text:
Talk:Oak wilt

WAGING WAR ON OAK WILT
Article Written by: Maggie Ambrosino, Certified Arborist Owner of Brown and Green Tree Consultants, Austin, Texas

Skeletons of dead oaks, standing gruesome and gray, are common sightings along the landscape and, closer to home, our neighborhood streets and parks. These images are far too haunting to ignore their existence. Many of our once grand oaks are now canopies of sparse and riddled decline, existing to the point of asset vs. liability—and many of the dead are left standing in testament to a dreadful disease too long ignored. Our live oaks are worth saving. Our live oaks are worth protecting. What other trees grace us with their 100-foot canopies of cool, sweet shade, and waylay against our harsh eco system to showcase their majesty for generations of beauty and enjoyment? The battle against oak wilt is far from over, and the fungal disease continues to progress approximately 80 feet per year. A contaminated oak can infect healthy adjacent oaks underground up to 200 feet away. Knowing what we now know, or should know, about oak wilt—that it is one of the most destructive tree diseases in the United States and the lethal fungus, ceratocystis fagacearum, spreads and kills in epidemic proportions by invading and disabling the water-conducting vessels in vulnerable trees—it is evident that pruning oaks should be done with knowledge and vigilance. We also know that oak wilt is spread two ways: by insect vectors that land on fresh cuts or wounds, and through grafted root systems. By acting on what we do know, with due diligence, we can make great strides against the disease. How do we recognize oak wilt? Look for the telltale signs evidenced by leaf symptoms, patterns of spreading decline, tip die-back, rate of tree mortality and close proximity of other oak wilt centers. Out-of-season browning, leaf drop and veinal necrosis are also warning signs, but words of caution please: Obtain a professional diagnosis. These symptoms are not all strictly indicative of oak wilt, and oak wilt is not strictly limited to these symptoms. How do we further manage oak wilt? First and foremost, make wise and informed choices on how we prune our trees. The daily buzz of chain saws can seem more like open season than pruning season. When choosing an arborist, make sure they are certified. Ask for that ISA card (International Society of Arboriculture) and ask for insurance! The inability to prove-up such requests should cast doubt. Drive-thru businesses leaving door-hangers and pulling trailers are not always your certified best bet, and though their labor costs are attractive, the value of resistance has a payback in the long run. It is better to save one tree at a time, if that’s all the budget allows, rather than accept that rock-bottom price for substandard work and risk spreading the disease. Ensure all tools are sterilized. Do it between every tree. Use pruning sealant on those oaks—on every single wound—whether it is from a saw or weed-eater or lawn mower scuffs across a lateral surface root. Vectors, which transport the disease from tree to tree, love the fruity smell of sap oozing from a fresh wound. Pruning paint or sealant helps to mask that smell. Prune live tissue from July to the end of January or in the hottest of summer and coldest of winter. Avoid pruning in the spring when the insect population is high and roots are vigorous. The bulk of the infection is transferred below ground, through grafted roots. It is the healthy oaks, more so than the contaminated oaks, which warrant our attention and protection, and a tree that still retains at least 30% of its canopy deserves any and all attempts to restore its health and vigor. How do we engage in direct battle with oak wilt? We can fight toward its prevention and suppression. The key to success with oak wilt, as with any disease, is recognition and swift response. Have those valued oaks injected by a professional, licensed applicator with an oak wilt-specific fungicide, or propiconazole, and avoid ineffective broad-spectrum fungicides; trench at a sufficient width and depth to sever root systems in areas where streets or utility work has not already done the job for you; and remove, wrap, dispose of or burn dead and dying red oaks immediately and never store the wood for firewood. The white oak family, which includes live oaks, is vulnerable to the red oak family which produces the deadly fungal mats responsible for the spread of the disease. White oaks can show symptoms over many years. The red oaks die quickly and suddenly, harboring lethal fungal mats beneath the bark. If cut wood cannot be removed off-site immediately, it should be covered with a clear plastic tarp and the edges of the tarp buried below soil level. Lastly, if it’s oaks you love, consider diversifying your shade tree plantings to a more oak wilt resistant variety such as the burr oak, Monterrey or Mexican white oak, or chinquapin oak. There are also other natives and adapted species that are well worth considering. Unfortunately there is no complete cure for oak wilt. But there is a high rate of success in suppressing the disease and prolonging the life and beauty of our oaks for many more years to come if we remain as aggressive as the disease and, like our mighty oaks, hold our ground. For more information you may contact Maggie Ambrosino, 922-4649 or tjambro@sbcglobal.net, the Texas Forest Service, or check out these websites: www.isa-arbor.com/ www.texasoakwilt.org  www.ci.austin.tx.us/oakwilt/  www.treetalkusa.com/

July 1, 2011 Windstorm in Minnesota and Wisconsin
''This content appears to be firsthand knowledge and was removed from the article. Please include references/citations before returning content to the article.''

In 2012 and 2013, oak wilt disease showed-up in areas of east central Minnesota and northern Wisconsin where it had never been seen before. The infections appeared to have coincided-with the July 1, 2011 mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) windstorm, which had windspeeds of over 100 mph, because foresters found that first oaks infected were 7-1-11 storm-damaged oaks. They also knew infections happened within 48 hours of storm damage. West-facing slopes on the east bank (Wisconsin side) and terrace crests in the St. Croix river valley were hit hard with wind damage and oak wilt infections. Hilltops and bottoms and field edges, where oaks were more exposed, also had more serious wind and oak wilt damage. Approximately 3/4 million acres in Minnesota, possibly 10 times that area for Wisconsin and up to the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, were affected by the storm. Millions of freshly wounded oak trees were now open to infection from trillions of oak wilt spores carried-in by the storm.

Infection Levels-Spore Loads
It's difficult for oaks to get infected in mid summer - after July 1 - because it's too hot for red oaks to sporulate and latewood cell development has been underway since early to mid-June. Two factors changed this around on July 1, 2011: the trillions of oak wilt spores carried-in from west-southwest and the windstorm's tearing/shredding/breaking-apart trees which re-opened oaks' 2011 & 2010 earlywood cells (earlywood is also called springwood, and latewood goes by the name summerwood in some areas). The oak wilt fungus is too big to fit within the smaller latewood cells, but can fit within and move upward through the much larger earlywood cells. This storm damage increased the chances of infection 1,000 - 1,000,000 times the usual. Instead of one new infection per 1,500 acres, foresters were seeing one new infection per 10 acres. The manageable level of oak wilt disease is one infection per 640 acres. One year after the storm, in summer 2012, oak wilt specialists found 10 - 20 infections per 100 acres both in Rushseba Township, Chisago County Minnesota and at St. Croix State Park in Pine County, Minnesota. Wounding & infecting at ten oaks per 100 acres, one oak per 100 acres or one oak per 200 acres presents a serious threat to the oak resource. St. Croix State Park's northernmost infected oak and southernmost infected oak were 10 miles apart. This broad coverage of oak wilt blanketing millions of acres is achieved only with huge spore supplies and re-opening of that years' earlywood cells.

Detection
The use of spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging show promise for accurate detection of the disease and are currently being tested for large scale detection and monitoring.

Rate of Spread
Before the windstorm, oak wilt could spread north at three quarters of a mile per year and east or west at one and one half miles per year. During the storm, oak wilt spread at up to 100 miles per hour. In the two years following the 2011 storm, infections were found at new locations in four Minnesota and at least one (Sawyer) of three Wisconsin counties. These 2011 infections have serious ecological/economic impacts, including loss of stumpage and real estate values, and will only get worse if summer (aerial with ground follow up) surveys aren't established as soon as possible.

Root Graft or Overland Infection?
The first oak in any infection center is always infected from overland spread; additional oaks killed from the disease in that infection center are killed from underground root graft spread. Before control plans are made, the landowner or land manager (forester, arborist) needs to find out how the infection got there and what type (underground, overland or both) it is. Root graft infections move slowly, so additional root graft infections may not be seen for 1–3 years. It is impossible for one oak infected via overland to infect & wilt seventeen additional oaks via root graft transmission, in less than 4 months (see Kerrick, Minnesota oak wilt photo, below). If one sees more than half dozen oaks wilting during one summer in a new infection with healthy oaks in between means infections started from overland route/storm event, not underground. In that case, each wilting oak is a separate infection center, not part of one infection center. One should also look at the site to confirm whether or not it's an overland infection. Overland infections occur on or near hilltops or other exposed areas, where taller oaks get wounded, then infected, and shorter oaks look healthy. A spread pattern with no obvious direction usually means multiple airborne/overland infections. Root graft infections can "fan" out in 360 degree pattern, but tend to head faster in one or two directions because of soil and topography changes and tree species arrangement/diversity. A birds-eye view of an infection center, during the middle of summer, going from oldest to newest based on colors would show: stone dead gray, brown, yellow, orange, green. So, if one doesn't see these color sequences or, a hub and spoke pattern radiating out, they are probably looking at multiple airborne infections. Looks can be deceiving because 2-6 large wilting oaks may often have only 1-2 trees left nearby to infect. Compared-to one oak deep in the woods that is just starting to wilt that can lead-to 2-5 dozen more nearby oaks dying in the next 5 years. So, proper ground ID & diagnosis is crucial for stopping this disease. Stopping spread with multiple infections means plowlines will be further out, so natural barriers should be located first. In the Lake States, a vibratory plow line is installed 54 to 72 inches deep in the ground and 60 – 150 feet away from the diseased oak. Plowing done correctly ruptures healthy roots that could, in the future, transmit oak wilt to neighboring healthy trees. Installing plow lines far enough away from diseased oaks is key to preventing root graft disease transmission. In southern states like Texas, where heavy clay or Caliche soils are prevalent, rocksaws are commonly used in lieu of vibratory plows. Infected oaks should not be cut down before vibratory plowing because, doing so will speed up oak wilt root graft spread to nearby healthy oaks. Base of trunk or root flare injections of azole or copper based fungicides can help contain foliar - or top down - infections but are costly and have less success containing root graft - bottom up - transmission of oak wilt.

