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User talk:Buddy Foote

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Meelar (talk) 17:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

User:Buddy Foote
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Buddy Foote), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 05:58, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buddy Foote


text:
User talk:Veemonjosh

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Meelar (talk) 17:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Veemonjosh


text:
User:Maite~enwiki

Hola my nombre es Maite Morales, soy de salta, Argentina...no has conocido mi provincia!? k estas esperando??? salta esta ubicada en la region noroeste de Argentina, el clima es muy agradable, tenemos desde el clima subtropical hasta desierto....valles, selvas, desiesto, semidesierto y cordilleras....es un paraiso que te esta esperando.....no lo olvides!!!!! salta te espera todo el año.... ==

title: User:Maite~enwiki


text: User talk:207.74.25.131

title: User talk:207.74.25.131


text:
Talk:Kernel (matrix)

untitled
Can somebody make a multi-dimesional example here? (more than one free variable....)

I am for the idea of merging this article (Null Space), with Kernel -- minghan 15:23, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I would prefer to have kernel (mathematics) continue to focus on the more general case while this article addresses the restricted case of kernels of matrix operators in linear algebra. Deco 02:33, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Changed my mind. This article presents itself as the same concept as kernels, so a merge is warranted. Deco 02:35, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * A slight philosophical difference is that a matrix is not a map, whereas a linear transformation is, even though the two are commonly identified. The null space of a matrix refers to what would be the kernel if we thought of it as a linear transformation.  Whether the articles are written this way, I don't know, but I think that at least in theory, the two should be considered separate concepts, that you realize are the same after a little bit of thinking.

Hmmm. I still suggest that the merge discussion be centralized in kernel (mathematics). — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 02:57, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Division by Zero
"Nullity" should no longer redirect here, since it appears that someone has managed to solve the "divide by zero problem"... and the solution is called Nullity. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2006/12/06/divide_zero_feature.shtml) Medevilenemy 19:24, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No offense, but that "solution" is total bullcrap. --Wo o ty Woot? contribs 09:54, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not Wikipedia's job to decide whether a theory is correct or not. Leave that to discussion within the mathematics community and related journals. See the note at the bottom of WP:NOR. --Tjohns  ✎ 12:03, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think discussion regarding this should take place over at Talk:Nullity. --Tjohns  ✎ 12:00, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Major revision
I just posted a major revision to this page, and I added the WikiProject Mathematics template above. Jim 03:06, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * That is not an "expansion" as your edit summary says, but a "limitation" to the special case of a finite dimensional linear operator. The definition is much wider than for matrices only. −Woodstone 06:05, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I don't agree that the introduction to the article should focus on the general case like this. Here's why: In an attempt to resolve this disagreement, I've created an article called kernel (linear algebra) that discusses the general case, and added a disambig template to the top of this article. Jim 18:45, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) The null space of a matrix is an important idea, and most of the article is devoted to it.  Null spaces of matrices are central to elementary linear algebra, and I think they deserve their own article.
 * 2) Introducing null spaces in the context of general operators makes the article less accessible to a general audience.
 * 3) For general linear operators, the null space is more often referred to as the kernel.

 * You are missing the point again. Linear algebra is not the general case. Also non-linear operators can have a null space. Did you notice that there are already quite many "kernel (something)" articles? Why add another one. In my opinion the titles should be reversed from your idea. Null space is generic. The "Matrix" case is quite specific and should have an appropriate title if you insist on splitting it from the generic one. −Woodstone 07:09, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I've ever heard of anyone talk about the null space of a nonlinear operator. Most of the time people use the word "operator" to mean "linear operator", and even in that case the "null space" is most commonly called the "kernel".  My experience has been that the word "null space" is used most of the time to talk about the null space of a matrix.

 * Google backs me up on this. There are 476,000 results for "null space", of which 347,000 involve the word "matrix", and 413,000 involve either the word "matrix" or the word "linear".  The remaining hits don't particularly seem to be about the null space of a nonlinear operator.

 * The Math World article on null spaces restricts to "linear transformations", as does the Merriam-Webster definition. I looked at the Wikipedia articles that link to "Null space", and I didn't notice any that have to do with nonlinear operators.

 * I like the current organization of the articles on null space and kernel (linear algebra), but if you strongly object to then we could describe our disagreement on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics, and ask what the other members think. Jim 17:17, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Since you've reverted the introduction again, I've asked for an outside opinion from Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics. (Those coming from the outside should take a look at the current version and previous version of the introduction.) Jim 01:18, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't believe the set of solutions of $$f(x)=0$$ for a general f is called null space. It's only called a null space if f is linear. I think it's called a kernel if f preserves the relevant algebraic structure, and the expression for the general situation is zero set.
 * I'm not so sure about having separate articles on null space (of matrices) and kernel (linear algebra) (of linear operators). There is a big overlap and I'm not convinced that the article would be less accessible if we were to treat linear operators here, provided that we do introduce null spaces for matrices first and that we delineate the more abstract parts which rely on identifying matrices with linear operators. If we do decide to have separate articles, then I think they should be linked more than by just a note at the top. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 02:24, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

The introduction in terms of a matrix looks better to me, more accessible. It's OK to have a separate matrix-oriented article, and a separate operator-oriented article, with more of a functional analysis and algebra flavor (not the college lower division linear algebra). These really serve distinct audiences. I am not sure if the kernel vs nullspace nomenclature has anything to do with this distinction - they are exactly the same to me - so perhaps some renaming is in order. And, yes, I agree with Jitse Niesen that both refer to linear operators only. By the way, computing the basis of the nullspace of a matrix by means of elementary transformation as done in the article now and in undergraduate textbooks is unfortunate and of (perhaps) a didactic value only because of numerical stability problems; practical computation should be done via QR decomposition or better SVD, like in Matlab function null. Jmath666 04:34, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that there's a problem with presenting only the row reduction perspective, and I've been trying to figure out how to deal this problem for many different linear algebra articles (c.f. column space, row space, Euclidean subspace, and system of linear equations.) On the one hand, row reduction is the standard algorithm given in most introductions to linear algebra;  on the other hand, it apparently has serious numerical stability problems, making it relatively useless for practical applications.  See Talk:System of linear equations for more discussion about this issue. Jim 20:45, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I did not say there is a problem with row reduction as opposed to columns; there is a problem with the reduction approach at all. This results in unfortunate engineers who try to implement those naive methods out of the book in software. But the educational establishment deems it important so students are subjected to it. Hence it has a place on Wikipedia where those students may look. If I have time I may add a paragraph here about computing the nullspace in a numerically sound manner. Yes the issues in solving systems are similar, but simpler. See also the paragraph on numerical computation in Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse. For example Trefethen-Bau ISBN 978-0898713619 do not even consider Gaussian elimination (a.k.a. reduction) for anything and start with QR. Matlab switched from QR to SVD (more expensive but more reliable) for things like the nullspace many years ago; reduction methods are not even a remote consideration for many decades now if reliability is important. Jmath666 04:48, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, we seem to be miscommunicating. I was agreeing with you—by "row reduction" I mean Gaussian elimination, or any method that involves elementary row and/or column operations.  I'm calling it "row reduction" just because it's usually done with rows in introductory courses.  I know about the numerical problems with reduction, and I've been trying to figure out how this should be reflected in the articles on elementary linear algebra.  See my last post. Jim 09:07, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure we need a separate article kernel (linear algebra) next to kernel (algebra), but if kept, there should be cross references. --Lambiam 08:58, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * See also Reference desk/Archives/Mathematics/2007 August 12. --Lambiam 09:05, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Even if I understand that matrices are more common use, nullspace does not only concern finite dimensional spaces, and not only real vector spaces (in particular, complex matrices and matrices over finite fields are also widely used). Hence the definition, at least, should not restrict the term to such a particular situation. Moreover, in the article, the term matrix is used in place of "real matrix", leading to strange assertions like "The null space of an m × n matrix is a subspace of Rn".Also,the introduction of the term "Euclidean space" is misleading: Why should the natural metrics be taken into account? This is particularly funny if A is used to define a quadratic form associated to a non-Euclidean distance. Should we consider that the isotropic subspace of a quadratic form is an Eucldiean subspace??? pom 21:33, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What's happening is that I'm trying to make this article as accessible as possible to non-mathematicians (e.g. second-year students in an introductory linear algebra course). The most basic case of a matrix is a real matrix, so this is what gets talked about in the article.  Jmath666 has now implemented a partial solution to this problem (see below).

