text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Noise Party

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Cel e stianpower hablamé 15:24, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Noise Party
bandvanity
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletions.    -- Cyberjunkie | Talk 13:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete This band is extremely alternative and thus, has not been heard of by many people. They have not signed to a record label and keep to themselves, but they do exist, meet and perform.
 * Delete Gazpacho 01:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity CambridgeBayWeather 01:06, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as bandity. AMG has never heard of them, and nothing to suggest they meet WP:MUSIC.  Friday (talk) 01:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN band vanity. Cnwb 01:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, vanity. Alex.tan 04:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn vanity.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 13:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn vanity CLW 15:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just because a band exists does not mean they are notable enough to include in Wikipedia. There are many thousands of signed bands out there. Andrew pmk | Talk 23:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I'm with the general concencus - if a band is established, signed and reasonably popular it *may* deserve a wikipedia page. But this is an encyclopedia, not mp3.com. James Pinnell 02:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - agree with above --DarbyAsh 09:22, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this one, but I wish the author would come back with an article on Melbourne Alternative Music, with sourcing, photos, public domain .wav files and links. Joaquin Murietta 22:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Píšť

Píšť may refer to places in the Czech Republic:

 * Píšť (Opava District), a municipality and village in the Moravian-Silesian Region
 * Píšť (Pelhřimov District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Píšť


text:
Sodium channel

Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's membrane. They belong to the superfamily of cation channels.

Classification
They are classified into 2 types:

Function
In excitable cells such as neurons, myocytes, and certain types of glia, sodium channels are responsible for the rising phase of action potentials. These channels go through three different states called resting, active and inactive states. Even though the resting and inactive states would not allow the ions to flow through the channels the difference exists with respect to their structural conformation.

Selectivity
Sodium channels are highly selective for the transport of ions across cell membranes. The high selectivity with respect to the sodium ion is achieved in many different ways. All involve encapsulation of the sodium ion in a cavity of specific size within a larger molecule.

Structure

Sodium channels consist of large alpha subunits that associate with accessory proteins, such as beta subunits. An alpha subunit forms the core of the channel and is functional on its own. When the alpha subunit protein is expressed by a cell, it is able to form a pore in the cell membrane that conducts Na+ in a voltage-dependent way, even if beta subunits or other known modulating proteins are not expressed. When accessory proteins assemble with α subunits, the resulting complex can display altered voltage dependence and cellular localization.

The alpha subunit consists of four repeat domains, labelled I through IV, each containing six membrane-spanning segments, labelled S1 through S6. The highly conserved S4 segment acts as the channel's voltage sensor. The voltage sensitivity of this channel is due to positive amino acids located at every third position. When stimulated by a change in transmembrane voltage, this segment moves toward the extracellular side of the cell membrane, allowing the channel to become permeable to ions. The ions are conducted through the central pore cavity, which consists of two main regions. The more external (i.e., more extracellular) portion of the pore is formed by the "P-loops" (the region between S5 and S6) of the four domains. This region is the most narrow part of the pore and is responsible for its ion selectivity. The inner portion (i.e., more cytoplasmic) of the pore is the pore gate and is formed by the combined S5 and S6 segments of the four domains. The pore domain also features lateral tunnels or fenestrations that run perpendicular to the pore axis. These fenestrations that connect the central cavity to the membrane are proposed to be important for drug accessibility.

In mammalian sodium channels, the region linking domains III and IV is also important for channel function. This DIII-IV linker is responsible for wedging the pore gate shut after channel opening, inactivating it.

Gating
Voltage-gated Na+ channels have three main conformational states: closed, open and inactivated. Forward/back transitions between these states are correspondingly referred to as activation/deactivation (between open and closed, respectively), inactivation/reactivation (between inactivated and open, respectively), and recovery from inactivation/closed-state inactivation (between inactivated and closed, respectively). Closed and inactivated states are ion impermeable.

Before an action potential occurs, the axonal membrane is at its normal resting potential, about −70 mV in most human neurons, and Na+ channels are in their deactivated state, blocked on the extracellular side by their activation gates. In response to an increase of the membrane potential to about −55 mV (in this case, caused by an action potential), the activation gates open, allowing positively charged Na+ ions to flow into the neuron through the channels, and causing the voltage across the neuronal membrane to increase to +30 mV in human neurons. Because the voltage across the membrane is initially negative, as its voltage increases to and past zero (from −70 mV at rest to a maximum of +30 mV), it is said to depolarize. This increase in voltage constitutes the rising phase of an action potential.

At the peak of the action potential, when enough Na+ has entered the neuron and the membrane's potential has become high enough, the Na+ channels inactivate themselves by closing their inactivation gates. The inactivation gate can be thought of as a "plug" tethered to domains III and IV of the channel's intracellular alpha subunit. Closure of the inactivation gate causes Na+ flow through the channel to stop, which in turn causes the membrane potential to stop rising. The closing of the inactivation gate creates a refractory period within each individual Na+ channel. This refractory period eliminates the possibility of an action potential moving in the opposite direction back towards the soma. With its inactivation gate closed, the channel is said to be inactivated. With the Na+ channel no longer contributing to the membrane potential, the potential decreases back to its resting potential as the neuron repolarizes and subsequently hyperpolarizes itself, and this constitutes the falling phase of an action potential. The refractory period of each channel is therefore vital in propagating the action potential unidirectionally down an axon for proper communication between neurons.

When the membrane's voltage becomes low enough, the inactivation gate reopens and the activation gate closes in a process called deinactivation. With the activation gate closed and the inactivation gate open, the Na+ channel is once again in its deactivated state, and is ready to participate in another action potential.

When any kind of ion channel does not inactivate itself, it is said to be persistently (or tonically) active. Some kinds of ion channels are naturally persistently active. However, genetic mutations that cause persistent activity in other channels can cause disease by creating excessive activity of certain kinds of neurons. Mutations that interfere with Na+ channel inactivation can contribute to cardiovascular diseases or epileptic seizures by window currents, which can cause muscle and/or nerve cells to become over-excited.

Modeling the behavior of gates
The temporal behavior of Na+ channels can be modeled by a Markovian scheme or by the Hodgkin–Huxley-type formalism. In the former scheme, each channel occupies a distinct state with differential equations describing transitions between states; in the latter, the channels are treated as a population that are affected by three independent gating variables. Each of these variables can attain a value between 1 (fully permeant to ions) and 0 (fully non-permeant), the product of these variables yielding the percentage of conducting channels. The Hodgkin–Huxley model can be shown to be equivalent to a Markovian model.

Impermeability to other ions
The pore of sodium channels contains a selectivity filter made of negatively charged amino acid residues, which attract the positive Na+ ion and keep out negatively charged ions such as chloride. The cations flow into a more constricted part of the pore that is 0.3 by 0.5 nm wide, which is just large enough to allow a single Na+ ion with a water molecule associated to pass through. The larger K+ ion cannot fit through this area. Ions of different sizes also cannot interact as well with the negatively charged glutamic acid residues that line the pore.

Diversity
Voltage-gated sodium channels normally consist of an alpha subunit that forms the ion conduction pore and one to two beta subunits that have several functions including modulation of channel gating. Expression of the alpha subunit alone is sufficient to produce a functional channel.

Alpha subunits

The family of sodium channels has 9 known members, with amino acid identity >50% in the trans-membrane segments and extracellular loop regions. A standardized nomenclature for sodium channels is currently used and is maintained by the IUPHAR.

The proteins of these channels are named Nav1.1 through Nav1.9. The gene names are referred to as SCN1A through SCN5A, then SCN8A through SCN11A. The "tenth member", Nax, does not act in a voltage-gated way. It has a loosely similar overall structure. Not much is known about its real function, other than that it also associates with beta subunits.

The probable evolutionary relationship between these channels, based on the similarity of their amino acid sequences, is shown in figure 1. The individual sodium channels are distinguished not only by differences in their sequence but also by their kinetics and expression profiles. Some of this data is summarized in table 1, below.

Beta subunits
Sodium channel beta subunits are type 1 transmembrane glycoproteins with an extracellular N-terminus and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. As members of the Ig superfamily, beta subunits contain a prototypic V-set Ig loop in their extracellular domain. They do not share any homology with their counterparts of calcium and potassium channels. Instead, they are homologous to neural cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and the large family of L1 CAMs. There are four distinct betas named in order of discovery: SCN1B, SCN2B, SCN3B, SCN4B (table 2). Beta 1 and beta 3 interact with the alpha subunit non-covalently, whereas beta 2 and beta 4 associate with alpha via disulfide bond. Sodium channels are more likely to stay open at the subthreshold membrane potential when interacting with beta toxins, which in turn induces an immediate sensation of pain.

Role of beta subunits as cell adhesion molecules
In addition to regulating channel gating, sodium channel beta subunits also modulate channel expression and form links to the intracellular cytoskeleton via ankyrin and spectrin. Voltage-gated sodium channels also assemble with a variety of other proteins, such as FHF proteins (Fibroblast growth factor Homologous Factor), calmodulin, cytoskeleton or regulatory kinases,   which form a complex with sodium channels, influencing its expression and/or function. Several beta subunits interact with one or more extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Contactin, also known as F3 or F11, associates with beta 1 as shown via co-immunoprecipitation. Fibronectin-like (FN-like) repeats of Tenascin-C and Tenascin-R bind with beta 2 in contrast to the Epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) repeats that repel beta2. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 sheds beta 2's ectodomain possibly inducing neurite outgrowth. Beta 3 and beta 1 bind to neurofascin at Nodes of Ranvier in developing neurons.

