text:
Talk:Sophia Bush

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sreed103.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:49, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Fansites?
Is it just me or are there entirely too many listed on this article? The rule of thumb in Wikipedia is to list two and make exceptions if there are fansites geared toward specific languages (see the Smallville article for instance) but this just seems like a bit of self-aggrandizement and vanity. 4.225.18.230 14:54, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

User constantly editing this page
I sent an abuse mail to Wikipedia, complaining about two users. Both users should be blocked from Wikipedia since they are constantly editing actual facts from different articles including Austin Nichols, Sophia Bush and Jake Gyllenhaal. I'm a bit fed up with these childish fan war games since this is an encyclopedia and not your private Jake Gyllenhaal fan site message board. Please, take your relationship rumors and fanatic link removal there and leave those people alone who want to add CONFIRMED facts. Don't forget this is not a playground. People use these sites for their research.

Info box
I've changed the infobox to an offical wiki one, if anyone else has information for filling the gaps, then go ahead and fill it ^^ Shamess 17:31, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Relation to George W. Bush
This article stated that she is his distant cousin. Is this true? I have never seen a reliable source for that. Does anyone have one? Forest Goblin 08:02, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Then possibly so is Kate Bush. Basketball 110  14:54, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, that piece of "information" isn't in this article anymore. It was most likely vandalism. Flyer22 (talk) 19:11, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * She was born Jennifer Anna Bush, something that apparently hasn't been mentioned in any sources yet, but that's what it says on her California Birth Index record. Some of her "Bush" ancestry can be seen here. It goes back to a John Bush born in Ontario in 1822, so that wouldn't correspond with a recent relation to the George Bushes. All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 02:04, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Second daughter???
of the president....

Then later it says her father is Charles.

This makes no sense. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.88.210.2 (talk) 15:42, 20 January 2007 (UTC).
 * It doesn't say she's the second daughter of the president (and she isn't!) Forest Goblin 17:32, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Inapt source
The sole source given in the "References" section is supposed to verify that she has been dating another actor, Ben Foster. However, I just read the story, and it does not mention any new love interest. It only talks about the divorce. That being the case, the source if inapt and the statement is unsourced. We require a source to verify this statement is not mere gossip, or it might have to be removed. Thank you. Redux 03:05, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * As of now, baring the presentation of a reliable source to confirm this, any edit involving the reinsertion of this affirmation will be rolled back (removed) on sight. It's now been reinserted 5 times since I noticed that the "source" originally given was not addressing the subject, none of them listing a source for this statement.  Thank you.  Redux 00:58, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In light of repeated reinsertion of this assertion, ignoring repeated requests to discontinue, discuss here on this talk page or simply provide a reputable source to verify the claim, I have semi-protected this article. This means that only established users may edit it for the time being.  If anyone would now want to provide a source to allow this to be inserted in the article, please post here, and we will discuss it.  I must note, however, that this could have been easily avoided.  Redux 18:44, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Question
I am a high student doing a study on how fast information spreads. Why I am interested in Sophia Bush is because I really like One Tree Hill and she is one of my favorite people on the show. I am so excited for the next season to come out on January 8, 2008. I want to know what happens with Brooke(Sophia Bush). I think that Sophia Bush should be in more movies because she is a very good actor.

If you watch one tree hill what do you think might happen to her in season five?

What type of movies do you think Sophia Bush would do her best acting in? Please Put what area you are from (like state) and some interests —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sonowwhat018 (talk • contribs) 18:09, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hello. We appreciate your interest, but talk pages of Wikipedia articles are meant for discussions concerning changes and improvements to the article concerned.  If you would like to know more about what can and what can't be done on Wikipedia pages, please take a look at WP:NOT and Talk page.  Thank you,  Redux (talk) 18:48, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Spam
Removed the FHM section. It's nothing more than spam to promote the magazine, and has little to do with Ms Bush. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.129.174 (talk) 17:41, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * As I stated on your talk page, I thought you were a vandal, since I didn't check this talk page first. You explained your edit here. But as I stated before, "I reverted that edit, however. It's not spam promoting FHM magazine. Especially since FHM is not the only magazine listed there. It is about Sophia Bush...in that it has do to with her making those lists. A lot of articles on Wikipedia or otherwise mention a celebrity making hottest or sexiest lists. Bush's just happens to be formatted in chart form." Flyer22 (talk) 20:15, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Question
Hi, new here but could someone PLEASE explain to me how I upload and copyright pictures as I just can't seem to understand the instructions? Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Isabella21 (talk • contribs) 02:09, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Years married to Chad Michael Murray
In this article (at the table of statistics), it says that she was married to him from 2003 to 2005, but on the article of Chad Michael Murray says that he was married to her from 2005-2006. That doesn't even make sense, so which one is it: 2003-2005, or 2005-2006?
 * It was a vandal who changed this article's correct marriage date on that front. I changed it back weeks ago...but didn't look at this talk page about that brief vandalism until now. The correct date, as this article says and should always say, is 2005-2OO6. Flyer22 (talk) 23:55, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Sex Symbol?
I think the section calling her a "sex symbol" needs to be revisited. Sure, she has ranked on several magazine lists but none of the rankings are significant and most popular actors are usually ranked on those lists. A "sex symbol" signifies someone far more widely known specifically for their perceived "beauty", like Marilyn Monroe and Megan Fox. Sophia Bush is an actress first and that is all she is really known for. Writerchic99 (talk) 23:40, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I saw this section some time ago, but am just now replying. I agree with your having changed the heading. It's not a problem to refer to her as a sex symbol if supported by one or more WP:Reliable sources, however. Flyer22 (talk) 23:42, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

Minor edits and partners in infobox
Just to let everyone know, I fixed some minor grammatical mistakes throughout the article and reworded a few minor things to make it all flow better (that is, except for that pertaining to Chicago P.D. under "Career"). I also made some minor adjustments to her filmography (nothing that impacts it at all, as it still still sortable by year and whatnot). The last thing I did was I went ahead and added Austin Nichols back to her infobox, as this was a six-year relationship (enough time to be considered a "partner") and since Bush is listed under Austin Nichols' info box as his former partner. Endymion105 (talk)

 * 1) Filmography: We don't use rowspans in filmographies per WP:FILMOGRAPHY; accessibility issue. 2) Partner: Who's to say how long a relationship would be considered a life partnership? That's original research. A source would need to say so. --Musdan77 (talk) 03:38, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090209013650/http://www.afterellen.com:80/people/2008/6/hot100?page=0%2C12 to http://www.afterellen.com/people/2008/6/hot100?page=0%2C12
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090202122607/http://www.scandalist.com:80/2008-10-12/the-21-hottest-italian-women/ to http://www.scandalist.com/2008-10-12/the-21-hottest-italian-women/

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090922144820/http://www.ugo.com:80/tv/50-hottest-women-on-tv/?cur=18 to http://www.ugo.com/tv/50-hottest-women-on-tv/?cur=18
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081017092219/http://television.aol.com:80/feature/fall_tv/sexiest-primetime-stars?icid=100214839x1211508608x1200664066 to http://television.aol.com/feature/fall_tv/sexiest-primetime-stars?icid=100214839x1211508608x1200664066
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100203104235/http://www.collegeotr.com:80/university_of_virginia/top_15_hottest_former_sorority_girls_10992 to http://www.collegeotr.com/university_of_virginia/top_15_hottest_former_sorority_girls_10992

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104941/http://sophia-central.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=254&pos=1 to http://sophia-central.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=254&pos=1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110426154354/http://www.ecorazzi.com/2010/06/30/%E2%80%98one-tree-hill%E2%80%99-actress-sophia-bush-discusses-oil-spill-with-news-team/ to http://www.ecorazzi.com/2010/06/30/%E2%80%98one-tree-hill%E2%80%99-actress-sophia-bush-discusses-oil-spill-with-news-team

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Chicago PD
What was the abusive behavior Ms Bush claimed to have experienced while working on this show? 47.26.75.117 (talk) 03:28, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sophia Bush


text: User talk:64.34.173.133

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:64.34.173.133


text:
Pedestrian separation structure

A pedestrian separation structure is any structure that removes pedestrians from a roadway, street or railway track. This creates a road junction where vehicles and pedestrians do not interact.

This can be considered a type of grade separation structure on the road.

These structures can be located either above the roadway or below the roadway. In the U.S., access under the Americans with Disabilities Act requirements means that stairs cannot be the only access to these structures. An elevator must be provided or a ramp built that conforms to the grade requirements under the ADA regulations.

In the broadest sense, building codes that limit the number of driveways that cross sidewalks may be viewed as making the sidewalks a separation structure.

In many areas, wildlife crossings are provided in wilderness areas to allow wildlife to cross roadways without risking accidents. While not specifically built for people, they could be used by people in those areas.

History
Many of the early forms of these structures were provided to cross limited-access highways in areas that were built up and lacked intersections. By allowing pedestrians and bicycles to cross over the highway, these bridges were viewed as low-cost alternatives to intersections.

In 1999, Las Vegas, Nevada began a major effort to install pedestrian bridges at major intersections along the Las Vegas Strip, to reduce traffic congestion and improve pedestrian safety.

title: Pedestrian separation structure


text:
Talk:Aluminum building wiring

}

This Article was a mess
October 2016

As a forensic engineer and inspector familiar with the issues associated with aluminum wiring for residential construction in North America I happened to come across this Article and decided to read it.

