text:
XHDF-TDT

XHDF-TDT, virtual channel 1 (UHF digital channel 25), is the flagship station of the Azteca Uno television network in Mexico City, Mexico. Azteca Uno can be seen in most major cities in Mexico through TV Azteca's owned-and-operated transmitter network. XHDF provides HD programming to other transmitters and cable and satellite viewers.

Initial years of operation
The concession for XHDF-TV was awarded in 1968 alongside that of XHTM-TV channel 8. The two stations were intended to come on in time for the 1968 Summer Olympics. While the first programs were broadcast on September 1 with the transmission of the fourth government report of President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, full programs began with the opening of the Olympic Games on October 12. XHDF was owned by Organización Radio Centro through concessionaire Corporación Mexicana de Radio y Televisión, S.A. de C.V. The station had studios and a transmitter at the Torre Latinoamericana along with a second facility on Calle Mina in the historic center of Mexico City, but XHDF primarily broadcast filmed series with fewer resources than its Mexico City competitors.

Nationalization
In 1972, due to debts owed to the state-owned Sociedad Mexicana de Crédito Industrial (Mexican Industrial Credit Society or SOMEX), XHDF and Corporación Mexicana de Radio y Televisión was nationalized.

The first director of the government-owned Canal 13 was Antonio Menéndez González, and after his death, he was succeeded by Enrique González Pedrero, senator of the state of Tabasco from the PRI. Corporación Mexicana de Radio y Televisión, along with another state-owned enterprise, Tele-Radio Nacional, began receiving new television concessions as part of a national expansion of the Mexico City station into a national television network.

One of the first orders of business for Canal 13 was a relocation. On July 14, 1976, Canal 13's new facilities in the Ajusco area of Mexico City were formally inaugurated by President Luis Echeverría. The event was attended by various figures from the political and business sectors of the country, including Secretary of the Interior Mario Moya Palencia and Secretary of Communications and Transportation Eugenio Méndez Docurro, as well as Emilio Azcárraga Milmo, Romulo O'Farrill and Miguel Alemán Velasco, who served as directors of Televisa.

In 1983, the Mexican government reorganized its broadcast holdings. The result was the creation of the Mexican Television Institute, which changed its name to Imevisión in 1985. Imevisión comprised not only Canal 13, now known as Red Nacional 13, but the former Televisión de la República Mexicana, with its channel 22 station, and a new network known as Red Nacional 7 and broadcast in Mexico City by the brand-new XHIMT-TV channel 7.

During the Imevisión years, Red Nacional 13 continued to broadcast commercial programming, although it featured some programs with a cultural focus, such as Temas de Garibay, Entre Amigos with Alejandro Aura, and several programs with the journalist Jorge Saldaña.

Privatization
In 1993, the administration of Carlos Salinas de Gortari auctioned off Imevisión and some other government-owned media ventures in various packages. Radio Televisión del Centro, headed by electronics store owner Ricardo Salinas Pliego, bought all of the TV stations. The result was the creation of Televisión Azteca, which took its name from the holding company created for the largest of the packages: the Red Nacional 13, including XHDF.

Digital subchannels
The station's digital channel is multiplexed:

Repeaters
XHDF-TDT has eight direct repeaters:

 * }

Analog-to-digital conversion
XHDF was among the first stations in the country to obtain approval to build a digital television station, doing so in May 2005. The initial digital facility broadcast with just 37.6 kW, though its power was significantly raised ahead of the end of analog television. At midnight on December 17, 2015, XHDF analog on VHF channel 13 was shut off part of the IFT mandated transition from analog to digital television. In October 2016, the Azteca 13 network nationwide moved from virtual channel 13 to 1, with even the Mexico City station abandoning its longtime channel 13 designation. Ultimately, on January 1, 2018, the entire network was rebranded from Azteca Trece to Azteca Uno.

title: XHDF-TDT


text:
Flinders Bay Branch Railway

The Flinders Bay Branch Railway, also known as the Boyanup to Flinders Bay Section ran between Boyanup and Flinders Bay, in South Western Western Australia. The section from Flinders Bay to Busselton has now been converted into a rail trail for bushwalkers and cyclists, called the Wadandi Trail.

History
The first section of this line was constructed between Karridale and Boranup in May 1884, forming part of the M.C. Davies Timber horse-drawn tramway system, which soon ran between the jetties at Hamelin Bay and Flinders Bay. Access to both jetties allowed timber to be loaded onto ships in all seasons, as the original west-facing Hamelin Bay jetty typically experienced poor conditions during the winter. Some parts of the system were originally constructed using wooden rails and along steep alignments, oriented towards lower cost, rough workings of the timber tramway system. Locomotives were used instead of horses from 1895 and by the 1900 the network spanned from Flinders Bay to Margaret River.

Following the opening of the Bunbury to Boyanup Railway in 1891, a branch from Boyanup to Busselton was constructed by Smith & Tims, opening on 21 November 1894.

The railway between Margaret River and Flinders Bay was purchased by the Government in 1912 and was run as an isolated system by the Public Works Department for a few years. After some years of no service, the railway south of Witchcliffe was rehabilitated, including the construction of a realignment north of Jarrahdene. It was formally taken over by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) and opened for service on 1 April 1925. This followed the opening of the WAGR line between Busselton and Witchcliffe (along a new alignment between Margaret River and Witchcliffe) on 20 October 1924.

Although a slow service due to the lighter rails and steep gradients, the branch was important for the dairy industry in the region. Usually known as the Flinders Bay branch, it ran until 1957. It was one of three branches in the WAGR system that relied on the important Msa garratt steam engine to be able to move the loads over steep and difficult gradients. Most of the railway formation and structures were removed close to closure. The Flinders Bay engine shed, and some parts of the railway yard were not immediately removed and remained intact until the late 1950s. A limited number of photographs exist of the stopping platform at Flinders Bay, but very few exist of the Flinders Bay Jetty. At one stage in the 1970s, Railway Bus Drivers had the opportunity to stay overnight in a small railway cottage/shed at the bay-side edge of the Flinders Bay yard.

Alignment
As operated by the WAGR, the line was from Boyanup to Flinders Bay. Only the first section of the line (Boyanup to RGC) remains in place, although disused, with few changes since it was last operated. The remainder of the line has been lifted, although the rail reserve as far as Busselton remains under the control of the Public Transport Authority and is theoretically available for future rail uses.

Like all railways outside of Perth, the line was predominantly single-track, with passing loops at various locations. The remnant section, from Boyanup to RGC, is controlled by Arc Infrastructure.

Heading south west from Boyanup, the line traverses predominantly agricultural land to a few kilometres beyond Capel, where it terminates at the former Iluka Resources RGC site. From here, the line continued through a mix of agricultural and forested land to Busselton. Part of the corridor west of Wonnerup has been used to accommodate the widening of the Bussell Highway. Within Busselton the line ran past the jetty and along the foreshore, turning south through what is now the Busselton Health Campus. Heading west again along the route of what is now the Bussell Highway, the line served Vasse and Quindalup before turning south towards Flinders Bay. The line passed through forested and agricultural areas, including several municipally heritage-registered mill sites in the M.C. Davies timber concession area south of Margaret River.

Branches
This line was the first branch from the Northcliffe line, at Boyanup, linking Busselton to the WAGR network. The only WAGR line to branch from this one is the Nannup Branch, which runs south from Wonnerup to Nannup. This section of this line from Wonnerup to Maryvale follows the alignment of Western Australia's first railway - the Ballaarat Tramway.

Timber Tramways
Several timber mills used to operate along the railway, each with their own access to the mainline. Many of these mills operated extensive timber tramways that fed significant quantities of timber to the railway. The section from Witchcliffe to Flinders Bay was originally built as an M.C. Davies horse-drawn tramway, before being bought by the Government and upgraded to a WAGR line in 1925.

Wadandi Track
In 2012 the Adelaide-based firm Mulloway was creating an interpretation plan for the Busselton to Flinders Bay Railway Rail Trail project, that would convert the former railway reserve into a recreational, tourism, and educational trail. Initially the track was called the Rails to Trails track.

The City of Busselton and the Shire of Augusta–Margaret River developed the rail alignment into the Wadandi Track rail trail, finishing on the Busselton foreshore. The sections from Busselton Jetty to the Carbunup River east of Marybrook and Cowaramup to Witchcliffe were completed in August 2020. The track takes its name from the traditional owners of the area, the Wadandi people, whose name means "people of the sea".

The track is being extended from its current length of 54 km (across two separate sections) to the entire 109 km distance from Busselton to Flinders Bay, making it one of the longest rail trails in Australia. This aligns with the track being a core priority in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste 2050 Cycling Strategy, forming the primary cycle network spine between Busselton and Augusta.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Flinders Bay Branch Railway


text:
Siyazan

Siyazan (Siyəzən; Tat: Siyəzən) is a city, municipality and the capital of the Siyazan District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 24,900. The city's name is said to be derived from Persian, meaning "White Women", a reference to the original population of Tats. Another explanation links the name with the Persian word siyah, meaning "black".

title: Siyazan


text:
Talk:Dead Presidents

Neutral point of view
The plot summary part of this article is extremely subjective. An encyclopedia is supposded to describe matters objectively, not putting personal opinions in the so called facts. Anyone care to fix this? cun 20:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Violence
some of the stuff in the article was severly cut out on the TV version.74.195.3.199 09:21, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Hip Hop Usage of the term
I believe the use of the term "Dead Presidents" to mean money began in Hip Hop due to this movie but really, that was a resurgence of older slang.