Ligand-gated sodium channels
Ligand-gated sodium channels are activated by binding of a ligand instead of a change in membrane potential.

They are found, e.g. in the neuromuscular junction as nicotinic receptors, where the ligands are acetylcholine molecules. Most channels of this type are permeable to potassium to some degree as well as to sodium.

Role in action potential
Voltage-gated sodium channels play an important role in action potentials. If enough channels open when there is a change in the cell's membrane potential, a small but significant number of Na+ ions will move into the cell down their electrochemical gradient, further depolarizing the cell. Thus, the more Na+ channels localized in a region of a cell's membrane the faster the action potential will propagate and the more excitable that area of the cell will be. This is an example of a positive feedback loop. The ability of these channels to assume a closed-inactivated state causes the refractory period and is critical for the propagation of action potentials down an axon.

Na+ channels both open and close more quickly than K+ channels, producing an influx of positive charge (Na+) toward the beginning of the action potential and an efflux (K+) toward the end.

Ligand-gated sodium channels, on the other hand, create the change in the membrane potential in the first place, in response to the binding of a ligand to it. Leak sodium channels additionally contribute to action potential regulation by modulating the resting potential (and in turn, the excitability) of a cell.

Activators
The following naturally produced substances persistently activate (open) sodium channels:

 * Alkaloid-based toxins
 * aconitine
 * batrachotoxin
 * brevetoxin
 * ciguatoxin
 * delphinine
 * some grayanotoxins, e.g., grayanotoxin I (other granotoxins inactive, or close, sodium channels)
 * veratridine

Gating modifiers
The following toxins modify the gating of sodium channels:

 * Peptide-based toxins
 * μ-Conotoxin
 * δ-Atracotoxin
 * Scorpion venom toxins

Sodium leak channel (NALCN)
Sodium leak channels do not show any voltage or ligand gating. Instead, they are always open or "leaking" a small background current to regulate the resting membrane potential of a neuron. In most animals, a single gene encodes the NALCN (sodium leak channel, nonselective) protein.

Structural and functional differences
Despite following the same basic structure as other sodium channels, NALCN is not sensitive to voltage changes. The voltage-sensitive S4 transmembrane domain of NALCN has fewer positively charged amino acids (13 instead of a voltage gated channel's 21) possibly explaining its voltage insensitivity. NALCN is also far less selective for Na+ ions and is permeable to Ca2+ and K+ ions. The EEKE amino acid motif in the pore filter domain of NALCN is similar to both the EEEE motif of voltage-gated calcium channel and the DEKA motif of the voltage-gated sodium channel, possibly explaining its lack of selectivity. NALCN is not blocked by many common sodium channel blockers, including tetrodotoxin. NALCN is blocked nonspecifically by both Gd3+ and verapamil. Substance P and neurotensin both activate Src family kinases through their respective GPCRs (independent of the coupled G-proteins) which in turn increase the permeability of NALCN through UNC80 activation. Acetylcholine can also increase NALCN activity through M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Higher levels of extracellular Ca2+ decrease the permeability of NALCN by activating CaSR which inhibits UNC80.

Protein Complex
NALCN complexes with the proteins UNC79, UNC80, and FAM155A. UNC79 appears to be linked to membrane stability of NALCN and linkage with UNC 80. UNC80 mediates chemical modulation of NALCN through multiple pathways. FAM155A helps protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, chaperones transport to the axon, and contributes to membrane stability.

Biological function
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is usually -60mV to -80mV, driven primarily by the K+ potential at -90mV. The depolarization from the K+ potential is due primarily to a small Na+ leak current. About 70% of this current is through NALCN. Increasing NALCN permeability lowers the resting membrane potential, bringing it closer to the trigger of an action potential (-55mV), thus increasing the excitability of a neuron.

Role in pathology
Mutations to NALCN lead to severe disruptions to respiratory rhythm in mice and altered circadian locomotion in flies. Mutations to NALCN have also been linked to multiple severe developmental disorders and cervical dystonia. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are also linked to mutations to NALCN.

pH modulation
Changes in blood and tissue pH accompany physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as exercise, cardiac ischemia, ischemic stroke, and cocaine ingestion. These conditions are known to trigger the symptoms of electrical diseases in patients carrying sodium channel mutations. Protons cause a diverse set of changes to sodium channel gating, which generally lead to decreases in the amplitude of the transient sodium current and increases in the fraction of non-inactivating channels that pass persistent currents. These effects are shared with disease-causing mutants in neuronal, skeletal muscle, and cardiac tissue and may be compounded in mutants that impart greater proton sensitivity to sodium channels, suggesting a role of protons in triggering acute symptoms of electrical disease.

Molecular mechanisms of proton block
Single channel data from cardiomyocytes have shown that protons can decrease the conductance of individual sodium channels. The sodium channel selectivity filter is composed of a single residue in each of the four pore-loops of the four functional domains. These four residues are known as the DEKA motif. The permeation rate of sodium through the sodium channel is determined by a four carboxylate residues, the EEDD motif, which make up the outer charged ring. The protonation of these carboxylates is one of the main drivers of proton block in sodium channels, although there are other residues that also contribute to pH sensitivity. One such residue is C373 in the cardiac sodium channel which makes it the most pH-sensitive sodium channel among the sodium channels that have been studied to date.

pH modulation of sodium channel gating
As the cardiac sodium channel is the most pH-sensitive sodium channel, most of what is known is based on this channel. Reduction in extracellular pH has been shown to depolarize the voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation to more positive potentials. This indicates that during activities that decrease the blood pH, such as exercising, the probability of channels activating and inactivating is higher more positive membrane potentials, which can lead to potential adverse effects. The sodium channels expressed in skeletal muscle fibers have evolved into relatively pH-insensitive channels. This has been suggested to be a protective mechanism against potential over- or under-excitability in skeletal muscles, as blood pH levels are highly susceptible to change during movement. Recently, a mixed syndrome mutation that causes periodic paralysis and myotonia in the skeletal sodium channel has been shown to impart pH-sensitivity in this channel, making the gating of this channel similar to that of the cardiac subtype.

pH modulation across the subtypes studied thus far
The effects of protonation have been characterized in Nav1.1–Nav1.5. Among these channels, Nav1.1–Nav1.3 and Nav1.5 display depolarized voltage-dependence of activation, while activation in Nav1.4 remains insensitive to acidosis. The voltage-dependence of steady-state fast inactivation is unchanged in Nav1.1–Nav1.4, but steady-state fast inactivation in Nav1.5 is depolarized. Hence, among the sodium channels that have been studied so far, Nav1.4 is the least and Nav1.5 is the most proton-sensitive subtypes.

title: Sodium channel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andela Hrg

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:38, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Andela Hrg
One of 100,000 people killed in a concentration camp in Croatia. Actually the article says she's believed to be alive, but that's a hell of a long time to be missing. Wikipedia is not a memorial. R. fiend 01:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Virtually everything on the web about her is based on a single BBC News article published in 2001 . From the context I assume that Hrg was alive and not missing after World War II, but the writer of the Wikipedia article does not know what happened to her after 2001.  Nevertheless, delete as notability has not been established. --Metropolitan90 02:23, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Alex.tan 04:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn.Jesse 14:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Sevenspade

I can't remember when I began reading or editing Wikipedia, though I would guess it was at least as far back as August, 2004. I don't consider any of my contributions thus far as major, which explains my recent registration. This somehow has something to do with my not ever really learning Mediawiki markup. I should probably get on to that.

Articles I Should Start

 * TinyTIM

Articles I Should Detail

 * User:Sevenspade

title: User:Sevenspade


text:
Nu Arietis

Nu Arietis, Latinized from ν Arietis, is the Bayer designation for a white-hued star in the northern constellation of Aries. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.43. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.68 mas as seen from Earth, it is located roughly 340 light years from the Sun. It is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of 8 km/s.

This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A7 V. Nu Arietis has an estimated 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and about 1.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 63.5 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 8,000 K. It is roughly 621 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 133 km/s. A close companion was discovered in 2016 using the direct spectral detection method.

title: Nu Arietis


text:
User talk:Sputnikcccp/Hebrew Alphabet

Although the dual pronunciation of gimmel is less common than that of bet, I think that their two forms should be treated more similarly. Bet & vet shouldn't be treated as two letters, rather two orthographic variants corresponding to a phonological variation.

