text:
Talk:Firefall

I tried a new format for the members (because the sentences before were confusing). I don't know why most of the members seem to redlinks. I don't know if I correctly wikilinked legendary spirit (it was previously linked to Spirit which isn't a group).

When did they break up?

The material on recordings needs to be formatted/refactored/cleanedup-or-something.

Sorry if the new format is worse. RJFJR 02:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't think they had a 30-year retrospective in 1988.
Mistake??

Yes, it,s not listed on their site.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefall Per the band's official site http://www.firefall.com/history.asp, they were formed in 1973, not 1975. First EP was 1975, but the band was on tour in clubs for a year before that.

Of course Spirit is a group and probably more prominent than Firef

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title: Talk:Firefall


text:
California State Route 135

State Route 135 (SR 135) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California. It acts as a western bypass of U.S. Route 101 in northern Santa Barbara County that runs through the community of Los Alamos and the center of the city of Santa Maria.

Route description
SR 135 starts off as Bell Street in Los Alamos and goes along with Vandenberg Road after an intersection with Harris Grade Road before merging with State Route 1 south of Orcutt. There is a brief freeway portion at the northern split of SR 135 and SR 1, but it quickly reverts to a city street upon crossing Clark Avenue. North of Santa Maria Way, it is considered Business US 101, although signage is poor. SR 135 continues its northbound journey as Broadway and passes through the Santa Maria Town Center shopping center at the intersection with Main Street (State Route 166). SR 135 meets US 101 again just before crossing the Santa Maria River at the Santa Barbara/San Luis Obispo county line.

SR 135 north of SR 1 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

History
State Route 135 is the original routing for US 101 from Santa Maria to Los Alamos until the current alignment was completed in 1933. However, instead of turning east just before old town Orcutt and then north into Santa Maria as it does currently, it continued north along what is now Graciosa Road and then Marcum Street linking up with E. Clark Avenue just north of the Orcutt water tower. It then followed Clark Avenue east through old Orcutt and turned north on Orcutt Road at the location of the current Highway 135/Clark Avenue interchange and headed north through Santa Maria.

Route 135 was created in 1964 to encompass most of the old routing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: California State Route 135


text:
Talk:Italian lira

Math
According to the article:
 * 1) 1 lira (0.052 Eurocent; rarely used)
 * 2) 2 lire (0.0103 cent; rarely used).

This means that that one lira is worth approxiamtely five times two lire. Someone should attempt to fix the math. 72.194.193.198 22:31, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Should the line in the 'History' section, which reads; "All the two characteristics have been adopted by the Euro coin." be replaced by: "Both of these characteristics have been adopted by the Euro coin."?

Fair use rationale for Image:1lira1863front.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:1lira1863front.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:1lira1863front.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:1lira1863front.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:1lira1863front.jpg
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Italian Lira conundrum
Can anyone answer this...if the Italian lira went out of circulation in 2002 when the euro was introduced, why is the lira still quoted on the London Stock Exchange? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.68.15.182 (talk) 17:30, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 03:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Production of the 1 and 2 lire
"Large volume production of the 1 and 2 lire coins ceased in 1959"

After 1959 1 & 2 lire coinage stopped. It begun again in 1968 but only for "collector set".

References are:
 * http://digilander.libero.it/maggioref/shortguide%202nd%20part.html

and italian manuals:

 * Eupremio Montenegro. Manuale del collezionista di monete italiane ., Torino.
 * Fabio Gigante. Monete italiane dal '700 ad oggi., Varese.

--Carlo Morino aka zi' Carlo 10:25, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Reintroduction
Berlusconi wants to increase exports and cannot devalue Italy's currency without leaving the Euro. He is threatening or promising to explore REINTRODUCING THE LIRA. At this stage, with some support from Paris/Sarkozy he is probably only SAYING this to put pressure on the ECB in Frankfurt. The article makes no mention of this, or are these developments too insubstantial to be "encyclopaedic".

Since lots of lira coins, and possibly notes are still out there in households and are exchangable for Euros until 2012, old coins could still be used after a reintroduction if the designs are kept the same. Changing them and invalidating the old ones completely would presumably cause a scandal. I have few thousand Lira in coins and I'm not in Italy!

http://www.eurointelligence.com/article.581+M595ca3cc327.0.html

--81.105.243.17 (talk) 15:04, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

The 1997 1000 Lire coin
Would it be appropriate to mention in this article the errors made in the first issue of the 1997 bimetallic 1000 Lire coin. This coin depicted a stylised map of Europe to celebrate increasing European union but separated West and East Germany (which was still shown merged into an Eastern Bloc with Poland), and also included Holland and Denmark within the same outline as West Germany. Following protests a new coin was issued which corrected these points. I'm not quite sure what counts as a reliable source material for this, although it is mentioned on a number of sites: http://www.iltrogolo.it/Attila/coins/1000_lire.htm http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1997/january_10_1997_174725.html http://www.maphist.nl/ill/1997b15.htm http://www.pcgs.com/articles/article_view.chtml?artid=1647&universeid=105&type=1 http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1997 Additionally, I have a number of the coins in question myself. Ma1cius (talk) 15:06, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Mint Marks
There needs to be a section on the mints used before the current mint in Rome (est. 1922). With there mint marks kinds of coins etc.. minted and where / when noteable occurences happened to them!--Ant2242 (talk) 03:07, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

