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Nubian ibex

The Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) is a desert-dwelling goat species (Genus Capra) found in mountainous areas of northern and northeast Africa, and the Middle East. It was historically considered to be a subspecies of the Alpine ibex (C. ibex), but is now considered a distinct species. The wild population is estimated at 4,500 mature individuals, and it is classified as vulnerable.

Classification
The Nubian ibex was first identified in modern science by Frédéric Cuvier in his 1825 Histoire naturelle des mammifères: avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans, in which he illustrated the animal with the label "Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Égypte" ("Wild goat of Upper Egypt"). It was initially classified as Capra ibex nubiana, a subspecies of the Alpine ibex (C. ibex), which had been previously identified by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The first researcher to classify the Nubian ibex as a unique species, C. nubiana, was Hans-Peter Uerpmann in his 1987 book, The ancient distribution of ungulate mammals in the Middle East: fauna and archaeological sites in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa. They are now broadly accepted as a unique species.

Fossil history
The earliest remains of Nubian ibex in Israel date back approximately 150,000 years to the Pleistocene, and they have been continually present in the region since then. In spite of the growing presence of livestock like domesticated goats over the last 10,000 years, Nubian ibex in the region have remained present throughout this time. However, their abundance has fluctuated over time in places like Ein Gedi, where they showed an increase in population in the Late Holocene between 949 and 5,164 years ago. Radiocarbon dated bones from archaeological excavations indicate that the Nubian ibex has been in a predator-prey relationship with the Arabian leopard throughout the Holocene.

Phylogeny
The Nubian ibex shares a genus, Capra, with all other ibex and goats. Phylogenetic reconstructions of the ibex/goat family tree have mixed results, with different studies reaching different conclusions.

One Y-chromosomal DNA analysis suggests two clades (subgroups) within the genus: The first clade contains domestic goats (C. hircus), wild goats (C. aegagrus), and markhors (C. falconeri). The second clade contains all other ibex, including the Nubian ibex. In this analysis, the Nubian ibex is monophyletic (most closely related) to the Siberian ibex (C. sibirica).

However, when the same study analyzed Mitochondrial DNA, it was suggested that all species in genus Capra are in one clade except for the Siberian ibex. The study's authors provide potential explanations for this discrepancy, including a possible ancient hybridization of the ancestors of the two Y-chromosome clades.

A separate mitochondrial study suggests that the Nubian ibex forms a separate, more ancient offshoot from most other ibex and may be monophyletic with the Siberian ibex.

An additional Y-chromosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA study concludes that Nubian ibex are most closely related to Ethiopia's Walia ibex (C. walie), and they may have separated about 800,000 years ago.

Another study used multidimensional scaling (MDS) to suggest that Nubian ibex are more closely related to Alpine ibex and European ibex than to all others.

Genetic analysis suggests that their population was relatively high during the last interglacial period, and decreased during the last ice age. The genetic makeup of Nubian ibex as a species has remained unchanged for at least 2,000 years. There is genetic evidence of ancient gene introgression between Nubian ibex and bezoar ibex, which, in turn, interbred with domestic goats and left genetic signatures.

The following cladogram of seven Capra species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence:

Description
Nubian ibex are the smallest ibex species on Earth, following Bergmann's rule. They stand around 65 – tall at the shoulder. They are sexually dimorphic: males are significantly larger than females, with males averaging 52 – and females 25.3 –. They are a light tan color, with a white underbelly; males also have a dark brown mane down their backs. Their legs have a black and white pattern. They have a lighter rump with a dark brown tail. Males begin growing a beard at age 2 or 3, which continues to grow longer and darker as they age. During the autumn breeding season, mature males grow a "rutting fur" on their breast and sides which is very dark brown. It appears in October in 3–4-year-old males, but it may appear as early as July or August in older males age 6 and up. However, not all males develop rutting fur, even at a mature age.

Nubian ibexes have long, thin horns that extend up and then backwards and down. In males, these reach around 1 m in length, while in females they are much smaller, reaching around 30 cm. Male horns are thicker than female horns, and grow large bulges which prevent the horns from sliding while the males are locked in combat. Male horn growth plateaus around age 7–8, where as female horn growth plateaus around age 4–6. There is a significant relationship between the individual's age and the number of horn ridges.

Distribution
Historically, Nubian ibex were distributed across the Middle East and Northeastern Africa. Its range today is within Egypt, Jordan, Oman, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and Sudan. It was extirpated in Lebanon, though a captive breeding and reintroduction process is underway. It has also been extirpated in Syria. Its presence is uncertain in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Yemen.

Feeding
Nubian ibex live in rough, dry, mountainous terrain, where they eat mainly grasses and leaves, especially from Acacia trees (Genus Vachellia). They forage for food on the ground and may also rear up on their hind legs to reach leaves in trees. They can climb into trees while feeding. They reduce feeding on plants with strong defenses, such as tannins and thorns. Preferred plants vary depending on the amount of rain; rainy winters result in higher feeding preference for annual plants over perennials. Ibex preferentially feed in spaces that are close to cliffs where they can easily escape predators, demonstrating a Landscape of Fear: the farther from cliffs, the more vigilant ibex become. Ibex will also spend more time feeding in green patches with high nutritional quality and that are closer to water sources. Female Nubian ibex in Oman have been recorded consuming small bone fragments (osteophagy), a common behavior in mammals to supplement calcium and phosphorus in their diet.

Ecological relationships
They are preyed upon by Arabian leopards (Panthera pardus nimr), Arabian wolves (Canis lupus arabs),  golden jackals (Canis aureus), caracals (Caracal caracal), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Eurasian eagle owls (Bubo bubo), and bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus). When alarmed, they emit a shrill call to alert other ibex of danger. They share their habitat with numerous other herbivores, including rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), gazelles (Genus gazella), and Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus). Nubian ibex have a mutualistic relationship with Tristram's starling (Onycognathus tristrumil), a small bird that eats the parasites on the ibex's skin.

They may host parasites including: the ibex fly (Lipoptena chalcomelanea), blood sucking lice (Linognathus africanus and Damalinia sp.), ticks (Hyalomma rhipicephaloides, Boophilus annulatus, and others), mites (Psoroptes cuniculi and Sarcoptes scabiei), biting flies (Oestrus sp.) and fleas. They have also been found with brain cysts caused by the parasite Taenia multiceps.

Disease
Nubian ibex have been detected with a strain of the malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus group of ruminant rhadinoviruses, closely related to caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV-2) found in domestic goats. Nubian ibex in Qatar's Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation have been infected by caprine pleuropneumonia. In Jerusalem’s Biblical Zoo, the Nubian ibex herd suffered an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants.

Social behavior
Ibex are social, and herds tend to consist of females, young, and males up to the age of about three years. Herds are typically up to 20 individuals, but may reach as high as 50. Groups can also be smaller (less than 10) in habitats with fewer resources. Female herds are often composed of related individuals that follow a dominance hierarchy. The males are solitary or form more transitory bands of up to eight individuals. During the breeding season, males join the female-based herds for the six- to eight-week rut. Large males then do battle with much clashing of horns.

Movement
Nubian ibexes are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, and rest at night. Like other ibex and goats, Nubian ibex spend much of their time on and around cliffs, which offer safety from potential predators. Ibex perceive a greater predation risk as they move farther away from cliffs. They climb and leap with ease, spanning several meters horizontally and vertically in a single leap. Ibex typically traverse cliffs in single file when possible, and keeping relatively horizontal. Their repeated movement over time creates well-worn hillside trails.

Ibex migrate throughout the day and throughout the year. During the day, they navigate between food patches as they forage. They may rest throughout the day to chew their cud, especially around midday. Additionally, on cold winter days, ibex in Egypt have been documented following the path of the sun each day to stay warm. At night, they sleep on cliff sides in small depressions that they dig. These shallow diggings create microhabitats where a diverse range of seedlings can germinate, adding to the habitat's diversity. In winter and early spring, the Middle East's rainy season, ibex often disperse to open plateaus where they can feed on new plant life. In the hot, dry summer, they congregate around shaded oases with water and greenery.

Reproduction and life history
Mating season is typically in October and November, during which a dominant male will pursue several females. Males produce a strong scented secretion when females are in estrous. As they pursue potential mates, they smell the females' anal region with lip curled up (Flehmen). Males can reach breeding maturity as young as 2 years, but may not be allowed to mate until age 5 when they are strong enough to fend off rival males. Females can breed as young as six months old, but often don't breed until age 1-3. Studies suggest that some Nubian ibex subpopulations are developing a second mating season in the spring, in response to hyper-arid climates.

Gestation lasts 5 months. Litters of 1-2 kids are born between March and July, although the majority of births are synchronized in a 3-4 week period that peaks in late March and April. Females leave the herd to give birth in a secluded space. Newborns can stand within 15 minutes of birth, and can nurse within two hours. The mother and young rejoin the herd in a few days, joining other mothers and young to form a crèche for several weeks. Leaving kids in a sheltered crèche allows mothers to seek out richer food patches and spaces that are farther from cliffs, compared to mothers that keep their kids with them at all times. Kids are weaned around 4 months old. Females reach mature size at age 3-4, while males reach it around 6 years old. Nubian ibex can live up to 12 years in the wild and 18 years in captivity.

Eyes and vision
Nubian ibex vision is adapted to navigating visually on mountainous terrain. A study of their retinal ganglion cell density shows that they share many traits with other artiodactyls: a temporal area, horizontal streak, and dorsotemporal extension. They have a potentially unique dorsotemporal area of high ganglion cell density that benefits vision in the lower visual field, helpful for navigating varied terrain. Additionally, they have a more loosely organized horizontal streak than other hoofed animals. Their tapetum lucidum is morphologically similar to that of goats. It is blue-green, and enhances their night vision and vision of the horizon. The spatial resolving power in their temporal area is 17 cycles/degree, meaning that they can distinguish objects as small as 3 mm from a distance of up to 30 m, allowing for food identification and predator detection. The Nubian ibex's standard intraocular pressure is estimated to be 17.95 ± 4.78 mmHg. They produce relatively low rates of tears compared to other animal species, leaving them highly susceptible to infection.