Additional sections
--jnothman talk 01:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Letter variants - Maybe we need a section with letter variants, eg final letters or acceptance of a dagesh.
 * Transcription - normal English transcription / transliteration practice
 * I don't think that actually printing the letter with the dagesh is needed. About the very few letters that don't accept it should be noted (א, ח, ע, ר). There's also ה, which doesn't accept dagesh, but at the end of the word sometimes accepts "mapik", which looks just like dagesh - a dot inside and has a little different function.--Amir E. Aharoni 09:04, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Template infobox in the corner
It may be nice to have a little infobox in the corner with: --jnothman talk 01:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Character glyph
 * Name
 * Standard Modern Hebrew pronunciation
 * Phonecian ancestor
 * Greek/Latin/English equivalent
 * Ordinal number
 * Gematria number

Script
Great ideas! I've put most into practise (except the infobox, which would be a good job for a talented mensch to help out a yid with no computer skills whatsoever) and I think the variations section should also include a picture of how the letter is written in Torah script (calligraphy), Rashi script, and modern cursive. I'm working on uploading all those images, but (and here's another good job for any mentschen looking for something to do) if someone else wants to help me by uploading some and putting them on this page so's I can see them, that would be fine. Sputnikcccp 00:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Pictures of different scripts are available on the Hebrew Wikipedia: he:א, he:ב, etc. I've started building the template at Template:Hebrew alphabet. Not sure how I'll nicely handle word-final forms. --jnothman talk 12:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Basic infoboxes are added to the letter pages now. I hope you like. (I made lots of mistakes on the way and don't know what I'd do without Opera (web browser) which made it so much easier to manage...) I think you'll find there's lots of information on pronunciations in Hebrew alphabet. --jnothman talk 14:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I would recommend Firefox over Opera, but that's just personal preference. Daykart 08:02, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Chupchik
We should also identify how the letter sounds in modern hebrew with a chupchik, ie: are there others? --jnothman talk 13:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 'ג = /dʒ/ - Makes a sound like a J, because there is no letter for that sound in the hebrew alphabet since it is a foreign sound. Example: Used in the word 'giraffe'
 * 'ד = /ð/ (I think!)
 * 'ז = /ʒ/
 * 'ט = /θ/
 * 'צ = /tʃ/
 * The chupchik is called "geresh", which means 'bridge' in hebrew.
 * The /θ/ sound is ת', not ט'.
 * The /ð/ with ד' is very rarely used.--Amir E. Aharoni 09:01, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Note that the 'chupchik' is not at all part of the Ancient Hebrew aleph-bet; it is a modern invention. This should be noted in the article.

--Piano man 10:00, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Vav variants
There are a number of mistakes here and I'm a little confused and a little too busy, so I haven't edited them directly.

 * 1) The vowel-variants actually have names: shuruk and holom male (see Niqqud)
 * 2) I think the given pronunciations are backwards (ie the one with the dot on top is Oh!)
 * 3) There is actually a fair bit of variation in pronunciation of these vowel forms (eg. some Ashkenazi communities)
 * 4) In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the vowel that does sound like oo is not a close back rounded vowel (IPA //, oo in boot), but rather //, oo as in book. These are two different sounds, but some British Hebrew speakers do use something closer to the former.
 * 5) "Vav with a dagesh" is incorrect: dagesh means emphasis, and that is not the purpose of this dot, where a dagesh means doubling or lengthening
 * 6) And yet, vav does take a dagesh, without forming a vowel, for instance the word "he commanded" = צִוָּה
 * 7) Similarly, a vav can, in some situations, have a dot above it and still be pronounced as a /v/, eg "commandments" = מִצְוֹת
 * 8) It may be important to note that the variations here, particularly for vowels, are only in the Hebrew alphabet and not other semitic languages with a waw.
 * 9) When Vav is used to indicate a long vowel, it is called a Mater lectionis.

That's all I have for now... --jnothman talk 09:59, 19 October 2005 (UTC) PS: We should be consistent in capitalising letter names.

 * Thanx for the corrections! I was very tired, and the problem was i was now writing it all on my own, as opposed to rewriting the information from the page, as i did with Bet. I do know the difference 'tween shuruk and holam male; i had just put the pronunciation under the wrong heading. And you're right, it isn't a dagesh, but it's not a mapiq either, so i'm not sure what to call it other than 'dot'. Ok, now i get what you mean in 3 but am not sure what you mean exactly to put it. The same with 6 and 7; I don't know how I could explain thiose withoout getting into grammer, which is not what i want to do. And as for 8, does that mean in Arabic, say, vav is just vav, not v, oo, and oh? And that mater lectiones bit... im not sure what that is either... I got to go, but thanx for the correction. Sputnikcccp 11:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * With regards to 3, this is an encyclopedia and not a textbook, so phonology is relevant. Get more detail than "there are variations" if preferable. With 6 & 7, don't get into grammar, just don't distinguish these symbols by saying "vav with a dot here means this" rather that "vav can be used as a mater lectionis for an 'o' vowel, in which case it is known as a holom male, and in pointed text is marked with a dot above and to the left". A mater lectionis, well, read the article. In Hebrew we call it an אם קריאה, same term really: it means that among an alphabet of consonants, this usually-consonantal letter can be used to signify a long vowel. With regards to 8, yes Arabic does have something like oo and oh variants of the same 'w' letter, but they are not the same oo and oh sounds; but in earlier semitic alphabets I'm sure maters weren't used, so there would have been a stage when vav meant only vav the consonant, and thus there would be languages and alphabets for which this is the case. --jnothman talk 12:22, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Some notes:

1. In modern Hebrew pronunciation it's not called holom, but holam.

2. The one with the dot on top is definitely Oh!, although a lot of Israelis confuse them in their writing!

4. I'd say that it's the closest to the u in put.

5. Vav can accept a dagesh, when it's a consonant. Shuruk looks just the same.

7. That is not a dot above, it is a holam - in a properly printed book it would be shifted to the left of the vav.--Amir E. Aharoni 09:12, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. In such cases, the cholam dot is not actually part of the letter; it is a vowel accompanying the letter, just the same as if the vav were an aleph or shin, for example. The vav is *not* a cholam male; it is a vav with a cholam chaser. --Piano man 10:07, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Phoenician pronunciation
I think the Phoenician pronunciation sections should be left out. They don't say much for someone who knows what Phoenician is, and also sometimes say inaccurate/incorrect things such as that the letter is pronounced the same as in Hebrew. They're better removed and an expert may choose to write on the subject at a later point. jnothman talk 23:57, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * As 'semi-expert' (ie, student) I can agree - there's no 'pronounciation' of phoenician, and not only because "we don't know", also as we do know, that what we call 'phoenician', is actually quite huge, we're talking about a language spoken for many centuries, with many different dialects and 'hints' for different pronounciation over different periods/areas, such as losing the sound of 'ayin' in some, while in others probably not, etc. Hence there's no point to talk about 'a' phoenician pronounciation. This kind of infomation better belongs to a (detailed) article about phoenician.

Pharyngeal pronunciation

 * I've added it here so the discussion can be seen.
 * You seem to be better at this pronunciation thing than me; I was wondering if you could help me with the pronunciation sections, since you will probably correct it anyway. I'm working on Heth now, and I'm not sure about pronunciation. What is the difference between Heth and Kaph in terms of IPA or whatever? How else is Heth pronounced? I've been looking through the IPA articles but they're very hard to understand if you're not a phonologist. Thanks a lot!! Sputnikcccp 14:57, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Btw, sputnik, please reply here on the talk page. I have the page watched so I don't need it to appear on my talk page for me to notice it. Further, if it does appear on my talk page as a new message that is more intrusive. Finally, this can be kept as a record of discussion, rather than being distributed among numerous pages.

Regarding the pronunciation of heth, and of 'ayin, if you go to Israel and listen carefully (or listen to appropriate music), you will here a difference between these letters and khaf and alef. Ashkenazim generally do not make this distinction (although some Ashkenazi Jerusalemites, for instance, may). heth and 'ayin are pronounced gutturally.

A page that has sound files with these distinctions is here. That same web site has pronunciations of all major consonants and vowels if you're unsure of other IPA symbols.

Notably, that web site indicates that khaf is usually a uvular frictave, while we have been listing it as velar. Velar is where we pronounce g and k. Some do pronounce khaf and het in velar position, but that is closer to a sound in the Russian language, while Hebrew's is further back.

I am not sure, and it needs to be checked up, but I think the official pronunciation of heth (and ayin), according to the Academy of Hebrew Language is the Mizrahi or pharyngeal one, although the Ashkenazi trait of not distinguishing heth and khaf is becoming almost universal in western countries other than Israel, and is increasingly common in Israel, too.

jnothman talk 03:08, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Variations on/of/in written form
Ironically, there are at least three variations in the title "variations on/in/of written form"... Please choose one, sputnik. jnothman talk 02:02, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Value of existing tables
First I'd like to say what you've done here looks very good. However I think some of the existing tables in the current article, particularly the Main table section, are very useful. It's nice to be able to see a lot of information in one place. Also the Unicode and HTML table are handy. Perhaps you should consider incorporating them into what you've done here. Another option would be to consider giving those tables articles of their own and referencing them from this page. Keep up the good work. < Puck 06:44, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This is intended to be a series of articles, rather than a particular article. I agree, though, that individual portions from the Hebrew alphabet have been left out here when they should be included. jnothman talk 13:19, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, now I see. As individual entries it makes sense.  I don't know much about templates, but this would seem a place where they could be used.  Once these become separate articles the currently wonderful consistency could start to drift as they are edited separately.  A template might help guard against that.  At any rate, this is looking great.  Nice work. <Puck 14:24, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Doh! Never mind about the template thing, I just looked at the page itself. I feel pretty silly right now. <Puck 14:25, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

dalet
the pictographic origin of dalet is a 'door', just like the modern hebrew word, Delet(h). i believe this is a more accurate account of its origins than a more tenuous link to 'fish' (dag). Dgl 10:43, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * And most academia would agree with that. Consider its shape in numerous languages, and the shape of a door-frame. jnothman talk 13:18, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The Encyclopedia Judaica says that Dalet comes from a pictograph of a fish. I'm going to do some more research to see which is more probable. Sputnikcccp 23:33, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Haven't yet had the opportunity to go through the entire page
One comment though. In gematria, an Aleph represents one thousand, Beth represents two thousand, etc. This may or may not have to do with the similarity between Aleph and Eleph, the Hebrew word for one thousand. I have seen this system used outside of numbering years as well. Daykart 19:45, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Aleph usually represents 1 in gematria, not 1000. There can be exceptions (in gematria there are lots of competing rules). There is some confusion here with writing years. The draft says "when used in Hebrew dates, it means 1000 (i.e. אתשנד in numbers would be the date 1754)." That is true, but also אתשנא means 1751 since alef means 1000 in the thousands position and 1 in the units position. Some clarification is needed. Also, I would call these "years", not "dates". In dates, like "Adar 1", alef always means 1. --Zero 07:41, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Also with bet, gimmel, etc. --Zero 10:16, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Bet
There is also a meaning of "alternative", sometimes close to "illegal". Historical examples: mossad le'aliyah bet = Institute for illegal immigration; haganah bet = Etzel. --Zero 10:22, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've always thought of Bet in that context as meaning "The other" or something to that effect. Daykart 23:34, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * By "alternative" I mean such as the English phrase "alternative press", which means more than just the other press but rather press whose values are different from the mainstream. My guess as to the meaning is only my impression from a few examples; it would be worth looking for additional examples to get a better idea. --Zero 00:20, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, I understand. Isn't there an anarchist collective (I think in Tel Aviv or in Haifa) called "Memshalah Bet"? Daykart 16:56, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Qoph
Since I am a native hebrew speaker, I know that 'Qoph' should sound like 'koof'. You might want to consider changing it.

