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Refco

Refco was a New York City-based financial services company, primarily known as a broker of commodities and futures contracts. It was founded in 1969 by Raymond Earl Friedman as Ray E. Friedman and Co. Prior to its collapse in October, 2005, the firm had over $4 billion in approximately 200,000 customer accounts, and it was the largest broker on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The firm's balance sheet at the time of the collapse showed about $75 billion in assets and a roughly equal amount in liabilities. Though these filings have since been disowned by the company, they are probably roughly accurate in showing the firm's level of leverage.

Refco became a public company on August 11, 2005, with the sale of 26.5 million shares to the public at $22. It closed the day over 25% higher than that, valuing the entire company at about $3.5 billion. Investors had been attracted to Refco's history of profit growth—it had reported 33% average annual gains in earnings over the four years prior to its initial public offering.

The scandal
Refco Inc. entered crisis on Monday, October 10, 2005, when it announced that its chief executive officer and chairman, Phillip R. Bennett had hidden $430 million in bad debts from the company's auditors and investors, and had agreed to take a leave of absence.

Refco said that through an internal review over the preceding weekend it discovered a receivable owed to the company by an unnamed entity that turned out to be controlled by Mr. Bennett, in the amount of approximately US$430 million. Apparently, Bennett had been buying bad debts from Refco in order to prevent the company from needing to write them off, and was paying for the bad loans with money borrowed by Refco itself. Between 2002 and 2005, he arranged at the end of every quarter for a Refco subsidiary to lend money to a hedge fund called Liberty Corner Capital Strategy, which then lent the money to Refco Group Holdings, an independent offshore company secretly owned by Phillip Bennett with no legal or official connection to Refco. Bennett's company then paid the money back to Refco, leaving Liberty as the apparent borrower when financial statements were prepared. It is not yet clear if Liberty knew it was hiding scam transactions; management of the fund has claimed that they believed it was borrowing from one Refco subsidiary and lending to another Refco sub, and not lending to an entity that Mr. Bennett secretly controlled. On October 20, they announced plans to sue Refco.

In April 2006, papers filed by creditors of Refco seemed to show that Bennett had run a similar scam going back at least to 2000, using Bawag P.S.K. Group in the place of Liberty Corner Capital Strategy.

The law requires that such financial connections between corporation and its own top officers be shown as what is known as a related party transaction in various financial statements. As a result, Refco said, "its financial statements, as of, and for the periods ended, Feb. 28, 2002, Feb. 28, 2003, Feb. 28, 2004, Feb. 28, 2005, and May 31, 2005, taken as a whole, for each of Refco Inc., Refco Group Ltd. LLC and Refco Finance Inc. should no longer be relied upon."

This announcement triggered a number of investigations, and on October 12 Bennett was arrested and charged with one count of securities fraud for using U.S. mail, interstate commerce, and securities exchanges to lie to investors. His lawyer said that Bennett planned to fight the charges. On October 19, trading of Refco's shares was halted on the New York Stock Exchange, which later delisted the company. Before the halt, Refco shares were trading for more than $28 per share, and as of October 19, they had dropped (on the pink sheets) to $0.80 per share.

Refco, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 for a number of its businesses, to seek protection from its creditors on Monday, October 17, 2005. At the time, it declared assets of around $49 billion, which would have made it the fourth largest bankruptcy filing in American history. However, the company subsequently submitted a revised document, claiming it had $16.5 billion in assets and $16.8 billion in liabilities. Refco also announced a tentative agreement to sell its regulated futures and commodities business, which is not covered by the bankruptcy filing, to a group led by J.C. Flowers & Co. for about $768 million. However, other bidders soon emerged, including Interactive Brokers and Dubai Investments, the investment division of the emirate of Dubai. These offers were for a time rebuffed, as the Flowers-led group had a right to a break-up fee if Refco had sold this business to anyone else. Carlos Abadi, involved in the Dubai bid, said that the Dubai-led group offered $1 billion for all of Refco and was rejected. However, the bankruptcy judge in charge of the case deemed the break-up fee unjustified, and the Flowers group withdrew its bid. The business was instead sold to Man Financial on November 10. Man Financial kept the majority of the Refco futures businesses after selling Refco Overseas Ltd (Refco's European operation) to Marathon Asset Management who then relaunched the business as Marex Financial Limited.

Though of much smaller size, the regulatory impact of the scandal will be larger than for probably any other corporate failure except for Enron. Refco had sold shares to the public in a public offering only two months before revealing the apparent fraud. Their auditors (Grant Thornton) and the investment banks that handled the IPO, Credit Suisse First Boston, Goldman Sachs, and Bank of America Corp., all supposedly completed due diligence on the company, and all missed the CEO's hiding $430 million in bad debts. Their largest private investor was Thomas H. Lee Partners, a highly regarded buyout fund, and the reputation of its managers has been similarly sullied.

On October 27, 2005, shareholders of Refco filed class-action lawsuits against Refco, Thomas H. Lee Partners, Grant Thornton, Credit Suisse First Boston, and Goldman Sachs. On March 2, 2006, a lawyer representing Refco's unsecured creditors began steps to sue the IPO underwriters for aiding and abetting the fraud, or for breach of fiduciary duty. In April 2006, creditors sued Bawag P.S.K. Group for more than $1.3 billion.

In April 2006, Christie's auction house sold Refco's prized art collection, which included photographs by Charles Ray and Andy Warhol.

On February 15, 2008, Phillip R. Bennett pleaded guilty to 20 charges of securities fraud and other criminal charges. On July 3, 2008, Bennett was sentenced to 16 years in federal prison.

The $430 million in bad debts
Though no detailed report on Bennett's transactions has yet been made public, anonymous sources cited by The Wall Street Journal and other publications have stated that the debt stemmed from losses in as many as 10 customer trading accounts, including that of Ross Capital, and the widely reported October 27, 1997, trading losses of hedge fund manager Victor Niederhoffer. Niederhoffer said on his website in response to these news articles that Refco wanted to take over the assets in his accounts and assume all the liabilities in order to meet capital requirements, and that he and Refco signed a formal agreement to that effect on Oct. 29, 1997, in the presence of two major law firms and under the close scrutiny of regulators. "There were no debts, loans, or any other financial obligations left open between us," Niederhoffer said. "Refco received considerable assets from us as part of our agreement. I don't know how much money Refco received for these assets, or how it accounted for the transaction, or whether it ended up with a profit or loss. If Refco did suffer a loss, I am confident that it was quite minimal relative to the $460 million receivable said to have been a key link in the firm’s debacle, or to the actual sums that the principals and key players of the firm took out many years later." The story in the Journal implies that Refco settled Niederhoffer's debt for positions that were worth less than he owed them, or perhaps that they accrued trading losses unwinding those positions.

Ross Capital has also been named by the Wall Street Journal's anonymous sources as one of the firms with losses that somehow led to Bennett's $430 million debt. Ross Capital is run by Wolfgang Flottl, whose father used to run Bawag P.S.K. Group, an Austrian bank that lent Bennett the money to repay Refco. In 1999, Bawag purchased 10% of Refco in a private transaction, and had an outstanding loan of 75 million euros to Refco at the time the firm collapsed. On October 5, before news of the hidden loan was made public, Phillip Bennett applied for a 350 million euro loan, to be collateralized with his shares in Refco. The loan was granted on October 10, and Bennett used it to pay off the hidden $430 million. The Refco stock that collateralized the loan is now worthless, and on November 16, Bawag joined the line of people suing Refco, demanding 350 million euros plus punitive damages in compensation for the company's failure to disclose information that would have discouraged Bawag from lending the money to Bennett. The Austrian National Bank and Financial Market Authority were investigating Bawag's involvement with Refco.