It Was a Mess!. Things seemed out of order (e.g. the discussion of wire types should have been one of the first headings), there were discussions of the same or related topics under different and/or multiple headings, some things should have had references to substantiate the content (e.g. that poor workmanship is one of the primary causes of problems), some statements were half-truths or completely wrong/unsubstantiated, and there were grammatical errors and typos throughout as just some examples.

Instead of just flagging the Article as being a total mess, I spent some time trying to clean it up without deleting significant content or the intent of the original writer if it was defensible/relevant, and attempted to reorganize it into somewhat of a more coherent article with additional references that were needed, along with some photos to illustrate topics.

 * It also seems someone had put their own personal spin along with implied conclusions on the use of Ideal No. 65 twist-on wire connectors for pre-1970s aluminum wire repairs (which also included only partial quotes from 20+ year old CPSC documents, meeting notes and other one-sided references), and pushed the COPALUM connectors ... without including both sides of the sometimes controversial issue. And pros/cons for the various pig-tailing options were not included (go figure). The article is NOT the place for personal spins/opinions or implied conclusions on issues - that are not defensible conclusions based on scientific methodology.  I have observed and investigated many things that have gone wrong, and most frequently it's human error (or poor workmanship) ... but that's just my personal experience and observations, or related to specific circumstances.  Opinions can be kicked around on a Talk page.

As a side note, the U.S. courts have ruled that the CPSC does not have jurisdiction over building wiring systems. However, the CPSC research, documents and recommendations are still widely referenced. Also, many of the reported field problems associated with pig-tailing repairs with Ideal twist on connectors are suspected to be DIY disasters where Harry C. Homeowner (C for Cheap) goes to the big box home improvement store and is handed a box of purple wire nuts by the local crossing guard to "fix" the problem himself (without the experience needed for proper repairs, and without both preparing and pre-twisting wires as specified by CPSC, and as recommended by Ideal for "old technology" aluminum wiring repairs). Harry Homeowner can be his own worst enemy, which sometimes actually makes things worse. I think the AlumiConn connectors will likely turn out to be the best repair option it they stand the test of time ... but Harry Homeowner can get them at the big box stores, and I will bet the family ranch he doesn't have the needed torque screwdriver, which is critical to have for a proper repair.

There ended up being some significant corrections or changes ...

 * I changed the heading which read "Aluminum Conductor Material (ACM) wire" to just "Aluminum wire materials" since it was redundant and ACM is an older electrical code term (presently just "Conductor Material" in the NEC, which includes copper and aluminum conductors). I added some info to offer both sides of the pigtail repair connector issue (without implied conclusions).

 * I deleted references to what was reported to be said by a mfr. rep about the Ideal No. 65 at a CPSC meeting in 1995. It's irrelevant to reference an understandably cautious comment by a mfr. representative at meeting for what was at that time a relatively new product for them, where they were the only ones making a UL listed Al/Cu twist-on connector with a potential high liability exposure (the US civil courts obliterate lack of diligence ... i.e. McDonalds coffee being a little too hot).

 * I also changed the wording on the section which stated that CO/ALR devices should be used for repairing a home with older AL wiring since it's not substantiated. I added a NEMA reference (as just referencing the entire NEC doesn't substantiate use of CO/ALR devices with AA-1350 wire as a partial/temporary repair).  I also added some pros/cons.

If someone who is also qualified/knowledgeable on the entire subject could proof read the article with the changes I made, that would be much appreciated (without spins or implied conclusions, which should be done elsewhere). Also, there are probably some minor typos or grammatical errors I missed.

EagleRJO (talk) 09:41, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

Article Title - "Aluminum wire"?
October 2016

I changed the title to "Aluminum building wiring", as that is what the article is about. It's about the building "wiring" for houses, and not just about the "wire" (or more correctly "conductor") as it is also about the wiring methods, devices, and wiring repairs. "Aluminum wire" could be used for many things including utility transmission and distribution systems discussed in other Wiki Articles (e.g. Overhead power line and Electric power distribution)

EagleRJO (talk) 04:08, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Vandalism
apparently we are having a problem with vandalism from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/72.2.103.233 I am relatively inexperienced with wikipedia, so if someone knows how to report this or something, it would be appreciated. Thanks, phd_jp — Preceding unsigned comment added by Phd jp (talk • contribs) 17:48, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Copyright
I was unable to find any evidence on Google that this is a copyright violation, which is often the case with long, unwikified articles. -- Kjkolb 21:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Elastic Memory
The comments regarding "elastic memory" are incorrect. Aluminum expands and contract, just as copper expands and contracts. If either metal is exposed to excessive pressure (especially at a high temperature) and the surrounding media contracts faster than the surrounded metal, then the metal will not be able to return to the original shape. That is true for all metals, and is a key factor when aluminum wire is incorrectly installed in a copper connector. I believe that is where the confusion comes from. If the statement "aluminum does not return to the same shape afterwards" were true, then you would have to believe that aluminum only expands and does not contract, which obviously contradicts everyday experience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chriskt (talk • contribs) 04:30, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

I do not agree with the change removing the phrase elastic memory. This phrase is very widely used in industry with respect to aluminum wire. All wires expand under electrical load, but unlike copper, aluminum does not return to the same shape afterwards. Whatever way you choose to word it, it is important to indicate that fact as it is a difference between aluminum and other conductors.

(The statement that "aluminum does not return to the same shape afterwards" is incorrect: aluminum, copper and other metals will return to their original shape if they are not under excessive force. This happens everyday in billions of aluminum connections that are made with the proper connectors.)Chriskt (talk) 21:39, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

What language is this article written in?
Is it American or British? The sight of "aluminium" on the same page as "No. 14 gauge" (American Wire Gauge) is painful. Could we at least spell "aluminum" the same way throughout the article? --Wtshymanski 17:51, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the alumin(i)um article, IUPAC prefers the extra i, and I, personally, would term them authoritative. --Baylink
 * The manual of style agrees with you. The article really ought to be edited and indeed moved to reflect that. Crispmuncher (talk) 02:18, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That's Manual of Style (chemistry) which is appropriate for articles of a scientific nature. As this article is a about a US domestic issue, it's possible that MOS:TIES trumps that. catslash (talk) 16:52, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Confusing tag on "ACM, or NUAL, wire" section
I added a confusing template on the "ACM, or NUAL, wire" section because it does not seem to make sense. The bolding in the quotes is mine. "In the early 1970s, a new aluminium alloy was listed by UL, known as AA-8000 series or "ACM" aluminium wire, which is the current aluminium wire used today." It is unclear if this means that it is the type of wire used for grid applications or for low-voltage applications (houses, small businesses). Also, the section later says, "It is, however, extremely rare in branch circuit wiring." If it is the current type of aluminum wire used, why is it extremely rare? Is it because aluminum wire has almost never been used since 1972 (this is the year that the article implies the change from the old wire to the new wire was made)? Does the article mean to say that the new wire was used in the power grids, but the old wire was still used in houses? It would make more sense if the wire was developed earlier, but the article says that it was made in the early 1970s, so there is no reason to expect it to appear much as original wiring in houses built before 1972. This is not a topic that I am particularly interested in, so it is not on my watchlist. If you want to contact me, please use my talk page. Thanks, Kjkolb 00:10, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * "Also, the section later says, "It is, however, extremely rare in branch circuit wiring." If it is the current type of aluminum wire used, why is it extremely rare?"

 * It is my understanding, from everything I've read on the subject, that aluminum wiring developed such a bad reputation (at least in the U.S.) in the years before 1972, that its use was abandoned (and had become prohibited by some local codes), regardless of the merits of the new alloys and connectors that came out in 1972 and in the years since. Thus, while the connectors are often updated in housing that had been built before 1972, the wiring itself, if replaced after 1972, would most likely have been replaced with copper, making the post-1972 variants of aluminum wire extremely rare. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.239.78.101 (talk) 05:26, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Everything I have read eventually references the Aronstein paper, so there is a bit of a lack of independent varification. There is also some rather loose use of the term "branch circuit" (also in my own edit).  This refers only to relatively low current branch circuits.  The new alloy is likely used quite extensively in dedicated circuits for large appliances and subpanel feeders[I know aluminum wire is still used quite extensively in circuits for large loads, I just am not sure of the alloy].  Mattmia2 (talk) 18:25, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I've tried to rephrase it to capture this, based on what I've read, but this really needs some citations, so I added . ★NealMcB★ (talk) 00:38, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

"ACM" is an acronym for an AA-8000 series aluminum alloy wire. It is currently used for 600 volt applications in North America, including residential, commercial, and industrial installations. Utilities still use primarily AA-1350, but also use certain alloys in some locations. Branch circuit wiring is the wiring from a receptacle, switch or similar device back to the overcurrent protective device, which is usually a circuit breaker in a load center or panelboard. Branch circuit wiring is usually copper, which is more economical due to the available device connections. The wire upstream from that would be a feeder or service conductor; these conductors are often larger gauge and may be copper or aluminum. Connections typically provided for feeders and service conductors are compatible with aluminum and copper conductors, and are most often made of aluminum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chriskt (talk • contribs) 04:40, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

 * In the electrical engineering/construction field ACM is an acronym for "Aluminum Conductor Material" (i.e. aluminum "wire" material) referenced for example in older versions of the NEC. Presently, the NEC just uses the term "Conductor Material" which includes requirements for various wires, including aluminum wires.  See the comments herein for changes to the Article related to this.
 * EagleRJO (talk) 19:58, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