Little Walter has a song from the early 50s I believe called "Dead Presidents" on the Chess Label. BriarPatchWabbit 22:35, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Huh?
The article opens with the main character enlsiting in the USMC shortly after graduating high school in 68, then has him getting drafted in 1971. Did he enlist or was he drafted? Which is it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.13.75.6 (talk) 04:13, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

the plot
is too long for the overall length of the article. it could be divided into subsections, or pruned. FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 18:16, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * For a 119 minute movie it appears, to me, to be not excissive. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 15:48, 21 October 2013 (UTC)
 * See WP:FILMPLOT. Regardless of number of minutes (which is as irrelevant as the color of a character's shirt with respect to the depth of plot), plots should be concise and within 400-700 words. JesseRafe (talk) 03:55, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dead Presidents


text:
Ascot cap

The Ascot cap, also known as the Coffey cap or Lippincott cap, is a men's hard cap similar to the flat cap, but distinguished by its hardness and rounded shape. Ascot caps are typically made from fur or wool felt and worn in the fall or winter, but straw Ascots also exist for warmer weather.

Unlike the flat cap, the inside is not lined with silk but the closed-in design and softness of felt still provides comfort and warmth. The style dates back to 1900.

title: Ascot cap


text:
Tartar (city)

Tartar (Tərtər ) is a city in and the capital of the Tartar District of Azerbaijan.

Its population is approximately 18,200, as of 2008. During the Russian Empire, the city was the administrative center of the Jevanshir Uyezd of the Elisabethpol Governorate. The town was subjected to bombardment by the Armenian forces in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.

History
From 1947 to 1949, Tartar had the status of an urban-type settlement, which was then transformed into the city of Mirbashir, named after the Azerbaijani Soviet party leader Mirbashir Gasimov. In 1963, the Tartar district was abolished and its territory was merged into Barda District, alongside the city of Tartar. It became independent again in 1965. On 7 February 1991, the historical name of the town, Tartar, was restored.

In 1994, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Armenian armed forces launched a large-scale attack on the city. Azerbaijani forces managed to hold their positions in Tartar until the ceasefire was established, following which the city came only a few kilometers from the line of contact.

On 27 September 2020, the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War began. From 30 September to the end of the war, the city of Tartar was subjected to a bombardment from the Armenian side. According to Aide to the President of Azerbaijan, Hikmat Hajiyev, over 2,000 shells were fired at the city on 2 October alone.

On 8 July 2022, the master plan for the development of the city until 2038 was approved.

Demographics
According to the 1897 census, Tartar—mentioned as Terter (Тертеръ)—had a population of 752 consisting of 565 Muslims and 122 Armenian Apostolics. The village had 496 men and 256 women.

title: Tartar (city)


text:
Boost Juice

Boost Juice Bars is an Australian multinational retail outlet owned by parent company Retail Zoo that specialise in fruit juice and smoothies. Boost Juice Bars was formed in 2000 with the first store located in Adelaide, South Australia The company has expanded internationally with stores in Asia, Europe, South America, and the United Kingdom through franchising.

History
The founder of Boost Juice Bars, Janine Allis, noticed the fad of the juice bar when on holiday in the United States in 1999. With her husband, Jeff Allis, Janine decided to bring the idea to Australia. In 2000, Allis opened her first Boost Juice Bar in King William Street, Adelaide while she was on maternity leave. At the end of 2004, Boost Juice had 175 stores operating across Australia and New Zealand.

In May 2007, Boost Juice Bars ceased operations in New Zealand after the franchiser (which operated all the New Zealand stores) was put into liquidation. The stores were sold to Tank Juice, which now operates the concept under the Tank brand.

The founders of British bakery firm Millie's Cookies, Richard O'Sullivan and Mario Budwig, signed an agreement with Boost Juice Bars to launch the brand in the United Kingdom. By the end of the year, the company had also expanded into Chile, Kuwait, Singapore, Indonesia and, most recently, Thailand.

In 2008, Nestlé launched a range of fruit smoothies in association with Boost Juice Bars, to operate alongside the company's expansion into the United Kingdom.

Between 2009 and 2012, a Boost Juice store operated in China, but it was plagued by problems—the store opening was delayed, the shop-fit was average and the product was not as good as expected.

In 2010, Riverside Company bought a 65% stake in the Boost Investment Group, paying around $65 million for the share. That year, Boost Juice launched "Boost the way you feel" rebranding to mark its tenth anniversary. Allis also participated in the Channel Ten TV show Undercover Boss.

In 2014, Bain Capital bought out Riverside Company to take over as the majority shareholder in Boost Juice.

In 2015, Janine Allis signed onto Network 10's Shark Tank as one of the five sharks.

Operations
As of June 2022, stores operate in Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Chile, Estonia, Indonesia, Latvia, Laos,Malaysia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Vietnam and Malta.

In Isla, Boost Juice Bars attempted to acquire the Canadian juice bar company Booster Juice, which would have led to the company being floated on the stock market, though this was unsuccessful.

As of June 2017, Boost Juice has 270 stores in Australia with another 197 stores worldwide for a total of 467 stores.

Environmental Commitments
When Boost first launched in 2000, Janine employed the use of Styrofoam cups to minimize costs and to establish Boost as an environmentally friendly brand. The company took the approach that polystyrene cups require less raw materials than paper cups. The company also argues that polystyrene cups can theoretically be fully recycled. However this angle could be interpreted as greenwashing as most city councils in Australia do not recycle soft polystyrene cups.

In late 2013, Boost changed its cups from Styrofoam to paper cups. It did so because: Not long after inception, Boost Juice released an Enviro-Cup. This reusable cup could be constantly reused in store. Users of the Enviro-cup received a $3 discount per use.
 * The Styrofoam cups were visually dated;
 * Paper was seen as the more environmentally friendly option, in contradiction of earlier statements by Boost; and
 * The bumpy surface of the new paper cups was more aesthetically pleasing to hold and to touch.

In 2017, Boost updated its Enviro-Cup with a new Fill-Up-Cup, which maintained the size and discount; however, this cup was considered by the company to be more aesthetically pleasing and was ergonomically designed to be spill-proof.

Later in late 2018 Boost introduced their new Reusable Stainless Steel Cup (that can be purchased for $26) and their Stainless Steel Straw and Straw Cleaner Kit (that can be purchased for $9).

title: Boost Juice


text:
Howard Payne University

Howard Payne University is a private Baptist university in Brownwood, Texas, United States. It is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas. Howard Payne College was founded by Noah T. Byers and John David Robnett in 1889. The institution is named for its first major benefactor, Edward Howard Payne, who was the brother-in-law of Robnett.

Athletic programs include NCAA Division III football, baseball, softball, women's volleyball, men and women's soccer, basketball and tennis. The HPU mascot is a yellow jacket named "Buzzsaw".

The university also has extension centers located in New Braunfels, Texas and in El Paso, Texas.

Founding and history

On June 20, 1889, Howard Payne College was founded at Indian Creek by members of the Pecan Valley Baptist Association. It was named for its first financial benefactor and Robnett's brother-in-law, Edward Howard Payne. The first classes at HPC were held in 1890, with the first degree being granted in 1895 to Robnett. In 1915, the yellow jacket was chosen by Carrie (Camp) Allen as the university mascot.

Thomas H. Taylor led the university through the Great Depression, which began just two months into his presidency. Robert Mangrum, university historian of HPU, states that it was made apparent to Taylor at the 1930 Texas Baptist convention that HPU would have to be closed due to an inability to continue funding through the BGCT. A faculty prayer meeting was held upon his return to Brownwood, writes Mangrum, and it was decided that HPC would continue to operate with no deficits through the receipts and endowment interests.

Daniel Baker College, a Presbyterian college located in Brownwood, consolidated with HPC in 1953. Taylor retired as the university's longest-serving president (26 years) after leading the college through the hardship of the Great Depression and helping the campus expand.

Guy D. Newman was named president of HPC following Taylor's retirement. Under Newman's leadership, the Douglas MacArthur Academy of Freedom was established. The program is now called the Guy D. Newman Honors Academy and is still housed in the Academy of Freedom, formerly DBC's main building. Newman retired in 1972. HPC became Howard Payne University in 1974.

Don Newbury, a 1961 graduate of HPU, served as president of the university from 1985 to 1997. HPU's student enrollment increased significantly during Newbury's presidency. The university also underwent numerous upgrades and additions to campus facilities. HPU's "Buzzsaw" mascot was also announced in 1996, during Newbury's presidency.

The university celebrated one of its most significant athletics successes during the 2000s, with the HPU women's basketball team capping a perfect 33-0 season by winning the 2008 NCAA Division III Women's Basketball National Championship.

Cory Hines, a 1997 graduate of HPU, was named president in 2019. Under his presidency, ground was broken for the Newbury Family Welcome Center in 2020. Construction on the project was scheduled for completion in spring 2022. The university also began restoring the Douglas MacArthur Academy of Freedom's wings in 2020. Other campus improvement projects were completed in 2020 and 2021, including renovations to the Veda Hodge Residence Hall lobby, the Newbury Place Student Apartments and the lobbies of the Guy D. Newman Hall of American Ideals.

