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Talk:European political party

Review of the article
The article was seriously out of date, with the description of the framework of European parties starting with "as of 2008" and relying on Regulation 2004/2003, which was replaced a long time ago with Regulation 1141/2014 (itself amended several times). Likewise, financial data dated back to 2012. As a result of this, several statements had become incorrect. I also extended the history section (pre-1990 and post-2014) and cleaned up the sections on European parties past and present, since they were at top of the article and also at the bottom. The article now features consecutive sections on current European parties, former European parties, and other entities; all these sections are placed at the end, after the history section and the description of the framework on European parties.

This leaves me with two questions: Julius Schwarz (talk) 15:46, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) The "External Links" section includes the following paper "The European Parliament and Supranational Party System Cambridge University Press 2002". Unless I am mistaken, this paper is not cited in the article and is over twenty years old. I therefore doubt its relevance. When I cleaned up that section (because most links were broken), I left it in place, but would recommend either removing it or replacing it with a more recent paper on the topic. I am actually not sure what the policy is about adding publications in the "external links" section, I thought it was mainly for other websites, but I defer to the community.
 * 2) The "Controversy" section seems biased and underdeveloped. This is now just a twenty-year old case of some parties not being happy about the structure of European public funding, and nothing happened. Would it make sense to rename this "Criticism" and to extend this to other criticisms of European parties and of their funding? I recently submitted a draft article dedicated to the funding of European parties, and that article contains a more detailed section on criticism, so this could actually be removed altogether.

 * In the absence of opposition over the past two months, and given the fact that, as indicated, the mentioned paper is way out of date (2022, before the 2004 regulation was in effect, which itself was replaced in 2014 and subsequently amended), I am proceeding with its removal. Feel free to re-instate it and discuss if you feel this is not warranted. I could try and find a more recent paper on the topic, but, since the paper is not even cited in the article, it does not even feel like we need a specific paper to support the article.
 * Likewise, I am proceeding with the proposed removal of the "controversy" section, which is one-sided and under-developed. At any rate, it focuses not on European parties but on their funding (for which a dedicated page is being reviewed, and that page contains a well-developed "criticism" section). A new section on criticism of European parties themselves can always be added here. As before, feel free to re-instate the removed section and discuss if you feel this change is not warranted. Julius Schwarz (talk) 08:11, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

Default Sorting of Current Europarties
I'm curious to find out what the community thinks about a default sorting of the "Current Europarties" section by political position. Would a left-to-right or right-to-left sorting provide a better view of the spectrum of parties? Selecting the up/down arrows next to Commission, Parliament and Council would still allow to sort by the current default view Majority.

 * In my view it makes sense to keep the current order of most to least elected representatives. Helper201 (talk) 13:59, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

Origin of Formation for World Political Parties
Who proposed the formation of World political parties? Please quote your sources- Electionworld 20:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Example parties in section entitled "The parties"
I have tidied this up, and removed an erroneous statement of the British Conservatives party affiliation, but I'm not sure exactly how it should be decided which parties to use as examples here. Should there be one or two from each, and on what crieria would they be selected? Obviously parties like the CDU, UMP and Labour are large parties providing heads of government and perhaps merit inclusion for the EPP and PES, but there are also heads of government from the ELDR and the AEN. The decision would also be difficult for those without heads of govermnent or smaller representation. Here two examples are given for Euronat, in which one (the FN) have considerably greater representation than the other (BNP). Perhaps no national members of the Europe-wide parties should be mentioned here, only their platforms? Tozznok 21:48, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Controversy section moved
I moved the controversy section towards the bottom of the article, the standard encyclopedia format is to put criticism and controversy sections after the purely descriptive sections. You cannot introduce a debate on a subject before the reader knows what the subject is, so this should not be placed as the first section. Blankfrackis 20:15, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Rename
The title is very misleading: Europe does not mean the European Union. For the sake of clarity in a NPOV encyclopedia, this article should be renamed. There is no argument about usage of proper nouns here.--jrleighton 15:54, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no need to include the word 'Union' when it's already given by the context. Same with the European Parliament or the Anthem of Europe. --78.69.33.206 (talk) 01:16, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Legal status of such organizations
Maybe the readership could be made aware that, despite such organizations are labelled "parties", they consist only of meetings of delegates of national parties, are not allowed by the Commission itself to participate in any electoral campaign (including at the European level), and that people who join as individuals are only able to consult documents or attend meetings, but not to take part in decisions or elect their representatives.

I also agree the title should be renamed, because for instance a Swiss or Norwegian political party is also, geographically speaking, a European political party, the two countries not being inside the Union and concerned by this label. I am conscious that it looks awkward, but I suggest "European Commission funded European Political Parties", because it is the gist of their existence (a status adaptation from the former federations, mostly for financial reasons), and it will also help reject in another article those organizations who claim to be "European" but are not qualified as such by the Commission.

It will also help understand that their status is particular. For instance they should not be concerned by the Wikipedia elections box, since they don't participate in elections. --Arnaudherve 13:18, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Observer and associate members
What exactly is meant by observer and associate member? What's the difference between the two? --GSchjetne (talk) 01:27, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The terms are not rigidly defined, and depend on the internal organization of the europarty concerned. Generally, an observer/associate/affiliate goes something like this:
 * The party is a member of the europarty but is not in a EU member state, so cannot stand in Euroelections, and/or:
 * The party is not a member of the europarty but stands on the same electoral list as a party that is a member, and/or
 * The party wants to be a member but is unsure, so has adopted a kind of half-in half-out status
 * Hope that helps. Regards, Anameofmyveryown (talk) 22:05, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Update European political party
If anyone feels up to it, the table at European_political_party needs some cleaning up since these have changed since the 2009 Europarl elections. e.g. there is no mention of the European Conservatives and Reformists, and the Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe no longer exists. I might not be the best person to do this, as I'm not entirely sure if there's a difference between the pan-European political parties and the party groupings that sit in the European Parliament... --Alexd (talk) 12:59, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Europarties in European Council and EU Council
Take a look and maybe help: The dominant Europarty is the one holding the member state’s seat in the European Council.

Additional Europarties are the ones which also sit in (some configurations of) the Council of the European Union. – Kaihsu (talk) 19:00, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Political positions
Consider the European Left Party a far left group or the European Green Party a Left wing group and then consider the European People´s Party a centre-right one and ALDE a centre one is politically motivated. Almost all member parties in ALDE are centre-right, sometimes even more in the right than the EPP national counterpart. In the same way, consider the EPP just centre-right is not correct, there ir a more centre-right wing and a more right-wing one inside the party. EPP leaders of Slovenia, Bavaria, Hungary, Spain, France or Austria nowdays are clearly not centre-right.

Let´s be objective about this and don´t try to manipulate. Consider liberalism centre tries to demonize ideologies and parties coming from socialism. A true centrist party would be the one compromising socialism and liberalism, a liberal socialism as would say Norberto Bobbio. The PES and the EPP were centre- right and centre-left in the past because of social-democracy and christian-democracy builduing european welfare state system. since times have changed, new parties have arise, as well as new sociologial times, this has changed a bit, but the idea is the same. Classical liberalism or even neoliberalism is not the centre, because it is not a compromise of liberal socialism, it is a centre-right option that understands freedom only on its negative-freedom approach. In the same way, the more conservative, nationalistic, right-wing posittions of many EPP members cannot be avoided. --213.254.88.156 (talk) 11:20, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

EPP: Centre-right to right-wing https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-csu-returns-to-far-right-political-battleground/a-42031195 https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/888111/Angela-Merkel-Horst-Seehofer-Markus-Soeder-CDU-CSU-power-struggle-coalition-right-wing https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/victor-orban-hungary-migrant-refugees-george-soros-ngo-far-right-a8297441.html https://www.firstpost.com/world/italy-elections-2018-silvio-berlusconis-right-wing-coalition-set-to-win-most-seats-but-hung-parliament-looms-large-say-exit-polls-4376159.html https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/21/europe/spain-casado/index.html https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-42310937 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/slovenia-election-results-latest-populist-far-right-janez-jansa-democratic-party-a8382641.html https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/austria-immigration-sebastian-kurz/542964/ ALDE: Centre-right https://www.dw.com/en/dutch-prime-minister-mark-rutte-says-more-eu-is-not-the-answer/a-44212571 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/13/ciudadanos-podemos-of-right-political-force-spain-albert-rivera https://books.google.es/books?id=jUiOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/danish-election-centre-right-venstre-opposition-leader-lars-lokke-rasmussen-celebrates-victory-10330755.html https://www.expatica.com/nl/about/Political-parties-in-the-Netherlands_108098.html https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/2047-8852.12171 PES: Centre-left PEL: Left-wing

