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Westgard Pass

Westgard Pass is a mountain pass on State Route 168 in Inyo County, California in the U.S. state of California. The pass lies at an elevation of 7323 ft and is located in between the White Mountains and Inyo Mountains ranges in the Basin and Range Province of eastern California. Westgard Pass lies entirely within the Inyo National Forest, in northern Inyo County, California.

State Route 168 crosses the pass, connecting the Owens Valley to Deep Springs Valley. Route 168 is the only (paved) east–west route across the Inyo-White Mountains. The highway is known for its pristine scenery and grand vistas.

History
The pass was named after Anton L. Westgard, the Norwegian-born Vice President and Director of Transcontinental Highways of the National Highway Association. Inyo County and the State of California bestowed the honor on Westgard after his successful transcontinental journey by automobile in 1911. Westgard, nicknamed "The Pathfinder" was appointed by Federal Highway Administration Director Logan Page to attempt the trek as research for appropriate locations for the first transcontinental highways. This initial field survey ultimately led to what would eventually become the Lincoln Highway.

Although not the first transcontinental voyage by motorized vehicle, Westgard claimed to be the first to have completed the journey by truck, his being a 37-horsepower "Pioneer Freighter".

title: Westgard Pass


text: User talk:216.47.178.226

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:216.47.178.226


text:
Cape Disappointment State Park

Cape Disappointment State Park (formerly Fort Canby State Park) is a public recreation area on Cape Disappointment, located southwest of Ilwaco, Washington, on the bottom end of Long Beach Peninsula, the northern headlands where the Columbia River meets the Pacific Ocean. The state park's 2023 acre encompass a diverse landscape of old-growth forest, freshwater lakes, freshwater and saltwater marshes, and oceanside tidelands. Park sites include Fort Canby, the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center, North Head Lighthouse, and Cape Disappointment Lighthouse. Cape Disappointment is one of several state parks and sites in Washington and Oregon that are included in Lewis and Clark National Historical Park.

History
Cape Disappointment earned its name when Captain John Meares failed to cross the river bar in 1788. The feat was accomplished in 1792 by American Captain Robert Gray. The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived at Cape Disappointment in 1805.

In 1862, during the American Civil War, a camp called Post at Cape Disappointment was established and fortifications existed here from that date to protect the northern approaches to the mouth of the Columbia River from possible attacks by Confederate raiders or foreign fleets. It was garrisoned by Company A, U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment and Company A, 8th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry in the District of Oregon. In 1863, its mate Fort Stevens was established on the south bank of the Columbia River. In 1864, the post was renamed Fort Cape Disappointment. Some Civil War-era fortifications still exist: the Tower (or Right) Battery, Left Battery, and Center Battery.

Fort Cape Disappointment was expanded and renamed Fort Canby in 1875. By 1906, when construction finished under the Endicott program, Fort Canby became part of the three-fort Harbor Defenses of the Columbia River as a subpost of Fort Stevens along with Fort Columbia. The fort was further expanded during World War II. After being decommissioned in the years following World War II, the fort was turned over to the state for use as a state park in the early 1950s. Workers with the Civilian Conservation Corps helped restore the fort and improved roads and trails during the 1930s.

Facilities
The Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center sits on a cliff that overlooks the confluence of the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean. There are exhibits about the 1803–1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific coast, the park's later history, including the lighthouses, U.S. Coast Guard and military activities, and the area's maritime and natural history.

Activities and amenities
Cape Disappointment State Park offers camping and other overnight accommodations, 8 mi of hiking trails, stands of old-growth Sitka spruce, watercraft launch sites, picnicking facilities, and tours of the North Head Lighthouse.

Many of the WWII-era military facilities still exist in a ruined state throughout the park and are accessible to the public.

Cape Disappointment State Park’s camping facilities include standard campsites, full hookup RV sites, yurts, cabins, and historic vacation homes. Camp facilities include full-service restrooms with showers and a park store nearby for groceries, wood, and a café.

title: Cape Disappointment State Park


text: User talk:85.165.78.101

title: User talk:85.165.78.101


text:
MNP

MNP can stand for:

 * Manipur, a state in northeastern India (postal code)
 * Magnetic nanoparticles
 * Manor Park railway station, a National Rail station in England
 * 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane
 * Microcom Networking Protocol, for modems
 * MNP LLP (Meyers Norris Penny) - a Canadian accounting firm headquartered in Calgary, Alberta
 * Mobile number portability, of telephone numbers
 * National Museum, Poznań
 * National Order Party (Milli Nizam Partisi), Turkey
 * Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (Milieu en Natuur Planbureau)
 * Northern Mariana Islands, in the Pacific
 * Northern Min, a Chinese language

title: MNP


text:
Fort Canby

Fort Canby may refer to:
 * Fort Canby (Washington), a coastal fort preserved as part of Cape Disappointment State Park in the U.S. state of Washington
 * Fort Canby State Park, the former name for Cape Disappointment State Park
 * Fort Canby (Arizona), a fort reestablished at the site of Fort Defiance in Arizona

title: Fort Canby


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bunnyhug

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:39, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Bunnyhug
 del . A dicdef, of dubious notability. mikka (t) 18:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to bunny hug. mikka (t) 02:51, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Slangdef and as far as I can determine from Googling the term, it is not verifiable anyway.--Isotope23 19:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable local slang. Andrew pmk | Talk 01:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * weak keep i was for del, but as I had heard the phrase in england thought id see if it agreed - and was suprised to learn that it did. more to the point that it should be of saskatchewan origin is of unexpected note to me. so i cant agree with it just being slangdef, the location is important - thats not to say that the page is up to much, but then what else is there to say about such a small subject? DavidP 03:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you really be sure that the origin didn't go the other way, i.e. that you guys originated it and Saskatchewan picked up on it? Or that it's not just a case of two groups coming up with the same slang term independently of each other? Bearcat 05:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I don't know how "local" it can be if it was mentioned in the Broadway song "All That Jazz." . Create new article based on old, non-regional meaning... whatever it is. I'm not sure, yet. Redirect bunny hug, which has the correct meaning. --Jacquelyn Marie 03:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I created a Bunny hug entry & linked it from bunny hug. mikka (t) 02:51, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 04:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slangdef. Bearcat 05:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and maybe redirect to Bunny hug. Zhatt  18:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The term bunny hug (not bunnyhug) appears in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2nd ed. ["noun Cdn (Sask.) a hooded sweatshirt."]. So put it in wiktionary, or redirect it to hoody, but there's no encyclopedia article to be written here.  —Michael Z. 2005-10-14 02:01 Z
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Butler Act

Did Butler Know or Didn't He?
This section at the end of the fifth paragraph is clearly contradictory:

"... the author of the law, a Tennessee farmer named John Washington Butler, specifically intended that it would prohibit the teaching of evolution. He later was reported to have said, "No, I didn't know anything about evolution when I introduced it. I'd read in the papers that boys and girls were coming home from school and telling their fathers and mother that the Bible was all nonsense." After reading copies of both William Jennings Bryan's lecture "Is the Bible True?" as well as Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and Descent of Man, Butler decided evolution was dangerous."

He cannot have not known anything about evolution when he introduced the Bill if he read two of Darwin's books before deciding that Darwin's ideas were dangerous - which would presumably be what motivated him to present the Bill. Butler was actually in his second term when he introduced the Bill, because he wasn't entitled to present a Bill during his first term (as he had wanted to). Unless the source of the report of his alleged lack of knowledge can be produced and corroborated it seems to me that this is nothing more than highly partial newspaper reporting, designed to make the people of Tennessee look like ignorant hicks, of a kind that was widespread at the time. Unless there are any objections I would like to remove the "didn't know anything" quote. Arthur 18:58 October 11, 2005
 * Oh really. To me the latter sentence doesn't make much sense, because someone saying "I never had any idea my bill would make a fuss. I just thought it would become a law, and that everybody would abide by it and that we wouldn't hear any more of evolution in Tennessee." indeed appears to be an ignorant hick. --91.32.85.1 (talk) 19:51, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

To me it appears to be fundamentally contradictory to say that the author of the law specifically intended that it would prohibit the teaching of evolution, and then apparently in support of that statement to quote him as having said, "No, I didn't know anything about evolution when I introduced it." How can he have specifically set out to prohibit the teaching of evolution if he knew nothing about it - and in fact his statement starts with a "no" - is that not a denial of that proposition? Unless of course he simply wanted to ban anything that he knew nothing about. No state congressman (not just a farmer, by the way) could be that ignorant, not even in Tennessee.JohnC (talk) 08:53, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation needed?
There was an Education Act in Britain in 1944 that is also commonly known as Butler Act. Im no experienced Wikipedian, so can someone please either link to this page or make a new disambiguation?

