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Magical Starsign

Magical Starsign, originally released in Japan as Magical Vacation: When the Five Planets Align, (マジカルバケーション 5つの星がならぶとき) is a role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS developed by Brownie Brown. It is the sequel to the Japan-exclusive Game Boy Advance title, Magical Vacation. It was released in Japan and the United States in 2006 and was released in Europe the next year. Nintendo Australia did not publish the game in Australia and New Zealand as it expected low sales of the game.

Gameplay
The player uses the Nintendo DS's touch screen for character control and interaction, while the top screen displays maps and other general information. The battle system is turn-based, and the position of the planets within the game affects the amount of damage wielded or received by each character. All characters in the game are associated with a specific planet, and their magic attack power is boosted when a character's planet is positioned favorably. Players can also boost their attack power by tapping their character when the circle of symbols has disappeared around them during a battle. This is known as a "Spell Strike", and a large flash of color (the same color assigned to the character's element) appears prior to the attack. The player may also tap their character right before they are hit with an attack to receive less damage. This is known as a "Reflex Guard" and puts the character into a guard stance and causes them to glow with blue light. However, some attacks cannot be guarded against in this way.

Astrolog
There are 7 different elements in the game (light, darkness, fire, water, wood, earth, and wind) which each correspond to a planet in the game's planetary system. The Astrolog tracks the movement of these planets, which move clockwise around a central point as time passes within the game. The orbital velocity of each planet varies according to their size and location. Magic spells of certain elements are twice as effective while a planet is orbiting within the area assigned to its corresponding element. This bonus applies for both the player's magic spells and enemy spells. The light and dark elements are instead affected by solar activity: light magic is more powerful during the daytime, and dark magic is more powerful during the night (in-game time is viewable as an animated hourglass). A certain spell acquired later in the game allows the player to move the planets to an advantageous position; or potentially align the 5 planets in a straight line (as indicated in the Japanese version's subtitle), which causes far more damage than the standard elemental bonus. The planets may also happen to align without using the spell, but this causes damage to both the player and the enemy.

Multiplayer
Up to six players may connect locally (a game card is required for each player), taking their characters into a dungeon where they work together to defeat monsters while racing to collect treasure. Points are awarded for damage done to enemies and treasure collected from chests, and the player with the most points at the end wins the multiplayer mode. Experience points and treasures gained in this mode are applied to the main game.

Tag mode allows players to exchange game data to gain new items. Up to 100 players are recorded on the game's friend list, and the item gained will vary depending on in-game progress or the main character's element. There is also an option to create a short message displayed when tag mode is used, allowing players to exchange messages with each other. Using the tag mode frequently will create an "egg character", which becomes stronger each time tag mode is used successfully. The player can use the egg character in the main game, but it will not gain levels with experience like other characters.

Plot
The planetary system of Magical Starsign consists of 6 planets: the planets of fire, wood, wind, water, earth, and another small planet on the fringes of the planetary system called Kovomaka. Kovomaka houses the Will-O-Wisp academy of magic, where 6 aspiring magicians are studying in the same class under the guidance of their teacher, Miss Madeleine. One day, Principal Biscotti receives word that Master Kale, a graduate of the academy, has become the leader of the space pirates, and is planning to destroy the planetary system. He sends Miss Madeleine out into space on a mission to prevent Master Kale from achieving his evil plans, but loses all contact with her shortly afterwards. 3 months later, Lassi, one of the current students in the academy, discovers a small spaceship hidden on the roof of the academy building, and goes off into space in search of Miss Madeleine. The hero of the story pursues Lassi in another spaceship, but is forced to crash land on another planet. The player must reunite with the other 5 classmates, rescue Miss Madeleine, and derail Master Kale's evil plans in a wild journey across outer-space.

Setting
The story takes place within the seven planets of the Baklava planetary system. Transportation between planets is made possible by using a magical spaceship, and players may freely visit other planets as the story progresses. The planets also play an important role in the game's battle system.

The first planet, Kovomaka, is an obscure magic planet located on the fringe of the planetary system, which houses the Will-O-Wisp academy of magic. It is not listed on Astrologs because of its small size and location, and the people living on the planet are unaware of the presence of other planets, as other planets are unaware of Kovomaka's existence for the same reason.

Erd (Hikarabita (ヒカラビータ) in the Japanese version) is the earth planet, where the player makes a crash landing at the beginning of the game. The planet is covered with stone mountains and desert, and is mostly populated by ancient robots and spiny mole people. Ancient ruins are located all across the planet. The ancient Espresso people lived on this planet before becoming extinct by "gummification" to power the robot power cells. There were also nine Stone Giants who once roamed the planet, the last one being Tektos, who was killed in an attack against Magnus Muzzleflash and gave the Earth Millennium Gummy to the children as a parting gift.

Cassia (Rig Maha (リグ・マハ)) is the water planet, which consists of two large islands. The planet is mainly populated by otter people, and another magic academy, Ambergis Prep, established prior to Will-O-Wisp is located on Granule Island. Cassia is frozen cold when the player first arrives. The planet is home to the Aquarino, a water particle that neither freezes or evaporates as a side effect of being set on fire by the "Fire Otter". The planet is also home to the Holy Water Pyramid, home to the Water Millennium Gummy and the ancient race of water people.

Puffoon (Cotton (コットン)) is the wind planet, where the headquarters of the Space Police are located. This was the player's intended destination prior to the crash-landing, and endless barren land stretches out beyond highly developed cities, leading to various odd areas such as the rabbit-populated town of Honey Mint White Caramel Fudgeflake with Melty Butter and Syrup and Whipped Cream on Top and the Couscous Ruins, a strange area home to the Wind Millennium Gummy where "time just piles up like snow".

Gren (Kaopiter (カオピター)) is the wood planet, which is mostly covered with jungle terrain. The planet is populated with Felin and Salamander people, and the space pirate base is also located here. The giant tree Yggsalad soars above the deepest parts of the jungle. The salamanders used to live in Yggsalad, but the pirates evicted them five years ago. The heroes obtained the Wood Millennium Gummy here, after a Felin named Semolina sacrificed herself to the anthropophagus, a man-eating flower within Yggsalad. The planet was at one point set on fire.

Razen (Raguafor (ラグアフォー)) is the fire planet, which cannot be entered by normal spaceships because of its extreme heat. Rivers of lava flow on the planet's surface, and the central mountain houses many dwarves. A stone stage deep in the cave called World's Seam acts as a portal to Nova. Another cave, called Capscium Caverns is home to a (nonexistent) dragon called Scargot and the Fire Millennium Gummy. Two different species live here, living pots and dwarves. Dragons used to live on the planets (as evidenced by skeletons in Capscium Caverns), but became extinct due to unknown reasons (a dwarf believes Scargot killed them all, suggesting that at one point Scargot was an actual dragon).

Nova is the light planet and one of two planets within the Baklava system's star. It is populated by odd creatures called Dancing Fruit and the people of the light, the Luminites, whose queen dies and lives under mysterious circumstances. The Luminite palace holds a Starway to the other planet in the star, Shadra. A dungeon called Glissini Caves lies hidden under the planet's surface, holding a powerful version of Shadra called Umbra.

Shadra is the dark planet and one of two planets within the star. The mountainous planet is populated by enigmas, physical embodiments of darkness, varieties including Piskpooka, Dab Hasnel, and Equillekrew (all featured in Magical Vacation). A massive worm, Shadra, that is destined to eat the star, lives in massive caverns called Chromagar Caves, which turns any living thing that lingers there into a gummy to be eaten by Shadra.

Classmates

 * Hero/Heroine
 * The player can choose the main character's gender and element (light or darkness) at the start of the game. Unlike Magical Vacation, the main character's abilities are the same regardless of gender, but a special event occurs with Lassi when the main character is male, and with Mokka if the main character is female. The main character is considered the leader of the group, and holds the rest of the students in place. After the conclusion of the game, the main character lives with the dwarves on Erd before returning to space again after witnessing a special reaction in far away space.

 * Lassi
 * Lassi is a ditzy, mischievous rabbitmorph girl who wields the wind element. She joins the player on Erd, after going off into space on her own in search of Miss Madeleine. If the main character is male, there is an event where she reveals her love for the main character. She becomes a scientist after the conclusion of the game, and sends Mokka into outer space as a rocket. Her name in the Japanese version is Jasmine (ジャズミン).

 * Mokka
 * Mokka is a robot discovered in a novelty store by Principal Biscotti who became a student at the Will-O-Wisp academy after being fixed up. He specializes in earth magic, and takes a logical and deadpan view on everything, but has a strong desire to be in a romantic relationship, and has a crush on the main character if female. He joins the player on Cassia, and his presence as an ancient robot becomes important in the later parts of the story. He is shot off into space by Lassi after the conclusion of the story. Though he bears similarities to Café au Lait (カフェオレ), from Magical Vacation, his name and appearance differ slightly in Magical Starsign. His name in the Japanese version is Café Latte (カフェラテ).

 * Chai
 * Chai is a salamandermorph who specializes in wood magic. Salamanders are usually unable to use magic, but Chai naturally gained magic abilities. He also speaks differently from other salamanders in the game, and is viewed as a freak by other salamanders. He knows an important secret concerning the game's story, and goes off into space with Mokka after the conclusion of the game. Chai joins the player on Puffoon, and he bears the same name in both the Japanese and English versions. He might have a little crush on Lassi, but it's hard to tell.

