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Fadhli Sultanate

Fadhli (فضلي '), or the Fadhli Sultanate (السلطنة الفضلية '), was an independent sultanate on the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula from the 17th century until 1967.

British sources described the Fadhli as "one of the most powerful and warlike tribes near Aden".

Geography
Their possessions lied to the north-east of Aden, and extended for a hundred miles along the coast from the eastern limits of Aden to the western boundary of the Aulaqi at Maqatin.

History
An engagement was concluded between the British Government and the Fadhli in July 1839, after the capture of Aden. The Fadhli Sultanate was one of the original "Nine Cantons" that signed protection agreements with Great Britain in the early 20th century and became part of the British Aden Protectorate.

The Sultan of Lahej for many years paid annual subsidies to the neighbouring tribes, including the Fadhli, through whose territory the trade of the country passed, and these payments were at first continued by the British Government on condition of the Chiefs remaining in friendly alliance. Owing, however, to the weakness of the character of Sultan Ali bin Muhsin of Lahej, through whom it was the early policy of the British Agent to transact all business with the Arabs of the country round Aden, the neighbouring tribes ventured for some years to perpetrate a series of atrocities upon individual British officers and others, which the Sultan was quite unable to prevent or punish.

His efforts, indeed, to procure compliance with the demands of the British Government for satisfaction for these outrages brought on him the hostility of his rivals, the Fadhli tribe, who had sheltered some of the murderers, and who endeavoured to stir up the neighbouring tribes to hostilities with the British. The stipend of the Fadhli Chief, which had been assigned to him by the engagement of 1839, was stopped till he should expel the criminals who had taken refuge with him. This he did and, on the restoration of his stipend, he voluntarily signed an Agreement to protect the goods from Aden through his territory. But the inability of the Sultan of Lahej to prevent or punish crimes committed by the adjacent tribes necessitated a change in policy and the commencement of intercourse with their Chiefs directly, instead of through the Sultan as medium. For some years after the introduction of this system the conduct of the Fadhli Sultan, Ahmed bin Abdulla, was satisfactory. By his behaviour at the wreck of the Staelie in January 1864 he earned the approbation of the British Government; but soon afterwards, either from dissatisfaction at the amount of the reward granted to him for his services on this occasion, or out of jealousy at the intimacy of British relations with the Sultan of Lahej, he resumed his attitude of persistent hostility. Within gunshot of the fortifications of Aden he plundered a caravan, and assembled a large force with the object of destroying the crops of the Abdali and defying the authority of the British Government.

A small body of troops was accordingly despatched against him in December 1865; he was defeated and compelled to seek safety in flight, while the troops entered the Fadhli country and destroyed several villages. The seaport of Shuqra was at first spared, in hopes that the punishment already administered would prove sufficient; but, some further outrages having been perpetrated by the Fadhli, another expedition left Aden, destroyed the forts inland, and returned within three days, thus showing the Fadhli that they could be approached by land or by sea with equal facility. It was decided that either the Sultan or his son should enter Aden and tender unconditional submission before friendly relations could be resumed. All other overtimes were declined and, in March 1867, a letter was received from the Sultan stating his wish to send his elder son to tender the submission of the tribe. A safe conduct was granted and finally a Treaty, embodying the prescribed terms, was signed by the Sultan in 1867, the Resident agreeing on the part of the British Government that the past should be forgotten.

In 1931, this treaty had been authoritatively declared to be the only one in force. In accordance with article 4, a relation of the Sultan was deputed to reside in Aden as a permanent hostage; but, on his death in 1870, this article was allowed to remain in abeyance. Shortly after the ratification of the Treaty of 1867 the stipend of the Fadhli Sultan was raised from 30 dollars to 100 dollars a month. Sultan Ahmed bin Abdulla died in February 1870, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Haidara, who was assassinated in August 1877. His brother Sultan Husein was believed to be the murderer and was expelled by the tribe, who elected the latter’s son Ahmed to be their Chief. The succession was recognised by the British Government. In July 1879 Sultan Husein, being found to be implicated in certain intrigues, which had for their object a rebellion in the Fadhli country, was arrested and deported to Bombay. He was liberated in December 1886, and his conduct after his release gave no cause for uneasiness.

In 1872 the tribe agreed to abolish transit duties on goods conveyed to and from Aden through their territories, in consideration of which the Chief’s stipend was further increased to 180 dollars a month.

On 1 January 1877, it was formally gazetted that the Fadhli Sultan was entitled to a salute of 9 guns.

In 1881 a boundary dispute, which had long caused ill-feeling between the Fadhli and Abdali, was terminated by the conclusion of a Treaty defining their respective limits.

In 1883 it was reported that the Lower Aulaqi had invaded Fadhli territory, and a force was dispatched from Aden by sea and land to the assistance of the. latter. No invasion haying actually taken place, the force was withdrawn; but it did take place shortly afterwards and resulted in complete failure.

In 1888 territorial disputes arose between the Lower Yafai and the Fadhli and the former cut off the water supply of the Naza Canal; a desultory strife continued for some time between the tribes with occasional short truces.

In August 1888 a protectorate Treaty was concluded with the Fadhli, which was ratified on 26 February 1890.

In October 1891, in consequence of the misconduct of the Fadhli, it became necessary to impose a fine of Rs. 1,000 upon the Sultan, and to suspend the payment of his stipend. The advisability of reviving the fourth article of the agreement of 1867, requiring the residence of a Fadhli representative at Aden, was also taken into consideration. In December 1891, however, on his making full submission, the punishment was in part remitted by the Government of India.

In 1892 and the following year desultory strife, interrupted by short truces, continued with the Lower Yafai over the water supply of the Naza. In 1893 a truce was made for one year and was continued in 1894 and the following years.

The Marqashi also gave considerable trouble by plundering in British territory. The Sultan finally declared himself responsible for them./

In 1899 at the Sultan’s request his two brothers, Salih and Abdulla, were deported to India for conspiring against him. In 1900 Salih died at Karachi, and Abdulla was released.

Hostilities with the Yafai recommenced in consequence of the Sultan having established a new customs post at Zinjibar, for the purpose of levying dues on qafilahs. All efforts to effect a reconciliation failed, till in 1904 the Sultan visited the Resident at Aden,. and promised to stop levying dues and to abandon his post at Zinjibar.

In 1906 the Sultan was reported to have commenced levying transit dues on qafilahs at Zinjibar. In reply to representations on the subject be urged that these were only fees willingly paid for escorts furnished to caravans beyond his own limits, and the matter was not pursued.

Hostilities with the Lower Yafai continued intermittently.

In March 1907 Sultan Ahmed bin Husein died and was succeeded by his father Husein bin Ahmed.

The Sultan was considered disloyal during the Great War, on account of an agreement which he signed with the Turks at Lahej, and his stipend was stopped. After the Armistice he satisfactorily explained his conduct and the stipend was restored.

In 1924 the Sultan died and was succeeded by his grandson, Sultan Abdul Qadir.

In 1926 a truce was made between the Fadhli and the Lower Yafai for one year. This was subsequently extended to four years.

In March 1927 Sultan Abdul Qadir died and was succeeded by his uncle Sultan Abdulla bin Husein.

In June 1929 the Sultan of Lahej settled the long-standing quarrel between the Ahl Fadhl and the Lower Yafai. Khanfar was restored to Lower Yafai and the Fadhli Sultan was permitted to levy dues on Lower Yafai exports and imports passing through his territory at a fixed rate. In 1930, The population of the Fadhli Sultanate was estimated at 24,000, and the gross revenue at Hs. 35,000 a year.

The Fadhli Sultanate was a founding member of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South in 1959, and of its successor, the Federation of South Arabia, in 1963. The capital of the Fadhlis was Shuqrah, located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, until 1962, when the administrative capital was moved to Zinjibar, located about 60 km to the east of Aden, although the sultan's residence remained at Shuqrah.

The last sultan, Nasser bin Abdullah bin Hussein bin Ahmed al-Fadhli (السلطان ناصر بن عبدالله بن حسين بن أح), was deposed and the state was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen, which is now part of the Republic of Yemen.

Sultans
The Sultanate extended back at least to Othman who ruled until 1670. The sultans were:
 * Othman (`Uthman), reigned ...–1670
 * Fadhl I bin Othman, reigned 1670–1700
 * Ahmed I bin Fadhl bin Othman, reigned 1700–1730
 * Abdullah I bin Ahmed bin Fadhl, reigned 1730–1760
 * Ahmed II bin Abdullah bin Ahmed, reigned 1760–1789
 * Abdullah II, reigned 1789–1805
 * Ahmed III bin Abdullah, reigned 1805–1819
 * Abdullah III bin Ahmed bin Abdullah, reigned 1819–1828
 * Haydara bin Ahmed bin Abdullah, reigned 1870–1877
 * Hussein bin Ahmed bin Abdullah, reigned 1877 briefly
 * Ahmed IV bin Hussein bin Ahmed, 1877–1907, signed treaty with British 1888
 * Hussein bin Ahmed bin Abdullah, second reign 1907–1924
 * Abdul Qadir bin Ahmed bin Hussein, reigned 1924–1927
 * Abdullah IV bin Hussein, reigned 1927–1929
 * Fadhl II bin Hussein, reigned 1929–1933
 * Abdul Karim, reigned 1933–1936
 * Saleh bin Fadhl, reigned 1936–1941
 * Abdullah V bin Othman (`Abd Allah ibn `Uthman), reigned 1941-1962, abdicated
 * Ahmed V bin Abdullah, reigned 1962–1964, abdicated
 * Nasser bin Abdullah bin Hussein bin Ahmed, reigned 1964–1967, the last sultan

title: Fadhli Sultanate


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Castles and Dreams

Castles and Dreams is a DVD released by the band Blackmore's Night in 2005. It was released as a Region 2 DVD on May 30, 2005, after being pushed back multiple times. It was released as a Region 1 DVD on October 11, 2005. "Castles and Dreams" is a song by Blackmore’s Night from their 1999 album Under a Violet Moon.

