text:
Talk:Cherokee calendar

Rename to Cherokee ceremonial cycle
Cherokee calendar can't be sourced. Bruhac doesn't talk about one and only mentions the Cherokee in relationship to one moon.

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D5z3-OHbcVoC&pg=PA54&dq=cherokee+ceremonial+cycle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PvgLUdr9KafB0gXPoYCwCQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cherokee%20ceremonial%20cycle&f=false http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1062645?uid=3738032&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101740791487

http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OEbTf663pDcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=cherokee+ceremonial+cycle&ots=_BiBTGshtL&sig=2wIxUghf2L0Q5DVRhodlrD_UD5U#v=onepage&q=cherokee%20ceremonial%20cycle&f=false

http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/southern_cultures/v018/18.4.snyder.html

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3JH-TPFjLk4C&pg=PA349&dq=cherokee+ceremonial+cycle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PvgLUdr9KafB0gXPoYCwCQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=cherokee%20ceremonial%20cycle&f=false . Dougweller (talk) 19:13, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

The only true source I see that may be considered reliable by Wikipedia is James Mooney's book (referenced) on page 244. Most of what we know has been passed down verbally. No official Cherokee site will list them. If the first-hand knowledge of an indigenous person were enough then I am sure there would have been no call for sourcing. Beyond telling you this is what it is and adding the Cherokee Syllabary for each month there isn't much more that can be done.Tsistunagiska (talk) 19:25, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Restructure & Rewrite
I am currently restructuring/rewriting Cherokee Society but have targeted this article as my next to look at rewriting/restructuring with reliable sources. I am very glad it was decided to keep it and look forward to the challenge of adding context. Tsistunagiska (talk) 18:23, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Calendrical vs astronomical moon cycle (formerly "Extremely suspicious of this article's claims")
I am not Cherokee, and I confess that I know little of their culture; however, from what I know of astronomy I am highly suspicious of both the claims of this article and the sources thereof. A synodic lunar month is not 28 days long, but 29.53, and sidereal 27.3, meaning this alleged lunar calendar would be nearly three weeks or one week out of sync with these respective lunar cycles after one tropical year. Every other lunar calendar in existence I know of has alternating days of 29 and 30 days for a lunar year of 354 days and 12 synodic months; with lunisolar calendars only inserting a thirteenth month once every several years as needed to keep the months from drifting with the seasons. Given that Robert Graves' "Celtic Tree Calendar", as popular among New Age circles as pseudo-indigenous North American claptrap, has exactly the same structure and has the same false claim of being a lunar calendar, this makes me wonder how much is genuine, albeit mangled, Cherokee lore and how much of it is New Age invention which somehow managed to trick actual Cherokee people. Again, I wish to iterate that I am not from this culture, but it is my genuine intention to ensure actual indigenous culture is not being confused with New Age woo here. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 13:42, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * , I appreciate your interest. I am of Cherokee descent and I can assure you that they actually centered their celebrations and dances around the lunar phases as suggested here in the article. Agriculture was the single most important aspect of Cherokee life. You needed food to sustain the growth and vibrancy of the culture. This isn't just a new age fad and its main sources are the Cherokee themselves from James Mooney's studies. Everything is sourced with historical data and not new age literature. The turtle-back calendar was used by multiple Indigenous American Indian tribes, including the Cherokee. One such calendar is located at the Smithsonian. Before I edited the article it had some information that was incorrect and it was replaced by factual and sourced information. I am not here to trick anyone but accurately portray tribal beliefs and customs in a way that honors my ancestors and educates the reader. As the Cherokee became "more civilized" in the eyes of Euro-Americans they adopted the calendar and time keeping of their Euro-American counterparts and focus became less and less on the ceremonies and dances but some still held to the traditional beliefs and simply adjusted the old ways to fit with the new way. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 14:21, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * To add, they may have had a system to make up for the differences or maybe they thought the days not as important as the phases. None of us were alive then to know for sure and it was not thought important enough for those studying the culture to record it. At any rate, I was very careful to verify sources and made sure the information those sources stated could be verified using other reliable sources. Any information that could not be sourced was removed including a lot of the information still in the article as it related to any Mayan or New Age influences. Only historically accepted and tribal endorsed information remained. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 14:37, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your response. Rest assured, I am assuming good faith here and am genuinely curious as to the relationship between the calendar as presented in this article and lunar cycles, and my goal is too improving this article so that it shows respects to and educates readers about traditional Cherokee culture. I was never assuming you were out to intentionally mislead people, but I was concerned about the extent New Age woo and misunderstandings may have contaminated the understanding of this calendar even by indigenous people. I apologise if I was speaking too harshly or if it looked like I was trying to talk above actual indigenous voices, which was the last thing I was trying to do.
 * My biggest concern here is that an astronomical lunar month is not 28 days no matter how one defines it, but either 29.53 (synodic, i.e. the time it takes for the Moon to return to the same phase) or 27 .3 days (sidereal, i.e. the time it take for the Moon to return to the same position amongst the stars), and in my humble opinion, the article should do more to emphasise this. For example, instead of:
 * The Cherokee calendar is based upon a lunar year and defined by 13 cycles of moon phases. Each cycle was accompanied by a ceremony. In order to rectify the Cherokee calendar with that of the Julian calendar, these cycles were reduced to 12. The seasonal round of ceremonies was integral to Cherokee society. It was considered an important spiritual element for social cohesion and a way to bring all the Cherokee clans together.

 * The Cherokee, like many other Native tribes, used a turtle’s back pattern of scales to determine their calendar cycle. The scales around the edge added up to 28, the same number of days as in a lunar cycle, while the center contained 13 larger scales, representing the 13 moon cycles of a year.

 * it might be revise to read:
 * "The Cherokee calendar was based upon a lunar year and is defined by 13 months which formerly directly corresponded to moon phases; however, the calendar is currently solar in structure. Each cycle was accompanied by a ceremony. In order to rectify the Cherokee calendar with that of the Julian calendar, these cycles were reduced to 12. The seasonal round of ceremonies was integral to Cherokee society. It was considered an important spiritual element for social cohesion and a way to bring all the Cherokee clans together."

 * "The Cherokee, like many other Native tribes, used a turtle’s back pattern of scales to determine their calendar cycle. The scales around the edge added up to 28, the same number of days as a month, while the center contained 13 larger scales, representing the 13 months of a year. The length of a synodic lunar month is 29.5 days. Although this calendar was originally a lunar calendar, it was subsequently modified by shortening month lengths and permanently inserting a 13th month to better fit with the solar year. (changes bolded by me)"
 * Again, these are all my unsourced speculations, hence why I'm talking about it here instead of going ahead and making changes to the article directly. However, if you give your blessings here I could add it to the article. Rest assured, my goal too is to understand indigenous cultures and their relationships to natural cycles better as well. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 14:50, 18 November 2020 (UTC):
 * Oh no, please don't misunderstand me either, I welcome discussion on these topics. I'm actually excited you said something here rather than just make changes. I believe that is the proper approach to any alterations to existing articles, even non-sourced. I always comment on the talk page beforehand and try to open discussions. We definitely can address any wording included in the article. When the Cherokee flipped from their "calendar" based on moon phases to the Julian calendar, and subsequent Gregorian calendar, based on a solar year I am sure it took some time to adjust but I believe they probably stuck to their ceremonial schedule in the beginning and slowly adjusted it over time until most Cherokee didn't even follow a ceremonial calendar any more. There are still Cherokee today who carry on ceremonial traditions. I incorporate them in my life as well. I also honor some traditional/ceremonial beliefs of the Crow of Montana and Tlingit of Alaska as I have had extensive exposure to their cultures in my life. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 15:07, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * In response to your bolded statements: The Cherokee calendar didn't alter as much as was replaced by the Julian/Gregorian calendars. Cherokee ceremonial practices were altered but largely stayed with lunar phases. There were basically seven main ceremonies/dances and six minor ceremonies/dances as well as a host of other smaller ceremonies and dances in-between. Sometimes they would go on for weeks at a time. The seventh main ceremony only took place every seven years, called the Uka Dance. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 15:39, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The modification and alterations mostly affected the daily life of the Cherokee and probably assisted with the degradation of the practice of traditional beliefs but that was pretty much the custom of that time. "Assimilate or die, and then after you assimilate we are still going to kick you off your land, but that's okay because we will just say it was never really yours and that you just took it from another tribe." So saying the Cherokee calendar was altered is a play on words. Technically, the calendar the Cherokee used after the moment of the cultural shift to adopt a more Euro-American lifestyle was no longer the "Cherokee calendar" but the actual Julian/Gregorian Calendar that was translated into the spoken Cherokee language and then the written after Sequoya developed the Syllabary. What they did alter was the time frame of their ceremonies, slightly. The Green Corn Festival was one that shifted, nearly a month. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 15:51, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying it changed as a result of colonial interference; rather the disprecancy between the traditional month length and the synodic month means that at some point in time, either colonial or pre-colonial, the calendar was modified to as to fit in with the solar year. Would this be okay to add? Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 01:11, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I also remembered that in English common law, a "lunar month" is exactly 28 days. So there is precedent for a culture using a "lunar month" of 28 days. But again, the differences between the calendrical lunar month of 28 days and a synodic lunar month should be made clear. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 01:14, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is written from the historical perspective of the Cherokee of that time or, at least, our understanding of what they believed. My only concern is further confusing readers on what the Cherokee believed or practiced from this historical time. I think the article can be written in such a way as to say that from this point in time back there was a lunar calendar the Cherokee used, and as far as we know it was a 28 day per month calendar system like many of their neighboring tribes, but from that point forward they adopted a solar calendar that was basically the Julian/Gregorian calendar to bring their time keeping in line with the Euro-American influences they were experiencing. They traded with the colonial powers and subsequent Americans so there were influences beyond just the coercive type they experienced. To try and rectify or clarify the differences between a calendrical lunar month and a synodic lunar month may be getting too far into the "proverbial" weeds, so to speak. I don't know if it mattered to them and it is their story we are trying to tell. I think of it like an exhibit at the Smithsonian. I agree with you completely that our understanding and even our technological advances have made it where we can see these differences more clearly but by adding that element of modern thinking to the article, does it take away from explaining what they would be thinking or doing at that time? That is the approach I constantly battle within myself a lot. I usually end up asking myself if what I do here or add here is really teaching it from their perspective or is it trying to rectify it to what we know today. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 14:52, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I disagree with the notion that knowledge of the synodic month is necessarily "modern", as many traditional lunar calendars used by other cultures, such as the Chinese calendar, the Jewish calendar and the historical Hindu Vikram Samvat all use it as the basis for their months. However, it was not used by the Cherokee, that I understand. I've gone ahead and added some brief references to the article anyway so we can have a starting point. I recommend using the below section for further discussion. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 04:24, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Section "Comparison with other calendars" added