 * Pico
 * Pico is a hot-blooded young boy who specializes in fire magic. He has affection towards Sorbet, and often tries to show off to her. He is the most hardheaded of the classmates, and often attempts to take on a leadership role. He is tremendously bad at schoolwork, and after the conclusion of the game, he quits the magic academy after failing several grades to go off on voyages on his own. He joins the player on Gren, and his name in the Japanese version is Pomodoro (ポモドーロ).

 * Sorbet
 * Sorbet is the most serious and hardworking girl of the classmates. She specializes in water magic, and comes from a poor family that struggles to pay her tuition for the magic academy. She eventually finds out about Pico's affections and starts a bud of affection towards him. She leaves the school for financial reasons, but returns afterwards as an honors student and graduates to become a high-ranking officer in the Space Police. She joins the player on Razen, and her name in the Japanese version is Sugar (シュガー).

Faculty

 * Miss Madeleine
 * The klutzy instructor of the magic academy is one of the only returning characters from the game's predecessor, and plays a large role in Magical Starsign. She is sent out to stop Master Kale by Principal Biscotti, but disappears shortly afterwards, causing her 6 students to worry and eventually embark on a long journey to find her. As the game progresses, it is revealed that she is a graduate of the magic academy in Cassia, and that she has lived for over 800 years, even though her appearance is still that of a young woman. Her magic element is always the opposite of the player's element (she uses dark magic if the main character bears the light element, and vice versa). According to Lassi, her strength as a magician even surpasses Principal Biscotti. Her full name in the Japanese version is Madeleine do Taska (マドレーヌ・ド・タスカ).

 * Principal Biscotti
 * The principal of the Will-O-Wisp academy is another returning character from the original game. His name is Gran Dragée (グラン・ドラジェ) in both the original game and the Japanese version of Magical Starsign. Like Miss Madeleine, he is a graduate of the magic academy in Cassia, and it is rumored that he has learned the secret to immortality.

4 other characters from the previous game, Magical Vacation, are mentioned throughout the story but do not make actual appearances in the game. Pistachio Maplewood (ピスタチオ・メイプルウッド) is mentioned as a teacher at the Will-O-Wisp academy who is unpopular with students because of his strict teaching style. Ganache Nighthawk (ガナッシュ・ナイトホーク), Vanilla Nighthawk (ヴァニラ・ナイトホーク), and Blueberry Lakeside (ブルーベリー・レイクサイド) are also referred to at various points in the story.

Pirates of Cassia
The space pirates are a group of villains that have recently started to abduct magicians. Their main base is located on the wood planet, Gren, and most of them are otters who wield the water element. Low-ranking members tend to attack with swords, fishing rods, or ship anchors instead of magic.

 * Master Kale
 * The main villain of the game is an enigmatic wizard whose face is completely hidden, except for his left eye and a wave of blond hair. Master Kale controls both the Pirates of Cassia and the Space Police from behind the scenes, and is currently gathering magicians together for some unknown purpose. It is revealed that he was once a quiet but brilliant student in Miss Madeleine's class at the magic academy. His element is always the opposite of the main character's (dark element if the main character has the light element, and vice versa), and his name in the Japanese version is Jin Reo (ジン・レオ); which is a rearrangement of the phonetic Japanese spelling of the orange fruit (orenji).

 * Master Chard
 * The leader of the space pirates is Master Kale's right-hand man, who wears a sea urchin mask to conceal his face. He uses dark magic and martial arts, and battles the player 3 times over the course of the game. He maintains his loyalty to Master Kale to the very end, where he dies in a final suicide attack after losing to the classmates for the third time at the entrance of the final cave. His name in the Japanese version is Rūbū Sorakyū (ルーブー・ソラキュー); which is a rearrangement of the phonetic Japanese spelling of the cocktail Blue Curaçao (burū kyurasō).

Space Police
The space police base is located in the wind planet, Puffoon, and they are notorious for redirecting cases to other departments or ignoring them completely. They are secretly in league with the Pirates of Cassia, and generic police officers fight using light magic, bombs, and martial arts. They also have special shields made by the dwarves equipped on their backs, which allow them to fly.

 * Biek Fowler
 * This large chicken-type alien is the combat instructor of the Space Police, and is a minion of Master Kale. He wields dark magic, and is a master of martial arts as well. He is purported to be one of the best magic duelists in the entire universe, and was the one that captured Miss Madeleine at Puffoon. After being defeated by the classmates, he tries to kill everyone around him with a suicide attack, but is thwarted by an unexpected ally of the classmates. His name in the Japanese version is Bie Maruku (ビエ・マルク); which is a rearrangement of kurumaebi (クルマエビ), which is a type of Japanese shrimp.

 * Gil Mudflap
 * This Space Police officer wears a shell-shaped shield on his head, and his biggest weapon is his bad odor, which instantly causes those around him to faint. He also attacks by stomping, and calls Abalon Demar his brother. He faces the classmates at Razen, and it is unclear what his fate was after being defeated by them. His name in the Japanese version is Gotsumu Rō (ゴツム・ロー); which is a rearrangement of mutsugorō (ムツゴロウ), the Japanese word for mudskipper.

 * Abalon Demar
 * This Space Police officer rides on large shell-shaped shield, and faces the classmates on Cassia. He is shown wielding a sword at various points in the game, but does not use the weapon during battle. He has the ability to charm opponents, regardless of their species or gender, and is one of the few beings capable of withstanding Gil Mudflap's body odor. Like Gil Mudflap, his fate after being defeated by the classmates remains unclear. His name in the Japanese version is Nībe Kejā (ニーベ・ケジャー); which is a rearrangement of benizake (紅鮭), the Japanese word for red salmon.

 * Brie Pourri
 * This high-ranking female officer wields a heart-shaped shield and sword. During the first part of the game, she is the one who captures Chai, who had managed to steal secret files from the police base, but her true intention is to improve the sorry state of the Space Police force, and assists the classmates after being reunited with her father, former Space Police general Knucklestorm. Her name in the Japanese version is Najo Dorūgo (ナジョ・ドルーゴ); which is a rearrangement of Jona Gold (ジョナゴールド), a type of apple.

 * Magnus Muzzleflash
 * Muzzleflash is notorious even among the Space Police for his violent tendencies, and was suspended from the force because of his immense cruelty towards all others. He is brought back into the force by Abalon Demar, and faces the classmates on top of the Stone Giant on Erd. He has two large cannons mounted on his shield, but prefers to test his strength by brawling. The Stone Giant kills Muzzleflash with a massive energy beam after the conclusion of the battle. His name in the Japanese version is Kijika Roguma (キジカ・ログマ); which is a rearrangement of kajikimaguro (カジキマグロ), the Japanese word for marlin.

 * Detective Beignet
 * The heroes first encounter this officer on a frozen Cassia, but is revealed later in the game to be the only officer in the Police to try and aid the children. He is considered a traitor to the Space Police by high-ranking officials in the Police for this. The female otters on Cassia adore him.

 * Lt. Mugwort
 * Mugwort is a green, purple-haired alien that carries a star-shaped shield. On Puffoon, he temporarily arrested Chai. His in-game description mentions that he took the job as being Demar's lackey so he could massage Demar's shoulders.

Localization
Like many Japanese games released in other countries, most of the character names and place names of Magical Starsign underwent changes during localization. Characters are named after foods or drinks in both the Japanese and English versions, and each species has its own theme of food for their names. For instance, the mole people encountered on Erd are all named after various cheeses (Bleu, Munster, Cheddar), while dwarves are named after sauces, dressings, and other condiments.

Reception
Magical Starsign received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of three eights and one seven, while Famitsu DS + Cube & Advance gave it all four eights.

Eurogamer said that it was "something which is well worth a look for any RPG fan who's in the market for a handheld adventure". GameRevolution called Magical Starsign a "solid old-school RPG" with good localization and audiovisuals, but disliked the limited number of spells, lack of innovative gameplay, and the overuse of stylus controls. GameSpot praised the humorous, wholesome script with a diverse cast of characters but thought the bland storyline, basic battle system, and high random encounter rate held the game back. Pocket Gamer similarly acknowledged the game's issues.

title: Magical Starsign


text:
Talk:Chinese word for "crisis"

Busybodies at work
This article is the work of a group of busybodies more interested in aggrandizing their petty understanding of polysemy than to contribute anything of value to our understanding of intercultural communication. The claim made by the authors is that the second term, ji, is polysemic and thus interpreting it as "opportunity" is wrong. By definition, polysemy implies multiple meanings. If the polysemic halo of ji includes opportunity, then the interpretation for the characters as danger and opportunity remains valid. You cannot say that something is a "misinterpretation" of polysemy if that something refers to one possible meaning of the polysemic halo of a term. Like the fashionable "fact-checking" popping up from every corner nowadays, which seems to be more interested in defending or spinning various possible explanations for rather complex issues, matters of interpretation are turned into matters of fact. The goal of this particular game of smoke and mirrors seems to find the writers something to boast about. This is a form of intellectual "Kilroy was here." But who ever claimed that Wikipedia is not a sounding board for unpraised selves?