US/UK
I think at least some separation by country of ali wiring's current use & history is warranted, as much of the info here is quite wrong in the UK for example, where domestic ali wiring has been an absolute no-no for a long time, and its past history of use is also different. Tabby (talk) 21:35, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * agreed, the article is 100% USA-centric - wire sizes, history, and even reference to US insurance rules which differ by "state", without explaining what kind of state. Most likely not Australian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.97.90 (talk) 14:13, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

ABC / AES / AMKA / APRX / AXKA / AXMR / AXPR
Aluminium cables is still in use for streetlamps, especially in the Europe and Russia. 90.191.190.76 (talk) 19:40, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

CCA
There's still no mention of CCA, copper coated aluminium cable, which is an important part of ali electrical wire's history here in the UK, and presumably in various other countries too. Tabby (talk) 10:17, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

NEC (National Electrical Code) rules
In the copy of the NEC I have here (2002 edition), table 310.16 has a footnote saying "See 240.4(D)", which in turn says you must not use overcurrent rated more tahn 15 Amperes for 14 AWG copper or 12 AWG aluminum. You must use a larger aluminum wire for the same overcurrent rating of the circuit. Has this been changed in the last 9 years? --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:05, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

12 AWG has always been the standard for ordinary 20A outlets, just look in any home with AL wiring, or look at the ratings on a new UF cable at Home Depot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.18.250.27 (talk) 19:29, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * 12 AWG copper, sure. But how do you get 20 amps out of a 12 AWG aluminum wire with an overcurrent device at 15 amperes? (Not too many 1970's houses left with aluminum wire to the receptacles.)  --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:41, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

There are only very limited situations where you would be legally required to retrofit a 15A breaker onto a 12AWG circuit. Therefore copper offers no advantage for small circuits. For larger circuits, the ampacity depends more on the wire type (75C vs. 90C, buried or not) than on copper versus aluminum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.18.250.27 (talk) 19:48, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Say what? I'm looking at table 310.16 (up to 3 conductors in cable), (2002 edition, we don't buy new code books for the US unless we have work there) and all the way down the page, for a given temperature rating of insulation (60 C), the aluminum wire has a lower rating:

...
 * 14 AWG, 20 amps copper, no rating for aluminum
 * 12 AWG, 25 amperes copper, 20 amperes aluminum
 * 10 AWG, 30 A copper, 25 A Al
 * 250 kcmil, 215 A Cu, 170 A Al

And so on. A copper wire in NEC rules (and CEC rules) is always smaller than an aluminum wire with the same rating. Your IP address doesn't come from Alcoa, does it? --Wtshymanski (talk)

So everyone agrees that 20 amps is the limit for 12AWG wire of any type. What is the disagreement here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.18.250.27 (talk) 20:37, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

You see the only case where copper gives you more amps is for larger cables, i.e., where it generally isn't used anyway. For 14-10AWG they have those asterisks so you are still stuck with 20 amps on your 12AWG copper cable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.18.250.27 (talk) 20:46, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * No, that's not the case. Aluminum conductors are required to be larger for the same current rating. Equivalently, the same size aluminum wire carries less current than a copper wire. Here's what Rule 240.4(D) says for maximum overcurrent size:

The Canadian code is much simpler: Table 2 says 15, 20, 30 A for copper and Table 4 says no rating, 15 A and 25 A for aluminum, with no asterisks. --Wtshymanski (talk) 20:57, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * 14 AWG - 15 amps copper, no rating for aluminum
 * 12 AWG - 20 A Cu, 15 A for Al
 * 10 AWG - 30 A Cu, 25 A for Al

Aircraft wire?
Could we get a reliable source for aluminum wire on aircraft? SO far Google Books is only turning up references to copper or silver-plated copper. --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:56, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Here's an article in 2007 about the aluminum wire in the A380: http://power.elecdesign.com/Articles/index.cfm?ArticleID=14634&stylename=maroon Of course, it has the standard anti-aluminum bias. But it confirms that the wiring is still aluminum as recently as 2007.
 * That says that one aircraft design is using aluminum, it doesn't say that all aircraft exclusively use aluminum. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:07, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Termination problems
The description of termination problems in the 70's jumps all over the place, and misses the main point and the main fix. The core issue was creep, and the core answer (besides dropping aluminum on smaller wiring) was redesign of terminations (generally some aspect of spring loading) so that the were less likely to cause creep and more able to tolerate creep. Further, I think that the blame on installer technique is wrong and unsourced. I did not edit this because it would require substantial changes. North8000 (talk) 13:07, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * The core issue was incompatibility of connector and conductor, and poor installation practices. The National Bureau of Standards (Newbury, D. and Greenwald S. “Observations on the Mechanisms of High Resistance Junction Formation in Aluminum Wire Connections.” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards (1980): 429-440) confirmed that properly tightened connections (even using the old-style aluminum and connectors) stayed tight. However, the connections made in the 1960s and 1970s were under-tightened and failed.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chriskt (talk • contribs) 04:44, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

---

 * The primary issue was/is in fact poor workmanship per the Newbury and Greenwald study, followed by thermal expansion differences. Also the discussion of termination problems was all over the place, which I tried to clean up.
 * EagleRJO (talk) 15:56, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

1990s?
From the first paragraph: "Utility companies have used aluminum wire for electrical transmission in power grids since the early 1900s." This is unsourced and at least for Europe is totally incorrect, I find it hard to believe it's correct for the USA either, was aluminium really not used for power grids in the USA before 1990? 109.207.29.2 (talk) 12:06, 13 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, the office copy of the 1950 edition of the "Transmission and Distribution Reference Book" gives lots of tables for ACSR and it certainly wasn't new then. Or do you mean all-aluminum conductors? --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:51, 31 October 2014 (UTC)

These comments are difficult to understand; the article says "1900s", which would mean the year 1900 and later. What does 1990 have to do with anything? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chriskt (talk • contribs) 04:33, 27 November 2014 (UTC)
 * This was corrected to late 1800s to early 1900s in North America ... since the late 1800s is when power grids first started to be installed, and aluminum conductors started to be used shortly after that.
 * EagleRJO (talk) 15:24, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 26 March 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Pretty much universal opposition mainly on the basis of WP:RETAIN. — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 20:45, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

Aluminum building wiring → Aluminium building wiring – Although the article primarily discusses United States, the topic is not inherently geo-specific and therefore should use standard IUPAC spelling. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 21:38, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Support Cuñado ☼ - Talk  00:19, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per WP:RETAIN. 162 etc. (talk) 01:29, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:RETAIN. Rreagan007 (talk) 02:24, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:RETAIN & MOS:TIES (the topic is geo-specific as far as I am aware - though that could just be my ignorance). catslash (talk) 11:07, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There is no earthly reason to impose a false consistency or to follow some "official" source. Remember color and orange (colour) Red   Slash  22:15, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aluminum building wiring


text:
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (Über Wahrheit und Lüge im aussermoralischen Sinne, also called On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense ) is a philosophical essay by Friedrich Nietzsche. It was written in 1873, one year after The Birth of Tragedy, but was published by his sister Elisabeth in 1896 when Nietzsche was already mentally ill.

Summary
Nietzsche's essay provides an account for (and thereby a critique of) the contemporary considerations of truth and concepts. These considerations, argues Nietzsche, arose from the very establishment of a language:Every word immediately becomes a concept, in as much as it is not intended to serve as a reminder of the unique and wholly individualized original experience to which it owes its birth, but must at the same time fit innumerable, more or less similar cases—which means, strictly speaking, never equal—in other words, a lot of unequal cases. Every concept originates through our equating what is unequal.

According to Paul F. Glenn, Nietzsche is arguing that "concepts are metaphors which do not correspond to reality." Although all concepts are metaphors invented by humans (created by common agreement to facilitate ease of communication), writes Nietzsche, human beings forget this fact after inventing them, and come to believe that they are "true" and do correspond to reality. Thus Nietzsche argues that "truth" is actually:

A mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms—in short, a sum of human relations which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically, and which after long use seem firm, canonical, and obligatory to a people: truths are illusions about which one has forgotten that this is what they are; metaphors which are worn out and without sensuous power; coins which have lost their pictures and now matter only as metal, no longer as coins.

These ideas about truth and its relation to human language have been particularly influential among postmodern theorists, and "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense" is one of the works most responsible for Nietzsche's reputation (albeit a contentious one) as "the godfather of postmodernism."

Raymond Geuss has compared Nietzsche's view of language, as expressed in this essay, to be similar to that of the later Wittgenstein's, in its de-emphasis of "the distinction between literal and metaphorical usage."

title: On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense


text:
User talk:209.6.162.130

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title: User talk:209.6.162.130


text:
Benjamín Galindo

Benjamín Galindo Marentes (born 11 December 1960), nicknamed El Maestro (The Master), is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He participated with the national team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

International
Galindo made 65 appearances and scored 28 goals for the Mexico national football team from 1983 to 1997.

Coaching career
Galindo was the former coach (director tecnico) of the powerhouse Mexican association football club, CD Guadalajara, until he was replaced in the 2005 season. He was also the coach of Santos Laguna but was once again replaced due to poor results.

Galindo was the coach of Cruz Azul until he was replaced with Enrique Meza. He then moved to Club Atlas. Benjamin Galindo for the first time was champion as coach with Club Santos Laguna in the Clausura 2012.

On 18 August 2013, Galindo was sacked by CD Guadalajara.

In January 2016, Galindo was hired as the head coach for Corinthians FC of San Antonio

On November 13, 2018, Galindo was announced as the assistant manager under Matias Almeyda's staff at San Jose Earthquakes.

