text:
Bloodsport (character)

Bloodsport is the name of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. All of these versions exist in DC's main shared universe, known as the DC Universe.

The Robert DuBois version of Bloodsport made his live-action debut in the television series Supergirl, played by David St. Louis. Idris Elba portrayed the character in the DC Extended Universe film The Suicide Squad (2021).

The Alexander Trent version made his own debut in the 2019 DC Animated Universe film, Justice League vs. The Fatal Five, voiced by a hard-nosed Tom Kenny.

Publication history
The character of Robert DuBois, created by writer and artist John Byrne, first appeared in 'Superman' #4 (April 1987) as Bloodsport. The second incarnation, Alexander Trent, made his first appearance in The Adventures of Superman #507 (December 1993) and was created by writer Karl Kesel and artist Barry Kitson. The third incarnation, known as Bloodsport III, made his first appearance in Superman #652 (July 2006) and was created by writers Kurt Busiek and Geoff Johns, and artist Pete Woods. Demolitia, a female version of Bloodsport, is introduced by writer David Michelinie, and artists Kieron Dwyer and Denis Rodier in Action Comics #718 (February 1996), in which she procured Bloodsport's technology.

Robert DuBois
Robert DuBois is a Vietnam draft evader, who had a mental breakdown and became obsessed with the Vietnam War after learning that his brother had gone in his stead. DuBois was drafted to serve in the United States Armed Forces. Upon receiving his induction notice, DuBois fled to Canada, not because he was morally opposed to the war, but because he was afraid of death. DuBois' younger brother, Michael, reported for induction in his place, passing himself off as Robert. Michael DuBois was sent into combat in Vietnam, where he lost both his arms and legs. After learning this, DuBois went insane from guilt.

Later, DuBois was contacted by employees of Lex Luthor, who sought a pawn to assassinate Luthor's archenemy Superman. Operatives of Luthor, under the direction of a man named Kimberley, played upon DuBois' fixations on Vietnam to condition him psychologically to want to kill Superman. They also equipped DuBois with an arsenal of powerful, advanced weapons, including a Kryptonite gun. DuBois then went into action in Metropolis, calling himself Bloodsport. He now claimed that both his brother and he had served in combat in Vietnam and had been injured there. Professing rage at the citizens of Metropolis for wasting the freedom he claimed both his brother and himself fought to defend, Bloodsport indiscriminately slaughtered dozens of innocent people. In his first clash with Superman, Bloodsport severely weakened him with a Kryptonite bullet. After receiving medical aid, Superman confronted Bloodsport once more. Even Luthor, outraged by Bloodsport's murders of so many people due to the attention this would attract to his assault, attempted to stop the mad killer. Superman succeeded in causing the teleportation device Bloodsport used to bring weapons to himself to malfunction. Bloodsport then threatened to detonate his teleporter's power pack, blowing up ten square miles of the city. Superman's friend Jimmy Olsen had learned of Bloodsport's true identity and located his brother. Confronted by Michael, Bloodsport collapsed in grief and was taken into custody.

DuBois has a brief encounter with Deadshot, which was eventually broken up by Superman and Batman. He also appeared in JLA/Avengers as a villain who ambushes Vision and Aquaman with a group of other villains. He later fights Steel, but is restrained by Hal Jordan. DuBois remained in prison for several years, and eventually earned the enmity of Alexander Trent, another prisoner on Stryker's Island who had since taken up the name Bloodsport. As racial tension began to overwhelm Stryker's Island, the prison warden decided to host a boxing match between DuBois and Trent. He believed that this was the ideal way to allow the inmates to vent their frustrations without inciting further acts of violence. To safeguard the situation, the warden asked Superman to referee the match. The riot broke out, resulting in DuBois getting his hands on one of Trent's weapons and using it to blast a hole in the prison wall. DuBois ran for freedom, but was apparently shot dead by armed prison guards in the watchtower.

Following the events of Dark Nights: Death Metal, DuBois was reintroduced to the DC Universe during Infinite Frontier. After his brother's death, his mental state deteriorated, leading him to become the mercenary Bloodsport. After failing to kill Superman, he was sent to Belle Reve until he was forced into the Suicide Squad with the task of exploring the Multiverse for Amanda Waller's own personal ambitions.

Alexander Trent

The character of Alex Trent is a fanatical racist, a member of the white supremacist group that both Perry White and Franklin Stern encountered in their youth. He adopts the name Bloodsport, ironically used previously by an African American. He also has a similar teleporter grafted into his body, which he can likewise use to summon weapons. He is captured by Superman after Ron Troupe destroys the warehouse from which he was teleporting his weapons. Some time later, in an effort to provide an outlet for rising tensions at Stryker's Island Prison, a boxing match between the two Bloodsports is organised. Trent is able to activate his teleporter and bring in weaponry. In the resulting confusion, DuBois is killed while trying to escape. Trent is later burned in his prison cell by the Brotherhood for showing weakness in front of DuBois. The teleporter technology has since been used by the anti-corporate vigilante Demolitia.

Third version
An unnamed person took up the mantle of Bloodsport, and eventually teamed up with Hellgrammite, Silver Banshee, Kryptonite Man, Toyman, Puzzler, Livewire and Riot to take on Superman. Superman attempted to stop all the villains, especially as Bloodsport shot at Jimmy Olsen, to which the bullet was stopped. After these events, Bloodsport turned up in the crowd of villains transported to another planet in Salvation Run; and to be a quickly defeated menace by Guardian.

Personality
DuBois pretends that he is a bitter Vietnam veteran who feels greatly betrayed and rejected by his country, thus he enjoys powerful and righteous anger toward his fellow Americans for wasting the freedoms invading Vietnam supposedly helped preserve. However, he has no first-hand experience about this war, ergo, his speeches and character are largely drawn from movies about the war and folk representations of Vietnam War veterans. Though at first he seemed aware that his vet persona was fictional, he grew increasingly delusional and dissociated. Described as a very violent and powerful man, DuBois was plunged into a permanent fantasy about being a soldier, and was even feared by the other dangerous prisoners at Stryker's Island Prison in Metropolis.

Powers and abilities
While Robert DuBois has no superhuman powers, he has proven to be a formidable hand-to-hand combatant when needed due to his excellent physical condition and his fearlessness as a fighter. He's in possession of a device that enables him to teleport high-tech weaponry to him from a distant location instantaneously, with many being one-of-a-kind prototypes from advanced LexCorp research projects. Superman has described the arsenal to be "extradimensional" in both quality and quantity.

He is incredibly strong and significantly more durable than the average human, as evidenced by his survival of several physical altercations with Superman. DuBois' reflexes and senses are extraordinarily keen and allow him to respond to Deadshot and alarm Superman. He's a quick and accurate shooter with a wide variety of firearms, from handguns to shoulder-fired weapons. He's a fully ambidextrous marksman, and can shoot with either hand without any loss of accuracy or speed. On top of his sheer size and musculature, the insane DuBois seems to have a significant level of manic strength and intensity: In a boxing match, he stood toe-to-toe with Alexander Trent, a man with borderline superhuman strength and reflexes.

Television

 * The Robert DuBois incarnation of Bloodsport makes non-speaking appearances in Justice League Unlimited. Following a minor appearance in the episode "The Cat and the Canary" as a participant in Roulette's Meta-Brawl, he becomes a member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society as of the episode "The Great Brain Robbery". Prior to and during the episode "Alive!", Lex Luthor takes command of the Society, but Grodd mounts a mutiny against him. Bloodsport initially sides with the latter, but later defects to Luthor's side before he and most of the Society are killed by Darkseid.
 * The Robert DuBois incarnation of Bloodsport appears in the Supergirl episode "Girl of Steel", portrayed by David St. Louis. This version was originally part of the military until he was caught stealing weaponry and became a mercenary and terrorist.

Film

 * The Alexander Trent incarnation of Bloodsport appears in Justice League vs. the Fatal Five, voiced by Tom Kenny. This version is a deranged conspiracy theorist.
 * The Robert DuBois incarnation of Bloodsport appears in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Idris Elba. This version is a Black British mercenary armed with a high-tech suit and collapsible weapons that only he can use,  who is serving time in prison for shooting Superman with a Kryptonite bullet. Additionally, he has a daughter named Tyla (portrayed by Storm Reid).

Video games
The Robert DuBois incarnation of Bloodsport, inspired by the DCEU incarnation, appears as a skin in Fortnite Battle Royale.

title: Bloodsport (character)


text: Talk:U.S. Route 66 Alternate (Los Angeles, California)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
2008 Washington gubernatorial election

The 2008 gubernatorial election in Washington was held on November 4, 2008. Republican Dino Rossi and incumbent Democratic Governor Christine Gregoire emerged from the August 19 primary. This made the 2008 election a rematch between the candidates from the 2004 election, the closest gubernatorial election in the state's history. In contrast to the recounts and months of legal challenges in their previous contest, Gregoire was the clear winner on November 5, earning 53 percent of the vote. With a margin of 6.45%, this election was the second-closest race of the 2008 gubernatorial election cycle, behind only the election in North Carolina.

