text:
San Esteban de Gormaz

San Esteban de Gormaz is a municipality in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, Spain. Its population is approximately 3,500. The town is located in the Wool Route and the Way of the Cid, the route of the exile of the Cid.

The village lies between the bank of River Duero and a small hill, 70 km west of the capital of the province (Soria), 28 km from Tiermes and 45 km from Aranda de Duero.

The Arab Gormaz Castle is located nearby.

The zone where it is located has known settlements from prehistory.

Historically, both Roman and Arab, constructed establishments of which some heritage is conserved.

The Arabs considered it a very important Christian center. This caused it to become a military objective for 200 years, from the beginning of the construction of its castle by the Arabs in the ninth century (at which time the population was called Castromoro) until it fell finally into the hands of the kingdom of Castile. The innumerable fights that took place this time throughout were the reason so that this place located in the border of Castile consolidated as an urban nucleus.

In 1187 the first Cortes of Castile were celebrated in the town and its importance continued growing until the end of the thirteenth century, when it reached its maximum splendor. By this date it had 3000 inhabitants (120 knights), four parishes and two monasteries located outside the limits of the village.

After the thirteenth century, the town decayed slowly. It experienced periods of great poverty and loss of population until the twentieth century. However, recently it has carried out an industrialization project that helped elevate the population to the levels that it had known in better times.

List of settlements included in the municipality

 * Aldea de San Esteban
 * Atauta
 * Inés
 * Morcuera
 * Matanza de Soria
 * Olmillos
 * Pedraja de San Esteban
 * Peñalba de San Esteban
 * Piquera de San Esteban
 * Quintanas Rubias de Abajo
 * Quintanas Rubias de Arriba
 * Quintanilla de Tres Barrios
 * Rejas de San Esteban
 * Soto de San Esteban
 * Torraño
 * Torremocha de Ayllón
 * Velilla de San Esteban
 * Villálvaro

title: San Esteban de Gormaz


text:
Talk:Neurofibromatosis type II

Translation
Hallo! This is my first contribution to the english Wikipedia. The article is a translation from the german Wikipedia: Neurofibromatose Typ 2. Greetings -- Andy.we 08:11, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Dear Andy,

And a very good contribution it is! It is the most comprehensive, scholarly, and current dissertation I have read to date. Many thanks for this valuable article. Mark Bornfeld DDS, Brooklyn, NY, USA --dentaltwin 18:34, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you. Greetings -- Andy.we 19:47, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's a very good effort Andy. Thank you for it. encephalon  19:54, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality
In "treatment", under "Operative therapy of acoustic neuroma", the last item on the list states that "There are many political reasons why endoscopy is not mainstream yet within the surgeon community". This does not seems like something that should appear in an encyclopedia. I'm new here, what do we do about this? Boblive (talk) 21:47, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

mosaic NF2
Excellent article. Could the author add something about 'Mosaic NF2', a milder form of NF2 experienced by some who are first in the family to be affected. There's an article describing a case of this in the October 2017 issue of the ANA/NJ Newsletter Richard J Barker (talk) 16:02, 4 March 2018 (UTC)w The article cites a useful fact sheet about Mosaic NF2 by the Neuro Foundation (Jan 2012) at www.nfauk.org.71.53.143.130 (talk) 14:17, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Neurofibromatosis type II


text:
Davis Hall

Davis Hall may refer to:
 * Davis Memorial Hall, building on Washington & Jefferson campus
 * Barbara and Jack Davis Hall, building on the university at Buffalo campus

title: Davis Hall


text: File:13 - Mr. Moonlight ~Ai No Big Band~.jpg


text:
Talk:Nnamdi Azikiwe

Untitled
I feel this line of text should be rephrased:

"Azikwe returned to Africa to enter politics"

Africa, is a continent with many different countries....you have to be specific about where he returned to, namely his country, namely Nigeria.

Thank you.

 * I will change Africa to Nigeria. Next time be bold and edit it yourself! - Stoph 01:20, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Premature obituary
The premature obituaries page states his obituary was published days before he died. A bit of an unfortunate coincidence I guess which must have consipiracy theorists working overtime. Can anyone elaborate on what actually happened? I notice he was very old so I guess may he may have been very sick or something so maybe they got misinformation? Nil Einne 22:32, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

If memory serves correctly, you are correct in your assumption that his age and failing health led to premature announcements of his death (as far back as 7 or 8 years prior, even). I doubt there were any conspiracy theories surrounding the issue since he was not prominently active in national/regional politics at the time of his death. Boonjava 20:36, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Do you have sources or details of any of these premature obituaries? If so please add them to List of premature obituaries as a reference. Thanks! Ben Finn 18:42, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Actually, the premature obituary was YEARS before his death. It was in 1988 or 89 (I was in elementary school at the time). It was first announced on NTA(TV) News. Prominent politicians (RBK Okafor) came forward to say they had been with him hours before his death. A committee of friends was set up even. The next morning all the papers carried the news. Then that evening, Zik himself was on TV protesting. Hilarious. I'll see if I can find any documentation on the web.

PLEASE, why is there no mention of his wife or children in the article? Is there any information on his family? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.206.15.1 (talk) 11:43, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

 * does anyone have access to any souces about legislative achievements from his presidency or what he did while in office? the deatils here are kind of sparse and I have been having trouble locating other secondary sources. any help would be greatly appreciated! 134.126.151.207 (talk) 13:48, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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He was in West London, UK in the 1930s
Someone might want to add this: I don't know how to do it.

He was in Soho, West London, UK in the late-1930s:

A future Nigerian head of state, the pan-African student Ben Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904-1996) frequented the Nest and Jig’s Club, and highly valued the Nest for its relaxed “confraternity between blacks and whites”.

Source: Walkowitz, J.R. (2012). Nights out: Life in cosmopolitan London. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 234.

title: Talk:Nnamdi Azikiwe


text:
Talk:Thirteen Steps to Mentalism

Untitled
 has been identified as a level 3 article by at least one member of the Wikipedia community.|}

a brochure? --Wetman 08:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No, the info is correct. The book is famous --TStone 20:23, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Is a book, and if listed, should we not list all the better books on the general subject?

As a magician
....I know this statement: "Together with Annemann's "Practical Mental Effects", it is considered standard literature for any magician, mentalist, or student of stage magic who wishes to incorporate psychic entertainment into his routine." is (essentially) true.......however in the world of wikipedia, ya' gotta back up statements like that. Anybody wanna take a stab at it? Buddpaul (talk) 21:58, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thirteen Steps to Mentalism


text:
George Landow (professor)

George Paul Landow (25 August 1940 – 31 May 2023) was Professor of English and Art History Emeritus at Brown University. He was a leading authority on Victorian literature, art, and culture, as well as a pioneer in criticism and theory of Electronic literature, hypertext and hypermedia. He also pioneered the use of hypertext and the web in higher education.

Work
George Landow published extensively on John Ruskin and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, specifically the life and works of William Holman Hunt.

Landow was also a leading theorist of hypertext, of the effects of digital technology on language, and of electronic media on literature. While his early work on hypertext sought to establish design rules for efficient hypertext communication, he is especially noted for his book Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Literary Theory and Technology, first published in 1992, which is considered a "landmark" in the academic study of electronic writing systems, and states the view that the interpretive agenda of post-structuralist literary theory anticipated the essential characteristics of hypertext.

In Hypertext Landow draws on theorists such as Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Paul de Man, and Michel Foucault, among others, and argues, especially, that hypertext embodies the textual openness championed by post-structuralist theory and that hypertext enables people to develop knowledge in a non-linear, non-sequential, associative way that linear texts do not. Though he was a consistent proponent of visual overviews and navigational maps, he long argued that hypertext navigation is not a problem—that hypertexts are not more difficult to understand than linear texts.