--108.160.205.127 (talk) 17:35, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Not a language expert?
 * But the only question that springs to mind:
 * Is the term "crisis equals opportunity" common parlance, anywhere in China. If not, then it fails the test as a representative quote of Chinese thought, a misrepresentation that should include proper attribution, as it does here.
 * If you have sourced counter-facts, let's have 'em :) Jasonbrown1965 (talk) 03:38, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

To call this a "controversy" is incorrect
As a (self-proclaimed) linguist, I think it is fair to say that:

1. The word 危机 weiji/kiki was NOT coined to mean 'danger & opportunity'. It was coined to mean 'dangerous juncture'. I suspect it was coined by the Japanese to translate 'crisis'. (I might add that this statement is rather off the mark: "The controversy is mostly due to differing interpretations of how much optimism should be associated with the character 機." The problem is the meaning and etymology of the word 危机, not the amount of "optimism" associated with the character.)

2. Somebody (not necessarily an English speaker, quite possibly a Chinese or Japanese) noticed that 危机 could be analysed into 'danger' 危险 and 'opportunity' 机会. This was no doubt a very attractive analysis for motivational pep talks.

3. The new interpretation spread into English, and is now also common both in Japanese and Chinese (I can speak with authority for the Chinese, because my native-speaking Chinese boss used this analysis just the other day in a talk with business partners).

It is kind of ridiculous to call this a 'controversy'. The facts are clear enough. The analysis is erroneous. That is the end of the story. The interpretation of 危机 as being a combination of 'danger' and 'opportunity' is a kind of folk etymology.

But that does not mean that this is not a good motivational example. It is a novel way of analysing the word that beautifully highlights a fundamental truth -- a time of crisis is also a time of opportunity.

That is how the article should be written; not as a "controversy", but as the reinterpretation of a word's etymology to make a particular point. 202.175.171.243 05:04, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The more fundamental problem with the article is that it doesn't properly explain the issue at all.--Jack Upland 01:46, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Indeed. I have no idea what the problem is. Don't the individual characters actually mean that in hanzi (Chinese)? If not, what do they actually mean? Zyxoas (talk to me - I'll listen) 21:34, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know Chinese, but, having followed the links in the article, I think the point is this. The root meaning is that, in a crisis, the danger has the opportunity (chance) to happen.  It does not mean that a crisis is an opportunity (in the positive, up-beat sense) for the person experiencing it. --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) 11:00, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Kind of like the word risk, which is "down-beat" in English but doesn't have to be. And I agree with the above point that being a folk etyology doesn't make something totally "false". Otherwise, one is confusing the word with the thing. So an honest motivational speaker might say something like, "If I invented a language, the word for "crisis" would reflect this unsupported folk etymology." Just so people aren't misinformed about the facts even as they digest the platitudes. --Lenoxus 18:00, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Simpsons
Is it worth mentioning that this false notion has been used in The Simpsons, referred to by Homer as a 'crisitunity'?
 * Sounds appropriate. Done. --Arcadian 22:12, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like its since been removed from the article. An "In popular culture" section should take care of it. Morganfitzp (talk) 16:37, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

Title is inaccurate and misleading

 * This article is not about a translation into Chinese, as the title now implies.
 * It is about our misinterpretation of the Chinese term.
 * The word crisis in this title is presently unclear; is this about a crisis, or about the word crisis?

Suggestions for renaming this article: Woodlandpath 16:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Translation of the Chinese word Crisis
 * Translation of the Chinese word Weiji (Crisis)
 * Appropriation of the Chinese word Weiji (Crisis)
 * There may be too many external links to this article to consider changing the title.
 * Woodlandpath 01:32, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "It is about our misinterpretation of the Chinese term."
 * Can I further suggest that the weight of the page is about our (western) misattribution of the phrase "opportunity equals opportunity" and that the page title should quote, well, that?
 * " There may be too many external links to this article to consider changing the title."
 * Isn't that an auto-direct? Jasonbrown1965 (talk) 03:56, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Do we really need this article?

 * I'm not sure we really need this article in Wikipedia. If we do keep the article, I don't think it should be titled Chinese translation of crisis.  The title implies that the Chinese word is based on English in some way, which is not true.  The second problem with the article is that the "danger" and "opportunity" explanation is not necessarily a result of misinterpretation by English speakers.  This same exact explanation is routinely offered in Chinese.  Did the misinterpretation in Chinese originally come from the English misinterpretation?  It's possible, but I doubt it.  As mentioned in the article, the second syllable can mean a number of things.  The original intended meaning for the second syllable is critical or important (as pointed out in the article).  However, the term also can mean opportunity, when part of other words.  In other words, its double meaning is exploited in Chinese; as a result, we have the "danger" and "opportunity" bit.  However, the English explanation is more likely a reflection of the line of reasoning (the double meaning) in Chinese, rather than a blatant misinterpretation.  Finally, the English explanation of the Chinese term for crisis may be known to a certain section of the Western world, but I doubt that many non-Chinese speakers have ever seen or heard the term weiji.  -- A-cai 08:57, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * All good points, many of them made above. The title really should be changed to "The Chinese word for 'Crisis'".
 * Bathrobe 09:46, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think WP needs this interesting article, and yes, the title should be changed. The Chinese lexicon having several "crisis" words (e.g., wēijī, nánguān, jíbiàn) rules out titles like:
 * Translation of the Chinese word Crisis
 * The Chinese word for Crisis
 * That leaves potential titles like:
 * Translation of the Chinese word Weiji (Crisis)
 * Appropriation of the Chinese word Weiji (Crisis)
 * Would it be better to use something akin to "Mistranslation" or "Misappropriation"? Should the title be shortened with "… of Chinese Weiji (Crisis)"? Keahapana 22:20, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * My suggestions would be:
 * Folk etymology of the Chinese word weiji
 * False etymology of the Chinese word weiji

 * I would not label it a mistranslation, because weiji is indeed translated as crisis in English. It is an example of folk etymology or false etymology.  However, I don't believe that the incorrect etymology has anything to do with its migration into English.  Rather, it is most likely an example of false etymology within the Chinese language itself. -- A-cai 22:43, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, Good suggestions. Since this is a false rather than a folk etymology, how about "False etymology of the Chinese word weiji" or "False etymology of Chinese weiji (crisis)"? History shows that Western missionaries are to blame for this crisis = opportunity mistake (1938 Chinese Recorder). These three recent Chinese examples apparently came through English. The first quotes Nixon's China speech and the third is written by a doctor who graduated from an American university. Keahapana 00:57, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I still feel that "The Chinese word for 'crisis'" is fine as a title. First, while there are a number of possible words that equate to 'crisis' in English, the standard, kneejerk translation used in expressions like 'crisis management' is 危机. Secondly, the way that the etymology is usually presented is as "the Chinese word for crisis". That means that anyone interested in this subject is first going to look for "the Chinese word for 'crisis'". Thirdly, a simple title should be chosen over a more complicated title. Referring to weiji in the title will only confuse people who know the etymology but not the word (the vast majority of English-speakers, I would suspect), and referring to 'false etymologies' in the title doesn't add anything important. (I mean, are we going to have two articles, one about "The false etymology of the Chinese word for 'crisis'" and another about "The Chinese word for 'crisis'"? Then what does "false etymology" add?)
 * Bathrobe 01:22, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Loanword
I've zapped this:
 * The Chinese word weiji (危機 translated as "crisis") is one of the few Chinese words to enter the English lexicon directly as a borrowed term, or loanword.

It's not a loanword. I've never heard or seen weiji used in English. It's not listed in any online English dictionary. jnestorius(talk) 12:49, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Kofi Annan
Kofi Annan repeated this trope in a press conference in Nairobi, 15 February 2008 ~17:30 UTC+3. (KTN broadcast). Just noting this, the article probably has enough examples; but this is another very notable person using it. Robert Ullmann (talk) 14:46, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * A "notable usage" section seems like a good idea. Morganfitzp (talk) 16:39, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

Move
People have brought up moves before, but it looks like nothing has been acted on. I think the article should be moved to Chinese word for "crisis". Someone above raised the good point that Chinese has other words for crisis, but this is the one that's notable in the English-speaking community (since this is the one that the common pop-culture rhetorical device refers to) and the only one likely to be searched for on en-wiki. There can be redirects to this from other titles such as Weiji and Chinese word "weiji". Politizer talk / contribs 20:45, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

If the Chinese use it...
I was just listening to the BBC World Service, where a high-ranking member of the Chinese Foreign Ministry! just told me:

"In Chinese, 'crisis' is made of two characters: danger and opportunity."

Hmm, I thought. Check it out. And here this terrible article says it's a folk fallacy!

Since the article itself tries to prove this by saying the second character in weiji doesn't mean "opportunity," but then immediately contradicts itself by saying, "it could mean...opportune, opportunity..." isn't this the real fallacy on this web page?