Primary election
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" valign=top|Candidate !style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Stated party preference !style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Website !style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Notes
 * Christine Gregoire || Prefers Democratic Party || cw || Incumbent governor
 * Dino Rossi || Prefers G.O.P. Party || cw || Ex-state senator, 2004 gubernatorial nominee
 * Will Baker || Prefers Reform Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * Duff Badgley || Prefers Green Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * John W. Aiken Jr. || Prefers Republican Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * Christian Pierre Joubert || Prefers Democratic Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * Chris Tudor || States No Party Preference || cw || Out; lost primary
 * Javier O. Lopez || Prefers Republican Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * Mohammad Hasan Said || States No Party Preference || cw || Out; lost primary
 * James White || Prefers Independent Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * colspan=4 align=left|Source: Secretary of State
 * }
 * Chris Tudor || States No Party Preference || cw || Out; lost primary
 * Javier O. Lopez || Prefers Republican Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * Mohammad Hasan Said || States No Party Preference || cw || Out; lost primary
 * James White || Prefers Independent Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * colspan=4 align=left|Source: Secretary of State
 * }
 * James White || Prefers Independent Party || cw || Out; lost primary
 * colspan=4 align=left|Source: Secretary of State
 * }
 * colspan=4 align=left|Source: Secretary of State
 * }

The Washington primary election was held August 19, 2008. For the first time, Washington ran a top-two primary, eliminating the "pick a party" primary used since 2004. Unlike traditional primaries, wherein each party with more than one candidate is reduced to a single person to appear on the general election ballot, the system simply reduces the entire crop of candidates from all parties down to the top two candidates, resulting in no more than two candidates appearing on the general election ballot for a given position. As a result, candidates from all parties were essentially running against each other. To allow for ideological identification, each candidate in a partisan race was allowed to indicate an arbitrary party preference.

Controversy over Rossi's party preference
Under the changes to election law made by the passage of Initiative 872, partisan contests are no longer tied to registered parties, but candidates are allowed to indicate an arbitrary "party preference" to appear next to their name on the primary and general election ballots. An extreme example of this occurred in the 40th District race for state senator, where candidate Timothy Stoddard indicated a preference for the "Salmon Yoga" party.

Republican candidate Dino Rossi listed his party preference as "G.O.P." instead of the traditional party name "Republican". Critics of Rossi contended that the choice of party name was an attempt to distance himself from any negative opinions associated with the Republican Party. Rossi's campaign argued that the difference was insignificant, saying voters are already aware that the terms refer to the same party. However, an Elway Research poll taken in August 2008 found that over 25% of registered voters were not aware that the term "GOP" meant the Republican Party.

On September 23, the Washington State Democrats, alleging that the latter is a misrepresentation of his true party affiliation, filed a lawsuit against the Secretary of State to force the state to list Rossi to on the general election ballot as a Republican instead of with the "GOP Party" label. A King County Superior Court judge dismissed the suit, saying nothing in state law made the choice of party name illegal, but he acknowledged the potential confusion. Had the lawsuit succeeded, many counties would have had to reprint their ballots, and the already-cast absentee votes of military personnel may have become invalid.

Primary results
While the primary was officially held on August 19, 2008, some counties such as King County allow absentee ballots to be postmarked by that date in order to be valid. As a result, the primary vote tally may not be officially certified until as late as September 9, to allow time for mailed-in ballots to arrive and be counted by the counties. As an increasing number of counties allow, encourage, or mandate mail-in ballots for voters within the county, the number of such ballots can be significant.

The vote tally as of October 10 is as follows:

General election
Christine Gregoire and Dino Rossi were declared the winners of the primary and placed on the ballot for the November 4 election, which coincided with the national election. However, with all Washington counties either exclusively or (in the case of Pierce and King counties) predominantly voting via mail-in ballot, many votes were cast prior to that date. King County, the largest county in the state, and the one which carried Gregoire to victory in 2004, sent out overseas absentee ballots on October 5, and resident mail-in ballots on October 17.

In Washington state, mail-in ballots only need to be postmarked, not received, by November 4, meaning that valid ballots will continue to be received and counted after that date. For the 2008 election, counties had until November 26 to send results to the state, and the Secretary of State had until December 4 to certify all state results.

Polling

 * Aggregate polls

Police Guild press conference incident
At an August 7 press conference held by the Seattle Police Officers Guild to declare its endorsement of Rossi, the Guild forcibly removed Kelly Akers, a Gregoire campaign staffer who was filming the event, from the premises. The Rossi campaign reiterated a standing policy to prevent opposing campaigns from filming Rossi's appearances, to deny them the ability to take "attack footage." Rossi's campaign staff includes a cameraman tasked with filming Gregoire appearances.

Debates
Five debates were held between Gregoire and Rossi, the candidates in the general election.

 * The Spokane debate was taped in the morning to be aired at the indicated time. All other debates were held and aired live.

The Gregoire campaign had sought a sixth debate in Tacoma, sponsored by the Tacoma News-Tribune. The Rossi campaign instead sought a sixth debate in Vancouver, Washington, sponsored by The Columbian. The local Camas-Washougal Rotary Club went so far as to reserve a venue for October 8. The campaigns could not agree on either event.

The Gregoire campaign had set aside August 15 for a pre-primary radio debate with Rossi on Seattle NPR station KUOW-FM. Rossi declined to appear, giving Gregoire solo airtime.

Results
These are the gubernatorial election results as of 11/25/2008 10:45 PM PST. Gregoire declared victory after late evening returns were posted, with 42% of the statewide vote counted, showing her with a 52% lead over Rossi. By 10:30 PM PST (1:30 AM EST) all five major television networks had called the race for Gregoire. The Rossi campaign called the networks' declarations "premature" and did not concede defeat that evening. Rossi held out hope that late ballots would carry him, as late returns had reversed an early Gregoire lead in 2004. Rossi conceded the next morning.

Rossi conceded defeat in the gubernatorial election on November 5. In his concession speech, he indicated that he was not planning a return to politics.

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Cowlitz (largest city: Longview)

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Island (largest city: Oak Harbor)
 * Kitsap (largest city: Bremerton)
 * Pierce (largest city: Tacoma)
 * Skagit (largest city: Mount Vernon)

By congressional district
Gregoire won 5 of 9 congressional districts with the remaining 4 going to Rossi, including one that elected a Democrat.

title: 2008 Washington gubernatorial election


text: User talk:71.253.24.198

title: User talk:71.253.24.198


text:
Robert Gunther

Robert William Theodore Gunther (23 August 1869 – 9 March 1940) was a historian of science, zoologist, and founder of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford.

Gunther's father, Albert Günther, was Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum in London. Robert Gunther was educated at University College School, attached to University College London. Towards the end of his schooling he attended lectures at University College itself. He was elected to a four-year demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1887 and took this up in 1888. He joined the Oxford University Scientific Club in his first term at Magdalen and subsequently he took up a Fellowship at the college.

In 1911, Gunther and his family moved to 5 Folly Bridge, an unusual and distinctive tall house on a small island in the River Thames next to the bridge. This made the river central to his life. He was a pioneer of environmental conservation in Oxford.

From 1923, Robert Gunther produced a fourteen volume set of books on Early Science in Oxford, his magnum opus, the last appearing in 1945. These were initially produced under the auspices of the Oxford Historical Society and printed at the Clarendon Press, Oxford. A fifteenth volume by his son A. E. Gunther in 1967 covered Robert Gunther himself.

Between 1926 and 1930, Gunther founded the Museum of the History of Science in the Old Ashmolean building, with some difficulty: it is apparent that few of his contemporaries shared his passion for historical scientific instruments, and indeed the Early Science series makes barbed comments about the failure of predecessors in various august bodies to preserve such things. The museum's initial collection was based on the scientific instrument collection of his friend Lewis Evans, donated in 1924.

Gunther died after a short illness, while staying at a friend's house in the south Oxfordshire village of South Stoke. He and his wife, Amy, are buried at Heacham, Norfolk, in the Rolfe family plot, having written their family history. He was succeeded as Curator of the Museum of the History of Science by Frank Sherwood Taylor.

An archive of manuscripts collected by Gunther is held by the Museum of the History of Science.

Family
He was the son of Albert Günther, and his first wife Roberta Mitchell née McIntosh (1842–1869), sister of William M‘Intosh.

He married, in 1900, Amy née Neville-Rolfe, daughter of Eustace Neville-Rolfe CVO (1845–1908), HM Consul-General at Naples, and Emily Auber Frances née Thornhill (1844–1900). They had two sons: Eustace Rolfe Gunther (1902–1940) and Albert Everard Gunther (1903–1998).

title: Robert Gunther


text: User talk:70.27.114.219

title: User talk:70.27.114.219


text: User talk:71.104.103.183

title: User talk:71.104.103.183


text:
Talk:Epicor

Financials concern
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=EPIC&annual

I highly doubt the $ figures in this post so am (????) them

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.217.53.27 (talk) 22:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality
Is it just me or does this page read like an ad for the company? Someone that knows more about them then I do needs to rewrite this. FyreFiend 23:34, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It looks like the last two edits were by a new user whose only edits are to this article. They replaced something that was at least neutral-sounding with a big ad. I've reverted it. Apart from that, I'm not sure that this company is notable enough to have an article. They're certainly nowhere near the league of the big players. — Saxifrage ✎ 01:17, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. This article sounds like you might find it on the company's "About" page. I've added the advert tag to the article. Zoon van Zaal (talk) 15:12, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

 * It appears much more neutral now, so I've gone ahead and removed the WP:ADVERT tag. A sentient pickle (talk) 16:57, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

Wow is this just an add or what. It should be taken down — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.252.176.162 (talk) 00:00, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Director
Epicor website shows Lisa Preuss is the Director of Public Relations and Analyst Relations Chilliduckfeet 09:57, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Copyvio?
This article is copied from http://www.epicor.com/www/company/corporateprofile --analoguedragon 14:45, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Ugh
I'm really not sure why they have an article. I KNOW it's in the rules somewhere that you're not supposed to create an article about your own group/company whatever.