Blood composition
Nubian ibex can balance their body's nitrogen levels on poor quality diets by reabsorbing large quantities of their bodies' urea. This slows their metabolism when only poor quality food is available, but Nubian ibex can regain lost body mass rapidly upon returning to a higher quality diet. Nubian ibex and other desert-dwelling ungulates have elevated isotopes of Nitrogen (δ15N) due to their diet of plants that grow in denitrified soils.

Most hematological, serum biochemical, and electrolyte values are consistent between males and females. However, females have significantly higher red blood cell counts, hematocrit, total leucocyte (white blood cell) counts, and total serum bilirubin than males.

Genetic adaptations to the desert
Genetic analyses identify 22 positively selected genes in Nubian ibex, when compared to domestic goats (Capra hircus). The genes affect such functions as immune response, protein ubiquitination, olfactory transduction, and visual development. 3 of the genes have evolved to develop skin barriers that mitigate solar radiation in the hot desert. They also have copy number variations (CNVs) of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and energy metabolism, due to processing desert plants with many secondary metabolites. Additional solar radiation mitigation adaptations include genes associated with hair follicle development and increased DNA repair mechanisms. Nubian ibex also have CNVs for expanded toxic compound removal, to deal with more toxic foods than other goat species eat.

Yaez (Nubian ibex x domestic goat hybrid) physiology studies
In the 1970s, researchers in Lahav, Israel, began breeding and studying hybrids of Nubian ibex and domestic goats, called "Yaez" ("יעז"). In one study of these hybrids, plasma testosterone peaked in August and testes size peaked in September–October. In a study on reproduction, researchers found that females were more likely to abort their young if they were first-time pregnancies and triplets (as opposed to smaller litters). Mortality rates of young were highest in spring and lowest in winter. Kid mortality rates increased with a higher proportion of ibex genes. When researchers compared the growth rate of male goat and Yaez kids, they found that young goats experience a higher growth rate in spring while Yaez kids grow faster in summer.

Human impacts
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the Nubian ibex as "vulnerable" on the basis that fewer than 10,000 mature individuals remain and the population is declining. Threats faced by the animal include competition with livestock for water and fodder, hunting pressure, habitat fragmentation, and habitat destruction.

Ecotourism and outdoor recreation may disturb ibex in nature reserves, causing them to change their behavior in order to avoid people. When possible, they seek out water sources with lower human presence, and more readily abandon high quality food patches when human disturbance is high. Human presence in nature reserves may also contribute to decreased reproductive rates in ibex; when tourists stopped visiting Israel's Ein Avdat Nature Reserve during COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020, the ratio of young to female ibex more than doubled.

Conversely, some ibex have become habituated to human settlements and popular nature reserves, leading to potential conflict. Habituation is demonstrated by decreased vigilance in areas with greater human presence. These subpopulations seek out towns due to abundant food, shelter, and protection from predators. Their habituation leads to property damage, consumption of harmful substances like garbage, reproductive isolation from other subpopulations, and reduced antipredator behavioral responses. Ibex have been recorded standing on vehicles and entering buildings.

Conservation and population status by country
As of 2020, the IUCN and other sources estimate wild Nubian ibex populations by country as follows:

Ancient Middle Eastern cultures
Nubian ibex have been a common image in petroglyphs (rock art), metal work, pottery, and other artwork across the Middle East for thousands of years, with some artwork dating back to the late Pleistocene. One example is a life-sized image carved in sandstone in Egypt, dated to the Upper Paleolithic. In petroglyphs, ibex are often portrayed as hunted by dogs and human archers. They are also frequently depicted alongside celestial imagery such as a star, sun, cross, or circle. They were commonly hunted using desert kites (long, narrowing walls that form an enclosure), dogs, stone enclosures, and nets.

The ibex's role in artwork has been suggested as representing literal acts like ritual hunts, as well as spiritual and metaphorical concepts such as resurrection, seasonal cycles of rain and drought, and the interplay of life and death. Ibex may have represented ancient Middle Eastern deities such as Dumuzi (Tamuz), Almaqah and Dushara. They are often identified with the constellation Capricorn in Mesopotamian-Iranian artwork from the 4th Millennium BCE.

A common motif in ancient Middle Eastern art contains a sacred tree, often the Tree of Life, flanked on each side by an ibex. This motif is present across the region, from Iran and Mesopotamia to Arabia and the Horn of Africa. Assyrian travelers brought bronze artwork bearing the motif as far as Olympia, Greece. This motif is exemplified by the Cult Stand from Ta-anakh from the 10th Century BCE, which also contains two ibex next to a sacred tree, and other nature-themed carvings. It is thought to depict the relationship of Yahweh/El (God) and Asherah, a Semitic, nature-oriented goddess whose essence was later integrated into Judaism.

Judaism
The Biblical heroine Yael's name means "Ibex" in Hebrew. The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) contains several references to ibex: "The high mountains belong to the ibex" (Psalm 104:18); "A loving female ibex" (Proverbs 5:19). "Do you know the season when the mountain goats give birth?" (Job 39:1). The spring of Ein Gedi, near the Dead Sea, translates to "Spring of the goat-kid;" the location features in King David's story, where he is sought "in the direction of the rocks of the wild goats" (1 Samuel 24:3). Ibex are one of the species whose horns can be used to construct a Shofar (Jewish religious musical horn): "The shofar that was used on Rosh HaShana in the Temple was made from the straight horn of an ibex, and its mouth, the mouthpiece into which one blows, was plated with gold" (Mishnah Rosh Hashana 3:4). They are a Kosher species, meaning that, when prepared properly, the ibex can be eaten under religious law.

Ibex skin was sometimes used to make parchments in ancient Israel. Ibex imagery is present in ancient Jewish artwork such as the Huqoq Synagogue mosaic from the 5th Century. The ibex was one of many animals invoked in parables written by Medieval Jewish scholars, such as in Isaac ibn Sahula's Meshal ha-kadmoni ("Proverb of the Ancient"). In the early 20th Century, Russian Jewish performer Ida Rubinstein was characterized as "the great ibex of the Jewish Ghetto."

Yael (יָעֵל) remains a common name for Jews, and is one of the most popular female baby names in Israel. The Nubian ibex is the symbol of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA). It was chosen due to its iconic representation of Israeli wildlife, as well as for the resemblance of its rounded horn to a Roman arch, representing local archaeological history. The INPA works to conserve both nature and culture, and they provide veterinary aid to wild ibex and other wildlife that are injured.

Bedouin culture
Bedouin have historically raised young Nubian ibex in integrated herds with domestic goats, with whom the ibex can viably interbreed. The Ma'aza Bedouin of Egypt's Eastern Desert have named several locations based on ibex presence and behavior. In Israel, the Azāzmeh tribal wasm (symbol) on petroglyphs was made by modifying older ibex rock art. Bedouin have traditionally hunted ibex for food and skin, and were often historically hired as hunters and guides by British and Egyptian officials. More recently, some Bedouin in the Sinai region have worked as protectors of ibex and other wildlife.

Yemen
In Yemen, the ibex is a longstanding symbol of national identity, representing many positive attributes of the Yemeni people. An annual National Ibex Day, on 22 January, has been proposed to help protect the animal.

Contemporary media
The Nubian ibex in particular was in the BBC documentary Life, and featured prominently in the popular television documentary series Planet Earth (episode five, "Deserts").

Ecotourism
Nubian ibex imagery is prominent in ecotourism promotion. The Israeli town of Mitzpe Ramon, where habituated ibex are frequently found, features a hotel called the Ibex Inn. Jordan's Wadi Rum features a tour and camping company called Wadi Rum Ibex.

Many Middle Eastern tour companies encourage clients to join them for an opportunity to view these animals in the wild.

title: Nubian ibex


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The Bear Quartet

The Bear Quartet was a cult indie rock band from Luleå in northern Sweden. They were formed in the summer of 1989 with the original roster of Mattias Alkberg on guitar and vocals, Jari Haapalainen and Johan Forsling on guitar, Peter Nuottaniemi on bass, and Magnus Olsson on drums. However, the band's lineup changed significantly before eventually settling on Mattias Alkberg on vocals and guitar, Jari Haapalainen on guitar, Peter Nuottaniemi on bass, on drums, and Calle Olsson on keyboards. Their name is a reference to the novel Gentlemen by Klas Östergren. Although they were formed in 1989, they didn't garner the attention of a record label until 1992. They made records at a steady rate from 1992, with their debut album, Penny Century, to 2010 with their final album Monty Python. Their albums were often received favorably,    but they never resulted in large sales, usually only selling between 1,000 and 10,000 units per disc. The band is very obscure across the world, although they are much better known in Sweden.

Music
The lyrics of their music were written by Alkberg and Nuottaniemi, and the music was written by Alkberg, Haapalainen, and Calle Olsson. The band was very unusual compared to other bands in a variety of ways, such as their unwillingness to play old songs at live performances. They have also had several guests on their music such as Sibille Attar on Monty Python, Karin Dreijer on Personality Crisis, Alexandra Dahlström on Ny Våg, and Mats Levén on Eternity Now. At the beginning of their career, The Bear Quartet made much louder, fast-paced rock music which would often be very reliant on electric guitars, although later songs by the band would have a slower tempo and be more reliant on acoustic guitars, and others would have a much more varied instrumentation. They would later attempt many other different styles, such as the much more experimental style of Ny våg, Saturday Night, and Eternity Now. After Eternity Now came 89 in 2009''. 89 was a completely new kind of album for the band, although this style would be retired shortly after it was introduced, as their final album, Monty Python, had a much different sound than 89,'' and the band had stopped releasing music after two albums under.

All albums by The Bear Quartet (with the exception of their two final albums, 89 and Monty Python, which were released under Adrian Recordings) were released on Skellefteå-based independent record label, although they also released "Blizzard" as a single under Sticky Records, with "Headacher" as the B-side.

The band's albums follow a very unusual naming scheme. Every title consists of two words, with the first always ending in a "y", although it is unknown why they chose this naming scheme. However, singles and EPs by the band do not follow this naming scheme. The only full-length album they've released that doesn't follow this naming scheme is their penultimate album, 89. Although, the word "eighty-nine" consists of two words (eighty and nine), and eighty ends in a "y".

