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Energy–momentum relation

In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with non-zero momentum. It can be written as the following equation: This equation holds for a body or system, such as one or more particles, with total energy $E$, invariant mass $m_{0}$, and momentum of magnitude $p$; the constant $c$ is the speed of light. It assumes the special relativity case of flat spacetime and that the particles are free. Total energy is the sum of rest energy and kinetic energy, while invariant mass is mass measured in a center-of-momentum frame.

For bodies or systems with zero momentum, it simplifies to the mass–energy equation $$ E = m_0 \textrm c^2$$, where total energy in this case is equal to rest energy (also written as $E_{0}$).

The Dirac sea model, which was used to predict the existence of antimatter, is closely related to the energy–momentum relation.

Connection to $E = mc^{2}$

The energy–momentum relation is consistent with the familiar mass–energy relation in both its interpretations: $E = mc^{2}$ relates total energy $E$ to the (total) relativistic mass $m$ (alternatively denoted $m_{rel}$ or $m_{tot}$ ), while $E_{0} = m_{0}c^{2}$ relates rest energy $E_{0}$ to (invariant) rest mass $m_{0}$.

Unlike either of those equations, the energy–momentum equation ($$) relates the total energy to the rest mass $m_{0}$. All three equations hold true simultaneously.

Special cases

 * 1) If the body is a massless particle ($m_{0} = 0$), then ($$) reduces to $E = pc$.  For photons, this is the relation, discovered in 19th century classical electromagnetism, between radiant momentum (causing radiation pressure) and radiant energy.
 * 2) If the body's speed $v$ is much less than $c$, then ($$) reduces to $E = 1⁄2m_{0}v^{2} + m_{0}c^{2}$; that is, the body's total energy is simply its classical kinetic energy ($1⁄2m_{0}v^{2}$) plus its rest energy.
 * 3) If the body is at rest ($v = 0$), i.e. in its center-of-momentum frame ($p = 0$), we have $E = E_{0}$ and $m = m_{0}$; thus the energy–momentum relation and both forms of the mass–energy relation (mentioned above) all become the same.

A more general form of relation ($$) holds for general relativity.

The invariant mass (or rest mass) is an invariant for all frames of reference (hence the name), not just in inertial frames in flat spacetime, but also accelerated frames traveling through curved spacetime (see below). However the total energy of the particle $E$ and its relativistic momentum $p$ are frame-dependent; relative motion between two frames causes the observers in those frames to measure different values of the particle's energy and momentum; one frame measures $E$ and $p$, while the other frame measures $E'$ and $p'$, where $E' ≠ E$ and $p' ≠ p$, unless there is no relative motion between observers, in which case each observer measures the same energy and momenta. Although we still have, in flat spacetime:
 * $${E'}^2 - \left(p'c\right)^2 = \left(m_0 c^2\right)^2\,.$$

The quantities $E$, $p$, $E'$, $p'$ are all related by a Lorentz transformation. The relation allows one to sidestep Lorentz transformations when determining only the magnitudes of the energy and momenta by equating the relations in the different frames. Again in flat spacetime, this translates to;

 * $${E}^2 - \left(pc\right)^2 = {E'}^2 - \left(p'c\right)^2 = \left(m_0 c^2\right)^2\,.$$

Since $m_{0}$ does not change from frame to frame, the energy–momentum relation is used in relativistic mechanics and particle physics calculations, as energy and momentum are given in a particle's rest frame (that is, $E'$ and $p'$ as an observer moving with the particle would conclude to be) and measured in the lab frame (i.e. $E$ and $p$ as determined by particle physicists in a lab, and not moving with the particles).

In relativistic quantum mechanics, it is the basis for constructing relativistic wave equations, since if the relativistic wave equation describing the particle is consistent with this equation – it is consistent with relativistic mechanics, and is Lorentz invariant. In relativistic quantum field theory, it is applicable to all particles and fields.

Origins and derivation of the equation
The energy–momentum relation goes back to Max Planck's article published in 1906. It was used by Walter Gordon in 1926 and then by Paul Dirac in 1928 under the form $E=\sqrt{c^2p^2+(m_0c^2)^2} + V$, where V is the amount of potential energy.

The equation can be derived in a number of ways, two of the simplest include:

 * 1) From the relativistic dynamics of a massive particle,
 * 2) By evaluating the norm of the four-momentum of the system. This method applies to  both massive and massless particles, and can be extended to multi-particle systems with relatively little effort (see  below).

Heuristic approach for massive particles
For a massive object moving at three-velocity $u = (u_{x}, u_{y}, u_{z})$ with magnitude $|u| = u$ in the lab frame:
 * $$E=\gamma_{(\mathbf{u})}m_0c^2$$

is the total energy of the moving object in the lab frame,
 * $$\mathbf{p} = \gamma_{(\mathbf{u})} m_0\mathbf{u}$$

is the three dimensional relativistic momentum of the object in the lab frame with magnitude $|p| = p$. The relativistic energy $E$ and momentum $p$ include the Lorentz factor defined by:
 * $$\gamma_{(\mathbf{u})} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{\mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{u}}{c^2}}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{u}{c}\right)^2}} $$

Some authors use relativistic mass defined by:
 * $$m = \gamma_{(\mathbf{u})} m_0$$

although rest mass $m_{0}$ has a more fundamental significance, and will be used primarily over relativistic mass $m$ in this article.

Squaring the 3-momentum gives:
 * $$p^2 = \mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{p} = \frac{m_0^2 \mathbf{u}\cdot \mathbf{u}}{1 - \frac{\mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{u}}{c^2}} = \frac{m_0^2 u^2}{1 - \left(\frac{u}{c}\right)^2}$$

then solving for $u2$ and substituting into the Lorentz factor one obtains its alternative form in terms of 3-momentum and mass, rather than 3-velocity:
 * $$\gamma = \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{p}{m_0 c}\right)^2}$$

Inserting this form of the Lorentz factor into the energy equation gives:
 * $$E = m_0c^2\sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{p}{m_0 c}\right)^2}$$

followed by more rearrangement it yields ($$). The elimination of the Lorentz factor also eliminates implicit velocity dependence of the particle in ($$), as well as any inferences to the "relativistic mass" of a massive particle. This approach is not general as massless particles are not considered. Naively setting $m_{0} = 0$ would mean that $E = 0$ and $p = 0$ and no energy–momentum relation could be derived, which is not correct.

Special relativity
In Minkowski space, energy (divided by $E$) and momentum are two components of a Minkowski four-vector, namely the four-momentum;
 * $$\mathbf{P} = \left(\frac{E}{c}, \mathbf{p}\right)\,,$$

(these are the contravariant components).