P.S: I am writing this using the web browser on my PSP!

WordWhiz 02:15, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

I know it's Quph, but the page was originally Qoph and I can't change it. Sputnikcccp 02:19, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Qoph is the correct form. I supose that the same proccess that turned Arabic Ra's to Hebrew Rosh, Arabic Ka's to hebrew Kos turned Arabic Qa'ph to Hebrew Qoph. conio.h • talk 16:07, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Holam Male
The relationship between Holam Male and Holam Haser (orthographically) is the same as between Hiriq Male and Hiriq Haser: Hiriq Haser is a dot under a letter, and Hiriq Male is Hiriq Hase and Yod afterwards. In a same manner Holam Hase is a dot on the upper-left corner of the letter, and Holam Male is the same thing with a Waw afterwards.

The dot in Holam Male should be between the letters, ant not above the Waw. Typeset problem caused it to be put there in many cases, but if you check good prints of the Bible in Hebrew (the kind that puts Hataf Gnuva in the right place) you'll see that Holam (Male or Hasser) is never above the Waw.

For instance: חוֹלם is wrong; חֹולם is right. It just looks very bad with most (if not all) fonts. conio.h • talk 16:02, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

User:Sputnikcccp/Hebrew Alphabet
Categories User:Sputnikcccp/Hebrew Alphabet is in Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek language text; at your earliest convenience, please remove it. If you have any questions, please post on my talk. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 05:25, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sputnikcccp/Hebrew Alphabet


text:
Xi Arietis

Xi Arietis, Latinized from ξ Arietis, is the Bayer designation for a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.46, and so is dimly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $13,627$ as seen from Earth, it is 872 +/- distant from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.24 due to interstellar dust.

This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. The spectrum matches a stellar classification of B7 IV, which would indicate a subgiant star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is in the process of evolving into a giant star. Xi Arietis was once a designation for Psi Ceti (ψ Cet, ψ Ceti).

title: Xi Arietis


text:
User:Avador

Greetings everyone, I'm Ryan, I am a 20 year old student from Green Valley, Arizona, here are some facts about me
 * I have an extreme love for roleplaying games of all genres.
 * I love a wide variety of music, and I frequently edit & contribute to articles for several of my favorite bands & genres.
 * I was a heavily active member of DeMolay International, the proper designation for me now is Past Big Hat/has been.

If you have a question for me, or simply wish to chat, email me, and I will respond as soon as possible.

I'm currently on an indefinite wikibreak, I don't contribute as often now as I used to due to other things going on in my life, but I still love Wikipedia and all of the good it does towards improving human knowledge and innovation. Do it and humanity a favor and help out and contribute in whatever ways you can. Knowledge is only of value when your sharing it with others! You can still email me if you need to get a hold of me for some reason

title: User:Avador


text:
Talk:Sodium channel

Untitled
Can we please include VGNa channels as an abbreviation — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.56.48.232 (talk) 12:08, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

this page is a little problematic because I don't know anything about sodium channels that may exist in cells other than neurons. Plus, this article is mainly just about voltage-gated na channels. If you can help by adding info about other types of na channels, please do. I don't know, should this page be just "voltage-gated na channels"? That would be weird since there'd be no generic na channel page. --Delldot 01:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with this comment to an extent; this page does focus mostly on voltage-gated Na channels. However, those are arguably the most important type (at least from a medical standpoint), and many of their features are common to the other Na channels (e.g. selectivity).  Maybe this should just be stated at some point in the article.--Jfurr1981 01:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Those of us that work on channels consider "sodium channel" to be equivalent with "voltage-gated sodium channel." You'll note in some of my modifications that I differentiated between Na+ channels and those that simply conduct Na+ along with other ions such as Ca2+. We would refer to this later class as non-selective cation channels (TRP channels are an example of these, I recall). We also don't normally call receptors channels. Yes, ionotropic receptors do conduct ions, but they're considered a different type of protein. I can easily see how this is confusing to those new to the area. --Dpryan 21:29, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * What about "epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)" which is not voltage-gated and has different molecular structure than voltage-gated sodium channel? ENaC is very important for sodium regulation in our body and related to hypertension. I think this page should move to "volgate-gated sodium channel". Hchoe 02:06, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If you polled 100 neuroscientists and asked them to describe what a sodium channel is at least 99 of them would describe the voltage-gated kind and not ENaCs. Having said that, there should be a reference to ENaCs at the top like, "Sodium channel typically refers to voltage-gated sodium channels but can also describe Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), the latter described in a seperate article". I'll add something like that to the top in a couple days if no one beats me to it. --Dpryan 20:32, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with the comment that most neuroscientists think only the voltage-gated sodium channel. But if you polled 100 nephrologists or 100 gastroenenterologists, the answer would be different. Hchoe 07:58, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

As someone just learning this stuff, the inconsistent terminology is a big problem. "Voltage-gated ion channel sodium channels"? That's a mouthful. All of the ion/sodium/voltage-gated adjective use needs to be looked over by someone. --JMD 05:15, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * See the "Ion_channel" subsection 2.1 Diversity and activation. -- Boris 17:48, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Note: I've recently made a large overhaul of this page. There are a number of things that should be added however. Firstly, someone should write a more in depth blurb about how gating works (I work on K+ channels so I don't know enough details to do it properly). It would also be beneficial if someone that does Na+ channel structure function experiments could start to write-up what's known about that. Finally, someone needs to add a nice picture of one of the channels. I could probably hack one together but it wouldn't look very good. If someone reading this is good with image creation, I can send to them what the thing should look like and they can create/upload a novel one (to avoid copyright infringement). If I bump into a Na+ channel person I'll try and con them writing some additions. --Dpryan 21:29, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Move?
Would anyone object to moving this page to Sodium channel? "Sodium ion channel" sounds kind of awkward to me. delldot | talk 20:01, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I would encourage such a move, we only ever call the things sodium channels anyway. --Dpryan 22:57, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, since no one has objected, I'm gonna go ahead. If there's a problem we can discuss it and possibly move it back.  delldot | talk 01:23, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Selectivity Filter
It's my understanding that as an ion passes through the selectivity filter its hydration is shedded. However, the text reads something to the effect of "one sodium ion and one water." This doesn't sound right but I could be mistaken. Can anyone add illumination? Insert-Belltower 03:56, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually both points of view are correct. Currently there are no crystallographic structures of sodium channels, but their structure is thought to resemble potassium channels for which a number of crystallographic structures are available.  The 1k4c potassium channel crystallographic structure pictured  here shows 7 potassium ions or water molecules (from the electron density it is impossible to distinguish between the two) shown as green balls.  The bottom potassium ion/water molecule is surrounded by eight water molecules and could be said to be fully hydrated.  The next four green spheres (designated as occupying positions 1, 2, 3, and 4) are potassium ions/water molecules each surrounded by eight oxygen atoms from the protein and are fully water desolvated (and "resolvated" by the channel).  However as ions flow through the channel, it is believed for electrostatic reasons that positions 1-4 are alternatively occupied by water and potassium.  That is positions 1 and 3 are first occupied by water and positions 2 and 4 by potassium and then vice versa as ions flow through the channel.  So effectively one water molecule passes through the channel for each potassium ion but at the same time, each potassium ion is fully desolvated. Boghog2 18:35, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Ligand gated channels - change title?
Most of the information on this page is about voltage-gated sodium channels, and for convenience this page was titled "sodium channels" instead of the more precise term "voltage-gated sodium channels". Therefore it is necessary to also mention the other sodium channels, such as the ligand gated, but there are also mechanical gated, thermal gated, chemical gated sodium channels, with a completely different structure and pharmacology. All these channels differ significantly in their structure, gating and pharmacology from the voltage-gated sodium channels.

There are some solutions to the problem: A. rename the page to "voltage-gated sodium channels" and take out the sections on the other channels. B. keep the title sodium channels, and make it a way larger page, with tons of new information that needs to be added.

