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Field Enterprises

Field Enterprises, Inc. was a private holding company that operated from the 1940s to the 1980s, founded by Marshall Field III and others, whose main assets were the Chicago Sun and Parade magazine. For various periods of time, Field Enterprises also owned publishers Simon & Schuster and Pocket Books, broadcaster Field Communications, and the World Book Encyclopedia. It also operated a syndication service, Field Newspaper Syndicate, whose most popular offering was the comic strip Steve Canyon.

History
Field had founded the Chicago Sun and the Chicago Sun Syndicate in late 1941.

Comic-strip historian Allan Holtz has written regarding the origins of the Field Syndicate and its relationship to the rest of the company: "Field . . . was a syndicate initially created by Marshall Field to sell features from his Chicago Sun newspaper. When Field started the Sun he found that Chicago was pretty much all sewed up with exclusive contracts on the better features. He resolved to purchase his own features and market them. Ironically, the Field Enterprises syndicate ended up being a better moneymaker than the Sun itself. It has been said that the flagship feature, Steve Canyon, was responsible for keeping the Sun afloat for many years."

In 1944, soon after its establishment, Field Enterprises acquired the book publishers Simon & Schuster and Pocket Books. The next year, the company acquired World Book Encyclopedia. In 1948, Field merged the Chicago Sun with the Chicago Daily Times to create the Chicago Sun-Times.

Marshall Field III died in 1956; his son Marshall Field IV took over. Simon & Schuster and Pocket Books were sold in 1957. Parade was sold the following year (to New York Herald Tribune publisher John Hay Whitney).

The company acquired the Chicago Daily News in 1959, publishing that newspaper until it folded in 1978 (the same year the company sold World Book Encyclopedia).

Marshall Field IV died in 1965. From 1969 to 1980 investment banker Peter W. Smith was a Field Enterprises senior officer.

In 1982, half-brothers Marshall Field V and Ted Field, who each controlled half of Field Enterprises, were at odds on how the company should operate, which left them unable to work together. The two men sold their most valuable asset, the Sun-Times (as well as the Field Newspaper Syndicate), to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1983 for US $90 million. Field Enterprises was dissolved in April 1984.

title: Field Enterprises


text:
Marredpally

Marredpally is a residential suburb in the city of Secunderabad, a Mandal in the Hyderabad District in the Indian state of Telangana. It is divided into East Marredpally and West Marredpally.

Demographics
The number of registered voters is 43,837.

Transport
TSRTC connects Marredpally to many parts of the city. The closest MMTS Train Station is Secunderabad. The nearest railway station is Secunderabad.

The nearest Metro station for Marredpally is Parade Ground Station, which is also an intersection of two lines of Hyderabad Metro.

Notable

 * J. Geeta Reddy (born 1947), ex-Minister for Major Industries, Sugar, Commerce & Export Promotion
 * Sarvey Sathyanarayana, ex-Minister for R&B
 * Chief Justice N. Kumarayya, of Andhra Pradesh High Court; judge of International Tribunal at the World Bank
 * Mudigonda Markandeya (born 1928), retired District Sessions Judge; also appointed by the Government as One Man Commission of Inquiry

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marredpally


text:
Mu'izz al-Dawla

Ahmad ibn Buya (Persian: احمد بن بویه, died April 8, 967), after 945 better known by his laqab of Mu'izz al-Dawla (معز الدولة البويهي, "Fortifier of the Dynasty"), was the first of the Buyid emirs of Iraq, ruling from 945 until his death.

The son of a Daylamite fisherman who had converted to Islam, Ahmad ibn Buya was born in the mountainous region of Daylam, and by 928, he along with his two brothers served the Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki. However, they quickly changed their allegiance to the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij; some years later they rebelled against him after finding out that he planned to murder one of them. In 935/6, Ahmad ibn Buya unsuccessfully invaded Kerman, and was later sent to Istakhr. From there he started making incursions into Khuzestan and later Iraq; by 945, he was officially recognized as the ruler of Iraq and Khuzestan and had received the title of "Mu'izz al-Dawla" from the Caliph, while his two brothers were the rulers of other territories, having also received titles from the Caliph.

Throughout his rule, Mu'izz al-Dawla was devoted to conflicts with other dynasties for control over Iraq—in 946, an important battle took place in Baghdad between Mu'izz al-Dawla and the Hamdanid amir Nasir al-Dawla, which lasted several months, with Mu'izz al-Dawla emerging victorious. Mu'izz al-Dawla also fought against the Batihah amirate several times, but was unable to decisively defeat it. Mu'izz al-Dawla also had problems with some of his Daylamite kinsmen, who would sometimes rebel against him, the most dangerous instance being the rebellion of Ruzbahan from 955 to 957. By Mu'izz al-Dawla's death in 967, he had defeated all his foes and was the unchallenged ruler of Iraq. He was succeeded by his son Izz al-Dawla.

Family and early career
Ahmad was the son of Buya, a Daylamite fisherman from Lahijan, who had left his Zoroastrian faith and converted to Islam. Ahmad had two older brothers named 'Ali and Hasan, and a sister named Kama.

Around 928, Ahmad's brother Ali joined the service of Makan ibn Kaki, who was the Samanid governor of Ray. 'Ali then managed to gain military positions for Ahmad and their other brother, Hasan. At the time, Ahmad was about thirteen years old. When Makan attacked his Samanid overlords and was subsequently defeated by the Ziyarid prince Mardavij, the brothers transferred their allegiance to the latter. In the following years, 'Ali repudiated his subservience to Mardavij and, after some time, managed to create an empire in Fars, where Ahmad distinguished himself in battle.

In 935 or 936, 'Ali sent Ahmad to Kerman with the task of conquering that province from the Banu Ilyas. Ahmad overran much of Kerman, but encountered resistance from the Baluchis and Arab Qafs, receiving a wound to the head and losing a hand and several fingers on the other. Direct Buyid control over Kerman was not established, resulting in 'Ali's recall of Ahmad. The latter was then sent to Istakhr to await further orders.

Ahmad's next opportunity to expand the possessions of the Buyids came when the Baridis requested help from 'Ali. The Baridis, who ruled in Khuzestan, were nominally subordinate to the Abbasid Caliphate, but were attempting to establish their independence. Ahmad was sent by 'Ali to the area; he succeeded in uprooting the authority of the Baridis and taking control of that province.

Invasion and conquest of Iraq
From Khuzestan he launched several campaigns into Iraq, where the Caliphate was in serious internal disarray. These expeditions were on his own initiative; Ali had not ordered them and did not send support for them. In 944, Ahmad captured Wasit, but was met by an Abbasid army near Al-Mada'in under the de facto ruler of the Caliphate, Tuzun. Ahmad eventually emerged victorious during the battle, and then marched towards Baghdad, but was forced to retreat back to Ahvaz on July 28 after Tuzun destroyed the bridge to Baghdad. In 945, an Abbasid officer, Yanal Kushah, joined Ahmad, who shortly invaded Iraq again.

Ahmad then gained control of Baghdad on December 19, 945 without a struggle. He took charge of the administration of the Caliphate by taking the position of amir al-umara'. The Caliph Al-Mustakfi also gave him the honorific title of "Mu'izz al-Dawla" ("Glorifier of the State"). 'Ali was given the title of "'Imad al-Dawla" ("Support of the State"); another of Ahmad's brothers, Hasan, who had gained control of northern Persia, gained the title of "Rukn al-Dawla" ("Pillar of the State"). Mu'izz had brought many of his Daylamite soldiers to Iraq, whom he settled there. He also brought many prominent Persian statesmen, including Abu'l-Fadl al-Abbas ibn Fasanjas from the Fasanjas family, who served as the financial minister of Basra.

Despite the fact that Mu'izz al-Dawla had taken control of Iraq by himself, he remained subordinate to 'Imad al-Dawla, who ruled in Shiraz. Coins bearing 'Imad al-Dawla's name in addition to his own were made. His title of amir al-umara', which in theory made him the senior amir of the Buyids, meant little in reality and was soon claimed by 'Imad al-Dawla. Although he maintained a certain level of independence, he was largely subordinate to 'Imad al-Dawla.

Background
News of this event was received negatively by the Hamdanid amir Nasir al-Dawla, who ruled over Mosul and the districts of the eastern Jazira. Nasir al-Dawla had previously controlled Baghdad in 942 and he still entertained hopes of regaining the city.

Nasir al-Dawla had reason to be confident that he could defeat Mu'izz al-Dawla if he made an attempt to capture Baghdad. His army had been bolstered by the arrival of numerous Turkish soldiers who had fled from Baghdad just before Mu'izz al-Dawla's entrance into the capital, and he was much more familiar with the territory between Mosul and Baghdad than his rival was. Mu'izz al-Dawla, on the other hand, was on less secure ground; Baghdad was in a sorry state thanks to years of mismanagement and he was hamstrung by its numerous financial and military problems. Nasir al-Dawla furthermore gained a pretext for war when in January 946 Mu'izz al-Dawla deposed and blinded the caliph al-Mustakfi and replaced him with the more obedient al-Muti'. As a result, Nasir al-Dawla took a belligerent tone with the Buyids: he withheld the payment of tribute to Baghdad, refused to recognize al-Muti' as caliph and continued to mint coins in al-Mustakfi's name.

Initial hostilities
It quickly became clear that the two amirs would be unable to work out an agreement with each other. In February 946, Mu'izz al-Dawla sent an army under the command of Musa Fayadhah and Yanal Kushah to Ukbara, in preparation for a campaign to conquer Mosul. The expedition was terminated, however, when Yanal Kushah suddenly attacked Musa and deserted to the Hamdanids. Nasir al-Dawla responded to this act of aggression by leading his army, which included a number of Turks, to Samarra the following month. Mu'izz al-Dawla similarly gathered his forces and departed from Baghdad with the caliph al-Muti' for Ukbara.

While stationed at Samarra, Nasir al-Dawla sent his brother Jubayr to sneak around the Buyid army and head south to Baghdad. When Jubayr arrived at the city, he was welcomed by the citizens and by Mu'izz al-Dawla's former secretary Muhammad ibn Shirzad, who declared his allegiance to the Hamdanids and administered the affairs of Baghdad on their behalf. Nasir al-Dawla then decided to head for Baghdad himself. Leaving his cousin al-Husayn ibn Sa'id in the field to distract Mu'izz al-Dawla, he headed south and reached western Baghdad on April 15, and though he was forced to destroy his baggage when a number of Daylamites threatened to seize it, he and his forces were able to gain control of the city.

