text:
Object orgy

In computer programming, an object orgy is a situation in which objects are insufficiently encapsulated via information hiding, allowing unrestricted access to their internals. This is a common failure (or anti-pattern) in object-oriented design or object-oriented programming, and it can lead to increased maintenance needs and problems, and even unmaintainable complexity.

Consequences
The results of an object orgy are mainly a loss of the benefits of encapsulation, including:
 * Unrestricted access makes it hard for a reader to reason about the behaviour of an object. This is because direct access to its internal state means any other part of the system can manipulate it, increasing the amount of code to examine, and creating means for future abuse.
 * As a consequence of the difficulty of reasoning, design by contract is effectively impossible.
 * If much code takes advantage of the lack of encapsulation, the result is a scarcely maintainable maze of interactions, commonly known as a rat's nest or spaghetti code.
 * The original design is obscured by the excessively broad interfaces to objects.
 * The broad interfaces make it harder to re-implement a class without disturbing the rest of the system. This is especially hard when clients of a class are developed by a different team or organisation.

Forms
Encapsulation may be weakened in several ways, including:
 * By declaring internal members public, or by providing free access to data via public mutator methods (setter).
 * By providing non-public access. For example, see: Java access modifiers and accessibility levels in C#
 * In C++, via some of the above means, and by declaring  classes or functions.

An object may also make its internal data accessible by passing references to them as arguments to methods or constructors of other classes, which may retain references.

In contrast, objects holding references to one another, though sometimes described as a form of object orgy, does not by itself breach encapsulation.

Causes
Members may be declared public to avoid the effort or syntactic overhead of providing proper accessors for them. This may increase readability of the class, but at the cost of the consequences described above.

For some languages, a member intended to be readable by other objects can be made modifiable because the language has no convenient construct for read-only access.

An object orgy may be a symptom of coding to an immature and anemic design, when a designer has insufficiently analysed the interactions between objects. It can also arise from laziness or haste in implementing a design, especially if a programmer does not communicate enough with a designer, or from reluctance to revise a design when problems arise, which also encourages many other anti-patterns.

Many programmers view objects as anemic data repositories and manipulate them violating Information Hiding, Encapsulation and Design by Contracts principles.

Solutions
In general, encapsulation is broken because the design of other classes requires it, and a redesign is needed. If that is not the case, it may be sufficient to re-code the system according to best practices. Once the interfaces are published irrevocably, it may be too late to fix them.

title: Object orgy


text:
Stan Worthington

Thomas Stanley Worthington (21 August 1905 – 31 August 1973) was a cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1923 and 1947 and for England between 1930 and 1937. He was an all-rounder, scoring over 19,000 runs and taking over 600 first-class wickets.

Career
Worthington was born at Bolsover, Derbyshire and went to Netherthorpe Grammar School, Staveley, Derbyshire. He became an electrician with the Bolsover Colliery Company and played for the Colliery Club in the Bassetlaw League. Fred Tate, who was talent-spotting for Derbyshire, saw him and introduced him to the club in 1923.

Worthington played his debut for Derbyshire in August 1924 against Nottinghamshire, his only game that year. He scored a duck in his first innings and 12 in his second, but took four wickets in the match. He played three matches in 1925 and from 1926 played for the full season for the rest of his career.

Worthington was a middle order right-hand batsman and a medium-fast right-arm bowler. In neither role did he often hit the headlines, but his consistency and reliability was big factor in the success that Derbyshire enjoyed through the 1930s. The county, normally one of the weaker English first-class cricket teams, won the County Championship for the only time in its history in 1936, for which each player was awarded with a Gold Watch, engraved with the players name, date and championship title.

Worthington played Test cricket nine times for England, starting with the New Zealand tour in 1929/30. His greatest success was against India in 1936, when he scored 87 at Old Trafford and 128 at The Oval. In the second game, he shared a fourth wicket partnership of 266 with Wally Hammond that remains a record for Tests between England and India. He then toured Australia and New Zealand with Gubby Allen, but an attempt to turn him into an opener was not a success, and he played no more Test cricket.

Worthington with Derbyshire stayed for a couple of seasons after the Second World War and then played Minor counties cricket for Northumberland. He was Lancashire coach in the sixties, nurturing players like Harry Pilling. David Lloyd said he used to coach in a trilby, a cravat and a cigarette holder. Lloyd says “he ruled the place with a rod of iron, he was feared by the players.”

He was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1937.

Worthington died at King's Lynn in 1973.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stan Worthington


text:
James Rhyne Killian

James Rhyne Killian Jr. (July 24, 1904 – January 29, 1988) was the 10th president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from 1948 until 1959. He also held a number of government roles, such as Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board under John F. Kennedy.

Early life and education
Killian was born on July 24, 1904, in Blacksburg, South Carolina. His father was a textile maker. He attended The McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tennessee later studied at Duke University (formerly Trinity University) for two years until he transferred to MIT, where he received a Bachelor of Business Administration and engineering administration in 1926. While there, he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Leadership at MIT
In 1932, while serving as the editor of MIT's alumni magazine Technology Review, Killian was instrumental in the founding of Technology Press, the publishing imprint that would later become the institute's independent publishing house, MIT Press. He became executive assistant to MIT President Karl Taylor Compton in 1939, and co-directed the wartime operation of MIT, which strongly supported military research and development. He was from 1948 until 1959 the 10th president of MIT. In 1956, James R. Killian Jr was named as the 1st Chair to the new President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by the Eisenhower Administration; a position which he held until April 1963.

Advisor to the President of the U.S.
On leave from MIT he served as Special Assistant for Science and Technology to President Eisenhower from 1957 to 1959, making him the first true Presidential Science Advisor. Killian headed the Killian Committee and oversaw the creation of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) shortly after the launches of the Soviet artificial satellites, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, in October and November 1957. PSAC was instrumental in initiating national curriculum reforms in science and technology and in establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Killian described an environment of "widespread discouragement" facing scientists and, in particular, scientists of the Technological Capabilities Panel, which had been convened by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to develop technological solutions to the perceived possibility of a surprise nuclear attack by the Soviet Union. This stifling work atmosphere was caused by the widely cast, groundless aspersions of Senator Joseph McCarthy and the removal of Robert Oppenheimer from work on sensitive military projects. Oppenheimer had expressed support for shifting U.S. military resources from offensive nuclear weapons to defensive capabilities, and following Oppenheimer's loss of his security clearance, scientists felt that it was inadvisable to challenge the thinking of the military establishment.

Awards and autobiography
In 1956 Killian was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. He co-authored a book, The Education of a College President (1985), which serves as an autobiography as well. After stepping down as president of MIT in 1959, he served as chairman of the MIT Corporation from 1959 until 1971.

Death
Killian died on January 29, 1988, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Legacy
Two locations on MIT's campus bear the name Killian: Killian Court, a tree-lined courtyard with views of MIT's Great Dome, and Killian Hall, a concert hall (actually named after Killian's wife, Elizabeth Parks Killian, a Wellesley College alumna).

title: James Rhyne Killian


text:
Talk:Marlene Wallace

Merge with Barret Wallace
As far as NPCs go, Marlene is fairly important, but I think having a seperate article dedicated to her is a little extreme. Any information contained in this article can be fairly easily folded into the article on Barret, or, if we want to get even more serious about combatting cruft, into the main Final Fantasy VII article. – Seancdaug 21:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Disagree Her article is a lot more filled out than many others. She's one of the more important NPCs, as you said, and even has cutscenes dedicated to her. The only other NPC to get that recognition are President Shinra and Sephiroth. ArrowmanCoder 22:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * So what? I don't deny that she's relevant in the context of the game. I do, however, question whether or not she's relevant to deserve a distinct entry in a general interest encyclopedia. One of the complaints most frequently leveled against CVG articles is their tendency towards fancruft, and there's a pretty strong sentiment that even player characters shouldn't automatically be awarded their own articles. We could write reams on her, but Wikipedia is not a game guide, and we really shouldn't be providing anything more than a basic summary of who she is and what role she plays in the story. At most she deserves a short paragraph, and anything over two or three sentences is probably unneccessary. This sort of detail is better suited to a subject-specific wiki. It's in everyone's interests to keep the amount of article sprawl down, and, frankly, Marlene does not warrant this much attention. – Seancdaug 03:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I fully agree that we don't want articles about fluff, like 'the guy on the street corner in the 3rd unnamed city'. I do however, feel that characters that people will discuss outside of game mechanics are fleshed out enough to deserve their own article. I am not aware of sentiment to reduce this; then again, I haven't gone looking for it. Marlene falls somewhere in the fuzzy area between. I personally would rather err on the side of leaving information in than on the side of 'keeping it clean'. I have found that one of the greatest strengths of the wikipedia is its possession of articles on every subject, even the most obscure. In keeping with that general theme, my opinion remains Disagree ArrowmanCoder 00:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marlene Wallace


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Le Peuple De L'herbe

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted as a copyvio. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Le Peuple De L'herbe
An article in French about a pot-smoking hip-hop band. Notability unestablished, though they do get quite a lot of Google hits. Orphan, only contribution by the (anon) user. Ilmari Karonen 21:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio of and various other places. Kappa 23:24, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * They would deserve an article, they are quite notable in France (even I who has absolutely no interest in hip hop have heard of them), but right now this article has no content whatsover, due to copyvio. So what should I write ? Request for article ? I suggest to replace by a place holder such as "Le Peuple de l'Herbe is a French hip-hop band" so that someone complement it with legit content. If you want I could even volunteer to do four or five lines about them. Hektor 01:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "Le Peuple de l'Herbe is a French hip-hop band" is not enough, you need to establish some "notability" by mentioning media coverage, chart success or something like that. See WP:MUSIC. Anyway I recommend waiting for this Afd to close, it will be simpler. Kappa 02:15, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Kentucky Lake

Kentucky Lake is a major navigable reservoir along the Tennessee River in Kentucky and Tennessee. It was created in 1944 by the Tennessee Valley Authority's impounding of the Tennessee River via Kentucky Dam for flood control and hydroelectric power. The 160309 acre lake is the largest artificial lake by surface area in the United States east of the Mississippi River, with 2,064 mile of shoreline. Kentucky Lake has a flood storage capacity of 4008000 acre.ft, more than 2.5 times the next largest lake in the TVA system.