A West Side Fabrication era
The Bear Quartet was formed in 1989 and they were signed to A West Side Fabrication in the spring of 1992. After they were signed to A West Side Fabrication, they released their debut album, Penny Century, on 20 October 1992. Following the release of Penny Century, drummer Magnus Olsson left the band and was replaced by Urban Nordh. The band released Cosy Den, Family Affair, and "Blizzard/Headacher" in 1993 followed by Revisited in 1994.

Following the release of Cosy Den on 5 June 1993, The Bear Quartet recorded a session for John Peel, a British disc jockey, radio presenter, and record producer. In 1993, when the session was recorded, the band did not have a permit to work in England, so the session was recorded in Studio KN in Skellefteå. Peel also conducted a phone interview with Haapalainen. This session was collected on the band's compilation album, Early Years. The songs recorded for this session include "Spoon", "High Noon", "Hrrn Hrrn", "Gone Gone", and "Sandi Morning and Lude".

In the spring of 1995, Haapalainen and Nordh moved to Stockholm and Forsling left the band. This forced the band to stop releasing music temporarily. However, they were able to continue making music afterward, and they released It Only Takes a Flashlight to Create a Monster, Everybody Else, Flux Detail, Holy Holy, and Tibet later that year. Following their most prolific year in 1995, 1996 was the first year of their career in which The Bear Quartet did not release any music due to Nordh's departure from the band in the summer of that year. However, eventually he was succeeded by Perkovic. After It Only Takes a Flashlight to Create a Monster, Everybody Else, Flux Detail, Holy Holy, and Tibet came Moby Dick in 1997, which featured many guest musicians, and which released to critical acclaim. It released alongside the EPs Before the Trenches and His Spine. During the spring of 1998, the Bear Quartet recorded Personality Crisis, their seventh album, which released in August of that year. The band collaborated with Calle and Björn Olsson on the album, the former of whom would later become a regular member of the band. By the end of 1998, the band had released Human Enough, Personality Crisis, and Mom and Dad. The band did not release any music in 1999. Instead, they spent the year working on their next two albums (My War and Gay Icon) and touring in Germany. In 2000, the band released My War, alongside the EPs I Don't Wanna and Old Friends. After My War came Gay Icon, Load It, and Fuck Your Slow Songs in 2001. Gay Icon was much more experimental than The Bear Quartet's previous albums, especially the much more minimalistic My War, which had come before it. In 2002, The Bear Quartet released Ny våg, in collaboration with Alexandra Dahlström. It took on an even more experimental style than its predecessor, Gay Icon, oscillating between punk rock and avant garde. The album released alongside the EP Number. In 2003 came All Your Life, followed by Angry Brigade, which was influenced by the far-left militant group of the same name. Ask Me Don't Axe Me followed the release of Angry Brigade followed by Saturday Night and I Have an Itch in 2005. Nuottaniemi left the band in 2006, but the Bear Quartet still released Eternity Now in that same year, alongside the promotional single "Repairing of the Red Sea", would later rejoin the band.

Adrian Recordings era
Following the release of Eternity Now, the band stopped releasing music to consider what their next album should be like. However, in 2009 they were approached by Adrian Recordings to release a new album, to which they agreed. The resulting album was 89, the first of two albums to be released by the Bear Quartet under Adrian Recordings. It was released alongside the singles "Millions" and "Carry Your Weight". Following the release of 89, the Bear Quartet were nominated for a Grammis award, which they declined, saying they wanted nothing to do with it. Alkberg had previously rejected a nomination for a Grammis, saying, "Vi avböjer den här nomineringen. Ni kan behålla er skit för er själva." which translates to, "We reject this nomination. You can keep your shit to yourself." Alkberg said in a letter on the behalf of the Bear Quartet, "Tack men nej tack. Vi avsäger oss nomineringen, vi vill inte ha med Er att göra. Hoppas Ni respekterar detta. Vi tycker att en ursäkt vore på sin plats. Säg förlåt. Vänligen, the Bear Quartet,"    which translates to, "Thanks but no thanks. We renounce the nomination, we do not want to have anything to do with you. Hope you respect this. We think an apology would be in order. Say sorry. Please, the Bear Quartet.”

Alkberg later elaborated in an interview that, "Jag visste inget om att Adrian hade anmält oss till Grammisskiten förrän vi hade bestämt oss för att vi inte ville vara med....jag VILL sälja skivor. Jag VILL INTE ha med Grammisgalan att göra. Man behöver INTE ta det onda med det goda," which translates to:

"I did not know that Adrian had signed up for the Grammis shit until we had decided that we did not want to join....I WANT to sell records. I do NOT WANT to deal with the Grammis Awards. You do NOT have to take the bad with the good." When asked in a separate interview why he did not want the Bear Quartet to be associated with the Grammis Awards, Alkberg replied, "I do not like to compete in music in general, and the Grammis Gala in particular. I do not want the Bear Quartet to be associated with the music industry in that way. To pat each other on the back and give praise for being so good has so little to do with us and it just feels wrong. If others want to do it, they are welcome to do so, but we do not want to join."

Following the release of 89 in 2009, the Bear Quartet released Monty Python in the autumn of 2010, in collaboration with Sibille Attar. Alkberg stated in an interview that it was one of their most difficult albums to make. It was released alongside the single "Fist or Hand".

Most of The Bear Quartet's albums received acclaim from Swedish music critics.

Side projects
The Bear Quartet has spawned several side-projects. Alkberg used to be in the pop group. Haapalainen used to be in the Jari Haapalainen Trio (also known as JH3), as well as the pop duo with. He has also worked as a producer for several artists such as the Concretes, Nicolai Dunger, Camera Obscura, and Laakso. Olsson used to be in Paddington Distortion Combo, (otherwise known as Paddington D.C.), Perkovic worked with hip-hop group Infinite Mass and noise rock band, and Nuottaniemi worked with the band Container of Love.

Disbanding
On 30 July 2010 the band played their final live performance at the Storsjöyran music festival in Östersund, and on 12 September 2010 the Bear Quartet released their final album, Monty Python. In an interview, when asked what he would like to do after Monty Python, Alkberg said, "I don’t know if we’ll ever come back to anything....I don’t want to think about it anymore than I have to. This record has really, really taken its toll on us." In another interview, when asked about the break-up of the Bear Quartet, Alkberg elaborated on their disbanding: "Some of us could not stand some others....It had been dysfunctional since day one. Several had children, some had a hard time combining it with BQ. Some had trouble keeping others from having children. And then we drank a little too hard. It was such a misery with BQ."

Final line-up

 * Mattias Alkberg – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989-2010)
 * Jari Haapalainen – lead guitar (1989-2010
 * Peter Nuottaniemi – bass (1989-2006, 2009-2010)
 * – drums, backing vocals (1997-2010)
 * Calle Olsson – keyboards (1998-2010)

Former members

 * Magnus Olsson – drums (1989-1992)
 * Urban Nordh – drums (1992-1996)
 * Johan Forsling – lead guitar (1989-1995)

Studio albums

 * 1992 Penny Century
 * 1993 Cosy Den
 * 1993 Family Affair
 * 1995 Everybody Else
 * 1995 Holy Holy
 * 1997 Moby Dick
 * 1998 Personality Crisis
 * 2000 My War
 * 2001 Gay Icon
 * 2002 Ny våg (Swedish for "New Wave")
 * 2003 Angry Brigade
 * 2005 Saturday Night
 * 2006 Eternity Now
 * 2009 89
 * 2010  Monty Python

Compilation albums

 * 2003 Early Years (2 CD compilation of EP tracks, demos and radio sessions)

EPs

 * 1994 Revisited
 * 1995 It Only Takes a Flashlight to Create a Monster
 * 1995 Flux Detail
 * 1995 Tibet
 * 1997 Before the Trenches
 * 1997 His Spine
 * 1998 Human Enough
 * 1998 Mom and Dad
 * 2000 Old Friends
 * 2000 I Don't Wanna
 * 2001 Load It
 * 2001 Fuck Your Slow Songs
 * 2002 Number
 * 2003 All Your Life
 * 2003 Ask Me Don't Axe Me
 * 2005 I Have an Itch

Singles

 * 1993 "Blizzard/Headacher"
 * 2006 "Repairing of the Red Sea" (Promotional disc)
 * 2009 "Carry Your Weight"
 * 2009 "Millions"
 * 2010 "Fist or Hand"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Bear Quartet


text:
ZFN

ZFN is an acronym that may refer to:

 * Tulita Airport, an airport in Canada
 * Zinc finger nuclease, a nuclease enzyme coupled to a zinc finger-based DNA-binding domain
 * The Zero-Configuration File Network, an open-source network program

title: ZFN


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Kuznetsk Depression

Kuznetsk Depression (Кузнецкая котловина, Kuznetskaya kotlovina) is located among mountains of South-Central Siberia, including: Kuznetsk Alatau to the Northeast, Salair Ridge to the Southwest, and Mountainous Shoria to the South. It is within Kemerovo Oblast.

Geography
The depression has elevations up to 500 m,. It has an area of 70,000 km2, with a length of 400 km and width of 120 km.

It is split by a network of river valleys. The major rivers are the Tom River and Inya River, with other tributaries of Ob River.

The central section has several Mesozoic basalt mountain ridges with heights of 600 –. They include Taradanov's Ridge, Saltymakov's Ridge, and the Karakan Mountains.

Economy
The Kuznetsk Depression contains the famous coal-mining Kuznetsk Basin. The main cities in it are Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, and Prokopyevsk.

title: Kuznetsk Depression


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CBX5

CBX5 may refer to:
 * Tungsten (Cantung) Airport
 * CBX5 (gene) (chromobox homolog 5), a chromatin protein.

title: CBX5


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Diedenshausen

Diedenshausen is a small village, since 1975 a constituent community of Bad Berleburg in Siegen-Wittgenstein district and Arnsberg region in North Rhine-Westphalia in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located on the east side of the heavily forested Rothaargebirge (Red-haired Mountains), immediately on the border with Hesse. There are a few buildings on the other side of the border. These form the tiny village of Seibelsbach. Although technically being 2 separate places, both operate as one due to the location.

