letter said. "It is obvious that Fiji is trying to legalise acts of treason and terrorism while the whole world is attempting to eradicate it."

The International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers Union (ICEM), which represents more than 20 million workers worldwide, announced on 21 July that it had written to Prime Minister Qarase on 4 July to express its concerns at the bill. General Secretary Fred Higgs said that the bill would set a dangerous precedent and threaten the rule of law, human rights, and democracy. "The international trade union movement has taken a keen interest in human and trade union rights matters in Fiji for many decades now. These are the core values the international trade union movement and the international community is upholding while your Government undermines it," he wrote.

Meeting in Papua New Guinea under the chairmanship of Fiji Labour Party Senator Felix Anthony on 26 July, the executive of South Pacific Oceania Council of Trade Unions called on the government to withdraw the bill, which, it said, was against the Constitution and the 1999 Human Rights Act, usurped the role and power of the judiciary and of the Director of Public Prosecutions, and discriminated against the victims of the coup in favour of its perpetrators.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ray English Club

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 02:44, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Ray English Club
Article provides no evidence of encyclopedic notability. It appears to be a regular run-of-the-mill club in Japan. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. it's not nova or aeon, it's <8 non-employees. the work-for-board payment method makes it less than regular for a school. it seems to lack lots of the superlative compliments and excessive insertion of contact details that normally permeate an ad posing as an article, which makes me wonder if maybe it wasnt submitted in good on the grounds that the visa-less system makes it unique (ive actually heard of the schoo before and associate it with that). Nateji77 14:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. These sort of places are a dime a dozen. Wikipedia is not an advertising medium. --Calton | Talk 01:05, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * places that admit up front they won't pay you are actually pretty rare. Nateji77 06:10, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Warranty deed

A warranty deed is a type of deed where the grantor (seller) guarantees that they hold clear title to a piece of real estate and has a right to sell it to the grantee (buyer), in contrast to a quitclaim deed, where the seller does not guarantee that they hold title to a piece of real estate. A general warranty deed protects the grantee against title defects arising at any point in time, extending back to the property's origins. A special warranty deed protects the grantee only against title defects arising from the actions or omissions of the grantor.

Covenants for title
A warranty deed can include six traditional forms of covenants for title, sometimes known as the English covenants of title. Those six traditional forms of covenants can be broken down into two categories: present covenants and future covenants.

 * Present covenants
 * Covenant of seisin: "A covenant of seisin or good right to convey."
 * Covenant of right to convey: Covenants that represent the seller's promise that they have a valid title of the property being conveyed and have not contracted to sell it to another.
 * Covenant against encumbrances: Seller promises that there are no encumbrances, other than those that have been previously disclosed.
 * Future covenants
 * Covenant of quiet enjoyment: "The covenant of warranty is an assurance or guarantee of title, or an agreement or assurance by the grantor of an estate that the grantee and their heirs and assigns will enjoy it without interruption by virtue of a paramount title and that they will not, by force of a paramount title, be evicted from the land or deprived of its possession. . . ."
 * Covenant of warranty: Covenants that represent seller's promise to protect the buyer against anyone who comes along later and claims paramount title to the property.
 * Covenant of further assurances: The covenant of further assurances requires the seller to take affirmative steps to cure any defects in the grantor's title.

Most buyers perform a title search to determine if there are defects in title that must be resolved before they purchase real property. A title search provides constructive notice of any encumbrances, easements, or restrictions on the property being conveyed, and is generally considered part of a buyer's due diligence in the process of purchasing real estate. Buyers can also purchase title insurance to protect against title defects. A warranty deed is not a substitute for title insurance because, if the grantor later dies or goes bankrupt, the grantee may not be able to exercise the warranty.

title: Warranty deed


text: User talk:192.87.23.66

title: User talk:192.87.23.66


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Savernake Forest

Savernake Forest stands on a Cretaceous chalk plateau between Marlborough and Great Bedwyn in Wiltshire, England. Its area is approximately 4500 acre.

Most of the forest lies within the civil parish of Savernake. It is privately owned by the Marquess of Ailesbury and his son the Earl of Cardigan, and is administered by trustees. Since 1939 the timber of the forest has been managed by Forestry England on a 999-year lease. The private status of Savernake Forest is maintained by shutting the forest to the public one day per year.

Geography
Savernake's landform is rolling downland, dissected by both dry and wet valleys. The valleys within the forest, of which there are four, are all dry, and the presence of Cretaceous deposits of Clay-with-Flints creates the damp, heavy soils suited to dense cover of oak and beech. There are patches of poor drainage and wet soil.

History
First mention of a woodland "Safernoc" was made in AD 934 in the written records of the King Athelstan, but the land passed into Norman ownership soon after the Norman invasion of 1066.

The royal forest established in the 12th century covered an area of some 150 sqmi; it extended to the villages of East Kennett, Inkpen and the Collingbournes (west, east and south) while the River Kennet formed its northern limit. Savernake Forest was not continuously wooded: Royal forests were a mixture of woodland, copses, common land and rough pasture.

This was the area of land put into the care of Richard Esturmy after the Norman Conquest. Since then Savernake estate and forest has passed down from father to son (or daughter, on four occasions) in an unbroken line of hereditary "forest wardens". In 31 generations, it has never once been bought or sold in a thousand years, and today it is the only ancient forest in Britain still in private hands.

One early high point of the estate's fortunes was in Tudor times. The head of the family (Sir John Seymour) was used to welcoming King Henry VIII to the forest, where the king was very keen on deer-hunting. King Henry stayed at Savernake in 1535, where it is believed that his eye was then taken by his host's daughter, Jane Seymour. After the execution of Anne Boleyn in May 1536, they were subsequently married, and Jane was crowned Queen just months later, causing the head of the family at Savernake to suddenly find himself father-in-law to Henry VIII.

Jane died in childbirth and after marrying a further three wives, Henry himself died ten years later. So it fell to Jane's brother Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset to leave his estate of Savernake Forest in 1547 and to go up to Hampton Court, where for the next five years with the title 'Lord Protector' he was King of England in all but name, while his late sister's young child Edward VI grew old enough to reign alone.

The mid 17th century to mid 18th century saw variations in the size of the forest. English deer parks were subject to dis-parking whereby sections of forest and parkland were converted to agriculture. During parts of this period it was reported that the King's naval officers were far from happy with the state of the forest, finding "but 3 or 4 trees fit for his [the king's] use". The open spaces were found to be "infested with heath, furze, fern [bracken]" and had "coarse turfe".

In fact dis-parking was very much an on-off affair and it was only the Battle of the Atlantic (commencing 1940) that saw the final dis-parking of England's old deer parks, a result of the need to grow more food during the attempted blockade of the UK by the German U-boat fleets.

A second high point for the forest was under the wardenship of Charles Bruce and his nephew Thomas Bruce-Brudenell (wardens from 1741 to 1814) Thomas Bruce, Earl of Ailesbury, as head of the family, made a great success, and had risen at Court to be Governor to the King George IV. The Bruce Tunnel which carries the Kennet and Avon Canal under the estate is named after him. He employed Lancelot 'Capability' Brown to plant great beech avenues in Savernake Forest, which was then some 40000 acre, nearly ten times its present size. These included the Grand Avenue, running through the heart of the forest, and which at 3.9 mi dead straight stands in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest tree-lined avenue in Britain.

Two large structures date from this time. First, and within the public access part of Savernake, there is the stone column some 90 ft high, and erected by Lord Ailesbury as an impressive viewpoint at the end of a vista from Tottenham House.

Large parts of the forest were used as a munitions depot between 1940 and 1949. Re-planting with conifer plantations was modest by 1950s' standards, and today the Forestry Commission has engaged in a programme more sympathetic to the restoration and preservation of the ancient trees. David Brudenell-Bruce, 9th Marquess of Ailesbury is the current and thirty-first warden of Savernake Forest. Tottenham House, which was designated as Grade I listed in 1966, was sold in 2014.

Inside the forest
The areas of broad-leaved woodland which dominate the Savernake Plateau are accompanied by a farmland mosaic. The plateau is within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Beauty. The mosaic is emphasised by the assarted character of the area east of the Savernake (Coppices of Little Frith, Cobham Frith, Chisbury Wood, Haw Wood, etc.), where farmland occurs as clearings in a wider forest, creating a distinctive and memorable, 'secret' landscape.

Capability Brown worked out a strategy for linking coppices with oak plantings, lining forest trails with beech trees, and providing vistas with "proper objects" on which the eye might rest. The forest would be made part of the parkland. The scattered coppices, meadows, scrub, and heath should be united, into "one great whole."

As times changed, and social expectations altered, a later warden George Frederick was eager to show off his forest. There was much rearranging of copses and vistas and setting aside of grass rides so that visitors could see the woods as a whole and be impressed. He ordered that the entire estate be fenced and palings be placed around individual trees. That way, the deer might roam freely with a minimum of damage.