 * Also, "Euclidean space" is used here as a general synonym for Rn, primarily because Euclidean space is currently the main article on n-dimensional space. It's possible that "coordinate space" would be better terminology, but the article on coordinate space is currently written from a more general standpoint, and real coordinate space is a redirect to Euclidean space.  (There's also a very odd article entitled n-dimensional space which should probably be merged with Euclidean space, but could alternatively be developed into a main article on n dimensions.) Jim 05:19, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Taxipom. Thanks to the references to Euclidean space, it is proving very difficult indeed to work out how much of the article applies to, say, matrices containing complex values, or over finite fields. This is most certainly not "as accessible as possible", it is extremely confusing. 92.30.174.205 (talk) 23:09, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

Renaming proposed
In view of the discussion above I propose there should be with proper redirects from the matching variants of nullspace, and a dab page. Each with distinct audience and at a distinct level. For example, referring to the post by Taxipom, the words "natural metric" and all considerations that follow will make no sense whatsoever to a typical 2nd year US college student who just takes a first course in linear algebra and wants to use wikipeda to look up something. While it would be all fine and of interest to a grown mathematician or a student in a classical, pure math oriented program. Or... maybe I'll just be bold do it and see if anyone objects. Jmath666 04:12, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * kernel (linear algebra), including elementary linear algebra and numerical linear algebra aspects (this article)
 * kernel (functional analysis), or operator theory (relating/including Fredholm theory etc)
 * kernel (algebra) (as is now, perhaps incorporating kernel (operator theory))

Done, Kernel (mathematics) is the main article now and everything is links to/from there. Hopefully it makes more sense now. This article, now called Kernel (matrix) is about matrices only and more abstract stuff belongs elsewhere. Jmath666 04:56, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I really like this suggestion. However, I think that null space (matrix) would be a better title for this article than kernel (matrix).  "Null space" is the terminology used in most 2nd-year linear algebra books, and "null space of a matrix" returns twenty times as many Google hits as "kernel of a matrix". Would you object if I moved the page? Jim 05:03, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * There are Null space (matrix) and also Nullspace (matrix) namely redirects to Kernel (matrix). If you want to switch it around, you will need the help of an admin to delete the redirect page first. Also Kernel (matrix) is consistent with Kernel (mathematics). I do not think it is a big deal either way, do what you think is right. Jmath666 07:37, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * (edit conflict)
 * There seem to have been some renames/redirects already, but I lost track. However, redirecting "null space" to "kernel (matrix)" is very wrong. The concept of null space is much wider than as only applied to matrices. I agree with redirecting all "null space" articles to corresponding "kernel" articles. But the bare "kernel" article should have a fully generic definition and can then descend into or refer to specific cases, e.g. for matrices. Especially so, because the general definition is in no way more complex than the specialised one. −Woodstone 05:05, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes there is already a bare "kernel" article, namely the main article Kernel (mathematics) and it does exactly as you say. Perhaps Nullspace should redirect there, so I have done that now too. Thanks for noticiting. Feell free to change whatever you like. Jmath666 07:37, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

This is a mistake. A linear transformation has a kernel. A matrix is not a linear transformation so it does not have a kernel. There is a lot of slop in the literature about this, but if you go back to basics you will find this to be true. In particular, a matrix may represent a linear transformation in more than one way, so it is intrinsically nonsensical to refer to its "kernel". There is a perfectly good term for for the null space, namely "null space". This page should at least have a correct definition and only then cite Kernel (linear algebra). Zaslav (talk) 07:53, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

Proof that A Q2 = 0
I am sure this is very obvious to most of you but I was curious to see at the end of the article a method for computing the null space using QR factorization. I am not a mathematician myself but was wondering what is the proof that A Q2 = 0? It may be staring me in the face but I don't see it at the moment, I am sure it is correct as I tried the method using SciLab and it worked very nicely. --Rhoddydog (talk) 17:35, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

PS I just realized why A Q2 = 0, for those who might be interested: multiply both sides of A^T P = [Q1 Q2] [R 0]^T by [Q1 Q2]^T (since Q is orthogonal) and multiply out the resulting expression, one of the results is A Q2 = 0. --Rhoddydog (talk) 10:05, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

" multiply both sides of " --> "left multiply both sides of ..." --Mangledorf (talk) 15:29, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Split Left Nullspace
Can I remove the paragraph from this page and put it on a separate "left nullspace" page? It's nice when you search for something if you just get the information you want instead of a whole bunch of other stuff.daviddoria (talk) 15:46, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Relation to eigenvalues
Hi there,

I thought it would be nice if there would be a section explaining the relation between the nullspace and the eigenvalues/eigenvectors of the matrix.

As far as I know, the dimension of the nullspace (nullity?) of a matrix is equal to the amount of eigenvectors with eigenvalue 0. And the nullspace is spanned by these vectors, too. Drugbird (talk) 07:56, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Using RRE to calculate Nullspace
The current algorithm given using RRE to find a nullspace has a step "Interpreting the reduced row echelon form as a homogeneous linear system" and then "determine which of the variables are free". That's a bit of a stretch for someone who is just learning how to calculate nullspace. I'd suggest a more concrete algorithm for it, like the following:

 * 1) If the input matrix is wider than it is tall, pad zero rows to make it square.
 * 2) Put the matrix in RRE form keeping the pivots along the diagonal.
 * 3) If the matrix is taller than it is wide, crop the lower rows to make it square (they will all be zero rows if the RRE was done correctly).
 * 4) Subtract the identity matrix.

That produces a null space basis from the non zero columns of the result. It is simple, uses RRE, and doesn't require the "now write out tons of expressions and modify them" step. Antares5245 (talk) 06:37, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

LQ Factorization
It seems that using the LQ factorization would be faster at finding the null space than the QR factorization, since we can apply it directly to the matrix $A$ instead of to $A^T$. LAPACK has routines for computing the LQ factorization as well.Vinzklorthos (talk) 15:13, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Also, I have heard that QR is faster than SVD (presumably, LQ would be faster as well). The reason to use SVD relates to the possibility that the matrix does not have full row rank, i.e., at least one row is a linear combination of other rows; if the matrix is a constraint matrix in an optimization problem, then the matrix can be reduced and still yield an equivalent problem. SVD would catch this by having more zero singular values, but QR or LQ would only indicate this by having a degenerate R or L matrix, and this would have to be checked. Using SVD allows the user to not worry about this. In conclusion, as I understand, if the user knows the matrix has full row rank, then it is faster to use an LQ factorization of $A$ (or a QR factorization of $A^T$).Vinzklorthos (talk) 15:13, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Numerical computation of null space
I have completely rewritten, and renamed this section into "Computation of the null space in a computer". In fact, the previous version did not respect WP:NPOV by supposing that every numerical computation is a floating-point computation, which is a blatant mistake. On the other hand I have removed the large part of the section devoted to specific numerical algorithms, because it is outside the scope of this article. In fact, null space computation is a special instance of solving a homogeneous linear system. Deciding which algorithm is the best in each case is a highly technical matter, whose answer depend on various parameters of the input matrix (its structure) as well as the architecture (cache(s), vectorization, number of cores, size of the memory, ...) of the computer. Implementing a high performance linear algebra package is yet a research project for a whole team! Thus the questions, that were addressed in the part that I have removed, have not their place here but in an article high performance liner algebra, yet to write. Also the suppressed part presented a single algorithm as the state of the art. This is WP:OR --D.Lazard (talk) 16:42, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:16, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kernel (matrix)


text:
User talk:Lumines

Hello, ! I'm ulayiti, and I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions, and I hope you'll like the place enough to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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When commenting on talk pages or voting, you should always sign your name by typing in four tildes (~~~~). This way people will know who made the comment and can respond to you. If you have any questions at all, feel free to ask me on my talk page. You can also have a look at the help pages or put up a question at the village pump. Welcome to Wikipedia, and happy editing! - ulayiti (talk)  17:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Tsundere
I have nominated Tsundere, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Tsundere&. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 22:53, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lumines


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text:
Leglock

A leglock is a joint lock that is directed at joints of the leg such as the ankle, knee or hip joint. A leglock which is directed at joints in the foot is sometimes referred to as a foot lock and a lock at the hip as a hip lock. Leglocks are featured, with various levels of restrictions, in combat sports and martial arts such as Sambo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, catch wrestling, mixed martial arts, Shootwrestling and submission wrestling, but are banned in some sports featuring joint locks such as judo. The technique has been seen across a wide range of different combat sports and is reportedly over 2,500 years old, having been seen in the lost art of Pankration in the original Olympic Games.

As with other jointlocks, leglocks are more effective with full body leverage. Some attack the large joints of the knee or hip and involve utilizing leverage to counteract the larger muscle groups, while others directly attack ligaments in the knee or the smaller joint of the ankle. Leglocks can involve control positions such as the inside leg triangle or leg knot to maintain control while applying the attack or transitioning between two attacks, though they and some other control positions are banned in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu competition. Some other leglock control positions have been adopted into modern BJJ and submission grappling competitions as "guards" such as the snake guard, one-legged X-guard, and 50/50 Guard, where they are used for both leglocks and to reverse into dominant positions from the bottom.

In training or sparring, leglocks are applied in a slow and controlled manner, and are often not hyperextended such as in the case of the comparatively dangerous heel hook. Instead, submission is signalled before the lock is fully applied. In self-defense application, or when applied improperly or with excessive force, leglocks can cause muscle, tendon and ligament damage, even dislocation or bone fractures.

Some examples of the many types of leglocks are found below.

Kneebar
A kneebar (also known as legbar, kneelock or hiza-juji-gatame) is a leglock that can hyperextend the knee. The basic kneebar technique is similar to that of an armbar. The practitioner will trap the opponent's leg in between their legs and secure the leg with their arms so the opponent's kneecap points towards the body. The practitioner then applies pressure with their hips, forcing the opponent's leg to straighten, hyperextending the knee joint. A variation of the kneebar is similarly accomplished, but instead of holding the leg with the hands, the practitioner will trap the opponent's foot behind one armpit. The practitioner will then apply pressure using their upper body as well and their hips, yielding a greater amount of force applied to the knee, therefore rendering the lock much more difficult to escape before tissue or ligament damage occurs. Alternatively, if the practitioner is gripping low enough with both hands on the ankle and calf/shin of the opponent, the practitioner can cross one leg over and use it to press down as a leg triangle around the opponent's knee/thigh/patella/femur, making the hold more secure and allowing the practitioner to strike the opponent's groin or pin down/push away the opponent's other leg with the practitioner's non-crossed leg.