Landow also pioneered the use of the web in higher education with projects such as The Victorian Web, The Contemporary, Postcolonial, & Postimperial Literature in English web, and The Cyberspace, Hypertext, & Critical Theory web. J. Yellowlees Douglas recognizes Landow's early hypertext works like the Dickens Web and Landow and John Lanestedt's The "In Memoriam" in The End of Books or Books without End?

Select works

 * Hypertext 3.0 : Critical Theory and New Media in an Era of Globalization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. ISBN 0801882567
 * Hypertext 2.0. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. ISBN 0801855853
 * Hypertext : The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. ISBN 0801842808
 * Hyper/Text/Theory, 1994
 * Hypermedia and Literary Studies, 1994 (with Paul Delany)
 * The Digital Word: Text-Based Computing in the Humanities, 1993 (with Paul Delany)
 * Elegant Jeremiahs: The Sage from Carlyle to Mailer, 1986
 * A Pre-Raphaelite Friendship: The Correspondence of William Holman Hunt and John Lucas Tupper, 1986
 * Ladies of Shalott: A Victorian Masterpiece and Its Contexts, 1985
 * Images of Crisis: Literary Iconology, 1750 to the Present, 1982
 * Victorian Types, Victorian Shadows; Biblical Typology in Victorian Literature, Art, and Thought, 1980
 * Approaches to Victorian Autobiography, 1979
 * William Holman Hunt and Typological Symbolism, 1979
 * The Aesthetic and Critical Theories of John Ruskin, 1972

Honors

 * Fulbright in Information Technology, Croatia, June 2011.
 * Distinguished Visiting Professor, National University of Singapore, August 1998 - March 1999.
 * National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute for College Teachers at Illinois State University (Project Director: Roger Tarr), 1998.
 * Visiting Professor, University of Zimbabwe, August 1997.
 * ACC Distinguished Lecturer in Computer Science, University of South Alabama, 1997.
 * Visiting Research Fellow in Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, 1995.
 * British Academy Visiting Professor, Bowland College, University of Lancaster, 1994.
 * Mellon Foundation Fresh Combinations Grant for a course in hypertext and literary theory, 1991-1992
 * National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute for College Teachers at Yale University (Project Director: Duncan Robinson), 1991.
 * EDUCOM/ENCRIPTAL Higher Education Software Award, Best Curriculum Innovation - Humanities, from National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning, 1990.
 * Faculty Fellow, Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship, 1989-1994
 * National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute for College Teachers at Yale University (Project Director: Duncan Robinson), 1988.
 * Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting Planning Grant, for The Continents of Knowledge, 1988.
 * Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting Grant to develop educational software and course materials for the humanities, 1985–1987.
 * National Endowment for the Arts Grant for Ladies of Shalott, 1984–1985. (Project Director)
 * National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Stipend, 1984.
 * Guggenheim Fellow, 1978
 * Visiting Fellow, Brasenose College, Oxford, 1977
 * National Endowment for the Humanities Project Development Grant, 1976.
 * Phi Beta Kappa, 1974
 * Guggenheim Fellow, 1973
 * Gustave O. Arldt Award, Council of Graduate Schools in the United States, for a book in the humanities (for The Aesthetic and Critical Theories of John Ruskin), 1972
 * Master of Arts Degree, Ad Eundum, Brown University, 1972
 * Visiting Associate Professor, University of Chicago, 1970-1971
 * Chamberlain Fellow, Columbia University, Summer 1969
 * Fellow of the Society for the Humanities, Cornell University, 1968-1969
 * Research Grant, Council on the Humanities, Columbia University, Summer 1968
 * Fulbright Scholar, Birkbeck College, University of London, 1964-1965
 * Class of 1873 Fellow in English Letters, Princeton University, 1962-1964
 * Woodrow Wilson Fellow, Brandeis University, 1961-1962

title: George Landow (professor)


text:
Mr. Moonlight (Ai no Big Band)

"Mr. Moonlight (Ai no Big Band)" (Mr.Moonlight ～愛のビッグバンド～) is the thirteenth single of J-pop idol group Morning Musume and was released October 31, 2001.

Overview
It sold a total of 513,340 copies and reached number one on the Oricon Charts. This single also marked the debut of the fifth generation members Ai Takahashi, Risa Niigaki, Makoto Ogawa, and Asami Konno. The song exhibits heavy swing-style music influence, and the video featured the group dressed in outfits reminiscent of swing's peak era. Lead vocals are Hitomi Yoshizawa, Maki Goto, and Natsumi Abe.

Inspiration for the cross-dressing costumes, theatrical style, and trademark staircase dancing appears to have been taken from Japan's Takarazuka Revue, an all-female musical theater troupe famous for its gender-bending performances.

Legacy
In 2002, an English-language cover ("Mr. Moonlight") was recorded by Elisa Fiorillo for the album ''Cover Morning Musume Hello! Project!''.

Track listing
All lyrics and composition by Tsunku.
 * 1) "Mr. Moonlight (Ai no Big Band)" (Mr.Moonlight 〜愛のビッグバンド〜)
 * 2) "Popcorn Love!" (ポップコーンラブ!)
 * 3) "Mr. Moonlight (Ai no Big Band)" (Instrumental)

Members at the time of single

 * 1st generation: Kaori Iida, Natsumi Abe
 * 2nd generation: Kei Yasuda, Mari Yaguchi
 * 3rd generation: Maki Goto
 * 4th generation: Rika Ishikawa, Hitomi Yoshizawa, Nozomi Tsuji, Ai Kago
 * 5th generation (debut): Ai Takahashi, Asami Konno, Makoto Ogawa, Risa Niigaki

title: Mr. Moonlight (Ai no Big Band)


text:
File:Kanto-Full-Map.jpg

Summary
Kanto Map (Ken Sugimori Artwork), used in the Pokémon Kanto Handbook (ISBN 0-439-74146-7).

Fair Use Rationale for Pokémon Red and Blue
I, The Raven's Apprentice  (Talk, believe this image should be categorized under fair use in the above-mentioned article because - -- The Raven's Apprentice  (Talk 15:05, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) It is low resolution.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owners rights to sell the game.
 * 3) Depicts subject discussed in article.
 * 4) The photo is only being used for informational purposes.

title: File:Kanto-Full-Map.jpg


text:
User:Michael Diederich

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User:Michael Diederich


text:
Pete Stahl

Peter Marc Stahl is an American musician best known for fronting the Virginia-based punk/hardcore band Scream with his brother Franz. Early on, Scream also featured Nirvana drummer and Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl on drums who credited Pete Stahl as the inspiration for the song "My Hero" for his tutelage.

Stahl later went on to form Wool with his brother in the 1990s, and also has sung for Goatsnake and Earthlings?. He also worked for The Viper Room in Los Angeles, and contributed to the Sunn O))) album ØØ Void, and was featured on Orquesta del Desierto, a series of albums written about the desert. Stahl has also contributed to volumes 1 to 4 of Josh Homme's musical collaborative series The Desert Sessions, and toured with Queens of the Stone Age from 1998 to 1999 to perform these songs in addition to doing backing vocals for various songs by Queens of the Stone Age.

Stahl also works as a tour manager, primarily for Rival Sons and Coheed and Cambria.