The Minkowski inner product $p$ of this vector with itself gives the square of the norm of this vector, it is proportional to the square of the rest mass $E'$ of the body:

 * $$\left\langle\mathbf{P}, \mathbf{P}\right\rangle = |\mathbf{P}|^2 = \left(m_0 c\right)^2\,,$$

a Lorentz invariant quantity, and therefore independent of the frame of reference. Using the Minkowski metric $p'$ with metric signature $P$, the inner product is

 * $$\left\langle\mathbf{P},\mathbf{P}\right\rangle = |\mathbf{P}|^2 = - \left(m_0 c\right)^2\,,$$

and

\left\langle\mathbf{P},\mathbf{P}\right\rangle = P^\alpha\eta_{\alpha\beta}P^\beta = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{E}{c} & p_x & p_y & p_z \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\    0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\     0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\     0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\  \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \frac{E}{c} \\ p_x \\ p_y \\ p_z \end{pmatrix} = -\left(\frac{E}{c}\right)^2 + p^2\,, $$

so or, in natural units where $m_{0}$ = 1,
 * $$-\left(m_0 c\right)^2 = -\left(\frac{E}{c}\right)^2 + p^2$$
 * $$|\mathbf{P}|^2 + (m_0)^2=0$$.

General relativity
In general relativity, the 4-momentum is a four-vector defined in a local coordinate frame, although by definition the inner product is similar to that of special relativity,

 * $$\left\langle\mathbf{P},\mathbf{P}\right\rangle = |\mathbf{P}|^2 = \left(m_0 c\right)^2\,,$$

in which the Minkowski metric $Φ$ is replaced by the metric tensor field $c$:

 * $$\left\langle\mathbf{P}, \mathbf{P}\right\rangle = |\mathbf{P}|^2 = P^\alpha g_{\alpha\beta}P^\beta \,,$$

solved from the Einstein field equations. Then:

 * $$P^\alpha g_{\alpha\beta}P^\beta = \left(m_0 c\right)^2\,.$$

Performing the summations over indices followed by collecting "time-like", "spacetime-like", and "space-like" terms gives:

 * $$\underbrace{g_{00}{\left(P^0\right)}^2}_{\text{time-like}} + 2 \underbrace{g_{0i}P^0 P^i}_{\text{spacetime-like}} + \underbrace{g_{ij}P^i P^j}_{\text{space-like}} = \left(m_0 c\right)^2\,.$$

where the factor of 2 arises because the metric is a symmetric tensor, and the convention of Latin indices $⟨, ⟩$ taking space-like values 1, 2, 3 is used. As each component of the metric has space and time dependence in general; this is significantly more complicated than the formula quoted at the beginning, see metric tensor (general relativity) for more information.

Units of energy, mass and momentum
In natural units where $m$, the energy–momentum equation reduces to
 * $$E^2 = p^2 + m_0^2 \,.$$

In particle physics, energy is typically given in units of electron volts (eV), momentum in units of eV·$η$−1, and mass in units of eV·$(− + + +)$−2. In electromagnetism, and because of relativistic invariance, it is useful to have the electric field $c$ and the magnetic field $η$ in the same unit (Gauss), using the cgs (Gaussian) system of units, where energy is given in units of erg, mass in grams (g), and momentum in g·cm·s−1.

Energy may also in theory be expressed in units of grams, though in practice it requires a large amount of energy to be equivalent to masses in this range. For example, the first atomic bomb liberated about 1 gram of heat, and the largest thermonuclear bombs have generated a kilogram or more of heat. Energies of thermonuclear bombs are usually given in tens of kilotons and megatons referring to the energy liberated by exploding that amount of trinitrotoluene (TNT).

Centre-of-momentum frame (one particle)
For a body in its rest frame, the momentum is zero, so the equation simplifies to

 * $$ E_0 = m_0 c^2 \,,$$

where $g$ is the rest mass of the body.

Massless particles
If the object is massless, as is the case for a photon, then the equation reduces to

 * $$ E = pc \,.$$

This is a useful simplification. It can be rewritten in other ways using the de Broglie relations:

 * $$ E = \frac{hc}{\lambda} = \hbar c k \,.$$

if the wavelength $i, j$ or wavenumber $c = 1$ are given.

Correspondence principle
Rewriting the relation for massive particles as:

 * $$E = m_0 c^2 \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{p}{m_0c}\right)^2}\,,$$

and expanding into power series by the binomial theorem (or a Taylor series):

 * $$E = m_0 c^2 \left[1 + \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{p}{m_0c}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{8}\left(\frac{p}{m_0c}\right)^4 + \cdots \right]\,,$$

in the limit that $c$, we have $c$ so the momentum has the classical form $E$, then to first order in $B$ (i.e. retain the term $m_{0}$ for $λ$ and neglect all terms for $k$) we have

 * $$E \approx m_0 c^2 \left[1 + \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{m_0u}{m_0c}\right)^2 \right]\,,$$

or

 * $$E \approx m_0 c^2 + \frac{1}{2} m_0 u^2 \,,$$

where the second term is the classical kinetic energy, and the first is the rest energy of the particle. This approximation is not valid for massless particles, since the expansion required the division of momentum by mass. Incidentally, there are no massless particles in classical mechanics.

Addition of four momenta
In the case of many particles with relativistic momenta $u ≪ c$ and energy $γ(u) ≈ 1$, where $p ≈ m_{0}u$ (up to the total number of particles) simply labels the particles, as measured in a particular frame, the four-momenta in this frame can be added;

 * $$\sum_n \mathbf{P}_n = \sum_n \left(\frac{E_n}{c}, \mathbf{p}_n\right) = \left( \sum_n \frac{E_n}{c}, \sum_n \mathbf{p}_n \right)\,,$$

and then take the norm; to obtain the relation for a many particle system:
 * $$\left|\left(\sum_n \mathbf{P}_n \right)\right|^2 = \left(\sum_n \frac{E_n}{c}\right)^2 - \left(\sum_n \mathbf{p}_n\right)^2 = \left(M_0 c\right)^2\,,$$

where $(p⁄m_{0}c)2$ is the invariant mass of the whole system, and is not equal to the sum of the rest masses of the particles unless all particles are at rest (see mass in special relativity for more detail). Substituting and rearranging gives the generalization of ($$);

The energies and momenta in the equation are all frame-dependent, while $(p⁄m_{0}c)2n$ is frame-independent.

