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Wax sculpture

A wax sculpture is a depiction made using a waxy substance. Often these are effigies, usually of a notable individual, but there are also death masks and scenes with many figures, mostly in relief.

The properties of beeswax make it an excellent medium for preparing figures and models, either by modeling or by casting in molds. It can easily be cut and shaped at room temperature, melts at a low temperature, mixes with any coloring matter, takes surface tints well, and its texture and consistency may be modified by the addition of earthy matters and oils or fats. When molten, it is highly responsive to impressions from a mold and, once it sets and hardens, its form is relatively resilient against ordinary temperature variations, even when it is cast in thin laminae. These properties have seen wax used for modelling since the Middle Ages and there is testimony for it having been used for making masks (particularly death masks) in ancient Rome. The death masks of illustrious ancestors would be displayed by the elite holding the right of "ius imaginem."

Ancient world
Figures in wax of their deities were used in the funeral rites of the ancient Egyptians, and deposited among other offerings in their graves; many of these are now preserved in museums. That the Egyptians also modelled fruits can be learned from numerous allusions in early literature. Among the Greeks during their best art period, wax figures were largely used as dolls for children; statuettes of deities were modelled for votive offerings and for religious ceremonies, and wax images to which magical properties were attributed were treasured by the people. Wax figures and models held a still more important place among the ancient Romans. The masks (effigies or imagines) of ancestors, modelled in wax, were preserved by patrician families, this jus imaginum being one of the privileges of the nobles, and these masks were exposed to view on ceremonial occasions, and carried in their funeral processions. The closing days of the Saturnalia were known as sigillaria, on account of the custom of making, towards the end of the festival, presents of wax models of fruits and waxen statuettes which were fashioned by the Sigillarii.

Early modern Europe
The display of temporary or permanent effigies in wax and other media of the deceased was a common part of the funeral ceremonies of important people in European historical times. Most of the figures would wear the real clothes of the deceased so they could be made quickly. The museum of Westminster Abbey has a collection of British royal wax effigies, as well as those of figures such as the naval hero Horatio Nelson, and Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond, who also had her parrot stuffed and displayed. The effigy of Charles II of England (1680) was displayed over his tomb until the early 19th century, when all were removed from the abbey itself.

Nelson's effigy was a pure tourist attraction, commissioned the year after his death in 1805, and his burial in St Paul's Cathedral after a government decision that major public figures should in future be buried there. Concerned for their revenue from visitors, the Abbey decided it needed a rival attraction for admirers of Nelson.

Middle Ages
The practice of wax modelling can be traced through the Middle Ages, when votive offerings of wax figures were made to churches. The memory and lineaments of monarchs and great personages were preserved by means of wax masks.

During this period, superstition found expression in the formation of wax images of hated persons, into which long pins were thrust, in the confident expectation that thereby deadly injury would be induced to the person represented. This practice was considered more effective when some portion of the victim's hair or nails were added to the wax figure, thus strengthening the connection with its actual subject. This belief and practice continued until the 17th century, though the superstition survived into the 19th century. In the Scottish Highlands, a clay model of an enemy was found in a stream in 1885, having been placed there in the belief that, as the clay was washed away, so would the health of the hated one decline.

Renaissance
During the Italian Renaissance, modeling in wax took a position of high importance, and it was practised by some of the greatest of the early masters, both as a material to create models for sculpture in other materials and as a medium to be used on its own. Speaking of the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giorgio Vasari noted that "Lorenzo did not cease to study the arts of design, and to work in relief with wax, stucco, and other similar materials, knowing very well that these small reliefs are the drawing-exercises of sculptors, and that without such practice nothing can be brought by them to perfection." The bronze medallions of Pisanello, Francesco Francia and of the other famous medalists owe their value to the properties of wax: all early bronzes and metalwork were cast from wax models first.

Wax effigies were a form of three-dimensional portraiture able to render uncanny likenesses of the subjects depicted. The creations of Florentine wax worker Orsino Benintendi (c.1440-98) were praised by Vasari as "lifelike and so well made that they no longer resembled wax men but living ones."

The Victoria and Albert Museum has a wax 'Descent from the Cross' by Jacopo Sansovino which was probably used by painters Perugino and del Sarto as well as a small study of a slave by Michelangelo and several wax pieces by Giambologna. Particularly noteworthy is his 'Florence Triumphant over Pisa' modello. The Royal Collection's red chalk écorché attributed to Michelangelo is considered as a drawing of a wax model like those Michelangelo himself made. The British Museum has a wax portrait medallion of Michelangelo made from life in 1560 by Leone Leoni. Two wax modelli by Baccio Bandinelli still exist, one of 'Hercules and Cacus' (Bode Museum, Berlin, Ident. Nr. 2612) and the other of Neptune (Musée Fabre, Montpellier).

The Museo Nazionale del Bargello in Florence has the only surviving wax modello by Benvenuto Cellini, 'Perseo con la testa di Medusa' (inv. cere, n.424), a study for his bronze statue at the Loggia dei Lanzi.

The Rijksmuseum has the 'Genius of Cosimo I de' Medici', a modello in red wax by Bartolomeo Ammannati.

16th and 17th centuries
There are a number of very high quality wax figures from the 16th and 17th centuries, mostly portrait figures and religious or mythological scenes, often with many figures. Antonio Abondio (1538–91) pioneered the coloured wax portrait miniature in relief, working mainly for the Habsburg and other courts of Northern Europe, and his son Alessandro continued in his footsteps.

18th century
Bologna was an important centre for anatomical wax modelling in the 18th century with Ercole Lelli, Giovanni Manzolini and his wife Anna Morandi Manzolini. The Museo di Palazzo Poggi shows a wax portrait of her husband dissecting a heart and one of herself dissecting a brain as well as anatomical models of the eye. The anatomy room also displays a series of figures by Ercole Lelli and a copy of Florentine Clemente Susini’s once famous Medici Venus. The University of Bologna houses the Luigi Cattaneo Anatomical Wax Museum. Patience Wright, was a sculptor of wax figures, and the first recognized American-born sculptor.

The Royal Collection Trust owns a wax bust of George III by Samuel Percy (1750-1820) and several engravings made after wax portraits like Jean-Charles François's portrait of Josephus II (1751) after wax modeller Florian Zeiss (1712–80). Other artists were inspired by wax works by Leonhard Posch or Josef Müller (fl.1793).

Towards the close of the 18th century, modeling of medallion portraits and of relief groups, the latter frequently polychromatic, was in considerable vogue throughout Europe. Many of the artists were women. John Flaxman executed in wax many portraits and other relief figures which Josiah Wedgwood translated into pottery for his Jasperware. The National Portrait Gallery has 40 wax portraits, mostly from this period.

19th century
This was a time when artists were often inspired by phrenologists or physiognomonists. This was the case of Jean-Pierre Dantan, or David d'Angers, for example, the latter even belonged to the Société phrénologique de Paris founded by François Broussais in 1831. As for Moulageur and sculptor Joseph Towne, he is best known for the creation of anatomical wax models.

In the 19th century, a painter like Ernest Meissonier still used wax models to prepare his paintings, like 'Le voyageur' (Musée d'Orsay, RF 3672) while Rodin made a wax model of The Gates of Hell (1880). Among the major wax works of the period are Paul Gauguin's portrait of his daughter Aline (1881, musée d'Orsay), and a 125 cm high self-portrait of Jean-Joseph Carriès (Petit Palais). Other famous wax modellers included Richard Cockle Lucas, Jules Dalou or Medardo Rosso.

The famous wax bust attributed to Leonardo da Vinci acquired in 1909 by the Museum of Berlin is the work of an English forger who worked about 1840. The wax model of a head, at the Wicar Museum at Lille, belongs probably to the school of Canova, which robs it of none of its exquisite grace.

Today
Wax-works, not intended as fine art, subsequently became popular attractions, consisting principally of images of historical or notorious personages, made up of waxen masks on lay figures in which sometimes mechanism is fitted to give motion to the figure. Such an exhibition of wax-works with mechanical motions was shown in Germany early in the eighteenth century.