Strategies - Containment vs. Control
There is a big difference between containment and control. Containment happens within a few hours or days; control takes weeks or many months. The lack of appreciation and understanding for disease control methods and strategies has led to a lot of landowners and taxpayers thinking there is no way to control oak wilt. Despite 40–50 years of work & study showing oak wilt as one of the easiest to control forest diseases in North America. Putting a plowline around an oak wilt infection center is containment, which is not controlling the disease. Going inside the containment lines or natural barriers/edges/cover type changes and making sure all oak wilt infections are dead and gone is control. Landowners and managers have to ask themselves this question (are we going to be containing or controlling this disease?) before starting a disease control project, whether in a small yard or on hundreds of acres. Control also means removal and processing - mostly by logging - of future spore-producing oaks. For the last 40–50 years, experienced professionals throughout North America have been doing insect & disease control year round, not four or six months per year. They stop oak wilt spread by identifying future spore producing red oaks, which trees to protect from wounding, which trees not threatened by root graft infection then, respond same day to tree health changes. Agriculture and construction work starts in April–May each year, so it behooves oak wilt specialists to continue disease control work and prevention right through spring and early summer. After 2005, treatment goals shifted towards "passive oak wilt control" on properties less than 5 acres and treating to natural barriers or edges for large acreages. Passive control means letting the disease burn out over a few years which allows other native tree and shrub species to take over. Treating to natural barriers means restoring to native forest or savanna species by harvesting out to where oak wilt can no longer expand via root grafts. All oaks of the species that is infected are logged out, whether they are infected or healthy. Passive oak wilt control on large acreages creates short and long-term problems for oaks. White oak group trees are at risk for infection from nearby sporulating red oak group trees for the short term; invasive species can take over and monocultures of oaks can re-develop that sustain oak wilt infections for 50-100 more years making for long term risks. Treating to natural barriers/edges or cover type changes is by far the best method to use when controlling oak wilt on large acreages.

title: Talk:Oak wilt


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IPOD generation

The IPOD generation stands for Insecure, Pressured, Over-taxed, and Debt-ridden. The term was first used in the Reform report 'The Class of 2005 - the IPOD generation', written by Professor Nick Bosanquet and Blair Gibbs.

Due to diminishing returns for higher education, high levels of taxation, and a demographic shift in welfare arrangements which will place ever greater burdens on the young, people under 35 are facing serious long-term issues which many governments are ignoring. Affordability of housing, especially in countries like Ireland and the UK has dropped in the past few years, pricing many young people out of the market. All of this has meant people under 35 now face future tax burdens and standards of living which may be inferior to their potential, based on past projections.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: IPOD generation


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Talk:Goobacks

goofts
get rid of all goofs from all episdoes. 1 no legit encyclopedia has a "goofs" section 2 most of the goofs are from people failing to realize that south park is a humorous show. not a scientific documentary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.192.12.135 (talk) 01:34, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

The "no legit encyclopedia has it" is no valid argument. No other legit encyclopedia has hundreds of thousands contributors either, but that doesn't mean Wikipedia shouldn't keep working the way it does. The other point - "comedy show and not a scientific one"- is more valid though. But with movies and series - especially humorous ones- it is a little different, I think. People come to these Wiki pages for those snippets - like trivia (which I think shouldn't be removed), references and goofs. Because not everyone will understand every joke or pun, and there are times when it isn't sure wether something was a goof-up, a deliberate mistake, a reference or simply a silly joke. That's why we put this stuff up on Wiki. -92.226.195.216 (talk) 09:58, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The "no legit encyclopedia has it" argument isn't correct, but then neither are you. The reason so much "trivia" is removed is because most of it is speculation, content without cites for verification. If you can cite something, include it, if you can't, don't. See No original research. Alastairward (talk) 14:11, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

T:3
I removed the bracketed reference to Terminator 3 and the grandfather paradox on the basis that discussion of this belongs in the articles for Terminator 3, and, especially, the restricted action resolution section of the Grandfather paradox article. Reveilled 12:11, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Alien Nation (film)
I don't see it mentioned anywhere on this article... DrWho42 05:53, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Name of the Aliens
Despite the time-travel-goo on their backs leading to them being called Goobacks, I always thought it was actually a pun on "Go Back" more than anything...

Columbo2 21:06, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

No.. it's a joke about Wetbacks (Mexicans crossing the river and thus getting their backs wet before going into america) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.66.12.129 (talk) 16:33, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Yeah he/she's right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.241.182.12 (talk) 22:41, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Mistake or more?
When Stan runs home to tell his parents about the man from the future, the reporter in the news says that the man is "from over 2 thousand years" in the future. But it is just a little over 1k years. Did the writers of the show change the date from 4045 to 3045 or is the anchorman just retarded? -92.226.195.216 (talk) 10:01, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it's for humorous effect. Unless I'm mistaken, each time there's a cut back to that reporter, he gives a date that's another thousand years further in the future, a la typical media hype. See Faux Fox News for reference. Ipso-De-Facto (talk) 00:52, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Uncited material
Cite and return to the main article;

 * When the "time border" gets wider and many "time immigrants" come through, it closely resembles a scene from Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
 * The appearance of the "time border", including the lightning storm immediately before its appearance and the growing blue sphere, closely resemble the special effects used to show characters arriving from the future in the Terminator films.
 * On the stretch of highway, there are signs featuring three silhouette figures of a future male, female and child running across the road. This is similar to such signs posted along the highways of southern California and the southwest informing motorists to watch out for illegal immigrants crossing the road.
 * In the news scene with the female reporter whom the boys watch at the woman's house, a hangar numbered "18" can be seen behind the fence. This is a reference to the Roswell UFO incident of 1947, when the remains of aliens and their spacecraft were supposedly flown to Wright Field (now the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) in Ohio and stored in "hangar 18".
 * The immigrants come through the portal covered in purple ectoplasmic goo, hence the name "goobacks". This is a reference to the American term "wetbacks", a slur for illegal Mexican immigrants who enter the US via swimming through the Rio Grande river.

Alastairward (talk) 14:08, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goobacks


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide/Local government areas

A useful starting point is the Local Government Association of South Australia website at http://www.lga.sa.gov.au/ especially the council maps.


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Talk:Trinity Hall, Cambridge

Andrew Marr
Andrew Marr is no longer bbc political editor. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.153.219.170 (talk • contribs) 14:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Isaac Newton
Is it certain Isaac Newton is a Trinity Hall Old Boy? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 164.15.65.28 (talk • contribs) 13:26, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It is fairly certain he was a member of Trinity College, Cambridge. -- Solipsist 16:07, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

MCR link
Is there a reason the link to the Trinity Hall MCR webpage is being removed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.190.182 (talk) 14:35, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

The college crest
The shape of the college crest, although once 'correct', is now out of date. In 2006, the year of my matriculation, Trinity Hall declared to standardise its crest by abolishing the use of all but one. The crest that remains is found here: Trinity Hall Crest

I'm a newbie so am not sure how to update it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alanlives (talk • contribs) 16:53, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That link is meaningless to anyone who doesn't have a user account at Cambridge; you can only see the crest if you log in. Also, please sign your posts by typing ~ after them. Thanks asyndeton 16:57, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I thought as much, sorry. A smaller version (but in the updated style) can be found here: Trinity Hall Crest (small) Is it worth me putting the large image (from the first link) on an external image hosting site, or something? I would upload the image to Wikipedia Commons myself but I'm not sure a) how to do that and b) I will probably need to check the legality of such a move with the College Alanlives 12:31, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia has extensive (although sometimes bewilderingly) complex guidelines on fair use of uploading materials. From the point of view of the mechanics of uploading, on the bar to the left, in the "toolbox" section, there's an "Upload file" link to click which will start you on the process. However, I'm not sure if there's a need to bother - from the heraldic point of view, redrawing the arms of the college as a "logo" for corporate rebranding purposes is really neither here nor there - the heraldry of the institution remains constant, even if the shield is a different shape (and there are many many different "shapes" in which the heraldry is embedded). The college has existed for many hundred years, and has survived the whims of the fellows before, so I think this is another whim which doesn't really make too much of a difference in the great scheme of things. Robotforaday 17:04, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Lack of citations
The article contains no citations and only two bibliography entries. Given that (I believe) most or all of the content of the article comes from the two books, what's the best way to deal with this? BunnyDust (talk) 09:24, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * How about Citing_sources? BunnyDust (talk) 09:40, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I've now edited the article. BunnyDust (talk) 14:45, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Coat of arms is correct, but the blazon is wrong.
Coat of arms is correct, but the blazon (official description) is wrong. The coat of arms of the founder in 1350 was changed slightly to become the college's arms. William Bateman used his family coat (sable, a crescent and border engrailed ermine) impaled with his bishop of norwich (azure, three bishops mitres or). The college uses sable, a crescent and bordure ermine. Note that for the founder the bordure is engrailed (wavy), but for the college the bordure is simple (straight). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.162.214.88 (talk) 12:05, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

Proposed change
Trinity Hall would like to propose the following updated text for the College's Wikipedia page to provide clarity and the full series of events for the section currently titled 'sexual harassment'.

Controversy

In 2019, the College caused controversy and triggered international headlines after it emerged that the College supported "sex pests" working at the educational institution, where students reside on site.[4][5][6] In 2015, ten students submitted formal complaints of verbal sexual harassment by one Fellow. The outcome of these complaints was that the Fellow was asked to withdraw permanently from further teaching and from attending any social events at which students might be present. The College reports that both parties were content with this outcome*. However, in 2017 the Fellow was mistakenly invited to an event in College which students attended. An independent review of the matter followed**. In 2019 a formal agreement as to what events the Fellow could attend was approved by the Governing Body. However, some students and alumni expressed upset that he remained an Emeritus Fellow of the College. The College issued a formal statement regarding the individual’s emeritus fellowship[7][8]*. The Fellow in question then resigned. Human rights barrister Dr Charlotte Proudman said "The College has given fellows a licence to abuse their power with impunity. Women students are not safe in their own colleges."[9], while The Guardian called it "a gross betrayal to the students" and "a dangerous environment for women students to study"[10].