1990s collapse and levy
In reporting of the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis, Foxnews says ".. in the 1990s, Italy levied a tax on every bank account to stave off the collapse of its lire currency. The rate, however, was minuscule — 0.06 percent ..". Does anyone know when this happened? See also Talk:Bank deposit levy. -- John Vandenberg (chat) 21:42, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

Eurotassa
Do you mean this? https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributo_straordinario_per_l'Europa 194.95.59.130 (talk) 10:18, 1 June 2016 (UTC)

Cognate words
In the second paragraph of this article, the words “pound” and “lira” are called “cognates.” That doesn’t agree with the definition and examples in Wikipedia’s own article “Cognate.” The words “pound” and “lira” are rather translations of each other, or, more accurately, are descended from such translations. 79.205.96.62 (talk) 10:32, 28 May 2017 (UTC)

What Coin Did the 1861 Replace?
The article offers no information on what currency the lira replaced when it came into use in 1861. That information should be added. Abenr (talk) 00:34, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

L. as the typical abbreviation for Lira in Italy: Bold, revert, discuss
Per WP:BRD, I have reverted wp:BOLD edit by because such a major change needs consensus. I do not believe that the changes are valid. The article at Italian Wikipedia (IT:Lira italiana) is consistent with the unchanged version: the norm was to suffix L. (for example, 10.000L. (thousands separator is period). I think we may assume that the contributors to IT.Wiki know what they are talking about.

I was particularly concerned by the apparent misrepresentation of the Unicode standard, which actually says "Lira Sign: A separate currency sign U+20A4 lira sign is encoded for compatibility with the HP Roman-8 character set, which is still widely implemented in printers. In general, U+00A3 pound sign may be used for both the various currencies known as pound (or punt) and the currencies known as lira. Examples include the British pound sterling, the historic Irish punt, and the former lira currency of Italy." NB may be used. This is not a citation for actual use or actual Italian standard (for either form), it is merely the Unicode Consortium's documentation for their code points.

A clear case, supported (accurately) by citations needs to be made if consensus is to be achieved. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:35, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

 * In actual practice there was no single established norm – the prefixes "L." and "Lit. " were commonly and indiscriminately used, as was the lira symbol; as a postfix, the word "lire" was commonly written in full. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 07:55, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The reason I support the use of "£" or "₤" is for the sake of consistency with the notation Wikipedia uses for historic lira system currencies in Italy, which tend to use the double bar lira sign or the single bar pound sign. "L" without qualification is used by multiple currencies, such as the lek, leu, the lilangeni, the lempira and the loti, which could invite confusion when used without a link to this article. The double bar lira sign without qualification is not currently used for any non-Italian currencies. The article for the Maltese lira uses it, but not without the qualifying suffix ("₤M").TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 11:06, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * @TCG, I would prefer that you be correct because it would be tidier, but unfortunately reality must take priority. JL&N's description matches what I have seen elsewhere. It does seem that the error is with the practice you found elsewhere on Wikipedia. Can of worms! --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 13:11, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * @JMF, I would like to get an Italian person's view on the matter: whether the use of "L." instead of "₤." was always a deliberate choice or if it was due to limited character availability on typewriters and metal typesets, for example if a person was writing by hand which one did they use? The Italian Wikipedia's entry seems a little suspect to me, because I have never seen the "L." version suffixed after the numerals anywhere on period materials. Coins and stamps always used it as a prefix. Italian banknotes, of the Italian lira and earlier currencies, tended not to use any currency symbol at all. The "Lit." abbreviation seems like the closest thing to a generally recognised specific sign. But as I say, I would like an Italian's view on it all. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 16:15, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree, though formally we would still need a wp:RS. It would probably fall foul of WP:NOR to trawl old books and newspapers to see what they used. Yes, only typeset sources would be reliable as typewriters always suffer from restricted repertoire.
 * I had a look in Commons for images of Italian typewriters and found these two. NB that there are many Olivetti typewriters on Commons, intended for foreign markets. These ones have the Italian layout.
 * As an aside, I think whoever it was who 'bent' the Uncode Consortium citation about 00A3 v 20A4 to support their POV managed to trap themselves in an anachronism. Yes, it is certainly true that the pound sign can be shown with one or two bars at the type-designers whim but the Unicode specification post-dates the ITL merging into the EUR and is thus incidental. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 18:01, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * On further reflection, I think we must assume that the it.wiki article was written and reviewed by Italians, so is more likely to represent their consensus than an isolated recollection by an arbitrary Italian acquaintance. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 19:12, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Usage on Italian Wikipedia is very inconsistent. Their articles for the Tuscan lira ("Lira toscana"), the Papal lira ("Lira pontificia"), the Luccan lira ("Lira lucchese") and the Somalian lira ("Lira somala") all use either "£" or "₤". They also on occasion use "lire" as the currency sign on non-Italian currencies such as the Turkish lira. The 1939 series 1 and 2 lira banknotes used "ℒ". Italian cheques tended to use "ℒ.", "ℒ 𝒾𝓉. " or "Lit.". The handwritten material on Commons uses "£" or "₤". The consensus appears to be that there was no consensus and one could use whatever one deemed appropriate.

 * TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 03:12, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think a fair summary of the rule would be that there was no rule. Insofar as we can say anything, it would be that (a) we can find no evidence of a statutory currency symbol, nor any reliable source saying that any single one emerged as favoured through "custom and practice" as happened with the pound sign; (b) the letter L in various typefaces (L, L, ℒ, no doubt $$\mathfrak{L}$$ in blackletter type too) was the most common abbreviation:, then Lit/Lit, then ₤ or £ (one or two bars depending on typesetter's whim?). IT.Wiki seems to reflect that relaxed approach.
 * So we can't declare a rule without violating WP:NOR and skirt perilously close by even claiming any one "common practice".
 * I suggest that
 * we may legitimately leave the infobox largely stand as it is, using L., because that appears to be the most common practice; but we must delete the symbol= line because there is no evidence that it is true.
 * we (aka you ) needs to write a new section documenting examples of the various practices but without drawing a conclusion in the absence of a RS.
 * Does that seem satisfactory? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 08:03, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I might try hashing something out later once I've had time to think on it. There is an example of a symbol being consistently used for the Italian lira I can think of: customisable price boards in cafes always used "₤", to be perfectly frank that was the thing that had stuck in my mind when I initially decided to use the sign. The reasons I advocate for "₤" are that it is unique when used without a qualifying abbreviation and in Italy is universally recognised as the lira's symbol with no confusion as to what currency is being referenced. Most users of the Italian Wikipedia will be Italians living in Italy and so will be familiar with and understand the lack of full standardisation, while a person browsing the English Wikipedia to take a cursory glance at numismatic topics may be from almost anywhere in the world and could easily become confused, especially if he comes from a country that uses "L." as well (for the same reason I generally prefer the use of "lek" or "leu/lei" in full without any abbreviation in reference to the Albanian and Romanian currencies). TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 12:00, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok let's leave further discussion pending more searching of sources. I'd be a lot happier if we had a RS because just looking at examples equals WP; original research. Maybe HP recorded a reason for putting in their printers? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 14:51, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I've been doing some deep research. The Banca d'Italia seems to have considered "Lit." to be the lira's "offficial" (or at least semi-official) symbol, it is used on most of their annual reports (these are available in both English and Italian on their website). I would be willing to accept the adoption of "Lit." in the article since this was both very commonly used and explicitly identifies the currency. I will write a draft section on "symbols and notation" referencing all used symbols for the currency and the flexibility of their use. Most of the miniassegno used "Lit." in either standard type or a script form ("ℒ 𝒾𝓉. "). TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:44, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

My bold edit while discussion in progress
I'm afraid I couldn't let the misrepresentation of the Unicode specification stand any longer, so I have corrected it. I believe it is largely incidental to the discussion above but if anyone disagrees, please feel free to revert. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 14:03, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

Some search results: 1. Currency symbol on Italian postage stamps as an indication of the 'official' [state body] symbol
I looked in Commons for ever postage stamp displayed for the 20th century. The result may not be totally conclusive but L. has it since the end of WWII. However most stamps just had the word "Lira".

Of course there would have been other issues between 1975 and 2002 but for copyright reasons Commons does not have them. Are they visible elsewhere? (I don't care enough to spend £27.95 on the relevant Stanley Gibbons catalogue!) --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:33, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

 * By my reckoning, if one includes the stamps of the Italian Islands of the Aegean, Commons has 14 x "L.", 16 x "£" and 157 x "LIRE" if one adds up all the pre- and post-war stamps. "£" was much more common before the war and very shortly after it, before disappearing from stamps by the 1950s. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 21:59, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

Some search results: 2. Searching Google Books for "Simbolo di valuta" and "Lira"
I only found one 'hit' where the relevant page was available: Is this a more reliable source than the pre-war documents above? Are there other free-text search engines? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:33, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * . In the figure, the resulting currency symbol displayed is L..

 * Google Books produces a lot of hits with available pages for "Lit." as the symbol, both in Italian and international contexts, such as here here, here, here, here and here (please excuse the formatting), these are all dedicated financial sources.TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 22:15, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, that persuades me that we have enough reliable sources for Lit. as being the primary abbreviation. I'm less sure that we have any evidence for a formal currency symbol but the new section can address that. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:52, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Oh I agree there is no single symbol for the lira, I just want there to be a degree of consistency. I have updated the article using the "Lit." abbreviation in only the most appropriate places (such as exchange rates and listings of denominations not contained within sentences), otherwise "lira" or "lire" is used. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 01:14, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I have also found that the CIA World Factbook regarded "Lit." as the lira's sign, I have edited the article accordingly citing it as international recognition.TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 18:01, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Some search results: 3. Italian coinage, the authorative source?
All the Italian lira coins use L. without exeption.