When Mu'izz al-Dawla learned that he had lost Baghdad, he gathered his Daylamite soldiers, who had been busy plundering Tikrit and Samarra, and headed back to the city. When he arrived, he found that Nasir al-Dawla had crossed the Tigris and set up camp outside the Shammasiyyah quarter of eastern Baghdad; he therefore dug in on the western side of the city, and the two sides prepared for fighting.

Stalemate
For the next three months, control of Baghdad was divided between the Hamdanids and Buyids, with the Tigris dividing the two. On the Hamdanid side, Nasir al-Dawla promoted Ibn Shirzad to serve as one of his chief commanders, while on the western side, Abu Ja'far Saymari, the chief secretary of Mu'izz al-Dawla, managed the Buyid war effort.

Both sides were clearly determined to take permanent control of the city, and the battle quickly turned into a stalemate. Combat took place in multiple locations throughout Baghdad, with both the Hamdanid and Buyid forces launching offensive sorties against each other. Neither side, however was able to generate a victory large enough to win control of both halves of the city. Getting troops across the Tigris successfully was a challenge, and even if an army managed to make it to the opposite shore, they were usually forced to retreat in short order.

Control of the Tigris was a major objective for both sides. The Hamdanid and Buyid armies both built zabzabs or small riverboats and used these to launch attacks on each other. Each day, Ibn Shirzad led a number of zabzabs filled with Turks up and down the Tigris, and they shot arrows at the Daylamites stationed on the western side of the city. Mu'izz al-Dawla also constructed a fleet of zabzabs, and his troops used these to battle the Hamdanid forces patrolling the river.

On the eastern side, Nasir al-Dawla attempted to legitimize his seizure of the city by re-issuing the coinage of 942–943, from when he had last been in control of Baghdad. At least part of the population accepted his claims and supported him throughout the fighting. Ibn Shirzad was also able to augment the ranks of the Hamdanid forces by enlisting local citizens and criminals, and they participated in attacks on Mu'izz al-Dawla's Daylamite troops.

The economy of Baghdad suffered greatly throughout the fighting. Both sides seized the produce of local cultivators to feed their troops. Eastern Baghdad was able to avoid any serious shortages thanks to shipments flowing down from Mosul, but the western side was subjected to a blockade for the duration of the conflict. Nasir al-Dawla's forces prevented civilians on the western side from crossing to the eastern, while a number of allied Arab tribes surrounded western Baghdad and cut off the flow of supplies. The blockade was effective and soon shortages were rampant on the Buyid side; the price of bread soared to more than six times what it was selling for on the eastern side of the river, and was sometimes not available at all. Starving people were reduced to eating grass and carrion, and several women were executed for acts of cannibalism.

Buyid victory
By July 945, with no end to the battle in sight and with the blockade making supplies increasingly scarce, Mu'izz al-Dawla was giving serious thought to abandoning western Baghdad and retreating to al-Ahwaz. He eventually decided to make one final attempt to take the eastern side, and if the effort failed he would give the order to withdraw. He gave orders to his chief secretary Saymari to cross to the eastern bank with a number of handpicked Daylamites, while he himself would attempt to distract the Hamdanid forces with a ruse.

The plan was carried out on the night of August 1. Mu'izz al-Dawla led a number of men north, instructing them to light torches and blast trumpets along the way. The Hamdanid army, seeing his movements, moved north as well to prevent him from crossing the river. Saymari and his soldiers were therefore free to cross to the eastern side and began to do so. When the Hamdanid army realized what was happening, they sent a number of men in zabzabs to stop him, and a fierce fight broke out. Eventually the Daylamites were victorious and the Hamdanid forces were pushed back to the Shammasiyyah gate at the northeastern corner of the city.

As the Daylamites spread throughout eastern Baghdad, the Hamdanid army began to fall apart in disorder. Nasir al-Dawla, realizing that he was in danger of losing the city, ordered Ibn Shirzad to take command of the troops and push the Daylamites back across the river. Ibn Shirzad set out, but when he attempted to convince the panicking soldiers to regroup he was unable to do so and therefore decided to flee. Nasir al-Dawla then realized that the fight was lost and joined the retreat; the Hamdanid forces withdrew from Baghdad and allowed the Buyids to take control of the city.

Eastern Baghdad, meanwhile, remained in a state of turmoil. The Daylamite army occupied the eastern quarters of the city and began retaliating against the population for their support of the Hamdanids during the fighting. Ignoring an order by Mu'izz al-Dawla to refrain from pillaging, they began looting, set fire to houses and killed a number of civilians. Many of the residents fled in fear and attempted to head north to Ukbara, but died along the way in the summer heat. The chaos ceased only when Saymari executed several pillagers and sent out patrols to reestablish order.

Aftermath and war against minor rulers
Following their expulsion from Baghdad, Nasir al-Dawla, Ibn Shirzad and the Hamdanid army proceeded up the Tigris to Ukbara to regroup. After they arrived, Nasir al-Dawla sent an envoy to Mu'izz al-Dawla to sue for peace. Mu'izz al-Dawla agreed to the terms, and the war between the two sides came to an end. Mu'izz al-Dawla agreed to recognize the Hamdanid as ruler of the territory from Tikrit northwards, and to release him from the obligation of transmitting tax revenues from Mosul and the Diyar Bakr district. In exchange, Nasir al-Dawla was made responsible for forwarding the tax proceeds of Ikhshidid Egypt and Syria on to Baghdad, and promised to regularly send supplies to the city which were to be exempt from any taxes; in addition, he agreed to recognize al-Muti' as the legitimate caliph.

The Turkish mercenaries in the Hamdanid army, who were vehemently opposed to Mu'izz al-Dawla's continued occupation of Baghdad, were not informed that Nasir al-Dawla was seeking peace with the Buyids. When they learned that the two amirs had agreed to a treaty, they rebelled against Nasir al-Dawla and compelled him to flee. Nasir al-Dawla was forced to call on Mu'izz al-Dawla for assistance, and a Buyid army under the command of Saymari was sent to quell the Turks and enforce the treaty. Saymari defeated the rebels and confirmed Nasir al-Dawla in his position, but also confiscated a number of supplies and took a son of Nasir al-Dawla as a hostage to ensure that he would abide by the terms of the peace; he then returned to Baghdad.

Mu'izz al-Dawla now focused on the Baridis, who still controlled Basra and Wasit. He managed to defeat them and annex their lands in 947. Their defeat marked the end of major fighting.

Conflict between the Buyids and Hamdanids was renewed in 948, when Mu'izz al-Dawla again marched against Mosul, but was forced to cut off his campaign to assist his brother Rukn al-Dawla, who was having trouble in Persia. In exchange, Nasir al-Dawla agreed to recommence the payment of tribute for the Jazira and Syria, as well as to add the names of the three Buyid brothers after that of the Caliph in the Friday prayer.

War against the Batihah amirate and death of Imad al-Dawla
Mu'izz al-Dawla, having assisted his brother, then sent Abu Ja'far al-Saymari to subdue the Batihah amirate. He managed to inflict a series of defeats upon the Batihah ruler 'Imran ibn Shahin, who fled and whose family was imprisoned. During the same period, Mu'izz al-Dawla had his brother-in-law Ispahdost imprisoned for plotting with al-Muti against him.

'Imad al-Dawla shortly died in 949, and Rukn al-Dawla then took the title of senior amir. Mu'izz al-Dawla accepted the change of rulers, and then sent al-Saymari to Shiraz to ensure that Fana-Khusrau, who was the son of Rukn al-Dawla and 'Imad al-Dawla's successor, would take power there. Still, he raised objections when Fana-Khusrau requested the title of "Taj al-Dawla". The title of "Taj" ("crown") implied that Fana-Khusrau was superior to his father and uncle, provoking a reaction from Mu'izz al-Dawla. A more suitable title ("'Adud al-Dawla") was instead chosen. Shortly afterwards, Mu'izz al-Dawla sent another expedition against the Batihah. This campaign, led by a Daylamite officer named Ruzbahan, ended badly. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw. 'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al-Dawla's chief secretary, Abu Ja'far al-Saymari, died in 650/651, and Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi succeeded him. Mu'izz al-Dawla, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers about 'Imran, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of al-Muhallabi and Ruzbahan.

Ruzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. 'Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al-Dawla then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.

Peace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. A false rumor of Mu'izz al-Dawla's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz al-Dawla demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the money, but kept the goods. Mu'izz al-Dawla sent Ruzbahan a third time to the swamp, but the latter revolted and 'Imran was spared a new attack. Ruzbahan was further joined by the Daylamite soldiers of al-Muhallabi.

Rebellion of Ruzbahan
While Mu'izz was preoccupied with the rebellion of his Daylamite troops under Ruzbahan in southern Iraq, Nasir al-Dawla used the opportunity to advance south and capture Baghdad. In 957, Mu'izz al-Dawla fought a final battle against Ruzbahan. Ruzbahan almost managed to win the battle, but was defeated by Mu'izz al-Dawla's Turkic ghulams. The defeat marked the end of Ruzbahan's rebellion. Ruzbahan was captured during the battle and was imprisoned in a fortress known as Sarat. The Daylamite supporters of Ruzbahan then began planning to capture the fortress and rescue Ruzbahan.

Abu'l-Abbas Musafir, an officer of Mu'izz al-Dawla, who managed to discover the Daylamites' plan, urged Mu'izz al-Dawla to have Ruzbahan killed. Mu'izz al-Dawla, initially demurred, but was convinced of the threat of the plot by a number of his other officers. At nightfall, Mu'izz al-Dawla's guards drowned Ruzbahan in the Tigris river.

Mu'izz al-Dawla then began removing the Daylamites who had followed Ruzbahan from their offices, and arrested a number of them, while installing his Turkic ghulams to higher offices and giving them more land.