Also, I'm not sure how they're still in business, putting out accounting software (for Windows only) that follows NO windows hotkey conventions, and is BARELY configurable in that regard. Makes using it a huge hassle.Kingoomieiii (talk) 15:49, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epicor


text:
Charles II, Duke of Parma

Charles Louis (Carlo Lodovico; 22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) was King of Etruria (1803–1807; reigned as Louis II), Duke of Lucca (1824–1847; reigned as Charles Louis), and Duke of Parma (1847–1849; reigned as Charles II).

He was the only son of Louis, Prince of Piacenza, and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. Born at the Royal Palace of Madrid at the court of his maternal grandfather King Charles IV of Spain, he spent his first years living at the Spanish court. In 1801, by the Treaty of Aranjuez, Charles became Crown Prince of Etruria, a newly created kingdom formed from territories of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Charles moved to Italy with his parents and in 1803, not yet four years old, he succeeded his father as King of Etruria under the name Louis II.

His mother Infanta Maria Luisa assumed the regency while Charles Louis' minority lasted. In 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the kingdom of Etruria and Charles Louis and his mother took refuge in Spain. In May 1808 they were forced to leave Spain by Napoleon who arrested Charles Louis' mother in a convent in Rome. Between 1811 and 1814 Charles Louis was placed under the care of his grandfather, the deposed King Charles IV of Spain.

After Napoleon's fall, in 1817, Infanta Maria Luisa became Duchess of Lucca in her own right and Charles Louis, age sixteen, became hereditary Prince of Lucca. In 1820 he married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy. They were a mismatched couple and had only one surviving son.

At his mother's death in 1824, Charles Louis became the reigning Duke of Lucca. He had little interest in ruling. He left the duchy in the hands of his ministers and spent most of his time traveling around Europe. A liberal movement led him to abdicate Lucca in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany in October 1847 in exchange for financial compensation, as he wanted to retire to private life. Two months later, in December 1847, at the death of the former Empress Marie Louise, he succeeded her as the reigning Duke of Parma according to what had been stipulated by the Congress of Vienna.

His reign in Parma as Duke Charles II was brief. He was ill-received by his new subjects and within a few months he was ousted by a revolution. He regained control of Parma under the protection of Austrian troops, but finally abdicated in favor of his son Charles III on 14 March 1849. His son was assassinated in 1854 and his grandson Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma, was deposed in 1860. In exile Charles Louis assumed the title of count of Villafranca. He spent the last years of his life mostly in France, dying at Nice on 16 April 1883.

Early life
Charles Louis was born at the Royal Palace of Madrid. His father, a member of the Bourbons of Parma, was Louis, Prince of Piacenza, son and heir of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma. His mother, Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain, was a daughter of King Charles IV of Spain. They had married in 1795 when the Hereditary Prince of Parma came to Madrid in search of a wife. The couple remained in Spain for the first years of their married life. It was for this reason that Charles Louis was born in Madrid at his maternal grandfather's court and he was included in Francisco de Goya's famous portrait of the family of Charles IV, in the arms of his mother.

Charles Louis's early life was over-shadowed by the actions of Napoleon Bonaparte who was interested in conquering the Italian states. French troops invaded the Duchy of Parma in 1796. In 1801, for the Treaty of Aranjuez, Charles Louis became Crown Prince of the newly created Kingdom of Etruria, formed from the former territories of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, as heir to his father, whom Napoleon had made King of Etruria in compensation for giving up his right to Parma.

On 21 April 1801 Charles Louis left Spain with his parents. After a short visit to Napoleon in Paris, they moved to Florence taking residence in the Pitti palace, the former home of the Medici family. Only a few months after settling in Florence, the Etrurian royal family was called back to Spain. It was during this trip that Charles's only sibling, Princess Maria Luisa Carlota of Parma, was born. Their visit was cut short by the death of Charles Louis' paternal grandfather, Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, who had clung to his throne until his death on 9 October 1802, when Parma passed to France under the terms of a treaty which he had signed.

In December 1802 the royal family of Etruria returned to Florence, but King Louis, who suffered from epilepsy and was frequently ill, died few months later on 27 May 1803.

King of Etruria
After his father's death, Charles Louis, who was only three years old, succeeded him as King Charles Louis I of Etruria. He was under the regency of his mother Maria Luisa. In 1807, Napoleon dissolved the kingdom and had Charles Louis and his mother brought to France. Charles Louis was promised the throne of a new Kingdom of Northern Lusitania (in the north of Portugal), but this plan never materialized, due to the break between Napoleon and the Spanish Bourbons in 1808. Charles Louis, his mother and sister looked for refuge in Spain, arriving at the court of Charles IV on 19 February 1808. Spain was in unrest, and less than three months after their arrival, all members of the Spanish Royal family were taken to France on Napoleon's orders, while Napoleon gave the Spanish crown to his brother Joseph Bonaparte. Charles Louis left Spain with his mother and sister on 2 May 1808 for Bayonne and then Compiegne, the residence which had been assigned to them. Maria Luisa was promised the Ducal Palace of Colorno in Parma and a substantial allowance, but Napoleon did not keep his word and Charles Louis with his mother and sister were held captive in Nice. When Charles Louis's mother tried to escape from Napoleon's grip, she was arrested and locked in a convent in Rome in August 1811. Charles Louis did not share his mother and sister's imprisonment. He was given in custody to his grandfather Charles IV, the deposed King of Spain. For the next four years, (1811–1815), Charles Louis lived under the care of his grandfather in the household of the exiled Spanish royal family in Rome. After Napoleon's downfall in 1815, the House of Bourbon was not restored to the Duchy of Parma, which was instead given to Napoleon's wife, the Empress Marie Louise. The Congress of Vienna compensated the Bourbons with the Duchy of Lucca, which was given to Charles Louis's mother, with Charles Louis as her heir, bearing the title Prince of Lucca. He was also promised the right of succession to Parma upon Empress Marie Louise's death.

In December 1817, weeks before his eighteenth birthday, Charles Louis made his entry in Lucca with his mother. Due to the vicissitudes of the early years of his life he had not received a formal political education, but through self-teaching he acquired a vast knowledge. He was a Renaissance man with a wide range of interests, yet his fickle nature drawn him from his early youth to many different branches of knowledge, from medicine to music (he composed sacred music), to foreign languages. He was particularly oriented to humanities. Biblical and liturgical studies captured his interest. His ideology was influenced by the enlightening and romanticism of the period that followed the restoration of the European peace after the end of the Napoleonic wars.

As crown prince, he found himself subjected to continuous monitoring by his mother. Restless as he was, he clashed with his conservative mother who, in her later years, turned increasingly to religion. He also disliked her absolutist form of governing. However, from his mother, he inherited the love of the Spanish Bourbons for the pomp of a royal court. The relationship between mother and son turned sour with the years. He later complained that his mother had "ruined him physically, morally and financially".

Marriage
In 1820 his mother arranged his marriage with Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879), one of the twin daughters of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. The wedding took place in Lucca on 5 September 1820. Maria Theresa, who turned seventeen two weeks after the wedding, was tall and beautiful. They were said to be the most handsome royal couple. They had two children:

 * Luisa Francesca (29 October 1821 – 8 September 1823)
 * Charles III, Duke of Parma (14 January 1823 – 27 March 1854)

Charles Louis was witty, charming and of a gregarious nature. Maria Theresa was melancholic and, unlike her husband, she was a deeply devout Catholic. They were a mismatched couple who lived most of their married life apart from each other. "Even if there was no love", Charles Louis later commented, "there was respect".

Duke of Lucca

On 13 March 1824 Charles Louis' mother died and he succeeded her as the Duke of Lucca. Aged twenty-five, he inherited a small but well kept duchy. However he showed a lack of interest in ruling. The turbulent episodes of his early life had affected him badly. In his own words "The stormy nature of my life, my inexperience, my good faith have unfortunate resulted in a complete lack of faith in myself and a diffidence, often involuntary but none the less inevitable towards, others."

Charles Louis was initially uninterested in government, preferring to give free rein to his love for traveling. During the first few years of his reign he was largely absent from the duchy, leaving its government to his ministers led by Ascanio Mansi. From 1824 to 1827 Charles Louis traveled throughout Italy. He visited Rome and the courts of Naples and Modena often, he was less keen in staying with his in laws at the Piedmont Court which he disliked due to its austerity. From 1827 to 1833 he traveled thorough Germany where he owned two castles: Urschendorff (near Sankt Egyden am Steinfeld) and Weistropp (near Dresden). He enjoyed life at the Austrian court, where his sister in law was Empress. While in Vienna he rented the Kinsky Palace. He also spent time in Berlin, Frankfurt, Prague and in the capitals of other German states.

In the early 1830s Charles Louis began to take an increased interest in state affairs. His duchy was not affected by the revolutionary movements that ran across central Italy in 1831. In foreign relations, he refused to recognize King Louis Philippe of France, who had come to power in the July Revolution of 1830. He was also allied with the Carlists in Spain supporting his uncle the Carlist claimant, Carlos V and with the legitimate (Miguelist) cause in Portugal (former King Miguel I of Portugal was his first cousin).

In 1833, after staying away for three years, Charles Louis returned to Lucca and granted a general amnesty. This was in stark contrast to the attitude of others Italian states that opted for repression and imprisonment. The same year Thomas Ward, a former English jockey, arrived in Lucca and in few years he became Charles Louis' adviser and minister. Charles Louis studied and collected biblical and liturgical texts and was interested in different religious rituals. He had built a Greek Orthodox chapel at his villa in Marlia, and he also flirted with Protestantism, which was viewed unfavourably by other Catholic courts.