 * https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/follow-up-to-statement-of-clarification-re-dr-peter-hutchinson/
 * https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/dec/12/cambridge-don-peter-hutchinson-leaves-college-new-investigation-harassment-claims

THall (talk) 11:45, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trinity Hall, Cambridge


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Talk:A.T.F.

What should be on this page?
I originally created this page as a link to ATF (a disambiguation page) after seeing a red-link for A.T.F. (intended in that context to refer to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms). It seemed that any of the ATF meanings could be intended for A.T.F., so I redirected. It may also have been a TV series, but I'm not sure that's the primary meaning intended. (We at least need "A.T.F. can have other meanings - see ATF" at the top.) DenisMoskowitz 14:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If someone is looking for either "ATF" or "A.T.F." they are most likely to search on "ATF"; "A.T.F." is unlikely to arise as a search result unless the punctuated version is exactly what the person is looking for. Adding the x-ref to ATF was a good idea just in case, though. Courtland 23:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:A.T.F.


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User:SRHookEm

I am looking for the high resolution copy of this image:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Godunov_map.jpg

I've asked the user that uploaded it but he directed me to the Russian State Library. I can't get with them because the entire email list is in Russian! Please help!

Steve

title: User:SRHookEm


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Tad Jones

Thaddeus Bunol "Tad" Jones (September 19, 1952 – January 1, 2007) was an American music historian and researcher. His extensive research is credited with definitively establishing and documenting Louis Armstrong's correct birth date, August 4, 1901.

Life and career
Jones was a native and resident of New Orleans, Louisiana. A graduate of Loyola University New Orleans, he developed an interest in the music and history of New Orleans at a young age and conducted important oral history interviews with musicians while still in his teens. While earning a degree in Communications at Loyola, Jones was named Music Director of the university's radio station, WLDC and served from 1971-74. Frequently, Jones merged his broadcasting training with his musical historical expertise to promote New Orleans music in the station's playlist. This, in turn, gained the attention and influenced the programming of numerous record companies and album-oriented rock and jazz broadcast outlets through the United States. Jones also used Loyola's WLDC recording facilities in pioneering the taped oral history interviews of numerous New Orleans musicians from every period and style of New Orleans music. The William Ransom Hogan Jazz Archive at Tulane University now houses many of the interviews.

Jones contributed significantly to fostering and researching American rhythm & blues, early rock & roll and jazz. He was one of the "Fabulous Fo'teen," the founding members of Tipitina's, New Orleans's landmark music club established in 1977 and dedicated to Professor Longhair as a place for Longhair to perform until his death in 1980. Jones co-authored the liner notes of Longhair's final original records, "Crawfish Fiesta." He was involved in the founding of New Orleans community radio station WWOZ-FM. He was also involved in the organization of "Piano Night," a celebration of piano originally presented at Tipitina's on the Monday following the first weekend of the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival as a benefit for the radio station.

Jones taught a popular and acclaimed course on the history of New Orleans Rhythm & Blues at University of New Orleans in the late 1980s. Jones also managed music publishing for The Radiators as General Manager of the band's Fishhead Music. He served as an original Program Organizer of New Orleans's Satchmo SummerFest, the city's annual conference and celebration of Louis Armstrong's birthday which draws a choice roster of scholars and fans to New Orleans. Jones also served as a consultant for multiple documentaries and films. Jones co-authored the history of post-World War II New Orleans Rhythm and Blues, Up from the Cradle of Jazz, with Jason Berry and Johnathan Foose.

At his death, Jones was researching and writing a long-anticipated biography of the early life of Louis Armstrong. The book was said to be near completion when Jones died.

Jones died unexpectedly on January 1, 2007, after an accidental fall outside his Uptown New Orleans home. He was interred in Metairie Cemetery following a "jazz funeral" organized by New Orleans musicians.

title: Tad Jones


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Talk:September Eleventh Families for Peaceful Tomorrows

Stub tag?
I've added a see also section and a stub tag, but i was unable to find a relevant tag for this topic. MichaelBillington 11:37, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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Talk:Pentangle (band)

Pentangle/The Pentangle
Greetings All, (The) Pentangle were known/and billed under both names (see album covers). I think it's worth mentioning somewhere, but not sure how to include it without making it appear excessively important or insignificant. Any ideas? --Technopat (talk) 07:37, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Someone recently changed a couple of instances to "The Pentangle". I've reverted back, pending discussion. We should be consistent one way or the other. The band themselves have never been consistent on this point (see the album covers for instance). I'm not expressing a strong view for the status quo...only for a consistent approach within Wikipedia. Any views on whether the "The" is peferable or not? Bluewave (talk) 19:45, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Pentangle gets my vote. That's how I've always known them and that's how all the other Wikipedia languages know them.--ML5 (talk) 22:50, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * A proposal: I doubt if there will be enough people who care to get a meaningful vote one way or the other. I've looked back over the album covers, Jacqui McShee's website, John Renbourn's wesite, etc, and it's pretty clear that the band themselves were (and are) totally unconcerned about whether they are called "Pentangle" or "The Pentangle". I propose we stick with the status quo but change the lead section to say "Pentangle (or The Pentangle) are a band..." and add a footnote explaining that the band themselves and commentators have regularly used both forms, with some examples. Bluewave (talk) 09:13, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, seems sensible. I'm pretty unconcerned myself.--ML5 (talk) 15:22, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 22 October 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved (page mover nac) Flooded  with them hundreds  14:04, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

– restore long-term titles which had been stable for 14 years until an undiscussed move in April 2017.  The British band has existed only for ~50 years and had only a brief period of prominence in 1969–70. A search of Google Books, which concentrates reliable sources, shows that the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC on that measure is of "Pentangle" as a synonym for Pentagram — especially in Arthurian legend — is by far the the primary usage, and of course it is also primary by long-term significance. On the other hand, a Google News search shows results primarily for the band. However, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia not a fanzine. We should not prioritise pop culture over millennium-old-history, and we should not promote the linguistic hijack of a dictionary term by a relatively minor musical group. Dictionaries show the primary meaning of "Pentangle" to be the geometric concept of Pentagram (see e.g. Merriam Webster, so there is a case for making a WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT to . (Note that Pentagram gets about ten times as many pageviews as Pentangle|Pentangle). I would not oppose that, but given the differences in perspective, I think readers are best served by making the bare title a dab page, as it was for 14 years. -- Brown Haired Girl (talk) • (contribs) 08:26, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Pentangle → Pentangle (band)
 * Pentangle (disambiguation) → Pentangle
 * Support primary to Pentagram (not the dab page) per information in the nom. The word is an alternate name for 'pentagram', it's where long-term significance applies, and the band itself was named for the topic. Randy Kryn (talk) 09:46, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - it seems likely that the band's association with the name will diminish as memories of their excellence fade. Oculi (talk) 11:02, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nom (dab page at basename) per reasons listed in nomination above. Supporting the move as-is, with the disambiguation page being held at the basename. Paintspot Infez (talk) 11:57, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose Mild opposition. Worldwide Google search data suggests that people searching for pentangle are most likely from the UK and (based on related queries) searching for the band or one if its albums. The results of Special:WhatLinksHere/Pentangle don't reveal any pages incorrectly linking to Pentangle that should be instead pointing to pentagram. Thus, per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, the band seems to be the appropriate target. The current dab page has 3 entries: the band, one of the band's albums, and the shape. I suggest that the dab page is unnecessary. Having a wp:hatnote at Pentangle pointing directly to pentagram instead of the dab page would remove a step of disambiguation.  A 2nd hatnote could be added for the album (which is already linked from the page, so maybe unnecessary). I would think a hatnote for the band is not needed at pentagram.GeoGreg (talk) 17:27, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * GeoGreg, the fact that other links are correctly disambiguated does not make the band the primary topic.
 * The trends map you you shows less than 50% of Pentangle searches being from the UK, and no evidence that any of them is looking for the band.  Sure, we can infer that some probably are, but it is equally plausible that they are looking for the usage of pentangle within Arthurian legend. -- Brown Haired Girl (talk) • (contribs) 17:42, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Support moving the band, not the primary topic of the term by historical importance. With respect to the title, my first choice would be to redirect to Pentagram, and my second choice would be to disambiguate. bd2412  T 01:50, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support Agree the band isn't the primary topic even if Pentagram also isn't.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 14:03, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. Personally, I'd say that Pentagram is the clear primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:06, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

BBC Radio Series
I'm pretty sure The Pentangle performed a series of weekly gigs on BBC Radio. I can't find any mention of this in the article. MrDemeanour (talk) 14:36, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pentangle (band)


text:
Template talk:Further

Fix Template:See redirections
This request concerns not Template:Further, but rather pages which redirect here, or should.

Transclusions of Template:See seem to be breaking, see e.g. the top of Citing sources. This may be due to the double-redirection (Template:See redirects to Template:Further information, which in turn redirects here to Template:Further), or it may be due to the inclusion of Template: R from move on the intermediate Template:Further information page. Either way, the request is the same:

 * Request: Please edit Template:See to redirect directly to Template:Further. Here's an edit link which includes.