History
The small farming village of Diedenshausen was first mentioned in documents in 1194. The political philosopher Johannes Althusius was born and raised there. The accepted faith of the people was the Reformed doctrine of Calvinism. Native son Daniel Womelsdorf was the first from the village known to emigrate to America in 1724. Native son Jacob Weller von Molsdorf die Schwanfelder and his family were some of the earliest recorded members of this family to emigrate to America, landing in Philadelphia in 1710.

Today, the village has a large number of restored half-timbered houses for which reason it was designated by the German government, in 1998, as one of the "Federal Golden Villages". In 2008 Diedenshausen celebrated its millennium (1000th anniversary) as a dedicated village/area which drew many American descendants to celebrate as well.

title: Diedenshausen


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Enid Derham

Enid Derham (24 March 1882 – 13 November 1941, age 59) was an Australian poet and academic.

Life
Derham was born in Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, the eldest daughter of Thomas Plumley Derham, solicitor, and his wife Ellen Hyde, née Hodgson, of Melbourne. Derham was educated at Hessle College, Camberwell, then at Presbyterian Ladies' College and the University of Melbourne. She graduated M.A. with first class final honours in classics in 1903, was awarded the Shakespeare scholarship in 1904 and subsequently studied at Oxford University. In 1912 Derham was one of the founding members of the Lyceum Club and its president in 1918.

Derham lectured in English at the University of Western Australia in 1921 and was appointed senior lecturer in English at the University of Melbourne in 1922, and held this position for the rest of her life. She died suddenly of a brain haemorrhage at her home in 1941.

Writing career
In 1912 she published The Mountain Road and Other Verses, and Empire: A Morality Play for Children. She also edited books of prose, poetry and drama. In a review for The Herald, Archibald Strong compared her work favourably with that of Louis Esson, Dorothea Mackellar and Christopher Brennan. He wrote of the "true and original singing quality and its scholarly and critical finish" as being rare in Australian poetry and noted that her poem "Cras Nobis" was "easily the best Australian contribution" to the Australasian Students' Song Book, published in 1911 by George Robertson.

Melbourne University Press released a posthumous anthology of her best work called Poems in 1958 which re-established her reputation as a poet.

While her poetry was influenced by her classical studies, she was one of the earliest Australian writers to recognise the poetry of Emily Dickinson.

title: Enid Derham


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Regina Spektor

Regina Ilyinichna Spektor (Регинa Ильинична Спектор, ; born February 18, 1980) is a Russian-born American singer, songwriter, and pianist.

After self-releasing her first three records and gaining popularity in New York City's independent music scenes, particularly the anti-folk scene centered on New York City's East Village, Spektor signed with Sire Records in 2004 resulting in greater mainstream recognition. After giving her third album Soviet Kitsch a major label re-release, Sire released Spektor's fourth album, Begin to Hope, which achieved a Gold certification by the RIAA. Her following two albums, Far and What We Saw from the Cheap Seats, each debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200.

Mayor Bill de Blasio proclaimed June 11, 2019, Regina Spektor Day in New York City. Spektor was also inducted into the Bronx Walk of Fame on May 18, 2019, by Borough President Rubén Díaz Jr.

Early life and musical beginnings
Spektor was born on February 18, 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, to a musical Russian-Jewish family. Her father, Ilya Spektor, was a photographer and amateur violinist. Her mother, Bella Spektor, was a music professor in a Soviet college of music and taught at public elementary schools in Mount Vernon, New York, now retired. Spektor has a brother, Boruch (also known as Bear), who was featured in the track "* * *" (or "Whisper") from her 2003 album Soviet Kitsch. Growing up in Moscow, Regina started taking piano lessons when she was seven and learned how to play the piano by practicing on a Petrof upright that her grandfather gave her mother. She grew up listening to classical music and Russian bards like Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava. Her father, who obtained recordings in Eastern Europe and traded cassettes with friends in the Soviet Union, also exposed her to rock and roll bands such as the Beatles, Queen, and the Moody Blues.

The family left the Soviet Union for the Bronx in 1989, when Spektor was nine and a half, during the period of Perestroika, when Soviet citizens were permitted to emigrate. She had to leave her piano behind. The seriousness of her piano studies led her parents to consider not leaving the Soviet Union, but they finally decided to emigrate due to the racial, ethnic, and political discrimination that Jewish people faced. Traveling first to Austria and then Italy, the Spektor family was admitted to the United States as refugees with the assistance of HIAS (the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society). They settled in the Bronx, where Spektor graduated from SAR Academy, a Jewish day middle school in the Riverdale section of the Bronx. Since the family had been unable to bring their piano from Moscow, Spektor practiced on tabletops and other hard surfaces until she found a piano to play in the basement of her synagogue. In New York City, Spektor studied classical piano with Sonia Vargas, a professor at the Manhattan School of Music, until she was 17; Spektor's father had met Vargas through Vargas' husband, violinist Samuel Marder. Spektor attended high school for two years at the Frisch School, a yeshiva in Paramus, New Jersey, but transferred to a public school, Fair Lawn High School, in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, where she finished the last two years of her high school education.

Spektor was originally interested in classical music only, but she later grew interested in hip hop, rock, and punk as well. Although she had always made up songs around the house, she first became interested in more formal songwriting during a visit to Israel with the Nesiya Institute in her teenage years when she attracted attention from the other children on the trip for the songs she made up while hiking.

Following this trip, Spektor was exposed to the works of Joni Mitchell, Ani DiFranco, and other singer-songwriters, which encouraged her belief that she could create her own songs. She wrote her first a cappella songs around the age of 16 and her first songs for voice and piano when she was 17.

Spektor completed the four-year studio composition program of the Conservatory of Music at Purchase College within three years, graduating with honors in 2001. Around this time, she also worked briefly at a butterfly farm in Luck, Wisconsin, and studied in Tottenham (in North London) for one term.

2001–2005: Career beginnings and Soviet Kitsch
Spektor gradually achieved recognition through performances in the anti-folk scene in downtown New York City, most prominently at the East Village's SideWalk Cafe. She also performed at local colleges (such as Sarah Lawrence College) with other musicians, including the Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players. She sold self-published CDs at her performances during this period: 11:11 (2001) and Songs (2002). Spektor's first nationwide tour was accompanying The Strokes as the opening act on their 2003–2004 Room on Fire tour which included performances at The Theater at Madison Square Garden. While on the tour, she and the band performed and recorded "Modern Girls & Old Fashion Men". After the tour, Kings of Leon, who were the second opening act on the tour, invited Spektor to open for them on their own European tour. In 2004, Spektor signed a contract with Warner Brothers' record label Sire Records to publish and distribute her third album Soviet Kitsch, originally self-released in 2003. In 2005, she began making her first TV appearances including guest spots on various late-night talk shows.

In June 2005, Spektor was the opening act for the English piano rock band Keane on their North American tour, during which she performed at Radio City Music Hall on June 7, 2005.

2006–2008: Begin to Hope
Spektor went on to release the album Begin to Hope on June 13, 2006. The album debuted at number 70 on the Billboard 200, and due to the popularity of the single "Fidelity", it went on to peak at number 20, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Spektor received increased attention when her video for "Fidelity" was viewed over 200,000 times in two days on YouTube. Spektor's 2006 headlining tour in support of the Begin to Hope album included back-to-back hometown shows at Town Hall Theater in New York City on September 27 and September 28, 2006. This tour was Spektor's first to feature a full backing band.

Listeners of Sirius Radio's Left of Center channel voted her single "Fidelity" as the No. 1 song of 2006. Towards the end of 2006, VH1 showcased her as part of its "You Oughta Know: Artists on the Rise" featurettes, playing clips from the "Fidelity" music video and showing parts of an interview with Spektor during commercial breaks on the channel. Spektor's video for "Fidelity" reached No. 3 on VH1's Top 20 Countdown. Spektor reached No. 33 on Blender magazine's top 100 of 2006 and was also listed as one of the "Hottest Women of Rock". On January 21, 2007, she was given an extensive feature on CBS News Sunday Morning which showcased her musical beginnings and growing popularity.

In 2007, Spektor began performing at several major music festivals including Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Bonnaroo Music Festival, Lollapalooza, Virgin Festival, and Austin City Limits Music Festival. On October 1, 2007, her video for "Better" was released on VH1 and YouTube, where it received more than 100,000 views within the first 24 hours. Spektor performed acoustic at Neil Young's Bridge School Benefit at Shoreline Amphitheatre on October 27, 2007.

On November 14, 2007, at her concert at Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Spektor collapsed during the sound check and was taken to a local emergency room. According to the statement given to the audience, Spektor was fine, but doctors said that she could not perform that night. It was later reported that the cause of the collapse was an inner ear infection which caused intense vertigo. The show was initially rescheduled for December 6, 2007, but the date was once again rescheduled, and the concert finally occurred on February 29, 2008. After her initial collapse in Nashville, she was able to perform in concerts at Mountain Stage, in West Virginia, on November 18, 2007 (the concert was aired in September 2008), and at Duke University on November 19, 2007.

Spektor wrote the song "The Call" for the 2008 film The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, which appeared prominently in the film's finale sequence. She then appeared as a guest vocalist on "You Don't Know Me", a single from Ben Folds' 2008 album, Way to Normal. In promotion for the single, the duo performed the song together on several late-night talk shows.

2009–2011: Far
Spektor's fifth album, Far, was released June 23, 2009. For the record she worked with four producers: David Kahne (who had previously worked with Spektor on Begin to Hope), Mike Elizondo, Jacknife Lee, and Jeff Lynne. The record sold 50,000 copies in its first week, entering the US Billboard 200 at number three; the record remained on the chart for 19 weeks. The album peaked at number 30 and 16 in the UK and Canada, respectively. She then headlined at Serpentine Sessions, a series of concerts at London's Hyde Park on June 29, 2009. Other European performances in 2009 included Glastonbury Festival, Hultsfred Festival, Oxegen 2009, T in the Park, Paradiso, Latitude Festival, and Rock Werchter. Spektor invited Brooklyn-based rock band Jupiter One to open concerts on her 2009 North American tour. As a part of that tour, on October 14, 2009, Spektor headlined a concert at Radio City Music Hall in NYC. On September 16, 2009, it was announced that Spektor would write the music for the musical Beauty, a modern adaptation of the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty, which was initially set to open during the 2011–12 Broadway season. Regina made her Saturday Night Live debut on October 10, 2009, performing "Eet" and "The Calculation" off of Far.