First Paragraph/Line Unclear
The first line sounds, at first glance, as though it forbad the teaching of the literal translation of the bible. Suggested revision I suppose. I would do it, however there are a lot of the brackets, and I hardly know what those are. Also, I'm not entirely clear on the law itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.180.178.39 (talk) 09:15, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Clear contradiction within the first paragraph? It says the butler act did NOT prohibit the teaching of evolution, however when you read the act it clear states that it prohibits it. I'm going to change it so it says it DOES prohibit it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by The White Alchemist (talk • contribs) 14:09, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

"Prohibiting public school teachers to deny the Biblical account of man’s origin" is appalling English. Try "from denying" instead!JohnC (talk) 08:48, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Which version of 'the Bible'?
Which version of the Bible did the Act make specific reference to? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zalzalahbuttsaab (talk • contribs) 18:49, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Why does that matter? Is there a version in which man evolves? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.231.227.103 (talk) 14:17, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Tennesseestateseallrg.png
The image Image:Tennesseestateseallrg.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --07:23, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Possible bias
The assertion that the Butler Act only outlawed the teaching of human evolution is a common claim on creationist websites. It is also in contradiction to the article on the Scopes trial. I believe that this article is in need of the attention of an expert historian. Fkohn (talk) 18:41, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

RE: Possible bias. According to the souce (http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/tennstat.htm) provided on the page, which (according to this page) has the whole Butler act, the text only mentions "...any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." This seems pretty clear, unless I'm missing something...

Odd date discrepancy
According to this page the date the act was struck down is May 18
 * Within three days of his filing suit, a bill for repeal of the Butler Act had passed both houses of the Tennessee legislature, signed into law May 18 by Governor Buford Ellington.

If you go to wiki page for the Governor it has a slightly different date.
 * In September 1967, Ellington signed a bill repealing the Butler Act, the 1925 law that had outlawed the teaching of the Theory of Evolution in state schools.

Does it look like two different dates are being listed or am I misreading this badly? Gunnerclark (talk) 04:23, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butler Act


text:
Bukkene Bruse

Bukkene Bruse (established in 1988 in Norway) is a Norwegian traditional folk music band, presenting a varied repertoire of traditional and folk-style Norwegian songs, but also including many new compositions based on various Norwegian musical traditions.

Biography
The members of the group include Annbjørg Lien, a prominent Hardanger fiddle and nyckelharpa (keyed fiddle) player; Arve Moen Bergset, fiddle player and vocalist; flutist Steinar Ofsdal; and pipe organist Bjørn Ole Rasch. The name of the group is taken from the fairy tale of the Three Billy Goats Gruff (De tre bukkene Bruse).

The group was formed in 1988 in Norway and has travelled and performed widely in Scandinavia, and elsewhere. In 1994, they were selected as official Olympic Musicians for the Lillehammer Winter Olympic Games and performed at the closing ceremony.

Band members

 * Arve Moen Bergset - vocals, violin, and hardingfele
 * Annbjørg Lien - Hardingfele & nyckelharpa
 * Steinar Ofsdal - flute, low whistle
 * Bjørn Ole Rasch - pipe organ

Albums

 * Bukkene Bruse (1993)
 * Åre (1995)
 * Steinstolen (1998)
 * Den Fagraste Rosa (2001)
 * Spel (2004)

title: Bukkene Bruse


text:
Wilder Park, Louisville

Wilder Park is a neighborhood four miles south of downtown Louisville, Kentucky USA. The area was originally the site of Greenland race course, built in 1866, a sister track of Churchill Downs. Greenland track closed in 1888 and the area became the Wilder Park neighborhood.

The first houses in Wilder Park were built off Southern Parkway in 1891. The rest of the area was completed by 1901 as streetcar lines linked the neighborhood to Iroquois Park and new factories in South Louisville. In 1904, Wilder Park was part of the incorporated city of Oakdale, until the city of Louisville annexed it in 1922.

A memorial to South Louisville veterans of the Second World War is located in Wilder Park in the 3900 block of south Second Street.

Demographics
As of 2010, the population of Wilder Park was 2,798, of which 53% are white, 26% are black, 13% are Hispanic, and 2% are listed as other. The median household income was $23,708 (in 2015 dollars).

title: Wilder Park, Louisville


text:
User talk:Kerripaul

Redirect is done by. Just so you know. :P — flamingspinach | (talk) 18:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks

 * No problem but remember to always sign any comments with, otherwise it's tedious to look in the history page to see who wrote it. And usually you add a new section to someone's talk page with  . BTW welcome to wikipedia... — flamingspinach | (talk) 19:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Bass
On your travels through the waterways please bear in mind that what you know as bass (fish) to others may appear to be bass (musical term). 'Bass' as a Wikilink is ambiguous, so you should always link to a specific bass; if necessary pipe the link so it appears as just 'bass'. It seems to have fallen to me to be the disambiguator... Brequinda 09:13, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Ichthyology
I noticed that you removed the from the Ichthyology category. My mistake for putting it there. Perhaps you could add something to the category's talk page discussing what would be appropriate under that category, and clarify whether corydoras panda and Nothobranchius should or should not remain in the Ichthyology category so I and others like me won't also make that mistake... ?  Neil916 01:17, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Danionin
For the time being I held off on the other Danionin genera because the information is rather limited, as far as I know. Information on Devario aquarium requirements can probably be collected, which is why I made an article for it. However, many of the other Danionins are rather rare in the hobby and therefore, unfortunately, don't have as much importance. However, you're free to start up some articles for the other genera if you feel that it would be a good idea.

WikiProject Aquarium Fishes
Hi Kerripaul. I found your danionin article when I was updating the list of freshwater aquarium fish species. Your article helped my a lot. Anyway, I just created the WikiProject Aquarium Fishes. The guidelines draft is just finished. I wonder if you'd want to join it and help starting the project. And also just wonder if you know other editors who might be interested. Thanks a lot and cheers, --Melanochromis 04:21, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Welcome to the WikiProject Aquarium Fishes !! --Melanochromis 02:01, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

The Aquarium Fishes Newsletter: December 2006
--Melanochromis 23:04, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

The Aquarium Fishes Newsletter: January 2007
--Melanochromis 04:58, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

The Aquarium Fishes Newsletter: Febuary 2007
--Melanochromis 15:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

The Aquarium Fishes Newsletter: March 2007
--Melanochromis 22:42, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Fishes
There is a new proposal on naming conventions for fish being discussed at WikiProject Fishes. As a member of a project whose naming conventions would be affected (WikiProject Aquarium Fishes), your feedback would be appreciated at the WikiProject Fishes talk page here. Neil916 (Talk) 00:58, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

The Aquarium Fishes Newsletter: April 2007
--Melanochromis 22:12, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

The Aquarium Fishes Newsletter: May 2007
--Melanochromis 19:58, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Aquarium Fishes June 2007 Newsletter
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WikiProject Aquarium Fishes July 2007 Newsletter
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Anhalter Bahnhof
I note your additions to the Anhalter Bahnhof article regarding the comparison in roof size with St. Pancras station in London. This roof is indeed a fair bit longer and wider than the Anhalter although not quite as high. In the UK there are other station roofs of impressive dimensions. Liverpool Lime Street (still open) and Manchester Central (now the G-Mex Exhibition Centre), both have roofs that are wider than the Anhalter although not as long, as once did the now demolished Glasgow St. Enoch.

The Anhalter Bahnhof roof was certainly the biggest in Continental Europe at the time of its construction, but the Koln Hauptbahnhof at 255 m long and 64 m wide greatly exceeded it, and in floor area is even larger than St. Pancras.

Hope this is of interest. Tonythepixel 19:48, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Danionin stuff
I'd like to inquire into some of your edits.

First, I am curious why you removed information about Microrasbora erythromicron being classified as a Danio species under a particular study; this is valid cited information. I see that further research on your part is on the way, but the scientists have done that for us. Here are some quotes from the paper that I referenced: "Danio erythromicron is clearly placed within Danio and not Microrasbora, as has been previously hypothesized for this species" and "...the genus Microrasbora is not a monophyletic group and does not include Danio erythromicron." They also have this paragraph: "Danio erythromicron, a species originally described in Microrasbora, is found to be more closely related to D. rerio than the putative species of the non-monophyletic Microrasbora resolved herein. Although the resulting placement of this species in Danio may be somewhat surprising to some, this species was recently referred to Danio by Kottelat and Witte (’99). These authors reassigned D. erythromicron on the basis of a suite of morphological characters, but also indicated that this change should be further verified with additional data; herein their conclusion is strongly supported by our molecular sequence data and analyses." This information indicates that not only is D. erythromicron not part of Microrasbora, but that it has already been reassigned to Danio for eight years before their analysis. What this means is that Microrasbora erythromicron is an invalid synonym of Danio erythromicron; perhaps there may be some sort of revalidation in the future, but it is not currently Microrasbora erythromicron and hasn't been for years. Maintaining the old name gives a distorted view of the relationships of this fish species and the evidence that has been found. As taxonomy is always changing, wikipedia articles should follow suit and indicate and follow these changes.