Discography
Scream
 * 1983: Still Screaming (Dischord Records)
 * 1985: This Side Up (Dischord Records)
 * 1986: Banging the Drum (Dischord Records)
 * 1988: No More Censorship (RAS Records)
 * 1989: State of the Union (Compilation) (Dischord Records)
 * 1990: Your Choice Live Series Vol.10 (Live album) (Your Choice Records)
 * 1991: It's Your Choice (Compilation) (Your Choice Records)
 * 1993: Fumble (Dischord Records)
 * 1998: Live at the Black Cat (Live album) (Torque Records)
 * 2003: 20 Years of Dischord (Compilation) (Dischord Records)
 * 2011: Complete Control Recording Sessions (Live Studio EP) (SideOneDummy Records)

Wool
 * 1992: Budspawn (External)
 * 1994: Box Set (PolyGram)
 * 1994: Kill the Crow (PolyGram)
 * 1995: Your Choice Live Series (Live album) (Your Choice Records)

Goatsnake
 * 1998: IV (EP) (Prosthetic Records)
 * 1998: Man of Light (EP) (Warpburner Recordings)
 * 1999: Goatsnake Vol. 1 (Man's Ruin Records)
 * 2000: Goatsnake/Burning Witch split (Hydra Head)
 * 2000: Dog Days (EP) (Southern Lord Records)
 * 2000: Flower of Disease (Man's Ruin Records)
 * 2004: Trampled Under Hoof (EP) (Southern Lord Records)
 * 2015: Black Age Blues (Southern Lord Records)

The Desert Sessions
 * 1998: Volumes 1 & 2
 * 1998: Volumes 3 & 4

Other
 * 1997: Metro
 * 2000: Queens of the Stone Age – Rated R (backing vocals on The Lost Art of Keeping a Secret) (Interscope Records)
 * 2000: Sunn O))) – ØØ Void
 * 2000: Earthlings? – The Earthlings?
 * 2000: Earthlings? – Human Beans
 * 2002: Earthlings? – Disco Marching Kraft (EP) (Crippled Dick Hot Wax)
 * 2002: Orquesta del Desierto – Orquesta del Desierto
 * 2004: Orquesta del Desierto – Dos
 * 2008: Danko Jones – Never Too Loud (guest vocals on Forest for the Trees) (Aquarius Records, Bad Taste Records)
 * 2008: Chingalera – Dose (guest vocals on Twenty Three)
 * 2009: Earthlings? – Humalian (EP) (Treasurecraft Records)
 * 2011: Sunn O))) meets Nurse with Wound – The Iron Soul of Nothing (vocals on Ash on the Trees)
 * 2014: Teenage Time Killers – vocals on Plank Walk
 * 2014: Foo Fighters – Sonic Highways (backing vocals on The Feast and the Famine)

title: Pete Stahl


text:
List of United Kingdom MPs: S

Following is an incomplete list of past and present Members of Parliament (MPs) of the United Kingdom whose surnames begin with S. The dates in parentheses are the periods for which they were MPs.

 * Michael Thomas Sadler
 * Timothy Sainsbury
 * Shapurji Saklatvala
 * Alex Salmond
 * Titus Salt
 * Alfred Salter
 * Martin Salter (1997–2010)
 * David Samuel, 3rd Viscount Samuel
 * Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel
 * Adrian Sanders
 * Bobby Sands
 * Duncan Sandys
 * Mohammad Sarwar
 * Philip Sassoon
 * Malcolm Savidge
 * Phil Sawford
 * Jonathan Sayeed
 * C. P. Scott
 * Lee Scott
 * Edwin Scrymgeour
 * Alison Seabeck (2005–present)
 * Brian Sedgemore
 * Charles Sedley
 * Charles Seely
 * Sir Charles Seely, 2nd Baronet
 * Sir Charles Seely, 1st Baronet
 * Andrew Selous
 * David Shackleton (1902–1910)
 * Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton
 * Grant Shapps
 * Richard Sharples
 * Jonathan Shaw
 * Hartley Shawcross
 * Barry Sheerman
 * Robert Sheldon
 * Gillian Shephard
 * Richard Shepherd
 * William Shepherd
 * James Sheridan
 * Michael Shersby
 * Baron Sherwood
 * Hugh Seely, 1st Baron Sherwood
 * Manny Shinwell
 * Debra Shipley
 * Peter Shore
 * Clare Short (1983–2010)
 * Edward Short, Baron Glenamara
 * Edward Shortt
 * Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin
 * Samuel Silkin, Baron Silkin of Dulwich
 * Jim Sillars
 * Sydney Silverman
 * Mark Simmonds
 * John Simon
 * Siôn Simon
 * Alan Simpson
 * David Simpson
 * Keith Simpson
 * Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso
 * John Sinclair, 3rd Viscount Thurso
 * Marsha Singh
 * Trevor Skeet
 * Dennis Skinner
 * Andy Slaughter
 * William Small
 * Andrew Smith
 * Angela Smith of Basildon
 * Angela Smith (of South Yorkshire)
 * Cyril Smith
 * F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead
 * Geraldine Smith
 * Jacqui Smith
 * John Smith
 * John Smith
 * Llew Smith
 * Sir Robert Smith, 3rd Baronet
 * Tim Smith
 * Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet
 * Martin Smyth
 * Peter Snape, Baron Snape
 * Anne Snelgrove
 * Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell
 * Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden
 * Christopher Soames, Baron Soames
 * Nicholas Soames
 * Clive Soley
 * Donald Bradley Somervell, Baron Somervell
 * Frank Soskice
 * Anna Soubry
 * Peter Soulsby
 * Helen Southworth
 * Keith Speed
 * John Spellar
 * Caroline Spelman
 * Michael Spicer
 * Bob Spink
 * Richard Spring
 * Rachel Squire
 * Robin Squire
 * Nick St Aubyn
 * Henry St John
 * Norman St John-Stevas, Baron St John of Fawsley
 * Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley
 * John Stanley
 * Oliver Stanley
 * Phyllis Starkey
 * David Steel
 * Tom Steele
 * Anthony Steen
 * Gerry Steinberg
 * Nicol Stephen
 * George Stevenson
 * David Stewart
 * Donald Stewart
 * Ian Stewart
 * Michael Stewart
 * Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet
 * Howard Stoate
 * Richard Stokes
 * John Stonehouse
 * Roger Stott
 * Gavin Strang
 * Innes Harold Stranger
 * George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford
 * Jack Straw
 * Graham Stringer
 * Richard Strode
 * Gisela Stuart
 * Graham Stuart
 * James Stuart, 1st Viscount Stuart of Findhorn
 * Charles Beilby Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Stuart of Wortley
 * Andrew Stunell
 * Thomas Stuttaford
 * David Sumberg
 * Joseph Sunlight
 * Gerry Sutcliffe
 * Desmond Swayne
 * John Swinburne, 7th Baronet
 * John Swinney
 * Jo Swinson
 * Hugo Swire
 * Robert Syms

title: List of United Kingdom MPs: S


text:
Talk:Lumbriculus variegatus

Further information and links are at http://www.skepticalaquarist.com/docs/feeding/blackworms.shtml (Wetman 08:23, 29 September 2005 (UTC))

This is a very unhelpful article (in its current state). I'm glad that there was an article to be found on this topic, but it provides no information that is intelligible to readers who are not biologists/taxonomists. What does a blackworm look like? How big is it? Is it actually black? Is it similar to another animal that most readers would be familiar with? (an earthworm, a tapeworm, a flatworm, etc.) "L. variegatus is presumed to be holarctic in distribution" -- I'm hardly an uneducated reader, but I have no idea what this sentence means. An encyclopedic article should have far fewer dependencies on vocabulary that is significantly distant from the mainstream. (I'm not sure what the Wikipedia terminology is for this) 24.34.62.208 (talk) 06:46, 21 November 2007 (UTC) gsm

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Picture
Why is there a picture, that shows deformd individual? As far as I can tell, it is not really common to find two-tailed worms. At least not in laboratory experiments. In the "Human" article you won't expect a picture of conjoined twins or people with six fingers per hand as typical representatives of the human species, so why would you here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.37.166.248 (talk) 09:38, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

Merge?
why do you think there should be a merge? --awkwafaba (📥) 12:08, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

 * @Awkwafaba see identifiers at Wikidata:Q16939084, eg WORMS, GBIF Estopedist1 (talk) 14:10, 7 October 2021 (UTC)
 * From Lumbriculus kareliensis, given that its a synonym, ✅ Klbrain (talk) 20:59, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lumbriculus variegatus


text:
Talk:Simone Lahbib

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Windows Mobile 2003

Windows Mobile 2003, originally codenamed "Ozone", was a member of the Windows Mobile family of mobile operating systems, released on June 23, 2003. It was the first Microsoft mobile OS to be called "Windows Mobile" and was based on Windows CE 4.20.