This is the one that for me is conclusive. We can't get a more reliable source than the Bank of Italy. Can there now be any argumemt the standard symbol was L. ? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 21:30, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

 * In its published documentation, the Bank of Italy used "Lit.", also used by commercial banks on miniassegno notgeld. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 22:02, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

Usage by the Bank of Italy
The Bank of Italy seem to have considered "Lit." to be the most "official" symbol for the lira, they used it on their annual reports for many years, until they had to omit a currency sign altogether by the late 1980s when the figures just became too large to include one, examples include page 197 of the 1982 report. It also enjoyed extensive usage by both Italian and international financial documentation. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 22:40, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Just to repeat what I wrote above but this is a more appropriate place for it: that persuades me that we have enough reliable sources for Lit. as being the primary abbreviation. I'm less sure that we have any evidence for a formal currency symbol but the new section can address that. I think you will need to distinguish between domestic usage and international usage, which won't be easy. [Was "Itl." really used domestically?] --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:57, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I've been mulling this over, perhaps the best solution might be to use "Lira/Lire" as one would use a conventional currency symbol as a prefix separated from the numerals by a non-breaking space.TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 14:49, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

My proposed solution
I am still in very early drafts of a "notation and symbols" section, but here is my proposal for the infobox, updated with rough draft for "symbols" section.

Notation and symbols
There was no standard sign or abbreviation for the Italian lira, the abbreviations Lit. (standing for Lira italiana) and L. (standing for Lira) and the signs ₤, and £ were all acceptable representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions often used Lit., handwriting and signs at market stalls would often use "£" or "₤"  while printed media used "L." in contexts where no confusion with other currencies could arise.TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 00:08, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The text of that looks good but unfortunately the citations don't really meet Wikipedia's WP:RS criterion. They are examples of usage rather than descriptions of usage. But they are better than nothing so maybe will have to do for now.
 * The currency code ITL needs a mention for completeness.
 * At ISO/IEC 646, I found the Italian standard ISO-IR-015 which suggests that in 1976 at least, the Italian Standards body was so uninterested in ₤ that they allocated one of their national variant code points to £ and called it "pound sign" (as did the French). So until Unicode arrived on the scene with a unique code point for ₤, it was almost too late to matter. For 20-odd years, if anybody wanted a ₤ on a computer-printed document, they would need a font with that glyph at A3 and probably a HP printer too. How did the average fruttivendolo possibly manage?  --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 08:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there a version of the pdf in Italian? Because I'm wondering if the Italian version may have said "lira". TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 14:34, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Not that I can find easily. It appears that the working languages were English and French but it seems that only the french one is in the national language (I've read the Portuguese and Spanish ones). Here is the French one from 1973
 * Can you see a use for it? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:16, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Its listed as "symbole livre" in French. Both French and Italian refer to all currency units named "pound", "lira" etc. as "livre" and "lira" respectively so I'm not sure whether this indicates the opinion of the standards body or not. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:42, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * TBH, I made a leap of faith. The European Computer Manufacturers Association included Ollivetti: it seems reasonable to assume that they had at least the blessing of the Italian Standards Institute (is that what it is called?). The various national variants of ISO/IEC 646 are listed in https://www.itscj-ipsj.jp/ir/NNN.pdf, replacing NNN with a number with leading zeroes as needed (for ex, https://www.itscj-ipsj.jp/ir/015.pdf for the Italian one in English). I didn't find an index so a brute force search seems the only option. But is it really worth pursuing?
 * BTW, while I think of it, the modern Italian PC keyboard has a (one bar) £ sign: I have no idea when that started. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:28, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not at all convinced "£" and "₤" were ever considered separate distinct signs before Unicode, in all the documentation I've ever seen they're completely interchangeable. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 21:14, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree completely. That is certainly true of the sterling sign: for centuries the BoE has used either style apparently at random, even for two denominations issued in the same year. At the pound sign article, there are font samples showing some that use two bars and some one. The odd thing to me is that the two-bar ₤ was ever given a code point when the cifrao was not, despite having a far stronger record of distinctive use. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:08, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree completely. That is certainly true of the sterling sign: for centuries the BoE has used either style apparently at random, even for two denominations issued in the same year. At the pound sign article, there are font samples showing some that use two bars and some one. The odd thing to me is that the two-bar ₤ was ever given a code point when the cifrao was not, despite having a far stronger record of distinctive use. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:08, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Some suggested changes to the draft

 * "Acceptable" -> "accepted" (de jure v de facto)
 * "Lit.": add note to say that this was the style used by the Bank of Italy in its documents.
 * "L.": add note to say that this was the style used on all lira coins

Agree? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 08:59, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I have done #1 and #3, would you do #2? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:16, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Done, I see. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:28, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Lira [sic]
I deleted the dubious plural "Liras" because the OED doesn't recognise it. It is the illiterate equivalent of "panini's" [sic]. However, there at many instances of "Turkish Liras" on the web, so perhaps it belongs int the generic Lira article? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:38, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

Lira [sic]
I deleted the dubious plural "Liras" because the OED doesn't recognise it. It is the illiterate equivalent of "panini's" [sic]. However, there at many instances of "Turkish Liras" on the web, so perhaps it belongs int the generic Lira article? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 21:29, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Italian lira


text:
106 Aquarii

106 Aquarii, abbreviated 106 Aqr, is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 106 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, and it also bears the Bayer designation i1 Aquarii. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +5.2, making it bright enough to be viewed from the suburbs according to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale. An annual parallax shift of 8.61 milliarcseconds yields an estimated distance of around 380 ly from Earth.