In 2008, the DVD went Gold in Germany.

Concert Burg Veldenstein- Burg Neuhaus 2004

 * 1) Intro 00:55
 * 2) Cartouche 06:01
 * 3) Queen for a Day I 03:23
 * 4) Queen for a Day II 02:22
 * 5) Under a Violet Moon 5:31
 * 6) Minstrel Hall 03:13
 * 7) Past Times With Good Company 06:00
 * 8) Soldier of Fortune 03:52
 * 9) Durch den Wald zum Bach Haus 04:36
 * 10) Once in a Million Years 04:27
 * 11) Mr. Peagram's Morris And Sword 02:15
 * 12) Home Again 08:17
 * 13) Ghost of a Rose 07:45
 * 14) Child in Time / Mond Tanz 06:25
 * 15) Wind in the Willows 05:51
 * 16) Village on the Sand 07:21
 * 17) Renaissance Faire 05:11
 * 18) The Clock Ticks On 09:10
 * 19) Loreley 03:59
 * 20) All for One 08:32
 * 21) Black Night 06:12
 * 22) Dandelion Wine 4:51

Bonus Material

 * 1) Behind the Scenes
 * 2) Ritchie Blackmore Guitar Special

Acoustics

 * 1) I Think it's Going to Rain Today (music and lyrics by Randy Newman)- Burg Rheinfels
 * 2) Christmas Eve- Burg Waldeck 2004
 * 3) Shadow of the Moon
 * 4) Queen for a Day
 * 5) Under a Violet Moon

Videos

 * 1) The Times They Are A Changin'
 * 2) Way to Mandalay
 * 3) Once in a Million Years
 * 4) Hanging Tree
 * 5) Christmas Eve

Documentaries

 * 1) Blackmore's Night: The Story
 * 2) Once Upon a Time: The Ritchie and Candice Story
 * 3) Tour Start: St. Goar 2004
 * 4) Hanging Tree: Making Music with Our Friends
 * 5) Schlossgeister- German TV Special
 * 6) Goldene Henne- German TV Appearance
 * 7) Fernsehgarten- German TV Appearance

Proclamations

 * 1) Discography- Blackmore's Night
 * 2) Biography- Candice Night
 * 3) Biography- Ritchie Blackmore
 * 4) Interview- Band and Members

Special Bonus

 * 1) Slide Show
 * 2) Candice Night Private Movies

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Castles and Dreams


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Category:Archibald Prize winners

Winners of the Archibald Prize

title: Category:Archibald Prize winners


text:
Talk:Single-frequency network

Intercell interference
How does SFN avoid intercell interference if all the towers are broadcasting in the same frequency? The article does not make it clear. Manoguru (talk) 16:18, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Single-frequency network


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Ampsanctus

Ampsanctus, or Amsanctus (modern: Sorgente Mefita) was a small lake in the territory of the Hirpini, c. 15 km south of Aeclanum, close to the Via Appia (southern Italy). There are now two small pools which exhale carbonic acid gas and hydrogen sulfide. Close by was a temple of the goddess Mephitis, with a cave from which suffocating vapors rose, and for this reason the place was brought into connection with the legends of the infernal regions. Virgil's description (Aeneid, vii. 563) is not, however, very accurate.

title: Ampsanctus


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Ghost Story (1981 film)

Ghost Story is a 1981 American supernatural horror film directed by John Irvin and starring Fred Astaire, Melvyn Douglas, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., John Houseman, Craig Wasson, and Alice Krige. Based on the 1979 novel of the same name by Peter Straub, it follows a group of elderly businessmen in New England who gather to recount their involvement in a woman's death decades prior when one of them suspects her ghost has been haunting him.

Ghost Story was the final film for Astaire and Fairbanks, the final completed film for Douglas (he died four months before the film's release), and the first film to feature Michael O'Neill. The film was shot in Woodstock, Vermont; Saratoga Springs, New York; and at Stetson University in DeLand, Florida. Ghost Story was released in the United States on December 18, 1981.

Plot
During the frigid winter of 1979, in the small New England town of Milburn, four elderly friends—businessman Ricky Hawthorne, lawyer Sears James, physician John Jaffrey, and Mayor Edward Charles Wanderley—form the Chowder Society, an informal men's club who get together each week to share tales of horror. Edward's son David, living in New York City, falls to his death from his apartment window after seeing a girl he's been sleeping with suddenly turn into a living corpse. His other son, Don, comes home at Edward's request. Sometime after David's funeral, Edward sees him walking through town during a snowstorm and follows him to a bridge, where he disappears. Calling out to his dead son, Edward suddenly sees a female apparition and he falls to his death. Two escaped patients from a mental asylum, Gregory and Fenny Bate, have taken up residence in the old Eva Galli house, now in ruins.

Doubting his father committed suicide, Don approaches the remaining three friends and tells them a "ghost" story to gain membership into the Chowder Society. In a flashback, Don tells the story of how he, a college professor in Florida, began an affair with a mysterious secretary named Alma, soon becoming engaged. Alma insisted she wanted to marry Don in his home town of Milburn but he was reluctant. Don soon began to suspect that something was wrong with Alma, especially when he touched her one night and realized she was as cold as a corpse. Don eventually broke things off with a furious Alma, who disappeared from his life. He fell into a depression, costing him his reputation and his job. A month later, Don called David and learned to his horror that he had become engaged to Alma. He desperately tried to warn David but his brother scoffed at the warning. Don then shows the three elders an old photograph he's found among his father's possessions, showing a young woman who looks identical to Alma. John, realizing what has happened, pleads with his friends to tell the truth but is rebuffed.

The next day, John has a nightmare about Alma and dies of a heart attack. Sears and Ricky finally explain to Don that, in the spring of 1929, the four friends became smitten with a young flirtatious girl named Eva Galli. Edward first took her to bed but he was impotent with her. Outside her house, the other three friends serenaded Eva in hopes of catching a glimpse of her when Edward came to the window instead, giving the impression that he'd slept with her. After the four went out and became drunk, they returned to the house and all but Sears danced with Eva. When it was proposed that they leave, Sears suggestively insisted on getting his dance. Eva began to tell them the truth about her dalliance with Edward when he leapt to silence her, causing her to smash her head on a stone mantelpiece. Assuming Eva to be dead, they loaded her body into her car and pushed it into a nearby pond. As the car descended, Eva stirred inside, screaming and hammering at the back window as the car sank.

Back in the present, Ricky and Don believe that Alma and Eva are the same woman and that her ghost has returned to seek revenge. Don suggests they go to Eva's old house to confront her ghost once and for all. There, Don falls through the rotting stairs and breaks his leg. Sears leaves in his car to seek help, leaving Don and Ricky behind. While driving through the snowstorm, Sears comes upon Eva's apparition. He survives being swerved off the road but is attacked and killed by Fenny Bate, one of Eva's accomplices. Ricky realizes that something has happened to Sears and leaves to get help. He's picked up by Gregory Bate, who tells him of Eva's plans for them both but Ricky stabs him and escapes. Ricky tells the authorities to pull Eva's car up from the lake to reveal her body inside. This is intercut with Don, who confronts the rotting specter of Alma/Eva. Ricky and the authorities drag out the car and wrench open the rusted, corroded door. The rotting corpse of Eva falls harmlessly to the ground. Now that the truth about Eva is known, Don is spared from her vengeance and the town is restored to peace.

Conception
Universal Pictures had purchased the rights to Peter Straub's novel, Ghost Story, in 1978 for $225,000. English director John Irvin was asked to direct the film by producer Burt Weissbourd on the basis of his direction of Haunted: The Ferryman, a British television film. Upon reading Straub's novel and Lawrence D. Cohen's screenplay, Irvin envisioned the narrative as being about hypocrisy and principally "men's fear of women, and at some point, hatred." Irvin, who was a newcomer in Hollywood, hired several British film makers as part of his team and stated that the film's cinematography was intended to be "European" in appearance and to "look like a Christmas card".

Filming
Principal photography took place in Saratoga Springs, New York and Woodstock, Vermont. Interiors of the abandoned home in the film were crafted inside the former Union Station in Albany, New York, while shooting for the Florida-based scenes was completed in Deland and New Smyrna Beach, Florida; scenes set in New York City were shot on location (in Waterside Plaza). Additional photography took place at Universal Studios in Los Angeles, California. According to Irvin, the filming process was emotionally turbulent for star Fred Astaire, who confided in Irvin that he felt he was going to die or be murdered while shooting the film, and at one point considered dropping out of the production.

Special makeup effects
The film's special makeup effects were designed by makeup artist Dick Smith. Smith and a team of artists created multiple life-sized puppets of Eva/Alma in different stages of decay. Smith also created a "faceless" dummy with a gaping mouth and no eyes that was to be used as an apparition of Eva, but it ultimately was not included in the final film. The "eyeless apparition" design was later utilized in a hallucination sequence in the 1999 film House on Haunted Hill, with Smith receiving credit for the design.

Box office
Universal Pictures vied for a Christmastime release for the film based on its wintry setting, and had originally slated a tentative release date of December 11, 1981. Advance test screenings were held between October 9 and 11, 1981, in Denver, Colorado and Boston, Massachusetts. The film opened in the United States with a wide release two months later on December 18, 1981. Limited engagement screenings of the film took place on December 16. It grossed a total of $23,371,905 at the United States box office, and was the third-highest grossing horror film of 1981 and the 34th-highest grosser of the year.

