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St Paul's Collegiate School

St Paul's Collegiate School is a private (independent) Anglican secondary school in Hamilton, New Zealand. Opened in 1959 originally as a boys only school, the school began admitting girls in years 12 to 13 in 1985, then girls in years 11 to 13 in 2010.

St Paul's Collegiate was founded by the Anglican community including the parents of some Southwell School students, but today only a small proportion of St Pauls students are former Southwell students.

The school is located on land that previously was a part of the farm known as Cherrybrook which belonged to Mr. Andrew Primrose, Esq., J.P. an early settler and prominent resident in Waikato. The land purchased by Primrose was previously confiscated from Māori by the Grey Colonial government.

The school also owns and operates Tihoi Venture School, located on the edge of the Pureora Forest Park around 50 km west of Taupō. Year 10 students attend Tihoi for two terms (18 weeks) as part of an adventure-based character development and education programme.

The school won the Maadi Cup and Springbok Shield in 2002 and 2003 for rowing.

Enrolment
As a private school, St Paul's Collegiate receives little funding from the government and charges parents of students tuition fees to cover costs. As of 2014, the school fees are approximately NZ$19,050 per year for day students and NZ$29,800 for boarders. The exception is in Year 10 with the 18 weeks at Tihoi Venture School, where the fees are NZ$25,170 for day students and NZ$30.400 for boarders. Fees for international students are higher.

At the March 2012 Education Review Office (ERO) review of the school, St Paul's Collegiate had 675 students, including 31 international students. The school's gender composition was 85% male and 15% female, or 72% male and 28% female once the boys-only Years 9 and 10 are excluded. Around 71% of students at the school identified as New Zealand European (Pakeha), 9% as Māori, and 5% each as Chinese, Indian, and Pacific Islanders.

Houses
The school has eight school houses: four for day boys, three for boarding boys, and one for girls.

Notable alumni

 * Dan Ammann – President of General Motors
 * Rod Carr – Vice Chancellor of Canterbury University
 * James Dallinger – member of New Zealand rowing crew, Beijing Olympics 2008
 * Paul Gerritsen – member of New Zealand rowing crew
 * Geoff Hines – All Black
 * Lance Hohaia – member of the New Zealand Warriors Rugby League Team
 * Peter Latham – cyclist
 * Toby Lynn – rugby player, Waikato Chiefs
 * Samisoni Taukei'aho – All Black
 * Sam Uffindell – Member of Parliament (also attended King's College)
 * Simon Upton – former Cabinet Minister
 * Daniel Vettori – member of New Zealand cricket team
 * Jeremy Wells – TV personality (also attended Wanganui Collegiate School)
 * Olivia Wensley – Women's Rights Activist and CEO.
 * Chris Wood – All Whites footballer
 * Gideon Wrampling – New Zealand Schoolboys, New Zealand under-20 and Waikato Chiefs rugby player.

title: St Paul's Collegiate School


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User:Nomadtales/Mount Wilhelm Test

 Mount Wilhelm  Mount Wilhelm peak Elevation: 4,509 metres (14,793 feet) Location: Intersection of Simbu, Western Highlands and Madang provinces, Papua New Guinea Range: Bismarck Range

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Nomadtales/Mount Wilhelm Test


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Talk:Warm Springs, Nevada

New development
Can we cite a source for the new development in Warm Springs. And I'd really curious to know why 10,000 people are going to move there - that's nearly four times the population of Tonopah, and it's difficult to figure out what they'd all do for a living. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

We don't know if 10,000 people are going to move there I herd in a book about Nevada, the new Warm Springs, Nevada will be able to sit 10,000 or so residents before running out of Room Crew29 00:26, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to follow up on a 15 year old talk page item, I believe that the Warm Springs in question is the valley north of Spanish Springs in Washoe County, see . I found no evidence of a plan to move 10,000 people to Warm Springs, Nye County.  Cxbrx (talk) 20:12, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warm Springs, Nevada


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Talk:Audi 80

Untitled
All images in this article were on speedy delete list so removed. Please use free pictures in future. Justinc 23:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I removed an add-on to the S2/RS2 section; this is an encyclopedia, not a free bulletin board for ads.

Motorsport
I think a small section on the end of the article should be designated for the Audio 80/90 and its participation/usage in Motorsport. It was a notable entrant in the ISMA GT Championship for a few years as a Space-framed chasis. Considering it was beating GT cars such as the Ferrari F40 it was quite successful as a race-car. Although, it would be quite hard to find any references on its various exploits in and around the racing world.

Variety of English
I hesitate to bring up this thorny issue... but the present article has got a mixture of US English (sedan, station wagon, liter) and British English (coupé, with the e acute, and also "petrol tank" rather than "gas tank"). The British version seems justified because of the e acute being part of the actual model name, so far as I can see.

The Manual of Style says we should never have a mixture. But there are two conflicting cases about what to do: one suggests to go with the variety of English used in the home country of the product, and we get into the thing of Germany not having its own variety, but being part of Europe where the only official variety of English is British (not considering differences for Scots and Irish...); therefore British English should be used. But the other consideration in the Manual of Style is not to make mass changes of English variety for their own sake. On that basis it would also be a bad thing to change the page. My personal view is that the need for consistency over-rides this.

So on balance I'm minded to bring consistency to the article by switching to British English and changing sedan to saloon. Will this hugely offend anyone? – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:14, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Recommend "fuel tank" in cases where the type of fuel is not important. —überRegenbogen 08:56, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Panhard rod?
The geometry of the stabilizing strut (citing physical observation of mid-1970s Audi Foxes and VW Dashers) is significantly different from the illustrations and description in the Panhard rod article. Notably, rather than connecting to the body and cross-beam with ball joints, it is welded to the cross-beam and to the body-end of one of the trailing arms—forming a solid a-frame with them (and eliminating the arc motion that is specifically cited as a disadvantage of a Panhard rod).

The question—or questions—then are: —überRegenbogen 09:41, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Does this difference in design make it not a Panhard rod design? or:
 * Is the Panhard rod article too specific in its description?
 * I don't know, but by the 80s the rod was articulated at both ends (with rubber bushings). You can see it quite well in this picture which is a 1982 Coupe unit. Huw Powell (talk) 03:39, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Model 80 with Inline 5 cylinder Engine
It suggests in this article that the 2.3L I5 was not offered in the 1991 (80), but I owned a 1991 US model 80 with that particular setup. It was a front wheel drive, 2.3L I5, with a 5-speed manual transmission. It still had the B3 body style, so i don't think that it was an early B4.

Does anyone have any insight about this?

Magnacurt 23:58, 1 May 2007 (UTC)magnacurt

 * In the US/Canada, 1991 models were B3 and differentiated between Audi 80 (base trim, MSRP $21,000) and Audi 90 (upscale trim, MSRP $26,000). These were only available with five-cylinder engines (10V and 20V)
 * The B4 models and the change to them all being called "90" in the US happened with the 1992 models which were introduced in late 1991. The five-cylinder engines were dropped in favor of the 2.8 V6 at this time as well.
 * In all other markets except North America, the five-cylinder variants were exclusively marketed as "90" from 1984 (MY1985) until the B4 came along for MY1992 - then, the 90 name was dropped and all variants were sold as "80".
 * To this day, it remains a mystery why Audi chose to do this renaming shuffle. Bhomburg (talk) 15:51, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Picture
I added my picture of the 93 90S back, since someone removed it when the put up the picture of the white cabriolet.

Power
Can somebody check the power outputs of the various engines? This change by an anon from 110bhp to 101bhp, for a 1.6 engine which is in both cases more powerful than the 2.0 makes me suspicious that we may have subtle vandalism creeping in. When figures change without a reference or an edit summary it's always tempting to just revert, but it's often not obvious that the initial figure has any more authority — without going back to find who first added it, which is obviously very time consuming. Incidentally, no offence to this particular anon. If you're making valid changes, however, would you please start to use edit summaries to explain them, or source your information with references? Ta. :) – Kieran T  (' talk ') 09:50, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The 1.6 E used the new crossflow engine with MPI that had 101 PS (74 kW). It was more popular in Southern Europe where engine displacement was taxed. The 90 PS (66 kW) 2.0 was available in Germany to have an 80 in a lower insurance bracket (insurance is payed according to horsepower). A 1993 or 1994 Automobile Revue Katalog will confirm those horsepower values. --Pc13 10:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that info. Nice to know the edit was genuine. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 10:49, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

B1 had auto tranny
When I was a kid we had a 1975 Audi Fox station wagon with automatic transmission. This was in Texas. Unfortunately I don't know any more about it (# of speeds). --ScottJ 22:24, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Scott, the early 80/Fox was available with a four-speed manual or a three-speed automatic only. --328cia (talk) 13:38, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Removed
this sentence:

The Audi 80 sold well in Germany, however the Netherlands and Denmark were its two biggest selling markets.

It simply cannot be that Audi sold more 80s on comparatively small markets (totalling about 300.000 cars per year each) than on its home market (2.5 million cars per year).

Also, I removed the hint concerning mainland European cars with the US-style quad headlamps. These were at no time used by the factory in Europe (except on the pre-facelift Coupé and Ur-Quattro, where they were standard, and on the first-gen Audi 200).