I have already corrected Template talk:See to redirect directly here to Template talk:Further, along with Template talk:Further information, which had somehow been circularly redirected to itself. -- FeRD_NYC (talk) 04:58, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ Redirect for Template:See changed. --  Alex TW 06:10, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 18 February 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: withdrawn Things won't break as long as the closer pays attention and fixes the double-redirects. But I do kind of get some of the other points. Galobtter (pingó mió) 17:14, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Template:Further → Template:More information – clearer title and text (further what?), (along with accompanying text change to "More information:") Galobtter (pingó mió) 07:07, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * There are really two things here, so taking them separately:
 * OPPOSE the text change from "Further information" to "More information". We have four distinct hatnotes that perform this basic function:, , , and . (With Template:Details slated to go away, I guess, folded into Template:Further.) They could all be described as "more information" links. Having distinct and non-generic text makes them each appropriate for linking to different types of additional information. And a distinctive word provides a better mnemonic for the template.
 * OPPOSE the rename to the longer (or ) form. Typing  is a helpful and concise mnemonic, and one point of templates is to  save keystrokes. That can be taken to too great an extreme (the truly staggering number of template-linking templates with names like  and, for example), but "the template's name isn't the exact thing it substitutes in" is a feature, not a deficiency, as far as I'm concerned.
 * Now, as wrote at Template talk:Main, "Ordinarily, I would be indifferent as to which name was considered the primary," as long as I could still type  — in fact, normally I might favor the longer name being the primary, and the shorter an alias. But these templates have been shuffled around so much that they're a rat's-nest of redirects, things already broke in the last shuffling (see the section literally right above this one), and things are bound to break even more with another unnecessary renaming. You can already type   or, if that's what floats your boat, and get the effect desired. Renaming the templates is just more rearranging of the Titanic's deck chairs. -- FeRD_NYC (talk) 13:03, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Should pages in draft be used in hatnotes
I'm sure I've seen that this is not permitted, but an experienced editor has been inserting. Can someone either give me a reference to where it is disallowed, or else disabuse me of my error? Thanks, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 09:55, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , was this ever resolved to your satisfaction? I believe you're correct, but I'd have to hunt down the guideline. Mathglot (talk) 02:28, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No, nothing further ever came of it. To be honest, it was nearly two years ago now and I'd have to hunt to find out who and where.  Would you like me to? Martin of Sheffield (talk) 08:25, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Adding nowrap
I ran into a situation at Vichy regime where there was a "Further" template with three links, and because of an adjacent right-float sidebar, the last of the three links wrapped in the middle of the link onto the next line, leaving "World War II" split between two lines at an awkward location, with "World War" at the end of one line, and the "II" all by itself on the next line.

In any case, I'm thinking about how we can do something to remedy this, which would effectively reproduce the effect of the nowrap template. In a single wikilink, one could do that like this:, or to protect just the 'II' at the end, one could even do:  , and so on. (The Html entity '&nsbp;' could be used there as well.)

I tried to reproduce the effect I saw using the example above, but not sure if the demo will work for you on other devices, fonts, browsers, etc. You can probably reproduce it by going to Vichy regime and playing with the window width until the last link in the "Further" links starts to wrap to the next line. In the example above, the top line uses the (live) Further template copied from Vichy regime; the second one is from the template sandbox using the same params; the third line is the sandbox again, but this time with proposed new param y as a proof of concept. If there is consensus for this, it could be ported to the module. Mathglot (talk) 06:00, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * On further reflection, I'd be tempted to make the new behavior the default, and dispense with the need of a new parameter. However, that would represent a change to current behavior, and although it seems like a beneficial one, I'm not sure if that's acceptable. Trying to think of any cases where a change in behavior of this type might cause problems; possibly in the case of very long article names, or narrow windows or mobile devices perhaps. Maybe we should test for mobile device (there's a template for that) and disable it in that case. Mathglot (talk) 06:16, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: I have the mobile view gadget installed, and there's no change in mobile view; in both cases, all links appear on one line, running well past the right margin, and a horizontal scroll bar appears (in the gadget) so if you want to view the rest of the links, you have to scroll right. In an actual mobile device (iOS) it's about the same thing: all three lines look identical, and you have to swipe left to see the rest of the line off the right edge. So there seems to be no change and therefore no downside for mobile, if this became default behavior. Mathglot (talk) 06:22, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Ping . Mathglot (talk) 06:26, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * And Primefac. Mathglot (talk) 06:32, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm relatively neutral on whether this should be implemented, as I'm not sure about potential side effects, but if it is to be implemented, it should probably happen for all hatnotes by default, and be implemented by adding the  class (implemented at MediaWiki:Common.css) to the default hatnote classes in Module:Hatnote. This would require also editing Module:Hatnote group to reflect the new default class so as not to break that module. If it's to be optional, then it's already implemented through the   parameter, where one could manually add that class to the hatnote as needed. In that case, we might want to advertise the option better in template documentation and perhaps on Hatnote. If certain hatnote templates don't support that parameter, let me know and I'll work on getting it implemented for them. {{ Nihiltres  |talk |edits}} 16:34, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't see any reason why it should be optional, as I see zero reason why someone would want the link to be split. It's a problem that seems to need fixing, and the  change sounds like it will do that. Primefac (talk) 17:30, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm somewhat hesitant with making this change for such a large amount of templates without proper testing. If someone adds the behaviour to the hatnote class in their user css and plays around with window sizes and long links on computers and phones without encountering significant problems this proposal sounds good though. --Trialpears (talk) 08:42, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * , that seems like reasonable caution. I was going to support your idea and propose that we all add something to our common.css and monitor it for a while, but in the current environment, I don't think that will work. Although Module:Hatnote supports extraclasses, Module:Labelled list hatnote does not, afaict, and Template:Further invokes Labelled list hatnote. (or anyone), can you advise on the best way to set up the conditions which would enable the type of interim test suggested by Trialpears involving changes to common.css to be a valid test? Does this require a change first to Module:Labelled list hatnote to even allow a test period to be run, or what's the best way forward here? Mathglot (talk) 17:56, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Module:Labelled list hatnote already has complete support for extraclasses ; no changes are needed. To test the CSS changes for all hatnotes, one would add  to their personal CSS. I think that adding the same (plus appropriate whitespace) to Module:Hatnote/styles.css would likely be the best way to implement the final change. It might be useful for the sake of testing to find some hatnotes linking to pages with very long titles. {{ Nihiltres  |talk |edits}} 21:10, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I anticipated the suggestion, and was looking around for articles with long titles. I thought there was a category for very long article titles, but I can't find it now. I added that line to my common.css, but the behavior of Further at Vichy regime (or in the top example) hasn't changed for me, and still breaks at white space. Mathglot (talk) 08:45, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
 * My mistake: I made a typo; it should be "white-space" with a hyphen. Try again with that corrected. {{ Nihiltres  |talk |edits}} 19:55, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Yes, that worked, thanks! May I request that we all add this line to our common.css:

so that we can all monitor results for a while, and then if no problems are noticed after some time, we can change in the module to make it the default. I will look around some more for long, multi-word article titles, and if anyone can help find some examples please post them below. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 20:53, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose I don't see why this is necessary. There is no problem with linebreaks occurring mid-link: all browsers handle it perfectly well, and I've never come across a user who has complained because they thought that there were two separate links. I shall repeat what I have written often: you have no idea how wide my screen is, nor any of the myriad other factors that can affect the wrapping point, so please don't presume that what works for you will necessarily work for everybody. In short: let's build the encyclopedia and not mess around with low-impact aesthetics. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 22:23, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

Examples
So, what I'm finding in some trials, is that several, long-ish, titles within the "normal range" of title length are much improved by nowrap on white-space:

But the rare, extremely long titles are not improved by it. There are a few rare titles that are so long, that even just one of them wraps to two lines in a normal-width laptop screen, such as Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom erecting and establishing the Province of South Australia and fixing the boundaries thereof. If you put that in a "Further" link with the nowrap, it creates a horizontal bar because the window isn't wide enough for it, even if it's the only one.

I don't know if that's a deal-breaker, or not. I think for mobile, it's not a deal-breaker, because we've already established that for mobile you have to swipe right to see much shorter titles, and this would be no different, just longer. On mobile, either of these cause a horizontal scroll bar to appear:

But on the desktop, if you have the custom line in your common.css the top one will wrap between links, but not internally. That's true of the second one too, of course; it's just that that one link is so long, not wrapping internally means there is no alternative but to add a horizontal scrollbar even in desktop view (unless you have a screen wide enough to contain it) before wrapping just before the second link.

Before considering whether it's a deal-breaker for desktop or not, we should find out how unusual a pagename like that really is (a database query request will do it), and secondly, practically speaking, is anybody really even going to attempt to use template Further with a link that long? I know I wouldn't.

I think the real-life test of adding the line to common.css, and just going through our normal activities for a month or whatever will be a good test of how this would pan out in reality, especially if we can get several of us on board with this. Or maybe even request some more test-volunteers at WP:VPT perhaps? Mathglot (talk) 01:00, 27 March 2022 (UTC) updated to add Llanfair PG; by Mathglot (talk) 22:53, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

Found another long title:

But maybe that doesn't count, because the first link is just a redirect (to the second one), and the link on this page is one of only two uses of that redirect. (Why do folks even create redirects like that?) Mathglot (talk) 02:38, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

 * If a title is too long that it breaks something but works for the current system then add a parameter option that will allow to manually disable the nowrap. Gonnym (talk) 10:01, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * That sounds smart; the param would basically take them back to the previous default. And if mobile turns out to be a problem, the default for mobile could be the old way. Mathglot (talk) 05:47, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

There are several comments objecting to this proposal at WP:VPR, from where this discussion was linked. Mathglot (talk) 08:55, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Volunteer sign-up
We are seeking volunteers as low-involvement testers for the proposed change to Module:Hatnote described above. In around a month (or whatever period seems right) we'll ping you and ask for your comments, and if feedback is supportive, we'll make the change. "Volunteering" means adding the following line to your common.css, and then just going about your business as before:

If you can help, please add your name to the list below. Hoping for a dozen volunteers, at least.

Sure, I'll make that change to my common.css, and you can ping me for feedback later, or I'll comment if I see anything worth noting.