Critical response
Critical reception was mixed to negative upon release. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 29% "rotten" rating based on 31 reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film a favorable review, praising the performances and considering it an improvement on Straub's novel. In The New York Times, Vincent Canby had the opposite view, also praising the performances but feeling that the movie oversimplified Straub's story and themes. He also criticized the central mystery and revelation as "humdrum" and anticlimactic after a strong build-up. Variety agreed with Canby that the filmmakers failed to translate Straub's novel to screen, stating that there were "isolated and excellent moments separated by artful but ordinary sketches." Rex Reed of the New York Daily News similarly noted the film's cast as "wasted," and lambasted the film as a "horrible" adaptation of the source novel.

The Time Out film guide deemed it a "disastrous distillation of Peter Straub's overrated but at least tolerably coherent novel." TV Guide awarded the film two out of four stars, criticizing Cohen's screenplay, but adding: "Director John Irvin does manage to evoke some mood and atmosphere from the snowy New England setting, and the performances from the four veteran lead players are enjoyable."

In 1982, the film was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Horror Film.

Home media
Ghost Story was released on DVD on March 25, 1998, by Image Entertainment. Universal repressed the DVD with an alternate cover art, which was released September 7, 2004. The film received its first Blu-ray release in the United States on November 24, 2015, by Scream Factory. This release featured new bonus material, including an audio commentary with director John Irvin, as well as interviews with Peter Straub, Alice Krige, Lawrence D. Cohen, Burt Weissbourd, and Bill Taylor.

title: Ghost Story (1981 film)


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Rizhao

Rizhao, alternatively romanized as Jihchao, is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Shandong province, China. It is situated on the coastline along the Yellow Sea, and features a major seaport, the Port of Rizhao. It borders Qingdao to the northeast, Weifang to the north, Linyi to the west and southwest, and faces Korea and Japan across the Yellow Sea to the east.

The name of the city literally means "sunshine". The city is known for its sustainability, and it mandates solar-water heaters in all new buildings. Rizhao city was recognized by the United Nations as one of the most habitable cities in the world in 2009.

The city population stands at 2,968,365 people as of the 2020 Chinese census, of whom 1,172,205 live in the urban area of Donggang District.Compared with the 2801013 people in 2010 Chinese census, there has been a total increase of 167352 people in the past decade, an increase of 5.97%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.58%.

History
Rizhao is located at the place where the ancient Dawenkou culture and the Longshan culture flourished. Rizhao belonged to the Dongyi people during the Xia and Shang dynasties (2070-1046 BC), and to Ju and Yue States in the Spring and Autumn period (770-476 BC) and the Warring States period (476-221 BC). It became a part of Langye Commandery in the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC). Rizhao was named Haiqu County during the Western Han (206 BC-25 AD) and Xihai County under the Eastern Han (25-220 AD).

During the Tang dynasty, together with Ju County, Rizhao belonged to Mi Prefecture of Henan Prefecture. In the 10th century, Rizhao city and county was established, with the name meaning "(the first to get) sunshine". In 1940 it came under the control of the Chinese Communist Party. After being a county and since 1985 a city under the administration of Linyi, Rizhao became a prefecture-level city within Shandong province in 1989.

The Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago has done field survey archaeological work in Rizhao over the years.

Climate
Rizhao has a temperate, four-season, monsoon-influenced climate that lies in the transition between the humid subtropical (Köppen Cwa) and humid continental (Köppen Dwa) regimes. Winter is cool to cold and windy, but generally dry, with a January average of -0.3 °C. Summer is generally hot and humid, but sweltering days are rare, with an August average of 25.7 °C. Due to its proximity to the coast and being on a peninsula, it experiences a one-month delayed spring compared to much of the province. Conversely, fall is milder than inland areas in Shandong. The annual mean temperature is 12.95 °C. On average, there are 2,530 hours of bright sunshine annually, and the relative humidity is 70–74 %.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Rizhao administers four county-level divisions, including two districts and two counties.

 * Donggang District (东港区)
 * Lanshan District (岚山区)
 * Ju County (莒县)
 * Wulian County (五莲县)

Landmarks and tourist attractions
The Zaishui Art Museum on an artificial lake was completed in 2023, along with a promenade and café by the Spanish firm SelgasCano. In addition to the museum, Jun'ya Ishigami designed a horseback-riding center, a hotel, and a 148-foot-high, concrete church.

The following locations have a 4-star rating according to Chinese classification for scenic spots (旅游景区质量等级)

 * Wulian Mountain (五莲山风景区)
 * Fulai Mountain (浮来山风景区)
 * Daqing Mountain (大青山风景区)
 * Wanpingkou Beach (万平口风景区)
 * Rizhao Beach National Park (日照海滨国家森林公园)
 * Longmengu (龙门崮风景区)
 * Liujiawan Park (刘家湾赶海园)

Sustainable development
The city now mandates the incorporation of solar panels in all new buildings, and oversees the construction process to ensure the panels are correctly installed. The effort to install solar water heaters began in 1992.

Transportation
Rizhao features a major seaport (Port of Rizhao), located approximately 620 km north of Shanghai, 170 km southwest of Qingdao, and 120 km north of Lianyungang. The seaport serves as a site for loading and unloading iron ore and coal. Other products passing through the harbor include cement, nickel, bauxite, and the like. In 2011 the Port of Rizhao, together with the cities of Qingdao, Weihai and Yantai in Shandong, signed a strategic alliance with Busan, the largest port of the Republic of Korea. The alliance aims at building a shipping and logistics center in Northeast Asia. The new iron ore port of Lanqiao is located close to it as is the Lanshan port region.

Rizhao Shanzihe Airport (IATA: RIZ) is an airport serving the city of Rizhao. The airport received approval from the State Council and the Central Military Commission in October 2013. It is located in the town of Houcun, Shandong (后村镇), Donggang District. It was opened on 22 December 2015.

The city is served by two railway stations, Rizhao railway station for local trains and Rizhao West railway station for both local and high-speed services.

Universities and colleges
Since becoming a city, Rizhao has seen a significant growth in the number of universities and colleges,

 * Qufu Normal University
 * Jining Medical University
 * Rizhao Polytechnic
 * Shandong Foreign Languages Vocational College
 * Shandong Maritime Vocational College
 * Shandong Sport College
 * Shandong Water Polytechnic(山东水利学院)

International relations
Rizhao twin towns and sister cities are:

 * 🇹🇲 Türkmenabat, Türkmenistan (2014)

title: Rizhao


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Mosquito control

Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment. Mosquito control is a vital public-health practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the Zika virus.

Mosquito-control operations are targeted to multiple problems:

 * Nuisance mosquitoes bother people around homes or in parks and recreational areas;
 * Economically important mosquitoes reduce real estate values, adversely affect tourism and related business interests, or negatively impact livestock or poultry production;
 * Public health is the focus when mosquitoes are vectors, or transmitters, of infectious disease.
 * Mosquito-born diseases can threaten endangered species.

Disease organisms transmitted by mosquitoes include West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, Everglades virus, Highlands J virus, La Crosse Encephalitis virus in the United States; dengue fever, yellow fever, Ilheus virus, malaria, Zika virus and filariasis in the American tropics; Rift Valley fever, Wuchereria bancrofti, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya and filariasis in Africa and Asia; and Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia. Vertical transmission from adult mosquitos to larvae is possible.

Depending on the situation, source reduction, biocontrol, larviciding (killing of larvae), or adulticiding (killing of adults) may be used to manage mosquito populations. These techniques are accomplished using habitat modification, pesticide, biological-control agents, and trapping. The advantage of non-toxic methods of control is they can be used in Conservation Areas.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is the use of the most environmentally appropriate method or combination of methods to control pest populations. Typical mosquito-control programs using IPM first conduct surveys, in order to determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal distribution of adult and larval mosquitoes, and only then is a control strategy defined.

Monitoring mosquito populations
Adult mosquito populations may be monitored by landing rate counts, mechanical traps or by, lidar technology For landing rate counts, an inspector visits a set number of sites every day, counting the number of adult female mosquitoes that land on a part of the body, such as an arm or both legs, within a given time interval. Mechanical traps use a fan to blow adult mosquitoes into a collection bag that is taken back to the laboratory for analysis of catch. The mechanical traps use visual cues (light, black/white contrasts) or chemical attractants that are normally given off by mosquito hosts (e.g., carbon dioxide, ammonia, lactic acid, octenol) to attract adult female mosquitoes. These cues are often used in combination. Entomology lidar detection has the possibility of showing the difference between male and female mosquitoes.

Monitoring larval mosquito populations involves collecting larvae from standing water with a dipper or a turkey baster. The habitat, approximate total number of larvae and pupae, and species are noted for each collection. An alternative method works by providing artificial breeding spots (ovitraps) and collecting and counting the developing larvae at fixed intervals. Monitoring these mosquito populations is crucial to see what species are present, if mosquito numbers are rising or falling, and detecting any diseases they carry.

Mosquito Alert is a cooperative citizen science project, currently run as a non-profit and coordinated by four public research centers in Spain. The aim of the project is to study, monitor, and fight the spread of invasive mosquitos. The project provided the first detection of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus in Spain in 2018, providing the first report of a population of mosquitos that were located 1,300 km from their previously nearest known location in Europe.

Mechanical control
Mechanical control is the management and control using physical means.

