text:
Yuriy Tarnawsky

Yuriy Tarnawsky (born February 3, 1934) is a Ukrainian-American writer and linguist, one of the founding members of the New York Group of Poets, a group of avant-garde Ukrainian diaspora writers, and co-founder and co-editor of the journal New Poetry, as well as member of the US innovative writers' collaborative Fiction Collective. He writes fiction, poetry, plays, translations, and criticism in both Ukrainian and English.

Early years
Yuriy (George Orest) Tarnawsky was born on February 3, 1934, in the town of Turka in western Ukraine, at that time under Polish rule. His mother was a school teacher and father a school principal. His childhood years (1934-1940) were spent in Poland, near the town of Rzeszów, and then in Ukrainian ethnic lands, near Sanok and in Turka. In 1944 he emigrated with his family to Germany. After the war, Tarnawsky lived in a Displaced Persons' camp in Neu Ulm, Bavaria where he attended first Ukrainian and then German secondary schools (Kepler Oberschule in Ulm). He graduated from Ukrainian High School in Munich in February 1952, prior to emigrating with his family to the US and settling in Newark, New Jersey. There he attended Newark College of Engineering, now New Jersey Institute of Technology, from which he graduated with honors in 1956 with a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering.

=== Professional Life ===

Upon graduation, Tarnawsky joined IBM Corporation in Poughkeepsie, NY, and remained with it until 1992. At IBM, he worked at first as an electronic engineer and then as computer scientist, primarily on automatic language translation from Russian into English. He managed groups of applied linguists at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY, in the US military school in Syracuse, NY, and at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC. The program developed under his leadership was exhibited at the 1964 World's Fair in New York and was the first in the world to have practical application. During the years 1964–65, on leave from IBM, he lived in Spain, devoting his time to literary work. Later, while continuing to work for IBM, he studied theoretical linguistics at New York University, obtaining a PhD degree in 1982. His doctoral dissertation Knowledge Semantics in the field of transformational-generative grammar deals with the semantic component within Noam Chomsky's Revised Extended Standard Theory and argues against decompositional semantics. It has been described as being revolutionary in combining the views of Noam Chomsky and Hilary Putnam into one formulation. After completing his linguistic studies, Tarnawsky worked on computer processing of natural languages and the development of artificial ones as well as in the area of Artificial Intelligence, on Expert Systems. For his work at IBM he received a number of awards. He has authored numerous articles on computational and linguistic topics. After leaving IBM under early retirement program, Tarnawsky joined the staff of the Harriman Institute at Columbia University in New York City and was professor of Ukrainian Literature and Culture in the Department of Slavic Languages as well as co-coordinator of Ukrainian Studies (1993-1996). Knowledge Semantics was published in Ukrainian translation, which Tarnawsky oversaw, as Znannyeva Semantyka by National University of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in 2016. It is the first publication in the field of transformational-generative grammar in Ukrainian language and is augmented by an extensive English-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-English dictionary in which Tarnawsky developed the basic transformational-generative linguistics terms for Ukrainian.

=== Literary Career  ===

Tarnawsky is one of the founding members of the New York Group, a Ukrainian émigré avant-garde group of writers, and co-founder and co-editor of the journal New Poetry (1959-1972). While at Columbia University, he was instrumental in founding the archive of the group at the university's Rare Book and Manuscript Library to which he has contributed his papers. His first volume of poetry Life in the City (1956, in Ukrainian), with its urban motifs and concentration on the theme of death, was received by critics as a new word in Ukrainian poetry, such that broke with the language and subject traditions of Ukrainian literature and laid down a path which many of his contemporaries were to follow   The declaratively existentialist novel Roads (1961, in Ukrainian), which deals with the life of German youth in post-war Germany, is likewise considered a new word in Ukrainian fiction. The roots of Tarnawsky's early works lie almost exclusively in Western literature, in particular in Hispanic poetry and the poetry of the French pre-symbolists, surrealism, and the philosophy of existentialism. With time, his technical and linguistic background began to exert more and more influence on his literary work, as a result of which it employs a radically new use of language, as for instance in the volumes of poetry Without Spain (1969, in Ukrainian) and Questionnaires (1970, in Ukrainian) and the novels Meningitis (1978, in English) and Three Blondes and Death (1993, in English). In the 1960s Tarnawsky switched fully to writing in English, first in fiction and then in poetry; although in the latter he subsequently made Ukrainian versions of the English-language works (the volume This Is How I Get Well (1978) and the next five collections). He joined the group of innovative American writers Fiction Collective (later FC2) and published with it the novels Meningitis and Three Blondes and Death, both of which received high praise from US critics. (Three Blondes and Death, for instance, was compared by one reviewer to the skyscrapers of Mies van der Rohe and Gropius which towers over the cottages of contemporary American fiction.)

With Ukraine's independence, which came in 1991, Tarnawsky returned to writing in Ukrainian, publishing literary works and articles in the press as well as separate books. His works now show elements characteristic of postmodernism, such as polystylism, collage, pastiche, and the taking on of many, sometimes opposing, stances or masks (for instance, the poetry collection An Ideal Woman (1999), the book-length poem U ra na (1992) and The City of Sticks and Pits (1999), as well as the cycle of plays 6x0 (1998), all in Ukrainian). This process culminates in the publication of a three-volume set of his writings in Ukrainian—6x0 (1998, collected plays),They Don't Exist (1999, collected poetry 1970–1999), and I Don't Know (2000, new version of Roads, excerpts of his English-language books of fiction Seven Tries, and the autobiography Running Barefoot Home and Back). His own Ukrainian-language version of the English-language collection of stories Short Tails that shows the influence of existentialism, absurdism, and postmodernism, was published in Ukraine in 2006. Flowers for the Patient, a book of his selected essays and interviews in Ukrainian, came out in 2012.

In recent years, Tarnawsky has been dedicating himself more and more to writing in English. Thus, 2007 saw the publication of his collection of mininovels (his own genre ) Like Blood in Water, and 2011 of the original version of the collection of short stories Short Tails, reformatted and expanded over the Ukrainian-language version. The Placebo Effect Trilogy, three collections of interrelated mininovels—Like Blood in Water (revised edition), The Future of Giraffes, and View of Delft—were published in 2013. The trilogy and its volumes may be viewed as a novel/novels, unified not by characters and events, as is the case in traditional fiction, but by the common topics of existential despair, fear of death, and alienation, which, like motifs in music, bind them into a whole. 2013 also saw the publication of his first book of poetry in many years, Modus Tollens, subtitled "IPDs or Improvised Poetic Devices," which require the reader's active participation and which Tarnawsky calls Heuristic Poetry. Still another collection of his short fictions Crocodile Smiles, subtitled "Short-Shrift Fictions," which extends further the absurdism of Short Tails, was published in 2014 (expanded edition in 2020). One of its stories, "Dead Darling," was previously published in the anthology Best European Fiction 2014 by Dalkey Archive Press. His two 2019 novels have uncharacteristically realistic settings—Warm Arctic Nights is a fictionalized memoir of his early years in Poland and Ukraine, presented in the form of an interview, and The Iguanas of Heat with its detailed US and Mexico settings and ostensibly a suspense story, is a painstaking deconstruction of a sterile marriage. Claim to Oblivion, his book of selected essays and interviews in English, which deal primarily with his own literary works and the issues he tackles in them, was published in 2016. The 2018 book of exercises Literary Yoga effectively illustrates Tarnawsky's views on the craft of writing.

Since the end of the 1990s Tarnawsky has been active in the US innovative writing community, participating in the AWP and &NOW conferences.

Tarnawsky has devoted a lot of energy to translating from Ukrainian into English and from various languages into Ukrainian. Among other works, he is the co-author of the English translation of Ukrainian epic poetry dumy published as Ukrainian Dumy by Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute in 1979.

In 1996 Tarnawsky was resident artist at the international writers' colony Ledig House, in upstate New York, where most of the plays comprising 6x0 were written, and in 1998 at Mabou Mines, the avant-garde New York City theatre company, where his own English-language version of his play Not Medea was staged in an experimental, laboratory production. The same year his early play Four Designs for Ukrainian National Flag was staged at the Ternopil Drama Theater, in Ukraine. In 1997, the first four plays from 6x0—The Boring Bitch of Despair, Female Anatomy, Not Medea, and Dwarfs—received a public reading by actors of the drama studio of National University of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in Kyiv. Plays based on his poetry were likewise staged on numerous occasions by student theaters at the universities of Rivne and Ostroh, in Ukraine, during 1998–2004. The 1994 film Journey into Dusk by the Ukrainian-American filmmaker Yuri Myskiw is based mostly on his poetry. The title of the 2016 film by Olexandr Fraze-Frazenko about the New York Group An Aquarium in the Sea, in which Tarnawsky is given a prominent role, is taken from his widely reprinted article dealing with the group. Fraze-Frazenko's documentary 2019 film Casi Desnudo is exclusively about him. Tarnawsky is also the author of the libretto of the opera Not Medea, based on his eponymous play, by the Ukrainian-American composer Virko Baley, part of which was staged in New York City in 2012.

For his contribution to Ukrainian literature Tarnawsky was awarded the Prince Yaroslav the Wise Order of Merit by Ukrainian government in 2008. In March 2019 he was inducted into New Jersey Institute of Technology's NCE 100 Hall of Fame.

His works have been translated into numerous languages, including French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish; selected poems in Russian are published in 2024 in Latvia in Dmitry Kuzmin's translation. Tarnavsky's poetry and prose have been the subject of numerous articles and reviews as well as MA and Candidate of Sciences dissertations in Ukraine and Poland, and a PhD dissertation in Italy. Four of them have been published as monographs.