 * In regards to your concerns above, and I confess that I am not a Native person and I cannot speak for them or you, but I think that if nothing else, a discussion on the relationship to the traditional and astronomical lunar month is in the spirit of Wikipedia's mission, and that the similarities and differences noted above are noteworthy enough to have its own section in that respect. In my own personal opinion, I think a discussion on the differences between the Cherokee calendar and the synodic month may even enhance our understanding of the traditional lore, knowledge and worldview of the Cherokee people, as our lively discussion above demonstrates. Hence, I've gone ahead and made some changes to the article now so we don't spend forever talking about it here, and so we can have a starting point to move forward with. It's not too long or speculative, just a single section on the similarities and differences the traditional Cherokee calendar has with other lunar calendars. If I was too rash in my work, I apologise. Feel free to make alterations as needed; and I would especially like it if it was complemented by further discussion here. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 04:00, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * EDIT: Also some minor rewording of the intro and a footnote introducing the differences of the traditional and astronomical lunar month. If it's too redundant feel free to remove it, but I wanted some way to talk about this aspect in the introduction, and I felt a footnote was the best way to do so without too much intrusion. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 04:14, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Finally, I'd like to say that while the synodic month wasn't used by Cherokee people traditionally, and its knowledge among Cherokee people was likely introduced from the West as a result of colonialism, it doesn't necessarily make concept the synodic month modern or Western. I am ethnically Korean, and East Asian people (Koreans, Chinese and Japanese) have used a lunar calendar based off the synodic month for thousands of years. I am not saying that the Cherokee approach is right or wrong, or that it's better or worse than other calendars out there (and I am sorry if I did previously or made comments that can be interpreted as the same), but I want to help people better understand it by introducing a discussion on its relationship to the synodic month. Once again, I want to reiterate that it is my personal hope that my additions can spark discussions which can enhance our understanding of traditional Cherokee culture and its narratives and worldviews, not "correct" it in any way. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 04:52, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The point I was trying to make is not who created or originated or used a particular type of calendar. I apologize if I have offended you or your ancestry. My point is that the calendar used by the Cherokee was none of those and I don't see the effort being made to compare a Hindu, Jewish or Asian calendar to the Cherokee calendar on their articles so why try to compare the Cherokee calendar to them on this article when it has nothing to do with any of those other calendars. The proverbial, "If it isn't broke don't fix it" comes to mind. I disagree with trying to compare but you have already added the comments and they are sourced so it can't be disputed as verifiable information because it is technically true. However, I do want it noted that I disagree with this as an editor and a member of Cherokee ancestry. I don't believe it aids in understanding the calendar any more than the information that was originally provided did. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 14:44, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
 * To add, for me it would be like going to an article on Japanese or Korean society and adding even a few sentences in comparison of Cherokee society. It is wholly not needed. They stand on their own and rightly so. Comparison studies can be made independently without including them within the articles, if an editor, historian or the general reader wishes, simply by searching for it. --Tsistunagiska (talk) 14:55, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Section "Comparison with other calendars" removed

 * Tsistunagiska has a point (see above); I think I'll just expand the footnote slightly if I want to explain the differences between in more detail. The section is reproduced below for austerity. Midnight-Blue766 (talk) 21:37, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

Comparison with other calendars
The traditional Cherokee moon cycle of 28 days differs from the astronomical synodic month (the time it takes for the moon to return to the same phase) of approximately 29.5 days. In this respect, it differs from many other traditional lunar calendars, which use synodic months. However, the traditional Cherokee definition of a lunar month as consisting of exactly 28 days is identical to that formerly used in English common law.

Questionable sources
Can I ask why the primary sources consist of a fake tribe http://theucn.com/ceremonies.html and a commercial site https://www.aaanativearts.com ? Also, for the majority of translations, there is only one dialect. I find this a bit disconcerting. Indigenous girl (talk) 20:37, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Let's take care of that and get rid of the questionable sources. They should have never been used in the first place. Also, what if we took the bullet lists and turned them into spreadsheet charts instead? We could list both dialects in their separated cells so everyone can compare the two more easily. -- A Rose Wolf  12:37, 10 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , what do you think about removing the section on the Cherokee Moons Ceremonies? The only online sources I can find that list them are blogs, personal websites, fake tribes and commercial sites. Almost every encyclopedic site mentions the ceremonies but doesn't list them. I don't remember Mooney listing them in his journals either. -- A Rose Wolf  13:17, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

Turtles don't have 28 scutes!
I have not yet found an image or species of North American turtle with 28 scutes around the edge of their shell. Many North American species of turtles do have 13 scutes on the backs of their shells (lateral and central scutes), but most have 24 marginal scutes plus 1 cervical scute. The turtle shell in the image in this article does not have 28 scutes around its shell. I have counted scutes on numerous images of turtle shells and examined many physical specimen-- I can't make it add up to 28 no matter how I look at it. I don't know what "certain species of turtle[s]" mentioned in the article have 28 scutes.

I am not qualified to debate whether the claim (that some Native American traditions use the turtle shell as a model or parable to describe a 13 month year with 28 days) is true, but the article should not state the following (bolded) as fact:

"The Cherokee, like many other Native tribes, used the number of scutes on the backs of certain species of turtles to determine their calendar cycle. The scutes around the edge added up to 28, the same number of days as in a lunar cycle, while the center contained 13 larger scutes, representing the 13 moon cycles of a year."

Is there any other documentation that substantiates this claim and its traditional use/origin? I'm skeptical-- though, again, that may not be precisely what needs correcting. Maybe a better question would be: are there any photographs of North American turtle species with the 28 marginal/cervical scutes to substantiate the statements about turtle anatomy that this article claims?

At very least, the 13/28 scutes statement should be quoted from the cited sources, not stated as fact in the article. 2603:6080:6506:F400:25C5:6C9A:502:5CC5 (talk) 02:50, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Gúyû
The Mooney source mentions Gúyû as a fifth season between Gagi and Ulăgăhûstû. , I assume you removed it based on usage in modern Cherokee, but would it still make sense to mention it as a historical note? Mooney describes the five season system as being retained at the time of writing, which seems noteworthy to include, though I don't know enough to be sure. Geobica (talk) 19:34, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

 * , I am not opposed to the content being re-added as long as reliable sources, such as Mooney, describe it as so. It was removed more because I couldn't find a second reliable source for the content other than Mooney. I felt we needed that for verification. -- A Rose Wolf  20:38, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cherokee calendar


text: Category:Communications in Haiti

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Communications in Haiti


text:
Peter Fiorentino

Peter Nathan Fiorentino (born December 22, 1968) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1991–92 NHL season. His sole game was played against the Los Angeles Kings, in which he was credited with two shots on goal but did not record any points.

title: Peter Fiorentino


text:
Choujyu Sentai Liveman

Choujyu Sentai Liveman (超獣戦隊ライブマン) is a Japanese tokusatsu television series and the twelfth entry of Toei Company's Super Sentai metaseries. The last Super Sentai title of the Shōwa Era, it aired on TV Asahi from February 27, 1988 to February 18, 1989, replacing Hikari Sentai Maskman and was replaced by Kousoku Sentai Turboranger. Its international English title as listed by Toei is simply Liveman.

It was the first Super Sentai series to have a female Blue Ranger as well as the first Super Sentai series that introduced animal-based mecha. It was also the first Super Sentai series that introduced a super-combined robot (that is 2 or more robots put together); the first Super Sentai series to have three members from the start, with two additional members joining later on; it was the last Super Sentai series that had its mechas transported to the battle through a flying fortress on a regular basis, which would not occur again until Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger; and it was the first Super Sentai series to have both a Green Ranger and a Black Ranger in the main five, as opposed to interchanging one with another, which would not occur again until Engine Sentai Go-onger.