--328cia (talk) 13:38, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * FWIW, I finally found a source with some figures to back up my claim made above:

 * All Audi models sold, Denmark 1983/1984:     758/638
 * All Audi models sold Netherlands 83/84:   38.059/42.286 (Volkswagen included!)
 * Audi 80 sold in Germany 83/84:            77.654/71.306
 * --328cia (talk) 00:52, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rs2logo.gif
Image:Rs2logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:07, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Model years Vs Years of production?
I know for a fact that there are 1987 B2 audi 80/90s in europe, AKA Audi 4000, but also Model year 1987 B3's in Europe, along with 1992 B3's. Are we going with Model years or production years for year designations? Pastorboy0 (talk) 02:18, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Model years are for American cars only. We go with production years for all other cars. --Pc13 (talk) 18:59, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Audi Coupé/Cabriolet B3
The Audi Coupé "B3" and Cabriolet (typ 89, more correctly 8B and 8G) definitely deserve their own article. As it stands, they are a very awkward fit on the Audi 80 page as they are a mishmash of B3 and B4 parts, and have entirely different development histories. I suggest a page titled Audi Coupé/Cabriolet for these cars. Additionally, the Audi Cabriolet is referred to as a B4, which is not correct. The Cabriolet is based on the typ 89 Coupé (nicknamed B3), it just happened to appear around the same time as the introduction of the "B4" Audi 80. Also, such a change would allow us to place the Audi S2 Coupé in its correct place rather than (perversely) as a subsection to the B4.  ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃  (talk) 20:44, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Didn't Giugiaro design the B1 as well?
Didn't Giugiaro design the B1 as well? He is not credited in this article or on his page, but he did design the very similar sister model, the VW Passat B1. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jason404 (talk • contribs) 04:57, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Every place I look credits him for the B2 but not the B1, including GG's own Facebook page (assuming it's real).  ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃   (talk) 06:04, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Audi S2
Look at the "Audi S2" part. It used a 2.2L engine. The power output of the new engine that launched in 1992 is increased from 220 PS to 230 PS. But, why the acceleration time become worse, from 5.7s in old engine to 5.9s in new engine? This is odd.RaymondSutanto (talk) 09:41, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Probably more safety equipment, bumpers and side impact stuff. Either that, or they didn't cheat the second time around. Are the times both to 100km/h?  Mr.choppers |   ✎  17:29, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

B3 in Greece
Audi 80 B3 never sold in Greece with a 1.4 lit. engine as mentioned. It came straight with the 1.6/75 ps engine as the base option. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.72.128.194 (talk) 15:05, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

1.8 engine option in the B4 section
I'm not an expert when it comes to the Audi 80, but it seems like the "1.8 E 20v – 92 kW (125 PS; 123 bhp), in-line four-cylinder" listed in the B4 section is actually an engine for the B3. I was browsing an old Motorweek Rivals section and came across a 1987 Audi 80 Quattro with this 125 hp 1.8 engine. I would change the article but I don't know for sure if i'm correct, or the exact engine details/what model it came in. TKOIII (talk) 21:04, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * No, the 1.8 20V was a later engine. Those Motor rivals sections seem a bit sloppy imho. The most powerful 1.8 I know of in the B3 was the 1.8E with 112 hp (metric); I have cross referenced numerous period sources as well as the German and Italian WPs. As a matter of fact, the 1.8 20V only appeared in the 1994 Audi A4 as far as I know and was never installed in the B4 either. See more here.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  13:03, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * 125PS 1.8 was added by an IP back in 2009; they also added a fake BLS-V model here - so I will delete this. The Audi Cabriolet, an offshoot of the B4, was indeed fitted with the 1.8 20V 125PS engine, but that model has been split off onto another page so it no longer belongs here.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  13:15, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Audi 80


text:
Gina Rinehart

Georgina Hope Rinehart (née Hancock, born 9 February 1954) is an Australian mining magnate and heiress. Rinehart is the executive chairwoman of Hancock Prospecting, a privately owned mineral exploration and extraction company founded by her father, Lang Hancock.

Rinehart was born in Perth, Western Australia, and spent her early years in the Pilbara region. She boarded at St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls and then briefly studied at the University of Sydney, dropping out to work with her father at Hancock Prospecting. She was Lang Hancock's only child, and when he died in 1992 she succeeded him as executive chairwoman. She turned a company with severe financial difficulties into the largest private company in Australia and one of the largest mining houses in the world.

When Rinehart took over Hancock Prospecting, its total wealth was estimated at A$75 million, which did not account for group liabilities and contingent liabilities of around A$100 million. She oversaw an expansion of the company over the following decade, and due to the iron ore boom of the early 2000s became a nominal billionaire in 2006. In the 2010s, Rinehart began to expand her holdings into areas outside the mining industry. She made sizeable investments in Ten Network Holdings and Fairfax Media (although she sold her interest in the latter in 2015), and also expanded into agriculture, buying several cattle stations, divesting them within a decade.

Rinehart is Australia's richest person. Her wealth reached around A$29 billion in 2012, at which point she overtook Christy Walton as the world's richest woman and was included on the Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. Rinehart's net worth dropped significantly over the following few years due to a slowdown in the Australian mining sector. Forbes estimated her net worth in 2019 at US$14.8 billion as published in the list of Australia's 50 richest people. However, her wealth was rebuilt again during 2020 due to increased demand for Australian iron ore, so that by May 2023, her net worth as published in the 2023 Financial Review Rich List was estimated in excess of A$37 billion; while in March 2021, The Australian Business Review stated her wealth equalled A$36.28 billion. Forbes considered Rinehart one of the world's ten richest women. Rinehart was Australia's wealthiest person from 2011 to 2015, according to both Forbes and The Australian Financial Review; and again every year since 2020, according to The Australian Business Review and The Australian Financial Review.

Early life and family
Rinehart was born on 9 February 1954 at St John of God Subiaco Hospital in Perth, Western Australia. She is the only child of Hope Margaret Nicholas and Lang Hancock. Until age four, Rinehart lived with her parents at Nunyerry, 60 km north of Wittenoom. Her family then moved to Mulga Downs station in the Pilbara. Later Rinehart boarded at St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls in Perth. She briefly studied economics at the University of Sydney, before dropping out and working for her father, gaining an extensive knowledge of the Pilbara iron-ore industry. Rinehart rebuilt the HPPL company to become one of the most successful private companies in Australia's history.

In 1973, at age 19, Rinehart met Englishman Greg Milton while both were working in Wittenoom. At this time Milton changed his surname to an earlier family name Hayward. Their children John Langley and Bianca Hope were born in 1976 and 1977 respectively. The couple separated in 1979 and divorced in 1981. In 1983, she married corporate lawyer and Arco executive Frank Rinehart, in Las Vegas. They had two children, Hope and Ginia, born in 1986 and 1987 respectively. Frank Rinehart received a scholarship to Harvard for his services in the then US Army Air Corps. He was top of Harvard College, and then top of Harvard Law School, while also studying engineering, and holding a full-time and two part time jobs. Frank Rinehart died in 1990.

Rinehart and her step-mother, Rose Porteous, were involved in a legal fight from 1992 over Hancock's death and bankrupt estate. The ordeal ultimately took 14 years to settle with HPPL retaining the mining tenements that Porteous had endeavored to allege did not belong to the company.

In 1999, the Western Australian state government approved a proposal to name a mountain range in honour of her family. Hancock Range is situated about 65 km north-west of the town of Newman at -23.00639°N, 119.20861°W and commemorates the family's contribution to the establishment of the pastoral and mining industry in the Pilbara region.

In 2003, at age 27, Rinehart's son John changed his surname by deed poll from his birth name Hayward to Hancock, his maternal grandfather's name. Since 2014, Rinehart has had a difficult relationship with her son, John; and was not present at his wedding to Gemma Ludgate. John's sister, Bianca Hope Rinehart, who was once positioned to take over the family business, served as a director of Hancock Prospecting and HMHT Investments until 31 October 2011, when she was replaced by her half-sister, Ginia Rinehart. In 2013, Bianca married her partner Sasha Serebryako in Hawaii, but Rinehart did not attend the wedding. Rinehart's other daughter, Hope, married Ryan Welker, and they divorced while living in New York. Rinehart attended both her younger daughters' weddings.

Business career
After the death of her father in March 1992, Rinehart became Executive Chairwoman of Hancock Prospecting Pty Limited (HPPL) and the HPPL Group of companies. All companies within the group are privately owned. With the notable exception of receiving a royalty stream from Hamersley Iron since the late 1960s, Lang Hancock's mining activities were mainly related to exploration and the accumulation of vast mining leases. The BBC journalist, Nick Bryant, argues that while Rinehart was a beneficiary of her father's royalty deals, she "transformed the family business by spotting, earlier than most, the vast potential of the China market."

Rinehart achieved the Roy Hill tenements in 1993, the year after her father's death, having applied for them five months after her father's passing, and focused on developing Roy Hill and Hancock Prospective undeveloped deposits, raising capital through joint venture partnerships and turning the leases into revenue producing mines.

Hancock Prospecting, now owns 50 per cent of Hope Downs and shares of 50 per cent of the profits generated by the 4 Hope Downs mine, which is operated by Rio Tinto under a joint management committee and produces 47 million tonnes of iron ore annually. Another joint venture with Mineral Resources at Nicholas Downs, northwest of Newman, is producing 500 million tonnes of ferruginous manganese. Majority stakes in the Alpha Coal and Kevin's Corner coal projects in Central Queensland were sold to GVK in 2011. After receiving approval from the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment in 2012, these coal projects were subsequently not developed. The Roy Hill Iron ore project, south of Port headline, in the Pilbara produces 60 million tonnes a year, with approvals pending to reach 70 million tonnes per annum.

In 2010, Rinehart took a 10 per cent stake in Ten Network Holdings; James Packer had acquired an 18 per cent stake in the same company shortly before. Since then she also acquired a substantial stake in Fairfax Media. Rinehart was a major player in the media and no longer limits her interests to the mining business. In February 2012 she increased her stake in Fairfax to over 12 per cent, and became the largest shareholder of the company. Fairfax journalists were reportedly fearful that she wanted to turn them into a "mouthpiece for the mining industry". In June 2012, she increased her stake further to 18.67 per cent, and was believed to be seeking three board seats and involvement in editorial decisions in Fairfax's newspaper division. Negotiations between Fairfax and Hancock Prospecting broke down in late June because of disagreements over Fairfax's editorial independence policy and other issues relating to board governance; chairman Roger Corbett subsequently announced that Rinehart would not be offered any seats on the board. After failing to get board representation she sold her shareholding in 2015.

In 2015, Rinehart was listed as the 37th-most-powerful woman in the world by Forbes; a decline from her 2014 and 2013 rankings as the 27th- and the 16th-most-powerful woman, respectively. In 2023, she ranked 48th in Forbes list of "World's 100 most powerful women".

Later the same year, Rinehart acquired Fossil Downs Station after it was placed on the market for the first time in 133 years. The 4000 km2 property was stocked with 15,000 head of cattle and the sale price was not disclosed, but it was estimated to be between A$25 to 30 million. Rinehart had acquired a 50% stake in Liveringa and Nerrima Stations in 2014 for A$40 million.

