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Wanaque River

The Wanaque River (Native American for "place of the sassafras") is a tributary of the Pequannock River in Passaic County in northern New Jersey in the United States.

Once known as the Long Pond River, the source of the Wanaque River is Greenwood Lake, once known as Long Pond (not to be confused with the nearby village of Greenwood Lake in the state of New York).

Both Greenwood Lake and the surrounding Sterling Forest watershed straddle the border of the states of New Jersey and New York.

Downstream, the construction of dams at Monks and Wanaque created the Monksville and Wanaque reservoirs, respectively.

From the Raymond Dam of the Wanaque Reservoir, the river flows to its confluence with the Pequannock River.

title: Wanaque River


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Beta Comae Berenices

Beta Comae Berenices (β Comae Berenices, β Com) is a main sequence dwarf star in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. It is located at a distance of about 29.95 ly from Earth. The Greek letter beta (β) usually indicates that the star has the second highest visual magnitude in the constellation. However, with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.3, this star is actually slightly brighter than α Comae Berenices. It can be seen with the naked eye, but may be too dim to be viewed from a built-up urban area.

The star is similar to the Sun, being only slightly larger and brighter in absolute magnitude. It has a stellar classification of G0 V, compared to G2 V for the Sun. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is 5,936 K, giving it a yellow hue of a G-type star. In terms of age it is younger than the Sun, being about 3 billion years old.

Observations of short term variations in the chromatic activity suggest that the star undergoes differential rotation, with a rotation period of about 11–13 days. Its surface has a measured activity cycle of 16.6 years, compared to 11 years on the Sun. It may also have a secondary activity cycle of 9.6 years. At one time it was thought that this star might have a spectroscopic companion. However, this was ruled out by means of more accurate radial velocity measurements. No planets have yet been detected around it, and there is no evidence of a dusty disk.

The habitable zone for this star, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is 0.918–1.96 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beta Comae Berenices


text: User talk:205.248.30.130

title: User talk:205.248.30.130


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abel Corbin

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE A7 -Doc (?) 23:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Abel Corbin
Tenth graders who enjoy walks on the beach are not, in the final analysis, something that encyclopedias are full of, and that's for a good reason. -- Captain Disdain 21:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. -- Captain Disdain 21:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. *drew 22:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Spiritual practice

A spiritual practice or spiritual discipline (often including spiritual exercises) is the regular or full-time performance of actions and activities undertaken for the purpose of inducing spiritual experiences and cultivating spiritual development. A common metaphor used in the spiritual traditions of the world's great religions is that of walking a path. Therefore, a spiritual practice moves a person along a path towards a goal. The goal is variously referred to as salvation, liberation or union (with God). A person who walks such a path is sometimes referred to as a wayfarer or a pilgrim.

Judaism
Jewish spiritual practices may include prayer (including the Shema and Amidah), reciting blessings, Jewish meditation, Torah study, following dietary laws of kashrut, observing Shabbat, fasting, practices of teshuvah, giving tzedakah, and performing deeds of loving-kindness. Kavanah is the directing of the heart to achieve higher contemplative thoughts and attain inner strength. Various Jewish movements throughout history have encouraged a range of other spiritual practices. The Musar movement, for example, encourages a variety of meditations, guided contemplations, and chanting exercises. Certain times of year are often associated with certain spiritual practices, including practices of teshuvah during Elul and the High Holy Days, and other practices associated with certain Jewish holidays.

Christianity
In Christianity, spiritual disciplines may include: prayer, fasting, reading through the Christian Bible along with a daily devotional, frequent church attendance, constant partaking of the sacraments, such as the Eucharist, careful observance of the Lord's Day (cf. Sunday Sabbatarianism), making a Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land, visiting and praying at a church, offering daily prayer at one's home altar while kneeling at a prie-dieu, making a spiritual communion, Christian monasticism, Bible study, chanting, the use of prayer beads, mortification of the flesh, Christian meditation or contemplative prayer, almsgiving, blessing oneself at their home stoup daily, observing modest fashion, reconciliation, and Lectio Divina.

Spiritual disciplines can also include any combination of the following: chastity, confession, fasting, fellowship, frugality, giving, guidance, hospitality, humility, intimacy, meditation, prayer, quiet time, reflection, self-control, servanthood, service, simplicity, singing, slowing, solitude, study, submission, surrender, teaching, and worship.

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are certain spiritual disciplines that are emphasized during various seasons of the Church Year. For example, in the calendar's first liturgical season, Advent, Christians of many denominations prepare for the arrival of Christmastide by praying through a daily devotional, as well as marking an Advent calendar and lighting an Advent wreath. In Lent, the preparatory season for Eastertide, many Christians (especially Catholics, Methodists and Anglicans) participate in the Friday Fast, pray the Stations of the Cross, mark a Lenten calendar, and make a Lenten sacrifice such as giving up alcohol and practicing teetotalism.

Certain Christian denominations emphasize various spiritual disciplines. Praying the rosary, performing corporal and spiritual acts of mercy, and making acts of reparation are spiritual disciplines that are esteemed in the Catholic Church. In Methodism, the works of mercy and works of piety are indispensable spiritual disciplines with respect to one's sanctification. The Religious Society of Friends (also known as the Quakers) practices silent worship, which is punctuated by vocal ministry. Quakers have little to no creed or doctrine, and so their practices constitute a large portion of their group identity.

A well-known writer on Christian spiritual disciplines, Richard Foster, has emphasized that Christian meditation focuses not of the emptying of the mind or self, but rather on the filling up of the mind or self with God.

Islam
Spiritual practice in Islam is practiced within salat (ritual prayer) during which Muslims subdue all thoughts and concentrate solely on Allah, also through other forms of worship activities like fasting, and Hajj. Among many Muslim groups, immersion in spiritual practices is thought of as more noticeable and deep as practiced by Sufis including Dhikr, Muraqaba, and Sama (Sufi whirling).

Buddhism
In Theravada Buddhism, the generic term for spiritual cultivation is bhavana. The Pali word "yoga", central to many early Buddhist texts, has been often translated as "Spiritual Practice". In Burmese Buddhist tradition, Awgatha is a formulaic prayer that is recited to initiate acts of Buddhist devotion, including obeisance to the Buddha and Buddhist monks. In Zen Buddhism, meditation (called zazen), the writing of poetry (especially haiku), painting, calligraphy, flower arranging, the Japanese tea ceremony and the maintenance of Zen gardens are considered to be spiritual practices. The Korean tea ceremony is also considered spiritual.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, the practice of cultivating spirituality is known as sādhanā. Japa, the silent or audible repetition of a mantra and Puja are common Hindu spiritual practices. According to Hindu scriptures, four types of yoga are highly recommended to attain salvation or Moksha-Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga and Raja Yoga.

Tantric practices are shared in common between Hinduism and certain Buddhist (especially Tibetan Buddhist) schools, and involve the deliberate use of the mundane (worldly, physical or material) to access the supramundane (spiritual, energetic or mystical) realms.

Baháʼí Faith
Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith, refers to two distinct concepts: obligatory prayer and devotional prayer (general prayer). Both types of prayer are composed of reverent words which are addressed to God, and the act of prayer is one of the most important Baháʼí laws for individual discipline.

New Age
Passage meditation was a practice recommended by Eknath Easwaran which involves the memorization and silent repetition of passages of scripture from the world's religions.

The term Neotantra refers to a modern collection of practices and schools in the West that integrates the sacred with the sexual, and de-emphasizes the reliance on Gurus.

Recent and evolving spiritual practices in the West have also explored the integration of aboriginal instruments such as the Didgeridoo, extended chanting as in Kirtan, or other breathwork taken outside of the context of Eastern lineages or spiritual beliefs, such as Quantum Light Breath.

Cyrenaicism
The Cyrenaics developed the spiritual practice of negative visualization, which was later adopted by the Stoics.

Epicureanism
Epicureanism posits that philosophy is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, it is a philosophy of life. Epicurean spiritual practices and exercises include meditating on the Tetrapharmakos, the celebration of Eikas, the practice of aponia, and cultivating the proper understanding of the gods and death so as to remove fear.

Stoicism
Stoicism takes the view that philosophy is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, it is a way of life and discourse involving constant practice and training (e.g., asceticism). Stoic spiritual practices and exercises include contemplation of death and other events that are typically thought negative, training attention to remain in the present moment (similar to some forms of Eastern meditation), daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions, keeping a personal journal, and so on. Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self-reminder.

Anthroposophy
In the context of his spiritual philosophy Anthroposophy, Rudolf Steiner gave an extensive set of exercises for spiritual development. Some of these were intended for general use, while others were for certain professions, including teachers, doctors, and priests, or were given to private individuals.

Martial arts
Some martial arts, like tai chi, Aikido, and Jujutsu, are considered spiritual practices by some of their practitioners.

title: Spiritual practice


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Talk:HMS Repulse (1916)

Different tonnage
The given Repulse statistics given are:

Repulse Statistics: 36,000 tons, 32-knot speed, six 15-inch guns, crew of 69 officers and 1,240 ratings well trained with consistently high marks the ship received on exercise, last Captain is Captain W.G. (Bill) Tennant.