Cinematography

 * Journey into Dusk (укр. Подорож у сутінки, 1994,directed by Yuriy Myskiv) - artistic film / video editing based on the poetry of five members of The New York Group.
 * An Aquarium in the Sea. The Story of New York Group (укр. Акваріум в морі. Історія Нью-йоркської групи,2016, directed by Alexander Fraze-Frazenko) - a documentary.
 * Casi Desnudo (2019, directed by Oleksandr Fraze-Frazenko) - a full-length documentary about Tarnawsky.

Personal Data
Tarnawsky has been married three times:

Of Polish origin, Zalewska received an MA degree in Ukrainian philology from the Krakow Jagiellonian University in 1999 and met her future husband in Kyiv in 1998, when she was on an exchange student program.
 * Patricia Nell Warren (married 1957–1973)
 * Alison Kmetyk (married 1979–1993). From Alison Kmetyk has a daughter, Ustya Tarnawsky
 * Karina Zalewska (married in 2000)

Selected bibliography

 * Zhyttja v misti (Life in the City) (1956, poetry, Ukrainian)
 * Popoludni v Pokipsi (Afternoons in Poughkeepsie) (1960, poetry, Ukrainian, New York Group Publishing)
 * Shljaxy (Roads) (1961, novel, Ukrainian, Suchasnist Publishers)
 * Idealizovana biohrafija (An Idealized Biography) (1964, poetry, Ukrainian, Suchasnist Publishers, Munich)
 * Spomyny (Memories) (1964, poetry, Ukrainian, Suchasnist Publishers
 * Bez Espaniji (Without Spain) (1969, poetry, Ukrainian, Suchasnist Publishers)
 * Questionnaires (1970, poetry, Ukrainian)
 * Poeziji pro nishcho i inshi poeziji na cju samu temu (Poems About Nothing and Other Poems on the Same Subject) (1970, poetry, Ukrainian, New York Group Publishing)
 * This Is How I Get Well (Oto jak zdrowjeje) (1978, poetry, English and later Ukrainian, Suchasnist Publishers)
 * Meningitis (1978, novel, English, Fiction Collective)
 * Bez nichoho (Without Anything) (1991, poetry, Ukrainian, Dnipro Publishers)
 * U ra na (1992, book-length poem, Ukrainian, Berezil Publishers & M. P. Kots Publishers)
 * Three Blondes and Death (1993, novel, English, FC2)
 * 6x0 (1998, collected plays, Ukrainian, Rodovid)
 * An Ideal Woman (1999, poetry, Ukrainian)
 * The City of Sticks and Pits (1999, book-length poem, Ukrainian)
 * Jix nemaje (They Don't Exist) (1999, collected poetry 1970–1999, Ukrainian, Rodovid)
 * Ne znaju (I Don't Know) (2000, selected fiction, Ukrainian, Rodovid)
 * Korotki xvosty (Short Tails) (2006, short stories, Ukrainian, Dmitri Burago Publishing)
 * Like Blood in Water (2007, collection of mininovels, English, FC2)
 * Short Tails (2011, short stories, English, Journal of Experimental Fiction Books)
 * Kvity xvoromu ( Flowers for the Patient) (2012, selected essays and interviews, Ukrainian, Piramida)
 * Modus Tollens ( 2013, poems, English, Jaded Ibis Press,
 * The Placebo Effect Trilogy consisting of Like Blood in Water, The Future of Giraffes and View of Delft (2013, collections of mininovels, English, JEF Books)
 * Crocodile Smiles short shrift fictions (2014, short stories, English, Black Scat Books)
 * Claim to Oblivion selected essays and interviews (2016, English, JEF Books)
 * Znannjeva semantyka (Translation of the 1982 NYU Linguistics PhD dissertation Knowledge Semantics) (2016, Ukrainian, National University of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy)
 * Literary Yoga exercises for those who can write (2018, English, JEF Books)
 * Warm Arctic Nights (2019, novel, English, JEF Books)
 * The Iguanas of Heat (2019, novel, English, JEF Books)
 * Tepli poljarni nochi (Warm Polar Nights, translation of Warm Arctic Nights) (2019, novel, Ukrainian, Tempora)
 * Crocodile Smiles short shrift fictions (2020, short stories, expanded edition, English, JEF Books)
 * Warme arktische Nächte (Warm Arctic Nights, translation of Warm Arctic Nights) (2020, novel, German, Edition Noëma/ibidem-Verlag)
 * La vita in città (Life in the City, selected poetry, translation) (2021, Italian, Elliot Edizioni)

title: Yuriy Tarnawsky


text: Category:Theatre in Ireland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Theatre in Ireland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"nut ball"

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Wikibofh 00:02, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

"nut ball"
seriously, How about an article on donkey baseball? Cool3 03:46, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN Idiocy StephenJMuir 21:26, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete surely. Marskell 21:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to BJAODN, unless the game exists. It's not a speedy, because it countains information. Gerrit CUTEDH 21:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Why is this even still around?Masterhatch 10:25, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or completely rewrite. The article contains an enormous amount of point of view and needless biographical information.  A google search on the term is nonclusive; however, I have heard reference to and seen the game played under various names.  If the game is sufficiently notable, eliminate the personal information and consider moving it to wiktionary (as it does reference a term).
 * Rewrite. The game does exist (I once played a variation of the game called 'Bruise the Jewels'), but the article contains a great deal of POV and it's not really very... suitable. As is, anyway.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
RSJ

RSJ may refer to:

 * Religious Sister of St Joseph, post-nominal by members of the Congregation of Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart
 * Rock Street Journal, an Indian rock magazine
 * Rolled steel joist or I-beam
 * RSJ (band), a metalcore band from York, UK
 * Richard Speight Jr., an actor from Nashville, TN
 * Ricky Stenhouse Jr., American racing driver

title: RSJ


text:
Area codes 801 and 385

Area codes 801 and 385 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) serving Salt Lake City and the four surrounding counties of the Wasatch Front in north-central Utah. The numbering plan area comprises Davis, Morgan, Salt Lake, Utah, and Weber counties. Other major towns and cities within the area are Alta, American Fork, Bountiful, Layton, Lehi, Murray, Ogden, Orem, Provo, Sandy, South Jordan, Spanish Fork, Taylorsville, West Jordan, and West Valley City. This numbering plan area is located in the Mountain Time Zone. Area code 801 is one of the original North American area codes created in 1947. Area code 385 was assigned to the same numbering plan area in 2008, creating an overlay complex.

History
The state of Utah was a single numbering plan area, assigned area code 801, when the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) devised the first nationwide telephone numbering plan for Operator Toll Dialing in 1947.

On September 21, 1997, the numbering plan area was geographically reduced to the Wasatch Front, while the rest of Utah was assigned area code 435. This resulted in 801 being an enclave area code and also became one of the six doughnut area codes in the NANP. This split was originally intended to be a long-term solution. However, the Wasatch Front is not only home to most of Utah's landlines, but also the great majority of its pagers, cell phones and fax machines. As a result, 801 was close to exhaustion once again within only two years.

In 2000, the Public Service Commission of Utah (PSC) approved a split for 801 in 2001, in which Salt Lake County would have retained the 801 area code and the rest of the Wasatch Front would have been assigned area code 385. Conservation measures, such as number pooling, postponed the split for more than seven years.

In July 2007, the PSC announced that the capacity created by the conservation measures would be exhausted by June 2008, finally necessitating the implementation of area code 385. The same announcement stated that 385 would be implemented as an overlay rather than a split, so that the Wasatch Front would be served by both area codes. Everyone who already had an 801 number could keep it. 385 entered service on June 1, 2008, with a year-long permissive dialing period beginning during which seven and ten-digit calls could be completed. Ten-digit dialing became mandatory along the Wasatch Front on June 1, 2009. As new wireless devices have become prominent over new landline adoption, outside abandoned 801 numbers being placed back into the pool, most new numbers have been assigned the 385 area code.

title: Area codes 801 and 385


text: User talk:68.102.90.3

title: User talk:68.102.90.3


text: User talk:66.244.236.133

title: User talk:66.244.236.133


text:
Brooke Walker (cricketer)

Brooke Graeme Keith Walker (born 25 March 1977) is a former New Zealand cricketer. He played five Test matches and 11 One Day Internationals. Walker attended Macleans College. He was born in Auckland.

Playing career
Walker's first-class and List A career started in the 1997–98 New Zealand domestic season. Walker made his debut for New Zealand against South Africa in November 2000. He played domestic cricket for Auckland. Later in his career he was the Auckland captain, leading them to three domestic championships. He retired from all cricket in June 2005.

title: Brooke Walker (cricketer)


text:
Behrens–Fisher problem

In statistics, the Behrens–Fisher problem, named after Walter-Ulrich Behrens and Ronald Fisher, is the problem of interval estimation and hypothesis testing concerning the difference between the means of two normally distributed populations when the variances of the two populations are not assumed to be equal, based on two independent samples.

Specification
One difficulty with discussing the Behrens–Fisher problem and proposed solutions, is that there are many different interpretations of what is meant by "the Behrens–Fisher problem". These differences involve not only what is counted as being a relevant solution, but even the basic statement of the context being considered.

Context
Let X1, ..., Xn and Y1, ..., Ym be i.i.d. samples from two populations which both come from the same location–scale family of distributions. The scale parameters are assumed to be unknown and not necessarily equal, and the problem is to assess whether the location parameters can reasonably be treated as equal. Lehmann states that "the Behrens–Fisher problem" is used both for this general form of model when the family of distributions is arbitrary, and for when the restriction to a normal distribution is made. While Lehmann discusses a number of approaches to the more general problem, mainly based on nonparametrics, most other sources appear to use "the Behrens–Fisher problem" to refer only to the case where the distribution is assumed to be normal: most of this article makes this assumption.