This page should be deleted. Completely useless and doesn't even bother to find a single Chinese source! Imagine Chinese telling Michael Jackson, "Actually sir, 'bad' doesn't necessarily mean 'good or cool!'"118.7.154.170 (talk) 03:02, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Please look at the sources we have. They acknowledge that the folk fallacy has become so popular/ingrained that even Chinese speakers use it.
 * Being a native speaker of a language doesn't automatically make you an expert in that language's etymologies and history. There are plenty of English speakers who don't really understand the English language, and the same with Chinese speakers and the Chinese language. Polit i zer talk / contribs 03:14, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I am a chinese, and while we are aware of this "interpretation", this interpretation only come from western source(yes we can read english so we are aware of it), there is no chinese source that cite this interpretation unless they take it from an english source. the word for crisis simply mean "Dangerous moment". Moment can mean opportunity if it is compound in the way as listed in the article. 202.156.10.11 (talk) 14:38, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

The Victor Mair show?
The article as written could have been retitled "Victor Mair's opinion regarding..." I have removed some of the non-NPOV language, attributed the viewpoints to those who hold them, and tried to provide some balance. μηδείς (talk) 19:32, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I didn't notice your message yesterday, so apologies for not responding sooner. Anyway, I've undone this set of edits pending further discussion. As for the issue of whether "crisis = danger + opportunity" is used by Chinese speakers as well, you haven't really provided evidence for that; Zhang Daolong's quotation is just one person, and it doesn't actually say "The word 危机 means danger plus opportunity"; rather, I read that quote as him making a pun (probably motivated by the meme English speakers use) to the effect of "A crisis is looking for opportunity during danger". It may seem like I'm splitting hairs, but Zhang isn't making any claims about etymology there. And there are other sources, although not necessarily reliable (e.g. this) claiming that most Chinese people don't believe the "danger + opportunity" thing.
 * As for the issue of whether the sources cited currently are sufficient to demonstrate that "crisis = danger + opportunity" is a fallacy.... First of all, Victor Mair is a widely recognized scholar in Chinese philology and is certainly a more authoritative source in this matter than Zhang Daolong (I have no idea who that is, although I assume he's a politician or technocrat, based on the link you gave). The article also cites other sources that agree with him (e.g., posts from Ben Zimmer); this page that I linked above also cites another scholar who makes the same argument. And someone like you or me who has even basic knowledge of Chinese knows that it's silly to say that 危机 means "danger + opportunity" just because it has 机 in it; no one would say 飞机 means "flight + opportunity", because 机 does not mean opportunity. r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 19:53, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I am not arguing the facts of the analysis, I am trying to balance the article and make the wording NPOV. I will delete the reference to Zhang Daolong (my browser said Zhangdao Long) since I cannot verify who he is, other than perhaps an MD from Chicago.  However respected Mair is, we do not need the article using the word fallacy as if it is fact when neutral words will do.  And if you read Zimmer you will see that his opinion of the matter is derived directly from Mair's very own paper, not an independent analysis. μηδείς (talk) 20:00, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's POV to report something as incorrect if all the consensus among all the reliable sources suggests that it is so. (Take, for instance, articles on known pseudosciences like phrenology.) Unless there are reliable sources arguing that it is not a fallacy, I don't see a problem with calling it one. (The closest I can find is this defunct website; haven't figured out yet who the author is, and to me the arguments look pretty speculative anyway.) As for the Zimmer post, I'm aware that he's basically just citing Mair's opinion, but I assume he wouldn't be doing so (and adopting it wholeheartedly to basically criticize people who use the meme) if he didn't agree. r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 20:08, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * (out) I'm ok with pretty much all of your latest edit, except I still disagree with the removal of "fallacious" for the reasons I mentioned above. And in any case, I think there should be some wording similar to that in the lede (perhaps it could be moved to the last sentence, making something like "Some western linguists consider this a fallacy, arguing that...") because, to be honest, I'm not sure if most readers of this article will know what "false etymology means"--at least, not enough for them to realize the argument is that the whole thing is incorrect. Given that that's what pretty much the entire article is about, I think it should pop out even for readers who aren't familiar with linguistic jargon (which I assume most people coming to this article are not). r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 20:13, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I was unhappy with false etymology and think your suggestion works perfectly, I will make the change. μηδείς (talk) 20:18, 18 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I think that looks better, too. Thanks for your help! r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 22:11, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * :) μηδείς (talk) 22:16, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Moved from article
I moved the below to the talk page, because while it is interesting it appears to be non-encyclopaedic (and I prefer not to delete it.) -- GlennWillen _______________________

Troy's Thoughts:

A conceptual understanding of both languages would reveal that while "crisis" and "opportunity" appear to be radically different ideas, both can be expressed by the single concept of "circumstances call for immediate action".

In the English language, seperate, different words are used that, on their own, describe what type of circumstances, and what types of action are warranted, however, other languages can carry a more generalized idea, and meaning is derived from context.

For clarity:

Though a hurricane is defined as a crisis, and free money is defined as an opportunity, the basic idea behind both is that they are certain circumstances that requre immediate action. The negative or positive connotation is derived from the context. {{subst:Unsigned|

Chinese perspectives?
All of the linguists and politicians cited in this article are Westerners. The article could really benefit from native Chinese speakers' perspectives. Morganfitzp (talk) 16:10, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

 * . --Tomchen1989 (talk) 21:50, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Lists of meanings for wēi and jī
In the section Public mistranslation, I marked the following statements with the Cite quote template: "wēi …roughly translates to mean: 'danger, dangerous; endanger, jeopardize; perilous; precipitous, precarious; high; fear, afraid'…" "these can form words such as 'machine, mechanical; airplane; suitable occasion; crucial point; pivot; incipient moment; opportune, opportunity; chance; key link; secret; cunning'" noting in my edit comments that if the lists are not directly quoted from another source, discrete items should be surrounded by double quotes, following convention in the rest of the article.

Unfortunately, comment space prohibited mention of an important point. Both lists include meanings that do not appear in the sources cited (e.g., "jeopardize"; "key link"). I checked all reachable online sources. —Shelley V. Adams 13:16, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Big overhaul
Over a decade after this article's creation, we have amassed significant examples of the "Chinese word for 'crisis'" from political, linguistic, pop culture and globalist perspectives to make this article into something far more comprehensive and less didactic than what exists at the moment. I am up for the task, am looking for native Chinese speaking collaborators. Any takers? Morganfitzp (talk) 16:48, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Feel free to add more significant examples. But don't be obssessed with it, it's not a good idea to convince or motivate people with it, it's indeed a mistranslation after all. --Tomchen1989 (talk) 21:50, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

On Chinese Wikipedia
The current Chinese Wikipedia article for "crisis" is unsourced, but nonetheless interesting to this discussion, especially when run through Google Translate. It's unsourced:

The crisis ( English: Crisis ) is a moment of danger and opportunity. It is a moment for testing decision-making and problem- solving ability. It is a turning point in life, group and social development. It is a matter of life and death, interest transfer, and like a fork. There is a saying: "Crisis is a turning point."

Not sure what to do with this, but it interesting. Morganfitzp (talk) 17:38, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Read the section I wrote. The current version of the Chinese Wikipedia article for "crisis" is poorly written, I'm editing it. --Tomchen1989 (talk) 21:50, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Wiktionary translation
Wiktionary actually translates 機 as "7. opportunity, chance, crucial point". Either Wiktionary is completely misleading or even flat out wrong to do so, or the alleged urban legend is not a legend at all, but essentially correct (you could only dispute if it's better to use the translation "opportunity" or "crucial point"). Yes, 機 has many other meanings too – but they are not relevant in context. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 10:59, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

The article states, in fact: "According to the 10th Edition of Xinhua Zidian, the best-selling Chinese dictionary, the character 機; jī in 危機; wēijī means "a point where things happen or change", this meaning appears to be neutral, from which derive two other meanings: "an event that has a confidential nature", and "chance (opportunity), good timing" which appears to be a positive one."

This indicates that while "crucial point" is presumably a more accurate or preferrable translation in the context of this compound, "opportunity" may not necessarily be incorrect, either. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 11:41, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

 * "機 in 危機 is opportunity" should be considered incorrect, otherwise  (crisis/scandals are confidential and should be concealed) will be correct, too. Read the following section I wrote, . --Tomchen1989 (talk) 21:50, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

A native speaker's thought and digging
Hi, I'm a native Chinese speaker and I'm the guy who looked up the word in the Xinhua Zidian and added the reference in the article. I'd like to say something here, which might be good for future editing of the article.

Even some of the native speakers can't see the nuance:

The nuance between the 機 in 危機 and "opportunity" is hard to detect even by native Chinese speakers. Here in an IP user said he "was just listening to the BBC World Service, where a high-ranking member of the Chinese Foreign Ministry! just told me: 'In Chinese, 'crisis' is made of two characters: danger and opportunity.'"; I've recently read an answer on Quora, written by a Chinese PhD student at University of Cambridge who is well known in China because of his high upvoted, pro Chinese govt answers on Quora, the first sentence is: "In the Chinese language, every crisis has an opportunity hidden in it. This is reflected in the Chinese word: 危機. An opportunity (機) always comes after a crisis (危)." According to the version prior to this edit, Shoucheng Zhang, a Chinese-American physician at Stanford University also used this word.

But that high-ranking Foreign Ministry member, the PhD student at Cambridge (self-claimed to be a "coding peasant" therefore seems to be a Computer Science major) and the physician at Stanford are not linguists or sinologist, sometimes they could be prone to making linguist mistakes. Once I've talked with a Swiss sinologist long time ago, she knew the difference of several dialects of Chinese language pretty well, and better than me, I was impressed.

However, some native speakers can still kind of feel the subtle difference there. I see in previous discussion section there are some Chinese dudes also considering it to be a mistranslation. When I first heard this "crisis=opportunity" in Chinese thing from a French friend, I just felt it's bizarre, but was not quite sure if it's wrong.

