text:
1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane

The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was one of four known tropical cyclones that have made landfall in New York City. Another, even more intense hurricane in the pre-Columbian era (sometime between 1278 and 1438) left evidence that was detected in South Jersey by paleotempestological research. The third was the 1893 New York hurricane, and the fourth was Hurricane Irene in 2011.

The first of three recorded tropical cyclones recorded in the 1821 Atlantic hurricane season, the storm that would eventually strike New York was first observed off the southeast United States coast on September 1, with winds estimated in excess of 135 mph. It moved ashore near Wilmington, North Carolina, and passed near Norfolk, Virginia before moving through the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey just inland. On September 3, the hurricane struck approximately near Jamaica Bay, which later became part of New York City, and on September 4 it was observed over New England. This was just 6 years after the destructive Great September Gale of 1815.

Meteorological history
A tropical cyclone was first observed on September 1 off the southeast coast of the United States. Initially, it was believed to be the same storm that struck Guadeloupe on the same day, though subsequent research indicated there were two separate storms. The hurricane tracked by the Bahamas while tracking generally northward, and it attained major hurricane status over the western Atlantic Ocean. As it approached the United States coastline, the hurricane was very intense, with winds estimated at over 135 mph and potentially as strong as 160 mph, or a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. Late on September 2, the hurricane made landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina and later turned to the northeast to cross the Pamlico Sound.

The hurricane accelerated northeastward, and passed over the Hampton Roads area early on September 3. After crossing the Chesapeake Bay, the cyclone traversed the Delmarva Peninsula near the Atlantic coastline, and at around 1500 UTC the eye passed directly over Cape Henlopen, Delaware; a thirty-minute period of calm was reported. It continued across the Delaware Bay and later passed over Cape May, New Jersey, where a fifteen-minute calm was reported. Modern researchers estimate it was a Category 3 or Category 4 hurricane upon striking New Jersey, one of the few hurricanes to hit the state. Moving ashore at very low tide, it paralleled the state's coastline just inland, and after exiting into Lower New York Bay the hurricane made landfall on New York City at around 1930 UTC on September 3; this makes it the only major hurricane to directly hit the city. A minimal hurricane in 1893 also made landfall on what later became part of New York City. One modern researcher estimates the hurricane was moving at a forward speed of 35 mph, and upon moving ashore had a pressure of 965 mbar. The hurricane continued northeastward through New England, and after entering Massachusetts on September 4 its exact path was unknown; one researcher estimated the cyclone tracked northeastward until losing its identity over southeastern Maine, while another assessed the storm as passing far to the west of Maine.

Based on the arrangement of effects in New England, meteorologist William C. Redfield deduced that the wind field and center of tropical cyclones are circular; previously the winds were believed to be in a straight line.

Impact
In North Carolina, a powerful storm surge flooded large portions of Portsmouth Island; residents estimated the island would have been completely under water had the worst of the storm lasted for two more hours. Strong winds occurred across eastern North Carolina, resulting in at least 76 destroyed houses. Numerous people were killed in Currituck.

The strongest winds of the hurricane lasted for about an hour in southeastern Virginia, after which the storm rapidly abated. Several houses were completely destroyed, with many others receiving moderate to severe damage. The winds destroyed most of the roof of the courthouse, and uprooted trees across the region; fallen tree limbs damaged a stone bridge in Norfolk. The hurricane produced a strong storm surge along the Virginia coastline, which reached 10 ft at Pungoteague on the Delmarva Peninsula. The storm surge, which reached several hundred yards inland, destroyed two bridges and flooded many warehouses along the Elizabeth River. Rough waves grounded the USS Guerriere (1814) and the USS Congress (1799), and also destroyed several schooners and brigs. Along the eastern shore, the storm surge flooded barrier islands along the Atlantic coastline, causing severe crop damage and downing many trees. Several houses were destroyed, and at Pungoteague the impact of the hurricane was described as "unexampled destruction"; five people drowned in Chincoteague. Considered one of the most violent hurricanes on record in the Mid-Atlantic, the hurricane caused $200,000 in damage in Virginia (1821 USD, $3.1 million 2007 USD).

Gale-force winds affected the Delmarva Peninsula; on Poplar Island in Talbot County, Maryland, winds peaked at 1600 UTC on September 3. The strongest winds were confined to the Atlantic coastline, with outer rainbands producing heavy rainfall in Washington, D.C., and Baltimore. Fierce winds were observed in Cape Henlopen, Delaware, with the strongest gales occurring after the eye passed over the area.