In October 2015, Rinehart planned to open the huge Roy Hill mine just eight months after she secured A$7.9 billion in funding. Initial shipments of iron ore were sent to China. In October 2016, it was announced that Hancock Prospecting had struck a deal to invest in AIM-listed UK-based mining company Sirius Minerals to help bring to fruition their North Yorkshire Polyhalite Project.

In April 2024, Rinehart revealed a 5.82% stake in Lynas Rare Earths and a 5.3% holding in MP Materials. Lynas and MP Materials produce rare earth materials, an industry dominated by China which produces 60 percent of the world's rare earth.

Political activities
In the 1970s, Rinehart was an active supporter of the Westralian Secession Movement, which her father had founded to work for the secession of Western Australia from the rest of the country. She also had some involvement with the Workers Party (later renamed the Progress Party), a libertarian organisation founded by businessman John Singleton.

Rinehart opposed the Rudd government's Mineral Resource Rent Tax and Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme as part of a group of mining magnates that included Andrew Forrest. She founded the lobby group ANDEV, ("Australians for Northern Development and Economic Vision") and has sponsored the trips of prominent climate change denier Christopher Monckton to Australia. In October 2021, Rinehart garnered controversy after expressing climate change denialist views during a speech at her childhood primary school.

Since 2010 Rinehart has been actively promoting the cause of development of Australia's north and has spoken, written articles and published a book on this topic. Rinehart stresses that Australia must do more to welcome investment and improve its cost competitiveness, particularly when Australia faces record debt. She advocates a special economic zone in the North with reduced taxation and less regulations and has enlisted the support of many prominent Australians, plus the Institute of Public Affairs. In a 2012 article in the Australian Resources and Investment Magazine, Rinehart said that if people wanted to have more money they should "stop whingeing" and "Do something to make more money yourself − spend less time drinking or smoking and socialising, and more time working". She criticised what she saw as the "socialist" policies of the Australian Government of "high taxes" and "excessive regulation".

In a video posted to the Sydney Mining Club's YouTube channel on 23 August 2012, Rinehart expressed concern for Australia's economic competitiveness, noting how "Indeed if we competed in the Olympic Games as sluggishly as we compete economically, there would be an outcry." She said, "Furthermore, Africans want to work, and its workers are willing to work for less than two dollars a day. Such statistics make me worry for this country's future." Rinehart's views were dismissed by the Australian Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, who said that "It's not the Australian way to toss people $2, to toss them a gold coin, and then ask them to work for a day" and that "we support proper Australian wages and decent working conditions." The Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer at the time, Wayne Swan, described Rinehart's statement as an "insult to the millions of Australian workers who go to work and slog it out to feed the kids and pay the bills."

Rinehart is a supporter of Donald Trump.

Controversies
In 2023, Rinehart withdrew her previous sponsorship of Netball Australia after Indigenous player Donnell Wallam asked to not wear the Hancock Prospecting logo on her kit.

In May 2024, Rinehart demanded that an "unflattering" portrait of herself by Indigenous artist Vincent Namatjira be removed from display at the National Gallery of Australia.

Hope Margaret Hancock Trust
In 1988, Lang Hancock established the Hope Margaret Hancock Trust, nominating Rinehart as trustee, with his four grandchildren named as beneficiaries. Gina Rinehart was appointed to run the trust until the youngest of her four children, Ginia Rinehart, turned 25 in 2011. The Trust owns 23.6% of the shares in Hancock Prospecting, and was believed to be valued at about A$5 billion.

In 2011, Rinehart's daughter, Hope Rinehart Welker, commenced a commercial action in the New South Wales Supreme Court for reasons understood to be related to the conduct of the trustee. The action sought to remove Rinehart as sole trustee. Her brother, John, and sister, Bianca, were later revealed as parties to the dispute.

In an agreement reached between the parties, the Court granted an interim non-publication order in September 2011. In making the interim order, Justice Paul Brereton stated: "This is not the first occasion of discord in the family, which has immense wealth, no small part of which resides in the trust. In the past, the affairs of the family, including such discord, has attracted considerable publicity in the media." Then, in a judgement handed down on 7 October 2011, Justice Brereton stated that he intended to dismiss an application by Rinehart, that there be a stay on court action, and that the family be directed into mediation. In December 2011, three justices of the NSW Court of Appeal lifted the suppression orders on the case. However, a stay was granted until 3 February 2012 and extended by the High Court of Australia until 9 March 2012. Rinehart's application for suppression was supported by Ginia Rinehart, but was opposed by Hope, John and Bianca. A subsequent application by Rinehart for a non-publication order on the grounds of fear of personal and family safety was dismissed by the NSW Supreme Court on 2 February 2012. In March 2012, when the suppression order was lifted, it was revealed that Rinehart had delayed the vesting date of the trust, which had prompted the court action by her three older children.

Rinehart stood down as trustee during the hearing in October 2013. While Rinehart's lawyers subsequently declared any legal matters closed, John and Bianca's legal representatives proceeded with a trial in the NSW Supreme Court to deal with allegations of misconduct. The Court handed down its decision on 28 May 2015 in which Bianca was appointed as the new trustee.

Net worth
Rinehart is one of Australia's richest people, with Forbes estimating her net worth in 2019 at US$14.8 billion as published in the list of Australia's 50 richest people, and The Australian Financial Review estimating her net worth in 2023 at A$37.41 billion—the wealthiest Australian as published in the 2023 Financial Review Rich List.

Rinehart first appeared on the 1992 Financial Review Rich List (at the time called the BRW Rich 200, published annually in the BRW magazine, following the death of her father earlier that year. She has appeared every year since, and became a billionaire in 2006. Due to Australia's mining boom in the early 21st century, Rinehart's wealth increased significantly since 2010, and she diversified investments into media, taking holdings in Ten Network Holdings and Fairfax Media. According to BRW, she became Australia's richest woman in 2010, and Australia's richest person in 2011, and the first woman to lead the list. During 2012, BRW claimed Rinehart was the world's richest woman, surpassing Wal-Mart owner Christy Walton.

In 2007, she first appeared on Forbes Asia Australia's 40 Richest, with an estimated wealth of US$1 billion; more than doubling that the next year to US$2.4 billion; and then, in spite of the global financial crisis, by 2011 had more than trebled to US$9 billion; doubled again in 2012 to US$18 billion; a slight reduction in 2013 to US$17 billion; and a slight increase in 2014 to US$17.6 billion. While still Australia's richest person, her wealth had reduced to US$12.3 billion by 2015 according to Forbes, and in 2016 Forbes assessed her net worth at US$8.5 billion, placing her second on the list.

In June 2011, Citigroup estimated that she was on course to overtake Carlos Slim, the Mexican magnate worth US$74 billion and Bill Gates, who is worth US$56 billion, mainly because she owns her companies outright. Using a price-to-earnings ratio of 11:1 that applied at that time to her business partner, Rio Tinto, the Australian internet business news service, SmartCompany, stated: "It is possible to see Rinehart's portfolio of coal and iron ore production spinning off annual profits approaching US$10 billion", giving her a "personal net worth valuation of more than US$100 billion".

In January 2012, there were further media reports that Rinehart's estimated wealth has increased to A$20 billion following estimates that the Roy Hill project was notionally valued at A$10 billion. Forbes magazine ranked her as the fourth-richest woman in 2012 with US$18 billion; the fifth-richest woman in 2013 with US$17 billion; and the sixth-richest woman in 2014 with US$17.6 billion. In 2012, BRW estimated her wealth at A$29.17 billion, with Ivan Glasenberg being her closest rival, with net wealth estimated at A$7.4 billion. At the time, BRW stated that it was possible Rinehart would become the first person with a net wealth of US$100 billion. , according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Rinehart was the 37 th- richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$18.6 billion.

Rinehart's wealth rankings between 2013 and 2019 were adversely impacted by the fall in the wholesale iron ore price and the fall in the AUD/USD exchange rate. In May 2016, she had fallen from wealthiest Australian in 2011 to fourth, with A$6.06 billion, surpassed by property developer Harry Triguboff, with A$10.62 billion. By 2020, according to The Australian Financial Review, Rinehart had an estimated net worth of A$28.89 billion and was restored to the mantle of the wealthiest Australian; it was a title that she has maintained since that date, progressively increasing her net worth, year on year.

Philanthropy
In a 2006 Business Review Weekly article reviewing the way Australia's rich support philanthropy, it was noted that Rinehart prefers to keep a low profile, partly to avoid being "harassed by other charities" and partly for reasons of privacy. Rinehart is publicly known for visiting girls' orphanages in Cambodia and is on the expert advisory board of SISHA, a Cambodian non-profit organisation campaigning against human trafficking,  in particular by rescuing and assisting sexually exploited women and children.

In 2012 Swimming Australia announced a $10 million funding arrangement over 4 years with the Georgina Hope Foundation in conjunction with Hancock Prospecting. The deal supports the Australian Swim Team through direct payments to elite and targeted development swimmers, as well supporting lesser known sports such as synchronised swimming. The arrangement was renewed for a further 2 years in August 2015 and includes naming rights to various Swimming Australia events, including the Australian Swimming Championships. As recently as 2019, the sporting group described Rinehart as “part of [the] team” and “part of the swimming family.".

Awards
In 2022, Rinehart was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2022 Australia Day Honours for "distinguished service to the mining sector, to the community through philanthropic initiatives, and to sport as a patron".

title: Gina Rinehart


text:
Talk:The Pilgrim's Progress

Synposis?
I haven't read this book before, and I'm afraid of going to your detailed list of what happens throughout the story. Can someone make a summary for us readers? --24.20.136.246 07:26, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Cover
This is a seminal work in Western Civilization and deserves an illustration from one of its many editions over the years. drboisclair 23:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Christian is known as Graceless before he is Christian
Christian is not known as "Pilgrim"; however, in the film version made in recent years and in "Dangerous Journey" this is something that is stated. However, in the book we read the following: "THE PORTER [Watchful of House Beautiful]: What is your name?/CHRISTIAN: My name is now Christian, but my name at the first was Graceless: I came of the race of Japheth, whom God will persuade to dwell in the tents of Shem. Gen. 9:27."