Personal life
Galindo is the father of the Mexican defender the same name, Benjamín Galindo Jr.

Player

 * Guadalajara
 * Mexican Primera División: 1986–87

 * Santos Laguna
 * Mexican Primera División: Invierno 1996

 * Cruz Azul
 * Mexican Primera División: Invierno 1997
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 1997

 * Pachuca
 * Mexican Primera División: Invierno 1999

 * Individual
 * Mexican Primera División Golden Ball: 1986–87
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Boot: 1991

Manager

 * Santos Laguna
 * Mexican Primera División: Clausura 2012

 * Individual
 * Mexican Primera División Best Manager: Clausura 2012

title: Benjamín Galindo


text: User talk:213.106.96.131

title: User talk:213.106.96.131


text:
Darod

The Darod (Daarood, دارود) is a Somali clan. The forefather of this clan is Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, more commonly known as Darod. The clan primarily settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripheries, the Somali hinterlands adjacent to Oromia (Ogaden), and both sides of the Kenya–Somalia border. The Darod clan is the largest Somali clan family in the Horn of Africa.

Origins

According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, Aqeel Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib Al-Qurashi descendant Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod), a son of the Sufi Sheikh Isma'il al-Jabarti of the Qadiriyyah order, fled his homeland in the Arabian Peninsula after an argument with his uncle. During the 10th or 11th century CE, Abdirahman is believed to have then settled in modern-day Sanaag just across the Red Sea and married Dobira, the daughter of the Dir clan chief. This union is said to have given rise to the Darod clan family. Thus, it established matrilateral ties with the Samaale main stem.

According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran Ioan Lewis, the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the Prophet are most probably figurative expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society. However, "there is a strong historically valid component in these legends which, in the case of the Darod, is confirmed in the current practice of a Dir representative officiating at the ceremony of installation of the chief of the Darod family."

There are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Darod's travels, works and overall life in northern Somalia, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival. Besides historical sources such as Al-Masudi's Aqeeliyoon, a modern manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds) printed in Cairo in 1945 by Sheikh Ahmad bin Hussen bin Mahammad titled Manaaqib as-Sheikh Ismaa'iil bin Ibraahiim al-Jabarti also discusses Sheikh Darod and his proposed father Isma'il al-Jabarti, the latter of whom is reportedly buried in Bab Siham in the Zabid District of western Yemen.

Sheikh Darod's own tomb is in Haylaan, situated in the Sanaag region of Somaliland, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages. Sheikh Isaaq is buried nearby in Maydh, as is Sheikh Harti, a descendant of Sheikh Darod and the progenitor of the Harti Darod sub-clan, whose tomb lies in the ancient town of Qa’ableh.

Sheikh Darod's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Friday with a public reading of his manaaqib.

The Darod were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Abyssinia; especially the Geri Koombe who were in-laws with Imam Ahmed. Garad Matan married Imam Ahmed's sister who her name was Fardawsa. Garad Matan being the chieftain of Geri Koombe fully supported the Jihad and served as an Adalite general, second in command to Imam Ahmed."He also sent a messenger to the tribe of Girri which was the tribe whose leader and chieftain was Mattan bin 'Utman bin Kaled, the Somali, his brother-in-law who was one of the heroic and gracious knights who died as a martyr in the battle for the Amba as will be recalled at some length later on. The storyteller, may God have mercy upon him, says: On the left was the Somali tribe of Harti, from the people of Mait; a people not given to yielding. There were three-hundred of them, famous among the infantry as stolid swordsmen. In the same way there was the tribe of Yibberi, around four-hundred infantrymen, archers. So the imam attached them to the five-hundred who held the centre, saying to them, 'Hold your positions; don't budge, anyone of you.' The tribe of Girri were all horsemen, renowned as riders."The Geri Koombe tribe played a pivotal role in leadership, Garad Matan ibn Uthman Al Somali was described by chronicler Shihāb al-Dīn as one of the most bravest and courageous military commanders in the Adal Sultanate. The Imam had gathered all the Somali tribes and entrusted them to his brother in law Garad Matan ibn Uthman Al Somali. "After that the Muslims stood their ground. The tribe of the Somali said it was the tribe of Harla that gave us away while the tribe of Harla said it was the Somali tribe that gave us away The imam split his forces into three divisions: all the Somalis were in one division whose command he entrusted to Mattan."

Shihāb al-Dīn notes that Harti soldiers took part in the Adal Sultanate army. Hamza al Jufi was an infantry leader during the Battle of Shimbra Kure. The writer Arab Faqih attributes him with bravery and courage. Hamza al Jufi was described as eager and could not contain himself until the Adalites had to hold him back, telling him to "be patient". Arab Faqih goes on to describe the Harti just like Hamza al Jufi, recognising the bravery of the Somalis. He describes them as “famous among the infantry as solid swordsmen, and a people not given to yielding.” The Marehan clan are recorded as having played the biggest role in Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's campaigns against the Ethiopian Empire during the 16th century. Imam Ahmad himself, alongside his successor Emir Nur ibn Al-Mujahid, aswell as Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros all hailed from the Marehan clan. Along with the Habr Maqdi of the Jidwaaq; they helped push westward the enemies into the plains of Shewa and farther, helping destabilize the highland Christian empire. Evident in these battles were the Somali archers, namely the Marehan.

Lineage
Darod is the son of the famous Arabian Sheikh, Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti, who is buried in the Zabid District of Yemen. He is believed to have been a descendant of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib who in turn hailed from the Quraysh, a historically significant Arab tribe that the final prophet of Islam Muhammed was from. In 2009, former President of Somalia, Abdullahi Yusuf visited the grave of Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti in Yemen.

According to many medieval and modern Islamic historians, Darod is descended from Aqeel ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of Muhammad and brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib. An ancient Islamic history book, called Aqeeliyoon by Al-Masudi, talks in detail about the descendants of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib, wherein Darod is also mentioned. The book gives Sheikh Darod's lineage as Abdirahmaan Bin Ismaa'iil Bin Ibraahim Bin Abdirahmaan Bin Muhammed Bin Abdi Samad Bin Hanbal Bin Mahdi Bin Ahmed Bin Abdalle Bin Muhammed Bin Aqail Bin Abu-Talib Bin Abdul-Mutalib Bin Hashim Bin Qusaya.

According to Allaa'i Alsuniyah Fi Al-Aqab Al-Aqeeliyah (2006) by Ahmed bin Ali Al-Rajihi Al-Aqeeli, the lineage of Sheikh Darod/Da'ud is: "Da'ud ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim ibn Abdulsamad ibn Ahmed ibn Abdallah ibn Ahmed Ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim ibn Abdallah ibn Isma'il ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Hamid ibn Abdallah ibn Ibrahim ibn Ali ibn Ahmed ibn Abdallah ibn Muslim ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Aqeel ibn Abi-Talib Al-Hashimi Al-Qurashi". Al-Aqeeli adds that Sheikh Isma'il's sons include Abi-Bakar, Da'ud, Ahmad and Abdulsamad, whose other offspring inhabit the Hadhramaut and Mahra regions in Southern Arabia.

Distribution
The Darod are believed to be a large Somali clan both in terms of population size and land inhabitation. The Darod constitute a big presence in the Somali Region of Ethiopia and are also one of the largest Somali clan in North Eastern Province of Kenya. Within Somalia, the Darod are also one of the largest clans, with traditional strongholds in the north, modern day Puntland state which is dominated by the Harti subclan of Darod. In addition, the Marehan, Ogaden, Jidwaaq, and Harti Darod members are also settled further down south in the Gedo region as well as the Middle Jubba and Lower Jubba regions of Somalia. The Darod in Somalia, roughly corresponds to the Darod's settled within the Jubbaland and Puntland states. In Somaliland the Darod settle the eastern Sool, Sanaag regions and the Buhoodle district of Togdheer

Major Darod Settlements within Somalia include Galkacyo, Kismaayo, Bosaso, and Garowe.

Darod are also the largest clan in Jigjiga in Ethiopia, and Garissa in Northern Kenya.

Nobility
The Darod clan has produced numerous noble Somali men and women over the centuries, including many Sultans. Traditionally, the Darod population was mostly concentrated in the northern and northeastern cities on the Gulf of Aden and upper Indian Ocean coast in the Horn of Africa. Darod noble men ruled these settlement pockets until the European colonial powers changed the political dynamics of Somalia during the late 19th century. Before many Darods began pushing southward in the mid-1850s, the Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo held steadfast in solidly established posts from Alula to Hobyo.

Clan tree
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is based upon the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.

In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:
 * Darod (Daarood)
 * Cisse
 * Sade
 * Marehan
 * Reer Dini
 * Reer Hassan
 * Eli Dheere
 * Facaye
 * Tanade
 * Leelkase
 * Yusuf
 * Awrtable
 * Kablalah
 * Absame
 * Ogaden
 * Makabul
 * Tolomoge
 * Mohamed Zubeir
 * Bahgari
 * Aulihan
 * Jidwaaq
 * Bartire
 * Abaskuul
 * Yabare
 * Koombe (Kombe)
 * Geri Koombe
 * Abba Yonis Hassan
 * Ishaaq Hassan
 * Umar Hassan
 * Yusuf Hassan
 * Harla
 * Harti
 * Dishiishe (Dishishe)
 * Warsangali (Warsengeli)
 * Majeerteen (Mijerteen)
 * Bicidyahan
 * Siwaaqroon
 * Ali Saleeban
 * Ugaar Saleeban
 * Mohamoud Saleeban
 * Omar Mohamoud
 * Isse Mohamoud
 * Osman Mohamoud
 * Dhulbahante (Dolbahante)
 * Mohamoud Garad
 * Jama Siad
 * Galool Oriye
 * Farah Garad
 * Baharsame
 * Barkad
 * Ararsame
 * Bah Ali Gheri
 * Abdi Garad
 * Khayr Abdi
 * Omar Abdi

 * Darod
 * Kablalah
 * Kombe
 * Kumade
 * Cisse (Isse)
 * Sade
 * Marehan
 * Facaye
 * Awrtable
 * Leelkase (Lelkase)

One tradition maintains that Darod had one daughter.

