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Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash

The Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash was a three-train collision at Harrow and Wealdstone station in Wealdstone, Middlesex (now Greater London) during the morning rush hour of 8 October 1952. The crash resulted in 112 deaths and 340 injuries, 88 of these being detained in hospital. It remains the worst peacetime rail crash in British history and the second deadliest overall after the Quintinshill rail disaster of 1915.

An overnight express train from Perth crashed into the rear of a local passenger train standing at a platform at the station. The wreckage blocked adjacent lines and was struck within seconds by a "double-headed" express train travelling north at 60 mph. The Ministry of Transport report on the crash found that the driver of the Perth train had passed a caution signal and two danger signals before colliding with the local train. The reason for this was never established, as both the driver and the fireman of the Perth train were killed in the accident.

The accident accelerated the introduction of the Automatic Warning System, and British Railways agreed to a five-year plan to install the system to give drivers an in-cab audible and visual warning when nearing a signal at caution, actuated by magnets between the rails.

Setting
Harrow and Wealdstone station is located on the West Coast Main Line from London to Birmingham, about 11 mi from the line's southern terminus at London's Euston station. There are three pairs of running lines through the station. From east to west these are the slow lines, the fast lines of the West Coast Main Line, and the DC electric lines. In each case, the "up" line is southbound towards London Euston; the "down" line is the northbound line towards Watford and Birmingham.

The collisions involved three trains:
 * 1) The 7:31 a.m. Tring to Euston local passenger train—9 carriages carrying approximately 800 passengers hauled by LMS Fowler 2-6-4T Class No. 42389 steam locomotive—standing at the platform on the up fast line.
 * 2) The 8:15 p.m. Perth to Euston night express—11 carriages carrying approximately 85 passengers hauled by LMS Coronation Class No. 46242 City of Glasgow steam locomotive—on the up fast line, running about 80 minutes late because of fog.
 * 3) The 8:00 a.m. express from Euston to Liverpool and Manchester—15 carriages carrying approximately 200 passengers, double headed by LMS Jubilee Class No. 45637 Windward Islands and LMS Princess Royal Class No. 46202 Princess Anne steam locomotives—on the down fast line.

Sequence of events
On 8 October 1952, at around 8:17 a.m., the local train stopped at platform 4 at Harrow and Wealdstone station, approximately seven minutes late because of fog. Carrying about 800 passengers, it was busier than usual because the next Tring-Euston service had been cancelled. As scheduled, it had travelled from Tring on the slow line, switching to the up fast line just before Harrow and Wealdstone to keep the slow lines to the south of the station clear for empty stock movements. At 8:19 a.m, just as the guard was walking back to his brake van after checking doors on the last two carriages, the Perth express crashed into the rear of the local at a speed of 50 –. It had passed a colour light signal at caution and two semaphore signals at danger, and had burst through the trailing points of the crossover from the slow lines, which were still set for the local train. The collision drove the entire local train forward 20 yd, and completely destroyed the rear three coaches, shattering the wooden bodies of the last two and crushing the steel body of the next to a third of its length; the three were telescoped into the length of little more than one coach. The leading two vans and three coaches of the Perth train piled up behind and above the locomotive.

The wreckage from the first collision was spread across the adjacent down fast line. A few seconds after the first collision, the northbound express to Liverpool Lime Street passed through the station on this line in the opposite direction at approximately 60 mph. The leading locomotive of this train struck the derailed locomotive of the Perth train, which may still have been moving, and was itself derailed. The two locomotives from the Liverpool train were deflected left, mounting the platform, which they ploughed across diagonally before landing on their sides on the adjacent DC electric line, one line of which was short circuited by the wreckage; the other line had its electric current quickly switched off by the signalman, thus preventing any further collisions. The leading seven coaches, plus a kitchen car from the Liverpool train, were carried forward by momentum, overriding the existing wreckage and piling up above and around it. Several of these coaches struck the underside of the station footbridge, tearing away a steel girder.

Sixteen vehicles, including thirteen coaches, two bogie vans and a kitchen car were destroyed or severely damaged in the collisions. Thirteen of these were compressed into a compact heap of wreckage 45 yd long, 18 yd wide and 6 yd high. The Perth locomotive was completely buried under the pile of wreckage.

Aftermath
The first emergency response arrived at 8:22 a.m. with the fire brigade, ambulance and police services being assisted by doctors and a medical unit of the United States Air Force, based 5 mi away at RAF South Ruislip. This included Abbie Sweetwine, an African American nurse who became known as "The Angel of Platform Six". Help was accepted from the Salvation Army, the Women's Voluntary Service and local residents. The first loaded ambulance left at 8:27 a.m. and by 12:15 p.m. most of the injured had been taken to hospital. The search for survivors continued until 1:30 the following morning.

All six lines running through the station were closed including the undamaged slow lines to allow the injured access to ambulances that left from the goods yard. The slow lines reopened at 5:32 a.m. the following day. The electric lines were used by cranes to remove the Liverpool locomotives and carriages and reopened 4:30 a.m. on 11 October. The fast lines were reopened, with a speed restriction, at 8:00 p.m. on 12 October and a temporary footbridge was opened the same evening.

Casualties
There were 112 fatalities, including the driver and fireman of the Perth express and the driver of the lead engine of the Liverpool express (the fireman was thrown from the cab by the collision without serious injury). Of the fatalities, 102 perished at the scene, and the remaining 10 died later in hospital from their injuries. Of the 109 passenger fatalities, at least 64 occurred in the local train, 23 in the Perth train, and 7 in the Liverpool train, but where the remaining 14 were from was not clear; some of them may have been standing on the platform and hit by the derailed locomotives of the Liverpool train. A total of 340 people were reported injured: 183 people were given treatment for shock and minor injury at the station and 157 were taken to hospital, of whom 88 were hospitalized.

Report
The Ministry of Transport report on the collision was written by Lt Col GRS Wilson, a senior member of the Railway Inspectorate, and published in June 1953. The local train should have been protected by two semaphore home signals; the Up Fast Inner Home about 190 yd to its rear, and the Up Fast Outer Home a further 440 yd back. A colour distant signal (the Up Fast Distant) would show green if the Outer Home was ‘clear’, or yellow if the Outer Home was at ‘danger’ and was positioned 1474 yd before the Up Fast Outer home; this being the full braking distance for an express at 75 mph, the speed limit for this section of track.

Tests showed no signalling equipment faults and the report was able to dismiss the possibility that the signalman had only changed the route after the Perth train had passed the distant signal at caution. The driver of the Perth train had not slowed his train in response to this signal and had then passed two danger signals before colliding with the Tring train. All the evidence suggested that the driver had made no attempt to stop until the very last moment; eyewitnesses on board the Perth train reported that an emergency brake application was made a few seconds before the collision.

On this section of line, the local 'residential' trains had priority over long-distance expresses at peak time and drivers of late-running expresses would thus often be further delayed, so the Perth express should have been expecting adverse signals. The driver, "a methodical young man", was in good health and there were no signs of a medical emergency or equipment fault that might have distracted the driver from looking for signals. The report discounted the possibility of green colour signals on the adjacent electric lines having been mistaken for the Up Fast Distant, or of signal sighting being seriously impaired by the low sun (9 degrees above the horizon and 17 degrees to the left of the track).

The report noted that while the fog had lifted in the vicinity of Harrow and Wealdstone station, with visibility improving to 200 –, witnesses estimated visibility at the Up Fast Distant to be 50 –. At 50 mph, this would be covered in four seconds or less.

The report went on to speculate:

"In these circumstances I can only suggest that ..the driver.. must have relaxed his concentration on the signals for some unexplained reason, which may have been quite trivial, at any rate during the few seconds for which the Distant signal could have been seen from the engine at the speed he was running in a deceptive patch of denser fog. Having thus missed the Distant he may have continued forward past Headstone Lane station (which was not on his own side), underestimating the distance he had run from Hatch End and still expecting to see the colour light and not the Harrow semaphore stop signals which were at a considerably higher elevation."

The report considered it surprising that there had been only eight deaths in the leading seven passenger coaches of the Liverpool train; some of these coaches were built to a new British Railways standard (all-steel construction, with buck-eye couplings and bodies welded to the underframe) and seemed to have fared better than older stock. Railway safety depended on obedience to signals, and the report saw no need for more restrictive ways of working to accommodate driver error;"...the Rules and Regulations for train working in fog have proved adequate in practice with the aid of the professional skill and care which is displayed by engine drivers throughout the country on the vast majority of occasions. The way to guard against the exceptional case of human failure of the kind which occurred at Harrow does not lie in making the regulations more restrictive, with consequent adverse effect on traffic movement, but in reinforcing the vigilance of drivers by apparatus which provides a positive link between the wayside signals and the footplate." The report considered a system warning drivers that they had passed a signal at caution or danger would have prevented ten per cent of the accidents (and 28% of the consequent deaths) in the previous forty-one years, thereby potentially saving 399 lives, including the 112 at Harrow. British Railways was already developing a system that warned drivers that they were approaching a distant signal at caution, and automatically applied the brakes unless this was acknowledged by the driver. By the time the report had been published, a five-year plan had been agreed to install the Automatic Warning System on 1,332 mi of line. "The very occasional failures which have occurred give no grounds for loss of confidence in British railway engine drivers as a whole, and there is no reason to believe that the problem has become more urgent in the last few years, notwithstanding the exceptionally tragic results of one such failure at Harrow. All, however, are agreed that enginemen should be given their share of technical aids to safe working, and I consider that at this late stage there should be no reservations on the rate of progress once the apparatus has been approved."

Legacy
The accident accelerated the introduction of British Railways' Automatic Warning System (AWS), which had received scepticism by some industry expenditure-prioritising experts who theorised more lives would be saved by installing more track circuits and colour light signals. By 1977, one third of British Rail tracks had been fitted with AWS.

After the accident, experts criticised the local layout of the track: the Tring train had to stop at the platform on the fast line, and to minimise the length of the operating rods between the points and the signal-box, the junction between slow and fast lines lay beyond the station. The junction was changed in 1962.