 * These sources refer to parties within the groups, not the political positions of the groups themselves. Please read WP:SYNTHESIS. Helper201 (talk) 04:43, 8 August 2018 (UTC)
 * First of all, this is not about parliamentary groups, but about parties. Parties at the EU level are formed by national parties, so its tendence depends on the tendence of the national forming parties. The european parties doesn´t have militants by themselves, but national member parties. So to know the political tendency of them you need to check the one of its members. Thinking for example than most member parties of EPP are right-wing and the EPP itself is not, makes no sense.
 * where in this RfC can I find a brief and neutral statement, and/or the article text to be addressed? Edaham (talk) 07:02, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

Update
The article needs to be updated with the changes after the European elections and the government changes in e.g. Greece. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:C6:370F:3823:B49D:54CE:81A:EAC8 (talk) 22:17, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 12 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 21:13, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

European political party → Political party at European level – More precise; uses the official term; avoids erroneous implied scope of all of Europe's political parties at every geographic level. ꧁Zanahary꧂ 08:00, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

 * As for the article on the funding of European political parties, I also strongly oppose this proposal.
 * While "political party at European level" was indeed used in the Treaty on European Union back in 2009, the EU has consistently used the term "European political party" for over ten years now, including in the Regulation on these parties (Regulation 1141/2014 on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations ) as well as in the name of its monitoring body (the Authority for European political parties and European political foundations (APPF)).
 * Indeed "political party at European level" should redirect to "European political parties", but the page is clear from the beginning as to what these parties are. Other denominations for all of Europe's political parties exist and are already in use, including "Pan-European political parties" and "Political parties in Europe" (which mirrors other similar uses, such as "political parties in Germany", "political parties in Italy", etc.). These terms should be used for political parties in Europe, while "European political party" should be used for its specific category of parties. Julius Schwarz (talk) 08:49, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. We should not default to legalese and Treaty language when there exists a commonly used term. —Legoless (talk) 12:58, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * PS: I also note that the articles of all ten European political parties refer to them as "European political party", adding to the argument that this really is the common name of these parties. Julius Schwarz (talk) 17:23, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * What happens after the seven-day period has elapsed? Julius Schwarz (talk) 08:36, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Use of term "Europarty"
This is in relation to @Tomatoswoop's undoing of the edit which placed the term "europarty" as a note. Instead of going into an edit war, I would rather discuss this here. Full disclosure: I had made the initial change without realising that I was not logged in.

@Tomatoswoop has a point when he says that I don't like the term. That's actually true, but it's not the reason for the edit and there is no attempt to "excise" it. While the term does indeed show up in articles and literature, I see a clear trend of that term being used less and less. It was far more prevalent in the 1990s and 2000s (along with a number of terms starting with "Euro-", like "Eurocrats", etc.) and it did provide a useful shortcut when the official terminology was the long-form "political party at European level".

Since the 2010s, "European political party" or "European party" have become much more common (the first one being used both in the Regulation on European parties and in the name of the monitoring body) and "Europarty" seems to have lost steam both in newspaper articles and in the scientific literature. For what it's worth, Google Trends also shows a growing disconnect between the two. To me, this is part of the same trend that saw this article go from "political party at European level" to "European political party", which was a positive development.

Based on the above, and the fact that we already had potentially three different names -- the regular "European political party", the official/formal "political party at European level", and the short "European party" (which I also think is useful to make that this terms does not refer to "a political party in Europe") -- it felt like a fourth name in the lead section was overkill. Of course, since the name continues to pop up here and there, it remains somewhat relevant, and I thought a note was the appropriate format for this; this way it does remain visible but more in line with its use.

Then again I'm not a profi when it comes to Wikipedia conventions so I am happy to discuss pros and cons! Thanks Julius Schwarz (talk) 07:43, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I would caution against using google trends, google has fudged its search related metrics for a long time (and is very opaque with them in any case). A particularly egregious example is that the "found n results" label is usually off by factors of thousands lol). And, especially now that google search pays very little attention to verbatim wording, instead interpreting search terms as you gesturing at what it thinks you probably mean, I wouldn't want to assume that that doesn't go on with the "trends" interface also. (In this case, I would imagine that in recent years, anything that looks like it's referring to political parties in europe, would count as a hit for the term European Political Party, rather than literal searches for those words in that order). Perhaps that's not the case with google trends specifically, I'm not sure, and it's not like google divulges its internal workings on this stuff. That's how it seems to behave at least somewhat though anyway (so a google trend for "dog" will include "dogs", "doggo", "canine" etc. because of the way their machine learning NLP stuff works)
 * Similarly, the Europe-wide institutions, and the EU in particular, are practically famous for both their unwieldy terminology/nomenclatures, & their verbosity (I used to work in a field where I had to read a lot of EU regulations and official documents, so I can attest to both personally lol), so the fact that a common name isn't found much used in either the official regulations, or the official literature of the EU institutions, doesn't really mean anything; you wouldn't expect it to be, they pretty much always stick to their official (and often unwieldy) terminology. What the external literature (and the press) uses doesn't necessarily line up with the commission's/EU agencies' output though!
 * Looking at ngrams (which are an actual verbatim search of a corpus), they seem relatively equally common. https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Europarty%2CEuropean+political+party&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true And if you drilled into the examples, I imagine that at least some of the instances of the term "European political party" would be referring to European political parties in another sense also, inflating the numbers somewhat (as can be seen from the prevalence in decades past).
 * And, perusing the literature on the topic over the last day or so, night, I found that the term came up again and again. Often articles and books seem to use both terms. "Europarty" is both more concise and less ambiguous, so I can see why has a certain stickiness; "European Political Party" has the disadvantage of being, at least literally, applicable to any type of political party institution in Europe (whether Europewide or national). So rassemblement national is a European political party, just not a European Political Party. Or take Diem25 for instance, a literal EU-wide political party that is not a "europarty". (Albeit not a particularly electorally successful one, but you take the example I hope).
 * I guess the other route would have been to use the acronym EPP to refer to the specific EU institution as opposed to just the concept of a European Party, but that's already taken by the EPP eu bloc! Oh sorry, not the the bloc, the bloc is the European People's Party group, which is a parliamentary group of the European Parliament, which is different from the party per se, even though they all usually (but not always!) have the same name. Gosh, it's all so intuitive isn't it! 😁
 * Anyway, I digress lol, the point is that regardless of how we each might feel about the elegance of the euro- portmanteaus blend words, it is still in wide use; ngrams show that, as does a cursory look at the academic literature published in the last couple of years, it's full of the term europarty still. And, fair enough, there is obvious utility there. There are many ways a party (or political party) can be European, so it's not a great term for a very specific legal creation (whereas the counterpart, eurofoundation, which you I think rightly deleted, doesn't have much of a "raison d'etre", there's nothing to disambiguate really, "political foundation" is not really something that even exists in anglophone vernacular at all, so it's unsurprising its distinguishing coinage has seen little usage) --Tomatoswoop (talk) 05:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * To be honest, the Google Trends example was just a last-minute, finger-in-the-wind observation. I still really feel like there is a trend there and that the term is on its way out, but -- fair is fair -- if it's only a downward trend and the term remains used at moment, then it can of course be retained. If asked, I would also still recommend to leave it in a note, instead of in the main lead, but I see the arguments and the choice is not just up to me.
 * As for other terms, "EPP" is indeed already taken by the European People Party's, while the political group goes by "EPP Group" (and sometimes, though rarely, EPPG). Sometimes I see "EUPP" used for "European political party", but not that often.
 * Of course, as you say, "European political party" is sometimes used to refer erroneously to "political parties in Europe", but not that often, I find. There was a recent study that actually used that term in the title whilst referring to national political parties in the EU, but I read the author actually saying, in retrospect, that that was not the right term but it was just too late to change the title of the publication. Since "European political party" is now used extensively, including as the official terminology, I think it's best to keep it as that. As for the case of the Rassemblement National, I am sure they would reply that they do not want to be called a European political party, but very much a NATIONAL political party in all caps :)
 * And for DiEM25 or Volt, it is indeed ironic that those parties that are so integrated at the European level cannot qualify for the status of "European political party". That's true and that's a shame. But there are other terms that are used in the article, such as "European political organisation" or "European political alliance".
 * Anyway, the initial discussion was on "Europarty", so I guess we keep that for now and I hope this can be revisited and finally changed down the line when uses change. Julius Schwarz (talk) 07:14, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * PS: more important, as noted in the section above, is to keep "European political party" as the title of the article and not revert back to "political party at European level", which is more descriptive but really not used anywhere as these parties' name (whether by the EU, themselves, or anyone really). Julius Schwarz (talk) 07:15, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Julius Schwarz
 * >Of course, as you say, "European political party" is sometimes used to refer erroneously to "political parties in Europe",
 * I find that somewhat presumptuous to be honest. If the EU decides that the official designation of one of its structures is "ham sandwich", that doesn't make any and all other instances of the term "ham sandwich" prima facie incorrect. Obviously that's a silly example, but you take the point in general I hope (and what's the harm in a little silliness in the service of abstraction 🙃). The EU is 1 political institution, one which covers a lot of Europe (and obviously an important one!); it may, of course, choose to call its institutions and structures what it likes, but that doesn't give it the power to redefine the use of the English language! A book/article/paper about European political parties being about, for example, the political culture of political parties in Europe, then referring to those parties as "European political parties" makes perfect sense, notwithstanding the EU's use of the phrase as a term of art (not referring to any particular work here, but making the general point). It would be different if the term chosen by the EU was "European Union Political Party" or some other such designation which is more distinct, but the chosen term was "European political party", it can't really claim exclusivity of that term, any more than the EU can claim (or, at least, claim unilaterally) the mantle of "Europe" as a geographical/political/social entity (although, of course, that is the EU's ultimate aspiration, and one that it has at least partially achieved, and so has tendency to name its institutions as such, in part as a way of staking that claim to be the legitimate representative of a completed European integration project -- which is, in part, of the reasons why there is often so much confusion about European institutions and their nomenclature, which Europe-wide institutions are which, which are and aren't part of the EU specifically, etc., because they tend to all have these such "European" "of Europe" etc. names). I don't begrudge either the EU this goal, or its way of naming things, but wikipedia is not a .europa.eu domain, and so doesn't have any obligation to follow its style guide or share the long-term goals of its institutions 😉
 * By the way, all this may come across as me writing from a so-called "Eurosceptic" position; this is not so, but the point of wikipedia is that we must separate our own political tendencies and/or feelings from our contributions to the encyclopedia. That is to say, even if you believe firmly in the "European Project" as it's often called, and the EU's institutions as manifestations of that project, and see it as either desirable, or even inevitable, that the European Union institutions will continue more an more to de facto represent Europe as a whole, and uncontroversially so, in the present day wikipedia should always be written to reflect, as impartially and objectively as possible, things as they are, not things as they should be, could be, (or even inexorably will be, or are almost). In fact, there's a wikipedia policy on exactly this, commonly referred to as WP:CRYSTAL. This means that, where the EU designates or claims something, the best option 9/10 times is to simply report that neutrally and explicitly, in the third person (e.g. "The EU designates a European Political Party as...", or, "under the European Union institutional framework, a European Political Party constitutes" etc., when referring to whether a particular organisation does or does not meet such a designation). So, for example saying "Diem25 is not a European Political Party" would be incorrect, but accurately reporting its status within the European institutional framework (i.e., whether it actually is a Europarty per se, in addition to being a Pan-European Political Party), where relevant, would not be. (The same ambiguity does not exist with the term Europarty, which apart from brevity and catchiness, is probably one of the reasons it has persisted so long. But that does make it a necessity of course, just sometimes a convenience)
 * And, on that note, be wary of WP:CRYSTAL tendencies here also:
 * >if it's only a downward trend and the term remains used at moment, then it can of course be retained
 * The fact is that the term is still in common usage (in the most recent ngrams usage which goes to 2019, show roughly equal usage, unclear which is more common when accounting for other usages of european political party/ies, but they're in the same ballpark). It is not wikipedia's job to predict whether something will or won't continue (and, and I hope you won't take this too pointedly, but even less so to let our personal feelings about whether something should or should not continue influence our contributions, even if inadvertently).
 * Looking at google scholar for instance: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_ylo=2020&q=%22european+political+parties%22 (filtered for results from 2020s), the first page of publications has 2 categories: 1) articles/books which use the term "European Political Parties" to refer to the EU sense of the term, (but which the first few I read all also used the term "europarties" in the article/text body, which may not be representative I suppose but is at least common) and 2) articles/books which use the term more broadly (and perfectly cromulently I must say, sorry!) to refer to political parties in Europe (for example, the first and third result of the search, here and here).