Secondly, I am unsure as to the usefulness of restoring the list of species and synonyms in the danionin article. First of all, the validity of danioninae as well as what genera actually belong to Danioninae is in question. The whole group is ill-defined and many of its relationships are still unknown. Different studies have given conflicting data for the relationships of danioninae (which I attempt to summarize in the taxonomy section). This is why I separated the list from danioninae from the first place, as whether or not the genera listed are danionins seems to be unknown. Secondly, the same information, minus common names, is now reproduced on the individual genus articles. Many of the synonyms are on the relevant species pages. Any information in these lists that is not already in a more specific page should be moved there, rather than remain on the danionin page where it is unknown if this information even belongs there, supposing some of those genera aren't even danionins. As a last note, I have never seen Tanichthys referenced as a danionin group in any of the scientific papers I have read so far about the phylogenetics of the danionin group; most papers make no mention of the genus at all, and the few mentions I have ever seen of both Tanichthys and Danio indicate that they are not closely related.

Thanks for your time. MiltonT 04:17, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I accept the fact that the generic status of Microrasbora erythromicron is not clear. But rather than removing information discussing its generic placement, we should add information so that readers can understand why its taxonomic placement is unclear. I'll drop this point about your removing this informatino from the Danio article as I suppose the discussion of this subject is more rightfully placed on the Microrasbora erythromicron article, where this information is now included.

 * When the paper says "Danio is identified as a monophyletic group sister to a clade inclusive of the genera Chela, Microrasbora, Devario, and Inlecypris, not Devario nor Esomus as hypothesized in previous studies." it means that Danio is not a sister group to Devario alone, but rather, it is sister to clade with the four listed genera together. Although perhaps ambiguous in the way they said it, this was their meaning.

 * I do not see the value in retaining the danionin list of every species on the danionin page, simply because we can discuss (and IMO, should discuss) the information pertinent to each genus in the actual genus page. Probably when you were told this list was useful was prior to each genus page being created. IMO, this is the place where discussion of the species in each genus should be had. Whether or not something is a danionin is argued on the genus level, not the species level (even with monotypic genera). As you and I know, scientists are not even sure about what genera should be included. If someone wants to see a list of, for example, Esomus species, they should go to the Esomus page. The danionin page can discuss whether or not Esomus is or is not a danionin, but the Esomus page can easily discuss its species. We already discuss in the taxonomy section that Esomus species have been considered closely related to Danio, with a wikilink to allow readers to easily access the Esomus page where they can find a list of species of Esomus. To me, the list section clutters the danionin page, another reason I divided it up and moved much of the information to separate articles.

 * I can accept your view of maintaining the species list of Danio species and do not argue against your restoring the list on the page. In any case, I believe it is preferably placed on the Danio page rather than the danionin page.

 * The fact that the white cloud is not a danionin is more than enough reason not to include it among the danionin list of genera. I am aware the average aquarist may believe that they are closely related to danionins, but since they are not, why include them in the listing of danionins categorized by genera? Making a mention that it is not a danionin and referring them to the correct page can be done in a sentence with a wikilink in it, as has already been done in the taxonomy section. This is simple enough.

 * I am unsure as to the value of the synonym list. The main danionin page is not the page for synonyms of species and I have never seen an article with such a large devotion to names no longer used of subgroups. I chose to hide the synonym page instead of actually removing it so that, in the event that more of the relevant species articles were made, synonyms could be moved to these pages conveniently. With the list hidden, I felt it could be used as a checklist to see what synonyms still needed a page to be placed on, slowly removing its pieces until all of the synonyms were on their respective species pages. It was not that I did not believe these to have been scientific names at one point, but I was removing unnecessary information from the list that was being stated elsewhere. The fact that I hid it only after I began to remove parts is irrelevant to the fact since I perceived that the entire list would be gone in the future and broken into the relevant pages. I don't believe the list means much to most readers and only seems to clutter the page. A wikipedia search of an old synonym should lead a person to the species page if that synonym is listed there. This also works vice versa; if I want to know the old synonyms of a species, I go to that species page. I don't see the value in summing up all the synonyms of previously accepted danionins on the danionin page. Even genus articles do not have large lists of synonyms of its species, nevermind theoretical subfamily groups.

 * I guess the basic theme of my argument is that the information should be broken down into its parts. First of all, it clutters the danionin page. Now that its been broken up into generic pages, I do not believe the entire list is necessary. The species list is categorized by genera, but we already have a list of genera in the taxobox, and each of these genera now has a list of species no different from the list on the danionin page, except for lack of common names, which are listed on the danionin common name list. Having one enormous list is unnecessary; it doesn't say anymore than when it is broken into separate pages. Some other information the list gives is a bunch of lengths of different species, but this is also information which shouldn't be included on the danionin page but, rather, on the species pages. Secondly, it seems that we are still unsure what genera are danionins, listing even genera on the danionin page is dubious, never mind what species. What we can say is what species belongs to each genus. Instead of having such a large and unncessary list on a page where we don't even know the species belongs, I moved information from the species list to the genus pages where (except for M. erythromicron) we actually do know where they belong. Breaking it down to the more specific genera pages (genera that we're not even sure are all danionins anyway and a genus, Tanichthys, we know is not) makes the danionin page cleaner and less cluttered.

 * MiltonT 16:39, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The danionin page does look a lot cleaner this way. On a separate page, the synonyms list is more acceptable. This makes it a much more acceptable article. Also, I probably put PDF in the Roberts reference due to habit; so no, I didn't mean to put a link. Yes, more research is needed, but that's the fun of science, isn't it? MiltonT 20:57, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I am unaware of a free location to access that paper. I am accessing it through my university library. MiltonT 21:13, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Aquarium Fishes August 2007 Newsletter
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Saccopharyngiformes

A tag has been placed on Category:Saccopharyngiformes indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 15:51, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Centracanthidae

A tag has been placed on Category:Centracanthidae indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 16:16, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kerripaul


text: User talk:69.253.41.80

title: User talk:69.253.41.80


text:
Imaginary time

Imaginary time is a mathematical representation of time that appears in some approaches to special relativity and quantum mechanics. It finds uses in certain cosmological theories.

Mathematically, imaginary time is real time which has undergone a Wick rotation so that its coordinates are multiplied by the imaginary unit i. Imaginary time is not imaginary in the sense that it is unreal or made-up, it is simply expressed in terms of imaginary numbers.

Origins
In mathematics, the imaginary unit $$i$$ is the square root of $$-1$$, such that $$i^2$$ is defined to be $$-1$$. A number which is a direct multiple of $$i$$ is known as an imaginary number.

In certain physical theories, periods of time are multiplied by $$i$$ in this way. Mathematically, an imaginary time period $\tau$ may be obtained from real time $ t$  via a Wick rotation by $\pi/2$  in the complex plane: $\tau = it$.

Stephen Hawking popularized the concept of imaginary time in his book The Universe in a Nutshell. "'One might think this means that imaginary numbers are just a mathematical game having nothing to do with the real world. From the viewpoint of positivist philosophy, however, one cannot determine what is real. All one can do is find which mathematical models describe the universe we live in. It turns out that a mathematical model involving imaginary time predicts not only effects we have already observed but also effects we have not been able to measure yet nevertheless believe in for other reasons. So what is real and what is imaginary? Is the distinction just in our minds?'"

In fact, the terms "real" and "imaginary" for numbers are just a historical accident, much like the terms "rational" and "irrational": "'...the words real and imaginary are picturesque relics of an age when the nature of complex numbers was not properly understood.'"

Derivation
In the Minkowski spacetime model adopted by the theory of relativity, spacetime is represented as a four-dimensional surface or manifold. Its four-dimensional equivalent of a distance in three-dimensional space is called an interval. Assuming that a specific time period is represented as a real number in the same way as a distance in space, an interval $$d$$ in relativistic spacetime is given by the usual formula but with time negated: $$d^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - t^2$$ where $$x$$, $$y$$ and $$z$$ are distances along each spatial axis and $$t$$ is a period of time or "distance" along the time axis (Strictly, the time coordinate is $$(ct)^2$$ where $$c$$ is the speed of light, however we conventionally choose units such that $$c=1$$).

Mathematically this is equivalent to writing $$d^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + (it)^2$$

In this context, $$i$$ may be either accepted as a feature of the relationship between space and real time, as above, or it may alternatively be incorporated into time itself, such that the value of time is itself an imaginary number, denoted by $$\tau$$. The equation may then be rewritten in normalised form: $$d^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + \tau^2$$

Similarly its four vector may then be written as $$( x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3 )$$ where distances are represented as $$x_n$$, and $$x_0 = ict$$ where $$c$$ is the speed of light and time is imaginary.