A memorial plaque for the disaster was unveiled in 2002 to mark the 50th anniversary. A mural along the bordering road, featuring scenes from Wealdstone's history, was painted by children from local schools and dedicated in memory of the victims.

The Dutch pop group The Nits wrote a song titled "Harrow Accident".

Locomotives

 * The leading locomotive hauling the Liverpool train was No. 45637 Jubilee Class 4-6-0 Windward Islands. This locomotive was completely destroyed in the accident, having borne the brunt of the impact, and its remains were scrapped.
 * The second locomotive of the Liverpool train was No. 46202 Princess Royal Class 4-6-2 Princess Anne, which was a rebuild in conventional form from the experimental steam turbine Turbomotive and had been in service as Princess Anne for only a few months. It took serious damage in the crash, having its leading bogie torn off and main frames buckled, and was scrapped after being deemed beyond economic repair. The loss of this locomotive led to the introduction of the BR Standard Class 8P Pacific, an experimental three-cylinder 4-6-2 No. 71000 Duke of Gloucester, which is today preserved.

 * The Perth train had been hauled by No. 46242 Coronation Class 4-6-2 City of Glasgow. This was badly damaged, but went on to be rebuilt, and remained in service until 1963.
 * The Tring train had been hauled by an LMS Fowler 2-6-4T No. 42389 running bunker first. This locomotive was undamaged and also remained in service until 1963.

Nameplates from Windward Islands and Princess Anne were acquired by the Doncaster Grammar School Railway Society, and remain at the school.

title: Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash


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Kim Miyori

Kim Miyori (born Cheryl Utsunomiya; January 4, 1951) is a Japanese–American actress, best known for the role of Dr. Wendy Armstrong, a beleaguered resident, on the first two seasons (1982–1984) of the medical drama St. Elsewhere.

Miyori was born in Santa Barbara, California. Her mother was a bookkeeper/receptionist and her father was a federal corrections officer.

Miyori has also appeared in the TV shows Babylon 5; Murder, She Wrote; Magnum, P.I.; JAG and 24.

Filmography

 * Cold Case (2007) (TV) - Evelyn Takahashi
 * The Grudge 2 (2006) - Kayako's Mother
 * Ghost Whisperer (2005) (TV) - Dr. Keiko Tanaka
 * JAG (2004) (TV) - Internist / Commander Shelley Purcell
 * My American Vacation (1999) - Ming Yee
 * Metro (1997) - Detective Kimura
 * Babylon 5 (1996) (TV) - Captain Sandra Hiroshi
 * Hijacked: Flight 285 (1996) (TV) - Stewardess Barbara
 * Solar Eclipse (1995) (VG) - Susan Powell
 * Shadow of Obsession (1994) (TV) - Angela
 * Journey to the Center of the Earth (1993) (TV) - Dr. Tesue Ishikawa
 * Body Shot (1993) - Christine Wyler
 * Fire! Trapped on the 37th Floor (1991) (TV) - Willa Reeves
 * Hiroshima: Out of the Ashes (1990) (TV) - Mrs. Ota
 * The Punisher (1989) - 'Lady' Tanaka
 * The Big Picture (1989) - Jenny Sumner
 * Loverboy (1989) - Kyoko Bruckner
 * Island Sons (1987) (TV) - Diane Ishimura
 * Murder, She Wrote: "Steal Me a Story" (1987) (TV) - Gayle Yamada
 * When the Bough Breaks (1986) (TV) - Kim Hickle
 * T. J. Hooker: "Blood Sport" (1986) (TV) - Barbara Grayle
 * Super Password (January 27–31, 1986) - Celebrity Guest
 * John and Yoko: A Love Story (1985) (TV) - Yoko Ono
 * Generation (1985) (TV) - Teri Tanaka
 * Murder 101 (1984) (TV) - Kia Nadao
 * Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour (March 26-March 30, 1984) - Celebrity Guest
 * The $25,000 Pyramid (February 27-March 2, 1984) - Celebrity Guest
 * Antony and Cleopatra (1983) (TV) - Iras
 * Magnum P.I. (1982) TV series - Asani Osawa (October 14, 1982)
 * St. Elsewhere (1982) TV series - Dr. Wendy Armstrong (1982–1984)
 * Zoot Suit (1981) - Manchaka (also appeared in the same role in the 1979 Broadway production of the play)
 * Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978) - Dancer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kim Miyori


text: User talk:206.190.90.2

title: User talk:206.190.90.2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kevin Reynolds

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy keep. (Nom withdrawn after compelte rewrite of article) DES (talk) 04:59, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Kevin Reynolds
Mostly vanity and in-jokes, no sources, not notable. Example: Says he survived by sucking a pebble in the desert for weeks. Tempshill 20:39, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

{subst:ab}}


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Talk:Ribbon Creek incident

good source of info
This url seems to contain a good source of info.

Assessment
I think it should be more obvious in the intro where this took place. Not everyone knows where Parris Island is. Lacking that infomation, this could have happened in Korea, Okinawa, anywhere. LordAmeth 23:52, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Done.Rlevse 18:13, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ribbon Creek incident


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Martine Beswick

Martine Beswick (born 26 September 1941) is a Jamaican-born British actress and model perhaps best known for her roles in two James Bond films, From Russia with Love (1963) and Thunderball (1965), who went on to appear in several other notable films in the 1960s. In 2019, she was inducted into the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards' Monster Kid Hall of Fame.

Early years
Beswick was born on 26 September 1941 in Port Antonio, Jamaica, to Ronald Stuart Davis Beswick, a British father and Myrtle May (née Penso, 1912-2017) a Portuguese-Jamaican mother. Beswick, her sister Laurellie (1943–2002) and her mother moved to London in 1954 following the separation of her parents. In 1955, she left high school to work to help support her family.

Film career
Beswick is best known for her two appearances in the James Bond film series. Although she auditioned for the first Bond film Dr. No (1962), she was cast in the second film From Russia with Love (1963) as the fiery gypsy girl, Zora. She engaged in a "catfight" scene with her rival Vida (played by former Miss Israel Aliza Gur). Beswick later stated that there was as much bad feeling with Gur offscreen as on, with the film's director, Terence Young, encouraging Beswick to get rough with Gur.

"'I was a very nice girl but Aliza was a cow. We had terrible clashes and I was disgusted with her. I had a lot of anger inside of me so that [fight] scene was a perfect way to work it out. We rehearsed the fight for three weeks but when we shot it, Aliza was really fighting. Everyone encouraged me to fight back, so I did. We got into a real scrapping match.' — Martine Beswick"

She was incorrectly billed as "Martin Beswick" in the title sequence. Beswick then appeared as the ill-fated Paula Caplan in Thunderball (1965). She had been away from the Caribbean so long that she was required to sunbathe constantly for two weeks before filming, to look like a local. Beswick went on to appear in One Million Years B.C. (1966) opposite Raquel Welch, with whom she also engaged in a catfight. She played Adelita in the well-regarded Spaghetti Western, A Bullet for the General (1966) opposite Klaus Kinski and Gian Maria Volonté and played a villainous role in the exploitation thriller The Penthouse (1967). She then appeared in various Hammer Studio low-budget films, most notably Prehistoric Women (1967) (aka Slave Girls of the White Rhinoceros) and the gender-bending horror Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971), in which she played the titular villainess. She had a supporting role in the Italian sex comedy The Last Italian Tango (1973). She then starred as the Queen of Evil in Oliver Stone's 1974 directorial debut Seizure, or Queen of Evil. In the 1970s, Beswick moved to Hollywood and regularly appeared on both the big and small screens. She made numerous guest appearances on television series, including Sledge Hammer!, Fantasy Island, The Fall Guy, Mannix, The Six Million Dollar Man and Falcon Crest. In 1980, she played the lead role in the comedy film The Happy Hooker Goes Hollywood.

Beswick's career was active into the 1990s. Since then, she has mainly participated in film documentaries, providing commentary and relating her experiences on the many films in which she has appeared. She owned a removals business in London, but is now semiretired except for her guest appearances at international Bond conventions. In April 2013, she was one of 12 Bond Girl celebrity guests in an episode of the BBC's Masterchef. Beginning with Melvin and Howard (1980), she changed the spelling of her last name to "Beswicke", but reverted to her original surname in the mid-1990s; her last credit with the longer spelling is Wide Sargasso Sea (1993). After a 24 year absence from the screen, Beswick came out of retirement in 2018 to appear in House of the Gorgon opposite fellow Hammer film actors Caroline Munro, Veronica Carlson, and Christopher Neame.

title: Martine Beswick


text: User talk:68.202.219.142

title: User talk:68.202.219.142


text:
User:Billy Shears

The one and only

title: User:Billy Shears


text:
Symeon the New Theologian

Symeon the New Theologian (Συμεὼν ὁ Νέος Θεολόγος; 949–1022) was an Eastern Orthodox monk and poet who was the last of three saints canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church and given the title of "Theologian" (along with John the Apostle and Gregory of Nazianzus). "Theologian" was not applied to Symeon in the modern academic sense of theological study; the title was designed only to recognize someone who spoke from personal experience of the vision of God. One of his principal teachings was that humans could and should experience theoria (literally "contemplation," or direct experience of God).

Symeon was born into the Byzantine nobility and given a traditional education. At age fourteen he met Symeon the Studite, a renowned monk of the Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople, who convinced him to give his own life to prayer and asceticism under the elder Symeon's guidance. By the time he was thirty, Symeon the New Theologian became the abbot of the Monastery of Saint Mamas, a position he held for twenty-five years. He attracted many monks and clergy with his reputation for sanctity, though his teachings brought him into conflict with church authorities, who would eventually send him into exile. His most well known disciple was Nicetas Stethatos who wrote the Life of Symeon.