Plot
Academia Island is an elite school that various genius students from across the globe attend. Among them are Yusuke Amamiya, Joh Ohara and Megumi Misaki who with Takuji Yano and Mari Aikawa sought to create a suit strong enough for space exploration. However, three of their classmates and friends Kenji Tsukigata, Rui Senda, and Goh Omura felt their talents were being wasted and leave to join an evil organization called Volt who offers to raise their full scientific potential. As a result, when Yusuke and company saw them leaving, Kenji draws a gun on the three with Takuji and Mari taking the fatal blow. Soon after, one of the professors at the school Professor Hoshi pitches in to help Yusuke and his friends complete the suits so they can serve to prepare against Volt.

And then in 1988, the present day, with Kenji, Rui, and Goh now known as Doctors Kemp, Mazenda and Obular, Volt begins its attack by devastating Academia Island. As a result, Yusuke, Joh, and Megumi take up the suits they created and become the Livemen to battle against their former classmates and Volt. Though they managed to get Goh to leave Volt, the organization recruits new members in Doctor Ashura and the aliens Guildos and Butchy. Soon after, the Livemen are joined by Tetsuya and Jun-ichi, the respective younger brothers of Takuji and Mari, while learning that there is a darker agenda behind Volt that only its leader Bias knows.

Liveman
After Black Bison and Green Rhino join the team, the eponymous Liveman team can perform the Spark Attack (スパークアタック) finisher, turning into balls of light and strike the enemy.

 * Yusuke Amamiya (天宮 勇介)/Red Falcon (レッドファルコン): A poor student at Academia, but a strong leader and quick at thinking under pressure. He is a brave hard worker and enjoys rock music and work outs. Initially starts as a hot-headed and sarcastic rebel, but grows into the role of dependable leader as the series progresses. Yusuke was once in love with Rui Senda, but she did not return his love. He was good friends with Kenji during their first year or so at Academia until things went sour between them once Kenji started down a dark path. In the 2001 Sentai direct-to-DVD crossover film Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai, Yusuke is found visiting the graves of Takuji Yano, Rui Senda, Kenji Tsukigata, and Mari Aikawa. He briefly dueled Gaku Washio (Gao Yellow) in a sword fight and then lectured Gaku on the many sword-wielding warriors of the Super Sentai franchise, and introduced the Gaorangers to all the 23 other Red Warriors. He performed his roll call twice in that special, one along with the Dream Sentai and Gaorangers and then again with the other Red Warriors.
 * Weapons: Falcon Sword (ファルコンソード), Falcon Saber (ファルコンセイバー).
 * Attacks: Falcon Break (ファルコンブレイク).
 * Joh Ohara (大原 丈)/Yellow Lion (イエローライオン): He is at the bottom of the class at Academia and a sportsman and skateboarder. He is short-tempered and ready to dive into danger. Joh has the strength to back up his actions. He was once good friends with Goh and was heartbroken when their friendship dissolved once the weak-willed Goh fell into a bad crowd. Years later, during Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger Joh would appear to the Gokaigers and grant them the Greater Power of the team, which was their mecha Super Live Robo.
 * Weapons: Lion Punch (ライオンパンチ), Lion Bazooka (ライオンバズーカ).
 * Attacks: Skateboard Attack.
 * Megumi Misaki (岬 めぐみ)/Blue Dolphin (ブルードルフィン): A top class student at Academia who was nonetheless friends with Yusuke and Joh and did powered suit research with them and the late Takuji Yano and Mari Aikawa. She is good at swimming and bicycling and was taught archery by her father. Megumi often criticizes Yuusuke's strategies. A caring figure, feeling even for her enemies. She is very skilled and has fired an arrow from the Dolphin Arrow while riding the Moto Dolphin.
 * Weapons: Dolphin Arrow (ドルフィンアロー).
 * Tetsuya Yano (矢野 鉄也)/Black Bison (ブラックバイソン) (28-49): The younger brother of Takuji and elder brother of Takeshi. He is good at boxing. He nearly destroyed the Gran Tortoise after being taken over by Volt. Tetsuya is generally a good-hearted person, but has a temper and hatred, mostly fueled by his desire for revenge on Kemp for the murder of his older brother.
 * Weapons: Bison Rod (バイソンロッド).
 * Junichi Aikawa (相川 純一)/Green Rhino (グリーンサイ): (29-49) The younger brother of Mari and a rugby player. He calls Tetsuya "Tetsu-chan", looking up to him as an older brother. The youngest member of the team, temporarily leaving high school in order to fight Volt. While impregnated by Vega Zuno, Junichi was fearful of the life inside him to the point of getting an abortion until the unborn Vega Baby pleas for its life and Junichi decides to "give birth," only to lose the child when it was killed by its biological parent and ended up getting a newfound respect for mothers.
 * Weapons: Sai Cutters (サイカッター).

Arsenal

 * Twin Brace (ツインブレス): The Livemen's transformation device. The right wrist is the one with the animal icon. When transforming by themselves, they transform by saying their name (i.e. "Red Falcon!", "Yellow Lion!" etc.). Starting with episode 4, they shout "Liveman!".
 * Live Blaster (ライブラスター): The sidearms of the team that can either be used as handguns or separate into swords and shields. It can also be brought out on its own from the Twin Brace without transforming.
 * Bimotion Buster (バイモーションバスター): The finishing cannon used throughout the series. It was summoned by all three, and later five, members.
 * Triple Bazooka (トリプルバズーカ): First used in episode 22, it is a weapon formed from the Falcon Saber, Lion Bazooka, and Dolphin Arrow. It is apparently faster to bring out and fire than the Biomotion Buster.

Vehicles

 * Moto Machines (モトマシン): the individual motorcycles for the original trio, based on a Suzuki RH250.
 * Moto Falcon (モトファルコン): Red Falcon's Moto Machine.
 * Moto Lion (モトライオン): Yellow Lion's Moto Machine.
 * Moto Dolphin (モトドルフィン): Blue Dolphin's Moto Machine.
 * Live Cougar (ライブクーガー): A four-wheeled drive initially for the original trio. It is also used by Colon and later by Black Bison and Green Rhino. Based on a 2nd generation Suzuki Jimny.
 * Machine Buffalo (マシンバッファロー): A flying fortress that carries the mecha components of the Live Robo and the Live Boxer. It is launched from the tower that rises out of the undersea base, the Gran Tortoise (グラントータス).

Mecha

 * Live Robo (ライブロボ): The primary robot of the Livemen formed when the command "Combine! Live Dimension!" (合体! ライブディメンション!) is given. Apparently, as seen in some episodes, the Live Robo can be launched into battle already formed. Its main weapon is the Super Beast Sword (超獣剣) that is used for destroying monsters with its finishing attacks like the Super Live Crash (スーパーライブクラッシュ) and the Strong Crashdown (ストロングクラッシュダウン). Its other weapons are the Live Shield (ライブシールド), Double Cannons (ダブルカノン), and the Live Robo Beam (ライブロボビーム).
 * Jet Falcon (ジェットファルコン): Red Falcon's jet that forms the Live Robo's head, back, waist, thighs and the Live Shield. It is stored in the upper compartment of the Machine Buffalo. It has legs for touchdown. It appeared again in Gaoranger vs Super Sentai.
 * Land Lion (ランドライオン): Yellow Lion's mecha-lion. It forms the torso and arms of the Live Robo and the Double Cannons. It is stored in the lower compartment of the Machine Buffalo behind the Aqua Dolphin.
 * Aqua Dolphin (アクアドルフィン): Blue Dolphin's submarine. It forms the legs of the Live Robo. It is stored in the lower compartment of the Machine Buffalo in front of the Land Lion. It has wheels for land travel and can fire Dolphin Missiles.
 * Live Boxer (ライブボクサー): Liveman's second robot, formed when the command "Combine! Boxer Dimension!" (合体! ボクサーディメンション!) is given. Its special attack is the Piston Punch (ピストンパンチ), and its finishing attack to destroy monsters is the Miracle Big Blow (ミラクルビッグブロー).
 * Bison Liner (バイソンライナー): A trailer piloted by Black Bison that fires the Bison Beam from its horns; Red Falcon and Yellow Lion co-pilot at times. It forms the head, torso, arms, and left foot of the Live Boxer, and the left shoulder, helmet, waist shield, and feet of the Super Live Robo.
 * Sai Fire (サイファイヤー): A missile truck piloted by Green Rhino; Blue Dolphin co-pilots at times. It forms the legs and right foot of the Live Boxer, and the forearms and right shoulder of the Super Live Robo.
 * Super Live Robo (スーパーライブロボ): The combination of the Live Robo and the Live Boxer into a powerful robot under the command "Combine! Super Live Dimension!" (合体! スーパーライブディメンション!). Its ultimate finishing attack to destroy monsters is the Super Big Burst (スーパービッグバースト), gathering energy from the Bison Liner and the Sai Fire shoulder armor to fire a beam of energy from the mouth of the Land Lion.