Presidents

 * 1) A. J. Emerson 1890 -1893
 * 2) John D. Robnett 1893- 1896
 * 3) James H. Grove 1896- 1908
 * 4) John S. Humphreys (Acting President) 1908–1910
 * 5) Robert H. Hamilton 1910–1911
 * 6) John S. Humphreys 1911–1913
 * 7) James M. Carroll 1913–1914
 * 8) Anderson E. Baten (Vice President & Acting President) 1915–1917
 * 9) Judson A. Tolman 1917–1919
 * 10) L. J. Mims 1919–1922
 * 11) William R. Hornburg (Vice President & Acting President) 1922–1923
 * 12) Edgar Godbold 1923–1929
 * 13) Thomas H. Taylor 1929–1955
 * 14) Guy D. Newman 1955–1973
 * 15) Roger Brooks 1973–1979
 * 16) Charles A. Stewart (Chief Executive officer) 1979–1980
 * 17) Ralph A. Phelps Jr. 1980–1985
 * 18) Don Newbury 1985–1997
 * 19) Rick Gregory 1997–2002
 * 20) Russell H. Dilday (Interim President) 2002- 2003
 * 21) Lanny Hall 2003–2009
 * 22) William Ellis 2009–2018
 * 23) Paul Armes (Interim President) 2018-2019
 * 24) Cory Hines 2019–present

Athletics
The school supports an active athletic program for both men's and women's competition in the NCAA Division III. The school is currently a member of the American Southwest Conference.

National championship teams
Howard Payne University teams achieved national championship status in 1957 and 1964 in NAIA Cross country, and in 2008 with NCAA Division III Women's Basketball.

Football
Football began at Howard Payne in 1903. Gwinn Henry was named the first head coach in 1912 and coached for two seasons.

Campus life

In 2015 the university was granted an exception to Title IX allowing it to discriminate against LGBT students for religious reasons. In 2016 the organization Campus Pride ranked the college among the worst schools in Texas for LGBT students.

Greek organizations
There are several fraternites and sororities on campus.

Notable alumni

 * Coffey Anderson, singer
 * O. L. Bodenhamer, 12th national commander of The American Legion from 1929 to 1930
 * Cynthia Clawson, Grammy Award-winning musician
 * Keith Crawford, NFL player
 * Ronnie Floyd, president and chief executive officer of the Southern Baptist Convention
 * Ken Gray, NFL Pro Bowl player
 * Slim Harriss, Major League Baseball player
 * Ray Hildebrand, one half of the duo Paul & Paula
 * Robert E. Howard, writer and creator of Conan the Barbarian
 * Jill Jackson, one half of the duo Paul & Paula
 * Ray Jacobs, four-time NFL All-Star
 * Ken Sanders, NFL player
 * J. D. Sheffield, Texas State representative from Coryell County
 * Bob Young, NFL All-Pro player

title: Howard Payne University


text:
Bison (disambiguation)

Bison is a taxonomic group containing six species of large even-toed ungulates, among them the extant American bison and European bison (the wisent).

Bison or Bisons may also refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Bison, Kansas, a city
 * Bison, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
 * Bison, South Dakota, a town
 * Bison, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Bison Township, Perkins County, South Dakota, a township

Surname

 * Giuseppe Bernardino Bison (1762–1844), Italian painter

Nickname or stage name

 * Béla I of Hungary (1016–1063), King of Hungary nicknamed "the Bison"
 * Bison Dele (1969–2002, né Brian Carson Williams; presumed dead 2002), American professional basketball player
 * Matt Kemp (born 1984), American baseball player nicknamed "The Bison"
 * Bison Smith (1973–2011, né Mark Smith), American professional wrestler

Fictional entities

 * Bison (comics), a Marvel comic book supervillain
 * Balrog (Street Fighter), known as Mike Bison or M. Bison in Japan, a character in Street Fighter series of video games by Capcom
 * M. Bison, the main antagonist in Street Fighter franchise, known as Vega in Japan, designed by Akiman

Music

 * Bison (metal band) (also known as Bison B.C.), from Vancouver, Canada
 * Bison (indie folk band), from Chesapeake, Virginia, US
 * "Bison" (song), by The Fireman

Other media

 * Bison (novel), a 2014 novel by Patrick Grainville
 * Bison (sculpture), a c. 1960 work by an unknown artist in Eugene, Oregon, US
 * Bison (Siemering), a 1902 work by Rudolf Siemering in Berlin, Germany
 * Bison Radio Network, which broadcasts North Dakota State Bison athletics
 * Bison (2014 film), a Canadian short film
 * Bison (upcoming film), an upcoming Indian Tamil-language biographical sports drama film

Businesses

 * BISON, a collaboration between a group of computer companies (Bull, ICL, Siemens, Olivetti, and Nixdorf) that subsequently became X/Open
 * Bison Transport, a Canadian transportation and warehousing
 * Bison Radio Network, which broadcasts North Dakota State Bison athletics
 * Bison Company, Bison Life Motion Pictures, or Bison 101 Company, an early 20th century film studio that became part of Universal Studios
 * The Bison industrialised building system is a precast concrete building system used in high rise flats, developed by Bison Manufacturing Ltd, Dartford, Kent which had been founded in 1919 to build military pill-boxes.

Military

 * 15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, sometimes called the Sturmpanzer I Bison, a German self-propelled heavy infantry gun of World War II
 * 15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf), sometimes called the Sturmpanzer II Bison, a German self-propelled heavy infantry gun of World War II
 * Avro Bison, a biplane spotter aircraft
 * Bison (armoured personnel carrier), a Canadian fighting vehicle of the Mowag Piranha family
 * Bison concrete armoured lorry, a British improvised mobile pillbox of 1940
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 Bison, an upgrade variant of the MiG-21bis fighter jet for the Indian Air Force
 * Myasishchev M-4, a Soviet Cold War-era strategic bomber, NATO reporting name Bison
 * Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948), an Indian Army assault in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
 * Opération Bison, the French military operation in Chad in 1969–1972
 * PP-19 Bizon or bison, a Russian submachine gun
 * Bison, a French Guépard-class destroyer sunk in 1940 during the Norwegian campaign

Professional

 * Basingstoke Bison, an ice hockey club from the United Kingdom
 * Bisons de Neuilly-sur-Marne, a French ice hockey team based in Neuilly-sur-Marne
 * Boulder Junior Bison, a junior A ice hockey team in Boulder County, Colorado
 * Bristol Bisons RFC, an English rugby union team
 * Buffalo Bisons (disambiguation), numerous Buffalo, New York, teams (baseball, basketball, football and hockey)
 * Granby Bisons, a junior ice hockey team in Granby, Quebec, Canada, since renamed
 * Kentucky Bisons, an American Basketball Association * Boulder Junior Bison, a junior A ice hockey team in Boulder County, Colorado
 * Loimaa Bisons, a Finnish basketball team in Loimaa, Finland
 * Okotoks Bisons, a junior B ice hockey team in Okotoks, Alberta, Canada
 * Wainwright Bisons, a junior B ice hockey team in Wainwright, Alberta
 * Bisons, a former name of the Mid-Missouri Mavericks, a defunct minor league baseball team

Collegiate

 * Bucknell Bison, the NCAA Division I athletic teams of Bucknell University
 * Howard Bison and Lady Bison, the NCAA Division I teams of Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
 * North Dakota State Bison, the NCAA Division I teams of North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
 * Bison Sports Arena
 * Bisons, the teams of Gallaudet University, District of * Howard Bison and Lady Bison, the NCAA Division I teams of Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
 * Bisons, the Division II teams of Harding University, Arkansas
 * Bisons, the NCAA Division I teams of Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee
 * Bisons, the Division III teams of Nichols College, Dudley, Massachusetts
 * Bisons, the NAIA teams of Oklahoma Baptist University, Shawnee, Oklahoma
 * Manitoba Bisons, the athletic teams of the University of Manitoba, Canada

Technology

 * GNU bison, a parser generator that is part of the GNU project
 * Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON)

Vehicles

 * Chevrolet Bison, heavy duty trucks manufactured between 1977 and 1988
 * Cosmos Bison, ultralight aircraft

title: Bison (disambiguation)


text:
Xaçmaz

Xaçmaz or Khachmaz may refer to:
 * Khachmaz Rayon, Azerbaijan
 * Khachmaz (city), Azerbaijan
 * Xaçmaz, Oghuz, Azerbaijan

title: Xaçmaz


text: Talk:Howard Payne University

title: Talk:Howard Payne University


text:
File:Halfrek.jpg

Summary
Kali Rocha as Halfrek in TV's Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Fair use rationale for use in the article Halfrek
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates an educational article about the character.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) The use of the image will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original. In particular, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the show.
 * 4) It is a low resolution image.
 * 5) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 6) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell, produce, or advertise the show in any way.

title: File:Halfrek.jpg


text:
Fukushima Station (Fukushima)

Fukushima Station (福島駅) is a railway station in the city of Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The station is the terminus for the JR East Yamagata Shinkansen, and Ōu Main Line, as well as the third-sector Abukuma Express Line and privately operated Fukushima Kotsu Iizaka Line.

Lines

 * JR East
 * Tohoku Shinkansen
 * Yamagata Shinkansen
 * Tōhoku Main Line
 * Ōu Main Line
 * Abukuma Express
 * Abukuma Express Line
 * Fukushima Transportation
 * Iizaka Line

Station layout
The station is separated into an east and a west section. Within the area after entering the ticket gates, the opposite sections of the station are accessible via a pedestrian tunnel that runs over the tracks. Outside of the ticketed area, pedestrians must use a tunnel to access the opposite section. Cyclists and other vehicles must utilize the bridges to either the north or south of the station.