 * Volunteered. Mathglot (talk) 19:51, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Sure. MB 21:18, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Happy to do this. Thryduulf (talk) 11:06, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

No difference between See also and Further information
Hi everyone, there's no real difference between the See Also and Further Information templates is there? So we should delete the latter is it's longer and less common and redirect if possible, to See also please? Tom B (talk) 12:03, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

 * No, the two are not the same. "Further information" is for when there is more detail about this topic at another article, "See also" is for when there is information about a related topic that the reader might be interested in. Thryduulf (talk) 14:37, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * thanks Tom B (talk) 14:40, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Further


text:
User talk:0101YAUws

Welcome!

Hello, 0101YAUws, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place   on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Our apologies about temporarily blocking this account, it was created at the same time as someone was attacking Wikipedia by creating many new accounts whose only purpose was vandalism. Apparently, some administrator saw your unusual name and assumed your account was also one of those. This account has now been unblocked. Dragons flight 14:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101YAUws


text: User talk:151.199.192.103

title: User talk:151.199.192.103


text: Category:Archaeological sites in Algeria


text:
Martin Zellar

Martin Lee Zellar (born June 14, 1963) is a Minnesota-based musician and songwriter. Martin Zellar is the brother of writer Brad Zellar.

Early career
Zellar grew up in Austin, Minnesota. While still in high school, Zellar formed his first band, Fallout, with childhood friend and bassist Nick Ciola. Zellar and Ciola have played in bands together for more than 30 years.

Gear Daddies
Upon graduation, Zellar moved to the Twin Cities and in 1984 joined fellow Austin, Minnesotans Ciola, guitarist Randy Broughten, and drummer and fellow songwriter James "Billy" Dankert as the Gear Daddies. The band enjoyed much regional and some national success, and released three albums. They officially broke up in 1992, but began playing enthusiastically attended reunion shows a few years later.

Solo Career and Hardways
With the dissolution of the Gear Daddies, the songwriter began making albums and performing with a band that would become known as Martin Zellar and The Hardways, including at various times Nick Ciola, Scott Wenum, Wilson Zellar, Jesse Duke, Luke Kramer, Whelan Keenan, Dan Neale, Adam Levy, Noah Levy, Jon Duncan, Marc Retish, Patrik Tanner, and Randy Broughten.

Other projects
In the late '90s, Zellar began singing with a Neil Diamond tribute band that remains popular into the present. Neil! includes musicians Ali Gray, Patrik Tanner, Scott Wenum, Nick Ciola, and JJ Benson.

In 2007, Zellar's song I Wanna Drive the Zamboni, which appears in various movies and television shows, and is ubiquitous at hockey games, was released as a single. The song was originally a hidden track on the Gear Daddies album "Billy's Live Bait".

On February 10, 2012 Martin Zellar and the Hardways kicked off a tour in support of new album Rooster's Crow. Pat Maske produced, and it includes the talents of Kelly Willis, Lloyd Maines, Kevin McKinney, Bukka Allen (Bodeans), Chojo Jacques, Brian Standefer (Alejandro Escovedo), Billy Bright (Peter Rowan), Michael Ramos (John Mellencamp), and Terri Hendrix. Chris Riemenschneider of the Minneapolis StarTribune calls it "the best record of his 25-year career."

With the Gear Daddies

 * 1988: Let's Go Scare Al (Steve's Pizza Music, BMI),
 * 1990: Billy's Live Bait (Polygram)
 * 1992: Can't Have Nothin' Nice (Crackpot)

With the Hardways

 * 1995: Born Under (Rykodisc)
 * 1996: Martin Zellar and the Hardways (Rykodisc)
 * 1998: The Many Moods of Martin Zellar and the Hardways (Owen Lee Recordings)
 * 2000: Two Guitars Bass & Drums (Owen Lee Recordings), recorded live
 * 2002: Scattered (Owen Lee Recordings)
 * 2003: Live From the Mercury Lounge (Legal Bootleg)
 * 2003: They Even Use The Hooves (Owen Lee Recordings), B-sides and other rarities
 * 2011: Martin Lee Zellar (Owen Lee Recordings), limited edition
 * 2012: Rooster's Crow (Owen Lee Recordings)
 * 2017: Fan-Selected Sampler 1998–2014 (Owen Lee Recordings)
 * 2023: Head West (Owen Lee Recordings)

title: Martin Zellar


text: User talk:71.195.155.206

title: User talk:71.195.155.206


text:
Category:Government of Algeria

This category focuses on the work of national and local government in Algeria. For other aspects of the political process in Algeria see category:Politics of Algeria.

title: Category:Government of Algeria


text:
User talk:Mikesolow

Please don't add nonsense articles (Marcus Mason) to Wikipedia. -- 14:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Your addition to Conch would fit better under the "Conch people" section at the end. -- Dalbury 15:24, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikesolow


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Algeria


text:
Johann Jacob Roemer

Johann Jacob Roemer (8 January 1763, Zürich – 15 January 1819) was a Swiss physician and professor of botany in Zürich, Switzerland. He was also an entomologist.

With Austrian botanist Joseph August Schultes, he published the 16th edition of Carl Linnaeus' Systema Vegetabilium.

Roemer's Genera insectorum is a most attractive Swiss publication on entomology. The splendid hand-coloured plates were drawn and engraved by the Swiss artist J.R. Schellenberg, an entomologist himself and therefore familiar with structural details.

In 1793, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The botanical genus Roemeria from the family Papaveraceae is named after him.

Works

 * Magazin für die Botanik, vols. 1–4; 1787–1791, with publicist Paul Usteri (1768-1831). Afterwards Roemer continued this series as Neues Magazin für die Botanik.
 * Genera insectorum Linnaei et Fabricii iconibus illustrata. Vitoduri Helvetorum (Winterthur), apud Henric. Steiner, 1789
 * Flora Europaea... Norimbergae [Nürnberg] 14 fasc. 1797-1811
 * Collecteana ad Omnem rem Botanicam Spectantia Partim e Propriis, Partim ex Amicorum Schedis Manuscriptis Concinnavit et Edidit J. J. Roemer, M.D. Turici [Zurich], In parts between 1806 and 1810.
 * Systema vegetabilium (ed. 16) 7 vols. – 1817–1830

title: Johann Jacob Roemer


text:
Nearest-neighbor interpolation

Nearest-neighbor interpolation (also known as proximal interpolation or, in some contexts, point sampling) is a simple method of multivariate interpolation in one or more dimensions.

Interpolation is the problem of approximating the value of a function for a non-given point in some space when given the value of that function in points around (neighboring) that point. The nearest neighbor algorithm selects the value of the nearest point and does not consider the values of neighboring points at all, yielding a piecewise-constant interpolant. The algorithm is very simple to implement and is commonly used (usually along with mipmapping) in real-time 3D rendering to select color values for a textured surface.

Connection to Voronoi diagram
For a given set of points in space, a Voronoi diagram is a decomposition of space into cells, one for each given point, so that anywhere in space, the closest given point is inside the cell. This is equivalent to nearest neighbour interpolation, by assigning the function value at the given point to all the points inside the cell. The figures on the right side show by colour the shape of the cells.

title: Nearest-neighbor interpolation


text: User talk:130.126.72.72

title: User talk:130.126.72.72


text:
Talk:Pancho and Lefty

Some conclude that Pancho and Lefty are brothers, Pancho was killed by his Brother Lefty because his mother loved his brother more. I think the words are cryptic, and the meaning ambiguous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.212.20.252 (talk • contribs)

Was Lefty Pancho?
While some conclude that Lefty was a partner who betrayed Pancho, possibly even Pancho's jealous brother. I believe a case can be made for Lefty being the name Pancho took when he fled Mexico. First, the song begins by addressing Pancho in the first person.

LIVING on the road, my friend, is going to KEEP YOU FREE and clean. Weren't your mamma's only boy. She began to cry when YOU said good bye. Pancho was a bandit boy. Pancho met his match you know. NOBODY heard his dyin' words (possibly becasue he did not die) ...ALL the federales say...they COULD have had HIM any day...they only let HIM slip away, out of kindness I suppose. (this speaks of Pancho and implies they didnt get kill him)

Lefty, he cant sing the blues all night long LIKE HE USED TO. (new language) The dust that PANCHO BIT down south, ended up IN LEFTY'S MOUTH. The day they LAYED poor Pancho LOW (Lay low, is not a symbol of burial but escape). Lefty split for OHIO, Where he got the bread to go, there ain't NOBODY knows.... WE COULD have had HIM any day,  WE only let HIM slip away out of kindness I suppose.

POETS tell how Poncho FELL(not died), and (is now) Lefty's livin' in cheap hotels, the desert's quiet, Cleveland's cold. And so the story ends WERE TOLD. Pancho NEEDS(present tense) your prayers, save a few for Lefty too...HE ONLY did what he had to do (abandon his dreams and run)...and NOW he's growin' old. A few GRAY federales say..we COULD have had HIM(who?)any day....we only LET HIM GO...so long, out of kindness I suppose.

The overlaping references point to one person...two roles...bandito, and a man in exile. Pancho a Mexican name, Lefty his American moniker. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.70.15.76 (talk • contribs)

 * Speculation of this sort isn't helpful to the article (see WP:NOR). Clearly Van Zandt left a lot up to the listener eh? -MrFizyx 23:17, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Rthe speculation is helpful & necessary to the article. The article states that Pancho was betrayed by an associate Lefty. I think that misses the entire story of the song that Pancho *is* Lefty. How is speculation attempting to correct the entry not helpful? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.131.38.137 (talk • contribs)

 * Again, read WP:NOR. If you feel that something in the current article is original research, remove it, but don't add an unsourced theory about the song.  It is not useful to Wikipedia.  I'm not sure who wrote the current version, but I do think it reasonable to state that the song "implies" that Pancho was betrayed by Lefty.  I'd be open to a more neutral wording if you can think of something though.  Regards, MrFizyx (talk) 03:29, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * This song would appear to a mashup of many stories. The death of Pancho Villa, in a setup. A betrayal in a drug deal, possibly to the law, for $.
 * Something to do w/ Lefty Frizzell. Van Zandt's own life,his drinking, and possibly a 'suspicion' traffic stop. A meditation on betrayal and broken
 * lives, in general. Tapered (talk) 06:51, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Avoiding red link artists
I've removed the following from the "Selected discography":
 * Storyhill (a.k.a. Chris & Johnny), on their album Different Waters (1992)

I would rather that we only add artists for whom there is a wikipedia article and I'd be happy to add them if one is created. -MrFizyx 01:57, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I've re-added 'em since someone recently wrote an article. -MrFizyx (talk) 18:43, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Pancho and Lefty
From the details given in the lyrics, "Lefty" is clearly Lefty Frizzell, the famous '40s-50s country singer who died broke in a Cleveland hotel.