Application to cosmology
Hawking noted the utility of rotating time intervals into an imaginary metric in certain situations, in 1971.

In physical cosmology, imaginary time may be incorporated into certain models of the universe which are solutions to the equations of general relativity. In particular, imaginary time can help to smooth out gravitational singularities, where known physical laws break down, to remove the singularity and avoid such breakdowns (see Hartle–Hawking state). The Big Bang, for example, appears as a singularity in ordinary time but, when modelled with imaginary time, the singularity can be removed and the Big Bang functions like any other point in four-dimensional spacetime. Any boundary to spacetime is a form of singularity, where the smooth nature of spacetime breaks down. With all such singularities removed from the Universe, it thus can have no boundary and Stephen Hawking speculated that "the boundary condition to the Universe is that it has no boundary".

However, the unproven nature of the relationship between actual physical time and imaginary time incorporated into such models has raised criticisms. Roger Penrose has noted that there needs to be a transition from the Riemannian metric (often referred to as "Euclidean" in this context) with imaginary time at the Big Bang to a Lorentzian metric with real time for the evolving Universe. Also, modern observations suggest that the Universe is open and will never shrink back to a Big Crunch. If this proves true, then the end-of-time boundary still remains.

title: Imaginary time


text:
Disclaimer II

Disclaimer II is the second studio album by South African rock band Seether. It is a recompilation of the band's first album, Disclaimer, from 2002. Although the 12 tracks from the original album are present, they were slightly remixed and differ from the original. Also, the majority of the remixed tracks feature additional lead guitar melodies with the addition of a permanent lead guitarist to the band's line-up prior to the release of the album. This is also the first Seether album to feature contributions from their current drummer John Humphrey. In Europe, the album includes four tracks more than its predecessor; in the United States, the album has eight extra tracks, some of which had been previously released on soundtracks, such as "Hang On," which had been featured on the 2003 Daredevil soundtrack and "Out of My Way," which had been featured on the soundtrack to the 2003 horror film Freddy vs. Jason as well as the 2017 film Transformers: The Last Knight. "Fine Again" also appeared on Madden NFL 2003 and 1080° Avalanche.

A primary reason for the reworking of Disclaimer was the popularity of "Broken." Originally a simple acoustic ballad, it was remade into an electric, duet version with vocals by Evanescence frontwoman Amy Lee, who was dating Seether frontman Shaun Morgan at the time. This new version was originally featured on the 2004 Punisher soundtrack and had an accompanying music video. Both the US and European releases include the new rendition of "Broken," and Disclaimer II subsequently became Seether's most successful album commercially. The song "Sold Me", also from The Punisher soundtrack, was used for WWE's Bad Blood pay per view, along with WWE also using "Out of My Way" as the entrance theme of Zach Gowen. The song "Take Me Away" is an acoustic version of a track from their first independent album (originally as Saron Gas), Fragile (2000).

Background
The idea of releasing Disclaimer II was a record label decision. Shaun Morgan didn't want to include the new version of "Broken" with Amy Lee on the first album, because he thought the first album was finished. Eventually, the band and the Wind-Up label came to a compromise; they recorded extra tracks for the album, as they wanted to include it as a bonus CD. Instead, the label discontinued the first barcode on the first album (which is why Disclaimer II is considered Seether's second album) and they had to add the new version of "Broken", as it was part of the deal.

Personnel
Credits adapted from album’s liner notes.

Seether
 * Shaun Morgan – vocals, guitar
 * Dale Stewart – bass guitar, vocals
 * Pat Callahan – additional guitars
 * John Humphrey – drums (tracks 13-17, 20)

Additional musicians
 * Josh Freese – drums (tracks 1-12)
 * Dave Cohoe – drums (track 18)
 * Nick Oshiro – drums (track 19)
 * Amy Lee – vocals and string arrangement (track 20)
 * Double G — string arrangement (track 20)

Production
 * Jay Baumgardner — producer (tracks 1-12, 19, 20), mixing (track 19)
 * Jon Berkowitz — assistant mix engineer
 * Dan Certa — engineer
 * Alex Gibson — strings engineer (track 20)
 * Emily Lazar — mastering
 * Bob Marlette — producer and engineer (tracks 13-17, 20), mixing (tracks 1-17, 20)
 * Jeff Moses — assistant engineer
 * Jeremy Parker — assistant engineer
 * Sid Riggs — Protools recording engineer (tracks 13-17, 20), Protools mix engineer
 * Ulrich Wild — producer and mixing (track 18)

title: Disclaimer II


text:
Bouffant

A bouffant is a type of puffy, rounded hairstyle characterized by hair raised high on the head and usually covering the ears or hanging down on the sides.

Etymology
The word bouffant has its etymological origin in the French word bouffante, which is the present participle of the French verb bouffer, meaning to puff or fluff up. In Spanish, it can be translated as "esponjar" or "mullir". The bouffant was also known in England during the 1960s as teasy-weasy, as that was the popular name for Raymond Bessone, a British stylist credited with the revival of the bouffant hairstyle in the 1950s.

History
The bouffant is a variant of the pouf hairstyle from the 18th century, popularly used in the aesthetics of aristocratic society and the upper socio-economic classes of the French Empire. The bouffant, along with similar hairstyles like the pouf and the pompadour, represented an exclusive hairstyle of the upper socio-economic classes. The hairstyle was typically created in aristocratic wigs, which were adorned with feathers, ribbons, flowers, and jewelry, and accompanied by various headpieces, hats, and fascinators. Voluminous hairstyles like the bouffant and the pompadour became popular again among high society women in the late Victorian era, where full-bodied hair was considered an attribute of the upper socio-economic classes, leading to the use of cosmetic solutions and hairpieces to add volume to the hairstyle.

At the end of the 19th century, the bouffant style found appreciation during the Belle Époque period. The hairstyle was revived through the concept of feminine beauty created by American illustrator Charles Dana Gibson, who popularized the aesthetic of the Gibson Girl as one of the first forms of pin-up beauty in the late 19th century. The iconic Gibson Girl was often depicted in contemporary fashion, wearing figure-accentuating clothing, hats, and headpieces, and portrayed with voluminous bouffant and pompadour hairstyles. The sophisticated perception of women in the Gibson Girl model contributed to the popularity of this aesthetic, including the bouffant hairstyle, until the period of World War I.

20th and 21st centuries
After the political succession from the reign of Queen Victoria to King Edward VII, the bouffant continued to be a symbol of aristocracy in the early years of the Edwardian era, marked by the integration of new hairstyling techniques such as the use of hair waxes, fixatives, and hairpieces to add volume to the hairstyle. The bouffant and the Gibson Girl aesthetic were later replaced by modern versions of new femininity, which included the bob hairstyles and the flapper woman's style.

The bouffant hairstyle made a comeback in the early 1950s during the rockabilly aesthetic, along with the pompadour hairstyle. Its revival in women's fashion in the 1950s is credited to British stylist Raymond Bessone. The hairstyle was often referred to as teasy-weasy due to the popularity of Bessone's bouffant hairstyle, which became its commonly known name.

The popularity of the bouffant hairstyle in the 1950s was greatly strengthened in the United States when the First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy, frequently appeared with a low bouffant in the form of a bob cut. The hairstyle became the traditional look for American housewives in the 1960s as it was often used to create a taller appearance for the wearer. With this intention, a variation of the bouffant known as the beehive emerged. The beehive consisted of a voluminous mass of hair styled in a roll or hive-like shape resting on top of the crown of the head, characterized by its considerable height and often accompanied by bangs. The beehive hairstyle became iconic for artists like Dusty Springfield and in more modern times, for the look sported by Amy Winehouse.

During the 1960s, the bouffant gained notable popularity among musical personalities, especially members of girls groups performing R&B, bubblegum pop, soul, and doo-woop music. Some groups that adopted the bouffant in the 1960s included The Supremes, The Ronettes, The Shirelles, and Martha and the Vandellas. This popularity contributed to a significant increase in sales of hair rollers and hairspray during the 1960s.

The revival of the beehive hairstyle is recognized to have emerged with the fame of Amy Winehouse in the 2000s. The bouffant (including its variation, the beehive, and the pompadour hairstyle) experienced a resurgence in popularity in the 2010s due to the aesthetic influence of the hipster subculture as well as retro rockabilly trends, with music personalities like Adele and Rihanna sporting these hairstyles.

Method
Hair on the top of the head was often raised by backcombing or "teasing" it with a comb to create a pile of tangled, loosely knotted hair on the top and upper sides of the head. Then, unteased hair from the front of the head was lightly combed over the pile to give a smooth, sleek look, and the ends of the outer hair might be combed, cut, curled, or flipped in many distinctive ways.