Allies

 * Doctor Hoshi (星博士): The principal of Academia who made the Gran Tortoise and gave the Livemen mecha the ability to combine before dying. He died helping a pregnant woman trapped in the rubble of Academia Island escape.
 * Colon (コロン): A female robot built by Doctor Hoshi to be in charge of the Gran Tortoise and assist the team. She frequently supports Liveman on foot, car, bike, and the Machine Buffalo (especially before Black Bison and Green Rhino joined). Since Ashura appeared, Colon wanted to be more help to the Livemen and met Tanaka, a malfunctioning Dummyman who fell in love with her before he sacrificed himself to save her from the monster Dokugas Zuno. She later fell in love with Yusuke (who treated her coldly at that time until she saved him by taking a sword cut meant for him). She is able to swim, or otherwise move underwater, perhaps as part of being in charge of the Gran Tortoise. She has a habit of saying "Colon".
 * Takuji Yano (矢野 卓二): An Academia student studying on the power suits for space travel with Yusuke, Joh, Megumi, and Mari. The older brother of Tetsuya and Takeshi. His prototype power suit featured a swallow. Yusuke was his best friend. He was killed protecting his friends from Kenji's blasts. He promised his youngest brother Takeshi to build a dream car with him, his death resulting in the death of Takeshi's dream until he approached Yusuke who agreed to help him build it, creating the Live Cougar. In the GaoRanger VS. Super Sentai Yusuke is found visiting his grave.
 * Mari Aikawa (相川 麻理): An Academia student studying on the power suits for space travel with Yusuke, Joh, Megumi, and Takuji. The older sister of Jun-ichi. Her suit featured a dog. She was also working on the plans for the Bison Liner and the Sai Fire before her death. In the GaoRanger VS. Super Sentai Yusuke is found visiting her grave.
 * Doctor Dorothee (ドロテ博士): Tetsuya and Junichi's benefactor, the leader of the Academia group that built the Bison Liner and the Sai Fire. She later arrives to help the Livemen by providing a new power core for the Bison Liner. She was played by French children entertainer Dorothée.

Relatives

 * Takeshi Yano (矢野 武志): The younger brother of Takuji and Tetsuya, he met Yusuke and the others before Takuji was killed by Volt. He helps Yusuke complete the Live Cougar vehicle, which Yusuke started to build with Takuji. He is considerably younger than his two brothers and very little mention is made about his relation with Tetsuya.
 * Toshiko Omura (尾村 俊子): Go's mother. When Go was young, Toshiko pressured her son into succeeding academically at the expense of giving him a normal childhood. When Go returns to her home for refuge while hiding away from Volt, she becomes terrified when she witnesses her son's transformation into the monster Dr. Obler. Yusuke makes her see the error of her ways and she manages to revert Go back to his human form by reminding him of the motherly love she gave to him as a child.
 * Yoichiro Misaki (岬 与一郎): Megumi's father. A master of a form of archery known as the Higo Cross style (肥後バッテン流). He goes to Tokyo to visit his daughter with the intention of pairing her with a potential marriage partner. Although his archery skills has deteriorated as a result of his age, he is able to see through Volt's disguises when a group of Dummymen posed as hostages. He becomes proud of his daughter when he sees her use the Dolphin Arrow.
 * Mai Funachi (舟地 マイ): A long-time friend of Yusuke who works as a day-care worker in a kindergarten, who also knew Kenji before he became Doctor Kemp. When she was a high school student, Kenji gave her a bouquet of roses he specially bred known as "Kenji Roses", which helped her mother recover from an illness due to the positive energy it radiated. Later, when Kenji suffered an accident from a lab experiment, she donated her blood to save his life, as she carries the same rare blood type (β ZO Negative). She still holds Kenji in high esteem, until she finds out that he has become Doctor Kemp.

Armed Brain Volt Army
Believing most of humanity to be inferior, Armed Brain Volt Army (武装頭脳軍ボルト) is based on the orbiting space station Zuno Base (ヅノーベース) with its officers using a triangular shuttle to journey between it and Earth. Though it appeared Volt's goal was to create the ideal world for superior geniuses and exterminate those with "inferior minds", its true agenda is to complete the Giga Brain Wave so Bias can achieve immortality while subjugating the human race via mind control.

 * Great Professor Bias (大教授ビアス): A super genius scientist whose appearance belies his actual age, well versed in all knowledge, and worshiped as a god by his officers. Bias' intellect prevents him from brutally punishing or berating his officers for their failures; he believes they should recognize and learn from their shame. In reality, Bias was originally human until he devised a means to cheat death by absorbing a mind-controlling thought pattern-based energy called "Giga Brain Wave". But as twelve minds with an IQ of 1,000 each are needed, Bias tricks eleven followers under him to be educated until achieving the ideal IQ. From there, Bias extracts the achievers' brains and places them in the Brain Room to set up the Giga Brain Wave. Hiding this from his current followers so he can complete the Giga Brain Wave, Bias took extremes by ordering the execution of Miku Kitamura, a girl from 2003, and then Gou, who unknowingly witnessed Bias' previous absorbing of an incomplete Giga Brain Wave. When the effects of it begin to waver, Bias attempts to use his incomplete Giga Brain Wave to have Tetsuya destroy the Grand Tortoise for him before it backfired and aged him before he managed to regain his youthful appearance. Soon after, once Kemp reaches the IQ of 1,000, Bias uses Kemp's brain to complete the Giga Brain Wave and becomes a child as a result of absorbing the energy. However, Kemp's spirit rallies the ghosts of Bias' previous victims to take their revenge, causing Bias to revert to his true aged self. He dies in a wizened state aboard the exploding Zuno Base with Gash, imagining the voices of people praising him.
 * Kenji Tsukigata/Doctor Kemp (月形 剣史/ドクター・ケンプ): He is Yusuke's former friend at Academia whose dream was to develop biotechnological means to make humans immune to any disease. However, Kenji became egotistical and power-hungry after taking the test Bias sent to him, killing Takuji and Mari while leaving to join Volt. Becoming Bias's top pupil, and having an unwavering faith in the professor, Kemp's overconfidence and vanity are reflected in his monstrous form of Beauty Beast Kemp (美獣ケンプ), able to execute moves like Beautiful Eye and Beautiful Rainbow. While in human form, he uses the Slit Cutter as a weapon. Wanting to power his Beauty Beast form, Kemp creates Gore Zuno to synthesize his β ZO Negative blood type before finding Mai, a young woman who saved his life after he suffered blood loss from a lab explosion. After deciding not to take her blood and the events of October 22, Kemp is forced to discard his pride and undergo a risky operation to modify himself into a more powerful being. Though Megumi's interference caused him to regress to his teenage self with no memory of being in Earth Academia after, Kemp regains his memories upon remembering his low grade and completes his transformation into Fear Beast Kemp (恐獣ケンプ). In his new form, Kemp can use his Kemp Tentacles and execute attacks such as Kemp Demon Flare. He managed to obtain an IQ of 1,000, only to be betrayed by Bias who takes his brain away. As a result, Kemp's body becomes the mindless Fear Beast Zuno (恐獣ヅノー) before being destroyed by the Super Live Robo. However, despite being bodiless, Kemp's mind can muster enough strength to rob Bias of his newfound youth, resulting in his death in the finale. In Gaoranger VS. Super Sentai Yusuke is found visiting his grave.
 * Rui Senda/Doctor Mazenda (仙田 ルイ/ドクター・マゼンダ): She is a haughty woman who was Megumi's rival at the Academia and broke Yusuke's heart. Rui reconstructs herself as a cyborg to reflect her coldness and her desire to preserve her beauty, with concealed weapons within her robotic body like the Arm Gun, Elbow Gun, and Finger Gun. However, Mazenda's subconsciousness expresses her regret for discarding her love and kindness which manifests in her attack pattern. Eventually, after the Miku incident, Mazenda begins to doubt Bias before she upgrades herself into Machine Mazenda (マシン・マゼンダ). In her new state, 90% of Mazenda's body is fully mechanized with new built-in weapons like the Five-Finger Gun, Arm Bazooka, Elbow Gun Double Hit, and Crouch Knee Missile. However, upon learning the truth behind Bias' goals, Mazenda removed all organic traces of her being and became Robo Mazenda (ロボマゼンダ) to keep Bias from taking her brain. Mortally wounded as a result of defying Bias, Mazenda dies after regaining some of her former humanity. In GaoRanger VS. Super Sentai Yusuke is found visiting her grave. Her name is a pun on the word Magenta (マゼンタ).
 * Goh Omura/Doctor Obler (尾村 豪/ドクター・オブラー): He is Joh's one-time friend at Academia Island. Goh is a childhood prodigy who was forced by his mother to study with no time to play with other children. Struggling to meet everybody's expectations, Goh is brought into Volt by Bias out of pity and unknowingly witnessed Bias in his Brain Room. Using Volt's research with his inferiority complex as a motivation, Obler turns himself into a completely inhuman monster, called Monster Obler (獣人オブラー); in this state, he uses a battle axe as his weapon. During the failed Benyo Zuno experiment, Obler suddenly regresses to Goh; although Guildos returns him to his monstrous form, he is expelled from Volt for his weakness as he reverted again. Stealing Guildos's cross-sword, Goh returns to Earth and takes refuge at his childhood home to perfect his Obler form, destroy the Livemen, and win back Bias' praise. But he is captured by the other Earth-based Volt scientists and used in the creation of the Obler Zuno. When the clone attempts to kill his mother, Obler takes the hit meant from her, reverting to an exhausted, nearly comatose Goh. Months after his rehabilitation, Goh regains his memories of when he was unknowingly used in Kemp's experiment with Tomei Zuno. Soon after, as the young man is a witness to his dark secret, Bias orders his forces to find Goh and kill him as Joh manages to get him to safety. Though guilt-ridden by his actions against him and the others, Goh reveals what he knew about Bias before he went into hiding. Goh later finds religion and tries to help the Livemen in hopes of saving Rui and Kenji. Though attempting to protect Mazenda from Gash, Goh is unable to save her in the end as he returns to his normal life again.
 * Arashi Busujima/Doctor Ashura (毒島 嵐/ドクター・アシュラ): He was a tough-as-nails underworld figure and gang leader with a poor education who bears a grudge against the Science Academia and those smarter than he is. When one of his men is converted into an Apeman by Hihi Zuno, Arashi tracks down the Zuno Beast and uses him to commit crimes before Yusuke battles Arashi in a fistfight before Obler's interference. Impressed with Arashi, Bias accelerates his intelligence to the point that he built a chamber that modifies him into his current form. Other than his newfound genius and brute strength, Ashura uses the attacks "Demon Kick", "Break Ashura", "Ashura Reverse Attack", and "Cut Ashura". After his initial loss to the Livemen, Ashura remodified himself to execute "Cyber Bunshin" to generate the Shurer Three (シュラー三人衆) with whom he executes the "Blood Shed Attack." Ashura also has a soft spot for women and has sided with Mazenda. He is targeted by Bias when he used Hacker Zuno to uncover suspicious articles regarding Bias' secret. Soon afterward, Bias decides that Ashura is a hopeless candidate and strips him of his super-intelligence. Back to being Arashi, he ends up being befriended by the Livemen and Goh before strapping himself with dynamite to make a suicide run on Battle Zuno.
 * Guardnoid Gash (ガードノイド・ガッシュ): Bias's robot bodyguard, a relentless machine who has knowledge of firearms and uses his Video Eye to locate targets. Gash is also the only member of Volt who knows the actual plans of Bias. Though normally deployed to fire Giga Phantom enlargement bazooka and create Zuno Beasts, Gash is also sent to carry out missions like stealing the Metaforce Jewel from the robot Joh befriended. Gash eventually dies with Bias inside the Brain Base after losing his right forearm to Yusuke.
 * Guildian Guildos (ギルド星人ギルドス): A robot secretly built by Bias to spur his scientists to break their limitations, believing himself to be an alien intelligence from the planet Guildo. Eventually, becoming prideful from the false memories their creator installed into him, Guildos begins to question why he and Butchy should even follow Bias as he created the Zuno Beast Guild Zuno to prove himself superior to Bias. However, after overexerting his energy to repeatedly revive Guildo Zuno, Guildos malfunctions while realizing his true nature. In a state of shock that his entire life was a lie, Guildos trips and falls to his death.
 * Chibuchian Butchy (チブチ星人ブッチー): An orange ape-like robot secretly built by Bias to spur on Kemp et al. Like Guildos, he was made to have others believe he was an alien intelligence from the planet Chibuchi. Jocular likes roller skating and music (he claims to be a karaoke expert). His attacks include expanding the size of his hands to execute his Butchy Punch move. After learning the truth behind Guildos and himself, along with their purpose, Butchy is forced to continue serving Bias. However, while forcefully enacting his Rampaging Destruction scheme, Butchy's tears are noticed by Megumi. Despite Ashura's tough love, Butchy is stopped from further destruction by Megumi offering her friendship. His acceptance results in Butchy being labeled a dunce and targeted for execution. Though Megumi tries to save him, Bias activates the self-destruct within Butchy as he pushes Megumi away before exploding.
 * Jimmers (ジンマー): The green-skinned android soldiers with mohawk 'haircuts'. They are very difficult to defeat, as their head and limbs operate independently when dismembered. Mazenda later develop a variant of Jimmers called Dummymen (ダミーマン) that can assume human form. In episode 13, a Dummyman who calls himself Tanaka (タナカ) defects from Volt and assists the Livemen after he falls in love with Colon before sacrificing himself to save her.