Second war with the Hamdanids
Mu'izz al-Dawla then began counter-attacking Nasir al-Dawla, who was not able to maintain his position, and abandoned Baghdad. Peace was renewed in exchange for the resumption of tribute and an additional indemnity, but when Nasir al-Dawla refused to send the second year's payment, the Buyid ruler advanced north. Unable to confront the Buyid army in the field, Nasir al-Dawla abandoned Mosul and fled to Mayyafariqin and then to his brother Sayf al-Dawla in Aleppo. The Buyids captured Mosul and Nasibin, but the Hamdanids and their supporters withdrew to their home territory in the mountains of the north, taking with them their treasures as well as all government records and tax registers. As a result, the Buyid army was unable to support itself in the conquered territory, all the more so since the predominantly Daylamite troops were resented by the local people, who launched guerrilla attacks on them. Sayf al-Dawla tried to mediate with Mu'izz al-Dawla, but his first approaches were rebuffed. Only when he agreed to assume the burden of paying his brother's tribute for the entire Diyar Rabi'a did Mu'izz al-Dawla agree to peace.

In 964, Nasir al-Dawla tried to renegotiate the terms of the arrangement he had made with Mu'izz al-Dawla, and secure Buyid recognition for his eldest son, Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar, as his successor. Mu'izz al-Dawla refused Nasir al-Dawla's offer, and again invaded Hamdanid territory. Once again Mosul and Nasibin were captured, while the Hamdanids fled to the mountain fortresses. As in 958, the Buyids were unable to maintain themselves for long in the Jazira, and soon an agreement was reached which allowed the Hamdanids to return to Mosul. This time, however, Abu Taghlib emerged as the effective leader in his father's place: it was with him, rather than the aged Nasir al-Dawla, that Mu'izz al-Dawla concluded a treaty.

Later life and death
Rukn al-Dawla's struggles in northern Persia against various enemies caused Mu'izz al-Dawla to send military aid for several years. This, combined with continually having to deal with the Hamdanids, prevented Mu'izz al-Dawla from expanding the borders of his state for several years. Despite this, he managed to annex Oman with military support from 'Adud al-Dawla, and shortly afterwards undertook a campaign against the Shahinids of the Mesopotamian marshlands. It was during this campaign that he died, in 967. His son 'Izz al-Dawla, whom he had named his successor during a serious illness in 955, took power following his death. Mu'izz al-Dawla also had other sons named Habashi (known by his title of "Sanad al-Dawla"), Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, Abu Tahir, Marzuban, and a daughter Zubayda.

Impact and assessment
Mu'izz al-Dawla's entrance into Baghdad in 945 began over a century of Buyid rule in Iraq, and also of Shi'ite Buyid control over the Sunni Caliphate. Nevertheless, by the time of his death several problems remained unsolved. The Buyids had difficulty adjusting to Baghdad; Mu'izz al-Dawla almost left the city in favor of Ahvaz. The enemies of the Buyids, such as the Hamdanids and the Byzantines, continued to pose a threat. The struggle for power between Baghdad and Shiraz that first showed itself during Mu'izz al-Dawla's lifetime exploded into violence soon after his death.

Finally, the hostility between the Turks and Daylamites in Baghdad continued to pose a problem. The Sunni Turks, who found their privileges eroded by the Daylamite troops that had entered Baghdad with their master in 945, constantly threatened to upset the internal stability of the state. Mu'izz al-Dawla at first favored the Daylamite troops but later attempted to compromise between the two groups, making a Turk named Sebük-Tegin his chief commander. 'Izz al-Dawla's ascension would soon upset this balance, however, resulting in internal disunity.

title: Mu'izz al-Dawla


text:
Talk:Orienteering

Firsts - suggestion
I saw somewhere a paragraph on first events, but cannot find it again. I was going to suggest a table of firsts - something like this. Twiceuponatime (talk) 13:28, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

First events etc
Probably the column "First public event" should come first, because events usually do come before organization. Also, how about add a column for "Other". A search of Wikipedia for "first orienteering" returns many lists such as 1966 in sports, with notable firsts. Mostly unsourced, however. --Una Smith (talk) 13:40, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, but where does it belong? Top page, foot-o, history? Can you decide and move it please. Twiceuponatime (talk) 13:56, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Those dates concern foot orienteering, so I would put this table on Foot orienteering, in a History section. The other sport-specific pages may soon get their own tables. --Una Smith (talk) 14:16, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

This data could be presented as a straight list too, like this:
 * 1897 first public event (in Norway)
 * 1901 first public event in Sweden
 * 1962 first public event (national championship) in UK

At this point, I have no preference. --Una Smith (talk) 14:19, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Moved to foot orienteering with brief history. My preference is a table. Twiceuponatime (talk) 12:11, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Russia is added --Dnikitin (talk) 00:49, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

GA ready?
The editing on this article has tapered off, so I removed the underconstruction tag. Is it ready for a GA review? --Una Smith (talk) 02:05, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I would support that. Twiceuponatime (talk) 10:04, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

The GA review will evaluate the article against Good article criteria, and we will be expected to make changes per suggestions from the reviewer(s). Anyone, do you have time to do that this week? --Una Smith (talk) 13:59, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The article still has a fact tag or two. Tags need to be cleaned up first.  --Una Smith (talk) 03:00, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

 * No more fact tags. I think it is ready for GA review.  Yes?  --Una Smith (talk) 17:52, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Point to point racing
I added the link to point to point racing (or whatever), then found the articles were rather a mess. Some of them claim the first point to point races were on horses, later than the first documented orienteering meets. I meant to do a wholesale cleanup, if I happened to get sources. That has not happened, so no cleanup. Unlinking is fine, for now, but I mention this so that if someone is interested they can look into it. I think it would be interesting to know which came first, orienteering or steeplechasing, especially since the first orienteering meet in Sweden was literally a steeplechase. --Una Smith (talk) 09:24, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The New Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 15th edition, Chicago, 2007.
 * Point-to-point [9:546] races originated in England in the second half of the 19th century as a way to keep hunters fit and were first called hunt races. The races are related to steeplechasing in that jumping is involved. Steeplechase, [11:233] in horse racing, although dating back to Xenophon (4th century BC), it derives its name from impromptu races by fox hunters in 18th century Ireland.
 * I though the two were the same! The reference in the lead is therefore irrelevant. The only place to put something is in history. 'The origins of the sport are reminiscent of the origins of steeplechasing.'? But is it worth it? Twiceuponatime (talk) 09:10, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I think for now let's just unlink the point to point reference in the lead. All potential target articles need improvement, particularly with respect to what is a steeplechase and if it necessarily involves jumping. --Una Smith (talk) 17:44, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Maps The section on Maps suggests that 1:15,000 and 1:10,000 are the exclusive scales -experience in the UK is that 1:7500 and 1:5000 are also very common especially for smaller events (not specifically for sprint events)--AndyCPrivate (talk) 08:52, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Personal clothing
Is there a reason we're keeping in the "personal clothing" section? There is no rules for what needs to be worn for orienteering, but we are giving examples of British orienteering requiring pants and American orienteering not requiring pants. In international orienteering, pants aren't required, so why aren't we just saying that? 51.198.38.211 (talk) 19:22, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orienteering


text:
SKM

SKM may refer to:
 * Sikkim, a state of northeastern India (postal code)
 * Kingdom of Sikkim, a former monarchy in South Asia (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code: SKM, now deprecated), an Indian protectorate merged with it as a state in 1975
 * Sikkim Krantikari Morcha, political party in Sikkim, India
 * Sadie Kneller Miller, 1900s journalist with gender-hiding byline SKM
 * Shek Kip Mei station, Hong Kong; MTR station code
 * Singapore Kindness Movement
 * Sinclair Knight Merz, Australia
 * Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity), transport service, Poland
 * Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw), transport service, Poland
 * SK Telecom, NYSE symbol
 * Stoke Mandeville railway station, Buckinghamshire, England; National Rail station code
 * She Kills Monsters, 2011 play by Qui Nguyen

title: SKM


text:
User:Luca's Ade

Pages started

 * Elly Beinhorn - German aviatrix and wife of racing driver Bernd Rosemeyer.
 * Richard Seaman - Pre-war British racing driver.
 * 1937 British Grand Prix - Race report.
 * 1937 Grand Prix Season - Season report.
 * Adac Eifelrennen - Race background.

Templates Added

 * Template:Grand_Prix_Mini_Report - infobox for Grand Prix
 * Template:Grand_Prix_race_report - infobox for Grand Prix season

Pages significantly modified

 * Bernd Rosemeyer - German Grand Prix driver.

title: User:Luca's Ade


text:
User:Paul Murray/mobtmp

Stereographic projection
These images show mobius transformations stereographically projected onto the Riemann sphere. Note in particular that when projected onto a sphere, the special case of a fixed point at infinity looks no different to having the fixed points in an arbitrary location.

title: User:Paul Murray/mobtmp


text:
East Wall

East Wall is an inner city area of the Northside of Dublin, Ireland. Built on reclaimed ground in the 1820s, the area is also 30 minutes walk from Dublin's main thoroughfare, O'Connell Street.

Location
East Wall is bounded by West Road to the west, by Sheriff Street Upper to the south, and was bounded by East Wall Road to the north until land reclamation extended that part. It is linked to Ringsend by the East-Link bridge; it is linked to Fairview by Annesley Bridge. The broader region is bounded by Railway lines, the Royal Canal, the River Tolka, the River Liffey and Dublin Port (the Irish Sea), taking in the Dublin Docklands, resulting in a readily identifiable area geographically if somewhat separated from the large city which surrounds it. The southern entrance to the Dublin Port Tunnel is in East Wall.

History and development
East Wall dates from the end of the eighteenth century to the time of the construction of the North Wall. It was originally a working-class area, with many finding employment in Dublin Port, adjacent to the area.

On 25 June 1970, the timberyard of James McMahon on East Wall Road caught on fire causing damages amounting to £1 million and two days later, on 27 June, a diesel store warehouse located beside a block of 9 shops on Church Road was set alight with the fire spreading and gutting each shop. This was part of a series of fires in the city in 1970.

In the economic boom years from the late 1990s onwards, the area developed rapidly, with the notable addition of the International Financial Services Centre (mostly in neighbouring North Wall), and East Point Business Park on reclaimed land extending East Wall to the north. It has developed rapidly since the late 1990s, and in 2013 regained its status as an officially recognised village  within the framework of the Dublin City Development Plan. There has been an increase in the population in recent years to over 5,000. It now contains a number of social organisations across cultural, arts & sporting interests, and it has an award-winning community cultural centre, The Sean O'Casey Centre, which is named after one of its most famous past residents, Seán O'Casey. New businesses have located in the area in recent years. It is located close to the port area, the financial district and with ease of access to Dublin airport.