24.215.192.185 (talk) 22:55, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

The Storhill song "Pancho and Lefty" is not the same song. It is not a cover of the Townes Van Zandt song. It is an entirely different song written by Chris Cunningham of Storyhill. The song shares the same name and nothing else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.228.129.22 (talk) 20:24, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

With reference to the first remark above about "Lefty" being Lefty Frizzell who died broke in a Cleveland hotel: not according to Wikipedia and other sources. Lefty Frizzell died in 1975 in Nashville of a massive stroke. So the only thing Van Zandt's "Lefty" has in common with Lefty Frizzell is the name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.27.88.173 (talk) 17:47, 12 September 2015 (UTC)

Lesser known?
Shouldn't Emmylou's version be taken out of the "lesser known" category since it was a #1 hit and is mentioned early in the article?Airproofing (talk) 02:59, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Whoops! Never mind... I read that wrong... she didn't have the hit. Duh... Airproofing (talk) 03:00, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

removal of call for references
I removed the call for references/citation of original research from June 2011. i watched the video linked for the 1st interview quote, and found it to also contain the 2nd un-cited quote relating the story of the policemen. changed the wording to indicate both quotes are from the same interview Chillywillycd (talk) 16:29, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Content and composition
Back around this time last year, the Pancho and Lefty section wasn't too bad. It discusses the structure and the story a bit, then goes into some background with quotes from the songwriter, nicely capturing the ambiguity of the song. I've restored the entire section from back then; I don't see any reason it was cut down so. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 23:23, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pancho and Lefty


text:
C. Delores Tucker

Cynthia Delores Tucker ( Nottage; October 4, 1927 – October 12, 2005) was an American politician and civil rights activist. She had a long history of involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement. She was Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1971 to 1977. From the 1990s onward, she engaged in a campaign against gangsta rap music.

Early life and education
Born in Philadelphia to Whitfield and Captilda Nottage (née Gardiner), both of whom were originally from the Bahamas. Tucker was the tenth of thirteen children.

Tucker attended Temple University and the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business.

Tucker was later the recipient of two honorary doctoral degrees from Morris College in Sumter, South Carolina, Baptist Training Union in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and California State University Northridge in California, and for this reason, she is sometimes referred to as "Dr. C. Delores Tucker".

Civil activities
Tucker had a long history in the Civil Rights Movement. Early on, her civil activities included participating in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches alongside the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and raising funds for the NAACP. In 1990, Tucker, along with 15 other African American women and men, formed the African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom. She was the convening founder and national chair of the National Congress of Black Women, Inc. (NCBW), having succeeded the Hon. Shirley Chisholm in 1992.

Tucker also was responsible for the Governor's appointment of more women judges and more women and African Americans to boards and commissions than ever before. She also led the effort to make Pennsylvania one of the first states to pass the Equal Rights Amendment. As Chief of Elections of Pennsylvania, she was a leader in instituting a voter registration by mail and reducing the voting age from 21 to 18 years of age.

Political
In 1971, Tucker became the first black female Secretary of State when Pennsylvania Governor Milton Shapp appointed her Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. During her tenure, she instituted the first Commission on the Status of Women. Shapp fired Tucker in September 1977 for allegedly using state employees to write speeches for which she received honorariums. Two years later, one of Tucker's successors as Secretary of the Commonwealth, Ethel D. Allen, was also fired for using public employees to write speeches.

She was the founder and president of the Bethune-DuBois Institute, Inc., which she established in 1991 to promote the cultural development of African American youth through scholarships and educational programs. Tucker also launched, and served as publisher of the publication, Vital Issues: The Journal of African American Speeches.

Media
In 1988 she made an extended appearance on a British television discussion programme, After Dark.

Hip-hop/rap music
Tucker dedicated much of the last few years of her life to condemning sexually explicit lyrics in rap and hip-hop tracks, citing a concern that the lyrics were misogynistic and threatened the moral foundation of the African American community.

Called "narrow-minded" by some rappers who often mentioned her in their lyrics, Tucker picketed stores that sold rap music and bought stock in Sony, Time Warner, and other companies in order to protest hip-hop at their shareholders' meetings. She also fought against the NAACP's decision to nominate late rapper Tupac Shakur for one of its Image Awards and filed a $10 million lawsuit against his estate for comments that the rapper made in his song "How Do U Want It?" on the album All Eyez on Me, in which Shakur rapped "C. Delores Tucker you's a motherfucker / Instead of trying to help a nigga you destroy a brother". In her lawsuit, Tucker claimed that comments in this song, and on the track "Wonda Why They Call U Bytch" from the same album, inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy. This case was eventually dismissed.

Other rappers have taken similar stances. In his song "Church for Thugs", The Game raps "I've got more hatred in my soul than Pac had for Delores Tucker." Jay-Z chimes in as well, with the lines "I don't care if you're C. Dolores Tucker or you're Bill O'Reilly, you only riling me up," from The Black Album's "Threat." Lil' Kim also referenced her in a leftover track, entitled "Rockin' It", from her second studio album. Kim raps "C. Delores T., Screw her, I never knew her", after Tucker dubbed her music as "gangsta porno rap" and "filth".

Much of KRS-One and Channel Live's "Free Mumia" is a direct criticism of what the MCs see as Tucker's misplaced energy. Lil Wayne also referenced her a couple times, once on his leftover song "Million Dollar Baby" rapping "Can't be banned I'm sorry Miss Delores" and more recently on his Carter IV album song "Megaman" rapping "The heater ima Tucker, Tucker, like Delores." Eminem referenced her in the song "Rap Game" by D12 rapping "Tell that C. Delores Tucker slut to suck a dick". Tucker later went on to serve on the Advisory Board of the Parents Television Council until her death in 2005.

Accolades
Selected as one of 25 of the World's Most Intriguing People by People magazine, Tucker was also selected as a People Magazine 1996 Yearbook Honoree, and was featured in the inaugural issue of John F. Kennedy, Jr.'s George magazine for her crusade against gangsta rap. In addition, she has been acknowledged for her deep concern for children by First Lady Hillary Clinton in the book It Takes A Village. The National Women's Political Caucus and Redbook also named her as the woman best qualified to be Ambassador to the United Nations.

For five consecutive years, from 1972 through 1977, she was listed as among Ebony magazine's 100 Most Influential Black Americans. During that period, she was listed as Ladies Home Journal Nominee for Woman of the Year in both 1975 and 1976. She was recognized by Ebony as one of the '100 Most Influential Black Organization Leaders' in the country in 2001 and 2002. Tucker was also a prominent member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

On April 25, 2006, a state historical marker honoring Tucker was unveiled by Bill Tucker and Governor Ed Rendell in a ceremony at the State Museum of Pennsylvania, in Harrisburg. In addition, it was announced that the North Building, which is adjacent to the State Capitol Building, was to be renamed the Secretary C. Delores Tucker Building. The state marker, which was commissioned by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, was installed outside the entrance to the building. The marker reads:

Personal life and death
In 1951, Tucker married William Tucker, a Philadelphia real estate agent. Tucker herself had worked in real estate and insurance sales early in her career. Tucker had no children.

She died on Wednesday, October 12, 2005, at Suburban Woods Health Center in Norristown, Pennsylvania, at the age of 78. She is interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, PA.

title: C. Delores Tucker


text:
Army Group B

Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B) was the name of four distinct German army group commands that saw action during World War II.

The first Army Group B was created on 12 October 1939 (from the former Army Group North) and fought in the Battle of France on the northern flank. It was responsible for a part of the German invasion of Belgium and the majority of the German invasion of the Netherlands. In the later stage of that campaign ("Case Red"), it again advanced on the German right flank towards the Somme river, the city of Paris and the Franco-Spanish border. After 16 August 1940, it was deployed to East Prussia and to the General Government in German-occupied Poland. When Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941, Army Group B was renamed on the same day to become "Army Group Center".

The second Army Group B came into existence on 9 July 1942, when Army Group South was split into two army groups, named Army Group A and Army Group B. Army Group B was responsible for the northern flank of the German 1942 summer offensive towards the Volga river and the Caucasian oilfields. Its most famous operational target was the major city of Stalingrad. Beginning on 21 November 1942, the army group had its lines repeatedly pierced by Red Army counterattacks ("Operation Uranus"), developing into the encirclement crisis during the Battle of Stalingrad that ended with the destruction of the German 6th Army trapped in the city. Army Group B was organizationally weakened by the creation of Army Group Don, which was inserted into the line between Army Groups A and B to alleviate the crisis at Stalingrad. After additional pressure was applied to the army group by the Soviet Voronezh–Kharkov offensive (January – March 1943), the army group was dissolved on 9 February 1943 and its subordinate formations divided between Army Group Center and the newly-reestablished Army Group South (formerly Army Group Don).

The third Army Group B was formed on 19 July 1943 using former Army Group B personnel as well as Task Force Rommel (Arbeitsstab Rommel) and deployed to northern Italy. Here, the staff was used on 26 November 1943 to create OB Südwest ("Army Group C").

On the same day, 26 November 1943, another Army Group B command was created at the coast of the English Channel in German-occupied France. After the Allied Normandy landings in June 1944, Army Group B initially commanded the northern wing of the new Western Front. After Army Group H was created in the German-occupied Netherlands in November 1944, Army Group B instead took the center of the Western Front, located between Army Group H to the north and Army Group G to the south. It is notable on the Western Front as the army group to oversee the German Ardennes Offensive ("Battle of the Bulge"). Eventually, Army Group B surrendered on 17 April 1945 in the Ruhr pocket.