Symeon is recognized as the first Eastern Christian mystic to freely share his own mystical experiences. Some of his writings are included in the Philokalia, a collection of texts by early Christian mystics on contemplative prayer and hesychast teachings. Symeon wrote and spoke frequently about the importance of experiencing directly the grace of God, often talking about his own experiences of God as divine light. Another common subject in his writings was the need of putting oneself under the guidance of a spiritual father. The authority for many of his teachings derived from the traditions of the Desert Fathers, early Christian monks and ascetics. Symeon's writings include Hymns of Divine Love, Ethical Discourses, and The Catechetical Discourses.

Early life
The details of Symeon's life come from his own writings and from the Life of Symeon, written by his disciple Nicetas. He was born at Basileion in Galatia to Basil and Theophano Galaton, members of the Byzantine nobility who supported the Macedonian dynasty. His given name at birth is unclear—it was traditional at that time, when becoming a monk, to take on a new name with the same initial as one's birth name. Symeon may have ignored that tradition in order to take the same name as his spiritual father, Symeon the Studite. In his writings, he sometimes described the experiences of "George," which might have been his birth name. Symeon received a basic Greek school education until the age of eleven, when an uncle recognized that he had potential for higher learning. The uncle helped Symeon to complete his secondary education at the court of the emperor Basil II and his brother Constantine VIII.

At age fourteen he met Symeon the Studite (also called Symeon the Pious), a holy monk of the Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople. That meeting convinced the younger Symeon to forgo higher education and take on Symeon the Studite as his spiritual father. At that time he began studying the life of prayer and asceticism under his guidance, with the desire to immediately enter the monastery. Symeon the Studite asked the young Symeon to wait before becoming a monk, so he spent the years until age twenty-seven serving in the household of a patrician, though according to some sources he served the emperor instead.

Living a worldly life during the day, he reportedly spent his evenings in vigils and prayer, putting into practice the writings of two authors—Marcus Eremita and Diadochos of Photiki—that were given to him by his spiritual father. It was during this time that Symeon had his first experience of God as divine light, as he described later in one of his Discourses (Disc. 22.2–4). He attributed the experience to the prayers of Symeon the Studite. In spite of the experience, the young Symeon confessed that he still fell into worldly ways of living. Direct personal experience of God was to become one of Symeon's central teachings in his writings, and to the monks who followed him.

Abbot of Saint Mamas monastery
At age twenty-seven, he entered the Monastery of Stoudios, giving his life over completely to discipleship to his teacher Symeon the Studite. The elder Symeon was not an ordained priest, but a simple monk who was considered holy by many people. The younger Symeon was extremely zealous in his practices and in following his teacher—to such an extent that the abbot of the monastery insisted that Symeon leave after only a few months.

Following the elder Symeon's advice, he left for the nearby Monastery of Saint Mamas in Constantinople, which was described as run down, both physically and spiritually. During his time at Saint Mamas he continued to follow Symeon the Studite's guidance. Within three years after moving to Saint Mamas, Symeon was tonsured as a monk, ordained as a priest, and elected as the abbot of the monastery. He spent the next twenty-five years as abbot of Saint Mamas, attracting many monks and clergy with his reputation for learning and sanctity.

Not all of the monks were attracted by Symeon's zealous approach. Symeon attempted to reform the Byzantine monasteries, where monks had become subservient to the emperor and had acquired large holdings of property, libraries, and art. His writings and teachings were aimed at returning the monasteries to their traditional role in the early church, urging the monks to take up a life of simplicity, asceticism, purity of heart, and constant prayer. The strict monastic discipline for which Symeon aimed upset several monks in the monastery. Symeon also took a more emotional approach to worship, suggesting that a monk shouldn't take the sacrament without tears. The introduction of vegetarian meals, along with other unique practices to instill discipline and humility, also caused some displeasure among the monks.

Fifteen years after becoming abbot, one morning after the Divine Liturgy a group of approximately thirty monks rose against Symeon, who drove them away. Breaking the locks on the monastery gate on their way out, the monks took their appeal to the Patriarch Sisinios, who sided with Symeon and sent the monks into exile. Symeon pleaded on their behalf, doing everything he could to have the monks return to the monastery, including seeking out some of the monks to apologize to them. During his time as abbot, Symeon wrote Hymns of Divine Love (completed during his exile), the Discourses, and many letters and polemical works which have been lost. He also wrote articles relating to his disputes with the church theologians—these survived as his theological and ethical treatises. In 1005 Symeon resigned as abbot of Saint Mamas, appointing one of his disciples in his stead, and taking up a more solitary life at the monastery.

Opposition from the church
Symeon endured severe opposition from church authorities, particularly from the chief theologian of the emperor's court, Archbishop Stephen, who at one time was the Metropolitan of Nicomedia. Stephen was a former politician and diplomat with a reputation for a thorough theoretical understanding of theology, but one which was removed from actual experience of the spiritual life. Symeon, in contrast, held the view that one must have actual experience of the Holy Spirit in order to speak about God, at the same time recognizing the authority of scripture and of the earlier church fathers. Their differing views on the source of authority to speak on spiritual matters was the cause of several years of intense conflict, ending with Symeon's eventual exile.

Stephen found fault with Symeon especially for his charismatic approach, and his support of individual direct experience of God's grace. Symeon believed that direct experience gave monks the authority to preach and give absolution of sins, without the need for formal ordination—as practiced by his own teacher, Symeon the Studite. Church authorities also taught from a speculative and philosophical perspective, while Symeon taught from his own direct mystical experience. Symeon's teachings, especially those regarding the direct experience of God's grace, brought accusations of heresy from Stephen. Symeon responded to Stephen's charges by declaring that the real heresy was to teach that it is impossible to have direct experience of God (Disc. 29.4).

Stephen also found fault with Symeon for revering his spiritual father, Symeon the Studite. At that time, formal recognition of saints was seldom practiced and not obligatory, so revered monks were informally recognized and honored by monasteries and by their disciples. Every year the younger Symeon arranged a celebration honoring his teacher, which included an icon of Symeon the Studite and a service to him. Stephen rebuked Symeon for honoring his teacher as a saint, because in his opinion the Studite was not worth of any honor. The conflict between the two lasted for six years.

Stephen was finally able to bring Symeon before the Synod on charges of honoring as a saint someone who Stephen believed was far from saintly. At first, Patriarch Sergius II of Constantinople supported Symeon, going so far as to send candles and perfume in support of the veneration of Symeon the Studite at St. Mammas. Stephen attacked the Studite as unholy and sinful, and was eventually able to convince others that Symeon's homage was improper by convincing them that the Studite held some unorthodox beliefs. As a compromise, Stephen suggested that the annual festival honoring the elder Symeon be held as a private observance within the monastery. Symeon the New Theologian refused to compromise, declaring that it was his duty to honor the church fathers and the saints, and in January 1009 was condemned to go into exile. Stephen also convinced the Patriarch to order all icons of Symeon the Studite removed from St. Mammas, with many of them destroyed or covered over with soot.

Symeon, for his part, never backed down from the church authorities. In one of his hymns, he had Christ speaking the following rebuke to the bishops: They (the bishops) unworthily handle My Body

and seek avidly to dominate the masses...

They are seen to appear as brilliant and pure,

but their souls are worse than mud and dirt,

worse even than any kind of deadly poison,

these evil and perverse men! (Hymn 58)

Exile and death
In 1009 Symeon was sent into exile near Paloukiton, a small village near Chrysopolis on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. According to one account, he was left by church authorities alone and without food, in the middle of winter. There he found a deserted and ruined chapel that had been dedicated to Saint Macrina. It happened to be on land owned by one of Symeon's spiritual children, Christopher Phagouras, who donated the land and proceeds to start a monastery.

By this time, Symeon had many disciples—some of them, including the patrician Geneseos, appealed to Sergius II, the Patriarch of Constantinople, to lift the order of exile. Out of fear that the dispute would reach the emperor, Sergius II lifted the exile order completely, and then offered to re-establish Symeon at the monastery of St. Mammas and consecrate him as archbishop of an important see in Constantinople. The only qualification was that Symeon must show some restraint in his celebration of Symeon the Studite's festival day. Symeon refused to compromise—the Patriarch, out of respect for Symeon, gave him his blessing to "live together with your disciples and act according to your good pleasure."

Symeon remained at the Saint Macrina monastery, where many close disciples, both monks and secular people, gathered around him. At Saint Macrina he was free of monks who were averse to his discipline and zeal, and free from direct conflict with church authorities. He continued to honor Symeon the Studite—most of the clergy from Constantinople, along with many monks and laymen, joined him during those celebrations. He also wrote during that time and made himself accessible to all who wanted to see him. Symeon spent the last thirteen years of his life in exile, dying from dysentery on 12 March 1022. According to his biographer and disciple, Nicetas, Symeon foretold his own death many years previously, and on his last day called together all the monks to sing the funeral hymns.

Veneration
Symeon is recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, and was spoken about positively by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009. The title of "Theologian" was not given to him in the modern academic sense of someone who is learned in theology, but to recognize someone who speaks from personal experience of the vision of God. Until Symeon's time, that title was reserved mainly for John the Apostle, author of one of the four gospels, and Gregory of Nazianzus, writer of contemplative poetry. His opponents derisively called him the "new" theologian because of his creative approach—his supporters, and later the Church at large, embraced the name in the most positive sense.

Writings
After Symeon's death his writings were kept alive by small groups of followers, eventually becoming one of the central teachings of the hesychast movement. Many copies of his works were made in the following centuries, particularly around the 14th century, and among the Eastern Orthodox monasteries on Mount Athos. His recognition has always been greater outside the official church, its calendar and liturgy. Historians credit this to his zealous personality, his criticism of the church hierarchy, his emphasis on direct experience of God, and some of his unorthodox teachings—including his belief that an unordained monk who had the direct experience of God was empowered to absolve others of their sins.

Symeon wrote in a similar style and taught the traditional views of several early Christian fathers and hesychasts, including St. Augustine, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Mark the Hermit. Where Symeon differed from his predecessors was in his transparent and open sharing of his most interior experiences. Symeon was the first Byzantine mystic to freely share those experiences, which were given in the context of his teaching that the direct experience of God was something to which all Christians could aspire.