It provides a source for hydro-electric power. Also, as one of the lakes alluded to by the name of Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area, it is a recreational destination of western Kentucky and Tennessee.

Recreation
The lake is a desirable fishing area. Records for the largest of three species of fish ever taken in Kentucky have been set at this lake: white bass (5 lb), Buffalo carp (55 lb), and yellow perch (1 lb). It is also the major attraction for two Kentucky state parks: Kentucky Dam Village State Resort Park to the north and Kenlake State Resort Park to the west.

Invasive species
Asian carp are a type of invasive species that have started to accumulate in the waterways throughout Kentucky. They pose a major threat to the environmental stability of the lake because of their competition with native fish species. Bigheaded carp were first reported in Lake Barkley and Kentucky Lake in 2002. Their numbers have since increased greatly; they now can be found throughout both lakes and are exhibiting extremely fast growth. Some restaurants in Kentucky and across the country have added carp to their menus, noting its clean taste, white meat, low mercury content, and affordable cost.

title: Kentucky Lake


text: Category talk:The Wheel of Time books

title: Category talk:The Wheel of Time books


text:
User talk:Amazing Goff

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --MJ 21:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Amazing Goff


text:
Highfield

Highfield may refer to:

Places

 * Places in England
 * Highfield, Bolton
 * Highfield, Derbyshire
 * Highfield, Gloucestershire
 * Highfield, Southampton
 * Highfield, Hertfordshire a neighbourhood in Hemel Hempstead
 * Highfield, Oxfordshire
 * Highfield, Sheffield
 * Highfield, Tyne & Wear
 * Highfield, Wigan
 * Highfield, North Yorkshire
 * Highfield Boarding House, Uppingham School

 * Places in Northern Ireland
 * Highfield, Belfast

 * Places in Scotland
 * Highfield, North Ayrshire

 * Places in United States of America
 * Highfield-Cascade, Maryland

 * Places in Zimbabwe
 * Highfield, Harare

 * Places in New Zealand
 * Highfield, New Zealand

Other uses

 * Highfield (surname)
 * Highfield (Birmingham) - focus of a notable literary scene in the 1930s
 * Highfield Leadership Academy, a secondary school in Blackpool, England
 * Highfield Road, a former association football stadium in Coventry, England
 * The Highfield School, a secondary school in Letchworth, England
 * Highfield (stadium) - a former home stadium of The Wednesday F.C., probably the site of the present Highfield library, Sheffield
 * London Highfield, a rugby league team

title: Highfield


text:
Cape Denison

Cape Denison is a rocky point at the head of Commonwealth Bay in George V Land, Antarctica. It was discovered in 1912 by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–14) under Douglas Mawson, who named it for Sir Hugh Denison of Sydney, a patron of the expedition. The cape was the site of the expedition's main base. Called by Mawson "the windiest place on Earth", the site experiences fierce katabatic winds.

Historic site
The site, including Mawson's Huts, Boat Harbour and the historic artefacts contained within its waters, has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 77), following a proposal by Australia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.

First aeroplane in Antarctica
The Air-tractor sledge, the first aeroplane to be brought to Antarctica (in 1912) was stationed at Cape Denison, although it never took to the air on the continent because it was damaged before being shipped there. The aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane (the first aircraft type to be built by Vickers) was used briefly as a "propeller driven snow tractor" and then abandoned, as the pistons seized up due to the cold.

Relic found on 1 January 2010
On New Year's Day, 2010, the carpenter of the latest expedition to Cape Denison came across small (150mm) pieces of the fuselage tubing in the harbour at a very low tide (January 2010 was a month with a 'blue moon'). The pieces found were cut from the final section of the airframe and constituted the fittings for a rudder. An attempt had been made by Mawson's team to fabricate a metal ice rudder. This device replaced the original rudder (which did not work at the low speeds attained by the air tractor). The original rudder is preserved in Mawson's Hut at Cape Denison, while the ice rudder is in the Antarctic Division at Hobart, Tasmania.

The remains of the fuselage are probably still buried under the ice near Mawson's Huts. The ice is 3m deep and the remains are about 30m from the edge of the harbour. An attempt was to be made in December 2010 to excavate the site – a similar excavation in 2008 nearby did not find any remains, but since then more sophisticated equipment (magnetometer, ground penetrating radar, metal detector, differential GPS, ice drilling) has been used and a more precise position found. However, this work has been delayed, in 2010-11 by logistical constraints, and in 2011-12 and 2012-13 by the presence of giant iceberg B9B which has locked in fast ice and prevented the French Antarctic supply vessel L'Astrolabe from entering Commonwealth Bay.

Adélie penguin colony
Cape Denison once supported a large colony of Adélie penguins with perhaps 150,000 members. In 2010, a large iceberg trapped the colony, making access to the sea difficult and threatening the lives of all the penguins. By 2013, only 10,000 remained and by 2016, they were reported in danger of being "wiped out". Media reports were exaggerated however and in response, the authors released this update: "It is important to recognise that this study focuses on the Adélie penguin colonies at Cape Denison and the MacKellar Islets, which has been well known, and importantly, well studied over the past century. The study reported here identified that the impact of the iceberg B09B on the penguins since 2010. The number of penguins breeding at these colonies has declined markedly since estimates were first made 100 years ago. However our study concerns only the impact B09B and the associated fast ice that has built up between it and the land since the iceberg stranded in 2010. The penguins now have to commute about 65 km between colonies where they breed and the sea where they can feed. Many fewer penguins are now returning to the colonies to attempt to breed and of those that do return most fail to rear their chicks. We found hundreds of abandoned eggs and thousands of dead chicks. We did not suggest that thousands of adult penguins have died as some media reports suggest. In fact it is unlikely many if any adult penguins have died as a result of this stranding event. We found very few, perhaps no pre-breeding birds at Cape Denison and, if as we predict, few if any young birds prospecting for a place to breed in future are visiting these colonies the local colonies could become extinct within the breeding life of an Adelie penguins (<16 years) if young birds do not replace the old established breeders as they come to the end of their lives.'

'This iceberg stranding event only affects Adelie penguins in the Commonwealth Bay area, the millions of Adelie penguins breeding around the rest of Antarctica are not affected.'"

The 102 ha colony site has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.

title: Cape Denison


text:
Microgrid

A microgrid is a local electrical grid with defined electrical boundaries, acting as a single and controllable entity. It is able to operate in grid-connected and in island mode. A 'stand-alone microgrid ' or 'isolated microgrid ' only operates off-the-grid and cannot be connected to a wider electric power system. Very small microgrids are called nanogrids.

A grid-connected microgrid normally operates connected to and synchronous with the traditional wide area synchronous grid (macrogrid), but is able to disconnect from the interconnected grid and to function autonomously in "island mode" as technical or economic conditions dictate. In this way, they improve the security of supply within the microgrid cell, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes. This kind of grids are called 'islandable microgrids'.

A stand-alone microgrid has its own sources of electricity, supplemented with an energy storage system. They are used where power transmission and distribution from a major centralized energy source is too far and costly to operate. They offer an option for rural electrification in remote areas and on smaller geographical islands. A stand-alone microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation (DG), especially renewable energy sources (RES).

Control and protection are difficulties to microgrids, as all ancillary services for system stabilization must be generated within the microgrid and low short-circuit levels can be challenging for selective operation of the protection systems. An important feature is also to provide multiple useful energy needs, such as heating and cooling besides electricity, since this allows energy carrier substitution and increased energy efficiency due to waste heat utilization for heating, domestic hot water, and cooling purposes (cross sectoral energy usage).

Definitions
The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as ‘‘a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.’’

The Berkeley Lab defines: "A microgrid consists of energy generation and energy storage that can power a building, campus, or community when not connected to the electric grid, e.g. in the event of a disaster." A microgrid that can be disconnected from the utility grid (at the 'point of common coupling' or PCC) is called an 'islandable microgrid'.