Waxworks are frequently made presented by contemporary artists who take advantage of its lifelike and uncanny qualities. While the artist often creates a wax self-portrait, there are examples too of imaginary personalities and historical personae. For example, Gavin Turk had his portrait made as Sid Vicious ("Pop", Waxwork in vitrine 279 x 115 x 115 cm, 1993), Jan Fabre as a notorious thief (homage to Jacques Mesrine (Bust) II, 2008. Lifesize. Private collection.ta.)

The museum of medieval torture instruments in Amsterdam also used wax figures in order to demonstrate the use of machines and tools of their display.

Use in moulage
The modeling of the soft parts of dissections, teaching illustrations of anatomy, was first practised at Florence during the Renaissance. The practice of moulage, or the depiction of human anatomy and different diseases taken from directly casting from the body using (in the early period) gelatine moulds, later alginate or silicone moulds, used wax as its primary material (later to be replaced by latex and rubber). Some moulages were directly cast from the bodies of diseased subjects, others from healthy subjects to which disease features( blisters, sores, growths, rashes) were skilfully applied with wax and pigments.

During the 19th century, moulage evolved into three-dimensional, realistic representations of diseased parts of the human body. These can be seen in many European medical museums, notably the Spitzner collection currently in Brussels, the Charite Hospital museum in Berlin and the Gordon Museum of Pathology at Guy's Hospital in London.

Wax museums
A wax museum or waxworks consists of a collection of wax figures representing famous people from history and contemporary personalities exhibited in lifelike poses. Wax museums often have a special section dubbed the "chamber of horrors" in which the more grisly exhibits are displayed.
 * Madame Tussauds
 * Madame Tussauds London
 * Madame Tussauds Hong Kong
 * Madame Tussauds Amsterdam
 * Hollywood Wax Museum
 * Hollywood Wax Museum Branson
 * Hollywood Wax Museum Pigeon Forge
 * Hollywood Wax Museum Myrtle Beach
 * Musée Grévin Paris
 * Musée Grévin Montreal
 * Musée Grévin Séoul
 * National Wax Museum (Ireland)
 * Waxworks museum of the Castle of Diósgyőr
 * Panoptikum Hamburg

title: Wax sculpture


text: Category:Arrondissements of Yonne

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Arrondissements of Yonne


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User talk:Cesar.vialpando

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --User:AYArktos | Talk 08:13, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Everything Linux
With reference to the article Everything Linux which you have edited, why do you think an article about this retailer should be on Wikipedia? Regards--User:AYArktos | Talk 08:13, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Discussion about this article is at Australian_Wikipedians%27_notice_board and the criteria for inclusion probably need to address the Companies, corporations and economic information/Notability and inclusion guidelines Regards--User:AYArktos | Talk 20:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Knox Grammar School
Please read the discussion page re decision to revert your edits Moa999 08:39, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Cesar.vialpando! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:37, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Penny Chapman -

title: User talk:Cesar.vialpando


text:
Yécora/Iekora

Yécora (Iekora) is a town and municipality in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

Geography
Yecora has an area of 18.8 km ² and a population of 299 inhabitants (2008). Yecora is situated in southern Álava, within the wine region of Rioja Alavesa, on the border with Navarre, close to La Rioja. Yecora is at 694m above sea level, at the foot of the mountains of Cantabria and Codes. The adjacent municipalities are Lapoblación to the north; Oyón-Oion to the south-east; and Lanciego/Lantziego to the west. The capital of the region, Laguardia, is 15 km to the west. The provincial capital, Vitoria-Gasteiz is 50 km away. The city of Logroño, capital of La Rioja is 13 km to the south.

The nearest villages are Lanciego and Lapoblación.

Economy and society
Yécora is a rural community, with 37% of the workforce working in agriculture and wine production. There are 4 wineries in the village, (/ / John Campinún Vallarmen, and Jalon Ibalonja Solar) that produce Rioja as well as a cooperative, St. Sixtus, which produces wines and Valsierra Campolengo.

The village has a swimming pool, opened in 2006, a health centre, leisure centre and auditorium.

History
The village is first recorded in the 11th century cartulary of San Millán under the name Equora or Ecora. It was then known as Laguardia; in 1669 the king Charles II granted the title of town. The community later adopted the official name Yécora (or Iekora).

Heritage
Yécora has many Renaissance buildings. The most prominent building is the church of San Juan Bautista, built in Gothic and Renaissance style. It has a 14th-century square tower, a Renaissance façade decorated with angels and two columns with Corinthian capitals.

Outside the town is the shrine of Santa María de Bercijana which was restored in 1984.

There is a medieval spring known as the Fuente Vieja.

Festivals and traditions
Several processions are held during the year at the Bercijana shrine. The most important festivals are Santo Domingo in May and the harvest thanksgiving in August.

 * In May, celebrating the day of Santo Domingo, the people process from the chapel at Bercijana, carrying the image of the Virgin of Bercijana to the Church of St. John the Baptist in Yécora.
 * In late August, during the harvest festival, the people carry the statue of the patron saint of Yécora, accompanied by bagpipes and dance.

These celebrations, together with a traditional pilgrimage to San Tirso in the Sierra de Cantabria in June, are usually held annually in the town.

Famous people

 * Miguel de Ayala: He was the bishop of Palencia and Calahorra in the 17th century.
 * Fuidio Fidel Rodriguez (1880–1936): religious Marianist who was beatified by the Catholic Church in 1995.
 * En Tol Sarmiento, musical group.

title: Yécora/Iekora


text: User talk:70.56.19.247

title: User talk:70.56.19.247


text:
Northside Middle School

Northside Middle School may refer to:

 * Northside Middle School (Columbus, Indiana)
 * Northside Middle School, a Houston County School, Texas
 * Northside Middle School (Norfolk, Virginia)
 * Northside Middle School (Roanoke, Virginia)

title: Northside Middle School


text:
Zalduondo

Zalduondo is a village and municipality located in the province of Araba (Álava), in the Basque Country (autonomous community), northern Spain. In 2012 the population was 185 persons and the extension of the village is 12,03 km².

title: Zalduondo


text:
El Silencio (album)

El Silencio (The Silence) is a studio album by Mexican rock band Caifanes, released in 1992. It was produced by Adrian Belew. It is the last Caifanes album to feature bassist Sabo Romo and keyboardist/saxophonist Diego Herrera.

Critical reception
Spin called the album a "heavenly hybrid of Roxy Music and Led Zeppelin." Chuck Eddy wrote that it "flows through cotton-candy high notes, rumbling ocean rhythms with upsurges that bellow like sea elephants, Salvation Army funeral-wake honking, stuttery little chamber-group guitar figures."

Caifanes

 * Saúl Hernández - vocals, electric guitar
 * Sabo Romo - electric bass, acoustic guitar
 * Diego Herrera - keyboards, saxophone, percussion, jarana
 * Alfonso André - drums, percussion
 * Alejandro Marcovich - lead guitar, requinto jarocho, ebow

Guest

 * Adrian Belew - guitar solo on "Piedra"

title: El Silencio (album)


text:
Zambrana

Zambrana is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque region of northern Spain. It may be the origin of the popular Hispanic surname Zambrano.

title: Zambrana


text:
Sleep (command)

In computing, sleep is a command in Unix, Unix-like and other operating systems that suspends program execution for a specified time.

Overview
The sleep instruction suspends the calling process for at least the specified number of seconds (the default), minutes, hours or days.

sleep for Unix-like systems is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since issue 2 of 1987. It was inherited into the first version of POSIX and the Single Unix Specification. It first appeared in Version 4 Unix.

The version of  bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Jim Meyering and Paul Eggert. The command is also available in the OS-9 shell, in the KolibriOS Shell, and part of the FreeDOS Package group Utilities. The FreeDOS version was developed by Trane Francks and is licensed under the GPL.

A  command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.

In PowerShell,  is a predefined command alias for the   cmdlet which serves the same purpose. Microsoft also provides a  resource kit tool for Windows which can be used in batch files or the command prompt to pause the execution and wait for some time. Another native version is the  command which is part of current versions of Windows.

The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities. The sleep command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.

Usage
Where number is an integer number to indicate the time period in seconds. Some implementations support floating point numbers.

Options
None.

Examples
Causes the current terminal session to wait 30 seconds.

Causes the current terminal session to wait 5 hours

GNU sleep
Wait 3 hours then play the file foo.mp3

Note that  and   are illegal since sleep takes only one value and unit as argument. However,  (a floating point ) is allowed. Consecutive executions of sleep can also be used.