One catechesis of Symeon's, On Faith, along with a composite work titled One Hundred and Fifty-Three Practical and Theological Texts, are included in the Philokalia, a collection of texts by early Christian mystics. Another text in the Philokalia, titled The Three Methods of Prayer is also attributed to Symeon—it describes a method of practicing the Jesus Prayer that includes direction on correct posture and breathing while reciting the prayer. It is extremely unlikely that he wrote that text—some scholars attribute it to Nikiphoros the Monk, while others believe it was written by disciples of Symeon.

Discourses
The Discourses are the central work of Symeon's life, and were written during his time as abbot at St. Mammas (980–998). They consist of thirty-four discourses, along with two pieces on thanksgiving, that were given as talks to his monks and others interested in the spiritual life—often at St. Mammas during Matins services—and then compiled and likely edited by Symeon himself. They were widely read in Constantinople even before Symeon's exile. Their style maintains the personality of Symeon as expressed in his live talks: simplicity, sincerity, humility, speaking from the heart, and "full of fire and persuasion." There is no obvious sequence or order to the Discourses—the topics are apparently a collection of talks given during different liturgical seasons or at feast days of saints.

There are two main themes running through the different discourses. One is the traditional theme of the early hesychasts and mystical theologians of the Christian East, especially the practices of faith (praxis) and asceticism (askesis) that they frequently taught as the way to reach direct experience of God (theoria). Specific practices discussed by Symeon include: repentance, detachment, renunciation, mercy, sorrow for sins, faith, and contemplation.

Symeon's other main emphasis is the power of the Holy Spirit to transform, and the profound mystical union with God that is the result of a holy life. Symeon referred to this as the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, compared to the more ritualistic Baptism of water. Symeon believed that Christianity had descended into formulae and church ritual, which for many people replaced the earlier emphasis on actual and direct experience of God. The Discourses express Symeon's strong conviction that the life of a Christian must be much more than mere observance of rules, and must include personal experience of the presence of the living Christ. Symeon describes his own conversion and mystical experience of the divine light.

Hymns of Divine Love
In Hymns of Divine Love (also called Hymns of Divine Eros) most of which were completed during his time in exile, Symeon describes his vision of God as uncreated divine light. That experience of divine luminosity is associated by Symeon with the Holy Trinity, with God, and sometimes with Christ. The Hymns are similar in theme to the Discourses, but are written with poetic meter and rhyme. He began writing them at the same time as the Discourses but only finished editing them during the last thirteen years of his life at the monastery of St. Macrina. There are 58 hymns totaling approximately 11,000 verses.

The Hymns cover various themes, similar to the Discourses: repentance, death, the practice of virtue, charity, detachment, and more. Especially notable are the Hymns that recount Symeon's mystical experiences and his love for Christ, which have been described as "ecstatic writing and ...mystical content that becomes very personal, both to Symeon and to the reader."

An excerpt from Hymn 25 includes the following description of Symeon's mystical union with God as light: —But, Oh, what intoxication of light, Oh, what movements of fire!

Oh, what swirlings of the flame in me, miserable one that I am,

coming from You and Your glory!

The glory I know it and I say it is your Holy Spirit,

who has the same nature with You, and the same honor, O word;

He is of the same race, the same glory,

of the same essence, He alone with your Father,

and with you, O Christ, O God of the universe!

I fall down in adoration before You.

I thank You that You have made me worthy to know, however little it may be,

the power of Your divinity.

Theological and ethical treatises
Symeon's theological and ethical treatises were original written works, as compared to many of his other writings that were taken from his talks. They cover his positions on various controversial issues of theology. Many of them were directed at Stephen, his main antagonist in the church, along with other church officials whom Symeon saw as taking an overly theoretical approach to Christianity. In these pieces Symeon defended the traditions of the early Byzantine mystical theologians from the teachings of the church officials of his own time. Central to this defense was Symeon's view that the revelation of scripture could only be understood through the experience of divine grace given to the pure of heart during contemplation.

The treatises cover a wide range of topics, including Symeon's defense against Stephen regarding his own views on the unity of the Holy Trinity. He also presents his doctrine on mysticism, the necessity of faith, the possibility of direct experience of God, the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, and more. The last four treatises were written during his exile, and discuss living a holy life while on earth, salvation through faith and good works, and the need for solitude if one wants to become a channel of divine grace to others.

Teachings
The church authorities regularly challenged Symeon, even though his teachings were rooted in the Gospels. He was also faithful to the early Greek Fathers and the two main traditions of Byzantine spirituality: the Alexandrian School, which took a more intellectual approach, and the "school of the heart", represented by Mark the Hermit, Pseudo-Macarius, John Climacus, and other early ascetic monks. He combined these different traditions with his own inner experience in a synthesis that was new in Byzantine mysticism.

Symeon often taught that all followers of Christ could have the direct experience of God, or theoria, just as the early church fathers experienced and taught. In that context he frequently described his own experiences of God as divine light. He preached to his monks that the way to God's grace was through a life of simplicity, asceticism, sanctity, and contemplation, which was also the doctrine of the hermits and monks known as the Desert Fathers. In addition, Symeon placed great emphasis on putting oneself under the complete guidance of a spiritual father.

Direct experience
A central theme throughout Symeon's teachings and writings is that all Christians should aspire to have actual direct experience of God in deep contemplation, or theoria. Regarding his own mystical experiences, he presented them not as unique to himself, but as the norm for all Christians. He taught that the experience came after purification through prayer, repentance, and asceticism. He especially called on his monks to take on the traditional charismatic and prophetic role in the Church.

In one of his Discourses he defended the frequent sharing of his own inner experiences, writing that it was not presumptuous, but was done to encourage others in their inner life: "We have written them because we are mindful of God's gifts, which He has bestowed on our unworthy self from the beginning of life until the present moment ... and in gratitude we show to all of you the talent He has entrusted to us. How can we be silent before such an abundance of blessings, or out of ingratitude bury the talent that has been given to us (Mt. 25:18), like ungrateful and evil servants? ... By our oral teaching we encourage you too to strive that you may have part in His gifts and enjoy them, the gifts of which we, though unworthy, have been partakers through His unutterable goodness. (Discourse XXXIV)"

Divine light
Symeon repeatedly describes the experience of divine light in his writings, as both an inward and outward mystical experience. These experiences began in his youth, and continued all during his life. They came to him during inward prayer and contemplation, and were associated with a feeling of indescribable joy, as well as the intellectual understanding that the light was a vision of God. In his writings, he spoke directly to God about the experience variously as "the pure Light of your face" and "You deigned to reveal Your face to me like a formless sun." He also described the light as the grace of God, and taught that its experience was associated with a mind that was completely still and had transcended itself. At times he described the light speaking to him with kindness, and explaining who it was.

In Discourse XXVIII Symeon wrote about the light and its power to transform: "It shines on us without evening, without change, without alteration, without form. It speaks, works, lives, gives life, and changes into light those whom it illuminates. We bear witness that 'God is light,' and those to whom it has been granted to see Him have all beheld Him as light. Those who have seen Him have received Him as light, because the light of His glory goes before Him, and it is impossible for Him to appear without light. Those who have not seen His light have not seen Him, for He is the light, and those who have not received the light have not yet received grace. Those who have received grace have received the light of God and have received God, even as Christ Himself, who is the Light, has said, 'I will live in them and move among them.' (2 Cor. 6:16)"

Guidance of a spiritual father
Symeon taught that putting oneself under the guidance of a spiritual father was essential for those who were serious about living the spiritual life. That relationship was a historical tradition especially prominent among the Desert Fathers, who defined the qualifications for acting in the role of a spiritual father: personal experience; an interior life; purity of heart; the vision of God; insight; inspiration; discernment. Official ordination as a priest was not a requirement—Symeon's own spiritual father was a simple unordained monk who had many spiritual children. Symeon also taught that such teachers were empowered by their holiness to preach and to absolve others of their sins, a view that brought him into disagreement with church leaders of his time.

In Hymns of Divine Love Symeon wrote that: Listen only to the advice of your spiritual father,

answer him with humility

and, as to God, tell him your thoughts,

even to a simple meditation, without hiding anything,

do nothing without his advice.

Absolution of sins
Symeon's teachings on the hearing of confession and the absolution of sins brought him into regular conflict with church authorities, particularly Archbishop Stephen. According to Symeon, only one who had the grace and direct experience of God was empowered by God to preach and absolve the sins of others. Stephen held the view that only ordained priests had that authority. Symeon's views were colored by his own spiritual father, Symeon the Studite, who was a simple monk, unordained, and yet who preached and gave absolution. In one of his Ethical Discourses Symeon went further and wrote that one should not give absolution without having first received the experience of God's grace: "Be careful, I beg you, never to assume the debts of others when you are a debtor yourself; do not dare give absolution without having received in your heart the One who takes away the sin of the world.' (Eth. 6')"

Works
English translations

title: Symeon the New Theologian


text:
Hot Rod Circuit

Hot Rod Circuit (HRC) is an American emo band from Auburn, Alabama, established in 1997.

Early years
The band was originally known as Antidote under which they released the album Mr. Glenboski, which won the group the award of Best Unsigned Band of 1998 by Musician Magazine. The band subsequently moved to Connecticut and released If I Knew Now What I Knew Then under their present moniker.

Hot Rod Circuit's first record, "If I Knew Now What I Knew Then" was released on September 21, 1999. The Band was composed of Andy Jackson on Vocals and Rhythm Guitar, Casey Prestwood on Lead Guitar, Jason Russell on Bass and Vocals, and Wes Cross on drums. The disc featured songs such as "Weak Warm," "Remover," and "Irish Car Bomb." The band had done several shows that year in the New England area, along with tours with The Get Up Kids, At the Drive-In and Jazz June. The band's drummer Wes Cross left the band before their next release.