The fifth marquess recognized that the woodlands needed to be made commercially viable. Included among the 778,000 trees he planted were a high proportion of softwoods, placed outside the forest's core (e.g.: Birch Copse in the SE). This warden was too deeply imbued with tradition to contemplate industrialized forestry but he was the first of his family to introduce a measure of systematic management of larch and spruce plantations. Chandos Bruce, the sixth marquess, did everything possible to carry on with this combination of systematic management and concern for amenity and symbolic representation. Eventually, however, he found the burden too heavy due to increasing costs, Lloyd George's taxes on inherited wealth, and the impossibility of hiring enough labour during and after the First World War. In 1930 he approached the government Forestry Commission but drew back when he recognised that surrendering control would probably bring on an invasion by ranks of straight-backed conifers. Eight years later the commission became more open to the suggestion that recreational uses might be as legitimate as commercial ones and agreed to the special conditions the sixth marquess had stubbornly laid down. As a result, after 800 years of wardenship, the family surrendered control and the public, because of Lord Ailesbury's dedication, gained a handsome amenity.

Savernake is a coppice-with-standards forest and an Ancient Woodland. A coppice is a wood where broad-leaved trees, typically hazel, grow out of the stumps or "stools" left from previous cuttings. Standards are trees allowed to grow to maturity. If these trees are allowed to grow in close proximity they grow straight and tall. If they have more room to grow then side branches become substantial.

In the past standardisation was not at all essential. Craft work and early mechanical industry, such as shipbuilding, wagon making, and furniture making all required "bends" and "knees," as well as other eccentrically shaped pieces which the side branches would provide. Trees such as beech and oak can be pollarded, a process whereby a standard is cut two-thirds up its trunk. Multiple boughs grow from the cut point and the life of the tree is extended and curved pieces of bough or trunk are often produced. Such trees become magnificent specimens and they live through generations of forest workers. Their base trunk attains great girth. Often the side boughs become too heavy and are broken in stormy weather. In other cases the bough weight (an outward force) begins to tear the lower trunk apart creating a cavity which can over decades become cavernous in size. The oldest of these pollarded trees is the Big Belly Oak beside the A346 road. Big Belly is one of Fifty Great British Trees named and honoured as part of the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations. It has a girth of 11 metres and is 1000–1100 years old. In 2001 it was in danger of splitting in two, a fate that had already overtaken the similarly aged Duke's Vaunt. To prevent this, the tree was fitted with a metal corset. The 2011 Radiohead album The King of Limbs is named after the ancient King of Limbs tree in the forest near Tottenham House, where the band recorded part of their previous album, In Rainbows.

It is thought that nowhere else in Europe is there such a concentration of "veteran" trees. Savernake has hundreds of such trees, beeches and oaks, some appearing singly, others in avenues, some amongst younger broad-leaved trees and others within coniferous plantations. Some of the historically important trees are named and their names appear upon local maps, and even upon the modern Ordnance Survey Explorer 157. Since about 2006 the Forestry Commission has been clearing space around well-known venerable trees, and naming them with green plaques. Elsewhere clearings have been created, revealing old ponds, long hidden by coniferous plantings but now opened up to the light. Standing water is essential for bio-diversity. Savernake has areas of damp soil, but no streams. Another best practice is to leave dead wood lying, for the benefit of invertebrates. In Savernake fallen trees are left to decay and dead standing trees (monoliths) are generally left standing.

In 2003 White Park cattle were introduced into Savernake Forest, to forage freely in the Red Vein Bottom area, a semi-open area of relict wood pasture which had not been grazed in more than 60 years. Such controlled grazing should recreate the naturally open glades ideal for the ancient oak and beech and their specialist lichen and fungal communities, as well as rare woodland and grassland flora; the exact wildlife features for which Savernake Forest is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are regularly inspected and their health is monitored. Savernake has SSSI status primarily for rare lichens found on the bark of the older trees. There is also good representation of fungi types and mosses. However, the health of Savernake is not particularly good, partly because of the destruction wrought during World War II, and probably from wind-borne pollutants. The entire site is at condition 88% "unfavourable recovering". This is not a comment of the beauty of the forest, but a health statement on the lichens and mosses and invertebrates.

Forest features
Savernake Forest has many named drives and other landscape features. These are named on the Ordnance Survey Explorer map 157 Marlborough & Savernake Forest, but few are named on the ground.

Postern Hill to Amity Oak
(About 3 mi west to east) Postern Hill is at. At 193 m this is the chalk plateau at its highest, and a north-facing scarp slope overlooks the town of Marlborough. On the hilltop is a small Forestry Commission Camp Site – Postern Hill Campsite – together with a public car park and barbecue area. Four tracks head southwards through oak forest, the principal one being Long Harry. The track descends gradually, crossing White Road. Tree cover is not dense and ancient oaks are plentiful here, including one named Saddle Oak on account of its near-horizontal boughs.

Church Walk bridle path is crossed next before reaching Great Lodge Bottom. The bridle path connects the A4 to Cadley hamlet on the A346, and is the only public right of way in the main part of the forest. Great Lodge Bottom is an east-running dry valley, fairly open with hawthorn and blackthorn scrub. After crossing the Grand Avenue the valley runs into Red Vein Bottom with its rough pasture and rabbit warrens. The path is joined by a small valley coming down from the pinetum (pine arboretum) at Braydon Hook adjacent to Braydon Hook House. The path from Red Vein Bottom skirts the Ashdale Firs and passes some huge beeches before arriving at the Amity Oak, an old tree which serves as a parish boundary marker. The valley continues east to Hungerford via Little Frith.

Leigh Hill to Crabtree Cottages
(About 3 mi west to east) Leigh Hill is 2.8 mi south of Postern Hill and is 193 m high.

There is a seasonal car park nearby. Three small valleys run northeast from this high point. Postwives Walk begins with an ancient avenue of oaks and descends gently to cross Charcoal Burners Road  (charcoal is still made here) and so on to the heart of the forest, passing both the Queen Oak  and the King Oak. A second valley, named Cheval Bottom, starts in an avenue of mature copper beeches and passes beside the Park Pale  which is an ancient bank-and-ditch feature which marked the perimeter of the Royal Park at one time. The third valley starts near the column at Three Oak Hill Drive which, despite its name, has fine stands of beech and also of Scots pine. The ground descends into Drury Lane and passes a young plantation before joining the other two valleys and then, as a fine shallow-sided valley of meadow pasture, passes Savernake Lodge  on its way to Crabtree Cottages  and thence to Little Frith  with its carpets of bluebells in May, and then finally joining the valley to Hungerford.

Grand Avenue to Strawgrove Copse
(About 5 + 3/4 mi north to south.) The Grand Avenue is a straight but narrow tarmaced road connecting the A4 to the Durley Road near Tottenham House. It is lined with beech trees, but few of them are survivors from the original plantings. The A4 was once a toll road through the forest, taking the Marlborough to Hungerford traffic. The Toll Road House still stands today. The Grand Avenue continues southeast to Eight Walks where Capability Brown laid out the hub to Savernake's eight radial drives. A little further on there is an unexplained Monument on the western side of the road, rumoured to be a marker (or tomb?) to someone who suffered a fatal fall from a horse.

At the Three Oak Hill Drive crossroads, a track north-east points to Birch Copse. Duke's Vaunt Oak is a notable tree approximately 1,000 years old. It was once hollow and 9.1 m in girth. In 1760 it had a door and a lock and was capable of sheltering "twenty boys". The tree is badly split now, but survives. Here the ground is damp and parts of Birch Copse barely see daylight. While some of the tall pines seem senescent, other plantation firs are green and vibrant. Many varieties of fungi can be seen in profusion in October, but dead-wood fungi are common enough throughout the year. At the southeast edge of the forest are good examples of Sweet Chestnut and Yew. At Holt Pound an avenue of oaks joins Birch Copse to Bedwyn Common. This section of Savernake has its own avenue, London Ride, which at 1 + 1/3 mi runs from St Katherine's Church to Upper Horsehall Hill Farm. The ride is lined with oak in the south, and by limes in the north. Many old oaks and old sweet chestnuts are still standing, and foxgloves populate the forest edges. Forest tracks and bridleways lead southeast, and this is very much assarted countryside. When Stock Common is reached there are footpaths to Shawgrove Copse , within sight of Great Bedwyn, or south to the rear of Tottenham Park by way of Bloxham Lodge.

Nearby places

 * Marlborough
 * Cadley
 * Burbage and Durley
 * Chisbury
 * Great Bedwyn
 * Little Bedwyn
 * West Woods
 * Collingbourne Woods
 * Pewsey
 * Wootton Rivers
 * Easton Royal
 * Wolfhall

title: Savernake Forest


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Culture of Sweden

The Culture of Sweden is similar to but distinct from the cultures of neighboring countries and is characterised by its art, music, dance, literature, traditions, religious practices and more. Sweden's modern history has a well-established tradition of science, technology and cultural creativity. Swedes have made significant contributions to biology and chemistry, as well as cinema, art, music and literature. The Nobel laureates for physics, chemistry, medicine and literature are chosen by Swedish academies.