When I saw it again here on Wikipedia, I looked it up in the dictionary.

Xinhua Zidian:

According to the best-selling Chinese dictionary, the character 機 (jī) means:
 * Original Meaning 1. "a point where things happen or change", examples: 危機 (wēijī), ...
 * Derivative Meaning 1.1. "an event that has a confidential nature", examples: ...
 * Derivative Meaning 1.2. "chance (opportunity), good timing", examples: ...
 * Original Meaning 2...

Some may say: so what? "weiji/crisis" refers to the original meaning 1, "opportunity" refers to the derivative meaning 1.2, 1.2 belongs to 1, they are kind of the same, right?

I'd say: not right. Why? Please see the following comparison.

Comparison of two use cases

Politians and motivational speakers want to motivate people, so they say: "look, don't be upset during a crisis, ancient Chinese wisdom tells us, "! (making people think that Original Meaning 1 = Derivative Meaning 1.2) OK, this is less controversial because they say it for seemingly good purpose.

But, imagine a government or a company is facing a crisis, a scandal which they are trying to conceal, and they could say: "look Mr journalist, don't publish this news article, ancient Chinese wisdom tells us:, and this incident is indeed confidential and cannot be publicly known!" (making people think that Original Meaning 1 = Derivative Meaning 1.1)

Oh it's bad. The "ancient Chinese wisdom" is just a convenient tool that can be freely twisted to justify whatever point you want to make.

--Tomchen1989 (talk) 21:25, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Have a wider look
I agree that the encyclopedic value of this article is difficult to see.

While it is clear that 危機 cannot be simply decomposed into its components 危 for danger (less controversial) and 機 for occasion or opportunity, a link exists, mainly idiomatically. A nice and complete discussion is available on stackexchange.

The Chengyu 錯失良機 is one example, where the component stands for the (missed, good) opportunity.

Japanese use the exact same characters 危機 to express crisis ("kiki"). In personal discussions that I could have with native speakers, they did not see a problem with the interpretation of "danger"+"occasion". But it is also acknowledged that kanji are ambiguous and subject to (multiple) interpretations, just like their chinese originals. The meaning of 機 in the sense of opportunity is likely to be very old, and certainly this meaning is older than that of "machine".

In any case the chinese language (and writing) has a longer history than English, and it is difficult to imagine how it has involved for 3000 years. I would not exclude that some of the evolutions in neighbouring countries have found its way back into chinese. A nice example is how Yamato-damashii became Wakon over centuries of exchanges of linguistic ping-pong between China and Japan.

In summary, I think the article as it stands today is a hypothesis or opinion, rather than secured knowledge backed by objective sources. It only points to all sources where the statement "crisis = danger+opportunity" was used, until back to 1938, and simply states that those all were wrong.

--DirkHoffmann (talk) 23:55, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Note that some (zh/ja) native speakers who are not linguists may agree '"機" in "危機" = "opportunity"'. But I'd say "'"機" in "危機" = "opportunity"' is mistranslation" is "secured knowledge" if you ask linguists and sinologists. --Tomchen1989 (talk) 11:57, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Also, in English, "occasion" is not perfectly equivalent to "opportunity". It lies somewhere between "opportunity" and "event" (and Wikipedia article "occasion" redirects to "event" rather than "opportunity"). "機" in "危機" means "point" / "change point" which could also roughly be interpreted as "event". So you see, people who do not agree '"機" in "危機" = "opportunity"' may somewhat agree '"機" in "危機" = "occasion"'. --Tomchen1989 (talk) 11:57, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
what is written below is far more enlightening than the Article so i propose the authors of what's below switch Talk with the Article! What's more, it sounds like "crisis" is an inappropriate single word translation too, recommend changing it to "precarious" or somesuch — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.209.19.85 (talk) 13:14, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chinese word for "crisis"


text: User talk:128.32.77.39

title: User talk:128.32.77.39


text:
Category:United States senators from South Carolina

People who have represented South Carolina in the United States Senate.


text:
Howard Eskin

Howard Eskin (born April 29, 1951) is an American sports commentator and host for sports radio station WIP-FM (94.1) and a contributor to WTXF-TV (channel 29) in Philadelphia. He also works as a sideline reporter for the Philadelphia Eagles Radio Network.

Eskin has broadcast more than 8,000 sports radio programs in his career, which is the most by any sports radio personality in American history.

Early life
Eskin spent his first eight years growing up in Mt. Airy, Philadelphia. He then moved to Rhawnhurst, Philadelphia and lived there until he graduated from high school. He attended Northeast High School in Philadelphia were he graduated in 1968. He grew up as a fan of playing, and watching, sports including baseball, football, and basketball. He does not like the WNBA. He is Jewish.

Career
Eskin got his start in local radio at WFIL in 1972 when evening shift disc jockey George Michael hired him to be his engineer.

In 1982, Eskin joined KYW-TV as a sports anchor. Eskin joined WIP in 1986 when it converted to a full-time sports radio format, and was behind the mic for its first program. Eskin's years on the air allowed him to frequently have special guest athletes or other sports figures on his program, with memorable interactions with Charles Barkley, Freddie Mitchell, Terrell Owens, Lenny Dykstra, Andre Iguodala, Bernard Hopkins, Jayson Werth and Cole Hamels.

In the mid-1980s, Eskin co-hosted with John DeBella on WMMR's Morning zoo, their combination advertised as "Sports Rock". On television Eskin helped launch WTXF-TV's Ten O’Clock News as the station's original sports director from 1986 to 1991.

In 1992, he rejoined KYW-TV and then WCAU-TV in 1996, where he served as a host and contributor to Sports Final until April 2005. In addition to his radio and television presence, Eskin wrote a column for the Philadelphia Daily News in the early 1990s. He also previously served as a contributor to The George Michael Sports Machine, ESPN's First Take, The Dan Patrick Show and The NFL Network.

On September 20, 2007, Eskin logged his 5,000th radio show, more than anyone else in the country at the time, and celebrated his 25th year in television that same year. Guests on the show included Charles Barkley, Terrell Owens, and Billy Cunningham.

On September 2, 2011, he hosted his last 3:00 to 7:00 PM show on WIP after nearly 6,000 shows and 25 years in that slot.

In 2012, Eskin returned to WTXF as a contributor to the station's coverage of Eagles football (of which it carries most of the team's games through its network package.

Notable reports
While at KYW-TV, Eskin broke the story of Eagles owner Leonard Tose having personal financial trouble and therefore considering selling the team to buyers who would move the team. According to KYW-TV manager, Frank Traynor, "If [Eskin] had not stepped in when he did, Leonard Tose would have snuck the Eagles out of town."

Eskin's breaking stories included one that former Philadelphia Phillies general manager Ed Wade would be fired if the Phillies did not make the playoffs. Wade was subsequently fired by the Phillies on October 10, 2005. He unsuccessfully "campaigned" for the GM position that was eventually filled by former Toronto Blue Jays GM Pat Gillick.

Eskin also covered the negotiation and subsequent breakdown between Comcast and a group led by Julius Erving and Will Smith to buy the Philadelphia 76ers. His involvement in the negotiation entailed a request for help from Allen L. Rothenberg, a prominent Philadelphia attorney, who was a regular at Eskin's synagogue.

On-air personality at WIP
Though Eskin regularly initiates calls with comments such as "never had a bad day in my life" or "another day in paradise", he is known to be short-tempered and easily angered on his radio show. He frequently refers to a caller as a "genius" or "chief" (both sarcastically), a "dope", an "idiot", a "nitwit", a "creep" or a "moron".

Eskin has also been known to lead long-term "campaigns" to have players traded from Philadelphia teams such as former Philadelphia Phillies' outfielder Bobby Abreu for alleged lackadaisical defense and lack of clutch hitting, and Sixers' guard Allen Iverson for his allegedly selfish play, though he has subsequently praised Iverson. Eskin's last public stunt was organizing a mock funeral to celebrate Terrell Owens's demise with the Philadelphia Eagles during their 2005 season.

He refers to Dallas Cowboys' fans as "cock-a-roaches" and will tell callers if they are worried about their team then they should "get a dog." He also refers to the Pittsburgh Steelers as the "Stillers" and stereotypes their fans as IronCity beer drinkers, smokers, and generally of a low-class demeanor.

Prior to the legalization of sports gambling in Pennsylvania, Eskin was known for having an affinity towards sports gambling on air. On Friday afternoons during football season, he often would ask a "handicapping expert" on as a guest. In addition, he is the self-proclaimed "King of Monday Night" due to his successful track record in picking Monday Night Football games correctly. On his current Saturday show during the NFL season, he reviews and picks games with Marc Lawrence, a sports handicapper.

Controversies
During a 1996 controversy involving former Philadelphia Flyer Eric Lindros selling game tickets to mafia members, Eskin interviewed reputed Philly mob boss Joey Merlino about the Mafioso's sitting in Lindros's seats at a Flyers' game. Merlino denied getting the seats from Lindros.

In 2000, Eskin was suspended and forced to give an on-air apology to the organizers of the Miss America pageant for saying on the air that the contest was rigged.