Center-of-momentum frame
In the center-of-momentum frame (COM frame), by definition we have:

 * $$\sum_n \mathbf{p}_n = \boldsymbol{0}\,,$$

with the implication from ($$) that the invariant mass is also the centre of momentum (COM) mass–energy, aside from the $n = 1$ factor:

 * $$\left(\sum_n E_n \right)^2 = \left(M_0 c^2\right)^2 \Rightarrow \sum_n E_{\mathrm{COM}\,n} = E_\mathrm{COM} = M_0 c^2 \,,$$

and this is true for all frames since $n ≥ 2$ is frame-independent. The energies $p_{n}$ are those in the COM frame, not the lab frame. However, many familiar bound systems have the lab frame as COM frame, since the system itself is not in motion and so the momenta all cancel to zero. An example would be a simple object (where vibrational momenta of atoms cancel) or a container of gas where the container is at rest. In such systems, all the energies of the system are measured as mass. For example the heat in an object on a scale, or the total of kinetic energies in a container of gas on the scale, all are measured by the scale as the mass of the system.

Rest masses and the invariant mass
Either the energies or momenta of the particles, as measured in some frame, can be eliminated using the energy momentum relation for each particle:
 * $$E^2_n - \left(\mathbf{p}_n c\right)^2 = \left(m_n c^2\right)^2 \,,$$

allowing $E_{n}$ to be expressed in terms of the energies and rest masses, or momenta and rest masses. In a particular frame, the squares of sums can be rewritten as sums of squares (and products):

\left(\sum_n E_n \right)^2 = \left(\sum_n E_n \right)\left(\sum_k E_k \right) = \sum_{n,k} E_n E_k = 2\sum_{n<k} E_n E_k + \sum_n E_n^2\,, $$

\left(\sum_n \mathbf{p}_n \right)^2 = \left(\sum_n \mathbf{p}_n \right)\cdot\left(\sum_k \mathbf{p}_k \right) = \sum_{n,k} \mathbf{p}_n \cdot \mathbf{p}_k = 2\sum_{n<k} \mathbf{p}_n \cdot \mathbf{p}_k + \sum_{n}\mathbf{p}_n^2\,, $$

so substituting the sums, we can introduce their rest masses $n = 1, 2, ...$ in ($$):

 * $$ \sum_n \left(m_n c^2\right)^2 + 2\sum_{n<k}\left(E_n E_k - c^2 \mathbf{p}_n \cdot \mathbf{p}_k\right) = \left(M_0 c^2\right)^2 \,.$$

The energies can be eliminated by:

 * $$E_n = \sqrt{\left(\mathbf{p}_n c\right)^2 + \left(m_n c^2\right)^2} \,,\quad E_k = \sqrt{\left(\mathbf{p}_k c\right)^2 + \left(m_k c^2\right)^2} \,,$$

similarly the momenta can be eliminated by:

\mathbf{p}_n \cdot \mathbf{p}_k = \left|\mathbf{p}_n\right|\left|\mathbf{p}_k\right| \cos\theta_{nk}\,,\quad |\mathbf{p}_n| = \frac{1}{c}\sqrt{E_n^2 - \left(m_n c^2\right)^2}\,,\quad |\mathbf{p}_k| = \frac{1}{c}\sqrt{E_k^2 - \left(m_k c^2\right)^2}\,, $$

where $M_{0}$ is the angle between the momentum vectors $M_{0}$ and $c^{2}$.

Rearranging:
 * $$ \left(M_0 c^2\right)^2 -\sum_n \left(m_n c^2\right)^2 = 2\sum_{n<k}\left(E_n E_k - c^2 \mathbf{p}_n \cdot \mathbf{p}_k\right) \,.$$

Since the invariant mass of the system and the rest masses of each particle are frame-independent, the right hand side is also an invariant (even though the energies and momenta are all measured in a particular frame).

Matter waves
Using the de Broglie relations for energy and momentum for matter waves,
 * $$E = \hbar \omega \,, \quad \mathbf{p} = \hbar\mathbf{k}\,,$$

where $M_{0}$ is the angular frequency and $E_{COM n}$ is the wavevector with magnitude $M_{0}$, equal to the wave number, the energy–momentum relation can be expressed in terms of wave quantities:
 * $$\left(\hbar\omega\right)^2 = \left(c \hbar k\right)^2 + \left(m_0 c^2\right)^2 \,,$$

and tidying up by dividing by $m_{n}$ throughout:

This can also be derived from the magnitude of the four-wavevector
 * $$\mathbf{K} = \left(\frac{\omega}{c}, \mathbf{k}\right)\,,$$

in a similar way to the four-momentum above.

Since the reduced Planck constant $θ_{nk}$ and the speed of light $p_{n}$ both appear and clutter this equation, this is where natural units are especially helpful. Normalizing them so that $p_{k}$, we have:
 * $$\omega^2 = k^2 + m_0^2 \,.$$

Tachyon and exotic matter
The velocity of a bradyon with the relativistic energy–momentum relation
 * $$E^2 = p^2 c^2 + m_0^2 c^4\,.$$

can never exceed $ω$. On the contrary, it is always greater than $k$ for a  tachyon whose energy–momentum equation is
 * $$E^2 = p^2 c^2 - m_0^2 c^4\,.$$

By contrast, the hypothetical exotic matter has a negative mass and the energy–momentum equation is
 * $$E^2 = -p^2 c^2 + m_0^2 c^4\,.$$

title: Energy–momentum relation


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Lowton Churches Romania Appeal

Lowton Churches Romania Appeal (LCRA) is a charity set up by the five churches of Lowton, Greater Manchester, England (St Luke's, St Mary's, St Catherine's, Lane Head Methodist, Lowton Independent Methodist) after the fall of Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1990. It grew from the work of an aid trip arranged by the churches after living conditions in the country's orphanages became widely known. The aid trip, which took volunteers from Lowton to Romania by coach, visited an orphanage in Lugoj, west Romania. Those who had participated in the trip decided to form LCRA to deliver ongoing help. More trips to Lugoj and other locations were arranged, but the charity has grown and expanded over time, and now has several ongoing projects in the country.

In 2000 LCRA donated an ambulance to the hospital in the town of Sinaia in memory of James Dickinson, who travelled on many of the charity's aid trips and died in 1999 at the age of 18. In 2003, a second ambulance was donated in memory of another of the charity's workers, Carol Jones.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lowton Churches Romania Appeal


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ASML Holding

ASML Holding N.V. (commonly shortened to ASML, originally standing for Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography) is a Dutch multinational corporation founded in 1984. ASML specializes in the development and manufacturing of photolithography machines which are used to produce computer chips.

it is the largest supplier for the semiconductor industry and the sole supplier in the world of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) photolithography machines that are required to manufacture the most advanced chips. , ASML was the most highly valued European tech company, with a market capitalization of about US$397 billion.