Darod's tomb
Darod is buried in an old town called Haylaan near Badhan in the north-eastern Sanaag region of Somalia. His wife Dobira is buried just outside the town. The surrounding buildings and the mosque near the tomb was built by the former president of Somalia Abdullahi Yusuf.

Darod is believed to be the son of the famous Arabian Sheikh, Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti, who is buried in the Zabid District of Yemen. Tradition holds that he is descended from the Banu Hashim.

In 2009, former President of Somalia, Abdullahi Yusuf visited the grave of Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti in Yemen

Sheikh Darod's mawlid (birthday) is celebrated every Friday with a public reading of his manaqib and passages in the Quran.

Sons of Sheikh Darod Ismail

 * Ahmad bin Abdirahman: Sade Darod
 * Muhammad bin Abdirahman: Kablalax Darod
 * Hussien bin Abdirahman: Tanade Darod
 * Yousuf bin Abdirahman: Awrtable Darod
 * Eissa bin Abdirahman: Cisse Darod

Royalty

 * Ahmed Girri Bin Hussein Al Somali, Jidwaaq Absame, 16th century Adalite Leader
 * Garad Matan Bin Uthman Bin Khalid 16th century Adalite General
 * Ali Yusuf Kenadid, Majerteen, Last Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo

 * Mohamoud Ali Shire, Warsangeli, Sultan of former "British Somaliland" (1897–1960)
 * Ugas Yasin Ugas Abdurahman former ruler of Bosaso
 * Ali Yusuf Kenadid, Majerteen, Last Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo

 * Xasan Deyl, chief caaqil of Bah Cali Gheri during independence
 * Garaad Abdulahi Garaad Soofe, first chief caaqil of Bah Cali Gheri in 21st century
 * Yuusuf Kooreeye, chief caaqil of Ararsame during and prior to independence
 * Omar Amey, the chief caaqil of Ararsame during colonialism
 * Garaad Kulmiye Garad Mohammed Garad Dool Garaad Wiil Waal, the current chief of Absame, Jidwaaq, and Bartire.
 * Garad Adan Bin Kooshin, Supreme Garad of Geri Koombe 19th Century

Rulers

 * Garaad Wiil-Waal Liberated Jigjiga from the Oromo invaders in the 1700s.
 * Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Ogaden, the Sayyid / Mad Mullah; religious and nationalist leader of the Dervish movement.
 * Nur ibn Mujahid, Marehan, second Conqueror of Ethiopia and the Patron Saint of Harar was one of rulers of parts of the Horn of Africa.
 * Siad Barre, Marehan, third President of Somalia, 1969–1991

Inventors and founders

 * Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Majerteen, Inventor of the Osmanya Script.
 * Shire Jama Ahmed, Marehan, inventor of the Somali script
 * Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, Majeerteen, first President of Somali National Assembly; former Minister of Health and Labor of Somalia (1966–67)

Lawyers and legislators

 * Ahmed Sheikh Ali Ahmed, Marehan former President of Court of Appeal, Somali Democratic Republic.
 * Ahmed Hussen, Majeerteen, Minister of Immigration of Canada
 * Abdulqawi Yusuf, Majerteen, prominent Somali international lawyer and president on the International Court of Justice.
 * Ilhan Omar, Majerteen, Member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
 * Mohamud Ali Magan, Marehan, Somali Foreign Affairs, Consul General to United States Of America and Canada
 * Aar Maanta.jpg, Somali-British singer-songwriter, actor, composer, instrumentalist and music producer]]Amina Mohamed, Dhulbahante, former Chairman of the International Organization for Migration and the World Trade Organisation's General Council
 * Yusuf Mohamed Ismail, Majeerteen, former Ambassador of Somalia to the United Nations Human Rights Office in Geneva

Writers and musicians

 * Aadan Carab, Dhulbahante, poet who narrated the Dhulbahante genocide at the hands of European colonialists in the Darawiish era
 * Abdulkadir Hersi Siyad Yamyam, Marehan, was a Somali poet and playwright.
 * Ahmed Farah Ali Idaaja, Marehan, one of the first Somali language writers and "father" of the Somali written folklore
 * Nuruddin Farah, Ogaden, World-famous Somali novelist
 * Ahmed Rasta, Marehan, singer. nicknamed Boqorka Codka (King of Voice.)
 * Saadoaliw1.jpg, singer-songwriter and former MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia]]Aar Maanta, Ogaden, Somali-British singer-songwriter, actor, composer, instrumentalist and music producer.
 * Ahmed Biif, Dishiishe, former singer whom turned into a preacher
 * Mohamed Nuur Giriig, Warsangeli, Classical Singer. (1935–2002)
 * Saado Ali Warsame, Dhulbahante, singer-songwriter and former MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia
 * Faarax Maxamed Jaamac Cawl, Warsangeli, writer
 * Careys Ciise Kaarshe, Awrtable, poet.

Military leaders and personnel

 * Faarax Qarshe, Darawiish governor of Bah Udgoon
 * General Sulub Ahmed Firin, Abaskuul Jidwaaq Absame, Somalia Chief Police Commander
 * Adan Ali Gurey, Dhulbahante, commander of Golaweyne
 * Suleiman Aden Galaydh, Dhulbahante Darawiish commander at Cagaarweyne
 * Haji Yusuf Barre, Dhulbahante, commander of the biggest battle in Darawiish history, i.e. Jidbali; made the last stand at Taleh
 * Yusuf Agararan, Dhulbahante, led most successful Darawiish raid since Dul Madoba
 * Ibraahin Xoorane, Dhulbahante, Darawiish commander who killed Richard CorfieldChief of Somali Police until 1970 Mr. Jama Qorsheel.jpg, Somali Army General, former Head of Somali Police and one of the leaders of 1969 coup d'état of Somalia]]
 * Axmed Aarey, Dhulbahante, Darawiish artillery commander who abetted Richard Corfield's death
 * Afqarshe Ismail, Dhulbahante, former Darawiish spokesman-poet; first person to die in an airstrike in Africa
 * Nur Hedik, Dhulbahante, commander of the Dooxato (Darawiish cavalry) who had a Shiikhyaale regiment named after him
 * Abdulkadir Sheikh Dini, Marehan, Former minister of defence of Somalia
 * Abdullahi Anod, Marehan, Former Head Commander of Somali Military Forces
 * Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, Majeerteen, Defense Minister Under The Siad Barre Government
 * Yusuf Osman Dhumal, Marehan, Former Head Commander of Somali Military Forces
 * Abdirizak Haji Hussein, Majeerteen, former Prime Minister of Somalia, and former Secretary General of the Somali Youth League.
 * Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale, Marehan, Former minister of defence of Somalia, Head Jubba Valley Alliance
 * Jama Ali Korshel, Warsangeli, Somali Army General, former Head of Somali Police and one of the leaders of 1969 coup d'état of Somalia
 * Ahmed Warsame, Marehan, Head of the Somali Military Academy.
 * Abdullahi Ahmed Jama, Warsangeli, Former Minister of Justice and 1977 Ogaden War Veteran
 * Mohamed Abshir Muse, Majerteen, First Commander of the Somali Police Force
 * Bashir Abdi Mohammed "Ameeriko", Majerteen, current Somali federal government police force commander
 * Bile Abdi (482x321).jpg, first Somali world champion in the 1500 metres]]General Mohamed Hussien Daa'ud "Xiirane", Awrtable, a High Commanding General in the Ogaden War