In May 2010, Spektor performed for Barack and Michelle Obama along with hundreds of other guests at the White House reception in honor of Jewish American Heritage Month. She performed "Us" and "The Sword & The Pen."

2012–2015: What We Saw from the Cheap Seats
Spektor's sixth album, What We Saw from the Cheap Seats, was released May 29, 2012. Like her previous album, it debuted at number three on the Billboard 200. Promotional appearances for the record included Spektor appearing on the June 7, 2012 episode of The Colbert Report where she performed "Small Town Moon" as well as "Ballad of a Politician" as online bonus content. Her world tour in support of What We Saw from the Cheap Seats included a performance in Moscow; Spektor had not returned since leaving with her family in 1989.

In 2012, Spektor was named an official "Steinway Artist"; she plays Steinway & Sons pianos almost exclusively.

Spektor wrote and recorded the main title theme song, "You've Got Time", for the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black, which premiered in July 2013. It was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.

2016–2021: Remember Us to Life
Spektor announced her seventh album, Remember Us to Life on July 21, 2016, through her email newsletter. The album was released on September 30, 2016. The first single, "Bleeding Heart", was released July 22, 2016. The follow-up single, "Small Bill$", was released August 11, 2016. Regina Spektor performed George Harrison's "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", released August 5, 2016, for the film Kubo and the Two Strings.

In 2016, Spektor was one of the artists featured on The Hamilton Mixtape; she sings a remix of "Dear Theodosia" with Ben Folds.

In 2017, Spektor was featured as a guest singer on the title track to Gypsy-punk band Gogol Bordello's studio album Seekers and Finders. Spektor was also featured as a guest vocalist on Odesza's song "Just A Memory" from their album A Moment Apart.

On November 8, 2018, Spektor released a new song entitled "Birdsong", written specially for an episode of the Amazon Prime series The Romanoffs.

On March 25, 2019, Spektor announced she would be bringing her music to Broadway as the Artist in Residency at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre for five performances June 20–26, 2019.

On July 26, 2019, Spektor released an acoustic version of her own song "You've Got Time", coinciding with the release of the seventh and final season of Orange Is the New Black. The song is featured in the final episode of the series.

In late 2019, Spektor released a new song, "Walking Away", for Amazon Prime Original Series Modern Love.

2022–present: Home, Before and After
On February 22, 2022, Spektor announced her eighth studio album Home, Before and After with a June 24 release date, alongside the release of the album's lead single "Becoming All Alone". Recorded in upstate New York, the album was produced by Spektor and John Congleton.

She performed an NPR Tiny Desk Concert on 5 August 2022, including "Becoming All Alone" from her new album as well as tunes from past releases such as "Fidelity" and "Samson".

Artistry
Spektor's primary instrument is the piano, and she plays the guitar as a secondary instrument, primarily playing on a seafoam Epiphone Wildkat archtop hollow-body electric guitar for live performances.

Spektor has said that she has created a great number of songs but rarely writes any of them down. Spektor's songs are not usually autobiographical but are based on scenarios and characters drawn from her imagination. Her songs show influences from folk, punk, rock, Jewish, Russian, hip hop, jazz, and classical music. Spektor has said that she works hard to ensure that each of her songs has its own musical style, rather than trying to develop a distinctive style for her music as a whole: "It doesn't feel natural for me to write some diary type song. I want to write a classic like "Yesterday" but weird songs about meatballs in refrigerators come into my head – I can't help it."

Spektor performs using a broad vocal range, with a falsetto extension, but without any apparent break. She explores a variety of different and somewhat unorthodox vocal techniques, such as verses composed entirely of buzzing noises made with the lips and beatbox-style flourishes in the middle of ballads, and also makes use of such unusual musical techniques as using a drum stick to tap rhythms on the body of a chair. Part of her style also results from the exaggeration of certain aspects of vocalization, most notably the glottal stop, prominent in the single "Fidelity". She also uses a strong New York accent on some words, which she has said is due to her love of New York and its culture.

Spektor usually sings in English, though she sometimes includes a few words or verses of Latin, Russian, French, or other languages. She plays with pronunciations, which she told NPR was a remnant of her early years when she listened to pop in English without understanding the lyrics.

Her lyrics are equally eclectic, often taking the form of abstract narratives or first-person character studies, similar to short stories or vignettes put to song. Some of Spektor's lyrics include literary allusions, such as: F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway in "Poor Little Rich Boy"; The Little Prince in "Baobabs"; Virginia Woolf and Margaret Atwood in "Paris"; Ezra Pound and The Merchant of Venice in "Pound of Flesh"; Boris Pasternak in "Après Moi"; Samson and Delilah in "Samson"; Oedipus Rex in "Oedipus"; Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome in "2.99¢ Blues". Recurring themes and topics in Spektor's lyrics include love, death, religion (particularly biblical and Jewish references), city life (particularly New York references), and certain key phrases which recur in different songs, such as references to gravediggers, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, and the name "Mary Ann". Spektor's use of satire is evident in "Wasteside", which refers to The Twelve Chairs, the classic satirical novel by the Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov, and describes the town in which people are born, get their hair cut, and then are sent to the cemetery.

Spektor's first album, 11:11, was recorded and self-released while she was still in college. It differs from Spektor's later releases as she was heavily influenced by blues and jazz at the time of its recording. Her second album, Songs, was recorded on Christmas Day, 2001. Each song was recorded with just one take and is entirely acoustic. The session from which the album was derived was not originally intended as an album recording session. Her third album, Soviet Kitsch, featured strings on several songs and was her first to feature a full rock band. Upon signing with a major label – which provided a bigger budget for production and studio time – Spektor began to emphasise production and more prominently use traditional pop and rock instruments.

Spektor says the records that most impact her are those of "bands whose music is really involved". She cites the Beatles, Bob Dylan, Nirvana, Madonna, Eminem, Kate Bush, Rufus Wainwright, David Bowie, the Ramones, Patti Smith, Billie Holiday, Radiohead, Tom Waits, and Frédéric Chopin as prime influences.

British singer Kate Nash said, "I related to her because she's a woman who plays the piano and writes imaginative songs. I've played the piano since I was about seven but I'd never seen it as an instrument for pop music. Regina Spektor made the piano cool… I love the fact that her accent shines through. When I started making music, it inspired me to sing the way I talk, because that's what's real."

Appearances in the media
Since 2005, Spektor's music has been used in various television programs and commercials.

 * In late 2005, "Us" (from Soviet Kitsch) was used in a commercial as part of the What Do You Want To Watch? series for the United Kingdom's British Sky Broadcasting, and in the summer of 2006, a clip from the same song was used for the teaser website for Microsoft's Zune project at ComingZune.com, as well as for a promotional campaign for MtvU, and by Dutch telecom company KPN in a commercial.
 * "Somedays" was used in a 2005 episode of CSI: NY and "Samson" was used in a 2006 episode of the same series.
 * "On the Radio" was used in an episode of ABC's Grey's Anatomy and more recently, Netflix's Sex Education.
 * "Field Below" was used in a 2006 episode (titled "The Last Word") of CBS's Criminal Minds.
 * "Music Box" has been used in a commercial for JC Penney.
 * "That Time" can be heard playing in the background of the 2008 indie drama In Bruges.
 * "Fidelity" has been used in an episode of Grey's Anatomy (titled "Six Days, Part 2"), on Veronica Mars ("Wichita Linebacker"), on Brothers & Sisters, in the trailer for the 2007 film 27 Dresses, in the Brazilian telenovela A Favorita, and during the end credits of Love & Other Drugs (2010). "Fidelity" was also used in a 2007 Yahoo!Xtra television commercial in New Zealand.
 * In 2007, the mobile phone company Vodafone used her lyric, "Come into my world", from the track "Hotel Song" in an extensive TV advertising campaign in the UK and Ireland. It also was used in ITV's Secret Diary of a Call Girl.
 * "Better" was used in a commercial for XM Satellite Radio, an episode of How I Met Your Mother, the series finale of The Good Wife, and the 2009 film My Sister's Keeper.
 * Spektor sang the title song "Little Boxes" of Showtime's television series Weeds in the episode "Mile Deep and a Foot Wide" (2006) and her "Ghost of Corporate Future" was used both at the beginning and end of the episode.
 * "Us" and "Hero" are both featured on the soundtrack for the 2009 film (500) Days of Summer. In August 2009, the song "Two Birds" was used in the 2009 Fall Campaign of the Polish TV station TVN. "Eet" debuted on the show 90210 in April 2010.
 * On his 2010 release Scratch My Back, Peter Gabriel recorded a version of the song "Après Moi" from Begin to Hope.
 * The song "Human of the Year" featured prominently in the trailer and first episode of the 2011 HBO series Enlightened, and "Hotel Song" was featured in the opening of the 2011 movie Friends with Kids.
 * The title of the song "Don't Leave Me (Ne Me Quitte Pas)" and the cover of What We Saw from the Cheap Seats was featured on the display of the 5th generation iPod Touch in promotional content from Apple in late 2012. "Don't Leave Me (Ne Me Quitte Pas)" was used at the end of the episode "Five Miles From Yetzer Hara" from the eighth season of Weeds.
 * The website Consequence of Sound takes its name from the Spektor song "Consequence of Sounds".
 * "All the Rowboats" was featured on The CW's Ringer in March 2012.
 * The song "Your Honor" was used in the Season 2 premiere of HBO's series Girls on January 13, 2013.
 * "Laughing With" was featured on BBC drama The Crash in March 2013 as well as in HBO's The Leftovers in November 2015.
 * Regina wrote and recorded "You've Got Time" to be the theme song for the Netflix original series Orange is the New Black which premiered in 2013. Spektor was approached by the show's creator, Jenji Kohan, to create the opening number.
 * Spektor's cover of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", performed on a shamisen, was featured on the soundtrack of the 2016 animated film Kubo and the Two Strings.
 * Spektor's cover of "And Your Bird Can Sing" was the feature of episode 21 of Beat Bugs.
 * A cover of "Us" is performed in the 2017 film Something Like Summer.
 * Spektor wrote and recorded "Birdsong" featuring guitarist Atticus McKittrick for Amazon's The Romanoffs.
 * Spektor wrote and recorded "Walking Away" for Amazon's Modern Love.
 * Spektor wrote and recorded "One Little Soldier" for the 2019 film Bombshell.
 * Spektor wrote and recorded "The Call" for the 2008 film The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian.
 * Spektor performed her song "Prisoners" featuring dancer Caleb Teicher for the 957th episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.
 * Spektor's cover of the Radiohead song "No Surprises" was used in Season 2, Episode 4 of the BBC series The Outlaws (2021 TV series).