The spectrum of this star fits a stellar classification of B9 V, indicating this is a B-type main sequence star. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 328 km/s. The star has 3 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 152 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,555 K. X-ray emission with a luminosity of $3.791$ has been detected from this star. This is unusual since a B-type star normally does not have any significant X-ray emission. Instead, it may have an undetected lower mass companion.

title: 106 Aquarii


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User talk:Shekhark

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions; I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Though we all make mistakes at some point, here is what Wikipedia is not, which might help you out. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

P.S. It was great to meet you tonight, good luck with your contribs, and thanks for editing it! - User:Mys e kurity|Mysekurity ]] additions | e-mail ]]02:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shekhark


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68 Aquarii

68 Aquarii is a single star located 270 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 68 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation, though it also bears the Bayer designation of g2 Aquarii. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.24. The object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +24.5 km/s.

This star is 3.79 billion years old with a stellar classification of G8 III, indicating the star is a giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded off the main sequence. It is a red clump giant, which means it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has 1.39 times the mass of the Sun and 10 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 59 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,036 K.

title: 68 Aquarii


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107 Aquarii

107 Aquarii (abbreviated 107 Aqr) is a double star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 107 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation i2 Aquarii. The pair have an angular separation of 6.787 arcseconds. They have a combined apparent visual magnitude of +5.305, with individual magnitudes of 5.72 and 6.72. The annual parallax shift measured for the two components is $16.1 mas$ and $20 mas$ respectively, although with significant statistical margins of error and flags for potential unreliability of both values. This indicates the system may be at a distance of 160-200 ly from Earth.

title: 107 Aquarii


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Donald Watson

Donald Watson (2 September 1910 – 16 November 2005) was an English animal rights advocate who co-founded The Vegan Society.

Early life
Watson was born in Mexborough, Yorkshire, the son of a headmaster in a mining community. As a child, Watson spent time on his uncle George's farm. The slaughtering of a pig on the farm horrified Watson; he said his view of farm life changed from idyllic to a death row for animals. Watson began to reassess his practice of eating meat. He became a vegetarian in 1924 at the age of fourteen, making a New Year's resolution to never again eat meat. He gave up dairy products about 18 years later, having understood the production of milk-related products was also unethical.

He said:

I was surrounded by interesting animals. They all "gave" something: the farm horse pulled the plough, the lighter horse pulled the trap, the cows "gave" milk, the hens "gave" eggs and the cockerel was a useful "alarm clock" - I didn't realise at that time that he had another function, too. The sheep "gave" wool. I could never understand what the pigs "gave", but they seemed such friendly creatures - always glad to see me.

Teaching
Upon leaving school at fifteen, Watson was apprenticed to a family joinery firm, and became a joinery teacher when he was twenty. He taught in Leicester, where he also played a large part in the Leicester Vegetarian Society. He moved on to Keswick, where he taught for 23 years. He stayed in the Lake District for the rest of his life. For several years, he devoted much time to working as a guided fell-walking leader, as well as to organic vegetable gardening, until very shortly before his death in 2005.

Veganism and The Vegan Society
Watson did not smoke, consume alcohol, or make contact with foods or substances which he regarded as toxins. In the 1940s, after learning about milk production; he became a vegan. He explained his motivation as ethical concern for sentient animals:

We can see quite plainly that our present civilisation is built on the exploitation of animals, just as past civilisations were built on the exploitation of slaves, and we believe the spiritual destiny of man is such that in time he will view with abhorrence the idea that men once fed on the products of animals' bodies.

Critics claimed that he could not survive on his proposed diet. In November 1944, in Leicester, he and his wife, Dorothy, along with four friends—Elsie Shrigley, Mr G. A. Henderson and his wife Fay K. Henderson among them—founded The Vegan Society. They separated from the London Vegetarian Society and founded The Vegan Society because the former group refused to support veganism, which they saw as extreme and antisocial. (However, Watson remained a member of the London Vegetarian Society to keep in touch with the movement. ) They had also decided they needed a word to describe their new way of life. The word 'vegan' was coined by Watson and his then-future wife Dorothy Morgan from the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian' in 1944.

Watson and The Vegan Society launched the first edition of the Society's quarterly newsletter, The Vegan News, in 1944. He ran the publication single-handed for two years, writing and duplicating the newsletter, and responding to the increasing volume of correspondence.