At the beginning we read: "OBSTINATE: What, said Obstinate, and leave our friends and our comforts behind us! /CHRISTIAN: Yes, said Christian, (for that was his name,)"

The "conversion" comes about when Evangelist tells Christian about fleeing from the "wrath to come." At that point, right at the beginning of the narrative he is called "Christian": he is never called "Pilgrim" as he is in the movie version or in "Dangerous Journey". "Conversion experience" is not an accurate description for what happens to Christian, although, his being encountered by Evangelist, who tells him to "flee from the wrath to come" causes him to leave home, which is the Old Testament concept of repentance, i.e. "turning around" (Hebrew: "shuv"). drboisclair 23:31, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

The Second Part
In one section of this article, there are quotes from a person who says "I have not read of a man who gave Jesus but one grote". I beg to differ with him. The New Testament gives the account of Jesus' disciples--they followed him wherever he went and did many things for him. Someone wasn't reading the Gospels--or any other books in the New Testament, for that matter--properly. Scorpionman 19:10, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Scorpionman, I would also beg to differ, but this is what Bunyan thought. He might have a point in that as far as I know of the New Testament, it is only reported that the women like Mary Magdalene, et. al. gave Jesus and His disciples money to support them. Bunyan is making a point that it was not reported that men gave any money to Jesus while women did. drboisclair 21:15, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Length
This article is too long and goes into too much depth about characters and locations, while only devoting a few paragraphs to basic plot summary. Wikipedia is not Cliff's Notes, though perhaps that could be a spin-off project. Could someone suggest a way of moving the non-encyclopedic content to a resource other than Wikipedia and providing it as an external link? --LostLeviathan 21:02, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The characters and locations are of interest because so many of them are used as allusions. Someone looking for Pilgrims Progress is often going to want Mister Stand-fast or the slough of despond or Vanity Fair. The plot is straight-forward; most of the information is in the characters and locations. Still, many of these characters and locations couldn't support an independent article. I think we have a good balance now. It's possible that the plot synopsis could be moved nearer the top of the page, if readers would find that more convenient. Tom Harrison (talk) 21:54, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I second Mr. Harrison's suggestions. Length should be no problem to subjects that are of great historical moment. Wikipedia is also a source of information. Why decrease the information it offers to the reader? Why can't Wikipedia be what we the internet users in the world want to make of it. The openness with which people are invited to edit it suggests that people influenced by their culture are allowed to shape it for what it is--admittedly, within reason. drboisclair 10:28, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

One "scholar's" idea of where place names "may have been gotten", which flies in the face of the explicit bible verses in the book on "where they were gotten", is ridiculous. It's lengthy, trite, off topic, and highly disputed. It seems the whole point is to put that in, instead of the bible references that were also included in the book that referred to where those names came from. You can remove them into "author's life" if you want, but I doubt they will take them either. You don't see exhaustive references to the real Hannibal in Wikipedia's pages on Tom Sawyer or Huckleberry Finn, and that town was explicitly mentioned in the book. No, Pilgrim's Progress doesn't mention that "the celestial city" is London, in fact it is a statement in complete contradiction to what the book says and its whole purpose. This section needs to be removed. The original poster's criticism as obviously true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:fcc8:a552:8200:d93d:1f2e:4b81:d8cb (talk) 19:20, 28 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I always find flies in the face quite annoying. But I think I know what you mean. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:08, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Adaption
Warner Oland gave his screen debut in an early adaption of "The Pilgrim's Progress". See imdb. --Stilfehler 14:26, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Conventicle Act
While I agree with the editor's characterization of this act as unjust or with the characterization of John Bunyan's imprisonment as being unjust, it would be not NPOV to have it in the main text. I'm sorry that I felt it should be reverted.--Drboisclair 16:23, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Some new pictures
I added some photos from my 1778 London edition. The map is particularly fun. I've not seen that in any of the modern editions. Hope you enjoy them.

Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 22:32, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Reinsertion of the Wikiquote material
It is not redundant to have these special quotations with an inter Wiki link. I ask that the link remain.--Drboisclair 05:22, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Criticism?
No real balance in this article, surely there is some criticism for this work! :) Zidel333 21:02, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * In the 1950s a survey found that readers thought that it was the most boring book they had ever read. It is considered to be a precursor to the novel. It was written by a poor, lower class "tinker." It is a timeless classic. Perhaps critiquing it would be like critiquing the Mona Lisa. The early literary critics had nothing but adulation for it. Finding some negative evaluation would be an interesting find. It is interesting that in 1913 a James Baldwin rewrote it without any allusions to religion in what he entitled John Bunyan's Dream Story .--Drboisclair 19:59, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with Drboisclair -- critiquing this book would be very problematical. For one thing, it's more than 350 years old, and doesn't really fit into modern genres of fiction. It's format is totally different to a modern novel, and rather more like the script of a play than anything else. It was written for a very specific purpose, and within the much more religious world of its time. If you were to level negative criticisms against it, you'd basically be commenting on the mid 17th Century society of England and the way Protestants saw themselves. Modern readers might find the way the Catholic Church is portrayed as rather insensitive, and the roles of men, women, and children are very different to their roles nowadays. But it's a book of its time, like the Bible or Satyricon or Huckleberry Finn, and bound to be different to modern books. I'd suggest at best you could highlight the way different social groups were portrayed, and perhaps try to explain why Bunyan was critical of, for example, the Pope or the middle classes or the judiciary. Cheers, Neale Neale Monks 23:43, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

On the other hand, there's an *allusion* to PP and its structure in C. S. Lewis's _The Allegory of Love._ He believes the image of Life As Progress is superior to The Moral Battle. (By the way, beyond _The Pilgrim's Regress_, there's clear influence in the travels of _The Horse and His Boy_ and _The Magician's Nephew_. Any critical comments? 128.147.38.10 16:45, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Wasn't it the great C.S. Lewis who wrote an essay "Lions in the path/roadway"? As a Christian theologian C.S. Lewis was greatly influence by St. Augustine, which we can see by the unicorn's declaration at the eschaton of Narnia, "Further up and further in." I guess the Lion/Aslan is a positive figure (Jesus) as opposed to Giant Grim's lions just before the House Beautiful. I don't see much influence. Lewis has better theology in my opinion than Bunyan.--Drboisclair 19:01, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Christian thinks that he sees the shining light
"Then said Evangelist, pointing with his finger over a very wide Field, Do you see yonder Wicket-gate? [Mat. 7] The Man said, No. Then said the other, Do you see yonder shining light? [Psalm 119.105; 2 Pet. 1.19.] He said, I think I do. Then said Evangelist, Keep that light in your eye, and go up directly thereto, so shalt thou see the Gate; at which when thou knockest, it shall be told thee what thou shalt do."

It is because of this information that I have indicated that Christian thinks he sees the "shining light."--Drboisclair 04:17, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

First edition image provided
I have provided an image of the title page of Pilgrim's Progress's first edition, and I would like to begin improving this article for GA and A rating.--Drboisclair 13:36, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Question on English variety used in this article
Since this article is about a book by a British author who wrote using the British English of his time, I would like to suggest that it be amended to contain (current) British English and not American. Specifically, the following words should be amended: sepulcher [sepulchre], armor [armour], traveler/s [traveller/s] and neighbor [neighbour]. 90.207.178.62 (talk) 20:39, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Are you able to cite a Wikipedia policy that mandates that? I think that the argument is ridiculous. We should work toward making a uniform English language rather than perpetuating differences.--Drboisclair (talk) 06:14, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The manual of style has guidelines for when it is or isn't appropriate to use a particular variety of English in an article. The only essential question is whether or not there are "strong ties" to the desired variety, and I would posit that works of literature always have at least one obvious tie to a particular kind of English. ;-)  If someone wants to go through and make such an update then I think it would be within the Manual of Style's recommendations. -- tiny plastic Grey Knight   ⊖  08:02, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I will check the text of this work, and if the reference is to a word in it, and if it is spelled in this way, I will make the change. I think there is a point in using the spelling from the text.--Drboisclair (talk) 15:55, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, in the case of "sepulchre": Bunyan spells it "Sepulcher"! It should remain in the article as he has spelled it himself.--Drboisclair (talk) 16:09, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * "Armour" for "armor" is in accordance with Bunyan's spelling, so I have changed "armor" to "armour."--Drboisclair (talk) 16:16, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I have also changed "neighbor" to "neighbour" and "traveler" to "traveller" in accordance with Bunyan's spelling. If there are any other words, please post them here or change them if they are Bunyan's spelling. The 2003 Oxford, W.R. Owens edition is a reliable source for determining how Bunyan himself spelled words. On page 37 the text reads "Sepulcher" and on page 38, line 3 of the 60s Wharey/Sharrock edition it reads as "Sepulcher" as well.--Drboisclair (talk) 16:33, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Great stuff Drboisclair! I will take your word for it on the "sepulcher" point ;-) -- tiny plastic Grey Knight   ⊖  18:11, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, in the 17th century a self-taught artisan like Mr. Bunyan dealt with an English that was not standard in any widespread way. That is the way with our glorious living language! I live to see English as the lingua franca of the world.--Drboisclair (talk) 18:32, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