History
Swedish culture is an offshoot of the Norse culture which dominated southern Scandinavia in prehistory. Sweden was the last of the Scandinavian countries to be Christianised, with pagan resistance apparently strongest in Svealand, where Uppsala was an old and important ritual site as evidenced by the tales of Uppsala temple. Like the rest of Scandinavia, Sweden had significant artistic, musical and literary traditions during the Viking Age. The oldest sources of written Swedish are runestones, and more of them are found in Sweden than in any other country. Swedish Vikings are known especially for founding the Kievan state, becoming powerful as well as established in the area with considerable eventual impact on the history of eastern Europe. In the twelfth century, most of Finland was incorporated into Sweden. Swedish medieval church culture had its centre at Vadstena, where the Bridgettine order had its principle monastery.

In the 16th century, Sweden left the Catholic community and assumed Lutheran faith. King Gustav I had successfully wrested the throne from Christian II of Denmark and promoted a national church headed by himself. Under his reign the whole Bible was translated for the first time into Swedish, and that came to serve as a norm for the Swedish language. In the following century, Sweden would appear as a champion of the Protestant cause, while also acquiring new lands and plundering foreign cultural riches during the Thirty Years War. The 17th century also saw the first Swedish poetry books, as well as notable Swedish artists. It also saw a rise in interest in the history of the country, with the establishment of the Swedish National Heritage Board as one example.

In the 18th century, Swedish culture flourished: Carl Linnaeus had a vast impact on biology, also promoting widespread interest in the topic, and Carl Michael Bellman produced many significant songs and poems. Queen Louisa Ulrika and her son King Gustav III were important patrons of the arts, both founding academies that are still active. Sweden also became the first country with a law explicitly protecting freedom of the press.

During the Napoleonic wars, Finland was lost to Russia, which was a shock to Swedish society. After first securing a personal union with Norway, Sweden entered a time of peace that is still ongoing. This and improvements in agriculture and sanitation led to a high population growth; during the latter half of the 19th century, emigration increased. During the century, the first modern Swedish novelists appeared, with Fredrika Bremer enjoying early international success, and August Strindberg's first novel The Red Room marking an epoch in Swedish language history. Meanwhile, Swedish scientists, especially chemists, made important contributions. Jenny Lind was a leading opera singer throughout the nineteenth century.

When increased opportunity and international trade arrived in the 20th century, along with better education of the masses, Sweden went from a poor country to one of the richest. Swedish culture became more well known abroad, and especially Swedish cinema and Swedish music have been widely successful, through representatives such as Ingrid Bergman, Ingmar Bergman, Jussi Björling, ABBA and Avicii. Modern Swedish design has also become widespread around the world.

Regions
The 25 historical provinces (landskap) of Sweden, which early in their histories had poor intercommunication, each have a distinct culture, though today they have lost their importance as administrative and political regions while the population of Sweden still identifies with them. Each province has its own history and individual nature. In early times, some of them were so separate from Sweden (as known) that they had their own laws. Historically, some of the regions were independent or longtime parts of Denmark and Norway. They have more-or-less different indigenous dialects within the frameworks of North Germanic languages or Sami languages, and all have ethnic minorities.

Swedish Symbols
The Dalecarlian horse is a popular Swedish symbol. It has been manufactured since the 17th century and is decorated with rose-painting. Mother Svea is a traditional personification of the Swedish nation. She is portrayed with historical clothing from Swedish folklore. Sweden also has an official national costume. Another famous symbol, though unofficial, is the moose.

Food and drink
The consumption of alcohol in the home was noted in 2006 as less than in many other European countries, owing to the government's monopoly on alcoholic beverages, but not at restaurants and bars. Swedish punsch is a spirit of particular historical significance in Sweden.

Sweden ranks among the top 50 nations in alcohol consumption per capita with 440 AA groups in the country working on problems with alcoholism.

Swedish cuisine is traditionally simple, though a notable delicacy internationally is the cinnamon roll.

Film
Lasse Hallström, Ingmar Bergman, Victor Sjöström and Gunnar Hellström are four of many Swedish film and television directors who have had noted international careers, and British director Colin Nutley, living in Sweden, has been highly productive there.

Sweden boasts many internationally known actors and actresses, including Maud Adams, Malin Åkerman, Bibi Andersson, Ingrid Bergman, Britt Ekland, Greta Garbo, Signe Hasso, Dolph Lundgren, Helena Mattsson, Michael Nyqvist, Lena Olin, Ann-Margret Olsson, Mikael Persbrandt, Rebecca Ferguson, Noomi Rapace, Stellan Skarsgård and sons Alexander, Gustaf, and Bill, Peter Stormare, Ingrid Thulin, Alicia Vikander, and Max von Sydow.

Music
Singing is popular in Sweden; of its 9 million inhabitants 600,000 belong to various choirs.

Several Swedish songwriters are very internationally successful. The most notable Swedish songwriter is likely Max Martin, one of the most successful in history.

Swedish classical music has a history dating back to the Renaissance. There are many internationally notable Swedish classical composers, including Joseph Martin Kraus, Johan Helmich Roman, Wilhelm Stenhammar, Kurt Atterberg, Lars-Erik Larsson and Franz Berwald. Kungliga Hovkapellet is one of the oldest orchestras in the world, belonging to the Royal Swedish Opera. Carl Michael Bellman was an influential poet and songwriter during the late eighteenth century. Jenny Lind and Jussi Björling are among the most important Swedish opera singers. In popular music, the ABBA group was world-famous during the 1970s and early 1980s. Roxette emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was very successful internationally. Europe, Ace of Base and The Cardigans are additional Swedish pop groups that have been popular internationally.

Indie pop/rock has done well in Sweden. Gothenburg has spawned prominent bands and artists, thanks to labels such as Sincerely Yours and Service. Notable Swedish indie bands and artists include Jens Lekman, The Knife, Love Is All, The Concretes, Broder Daniel, The Tough Alliance, Peter, Bjorn and John, Little Dragon, El Perro del Mar, Maia Hirasawa, Fever Ray, Popsicle (band), Studio, The Embassy, The Honeydrips, Brainpool, Air France, jj, Joel Alme and Pacific!.

In contrast to its large pop music output, Sweden boasts a very prolific death metal scene. Gothenburg is known for a "melodic death metal" sound. Many bands from there, such as In Flames, Dark Tranquillity, At the Gates, The Haunted, as well as Stockholm's Amon Amarth and Opeth, have seen increased commercial success in Europe and the USA. Notable there is the popular titling of Amon Amarth's style as Viking metal. The nation is well known in the extreme metal community for its late 1980s to early 1990s death metal scene, spawning bands like Entombed, as well as more obscure, brutal bands like Repugnant and Treblinka (later called Tiamat), and especially now for Meshuggah (formed in 1987 alongside the aforementioned, but most recognized for works from 2000 thru today) and Vildhjarta. Meshuggah's lead guitarist Fredrik Thordendal is often cited as the forefather of the Djent subgenre and movement; the band is thus noted as a major influence by many modern metal bands and was certainly a force in the much wider adoption of extended range guitars (see Seven-string guitar), especially 8-string guitars. Vildhjarta, a much younger group, has found greater popularity for a much more aggressive sound, marked by a mix of the low, open-string tones. Djent is known for with use of the highest frets on the guitar, which significantly shorten the vibrating segment of the string and thus produces a very different tone, especially when overdriven.

Other Swedish music acts on the international scene are Avicii, Swedish House Mafia, Ghost, Dungen, José González, Måns Zelmerlöw, Lykke Li, Mando Diao, The Sounds, The Hives, Neverstore, Sahara Hotnights, Robyn, Movits! and The Shanes. Some are only famous on the domestic Swedish music scene, such as Kent, Håkan Hellström, Veronica Maggio, and Lars Winnerbäck.

Literature
The history of Swedish literature is heralded by runestones in Old Norse and later language variants. Like the rest of Scandinavia and Iceland, Sweden had important literature during the Viking Age; this was chiefly consisted of Old Norse poetry. During the Middle Ages, most Swedish literature was of a religious nature and written in Latin. The oldest longer historical source text in Swedish is Erikskrönikan. Typical Renaissance literature in Swedish appeared in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1665–1668, the first novel in Swedish was published. Georg Stiernhielm's poetry collection was one of the first of major importance in Swedish. The main representative of non-fiction during that time is Olof Rudbeck, who came to popularize Swedish Gothicism with Atlantica. Gustav III promoted culture in many ways, including the establishment of the Swedish Academy.

The work of Carl Linnaeus has had a profound impact on the world of taxonomy. Other Swedish authors known around the world include August Strindberg, Astrid Lindgren, best known for several children's book series, and Selma Lagerlöf. Swedish contemporary detective works belong to the popular Nordic noir sub-genre, the most famous of them being The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo from Stieg Larsson. The most significant author within Sweden is likely Vilhelm Moberg, with his series The Emigrants. The Nobel Prize in Literature, a Swedish prize, is awarded by the Swedish Academy.