 * And, finally, on the subject of Volt and Diem25, an interesting article here https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Towards_the_formation_of_genuine_European_parties_Examining_and_comparing_the_cases_of_DiEM25_and_Volt_Europa/21909720/1 that I came across when poking around. I've only had the chance to skim so far, but I thought I'd share here while I'm replying to your comment, in case it's of use/interest to you also
 * When I have some time, I'll try to leave some helpful comments on the European Foundations talk page (and I'll tag you of course). At the moment wikipedia isn't too helpful on any of these topics, I came here hoping to be able to skim and get a better understanding of what the European Parties, and Groups, are, how and why they are separate, what function that separation serves (or what led to it), and what each of them do as entities, and perhaps a very basic overview of what the scholarly commentary says about them as institutions and how they function etc.. Perhaps there should be a single article that covers these entities (the parties, the foundations, the groups, possibly other relevant entities) as a broad overview of party politics at a European level, and how it works, while allowing for separate (and more technical) articles that cover the individual types of entities (with all assorted minutiae. That or simply collapse all 3 into 1 (probably not as desirable, but also a possibility).

 * As for the article title, I am slightly wary of the ambiguity of the current title, but "Political Party at a European Level" does seem more deprecated in the more recent literature, so that is probably not the best answer either. Perhaps something in brackets after the name, i.e. European Political Party (the EU thingamabob) (but a sensible version of that, of course). Alternatively, keep this article as "European Political Party", but have it cover the things that fall under this term in the broader sense -- that is to say, include Volt & Diem, & the "europarties" proper and that institutional framework, how these things all interact etc., with appropriate section divisions for each category, and have the history  section be a broader history of trans-national and pan-european political party organisation, including both Europarties proper, the formation of the groups, and other attempts at pan-European political organisation (which is the approach many of the papers I've found seem to take, including one slighly odd one here under the rubric of "euro-parties" used as an umbrella for the whole mess, somewhat confusingly. Or in what reads to me at least like a better paper, here, they highlight the following quote: "Europarties and EP political groups are officially independent of each other, but it is nonetheless more realistic to view them as part of the same Europarty organisation").
 * Perhaps I have caused more problems that have alleviated with this comment, but in any case, I hope at least some of it is at least somewhat helpful
 * Peace, --Tomatoswoop (talk) 01:16, 19 June 2024 (UTC) Tomatoswoop (talk) 01:16, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I see your points about the naming, but I don't think the issue is about the EU taking over the power to name things, it's just that this is what these parties are called -- in EU law, in academic literature (along with synonyms to avoid repetitions, of course) -- and what they call themselves. The long-form name is not really used by anyone anymore, except as a paraphrase/description, while the informal name (regardless of our personal opinion or views of its trajectory) is simply not these parties' proper name. This being said, I agree that the EU cannot single-handedly decide vocabulary, but this is what disambiguation pages are for. If we had a page on "political parties in Europe/EU" and decided to call it "European political parties" (which I believe would be wrong, as other similar pages are almost always "political parties in XXX"), then we could just have a disambiguation page to separate the two.
 * As for your proposal about a more general page encompassing all entities, that's a good idea. It could something on the political system of the EU and, indeed, reference European parties, European foundations, political groups of the EP and any other relevant entity, with links to individual pages. Note that the page on European political parties actually does reference entities that were considered European political parties before registration was mandatory, but also other non-registered political alliances. So while the focus of the page is just European political parties, the page does strive to show the difference with other party entities.
 * I for one have still been too busy to get to the page about foundations, but it's still definitely on the agenda, just a bit postponed. The APPF will be next. Julius Schwarz (talk) 05:28, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

Consistency across pages
Hey, following the centre/centre-right back-and-forth regarding ALDE, I am wondering what the best way is ensure consistency between the pages of the individual European political parties and the information present on this page. I already created templates for figures (number of MEPs, Commissioners, etc.), as those figures are found here, on the pages of the individual parties, and sometimes on the pages of the institutions themselves. Would it make sense to do the same for the rest of party data? This way, changing the template would change both the individual pages and this very page. However, I do not want to multiply the number of templates either. The idea is really just to simplify and improve consistency. Would one or more templates be good here? Any other suggestions? Julius Schwarz (talk) 06:51, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:European political party


text:
Trente et Quarante

Trente et Quarante (Thirty and Forty), also called Rouge et Noir (Red and Black), is a 17th-century gambling card game of French origin played with cards and a special table. It is rarely found in US casinos, but still very popular in Continental European casinos, especially in France, Italy, and Monaco. It is a simple game that usually gives the players a very good expected return of more than 98%.

History
Trente et Quarante is recorded as early as 1694 in a French dictionary that simply says it is a "type of card game". By the mid-18th century it had reached England, Lyonell Vane recording that he played it alongside Quadrille and Basset, and its rules are recorded in an English Hoyle in 1796.

The game also reached Germany and was played in 18th-century Holstein in northern Germany under the Low German dialect name of Dör den Hund ("Through the Dog"), because, having been introduced by French migrants, many inexperienced players "went to the dogs" i.e. were ruined by playing it.

Rules
Two croupiers sit on each side of the table, one of them being the dealer; behind the two on the side opposite to the dealer a supervisor of the game has his seat. Six packs of fifty-two cards each are used; these are well shuffled, and the croupier asks any of the players to cut, handing him a blank card with which to divide the mixed packs. The game consists of the dealer dealing two rows of cards face up, the first (upper) row called noir and the second (lower) row called rouge. There are only four bets in trente et quarante: rouge and noir, known as the grand tableau, and couleur and inverse, known as the petit tableau. Rouge and noir bets are concerned with which row wins, and the couleur and inverse bets with whether the first card in the winning row is the same (couleur) or opposite (inverse) to the color of the row.