Military Heritage did a feature on the Repulse and its sinking (Joseph M. Horodyski, Military Heritage, Volume 3, No. 3, pp.69 to 77) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.193.84.111 (talk) 21:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Casualty figures
The casualty figures in the articles on the Prince of Wales, Repulse and the sinking of both ships do not agree with one-another (Eg. According the article on Repulse more survivors were rescued from the ship than were in its complement, and >300 died). I have no idea what the correct figures are and since there are no in-line citations it's impossible to work out where the data has come from. Does anyone have verifiable information on the complement of each ship and the number that perished in December 41? Wiki-Ed 13:13, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

436 men died on Hms Repulse according to the surviours website. See the website for mor details http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk//  Celticosprey  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Celticosprey (talk • contribs) 20:07, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

myths
I'd heard, in physics problems, that the repulse was fabeled to be unsinkable and was hit in the funnel by a shot from a jap ship ~11km away. Naturally I doubted the facts but thought, after looking here to confirm my skeptisism, that I should leave this here incase someone wants to include it or whatever. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fists (talk • contribs) 10:58, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That story doesn't ring true in many ways, maybe the author of your physics problems has deliberately twisted the facts to suit their purpose. The battlecruiser design was acknowledged to be eminently sinkable in certain situations, they were not meant to be used against battleships for instance, which could overwhelm a battlecruiser's thinner armour, as happened at Jutland. Similarly the design proved as susceptible as any capital ship to aircraft. What got Repulse in the end was torpedoes launched from aircraft, not shells from a Japanese ship. Maybe the problem would fit better with a ship like HMS Hood (51), a battlecruiser sunk by a lucky strike from a long range shot from the German battleship Bismarck. Benea (talk) 15:53, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Dates
WWII: When did Repulse leave India for the Far East and when did she arrive in Singapore? 81.156.125.126 (talk) 11:35, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * 29 November (from Colombo that is) and 2 December respectively. Benea (talk) 15:55, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Armour after rebuild
There is a serious omission - no mention of Repulse's armour scheme after the 1934-6 conversion. The Land (talk) 11:10, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Why should there be? Nothing changed since the 1919 reconstruction.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 14:58, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Yes. Good point. :-) - would be a good idea to include the update armour configuration in the 1939 section of the infobx though, an perhaps to remove the "1930s" subhead from the interwar section. The Land (talk) 15:20, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've been meaning to do that.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 15:35, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Japanese attack force
None of my numerous references mention any G4M Betty bombers taking part in this attack. All of them refer to only G3M Nells being in the squadrons operating out of Indo-China back then. This should be corrected in the article. I don't have my sources to cite, but they are many. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cadillacmike (talk • contribs) 14:22, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

 * According to my notes, Mihoro and Genzan Air Groups were equipped only with G3Ms, and the majority of G4Ms were in Taiwan for the attack on the Philippines. However, part of Kanoya Air Group was based in Saigon and equipped with G4Ms. From Francillon, Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, page 381: "On the eve of the Pacific War the Japanese Navy transferred twenty-seven G4M1s of the Kanoya Kokutai to bases in Indo-China to strengthen its air striking force poised to attack the battleships of Admiral Sir Tom Phillips, while retaining on Formosan bases ninety-three other Navy Type 1 Attack Bombers for operations against the American forces in the Philippines. Within a week of the initial Japanese attack these aircraft had effectively contributed to the sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse and to eliminating American air power in the Philippines." Yaush (talk) 18:21, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

the aircraft carrier
Had there been an aircraft carrier accompanying the Repulse and Prince of Wales, would it have made any difference to the sinkings?

At this stage of the war British aircraft design was so obsolete that the aircraft carrier would probably have been sunk as well.AT Kunene (talk) 12:51, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes all those obsolete Hurricanes and Spitfires were why the British lost the Battle of Britain.

 * The problem was that the Royal Navy had made some remarkably poor choices about carrier-borne fighters. Skua was a great divebomber; it was not obsolete; it just wasn't suitable as a fighter.  Fulmar was another odd choice of aircraft for the fighter role.

 * A second problem was that carrier doctrine for almost all nations in 1941-42 was to have lots of strike aircraft and few fighters. Later in the war, the US learned from experience to have a higher proportion of fighters, and I think the British learned this lesson from the Americans. The Indomitable would not have had enough fighters.

 * A third problem was that Phillips believed in the ability of warships to defend themselves from air attack.

 * I think a British carrier of the time would have been unlikely to have saved the Prince of Wales and Repulse. The most likely result would have been the loss of a third capital ship and her crew.--Toddy1 (talk) 17:28, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
 * You're forgetting that the Japanese bombers were unescorted and fighter cover likely would have saved Force Z that day, but the long-term prospects were dim for Force Z when the Fulmars and Sea Hurricanes met Zeros.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 19:50, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

4" guns
In the table at completion time, 5x3 is misprinted in 6x3 In 1940, a further triple mount was deleted (as shown in the photo of the last convoy to singapore). pietro 151.29.249.152 (talk) 04:15, 24 February 2017 (UTC) it would also be interesting to know why a battlecruiser was much more easy to build than a battleship. 2000 ton less (27000 vs 29000) do not seem a real advantage. Perhaps turbines were easier than armor? I have read (I may search where if needed) that Fisher wanted these ships to repeat the Falkland battle, without considering that the oceans had no more german cruisers in them (the author of this statement had a VERY bad opinion of Fisher). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.29.247.249 (talk) 10:37, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

Explain use of the word "consort" in the lead
Why the term 'consort' is appropriate? BlueD954 (talk) 04:15, 16 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Would you help by telling us where this is in the article please? Britmax (talk) 17:33, 21 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Very obvious. Why? BlueD954 (talk) 12:30, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Actually curious about this as well. Did a search for "consort" but the word doesn't seem to appear in the article. Can you clarify? - wolf  06:09, 29 April 2021 (UTC)

User:BlueD954 has been blocked as a sock per Sockpuppet investigations/Jeneral28. BilCat (talk) 22:37, 2 May 2021 (UTC)
 * To me at least, "consort" in this context is one who aids and accompanies but is complementary rather than subservient. Since this conveys the relationship between the two ships here I think it conveys the intended message and works in the article. Britmax (talk) 17:57, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Repulse (1916)


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User:Salonikios

Thessaloniki rules!

title: User:Salonikios


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User talk:Jacobegevang

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

You are most welcome, but please note that this is an Internet encyclopedia. While there also is a Danish Wikipedia, this is the English language version.

This site allows users to edit articles, and welcome contributions, but that does not mean that its open for all kinds of content. In fact, some rather strict rules apply. This is not a business directory, so please, do not post advertisments for your own business to the site. Also, please do not post untranslated text in other languages than English. I've tagged your Jacob Egevang article for deletion by an admin, and it will most certainly be deleted.

However, you are very much welcome to stay and add content valuable to the project - please see the links above for some helpful hints to better understand the nature of this place and how to contribute. You might also want to read Criteria for inclusion of biographies. / Alarm 21:55, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jacobegevang


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Directorate of Operations (CIA)

The Directorate of Operations (DO), less formally called the Clandestine Service, is a component of the US Central Intelligence Agency. It was known as the Directorate of Plans from 1951 to 1973; as the Directorate of Operations from 1973 to 2005; and as the National Clandestine Service (NCS) from 2005 to 2015.

The DO "serves as the clandestine arm of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the national authority for the coordination, de-confliction, and evaluation of clandestine operations across the Intelligence Community of the United States".

Predecessors
The Directorate of Plans was originally conceived to solve organizational rivalry between the Office of Special Operations (OSO) and the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). There was operational overlap between the two CIA departments, even though OSO was focused on intelligence collection whereas OPC was more focused on covert action. Director of Central Intelligence Walter Bedell Smith attempted to ameliorate the situation by appointing Allen Dulles on January 4, 1951, to the new position of Deputy Director for Plans (DDP) where he would supervise the two entities. According to Anne Karalekas, a staffer of the Church Committee who wrote a history of the CIA, that was merely a cosmetic change, and it was only on August 1, 1952, that OPC and OSO were properly merged to form the Directorate of Plans (DDP). The Directorate of Plans used the abbreviation of its chief. According to John Prados, the name was intended to disguise the true function of the Directorate.

The Directorate was the CIA branch that conducted covert operations and recruited foreign agents. DDP consisted of, among other subdivisions, a unit for political and economic covert action (the Covert Action Staff), for paramilitary covert action (the Special Operations unit), for counterintelligence, and for several geographic desks responsible for the collection of foreign intelligence. On March 1, 1973, DDP became the Directorate of Operations and the director became known as the Deputy Director for Operations (DDO).

The Directorate also housed special groups for conducting counter-narcotics and counter-terrorism, for tracking nuclear proliferation, and other tasks.

Approval of clandestine and covert operations
Approval of clandestine and covert operations came from a variety of committees, although in the early days of quasi-autonomous offices and the early DDP, there was more internal authority to approve operations. After its creation in the Truman administration, the CIA was, initially, the financial manager for OPC and OSO, authorized to handle "unvouchered funds" by National Security Council document 4-A of December 1947, the launching of peacetime covert action operations. NSC 4-A made the Director of Central Intelligence responsible for psychological warfare, establishing at the same time the principle that covert action was an exclusively Executive Branch function.

Early autonomy of OPC
Initially, the supervision by committee allowed the OPC to exercise early use of its new covert action mandate dissatisfied officials at the Departments of State and Defense. The Department of State, believing this role too important to be left to the CIA alone and concerned that the military might create a new rival covert action office in the Pentagon, pressed to reopen the issue of where responsibility for covert action activities should reside. Consequently, on June 18, 1948, a new NSC directive, NSC 10/2, superseded NSC 4-A.

NSC 10/2 directed the CIA to conduct "covert" rather than merely "psychological" operations, defining them as all activities "which are conducted or sponsored by this Government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and executed that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them".

NSC 10/2 defined the scope of these operations as:

propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberations [sic] groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.

Guerrilla warfare was outside this statement of scope, but such operations came under partial CIA control with NSC 10/5 of October 1951. See "Psychological Strategy Board" below. To implement covert actions under NSC 10/2, the OPC was created on September 1, 1948. Its initial structure had it taking guidance from the State Department in peacetime and from the military in wartime, initially had direct access to the State Department and to the military without having to proceed through the CIA's administrative hierarchy, provided the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was informed of all important projects and decisions. In 1950 this arrangement was modified to ensure that policy guidance came to OPC through the DCI. During the Korean War, the OPC grew quickly. Wartime commitments and other missions soon made covert action the most expensive and bureaucratically prominent of the CIA's activities.