Upon making landfall on Cape May, New Jersey, the cyclone produced a 5 ft storm surge on the Delaware Bay side of the city. Lasting for several hours, the hurricane-force winds were described as "[blowing] with great violence", causing widespread devastation across the region. Wind gusts in Cape May County reached over 110 mph, and around 130 mph in Atlantic County. In Little Egg Harbor, the hurricane damaged to the port. Strong winds reached as far inland as Philadelphia, where winds of over 40 mph downed trees and chimneys; in the city, precipitation accrued to 3.92 in. Further to the north, the hurricane destroyed a windmill at Bergen Point, New Jersey. Though the hurricane struck at low tide, it produced a storm surge of over 29 ft along several portions of the New Jersey coastline, causing significant overwash.

The hurricane produced a storm surge of 13 ft in only one hour at Battery Park, a record only broken 191 years later by Hurricane Sandy. Manhattan Island was completely flooded to Canal Street; one hurricane researcher remarked that the storm surge flooding would have been much worse, had the hurricane not struck at low tide. However, few deaths were reported in the city, since the flooding affected neighborhoods much less populated than today. The hurricane brought light rainfall as it passed New York City, though strong winds left severe damage across the city. High tides occurred along the Hudson River. Strong waves and winds blew many ships ashore along Long Island. One ship sank, killing 17 people. Along Long Island, the winds destroyed several buildings and left crops destroyed.

In New England, the hurricane produced widespread gale-force winds, with damage greatest in Connecticut. The Black Rock Harbor Light in Black Rock, Connecticut, was destroyed on September 21. Elsewhere in the state, the winds damaged or destroyed churches, houses and small buildings. Moderate crop damage to fruit was reported as well. Strong winds extended into eastern Massachusetts, though little damage was reported in the Boston area. Hurricane-force winds reached as far north as Maine.

Historical context
The Swiss Re insurance company estimates that a hurricane with the exact track of the 1821 storm would cause $107 billion in direct property damage in 2014. Damage would reach over $1 billion in Atlantic and Ocean counties in New Jersey and New Haven, and Hartford counties in Connecticut. Damage would reach over $2 billion in Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island, as well as Fairfield County, Connecticut. Indirect losses, including lost tax revenue and lower real estate, would reach nearly $250 billion nationwide for a similar storm. The damage would be far greater than what occurred during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which caused $65 billion in damage in the country when it struck New Jersey.

title: 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane


text:
Benjamin Logan High School

Benjamin Logan High School is a public high school in Logan County, Ohio. It is the only high school in the Benjamin Logan Local Schools district.

Background
Benjamin Logan High School is a secondary school located at 55° 45′ 0″ N 37° 37′ 0″ E. The first high school building was the former Zanesfield building and in 1990 it was moved to its current location.

Teachers from Ben Logan host Japanese teachers as a cultural exchange.

Athletics
The school offers 13 varsity sports. It holds Ohio state records for:

Benjamin Logan also sponsors soccer, track and field, cross country, golf, bowling, and basketball teams.
 * Football: longest run (99 yards, Scott Rose)
 * Wrestling: third fastest pin (0:05, Cole Carpenter 275 lb (125 kg))
 * Baseball: second most home runs in a game (Eric Stucke, 4); second most hits-by-pitches in a game (Landon Small, 3), and fifth for hits-by-pitches in a season (Landon Small, 13)
 * Volleyball: fourth kill in a match (Nicole Fawcett, 38) and second kills in a season (Nicole Fawcett, 539)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Benjamin Logan High School


text:
Eric Red

Eric Red (born Eric Joseph Durdaller; February 16, 1961) is an American screenwriter, director and novelist, best known for writing the horror films The Hitcher and Near Dark, as well as writing and directing Cohen and Tate.

Early life
Red was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Nancy (née Pickhardt) and Cornelius Gerard Durdaller. He attended the AFI Conservatory and graduated in 1983.

Screenwriter career
The first film written by Red was Gunmen's Blues, a short he produced and directed while a student at the AFI Conservatory. He went broke trying to get national distribution for the film and had to drive a cab in New York City for a year to recoup.