In some cases, a small wiglet or a cushion of nylon mesh might be used instead of or in addition to teasing, to add height at the crown of the head. Bangs might be worn over the forehead, or a long switch or "fall" of artificial hair, matching the wearer's own hair color, might be added at the back.

Usually, hair spray or hair lacquer was applied as a finishing touch to stiffen the hairdo and hold it in place without the need for hairpins. Since the hair could not be brushed without ruining the style, adjustments were made by using the long, pointed end of a "rattail" comb to gently lift the hair back into place.

title: Bouffant


text:
Talk:Liberalism in Europe

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US terminology for describing Europe
The article claims, prominently, that "European liberals in the centre-left are represented in the major social democrat parties" while citing a kind of "Europe seen from Texas" source that uses a misleading American terminology that Europeans would regard as inaccurate. In fact, social democrats are the first parties mentioned in the article, which makes it seem as if they are the primary liberal parties in Europe. In Europe social democracy is universally considered (and considers itself) a movement and basic school of thought of its own, separate from liberalism (and all other ideologies for that matter), and with a distinct history and traditions. That they are both often close to the political centre and that they in practice today share many views don't make both "liberal." Left liberals or social liberals aren't social democrats, but people who identify with the basic ideology of liberalism and who are on the (centre) left on a liberal spectrum; the entire liberal spectrum is traditionally understood to be to the right of socialism and social democracy. Given that politics is conducted in a more consensus-based manner in Western Europe, with numerous parties and political ideologies, these nuances may be difficult to comprehend for Americans. The German Wikipedia's article on left liberalism (de:Linksliberalismus) doesn't include social democracy, but parts of centrist parties such as the FDP (its left wing) and Greens (its right wing), and the German Democratic Party of the Weimar era.

Since this is an article specifically on liberalism in Europe, we shouldn't use simplistic American terminology to describe it. We don't use "the US seen from China"-like sources as the primary lens for describing US politics either. --Tataral (talk) 14:18, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I checked the source. It says, "social liberals have come closer to the Social Democrats [than conservative liberals] in accepting social legislation." (p. 107) While that is certainly true, it does not support the text and I will remove it. TFD (talk) 16:44, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Liberalism in Europe
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Liberalism in Europe's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "StarkeKaasch2013": From Conservative liberalism:  From Mouvement Réformateur:  From DéFI:  From National conservatism:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 05:10, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

Federalisation of Europe?
This article says that Liberals support federalism in the EU and backs it up with Volt... Volt is not a liberal party as it isnt even in the Liberal group ALDE & Renew. But I can name various parties who support European cooperation and the ever closer union but oppose federalism, especially the liberals in the Netherlands, Denmark, Estonia etc. Are not federalists. I suggest this error be removed. 109.36.158.124 (talk) 14:41, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Agree. I removed it. I do not think it is true but in any case it would require a source that made the claim. TFD (talk) 01:21, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberalism in Europe


text:
Letrozole

Letrozole, sold under the brand name Femara among others, is an aromatase inhibitor medication that is used in the treatment of breast cancer.

It was patented in 1986 and approved for medical use in 1996. In 2021, it was the 222nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Breast cancer

Letrozole is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of local or metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive or has an unknown receptor status in postmenopausal women.

Comparison with tamoxifen
Tamoxifen is also used to treat hormonally-responsive breast cancer, but it does so by interfering with the estrogen receptor. However, letrozole is effective only in post-menopausal women, in whom estrogen is produced predominantly in peripheral tissues (i.e. in adipose tissue, like that of the breast) and a number of sites in the brain. In pre-menopausal women, the main source of estrogen is from the ovaries not the peripheral tissues, and letrozole is ineffective.

In the BIG 1–98 Study, of post-menopausal women with hormonally-responsive breast cancer, letrozole reduced the recurrence of cancer, but did not change survival rate, compared to tamoxifen.

Ovulation induction
Letrozole has been used for ovulation induction by fertility doctors since 2001, because it has fewer side-effects than clomiphene (Clomid) and less chance of multiple gestation. A study of 150 babies following treatment with either letrozole alone or letrozole and gonadotropins presented at the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 2005 Conference found no difference in overall abnormalities but did find a significantly higher rate of locomotor and cardiac abnormalities among the group having taken letrozole compared to natural conception. A larger, follow-up study with 911 babies compared those born following treatment with letrozole to those born following treatment with clomiphene. That study also found no significant difference in the rate of overall abnormalities, but found that congenital cardiac anomalies was significantly higher in the clomiphene group compared to the letrozole group. Despite this, India banned the usage of letrozole in 2011, citing potential risks to infants. In 2012, an Indian parliamentary committee said that the drug controller office colluded with letrozole's makers to approve the drug for infertility in India and also stated that letrozole's use for infertility was illegal worldwide; however, such off-label uses are legal in many countries such as the US and UK.

Medical Abortion
Tests have shown that the efficacy of first-trimester medical abortions (using misoprostol) can be improved by including letrozole in the drug regimen.

Contraindications
Letrozole is contraindicated in women having a pre-menopausal hormonal status, during pregnancy and lactation.

Side effects
The most common side effects are sweating, hot flushes, arthralgia (joint pain), and fatigue.

Generally, side effects include signs and symptoms of hypoestrogenism. There is concern that long term use may lead to osteoporosis, which is why in certain patient populations such as post-menopausal women or osteoporotics, bisphosphonates may also be prescribed.

Interactions
Letrozole inhibits the liver enzyme CYP2A6, and to a lesser extent CYP2C19, in vitro, but no relevant interactions with drugs like cimetidine and warfarin have been observed.

Pharmacodynamics
Letrozole is an orally active, nonsteroidal, selective aromatase inhibitor and hence an antiestrogen. It prevents aromatase from producing estrogens by competitive, reversible binding to the heme of its cytochrome P450 unit. The action is specific, and letrozole does not reduce production of corticosteroids.

Research
The antiestrogen action of letrozole has been shown to be useful in pretreatment for termination of pregnancy, in combination with misoprostol. It can be used in place of mifepristone, which is expensive and unavailable in many countries.

Letrozole is sometimes used as a treatment for gynecomastia, although it is probably most effective at this if caught in an early stage (such as in users of anabolic steroids).

Some studies have shown that letrozole can be used to promote spermatogenesis in male patients with nonobstructive azoospermia.

Letrozole has also been shown to delay the fusing of the growth plates in mice. When used in combination with growth hormone, letrozole has been shown effective in one adolescent boy with a short stature.

Letrozole has also been used to treat endometriosis.

Endometrial stromal sarcomas are hormonally sensitive tumors as it is represented that letrozole reduces serum estrogen levels. Letrozole is well-tolerated and is a good option for long-term management of this disease. Also in a study on Uterine myoma the volume was successfully reduced by use of an aromatase inhibitor. Rapid onset of action and avoidance of initial gonadotropin flare with an aromatase inhibitor.

Letrozole has been documented to be safe and effective for improving height and pubertal outcomes in children living with constitutional delay in growth and puberty, and is better than testosterone with regard to improvement in testicular volume and delaying bone-age progression. This was documented in a meta-analysis published by Dutta et al. which analyzed data from 7 different randomized controlled trials.

title: Letrozole


text: User talk:210.50.132.19

title: User talk:210.50.132.19


text:
WF

WF may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Power Rangers: Wild Force, a 2002 television series
 * The Wallflowers, a rock band (formed 1989)
 * Western Forces, a fictional military alliance of California and Texas in a 2024 movie Civil War
 * Wii Fit, a 2007 fitness video game
 * Wii Fit video game series
 * Warframe, a 2013 shooter video game

United States

 * Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
 * Wells Fargo, a bank
 * White Fence, an East Los Angeles gang
 * Working Families Party, a political party

Elsewhere

 * Widerøe, a Norwegian airline (IATA: )
 * Westfield Group, an Australian owner of shopping centres; 1960–2014
 * Women Forward, a South African political party

Places

 * WF postcode area, north-east England
 * Wolfenbüttel (district), Lower Saxony, Germany (vehicle plate: )
 * Wallis and Futuna, a French overseas collectivity (ISO 3166: )
 * Wichita Falls, Texas, United States

Science and technology

 * .wf, Wallis and Futuna's top-level Internet domain
 * Wave function, in quantum physics
 * Web framework, any software framework to develop websites
 * Windows Workflow Foundation, a software component of .NET
 * Work function, in solid-state physics
 * Workflow, in business
 * Grumman E-1 Tracer, a 1956 aircraft (US Navy designation: )

Other uses

 * William Francis (disambiguation), several people with the name
 * Wing Forward, an association football position

title: WF


text:
John Cadman, 1st Baron Cadman

John Cadman, 1st Baron Cadman (7 September 1877 – 31 May 1941), was a British mining engineer, petroleum technologist and public servant.

Early life
Cadman was educated at Armstrong College, University of Durham, and received a first class Honours in Geology in 1899.