Concerned about this situation, DCI Walter Bedell Smith in early 1951 asked the NSC for enhanced policy guidance and a ruling on the proper "scope and magnitude" of CIA operations. The White House responded with two initiatives. In April 1951 President Truman created the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) under the NSC to coordinate government-wide psychological warfare strategy.

Putting special operations under a "psychological" organization paralleled the military's development of U.S. Army Special Forces, which was created by a Pentagon unit called the Psychological Warfare Division. "NSC 10/5, issued in October 1951, reaffirmed the covert action mandate given in NSC 10/2 and expanded CIA's authority over guerrilla warfare" The incoming Eisenhower administration soon abolished the PSB, but the expansion of the CIA's covert action writ in NSC 10/5 helped ensure that covert action would remain a major function of the Agency.

As the Truman administration ended, CIA was near the peak of its independence and authority in the field of covert action. Although CIA continued to seek and receive advice on specific projects ... no group or officer outside of the DCI and the President himself had authority to order, approve, manage, or curtail operations.

Increasing control by CIA management
After Smith, who was Eisenhower's World War II Chief of Staff, consolidated the CIA, the OPC and the OSO in 1952, the Eisenhower administration began narrowing the CIA's latitude in 1954. In accordance with a series of National Security Council directives, the Director of Central Intelligence's responsibility for the conduct of covert operations was further clarified. President Eisenhower approved NSC 5412 on March 15, 1954, reaffirming the CIA's responsibility for conducting covert actions abroad". A series of committees, containing representatives from State, Defense, the CIA, and sometimes the White House or NSC, reviewed operations. Over time and reorganizations, these committees were called the Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), NSC 5412/2 Special Group or simply Special Group, Special Group (Augmented), 303 Committee, and Special Group (Counterinsurgency).

National Clandestine Service
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001, a report by the Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, conducted by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the report released by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, identified serious shortcomings in the Intelligence Community's HUMINT capabilities, ranging from the lack of qualified linguists to the lack of Community-wide information sharing. These efforts resulted in the passage of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act in 2004, which created the position of the Director of National Intelligence and tasked the CIA's Director with developing a "strategy for improving the human intelligence and other capabilities of the Agency."

In 2004, Senator Pat Roberts, the Senate Intelligence Committee's Chairman, drafted the 9/11 National Security Protection Act in which he proposed that the Directorate of Operations be removed from the CIA and established as an independent agency known as the National Clandestine Service (NCS). The NCS' creation was also recommended by the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. The Commission's investigation found that HUMINT capabilities had been severely degraded since the end of the Cold War and were ill-suited for targeting non-state actors such as terrorist organizations. The Commission also noted that HUMINT operations were poorly coordinated between the various federal entities who conducted them and encouraged the development of better methods of validating human sources, in light of the revelations about the source known as Curveball.

Beginning its study of the Intelligence Community in 1995, a non-governmental group including former National Security Agency Director William E. Odom, former Defense Intelligence Agency Director Harry E. Soyster, former DIA Director and Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper, and former General Counsel for the CIA and the NSA Elizabeth Rindskopf Parker, issued a report, first in 1997 and in an updated form in 2002, which recommended the NCS' creation.

The CIA announced the NCS' creation in a press release on October 13, 2005. Contrary to Senator Roberts' proposal, the NCS would be a component of the CIA, rather than an independent executive branch agency.

Organization

 * See Deputy Director of CIA for Operations for a full list of directors since 1951.

The DO is structured under its director as follows:

 * Deputy Director for Operations
 * Counterproliferation Division
 * Mission Center for Counterterrorism
 * Counterintelligence Center
 * Regional & Transnational Issues Divisions
 * Technology Support Divisions
 * Deputy Director of the NCS for Community HUMINT
 * Community HUMINT Coordination Center

A major headquarters element was the Counterintelligence Staff, most powerful when led by James Jesus Angleton. It was the principal U.S. organization responsible for vetting potential new Clandestine HUMINT assets, and for U.S. offensive counterespionage and deception.

Various groups provide support services, such as cover documentation and disguise. A technical services unit, sometimes in the clandestine division and occasionally in the Directorate of Science and Technology, contained both espionage equipment development and sometimes questionable research, such as the MKULTRA mind control program.

Special Activities Center
Under an assortment of names, such as Special Activities Center (SAC), there is a paramilitary function that may enter and prepare an area of operations before U.S. Special Operation Forces enter in a more overt military role. This may or may not include psychological operations, especially black propaganda; paramilitary and psychological functions have split and joined under various historical reorganizations.

Administrated by the DO, the paramilitary operations officers from the Special Operations Group are maintained in the Special Activities Center. They are highly skilled in weaponry; covert transport of personnel and material by air, sea, and land; guerrilla warfare; the use of explosives; assassination and sabotage; and escape and evasion techniques. They are prepared to respond quickly to myriad possible needs, from parachute drops and communications support to assistance with counter-narcotics operations and defector infiltration. SAC maintains a symbiotic relationship with the Joint Special Operations Command, and is largely run by former JSOC members.

SAC/SOG is a special operations force, along with the military's five special mission units:
 * United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU, NSWDG or SEAL Team Six and previously Mob-Six)
 * United States Army's 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (also known as Delta Force, A.C.E. or C.A.G.)
 * United States Army Intelligence Support Activity (also known as I.S.A., The Activity and previously Gray Fox)
 * United States Army Regimental Reconnaissance Company
 * United States Air Force's 24th Special Tactics Squadron

For special operations missions and its other responsibilities, the Special Operations staff attempts to recruit people with the requisite specialized skills, although geographic desks remain the principal units involved in the recruitment of personnel in so-called denied areas (such as Libya, Iran, Iraq, et cetera). Special operations also provide special air, ground, maritime and training support for the Agency's intelligence gathering operations.

DO officers
The DO consists of four career categories of officers:

Below are brief descriptions of the four principal categories and where applicable the sub-categories of Clandestine Service Officers.

 * 1) Case Officers (CO): Formerly "operations officers," focus full-time on "clandestinely spotting, assessing, developing, recruiting, and handling individuals with access to vital foreign intelligence".
 * 2) Collection Management Officers (CMO) "oversee and facilitate the collection, evaluation, classification, and dissemination of foreign intelligence developed from clandestine sources." They ensure that "foreign intelligence collected by clandestine sources is relevant, timely, and addresses the highest foreign policy and national security needs".
 * 3) Staff Operations Officers (SOO) are based out of CIA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., and "plan, guide and support intelligence collection operations, counterintelligence activities and covert action programs".
 * 4) Specialized Skills Officers (SSO) consist of a diverse group of "Information Resource Officers, Language Officers, Paramilitary Operations Officers, Programs and Plans Officers, and Targeting Officers—many of which are Core Collector certified". SSOs conduct and/or directly support CIA operations leveraging their language, media, technical skills and/or military experience. Qualified candidates can expect to focus on human intelligence operations and activities as defined by the Intelligence Community.

Officers in this career track will directly support and drive complex worldwide NCS operations to develop actionable intelligence against the highest priority threats to U.S. national security.

Qualified candidates can expect to focus on intelligence operations and activities for U.S. policymakers in hazardous and austere overseas environments.

The NCS' primary action arm is the Special Activities Center, which conducts direct action-like raids, ambushes, sabotage, assassinations, unconventional warfare (e.g. training and leading guerrillas), and deniable psychological operations, the latter also known as "covert influence". While special reconnaissance may be either a military or intelligence operation, these usually are executed by SAD officers in denied areas. Paramilitary Operations Officers are chosen mainly from the ranks of U.S. special operations forces. SAD operatives are the most specialized because they combine the best special operations and clandestine intelligence capabilities in one individual. They operate in any environment (sea, air, or ground), with limited to no support. They originate in the SAD's Special Operations Group (SOG), considered one of the most elite special operations units in the world.

Program and Plans Officers devise, oversee and carry out a variety of particularly unique, complex and long-term clandestine operational activities primarily of a non-paramilitary nature, but often in support of paramilitary programs. Language Officers 'Perform a critical and dynamic function within the NCS, the Language Officer applies advanced foreign language skills, experience, and expertise to provide high-quality translation, interpretation, and language-related support for a variety of NCS clandestine operations.

Covert action
A covert action is defined as "an activity or activities of the United States government to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States Government will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly". A covert operation differs from a clandestine operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the identity of the sponsor rather than on concealment of the operation.

Covert operations include paramilitary and psychological activities. See Psychological Operations (United States) for a more general discussion of U.S. psychological operations, including those operations for which the CIA is responsible and those that belong to other agencies.

Executive Order 12333 bans assassinations by persons employed by or acting on behalf of the United States government.

Clandestine HUMINT collection

 * Legal authorities

A number of statutes, executive orders, and directives assign the task of conducting HUMINT operations to the CIA:

 * 1) By federal statute, the CIA's director is tasked with the collection of intelligence through human sources and by other appropriate means.
 * 2) Executive Order 12333 states, "The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency shall coordinate the clandestine collection of foreign intelligence collected through human sources such as 'moles' or other human-enabled means and counterintelligence activities outside the United States."
 * 3) National Security Council Intelligence Directive No. 5 (NSCID 5) provides that: "The Director of Central Intelligence shall conduct all organized Federal espionage operations outside the United States and its possessions for the collection of foreign intelligence information required to meet the needs of all Departments and Agencies concerned, in connection with the national security, except for certain agreed activities by other Departments and Agencies."
 * 4) Intelligence Community Directive Number 340 designates the CIA as the National HUMINT Manager.