Requirements of solutions
Solutions to the Behrens–Fisher problem have been presented that make use of either a classical or a Bayesian inference point of view and either solution would be notionally invalid judged from the other point of view. If consideration is restricted to classical statistical inference only, it is possible to seek solutions to the inference problem that are simple to apply in a practical sense, giving preference to this simplicity over any inaccuracy in the corresponding probability statements. Where exactness of the significance levels of statistical tests is required, there may be an additional requirement that the procedure should make maximum use of the statistical information in the dataset. It is well known that an exact test can be gained by randomly discarding data from the larger dataset until the sample sizes are equal, assembling data in pairs and taking differences, and then using an ordinary t-test to test for the mean-difference being zero: clearly this would not be "optimal" in any sense.

The task of specifying interval estimates for this problem is one where a frequentist approach fails to provide an exact solution, although some approximations are available. Standard Bayesian approaches also fail to provide an answer that can be expressed as straightforward simple formulae, but modern computational methods of Bayesian analysis do allow essentially exact solutions to be found. Thus study of the problem can be used to elucidate the differences between the frequentist and Bayesian approaches to interval estimation.

Behrens and Fisher approach
Ronald Fisher in 1935 introduced fiducial inference in order to apply it to this problem. He referred to an earlier paper by Walter-Ulrich Behrens from 1929. Behrens and Fisher proposed to find the probability distribution of

 * $$ T \equiv {\bar x_1 - \bar x_2 \over \sqrt{s_1^2/n_1 + s_2^2/n_2}} $$

where $$ \bar x_1 $$ and $$ \bar x_2 $$ are the two sample means, and s1 and s2 are their standard deviations. See Behrens–Fisher distribution. Fisher approximated the distribution of this by ignoring the random variation of the relative sizes of the standard deviations,

 * $$ {s_1 / \sqrt{n_1} \over \sqrt{s_1^2/n_1 + s_2^2/n_2}}. $$

Fisher's solution provoked controversy because it did not have the property that the hypothesis of equal means would be rejected with probability α if the means were in fact equal. Many other methods of treating the problem have been proposed since, and the effect on the resulting confidence intervals have been investigated.

Welch's approximate t solution
A widely used method is that of B. L. Welch, who, like Fisher, was at University College London. The variance of the mean difference

 * $$\bar d =\bar x_1 - \bar x_2 $$

results in

 * $$ s_{\bar d}^2 = \frac{s_1^2}{n_1} + \frac{s_2^2}{n_2}. $$

Welch (1938) approximated the distribution of $$s_{\bar d}^2$$ by the Type III Pearson distribution (a scaled chi-squared distribution) whose first two moments agree with that of $$s_{\bar d}^2$$. This applies to the following number of degrees of freedom (d.f.), which is generally non-integer:

 * $$ \nu \approx {(\gamma_1 + \gamma_2)^2 \over \gamma_1^2/(n_1-1) + \gamma_2^2/(n_2-1)} \quad \text{ where }\gamma_i = \sigma_i^2/n_i. $$

Under the null hypothesis of equal expectations,, the distribution of the Behrens–Fisher statistic T, which also depends on the variance ratio σ12/σ22, could now be approximated by Student's t distribution with these ν degrees of freedom. But this ν contains the population variances σi2, and these are unknown. The following estimate only replaces the population variances by the sample variances:

 * $$\hat\nu \approx \frac{(g_1 + g_2)^2}{g_1^2/(n_1-1) + g_2^2/(n_2-1)} \quad \text{ where } g_i = s_i^2/n_i.$$

This $$\hat\nu$$ is a random variable. A t distribution with a random number of degrees of freedom does not exist. Nevertheless, the Behrens–Fisher T can be compared with a corresponding quantile of Student's t distribution with these estimated numbers of degrees of freedom, $$\hat\nu$$, which is generally non-integer. In this way, the boundary between acceptance and rejection region of the test statistic T is calculated based on the empirical variances si2, in a way that is a smooth function of these.

This method also does not give exactly the nominal rate, but is generally not too far off. However, if the population variances are equal, or if the samples are rather small and the population variances can be assumed to be approximately equal, it is more accurate to use Student's t-test.

Other approaches
A number of different approaches to the general problem have been proposed, some of which claim to "solve" some version of the problem. Among these are,
 * that of Chapman in 1950,
 * that of Prokof’yev and Shishkin in 1974,
 * that of Dudewicz and Ahmed in 1998.
 * that of Chang Wang in 2022.

In Dudewicz’s comparison of selected methods, it was found that the Dudewicz–Ahmed procedure is recommended for practical use.

Exact solutions to the common and generalized Behrens–Fisher problems
For several decades, it was commonly believed that no exact solution to the common Behrens–Fisher problem existed. However, it was proved in 1966 that it has an exact solution. In 2018 the probability density function of a generalized Behrens–Fisher distribution of m means and m distinct standard errors from m samples of distinct sizes from independent normal distributions with distinct means and variances was proved and the paper also examined its asymptotic approximations. A follow-up paper showed that the classic paired t-test is a central Behrens–Fisher problem with a non-zero population correlation coefficient and derived its corresponding probability density function by solving its associated non-central Behrens–Fisher problem with a nonzero population correlation coefficient. It also solved a more general non-central Behrens–Fisher problem with a non-zero population correlation coefficient in the appendix.

Variants
A minor variant of the Behrens–Fisher problem has been studied. In this instance the problem is, assuming that the two population-means are in fact the same, to make inferences about the common mean: for example, one could require a confidence interval for the common mean.

Generalisations
One generalisation of the problem involves multivariate normal distributions with unknown covariance matrices, and is known as the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem.

The nonparametric Behrens–Fisher problem does not assume that the distributions are normal. Tests include the Cucconi test of 1968 and the Lepage test of 1971.

title: Behrens–Fisher problem


text:
Shin Ha-kyun

Shin Ha-kyun (born May 30, 1974) is a South Korean actor. He is known for his roles in television series Brain (2011), Soul Mechanic (2020), Beyond Evil (2021), and films Joint Security Area (2000), Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002), Save the Green Planet! (2003), Welcome to Dongmakgol (2005), Extreme Job (2019), and Inseparable Bros (2019).

Career
Shin Ha-kyun first trained as a stage actor at the Seoul Institute of the Arts before acting in a large number of plays by Jang Jin. Shin was cast in Jang's first movie, The Happenings, and he has since appeared in almost all of Jang's feature films. Impressed by his acting abilities, director Kim Jee-woon cast him in minor roles in The Foul King and his 30-minute internet film Coming Out.

Shin first became a superstar with his role as a young North Korea soldier in Park Chan-wook's smash hit Joint Security Area in late 2000. He developed a large fan following which, together that of co-star Won Bin, helped make his next film Guns & Talks a strong commercial hit.

In Park Chan-wook's acclaimed 2002 film, Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance, Shin played a deaf man with bright green dyed hair who is driven by desperation to kidnap a young girl. In Jang Joon-hwan's Save the Green Planet! (2003), Shin played a mentally unbalanced man who believes that aliens are plotting to invade the earth.

Also noteworthy are Shin's performances in two films set during the Korean War: Welcome to Dongmakgol, a dramedy that takes place in a small mountainous village,  and The Front Line, a harrowing tale of soldiers fighting over a small, bomb-blasted hill that regularly changes hands. His other film roles include: a developmentally disabled man in My Brother, a rural postman in A Letter From Mars, a suspect under interrogation in Murder, Take One,  an eccentric hitman in No Mercy for the Rude, a struggling artist who makes an unwise bet in The Devil's Game, a sickly cuckolded husband in Thirst, a macho cop in Foxy Festival, and a music teacher having an affair in Cafe Noir.

Primarily a film actor, Shin's first TV series was 2003's Good Person on MBC. In 2010 he returned to television in Golden House. His portrayal of a cold, ambitious neurosurgeon in the 2011 medical drama Brain, brought him to new heights of mainstream popularity. For his performance in Brain, he won the Grand Prize ("Daesang") at the KBS Drama Awards.

In 2013, Shin headlined the romantic comedy series All About My Romance about two legislators from rival political parties who fall in love, followed by the high-profile action film Running Man about an ordinary man forced to become a fugitive after he gets framed for murder.

He then played a septuagenarian whose body magically reverts to his thirties in the 2014 romantic comedy series Mr. Back. Shin next gave a villainous turn as an evil mastermind game planner in the action-thriller Big Match. In 2015, he headlined his first period film with Empire of Lust, playing a distinguished admiral of the recently established Joseon empire.

In 2016, Shin starred in the police procedural crime drama Piped Piper (2016), playing a negotiator. He then starred in the comedy film Detour, followed with comedy thriller Room No.7. He also played a supporting role in the action film The Villainess co-starring Kim Ok-bin.

In 2018, Shin starred in the romantic comedy film What a Man Wants. The same year, he was cast in the comedy film Inseparable Bros. He returned to the small screen in the Korean remake of British crime drama Luther.

In 2020, Shin starred in the medical drama Soul Mechanic.

In 2021, Shin starred in the psychological thriller drama Beyond Evil as an impulsive and eccentric police officer. His performance earned him the award for the Best Actor - Television at 57th Baeksang Arts Awards.

In 2022, he appeared in the mystery-thriller film Anchor and in the Coupang Play sitcom Unicorn.

Personal life
His niece, Park Eun-young, is a former member of the Korean idol group Brave Girls.