During the beginning of the 2007 Phillies season, Eskin criticized the team for not taking chances with their payroll and instead running their sports franchise like a "department store". After a 3–9 start to the team's 2007 season, Eskin had a confrontation with manager Charlie Manuel, implying that Manuel was not tough enough on his players. Manuel responded by threatening to fight Eskin, and had to be physically restrained by hitting coach Milt Thompson.

In May 2024, Eskin made an “unwanted advance” towards a female food service employee at Citizens Bank Park. In July, the Phillies subsequently banned Eskin from the ballpark for the remainder of the season. The day after the report was released, the Philadelphia 76ers indefinitely banned him from their practice facility and from attending their home games.

Personal life
Eskin's nickname, King, was given to him by Pete Rose. The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia inducted Eskin into their Hall of Fame in 2011.

Eskin often touts his affinity for a wardrobe that includes expensive jewelry and clothing, particularly fur coats for Eagles home games. He has been nicknamed "The King of Bling". Eskin sold a bobblehead doll of him wearing a fur coat, with the proceeds going to charity, in 2004 and 2005, which raised $75,000 for charity. The first 100 dolls in the 2005 version came with a special small diamond chip in his "bling" necklace.

In 1997, Eskin was revealed as the "prominent Philadelphia sportscaster" who had sent a dozen roses to a woman five days before she was murdered by her husband. The woman had posted a fake profile on a dating site, identifying herself as a 25-year-old named "Brandice". A note sent with the roses was read during the guilty plea of Raymond Stumpf by his attorney: "Dear Brandice It was absolutely wonderful getting to know you. Hope to get to know you better. You were very thought-provoking and I do love your name. Love, Howard". Eskin subsequently denied ever meeting with her and said the roses were nothing more than an innocent attempt to brighten a lonely woman's day. At his sentencing, in Montgomery County Court, Raymond Stumpf stated "I think the worst part was probably the day the roses came." Stumpf was sentenced to a term of 7 1/2 to 15 years for the killing.

Eskin's son Brett "Spike" Eskin was a radio DJ on Philadelphia station WYSP. Spike Eskin later worked as the Brand Manager at 94.1 WIP and then served as the Vice President of Programming at WFAN New York. He returned to WIP in 2024.

Philanthropy and activism
Eskin has sponsored numerous charity and fund-raising events off-the-air to benefit particular humanitarian cause throughout the year. He has helped raise $400,000 for the Eagles Autism Foundation and organized bike-riding fundraisers to raise awareness for autism. Eskin has also raised more than $100,000 in funds for the Brandywine Valley SPCA and Providence Animal Centers and organized fundraising drives for the victims of Hurricane Katrina.

On the air, he has advocated for issues such as public smoking bans and medical tort reform.

Eskin was named "Man of the Year" by the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society named and the March of Dimes "Media Person of the Year" in 2003. In 2010, Eskin was given the March of Dimes Lifetime Achievement Award for Achievement in Radio.

title: Howard Eskin


text:
Muscat (disambiguation)

Muscat is the capital and largest city of Oman.

Muscat may also refer to:

Places in Oman

 * Muscat Governorate, the region of Oman which includes the capital city
 * Muscat District of Muscat Governorate.
 * Muscat Securities Market, the stock exchange in Oman
 * Muscat International Airport
 * Muscat (football club), a football club in Oman
 * Muscat and Oman, the predecessor state of Oman
 * Old Muscat, the historic city of Muscat in Oman

Other uses

 * Muscat (surname), a Maltese surname
 * Muscat (grape), a variety of grape used for wine, table grapes, and raisins
 * Muscat Stadium, a Japanese baseball stadium
 * Muscats Motors, a car dealership in Malta
 * Muscat (film), a Canadian short drama film

title: Muscat (disambiguation)


text:
User:Jhez~enwiki

Danish Social Anthropologist

Employed with Qeqqata Kommunia in Sisimiut, Greenland.

Registered with Wikipedia October 7 2005.

Worried about common lack of hermeneutical understanding and tolerance in ongoing Wiki-disputes. And worried that people don't understand that open source does not mean open for all kinds of mindless stupidity.

title: User:Jhez~enwiki


text:
Talk:Airglow

Rather than cleaning Diffuse sky radiation up, it would seem more sensible to merge it with this sky background article. Rnt20 06:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Image does not show airglow
The image on the page shows part of the Earth in broad daylight and the glow seen in the atmosphere is scattered sunlight, not airglow. It is inappropriate for this page and I shall remove it.

-User: Nightvid (unregistered) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.134.187.173 (talk) 02:57, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Remove OI and NaI
Sodium glow is mentioned in wiki and is unimolecular that is Na1 not NaI. OI is Iodine Monoxide also unlikely. Shjacks45 (talk) 22:36, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Relevance of the dayglow image.
The image named "Dayglow" does not appear to have any relevance to this article since airglow is only seen at night. If no one can give me a reference for that image that makes it relevant to this article I will remove it. Dr. Morbius (talk) 05:09, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * In fact the nightglow image also appears to be irrelevant and I will remove it without a proper reference to back it up. Dr. Morbius (talk) 05:19, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Comet had to be behind airglow in photo.
The photo of Comet Lovejoy and airglow is stated on the Comet Lovejoy page to have been taken by Dan Burbank aboard the ISS. The comet could not be in front of the airglow as that would put it between the Earth and the ISS, which is in low Earth orbit. The photo's text has been edited to note that the comet is behind the airglow. 75.33.14.12 (talk) 05:49, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Experimental observation and SwissCube-1
This section is more about the capability of a specific student CubeSat, namely SwissCube-1. Therefore it should be moved into the SwissCube-1 page with a reference to the Airglow page, and not the other way round as it is now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dpieroux (talk • contribs) 10:22, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Suggest that this article reference the article "Sky_brightness"
"Airglow" "zodiacal light" and "sky brightness" should all be cross-referenced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:558:6045:FE:216D:E39:1EBE:FE0 (talk) 02:37, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

Name of OH- ion
Should the Description section use "hydroxide ions" rather than "hydroxyl ions", since hydroxyl refers to the un-ionized functional group or radical? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.15.238.203 (talk) 10:00, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Figure 7.png

External Link without a URL
I am using WPCleaner to fix up some pages. I am new to WPCleaner tool as of this weekend. Stumbled upon this article and it claims that there is a beginning tag without and ending one. It has no URL pointing to a cited source. As I am not familiar with the topic, could someone please add a page to the ref?  {{cite web|Airglow in Auvergne (France) on 13th of August 2015 Jimj wpg (talk) 01:07, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

No Dutch Wikipedia page for the geophysical phenomenon Airglow?
Well... I wanted to see a Wikipedia page called Ionosfeerlicht (Light of the ionosphere) (that's how the phenomenon Airglow is called in the Dutch-speaking countries such as the Netherlands and Flanders-Belgium). Nothing... Is it such an unknown and unspoken subject in our Northsea countries? Or is it because there is no interest to create a page? Anyway, I detected something interesting in M. G. J. Minnaert's classic called De Natuurkunde van 't Vrije Veld. It seems that Simon Newcomb was the first person to observe Airglow (1901). DannyCaes (talk) 18:14, 15 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Airglow


text:
Gerard Kennedy (actor)

Gerard Kennedy (born 8 March 1932) is an Australian double Gold Logie award-winning former actor, best known for his roles in early television series, in particular the espionage series including Hunter and the police procedural Division 4. Kennedy also appeared in film roles during a career that spanned 50 years in the industry.

Career
Kennedy played six different characters in guest appearances in Crawford Productions television series Homicide and in 1967 he shot to fame as the antagonist in Australian television spy drama Hunter, becoming so popular that his character changed sides, eventually becoming the main character after lead actor Tony Ward left the series. Kennedy won a TV Week Logie Award for "Best New Talent" for his portrayal of the character.

Kennedy followed this with a starring role in police procedural television series, Division 4, winning multiple Logie Awards—including two Gold Logies as most popular personality on Australian TV—for his work in the series. He has consistently acted in Australian television and film productions since that time.

Later regular television series roles included Tandarra in 1976, Bellbird in 1977, the miniseries Against the Wind in 1978, Skyways in 1979–1981, Golden Pennies in 1985, and The Flying Doctors between 1986 and 1989 (non-consecutive episodes). Guest TV roles include appearances in Carson's Law, Prisoner, A Country Practice, Blue Heelers, City Homicide, The Saddle Club, and Neighbours. In 2008, he played Graham "The Munster" Kinniburgh in Underbelly and in Fat Tony & Co..

title: Gerard Kennedy (actor)


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Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney

Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney is a visual novel adventure video game developed and published by Capcom. It is the fourth title in the Ace Attorney series, and was released for the Nintendo DS handheld game console in Japan in 2007 and in the West in 2008, for iOS and Android in 2016, and for the Nintendo 3DS in 2017. It was also released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows and Xbox One in 2024, as part of the Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney Trilogy compilation.

The game takes place seven years after the previous game, Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Trials and Tribulations. Phoenix Wright, the main character of previous titles in the series, has been stripped of his attorney's badge, and Apollo Justice, an up-and-coming attorney, becomes his apprentice, working with Phoenix's adopted daughter Trucy on four cases. The player's goal is to get their clients declared not guilty; to do this, they investigate the cases and cross-examine witnesses. When finding inconsistencies in witness testimonies, the player is able to present pieces of evidence that contradict the witnesses' statements. They can also use the "perceive" system, in which they are able to see nervous motions or actions during witness testimonies, similar to a tell in poker.