I would prefer solution A., as every channel mentioned here has a quite large research field of its own. —Preceding unsigned comment added by X8zWAfi (talk • contribs) 07:42, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with solution A in principle, but sodium channel should still exist as a disambiguation page, with contents similar to the lede of this article, plus a set of wikilinks to subtopic-specific articles. I'm not sure that there is enough material on ligand-gated channels here to justify splitting yet, though. Looie496 (talk) 14:15, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Article is unclear about sodium channels in non-humans
After reading this article, I am unclear whether it is referring to sodium channels in humans, or whether the information is general to other species. The table only lists human channels. Is the cartoon of the molecule specific to humans? If this article only talks about human sodium channels, then it should be expanded to include other species, because invertebrates like squid have been so important in the experimental study of voltage-gated ion channels. Oanjao (talk) 20:59, 21 October 2009 (UTC)
 * The cartoon depicts the structure of sodium channels regardless of the species. The table contains links to the sodium channel subtypes (including both internal Wikipedia gene/protein articles and external HUGO gene links).  While the emphasis of each of these linked articles is on the human gene/protein, it is not restricted to humans.  For example, the infobox in the Gene Wiki articles in turn contains links to the mouse ortholog as well as HomoloGene links which contains a list the corresponding genes in other species. I agree that the article should be modified to make clearer the species distribution of sodium channels.  Cheers.  Boghog (talk) 02:31, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

More general reader friendliness please!
I came across voltage-gated sodium channels while reading about conotoxin, and I clicked just to get an idea what I was reading about. Unfortunately, I did not. I made it a point to read through the whole article, but every single clause in every single sentence contained words and concepts that I could not understand without reading a whole lot of other articles. Reading through the discussion forum, I was impressed that the persons taking care of the article must be very professional and dedicated, but seem to be prfoessionals addressing themselves to other professionals.

As a "man in the street", please take my word for it that the article need to be simplified to be intelligible to the general public.

If at least the intro could state in simple English what is the role of sodium channels in the body, i.e. what is the purpose of guiding sodium ions through cells, the general reader might at least have a general idea. Gfglegal (talk) 07:22, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Agree that this article suffers from the Wikipedia disease of over-editing to the point of inaccessibility to the lay reader. David Colver (talk) 07:21, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Sodium LEAK channels
While I very much appreciate the effort & particularly the detail put into this article, as far as I can tell from my readings there are also sodium leak channels, and this article with this existing title should mention them, not just (mostly) voltage-gated sodium channels, no matter that those professionals who routinely deal specifically with voltage-gated channels may commonly refer to the sodium voltage-gated channel as just the sodium channel out of habit, convenience and succinctness. An article titled Sodium channel should speak about all kinds of sodium channels, not just triggered ones. UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 00:44, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm a student doing a wikieducation linked course and I'm planning on adding some information on sodium leak channels in the coming couple months. I'll likely be referencing Dejian (2011) as a start--OtherwiseDrummer (talk) 16:29, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Include single channel conductance values
This was something that I couldn't find here on the page. I think it would be great to include either an average single sodium channel conductance or a table with conductances for single sodium channel variants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigcmemmott1 (talk • contribs) 16:46, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

resting, active and inactive; add '(also called closed, open, and inactive)'?
Since the state-terms 'closed, open, and inactive' are used in sub-section 'Gating', would it be ok to add '...(also called closed, open, and inactive)' to the end of the sentence in the lead, "These channels go through three different states called resting, active and inactive states."? UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 01:20, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: BYU-Biophysics, CELL 568
— Assignment last updated by AzulRover (talk) 16:36, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sodium channel


text:
Talk:General Prologue

yeoman
the list of the differnt characters all have links to the pages for these characters in the book... all except for the yeoman, can someone please fix that

 * I removed the link to the yeoman as he and several other unlinked pilgrims don't actually have tales. MeltBanana  01:18, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The yeoman actually has a tale. It's called The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale.Bdodo1992 23:18, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, the Canon's Yoeman is not the same character as the yoeman in the General Prologue (the Knight's Yoeman). The Canon and his yoeman join the pilgrimage after the General Prologue (see Canon's Yoeman's Prologue).  The yoeman in the General Prologue does not have a tale.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fvillion (talk • contribs) 16:00, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Chaucer as Narrator
I am taking the liberty of adding a paragraph under the "Structure" sub heading with reference to the identity of the narrator in the "Canterbury Tales". I am mostly expanding on the debate surrounding whether or not Chaucer is the narrator. It is an important distinction to make, as it has implications for approaching the situational irony throughout the tales. Mostly, I am stating that Chaucer being the narrator of the tales in general is NOT a 100% certain fact and that their are two sides to the debate.
 * The Narrator of the Canterbury Tales
 * Ben Kimpel
 * ELH, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1953), pp. 77-86
 * Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
 * Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2872071 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwalkfour (talk • contribs) 17:58, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

remove list?
I can't see how the recently-added list of tales is good for this article. The tales are not a feature of the General Prologue, but of the Canterbury Tales as a whole (where they are duly listed). Moreover, this list already exists in BOTH of the navboxes at the bottom. I recommend the section be deleted. Phil wink (talk) 17:17, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I'm removing them. -- asilvering (talk) 16:56, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

What are the main reasons for the medieval life in the general prologue
What are the in reasons for the medieval life in the general  prologue 129.0.102.9 (talk) 06:31, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

 * You'll have to do your homework yourself, I'm afraid. -- asilvering (talk) 19:44, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Prologue


text:
Brentwood Bay, British Columbia

Brentwood Bay is a small village in the municipality of Central Saanich, on the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia, Canada. It lies north of the city of Victoria, east of the community of Willis Point, and south of the town of Sidney. Situated on the Saanich Inlet and the Tod Inlet, it includes the Butchart Gardens, the Victoria Butterfly Gardens and the Brentwood Bay Lodge & Spa. Brentwood Bay also includes a BC Ferries dock which connects to Mill Bay. The region also plays host to various wineries and restaurants, and also features hiking and a variety of wildlife in Gowlland Tod Provincial Park.

Brentwood Bay is part of the District of Central Saanich (pop. 17,385 ), one of the 13 municipalities that make up the Greater Victoria area (pop. 397,237 ). It is located on Highway 17A just west of Highway 17 (known locally as the "Pat Bay Highway"), the main route running the length of the Saanich Peninsula. It is also served frequently by the Brentwood-Mill Bay ferry, the MV Klitsa, run by BC Ferries.

Originally named Sluggett after an early settler, it was renamed Brentwood Bay for the town of Brentwood, Essex.

In film

 * Black Point starring David Caruso in 2001
 * The Mermaid Chair starring Kim Basinger in 2004
 * Gracepoint television series in 2014 - Remake of UK Broadchurch 2013
 * Maid - 2021

title: Brentwood Bay, British Columbia


text:
José Luis Alcaine

José Luis Alcaine Escaño (born 26 December 1938) is a Spanish cinematographer. Educated in Tangier, he was the first cinematographer to use a fluorescent tube as key lighting in the 1970s. He has worked on films such as Belle Époque (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 1993), Two Much (1995), Blast from the Past (1999), and The Skin I Live In (2011).

He won the European Film Award for Best Cinematographer for Volver, and has received five Goya Awards for best cinematography.

In February 2019, he received the Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes.

title: José Luis Alcaine


text:
Sigma Arietis

Sigma Arietis, Latinized from σ Arietis, is the Bayer designation for a star in the northern constellation of Aries. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +5.52, which is bright enough for the star to be seen with the naked eye from dark suburban skies. The star is located at a distance of approximately 470 ly from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +17 km/s. On November 20, 1952, it was observed being occulted by the planet Jupiter.

Sigma Arietis is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B7 V. This is a large star with three times the radius of the Sun and 3.8 times the Sun's mass. It shines around 301 times as brightly as the helium and oxeygen, with this energy being radiated into space from its outer atmosphere at a scorching hot effective temperature of 13,121 K. It is this heat that gives the star the blue-white hue of a B-type star. Sigma Arietis is spinning at a rapid clip, with a projected rotational velocity of 165 km/s. It is a probable member of the Cas-Tau OB association of stars that share a common motion through space.

In 2016, a stellar companion was reported based on observations using adaptive optics with the Gemini North Telescope.

title: Sigma Arietis


text: User talk:71.133.221.90

title: User talk:71.133.221.90


text:
Kozmice

Kozmice may refer to places in the Czech Republic:

 * Kozmice (Benešov District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
 * Kozmice (Opava District), a municipality and village in the Moravian-Silesian Region
 * Kozmice, a village and part of Radenín in the South Bohemian Region
 * Kozmice, a village and part of Strážiště in the Central Bohemian Region

title: Kozmice


text:
File:Knightrider2000.jpg

Summary
Promotional photo for Knight Rider 2000, copyright 1991 Universal Studios productions. Used for illustrative purposes only.

title: File:Knightrider2000.jpg


text:
Theta Arietis

Theta Arietis, Latinised from θ Arietis, is the Bayer designation for a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.58. With an annual parallax shift of 7.61 mas, the distance to this star is an estimated 429 ly with a 10-light-year margin of error. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +6 km/s.

The primary, component A, is a white-hued, A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A1 Vn. It is spinning at a rapid pace as shown by the projected rotational velocity of 186 km/s. This is causing the "nebulous" appearance of the absorption lines indicated by the 'n' suffix in the classification. In 2005, C. Neiner and associates classified this as a Be star because is displays emission features in the hydrogen Balmer lines.