Shin and Kim Go-eun were in a relationship from 2016 to 2017.

title: Shin Ha-kyun


text: Category:Theatre of Italy

title: Category:Theatre of Italy


text: User talk:69.118.201.91

title: User talk:69.118.201.91


text:
John W. Woolley

John Wickersham Woolley (December 30, 1831 – December 13, 1928) was an American Latter Day Saint and one of the founders of the Mormon fundamentalism movement. Most Mormon fundamentalist groups trace their origin directly or indirectly to Woolley.

Early life
Woolley was born on December 30, 1831 to Edwin D. and Mary W. Woolley, the first of Edwin's seven wives, in Newlin, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Edwin Woolley was originally a Quaker farmer, but converted to Mormonism in 1837. The Woolley family emigrated to Utah Territory with the Mormon pioneers in the late 1840s. Edwin would later become Brigham Young's business manager, as well as one of his closest friends, and a bishop in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1853 to 1881.

Career and involvement with the LDS Church
Woolley held many civil positions in Utah Territory, such as constable, justice of the peace, deputy sheriff, deputy territorial marshal, and county commissioner. Within the Nauvoo Legion (in the State of Deseret), he served as a Lieutenant, Captain, Sergeant and Major. He participated in the Black Hawk War, and was one of the ten who crossed Little Mountain to meet Johnston's Army in 1857.

Having been ordained a high priest of the LDS Church by Brigham Young, Woolley served in a bishopric, as a high councilor in the Davis Stake, and was ordained a patriarch in the church in 1913. He also was an ordinance worker in the Salt Lake Temple and he opened meetings of the church's general conference with prayer on more than one occasion. Woolley was among the first to meet the handcart companies in 1856, and in 1860 and 1863 he brought emigrants across the plains himself. On the last occasion, Joseph F. Smith acted as the chaplain in his "company", and they became lifelong friends, with Smith having picnics with the Woolley family and speaking at his wife's funeral.

Family
Woolley was married and sealed to his first wife, Julia E. Sirls, in March 1851 and was endowed at the same time. He had six children by Julia: John, Franklin, Lorin, Julia, Mary, and Amy. He went on later to marry Ann Everington in 1886. In 1910, the widowed Woolley married Annie Fisher, with Joseph F. Smith performing the civil ceremony.

Woolley was uncle to LDS Church President Spencer W. Kimball, and apostles J. Reuben Clark and John W. Taylor. He was also the stepfather to the (adult) B. H. Roberts, a member of the First Council of the Seventy.

Involvement with Mormon fundamentalism
Woolley is perhaps best known as the father of Mormon fundamentalism and amongst most fundamentalists is considered an apostle, prophet, and president of the priesthood.

At the age of eight, Woolley received a patriarchal blessing from Joseph Smith, Sr., who at the time was the Presiding Patriarch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Within this blessing, Woolley was promised he would "be called to responsible stations," that it would involve having to "receive keys," as well as "glory and honor" and "worlds of knowledge and power", and that he would one day "be called the Lord's anointed." Fundamentalist Mormons see this as a prophecy of the later role he would play as their leader.

According to an account given by his son Lorin C. Woolley in 1929, when John Taylor was in hiding there were very few homes in which he felt his safety was secure, and very few people in whom he placed his confidence, Woolley was one of these men. His son Lorin acted as a messenger and sometimes a bodyguard for Taylor. It was in John Woolley's home that Jesus Christ and Joseph Smith allegedly visited Taylor on the night of September 26, 1886, and where the following day Taylor allegedly set apart five men (including John, Lorin, and George Q. Cannon) as apostles, with a special commission to keep alive celestial plural marriage by granting them the authority to set apart others in perpetuity. This account is disputed by LDS Church apologists.

In 1890, LDS Church President Wilford Woodruff issued what has become known as The Manifesto, officially calling for an end to the practice of plural marriage by church members in the United States. Because certain members (Woolley among them) did not take The Manifesto seriously, in 1904 another proclamation, the Second Manifesto, was put forth by church president Joseph F. Smith, which stated that those who did not cease the continuation of the practice would be excommunicated from the church. Woolley did not comply and was excommunicated from the LDS Church in 1914.

Woolley died on December 13, 1928 in his Centerville home. His son Lorin Woolley succeeded him as a leader among Mormon fundamentalists.

title: John W. Woolley


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Hydrant wrench

A hydrant wrench is a tool used to remove fire hydrant caps and open the valve of the hydrant. They are usually adjustable so as to fit different sized hydrant nuts.

In France

In France, The wrench is called "Guillemin wrench" (clef Guillemin, pronounced ), but the firefighters call it "tricoise wrench" (clef tricoise, ). The curved part applies on the ring, and the hooked part clutches a notch.

Big tricoise wrenches are placed in fire trucks, and are mainly used to fasten the big hoses, e.g. ∅110 mm hoses to feed the pumper tank from the hydrant (∅100 mm for the clutch). Small tricoise are made of brass and hang at the fire belts; they are used to fasten the small hoses, e.g., ∅70mm to ∅22mm hoses (∅65mm to ∅20mm clutches).

The shape is sometimes adapted so it can be used as a tool for other purposes; it is then called "polycoise wrench" or "Deschamps wrench". These tools are used to
 * Open GDF standard gas enclosures and EDF standard electrical enclosures (12mm female triangle wrench);
 * Open fire hydrants (15.6mm female triangle);
 * Open doors without knobs, ventilation accesses and closets containing firefighting equipment in some public locations (5×5mm to 8×8mm square female wrenches);
 * Open dry risers (12.5×12.5mm square female wrench);
 * Open bathroom and toilet doors (screwdriver); and
 * Remove nuts and bolts (13, 17 and 19mm six-point wrenches).

In the United States
The shape of a hydrant wrench is sometimes adapted so it can be used as a tool for other purposes, such as:
 * Storz and spanner hose couplings
 * Rocker lug couplings
 * Water meter shutoff valves
 * Gas cock valves
 * Pentagonal nuts
 * Square nuts.

title: Hydrant wrench


text:
Denver Daily News

The Denver Daily News is a former free daily newspaper in Denver, Colorado. At the time of its closure on June 6, 2011, it distributed 25,000 copies Monday through Friday in stores, coffee shops, restaurants and workplaces. Copies could also be found in the Daily distinctive blue boxes.

The paper began publication May 10, 2001 at which time Mike Kirschbaum was publisher-editor with a staff of three. Its original offices were at 2950 West 29th Avenue in Denver. The primary investors in The Denver Daily News were Jim Pavelich and Dave Price who also published the Palo Alto Daily News, a free daily in Palo Alto, California.

The first edition of the paper was a run of 1,000 copies, distributed in Denver's Lower Downtown area. By 2007, circulation had increased to 12,000, and was up to 25,000 copies when publication ceased. Just 8 pages in its first run, its page count later ranged from 32 to 64 pages per day. Major advertisers included auto dealerships, real estate developers, real estate agents, restaurants, grocery stores, apparel retailers and service providers.

At its closure the paper employed about 20 people and the publisher-editor was Kristie Hannon. It was at that time located at 2330 Broadway in Denver. Hannon and Pavelich also founded the Vail Mountaineer which closed at the same time as the Daily News.

title: Denver Daily News


text:
Talk:William B. Travis Academy/Vanguard for the Academically Talented and Gifted

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 10:42, 10 November 2007 (UTC)


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Christ Episcopal Church

Christ Episcopal Church may refer to the following similarly named churches or parishes in the United States:

Alabama

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Tuscaloosa, Alabama), a historic church building in Tuscaloosa, Alabama

California

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Coronado, California), a church whose construction was funded by Charles T. Hinde

Colorado

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Cañon City, Colorado), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (N.R.H.P.)

Connecticut

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Bethlehem, Connecticut)
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Ansonia, Connecticut), in Ansonia, Connecticut

Delaware

 * Christ Church, Milford, Delaware

Florida

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Monticello, Florida), a historic Carpenter Gothic styled architecture Episcopal church

Georgia

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Macon, Georgia), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Bibb County
 * Christ Church (Savannah, Georgia)
 * Christ Church (St. Simons, Georgia)

Illinois

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Joliet, Illinois), an 1884 historic building and former church in Will County
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Springfield, Illinois), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Sangamon County

Iowa

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Burlington, Iowa), a historic church building on the National Register of Historic Places

Kentucky

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Elizabethtown, Kentucky), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Hardin County
 * Christ Church Cathedral (Lexington, Kentucky), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Fayette County

Louisiana

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Covington, Louisiana), a historic church in St. Tammany Parish
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Bastrop, Louisiana), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Morehouse Parish
 * Christ Episcopal Church and Cemetery (Napoleonville, Louisiana), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Assumption Parish

Maine

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Gardiner, Maine), an 1820 historic church

Maryland

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Accokeek, Maryland), in Accokeek, Maryland
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland), a church where Francis L. Hawks preached
 * Christ Episcopal Church and Cemetery (Cambridge, Maryland), an 1883 historic Episcopal church and cemetery located in Dorchester County, Maryland
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Chaptico, Maryland), a 1736 historic church located in St. Mary's County
 * Christ Church (Easton, Maryland), an 1840 historic church located in the Episcopal Diocese of Easton
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Rockville, Maryland), in the Episcopal Diocese of Washington

Massachusetts

 * Christ Church Episcopal (Fitchburg, Massachusetts), an 1867 church built by architect Richard Upjohn
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Medway, Massachusetts), after which the Grace Episcopal Church in Jamestown, North Dakota was modeled
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Waltham, Massachusetts), a historic Episcopal church

Minnesota

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Benson, Minnesota), listed on the NRHP in Swift County
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Red Wing, Minnesota), a church founded in 1858 in Red Wing, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Springfield, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Greene County

Montana

 * Christ Episcopal Church and Rectory (Sheridan, Montana), listed on the NRHP in Madison County

Nebraska

 * Christ Church Episcopal (Beatrice, Nebraska), listed on the NRHP in Gage County
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Sidney, Nebraska), listed on the NRHP in Cheyenne County

New Jersey

 * Christ Episcopal Church (New Brunswick, New Jersey), an 1803 historic church

New York

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Belvidere, New York), a historic Episcopal church in Allegany County
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Corning, New York), of which Bennett Sims was a rector
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Duanesburg, New York), a 1793 historic church on NY 20 in Schenectady County
 * Christ Church New Brighton (Episcopal), in New Brighton, Staten Island, New York
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Tarrytown, New York), an 1837 historic Episcopal church
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Walton, New York), an 1834 historic Episcopal church building located in Delaware County, New York
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Wellsburg, New York), built in 1869
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Marlboro, New York), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Ulster County, New York

North Carolina

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Raleigh, North Carolina), an 1848 Episcopal church
 * Christ Episcopal Church and Parish House (New Bern, North Carolina), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Craven County, North Carolina.
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Walnut Cove, North Carolina), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Stokes County, North Carolina.
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Cleveland, North Carolina), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Rowan County of Rowan County, North Carolina.