Charles Louis made a number of administrative and financial reforms that were popular. Between 1824 and 1829, some measures were taken relating to duties; to a certain freedom of trade; tax cuts, at the Land Registry. He gave especial encouragement to education and medicine, favoring the establishment of schools. These reforms were implemented thanks to the initiative of his Minister Mansi during the duke's absence. Charles disappointed his subjects who had hoped for a return to the constitution of 1805 and the hopes of Liberals in his duchy shifted to his only son and heir. He tried to copy in Lucca things he saw made abroad regardless if the conditions in the duchy were favorable. His love for traveling created many difficulties in governing and he often signed decrees according to his state of mind at the moment without any real knowledge of the issues. The actual power rested in his minister Mansi. It was said that while Charles Louis was the Duke, Mansi was king. Aware that Lucca was headed to be annexed by Tuscany, Mansi aligned his policies with those of Florence, which was resented by Charles Louis. However his weakness and his restless character did not allow Charles to escape the oppressive relations of protection and control exerted upon Lucca by the courts of Austria, Tuscany and Modena. He was viewed with suspicion by both Louis Philippe of France and Metternich.

After 1833, Charles Louis, chronically short of money, stayed abroad less frequently. In 1836 he returned to Vienna and in 1838, after being in Milan for the coronation of Emperor Ferdinand, he went to France and then to England where he contracted debts. In 1837 he authorized the opening of a casino in Pieve Santo Stefano. The same year he promoted a reform of the State Council and the Council of Ministers. In 1840, while he was staying in Rome, his minister Ascanio Mansi died. Mansi's death heralded a new period during which Charles Louis took the initiative more, but his court drew adventures from different nationalities and Lucca became a haven for liberals fugitives from other states. Some of them were unscrupulous adventures of dubious reputation. He chose Antonio Mazzarosa, an eminent man, as presidency of the Council of State, but under Austrian pressure, he appointed Fabrizio Ostuni as Foreign Minister representing him at the Austrian court. Ostuni tenure lasted only three years (1840–1843) and coincided with a period of increasing financial distress. The economy of the duchy was in decline since 1830 and deteriorated further with the years. In 1841, the paintings of the Palatine Gallery had to be sold. The irregularities committed by Ostuni were discovered and denounced by Charles Louis' new right-hand man, Thomas Ward.

Charles Louis rarely saw his wife, who after 1840 retired from public life and lived in religious seclusion in Pianore. He visited her, but commented that her weak intellect and lack of sensitivity "would enable her to live a century". Charles Louis admired female beauty, but was believed to be homosexual. While in his Duchy, Charles was really little in his capital preferring to stay in the country in Marlia. In 1845 his son married princess Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, a daughter of the Duke of Berry and the only sister of the French legitimate pretender, the Count of Chambord.

Under pressure by Austria, Charles Louis agreed on some territorial adjustments that were detrimental to his future inheritance in Parma. By the treaty of Florence, on 28 November 1844, between Charles Louis and the dukes of Tuscany and Modena, he had to give up his claim to the Duchy of Guastalla and the lands east of the Enza. These territories would be given to Modena receiving in compensation only Lunigiana. The treaty of Florence remained a secret for nearly three years, but once it became known it contributed to Charles Louis growing unpopularity both in Lucca and in Parma. Need for money led the Duke, on the advice of Ward, who became Minister of Finance, to claim tax credits for titles dating back thirty years. All these resulted in general dissatisfaction. A liberal movement began to grow in Lucca where in 1847 there was a series of demonstrations, culminating in July in a full-scale riot. At first Charles Louis tried to assert his authority, but the continuous unrest forced him to take refuge in the Villa of San Martino in Vignale. On 1 September 1847, alarmed at the sight of a crowd that wanted to submit some reforms, he signed a series of concessions. Three days later, under pressure from many citizens, he returned to Lucca, where he was welcomed triumphantly. However he was unable to cope with the pressure and on 9 September he left for Modena. From there, he issued a decree that converted the Council of State in a Council of Regency. On 4 October he abdicated in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who would in any case have taken the duchy when Charles Louis became Duke of Parma, meanwhile he was to receive a monthly economical compensation. Thomas Ward arranged the premature handover; in a letter Charles told him "I can't describe to you how I feel and what a sacrifice I have made". He left for Saxony while his family went to live in Turin under the protection of King Charles Albert of Sardinia.

Duke of Parma
Charles Louis wandered from Modena to his German estates. Released from the burdens of government, he aspired to enjoy life as a free man dedicating his time to travel and study. However he soon received news that Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, was gravely ill. She died on 17 December 1847. He was faced with the dilemma of whether to accept or refuse the Duchy of Parma. Initially he was tempted to evade the new responsibilities that fell upon his shoulders, but ended up accepting it, so as not to compromise the rights of his son. On 31 December 1847, Charles Louis arrived in Parma and took possession of the throne of his ancestors with the name of Charles (Carlo) II. The Duchy of Lucca was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, while Parma lost Guastalla but acquired Lunigiana.

Charles II was coldly received in Parma, a country and people he did not know well. He lacked the character and political acumen to be able to overcome a situation far more complicated than the one he had left behind in the much smaller Duchy of Lucca. Parma was dominated by Austria and he was not free to follow his own political ideas. He wrote to Ward. "It is better to die than to live like this. During the day, and when I am alone and can weep I weep. But that does not help." He lacked the support of his cousins in Madrid and in Paris, even though he went in 1852 to Spain to recognize his cousin Isabella II as the legitimate Queen. In France Charles X had lost his throne in the 1830 revolution. He was a virtually prisoner in the palace and wanted to abdicate.

In his first acts of government, he tried to organize the central administration. He also signed a military alliance with Austria. A few months after his arrival, the 1848 revolution broke out in Parma. He was forced to choose between suppressing the revolution or granting reforms. He decided for the latter and appointed a regency with the task of preparing a constitution. His intention was to save the throne for his son who asked for help from Charles Albert of Savoy. However Piacenza had already asked to join Piedmont and Charles Albert wanted annexation. On 9 April the regency transformed into a provisional government. Only four months after regaining the throne of his ancestors, Charles II was forced to flee from Italy, finding refuge in the castle of Weistropp in Saxony. On 19 April 1848, Charles abdicated in favor of his son, who had himself escaped.

During the First Italian War of Independence the Austrian army decisively defeated the troops of Charles Albert at Custoza, and then at Milan, forcing him to sign the armistice of Salasco on 9 August 1848. In April 1849, Austrian troops led by Marshall Radetzki occupied Parma and Piacenza. Charles II hastened to reassert its rights over the Duchy. He took control of the government under Austrian protection. Satisfied with securing the Duchy of Parma for his family, Charles presented his final resignation on 14 March 1849 at Weistropp in Saxony abdicating on his son.

Last years
After his abdication Charles Louis assumed the title of Count of Villafranca. Living as a private man, he dedicated his time to hobbies, alternating his stays between Paris, Nice and the castle of Weistropp in Saxony.

Always short of money, he sold his Austrian estate of Urschendorff to his friend Thomas Ward. In 1852 he went to Spain to recognize his cousin Isabella II as rightful queen. He began to return to Lucca where its citizen still had some sympathy for their former ruler despite his sale of the city. He was allowed to attend a family reunion held at Pianore in April 1853.

His only son Charles III, age 31, was assassinated on 27 March 1854. In 1854 Charles Louis moved to Paris. In 1856 he visited his son's tomb in Viareggio and saw his wife. His grandson, Robert I, who was reigning in Parma under the regency of his mother, Louise Marie Thérèse, lost his throne in March 1860 during the Italian unification. Charles Louis, unlike other dethroned Italian monarchs, welcomed the unification of Italy as a positive development.

After 1860 Charles Louis was able to come to Italy more freely. He visited Lucca with increasing frequency staying in the Villas of Montignoso and San Martino in Vignale. His wife, Maria Theresa, who lived in complete retirement as a nun in villa San Martino in Lucca died on 16 July 1879. Charles Louis was in Vienna at the time and only in October came to pay respect to her remains. His great granddaughter Archduchess Louise of Tuscany, later Crown Princess of Saxony, described him in her memoirs: "My maternal great grandfather, Duke Charles of Parma and Lucca was one of the most amusing and original men. He had estates in Saxony, to which he retired when he became weary of court life. He was always a protestant at Meissen, where his favorite castle was situated, and when he was remonstrated with on the subject by his spiritual advisers he replied. 'when I go to Constantinople I shall be a Mohammedan; In fact wherever I go I always adopt, for the time being, the religion of the country, as it keeps me so much more in tone with the local color scheme.'"

Charles Louis survived his wife for less than three years. He died at Nice on 16 April 1883, age 83. He was buried at the large property at Viareggio belonging to the Parma family.

title: Charles II, Duke of Parma


text:
User talk:Eve7698

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 22:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your article
Just so you know, I removed Eve7698 from article space. I was going to move it to your user page for you, but I see the same thing is already there, so it looks you already go it straightened out. Happy wiki-ing. Friday (talk) 22:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eve7698


text:
User:Emana

Emana is a freelance journalist travelling the world. Throughout her travels, Emana has encountered life, death, and everything in between. Emana is also a merc. Double tapping has become a habit.

Please leave comments on my talk page, not here.

