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Iris hypothesis

The iris hypothesis was a hypothesis proposed by Richard Lindzen and colleagues in 2001 that suggested increased sea surface temperature in the tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth's atmosphere. His study of observed changes in cloud coverage and modeled effects on infrared radiation released to space as a result seemed to support the hypothesis. This suggested infrared radiation leakage was hypothesized to be a negative feedback in which an initial warming would result in an overall cooling of the surface.

The idea of the iris effect of cirrus clouds in trapping outgoing radiation was reasonable, but it ignored the larger compensating effect on the blocking of incoming sun's rays, and effects of changes in altitude of clouds. Moreover, a number of errors were found in the papers. For this reason, the iris effect no longer plays a role in the current scientific consensus on climate change.

Scientific discussion
Scientists subsequently tested the hypothesis. Some concluded that there was no evidence supporting the hypothesis. Others found evidence suggesting that increased sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropics did indeed reduce cirrus clouds but found that the effect was nonetheless a positive climate feedback rather than the negative feedback that Lindzen had hypothesized.

A later 2007 study conducted by Roy Spencer et al. using updated satellite data potentially supported the iris hypothesis. In 2011, Lindzen published another paper on this topic. This work has been described as "gravely flawed and its results wrong on multiple fronts. Their choice of observational periods distorted the results and underscored the defective nature of their analysis."

In his memoirs in 2023, Kevin E. Trenberth rebutted the Iris hypothesis in strong words: "'On the science front, Lindzen made great waves with a widely touted paper on possibilities that might nullify global warming (Lindzen et al. 2001) hyping an iris effect that would allow more longwave radiation escape to space as more widespread subsidence occurred as a consequence of stronger convection with increased heating. The idea of the iris effect was reasonable in of itself, but it focused only on the role of the areal extent of tropical cirrus on the outgoing infrared radiation, with no accounting for the huge and largely compensating effects on incoming solar radiation, or changes in altitude. In terms of SST (sea surface temperature) response, the solar effects are greater!'"In other words, Trenberth said that the concept itself was not necessarily wrong but very much incomplete. Furthermore, he pointed out that Lindzen's papers on this topic had substantial errors in them.

In 2015, a paper was published which again suggested the possibility of an "Iris Effect". It also proposed what it called a "plausible physical mechanism for an iris effect." In 2017, a paper was published which found that "tropical anvil cirrus clouds exert a negative climate feedback in strong association with precipitation efficiency".

title: Iris hypothesis


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Boris the Sprinkler

Boris the Sprinkler is a punk rock band that formed in Green Bay, Wisconsin in 1992.

History
Boris the Sprinkler was founded in Green Bay in 1992 by Reverend Nørb (vocals) and Paul #1 (guitar). Nørb and Paul (born Paul Schroder) initially played with Eric Lee (bass) and Ronny Johnny Kispert (drums); later members included Eric James (bass), Ric 6 (bass), and Paul 2 (drums). Nørb, who was born Norb Rozek, had previously written for the music magazines Sick Teen and Maximum Rocknroll. Nørb's lyrics and the band's style were self-consciously irreverent, tongue-in-cheek, and referential to other aspects of pop culture, influenced by punk rock groups such as The Dickies, The Rezillos, and The Ramones. The group often dressed in flamboyant styles such as "zebra-print tights and gold lamé body suits".

Boris the Sprinkler released eight full-length albums over the period 1994-2000, including 1994's 8 Testicled Pogo Machine (which included a vocal cameo by Wesley Willis on its first track), 1998's End of the Century (which covered the Ramones album of the same name in its entirety), and two albums for Go-Kart Records, 1999's Suck and 2000's Gay. The group also released numerous EPs and singles, among them 1995's Mutant Pop release "Drugs and Masturbation" and 1996's "Kill the Ramones".

In 2013, Nørb published The Annotated Boris: Deconstructing the Lyrical Majesty of Boris the Sprinkler, a "line-by-line analysis" of songs he wrote for Boris the Sprinkler.

The band released a new album, Vespa to Venus, on Beer City Records on September 13, 2019. The release reunited the 1997 Mega Anal lineup of Paul #1, Paul #2, Ric Six, and Reverend Nørb.

Albums

 * 8-Testicled Pogo Machine (Bulge Records, 1994)
 * Saucer to Saturn (Bulge Records, 1995)
 * End of the Century (Clearview Records, 1996)
 * Mega Anal (Bulge Records, 1997)
 * Suck (Go-Kart Records, 1999)
 * Group Sex (Bulge Records, 2000)
 * Gay (Go-Kart, 2000)
 * Vespa To Venus (Beer City, 2019)

Live albums

 * The Frozen Tundra of... Boris the Sprinkler (Bulge Records, 1998)
 * Live Cincinnati 1999 (Mutant Pop Records, 2000)

EPs

 * V.M.Live Presents Boris the Sprinkler 11/1/96 (VML Records)
 * Gratuitous 1998 Summer Tour 10" (Clearview Records)
 * Banana Pad Riot! / Split with The Vindictives, Young Fresh Fellows & Mr. T Experience (Skullduggery Records)
 * 8" flexi-disc with Less Than Jake, Sonic Dolls and Mulligan Stu (Rhetoric Records)

Singles

 * 4Money (split with Quencher) (Lombardi Records)
 * She's Got a Lighter / It's My Style (Trouser Cough Records)
 * (Do You Wanna) Grilled Cheese? / Bad Guy Reaction (Bulge Records)
 * Male Model / Superball Eyes / Ejector Seat (Bulge Records)
 * Beth / I Turned Into a Martian (split with The Droids) (Power Ground Records)
 * Drugs & Masturbation / Yeah Yeah / Yeah Yeah No (Mutant Pop Records)
 * Ready Steady Go (split w/ Scooby Don't) (Just Add Water Records)
 * True Grit / Poodle Party / Do the Mimi (split with the Meatmen) (Bulge Records)
 * Hey Ed! / Attitude (split w/ Moral Crux) (They Still Make Records)
 * Sheena's Got a Microwave / Chipmunks Are Go! / Chemistry Set (split with the Sonic Dolls) (Bulge Records)
 * 113th Man / Son of Musical Interlude / Penalty Box / Can't Controllit (SuperSonicRefrigeRecords)
 * Kill the Ramones / Kill the Sex Pistols (Junk Records)
 * Little Yellow Box / Why Don't We Do It in the Dumpster / Get Off the Phone (Bulge Records)
 * New Wave Records / Yellow Pills / Hi, We're the Replacements (Mutant Pop Records)
 * Nikki The Sprinkler / Borisites (split with the Parasites) (Just Add Water Records)
 * (I've Been Hittin' On A) Russian Robot / Do The Go / Got The Time (Lookout Records)
 * Sick Sick Sick / Ultimatum / Busy Signals (split with the Dead Vampires) (Dirtnap Records)

Members

 * Rev. Nørb – vocals, keytar, guitar, harmonica
 * Paul No. 1 – guitar, vocals
 * Erik No. 1 – bass, guitar
 * Ronny Johnny Kispert – drums
 * Eric No. 2 – bass, vocals, recording engineer
 * Paul No. 2 – drums
 * Ric Six – bass
 * Tim 00 – bass
 * LP – guitar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boris the Sprinkler


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Gambrills, Maryland

Gambrills refers to two neighboring places in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States, located in the Annapolis metro area: the unincorporated community of Gambrills, and the Gambrills census-designated place (CDP). The area was named after Augustine Gambrill, plantation owner. The CDP covers an expansive range that falls within the communities of Crofton, Waugh Chapel, and Odenton. It also borders Davidsonville, Crownsville, Millersville, and Prince George's County, Maryland.

History
The original village of Gambrills was located on Annapolis Road, 2 mi southeast of the center of Odenton. Today, it is an unincorporated, census-designated place. It is the location of Whites Hall Farm, the birthplace and boyhood home of Maryland native Johns Hopkins.

Demographics
Unincorporated Gambrills has an estimated population of 3,185 as of 2021. In 2022, the population of the CDP was 2,837. The median-income of residents was $140,238.

Transportation
Gambrills is served by routes 3, 32, and MARC, the Maryland commuter rail service. There is a MARC station in neighboring Odenton. Gambrills is located along Maryland Route 175 (Annapolis Road), and extends south and southeast around the town of Crofton.

Retail
Gambrills is the site of two large power centers adjacent to one another: Waugh Chapel Towne Centre (650,000 sq. ft.) part of a 1.2 million square foot mixed-use development, and the Village at Waugh Chapel (357,000 square feet).

Schools
The area is served by the following schools:
 * Crofton Elementary School (Crofton, Maryland)
 * Crofton Woods Elementary School (Crofton, Maryland)
 * Crofton Meadows Elementary School (Crofton, Maryland)
 * Millersville Elementary School (Millersville, Maryland)
 * Nantucket Elementary School ((Crofton, Maryland))
 * Four Seasons Elementary School (Gambrills, Maryland)
 * Odenton Elementary School (Odenton, Maryland)
 * Waugh Chapel Elementary School (Odenton, Maryland)
 * School of the Incarnation (Gambrills, Maryland)
 * Crofton Middle School (Gambrills, Maryland)
 * Arundel Middle School (Odenton, Maryland)
 * Old Mill Middle School South (Millersville)
 * Arundel High School (Gambrills, Maryland)
 * Crofton High School (Gambrills, Maryland)
 * Old Mill High School (Millersville)

Notable residents

 * Johns Hopkins – businessman involved in the building of the B&O Railroad, founded Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital was born in Gambrills.

title: Gambrills, Maryland


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Corneal cross-linking

Corneal cross-linking (CXL) with riboflavin (vitamin B2) and UV-A light is a surgical treatment for corneal ectasia such as keratoconus, PMD, and post-LASIK ectasia.