Ohio

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Huron, Ohio), a historic Episcopal church
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Oberlin, Ohio), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Lorain County

Pennsylvania

 * Christ Church (Brownsville, Pennsylvania), historic church built in 1857, features a Tiffany glass window
 * Christ's Church (Greensburg, Pennsylvania), historic church built in 1891, features a Tiffany glass window
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Reading, Pennsylvania), founded in 1762, is the oldest English-speaking congregation in Reading, Pennsylvania
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania), a church in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, founded in 1897
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), a historical church in Williamsport, Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Providence, Rhode Island), a historic Episcopal church

South Carolina

 * Christ Church (Florence, South Carolina), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Florence County, South Carolina

Tennessee

 * Christ Episcopal Church (South Pittsburg, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Marion County
 * Christ Church Episcopal (Rugby, Tennessee), a contributing property in the N.R.H.P. historic district Rugby Colony in Rugby, Tennessee
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Tracy City, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Grundy County

Texas

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Matagorda, Texas), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Matagorda County

Vermont

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Montpelier, Vermont), an 1840 historic church

Virginia

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Big Stone Gap, Virginia), a historic church**
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Lancaster County, Virginia), a historic church

 * Christ Church (Norfolk, Virginia), now demolished, where bishop Thomas Atkinson served
 * Christ and Grace Episcopal Church (Petersburg, Virginia), a historic church
 * Christ Church (Saluda, Virginia), a historic church
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Winchester, Virginia), a historic church

Washington

 * Christ Episcopal Church (Puyallup, Washington), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Pierce County

Washington, D.C.

 * Christ Church (Georgetown, Washington, D.C.), listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 * Christ Church, Washington Parish, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Wisconsin

 * Christ Episcopal Church (La Crosse, Wisconsin), a historic Episcopal church in the Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire
 * Christ Episcopal Church (Bayfield, Wisconsin), listed on the N.R.H.P. in Bayfield County

Wyoming

 * Christ Episcopal Church and Rectory (Douglas, Wyoming), listed on the NRHP in Converse County

title: Christ Episcopal Church


text:
Crabtree

Crabtree may refer to:

People

 * Crabtree (surname)

Places

 * Crabtree, California
 * Crabtree, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in Haywood County, United States
 * Crabtree, Oregon
 * Crabtree, Pennsylvania
 * Crabtree, Plymouth, a suburb of Plymouth in the county of Devon, England
 * Crabtree, Quebec, Canada
 * Crabtree, Tasmania, Australia
 * Crabtree, West Sussex, a hamlet in the parish of Lower Beeding and in Horsham District in England
 * Crabtree Creek (disambiguation)
 * Crabtree Falls, Virginia
 * Crabtree Falls (North Carolina), a waterfall in Yancey County, United States
 * Crabtree Hot Springs, California, a closed, private hot springs in Lake County, United States
 * Crabtree Ledge Light, a sparkplug lighthouse on Frenchman Bay, Maine, United States
 * Crabtree Valley Mall, North Carolina
 * John A. Crabtree House, a house located in Montgomery in Orange County, New York, United States
 * Lake Crabtree, a reservoir in Cary, North Carolina, United States
 * Lake Crabtree County Park, a park in Wake County, North Carolina, United States
 * Mount Crabtree, a mountain in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica
 * Thomas Crabtree Three-Decker, a historic house in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States

Companies

 * Crabtree & Evelyn, an American retailer of body and home products
 * Crabtree Brewing Co., a regional brewery located in Greeley, Colorado, United States
 * Crabtree Modular Switches, a company now merged in the Indian electrical equipment Havells
 * Crabtree Publishing, a children's book publishing company

Science

 * Crabtree's catalyst, a complex of iridium with 1,5-cyclooctadiene, tris-cyclohexylphosphine and pyridine
 * Crabtree effect, a phenomenon whereby the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produces ethanol aerobically in the presence of high external glucose concentrations rather than producing biomass via the tricarboxylic acid cycle

Plants

 * The crabapple tree

Asteroids

 * 4137 Crabtree, a main-belt asteroid discovered in 1970

title: Crabtree


text:
Cyclic enzyme system

A cyclic enzyme system is a theoretical system of two enzymes sharing a single substrate or cofactor, also referred to as a biochemical switching device. It has been used as a biochemical implementation of a simple computational device, acting as a chemical diode.

title: Cyclic enzyme system


text:
Shields Gazette

The Shields Gazette, established in 1849, is a daily newspaper, which claims to be the oldest provincial evening newspaper in the United Kingdom.

It was originally established as a weekly paper - the North and South Shields Gazette and Northumberland and Durham Advertiser - but became a daily evening paper after the repeal of Stamp Duty in 1855. Later it became the Shields Gazette and Shipping Telegraph.

It is now part of North East Press, a division of Johnston Press, and the paper has been printed on the presses of the Sunderland Echo in Pennywell, Sunderland, since 1992. In July 2012 most of the reporters, sports and editing staff moved to a new base at the Sunderland Echo.

The paper covers the whole of South Tyneside. In the period December 2010-June 2011, it had an average daily circulation of 15,161.

title: Shields Gazette


text: Category:Theatre in Jamaica

title: Category:Theatre in Jamaica


text:
Talk:Robert J. Beck

Ryan Norton T 19:58, 21 October 2005 (UTC) I hold the copyright on the web page. I am willing to edit the text.

Dr. Robert J. Beck —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.89.119.122 (talk • contribs) 17:35, October 14, 2005
 * Mr. Beck, I presume. Generally it is not Wikipedia policy to write articles about ourselves. While there are some contributors to Wikipedia who are notable, generally writing about onesself is discouraged. However, if you would like to join Wikipedia and create a username there, you are free to post as much information about yourself as you would care to.Ëvilphoenix Burn! 02:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert J. Beck


text:
Battle of Fancheng

The Battle of Fancheng or the Battle of Fan Castle was fought between the warlords Liu Bei and Cao Cao in 219 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. It is named after Fancheng in present-day Xiangyang, Hubei, a fortress that played a significant role in the battle.

Background
In 218, imperial physician Ji Ben, along with minor treasurer Geng Ji and minister Wei Huang began an insurrection against Cao Cao in his capital of Xuchang, but were quickly quelled and executed. In November 218, Cao Cao sent general Cao Ren to Wan (宛; in present-day Nanyang, Henan) in preparation to launch a strike against Guan Yu. However, due to Cao Ren's wanton policy of conscription and forced labor, Hou Yin (侯音), a military officer under Cao Cao, started a rebellion in with his deputy Wei Kai (衛開) and several thousand troops from Wan's citizenry, and requested help from Guan Yu. By February 219, Cao Ren had crushed the rebellion and killed Hou Yin and Wei Kai, and massacred the citizenry of Wan.

In the meantime, tired and angered by forced conscription and labour, a peasant revolt also broke out in Luhun-county (陸渾, located southeast of present-day Song County, Henan) led by rebel leader Sun Lang (孫狼), who killed the county registrar and defected to Guan Yu, receiving military command to work as raiders for Guan Yu. After taking Hanzhong Commandery by defeating Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign in May 219, Liu Bei further expanded his territorial gains in June 219 by sending Meng Da and Liu Feng to take Fangling (房陵; present-day Fang County, Hubei) and Shangyong (上庸; north of present-day Zhushan County, Hubei) commanderies. Cao Cao was temporarily forced to be on the defensive after these continuous setbacks.

Realising the imminent attacks of Liu Bei and possibly Sun Quan, Cao Cao planned to launch a preemptive strike on southern Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), the eastern part of Liu Bei's territory defended by Guan Yu. The plan reasoned that Liu Bei could not continue his offensive in the north due to the need to consolidate his new gains, and so an attack into southern Jing Province would not be hindered by Liu Bei's invasion elsewhere. However, the plan was called off because Cao Cao's troops still needed time to recover, regroup, and re-supply from the campaign to suppress the rebellion of Hou Yin and Wei Kai, as well as from earlier setbacks in the struggles for Hanzhong Commandery. The worn-out troops were not ready for another campaign.

Initial stages
In July, 219, Guan Yu decided to launch an offensive of his own against Cao Cao to build on the conquest of Hanzhong. He ordered Mi Fang and Shi Ren to stay behind to guard Jiangling County and Gong'an County respectively during his absence, while he personally led Liu Bei's forces in southern Jing Province to attack Cao Cao's strongholds in the north.