Source reduction
Since many mosquitoes breed in standing water, source reduction can be as simple as emptying water from containers around the home. This is something that homeowners can accomplish. Mosquito breeding grounds can be eliminated at home by removing unused plastic pools, old tires, or buckets; by clearing clogged gutters and repairing leaks around faucets; by regularly (at most every 4 days) changing water in bird baths; and by filling or draining puddles, swampy areas, and tree stumps. Eliminating such mosquito breeding areas can be an extremely effective and permanent way to reduce mosquito populations without resorting to insecticides. However, this may not be possible in parts of the developing world where water cannot be readily replaced due to irregular water supply. Many individuals also believe mosquito control is the government's responsibility, so if these methods are not done regularly by homeowners then the effectiveness is reduced.

Open water marsh management (OWMM) involves the use of shallow ditches, to create a network of water flow within marshes and to connect the marsh to a pond or canal. The network of ditches drains the mosquito habitat and lets in fish which will feed on mosquito larvae. This reduces the need for other control methods such as pesticides. Simply giving the predators access to the mosquito larvae can result in long-term mosquito control. Open-water marsh management is used on both the eastern and western coasts of the United States.

Rotational impoundment management (RIM) involves the use of large pumps and culverts with gates to control the water level within an impounded marsh. RIM allows mosquito control to occur while still permitting the marsh to function in a state as close to its natural condition as possible. Water is pumped into the marsh in the late spring and summer to prevent the female mosquito from laying her eggs on the soil. The marsh is allowed to drain in the fall, winter, and early spring. Gates in the culverts are used to permit fish, crustaceans, and other marsh organisms to enter and exit the marsh. RIM allows the mosquito-control goals to be met while at the same time reducing the need for pesticide use within the marsh. Rotational impoundment management is used to a great extent on the east coast of Florida.

A 2019 study also explored the idea of using unmanned aerial vehicles as a valid strategy to identify and prioritize water bodies where disease vectors such as Ny. darlingi are most likely to breed.

Oil drip
An oil drip can or oil drip barrel was a common and nontoxic anti-mosquito measure. The thin layer of oil on top of the water prevents mosquito breeding in two ways: mosquito larvae in the water cannot penetrate the oil film with their breathing tube, and so drown and die; also adult mosquitoes do not lay eggs on the oiled water.

Mosquito traps

A traditional approach to controlling mosquito populations is the use of ovitraps or lethal ovitraps, which provide artificial breeding spots for mosquitoes to lay their eggs. While ovitraps only trap eggs, lethal ovitraps usually contain a chemical inside the trap that is used to kill the adult mosquito and/or the larvae in the trap. Studies have shown that with enough of these lethal ovitraps, Aedes mosquito populations can be controlled. A recent approach is the automatic lethal ovitrap, which works like a traditional ovitrap but automates all steps needed to provide the breeding spots and to destroy the developing larvae.

In 2016 researchers from Laurentian University released a design for a low cost trap called an Ovillanta which consists of attractant-laced water in a section of discarded rubber tire. At regular intervals the water is run through a filter to remove any deposited eggs and larva. The water, which then contains an 'oviposition' pheromone deposited during egg-laying, is reused to attract more mosquitoes. Two studies have shown that this type of trap can attract about seven times as many mosquito eggs as a conventional ovitrap.

Some newer mosquito traps or known mosquito attractants emit a plume of carbon dioxide together with other mosquito attractants such as sugary scents, lactic acid, octenol, warmth, water vapor and sounds. By mimicking a mammal's scent and outputs, the trap draws female mosquitoes toward it, where they are typically sucked into a net or holder by an electric fan where they are collected. According to the American Mosquito Control Association, the trap will kill some mosquitoes, but their effectiveness in any particular case will depend on a number of factors such as the size and species of the mosquito population and the type and location of the breeding habitat. They are useful in specimen collection studies to determine the types of mosquitoes prevalent in an area but are typically far too inefficient to be useful in reducing mosquito populations.

Trap larva
This is a process of achieving sustainable mosquito control in an eco friendly manner by providing artificial breeding grounds with an ovitrap or an ovillanta utilizing common household utensils and destroying larvae by non-hazardous natural means such as throwing them in dry places or feeding them to larvae eating fishes like Gambusia affinis, or suffocating them by spreading a thin plastic sheet over the entire water surface to block atmospheric air. Shifting the water with larvae to another vessel and pouring a few drops of kerosene oil or insecticide/larvicide in it is another option for killing wrigglers, but not preferred due to its environmental impact. Most of the ornamental fishes eat mosquito larvae.

Chemical control
Chemical control is the management and control using chemical means.

Larviciding
Control of larvae can be accomplished through use of contact poisons, growth regulators, surface films, stomach poisons (including bacterial agents), and biological agents such as fungi, nematodes, copepods, and fish. A chemical commonly used in the United States is methoprene, considered slightly toxic to larger animals, which mimics and interferes with natural growth hormones in mosquito larvae, preventing development. Methoprene is frequently distributed in time-release briquette form in breeding areas. Another chemical is Temefos or temephos, a sand granular insecticide is used to treat water infected with disease carrying insects.

It is believed by some researchers that the larvae of Anopheles gambiae (important vectors of malaria) can survive for several days on moist mud, and that treatments should therefore include mud and soil several meters from puddles.

Adulticiding
Control of adult mosquitoes is the most familiar aspect of mosquito control to most of the public. It is accomplished by ground-based applications or via aerial application of residual chemical insecticides such as Duet. Generally modern mosquito-control programs in developed countries use low-volume applications of insecticides, although some programs may still use thermal fogging. Beside fogging there are some other insect repellents for indoors and outdoors. An example of a synthetic insect repellent is DEET. A naturally occurring repellent is citronella. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is another method of adulticide. Walls of properties are sprayed with an insecticide, the mosquitoes die when they land on the surface covered in insecticide.

To control adult mosquitoes in India, van mounted fogging machines and hand fogging machines are used.

Use of DDT
DDT was formerly used throughout the world for large area mosquito control, but it is now banned in most developed countries.

Controversially, DDT remains in common use in many developing countries (14 countries were reported to be using it in 2009 ), which claim that the public-health cost of switching to other control methods would exceed the harm caused by using DDT. It is sometimes approved for use only in specific, limited circumstances where it is most effective, such as application to walls.

The role of DDT in combating mosquitoes has been the subject of considerable controversy. Although DDT has been proven to affect biodiversity and cause eggshell thinning in birds such as the bald eagle, some say that DDT is the most effective weapon in combating mosquitoes, and hence malaria. While some of this disagreement is based on differences in the extent to which disease control is valued as opposed to the value of biodiversity, there is also genuine disagreement amongst experts about the costs and benefits of using DDT.

Notwithstanding, DDT-resistant mosquitoes have started to increase in numbers, especially in tropics due to mutations, reducing the effectiveness of this chemical; these mutations can rapidly spread over vast areas if pesticides are applied indiscriminately (Chevillon et al. 1999). In areas where DDT resistance is encountered, malathion, propoxur or lindane is used.

Chemicals from body odor that attract mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are highly adept at locating their human hosts, largely due to their ability to detect specific chemicals present in human body odor. Research has identified several compounds in human sweat and skin that are particularly attractive to mosquitoes. Understanding these attractants is crucial for developing more effective mosquito control methods, including targeted repellents and traps that mimic human odors to lure mosquitoes away from people.

Key Attractants

 * 1) Carbon Dioxide (CO2): One of the most well-known attractants, carbon dioxide is exhaled by humans and detected by mosquitoes from a considerable distance. It is often the initial cue that mosquitoes use to locate potential hosts.
 * 2) Lactic Acid: Found in human sweat, lactic acid is a significant attractant for many mosquito species, including those that transmit malaria and dengue fever. Its concentration can vary among individuals, partly explaining why mosquitoes are more attracted to some people than others.
 * 3) Octenol: Also known as mushroom alcohol, octenol is present in human breath and sweat. It is particularly attractive to some mosquito species and is used in combination with carbon dioxide in mosquito traps.
 * 4) Acetone and Sulcatone: These compounds are found in human breath and skin, and research has shown that they also play a role in attracting mosquitoes.
 * 5) Ammonia: Released through the skin, especially with increased sweat production, ammonia is another compound that attracts mosquitoes. Moreover, recent studies have implicated other compounds such as fatty acids and certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in mosquito attraction, expanding the list of known attractants.

Among these attractants, CO2 and lactic acid are considered the most effective, with CO2 attracting mosquitoes from the longest distances and lactic acid influencing their preference for certain individuals.

Implications for Mosquito Control
Understanding the specific chemicals that attract mosquitoes facilitates the development of innovative control strategies. For example, mosquito traps that emit both CO2 and lactic acid have proven more effective in luring mosquitoes away from human populations, significantly reducing the risk of bites and the spread of diseases. Additionally, personal repellents engineered to mask or chemically alter these attractants can render individuals less detectable to mosquitoes. Integrating these repellents into daily personal care routines, especially in regions prone to mosquito-borne diseases, offers a proactive approach to disease prevention.

Research into the chemical properties of human body odor that attract mosquitoes reveals complex interactions between mosquito host-seeking behavior and human chemical signatures. By deciphering these mechanisms, scientists aim to devise solutions that could substantially reduce the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases. Advances in synthetic biology and nanotechnology are opening new avenues for creating targeted compounds and delivery systems that efficiently combat mosquitoes without harming the environment.

Enhancements and Future Directions
While existing repellents and traps offer temporary solutions, they frequently fall short due to their limited duration of effectiveness and inconsistent efficacy across different mosquito species. For example, many current repellents do not provide all-night protection, and traps might not attract all types of mosquitoes. Future research should prioritize the discovery of new attractant compounds through molecular biology and high-throughput screening methods, aiming to develop more universally effective and durable mosquito control solutions.