Articles for Deletion

 * NO CURRENT PROJECTS

Cleanup

 * NO CURRENT PROJECTS

Merger

 * NO CURRENT PROJECTS

Stubs
stub finance-stub business-stub

Splits
split splitsection

Merges
merge mergeto mergefrom

ja:User:Emana es:User:Emana

title: User:Emana


text: User talk:209.175.47.164

title: User talk:209.175.47.164


text:
Talk:Danish krone

New coins
Is there any news regarding new krone coins for the new King Frederik X? Tvx1 21:10, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danish krone


text:
Mahomet Aquifer

The Mahomet Aquifer is the most important aquifer in east-central Illinois. Composed of sand and gravel, it is part of the buried Mahomet Bedrock Valley. It underlies 15 counties and ranges from 50 to 200 ft thick. It supplies over 100000000 USgal per day of groundwater for public water use, industrial supply, and irrigation.

Hydrogeologic setting
The Mahomet Aquifer consists of sand and gravel deposited by glacial meltwater flowing westward along the Mahomet Bedrock Valley during the Pre-Illinoian glacial episode. This bedrock valley forms the western part of the Teays-Mahomet Bedrock Valley System that extends into Illinois from Indiana (Larson et al., 2003). Most of the sand and gravel of the Mahomet Aquifer is from the lower half of the Banner Formation and belongs to the Mahomet Sand Member which is buried 100 to 200 ft below the ground surface.

The aquifer underlies 1,260,000 acre of land in east-central Illinois and spans 15 counties (Panno and Korab, 2000). The Mahomet ranges from 4 to 15 mi and 50 to 200 ft thick, although the average thickness is 100 ft. The aquifer is confined except in Mason, Menard, and Tazewell Counties in the west near the Illinois River.

Groundwater use
The Mahomet Aquifer supplies approximately 850,000 people with water. The Illinois Bureau of the Budget projects that the population could increase to about 910,000 people by 2020. An estimated 100000000 USgal per day of groundwater is pumped from the aquifer to supply municipal, agricultural, commercial, industrial, and rural domestic users (Larson et al., 2003). Approximately 45% of the water withdrawn is consumed by the public, 29% by industry, and 18% by commercial users (Panno and Korab, 2000). The remaining percentage is for other uses such as livestock and irrigation.

As the population increases and economic growth occurs in the region, the demand for water also rises. Concern about additional groundwater withdrawal and the resulting repercussions has encouraged planning, management, and groundwater studies. The Illinois State Geological Survey and the Illinois State Water Survey have collected data that indicate declining water levels in certain parts of the Mahomet Aquifer.

Water quality
The water quality in the Mahomet Aquifer is high in dissolved minerals and iron, which is typical of all groundwater. Neither of these pose a human health risk. One contaminant that is of concern is naturally occurring arsenic. The arsenic leaches from oxidized pyrite. Concentrations can range from 20 to 70 parts per billion (ppb), which exceeds the new standard adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Panno and Korab, 2000). The new standard is 10 ppb. Water-supply systems must comply with the new standard from January 23, 2006 (EPA, 2004). The arsenic can be effectively removed with commercially available water-treatment systems.

Mahomet Aquifer Consortium
The Mahomet Aquifer Consortium (MAC) was formed in 1998 with the purpose of developing a study and management plan for the aquifer. The group consists of 70 representatives from the public, water authorities, water companies, professional groups, and local, county, state, and federal governments. The goal of the MAC is to study the aquifer so that informed decisions can be made about meeting future water demand as populations increase and extreme weather events occur (MAC, 2004).

title: Mahomet Aquifer


text: Talk:Guatemalan quetzal

title: Talk:Guatemalan quetzal


text:
Talk:Dracula (plant)

the name
Is the derivation of the name given here correct? Draco is a masculine noun, while -ula is a feminine ending. Other masculine nouns ending in -o (e.g. leo, homo) use the diminutive ending -culus (leunculus, homunculus), and the form dracunculus is attested in Pliny's Natural History as well as in Linnaeus's name for tarragon (which I believe he got from Pliny). Does anyone have the original reference, and if so, did Carlyle Luer explicitly say that the name is from the Latin? —Charles P. (Mirv) 22:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Re: The Name
Charles - I think you are right about "Dracula" not being Latin. I have Luer's Icones Pleurothallidinarium X - Systematics of Dracula in front of me. Here's the excerpt from the Etymology section for the genus dracula:

 * "The name Dracula, literally meaning a little dragon, and by insinuation, a vampire, satisfies the inclusion of Chimaera as well as other draconian and chiropteran epithets applied to these species."

Nowhere does Luer state that Dracula is latin for "little dragon". Refer to the Vlad III Dracula wiki for the Romanian origins of the word "dracula". Because of this, I recommend that the description for this entry be updated to remove the reference to the latin origins of the word "dracula". Thus, I also need to update the description on my website, www.draculaspecies.com.--Wsarles 16:27, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

A better translation than "little dragon" might be "junior dragon" or even "Dragon Junior", given that it comes from a name. "Dracula" (Dracul-a) is a patronymic, basically meaning "Son of Dracul (Dragon)" in the same way that "Ivanovich" means "Son of Ivan" in Russia. It is a Wallachian name - No real connection to Latin (or vampires...). --Myk — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.23.2.32 (talk) 18:49, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Dracula (plant). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140517205421/http://www.planetarkive.org/creatures/flowering-plants.jsp?mode=minifact&minifact=_minifactAsset_4848749040 to http://www.planetarkive.org/creatures/flowering-plants.jsp?mode=minifact&minifact=_minifactAsset_4848749040
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041030203008/http://www.peripatus.gen.nz:80/Taxa/Spermatophyta/Dracula.html to http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/Taxa/Spermatophyta/Dracula.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:48, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dracula (plant)


text: User talk:132.248.113.125

title: User talk:132.248.113.125


text: User talk:69.195.41.101

title: User talk:69.195.41.101


text:
Talk:Tia Texada

Birthyear
Was Tia born in 1971 or 1973? Hotwine8 04:15, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Tia Texada. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130112022121/http://www.maxim.com/rides/tia-texada to http://www.maxim.com/rides/tia-texada

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:53, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:23, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Tiatexada-kingarthur.jpg

title: Talk:Tia Texada


text:
Prairie River

Prairie River may refer to:

Rivers in the United States

 * Prairie River, in Louisiana, a tributary of Bayou Pierre
 * Prairie River (Michigan), a tributary of the St. Joseph River
 * Prairie River (Big Sandy Lake), in Minnesota
 * Prairie River (Mississippi River tributary), in Minnesota
 * Prairie River (Wisconsin), a tributary of the Wisconsin River

Other uses

 * Prairie River, Saskatchewan, Canada, a hamlet
 * Prairie River station, now Prairie River Museum
 * Prairie River, an Intel ASIC for the Omni-Path architecture

title: Prairie River


text: User talk:68.85.34.142

title: User talk:68.85.34.142


text: Talk:Panamanian balboa

title: Talk:Panamanian balboa


text:
Talk:United States commemorative coins

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:09, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * 2019 Apollo 11 50th Anniversary 5oz Dollar Obverse.jpg
 * 2019 Apollo 11 50th Anniversary 5oz Dollar Reverse.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:39, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * 2014 Baseball Hall of Fame-Proof Half Dollar.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:15, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Alice Paul-unc-obv.jpg

title: Talk:United States commemorative coins


text:
Norwegian trench

The Norwegian trench or Norwegian channel (Norskerenna; Norskerenden; Norska rännan) is an elongated depression in the sea floor off the southern coast of Norway. It reaches from the Stad peninsula in Sogn og Fjordane in the northwest to the Oslofjord in the southeast. The trench is between 50 and 95 km wide and up to 700 m deep. Off the Rogaland coast it is 250 – deep, and its deepest point is off Arendal where it reaches 700 m deep – an abyss compared to the average depth of the North Sea, which is about 100 m.

It was formed during the last 1.1 million years by the effects of erosion associated with repeated ice stream activity. The trench is not a subduction-related oceanic trench, where one tectonic plate is being forced under another. The Norwegian Trench was created by fluvial erosion processes during the later Tertiary age. Pleistocene glaciers and ice sheets further deepened the trench. During the main glaciations, the Skagerrak Trough was the meeting point for ice from southeastern Norway, southern Sweden and parts of the Baltic causing a relatively fast-moving ice stream that passed south of the Norwegian coast and then turned north, eventually reaching deepwater at about 62°N. The material carried by the ice stream was then deposited in the North Sea fan. Glacial erratics such as flint and rhomb porphyry, thought to originate from the Skagerrak and Oslo areas respectively, and deformed glacial tills found on the coast of Jæren provide the main onshore evidence for the Norwegian Channel Ice Stream.

The Norwegian current generally flows northeasterly along the Norwegian trench. The depth of the trench, along with density differences between Norwegian current water and the adjacent Atlantic Water, also result in large-scale eddies. The Norwegian trench region in the Skagerrak is a biologically productive zone, as upwelling of North Atlantic water in the Skagerrak provides an input of nutrients.

After World War II, chemical weapons were dumped in the Norwegian Channel , when 36 ships were sunk there by allies with approval from the Norwegian authorities.

The trench has provided an obstacle for oil and gas pipelines.

title: Norwegian trench


text:
Drum (tobacco)

Drum is a Dutch brand of fine-cut handrolling tobacco, or shag, introduced in 1952. It was originally produced and distributed by the Douwe Egberts corporation. Douwe Egberts was purchased by the Sara Lee Corporation, which sold Drum to Imperial Brands, the current British producer.