It is used in an attempt to make the cornea stronger. According to a 2015 Cochrane review, there is insufficient evidence to determine if it is useful in keratoconus. In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration approved riboflavin ophthalmic solution crosslinking based on three 12-month clinical trials.

Medical uses
A 2015 Cochrane review found that the evidence on corneal cross-linking was insufficient to determine if it is an effective procedure for the treatment of keratoconus.

Adverse effects
Among those with keratoconus who worsen, CXL may be used. In this group, the most common side effects are haziness of the cornea, punctate keratitis, corneal striae, corneal epithelium defect, and eye pain. In those who use it after post-LASIK ectasia, the most common side effects are haziness of the cornea, corneal epithelium defect, corneal striae, dry eye, eye pain, punctate keratitis, and sensitivity to bright lights.

There are no long-term studies about crosslinking effect on pregnancy and lactation. According to a manufacturer crosslinking should not be performed on pregnant women.

Cautions
People undergoing crosslinking should not rub their eyes for the first five days after the procedure.

Procedure

Corneal cross-linking involves application of riboflavin solution to the eye that is activated by illumination with UV-A light for approximately 30 or fewer minutes. The riboflavin causes new bonds to form across adjacent collagen strands and proteoglycans in the stromal layer of the cornea, which recovers and preserves some of the cornea's mechanical strength. The corneal epithelial layer is generally removed to increase penetration of the riboflavin into the stroma, a procedure known as the Dresden protocol.

People that are considered for treatment must undergo an extensive clinical workup, including corneal tomography, computerized corneal topography, endothelial microscopy, ultrasound pachymetry, b-scan sonography, keratometry and biomicroscopy.

History
The technique was first developed in Germany in 1997 by Theo Seiler and his team at the Dresden University of Technology.

Approvals and clinical trials
In Germany, CXL has been used in patients with keratoconus since 1998, and in Italy, routine interventions have been successfully performed since 2005. The standard (Dresden) CXL protocol with epithelium removal, is approved for use throughout Europe.

In the United States, clinical trials commenced only in 2008. Based on three 12-month clinical trials, the US Food and Drug Administration approved riboflavin ophthalmic solution and Avedro's KXL system for crosslinking on 18 April 2016, for the treatment of progressive keratoconus, and on 19 July 2016, for corneal ectasia after refractive surgery, making them the first FDA approved treatment for keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia.

Research
Research studying the safety and efficacy of corneal cross-linking is ongoing.

Transepithelial or epithelium-on (epi-on) cross-linking is a technique which was first performed in 2004 in the U.S., the corneal epithelium layer is left intact. in this technique, because the epithelium is not removed, riboflavin loading requires more time than with epi-off techniques, and may be less effective, as keratoconus progression may be more likely in epi-on procedures.

Contact lens-assisted cross-linking (CACXL) may be performed for people with corneal stromal thickness between 350 μm to 400 μm after epithelial removal. in this method a pre-corneal riboflavin film, a riboflavin-soaked UV barrier-free soft contact lens of negligible power and a pre-contact lens riboflavin film are used to decrease UV irradiance to safe levels at the level of the endothelium.

Topography-guided crosslinking relies on an active eye tracker to allow a patterned delivery of UV light. Both the power and pattern can be programmed into the unit based on the topography of the individual's eyes.

Accelerated crosslinking allows a shorter treatment time by delivering the same energy more quickly, compared to the standard crosslinking procedure, which involves 3 mW of UV-A exposure for 30 minutes. Some hospitals are using this accelerated CXL technique delivering a similar amount of UV-A energy in eight to ten minutes, following research showing the cornea may better tolerate this shorter burst of UV-A. However, a recent study using the real-world registry data showed that the standard (Dresden) CXL was associated with better visual and corneal curvature outcomes 5-years post-surgery.

title: Corneal cross-linking


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stereotraffic

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  16:55, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Stereotraffic
NN collage band. Vanity. Allmusic search comes up empty. Google search comes up empty. Hurricane111 17:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, does not appear to meet the WP:MUSIC criteria.--Isotope23 18:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Isotope23 CLW 06:55, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:205.127.72.9

title: User talk:205.127.72.9


text:
Independent Football Commission

The Independent Football Commission (IFC) operated from 2002 to 2008 in England as an independent body within football's regulatory framework.

Activities
The IFC scrutinised and monitored the performance of the Football Association, the FA Premier League and the Football League and issued publicly available reports on its findings.

Funding
The Independent Football Commission was funded by grants from the three governing bodies.

The IFC has been replaced by the Independent Football Ombudsman (IFO), who will act as the final stage in football’s complaints procedure.

title: Independent Football Commission


text:
Saloninus

Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus (died 260), typically just called Saloninus, was a Roman nobleman who briefly became emperor in 260. The grandson of Valerian I, Saloninus was appointed (subordinate) Caesar in 258 in an attempt to shore up the Licinial line of succession during the Crisis of the Third Century. During his time in power, Saloninus administered the German marches out of Cologne. Nevertheless, Saloninus soon became embroiled in a dispute with future Caesar of the Gallic Empire Postumus over war spoils. In 260, Saloninus' troops acclaimed him Emperor in an unsuccessful bid for political legitimacy; Postumus killed Saloninus shortly thereafter.

Early life
Saloninus' father was the later emperor Gallienus, his mother Cornelia Salonina, a Greek from Bithynia. In 258 Saloninus was appointed Caesar by his father (just like his older brother Valerian II, who had died around 258) and sent to Gaul to make sure his father's authority was respected there (the title Caesar in Imperial nomenclature indicated that the holder was the Crown Prince and first in line of succession after the Augustus, the title reserved for the ruling Emperor). Like Valerian II, who was made the ward of Ingenuus, governor of the Illyrian provinces, Saloninus was put under the protection of the praetorian prefect Silvanus (otherwise named as Albanus). As Caesar in Gaul, Saloninus had his main seat in Cologne.

Reign
Bray conjectures that Saloninus's appointment as Caesar, like that of his elder brother, Valerian II, in Illyria, was made at the instigation of Valerian I who was, simultaneously, the senior Emperor (Augustus) and grandfather of the two young Caesars and, as head of the Licinius clan, exercised also the patria potestas over all members of the Imperial family, including his son Gallienus, his co-Emperor (and co-Augustus). Bray suggests that Valerian's motive in making these appointments was securing the succession and establishing a lasting imperial dynasty. It is not known how Valerian envisaged his grandson interacting with the existing governors and military commanders of the Gallic provinces. There is no reason to suppose that he ever thought the thing through as systematically as Diocletian when he established the Tetrarchy some thirty years later. However, Silvanus must have been a seasoned soldier and administrator, and he does seem to have harboured the notion that, as guardian of Saloninus, he should exercise real authority in Gaul. This was demonstrated by the circumstances in which he fell out with the Gallic emperor Postumus.

In 260 (probably in July) Silvanus (no doubt in Saloninus's name) ordered Postumus to hand over some booty that Postumus's troops had seized from a German warband which had been on its way home from a successful raid into Gaul. However, Postumus's men took violent exception to this attempt to enforce the rights of the representative of a distant emperor who was manifestly failing in his duty to protect the Gallic provinces. Asserting what was probably the prevailing custom of the frontier, they turned on Saloninus and Silvanus, who had to then flee to Cologne with some loyal troops. It was probably at this time that Postumus was acclaimed emperor by his army. Riding the tide of military discontent which he could barely control, Postumus then besieged Saloninus and Silvanus in Cologne.

Death
Gallienus, who was fully engaged elsewhere – probably campaigning on the middle Danube – could do nothing to save his son (by this time Saloninus's grandfather, the senior Emperor Valerian, was probably already a captive of the Persian King Shapur I). Saloninus's troops, in their desperation, finally proclaimed him emperor, perhaps hoping that this would induce Postumus's army to desert him and join them in a bid for Empire – i.e., against Valerian and Gallienus. If this was indeed their hope, they were to be disappointed in the event, for Postumus's army pressed on with the siege and, about one month later, the citizens of Colonia Agrippina handed Saloninus and his guardian over to their enemy. Postumus was then unable to prevent his army from murdering them. Despite his public protestations of regret, it seems in fact unlikely that Postumus made a serious effort to resist this course of events.

Whether or not Gallienus ever concurred with Valerian's dynastic experiment is not known. The murder of Saloninus, so soon after the suspicious death of Valerian II, seems to have cured Gallienus of any ambition in this regard. Throughout the period of his sole reign, Gallienus made no effort to elevate his third son, Egnatius Marinianus, to the purple or associate him in any way with his government of the Empire – although he did allow him to be elected to the largely ceremonial office of Consul in 268.

Coinage and portraiture
Christopher Entwistle and Noël Adams have argued that a grey and white sardonyx kept in Munich that is generally thought to depict Philip II may actually be of Saloninus.

title: Saloninus


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The Ultraviolet Catastrophe

The Ultraviolet Catastrophe is an album by the American band Trotsky Icepick, released in 1991 on SST Records. It featured seven new musicians the band hired in addition to their core quintet.

Track listing

 * 1) 	The Ultra Violet Catastrophe
 * 2) 	Alphaville
 * 3) 	The Thing Under the Couch
 * 4) 	WDBS
 * 5) 	Barbara Steele
 * 6) 	Boy W/Book
 * 7) 	God Without A Compass
 * 8) 	Venus De Milo
 * 9) 	Pestilence
 * 10) 	August August
 * 11) 	Martian Manhunter
 * 12) 	Q.E.D.

title: The Ultraviolet Catastrophe


text:
Alfonso d'Este

Alfonso d'Este may refer to:

 * Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara ((r. 1505 – 1534))
 * Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara ((r. 1559 – 1597))
 * Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena ((r. 1628 – 1629))
 * Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena ((r. 1658 – 1662))
 * Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio (1527–1587)
 * Alfonsino d'Este (1560–1578)

title: Alfonso d'Este


text:
AVN (magazine)

Adult Video News (also called AVN or AVN Magazine) is an American trade magazine that covers the adult video industry. The New York Times notes that AVN is to pornographic films what Billboard is to records. AVN sponsors an annual convention, called the Adult Entertainment Expo or AEE, in Las Vegas, Nevada along with the AVN Awards, an award show for the adult industry modeled after the Oscars.