Addressing the ecological impacts of widespread use of chemical attractants and repellents is also essential. Careful evaluation is needed to ensure these methods do not harm non-target species or disrupt ecological balances. In practical scenarios, leveraging these insights could transform how we manage mosquito populations and reduce disease transmission. With ongoing technological advancements and deeper understanding of mosquito ecology, we can anticipate the development of next-generation repellents and attractant-based traps that provide robust and environmentally friendly protection against mosquitoes.

Biological control
Biological control is the management and control using biological means.

Natural predation

Biological pest control, or "biocontrol", is the use of the natural enemies of pests like mosquitoes to manage the pest's populations. There are several types of biocontrol, including the direct introduction of parasites, pathogens, and predators to target mosquitoes. Effective biocontrol agents include predatory fish that feed on mosquito larvae such as mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and some cyprinids (carps and minnows) and killifish. Tilapia also consume mosquito larvae. Direct introduction of tilapia and mosquitofish into ecosystems around the world have had disastrous consequences. However, utilizing a controlled system via aquaponics provides the mosquito control without the adverse effects to the ecosystem.

Other predators include dragonfly (fly) naiads, which consume mosquito larvae in the breeding waters, adult dragonflies, which eat adult mosquitoes, and some species of lizard and gecko. Biocontrol agents that have had lesser degrees of success include the predator mosquito Toxorhynchites and predator crustaceans—Mesocyclops copepods, nematodes and fungi. Predators such as birds, bats, lizards, and frogs have been used, but their effectiveness is only anecdotal.

Biocides
Instead of chemical insecticides, some researchers are studying biocides. Like all animals, mosquitoes are subject to disease. Invertebrate pathologists study these diseases in the hope that some of them can be utilized for mosquito management. Microbial pathogens of mosquitoes include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes and microsporidia.

Most notably, scientists in Burkina Faso were studying the Metarhizium fungal species. This fungus in a high concentration can slowly kill mosquitoes. To increase the lethality of the fungus, a gene from a spider was inserted into the fungus causing it to produce a neurotoxin. The gene was regulated to only activate when in mosquito hemolymph. Research was done to show the fungi would not affect other insects or humans. Two other species of fungi that can kill adult mosquitoes are Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana.

Dead spores of the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, especially Bt israelensis (BTI) interfere with dipteran larval digestive systems. It can be dispersed by hand or dropped by helicopter in large areas. BTI loses effectiveness after the larvae turn into pupae, because they stop eating. BTI was reported to be widely applied in West Africa with limited adverse effects, and may pose lesser risk than chemical pesticides.

Wolbachia method
In the Wolbachia method, both male and female mosquitos that carry the Wolbachia bacterium are released into natural populations. Wolbachia boosts the natural immune response of the mosquito so that it does not easily get infected and become a host vector for mosquito-borne diseases. Therefore it is unable to easily transmit those viruses to people. This is known as replacement strategy as it aims to replace the natural population with Wolbachia-carrying ones. Since 2011, the World Mosquito Program has conducted several trials and projects, in 14 countries across Asia, Latin America and Oceania.

Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT)
This approach also uses Wolbachia but involves the release of only male mosquitos that carry the Wolbachia bacterium. When these male mosquitos mate with wild female mosquitos, her eggs do not hatch due to lack of biocompatibility. Wolbachia is not endemic to wild mosquito populations although it is endemic in 50% of all insect species. This is known as suppression strategy as it aims to suppress the natural reproduction cycle. Wolbachia-Aedes suppression has been piloted in various countries such as Myanmar (1967), French Polynesia (2009, 2012), USA (2014-2016, 2018), Thailand (2016), Australia (2017), Singapore (since 2016) and Puerto Rico (2020).

Projects
Maui and Kuai, Hawaii - A series of IIT projects were planned to protect endangered bird species from avian malaria. The projects involve the release of large numbers of male mosquitos infected with a strain of Wolbachia that is incompatible with the strain carried by resident females. These mosquitos would not be irradiated or subject to genetic modification.

Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
Introducing large numbers of sterile males is another approach to reducing mosquito numbers. This is called Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). Radiation is used to disrupt DNA in the mosquitoes and randomly create mutations. Males with mutations that disrupt their fertility are selected and released in mass into the wild population. These sterile males mate with wild type females and no offspring is produced, reducing the population size.

Projects
Guangzhou, China - A combination of SIT with IIT, were used in a mosquito control program in Guangzhou, China. The pilot trial was carried out with the support of the IAEA in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The pilot demonstrated the successful near-elimination of field populations of the world's most invasive mosquito species, Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito). The two-year trial (2016–2017) covered a 32.5-hectare area on two relatively isolated islands in the Pearl River in Guangzhou. It involved the release of about 200 million irradiated mass-reared adult male mosquitoes exposed to Wolbachia bacteria.

Genetic modification
These techniques share the characteristic of introducing lethal genes and reducing the size of the mosquito population over time.

Growth inhibition
Another control approach under investigation for Aedes aegypti uses a strain that is genetically modified to require the antibiotic tetracycline to develop beyond the larval stage. Modified males develop normally in a nursery while they are supplied with this chemical and can be released into the wild. However, their subsequent offspring will lack tetracycline in the wild and never mature. Field trials were conducted in the Cayman Islands, Malaysia and Brazil to control the mosquitoes that cause dengue fever. In April 2014, Brazil's National Technical Commission for Biosecurity approved the commercial release of the modified mosquito. The FDA is the lead agency for regulating genetically-engineered mosquitoes in the United States. In 2014 and 2018 research was reported into other genetic methods including cytoplasmic incompatibility, chromosomal translocations, sex distortion and gene replacement. Although several years away from the field trial stage, if successful these other methods have the potential to be cheaper and to eradicate the Aedes aegypti mosquito more efficiently.

A pioneering experimental demonstration of the gene drive method eradicated small populations of Anopheles gambiae.

In 2020, Oxitec's non-biting Friendly Aedes aegypti mosquito was approved for release by the US EPA and Florida state authorities.

Projects
Malaysia - In several experiments, researchers released batches of male adult Aedes mosquitos with genetic modifications to study the effects of dispersal and reproduction in natural populations. Mosquito traps were ultilized for the purpose of these studies. The process allowed for the opportunity to determine which mosquitoes were affected, and provided a group to be re-released with genetic modifications resulting in the OX513A variant to reduce reproduction. Adult mosquitoes are attracted inside the traps where they died of dehydration.

Factor EOF1
Research is being conducted that indicates that dismantling a protein associated with eggshell organization, factor EOF1 (factor 1), which may be unique to mosquitoes, may be a means to hamper their reproduction effectively in the wild without creating a resistant population or affecting other animals.

Legal measures
In Singapore, under the Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act there a legal duty on occupiers to prevent Aedes mosquitos from breeding in their homes. If breeding mosquitos are found by inspectors, occupiers are subject to a fine of 5,000 Singapore dollars or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or both.

Proposals to eradicate mosquitoes
Some biologists have proposed the deliberate extinction of certain mosquito species. Biologist Olivia Judson has advocated "specicide" of thirty mosquito species by introducing a genetic element which can insert itself into another crucial gene, to create recessive "knockout genes". She says that the Anopheles mosquitoes (which spread malaria) and Aedes mosquitoes (which spread dengue fever, yellow fever, elephantiasis, zika, and other diseases) represent only 30 out of some 3,500 mosquito species; eradicating these would save at least one million human lives per year, at a cost of reducing the genetic diversity of the family Culicidae by 1%. She further argues that since species become extinct "all the time" the disappearance of a few more will not destroy the ecosystem: "We're not left with a wasteland every time a species vanishes. Removing one species sometimes causes shifts in the populations of other species — but different need not mean worse." In addition, anti-malarial and mosquito control programs offer little realistic hope to the 300 million people in developing nations who will be infected with acute illnesses each year. Although trials are ongoing, she writes that if they fail: "We should consider the ultimate swatting."

Biologist E. O. Wilson has advocated the extinction of several species of mosquito, including malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Wilson stated, "I'm talking about a very small number of species that have co-evolved with us and are preying on humans, so it would certainly be acceptable to remove them. I believe it's just common sense."

Insect ecologist Steven Juliano has argued that "it's difficult to see what the downside would be to removal, except for collateral damage". Entomologist Joe Conlon stated that "If we eradicated them tomorrow, the ecosystems where they are active will hiccup and then get on with life. Something better or worse would take over."

However, David Quammen has pointed out that mosquitoes protect forests from human exploitation and may act as competitors for other insects. In terms of malaria control, if populations of mosquitoes were temporarily reduced to zero in a region, then this would exterminate malaria, and the mosquito population could then be allowed to rebound.