Sleep 5 hours, then sleep another 30 minutes.

The GNU Project's implementation of sleep (part of coreutils) allows the user to pass an arbitrary floating point or multiple arguments, therefore   (a space separating hours and minutes is needed) will work on any system which uses GNU sleep, including Linux.

Possible uses for  include scheduling tasks and delaying execution to allow a process to start, or waiting until a shared network connection most likely has few users to wget a large file.

title: Sleep (command)


text: Talk:River 94.9

title: Talk:River 94.9


text:
Zuia

Zuia (Zuya) is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

History
The first mention of the Zuia Valley is in the document Reja de San Millán from the year 1025 (though some authors argue that it is posterior, probably twelfth century), a document conserved in the Monastery of San Millán (La Rioja). The document states that every ten neighbors must deliver a grating iron to a religious institution; according to the document, nine bars correspond to Zuia, 13 to Zigoitia, 12 to Kuartango, etc. In 1752, after repeated attempts, the king approved the establishment of a highway through the valley of Zuia to facilitate communication between Vitoria and Bilbao. Work was supposed to be completed by the year 1798. In 1763, they voted to enlarge the town hall, under Mayor Francisco Vea Murgia. In 1767 the city council house of Zuia was finished. However, in 1795, after 6 years of poor harvests and a draining war with France, the Valley remained mired in abject poverty, so they sold half of the town hall for 4300 ducats to Don Domingo Ortiz de Zarate, the patron of Luquiano, who lived in Murgia.

Geography
Geographically, the municipio of Zuia borders the province of Biscay (Orozko and Zeanuri) and Álava municipalities: Urkabustaiz, Amurrio, Zigoitia, Kuartango and Vitoria-Gasteiz. Within its limits is located a large portion of the Gorbea massif (73.5 km2), including its most important summits: Gorbea (1,482 m), Nafakorta (1.017 m) Burbona (935 m) and Berretín (1.226 m). The sources of several rivers are located here, including the Baias, the Ugalde, and the Larreakorta, which as they flow from North to South have carved steep watersheds into the valley of Zuia, around river Baias. Although part of the original vegetation of Gorbeia has been cleared (nowadays occupied by heath and pine), magnificent beech woods are still found in Berretín (Larreakorta), Arlobi, and Ilunbe; an extensive Pyrenean in the ravine of the river Ugalde (Aldamiz, Arazo and Southeast of Berretín); and a strip of alder groves on the banks of the Baias. But, without a doubt, the best preserved enclave is the beech forest of Altube, where the part of Zuia, has been developed around the canyons that descend from Burbona: the Bortal/Rekandi and Katxandiano. In the area of Zuia Valley, extraordinary oaks remain next to the Baias (in Bitoriano, Ametzaga Lukiano and Gillerna in Basubitxi and San Fausto), distributed like islets between large areas of pasture that occupy the entire Valley of Zuia. Peñas de Oro/Atxabal (896 m) and Ganalto (Badaia saw, 900 m.), close the Zuia Valley, sheltering beautiful patches of beech and oak on its slopes. These places offer beautiful views over all Oro, a place of great botanical, geological (calcareous Islet in the diapiric area of Murgia) and artistic (Sanctuary of Oro) interest.

Economy
Zuia was historically a farming and ranching municipio. The first industries appeared here in the twentieth century; today it is basically becoming a residential area. As in the rest of the region, livestock and forestry were once the primary economical activities of the area. Though agriculture is no longer a major component of the local economy, there are still important sheep and cattle farms here, in some of which (Sarria) Idiazabal cheese is made. The beekeeping sector is growing in importance, with the production of honey and derivatives, which are promoted from the Honey museum in Murgia. The industrial sector is located in the industrial estates of Murgia and Islarra (next to the motorway A-68), with an area of over 100,000 m2 of industrial land. Services are undoubtedly the most important sector of Zuia's economy. The growth of tourism and nature-related sport activities have driven this industry in a municipality with a long tourism tradition.

Murgia has become a center of services whose sphere of influence goes far beyond municipal boundaries. This way, it hosts numerous shops, bars, restaurants, hotels, sports center, technical services, tourist office, etc. Other villages of the Valley also host such services: farmhouses and cottages (Lukiano, Markina and Sarria), bars and restaurants (Bitoriano and Sarria), Zuia Golf Club in Altube, Service Areas in the motorway (restaurant and hotel in Altube), etc.

Villages
The villages in the municipality are:

 * Ametzaga
 * Aperregi
 * Aretxaga
 * Bitoriano
 * Domaikia
 * Gilierna-Guillerna
 * Jugo (Itzugo)
 * Lukiano
 * Markina
 * Murgia, the capital
 * Sarria
 * Zarate-Zárate
 * Ziorraga

title: Zuia


text: User talk:217.149.147.186

title: User talk:217.149.147.186


text:
User talk:Chooserr

Don't let the jackasses certain editors get to you. They're nothing but jackasses editors. :) --Elliskev 01:44, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Revised my statement so as not to hurt ant any feelings. --Elliskev 12:46, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Revised your statement so that the ants don't feel they are being singled out :) Chooserr 17:09, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Haha! That was pretty funny. --Elliskev 17:17, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

The only one
Hi Chooserr,

You wrote, "I...definitely don't think I should be the only one who has to remove the links on his page."

Of course you shouldn't be, and aren't. I'm going to ask you, Ellis, Alienus and anyone else watching this page to let me know if you see anything else like this, for any off-wiki cause, and I'll do what I can (possibly, not much) to see that it's taken care of.Timothy Usher 06:20, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course. This should apply across the board.  Al  20:09, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. Let's wipe this crap off the face of Wikipedia. --Tony Sidaway 23:22, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Chooser, My personal reaction to this user page is, yuk. However, it doesn't appear to be a solicitation. I'd remove it were it up to me, just because it gives me the creeps. Do we really need to know all this? But I'm not sure that it falls into the same category, as it's not an overt solicitation. Let's run it by Sidaway.Timothy Usher 05:46, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll also agree, Chooserr, that if Gorton is in the clear in maintaining his external link, then so are you, so long as you're not soliciting donations or linking to a page that does. Still, I'd rather you not.  Wikipedia is not a soapbox.  Wikipedia is not a battleground.  Etc.

 * Gorton's userpage is intentionally provocative to most anyone who holds remotely traditional views in these regards - the premise is that Gorton is just telling us about him/herself, but like a lot of identity politics, it's also a "we're here, we're X, get used to it!" type socio-political statement.

 * My advice is, don't be like Gorton. But, that's not policy.Timothy Usher 07:33, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * So, I think the rule - if here is one - is that you can your user page to trump your beliefs and personal activities completely unrelated to wikepedia. External links, too, are acceptable, so long as they don't solicit or advertise.  We should use normal font sizes, so it doesn't sound like we're screaming, and keep it off user talk as per Alienus' objection.

 * Personally, I'm disappointed - I think all off-topic and/or partisan info should go - but he's probably right in saying that Gorton's userpage is "normal", in the sense that WP editors often do post such material. So go on ahead.  I'm sure if there's a problem, we'll hear about it.Timothy Usher 19:44, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit worried about where this is going. As a Wikipedia editor, Nick Gorton deserves as much respect as anyone else. We cannot go around taking offence simply because somebody exists. He does pro bono work for a health clinic that focuses on health care for transsexuals, and it's reasonable therefore to link to that clinic's website. --Tony Sidaway 19:58, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course you're absolutely right that Nick Gorton deserves respect as an editor - I don't know him or his contributions, so have no cause to judge.