Others

 * Dinosaur Gon (恐竜ゴン): A dinosaur that Time Zuno brought to the present, Gon was befriended by a boy named Kenichii. While Mazenda and Kemp hold off the Livemen, Oblar later catches Gon and uses Gash to enlarge Gon into a giant berserker controlled by Oblar. Though overpowered, the Live Robo manages to restore Gon. However, Gon died as the result of the enlargement's side effects on non-Zuno Beasts.
 * Giga Volt (ギガボルト): Created by Bias as the result of his Giga Project, using the Giga Metal that Kemp synthesized and powered by the Giga Energy developed by Mazenda from geothermic heat to build this giant robot personally. Once finally activated, this robot emerges with Kemp piloting it as it overpowers the Live Robo and counters its Super Live Crash before placing it in a Giga Field. But the interference of the Live Boxer results in the Live Robo being rescued and this robot is trapped in its own Giga Field. Doctor Ashura takes over this robot until it is finally destroyed by the newly formed Super Live Robo.

Episodes
Episodes aired on Saturdays at 6:00 PM JST.

Cast

 * Yusuke Amamiya: Daisuke Shima (嶋 大輔)
 * Joh Ohara: Kazuhiko Nishimura (西村 和彦)
 * Megumi Misaki: Megumi Mori (森 恵)
 * Tetsuya Yano: Seiro Yamaguchi (山口 正朗)
 * Junichi Aikawa: Jin Kawamoto (河本 忍)
 * Great Professor Bias: Jōji Nakata (中田 譲治)
 * Kenji Tsukigata/Doctor Kemp: Yutaka Hirose (広瀬 裕) (credited as Takumi Hirose (広瀬 匠))
 * Rui Senda/Doctor Mazenda: Akiko Amamatsuri (天祭 揚子) (credited as Akiko Kurusu (来栖 明子))
 * Goh Omura/Doctor Obler: Toru Sakai (坂井 徹)
 * Arashi Busujima/Doctor Ashura: Yoshinori Okamoto (岡本 美登)

Guest Stars

 * Doctor Hoshi: Daisuke Ban (伴 大介) (credited as Naoya Ban (伴 直弥)) (episodes 1 & 2)
 * Takuji Yano: Hiromichi Hori (堀広道) (episodes 1, 5, 8, 29 & 30)
 * Mari Aikawa: Masae Hayashi (林優枝) (episodes 1, 8, 29 & 30)
 * Takeshi Yano: Hirofumi Taga (多賀啓史) (episode 5)
 * Great Professor Bias (Child): Kentaro Ishizema (石関賢太郎) (episodes 48 & 49)

Voice actors

 * Colon: Makoto Kōsaka (高坂 真琴)
 * Beast Man Obler: Atsuo Mori (森 篤夫)
 * Guildos: Moichi Saito (斉藤 茂一)
 * Butchy: Takuzō Kamiyama (神山 卓三)
 * Gash: Hideaki Kusaka (日下 秀昭)
 * Narrator: Takeshi Kuwabara (桑原 たけし)

Tagalog Dub Cast
Most of the character names were changed in the Tagalog dub with the Sentai form names changed.

 * New Dub Name/Yusuke Amamiya: TBA
 * New Dub Name/Joh Ohara: TBA
 * New Dub Name/Megumi Misaki: TBA
 * New Dub Name/Tetsuya Yano: TBA
 * New Dub Name/Jun'ichi Aikawa
 * Colon: TBA

Songs

 * Opening theme
 * "Choujyu Sentai Liveman" (超獣戦隊ライブマン)
 * Lyrics: Akira Ohtsu (大津 あきら)
 * Composition: Yasuo Kosugi (小杉 保夫)
 * Arrangement: Ohzuchi Fujita (藤田 大土)
 * Artist: Daisuke Shima

 * Ending theme
 * "Ashita ni Ikiru ze!" (あしたに生きるぜ!)
 * Lyrics: Akira Ohtsu
 * Composition: Yasuo Kosugi
 * Arrangement: Ohzuchi Fujita
 * Artist: Daisuke Shima