AVN rates adult films and tracks news developments in the industry. An AVN issue can feature over 500 movie reviews. The magazine is about 80% ads and is targeted at adult-video retailers. Author David Foster Wallace has described AVN articles to be more like infomercials than articles, but he also described the AVN magazine as "sort of the Variety of the US porn industry."

History
Paul Fishbein, Irv Slifkin, and Barry Rosenblatt founded AVN in 1983 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Slifkin left in 1984; having lost interest in reviewing adult movies due to the industry's transition from film to videos. Rosenblatt and Fishbein had a falling out in 1987. Eventually, Fishbein moved the magazine to the San Fernando Valley where it operates to this day. Fishbein sold the company in 2010. Theo Sapoutzis became chairman and CEO of AVN. Tony Rios became owner and CEO of AVN in August 2015.

AVN is widely quoted for various figures about the adult industry and its revenues. AVN estimated that the sales and rentals of adult videos topped four billion dollars in 2000 and 2002. Forbes has called this figure "baseless and wildly inflated". When Forbes asked AVN how it arrived at this figure, Mike Ramone the managing editor at the time responded, "I don't know the exact methodology... It's a pie chart." When asked to separate the figures for sales versus rentals, a standard practice among those who cover the video industry, the editor did not think those figures were available. Adams Media Research noted that no one tracked the adult video business with rigor or precision and that the most generous estimate of sales and rentals combined was $1.8 billion. AVN estimated that adult industry revenue in 2005 was $12.6 billion with $2.5 billion of that coming from the Internet. However, ABC News reported that this figure could not be independently verified. According to Michael Goodman of the Yankee Group, it is difficult to estimate for an industry where few companies are public and new providers continually appear. By 2018, Dan Miller, AVN's managing editor said, "The safe estimate is to say it’s worth billions, but I don’t know exactly how many billion, and no one does."

Notable alumni

 * Eli Cross (as Mark Logan): former managing editor
 * Anthony Lovett: publisher and editor-in-chief (2005–2010).

AVN Europe
In October 2007, AVN launched the first ever pan-European, English-language adult industry trade-magazine, AVN Europe, with editorial offices based in Budapest, Hungary. For about two years, AVN Europe published monthly issues with reviews and news items as well as in-depth background articles on such topics as historical development, distribution patterns and women's erotica. By mid-2009, following a change of editorial staff, the publication lowered its ambitions somewhat, focusing more on photos from trade shows and other light-weight content. It folded soon after; the last issue was June 2009.

Adult Entertainment Expo
AVN sponsors an annual convention, the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo (AEE), held each January in Las Vegas. The Expo is the largest pornography industry trade show in the United States.

AVN Adult Movie Awards
AVN also hosts an award show for the adult industry modeled after the Oscars. The awards feature over 100 categories and has an attendance of over 3500 people. David Foster Wallace skeptically noted that AVN, in 1997, reviewed over 4,000 new releases in every category in comparison to the 375 films that the Academy Awards were required to see for the Oscars. This number increased to 8,000 for the 2008 Awards and Paul Fishbein comments that it is "a very long, horrible process". The New York Times noted that the "precise criteria for winning an AVN are not, well, explicit". Awards often go to consistent advertisers in AVN.

Sports columnist Bill Simmons commented that the Awards were "the most secretly captivating telecasts on TV" alongside the National Spelling Bee and Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Violet Blue, the sex writer, describes the Awards as "big backslapping event where the same companies and same names win year after year... To think of the 'porn Oscars' as a true representation of porn's very best is like having sex with a Jenna Jameson love doll and telling your friends you had sex with the porn star". Even Tyla Winn, an award winner, had trouble remembering one of her sex scenes that was nominated.

GayVN Awards
AVN also sponsors the GAYVN Awards which are presented annually to honor work done in the gay pornography industry. Awards for gay adult video were a part of the AVN awards from 1988 to 1998. In 1999, AVN decided to separately host the GayVN Awards.

AVN Online
AVN produces a publication dedicated to online adult business trends. In print and on the web, AVN Online publishes articles devoted to the diverse adult internet experience, such as a story about the Village TV Gay News.

title: AVN (magazine)


text:
M-54 (Michigan highway)

M-54 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that bypasses the city of Flint. It is named Dort Highway for much of its length, in honor of Flint carriage and automobile pioneer Josiah Dallas Dort. The portion from the north end of Dort Highway to Clio Road is part of the historic Saginaw Trail, and was also part of the old Dixie Highway. The modern highway runs for 30.276 mi through Genesee and Saginaw counties from connections with Interstate 75 (I-75) near Grand Blanc on the south to Birch Run on the north. The highway serves mostly suburban and urban sections of the Flint area. Outside of the city, it also passes through agricultural areas in northern Genesee County and southeastern Saginaw County. It also shares a short east–west section with M-83 near Birch Run.

The first state highway along the general route of M-54 was M-10, one of the original state trunklines signed in 1919. Later, it was redesignated as part of US Highway 10 (US 10) in the 1920s. After a series of realignments in the 1940s and 1960s, the roadway was given the M-54 designation in 1962. A segment of Saginaw Road through Flint was redesignated a business route in the 1940s that became Business M-54 (Bus. M-54) as well in 1962. That business loop was decommissioned in 1974. Previously, two other highways in Michigan bore the M-54 designation: a roadway that is now part of M-37 and one that is Bus. US 2 in Ironwood.

Route description
M-54 starts at exit 109 along I-75 and follows Dort Highway northward through suburban Grand Blanc Township. The area near the southern end is mostly residential, but north of Reid Road, there is the Grand Blanc Metal Center plant for General Motors to the east of the highway. M-54 intersects Hill and Saginaw roads in the unincorporated community of Whigville as the trunkline passes out of the industrial area surrounding the plant. North of the Maple Road intersection, Dort Highway crosses into Burton, and the suburban residential neighborhoods give way to commercial properties along the roadway. There is a rail line leased by Lake State Railway that runs parallel to the highway about a half mile (0.8 km) to the east. North of Atherton Road, M-54 crosses into Flint and runs through the city's east side. The trunkline intersects I-69 near the Amtrak station in the city, and a viaduct with a line of the Canadian National Railway. Between Robert T. Longway Boulevard and Davison Road, Dort Highway passes another industrial area. North of Leith Street, the highway turns to the northwest, and the parallel railroad, still part of the Lake State line, follows suit.

Dort Highway crosses the Flint River on the northeast side of the city near the interchange that connects the highway to I-475. This interchange uses the connection with Stewart Avenue on the western side of the river to provide all of the possible traffic movements between the freeway and the highway. M-54 turns due northerly past the interchange and crosses under the rail line as it heads out of Flint. The area north of the city line on Carpenter Road is dominated by industrial properties as far north as Coldwater Road. Running northward through a more rural area, M-54 passes to the east of Mount Morris. Turning northwesterly, the trunkline is dotted with commercial businesses as it continues to the Clio area. The highway runs parallel to east of the railroad. It passes the Flint Memorial Park cemetery and the Auto City Speedway, a motorsports race track in an area that is otherwise agricultural in nature away from the main highway. The Dort Highway name ends at the intersection with Saginaw Road, and the highway takes on the latter name. East of Clio, M-54 intersects M-57 (Vienna Road) in the unincorporated community of Pine Run.

Past the town, M-54 turns due north on Clio Road before crossing into southern Saginaw County. Over the county line, the name changes to Gera Road, and the trunkline runs through farm fields to an intersection with Birch Run Road. At that intersection, M-54 northbound turns westward and joins M-83 to run concurrently to Birch Run while M-83 continues north to Frankenmuth on Gera Road. Birch Run Road carries opposing directions of the two highways, a phenomenon called a wrong-way concurrency. Running westward, the road is signed as both M-54 northbound or M-83 southbound. About 2 mi west of the intersection between Gera and Birch Run roads, the two highways meet a common terminus at exit 136 on I-75/US 23 in a commercial district that includes a large outlet mall bordering that freeway.

M-54 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan. As a part of these maintenance responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction. These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic, which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. MDOT's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M-54 were the 30,145 vehicles daily north of the I-69 interchange in Flint; the lowest counts were the 2,880 vehicles per day along the M-83 concurrency. M-54 between I-75 in Grand Blanc Township and M-57 near Clio has been listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

Previous designations
The first version of M-54 began at M-16 (later US 16) near Grand Rapids and ran northerly along the current M-37 corridor to M-20 (later US 10). This version of M-54 was replaced by an extension of M-37 by 1927. The second incarnation of M-54 was designated in Ironwood along the former US 2 routing through downtown in 1934. This was replaced by the current Bus. US 2 in August 1942.

Current designation
Originally, Saginaw Road in the Flint area was a part of the Saginaw Trail, a Native American footpath in the area. In the early 20th century, the highway was a part of the Dixie Highway through the area. When the state signed its highway system in 1919, Saginaw Road was part of M-10; later it was used as a section of US 10 in 1926. In August 1926, the Flint City Council renamed the former Western Road after Josiah Dallas Dort, a partner in GM. In 1941, the highway was moved eastward to follow Dort Highway, and the route through the city was designated Bus. US 10.

The current M-54 was designated in 1962 for a former routing of US 10 through the Flint area; US 10 was moved after the completion of the I-75 freeway, and the M-54 designation was applied to the Saginaw Road-Dort Highway routing of US 10 from I-75 in Grand Blanc to M-83 in Birch Run. At the same time, Bus. US 10 became Bus. M-54 through Flint. An extension of Dort Highway in 1987 relocated the southern end of M-54 in Grand Blanc to end at exit 109 on I-75.