An EU research project describes a microgrid as comprising Low-Voltage (LV) distribution systems with distributed energy resources (DERs) (microturbines, fuel cells, photovoltaics (PV), etc.), storage devices (batteries, flywheels) energy storage system and flexible loads. Such systems can operate either connected or disconnected from the main grid. The operation of microsources in the network can provide benefits to the overall system performance, if managed and coordinated efficiently.

Electropedia defines a microgrid as a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources with defined electrical boundaries, which form a local electric power system at distribution voltage levels, meaning both low and medium voltage up to 35 kV. This cluster of associated consumer and producer nodes acts as a single controllable entity and is able to operate in either grid-connected or island mode.

A stand-alone microgrid or isolated microgrid, sometimes called an "island grid", only operates off-the-grid and cannot be connected to a wider electric power system. They are usually designed for geographical islands or for rural electrification. In many non-industrialized countries, microgrids that are used to provide access to electricity in previously unelectrified areas are often referred to as "mini grids". Nanogrids belong to a single home or building and the interconnection of multiple nanogrids forming a network (microgrid), facilitating the sharing of power between individual nanogrids.

Campus environment/institutional microgrids
The focus of campus microgrids is aggregating existing on-site generation to support multiple loads located in a tight geographical area where an owner can easily manage them.

Community microgrids
Community microgrids can serve thousands of customers and support the penetration of local energy (electricity, heating, and cooling). In a community microgrid, some houses may have some renewable sources that can supply their demand as well as that of their neighbors within the same community. The community microgrid may also have a centralized or several distributed energy storages. Such microgrids can be in the form of an ac and dc microgrid coupled together through a bi-directional power electronic converter.

Remote off-grid microgrids
These microgrids are generally not designed or intended to connect to the macrogrid and instead operate in an island mode at all times because of economic issues or geographical position. Typically, an "off-grid" microgrid is built in areas that are far distant from any transmission and distribution infrastructure and, therefore, have no connection to the utility grid. Studies have demonstrated that operating a remote area or islands' off-grid microgrids, that are dominated by renewable sources, will reduce the levelized cost of electricity production over the life of such microgrid projects. In some cases, off-grid microgrids are indeed incorporated into a national grid or 'macrogrid', a process that requires technical, regulatory and legal planning.

Large remote areas may be supplied by several independent microgrids, each with a different owner (operator). Although such microgrids are traditionally designed to be energy self-sufficient, intermittent renewable sources and their unexpected and sharp variations can cause unexpected power shortfall or excessive generation in those microgrids. Without energy storage and smart controls, this will immediately cause unacceptable voltage or frequency deviation in the microgrids. To remedy such situations, it is possible to interconnect such microgrids provisionally to a suitable neighboring microgrid to exchange power and improve the voltage and frequency deviations. This can be achieved through a power electronics-based switch after a proper synchronization or a back to back connection of two power electronic converters and after confirming the stability of the new system. The determination of a need to interconnect neighboring microgrids and finding the suitable microgrid to couple with can be achieved through optimization or decision making approaches.

Because remote off-grid microgrids are often small and built from scratch, they have the potential to incorporate best practices from the global electricity sector and to incorporate and drive energy innovation. It is now common to see remote off-grid microgrids being largely powered by renewable energy and operated with customer-level smart controls, something that is not always easy to implement in the larger power sector because of incumbent interests and older, pre-existing infrastructure.

Military base microgrids
These microgrids are being actively deployed with focus on both physical and cyber security for military facilities in order to assure reliable power without relying on the macrogrid.

Commercial and industrial (C&I) microgrids
These types of microgrids are maturing quickly in North America and eastern Asia; however, the lack of well-known standards for these types of microgrids limits them globally. Main reasons for the installation of an industrial microgrid are power supply security and its reliability. There are many manufacturing processes in which an interruption of the power supply may cause high revenue losses and long start-up time. Industrial microgrids can be designed to supply circular economy (near-)zero-emission industrial processes, and can integrate combined heat and power (CHP) generation, being fed by both renewable sources and waste processing; energy storage can be additionally used to optimize the operations of these sub-systems. Microgrids can also be anchored by a large commercial retailer with a large quantity of generation for resiliency or economic reasons.

Topologies of microgrids
Architectures are needed to manage the flow of energy from different types of sources into the electrical grid. Thus, the microgrid can be classified into three topologies:

AC microgrid
Power sources with AC output are interfaced to AC bus through AC/AC converter which will transform the AC variable frequency and voltage to AC waveform with another frequency at another voltage. Whilst power sources with DC output use DC/AC converters for the connection to the AC bus.

DC microgrid
In DC microgrid topology, power sources with DC output are connected to DC bus directly or by DC/DC converters. On the other hand, power sources with AC output are connected to the DC bus through AC/DC converter.

Hybrid microgrid
The hybrid microgrid has topology for both power source AC and DC output. In addition, AC and DC buses are connected to each other through a bidirectional converter, allowing power to flow in both directions between the two buses.

Local generation
A microgrid presents various types of generation sources that feed electricity, heating, and cooling to the user. These sources are divided into two major groups – thermal energy sources (e.g.,. natural gas or biogas generators or micro combined heat and power) and renewable generation sources (e.g. wind turbines and solar).

Consumption
In a microgrid, consumption simply refers to elements that consume electricity, heat, and cooling, which range from single devices to the lighting and heating systems of buildings, commercial centers, etc. In the case of controllable loads, electricity consumption can be modified according to the demands of the network.

Energy storage
In microgrid, energy storage is able to perform multiple functions, such as ensuring power quality, including frequency and voltage regulation, smoothing the output of renewable energy sources, providing backup power for the system and playing a crucial role in cost optimization. It includes all of chemical, electrical, pressure, gravitational, flywheel, and heat storage technologies. When multiple energy storages with various capacities are available in a microgrid, it is preferred to coordinate their charging and discharging such that a smaller energy storage does not discharge faster than those with larger capacities. Likewise, it is preferred a smaller one does not get fully charged before those with larger capacities. This can be achieved under a coordinated control of energy storages based on their state of charge. If multiple energy storage systems (possibly working on different technologies) are used and they are controlled by a unique supervising unit (an energy management system - EMS), a hierarchical control based on a master/slaves architecture can ensure best operations, particularly in the islanded mode.

Point of common coupling (PCC)
This is the point in the electric circuit where a microgrid is connected to a main grid. Microgrids that do not have a PCC are called isolated microgrids which are usually present in remote sites (e.g., remote communities or remote industrial sites) where an interconnection with the main grid is not feasible due to either technical or economic constraints.

Advantages
A microgrid is capable of operating in grid-connected and stand-alone modes and of handling the transition between the two. In the grid-connected mode, ancillary services can be provided by trading activity between the microgrid and the main grid. Other possible revenue streams exist. In the islanded mode, the real and reactive power generated within the microgrid, including that provided by the energy storage system, should be in balance with the demand of local loads. Microgrids offer an option to balance the need to reduce carbon emissions with continuing to provide reliable electric energy in periods of time when renewable sources of power are not available. Microgrids also offer the security of being hardened from severe weather and natural disasters by not having large assets and miles of above-ground wires and other electric infrastructure that need to be maintained or repaired following such events.

A microgrid may transition between these two modes because of scheduled maintenance, degraded power quality or a shortage in the host grid, faults in the local grid, or for economical reasons. By means of modifying energy flow through microgrid components, microgrids facilitate the integration of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic, wind and fuel cell generations, without requiring re-design of the national distribution system. Modern optimization methods can also be incorporated into the microgrid energy management system to improve efficiency, economics, and resiliency.

Challenges
Microgrids, and the integration of distributed energy resource (DER) units in general, introduce a number of operational challenges that need to be addressed in the design of control and protection systems, in order to ensure that the present levels of reliability are not significantly affected, and the potential benefits of Distributed Generation (DG) units are fully harnessed. Some of these challenges arise from assumptions typically applied to conventional distribution systems that are no longer valid, while others are the result of stability issues formerly observed only at a transmission system level. The most relevant challenges in microgrid protection and control include:

 * Bidirectional power flows: The presence of distributed generation (DG) units in the network at low voltage levels can cause reverse power flows that may lead to complications in protection coordination, undesirable power flow patterns, fault current distribution, and voltage control.
 * Stability issues: Interactions between control system of DG units may create local oscillations, requiring a thorough small-disturbance stability analysis. Moreover, transition activities between the grid-connected and islanding (stand-alone) modes of operation in a microgrid can create transient instability. Recent studies have shown that direct-current (DC) microgrid interface can result in a significantly simpler control structure, more energy efficient distribution and higher current carrying capacity for the same line ratings.
 * Modeling: Many characteristics of traditional schemes such as the prevalence of three-phase balanced conditions, primarily inductive transmission lines, and constant-power loads, do not necessarily hold true for microgrids, and consequently, models need to be revised.
 * Low inertia: Microgrids exhibit a low-inertia characteristic that makes them different to bulk power systems, where a large number of synchronous generators ensures a relatively large inertia. This phenomenon is more evident if there is a significant proportion of power electronic-interfaced DG units in the microgrid. The low inertia in the system can lead to severe frequency deviations in island mode operation if a proper control mechanism is not implemented. Synchronous generators run at the same frequency as the grid, thus providing a natural damping effect on sudden frequency variations. Synchronverters are inverters which mimic synchronous generators to provide frequency control. Other options include controlling battery energy storage or a flywheel to balance the frequency.
 * Uncertainty: The operation of microgrids involves addressing much uncertainty, which is something the economical and reliable operation of microgrids relies on. Load profile and weather are two uncertainties that make this coordination more challenging in isolated microgrids, where the critical demand-supply balance and typically higher component failure rates require solving a strongly coupled problem over an extended time horizon. This uncertainty is higher than those in bulk power systems, due to the reduced number of loads and highly correlated variations of available energy resources (the averaging effect is much more limited).