International broadcast and home video

 * In its home country of Japan, Toei Video released a re-edited version of Episode 44 of this series as part of their HERO Club video, Sentai Super Battle File which also featured a re-edited version of Episode 39 of the next series being Kousoku Sentai Turboranger and Episode 3 of Chikyu Sentai Fiveman. Then from December 9, 2011 to April 21, 2012, the series got a full home video release for the first time, containing five volumes. The first volume only had nine episodes, while the other volumes contain ten each. All five volumes hold two discs. Special features contain Kazuhiko Nishimura (actor of Joh Ohara/Yellow Lion), commentated that it took long for a series to be released in full after 23 years of airing. Then in 2019, which was 30 years after, a low-priced DVD collection of the series were released in two volumes both at once. Each volume is a five-disc set where the first has 24 episodes and the second has 25 episodes. New interviews with Daisuke Shima, (actor of Yusuke Amamiya/Red Falcon) in Vol. 1, and Megumi Morie (actress of Megumi Misaki/Blue Dolphin) in Vol. 2, are included in each booklet.
 * The series was broadcast on TF1 in France as Bioman 3: Liveman and was marketed as the direct sequels to Choudenshi Bioman and Bioman 2 (Hikari Sentai Maskman). It made its debut on May 31, 1989, just a mere four months after the last episode aired in Japan. The French dub was produced and licensed by AB Groupe with all episodes covered with dubbing work by Studio SOFRECI. This was actually the fourth series to be shown in the region as they also aired Choushinsei Flashman in between Maskman and Liveman. (Dengeki Sentai Changeman was skipped.)
 * In Spain, it was the first Super Sentai series to broadcast in the country and one of two Sentai shows to be dubbed in Castilian Spanish. It premiered on July 8, 1990 on TVE2. However, it was titled Bioman, as it was actually bought from France directly, meaning the Spanish dub was based on the French dub by AB Groupe. In addition, only the first 25 episodes were dubbed and aired with the three members, while the other episodes featuring the additional two that would join in later episodes, did not air.
 * Starting in 1991, Liveman was given a Latin Spanish dub and aired across Latin American regions under the title La Súper Fuerza Liveman with unprecedented success. This series and Choushinsei Flashman (which was dubbed earlier), were the only two Super Sentai series to officially air there with Latin Spanish dubs.
 * On August 1991, The series aired with a Thai dub on Channel 7. The home video release was licensed by Video Square. But years later, a new Thai dub was made for a newer home video release and distributed by Right Pictures.
 * South Korea released the series with a Korean dub in 1991 under Liveman: Warriors of Peace. (평화의 전사 라이브맨) As of the Korean dub of Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger, it was officially renamed Power Rangers Liveman. (파워레인저 라이브맨)
 * The series also aired in Indonesia with an Indonesian dub and aired on RCTI in 1991 and re-aired in 1996.
 * This series along with the proceeding series Kousoku Sentai Turboranger were already both licensed to be aired in Brazil in the mid-1990's to be given a Brazilian Portuguese dub as merchandise was appearing locally. However, this fell through as Power Rangers was proven to be more popular to air and Saban was weighing competition in most international markets when they adapted Toei's work. As a result, Liveman was not aired in the region.
 * This series along with the proceeding series Kousoku Sentai Turboranger were already both licensed to be aired in Brazil in the mid-1990's to be given a Brazilian Portuguese dub as merchandise was appearing locally. However, this fell through as Power Rangers was proven to be more popular to air and Saban was weighing competition in most international markets when they adapted Toei's work. As a result, Liveman was not aired in the region.

title: Choujyu Sentai Liveman


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Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site in southeastern Berks County, near Elverson, Pennsylvania, is an example of an American 19th century rural iron plantation, whose operations were based around a charcoal-fired cold-blast iron blast furnace. The significant restored structures include the furnace group (blast furnace, water wheel, blast machinery, cast house and charcoal house), as well as the ironmaster's house, a company store, the blacksmith's shop, a barn and several worker's houses.

Hopewell Furnace was founded about 1771 by ironmaster Mark Bird, son of William Bird, who had been one of Pennsylvania's most prominent ironmasters. The site's most prosperous time was during the 1820-1840 period with a brief return to significant production during the American Civil War. In the mid-19th century, changes in iron making, including a shift from charcoal-fueled furnaces to anthracite-fueled steel mills, rendered smaller furnaces like Hopewell obsolete. The site discontinued operations in 1883.

In 1938, the property was designated Hopewell Village National Historic Site under the authority of the Historic Sites Act, thereby becoming one of the earliest cultural units of the National Park System.

Today, Hopewell Furnace consists of 14 restored structures, 52 features on the List of Classified Structures, and a total of 848 mostly wooded acres. Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site is located in the Hopewell Big Woods and bordered by French Creek State Park on three sides and State Game Lands 43 on the south side, which preserves the lands the furnace utilized for its natural resources.

Mark Bird
In 1761, Mark Bird took over the family business after the death of his ironmaster father. This included two forges and a furnace on 3000 acres. Bird expanded the business to 8000 acres by 1763, and added the Hopewell and Jones Good Luck mines. In 1770, he purchased several tracts in Berks and Chester Counties, planning a furnace on French Creek near his father's forge and the Hopewell mine. By 1771, the Hopewell Furnace was in operation, and an early stove plate was imprinted "Mark Bird-Hopewell Furnace - 1772." By 1775, Bird was a member of the Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence and the Pennsylvania Provincial Conference. During the American Revolutionary War, Bird served as a colonel of the Second Battalion of Berks County militia, was elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly, and served as a judge for Berks County. As Deputy Quartermaster General of Pennsylvania, his furnace provided cannon and shot to the Continental Army and Continental Navy. However, payments from Congress were insufficient to cover his over-expanded business, and Bird was forced to close down his Berks County ironworks in 1784 following the national economic downturn. Bird noted, "...I was Ruined, by the Warr, it was not Drunkenness, Idleness or want of Industry." Following floods and fire, Bird was forced to mortgage his Hopewell and Birdsboro properties in 1786. In 1788, the Hopewell plantation was auctioned off to James Old and Cadwallader Morris, while Bird fled to North Carolina, a debtor's refuge. Bird died there in 1816.

Daniel Buckley
By 1789, Hopewell Furnace was the second largest of 14 furnaces in Pennsylvania with annual capacity of 700 tons. Yet, the operation was still not profitable. In 1794, James Wilson bought the operation, but was forced to auction the complex in 1796, and fled to North Carolina to avoid his creditors. In 1800, Daniel Buckley, and his brothers-in-law Matthew and Thomas Brooke, purchased the furnace and operated it as a family business for the next 83 years. Daniel Buckley was succeed upon his death in 1828 by his son Matthew Brooke Buckley, and then his grandson Edward S. Buckley. In 1801, the two bellows were repaired. In 1804, the furnace was renovated, a new charcoal house built, the water wheel and head race remodeled, with the overshot wheel replaced by a breastshot wheel. In 1805, a stamping mill helped recover iron from the slag, which operated until 1817. The partners were forced to close down operations from 1808 until 1816, due to the national recession, and land title litigation. In 1817, a cupola furnace was added to resmelt pig iron into cast iron to sand cast sash weights, pots, skillets, kettles, flat irons, wheels, mill screws, apple mill nuts, clock weights, anvils, hammers, grates, grindstone wheels, mold boards, and stove plates. The 1830s were the most profitable years, and from 1825 until 1844, stove plates were the most lucrative product. In 1839, 5,152 stoves were produced. While Clement Brooke served as resident manager and iron master from 1816 until 1848, he added a cellar, kitchen and southwest wing to the ironmaster's house, enlarged the spring house and company store, and built tenant houses and a schoolhouse. Stove plate production ended in 1844, and over the next four decades, mainly pig iron was produced. Customers included the Reading Railroad. Dr. Charles M. Clingan, Clement Brooke's son-in-law, succeeded as resident manager over the next 10 years. He was followed by John R. Shafer for the next 15 years, and Harker Long as the last resident manager. The furnace ceased operations on 15 June 1883, and the remaining pig iron stock sold off over the next five years.

Restoration
In 1935, the federal government purchased the property from Louise Brooke, daughter of Dr. Charles and Maria Clingan, paying $100,000 for 4000 acres. In 1938, the Secretary of the Interior designated the area as a National Historic Site, and plans proceeded to restore the area to its prosperous period of 1820 to 1840. In 1946, 5000 acres of the recreation area were deeded to the state, keeping 848 acres for the historic site. Restoration began in the 1950s, and by 1952, the furnace, blacksmith shop, water wheel and blast machinery, barn, tenant houses, and cast house had been rebuilt and restored. This included the use of wooden dowels and hand hewn beams.

Challenges
Due to being one of the oldest established units in the National Park Service, Hopewell Furnace had deferred maintenance costs of $7,983,521 in 2015, $7,526,855 in 2016, $6,835,475 in 2017, and most recently published $7,443,553 in 2018. Much of this comes from costs of repair and maintenance needs. Local support groups for the site are recently focused on preserving and cataloging documents from the furnace's active period, in order to better interpret and present the history of the area.

List of superintendents

 * Lemuel A. Garrison: 11/28/1939 - 9/22/1941
 * Ralston B. Lattimore: 9/23/1941 - 11/23/1942
 * Emil C. Heinrich (Acting): 4/01/1943 - 4/16/1947
 * Emil C. Heinrich: 6/11/1947 - 6/27/1947
 * Catherine Fritz (Acting): 6/28/1947 - 8/23/1947
 * Russell A. Gibbs: 8/24/1947 - 12/10/1949
 * James Cass: 12/11/1949 - 5/31/1955
 * Joseph R. Prentice: 7/29/1955 - 12/2/1961
 * Benjamin J. Zerby: 1/21/1962 - 3/20/1965
 * John C.W. Riddle: 6/13/1965 - 11/11/1972
 * Larry Points (Acting): 11/12/1972 - 1/6/1973
 * Wallace B. Elms: 1/7/1973 - 9/16/1975
 * Elizabeth E. Disrude: 10/26/1975 - 2/27/1988
 * Russell P. Smith (Acting): 2/28/1988 - 7/16/1988
 * Derrick Cook: 7/17/1988 - 11/30/1995
 * Josie Fernandez (Acting, then later Superintendent): 12/1/1995 - 4/26/1998
 * Jeffrey Collins (Acting): 4/27/1998 - 8/1/1998
 * William Sanders: 8/2/1998 - at least August 2005
 * Edie Shean-Hammond: Started February 2006
 * Kate Hammond: Started March 2012
 * Steven Sims: Started Late June 2017
 * Rose Fennell: 9/27/2020–Present

title: Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site


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Alex Forsyth

Alex or Alexander Forsyth may refer to:

 * Alex Forsyth (American football) (born 1999), American football player
 * Alex Forsyth (ice hockey) (born 1955), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Alex Forsyth (footballer, born 1952) (born 1952), Scottish footballer
 * Alexander John Forsyth (1769–1843), Scottish minister who first successfully used chemicals to prime gunpowder in fire-arms
 * Alex Forsyth (footballer, born 1928) (1928–2020), Scottish footballer

title: Alex Forsyth


text:
Talk:Chlorosilane

Potential error
There´s an error in this Article. The Müller-Rochow-Process is only for preparing Methylchlorosilane using Methylchloride and Silicon. Chlorosilane (SiCl4H and SiCl4) are prepared as explained here but that process is not called Müller-Rochow-Process. Maybe somebody can change that....