General references

 * Martinez, Julien et al. “Differential attraction in mosquito-human interactions and implications for disease control.” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences vol. 376,1818 (2021): 20190811. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0811
 * Connelly, C Roxanne, and Jeff Borchert. “MOSQUITO CONTROL EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE TO NATURAL DISASTERS.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association vol. 36,2 Suppl (2020): 2-4. doi:10.2987/8756- 971X-36.2S.2
 * Carlson, Douglas B et al. “Mosquito Control and Coastal Development: How they Have Coexisted and Matured in Florida and Australia.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association vol. 35,2 (2019): 123-134. doi:10.2987/18-6807.1 *
 * Martinez, Julien et al. “Differential attraction in mosquito-human interactions and implications for disease control.” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences vol. 376,1818 (2021): 20190811. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0811
 * Connelly, C Roxanne, and Jeff Borchert. “MOSQUITO CONTROL EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE TO NATURAL DISASTERS.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association vol. 36,2 Suppl (2020): 2-4. doi:10.2987/8756- 971X-36.2S.2
 * Carlson, Douglas B et al. “Mosquito Control and Coastal Development: How they Have Coexisted and Matured in Florida and Australia.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association vol. 35,2 (2019): 123-134. doi:10.2987/18-6807.1 *
 * Martinez, Julien et al. “Differential attraction in mosquito-human interactions and implications for disease control.” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences vol. 376,1818 (2021): 20190811. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0811
 * Connelly, C Roxanne, and Jeff Borchert. “MOSQUITO CONTROL EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE TO NATURAL DISASTERS.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association vol. 36,2 Suppl (2020): 2-4. doi:10.2987/8756- 971X-36.2S.2
 * Carlson, Douglas B et al. “Mosquito Control and Coastal Development: How they Have Coexisted and Matured in Florida and Australia.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association vol. 35,2 (2019): 123-134. doi:10.2987/18-6807.1 *
 * Carlson, Douglas B et al. “Mosquito Control and Coastal Development: How they Have Coexisted and Matured in Florida and Australia.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association vol. 35,2 (2019): 123-134. doi:10.2987/18-6807.1 *

title: Mosquito control


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Talk:Ape Cave

Length and status update
After a brief e-mail discussion with persons at the U.S. Forest Service, I was able to nail down the length of Ape Cave more accurately: a recent re-surveying of the cave showed the original length (12,810 feet) to be incorrect, and also placed it as the third-longest (rather than the longest) lava tube in the continental U.S. I have quoted the messages below for the sake of posterity. "ZorkFox: Hello! While doing some reasearch for a Wikipedia article on Ape Cave, I noticed that your Web site lists two different lengths for the lava tube. On the 'about us' page, it lists 12,810 feet, while on the Ape Cave home page it reads 13,042 feet. Also in disagreement is the fact of its prominence among lava tubes: one page says it is the longest, the other says it is the third-longerst. Which information is correct?" "Teresa: After some resurveying of Ape Cave just a few years ago, it was discovered that the cave is actually 13,042 feet and indeed the third longest cave in the continental US. The second longest cave is in the Mt. Adams area and I do not know where the longest cave is located. I hope this information is useful to you." "Adam: Just to clarify, Ape cave isn't the 3rd longest lava tube in the continental U.S., unless the word 'continuous' used here means the physical length in a straight line from point a to b. Others that are not in a straight line have more miles of passage, but wind and loop over each other and if plotted on a map, would have a shorter width, but longer passageways. It's possible this information came from a website such as: http://www.cob.jp/jsp/english/lavalist-w.html - but this may have mostly 'publicly known' caves. There are many others, that the USGS would have accurate information on, including, for example, Deadhorse Cave, near Trout Lake, WA, which is roughly 9 miles of passage- some continuous, some not, but the continuous flow is longer than Ape Cave, and not even mentioned on that website, for instance. Most cave organizations have access to this complete information."

—ZorkFox 01:10, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Scout Troop Leader?
I might be mistaken, but I seem to remember that the leader of the Scout troop that first explored the Ape Cave was named "Harry Reese" not "Henry Reese". Does anyone have any sources to confirm this? Kbomb 07:55, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * His name was Harry. He was my grand father. he had the sons! :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.222.55.57 (talk) 08:48, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Length and status update
I will be going up to the Ape Caves this weekend and will verify all info on this page. I will also try to get intouch with someone I know in the USGS that works in the Mt St Helens area. Greasemunkey0119 04:04, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Year of discovery
The body of the article claims that the cave was discovered in 1951, but the year provided in the infobox is 1947. Maybe there are different accounts regarding the discovery of Ape Cave?

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Apex beat

The apex beat (lat. ictus cordis), also called the apical impulse, is the pulse felt at the point of maximum impulse (PMI), which is the point on the precordium farthest outwards (laterally) and downwards (inferiorly) from the sternum at which the cardiac impulse can be felt. The cardiac impulse is the vibration resulting from the heart rotating, moving forward, and striking against the chest wall during systole. The PMI is not the apex of the heart but is on the precordium not far from it. Another theory for the occurrence of the PMI is the early systolic contraction of the longitudinal fibers of the left ventricle located on the endocardial surface of this chamber. This period of the cardiac cycle is called isovolumic contraction. Because the contraction starts near the base of the left ventricle and spreads toward the apex most of the longitudinal fibers of the left ventricle have shortened before the apex. The rapidly increasing pressure developed by the shortening of these fibers causes the aortic valve to open and the apex to move outward causing the PMI. Anatomical dissection of the musculature of the apex reveals that muscle fibers are no longer longitudinal oriented but form a spiral mass of muscular tissues which may also have an effect on the ability of the apex to contract longitudinally. After the longitudinal fibers contract, the ejection of blood out of the left ventricle is accomplished by the torsional (as one would wring out a face cloth) action of the circumferential muscle fibers of the left ventricle that are in the mid-portion of the ventricle and contract after the longitudinal fibers. During the longitudinal fiber contraction, the volume of the left ventricle has not changed keeping the apex in intimate contact with the chest wall allowing the ability to feel the apex move outward before the heart empties greater than 55% of its volume and the apex falling away from the chest wall.

Identification
The normal apex beat can be palpated in the precordium left 5th intercostal space, half-inch medial to the left midclavicular line and 3–4 inches left of left border of sternum.

In children the apex beat occurs in the fourth rib interspace medial to the nipple. The apex beat may also be found at abnormal locations; in many cases of dextrocardia, the apex beat may be felt on the right side.

Interpretation
Lateral and/or inferior displacement of the apex beat usually indicates enlargement of the heart, called cardiomegaly. The apex beat may also be displaced by other conditions:
 * Pleural or pulmonary diseases
 * Deformities of the chest wall or the thoracic vertebrae

Sometimes, the apex beat may not be palpable, either due to a thick chest wall, or conditions where the stroke volume is reduced; such as during ventricular tachycardia or shock.

The character of the apex beat may provide vital diagnostic clues:
 * A forceful impulse indicates volume overload in the heart (as might occur in aortic regurgitation)
 * An uncoordinated (dyskinetic) apex beat involving a larger area than normal indicates ventricular dysfunction; such as an aneurysm following myocardial infarction
 * A pulse deficit between the PMI and periphery may occur in some arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contraction or atrial fibrillation.

Sustained apex beat, namely prolonged upward cardiac force during systole in a physical exam, can be seen in some chronic conditions such as hypertension and aortic stenosis, especially in elderly and females.

An algorithm for the classification of some common apex beat characteristics is shown in the image

title: Apex beat


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Gene Lamont

Gene William Lamont (born December 25, 1946) is an American special assistant to the general manager of the Kansas City Royals. He was a catcher and manager in Major League Baseball who managed the Chicago White Sox (1992–1995) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1997–2000) and served as a coach for the Detroit Tigers (2006-2017). He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

Early life
Lamont was a Chicago Cubs fan all his life, growing up in Kirkland, Illinois, and attending Western Illinois University.

Playing career
He was selected by the Detroit Tigers in the 1st round, as the 13th pick, of the 1965 amateur draft, and came up with them as a September call-up in 1970, when he had 13 hits in 44 at bats. The following year, he had one hit in 15 at-bats. In his biggest year, he had 92 at-bats, playing as a backup to Tigers catcher Jerry Moses. He returned to the Tigers upon being selected from the Richmond Braves in the Rule 5 draft on December 3, 1973. After 1975, his major league career, spent entirely with the Tigers, was over. He bounced around in the minors, on triple-A Evansville (with such players as Tom Brookens and Jerry Manuel) before stopping. He ended with a lifetime batting average of .233, with four home runs and 14 RBI in 87 games played. He had 37 hits in 159 at-bats, and stole one base.

The highlight of his time as a player was a home run in his first at bat of his career off the Boston Red Sox' Cal Koonce.

Managing career
In 1977 with the Kansas City Royals organization managing their single-A Fort Myers team for two years. After that, he guided the double-A Jacksonville Suns to a championship in 1982 and again in 1983, being named Southern League Manager of the Year in 1982.

Finally, after two seasons with the triple-A Omaha Royals in the minors, he worked his way up to the majors, serving as a third base coach for Jim Leyland's 1986 Pirates team. By the early '90s, with the Pirates emergence as a contender, Lamont was being considered by some teams for a managing job.

In 1992, Jeff Torborg left the White Sox to take the managing job with the New York Mets, and Lamont was named manager of Chicago. That year, the Sox did well, finishing 86–76, 3rd in the American League's Western Division. However, the following year the White Sox finished 94-68 under Lamont and were first in the AL West for the first time since they won 99 games in 1983 under Tony La Russa. His team consisted of such stars as Frank Thomas, Robin Ventura, Ellis Burks, Jack McDowell, Alex Fernandez, Jason Bere, and Wilson Álvarez. Lamont took home the AL Manager of the Year award that year, and the team lost in the American League Championship Series to the defending champions, the Toronto Blue Jays.

In 1994, a baseball strike took place. When it began, the White Sox had the best record in the division by a narrow margin over the Cleveland Indians. However, the team did not fare as well the following year, starting out with an 11–20 record before Lamont was fired by general manager Ron Schueler in a move that shocked Lamont. He was replaced by Terry Bevington, who had served as the third base coach.

Lamont returned to the Pirates and began coaching again, before Leyland left in 1997, giving Lamont the job of manager once again. He was the third Pirates manager to have been a catcher during his playing career, along with Billy Meyer and Jim Leyland. Amazingly, in his first year Lamont finished second with a young, inexperienced team that was widely predicted to finish last. His team often upset many NL teams vying for playoff spots. He came in 2nd place in the Manager of the Year voting behind Dusty Baker of the San Francisco Giants.