Amenities
East Wall is primarily a residential neighbourhood of around 1,800 households, with a population of approximately 5,000. The area is serviced by shops, St. Joseph's Church, the Sean O'Casey Community Centre, a primary school and recreational facilities (parks, sea and beach) within walking distance. The community centre includes a sports hall, a theatre and a football pitch. St. Barnabas' Church, Dublin would have provided services for Church of Ireland parishioners, such as Seán O'Casey until it closed in 1965 and the parish merged with that of North Strand. There is also a former ESB building which is being used as a transitional shelter for refugees, leading to the East Wall protests.

People

 * Liam Cunningham, actor.
 * Ben Hannigan, footballer.
 * Arthur Murphy, broadcaster.
 * Jack Nalty, volunteer with the International Brigades, and the last Irishman killed in the Spanish Civil War.
 * Roxanna Nic Liam, poet, writer, actor.
 * Seán O'Casey, the celebrated playwright, grew up in East Wall.
 * Maureen O'Sullivan, an independent TD.

title: East Wall


text: User talk:71.111.65.115

title: User talk:71.111.65.115


text:
Jukka Koskinen

Jukka Koskinen is a Finnish musician who is the bassist for the metal bands Wintersun, Nightwish and Crownshift. He was also the bassist for Norther from 2000 until their disbandment in 2012, for Amberian Dawn from 2010 until 2013, for Cain's Offering from 2009 until 2014 and for Dark Sarah in 2014. In May 2021, he was revealed as Nightwish's session bass player for the band's virtual performances and for their Human. :II: Nature. World Tour in 2021 and 2022, and later joined the band as their new permanent bass player in August 2022.

title: Jukka Koskinen


text:
Alexandra Stevenson

Alexandra Winfield Stevenson (born December 15, 1980) is an American former professional tennis player.

Early life and education
Stevenson's mother is Samantha Stevenson, a sports journalist. Her father is former National Basketball Association player Julius Erving. Erving was married when he met Samantha Stevenson, and Alexandra Stevenson was conceived as a result of an affair. Alexandra Stevenson met her father for the first time October 2008 after she initiated a meeting. The meeting was documented by ESPN.com's "Reaching Out". Stevenson keeps up with her father between tournaments.

Stevenson graduated from the University of Colorado in December 2007, with a Bachelor of Liberal Arts, Sociology. She graduated on the Dean's List and is the only final-eight member to have graduated from college while playing professional tennis. Stevenson was inducted into the La Jolla Country Day School Hall of Fame in December 2009 – joining fellow Torrey, Rashaan Salaam, the 1994 Heisman Trophy winner.

Early years
Stevenson made her professional tennis debut in 1998 as a wild card at the US Open where she lost in the first round to France's Alexandra Fusai. In 1999 Stevenson qualified and ultimately reached the quarterfinals at Birmingham, a grass warmup to Wimbledon, before withdrawing to Magüi Serna because of a stomach muscle pull. The next week, Stevenson was the number one seed during qualifying at Roehampton—and did not drop a set in three rounds as she moved into the main draw at Wimbledon.

At Wimbledon, two weeks after graduating from La Jolla Country Day School, she became the second woman qualifier in the tennis Open Era to reach the semifinals. It was her second time at Wimbledon, having competed the year before in the Junior Wimbledon Championships. Stevenson beat 11th seed Julie Halard in the third round. In the fourth round, she saved one match point against Lisa Raymond in a 2–6, 7–6, 6–1 win. She then beat Jelena Dokić in three sets in the quarterfinals, before losing to the eventual champion, third seed Lindsay Davenport. Stevenson had 57 aces during the fortnight, her serve speed over 120 mph. It was the beginning of Stevenson being known for the fastest second serve in the women's game. Stevenson's second serve was 105 mph – 115 mph. Phil Knight, the co-founder and chairman of Nike, flew to London to personally sign Stevenson to a three-year contract.

During the months following her dramatic run at Wimbledon, Stevenson was named Rookie of the Year by Tennis Magazine and named Most Fascinating by People Magazine. She was interviewed by Barbara Walters for a Barbara Walters Special and was featured in a variety of national and international media. Nike flew a dozen flags with Stevenson's name in bold print during her first visit to the iconic campus. Stevenson moved from California to train with Nick Bollettieri at IMG Academy from 1999 to 2002. In 2000 and 2001, Stevenson, often pitted against top 20 players – including Nathalie Tauziat, Mary Pierce, Martina Hingis, Monica Seles, Amanda Coetzer, Lisa Raymond, Dominique Van Roost, Julie Halard, Jennifer Capriati, Serena Williams, and Venus Williams – worked on her aggressive all-court playing style as she found her way in the professional game.

Stevenson reached the quarterfinals at Quebec City in 2001, and the quarterfinals at Linz, defeating Arantxa Sánchez Vicario en route.

But, it was in 2002 that Stevenson moved up to No. 18 in the world. She had played during the European indoor season in 2001 and was the only American player to appear in Moscow in 2001 following the September 11 terrorist attacks. In 2002, prior to the European indoors, she lost to Monica Seles in the Tokyo quarterfinals 6–7(9), 6–7(9), and there were no breaks of serve until the tiebreakers. Alan Mills, the Tokyo referee and renowned Wimbledon referee proclaimed, "This is the finest women's serving match I have ever seen." Soon after, Seles and Stevenson were asked to serve aces for the American Heart Association, bringing awareness to heart disease. Stevenson served 100 aces in 2003. During the 2002 European indoors, Stevenson won her first doubles title with Serena Williams in Leipzig, Germany. She reached the quarterfinals of Filderstadt, defeating number one Jennifer Capriati. She was a finalist at Linz, beating two top ten players en route, including Capriati. Stevenson finished the year at 18, percentage points away from No. 17, Elena Dementieva.

Injury and return
Stevenson experienced shoulder pain in 2003 at the Wimbledon Championships. She worked on strengthening the area, but was unable to repair the tear. Stevenson went to Birmingham, Alabama, where Dr. James Andrews performed a type II labral repair on her right shoulder in September 2004. In 2006, following 18 months of shoulder strengthening, Stevenson began to mount a comeback.

Stevenson played in the qualifying round at 2006 Wimbledon, but after defeating Jelena Dokić, a player that she had played in 1999 in the Wimbledon quarterfinals, when they were both qualifiers, she suffered a pectoral strain and fell in the second round of qualifiers. At the 2006 Cincinnati Open, she also had a successful run in the qualifying round, but continued shoulder pain caused her to fall in the final round to Chan Chin-wei, in three sets. By 2009, Stevenson gained shoulder strength and posted strong results. In 2010, Kevin Wilk, Dr. Andrews' physical therapist, said that Stevenson's shoulder "feels like a non-surgical arm."

Stevenson won the Sarasota Clay Court Invitational in April 2012.

Playing style
Stevenson joined Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Lindsay Davenport, Monica Seles, Mary Pierce and Jennifer Capriati as a premier power player on the WTA Tour in 1999. 6' 1" and right-handed, she plays with a one-handed backhand. Her serve, forehand, and one-handed backhand are noted weapons in Stevenson's all-court game. Her fastest serve was clocked at 125 mph. She had the fastest second serve in the women's game from 1999 to 2004 at 105–115 mph. She was the first woman to amass 57 aces during the Wimbledon fortnight in 1999. The power game came from years of repetitive lessons. At nine years old, Stevenson began traveling from her home in San Diego to Los Angeles to be coached by Robert Lansdorp and Pete Fischer. It was Lansdorp who developed her powerful ground game, changing her two-handed backhand to a one-handed backhand. Lansdorp would tie her arm with an ace bandage to work on the backhand motion. Fischer, who also coached Pete Sampras, developed Stevenson's service motion, often used by coaches to teach "the perfect service motion." Fischer designed service drills to resemble Sampras' fluid serve.

Broadcast career
Starting in August 2019, Stevenson joined the ESPN tennis commentating team in their coverage of the qualifying and main draws of the 2019 US Open. She also did the commentating at the 2020 and 2021 US Open for ESPN.

Personal life
On September 11, 2001, Stevenson lost one of her friends – Manny Del Valle, a firefighter – in the World Trade Center. She wrote an article in The New York Times about Del Valle, a driver for the players at the US Open. In 2002, the four Grand Slam tournaments allowed Stevenson to wear the patch of Del Valle's Engine Company (Engine No. 5) on her Nike cap.

Singles performance timeline
_ = tournament was either not held or not a Tier I event

1 If Fed Cup (0–1 overall) participation is included, her record stands at 213–220 overall

title: Alexandra Stevenson


text: User talk:149.43.252.5

title: User talk:149.43.252.5


text:
N-VCT

Nissan Variable Timing control  or Nissan Valve Timing Control System (commonly known as N-VTC, VTC, NVCS or NVTCS) is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Nissan. N-VTC was first introduced in 1987 on the VG30DE and VG20DET engine.

N-VTC varies valve timing by rotating the affected camshaft relative to the sprocket; valve lift and duration are not altered. This rotation is achieved when an electric solenoid, controlled by the car's ECU, allows pressurized engine oil to flow into and through the cam and into a slave mechanism, axially advancing camshaft timing relative to the sprocket. Valve to crank angle timing varies depending on whether engine speed is high or low and changes at fixed intervals. NVTCS is hydraulically actuated similar to Honda's VTEC system, but adjusts a different aspect of the valve train, so it is more like the I part of I-VTEC. NVTCS equipped Nissan engines do not have as high of engine speeds as VTEC equipped engines so NVTCS is simpler, quieter, and requires no special maintenance. Some Nissan engines only have N-VTC on the intake cam such as the GA16DE, QG16/18, SR20DE/DET (S14-15) or RB25DE/DET (R33-R34 GTS/GTS-T, GT/GTT) while others have it on both the intake and exhaust cams. NVTCS was eventually phased out and replaced by a continuously variable system called CVTCS on newer engines such as the VQ and VK series.