All lines, except for the Abukuma Express Line and the Iizaka Line, are accessible through the main entrance of the East or West sections of the station. The Abukuma Express Line and the Iizaka Line have a separate entrance on the Northeast side of the station.

The JR portion of the station uses one side platform, one island platform and one bay platform (with two bays) to serve a total of six tracks for regular trains, and two elevated island platforms for Shinkansen operations. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office. The Abukuma Express Line and the Fukushima Kōtsū Iizaka Line share a single island platform.

History
Nippon Railway opened Fukushima Station and the railway between Kōriyama Station and Shiogama Station (later called Shiogamakō Station) on December 15, 1887. This railway was later nationalized and named the Tōhoku Main Line. The government railways opened the railway, later named the Ōu Main Line, between Fukushima Station and Yonezawa Station on May 15, 1899. The Iizaka Line was opened on April 13, 1924 by Fukushima Iizaka Electric Tramway (福島飯坂電気軌道). The Tōhoku Shinkansen opened on June 23, 1982 and the Abukuma Express Line opened on July 1, 1988.

Through services between the Tōhoku Shinkansen and the Ōu Main Line, under the name Yamagata Shinkansen, began on July 1, 1992.

JR East announced in 2020 a plan to construct an elevated crossing serving the Yamagata Shinkansen to rectify bottleneck issues with Tokyo-bound Yamabiko trains having to cross over to Platform 14 to connect with Tsubasa trains. The new line will consist of 760 m of surface level track and 540 m of elevated viaduct connecting to Platform 11. Estimated date of completion is 2026.

Highway buses

 * For Minamisōma, Haranomachi Station, Kashima Station (Fukushima)
 * For Sōma
 * For Nihonmatsu, Koriyama Women's University, Kōriyama Station
 * For Nihonmatsu, Ono, Iwaki Station, Iwaki-Taira Velodrome
 * For Nihonmatsu, Aizu-Wakamatsu Station, Aizuwakamatsu Castle
 * For Sendai Station (Miyagi)
 * Abukuma; For Ōji Station (Tokyo), Ikebukuro Station, Shinjuku Station
 * For Narita International Airport
 * Dream Fukushima/Yokohama; For Tokyo Station and Yokohama Station
 * Rainbow; For Tokyo Station and Hamamatsuchō Bus Terminal
 * Galaxy; For Kyōto Station, Ōsaka Station, Ōsaka Namba Station(Osaka City Air Terminal), Ōsaka Abenobashi Station and Universal Studios Japan

Passenger statistics
In fiscal year 2016, the station was used by an average of 16,536 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Fukushima Station is located in the centre of the city of Fukushima.

title: Fukushima Station (Fukushima)


text: User talk:68.163.232.44

title: User talk:68.163.232.44


text:
Hamelin Bay, Western Australia

Hamelin Bay is a bay and a locality on the southwest coast of Western Australia between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Naturaliste. It is named after French explorer Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, who sailed through the area in about 1801. It is south of Cape Freycinet.

To the north, the beach leads to the Boranup Sand Patch and further to the mouth of the Margaret River, while south leads to Cape Leeuwin. The nearest locality to the east is Karridale on the Margaret River to Augusta road.

It was also a small settlement and port in Western Australia on the coast of the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge.

Port and jetty
The jetty was established to service the timber milling operations of  Davies, at the same time as utilising a jetty at Flinders Bay just south of Augusta. One of the Davies timber railways extended onto the Hamelin Bay Jetty, which was built in 1882 and extended in 1898. Only a few piles of the original jetty remain on site.

Tourist attractions
The Cape to Cape Track runs across the beach to the west of the town, making Hamelin Bay one of the few settlements located along the track.

Camping area
Although most of the adjacent land is now vested in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park, small amounts of land nearby are freehold. In the 1950s the local camping area utilised the shells of a large number of decommissioned Perth trams. None remain, and in addition to unpowered and powered camp sites there are now a small number of on-site cabins and a handful of chalets with modern facilities. A number of camp sites have been removed to accommodate these structures. A shop and ablution blocks are located within the camping area.

Due to the nature of the camping area and the local weather conditions there are frequently total fire bans in the camping area.

Wrecks
Hamelin Bay was difficult to navigate due to reefs and rocks in the vicinity.

Hamelin Bay was notorious for wrecks occurring during bad weather – its exposure to prevailing weather making it a dangerous location for anchoring or mooring.

Some fishing boats continue to utilize the anchorage when prevailing weather is not a problem.

The Western Australian Museum's database of wrecks includes numerous vessels that foundered in or near Hamelin Bay. An anchor from one of the wrecks was retrieved and is now situated in the beach car park at Hamelin Bay.

The storm of 22 July 1900 was a serious event at Hamelin.

Wrecks include:
 * Agincourt, 1863
 * Arcadia, 25 April 1900 – wooden barque
 * Aristide, 25 October 1889 – wooden barge
 * Chaudiere, 4 July 1883 – barque
 * Else (formerly Albert William), 2 September 1900 – barquentine
 * Glenbervie, 20 June 1900
 * Hokitika, 2 November 1872 – barque
 * Katinka, 22 July 1900 – iron
 * Lövspring, 22 July 1900 – wooden barque
 * Nor'wester, 22 July 1900 – iron barque
 * Tobar, 1945 – lugger
 * SS Waterlily, 31 January 1903 – clinker built screw steamer

Whale strandings
Hamelin Bay and environs have been the site of a number of whale strandings, some of which are listed below:

 * 1996, 320 long-finned pilot whales, just north of the bay, in Western Australia's largest known stranding
 * March 2018, over 150 short-finned pilot whales

Attempts to save the mammals have usually failed.

In addition to concerns for the animals themselves, the strandings are considered to increase the risk of shark attack, due to the attraction of the dead whales.

Light station
A light station on nearby Hamelin Island was built in 1937. In 1967 it was moved to the mainland, and is now known as Foul Bay Lighthouse.

Railway
The M C Davies railway connected Hamelin Bay jetty with Karridale, Boranup, and Flinders Bay.

In 1925 the railway formations were incorporated into the connecting Flinders Bay Branch Railway.

Adjacent features also named after Hamelin

 * Cape Hamelin – -34.26667°N, 115.03333°W
 * Hamelin Island – -34.21667°N, 115°W

title: Hamelin Bay, Western Australia


text:
Waterford, Ontario

Waterford is one of the Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario and had a population of 3,132 at the time of the 2016 Census.

Antiques from different historical eras can be purchased from downtown antique stores. Norfolk FS (formerly known as the Norfolk Co-Operative) also holds a major base of operations here, which provides chemicals and most agriculture-related goods in addition to animal feed for local farmers. The Townsend Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company has its headquarters in Waterford where it was started by farmers in 1879. As a mutual insurance company, every one of its customers is also a member and owner.

Close access to railway and air travel allows local travellers to maintain a low-cost "home base" in Waterford while having access to regional, national and international destinations.

Summary
Founded in 1794, this community was first established as a saw and grist mill community. Paul Averill would operate the first successful grist mill venture during the start of the 19th century. The earlier names of the settlement included: Sayles' Mills, Sovereign's Mills and Lodersvile, before finally becoming Waterford in 1826 when they opened their first post office. Waterford became the northernmost marketplace in Norfolk County; complementing Simcoe as its centre marketplace. The village would become incorporated in 1878 when its population reached 1100 people.

Settlement of this area, with rich soil and large forests, within Townsend Township, started in 1794, and by 1782 Paul Averill was operating saw and grist-mills on Nanticoke Creek. By 1851, Waterford contained the Township Hall and many industries, including a large agricultural implements factory built by James Green. The railway arrived in 1871 and helped increase growth (to 1100) by the time the village was incorporated in 1871. Historic plaques in the community provide further details.

The local high school is called Waterford District High School and its teams are collectively called the Wolves. Founded in 1892, its sports teams were once collectively called the Redmen. The high school started out with only 58 students. A high school rugby program was initiated in 1991 by teacher David Zeldon and is considered to be one of the most dominant teams in the NSSAA boys' rugby league.

This community sits on the old Canada Southern Railway, preceding various other rail company takeovers, the latest of which was by CN/CP. The now idle line passes through Ontario between Buffalo, New York and Detroit, Michigan. An electric railway, Canadian Pacific's Lake Erie and Northern Railway, once operated in Waterford; the official fare from Galt to Waterford was a mere C$1.05 ($0 in the day's gold-money) while taking it to nearby Simcoe cost C$1.25 plus taxes (C$43.25 in today's gold-money equivalent at US$1250 per ounce and C$1.33 to US$1 exchange rate). The Lake Erie and Northern Railway had discontinued passenger service in April, 1955. 1961 saw the overhead wire de-energised and trains run using CP diesel-electric locomotives. The Lake Erie and Northern's line between Brantford and Waterford was abandoned in 1965. CP trains then ran between Brantford and Waterford on the Toronto Hamilton and Buffalo Railway, crossing over the Canada Southern via crossovers onto a connecting track to rejoin the LE&N just south of the steel bridge over the CASO. The TH&B also ran passenger train service between Hamilton and Waterford, that service being discontinued in 1954.