200 Languages?!?
No way this book has been translated into 200 Languages. Even if that's what the Oxford edition says: that's a fantastic number, as in virtually impossible. I'd be surprised if the book has been translated into 50 languages. Does anyone have further proof/evidence? --woggly (talk) 07:51, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It has been long stated in earlier editions that it had been translated into 100 languages. This is documented by authorized editions, so proof is not necessary just because you may be skeptical. Are you disputing this because there are not 200 languages on earth or are you disputing this because you do not feel that The Pilgrim's Progress was translated into that many languages? Cf. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, F.L. Cross, ed, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 1092: "The book, which circulated at first mainly in uneducated circles and whose supreme qualities were only gradually recognized, has appeared in a vast number of editions, and been translated into well over 100 languages."--Drboisclair (talk) 02:15, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You can see this to show that there are over 6,000 languages on earth. You see the evidence later in the article about the exotic languages into which this classic was translated.--Drboisclair (talk) 02:27, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll explain. While it is true there are thousands of languages (closer to 7,000), far fewer languages have a written corpus of literature. To the best of my knowledge, the Bible is the most widely translated book in the world, and has been translated into over 2,000 languages; often in order to translate the Bible it has been necessary for missionaries to invent new systems of writing for languages that previously had only an oral tradition. Secular works that have been widely translated include "The Diary of Anne Frank" (66 languages ), "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (60 something languages) and "Hamlet" (50 something languages) and The Communist Manifesto. In other words, if "The Pilgrim's Progress" has indeed been translated into more than 200 languages, this would likely make it the single most translated novel in the history of literature, which I somehow doubt. Especially given the fact that the book has never been translated into Hebrew (as far as I have been able to glean from various sources, including the National Library in Israel). Hebrew is not that esoteric a language: it is number 32 on UNESCO's list of Top 50 target languages for translation . --woggly (talk) 08:47, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I see you admit that the Bible has been widely translated. Well, next after the Bible The Pilgrim's Progress has been translated the most widely. In order to meet your challenge--for which I thank you--I have seen where it is reported that The Pilgrim's Progress has been translated into all the languages and dialects of Europe. It has been around since 1678/84, so it has had the time to make the rounds. It was translated into Native American languages because it was considered by missionaries to be a tool for their work of evangelization. The same is true for other languages. Check it out, you may be surprized that a novel as "musty and stuffy" as The Pilgrim's Progress used to be quite widely read throughout the world.--Drboisclair (talk) 13:39, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, I have seen that The Pilgrim's Progress has been translated into Hebrew. I guess I will look for that internet reference.--Drboisclair (talk) 13:53, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I have found it catalogued that Pilgrim's Progress was translated into Hebrew:

British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books: Bunyan, London, 1884, column 30 : See "Halicoth" "Sepher Halicoth Ourath": It was done in 1845 and 1851.--Drboisclair (talk) 17:34, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Proof that Plain Ease comes before By-Path Meadow
Then Christian and Hopeful outwent them again, and went till they came at a delicate plain, called Ease, where they went with much content; but that plain was but narrow, so they were quickly got over it. Now at the farther side of that plain was a little hill, called Lucre ...

Now I saw that, just on the other side of this plain, the pilgrims came to a place where stood an old monument, hard by the highway-side, at the sight of which they were both concerned, because of the strangeness of the form thereof; for it seemed to them as if it had been a woman transformed into the shape of a pillar. Here, therefore, they stood looking and looking upon it, but could not for a time tell what they should make thereof. At last Hopeful espied, written above upon the head thereof, a writing in an unusual hand; but he being no scholar, called to Christian (for he was learned) to see if he could pick out the meaning: so he came, and after a little laying of letters together, he found the same to be this, "Remember Lot’s wife." ...

I saw then that they went on their way to a pleasant river, which David the king called "the river of God;" but John, "the river of the water of life." [Psa. 65:9; Rev. 22:1; Ezek. 47:1-9.] Now their way lay just upon the bank of this river: here, therefore, Christian and his companion walked with great delight; they drank also of the water of the river, which was pleasant and enlivening to their weary spirits. Besides, on the banks of this river, on either side, were green trees with all manner of fruit; and the leaves they ate to prevent surfeits, and other diseases that are incident to those that heat their blood by travel. On either side of the river was also a meadow, curiously beautified with lilies; and it was green all the year long. ...

Now I beheld in my dream, that they had not journeyed far, but the river and the way for a time parted, at which they were not a little sorry; yet they durst not go out of the way. Now the way from the river was rough, and their feet tender by reason of their travels; so the souls of the pilgrims were much discouraged because of the way. [Numb. 21:4.] Wherefore, still as they went on, they wished for a better way. Now, a little before them, there was on the left hand of the road a meadow, and a stile to go over into it, and that meadow is called By-path meadow.--Drboisclair (talk) 17:30, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Novel?
A strict Novel it may not be, but narrative prose it certainly is. Which puts it in scope to the "Novels" wikiproject. So the banner is valid. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  08:27, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that the first novel, though, was Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe; although Cervantes Don Quixote might also have been a novel. I would oppose its being considered a novel.--Drboisclair (talk) 17:26, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Previously added section on Anticatholicism
I excised this section:

 * ==Catholicism==
 * John Bunyan's opinions about Catholicism would today make him an anti-catholic.

 * In The Pilgrims Progress, Catholicism is a vague, evil concept: "Now I saw in my dream...blood, bones, ashes, and mangled bodies.....I was reflecting on what the reason for this might be....their names were Pope and Pagan, and by their power and tyranny, those whose bones, blood, ashes, and other remains lay there had been put to death. I have since learned that the Pagan has been dead a long time. As for the other one (the Pope), though he is still alive".

 * In chapter 12 of Pilgrims Progress at vanity fair Rome is described as the king provider of "meaningless things" at the fair

because it was poorly written, and predominantly unsourced; however, a look that the article subsection on "Context in Christendom" shows that I have added the material and point made by this addition, which is an important element of this work.--Drboisclair (talk) 13:26, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Importance
I have changed the importance rating in "Christianity" and "Calvinism" for this entry because I feel that the former rating is inadequate relative to the importance of this work. I am astounded that anyone would question the significance of this work in English literature. Of course, that may be a sign of the times. The Pilgrim's Progress does not have the significance that it had in the 19th century that it does in the 21st century, and that significance will probably wain through time.--Drboisclair (talk) 19:13, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

New Adaptation to Film
Should any mention be made,like in the 'retellings' section, of the new movie which has recently come out as a modern live-action retelling of the Pilgrim's Progress? Invmog (talk) 01:28, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Jane Eyre reference
The reference to Jane Eyre is essentially straight out of Madwoman in the Attic (which is fair as it is cited as such). However, the essay collection has fallen out of full repute, as the article on the book itself notes, and is often viewed by even some feminist critics as outdated. I would gladly accept this interpretation of the ending to be mentioned in the Jane Eyre article, but mentioning it here seems far too definite to be helpful. I would rather edit the article to mention the varying interpretations for Jane Eyre, as well as the presence of Pilgrim's Progress in Brontë's other works. I would suggest the following revision, using the other influential essay St. John's Way and the Wayward Reader as a source for Jane Eyre's interpretation.

Charlotte Brontë refers to Pilgrim's Progress in most of her novels, including Jane Eyre, Shirley , and Villette. Her alterations to the quest-narrative have led to much critical interest, particular with the ending of Jane Eyre. --Artimaean (talk) 21:11, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Added it. Feel free to delete this posting.--Artimaean (talk) 20:46, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Geographical Background to Pilgrim's Progress - Part 1
My favourite edition of Pilgrim's Progress (part 1 only) was published on the 250th anniversary of John Bunyan's death, in 1938, in Bedford . This, the only edition from Bunyan's home town, retains his marginal notes and Bible references.

In the Wikipedia (WP) article about John Bunyan (JB), there is a short paragraph regarding three "images" of places known to him, that appear in Pilgrim's Progress (PP). One old book  describes the natural features of Bedfordshire that show up in PP.

In her well-researched biography of JB, Vera Brittain  cites seven locations which come into JB's allegory. I am sure that JB's dream was based on his journey from Bedford, on the main road that runs less than a mile behind his Elstow cottage, through Ampthill, Dunstable and St Albans to London.

This WP article could be improved by identifying 21 natural or man-made features which are incorporated into PP. While this proposed section might not add spiritual value, it would bring a new dimension of human interest and show how much JB was influenced by the environment that he saw on his many travels, on foot or horse-back.

In the same sequence as these subjects are mentioned in PP, I postulate the following (in note form):-

1) The Plain (across which Christian fled) = Bedford Plain - 15 miles across - Bedford town in middle.                         JohnRAbrams (talk) 23:39, 10 June 2010 (UTC) JohnRAbrams (talk) 23:39, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Geographical Background to Pilgrim's Progress - Part 2
2) Slough of Despond (a major obstacle for Christian & Pliable - "a very miry slough . . that swallowed up 20,000 cart-loads of fill") = Large deposits of gray clay (supplied London Brick's large Stewartby works - closed 2008), on either side of Bedford-Ampthill road, exactly match JB's description. Wet, mossy area near JB's cottage far too small! 3) High Hill (on way to village of Morality - whose "side of it that was next the wayside did hang so much over") = red, sandy, cliffs just N. of Ridgmont (i.e. rouge mont). 4) Wicket Gate = gate at entrance to Elstow church .

5) Tower (from which arrows shot) = standalone tower - remnant of previous abbey - beside Elstow parish church.

6) House of Interpreter = rectory of St John's church, S. end of Bedford - where JB was mentored by pastor John Gifford.

7) Highway (fenced on either side with a wall) - red brick wall, over four miles long, beside Ridgmont-Woburn road, marks boundary of Duke of Bedford's estate.

8) Place somewhat ascending . . a Cross & Sepulchre = cross and well (by the church) on sloping main street of Stevington (5 miles W. of Bedford).

9) Hill Difficulty = Ampthill Hill, on main Bedford road - steepest hill in county. Sandy range of hills across Bedfordshire from Woburn through Ampthill to Potton - characterized by dark, dense & dismal woods.

10) Pleasant arbour = small "lay-by", part way up hill, on E. side < 1908 photo of cyclist resting in Underwood, A. - Ampthill in old picture postcards  - European Library (Zaltbommel, Netherlands, 1989)>. JohnRAbrams (talk) 19:56, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Geographical Background to Pilgrim's Progress - Part 3
11) Narrow passage (lane to Palace Beautiful) = entrance cut into high bank by roadside, at top of Ampthill Hill (to the E.).

12) Palace Beautiful = Houghton (formerly Ampthill) House - built 1621 & ruin since 1800 - house faced N. - great view of Bedford Plain - trade entance on S. side.

13) Delectable Mountains = Chiltern Hills - seen from second floor of Houghton House - "Chalk hills, stretching 50 miles from the Thames to Dunstable Downs, have beautiful blue flowers and butterflies, with glorious beech trees" . Much lighter and more open than sandy hills to N. On clear day can see London's buildings from Dunstable Downs, near Whipsnade Zoo.