List of engines

 * GA16DE
 * QG16DE
 * QG18DE
 * RB25DET(1993+) (intake only)
 * SR20DE
 * SR20DET
 * TB48DE
 * VE30DE
 * VG20DET
 * VG30DE
 * VG30DET
 * VG30DETT
 * VH45DE

title: N-VCT


text:
Katharina Bellowitsch

Katharina "Kati" Bellowitsch (born 13 June 1974) is an Austrian radio and TV presenter.

Career
Born in Graz, Styria, Bellowitsch trained as a primary school teacher before becoming, in 1996, a presenter at a commercial radio station in Styria (Antenne Steiermark). Since 2000, she has been working for the ORF, both for Hitradio Ö3 and children's television, in particular a weekly and a daily programme called Forscherexpress ("Researchers' Express"), where children are introduced into the world of science, and Drachenschatz (Dragon's treasure), which is a quiz show for children. She co-hosts in both of them with Thomas Brezina.

In February 2010, she was a presenter at the Vienna Opera Ball.

Bellowitsch announced Austria's voting results in the Eurovision Song Contest from 2011 to 2016, and again in 2018.

title: Katharina Bellowitsch


text:
Talk:Zorba the Greek

Plot Summary
The one on the page is not at all a plot summary, but a critical review, and one that smells like Personal Research a mile away. Has anybody actually read the book, and can contribute a true summary?

Goodmorning
I did a mistake and undid it myself!Sorry.-- Iordanis 777 listening 09:45, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Greek Question
I do not believe the Greek title provided is correct, as "politeia" is "republic" or things related to the city and politics (polis is the city). Perhaps they were looking for "peripeteia" which is "adventures" in Modern Greek. I am not very good with Greek, however, and would like a fluent speaker to check this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrei Jipa (talk • contribs) 00:00, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

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Homosexuality theme
I have read the book and the one thing that was obvious to me is that it is a book about homosexuality. That is the big theme. The clear climax of the book is when the narrator sleeps with Zorba on the beach, narrated as a dream come true. There is virtually no mention of relations with women, except one where the narrator had a one-night stand with an evil seductress widow, and all other women who appear are depicted as either absurd, as whores or as monsters. Yet it is very difficult to find any review where this aspect is discussed. People prefer not to see it and brush it under the carpet, preferring to believe this is about two red-blooded males having a good time.

www.thecrimson.com says of the film version "The film implies, apparently unintentionally, that this effeminate character" (Alan Bates, the narrator) "is homosexual. Although the suggestion is later contradicted, it is unmistakable and confusing". So just like the book then! The book is designed to confuse, nothing is spelled out, as is the case with much great literature. The film must have got it right then. Nowhere in the book is the narrator's homosexuality (or bi-sexuality, etc) contradicted. He is portrayed as effeminate in the book, shying away from physical work, which he leaves to the macho Zorba whom he admires so much. 212.104.155.43 (talk) 13:46, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zorba the Greek


text:
Talk:Laity

Divide article?
Since "laity" means two completely different things, I think we should cut up the article in two (one referring to the reigious meaning, the other the common meaning)

--Msoos 08:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

i also agree that this should be divided

 * What other meaning? I am glad to build a disambiguation page, but I don't know any other meaning besides this one. Give me a source or two to read and I'm glad to help with this. Sarum blue 17:04, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I also think that if changes are to be made, it should be mentioned that while the expression "lay people" is often used in common speech, the word "laity" itself is not, and is still mostly restricted to its religious meaning. Loganberry (Talk) 02:34, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Any place for mention of groups that don't distinguish?
I don't want to clutter up the article with irrelevancies, so I won't make an addition on this topic myself. However, I'd like to raise the point that in some Christian groups, the concept of "the priesthood of all believers" (based on a biblical text) causes them to resist making a clergy/laity distinction. In the Church of Christ, as one example, a congregational may have one or more minister (often paid by the congregation), but there is an understanding that any believer — most commonly restricted to any male believer, however — has an equal authority. Mormonism, on the other hand, officially rejects having a paid preacher at all and seems to have no office clearly corresponding to that of priest, though they have elders, bishops, and at the top level, apostles. It seems a topic that should at least be touched on, but I've no clue how to do it without seeming to take the article down a tangent. Lawikitejana 02:15, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This does seem to be a problem for this article. The claim that in Anglicanism, the three orders are priests, deacons and lay ministers is misguided; Anglicanism observes the traditional three orders of bishops, priests and deacons; lay ministers are not consecrated in the same way as ordained ministers. However, Anglicanism is still moderately supportive of the idea of the 'priesthood of all believers', and the article correctly notes the important role of laity in synodical government. AlexTiefling 21:27, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a similar problem here for Latter-Day Saints. Our leaders are ordained. It seems to me if they are ordained they are not laity, which is defined here being those who are unordained leaders. 155.213.224.59 (talk) 19:34, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

Roman Catholic history
The history of the laity is not historically accurate, but I don't have many sources at my fingertips. This section is also simplistic, and the shifting role of the laity is pretty complex... Freder1ck 00:02, 11 November 2006 (UTC)Freder1ck
 * When I get a chance, I want to incorporate the following bit into the section: Catechism of the Catholic Church 1268 The baptized have become "living stones" to be "built into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood."74 By Baptism they share in the priesthood of Christ, in his prophetic and royal mission. They are "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people, that [they] may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called [them] out of darkness into his marvelous light."75 Baptism gives a share in the common priesthood of all believers.1268 The baptized have become "living stones" to be "built into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood."74 By Baptism they share in the priesthood of Christ, in his prophetic and royal mission. They are "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people, that [they] may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called [them] out of darkness into his marvelous light."75 Baptism gives a share in the common priesthood of all believers.
 * The Catholic understanding of the common priesthood of the baptised is not new, but ancient. It's also found in the 1917 Catholic Encyclopedia: |Laity Freder1ck 16:34, 12 November 2006 (UTC)Freder1ck
 * I've made some changes, but the paragraph following the blockquote still needs work. Also, I think it's valuable to directly block quote from LG 31 as the passage succintly synthesizes a broad Catholic perspective on the laity. Freder1ck 14:29, 30 November 2006 (UTC)Freder1ck

Wrong order? (no pun intended....)
(OK, the pun was not intended in advance, but I am suffering it to remain after I noticed it.)

The article says:
 * lay persons, bishops, priests, and deacons
 * lay persons, bishops, priests, and deacons

One is first (chronologically) a lay person, then a deacon, then a priest, and finally a bishop. In that order. So it would seem natural to list them in that order, especially when one applies ordinal numbers to them, speaking of a "fourth order". Michael Hardy (talk) 04:25, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Pay, pray and obey
There should be some dissertation on the slogan Pay, pray and obey, commonly used by reformers, which denotes the previous ecclesiology of Leo XIII. This ecclesiology was eventually upgraded during the Second Vatican Council. (cf ADM (talk) 01:29, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Super-laity
Another issue that could be included in the article is the notion of super-laity, laypeople who become so integrated to the ecclesial structure that they begin to think and act like clerical bureaucrats. This issue has been discussed in certain European Catholic publications. ADM (talk) 05:43, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

lay man
I see no link to Layman which seems a later, derived but related concept - seems to expand the religous aspect to cover other actual activity that is not officially endorsed. L∴V 14:53, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

The block of text added in this diff doesn't really belong. I'm adding to Talk: for completeness, and to. Appeals to etymology over current usage, it doesn't flow with whole text, etc. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laity&diff=344725476 — Preceding unsigned comment added by YhnMzw (talk • contribs) 08:48, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Roman Catholic section needs work
In my sleep-deprived opinion, the paragraph that starts with "In this narrower sense, the Council taught..." in the Roman Catholic section needs a lot of work or needs to be replaced. The same goes for the short paragraph that follows it. The paragraphs read like an essay or an article in a church publication rather than an encyclopedia article. I think that the section should simply state who is considered laity in the Roman Catholic Church and what their role in the church is, in a factual sense. For example, are nuns and monks considered part of the laity? (apparent answer is yes, if not ordained) However, I am totally willing to consider the possibility that I am simply overly tired. If you want to contact me, please use my user talk page. -- Kjkolb (talk) 06:34, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

Merge proposal, May 2016
I see that User:Jujutsuan has proposed that Layperson be merged into Laity. I have no opinion about the merger, but I suggest that whether the merger proceeds or not, the separate sections that currently exist at and  should remain as separate sections in one article or the other. I came to the page looking for the secular meaning, not the religious meaning, and while the term originated in the religious realm, today the secular use is just as important. In my experience, the word "laity" is not used in the secular realm, so an argument could be made against the merger and in favor of retaining the Layperson article as primarily secular and the Laity article as primarily religious, although I am not making that argument now; I just wanted to share these ideas. Biogeographist (talk) 01:51, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

 * This is basically what I was thinking when I saw the merger proposal. I think if there is a merge, it should be the other way around, with Laity redirecting to the subsection about the religious usage of Layperson.  If there isn't a merge, Layperson will probably always be a shorter article, with less expansion possibility, but at least we could add hatnotes to each article, linking to the other. B7T (talk) 23:18, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Don't merge: I would suggest keeping Laity for its meaning in a religious context and Layperson for its general meaning - BobKilcoyne (talk) 04:18, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

I noticed that Laypeople, which is the target of the redirect from Laypeople (disambiguation), also has a merge template suggesting that it be merged into Layperson, so I added Talk:Laity as the discussion page for the Laypeople merge proposal as well. This merge proposal is a complicated issue that will need some concerted attention from editors at some point. Please note that this was also discussed at WP:Redirects for discussion/Log/2015 February 15. Biogeographist (talk) 18:17, 19 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Biogeographist, I just now noticed this because of this edit and Layperson being on my watchlist. I somehow missed the merge, but I do not think that the merge was a good idea. Recently had to make this edit (followup edit here). Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 07:34, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I also prefer two articles. JimRenge (talk) 08:06, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * As I noted above, I have no opinion about the merger. I didn't even notice that it had happened. If it is going to remain as one article, it does need some cleanup. Biogeographist (talk) 16:05, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

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"Lame man's terms" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lame_man%27s_terms&redirect=no Lame man's terms] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. An anonymous username, not my real name 01:42, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laity


text:
The Puritan

The Puritan, or the Widow of Watling Street, also known as The Puritan Widow, is an anonymous Jacobean stage comedy, first published in 1607. It is often attributed to Thomas Middleton, but also belongs to the Shakespeare Apocrypha due to its title page attribution to "W.S.".