His AFI thesis script, The Hitcher, was produced in 1986. A major studio remake of The Hitcher was released in 2007 with Red as a consultant. From the '80s through the '00s, his subsequent produced screenplays were Near Dark, Cohen and Tate, Blue Steel, Body Parts, The Last Outlaw, Undertow, Bad Moon and 100 Feet.

Director career
The first feature film directed by Red was Cohen and Tate in 1987. He subsequently directed the films Body Parts (1990), Undertow (1995), Bad Moon (1996) and 100 Feet (2008).

Novelist career
Eric Red published his first novel, Don't Stand So Close, in 2011. His subsequent published novels are The Guns of Santa Sangre (2013), The Wolves of El Diablo (2017), It Waits Below (2014), Noose (2018), Hanging Fire (2019), White Knuckle (2015), Strange Fruit (2014), Branded (2021) and The Crimson Trail (2021).

Car crash
Following a car accident, Red crashed his truck into a crowded bar in Los Angeles on May 31, 2000, resulting in the deaths of two patrons. After the incident, Red apparently exited his vehicle and attempted suicide by slitting his own throat with a piece of broken glass. News reports from the time stated that he had suffered from Syncope with occasional blackouts. Among the witnesses were three retired FBI agents that were a few feet from the point of impact, with one stating for the police statement that Red appeared "wake and alert". Red survived the incident, was taken to the hospital under an alias and was released weeks later. It was disclosed at the investigation that Red was driving on a suspended license due to a collision the previous year while his insurance was lapsed, with Red stating to police that he did not know his license was suspended (he had renewed it in the last month of 1999). He later disclosed that he had lied to police, assuming that a stop would lead to his arrest. Thick skid marks from the front tires were spotted inside the bar.

No criminal charges were brought against Red, but a jury in a civil suit awarded monetary damages to the families of the victims, which challenged his claim of being treated for syncope by Dr. Herbert A. Rubin, who recanted these claims in his deposition. During the civil trial, he announced his move to Austin, Texas to find employment and later filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy for the second time in his life (having done so in 1995). The suit, which awarded over a million dollars to the families of the two men killed in the accident, was appealed to state and federal courts, which confirmed the original jury finding.

Filmography
Short films

Feature films

TV movies

title: Eric Red


text: Category:Banks of the Caribbean

title: Category:Banks of the Caribbean


text:
Talk:Battle Beasts

Page Layout
I think the Battle Beast page is cleaned up right now. Please state any further (2005-10-05) layout changes and their purpose here. Also, please sign your talk (even if you're not logged in) with ~, it'll datestamp your message. ShotokanTuning 10:16, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

I've added numerous details and some external links as well, to make the page more reader friendly and give as many facts and details about the line that are known. Darwin's Bulldog 23:05, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

There is some confusing text regarding the Sunburst figures: "The Sunburst was extremely rare, in a ten pack in Japan, or Pirate Leo was available in America as a variant" I can't figure out for the life of me what that sentence is supposed to mean. 170.170.59.133 (talk) 20:26, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Comments
I think Battle Beasts is a high-quality actionfigure toyline, with a great design team. ShotokanTuning 15:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Animation
The commercial featured an animated sequence, though no individual cartoon series was produced.

In the Japanese Transformers: Headmasters episode "Rebellion on Planet Beast," the Transformers encounter the Battle Beasts (BeastFormers) on their own planet. They also appear in the manga story "Great Deciding Battle of the Beast Lifeforms!" in Terebi Magazine.

Fair use rationale for Image:Bbbook.JPG
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:01, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Details on Society
In terms of society and culture, I've noticed that pretty much all known characters are royal (they're all either king or emperor), and male (the only female beastformer shown at all was an unidentified one with a husband and child).184.186.4.209 (talk) 02:36, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

Terminology
Since the Hasbro toy line didn't acknowledge the Transformers connection, only the Takara toy line in Japan, shouldn't the headings be "Cybertrons" and "Destrons" instead of "Autobots" and "Decepticons"?73.65.163.173 (talk) 05:26, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle Beasts


text: Talk:Monster-in-Law

title: Talk:Monster-in-Law


text:
Wesley Moodie

Wesley Moodie (born 14 February 1979) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa who won the 2005 Wimbledon Men's Doubles.

Early life and college career
He began to play tennis at an early age and won the South African Junior Masters tournament in February 1996.

Moodie played college tennis in the United States from January 1997 until May 2000, originally for Auburn University at Montgomery (AUM), and then from September 1998 at Boise State (BSU). He turned professional in June 2000.