The apparent fraud was caught by Peter James, Refco's newly hired controller. Apparently, in the fiscal quarter before the story broke, Bennett failed to execute his temporary Liberty Strategies-hidden repayment of debt. This left the position on the books for James to find. It is unclear why the firm's chief financial officer had not spotted the loan, but the firm's previous CFO, Robert Trosten, left Refco in October, 2004 with a $45 million payout that was not disclosed in the firm's IPO prospectus. He was under investigation by regulators, who suspected he may have known something about Bennett's malfeasance. Robert C. Trosten pleaded guilty to five charges in 2008. Tone N. Grant, a Refco official, was convicted of 5 charges on April 17, 2008. He was sentenced to 10 years on August 8, 2008.

$525 million in fake bonds
On March 15, 2006, information leaked by the U.S. prosecutor's office revealed that Refco held offshore accounts holding as much as $525 million in fake bonds. The company held the "securities" for Bawag P.S.K., the Austrian bank with which Refco had a close relationship, discussed in part above, and for a non-U.S. hedge fund called Liquid Opportunity. Apparently, Bawag and Liquid Opportunity jointly owned six Anguilla companies, which in turn owned the fake bonds. Refco's attorneys have declined to comment.

Apparently, the six Anguilla companies initially responded to Refco's bankruptcy filing as a normal customer would have, filing as creditors with a combined claim of $543 million. However, they failed to follow up with any legal filings.

This is presumably good news for other Refco customers, in that $543 million in potential claims on the firm's assets have disappeared. The likelihood that the fake bonds represent some kind of ongoing criminal activity does not bode well for the principals of Refco, BAWAG, or Liquid Opportunity.

Older scandals
Refco has not enjoyed a clean reputation with regulators. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the National Futures Association took action against Refco and its units more than 100 times since the firm's founding. According to The Wall Street Journal, it was "among the most cited brokers in the business, according to data provided by the NFA."

In 2001, the NFA ordered Refco to pay $43 million to 13 investors after their Refco broker used bogus order tickets to clear trades.

On May 16, 2005, the company disclosed that it had received a "Wells notice", indicating it might face charges related to improper short selling at its Refco Securities unit and other matters. The company had been implicated in naked short sales on the stock of a company called Sedona Corp., disclosed that it was negotiating with the SEC and hoped to reach a settlement that would likely include an injunction against future violations and "payment of a substantial civil penalty." Refco put $5 million in reserve in anticipation of the settlement. The company has also been sued by Sedona in connection with this trading.

title: Refco


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User talk:DarkTurtle

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Zzyzx11 (Talk) 11:27, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
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Brisbane Catholic
Do any sources about this television show exist? If not, it's likely to be deleted; I'll probably nom it myself in short order.--Kchase T 09:30, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * We're working on sourcing it. It's being written by, the creators of the show, who are also the stars, so we can't really imagine how to reference it. DarkTurtle 09:38, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your honesty. I don't think it's quite well-known enough for wikipedia yet. See WP:N. Also, Wikipedia usually discourages people form writing about themselves, but your honesty about it is more than we get from most folks, I think. I'll wait a few days for you to find sources, but I'll bring it to a deletion discussion forum it if you can't verify it or establish it's notability. Nothing personal.--Kchase T 09:41, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, fair enough. I know you're just keeping the standards. We didn't really write about ourselves, though, more the characters we are in the show. --DarkTurtle 09:48, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:DarkTurtle


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Sam Fogarino

Samuel Joseph Fogarino (born August 9, 1968) is an American musician who is the drummer of the band Interpol. He has played in bands such as the Holy Terrors, Gus, the Wahoos, Napoleon Solo, the Ton-ups and the Last Night.

Biography
Fogarino began to play the drums at the age of 13. In the early 1990s, Fogarino played with the South Florida act the Holy Terrors as part of a music scene that also produced Marilyn Manson, Jack Off Jill, Saigon Kick and the Mavericks. Manson asked him to join his band at one point, but Fogarino turned him down.

In 1996, Fogarino left south Florida to move to Gainesville (where he played in a band called Gus, replacing Jason Lederman), then finally settled in New York City in 1997. He first met guitarist Daniel Kessler in 1998 when he was selling vinyl in Beacon's Closet, a clothing store in Brooklyn. With more than 10 years playing experience, he joined Interpol in 2000 after original drummer Greg Drudy left the band. Fogarino played his first show for Interpol on May 20, 2000, at the Mercury Lounge.

Bobby Schayer formerly of Bad Religion worked as drum tech for Sam Fogarino from 2001 to 2011.

In early 2006, Fogarino joined with former Swervedriver frontman Adam Franklin to form a side-project band called the Setting Suns. Since then, the duo have changed their name to Magnetic Morning and released a six-track EP on iTunes.

In May 2010, Fogarino composed an accompanying soundtrack to Athens, GA Canopy Studio's "Fractured Fairy Tales" aerial dance performance.

On April 2, 2013, Fogarino released his debut side project EmptyMansions snakes/vulture/sulfate via Riot House Records. He enlisted Brandon Curtis (the Secret Machines, Interpol) to produce the record and Duane Denison (the Jesus Lizard, Tomahawk) to play lead guitars.

title: Sam Fogarino


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Lakshmana Tirtha

The Lakshmana Tirtha (Lakshmantīrtha River) is a river of Karnataka, India. It rises in Kodagu district and flows eastward. It joins the Kaveri in the Krishna Raja Sagara lake.

The river originates at a height of 1450 metres in the Brahmagiri range of Kodagu district. Unlike Kaveri, Lakshmana Tirtha flows in relatively flat-terrain region of south coorg. Increase in the water level during monsoon, results in flooding of adjacent paddy fields. The river meanders throughout its course and enters Mysore district through Nagarahole National Park. Hunsur is located on the banks of this river and is the source of drinking water for the people of Hunsur. The river finally meets Kaveri at Krishna Raja Sagara reservoir at an elevation of 750 metres above MSL, after traversing a length of about 148.82 kilometres.

Threats

 * The river generally runs dry few months after monsoon, due to ground water depletion and its constant exposure to direct sunlight and lack of shade from coffee estate; privilege that Kaveri enjoys during its course in Kodagu.
 * Pollution of its tributaries is a major concern. Waste is dumped into steams of Kuranthoad flowing near Ponnampet and Gonikoppal. Coffee wastewater from de-pulping coffee cherries is also a serious threat to the river.
 * Untreated waste from Hunsur, is led directly into this river.
 * Illegal sand mining has been a major headache for the district administration.

title: Lakshmana Tirtha


text:
Talk:Chitterlings

2005
Chitlins are eaten in other countries as well. In southern China, I had the best chitlins I've ever eaten served with greens and liver. Chinese chitlins need mentioning.Onionhound 11:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Why doesn't anyone mention the SMELL?--The dez 08:39, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * What about the smell? Bastie 05:19, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Unless thoroughly pre-cooked (for a whole day), chitlins smell rather awful in the cooking pot. Southern folk wisdom says throwing in an apple or a potato helps absorb the odors. 04:30, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Amen to that.

For the smell-Chitlings smell like shit. People have constantly said that. And I edited the portions for the US, it's not just the "Deep South" it's areas where black people live, geography doesn't matter there. I'm black and know that -SWF

In the History section, the sentence: "Because of the West African tradition of cooking all edible parts of plants and animals, these foods helped the slaves survive in the United States.", appears verbatim on this web site: http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/ChitlinsHistory.htm

Hmm, are 'Chitterlings' actually the same as 'Chitlings'?
Chitterlings as I understood it are similar to what are called 'Scratchings' or 'Pork Rinds' not intestines. I made the mistake of typing 'Chitlings' and this certainly wasn't the same thing as I encountered. Le Gibbon (talk) 04:42, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * They are indeed one in the same. Check out this for another source for definitions and alternate spellings. τßōиЄ 2001  (ǂ ) 04:50, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * no, you ain't correct. Chitlins is the intestine and pork rins is the skin. sorry —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.64.176.226 (talk) 00:52, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Small or large intestines?
Can it be added in this article whether the small intestines, large intestines, or both are used in this dish? Badagnani (talk) 00:20, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

"commonly eaten in the southern United States"?
I think that statement misleadingly implies most people in the south eat them, which being from the south I can say is not the case. (Most people here I've met are even reluctant to try them.) 24.144.53.105 (talk) 16:47, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

It's not that most southerners eat them, it is that it is more common for people in the south to eat them. Rifter0x0000 (talk) 12:02, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

Folk History
This article all too often succumbs to the "Gone with the Wind" school of American history, in which the Antebellum South is divided into rich white plantation owners and poor black slaves. It's a very strange thing, but you see it all over. I have no doubt that, on plantations owned by rich white people, chitterlings and snoots and trotters were food for the slaves, but that's because such things are "poor" food, not "black" food. Romantic stories about "enterprising slaves" digging chitterlings out of the garbage are about as reliable as the folk histories every old white family has about burying the silver in the garden to hide it from the Yankees. Look at any old "white folks" cookbook--look at the old editions of "The Joy of Cooking"--and you'll find the praises of chitterlings sung. And as for the line about rich white folks "consider[ing] pig innards offal"--someone is a bit confused. Innards are offal--that's what the word means. It doesn't mean "bad" or "inedible," even though it sounds like the word "awful."