Date and authorship
The Puritan probably dates from the year 1606. Some of its incidents are drawn from a contemporary work called The Merry Conceited Jests of George Peele, which attributes to the writer George Peele a number of tricks and jokes that can be found in previous popular literature. It contains an allusion to an almanac that specifies 15 July as a Tuesday, which was true only of 1606 in the first decade of the 17th century (although the author may not have intended it to be accurate). Also the play's interest in corporal oaths may be related to the demands for oaths of allegiance from Catholics following the Gunpowder Plot.

The Puritan was entered into the Stationers' Register on 6 August 1607, under the title The Puritan Widow. It was published in quarto format before the end of the year by the printer George Eld, now under the title The Puritan, or The Widow of Watling Street. The title page of the quarto states that the play was performed by the Children of Paul's, one of the boys' acting companies of the era, and attributes its authorship to "W. S." These initials were first identified with William Shakespeare by Edward Archer in his 1656 play list, published in his edition of The Old Law. The Puritan was later added to the second impression of the Shakespeare Third Folio (1664) by publisher Philip Chetwinde, bringing the play into the Shakespeare Apocrypha.

The modern scholarly consensus rejects the identification of "W. S." with Shakespeare. The obscure Jacobean dramatists Wentworth Smith and William Smith have been proposed as alternative candidates, but solely on the strength of the common initials. However, most studies of the play consider the true author to have been Thomas Middleton, and this is supported by stylistic analysis. It is included in Oxford University Press's 2007 Collected Works of Middleton.

Characters

 * Lady Plus, a citizen's widow
 * Frank and Moll, her two daughters
 * Sir Godfrey (Plus), brother-in-law to the Widow Plus
 * Master Edmond, son to the Widow Plus
 * George Pyeboard, a scholar and a citizen
 * Peter Skirmish, an old soldier
 * Captain Idle, a highwayman
 * Corporal Oath, a vainglorious fellow
 * Nicholas St. Tantlings and Simon St. Mary-Overies, serving-men to the Lady Plus
 * Frailty
 * Sir Oliver Muckhill, a rich city knight and suitor to the Lady Plus
 * Sir John Pennydub, a country knight and suitor to Moll
 * Sir Andrew Tipstaff, a courtier and suitor to Frank
 * The Sheriff of London
 * Puttock and Ravenshaw, two of the sheriff's sergeants
 * Dogson, a yeoman
 * A Nobleman
 * A Gentleman Citizen
 * A Keeper in the Marshalsea Prison
 * Servants to the Gentleman and Sir Oliver Muckhill
 * Officers, Musicians, and Attendants

Act I
Scene 1: A garden behind Lady Plus' house

The opening scene introduces the family of Lady Plus, her son Edmond, and her daughters Francis ("Frank") and Moll. The family is of Puritan orientation. They have just returned from the funeral of Lady Plus' husband, and are accompanied by Sir Godfrey Plus, the dead man's brother. Lady Plus is vocal and demonstrative in her mourning, but two of her children, Edmond and Moll, are notably cool and cynical about their father's death. Sir Godfrey, with a cool and pragmatic spirit of his own, urges Lady Plus to consider remarrying, but she is appalled at the idea so soon after her husband's funeral. Lady Plus asks Edmond why is not weeping at his father's funeral. Edmond excuses himself by saying he is afraid of being mocked by his old schoolmates. In a bid to avoid the pain suffered by her grieving mother, Francis kneels and forswears marriage. Moll kneels too, but in an aside she says that she would never dream of forgoing marriage for her father's sake. In fact, she is very eager to get married as soon as possible. Everyone exits except Edmond. Left alone on stage, Edmond bids his father an unsentimental farewell. He makes plans to run his affairs following his father's example—in other words, he will cheat others ruthlessly and seek to please himself above all.

Scene 2: A street

The second scene introduces another set of characters, the play's rogues and con-men. George Pieboard is a poor and cynical scholar, reduced to living by his wits to survive. He is accompanied by a destitute, discharged soldier named Peter Skirmish. (Pieboard is the character based on George Peele—"peel" and "pieboard" being synonymous terms for the tool bakers use to move their wares into and out of their ovens.) Pieboard and Skirmish discuss the sorry state they have been reduced to. As an antidote to their poverty, Pieboard suggests that they work together to con Lady Plus, with Pieboard posing as a fortune teller and Skirmish posing as a conjurer (wizard). At the end of the scene, the pair witness another friend, Captain Idle, being taken to prison. They follow to learn the charges and to see what they can do.

Scene 3: A street

The two sets of characters, Puritans and scoundrels, begin to make contact in the third scene. Corporal Oath, another cashiered soldier, encounters three of Lady Plus' servants, Frailty, Simon St. Mary Overies, and Nicholas St. Antlings. Amid some comic back-and-forth about Puritan hypocrisy and the Corporal's bad breath, it is revealed that Nicholas St. Antlings is a kinsman of Captain Idle. At the scene's end, Nicholas and the Corporal also head off to the Marshalsea Prison to learn the Captain Idle's fate. (St. Antlings and St. Mary Overies are two London parishes that were centres of Puritan activity in the early 17th century. The Puritan preacher William Crashaw took offence at the play's satire against Puritans, and preached a sermon on the subject in 1608.)

Scene 4: Idle's cell in the Marshalsea Prison

Pieboard and Skirmish visit Captain Idle in prison. Idle tells them that he has been imprisoned for robbery. He fears that he will be hanged. Pieboard promises to do everything in his power to see that Idle is set free. Nicholas and Corporal Oath enter. Idle—a man who holds Puritans in very low esteem—is not happy to see his kinsman, Nicholas. Corporal Oath insists that Nicholas could prove useful. Pieboard suggests a scheme whereby Nicholas could help to get Idle out of jail. According to Pieboard's plan, Nicholas should steal his master's expensive chain (an ornament worn around the neck) and hide it in the garden. When his master (Sir Godfrey) becomes upset at the loss of the item, Nicholas should tell him that he has an imprisoned kinsman (Idle) who has a supernatural ability to find things. If events transpire according to Pieboard's designs, the master will then spring Idle from prison, Idle will "find" the chain in the garden, and everybody will be happy. Nicholas agrees to follow Pieboard's scheme. He exits. As part of another piece of his scheme, Pieboard instructs Skirmish and the Corporal to fake a fight in front of Lady Plus' home that evening. Pieboard also notes that he has to be careful when walking about in public because he faces the threat of being arrested as a result of unpaid debts.

Act II
Scene 1: A room in Lady Plus' house

Speaking to herself, Moll looks forward to marrying her suitor, Sir John Pennydub, the son of a wealthy farmer. A servant enters and tells Moll that Pennydub has come to visit her. Moll is happy that Pennydub has managed to get into the house without alerting her mother's attention. Pennydub enters and asks Moll for a kiss. Moll kisses him. Lady Plus enters with Sir Godfrey. Moll and Pennydub exit to avoid being seen together. Sir Godfrey continues to encourage Lady Plus to remarry. Lady Plus will hear none of it. Sir Oliver Muckhill (suitor to Lady Plus), Sir Andrew Tipstaff (suitor to Francis) and Sir John Pennydub (suitor to Moll) enter. Lady Plus scorns them, assures them that she and her daughters will never marry, and tells them to leave. As the gentlemen make their exit, Sir Godfrey whispers that he will do everything in his power to convince Lady Plus to change her mind. Pieboard enters, posing as a fortune-teller. Sir Godfrey exits. Lady Plus' daughters, Francis and Moll, enter. Pieboard tells Lady Plus that her husband's soul is in purgatory (Puritans rejected purgatory as an invention of the Pope, used to increase his power and extort money from believers.) Lady Plus is sceptical of Pieboard's claims. To prove his supernatural abilities, Pieboard makes a series of predictions: 1) Lady Plus' brother-in-law, Sir Gregory, will lose something valuable (remember that Pieboard arranged for Nicholas to steal Gregory's chain in 1.4); 2) There will be some bloodshed resulting in a death in front of Lady Plus' door (remember that Pieboard instructed Skirmish and Corporal Oath to stage a fight in front of Lady Plus' home); 3) Lady Plus and Francis will go mad and run naked in public; and 4) Moll will be struck dumb. The women are horrified by these predictions. Pieboard tells them that, if the first two predictions—the ones he has rigged—come true, there are measures the women can take to avoid going mad or being struck dumb: the two women who have forsworn marriage (Lady Plus and Francis) should get married as soon as possible, and the daughter who is in a hurry to get married (Moll) should remain single. The women exit, deeply troubled. Pieboard congratulates himself on his wit. He says that, to validate his "prophesy" about a death at Lady Plus' door, he will give Corporal Oath a sleeping potion that will make it seem as though he is dead.

Scene 2: A garden

Nicholas says that he has managed to steal Sir Gregory's chain.

Act III
Scene 1: The street before Lady Plus' house

Corporal Oath and Skirmish stage a sword fight in front of Lady Plus' house. Oath pretends that he has been wounded in the leg. Lady Plus' servants witness the entire ordeal. A pair of officers arrest Skirmish and carry Oath off to get medical attention.

Scene 2: An room in Lady Plus' house

Lady Plus is convinced that Pieboard is a true fortune-teller now that his first "prophesy" (bloodshed at the door) has come true. Sir Godfrey enters, angry because he cannot find his chain. Following Pieboard's scheme (from 1.4), Nicholas tells Godfrey that he has an imprisoned kinsman (Idle) who has a supernatural ability to find lost items. Godfrey says he will arrange Idle's release.

Scene 3: A street

The sergeants Puttock and Ravenshaw arrest Pieboard for outstanding debts owed to his landlady. Pieboard tells the sergeants that he was on his way to collect five pounds from a Gentleman for a masque he has just written. He promises that, if they allow him to go to the Gentleman's house to collect the money, he will pay off all of his outstanding debts and give them whatever money remains of the five pounds. The sergeants agree to accompany Pieboard to the Gentleman's house.