Aces are worth one point, court cards ten, and pip cards their face value. A tie is a stand-off, and on a 31-point tie, players may double or quit on the next coup or immediately lose half their stake. The winning total will range between 30 and 40 card points, which is from where the name of the game derives.

Winning row
Cards for each row are dealt until its total exceeds thirty (trente). The row whose total is closest to thirty is the winning row. If, for example, the cards dealt in the first row were 8, 7, K, and 9 and those in the second row were A, 2, J, Q, and 10 the noir total would be 34 and the rouge total would be 33, so that rouge would win. If the color of the first card in the rouge row also were red (in this example an ace of diamonds or hearts), the couleur bet also would win and the dealer will announce "Rouge gagne et la couleur." However, if the first card dealt were black (an ace of clubs or spades), the dealer announces "Rouge gagne et la couleur perd." Indeed the dealer always announces, in French, the winning or losing of rouge and colour, as follows:
 * Rouge gagne et la couleur (Rouge and Colour win);
 * Rouge gagne et la couleur perd (Rouge and Inverse win);
 * Rouge perd et la couleur gagne (Noir and Colour win);
 * Rouge perd et la couleur (Noir and Inverse win).

It frequently happens that both rows of cards when added together give the same number. Should they both, for instance, add up to thirty-three, the dealer will announce "Trois après," and the deal goes for nothing except in the event of their adding up to thirty-one.

Refait
Un apres (i.e. thirty-one) is known as a refait; the stakes are put in prison to be left for the decision of the next deal, or if the player prefers it he can withdraw half his stake, leaving the other half for the bank. Assurance against a refait can be made by paying 1% on the value of the stake with a minimum of five francs. When thus insured against a refait the player is at liberty to withdraw his whole stake. It has been calculated that on an average a refait occurs once in thirty-eight coups. Refaits are the source of the sole house advantage in the game.

After each deal the cards are pushed into a metal bowl let into the table in front of the dealer. When he has not enough left to complete the two rows, he remarks "Les cartes passent" (The cards pass); they are taken from the bowl, reshuffled, and another deal begins.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trente et Quarante


text:
Anzio (game)

Anzio is a board wargame published by the Avalon Hill game company first in 1969 and again in 1971, 1974, and 1978. The title is misleading as the game is not an operational-level treatment of the Battle of Anzio but is in fact a strategic level game covering the entire Italian theater of operations in World War II from the autumn of 1943 to the end of the war in Europe.

Map
The playing surface consists of two mounted mapboards placed end-to-end, with major terrain features including the mountains and rivers which in reality impeded the Allied advance. The heel and toe of Italy's southern regions are not shown.

Counters
Combat units are depicted in a wide variety of colors. Luftwaffe units (Luftwaffe men fighting as ground forces) are shown in a separate shade of blue, German Army (Heer) in grey, and Waffen SS units in black. U.S. forces (including a Brazilian division) are shown in yellow, while the cosmopolitan 8th Army includes British, Canadian, Indian (red), Polish (pink), South African and New Zealand (pale blue) units, as well as a Greek and a Jewish brigade. There are also several Free French units (dark blue). Some U.S. and Free French forces are removed from the game in the summer of 1944 to take part in the Dragoon landings in the south of France.

The counters represent divisions, but the game also contains numerous extra counters for divisions to reduce in strength as they take combat losses or else break down into their component regiments.

Tom Oleson commented that the game's order of battle was proven accurate by later books.

The game
The time frame of the game begins with amphibious landings of the U.S. 5th Army, which may take place at Salerno as in reality, or else at any of another set of initial landing areas (the permissible size of force which may be landed varies for each area), while the British 8th Army forces enter the map from southern Italy. The German player has a chance to build fortifications, which may well cause the line to solidify for some months across the narrowest part of Italy, i.e. the Gustav Line through Monte Cassino, which the Allies may eventually break with airstrikes. The Allied player also has the chance to conduct a second invasion (the Anzio landing in reality).

The rules allow for structured learning by including four levels of complexity (five if variants are also counted). There is also a matrix of victory conditions and variable game length, so players will be uncertain when the game will end, or who has "won" until it does so.

Publication history
Anzio was designed by freelance designer Dave Williams and purchased by Avalon Hill, who published the game in 1969. The game sold poorly — the company history notes that "Anzio was loaded with innovation and its highly colorful and functional mapboard combined with step reduction combat should have made it an instant hit. Not so. The game was soon discontinued due to disappointing sales. Handicapped by an unattractive box and confusing rules, the game never got the play it deserved."

Although the game was discontinued in 1971, Tom Oleson redeveloped the game, and it was republished in 1974. Don Greenwood revised it again, and the third edition was released in 1978. A fourth edition, with new cover art by Rodger B. MacGowan, was released in 1980.

Critical reception
The original game was criticized for poor box art and research; later versions received higher praise.

In Issue 4 of the UK magazine Games & Puzzles, (August 1972), game designer Don Turnbull called Anzio "perhaps the most popular of the complex games [available at that time]." In comparison to another complex Avalon Hill game, 1914, Turnbull thought Anzio "has a number of advantages over 1914 — the play mechanics are neater, the rules are clearer, and the player is given considerable scope for tactical ingenuity as well as strategic thought." Two issues later, Turnbull and Mike Nethercot expressed dismay that Avalon Hill had withdrawn this game from publication, commenting, "The Beginner's Game is an ideal introduction to games of this type. [...] Anzio is a MUST for wargames fans: it will be remembered when lesser games are forgotten." Turnbull and Nethercot concluded by giving the game a very good rating of 5 out of 6, saying, "We simply cannot understand why Avalon Hill have withdrawn this superb game from the grasp of enthusiasts."

In the June 1975 edition of Airfix Magazine, Bruce Quarrie found the rules to be "sensible, if overlong and improperly indexed." He was of two minds about the damage step reduction system, "a system with obvious attractions, but the disadvantage of up to six counters of varying strength for each unit. Hunting these out initially can take up to an hour." In the end, Quarrie advised gamers to not buy this product, saying, "we cannot recommend this game, since despite obvious care and effort, the designers were defeated by the geography and campaign. Italy is long and thin, the Germans can only establish an armoured line in the many suitable Apennine ranges and swamps and wait for the numerically superior Allies to batter at them turn after turn. Boring!"

In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer noted the long game times (3–9 hours), calling the game "Interesting, varied and challenging, but not for the impatient." In his 1980 sequel, The Best of Board Wargaming, Palmer included a review by Tom Oleson (the designer), who said, "the best feature of Anzio may not be apparent in one or two playings; this is the satisfying realism with which a multi-unit battle is simulated. It's hard to think of a comparable game which does it better" although "the worst aspects of the game are the inevitable long periods when, in faithful simulation of the campaign, little happens". "Paradoxically, the game's most admired feature — the colourful and handsome mapboard — is functionally its weakest point" because not only are Sicily and the heel and toe of Italy omitted, but there are some points of obscurity (e.g. roads which nick the corner of a hexagon). He also criticizes the crudeness with which the decisive Allied airstrikes, which in reality took place over a period of six to eight weeks in the spring of 1944, are simulated in a single turn (likened by some players to a thermonuclear attack on the German lines - although the resulting collapse of the German positions is accurate) and an anomaly whereby weak enemy units left near the front line can be destroyed in combat, thus generating extra exploitation movement for the victorious attacker. Palmer then commented that Oleson's review of his own game is "scrupulously fair" and added that the game takes time to play as it features high counter density in a small map area (he gives the game an "excitement" grade of only 50%). Palmer likened it to Rise and Decline of the Third Reich in that it deals out "terrible retribution for small oversights" and is thus best suited to specialist players who wish to develop expertise gradually.

Other reviews and commentary

 * Panzerfaust #56 (Nov-Dec 1972)

Variants
Although the published game can only be started in September 1943, alternative scenarios for the "Diadem" offensive (which broke through the Gustav Line in May 1944) and for the autumn 1944 assault on the Gothic Line (north of Florence) were published in the Avalon Hill "General" magazine. Extension maps covering Sicily and the heel and toe of Italy have also been created by enthusiasts.

title: Anzio (game)


text:
Petrina Holdsworth

Petrina Alexandra Holdsworth (born 1 October 1952), is an English barrister turned politician, formerly National Chairman of the UK Independence Party (UKIP).

Career
After training as a barrister, in the late 1970s she worked in the Inner London Magistrates' Court as a Deputy Clerk to the Justices. She went on to serve as a Principal Crown Prosecutor with the CPS, and then returned to private practice in London specialising in Crime and Industrial Tribunal work. She later trained in private detective work.

Political career
Holdsworth joined the UKIP in the 1990s, and represented the party as a candidate in two General Elections, standing against Nicholas Soames in Mid-Sussex in 2001, where she was the local UKIP constituency chairman; and Michael Howard (then leader of the Conservative Party) in Folkestone in 2005.