The next album released by HRC hit record stores in September 2000; it was entitled "If It's Cool With You, It's Cool With Me." The record included songs such as "The Power of the Vitamins," "This is Not the Time or Place," and "Flight 89." The record also featured the band's first taste of radio airplay when their single "Radio Song" came in at number two on the college radio charts. In addition drummer Michael Poorman became Wes Cross's replacement. In support of the release, Hot Rod Circuit did national tours with bands such as Jimmy Eat World and Reggie and the Full Effect, and eventually an acoustic tour with The New Amsterdams, known as "The Hot Amsterdams Tour."

Sorry About Tomorrow
During 2001, Hot Rod Circuit was receiving several offers from different record labels such as Drive-Thru and MCA, that were eager for the band to sign. By the fall of 2001, they had signed with Vagrant Records. The band's third record, "Sorry About Tomorrow" was released on March 12, 2002. The record included the band's more popular tracks like, "The Pharmacist," "At Nature's Mercy" and "Safely." The album was recorded at Salad Days Studio in Maryland. Frontman Andy Jackson stated, "The record has a feel-good summertime vibe to it." During 2002, HRC played over 250 shows supporting national artists such as, Dashboard Confessional, Saves The Day, New Found Glory, Good Charlotte, Less Than Jake, MxPx, and More. HRC played the first Vagrant America Tour. With the record, came a music video for the single, "The Pharmacist." The video aired on MTV and MTV2 nationwide. In 2003, the band toured England for a period of time where they played The Reading Leeds Festival. "Sorry About Tomorrow" was Hot Rod Circuit's highest selling record released. During 2002, Triple Crown Records released a B-Sides entitled "Been There, Smoked That." The disc was composed of songs from HRC's original out-of-print EP. It also featured live songs and commentaries from "The Hot Amstradams Tour" in 2001 and a few covers by ACDC and FUDGE. In late 2003, shortly after their tour in England, drummer Mike Poorman left the band to pursue his engineering efforts.

Reality's Coming Through
During the early winter of 2004, Hot Rod Circuit hit the studio with producer Tim O' Hier to record their newest efforts. In August 2004, Hot Rod released "Reality's Coming Through," their second for Vagrant Records. This record over all, proved to be less successful as "Sorry About Tomorrow." "Reality's Coming Through" had a darker feel to it, and strayed far from the rough, stripped-down vibe of "Sorry About Tomorrow." The record featured songs like "Inhabit" and "The Best You Ever Knew." With the record came new drummer Dan Duggins. The band also added Brian Kiss on back up guitar and vocals. The band, now a five-piece, shot a music video for their new single, "Save You." The video appeared on MTV, FUSE, and MTV2. During 2004 and 2005, the band toured with bands like Say Anything, Brand New, Eisley, and more.

In spring of 2005, bass player and original member Jason Russell left the band to pursue his own band, Diamond J and The Rough. Russell played his last show unplugged with Andy Jackson at Cafe Nine in New Haven, CT. As a result, Hot Rod Circuit had to drop out of The Get Up Kids farewell tour. Hot Rod Circuit ventured out on the 2005 Warped Tour, when Hero Pattern bassist Rob Fitzgerald filled in. Soon after Warped, Brian Kiss exited the band, resulting in many fill-ins throughout the rest of the year. Hot Rod Circuit set out on a late summer and fall tour with Hit The Lights, Straylight Run, and Piebald, where many different musicians were included in Hot Rod's live line up. Jake and Jeff Turner of Say Anything filled in on bass and guitar for several of these dates. Jerry Morrison of Bleach, and Joe Ballaro played bass for several other dates.

Hiatus
After the Hit The Lights tour of 2005, Hot Rod Circuit began what was over a year long break. In early 2006, the band played a few college shows, but did not tour for an entire year. Hot Rod Circuit had announced plans to record and release a record in 2006, but no music was released other than a few demos. Rumors began circulating of their relationship with Vagrant Records, who had removed them from their online roster. The band gave no information or comment on this, and did not report any set plans for a new record. Finally, around Thanksgiving of 2006, Hot Rod announced their departure from Vagrant Records. The band stated that they had signed with independent music label, Immortal Records. Joe Ballaro was now a permanent fixture to the band as their new bass player.

Andy Jackson released this statement: "Our contract was up with Vagrant. Vagrant's format changed a lot since we've been there, especially since Sorry About Tomorrow came out. They just added a whole lot of different bands and we pretty much became lost in the shuffle. The commodity bands were getting the attention we felt we deserved. With Immortal they contacted us, asked if we wanted to sign, and we told them: 'look, we want to sign with a label that'll let us make our own record.' They were hip with it and down with our demos and stuff like that. It was kind of a no-brainer on our part to have a label that's going to support and be into what we're doing."

The Underground is a Dying Breed
In spring of 2007, after signing with Immortal Records, Hot Rod Circuit released The Underground is a Dying Breed. Andy Jackson stated, "There are parts of the CD that are going to make people say 'wow.' We recorded 16 songs and we haven't decided on which 11 are going to make the CD at this point, it's kind of up in the air. There are definitely your typical Hot Rod Circuit rockers and then there are like this kind of like Country songs we're really toying with. All the songs will come out. I don't know if they'll be on the CD, but they'll be out in some fashion."

The record was recorded and produced by Andy Jackson at his studio in Montgomery, Alabama. With the release of a new record, came a full US/Canada tour with The Forecast & Limbeck.

HRC shot a video for the single, "Stateside" starring actress Eva Hamilton. The video was the winner of FUSE's "Oven Fresh".

Breakup
On October 8, 2007, Hot Rod Circuit announced that they would be parting ways after ten years together. The band made this statement on Myspace, "Yes it is true this will be the last Hot Rod Circuit tour. Thank you so much for coming to shows and buying our records for the past ten years. It has been a blast and we have made so many friends and fans and we will miss you all. Stay tuned for more info on what everyone from hrc is up to. I will be sure to keep you posted. Oh and thanks to everyone over in Australia for showing us a good time. Thank you so much Andy, Hot Rod Circuit Please pass this along and come enjoy the farewell tour..." Hot Rod Circuit went on to play a small eight date east coast farewell tour. Hot Rod Circuit played their last show to a sold-out crowd at Toad's Place in New Haven, CT.

Reunion
On February 10, 2011, it was confirmed that Hot Rod Circuit will be reuniting for a one-off performance at the Krazy Fest 2011 in Louisville, Kentucky, with future plans uncertain. Following Jackson's departure from his other band Terrible Things on April 20, 2011, speculation raised that the band's reunion might be full-time, with more shows to follow Krazy Fest. On September 1, 2011, it was announced that Hot Rod Circuit would embark on a short 8 date tour of the US in November, and will also release a new limited edition 7" vinyl EP with three songs - two originals entitled "Forgive Me" and "Into the Sun" and a cover of Superdrag's "Sucked Out".

Post Break Up
Andy Jackson announced his new side project, Death in the Park in early 2008. Hot Rod Circuit bassist, Joe Ballaro played in the band and later went on to play with The Queen Killing Kings.

In February 2008, Hot Rod Circuit posted a bulletin on Myspace stating that they were working on a B-Sides Record that would feature unreleased material from previous records, and would also include a live DVD of their last show. It has not yet been released.

Death in the Park played a few tours and shows with bands such as Paramore, Saosin, Underoath, The Forecast, Saves The Day, and Alkaline Trio. The band released a five track EP in the fall of 2008. The band announced plans to release their full-length album in the spring of 2009. The self-titled record was digitally released through Austin indie label End Sounds on August 24, 2010, with a physical release following on September 14.

Andy Jackson played acoustic Hot Rod sets after Death in the Park on localized dates. The string of shows was limited to the New England Area. In summer of 2009, Andy Jackson played a few acoustic HRC sets with Anthony Raneri of Bayside. These dates were localized to Florida. Then in the fall of 2009, Jackson played HRC sets for New England once again.

In 2007, Casey Prestwood released his first solo record, The Hurtin' Kind. Since his solo debut, Casey, along with his band The Burning Angels, have released four more albums. His 5th and newest album, "Born Too Late" is set for release in early 2017.

In late 2009, Andy Jackson announced his new project, Terrible Things. He formed the band with Fred Mascherino and Josh Eppard. In early 2010 the band signed with Universal/Motown. The band is slated to do dates on Warped Tour 2010 and released their full-length debut on August 31, 2010.

On April 20, 2011, Andy Jackson announced that he was leaving Terrible Things. The band toured throughout the 2011 Warped Tour dates as a three-piece, with Fred Mascherino handling all guitar duties and Eppard singing backing vocals.

In 2014, Andy Jackson's new project Sloss Minor signed with JMB Records and on April 20, 2014, they released the album "G Major Unit Zero."

Second Reunion and Future
On December 11, 2014, Andy Jackson announced via Twitter the current line-up of Andy, Casey, Jay, and Mike. Prior to this announcement, Jackson had posted a song clip of a new Hot Rod Circuit song via his Instagram. In 2019, Hot Rod Circuit announced they would join Saves The Day on their “Through Being Cool” tour and would play “Sorry About Tomorrow” in its entirety.