Editions
Windows Mobile 2003 came in four editions:
 * Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Premium Edition
 * Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition: Used in Pocket PC budget models and lacked a number of features from the Premium Edition such as a client for L2TP/IPsec VPN.
 * Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphones
 * Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition: Designed especially for Pocket PCs which include phone functionality.

Features
The communications interface was enhanced with Bluetooth device management which allowed for Bluetooth file transfer support, Bluetooth headset support and support for Bluetooth add-on keyboards.

A pictures application with viewing, cropping, e-mail, and beaming support was added.

Multimedia improvements included MIDI file support as ringtones in Phone Edition and Windows Media Player 9.0 with streaming optimization.

A puzzle game titled Jawbreaker was among the pre-installed programs. Games API was included with this release to facilitate the development of games for the platform.

Other features/built-in applications included:
 * Enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal support
 * Improved Pocket Internet Explorer
 * SMS reply options for Phone Edition.

title: Windows Mobile 2003


text:
All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights

The All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights (Gesamtdeutscher Block/Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteten or GB/BHE) was a right-wing political party in West Germany, which acted as an advocacy group of the Germans fled and expelled in and after World War II.

A notable achievement of the GB/BHE was the German Federal Expellee Law.

Founding
Waldemar Kraft founded the grouping in 1950 as BHE (Block der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteten, Bloc of Expellees and of those Deprived of Rights, the latter term serving as a euphemism for ex-Nazis) at Kiel, capital of Schleswig-Holstein, the state with the largest proportion (34%) of expellees. Kraft, a former member of the Nazi Party and President of the Chamber of Agriculture in the annexed Reichsgau Wartheland at Posen, from where he had fled to Ratzeburg in Schleswig-Holstein, had become spokesman of the Landmannschaft Weichsel–Warthe association within the German Federation of Expellees (Bund der Vertriebenen, BdV) in 1949. Theodor Oberländer joined Kraft; he had had involvement in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, had joined the Nazi Party and the SA in 1933, had become chairman of the Bund Deutscher Osten organisation, and was a professor at the German Charles University in Prague until 1945.

Before World War II, the Nazi Party had achieved some strong results in the eastern territories of Germany. Moreover, as flight and expulsions from there had been instigated by advancing Red Army forces in the late days of the war and were continued by the authorities of the newly established socialist republics in eastern and central Europe, most expellees had strong anti-communist attitudes. The Allies at first had prevented any associations of expellees, but gave in upon the establishment of the West German state with the proclamation of its Basic Law in 1949.

Political activity
In the Schleswig-Holstein state election of 9 July 1950, the party gained 23.4% of the votes as second party behind the Social Democrats (SPD), outnumbering the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Kraft nevertheless joined the CDU-led coalition government in Schleswig-Holstein as deputy minister-president.

In order to integrate further nationalist voters, the party changed its name to GB/BHE in 1952. In the 1953 federal election, it reached 5.9% of the votes and entered the Bundestag parliament with 27 seats. The party became coalition partner in Adenauer's second cabinet, with Oberländer and Kraft as Minister for Displaced Persons and Minister for Special Affairs respectively. However, with their ongoing integration in the West German society of the Wirtschaftswunder era, more and more expellees saw no need for a parliamentary representation beside the BdV pressure group, and the role of the party dwindled away. In addition, the GB/BHE ministers were reproached by their party fellows for supporting Adenauer's policies to integrate the Federal Republic into the West. After an open conflict over the future status of the Saarland as an independent entity of the Western European Union, Chairman Kraft resigned from his post in 1954, when at a party convention his aide Eva Gräfin Finck von Finckenstein had not been re-elected as member of the executive committee. One year later, Kraft and Oberländer left the party to join the CDU. Kraft also left the federal government in 1956.

At the 1957 federal election, the GB/BHE gained 4.6% of the votes and failed to re-enter the Bundestag due to the 5% election threshold. Until the end, it had somewhat more success in state elections, still represented in the state diets (Landtage) of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, and participating in the states' governments. Several of its prominent members eventually became members of the CDU or CSU after 1955.

Former Nazi officials (Walter Eckhardt), propaganda writers (Walter Becher), SA and SS officers (Wilhelm Schepmann) and war criminals (Heinz Reinefarth, Hans Krueger) were activists of the party. Former BDM-leader Trude Bürkner-Mohr stood as a GB/BHE candidate in the 1953 state and federal elections. Oberländer endorsed the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population during the war.

Demise
In 1961, the party merged with the remnants of the German Party (Deutsche Partei, DP) to form the All-German Party (Gesamtdeutsche Partei, GDP), which however in turn failed to enter the Bundestag, winning only 2.8% of the votes in the 1961 election.


text:
Talk:Nucleus PLUS

Links
We need some links for more information on this OS. Amnonc 08:28, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

here are the links

title: Talk:Nucleus PLUS


text:
User talk:Crazyibeaji

Crazyibeaji,

First: Welcome to Wikipedia!

Regarding your 'return to Ghana/Nigeria' questions, you refer to 'You' as the writer of the article. Think 'Me' - you yourself are the writer.

Regarding Kwame Nkrumah, it is significant that he left Africa, not just Ghana. When he returns, one certainly presumes that he returned to Ghana, but returning to Africa is similarly significant. Regardless, if you want to change it (I won't, for the reasons stated here) feel free. Any questions ? Reply here or on my Talk page, or on either of the Talk pages you have already posted on.

BTW - we strive for Neutral Point of View - no personal agendas here please. Not that I expect you to, but you are new to Wikipedia and it takes a little time to get used to.

Again: Welcome! Wizzy… ☎   08:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crazyibeaji


text:
Vizianagaram district

Vizianagaram district is one of the six districts in the Uttarandhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh with its headquarters located at Vizianagaram. The district was once the part of ancient Kalinga.Saripilli Dibbilingeswara temple, Jayathi Mallikarjuna Temple are the finest examples of ancient Eastern Ganga Dynasty built monuments in the district. The district is bounded on the east by the district of Srikakulam, north by Parvathipuram Manyam south by Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli, southeast by the Bay of Bengal, and west by Alluri Sitharama Raju district. It was formed on 1 June 1979, with some parts carved from the neighbouring districts of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam. The district is named after the princely state of Vizianagaram (Vijaya means victory and Nagaram means city in Telugu). In 2011, it was the least populous district in Andhra Pradesh.