Business route
Business M-54 (Bus. M-54) was a business loop in the Flint area. It ran for about 14.8 mi along Saginaw Road, which was also called Saginaw Street in the city of Flint. The highway connected to its parent, M-54, in Grand Blanc Township on the south end and ran through suburban Burton northwesterly into Flint. There it ran through downtown, passing under I-475 without an interchange. Bus. M-54 ran parallel to that freeway and met I-69/M-21 at an interchange near downtown. There were intersections with both directions of M-56. The highway crossed the Flint River and turned northward. Saginaw Street continued parallel to what is now I-475 before passing out of town. In Mount Morris Township north of Flint, the business loop terminated at the intersection with M-54 (Dort Highway).

Originally, Saginaw Road in the Flint area was a part of the Saginaw Trail, a Native American footpath in the area. When the state signed its highway system in 1919, Saginaw Road was part of M-10. Later it was used as a section of US 10 in 1926. In 1929, the highway was moved eastward to follow Dort Highway, and the route through the city was designated M-10 again. In 1941, this was renumbered to Bus. US 10. Later, in 1962, US 10 was moved again to follow the recently completed I-75 freeway; the former route of US 10 was redesignated M-54 and its business loop was renumbered to match. This business route lasted until 1974; at the same time that I-475 was completed, Bus. M-54 was decommissioned and turned over to local control.

 * Major intersections

title: M-54 (Michigan highway)


text: User talk:70.88.129.85

title: User talk:70.88.129.85


text:
Talk:Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth

Town hall
Whereabout is Lambeth Town Hall?

Fair use rationale for Image:Arms-lambeth-mbc.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth


text:
Vasant Abaji Dahake

Vasant Abaji Dahake (born March 30, 1942) is a Marathi poet, playwright, short story writer, artist, and critic from Amaravati district in the Maharashtra state of India. In 2009, ee was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his collection Chitralipi.

He was associated with the little magazine movement in Marathi during the mid-1950s and the 1960s. Dahake was the President of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan held at Chandrapur in 2012. He is married and has two children.

Works
Poetry
 * Yogabhrashta (1972). (Translated into English as “A Terrorist of the Spirit' by Ranjit Hoskote and Mangesh Kulkarni.)
 * Shubha-Wartaman (1987)
 * Shunah-Shepa (1996)
 * Chitralipi

Fiction
 * Adholoka (1975)
 * ''Pratibaddha Ani Martya” (1981)

Essays & Literary Criticism maltekdivarun (2009) Other Works
 * Yatra Antaryatra (1999)
 * Kavita Mhanje Kay? (1991)
 * Samakaleen Sahitya (1992)
 * Kavitevishayi (1999)
 * Nivadak Sadanand Rege (1996) (A selection of Sadanand Rege's poetry)
 * Shaleya Marathi Shabdakosh (1997) (A Marathi dictionary for primary and secondary school students).
 * Sankshipta Marathi Vangmayakosh (1998) (Co-editor of an encyclopaedia of Marathi literature)
 * Kavita Visavya Shatakachi (2000) (Co-editor of an encyclopaedia of 20th century Marathi poetry)
 * Vangmayin Samdnya-Sankalpana Kosh (Co-editor)

title: Vasant Abaji Dahake


text:
Functional zoning

Functional zoning, functional city zoning, or use-based zoning is a method used for dividing land use by its function. Typically, land use is divided in two ways, by its function and by its physical characteristics. An example of functional zoning would be an area that has designated zones based on a function such as an industrial zone, a recreational zone and a residential zone. An example of an area zoned by its physical characteristics is defined in terms of characteristics like development density, minimum lot size, and building coverage, placement and height.

Functional zoning tends to create or increase car dependency, while mixed-use zoning tends to enable walking, making it more sustainable. It has been criticized for causing the squandering of land, energy, and time.

Single-use zoning
Separation between uses is a feature of many planned cities designed before the advent of zoning. A notable example is Adelaide in South Australia, whose city centre, along with the suburb of North Adelaide, is surrounded on all sides by a park, the Adelaide Park Lands. The park was designed by Colonel William Light in 1836 in order to physically separate the city centre from its suburbs. Low density residential areas surround the park. Sir Ebenezer Howard, founder of the garden city movement, cited Adelaide as an example of how green open space could be used to prevent cities from expanding beyond their boundaries and coalescing. His design for an ideal city, published in his 1902 book Garden Cities of To-morrow, envisaged separate concentric rings of public buildings, parks, retail space, residential areas and industrial areas, all surrounded by open space and farmland. All retail activity was to be conducted within a single glass-roofed building, an early concept for the modern shopping centre inspired by the Crystal Palace.

In 1916, New York City enacted the first city-wide zoning ordinance. Zoning ordinances like this one went beyond the earlier city plans to create a process for setting guidelines for what could be built where.

The application of single-use zoning has led to the distinctive form of many cities in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, in which a very dense urban core, often containing skyscrapers, is surrounded by low density residential suburbs, characterised by large gardens and leafy streets. Some metropolitan areas such as Minneapolis–St Paul, the San Francisco Bay Area, and Sydney have several such cores.

Mixed-use zoning
Mixed-use zoning combines residential, commercial, office, and public uses into a single space. Mixed-use zoning can be vertical, within a single building, or horizontal, involving multiple buildings.

Examples of mixed-use zoning include:
 * Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 * Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore, MD City Code, Art. 32 § 6-201 (2017).
 * Saint Anthony, Idaho St. Anthony, ID Municipal Code §§ 17.06.090-17.06.120

title: Functional zoning


text:
Polytoma

Polytoma is a genus of flagellates in the family Chlamydomonadaceae. Algae are similar to the genus Chlamydomonas, but lack chlorophyll and are colorless. Although they are not photosynthetic, they are grouped with the green algae because they are phylogenetically related to, and derived from, flagellate green algae.

Polytoma species are found in waters rich in organic matter.

Description
Polytoma is a genus of colorless, free-living chlorophytes similar in form to Chlamydomonas but lacking chlorophyll. Two flagella emanate from the anterior papilla of the cell, and cells have two contractile vacuoles at the flagellar base. The cell body can be spherical, ellipsoid, ovoid, or kidney-shaped. Polytoma possesses a leukoplast in place of a chloroplast, in which many starch grains are concentrated; there are typically no pyrenoids. Since they lack photosynthetic capability, Polytoma species are entirely saprotrophic, obtaining nutrients from decaying organic matter. Some species possess an eyespot apparatus (stigma) in the anterior portion of the leucoplast, but in others this organelle is absent.

Asexual reproduction occurs when the parent cell divides into four zoospores, while in the parent cell wall. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous.

Phylogeny
As currently circumscribed, the genus Polytoma is polyphyletic, with its members grouping into two clades.

title: Polytoma


text:
Pietro Ottoboni (cardinal)

Pietro Ottoboni (2 July 1667 – 28 February 1740) was an Italian cardinal and grandnephew of Pope Alexander VIII, who was also born Pietro Ottoboni. He is remembered especially as a great patron of music and art. Ottoboni was the last person to hold the curial office of cardinal-nephew, which was abolished by Alexander's successor, Pope Innocent XII, in 1692. Ottoboni '"loved pomp, prodigality, and sensual pleasure, but was in the same time kind, ready to serve, and charitable."

Overview
Pietro was born in Venice to the noble Ottoboni family, whose most prominent member had been his granduncle Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691). The family was invited into the nobility of Venice as a result of the battle of Zonchio (1499) and later met the financial qualifications for nobility in the 17th century after amassing a fortune in the diplomatic service.

Pietro was admitted to the clerical tonsure and minor orders on 20 October 1689 and was created cardinal deacon in the consistory of 7 November 1689, receiving the red hat on 14 November. the same day he was appointed to the office of vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, which he held till his death. He was also made governor of the cities of Fermo and Tivoli, as well as of the territory of Capranica.

He became cardinal-bishop of Sabina in 1725, cardinal-bishop of Frascati in 1730, cardinal-bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina in 1734, and vice-dean then dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 3 September 1738. Ottoboni was also Archpriest of the patriarchal Basilica of Saint Mary Major, secretary of the Roman Inquisition, Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran Basilica (from 1730).

Patron of the arts

Ottoboni was one of the great patrons of his generation. He resided in the Palazzo della Cancelleria, where he had begun to construct a theatre in 1689. The favourite of Cardinal Ottoboni, Andrea Adami, a castrato, was appointed master of the papal choir in the Sistine Chapel. Between 1709 and 1710 Filippo Juvarra entered the court and enlarged the theatre. Domenico Paradisi and Angelo de Rossi were responsible for the decoration of the palace suites.

Ottoboni supported Arcangelo Corelli, the finest violinist of his generation, at his Monday night concerts called "academies". When Corelli died in 1713, he left his estate, which included some valuable pictures, to the Cardinal, who distributed the sizable funds among Corelli's relations and erected a princely tomb for the musician in the Pantheon. Other protégés of the cardinal were Alessandro Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi and Antonio Caldara. As his father Antonio Ottoboni also did, Pietro Ottoboni wrote texts of cantatas and librettos for oratorios, such as for Scarlatti's La Giuditta of 1693. When opera was banned in Rome, performances withdrew to Ottoboni's Cancelleria. His triumphal return to Venice in 1726 was celebrated with musical festivities that included a serenata Andromeda liberata, with arias contributed by various Venetian masters, including Vivaldi.

The young Sicilian architect Giovanni Battista Vaccarini and painters Sebastiano Conca, Sebastiano Ricci and Francesco Trevisani, a resident of the court for almost four decades, also benefited from his patronage. One of his most important commissions was the Seven Sacraments executed in 1712 by Giuseppe Maria Crespi (now in the Museum of Dresden). In 1735 he donated his Roman sculptures and other antiquities to the Capitoline Museums. The last decade of Ottobini's life was his most active as a patron.