 * My point is actually rule number one, "Wikipedia is an Encyclopedia". T2 is just one facet of this.  We often hear, this is not Myspace, and indeed it's not...so what's all this Myspacey stuff doing on WP?  It's time to actually start enforcing WP:NOT, with an added provision in case the others aren't clear enough: it's not about us.Timothy Usher 20:27, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * See User page. As far as I'm aware, Nick Gorton's page is compatible with that. --Tony Sidaway 20:37, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Concur.Timothy Usher 20:59, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Beuchel
Thank you for contributing this stub! I have announced it at Portal:Germany/New article announcements. Please add any article you create that is related to Germany there. Thank you, and happy editing, Kusma (討論) 21:56, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I found the page via Special:Newpages and have checked and slightly expanded the translation. Kusma (討論) 22:29, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

You're welcome
Glad to help. If you want to link to a category, rather than adding the page to that category, you need a colon just before the word "Category". By the way, I'm sorry about recent events. I saw some of it, but was very caught up with other things at the time. It's quite true that that link is not appropriate for a user or talk page, but the insinuation that you would have refused to take it down if shown that it violated policy was completely unjustified, and the vandalism of your talk page was in extremely poor taste. Don't let it get you down. AnnH ♫ 23:04, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

cisgender
Hey, Thank you for your attempt at the search - at least you made a fair attempt at actually using google. Yes, google comes up with thosuands of entries for cisman - it is an surname of the people of India. If you use the search cisman cisgender it will be reduced to a handful with the majority being from wikipedia itself. The logic here is simple, since cisman and cisgender are 'supose' to be complimentary terms, you would think that you would find them on the same page of text, but since they are not, then it is obvious that they do not allign and are not related. A second analogy would be that if you expect to find cisman 12,000 some times, you would also expect to find ciswoman the same number, and since you do not find but 107 of those, it would be easier to search through them, as I did with every entry. It is used as a handle and as a sig line, but not in a definition of what the word is. Thanks for at least looking. I will not delete your comment from cisgender, but I would appriciate it if you would modify it after you have verified what I have said here. Thanks again, FemVoice 06:00, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

You made my night
Thank you, and thank you, and thank you for letting me know that I am not crazy. FemVoice 06:17, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Apology
Hi. AnnH has convinced me that I misread your tone and, as a result, gave you a stern warning when a gentle chat might have been better. I was also very rude when you came asking for a policy reason. I did not think it possible that you would not know that the solicitation would be controversial, and at the time I did not realise that you had displayed it for months without any complaints. I apologise for this; I think I nearly drove you from the project, and that would have been a loss to us all. --Tony Sidaway 23:40, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Skorpa translated.
Took a shot at your request for translation of Skorpa. Not a bad little article; thanks for flagging it. Williamborg 02:52, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

EC article
A lot of work by many people was put into finding those source - I would never want to scrap it! They are all here: Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Also, the EC pill has been proven to delay ovulation, if taken at least 36 hours before ovulation would have occurred. Delaying ovulation gives time for sperm to die, so when ovulation actually happens there are no more sperm around and therefore no conception. This contraceptive effect is believed to be the primary method by which EC works. Lyrl 00:56, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

compromise
Sounds good to me. Of course, I can't speak for others. Rick Norwood 15:21, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Opposition to Homosexuality
Good to meet you, saw you had created the CORE article, as I was going to do, but think I have met you elsewhere. Would you be interested in Opposition to homosexuality?? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ros Power (talk • contribs) 23:09, 12 June 2006.

Conservative_notice_board
Hello, I noticed that you identify as a conservative Wikipedian. So I would like to invite you to post any conservative issues you might have over at the new project page, Conservative_notice_board. Thanks. --Facto 05:27, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Pro-abortion/Pro-choice
Hi Chooserr! Thanks for your message.

I've reviewed my post to Ros, and at no point did I use any terms regarding people being "pro-life", "anti-abortion" or any other term with the meaning implied, that someone was against the practice, theory, option or reality of abortion, medically, non-medically or back-street. My post was specifically about not using the semantically incorrect term "pro-abortion" (which would, by definition, mean being in favour of forcing, compelling or requiring abortion) when the option "pro-choice" (meaning to be in favour of the choice being available to one degree or another to women who may wish or need to use that choice).

Therefore, I'm afraid I don't understand your post to me or the correction to my use of the language. I'd be grateful if you could point me to a diff where I have misused English in the way you seem to be suggesting. Or perhaps your message was meant for any other user talking on that page, who I am not and am not in the position to speak for.

Please bear in mind what I said to Ros - I have very clear political views on abortion, but I have never expressed them on Wikipedia and therefore it is pointless to attempt to project any view point on to me: for the purposes of Wikipedia, I do not have one; in real life I do; but in neither case is anyone aware of what that viewpoint actually is.

Thanks for your time. ➨  Я Є  DVERS  18:48, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Iraq and the War on Terrorism
WOT has opened its straw poll, and is open to discussion. Rangeley 01:00, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Condom usage instruction
Hi Chooserr, I believe the usage instruction at teenwire (which is currently on the article about condoms) is of bad quality. The movie's size is very small and the compression is too high. Therefore I offered this link. I think it is better. Please let me know if I can add the link again.

Sorry if I do not understand the conventions for posting and reacting on talk pages, but I guessed this is probably the place for you to look most often. The reason I posted the link is twofold.
 * EDIT ******

1. The current movie (there is only one movie with instructions) is very, very bad of quality. Please take a look. The one I suggested is much better and more clear to understand. 2. I know the movie is on the website of a company (The Condomerie), but this movie (and a lot of other information on there website) is not commercial.

Please let me know if we can agree on adding the link (and if needed removing the teenwire link).

Kind regards, --Incorrectio 10:23, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:TV emma watson on the biography channel.jpg
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in re: Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays
just inquiring about the weasel words tag on there? I've read thru it several time and I'm sorry to say cannot see where the error is. Especially as PFLAG is a well know, respectable not to say somewhat timid, conservative organization. Thanks CyntWorkStuff 22:45, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have carefully reviewed the main PFLAG Site and the weasel words entry and I must respectfully suggest that it's present use to register an individual's political or theological disagreement with the subject of a given  article was not it's intended use.

 * After all you would probably not think it proper for someone to slap a box stating "Important if true" onto the articles on the Roman Catholic sacraments, et. al. CyntWorkStuff 02:42, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The above "Famous Quote" attributed to the 19th Century British Historian Kinglake, was meant to be a minor joke and since I am Catholic I used my own religion in the example.  But it obviously was not quite as amusing or apropos as I had hoped, so never mind.

 * I'm sorry to say that my first point holds and I do not think that was the use meant for the weasel words tag. Unless you can show me an "approved" example somewhere else, I'm going to copy my reasoning (minus the joke) over to the talk page of the article with the intention of removing the box.  Best regards CyntWorkStuff 19:50, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Condom Usage #2
Hi Chooserr, Thank you for taking a look at the movie with usage instructions. It is better then the one which is on the page at the moment. You can find the instruction movie at http://www.condomerie.com/condoms/condomusage_instruction.php.

Please let me know what you thought about it.

Kind regards,

Benjamin

Thanks for the change!

On your edit in Penis
You changed the image of the erect penis into a link without giving a proper edit summary, without explaining yourself properly on the talk page and disregarding (and removing) the comment from the edit page. Please consider (WP-Template):

Thank you for your attempts to improve Wikipedia. However, I would like to remind you that Wikipedia is not censored for minors, not even for profanity or pornography. You are welcome to remove clearly offensive material or inappropriate obscenities if they were added as vandalism, but please do not remove/censor profanities or remove/disclaim sexually explicit material or links that are relevant to the article. In the meantime, please be bold and continue contributing to Wikipedia. Thank you!