Vizianagaram district was formed on 1 June 1979, as per G.O.Ms.No.700/Revenue (U) Department, dated 15 May 1979 with some parts carved from the neighbouring districts of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam. The Taluks of Vizianagaram, Gajapathinagaram, Srungavarapukota and a portion of Bheemunipatnam Taluk were transferred from the Visakhapatnam District. The Salur, Bobbili, Parvathipuram and Cheepurupalli Taluks from Srikakulam district were transferred to the new district.

Geography
It is situated within the geographical co-ordinates of 17- 15’ and 19 – 15’ of the northern latitudes and 83 – 00’ and 83 – 45’ of the eastern longitudes. Vizianagaram district occupies an area of 4122 km2.

The principal rivers flowing in the district are River Nagavali, Suvarnamukhi, Vegavathi, River Champavathi, River Gosthani and Kandivalasa. There are no major irrigation projects in the district. The Denkada Anicut, Thatipudi Reservoir, Andra Reservoir Project, Vegavathi Anicut, Surapadu Anicut, Seethanagaram Anicut, Peda Ankalam Anicut, Vottigedda Reservoir Project, Paradi Anikut, Thotapalli Regulator and Vengala Raya Sagaram Project are the medium irrigation projects. The total irrigated area under these projects and the other minor projects are about 285077 acre. Jhanjavati Project

Climate
The climate of Vizianagaram district is characterised by high humidity nearly all-round the year with oppressive summer and good seasonal rainfall. The maximum temperature recorded during 2004 was 39.6O C during May and the minimum temperature is 17.1O C during December.

The normal rainfall of the district for the year is 1,131.0 mm as against the actual rainfall of 740.6 mm received during 2002–03. The district gets the benefit of both the South-West and North-East monsoon.

The average maximum and minimum temperatures and average rainfall recorded in 2004 at Agricultural Research Station, Vizianagaram are given below:

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Vizianagaram district has a population of 2,344,474. This gives it a ranking of 193rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 358 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 4.16%. Vizianagaram has a sex ratio of 1016 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 59.49%.

The district had a population of 9,58,778 in 1901. The total population of the district increased to 22,49,254 as per the 2001 census. They consisted of 11,19,541 males and 11,29,713 females. There were 1009 females per 1000 males in the district. The total area is 6,539 square kilometres. The population density was 344 pd/sqkm. The increase in population during the decennium from 1991 to 2001 is 6.55 percent for the district as against 14.6 percent for the Andhra Pradesh State. The Scheduled Caste population was 2,38,023 and Scheduled Tribe population was 2,14,839 which comes to 10.58% and 9.55% respective to the total population of the district.

The rural population of the district is 18.37 lakhs which comes to 82% of the total population and the urban population is 4.12 lakhs which comes to 18% of the total population. Vizianagaram Town with a population of 1,95,801 is the only Class-I town in the district. There are twelve towns in the district: Vizianagaram, Cheepurupalli, Gajularega, Kanapaka, Bobbili, Parvathipuram, Salur, Sriramnagar, Nellimarla, Kothavalasa, Chintalavalasa, Jarjapupeta and Gajapathinagaram. All the towns are in plain areas of the district.

After bifurcation, the district had a population of 19,30,811, of which 429,764 (22.26%) lived in urban areas. Vizianagaram district had a sex ratio of 1010 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 53.21%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 2,07,333 (10.74%) and 46,884 (2.43%) of the population respectively. Telugu was the predominant language, spoken by 98.76% of the population.

Household indicators
In 2007–2008, the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1232 households in 41 villages across the district. They found that 78.7% had access to electricity, 84.1% had drinking water, 18.5% toilet facilities, and 33.9% lived in a pucca (permanent) home. 28.6% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 87.3% of interviewees carried a BPL card.

Economy
In 2006, the Indian government named Vizianagaram one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the thirteen districts in Andhra Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is inr 183820000000 and it contributes 3.5% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013–14, the per capita income at current prices was inr 61157. The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute inr 49610000000, inr 31480000000 and inr 102720000000 respectively. The major products contributing to the GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are sugarcane, paddy, mango, tomato, milk, meat and fisheries. The GVA to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction, manufacturing, minor minerals, education and ownership of dwellings.

Industry
Certain famous industries include
 * The Ferro Alloys Corporation Limited at Sriramnagar, Garividi
 * Jindal Stainless Limited (Ferro Alloys Division), Kothavalasa
 * Andhra Ferro Alloys Limited at Kothavalasa and Garbham

Notable people

 * Kodi Rammurthy Naidu, Indian bodybuilder
 * P. Susheela, singer
 * Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, Indian cricketer, cricket administrator and politician
 * Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju, Indian parliamentarian and philanthropist
 * Gedela Srinubabu, Politician and Businessman
 * Praveen Sattaru, film director
 * Vidyasagar, music director

Politics
There are seven assembly and two parliamentary constituencies in Vizianagaram district. The parliamentary constituencies includes Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram. The assembly constituencies in Vizianagaram district are Bobbili, Cheepurupalli, Rajam, Srungavarapukota, Gajapathinagaram, Nellimarla and Vizianagaram. There are 3 revenue divisions, 26 Mandals, 935 Panchayats and 1,551 revenue villages in Vizianagaram district. The revenue divisions are Parvathipuram and Vizianagaram. Vizianagaram parliamentary constituency is represented by the former Union Civil Aviation Minister Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju.

Parliament segment
Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency), Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)

Assembly segments
The six Assembly segments of Vizianagaram Lok Sabha and one Assembly segment in Vizak Lok Sabha constituency are:

Administrative divisions

The district is divided into three revenue divisions: Bobbili, Cheepurupalli and Vizianagaram, which are further subdivided into a total of 28 mandals, each headed by a sub-collector.

Mandals
The list of 28 mandals in Krishna district, divided into three revenue divisions, is given below.

 * 1) Bobbili revenue division
 * 2) Bobbili
 * 3) Ramabhadrapuram
 * 4) Badangi
 * 5) Therlam
 * 6) Gajapathinagaram
 * 7) Dattirajeru
 * 8) Mentada
 * 9) Cheepurupalli revenue division
 * 10) Cheepurupalli
 * 11) Garividi
 * 12) Gurla
 * 13) Merakamudidam
 * 14) Vangara
 * 15) Regidi Amadalavalasa
 * 16) Santhakavati mandal
 * 17) Rajam
 * 18) Vizianagaram revenue division
 * 19) Vizianagaram Urban
 * 20) Gantyada
 * 21) Poosapatirega
 * 22) Denkada
 * 23) Bhogapuram
 * 24) Srungavarapukota
 * 25) Jami
 * 26) Vepada
 * 27) Lakkavarapukota
 * 28) Kothavalasa
 * 29) Bondapalli
 * 30) Nellimarla
 * 31) Vizianagaram Rural

Culture

The predominant religion is Hinduism. The major festivals are Sankranthi, Ugadi and Rama Navami, Maha Shivaratri, Deepavali, Vinayaka Chavithi, Dasara and Vijayadasami. The nine-day festival celebrations during Rama Navami and Ganesh Chaturthi are very popular in many towns and associated with many cultural events including Stage Dramas, Harikathas, Burra kathas etc. Festivals of Gramadevatha are held annually at Vizianagaram, Bobbili, Salur, Parvathipuram and Sambara with much fanfare. The most popular amongst them is Pydithalli Ammavari Jatra, celebrated at Vizianagaram on the next Tuesday of Vijayadasami day. And also Polamma Jatara, at Sambara in Sambara Village of Makkuva Mandal is a Very much state known famous festival being celebrated in every third week of January. This is a very renowned festival for north andhra people.

The cuisine is strikingly South Indian style with rice as the staple food accompanied by dals, rasam or sambar, vegetable curries, pickles and curd.