Ankle lock
An ankle lock (occasionally referred to as a shin lock) is a leglock that is applied to any of the joints in the ankle, typically by hyperextending the talocrural joint through plantar hyperflexion. Ankle locks are often applied in a manner which simultaneously causes a compression lock to the achilles tendon, and sometimes also to the calf muscle.

Straight ankle lock
The straight ankle lock (depending on how it is performed is known in judo as an akiresuken-gatame or ashi-hishigi) is what is usually thought of as an ankle lock. It is typically performed using the legs to isolate one of the opponent's legs, and placing the opponent's foot in the armpit, while holding the foot with the forearm at the lower part of the opponent's calf, usually at the achilles tendon. By leveraging the hips forward, the foot becomes forcefully plantar flexed, hence creating a potent joint lock on the ankle. The forearm serves as a fulcrum in the leveraging, and may cause severe pressure on the achilles tendon, especially when the bony parts of the forearm are used. Such a straight ankle lock is sometimes referred to as an "achilles lock".

Toe hold
A toe hold (also known as ashi-dori-garami in judo) involves using the hands to hyperextend and/or hyperrotate the ankle, typically by grabbing the foot near the toes, and twisting or pushing the foot while controlling the opponent's leg. A common type of toe hold is the figure-four toe hold, where a figure-four hold is used to hold the opponent's foot. This type of toe hold is performed by holding the foot by the toes with one hand, and putting the other hand under the opponent's achilles tendon, and grabbing the wrist. By controlling the opponent's body, and using the hands to plantar flex the foot either straight or slightly sideways, hence putting considerable torque on the ankle. The toe hold can also be applied in a similar position as an ankle lock.

Heel hook
A heel hook is a leg lock affecting multiple joints, and is applied by transversely twisting the foot either medially or laterally. The torsional force puts severe torque on the ankle, which in turn transfers torque to the knee.

There are several variations of heel hooks, with the most typical being performed by placing the legs around a leg of an opponent, and holding the opponent's foot in the armpit on the same side. The legs are used to control the movement of the opponent's body while the opponent's foot is twisted by holding the heel with the forearm, and using the whole body to generate a twisting motion, hence creating severe medial torque on the ankle. A similar heel hook can be performed by holding the opponent's foot in the opposite armpit, and twisting it laterally; a move which is referred to as an inverted, reverse or inside heel hook.

Many practitioners considered the heel hook to be a dangerous leg lock, with a high rate of injury, especially to ligaments in the knee. As a result, many popular figures in the grappling world do not believe that heel hooks should be taught to beginners. Despite being a very old technique, the heel hook is illegal in many forms of competitive grappling and was at one point completely banned in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under IBJJF rules, but this was changed for advanced competitors as of 2021. Today there are several exceptions to this, most notably the advanced categories of competition Brazilian jiu-jitsu and Sambo.

Calf crush
A calf crush or calf slicer (also known as calf cutter, knee slicer, or knee separator), known in judo as hiza-hishigi, is a technique wherein one compresses their opponent's leg (heel to butt) while placing one's forearm or shin behind the knee to crush the calf muscle while potentially separating the knee joint. As with biceps slicers, there is a common misconception that this technique causes only pain. Calf locks can cause very serious injuries to the knee as well as damaging the calf muscle, and caution should be a priority when finishing the lock.

title: Leglock


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bonny M

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Boney M. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:06, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Bonny M
Most likely as misspelling of Boney M (page history supports this), which already has its own article. Delete - Pc13 17:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Boney M. KeithD (talk) 21:04, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ra-Ra-Redirect. Jkelly 00:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Rdirect if there is such a thing, under WP:CSD A1. --Kgf0 18:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bonny M


text:
Category talk:String instruments

Trimming down on redundant categories?
There are now over 300 articles in String Instruments, almost all of which do (or could) fit into one of the sub-categories. Is it going to bother anyone if I (and anyone who can help) just start removing the "Strings Instruments" cat from any article which already falls under an existing subcategory of "String Instruments"? As it is now, you can't even see all the subcategories on one page. MatthewVanitas (talk) 19:07, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Would anyone object if I moved this to Category:Stringed instruments? Please respond at Talk:String instrument. —Michael Z. 2005-10-10 18:42 Z

"Chordophones"
"Chordophones" means the same as "string instruments." This should not be a subcat of "Chordophones"; this cat should be a subcat of "Musical instruments." Badagnani (talk) 19:54, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

I was kind of wondering what the overall intent of the two separate categories (Stringed Instruments vs. Chordophones) is. Is it that "String Instrument" groups instruments by cultural or historical families (Lutes, Banjos, Guitars), while "Chordophones" groups them by technical/organological categories?

There seems to be a bit of spillover, in that "Drumhead lutes" and "Short-necked bowl lutes" are listed under "String Instruments". Should, for example, "Drumhead lutes" be changed to "Banjos" and only the instruments historically related/descended from the American plantation banjo be put into that category? If that category starts including anything with a vibrating membrane soundboard, then it's really more a technical issues than a historical one.

In whatever case, the String Instrument categorization really needs some work. I got over 100 instruments moved into subcategories, which got the overall category down to a single page, but I did get some dispute with folks on a few instruments that they didn't think should be sub-categorized (Kora, Washtub Bass, etc).

Ideally, I'd say that "String Instruments" should sub-categorize as many instruments as possible (in some cases, in more than one sub-cat), with the only difficult-to-categorize instruments cluttering up the main cat page. Thoughts? MatthewVanitas (talk) 08:54, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:String instruments


text: User talk:Marmot544

title: User talk:Marmot544


text:
User talk:Metalking~enwiki

My rules of discussion
 * The discussion takes place where it started.
 * I am the one who censores and deletes.
 * No provocating and insulting etc.
 * --Metalking 17:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Metalking~enwiki


text:
George Gliddon

George Robbins Gliddon (1809 – November 16, 1857) was an English-born American Egyptologist. He worked as a United States vice-consul in Egypt and assisted Muhammad Ali Pasha's plans to modernize Egypt by attaining sugar, rice, and other mills from the United States. In 1841, he became frustrated with Pasha's destruction of archaeological sites and wrote Appeal to the Antiquaries of Europe on the Destruction of the Monuments of Egypt.

Gliddon worked with Samuel George Morton to define the race and physical type of the ancient Egyptians, published in the article Crania Aegyptiaca, one of several publications that Gliddon worked on. He created interest in the field of Egyptology through his lectures in the United States, including the Panorama of the Nile with Egyptian mummies.

Early life and career
He was born in 1809 in St Thomas, Devonshire, England, the son of cousins Eleanor Gliddon and John G. Gliddon. His father a banker in London. Shortly after his birth, the Gliddons moved to Malta and lived there eight years. His father worked in the trade business. During that time, Gliddon's three sisters were born, Ellen, Johanna, and Emma. His father was a merchant and United States consular agent at Alexandria. Gliddon spent the rest of his childhood in Egypt. He returned to England for his education, after which he worked in Glasgow at a counting house, but did not stay there long.

Gliddon returned to Egypt by 1829, and worked for his father who was director of the Alexandrian Insurance Company. John was also promoted to consul, for the only consulate office in Egypt at that time. He became a United States vice-consul in the new consulate office in Cairo, subordinate to the office in Alexandria, beginning September 11, 1833. He was appointed to the position by his father.

He took a great interest in Egyptian antiquities. Father and son, in a quest for commercial enterprises between Egypt and America, developed relationships with Americans traveling to Egypt, including Sarah Rogers and Richard K. Haight, for whom he offered a guided trip down the Nile on his boat in the 1830s. In addition to several excursions, Gliddon sought to make American travelers comfortable by offering them lodging in his mansion and performed other favors which led to life-long connections with the Americans. Due to the stellar reviews that Gliddon received, including the actions he took when Cairo was quarantined due to epidemics, his request for the consulate to become an agency independent of Cairo was approved. He co-founded an organization to help foreigners in Egypt in 1836.

He also developed relationships with visiting British people and governmental and other Egyptian leaders. He was friends of Egyptologists Jean-François Champollion, Samuel Birch, and Karl Richard Lepsius. Gliddon assisted Muhammad Ali Pasha's plans to modernize Egypt by suggesting the use of American machinery for mills. Gliddon traveled to the United States in 1836 and contracted for a variety of mills to be used in Egypt, including sugar and rice mills. The consulate office in Cairo was closed in 1840, after which Gliddon discontinued his work on commercial ventures with people in the United States and sailed to England.

Egyptology lectures
Gliddon took a deep interest in the studies of Jean-François Champollion, Ignatius Bonomi, Henry Salt, Howard Vyse, and other Egyptian scholars and explorers. He came to the United States in 1842 and lectured in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, St. Louis, and other places along the east of the Mississippi. He succeeded in attracting attention to the subject of Egyptology. His lectures were published and well-read. Richard K. Haight, sponsored Gliddon's lectures to spread knowledge about ancient Egypt in American cities. Sarah Rogers Haight, his wife, wrote about their travels to Egypt, which also sparked interest. Richard Haight also supported Gliddon as he studied with Egyptian scholars in Europe. Gliddon studied with Samuel Birch, Baron Bunsen, Émile Prisse d'Avennes, Karl Richard Lepsius, and Jean-Antoine Letronne.