In 2016, a solar-mass companion was reported in close orbit around this star, based on observations using adaptive optics with the Gemini North Telescope.

title: Theta Arietis


text: User talk:65.190.56.99

title: User talk:65.190.56.99


text:
User:Cnwb/2

Talk • VFD/ + / ? • S? • (c) • templates • stubs • Style • au • au.nb • Current Events / au-nz • New • todo• Edits • Melb • WP:Albums • WldMus • theory • Phl''' '''

 :: Statistics  UTC, 29 July 2024 Currently articles

 :: The Other Me
 * My del.icio.us links
 * My blog

 :: Current projects
 * Expand coverage of Australian experimental music
 * Fill in the gaps at Australian independent bands 1976-92
 * Fill in the Australia gaps at Project World Music Phase 2
 * Fill in the gaps at List of Australian musicians
 * Help out on these music redlinks
 * Victoria-related articles.

 :: Current favourite quote "I used to be with it, but then they changed what "it" was. Now, what I'm with isn't it, and what's "it" seems weird and scary to me"

- Grandpa Simpson

 :: Page design
 * Thanks to Blankfaze, whose user page I copied, with permission.

CNWB is a wikipedian from Melbourne Australia, and has been so since November 14 2004. He was born in Perth, Western Australia in 1973 and lived briefly in Adelaide before his family moved to Melbourne in the late 1970s. CNWB is currently studying history at Macquarie University. He enjoys a short gin and tonic with freshly squeezed lime, strong coffee, Coopers Sparkling Ale, pinot noir, and the (very) occasional cigarette. Here is his task list. This sentence is his 2000th edit. w00t.

October 2005
Celebrated my fiancée's mother's birthday at a Thai restaurant on Sydney Road, Brunswick • Wrote an essay on moral relativism.

September 2005
Celebrated Father's Day with my family at Phillip Island • Celebrated my fiancée's father's birthday at an Indian restaurant in Brunswick East • Celebrated my own birthday with friends at a Thai restaurant in Brunswick East, with my partner at a Middle Eastern restaurant in Southbank, and with my family at a North Chinese restaurant at Federation Square • Wrote an essay on Epicurus

August 2005
Attended the funeral of my fiance's grandfather • Celebrated my brother's birthday with a counter meal in Brunswick • Completed an essay on Greek, Mesopotamian, and biblical creation myths • Bought 3 red platies, 2 golden gouramis, and 2 white mollies for the fishtank.

July 2005
Completed an essay on Egyptian funerary rites • Celebrated my father's birthday at an Italian restaurant in Ferntree Gully • Completed an essay on the flood myth in The Book of Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh • Moved from a city apartment to a small house in Brunswick East

title: User:Cnwb/2


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/V. Molotov

A statement: I have generally been disdained and pissed off by generally arrogant editors on this site, who bring up ancient history and a recent outburst to oppose me on my RfA - without looking into the fact that I had been contributing edits and had effectively set a high standard for every article I have edited or created. They have chosen a vandal (Gadugi/Jeff Merkey) and a known provoker of vandalism and edit wars (i.e. DreamGuy), over me. In my opinion they do not have the discretion to accredit hard working Wikipedians, hold grudges, and have generally betrayed me as some of those people on my opposition I had helped before. Although the idiot comment against Gadugi is completely warranted - they do not seem to care. Neither do I, and it is for that reason that I see little incentive to want to contribute to this site, as it has only provoked my anger for the last few months. I don't need Wikipedia...on the other hand, Wikipedia needs users such as I, and other hard workers, who actually take the time out of their lives to take bullcrap on a daily basis and get vandalized in the process. Furthermore, the lack of recognition and the quickness to point out mistakes has led me to the conclusion that I have no reason to be on this site. I want to revert every good thing that I did here...erase all those articles, and put back in all the vandalism that I had taken out, just to demonstrate what one user's value really is on a different perspective. RickK had emphatically stated that there is a fatal flaw in this system - that being those of intellectual, and arrogant pricks who are running the others like they are in a zoo. I have left Wikipedia before, and had only come back because other Wikipedians told me my presence was needed here...that what I was doing was notable and admirable. Apparently, they are not correct, as my RfA had proved to me that I have no reason to be here. I have recently been invited to join WikiBooks, and Spanish and Portuguese sites...so I may stick around there, but I am not sure as this entire site has me "flustered" with a general lack of judgement and arrogance. I see no reason to continue here,Molotov (talk)  01:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:71.134.207.91

title: User talk:71.134.207.91


text:
Bedtime story

A bedtime story is a traditional form of storytelling, where a story is told to a child at bedtime to prepare the child for sleep. The bedtime story has long been considered "a definite institution in many families".

The term "bedtime story" was coined by Louise Chandler Moulton in her 1873 book, Bed-time Stories. The scholar Robin Bernstein traces how the "ritual of an adult reading out loud to a child at bedtime formed mainly in the second half of the nineteenth century and achieved prominence in the early twentieth century in tandem with the rising belief that soothing rituals were necessary for children at the end of the day. The ritual resulted from and negotiated diverse phenomena: not only the growth of the picture book industry but also the spread of isolated sleeping in which children occupied individual bedrooms, the expansion of electricity and heating systems that shifted evening reading beyond the hearth to other domestic spaces, and a bevy of newly crowned psychological experts who persuaded parents that children needed" bedtime rituals. "By the middle of the twentieth century," Bernstein writes, "the ritual had acquired acute symbolic meaning. Parents’ reading to children at bedtime became a metonym for proper parenting and an idealized middle- class childhood."

Reading bedtime stories yields multiple benefits for parents and children alike. The fixed routine of a bedtime story before sleeping can improve the child's brain development, language mastery, and logical thinking skills. The storyteller-listener relationship creates an emotional bond between the parent and the child. Due to "the strength of the imitative instinct" of a child, the parent and the stories that they tell act as a model for the child to follow.

Bedtime stories are also useful for teaching the child abstract virtues such as sympathy, selflessness, and self-control, as most children are said to be "naturally sympathetic when they have experienced or can imagine the feelings of others". Thus, bedtime stories can be used to discuss darker subjects such as death and racism. As the bedtime stories broaden in theme, the child "will broaden in their conception of the lives and feelings of others".

Adult versions in the form of audio books help adults fall asleep without finishing the story.

Western culture
Within the Western culture, many parents read bedtime stories to their kids for assuring peaceful sleep. Usually, this habit is considered as a way to build good relationship between parents and the kids along with the generation of other benefits. The type of stories and the timing may differ on cultural basis. In western culture, you may find different categories of bedtime stories.

Cultural depiction
Like any other culture, western bedtime stories are full of the traditional value and stories from the predominant sub-cultures. Mentioning of cowboys and hippie lifestyle is a prominent form of verbal storytelling.

New authors
With the ease of publishing and color printing, new authors have become part of the story writing industry where they write new, creative and picture-related stories to keep the audience engaged as presented in a series of children's storybooks written by Arthur S. Maxwell.

European culture
The European culture has a vast collection of bedtime stories. They are not only read in the European region, but they are famous throughout the world. This helps the kids to develop their minds and enhance their capability. The European culture of bedtime stories is based on Aesop's or Greek fables which are loved all around the world by both the adults and children.

Aesop's fables
The Aesop's fables are a collection of fables that were written by a Greek storyteller named Aesop. These fables include different animal characters, providing a moral lesson or a great place of wisdom for the young minds to understand. As these fables include morals, they are read to children in modern times to teach them ethical and moral values.

The Aesop's Fables originally belong to the oral tradition and Greek people. After thirty years of Aesop's death, these fables were collected and compiled. The work of the Aesop was in Latin and Greek which was later translated to different languages, giving more fame to theses fables.

Different Aesop's fables
There is a vast collection of Aesop's fables for children to read at bedtime. A lot of them are very famous and very much loved by the children as well as the parents. Some of the many Aesop's Fables are:

 * The Ant and the Grasshopper
 * The Boy Who Cried Wolf
 * The Cock, the Dog and the Fox
 * The Dog and Its Reflection

What's there in Aesop's fables
The fables help the kids as well as adult to learn the lessons fast in an effective manner. The examples are more powerful than percept. Therefore, the children gain more ethical values from these types of stories.

Contemporary bedtime stories
In the modern age some adults also use bedtime stories to fall asleep. Often, mobile applications are used for this purpose.

Scientific research
Being read bedtime stories increases children's vocabularies.

title: Bedtime story


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Kozmice (Opava District)

Kozmice  (Kosmütz) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,900 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.

History
The first written mention of Kozmice is from 1349. On 1 July 1973, Kozmice became part of the town of Hlučín, but the municipality once again became independent on 1 January 1993.

title: Kozmice (Opava District)


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User talk:Rationale

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 01:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Rationale


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Jan Novák (composer)

Jan Novák (8 April 1921, Nová Říše – 17 November 1984, Neu Ulm) was a Czech composer of classical music. Novák was primarily active in the 1960s and composed the music for several films of Karel Kachyňa. Novák also composed music for the films of animators Jiří Trnka and Karel Zeman, the leading figures of the Czech animated film, as well as for Wir (1982, TV film) (based on We, the 1921 Russian novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin).

Jan Novák was also a Contemporary Latin poet, under the pen name Ianus Novak. In 1970 he was awarded the magna laus at the Amsterdam Latin poetry competition, the Certamen poeticum Hoeufftianum.