 * Tradecraft

Techniques for the clandestine collection of HUMINT are collectively known as tradecraft. A discussion of many of these techniques can be found at Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques.

Very few statutes and publicly available regulations deal specifically with clandestine HUMINT techniques. One such statute forbids the use of journalists as agents unless the President makes the written determination to waive this restriction based on the "overriding national security interest of the United States". In the Intelligence Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 2002, Congress instructed the CIA's director to rescind what Congress viewed as overly restrictive guidelines regarding the recruitment of foreign assets who had a record of human rights violations.

Camp Peary (also referred to as "The Farm"), near Williamsburg, Virginia, is purportedly a CIA training facility for clandestine operatives.

Clandestine technical collection
The Agency also may be responsible for developing communications systems appropriate for clandestine operations. In 1962, the Central Intelligence Agency, Deputy Directorate for Research (now the Deputy Directorate for Science and Technology), formally took on ELINT and COMINT responsibilities.

"The consolidation of the ELINT program was one of the major goals of the reorganization ... it is responsible for:
 * ELINT support peculiar to the penetration problems associated with the Agent's reconnaissance program under NRO.
 * Maintain a quick reaction capability for ELINT and COMINT equipment.

CIA's Office of Research and Development was formed to stimulate research and innovation testing leading to the exploitation of non-agent intelligence collection methods. ... All non-agent technical collection systems will be considered by this office and those appropriate for field deployment will be so deployed. The Agency's missile detection system, Project [deleted] based on backscatter radar is an example. This office will also provide integrated systems analysis of all possible collection methods against the Soviet antiballistic missile program is an example."

Sometimes in cooperation with technical personnel at other agencies such as the NSA when the collection discipline is SIGINT, or the DIA when the techniques come MASINT, or other appropriate agencies such as the Department of Energy for nuclear information, the CIA may work to place technical collection equipment in denied territory. They have also cooperated in placing such equipment into U.S. embassies. Emplacing and servicing such equipment is another form of clandestine operation, of which the adversary should not be aware. These include:
 * Research, development, testing, and production of ELINT and COMINT collection equipment for all Agency operations.
 * Technical operation and maintenance of CIA deployed non-agent ELINT systems.
 * Training and maintenance of agent ELINT equipment
 * Technical support to the Third Party Agreements.
 * Data reduction of Agency-collected ELINT signals.

See MASINT from clandestinely placed sensors. The CIA took on a more distinct MASINT responsibility in 1987. The National Security Archive commented, "In 1987, Deputy Director for Science and Technology Evan Hineman established ... a new Office for Special Projects. concerned not with satellites, but with emplaced sensors – sensors that could be placed in a fixed location to collect signals intelligence or measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) about a specific target. Such sensors had been used to monitor Chinese missile tests, Soviet laser activity, military movements, and foreign nuclear programs. The office was established to bring together scientists from the DS&T’s Office of SIGINT Operations, who designed such systems, with operators from the Directorate of Operations, who were responsible for transporting the devices to their clandestine locations and installing them."

Overt HUMINT
In addition they may produce HUMINT from overt sources, such as voluntary interviews with travelers, businesspeople, etc. Some of the latter may be considered open source intelligence OSINT and be performed by other agencies, just as reports from diplomats are another form of HUMINT that flows into the State Department.

At times, this function may be assigned to the CIA, because its counter-intelligence staff has biographical indexes that let them check the background of foreign citizens offering information. For example, there may be a name check on a business or scientific contact who meets either with CIA representatives or staff of the National Open Source Enterprise.

Controversy
The Directorate has been subject to harsh criticism in the media, and due to its covert and independent nature did not, or could not, effectively respond. Its capabilities had been in decline since the public outcry resulting from the Church Committee's revelations of the DO's highly questionable activities. Furthermore, the DO fought frequent "turf" battles amongst the Executive Branch bureaucracies, most prominently with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Defense and State departments. These factors became key reasons for the NCS's inception.

Former NCS Director Jose Rodriguez was criticized for his role in the 2005 CIA interrogation tapes destruction.

title: Directorate of Operations (CIA)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farrell Curry

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Userfy+Delete Ryan Norton T 20:13, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Farrell Curry
Judging from a cursory web search, this article seems to be a non-notable autobiography. He looks like a nice guy but I am afraid it does not meet the notability requirement. --202.156.6.61 21:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and userfy to the author's user page. *drew 22:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy per drew. Tonywalton | Talk 23:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 02:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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File:EllaSwingsBrightlywithNelson.jpg

Fair use in Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way.
 * 3) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.

title: File:EllaSwingsBrightlywithNelson.jpg


text: User talk:72.15.120.73

title: User talk:72.15.120.73


text:
Antistatic agent

An antistatic agent is a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity. Static charge may be generated by the triboelectric effect or by a non-contact process using a high voltage power source. Static charge may be introduced on a surface as part of an in-mold label printing process.

The role of an antistatic agent is to make the surface or the material itself slightly conductive, either by being conductive itself, or by absorbing moisture from the air; therefore, some humectants can be used. The molecules of an antistatic agent often have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas, similar to those of a surfactant; the hydrophobic side interacts with the surface of the material, while the hydrophilic side interacts with the air moisture and binds the water molecules.

Internal antistatic agents are designed to be mixed directly into the material, external antistatic agents are applied to the surface.

Common antistatic agents are based on long-chain aliphatic amines (optionally ethoxylated) and amides, quaternary ammonium salts (e.g., behentrimonium chloride or cocamidopropyl betaine), esters of phosphoric acid, polyethylene glycol esters, or polyols. Traditional migrating antistatic agents include long-chain alkyl phenols, ethoxylated amines, and glycerol esters, such as glycerol monostearate. Migrating antistatic agents offer cost-effective protection for short-term applications, but other applications need longer-term protection or the lower resistivity required to prevent sparks and protect electronics from electrostatic dissipation. These applications utilize permanent antistatic agents or conductive additives such as carbon black, conductive fibers, and nanomaterials. An antistatic agent for the treatment for coatings may also involve an ionic liquid or a solution of a salt in an ionic liquid. Indium tin oxide can be used as transparent antistatic coating of windows. It is also possible to use conductive polymers, like PEDOT:PSS and conducting polymer nanofibers, particularly polyaniline nanofibers. In general these systems are not very durable for coating, especially antimony tin oxide is used for durable systems, often in its nano form, it is then formulated to a final coating.

Spinning and fibers
Fibers are often treated with dilute solutions of antistatic agents together with lubricants. Typical antistate agents are alkyl phosphates and phosphonates, various soaps, and ammonium salts.

Fuels
Antistatic agents are also added to some military jet fuels, and to nonpolar organic solvents, to impart electrical conductivity, thus avoid buildup of static charge that could lead to sparks igniting fuel vapors. Stadis 450 is the agent added to some distillate fuels, commercial jet fuels, and to the military JP-8. Stadis 425 and Dorf Ketal's SR 1795 are similar compounds, for use in distillate fuels. Statsafe products are used in non-fuel applications. Antis DF3, similar to Stadis 425, is an amber-colored liquid composed of polyamine and polysulfone. Oil-soluble sulfonic acids, e.g. dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, can be also used as part of some antistatic additives.

Antistatic agents can be added to nonpolar solvents to increase their conductivity to allow electrostatic spray painting. (Oxygenated solvents have too high conductivity to be used here.)

The polysulfones can be prepared by reacting olefins, notably alpha-olefins, with sulfur dioxide. The polyamines can be prepared by reacting epichlorohydrin with aliphatic monoamines.

title: Antistatic agent


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Carleton Hobbs

Carleton Percy Hobbs, OBE (18 June 1898 – 31 July 1978) was an English actor with many film, radio and television appearances. He portrayed Sherlock Holmes in 80 radio adaptations in a series of Sherlock Holmes radio dramas (1952–1969), and also starred in the radio adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's Sword of Honour.

Early life and career
Hobbs was born in Farnborough, Hampshire, to Major-General Percy Eyre Francis Hobbs, of the Royal Army Service Corps, and his wife Eliza Anne, daughter of Henry Hutson, MD, of Georgetown, British Guiana. Her brother was cricketer Henry Wolseley Hutson. The Hobbs family, of Barnaboy, at Frankford (now called Kilcormac), King's County (now County Offaly), were a landed gentry family with a strong military tradition; Hobbs himself served in Royal Artillery during the First World War. He trained at RADA and worked in London theatres through the 1920s, but by the next decade had become a specialist radio actor. His first broadcast was in 1925 as Hastings in She Stoops to Conquer. The Marlow, Henry Oscar, then a more experienced broadcaster, pointed him back towards the microphone when necessary during transmission. In 1934, he married Gladys Ponsonby, to whom he remained married until his death. They had no children.

Hobbs as Sherlock Holmes
For most of his broadcasting career he was a freelance, with the exception of the wartime period when the BBC formed its original Drama Repertory Company that could be moved out of London and away from the bombing. Hobbs was predictably on its strength, as was his regular future Dr Watson, Norman Shelley. In fact, Hobbo – as everyone called him – had played Dr. Watson before he played Holmes, in a wartime production of The Boscombe Valley Mystery with Arthur Wontner as the sleuth.

His own Holmes became a familiar performance after the war, at first in children's programming, later in the general services. Despite Hobbs's acidulated voice and his often trenchant or sardonic delivery, his rendering of the great detective now sounds somewhat avuncular – perhaps because of its original youthful audience, perhaps by comparison with later performances in the role, which became freer and more eccentric. Norman Shelley said after his long-time colleague's death: "There was only one thing for Hobbo ... the best and nothing less than the best."

Other work
Apart from Holmes, he seldom played the top lead – exceptions being the title role in King John and Hieronimo in The Spanish Tragedy.