The area surrounding the town is primarily agricultural land, with tomatoes, tobacco and corn among the chief crops. Area farmers generally suffered from the decline of the tobacco industry, but natural health and organic crops are being explored, such as ginseng, as well as lavender and wine grapes. Many non-essential services and businesses would traditionally close their operations one hour earlier on Wednesday afternoons in order to allow workers to have time with their families; this tradition would cease during the 1970s as extra demand for services and economic recessions would force most business owners to adopt a seven-day work week.

In 1979, a freak tornado swept through Waterford, devastating trees, homes, and public property.

Pumpkinfest
During the middle of October, locals celebrate Pumpkinfest. Pumpkinfest was originally inspired by a festival of the same name in Connecticut, and brought over by Blanche Deveraox. A huge "pumpkin pyramid" of 1500 carved pumpkins is an annual tradition for this fall festival. A car show and a soap box derby are some of the other attractions at Pumpkinfest. Many stores, restaurants, banks and the LCBO dealership observe this festival as a boost to the local economy.

Climate
Waterford traditionally belongs to the humid continental climate zone, even with the recent epidemic of mild winters and extremely warm and dry summers. As in all communities, towns and cities throughout the world, global warming due to human industrial activity has drastically altered the climate of Waterford over the decades.

Notable people

 * Elaine Chuli, National Women's Hockey League player
 * Nelson Emerson, retired National Hockey League player
 * Douglas Glover, Canadian author
 * Paul Hellyer, Canadian engineer, politician, writer and commentator
 * Win Kellum, retired Major League Baseball player
 * Walker Powell, Canadian businessman, militia officer and political figure
 * Robin Shulman, author of Eat the City: A Tale of the Fishers, Foragers, Butchers, Farmers, Poultry Minders, Sugar Refiners, Cane Cutters, Beekeepers, Winemakers, and Brewers Who Built New York
 * Chester Samuel Walters, Canadian politician and bureaucrat
 * Fred Eaglesmith, Canadian singer, songwriter, performer

title: Waterford, Ontario


text:
Talk:Medieval football

Untitled
Does anybody have a picture that shows an example of a medieval football field? It'd be greatly appreciated!

Medieval football, to my knowledge, doesn't have specific fields, but the Workington game starts off here: http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/images/articles/fixed/150/0/20064611369816.jpeg Also, edited this page to put Workington in the surviving ball games section, which is where it should be. ~Falky

Merge with Mob Football Taken Down
I've removed the merger suggestion at the Mob Football article. The debate has been very little over the last few months. I won't do it to this article, because I haven't had a hand in editing it. So, I'm suggesting that you take it down here as well. Rowlan 13:44, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to leave it in the hope that the reverse happens and we get mob football merged into this article. Can you tell me what is so important and distinctive about mob football that it requires a separate article? Grant65 | Talk 03:14, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * While 'mob football' is an authentic name for an ancient sport, 'mediaeval football' is a modern umbrella term for a range of mediaeval games. I should have thought 'mob football' justifies an article in its own right. If so, it clearly would not make sense to merge the general into the specific, and I say keep both articles. 194.72.162.199 19:25, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * "Authentic"? Do you think that the players referred to themselves as a mob? I doubt it. They would have just called it "football". Both are modern terms. Grant65 | Talk 02:13, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

The Retinue of Mary Stuart, 1568
The Tullie House Museum is referred to in the passage as stating that 'many nationalities' were in Mary's retinue but there is no actual reference provided to back this up. It is also suggested that, Her normal Scottish retinue was presumably not allowed in order to prevent her escaping back to Scotland. There is no factual basis to this statement. Mary had a small number of French servants in her personal household, who fled south with her after the Battle of Langside. Her retinue and followers, however, were overwhelmingly Scottish (who had been on the losing side of a civil war and fled south to escape persecution). Evidence of the Scottish presence can be found in Rev Robert Keith's, History of the affairs of church and state in Scotland from the beginning of the reformation to the year 1568, Vol 2, Edinburgh, 1844. P827 (I have added the known nationalities in brackets)."Among Mary's attendants in Carlisle Castle were Bishop Lesley of Ross (Scottish), Lords Herries, Livingstone, and Fleming (all Scottish), George Douglas, the foundling page 'Little Douglas' (both Scottish), Curll and Naive, her two secretaries (one Scottish, one French), John Beaton (Scottish), and Sebastian (French)." I have also added a translated extract of a letter written by Sir Francis Knollys to Secretary Cecil, on 2nd June 1568, and published in James Anderson's, Collections Relating to the History of Mary Queen of Scotland, Vol IV, Part I. London, 1728. Pp62-63. "Her company of servants hitherto are not above thirty or forty, whereof there be Gentlemen Servers, Carvers, and Cupbearers, half a dozen, and as many Gentlemen Waiters, not much inferior to the other. Then the rest be Cooks and Scullions, and Varlets of the Chamber and Lackies; but yet not past three or four of those that lie within the castle, whereof George Douglas is one, because we found him so. Now the Lord Claud (Hamilton), and the Laird of Skirling (Sir James Cockburn), and the young Mr Maxwell (John, later 8th Lord Maxwell), with various other Gentlemen, and their servants, do lie in the town at their own charge, to the number of thirty or forty more; which gentlemen do between meals come in to see the Queen, because we found that usage and would be loath to grieve them with alterations, until we know further of her highness’s pleasure." Within this letter Hamilton, Cockburn and Maxwell are listed as members of the Queen's retinue and they were all Scottish subjects. Furthermore this letter demonstrates the uncertainty that existed prior to Mary's removal to Bolton Castle. During Mary's confinement at Carlisle Castle Knollys had to maintain a balance between keeping her 'secure' and under constant watch, whilst he awaited further instructions from Cecil, and permitting her a degree of freedom while she waited to hear from Elizabeth (she was not openly regarded as a prisoner at this early stage). It is because of this uncertainty that anxious views are expressed of her access to Scottish nobles and her freedom to venture out from Carlisle Castle (so close to Scotland) to watch games of football. If the nationality of the players is an issue, then the passage, judging from the Scottish encampment that was based in Carlisle and the known nationality of 'gentlemen' servers within her retinue the passage should refer to an overwhelmingly Scottish retinue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.20.68.188 (talk) 15:31, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Stirling castle football
A little balance is needed here. A modern size 5 football is the norm today for adults, but regulation of size did not exist 500 years ago. The writer discounts that the Stirling ball could have been a football based on what he /she thinks a football should look like. Even within the post regulated era the Stirling ball itself is only slighty smaller than a size 4 football, used by under 12s playing association football, and is bigger than the tanner ba' which was kicked about tenement streets in Glasgow during the 1950s. Size is not important.

The smallness of footballs in early 19th century Scotland are conveyed in the art work of Alexander Carse. Much closer to the date of the Stirling ball, the description of the 'smallness of the ball' by the English observer in the 1568 football match which was played in front of Mary, Queen of Scots provides some insight. The size of the inflated animal bladder in the sixteenth century determined the size of the leather casing. A small inflated bladder meant the leather casing would be small. The NMS are right to point out other possible uses such as Pallone but two museums support the view of the ball's use as a football - first of all the Stirling Smith Museum which owns the ball and displays items pertaining to Stirling Castle - http://www.smithartgallery.demon.co.uk/collections.html - and secondly the Scottish Football Museum, quoted in Simon Inglis' A Load of Old Balls, English Heritage, 2005, P20.

definition of medieval
I think that the medieval period tecnically finished in 1500 or 1550. Some of these references come after this and this needs to be acknowledged or a new page be added.
 * I know where you are coming form, but there is no agreement on when the medieval period ended. Also, the games we are talking about were devised during that period and are quite different from modern codes of football. Grant65 | Talk 16:10, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Britain and outside
This article concentrats heavily on Britain. I find it hard to believe football-like games were not played elewhere, therefore this must be a case of systemic bias. --Kevlar (talk • contribs) 18:42, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The tag is curious, since it fails to explain why it should be desirable to have "worldwide" games of football in an article which is concerned with medieval, that is European, sports. Gun Powder Ma (talk) 14:05, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The tag should't be added without at least some effort at confirming the systemic bias, especially when someone 'finds it hard to believe' something, which is 100% opinion. If finding information on other types of medieval football is so easy, why not go find it and add it in, rather than denigrating the text which IS here as second rate just because the information is about England. Mdw0 (talk) 23:33, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed {globalize/UK}} template - the point is that Medieval football was a phenomenon of the British Isles - if anyone has any WP:Verifiable evidence to the contrary, then please enlighten us. --Mais oui! (talk) 08:38, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * While I agree on the whole - perhaps the article should be renamed 'Medieval Football in the United Kingdom'? ....Football games did exist in Europe. Calcio Fiorentino and La Soule are good examples. -- Talskiddy (talk) 10:25, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Rather than that, lets find other examples from Europe and the rest of the world and put them in. The information here should reflect teh information we can gather. If there was a lot of writing about the british games then it should be expected that British information should dominate teh article, but it shouldn't be exclusive if its just a matter of a bit of research on our part. Mdw0 (talk) 22:35, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Linked from Main page today
This article is linked to from Wikipedia's Main Page today (7 December 2008), due to the new Golf in Scotland article appearing as the lead item in the Did you know? column. --Mais oui! (talk) 09:47, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Scope of article
Any codes of football from outside Europe are beyond the topic and should be removed, since the intro makes it sufficiently clear that the topic is about "football games which were invented and played during the Middle Ages in Europe", ball games which furthermore may "be regarded as the "ancestors" of modern codes of football". Since neither is the case with the Song Dynasty example it should be removed as the term Middle Ages does not apply to Chinese historiology (which follows a different chronological system) and China is not in Europe, neither. Regards Gun Powder Ma (talk) 13:51, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The scope of the article has to be worldwide - especially as it has only just recovered from a mark of systemic bias. If we follow the European restriction we are open to another accusation of systemic bias because the article is Eurocentric. Middle Ages is a time limitation, not a geographical one. The term Middle Ages might be European in its origin and general use, and some definitions limit it to Europe, but what it really means is the middle period between ancient and modern times, which applies as much to China as it does anywhere else (although its exact length and what periods it does or doesn't include is debatable.)
 * Games and players influence each other, and football games played at various places at the same time should be mentioned here, as the article is primarily to show the development of football games that could have or would have influenced each other, not just in Europe but everywhere, no matter what categories the historians may want to slot them in. This is much more important than following a very limited definition of what 'Middle Ages' means.