She was elected to the UKIP NEC in 2004 and became Chairman of the NEC and National Chairman in that year, during which she wrote "Bye, Bye English Legal System", which appeared on the UKIP website.

In October 2005, Holdsworth resigned from the party Chairmanship and NEC; she agreed to return a day later after undertakings were given by the then leader Roger Knapman in relation to the behaviour of one of UKIP's MEPs. However, following further internal difficulties she later resigned again, just days ahead of the party conference.

In May 2006, Holdsworth announced her intention to run for leader of UKIP, but later withdrew her candidacy due to her husband's ill health.

In the 2009 European Parliament Elections she ran as lead candidate in South East England for the newly formed United Kingdom First Party, whose leader was Robin Page. UK First put candidates forward in three regions; after none of its candidates was elected, it was wound up in 2010.

Holdsworth was elected Chairman of The Campaign for an Independent Britain in mid-2014.

Personal life
She was married to David Voelcker, who died on 22 October 2014, and has a son and two step-daughters.

title: Petrina Holdsworth


text:
Tank Battalion

Tank Battalion (タンクバタリアン) is a multi-directional shooter arcade video game that was released by Namco in 1980. The only direct home conversion is for the MSX, although it was followed up by two sequels: Battle City for the Famicom in 1985 and Tank Force for arcades in 1991.

Gameplay
The player, controlling a tank, must destroy twenty enemy tanks in each round, which enter the playfield from the top of the screen. The enemy tanks attempt to destroy the player's base (represented on the map as an eagle) as well as the player tank itself. A round is cleared when the player destroys all twenty enemy tanks, but the game ends if the player's base is destroyed or they run out of lives.

Reception
Cash Box believed that "the real excitement" of Tank Battalion lied within its ability to modify the level design by destroying the brick walls.

Retrospectively in 2015, a writer for Beep! enjoyed the Sord M5 version for its improvements over the arcade original, such as the smoother movement of the player's tank, but disliked the squashed-looking graphics and narrow playing space. While the writer believed the MSX version was superior, they still recommended the M5 version for Namco fans and collectors.

Legacy
A theme based on the game for Pac-Man 99 was released as free post-launch DLC, featuring visuals and sounds from the game.

title: Tank Battalion


text:
Bobby DeBarge

Robert Louis DeBarge Jr. (March 5, 1956 – August 16, 1995) was an American musician. He was the lead singer of the Motown R&B/soul vocal group Switch and was noted for his falsetto vocals. Later on, he served as both mentor and a co-producer of his siblings' band, DeBarge, eventually joining them to fill in for departing members El and Bunny. Personal problems, including substance abuse which eventually led to drug trafficking charges in 1988, plagued DeBarge in later years, taking focus away from his musical career. He contracted HIV in the 1980s, and died of AIDS complications in 1995 at age 39.

Early life
DeBarge was born to Etterlene (née Abney) and Army soldier Robert DeBarge Sr. in Detroit, Michigan. He had an unhappy childhood because of his father's abuse. At 15, DeBarge was introduced to heroin, which became his lifelong addiction. After his parents separated and divorced in the early 1970s, Bobby DeBarge and his family relocated to Grand Rapids. A talented instrumentalist and vocalist, he began playing in local bands, along with his younger brother Tommy.

Career
In 1975, after teaming up with fellow Grand Rapids musician Gregory Williams, the duo began a group with several other Midwestern musicians and successfully auditioned for Barry White's background group, White Heat, helping to produce and release their debut album that year. The following year, White dropped all but one musician from the band due to tax issues. The group – which consisted of DeBarge, Williams, Phillip Ingram, Tommy DeBarge, TC Brown, Stanley Brown, Jody Sims, Arnett Hayes, Adam Frye, Darnell Wyrick, MC Clark and Stanley Hood – then recorded an album in 1976 under the name Hot Ice, entitled Pall Mall Groove, which included DeBarge's incredible singing and piano performance on his composition "Please Don't Let Me Go", released in 1977 on Polydor/Germany, in 1979 in the USA/Canada as SMASH on Source Records/MCA, and in 2005 on Burndsman Records worldwide.

That year, DeBarge returned to Grand Rapids, despondent that his career hadn't progressed; he ventured deeper into a heroin addiction. After the break up of White Heat, Gregory Williams remained in Akron, and sought out new musicians [including Tommy DeBarge, Phillip Ingram, Jody Sims, Eddie Fluellen, MC Clark and Arnett Hayes] to start a new band. After completing a demo tape, he took it to Motown Records; the label wanted to sign the group, who were now calling themselves Switch, because of their ability to "switch" instruments. At Williams' invitation, DeBarge, seeking a chance to find musical stardom, vowed to get clean from his heroin addiction. Motown soon signed the act, which now included Bobby's brother Tommy.

A year after their signing, the band released their debut album in 1978. The album, which featured production from Jermaine Jackson, reached gold status thanks to "There'll Never Be," which was solely written by DeBarge, and also featured a favorite ballad of theirs, "I Want to Be Closer", on which Phillip Ingram and DeBarge shared lead. The following year, the group hit gold again with Switch II, another Jermaine Jackson-produced album, which included another DeBarge-penned hit, "I Call Your Name." Switch became a recording and performing attraction, not only due to the band's overall musicianship but also due to DeBarge's multi-octave vocal range. In 1980, the group had their third gold-selling album, This Is My Dream, which was the group's first album to not include input from Jackson and which the band's founding members – DeBarge, Jody Sims and Gregory Williams – co-produced. The album included the hit "Love Over and Over Again". By then, DeBarge had returned to using heroin after several years of sobriety and also began using cocaine, which caused tension between DeBarge and Switch group members.

Things came to a head in 1981 when, following the release of Switch's fifth album Switch V, Bobby DeBarge suddenly left the group after Motown offered him a solo recording deal, later finalized in 1983. By then, DeBarge was overseeing the production of his siblings' albums. Bobby co-produced their debut album, and co-wrote with younger brother El the song "Queen of My Heart", in which he performed falsetto ad-libs near the end of the recording. The track later re-appeared on DeBarge's third album, In A Special Way, on which El himself produced, creating a more polished version.

By 1987, perhaps taking their cue from Bobby splitting from his own group, El and their sister Bunny had left DeBarge to pursue solo careers, with El finding the most success. Bobby had troubles producing his solo debut, and his solo career failed to pick up, so he curtailed his aspirations and joined his siblings' group, forming a revamped DeBarge quartet that recorded the album Bad Boys. Bobby and younger brother James split vocal leads on the project. However, Bobby's career halted in 1988 after he was convicted on drug trafficking charges in Grand Rapids and was sentenced to five years in prison. Following his release, he returned to performing and recording, all the while struggling with AIDS, which he contracted sometime in the late 1980s prior to his prison sentence. He finished his last musical work, It's Not Over, shortly before his death but was not alive when the album was distributed independently.

Personal life
For several years, he pursued La Toya Jackson of the Jackson family. He mentioned Jackson's song "Night Time Lover" in the Switch ballad "You & I", a song he wrote in response to Jackson's single. By 1984, DeBarge had split from Jackson and later married Teri, with whom he had two children, Christian and Bobby III. DeBarge's heroin addiction started in the early 1970s and, later, he developed addictions to cocaine and crack.

Bunny DeBarge and former Switch bandmate Gregory Williams discussed Bobby's bisexuality in Switch's episode of the Unsung series on TV One.

Prison sentence, illness, and death
In 1988, he was sentenced to five years in a Wisconsin prison for drug trafficking charges. Following his release in 1993, he vowed to stay clean, signing a management agreement with Bernd Lichters (for whom DeBarge, with Hot Ice, recorded the Pall Mall Groove album years earlier, as well as signing a management agreement as partnership with Ed Wright in 1985), who guided him during 1994 to record songs he wrote in prison. The resulting album, released in August 1995 on A&E Records just before his death, was entitled It's Not Over. Throughout that year, he was lying low in Gregory Williams' California home, before he returned to Michigan for his final days.

While in prison, DeBarge confided to his family that he had contracted HIV. When he became gravely ill, his family sent him to a hospice in Grand Rapids. He died of AIDS complications there on August 16, 1995, at the age of 39. He is buried in Garfield Park Cemetery in Grand Rapids.

In popular culture
In June 2019, nearly two years after TV One had first aired Switch's installment of the Unsung series, the network released a biopic about Bobby DeBarge. He was portrayed by Disney alum Roshon Fegan in this film.

Discography

 * with Switch
 * White Heat (1975)
 * Pall Mall Groove (1977)
 * Switch (1978)
 * Switch II (1979)
 * Reaching for Tomorrow (1980)
 * This Is My Dream (1980)

 * with DeBarge
 * Bad Boys (1987)

 * Solo
 * It's Not Over (1995)

title: Bobby DeBarge


text:
Overtown (Miami)

Overtown is a neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States, just northwest of Downtown Miami. Originally called Colored Town in the Jim Crow era of the late 19th through the mid-20th century, the area was once the preeminent and is the historic center for commerce in the black community in Miami and South Florida.