Selected works

 * Concerto for oboe and orchestra (1952)
 * Baletti a 9 for nonett (1955)
 * Concerto for two pianos and orchestra (1955)
 * Concertino for wind quintett (1957)
 * Capriccio for cello and orchestra (1958)
 * Dulces cantilenae for soprana and cello (1961)
 * Passer Catulli for bass and nonett (1962)
 * Ioci vernales for bass, octet and tape (1964)
 * Dido, cantata for mezzosopran, speaker, men's choir and orchestra (1967)
 * Exercitia mythologica for four- to eight-part mixed choir (1968)
 * Ignis pro Ioanne Palach for choir and orchestra (1969)
 * Apicius modulatus for voice and guitar (1971)
 * Odarum concentus for strings orchestra (1973)
 * Schola cantans for voice and piano (1973)
 * Dulcitius, opera (1974)
 * Concentus Biiugis for 4-hands piano and orchestra (1976)
 * ''Due preludi e fughe' for flute (1979)
 * Ludi concertantes (1981)
 * Sonata da chiesa I and II for flute and organ (1981)
 * Sonata super hoson zes for violin or flute and piano (1981)
 * Aesopia for four-part mixed choir and 2 pianos or small orchestra (1981)
 * Vernalis temporis symphonia for soli, choir and orchestra (1982)
 * Symphonia bipartita (1983)
 * Sonata tribus for flute, violin and piano (1982)
 * Marsyas for piccolo and piano (1983)
 * Cantica Latina for voice and piano (discovered in 1985)

title: Jan Novák (composer)


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FFA Centre of Excellence

The FFA Centre of Excellence (formerly the Australian Institute of Sport Football Program) was a soccer talent identification and player development program run by Football Federation Australia (FFA) and was based at the Australian Institute of Sport, in Canberra. The Centre of Excellence ran this program for men. The program was one of the eight founding sports of the AIS in 1981. The FFA announced that the centre would close at the end of 2017.

History
The AIS soccer program was funded by the Australian Federal Government, through the Australian Sports Commission. In 2005–2006 this funding amounted to A$1,115,000. The format involved 20 students per year selected for an initial period of 12 months training and study, with the additional option of a second year. The men's program was residential, while the women's was training camp-based. Students were generally 15–17 years old when selected and required to have current, or pending, Australian citizenship.

The original stated aim of the men's program was "'To identify and develop players for the national under-20 youth team and to develop coaches through the Scholarship Coaching scheme'."

Head coaches

 * Jimmy Shoulder (1981–1986)
 * Ron Smith (1986–1996)
 * Steve O'Connor (1996–2008)
 * Jan Versleijen (2008–2011)
 * Tony Vidmar (2012–2017)

National representation
Following the decision of several soccer graduates to represent other countries at a senior national level (e.g. Josip Simunic), the AIS implemented contracts whereby the cost of the scholarship would later have to be repaid by any graduate who went on to play soccer at a senior level representing a country – other than Australia – in international competition.

World Cup
AIS soccer has developed many players to represent Socceroos at the FIFA World Cup.

2006 Germany
John Aloisi (1992), Marco Bresciano (1997), Brett Emerton (1995–1996), Joshua Kennedy (1998–1999), Mark Milligan (2002), Craig Moore (1992–1993), Lucas Neill (1994–1995), Josip Skoko (1992–1993), Mile Sterjovski (1996–1996), Mark Viduka (1992–1993) and Luke Wilkshire (1998), Josip Šimunić (1994–1996) for Croatia

2010 South Africa
Lucas Neill (captain) (1994–1995), Craig Moore (1992–1993), Brett Emerton (1995–1996), Luke Wilkshire (1998), Joshua Kennedy (1998–1999), Adam Federici (2002), Vince Grella (1996–1997), Carl Valeri (2000–2001), Nikita Rukavytsya (2005–2006), Mark Milligan (2002), Dario Vidosic (2005–2006), Marco Bresciano (1997), Josip Šimunić (1994–1996) for Croatia

2014 Brazil
Marco Bresciano (1997), James Holland (2006–2007), Mitchell Langerak (2005–2006), Matt McKay (2000–2001), Mark Milligan (2002), Matthew Spiranovic (2006), Dario Vidosic (2005–2006)

National Soccer League
The AIS fielded teams in the former National Soccer League's youth competition. Within that competition it was placed in the Northern Division. The AIS won three titles, in 1986, 1998 and 1999.

Victorian Premier League
The men's program had previously entered a team in the New South Wales Premier League competition in 2005. In 2007 the AIS entered a team into the Victorian Premier League. This would allow regular, weekly competitive matches that were lacking for previous scholarship holders. As part of their inclusion as the only non-Victorian team in the VPL competition, all 'home' fixtures were played in Victoria for the 2007 season. The side struggled for consistency throughout the season, finishing 12th on the ladder, however great benefit was reportedly gained from the participation in a men's competition. In 2008 the men's program team continued to participate in the Victorian Premier League, improving from the previous year as the AIS finished 8th on the ladder. AIS home games were also played in Canberra, while some high-profile matches which includes the Round 21 match between the AIS and the Preston Lions FC was played in Country Victoria at Rumbalara Oval, Shepparton. This was designed to promote the competition and bring the top state league competition to new areas.

However the men's program team will cease to compete in the Victorian Premier League competition for 2009, as the AIS program will be designed to accommodate younger players, hence eliminating the need to compete in a senior men's competition.

National Youth League
On 3 July 2009, it was announced the AIS would compete in the National Youth League.

In August 2017, the Centre of Excellence was closed by the FFA.

Notable alumni
List of players with 10 caps or more for their country. Names in bold for players who represented their Country at a FIFA World Cup.

title: FFA Centre of Excellence


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SN 2005bc

SN 2005bc was a Type Ia supernova occurring in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 5698, located in the northern constellation of Boötes. SN 2005bc was discovered on 2 April 2005 by LOSS and independently by Tim Puckett and L. Cox. It was positioned at an offset of $4.6 arcsecond$ east and $7.5 arcsecond$ north of the galactic nucleus. The supernova was at magnitude 16.4 at discovery, and quickly rose to a peak magnitude of around 15.3 (in visible light) just over a week after discovery. It showed an expansion velocity of $12,000 km/s$. By mid-May, the supernova had faded to 17th magnitude.

The host galaxy, NGC 5698, along with the supernova lie approximately 129 million light-years (~40 million parsecs) from Earth. As the supernova was of Type Ia, its progenitor star was a compact white dwarf star that exceeded the Chandrasekhar limit.

title: SN 2005bc


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Karel Plíhal

Karel Plíhal (born August 23, 1958 in Přerov) is a Czech folk and jazz musician, singer, songwriter and record producer.

He graduated from the Industrial College of Engineering and then worked as a designer and boilerman in the Olomouc theatre, finally becoming a singer (even though he had no formal musical education). He has played the guitar since he was 15 years old. First, he played in various underground country-swing bands in Olomouc: Hučka, Falešní hráči and Plíharmonyje. He produced his first solo album in 1983. Between 1985 and 1993, Plíhal worked with Emil Pospíšil, and from 1995 to 1999 he produced music with Petr Freund. He has also won four Porta folk music awards. His 2005 album Karel Plíhal in Olomouc was recorded in his home town in Moravia in a 2004 concert.

Plíhal has composed music for numerous productions at the Moravian Theatre in Olomouc, among others Zlatovláska, Sluha dvou pánů, Utrpení Dona Perlimplína, Manon Lescaut, Cyrano, Zimní pohádka, Pašije and Giroflé-Giroflá. He has set music to a few of Josef Kainar's poems, and he has directed recording for albums by artists such as Jarek Nohavica, Petr Fiala, Eben brothers and Bokomara band.

He starred as himself in Petr Zelenka's mockumentary Year of the Devil.

Discography

 * Vzduchoprazdniny (2012) - (expected September 1, 2012)
 * Karel Plíhal v Olomouci (2005) - two CD recording of a concert in Olomouc
 * Karel Plíhal v Telči (2005) - DVD recording of a concert in Telč
 * Nebe počká (2004) – poems of Josef Kainar, in collaboration with Zuzana Navarová
 * Rok Ďábla (2002) – music for the movie of the same name
 * Kluziště (2000) - album with new arrangements of old songs
 * Napadl Sníh (Sova Sněžná) (2000) - a single released as a Christmas CD of Česká spořitelna
 * Králíci, ptáci a hvězdy (1996)
 * Takhle nějak to bylo ... (1994)
 * Karel Plíhal 1985-89 (1992) – summary edition of the two previous albums with added song Žlutí sokoli
 * Karel Plíhal...Emil Pospíšil... (1989)
 * Karel Plíhal (1985)
 * Plíharmonyje - concert bootleg
 * Mávej, mávej - concert bootleg

title: Karel Plíhal


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User:Illoojonz

It's meant sound like illusion.

title: User:Illoojonz


text:
Rho Arietis

The Bayer designation Rho Arietis (ρ Arietis, abbreviated to ρ Ari) is shared by three stars in the constellation of Aries:

 * ρ¹ Arietis (44 Arietis), an A-type main sequence star.
 * ρ² Arietis (45 Arietis), an M-type giant star.
 * ρ³ Arietis (46 Arietis), an F-type main sequence star.

In some instances, ρ³ Arietis is called simply ρ Arietis.

title: Rho Arietis


text: User talk:66.176.38.10

title: User talk:66.176.38.10


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United States v. Seeger

United States v. Seeger, 380 U.S. 163 (1965), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the exemption from the military draft for conscientious objectors could be reserved not only for those professing conformity with the moral directives of a supreme being but also for those whose views on war derived from a "sincere and meaningful belief which occupies in the life of its possessor a place parallel to that filled by the God of those" who had routinely gotten the exemption.

The Court reasoned that "both morals and sound policy require that the state should not violate the conscience of the individual" and that "liberty of conscience has a moral and social value which makes it worthy of preservation at the hands of the state." Additionally, that if this principle is violated to preserve the "life" of the state that it puts into question whether the state will lose its "life" as a result.