Personal life
Spektor is fluent in Russian and reads Hebrew. She has described herself as "very Russian Jewish". She has paid tribute to her Russian heritage, quoting the poem "February" by the Russian poet Boris Pasternak in her song "Après Moi", and stated that she is "very connected to the language and the culture." Spektor and her family did not return home to Moscow until July 2012, when she toured through Russia in support of her sixth album What We Saw from the Cheap Seats. In a 2016 interview on NPR, Spektor discussed how her experiences and struggles as an immigrant youth in New York contributed to the album Remember Us to Life, which title is a phrase from the Yom Kippur liturgy (זכרינו לחיים) that she encountered while pregnant. She has also frequently paid tribute to her Jewish identity and talked about the antisemitism she experienced.

Spektor was vegetarian for a time until she toured with the Strokes, who frequently dined on steak. She married singer-songwriter Jack Dishel in 2011. Formerly a guitarist with the band the Moldy Peaches, Dishel performs as Only Son, and duets with Spektor in the song "Call Them Brothers". They have two children.

Political views
Spektor considers herself politically liberal and admires former President of the United States Barack Obama. She said that Obama's initial opposition to same-sex marriage was "as embarrassing as white-only drinking fountains". Her song "Fidelity" was used in a campaign against Proposition 8, which sought to ban same-sex marriage in California. She deplored the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States in 2016.

Spektor is a supporter of Israel and performed at a ceremony at the National Mall celebrating its 60th anniversary in 2008. She has denounced what she views as double standards about Israel in the media. She is a critic of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement, stating that "[b]y not playing in Israel, you're punishing the wrong people." She has performed in Israel on several occasions herself. She also expressed support for the country amidst various escalations of the Arab–Israeli conflict, especially during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

Philanthropy
In 2007, Spektor covered John Lennon's "Real Love" for Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur. The following year, she participated in Songs for Tibet, an initiative in support of human rights in Tibet and the 14th Dalai Lama. The album was issued on August 5, 2008, via iTunes and on August 19 in music stores around the world. On January 22, 2009, Spektor performed at the third annual Roe on the Rocks gig at the Bowery Ballroom to raise money for Planned Parenthood New York City. Also, continuing with her support for Tibet, Regina Spektor played for Tibet House's annual concert at Carnegie Hall on February 26, 2010. Less than one month later, on March 23, 2010, Spektor gave a concert at the Fillmore at Irving Plaza in New York City to raise funds for the work of Médecins Sans Frontières in Haiti. Also, on April 27, she released a cover of Radiohead's song "No Surprises", for which all proceeds went to Médecins Sans Frontières to help earthquake victims in Haiti and Chile. In February 2012, Spektor did a benefit concert at Rose Hall for HIAS (a beneficiary agency of UJA-Federation of New York), an organization that helped a young Spektor and her family emigrate from the Soviet Union. Spektor also has taken part in several memorial and benefit concerts for the family of Dan Cho, her former cellist who died while on tour with her in 2010.

Discography

 * 11:11 (2001)
 * Songs (2002)
 * Soviet Kitsch (2004)
 * Begin to Hope (2006)
 * Far (2009)
 * What We Saw from the Cheap Seats (2012)
 * Remember Us to Life (2016)
 * Home, Before and After (2022)

Awards and nominations
MVPA Awards

 * rowspan="3" | 2006
 * rowspan="3" | "Us"
 * Best Director of New Artist
 * Nominated
 * Best Directional Debut
 * Nominated
 * Best Animated Video
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | 2007
 * rowspan="2" | "Fidelity"
 * Best Director of a Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * Best Adult Contemporary Video
 * Nominated
 * 2008
 * "Better"
 * Best Alternative Video
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * 2008
 * "Better"
 * Best Alternative Video
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Other awards

 * 2019 Bronx Walk of Fame

title: Regina Spektor


text:
Up Went Nelson

"Up Went Nelson" was a song by The Go Lucky Four (a group of Belfast school teachers: Gerry Burns, Finbar Carolan, John Sullivan and Eamonn McGirr) that was number one on the Ireland music charts in 1966 for eight consecutive weeks.

It was sung to the tune of "John Brown's Body" and is about the destruction on 8 March 1966 of Nelson's Pillar in Dublin.

title: Up Went Nelson


text:
Whiteline topminnow

The whiteline topminnow, Fundulus albolineatus, was a type of killifish first identified in 1891. It was endemic to Big Spring, Madison County, Alabama, in the United States. This species was nearly identical to the barrens topminnow and grew to 3.75 inches (8.4 cm) long. It went extinct due to the rapid development of Big Spring leaving no habitat for it to thrive, and the last individuals were captured in 1889.

title: Whiteline topminnow


text:
Yagura (tower)

Yagura (櫓, 矢倉) is the Japanese word for "tower", "turret", "keep", or "scaffold". The word is most often seen in reference to structures in Japanese castle compounds but can be used in other situations as well. The bandstand tower erected for Bon Festival is often called a yagura, as are similar structures used in other festivals. Yagura-daiko (taiko drumming from atop a yagura) is a traditional part of professional sumo competitions.

Etymology
There were signs that the first written form of kanji was (櫓) during ancient periods, simply being a character representing a tower before being changed to (矢倉) – in which the former replaced the latter once again. The term originally derives from the use of fortress towers as high/tall or arrow (矢, ya) storehouses (倉, kura), and was thus originally written as 矢倉. The term was used for a collection of towers.

Today, modern towers such as skyscrapers or communications towers are almost exclusively referred to or named using the English-derived word tawā (タワー) and not yagura.

Castle towers
Castle towers varied widely in shape, size, and purpose. Many served as watchtowers, guardtowers, and for similar military purposes. Arrows were often stored there, with other equipment. As castles served as the luxurious homes of Japan's feudal lords (the daimyō), it was not uncommon for a castle to have an astronomy tower or a tower that provided a good vantage point for enjoying the natural beauty of the scenery.

Japan has rarely feared invasion or maintained border forts. However, it is likely that guardtowers or watchtowers would have been kept, outside of larger castle compounds, at times and places throughout its history.

Literature

 * Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Japanese Castles 1540-1640. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
 * Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Japanese Castles 1540-1640. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

title: Yagura (tower)


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CJQQ-FM

CJQQ-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 92.1 FM in Timmins, Ontario. The station broadcasts a mainstream rock format as Q92.

History
The station was originally launched in 1948 by Roy Thomson as CKGB-FM, a simulcast of AM sister station CKGB's CBC Trans-Canada Network programming. Thomson sold the stations in 1972, and the FM station adopted the callsign CFTI-FM in 1976. The stations were subsequently acquired by Telemedia in 1980.

In 1984, CFTI was authorized to drop its CBC Radio affiliation as network service was now available in the area from CBC-owned CBCJ-FM.

In 1992, Telemedia adopted the station's branding (as Q92), callsign CJQQ and format, which had been successful on Telemedia's CJRQ in Sudbury.

In 2002, Standard Broadcasting purchased Telemedia, and sold all of Telemedia's Northern Ontario stations to Rogers Media.

On June 7, 2016, CJQQ-FM rebranded the station as 92.1 Rock. The station uses the same general format as, and shares some programming with, CJRQ-FM in Sudbury and CKFX-FM in North Bay. The stations currently air a mixture of locally-hosted dayparts with syndicated programming, including the Brock & Dalby morning show from CIKR-FM Kingston, and the internationally syndicated Greg Beharrell Show in the evenings.

On June 28, 2024, Rogers dropped the 92.1 Rock branding and resurrected the original 1990s Q92 branding. Rogers had also resurrected the original 1990s brandings for CJRQ-FM Sudbury (as Q92) and CKFX-FM North Bay (as 101.9 The Fox).

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Paul Locatelli

Paul Leo Locatelli, S.J. (September 16, 1938 – July 12, 2010) was an American Jesuit priest, academic and certified public accountant. Locatelli served as the president of Santa Clara University from 1988 until 2008 before becoming chancellor of Santa Clara in 2008. He also held the post of Secretary of Higher Education for the Society of Jesus in Rome.

Early life
Locatelli grew up on a ranch in the town of Boulder Creek, California, in the Santa Cruz Mountains, the second of three sons. The family grew their own walnuts and grapes for winemaking. His family had come to Boulder Creek from Italy in the 1890s. His father ran Locatelli Brothers Lumber, where Locatelli worked. His mother's family had immigrated from Italy to Oakland, California, where they opened and operated the Colombo Bakery.

Locatelli was the first member of his family to attend college. He received a bachelor's degree in business at the University of Santa Clara, now Santa Clara University in 1960. Classmates at Santa Clara included CIA director Leon Panetta, who remained friends with Locatelli, and former Oakland A's owner Stephen Schott. Locatelli obtained a doctorate in business from the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business.

He enlisted in the United States Army and decided to enter the Jesuits after leaving the armed services. Locatelli entered the former Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley. He was ordained a Jesuit priest in 1974.

Santa Clara University
Locatelli began teaching at Santa Clara University as a professor of accounting in 1974, the same year in which he was ordained a Jesuit priest. Within a few years, he was voted outstanding teacher of the year. He rose from Dean of the School of Business, to Academic Vice-President.

Locatelli was named the 27th President of Santa Clara University in 1988 after 14 years at the university. During Locatelli's tenure as president, academics, admissions standards and endowment funding increased substantially.