Career
Cadman served as Inspector of Mines in Trinidad and Tobago in the first decade of the 20th century. At that time Trinidad and Tobago was a British Colony. As Inspector of Mines he was responsible for the commercialization of Trinidad's oil in 1907. In this effort Cadman was joined by Arthur "Beeby" Thompson who was an engineer with oilfield experience in Russia.

Cadman later went on to teach petroleum engineering at Birmingham University in the UK. Cadman is credited with creating the course "Petroleum Engineering". He was director of the Petroleum Executive.

He was well known for his love of shellfish.

He was later Chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the 1930s. He expanded production fourfold and eventually joined a venture by Henri Deterding of Royal Dutch/Shell to stabilize petroleum prices.

Marriage and family
Cadman married Lilian Harrigan in 1907. The couple had four children, daughters Marguerite and Sybil, and sons John and Denys.

Honours
He was created CMG in 1916, KCMG in 1918 and GCMG in 1929. On 7 June 1937 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cadman, of Silverdale in the County of Stafford.

In 1940 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

On 17 May 2007 Silverdale Parish Council voted to name a new street "Cadman Close" in honour of Lord Cadman.

title: John Cadman, 1st Baron Cadman


text: Category:Achaia

title: Category:Achaia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hector Acuña

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied by user request. android 79  03:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Hector Acuña
Dr. Acuña feels this page is an insult, offensive to his persona.
 * Delete seems also like a joke -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 18:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Background: The article appears to have been written by the students of a Peruvian mathematics teacher, who apparently requests that it be deleted. Comment: As the article does not fulfill WP:V and WP:NOR, I'm voting to delete. enceph  alon  19:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as CSD:A7. IMO a math professorship and owning cows doesn't even attempt to establish notability.  Factor in the apparent request by the subject for removal... I'd say this is a good speedy candidate.  Otherwise, simply delete.--Isotope23 19:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * FWIW, 1. the article as it stands makes too many claims that can reasonably be taken as assertions of notability. 2. the thoughts of the subject of an article on the article can be important context, but should not enter into decision making over keeping or deleting the article. Kind regards enceph  alon  19:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You're such a stickler enceph   :)--Isotope23 20:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Aren't I? :) If it means anything, it's borne out of experience with a functional bureaucracy. When you see very poor articles get speedied, but then nominated for undeletion at VFU and then returned to AFD to get redeleted 20 days later, that sort of becomes a strong incentive to help get things done correctly the first time, if only to save us some time. But you're right, it makes me look like a humorless drone. :) enceph  alon  20:51, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Has assertions of notability, which prevents it from falling under CSD:A7, as per  enceph, but still nn.  But how do we verify that the subject is actually the one asking for removal?  PacknCanes 22:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

His students, such as me, thought he would appreciate this article on him. However, it seems that he does not. Due to the quotes and due to the fact that he does not like parents of new students to go online look for his name and find out most of his life. He simply feel its an invasion of privacy. If you check the History it was I who started the article, so you can verify so.

We feel we have caused enough trouble. Please delete the page. Please. misantropo alon

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Residential college

Listing college names
User:Uris pulled out the names of the three Canadian residential colleges in the Residential college article. I (JDLH | Talk) am the one that put those names in there. I respectfully disagree with your change. You make a good point, that if there are thousands of residential colleges we can't list them all in this article. However, the thousands of colleges aren't being listed there (yet). It's a very short article. The preceding paragraph devotes more space to the Cornell and Princeton colleges than the Canadian paragraph does to the Canadian colleges.

The advantage of having college names in that article is that it establishes a link from Residential college to the individual colleges. (Of course, the individual college articles have links to Residential college.)

If at some point someone wants to make a list of the thousands of residential colleges in the U.S., then that would probably belong in a separate List of residential colleges article, and I agree the Canadian colleges should be also move to the separate list at that point. In the mean time, I think the existing wording is appropriate.

I'm going to revert Uris's change, but I'm happy to have a discussion here about which approach is better. JDLH | Talk 18:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello... this article isn't a listing of residential colleges... it doesn't even list the many residential colleges of Oxford and Cambridge. I started a seperate article List of residential colleges and listed the Canadian ones for you.  I'll gradually add more to the list... you can help! –Uris 21:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. We now have a list of colleges, and the refs to Canadian colleges stay there. I put back in this article a sentence about slow adoption in Canada. JDLH  | Talk 17:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

What is a "residential college" anyway?
What is a "residential college", anyway? The term clearly has a fuzzy definition. But as I look around, I get more and more uncertain whether a given institution belongs in the list of residential colleges or not.

For instance, the University of Toronto article claims it has a residential college system, originally based the system at the University of London. The University of Toronto has the following colleges:

 * Federated colleges
 * University of Trinity College (est. 1851, federated 1904)
 * University of St. Michael's College (est. 1852, affiliated with U of T 1881, full federation 1910)
 * Victoria University (est. 1836, federated 1892)

 * Constituent colleges
 * University College (est. 1853)
 * New College (est. 1962)
 * Innis College (est. 1964)
 * Woodsworth College (est. 1974)
 * Massey College is listed as an "affiliated unit" in the article, but we here at the residential colleges of the University of British Columbia think of it as the only 'real' Residential College in the lot.
 * The Toronto School of Theology is affiliated with the U of T. Is it a Residential College? It itself has eleven colleges. Do they all qualify as Residential Colleges too?
 * Emmanuel College, (United Church of Canada)
 * Wycliffe College, (Low Anglican)
 * St. Augustine's Seminary, (Roman Catholic archdiocesan)
 * Regis College, (Jesuit)
 * Knox College, (Presbyterian Church in Canada)
 * St. Michael's College Faculty of Theology, (Basilian)
 * Trinity College Faculty of Divinity, (Anglo-Catholic)
 * Institute for Christian Studies (affiliated institution)
 * Conrad Grebel University College (affiliated institution)
 * McMaster Divinity College (affiliated institution)
 * Waterloo Lutheran Seminary (affiliated institution)

Meanwhile, the University of London lists a bewildering array of "colleges and institutes". Should all of these be added to the list of residential colleges?
 * Recognised bodies
 * Birkbeck, University of London
 * Goldsmiths College
 * Heythrop College
 * Imperial College London, incorporating Imperial College at Wye
 * Institute of Cancer Research
 * Institute of Education
 * King's College London (KCL), incorporating the Institute of Psychiatry and The Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine
 * London Business School
 * London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
 * London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
 * Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL) incorporating Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry
 * Royal Academy of Music
 * Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL)
 * Royal Veterinary College
 * School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), incorporating the London School of Jewish Studies
 * School of Pharmacy
 * University College London (UCL), incorporating the the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), the Slade School of Fine Art, the Bartlett School, the Royal Free and University College Medical School, the Eastman Dental Institute, the Institute of Child Health (Great Ormand St. Hospital), the Institute of Neurology, the Institute of Opthamology, the Institute of Laryngology and Otology and the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR).
 * St George's Hospital Medical School
 * Colleges no longer in existence: "Some colleges of the University of London have been amalgamated into larger colleges or their work transferred elsewhere. These include"
 * Bedford College - Inner Circle Regent's Park
 * Chelsea College of Science and Technology - Hortensia Road, Chelsea
 * Queen Elizabeth College - Campden Hill Road, Kensington
 * Westfield College - Kidderpore Avenue, Hampstead
 * Listed bodies
 * British Institute in Paris
 * Courtauld Institute of Art
 * School of Advanced Study comprising the following institutes:
 * Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
 * Institute of Classical Studies
 * Institute of Commonwealth Studies
 * Institute of English Studies (including the Centre for Manuscript and Print Studies),
 * Institute of Germanic Studies
 * Institute of Historical Research
 * Institute of Latin American Studies
 * Institute of Romance Studies
 * Institute of United States Studies
 * The Warburg Institute
 * University Marine Biological Station, Millport

I have the feeling that if I were to add all of the "colleges" of the University of Toronto and University of London to the List of residential colleges, it would be incorrect and too broad. But I'm having a hard time articulating the rule for what belongs and what doesn't. Your thoughts? (--Jdlh | Talk 09:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC))

University of California, Santa Cruz and Rice University as models
There's a slow-motion edit war going on about the inclusion of the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) as a model of Residentail College in the Various models of residential college section.
 * On 2005-12-15 07:03:31, User:Uris deleted UCSC from the sentence beginning "the classical models for the residential college are..."
 * On 2005-12-29 05:15:51 anonymous user 64.173.168.44 changed Rice University to University of California, Santa Cruz, effectively restoring UCSC and removing Rice.

I'm adding Rice University back in and leaving UCSC there for now. I'd appreciate a discussion here about what's the appropriate list.