Folk costuming
Colourful traditional Swedish folk costumes are sometimes worn on such special occasions as Midsummer. Sverigedräkten, designed by Märta Jörgensen, mainly in blue and yellow, has been the established National Costume since 2004 (the first since the 18th-century Nationella dräkten) and is thus worn by royal women on some official occasions. There are many other variations of the folk costumes of Sweden, many provinces and even parishes having their own designs. Some of them have long histories and traditions while others have been created or recreated in modern times. As of 2022, there are at least 840 different designs. In 2022, Fredy Clue and Ida Björs designed the first unisex Swedish folk costume, the Bäckadräkten.

Fashion
Modern Swedish clothing is internationally influenced. In recent years, Sweden has gotten more involved in the fashion industry, headquartering best-known brands like Hennes & Mauritz (operating as H&M), J. Lindeberg (operating as JL), Tiger of Sweden, Acne Jeans and Filippa K within its borders.

A new breed of smaller Swedish fashion labels like Odd Molly, WESC, Hope, Nakkna, Velour, Fifth Avenue Shoe Repair, Cheap Monday and Nudie Jeans are emerging and being recognized internationally.

Furniture design has been influenced worldwide by the considerable international success of IKEA, and the design of automobiles by Volvo and Saab. Artisan-made glass products from the so-called Kingdom of Crystal have also achieved international recognition.

Art
The most significant native Swedish artistic tradition is often considered to be Viking art, which had a strong influence throughout Europe, especially Northern Europe, during the Viking Age. There are also several other native artistic folk traditions, such as rose-painting and the Dalecarlian horse.

The rise of the Swedish Empire during the seventeenth century began a period of flourishing of Swedish art. Beyond the founding of the notable Swedish royal art collection, both foreign and domestic painters established themselves internationally with portraits for the wealthy nobility and monarchy. The eighteenth century further expanded the classical tradition in Sweden, with leading painters like Alexander Roslin having a strong role within European art. The Nationalmuseum was also founded by King Gustav III in the eighteenth century.

Modern Swedish art has proven successful internationally. Anders Zorn was a leading painter of the nineteenth century, while Carl Milles was a very important sculptor of the twentieth century. There are many art galleries within Swedish cities, especially Stockholm.

title: Culture of Sweden


text:
Talk:Gordon Brown

Harriet Harman succeeded Brown not Miliband
The infobox is wrong to state that Ed Miliband succeeded Brown as Labor Leader.

As it was Harriet Harman instead serving for an interim period pending the election of the new permanent leader which turned out to be Miliband.

Harman's interim leadership should count for something. 49.3.72.79 (talk) 13:14, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ This has now been corrected. -- Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 13:16, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you. 49.3.72.79 (talk) 13:31, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

It still says Ed Milliband at the bottom. 49.3.72.79 (talk) 13:33, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Also ✅. -- Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 13:37, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually let's put the breaks on that since consensus has yet to be established. This is, in fact, a common misconception which does not pay credence to article precedents nor internal party rules. This is reflected on Harman's page where it states that her role as Leader of the Opposition was ratified but her role as acting Labour leader was merely a pragmatic move due to her role as deputy. Ditto for Margaret Beckett's article. Alex (talk) 13:58, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * This has nothing to do with the position of Leader of the Opposition as I just stated elsewhere on this page that Brown did not serve in that position after losing the election.49.3.72.79 (talk) 16:30, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Whether it is called pragmatic in regards to Harman the fact still remains is that Miliband wasn't leader in the immediate period after Brown's resignation, readers might be misled in thinking that Miliband succeeded Brown when the latter's resignation came into effect.49.3.72.79 (talk) 16:35, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * the fact still remains is that Miliband wasn't leader in the immediate period after Brown's resignation Correct but neither was Harman. I know it's quite confusing but my above reasons are why we have this precedent.

 * readers might be misled in thinking that Miliband succeeded Brown when the latter's resignation came into effect I think a main text clarification is what is needed to address that rather than making the infobox inaccurate. Alex (talk) 19:27, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

First defeated Prime Minister who did not serve as Leader of the Opposition
It should be stated in the article that Brown became the first defeated Prime Minister who did not then serve as Leader of the Opposition. 49.3.72.79 (talk) 13:15, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * We would need a WP:RS to make that claim. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 13:38, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

If you want reliable sources how about Wikipedia itself. I cross referenced this with the Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom) and the UK election articles to find that all other Prime Ministers who were voted out then served as Leader of the Opposition. Brown however did not serve as Leader of the Opposition after losing the election, a fact of which is presented in this article itself.49.3.72.79 (talk) 16:28, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Please see Wikipedia is not a reliable source, but thank you for trying to help. -- Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 16:36, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

Frankly this is no different than being asked to provide evidence to an answer for a simple math problem. It simply isn't needed. I asked that you don't quote me with anymore Wikipedia rules because I don't feel you understand what I am getting at by doing that. It seems to me there are one of two reasons why are a defeated Prime Minister would serve as Leader of the Opposition. The first is the belief that a former Prime Minister can reclaim the premiership. The other reason is to fill in the position for a stop-gap period until his party chooses his successor as leader. Whether it is for one of the two reasons I have just outlined, a former Prime Minister as Opposition Leader would use this position to defend against criticism from the current Government on what he did when he was Prime Minister. Brown evidently expressed no interest in reclaiming the premiership and chose not to wait for his party to choose his permanent successor hence not becoming Leader of the Opposition in the meantime. 49.3.72.79 (talk) 13:01, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

Keeping Count
Gordon Brown is the 74th Prime Minister. To those of you saying "nobody keeps count", how can you argue with a government source? This website is based on verifiable evidence, well, there it is. DaleYorks (talk) 16:57, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * , that source only says here are 76, it doesn't say there are only 76 or give each an index number. It certainly doesn't support changing the office names of individual prime ministers by adding numbers to them. And WP:BRD says wait for a consensus if challenged. -- DeFacto (talk). 17:10, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

I appreciate the response. It's a bit of common sense to know when someone was first (and so forth). DaleYorks (talk) 17:12, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Regardless of whether he is 74th or 76th, the fact is that, in the United Kingdom, we do not "count" our prime ministers in the way that Americans count their presidents. To say that someone is the 76th or whatever prime minister looks a bit weird, and is not what most readers would expect. So my vote is to delete the count.
 * Mike Marchmont (talk) 17:44, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Delete Per UK style. Alex (talk) 11:59, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

AS
Why no mention? 86.147.59.195 (talk) 04:40, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

"First Secretary"
Why is "First Secretary"/ Mandelson in the summary box for Brown's term as Prime Minister? 146.199.63.69 (talk) 09:00, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

 * As a guess i'd say it's probably because the First Secretary is basically the PM's deputy. We have Deputy PMs listed in other PMs' info boxes too so I personally don't see any problems with Mandelson's inclusion as FS here either. ThatRandomGuy1 (talk) 22:32, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

gordon brown home office blocked investigations into sexual exploitation
Nazir Afzal, when he was chief crown prosecutor for North West England, told the BBC that, in 2008, the Home Office under Gordon Brown’s administration sent a circular email to all police forces calling on them not to investigate the sexual exploitation of young girls.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/columnists/2023/04/05/grooming-gangs-scandal-labour-yvette-cooper-keir-starmer/ NotQualified (talk) 22:51, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