As a regular in Children's Hour – usually in the "For Older Listeners" scheduling – he played, among much else, many of the parts in the "Alice" stories, some several times. One of his most distinctive characterisations was Kipling's Cat That Walked By Himself.

Another "non-human" voice, in adult drama, was his Lizard in Henry Reed's The Streets of Pompeii. He loved being in Reed's "Hilda Tablet" plays. He could do plain men like Major Liconda in Maugham's The Sacred Flame, and could convey great vulnerability which he did as simple old Adam in As You Like It, played both on radio and on record.

Hobbs did a good deal of television, and often played judges as he memorably did in Pennies From Heaven. Other TV appearances included Jude the Obscure (1971) as Dr Tetuphar, Lord Peter Wimsey, A Life of Bliss, Strange Report and I, Claudius. He also had a small role as a freemason in the BBC 1972 version of War and Peace. His film appearances were few, but included roles in The House That Dripped Blood (1971) and Dark Places (1973).

A little surprisingly, but indicating his versatility, he was in the original London stage production of John Osborne's Luther. He was a great verse reader, and his impeccable French was a great asset, especially in his many bookings on the Third Programme, later Radio Three. A younger colleague, Frank Duncan, spoke of his "wonderful attention to detail, and beautiful delicate craftsmanship."

One of the last parts in his fifty-year broadcasting career was Shakespeare's Justice Robert Shallow from Henry IV, Part 2.

Honours and legacy
He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1969 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to drama.

The Carleton Hobbs Bursary provides six-month contracts for young actors in the BBC's Radio Drama Company.

title: Carleton Hobbs


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User:ThunderPeel2001

Contributed to

 * Terra Obscura
 * America's Best Comics
 * Tom Strong
 * Top 10
 * P.G. Wodehouse
 * Twin Peaks
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and others...

title: User:ThunderPeel2001


text:
Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson

Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson is a 1962 studio album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald, accompanied by an orchestra arranged by Nelson Riddle.

This album is one of a pair that Fitzgerald and Riddle recorded and released in 1962, the other being Ella Swings Gently with Nelson. Fitzgerald and Riddle had last worked together on her 1959 album Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook.

Fitzgerald's performance on this album won her the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Female at the 5th Annual Grammy Awards, this was Fitzgerald's seventh Grammy.

Track listing
For the 1962 Verve LP release; Verve MG V-4054

Side One: Side Two: Bonus Tracks; Issued on the 1993 Verve CD re-issue, Verve 519 347-2
 * 1) "When Your Lover Has Gone" (Einar Aaron Swan) – 3:00
 * 2) "Don't Be That Way" (Benny Goodman, Mitchell Parish, Edgar Sampson) – 3:47
 * 3) "Love Me or Leave Me" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 2:49
 * 4) "I Hear Music" (Burton Lane, Frank Loesser) – 2:19
 * 5) "What Am I Here For?" (Duke Ellington, Frankie Laine) – 2:43
 * 6) "I'm Gonna Go Fishin'" (Ellington, Peggy Lee) – 3:00
 * 1) "I Won't Dance" (Dorothy Fields, Oscar Hammerstein II, Otto Harbach, Jerome Kern, Jimmy McHugh) – 3:30
 * 2) "I Only Have Eyes for You" (Al Dubin, Harry Warren) – 2:37
 * 3) "The Gentleman is a Dope" (Hammerstein, Richard Rodgers) – 3:58
 * 4) "Mean to Me" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) – 2:55
 * 5) "Alone Together" (Howard Dietz, Arthur Schwartz) – 2:45
 * 6) "Pick Yourself Up" (Fields, Kern) – 2:06

13. "Call Me Darling" (Dorothy Dick, Mort Fryberg, Rolf Marbet, Bert Reisfeld) – 2:34

14. "Somebody Loves Me" (Buddy DeSylva, George Gershwin, Ballard MacDonald) – 2:33

15. "Cheerful Little Earful" (Ira Gershwin, Billy Rose, Warren) – 2:06

 * Track 13: Originally issued on 7" single; Verve 10248
 * Tracks 14 and 15: Originally issued on the 1959 album Get Happy!; Verve V6-4036

Personnel
Recorded from January 5, 1959 – December 27, 1961, at Capitol Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles:

 * Ella Fitzgerald – vocals
 * Nelson Riddle – arranger, conductor
 * Benny Green – liner notes
 * Norman Granz – producer

title: Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson


text:
Walter Dandy

Walter Edward Dandy (April 6, 1886 – April 19, 1946) was an American neurosurgeon and scientist. He is considered one of the founding fathers of neurosurgery, along with Victor Horsley (1857–1916) and Harvey Cushing (1869–1939). Dandy is credited with numerous neurosurgical discoveries and innovations, including the description of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, surgical treatment of hydrocephalus, the invention of air ventriculography and pneumoencephalography, the description of brain endoscopy, the establishment of the first intensive care unit (Fox 1984, p. 82), and the first clipping of an intracranial aneurysm, which marked the birth of cerebrovascular neurosurgery.

During his 40-year medical career, Dandy published five books and more than 160 peer-reviewed articles while conducting a full-time, ground-breaking neurosurgical practice in which he performed during his peak years about 1000 operations per year (Sherman et al. 2006). He was recognized at the time as a remarkably fast and particularly dexterous surgeon. Dandy was associated with the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital his entire medical career. The importance of his numerous contributions to neurosurgery in particular and to medicine in general has increased as the field of neurosurgery has evolved.

Early life and medical training
Dandy was the only son of John Dandy, a railroad engineer, and Rachel Kilpatrick, who were immigrants from Lancashire, England, and Armagh, Ireland, respectively. Dandy graduated in 1903 from Summit High School in Sedalia, Missouri, as class valedictorian, and then graduated in 1907 from the University of Missouri. In September 1907, he enrolled in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as a second year student. (He had started medical studies during his junior year in college and accumulated enough credits to skip the first year of medical school at Johns Hopkins.) Dandy graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the spring of 1910 at the age of 24, and became the sixth appointee to the Hunterian Laboratory of Experimental Medicine under Harvey W. Cushing from 1910 to 1911. In 1911, he earned a Master of Arts degree for his work in the Hunterian Laboratory, and went on to join the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical housestaff for one year as Cushing's Assistant Resident (1911–1912). Dandy completed his general surgery residency at the Johns Hopkins Hospital under William S. Halsted in 1918. (He had been appointed Halsted's Chief Resident in 1916.) While Dandy was introduced to the nascent field of neurosurgery by Cushing, it was George J. Heuer who completed Dandy's neurosurgical training after Cushing's departure for the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston in September 1912. Heuer had graduated from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1908, worked as Cushing's first Assistant Resident from 1908 to 1909, and served as Halsted's Chief Resident from 1911 to 1914.

Dandy joined the staff of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1918 and immediately focused his energies on the surgical treatment of disorders of the brain and spinal cord. When Heuer left Hopkins in 1922 to become the head of surgery at the University of Cincinnati, Dandy remained as the only neurosurgeon at the Johns Hopkins Hospital until his death in that hospital in 1946.

Contributions to pediatric neurosurgery
Dandy's first scientific contribution was the detailed anatomical description of a 2 mm human embryo in Franklin P. Mall's collection. This paper was published in 1910, five months before he graduated from medical school. In 1911 and 1913, he described the blood supply and nerve supply, respectively, of the pituitary gland. In 1913 and 1914, Dandy and Kenneth D. Blackfan published two landmark papers on the production, circulation, and absorption of CSF in the brain and on the causes and potential treatments of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is the buildup of CSF within the brain, an often lethal condition if left untreated. They described two forms of hydrocephalus, namely "obstructive" and "communicating," thus establishing a theoretical framework for the rational treatment of this condition. This work is regarded by many as one of the finest pieces of surgical research ever done. Indeed, Halsted reportedly told Edwards A. Park that "Dandy will never do anything equal to this again. Few men make more than one great contribution to medicine." (Fox 1984, p. 36) Dandy, however, would prove to be one of these "few men." Modern pediatric neurosurgeons devote most of their time to the management of hydrocephalus.

The Dandy–Walker malformation is a congenital malformation associated with hydrocephalus. In 1921 Dandy reported a case of hydrocephalus caused by obstruction of outflow of CSF from the fourth ventricle. In 1944 A. Earl Walker (who eventually became chairman of neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins) described a similar case of congenital closure of the outflow of the fourth ventricle. This congenital anomaly became known as the Dandy-Walker cyst. It is associated with closure of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie (the outflow openings of the fourth ventricle), atrophy of the cerebellum and cerebellar vermis, dilation of the fourth ventricle, hydrocephalus, and often atrophy of the corpus callosum.

Contributions to neuroradiology
In 1918 and 1919 Dandy published his landmark papers on air ventriculography and the associated technique of pneumoencephalography. For this contribution he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1933 by Hans Christian Jacobaeus, Chairman of the Nobel Committee of the Karolinska Institute (Ligon 1998, p. 607). Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography allowed neurosurgeons for the first time to visualize brain lesions on x-rays. To accomplish this, CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space was replaced with air injected either directly into the ventricles (ventriculography) or into the lumbar subarachnoid space (pneumoencephalography). As a general surgeon, Dandy was aware of the ability of free air in the peritoneal cavity to outline the abdominal contents. He published a paper on this radiographic phenomenon ("pneumoperitoneum") in 1919 based on a clinical observation he had made in 1917. In 1918, the year that he finished his residency, he published the paper on air ventriculography. Samuel J. Crowe described it as "the greatest single contribution ever made to brain surgery." (Fox 1984, p. 43) Gilbert Horrax stated: "The importance of this diagnostic method, ... for the more accurate localization of many growths whose situation could not be ascertained with absolute exactness, can hardly be overemphasized. It brought immediately into the operable field at least one third more brain tumors than could be diagnosed and localized previously by the most refined neurological methods." (Fox 1984, p.45) Air ventriculography, however, had the limitation that a burr hole had to be drilled in the skull to pass the needle into the ventricular system. In 1919, Dandy published a less invasive technique that he labelled pneumoencephalography. In this procedure, air was injected into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spinal canal and then the air bolus was maneuvered into the subarachnoid space around the brain and eventually into the ventricles by changing the patient's position. Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography allowed neurosurgeons to accurately identify the location and size of tumors and other lesions and then accurately target their operative approach. This technique remained the single most important way of localizing brain lesions until the introduction of CT scanning in the 1970s.