Watson expanded the vegan philosophy to object to any harm to living creatures. A committed pacifist throughout his life, he registered as a conscientious objector in World War II.

Personal life
Watson enjoyed cycling, photography and playing the violin. While not a supporter of any particular political party, he took a keen interest in political issues throughout his life. He was an agnostic.

His brother and sister both adopted vegan lifestyles. All three Watson siblings registered as conscientious objectors during World War II.

Watson married Dorothy Morgan in 1946, and they had one child, Janet. His wife, who was a primary school teacher, predeceased her husband by about 10 years and died around 1994/1995.

Commemoration
In November 2019, a blue plaque was unveiled in honour of Donald Watson at his former Doncaster Road School, in Mexborough, South Yorkshire. The plaque was organised by Mexborough and District Heritage Society, and unveiled by Watson's nephew Dr Tim Cook, in honour of the seventy fifth anniversary of the foundation of The Vegan Society. A heritage panel to recognise Leicester as the home of veganism and to commemorate Watson was installed in March 2024 in Evesham Road, Leicester where he lived in the 1940s. His funeral was held at St Kentigern's Church, Crosthwaite and he is buried in its cemetery.

title: Donald Watson


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32 Aquarii

32 Aquarii is a binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 32 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.29. This system is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +19 km/s, and is a possible member of the corona of the Ursa Major flow.

This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an (assumed) circular orbit having a period of only 7.8 days. It has an a sin i value of 0.777 Gm, where a is the semimajor axis and i is the orbital inclination. Since the sine function can be no larger than one, this provides a lower bound on the true semimajor axis of their orbit.

The primary component is a metallic-line (Am) star with the calcium K line of an A3 star, the hydrogen lines of an F1 star, and the metal lines of an F2 star. It is a sharp-lined, slowly rotating star with a projected rotational velocity of 9.6 km/s and is about 465 million years old. The star has 1.69 times the mass of the Sun and three times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 29 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,976 K.

title: 32 Aquarii


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41 Aquarii

41 Aquarii is a double star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 41 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.354. The pair are located at a distance of around 239 ly from the Sun based on parallax, but are drifting closer with a radial velocity of –25 km/s.

The brighter component of the pair is a red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III and a magnitude of 5.73. This is an aging star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is now generating energy through core helium fusion. It has eight times the girth of the Sun and is radiating 34 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of 4,750 K.

At an angular separation of 5.148 arcseconds, the fainter companion is an F-type main sequence star with a magnitude 7.16 and a classification of F8 V. It has 1.8 times the Sun's radius and is radiating six times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at 6,899 K.

title: 41 Aquarii


text: Talk:Louis (coin)

title: Talk:Louis (coin)


text:
42 Aquarii

42 Aquarii is a single star located 447 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 42 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.34. This object is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of around +13 km/s.

This object is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III, most likely (82% chance) on the horizontal branch. It is around 470 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 3.4 km/s. The star has over three times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 11 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 70 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,980 K.

title: 42 Aquarii


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103 Aquarii

103 Aquarii is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 103 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation A1 Aquarii. It is faint but visible to the naked eye as an orange hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.34. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $63.58$, the distance to this star is around 700 ly. It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +25 km/s.

This is classified as a K-type giant star, having evolved off the main sequence after exhausting the hydrogen at its core and expanded to 64 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 848 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,910 K.

title: 103 Aquarii


text:
HGTV (Canadian TV channel)

HGTV is a Canadian English-language discretionary cable and satellite specialty channel owned as a joint venture between Corus Entertainment (which serves as managing partner and owns 80.24% majority control through licensee HGTV Canada, Inc.) and Warner Bros. Discovery (which owns the remaining 19.76%). HGTV broadcasts programs relating to real estate, home and garden design, and renovations.

The network's programming draws partially from the U.S. version of the channel, but it also carries original Canadian-produced series, some of which have in turn also been picked up for broadcast by the U.S. network or others internationally, as well as a smaller selection of home renovation programming acquired from other producers in the United States or the United Kingdom.

History
In September 1996, Your Channel Television Inc., a company majority owned by Atlantis Communications with minority partner E. W. Scripps Company, was granted a television broadcasting licence by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) for a channel called HGTV-TV Canada, described at the time as broadcasting "programming that presents practical, hands-on advice and instruction about homes and gardens. The programming will revolve around five key themes: building and remodelling, decorating and interior design, gardening and landscaping, crafts and hobbies and special interests."

The channel was launched as HGTV on October 17, 1997. Channels also launched that day were History Television, Teletoon, and Prime. In June 1998, Atlantis Communications announced that it planned to merge with Alliance Communications, another fellow television and film producer and broadcaster, owners of History Television and Showcase at the time, to form a new company called Alliance Atlantis Communications. The CRTC approved the merger in May 1999.

On January 18, 2008, a joint venture between Canwest and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners known as CW Media acquired control of HGTV through its purchase of Alliance Atlantis' broadcasting assets, which were placed in a trust in August 2007.