Offal comes from out fall. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.255.122.231 (talk) 08:15, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

This article is rife with folk history and poor understanding of terminology, and is written to a fairly low standard. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.152.200.246 (talk) 01:42, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Very much agreed! This article is not written or researched very well. I lived in the south for decades and never heard the term "white trash food" to describe chittlins. Actually the only term i have ever heard for it was "soul food" but that term died in the 70's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.0.73 (talk) 03:51, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Why are chitterlings still consumed by blacks?
i work in a local grocery store. This past holiday season we had a number of requests for chitterlings (we don't sell them, but may next year). I'm really currious. Why would blacks want to consume something that had once been considered garbage? If I had been kept captive and fed pig guts, the last thing I'd want to do is continue the practice when released. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.67.35.97 (talk) 21:47, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

People (not just blacks) are curious about what people in other times and cultures ate. Unusual foods can be conversation starters at parties. And some people just like the taste. There's three obvious reasons for your enlightenment. Now bag me some chitlins, punk! Magmagoblin (talk) 10:36, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Many eat it since they were young for generations whereas many white people never ever eaten it. It's an acquired taste and because of that, Blacks are more commonly the main consumers. Yialanliu (talk) 00:32, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Worse yet, the citing of Trescott's work (Trescott, Jacqueline (April 25, 2003) i misleading. Pig intestines have been used to make sausages for centuries all over the world, including and especially Europe. It is a well known fact that is expressed earlier in the article. This quote may or may not be out of context for this reason, but it should be removed if only to avoid contradiction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.207.230.205 (talk) 12:50, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Should be noted that chiitterlings, usually fried, are eaten by white southerners. Admittedly less frequently. For just one source- []. 72.209.63.226 (talk) 22:16, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

 * As compared to white southern cooking, black southern cooking and the food of the African American Diaspora (aka "Soul Food") tends to be (a) spicier and (b) a bit more conservative, holding on to things like chitterlings, hog maws, and collard greens, which are becoming increasingly rare in white households outside of very rural areas. It's interesting to speculate on the reasons behind this conservatism, or perhaps we should say the willingness of southern whites to abandon a number of their traditional foods.  But let's speculate over a plate of chitterlings!  After all, if you've ever had a hot dog, you've already eaten every part of a pig... 50.13.219.4 (talk) 00:03, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Negro?
Not crazy about the term. Can that be replaced?--Anna Frodesiak (talk) 14:01, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Other Regions
They are also a VERY popular dish in Chinese and some other Asian communities, both at home in Asia and around the world.

Usually prepared by washing very well and then slow cooking or pressure cooking and then slicing and eating or by a second cooking with various other ingredients to form a very tasty dish.

Both the large and small intestines are prepared in this manner.

Odour is reduced by using white pepper for some recipes. If prepared this way in the pressure cooker, the soup with Chinese cabbage added, is quite remarkable and tasty.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.241.183.178 (talk) 06:45, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Eye Dialect
This article opens by noting that the alternate spellings "chitlins" and "chittlins" are in eye dialect. According to the article about said dialect, this would mean that these other names for chitterlings use "nonstandard spelling that implies a pronunciation of the given word that is actually standard, such as wimmin for women." However, these two terms are in fact not pronounced the same as the standard "chitterlings," and therefore are not in eye dialect, but are rather pronunciation spellings. Unlike eye dialect, which is "dialect to the eye rather than to the ear" (to quote the article again), the words "chitlins" and "chittlins" are aimed at the ear, as they accurately reflect a common pronunciation of the word "chitterlings" by communities in the American South. I'm pretty sure I have this right, so I'm going to go ahead and delete the reference to eye dialect. If I'm misunderstanding this, please let me know and explain to me what I've got wrong. --Danberbro (talk) 04:09, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * My question is: Why does the article read "sometimes pronounced chitlins" when, near as I can tell, that is the only pronunciation given? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.250.69.69 (talk) 19:42, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You mean "near as I can tell, in the United States, that is the only pronunciation given?" The US is not the world; the world is not the US; Wikipedia is an international encyclopaedia. Here in the UK at least, where the word originated, they are pronounced 'chitterlings'. 86.138.69.102 (talk) 07:04, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The only pronunciation given by the Oxford English Dictionary (updated March 2021) is /ˈtʃɪtəlɪŋ/, which differs from the American pronuncation /ˈtʃɪtlɪŋ/ only by a schwa, so not a big difference. --Macrakis (talk) 18:25, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Entymology
The article cites the Oxford English Dictionary for "Chitterling is a Middle English (1000-1400 AD) word". The earliest date in the OED is "c. 1400". I guess the 1000-1400 is meant to refer to the definition of Middle English, but it seems misleading.

?c1400  in J. Raine Hist. Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres (1839) 57  [Women quarrelling as they wash ‘inwards’ at the stream] Deinde solebamus crines evellere pungnis, cum cheterlingis et monifauldes mutuo nos cedere [= cædere]. c1440  Promp. Parv. 76  Chytyrlynge, scrutellum, scrutum.

Ranvaig (talk) 21:40, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

dogs???
Someone added a reference to "dog eating cultures." I thought this was probably someone trying to troll/deface and it didn't have anything to do with chitterlings so I removed that. Rifter0x0000 (talk) 12:34, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

Possible page move
Should this be moved to Intestine (food) or Intestine as food? If Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, English-speaking African nations etc. do not call it chitterlings, then maybe we should consider a page move. Thoughts? Oh, and "yuk!" Anna Frodesiak (talk) 23:58, 16 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure why... per WP:ENGVAR, 1) if the concept predominates in certain varieties of English, use the variety of English which has the closest cultural ties to the concept and 2) If no variety of English predominates, then stick with what it was at first. Chitterlings (however it is pronounced or spelled) is the standard name for pig intestines wherever they are eaten, and I, and people who eat them, would also ask you to not cast aspersions based on your own personal tastes.  -- Jayron 32 04:18, 20 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi Jayron32. Hmmmm, maybe you're right about the page move thing.

 * About casting aspersions, the only thing that should be cast is the intestines, into a deep hole. Oh, and then some cement should be cast over that. :) Anna Frodesiak (talk) 05:02, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

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2020
I removed text that doesn't seem to be supported by the provided link. I can see from Googling that Prince George's County caused the Chitlin' Market to be shut down but no evidence that they did so because of the store's name: https://thehill.com/capital-living/8828-queen-of-chitlins-wages-war-on-pg-county-council. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.32.242.117 (talk) 18:54, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Chitlins songs
There are several references to songs written involving Chitlins, but they're in different groups. Also, "It's Chitlin Cooking Time In Cheatham County" should be in there 71.197.192.246 (talk) 05:40, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chitterlings


text:
All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship

The All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship (Craobh Shinsir Peile na mBan in Éirinn) is the premier inter-county competition in the game of ladies' Gaelic football in Ireland. The series of games are organised by the Ladies' Gaelic Football Association and are played during the summer months, with the All-Ireland Final being played at Croke Park. The qualifiers were introduced in 2008.