Contributions to operative neurosurgery
Already by 1919, barely one year after finishing his surgical training, Dandy was recognized arguably as the premier surgeon at Johns Hopkins. Abraham Flexner, who was intimately familiar with the workings of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and in 1910 had produced the Flexner Report on American and Canadian Medical Education, wrote on January 30, 1919: "The general sentiment hereabouts is that Dandy is the man for surgery. ... As Dr. Halsted comes about very little now, Dandy is carrying the whole thing, and, as far as I can judge, does it admirably. He has the devotion and confidence of all his associates and treats them in a really beautiful way ..." (Fox 1984, p.54)

Dandy's surgical innovations proceeded at an astounding rate as he became increasingly comfortable operating on the brain and spinal cord. He described in 1921 an operation for the removal of tumors of the pineal region, in 1922 complete removal of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (namely acoustic neuromas), in 1922 the use of endoscopy for the treatment of hydrocephalus ("cerebral ventriculoscopy"), in 1925 sectioning the trigeminal nerve at the brainstem to treat trigeminal neuralgia, in 1928 treatment of Ménière's disease (recurrent vertiginous dizziness) by sectioning the vestibular nerves, in 1929 removal of a herniated disc in the spine, in 1930 treatment of spasmodic torticollis, in 1923 removal of the entire cerebral hemisphere ("hemispherectomy") for the treatment of malignant tumors, in 1933 removal of deep tumors within the ventricular system, in 1935 treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs), in 1938 ligation or "clipping" of an intracranial aneurysm, and in 1941 removal of orbital tumors. Remarkably, these operations continue to be performed today essentially in the same form described by Dandy. As medicine progresses, other contributions by Dandy have been replaced by alternative therapies. For instance, in 1943, Dandy published an operation for treatment of essential hypertension by sectioning the sympathetic nerves, but in the 21st century, hypertension is treated with medications.

Contributions to cerebrovascular neurosurgery
Dandy's 1938 description of surgery for clipping of an intracranial aneurysm is particularly important because it marked the birth of the subspecialty of cerebrovascular neurosurgery. An aneurysm is a sac that grows from the wall of an artery in the brain. When an aneurysm ruptures, 50% of patients die immediately and the remaining are similarly expected to die if the aneurysm ruptures again, as it is likely to do. In 1937, a ruptured intracranial aneurysm was a uniformly fatal condition. On March 23, 1937, Dandy performed a frontotemporal craniotomy (which he had learned from Heuer) and placed a hemostatic clip on the neck of a posterior communicating artery region aneurysm arising from the internal carotid artery. The technical prowess involved in carrying out this operation successfully can not be overstated, particularly without the benefit of the surgical microscope for magnification. Even today this type of surgery is arguably the most complex and riskiest procedure done by neurosurgeons. This represented the first time that a vascular problem of the brain was treated successfully with surgery in a planned fashion. This experience led Dandy in the later part of his career to treat successfully a variety of vascular problems of the brain in addition to aneurysms, such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs), and cavernous malformations. In 1944, two years prior to his death, Dandy published a book entitled Intracranial Arterial Aneurysms in which he summarized his experience with these treacherous and technically formidable lesions. Currently, the Walter E. Dandy Professor of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins, Rafael J. Tamargo, is a cerebrovascular neurosurgeon and the director of the Division of Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery , the field created by Dandy.

Dandy's "Brain Team"
Dandy established at the Johns Hopkins Hospital a clinical service that served the dual purpose of delivering outstanding care to his patients and also of training surgical residents and fellows to become neurosurgeons. This became a highly orchestrated and efficient system that allowed Dandy to perform over 1000 operations annually (excluding ventriculograms) and produced 12 neurosurgeons who then carried on Dandy's tradition. Dandy's service was known as the "Brain Team." By 1940, Dandy's Brain Team consisted of a resident, an assistant resident, a surgical intern, a full-time scrub nurse, a full-time nurse anesthetist, an assistant scrub nurse, a circulating nurse, a part-time nurse anesthetist, a full-time orderly, and Dandy's secretary. The resident and assistant resident each spent two years (out of their eight-year general surgery residency) on the Brain Team. (Sherman et al. 2006)

Personal life
In 1923, five years after finishing his arduous surgical training, Dandy started to focus on his personal life. Throughout his training he had remained close to his parents, with whom he corresponded at times daily. Dandy made arrangements for his parents to move to Baltimore in early 1911, one year after he finished medical school. Dandy met his future wife, Sadie E. Martin, in 1923, got married on October 1, 1924, and had four children: Walter Edward Jr. (born 1925), Mary Ellen (1927), Kathleen Louise (1928), and Margaret Martin (1935). He described his family relations as "the finest thing in life." (Fox 1984, p. 118) He vacationed with his family regularly, when his children's school schedule allowed. He rarely traveled, however, for professional meetings, and preferred to stay in Baltimore close to his family and work. Upon being invited to join the Society of Neurological Surgeons as a charter member, he wrote to Cushing on June 30, 1921, that he was "very averse to joining societies of all kinds because I feel they are more social than beneficial and I cannot spare the time for them." (Fox 1984, p. 73)

Irving J. Sherman, who trained in neurosurgery under Dandy from 1941 to 1943, addressed this in his recollections: "Historians are uniformly effusive in praise of Dandy's research and surgery, but they are less kind with regard to his personality, no doubt because they did not know him personally ... Dandy never charged schoolteachers, clergy, other medical workers, or patients who had no money to pay. At times, he also gave money to patients to help them with the expense of coming to Baltimore. ... There were stories of Dandy being dictatorial and demanding perfect service for his patients, and these were true. There were other stories, also true, of Dandy having outbursts of temper when "things did not go right in the operating room," firing assistant residents, scolding personnel, and occasionally throwing an instrument. However, during my time on the general surgery and neurosurgery housestaff (1940-1943), I never observed such incidents. ... although Dandy was at times dictatorial and demanding, his actions made it obvious that he cared deeply for our welfare, although not about how hard we worked." (Sherman et al. 2006) Outside the hospital, Dandy's warmth and playfulness were evident in his interactions with his family, friends, and colleagues. (Tamargo 2002, p. 101). His personality is best summarized in his obituary in the Baltimore Sun of April 20, 1946: "... Gruff of manner, hot of temper, and endowed with a tongue as sharp as his instruments, he exacted awe, respect, and the hardest kind of work from his students. ... And when they got to know him well, they found beneath the hard exterior - as is not uncommon in men of such temperament - a deep vein of tenderness." Dandy enjoyed excellent health most of his life, except for November and December 1919, the year after completing his residency, when he became bedridden with sciatic neuralgia. (Fox 1984, p. 54) On April 1, 1946, five days before his 60th birthday, Dandy was hospitalized with a heart attack. He asked his secretary to help him prepare his will, which he signed on April 9 while in the hospital. He was discharged home, but suffered a second heart attack on April 18. He was taken again to the Johns Hopkins Hospital where he died on April 19. (Fox 1984, p. 221) He was buried in Druid Ridge Cemetery in Pikesville, Maryland.

Walter E. Dandy Neurosurgical Society
The Walter E. Dandy Neurosurgical Society (WEDNS) was founded in St. Louis, Missouri in 2011. The society is a forum for surgeons around the world to enhance the education of both neurosurgery residents and fully trained neurosurgeons to take part in the development and distribution of guidelines for clinical decision making utilizing the best available science.

title: Walter Dandy


text: User talk:71.247.231.110

title: User talk:71.247.231.110


text:
Interested Parties Information

IPI (Interested party information) is a unique identifying number assigned by the CISAC database to each Interested Party in collective rights management. It is used worldwide by more than 120 countries and three million right holders.

Two types of IPI-numbers exist, an IPI Name Number and IPI Base Number.

IPI Name Number
The IP Name Number is the code for a name or pseudonym related to an entity (natural person or a legal entity). One entity can have several names. Prince for example has the IPI-codes 00045620792 (Nelson Prince Rogers), 00052210040 (Prince) and 00334284961 (Nelson Prince R).

The IPI Name Number is composed of eleven numeric digits.

IPI Base Number
The IPI Base Number is the code for a natural person or a legal entity. It has the pattern H-NNNNNNNNN-C.
 * H: header (a single letter)
 * N: identification number (nine numeric digits)
 * C: check digit (a single number)

For example Pablo Picasso has the IP Base Number I-001068130-6.

History
In October 2001, the IPI database replaced the CAE numbers.

Relation with ISWC-numbers
IPI codes are connected with International Standard Musical Work Codes (ISWC). For example, one of the songs called Ernie, which has an International Standard Musical Work Code number of, has just one interested party, that of Benny Hill whose IPI number is 00014107338. This IPI number can then be used to find all other works by him.