Politicians

 * Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (Farmajo), Marehan, former President of Somalia
 * Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Majeerteen, former President of Somalia, First President and founding father of Puntland
 * Abdirahman Omar Mohamed (Dr. Cunaaye), Awrtable, was the Former Director of Benaadir Regional Medical, Public Health, and Epidemiology Services
 * Abdi Farah Shirdon, Marehan, former Prime Minister of Somalia
 * Hirsi Bulhan Farah Majeerteen, former Minister in the civilian government of the 1960s, political prisoner and Pan-Somalist.
 * Aden Ibrahim Aw Hirsi, Marehan, Author, Politician – Former minister of planning of Jubaland state of Somalia.
 * Abdirashid Shermarke, Majeerteen, second President of Somalia, 1967–1969
 * Asli.jpg, first and only female Somali pilot]]Mohamed Aden Sheikh, Marean premier Somali intellectual and former head of Somali Technological Development, Minister of Information, Minister of Education, Head of the Ideology Bureau SRRC
 * Omar Haji Massale, Marehan, Former minister of defence of Somalia
 * Abdiweli Gaas, Majeerteen Current President of Puntland
 * Abdi Shire Warsame, Marehan, former Somali Ambassador to Kenya and China and Former Foreign Affairs State minister in Transitional National Government
 * Ahmed Mohamed Islam(Axmed Madoobe), Ogaden, President of Jubbaland State of Somalia
 * Abdiwahid Gonjeh, Marehan, Former Prime minister of Somalia, member of upper house
 * Ahmed Elmi Osman (Karaash), Dhulbahante, Minister of Interior of Puntland and former President of Khatumo State
 * Fatimo Isaak Bihi, Marehan, first Somali female ambassador, Ambassador to Geneva, Director of the African Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 * Abdiasis Nur Hersi, Awrtable, the former Minister of Labor and Sports from 1970 to 1977
 * Abdi Mohamoud Omar, Ogaden, President of Somali region of Ethiopia
 * Mohamed Abdi Yusuf, Awrtable, Former Prime Minister of Somalia
 * Abdulahi Sheik Ismael Fara-Tag, Member of sen of upper house
 * Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar, Dhulbahante, Vice President of Puntland
 * Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo2.jpg, president of Somalia]]Ahmed Mohamed Hassan, Marehan, Member of the Pan-African Parliament from Djibouti
 * Abdirahman Farole, Majeerteen, Former President of Puntland
 * Abdirizak Haji Hussein, Majeerteen, former Prime Minister of Somalia, and former Secretary General of the Somali Youth League.
 * Abdirizak Jurile, Dishiishe, Veteran politician, Diplomat & Professor. Former TFG minister of planning & International Cooperation, Former MP, former executive director of numerous UN and International organisations, Senator
 * Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, Marehan, Former Prime Minister of Somalia
 * Omar Sharmarke, Majeerteen, Prime Minister of Somalia, and son of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
 * Abdulkadir Abdi Hashi, Leelkase, State Minister of the Presidency for Planning and International Relations of Puntland
 * Farah Ali Jama, Majeerteen, former Minister of Finance of Puntland
 * Abdulahi Bille Nour, Dishiishe, Somali State Minister of Education, Cultural & Higher Education, One of Somali longest serving national MPs.
 * Iman 1996.jpg, Somali supermodel, actress and entrepreneur]]Abdulrahman Jama Barre, Marehan, former Foreign Minister of Somalia and close relative of Siad Barre
 * Shukran Hussein Gure, Ogaden, MP for Garissa County
 * Jabir Mohamed Abdi is the current State Minister of Education of the Federal Government of Somalia
 * Said Mohamed Rage, Dishiishe, Founder of Puntland Counter-piracy Agency and Puntland Minister of Ports, Marine Transportation and Marine Resource
 * Farah Maalim, Ogaden, Deputy Speaker in the Parliament of Kenya
 * Cabbaas Xuseen, Dhulbahante, first prime minister of the Darawiish (1895–1900)
 * Xaashi Suni Fooyaan, Dhulbahante, peace-time prime minister of the Darawiish (1905–1906)

Engineers

 * Asli Hassan Abade, Ogaden, First Ever African Female Military Pilot
 * Ali Matan Hashi, Marehan, first Somali pilot, commander of Somali Airforce 1959–1978, Minister of Justice, Minister of Health, Somali Nationalist.
 * Ali Meggar, Darawiish naval commander

Athletes

 * Abdi Bile, Dhulbahante, former middle-distance runner and 1500m world champion in 1987.

Other

 * Iman (model), Majeerteen, a supermodel, actress and entrepreneur
 * Fatima Jibrell, Dhulbahante, Somali-American environmentalist
 * Hirsi Magan Isse, Majeerteen, scholar and one of the leaders of the Somalian revolution
 * Nathif Jama Adam, Ogaden, Governor of Garissa County and former Head of the Sharjah Islamic Bank's Investments & International Banking Division
 * Abdirahman Nur Hersi, Awrtable, The former Minister of Finance in Somalia and founding member and executive Vice President of the Islamic Development Bank

title: Darod


text:
National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"

The National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa" (Convergence Nationale "Kwa Na Kwa"), popularly known as simply Kwa Na Kwa or KNK (lit. 'Work, only Work' in Sango), is a political party in the Central African Republic, built around support of François Bozizé. The party was originally an alliance of several political parties, before some merged into a single party in August 2009.

History
After his seizure of power in a March 2003 coup, Bozizé pledged he would not run in future elections. On 21 August 2004, an alliance of small political parties, business and political leaders launched the National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa" as a political coalition to urge Bozizé to stand for president. Parties joining the KNK coalition included the National Party for a New Central Africa (PNCN), the Action Party for Development (PAD), the Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD), the National Union for Democracy and Rally (UNADER), the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), the National Democratic Front (FND), the Party for Democracy in Central Africa (PDCA) and the Movement for Democracy, Independence and Social Progress (MDI-PS).

Following the December constitutional referendum and a subsequent decree calling for general elections on 30 January 2005, Bozizé announced he would run for president as an independent, supported by the KNK coalition. At a rally in Bangui, called by the KNK, Bozizé announced that he would "contest the election to achieve the task of rebuilding the country, which is dear to me and according to your wish." The elections were eventually delayed until May, and saw Bozizé win the presidential election with 64.6% of the vote in the second round, whilst the KNK won 42 of the 105 seats in the National Assembly.

In 2009, some member parties of the KNK alliance merged into a single party, although several did not, including the PNCN, PAD, FND, MDD, PLD, PDCA, UNADER and the MDI-PS. In the 2011 general elections, Bozizé was re-elected President with 64.4% of the vote in the first round, whilst the KNK won 61 of the 100 seats in the National Assembly.

Ideology
The party was founded based on support for President Bozizé. Bozizé himself has described the KNK as a social democratic labourist party without "theories." "The Kwa Na Kwa is a working person's party in the tradition of social democracy. Its objective is to mobilize the population, raise awareness, and move towards development, in the sense of the fight against poverty: through work. It is only through work that we can change the situation we face in this country. The Kwa na Kwa is a tool to combat idleness, laziness and laxity. It is a party different from others in the sense that this is not a party of theories." The party aligns itself with the founder of the Central African Republic, Barthélemy Boganda, and appeals to his "Five Verbs": "House, Feed, Educate, Heal, Clothe."

Africa Elects, an affiliate of Europe Elects, disputes the party's self-described ideology. It states that, by Bozizé's own statements describing the party, it holds an individualist view on poverty mainly focusing on personal responsibility, a view generally held by right-leaning or fully right-wing parties. It has also been described as holding Gbaya nationalist views, with Bozizé giving preference to Gbaya in positions of power. Bozizé himself (a Christian) has been accused of persecuting Muslim communities and driving them out of the western part of the country. Aside from this, the party has made repatriation of exiled former soldiers from the civil war one of its main policy points.

title: National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"


text:
Saints Peter and Paul's Church, Los Angeles

Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church, established in 1865 in Wilmington, Los Angeles, California, is one of the oldest parishes in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

The current church building was dedicated in 1931. During the year 2000 Jubilee, it was proclaimed as a Pilgrimage Church and recognized as the Historic Faith Center of the San Pedro Pastoral Region. It is currently run by the Norbertine Fathers of St. Michael's Abbey (Orange County, California).


text:
Estadio Luis Franzini

The Estadio Luis Franzini (or Luis Franzini Stadium) is an outdoor football stadium located in Montevideo, Uruguay. The stadium's maximum capacity is 16,000 people, and it is the home ground of Defensor Sporting. The stadium was closed during the 1997 season for renovations. It reopened on 16 August 1998 with the name Nuevo Estadio Luis Franzini. Renovations included a seating capacity increase and leveling of the playing area. Previously, the land sloped to the west, toward the Rio de la Plata.

Situated on municipal land on the Parque Rodo at the intersection of Herrera y Reissig and Sarmiento Streets, the Luis Franzini Stadium is named for the former president of the Uruguayan Soccer Commission (Comisión de Fútbol) and Defensor Sporting, Luis Franzini, who led the club for thirty three years.

title: Estadio Luis Franzini


text:
Whip Inflation Now

Whip Inflation Now (WIN) was a 1974 attempt to spur a grassroots movement to combat inflation in the US, by encouraging personal savings and disciplined spending habits in combination with public measures, urged by U.S. President Gerald Ford. The campaign was later described as "one of the biggest government public relations blunders ever".

People who supported the mandatory and voluntary measures were encouraged to wear "WIN" buttons, perhaps in hope of evoking in peacetime the kind of solidarity and voluntarism symbolized by the V-campaign during World War II.

Campaign
Ford had taken office in August 1974 amidst one of the worst economic crises in US history, marked by high unemployment and inflation rising to 12.3% that year following the 1973 oil crisis. As a Republican, Ford favored the WIN campaign's emphasis on addressing the problem through voluntary actions of citizens, instead of price restrictions imposed centrally by a big government bureaucracy.

The campaign began in earnest with the establishment by the 93rd Congress of the National Commission on Inflation, which Ford closed with an address to the American people, asking them to send him a list of ten inflation-reducing ideas. Ten days later, Ford declared inflation "public enemy number one" before Congress on October 8, 1974, in a speech entitled "Whip Inflation Now", announcing a series of proposals for public and private steps intended to directly affect supply and demand to bring inflation under control. Suggested actions for citizens included carpooling, turning down thermostats, and starting their own vegetable gardens.

"WIN" buttons immediately became objects of ridicule; skeptics wore the buttons upside down, explaining that "NIM" stood for "No Immediate Miracles," "Nonstop Inflation Merry-go-round," or "Need Immediate Money."