Outside the US
Drum is worldwide the #1 brand for shag tobacco. Before Sara Lee sold their Drum and Van Nelle tobacco section to Imperial the main factories for Drum were Drachten and Joure. The factory in Drachten was closed directly after the move to Imperial in 1989 and IT decided to further integrate the production within Douwe Egberts / Van Nelle (DEVN) which also had production facilities in the nearby Joure (30 km) and Meppel (60 km). IT invested 22 million guilders (€10 million) in new machinery for the remaining locations. Drum Tobacco is also produced outside the Netherlands in several factories of the Imperial Tobacco group.

United Kingdom
Before Douwe Egberts introduced Drum in the UK there was an active gray market and Drum had a large market-share: as the tobacco prices were once much higher in the UK than on the European mainland, there were many people who traveled to (mainly) Belgium or France by ferry to import alcohol and tobacco. Although this is still going on, the price differences from 10 years ago have decreased.

However, rolling tobacco still, as of October 2023, remains around a third of the price in Belgium as it is in the UK, and smuggling continues. When Douwe Egberts was ready to introduce Drum they faced some legal problems, forcing them to change the brand name to Duma, and was struggling to get a foothold on the UK duty-paid market

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, Drum is the #2 selling brand of shag-tobacco, just below Van Nelle, which is also a brand of Imperial Tobacco. Smoking shag tobacco used to be more popular in the Netherlands than smoking ready-made cigarettes. In 1989, the 'market share' of shag-tobacco was 53%, but decreased to 42% in 2010.

The main reason for the popularity is the price. A typical cigarette contains less than 1 gram of tobacco. A pouch of 40-42.5 grams is about the same price as a box of 19-20 cigarettes, so the cost of a self-rolled cigarette is half the price of a ready-made cigarette. Many people also put much less tobacco in a self-rolled cigarette. The taxes on tobacco, however, are mainly based on the weight of tobacco, so the margins for the producer are lower on shag than on ready-made cigarettes.

Even in countries where the price of shag tobacco is much higher, people may smoke shag to save money by putting less tobacco in each cigarette.

European Blends
As the original terms "half-zwaar" (medium strong) and "mild" can't be used anymore due to European rules the different blends are now referenced by their color. Not all blends are available in each country.

title: Drum (tobacco)


text:
Senator Clinton

Senator Clinton may refer to:
 * Hillary Clinton (born 1947), U.S. Senator from New York 2001–2009; also Secretary of State (2009–2013), First Lady (1993–2001), and 2016 Democratic Party nominee for President
 * DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), U.S. Senator from New York 1802–1803; also Mayor of New York City (1803–1807, 1808–1810, 1811–1815) and Governor of New York (1817–1822, 1825–1828)
 * George Henry Clinton, Louisiana State Senator 1908–1924

title: Senator Clinton


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Partha Sarkar

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  01:06, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Partha_Sarkar
Partha wants it to be deleted 129.186.192.28 22:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as nn-bio, which it should have been tagged in the first place and now has been. Tonywalton | Talk 23:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Not an obvious speedy. 120 hits in google for 'Partha Sarkar' 'Wind engineering'. is the homepafe Tintin 01:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - missed the point that the request for delete is from the author. Tintin 01:05, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 02:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Privat  e   Butcher  02:31, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/.hack//G.U. GameFAQs Boards

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 18:25, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

.hack//G.U. GameFAQs Boards
Non-notable and possibly advert. RadioActive 22:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Nick Bush 22:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, blatent promotion. Coolgamer 23:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, gamecruft and advert. PacknCanes 02:59, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very speedy Delete more garbage Masterhatch 10:27, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, This is just silly. Trash it. Haon 03:02, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, utterly ridiculous to have this sort of content on wikipedia. It is utterly uninteresting to the general public and throroughly unencyclopedic. Cool3 03:51, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete This is obviously a vanity page for the members of this forum.  Nathan J. Yoder 14:46, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Cost-effectiveness analysis

Fair use rationale for Image:Pyat rublei 1997.jpg
Image:Pyat rublei 1997.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:24, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Removing "cost effective" measures section
Am going to remove the section on CEA in environmental economics - this is a reference to cost-effective measures which is quite different to cost-effectiveNESS analysis. This belongs in another article - probably in the article on the Rio declaration. I've copied it here in case anyone disagrees and wishes to put it back, or put it elsewhere.

"CEA in environmental economics

In environmental terms, "cost-effective measures" allude to various (mostly industrial) attempts to prevent environmental degradation as written in principle 15 of the Rio declaration of the Earth Summit conference 1992." OceanKiwi (talk) 12:11, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Issues in cost-effectiveness analysis

 * CEA results (cost-effectiveness data) are confronted with ethical analysis at a management level. MaynardClark (talk) 17:19, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 21 October 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to not move. (non-admin closure) —  Young Forever (talk)   16:41, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

Cost-effectiveness analysis → Cost–effectiveness analysis – The regular dash in the name should be substituted with an en dash since it is used "to connect symmetric items", see Dash. Also see the related article Cost–utility analysis where the article title already is correctly using the en dash. Lymoz (talk) 16:30, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. "Cost-effectiveness" is a compound modifier, not a pair of symmetric items. A hyphen is appropriate. kennethaw88 • talk 02:20, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. To put the argument another way, this is the analysis of "cost effectiveness", whereas the other is the analysis of "cost vs utiliity". Rosbif73 (talk) 15:39, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per kennethaw88's point. – DarkGlow (talk) 21:52, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

Economic and management science
Factors of production 41.116.129.16 (talk) 13:44, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cost-effectiveness analysis


text:
Thomas Galloway

Thomas Galloway FRS (26 February 1796 – 1 November 1851) was a 19th-century Scottish mathematician.

Life
He was born in Symington, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. In 1812 he entered the University of Edinburgh, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. In 1823 he was appointed one of the teachers of mathematics at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and in 1833 he became an actuary of the Amicable Life Assurance Office, the oldest institution of that kind in London, where he remained until his death in 1851. Galloway was a voluminous, though, for the most part, anonymous writer. His most notable paper, "On the proper motion of the solar system", was published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1847. He contributed largely to the seventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, and also wrote several scientific papers for the Edinburgh Review and various scientific journals. His Encyclopaedia article, "Probability", was published separately. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

Family
Galloway was married to Margaret Wallace (1809–1884), daughter of the mathematician William Wallace. She is buried next to her father in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh.

title: Thomas Galloway


text:
Talk:Casino chip

Clay?
Metal or plastic only? I thought they were made of clay. -- Mikeblas 03:54, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Metal and maybe plastic - I don't know for sure about the plastic. Tokens are not clay however and much of this article needs to be re written - in other words tokens are tokens and chips/cheques are something else entirely i.e. clay, ceramic and sometimes injection molded plastic such as Bud Jones.  All the items in the displayed image are cheques not tokens. See poker chip for accurate info.--Elij 01:40, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Casino chips are made of a combination of a special clay and composite plastic which gives it a stronger durability and can be cleaned easier. 68.162.12.124 17:58, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Working on photos of various chip types: metal inlay, ceramic, clay from various manufacturers.D.valued 03:54, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * According to a investigative report done in November 2007 by KNXV-TV the local ABC affiliate in Phoenix, Arizona, click here casino chips also contained about 47% lead which is heavily disputed by many professional chip collectors who say that casino chips do contain lead but not as much as KNXV is leading its viewers to believe and in a letter sent out by Gaming Partners International one of the largest manufacturer of casino chips starting in November 1998 they reformulated the chips to only have 50ppm or 0.05% weight of lead content. Rosie, Queen of Corona (talk) 00:53, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Merge
The information in Poker chip seems better suited as a sub-section of this article- it's linked to in the first paragraph in a similar fashion as Token coin, but it seems as if "Token coin" is a general article, while "Poker chip" talks about casino use only. 130.101.31.26 04:19, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This has happened. D.valued 03:53, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

General information about titos.
"receipts" These are called TITOs. Many casinos have replaced 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, and 50¢ games with this to save money. Although they require a huge infrastructure and a third party to setup the system, money is saved because coin sorting machines for example (the type my casino uses) cummins jetsort can range in price from $5,000-$6,000 (need to be replaced every 5 years) can be reduced/eliminated. Slot operations which used to refill the machines with coin now have the job of refilling the machines with tito tickets, paying out any jackpot over the state minimum taxable ($1200 for MN), correcting any printer jams in the machine and 'short paying' any ticket that comes up as invalid (No data registered, Voided, pending, expired)

The tickets are printed on a semi glossy thermo reactive paper. They usually have some florescent ink on them similar to that found on traveler's checks. On the tickets a location number, machine number, registration number (first 3-4 digits are all the same in one casino and every casino has their own set for the first 3-4 numbers.), date and time it was printed, expiration date, voucher number (ticket in series printed) and the casino's name.

The tickets can be inserted into other machines DVAs (bill acceptors), cashed at a cashier and/or cashed at an Automatic Ticket Redemption machine. (Also called ATRs and Ticket Redemption machines.)

More than one ticked can be inserted into a gaming machine at once. It is generally advised to find a 1¢ ticket machine and put all your tickets in it and then pressing the cashout button. ATRs do not combine totals for tickets and it saves time in line at the cashiers cage. Putting a 53¢ ticket into a 50¢ machine will result in the machine being credited one credit and then it will kick out a 3¢ ticket. Pressing cashout will result in another ticket for 50¢ being pressed. This is why you use a 1¢ machine to combine titos.