Modelling tools
To plan and install microgrids correctly, engineering modelling is needed. Multiple simulation tools and optimization tools exist to model the economic and electric effects of microgrids. A widely used economic optimization tool is the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM) from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Another free tool is the Solar Alone Multi-objective Advisor (SAMA), an open-source microgrid optimization software program designed to optimize hybrid energy system sizes economically (primarily powered with solar photovoltaic systems) using metaheuristic algorithms based on specific load profiles and meteorological data. Another is HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources), originally developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. There are also some power flow and electrical design tools guiding microgrid developers. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory designed the publicly available GridLAB-D tool and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) designed OpenDSS. A European tool that can be used for electrical, cooling, heating, and process heat demand simulation is EnergyPLAN from Aalborg University in Denmark. The open source grid planning tool OnSSET has been deployed to investigate microgrids using a three‑tier analysis beginning with settlement archetypes (case‑studied using Bolivia).

Microgrid control
In regards to the architecture of microgrid control, or any control problem, there are two different approaches that can be identified: centralized and decentralized. A fully centralized control relies on a large amount of information transmittance between involving units before a decision is made at a single point. Implementation is difficult since interconnected power systems usually cover extended geographic locations and involve an enormous number of units. On the other hand, in a fully decentralized control, each unit is controlled by its local controller without knowing the situation of others. A compromise between those two extreme control schemes can be achieved by means of a hierarchical control scheme consisting of three control levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Primary control
The primary control is designed to satisfy the following requirements:

 * To stabilize the voltage and frequency
 * To offer plug and play capability for DERs and properly share the active and reactive power among them, preferably, without any communication links
 * To mitigate circulating currents that can cause over-current phenomenon in the power electronic devices

The primary control provides the setpoints for a lower controller which are the voltage and current control loops of DERs. These inner control loops are commonly referred to as zero-level control.

Secondary control
Secondary control has typically seconds to minutes sampling time (i.e. slower than the previous one) which justifies the decoupled dynamics of the primary and the secondary control loops and facilitates their individual designs. The setpoint of primary control is given by secondary control in which, as a centralized controller, it restores the microgrid voltage and frequency and compensates for the deviations caused by variations of loads or renewable sources. The secondary control can also be designed to satisfy the power quality requirements, e.g., voltage balancing at critical buses.

Tertiary control
Tertiary control is the last (and the slowest) control level, which considers economical concerns in the optimal operation of the microgrid (sampling time is from minutes to hours), and manages the power flow between microgrid and main grid. This level often involves the prediction of weather, grid tariff, and loads in the next hours or day to design a generator dispatch plan that achieves economic savings. More advanced techniques can also provide end to end control of a microgrid using machine learning techniques such as deep reinforcement learning.

In case of emergencies such as blackouts, tertiary control can manage a group of interconnected microgrids to form what is called "microgrid clustering", acting as a virtual power plant to continue supplying critical loads. During these situations the central controller should select one of the microgrids to be the slack (i.e. master) and the rest as PV and load buses according to a predefined algorithm and the existing conditions of the system (i.e. demand and generation). In this case, the control should be real time or at least at a high sampling rate.

IEEE 2030.7
A less utility-influenced controller framework is that from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the IEEE 2030.7. The concept relies on 4 blocks: a) Device level control (e.g. voltage and frequency control), b) Local area control (e.g. data communication), c) Supervisory (software) control (e.g. forward looking dispatch optimization of generation and load resources), and d) Grid layers (e.g. communication with utility).

Elementary control
A wide variety of complex control algorithms exist, making it difficult for small microgrids and residential distributed energy resource (DER) users to implement energy management and control systems. Communication upgrades and data information systems can be expensive. Some projects try to simplify and reduce the expense of control via off-the-shelf products (e.g. using a Raspberry Pi).

Hajjah and Lahj, Yemen
The UNDP project “Enhanced Rural Resilience in Yemen” (ERRY) uses community-owned solar microgrids. It cuts energy costs to just 2 cents per hour (whereas diesel-generated electricity costs 42 cents per hour). It won the Ashden Awards for Humanitarian Energy in 2020.

Île d'Yeu
A two-year pilot program, called Harmon’Yeu, was initiated in the spring of 2020 to interconnect 23 houses in the Ker Pissot neighborhood and surrounding areas with a microgrid that was automated as a smart grid with software from Engie. Sixty-four solar panels with a peak capacity of 23.7 kW were installed on five houses and a battery with a storage capacity of 15 kWh was installed on one house. Six houses store excess solar energy in their hot water heaters. A dynamic system apportions the energy provided by the solar panels and stored in the battery and hot water heaters to the system of 23 houses. The smart grid software dynamically updates energy supply and demand in 5-minute intervals, deciding whether to pull energy from the battery or from the panels and when to store it in the hot water heaters. This pilot program was the first such project in France.

Les Anglais, Haiti
A wirelessly managed microgrid is deployed in rural Les Anglais, Haiti. The system consists of a three-tiered architecture with a cloud-based monitoring and control service, a local embedded gateway infrastructure and a mesh network of wireless smart meters deployed at over 500 buildings.

Non-technical loss (NTL) represents a major challenge when providing reliable electrical service in developing countries, where it often accounts for 11-15% of total generation capacity. An extensive data-driven simulation on seventy-two days of wireless meter data from a 430-home microgrid deployed in Les Anglais investigated how to distinguish NTL from the total power losses, aiding in energy theft detection.

Mpeketoni, Kenya
The Mpeketoni Electricity Project, a community-based diesel-powered micro-grid system, was set up in rural Kenya near Mpeketoni. Due to the installment of these microgrids, Mpeketoni has seen a large growth in its infrastructure. Such growth includes increased productivity per worker, at values of 100% to 200%, and an income level increase of 20–70% depending on the product.

Stone Edge Farm Winery
A micro-turbine, fuel-cell, multiple battery, hydrogen electrolyzer, and PV enabled winery in Sonoma, California.

title: Microgrid


text:
Talk:Osmolality

This article has a heading "measurement of osmolality", and then talks about osmolarity. Which is it? Which is correct? This article needs lots of attention to detail. -- The Anome 21:34, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osmolality


text:
Gert Jonnys

Gert Jonnys was a Swedish dansband during the 1970s and 1980s. Its leader, Gert Jonny Hansson left the band in 1982, and since 1988, the three remaining members and one additional member, are known as Freddy's, led by Freddy Pedersen and Chris Bittner. They still perform occasionally in the southern parts of Sweden, in Denmark and on the Canary Islands, although the members also have day jobs.

The band was relatively unknown until a number of old promotional pictures were posted on the Internet and gained instant cult status. These pictures, along with pictures of other Swedish dance orchestras, have been posted on websites from Sweden, Norway, The United States, Portugal, Germany, the United Kingdom, and various other countries.

title: Gert Jonnys


text:
Horse stance

The horse stance is a common posture in Asian martial arts. It is called mǎbù (馬步) in Chinese, kiba-dachi (騎馬立ち) in Japanese, and juchum seogi (주춤 서기) or annun seogi (lit. sitting stance) in Korean. This stance can not only be integrated into fighting but also during exercises and forms. It is most commonly used for practicing punches or to strengthen the legs and back. The modified form of horse stance, in which heels are raised, is a fighting stance in International Karate Tournaments. The Chinese form of horse stance is a fighting stance which changes into front stance while using hip rotation to develop punching force.

Chinese martial arts
Mabu is used for endurance training as well as strengthening the back and leg muscles, tendon strength, and overall feeling and understanding of "feeling grounded". It is a wide, stable stance with a low center of gravity. Feet are placed 45 degree outward.

Northern styles
The ideal horse stance in most northern Chinese martial arts (such as Mizongquan and Chaquan) will have the feet pointed forward, thighs parallel to the floor, with the buttocks pushed out, and the back "arched up" to keep the upper body from leaning forward. The emphasis on this latter point will vary from school to school as some schools of Long Fist, such as Taizu and Bajiquan, will opt for the hips forward, with the buttocks "tucked in."

In Northern Shaolin, the distance between the feet is approximately two shoulder widths apart.

Southern Shaolin
Southern Chinese martial arts usually pronounce horse stance by its Cantonese pronunciation of "Sei Ping Ma". In Southern Shaolin, a wide horse stance is assumed as if riding a horse. Such low postures strengthen the legs of the practitioner. The horse stance in southern Chinese systems is commonly done with the thighs parallel to the ground and the toes pointing forward or angled slightly out.