On October 27, 2010, the channel's ownership changed again as Shaw Communications gained control of HGTV as a result of its acquisition of Canwest and Goldman Sachs' interest in CW Media.

A high definition feed launched on January 31, 2011. It is available through all major television providers.

On April 1, 2016, Shaw Media was sold to Corus Entertainment. This gave HGTV some new sister channels throughout its lifespan.

On June 7, 2024, Corus announced it had been informed by Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) that the latter would be ending its trademark licensing and program output agreements for some WBD-branded channels at the end of 2024. Three days later, Rogers Sports & Media announced it had reached an agreement with WBD for the Canadian rights to its lifestyle brands including HGTV beginning in January 2025. Corus said in its announcement that it intends to continue operating the affected channels with their existing Canadian programming along with "alternate foreign content supply".

Programming
Noted personalities who have been featured in HGTV Canada programming have included Mike Holmes, Drew and Jonathan Scott, Bryan Baeumler, Chris Hyndman and Steven Sabados, Sarah Richardson, Sebastian Clovis, Scott McGillivray, Samantha Pynn, and Damon Bennett, among others.

Some of its original Canadian-produced series have also been acquired by the U.S. version of the network; in particular, Property Brothers has been among the U.S. version's top programs.

title: HGTV (Canadian TV channel)


text: User talk:68.96.94.174

title: User talk:68.96.94.174


text:
38 Aquarii

38 Aquarii is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 38 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation; its Bayer designation is e Aquarii. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye, with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.43. Based on parallax measurements, it is around 450 ly away; it is 0.28 degree south of the ecliptic.

The spectrum of 38 Aquarii matches a stellar classification of B5 III. A luminosity class of III indicates that this is an evolved giant star. It has 5.6 times the radius of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 20 km/s. The outer atmosphere of the star has a blue-white glow from an effective temperature of 13,860 K.

title: 38 Aquarii


text:
83 Aquarii

83 Aquarii (abbreviated 83 Aqr) is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. The combined apparent visual magnitude of the pair is 5.43, which is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.57 milliarcseconds, it is located at a distance of around 209 ly from Earth.

Both stars are F-type main sequence stars. The first component has an apparent magnitude of 6.20; the second is magnitude 6.34. They are orbiting each other with a period of 21.84 years with an eccentricity of 0.388.

title: 83 Aquarii


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18 Aquarii

18 Aquarii is a single, yellow-white hued star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. The designation is from the catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. The star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.49 and is located about 154 ly from Earth.

This is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F0 V. It is an estimated 480 million years old and has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 138 km/s. The star has 1.54 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 11.8 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,194 K.

title: 18 Aquarii


text:
User:The great kawa

A proud Wikipedia member since at least early 2005!''' I am proud to have worked on the Tropical Cyclone group of articles (including the FA Class, Hurricane Katrina article) as they are in my opinion the best resource on the entire Internet for the subject matter, and the articles themselves are strictly defined, of incredible quality, incredibly informative, and are made by some of the nicest and most knowledgeable people on all of Wikipedia! Kudos to them and their many FA-Class achievements!'''

Current Projects
I am currently attempting to expand the desert articles. Please, please help out if you can, as I am one of the only people actually working on those series of articles and I need to have pages proofread and worked out.

Pages I Have Created

 * Monte Desert

Pages I Have Contributed Most of the Info To

 * Patagonian Desert

Pages I Have Contributed Significantly To

 * Sechura Desert
 * List of deserts

title: User:The great kawa


text: User talk:24.171.42.13

title: User talk:24.171.42.13


text:
21 Aquarii

21 Aquarii is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 21 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.49. This object is a member of the HR 1614 moving group, and is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −24.5 km/s.

This object is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III. As a result of having exhausted the hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 27 times the radius of the Sun. The star is radiating 203 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,120 K.

title: 21 Aquarii


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John Marshall High School (Leon Valley, Texas)

John Marshall High School (JMHS) is a free public secondary school in the San Antonio suburb of Leon Valley in northwest Bexar County named after Chief Justice John Marshall. The school serves students in grades 9-12, and is part of the Northside Independent School District, with admission based primarily on the locations of students' homes. The campus serves most of the suburb of Leon Valley and large portions of northwest San Antonio. Marshall was named a National Blue Ribbon School in 1992-93.

For the 2021-22 school year, Marshall was given a "C" by the Texas Education Agency, with a distinction for Academic Achievement in English Language Arts/Reading.

History
Marshall is the oldest high school in the Northside Independent School District, and was originally known simply as Northside High School from 1949 until 1960. In the fall of 1960, it was renamed John Marshall High School in honor of the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, John Marshall. The name change began a trend among Northside ISD high schools, all of which are named after U.S. Supreme Court Justices). The school mascot, the Ram, was picked by students in 1950 and was based on the NFL's Los Angeles Rams.

The school was once well known for its vocal music department, which had made sweepstakes in UIL over the past few decades.