14) Valley of the Shadow of Death = Millbrook Gorge, to W. of Ampthill.

15) Vanity Fair = only Stourbridge Fair, held in Cambridge, during late August and early September, fits JB's extravagant description of fair's antiquity & vast variety of goods sold . Sermons were preached each Sunday at the "Doddery" in Stourbridge Fair. JB preached often in Toft (just 4 miles W. of Cambridge)  and must have visited Cambridge.

16) Statue of Lot's Wife = weather-beaten statue - looks much like person-sized salt pillar - on small island in river Ouse, just to N. of Turvey bridge, 8 miles W. of Bedford (near Stevington) JohnRAbrams (talk) 23:25, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Since there is documented support for these possible models for Bunyan's topography in Pilgrim's Progress, I would encourage you to add such a section. Simple and plain man that he was, it is completely believable that he utilized things he saw as he went about his life.--Drboisclair (talk) 15:44, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the go-ahead - I'll key a new section in ASAP - JohnRAbrams (talk) 16:44, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Geographical Background to Pilgrim's Progress Part 4
17) River,with trees along each bank = river Ouse, E. of Bedford, where JB, as a boy, fished with sister Margaret OR valley of river Flit, flowing through Flitton & Flitwick, S.of Ampthill.

18) Doubting Castle = Ampthill Castle - built early 15th century- often visited by King Henry VIII (cruel & corpulent king an obvious model for Giant Despair), as hunting lodge - used for "house arrest" of Queen Katharine of Aragon & her courtiers in 1535-36, before her execution at Kimbolton. Castle dismantled soon after 1660 - so JB would have seen its towers  in 1650's & known of empty castle plateau in 1670's. (JB had castle demolished & Giant killed in part 2 of PP.)

19) Country of Beulah = Middlesex county (N. & W. of London) had pretty villages, market gardens & estates (with beautiful parks & gardens) of rich aristocrats in JB's time - "woods of Islington to the green hills of Hampstead & Highgate" .

20) Very Deep River = Thames - 1.000 feet wide at high tide (moved, in JB's imagination, to N. of the City).

21) Celestial City = London - centre of JB's world (most of his neighbours never travelled that far!) - in 1670's new, gleaming, city centre, with 40 churches, arising after Great Fire of 1666. Last decade of life JB had some of his best Christian friends there, including a Lord Mayor

JohnRAbrams (talk) 18:17, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Catherine of Aragon was certainly not executed. She lived at Kimbolton and may have died there. Is the speculation that Henry VIII=Giant Despair pushing beyond what can be established documentarily?--Drboisclair (talk) 13:04, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have edited the material that was inserted into the article, especially correcting the abbreviations like "JB" and "PP": they should be written out.--Drboisclair (talk) 04:20, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your help and the improvements to my text. JohnRAbrams (talk) 15:43, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * John, you may want to provide specific pages in the references to the pages of those recently published works about Bunyan's environment. One of the problems that we may get over this is that it is SPECULATION on the part of scholars; however, if you read The Pilgrim's Progress as many times as I have, you will get the feel that Bunyan was making the journey himself with the specific images that came to his mind from his own surroundings. Bunyan, although capable of abstract thought, was not given to fanciful fabrication of places and people. He may have had certain people in mind: Lord Hate-good of Vanity Fair was probably based upon the judge that sentenced him to imprisonment for 12+ years.--Drboisclair (talk) 14:37, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Mutiple Issues tag
The tag about the article reading like an essay is somewhat unfounded as is the concern about the lead paragraph. The second of these concerns is corrected by simply incorporating the next section on composition into the lead article. The two sections about the appearance of The Pilgrim's Progress in other literature and in contemporary culture DOES have problems, so I have tagged them.--Drboisclair (talk) 15:26, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Forgotten UK tv version of The Pilgrim's Progress.
In the late 1960s I was transfixed by a spooky version of Pilgrim's Progress shown on British television, usually at Christmas. It featured surreal puppets with voiceovers. It may or may not have been a series. I don't know if it was shown by the BBC or the ITV. The recordings have probably been destroyed given the philistine nature of the tv companies, along with many other performances recorded in the UK. Imageofreality (talk) 00:35, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

REVIEW
Pilgrims Progress is a straight forward book about a christian's journey through life. All the characters are based on all the obstacles a true christian faces in life and how they are overcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hybridnat1972 (talk • contribs) 17:17, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:19, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

English Dissenters
need some mention in the treatment of the work. — Llywelyn II   02:01, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

Character list
The description of Pope and Pagan states that these two characters appear in the Second Part: "In the Second Part, Pagan is resurrected by a demon from the bottomless pit of the Valley of the Shadow of Death, representing the new age of pagan persecution, and Pope is revived of his deadly wounds and is no longer stiff and unable to move, representing the beginning of the Christian's troubles with Roman Catholic popes." I have read the Second Part, and I didn't find anything to give that impression. Should it be removed from the article?--2001:56A:F151:9800:18A6:759C:D8DC:CE04 (talk) 20:16, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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imprisonment. ,'we were caught to live and they escaped to die symbolizes,'
sometimes I feel like that Pilgrim...and I so want to understand at a deep level/core what he means in the dream.... Bonniejakub 00:36, 27 June 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bonniejakub (talk • contribs)

Mr. Legality and Civility "descendants of slaves"?
The article states this in the plot summary, but I'm curious to know where this info is found in the text. From what I'm reading, Evangelist just calls them deceivers and hucksters.

"He to whom thou wast sent for ease, being by name Legality, is not able to set thee free from thy burden. No man was as yet ever rid of his burden by him; no, nor ever is like to be: ye cannot be set right by any such plan. Therefore, Mr. Worldly Wiseman is an enemy, and Mr. Legality is a cheat; and, for his son Civility, notwithstanding his simpering looks, he is but a fraud and cannot help thee. Believe me, there is nothing in all this noise that thou hast heard of these wicked men, but a design to rob thee of thy salvation, by turning thee from the way in which I had set thee."

Lucas.lisitsky (talk) 00:37, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The text in question is very close to the passage you have cited. "He to whom thou wast sent for ease, being by name Legality, is the son of the bond-woman which now is, and is in bondage with her children, Gal. 4:21-27, and is, in a mystery, this Mount Sinai, which thou hast feared will fall on thy head. Now if she with her children are in bondage, how canst thou expect by them to be made free? This Legality, therefore, is not able to set thee free from thy burden. No man was as yet ever rid of his burden by him; no, nor ever is like to be: ye cannot be justified by the works of the law; for by the deeds of the law no man living can be rid of his burden: Therefore Mr. Worldly Wiseman is an alien, and Mr. Legality is a cheat; and for his son Civility, notwithstanding his simpering looks, he is but a hypocrite, and cannot help thee."

 * Bunyan is applying St. Paul's allegory of Hagar and Sarah. (See Galatians 4:21-27 in line with Genesis 21:10) Abraham fathered Ishmael by Hagar, who was Sarah's slave, and he fathered Isaac by Sarah, his wife. Paul is saying that people that trust in their own obedience to God's Law are children of Hagar the maidservant but those that trust in Jesus Christ as God's Substitute for humanity that suffered all the punishment for all sins are children of Sarah the free woman. The point being made here is that Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Legality, and Civility directing people burdened with their sins, as Christian is, cannot free them from their burdens because they direct them to the Law of God, which demands perfection and compensation rendered by the person burdened with his sin. It was the Law of God that gave Christian his burden. He must follow the way through the Wicket Gate to the cross of Christ to be rid of his sin. Worldly Wiseman, Legality, and Civility are spiritual slaves to the Law. They cannot be saved from their own sins let alone help others to be saved from their sins. This part of the plot summary needs to be modified.Drboisclair (talk) 03:57, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

Mr Standfast and Mr Valiant-for-truth
I don't have a first edition, but in the versions of the text I have the characters in part 2 are named Mr Standfast, and Mr Valiant-for-truth and not as shown in the list of characters (where -for-truth is added to Mr Stand-fast Adsbenham (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 12:44, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

[resolved] Cultural influence
Article: "Because of the widespread longtime popularity of The Pilgrim's Progress, Christian's hazards—whether originally from Bunyan or borrowed by him from the Bible—[...] have become commonly used phrases proverbial in English."

I doubt that phrases from the Bible have become popular because of the popularity of PP. For example Psalm 23. There are no citations which renders this doubt most flagrant and fragrant. I propose finding sources or excising the problem. Untitled50reg (talk) 22:07, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

"perspective glass"
This is simply an older term for a telescope. So, this line in the current version makes no sense: " they are able to see the Celestial City through the shepherd's "perspective glass", which serves as a telescope." The phrase "which serves as a" should be replaced by "i.e.". The current prose is misleading: a perspective glass "serves as a telescope" only in the sense that a telescope serves as a telescope. So: change to " they are able to see the Celestial City through the shepherd's "perspective glass", i.e., telescope." 24.134.112.93 (talk) 08:07, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

References in literature - Salinger
as far as i can remember this book is mentioned many times in J.D. Salinger's Franny and Zoey. i never edited wiki articles, could someone make a reference? thanks a lot 94.21.204.57 (talk) 16:08, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Pilgrim's Progress


text:
Shawnee language

The Shawnee language is a Central Algonquian language spoken in parts of central and northeastern Oklahoma by the Shawnee people. It was originally spoken by these people in a broad territory throughout the Eastern United States, mostly north of the Ohio River. They occupied territory in Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.

Shawnee is closely related to other Algonquian languages, such as Mesquakie-Sauk (Sac and Fox) and Kickapoo. It has 260 speakers, according to a 2015 census, although the number is decreasing. It is a polysynthetic language with rather free word ordering.

Status
Shawnee is severely threatened, as many speakers have shifted to English. The approximately 200 remaining speakers are older adults. Some of the decline in usage of Shawnee resulted from the United States' assimilation program carried out by Indian boarding schools, which abused, starved, and beat children who spoke their Native languages. This treatment often extended to the family of those children as well.