Southern Chinese styles (such as Hung Gar) are known for their deep and wide horse stance.

See also Wushu Stances for more information.

Japanese martial arts
In Japanese martial arts, the horse stance (kiba-dachi) has many minor variations between individual schools, including the distance between the feet, and the height of the stance. One constant feature is that the feet must be parallel to each other.

Note that the horse stance differs from the straddle stance (四股立ち), widely used in sumo, in which the feet point outward at 45 degrees rather than being parallel.

Indian martial arts
What is referred to as the horse stance in south Indian martial arts is very different from the posture of the same name in other Asian fighting styles. Known in Malayalam as aswa vadivu or ashwa vadivu, it imitates the horse itself rather than the rider. In kalaripayat, the horse stance has the hind leg stretched completely backward while the knee of the front leg is bent ninety degrees. The horse stance is the main posture of the Shiva form and is related to the virabhadrasana (warrior pose) in yoga.

title: Horse stance


text:
History of iTunes

The iTunes media platform was first released by Apple in 2001 as a simple music player for Mac computers. Over time, iTunes developed into a sophisticated multimedia content manager, hardware synchronization manager and e-commerce platform. iTunes was finally discontinued for new Mac computers in 2019, but is still available and supported for Macs running older operating systems and for Windows computers to ensure updated compatibility for syncing with new releases of iOS devices (refer to Devices section).

iTunes enables users to manage media content, create playlists, synchronize media content with handheld devices including the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, re-image and update handheld devices, stream Internet radio and purchase music, films, television shows, and audiobooks via the iTunes Store.

iTunes has been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The pricing structure of iTunes encouraged the sale of single songs, allowing users to abandon the purchase of more expensive albums. This hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music.

History
In 2000, Apple purchased the SoundJam MP, a program developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1999. At the time of the purchase, Kincaid, Jeff Robbin and Dave Heller left Casady & Greene to continue development of the program as Apple employees. At Apple, the developers simplified SoundJam's user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed the program's recording feature and skin support.

On January 9, 2001, at Macworld San Francisco, Apple released version 1.0 of the program under the name "iTunes" for Mac OS 9. Macintosh users immediately began poking through iTunes's resource fork, where they discovered numerous strings and other resources that indicated that iTunes was a re-engineered Sound Jam MP. Casady & Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001, at the request of the developers.

In March 2001, iTunes began to support Mac OS X with the release of version 1.1. Release 2.0 added support for the new iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS 9 support but added smart playlists and a ratings system. In April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store; in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7.1 introduced the ability to convert higher-bitrate songs to 128 kbit/s AAC automatically, as these devices did not natively support audio encoded in AIFF or Apple Lossless formats, also improving the value proposition of the Shuffle's limited flash-only storage. Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, and 7.3.2 was the last Windows 2000 version.

Until January 16, 2008 with the 7.6 update, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows. iTunes is currently supported under any 64-bit version of Windows, although the iTunes executable was still 32-bit until version 12.1. The 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, a grid view, and a new default visualizer.

On September 9, 2009, iTunes 9 added "Home Share" enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved App synchronization abilities, extending the iPod Shuffle 128 kbit/s down-convert feature to all of Apple's AAC-capable devices. It also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which gives additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD and Blu-ray discs. Both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript, and CSS.

On September 1, 2010, Apple held their annual music press event where they unveiled an updated version: iTunes 10. The new version was available for download later that day. One major feature includes the integration of "iTunes Ping", which brings a social factor to the iTunes experience. Apple CEO Steve Jobs also announced a new logo, one without a CD in the background because of the increasing popularity of iTunes digital downloads.

In October 2012, Apple announced the launch of the iPhone 5 and iPad Mini, the refresh of the iPod and Mac lines, and the upcoming release of iTunes 11. Slated for release by the end of October, the launch was pushed back to November 29, 2012. This version included tighter integration with iCloud, and a new user interface. Users' libraries now include all media they have stored in their iCloud account, along with any media unique to the device they are using. Media files stored in the cloud don't need to be downloaded before playing, allowing a larger collection to be accessible without increased disk usage. The new user interface includes a refreshed grid view, which replaces Cover Flow as the default layout method. With this change, Cover Flow is no longer available within the application. With the release of this software, the iTunes Store was redesigned to remain consistent with the new interface, and the stores available on iOS devices. The social element Ping was also removed and replaced by increased Twitter and Facebook integration. Other minor changes included disabling the sidebar by default, and slightly altering the icon to match that of the Mac App Store better.

On October 16, 2014, Apple released iTunes 12, with a redesigned icon and interface, inspired by OS X Yosemite. With iTunes 12.1 and later, there is a new widget for notification center in OS X Yosemite, which allows the user to see what's playing, skip ahead, and even buy songs from iTunes Radio, right from notification center. It also improves performance when syncing to an iOS device.

On April 26, 2018, Apple released iTunes 12 for Windows 10 via the Windows Store. The Universal Windows Platform app retains all features available in the desktop version, but will be updated and available through the Windows Store.

On June 3, 2019, Apple stated that they would no longer include iTunes with future Mac computers. Starting with the operating system macOS Catalina, Apple instead split iTunes into separate apps: Apple Music, Apple TV, and Apple Podcasts. iTunes continues to be available on Windows and on macOS operating systems prior to Catalina. Users can also still install iTunes versions 10, 11, and 12 on macOS Catalina and macOS Big Sur using the Retroactive app.

Operating system versions

 * iTunes 2.0.4 can only run if Classic is installed. Otherwise, Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1.1 natively.
 * iTunes Store requires at least version 12 for a user to sign in and make purchases, dropping support for earlier versions.
 * On May 25, 2018, Apple dropped support for Windows XP and Vista, no longer allowing new purchases or re-downloading of previous purchases.
 * On June 30, 2018, TLS 1.0 was discontinued, affecting devices on iOS 4.3.5, OS X 10.8.5 Mountain Lion and earlier. On both Windows and Mac computers, the minimum version able to manage accounts & edit payment information are iTunes 12.6.4 (released in April 2018) and 12.7.5 (released in May 2018).
 * To manually update iOS device drivers on Mac computers, users can extract & install the MobileDevice.pkg package that is bundled inside the latest version of Xcode installer.
 * To manually update iOS device drivers on Windows computers, users can extract & install the AppleMobileDeviceSupport.msi (32-bit) / AppleMobileDeviceSupport64.msi (64-bit) package that is bundled inside the latest version of iTunes installer.
 * Although new versions of iTunes have not been released for Mac computers since May 2019, mobile device driver updates for new iOS releases (iOS 13, 14, 15, 16) have been backported to iTunes 12.8 (for OS X 10.11 El Capitan, macOS 10.12 Sierra, 10.13 High Sierra) and 12.9 (for macOS 10.14 Mojave). iPhone 14 raised the minimum OS requirement to at least macOS 10.13 High Sierra.
 * The last devices to support Windows 7 for iTunes syncing were iPhone 13, iPad (8th generation), iPad Mini (5th generation), iPad Air (4th generation), iPad Pro (5th generation). iPhone 14 requires at least Windows 10.
 * iTunes on Windows Home Server may cause data corruption, which Microsoft fixed in an update.
 * iTunes usually requires latest service pack or point release to function.
 * a. Mac OS 9.1 is required to burn CDs.
 * b. iTunes supports both 32-bit and 64-bit editions for Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, and 10. iTunes does not support 64-bit editions of Windows XP.

title: History of iTunes


text: User talk:80.47.188.239

title: User talk:80.47.188.239


text:
Paul Griffiths

Paul Griffiths may refer to:

 * Paul J. Griffiths (born 1955), Catholic theologian
 * Paul Griffiths (director) (born 1973), Welsh writer, theatre critic and director
 * Paul Griffiths (writer) (born 1947), British music critic, novelist and librettist
 * Paul Griffiths (cricketer, born 1975), English cricketer
 * Paul Griffiths (cricketer, born 1979), English cricketer
 * Paul Griffiths (CEO) (born 1957), businessman
 * Paul E. Griffiths (born 1962), Australian philosopher
 * Paul Griffiths (diplomat), ambassador of Australia to Israel since 2020

title: Paul Griffiths


text:
Talk:KiteATB

How long is the typical line between rider and kite? Of what material is it made? AnonUser 21:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

The Lines on mine are 25m. Im not sure if that is average or not though, sorry

title: Talk:KiteATB


text:
These Arms Are Snakes

These Arms Are Snakes was an American post-hardcore band that formed in 2002 and featured former members of Botch and Kill Sadie. Before disbanding in 2009, they released three studio albums: Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home (2004), Easter (2006) and Tail Swallower and Dove (2008). Former members of These Arms Are Snakes currently play in Russian Circles, Narrows, Minus the Bear, Crypts, Dust Moth, and Hooves.

They toured with the bands Minus the Bear, Big Business, Mastodon, Cursive, The Blood Brothers, Engine Down, Hot Water Music, Isis, Pelican, Chiodos, and Against Me!.