Gliddon created a Panorama of the Nile rolling painting show with four Egyptian mummies. In late 1851 he used it during a presentation at the Chinese Museum in Boston. In Philadelphia in 1852 he made souvenirs of the material used to wrap the mummies. Using mummies in presentations sparked interest and attendance at Egytology lectures.

Crania Aegyptiaca
With his father, Gliddon collected mummy skulls for Samuel George Morton, for a total of 137 crania that remained intact after shipping. He collected the skulls from ancient tombs, sepulchral caverns of Egypt, and Cairo's vast necropolis Morton, author of Crania Americana, acquired 100 Egyptian crania specimens. The two men shared many views on human races and ultimately collaborated on their studies and publications.

Gliddon measured and studied the skulls and concluded, like Augustus Granville, that ancient Egyptians were racially European. The result was an elaborate work dedicated to Gliddon and published the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, entitled Crania Aegyptiaca (1844), about the race and physical type of the ancient Egyptians. Their theory, and that of John Speke's, was the reigning opinion of Europeans for some time about Africans of foreign descent—Caucasian, Aryan, Hamitic, Abyssinian, Galla, and Wahuma—which was that,

"all were the progeny of ancient invaders from the Middle East who had conquered Abyssinia and then moved into East Africa, sometimes intermarrying with black Africans, sometimes driving them out, and sometimes ruling over them as a racially separate royal class."

Biblical theory and polygenesis
Gliddon concluded that there were three types of Caucasians—Ham, Shem, and Japheth—based upon on a Biblical perspective (i.e., three sons of Noah). Gliddon and Morton's theories are based upon where the sons and their groups moved to and what indigenous people they came in contact with in their new homelands. The conclusion bolstered the polygenist argument and lead to Louis Agassiz sharing the same opinion and beginning of the "American School" of anthropology.

From his studies of ancient Egyptian monuments and hieroglyphics, Gliddon developed his theory that early ancient Egyptians had been white, and that even in the ancient world there had been distinctly different races. He posited that Whites and Negroes had never changed their racial appearance and features. He believed that neither environment or climate could change a race into another. He rejected Monogenesis, and claimed that the Bible supported Polygenesis. Gliddon believed the differences of the races had been impressed upon them by the Creator himself since the beginning.

Gliddon entered the burgeoning fields of anthropology and ethnology before there was sufficient research to make solid conclusions.

Upon further research, Morton and Gliddon's opinions about Biblical genealogical theory changed, doing away with Hamitic, Japhetic, and Semitic terms to categorize racial and linguistic groups.

Craniology and cephalic index
Gliddon and Morton relied on craniology, evaluating facial angle and volume, to identify racial and linquistic groups. Other race scientists used the cephalic index, which resulted in more groups and greater commonality of skull shapes within those groups. Other elements, often hard to discern, were the gender, age, and whether they had sufficient food to avoid starvation to perform a meaningful study.

Types of mankind
Gliddon went to Mobile, Alabama to work with Josiah C. Nott on their book Types of Mankind. It was a one-year endeavor that included his wife, Anne Gliddon who illustrated the book. It was completed in 1853 and published in 1854.

Evolving views on race of the Egyptians
While originally believing that the Egyptians were purely Caucasian, the authors of Types of Mankind (1854) modified their views based on excavations from earlier dynasties. In their view, the earliest Egyptians were neither Caucasian or Negro but an intermediate Negroid type. However, they still believed that pure Negroes existed in Egypt only as slaves:

"But, while it must be conceded that Negroes, at no time within the reach even of monumental history, have inhabited any of Egypt, save as captives; it may, on the other hand, be equally true, that the ancient Egyptians did present a type intermediate between other African and Asiatic races; and, should such be proved to have been the case, the autocthones of Egypt must cease to be designated by the misnomer of 'Caucasian.'"

In the 19th century the word "Negro" is reserved only for people who display the highest degree of stereotypical black African characteristics, with the suffix oid in "Negroid" making the word literally mean "Negro like". From the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica "It is most convenient, however, to refer to the dark-skinned inhabitants of this zone by the collective term of Negroids, and to reserve the word Negro for the tribes which are considered to exhibit in the highest degree the characteristics taken as typical of the variety."

Samuel Morton addressed several letters to George Gliddon and stated that he modified many of his old views on ancient Egypt believing them to be similar to Barabra but not Negro.

Personal life
For a period of time, Gliddon lived in Bayswater, home to fashionable London socialites who lived a "kind of conjugal experiment". Gliddon was related to Leigh Hunt and his children, his sister Kate was the wife of Thornton Leigh Hunt and Hunt's daughter married George's brother John. Gliddon visitd the house, but never lived there. He was remembered as "that handsome Egyptologist, George Gliddon" by a regular visitor.

Gliddon married his cousin Anne Gliddon, daughter of John Gliddon of Holly Terrace, Highgate, London. They married in Paddington, London in April 1846. Anne was an artist and illustrator. Gliddon and a 17-year-old Henry A. Gliddon went to the United States for another lecture series in major cities like Boston, New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia from October 1846 until August 1848.

The couple had a son, Charles Americus Quarite Gliddon, who was born about 1847 with birth defects. Charles at age 9 traveled with his parents to New York City in 1856.

Later years and death
George Robbins Gliddon was an agent for the Honduras Railroad Company in 1857, hired for his experience opening the Suez or Overland route to India. He took a medical leave of absence and died in his hotel room in Panama of yellow fever on November 16, 1857. He was buried in Panama but later re-interred in Philadelphia at Laurel Hill Cemetery at the instigation of his friend, archaeologist E. G. Squier.

Three years after his death, Anne (52, born in England) and Charles (13, born in England) lived on Long Island in Islip, New York. Charles was a talented artist, who died as a young man in 1872. He was buried in Kensington and Chelsea, London, England. She died in 1878.

Publications
Significant publications

title: George Gliddon


text: User talk:200.30.162.130

title: User talk:200.30.162.130


title: User:Marmot544


text:
Aquila (bird)

Aquila is the genus of true eagles. The genus name is Latin for "eagle", possibly derived from aquilus, "dark in colour". It is often united with the sea eagles, buteos, and other more heavyset Accipitridae, but more recently they appear to be less distinct from the slenderer accipitrine hawks than previously believed. Eagles are not a natural group but denote essentially any bird of prey large enough to hunt sizeable (about 50 cm long or more overall) vertebrate prey.

Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Aquila was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) as the type species. Aquila belongs to a close-knit group of "typical" eagles including genera Hieraaetus, Lophaetus, Ictinaetus and Clanga. This group occurs as a clade within the larger group of "booted" eagles (tribe Aquilini or subfamily Aquilinae).

The plumage of the more basal members of the booted-eagle group, such as Spizaetus and Nisaetus, generally has barred underparts in adults, and is distinctly different in juveniles which have plain, pale underparts. In contrast, within the Aquila–Hieraaetus–Lophaetus clade, adults are generally dark, with juveniles more closely resembling the adults. Hieraaetus species have both dark and light (or "pied") morphs, with the latter having light, unbarred under-parts.

Research in molecular genetics found Aquila and Hieraaetus to be polyphyletic. Between 2005 and 2014, the British Ornithologists' Union included both Bonelli's and the booted eagle in Aquila. Also, Clements' Checklist merged all Hieraetus species into Aquila from 2001 to 2009. The current approach is to keep Hieraaetus as a separate genus, with Bonelli's eagle and the African hawk-eagle moved into Aquila and Wahlberg's eagle moved into Hieraaetus.

The spotted eagles greater spotted eagle, lesser spotted eagle, and Indian spotted eagle (previously Aquila clanga, A. pomarina, A. (p.) hastata) are thought to be genetically closer to Ictinaetus and Lophoaetus than to other Aquila species, and may be placed into a separate genus, Clanga.

Members of Aquila (excluding those moved to Clanga and Hieraaetus, but including A. fasciata/spilogaster) share two deletions in the (nuclear) LDH gene, as well as similarities in mitochondrial cyt-B gene sequence, though one of these deletions is reverted in A. chrysaetos.

Species
The genus Aquila contains 11 species:

Fossil record
Numerous fossil taxa of eagles have been described. Many have been moved to other genera, but several appear to be correctly assigned to this genus:

 * Aquila bullockensis (Middle Miocene)
 * ?Aquila delphinensis (Middle/Late Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
 * ?Aquila pennatoides (Middle/Late Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
 * Aquila sp. (Late Miocene – Late Pliocene of S Europe)
 * Aquila sp. (Early Pliocene of Florida)
 * Aquila bivia (Late Pliocene of S USA)
 * Aquila kurochkini (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
 * Aquila sp. (Middle Pleistocene of Castiglione, Corsica)
 * ?Aquila fossilis (Middle/Late Pleistocene of Monte Reale, Sardinia)
 * Aquila nipaloides (Pleistocene of Sardinia and Corsica)
 * ?Aquila sp. (Late Quaternary, Madagascar)

Whether "Hieraaetus" edwardsi (Middle -? Late Miocene of SW Europe) belongs into Aquila or the hawk-eagles (if the latter are indeed distinct) is unclear. Its initial name, "Aquila" minuta Milne-Edwards, 1871, is preoccupied by a junior synonym of the booted eagle, A. minuta Brehm, 1831.

Not placed in Aquila anymore are:
 * "Aquila" gervaisii – now in Palaeohierax
 * "Aquila" borrasi, "A." sodalis – now in Buteogallus, B. borrasi was long placed in Titanohierax.
 * "Aquila" pliogryps – now in Spizaetus
 * "Aquila" corroyi, "A." depredator, "A." hypogaea, and "A." prisca – now in Aquilavus
 * "Aquila" ferox, "A." lydekkeri – protostrigid owls, now in Minerva.