Band members
Current line-up
 * Andy Jackson (vocals, rhythm guitar)
 * Casey Prestwood (guitar, pedal steel)
 * Jason Russell (bass, vocals)
 * Mike Poorman(drums)

 * Former members
 * Wes Cross (1996-1999)
 * Dustin Hudson (1997-1999)
 * Dan Duggins (2006-2007)
 * Brian Kiss (2004–2005)
 * Jake Turner (Fill In - 2005)
 * Jeff Turner (Fill In - 2005)
 * Jerry Morrison (Fill In - 2005)
 * Rob Fitzgerald (Fill In - 2005)

Albums

 * Mr. Glenboski - (1998 - New World Records)
 * If I Knew Now What I Knew Then (1999 - Triple Crown Records)
 * If It's Cool With You, It's Cool With Me (2000 - Triple Crown Records)
 * Sorry About Tomorrow (2002 - Vagrant Records)
 * Reality's Coming Through (2004 - Vagrant Records)
 * The Underground Is A Dying Breed (2007 - Immortal Records)

EPs & Singles

 * Hot Rod Circuit - 1999
 * Split w/ The Anniversary - 2000
 * Split w/ thisyearsmodel - 2001
 * Pharmacist - 2003
 * The Underground Is A Dying Breed (iTunes Acoustic EP) - 2007
 * Hot Rod Circuit - 2011
 * Default Setting - 2017

Compilations & Soundtracks

 * Revelation-A-Pop-A-Lypse - 1999
 * I ♥ Metal - 1999
 * Y2K Proof - 2000
 * Welcome To Triple Crown - 2000
 * The Best Comp In The World - 2000
 * Another Year On The Streets Volume 2 - 2001
 * Been There, Smoked That - 2003
 * Atticus ...Dragging The Lake II - 2003
 * Beer: The Movie - 2003
 * Last Nights Escape - 2003
 * Outlaw Volleyball: Music From The Game - 2003
 * Another Year On The Streets Vol. 3 - 2004
 * A Santa Cause 2: Its A Punk Rock Christmas - 2006
 * Yo! Indie Rock Raps (Warped Tour Edition) - 2007
 * Punk Goes Crunk - 2008
 * Friends - 2014

title: Hot Rod Circuit


text: User:Facile troll

title: User:Facile troll


text:
Talk:Hot Rod Circuit

Untitled
Any other information or photos would be appreciated. Uriah923 20:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Origin?
The article says they originate from both Alabama (in the infobox) and Connecticut (article intro paragraph)...which is it? PhoenixSunburn (talk) 01:58, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It's Connecticut. Andy and Casey were in a band called Antidote that originated in Alabama.  They moved to New Haven, CT, met Jay Russell and became Hot Rod Circuit. 2603:7080:403E:9100:2DC6:464C:EBA6:A0F4 (talk) 01:02, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Homepage link is dead. please remove —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.8.197.129 (talk) 12:08, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hot Rod Circuit


text:
User talk:Billy Shears

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Psy guy (talk) 20:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
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Response to your Squad Leader inquiry
Sorry, I'm a bit new at this, but i was wondering: how much information should there be about rules and gameplay? I mean, I can talk all day about how to play Squad Leader, but does that belong here or not? Billy Shears 19:28, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Strategy and tactics probably aren't relevant to a encyclopedia entry, but check out wikibooks - they have strategy guides for boards games - see this link http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page or see the wikipedia page on Monopoly (game) for an example of how this is set up. Michael Dorosh 03:31, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Billy Shears


text:
Talk:Freeport, Maine

Drug Related Expulsions
As true as the drug related expulsions statement is, I don't feel as if it should be mentioned in this article. Bkissin 17:18, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I removed it. In the same section I also removed Bates/Bowdoin name-dropping, and cleaned up the Pownal reference.  JamesofMaine 18:35, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Media
I cleaned up the Media section of the article, and I hope to create specific wikipages for the Newspapers that don't already have one. Bkissin 22:26, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Freeport, Maine


text:
Talk:Weyauwega derailment/to do

 * Add images: photos of the accident scene and/or cleanup, diagram of the accident, etc.
 * Expand the lead section
 * Expand the details on the cleanup and the consequences/lessons learned from the accident

title: Talk:Weyauwega derailment/to do


text:
Talk:Weyauwega, Wisconsin, derailment

Cause?
I didn't see any info on the cause or probably cause of this accident. Most train accident articles include that. --68.49.236.45 14:53, 21 August 2006 (UTC) (Greg)
 * Doh! I'll add that in a moment... Slambo (Speak)  15:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

GA Re-Review and In-line citations
Members of the WikiProject Good articles are in the process of doing a re-review of current Good Article listings to ensure compliance with the standards of the Good Article Criteria. (Discussion of the changes and re-review can be found here). A significant change to the GA criteria is the mandatory use of some sort of in-line citation (In accordance to WP:CITE) to be used in order for an article to pass the verification and reference criteria. Currently this article does not include in-line citations. It is recommended that the article's editors take a look at the inclusion of in-line citations as well as how the article stacks up against the rest of the Good Article criteria. GA reviewers will give you at least a week's time from the date of this notice to work on the in-line citations before doing a full re-review and deciding if the article still merits being considered a Good Article or would need to be de-listed. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us on the Good Article project talk page or you may contact me personally. On behalf of the Good Articles Project, I want to thank you for all the time and effort that you have put into working on this article and improving the overall quality of the Wikipedia project. LuciferMorgan 00:35, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Good Article Review
This article is currently at Good Article Review. LuciferMorgan 01:53, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

GA delisted
This article was delisted per the archived Good article review and the instructions at said archive. IvoShandor 11:29, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Weyauwega, Wisconsin, derailment


text:
User:Théto~enwiki/Sphere

Notice: This is my sandbox for the Sphere (rpg maker) article.

Sphere is a open source set of a 2D game engine and a corresponding IDE, released under the GNU General Public License. It was originally developed by Chad Austin and is now maitained by Flik. The engine is currently running on Microsoft Windows and Linux, a Mac OS X port is being worked on. The editor is Windows only, but can be run under Linux using Wine.

Though Sphere was originally designed to create SNES style roleplaying games you can create virtually any game of any style or genre with it.

Sphere uses Javascript for scripting, providing classes for all relevant causes.

title: User:Théto~enwiki/Sphere


text:
Marcus McLaurin

Marcus McLaurin is an American comic-book writer and editor known for developing and editing the influential Marvel Comics series Marvels.

Biography
Marc McLaurin joined Marvel as an assistant editor. He rose to become a full editor working on the Epic Comics imprint and on other Marvel projects. These included Epic's various Alien Legion limited series, its "Heavy Hitters" line of action comics by Peter David, Howard Chaykin and others, and licensed titles such as the manga Akira and filmmaker and fantasy novelist Clive Barker's Nightbreed and Hellraiser. He also edited the Razorline imprint of superheroes created by Barker for Marvel.

As a writer, McLaurin did the entire 20-issue run of the Luke Cage revival series Cage (1992–1993). He also wrote issues of The Punisher (1987–1995 series) and occasional features in Marvel Comics Presents.

Editor

 * Alpha Flight #80–82 (Marvel Comics, January 1990 – March 1990)
 * A Shadowline Saga: Critical Mass #2–4 (Marvel Comics [Epic], February 1990 – April 1990)
 * Captain America Goes to War Against Drugs #1 (Marvel Comics, 1990)
 * Epic Graphic Novel: Hearts and Minds #1 (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1990) – (one-shot)
 * Akira #26–27 (Marvel Comics, 1990–1991)
 * Clive Barker's Hellraiser #4–19 (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1990–1992)
 * Tomorrow Knights #2 (Marvel Comics [Epic], July 1990)
 * Tales from the Heart of Africa: The Temporary Natives #2 (Marvel Comics [Epic], August 1990) – (one-shot)
 * Groo the Wanderer|Sergio Aragones Groo the Wanderer #69–96 (Marvel Comics, September 1990 – December 1992)
 * Ted McKeever's Metropol #1–12 (Marvel Comics [Epic], March 1991 – March 1992)
 * Clive Barker's Book of the Damned: A Hellraiser Companion #1–2 (Marvel Comics [Epic], October 1991 – April 1992)
 * Clive Barker's Hellraiser Summer Special #1 (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1992) – (one-shot)
 * 67 Seconds (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1992) – (one-shot)
 * Bloodlines: A Tale from the Heart of Africa #1 (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1992) – (one-shot)
 * Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth Movie Special #1 (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1992) – (one-shot)
 * Idol #1–3 (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1992–1992)
 * Terror Inc. #1–13 (Marvel Comics, July 1992 – July 1993)
 * Hokum & Hex #1–9 (Marvel Comics [Razorline], September 1993 – May 1994)
 * Razorline: The First Cut #1 (Marvel Comics [Razorline], September 1993) – (one-shot)
 * Clive Barker's The Harrowers #1–2 (Marvel Comics [Razorline], December 1993 – January 1994)
 * Hyperkind #1-8 (Marvel Comics [Razorline], December 1993)
 * Saint Sinner (comics)|Saint Sinner #1-8 (Marvel Comics [Razorline], September 1993- May 1994)
 * Marvels #1–4 (Marvel Comics, January 1994 – April 1994)
 * Ectokid #1-8 (Marvel Comics [Razorline], April 1994)
 * Hyperkind #1–9 (Marvel Comics [Razorline], April 1994 – May 1994)
 * Marvels #0 (Marvel Comics, August 1994)
 * Tales of Suspense (vol. 2) #1 (Marvel Comics, January 1995) – (one-shot)
 * What If? (vol. 2) #73–84 (Marvel Comics, May 1995 – April 1996)
 * Marvels: Portraits #1-4 (Marvel Comics, June 1995)

Assistant Editor

 * Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe (vol. 2) #13–16 (Marvel Comics, December 1986 – June 1987)
 * The Punisher (vol. 2) #4–5 (Marvel Comics, November 1987 – January 1988)
 * Alpha Flight #58 (Marvel Comics, May 1988)
 * Alpha Flight #60–62 (Marvel Comics, July 1988 – September 1988)
 * Alpha Flight #64 (Marvel Comics, November 1988)
 * The Mutant Misadventures of Cloak and Dagger #2 (Marvel Comics, December 1988)
 * Alpha Flight #66–67 (Marvel Comics, January 1989 – February 1989)
 * Alpha Flight #69 (Marvel Comics, April 1989)
 * Alpha Flight #71–78 (Marvel Comics, June 1989 – December 1989)
 * Shadowmasters #1–2 (Marvel Comics, October 1989 – November 1989)

Penciller

 * Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe (vol. 2) #17 (Marvel Comics, August 1987) – (Doctor Sun entry)
 * Alpha Flight #69 (Marvel Comics, April 1989)
 * "Psycho Killer." Justice #30 (Marvel Comics, April 1989)