First deployment (1939–41)
Army Group B was initially created on 12 October 1939, when the former Army Group North, which had participated in the Invasion of Poland, was renamed. The initial commander of the army group was Fedor von Bock, who had already held the command over Army Group North during the campaign in Poland. Army Group B was assembled during the period of the Phoney War in the Lower Rhine area, along the German-Dutch border and the German-Belgian border. In the initial OKH draft for the attack against France, Army Group B was assigned the Schwerpunkt role, but the intervention by senior officers (notably Erich von Manstein) from its southern neighbor, Army Group A, resulted in a shift in the German planning starting in January to February 1940. Army Group A was now accorded the operational focus, and Army Group B became a formation with a support and auxiliary role. With 29⅓ divisions, it was clearly smaller than its southern neighbor with 44⅓ divisions (whereas Army Group C in the far south on the French border received only 17 divisions). Army Group A also received preferential treatment in terms of access to reserve formations. Whereas Army Group A received seven armored divisions and three motorized infantry divisions, Army Group B was significantly weaker at three each.

The army group participated in the German invasion of the Netherlands and the German invasion of Belgium. In the second part of that campaign ("Case Red"), Army Group B again found itself on the right-hand flank of the German forces and advanced towards the Somme river and to the French Atlantic coast.

After the successful conclusion of the Western campaign, the army group initially remained on occupation duty in German-occupied France, but was redeployed to German-occupied Poland starting on 16 August 1940, where it took charge of German forces in East Prussia and the General Government, in proximity to the demarcation line with the Soviet Union.

On the day Germany invaded the Soviet Union ("Operation Barbarossa"), 22 June 1941, Army Group B was renamed "Army Group Center".

Second deployment (1942–43)
On 9 July 1942, the previous Army Group South was split in two, resulting in the creation of a new Army Group A as well as the creation of a new Army Group B. Whereas Army Group A was led by a new army group command that had been covertly prepared behind the lines (as "Staff Anton"), Army Group B remained in charge of the previous Army Group South's command formation.

Army Group B advanced northeastwards (whereas Army Group A moved south into the Battle of the Caucasus) to approach the Don and Volga rivers, with particular goals at the Soviet cities of Stalingrad and Astrakhan. After the forward formations of the army group got themselves entangled in the Battle of Stalingrad, a Soviet counterthrust ("Operation Uranus") left the German 6th Army encircled inside the city, on the Volga west bank. Several major formations (German 6th Army, Romanian 4th Army, German 4th Panzer Army) were transferred away from Army Group B and attached to the newly-formed Army Group Don in November 1942. After another Soviet breakthrough on the Don river on 14 January 1943 (Voronezh–Kharkov offensive), Army Group B was pulled out of the line on 9 February 1943. Its remnant subordinate formations were distributed either to the Army Group Center or to the new Army Group South (previously Army Group Don).

Third deployment (1943)
After Army Group B was pulled out of the Eastern Front, its remaining staff elements were combined on 19 July 1943 with another staff, Task Force Rommel (Arbeitsstab Rommel), named after its leading officer Erwin Rommel (whose Army Group Afrika had recently been decisively defeated with the ends of the Tunisian campaign). Rommel on the same 19 July became the commander of Army Group B.

The army group was deployed to northern Italy, where much of its staff was restructured into Army Group C ("Supreme Commander South West") on 26 November 1943.

Fourth deployment (1943–45)
On the same day that the staff of Army Group B was dissolved in Italy (26 November 1943), an army group high command by the same name was created in German-occupied France.

After the Western Allies' Normandy landings (6 June 1944), Army Group B became the northern army group in the German line on the Western Front. Günther von Kluge assumed command of the army group on 19 July 1944, but was soon replaced by Walter Model on 17 August. Moving to the Low Countries, Model with his HQ located at Oosterbeek close to Arnhem, was surprised on 17 September by the start of Operation Market Garden. The army group also participated in the Battle of the Bulge.

Army Group B was isolated in the Ruhr Pocket in northern Germany, and after being divided up into smaller and smaller sections, the final section surrendered to the Allies on 21 April 1945. Model committed suicide the same day.

Commanders
Commanders

 * Generalfeldmarschall Fedor von Bock (3 October 1939 – 1 April 1941)
 * Generalfeldmarschall Maximilian von Weichs (15 July 1942 – 10 July 1943)
 * Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel (10 July 1943 – 17 July 1944)
 * Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge (17 July 1944 – 15 August 1944)
 * SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer Paul Hausser (15 August 1944 – 17 August 1944)
 * Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model (17 August 1944 – 17 April 1945)
 * Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model (17 August 1944 – 17 April 1945)

Chief of Staff

 * General der Infanterie Hans von Salmuth (3 October 1939 – 1 April 1941)
 * General der Infanterie Georg von Sodenstern (15 July 1942 – 19 July 1943)
 * Generalleutnant Alfred Gause (19 July 1943 – 15 April 1944)
 * Generalleutnant Hans Speidel ( 15 April 1944 – 1 September 1944)
 * General der Infanterie Hans Krebs (1 September 1944 – 17 February 1945)
 * Generalmajor Carl Wagener (20 February 1945 – 17 April 1945)

title: Army Group B


text:
Late effect

In medicine, a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute phase of an earlier, causal condition has run its course. A late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition, or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition. Some late effects can occur decades later. Historically, late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes, but as survival and life span have increased and "follow up" has become standard practice, these connections are becoming established. A period, often very long, of health unaffected by both the initial and the late effect conditions distinguishes a late effect from a sequela or a complication. A code for such a condition was present in the ICD-9 but is no longer present in the ICD-10.

Examples

 * Chickenpox may be followed decades later by herpes zoster: see herpes zoster.
 * Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery to cure a cancer may result years later in another, unrelated cancer and/or infertility or subfertility: see oncofertility.
 * Female survivors of childhood leukemia treated with cranial radiation therapy may be unable to breastfeed because they do not lactate.

title: Late effect


text:
Bassano Virtus 55 ST

Bassano Virtus 55 Soccer Team S.p.A., commonly known as Bassano Virtus or just Bassano is a football club based in Bassano del Grappa, Veneto. The first team of the club was relocated to Vicenza in 2018 as L.R. Vicenza Virtus, while the youth system of Bassano Virtus was retained in Bassano del Grappa along with Vicenza Calcio's was retained in Vicenza.

Foundation
Bassano Virtus 55 Soccer Team was founded in 1920 as U.S. Bassano (Unione Sportiva Bassano) and merged with cross-city rivals A.C. Virtus in 1968. In 1996 the club took its current name: the number 55 stands for 1955, owner Renzo Rosso's birthyear. Nowadays, Bassano Virtus is also the only Italian professional football club to use soccer instead of football in its full name.

Serie C2 and Lega Pro Seconda Divisione
In the 2005–06 season the club debuted in Serie C2, but after suffering a defeat in Montichiari in the last match, they finished only 12th.

In the 2006–07 Serie C2 season the club reached the playoffs, but was defeated by Calcio Lecco 1912, which was later promoted to Serie C1.

In their third consecutive season in Serie C2 (now renamed Lega Pro Seconda Divisione), Bassano had an excellent start: the club peaked the league after 5 days and kept the position in isolation until the 23rd day, thanks to a series of eight consecutive wins. The attacking tactics of coach Ezio Gelerean led the team a step away from promotion: with only 4 matches left, the club is first, 3 points ahead of runners-up Reggiana. In the end of the season Bassano Virtus was surpassed by Reggiana and later lost the promotion play-off final with Portogruaro (2–3 in Portogruaro and 1–2 in Bassano del Grappa) also due to a penalty not granted to Bassano, that could have changed the outcame of the match. However, the club was able to win Coppa Italia Lega Pro by defeating Benevento Calcio with the overwhelming result of 5–0.

Lega Pro Prima Divisione
At the end of 2009–10 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season, the club obtained the repechage in Lega Pro Prima Divisione, given the number of teams in financial difficulty.

Lega Pro Seconda Divisione
Bassano in the season 2011–12 was relegated from Lega Pro Prima Divisione to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione. In 2013–14 season the club promoted as champions of Group A of Seconda Divisione. At the end of season also saw the merger of the two divisions of Lega Pro, as well as reduction of 69 to 60 teams. In 2013–14 Seconda Divisione season already saw re-admission of 2 teams that originally relegated, as well as 4 additional teams from Serie D.

Serie C
Bassano was among the original 60 teams in Serie C since its reestablishment in 2014. On 24 May 2018, after the bankruptcy of the main football team of the province of Vicenza, Vicenza Calcio, Stefano Rosso, the chairman of Bassano Virtus, announced that the first team of Bassano Virtus would started to play in Vicenza in 2018–19 Serie C in the color of Vicenza, as L.R. Vicenza Virtus, while keeping both the youth systems of Bassano and Vicenza.

Phoenix club
It was reported that another club, Football Club Bassano 1903, was founded in 2018 as a phoenix club, after the original club Bassano Virtus 55 Soccer Team had moved to Vicenza.

Ownership
The team was owned by Renzo Rosso, the president of OTB Group (the parent company of Diesel, Maison Margiela, Marni, Paula Cademartori, Viktor & Rolf, Staff International and Brave Kid).

title: Bassano Virtus 55 ST


text:
Paul Vallely

Paul Vallely CMG is a British writer on religion, ethics, Africa and development issues. In his seminal 1990 book Bad Samaritans: First World Ethics and Third World Debt, he first coined the phrase that campaigners needed to move "from charity to justice" – a slogan that was taken up by Jubilee 2000 and Live 8.