The campaign's objective was not clearly stated, but Guan Yu led his army along the Han River northward until he laid siege to Fancheng (present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei). From the advance route and the fact that Guan Yu chose to concentrate his main forces on Fancheng, his primary objective was believed to be the conquest of Nanyang Commandery (around present-day Nanyang, Henan). Initially, the cities being attacked were not heavily guarded, as Cao Ren at Fancheng and Lü Chang (呂常) at Xiangyang were both surrounded. Therefore, Cao Cao ordered Yu Jin to aid Cao Ren. After pitching camp on a lower ground about 4 km north to Fancheng, Yu Jin started to prepare a counteroffensive. Eager to prove his loyalty as he was suspected by others, Cao Cao's general Pang De volunteered to lead a detachment to engage Guan Yu, successfully forcing the latter to retreat several times. On one occasion, Pang De fired an arrow that became embedded in Guan Yu's helm. Since then Pang De was widely known and feared among the enemy as "General White Horse" because of the white steed he rode into battle.

Although Guan Yu could not defeat Pang De in battle, he nevertheless held firm control over the water routes around the area and maintained the encirclement of Fancheng.

Turning of the tide

In August, heavy rains caused the Han River to flood. Forces under the command of Yu Jin and Pang De were completely annihilated by the natural disaster, suffering at least 40,000 fatalities, and another 30,000 were captured by Guan Yu's navy. Pang De and Yu Jin were both captured; Yu Jin begged for his life and surrendered, while Pang De refused to surrender and was executed. Prior, Wen Hui had warned of the potential radical weather changes in the south and feared Guan Yu would use river-floods to his advantage. Cao Ren, with several thousand of his surviving troops, were forced on the defensive by staying behind the safety of the walls. At the time, Xu Huang, who was stationed in Wancheng with his force purely consisting of new recruits, was only able to set up defensive fortifications instead of venturing out to relieve Cao Ren. Meanwhile, Hu Xiu (胡修), the Inspector of Jing Province (the position that had the authority to raise troops from within the entire Jing Province ), and Fu Fang (傅方), Cao Cao's Administrator of Nanxiang (Nanxiang was located southeast of present-day Xichuan County, Henan), both defected to Guan Yu. Rebels and bandits in the counties of Liang (梁), Jia (郟), also officially accepted Guan Yu's command. Guan Yu's fame spread across Huaxia.

Due to the immense threat Guan Yu had begun to pose, Cao Cao considered relocating the capital. When Cao Cao asked his advisers for input, Sima Yi and Jiang Ji strongly opposed. They pointed out that the alliance between Liu Bei and Sun Quan was shaky at best due to the feuding over control of Jing Province, and Sun Quan would definitely be unhappy to see Guan Yu's success. They suggested that Cao Cao send an emissary to Sun Quan to recognize the latter's control over Jiangnan should Sun Quan agree to flank Guan Yu's rear.

Initially, Sun Quan sent an emissary to Guan Yu relating his wish for a marriage to be arranged between his own son and Guan's daughter. However, Guan Yu insulted the emissary and rejected the marriage proposal, infuriating Sun Quan. During the campaign in Xiangyang, Guan Yu's military numbers rose and exhausted his food-supply. Because of this, Guan Yu supposedly sent out troops to confiscate grains stored in Xiang-Guan (located north of present-day Yongzhou, Hunan), within Sun Quan's territory around 600 km from Xiangyang's location. Sun Quan used this incident, coupled with Guan Yu's rejection of Sun Quan's marriage proposal and insult, to justify severing the alliance with Liu Bei.

At the outbreak of the battle, Liu Bei controlled three commanderies in southern Jing Province: Nan, Lingling, and Wuling.

Stalemate
Guan Yu further ordered reinforcements from Jiangling and Gong'an to lay siege on Fancheng. With only several thousand troops left, Cao Ren was also plagued by low food supplies, so he considered abandoning Fancheng. Someone also urged him to escape while there was still time, since Guan Yu's forces had not completely surrounded Fancheng yet. Man Chong, the Administrator of Runan, disagreed and said, "The floodwaters may be flowing very fast, but the flood might not last long. Guan Yu had already sent a detachment of troops from his army to station at Jia County (郟縣). There is already much panic and fear among the people living in the lands south of Xu County. Guan Yu doesn't dare to advance further because he's worried that his base (in southern Jing Province) will come under attack. If we abandon Fancheng and leave, we'll end up losing all the territories south of the river. Sir, you should continue to hold up here." Cao Ren agreed with him. Man Chong drowned his horse and pledged to stay with the soldiers in Fancheng to the end. Cao Ren also strengthened Fancheng's defences, increasing the number of his troops to over 10,000 by drafting every available man in the city and going around the city rallying his soldiers.

As Xu Huang was ordered to reinforce Cao Ren, Cao Cao sent two officers, Xu Shang (徐商) and Lü Jian (呂建) to lead additional reinforcements to join Xu Huang, ordering the latter not to attack until all of the reinforcement sent to him had arrived. To wait for further reinforcements, Xu Huang pushed toward Yangling (陽陵), located to the north of Fancheng. As the majority of Cao Cao's force under Xu Huang's command consisted of new recruits, Xu faithfully carried out Cao Cao's order to restrain from attacking. Guan Yu was well aware of Xu Huang's situation, but due to confidence from the earlier victory had ignored Xu Huang's threat and divided his forces, sending another army to Xiangyang, believing that Fancheng would fall into his control. However, Guan Yu was unsuccessful in breaking through the city's defence.

Xu Huang afterwards seized the opportunity opened by Guan Yu dividing his forces, as Guan Yu's vanguard situated around three miles to the north of Fancheng, leaving a gap between it and the main army. Xu Huang pretended to dig a long trench, giving the false impression of cutting off Guan Yu's vanguard, which fell for the trick and retreated. Xu Huang's army therefore took the abandoned stronghold at Yan (偃) and pressed further toward Guan Yu's main army. By this time, 10,000 battle-hardened veterans led by Yin Shu (殷署) and Zhu Gai (朱蓋) had joined Xu Huang, emboldening Xu Huang's army enough to pose a threat to Guan Yu.

Strategies

During the stalemate, Cao Cao's emissary returned to Luoyang with a letter from Sun Quan, which informed Cao that Sun planned to attack Guan Yu from the rear in Jing Province. Sun Quan asked Cao Cao to keep this secret so that Guan Yu would not be prepared, and most of Cao Cao's advisers agreed with the plan. However, Dong Zhao objected, pointing out that Liu Bei and Sun Quan are both adversaries of Cao Cao despite the temporary submission of Sun Quan to Cao Cao. For the long term, it would be in the best interest of Cao Cao to weaken both adversaries, instead of letting one adversary become too strong. In the short term, if Guan Yu knew about Sun Quan's attack in his rear, he would certainly withdraw his army to reinforce his home base in Jing Province, and the siege of Fancheng would be lifted. In addition, Fancheng had been under siege for some period of time, and the morale of Cao Cao's forces was low. If this critical information was not passed along to the defenders, some people inside Fancheng might turn their back on Cao Cao, because food supplies were running out. Furthermore, Dong Zhao pointed out that even if Guan Yu knew Sun Quan's intention, he would not retreat swiftly because of his stubbornness and his confidence in the defence of Jiangling and Gong'an counties.

Cao Cao and others were convinced by Dong Zhao and did exactly what he had proposed: copies of Sun Quan's letter was tied to arrows, which were then shot into Fancheng and Guan Yu's camp by Xu Huang's archers. The defenders' morale increased, while Guan Yu was put in a dilemma: he did not want to abandon the attack on Cao Cao, because he believed that Jiangling and Gong'an counties, his rear bases, would not easily fall. Furthermore, Guan Yu had conjectured if the enemy defenders were defeated, Sun Quan would exploit the opportunity to attack Cao Cao's weakened defences instead of attacking the three commanderies under Liu Bei, as Guan Yu anticipated Sun Quan would have more to gain from taking the vast region in the eastern region downstream of the Yangtze River from Cao Cao than in taking Liu Bei's three commanderies. As Guan Yu was hesitating, Cao Cao personally led another reinforcement army to the battlefield and had already reached Mobei (摩陂; southeast of present-day Jia County, Henan).

Conclusion
The bulk of the forces under Guan Yu's command was camped in Weitou (圍頭), while the remaining camped in Sizhong (四冢). Xu Huang spread the word of an imminent attack on Weitou, but instead, he led his forces to strike Sizhong unexpectedly. Fearing the Sizhong camp would be lost, Guan Yu led 5,000 troops to the rescue, but the attack of Sizhong was only a decoy, as Guan Yu became ambushed by Xu Huang's men when he was on his way for the rescue mission. The defeated Guan Yu withdrew to his main camp, but Xu Huang's force followed closely behind and charged into Guan's main camp, successfully killing the defectors Hu Xiu and Fu Fang. With his camp overrun by the enemy, Guan Yu was forced to concede defeat by lifting the siege of Fancheng and retreating southward.

All of Cao Cao's commanders at the frontline believed that they should take advantage of the situation and pursue Guan Yu, except Zhao Yan (趙儼), who pointed out that they should not pursue Guan Yu because Guan's force should be left alone so that they could fight Sun Quan, thus weakening both Cao Cao's adversaries. Cao Ren agreed with Zhao Yan and did not pursue Guan Yu, and sure enough, when news of Guan Yu's retreat reached Cao Cao, he sent an emissary to Cao Ren, prohibiting him from giving a chase for exactly that reason.