The game was developed by a team of 28 staff members, including producer Minae Matsukawa, director Mitsuru Endo, and character designer Kazuya Nuri. Series creator Shu Takumi, who wrote the game's scenario and took on a supervisory role for the production, had wanted the series to end with Trials and Tribulations, as he felt that Phoenix's character had been explored fully; when it was decided that the game would get made, he wanted it to have a new main character with a new story, and wanted Phoenix to not make an appearance. Despite this, it was decided that Phoenix would serve as a mentor to Apollo. Apollo Justice sold around 250,000 copies during the first retail week and 515,417 by the end of 2007, and has been mostly positively received by critics.

Gameplay

Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney is, like the rest of the Ace Attorney series, a cross between the adventure game and visual novel genres. The player's goal is to defend their clients in four cases, and prove their innocence. The gameplay is separated into two types of situations: Investigations and trials.

During the investigation phase of each case, the player explores the game world by either using the stylus or the D-pad to select the actions they wish to engage in: Examine, Move, Talk, or Present. The player converses with non-player characters by selecting dialogue and can move around the game world by selecting the locations they wish to travel to. Information gained during Investigation Mode can be used during the Trial phase of the game and items picked up can be used as evidence. The player cannot progress without completing certain actions. Ema Skye, a character from the DS remake of the original Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney game, often provides the player with opportunities to use DS features such as the microphone to perform actions such as dusting for fingerprints.

The trial portions consist of listening to and cross-examining witness testimonies. The player is given the option to either Press or Present evidence in response to statements made by witnesses. The player can either select their choice or yell into the microphone. By choosing Press, the player questions the witness's statement, which sometimes causes the witness to change their testimony. When finding inconsistencies in the testimony, the player may choose Present in order to show a piece of evidence that they think contradicts the testimony. The player has a health bar, representing the judge's patience. If the player presents incorrect pieces of evidence or choose incorrect answers to questions in court, health is lost. If the health bar reaches zero, the player loses the game and their client is declared guilty. A new system, known as the "Perceive System," can be used to look for motions or actions made by witnesses that show nervousness, similar to a tell in poker. The game also includes a "Crime Recreation Mode" that models evidence or the crime scene in a 3-D rendition and allow the player to explore the recreation to look for clues. Additionally, the game often recreates the crime in cutscene sequences, allowing the player to observe the action and find contradictions.

Setting and characters
Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney takes place seven years after the events of Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Trials and Tribulations. Like previous Ace Attorney games, it consists of several cases, or "Turnabouts". In each, the protagonist, Apollo Justice, must prove the innocence of a client accused of murder using evidence and testimony. Once the opening level is concluded, he is hired to work in the offices of former series protagonist Phoenix Wright, who has since been disbarred from practicing law and has become a piano player and professional gambler to support his adopted daughter Trucy Wright, a young magician who becomes Apollo's trusted assistant and fellow investigator.

Story
Apollo and his mentor Kristoph Gavin are called to represent Phoenix, charged with murdering his opponent Shadi Smith during a game of poker. In the middle of his testimony, Phoenix inadvertently names Kristoph as a witness, and with the help of a falsified piece of evidence provided by Trucy, exposes him as the real murderer. Impressed by Apollo's performance, he invites him to start his own practice out of Trucy's talent agency.

A few weeks after accepting the offer, Apollo is assigned to investigate three separate incidents: a hit and run involving Phoenix, the theft of a noodle vendor's cart, and the disappearance of Trucy's favorite pair of panties. At the same time, the Kitaki crime family hires him to defend one of their own, Wocky Kitaki, in a murder trial concerning the death of his doctor. By connecting the incidents to evidence recovered with the help of Detective Ema Skye, Apollo discredits the case against Wocky by proving that his fiancée, Alita Tiala, was the only one who could have committed the crime.

As a token of respect, prosecutor Klavier Gavin, Kristoph's brother and Apollo's rival, invites him and Trucy to attend a concert for his band, the Gavinners. During a guest performance by the diva Lamiroir, her manager Romein LeTouse is shot and killed in her dressing room. When Machi Tobaye, Lamiroir's pianist, is accused of the killing, Apollo investigates and discovers that Machi and Gavin's bandmate, Detective Daryan Crescend, conspired to smuggle contraband into the country, and that LeTouse, an undercover Interpol agent, was murdered to cover it up. The case nearly falls apart due to a lack of decisive evidence, but Apollo is able to get Daryan convicted by convincing Tobaye to testify against him; Tobaye is subsequently arrested for his part in the smuggling operation, but escapes the death penalty he would have received in his home country for the crime.

In the final case, Apollo is selected to serve as the defense in an experimental jury-style trial system organized by Phoenix, called the "Jurist System". His client, professional forger Vera Misham, is accused of poisoning her father Drew. After Vera succumbs to poison while testifying, the jurists are instructed by Phoenix, who is the chair of the Jurist Simulated Court Committee, to play a "game" using the "MASON System", which simulates Phoenix's personal investigations. Seven years earlier, while representing magician Zak Gramarye in court, Phoenix was tricked into using false evidence created by Vera, costing him his reputation and job. Zak subsequently disappeared, leaving his daughter Trucy in Phoenix's custody. Over the years, Phoenix uses his experience and connections to uncover the truth: Trucy and Apollo are half-siblings gifted with a unique power of perception by their mother, Thalassa Gramarye. Furthermore, Zak was forced to abandon Trucy, his daughter, in order to honor the wishes of her grandfather, who passed the legal rights to his magic to her side of the family. It also transpires that Zak was Shadi Smith, who had come to give the rights to Magnifi's magic to Trucy before being killed by Kristoph upon recognizing him.

Kristoph is summoned to testify, revealing that he was Zak's original attorney before being fired, and had requested the creation of the false evidence from the Mishams in order to win the high-profile case and become famous. Apollo accuses Kristoph of setting up Phoenix with the false evidence to get revenge on him and Zak, and of attempting to kill everyone related to the case out of fear of being found out. Following the final arguments, the player takes control of Lamiroir, who is one of the jurists for the case, and must decide whether or not Vera is guilty. If "Guilty" is chosen, it triggers an alternate ending in which a hung jury forces the court to delay the verdict, only for Vera to die from her poisoning. If "Not Guilty" is chosen, then Vera is declared innocent by unanimous vote and ultimately recovers. With his name cleared, Phoenix considers applying for readmission to the bar and assures Lamiroir, who is actually Thalassa in disguise, that he will watch over Apollo and Trucy.

Development

Apollo Justice was developed by a team of 28 staff members. It was produced by Minae Matsukawa and directed by Mitsuru Endo, with character design and art by Kazuya Nuri, while series creator Shu Takumi wrote the game's scenario and took on a supervisory role. Takumi had wanted the series to end with the previous game, as he felt its main character, Phoenix Wright, had been fully explored and that his story had been told; he said that it is important to know when to end a story, that he did not want the series to become a shadow of its former self, and that he did not see any reason to continue it. When it was still decided that a fourth game would be made, Takumi wanted it to have a new main character and a new story; he did not plan to have Phoenix appear in the game, but his colleagues wanted him in the game in some form, which led to him being the accused in the first case in the game.

Early in development, it was proposed that the game would use 3D graphics, as a way to make a big impact worthy of the start of a new Ace Attorney series; eventually they settled for a 2D style, with a few 3D elements. Apollo Justice was the first game in the series to feature videos created using motion-capture data. A male staff member of the Research & Development team was chosen to be the motion-capture actor for a female character; the producer described him as being "a natural" at it. Voice acting was also provided by Capcom staff members. During development, staff members visited real courts to watch and study the trials. Most of the game's music was composed by Toshihiko Horiyama, with Hideki Okugawa composing three songs and Akemi Kimura and Shu Takumi composing two songs each. A soundtrack album, Gyakuten Saiban 4 Original Soundtrack, was released on June 27, 2007. A concert, based on the music from Ace Attorney and entitled Gyakuten Meets Orchestra, took place in Tokyo in April 2008. A CD of the concert was published on July 16, 2008.

Alexander O. Smith, who worked as a writer on the localization of the first Ace Attorney game, also worked on the localization of Apollo Justice. Localization of the game was already in progress by August 2007. The name "Apollo Justice" was decided in collaboration between the Japanese and American divisions of Capcom; it took them twenty-two meetings to decide on it. During the localization, there was some debate about the use of the word "panties" to describe Trucy Wright's magical bloomers, a prop she uses in her magic shows; some on the localization team felt that it was inappropriate to joke about an underage girl's panties, and wanted them to be localized as "magic pants", while some felt that the joke would be lost if the player already knew that they were massive bloomers. Janet Hsu, one of the staff members working on the localization, made an argument for "emotional accuracy", saying that the Japanese version of the game was trying to make the player feel at unease over looking for what they might imagine to be "sexy lingerie", and then let the player feel relief at finding out that it is a prop for a magic show. In the end, they were referred to as "panties".