 * As for your assertion that Cuju cannot be regarded as an ancestor of modern football, if you read through what you've deleted I don't see how you can make that claim. "Prior to the Song dynasty the main type of cuju had been the one most like modern football between 12-16 players on each side trying to kick a leather ball through opposing sets of goals, made of bamboo with silk nets." It is a valid addition to the article. Mdw0 ([[User talk
 * Mdw0|talk]]) 23:57, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The scope of the article has nothing to do with a "systemic bias". In Cuju the subject is cuju, not medieval football, and in Medieval Football the subject is medieval football, not cuju. Since the term Middle Ages refers solely to European events, medieval football can also refer to football in Europe, for the simple reason because Middle Ages is a term which refers to European history, and is very uncommon for Chinese historiology. If we start starting introducing Far Eastern ball games from between 500 and 1500, we must also include ball games from all other world regions. That cannot seriously be your point here. Gun Powder Ma (talk) 17:37, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * English doesn't usually fail like this. For some reason we cant use a European name for a particular time period to apply worldwide, and for some other strange reason we dont have a name for that time period which DOES apply worldwide. Because 'medieval' GENERALLY refers to European history an interesting and relevant development of the subject is being deleted. I dont see why such a strict interpretation of medieval should apply when it is merely the best reference we have to a particular time period. If the ball games of the period are relevant and possibly influential, then yes, they definitely should be included whether or not they are strictly European. The only one I could think of that could be considered irrelevant would be the Aztec games, but who knows what influence they may have had in the development of modern football?
 * In terms of systemic bias, it applies here simply because there is no term in English that applies to a worldwide view of this historical period. This lack of worldwide focus from Eurocentric historians is a classic case of systemic bias. I've been trying to think of a better name for the article which DOES have a worldwide focus. Any suggestions? Mdw0 (talk) 01:08, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

See the football template
template:Team Sport Where medieval football was placed as one subtype of football type alongwith Gridiron football and rugby.So medieval football was also a subtype ont a geographic-limited terms.--Ksyrie(Talkie talkie) 05:26, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Henry VIII
The article says Henry VIII banned football in 1548. This is obviously false as he died in 1547. Some sites on the internet claim he banned it in 1540, can anyone verify that year? --Feuerrabe (talk) 21:48, 30 July 2010 (UTC) it is also an amazing sport —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.240.44 (talk) 18:45, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

The definition of "Medieval Football"
This generic understanding some people hold that “Medieval football” is a catch all term for ball games played around the world that contain aspects which feature in modern football codes is a distortion of History.

Despite its name this article is substantially about "Mob football" a modern term coined to categorise a group of ball games that come from around the British Isles. These include games such as Hurling (Cornwall ), Cnapan (Wales), The Ba' game (Scotland), La Soule (France), Caid (Ireland), Campball (England) The Ball game (England) and Football (England). All of these games have medieval histories in their countries of origin. The game called football from which modern football codes games take their name played in medieval England is, by definition, "medieval football".

The Public school which first applied codes of conduct to football had students from all over the British Isles (including Ireland) who fed their ideas from the ball games played in their regions into the football games being developed at their schools. It is in this collective context that all "Mob football" games can be seen as the forerunners of modern football using the English word "football" as a name for these codified games.

The idea perpetuated by the likes of FIFA that more technically advanced games such as Cuju from classical antiquity could have somehow morphed into the riotous medieval football or similar mob games is nonsensical. Moreover not a shred of documented evidence from anywhere in the world exists to support this assertion. It is unethical for any encyclopaedia to continue supporting this information known it to be false without correction or explicit explanation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adrian Roebuck (talk • contribs) 10:18, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

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Great Britain, not England
Why does the article keep referring to football starting predominantly in England, when it was all across Great Britain? Scotland and Wales had major roles in the development of football, and they are not in England. Infact England, Wales and Scotland did not even exist when football was starting according to this article. Some of the first mentions are in what became Wales, And some of the first mentions of football are in Scotland as mentioned by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_ban_football_games#Scotland. Plus mob football takes places in Orkney in Scotland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ScottishSusan (talk • contribs) 14:57, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

What was this noteworthy for?
"...a player was killed as a result of running against an opposing player's dagger. This account is noteworthy because it is the earliest reference to an English ball game that definitely involved kicking:" That's your takeaway from this incident? It's not noteworthy as the earliest reference to a game that involved a stabbing? SpinningSpark 11:42, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medieval football


text: User talk:68.249.240.230

title: User talk:68.249.240.230


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User:KelticK

About KelticK
20 Years Old Pursuing a Bachelor of Christian Ministry, with a Double Major Bible and Missions

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text:
Creston School District

Creston School District is the K-12 school district in the Eastern Washington farming community of Creston, Washington. Due to the small size of the town, the elementary and junior high are in the same building; and the Creston Elementary School has combined classrooms: K, 1st/2nd, 3rd/4th, and 5th/6th. An academic co-op was started in 2016 between Creston School District and the nearby Wilbur School District, allowing all Creston High School students to attend Wilbur-Creston High School in Wilbur and all Wilbur Junior High students to attend Wilbur-Creston Junior High in Creston. Even before the academic co-op, the two school districts enjoyed a sports co-op (Wilbur-Creston Wildcats) that has been in place since 1985.

Schools

 * Creston Elementary School
 * Wilbur-Creston Junior High School

Demographics
The majority of the students reside outside of Creston. The district buses students from Deer Meadows, Hawk Creek, Lincoln, Seven Bays, and Sterling Valley. A small number of students are from towns outside the district, such as Davenport, Harrington, and Electric City. The co-op between Wilbur and Creston means that all high school students are bused to Wilbur, while all junior high students are bused to Creston.

Faculty
The Faculty at Creston includes 19 staff members

Curriculum
While Creston is not a private school, its small size allows its teachers to focus on each student individually, which gives both elementary and junior high students the chance to express themselves and find their own identity. This also provides the students with an excellent and disciplined education that is hard to find elsewhere.

title: Creston School District


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Cordura

Cordura is a collection of synthetic fiber-based fabrics used in a variety of products including luggage, backpacks, trousers, military wear, and performance apparel.

Developed and trademarked by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont) in 1929, Cordura is currently owned by Invista, a subsidiary of Koch Industries.

Overview
DuPont initially introduced Cordura as a type of rayon. In a 1948 advertisement, DuPont described the research that led to its creation: “DuPont scientists were working to improve on the properties of rayon… Out of the cooperation among scientists—ranging from studies of cellulose as a high polymer to design of enormous plants—came a new product, 'Cordura' high-tenacity rayon, as strong as mild steel yet able to stand up under repeated flexing.” Cordura was further worked on during World War II and used in tires for military vehicles.

By 1966, with the arrival of nylon formulations, the Cordura brand name was transferred to nylon products. In 1977, a process for dyeing nylon was discovered, leading to a broader range of commercial applications. Eastpak was the first brand to use Cordura fabric in their luggage. By 1979, "soft-sided" Cordura luggage made up about 40 percent of the luggage market.

JanSport used the canvas-like nylon in their original daypacks in the 1970s, and now exclusively uses polyester Cordura. In the 1980s, Manhattan Portage began using 1000 denier (D) Cordura nylon in their bags. During the 1990s, European workwear clothing brands adopted the 1000D and 500D fabric for reinforcements. Brands like F. Engel, Fristads Kansas, Snickers and Scruffs use Cordura in their clothing. Today, Cordura is used in textile motorcycle jackets and pants for abrasion resistance, with companies such as Klim, Rukka, MotoPort, Rev'It!, Olympia, Aerostich, and Dainese incorporating it into their gear.

Variants of Cordura fabrics vary in weight, appearance, tear resistance, and color retention. There are also base layer, denim, and canvas fabrics that blends Invista 420 D nylon 6, 6 fiber, and cotton, known as "Cordura Baselayer," "Cordura Denim," and "Cordura Duck," respectively.

Some Cordura fabrics have been specifically designed for military applications and extended outdoor use.

title: Cordura


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Amtmann

The Amtmann or Ammann (in Switzerland) was an official in German-speaking countries of Europe and in some of the Nordic countries from the time of the Middle Ages whose office was akin to that of a bailiff. He was the most senior retainer (Dienstmann) of an Amt; the administrative office of a territorial lord (Landesherr) created to manage the estates of manors (Gutshöfe), castles and villages. The estates were both administrative as well as juridical districts. The Amtmann was usually a member of the nobility or a cleric. In towns, he was also often a member of the wealthy classes amongst the citizenship. He resided in an Amthaus or Amtshaus and collected taxes from the district (Amtsbezirk), administered justice and maintained law and order with a small, armed unit.