Transport

The total road length of state highways in the district is 777 km. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation runs bus services to all the major cities and towns of the state from the district. Major railway stations in the district include Amudalavalasa, Srikakulam Road, Palasa etc. Railway network in the entire district comes under Waltair (Vishakapatnam) division of the South Coast Railway zone. Vizianagaram and Kothavalasa are the main railway junctions. There are 28 railway stations in the district.

National Highways 5 and 43 passes through the district and covers a distance of 200 kilometres. National Highway 43 (India) runs almost entirely in Vizianagaram district for a distance of 83 kilometres and passes through Odisha to Raipur in Chhattisgarh (total length of 551 kilometres). It passes through Vizianagaram, Gajapathinagaram, Ramabhadrapuram and Salur towns. National Highway 5 passes through coastal mandals of Bhogapuram and Pusapatirega. State Highways covers a distance of 122 kilometres, major district roads 852 kilometres and rural roads 781 kilometres.

Tourism

Ramatheertham is a village panchayat in Nellimarla mandal of Vizianagaram district. It is located 12 km from Vizianagaram city.

Education
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state. As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 3,875 schools. They include 85 government, 2,060 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 618 private, 16 model, 33 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 112 municipal and 423 other types of schools. The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 307,298.

Vizianagaram district has been comparatively backward in the field of education. The literacy rate is 51.82% as against the average of 61.55% for the entire Andhra Pradesh State.

There are 38 branch libraries in the district managed by Zilla Granthalaya Samstha. They are located 1–two in each mandal. There are about 41 book depot centres in the district.
 * University College of Engineering, JNTU kakinada, Vizianagaram
 * Andhra University Vizianagaram campus
 * Avanthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Cherukupalli, Bhogapuram
 * Kodi Rama Murthy College of Physical Education, Bobbili
 * Maharajah's Government College of Music and Dance
 * Maharajah's Government Sanskrit College, Vizianagaram
 * Maharaj Vijayaram Gajapath Raj College of Engineering, Vizianagaram
 * St. Theressa Institute of Engineering and Technology, Garividi (Cheepurupalli)
 * Thandra Paparaya Institute of Science and Technology, Bobbili
 * Maharajah's College
 * Sainik School Korukondda

Temples
There are eleven temples under the management of Endowments Department.

title: Vizianagaram district


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Varanasi division

Varanasi division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Varanasi city is the administrative headquarters of the division. The division consists of 4 districts, i.e. Varanasi, Chandauli, Ghazipur, and Jaunpur and is loosely equivalent to the Benares State.

Districts

 * Varanasi
 * Chandauli
 * Ghazipur
 * Jaunpur

History
In the 18th century the Mughal Empire was dissolving, and the eastern portion of present-day Uttar Pradesh State came under the control of Saadat Ali Khan I, the first Nawab of Awadh. In 1722, Saadat Ali Khan sublet his southern territories, comprising the present-day districts of Bhadohi, Chandauli, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, and Varanasi, to zamindar Mir Rustam Ali. Mir Rustam Ali was deposed in 1738, and Mansa Ram became zamindar. On Mansa Ram's death in 1739, his son Balwant Singh succeeded him, and established himself raja of Benares State. Balwant Singh and added present-day Ghazipur and Ballia districts to his territories. Balwant Singh died in 1770, and the British intervened to get the Nawab to recognize his son and heir, Chait Singh, as raja. The Nawab of Awadh ceded the territory to the British in 1775, and the British confirmed Chait Singh as ruler.

The British deposed Chait Singh in 1781, and under his heir Mahip Narayan Singh, took administrative control over most of the territory, organizing it into Benares Division, comprising four districts: Benares, Ghazipur, Jaunpur, and Mirzapur. The rajas, later maharajas, of Benares retained certain administrative rights and revenues within the division, and directly governed a portion of the division, known as the Benares Estate. The rajas' principal residence was at Ramnagar, across the Ganges River from Benares. Ballia district was separated from Ghazipur in 1879.

The Division had an area of 10,431 square miles, and was part of the United Provinces of British India. The administrative headquarters was at Benares.

The Division's population was 4,395,252 in 1872, 5,178,005 in 1881, 5,368,480 in 1891, and 5,069,020 in 1901. The decrease from 1891 to 1901 was attributed to an epidemic of fever following disastrous floods in 1894, and to famine and emigration. The 1901 census recorded the division's population as 91% Hindu, not quite 9% Muslim, with small populations of Christians and Sikhs.

In 1911, the Benares Estate, which included two areas governed directly by the Maharajas, was separated from the division to form the Princely State of Benares.

In 1947, after India became independent, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh were renamed Uttar Pradesh. In 1948, the Maharaja of Benares (i.e. King of Varanasi) acceded to the Government of India, and Benares State was reintegrated into the Benares division, with the western portion becoming Bhadohi tehsil and the eastern portion becoming Chania tehsil of Varanasi district.

In 1989, the southeastern portion of Mirzapur district was separated into Sonbhadra district. In 1994, Bhadohi (officially known as Sant Ravidas Nagar) was separated from Varanasi district. In 1997, Chandauli district was separated from Varanasi district.

After 2000, Varanasi division was reduced in size, with the districts of Bhadohi, Mirzapur, and Sonbhadra separated into the Mirzapur division, and Ballia district was made a part of Azamgarh division.

title: Varanasi division


text: Category:Country name etymology

title: Category:Country name etymology


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Red White and Brainwashed

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Phroziac(talk) 00:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Red White and Brainwashed
One track from some CD. Doesn't quite fit the Speedy criteria, so I better ask ;-) Lars T. 08:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - Lars T. 08:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Angr/undefined 08:45, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't appear to have been a single let alone charted nor have achieved any other form of distinction making it worthy of note beyond the article on the album Die for the Government. In short, I doubt that it is capable of much expansion beyond its current oneline substub status. Capitalistroadster 08:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nom. >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 09:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Lifeworld

Lifeworld (or life-world) (Lebenswelt) may be conceived as a universe of what is self-evident or given, a world that subjects may experience together. The concept was popularized by Edmund Husserl, who emphasized its role as the ground of all knowledge in lived experience. It has its origin in biology and cultural Protestantism.

The lifeworld concept is used in philosophy and in some social sciences, particularly sociology and anthropology. The concept emphasizes a state of affairs in which the world is experienced, the world is lived (German erlebt). The lifeworld is a pre-epistemological stepping stone for phenomenological analysis in the Husserlian tradition.

Phenomenology
Edmund Husserl introduced the concept of the lifeworld in his The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (1936):

"In whatever way we may be conscious of the world as universal horizon, as coherent universe of existing objects, we, each "I-the-man" and all of us together, belong to the world as living with one another in the world; and the world is our world, valid for our consciousness as existing precisely through this 'living together.' We, as living in wakeful world-consciousness, are constantly active on the basis of our passive having of the world... Obviously this is true not only for me, the individual ego; rather we, in living together, have the world pre-given in this together, belong, the world as world for all, pre-given with this ontic meaning... The we-subjectivity... [is] constantly functioning."

This collective inter-subjective pool of perceiving, Husserl explains, is both universally present and, for humanity's purposes, capable of arriving at 'objective truth,' or at least as close to objectivity as possible. The 'lifeworld' is a grand theatre of objects variously arranged in space and time relative to perceiving subjects, is already-always there, and is the "ground" for all shared human experience. Husserl's formulation of the lifeworld was also influenced by Wilhelm Dilthey's "life-nexus" (German Lebenszusammenhang) and Martin Heidegger's Being-in-the-world (German In-der-Welt-Sein). The concept was further developed by students of Husserl such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jan Patočka, and Alfred Schütz. The lifeworld can be thought of as the horizon of all our experiences, in the sense that it is that background on which all things appear as themselves and meaningful. The lifeworld cannot, however, be understood in a purely static manner; it isn't an unchangeable background, but rather a dynamic horizon in which we live, and which "lives with us" in the sense that nothing can appear in our lifeworld except as lived.