Release and compilation
The game was announced in 2005, and was originally planned to be released in 2006 in Japan. A demo version of the game was first made available at Tokyo Game Show in 2006, and an English trailer was presented at the following year's Tokyo Game Show. The game was eventually released in Japan on April 12, 2007, with North American, European, and Australian releases following on February 19, 2008, May 9, 2008, and May 22, 2008, respectively;  the Australian release was handled by Nintendo Australia. In Japan, a limited edition of the game was made available. It includes branded headphones, an Ace Attorney dictionary on a DS card, and a series highlights DVD. A keychain depicting Apollo was included with preorders purchased at GameStop and the online Capcom store.

A new version with high-resolution graphics was released in English and Japanese for iOS on December 1, 2016 and for Android on December 8. A Nintendo 3DS version was released digitally on November 21, 2017 in North America and on November 23 in Europe, and was released both digitally and physically in Japan on November 22, 2017. It was also released on January 25, 2024 on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows and Xbox One, as part of the Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney Trilogy compilation, alongside its sequels Dual Destinies and Spirit of Justice, all of which are using the RE Engine.

Reception
Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney was well received by critics. 1UP.com commented that, "the Phoenix Wright games are by far the best-written titles you'll find on the DS, and Justice is no different." 1UP.com also commented that the added features made especially for the DS were "super engaging even though the actual actions aren't that difficult to do." On 21 November 2013, RPGFan placed the game 5th on their top 20 Nintendo DS games list. The Nintendo 3DS version was the tenth highest rated game of 2017 for the platform on the review aggregator Metacritic.

IGN largely agreed with 1UP but commented that "the first Apollo Justice title plays identically to the Phoenix Wright trilogy". IGN Australia noted out that complaints about the previous games, such as that "finding the right path through the game feels like a process of trial and error" and that players could beat the game by "routinely pressing at every available opportunity and then using a minimum of logic," were not fixed in Apollo Justice. Additionally, "the game's rather obtuse, long-way-around approach to problem solving" caused what IGN viewed to be unnecessary delays to the game. IGN also felt that new features were "a little gimmicky" but did not "detract from the experience in the slightest." However, IGN Australia thought the game was "great" overall. The game was nominated for "Best Story" in IGN's 2008 Video Game Awards, though it did not win.

These views were echoed by many reviews. GameSpot felt that the story, while strong, "moves along at a snail's pace" and that "many of the series' flaws are still present." A "lack of innovation and change" was the main sticking point for GamePro, who thought of Apollo Justice as "a solid distillation of the franchise formula." The Nintendo World Report felt that the game "builds upon the Phoenix Wright trilogy" even though "gameplay remains mostly unchanged." GameSpy pointed out that the game's use of the DS's touch features, "vastly improves the experience" though the crime scene reenactment is "all too brief."

Sales
Apollo Justice sold around 250,000 copies during the first retail week, and had more than 500,000 copies shipped by the end of its second week in Japan. By the end of 2007, it had sold 515,417 units. The game performed well commercially in North America, charting as the fifth best selling Nintendo DS game in the region during its release week. The Nintendo 3DS version was the fourteenth best selling game in Japan during its debut week, selling 4,832 copies.

title: Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney


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title: User talk:69.234.23.221


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Triethyl phosphate

Triethyl phosphate is an organic chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)3PO4 or OP(OEt)3. It is a colorless liquid. It is the triester of ethanol and phosphoric acid and can be called "phosphoric acid, triethyl ester".

Its primary uses are as an industrial catalyst (in acetic anhydride synthesis), a polymer resin modifier, and a plasticizer (e.g. for unsaturated polyesters). In smaller scale it is used as a solvent for e.g. cellulose acetate, flame retardant, an intermediate for pesticides and other chemicals, stabilizer for peroxides, a strength agent for rubber and plastic including vinyl polymers and unsaturated polyesters, etc.

History
It was studied for the first time by French chemist Jean Louis Lassaigne in the early 19th century.

title: Triethyl phosphate


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Memphis

Memphis most commonly refers to:

 * Memphis, Egypt, a former capital of ancient Egypt
 * Memphis, Tennessee, a major American city

Memphis may also refer to:

United States

 * Memphis, Alabama
 * Memphis, Florida
 * Memphis, Indiana
 * Memphis, Michigan
 * Memphis, Mississippi
 * Memphis, Missouri
 * Memphis, Nebraska
 * Memphis, New York
 * Memphis, Ohio
 * Memphis metropolitan area, centered on Memphis, Tennessee
 * Memphis, Texas

Elsewhere

 * Mampsis, Mamshit or Memphis, a Nabatean city

Music

 * Memphis (band), a musical duo
 * Memphis Industries, a record label
 * Memphis (musical), a Broadway musical by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro

Albums

 * Memphis (Boz Scaggs album), 2013
 * Memphis (Roy Orbison album), 1972
 * Coin Coin Chapter Four: Memphis, 2019

Songs

 * "Memphis, Tennessee" (song) or "Memphis", by Chuck Berry, 1959; covered by many performers
 * "Memphis" (The Badloves song), 1994
 * "Memphis" (Joe Jackson song), 1983
 * "Memphis", by Donnie Brooks, 1961
 * "Memphis", by David Nail, 2002
 * "Memphis", by Justin Bieber from Journals, 2013
 * "Memphis", by White Zombie from Psycho-Head Blowout, 1987

Other uses

 * Memphis (film), a 2013 film directed by Tim Sutton.
 * Memphis (mythology), the wife of Epaphus, who was, according to legend, the founder of Memphis, Egypt
 * Memphis (genus), a genus of brush-footed butterflies
 * Memphis (cigarette), a cigarette brand of Austria Tabak
 * Memphis (typeface), a slab-serif typeface designed in 1929 by Dr. Rudolf Wolf
 * Memphis Group, an influential design movement of Italian designers and architects in the 1980s
 * USS Memphis (CA-10), a US Navy armored cruiser wrecked by a tsunami in 1916
 * USS Memphis (SSN-691), a nuclear attack submarine of the United States Navy
 * Windows 98, codenamed Memphis during development
 * City of Memphis (train), a passenger train route
 * CSS Memphis Confederate Battery converted from floating dry dock 1861

People with the name

 * Memphis Bleek, New York rapper
 * Memphis Depay, Dutch footballer
 * Randall 'Memphis' Raines, a character in Gone in 60 Seconds
 * Ricky Memphis, Italian actor

title: Memphis


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Trimethyl phosphate

Trimethyl phosphate is the trimethyl ester of phosphoric acid. It is a colourless, nonvolatile liquid. It has some specialized uses in the production of other compounds.

Production
Trimethyl phosphate is prepared by treating phosphorus oxychloride with methanol in the presence of an amine base:
 * POCl3 +  3  CH3OH  +  3 R3N   →     PO(OCH3)3  +  3 R3NH+Cl−

It is a tetrahedral molecule that is a weakly polar solvent.

Applications
Trimethyl phosphate is a mild methylating agent, useful for dimethylation of anilines and related heterocyclic compounds. The method is complementary to the traditional Eschweiler-Clarke reaction in cases where formaldehyde engages in side reactions.

Trimethyl phosphate is used as a solvent for aromatic halogenations and nitrations as required for the preparation of pesticides and pharmaceuticals.

Other applications
It is used as a color inhibitor for fibers (e.g. polyester) and other polymers. Trimethyl phosphate is used as a simulant for chemical weapon nerve agents.

Safety considerations
With an LD50 of 2g/kg for rats, trimethylphosphate is expected to have low acute toxicity.

title: Trimethyl phosphate


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Category:United States senators from South Dakota

People who have represented South Dakota in the United States Senate.


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WMSTR

WMSTR, or the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion, is an annual, non-profit "steam meet" held in the small town of Rollag, Minnesota. It takes place over the weekend of the US Labor Day holiday (first Monday in September), and draws around 80,000 visitors during the four days of the event.

Beginning in 1954, the reunion has grown from a few farmers threshing grain, as their fathers had, to one of the largest steam venues in the nation. Antique and steam tractors and automobiles are featured.

Attractions
WMSTR is a living museum and as such, all exhibits are expected to be operable. One of the most popular, visible, and amazing attractions is the SOO LINE 0-6-0 class switch engine #353 which pulls a 500-passenger train around the show grounds. Also present is a miniature train, two full-size steam-operated sawmills, the larger called the Briden-Roen Sawmill after its builders and the smaller mill called Earl's Mill. Other main attractions include the steam hammer, the giant Snow Engine, which has an approximately 24 foot flywheel, and an area very popular with children, Miniatureland, which holds several hand-built miniature steam tractors and its own miniature sawmill that saws walking sticks for all the visitors who would like one. On the WMSTR grounds, there are several areas devoted to different types of machinery. There are gas engine buildings, a horsepower area, a construction area, and an expo ground. Several hundred tractors are put on display by the workers. In about the last decade, the Main Street area has grown as an attraction for many of those more interested in the everyday aspects of the past. Main Street has many buildings and demonstrations showing what daily life was like in times past.

Common names
To most locals, the reunion is known by several names. "Rollag", "Steamer Hill", "WMSTR" or simply "The Hill."

Gunderson Pond
Gunderson Pond is the pond located in the center of the grounds. It also has its own "Pond Monster," a likeness of the Loch Ness Monster floating in the middle of the pond.

Steamer Hill
Every day during the Reunion, at 10am and 2pm, Steamer Hill hosts a parade consisting of all sorts of machinery, from old cars to the giant steam-powered tractors. The Nelson crew does the whistle calls.

title: WMSTR