The winning team is presented with the Brendan Martin Cup (Corn Bhreandáin Uí Mháirtín). The cup is named after Brendan Martin, a native of Tullamore, County Offaly, who organised Ladies' Gaelic football games in the early 1970s and became one of the first treasurers of the newly founded Ladies' Gaelic Football Association.


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Chronicle Xtra

Chronicle Xtra (formerly the Chester Mail and Midweek Chronicle) is a free weekly newspaper in Chester, England, by Trinity Mirror. The paper is produced in conjunction with the weekly Chester Chronicle. It frequently advertises competitions run by the Chronicle in order to boost sales of this paper.

History
The editorial of the newspaper, which was known as the Chester Mail until June 2006, has been revised several times. Presently Xtra previews the paid-for Chester Chronicle which is published on a Thursday. Xtra is delivered, free of charge, to every address in Chester on a Tuesday or Wednesday.

The Chester Mail, which was almost advertisements, was superseded by the Midweek Chronicle in 2006. The relaunch resulted in more news stories, a comments and letters section, as well as sport and advertorial.

In 2010 the Midweek Chronicle became the Chronicle Xtra. It remains one of three newspapers in available in the Chester area: the Chester Standard, the Chester Chronicle and the daily Chester Evening Leader.

Chronicle Xtra had a circulation of 35,884 in the last six months of 2012.

title: Chronicle Xtra


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Talk:Lady Marmalade (2001 single)

See remark on Talk:Lady Marmalade. I don't think that a merge of the two documents is wise - KittenKlub 11:30, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lady Marmalade (2001 single)


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text: Category:Gurkha Contingent

title: Category:Gurkha Contingent


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Talk:National Collegiate Athletic Association

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Untitled
This article lacks any info on the various controversial aspects of the NCAA, especially with regard to rules applied to college athletes. As it stands it mentions they are controversial with little details as to why. --Cab88 11:32, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Championship Trophies
Hi, I'm the one who added the info regarding the NCAA's championship trophies. I noticed in this year's NCAA tournament the teams that won trips to the Final Four received bronze plated "Regional Championship" trophies. Is this (2007) the first year they started doing that or did they start that earlier?76.177.174.82 19:12, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Money and NCAA
Where does the money from advertisements go? It can't be all salary and overhead.

The Student-Athlete Opportunity Fund was created in 2003-04 from the CBS contract with the NCAA. This fund was created strictly for student athlete benefit. The money allocated to each school depended on size and the amount of scholarships created. Each conference was in charge of decided how the money was spent. For more information go to: http://www.ncaa.org/releases/divi/2003042401d1.htm

Division I Conference
The problem with the conferences on this page is that those conferences shown are in Division I, or Division 1. There are totally different conferences in Division II and III.
 * The conferences are listed as Division I conferences. I don't see where the problem is. Masonpatriot 03:37, 4

School name changes
A couple of the conference pages have experienced difficulty lately dealing with school name changes. For instance, edit skirmishes have happened on the Horizon League page about University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, which is rebranding its athletic program as "Milwaukee", and on the Mid-Continent Conference page about Missouri State University, which used to be Southwest Missouri State. Now once a school changes its name, it should be referred to by the new name of course. But what about historically? The entire time Missouri State was in the Mid-Con, it was SW Missouri State, should it be noted as such in the champions table, or should its name be changed to the new name retroactively in all instances? I can live with either, I just want the back-and-forth to end. Craig R. Nielsen 08:52, 30 May
 * In the first instance of the school's name on a page, update the new name, and in parentheses you can follow with: (formerly University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee). Update all other instances to the current name only. Do not apply this change to citations (usually news headlines, titles)
 * There is no reason for any back-and-forth reverts.
 * Including Missouri State University (MSU) in the table requires a citation, anyway.
 * Editors should not be removing the most current, accurate information --they should be adding a linked citation that indicates the name at that time, in the headline, e.g. news link: "Southwest Missouri State New Champs!!" 74.130.149.18 (talk) 16:25, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

College team name changes
Opinions have been expressed recently that the NCAA is being somewhat vexatious in its apparent crusade to eliminate any reference to any of the Politically Correct Mob's poster causes (Native Americans, to name one example) in college mascots or sporting names, no matter how trivial or obviously inoffensive. Example: the College of William and Mary has been forced to remove feathers from its sporting logo, and just barely got to keep the nickname "Tribe" (they were "The Indians" in the 1980s, but this was changed for PC reasons). Does anyone have up to date info on this ridiculous trend, and does it warrant mention on their page?--EDH 13:10, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Probation
We should include information on exactly which sport/s is/are under probation for each Univ. listed. It's not terribly helpful to just know some team that the university sponsors in some sport is under probation.--Velvet elvis81 21:13, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

This information is out of date in the section that talks about the NCAA having the power to declare players ineligible. It should read as follows The NCAA also has the power to declare players ineligible. In extreme cases, a player can be banned from competing for any NCAA member school. The only known instance's where this has happened was in 1989 and in 2011 to the University of Kentucky basketball program. Eric Manuel was banned after the NCAA ruled he had cheated on a college entrance exam. Enes Kanter was banned from NCAA and declared a pro player for receiving money in excess of his expenses. His ruling is controversial since other players have previously been given the opportunity to pay back money and play after sitting out a number of games. It should be noted that Kanter was originally committed to the University of Washinton where the head of the NCAA Mark Emmert was President at the time.Kfckernel (talk) 01:11, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

University of South Carolina is also currently in probation until 2014. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.56.186.235 (talk) 16:15, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

BCS
The paragraph on the I-A football championship is pretty heavily slanted to an anti-BCS standpoint, in everything from "scare quotes" to (inaccurate) adjectives like "self-proclaimed" to declaring that because it's not an NCAA championship it's therefore unofficial. I'm going to rewrite it for a more even POV. If anyone feels like finding them, some citations for both viewpoints would be a good thing. Binabik80 02:26, 17 January 2007 (UTC) Test — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kfckernel (talk • contribs) 01:00, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

N-C-two-A?
I've never heard it called this before. Where is this done? Just curious.  Zchris87v  04:20, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I heard "N-C-2-A" like a month ago. It's used rarely though. -- Howard  the   Duck  12:23, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Font
Does anyone notice a similarity between the font in the current NCAA logo and the font for the longtime CBS Sports logo? WAVY 10 21:18, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Founded?
Does anyone know when the NCAA came into existance or have a timeline for how it came to be? The earliest date I see is for the 1st Pres. Jr ss r5 16:57, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

There's no mention of when the NCAA was founded, or how it's grown. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dancon7 (talk • contribs) 13:01, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Reverts
I removed a link to a "self-serving" website. This person may have legitimate grievances with the NCAA, but this is not the place for non-NPOV. Specific criticism with the NCAA could be added if supported by sources, not original work, and are widely held. --AlanK 21:08, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

While I haven't looked at the 2007 website mentioned as "self-serving", one can make the claim, rationally, that the NCAA's website qualifies as self-serving (almost by definition). Specifically, shouldn't links to the organization's own self-serving description of its history be removed?