ASML's corporate headquarters is in Veldhoven, Netherlands and the location for research, development, manufacturing and assembly. ASML employs more than 42,000 people from 143 nationalities and relies on a network of nearly 5,000 tier 1 suppliers. ASML has a worldwide customer base and over sixty service points in sixteen countries. It has offices in the Netherlands, the United States, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the United Kingdom, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan.

The company is listed on both the AEX and NASDAQ Stock Exchanges, as ASML. It is also a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 and NASDAQ-100.

Products
ASML produces the photolithography machines used in the production of computer chips. In these machines, patterns are optically imaged onto a silicon wafer that is covered with a film of light-sensitive material (photoresist). This procedure is repeated dozens of times on a single wafer. The photoresist is then further processed to create the actual electronic circuits on the silicon. The optical imaging that ASML's machines deal with is used in the fabrication of nearly all integrated circuits and, as of 2011, ASML had 67 percent of the worldwide sales of lithography machines.

ASML's competition consisted of Ultratech, Canon and Nikon, MKS Instruments, Lam Research and Cadence Design Systems.

Immersion lithography
Since immersion lithography was first proposed by Burn-Jeng Lin in the 1970s, ASML cooperated with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing (TSMC). In 2004, TSMC began commercial production of 90 nanometer semiconductor nodes using ASML immersion lithography. As of 2011, their high-end TWINSCAN NXT:1950i system was used for producing features down to 32 nanometres at up to 200 wafers per hour, using a water immersion lens and an argon fluoride laser that produces light at a wavelength of 193 nm. , an average lithography machine cost €27 million.

DUV lithography
Deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography devices from ASML use light that penetrates the UV spectrum to print the tiny features that form the microchip's structure.

EUV lithography
Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) machines produce light in the 13.5 nm wavelength range when a high-energy laser is focused on microscopic droplets of molten tin to produce a plasma, which then emits EUV light. The light is bounced off Zeiss mirrors onto the surface of a silicon wafer to deliver the designs for the chip.

In 2009, the IMEC research center in Belgium produced the world's first functional 22 nm CMOS Static random-access memory memory cells with a prototype EUV lithography machine. After decades of development, ASML shipped the first production extreme ultraviolet lithography machine in either 2011 or 2013.

, ASML has shipped around 140 EUV systems, and it is the only company to manufacture them. ASML's best-selling EUV product has been the TWINSCAN NXE:3600D, which costs up to $200 million. Shipping the machine the size of a truck requires moving 180 tons with three Boeing 747s.

ASML is working on the next generation of EUV systems, with the first shipments to customers for R&D purposes expected to take place at the end of 2023. The platform is designated High-NA as it will increase the numerical aperture (NA) from 0.33 to 0.55, and each system is expected to cost $300 million.

History
The company, originally named ASM Lithography, is named ASML as its official name and not an abbreviation. It was founded in 1984 as a joint venture between the Dutch companies ASM and Philips. Nowadays it is a public company. When the company became independent in 1988, it was decided that changing the name was not desirable, and the abbreviation ASML became the official company name.

ASML released the lithography system PAS 5500 in 1991, which became an extremely successful platform for the company. The PAS 5500 was first utilized by Micron Technology, which was one of the world's largest producers of computer memory and storage, and ASML's largest customer at that time. The success of the PAS 5500 line propelled ASML into strong competition with Canon and Nikon, who were the leaders in that era of the lithography market.

In 1997, ASML began studying a shift to using extreme ultraviolet and in 1999 joined a consortium, including Intel and two other U.S. chipmakers, in order to exploit fundamental research conducted by the US Department of Energy. Because the CRADA it operates under is funded by the US taxpayer, licensing must be approved by Congress. It collaborated with the Belgian IMEC and Sematech and turned to Carl Zeiss in Germany for its need of mirrors.

In 2000, ASML acquired the Silicon Valley Group (SVG), a US lithography equipment manufacturer also licensed for EUV research results, in a bid to supply 193 nm scanners to Intel Corp.

In 2002, it became the largest supplier of photolithography systems.

At the end of 2008, ASML experienced a large drop in sales, which led management to cut the workforce by about 1000 worldwide, mostly contract workers and to apply for support from the Dutch national unemployment fund to prevent even larger layoffs. Two and a half years later, ASML expected a record-high revenue.

In July 2012, Intel announced a deal to invest $4.1 billion into ASML in exchange for 15% ownership, in order to speed up the transition from 300 mm to 450 mm wafers and further development of EUV lithography. This deal was without exclusive rights to future ASML products and, as of July 2012, ASML was offering another 10% of the shares to other companies. As part of their EUV strategy, ASML announced the acquisition of DUV and EUV sources manufacturer Cymer in October 2012.

In November 2013, ASML paused development of 450 mm lithography equipment, citing uncertain timing of chipmaker demand.

In 2015, ASML suffered intellectual property theft. A number of employees had been found stealing confidential data from its Silicon Valley software subsidiary that develops software for machine optimization.

In June 2016, ASML announced their plans to acquire Taiwan-based Hermes Microvision Inc. for about $3.1 billion to add technology for creating smaller and more advanced semiconductors.

In 2018, the Trump administration tried to block the sale of ASML technology to China, but as of 2021, the ongoing global chip shortage as well as the "technological cold war" between the US and China had been a business opportunity for ASML.

In November 2020, ASML revealed that it had acquired the German optical glassmaking firm Berliner Glas Group in order to meet increasing need for components for its EUV systems.

In July 2021, Thierry Breton European Commissioner, visited ASML and announced a goal of at least 20% of world production of semiconductors in Europe by 2030, and support via a European Alliance on semiconductors. After reporting earnings in July 2021, the company said they had a near monopoly for machines used by TSMC and Samsung Electronics to make the advanced chips.

In February 2023, ASML claimed that a former worker in China "allegedly" stole information about the company's technology. This was not the first time that ASML was allegedly linked with an intellectual property breach connected to China. In its 2021 annual report, ASML mentioned that Dongfang Jingyuan Electron Limited "was actively marketing products in China that could potentially infringe on ASML's IP rights." At the time, the United States Department of Commerce expressed concern about economic espionage against ASML. In October 2023, Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad reported that the former employee who "allegedly" stole data about ASML's technology subsequently went to work for Huawei.

In March 2023, the Dutch government placed restrictions on chip exports in order to protect national security. This measure affected ASML as one of the most important companies in the global microchip supply chain. Export license requirements came into effect in September 2023.

In June 2023, the Netherlands' Institute for Human Rights ruled that despite the country's constitution prohibiting discrimination based on nationality, ASML was allowed to reject job applications from residents of countries subject to sanctions under the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (such as Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria) in order to remain compliant with U.S. law.

In January 2024, the Dutch government placed further restrictions on the shipment of some advanced chip-making equipment to China.