Later, the word Beamter superseded the older word Amtmann and has come to mean "official" or "civil servant". The word Amtmann is derived from ambet-ambachtos - "one sent round", Celtic: Latin ambactus "envoy", "herold", "servant", French, ambassadeur, "ambassador". By contrast, the Icelandic word ambátt, "female slave" and the Norwegian ambått "room maid", "maiden", emerged from the Celtic-Latin via Old German/Old Nordic.

In Holstein during the Danish era (to 1864) the Amtmann was the senior official of a sovereign department (landesherrliches Amt). As head of the administration he was subordinate from 1546 to the ministry (German Chancellery) in Copenhagen. The Amtmann was also a secular judge of the trial court (erster Instanz) and, together with the Propst or provost, made up the ecclesiastical court or consistory (Konsistorium). In a literary testimony to the office, Detlev von Liliencron wrote a ballad called "Pidder Lüng" in which there is an Amtmann of Tønder, called Henning Pogwisch.

In Switzerland the Ammann (Amtmann) was an office, since the Middle Ages, elected by the citizens who was the leader of the executive of a canton (Landammann), a town (Stadtammann) or a parish (Gemeindeammann).

Official use today
Today in Germany, an Amtmann is the official title for an official (Beamter) of pay band (Besoldungsordnung) A 11 in the "upper service" level (gehobener Dienst) of the German Civil Service, corresponding to an Army Captain.

In the Austrian state of Burgenland, Amtmann is the title of a municipal official.

The feminine form, Amtfrau (e.g. Regierungsamtfrau - RAmtfr - or Zollamtfrau - ZAF) has become widely accepted. For a time the word Amtmännin was also used instead of Amtfrau. This term was formerly the norm in several German states and the federal administration. It has however largely disappeared, albeit in the Federal Customs Administration the title Zollamtmännin (an alternative to Zollamtfrau) has been chosen. Originally the introduction of official titles such as Justizamtfrau was started in the 1970s by a Lower Saxon female official/law enforcement officer who refused her posting order as long as it was not made out in the feminine form. In Switzerland, a female Landammann is usually titled and referred to as Frau Landammann.

General and cited references

 * Hans-Cord Sarnighausen: "Die alten Amtschreiber und Amtmänner", in: Zeitschrift für Niederdeutsche Familienkunde, Issue 4/2000, pp. 147–152.

title: Amtmann


text: User talk:71.106.46.235

title: User talk:71.106.46.235


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Minivac 601

Minivac 601 Digital Computer Kit was an electromechanical digital computer system created by information theory pioneer Claude Shannon and sold by Scientific Development Corporation as an educational toy using digital circuits.

Description
In 1961, the system was sold by Scientific Development Corporation's "Consumer Products Division", which was soon renamed as the "Digital Equipment Division". The Minivac 601 was originally housed in a blue-painted wooden case. It used DPDT electrical relays as logic switches and for temporary data storage. The main board had a six-bit binary input/output array, consisting of simple DPDT slide switches, SPDT pushbutton switches, and indicator lights. A 16-position motorized dial rotary switch could be used to input decimal or hexadecimal numbers, to output numbers, or to act as a clock signal generator.

The components could be interconnected by manually inserting jumper wires fitted with tapered pin connectors into sockets on the main circuit board. The combined components just barely allowed the simple computer to play a winning game of Tic-Tac-Toe, or to simulate a simple elevator control system.

An "advanced and improved" version called the Minivac 6010 was released in early 1962, housed in a gray metal case and featuring higher-quality components. It was supplied with additional patch cords incorporating special resistors, capacitors, and diodes for further capabilities. Although the price was also increased considerably, the system was more successfully sold to the corporate market, rather than as a toy.

In 1962, the Scientific Development Corporation also advertised educational electronic kits based on analog electronics technology.

title: Minivac 601


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Talk:Joseph Hers

— J I P | Talk 05:45, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Hers


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Porlock Hill

Porlock Hill is a road west of Porlock, Somerset. It is part of the A39, connecting Porlock to Lynmouth and Barnstaple in Devon and is the steepest A-road in the United Kingdom, approaching 1 in 4 (25%) in places. A toll road is available which connects the same two endpoints at the top and bottom of the hill at an easier gradient.

Route
The route climbs west of Porlock to the north fringes of Exmoor. It climbs 725 feet in just under 1 mile, the steepest gradient on any A-road in the UK. At one point, there is a warning sign advising motorists of a gradient of 1 in 4 (25%).

The road is part of the A39, a long-distance road along the north coast of Somerset, Devon and Cornwall, though it is not a main through route here. Porlock Hill is not recommended for caravans or HGVs, which are strongly advised to seek another route. Cyclists are advised to dismount. The road has two escape lanes along its descent, to handle runaway vehicles.

Owing to its gradient, numerous accidents have occurred on Porlock Hill. The village's local museum has an archive of photographs documenting various incidents along it.

In Porlock itself, burning brakes of vehicles that have just descended the hill can often be smelled.

History
There was no practical transport west of Porlock in the 18th century. In 1794, the poet Robert Southey wrote that such a route was considered "the end of the world". In 1812, the local community was fined for not maintaining a good road, and builders were employed to construct a suitable route. The road opened in 1843 when a stagecoach travelled from Lynton to Porlock successfully.

Shortly after the road opened, a local landowner, Mr Blathwayt, decided to build a toll road further north at a more relaxed gradient of 1 in 14 (7%). The toll road was not successful initially as horse-drawn traffic could cope with Porlock Hill, but became popular owing to the increased popularity of the motor car.

During a storm in 1899, the Lynmouth lifeboat could not be launched from the harbour to aid a stricken vessel, so instead it was hauled east by land, down Porlock Hill to the weir at Porlock, where it could be launched safely. The event is remembered in the song "13 Miles" by Skinny Lister.

On 19 August 1900, Selwyn Edge became the first person to drive a motor car up Porlock Hill, winning a £50 bet in the process. The first motor coach managed to climb the hill successfully in 1916.

Events
Porlock Hill is popular with cyclists. In 2015, over a hundred racers competed for a £3,100 prize to cycle up the hill along the toll road, followed by a series of children's races and a general fun ride. In 2022 for the first time there was also a race up the hill. It is listed as one of the 100 greatest cycling climbs in the UK.

title: Porlock Hill


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Xenos (graphics chip)

The Xenos is a custom graphics processing unit (GPU) designed by ATI (now taken over by AMD), used in the Xbox 360 video game console developed and produced for Microsoft. Developed under the codename "C1", it is in many ways related to the R520 architecture and therefore very similar to an ATI Radeon X1800 XT series of PC graphics cards as far as features and performance are concerned. However, the Xenos introduced new design ideas that were later adopted in the TeraScale microarchitecture, such as the unified shader architecture. The package contains two separate dies, the GPU and an eDRAM (manufactured by NEC), featuring a total of 337 million transistors.

Specifications
The TeraScale microarchitecture is based on this chip, the shader units are organized in three SIMD groups with 16 processors per group, for a total of 48 processors. Each of these processors is composed of a 5-wide vector unit (total 5 FP32 ALUs), resulting in 240 units, that can serially execute up to two instructions per cycle (a multiply and an addition). All processors in a SIMD group execute the same instruction, so in total up to three instruction threads can be simultaneously under execution.

 * 500 MHz parent GPU on 90 nm, 65 nm (since 2008) TSMC process or 45 nm GlobalFoundries process (since 2010, with CPU on same die) of total 232 million transistors
 * 240 vector units floating-point vector processors for shader execution, divided in three dynamically scheduled SIMD groups of 80 units each.
 * Unified shading architecture (each pipeline is capable of running either pixel or vertex shaders)
 * 10 FP ops per vector processor per cycle (5 fused multiply-add)
 * Maximum vertex count: 1.21 billion vertices per second
 * Maximum polygon count: ~500 million polygons per second
 * Maximum shader operations: 240 billion shader operations per second (3 shader pipelines × 80 units × 2 ALUs × 0.5 GHz (500 MHz))
 * 240 GFLOPS
 * MEMEXPORT shader function
 * 16 texture filtering units (TF) and 16 texture addressing units (TA)
 * 16 filtered samples per clock
 * Maximum pixel fillrate: 4.00 gigapixels per second
 * Maximum texel fillrate: 8.00 gigatexels per second (16 textures × 500 MHz)
 * 16 unfiltered texture samples per clock
 * Maximum dot product operations: 24 billion per second
 * Support for a superset of DirectX 9.0c API DirectX Xbox 360, and Shader Model 3.0+
 * 500 MHz, 10 MB daughter embedded DRAM framebuffer (at 256 Gbit/s) on 90 nm, 80 nm (since 2008) or 65 nm (since 2010)
 * NEC designed eDRAM die includes additional logic (192 parallel pixel processors) for color, alpha compositing, alpha blending, Z/stencil buffering, and anti-aliasing called "Intelligent Memory", giving developers 4-sample anti-aliasing at very little performance cost.
 * Procedural Synthesis Technology (XPS): During read streaming into the CPU, a custom prefetch instruction, extended data cache block touch (xDCBT) prefetches data directly to the L1 data cache of the intended core, which skips putting the data in the L2 cache to avoid thrashing the L2 cache. Writes streaming from each core skip the L1 cache, due to its no-write allocation (avoids thrashing of high-bandwidth, transient, write-only data streams on the L1 cache), and goes directly to the L2 cache. The system allows for the GPU to directly read data produced by the CPU without going to main memory. In this specific case of data streaming, called Xbox procedural synthesis (XPS), the CPU is effectively a data decompressor, generating geometry on-the-fly for consumption by the GPU 3D core.
 * 105 million transistors
 * 8 render output units
 * Maximum pixel fillrate: 16 gigasamples per second fillrate using 4X multisample anti aliasing (MSAA), or 32 gigasamples using Z-only operation; 4 gigapixels per second without MSAA (8 ROPs × 500 MHz)
 * Maximum Z sample rate: 8 gigasamples per second (2 Z samples × 8 ROPs × 500 MHz), 32 gigasamples per second using 4X anti aliasing (2 Z samples × 8 ROPs × 4X AA × 500 MHz)
 * Maximum anti-aliasing sample rate: 16 gigasamples per second (4 AA samples × 8 ROPs × 500 MHz)
 * Support for bilinear, trilinear, anisotropic filtering, Alpha to Coverage, hardware Tessellation and Predicated Tiling.
 * Cooling: Both the GPU and CPU of the console have heatsinks. The GPU's heatsink uses heatpipe technology, to conduct heat from the GPU and eDRAM die to the fins of the heatsink. The heatsinks are actively cooled by a pair of 60 mm exhaust fans. The new XCGPU chipset redesign is featured in both the Xbox 360 S and the Xbox 360 E and integrates the CPU (Xenon) and GPU (Xenos) in one package and is actively cooled by a single heatsink rather than two.