 * i am not sure what article to put this under to be quite frank NotQualified (talk) 22:56, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * i have placed it under https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Gordon_Brown#Obfuscating_child_sex_abuse NotQualified (talk) 22:59, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * and here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown#Obfuscating_child_sex_abuse NotQualified (talk) 23:01, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * changed subheading to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown#Home_Office_obfuscating_child_sex_abuse NotQualified (talk) 23:02, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I've reverted the addition for the moment the Telegraph sources is an opinion piece, and there doesn't appear to be any evidence to back up Nazir Afzal's allegations. I thought of changing the content to only be that this is something that Afzal alleges happened, but fear it would be a BLP violation. I'll add at notification to WP:BLPN asking for advice. -- LCU A ctively D isinterested  «@» °∆t° 22:33, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As I also stated on BLPN, this appears to be a highly partisan opinion piece, which is not going to be an adequate source for this kind of serious allegation against a living person. – notwally (talk) 23:10, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * There's similar allegations at the bottom of the Jacqui Smith referenced to a deadlink YouTube video of the original interview with Afzal. It's better worded but I can't think any live source to beck this up. -- LCU A ctively D isinterested  «@» °∆t° 23:15, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * heres a non deadlink https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5GM3fkM_uk NotQualified (talk) 01:03, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * apparently it was in reference to this https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vtFubxB0hQ NotQualified (talk) 01:04, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This appears to be something that Afzal was told about but never saw himself, as per his post on X . And as the next post by Afzal makes clear he doesn't believe this even exists. -- LCU A ctively D isinterested  «@» °∆t° 23:12, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * thats not what he said, he said "if they exist", as in he isnt certain. NotQualified (talk) 01:29, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes he doesn't know whether the circular he alleges exists even exists. -- LCU A ctively D isinterested  «@» °∆t° 08:12, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * again i know this is entering conspiracy so obviously do not add it to the wikipedia page but do you not find it odd that a former prosecutor within the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) would go on national radio and make such a bold claim with certainty and then walk it back, why on earth would he even say that if he didnt believe it or see something or handle something. he has an active twitter so if anyone wants to tweet him and ask for clarification on what happened, that would be appreciated NotQualified (talk) 14:22, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As per my reply at BLP I can't only assume he was told and being genuinely upset with the details (as anyone would be) mistakenly believed it on face value, without checking the details. -- LCU A ctively D isinterested  «@» °∆t° 14:39, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * right that seems plausible but has he said who said it to him NotQualified (talk) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I've seen 'police officers' but I couldn't find anything directly quoting Afzal on the matter. This is definitely into WP:NOTFORUM territory though. We shouldn't use Wikipedia as a place to speculate on such things. -- LCU A ctively D isinterested  «@» °∆t° 14:46, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * right fair enough if no one knows where he got the claim. we can keep this talk page open for a few more weeks in case someone more knowledgeable knows. i say we go on afzals page and state he made a claim on bbc radio, provide it in verbatim in a quote block, and later say he suddenly rescinded said claim. thats all we seem to know for certain. again, if anyone wants to tweet at him on twitter go ahead NotQualified (talk) 16:08, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * > Afzal alleges happened, but fear it would be a BLP violation
 * this could be added then to Afzal's page and it wouldnt be a BLP violation, right? NotQualified (talk) 00:44, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It would be the same where ever you added it, or at least I believe it would. Happy to be corrected by any more knowledgeable editors. -- LCU A ctively D isinterested  «@» °∆t° 08:13, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * well yeah i guess? as long as it wasnt written as an allegation i dont see how it's wrong to add in NotQualified (talk) 14:13, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter how its presented, as the substance of the content is the issue. Without better sourcing, it would still be a BLP violation. – notwally (talk) 18:59, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * what? he objectively made a claim https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5GM3fkM_uk
 * it is not a BLP violation to go to Afzals page and put out, in verbatim, what he said:
 * “You may not know this, but back in 2008 the Home office sent a circular to all police forces in the country saying ‘as far as these young girls who are being exploited in towns and cities, we believe they have made an informed choice about their sexual behavior and therefore it is not for you police officers to get involved in.’”
 * it is OBJECTIVELY true he said that, we can clarify he walked what he said back though NotQualified (talk) 19:11, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Nazir_Afzal#nazir_claim_that_brown_home_office_blocked_child_rape_investigations
 * i have now opened up a talk page in nazir afzal's wikipedia page. for now, i think it is the most appropriate page to put this and we can keep it out of the gordon brown pages NotQualified (talk) 19:14, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * A primary source YouTube video is not a reliable source for a contentious claim, regardless of which article. At a certain point, you are WP:BLUDGEONING. – notwally (talk) 19:33, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * the man himself literally said he said it on twitter, do you want me to go interview him myself? he went on a national radio station, said something, oh for crying out loud. i can source it under BBC Radio 4, where he said it NotQualified (talk) 23:47, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gordon Brown


text:
2005 Super League season

Super League X is the official name of 2005's Super League season. It was the 10th season of the Super League and saw twelve teams from across England compete for the premiership. The season kicked off in early February, culminating in a six team play-off series

The Grand Final, held at Old Trafford on 15 October, saw Bradford Bulls crowned Champions. The Grand Final was the final match of a which itself was the climax of a league season that kicked off in early February.

Season summary
Either one or two teams were to be relegated from the league at the end of the season in order to make way for new entrants. The bottom team were certain to be relegated, in order to allow in French club Catalans Dragons. The second bottom team would only be relegated if the winner of National League One met the criteria for Super League entry. On the 3 October the Rugby Football League announced that both finalists in this competition, Castleford Tigers and Whitehaven were eligible for promotion, hence two teams were relegated.

The season was a commercial success, with a rise in average crowd size for the regular rounds of 8,887, continuing the trend of rises every year since 2001. This is the first time in the history of Super League the Grand Final has not included the league leader at the end of the regular season: St Helens were knocked out by Bradford Bulls in the semi-final.

Grand final

 * 15 October: Leeds Rhinos 6-15 Bradford Bulls

title: 2005 Super League season


text:
Tramontane

Tramontane is a classical name for a northern wind. The exact form of the name and precise direction varies from country to country. The word came to English from Italian tramontana, which developed from Latin trānsmontānus (trāns- + montānus), "beyond/across the mountains",  referring to the Alps in the North of Italy. The word has other non-wind-related senses: it can refer to anything that comes from, or anyone who lives on, the other side of mountains, or even more generally, anything seen as foreign, strange, or even barbarous.

Spain
In Spain the wind is called the tramuntana or  in Catalan and tramontana  in Spanish, Galician and Basque. The wind also lends its name to the Serra de Tramuntana in Mallorca. The wind is prevalent in the northern Mediterranean coast (Catalonia, Mallorca, Menorca) and can be so strong as to be disturbing; there is a saying in Catalan culture (specially in Empordà) that refers to a person as «touched by tramuntana» (tocat per la tramuntana) when they behave oddly or seemly lost their marbles. Salvador Dalí was often referred to as someone tocat per la tramuntana in his native Empordà.

Croatia
On the Croatian Adriatic coast it is called tramontana (pronounced tramòntāna, in Dalmatia), with a number of local variations (termuntana, trmuntana, t(a)rmuntona and others). Like levant, it is considered a transitional wind, associated with the change of weather, which frequently transforms into bora. Like bora, it is a strong wind capable of generating large waves, but is less gusty.

France

The tramontane in France is a strong, dry cold wind from the north (on the Mediterranean) or from the northwest (in lower Languedoc, Roussillon, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands). It is similar to the mistral in its causes and effects, but it follows a different corridor; the tramontane accelerates as it passes between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central, while the mistral flows down the Rhone Valley between the Alps and the Massif Central.

The tramontane is created by the difference of pressure between the cold air of a high pressure system over the Atlantic Ocean or northwest Europe and a low pressure system over the Gulf of Lion in the Mediterranean. The high-pressure air flows south, gathering speed as it moves downhill and is funnelled between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central.

According to French sources, the name was used in its present form at the end of the 13th century by Marco Polo, in 1298. It was borrowed from the Latin transmontanus and the Italian tramontana, meaning not just "across the mountains" but also "the North Star" (literally the star "above the mountains"), since the Alps marked the north for the Italic people. The French term tresmontaine, cited as early as 1209 and still used in the 15th century, was borrowed directly from the Latin.

The word moved from Latin into French with the meanings "North Star" and also "the guide". In 1636 the French expression "perdre la tramontane" meant "to be disorientated."

The continuous howling noise of the tramontane is said to have a disturbing effect upon the psyche. In his poem "Gastibelza", Victor Hugo has the main character say, "Le vent qui vient à travers la montagne me rendra fou..." (The wind coming over the mountain will drive me mad...)

Greece
In Greece, tramountána (Τραμουντάνα) is used as a nautical term to define not only the northern wind, but also the northern direction and even the cardinal point of north on a compass.

Italy
In Italy it is called tramontana. It is a northeasterly or northerly winter wind that blows from the Alps and Apennines (South of the Alps) to the Italian coast. It is very prevalent on the west coast of Italy and Northern Corsica. It is caused by a weather system from the west following a depression on the Mediterranean, due to the minimum baric level in the Ligurian Sea between Genoa and Corsica, which recalls strong winds. It is strongest before sunrise, when it can reach speeds of 70 km/h (45 mph). It is a fresh wind of the fine weather mistral type.

A clear sky can occur, or a cloudy sky and precipitation when associated with a perturbed system. This last case is called in Liguria "dark Tramontane" (Tramontana Scura), which in Liguria is activated following the invortication of the perturbations coming from the west (or even south-west or north-west) on the Ligurian Sea; for this reason a proverb in the Ligurian language states: "tramuntann-a scüa, ægua següa" ("dark north wind, sure rain").

In Italy the expression on board, "to lose the Tramontane" (perdere la tramontana), which meant losing one's orientation, then has passed into the common language with the same metaphorical meaning.