Roles
In relation to ISWC each party has at least one role. Roles can be:
 * A: Author, Writer, Lyricist
 * AD: Adaptor
 * AM: Administrator
 * AR: Arranger
 * AQ: Acquirer
 * C: Composer
 * CA: Composer/Author
 * E: Original Publisher
 * ES: Substitute Publisher
 * PA: Publisher Income Participant
 * PR: Associated Performer
 * SA: Sub-Author
 * SE: Sub-Publisher
 * SR: Sub-Arranger
 * TR: Translator

The standards describe the person who adapts music as an arranger, and the person who adapts the text of a musical work to be an adapter.

title: Interested Parties Information


text:
Talk:August Klughardt

Comments
Did not compose a single symphonic poem- not sure about that?- hrm. My notations from searching various catalogs for a partial Klughardt worklist some months back (I'm list-happy) include the cryptic and probably incorrect note 'a tone poem, on CD' but there is an 'Im frühling' op. 30 in the Library of Congress. Don't know what it is though. (And the Tonbilder 'Zerstörung Jerusalems' (the Destruction of Jerusalem) op. 75, don't know what sort of piece this is either. I will transfer what I can (sufficiently...) verify of my list though, including the cello concerto, the oboe concertpiece, the Schilflieder op 28, e.g. though... perhaps, and keys and opus #s for several of the symphonies (not the sixth though, I don't have that one - str op 62 & pno quintets in G minor, sym 3 in D op 37, sym 5 in C minor op 71, sym (1? 2?) in A minor op 34, yes- the one with its own page in DE wikipedia is sym 4 I recall?... a trio pno/str in B-flat op 47, quartets for strings op 61 and in F, concert ov op 45, conc op 68 (instr unknown to me at this time), for cello op 59 has been recorded, oboe concertpiece op 18, etc - various piano pieces etc., in LoC catalog and British Library) Schissel : bowl listen 22:01, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The list of works in MGG (this is an important German music encyclopedia) does not name a symphonic poem. Die Zerstörung Jerusalems is an oratorio. I don't know: perhaps it is called "Tonbilder" (in English Tone Pictures) in the subtitle. Im Frühling (In spring) is a Concert Overture according to MGG. You are right, Symphony No. 4 has an own page in DE wikipedia. I have to look at it once more. --Holger Sambale 16:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Ah, thanks- this does clarify matters. (There's a L. Gerlach August Klughardt, sein Leben und seine Werke. which I hope someone has access to which may help even more, of course, pub. in 1902.) I also see that the Schilflieder is a trio, piano/ob/vla, not a set of songs. Whoops.) (Piano qnt. is op.43 it seems, from a source that has the occasional- hrmph- typo ;). But which also suggests that op #s go up as far as 88 at least.) (Hrm. Operas incl. Gudrun, Die Hochzeit des Mönchs, Iwein,)... also, according to Yale Lib., the quartet in F is op. 42. Hadn't seen anywhere with the op. # before; they have the Bote & Bock publication apparently in score and parts. Cornell in whose plant sciences dept. I work as scanning ass't, has - one recording of the wind quintet, and that's it. Good library generally, mind... Schissel : bowl listen 03:36, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Whoops - Really need to read the article (yours and the de:...) before posting what I think is new information ;) ) right! (NY Public Library does have a vocal score of Zerstorung Jerusalems, and I very occasionally go there, so I might have a look. Only a few other works of Klughardt's in New York libraries that I can find - some chamber music, two of the symphonies, some vocal music. Schissel : bowl listen 16:54, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Eric, it might be a good idea to look for the years in which the works were composed in the scores. In most cases, MGG only lists the year in which they were published, perhaps the scores can give us some additional information. As well, I don't know some Opus numbers (Die Zerstörung Jerusalems seems to be Opus 75 according to your list...). --Holger Sambale 15:13, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

That's how it's listed in the library catalog or two in which I've seen it for some reason, where 1903 is given as the date of publication- not of composition naturally enough- and C.Giessel jun. as the publisher to the vocal score (of the edition with Constance Bache as translator, at University of Rochester. There's a German vocal score at NY Public Library.) Since his opus #s do go well into the 80s or 90s I'm supposing there's something wrong there, yes... it might be a republication, and the composition date may be in the score, so next I'm at NYP(ub)L(ib) I need to write down to have a look... Schissel : bowl listen 05:27, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi there, I am curious if anyone has translated the L. Gerlach text from German into English? I am very eager to read the book, but translating the document is really slowing me down and I wonder if anyone has already done this. Thank you in advance for your help! (P.S. I apologize in advance if this is not the correct way to add a comment to this thread--I am unfamiliar with the Wikipedia procedures, but very eager to learn more!) Coolbeanj (talk) 18:00, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Most musicologists these days consider 'Lenore' to be a symphonic poem (as well as the 2nd symphony) - the Grove wil be updating his and many more articles in a forthcoming edition. NOTE- http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=1005489 50.111.25.253 (talk) 00:55, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

Numbering the symphonies
The sole reason to number symphonies is to indicate chronology – UNLESS upturning an already established numbering scheme has become so entrenched that changing it would cause too much confusion. Klughardt did not number his symphonies himself, but he initially did not publish Lenore as a symphony at all. For that reason, it seems to me that "No. 1" should be either the actual first symphony, Waldleben (it may be withdrawn, but it was still performed and does exist), or the F minor, Op. 34 from 1876. The former option appears to be more evident, the more so since the only extant recording cycle of the symphonies by CPO uses that scheme as well. --Ilja.nieuwland (talk) 18:15, 26 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The situation with'Lenore' is confusing - but the critical consensus (not to mention a recording of the work) has settled on it being a symphonic poem. 50.111.25.253 (talk) 01:06, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:August Klughardt


text:
Guanín

Guanín is an alloy of copper, gold and silver, similar to red gold, used in pre-Columbian central America. The name guanín is taken from the language of the Taíno people, who prized it for its reddish color, brilliant shine, and unique smell, and associated it with both worldly and supernatural power. It was also known as taguagua, and in South America as tumbaga. The Spanish referred to it as "low gold", distinguishing it from items made with a higher purity of gold.

Samples of guanín have been found all over central America, indicating a great deal of trade and interaction between the many cultures that lived in the area. Guanín was used to create and decorate a variety of objects, including both humanoid and animal figurines using lost-wax casting, and hammered ceremonial medallions also referred to as guanín. For many years, guanín was one of the most important valuables for long-distance trade in and around central America and the Caribbean basin.

Composition and characteristics
Guanín is composed of copper, gold, and silver. Spanish royal assayers in 1498 found that samples of guanín sent to them by Christopher Columbus were 18 parts gold, 6 parts silver, and 8 parts copper, of 32 parts total. This amounts to approximately 56% gold, 18% silver, and 25% copper. Western explorers initially believed that guanín was a naturally-occurring alloy. However, modern analyses have shown that the copper levels in guanín are consistently high, in excess of 25%, which indicates that high-heat smelting must have been used to create the alloy.

The brilliant shine of polished guanín was a major part of its importance to the Taíno, who valued an "aesthetic of brilliance" which associated light and light-reflecting objects with spiritual energy. This spiritual energy was thought to have "healing and energizing qualities", which in turn were associated with fertility and high social status. The association between light and power was strong enough that some chiefs were named for the material, such as the Taíno chief Behechio, who had the epithet Tureywa Hobin, "king as dazzling and heavenly as guanín".

The Taíno regarded the smell of guanín as an important part of its attraction. It was similar to that of the plant the Taíno called taguagua, which was well known for its strong scent. It has been suggested that this name refers to the gold-flowered guanina plant, which is identified as Senna occidentalis in modern taxonomy. When the Spanish brought brass to the Caribbean, the Taíno treated it as valuable and sacred, an assessment based at least in part on the similarity of the smell of brass to that of guanín.

History
Guanín has been in use in the Caribbean basin since at least the 1st century, if not earlier. Pieces from the central Andes have been dated to around that time, and sheets of guanín found in Puerto Rico have been radiocarbon dated to between 70 and 374 AD.

The journal of Bartolomé de las Casas made during the third voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1498 relates that Columbus had heard reports from local peoples that "there had come to Española from the south and south-east, a black people who have the tops of their spears made of a metal which they call guanín".

A royal bill from 1501 made the sale of guanín illegal in Hispaniola. During the 1520s, it was sometimes used as an alternate currency when coins were scarce. It was used to purchase indigenous slaves in northern South America during this period.

Uses
The Taíno primarily made use of the alloy to produce hammered ceremonial medallions which were also referred to as guanín. These medallions symbolized the social and political power of the cacique, or chief, and were exchanged to celebrate occasions of social importance such as marriages, alliances, and visits among the social elite. Particularly, the exchange of guanín objects during marriage rituals was associated to myths related to gender, creation, and societal renewal.

Guanín was also used to decorate socially valuable guaiza masks.

title: Guanín


text:
Aleksandar Shalamanov

Aleksandar Stefanov Shalamanov (Александър Cтефанов Шаламанов; 4 September 1941 – 25 October 2021) was a football player and professional alpine skier and is known as the only Bulgarian who has participated in the Winter Olympics (as an alpine skier in 1960) and in the FIFA World Cup. The 1964 Summer Olympics saw him as a reserve player of the volleyball team, but he did not play in a match.

Shalamanov began his career as a defender with CSKA Sofia in 1960–61, but moved to Slavia Sofia in 1961 to remain there until 1974, when he retired after 263 matches in the Bulgarian Championship, three Bulgarian Cup trophies (1963, 1964 and 1966) and a Cup Winners' Cup semi-final in 1967.Shalamanov has twice been selected Best Bulgarian Footballer, in 1963 and 1966, and twice Best Bulgarian Sportsman, in 1967 and 1973. He has 42 caps for the Bulgaria national team, with which he participated in the 1966 and 1970 World Cups.

On 26 October 2021, a day after his death, the team announced that the Slavia Sofia's stadium would be renamed in his honor to Aleksandar Shalamanov Stadium.