People who walk around looking for abandoned small denominational tickets are derogatorily called 'silver miners'. It is frowned upon by the casino as it is not their money and it is very annoying for cashiers to have to scan, stamp and redeem 20 tickets just to payout a dollar. All information here was gathered by myself while working at a casino. Anyone can use it any way they want etc. 66.41.152.139 -strickjh2005

De Facto Currency
I have heard it said that in Las Vegas casino chips circulate to an extent as a de facto currency even outside the issuing casinos. Evidence? M0ffx 12:08, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I saw that in the article, too. However, I doubt that they do, except possibly within the building (hotel tips, etc) the casino is in.  There are signs in Vegas casinos saying it is illegal to use chips elsewhere.  Huge potential for fraud if they did.  Suggest we delete from article.
 * I believe this was once the case, 30-40 years ago or more. I seem to recall there was a reference to it in The Biggest Game In Town by Abe Alvarez, but I don't have a copy here to check the reference.  I suspect it is now a violation of anti-money-laundering regulations - the feds don't want $5000 chips in general circulation as substitute currency for the same reason they don't issue $500 bills - but I have no specific knowledge to back up this suspicion.  Chips do circulate privately among gamblers, such as high-stakes poker players, but it has to be under the table. Jnala (talk) 07:21, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

 * There is no discussion of casino "strikes", which are silver tokens valued at $10 and up, which are mostly dispensed from certain slot machines as prizes. They are popular collectibles.--Wehwalt 12:37, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Casino chips do not and legally can not act as a 'de facto' currency outside the issuing casinos. I know this from living in Las Vegas and trying this. You can use them at the tables, and to tip cocktail waitresses. Even the gift shops will not accept them as payment. --Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.241.55.204 (talk) 18:42, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

At the 2008 World Series of Poker I was employed as a Dealer at the Rio. We were all instructed that the $10,000 Bellagio chips were to be accepted at the Rio's Live Action Cash games and also could be used for the $10,000 entry fee for the World Series Main Event. Buz.laut@att.net. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.16.140.214 (talk) 16:48, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Under Security
"In addition, with the exception of Nevada, casinos are not permitted to honor another casino's chips." Actually the Connecticut casinos Mohegan Sun and Foxwoods have (at least in the recent past) honored each other's chips. Chips with a value of at least $100 can be exchanged at the cashier's cage of the competing casino. --Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.52.177 (talk) 21:01, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Also, I was talking to our chip bank supervisor tonight where I work. While some casinos MAY have a second set of chips completely different from the first, this is not a state law (at least in Nevada.) My source is the chip bank manager for the casino I work in. Suggest this be removed or edited. --Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.241.55.204 (talk) 18:40, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

As backup for the previous post (mine also) there is nothing in the Gaming Control regulation 12 (chips and tokens) that states a casino must have a second set of tokens. Citation is Nevada Gaming Control Board Gaming Regulations. Regulation 12, specifically section 12.060. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.59.33.178 (talk) 05:57, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Chip colors
I removed some of the state-specific color-value mappings from the "uniform colors" table. Yes, there may be some places where there's a legislative standard for fifty-cent or twenty-dollar chips, but there are also some standard colors - like red $5 chips, green $25 chips, black $100 chips - which are common to many different areas. I think a table of standard values is more valuable than basically a collection of trivia of all the different chip colors we can source.

$1000 is orange in Illinois and Atlantic City, yellow in every Nevada casino I've been in, but at least those are vaguely similar colors. Starting at $5000 I don't think we can say there's any consistency at all, it's gray in IL and NJ, brown ("chocolate") in Vegas at Caesars, Rio, and Wynn, and red-white-and-blue ("flag") at Bellagio... Jnala (talk) 07:52, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

If anyone wants to compute some statistics, it looks like Chip Guide has a quite extensive database of chips from casinos all around the world, not just in Europe and the USA. That would enable estimating what fraction of casinos worldwide use, say, white “1” chips (in whatever currency), or what fraction use a green chip that's 5 times the red chip. — Octavo (talk) 05:29, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

Chip sizes
Does anybody have any information on chip sizes? Like weights, circumferences, the like? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.53.179.95 (talk) 01:20, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Nevada Gaming Control Regulations 12.040 Specifications for chips. 1. Unless the chairman approves otherwise, chips must be disk-shaped, must be .130 inch thick, and must have a diameter of: (a) 1.55 inches, for chips used at games other than baccarat; (b) 1.55 inches or 1.6875 inches, for chips used at baccarat; and (c) 1.6875 inches, for chips used exclusively at race books and sports pools or other counter games. 2. Each side of each chip issued for use exclusively at a race book, sports pool, or particular game must bear an inscription clearly indicating that use of the chip is so restricted. (Adopted: 6/87.)

Nothing noted in weight —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.59.33.178 (talk) 16:21, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 16 October 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (non-admin closure) BegbertBiggs (talk) 12:40, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Casino token → Casino chip – WP:COMMONNAME. "Casino token" should probably redirect to Token coin, which seems the more likely primary topic for this term. 162 etc. (talk) 02:56, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Rreagan007 (talk) 17:05, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Walt Yoder (talk) 21:30, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom, common name, and when you leave a good table pass one to the dealer. Randy Kryn (talk) 03:37, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 05:17, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. "Casino chip" is the term I searched to get here and I've never heard of them referred to as tokens. Trellbailey (talk) 09:42, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support move per others. Jessintime (talk) 13:39, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment Is "poker chip" a better article title, or is that just an American English convention? I have never heard of the term "casino chip" (though "casino token" is even worse). Natg 19 (talk) 08:31, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * A poker chip is essentially just a casino chip used for playing poker. "Casino chip" is the broader term so it is a better article title. Rreagan007 (talk) 20:02, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Casino chip


text:
Talk:Venezuelan bolívar

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Venezuelans queuing at banks in Caracas.ogv

One more time
A million to 1: Venezuela's currency losing 6 zeros Kingsif (talk) 18:41, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Another source: Venezuela to cut six zeroes off bolivar to simplify transactions  Key a com  (💬 | 🖊) 09:17, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

Digital Bolivar.
Venezuela will be introducing a new Bolivar currency in October - 1 Digital Bolivar = 1 Million Sovereign Bolivars.

Have a read here; - (2406:E003:E06:1701:5543:EF55:26AA:F5E7 (talk) 07:00, 20 August 2021 (UTC))

Meaning of "redenomination"
"The rampant inflation prompted two redenominations ... another one happened on 1 October 2021 ... which removes 6 zeros from the currency without affecting its denomination"

This is confusing. How can you have a redenomination without affecting denomination? Is this saying that the currency was not renamed? i.e. both new and old currencies are the "bolívar soberano"? Pdwxbrl (talk) 15:03, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Bolívar fuerte translated to Strong bolívar, not hard bolívar
As the title suggests, fuerte is an adjective that denotes that the subject has strength, not that it is hard 2A02:2788:3F5:E28E:22F4:78FF:FE28:AE34 (talk) 15:22, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:52, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Venezuela 2 Bolivar Fuerte, 2007-17, P-88g, UNC.jpg
 * Venezuela 5 Bolivar Fuerte, 2007-17, P-89, UNC.jpg

title: Talk:Venezuelan bolívar


text:
Revolutionary Workers' League of Sweden

Revolutionary Workers League of Sweden (in Swedish: Sveriges Revolutionära Arbetarförbund), initially known as Revolutionary Workers League (Revolutionära Arbetares Förbund), was Trotskyist organisation in Sweden. The group was formed in 1975.

SRAF was the Swedish section of the International League for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International.

SRAF published Röda Fanan. In 1976 the name of the publication was changed to Proletär Offensiv. In total around 60 issues were published 1976–1983.

SRAF was dissolved in 1983.

title: Revolutionary Workers' League of Sweden


text:
Talk:Exonumia

Merge Token (numismatics) and Token coins
I've just replaced the merge tag on Token coins. The two articles seem essentially to duplicate information, so it would be helpful to get feedback from other users regarding the proposed merge. Humansdorpie 14:29, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think merging is a good idea. Tokens are a very large and important subset of exonumia, and are definitely worthy of a separate article. --Gene_poole 05:03, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Complementary currencies
Are complementary currencies like LETS under the domain of exonumia? - N1h1l 01:21, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see how: virtual money is physically most un-coin-like Fastifex 09:55, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * From Numismatics: "While numismatists are often characterized as studying coins, the discipline also includes the study of banknotes, stock certificates, medals, medallions, and token coins (also referred to as exonumia)." This would seem to imply that exonumia covers bank notes and stock certificates; further, the numismatics template lists Cheques and Credit cards under exonumia. If those are, then I can only assume LETS is as well (as it is a system of credit, maintained through checks or IOUs). Is the numismatics template incorrect? - N1h1l 13:58, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Numismatics extends beyond coins to paper money because money is essentially defined by its value, so banknotes are simply another physical form of legal tender, younger then coins; exonumia however are not defined by value but by their physical resemblance to coins, using minting techniques; paper which isn't even legal tender and printed, not minted, belongs in a separate category. Fastifex 16:54, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * So the numismatics template is wrong? - N1h1l 18:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Getting intrigued and realizing our page wasn't sourced, I googled and found the answer is yes AND no; see the revised text; how to adapt the template is another matter Fastifex 08:22, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll fix the template, thnx :)  Jo  e  I  08:43, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Stubs
WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals/2006/November Two new numismatic stubs have been proposed so far, at the linked WikiProject. Feel free to join the discussion. --JAYMEDINC 20:53, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Paranumismatica
I don't think the term "paranumismatica" is used very often, even in British English. Google throws a fair number of hits for exonumia in place of paranumismatica. And I must say, I've always used exonumia and I use British English. However, I've found this curious article defining the term, so I suppose it would be a good idea to mention its etymology it in the article. -- Chris B  •  talk  13:16, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx

I agree, I do not think that “paranumismatica" is used very often. I like the various names because they show how fuzzy the lines are between distinctions in this field of study and collection. The definition of, “alongside of currency” seems like a more narrowly focused definition than “anything coin-like but not a coin.” Stocks, notes, cardboard chits, rectangle wooden nickels, gift cards all fall more neatly with the definition of ‘alongside of currency.’ One the other hand, medals, geocaching ‘coins’ post office tags, quack Galvanic batteries are more closely aligned with ‘coin like objects that are not coins.’