Formation (2002–2003)
The band formed as a five-piece in 2002 with Steve Snere of Kill Sadie, Brian Cook of Botch, and Ryan Frederiksen of Nineironspitfire in addition to Joe Preston and Jesse Robertson. They chose the name "These Arms Are Snakes" as their band name because it was "ridiculous and [didn't] really sound like any other band name that's out there." The group announced that they had signed to Jade Tree Records in March 2003, and released their debut EP This Is Meant to Hurt You on August 19, 2003. This was the only release with a full-time keyboardist, as Jesse Robertson left the band in 2004 after having differences in opinion about the group's touring style. AllMusic rated the debut EP three stars out of five and called the lyrics "smart [and] cunning."

They continued as a four-piece band from this point forward. Before recording their follow-up album to This Is Meant to Hurt You, Joe Preston also left the group and was replaced by Erin Tate who played in Kill Sadie with Steve Snere and Minus the Bear. Preston and other members of These Arms Are Snakes got into a van accident with a semi-truck following his farewell show.

Oxeneers (2004–2005)
Brian Cook would still occasionally perform keys throughout the remainder of the group's existence. According to Ryan Frederiksen, this move opened up more space on stage allowing them to "run free across the whole stage," allowing for a more intense live show. The loss of Robertson also allowed These Arms Are Snakes to focus on their overall sound and create "stripped-down, spacious arrangements." These changes impacted their debut full-length Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home (often referred to more simply as either The Lion Sleeps or Oxeneers) released through Jade Tree in September 2004.

In support of Oxeneers, These Arms Are Snakes joined the "Totally Badical Tour" with headliner Underoath and openers The Chariot, Hopesfall, and Fear Before the March of Flames. The band was not warmly received on this tour. Audience members bought merchandise, though according to the group this felt more like an "empty gesture." Band members also experienced friction between themselves and some of the other bands on the tour. The members of Underoath were at the time ardent Christians, openly expressing their thoughts on religion and politics and frequently conflicting with the ideals of These Arms Are Snakes.

These Arms Are Snakes followed up their debut album with Like a Virgin, a split EP with Seattle group Harkonen through Hydra Head Records and Mind Over Matter Records. The EP featured two new tracks from both bands, and one track written and performed by both groups. This would be the second and final release with drummer Erin Tate, who was replaced by Ben Verellen in 2005 before going on tour with Minus the Bear. One of the tracks included is "Touched for the Very First Time" in collaboration with the band Harkonen.

Easter (2006–2007)
Verellen quit the band without an explanation given in 2005, and was quickly replaced by drummer and producer Chris Common. Ben Verellen would later go on to join Helms Alee and form his own amplifier company called Verellen Amplifiers. The group's previous conflicts with Underoath would loosely inspire their second studio album, Easter, released through Jade Tree in 2006. While These Arms Are Snakes weren't trying to make a public statement about organized religion, themes about religion (most notably on "Perpetual Bris") were present. A more prominent lyrical theme throughout Easter was vocalist Steve Snere trying to examine the "bigger picture" of life and existence.

At the end of 2006, they toured in support of their new album with Thrice, Planes Mistaken for Stars, Mouth of the Architect and Young Widows. In early 2007, These Arms Are Snakes did a small headlining tour in Europe with various bands, and returned to America to open for Against Me! and Mastodon.

Tail Swallower and Dove (2008–2009)
For their third studio album, These Arms Are Snakes signed to Suicide Squeeze Records—a label that far better supported the band than their previous record label, Jade Tree. Over their former label, they praised Suicide Squeeze's treatment of the band and ability to market and sell records, in addition to being with more familiar groups like Minus the Bear. Tail Swallower and Dove was released in October 2008. It was again produced by Chris Common and was only recorded in one month—the shortest recording period of an album for the group. The album was seen as a departure from their more hardcore-sounding songs and took a more experimental approach, and also more traditional song structures.

During this period, These Arms Are Snakes also released a number of split releases. They released Pelican / These Arms Are Snakes, a split release with Pelican through Hydra Head. A limited edition 12-inch split with Cook's side project Russian Circles was released on tour, and a split with Tropics, Meet Your Mayor / Future Gets Tense was also made in limited quantities. The band's final release before disbanding was a split single with All the Saints, which was originally released as a limited edition 7-inch vinyl through Touch and Go Records, but later released as a digital download. Their contributed track "Washburn" was recorded during the Tail Swallower and Dove sessions.

Break up (2009–2010)
On December 25, 2009 These Arms Are Snakes announced that they had broken up. The band had been inactive since late 2009 with most of the members focusing on their respective side projects. Guitarist Ryan Frederiksen had formed Narrows in 2008 with former Botch vocalist Dave Verellen and released their debut album New Distances in May 2009. Bassist Brian Cook focused on Russian Circles who had released their third album Geneva in October 2009. Prior to disbanding, These Arms Are Snakes had expressed interest in taking their music in a new direction for a potential fourth studio album, with writing and recording expected to begin in December 2009.

Also in 2009, the group announced they had recorded tracks for a split with Minus the Bear and a compilation covers album paying tribute to Nirvana's In Utero —both of which were unreleased at the time of the band's break up. After seven years of "extended delays and legal wrangling," Robotic Empire released In Utero, in Tribute, in Entirety on Record Store Day 2014, which features These Arms Are Snakes' cover of Nirvana's "Heart-Shaped Box." The split EP with Minus the Bear failed to materialize, so the band decided to use the track intended for that release — a cover of Lost Sounds' song "Energy Drink and the Long Walk Home" — for a split release with The Coathangers instead, which was released in December 2014. Cook said he thought that with the exception of a 4-song demo recorded before This Is Meant to Hurt You, the Lost Sounds cover was the final recorded but unreleased material from These Arms Are Snakes.

Since disbanding, These Arms Are Snakes have performed two reunion shows: a secret reunion show in Seattle on December 29, 2016 and a publicly announced show in Seattle on August 28, 2021.

In April 2022, These Arms Are Snakes released Duct Tape & Shivering Crows through Suicide Squeeze. The album compiles all of the band's non-album tracks, split EP songs and compilation contributions, in addition to the band's unreleased original four-song demo recorded before This Is Meant to Hurt You.

Members
Final lineup
 * Chris Common – drums (2005–2009)
 * Brian Cook– bass guitar, pump organ, MicroKORG (2002–2009)
 * Ryan Frederiksen – guitar, MicroKORG, didgeridoo (2002–2009)
 * Steve Snere – vocals, MicroKORG (2002–2009)

Former members
 * Bill Quinby – guitar (2002)
 * Joe Preston – drums (2002–2004)
 * Jesse Robertson – keyboards (2002–2004)
 * Erin Tate – drums (2004–2005)
 * Ben Verellen – drums (2005)

Timeline

Studio albums

 * Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home (Jade Tree, 2004)
 * Easter (Jade Tree, 2006)
 * Tail Swallower and Dove (Suicide Squeeze, 2008)

EPs

 * This Is Meant to Hurt You (Jade Tree, 2003)

Split albums

 * Like a Virgin (Split with Harkonen) (Hydra Head/Mind Over Matter, 2004)
 * PLCN/TAAS (Split with Pelican) (Hydra Head, 2008)
 * Russian Circles / These Arms Are Snakes 12" (Split with Russian Circles) (Sargent House, 2008)
 * Meet Your Mayor / Future Gets Tense 7" (Split with Tropics) (We-Be, 2008)
 * All the Saints / These Arms Are Snakes 7" (Split with All the Saints) (Touch and Go, 2009)
 * The Coathangers / These Arms Are Snakes (Split with The Coathangers) (Suicide Squeeze, 2014)

Singles

 * Good Friday 7" (Suicide Squeeze, 2006)

Compilation albums

 * Duct Tape & Shivering Crows (Suicide Squeeze, 2022)

title: These Arms Are Snakes


text:
EGranary Digital Library

The eGranary Digital Library is a product of the WiderNet Project, a non-profit aimed at providing access to information technology and library services in developing countries.

History
In 2000 Cliff Missen and Michael McNulty founded WiderNet to "provide training and research in low-cost, high impact uses of information technologies in developing countries". Missen developed the idea after studying at the University of Jos in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, the year before as a Fulbright Scholar. While studying and teaching in Nigeria through the program, Missen experienced first-hand frustrations the lack of Internet access caused. This frustration led to his vision of the WiderNet project with the objective of providing training and research in low-cost, high-impact uses of information technologies in developing countries.

The WiderNet Project has shipped over 1,600 computers, 50,000 books, and more than 800 eGranary Digital Libraries to schools, clinics, and universities in Africa, India, Bangladesh, and Papua New Guinea since 2000. They have also trained almost 5,000 people on topics including policy planning, enterprise management, technician training, and classroom technology.

In 2001 Cliff Missen invented the eGranary Digital Library. There are now eGranary installations in more than 1,600 schools, clinics, and universities in Africa, India, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea, and Haiti.

Objective
An eGranary Digital Library caches educational resources via a local area network in order to reduce connectivity costs in Internet-scarce areas. Most eGranary subscribers do not have an Internet connection, but those who do can open resources up to 5,000 times faster from the eGranary Digital Library.