"Aquila" danana (Snake Creek Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Loup Fork, USA), occasionally placed in Geranoaetus or Buteo, was a bird of prey of unclear relationships.

title: Aquila (bird)


text:
Flag of the British Antarctic Territory

The flag of the British Antarctic Territory was granted on 21 April 1998. It features the coat of arms granted on 1 August 1963, a year after the British Antarctic Territory, a British Overseas Territory, was created. Previously, the Territory was a part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and used the same flag. On 30 May 1969, a blue ensign with the British Antarctic Territory coat of arms in the fly was introduced as a government ensign.

Description
The flag is a white ensign, without a cross, with the Union Flag in the canton, defaced with the coat of arms of the British Antarctic Territory, introduced in 1952. The coat of arms features a lion, representing the United Kingdom, and a penguin, representing the native wildlife. The crest of the coat of arms is the RRS Discovery, which first took Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica as part of the British National Antarctic Expedition in 1901. She is currently a museum ship in Dundee. The motto on the coat of arms is "Research and Discovery".

The official description is as follows:

"Arms: Per fess wavy barry, wavy of six Argent and Azure, and Argent on a Pile Gules, a Torch enflamed proper. Supporters: In Dexter a Lion Or and in Sinister an Emperor Penguin proper upon a compartment divided per pale and representing in Dexter a grassy Mount and in Sinister an ice Floe. Motto: Research and Discovery.

This coat of arms was transferred to the B.A.T. on 1 August 1963, with the addition of helm, crest and mantling:

Mantling: in Dexter Or doubled Gules and in Sinister Argent doubled Azure. Crest: Upon a Wreath of the colours of the Mantling a representation of the research Ship Discovery."

Use and related flags
The flag flies over the British research stations in the Territory and at the headquarters of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge. Vessels of the British Antarctic Survey use a blue ensign defaced with the shield from the coat of arms, which can be seen below. This ensign was introduced by Royal Warrant on 30 May 1969. The flag of the Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory, a position currently held by Ben Merrick, is also seen below.

The flag is the only flag of any British dependency to have ever used the white ensign.

title: Flag of the British Antarctic Territory


text:
Southside (Richmond, Virginia)

The Southside of Richmond is an area of the Metropolitan Statistical Area surrounding Richmond, Virginia. It generally includes all portions of the City of Richmond that lie south of the James River, and includes all of the former city of Manchester. Depending on context, the term "Southside of Richmond" can include some northern areas of adjacent Chesterfield County, Virginia in the Richmond-Petersburg region. With minor exceptions near Bon Air, VA, the Chippenham Parkway forms the border between Chesterfield County and the City of Richmond portions of Southside, with some news agencies using the term "South Richmond" to refer to the locations in Southside located in the city proper.

Definition
Since there is no one municipal organization that represents this specific region, the boundaries are loosely defined as being south of the James River and west of Interstate 95 (formerly Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike) with a southern border extending approximately to Chester, Virginia and extending west along Virginia State Route 288 beltway. Some portions of the Southside of Richmond closest to the downtown area north of the river are also considered part of Downtown Richmond.

North Chesterfield
 Several ZIP codes on the Southside have a preferred place name of "Richmond, Virginia" even though in some cases that land falls under the completely separate municipal authority of Chesterfield County. For example, the 23235 ZIP code (Bon Air) straddles the city-county boundary.

In 2011, the U.S. Postal Service approved Chesterfield County's request to refer to ZIP codes 23224, 23225, 23234, 23235, 23236 and 23237 as "North Chesterfield, VA," when they are in Chesterfield County, even though the Post Office's preferred place name for the entire ZIP code remains as "Richmond, Virginia." The rationale for this change was that some Chesterfield County residents were confused, and paying taxes to the City of Richmond given their street address included a Richmond ZIP code.

Chesterfield residents in the 23235 ZIP code continue to have the option of using "Bon Air" as their preferred place name, although they can also use "North Chesterfield, Virginia 23235" or "Richmond, Virginia 23235."

Early settlements along the river
A primary feature defining the Southside of Richmond is the James River and the limited means to cross it to get to other parts of metro Richmond. The oldest bridge across the James River in Richmond was Mayo Bridge (1788). Before that, commerce was limited to individual enterprises passing their goods in boats, bateau, and ferries over the James River as well as to fixed port areas with tobacco inspection warehouses established north of the river at Shockoe's and south of the river at Warwick.

1600s: Conflicts between English settlements and Native tribes
When the English arrived, there were two main groups of natives occupying Central Virginia, separated by the Fall Line of the James: (1) the Manakins controlled the southern Virginia Piedmont west of the fall line from Richmond to the Blue Ridge Mountains; and (2) the Powhatan Confederacy (led by leader named Wahunsonacock) who controlled land in the Richmond area below the Fall Line towards the Virginia Tidewater region.

The earliest European settlement in the Central Virginia area was in 1611 at Henricus, where the Falling Creek empties into the James River. In 1619, early Virginia Company settlers struggling to establish viable moneymaking industries established the Falling Creek Ironworks. Between 1622 and 1646, a series of generational Anglo-Powhatan Wars resulted in the death of Opchanacanough and the established boundaries on the Powhatan Confederacy. After Bacon's Rebellionin 1676, Cockacoeske signed the Treaty of 1677, and several central Virginia tribes accepted their de facto position as subjects of the British Crown, and gave up their remaining claims to their ancestral land, in return for protection from the remaining hostile tribes and a guarantee of a limited amount of reserved land. The Powhatan Confederacy effectively ended. By 1699, the Manakins/Monacans had abandoned their settlements, and English freely settled land claims in the entire Richmond area. In part to serve as a buffer, the English allotted a large portion of land for French Huguenot refugees to settle in the old Manakin village on the south side of the James River.

1700s: Warwick and River Commerce
After completing prominent construction jobs at the state capitol in Williamsburg, Henry Cary built Ampthill plantation in 1730 near Warwick. From 1750 to 1781, his son Archibald operated Falling Creek Ironworks at Warwick. Owing to port traffic, Warwick Road became a major thoroughfare through Southside for the next two centuries, especially as it enabled passage around the falls at the James.

On the part of the James River west of the Fall Line, the descendants of the 1700 Huguenot refugee settlement in Manakintown began to intermingle with the English and settle across Powhatan and western Chesterfield county. They established family coal mining enterprises such as Black Heath. One of these Huguenot descendants, Abraham Salle, built Salisbury Plantation and, in 1777, sold it to the Randolph Family who lived across the river at Tuckahoe and used Salisbury as a hunting grounds. Patrick Henry rented Salisbury and lived there with his family during his second term as governor in 1786.

Early 1800s: The Rise of Manchester and Rail Lines to the Coal Mines

After the port of Warwick was destroyed by Benedict Arnold in the Revolutionary War, Warwick Road continued in use, but the port of Manchester took over Warwick's role as a major port. Further, water navigation to estates above the falls of the James River was enabled by the 1790 opening of the James River and Kanawha Canal that stretched from Richmond, Virginia to Westham, Virginia on the north side of the river and paralleling the James for 7 mi.

In 1804, Virginia built the precursor to the Midlothian Turnpike from the port of Manchester headed westward to the mouth of the Falling Creek to access the coal mines at Midlothian. This enabled industrial sites such as the Black Heath coal mines and Bellona Arsenal to ship goods down the James river without having to go through Warwick.

Rail enabled the rapid export of coal from the coal mines in western Chesterfield County. The Clover Hill Railroad Company was chartered in 1841 by the Virginia General Assembly, enabling the Clover Hill Railroad to open in 1845 between Chester and the Clover Hill Pits near Winterpock.

Late 1800s: Development along the rail lines

During the Civil War, the Confederacy was generally able to keep the Union troops west of the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, with the main exception being the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Until the end of the war, Drewry's Bluff prevented the Union army from accessing Richmond over water.

While the Clover Hill Railroad went bankrupt in 1877, it was reconstituted in 1881 as the Brighthope Railway and operated until World War I when it was disassembled and sent to France for the World War I effort.

The city of Manchester rose to prominence through its 1831 Chesterfield Railroad and its 1853 successor the Richmond and Danville Railroad.

Suburban rail stations along the R&D led to development in Granite, Virginia (a mining quarry whose post office opened in 1872), Bon Air (the resort colony established 1877), Robious and Midlothian. These stops became industrial and residential centers in otherwise rural areas that often moved people and goods through Manchester and Richmond.

Manchester also benefited from being a station along the North-South Richmond and Petersburg Railroad. Manchester briefly served as the seat of Chesterfield County after the Civil War, from 1870 to 1876. In 1874, Manchester voted to become an independent City. In 1876, the Chesterfield County seat was moved to Chesterfield Courthouse.

1900s: Development and Annexation in the Automobile Era

1910 Annexation of Manchester
From its founding in 1750s to the late 19th century, Chesterfield County had been the municipal authority for all of what is today considered Southside. Manchester became an independent city in 1876 and then in 1910, Manchester agreed to be annexed by the City of Richmond. During annexation negotiation, Manchester demanded the condition that a free bridge be built to allow Manchesterians access to Richmond. This became known as the Manchester Bridge. Soon, as the automobile era began, other bridges were built to include Westham Bridge (1911), the Nickel Bridge (1925—a toll bridge) and the Lee Bridge (1933—also a toll bridge).