It is bound by NW 20th Street to the north, NW 5th Street to the south, the Miami River, Dolphin Expressway (SR 836), and I-95 (north of the Midtown Interchange) to the west, and the Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) and NW 1st Avenue to the east. Local residents often go by the demonym "Towners".

History
A part of the historic heart of Miami, it was designated as a "colored" neighborhood after the creation and incorporation of Miami in 1896. The incorporation of Miami as a city occurred at the insistence of Standard Oil and FEC railroad tycoon Henry Flagler, whose mostly black American railroad construction workers settled near what became Downtown Miami, just north of Flagler's Royal Palm Hotel on the Miami River. Owing to a substantive black population, 168 of the 362 men who voted for the creation of the city of Miami were counted as "colored," but the separate but equal segregation laws of the Deep South dictated the city designate the portion of the city, in this case, north and west of FEC railroad tracks, as "Colored Town."

The second-oldest continuously inhabited neighborhood of the Miami area after Coconut Grove, the area thrived as a center for commerce, primarily along Northwest Second Avenue. Home to the Lyric Theatre (completed in 1913) and other businesses, West Second Avenue served as the main street of the black community during an era which, up until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, barred black residents from entering middle and upper income white areas like Miami Beach and Coral Gables without "passes." During the Florida land boom of the 1920s, Overtown was home to one of the first black millionaires in the American South, D. A. Dorsey (who once owned Fisher Island), and the original Booker T. Washington High School, then the first high school educating black students south of Palm Beach. Community organizing and mobilization during the era, as such in actions of Reverend John Culmer, who advocated for better living conditions for lower class blacks living in abject squalor during the 1920s, led to the completion of Liberty Square in 1937 in what is now-called Liberty City. Northwest Second Avenue and the surrounding neighborhood, once-called the "Little Broadway" of the South, by the 1940s hosted hundreds of mostly black-owned businesses, ranging from libraries and social organizations to a hospital and popular nightclubs.

Popular with blacks and whites alike, Overtown was a center for nightly entertainment in Miami, comparable to Miami Beach, at its height post-World War II in the 1940s and 1950s. The area served as a place of rest and refuge for black mainstream entertainers such as Count Basie, Ella Fitzgerald, Cab Calloway, Josephine Baker, Billie Holiday, and Nat King Cole who were not allowed to lodge at prominent venues where they performed like the Fontainebleau and the Eden Roc, where Overtown hotels like the Mary Elizabeth Hotel furnished to their needs. Further, many prominent black luminaries like W. E. B. Du Bois, Zora Neale Hurston, Joe Louis and Jackie Robinson lodged and entertained in the neighborhood.

The area experienced serious economic decline from the late 1950s. Issues ranging from urban renewal to the construction of interstate highways like I-95 (then, the North-South Expressway), the Dolphin Expressway and the Midtown Interchange in the 1960s, fragmented the once-thriving center with the resident population decimated by nearly 80 percent from roughly 50,000 to just over 10,000. The area became economically destitute and considered a "ghetto" as businesses closed and productivity stagnated in the neighborhood. In 1982, a riot broke out in the neighborhood following the police shooting of a man.

Development was spurred in the area again in the late 1980s with the construction and completion of the Miami Arena and transit-oriented development surrounding the newly opened Overtown station.

Since the 1990s and 2000s, community gardens have been created, in addition to renovations to the historic Lyric Theatre and revitalization and gentrification efforts spurred both by the city of Miami and Miami-Dade County. Dr. Marvin Dunn founded the original Roots in the City Overtown Community Garden, turning an "overgrown, littered lot into a flourishing garden" maintained by Overtown residents and volunteers. Roots in the City, a non-profit "dedicated to community development, jobs training, inner-city beautification, healthy eating initiatives, and community research" used the Community Gardens to provide affordable fresh produce to low-income families, public school students, community agencies and homeless shelters. and is also organizes an urban farmer's market. These projects and other aspects of Overtown were featured in a short documentary The Ground under Overtown centered on multi-issue multi-racial community organizing created around Florida protests against the FTAA with a focus on environmental racism, critiques of so-called "free trade" agreements like the FTAA, and positive community solutions such as permaculture. Anti-FTAA protesters at Dr. Dunn's invitation held a workshop on permaculture at the Overtown Community Garden and donated over 100 cherry trees to the Overtown community.

In 2015, David Beckham announced that he had secured land in the neighborhood for a future, since-named Major League Soccer expansion franchise in Miami, although the team has since proposed a stadium at a different site in the city.

Demographics
As of 2000, Overtown had a population of 10,029 residents, with 3,646 households, and 2,128 families residing in the city. The median household income was $13,211.99. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 74.77% Black, 19.90% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 3.27% White (non-Hispanic), and 2.05% Other races (non-Hispanic).

Places of interest
Overtown is home to several historic churches and landmarks listed in the National Register of Historic Places, including:
 * Dana Albert Dorsey House (250 NW 9th Street): built in 1913, was home to Dana Albert Dorsey, one of Miami's most prominent black businessmen and philanthropists;
 * Greater Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (245 NW 8th Street): built from 1927 to 1943, was the home of one of Miami's oldest black congregations;
 * Lyric Theater (819 NW 2nd Ave): built in 1914, was a focal point of social life of the black community;
 * Mt. Zion Baptist Church (301 NW 9th Street): built from 1928 to 1941, was the church of one of Miami's oldest congregations;
 * St. John's Baptist Church (1328 NW 3rd Avenue): built in 1940, is an example of Art Deco style religious buildings in Miami-Dade County.

Other places of interest included in the City of Miami Historic Preservation Program are:
 * Dorsey Memorial Library (100 NW 17th Street): built in 1941, was the first city-owned building constructed specifically as a library;
 * Dr. William A. Chapman House (526 NW 13th Street): built in 1923, was home of Miami's first black physicians;
 * Ebenezer Methodist Church (1042 NW 3rd Avenue): built in 1948, is an example of Gothic Revival design;
 * Hindu Temple (870 NW 11th Street): built in 1920 inspired to the sets of the film The Jungle Trial, was home to the merchant John Seybold;
 * St. Agnes' Episcopal Church (1750 NW 3rd Avenue): built from 1923 to 1930 to house one of Miami's oldest black congregations;
 * Ward Rooming House (249 NW 9th Street): built in 1925, is a gallery and visitor center;
 * X-Ray Clinic (171 NW 11th Street): built in 1939 as office for South Florida's first black radiologist Dr. Samuel H. Johnson.

Parks and recreation

 * Ninth Street Pedestrian Mall, NW 9th Street - NW 2nd Avenue;
 * Dorsey Park, 1701 NW 1st Ave;
 * Gibson Park, 401 NW 12th St;
 * Henry Reeves Park, 600 NW 10th St;
 * Spring Garden Point Park, 601 NW 7th Street Rd;
 * Town Park, NW 17th Street - NW 5th Avenue;
 * Williams Park, 1717 NW 5th Ave.

Schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools:
 * Frederick Douglass Elementary School, 314 NW 12th St;
 * Dunbar Elementary School - 505 NW 20th St, Miami, FL 33127
 * Paul Laurence Dunbar K-8, 505 NW 20th St;
 * Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, 1801 NW 1st Pl;
 * Booker T. Washington Senior High School, 1200 NW 6th Ave;
 * Theodore R. and Thelma A. Gibson Charter School, 1682 NW 4th Ave.

Libraries

 * Overtown Public Library (350 NW 13th St), with its exterior walls adorned with paintings by Overtown's famous urban expressionist painter, Purvis Young.
 * Dorsey Memorial Library (100 NW 17th St) (1941–1961), Dorsey Memorial Library was the first city-owned building constructed specifically for library purposes.

Museums

 * Black Police Precinct & Courthouse Museum, 480 NW 11th St.

Places of worship
In addition to the churches listed in the places of interest section, in the neighborhood there are:
 * A.M. Cohen Temple Church of God in Christ, 1747 NW 3rd Ave
 * Christ Church of The Living God, 225 NW 14th Ter
 * Greater Israel Bethel Primitive Baptist Church, 160 NW 18th St
 * Greater Mercy Missionary Baptist Church, 1135 NW 3rd Ave
 * Mt. Olivette Baptist Church, 1450 NW 1st Ct
 * New Hope Primitive Baptist Church, 1301 NW 1st Pl
 * Saint Peter's Antiochian Orthodox Catholic Church, 1811 NW 4th Ct
 * St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, 1682 NW 4th Ave
 * Temple Baptist Church, 1723 NW 3rd Ave
 * Triumph The Church and Kingdom of God in Christ, 1752 NW 1st Ct

Other institutions

 * Miami-Dade County - Culmer Neighborhood Service Center, 1600 NW 3rd Ave;
 * City of Miami - Overtown Neighborhood Enhancement Team, 1490 NW 3rd Ave Suite 112-B;
 * Southeast Overtown/Park West Community Redevelopment Agency, 1490 NW 3rd Ave Ste 105;
 * Overtown Youth Center, 450 NW 14th St NW 3rd Ave.