Mütze 17:38, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the quick response, but please read what I said here, and let us continue the discussion there:
 * Talk:Penis
 * — Mütze 18:25, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

You
...need to be resume activity. I miss the revolutionary. Elliskev 02:21, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Sanger and abortion
Margaret Sanger promoted spermicides and diaphragms and condoms and was involved in developing the pill. I have never read about her promoting abortion. This does not mean that such information does not exist, but it does mean a citation is needed for the sentence in question. Lyrl Talk C 00:23, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * PP's primary mission is to provide contraceptive services. That's always been what they do.  I just am not convinced that, before Roe v. Wade, they promoted or offered abortion. Particularly considering this diff to the Planned Parenthood article. I hope that clarified my position.  Cheers, Lyrl  Talk C 23:02, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Argyronissos
Hello Chooserr, I've got a question about your article about Argyronissos to you; isn't that article any joke? I want to know because I wrote an article - or translation :) - about that on Polish wikipedia (pl:Argyronissos). That article seems to be a joke, because I think that Argyronissos is a big island (240 km2) and it should be seen on a map, but it isn't seen, for example, on Google Maps or Google Earth. If it isn't joke, please write to me the sources, from which you wrote this article. Thanks in advance for your quick answer (please, respond me on my Polish user talk), and happy Wikipedia Day! Greetings from Poland, Maciek17 19:12, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * So, it seems to be a joke on German wiki. The article Argyronissos was writed by IP number (1) - you know, IP's very often are making stupid articles - and it was two times qualified to delete this article (2). Maybe it is a mistake; no 240 km2, just 2,4 km2... Don't you think? Maciek17 17:22, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No, it's not any joke - I talked with German user who wrote on this article that Argyronissos is 240 000m2 big, and he explained me that 240 000 m2 isn't 240 km2, just 0,24, so it is very small island. By the way, the coordinations are wrong; on Google Maps on that coordinations isn't sea, just land :) Regards, Maciek17 17:09, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Cov0508.jpg)
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question
Would you like to join Conservapedia as a editor? Conservapedia is looking for good editors and Admins. Please send me your email if you want to join Conservapedia. If you feel reticient about giving out your email address you can simply create a new account at hotmail and yahoo so you don't risk getting a lot of junk mail. Regional123 01:30, 7 March 2007 (UTC)Regional123

Hi, I wonder if you might be interested in The Catholic Wiki Project? It's a fairly new Catholic POV wiki. Speculative catholic 02:18, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Image-brown waters.jpg
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Template:User Lea
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Fake buildings on London Underground
Hi, I noticed a Talk Page posting on the Northern line article — see Leinster Gardens about the fake buildings you asked about. — MapsMan  [  talk  |  cont  ] — 21:35, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Homofascism
An article I created, Homofascism, is up for deletion. Please vote as you wish on its AFD page.

Homofascism
An article I created, Homofascism, is up for deletion. Please vote as you wish on its AFD page. --Jakes18 (talk) 17:33, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Student LifeNet
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(Belated) Merry Christmas
Just random Christmas greetings. May your upcoming year be blessed.--uɐɔlnʌɟoʞǝɹɐs 16:30, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

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TfD nomination of Template:Chooserrwelcome
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AfD nomination of Central Catholic Library (London)
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File:Icecave.jpg
Hi, I came across the file File:Icecave.jpg, which you uploaded to en: wiki it seems. It now sits on Commons, and has "unidentified" categories... could you give a location for this cave? Or any other type of identifying information? Thanks! Deadstar (talk) 12:12, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

File:Icecave.jpg
.. is nominated for deletion on Commons, see commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Icecave.jpg. --Martin H. (talk) 22:17, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:FIYC
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Proposed deletion of Family Life International (New Zealand)

The article Family Life International (New Zealand) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Gets a bunch of WP:GOOGLEHITS, but these seem to be an enormous number of press releases, passing mentions (eg. in lists), unreliable sources, and coincidental juxtapositions of words. Does not have the coverage in reliable sources needed to demonstrate notability under WP:GNG, WP:ORG, etc. Additionally, the article has no citations and is full of promotional language.

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Nomination of Precious Life (organisation) for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Cherish Life Queensland for deletion
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title: User talk:Chooserr


text:
User talk:Rascarcapac

Image:CheekbyJowl.jpg
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title: User talk:Rascarcapac


text:
The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)

During 1955 and 1956, a condensed radio dramatisation of The Lord of the Rings, adapted and produced by Terence Tiller, was broadcast in two series of six episodes each on BBC Radio's the Third Programme. These radio broadcasts were the first dramatisation of The Lord of the Rings, a book by J. R. R. Tolkien, the final volume of which, The Return of the King, had been published in October 1955. The script had been thought lost, but it was rediscovered in the BBC archives in 2022.

The cast included Norman Shelley as Gandalf and Tom Bombadil, Felix Felton as Bilbo and Sauron and Robert Farquharson as Saruman and Denethor.

The adaptation was well received by newspaper critics at the time. The radio audience welcomed the first series, where Tiller had selected which scenes to use and which to cut; it was far more critical of the second series, where Tiller had compressed many scenes. Tolkien did not like the broadcasts, or the BBC's panel of critics.

Context
J. R. R. Tolkien was an English author and philologist of ancient Germanic languages, specialising in Old English; he spent much of his career as a professor at the University of Oxford. He is best known for his novels about his invented Middle-earth, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and for the posthumously published The Silmarillion which provides a more mythical narrative about earlier ages. A devout Roman Catholic, he described The Lord of the Rings as "a fundamentally religious and Catholic work", rich in Christian symbolism.

The British Broadcasting Corporation or BBC, founded in 1922, is the largest and oldest British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered in London, England.

Broadcast history
During 1955 and 1956, BBC Radio's Third Programme, a cultural and music channel, broadcast a condensed radio dramatisation of The Lord of the Rings in twelve episodes. These radio broadcasts were the first dramatisation of J. R. R. Tolkien's epic fantasy The Lord of the Rings. Its final volume, The Return of the King, was published in October 1955. Since the BBC did not generally keep long-term archives of its productions at that time, no copies of the full adaptation are known to have survived. A single clip from a 2016 radio special by BBC Sounds can be heard around the four-minute mark of the recording playing the opening theme of the series. Although virtually all audio of the series is lost, and the script too had been thought lost, in 2022 the Tolkien scholar Stuart Lee rediscovered the full script for the dramatization in the BBC archives, including annotations by Tolkien himself. Lee's research on the script was published as an essay in The Great Tales Never End: Essays in Memory of Christopher Tolkien (2022).

The first part of the story, The Fellowship of the Ring, was broadcast in six episodes in 1955. The final two volumes, The Two Towers and The Return of the King were covered in the second series of six episodes broadcast in 1956. Both series of broadcasts were adapted and produced by Terence Tiller, who corresponded with Tolkien for advice concerning the second series. This was the only one of several adaptations of The Lord of the Rings that Tolkien lived to see, as he died in 1973.

Radio was the dominant broadcast medium in the United Kingdom at the time, and the broadcasts helped to publicise the book. The broadcasts were discussed on the BBC programme The Critics. The broadcasts brought the book to the attention of a Mr Sam Gamgee, surprising Tolkien as his name was that of a Lord of the Rings character. Gamgee wrote to Tolkien to ask about the origin of the character's name; Tolkien replied with a full explanation of its real and its fictitious etymology.

Content

The rediscovered script shows Tiller's construction of the radio series. A sheet in Tolkien's handwriting shows that he rewrote a scene soon after the confrontation with the Nazgûl (the Ringwraiths) on Weathertop, in which the hobbit Frodo Baggins is stabbed by their leader, who had once been the Witch-king of Angmar, with a Morgul-knife. Among the descriptions on the sheet for the narrator to voice, Tolkien drafted the dialogue:

"Frodo: What has happened? Where is the pale King? Sam: We lost you, Mr Frodo. Where did you get to? Frodo: Didn’t you see them? – the wraiths, and the King? Aragorn: No, only their shadows…"

Critics and the public
The critic Paul Ferris wrote in The Observer that the first series offered "the best light listening for the next five weeks ... [with the] pure quality of fairy-tale ... charming without being slight".

Lee records that a review in an unknown newspaper, preserved in the BBC archives, stated that the "relaxed, vivid, and masculine style" of Tolkien's writing somehow adapted quite naturally to the medium of radio. The reviewer was comfortable, too, with the passages voiced by the narrator, saying that even in explanations Tolkien was able to hold the listener's attention.

Listeners' reactions were analysed by the BBC's audience researchers. They found that 1 adult in 1000 in Britain had listened in. For the first series, audience appreciation had by the last episode reached 64 from an initial 56, against an average for all programmes on the channel of 65.

Lee comments that most of the recorded comments were very positive. He notes that listeners were divided about whether the series was "a milestone in BBC history", or a waste of listeners' time on a serious channel playing material meant for children. Overall, listeners enjoyed the first series, where Tiller had followed Tolkien's advice to make a selection of scenes and cut the rest. They were far more critical of the second series, where Tiller had compressed many scenes, resulting in what a self-described "Civil Servant" called "a footling and ridiculous sounding adventure story of the 'with one bound Jack was free' type".

Tolkien's opinion
Tolkien had had, in Lee's words, "a long and strained relationship with the BBC", starting in 1936 with a broadcast of his modern English version of the medieval poem Pearl. He was from the start sceptical about reducing nearly 400 pages of The Lord of the Rings to less than five hours of radio. He stated directly that he would prefer scenes to be cut rather than compressed to mere summaries.