He is a Senior Fellow at the Global Development Institute at the University of Manchester and is a lay Ecumenical Canon of the Anglican Manchester Cathedral and a member of the Cathedral Council. He was Visiting Professor in Public Ethics at the University of Chester until 2019. He is a member of the Independent Commission into the Experience of Victims and Long-Term Prisoners chaired by the former Bishop of Liverpool, Rt Rev James Jones, who chaired the Hillsborough Independent Panel. He writes in the New York Times, The Guardian, Sunday Times and in The Church Times.

His biography Pope Francis - Untying the Knots, published by Bloomsbury in 2013, has been translated into four other languages. It was greatly expanded in 2015, with nine additional chapters on the inner workings of the current papacy, as Pope Francis: The Struggle for the Soul of Catholicism. His latest book, a six-year 750-page study Philanthropy – from Aristotle to Zuckerberg, has been described by the Wall Street Journal as "a chronicle every bit as encyclopaedic as the title suggests".

Career
Vallely was correspondent for The Times in Ethiopia during the great famine of 1984/85. He was commended as International Reporter of the Year for his reports which Bob Geldof described as "vivid, intelligent, moving and brave". Vallely was one of the few correspondents to leave the easy air routes to the feeding camps and strike off across country to find out what was really going on, according to Paddy Coulter, then Head of Media for the aid agency Oxfam. He uncovered a number of scandals the Marxist government were trying to keep hidden, was pronounced "an enemy of the revolution", arrested by the secret police and expelled from the country. He subsequently reported from across Africa, and elsewhere, covering wars and events in 30 different countries across the globe. In 1985 Vallely travelled with Bob Geldof across Africa to decide how to spend the £150m raised by Live Aid. He later ghost-wrote Geldof's autobiography, Is That It?.

He has worked for many British national newspapers including The Times, The Daily Telegraph, Sunday Correspondent, The Sunday Times (where he edited the News Review section), Independent on Sunday (where he was executive editor and then a weekly columnist) and The Independent where he was a leader-writer. Until April 2013 he was associate editor of The Independent. He still writes about ethical, cultural and political issues in the Independent on Sunday. (He was once referred to by Peter Wilby in New Statesman as The Independent's "resident saint"). He is also a columnist for The Church Times. He is a director and trustee of The Tablet the second-oldest surviving weekly journal in Britain. As a freelance he has written for The Independent, Sunday Times, the Guardian, the New York Times, the Church Times and Tablet magazine.

He is a Senior Research Fellow at the Global Development Institute, University of Manchester.

Activism
Vallely returned from covering the famine in Ethiopia in 1985 troubled by the adverse conditions under which ordinary people lived. Having encountered, in country after country across sub-Saharan Africa, the same problems with skewed trading and financial relationship between poor countries and the industrialised nations – and the huge debts they had accrued to rich countries and multilateral bodies like the International Monetary Fund – he wrote a book entitled Bad Samaritans – First World Ethics and Third World Debt (1990). The book set out to show that change was both a moral imperative and also in the self-interest of the rich nations. The book was described by Jonathan Porritt as “required reading for atheistic economists, economically ill-at-ease theologians and any thinking person in between”. In it Vallely first floated the idea that the biblical concept of Jubilee could be applied to the forgiveness of the debt of developing nations and coined the phrase “from charity to justice” to describe the change that was required in relations between the rich and the poor. The slogan was taken up by campaigners from Jubilee 2000 to Make Poverty History and Live 8.

Bob Geldof paid tribute to Vallely's influence in a lecture to the Bar Human Rights Committee Lecture, St. Paul’s Cathedral in which he said: "In his book Bad Samaritans of 1990 Paul Vallely wrote correctly: 'For all his skill as a populist Bob Geldof could not shift the agenda from one of charity to one of justice.” Well maybe after 20 years we’ve finally got there." The founders of Jubilee 2000, Martin Dent and Bill Peters, have also acknowledged being inspired by Vallely's book. The book's title was later borrowed for the 2007 text Bad Samaritans: Rich Nations, Poor Policies and the Threat to the Developing World by the economist Ha-Joon Chang which also argues that the current economic policies supported by the IMF and wealthy countries are hindering development and creating poverty.

In 2004/05 Vallely was co-author of the report of the Commission for Africa set up by the British prime minister, Tony Blair, of which Bob Geldof was a member. Vallely has chaired or been active in a number of prominent UK aid agencies, including Traidcraft, the Catholic Institute for International Relations (CIIR, later known as Progressio), Christian Aid and CAFOD. He has been an adviser to the Catholic bishops of England and Wales and was the author of their reports "Catholic Social teaching and the Big Society" and A place of redemption: a Christian approach to punishment and prison. (Catholic Bishop's Conference of England & Wales, 2004).

Pope Francis
Paul Vallely's biography Pope Francis - Untying the Knots examined the allegations made against Pope Francis when he was Fr Jorge Mario Bergoglio, leader of the Jesuits in Argentina, during the "Dirty War" conducted by the Argentine military dictatorship in the 1970s and '80s. Vallely concluded that Bergoglio did not actively betray two Jesuit priests, Franz Jalics and Orlando Yorio, into the hands of a military death squad, as some critics had alleged. But he did conclude that with regard to the two priests "Bergoglio behaved recklessly and has been trying to atone for his behaviour ever since.". "Vallely produces evidence to show that Bergoglio, in those years, did set up an escape route for those escaping the military death squads which saved a significant number of people."

The book was highly acclaimed by reviewers. The Sunday Times described it as "head and shoulders above" other biographies. The Guardian described it as "riveting" and "tough-minded analysis". The Tablet said: "read this book forget the rest". The Jesuit magazine America Magazine described it as "meticulous". Thinking Faith, the online journal of the British Jesuits, said it was "a stroke of genius" describing it as "a contemporary biography with the cadences of a film script”. Reuters said: "Paul Vallely’s Untying the Knots fills the gaps left by ‘instant books’ on Pope Francis". The Times Literary Supplement pronounced the book to be "formidable". And The Economist said: "This book demonstrates that Pope Francis is a tougher, more complex figure than meets the eye. A turbulent life has given the pontiff a subtle sense of the realities of power, and the courage to act on it. Anybody who reads this book will eagerly await his next move."

Vallely's inaugural professorial lecture "How Pope Francis will change Catholic Social Teaching" was delivered at the University of Chester, in conjunction with the Chester Theological Society on 1 May 2015.

Philanthropy
Vallely's most recent work has been a six-year long study of the history of Western philanthropy, a survey of the subject from the Ancient Greeks and Hebrews to modern times. Philanthropy – from Aristotle to Zuckerberg examines the successes and failures of contemporary philanthropy, examines its claims and contradictions and asks whether philanthropy is compatible with modern democracy. It also consider the relationship of philanthropy to political power, the place of philanthropy in the global economy and the democratisation of philanthropy through crowdfunding and other new avenues. The book critiques the excessive utilitarianism of much modern philanthrocapitalism and explores alternative approaches in extended interviews with top philanthropists and leading thinkers – including the late Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks; Jonathan Ruffer; Naser Haghamed of the world’s biggest Muslim charity, Islamic Relief; John Studzinski, Archbishop Rowan Williams; Lord David Sainsbury; Sir Bob Geldof; Sir Trevor Pears; Rajiv Shah president of the Rockefeller Foundation; Ian Linden, formerly of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation; Sir Richard Branson; Chris Oecshli of the now spent-out Atlantic Philanthropies; Professor Ngaire Woods, Dean of Oxford’s Blavatnik School of Government; Patrick Gaspard, president of George Soros’s Open Society Foundations; Baroness Eliza Manningham-Buller, chair of the Wellcome Foundation; and Sir Lenny Henry and Kevin Cahill of Comic Relief. The book has been well-received internationally with the Literary Review declaring it "as awesome in breadth as it is meticulous in detail". The New Yorker declared it a "highly readable survey" which "is helpful in framing the major questions about philanthropy".

Consultancy
Vallely is a consultant on business and organisational ethics. His approach is rooted in Catholic Social Teaching, a rich ethical tradition which draws on 100 years of attempts by the Catholic church to find a third way between unregulated capitalism - and its associated political systems which privilege the individual at the expense of society - and those associated with control by the state which privilege society at the expense of the individual. In addition to private consultancy he lectures on organisational ethics and the social responsibility of the private sector. As a trustee of Traidcraft he was instrumental in the establishment of the Fairtrade Foundation. He was a founder member of the ethics committee of Waitrose supermarkets and advises John Lewis on human rights.

Honours and awards
Vallely was created a Companion of St Michael and St George (CMG) "for services to journalism and to the developing world" on 17 June 2006.

In 2008 he was shortlisted for the Orwell Prize, the pre-eminent prize in Britain for political writing.

Publications

 * With Geldof in Africa (with David Blundy), 1985;
 * Is That It? (with Bob Geldof), 1986;
 * Bad Samaritans: First World Ethics and Third World Debt, 1990;
 * Promised Lands: Stories of Power and Poverty in the Third World, 1992;
 * Daniel and the Mischief Boy (for children), 1993;
 * The New Politics: Catholic Social Teaching for the 21st century, 1999;
 * The Church and the New Age, 2000;
 * Live Aid DVD sleeve notes 2004;
 * A Place of Redemption: A Christian approach to Punishment and Prison (ed), 2004;
 * The Fifth Crusade: George Bush and the Christianisation of the war in Iraq, 2004;
 * Our Common Interest: report of the Prime Minister’s Commission for Africa (co-author) 2005;
 * Live 8 Official Programme notes  2005;
 * Live 8 DVD sleeve notes  2005;
 * Geldof in Africa (with Bob Geldof), 2005;
 * Hello World: the official Live 8 Book, 2005;
 * "New Labour and the New World Order" in Remoralising Britain, 2008.
 * Catholic Social Teaching and the Big Society, 2011
 * Pope Francis: Untying the Knots, 2013
 * Pope Francis: The Struggle for the Soul of Catholicism 2015
 * Philanthropy – from Aristotle to Zuckerberg 2020

title: Paul Vallely