Award winners
I have a Greg Patton that claims to have won the NCAA National Men’s Coach of the Year in 1997...Do we have a list of winner's somewhere? Mjquin_id (talk) 19:19, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

"Coach of the Year" titles are given out by different associations, such as coaching associations or CoSIDA (Collegiate Sports Information Directors of America), not the NCAA. So, he could be correct, but it was not an NCAA award that he received. You would need to find out the sport and contact the coach association for that sport. --Danlthom (talk) 17:21, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Yes, Greg Patton was the NCAA Men's Coach of the Year in tennis in 1997. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.49.101.112 (talk) 00:25, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Categories
Should categories such as Cat:College Golf, and so on Cat:College-insert any sport here- be added? I was reading WP:CAT and over-categorization and I couldn't make a clear judgement. I've added some with hot cat, but I don't want to over do it. Moonraker0022 (talk) 17:33, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * On that same note, what kind of project tags should this be included in, WikiProject College Basketball? and so on...? Moonraker0022 (talk) 17:58, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Sports??
I think there should be a list of sports that the NCAA currently fields. I know that they have lots of sports, like football, basketball, baseball, etc, but that organizations such as the NIRA (rodeo) and NCRHA (roller hockey) picks up the slack when the NCAA does not sponsor a sport. It would be an interesting section to include in this article; the sports that are and aren't sponsored by the NCAA. 69.152.220.228 (talk) 20:21, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Annual Budget
In a forum, elsewhere on the Net, there is currently a lively discussion about whether or not the "$5.64 billion (2007–08 budget)" is correct and whether or not this is misleading, due to advertising revenues, etc. Also, the link to the citation for this number is dead. Can anybody check this number and should it be a bit more clearly defined? Rengewwj (talk) 01:32, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Funding?
Maybe I'm missing it completely, but I don't see anywhere in this article that explains where the NCAA is making money. Let alone enough to use in massive grants, can someone add that? TrackZero (talk) 14:00, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

History
The history section should be reviewed. It depends heavily upon the NCAA's self-presentation of its history, which is no longer available at the referenced links. It would be better to cite contemporary reports when such can be found. Many newspapers of the period are available online with no fee, so, for example, March 31, 1906 formation date could be supported by a newspaper reference. The New York Sun, April 2, 1906, page 8 "One Body for College Sport" shows what amount to the association's initial bylaws.

At the very least the references linking to the NCAA website should be updated to point to the new location on the NCAA website. That is, assuming that the information still exists on the website (I've had no luck finding it there). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2610:8:7800:14:20A:95FF:FEC4:244A (talk) 14:30, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Located the reference to NCAA history, at archive.org. The wikipedia history section is almost an exact copy of the NCAA's self-written (arguably self-serving) history. It's no wonder shortcomings like the three antitrust rulings are excluded. This self-written history

But why did the NCAA remove this history from its website? It's not just the result of a website redesign, on-site searching for that text doesn't produce any hits. Is the removal related to recent legal cases? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2610:8:7800:14:20A:95FF:FEC4:244A (talk) 16:26, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Jurisprudence and Criticisms
It is surprising that this page doesn't include a section on the NCAA's long legal history. The association has been found in violation of U.S. antitrust laws three times-- in the TV rights case, in the 1998 coach salary capping case, and the recent O'Bannon ruling (which is under appeal). A fourth antitrust case was settled before the court rendered a decision (the NIT case). These, along with the legal rulings regarding workmen's compensation and unionization, should either be added to the history section or written as a new section.

Some of these issues are mentioned as bullet items in the criticisms section. But that section fails to present an accurate picture of the association's continued court challenges, including both "wins" and "losses". Presentation of such history shouldn't be considered a criticism, but as an accurate depiction of how the association fits into the national framework. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2610:8:7800:14:20A:95FF:FEC4:244A (talk) 14:55, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Presidents
The section on presidents starts with Byers. But the foundation announcement (The New York Sun, April 2, 1906, page 8 "One Body for College Sport") indicates the body had a president at that time.

The section should be altered to indicate that the power of that position was greatly expanded during Byers tenure. If a list of prior presidents can be found, they should be listed. If not, it should at least be mentioned that there were presidents prior to Byers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2610:8:7800:14:20A:95FF:FEC4:244A (talk) 16:40, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Expired Probation's
Is everyone not seeing this? We are clearly into 2015 and Southern Cal and South Carolina along with Central Florida all are shown as their probation ending in 2014? So what Im suggesting is to take them off. 72.15.25.104 (talk) 21:49, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Next time, be bold and do it yourself!  Corkythehornetfan  |  Chat?  22:18, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Is there any possible way to the exact dates for UNC at Chapel Hill's, Penn State's, Miami's (Florida), Fontbonne's and Baruch's probation's for when they end? 72.15.25.104 (talk) 22:38, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I was able to find dates for UNC and Miami, however, Penn State I cannot find an exact date for. As for Fontbonne and Baruch, they ended in 2012 & 2013. F&B have been removed.  Corkythehornetfan  |  Chat?  00:00, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

New Probation's
Wichita State baseball team was put on probation about 2 weeks ago for a year, according to espn.com. Also i was thinking that there were other teams that were placed on probation earlier this year but don't see them on here.72.15.25.104 (talk) 00:22, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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LGBTQ Inclusion Policy
I added this section. It discusses the NCAA's core values of inclusion specifically concerning LGBTQ people involved in intercollegiate athletics. It outlines a bit of the history of the development of this policy, mostly focusing on the Champions of Respect document that the NCAA commissioned in 2012. I also discuss decisions the NCAA has made regarding the commitment to these core values of inclusion. These include the NCAA putting pressure on Indiana the Religious freedom act, pulling championships from North Carolina due to the Public Facilities Privacy and Security Act (HB2), and Texas and Arkansas passing similar bills that may prompt the NCAA to act similarly to their decision over North Carolina. Danamoffat (talk) 20:56, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

The latest edit done to this section contains a non-NPOV concerning the 2021 decision to support transgender athletes. I am not confident in my editing and writing abilities to fix it, but it definitely needs to be fixed.

Team Handball
When I was searching around about team handball. I found a website about the "Southeast Team Handball Conference" which was a NCAA Handball conference (founded 1997, dissolved ca. 2006). I looked for information and created with the information which I found a User Site: User:Malo95/Southeast Team Handball Conference. My question is now if somebody have more information about this conference and which Division the conference was.--Malo95 (talk) 15:36, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

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citations messed up
I noticed this edit (December 2018) added a bunch of wrong citations to the article, and maybe changed or removed good citations. If you look at the last two citations in the "notable court cases" section, neither is about the court cases. One is a paywalled biography of a finance guy and the other is a New York Times poll from 2003 about something unrelated to the 2015 court decision. I haven't looked at the other citations. The editor was here for a student project and hasn't edited since late 2018. Anyway these citations should be checked and re-researched and replaced with good citations. The cited info looks generally accurate so I'm assuming the bad citations were some kind of tool malfunction. Therefore I'm not going to revert any of the article text, but am requesting help fixing the citations and will gradually fix some myself as time and energy allows. 173.228.123.207 (talk) 04:49, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Cartel
Economists say that the NCAA is a cartel. Content about that should be in the article. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 22:25, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Number of Members
(These statistics are as of the 2021-22 season.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_institutions - 359 members https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_II_institutions - 306 members https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_III_institutions - 438 members They add up to 1,103 - but the page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association says that there are 1,268. So, which figure should be trusted?128.227.3.28 (talk) 03:18, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

Citation needed
The sentence: Hosick, Brutlag, and Sproull in 2012 said, "NCAA members are motivated by the principle that participation in intercollegiate athletics is part of the higher education experience; student-athletes must be students first", needs a citation.Wctrenchard (talk) 17:09, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned references in National Collegiate Athletic Association
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of National Collegiate Athletic Association's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "auto3": From Puerto Rico:  From Walter Byers:  From Southeastern Conference:  From Notre Dame Fighting Irish football:  From Johnny Manziel:  From College basketball: </li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. Feel free to remove this comment after fixing the refs. AnomieBOT ⚡ 19:31, 14 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Giacomo Manzù

Giacomo Manzoni (22 December 1908 – 17 January 1991 ), known professionally as Giacomo Manzù, was an Italian sculptor.

Biography

Manzù was born in Bergamo. His father was a shoemaker and sacristan. Other than a few evening art classes, he was self-taught in sculpture, and later became a professor himself. He started working with wood during his military service in Verona in 1928; later, after a short stay in Paris, he moved to Milan, where architect Giovanni Muzio commissioned him the decoration of the chapel of Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (1931–1932). In 1933 he exhibited a series of busts at the Triennale di Milano, which granted him national popularity. In 1933, he completed the reliefs for the Monument to the Brothers Calvi located in front of the city hall of Bergamo, a monument inaugurated by Mussolini and the poet D'Annunzio. The following year he held a personal exhibition in Rome with the painter Aligi Sassu, with whom he shared a studio.