Sponsorships
ASML became a sponsor of the PSV soccer club in 2019 together with Philips. VDL Groep, Royal Swinkels Family Brewers and Jumbo Supermarkets from the Brainport region. Together they run various initiatives like soccer training camps for school children, the development of interactive programs for teaching, assisting community members in need or who are new to the region, as well as supporting a vitality program that is online.

Awards

 * The IEEE Spectrum Emerging Technology 2018 Award was given to ASML for its Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography system. ASML is currently the top supplier of photolithography systems to the semiconductor industry.
 * In the category for Popular Prize, Vadim Banine received the 2018 European Inventor Award for shaping the future of microchip manufacturing.
 * The largest independent microelectronics research center in Europe is called IMEC (Interuniversity Micro Electronics Centre). Martin van den Brink of ASML was given the 2019 IMEC Lifetime of Innovation Award.
 * The Netherlands Association for Investor Relations (NEVIR), where listed companies and professionals in investor relations had the chance to be recognized for their outstanding work in the sector, presented awards to ASML in the categories: "Best Company in the field of Investor Relations" during the Dutch IR Awards 2019 annual award ceremony.
 * ASML received the SEMI Americas Award at the 2020 edition of the microelectronics conference SEMICON West for its collaborative approach to extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV), which helped it become commercially viable and opened the door to new technological possibilities.
 * The Intel Preferred Quality Supplier (PQS) Award for 2020 was awarded to ASML. ASML has attained a level of performance that continuously surpasses Intel's expectations for the commitment to continual quality improvement.
 * The Dutch Innovation Prize 2021 was awarded to ASML at the 4th National BID AVROTROS Innovation Dinner held at Kasteel Wittenburg in Wassenaar.
 * ASML received the first CoSta Award for the most successful and impactful innovative partnership between a corporate company and a startup.

title: ASML Holding


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Consumer NZ

Consumer NZ, previously known as Consumers' Institute of New Zealand, is an organization that covers a wide range of activities relating to consumer protection and information. Its work includes comparative tests and surveys of consumer goods and services, research into and advice on financial, food, health, safety, welfare and environmental matters, representation at parliamentary committees and public enquiries and interest in consumer education and complaints advisory work.

History
The Consumers’ Council was established in 1959 ‘to protect and promote the interest of consumers of goods and services’. In 1963 the name Consumers Institute was adopted and in 1967 it became a separate government-funded entity. In 1986 the Ministry of Consumer Affairs was established and the Consumers Institute lost its special legal protection and government funding. The Consumers Institute became an incorporated society funded by members’ subscriptions in 1989 and in 2007 the Consumers’ Institute was renamed Consumer NZ.

In 2016 the organisation had over 100,000 members and supporters.

The Minister of Consumer Affairs (New Zealand) has cited Consumer NZ as a source of guidance for consumers wanting to understand the Consumer Guarantees Act. With the Ministry of Consumer Affairs (New Zealand), Consumer NZ manages Powerswitch, which is a project to assist consumers in evaluating the costs of consuming electricity.

Testing
Consumer commissions independent laboratories to carry out product tests. Their membership of Consumers International means they benefit from an exchange of information with consumer organisations around the world.

The organization does not permit any marketer to use its test results to promote their products.

The organization has been criticized for emphasizing shortcomings in nursing homes, with health care workers saying that Consumers NZ demands more from health care services than it is reasonable to expect.

The Board
Consumer NZ is governed by an elected board of seven members who hold office for three years. The current chair is Richard Aston. The deputy chair is Sue Kedgley. As part of Consumers’ work on behalf of all NZ consumers, they regularly make submissions to Government and statutory authorities on a wide range of issues affecting consumers.

Consumers' money comes from the sale of publications and subscriptions to Consumer and consumer.org.nz. When a customer subscribes to Consumer magazine or consumer.org.nz they become a member of Consumer NZ (unless they request otherwise) and have the right to nominate and vote for Board members. The style of the magazine has been critiqued and described as a "distinctive authorial" presentation.

title: Consumer NZ


text:
Li Nanxing

Li Nanxing (born Jonathan Lee Nam Heng on 7 November 1964) is a Singaporean actor who has been referred to as "Ah-Ge" (阿哥, "big brother") of Caldecott Hill. He is also a businessman and filmmaker.

Li has acted in many Chinese-language television dramas produced by MediaCorp Channel 8. He has won the Best Actor awards three times in the Star Awards, an annual acting awards in Singapore.

Career
Li attended Singapore Broadcasting Corporation's drama training course before debuting in 1986 with Crossroads. Li gradually rose to stardom in the 1990s. In 1993, he rose to prominence when starring in The Unbeatables I, the first ever gambling drama series produced in Singapore, alongside Zoe Tay. For most of the 1990s, he, Tay and Chew Chor Meng were MediaCorp's three most popular actors and he was voted the Top 10 Most Popular Male Artistes ten years in a row and also won several Malaysia and Taiwan popularity polls at the Star Awards. In 2004 he was awarded the All-Time Favourite Artiste award.

During the late 2000s, his career hit a rocky phase due to personal issues. After a two-year hiatus, Li made his comeback in On the Fringe 2011 and also directed his first film, The Ultimate Winner. He also produced the film, Imperfect, which he co-starred with Ian Fang and Kimberly Chia.

Some of his more famous shows include The Unbeatables trilogy and The Magnate; Li has also acted in 6 telemovies to date, and even sang the theme song of several of his shows. He mostly played in anti-hero roles such in The Vagrant, for which he won the Best Actor award at the Star Awards 2002 and On the Fringe 2011. In September 2012 it was announced that he will be cast in C.L.I.F. II as a police officer, which will be one of the few times he plays a protagonist.

In 2019, Li signed to Zhao Wei's management agency to manage his presence in China. He was then cast in Zhao's web drama series, Everyone Wants To Meet You, which was filmed in China, in the same year. The series was released in February 2020 on IQIYI.

Business and ventures
In the 2000s, Li bought a fish farm and managed it with his uncle.

In 2004, Li founded his own talent management agency, LNX Global, named after his initials. Constance Song was LNX's first artiste to be managed by LNX in 2015.

Li also co-owns the Chinese dessert shop Tian Wang Desserts at Jalan Besar, which opened in March 2021. In addition, he has collaborated with other brands to sell his Curry Chicken and Dried Scallop Hae Bee Hiam Croissant at Bakers & Co in Holland Village, as well as launching his Dried Scallop Hae Bee Hiam Ramen with Japanese ramen chain Ippudo.

Personal life
Li married actress Yang Libing in 1994 after co-starring together in several drama series. They divorced in 2004 citing irreconcilable personality differences. They have no children from the marriage.