Professional career
Moodie first came to public notice when he reached the third round at Wimbledon in 2003, losing to Sébastien Grosjean, whom he beat in the United States later that year. Moodie won his first top-flight tour singles event in capturing the 2005 Japan Open, beating fifth seed Mario Ančić in the final 1–6, 7–6, 6–4, after saving two match points in the tie-break (he had also saved four match points in the semifinal against Jarkko Nieminen).

Along with Stephen Huss, who formerly played college tennis for the Auburn Tigers, he became the first qualifier to win the Wimbledon men's doubles championship in 2005, beating the No. 6, 9, 3, 1 & 2 seeds in the process.

Wesley Moodie joined the Monte Carlo Tennis Academy on 9 June 2007.

Playing style
Moodie is a serve-and-volley specialist who has developed his baseline game to a high level of proficiency. His 6 ft 5 in height is combined with a powerful serve.

Personal
Moodie is married to wife Marcia, a teacher. They have a daughter, Danica Jade, born 30 November 2006, two sons, Jason, born 16 February 2011 and Kristian, born 30 June 2015.

title: Wesley Moodie


text:
Scottish Gaelic name

A formal Gaelic language name consists of a given name and a surname. First names are either native or nativized (i.e. borrowed and made to fit the Gaelic sound system). Surnames are generally patronymic, i.e. they refer to a historical ancestor. The form of a surname varies according to whether its bearer is male (e.g. MacDhòmhnaill "MacDonald") or female (e.g. NicDhòmhnaill "MacDonald") though for some surnames the adjectival form of a name such as Dòmhnallach (adjectival form of MacDonald) can be used for both men and women. However, when used in the female form the first letter is lenited (if possible).

First names
Gaelic first names chiefly hail from 5 linguistic layers, Goidelic and 4 others, coinciding with the main languages of contact: Latin, Norse, Anglo-Norman and Scots. Unusually, male first names outnumber female first names by about a factor of 2:1.

Goidelic names
This layer can be broadly split into three main types:

 * descriptive names (nouns or adjectives), e.g. Fionn "fair, bright", Art "bear"
 * old compounds (names which had fused to the extent of now being opaque); e.g., Dòmhnall "Donald" (*Dumnoualos "world strength"), Murchadh "Murdo" (*Moricatus "sea battle")
 * compounds, e.g. Donn-slèibhe "Dunlevy" ("brown one of the mountain"), Gille Chrìost "Gilchrist" ("servant of Christ")

The first two categories were no longer productive for the most part towards the end of the Old Irish period but the last type persisted, reinforced by the coinage of ecclesiastical names following Christianization.

Norse names
Quite a number of names still common hail from the period of Norse contact:
 * Somhairle < Sumarliðr
 * Tormod < Þórmóðr
 * Torcuil < Þórkell, Þórketill
 * Ìomhar < Ívarr

Anglo-Norman
Names from this layer include:
 * Sìleas < Giles

Scots
Scots names which have been borrowed into Gaelic include:
 * Eairrdsidh < Archie

Latin
Names which were borrowed from Latin include:
 * Pàdraig < Patricius
 * Sìle < Caecilia

Borrowing into English/Scots
A fair number of Gaelic names were borrowed into English or Scots at different periods (e.g. Kenneth, Duncan, Donald, Malcolm, Calum, Lachlan, Alasdair, Iain, Eilidh), although it can sometimes be difficult to tell if the donor language was Irish or Scottish Gaelic (e.g. Deirdre, Rory, Kennedy, Bridget/Bride, Aiden). On occasion, the same name was borrowed more than once due to misinterpretation of Gaelic morphology. For example, the names Hamish and Mhairi are derived from Gaelic Seumas  and Màiri  but rather than borrowing the root forms, the English/Scots forms are based on the Gaelic vocative case forms Sheumais  and Mhàiri.

Some names which did not acquire currency outside the Gaelic-speaking world were roughly transliterated into English, such as Gorm(sh)uil which is often rendered as "Gormelia".

Others with no cognate were often equated with English/Scots names which bore some similarity to the Gaelic name in order to obtain "English equivalents". This includes Oighrig which was equated with Euphemia or Henrietta, Dìorbhail with Dorothy, Beathag with Rebecca or Sophie.