Automobile-based Development and 1942 Annexation of Jeff Davis Corridor
In 1922, Chesterfield annexed the Henricus site from Henrico County.

In 1927, after a decade of road improvements, the Jefferson Davis Highway officially opened as a major automobile thoroughfare

These auto corridors attracted development. The DuPont Spruance plant opened in 1929 along the Jefferson Davis Highway and manufactured rayon, Cordura, and cellophane on the former site of the Ampthill Plantation.

Inter-state traffic along Jefferson Davis Highway and its James River toll bridge led to Belt Boulevard by 1933 that bypassed downtown and directed some traffic to the Nickel Bridge. This easier automobile access spurred development in Southside. By 1940, a Works Projects Administration guide to Virginia announced "South of Richmond U.S. 1 is lined with tourist cabins, garages, and lunchrooms swathed in neon lights that at night convert the road as far as Petersburg into a glittering midway."

During annexations in 1914 and 1942, Richmond appropriated more and more land from Chesterfield County to include Westover Hills and Forest Hill to the west, and The Port of Richmond (Built 1940 ) to the south.

Postwar growth: Bellwood, Southside Plaza, I-95 and Chippenham Pkwy
After WWII, Southside experienced a decade of massive growth. A large military supply center had been built for WWII in 1942 on the Bellwood property. The Bellwood Drive-In opened outside the city limits along the Jeff Davis corridor in 1948 and billed itself as the "largest and finest" drive-in theater in the South.

The Southside Plaza opened up in 1957-58 outside the city limits on Belt Boulevard in what was then Chesterfield County.

In 1958, after three years of construction, the limited access Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike tollway opened between Richmond and Petersburg. The Chippenham Parkway was built in 1967 and connected much of Southside from the Midlothian Turnpike to the Defense Supply Center, Richmond.

Prior to the construction of I-95, the Route 1/Jefferson Davis Highway corridor was the county’s main thoroughfare. I-95 and Chippenham Pkwy siphoned traffic off both the Jeff Davis Corridor and the Belt Boulevard.

1970 Annexation of Midlo Tpke out to Chippenham Pkwy
During another annexation in 1970, Richmond took an additional 23 square miles from Chesterfield County all the way out to the Chippenham Parkway. The racial motivations behind this expansion led to a Supreme Court case City of Richmond v. United States and a moratorium on further annexations. As a part of the negotiations over the precise annexation, much of Bon Air to the west and the Ampthill property to the south (owned by DuPont) remained in Chesterfield County.

Powhite Parkway and Powhite Parkway Extension to outer beltway (288)
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The Powhite Parkway opened in 1973, connecting downtown to the Chippenham Parkway. With newfound highway access, the Southside suburban population continued to explode. New shopping malls were built outside the city limits (Cloverleaf Mall in 1972 and Chesterfield Mall in 1978) as well as Brandermill residential development in 1977 along the Swift Creek Reservoir. Plans were drawn up to create a Powhite Parkway Extension that would extend the road from Chippenham out to Virginia State Route 288, which was completed in 1988. In 1973, Philip Morris USA opened a cigarette manufacturing plant along I-95 at Commerce Road. The McGuire VA Hospital opened in 1983.

1988-2004: New bridges connect West End and Southside
Before 1988, the main way to get from the Southside to the West End was via the Huguenot Bridge or by crossing the James River inside the Richmond city limits. This led to a minor rivalry in the 1980s where the West End had a bumper sticker that said "West End -- For Members Only" and the Southside had a bumper sticker that said "South of the James -- By Invitation Only." This separation began to change as road infrastructure improved. In 1988, Southside was connected to Parham Road in the west end via a Chippenham extension and the new Edward E. Willey Bridge. In 1992, the state removed toll-booths on the I-95 Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike. In 1996, state leaders announced that the Chippenham Parkeway would be extended eastward in a bridge across the James river to enable faster access to Interstate 295 (Virginia) and the Richmond International Airport. The bridge and limited access toll highway opened in 2002 as Virginia State Route 895, aka the "Pocahontas Parkway."

Southside developments 2000 to present
In 2004, 288 was extended northwards from Brandermill through Powhatan and Goochland Counties, to cross the river at the World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge (Virginia) and complete the beltway around Richmond. This led to residential developments along a swath across Chesterfield County such as The Grove near Midlothian Mines Park, Winterfield, as well as a commercial development called Westchester Commons at Midlothian Turnpike and 288. Developments near Route 288 bridge include the Tarrington housing development near James River High School and the widening of the Robious Road Corridor.

Closer in towards Richmond, the Stony Point Fashion Park opened in 2003 (the same year as a similar outdoor mall concept called Short Pump Town Center opened in the West End of Richmond). Along the James River, Forest Hill Avenue has seen its own renaissance as some residents have preferred to stay in the city rather than move to the suburbs. Phenomena such as the South of the James farmer's market attract crowds every weekend in Forest Hill Park.

Farther west along the I-95 / Route 1 Corridor, city and county officials have contemplated how to revive the Jefferson Davis Corridor. While economically challenged, it has a robust immigrant population, particularly Latino. As Manchester has seen recent influx of historic tax credits used to redevelop old properties, the historically black Swansboro and Blackwell neighborhoods are now the subject of fierce debates about gentrification.

Unincorporated towns and neighborhoods

 * Adams Park
 * Beaufont
 * Bellemeade
 * Belmont Woods
 * Belt Center
 * Blackwell
 * Bon Air
 * British Camp Farms
 * Broad Rock
 * Brookbury
 * Brookhaven Farms
 * Cedarhurst
 * Cherry Gardens
 * Chippenham Forest
 * Cofer
 * Cottrell Farms
 * Cullenwood
 * Davee Gardens
 * Deerbourne
 * Elkhardt
 * Fawnbrook
 * Forest Hill / Gravel Hill
 * Forest Hill Park
 * Forest Hill Terrace
 * Forest View
 * Granite
 * Hickory Hill
 * Hillside Court
 * Hioaks
 * Huguenot
 * Jahnke
 * Jeff Davis
 * Old Town Manchester
 * Maury
 * McGuire
 * McGuire Manor
 * Meadowbrook
 * Midlothian
 * Murchies Mill
 * Northrop
 * Oak Grove
 * Oxford
 * Piney Knolls
 * Pocoshock
 * Powhite Park
 * Reedy Creek
 * Reservoir Heights
 * South Garden
 * Southampton
 * Southwood
 * Springhill
 * Stony Point
 * Stratford Hills
 * Swansboro
 * Swansboro West
 * Swanson
 * Walmsley
 * Warwick
 * Westlake Hills
 * Westover
 * Westover Hills
 * Westover Hills West
 * Willow Oaks
 * Windsor
 * Woodhaven
 * Woodland Heights
 * Worthington

Industrial and commercial sites

 * Defense Supply Center, Richmond (DSCR)
 * Philip Morris USA manufacturing center
 * Overnite Transportation (recently bought out by United Parcel Service)
 * Deepwater Terminal (Port of Richmond)
 * Chippenham Johnston Willis (CJW) Medical Center

Commercial districts

 * Stonebridge Shopping Center (formerly Cloverleaf Mall) and Spring Rock Green (Formerly Beaufont Plaza)
 * Old Manchester
 * Hull Street Corridor
 * Midlothian Turnpike
 * Westover Hills
 * Stratford Hills
 * Stony Point Fashion Park
 * The Arboretum
 * Bellwood flea market
 * Bermuda Square
 * Sycamore Square
 * Oxbridge Square
 * Chesterfield Meadows

Parks and recreation

 * James River Park System
 * Forest Hill Park
 * Canoe Run Park
 * Powhite Park

Major streets and roads

 * Interstate 95 (formerly Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike)
 * Jefferson Davis Highway (U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301)
 * Forest Hill Avenue (short portion is U.S. Route 60)
 * Semmes Avenue (U.S. Route 60)
 * Belt Boulevard (State Route 161)
 * Iron Bridge Road (State Route 10)
 * Broad Rock Road (State Route 10)
 * Huguenot Road (State Route 147)
 * Courthouse Road (State Route 653)
 * Hull Street (U.S. Route 360)
 * Midlothian Turnpike (U.S. Route 60)
 * Chippenham Parkway (State Route 150)
 * Pocahontas Parkway (State Route 895)
 * Powhite Parkway (State Route 76)
 * State Route 288

Bridges over James River

 * James River Bridge (Interstate 95)
 * Mayo Bridge (U.S. Route 360)
 * Manchester Bridge (U.S. Route 60)
 * Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge (U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301)
 * Boulevard Bridge (State Route 161)
 * Powhite Parkway James River Bridge (State Route 76)
 * Huguenot Memorial Bridge (State Route 147)
 * Edward E. Willey Bridge (State Route 150)
 * World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge (State Route 288)

title: Southside (Richmond, Virginia)


text:
Ørnulf Bast

Ørnulf Bast (25 January 1907 – 28 October 1974) was a Norwegian sculptor and painter particularly known for his public monuments.

Background
Ørnulf Bjarne Bast was born in Oslo. His parents were Halsten Andersen Bast Birklund (1870–1952) and Ida Mathilde Kristensen (1870–1960). Bast studied at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts (Statens kunstakademi) from 1927 to 1930. He made several study trips, first to France from 1928 to 1929 and later to Britain, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and North Africa, including Egypt, 1930 and 1932, and a new journey to Paris 1937.