Tokens however are not just “Good For” items. Tokens may have a value indicated on them but they could also just advertise. Hard times tokens and CWTs did not have to indicate a value on the item, in part because they were in the shape of the contemporary “cent.” The comptroller of the US currency is somehow involved with the monitoring of “gift cards.” Gift Cards, phone cards, mp3 cards, European train cards are more closely related to commerce like ‘along side’ of currency.

Even the “modified” definition – that it was previously actual currency, because there are countermarks on Hard times tokens, or love comments inscribed on Merchant tokens. Actually ‘modified’ takes into account the original purpose as well as what was done to the item. Much of this is irrelevant because generally exonumists are interested in all kinds of these items regardless of overlapping definitions. Hence organizations like the Token and Medal society (TAMS). Some collectors focus on one from each state, or specific states and counties, Others focus on collections of types of items. The emphasis for me is the question, “What do you like to study and collect?” It is nice to have ones options open. Houldieson (talk) 16:41, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Is it true that Exonumia is the study of coin like objects? It seems like the studying of numismatica or exonumia is just that. The studying of those objects. The opening Wikipedia statement that Exonumia is the study of these objects seems incorrect. Exonumia are the actual numismatic items, (other than coins or paper money) which are studied or collected.

Exonumist
Since wikipedia has [Category:Numismatists], could it also have a category for notable Exonumists? Or are all exonumists considered to be numismatists? --JAYMEDINC (talk) 21:40, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Entertainment
What about Chuck E. Cheese tokens? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.218.12.31 (talk) 03:35, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Yes Chuck E. Cheese tokens are exonumia. They are are like amusement and gaming tokens. User:Houldieson Feb 19th 2009

What about Tax `Tokens?
Know the State of Arizona issued Tax tokens for payment of State retail Taxes. Thannks!EDSONNTESLATSWIFTSR (talk) 16:15, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Sales Tax Tokens have an interesting history. http://www.taxtoken.org/faq.htm is the website for American Sales Tax society. It is fascinating how many states implemented them. User:Houldieson 2:22, 13 December 2009

What is the name used to describe a "key collector", please?
If a person that collects medals is a 'medalist', isn't there any specified name which would describe the practice of collecting keys?? Afterall, it is not 'clavistelia' xD. And, would it be considered also a type of Exonumia? Please, I need to know :) --186.204.78.190 (talk) 04:56, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Note on "unique materials" section
It is mentioned that some tokens may be "hard rubber or vulcanite," but "vulcanite" should not link to the natural mineral vulcanite (a very rare mineral not at all related to the rubber material). The link should perhaps instead point to "ebonite" which is the material discussed here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.185.169.73 (talk) 03:40, 8 November 2014 (UTC)

I've coins to sell
Link me 207.204.98.10 (talk) 17:25, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exonumia


text:
Talk:1933 double eagle

Contradiction
Contradiction: "On July 30, 2002, one was sold at Sotheby's..." contradicts "Currently, 1933 Double Eagle coins can not be the legal possession of any member of the public...". Resolve by adding ", with the exception of the one sold on July 30, 2002" after "Currently"? --Elvey 19:55, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Yep, that works. So far this is the only one of the 1933 double eagles the government has declared legal to own.

Isn't there a statute of limitations on theft? Even if Israel Switt did steal the coins, it was decades ago.

 * Maybe, but that would only affect the ability to throw the thief in jail, and wouldn't affect the legal authority to confiscate and destroy the property. The article is not very clear on whether criminal charges were attempted, and what they were.  That'd be a good addition.  For all we know there's some anciently-drafted crime titled "theft of a non-officially-issued US Mint coin" with no statute of limitations that could be cited.  Tempshill (talk) 05:59, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Dated Link
I see the link to the story that says, "Press Release US Mint: United States Mint Recovers 10 Famed Double Eagles," but if I remember correctly, that was resolved and the person was able to keep the coins by paying $20 in US Reserve notes for the coins. I remember seeing a press conference about it. Did this happen? If so, this should be updated. —Slipgrid 19:05, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Small POV objection
The lead says, "In order to end the 1930s general bank crisis, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102 in 1933 and the Gold Reserve Act in 1934.."

To me that sounds as though it implies the act was legal, logical, and effective. You will find many (myself included) who believe that it was an unconstitutional high crime, that it was ill-conceived, and that it made the Great Depression far worse than it might have been. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.152.63 (talk) 04:24, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Whether or not these pieces of legislation made the Depression worse or better isn't the subject of this article. It's mentioned here as the reason why ownership of a 1933 double eagle is illegal, that's all. --Modemac (talk) 16:51, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Egyptian coin
I hope I don't have to labour this point: Stephen Fenton is a living individual so anything we have to say about him and the ownership of the coin must be properly sourced from reliable independent secondary sources. Guy (Help!) 23:31, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Correction to Info Box
Made a couple of changes to the contents of the info box.

Changed the composition to 90% gold, 10% copper from 97% gold, 3% copper Changed the edge description from "reeded/milled" to "lettered - E Pluribus Unum"Almostfm (talk) 07:32, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.usmint.gov/auction/index.cfm?flash=yes&action=theStory
 * In 1933 Double Eagle on 2011-05-25 03:05:07, 404 Not Found
 * In 1933 Double Eagle on 2011-06-02 12:13:19, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 12:13, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

the highest price
for a U.S. coin, is it the highest in the world or not — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.189.170.229 (talk) 19:30, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

File:Specimen1Obv.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Specimen1Obv.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on October 9, 2012. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2012-10-09. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! —Howcheng (talk) 16:43, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

When on display?
A "When" marker has been attached to the statement that two coins were recently on display, because it is not apparent when they were on display. -- SEWilco (talk) 15:02, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Most of around 20 coins should be more than 7, right?
There's something fishy in the first paragraph. Around 20 coins survived. Most of them were seized and destroyed. Yet, 13 are accounted for in the next paragraph.

I wonder if most of the surviving coins were seized but not destroyed. If they are the ones now at Fort Knox and in the national collection, the figures would add up. Mumiemonstret (talk) 14:04, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I think I solved this by rephrasing, after reading the entire article... :) Mumiemonstret (talk) 14:40, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

File:Specimen1Rev.jpg
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Specimen1Rev.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on August 24, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-08-24. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 07:34, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

these numbers don't add up
OK, let's see. Two were purposely kept and are in a museum. Then we have: 20 total. So were does the "Five are still missing" in the lede come from? It can't be right (unless I'm missing something or the other parts of the article are wrong) so I deleted it. Herostratus (talk) 00:48, 16 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Ten were recovered from Israel Switt's family in August 2005
 * King Farouk's one was eventually remonitized and sold to a private person.
 * Nine were destroyed by the Secret Service -- eight in 1944-45, one more in 1952

Your math doesn't add up. 2 (in museums) + 10 (seized in 2005) + 1 (King Farouk's sold at auction in 2002) + 9 (Destroyed in '44, '45 & '52) + 1 (recently given to the US Govt.) = 23 (13 known to still exist) so far...!

Langbord family wins court victory
Does this AP story really mark the government's last word, meaning that the "Langbord Ten" (the coins were actually listed as "John Does 1-10" in the family's court case) will potentially enter the open market now? Though the family is not commenting and there is no date certain for the coins' return, there's sure to be more press on this; let's endeavor to update the article accordingly. Vesuvius Dogg (talk) 22:42, 19 April 2015 (UTC)
 * On reading the court's ruling, I am not certain CoinWeek's interpretation of "John Does" 1-10 is actually correct here... Perhaps someone with legal training can follow the pdf link within the CoinWeek article and help clarify? Thanks — Vesuvius Dogg (talk) 01:34, 20 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I think that was a federal circuit appeals court ruling, which I believe that the only appeal would be to the Supreme Court. The government will probably only only appeal if the court was just plain wrong (that is, they did respond within the 90 days, or the court is reading the law wrong and they didn't have to) which is very unlikely; I don't they would or even can appeal on the grounds of "Yeah we messed up, but c'mon, be reasonable". And then the Supreme Court would have to accept the case which they accept only about 1% of cases appealed to them. So it's probably over. Whether they have to turn them over soon or can wait until the time limit to make an appeal has run out I don't know. Herostratus (talk) 15:37, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

Diagram of where the coins have gone
If someone could create a diagram to help visualize the whereabouts and fate of the the 20 or whatever amount of coins that would be great !!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asherkobin (talk • contribs) 09:32, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on 1933 double eagle. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://trustsandestates.com/fiduciary/Fiduciary_Litigation_Update_12272006/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120207134340/https://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-30/us/double.eagle_1_coin-mint-pure-gold?_s=PM%3AUS to http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-30/us/double.eagle_1_coin-mint-pure-gold?_s=PM%3AUS
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060427103746/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/numismatics/doubleea/doubleea.htm to http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/numismatics/doubleea/doubleea.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:09, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:1933 double eagle


text:
Talk:Super Mario 128

New NLife source
Lotsa details in here: http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/10/feature_remembering_super_mario_128_the_groundbreaking_masterpiece_that_never_really_existed JOE BRO  64  22:12, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Super Mario 128


text: User talk:159.134.52.165

title: User talk:159.134.52.165