Upon the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, Ottoboni was considered papabile, but left the conclave with a fever. He died three days later. His heirs took advantage of the vacant papacy and removed everything portable from the Cancelleria. There is a full description of the cardinal's paintings, which locates them by room. It presents a clear picture of his extensive acquisitions over a period of fifty years. Listed are almost 530 paintings, some inherited from his great-uncle: the most important painters are mentioned above. Others were Benedetto Luti, Guido Reni, Giovanni Batista Gaulli, Tintoretto, Pusini, Giuseppe Chiari, Pietro da Cortona, Francesco Albani, Jacopo Bassano, Giovanni Baglione, Giacinto Brandi, Giuseppe Cesari, and Veronese. In Rome, Ottoboni had acquired a taste for Northern European paintings like those by Caspar van Wittel and Gerrit van Honthorst. The Ottoboni possessions were disposed of in four sales, and as a result, dispersed throughout the world. Final settlements of all accounts were made in 1752.

According to Charles Montesquieu Pietro Ottoboni had between 60 and 70 children. Portraits of his mistresses as saints, like Margarita Pio Zeno of Savoy (1670-1725), decorated his bedroom.

Debt and dispersal

Despite his numerous benefices, and his alliance with the French crown, the expenses of the cardinal were perpetually exceeding his income. Upon his death, his estate was subsequently liquidated to settle his debts.

Ottoboni's music library was dispersed after his death, but the so-called "Manchester Concerto Part-books" have survived with sets of separate parts for 95 compositions, mostly concertos. His manuscript scores came into the possession of Charles Jennens, the librettist for Handel’s Messiah. The diverse contents of the concerto collection suggest that Ottoboni’s musicians acquired and performed music from artistic centres elsewhere (notably Venice and Bologna) as well as works composed in Rome.

Ottoboni was a gifted opera and oratorio librettist and a member of the Academy of Arcadia. Pietro Metastasio, was his godchild.

title: Pietro Ottoboni (cardinal)


text:
Armagh GAA

The Armagh County Board (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Ard Mhacha) or Armagh GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Ireland, and is responsible for the administration of Gaelic games in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.

The county board is responsible for preparing the Armagh Gaa teams in the various sporting codes; football, hurling, camogie and handball.

The county football team won an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in 2002; it was the fifth from the province of Ulster to win the Sam Maguire Cup, leaving only Antrim, Fermanagh and Monaghan.

Clubs
The county's most successful football club is Crossmaglen Rangers. Crossmaglen have won the Armagh Senior Football Championship on 45 occasions, the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship on 11 occasions, and All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship on six occasions.

 * List of football clubs

County team
Armagh has a long tradition of football. Several clubs were already in existence before the formation of the County Board in 1889.

Armagh became only the second team to win the Ulster Senior Football Championship in 1890. In the early years of the GAA, a club that won its county championship went on to represent the county and would also wear the county colours. Armagh Harps represented Armagh in the Ulster final, beating Tyrone (Cookstown's Owen Roes), but losing to All-Ireland Champions Cork (Midleton) in the All-Ireland Semi-Final.

Despite early success at provincial level, national success at junior and minor level and All-Ireland final appearances in 1953 and 1977, it took until 2002, under manager Joe Kernan, for the Armagh county team to win a first All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title. The county won the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, in 1949 and again in 2009, but lost the 1957 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship final to Meath.

Kieran McGeeney took over as manager of Armagh in 2015. In 2024, he led them to a first All-Ireland Senior final since 2003.

County team
Like most counties outside of the game's heartland of Munster and south Leinster, hurling has tended to live in the shadow cast by Gaelic football in Armagh, with the exception of border areas such as Keady, Middletown and Armagh City.

Armagh won the 2010 Nicky Rackard Cup, defeating London by a scoreline of 3–15 to 3–14 at Croke Park on 3 July. The county's minor team won the Ulster Minor Hurling League Division One title and reached the final of the Ulster Minor Hurling Championship. The county's under-21 team also reached the final of the Ulster Under-21 Hurling Championship. In 2011, Armagh reached the Ulster Senior Hurling Championship final for the first time since 1946 and advanced to the Ulster Under-21 Hurling Championship final for a second consecutive year, the first time in team history. Armagh won the 2012 Nicky Rackard Cup, its second time to lift the trophy, defeating Louth by a scoreline of 3–20 to 1–15 at Croke Park on 9 June.

Camogie
The high point in Armagh's camogie history was an appearance in the National Camogie League final of 1995 against Cork, beating Galway and Wexford's first teams en route to the final. It came just one year after they qualified for senior status having won the All-Ireland Intermediate Camogie Championship in 1994, the "Premier Junior" championship for the Kay Mills Cup just twelve months earlier in 1993. The bulk of that team had emerged from an under-16 squad who reached the All Ireland final of 1988.

Armagh won Division 2 of the National Camogie League four times, 1980, 1988, 1993 and 1994, and the Nancy Murray Cup in 2006. Armagh qualified for the All Ireland Minor B final of 2003 and won the Minor C championship in 2011.

Crossmaglen won the 2005 All Ireland junior club title. Keady Lámh Dhearg qualified for the finals in 2006 and 2007. Keady Lámh Dhearg and St Brenda's Ballymacnab have won divisional honours at Féile na nGael. Notable players include young player of the year for 2005 Colette McSorley.

Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010-2015, "Our Game, Our Passion", five new camogie clubs were to be established in the county by 2015.

Michael Murphy and Pauric Dowdall resigned as managers of the county camogie team; Mattie Lennon was appointed manager in March 2021.

Armagh have the following achievements in camogie.

 * All-Ireland Intermediate Camogie Championship (1994)
 * All-Ireland Junior Camogie Championship (1993)
 * National Camogie League Division 2 (1980, 1988, 1993, 1994)
 * Nancy Murray Cup (2006)
 * Minor C championship (2011)

Ladies' football
Armagh has a ladies' football team. They have reached one all-Ireland final, losing to Cork in 2006. They won the 2024 national league final against Kerry.

title: Armagh GAA


text: Category:Ottawa municipal government

title: Category:Ottawa municipal government


text:
User talk:220.225.53.35

Proposed deletion of Jawahar Vidya Mandir

The article Jawahar Vidya Mandir has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "WP:MILL institution. Fails WP:NSCHOOL."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. -MPGuy2824 (talk) 03:38, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:220.225.53.35


text:
Media Blasters

Media Blasters, sometimes abbreviated as MB, is an American entertainment company that was founded by John Sirabella in 1997 and is based in New York City. It is in the business of licensing, translating, and releasing to the North American market manga and anime compilations, Asian films and television series, adult anime, monster movies, concert films, independent films, horror films, and exploitation films. Over its history, the company has licensed several popular titles, such as Rurouni Kenshin, Berserk, Bakuman, Shamanic Princess, Weiß Kreuz, Jubei-chan: The Ninja Girl, Chu-Bra!!, Grenadier, Holy Knight, Elf Princess Rane, Voogie's Angel, Iron Virgin Jun, Ultimate Girls and Blade of the Immortal.

Founding and growth
Before Media Blasters was founded, John Sirabella had previously founded Software Sculptors in 1992. After it was purchased by Central Park Media, Sirabella decided to leave and found Media Blasters in 1997 in New York City, New York. The company is divided into several divisions that target different aspects of the video market. They license titles for release and are involved in the production, localizing, and distribution. The Anime Works division was created in 1997, and focuses on localization and distribution of anime titles, but has also licensed non-anime works such as Invader Zim. The adult label Kitty Media was also started in 1997 and features explicit hentai works. Created in 1998, Tokyo Shock is Media Blaster's Asian cinema division, which is responsible for American localization of works such as Zatoichi: The Blind Swordsman of the Zatoichi franchise. Another division, Shriek Show, was founded in 2001 to focus on re-mastering horror titles for DVD release. In 2004, Media Blasters began publishing manga. The company first published shōnen manga titles for older readers, and later on it increased its yaoi manga line. At the height of its success, they released around five titles a month and had about 50 employees, but as the market decreased, so did the company.

Financial problems
In January 2012, John Sirabella announced that the company would be laying off approximately 10 employees, reducing its workforce by about 60 percent. He stated that this will not affect their production rates. In May 2012, it was reported that the New York State Department of State listed them as an inactive company due to not filing their taxes properly. The company later stated on Facebook that they had filed extensions for 2009, 2010, and 2011, but without their notice the Secretary of State took action. They also said that, at the time of posting, they had completed their filings properly and that they will continue to release titles. In March 2013, the company released a statement saying that, because a major back accident occurred in their warehouse, they were unable to travel to Japan to acquire licenses. This resulted in business associates of the company going around Japan showing a tax paper stating they were out of business, which ended up resulting in the company losing a majority of their titles, most notably Rurouni Kenshin, Berserk, and Bakuman. In January 2015, the company signed a deal with MB VoiceWorks to help produce English dubs for its anime titles in-house. Despite the closure of MB VoiceWorks in May 2016, Media Blasters would still continue to produce its English dubs in-house and that MB VoiceWorks co-founder Brittany Lauda would continue to lead the dubbing department and direct dubs for the company.

Recovery
In August 2020, the company created a new Twitter account to promote their new releases. The company also teased that many new releases would be coming in the future. In November 2020, the company announced that they will stop using their DVD-on-demand system. In January 2021, the company introduced a new opening animation.

Distribution
Their titles are distributed by GPC Films and streamed on Crunchyroll, Tubi, Amazon Prime Video, RetroCrush, and Midnight Pulp. Some of their titles were available on Hulu, but they have been removed.