There was no continued success for the Pirates though, finishing in last place in the Central in 1998. Expectations were perhaps a tad too high from New owner Kevin McClatchy, who bought the team in 1996 and thought the 2000 team (the last to play before the opening of PNC Park) would win 90 games, with Lamont not receiving an extension being a sign. After a terrible 2000 season that saw them lose 93 games, Lamont was fired and replaced by Lloyd McClendon.

He has a career record of 553–562, barely below .500 at .496, despite the many bad Pirates seasons. His all-time record in Chicago was 258–210, and he was 295–352 in Pittsburgh. Lamont had two first-place finishes, including the strike shortened year.

Lamont returned to coaching, with the Red Sox, the Astros, and (from 2006–2017) with the Tigers.

On November 12, 2011, Lamont was interviewed for the manager position for the Boston Red Sox after the Red Sox declined to exercise Terry Francona's 2012 option for manager. Lamont joined Torey Lovullo, Sandy Alomar Jr., Pete Mackanin, and Dale Sveum vying for the managerial position. As of November 27, only Lamont and Bobby Valentine were still in contention for the position. On November 29, it was reported that Valentine would be the new Red Sox manager.

In 2013, Lamont was moved to the dugout as the bench coach and was replaced by Tom Brookens, who was previously the 1st base coach.

On January 17, 2018, Lamont was hired by the Kansas City Royals to be the special assistant to the general manager.

Personal life
Lamont is married to Melody. They have two children, Melissa and Wade.

title: Gene Lamont


text:
User:JettMarks

Atlanta-based software consultant.

title: User:JettMarks


text:
User:Casper in japan

Casper In Japan
Hi there, my name is Casper and in a few weeks I am going to Japan. Yay for me.

I plan to use this wonderful wikipedia as a updatable page to inform the world at large about my adventure in the land of the rising sun. Please excuse the hideousness of the page as it will be pretty ugly until I manage to learn how to use it.

There might be some of you out there who actually dont know me so I guess you might want to know why I am going to Japan. Well as part of a fiendish plan to have fun and experience cultures far removed from my own I applied and got accepted for a job with Nova, a Japanese company. I will be teaching conversational English and hopefully, if i am lucky, piloting giant robots to defend Japan against giant monsters.

Ok, thats all until I know more, like when my flight is or where exactly I am going.

title: User:Casper in japan


text:
Kazuhiko Matsumoto

Kazuhiko Matsumoto (松本和彦) is a prominent Japanese adult video (AV) director, credited with inventing the bukkake genre of Japanese pornography.

MVG
Matsumoto was the founder and first director of M's Video Group (MVG) in 1995. In December 2005, the present company (re-formed in 2005) issued a series of 14 DVDs of Matsumoto's early work to celebrate their 10th anniversary.

Matsumoto is credited with creating the term bukakke and the pornographic genre in 1998 as a response to Japanese censorship of AV. Because any graphic depiction of the pubic hair and genitals were banned in Japanese pornography, directors had to find less direct ways of portraying sexual activity. Matsumoto developed the bukkake genre as a way of following these censorship laws literally while still giving his audience visual evidence of male sexual climax.

Matsumoto has also directed videos in the bukkake genre and other styles for Moodyz and Soft On Demand (SOD). An Nanba and Bunko Kanazawa are two of the prominent AV idols Matsumoto directed while working for the Moodyz company. At SOD he directed Nana Natsume in her first bukakke movie Nana Natsume Showered by Semen.

Dogma
Matsumoto directed for Dogma in 2003 including a bukkake-gokkun genre video with Kurumi Morishita in March 2003. He was one of nine directors invited to compete in Dogma's D-1 Climax Awards contest in 2005 but his entry Party R [Dogma D1-001] with Rina Yuuki finished last. Matsumoto didn't compete in the 2006 D-1 Climax Awards but his video at the 2007 D-1 Climax Awards, 60 Pussies, Ugly Men, Black Men, Pussy Bukkake, Nakadashi And Fuck! [Dogma D1-301] took 5th place. It was for this video that Matsumoto developed "M-Vision" ("M" for Matsumoto), which allows adult video directors to focus their cameras simultaneously on an actress's face and her genitals. This was named by Weekly Playboy as the number one innovation likely to change the sex industry in 2008.

S1
From mid-2007, Matsumoto also directed non-bukkake style videos for S1 No. 1 Style featuring such top AV idols as Yuma Asami, Akiho Yoshizawa, Minori Hatsune and Tina Yuzuki (Rio) which featured his "M-Vision" technique.

title: Kazuhiko Matsumoto


text:
User:David Kernow

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title: User:David Kernow


text:
Hermia

Hermia is a fictional character from Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream. She is a girl of ancient Athens named for Hermes, the Greek god of trade.

Overview
Hermia is caught in a romantic entanglement where she loves one man, Lysander, but is being courted by another, Demetrius, whose feelings she does not return.

Though she loves Lysander, Hermia's father, Egeus, wants her to marry Demetrius and has appealed to Theseus, the Duke of Athens, for support. Under Athenian law, Hermia's refusal of her father's command would result in her being put to death or being banished to a nunnery.

Lysander and Hermia then meet Demetrius' former fiancé, and Hermia's lifelong friend, Helena while discussing their run-away plans. Demetrius had abandoned Helena to woo Hermia but Helena is still hopelessly in love with him. Hermia tells Helena not to worry; Hermia will elope with Lysander and Demetrius will no longer see her face. Helena relates Hermia's plan to Demetrius in the hope that he will realize her love for him, but Demetrius pursues Hermia and Lysander into the forest with Helena in pursuit.

Demetrius tries to persuade Helena to stop following him but Helena declares her love.

Oberon is the king of the fairies. He is invisible to humans and has been watching the story unfold. He orders his sprite, Puck, to place a drop from a magical flower on the sleeping Demetrius' eyelids so that he will fall in love with Helena when he wakes, and everyone will be content. However, Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius; when Lysander awakes, he sees Helena and falls deeply in love with her, forsaking Hermia. After discovering the mistake, Oberon places a drop of the magical flower on Demetrius' eyes. Demetrius awakes and his love for Helena is now rekindled; he joins Lysander in the quest for Helena's hand.

With both Demetrius and Lysander pursuing her, Helena becomes angry. Because Lysander's love for Hermia was so great and Demetrius had been wooing her in accordance with her father's wishes, Helena believes that they are cruelly mocking her. When Hermia returns to the scene, Helena accuses her of being part of the joke. Hermia feels betrayed by the accusation and asserts that she would never hurt her friend that way. Accusations and challenges fly between Lysander and Demetrius and between Helena and Hermia. Hermia now thinks the two swains prefer Helena because she is taller and offers to fight Helena. Helena asks for protection because Hermia was a scrapper in their younger years, saying, "And though she is but little, she is fierce."

Lysander and Demetrius resolve to settle their rivalry with swords and separately head further into the forest.

Wearied by the conflict and the chase, and with Puck providing some magic assistance, the four young Athenians fall asleep in the forest. Puck places the antidote on Lysander's eyes but not on Demetrius'. The four wake up the next morning when Theseus, Hippolyta, his betrothed, and Egeus find them.

This is the day Hermia is to make her choice: marry Demetrius, enter a nunnery or die. However, the lovers wake up dazed; Unable to explain how they fell asleep, they talk about a strange dream.

Demetrius, now permanently under the love flowers spell, says that he loves only Helena. With Demetrius out of the picture, Theseus overrules Egeus, freeing Hermia from her obligation. Hermia and Lysander marry each other at the wedding.

As Hermia's name comes from the god of trade, there may have been an economic reason for Demetrius' courtship and Egeus' insistence on their marriage.

In film versions, Hermia was played by Olivia de Havilland in the 1935 version and by Anna Friel in the 1999 release

title: Hermia


text:
User talk:ZlatkoMinev

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! mikka (t) 02:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:ZlatkoMinev


text: User talk:69.109.108.136

title: User talk:69.109.108.136


text:
User:Dxco

Present.

Special:Contributions/Plutofilms

title: User:Dxco


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/October 12, 2005

"densitiy" is a typo. "south-east Asia" might be technically correct, but "Southeast Asia" or "South East Asia" are much more common on a Google listing. Art LaPella 01:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Corrected. →Raul654 01:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Threshold

Science-fiction television series
I don't think the following reference is correct (second quoted sentence), I've not seen the Sci-Fi channel film, but it appears to have no connection. Therefore I've removed the material and placed it here: Threshold is also the name of a science-fiction television series that began airing in 2005. Its based on the Sci-Fi Original Picture, Threshold, that came out in 2003.''' Black Wolff 01:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

There is not much information at the Sci-Fi Original Picture website. Several online souces such as MSN movies do say that it came out in 2003. --JWSchmidt 02:18, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Oh, sorry, I wasn't disagreeing with the date, as far as i know that is accurate. I just think it should be a separate entry because I can find no proof (I've watched every episode of the series thus far) that links the movie with the television show. Also everything I've heard indicates that the television show was an independent production. Black Wolff 13:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

I was trying to find information about the movie that would allow us to decide if there is a relationship (besides name and genre) between the movie and the TV show. I failed to find anything online that said if the TV show was inspired or in any other way connected to the movie. It may be that the moviw was so bad that nobody will ever want to list it in wikipedia! --JWSchmidt 16:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

That could be true, I've only seen a couple but I didn't like Sci Fi's original pictures that much. *shrugs* Anyway, back to the topic. According to the Sci Fi synopsis the strange people are involved with moths and strange insect appendages. Everything on the show so far has been about how the "alien signal" rewrites the DNA of subjects--but they just heal rapidly, resist electricty, or are "super-strong." The movie synopsis also mentions that news of the "outbreak" gets out--whereas on the TV show everything is top secret and clearly isn't coming after the events in the movie but in "our present day." Oh, but one of the producers used to work at CBS, hmmm...that appears to be the only connection, ;-). Black Wolff 16:49, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Origin of Threshold
I question whether the origin of the word, "threshold," truly relates to an effort to "stop the straw from escaping the cobblestone floor." I know such a story is part of an email in mass circulation that purports to describe early origins of several modern words and phrases, but some of the explanations in the email seem fanciful, that is, internet urban legends (or perhaps, in this case more accurately, rural legends).