Of the 4,576 citizens of the Absentee Shawnee Tribe around the city of Shawnee, more than 100 are speakers. Of the 3,652 citizens of the Eastern Shawnee Tribe in Ottawa County, only a few elders are speakers. Of the 2,226 citizens of the Shawnee Tribe, or Loyal Shawnee in northeastern Oklahoma around Whiteoak, there are fewer than 12 speakers. Because of such low figures and the percentage of elderly speakers, Shawnee is classified as an endangered language. Additionally, development outside of the home has been limited. A dictionary and portions of the Bible translated from 1842 to 1929 were translated into Shawnee.

Language revitalization
Absentee-Shawnee Elder George Blanchard Sr., former governor of his tribe, teaches classes to Head Start and elementary school children, as well as evening classes for adults, at the Cultural Preservation Center in Seneca, Missouri. His work was profiled on the PBS show American Experience in 2009. The classes are intended to encourage speaking Shawnee among families at home. The Eastern Shawnee have also taught language classes. The Shawnee Tribe launched a language immersion program in 2020 with virtual and in-person classes.

Conversational Shawnee booklets, CDs, and a Learn Shawnee Language website are available.

Vowels
Shawnee has six vowels, three of which are high, and three are low.

In Shawnee, tends to be realized as, and  tended to be pronounced.

In (1) and (2), a near minimal pair has been found for Shawnee and. In (3) and (4), a minimal pair has been found for Shawnee and.

(1) ho-wiisi'-ta 'he was in charge'

(2) wi 'si 'dog'

(3) caaki yaama 'all this'

(4) caki 'small'

However, no quantitative contrasts have been found in the vowels and.

Consonants
Shawnee consonants are shown in the chart below.

and contrast in the verbal affixes -ki (which marks third person singular animate objects) and -kki (which marks third person plural animate objects).

The Shawnee is most often derived from Proto-Algonquian *s.

Some speakers of Shawnee pronounce more like an alveolar. This pronunciation is especially common among Loyal Band Shawnee speakers near Vinita, Oklahoma.

[] and [h] are allophones of the same phoneme: [] occurs in syllable final position, while occurs at the beginning of a syllable.

Stress
Stress in Shawnee falls on the final syllable (ultima) of a word.

In Shawnee phonology, consonant length is contrastive. Words may not begin with vowels, and between a morpheme ending with a vowel and one starting with a vowel, a is inserted. Shawnee does not allow word-final consonants and long vowels.
 * Consonant length
 * and contrast in the following verbal affixes

ye- kkil -a -ki

SUB- hide -DIR −3S.AO

when (I) hide him

ye- kkil -a -kki

SUB- hide -DIR −3P.AO

when (I) hide them

''These affixes (-ki, -kki) are object markers in the transitive animate subordinate mode. The subject is understood.''

[h] Insertion

∅→[h]/#____V

A word may not begin with a vowel. Instead, an on-glide is added. For example:

There are two variants of the article -oci, meaning 'from'. It can attach to nouns to form prepositional phrases, or it can also be a preverb. When it attaches to a noun, it is -ooci, and when attached to a preverb it is -hoci.

naamin-ooci

Norman-from

from Norman

oklahooma niila hoci-lenawe

Oklahoma 1 from-live

I'm from Oklahoma

/y/ Insertion

∅→[y]/V_____ V

When one of the vowels is long, Shawnee allows for the insertion of.

ni-[t]aay-a

I-REDUP-go

'I went (repeatedly)'

Word-final Consonant Deletion

C# → 0

A consonant is deleted at the end of a word.

In (a), a noun ends in a consonant when a locative suffix follows, but in (b), the consonant is deleted at word end.

wiikiw55p -ski

house -LOC

'in the house'

wiikiwa ho- staa -ekw -a -li kapenalee -li

house 3- build -INV -DIR -3S.OBV governor -3S.OBV

'The governor (obviative) built (him)

Word-final Vowel Shortening

V:# → V#

A long vowel is shortened at the end of a word.

Rule 1
t/V____V

[t] is inserted between two vowels at morpheme boundary.

As we know from the phonological rule stated above, a word may not begin with a vowel in Shawnee. From the morphophonological rule above, it can be assumed that ~.

example

-eecini(i) meaning 'Indian agent' appears as hina heecini or 'that Indian agent', and as ho-[t]eecinii-ma-waa-li, meaning 'he was their Indian agent'. The of ho-[t]- fills the open slot that would otherwise have to be filled with.

Rule 2
V1-V2-> V2

A short vowel preceding another short vowel at a morpheme boundary is deleted.

hina + -ene

that + -Xtimes

at that time period, then

melo'kami -eke

spring -LOC

in spring

Rule 3
V:V--> V:

When a long vowel and a short vowel come together at a morpheme boundary, the short vowel is deleted.

ho- staa -ekw -a -li

3- build -INV -DIR -3S.OBV

he built (him) (a house)

kaa- ki- noot-en -aa -maa -ekw -a

REDUP- PERF- hear-by.hand -TI -TA -INV -DIR

(he) signed by hand (to me) (repeatedly)

Shawnee shares many grammatical features with other Algonquian languages. There are two third persons, proximate and obviative, and two noun classes (or genders), animate and inanimate. It is primarily agglutinating typologically, and is polysynthetic, resulting in a great deal of information being encoded on the verb. The most common word order is Verb-Subject.

Affixes
stem-(instrumental affix)-transitivizing affix-object affix

The instrumental affix is not obligatory, but if it is present, it determines the type of transitivizing affix that can follow it, (see numbering scheme below) or by the last stem in the theme.

Instrumental affixes are as follows

Possessive paradigm: inanimate nouns
-tθani (w)- 'bed'

Word order
Shawnee has a fairly free word order, with VSO being the most common:

teki koos -i -ma

NEG run.from -IMPER -AO

'run you from him' (in the negative) 'you mustn't run away from him'

SOV, SVO, VOS, and OVS are also plausible.

Grammatical categories
Parts of speech in the Algonquian languages, Shawnee included, show a basic division between inflecting forms (nouns, verbs and pronouns), and non-inflecting invariant forms (also known as particles). Directional particles (piyeci meaning 'towards') incorporate into the verb itself. Although particles are invariant in form, they have different distributions and meanings that correspond to adverbs ([hi]noki meaning 'now', waapaki meaning 'today', lakokwe meaning 'so, certainly', mata meaning 'not') postpositions (heta'koθaki wayeeci meaning 'towards the east') and interjections (ce meaning 'so!').

Case
Examples (1) and (2) below show the grammatical interaction of obviation and inverse. The narrative begins in (1) in which grandfather is the grammatical subject [+AGENT] in discourse-focus [+PROXIMATE]. In (2), grandfather remains in discourse-focus [+PROXIMATE], but he is now the grammatical object [+OBJECT]. To align grammatical relations properly in (2), the inverse marker /-ekw-/ is used in the verb stem to signal that the governor is affecting grandfather. (The prefix on ho-stakooli refers to 'grandfather').

he- meci- naat-aw'ky -aa -ci hina ni-me'soom' -θa

SUB- COMPLETED- much-land -TA −3SUB that 1-grandfather -PERSON

'afterwards my grandfather received land'

wiikiwa ho- staa -ekw -a -li kapenalee -li

house 3- build -INV -DIR -3S.OBV governor -3S.OBV

'the governor built (him) a house' (/-li/ is the obviative marker)

Since the person building the house (the governor) is disjoint from the person who the house is being built for (the grandfather), this disjunction is marked by placing one participant in the obviative. Since grandfather is the focus in this narrative, the governor is assigned the obviative marking. Grammatically, kapenal-ee (-ee- < -ile- < -ileni- 'person') is the subject who is not in discourse-focus (marked by 3sOBVIATIVE), showing that grammatical relations and obviation are independent categories.

Similar interactions of inverse and obviation are found below. In Shawnee, third person animate beings participate in obviation, including grammatically animate nouns that are semantically inanimate.

we ni- cis -h -ekw -a hina weepikwa

then 1- fear -CAUSE -INV -DIR- that spider

'then that spider scared me'

ho- waap -am -aa -li kisa'θwa -li

3- look -TA -DIR -3S.OBV sun -3S.OBV

'he looked at the sun'

Locative affix
The Shawnee meaning 'in' can be used with either gender. This locative affix cliticizes onto the preceding noun, and thus it appears to be a case ending.

tekwakhwikan -eki

box -in

'in a box'

msi-wikiwaap -eki

big-house -in

'in a big house'

tθene melo'kami -eki

every spring -in

'every spring'

Modality
The independent and imperative orders are used in independent clauses. The imperative order involves an understood second person affecting first or third persons.

teke ki- e'- memekw -i

NEG 2- FUT- run -IMPER

'you mustn't run'

teki- koos -i -ma

NEG run.from -IMPER -AO

'you mustn't run away from him'

teke- wi'θen -i kola'-waapaki

NEG eat -IMPER early-morning

'you mustn't eat early in the morning'

Independent Mode:

Inanimate Intransitive (II):
 * 3s---> /-i/ ---> skwaaw-i 'it is red'
 * 3p---> /-a/ ---> kinwaaw-a 'those are long'

Demonstrative pronouns
Refer to the examples below. Yaama meaning 'this' in examples 1 and 2 refers to someone in front of the speaker. The repetition of yaama in example 1 emphasizes the location of the referent in the immediate presence of the speaker.

yaama- kookwe- nee -θa -yaama

this- strange- appearing -PERSON -this

'this stranger (the one right in front of me)'

mata- yaama- ha'- pa-skoolii -wi ni-oosθe' −0a

not this TIME- go-school -AI     1-grandchild -PERSON

'this grandchild of mine does not go to school'

Refer to the examples below. Hina functions as a third-person singular pronoun.

hina- ha'θepati ni-[t]e-si-naa-pe

3 racoon 1-call-thus-IN.OBJ-1p

'we called him (the Indian Agent) racoon'

we ha'θepati -si -θo -hina

now raccoon name -PASSIVE 3

'then he (the Indian Agent) was named raccoon'

howe-si taakteli -hina

good-AI doctor 3

'he was a good doctor'

Refer to the examples below. Hini fulfills the same functions as above for inanimate nouns. Locational and third-person singular pronominal uses are found in the following examples.

na'θaapi ni-[t]aay-a hini

even 1-REDUP-go that

'I would even go there'

hini- h-i-si-ci-howe

that [h]-say-thus-3-now

'(when) he said that (to me)'

Person
The choice of person affix may depend on the relative position of agent and object on the animacy hierarchy. According to Dixon the animacy hierarchy extends from first-person pronoun, second-person pronoun, third-person pronoun, proper nouns, human common nouns, animate common nouns, and inanimate common nouns.