He was married in 1940 to Lajla von Hanno (1921–2010). During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, Bast and his wife supplied a cover-up apartment for the Norwegian resistance movement, specifically for the staff of the sabotage squad Aks 13000, for some time. From 1947 until his death in 1974, Bast had a permanent residence in the summer at Fuglevik ved Rakke in Brunlanes, south of Larvik, where he also had his studio. Ørnulf Bast was awarded the King's Medal of Merit (Kongens fortjenstmedalje) in gold.

Career
He completed a wide range of public memorials and decorations in a quiet style, characterized by a French-dominated class flight of sculptural tradition. Of note are Borregaard-monumentet  in Sarpsborg (1937), St. Hallvards brønn  in Bragernes square in Drammen (1940–1952), Tvillingsøstrene (1947–1949) in Copenhagen, Evig liv (1948–1949) at Sehesteds plass in Oslo and Ung kvinne (1946–47) at St. Hanshaugen Park in Oslo, and Kongens Nei (1949–50) in Elverum.

Among his works were the identical bronze statues titles The Norwegian Lady dedicated in 1962, which were placed in Moss, Norway and Virginia Beach, Virginia facing each other across the ocean. The statues were modeled after the figurehead of the Norwegian bark Dictator, home ported in Moss, which foundered and sank in the Graveyard of the Atlantic off the coast of Virginia Beach on 27–28 March 1891. Despite substantial lifesaving efforts from shore, seven persons died, including the captain's pregnant wife and four-year-old son. The new statues re-established old ties between the two communities, and in 1974, they became sister cities. Annual events are held at the Bast statues.

Selected works

 * Bronseløver, 1930–31
 * Borregaard-monumentet, 1936–39
 * St. Hallvards brønn, 1940–52
 * Ung kvinne, 1946–47
 * Tvillingsøstrene, 1947–49
 * Evig liv 1947–49
 * Stavernpiken, 1948–49
 * Kongens Nei, 1949–50
 * Fole, 1953,
 * Kristian Birkeland, 1960
 * The Norwegian Lady, 1962
 * Herman Wildenvey, 1965–67
 * Metamorfose av Nike fra Samothrake, 1966–67
 * Skogsarbeideren, 1967–68
 * Haakon VII, 1969
 * Einar Skjæraasen-monument, 1970
 * Pike med fugl, 1977

title: Ørnulf Bast


text:
Talk:Irish chess

I created this page after playing Irish chess on Saturday, and enjoying it greatly - unlike Mornington Crescent, it needs no knowledge of the London Underground to play. Sadly, I can't seem to find any reference to it, so I can't verify that it actually exists.

If anyone knows of the game under a different name, I'd like to know :-) --Last Malthusian 18:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irish chess


text:
Tremont Street subway

The Tremont Street subway in Boston's MBTA subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third-oldest still in use worldwide to exclusively use electric traction (after the City and South London Railway in 1890, and the Budapest Metro's Line 1 in 1896), opening on September 1, 1897. It was originally built, under the supervision of Howard A. Carson as chief engineer, to get streetcar lines off the traffic-clogged streets, instead of as a true rapid transit line. It now forms the central part of the Green Line, connecting Boylston Street to Park Street and Government Center stations.

History
The tunnel originally served five closely spaced stations: Boylston, Park Street, Scollay Square, Adams Square, and Haymarket, with branches to the Public Garden portal and Pleasant Street incline south of Boylston. Park Street, Scollay Square, and Haymarket stations were altered over the next two decades as transfers were added to the Cambridge–Dorchester subway, East Boston Tunnel, and Main Line Elevated (now part of the Red, Blue, and Orange Lines, respectively).

Boylston and Park Street were built with rectangular stone headhouses designed by Edmund M. Wheelwright that did not aesthetically match the Common. Scollay Square and Adams Square had similar baroque headhouses with four-sided clock towers. Unlike the interior decor, the headhouses were sharply criticized as "resembling mausoleums" and "pretentiously monumental". Later stations on the East Boston Tunnel and Washington Street Tunnel incorporated this criticism into their more modest headhouses.

In 1963, the northern part of the tunnel was extensively altered during the construction of Government Center and a new Boston City Hall on what had been the neighborhood of Scollay Square. The northbound tunnel to Haymarket station was rerouted to the west (the southbound tunnel is still original). Scollay Square station was rebuilt as Government Center station, and Adams Square station was closed. Much of the old northbound tunnel was filled in to support the City Hall foundation; another section was turned into a delivery tunnel. Another section was rediscovered by a City Hall employee in 1983; a 150 feet piece was renovated for use as records storage.

In 1971, the original Haymarket station was replaced with a new station just to the south.

Disused southern tunnel branch
The subway in 1897 consisted of a main line under Tremont Street running to Park Street, where is splits into two forks. One fork connects to the Boylston Street subway, which turns westward under Boylston Street. The other fork continues south under Tremont Street to the Pleasant Street incline. This portal was used by streetcars that went southwest to Egleston via the South End, along Tremont Street (route 43), or southeast to City Point in South Boston via Broadway (route 9). Streetcar service through the southern portal ended in 1962; for the last several months, service consisted of a shuttle between the portal and Boylston station. The tunnel still exists, dead-ended at the now-buried portal, which has been converted to a public park. However, there have been proposals for the disused tunnel to become part of a new streetcar line that would partly replace access to rapid transit for southern Metro Boston neighborhoods that lost rapid transit service in 1987 with the demolition of the Washington Street Elevated southern section of the Orange Line. This proposed new streetcar service could go as far south as the Red Line's Mattapan station, with a northern turnaround terminus at Government Center, according to a 2012-dated proposal.

Portals
The three original tunnel entrances were in the Boston Public Garden, at North Station/Canal Street, and at Pleasant Street. Over time, these portals were replaced and abandoned as the subway was extended. Vestiges of various closed portals are still visible inside the main Green Line's Boylston Street subway tunnel extending west of Boylston station towards Kenmore Square station.

The western Public Garden portal was replaced in 1914 with two portals, one in the middle of Boylston Street adjacent to the old portal, and the other at the west end of the Boylston Street subway, just east of Kenmore Square. The Boylston Street portal was sealed in 1941 when the Huntington Avenue subway was opened (with a new portal at Northeastern University). The portal at Kenmore Square was replaced in 1932 when the subway was extended west beyond the Square, to the existing portals on Commonwealth Avenue (the "B" branch) and Beacon Street (the "C" branch), although the top arch of the original portal survives as part of a ventilation shaft. The Fenway portal for the D branch was opened in 1959.

The northern portal at Canal Street was replaced in 2004 when the subway was extended beneath North Station to a new portal next to Martha Road.

The southern portal at Pleasant Street was abandoned in 1962 following the end of streetcar service through the South End. The portal has since been sealed up and covered by Elliot Norton Park, but the dead-ended tunnel to Boylston survives underground, for a possibility of future re-use (see above).

Power
The subway uses trolleys powered by electricity from overhead lines, which had been made possible by the invention of the trolley pole in 1880 by Frank J. Sprague, from his design for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. The line has been pantograph-only since the trolley wires were modified in the 1990s.

Landmark status and ownership
The Tremont Street subway was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition for its pioneering role in the development of the subway as a public transit system in the United States. The landmark designation encompasses the still-extant portions of the early tunnel, roughly from Court Street to Charles Street, and includes the original Classical Revival head houses of the Park and Boylston stations which are still in use.

The original owner of the Tremont Street subway was the private West End Street Railway, later the Boston Elevated Railway. Public ownership began in 1947 with the Metropolitan Transit Authority, now the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.

title: Tremont Street subway


text:
USS Fort Snelling

The name USS Fort Snelling has been assigned to two dock landing ships of the United States Navy, in honor of Fort Snelling, a fort at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, for many years the northernmost military post in the land of the Sioux and Chippewa.

 * The name Fort Snelling was assigned to LSD-23, a Casa Grande-class dock landing ship in 1944 but construction was canceled in 1945, due to the end of World War II. The unchristened hull was completed in 1956 as the roll-on/roll-off ship SS Carib Queen. In 1958 the Maritime Administration took over the vessel. She was assigned to MSTS in 1959, and renamed USNS Taurus (T-AK-273). Never commissioned, Taurus went out of service in 1968. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1971.
 * USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30) was a Thomaston-class dock landing ship, which was launched in 1954. Her name was struck in 1992.

title: USS Fort Snelling


text:
El Tiempo (Colombia)

El Tiempo ("Time" or "The Times") is a nationally distributed broadsheet daily newspaper in Colombia launched on January 30, 1911. , El Tiempo had the highest circulation in Colombia with an average daily weekday of 1,137,483 readers, rising to 1,921,571 readers for the Sunday edition.

From 1913 to 2007, El Tiempo's main shareholders were members of the Santos family. Several also participated in Colombian politics: Eduardo Santos Montejo was President of Colombia from 1938 to 1942. Francisco Santos Calderón served as Vice-President (2002–2010). And Juan Manuel Santos as Defense Minister (2006–2009) during Álvaro Uribe's administration; Juan Manuel was elected president of Colombia in 2010 and served in that position until 2018.

In 2007, Spanish Grupo Planeta acquired 55% of the Casa Editorial El Tiempo media group, including the newspaper and its associated TV channel Citytv Bogotá. In 2012, businessman Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo bought the shares of Planeta, the Santos family and other small shareholders, becoming the only owner of the newspaper. El Tiempo is considered a newspaper of record for Colombia.