In 1939 Manzù started a series of bronze bas-reliefs about the death of Jesus Christ; the works, exhibited in Rome in 1942, were criticized by the Fascist government and the ecclesiastical authorities. In 1940 he obtained a teaching position in the Accademia di Brera in Milan, but later he moved to the Accademia Albertina in Turin. During World War II Manzù moved to Clusone, returning to teach at Brera after the end of the conflict. He held his teaching position until 1954 when he moved to Salzburg, where he lived until 1960. Here he met Inge Schabel, ballerina and his future wife, who was the model of a large number of his portraits and sculptures. He was commissioned in 1957 to design the central doors for Salzburg Cathedral, completed in bronze in 1959. In 1964 he completed perhaps his most important work, the "Doors of Death" for the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the first new doors in the cathedral in 500 years. That same year, he moved to Ardea, near Rome, in a locality now rechristened Colle Manzù in his honour.

He created two sculptures in stiacciato relief at Rockefeller Center on the former Italian building in the 1960s, one titled "The Immigrant" and the other "A Fruitful Harvest".

In the late 1960s, Manzù started to work also as scenographer. In 1977 he completed a "Monument to the Partisan" in Bergamo. His last great work was the 6 m-tall sculpture facing the ONU seat in New York City, inaugurated in 1989.

He was the subject of a famous photographic portrait by Yousuf Karsh and in 1968 his friendship with Pope John XXIII was documented in the book "An Artist and The Pope" by Curtis Bill Pepper.

His works are displayed in prestigious museums and private collections throughout the world. Tasende Gallery inaugurated their first location in La Jolla, California on 1 June 1979 with a solo presentation of Manzu's work, attended by his wife Inge.

Although he was an atheist, he was a personal friend of Pope John XXIII and had important liturgical commissions for the Vatican. In the United States, architect Minoru Yamasaki commissioned him the Passo di Danza (dance step) sculpture at the One Woodward Avenue building in Detroit. He also carved the Nymph and Faun at Wayne State University's McGreagor Memorial Sculpture Garden.

His son Pio was an automotive and industrial designer. Giacomo Manzù died in Rome on 17 January 1991.

Awards

 * Gold medal: Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art (1981)
 * Lenin Peace Prize (1965)
 * Knighthood: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1960)

title: Giacomo Manzù


text: Category:Unicycling

title: Category:Unicycling


text:
Talk:Bible translations into Welsh

Text removed
Removed text:

 * It is worth noting that the Bible was never translated into those languages of Great Britain which have disappeared or lost status since the Reformation. This is clearly so in the case of Cornish, which died out at the end of the 18th century, and Scots, which lost its status, firstly, as a court language when James VI of Scotland became King of England too and moved to London and, secondly, as a language of worship when James authorised a translation of the Bible into English but never into Scots. Scotland had to content itself with the Bible in English. It is perhaps less true that the absence of a bible in Cumbrian Welsh and Scots Gaelic contributed to the disappearance of the first and the drastic shrinkage of the second. Cumbrian Welsh had almost diappeared by the sixteenth century anyway and Scots Gaelic shrank mostly as a result of economic factors.

 * Actually the Bible was translated into Manx and Scots Gaelic ChilternGiant (talk) 17:09, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Perhaps might be moved to Languages in the United Kingdom? Man vyi 11:33, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Bible was translated into Cornish in the twentieth century - see: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-15141836ACEOREVIVED (talk) 23:17, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 2002 was the 21st century. Angr (talk) 17:11, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Gruffydd Jones
Gruffydd Jones taught people in Wales how to read the Welsh bible in the 19th century, making Wales the most literate nation in the world. Interesting. Seabhcán 02:17, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 13:56, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

1620 version
The 1620 version is not available online. The link on this page and the link to it on the Wales/Catalonia page do not work. Patrij (talk) 21:41, 24 February 2009 (UTC)
 * They work for me. —Angr 23:02, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

The William Morgan is available online. See bibles.org and youversion.com ChilternGiant (talk) 17:10, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Needs a lot of work
No mention of the Peter Williams Bible? This article needs a lot of work.86.153.237.47 (talk) 19:28, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

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audio link rot
The link to this external site goes to an archived page. The links on that page to the audio don't work. If you can find the audio again, you need to provide a new link to it. 100.15.117.207 (talk) 23:02, 22 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bible translations into Welsh


text:
Talk:Caroline Carver (author)

October 2005
Amanda: please see my talk page as you don't appear to have a username. Best wishes, Sliggy 11:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

May 2012
This reads like an advertisement, is not encyclopedic in tone, lacks sources and references, and is not written from a neutral point of view. Other than that its fine. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 15:20, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caroline Carver (author)


text:
Monbatsu

Monbatsu (門閥) is the Japanese language term for the old Japanese aristocracy and nobility. The daimyō system was abolished with the Meiji Restoration. This did not, however, dismantle all the aspects of the clan system, nor achieve a thorough land reform. The Monbatsu persisted as a recognised block having political influence, into the twenty-first century.

title: Monbatsu


text: User talk:68.199.110.255

title: User talk:68.199.110.255


text:
St.-Pius-Gymnasium

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is a private Catholic Gymnasium (high school) located in Coesfeld near Münster, Germany. , the school had approximately 700 pupils.

It is named after Pope Pius X. The school is associated with the Lycée Notre-Dame in Guingamp, Brittany, France and a high school in Poole, Yorkshire, England.

The school has its own chapel and an auditorium. The whole school is a non-smoking area.

History
It was founded in 1953 by Bishop Michael Keller as an Internat (all-boys boarding school), in order to educate about 100 students for the priesthood. It had a fee of 100 Marks.

In April 1964 it was changed to a high school. In 1965 the school building at Gerlever Weg was built. Girls were admitted starting in 1969, and in the same year a building was erected for up to 300 students. In 1976 it became a Gymnasium. In 1979, the last of the boarding students left, and the following year a major expansion to the buildings was made.

In 1995, the architect Josef Paul Kleihues designed an extension to the building which included a music room.

title: St.-Pius-Gymnasium


text:
Syrian brown bear

The Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus or Ursus arctos arctos) is a medium-sized and endangered subspecies of Eurasian brown bear native to the Middle East and West-Central Asia, particularly around the Caucasus Mountains.

Characteristics
The Syrian brown bear's fur is usually very light brown and straw-coloured. The hair on the withers is longer, with a grey-brown base, and is often a different shade from the rest of the body, seen in some individuals as a dark stripe running across the back. The lighter colors usually appear at higher altitudes. Their legs are commonly darker than the rest of their body. It is the only known bear in the world to have white claws. It is a rather small bear. Adult males have skulls measuring approximately 30 –. The Syrian brown bear weighs up to 1102 lb, and measures from 101 – from nose to tail.

Populations in the Caucasus were thought to belong to Ursus arctus syriacus, and to overlap parts of the Eurasian brown bear's range. Eurasian brown bears are larger in size with coats that are considerably darker, likely due to living in more frigid climates, as darker pigmentation helps to absorb heat from the sun. It was thought that these mixed bears originated during the Holocene, when Syrian brown bears supposedly migrated northward and interbred with the larger northern brown bears. Today, that hypothesis is considered by experts to be unfounded. After breeding, the highly protective mother bear gives birth in a den; litter sizes range from one to three cubs.

Distribution and habitat
Historically, the brown bear occurred in the Middle East from Turkey to Turkmenistan. Today, the brown bear is considered extremely rare (possibly absent) in its namesake Syria, and has been extirpated from Israel, Jordan, Palestine, and the Sinai Peninsula. The bear survives only in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. In Syria, brown bear tracks were recorded in the snow in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains in 2004 for the first time in five decades. In February 2011, bear tracks were again recorded in this area.

In Turkey, important habitats are Mediterranean belt forests, deciduous and conifer forests in the Black Sea region and northeastern Turkey, oak and pine forests in the hinterlands of the Black Sea, and dry forests in East Anatolia. In elevation, these habitats range from 500 to 2700 m. In Iran, it is present in the Central Alborz Protected Area (south of the Caspian Sea), and in the Zagros Mountains. In these regions, it prefers higher altitudes and northern aspects with access to water resources.