The eGranary Digital Library contains an off-line collection of approximately 35 million educational resources from more than 2,500 Web sites and hundreds of CD-ROMs and fits on an 8TB hard drive. The collection includes more than 60,000 books in their entirety, hundreds of full-text journals, and dozens of software applications.

Some of the documents in the eGranary Digital Library are in the public domain, some carry a copyleft license, but most of them have been provided by their authors and publishers as a contribution to global education. About 6% of the content in the eGranary Digital Library is not available on the public Internet; much of it typically requires a subscription or payment, but authors and publishers have agreed to provide it for free to people in low-bandwidth situations.

Any subscriber can include their own digital content in the eGranary Digital Library, making it a publishing platform for communication and collaboration.

Included software
The eGranary Digital Library contains a built-in proxy server and search engine similar to the Internet at a speed that is otherwise not usually available to its users. The proxy server allows users' Web requests to "play-through" to the Internet if a connection is available.

Since many patrons of the eGranary Digital Library are unfamiliar with using the Internet, WiderNet Project hires librarians worldwide to assist partners in locating specific resources. The eGranary's interface includes a word search that Lucene and Solr power; an online public access catalog that VuFind funds, which contains over 60,000 records; and dozens of portals experts from around the world cooperatively develop.

Since 2010, the eGranary Digital Library includes interactive Web 2.0 features in its Community Information Platform. Thanks to a generous grant from the Intel Corporation in 2010, the Community Information Platform was developed to allow users to create and share their own content through technologies like built-in Web editors, LDAP security, Moodle, WordPress, MySQL, PHP, Drupal, and others. Subscribers can set up unlimited Web sites on their server and use free, built-in software to make Web pages, upload files and share local information with each other.

Social contract
One of the guiding principles of the eGranary Digital Library is that the content must not be sold for profit. The WiderNet Project pledges this to authors and publishers when seeking their permission and each subscriber institution signs a license agreement stating that they will make the content freely available to their patrons via their local area networks.

To build a reliable, self-sustaining service, the WiderNet Project has developed a business model that aims to cover ongoing program and development costs through grants, donations, sponsored training programs, and volunteers. So far the organization has raised and spent over $1,200,000 in 15 years to develop, field test and promote the concept. Volunteers from around the world have put in more than 30,000 hours to assist with computer programming, collecting and organizing new resources, creating portals and curriculum, and building and distributing new libraries.

While grants and gifts fund the development of new features, subscribers buy eGranary drives at a highly subsidized rate, just enough to recover production costs without making a profit. Subscribers cover the costs of basic librarianship; the costs of the purchase, testing, and preparation of the equipment; the transaction costs (like marketing, licensing, and accounting); and the costs of providing on-going technical support and software updates.

Several value-added resellers integrate the eGranary Digital Library into their offerings. Additionally, young entrepreneurs in developing countries have joined the WiderNet Project's Field Associate program, offering on-site installation and training in their countries.

Since they incur no bandwidth costs, some subscribers share their eGranary via wireless networks to create free wireless public libraries, or knowledgespheres, in their communities.

Contributors
The eGranary Digital Library represents the collective efforts of thousands of authors, publishers, programmers, librarians, instructors and students around the globe. Some of the many authors and publishers who have granted permission to distribute their works via the eGranary Digital Library include Wikipedia, the Khan Academy, TED, the Centers for Disease Control, Columbia University, Cornell University, MIT OpenCourseWare, UNESCO, the World Bank, the Hesperian Foundation, and the World Health Organization.

Research
There are several research publications on the eGranary, mainly by two scholars and their colleagues, each representing different research foci. Cliff Missen and colleagues have written several articles focussing on the contribution of the eGranary to low-bandwidth settings, notably Africa. Their research includes an overview of how the eGranary can provide web pages and multimedia files to under-resourced areas and counter the challenges of low bandwidth, as well as be an experiment to create metadata through crowd cataloging.

Bonny Norton and colleagues at a rural community library in Uganda carry out another area of scholarly work on the eGranary. Their research discusses student and teacher library users’ identities in light of their use of the eGranary, which had been donated to the library. The eGranary gave the student users a new range of identities to choose from, and the identities of the students in charge of the eGranary evolved as they went from being newcomers to being expert users. The eGranary also opened up for future imagined identities, such as ones related to working with technology. Teachers were positive and developed their technological skills but also recognized some challenges.

title: EGranary Digital Library


text:
Talk:Battle of Carkoon

I marked this with for a few reasons: Therefore, I propose that this page be marged with Great Pit of Carkoon. – Mipadi 21:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The events at the Great Pit of Carkoon were hardly a battle;
 * 2) The tiny bit of information on this page that is expanded upon from the information at Great Pit of Carkoon is hardly enough to warrant a new article;
 * 3) Most people looking for information on Carkoon will go to Great Pit of Carkoon—why not put all information on that article?

title: Talk:Battle of Carkoon


text: User talk:68.60.224.116

title: User talk:68.60.224.116


text: User talk:65.13.63.218

title: User talk:65.13.63.218


text:
User talk:Venicebeach

My contributions.

title: User talk:Venicebeach


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Break You

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  17:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Break You
Part of a multiple article hoax. See also Upon September and Christopher Tatum. KeithD (talk) 21:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. --Vsion
 * delete as above Pete.Hurd 16:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:Sentry 2.PNG

Fair use rationales
Cover to The Sentry #2. Art by Jae Lee.

title: File:Sentry 2.PNG


text:
Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Sports City

Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Sports City (مدينة الأمير عبدالله الفيصل الرياضية) is a stadium in the port city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The stadium is located in the south east of Jeddah, between King Abdulaziz University and the industrial city (Al Waziriah District). It is bound in the east by the Jeddah-Makkah expressway and in the south, Stadium street.

The stadium was constructed in 1970, and has a capacity of around 27,000 spectators, and is part of a municipal sports complex that includes an indoor arena and an aquatics center.

The stadium consists of two main stands. The covered west stand, is fully seated and has an enclosed VIP box and media suites in a central tribune. The arch shaped east stand is terraced, and curves along the running track. A single large scoreboard is located on the northern edge of the east stand.

The stadium's capacity was reduced to 20,000 spectators by removing non-seating places in 2009.

Al-Ittihad and Al-Ahli Saudi FC both use the venue for home games.

The stadium hosted two matches of the 2023 FIFA Club World Cup.

title: Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Sports City


text:
Mark Leiter

Mark Edward Leiter (born April 13, 1963) is an American former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who had an 11-year career from to  and in. Leiter grew up in Toms River, New Jersey.

Leiter graduated from Central Regional High School in 1981, where he played baseball together with his brother Al and Jeff Musselman.

Career
Leither played for the New York Yankees, Detroit Tigers, California Angels and Seattle Mariners, all of the American League. He also played for the San Francisco Giants, Montreal Expos, Philadelphia Phillies and Milwaukee Brewers, all of the National League.

As a member of the Giants, he won the 1994 Willie Mac Award honoring his spirit and leadership.

Personal life
Mark's brother, Al Leiter, was a major-league pitcher from 1987 to 2005, and his son, Mark Leiter Jr., has also pitched in MLB. His nephew, Jack Leiter, is currently with the Texas Rangers farm.

Leiter's 9-month-old son Ryan died of spinal muscular atrophy in 1994. He and his first wife, Allison, started the Ryan Leiter Fund to raise funds for families of victims of the disease.

title: Mark Leiter


text:
Gerard J. Holzmann

Gerard J. Holzmann (born 1951) is a Dutch-American computer scientist and researcher at Bell Labs and NASA, best known as the developer of the SPIN model checker.

Biography
Holzmann was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands and received an Engineer's degree in electrical engineering from the Delft University of Technology in 1976. He subsequently also received his PhD degree from Delft University in 1979 under Willem van der Poel and J.L. de Kroes with a thesis entitled Coordination problems in multiprocessing systems. After receiving a Fulbright Scholarship he was a post-graduate student at the University of Southern California for another year, where he worked with Per Brinch Hansen.

In 1980 he started at Bell Labs in Murray Hill for a year. Back in the Netherlands he was assistant professor at the Delft University of Technology for two years. In 1983 he returned to Bell Labs where he worked in the Computing Science Research Center (the former Unix research group). In 2003 he joined NASA, where he leads the NASA JPL Laboratory for Reliable Software in Pasadena, California and is a JPL fellow.

In 1981 Holzmann was awarded the Prof. Bahler Prize by the Royal Dutch Institute of Engineers. In 2001, he was selected for the Software System Award (for SPIN) by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). In 2002, he was selected for the ACM SIGSOFT Outstanding Research Award. He was selected for the Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award in 2005. He was elected a member of the US National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for the creation of model-checking systems for software verification. In 2011 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He was awarded the NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal in October 2012. In 2015 he was awarded the IEEE Harlan D. Mills Award.

Work
Holzmann is known for the development of the SPIN model checker (SPIN is short for Simple Promela Interpreter) in the 1980s at Bell Labs. This device can verify the correctness of concurrent software, since 1991 freely available.