History
The newspaper was founded in 1911 by Alfonso Villegas Restrepo. In 1913 it was purchased by his brother-in-law, Eduardo Santos Montejo. From then until 2007, El Tiempo's main shareholders were members of the Santos family, as part of the media conglomerate Casa Editorial El Tiempo. In 2007, the Spanish Grupo Planeta obtained majority ownership of the daily, but in 2012 sold majority ownership to Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo who now owns 86% of El Tiempo.

Between 2001 and 2008, when El Espectador was published as a weekly newspaper, El Tiempo was Colombia's only national daily newspaper.

El Tiempo is considered a newspaper of record for Colombia.

Distribution
El Tiempo is published in six regional editions:
 * Bogotá
 * Caribe (Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Sincelejo, Riohacha and Valledupar)
 * Medellín
 * Café (Pereira, Manizales, Armenia)
 * Cali (Cali, Popayán, Pasto)
 * Region, for the remainder of the country.

On Sundays there are special sections. For about 3 years it published every Sunday a special section with a weekly selection of articles from The New York Times, translated into Spanish and using the same pictures. This section was dropped in January 2008 and since August 2008 it has been published by rival newspaper El Espectador.

El Tiempo is part of Grupo de Diarios América (America Newspaper Group), an organization of eleven leading newspapers from eleven Latin American countries.

El Tiempo Building
The El Tiempo building is located on the southeastern corner of Carrera Séptima and Avenida Jiménez in Bogotá, Colombia. It was designed by architect Bruno Violi and inaugurated in 1961 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the newspaper. It housed the offices of the television channel Citytv until April 9, 2008, when it moved to Av. 26 #68B - 70. Since 2020, it belongs to the University of the Rosary.

In 2021 the building was purchased by the Universidad del Rosario.

The building has an L-shaped floor plan. Its facade is divided into three parts, with the lowest section housing the entrance lobby. The second section is the main one, featuring a large surface area with rectangular openings for the windows and vertical and horizontal elements made of Bogotá stone. The third and final section contained a sunroom, which was later converted into office space.

title: El Tiempo (Colombia)


text:
Rudaba

Rudāba or Rudābeh is a Persian mythological female figure in Ferdowsi's epic Shahnameh. She is the princess of Kabul, daughter of Mehrab Kaboli and Sindukht, and later she becomes married to Zal, as they become lovers. They had two children, including Rostam, the main hero of the Shahnameh.

Etymology
The word Rudābeh consists of two sections. "Rud" and "āb", "Rud" means child and "āb" means shining, therefore means shining child (according to Dehkhoda Dictionary).

Marriage to Zal
The Shahnama describes Rudaba with these words:
 * About her silvern shoulders two musky black tresses curl, encircling them with their ends as though they were links in a chain.
 * Her mouth resembles a pomegranate blossom, her lips are cherries and her silver bosom curves out into breasts like pomegranates.
 * Her eyes are like the narcissus in the garden and her lashes draw their blackness from the raven's wing.
 * Her eyebrows are modelled on the bows of Teraz powdered with fine bark and elegantly musk tinted.
 * If you seek a brilliant moon, it is her face; if you long for the perfume of musk, it lingers in her tresses
 * From top to toe she is Paradise gilded; all radiance, harmony and delectation.
 * (Shahnama 1:21-3)

It was this description and Rudaba's physical beauty that initially attracted Zal. Rudaba also consulted her ladies-in-waiting about Zal. Zal came to the walls of Rudaba's palace where Rudaba let down her tresses to Zal as a rope. Zal declined the assistance and he immediately climbed his own prepared rope from base to summit. Rudaba seated Zal on the roof and they both talked to each other for a long time.

Zal, consulted his advisors over Rudaba. They at last advised him to write a full account of the circumstances to his father, Sam. Sam and the Mubeds, knowing that Rudaba's father, chief of Kabul, was Babylonian from the family of Zahhak, did not approve of the marriage. Zal reminded his father of the oath he had made to fulfill all his wishes.

Finally, the ruler referred the question to astrologers, to discover whether the marriage between Zal and Rudaba would be prosperous or not and he was informed that a child of Zal and Rudabeh would be the conqueror of the world. When Zal arrived at the court of Manuchihr, he was received with honour, and having read the letter of Sam, the Shah approved of the marriage.

The marriage took place in Kabul, where Zal and Rudaba first met each other.

Motherhood
In Persian mythology, Rudabeh's labor of Rostam was prolonged due to the extraordinary size of her baby. Zal was certain that his wife would die in labor. Rudabeh was near death when at last Zal recollected the feather of the Simurgh, and followed the instructions which he had received, by placing it on the sacred fire. The Simurgh appeared and instructed him upon how to perform a caesarean section (rostamzad), thus saving Rudabeh and the child, who later on became one of the greatest Persian heroes.

Legacy
An English translation of the story exists in The story-book of the Shah; or, Legends of old Persia, in prose format.

Scholarship points that the love story of Zal and princess Rudabah is related to an Afghan folktale tale named The Romance of Mongol Girl and Arab Boy.

It has been noted by folktale collectors that Rudabah's long hair and the climbing incident are very reminiscent of the German story of Rapunzel.

title: Rudaba


text:
Key Largo (board game)

Key Largo is a German-style board game designed by Paul Randles with Mike Selinker and Bruno Faidutti. It was published in 2005 by Tilsit Editions and in 2008 by Paizo Publishing. The game takes place in 1899 in the Key Largo area of Florida, where treasure-hunting companies seek gold and artifacts from shipwrecks before the hurricane season. The players hire divers, buy equipment, and search wrecks throughout the game. The game has a simultaneous action sequence which lets players choose locations for their ships to go twice per day, in the course of a ten-day game sequence.

Though not published by the same companies, in many ways it is a thematic sequel to Randles' game Pirate's Cove.

The cover of the French edition, by artist David Cochard, is a parody of an illustration in The Adventures of Tintin comic Red Rackham's Treasure. Hurricane Katty is named for Randles' widow, Katty Pepermans. The faces on the money are caricatures of Randles, Faidutti, Selinker, Cochard, and game editor Nicolas Anton.

Reviews

 * Pyramid

title: Key Largo (board game)


text:
While America Sleeps

While America Sleeps is a book by Donald Kagan and Frederick Kagan, published September 2000. They argue for a policy of strengthening U.S. defense and a willingness to use force. Michael Lind has argued that the book contributed to neoconservative thought in U.S. foreign policy.

Title
Two similarly titled works were published around the time of World War II: While England Slept (1938), by future British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Why England Slept (1940), by future U.S. President John F. Kennedy, at the time a Harvard University undergraduate student.

title: While America Sleeps


text:
784th Tank Battalion (United States)

The 784th Tank Battalion, was a United States Army segregated combat independent tank battalion during World War II.

It was originally attached to the 5th US Tank Group that was based in Camp Claiborne, Louisiana during World War II. The 5th Tank Group also included the 758th Tank Battalion, which saw action in Italy under the 92nd Division, and the most famous, the 761st Tank Battalion, which saw action in Northern Europe and saw extensive action during the Battle of the Bulge. These three units were composed of African American personnel with African American junior officers and white senior officers.

The 784th went into action late December 1944. Landing in France on Christmas Day 1944, the battalion consisted of six companies: A (Able), B (Baker), C (Charlie), D (Dog), Headquarters and Service Company. A, B and C Companies had M4 and M4A3 Medium Tanks while D company had M5A1 Stuart Light Tanks. Headquarters Company had a 105 mm assault platoon, a reconnaissance platoon and 81 mm mortar platoon.

On 31 December 1944, the 784th began official combat operations with the 104th Infantry Division. They participated in actions along the Roer River. On 3 February 1945, the 784th was released from duty with the 104th Division to the 35th Infantry Division. On 8 February 1945, the 784th joined the 35th Division in a major offensive. On 26 February 1945, Able Company of the 784th assisted elements of the 134th Infantry Regiment from the 35th Infantry Division in capturing the town of Hilfarth across the Roer River. The next day they captured the town of Wassenberg. Baker Company along with the 137th Regiment (35th Div) took Golkrath, a village at Erkelenz.

title: 784th Tank Battalion (United States)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anonymous sex

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:07, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Anonymous sex
This is nonnotable. While there is a high number of results on yahoo, 22 million I believe, the vast majority are dating services or pornographic sites. Not very encylopediac in my opinion. If this page had any information relevant to the social phenomenon, or statistics, maybe this would be worth keeping...but it doesn't. freestylefrappe 18:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. While I don't agree that anonymous sex is an unencyclopedic topic for Wikipedia (we have an article on facesitting...), I will certainly say that right now the article is nothing more than a dicdef. --Jacquelyn Marie 22:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it seems there's enough interest in keeping it that I think it will actually get improved upon. (I have started to not vote keep for anything that I think will just sit there, no matter how significant the topic is. Sad state of affairs, no?) Keep. --Jacquelyn Marie 12:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep and expand. Significant social phenomenon. Isn't there a human sexuality Wikiproject that covers this topic? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 22:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Content-free dicdef. --Carnildo 23:31, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Jkelly 00:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable phenomenon. Kappa 02:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Legitimate topic. While it is currently just a dicdef, deleting it will create red-links in Statutory rape and Casual sex. --Vsion 09:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per above. BD2412  talk 20:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand - surely there's plenty of information out there on this social phenomenon. Bobstay
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:Marmotundertheradar

title: User:Marmotundertheradar


text:
User:Logic2go

I think I am. I have doubts about you. Logic2go

title: User:Logic2go