Tolkien's opinion on these broadcasts was revealed in several of his letters. In November 1955 he told a Mrs Molly Waldron that "I think the book quite unsuitable for 'dramatization', and have not enjoyed the broadcasts—though they have improved. I thought Tom Bombadil dreadful—but worse still was the announcer's preliminary remarks that Goldberry was his daughter (!), and that Willowman was an ally of Mordor (!!)."

The following month, Tolkien wrote to the novelist Naomi Mitchison "I think poorly of the broadcast adaptations. Except for a few details I think they are not well done, even granted the script and the legitimacy of the enterprise (which I do not grant). But they took some trouble with the names. I thought that the dwarf (Glóin not Gimli [...]) was not too bad, if a bit exaggerated." The same day, he wrote to Rayner Unwin that he "agreed with the [newspaper] 'critics' view of the radio adaptation" but was "annoyed" that they should they should "turn their attention" on him and the book when they admitted they had not read it. Further, he found the speakers on the BBC's programme The Critics "intolerable with a superiority that only ignorance can maintain". He noted however that the review in The Times "was appreciative". As for the radio series itself, Tiller had in his view "managed excellently" with the Elves and the Council of Elrond, but had wrongly made Bilbo Baggins sound bored.

In November 1956, Tolkien wrote to Tiller concerning the accents to be used in the production of a second series: "I paid great attention to such linguistic differentiation as was possible: in diction, idiom and so on; and I doubt if much more can be imported, except in so far as the individual actor represents his feeling for the character in tone and style." A few days later he wrote to Tiller again, concerning scripts for three of the episodes: "Here is a book very unsuitable for dramatic or semi-dramatic representation. If that is attempted, it needs more space, a lot of space. ... Personally, I think it requires rather the older art of the reading 'mime', than the more nearly dramatic, which results in too great an emphasis on dialogue (mostly with its setting removed). ... I feel you have had a very hard task."

Tolkien was unimpressed by the results. Replying to Rayner Unwin in 1957, concerning an enquiry about the possibility of making a cartoon of The Lord of the Rings, he wrote: "I think I should find vulgarization less painful than the sillification achieved by the B.B.C."

Cast
The cast for the series was:

 * Derek Hart – Narrator
 * Oliver Burt – Frodo
 * Norman Shelley – Gandalf, Tom Bombadil, Old Man, Additional voices
 * Victor Platt – Sam
 * Godfrey Kenton – Aragorn, Mablung, Additional voices
 * Michael Collins – Merry
 * Basil Jones – Pippin
 * Felix Felton – Bilbo, Sauron, Witch-king of Angmar ("The Black Captain"), Orcs, Additional voices
 * Derek Prentice – Boromir, Faramir, Beregond, Orcs, Additional voices
 * Frank Duncan – Legolas, Halbarad, Additional voices
 * Eric Lugg – Gimli, Additional voices
 * Gerik Schjelderup – Gollum, Orcs
 * Robert Farquharson – Saruman, Denethor
 * Valentine Dyall – Théoden, Treebeard, Orcs
 * Bernard Rebel – Wormtongue
 * Garard Green – Elrond, Celeborn, Additional voices
 * Nicolette Bernard – Galadriel, Goldberry
 * John Baker – Orcs
 * Olive Gregg – Eowyn
 * David Hemmings – Bergil
 * Noel Johnson – Éomer
 * Prunella Scales – Ioreth
 * Roger Snowdon – Orcs


text: Category:Hotel types

title: Category:Hotel types


text:
Talk:Pugad Baboy

Yay!
YAY! A Pugad Baboy page!

Should we mention the characters' secret identities? (Bardagul Kapote and Babman?) Polgas' are all mentioned. Uthanc 08:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You don't have to. Only when we make individual articles of the adventure stories that we can mention the secret identities. - 上村七美 10:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Translation
Shouldn't the English translation of Pugad Baboy be "Pig Nest" instead of "Nest of Pigs"? Nest of pigs is more closely translated to "Pugad ng mga Baboy" in Filipino. -CKJ
 * It's still the same banana, so no. - 上村七美 | talk 10:25, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

i agree. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Janna1266444 (talk • contribs) 05:18, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Quotes?
I'm thinking of putting up some quotes in Wikiquote, but translation's tricky. Should we go for gist, aesthetics or accuracy? Take this example, done from memory (Pugad Baboy 3?):

 * Brosia: Kuya! (Big brother!)
 * 'Adre:  'Tol! Nandito ka lang pala? (Sis! You were here all along?) - Tol (utol) is actually sibing.
 * Kules: Magkapatid kayo? (You're siblings?)
 * 'Adre: Oo... Maliit pa kami'y magkapatid na kami e. (Yes... we've been siblings ever since we were young.) - or should this be "kids"? Uthanc 14:29, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Alternatively, we could use mostly English jokes:

 * Miss Nobatos: -thinks- Naku... nakalimutan ko pa naman yung sign pen ko... (Oh dear... I forgot my sign pen...) -speaks- Does anyone have a sign pen?
 * Class: ....
 * Miss Nobatos: Does anyone have a sign pen I can borrow?
 * Class: ....
 * Miss Nobatos: Does anyone know what a sign pen is?
 * Bab (watching outside): Ma'am, 'di ba yun yung asawa ni Madonna? (Ma'am, isn't he Madonna's husband?) Uthanc 14:29, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know yet, but they're mostly plays of words and puns if you ask me. - 上村七美 | talk 15:13, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Moved?
The link to the official Pugad Baboy seems dead, was it moved? Pathbinder 13:13, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * As of the latest compilation, Pugad Baboy Nineteen, published 2006, the official website URL is still given as pmjunior.com.ph - no idea if the site was moved or shut down. -- • Kurt Guirnela •  ‡ Talk  12:52, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pb3 2.jpg
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Reverting translation of Pugad Baboy
I am reverting to the literal translation of Pugad Baboy as the current translation is not accurate. "Pigpen" in Filipino/Tagalog would be tangkal — see TAGALOG DICTIONARY. "Pig's Nest" still seems appropriate. -- • Kurt Guirnela •  ‡ Talk  04:16, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * no prob, but ill be adding again the word "tagalog" as wikipedia should have a global tone as most readers doesnt understand what "it" literally means †B lo o d p ac k†  04:56, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Tagalog or Filipino? -- • Kurt Guirnela •  ‡ Talk  10:22, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * well based on the TAGALOG DICTIONARY link youve provided above, swine's nest is the literal tagalog translation of pugad baboy †B lo o d p ac k†  02:28, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * "swine's nest is the literal tagalog translation of pugad baboy" — erroneous observation: tangkal is a pig pen; that's what the link shows. For a Wikipedia "global tone", i believe Filipino is more appropriate. But nevermind, the point is moot and academic. -- • Kurt Guirnela •  ‡ Talk  04:43, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

moot indeed †B lo o d p ac k†  22:27, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * and academic. -- • Kurt Guirnela •  ‡ Talk  03:12, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pb16.jpg
Image:Pb16.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 17:32, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PolgasComics.jpg
Image:PolgasComics.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:09, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Foreign Reception
Had Pol Medina Jr. thought of selling his merchandise internationally or translate his published works in other languages?

About the wiki strip...
The subjects in PM Jr's sentence on the third panel are patintero, lunch meetings, and going to the library. In the translation on this site, the sentence's format was changed, changing the subjects to Ragnarok, video conferencing, and Google and Wikipedia. A better translation would be: "Patintero became Ragnarok, lunch meetings became video conferencing, and going to the library became Google and Wikipedia."

Tayo na sa Pugad Baboy Street
There is a street named Pugad Baboy in Valenzuela City. The road has been fixed already. --Exec8 (talk) 12:43, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Pugad Baboy 22???
Does anybody have an update on this? Is it even still coming out? Normally they get released in April or May every year right? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nintenboy01 (talk • contribs) 18:45, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Adding the story arcs from PB 22 up
Anybody with some free time care to do this, including linking to a separate synopsis page like the other arcs? Nintenboy01 (talk) 00:03, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Dead link Notice
The link for the first citation,http://www.pmjunior.com.ph/about/article-1.htm, together with the main site itself has been identified as dead. Please re-verify this link if it is a mistake. Thank you.