Li battled with gambling addiction and had to work as a Hollywood ‘calefare’ to pay off his debts in the 1990s. During this period, he became a Christian, having credited a "miraculous" experience he had while on a karaoke trip with a friend in Thailand.

title: Li Nanxing


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Galetta

Galetta is a dispersed rural community in West Carleton-March Ward in rural western Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Mississippi River near its mouth in the Ottawa River. Once part of Fitzroy Township and later West Carleton, it is now part of the city of Ottawa.

According to the Canada 2021 Census, the population of Galetta's Dissemination Area was 556, which also includes nearby communities Vydon Acres, Marshall Bay and part of Mohr Corners.

History
The area was first settled in 1823. It was originally named Hubbell's Falls after James Hubbell.

The Post Office was established in 1850, and was kept at Riddle's or Mohr's Corners, James Riddle served as postmaster in 1866. By 1866, Hubbell's Falls was a village with a population of about 200 in the township of Fitzroy, on the Mississippi river. The river here has a fall of twenty feet. It contained a school, with an average attendance of forty.five pupils.

It was renamed Steen's Falls after James Steen who built a mill here, and finally Galetta in 1873 after James Galetti Whyte who also built mills on the river here.

In 1892, the Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway built a line through the town, which later became a branch line on the Canadian National Railway. Since 1974, use has been limited.

A small hydroelectric plant on the Mississippi River is in Galetta, operational since 1907, now the property of TransAlta.

title: Galetta


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Qiang (spear)

Qiang (pronunciation:, English approximation: , ) is the Chinese term for spear. Due to its relative ease of manufacture, the spear in many variations was ubiquitous on the pre-modern Chinese battlefield. It is known as one of the four major weapons, along with the gun (staff), dao (sabre), and the jian (straight sword), called in this group "The King of Weapons".

Common features of the Chinese spear are the leaf-shaped blade and red horse-hair tassel lashed just below. The tassel shows elite troop status. It also serves a tactical purpose. When the spear is moving quickly, the addition of the tassel aids in blurring the vision of the opponent so that it is more difficult for them to grab the shaft of spear behind the head or tip. The tassel also served another purpose, to stop the flow of blood from the blade getting to the wooden shaft (the blood would make it slippery, or sticky when dried).

The length varied from around 2.5 m long, up to 6 m in length. According to general Qi Jiguang, the Ming military categorized spears above 2.5 m as short spears, 4 m as long spears, and spears below 2.5 m as spiked staffs, which were used more for hitting than stabbing. Spears used in war are typically made of hardwood. Martial arts (wushu) spears are typically made of wax wood, a lighter and more flexible wood better suited for performance; these are called flower spears.

Many Chinese martial arts feature spear training in their curriculum. The conditioning provided by the spear technique is seen as invaluable and in many styles, it is the first weapons training introduced to students. Moreover, some schools of empty-handed fighting in China credit the spear technique as their foundation, notably Xingyiquan and Bajiquan.

title: Qiang (spear)


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Aberdeen Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)

Aberdeen Central (Gaelic: Obar Dheathain Meadhain) is a burgh constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood) covering part of the Aberdeen City council area. It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post method of election. It is one of the ten constituencies in the North East Scotland electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to ten constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.

The seat has been held by Kevin Stewart of the Scottish National Party since the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.

Electoral region
The other nine constituencies of the North East Scotland region are: Aberdeen Donside, Aberdeen South and North Kincardine, Aberdeenshire East, Aberdeenshire West, Angus North and Mearns, Angus South, Banffshire and Buchan Coast, Dundee City East and Dundee City West.

The region covers all of the Aberdeen City council area, the Aberdeenshire council area, the Angus council area, the Dundee City council area and part of the Moray council area.

Constituency boundaries and council area
The Aberdeen Central constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of an existing Westminster constituency. In 2005, however, the Westminster constituency was abolished.

Following their First Periodic review of parliamentary constituencies to the Scottish Parliament, the Boundary Commission for Scotland created three newly shaped seats for the Aberdeen City council area. The current constituency is within the Aberdeen City council area, which is divided between three constituencies: Aberdeen Central, Aberdeen Donside and Aberdeen South and North Kincardine. Central and Donside are entirely within the city area, while South and North Kincardine also takes in North Kincardine in the Aberdeenshire council area.

In forming the new Aberdeen Central, the electoral wards used are:
 * In full:
 * Tillydrone/Seaton/Old Aberdeen
 * Midstocket/Rosemount
 * George Street/Harbour
 * In part:
 * Hilton/Woodside/Stockethill (shared with Aberdeen Donside)
 * Hazlehead/Ashley/Queens Cross
 * Airyhall/Broomhill/Garthdee
 * Torry/Ferryhill (shared with Aberdeen South and North Kincardine)


text: User talk:86.133.100.129

title: User talk:86.133.100.129


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A Touch of the Poet

A Touch of the Poet is a play by Eugene O'Neill completed in 1942 but not performed until 1958, after his death.

It and its sequel, More Stately Mansions, were intended to be part of a nine-play cycle entitled A Tale of Possessors Self-Dispossessed. Set in the dining room of Melody's Tavern, located in a village a few miles from Boston, it centers on ageing pub owner Major Cornelius ("Con") Melody, a braggart, social climber, and victim of the American class system in 1828 Massachusetts.

The play has been produced on Broadway four times. The original production, directed by Harold Clurman, opened on October 2, 1958, at the Helen Hayes Theatre (at the time, called The Little Theatre), where it ran for 284 performances. The cast included Helen Hayes, Eric Portman, Betty Field, and Kim Stanley. Both the play and Stanley earned Tony Award nominations.

Productions
The first revival, directed by Jack Sydow, played in repertory with The Imaginary Invalid and Tonight at 8.30 at the ANTA Playhouse in 1967.

Ten years later, the second revival, directed by José Quintero, opened on December 28, 1977, again at the Helen Hayes Theatre, where it ran for 141 performances. The cast included Geraldine Fitzgerald, Milo O'Shea, Kathryn Walker, and Jason Robards, who was Tony-nominated for Best Actor in Play.

After 32 previews, the third revival, directed by Doug Hughes, opened on December 8, 2005, at Studio 54, where it ran for 50 performances. Gabriel Byrne and Emily Bergl headed the cast.

In 1988, Timothy Dalton and Vanessa Redgrave starred in a production that played at the Young Vic and Haymarket Theatres in London. Irish Repertory Theatre's 2022 off-Broadway production starred Robert Cuccioli as Con; Ciarán O'Reilly directed.