Books
Publications, a selection:
 * The Spin Model Checker — Primer and Reference Manual, Addison-Wesley, 2003. ISBN 0-321-22862-6.
 * Design and Validation of Computer Protocols, Prentice Hall, 1991.
 * The Early History of Data Networks, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995.
 * Beyond Photography — The Digital Darkroom, Prentice Hall, 1988. ISBN 0-13-074410-7.

title: Gerard J. Holzmann


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Babbat

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE and REDIRECT. -Splash talk 00:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Babbat
Some kind of nonsense. Not really a Abbott and Costello line. feydey 21:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete protologisms. — brighterorange (talk) 00:05, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey Abbott!!!!
 * Begining in 1967, 156 4 minute cartoons were produced with the help of Bud Abbott lending his voice. Almost everyone of them featured Lou Costello's character(voice by Stan Irwin) running for his life shouting "Hey Abbott!!!". They were produced by Hanna-Barbera Studios, RKO-Jomar Productions and distributed by: Gold Key Entertainment, King World Productions.
 * That information is well documented here and other places. And the line "I've been a bad boy Abbott" appeared in most of the radio, film and cartoon versions of thier comedy as well.
 * Further if you do a google on "I'm a bad boy Abbott" you'll get a dozen hits stating that was one of their trademark lines in radio, tv and in the cartoons.
 * So why this got flagged for deletion and cited as nonsense is beyond me. It is clearly one of thier lines. Maybe Feydey just doesn't like the story.
 * Sincerely,
 * Jake — Preceding unsigned comment added by MudPuppy610 (talk • contribs), at 00:17, 2005 September 30. User has 8 edits, all to this AFD and related article.

 * The nomination is for the nn made-up term Babbat. It has nothing to do with the notoriety of Costello's catchphrase which is already documented elsewhere. Delete. . Changing my vote to transwiki to Wikidictionary as the article appears to have been revised so it's not suggesting the phrase "babbat" (not "Hey Abbott" which is not being debated here) was coined by A&C since that form was never used in any of the A&C movies and was bastardized by other parties to become "babbat". Still not worthy of a Wikiarticle, but probably would fit into Wikidictionary though there should still be some sources cited that this is an actual expression and not something just made up. I could create a term like "mickfiddling", come up with a definition and post it too. There are plenty of printed sources to back up the existence of Valspeak and its associated terms. 23skidoo 18:48, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to Abbot and Costello. This is a real A&C catchphrase, but this article is nonsense. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 07:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep So let me get this straight. First the item is nominated for deletion because someone thinks the catchphrase is bogus. Then it’s acknowledged the catchphrase is legit but the content is nonsense because it doesn't pertain to Abbott and Costello. The entry does not have anything to do with Abbott and Costello other than to explain where the origins of Babbat came from. In the United States our language evolves pretty quickly and is littered with slang which often is very regional. For example; Fo shizzle my nizzle is non-English nonsense (why the hell didnt that nominated for delete?). But if you are a teacher in Orange County California and tell your students they can’t use that in scrabble and that sideways N’s can’t be used as Z’s you'll be declared a racist and fired for being culturally insensitive. See Ebonics or African American Vernacular English. Because you have not heard Babbat used does not mean it is nonsense and not being used by people somewhere. I found an entry for Valley Girl here at Wikipedia that describes nonsense terms like "Grody to the max", "Fer sure", "Gag me with a spoon" and what the origins of those words were. Now I'm sure if you surveyed a broad section of society no doubt they would think this was non-sense and just all around poor English. But if you asked the girl working at the Hot Dog On A Stick stand at the Valley Mall in Encino I'm sure she would tell you that it was very relevant to her and that it is just how she and her friends talk. Either way you argue it the fact is that it worked its way in to our culture and our language as evidenced by its entry here at Wikipedia and countless other sources. So let’s just call this what this is. An argument about cultural relevance which really has no place here. Cultural relevance crosses generational, geographical and racial boarders so much these days that what is relevant to one may be irrelevant and nonsense to another. We barely speak the same language from one coast to another anymore. Like it or not in certain circles Babbat is weaving its way in to conversation. If you hung out in brew pubs in Oregon or a DEFCON convention in Las Vegas you'd probably hear it so often that you’d ask “What the &*^% does Babbat mean?” and is why I wrote that entry for Babbat. I was asked what it meant so many times that it was suggested I add it in Wikipedia. Which I might add was my first visit and only entry here. I actually took the time to read the manual, sign up for an account and post the thing. And I got to say I'm thoroughly unimpressed. I could care less if the entry stays or not. But as a community I think you guys got a lot of growing up to do if you're going to have a truly content rich site and not run people off who genuinely just want to contribute something. I can't even believe I'm having this discussion. The fact that Wikipedia gets caught in my spell checker and doesn’t appear anywhere in Webster’s is proof enough that you can make up anything you want, give it a meaning and it will catch on somewhere with some people. Catch a clue guys. I think Catch a Clue will be my next entry. MudPuppy610 10:28, 30 September 2005 (PST)
 * I have changed the page so that it is consistent with other entries on this site. MudPuppy610 11:42, 30 September 2005 (PST)
 * keep Why not? Jake has a good point - I think this is a very valid entry. Believe it or not, I know some of these guys from DEFCON. I used to think there were four or five people who called themselves Babbat. The article set me straight. Thank you! I vote to keep the entry and allow it to be expanded. The person asking for deletion should move on to another victim entry. I'm really surprised that this is even an issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alaninportland (talk • contribs), at 20:08, 2005 September 30. User has 4 edits, all to this AFD and related article.
 * Delete. The subject of the article is a dictionary entry of what is claimed to be an English word. WP:ISNOT a dictionary, however, and therefore should not accept dictionary entries of any kind, even of established words with widespread usage—Wiktionary is the correct wiki project for such entries. However, this word cannot be entered there either, for it is a protologism. Therefore it is not a candidate for a transwiki. I note in passing that the entry also fails WP:Verifiability and has elements that run afoul of WP:NOR. Regards enceph  alon  07:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC) NB. I have lightly refactored the page and added unsigned, for clarity.
 * Delete and redirect to Abbot and Costello. Agree with the man in black above.  --Daniel Lotspeich 08:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Babbat


text:
Dave Lemanczyk

David Lawrence Lemanczyk (born August 17, 1950) is a former pitcher with an eight-year Major League Baseball career from 1973 to 1980. He played for the Detroit Tigers, Toronto Blue Jays and California Angels, all of the American League.

Early life and amateur career
Lemanczyk attended Westhill Senior High School and played college baseball and basketball for the Hartwick Hawks.

Detroit Tigers
Lemanczyk was drafted by the Tigers in the 16th round of the 1972 MLB Draft.

He made his MLB debut on April 15, 1973, his only major league game that season, allowing three runs in $2 1/3$ innings as the Tigers lost 7-0 to the Cleveland Indians.

In 1974, Lemanczyk appeared in 22 games with Detroit, three of them starts, as he had a 2-1 record and a 4.00 ERA. He made his first career start on August 2, earning his first victory in a 4-1 win over the Milwaukee Brewers as he allowed one run in seven innings.

Lemanczyk struggled in 1975, going 2-7 with a 4.46 ERA in 26 games, six of them starts. He then went 4-6 with a 5.09 ERA in 20 games, ten of them starts in 1976 with the Tigers.

On November 5, 1976, the Toronto Blue Jays selected Lemanczyk in the 1976 MLB Expansion Draft with the 43rd pick.

Toronto Blue Jays
Lemanczyk led the Blue Jays in victories in the 1977 season, as he had a 13-16 record with a 4.25 ERA in 34 starts. He pitched a team-high 252 innings, and had 11 complete games, second-best on the team.

He was named the Blue Jays opening day starter in 1978, but Lemanczyk lasted only $3 2/3$ innings in a 6-2 loss to the Tigers. He struggled throughout the season, losing his first seven decisions, and finishing the season with a 4-14 record and a 6.26 ERA.

Lemanczyk rebounded in 1979, as on April 24, he pitched a one-hitter against the Texas Rangers as Toronto won the game 2-0. Lemanczyk went into the All-Star break with a 7-5 record with a 3.15 ERA and was named to the 1979 All-Star team; however, he did not appear in the game. Lemanczyk struggled in the latter half of the season, and suffered injury problems as he finished the season with a record of 8-10 with a 3.71 ERA.

He began the 1980 season with a 2-5 record with a 5.40 ERA in 10 games with Toronto, eight of them starts, which included starting the season opener; however, Lemanczyk was traded to the California Angels for future considerations on June 3. The Angels sent Ken Schrom to the Blue Jays on June 10 to complete the trade.

California Angels
Lemanczyk finished the 1980 season with the Angels, going 2-4 with a 4.32 ERA in 21 games, and was released by them on October 24. He then retired from the game, finishing his career with a 37-63 record with a 4.62 ERA in 185 games.

Personal life
He is a 1973 graduate of Hartwick College and was inducted into its Athletics Hall of Fame in 1995. He is also a 2006 inductee of the Greater Syracuse Sports Hall of Fame.

He currently operates a baseball school for young athletes in Long Island, New York, first in the town of Franklin Square, and is now in Lynbrook.

He has been a full-time pitching coach at the New York Baseball Academy for 20 years.

His nickname when playing was 'Tarzan'.

title: Dave Lemanczyk