Transportation
Overtown is served by the Miami Metrorail at:
 * Historic Overtown/Lyric Theatre (NW Eighth Street and First Avenue)
 * Culmer (NW 11th Street and US 441)

Health care

 * Jefferson Reaves Sr. Health Center, 1009 NW 5th Ave NW 10th Street.

title: Overtown (Miami)


text: User talk:69.121.66.191

title: User talk:69.121.66.191


text:
LMS Princess Coronation Class 6233 Duchess of Sutherland

LMS Princess Coronation Class 46233 Duchess of Sutherland is a steam locomotive built in 1938 for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) at Crewe Works to a design by William Stanier. It is a 4-6-2 Pacific locomotive built as part of the LMS Coronation Class for its express passenger services, including the Royal Scot service from London to Glasgow.

Withdrawn by British Railways in 1964, the locomotive was originally sold to Butlins holiday camp in Scotland. In 1996, the locomotive was acquired by The Princess Royal Class Locomotive Trust with the intention of restoration to mainline condition. In 2001, 46233 was restored to operating condition and since then has been a regular performer on the national network.

Service
6233 was outshopped in July 1938 from Crewe Works and was part of the third batch of her class. These were unstreamlined, painted in LMS standard crimson lake livery and had a single chimney and no smoke deflectors and an estimated cost of £13,800 each. 6233 was initially allocated to Camden, London. It acquired a double chimney in March 1941 and because of drifting smoke acquired smoke deflectors in September 1945 before being painted in postwar LMS black livery in September 1946. With the creation of British Railways (BR) on 1 January 1948 it was allocated to Crewe North depot. BR renumbered the locomotive to 46233 in October 1948 and repainted it in BR Brunswick green livery in 1952 or early 1953. In June 1958 it was allocated to Carlisle Upperby before eventually being withdrawn from Edge Hill depot in February 1964. During its 25 years service Duchess of Sutherland ran 1650000 mile - the second highest mileage by any member of the class.

Preservation
Following withdrawal from service, 46233 was acquired by Butlins Heads-of-Ayr holiday camp, Scotland, in October 1964. It was later purchased by Bressingham Steam Museum. In 1996, 6233 was acquired by the Princess Royal Class Locomotive Trust (PRCLT) arriving at the PRCLT's West Shed, at Swanwick Junction on the Midland Railway - Butterley, on 3 February 1996. In 2001, No. 6233 returned to the national network after an overhaul assisted by the heritage lottery fund and match funded by the PRCLT.

To allow it to run on the main line in preservation, 6233 was fitted with Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS) and on-train monitoring recorder (OTMR) equipment, alongside the BR fitted Automatic Warning System (AWS).

On 6 March 2010, 6233 was rolled out in LMS lined black livery, which was retained during 2010, before a major overhaul, taking 6233 out of service for the 2011 season.

On 3 March 2012, now renumbered 46233 was rolled out in "authentic (Brunswick) green" livery, as used by British Railways during the early 1950s, at the Midland Railway - Butterley following a major overhaul.

On 9 September 2018, the engine regained its original number "6233" and LMS "Crimson Lake" livery to mark its 80th birthday.

Royal Train
On 11 June 2002, the restored Duchess was the first steam locomotive to haul the Royal Train for 35 years, transporting Queen Elizabeth II on a tour to North Wales, from Holyhead to Llandudno Junction, as part of her Golden Jubilee. The trip also marked the 160th anniversary of the first Royal train in 1842.

On 22 March 2005 the Duchess again hauled the Royal Train, the second time for a steam locomotive in 40 years, transporting The Prince of Wales from Settle to Carlisle over the Settle-Carlisle Railway. The trip marked the 25th anniversary of the formation of the 'Friends of the Settle and Carlisle' pressure group. On the trip, the Prince spent a 15-minute spell at the controls of 6233.


text: User talk:81.79.33.45

title: User talk:81.79.33.45


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Quassia amara

Quassia amara, also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitter-wood, or hombre grande (spanish for big man) is a species in the genus Quassia, with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi. Q. amara is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry.

Name, image, harvested organ
Quassia (genus) amara (species) is an attractive small evergreen shrub or tree from the tropics and belongs to the family Simaroubaceae. Q. amara was named after Graman Quassi, a healer and botanist who showed Europeans the plant's fever treating uses.

The name "amara" means "bitter" in Latin and describes its very bitter taste. Q. amara contains more than thirty phytochemicals with biological activities in its tissues including the very bitter compound quassin. Therefore, it is used as an insecticide, in traditional medicine, for many diseases and as a bitter tasting additive in the food industry. All plant parts are useful for medicinal properties and the bark extracts are mainly used as flavoring in drinks but also for insecticides.

Q. amara grows wild, but can be cultivated. Trunk wood, roots, bark, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds are harvested to gain extracts of the plant. For its beauty, quassia is also grown as ornamental plant.

Quassia amara is marketed and used interchangeably with another tree species Picrasma excelsa, sharing the common name of quassia (and many of Quassia amara's constituents and uses). P. excelsa is with up to 25 m in height much taller, and occurs farther north in the tropics of Jamaica, the Caribbean, the Lesser Antilles, and northern Venezuela than Quassia amara. Also in herbal medicine in the United States and Europe very little distinction is made between these two species of trees; they are used identically and just called quassia.

Common names
It has many common names such as; Amargo, Bitter Ash, Bitterholz, Bitterwood, Bois amer, Bois de quassia, Crucete, Quassia, Cuassia, Cuachi, Fliegenholz, Guabo, Hombre grande, Jamaica bark, Kashshing, Marauba, Marupa, Palo muneco, Pau amarelo, Quassia amarga, Quassiawood, Ruda, Simaruba, Simarubabaum, Quassiaholz, Quassia de cayenne, Quassie, Quina, Simaba and Suriname wood.

Description
A small, multi-stemmed and slow growing tree with a disorderly growth twiggy limbs. It is a shrub or rarely a small tree, reaching a height up to 6 metres. The pinnate with 3-5 leaflets, deeply veined, polished alternated dark green leaves are 15–25 cm long and distinctive for their broadly winged axis and reddish veins. Leaf rachis are winged. Terminal red-branched racemes of panicles, 10–30 cm long, produces narrow, vivid crimson flowers, 2.5-3.5 cm long, that decorate the tips of each little limb. The flower comprises 5 lanceolate petals, which remain mostly closed together forming a sharpening cylinder. The flowers are produced in a panicle 15–25 cm long, each flower 2.5-3.5 cm long, bright red on the outside, and white inside. They are generally open for two days during the flowering period and each inflorescence presents on to four open flowers at once. The flowers are fragile and sometimes fall from the rachis at the slightest touch. The fruits, five small elliptic, fleshy, purple black drupes, 0.8-1.5 cm long, replace the flower and turn red as they mature. Every fruit contains one small seedling. All parts of Q. amara contain the bitter Quassimarin (plant compound).

The tree is predominately pollinated by hummingbirds but also self-compatible. Besides hummingbirds, other birds and Trigona species from the Apidea family do pollination.

Taxonomy
The genus was first published in Carl Linnaeus's book Species Plantarum ed. 2. on page 553 in 1762.

In 1962, Dutch botanist Hans Peter Nooteboom (1934–2022) had taken a very broad view of the genus Quassia and included therein various genera including, Hannoa, Odyendyea , Pierreodendron , Samadera , Simaba  and Simarouba. Then in 2007, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses was carried out on members of the Simaroubaceae family. It found that genus Samadera was a sister to Clade V and that genus Quassia was also a sister to Clade V but they had separate lineages. This suggested the splitting up of genera Quassia again, with all Nooteboom's synonyms listed above being resurrected as independent genera. This includes Samadera indica as the accepted name for Quassia indica. The ornamental Quassia amara, which is occasionally planted in Singapore, remains in genus Quassia.

Distribution
Quassia amara is an understorey plant in neotropic rainforests and humid sites and mostly abundant in young forests. Therefore Q. amara is native in the tropics of Southern America. More exactly in the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago), Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama), Northern South America (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru) and in Western South America (Colombia, Argentina). It is found in the Amazon Rainforest at altitudes ranging from sea level up to 900 m. Q. amara is traditionally harvested in natural forests. There are reports of cultivation in other countries of Central and South America. It inhabits zones of high precipitation (1500–4500 mm per year), and may appear in dry lands or in riparian lands where there is a high humidity permanent. Q. amara is widely planted outside its native range.

Cultivation
Q. amara is suitable for medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. It prefers rich soils, that are water retentive. The tree can adapt to different pH-values in soils. It is a frost sensitive plant. Its salt toleration and dry toleration is low. It is classified as a semi-sciophyte with high tolerance to shade conditions but with a requirement of direct exposure to sunlight in order to complete its life cycle, in particular due to its effect on flower and fruit production. An increase in the light conditions increases flower and fruit production although it does not influence seed fertility. Therefore, its natural regeneration appears to be limited by light and interspecific competition with upperstorey forest species.