On December 31, 2015, the television network Toku was launched, replacing the Funimation Channel (which relaunched as the Crunchyroll Channel on October 11, 2023). It aired many anime and live action titles from the Media Blasters catalog, such as Juden Chan, Ladies versus Butlers! and Rio: Rainbow Gate!. They are the main anime provider for the network. Media Blasters later revealed Blu-ray releases of ecchi comedies such as Jungle De Ikou! and Eiken in 2020. as well added on Tubi.

The company only directly releases its titles in North America. Some of its titles have been released in other territories by other distributors, such as Manga Entertainment, MVM Entertainment, Madman Anime Group, Siren Visual, and Animax.

Anime Works
Anime Works is the division used for the bulk of the company's anime titles. Some of the series released under this imprint include Magic Knight Rayearth, Rurouni Kenshin, Berserk, and Blade of the Immortal. The imprint also produced two original series with Yasuomi Umetsu, those being Kite Liberator and Mezzo Forte.

Kitty Media
Kitty Media specializes in adult anime (hentai) and pornographic films. The division also specializes in films and anime series that contain scenes of rape and graphic sexuality. Its first release, and the first release by Media Blasters as a whole, was Rei-Lan: Orchid Emblem. Media Blasters also publishes both hentai and yaoi manga under this imprint. It has also released several titles formerly released by Central Park Media's Anime 18 imprint.

In 2011, they entered a licensing partnership with Fakku to stream select titles, starting with Immoral Sisters. In 2017, they were acquired by Fakku for digital distribution, while physical distribution will still be maintained by Media Blasters. In late 2020 however, CEO of Fakku Jacob Grady announced in the official forums of Fakku that they have indefinitely deprioritized video streaming of Kitty Media adult anime because of distribution and copyright issues, causing some titles to be removed from the site. As of January 2023, Kitty Media is no longer part of Fakku after its nearly six year, unsuccessful venture in legal adult anime video streaming, giving Media Blasters back full control of the adult label.

Tokyo Shock
The Tokyo Shock division covers live action movies and television series from Japan and other Asian markets, such as several notable films from Toho Co. Ltd and Shaw Brothers (HK) Ltd.

Shriek Show
The Shriek Show division handled distribution of obscure horror and exploitation films. This division and the Fresh Meat line were discontinued in 2013.

Fresh Meat
The Fresh Meat line was a part of the Shriek Show division that handled horror films from new directors.

Fever Dreams
The Fever Dreams division specializes in original films. The company focused heavily on this division in 2013.

Guilty Pleasures
The Guilty Pleasures division specialized in releasing B-tier cult-classic films. This division was discontinued in 2013, but the company decided to start re-releasing some of its titles in 2021.

title: Media Blasters


text:
User:SeanMack/monobook.css

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title: User:SeanMack/monobook.css


text:
Calanthe

Calanthe, commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upright, sometimes arching flowering stems. The sepals and petals are narrow and a similar size to each other and the labellum usually has spreading lobes.

Description
Orchids in the genus Calanthe are terrestrial with small, crowded pseudobulbs with thick roots and a few corrugated or wrinkled leaves with the base tapering to a petiole-like stalk. Some species are evergreen while others are deciduous. The flowers are delicate but showy, white, pink, yellow or orange and crowded near the end of an erect, sometimes arching flowering stem. The sepals and petals are relatively narrow, similar in size and spread widely. The labellum has three or four spreading lobes and in most species there is a spur at the base. Unlike similar orchids, the labellum of Calanthe orchids is fused to the column.

Taxonomy and naming
The genus Calanthe was first formally described in 1821 by Robert Brown and his manuscript was published in The Botanical Register. The name Calanthe is derived from the Ancient Greek words kallos meaning "beauty" and anthos meaning "flower".

Distribution and habitat
Calanthe species are found in all tropical areas, but mostly concentrated in Southeast Asia. Some species also range into subtropical lands such as China, India, Madagascar, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

List of species
The following is a list of species of Calanthe recognised by the Plants of the World Online as at August 2018:

 * Calanthe abbreviata (Blume) Lindl.
 * Calanthe aceras Schltr.
 * Calanthe africana M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe alba W.Suarez & Cootes
 * Calanthe albolutea Ridl.
 * Calanthe alismifolia Lindl.
 * Calanthe alleizettei Gagnep.
 * Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl.
 * Calanthe alta Rchb.f.
 * Calanthe amboinensis (Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe angustifolia (Blume) Lindl.
 * Calanthe aquamarina Schuit. & de Vogel
 * Calanthe arcuata Rolfe
 * Calanthe arfakana J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe argenteostriata C.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng
 * Calanthe arisanensis Hayata
 * Calanthe aristulifera Rchb.f.
 * Calanthe aruank P.Royen
 * Calanthe aurantiaca Ridl.
 * Calanthe aureiflora J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe averyanoviana M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe baconii (J.J.Sm. & Shim) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe balansae Finet
 * Calanthe baliensis J.J.Wood & J.B.Comber
 * Calanthe beamanii P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe beleensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe bicalcarata J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe biloba Lindl.
 * Calanthe bingtaoi J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
 * Calanthe bivalvis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
 * Calanthe borneensis (J.J.Sm.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe brassii Ormerod
 * Calanthe brevicornu Lindl.
 * Calanthe burkei P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe calanthoides (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Hamer & Garay in F.Hamer
 * Calanthe callosa (Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe camptoceras Schltr.
 * Calanthe cardioglossa Schltr.
 * Calanthe carrii Govaerts
 * Calanthe caulescens J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe caulodes J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe ceciliae Rchb.f.
 * Calanthe celebica Rolfe
 * Calanthe chevalieri Gagnep.
 * Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl.
 * Calanthe chrysoglossoides J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe clavata Lindl.
 * Calanthe clavicalcar J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe claytonii P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe coiloglossa Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
 * Calanthe columnaris (C.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe conspicua Lindl.
 * Calanthe coodei P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe cooperi (Rolfe) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe cootesii Naive
 * Calanthe corymboides (Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe cremeoviridis J.J.Wood
 * Calanthe crenulata J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe crispifolia Ormerod
 * Calanthe cruciata Schltr.
 * Calanthe crumenata Ridl.
 * Calanthe crystallina P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe curvatoascendens Gilli
 * Calanthe daenikeri (Kraenzl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe davaensis Ames
 * Calanthe davidii Franch.
 * Calanthe daymanensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe decora M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe delavayi Finet
 * Calanthe densiflora Lindl.
 * Calanthe devogelii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 * Calanthe discolor Lindl.
 * Calanthe dolichopoda Fukuy
 * Calanthe dulongensis H.Li, R.Li & Z.L.Dao
 * Calanthe duyana Aver.
 * Calanthe ecalcarata (J.J.Sm.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe ecallosa J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe ecarinata Rolfe ex Hemsl.
 * Calanthe emeishanica K.Y.Lang & Z.H.Tsi
 * Calanthe engleriana Kraenzl. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
 * Calanthe epiphytica Carr
 * Calanthe fargesii Finet
 * Calanthe ferruginea M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe finisterrae Schltr.
 * Calanthe fissa L.O.Williams
 * Calanthe flava (Blume) C.Morren
 * Calanthe floresana P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe forbesii Ridl.
 * Calanthe formosana Rolfe
 * Calanthe fragrans P.Royen
 * Calanthe francoisii (Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe fugongensis X.H.Jin & S.C.Chen
 * Calanthe geelvinkensis J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe gibbsiae Rolfe
 * Calanthe goodenoughiana Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe graciliflora Hayata
 * Calanthe graciliscapa Schltr.
 * Calanthe grandiflora Nadeaud
 * Calanthe grata (Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe griffithii Lindl.
 * Calanthe gustavii M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe habbemensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe hainanensis (C.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng) M.W.Chase & Schuit.
 * Calanthe halconensis Ames
 * Calanthe hancockii Rolfe
 * Calanthe hattorii Schltr.
 * Calanthe hekouensis (Tsukaya, M.Najak. & S.K.Wu) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe henryi Rolfe
 * Calanthe herbacea Lindl.
 * Calanthe himalaicum Raskoti
 * Calanthe hirsuta Seidenf.
 * Calanthe hololeuca Rchb.f. in B.Seemann
 * Calanthe hoshii S.Kobay.
 * Calanthe humblotii (Rchb.f.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe hyacinthina Schltr.
 * Calanthe imthurnii Kores
 * Calanthe indigofera (Hassk.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe indochinensis (Seidenf. & Ormerod) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe inflata Schltr.
 * Calanthe insularis S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
 * Calanthe izu-insularis (Satomi) Ohwi & Satomi in J.Ohwi
 * Calanthe johorensis Holttum
 * Calanthe judithiae P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe jusnerii Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco
 * Calanthe kaniensis Schltr.
 * Calanthe kemulensis J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe kermodei Ormerod & Kurzweil
 * Calanthe keshabii Lucksom
 * Calanthe kinabaluensis Rolfe
 * Calanthe kooshunensis Fukuy.
 * Calanthe labiata (J.J.Sm.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe labrosa (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
 * Calanthe lacerata Ames
 * Calanthe laciniata (Ormerod) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe lambii P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe lamellosa Rolfe
 * Calanthe lancilabris Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe landyae (P.J.Cribb & J.V.Stone) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe lechangensis Z.H.Tsi & Tang
 * Calanthe leonidii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 * Calanthe leucosceptrum Schltr.
 * Calanthe leuseri P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe ligo P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe limprichtii Schltr.
 * Calanthe longgangensis Y.S.Huang & Yan Liu
 * Calanthe longibracteata Ridl.
 * Calanthe longicornu (Guillaumin) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe longifolia Schltr.
 * Calanthe longipes Hook.f.
 * Calanthe lutea (Ursch & Toill.-Gen. ex Bosser) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe lyonii (Ames) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe lyroglossa Rchb.f.
 * Calanthe madagascariensis Rolfe ex Hook.f.
 * Calanthe mannii Hook.f.
 * Calanthe maquilingensis Ames
 * Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl.
 * Calanthe maxii P.O'Byrne
 * Calanthe mcgregorii Ames
 * Calanthe metoensis Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
 * Calanthe micrantha Schltr.
 * Calanthe microglossa Ridl.
 * Calanthe millikenii P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe millotae Ursch & Genoud ex Bosser
 * Calanthe mindorensis Ames, Philipp. J. Sci.
 * Calanthe mishmensis (Lindl. & Paxton) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe moluccensis J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe monophylla Ridl.
 * Calanthe montana (Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe morotaiensis (Ormerod & Juswara) Schuit.
 * Calanthe musa-amanii J.J.Wood
 * Calanthe nana (Hook.f.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe nankunensis Z.H.Tsi
 * Calanthe nguyenthinhii Aver.
 * Calanthe nicolae P.O'Byrne
 * Calanthe nipponica Makino
 * Calanthe nivalis Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco
 * Calanthe obcordata (Lindl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe obreniformis J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe odora Griff.
 * Calanthe okinawensis Hayata
 * Calanthe oreadum Rendle
 * Calanthe otuhanica C.L.Chan & T.J.Barkman
 * Calanthe ovalifolia Ridl.
 * Calanthe ovata Ridl.
 * Calanthe parvilabris Schltr.
 * Calanthe pauciflora (Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe pauciverrucosa J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe pavairiensis Ormerod
 * Calanthe perrottetii A.Rich.
 * Calanthe petelotiana Gagnep.
 * Calanthe peyrotii (Bosser) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe philippinensis (N.E.Br.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.
 * Calanthe poiformis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
 * Calanthe polyantha Gilli
 * Calanthe puberula Lindl.
 * Calanthe pulchella (Kraenzl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl.
 * Calanthe pullei J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe punctata Kurzweil
 * Calanthe reflexilabris J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe reflexipetals (J.J.Wood & Shim) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe rhodochila Schltr.
 * Calanthe rigida Carr
 * Calanthe robertsii (F.Muell.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe rosea (Lindl.) Benth.
 * Calanthe rubens Ridl.
 * Calanthe rubra S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
 * Calanthe ruthiae (P.T.Ong & P.O'Byrne) Schuit.
 * Calanthe ruttenii J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe saccata J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe sacculata Schltr.
 * Calanthe salaccensis J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe sandsii P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe scaposa Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
 * Calanthe secunda P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe seranica J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe siargaoensis M.Leon, Naive & Cootes
 * Calanthe sieboldopsis B.Y.Yang & Bo Li
 * Calanthe simplex Seidenf.
 * Calanthe simulans (Rolfe) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe sinica Z.H.Tsi
 * Calanthe solomonensis P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 * Calanthe spathoglottoides Schltr.
 * Calanthe speciosa (Blume) Lindl.
 * Calanthe steinhardtiana (Senghas) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe stella P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe stenocentron (Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe striata R.Br. ex Spreng.
 * Calanthe subtriloba (Ames & C.Schweinf.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe succedanea Gagnep.
 * Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl.
 * Calanthe taenioides J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe tahitensis Nadeaud
 * Calanthe taibaishanensis M.Guo, J.W.Zhai & L.J.Chen
 * Calanthe takeoi Hayata
 * Calanthe takeuchii Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe tankervilleae (Banks) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe tenuis Ames & C.Schweinf.
 * Calanthe testacea M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe tetragona (Thoars) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe tonkinensis (Aver.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe torricellensis Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
 * Calanthe transiens J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe tricarinata Lindl.
 * Calanthe trichoneura (Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe trifida Tang & F.T.Wang
 * Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames
 * Calanthe trulliformis King & Pantl.
 * Calanthe truncata J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe truncicola Schltr.
 * Calanthe tsiana Y.Q.Chen, J.W.Zhai & S.R.Lan
 * Calanthe tsoongiana Tang & F.T.Wang
 * Calanthe tuberculosa (Thoars) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe uncata Lindl.
 * Calanthe undulata J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe unifolia Ridl.
 * Calanthe velutina Ridl.
 * Calanthe ventilabrum Rchb.f. in B.Seemann
 * Calanthe versteegii J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe vestita Wall. ex Lindl.
 * Calanthe villosa J.J.Sm.
 * Calanthe villosagastris (Thoars) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe wallichii (Lindl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe wenshanensis J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
 * Calanthe whistleri P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 * Calanthe whiteana King & Pantl.
 * Calanthe womersleyi P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
 * Calanthe woodfordii (Hook.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit.
 * Calanthe woodii P.J.Cribb
 * Calanthe wuxiensis H.P.Deng & F.Q.Yu
 * Calanthe yaoshanensis Z.X.Ren & H.Wang
 * Calanthe yueana Tang & F.T.Wang
 * Calanthe yuksomnensis Lucksom
 * Calanthe zollingeri Rchb.f.