The affixes in the verb will reflect whether an animate agent is acting on someone or something lower in the animacy scale, or whether he or she is being acted upon by someone or something lower in the animacy scale.

Number
Shawnee nouns can be singular or plural. Inflectional affixes in the verb stem that cross-reference objects are often omitted if inanimate objects are involved. Even if an inflectional affix for the inanimate object is present, it usually does not distinguish number. For example, in the TI paradigm (animate›inanimate) when there is a second or third person plural subject, object markers are present in the verb stem, but they are number-indifferent. Overt object markers are omitted for most other subjects. In the inverse situation, (animate‹inanimate) the inanimate participants are not cross-referenced morphologically.

Gender
The basic distinction for gender in Shawnee is between animate actors and inanimate objects. Nouns are in two gender classes, inanimate and animate; the latter includes all persons, animals, spirits, and large trees, and some other objects such as tobacco, maize, apple, raspberry (but not strawberry), calf of leg (but not thigh), stomach, spittle, feather, bird's tail, horn, kettle, pipe for smoking, snowshoe.

Grammatical gender in Shawnee is more accurately signaled by the phonology, not the semantics.

Nouns ending in are animate, while nouns ending in  are inanimate. This phonological criterion is not absolute. Modification by a demonstrative (hina being animate and hini being inanimate, meaning 'that') and pluralization are conclusive tests.

In the singular, Shawnee animate nouns end in, and the obviative singular morpheme is.

Shawnee inanimate nouns are usually pluralized with stem +.

This causes animate obviative singular and inanimate plural to look alike on the surface.

example

animate obviative singular

wiskilo'θa-li

bird

inanimate plural

niipit-ali

my teeth

Orthography
During the 19th century a short-lived Roman-based alphabet was designed for Shawnee by the missionary Jotham Meeker. It was never widely used. Later, native Shawnee speaker Thomas 'Wildcat' Alford devised a highly phonemic and accurate orthography for his 1929 Shawnee translation of the four gospels of the New Testament, but it, too, never attained wide usage.

title: Shawnee language


text:
Talk:Thistle tube

why do people use thistle tubes? Why not just pour in the liquid? 19:42, 11 October 2005 70.111.68.208

A thistle tube looks a lot like the description of the separating funnel, except without the tap. My guess is that it's used when a funnel is needed for a substance that needs to be coming in continuously, such as from a hose. 23:21, 12 April 2006 Fern

They are not used very often. In fact, i dont think i've ever heard mention of them being used. I don't recall seeing any in any labs i've worked in, either. Snazzra (talk) 03:49, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * They're mostly used for addition when it's necessary to add more liquid into the bottom of a reaction vessel. The long neck can reach the bottom, the reservoir bulb at the top keeps the air out. It also has enough volume that tiny pressure or volume changes inside the flask aren't going to suck or blow this seal fluid out, as it would with a cylindrical tube alone.
 * They're also used, not particulary to add more liquid, but as a pre-filled reservoir of liquid, to avoid having to continually check levels and top things up. Again, a small volume change inside the reaction flask is compensated for by the fairly large volume in the bulb.
 * Overall, they're probably more common in biochemistry than in chemistry.
 * I happen to have a vase full of them on my mantelpiece. There are little flower heads inside each thistle tube. They're more use as steampunk decoration than as lab glassware. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:36, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thistle tube


text:
User talk:Davegsun

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 23:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Vw4-n This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, as you did to Wikipedia:Vandalism, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

-- ☺ A d a m 1213 ☺   Talk +| WWW  00:37, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davegsun


text:
Yogi (disambiguation)

A yogi is an advanced practitioner of yoga in Eastern religions.

Yogi may also refer to:

People

 * Yogi Adityanath (born 1972), Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh
 * Yogi Berra (1925–2015), Major League Baseball player, manager, and coach in the American Hall of Fame
 * Yogi Ferrell (born 1993), American basketball player
 * John Hughes (footballer, born 1943), Scottish footballer
 * John Hughes (footballer, born 1964), Scottish footballer
 * Yogi Huyghebaert (1944–2018), Canadian politician
 * Yogi Roth (born 1981), American college football player and coach, broadcaster, and filmmaker
 * Ian Stannard (born 1987), British racing cyclist
 * Michael Stewart (basketball) (born 1975), American retired National Basketball Association player
 * Jaroslav Svejkovský (born 1976), Czech retired hockey player
 * Yogi Triana (born 1994), Indonesian football goalkeeper
 * Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1918–2008), developer of the Transcendental Meditation technique; guru to the Beatles and other celebrities
 * MC Yogi (born 1979), American rapper
 * Yogie (born 1973), Indian director
 * Yogesh (actor) (born 1990), actor in Kannada films sometimes billed as Yogi

Arts and entertainment

 * Yogi Bear, a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character
 * Yogi Yorgesson, a character played by Harry Stewart (1908–1956), Norwegian-American entertainer
 * The Yogi, a 1916 German silent film
 * Yogi (2007 film), a Telugu-language film starring Prabhas and Nayanthara, directed by V.V. Vinayak
 * Yogi (2009 Tamil film), a Tamil-language film starring Ameer Sultan and Madhumitha, directed by Subramaniam Siva
 * Yogi (2009 Kannada film), a Kannad-language film starring Yogesh
 * "Yogi", a 1960 single by The Ivy Three

Other uses

 * Yogi Rock, a rock on the planet Mars, named after Yogi Bear
 * Yogi Tea, a manufacturer of tea products
 * Aerodyne Yogi, a French paraglider design
 * Yogi (superyacht) was a motoryacht completed in 2011 that sunk in 2012

title: Yogi (disambiguation)


text: Category:Synagogues in Austria

title: Category:Synagogues in Austria


text:
Giretsu Kuteitai

Giretsu (義烈空挺隊) was an airborne commando unit of the Imperial Japanese Army formed from Teishin Shudan (IJA airborne forces), in November 1944 as a last-ditch attempt to reduce and delay Allied bombing raids on the Japanese home islands. The Giretsu commando unit was commanded by Lieutenant General Michio Sugahara.

History
After USAAF B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers began attacks on Tokyo from bases in the Mariana Islands, the 1st Raiding Brigade of the Teishin Shudan was ordered to form a commando unit for a "special operations" mission to attack and destroy the bombers on the Aslito Airfield on Saipan. Captain Michiro Okuyama, commander of the brigade's engineering company, was selected as mission leader, and he selected an additional 126 men from his own team (1st Teishin-Dan 1st Regiment 4th Company) to form the first Giretsu Airborne Unit. It was initially organized with a command section and five platoons and one independent squad, based at the IJA air academy at Saitama. The group unit also included eight intelligence officers and two radio men from the Nakano School.

Tactics
The Giretsu operations were to be undertaken at night, beginning with air strikes by bombers. After this, commando units would be inserted onto the target airfield by crash landing their transports. The fact that there was no provision for extraction of the strike force, along with the rejection of surrender in Japanese military doctrine at the time, meant that the Giretsu ground operations were effectively suicide attacks.

Operations
The attack against the Marianas was scheduled for 24 December 1944, but was called off after American raids damaged the planned refueling airfields on Iwo Jima. After the Marianas raid was cancelled plans were made to attack airfields on Iwo Jima captured by the United States Marine Corps in March, but these too were cancelled when the Iwo Jima garrison fell.

On 1 April, US forces landed on Okinawa, and American fighters based on Okinawa's west coast intercepted and shot down many kamikaze aircraft attacking the American fleet. In the middle of April, the Sixth Air Army requested the deployment of the Giretsu Special Forces to neutralize these airfields, in what was designated "Operation Gi-gou". On 18 May, this was authorized.

On the night of 24 May 1945, 12 Ki-21-IIbs of the Daisan Dokuritsu Hikōtai ("3rd Independent Squadron": 32 crew members commanded by Captain Chuichi Suwabe) were dispatched for a strike, each with 14 commandos. Eight were assigned to attack Yontan and four to Kadena. Four aircraft aborted the mission with engine problems, and three more were shot down; however, five managed to crash-land at Yontan Airfield during the confusion caused by a diversionary attack by some 50 IJAAF and IJN bombers and fighters.

Only one plane landed successfully. About 10 surviving raiders, armed with submachine guns and various explosives then wreaked havoc on the supplies and nearby aircraft, killed two US servicemen, destroyed 70,000 USgal of fuel and nine aircraft, and damaged 29 more before being nearly annihilated by the defenders. One member of the raiding party survived and was able to make his way across the battlefield, reaching the Thirty-Second Army Headquarters (Okinawa) around 12 June.

A second large-scale attack on bases in the Marianas with the specific intent of destroying B-29 Superfortress bombers was again planned with 60 transports and 900 commandos for the nights of 19–23 August 1945 (Operation Ken-gou). On 15 August, Japan surrendered and the operation was canceled.

Uniforms and equipment
Giretsu personnel wore special hand-made camouflage uniforms made from Ink, and carried special equipment. Most were armed with Type 100 submachine guns, Type 99 rifles, Type 99 light machine guns, and Type 30 bayonets, Type 89 grenade dischargers, Type 99 grenades and Type 99 mines, as well as Type 94 8 mm pistols.

title: Giretsu Kuteitai


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Category:Municipal political parties in Vancouver

Municipal political parties in the city of Vancouver.


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Talk:Ashtonfield, New South Wales

Ref to the "famous Matthew Quinn" removed pending verification of notability Staffelde 23:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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User talk:Filbert12

filbert12 is a very cool net navi onlyseen in filbert exe. mangas, where he is the star. his freinds include gabo, camo mr. driller, bass exe and tomahawk man.

Filbert12 23:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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