The concept represented a turning point in Husserl's phenomenology from the tradition of Descartes and Kant. Up until then, Husserl had been focused on finding, elucidating, and explaining an absolute foundation of philosophy in consciousness, without any presuppositions except what can be found through the reflective analysis of consciousness and what is immediately present to it. Originally, all judgments of the real were to be "bracketed" or suspended, and then analyzed to bring to light the role of consciousness in constituting or constructing them. With the concept of the lifeworld, however, Husserl embarked on a different path, which recognizes that, even at its deepest level, consciousness is already embedded in and operating in a world of meanings and pre-judgements that are socially, culturally, and historically constituted. Phenomenology thereby became the study not just of the pure consciousness and meanings of a transcendental ego, as in Husserl's earlier work, but of consciousness and meaning in context. The lifeworld is one of the more complicated concepts in phenomenology, mainly because of its status as both personal and intersubjective.

Even if a person's historicity is intimately tied up with his lifeworld, and each person thus has a lifeworld, this doesn't necessarily mean that the lifeworld is a purely individual phenomenon. In keeping with the phenomenological notion of intersubjectivity, the lifeworld can be intersubjective even though each individual necessarily carries his own "personal" lifeworld ("homeworld"); meaning is intersubjectively accessible, and can be communicated (shared by one's "homecomrades"). However, a homeworld is also always limited by an alienworld. The internal "meanings" of this alienworld can be communicated, but can never be apprehended as alien; the alien can only be appropriated or assimilated into the lifeworld, and only understood on the background of the lifeworld.

Sociology
The Husserlian elucidation of lifeworld provided a starting point for the phenomenological sociology of Alfred Schütz, who tried to synthesize Husserl's phenomenology of consciousness, meaning, and the life-world with Max Weber's sociology and its focus on subjectively meaningful action. Jürgen Habermas has further developed the concept of the lifeworld in his social theory. For Habermas, the lifeworld is more or less the "background" environment of competences, practices, and attitudes representable in terms of one's cognitive horizon. Compared to Husserl with his focus on consciousness, however, Habermas, whose social theory is grounded in communication, focuses on the lifeworld as consisting of socially and culturally sedimented linguistic meanings. It is the lived realm of informal, culturally-grounded understandings and mutual accommodations. Rationalization and colonization of the lifeworld by the instrumental rationality of bureaucracies and market-forces is a primary concern of Habermas's two-volume Theory of Communicative Action.

For Habermas, communicative action is governed by practical rationality—ideas of social importance are mediated through the process of linguistic communication according to the rules of practical rationality. By contrast, technical rationality governs systems of instrumentality, like industries, or on a larger scale, the capitalist economy or the democratic political government. Ideas of instrumental importance to a system are mediated according to the rules of that system (the most obvious example is the capitalist economy's use of currency). Self-deception, and thus systematically distorted communication, is possible only when the lifeworld has been 'colonized' by instrumental rationality, so some social norm comes into existence and enjoys legitimate power even though it is not justifiable. This occurs when means of mediating instrumental ideas gains communicative power—as when someone pays a group of people to stay quiet during a public debate, or if financial or administrative resources are used to advertise some social viewpoint. When people take the resulting consensus as normatively relevant, the lifeworld has been colonized and communication has been systematically distorted. The 'colonization' metaphor is used because the use of steering media to arrive at social consensus is not native to the lifeworld—the decision-making processes of the systems world must encroach on the lifeworld in a way that is in a sense imperialistic:

When stripped of their ideological veils, the imperatives of autonomous subsystems make their way into the lifeworld from the outside—like colonial masters coming into a tribal society—and force a process of assimilation upon it. The diffused perspectives of the local culture cannot be sufficiently coordinated to permit the play of the metropolis and the world market to be grasped from the periphery.

The fragmentation of consciousness associated with the two Marxist concepts of alienation and false consciousness illustrate why, in Habermas' perspective, they are merely special cases of the more general phenomenon of lifeworld colonization.

Social coordination and systemic regulation occur by means of shared practices, beliefs, values, and structures of communicative interaction, which may be institutionally based. We are inevitably lifeworldly, such that individuals and interactions draw from custom and cultural traditions to construct identities, define situations, coordinate action, and create social solidarity. Ideally this occurs by communicatively coming to understanding (German Verstehen), but it also occurs through pragmatic negotiations (compare: Seidman, 1997:197).

The lifeworld is related to further concepts such as Pierre Bourdieu's notion of habitus and to the sociological notion of everyday life.

Epistemology
In the course of recent constructivist discourses a discussion about the lifeworld term took place as well. Björn Kraus' relational-constructivist version of the lifeworld term considers its phenomenological roots (Husserl and Schütz), but expands it within the range of epistemological constructivist theory building. In consequence, a new approach is created, which is not only focusing on the individual perspective upon the lifeworld term, but is also taking account of social and material environmental conditions and their relevance as emphasized for example by Habermas. Essential therefore is Kraus' basic assumption that cognitive development depends on two determining factors. On the one hand a person's own reality is her subjective construct. On the other hand this construct—in spite of all subjectivity—is not random: Since a person is still linked to her environment, her own reality is influenced by the conditions of this environment (German Grundsätzliche Doppelbindung menschlicher Strukturentwicklung).

Building up on this point of view, a separation of individual perception and the social and material environmental conditions is made possible. Kraus accordingly picks up the lifeworld term, adds the term "life conditions" (German Lebenslage ) and opposes the two terms to each other.

By this means, lifeworld describes a person's subjectively experienced world, whereas life conditions describe the person's actual circumstances in life. Accordingly, it could be said that a person's lifeworld is built depending on their particular life conditions. More precisely, the life conditions include the material and immaterial living circumstances as for example employment situation, availability of material resources, housing conditions, social environment (friends, foes, acquaintances, relatives, etc.) as well as the persons physical condition (fat/thin, tall/small, female/male, healthy/sick, etc.). The lifeworld, in contrast, describes the subjective perception of these conditions.

Kraus uses the epistemological distinction between subjective reality and objective reality. Thus, a person's lifeworld correlates with the person's life conditions in the same way than subjective reality correlates with objective reality. The one is the insurmountable, subjective construct built depending on the other one's conditions.

Kraus defined lifeworld and life conditions as follows:

"Life conditions mean a person's material and immaterial circumstances of life.

Lifeworld means a person's subjective construction of reality, which he or she forms under the condition of his or her life circumstances."

This contrasting comparison provides a conceptual specification, enabling in the first step the distinction between a subjectively experienced world and its material and social conditions and allowing in the second step to focus on these conditions' relevance for the subjective construction of reality.