Surnames
The majority of Gaelic surnames in the Highlands and western parts are patronymic in nature and of Goidelic extraction, although epithets, geography or occupation and borrowings also occur in some surnames. However, many surnames are derived from topographical features or place names, Such surnames include Caddenhead/Cionnchadach, Cadell/Cadalach, Cleghorne/Clagarnach, Dalzell/Dailghileach, Dalrimple/Ruimpealach, Elphin/Ailbhinneach, Inverbervie/Biorbhach, Kelty/Cailtidheach, Learmonth/Learmonadhach, Ochiltree/Ochailtreabhach and many more.

Campbell/Caimbeul "crooked mouth" and Cameron/Camshron "crooked nose" are two examples of surnames based on epithets, while Fraser/Frisealach is an example of a borrowing (from Anglo-French Fresel).

The usage of patronymic surnames was much more varied than is generally assumed. Historically, clan surnames were used by the descendants or dependants of an ancestor but not generally by everyone in the clan territory. Only with the advent of a non-Gaelic speaking administration were clan surnames applied en-masse to people in a clan's territory.

Formation
Patronymic surnames for men feature either the word mac "son" (e.g. MacDhòmhnaill, lit. son of Donald) or the nominalizing suffix  (e.g. Dòmhnallach). In the case of women, the word is used, a shortening of the full phrase  "daughter of the son of").  Various other morphological changes (such as lenition or slenderization) may apply in Gaelic, so the surname MacDonald for example may appear as MacDhòmhnaill, MhacDhòmhnaill, MhicDhòmhnaill, NicDhòmhnaill depending on the grammatical context.

In Classical Gaelic culture, clans could also feature the word ua (alt. ó) "grandchild, descendant" (spelled ogha // in Modern Gaelic), e.g. Ua Dhuibhne "Duibhne's descendant", the original surname of the Campbells (Duibhne was a Celtic goddess). In speaking, ua/ó in names became reduced to [ə], as happened also in Northern Irish and Manx, and disappeared from Anglicised forms. With the break-up of Classical Gaelic culture, ua/ó disappeared from Scottish surnames, sometimes replaced by mac.

As a result of misspellings, one Gaelic surname often corresponds to numerous English/Scots forms, e.g. MacDhonnchaidh "son of Duncan" may appear as: Donagh(y), Donnagh, Dono(u)gh, MacConachie, MacConachy, MacConaghy, MacConchy, MacConechie, MacConkey, MacConnachie, MacConnechie, MacConnichie, MacConochie, MacConoughy, MacDona, MacDonachie, MacDonachy, MacDonaghy, MacDonaugh, MacDonnach, MacDonnagh, MacDonnoghie, MacDonogh, MacDonoghue, MacDonough, MacDunphy, MacKonochie, MacOnachie, MacOnechy, MacOnochie, Donohue or Donohoe (ignoring the Mac/Mc variation).

Scottish Gaelic does not put a space between the Mac/Nic and the second element, whereas in Irish, there is a space:

Nicknames
Nicknames (far-ainm, frith-ainm) in Gaelic operate similarly to those in other languages and usually indicate a physical characteristic, an occupation, a location or an incident the person is associated and so forth.

Some examples

Character traits

 * Caitrìona na h-Aonar ("Catriona on her own"), a woman who enjoyed doing everything on her own

Geographical references

 * An t-Arcach ("The Orcadian"), a man who used to fish around the Orkney Islands in his youth
 * Bliadhnach Phabaigh ("Pabbay yearling"), a woman who had been a year old when the Isle of Pabbay was cleared of people

Humorous names

 * Calum Seòladair ("Calum Sailor"), an unusual name for a woman who was in the habit of wearing a sailor's cap
 * Clag a' Bhaile ("The town bell"), a man with a very loud voice

Occupation

 * Ailean Còcaire ("Alan the cook"), a man who was employed at one time as the cook at Ormacleit Castle
 * Aonghas a' Bhancair ("Angus the banker"), a man who was employed in a bank in Nova Scotia
 * Donchadh Clachair ("Duncan the stonemason" but always presented in English as the literal translation, "Duncan Stoner"), a known 19th and 20th century resident of Achadh an Droighinn/Auchindrain township in Argyll, Scotland: used for Duncan Munro, d. 1937.
 * Domnhall Rothach ("Donald on wheels"), used in Argyll in the 1920s to describe a Donald MacCallum who ran a mobile grocer's shop in a van