Reception
Richard Eder of The New York Times wrote after seeing the 1977 revival that A Touch of the Poet "is not one of [O'Neill's] greatest plays but it has greatness in it. It is a difficult greatness to pry out fully in performance. This play about the tearing‐away of a tavern keeper's monstrous illusion about himself has pain, humor and even grandeur. Much of this comes from the language, which has rarely run so clear and uncluttered in O'Neill, even if there is too much of it. It is the dramatic structure that is sometimes cluttered, unsure, even absent‐minded."

title: A Touch of the Poet


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Talk:Elephant & Castle station

Photo captions
I reverted the last change in the photo captions. The photos are large, clearly visible and immediately under the captions, so it would be wrong for the captions not to agree with the photos. I'm all for statistics - I'm studying statistics at the moment - bu tthey are very subordinate and shouldn't be the tail that wags the dog. If they don't fit the captions, they should be put elsewhere. Londoneye 12:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Maybe the photos should be taken out of those boxes. 86.129.93.190 12:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposal to split article
As the two stations (tube and National Rail) are in completely separate locations, there seems little reason for them to share an article. I think they should have two artciles with a disambiguation page. DrFrench 14:31, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * If they are in seperate location then i agree (eg like Brixton), but if they are the same building/site (say like Victoria) then no point Pickle 06:28, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elephant & Castle station


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Vinnie Ream

Lavinia Ellen "Vinnie" Ream Hoxie (September 25, 1847 – November 20, 1914) was an American sculptor. Her most famous work is the statue of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in the United States Capitol rotunda. Ream's Statue of Sequoyah and Statue of Samuel J. Kirkwood, both part of the National Statuary Hall collection. Other notable works by Ream include the Statue of David Farragut and the Bust of Edwin B. Hay, which are also both located in Washington, D.C. Additionally, Ream created works which were displayed at The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

After the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson failed to result in Johnson's conviction, Ream was used as a scapegoat by Radical Republicans for their failure to secure a conviction, being accused by them of manipulating Senator Edmund Ross, who had been boarding at her home, to cast his vote to acquit Johnson.

Early life
Lavinia Ellen Ream was born September 25, 1847, in Madison, Wisconsin. Her father, Robert, was a surveyor for the Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory and a Wisconsin Territory civil servant. Her mother was a McDonald of Scottish ancestry. Her brother Robert enlisted in the Confederate army, in Arkansas, serving in Woodruff's Battery. Vinnie attended Christian College in Columbia, Missouri, now known as Columbia College. A portrait of Martha Washington by Ream hangs in St. Clair Hall.

Career
In 1861, her family moved to Washington, D.C. After her father's health began to fail, she began working outside the home to support her family. Ream was one of the first women to be employed by the federal government, as a clerk in the dead letter office of the United States Post Office from 1862 to 1866 during the American Civil War. She sang at the E Street Baptist Church, and for the wounded at Washington, D.C. hospitals. She collected materials for the Grand Sanitary Commission.

In 1863, James S. Rollins introduced Ream to sculptor Clark Mills. She became an apprentice in Mills's sculpting studio the next year, at the age of seventeen. In 1864, President Lincoln agreed to model for her in the morning for five months, and she created a bust of his figure. During this time, Ream also began intense public relations efforts, selling photographs of herself and soliciting newspaper attention as a marketing strategy.

Ream was the youngest artist and first woman to receive a commission as an artist from the U.S. government for a statue. She was awarded the commission for the full-size Carrara marble statue of Lincoln by a vote of Congress on July 28, 1866, when she was 18 years old. She had used her previous bust of Lincoln as her entry into the selection contest for the full-size sculpture. There was significant debate over her selection as the sculptor, however, because of concern over her inexperience and the slanderous accusations that she was a "lobbyist", or a public woman of questionable reputation. She was known for her beauty and her conversational skills, which likely contributed to these accusations. She worked in a studio in Room A of the basement of the Capitol. Senator Edmund G. Ross boarded with Ream's family during the impeachment trial of United States President Andrew Johnson. Ross cast what was seen as the decisive vote against the removal of President Johnson from office, and Ream was accused of influencing his vote. She was almost thrown out of the Capitol with her unfinished Lincoln statue. The House had passed a resolution turning the room she was using as a studio into a Capitol Police guardroom to house Charles Woolley while he was being held in contempt of Congress for his failure to answer questions presented in a House investigation being conducted into possible corrupt influences behind the Senate vote regarding Johnson's removal. This forced Ream to move her work into the hallway. Conservatives accused Benjamin Butler of having targeted Ream with his successful resolution to turn her studio into a Capitol Police guardroom. Much of the news press expressed outrage at this retributory action towards Ream. The New York Times called it a "paltry piece of petty persecution," and the Daily National Intelligencer called the move a "wretched piece of petty malevolence and partisan proscription. The New York World wrote a immensely critical article under the headline, "How Beaten Impeachers Make War on Women". A minority of press outlets, however, did support the move, with The New York Tribune characterizing newsmen supportive of Ream's cause as "kitten-hearted Washington correspondents" jumping to defend a woman that they claimed had proven herself apt at using "hen power" to manipulate others. Ream feared that removing her statue of Lincoln from the studio space would destroy it. Ultimately, the intervention of powerful New York sculptors and her friend Congressman Thaddeus Stevens prevented it her from being ejected from the Capitol. Stevens had been a house manager (prosecutor) in the impeachment trial. and on July 20, 1868 the House passed a resolution granting her permission to utilize the space as a studio for another year.

Once the U.S. government had approved the plaster model, Ream traveled to Paris, Munich, Florence, then Rome, to produce a finished marble figure. She studied with Léon Bonnat in Paris, also producing busts of Gustave Doré, Père Hyacynthe, Franz Liszt, and Giacomo Antonelli. Her studio in Rome was at 45 Via de San Basile. She met Georg Brandes at that time. While in Rome, she faced controversial rumors that claimed that it was the Italian workmen and not Ream who were responsible for her successful sculpture of Lincoln.

When the statue was complete, Ream returned to Washington. On January 25, 1871, her white marble statue of United States President Abraham Lincoln was unveiled in the United States Capitol rotunda, when Ream was only 23 years old. She later opened a studio at 704 Broadway, New York City. In 1871, she exhibited at the American Institute Fair.

She returned to Washington and opened a studio and salon at 235 Pennsylvania Avenue. She was unsuccessful in her entry in the Thomas statue competition. In 1875, George Armstrong Custer sat for a portrait bust. In 1876, she exhibited at the Centennial Exposition. In November 1877, she produced a model for a Lee statue in Richmond. After lobbying William Tecumseh Sherman and Mrs. Farragut, she won a competition to sculpt Admiral David G. Farragut. Her sculpture, located at Farragut Square, Washington, D.C. was dedicated on April 25, 1881.