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Leaving Rappler for Philippine Star
The Pugad Baboy strip appears to be transferring from Rappler to the Philippine Star, a major broadsheet in the Philippines. Here is the link of the "last strip" on Rappler: Drwily95 (talk) 12:44, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pugad Baboy


text:
Gabii

Gabii was an ancient city of Latium, located 18 km due east of Rome along the Via Praenestina, which was in early times known as the Via Gabina. It was on the south-eastern perimeter of an extinct volcanic crater lake, approximately circular in shape, named the Lacus Gabinus, and then during later times called the Lago di Castiglione, "lake of the fortification", after Castiglione, a mediaeval tower erected on the site of the ancient acropolis, or arx, of Gabii. A necropolis is adjacent on that side of the lake. At present, the former lake is entirely agricultural land. The ruins of the ancient city project from the fields next to the cliffs overlooking it, on both sides of the via. A municipium in Roman times, Gabii is currently located in the frazione of Osteria dell'Osa 10 km from the comune of Monte Compatri, of which it is a part, in the Province of Rome, Region of Lazio. The site is under new seasonal archaeological excavation.

Historical geography
To what degree the lake was sedimented in ancient times remains unknown. Some of the earliest huts are down in the crater. Two streams flowing north to south flanked the lake on the west: the Fosso del'Osa, and the east: Fosso di San Giuliano. These originated in another body of water, believed to be Lacus Regillus, on the south side of the road. The streams cut the road on either side of Gabii and were crossed by bridges; in other words, Gabii was constructed at a defensible location on an isthmus between two lakes. The isthmus was isolated by streams on either side. The quadrangle so formed contained its own water supply and straddled a major route on the east flank of Rome. It could not, as history demonstrated, be ignored by Rome. The two streams flow north to the Anio river, which flows west into the Tiber river on the north side of Rome.

In 1846 Gell reported that the Osa came from "a large marshy plain, extending almost to the Via Labicana." Passing by Lake Gabino it was connected to the latter by "artificial canals", which were in the process of draining the lake: "The water of the lake has been very much lowered by this canal, and more draining is yet in contemplation, although there are already many square miles of uncultivated ground in the vicinity."

The draining of the lake was a project of the Borghese family, which had purchased it in 1614 from the Colonna family. Octavian Blewitt's handbook was able to report in 1850 (only four years later): "The lake was drained a few years ago by prince Borghese, who has converted it from the state of a pestilential marsh into a district of great fertility."

Near the river a small inn had been placed, the Osteria dell'Osa ("Inn of the Osa"), north of which was the main necropolis of Gabii. The habitation today has expanded into the center of a frazione.

The marshy plain was the last trace of the quasi-legendary lake near which the Battle of Lake Regillus decided whether the Roman Republic would continue or the kings of Rome would be restored by the intervention of the Latin League, to which Gabii belonged. The site of the battle is still a matter of dispute, which, on the unwarranted assumption that the location of the battle reveals the location of the lake, has extended into a dispute over the location of the lake. To modern topographers the deep lake basin, now kept dry, and the aqueducts that drew water, and still draw water, from its sources leave no doubt that the lake was located in the basin.

Lake Regillus varied in size and depth over the centuries but was certainly between the Via Labicana and the Via Praenestina east of Finocchio and north of Colonna (ancient Labicum), the last remnant at Pantana Borghese having been drained by the Borghese family in conjunction with the restitution of the first part of the Acqua Alexandrina as the Acqua Felice under Pope Sixtus V in the years 1585–1587. The two roads joined on the outskirts of Rome. The Pantana was the low point; from springs on its hillside exuded the water that filled the lake. During the thousand years of the post-classical period a much smaller Rome (totally abandoned at one point under the Goths) had lived on a greatly reduced water supply due to the broken and unrepaired aqueducts.

Gabii had kept its lake until the completion of the Acqua Alexandrina in 226 AD. The Romans captured springs or mountain streams for drinking water; they never fed the waters of the marsh into the aqueduct. It led from springs over the Pantana through underground conduits on the south side of the Via Praenestina to the outskirts of Rome, where it was carried on arched conduits above ground into the city. The Acqua Felice had more altitude at this point. By 226 the lake must have receded enough to have left a corridor along the road, as the Romans would not have been able to sink a conduit under the swamp. Having its source water drained away, the lake receded drastically. The aqueduct is still in use. In 1915 it shunted some 22000 m3 per day into the city of Rome. If these sources were not diverted, Lake Regillus would soon return.

Meanwhile, the basin marks the location of the former lake. It is now entirely agricultural land, except that the community of Lago Regillo has been placed in it near Gabii. Osteria del Finocchio marks the western limit, as it is heavily settled and is on higher ground. Lake Regillus therefore cannot have been in the vicinity of Frascati, regardless of where the battle was fought.

Prehistory
Scattered surface pottery has been found from the Middle Bronze Age outside the necropolis located below Castiglione, from which nothing can be deduced concerning the settlement at Gabii. The Late Bronze Age is missing. The Final Bronze Age is represented by minimal Latial I (1000-900 BC) material around the inside of the crater on the southern side, indicating low-density settlement at the water's edge there.

Definitive settlement at Gabii is believed to have begun with Latial IIA (900-830 BC) when the cemeteries of Castiglione, some 60 tombs of only IIA, and Osteria del'Osa, over 600 tombs primarily of II and III (900-630 BC), and some of IV (730-580 BC), began. Both of these necropoli are dated entirely before the foundation of Rome and well before the classical city of Gabii. The location of the settlements producing these cemeteries was an issue of some mystery until aerial reconnaissance revealed a string of six "Iron Age hamlets" on the isthmus and more along the ridge to the east. Latial IIA is regarded as pre-urban and IIB as proto-urban; that is, at some time during 830-730 BC the settlements acquired a common geopolitical identity. By the end of IV (580 BC) the name Gabii must have been in place as the name of the city, as by then the history was well into the events of its legends.

The most archaeological work has been done on the cemetery of Osteria dell'Osa. The tombs are divided into 14 groups, each exhibiting a set of distinctive traditions and each believed to represent one community of roughly 100 persons, round numbers. The earliest two, contemporaneous and dated to IIA, termed the northern and southern groups from their location within the cemetery, evidence the presence of a male warrior class. At the center of the cluster is a small set of male-only cremation burials, some in hut-urns. Around them is a greater group of inhumations of men, women and children. The richer cremation burials included grave gifts of miniaturized bronze tools and weapons and miniaturized pottery forms. The inhumations lacked weapons. Women were buried with jewelry and spindle-whorls (used in weaving).

The northern group (25 tombs) covered the mouth of the burial jar (dolium) with a travertine slab, made ovicaprine food offerings, left serpentine fibulae, razors of quadrangular shape and spearheads with sockets for wooden handles. The pottery is decorated. The southern group (30 tombs) used an impasto lid on the burial jars, left serpent-fibulae of a different-style, a razor of lunate shape and one-piece cast spears. The pottery is undecorated.

Urbanization of the area probably did not begin before the start of the second half of the 8th century BC. This process most likely finished by the end of the 7th century BC, and, at its height, the city's borders enclosed 0.75 sqmi.

Legend and legendary history
The early date of the prehistoric Gabii suggests that the Roman writers could have little traditional memory of its foundation or of who founded it. The surviving traditions are therefore in the legend category; there may or may not be elements of truth in them. The tradition is two-fold: Gabii was founded either by the Latin kings of Alba Longa (according to Vergil and Dionysius of Halicarnassus ) and therefore was aboriginal Latin in ethnic descent, or by the Sicels as the Siculi, a substrate population of east Italy expelled by the Italics to Sicily. They became one of the three major indigenous tribes of ancient Sicily, giving their name to it.

The legend of a Siculian foundation of Rome comes from fragments of early Roman annalists, who asserted that the Siculi occupied several cities of Latium before the arrival of the aborigines (Latins): Rome, Tibur, Fescennium, Falerii, Antemnae, Caenina and a few others. Gabii is mentioned as one of them by Gaius Julius Solinus. According to him two Siculian brothers founded it and named it by combining their names, Galatus and Bins. Fanciful etymologies such as the above are not taken seriously but there is a sober case for a Sicilian and Siculian influence on early Latium. For example, the Cloelii claimed to be from Alba Longa and used the cognomen Siculus. Prisons called lautumia were cut into the sides of the early Capitoline Hill. Syracuse used quarries, called latomiai, for a similar purpose. Most of the similarities can be attributed to an influence on early Rome from Greek Sicily; however, the case of a Sicul substrate also is possible.