Scene 4: A gallery in a Gentleman's house

Pieboard takes Puttock and Ravenshaw to the home of a wealthy Gentleman he does not know. When the Gentleman comes to the door, Pieboard pulls him aside, quietly explains his predicament, and begs to be admitted into the house so he can escape out the back door. Pleased by Pieboard's wit, the Gentleman loudly invites him inside to be paid. Pieboard and the Gentleman exit. Puttock and Ravenshaw wait in the gallery and make plans for how they will spend the money they think they are about to receive. After a while, the Gentleman re-enters and tells the sergeants that Pieboard left out the back door long ago. The sergeants curse their luck and vow to see Pieboard rot in prison if they can ever lay hands on him again.

Scene 5: Idle's cell in the Marshalsea Prison

Pieboard visits Idle in prison and tells him that he will have to perform a phony "conjuring ceremony" to find Sir Godfrey's chain. Sir Godfrey enters with Edmond and Nicholas. Pieboard poses as a fortune-teller and Idle poses as a conjurer. Sir Godfrey tells Idle that his release has been secured and promises a large reward if Idle is able to find the chain. Idle says that he will perform a conjuring ceremony to find the chain on the following day.

Act IV
Scene 1: A room in Lady Plus' house

Afraid of being struck dumb now that Pieboard's "prophesies" have come true, Moll tells Pennydub that she cannot marry him. Pennydub tells Moll that his father has just died and left him a considerable inheritance. Eager to get her hands on the money, Moll decides to ignore the prophecy and become Pennydub's wife.

Scene 2: Another room in Lady Plus' house

Sir Oliver Muckhill and Sir Andrew Tipstaff visit Lady Plus and Francis. Lady Plus is angry with the suitors for daring to present themselves again so soon after she told them to go away, but her attitude toward them seems to have softened now that Pieboard's first two "prophesies" have come true. She orders Francis to kiss Tipstaff and tells Muckhill that she has changed her mind and now intends to marry. Muckhill is overjoyed to hear this news. Tipstaff tempts Francis with promises of the extravagances she can expect to receive if she will become his wife. A servant enters and tells Lady Plus that Sir Godfrey and the "conjurer" will arrive shortly. The suitors exit. Lady Plus moves to an adjoining room. Sir Godfrey enters with Nicholas, Idle, Pieboard and Edmond. Idle says that the room is perfect for a conjuring ceremony. Frightened by the prospect of encountering a demon, Godfrey, Nicholas and Edmond retire to and adjoining room and plan to observe the ceremony through a keyhole. Idle recites some magical-sounding mumbo-jumbo. A touch of convenient thunder rumbles in the sky. Godfrey is frightened and impressed. Faking the voice of a demon, Pieboard asks the "conjurer" what he wants. When the ceremony is over, Idle calls Godfrey back into the room and tells him that the demon has dropped his chain in the garden. Godfrey, Lady Plus and Nicholas all run to the garden to collect the chain. Edmond enters. Fully convinced that a demon has just visited the house, he imagines that he can smell brimstone and inspects the hangings for signs of fire damage. Idle casts a "spell" to make Edmond invisible. To test his "invisibility", Edmond walks up to Pieboard and tweaks his nose. Pieboard pretends that he cannot see Edmond at all. Sir Godfrey enters. He is extremely happy to have his chain back. Convinced that he is invisible, Edmond strikes Godfrey across the face. Godfrey promises to whip Edmond as punishment for his impudence. Edmond is surprised that his "invisibility" has worn off. Godfrey hugs Idle and thanks him for helping to recover the chain. Lady Plus says that, if she must marry, she will marry Idle, whom she describes as a worthy captain and man of wit. (At this point, the action transfers to the street in front of Lady Plus' house, but there is not a formal scene break). Officers enter carrying Corporal Oath's coffin (he is assumed to be dead as a result of the "wound" Skirmish supposedly gave him in 3.1; in fact, he is merely sleeping deeply under the effect of Pieboard's sleeping potion). Other officers lead Skirmish in handcuffs—he is on his way to be executed as punishment for "murdering" Oath. Pieboard claims that he has the power to raise Oath from the dead. The officers tell him to go ahead and try. Oath wakes up. Everyone is very impressed. The officers agree to set Skirmish free—he is no longer guilty of murder because Oath has come back to life. Godfrey calls for a banquet to celebrate the day's miracles. Francis announces her intention to marry Pieboard.

Act V
Scene 1: The street before Lady Plus' house

The big wedding day has arrived. Lady Plus will marry Captain Idle, and Francis will marry Pieboard. Edmond says that he is looking forward to having Idle as a father-in-law and Pieboard as a brother-in-law. Pieboard and Idle enter. Pieboard asks Edmond to get the musicians drunk.

Scene 2: The street before Lady Plus' house

Sir John Pennydub goes to Moll's window. He asks her to admit him to her room, but she refuses.

'''Scene 3:. A room in Sir Oliver Muckhill's house'''

Skirmish talks with Sir Oliver Muckhill and Sir Andrew Tipstaff. Skirmish has told Sir Oliver the details of Pieboard's schemes—he apparently feels that Pieboard has abused him and wants revenge. Sir Oliver says that he has a prestigious friend (the "Nobleman") who will convince Lady Plus that Pieboard and Idle are rogues.

Scene 4: A street, a church appearing

The Nobleman (Sir Oliver Muckhill's friend) confronts Lady Plus before the weddings are set to commence. With Skirmish's help, he reveals the details of Pieboard's schemes. Sir Godfrey fires Nicholas for stealing his chain. Lady Plus announces that she will marry Muckhill, Francis will marry Tipstaff, and Moll will marry Pennydub. Pieboard and Idle make their escape, none the worse for wear. The play ends on a note of festivity.

title: The Puritan


text:
File:The Enforcer 1951.JPG

Fair use in The Enforcer (1951 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:The Enforcer 1951.JPG


text:
Newick and Chailey railway station

Newick and Chailey was a railway station located in North Chailey and located near the villages of Newick and Chailey in East Sussex, England. It was part of the East Grinstead to Lewes line, part of which now makes up the Bluebell Railway.

Facilities
The station was located on the single line, but consisted of two side platforms on a loop line. There were substantial station buildings on each platform with a pedestrian footbridge connecting the two. The old Up platform had a restaurant facility and toilets until rationalisation in the 1930s which removed all the buildings on this platform and the footbridge span.

Closure
Following the withdrawal of the services on the line in 1955, a Chailey resident, Margery Bessemer, forced its re-opening in 1956 for a short period when she discovered that the original Acts of Parliament which authorised the line's construction imposed a statutory obligation on British Railways to continue running services. British Railways responded by running the most meagre timetable possible, the so-called "Sulky Service". Parliament did eventually repeal the original Acts and the line closed in 1958.

The track was removed in 1960 and the station buildings were demolished around 1967–8. The site of the station platforms in a cutting was subsequently infilled and covered by housing. Short sections of the platforms have been excavated and preserved in the gardens of the houses on the former station site. Their site is identified in a road still today called Lower Station Road, North Chailey. Despite the reopening of part of the line by the Bluebell Railway, an extension south seems improbable, mostly due to the amount of resources it would take to reinstate the line, although the possibility has not been ruled out.

title: Newick and Chailey railway station


text:
Utrecht Network

The Utrecht Network is a network of European universities. Founded in 1987, the network promotes the internationalisation of tertiary education through summer schools, student and staff exchanges and joint degrees. It is operated by the University of Bologna in Italy.

Overseas partners
This is a list of universities that form Global Partner Networks of the Utrecht Network.

Australian-European Network (AEN)
🇦🇺 Australia

 * Edith Cowan University

 * Griffith University

 * University of Tasmania

 * University of Wollongong

 * Western Sydney University

Mid-America Universities International (MAUI)
United States of America

 * Baylor University

 * Columbia College Chicago

 * Doane University

 * Kansas State University

 * Missouri University of Science & Technology

 * Oklahoma State University

 * Southern Illinois University Carbondale

 * Texas State University – San Marcos

 * Texas Tech University

 * University of Kansas

 * University of Missouri – Kansas City

 * University of Missouri – St Louis

 * University of Nebraska at Kearney

 * University of Nebraska at Lincoln

 * University of Nebraska at Omaha

 * University of Oklahoma

 * University of Tulsa

 * West Virginia University

 * Wichita State University

title: Utrecht Network


text:
Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition

The Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition, also known as the Transmontane Expedition, took place in 1716 in the British Colony of Virginia. The Royal Governor and a number of prominent citizens traveled westward, across the Blue Ridge Mountains on an exploratory expedition. It is a frequently recounted event of the History of Virginia.

The expedition
Alexander Spotswood became acting royal governor of Virginia in 1710, by which time pressure on the colony to expand had become more acute than ever. In 1716, Governor Spotswood, with about 50 other men and 74 horses, led an expedition up the Rappahannock River valley during westward exploration of the interior of Virginia. The journalist of this expedition was a Huguenot, Lieut. John Fontaine, who served as an officer in the British Army.

The party included fourteen rangers and four Meherrin Indians, and departed Germanna on August 29, coming within sight of the Blue Ridge Mountains on August 31. They continued upriver past today's Stanardsville, reaching the head of the Rappahannock on September 2. Fontaine recorded in his journal for September 5 that axemen had to clear the way along the path of what he called the "James River", but which was in fact a creek along the eastern slope named Swift Run, surrounded on all sides by steep mountain terrain. Swift Run is part of the James River drainage system. The expedition had followed the Rappahannock drainage system up to this point.

There they crossed the top ridge of the Blue Ridge mountains at Swift Run Gap (elevation 2,365 feet).

On September 6, 1716, they rode down into the Shenandoah Valley on the east side of Massanutten Mountain and reached the Shenandoah River, which they called the "Euphrates" near the current town of Elkton. There, they fired multiple volleys and drank special toasts of wine, brandy, and claret to the King and to Governor Spotswood, naming the two peaks after them. The taller summit they called "Mount George", and the lesser, "Mount Spotswood".

On the banks of the river they buried a bottle, inside which they had put a paper whereby Spotswood claimed the place in the name of George I. On September 7, the party returned home, reaching Germanna on September 10.

After the journey, Spotswood gave each officer of the expedition a stickpin made of gold and shaped like a horseshoe on which he had inscribed the words in Latin "Sic juvat transcendere montes", which translates into English as "Thus, it is pleasant to cross the mountains." The horseshoes were encrusted with small stones and were small enough to be worn from a watch chain. The members of Governor Spotswood's expedition soon became popularly known as the "Knights of the Golden Horseshoe."