Slovenia
In Slovenia a word tramontana is used for a strong northerly, often hurricane-force wind that blows from the Alps to the Venice bay over Trieste, Slovenian coast and Istria with gusts sometimes as high as 200 km/h (usually 80 km/h). It has a transitional nature (from 2 to 4 hours in Koper bay) and it often quickly turns to a bora. Due to its strength, it can uproot trees and often damages boats by crashing them into the coast.

title: Tramontane


text:
User:JM Zen

HEY

title: User:JM Zen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/De jure Charles VIII

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 18:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

De jure Charles VIII
And identical article at De jure Charles VIII of The Holy Roman Empire. An unwikified text dump that has little, if anything, to do with the title. R. fiend 13:08, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Very weak keep. There is a crank who calls himself that and an article about him might be worth having. This one however is nowhere near good enough. If somebody who knows more about it could do a re-write or even verify his notability then it is worth saving. Otherwise, get rid of it. Keresaspa 13:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You've called your vote a keep, but you really described a delete, as we're voting on the contents, not the title. True, there is probably potential for an article under this title, but not one remotely like this. Since if it's completely rewritten the vote will be void anyway, might you not change your vote to delete? -R. fiend 13:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I was hoping somebody might come along and salvage it before it is deleted, as it does have potential. That being said, I've no objections to deleting the current contents. Keresaspa 14:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: at least part of this article is a copyright violation. It may have been taken from multiple sources. -- Kjkolb 13:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I strongly doubt it's a copyvio. I would imagine that the person who inserted it is the copyright owner. john k 03:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Two articles with the same text means that regardless of merits, one must go. Maybe do a redirect on one article so only one AfD vote needs to be tracked for this?  Kjkolb, if this is a copyvio could you slap a tag on it or on (De jure Charles VIII of The Holy Roman Empire? Beyond the fact this is a mirror of De jure Charles VIII of The Holy Roman Empire I'd probably lean delete on the text alone unless someone can establish a Joshua A. Norton level of notability.--Isotope23 15:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete maybe there is an interesting article to be written about the topic, but this isn't it. Keithlard 15:38, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The information is copied from, itself a spurious website. Olessi 16:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The text as it is (was?) is a complete mess, and the subject is not notable - we shouldn't have articles about every nut with a web page. john k 03:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Misleading (one might say intentionally deceptive) article title, amounting to one crank's "original research" (read: personal essay) justifying his pretentions. Not even a notable crank. - Nunh-huh 04:03, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament

The Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament was a series of no limit Texas hold 'em poker tournaments. The first season is available on NTSC DVD. It airs on Fox Sports Net in the United States, Rogers Sportsnet in Canada and Ftn in the United Kingdom.

Crew
The first series was hosted by Chris Rose, with support from poker author Michael Konik and poker professional Mark Gregorich. Mark Gregorich left the show at the end of the first season.

The first series grand finale aired in February 2005 on the same day as Super Bowl XXXIX. Fox carried the Super Bowl that year, so instead of the series' usual home on FSN, NBC carried the finale instead. It was hosted by Matt Vasgersian, with support from poker professional Erick Lindgren. Backstage interviews were conducted by poker player Evelyn Ng.

The first series was executive produced by David Doyle and Directed by Brian Lockwood.

Howard "The Professor" Lederer replaced Michael Konik at the beginning of the 3rd season, with Annie Duke joining for several episodes as a "special guest". Mary Strong conducted the backstage interviews.

Season 1
The tournament was split into two series, with each player's finishing position in the series final determining their starting chip count in the grand finale.

Similarly, the finishing position in two preliminary rounds per series determined the starting chip positions of each player in both series finals.

The Grand Final winner received $1,000,000. The payouts for the other entrants from the $3,200,000 prize pool were unclear in the broadcast. However, Phil Ivey has said, on Full Tilt, that he walked away with about $400,000, and, therefore, broke even.

In the first two rounds of each series, players start with 100,000 in chips. Their finish in each of these rounds determines their starting chips for the final round of the series as follows:

Finish
 * 1) 250,000
 * 2) 150,000
 * 3) 112,000
 * 88,000
 * 72,000
 * 56,000
 * 40,000
 * 32,000

Series 1 Round 1 finish + Series 1 Round 2 finish = Starting chips for Series 1 Final

Series 2 uses the same format. Finishes in each series final are then used to determine the Grand Finale starting chip count as follows:

Finish - Finals
 * 1) 500,000
 * 2) 300,000
 * 3) 224,000
 * 4) 176,000
 * 5) 144,000
 * 6) 112,000
 * 80,000
 * 64,000

Series 1 Final finish + Series 2 Final finish = Starting chips for grand finale.

Season 2
24 Players

Blind structure
The blinds increased every 20 minutes.

Qualifying rounds
Six players competed in each tournament, with points being allocated as follows:

 * Winner: 10 points
 * Runner-Up: 7 points
 * 3rd place: 5 points
 * 4th place: 3 points
 * 5th place: 1 point
 * 6th place: 0 points

Each player played six preliminary tournaments with players randomly drawn. At the end of this, the points were tallied and the 16 players with the most points progressed to the next round.

Final 16
The top 16 are then split into 4 pools of players

Players in the final 16 started with 25,000 chips for every point earned up to then. (20,000 in Season 3)

Each pool had two matches, with points being allocated as follows:

 * Winner: 10 points
 * Runner-Up: 7 points
 * 3rd place: 4 points
 * 4th place: 0 points

The points were cumulated from those 2 matches, and the players with the highest points then progressed to the quarter-finals.

Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals are 2 groups with 4 players in each. Each group will play one match where the top two finishers will advance to the semi-finals. The winner of the match will start the semi-finals with 1,000,000 in chips while the runner up will start with 700,000. Players start with 50,000 chips per point earned in the round of 16.

Semi-finals and finals
Both the semi-finals and finals were played in best two out of three heads-up matches.

Time limit rule
Players had 60 seconds to act on their hands. A player failing to act was penalized the worth of one small blind. An additional small blind penalty would be imposed for each additional ten seconds without action. The collected penalties were added to the next pot. Kathy Liebert and Mimi Tran were the only players penalized in season two, for one small blind.

Payouts
The payouts were as follows:

Winner=$400,000 USD

Runner-up=$140,000 USD

The total prize pool was $1.21 million. It is unclear who supplied the extra $250,000 for the pool, since 24 times 40,000 equals only $960,000. (NOTE: This problem was solved in Season 3 with a $1.2 million prize pool and $50,000 buy-in.)

Season 3
Season 3 played exactly like Season 2, except for the following differences:

 * The entry fee was $50,000 instead of $40,000 and the prize pool was $1.2 million instead of $1.21 million.
 * Each player played five preliminary tournaments instead of six with players randomly drawn.
 * The finals were played in best 3-out-of-5 rather than 2-out-of-3.
 * The Top 16 Players were split into 4 groups and played 2 games with 20,000 chips for every point earned up to then. The winner of each game, with the winner of game one not participating in two, advance to the quarterfinals, starting there with 600,000 resp. 400,000 chips. Same format is used in the quarter-finals, with the two advancing to the semi-finals starting with 1,500,000 resp. 1,000,000 chips.
 * The time limit rule was modified. After 60 seconds, a player had five seconds to act before being assessed a one small blind penalty. An additional small blind penalty would be assessed for each additional 30 seconds without action. Phil Ivey was assessed a penalty in his first Super Sixteen match.

Competitors

 * Season 1 featured 8 competitors each paying $400,000 to enter. (This $400,000 entry fee was the largest in history until the Big One for One Drop in 2012)
 * Season 2 featured 24 competitors each paying $40,000 to enter, and $250,000 added to the prize pool.
 * Season 3 featured 24 competitors each paying $50,000 to enter.

Computer versions
There have been two computer games made of the first two seasons of the show.
 * Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament
 * Poker Superstars II
 * Poker Superstars III

There is an online web version made in flash of the computer game These were published by Funkitron and available at Play Poker Superstars, the official Funkitron Poker Superstars website. The AI used in them was created by Brian Sheppard, the programmer who created the Maven Scrabble playing AI for Scrabble.
 * Poker Superstars II Web Game


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Tipularia

Tipularia is a genus of temperate terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae). As of June 2014, there are seven recognized species, native to Asia and North America.

 * 1) Tipularia cunninghamii (King & Prain) S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb - Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Taiwan
 * 2) Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. - from Texas and Florida north to Michigan and Massachusetts
 * 3) Tipularia harae (Maek.) S.C.Chen - Kyushu
 * 4) Tipularia japonica Matsum. - Japan, Korea
 * 5) Tipularia josephi Rchb.f. ex Lindl. - Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
 * 6) Tipularia odorata Fukuy. - Taiwan
 * 7) Tipularia szechuanica Schltr. - Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan

title: Tipularia


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Athbhutha Dweepu

Albhutha Dweep is a 2005 Indian Malayalam-language fantasy film directed by Vinayan. The plot is set on an otherworld island where all men are dwarfs and women are of normal height, and humans are considered monsters. The film stars Prithviraj Sukumaran and Guinness Pakru alongside Mallika Kapoor, Jagathy Sreekumar, Jagadish, Indrans, Kalpana, Ponnamma Babu and Bindu Panicker in supporting roles.

Ajayan who played prince Gajendran made an entry into the Guinness Book of Records for being the shortest actor (76 cm height) to play a full-length character in a film. It was also given an entry into the Guinness Book of Records for casting the most dwarves in a single film.

Plot
An island is inhabited by dwarves. All the men are dwarves, although the women are of a normal height. The ruler of the island, King Valiyavamana Thirumanassu invites various princes to his capital city of Vamanapuri in order to compete for the hands of his five daughters. Four of his daughters are successfully engaged, but the youngest princess, Radha, has no wish to get married. Nonetheless, decides to have her engaged to Prince Gajendran, his nephew and heir, who is in love with Radha. In order to celebrate the engagements, the king orders a week of celebration.

Meanwhile, two men Gautham and Mohammed who work for the Indian Navy, wash up on the shore. They are killed by Gajendran and the island's inhabitants who believe them to be demons. Hari, Madhavan, Joseph and Chandrappan who also work for the Indian Navy are also trapped on the island. They witness the death of their comrades and flee from the dwarves. They decide to take refuge in an old temple in the forest.