The case resolved, on diverse but related grounds, three cases, each involving conviction for failure to accept induction into the armed forces on the part of someone who sought conscientious-objector status without "belong[ing] to an orthodox religious sect". The accused, whose cases were otherwise unrelated, were Arno Sascha Jakobson, Forest Britt Peter, and Daniel Andrew Seeger; it was Seeger's case that gave its name to the multi-case decision. Archibald Cox, then Solicitor General, argued for the United States in every case.

title: United States v. Seeger


text:
User talk:Ajlajl~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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I noticed that you have not provided a source for Image:Geritt Lotsch born 1942.jpg. Could you please do so. Thanks, JYolkowski // talk 01:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ajlajl~enwiki


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User talk:BigDaddy~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called BigDaddy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name BigDaddy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Ludgeřovice

Ludgeřovice (Ludgierzowitz, Ludgierzowice) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,000 inhabitants, which makes it one of the most populated Czech municipalities without the town status. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.

Geography
Ludgeřovice is located about 24 km east of Opava. It is urbanistically merged with the Petřkovice part of the city of Ostrava in the south and with Markvartovice in the north. It lies mostly in the Opava Hilly Land. The southern forested part of the municipal territory lies in the Nízký Jeseník range and includes the highest point of Ludgeřovice at 316 m above sea level.

History
The first written mention of Ludgeřovice is from 1303.

Transport
The I/56 road from Ostrava to Opava passes through the municipality.

Sights
The main landmark of Ludgeřovice is the Church of Saint Nicholas. It was built in 1906–1907.

Notable people

 * Vladimír Coufal (born 1992), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Ludgeřovice is twinned with:
 * 🇭🇺 Putnok, Hungary
 * 🇸🇰 Tisovec, Slovakia

title: Ludgeřovice


text:
Inspector Clouseau (film)

Inspector Clouseau is a 1968 British comedy film, and the third installment in The Pink Panther film series. It was directed by Bud Yorkin, written by brothers Frank Waldman and Tom Waldman and stars Alan Arkin as the title character. It was filmed by Mirisch Films at the MGM-British Studios, Borehamwood and in Europe.

Screenwriter Frank Waldman would later co-write The Return of the Pink Panther, The Pink Panther Strikes Again, Revenge of the Pink Panther, and Trail of the Pink Panther. Tom Waldman would co-write Trail with Frank.

Unlike the previous instalments in the film series, Blake Edwards was not the director, nor did Henry Mancini write the film's score, and the title role was not portrayed by Peter Sellers. All three were involved at that time with the film The Party. Nonetheless, The Mirisch Company wanted to proceed with this project, so when Sellers and Edwards declined to participate, Mirisch decided to proceed without them. The film languished in obscurity and although it has been released to home video on VHS, DVD and Blu-ray, it was not included in 2004's Pink Panther Collection but was later added to the Ultimate collection released in 2008.

The film received mostly negative reviews and performed poorly at the box office.

Plot
In London, Sir Charles Braithwaite, Commissioner for Scotland Yard, struggles to solve an organized crime case involving a gang which has been performing robberies across Europe. England's Prime Minister decides to request outside help to solve the case, which the press view as an insult. French Inspector Jacques Clouseau is the one sent to assist. Sir Charles briefs Clouseau on the case. Three suspects were in custody, but two, Frenchie LeBec and Steven Frey escaped. The only suspect still in custody is Addison Steele.

Sir Charles warns Clouseau not to trust anyone, even those in the Yard, as he is suspicious that there is a mole among their ranks. Meanwhile, Steele works as the prison's barber. When Clouseau arrives, Steele is cutting the hair of the warden's son, Clyde Hargreaves. Once Clyde is finished, Steele tells Clouseau that he does not know who the leader of the gang is, but only knows him by the name of "Johnny Rainbow." Clouseau is then tricked into a shave by Steele. During the hot towel treatment, Steele uses chloroform to subdue Clouseau and escape custody.

At Scotland Yard, Superintendent Weaver gives Clouseau experimental disguised weapons to help with his investigation. Frenchie later attempts to assassinate Clouseau, who accidentally kills him with one of Weaver's weapons. Sir Charles is annoyed that Clouseau killed Frenchie, as they were unable to interrogate him. After realizing his own food has been poisoned, Clouseau finds a matchbook from a nearby inn called Tudor Arms on Frenchie's body. At the inn, Clouseau searches for more leads and is seduced by two women that subdue and kidnap him. They pour rubber on Clouseau's face, which they use to make a mold of his likeness.

Clouseau accidentally kills the owner of the inn by crushing him with a bed and realizes that he has a Johnny Rainbow tattoo. Clouseau goes to Frenchie's funeral in France to look for more leads and is attacked by the gang. Weaver's maid, Lisa Morell, arrives and rescues him. She is actually an agent for Interpol who has been sent to help him. Clouseau does not believe Lisa's story and arrests her. However, his superior, Préfet de Police Geffrion, confirms she is telling the truth.

At the gang's hideout, Johnny Rainbow is revealed to be Clyde Hargreaves. He has used the rubber mold to create several masks that resemble Clouseau's face. Rainbow's plan is for the gang to rob thirteen Swiss banks simultaneously, while Clouseau takes the fall for the crime. Clouseau learns of the plan and goes to the hideout to investigate. Two of Rainbow's men, Bomber LeBec and Stockton follow Clouseau and attempt to kidnap him, but Weaver arrives and foils this. Weaver, who is actually the mole, slips a train ticket from Le Havre, France to Zurich, Switzerland in Clouseau’s pocket and walks away.

On the train, Weaver attempts to kill Clouseau and later poses as him in Zurich. Lisa warns him about Weaver, not realizing she is really speaking to Weaver in disguise. Lisa is kidnapped by the gang, and Rainbow puts on the disguise as Clouseau. Weaver and Rainbow feed the Swiss authorities false information about the robberies and order the bank presidents to put all their funds into the waiting armored cars outside for "safekeeping." The money is then switched into fake Lindt & Sprüngli vans. They take the money to one of Lindt’s chocolate factories and package the stolen money like chocolate bars and then put them into a ship on the Limmat River.

The real Clouseau is arrested for the robberies and cannot convince the authorities of the truth. Weaver attempts to escape by disguising himself as Clouseau, but is killed in a fight with the real Clouseau. This proves that Clouseau is innocent. He goes to rescue Lisa, chases after Steele and is eventually captured by Rainbow's men. Clouseau escapes using one of Weaver's weapons and sinks the ship. The heist is foiled, but Rainbow and his men escape. Clouseau returns to France after saying goodbye to a grateful Sir Charles.

Cast notes
In addition to the title role, Arkin also played the members of the gang whenever they were disguised as Clouseau, with the other actors' voices dubbed onto the soundtrack.

Production
Although the two previous Pink Panther films (The Pink Panther and A Shot in the Dark), both directed by Blake Edwards and featuring Peter Sellers as Inspector Jacques Clouseau, were successful, Sellers and Edwards clashed during production and vowed never to work together again. Producer Walter Mirisch was interested in making a third Pink Panther film, but Sellers repeatedly refused the role. Following Alan Arkin's success in The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming, Mirisch cast Arkin in the role of Clouseau. Blake Edwards turned down the director's chores so Mirisch hired Bud Yorkin. Just prior to the beginning of production, Sellers contacted Mirisch stating that only he could play Clouseau and would appear in the film if he was given script approval. Mirisch turned him down.

The film was produced by Lewis J. Rachmil as one of Mirisch Films United Kingdom's film company qualifying for Eady Levy funds. Location scenes for Inspector Clouseau were shot in Europe.

The animated opening credits were created and designed by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises and animated by London-based TVC, using DePatie-Freleng`s character design of The Inspector from the series of cartoon shorts under that title. (DePatie Freleng also animated the Pink Panther cartoon shorts, as well as the opening credit sequences for most of the Edwards-Sellers Clouseau films).

Reception
Renata Adler of The New York Times was negative, calling the film "one of those episodic, all-purpose arbitrary comedies in which anything goes—and nothing works." Variety praised the film as "a lively, entertaining and episodic story of bank robbers. Good scripting, better acting and topnotch direction get the most out of the material." Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, writing that "Arkin provides some funny scenes," but that they "are the exception and not the rule, however. For most of the time, events move pretty slowly, and the camera lingers on Arkin, waiting for moments of inspiration that never come." Time magazine wrote, "Arkin follows meticulously in his predecessor's flatfootsteps, but the result is only a parody of a parody," adding, "Bud Yorkin's slovenly direction makes the film look as if every expense had been spared, trapping Arkin in a farce of habit that will probably retire Clouseau to oblivion — one picture too late." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "a dull comedy ... that deflates faster than a leaky balloon. Not that it's the highly gifted Arkin's fault. He tries and tries (and occasionally succeeds) but the uninspired script is hopeless from the start." Leo Sullivan of The Washington Post called it "a mirthless failure." Penelope Gilliatt of The New Yorker called it "an incredibly bad film, but Alan Arkin is sometimes very funny in it, especially when he doesn't try to be." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Though it moves at a fast enough pace and is more inventively directed than A Shot in the Dark (Bud Yorkin makes good use of his elaborate sets and expensive gadgetry), this third film in the Clouseau series finally demonstrates that the joke has run out of steam. That it works at all is largely due to Alan Arkin's performance as Clouseau, which emerges as a hilarious blend of Keaton and Sellers."

title: Inspector Clouseau (film)