Physical characteristics

 * Bodach a' Chnatain ("The old man of the cold")
 * Calum na Coise ("Calum of the leg"), a man who had a short leg
 * Dòmhnall na Cluaise ("Donald of the ear"), a man who is said to have lost an ear in a fight
 * Raibeart Bhan ("Fair Robert"), a man called Robert with light-coloured hair

Other

 * An Caillteanach ("The lost one"), a man who had become lost, causing the entire village to spend the night looking for him
 * Ìomhair a' Bhogha Mhaide ("Ivor of the wooden bow"), a renowned archer and one time resident of Pabay
 * Bell a' Phuill ("Bella who lives by the muddy place"), used for Isabella McCallum (1822–1915) of Achadh an Droighinn/Auchindrain township in Argyll, Scotland: her house was close to the ford where the cattle crossed the burn

Identifying names
Due to the relative paucity of names and surnames in Gaelic, the official name of a person (i.e. first name plus a surname, in Gaelic or English/Scots) is rarely used in Gaelic speaking communities as, with a small number of surnames usually predominating in an area, there are usually several people who go by the same combination, for example John MacLeod might apply to several people in the same village. In everyday life, this is usually solved by using the first name of a man, followed by the first name of his father in the genitive case or by using the first name plus an epithet. So a man called James (Seumas) with a father called Neil (Niall) would become Seumas Nèill or Seumas a' Ghlinne ("James of the glen"). In the case of married women, the convention is normally to use bean ("wife") plus the husband's first name and father's first name, in our example resulting in Bean Sheumais Nèill ("the wife of Neil's James"). The (fictitious) family tree below illustrates this custom.

Historically, such an identifying name would take the mac "son" element, e.g. Dòmhnall mac Sheumais mac Nèill ("Donald son of James son of Neill") but in modern usage, this is usually dropped, resulting in Dòmhnall Sheumais Nèill.

Identifying names sometimes use female reference points, for example if a local woman marries an outsider, this may result in the children being identified via the mother. Dòmhnall Chiorstan ("Kirsten's Donald") for instance would indicate a son called Donald with a mother called Kirsten.

title: Scottish Gaelic name


text:
National Theatre, Warsaw

The National Theatre (Teatr Narodowy) in Warsaw, Poland, was founded in 1765, during the Polish Enlightenment, by that country's monarch, Stanisław August Poniatowski. The theatre shares the Grand Theatre complex at the Theatre Square in Warsaw with another national venue, the Poland's National Opera.

History
Opera was brought to Poland by future King Władysław IV Vasa within twenty years of the first opera presentations in Florence. In 1628 he invited the first Italian opera company to Warsaw. Upon ascending the Polish throne in 1632, he built a theatre in his castle, and regular opera performances were produced there by an Italian company directed by Marco Scacchi.

The first public opera-theater in Poland, the Operalnia in Warsaw, was opened on July 3, 1748. It was located in the Saxon Garden (at today's intersection of Marszałkowska Street of Królewska Street) and functioned under royal patronage. The Operalnia's building was erected in 1725 at the initiative of Augustus II, costing 5000 ducats, as a rectangular structure divided into three parts.

The National Theatre was founded in 1765, during the Polish Enlightenment, by the country's monarch, Stanisław August Poniatowski.

From 1774 on, opera, theatre and ballet performances were held in the Radziwiłł Palace (today the official home of Poland's president). The first Polish opera was produced there on 11 July 1778, Maciej Kamieński's Poverty Made Happy, with Wojciech Bogusławski's libretto based on a comedy by Franciszek Bohomolec.

In 1779-1833 performances took place in a new theatre building on Krasiński Square, later called the National Theatre). Known as the father of Polish National Theatre, Bogusławski was a renowned actor, singer, director, playwright and entrepreneur. Also, at the National Theatre, from 1785 a troupe of  His Majesty's Dancers (headed by ballet masters François Gabriel Le Doux of Paris and Daniel Curz of Venice) became active. At this theatre, on 17 March 1830, Chopin premiered his Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 11. Closed after the November 1830 Uprising, in 1924 the National Theatre was revived under the Second Polish Republic.

Under the Polish People's Republic (1945–89), the quality of the Theatre's productions was at times adversely affected by government pressures.

Notable people

 * Barbara Sierakowska, (1748-1831), stage actor and opera singer, (1774 until 1784)

title: National Theatre, Warsaw