11 nines?!
I thought it took some serious, repeated zone melting to reach that level of purity, but perhaps I was mistaken. Pretty impressive, if that's the case.

Chlorsilane → Chlorsilanes
I propose to move this article to new title. There is a compound called chlorsilane (H3SiCl) that should have a separate article. AXO NOV (talk) ⚑ 00:37, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chlorosilane


text:
Talk:Camp Lake (Alaska)

GPS Coords?

title: Talk:Camp Lake (Alaska)


text: User:BANi

title: User:BANi


text: Category:Further education colleges in the United Kingdom


text:
Category:Funk songs

This is a category for articles about funk songs.

title: Category:Funk songs


text:
BRDM-1

The BRDM-1 (Bronirovannaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina, Бронированная Разведывательная Дозорная Машина, literally "armored reconnaissance/patrol vehicle" ) is a Soviet amphibious armored scout car. It was the first purpose-built Soviet reconnaissance vehicle to enter service since the BA-64 and was built on the chassis and drive train of the BTR-40 armored personnel carrier. It is the world's first mass-produced combat vehicle of its class.

The primary advantage of the BRDM-1 at the time of its introduction was its amphibious capability, which was the main shortcoming associated with its BTR-40 counterpart. Another unique feature of the vehicle's design were two pairs of chain-driven auxiliary wheels, which could be lowered to provide additional traction on muddy terrain. The BRDM-1 was manufactured from 1957 to 1966, at which time 10,000 had entered service with the Soviet Union and its military allies around the world. It was thereafter superseded by the improved BRDM-2, which possessed greater amphibious capabilities, a more powerful engine, and a fully enclosed turret.

Development history
During World War II and the immediate postwar period, the Soviet Union and a number of countries embraced the concept of purpose-built armored scout cars designed to provide protection and moderate fighting capability to reconnaissance units. A few nations, such as the United States, rejected the same concept because they found armored reconnaissance vehicles to be counterproductive in reducing situational awareness and encouraging their crews to emulate tank tactics. Others, such as France, explicitly adopted heavily armed and armored reconnaissance vehicles because their respective doctrines encouraged aggressive reconnaissance. The Soviet scout cars, by contrast, were lightly armed and armored, making them effective in the role of passive reconnaissance while still providing protection under cover for the crew. They were still capable of undertaking more aggressive forms of reconnaissance when deployed in concert with more heavily armed combat vehicles.

Throughout the postwar era, the Soviet Army had initially used the BA-64 in the scout car role; however, the growing obsolescence of that design led to its replacement by the BTR-40, which was designed as a general purpose transporter and armored car. Soviet dissatisfaction with the BTR-40 in the scout car role led to design work being initiated on a new purpose-built scout car in 1954. The Soviet Army specified an amphibious armored vehicle able to accommodate a crew of five, with a road speed of around 80 kilometres per hour and a road range of at least 500 kilometres. In 1956, the Dedkov OKB Design Bureau produced a prototype which utilized the automotive and chassis components of the BTR-40 but incorporated an entirely new, boat-shaped hull with amphibious capability. A number of modifications also had to be made to the engine placement, gearbox, transmission, and axles of the original BTR-40 design to accommodate the new hull. This received the designation BTR-40P and was first trialed by the Soviet Army in the Black Sea that year. The vehicle was accepted for service in 1957 as the Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina (BRDM).

Service history
In Soviet service, the new BRDMs were attached on the divisional level and deployed for screening and long-range probing actions. During the 1960s and 1970s, the scout cars were complemented in Soviet reconnaissance battalions by specialized variants of the BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles, which were able to reconnoiter much more aggressively and engage hostile armor as needed. About 10,000 BRDMs were built for the Soviet Army and another 1,500 for export, primarily to East Germany, where it received the designation SPW-40P, and the People's Republic of Poland. The vehicle was criticised for its light armour and the vulnerability of its front-mounted engine compartment during combat, as well as its open top, which exposed the crew to enemy fire when operating the weapons systems. This was partly rectified by the introduction of an improved variant in 1958, which had a hermetically sealed fighting compartment and an overpressure system, reducing the threats from fragments and allowing the crew to reconnoiter contaminated environments. However, it remained impossible to operate the vehicle's weapons system from within the hull. This and other shortcomings prompted Soviet engineers to begin work on a new model of the BRDM capable of carrying the same turret as the BTR-60 armored personnel carrier. The latest mark had the engine compartment shifted to the rear and was considerably more mobile; it entered service as the BRDM-2 during the mid-1960s. The earlier BRDM design was redesignated BRDM-1 in Soviet service and remained in use until the late 1970s, when it was retired.

The Soviet Army exported many second-hand BRDM-1s to its military allies, particularly in Africa, from 1966 to 1980. Both Egypt and Syria deployed BRDM-1s during the Six-Day War; a number of these vehicles were captured by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during that conflict and subsequently reused in unconventional operations. Egyptian and Syrian BRDM-1s were deployed again during the Yom Kippur War, albeit in smaller numbers, having been largely superseded by the more modern BRDM-2. Several captured Egyptian or Syrian BRDM-1s were transferred to the United States for evaluation purposes during the late 1970s by the Israeli government. The Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) deployed a number of BRDM-1s during the Angolan Civil War. Ugandan BRDM-1s were deployed against Tanzanian forces in Kampala during the Uganda–Tanzania War.

By 2000, the BRDM-1 only remained in service with the armies of eleven nations and was almost wholly confined to reserve storage. In 2016, less than 200 BRDM-1s were believed to remain in service worldwide.

Description

The vehicle's most unusual feature is the four additional chain-driven belly wheels, which are lowered by the driver to allow trench crossing. The vehicle also has a tire pressure regulation system which later became standard in Soviet wheeled military vehicles. The initial version of the vehicle, the BRDM obr. 1957, had an open roof, but the next production model, the BRDM obr. 1958, added a roof with twin hatches over commander's and driver's station and two hatches at the rear.

The vehicle is a conventional 4×4 design, with a welded steel chassis, an engine at the front and crew compartment at the rear. The driver sits on the left, with the commander to his right. The vehicle is not fitted with an NBC system, and has no night-vision equipment by default. The vehicle has four infra-red driving lights and a single white light searchlight is mounted on the driver's side of the vehicle. When in combat BRDM-1's front windscreens are protected by armoured shutters with integral vision blocks. When the shutters are in their open position they protect driver and commander from being blinded by the sunlight and ensure that the windscreens won't be obscured by rain or snow. The GAZ-40PB V-8 gasoline engine is based on a US Dodge truck engine, and is coupled to a manual gearbox with four forward gears and one reverse with a single dry-plate clutch. The four additional belly wheels which can be lowered to improve the vehicles cross-country performance by reducing its ground pressure, and to allow it to cross trenches up to 1.2 meters wide. Tire pressure in the main tires can also be raised and lowered by the driver for better performance.

The vehicle is fully amphibious, a trim board is raised at the front of the vehicle before entering the water to improve vehicle's stability and displacement in water and prevent the water from flooding the bow. In the water the vehicle is propelled by a single rear-mounted water-jet. The water jet is powered by the main engine which drives a four-bladed propeller. The water jet outlet is protected by an armoured shutter while on land. This shutter must be removed before entering water. While the trim board in the front is in its travelling position it serves as additional armour.

The BRDM-1 has a maximum armour thickness of 10 mm. This is sufficient for protection against small arms fire and small shell fragments but not against larger artillery fragments and 0.50 in machine gun fire. The BRDM-1-series tires are unarmoured and are particularly vulnerable to puncture from fire of all kinds.

The BRDM obr. 1959 was normally armed with a single 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine gun mounted at the front of the hull for which 1,250 rounds of ammunition were carried. The BRDM-2 obr. 1960 also had mountings for two more 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine guns on the sides of the roof however usually only one machine gun was mounted even though it was possible to mount machine guns in all three mounting points. Later the 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 heavy machine gun or 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun replaced the 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine gun in the front while an additional 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine gun was mounted on the rear. It was still possible to mount the other two 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine guns on the sides of the vehicle.

The Soviet Army however disliked the vehicle for several reasons. The vehicle had no turret and to operate the armament the gunner had to open a hatch and expose himself to enemy fire. The vehicle also didn't have any kind of special sights which undermined its usability as a reconnaissance vehicle. These perceived shortcomings were noted and addressed by Soviet engineers in the design of the BRDM-2.