The princess go along with Mallika, their handmaiden to the temple of their god, Gandharvan, in order to pray. Mallika is secretly the king's mistress although they are both terrified that one of the king's two wives would find out about the affair. On the way, the princesses and Mallika come across Devamma, a wisewoman. Devamma tells them about Gandharvan. A thousand years ago, Gandharvan fell in love with the king's daughter. The daughter's suitor came to know of this and planned to use black magic to kill Gandharvan. However the daughter stole the magic and gave it to Gandharvan. In his anger, Gandharvan cursed all the men on the island to become dwarfs. In addition, he decreed that any man to step inside his temple would have his head explode. Out of gratitude to the king's daughter, Gandharvan agreed to protect the island for a thousand years. Devamma cautions them that the thousand years has elapsed, making the island vulnerable once more.

When Mallika offers food as a sacrifice to Gandharva, Hari and his friends eat it without Mallika's knowledge, making her believe that Gandharvan ate the offering. While exploring the temple, Radha comes across Hari in the temple and believes due to his height that he is the real Gandharvan. Both of them fall in love with each other at the first sight. Hari begs Radha not to reveal their hiding place. Radha agrees and comes by herself later with food. As Radha exits the temple she is caught by Gajendran. Gajendran asks why she is at the temple at such a late hour. To avoid being caught, Radha tells Gajendran that Gandharvan appeared in one of her dreams and summoned her to the temple. She then feigns illness. The royal priest tells the king to host a puja in order to exorcise Gandharvan.

Gajendran, angry at what he perceives as Gandharvan possessing Radha, decides to enter the Temple to find out the truth only to be frightened by the disguised Hari. Radha tells Mallika about the men and she agrees to help them. They come up with a scheme for the men to hide in plain sight. The men disguise themselves as saints who pretend to heal Radha. They all finds that Madhavan is lookalike of the king. Out of gratitude, the king makes them the official royal priests. However the king discovers that Hari and his friends are imposters. Hari and his friends kidnap the king and hide him in a barrel while they figure out what to do.

In the king's absence, Gajendran takes the throne. He becomes suspicious of Hari and Radha and orders the saints to crown him as the king so that he can marry Radha. During Gajendran's coronation ceremony, the king escapes. When he comes there and sees Gajendran in his place, he thinks that Gajendran teamed up with them to kidnap the king so that he can be the king. But Gajendran manages to tell that he did it so that he can marry Radha. The king then reveals the truth about the saints and Radha helped them to hide. They all think that Hari was planning to seduce her. The king orders the death sentence of Hari and his friends. They four tries to escape but fails.

When the dwarfs are about to execute the death sentence they are attacked by gigantic cannibals who attack and kill most of the men. Hari and his friends escapes with the permission of the king and then defeat the cannibals, thus saving the kingdom. The king forgives them and allows them to sail to their homeland with Radha. But he refuses and gives her to them so that the kingdom would have the princess. When they were about to leave, Gajendran stops them and tells that first he thought that in their world they had only dwarves as human beings but now he realised that they are nothing to the god and even now he has a human's heart even though the god cursed them. Gajendran then handsover Radha to her Gandharvan Hari. Then they all leaves with her.

Cast

 * Prithviraj Sukumaran as Hari, Navy Officer
 * Guinness Pakru as Yuvarajan Jagajalakilladi Gajendra Kumaran, Youth Prince of Vamanapuri
 * Mallika Kapoor as Rajakumari Radha, Princess of Vamanapuri
 * Jagathy Sreekumar in a dual role as:
 * Madhavan, Navy Officer
 * Maharajan Valiyavamana Thirumanassu (Madhulan), King of Vamanapuri
 * Jagadish as Joseph, Navy Officer
 * Indrans as Chandrappan, Navy officer
 * Kalpana as Mallika, Chief Maid of the court
 * Ponnamma Babu as Maharani Arundhati, first wife of the king
 * Bindu Panicker as Maharani Anasuya, second wife of the King
 * Sajan Sagara as Ittunnan
 * Valsala Menon as Devamma, an extraordinary old lady
 * Sonika as Rajkumari Indumathi
 * Renjusha Menon as Rajkumari Lakshmi
 * Vettoor Purushan as Rajaguru of Athbutha Dweepu
 * Mela Raghu as Village Chief of Vamanapuri
 * Manuraj as Gautham, a Navy Officer (cameo)
 * Baburaj as Mohammed, a Navy Officer (cameo)
 * Balakrishnan as Vakraraja Odiyan
 * Kamaraddin as a cannibalistic giant
 * Thumboor Shibu as cannibalistic giant

 * Tamil version
 * Karunas as Karuppiah
 * Vaiyapuri as Vaiyapuri
 * Manivannan as Maharaja
 * Malavika as Malavika (special appearance)

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. Jayachandran and the lyrics were written by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboodiri and Vinayan.
 * Oridathorida - Vidhu Prathap,Jyotsna
 * Chakkaramavinte - Alex,Jyotsna
 * Shyama Mohini - Madhu Balakrishnan, Chithra
 * Hey Raja - Alex, Sudeep Kumar,Sujatha

Lyrics were written by Palani Bharathi and Pa. Vijay.
 * Tamil version
 * Oridathil - Tippu, Binni Krishnakumar
 * Saama Mohini - Madhu Balakrishnan, Sujatha
 * Hey Raja - Alex, Nishad
 * Sakkarakatti - Alex
 * Chinna Machan - Pushpavanam Kuppusamy, Rimi Tommy

Release
The film was a 2005 commercial box-office success. The film was dubbed in Tamil as Arputha Theevu with additional scenes reshot with Manivannan, Karunas and Vaiyapuri with an additional item number picturised on Malavika. The Tamil version was released in 2007. Manivannan played Jagathi's part of dwarf king in Tamil.

Vinayan said that American director Ron Howard has showed interest in remaking the film in English, and they have contacted him for a discussion. The further developments is unknown.

title: Athbhutha Dweepu


text:
User talk:Mediapp

Important Information

Computer Topics by Pablo S.

Spyware: are programs which have being build by adware companies, to create pop ups in websites. They appear on the internet by asking you to install programs and by simply cliking "close" X or "no" they install in your computer and become hidden in your C: infecting it with viruses and making your internet slower.

Ways to get this spyware off your computer I suggest you install Spyware doctor 3.2 or the late they are not free but you can ge the serial by searching google. Other free spyware remover programs can be zero Spyware lite, or SPY Bot Search and destroy 1.4 They are the best you can get them at www.downloads.com

Having two computers sharing the same internet : Theres routers you can buy to connect two computers so they can share the same internet. The best I recomment are Linksys wireless routers becuse you dont have to have cables all over the place. They connect remotely. To install them is fairly simple just go to their site and the program they have will configure your routers so you can share internet also, they come with easy instructions too. "Try to look for 2.4 Mbps or higher" this means how fast you want to connect to the internet.

Best spyware to choose:

Webroot Spy Sweeper 4.0 free to use can be found in www.majorgeeks.com

Spywareblaster 3.2 (free updates of spyware definitions)protect against any active x controls that have trojans and spyware. www.javacoolsoftware.com

Ad Aware 1.06 R 1 new edition(free updates of spyware definitions) protect against adware and malware. Scans all files and registries. www.download.com

Avast 4.6 Anti virus/firewall/anti malware protects against worms, viruses,spyware that cause system crashes, and uses the lowest memory, so your computer doesn't slow down, while it deletes a virus.

title: User talk:Mediapp


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Jashpur district

Jashpur District is a district of the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh bordering Jharkhand and Odisha. Jashpur Nagar is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district was formerly a princely state before Independence. Highly mountainous and forested, Jashpur is known for its natural environment.

Shri Ritesh Agrawal is the District Collector and Magistrate of Jashpur. He has previously served as DM Bijapur, CEO Zila Panchayat Bilaspur, Bastar, Dhamtari & Gariyaband.

History
During the British Raj Jashpur town was the capital of Jashpur State, one of the princely states of the Eastern States Agency. Merged with independent India in 1948, the last king before Independence was Vijay Bhushan Singh Ju Deo.

Geography
The north-south length of this district is about 150 km, and its east-west breadth is about 85 km. Its total area is 6,205 km2. It is between 22° 17′ and 23° 15′ North latitude and 83° 30′ and 84° 24′ East longitude. Geographical area was 6701 km2. It is bordered by Balrampur district to the north, Gumla district of Jharkhand to the east, Simdega district of Jharkhand and Sundergarh district of Odisha to the southeast, Raigarh district to the southwest and Surguja district to the west.

It is divided geographically into two parts. The northern hilly belt is called the Upper Ghat. The remaining, southern part, is called Nichghat.

The upper ghat runs from Loroghat Kastura, Narayanpur, Bagicha up to Surguja and Balrampur districts. This belt is a forest area and contains a reserve forest. It covers Sanna, Bagicha, and Narayanpur. The upper ghat is an extension plateau covering 1384 km2 which is about 1200 meters above sea level and is covered by a dense forest. The elevated plateau is called "Pat". The Upper Ghat is climbed through Loroghat. Loroghat is about 4 km in length and there are three turnings that are very dangerous.