Under Locatelli's presidency, Santa Clara University fully renovated or constructed nineteen new campus buildings, as well as a sports center. This is the equivalent of two-thirds of all campus facilities. A prolific fundraiser, Locatelli raised millions for the construction spree which included new academic buildings, a business school building, residence halls, a swim center, a tennis center, and the School of Arts and Science. He also raised funds for scholarships at Santa Clara. Locatelli phased out Santa Clara's fraternity and sorority houses, which lessened the influence of the Greek system on student life. Controversially, Locatelli eliminated the school's Division II football program in 1993.

Locatelli spearheaded the effort to reroute The Alameda (California State Route 82), which had previously run through the center of Santa Clara University's campus. Locatelli also had a new entrance road, lined with palm trees, built which leads to the Mission Santa Clara de Asís, a 1777 Spanish mission which is now the centerpiece of Santa Clara's campus.

Locatelli and Santa Clara University became involved with the Salvadoran Civil War during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He offered Santa Clara as a refuge to the lone surviving Jesuit of the 1989 massacre at the Universidad Centroamericana, in which six Jesuits, their housekeeper and her daughter were killed by the Salvadoran Army. (The surviving Jesuit priest had been out of El Salvador at the time of the killings). Father Locatelli also implemented a program where Santa Clara students volunteered and worked at a women's center and urban schools in El Salvador.

Under President Locatelli's guidance, Santa Clara's endowment at Santa Clara grew from $77 million in 1988 to approximately $700 million in 2008.

Through the Ignatian Center for Jesuit Education, the University has expanded its ability to connect students to communities in Silicon Valley and throughout the world. Locatelli was known affectionately by the students at SCU through a variety of nicknames; such as; "Papa Lōc", "Big Poppa P", "P. Loc", and the "Big P".

On March 1, 2008, Locatelli announced his intention to resign during the 2008–09 academic year, after 20 years as university president, due to his additional responsibilities as Secretary of Higher Education of the Society of Jesus in Rome, a post he had held since January 2007, coordinating the Jesuits 150 universities worldwide, to promote cooperation among Jesuit higher education institutions. He was subsequently promoted to chancellor of the university in November 2008 by new Santa Clara University President Michael Engh, S.J.

Recognitions
On January 16, 2002 he was awarded the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice from San Jose Bishop Patrick Joseph McGrath.

Father Locatelli was awarded the Spirit of Silicon Valley Lifetime Achievement Award from the Silicon Valley Leadership Group. He was also a recipient of the David Packard Award in 2009.

Death
Locatelli was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in May 2010. At the time Father Locatelli took ill, he was preparing for the fiftieth anniversary celebration and reunion of his classmates in the class of 1960 at Santa Clara University, and had already sent out invitations, including one to Leon Panetta. He was moved to the hospice at Regis Jesuit Infirmary in Los Gatos on July 8, 2010. He died from pancreatic cancer on July 12, 2010, at the age of 71.

Locatelli was survived by his brothers, Albert and Harry. CIA Director, former Congressman and White House Chief of Staff Leon Panetta, a 1960 Santa Clara classmate of Locatelli's, stated after Father Locatelli's death that, "What Paul told you was always the truth. He didn't play games. You knew that what he said was what he believed. I don't think there is any question that he (Father Locatelli) will go down as one of the greatest presidents in Santa Clara history."

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Talk:CJQQ-FM

Fair use rationale for Image:Timmins' Best Rock Q92.jpg
Image:Timmins' Best Rock Q92.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:56, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:CJQQ-FM


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Tellurous acid

Tellurous acid is an inorganic compound with the formula H2TeO3. It is the oxoacid of tellurium(IV). This compound is not well characterized. An alternative way of writing its formula is (HO)2TeO. In principle, tellurous acid would form by treatment of tellurium dioxide with water, that is by hydrolysis. The related conjugate base is well known in the form of several salts such as potassium hydrogen tellurite, KHTeO3.

Properties
In contrast to the analogous compound selenous acid, tellurous acid is only metastable. Most tellurite salts contain the ion. Oxidation of its aqueous solution with hydrogen peroxide gives the tellurate ion. It is usually prepared as an aqueous solution where it acts as a weak acid.

 * H2TeO3 + H2O H3O+ + Ka1 = $0.002$
 * + H2O H3O+ + Ka2 = $0$

title: Tellurous acid


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheng sai mun

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Cheng sai mun
This article is non-verifiable, very likely hoax. A sister page Lim Peh Oh is also nominated for deletion. -- Vsion 07:16, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-verifiable.  Anville 11:21, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I fail to comprehend why anyone would spend so much time writting a hoax article like this. If he is a "popular model/actor from Singapore", it wont be nominated for an AfD. Never heard of any of those films or album listed, and what Galaxy awards? Where's Woodlands Shopping Centre? The only items which are true are the existance of those three schools?--Huaiwei 16:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. *drew 15:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Doctor Who audio productions

Does anybody else think this should be merged with Doctor Who audio releases? --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 07:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say so.--Wiggs (talk) 23:05, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Doctor Who audio productions


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Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge

The Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (abbreviated as the CMR NWR) is a National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. state of Montana on the Missouri River. The refuge surrounds Fort Peck Reservoir and is 915814 acre in size. It is the second-largest National Wildlife Refuge in the lower 48 states of the United States, and the largest in Montana. Created in 1936, it was originally called the Fort Peck Game Range. It was renamed in 1963 after Montana artist Charles M. Russell, a famous painter of the American West. In 1976, the "range" was made a "refuge" (which legally changed the way the area was managed).

History
The establishment of the Russell National Wildlife Refuge is closely tied to the construction of Fort Peck Dam. The lower Missouri River had long been used for commerce, but commercial ships largely stopped using the upper portion of the river after the railroads pushed west in the 1880s. Extensive flooding in the lower part of the river in 1903 and a push for development of the upper portion by the states of South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana in the 1920s led the federal government to consider building large dams on the Missouri. The dams would not only generate electricity for use by railroads and industry, but they would aid in flood prevention and create large reservoirs which could be used for commercial traffic. With the onset of the Great Depression in October 1929, unemployment became a severe problem in Montana. The Franklin D. Roosevelt administration saw dam building as a way of providing unemployment relief. On December 12, 1933, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6491, which turned federal land over to the United States Army Corps of Engineers for the construction of the Fort Peck Dam. Additional lands were turned over to the Corps on May 8, 1934 (Executive Order 6707), September 11, 1934 (Executive Order 6841), and April 3, 1936 (Executive Order 7331).

In 1929, President Herbert Hoover signed into law the Migratory Bird Conservation Act, which authorized the federal government to purchase or lease land for the establishment of waterfowl refuges. In 1934, President Roosevelt signed into law the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which generated revenue for purchase of waterfowl refuge lands by requiring bird hunters using federal land to purchase a "duck stamp" (essentially a permit allowing them to hunt fowl). In 1935, the Roosevelt administration began to consider whether a "Fort Peck Migratory Bird Refuge" should be established around the soon-to-be-filled Fort Peck Reservoir. Noted wildlife biologist Olaus Murie was sent to the area to document the soils, topography, vegetation, and wildlife in the area. Murie's comprehensive report proved critical in convincing the Roosevelt administration that the area around Fort Peck Reservoir should be a wildlife refuge, not merely for birds.

On December 11, 1936, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7509, establishing the Fort Peck Game Range. Jurisdiction over the range was transferred from the Army Corps of Engineers to the Bureau of Biological Survey (the precursor to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). The primary purpose of the range was the preservation of wildlife, although grazing by domestic livestock was permitted.

Over the intervening years, the protected area expanded several times and its name and purpose were changed. On April 13, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9132 which turned over even more Corps-administered land to the game refuge. On February 25, 1963, President John F. Kennedy issued Public Land Order 2951, changing the name of the range to the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Range. On March 25, 1969, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Public Land Order 4588, which established the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge. This order dissolved Executive Order 7509, and re-established the Russell National Game Refuge under the authority of the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. The exploitation of the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge for oil, natural gas, coal, and other minerals was prohibited on May 15, 1970, by Public Land Order 4826.

The 1970s brought additional changes to the protected area. Both the Russell Game Refuge and the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge were transferred on April 25, 1975, to the Bureau of Land Management by Public Land Order 5498. A year later, Congress amended the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act to designate the Missouri River and its banks within Russell National Wildlife Range as part of the Upper Missouri River National Wild and Scenic River system. On October 19, 1976, Congress established the UL Bend Wilderness as a wilderness area within the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge. Over time, the wilderness area would expand to 20819 acre. On April 25, 1978, the United States Secretary of the Interior issued Public Land Order 5635. This order revoked Public Land Order 5498, changed the name of the protected area to the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, and turned the area over to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for management.

Two important changes were made to the refuge in the 1990s. On September 28, 1993, the Secretary of the Interior issued Public Land Order 6997, which prohibited all mineral exploration within the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge for 20 years. On December 28 of that same year, the General Services Administration transferred of 6020 acre of land from the Army Corps of Engineers to the wildlife refuge.

As of September 2010, the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge contained 915814 acre of land. 739097 acre of land within the refuge were withdrawn from settlement, mineral exploration, grazing, and other uses under federal government's general public land laws. 358196 acre of the refuge's 915814 acre are under the sole jurisdiction of the Fish and Wildlife Service. The Army Corps of Engineers has primary jurisdiction on 557618 acre of land, with the FWS having secondary jurisdiction there. A patchwork of federal agencies retains primary jurisdiction on another 147399 acre of land within the refuge, with the FWS retaining secondary jurisdiction. There are another 36000 acre of state land and 41000 acre of private land within the refuge, with the state land managed by the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation in cooperation with FWS.

The Russell National Wildlife Refuge and the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge are managed as a single unit by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Large areas of both refuges are legally designated as wilderness. The 56048 acre UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge contains the 20819 acre UL Bend Wilderness. Another 15 wilderness study areas totalling 155288 acre are contained within the Russell National Wildlife Refuge. These wilderness study areas are being managed as if they were wilderness while Congress considers them for formal designation as wilderness.