East Germany

 * SPW-40P – East German designator for unarmed BRDM-1.
 * SPW-40PA – East German version of armed BRDM-1 with larger IR headlights.
 * 9P111 – East German version of the 9P110. Unlike the Soviet 9P110 the East German variant has additional protection for headlights and two mounts for fuel canisters in the rear of the vehicle.

Hungary

 * FUG – FÚG (Felderítő Úszó Gépkocsi - "amphibious reconnaissance vehicle") – Due to the similarities with BRDM-1, the D-442 FUG is sometimes mistaken for a BRDM-1 modification, though several important differences reflect an independence of the design. It has two waterjets for amphibious propulsion instead of one as in BRDM-1, powered by a Hungarian-made Csepel six-cylinder diesel engine, and the engine compartment is in the rear. It was produced by Hungary at Rába Magyar Vagon és Gépgyár and used by Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. It is also known as D-442.

USSR

 * BRDM-1 obr. 1957 – standard unarmed amphibious armoured scout car with an opened top. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.
 * BRDM-1 obr. 1958 – standard unarmed amphibious armoured scout car fitted with a roof with two hatches at the front. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.
 * BRDM-1 obr. 1959 – standard amphibious armoured scout car fitted with one 7.62 mm medium machine gun pintle mount at the front of the roof. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.
 * BRDM-1 obr. 1960 – standard amphibious armoured scout car fitted with three 7.62 mm medium machine guns pintle mounts: one at the front of the roof and one on each side of the superstructure. It was possible to mount machine guns at all three mounting positions at the same time but it was rarely practiced. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.
 * BRDM-2 – Further development of BRDM-1.
 * BRDM-RKh – NBC reconnaissance vehicle with two KZO-2 flag dispensers and with several detection devices including the DP dosimeter and PCHR-54 semi-automatic detection device. It was also known under designation BTR-40P-Rkh.
 * BRDM-1U – Command vehicle with additional R-112 radios and 3 whip antennas. It was also known under designations BTR-40PU and BRDM-u.
 * BRDM-1U modified for use by transport units. This variant has a rear traffic light.
 * 2P27 – Tank destroyer equipped with 2K16 launcher for 3×3M6 "Shmel" (AT-1 Snapper) ATGM. The rear of the vehicle has been completely rebuilt. The space for the reconnaissance team and the reconnaissance equipment is replaced by a superstructure in which a launcher with three 3M6 "Shmel" missiles is carried. While on the move the launcher is hidden inside of the superstructure and is protected by its armour. Thanks to this when the launcher is not deployed the 2P27 looks almost exactly as a normal BRDM-1. It even still has four firing ports on both sides of the vehicle even though it is impossible to operate them in this vehicle. It is almost impossible to distinguish the two vehicles from a long distance. When the vehicle stops the rocket launcher can be deployed. This is done by taking off two the steel panels on top of the launcher's compartment, opening a flap in the rear of the superstructure and elevating the launcher. After that the launcher can be immediately fired. Developed in 1958.
 * 2P32 – Tank destroyer equipped with 2K8 launcher for 4×9M11 "Falanga" (AT-2 Swatter) ATGM. The vehicle is exactly the same as the 2P27 but has a different missile launcher which uses four 9M11 "Falanga". It is a logical successor to the 2P27, entered service in 1962.
 * 9P110 – Tank destroyer equipped with 9К14М launcher for 6×9M14 "Malyutka" (AT-3 Sagger) ATGM. Production started in 1963. This vehicle, just like 2P27 and 2P32, has superstructure in the rear where the missile launcher is hidden. However, as the launcher's compartment is smaller the vehicle retains the characteristic rear of the BRDM-1. The mechanism of deploying the launcher was also simplified. Now it is just a matter of finding a suitable site and elevating the launcher. One of the visually distinguishing features between this tank destroyer from 2P27 and 2P32 after the launcher has been deployed is the fact that the latter ones don't have the overhead protection for the launcher once it's in firing position.

Operators

 * Republic of the Congo
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba: 50
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea: 10
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique: 51; >28 operational in 2013.
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan: 5
 * Transnistria
 * Vietnam: 50
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia: 44

Former operators

 * undefined: 50
 * People's Socialist Republic of Albania: 15
 * 🇦🇴 Angola
 * 🇧🇬: 150
 * 124
 * East Germany: 150
 * 🇪🇬: 200
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * 🇱🇾 Libya: 60
 * 🇴🇲 Oman
 * 🇵🇪 Peru: 12
 * Polish People's Republic : 900
 * Socialist Republic of Romania
 * Soviet Union: 10,000
 * Syria: 100, retired before the 2010s
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania: 30
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda: 98
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda: 98

title: BRDM-1


text:
User:Peter1219/monobook.js

importScript('Wikipedia:WikiProject_User_scripts/Scripts/Fix_lowercase_first_letter_problem');

importScript('User:Ais523/votesymbols.js');

title: User:Peter1219/monobook.js


text:
Omar Camporese

Omar Camporese (born 8 May 1968) is a former professional tennis player from Italy.

Career
Born in Bologna, Camporese turned professional in 1987. He reached his first top-level singles final in 1990 at San Marino, where he lost to Guillermo Pérez Roldán 6–3, 6–3.

In 1991, Camporese won his first tour singles title in Rotterdam, defeating Ivan Lendl in the final 3–6, 7–6, 7–6. At the Australian Open the same year he lost against Boris Becker in a 311 minutes long match. Becker won 7–6, 7–6, 0–6, 4–6, 14–12 which is the fourth longest match in the tournament's history. 1992 saw Camporese win his second tour singles title at Milan, where he beat Goran Ivanišević in the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–4.

Camporese's best performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1992 Australian Open, where he reached the fourth round before being knocked out by Lendl.

During his career, Camporese won two top-level singles titles and five tour doubles titles. His career high rankings were World No. 18 in singles and World No. 27 in doubles (both in 1992). His career prize-money totalled $1,609,837. Camporese retired from the professional tour in 1998.

title: Omar Camporese


text:
Melinda Pavey

Melinda Jane Pavey (Shaw; born 1969), is a former Australian politician. Pavey had been a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 2015 to 2023, representing the seat of Oxley for The Nationals. She was previously a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council between 2002 and 2015.

Pavey had previously served as the Minister for Roads, Maritime and Freight from January 2017 until March 2019 in the first Berejiklian ministry government. She was the Minister for Water, Property and Housing from 2019 to 2023 in the second Berejiklian ministry and the Perrottet ministry.

A former party staffer, the Coffs Harbour businesswoman became the party's youngest New South Wales member of parliament at the age of 33.

She stood down at the 2023 New South Wales state election, and was succeeded by fellow National candidate Michael Kemp.

Career
Pavey initially worked as a radio journalist with 2UW in Sydney, but soon became involved in the National Party, and in 1988 took up a position as a media officer for Matt Singleton, the then-Minister for Administrative Services. Over the next decade, she worked for a number of MPs, including Deputy Premier Wal Murray (1990–1993), Minister for Consumer Affairs Wendy Machin (1993–1994) and National Party leader Ian Armstrong (1994–1997).

Pavey entered politics in July 2002, when long-serving Legislative Council member Doug Moppett died suddenly. In the subsequent weeks, Pavey announced her intention to nominate for the resulting casual vacancy. At the time, the party was recovering from a significant defeat at the 2001 election, and the party was keen to look for younger and more appealing candidates. Despite being nine months pregnant at the time, Pavey was ultimately successful in obtaining preselection, and was sworn in as an MLC in September 2002, three weeks after the birth of her daughter, Emily.

She has dedicated much of her time to advocating for the people of the Queanbeyan region, in her role as The Nationals duty member for the Labor-held Legislative Assembly electorate of Monaro. She has also served on the Parliamentary Committee on Children and Young People since 2003.

After the 2011 state election, Premier Barry O'Farrell announced that Pavey would not enter Cabinet; despite previously holding the role of Shadow spokesperson for Emergency Services. Pavey was subsequently appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Regional Health. In December 2014, Pavey was preselected by the Nationals as the party's candidate for the lower house seat of Oxley at the 2015 state election.

Following the resignation of Mike Baird as Premier, Gladys Berejiklian was elected as Liberal leader and sworn in as Premier. The Berejiklian ministry was subsequently formed with Pavey sworn in as the Minister for Roads, Maritime and Freight with effect from 30 January 2017. Following the 2019 state election Pavey was appointed as the Minister for Water, Property and Housing in the second Berejiklian ministry with effect from 2 April 2019.

National Party Leadership
Following the resignation of National Party leader and Deputy Premier John Barilaro, Mrs. Pavey announced that she would run in the leadership contest, to be contested on 6 October 2021. She received the endorsement of popular talkback radio broadcaster and a Channel Nine commentator, Ray Hadley. If elected Leader, she would have been the first female leader of the party, and the first female conservative Deputy Premier of New South Wales (the first female deputy premier being Carmel Tebbutt, 2008–2011).

On 6 October 2021, Pavey was defeated in the leadership election, 15–3, against former Deputy Leader Paul Toole. Bronnie Taylor was elected unopposed as his deputy.

In a cabinet reshuffle in December 2021, Pavey was dropped from the Perrottet ministry.

title: Melinda Pavey


text:
List of U.S. Highways in West Virginia

The U.S. Highways in the U.S. state of West Virginia are owned and maintained by the West Virginia Division of Highways.

title: List of U.S. Highways in West Virginia