Threats
In Turkey, the bear is threatened by large-scale forest fragmentation, degradation of habitat, and persecution in areas where it damages beehives and livestock. Local people in the Black Sea region hunt bears illegally for bear fat, which is thought to have medicinal value. Occasionally, bears are killed during hunts for wild boar using dogs, and by poisoned baits and snares set illegally for red deer, roe deer, wolf or lynx.

In 2018, a sleeping Syrian brown bear was killed by Iraqi forces at the Iraq-Syria border.

In the spring of 2015, three Syrian brown bears were shot and killed in the Northern Iranian county of Savadkuh.

In culture

The Syrian brown bear is the bear mentioned in the Bible. The protectiveness of a mother bear towards her cubs is cited proverbially three times (2 Sam. 17:8; Prov. 17:12; Hos. 13:8) in the Hebrew Bible. The Syrian brown bear is also mentioned in 2 Kings 2:23-25 mauling 42 little boys who were threatening Elisha.

Wojtek (1942–1963) was a Syrian brown bear. Purchased by Polish soldiers in Iran during World War II, Wojtek became the company mascot. Initially given the rank of private in order to justify his presence in the military camp, he was subsequently promoted to corporal and assisted the soldiers in loading artillery. After the war, Wojtek retired to the Edinburgh Zoo where he became a popular and beloved attraction. His military service is memorialized in Scotland and Poland.

title: Syrian brown bear


text:
Özhan Canaydın

Özhan Canaydın (23 January 1943 – 22 March 2010) was a businessman, basketballer and former chairman of the Turkish sports club Galatasaray.

Basketball career
Canaydın began to play professional basketball in 1958. In 1957, he became the youngest member of the Galatasaray organization with the registration number 155. Playing with Turkey's national youth team that won the European Youth Championship in 1962, Canaydın was also among the eight players of the Galatasaray basketball team that won the Turkish Championship. He was a member of Galatasaray cadet, junior and senior basketball teams and participated in the teams that became Turkish champions. He retired from basketball in 1964.

Business career
In 1963, Canaydın started his business career in the textile sector, in which his father had a company.

Özhan Canaydın assigned his business to professional managers after being elected as President of Galatasaray in 2002. Canaydin has also served for Galatasaray under the presidencies of Ali Tanrıyar, Alp Yalman and legendary President Faruk Süren.

Canaydin was re-elected chairman of Galatasaray on 25 March 2006. He assigned his business to professional managers after being elected Galatasaray chairman in 2002. Canaydın also served for Galatasaray as a board member under chairmen Ali Tanrıyar, Alp Yalman and Faruk Süren.

Canaydın was elected chairman for a second term on 25 March 2006 but resigned from his position in 2008 due to health issues.

He also served as the president of the Super League Clubs Union. Due to poor health, he resigned from his position in 2008.

Personal life
Canaydın graduated from Galatasaray High School in 1963 and married Asuman Canaydın in 1965. He had two children and four grandchildren. His son, Murat Canaydın also graduated from Galatasaray High School and runs the family business now.

Death
He died on 22 March 2010 from pancreatic cancer, aged 67.

title: Özhan Canaydın


text:
Off the Road

Off the Road: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg is an autobiographical book by Carolyn Cassady. Originally published in 1990 as Off the Road: My Years with Cassady, Kerouac, and Ginsberg, it was republished by London's Black Spring Press, coinciding with the fiftieth anniversary of Jack Kerouac's On the Road. Off the Road recounts the history of Carolyn Cassady, wife of Jack Kerouac's traveling companion and On the Road's hero Neal Cassady. As Neal's wife and Kerouac's intermittent lover, Carolyn Cassady was well situated to record the inception of the Beat Generation and its influence on American culture.

Off the Road begins in the initial stages of Kerouac and Neal Cassady's friendship, when Kerouac was a struggling author trying to publish his first novel (1950's The Town and the City), and documents important moments in the beat movement such as the success of On the Road and Allen Ginsberg's "Howl."

Publication history

 * 1990, UK, Black Spring Press, 436 pp, hardcover, ISBN 0-948238-05-4
 * 1990, USA, William Morrow, 436 pp, hardcover, ISBN 0-688-08891-0
 * 1991, UK, Penguin. 1 August 1991, 464 pp, paperback, ISBN 978-0-14-015390-3
 * 2007, UK, Black Spring Press, 12 July 2007, 448 pp, paperback, ISBN 978-0-948238-37-6

title: Off the Road


text:
User talk:Silverback/archive1

testing linking to another archive page User talk:Silverback/archive2 User talk:Silverback/archive3

adding talk page that doesn't appear in my watch list even though I watch it.
Talk:2003 invasion of Iraq/Fpahl vs Silverback

title: User talk:Silverback/archive1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Math/business

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Gareth Hughes 17:14, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Math/business
Obvious cut and paste job (copyvio?), albeit badly written. It's neither about math nor business, but "combination of mathematical and business courses". It apparently relates to specific courses in a specific study center (university?), which is not named. At the very least, it obviously requires a massive cleanup, but I can't see what that would achieve.TheMadBaron 11:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - probably University of Waterloo, Canada. They should know better. Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   13:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete useless --Rogerd 09:29, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Belagavi district

An advertisement indeed
PLEASE SPECIFY WHY MARATHI NAME SHOULDN'T BE USED? AS KANNADA IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF KARNATAKA, MARATHI IS THE NATIVE LANGUAGE OF MAJORITY POPULATION OF BELGAUM. PLEASE KEEP MAHARASHTRA KARNATAKA BORDER DISPUTE ASIDE, ISN'T IT A RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE TO SPEAK IN THEIR MOTHER TONGUE. OR IS IT THAT ONCE U ARE A PART OF KARNATAKA YOU ARE BANNED TO SPEAK IN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.97.96.136 (talk) 07:08, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

This article seems completely biased and an advertisement insisting Karnataka's claims. I recommend NPOV which does justice to facts of both sides.

Whatever the claims are Belgaum is presently administered by Karnataka whether you like it or not and the Mahajan Commission which was set up (as demanded by Maharashtra against the wishes of Karnataka) did not agree with Maharashtra's contention on Belgaum.

This border issue is completely pointless. I don't see how the Maratha people's interests are not protected in Belgaum. Most people in Belgaum are descendants of both Kannada and Marathi speakers. So they have both cultures in them. Besides if Belgaum goes into Maharashtra it will probably merge with Kolhapur district. This would make it lose its importance as it would no longer be a district capital.

How could u think of this?Belgaum will retain its status of District capital,its quite obvious!Im sure it will prosper under Maharashtra's rule since Karnataka's step-motherly treatment is a big hurdle in development of Belgaum.Did u ever wonder why North Karnataka(whose major part deserves to be in Maharashtra)is under-developed???(mahawiki 10:05, 30 June 2006 (UTC))
 * What step motherly treatment?? That is your POV.  Forget Karnataka. You will see such inequity all over India.  Except for a handful of developed cities the rest of India regardless of which state is in shambles.  What is the state of the border districts of MH itself?  Why do we keep hearing calls for creation of Vidarbha from time to time.

 * North Karnataka is no exception this sort of inequity that exists not just in India but in developing countries all over the world. And Belgaum, come to think of it, is one of the more developed districts in North Karnataka.  So what step motherly treatment are you talking about? Your argument does not hold water.

 * Did u ever wonder why North Karnataka(whose major part deserves to be in Maharashtra)...
 * It is not for you or me to decide to whom 'major part of N Ktaka or any other portion of India should belong. The constitution decides that.  And the constitution decided long back(twice) that N Karnataka will belong to Karnataka.  The MH in a bid to play cheap politics, decided to contest the constitutional decree.  They demanded a review of the matter and the Mahajan commission was formed at their behest.  The Mahajan commission did a detailed study of the entire issue and also other border issues and wrote a report.