Writer

 * "In the Dark." Marvel Comics Presents #9 (Marvel Comics, December 1988) – (Cloak story)
 * "The First Cut." Marvel Comics Presents #21 (Marvel Comics, June 1989) – (Thing story)
 * "The Vault." Clive Barker's Hellraiser #2 (Marvel Comics [Epic], 1990)
 * "Object." Marvel Comics Presents #48 (Marvel Comics, April 1990) – (Wasp story)
 * "Awful Flight." What The--?! #7 (Marvel Comics, April 1990)
 * "The Real Thing." Marvel Comics Presents #59 (Marvel Comics, September 1990) – (Punisher story)
 * "Vampires!" Marvel Comics Presents #64 (Marvel Comics, December 1990) – (Blade story)
 * Marvel Comics Presents #82–87 (Marvel Comics, July 1991 – October 1991) – (Firestar story) (co-writer)
 * "Hero in Hiding." Marvel Comics Presents #82 (Marvel Comics, July 1991) – (Luke Cage story)
 * "Bark Like a Dog." The Punisher (vol. 2) #50 (Marvel Comics, July 1991)
 * The Punisher (vol. 2) #60–62 (Marvel Comics, February 1992 – April 1992)
 * Cage #1–20 (Marvel Comics, April 1992 – November 1993)
 * Spider-Man Unlimited #6 (Marvel Comics, August 1994)
 * What If? (vol. 2) #93 (Marvel Comics, January 1997) – (Wolverine story)

Colorist

 * "The First Cut." Marvel Comics Presents #21 (Marvel Comics, June 1989) – (Thing story)
 * "Past and Present Sins." Marvel Comics Presents #34 (Marvel Comics, December 1989) – (Captain America story)
 * "Object." Marvel Comics Presents #48 (Marvel Comics, April 1990) – (Wasp story)
 * Web of Spider-Man #66 (Marvel Comics, July 1990) – (co-colorist)
 * "The Real Thing." Marvel Comics Presents #59 (Marvel Comics, September 1990) – (Punisher story)
 * "One into Three Won't Go!" Marvel Comics Presents #70 (Marvel Comics, February 1991) – (Black Widow/Darkstar/Starlight story)
 * Marvel Comics Presents #82–87 (Marvel Comics, July 1991 – October 1991) – (Firestar story)
 * "Hero in Hiding." Marvel Comics Presents #82 (Marvel Comics, July 1991) – (Luke Cage story)
 * Epic Lite #1 (Marvel Comics [Epic], September 1991) – (co-colorist)

Letterer

 * Strikeforce: Morituri Electric Undertow #1–5 (Marvel Comics, December 1989 – March 1990) – (co-designer)

title: Marcus McLaurin


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Vladimir Vasilkovich

Vladimir Vasilkovich (Володимир Василькович) was a son of Vasilko Romanovich. He succeeded his father as the prince of Volhynia when the latter died in 1269, and was famous for numerous constructions and reconstructions of town fortifications in Volhynia.

In the 1270s (1276, according to most sources) he founded a castle that included a keep now famous as the Tower of Kamyanets, and around which sprang up the town of Kamyanets; he also authored the construction of a similar tower in the re-built castle of Berestye. He died in 1289 in Luboml. Summing up his life, the "old chronicle" presented him as a booklover and philosopher, whose like in the world had never before been seen, and would never be seen again.

Vasilkovich was renowned for his favorable treatment of the region's Jewish population, which had erewhile been severely maligned and ill-treated. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity."

title: Vladimir Vasilkovich


text:
The Days of Sadat

Days of Sadat (أيام السادات) is a 2001 Egyptian biographical film about the third President of Egypt Anwar Al Sadat. The film features Ahmad Zaki as the Egyptian president. Cast includes Mervat Amin, Mona Zaki and Ahmed El Sakka. The film captured intimate details about the president in great accuracy. One notable characteristic of Sadat was his speech pattern, which Ahmad Zaki captured strongly in his performance.

Cast

 * Ahmad Zaki as President Anwar Sadat
 * Mona Zaki as the young Jehan Al Sadat
 * Mervat Amin as First Lady Jehan Al Sadat
 * Ahmed El Sakka as Atef El Sadat, the president's brother
 * Mohamed El Kholi as President Gamal Abdel Nasser

Reception
When the movie was released in 2001, it attracted a huge following in Egypt, ranking as one of Egypt's highest-grossing movies. This was Zaki's second biographical movie, following Nasser 56.

Director Mohamed Khan received high praise for his directing of the movie. However, some critics claimed that the movie was a bit too biased, since it only focused on the writings of Sadat himself from his book, In Search of an Identity.

title: The Days of Sadat


text:
Redeye piranha

The black piranha (Serrasalmus rhombeus), also known as the redeye piranha, white piranha, spotted piranha or yellow piranha, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a piranha from the family Serrasalmidae. It is found in northern South America. It is the type species of the genus Serrasalmus.

Description
The black piranha is the largest species of piranha. It has a distinctively, rhombus-shaped body, solidly coloured from grey through to nearly black. Whatever the body colour, this species has red eyes. The colour of juveniles can be more mottled than in adults. As they mature their silvery body becomes less mottled and changes to a darker grey or black colour. How dark the fish become depends on the local water conditions; fish in Peru appear to be the darkest and may be almost jet black. The maximum recorded fish measurement standard length is 41.5-61 cm, although a more normal length is around 32 cm, and they attain a maximum weight of 3.0 kg.

Distribution
The black piranha is found in northern South America, east of the Andes. They are found in the drainage systems of the Amazon and Orinoco as well as the Essequibo River and other rivers of the Guiana Shield and the coastal rivers of northeastern Brazil. It has been introduced to Florida but is now extirpated.

Habitat and biology
The black piranha occurs in a wide variety of habitats but the adults have a preference for the larger, deeper river channels where they normally hunt for prey either in deep stretches or in the vicinity of rapids. The juveniles are most frequently recorded in stiller stretches where there is thick submerged or marginal vegetation. Paler coloured fish tend to be found in turbid white waters, while in clear or dark waters, dark fish predominate. These fish are opportunistic and omnivorous feeders which will eat plants, fallen fruits and animals smaller than themselves such as insects and small fishes. They will also eat the scales and fins which they can nip off other fishes. They are well known scavengers, and feed on carcasses within the river. This is not a sociable species and normally lives solitarily. At least when breeding they defend an area around the nest which is placed among thick vegetation.

Taxonomy
The black piranha was first formally described in 1766 as Salmo rhombeus with the type locality given as Brokopondo on the Suriname River in Surinam. When Bernard Germain de Lacépède created the genus Serrasalmus in 1803 the only species he placed in it was Salmo rhombeus, so this species is the type species of its genus. The morphological differences between populations suggest that S. rhombeus is a species complex, but molecular work to confirm this has yet to be undertaken.

title: Redeye piranha


text:
User talk:Explorer93eb

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! SoLando 20:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Explorer93eb


text:
1992 CFL season

The 1992 CFL season is considered to be the 39th season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 35th Canadian Football League season.

CFL News in 1992
The CFL celebrated 100 years of football in Canada, commemorating the formation of the Canadian Rugby Union in 1892, the forerunner of Football Canada and the CFL. Former Alouette running back/tight end, Larry Smith was named as the ninth CFL Commissioner in history on Thursday, February 27.

The Calgary Stampeders then owned by Larry Ryckman, signed free agent quarterback, Doug Flutie in March. The CFL revoked the franchise of BC Lions owner Murray Pezim and assumed control of the team, when Pezim refused to pay off club bills, on August 27. After one month, Bill Comrie purchased the BC Lions franchise from the CFL on September 23.

At the CFL Awards, Doug Flutie was named as the CFL's Most Outstanding Player for the second straight season, only becoming the third player to do so. Toronto played host to the Grey Cup for the 45th time, which is more than any other city. In addition, the Calgary Stampeders won their first Grey Cup championship in 21 years; ending the longest drought at that time of any CFL city, by defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, 24–10.

In June 1992, the CFL played a preseason game between Toronto and Calgary in Portland, Oregon. It was a predecessor to the CFL USA expansion that would begin the next year.

Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points

 * Bold text means that they have clinched the playoffs.
 * Calgary and Winnipeg get first round byes.

Grey Cup playoffs
The Calgary Stampeders are the 1992 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 24–10, at Toronto's SkyDome. This was the first championship for the Stampeders in 21 years, ending the longest existing drought at the time, having previously won the 1971 Grey Cup Game over the Toronto Argonauts. Incidentally, the Saskatchewan Roughriders ended a 23-year drought several years earlier with a win in the 1989 Grey Cup Game, which was played at the same venue as the 1992 game. The Stampeders' Doug Flutie (QB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player and Dave Sapunjis (SB) was the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.