Aftermath
When Guan Yu returned south, he discovered that his rear bases in Jiangling and Gong'an counties had both surrendered to Lü Meng, the commander of Sun Quan's westward army. Lü Meng held hostage the wives and children of Guan Yu's men, but treated them and the citizenry of Jing Province with utmost care. Guan Yu's soldiers, hearing that Jing Province had fallen to Sun Quan and that their families were in good hands, lost their will to fight and deserted.

Guan Yu, with only a handful of men left, became isolated in Maicheng (麥城; southeast of present-day Dangyang, Hubei) with Sun Quan's forces on three sides and Cao Cao's in the north. As Guan Yu attempted to escape, he and his surviving followers, including his son Guan Ping and subordinate Zhao Lei (趙累), were captured in an ambush near Zhang District (漳鄉) by Sun Quan's generals Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang. Guan Yu, Guan Ping and Zhao Lei were later executed by Sun Quan's forces at Linju (臨沮).

When Cao Cao heard of the victory at Fancheng, he went out to personally congratulate Xu Huang, saying: "The enemy formation was very thick, yet you managed to achieve victory and destroyed their camps and killed so many of their men. I have fought in battles for over 30 years, but I have never heard of any person in history who attempted to break a siege by launching a direct attack on the enemy's encirclement. The situation at Fancheng and Xiangyang was much worse than that at Ju and Jimo. Your achievements are comparable to those of Sun Wu and Rangju."

Cao Cao forces

 * General Who Pacifies the South (征南將軍) Cao Ren
 * Administrator of Runan (汝南太守) Man Chong
 * Lü Chang (呂常) (161 - 221)
 * General of the Right (右將軍) Yu Jin
 * General Who Establishes Righteouness (立義將軍) Pang De
 * General Who Pacifies Bandits (平寇將軍) Xu Huang
 * Consultant (議郎) Zhao Yan
 * Xu Shang (徐商)
 * Lü Jian (呂建)
 * Yin Shu (殷署)
 * Zhu Gai (朱蓋)

Liu Bei forces

 * General of the Vanguard (前將軍) Guan Yu
 * Hu Xiu (胡修), the former Inspector of Jing Province (荊州刺史) under Cao Cao
 * Fu Fang (傅方), the former Administrator of Nanxiang Commandery (南鄉郡太守) under Cao Cao
 * Commandant Zhao Lei (趙累)
 * Guan Ping, Guan Yu's son
 * Liao Hua
 * Sun Lang (孫狼), a peasant rebel leader from Luhun (陸渾)

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the flooding of the Han River was not a natural occurrence, but instead, was planned by Guan Yu. Guan had the rivers dammed and the dam opened when it was full, thus drowning Cao Cao's armies in the lower plains. This event was known as the Drowning of the Seven Armies (水淹七軍). Pang De put up firm resistance and attempted to escape by swimming, but was captured by Guan Yu's subordinate Zhou Cang. In contrast, Yu Jin was depicted pleading for his life and surrendering to Guan Yu.

Several weeks later, Sun Quan, who had secretly allied with Cao Cao, attacked Guan Yu's army at Jiangling. Sun Quan surprised and defeated Guan Yu's forces there, forcing Guan to lift the siege on Fancheng and retreat. Guan Yu and his son, Guan Ping, while fleeing to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), were caught and executed by Sun Quan's soldiers.

title: Battle of Fancheng


text:
Peter Hurford

Peter John Hurford OBE (22 November 1930 – 3 March 2019) was a British organist and composer.

Life
Hurford was born in Minehead, Somerset, to Gladys Hurford (née James) and Hubert Hurford, a solicitor. He was educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton, Devon. He later studied both music and law at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating with dual degrees, and afterwards obtained a reputation for both musical scholarship and organ playing. Hurford subsequently studied in Paris under the French organist André Marchal, exploring music of the Baroque period.

He made interpretations of Bach, and recorded the complete Bach organ works for Decca and BBC Radio 3. His expertise also encompassed recordings of the Romantic literature for organ, performances notable for attention to stylistic detail. His playing style is noted for clean articulation, beauty of expression, and a sense of proper tempo.

Hurford was appointed organist of Holy Trinity Church, Leamington Spa from 1956 to 1957. For the same period, he was Music Master at Bablake School, Coventry, and Musical Director of the Royal Leamington Spa Bach Choir. He was then appointed organist and choirmaster of St Albans Cathedral in 1958, serving in this post for twenty years. He conceived the idea of an organ competition in 1963, partly to celebrate the new Harrison & Harrison organ designed by Ralph Downes and himself. This venture was successful mainly because of the young Hurford's rapidly growing stature in Britain and overseas as a result of his refreshing notions of the "authentic performance style". This has grown into the biennial St Albans International Organ Festival, a world-renowned festival of organ music with competitions whose past winners include many of the great names in modern organ music including Dame Gillian Weir, David Sanger, Thomas Trotter and Kevin Bowyer.

Hurford travelled extensively for both his performance and recording career. He was artist in residence at Cincinnati, Ohio University (1967–68), Toronto, Canada (1977), and consultant for the Sydney Opera House organ. He held a number of Honorary Doctorates, was appointed an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge in 2006, was a past President of the Royal College of Organists and received its Medal in 2013, and has been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). He wrote a book: Making Music on the Organ (1998, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-816207-3) and published a great deal of choral music for the Anglican liturgy, much of it issued by leading publishers such as Novello and Oxford University Press. His Litany to the Holy Spirit, to a famous text by Robert Herrick, is sung worldwide.

Hurford suffered a stroke in 1997, but recovered enough to resume his performing career seven months later. In 2008, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and subsequently retired from performing in 2009.

Hurford died on 3 March 2019, aged 88. His marriage to Patricia Matthews lasted from 1955 until her death in 2017 and produced three offspring. His survivors include his daughter Heather, his sons Michael and Richard, and nine grandchildren.

Choir

 * 1958. Litany to the Holy Spirit. Unison.
 * 1960. The Holy Son. SATB
 * 1962. Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in G. SATB, organ
 * 1962. Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in A. SS, organ
 * 1962. The Holy Son. TTBB
 * 1962. Three short anthems. SS, organ
 * 1968. Noel Nouvelet. SATB
 * 1971. Bethlehem, of noblest cities. SATB.
 * 1971. Magdalen, cease from sobs and sighs. SATB
 * 1972. Two Sentences. SATB, organ
 * 1972. Communion Service: Series 3. Congregation, SATB, organ
 * 1975. Sunny Bank. SATB
 * 1976. Come love we God. SATB
 * 1976. Two carols for equal voices.
 * 1977. O mortal man, remember well. SATB
 * 1980. Christ hath a garden. SATB
 * 1995. Litany to the Holy Spirit. SATB

Organ

 * 1958. Five short chorale preludes.
 * 1958. Paean.
 * 1960. A Fancy
 * 1960. Five verses on a melody from the Paderborn Gesangbuch (1765).
 * 1961. Suite: 'Laudate Dominum'.
 * 1961. Meditation.
 * 1962. Passingala.
 * 1963. Two Dialogues.
 * 1970. Fanfare on Old 100th.
 * 1970. Prince of Denmark's march (Jeremiah Clarke). Arranged.
 * 1976. Trio.
 * 1977. Bristol Suite.
 * 1977. Nicaea.
 * 1977. Sonata in C minor by G. B. Pescetti. Edited.

Recording artist
Hurford made over 50 recordings, both as a solo artist and with multiple other musicians. As well as recording Bach's complete works for the organ, he recorded the organ concertos, op. 7 of Handel with the Concertgebouw Chamber Orchestra.

title: Peter Hurford


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GE McKinsey Matrix

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy DELETE (empty). -Doc (?) 23:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

GE McKinsey Matrix

 * Speedy Delete Patent Nonsense StephenJMuir 21:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Theatre in Latvia

title: Category:Theatre in Latvia


text:
Christopher Wolf

Christopher Wolf (born Washington, DC 1954) is an American attorney known for his career in Internet and privacy law. He was one of the first lawyers to practice Internet law and Privacy law. He is a retired  partner in the international law firm of Hogan Lovells US LLP. He is the founding editor and lead author of the first Practising Law Institute (PLI) legal treatise on privacy and information security law. He is the founder and co-chair of a think tank devoted to emerging privacy issues, the Future of Privacy Forum. He also has chaired an international consortium of non-governmental organizations fighting online hate speech, the International Network Against Cyber-hate (INACH). Wolf graduated from Bowdoin College in 1976, and magna cum laude Order of the Coif from Washington & Lee University School of Law in 1980. He clerked with the Hon. Aubrey E. Robinson Jr., United States District Court, District of Columbia, 1980–1982.

In 2013, Wolf co-authored (with Abraham Foxman) a book entitled Viral Hate: Containing its Spread on the Internet (Macmillan Palgrave), reflecting his longstanding and ongoing work monitoring and addressing online hate.

Wolf is known for his decades-long commitment through Board Service to various non-profits, focusing on social services, civil rights and the arts.