Plutarch relates the legend that Romulus and Remus were raised by Faustulus, the servant of Amulius, in Gabii, where they learned everything from literature to the use of Greek weapons. From there they went on to found Rome.

War with Rome under Tarquinius Superbus
The Latin League (Latini) was brought under Roman jurisdiction by the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. Addressing their council and claiming that, because all the Latin cities were founded from Alba Longa and Tullus Hostilius had made a treaty by which Alba was ceded to Rome along with all its colonies, Rome had a legal claim over the Latins, he offered them protection from any chance devastation that should inflict their country and a share in Roman prosperity if they would resume the treaty, which they did. Thenceforward Latin troops fought beside Roman within the Roman army.

Gabii reneged from the Latin treaty with Rome for unknown reasons. Tarquinius' son, Sextus Tarquinius, went to Gabii, pretending to be in revolt against his father and asking for assistance. He was accepted, and after successfully commanding various military expeditions, he was appointed as the leading general of the army of Gabii. As general, he commanded a number of minor but successful skirmishes against Roman forces, with the complicity of the Roman king.

He sent a message to the king asking what to do next. Receiving the messenger in the garden the king said nothing at all (for which he might have been held liable later) but strolled around lopping off the heads of the tallest poppies with a stick. Sextus took this to be a message to destroy the aristocrats of Gabii including Antistius Petro whom according to legend Sextus accused of plotting with Tarquinius Superbus Sextus' return to Rome dead or alive, thereby provoking the Gabines to stone Antistius to death. Tarquinius Superbus was able to take advantage of the ensuing confusion and bring Gabii into submission without battle.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus states that Tarquin was lenient with Gabii, and their subsequent treaty, whose original text was written on a bullock's skin and draped over a wooden shield, was said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus to be still extant in his day in the Roman temple of Sancus.

After the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, Sextus fled to Gabii but was killed by the leaders of the city in revenge for his past actions.

History under Roman control
Gabii was an ally of Rome after 493 BC.

In the late Republican period, the city became depopulated due to the extensive use of the lapis Gabinus quarry, which was just under the archaic city. Cicero mentioned it in the 1st century BC as a small and insignificant place.

The Augustan poets used Gabii when demonstrating a city that had fallen from its old heights. From inscriptions we learn that from the time of Augustus or Tiberius onwards it enjoyed a municipal organization. Its baths were well known, and Hadrian, who was responsible for much of the renewed prosperity of the small towns of Latium, appears to have been a very liberal patron, building a senate-house (Curia Aelia Augusta) and an aqueduct.

After the 3rd century, Gabii practically disappears from history, though its bishops continue to be mentioned in ecclesiastical documents till the close of the 9th century.

Cultural influences
Gabii's importance in the earliest history of Rome is also apparent elsewhere: the adoption of the cinctus Gabinus (a method of draping the toga that leaves both arms free) by the Romans for certain ceremonies, the unique role it played for the augurs as seen from the specific term ager Gabinus used by these priests (Varro, Ling. 5,33), and its presence in a Roman formula of devotio.

Temple of Juno
The most conspicuous ruin remaining at the site of Gabii is a temple, generally attributed to Juno, which had six Ionic or Corinthian columns in the front and six on each side, excluding the back. The temple was composed of a single room (cella), and it was made of lapis Gabinus, a fire-resistant rock that was found in the quarries around Gabii and that also made its way into some of the buildings of Rome itself. The temple was situated in the middle of a podium, which had a colonnade of Doric columns along the back and extending around the sides. This colonnade stood in front of rooms of unknown function, perhaps multi-functional, for such uses as temple shops. The temple was excavated and published by the Spanish School at Rome in the 1960s and 1970s.

The temple was constructed 150-100 BC. A painted inscription (IVN) on an antefix identifies it as a temple of Juno. Around the rear of the temple (on the cliff side), which faced and towered above the road, were about 55 pits for planting trees representing a sacred grove. The site began as sacred in the 7th century BC featuring such a grove in which one tree was especially worshipped. In the 4th century BC a small shrine was constructed next to the grove around and in connection with which caches of anatomical terra cotta statuettes were found. This type of statuette modeled an organ or section of the human body and was given as a votive offering at a healing sanctuary, of which a great many have been found in Latium, in hope that divinity would turn its attention to healing the organ of the dedicator. Also found were some votive pedestals inscribed to Fortuna. A pavement was inscribed to Jupiter Jurarius ("of oaths"), indicating possible state functions of the site. There were two other shrines at the location.

The subsequent temple to Juno remained in use during the empire, after the town was abandoned.

Forum
To the east of the temple lay the supposed area of the forum, where excavations were made by Gavin Hamilton in 1792. Hamilton discovered a large cache of statues that were initially placed in the Borghese collection, although many of them subsequently were carried off to Paris by Napoleon, and still remain in the Louvre. The statues and busts are especially numerous and interesting (38 in all); besides the deities Venus, Diana, Nemesis, etc., they comprise Agrippa, Tiberius, Germanicus, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Trajan and Plotina, Hadrian and Sabina, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Geta, Gordian III and others. The inscriptions relate mainly to local and municipal matters.

Tower of Castiglione
The citadel of Gabii is now marked by the ruins of the medieval tower of Castiglione.

Fieldwork since the 1990s
New fieldwork has been undertaken to the east of Gabii along the lines of the ancient city wall where a sanctuary has been excavated by Marco Fabbri close to one of the city's gates. Other work at the site has been carried out by Stefano Musco, the local inspector of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma (SSBAR). These excavators, led by Marco Fabbri, reported the discovery of an Archaic building that they identified as a 'regia' in March 2010.

Gabii Project
In early 2007 the multi-institution Gabii Project, led by Nicola Terrenato of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, was launched. It began its investigations by conducting a large-scale geophysical survey of the former urban center of Gabii. This survey had two prongs: a magnetometry survey and a core-sampling survey including both manual and machine collected cores. The survey data revealed a regularized pattern of streets latent in the subsurface layers, together with archaeological deposits. The Gabii Project commenced large-scale excavations in two areas of the site in June 2009. In late March 2010 the Gabii Project reported the discovery, in July 2009, of a half-ton lead encased inhumation burial that has tentatively been dated to the Roman Imperial period, likely the second or third centuries A.D. Evidence for early elite burials, in this case those of infants, also emerged in 2009, suggesting the development of social hierarchy in the eighth through sixth centuries BC. The discovery of an important but fragmentary Republican Latin inscription also came in 2009 and was published in 2011. The excavations of the Gabii Project continued in 2010 and 2011, during which time substantial portions of several ancient city blocks were brought to light. Not only is evidence for multi-period infrastructure clearly present, but the remains of urban architecture of the later first millennium BC have also become apparent. The award of a major collaborative research grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the next phase of excavations from 2012 to 2015.

title: Gabii


text:
Domenico Gagini

Domenico Gagini (Bissone, c. 1425–30 - Palermo, 29–30 September 1492) was a Swiss-Italian sculptor who was active in Northern as well as Southern Italy.

Life
He was the son of Pietro Gagini. The Gagini were a family of sculptors and painters working during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. First recorded in Genoa in the early 15th century, was Domenico's grandfather Beltrame Gagini, and his three sons Pietro, Giovanni and Pace.

Domenico Gagini was the first sculptor of this family to achieve international fame. Born at Bissone, in the Ticino (now part of Switzerland) he studied in Florence under Brunelleschi. Returning to Genoa in 1447 he worked on the sculpture of the dome of the church of S. Giovanni Battista. In 1457 he was recorded as working in Naples for Alfonso of Aragon. In 1463 he arrived in Palermo, Sicily where he, and later his family including Giovanni Gagini and Antonello, influenced the decorative architecture of the island, in works of both decorative and figure sculpture.

One of Domenico Gagini's most notable works is the decoration of the choir in Palermo Cathedral, which consists of a combination of life-size figures within relief panels, plus a large number of small free-standing figures.

Gagini died in Palermo in 1492.

title: Domenico Gagini