Ream married Richard L. Hoxie, of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, on May 28, 1878. They had one son. Her husband was reassigned to Montgomery, Alabama, and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Her work would basically cease during her marriage because Richard felt it wasn't proper for a Victorian wife to earn money, and she followed his wishes. Finally, the Hoxies lived at 1632 K Street near Farragut Square, and had a summer home at 310 South Lucas Street, Iowa City, Iowa.

Her marbles, America, The West, and Miriam, were exhibited in the Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Ream designed the Statue of Sequoyah, the first free-standing statue of a Native American to be displayed in Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol.

She died in Washington on November 20, 1914. Ream and her husband are buried in section three of Arlington National Cemetery, marked by her statue Sappho.

Legacy
A first-day cover stamp was issued in honor of Ream and her work on the statue of Sequoyah, the Native American inventor of the Cherokee alphabet. George Caleb Bingham painted her portrait twice. The town of Vinita, Oklahoma, was named in honor of Ream.

title: Vinnie Ream


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Álvaro Parente

Álvaro Parente (born 4 October 1984) is a Portuguese professional racing driver.

Early career
After winning the Karting European Junior Championship in 1998, Porto-born Parente made his debut in auto racing in 2001 at the age of 16, driving in the Spanish F3 Championship. In the following year, he was integrated into the Team Portugal project and scored a win on his way to 4th place in the series.

Formula Three
Parente than began a more international career in 2003, moving to the F3 Euroseries with Team Ghinzani, but the Mugen-Honda engine proved to be inferior to the Mercedes and he scored a single point. He did better with one-off entries in Italian Formula 3 and at Spa in a round of the British Formula 3 Championship, his first association with Carlin Motorsport, which was repeated that year in the Macau Grand Prix.

This brief contact paved the way for a contract with Carlin for the 2004 season, where he took part in the British series, scoring another win and finishing 7th in the championship standings. He also took part in the Marlboro Masters and at Macau, but in the former the Mugen-Honda could not take the fight to the Mercedes drivers and in the latter he was taken out in the first lap.

Parente stayed in the British Formula 3 for another season, and his experience helped him to win the championship with four races to go, scoring a total of 11 wins. This result made him the natural candidate to represent A1 Team Portugal for the new A1 Grand Prix series.

Formula Renault 3.5 Series
For 2006, Parente joined the Formula Renault 3.5 Series with the Victory Engineering team, and achieved his first win at Istanbul in only his fifth race in the category. He took two further wins at the Nürburgring and Circuit de Catalunya to finish fifth in the final standings. He had hoped to progress onto the GP2 Series in 2007, but a lack of sponsorship scuppered his plans. He did, however, return to the Formula Renault 3.5 Series with the French Tech 1 Racing team, having signed a contract on the eve of the first pre-season test.

During the 2007 season Parente took five podium finishes, including two race victories at Monaco and Spa, and was crowned World Series by Renault champion at the final round in Barcelona on 27 October.

As a prize for winning the Formula Renault 3.5 Series, Parente has tested for the Renault F1 team on 17 January 2008 at the Circuito de Jerez.

GP2 Series
For 2008 Parente moved to the Super Nova Racing team in the GP2 Series, widely regarded as the primary feeder series to Formula One.

Alvaro Parente made a stunning start to his GP2 career in the opening round of the season at the Circuit de Catalunya, Parente won the feature race making him the first Portuguese driver to win in GP2 Series. Alvaro Parente led from start to finish, to claim victory ahead of Bruno Senna and Andreas Zuber. He eventually finished eighth in the drivers' championship.

Super Nova team nicknamed Parente as "Chachi", due to his likeness to the famous character in Happy Days.

In 2009 Parente participated in the GP2 Asia Series with My Team Qi.Meritus, and competed in the GP2 Series with Ocean Racing Technology, finishing eighth once again.

Parente began the 2010 season without a drive, but replaced Alberto Valerio at the Coloni team from the Belgian round onwards. On his return to the category, he scored a double podium finish, and ended the weekend as the highest scoring driver. He was replaced for the final round by James Jakes.

Parente again went into the 2011 GP2 Series season without a drive, but was called up by Racing Engineering for the second round of the championship at Catalunya. He replaced Christian Vietoris, who had complained of recurring headaches following a heavy crash at the first round in Turkey. Vietoris returned after two rounds, but Parente remained in the series by switching to the Carlin team, where he took the seat previously occupied by Oliver Turvey. After a further six races, he relinquished the seat to Mikhail Aleshin. He then returned for the season finale at Monza, ending up in 16th place in the drivers' championship.

Superleague Formula
Parente agreed to race at the 2009 Estoril round of the 2009 Superleague Formula season for his football squad team, F.C. Porto, and went on to win the second race, on his series debut.

Formula One
Parente was a leading contender for a seat at Campos Meta, other contenders were Vitaly Petrov and Pastor Maldonado. On 15 December 2009, it was officially announced that Parente would join the new Virgin Racing team as a test driver. However, he was not present at the launch of the VR-01 chassis in February 2010, and it was reported that he had left the team due to sponsorship problems. Andy Soucek replaced Parente as the reserve driver.

GT
Since 2012, Parente has regularly been a factory GT3 driver for McLaren customer teams. His highlight was winning the 2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour for Tekno Autosports alongside Shane van Gisbergen and Jonathon Webb as well as taking the 2016 Pirelli World Challenge Championship title. He has also competed in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2012 for Ram Racing in a Ferrari 458 Italia GT2.

Career summary
† Guest driver ineligible to score points

‡ Team standings.

Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Stock Car Brasil results
† Ineligible for championship points.

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Álvaro Parente


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Vankiva

Vankiva is a locality situated in Hässleholm Municipality, Scania County, Sweden with 340 inhabitants in 2010.

The society
Besides the church (see below) Vankiva used to have a local store, gas station, train station and school (Vankiva School 1916-2010 ). The store, gas station and school have been sold and re-purposed. After the train station was decommissioned its station building was used by the local Scouts, Malvan of KFUM-KFUK, until it was razed.

Vankiva have large football ground for the local club Vankiva IF with several grass fields and a gravel one. The football club yearly hosts a tournament called Ivar Persson Cup. On the same grounds as the football club is also a community building called Åttingastugan run by the local community and used for holiday celebrations, parties and LAN parties.

Vankiva Church
Vankiva Church is located outside the village center. It was constructed in the 12th century but has been expanded and renovated several times since.

title: Vankiva


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Balachandran

Balachandran is an Indian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Balachandran Chullikkadu (born 1957), Indian poet, orator, lyricist, and author
 * M. Balachandran, banker
 * Aiyalam Parameswaran Balachandran, Indian theoretical physicist

title: Balachandran