Interests
He is chairman emeritus of the International Network Against Cyber-Hate (INACH) and chaired the Anti-Defamation League's National Committee on the Internet. He serves on the national board of the Anti-Defamation League was regional chair of the Washington, DC ADL Board (1998–2002). He received the ADL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. He is on the boards of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, the DC History Center, the Capital Jewish Museum and Young Concert Artists. He was on the National Symphony Orchestra Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors of Food & Friends, where he was Board President (1996–1998). He also served on the boards of WETA, and the George Washington University Hospital. Wolf was the first president of Responsible Electronic Communication Alliance (RECA), an organization started to promote professional standards for online communication and marketing. Wolf became a member of the American Law Institute in 2012. He has been a member of the Cosmos Club in Washington, DC since 1997.

title: Christopher Wolf


text:
First United Methodist Church

First United Methodist Church may refer to:

Alabama

 * First United Methodist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)
 * Eufaula First United Methodist Church
 * First United Methodist Church (Jasper, Alabama)
 * First United Methodist Church (Wetumpka, Alabama)

Arkansas

 * First United Methodist Church (Conway, Arkansas)
 * First United Methodist Church (DeWitt, Arkansas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Fordyce, Arkansas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Forrest City, Arkansas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Hamburg, Arkansas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Little Rock, Arkansas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Lockesburg, Arkansas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Searcy, Arkansas)

Florida

 * First United Methodist Church (Jasper, Florida)
 * First United Methodist Church (Kissimmee, Florida)
 * First United Methodist Church of Orlando
 * First United Methodist Church of St. Petersburg, Florida

Georgia

 * Atlanta First United Methodist Church
 * First United Methodist Church (Douglas, Georgia)

Idaho

 * First United Methodist Church (Coeur d'Alene, Idaho)
 * Cathedral of the Rockies First United Methodist Church, Boise

Illinois

 * First United Methodist Church of Chicago
 * First United Methodist Church (Peoria, Illinois)

Iowa

 * First United Methodist Church (Chariton, Iowa)
 * First United Methodist Church (Des Moines, Iowa)

Kentucky

 * First United Methodist Church (Catlettsburg, Kentucky)
 * First United Methodist Church (Louisa, Kentucky)
 * First United Methodist Church (Paintsville, Kentucky)
 * First United Methodist Church (Prestonburg, Kentucky)

Louisiana

 * First United Methodist Church (Columbia, Louisiana)
 * First United Methodist Church (DeRidder, Louisiana)
 * First United Methodist Church (Lafayette, Louisiana)
 * First United Methodist Church (Leesville, Louisiana)
 * First United Methodist Church (New Iberia, Louisiana)
 * First United Methodist Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)
 * First United Methodist Church (West Monroe, Louisiana)

Maryland

 * First United Methodist Church (Laurel, Maryland)

Michigan

 * First United Methodist Church (Farmington, Michigan)
 * First United Methodist Church (Highland Park, Michigan)

Nebraska

 * First United Methodist Church (Nebraska City, Nebraska)

Nevada

 * First United Methodist Church (Reno, Nevada)

New York

 * First United Methodist Church (Gloversville, New York)
 * First United Methodist Church (Ilion, New York)
 * First United Methodist Church (Mount Vernon, New York)
 * Asbury First United Methodist Church, Rochester

North Carolina

 * First United Methodist Church (Lincolnton, North Carolina)

Ohio

 * First United Methodist Church (Elyria, Ohio)
 * Franklin First United Methodist Church
 * First United Methodist Church (London, Ohio)
 * First United Methodist Church (Salem, Ohio)
 * First United Methodist Church (Woodsfield, Ohio)

Oklahoma

 * First United Methodist Church of Drumright
 * First United Methodist Church (Fairview, Oklahoma), a National Register of Historic Places listing in Major County, Oklahoma
 * First United Methodist Church (Walters, Oklahoma)

Oregon

 * Salem First United Methodist Church

South Dakota

 * First United Methodist Church (Aberdeen, South Dakota)

Tennessee

 * First United Methodist Church of Columbia
 * First United Methodist Church (Humboldt, Tennessee)

⅝⅝==Texas==
 * First United Methodist Church (Crockett, Texas), a National Register of Historic Places listing in Houston County, Texas
 * First United Methodist Church (Dallas, Texas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Midland, Texas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Paris, Texas)
 * First United Methodist Church (San Marcos, Texas)
 * First United Methodist Church (Waco, Texas)

Washington

 * First United Methodist Church (Seattle)

Wyoming

 * First United Methodist Church (Cheyenne, Wyoming)

title: First United Methodist Church


text: Category:Theatre in Lithuania

title: Category:Theatre in Lithuania


text:
Studentization

In statistics, Studentization, named after William Sealy Gosset, who wrote under the pseudonym Student, is the adjustment consisting of division of a first-degree statistic derived from a sample, by a sample-based estimate of a population standard deviation. The term is also used for the standardisation of a higher-degree statistic by another statistic of the same degree: for example, an estimate of the third central moment would be standardised by dividing by the cube of the sample standard deviation.

A simple example is the process of dividing a sample mean by the sample standard deviation when data arise from a location-scale family. The consequence of "Studentization" is that the complication of treating the probability distribution of the mean, which depends on both the location and scale parameters, has been reduced to considering a distribution which depends only on the location parameter. However, the fact that a sample standard deviation is used, rather than the unknown population standard deviation, complicates the mathematics of finding the probability distribution of a Studentized statistic.

In computational statistics, the idea of using Studentized statistics is of some importance in the development of confidence intervals with improved properties in the context of resampling and, in particular, bootstrapping.

Examples

 * Studentized range
 * Studentized residual

title: Studentization


text:
Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge

The Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge is a protected wildlife refuge, at the southern end of the Pahranagat Valley and administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It is 90 mi north of Las Vegas, Nevada, in Lincoln County, Nevada. The 5380 acre refuge was created on August 16, 1963, and is part of the larger Desert National Wildlife Refuge Complex, which also includes the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, the Desert National Wildlife Refuge, and the Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge.

The refuge provides high-quality migration and wintering habitat for migrating birds, especially waterfowl, within the Pacific Flyway.

History
Work is underway to restore wetland and desert upland habitats to what was found on the refuge over 100 years ago.

Endangered
Endangered species include:
 * Southwestern willow flycatcher

Threatened
Threatened species include:
 * Desert tortoise

title: Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge


text:
Andrew Refshauge

Andrew John Refshauge (born 16 January 1949) is a former Australian politician who was Deputy Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 1983 and 2005, and a senior minister in the Carr ministry.

Background and early career
Refshauge was born in Melbourne, the son of Major General Sir William Refshauge who later became Honorary Physician to Queen Elizabeth II and Director-General of the Commonwealth Department of Health. He has three brothers and one sister. One brother, Richard Refshauge, was a Judge of the ACT Supreme Court. His sister, Kathryn Refshauge, is the Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Sydney.

Educated at Scotch College, Melbourne, Refshauge studied medicine at the University of Sydney, and after graduating, worked in NSW hospitals and later at the Aboriginal Medical Service in.

He helped establish Aboriginal Medical Services in Wilcannia and Kempsey.

Political career
Angered by the dismissal of the Whitlam Government, Refshauge joined the Australian Labor Party. In 1983 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Marrickville on the same day that Bob Carr was elected the member for Maroubra in by-elections. He served in a variety of portfolios, as well as rising to be the leader of the left faction of the party, Deputy Leader of the Opposition in 1988, and Deputy Premier in 1995 following the election of the Carr government.

Refshauge was the Legislative Assembly representative on the Senate of the University of Sydney between 1987 and 1988 and was the Deputy Leader of the Opposition between 11 April 1988 and 4 April 1995. Prior to entering politics he was a member of the Aboriginal Affairs Policy Committee (1981–1986). Refshauge was a delegate to Labor's State Conference (1984–2005); an executive committee member of the H.V. Evatt Memorial Foundation; a board member of the Mandela Foundation; and a Fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney (1983–1986).

During his term in parliament, Refshauge served as minister between 1995 and 2005 in portfolios covering Health, Aboriginal Affairs, Urban Affairs and Planning, Housing, Education and Training, State Development and as Treasurer.

Refshauge announced his resignation from Parliament, as Deputy Premier and from the ministry in August 2005, a few days after Bob Carr announced his retirement as Premier and from Parliament. Refshauge originally had planned to retire at the 2007 election but was prompted to go earlier with Carr's retirement and a request by the replacement premier, Morris Iemma that Refshauge stand aside to allow for a new Deputy Premier so that there could be a new leadership team. "Bob and I got in [to Parliament] on the same day. Maybe our replacement should come in on the same day too. I've decided that the time is right to move on to other things. But the time is right, I have decided it's right to leave."

Career after politics
Refshauge presently holds a number of senior community leadership roles, including the Chairman of CareFlight (NSW), since December 2007; a director of Family Care Medical Services, since 2007; a director of the Aged Care Standards Accreditation Agency, since 2008 and Chair since 1 July 2012; and the Chair of the Investment Committee of the Aboriginal Land Council of New South Wales, since 2008.

He has previously served in a range of other community roles, including the Chair of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; a director of the Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, later to become Neuroscience Research Australia; a member of the Foundation for Research and Treatment of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence; and a director of the Family Care Medical Services.

title: Andrew Refshauge


text: Category:Theatre in Mexico

title: Category:Theatre in Mexico


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Lessthanthree

Tally Explanation
3 Delete, 1 Keep as seen by closer. 75% is a clear consensus. Karmafist 21:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Theatre in Greece

title: Category:Theatre in Greece


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Life Vineyard Christian Fellowship

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge — 1 vote merge, 1 vote keep/merge, 1 vote delete/merge, 1 vote delete — article to be made redirect to Austin, Minnesota, and any content merged into that article. --Gareth Hughes 13:00, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

New Life Vineyard Christian Fellowship
Church with no notability asserted (or any other information for that matter). --fvw *  21:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with Austin, Minnesota, verifiable. JYolkowski // talk 00:20, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or at best redirect to Austin. 16 individual pages for churches in Austin, Minn were posted today, all of which are already listed on the Austin page. Each consists of essentially one line, no claim of notability and link to website. Should every Christ Episcopal Church in the US (161,000 hits on google) have its own page on the wiki? --JJay 03:56, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge this and all the other churches listed at Austin, Minnesota into Austin, Minnesota. --Angr/undefined 07:20, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.