CFL Leaders

 * CFL Passing Leaders
 * CFL Rushing Leaders
 * CFL Receiving Leaders

Offence

 * QB – Doug Flutie, Calgary Stampeders
 * FB – Blake Marshall, Edmonton Eskimos
 * RB – Mike Richardson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * SB – Ray Elgaard, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * SB – Allen Pitts, Calgary Stampeders
 * WR – Stephen Jones, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * WR – Jim Sandusky, Edmonton Eskimos
 * C – Rod Connop, Edmonton Eskimos
 * OG – Pierre Vercheval, Edmonton Eskimos
 * OG – Rocco Romano, Calgary Stampeders
 * OT – Robert Smith, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * OT – Vic Stevenson, Saskatchewan Roughriders

Defence

 * DT – Rodney Harding, Toronto Argonauts
 * DT – Jearld Baylis, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * DE – Will Johnson, Calgary Stampeders
 * DE – Bobby Jurasin, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * LB – Angelo Snipes, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * LB – Willie Pless, Edmonton Eskimos
 * LB – John Motton, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * CB – Less Browne, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * CB – Junior Thurman, Calgary Stampeders
 * DB – Anthony Drawhorn, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DB – Darryl Hall, Calgary Stampeders
 * DS – Glen Suitor, Saskatchewan Roughriders

Special teams

 * P – Hank Ilesic, Toronto Argonauts
 * K – Troy Westwood, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * ST – Henry "Gizmo" Williams, Edmonton Eskimos

Offence

 * QB – Tom Burgess, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * FB – Warren Hudson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * RB – Mike Richardson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * SB – Rob Crifo, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * SB – Ken Evraire, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * WR – Stephen Jones, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * WR – Larry Thompson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * C – Irv Daymond, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * OG – Dan Ferrone, Toronto Argonauts
 * OG – Jason Riley, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * OT – Robert Smith, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * OT – Chris Walby, Winnipeg Blue Bombers

Defence

 * DT – Rodney Harding, Toronto Argonauts
 * DT – Jeff Fields, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * DE – John Kropke, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DE – Mike Campbell, Toronto Argonauts
 * LB – Angelo Snipes, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * LB – Greg Stumon, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * LB – John Motton, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
 * CB – Less Browne, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * CB – Rod Hill, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * DB – Anthony Drawhorn, Ottawa Rough Riders
 * DB – Don Wilson, Toronto Argonauts
 * DS – Todd Wiseman, Hamilton Tiger-Cats

Special teams

 * P – Hank Ilesic, Toronto Argonauts
 * K – Troy Westwood, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * ST – Raghib Ismail, Toronto Argonauts

Offence

 * QB – Doug Flutie, Calgary Stampeders
 * FB – Blake Marshall, Edmonton Eskimos
 * RB – Jon Volpe, BC Lions
 * SB – Ray Elgaard, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * SB – Allen Pitts, Calgary Stampeders
 * WR – Darren Flutie, BC Lions
 * WR – Jim Sandusky, Edmonton Eskimos
 * C – Rod Connop, Edmonton Eskimos
 * OG – Pierre Vercheval, Edmonton Eskimos
 * OG – Rocco Romano, Calgary Stampeders
 * OT – Jim Mills, BC Lions
 * OT – Vic Stevenson, Saskatchewan Roughriders

Defence

 * DT – Jerald Baylis, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * DT – Lloyd Lewis, Edmonton Eskimos
 * DE – Will Johnson, Calgary Stampeders
 * DE – Bobby Jurasin, Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * LB – Alondra Johnson, Calgary Stampeders
 * LB – Willie Pless, Edmonton Eskimos
 * LB – Matt Finlay, Calgary Stampeders
 * CB – Damion Lyons, Edmonton Eskimos
 * CB – Junior Thurman, Calgary Stampeders
 * DB – Enis Jackson, Edmonton Eskimos
 * DB – Darryl Hall, Calgary Stampeders
 * DS – Glen Suitor, Saskatchewan Roughriders

Special teams

 * P – Lui Passaglia, BC Lions
 * K – Mark McLoughlin, Calgary Stampeders
 * ST – Henry "Gizmo" Williams, Edmonton Eskimos

1992 CFL Awards

 * CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award – Doug Flutie (QB), Calgary Stampeders
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Canadian Award – Ray Elgaard (SB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award – Willie Pless (LB), Edmonton Eskimos
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award – Robert Smith (OT), Ottawa Rough Riders
 * CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award – Mike Richardson (RB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 * CFLPA's Outstanding Community Service Award – Danny Barrett (QB), BC Lions
 * CFL's Coach of the Year – Wally Buono, Calgary Stampeders
 * Commissioner's Award - Tom Shepherd, Saskatchewan Roughriders

title: 1992 CFL season


text:
Zinc white

Zinc white is an inorganic pigment composed of zinc oxide that has been used by painters since the late eighteenth century. Alongside lead and titanium white, it is among the three most prominent white pigments that are commercially available today. Its primary advantages are its low toxicity (particularly in contrast with lead white) and the cool clarity of its color. It was initially developed in the 1780s by the French chemist and magistrate Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, who struggled to popularize its use. The French Academy of Sciences approved of the invention in 1782, but artists from the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture expressed skepticism. Initially, zinc white pigment was more costly to produce than lead white, but its price diminished as production methods improved over the course of the nineteenth century. While the superior safety of zinc white had been established by the end of the eighteenth century, manufacturers of lead white downplayed these differences, and lead continued to dominate the market for white paint until the early twentieth century.

History
Since antiquity, zinc oxide has been a readily available byproduct of brass production, but the idea of using it as a pigment was not widely considered until the eighteenth century. A major impetus for trying zinc oxide as a pigment was growing concern over the toxicity of lead-based white pigments. Initial experimentation occurred in Dijon in 1780; some accounts suggest that the initiative was led by the chemist Jean-Baptiste Courtois, while others credit Guyton de Morveau. A report drafted by Guyton de Morveau in 1782 brought the first significant attention to zinc oxide as a pigment. While the pigment was discussed in French and English sources throughout the 1780s, few artists reported having tried it at that time. The pigment was commercially available in Europe in the 1790s, but its use remained limited; commentators noted its high price and its thin viscosity.

The first major application for zinc white in painting was among watercolorists. Oil paints made with zinc white tended to dry slowly, but this problem did not occur with watercolor. The use of zinc white in watercolor was promoted in the 1830s by Winsor & Newton, which sold zinc white under the name "Chinese white." The name, which was later used by other manufacturers, may have been inspired by the European association of Chinese porcelain with pure white tones.

The paint manufacturer E. C. Leclaire is largely responsible for popularizing zinc white in oil painting. Working in the late 1830s and early 1840s, he improved the hiding power of zinc white and added siccatives that reduced its drying time in oil. He began industrially manufacturing zinc white in 1845, and others soon followed in the 1850s.

Visual properties
Zinc white has a cooler hue than lead white, which tends to have a yellowish cast. Zinc white generally needs to be mixed with greater quantities of oil than lead white in order to create a spreadable oil paint, which reduces its hiding power; on their own, lead and zinc white refract light more or less equally.

Permanence
Zinc white is much more resistant to yellowing compared to other white pigments when mixed with oil. However, paint made with zinc white tends to yield more brittle surfaces than other white paints, and its use can sometimes result in cracks. The brittleness of zinc white paint has proven to be a major issue in the work of Pre-Raphaelite painters.

Notable occurrences
While zinc white was available to painters by the end of the eighteenth century, relatively few examples of its use have been found before 1850, when its adoption steadily increased. Members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood embraced zinc white, frequently using it in their ground layers. John Singer Sargent used small amounts of zinc white in his work, but he favored lead white. The Impressionists almost completely avoided zinc white, according to laboratory analysis of their paintings. When zinc white has been found in works by Impressionists, it generally constitutes a lightening agent that was added to another color by the paint manufacturer, not the artist. Zinc white has been found in numerous works by Edvard Munch, including several versions of The Scream.

title: Zinc white


text:
Central News Agency (Taiwan)

The Central News Agency (CNA) is Taiwan's semi-official wire service.

In addition to its Chinese language edition, it also has English and Japanese editions. It has a 300-strong employee base, and overseas branches in some 30 countries. It works with a number of well-known news agencies around the world, such as the Associated Press, Reuters, Deutsche Welle, and Agence France-Presse.

History
The CNA agency was founded April 1, 1924, by the Kuomintang party. Its headquarters was originally located in Guangzhou in Guangdong province, but had to be relocated to Taipei in 1949, following the defeat of the Republic of China government in mainland China in the Chinese Civil War.

Despite the corporatisation of the agency in 1973, it continued to receive heavy government subsidies, and remained the nation's official agency. At the time, CNA journalists received preferential treatment on various occasions, mostly government-related press conferences.

After democratization, on 1 July 1996, the agency became a non-profit organisation under a bill passed by the Legislative Yuan. As of 2022, it is still Taiwan's official news agency, and received part of its funding from the Executive Yuan. However, its media influence is said to have diminished due to a rise in competition after the government decided to lift restrictions on mass media.

English version website is Focus Taiwan. A Spanish language edition, Enfoque en Taiwán, was closed 31 March 2021. In August 2021, CNA oversaw the launch of the TaiwanPlus streaming platform. In July 2024, an Indonesian language version of CNA's website was released, with articles translated from Chinese and English via artificial intelligence and a team of Indonesian-speaking editors.

title: Central News Agency (Taiwan)


text:
User:Catrachohansen

Biography
I'm an Latter-day Saint libertarian in my second year of Stanford's economics PhD program. I served an LDS mission in San Pedro Sula, Honduras and graduated from Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. I became a registered Wikipedian on 27 September 2005.

Editing interests

 * Development economics
 * Honduras (culture and politics)
 * LDS Church culture and history

title: User:Catrachohansen


text:
Yale Center for the Study of Globalization

The Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, or YCSG, is a research center at Yale University at New Haven, Connecticut. It was established in 2001 in order to "enrich the debate about globalization on campus and to promote the flow of ideas between Yale and the policy world".

The current director is Ernesto Zedillo, president of Mexico from 1994 to 2000. Its current sponsors include William Henry Draper III, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The program's main offices are located in Betts House, a university-owned mansion in the Prospect Hill Historic District.

From 2001 to 2013, the organization published YaleGlobal Online, an online magazine that explores globalization and implications of growing global interconnectedness in economics, security, trade, politics and the environment. Since 2013, the MacMillan Center at Yale has published YaleGlobal.


text:
User:Luna Lovegood~enwiki

Luna Lovegood is a very important charater in the Harry Potter series.

title: User:Luna Lovegood~enwiki


text:
TV80

The Sinclair TV80, also known as the Flat Screen Pocket TV or FTV1, was a pocket television released by Sinclair Research in September 1983. Unlike Sinclair's earlier attempts at a portable television, the TV80 used a flat CRT with a side-mounted electron gun instead of a conventional CRT; the picture was made to appear larger than it was by the use of a Fresnel lens. It was a commercial failure, and did not recoup the £4 million it cost to develop; only 15,000 units were sold. New Scientist warned that the technology used by the device would be short-lived, in view of the liquid crystal display technology being developed by Casio.

title: TV80


text: User talk:206.12.150.8

title: User talk:206.12.150.8