Nichghat is flat in general but also has many big mountains. In Jashpur Raigarh road there are two more ghats, Jhanda ghat before Kansabel and Belaghat after Kansabel.

Major rivers in the Mahanadi basin are Ib and its tributaries such as Dorki, Maini, Kokiya, Utai, Khadung, Girma and Burhi. In the eastern part, rivers named Baki and Lava Nadi flow in the Brahmani basin. Lower Ganges part is mainly drained by Geor and Kanhar rivers. The drainage pattern is dendritic and is highly irregular, which is reflective of the topography. Irregular topography results in huge base flow through the streams and less recharge.

Towns
The main towns situated on the national highway (N.H.78) are Lodam, Gholeng, and Jashpur in the Upper ghat and Kunkuri, Bandarchuwan, Kansabel, Ludeg, and Pathalgaon. The roads running from Jashpur H.Q are:

 * 1) Jashpur Ranchi.
 * 2) Jashpur Ambikapur via Manora, Kusmi (170).
 * 3) Jashpur Ambikapur via Sanna Bagicha (170 km). These 2 and 3 are not the all-weather road.
 * 4) Jashpur Ambikapur via Kunkuri, Patthalgaon (200 km).
 * 5) Jashpur Ambikapur via Nrayanpur Baghicha.

Climate
Kunkuri is the hottest region in Nichghat during the summer and Pandrapat is the coldest region in Upper Ghat in the winter. It is situated between forests. It is a junction, from Raigarh and from Ambikapur or Jashpur all the people need to cross Patthalgaon first.

Weather record
 * location = Jashpur District (1998–2015)

Soil
Yellow soils (Ultisols) and red soils (Alfisols) developed over the granitoids occupy most part of the district Black soils (Inceptisols) have formed over the deccan traps in small patches.

Geology and Hydrology
Most part of the District is covered by granitoids. A small portion in the northwestern part is occupied by the Deccan Traps and Lametas. Almost the entire area has a thick laterite cover. Nearly 90% of the area in the district is covered with granitoids, which include granite gneiss, chlorite-biotite gneiss, muscovite granite, granodiorite etc. Remaining area is occupied by Deccan Traps and Lametas. The entire has a thick carapace of laterite. Thickness of laterite cover varies from a few metres to more than 30m at several places. Broadly the area can be divided into 4 hydro-stratigraphic units viz. Laterite, Granitoids, Deccan Traps and Lametas.

Geomorphology
i) Major Physiographic Units - The northern hilly areas can be categorised as structural hills and the relatively plain areas in the southern part can be categorised as pediplains.

ii) Major Drainage - Mahanadi basin occupies nearly 71% area in the central part, Bramhani basin covers 21% area in the eastern part and Lower Ganges basin spreads over an area of 8% in the northern part of the district.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Jashpur district has a population of 851,669, roughly equal to the nation of Qatar or the US state of South Dakota. This gives it a ranking of 473rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 146 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.65%. Jashpur has a sex ratio of 1004 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 68.6%. 8.92% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 5.73% and 62.28% of the population respectively.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 48.83% of the population in the district spoke Sadri, 27.57% Kurukh, 9.60% Chhattisgarhi, 5.09% Odia, 4.98% Hindi and 1.36% Bhojpuri as their first language.

title: Jashpur district


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With Arms Wide Open

"With Arms Wide Open" is a power ballad by American rock band Creed. It was released on April 18, 2000, as the third single from their second studio album, Human Clay. The song reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 in November 2000, becoming the band's first and only song to top the chart. The song also received honors at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2001, being nominated for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group, as well as Scott Stapp and Mark Tremonti winning the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song.

Writing and recording
Scott Stapp began writing the lyrics to the song in early 1998 during the My Own Prison tour, when he found out that his then wife Hillaree Burns was pregnant with his first child, Jagger. According to Stapp the song was written in 15 minutes at soundcheck. Stapp overheard guitarist Mark Tremonti playing and loved what he heard so much that he ran in and told Tremonti to just keep playing as Stapp began singing his lyrics.

Music and lyrics
Stapp wrote the lyrics when he found out, with great surprise, that he was going to be a father. The original lyrics to the song were written from the perspective of having a daughter, even though his wife was pregnant with a boy, as Stapp used "she" during early live performances. This would eventually be changed when Stapp found out he would be having a son. In later years Stapp would not use "he" or "she" in reference to the child but rather "they" to refer to both his sons and daughter. In a 2013 interview with Songfacts, Stapp said of the song:

"'It continues to have relevant meaning in my life because as I sing it now, I think of my daughter who's now on this planet and alive. And then I think of my newest son, my three-year-old, Daniel. And then I think back to the spirit and the somewhat naiveté, just that brutal honesty that that song expressed as me being a young man and approaching fatherhood for the first time. Now I'm a full-fledged father with a 14-year-old, a daughter who's going to be 7 in June and my youngest, who's 3. So those are still my feelings. And as a human being and as a father, my feelings haven't changed one bit from those that are expressed in that song. Every time I sing it, I can connect with it again and again and again because I'm no longer expressing fears in my thoughts about being a father; I'm a full-fledged living-it-every-day father. So it just rings true to me.' — Stapp"

Musically the song is a power ballad written in the key of C major, with Tremonti playing in drop D tuning and Stapp singing in his signature baritone singing voice. According to Stapp, following the massive crossover success of the single which he felt led to the song being heavily overplayed, so much so that even his then-wife would turn away from it, and upon hearing impersonations of other people mimicking his vocal delivery in a dramatic, over-the-top fashion he purposely began to alter his vocal style which he feels has helped him grow as a vocalist. He states "I don't know where I picked up all the idiosyncrasies of how I enunciate and I've been called out on my vowels ... But it's actually helped me as a singer because I've heard that and I've intentionally enunciated differently on different words and syllables, so thank you world for pointing out a consistent pattern early in my 20s so I could evolve and grow as a singer. You made me better. Thank you." Three main versions of the song exist. One is the original album version. The second is the radio version, which adds additional hi-hat and drums, and also edits out the ending. The third is the video version (or "Strings Remix") which adds strings to the radio version.

Release and reception
"With Arms Wide Open" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for four weeks in July 2000 and is Creed's only track to appear on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, where it peaked at number 29 in March 2001. In October, the song entered the top 10 of Billboard's Adult Top 40 chart and later topped the listing for eight weeks. It also reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated November 11, 2000, for one week, becoming their first and only number one on the chart. The music video topped VH1's top ten countdown in 2000. On May 10, 2019, nearly 20 years after the release of Human Clay, the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 digital units. On November 30, 2020, the certification was upgraded to double platinum for sales and streams of over two million units.

The title became the name of a foundation set up by Stapp to help children and families. To launch the With Arms Wide Open Foundation, the band released a limited edition "enhanced-package single" in September 2000, with proceeds going to the charity to "promote healthy, loving relationships between children and their families". The single contained an orchestrated version, a rock version, an acoustic reading, and the music video. In February 2001, Scott Stapp and Mark Tremonti were nominated for and won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song as the writers of "With Arms Wide Open". The song was also nominated for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal but lost to U2 for "Beautiful Day". The music video for "With Arms Wide Open" was voted the 92nd best music video of all-time by VH1, who also ranked it number four on its "25 Greatest Power Ballads" list.

Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl described "With Arms Wide Open" as "one of the most amazing songs of all time".

Appearances in media
Creed performed the song live on the June 16, 2000, episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and on November 30, 2000, at the first annual My VH1 Music Awards. The song was made available as downloadable content for the video games Rocksmith 2014 on September 16, 2014, and Rock Band 4 on May 21, 2020. A cinematic cover version of the song, performed by Nicole Serrano and Tommee Profitt, was used in a February 2022 ad campaign to promote the 94th Academy Awards.

Track listings
US limited-edition minimax CD single (60150-18004-2)
 * 1) "With Arms Wide Open" (strings version)
 * 2) "With Arms Wide Open" (acoustic version)
 * 3) "With Arms Wide Open" (rock version)
 * 4) "With Arms Wide Open" (video)

UK CD single (670695 2)
 * 1) "With Arms Wide Open" (new version) – 3:42
 * 2) "With Arms Wide Open" (strings version) – 3:55
 * 3) "With Arms Wide Open" (acoustic version) – 3:55
 * 4) "With Arms Wide Open" (album version) – 4:26
 * 5) "With Arms Wide Open" (video—strings version)

UK limited-edition 7-inch single (670695 7)
 * A. "With Arms Wide Open" (new version) – 3:42
 * B. "With Arms Wide Open" (acoustic version) – 3:55

European CD single (WIN 669643 1)
 * 1) "With Arms Wide Open" (new version) – 3:42
 * 2) "With Arms Wide Open" (strings version) – 3:55

Australian and New Zealand enhanced CD single (670739 2)
 * 1) "With Arms Wide Open" (new version) – 3:42
 * 2) "Wash Away Those Years" – 6:04
 * 3) "One" – 5:02
 * 4) "With Arms Wide Open" (strings version) – 3:55
 * 5) "With Arms Wide Open" (video)

title: With Arms Wide Open