Chemical composition
In the wood a share of 0.09 to 0.17% of quassin and 0.05 to 0.11% of neoquassin was detected in Costa Rician plants. Quassin is one of the most bitter substances found in nature.

Other identified components of bitterwood are: beta-carbolines, beta-sitostenone, beta-sitosterol, dehydroquassins, gallic acid, gentisic acid, hydroxyquassins, isoparain, isoparaines, isoquassins, malic acid, methylcanthins, methoxycanthins, methoxycantins, nigakilactone A, nor-neoquassin, parain, paraines, quassialactol, quassimarin, quassinol, quassol and simalikalactone D.

Additive in food industry
The bitter principle found in the bark and wood is used as the basis of Angostura Bitters, which is used as a flavouring in longdrinks, soft drinks, digestive tonics and also in gin-based drinks. It can be used as a substitute for hops in beer manufacturing or can be added to baked goods.

Medicine
Traditionally, Q. amara is used as a digestive, to treat fever, and against hair parasites (lice, fleas) and mosquito larvae in ponds (which has not proven harmful to fish populations).

The component Simalikalactone D was identified as an antimalarial. The preparation of a tea out of young leaves is used traditionally in French Guiana. Experiments showed a high inhibition of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and Plasmodium falciparum.

A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract to be a safe and effective treatment for rosacea.

Quassia amara is part of the family of the Simaroubaceae, which contains quassinoids. Those are secondary metabolites that have a large range of biological activities. The plant is known for the active principles that can be found in its bark. They have several different effects like increasing appetite, tonic, diuretic, febrifugal, anthelmintic and anti-leukemic. It also leads to more activity from the gall bladder and has an effect against liver congestion. At external use, they act efficacy against parasites like pinworms. It is also a tribal remedy used in South America against debility, liver problems, malaria, snakebite, and back spasms. The Quassia amara is sold in the form of ground-up chips that are used to produce tonic or tinctures. Those are made by soaking the bark in the water for a long time.

Diabetes
In 2011 Husein and Gulam Mohammed, found that Q. amara extract reduced the elevated fasting blood glucose in rats. It also shows that glucose tolerance is increased by the consumption of Q. amara. According to Ferreira and al. 2013, the wood powder of Q. amara shows an anti-hyperglycemic effect, similar to the one from metformin. It could be helpful as an alternative therapy to the existing drugs that cause adverse health effects.

Malaria
Tea made with the leaves of the Q. amara, is used against malaria in the traditional medicine of French Guiana. A leaf extract from Q. amara was found to have antimalarial activity in mice. In 2006, a study found that Simalikalactone D should be responsible for the antimalarial activity. In 2009, a new quassinoid was discovered, the simalikalactone E. This molecule inhibited the growth of P. falciparum in vitro. The effect was mostly found in the gametocyte, which is the stage that is fundamental for the transmission to mosquitoes. Quassin (Q) and Neo-quassin (NQ), also were factors in stopping the effects of P. falciparum. The tea from Quassia amara has also an effect on the red blood cells counts, the packed cell count, the packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration. It has an antianemic property.

Ulcers
Quassia amara is used in folk medicine from Costa Rica. Searchers from the University of Ibadan found a significant inhibition of the gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin. The amount of protection was between 77% and 85%. It also reduces the total gastric acidity. It was related to an increase in gastric barrier mucus and non-protein sulfhydryl groups.

Anti-leukemic
The sap of Q. amara shows in vivo significant activity against lymphocytic leukemia in mice.

Scalp problems
The bitter substances from the Q. amara attack the chitin from the lice larvae and prevent the pupping of new larvae. It also reduce dandruff when used as a hair rinse

Sedative properties
The Quassia amara bark extract has been shown to have a sedative and muscle relaxant effects.

Parallel medicines
Quassia amara is also used in traditional Indian medicine, the Ayurvedic medicine to treat rheumatism, alcoholism, dandruff, stomach problems, and worms. It is also used in the homeopatic medicine.

Contraindication
Excessive use of this plant can cause vomiting. Long term use should be avoided, as it can lead to weakness of the vision, leading towards total blindness. It should also be avoided during pregnancy and menstruation, because it may cause uterine colic. It has also shown to have negative effects on the fertility of rats, both male and females. It has been proven to reduce the weight of testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles of the rats. They also found a reduction of the epididymal sperm count, the level of testosterone, LH and FSH. These changes disappeared after some time. In female rats, a decrease of weight from the ovary and uterus was seen. There was also a decrease in the estrogen level. The litter number and weight were also reduced.

Insecticide
Insecticidal extracts of the bark were first used in the USA 1850 and 1880 in Europe.

Extracts of Quassia wood or bark act as a natural insecticide. For organic farming this is of particular interest. A good protection was shown against different insect pests (e.g. aphids, Colorado potato beetle, Anthonomus pomorum, Rhagoletis cerasi, Caterpillars of Tortricidae). Quassin extract works as a contact insecticide. Adverse effects on beneficial organisms were not found.

Quassia amara extract can be obtained by boiling Q.amara chips in water and removing the wood chips afterwards. The extract contains quassin and neoquassin, which have insecticidal properties. The extract can be used to spray fruitlets, shortly after cease blooming. Insecticidal effects are comparable to the insecticide diazinon. If the extract is sprayed before apple sawfly larvae hatched, Hoplocampa infestation can be reduced with an efficacy of 50%. Q.amara extract in the dosage corresponding to 3-4.5 kg of Q. amara wood chips for 1/ha is optimal. The bitter wood can be dried after boiling and be reused 2 to 3 times. The extract of Q.amara can be storaged over half a year (e.g. spring till autumn).

Q.amara is also used as a stomach or contact insecticide against various aphids and moths, potato beetle, apple blossom veevil and thephtid fruit fly. Q.amara extract possesses antiparasitic, antibacterial, amoebacidial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.

For Switzerland, a licensed formulation is available for organic farming.

Potential effects on human health
Like any poorly studied alternative chemical applied to food crops, Quassia extract may have unknown health consequences. A study on rats in 1997 found that Quassia extract significantly reduced male rats' fertility, reducing testis size, sperm quality and serum testosterone.

Formulation
Around 200 g of Quassia wood chips are put together with 2 L of water. It is allowed to stand for 24 hours and then it is cooked for 30 min. It is then diluted with 10 to 20 L of water and used as a spray The use of approximately 3 - 4.5 kg wood extract per hectare seems to be optimal to minimize the damage of Hoplocampa testudinea on apple trees.

Cultivation
Seeds and cuttings can be used for propagation of Q. amara. Frost is not tolerated, but the plant is partially drought tolerant. A large amount of indirect light is recommended. As a tropical tree, Q. amara prefers a fertile, moist but well-drained soil in a partially shaded position. Although younger trees may tolerate greater or more direct light intensities, it is recommended for the agroecological cultivation of the plant's wood, to plant Q. amara in settings that offer large amounts of indirect light.

Cultivation management
The older the plant, the greater the accumulation of quassinoids in the xylem. Cultivation conditions, in the shade or in the sun, influences notably the amount of quassine accumulated by the plants. This factor will have to be taken into account to achieve a good harvest. Controlled luminosity conditions favor plant growth and the concentration of quassinoids in the tissues, which increases the quality of the raw material. Organic fertilizer such as deep or organic mulch can be used as nutritional compounds.

Reproduction
In Costa Rica the flowering period of Q.amara arises between October and April, whereas in central Panama the flowering period occurs from October to January. The fruits ripen after two months. In February and early March, there is a peak of fruit ripening. The drupes show different colors during the ripening process. They turn from reddish to green until the reach a black color. The best germination results were obtained with seeds from drupes that are just before becoming totally black. Not only the color but also the size of the fruits are indicators for the viability of a seed. Fruits with a size between 1 and 1.5 cm are suitable for reproduction and they can be easily detached from the receptacle.

The treelet can be propagated sexual by seeds or asexual by vegetative cuttings of half-ripe wood. The trees can be cultivated in tree nurseries. Therefore seeds can be sowed of substrat such as sawdust, sand or soil. The seedlings are grown up for eight months until they reach a height around 40 cm. The germination occurs within 10 weeks. During the germination period daily watering is important. A distance of 10 x 15 cm at a density of 35 plants per m is recommended in tree nurseries.

Pests and diseases
Cutting insects were found in seedlings, but no critical damage was observed. The fungus Colletotrichum sp. caused anthracnosis in young plants, what leads to brown leaf changes surrounded by a yellowish halo, defoliation and suspension of plant growth. High soil moisture, inadequate soil drainage, high sowing density and bad weed control management are factors that enhances this fungal disease. It can be controlled with specific funigcides. Bacteria infection is scarce, but has to be taken into account during the transplantation.

title: Quassia amara