Geography
Beginning about 100 million years ago, a large inland sea known as the Western Interior Seaway covered most of the middle of the modern-day countries of the United States and Canada. It stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean and was 2500 ft deep and 600 mi wide. A wide range of dinosaurs, including Ankylosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, Thescelosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus, inhabited the area. The combination of extensive prehistoric fauna and a shallow inland sea led to significant preservation and fossilization of animal and plant remains.

Approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and Musselshell River all flowed northward into a terminal lake. During the last glacial period, the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets pushed these rivers southward into their present courses. The Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge lies atop these glaciated plains. The glaciers scoured extensive amounts of alluvial deposits from the area, and caused significant erosion of the areas around the Missouri River. These factors left the Russell National Wildlife Refuge rich in readily exposed and recovered fossilized plants and animals.

Native Americans frequently visited the area due to the large number of big game animals which utilized the river. Unlike much of the rest of the Missouri River in the area, the banks of the river at the UL Bend are low and gently sloping. Numerous fords exist near the bend as well. This drew large numbers of American bison, mule deer, pronghorn, Rocky Mountain elk, and white-tailed deer to the area. It is well documented that the Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, and Piegan Blackfeet hunted in the refuge. The origination of the name "UL Bend" is not clear. However, it is most likely named for the U.L. Cattle Company of Great Falls, Montana, which was established in 1896 by Oren and Will Bachues and which grazed herds of cattle there.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition (also known as the "Corps of Discovery") named many of the features located in the refuge, and several important events occurred while the expedition passed through the area in May 1805. On May 8, the Corps passed the Milk River, named for the amount of sediment contained in the river during the spring run-off. On the evening of May 8, the expedition camped a mile or two above Fort Peck Dam. On May 9, the Corps of Discovery entered what is now the CMR NWR. That day, they passed what Meriwether Lewis called Big Dry Creek (now submerged beneath Fort Peck Reservoir, and known as the Dry Arm). The members of the expedition began to suffer from swollen and red eyes, boils, and abscesses from the amount of alkali in the river and soil. At about 5:00 P.M. on May 10, expedition member William E. Bratton was attacked by a grizzly bear. He shot it through the lungs, but the bear continued to charge. Bratton outran the bear, which expedition members later tracked down and killed a few hours later. The creek which emptied into the Missouri River at site of the attack was named Bratton Creek (now called Big Timber Creek). Another bear encounter occurred on May 14. In the late afternoon, some of the men in the rear boats spotted a grizzly bear sleeping on a sandbar. Six men approached the bear, which woke up and attacked them. Four men shot the bear (with two bullets going through its lungs), but it continued to charge. Two more men shot the bear, but the men were forced to flee back to the river. Four men dispersed, and fired on the bear again, but it pursued them and chased them down a 20 ft embankment into the river. Finally, one of the men shot the bear in the head, killing it. Lewis decided to call the creek near the spot where the six men almost died "Brown Bear Defeated Creek" (although today it is known as Snow Creek). That same day, the expedition nearly suffered a terrible loss of its journals and instruments. Toussaint Charbonneau was steering one of the expedition's pirogues when a sudden thunderstorm overtook them. The pirogue overturned, throwing nearly all of the expedition's journals, maps, papers, navigational and survey instruments, and medicine into the river. Charbonneau did nothing to save these materials. But Sacagawea, holding her three-month-old child Jean Baptiste, calmly stood in the rushing water and retrieved nearly all the supplies. The expedition spent two days at the site, drying out their instruments and papers.

Two more near-disasters on May 17 led to the naming of additional features. William Clark was nearly bitten by a rattlesnake while exploring a creek on the northern side of the river. This creek was named Rattlesnake Creek (although today it is called Timber Creek). The party camped near a creek on the south side of the river that evening. Clark saw a fortified Native American lodge a short distance up the creek, believing it to be an Atsina (Gros Ventre) site. Late that night, a cottonwood tree sheltering the camp caught fire from sparks rising from the expedition campfire. The men were barely able to get out of their tent and pull it out of the way before the tree came crashing down on the site. Lewis named this Burnt Lodge Creek (although today it is known as Seven Blackfoot Creek). On May 20, the expedition passed the Musselshell River. On May 22, the party passed another creek, which they decided to name Sacajawea Creek. (Later renamed Crooked Creek, the U.S. government formally changed the name back to Sacagawea Creek in 1979.) The Corps of Discovery left the CMR NWF on May 24 or 25, after spending a week passing through and exploring the area.

Size and extent
The refuge extends for 125 mi air miles along the Missouri River from Fort Peck Dam to the Fred Robinson Bridge on U.S. Route 191. The UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge (about half of which is contiguous with the UL Bend Wilderness) is located adjacent to the western section of the CMR NWF north of the "UL Bend" in the Missouri River. The far eastern portion of the 80 mi long Missouri Breaks National Back Country Byway is also contained within the refuge. The western boundary of the CMR NWF abuts the Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument. The refuge also incorporates portions of six Montana counties. From west to east they are Fergus, Phillips, Petroleum, Garfield, Valley, and McCone counties.

Legally, the Russell National Wildlife Refuge does not include acreage contained within the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge, or acreage encompassed by the Fort Peck Reservoir. When the 245000 acre Fort Peck Reservoir is added to the acreage of the Russell Wildlife Refuge, the figure of 1100000 acre is achieved. This is the most commonly cited size for the Russell Wildlife Refuge. But this figure is inaccurate because the reservoir is not legally part of the refuge.

Flora, fauna, and management
There are four major types of habitat within the refuge: river bottom, riparian zones and wetlands, shoreline, and upland (including forested coulees and prairie).

From 1938 to 1976, the CMR NWF was administered jointly by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior. As a game range, the area was not as protected as it might have been, and both agencies struggled to maintain the range's ability to support wildlife while also permitting large numbers of domestic livestock to graze there. In 1976, Congress enacted the Game Range Act, which ended the joint administration of the refuge and transferred authority for its management from the Bureau of Land Management to the Fish and Wildlife Service. As of 2010, the Army Corps of Engineers continues to have primary management authority for a portion of the refuge, with the FWS having secondary authority in these areas. However, the Corps and the FWS have an agreement that allows the FWS to administer these areas for the Corps. The Corps and FWS continue to jointly manage the lakeshore and recreational areas and sites associated with them.

Management of the refuge is subject to several management plans and court decisions. In 1983, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in Schwenke v. Secretary of the Interior, 720 F.2d 571, that wildlife should be given limited priority to the resources on the refuge, rather than livestock grazing. Executive Order 7509 established wildlife population limits, beyond which wildlife had no priority claim. The court also held that the refuge should be administered according to the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 and not the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. In April 1986, the National Park Service adopted an environmental impact statement and "decision of record" which established a resource management plan for the refuge. In 2009, the Ninth Circuit ruled in Silver Dollar Grazing Association v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, No. 07-35612 (9th Cir., January 13, 2009) that habitat conditions could be used as a proxy for actual wildlife counts for purposes of meeting the conditions of Executive Order 7509.

The refuge is administered from FWS offices in Lewistown, Montana.

Fort Peck Reservoir, the fifth-largest man-made reservoir in the United States (by volume), backs up 134 mi along the Missouri River. The reservoir is managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and water levels in the lake are not part of the refuge's management plan.

The largest population of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep outside the Rocky Mountains exist in the refuge. Significant populations of beaver, cougars, coyotes, mule deer, prairie dogs, porcupines, pronghorn, Rocky Mountain elk, and white-tailed deer exist within the refuge. Threatened species, endangered species, and species of concern in the refuge include the black-footed ferret, black-tailed prairie dog, burrowing owl, gray wolf, grizzly bear, least tern, mountain plover, northern leopard frog, pallid sturgeon, piping plover, greater sage-grouse, sicklefin chub, and sturgeon chub. The site also contains a large population of sharp-tailed grouse as well as approximately 235 other bird species. The refuge is home to 4,000 prairie elk, the largest remaining prairie elk herd in the United States. Two permittees have grazed bison as "domestic livestock" in a limited fashion, though their leases are mostly on adjacent lands.

Visiting and access
Approximately 250,000 people visit the Russell National Wildlife Refuge each year, making it one of the most visited national wildlife refuges in the United States.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service allows the public to hunt and fish in the refuge.

U.S. Highway 191 provides access to the western sections of the refuge. Montana Highway 24 passes along the eastern boundary, providing access to various wildlife stations located in the refuge. More than 680 mi of mostly gravel and dirt roads provide access to about 80 percent of the refuge. This includes access to 135 miles of riverbank and lakeshore.

Fort Peck Interpretive Center
The Fort Peck Interpretive Center is the official visitor center for the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge in Fort Peck, Montana. Also known as the Fort Peck Interpretive Center and Museum, the Center contains an aquarium of native and game fish, stuffed specimens of local wildlife, and casts of area dinosaur fossils. Included among the fossil displays is a full cast of the Tyrannosaurus rex known as "Devil Rex", unearthed in the Russell National Wildlife Refuge in 1988. The Center also features exhibits about the construction of the Fort Peck Dam and the area's cultural history, and offers guided tours of the powerhouse. Other activities include Interpretive programs, theater presentations, amphitheater programs and nature hikes.

Constructed in 2004 and opened in 2005, the Center is a partnership between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. It is a member of the Montana Dinosaur Trail.

Notable fossil discoveries
In 1988, a Tyrannosaurus rex known as "Devil Rex" (MOR 555) was unearthed in the Russell National Wildlife Refuge. The specimen skeleton was approximately 46 percent complete and included the first complete T. rex forelimb. Doctoral candidate Mary Schweitzer found heme, a biological form of iron that makes up hemoglobin (the red pigment in blood), within some bones of the fossil. The fossil is now the centerpiece of the renovation dinosaur hall at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

In 2000, a Tyrannosaurus rex specimen known as "B-Rex" (MOR 1125) was unearthed at the Russel National Wildlife Refuge. Preserved soft tissue was found in the femur of the 70 million year old specimen. Protein sequencing of the material showed it to be collagen.

In November 2010, hunter David Bradt stumbled on an elasmosaur fossil in a canyon on the Russell National Wildlife Refuge. The specimen proved to be a new, short-necked species of elasmosaur, subsequently named Nakonanectes bradti.