Alan Greenspan, as the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors during the Ford administration, went along reluctantly with the "Whip Inflation Now" campaign, but would later recall in his book The Age of Turbulence that he was thinking, "This is unbelievably stupid" when the concept was first presented to the White House. According to historian Yanek Mieczkowski, the public campaign was never meant to be the centerpiece of the anti-inflation program.

title: Whip Inflation Now


text:
Talk:Candy apple

What about Caramel apples?!
Caramel Apples are more common than Candy apples in many parts of the U.S. and Canada where candy apples are simply unheard of, don't they deserve more than a line about "varieties"?
 * I have intended to separate this into two articles for some time but haven't gotten around to it. Rmhermen 14:18, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And are candy apples different from toffee apples? The toffee apples I have had in England always have a brown, toffee coating, whereas the candy apples I have had in America have had the red candy coating. DavidFarmbrough 09:24, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * IMHO one article should be OK. They all seem very similar. --Kjoonlee 10:50, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Having read the articles and comments I think there should only be the one article. Toffee apples (which are different clearly in that they have TOFFEE on them), candy apples, caramel apples, or whatever, maybe they have different coating, but the basic principal is the same.  Do we need a seperate article for Orange Smarties? (or for our American readers, Red M&Ms and Blue M&Ms).  If there were a move to gauge support for the merge, then I would have to support a merge.  But the article should be better in general to explain the different types of, erm, sweet covered apples. --SnakeSeries 12:24, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

We could also consider that there is a world outside of America, and in the English speaking parts of this world, "toffee apple" is the most commonly used description for this type of confectionary. 15:54, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Copied from Talk:Candy Apple:
 * The Candy Apple and Caramel Apple used to be combined, but were intentionally split. I'm not sure a merge is warrented. -- RM 14:44, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I split them so obviously I don't agree. These are very different items. One is covered in rock hard candy, the other is covered in soft gooey caramel and usually other additional items like nuts or chocolates. not the same at all. Not to mention that each item has at least two different names to keep straight (a mistake I made when initially splitting the article). Though when they were combined they were a mess of contradictions, too. Rmhermen 21:01, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Candy/toffee apples and caramel apples are two different things and while it is a good idea to have a link to caramel apple from candy apple and vice versa, they are different and should remain separate. From an international perspective, half of my family lives in the U.S. and half in Canada. The Canadians all eat candy apples, while the Americans eat caramel apples...it's nearly impossible to find a candy apple where I live live in the States even though my grocer has more caramel apples than they know what to do with. Caramel apples are almost always covered in nuts along with a layer of caramel, whilst candy apples have no nuts and a candied coating. They're just different foods and should be different pages. After all, we make a distinction between a chardonnay and a sauvignon blanc. Having said that, if there were some generic term (not candy or caramel), then I MIGHT support a new/merge article which described different types of apples. Mgturn 01:33, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * FWIW, given the basic commonality in making these things, give or take a few degrees of heat on the sugar, I would have kept them together. At the risk of stirring up yet another Brit/Am thing, if "in many parts of the U.S. and Canada where candy apples are simply unheard of" then might it be a concession to WP:CSB to move this article to toffee apple, which is the only name for any "apple-on-stick" treats in the UK? At least it would be recognisable to North Americans as a cognate of "taffy apple", whereas "candy apple" is pretty meaningless to Brits. In fact I'd guess the (surprising) lack of British contributions to this page reflects that 'alien' name. As an aside, in the UK as well as getting the bright red commercial ones at fairgrounds etc, they're often made at home (eg BBC recipe). FlagSteward 13:41, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * They are two different thing, taffee or caramel is a soft and chewy coating while candy is a rock hard (and flavored) coating which allows no additional "mix-in". An American wouldn't call a candy apple a toffee apple or a taffy apple. In fact I had never seen a candy apple growing up in Illinois (they are seen in Michigan though). We made and ate caramel/taffy apples. Moving it would only add to the confusion of people who have never seen one - expecting it to be a red colored varient of a chewy coated apple.  Rmhermen 13:55, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I also re-cleaned up caramel apple, where you mistakenly confused taffee apples with candy apples. Taffee apple is another name for caramel, not toffee (in apple coatings, at least). Rmhermen 14:00, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

I'm american and where I live candy apples are a very prevalent part of our culture. Perhaps it is regional, but the name of this article--candy apple-- should stay the same. --DavisJune (talk) 17:43, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Caramel apples, Candy apples, and Chocolate apples are the same
Having separate articles for these is silly.

The manufacture is partly different, but partly similar. For the eaters, they're the same sort of treat. For the producers, they have almost identical ingredients (e.g. you find them mostly at apple harvest time, and the coating is mostly sugar). In all ways they're either the same or very similar. Merge. Gronky (talk) 18:40, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Reeses cups and MM's use mostly the same ingredients too by that count - so just one big article on sugar perhaps? Rmhermen (talk) 21:11, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Reeses cups and MM's are missing the main ingredient (apples), they don't come on sticks, they're not associated with harvest season, they're never home-made. My point stands.  Caramel and Candy apples are the same thing, and Reeses cups and MM's aren't. Gronky (talk) 00:37, 7 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Candy and caramel are not the same thing. Candy apples are not associated with harvest in many countries - perhaps not even in the U.S. I make a fair imitation of Reeses at home, too. Rmhermen (talk) 05:39, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
 * And there are different types of Mars bar, but they're all similar enough to go in one article. Same for this.
 * One person's culinary exploits doesn't change the truth of a generality. Gronky (talk) 15:05, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Apple brown betty and apple strudel are just apples and sugar too. What generality? Rmhermen (talk) 19:19, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Toffee, taffee, caramel, candy. I'm confused.
So I'm confused. Is a British "toffee apple" the same as a candy apple or a caramel apple? It seems to me that it would be the same as the candy apple, but the caramel apple article says that "toffee apple" is another name for a caramel apple. The comments that I see here seem to indicate that my assumption is correct, but I'm wary of changing the article. Do Americans call caramel apples "toffee apples"? What is the difference between toffee and taffy? For the record, I am Canadian, and prefer candy apples. -- timc  talk   15:38, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think we have identified taffy apple as the same as caramel apple and toffee apples the same as candy apples. Although it is possible that some people make no distinction in terms and use them interchangeably. Rmhermen (talk) 21:30, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Toffee apples have the same texture as candy apples (that is brittle) but a taste more like caramel apples (unless they're made with treacle toffee, then they taste of treacle). eyeball226 (talk) 17:29, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Newark News reference(s)
This is a bit confused-- the quote itself ends "according to the Newark News of 1948" and then the reference gives two references-- 1948 and 1964. I am guessing the 1964 quote had an "On This Day" feature reprinting something from the 1948 one, or something like that? Anyway, need it be this confusing, why not just refer directly to the 1948 one?

SimonTrew (talk) 19:12, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Toffee Apple
The suggestion of the text here is that toffee apples are some kind of equivalent to candy apples. They are not, they are no more an equivalent than caramel apples which have their own article. The article Apple, mentions: In recent years I've seen candy apples appear here in Ireland (toffee apples having been prevalent before) and they are entirely different in appearance, taste and consistency - apart from having the apple part in common. The article seems to be very much written from a US perspective, or from people who haven't experienced actual toffee apples. 78.137.128.232 (talk) 17:28, 1 November 2009 (UTC)
 * In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the US are candy apples (coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and caramel apples, coated with cooled caramel.

 * I find this article somewhat irritating. Saying that toffee apples are the same as candy apples is just incorrect. Unfortunately I'm not confident enough at writing to do any more than edit minor mistakes. eyeball226 (talk) 13:49, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

300 degrees?
"...about 300 degrees on a candy thermometer." I'm assuming this is Fahrenheit, yes? In the civilized world outside of the US and Liberia, we use Celsius. Since 300 Kelvin is room temperature, we can be pretty sure it's not that. Perhaps someone who knows for sure whether it's in Fahrenheit can clarify in the article? SmashTheState (talk) 04:17, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

Need better source for claim: "because these festivals fall in the wake of the annual apple harvest."
The following statement and cited source do not correspond as strongly as they could. The source does not contain any explicit statement about these festivals or their relation to the annual apple harvest, though the content and date of the source are suggestive. "These are a common treat at autumn festivals in Western culture in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Halloween and Guy Fawkes Night because these festivals fall in the wake of the annual apple harvest.[1]" Leifeinarson (talk) 21:35, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

History of Halloween weblink not working?
The weblink to http://www.thehistoryofhalloween.net/?page=2 is not working for me: anyone have alternative suggestions or fixes? Leifeinarson (talk) 21:41, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

Candy Apples in Japan? Source not verifiable?
The source cited about candy apples in Japan does not seem to contain any reference to apples (or grapes or tangerines). Leifeinarson (talk) 01:22, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

Template:Apples
Dear All, please see here a discussion on the inclusion of the "Apples" template on food products. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 12:29, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

Candy Apples vs. Caramel Apples
I have no expertise on this topic and am thoroughly confused by the article. The article asserts that candy apples and caramel apples differ in the process by which they are made. How so? As I understand it, in both cases the apple is dipped in hot, molten candy, which remains in place as the apple cools. If there is a difference in process, please clarify it.Bill (talk) 05:01, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Candy apple


text:
Talk:You Should Be So Lucky (TV series)

I remember this show! Considering this was made during the halcyon days of Children's BBC, it really sucked. Amazed it went to two series really! Smallbone10 22:02, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:You Should Be So Lucky (TV series)


text:
Central African Democratic Rally

The Central African Democratic Rally (Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain, RDC) is a political party in the Central African Republic.

History
The party was established on 6 February 1987, initially as the political vehicle for President André Kolingba. It was the only legal party in the country until 1992.