title: Calanthe


text:
Stream processor

Stream processor may refer to:

 * Stream processing, a technique used to accelerate the processing of many types of video and image computations.
 * Stream Processors, Inc, a semiconductor company that has commercialized stream processing for DSP applications.
 * Event Stream Processing, is a set of technologies designed to assist the construction of event-driven information systems.

title: Stream processor


text: Category:Former municipalities now in Ottawa


text:
Roberto Acuña

Roberto Miguel Acuña Cabello (born 25 March 1972) is a Paraguayan former footballer.

Nicknamed "El Toro" (The Bull) due to his strength and dominating presence, he operated mainly as a central midfielder. He spent several years as a professional in Spain at Zaragoza and Deportivo, appearing rarely for the latter club.

Acuña played 100 times for Paraguay, representing the nation in three World Cups and four Copa América tournaments.

Club career
Acuña was born in Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina, emigrating to Paraguay (his father's origin country) at a young age and starting playing for Club Nacional in 1989. After five years, he decided to acquire the country's citizenship to play for the national team, eventually becoming the second most capped player in Paraguay's history, second only to Carlos Gamarra.

Afterwards, Acuña played four seasons back in Argentina, with Argentinos Juniors, Club Atlético Independiente and Boca Juniors, before moving to Europe in 1997 where he signed with Spain's Real Zaragoza. With the Aragonese he was an ever present midfield fixture, helping the side to the 2001 conquest of the Copa del Rey. In 2001, he won the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year award.

Consequently, Acuña attracted attention from Deportivo de La Coruña, which bought the player for five years and €11 million even though he was still due a five-match suspension from the previous season, where Zaragoza was relegated. With the Galicians, however, he never appeared more than seven times in the league during his spell, also struggling with injuries and being often loaned.

Acuña first retired in 2007, finishing his career in Paraguay with Olimpia Asunción. However, in 2009, he came out of inactivity, signing with lowly Club Rubio Ñu; in 2012, the 40-year-old joined Club 12 de Octubre.

In 2015, aged 43, Acuña helped Deportivo Recoleta gain promotion to the Paraguayan Primera División B. In December of that year, he re-joined former club Rubio Ñu.

International career
Like central defender Gamarra, Acuña appeared in three FIFA World Cup – 1998, 2002 and 2006 – and collected 100 caps in total, scoring five goals. He played all the matches for the national team in all three editions, and was the first Paraguayan to be sent off in a World Cup when he elbowed Germany's Michael Ballack in the last minute of the 0–1 round-of-16 loss on 15 June 2002 (for a second bookable offense).

In the build-up to the 2006 World Cup, Acuña made headlines in Sweden after reportedly having asked a FIFA employee to phone and try to arrange a date with a female photographer. He retired from international competition on 11 June 2011 at the age of 39, captaining Paraguay in a friendly with Romania.

Acuña also represented the nation in the beach soccer variety.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Paraguay's goal tally first.

Club
Independiente
 * Supercopa Sudamericana: 1995

Zaragoza
 * Copa del Rey: 2000–01

Individual

 * Paraguayan Footballer of the Year: 2001

title: Roberto Acuña


text:
Talk:Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow

Pronunciation
I recall reading a book that specified the pronunciation of Sylow, and noted that pronouncing it like Silo is completely wrong. It may have been "The theory of finite groups : an introduction", by Hans Kurzweil, and Bernd Stellmacher (but that strikes me as wrong) but I don't have access to the library to check it any more. In any case, we should have a note on the correct pronounciation, here and possibly on Sylow Theorem.--Prosfilaes 17:50, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I support this comment. One of my teachers told me to pronounce it "sylov". We should definitively have an .ogg file with the pronunciation of his name. Randomblue (talk) 15:53, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

It's actually more like See-Wov. The l is actually an ł. --128.6.168.245 (talk) 15:04, 26 September 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.6.168.245 (talk)

According to "Contemporary Abstract Algebra" by Gallian & Gallian pg 341 it's pronounced "See-low". Mero son ox  t c g  18:11, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Spelling of second name
I suggest we ought to follow Norwegian practice in spelling his name as "Ludvig", not "Ludwig". This would agree with
 * * Store norske leksikon (http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Ludvig_Sylow/utdypning), as well as several references quoted there
 * * Norwegian Wikipedia
 * * Nynorsk Wikipedia
 * * Netherlands Wikipedia.

Probably "Ludwig" (the German spelling of the name) may be a mistake imported from some English-language sources which I trust less than the Norwegian ones. (In his own publications which I've seen he just appears as "L. Sylow", which helps not at all.) I suppose the change would mean moving the page. I wouldn't do that without authority or consensus.

Ambrose H. Field (talk) 19:56, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow


text:
Capote

Capote may refer to:

People

 * Capote Band of Utes, a branch of the Ute people
 * Truman Capote, an American author, screenwriter, playwright, and actor

Art, entertainment, and media

 * Capote (film), a 2005 biographical film starring Philip Seymour Hoffman as Truman Capote

Other

 * Capote (garment), an early 19th-century winter coat made with a wool blanket such as a Hudson's Bay point blanket
 * Capote (horse), Champion American Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Capote, the dress cape worn by a matador or torero
 * Capote, a model of woman's bonnet (headgear)
 * Kapoteh, sometimes spelled capote, a type of frock coat often worn by married Hasidic Jews

title: Capote


text:
Subtelomere

Subtelomeres are segments of DNA between telomeric caps and chromatin.