I don't question the door sill origin of the word, but I do question the suggestion that the "thresh" in "threshold" refers to the straw used on the floors of English homes in the 16th Century (or so). I understand the connection between "thresh," "thrash," and "straw," etc., but that is insufficient to draw the connection to the word's origins.

What say ye?

During these years the villages and settlements at times had a threshing room. This room was where they would thresh the wheat or other grains from the stems. There is a possibility that the word came from the fact that the threshing room had the stop at the doorway to prevent the wheat from going out the door. This could have also caused the story to be created about the 16th century English homes. It could have been for the one room and not necessarily all the homes. DBK 02:55, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The Online Etymology Dictionary is your friend: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=threshold&searchmode=none says ...but the oft-repeated story that the threshold was a barrier placed at the doorway to hold the chaff flooring in the room is mere folk etymology. Cotoco (talk) 03:24, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Threshold (door) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:30, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Threshold


text:
Byronosaurus

Byronosaurus is a genus of troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Mongolia.

Discovery and naming
In 1993, Michael Novacek, a member of an American Museum of Natural History expedition to the Gobi Desert, discovered the skeleton of a small theropod at Ukhaa Tolgod. This was further excavated in 1994 and 1995. The find was illustrated in a publication in 1994. On 15 July 1996, at the Bolor's Hill site, about eight kilometers (five miles) away from the original location, a second specimen was discovered, a skull.

In 2000, Mark Norell, Peter Makovicky and James Clark named and described the type species Byronosaurus jaffei. The species name as a whole honoured Byron Jaffe, "in recognition of his family's support for the Mongolian Academy of Sciences-American Museum of Natural History Paleontological Expeditions".

The holotype, IGM 100/983, was found in a layer of the Djadochta Formation dating from the late Campanian. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull. It contains a partial skull with lower jaws, three neck vertebrae, three back vertebrae, a piece of a sacral vertebra, four partial tail vertebrae, ribs, the lower end of a thighbone, the upper ends of a shinbone and calf bone, a second metatarsal and three toe phalanges. The paratype, specimen IGM 100/984, is the skull found in 1996, of which only the snout has been preserved. Both specimens are of adult individuals.

In 2003, the type specimen of Byronosaurus was described in detail. Makovicky and his colleagues found that Byronosaurus had a pneumatised snout with a sinus in each maxilla.

In 2009, two front skulls and lower jaws of very young, perhaps newly hatched, individuals, specimens IGM 100/972 and IGM 100/974, were referred to Byronosaurus, after originally having been identified as Velociraptor exemplars. Bever and Norell estimated that the skull length of IGM 100/972 and IGM 100/974 were about 22.6 cm and 25.4 cm, respectively.

In 2017, the researchers who described a troodontid Almas ukhaa suggested that the specimens described by Bever and Norell (2009) don't belong to Byronosaurus based on different features found in the skull such as the number of maxillary teeth in both specimens being significantly fewer than this genus. They argued that these specimens are more closely related to A. ukhaa than to B. jaffei.

Description
Byronosaurus was a small dinosaur, measuring about 1.5 - 2 m long and 50 cm tall; it weighed only about 4 - 20 kg. Unlike most other troodontids, its teeth seem to lack serrations just like its closest relative Xixiasaurus, probably a plesiomorphic trait among troodontids. The Ukhaa perinates show that Byronosaurus had a buccal maxillary groove and a recessed interfenestral bar.

Classification
The following cladogram shows the position of Byronosaurus within Troodontidae according to a 2017 analysis by the palaeontologist Caizhi Shen and colleagues:

Palaeobiology
Troodontids had some of the highest encephalization quotients (a measure of the ratio between actual brain size and the brain size predicted from body size) among non-avian dinosaurs. As suggested by their large eye-sockets and well-developed middle-ears, they appear to have had keen senses. They also had proportionately long legs, which indicates they were agile.

Diet
Due to their large brains, possible stereoscopic vision, grasping hands, and enlarged sickle-claws, troodontids were generally assumed to have been predatory. In 1998, the palaeontologist Thomas R. Holtz and colleagues pointed out that the serrations on the teeth of troodontids were different from those of typical, carnivorous theropods in their large size and wide spacing, which is similar to the condition in herbivorous dinosaurs (including therizinosaurid theropods) and lizards rather than carnivorous dinosaurs. They suggested that this difference in coarseness may be related to the size and resistance of plant and meat fibres, and that troodontids may have been herbivorous or omnivorous. They also pointed out that some features that had been interpreted as predatory adaptations in troodontids were also found in herbivorous and omnivorous animals, such as primates and raccoons.

In 2001, the palaeontologists Philip J. Currie and Dong Zhiming rejected the idea that troodontids could have been herbivorous. They stated that troodontid anatomy was consistent with a carnivorous lifestyle, and pointed out that the structure of their serrations was not much different from those of other theropods. They noted that troodontid features such as sharply pointed serrations that curved up towards the tip of the teeth, razor sharp enamel between the serrations, and at the bases, were not seen in herbivorous dinosaurs, which had simpler, cone shaped serrations. Lü and colleagues discussed the previous studies of troodontid diet, and suggested that the loss of serrations in the teeth of Byronosaurus and some other troodontids was related to a change in their diet. Since the teeth would appear to have lost their typical ability to slice meat, at least these troodontids may therefore have been either herbivorous or omnivorous. In 2015, the palaeontologist Christophe Hendrickx and colleagues suggested that basal (or "primitive") troodontids with unserrated teeth were herbivorous, whereas more derived troodontids with serrated teeth were carnivorous or omnivorous.

Reproduction
Mark Norell and colleagues described two "perinate" (hatchlings or embryos close to hatching) specimens of Byronosaurus (specimens IGM 100/972 and IGM 100/974) in 1994. The two specimens were found in a nest of oviraptorid eggs in the Late Cretaceous "Flaming Cliffs" of the Djadochta Formation of Mongolia. The nest is quite certainly that of an oviraptorosaur, since an oviraptorid embryo is still preserved inside one of the eggs. The two partial skulls were first described by Norell et al. (1994) as dromaeosaurids, but reassigned to Byronosaurus after further study. The juvenile skulls were either from hatchlings or embryos, and fragments of eggshell are adhered to them although it seems to be oviraptorid eggshell.

The presence of tiny Byronosaurus skulls in an oviraptorid nest was considered an enigma. Hypotheses explaining how they came to be there included that they were the prey of the adult oviraptorid, that they were there to prey on oviraptorid hatchlings, or that an adult Byronosaurus may have laid eggs in a Citipati nest (see nest parasite). However, these interpretations have all been shown to not be the case. In 2011, Norell stated that the Byronosaurus nest was found two metres uphill from the oviraptorid nest, with the oviraptorid nest at the end of a drainage course from the Byronosaurus nest, suggesting that the baby Byronosaurus skulls must have been washed from one nest to the other. This claim has been already confirmed in 2005 by Gerald Grellet-Tinner who noted the presence of a troodontid nest (IGM 100/1003x) close to the Citipati nest containing the juvenile troodontid skulls. Norell is officially preparing to publish this information with more important details.

Not only is the claim regarding nest parasitism considered dubious, but other researchers have pointed out the differences in skull morphology, suggesting that these specimens do not belong to this genus. The eggs of Byronosaurus and other troodontids are not paired unlike oviraptorids like Citipati, but are "nearly vertically embedded with their round poles" up and are exposed barely above the sediment.

title: Byronosaurus


text:
Wright v Tatham

Wright v Doe d. Tatham (1838) is a famous Exchequer Court decision on the use of hearsay within a trial. The case was further one of the main inspirations for Dickens' Bleak House. The decision was later upheld by the House of Lords in R v Kearly (1992).

Facts
Tatham was the claimant and heir to the fortune of the deceased. The will, however, had devised a portion of the property to Wright, a former servant. The main issue was whether the deceased had the required testamentary capacity when he wrote his will. Three letters written to the testator were submitted as circumstantial evidence that the author believed the testator was of sound mind and the issue was whether these letters could be admitted as evidence to prove competence or whether they constituted hearsay. Wright had argued that the letters were admissible because they showed that the testator was seen and treated as a competent in the eyes of those who knew him. Tatham argued that they were inadmissible and so would have to sworn under oath before they could be admissible.

Judgment of the Court
The House of Lords held that the letters were inadmissible as hearsay because the letters implied the statement "Marsden was of sound mind."

Subsequent use
The case appears in numerous treatises and evidence text books because of the difficult hearsay issue it raised. Baron Parke held that conduct consistent with a belief in a fact is hearsay when offered to prove the existence of that fact. The approach taken by Federal Rules of Evidence 801(a) does not yield the same result, as it requires that there be an intention to assert, which was absent from the "statement" in Wright v. Doe d. Tatham.

title: Wright v Tatham


text:
User talk:Yaroslav~enwiki

i am vivek, and my good friend's name is Yaroslav and his friendship i value above all.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Yaroslav. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Yaroslav~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:29, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:42, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yaroslav~enwiki