Kolingba was the party's presidential candidate in the 1993 general elections, and was eliminated in the first round after receiving just 12% of the vote. The party won 13 seats in the National Assembly, emerging as the second-largest faction behind the Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People (MLPC). It subsequently joined the coalition government led by the MLPC's Jean-Luc Mandaba.

In the next parliamentary elections in 1998 the RDC was part of the Union of Forces for Peace, (UFAP) which opposed President Ange-Félix Patassé. The RDC won 20 seats, and UFAP gained a majority of 55 of the 109 seats in the National Assembly. However, the MLPC was able to form a government after the defection of a UFAP MP. Kolingba was the party's candidate for the 1999 presidential elections, finishing second with 19% of the vote as Patassé was elected in the first round of voting.

Kolingba was the party's presidential candidate again for the 2005 general elections. He finished in third place with took 16% of the vote. The elections also saw the party reduced to seven seats in the National Assembly.

In the 2011 general elections the party won just one seat in the National Assembly, whilst its presidential candidate Émile Gros Raymond Nakombo finished fourth in a field of five with 5% of the vote.

After the death of André Kolingba, the party was chaired by his son Désiré Kolingba, until his death in April 2021.

title: Central African Democratic Rally


text:
Paul Keane

Paul Keane is an Australian actor well known for playing original character Des Clarke in the soap opera Neighbours, opposite Elaine Smith who played his wife Daphne Clarke. Other TV credits include Bliss and Flight into Hell.

Keane trained at the National Institute of Dramatic Art, graduating in 1983. After leaving Neighbours, Keane appeared in three short films before he quit acting and took up work in a pub. After struggling to cope with fame, Keane developed a drug addiction which he battled for ten years.

In November 2014, it was announced that Keane would be one of the former cast members returning to Neighbours, reprising his role of Des Clarke for the show's 30th anniversary in 2015. Keane also appeared in a documentary special celebrating the anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015.

Keane reprised the role of Des when the character returned for Neighbours 35th anniversary in March and December 2020 and again for the final episode of the show in July 2022.

title: Paul Keane


text:
Roger Peterson

Roger Peterson may refer to:

 * Roger Tory Peterson (1908–1996), ornithologist
 * Roger Peterson (musician) (born 1980), Aruban-Dutch musician
 * Roger Peterson (pilot) (1937–1959), pilot of the plane that crashed killing Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and Jiles Perry Richardson (The Big Bopper)

title: Roger Peterson


text:
Patriotic Front for Progress

The Patriotic Front for Progress (Front Patriotique pour le Progrès, FPP) is a political party in the Central African Republic. It is an observer member of the Socialist International.

History
The FPP was officially established in 1991, being created from the Oubanguien Patriotic Front which was founded in exile in 1972. It won seven seats in the National Assembly in the 1993 general elections, emerging as the joint third-largest party. Its presidential candidate Abel Goumba received 21.7% of the vote in the first round, progressing to the second round where he was defeated by Ange-Félix Patassé by a margin of 53–47%. The party won seven seats again in the 1998 parliamentary elections. In the presidential elections the following year the party nominated Gouma again; he finished fourth out of ten candidates with 7% of the vote.

In 2002, the party suspended its participation in the opposition coalition. In the 2005 general elections Goumba was the party's presidential candidate again, receiving only 2.5% of the vote and finishing sixth out of eleven candidates. In the parliamentary elections, the FPP was reduced to just two seats. Goumba ran for a seat in the National Assembly but was defeated. However, his wife Anne-Marie won a seat.

Goumba's son Alexandre was elected by acclamation to succeed him as President of the FPP on 5 March 2006 at an extraordinary general assembly of the party. However, this was followed by an internal dispute; ultimately the Council of State recognized the legitimacy of Alexandre Goumba's election on 16 May 2008, and he was invested as FPP President on 4 October 2008.

In 2010 the party joined the Presidential Majority alliance in preparation for the 2011 general elections. Although it nominated 20 candidates, it failed to win a seat.

title: Patriotic Front for Progress


text:
Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Central African Republic)

The Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Alliance pour la Démocratie et le Progrès, ADP) is a political party in the Central African Republic.

History
The party was established in October 1991. It won six seats in the National Assembly in the 1993 general elections, and joined Jean-Luc Mandaba's coalition government.

In the next parliamentary elections in 1998 the ADP was part of the Union of Forces for Peace (UFAP), which opposed President Ange-Félix Patassé. The ADP won five seats, and UFAP gained a majority of 55 of the 109 seats in the National Assembly. However, the ruling Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People was able to form a government after the defection of a UFAP MP.

The 2005 general elections saw the ADP win two seats, whilst its presidential candidate Olivier Gabirault finished last in a field of 11 candidates with 0.6% of the vote. The party put forward nine candidates for the National Assembly in the 2011 general elections, but failed to win a seat.


text:
Löndö Association

The Löndö Association (Association Löndö, AL) was a political party in the Central African Republic led by Henri Pouzère.

History
The party was established around 2004. In the 2005 general elections it won a single seat in the National Assembly.

title: Löndö Association


text:
Democratic Forum for Modernity

The Democratic Forum for Modernity (Forum Démocratique pour la Modernité, FODEM) is a political party in the Central African Republic.

History
The party was founded by Charles Massi on 27 November 1997 and legally recognized on 4 May 1998. In the 1998 parliamentary elections it won two seats in the National Assembly. Massi was the party's candidate for the 1999 presidential elections, finishing eighth out of ten candidates with 1.3% of the vote.

In the first round of the presidential elections held on 13 March 2005, Massi won 3.2% of the vote. He backed François Bozizé in the second round and became a Minister of State in the government after the elections. In the simultaneous National Assembly elections, the party was reduced to a single seat.

After Massi was appointed as Political Coordinator of the Union of Democratic Forces for the Rally (UFDR) rebel group, FODEM rejected this move and expelled Massi from the party; it established a provisional political bureau on 22 May 2008 with Joseph Garba Ouangolé as President.

In 2010, FODEM joined the Presidential Majority alliance in preparation for the 2011 general elections. The party nominated six candidates for the 105 seats in the National Assembly, and although the alliance won 11 seats, FODEM failed to win a seat.

title: Democratic Forum for Modernity


text:
Harry Levin

Harry Tuchman Levin (July 18, 1912 – May 29, 1994) was an American literary critic and scholar of both modernism and comparative literature.

Life and career
Levin was born in Minneapolis, the son of Beatrice Hirshler (née Tuchman) and Isadore Henry Levin. His family was Jewish. Levin was educated at Harvard University (where he was a contemporary of M. H. Abrams). According to a biographical memoir by Walter Jackson Bate:

"After graduating summa cum laude in 1933, he was appointed Junior Fellow in then-new Harvard University Society of Fellows, the university's highest honour bestowed upon graduate students, where he pursued in depth what were to become his three major interests: Shakespeare and the English Renaissance; modern literature generally; and the relation of English and American to other literatures, from Greek and Latin antiquity to the present, all of which are reflected in his early publications, giving him a perspective lacking in the ordinary specialist and scarcely matched in his later years by more than three or four scholars here or abroad. In the 1930s, junior fellows did not normally take a Ph. D., so that Harry, like his noted predecessor, George Lyman Kittredge, remained an A.B., though he was in time to receive six honorary degrees, including ones from Oxford and the Sorbonne, and though he was, over the years, to supervise over ninety doctoral theses."

Levin began teaching at Harvard in 1939 and that same year he married Elena Zarudnaya. He was named Irving Babbitt Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard in 1960 and retired in 1983. He continued to live near campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until his death in 1994. He was survived by his widow Elena and their daughter Marina.

Levin was an elected member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

Levin's course in "Comedy on the Stage" inspired Leonard Lehrman to write the paper, "The Threepenny Cradle," comparing the Brecht-Weill Threepenny Opera to Marc Blitzstein's The Cradle Will Rock. In the fall of 1969, in a production of Cradle directed by Lehrman, Levin was the sole patron. In 1970-1971 he encouraged, advised, and became a patron for two other Harvard productions by Lehrman: the U.S. premiere of Brecht's The Days of the Commune, and a triple-bill in memory of Blitzstein, which was attended by Leonard Bernstein. It was at that production that Levin invited Bernstein to become Norton Lecturer at Harvard, which he did, a year later.

In 1985, the American Comparative Literature Association began awarding the Harry Levin Prize for books on literary history or criticism and in 1997, Harvard University endowed the new chair (position) of Harry Levin Professor of Literature.

Works

 * The Broken Column (1931), Harvard undergraduate essay published by Cambridge UP
 * Ben Jonson, Selected Works (1938) editor
 * James Joyce: A Critical Introduction (1941); Revised and Augmented Edition (1960)
 * Toward Stendhal (1945)
 * The Portable James Joyce (1947) editor
 * Toward Balzac (1947)
 * Perspectives of Criticism (1950) editor
 * The Overreacher: A Study of Christopher Marlowe (1952)
 * Symbolism and Fiction (1956)
 * Contexts of Criticism (1957)
 * The Power of Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville (1958)
 * The Question of Hamlet (1959)
 * Irving Babbitt and the Teaching of Literature (1960) Inaugural Lecture
 * The Scarlet Letter and other Tales of the Puritans by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1961) editor
 * The Gates of Horn: A Study of Five French Realists (1963)
 * The Comedy of Errors (1965) editor
 * Refractions: Essays in Comparative Literature (1966)
 * The Myth of the Golden Age in the Renaissance (1969)
 * Playboys and Killjoys: An Essay on the Theory and Practice of Comedy (1988)

title: Harry Levin