Structure
Telomeres are specialized protein–DNA constructs present at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, which prevent them from degradation and end-to-end chromosomal fusion. Most vertebrate telomeric DNA consists of long (TTAGGG)n repeats of variable length, often around 3-20kb. Subtelomeres are segments of DNA between telomeric caps and chromatin. In vertebrates, each chromosome has two subtelomeres immediately adjacent to the long (TTAGGG)n repeats. Subtelomeres are considered to be the most distal (farthest from the centromere) region of unique DNA on a chromosome, and they are unusually dynamic and variable mosaics of multichromosomal blocks of sequence. The subtelomeres of such diverse species as humans, Plasmodium falciparum, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are structurally similar in that they are composed of various repeated elements, but the extent of the subtelomeres and the sequence of the elements vary greatly among organisms. In yeast (S. cerevisiae), subtelomeres are composed of two domains: the proximal and distal (telomeric) domains. The two domains differ in sequence content and extent of homology to other chromosome ends, and they are often separated by a stretch of degenerate telomere repeats (TTAGGG) and an element called 'core X', which is found at all chromosome ends and contains an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) and an ABF1 binding site. The proximal domain is composed of variable interchromosomal duplications (<1-30 kb); this region can contain genes such Pho, Mel, and Mal. The distal domain is composed of 0-4 tandem copies of the highly conserved Y' element; the number and chromosomal distribution of Y′ elements varies among yeast strains. Between the core X and the Y' element or the core X and TTAGGG sequence there is often a set of 4 subtelomeric repeats elements (STR): STR-A, STR-B, STR-C and STR-D which consists of multiple copies of the vertebrate telomeric motif TTAGGG. This two-domain structure is remarkably similar to the subtelomere structure in human chromosomes 20p, 4q and 18p in which proximal and distal subtelomeric domains are separated by a stretch of degenerate TTAGGG repeats, but the picture that emerges from studies of the subtelomeres of other human chromosomes indicates that the two-domain model does not apply universally.

Properties
This structure with repeated sequences is responsible for frequent duplication events, which create new genes, and recombination events, at the origin of combination diversity. These properties generate diversity at an individual scale and therefore contribute to adaptation of organisms to their environments. For example, in Plasmodium falciparum during interphase of the erythrocytic stage, the chromosomic extremities are gathered at the cell nucleus periphery, where they undergo frequent deletion and telomere position effect (TPE). This event, in addition to expansion and deletion of subtelomeric repeats, gives rise to chromosome size polymorphisms and thus, subtelomeres undergo epigenetic and genetic controls. Because of the properties of subtelomeres, Plasmodium falciparum evades host immunity by varying the antigenic and adhesive character of infected erythrocytes (see Subtelomeric transcripts).

Variations
Variation of subtelomeric regions are mostly variation on STRs, due to recombination of large-scale stretches delimited by (TTAGGG)n-like repeated sequences, which play an important role in recombination and transcription. Haplotype (DNA sequence variants) and length differences are therefore observed between individuals.

Subtelomeric transcripts
Subtelomeric transcripts largely consist of either pseudogenes (transcribed genes producing RNA sequences not translated into protein) or gene families. In humans, they code for olfactory receptors, immunoglobulin heavy chains, and zinc-finger proteins. In other species, several parasites such as Plasmodium and Trypanosoma brucei have developed sophisticated evasion mechanisms to adapt to the hostile environment posed by the host, such as exposing variable surface antigens to escape the immune system. Genes coding for surface antigens in these organisms are located at subtelomeric regions, and it has been speculated that this preferred location facilitates gene switching and expression, and the generation of new variants. For example, the genes belonging to the var family in Plasmodium falciparum (agent of malaria) are mostly localized in subtelomeric regions. Antigenic variation is orchestrated by epigenetic factors, including monoallelic var transcription at separate spatial domains at the nuclear periphery (nuclear pore), differential histone marks on otherwise identical var genes, and var silencing mediated by telomeric heterochromatin. Other factors such as non-coding RNA produced in subtelomeric regions adjacent or within var genes may contribute as well to antigenic variation. In Trypanosoma brucei (agent of sleeping sickness), variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) antigenic variation is a relevant mechanism used by the parasite to evade the host immune system. VSG expression is exclusively subtelomeric and occurs either by in situ activation of a silent VSG gene or by DNA rearrangement that inserts an internal silent copy of a VSG gene into an active telomeric expression site. To contrast with Plasmodium falciparum, in Trypanosoma brucei, antigenic variation is orchestrated by epigenetic and genetic factors.

In Pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein (MSG) gene family cause antigenic variation. MSG genes are like boxes at chromosome ends, and only the MSG gene at the unique locus UCS (upstream conserved sequence) is transcribed. Different MSG genes can occupy the expression site (UCS), suggesting that recombination can take a gene from a pool of silent donors and install it at the expression site, possibly via crossovers, activating transcription of a new MSG gene, and changing the surface antigen of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Switching at the expression site is probably facilitated by the subtelomeric locations of expressed and silent MSG genes. A second subtelomeric gene family, MSR, is not strictly regulated at the transcriptional level, but may contribute to phenotypic diversity. Antigenic variation in P. jirovecii is dominated by genetic regulation.

Pathologic implication
Loss of telomeric DNA through repeated cycles of cell division is associated with senescence or somatic cell aging. In contrast, germ line and cancer cells possess an enzyme, telomerase, which prevents telomere degradation and maintains telomere integrity, causing these types of cells to be very long-lived.

In humans, the role of subtelomere disorders is demonstrated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and peculiar syndromic diseases (malformation and mental retardation). For example, FSHD is associated with a deletion in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q. A series of 10 to >100 kb repeats is located in the normal 4q subtelomere, but FSHD patients have only 1–10 repeat units. This deletion is thought to cause disease owing to a position effect that influences the transcription of nearby genes, rather than through the loss of the repeat array itself.

Advantages and effects
Subtelomeres are homologous to other subtelomeres that are located at different chromosomes and are a type of transposable element, DNA segments that can move around the genome. Although subtelomeres are pseudogenes and do not code for protein, they provide an evolutionary advantage by diversifying genes. The duplication, recombination, and deletion of subtelomeres allow for the creation of new genes and new chromosomal properties. The advantages of subtelomeres have been studied in different species such as Plasmodium falciparum, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, since they have similar genetic elements to humans, not accounting for length and sequence. Subtelomeres might have the same role in plants since the same advantage have been found in a common bean plant known as Phaseolus vulgaris.

Different varieties of subtelomeres are frequently rearranging during meiotic and mitotic recombination, indicating that subtelomeres are frequently shuffling, which causes new and rapid genetic changes in chromosomes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 15kb region of chromosome 7L in subtelomeres maintained cell viability in the removal of telomerase, while the removal of the last 15kb increased chromosome senescence. The knockout of subtelomeres in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cells does not impede mitosis and meiosis from occurring, indicating that subtelomeres are not necessary for cell division. They are not needed for the procession of mitosis and meiosis yet, subtelomeres take advantage of cellular DNA recombination. The knockout of subtelomeres in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells does not affect the regulation of multiple stress responses, when treated with high doses of hydroxyurea, camptothecin, ultraviolet radiation, and thiabendazole. Knockout of Subtelomeres in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells did not affect the length of telomeres, indicating that they play no role it the regulation of length. However, subtelomeres strongly influences the replication timing of telomeres. Knockout of subtelomeres in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells after the loss of telomerase does not affect cell survival, indicating that subtelomeres are not necessary for cell survival. An explanation as to why subtelomeres are not necessary after the loss of telomerase is because the chromosomes can use intra or inter-chromosomal circularization or HAATI to maintain chromosomal stabilization. However, the use of inter-chromosomal circularization engenders chromosome instability by creating two centromeres in a single chromosome, causing chromosomal breakage during mitosis. In response to this, the chromosome could induce centromere inactivation to impede the formation of two centromeres, but this would induce heterochromatin formation in centromeres. Heterochromatin can be deleterious if it gets into a location that it is not supposed to be in. Subtelomeres are responsible to block heterochromatin from getting into the euchromatin region. Subtelomeres can mitigate the effects of heterochromatin invasion, by distributing heterochromatin around the ends of the subtelomeres. Without subtelomeres, heterochromatin would spread around the region of subtelomeres, getting too close to important genes. At this distance, heterochromatin can silence genes that are nearby, resulting in a higher sensitivity to osmotic stress.

Subtelomeres carry out essential functions with Shugoshin protein. Shugoshin is a centromere protein for chromosome segregation during meiosis and mitosis. There are two types of Shugoshin protein: SGOL1 and SGOL2. Sgo1 is only expressed in meiosis 1 for centromeric cohesion of the sister chromosomes, while Sgo2, expressed in meiosis and mitosis, is responsible for the segregation of chromosomes at centromeres in the M phase. In fission yeast, Sgo2 is localized not only in centromeres, but also in subtelomeres. Sgo2 interacts with subtelomeres during interphase; middle of the G2 phase and plays a major role in forming "knob", which is a highly condensed chromatin body. Sgo2 remains in subtelomeres, whose cells lack telomere DNA. Sgo2 represses the expression of subtelomeric genes that is in a different pass-way from the H3K9me3- Swi6-mediated heterochromatin. Sgo2 has also repressive effects for timing of subtelomeres replication by suppressing Sld3, a replication factor, at the start of the replication. Thus, Sgo2 regulate gene expressions and replication to ensure proper subtelomeric gene expression and replication timing.

Analysis
Subtelomere analysis, especially sequencing and profiling of patient subtelomeres, is difficult because of the repeated sequences, length of stretches, and lack of databases on the topic.

title: Subtelomere