 * The report unequivocally says that Belgaum will stay with Karnataka. It also recommended transfer of some districts like Sholapur from MH to K'taka.  Transfer of some portions from K'taka to MH was also recommended.  While Ktaka like a law abiding state agreed to comply with the recommendations, MH shamelessly went back on their word and refused to honour the verdict of the esteemed committe which incidentally was headed by a Supreme Court Chief Justice himself.

 * In the light of the above, the article is not an advertisement of anybody's views by any stretch of imagination nor is it a POV. So I am removing the tag

Cleanup tag
The tag mentioned NPOV, cleanup reqd and advertisement. I agree that Cleanup is reqd. So if somebody can add that tag alone, please do it. I dont know how to add.

Mahajan commission report
There is no need to feel insecure about having the Mahajan commission report in the wiki page for Belgaum district. The report is very much a part of the history of the "so called struggle for Belgaum". Trying to hide or delete it only shows obfuscation of facts. When the chief ministers of the two states sit down to discuss this issue in Delhi, dont you think this report is going to be on the table?. wake up and smell the coffee.

Dinesh Kannambadi

Mahajan Report!
Just because u bribed more to Mahajan doesnt mean that u will eat up Maharashtra's land.Ram Ram japna paraya maal apna!This wont do. U smell the dosa,Belgaon has to go with Maharashtra.I mean kudos to Karnataka where only 39% population speaks Kannadi. Well go to Mumbai and hardly anyone speaks marathi, same is true for Vidharbha which is anyway asking a separate state. Also coastal Maha speak Konkani\Malvani. In that respect Maharashtra has less than 30% Marathi speakers.

.In fact whole North Kannada region doesnt belong to K'taka.Vow!!Jai Kannada mathe!

NPOV
Mahawiki, what do you mean by NPOV? Do you want me to write that

 * Belgaum is a part of MH?
 * The Mahajan commission ACCEPTED MH's demand for Belgaum city?
 * Maharashtra did NOT go back on its word to honour the Mahajan commission's report?
 * Belgaum is NOT a legal and constitutional part of Karnataka?
 * That the Belgaum Corporation was superseded by the Govt of Karnataka illegaly?
 * Karnataka govt butchered Marathis in Belgaum?
 * That Mahajan commission did not recommend exchange of villages between Kar and MH?
 * Karnataka govt bribed Justice Meherchand Mahajan?

Sorry, but if you want all the above trash to make it into WP, you will need to cite references. As of now you havent cited a single reference to back any of your claims. Your jingoism is childish, laughable and only matched by that of fundamentalist outfits across the globe. Wikipedia is not the place for your obsessive compulsive trolling. Take it someplace else. Sarvagnya 18:26, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
By NPOV i just mean that dont show Maharashtra in bad light.Write what all facts ,i dont mind.But dont just go thru the deccan herald.There's other side of story too.Frame a article in NPOV,dont project Maharashtra as villion.We are not doing anything deliberately to trouble.For we are victims too...I strongly recommend rewriting of border problem in real neutral point of view.Perhaps a non-marathi and non-kannadi editor shud do that..

I have cited a source if u see my edition. (mahawiki 18:43, 28 August 2006 (UTC))

3RR
I am not sure if you guys are aware about WP:3RR. You are involved in a dispute and the rules of wikipedia clearly forbid reverting more than 3 times in a day. Now, I propose that all of you cool down a bit. I am going to look at the article and then give my opinion. You are free to accept it or reject it - but if you revert further you will be banned. I will make some suggestions below soon.- Aksi_great (talk - review me) 18:54, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I have made changes at Belgaum. Please take a look at the border dispute section there. The sources are enough. I think the text now reads neutral, toned down an encyclopedia worthy. Please add more information citing references and not mentioning them in the external links. Take a look at Template:Cite web for citing websites and Template:Cite news to cite news articles. Remember to fill in as many fields as you can. - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 19:41, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for intervening
Dear Sir/Madam, I shall respect the rule which u put forth.I just have a problem with kind of language they have used about Maharashtra.They have projected my state as guilty and villanious.I just want that article to be written in neutral language not taking either's side.Let them include facts but not make any judgements. Sorry for inconvinence and hope Truth alone truimphs!

Jai Maharashtra (mahawiki 19:12, 28 August 2006 (UTC))

Sarvagnya's sources are rediculous!
Sarvagnya is out of mind,I suppose.The Deccan Herald belongs to a Kannada newshouse which have no presence outside Karnataka.I request the authorities to please review all the links/citations mentioned by this guy and find out yourself how shamelessly this newspaper gives biased statement which cant be used as citations here atleast those 'which are defamatory to Maharashtra and judgemental'.Sarvagnya has also included some Kannada media news stories which needless to say are hillarious and have zero credibilty.I dont have problems with Newswindpress,Hindu but i request editors to review the content of citations and whats being included in article.I donno why this guy is allergic to TOI and Indian express.

If at all his citations and defamatory language against Maharashtra is allowed,I shall be present with citations from Maharashtra Times,Pudhari,Belgaon Tarun Bharat,Sakal and Loksatta. mahawiki 04:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Why are you hell bent on making a fool of yourself? For starters, someone who thinks Deccan Herald belongs to Vijaya Karnataka group very obviously knows nothing about Deccan Herald.  And number two, the Deccan Herald citations were by User:Aksi and not by me.  The citation I added is from newindpress.  In your best interests, revert your vandalism now.  Sarvagnya 05:33, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

We all know who made a fool of oneself whilst editing as an anon.Loser get a life!!mahawiki 05:53, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Btw i havent added any vandalism just reverted to the NPOV version that of aksi.I dont mind that references of DH until that biased POV is applied here.Deccan Herald's article are comic relief!I dont care which odd kannada news house it belongs to,but im sure with advent of TOI in Bangalore,DH has few takers!Think beyond it. Plz see the history,I have not added/modified anything to disrupt the NPOV.The new citation u included is aceepatble!But for god's sake dont bring funny citations like that of DH and kannada media! mahawiki 05:49, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

biased and sentences against Maharashtra were modified
You are not entitled to pass ahn judgement about population of Marathis in Belgaum.Sentence which demean Maharashra or Belgaon movement will not be allowed at any cost.

mahawiki 05:52, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

as requested by Sarvagnya,the admin version of Border problem with a new citation (by sarvagnya) is retained.Article has NPOV.I request to retain NPOV.I shall not edit anything but anti-Mahrashtra in this article,which hopefully no one will post. Peace! mahawiki 10:56, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Aksi_great asked me to drop by and have a look. Are there still any problems? Please refrain fromt eh battleground mentality if possible. Thanks, Blnguyen | rant-line 05:19, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi thanks for ur concern.Thankfully there's no war here since Kannad wikipedians have refrained from posting anti-Maharashtra statements.I shall give credit to Sarvagnya who stopped posting controversial statements.So here's peace until anyone of us change NPOV,which hopefully no one shall change.I hope u shall be available for help if such condition occurs. mahawiki 05:28, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

New Belgaum Border Dispute article
A new article - Belgaum border dispute - has been created to track information about this issue.

I suggest that in order to keep information cohesive and centralised, material related to this dispute from this article be moved to (and merged with) the Belgaum border dispute article.

This will also make it easier to maintain information, and will make it easier to link to from other related articles.

Achitnis 21:14, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Horrible Template
Who added such a Horrible template to the article? And why? We can definitely wait until the template is improved. If no objection, I will remove it 3 days.--Scheibenzahl 17:58, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup and Verification Required
Constant edits to add/remove Kannada and Marathi scripts. Lets keep the border dispute out of this and be as neutral as possible. Usage of Kannada or Marathi scripts is acceptable, but the offical name of the district is still "Belgaum" and not "Belgavi", "Belgaav" or "Belgao"

Also why are current professors from local colleges being added to the notable personalities section? A g v (talk) 04:59, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php to http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Belgaum district. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163433/http://belgaum.nic.in/stat.html to http://belgaum.nic.in/stat.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120216065838/http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf to http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:29, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belagavi district