With this in mind, Manfred Ferdinand, who is reviewing the lifeworld terms used by Alfred Schütz, Edmund Husserl, Björn Kraus and Ludwig Wittgenstein, concludes: Kraus' "thoughts on a constructivist comprehension of lifeworlds contours the integration of micro-, meso- and macroscopic approaches, as it is demanded by Invernizzi and Butterwege: This integration is not only necessary in order to relate the subjective perspectives and the objective frame conditions to each other but also because the objective frame conditions obtain their relevance for the subjective lifeworlds not before they are perceived and assessed."

title: Lifeworld


text: User talk:80.200.246.206

title: User talk:80.200.246.206


text:
Talk:Molly house

Only buggery that was illegal?
I don't think this is correct: "homosexuality in England was illegal, punishable by execution". Wasn't it buggery that was illegal, rather than homosexuality per se? DavidFarmbrough 08:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Homosexuality was recriminalised by the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885. Dave420 12:09, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Not correct, homosexuality was never illegal. It was homosexual acts that were banned. The Act criminalized "gross indecency with another male, whether "in public or in private"".203.184.41.226 (talk) 22:22, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Isn't this a fish?
Can we have this direct to a fish instead? At least have a disambiguation?

 * See Molly for disambiguation. Ashley VH (talk) 23:43, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Miss Molly
According to Rock 'n' Roll lore, the song "Good Golly Miss Molly" by Little Richard (1956) was a direct refrence to this and alludes to his days as a drag queen in such an establishment.

See []

Stratuser (talk) 10:05, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

You would need a WP:RS before you can insert that here, and there isn't one on that page - the only source (Rolling Stone) makes no mention of this. Mish (talk) 10:43, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Was BDSM also part of the Molly house,
I know a lot of TV's nower days like BDSM and there must have been men back then sort out suck activitys. There are no references to any place where men could go and see a dominatrix. There must have been somewhere, its like prostitution its one of the oldest professions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.9.121.129 (talk) 19:45, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Article improvement - University project
Hello everybody contributing to this page. I'm a student from a History of English Culture class at Ca' Foscari University and as part of my exam I chose to (try and) contribute to the improving of this article. My references for the moment are: Any advice (as for bibliography or editing) will be very appreciated. Thank you. --Pbord (talk) 21:43, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Tim Hitchcock & Robert Shoemaker, Tales from the Hanging Court, Hodder Education 2007, pp.12-17
 * The Old Bailey Online proceedings
 * Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Updated 15 April 2015
 *
 *
 * You can also have a look at the book prof. Clegg suggested:
 * English masculinities, 1660-1800, edited by Tim Hitchcock and Michèle Cohen, London ; New York : Longman, 1999
 * It is available in the University library Ca' Foscari BALI - Studi Europei e Postcoloniali. You can look for its collocation in the University's On-line Public Access Catalogue. Altereli (talk) 12:36, 20 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much, I borrowed it along with other texts I will add soon to the list. Pbord (talk) 18:29, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Hi, I know you have already been checking the Old Bailey website, but I have found this, and I think it might provide you with some new information, especially because of the introductory reading you find at the bottom of the page! Here you go: The Old Bailey - Homosexuality Asile91 (talk) 11:20, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, thank you for reminding me that link, it was one of the first article I read but I almost forgot it while looking for other suggestions!

Assignment week 10:offering suggestions
Hi Pbord! I have chosen your article to do the assignment of week 10.So I hope you do not mind me offering suggestions to you. I will be just telling some of the things I would do at this point if I had to expand this article. But, of course, the validity and pertinence of my advice needs to be checked with our instructors. I really like the general structure but I would at least add more information in the sections "Famous molly houses in London", "Molly Houses and law enforcement" and "Trials related to molly houses". Perhaps, one could give more details about the mentioned people, places and acts (ex. Margaret Clap, Buggery Act 1533 and Charles Hitchen). In addition, one could report the story of one or more exemplary cases in the section "Trials related to molly houses". Thank you! Ml17221746 (talk) 15:00, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, actually I'm currently working on the expansion of the sections you just cited, unluckily the difficulties I find lay in the integration of the content that was already present and my sources, and this slows considerably my work. Anyway, thank you very much, your feedback tells me I'm going to the right direction.

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Pedro Bucaneg

Pedro Bucaneg (March 1592 – c. 1630) was a Filipino poet. He is considered the "Father of Ilocano literature." Blind since birth, he is the believed to have authored of parts of the Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang). A street inside the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) complex in Pasay, Philippines is named in his honor. His surname is lent to the Bucanegan, the Ilocano equivalent of the Balagtasan.

Biography
Bukaneg was a foundling, who shortly after his birth already floating in a basket between Bantay and Vigan in the Banaoang River was found by an old woman. They brought him to the Bantay Augustiner priest who baptized him as Pedro Bucaneg. Bukaneg was sent to the Augustinian convent in Manila to further his theological and cultural studies. He took lessons in Latin and Spanish and also learned the local languages and Ilocano Isneg.

Through his knowledge of these languages, he was asked by the priests in the region to translate their prayers and sermons in local languages. He was being asked to help with the conversion of the local population. Bukaneg composed poems and songs and was loved by the Ilocanos as a troubadour. He was regarded by the locals as a seer. Even the Spaniards knocked him for his services. He would have identified the killer of a servant of a Spaniard on a day in a row of Itneg men by placing his hand on the chest of all these men.

His blindness prevented him to write. He dictated his poems, songs and translations, while someone else wrote. Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang is attributed to Bukaneg by some authors and historians. It is also possible that the works of Bukaneg was sung for centuries by the Ilocano and thus preserved it for eternity. It was also Bukaneg who translated the Doctrina Cristiana in Ilocano. This book was printed in 1593 as one of the first books in the Philippines and was intended for use in the conversion of the local population. In 1621 the Ilocano translation of Bukaneg was printed in the Augustinian Convent of Manila. Bukaneg was also largely responsible for Arte de la Lengue Iloca, the first grammar book of the Ilocano of Brother Francisco Lopez, which was printed in 1627 by the University of Santo Tomas.

Bukaneg died around 1630. In his honor, a street in the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex in Pasay is named after him. )

title: Pedro Bucaneg


text:
Talk:Apostolic Constitutions

Catholic Enyclopedia
from :
 * "There were, however, in the East, from the early days up to the end of the fifth century, certain writings, closely related to each other, and which were in reality brief canon law treatises on ecclesiastical administration the duties of the clergy and the faithful, and especially on the liturgy. We refer to works attributed to the Apostles, very popular in the Oriental Churches, though devoid of official authority, and which may be called pseudo-epigraphic, rather than apocryphal. The principal writings of this kind are the "Teaching of the Twelve Apostles" or "Didache", the "Didascalia", based on the "Didache"; the "Apostolic Constitutions", an expansion of the two preceding works; then the "Apostolic Church Ordinance", the "Definitio canonica SS. Apostolorum", the "Testament of the Lord" and the "Octateuch of Clement"; lastly the "Apostolic Canons". Of all this literature, only the "Apostolic Canons" werein cluded in the canonical collections of the Greek Church. The most important of these documents the "Apostolic Constitutions", was removed by the Second Canon of the Council in Trullo (692), as having been interpolated by the heretics. As to the eighty-five Apostolic Canons, accepted by the same council, they rank yet first in the above-mentioned "Apostolic" collection; the first fifty translated into Latin by Dionysius Exiguus (c. 500), were included in the Western collections and afterwards in the "Corpus Juris"."

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 63.201.25.60 (talk • contribs).

 * ?209.78.19.130 20:41, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Article introduction does not make sense.
In the first sentence the article states, "...collection of eight treatises which belongs the...", which does not make sense. I believe it should read "...which belongs to the...", as this makes the most sense to me, but as I am no scholar of RC theology I cannot be 100% certain (just 99.9%). Regardless it is incorrect English as it stands and needs to be fixed by someone who doesn't somehow manage to unintentionally fuck up articles every time he tries to fix anything the way I do. This is not the only error in the introduction, much less the entire article, but it is the most glaring one I have noticed. GlassDeviant (talk) 16:42, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Apostolic Constitutions