title: Xenos (graphics chip)


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Yevgeny Vuchetich

Yevgeny Viktorovich Vuchetich (Russian: Евгений Викторович Вучетич; 28 December 1908–12 April 1974) was a prominent Soviet sculptor and artist. He is known for his heroic monuments, often of allegoric style, including The Motherland Calls, the largest sculpture in the world at the time.

Biography
Vuchetich was born in Yekaterinoslav, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), the son of Viktor Vuchetich (Vučetić), a Montenegrin immigrant from the clan of Grbalj, and Anna Andreevna Stewart, of Russian and of French descent.

He was a prominent representative of the Socialist Realism style and was awarded with the Lenin Prize in 1970, the Stalin Prize (1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950), Order of Lenin (twice), Order of the Patriotic War (2nd degree), Hero of Socialist Labor (1967) and People's Artist of the USSR (1959).

Family
One of his step-granddaughters is Israeli politician Ksenia Svetlova.

Works

 * Soviet War Memorial in Treptower Park, Berlin (1946–1949), overseen by a 13m tall monument of a Soviet soldier holding a German child, with a sword, over a broken swastika. This war memorial design was later used on coins and medals commemorating the end of fascist rule in 1945.
 * Nikolai Vatutin monument in Kyiv, Ukraine (1948). This monument was dismantled on 9 February 2023.
 * Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares in the United Nations garden (1957)
 * Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares in front of the plant "Gazoapparat" in Volgograd.
 * A sculpture of Felix Dzerzhinsky (1958), colloquially known as "Iron Felix", used to be in Moscow at the Lubyanka Square.
 * The Motherland Calls! at Mamayev Kurgan (1963–1967)

title: Yevgeny Vuchetich


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Fernspählehrkompanie 200

The FSLK200 (Fernspählehrkompanie 200) was a special operations capable forces unit specialized special reconnaissance of the German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr). It has also been described as a deep reconnaissance company.

Fernspäher is an old term for elite reconnaissance troopers, relating to the word fern (long range, distance) and the word Späher (scout). Thus, the Fernspäher are specially trained and equipped reconnaissance soldiers who cover great distances to gather intelligence and fulfill military tasks of high importance.

In October 2011 the Federal Ministry of Defence (Bundesministerium der Verteidigung) announced that the FSLK200 would be deactivated, and their functions integrated into the reconnaissance units of the EGB Forces of the Rapid Forces Division, a process that was to be completed by the year 2014.

Task
The FSLK200 was tasked with the gathering of critical intelligence deep behind enemy lines, whereby primarily, important strategic targets were to be recced, to enable or support a joint strike measure.

Hereby, the company was to adopt a supporting role for other Special Forces branches of the German Armed Forces. Soldiers in service with the FSLK200 were qualified, to conduct special operations stationary or mobile, at both night and in daytime, and to provide extended documentation and analysis of gathered intelligence through the means of optronic reconnaissance.

The syllable -lehr within Fernspäh-lehr-kompanie 200 designated yet another very special task of this company. It was the training, evaluation and demonstrations unit (Lehrtruppenteil) within the FSLK200. As such, it supervised and conducted special forces training for other specialised branches within the German Armed Forces. Secondly, in peace time, it was tasked with the field evaluation and demonstration of new tactics and equipment. The clearly offensive role of this unit, regained and attracted further interest again, only shortly after September 11, 2001 and during the emerging Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).

History
Until the activation of the German Army's Kommando Spezialkräfte (Special Forces Command) in late 1996, the land arm of the Bundeswehr had three Fernspäher Companies (100, 200 and 300) with one being assigned to each Corps. The first unit of this kind was trained and commanded by Major Konrad Rittmeyer. Former German armies did not know the concept of long range reconnaissance. Rittmeyer studied the Finnish Army's World War II long-range patrol teams that conducted reconnaissance, sabotage, and prisoner capture missions as far as 300 km deep into Soviet territory, surviving for days on carried supplies or weeks on parachute dropped resupplies; furthermore he drew on the special skills of German Gebirgsjäger (mountain infantry), Fallschirmjäger (parachute infantry), and the special forces of Germany's NATO allies.

Rittmeyer's initial Fernspäh company, back in the day simply designated as Lehrgruppe R (Training Group R), quickly reflagged as Fernspählehrkompanie 200. His concept proved prolific enough to allow the creation of a Fernspäher school in Weingarten, South Germany. This institution would eventually reflag as the International Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol School (ILRRPS) and later move to Pfullendorf. From May 2001 it was called the International Special Training Center (ISTC). ILRRPS provided training for comparable units from Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, and the United States. Initially the British Special Air Service provided the Commanding Officer and some instructors for ILRRPS however they later withdrew from participation. When the Special Forces Command was activated in 1996, many of the ranks were filled with personnel from Fernspähkompanie 100 and Fernspähkompanie 300 which disbanded at last.

Chain of command
The FSLK200 had answered directly to the Special Operations Division (Division Spezielle Operationen) of the German Armed Forces and was later a part of the newly activated branch of army reconnaissance troops (Heeresaufklärungstruppe). Prior to the year 2007, the long range reconnaissance branch of service (Fernspähtruppe) was an independently acting formation within the German Armed Forces. Their crest and beret insignia displayed an eagle, as the most common symbol of all airborne qualified troops, with a set of lightning bolts in its claws, diving out of the sky, in front of a pair of crossed lances, which are the traditional insignia of German cavalry forces.

Structure
The FSLK 200 consists of four SR platoons, an additional special applications SR platoon (covering the technical aspects of intelligence gathering as well as analysis of gathered data), a special applications maintenance group, a special applications support group, two specialized medical squads and a specialized military intelligence platoon. The overall-strength amounts to more than 220 troops.
 * Fernspählehrkompanie 200
 * Kompanieführung (Company headquarters)
 * 1. Fernspähzug (1st SR platoon)
 * 2. Fernspähzug (2nd SR platoon)
 * 3. Fernspähzug (3rd SR platoon)
 * 4. Fernspähzug (4th SR platoon)
 * Fernspähspezialzug (Special applications SR platoon)
 * Feldnachrichtenzug (Military intelligence platoon)
 * Versorgungsgruppe Fernspäh (Special applications support group)
 * Instandsetzungsgruppe Fernspäh (Special applications maintenance group)
 * 2× Sanitätstrupp Fernspäh (Specialized medical squad)

In October 2011 the German ministry of defence announced that FSLK 200 will be deactivated and its elements integrated into the KSK by 2014.

Missions
As with all branches of the German Armed Forces, FSLK200 had needed the approval of the German Bundestag, in order to officially participate in foreign deployments. This permission can however be obtained subsequently, if the situation would have required immediate action. Details concerning the former or present activity and operations of the FSLK200 are widely undisclosed. Today, it is known that members of the FSLK200 (Fernspäher) carried out missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the Yugoslav Wars, and later during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Additionally, members of the FSLK200 (Fernspäher) were shipped to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the year 2006, as being part of the EUFOR RD Congo deployment.

Weaponry
The sophisticated arsenal of the FSLK200 was mainly based upon standard issue weaponry and small arms available to the German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), yet with special additions that were not readily available to regular forces. The standard infantry weapons, with no exception for the FSLK200, were either the Heckler & Koch G36 (G36K/AG36) assault rifle, or the Heckler & Koch G3 battle rifle, followed by the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun in several variants. Heavy weapons have included the Heckler & Koch HK21 (G8/G8A1) general purpose machine gun, the Rheinmetall MG3 general purpose machine gun, and the AWM (G22) and AW50 (G24) sniper rifles produced by Accuracy International. Sidearms have included the Heckler & Koch P12 and Heckler & Koch P8 universal self-loading pistols.

title: Fernspählehrkompanie 200