Uris, can you elaborate on why you favour removing UCSC from the list of models for residential college? Your edit comment says, "Many Santa Cruz students don't even live on campus, much less in a residential college". This may be true, but I'm not persuaded that it stops UCSC from being a model for residential colleges in the US. I could argue that UCSC does have residential colleges for whatever fraction of its student body, and perhaps those colleges are in fact models for the US. (I don't actually know UCSC well enough to argue this, I'm just trying to articulate the issue.)

64.173.168.44, what reason do you have for restoring UCSC to the list in the face of Uris's removal? And why remove Rice University from the list at the same time?

Thanks, all. --Jdlh | Talk 22:19, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Rice University has been removed again. The consensus of this discussion seems to be that both Rice and UCSC should be included, so I'm adding Rice back in. For purposes of full disclosure, I'm a student at Rice.

--128.42.159.11 23:36, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting. On 2006-02-09 21:20:54 and two previous edits, [User:129.170.246.96] edited the list of "classical models" sentence to remove UCSC, Yale, and Cal Tech from the list of models, and add UC San Diego and Harvard. I'd like more information before I agree with this edit.  I observe that Harvard is absent from the List of residential colleges, while UC San Diego is present. The real issue is which universities are "classical models", and this editor hasn't given any references to justify this change.  I'm going to revert to the version of 2006-02-08 13:48:03 by Jdlh. This reverses the edits by anonymous editor 129.170.246.96, and makes the changes by 128.42.159.11 moot. (Rice University remains in the list.)

 * For the next person who'd like to improve this section, please put references in the text to justify the claims about which university is a model. I'm willing to believe that the current opening section isn't perfect, and it certainly doesn't have references itself, but I'm not comfortable with going from unsupported assertion to different unsupported assertion.  We can do better.  --Jdlh  | Talk 06:06, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Three residential colleges in Canada
On 2006-02-06 20:26:19, User:Darkcore deleted the phrase, "However, some say that there are only three "residential" colleges in Candada as of 2005 (Green and St. John's Colleges at the University of British Columbia, and Massey College at Toronto)." I'm presently at Green College, UBC, and I know this "only three residential colleges in Canada" meme is significant here. I'm willing to discuss weaknesses in how this is presented, but I'm uncomfortable deleting the claim entirely with no rationale or no alternative text. I've reverted that edit. Discussion welcomed. --Jdlh | Talk 21:48, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't really understand where you're getting this "only three residential colleges in Canada" statement from. Apart from the fact that it's not cited, it's simply untrue, at least by my definition of a residential college. Perhaps you could explain what you mean. Darkcore 06:32, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi, Darkcore, thanks for responding. The heads of both Green College, UBC and St. John's College, UBC, have made the comment that there are only "three residential colleges in Canada" (the third is Massey College). I agree, the article would be stronger if I could find a written citation for that claim. The claim interests me. It has a lot to do with what the definition of "residential college" is, and in what sense the colleges of U of Toronto are different from Massey, Green, and St. John's. It might have to do with the fact that the other U of Toronto colleges are aligned with religious denominations, or their focus on undergraduate students. So the claim of "three residential colleges" is really made, I think the article should reflect it, and I think it would be a good service for the article to explain it. --Jdlh | Talk 18:58, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Why would it matter if the college was aligned with a religious denomination (although Innis, New, Woodsworth, and University Colleges are not affiliated with any religious group, nor have they ever in their history) or if the focus was on undergraduates (my understanding of Green College is that it is just for graduate students, and I know that Massey College is for graduate students only). I have never heard this comment before (I did a Google search and found nothing) and considering you have no justification for the statement (apart from the fact that the heads of these UBC colleges said so), it sounds like POV to me. Darkcore 04:09, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm following this discussion with interest. I run the principal website devoted to residential colleges around the world (collegiateway.org). It's certainly true that there isn't a fixed definition of "residential college," but it can't be correct to say that there are only three residential colleges in Canadian universities; perhaps "three graduate colleges" was meant? Two examples that I have visited myself: the University of Waterloo has four flourishing colleges, and Trent University was established on a collegiate basis in the 1960s and has long been called "Oxbridge on the Otonabee" for that reason. (The Trent colleges have been weakened in recent years by an ignorant university administration, but they are very much present.) You can see my own listing of Canadian residential colleges at: http://collegiateway.org/colleges RJO 22:31, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, RJO. Perhaps we could reword the phrase as such: "There are only three residential colleges for graduate students in Canada — Green and St. John's Colleges at the University of British Columbia, and Massey College at the University of Toronto." This keeps the sentence relatively intact, but the new phrasing is much more clear. Darkcore 22:40, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Darkcore's proposal, and I've made this edit. Thanks everyone for the discussion. P.S. in all this, no-one pointed out that "Canada" was misspelled in the old wording, heh. --Jdlh  | Talk 06:14, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Experiences with the residential college model
On 2006-03-22, an anonymous edtior added Murray State University to the list of models of residential college. That didn't sound right, because the useful section on "residential colleges" in the Murray State article says they were established only in 1996, and in emulation of the Oxbridge system. However, it also says that Murray State is the first public university (in the US?) with a successful campus-wide residential college system. Lots of qualifiers there, but still, it seems like that's a story to tell in the "residential college" article.

It seems to me that the present article needs a place to tell the stories of how the residential college model plays out at various universities. Right now, the "list of models" section is the only place. I added a new section, Experiences with the residential college model, to hold such stories. I started it off with the "Three Graduate Colleges in Canada", the MIT "rethinking residences", and the Murray State stories. My hope is that this section doesn't turn into a laundry list of every experience at every institution (we have List of residential colleges as a laundry last), but it does give editors a place to put content without bending the "list of models" section to do it. Have fun with it. --Jdlh | Talk 20:36, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

The addition appears to be a questionable source as source on themselves. Other Universities such as UCSC and UCSD may have had such colleges first, and in fact without finding the research necessary, Wikipedia's articles on the universities I listed leads me to believe my assumption is correct. As such the Murray State quote is probably inappropriate and should not be in the article.--75.4.2.4 (talk) 07:58, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Clarification needed
Clarification is needed with reference to American usage and practice - especially where the article seems to imply that the "colleges" at American universities are their residential systems. (This is incorrect - at most American universities the term "college" refers to the highest level of academic division - e.g. Graduate college, college of Liberal Arts and Sciences, etc - and the residential system is usually referred to as "residence halls/residence system" or "dorms/dormatory system".) Additionally, clarification on how many and which prominent American universities use this "residential college" system would be useful - for instance, I am a fourth-year university student in the United States and was unaware until reading this article that this system (which I'm presuming is similar to the British system?) was used anywhere in the U.S.  --Tim4christ17 talk 13:46, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There's a lot that could stand to be improved in how this article does its work. I haven't made it a priority to do the revision myself, but I encourage you to do some reading, then Be bold and make some improvements yourself.  I must confess, I don't see what you mean about the article 'seem[ing] to imply that the "colleges" at American universities are their residential systems'.  As I read it, the article says "residential college" most of the time, and where it says just "college" it seems clear that it's an abbreviation. But it would help to add a paragraph on the other uses of the term "college" in the university context. There's source material in the College and University college articles. If you want to add a section on which American universities use the residential college system, check out List of residential colleges for some source material. I'm looking forward to your contributions! --Jdlh  | Talk 17:47, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Notre Dame
—Preceding unsigned comment added by Lmeister (talk • contribs) 14:17, August 6, 2008 [section title created, but no content.] I noticed this section header so I didn't have to create anything, but I though I would ask why Notre Dame is not mentioned? Their reputation in the Midwest is for having an excellent residential system that is often compared to Hogwarts and boasts over 80% of the student body living on campus. Does it not meet some criteria for being a "residential college"?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.154.235.101 (talk) 16:53, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

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India subsection
The subsection on India mentions two residential universities and makes no mention of residential colleges. One is unreferenced while the other has two references, which again make no mention of residential colleges at this university. had stated that "The residential university BHU is a collegiate university which has hostels per colleges" but this is not currently supported by reliable references (the existence of a Wikipedia template is not a reliable reference). There does not seem to be any evidence on the university's website or referenced from its Wikipedia article that the hostels are colleges rather than halls of residence. I have therefore placed an "off topic" tag on this section. If this section cannot be brought on topic with (preferably independent) references allowing a discussion of residential colleges in Indian universities, it should be deleted. Robminchin (talk) 07:07, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Please see:
 *
 * College wise list of hostels for male students
 * College wise list of hostels for female students User4edits (talk) 08:11, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for joining the discussion. The issue is that the newspaper article you link seems to be saying these are centrally-managed halls of residence (or dormitories in US English) – there's nothing there that says the hostels are residential colleges. As it says here on this page, 'The primary difference between a residential college and a dormitory is often considered to be that while a student lives in a dormitory for a year, they are a member of a college for their entire student life, even when not living in the dormitories associated with that college: "Residential colleges are collegia in the original sense: societies, not buildings, and their members may reside anywhere".' I don't get that sense of being a society from the articles you have linked about the BHU Hostels or my own searching for information on them. There doesn't seem to be any concept of the students becoming members of their hostel in any sense greater than being residents.
 * Most British universities and many US universities are residential and have halls of residence/dormitories, but only a few have residential colleges. Ideally, we would want an authoritative third party saying that the hostels are residential colleges rather than dormitories, but this often isn't possible except for the more famous and longer established collegiate systems. However, a clear statement from the university that the hostels are following a residential college model rather than the ordinary dormitory model would be expected if this is what they are doing – if they're going to go to that expense, they're almost certainly going to use it as a recruiting tool – and I'm not seeing anything like that regarding the BHU hostels. Robminchin (talk) 16:47, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Residential college


text:
Nishiki

Nishiki is the Japanese word for "brocade" (see Saga Nishiki). Nishiki may also refer to:

Companies

 * Nishiki (bicycle company), initially a U.S. marketed bicycle brand, made in Japan by Kawamura

Fictional characters

 * Kamen Rider Nishiki, A character from Kamen Rider Hibiki
 * Nishiki Nakajima, a fictional character from the anime/manga series Strike Witches
 * Akira Nishikiyama (often nicknamed "Nishiki"), a character from the Yakuza (series) games
 * Nishiki Nishio, a character from manga/anime series Tokyo Ghoul

Food

 * Yamada Nishiki, famous rice for brewing sake
 * Nishiki rice, a California medium grain rice

People

 * Niimi Nishiki
 * Yasunori Nishiki (西木 康智), Japanese composer

Places

 * Nishiki, Akita
 * Nishiki, Kumamoto
 * Nishiki, Yamaguchi
 * Nishiki Market, a famous marketplace in downtown Kyoto
 * Nishiki River
 * Nishiki Station

title: Nishiki


text:
Chiles en nogada

Chiles en nogada is a Mexican dish of poblano chiles stuffed with picadillo (a mixture usually containing shredded meat, aromatics, fruits and spices) topped with a walnut-based cream sauce called nogada, pomegranate seeds and parsley, and it is typically served at room temperature. It is widely considered a national dish of Mexico.

The picadillo usually contains panochera apple (manzana panochera), sweet-milk pear (pera de leche) and criollo peach (durazno criollo). The cream sauce usually has milk, double cream, fresh cheese, sherry and walnut. The walnuts, which give the nogada sauce its name (nogal being Spanish for "walnut tree") are traditionally of the cultivar nogal de Castilla (Castilian walnut). In some cases, pecans may substitute for or supplement the walnuts.

This dish is made in Central Mexico in August and the first half of September, when pomegranates are in season. The colors of the dish—green chile, white sauce, red pomegranate—are the colors of the flag of Mexico, and Independence Day is during the pomegranate season.

History
The traditional chile en nogada is from Puebla; it is tied to the Mexican independence since it is said they were prepared for the first time to entertain the future emperor Agustín de Iturbide when he came to the city after the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba. This dish is a source of pride for the inhabitants of the state of Puebla.

Some Mexican historians believe the inventors of this dish were the Monjas Clarisas, although others think they were the Madres Contemplativas Agustinas of the convent of Santa Mónica, Puebla.

title: Chiles en nogada


text:
Template talk:Infobox OS 2

This is part of Outsourcing of latest release version & date!

Display bug
This template has a serious bug with the display in Windows. Everything works fine on the Linux box.

Screenshot is at.

--Dandaman32 05:38, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Infobox OS 2


text: User:BillboardChart

title: User:BillboardChart


text:
Talk:Bar Lev Line

Questionable statement
"The $500 million line named after Israeli Chief of Staff Haim Bar-Lev was the longest (about 160 KM) and strongest forward defense line in the history of warfare." - I find this statement more than a little fishy. I'll wager that both the Maginot line and the Siegfried Line were longer and stronger. →Raul654 18:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I would have to agree with you. I served in the Sinai from 2003-2004 and again in 2006. The only position that I saw that even vaguely resembled the Maginot and Siegfried Lines was the Tzeidar Position at the south end of the line. (Amtraker (talk) 12:24, 17 June 2008 (UTC))

Questionable statement
''"in the end Israel has won the war despite the early shock." Does any reputable war historian claim that Israel outright "won" the war? won the war sinia is controlled by egypt no more question asked no more who won its over the winner is who controles sinia and its not Israel.

 * The Israelis won the war and secured control of the Sinai and in fact surrounded the Third Army on the West Side of the Canal. What happened latter is a victory for peace for both sides, because Egypt and Israel have not fought since then.  Saltysailor (talk) 02:25, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

i beg your pardon but how exactly israel won the war ?????!!!! That is so not true but do you even know anything about 6 October "Yom Kebor " Battle your losses was 10 ten times more than our losses .Egyptian Army has breached Bar Lev Line. They took nearly 7 km in Sinai .They had full control of Suez canal .They costed isreal half billion dollars(Bar lev establishing cost) in that time (it would have been way more than that by todays prices),and let me end with a question. when did isreal ever gave up land or any place so isreal certainly didn't gave up Sinai for peace

comments on the Line
The lines primary purpose was to make it difficult for the Egyptians to cross the canal or to harass the Israelis on the East Side. It was not intended to be a major element in stopping an Egyptian attack. Israel depended on intelligence and reconnaissance to determine when their might be an attack. The Main failure was that neither prompted the IDF to call up reserves and mobilize. The Egyptian plan of attack was brilliant, taking advantage of Israel's weaknesses. An important ingredients to the cross canal operations was the use of new Soviet missiles. The anti- armor missiles dealt with the Israels tanks and the anti-aircraft missiles prevented use of planes. Tanks and planes were to be Israel's first response to an attack, slowing an enemy until the reserves could be called up. Fortifications were overcome because the Israelis could not bring tanks and planes to bear. So many ant-tank missiles were fired that the battlefields east of the canal the wire guided missiles sometimes left a mesh on the desert floor. The IDF eventually realized the futility of attacking against the missiles and stayed out of the Egyptian anti-aircraft missile umbrella. At the largest tank battle since Kursk, the Egyptian offense ground down and the Israelis under Sharon counterattacked. Saltysailor (talk) 02:25, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

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Non neutral image
This image in the article claims Sinai is Israel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bar-Lev_Line-01.png --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 06:04, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Sinai was under Israeli control during this time, so the image is accurate Tinelva (talk) 08:41, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Unsourced statement on blockages of oil pipes
"To take advantage of the water obstacle, the Israelis installed an underwater pipe system to pump flammable crude oil into the Suez Canal, thereby creating a sheet of flame. Some Israeli sources claim the system was unreliable and only a few of the taps were operational. Nevertheless, the Egyptians took this threat seriously and, on the eve of the war, during the late evening of 5 October, teams of Egyptian frogmen blocked the underwater openings with concrete."

- This does not have a citation associated with it, but there are some I found that support it. I would add them to the article but I don't have privileges.

Ashkar, R. (1974). The Syrian and Egyptian Campaigns. Journal of Palestine Studies, 3(2), 15–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/2535797 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2535797) (claim found on page 21)

O'Ballance, Edgar. (1978). No victor, no vanquished: the Yom Kippur War. Presidio Press. (electronic version here: https://www.hativa14.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Edgar_Oballance.pdf) (Claim found on page 27).

This Youtube clip, from some existing published video, also makes the claim. If it should be included as a cite, then the source video would have to be tracked down and confirmed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-66seomf2K4&t=95s FredericktheWise (talk) 19:06, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

I'm confused over the nature and numbers of "forts" and "strongholds"
In the "Cost, construction, and materials" subsection, second paragraph, second sentence, we have

I can't figure out what this means. It can't be "there were 22 forts, 35 of which were strongpoints"" cos the math doesn't work, but it could be: Can't think of any other meaning.
 * There were 22 forts, each of which contained 35 strongpoints.
 * There were 22 forts, each containing one or more forts, such that a total of 35 strongpoints were contained within the 22 forts.

Except that... later we have forts described as small and not strong (holds a platoon, which is ~30 men with like a few heavy weapons), while strongpoints are described as huge bunkers containing a plethora of of heavy weapons which would require much more than a platoon to man. So clearly strongpoints are bigger than forts, so cannot be contained within forts, I would think. So those two meanings don't work.

So then all we have left that I can think of is But it doesn't say either of those things. So I'm at a loss to what is meant here, thus I tagged the passage for clarification. Herostratus (talk) 22:34, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * There were 22 forts, and in addition 35 strongpoints.
 * There were 22 somewhat large areas called "forts", which had a grand total of 35 (or 770) strongpoints within them; the "fort" perimeter was manned/patrolled by a platoon of troops as kind of picket line.

title: Talk:Bar Lev Line