Of the expedition members, only the following are known by name to have taken part: Lt. Governor Spotswood, John Fontaine, Robert Beverley, Jr., Major William Woodford, William Robertson, Dr. Robinson, Mr. Todd, James Taylor (great-grandfather of US Presidents James Madison and Zachary Taylor), Robert Brooke (grandfather of VA Governor Robert Brooke), George Mason III, Capt. Smith, William Clopton, Jr. (second son of William Clopton and Ann Booth Clopton), Jeremiah Clouder, and William Russell (Lt.-Col., Ranger, employed by Spotswood). Edward Sanders' 1839 will of descendant Elijah Sanders mentions great-grandfather "Old Edward Sanders" as a Knight of the Golden Horseshoe.

In a Richmond news article, dated February 16, 1901, honoring John Bacon Clopton, the grandson of William Clopton, Jr.. The following is a copy of a handwritten statement, signed and sealed to be found among the John Bacon Clopton papers at Duke University Library, Durham, North Carolina: "There was in my father's possession a golden horseshoe which the tradition of the family said was worn by William Clopton Jr.. That it had 7 Diamonds set in it the place of nailheads, was inscribed on one side 'Sic Juvat Trancsenderi Montes' and on the other 'William Clopton, Knight.' That as a child I have had it laid in my hand to look at and that it was of a size to encircle the center of my palm.  And that this horseshoe was stolen by Pickpocket Smith, a notorious character, who operated among fashionable of Richmond in 1842 or 3.  Witness my hand and seal this ninth day of August, 1897.  Signed: Joyce Wilkinson Wallace"

Legacy
When Spotswood returned to Williamsburg, he actually claimed that the intention of the Expedition was to look for a way to Lake Erie, with a view to eventually thwarting the growing French presence in the region. He also sought permission from Britain to make a second expedition to scout for an outpost location on the Great Lakes; however he never received it.

At a practical level, word of the expedition, and descriptions of the fertile valley land beyond the mountain range, apparently did not do much in the short-term to open the Shenandoah Valley for development from the east. The mountain range was a formidable barrier. Instead, most of the early settlers came down the Valley from the north, many of German and Scottish descent. Groups of Mennonites migrated from Pennsylvania, and settled in the general area of present-day Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, where their descendants may still be found today.

Spotswood's expedition, which from all reports, traveled at a leisurely pace, encountered no conflict with Native Americans, and included frequent stops for celebrations and libations, earned a somewhat legendary status. The expedition's fame can also be attributed to providing further evidence supporting Virginians' self-image as being hospitable and loving of drink and conviviality. The fame was further enhanced when it was romanticized in The Knights of the Golden Horse-Shoe, an early chivalric romance, authored by William Alexander Caruthers, and first published in 1845. Today, the horseshoe and pentagon are symbols of the Germanna Foundation, which supports archaeology on the site associated with the expedition.

Historic marker
A commemorative plaque and pyramid-shaped stone at Swift Run Gap (at the south side of U.S. Highway 33 near the Skyline Drive overpass) mark the historic crossing of the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe. The Skyline Drive and the Appalachian Trail both pass nearby as well. Also at this location, a Virginia Historical Highway Marker, # D10 Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, is located. It reads:

"On 5 Sept. 1716, in this region, it is believed Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood and his party of government officials, gentry, Native Americans, soldiers, and servants crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains into the Shenandoah Valley. Their adventure into Virginia's western lands began at Germanna late in August and ended when they returned there on 10 September. According to legend, Spotswood gave his companions small golden horseshoes on their return and the group became known as the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe. The journey has been fictionalized and mythologized in literature since the 19th century."

Later usage of Knights of the Golden Horseshoe
Today, the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe are those U.S. Army soldiers from the 100th Regiment recognized by their commanders for exemplary service and leadership, just as Governor Spotswood recognized the men in his 1716 expedition. Today's Knights of the Golden Horseshoe receive a small gold-painted horseshoe. They also are approved to wear a distinctive unit insignia, featuring a golden horseshoe emblazoned on a red shield. Originally approved for the 375th Field Artillery Regiment on April 27, 1933, the insignia was redesignated for the 100th Regiment on July 8, 1960. A coat of arms also exists for regiments and separate battalions of the U.S. Army Reserve: this coat of arms features the golden horseshoe emblazoned on a red shield, the red symbolizing Artillery. Over the shield stands a Lexington Minute Man Proper.

In West Virginia, there is a competition named after the Golden Horseshoe(s), since it was previously thought that Spotswood's party had penetrated as far as the current borders of the state. The Golden Horseshoe test has been administered in West Virginia each year since 1931 and is the longest running program of its kind in the United States. The top-scoring students in each county receive the award. Each county has at least two winners. The exam tests student knowledge on West Virginia citizenship, civics and government, economics, geography, history and current events. Since 2008, all eighth grade students take a test online to show their knowledge of West Virginia's history. The students with the highest scores are knighted and receive a golden horseshoe in Charleston, West Virginia, the state capital.


text:
Talk:Cherrybrook, New South Wales

Untitled
Cherrybrook has a large Chinese population.

I'm pretty sure Cherrybrook Tech is the largest in the state, not second.
 * Apparently James Ruse is the largest. user:coheed56

>Agreed, i have NEVER heard the Ivan question
 * "was blown up in a tremendous fireball that was" Bit over the top isn't it? - Edited
 * "The site of the much loved restaurant" Can't say it was much loved, also isn't objective - Edited
 * "remains vacant " It's not vacant, this has been changed - Edited
 * question "What ever happened to Ivan?" Fifteen years of living in Cherrybrook and I have never hear this care to explain? ---Rob 05:58, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * In that case deleted. --Rob 13:19, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

COMPTON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
who keeps changing the article so that cherrybrook is replaced with compton i say temporary ban as it is so frustrating.--Abb401 13:24, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

It's known as vandelism, that is one disadvantage of having a open encyclopedia. It isn't happening all that much compared to other articles and it get changed pretty quickly --Mcgrath50 04:53, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

I dunno who it is, but Google Earth still has it as Compton and confused the hell out of me! Bugsy2126 05:08, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cherrybrook, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Val Müstair

River name
One can find out the river name online: One will now see, that in the Swiss part, it's called Il Rom, whereas in the Italian part, it's called Rio Ramm. I think the resulting image can be found here. However, zooming out to 1:500.000 results in this image: here, the river is only called Rio Ramm. It seems as if there are two names, and Swisstopo seems to prefer Rio Ramm. Therefore, I will change the reference in the article back to Rio Ramm, with Il Rom between parentheses. Gerrit CUTEDH 08:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Go to http://www.swissgeo.org/
 * Enter 'Müstair' in the search field
 * Zoom out to scale 1:200.000
 * Scroll so that the Swiss-Italian border is in the centre of the image

 * There is now an article on the river at Rom River, as the "a" version seems to be in use in Italy, I removed it from this article. -- User:Docu

title: Talk:Val Müstair


text:
User:Electric counterpoint

Hi everyone, I'm Dan Ray. If you're dying to find out more about me, you'll be happy to see danray.org. I'm pretty new to the active particpation aspect of Wikipedia, but I'm learning. --electric counterpoint 08:25, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

whoa, good catch on that entitled -> titled... you managed to edit it between the time i saw it and the time i clicked on "edit this page."

title: User:Electric counterpoint


text:
Talk:Macduff's son

— J I P | Talk 08:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Macduff's son


text: User talk:80.138.115.60

title: User talk:80.138.115.60


text:
Galium verum

Galium verum (lady's bedstraw or yellow bedstraw) is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Rubiaceae. It is widespread across most of Europe, North Africa, and temperate Asia from Israel, Lebanon and Turkey to Japan and Kamchatka. It is naturalized in Tasmania, New Zealand, Canada, and the northern half of the United States. It is considered a noxious weed in some places.

Galium verum is an upright plant, with stiff stems growing to 15 - 120 cm tall. The leaves are 1 - 3 cm long and 2 mm broad, shiny dark green, hairy underneath, borne in whorls of 8–12. The flowers are 2 - 3 mm in diameter, yellow, and produced in dense clusters. This species is sometimes confused with Galium odoratum, a species with traditional culinary uses.

Uses
In medieval Europe, the dried plants were used to stuff mattresses, as the coumarin scent of the plants acts as a flea repellant. The flowers were also used to coagulate milk in cheese manufacture (which gives the plant its name, from the Greek word γάλα, gala 'milk') and, in Gloucestershire, to colour the cheese double Gloucester. The plant is also used to make red madder-like and yellow dyes. In Denmark, the plant (known locally as gul snerre) is traditionally used to infuse spirits, making the uniquely Danish drink bjæsk.

Mythology
Frigg was the goddess of married women, in Norse mythology. She helped women give birth to children, and as Scandinavians used the plant lady's bedstraw (Galium verum) as a sedative, they called it Frigg's grass.

In Romanian folklore, it is called sânziana and it is linked to the Sânziene fairies and their festival on June 24.

In Gaelic mythology, the hero Cú Chulainn, who suffered fits of rage during battle, would take a tea of this plant to calm his frenzy. The plant is known as lus chneas Chù-Chulainn 'the herb of Cú Chulainn's skin' in Scottish Gaelic, and in the 14th/15th centuries it occurred with the Irish name Bolad cneise con Culainn ‘the smell of Cú Chulainn’s skin’ (NLI G 11 182b2).

In Serbian folklore Ivanjski venci (Midsummer wreaths) are made out of Galium verum the day ahead of Nativity of John the Baptist celebration. Galium verum, decorated with other flowers, symbolize the beauty of nature and are placed at the public roadside front gates because they are believed to protect Christian homes.

Subspecies
Many varietal and subspecific names have been proposed, but only four are currently (May 2014) recognized:

 * Galium verum subsp. asiaticum (Nakai) T.Yamaz - China, Korea, Japan, Russian Far East (Primorye)
 * Galium verum subsp. glabrescens Ehrend. - Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria
 * Galium verum subsp. verum - most of species range
 * Galium verum subsp. wirtgenii (F.W.Schultz) Oborny - Central and eastern Europe plus Western Siberia

title: Galium verum