Personal life
Shalamanov's son, Stefan Shalamanov (b. 1970), went on to become an alpine skier, and represented Bulgaria in two events at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada.

title: Aleksandar Shalamanov


text:
Talk:Tigerland

16 mm
It is on the interweb: shot in 16 mm not 35 mm. Also you can tell by viewing, it looks like sh- I mean, like very old film, like, from 1957. Plus maybe they did some freaky thing with the color process, in the first minutes with vehicles on the road the light against the trees looks like cross processed or whatever. --88.74.183.182 (talk) 20:30, 27 January 2011 (UTC) I don't know what they did with it, maybe a yellow filter, anyway, everything is green and orange. Even the white is green! --88.75.231.175 (talk) 16:44, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tigerland


text: User talk:70.81.136.241

title: User talk:70.81.136.241


text:
Marcus Williams (tight end)

Marcus A. Williams Jr. (born December 12, 1977) is a former American football tight end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for one season with the Oakland Raiders. Signed to the Raiders' active roster in 2002, Williams' career came to an abrupt end due to injuries sustained from being punched by teammate Bill Romanowski during the 2003 training camp. Williams subsequently sued Romanowski and won over $300,000 in damages.

Early life and college career
Born in Oakland, California, Williams graduated from Berkeley High School in nearby Berkeley. He began his college football career at the junior college level at Laney College in Oakland in 1997. After two seasons at Laney, Williams transferred to Washington State University, where he majored in humanities and played for the Washington State Cougars in 1999 and 2000 under head coach Mike Price. At Washington State, Williams played at wide receiver and had 61 receptions for 1,086 yards and eight touchdowns.

Pro career
Williams was not selected in the 2001 NFL Draft. The Indianapolis Colts signed Williams as a free agent on April 27, 2001, and released him on August 27. On December 5, 2001, the Oakland Raiders signed Williams to the practice squad.

The Raiders designated Williams to the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe on February 11, 2002. Due to a back injury, Williams sat out the first two weeks of the NFL Europe season. On week three, Williams was reassigned to the Frankfurt Galaxy, and he made his debut on April 27 against the Scottish Claymores. Williams played five games off the bench at tight end, during which he had one reception, a two-yard touchdown. On September 28, 2002, Williams signed with the Oakland Raiders, playing 14 games off the bench and making 11 special teams tackles during a season when the Raiders won the AFC title. His season ended on January 23, 2003, when he was placed on injured reserve.

During training camp on August 24, 2003, teammate Bill Romanowski took Williams' helmet off and punched him in the face, breaking his left eye socket and chipping a tooth. Williams was again placed on injured reserve, and he filed a civil lawsuit against Romanowski in Alameda County Superior Court in October 2003. On March 22, 2005, a jury awarded Williams $340,000, specifically $300,000 for the salary that Williams would have made in 2003 and $40,000 for medical expenses. Romanowski paid Williams an additional $75,000 settlement on May 27 that year.

title: Marcus Williams (tight end)


text:
Proletarian Liberation Party

Proletarian Liberation Party (in Portuguese: Partido da Libertação Proletária) was a political party in Brazil. It was formed in 1989 by the Coletivos Gregório Bezerra, a dissident group of the Brazilian Communist Party. The founders of PLP opposed the support by PCB and other left formations for the candidacy of Lula da Silva in the presidential elections.

PLP oriented itself towards Trotskyism.

In 1994 PLP merged into the PSTU.

title: Proletarian Liberation Party


text:
Prairie River (Wisconsin)

The Prairie River is a tributary of the Wisconsin River in north-central Wisconsin in the United States. It is about 40 mi (65 km) long. Via the Wisconsin River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

Course
The Prairie River flows from Horseshoe Lake in northwestern Langlade County and follows a generally southwestward course through southeastern Lincoln County to the city of Merrill, where it joins the Wisconsin River.

In an effort to restore trout habitat, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources removed two dams on the Prairie River in Lincoln County in the 1990s, making the river free-flowing for its entire course.

title: Prairie River (Wisconsin)


text: User talk:216.115.123.42

title: User talk:216.115.123.42


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mickey Says

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 17:21, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Mickey Says
Toy of minor popularity (Google lists only 34 pages containing "Mickey Says" and "Milton Bradley"). tregoweth 22:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 22:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 02:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Trifon Ivanov

Trifon Marinov Ivanov (Трифон Маринов Иванов; 27 July 1965 – 13 February 2016) was a Bulgarian professional footballer who played as a defender.

Ivanov made his debut for Bulgaria in 1988, earning 76 caps and scoring 6 goals over a ten-year international career. He appeared in the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, as well as the 1996 UEFA European Championship.

Club career
Ivanov started his career with Etar Veliko Tarnovo. He made his first team debut during the 1983–84 A Group season, and established himself as a regular player two years later. Ivanov played 62 games and scored 7 goals for Etar in the A Group.

After five seasons at Etar, Ivanov joined CSKA Sofia where he won two A Group titles, one Bulgarian Cup, and one Bulgarian Supercup. He made his debut in a 5–1 home league win over Botev Vratsa on 13 August 1988. Ivanov scored his first goal for the club on 12 October, in a 7–1 thumping of Sliven.

In January 1991, Ivanov transferred to La Liga-side Real Betis. He finished the season with 5 goals in 20 matches, but Betis were relegated to Segunda División. Whilst at Betis, he spent time out on loan at his previous clubs Etar and CSKA, before joining Swiss club Neuchâtel Xamax on a permanent basis in 1993.

In 1995, Ivanov signed with Rapid Wien, where he was a losing finalist in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. With Rapid he won one Austrian Bundesliga-title.

International career
Ivanov's international distinctions included being a member of the Bulgaria national football team that reached the fourth place in the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States. He also participated in the UEFA Euro 1996 in England. Ivanov's goal against Russia on 10 September 1997, in the qualifiers for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France, was the one that clinched Bulgarian qualification. Ivanov scored six goals in 76 caps in the course of ten years with the national side.

Ivanov was famous for his long-range shots and free-kicks at goal. In Euro 96 particularly, he had a number of 40–45 yards shots at goal narrowly missing the target.

Death
Ivanov died of a heart attack on 13 February 2016.

Legacy
In 2013, a Brazilian amateur tournament was named after him.

International

 * Scores and results list Bulgaria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ivanov goal.

Honours
CSKA Sofia
 * Bulgarian A Group: 1988–89, 1989–90, 1991–92
 * Bulgarian Cup: 1988–89
 * Bulgarian Supercup: 1989

Rapid Wien
 * Austrian Bundesliga: 1995–96
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: runner-up 1995–96

Bulgaria
 * FIFA World Cup fourth place: 1994

title: Trifon Ivanov


text:
Heathen Front

The Allgermanische Heidnische Front (AHF) was an international neo-Nazi organisation, active during the late 1990s and early 2000s, that espoused a form of racial Germanic Neopaganism. It grew from the Norsk Hedensk Front (NHF), which was claimed to be led and founded by the musician Varg Vikernes in 1993, although he and the organisation denied it. The program was based on his first book, Vargsmål (1994), published shortly after he was convicted for church arson and the murder of fellow musician Euronymous.

Formation and Vikernes association
Norsk Hedensk Front (Norwegian Heathen Front) was founded in 1993. Its program was based on Vargsmål (1994), a book by Norwegian black metal musician Varg Vikernes. It was written shortly after he was convicted for church arson and the murder of Euronymous as a rebuttal to the media. Swedish scholar Matthias Gardell states in his 2003 book Gods of the Blood that Vikernes launched the Heathen Front through which he advocated "national socialism, anti-Semitism, eugenics and racist paganism." The Encyclopedia of White Power (2000) said that Vikernes was the "self-proclaimed leader" of the Norwegian Heathen Front and the historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke mentioned that Vikernes underlined "his role as chieftain of his Norwegian Heathen Front" with the writing of Vargsmål, "formulat[ing] his heathen ideology using material from Norse mythology combined with occult National Socialism". As of 1999, Heathen Front's website was selling Vargsmål.

The Heathen Front denied that Vikernes was in charge. According to the 2003 book Lords of Chaos, Vikernes' direct involvement with the group is difficult to ascertain, and speculated that the denial may have been to protect him, as Norwegian prisoners were prohibited from leading political groups. In addition, the organization's listed address was the same PO box Vikernes used in prison, which the authors state would have made it "very hard for him [Vikernes] to do an effective job" at leading the organization, as all letters would have been screened by the prison personnel. In a 2009 interview with Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet, Vikernes stated: "I have never formed or been a member of such organisations".

International spread

The Norwegian Heathen Front soon became the Allgermanische Heidnische Front (AHF), a network of organizations in different countries. The Swedish Heathen Front (Svensk Hednisk Front) was a small group formed around 1996. The German chapter, Deutsche Heidnische Front, was founded in 1998 by Hendrik Möbus. In 2001, the AHF claimed chapters in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the United States, Canada, Russia and Flanders. There was also a short-lived English Heathen Front closely associated during its inception with the British Movement but later linked by Searchlight, the anti-fascist monthly, to Tom Gowers, an officer of the British National Party based in the East Midlands, and to the militant odinist group Woden's Folk.

Ideology
The organization described its specific ideas as "Odalism", derived from the rune Odal (ᛟ). This movement rejected conventional academic research on history and archaeology, instead interpreting Germanic mythology as esoterically transmitted via ancestry.

The Heathen Front espoused neo-Nazism, white supremacism and antisemitism. A 2001 report by the Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism describes the Svensk Hednisk Front (Swedish Heathen Front – SHF) as "an emerging Nazi organization" with an ideology blending "Odinism, anti-Christianity and antisemitism."

Closure
The organisation with time became a forum for neo-Nazis and heathen nationalists. In 2005 the Allgermanische Heidnische Front was closed down. Its members spread to other organisations.

title: Heathen Front