The Ram Band has also been consistent sweepstakes winners. In 1976 the band set a world's record for continuous concert, performing 52 hours and 3 minutes in Wonderland Mall (now known as Wonderland of the Americas). That same year, the band became the first band from the state of Texas in 20 years to be invited to march in the 1977 Tournament of Roses Parade. The Ram Band also appeared in the 1977 feature film "Rolling Thunder". The first and second band directors at Marshall have had Northside Schools named for them; Mr. Bob Lewis, band director from 1957 to 1975 and Mr. Charles Kuentz Jr., band director from 1975 into the 1980s. Under direction of Kevin Tabb, the school has found success in indoor drumline competition, winning state championships for the first time in school history in 2022, and again in 2023. In August 2019, the Northside Independent School District opened Marshall Law and Medical Services Magnet School, a magnet school located within the campus. In late 2020, the magnet school's construction completed with a new three-story building (Building B) taking place of the old two-story Building B.

Athletics
The Marshall Rams compete in these sports: Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Football, Golf, Soccer, Softball, Swimming and Diving, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, and Water Polo.

In 1966 the John Marshall Basketball team won the State AAA championship, becoming the first and only sports team from John Marshall, in any sport to do so. John Marshall defeated League City Clear Creek, 64-60 in overtime at Gregory Gym, University of Texas. Coach Ted Dockery of Texas A&I (along with assistant coach Gary G. Haass) coached the state championship team. Wayne Doyal, (first team all state center) and Dennis Leach led the well balanced Ram team. Wayne Doyal later played for the University of Texas 1968-70.

Attendance zone changes through the years
Because it's the oldest and the original high school for the Northside ISD, Marshall's originally very large attendance zones have been split through the years as new high schools were added to the district. Holmes H.S. to the south in the early 1960s, and Jay H.S. a few years later, although part of its area was also formed from the fairly new Holmes H.S. zone. In 1978 Marshall's zone was split again with the creation of Clark H.S. to the east, again in 1985 when Taft H.S. opened further west, and in 1998 when the new O'Connor H.S. claimed the Helotes and north Loop 1604 areas. The most recent attendance zone change was in 2008 for the new Brandeis H.S. whose zone is primarily made up of large areas of the former Clark and O'Connor attendance zones with a smaller area of Marshall's zone.

Though its attendance zones are much smaller than they were, Marshall still posts high academic scores and remains competitive in athletics, with the varsity football team winning the district title in 2006. Recently, Northside ISD attendance zones were realigned so that Marshall now has many former Clark H.S. neighborhoods that were originally zoned to Marshall, including those around the South Texas Medical Center, Prue Road, Fredericksburg Road and areas near the Wurzbach and I-10 intersection. Former O'Connor H.S. neighborhoods on Bandera Road were also rezoned back to Marshall due to realignment of other H.S. boundaries to accommodate record growth in the greater San Antonio area.

Notable alumni

 * John Hagy (Class of 1984) — Professional football player.
 * Priest Holmes (Class of 1992) — Professional football player.
 * Will Hurd (Class of 1995) — Member of the United States House of Representatives.
 * N.D. Kalu (Class of 1993) — Professional football player.
 * Shannon Lucio (Class of 1998) — Actress
 * Jeff W. Mathis III (Class of 1974) — U.S. Army major general.
 * Keith Sanderson (Class of 1993) — Sport shooter.
 * Scott Solomon (Class of 2007) — Professional football player.
 * Todd White (Class of 1988) — Animator and artist.
 * Dusty Wolfe (Class of 1979) — Professional wrestler.

 * Liver King (Class of 1995) — Social Media Influencer.


text:
7 Aquarii

7 Aquarii, abbreviated 7 Aqr, is a binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 7 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5; the brighter component is baseline magnitude 5.62 while the faint secondary is magnitude 11.4. As of 2002, the pair had an angular separation of $1.474$ along a position angle of 165°. The distance to this system, based upon an annual parallax shift of $−32.4$, is around 660 light years. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −32 km/s.

The primary component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III. It is a suspected variable star of unknown type with a maximum magnitude of 5.48. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of this star, after correcting for limb darkening, is $2.1 arcsecond$, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 46 times the radius of the Sun. The star is radiating 404 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,990 K.

title: 7 Aquarii


text:
39 Arietis

39 Arietis (abbreviated 39 Ari), officially named Lilii Borea, is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.5. The distance to this star, as determined from an annual parallax shift of 19.01 mas, is approximately 172 ly. This star was formerly located in the obsolete constellation Musca Borealis.

Nomenclature
39 Arietis is the star's Flamsteed designation.

This star was described as Lilii Borea by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1757, as a star of the now-defunct constellation of Lilium (the Lily). The words are simply the Latin phrase Līliī Boreā 'in the north of Lilium'. Līliī Austrīnā 'in the south of Lilium' was 41 Arietis.

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Lilii Borea for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In Chinese, 胃宿 (Wèi Su), meaning Stomach, refers to an asterism consisting of 39 Arietis, 35 Arietis and 41 Arietis. Consequently, the Chinese name for 39 Arietis itself is 胃宿二 (Wèi Su èr, the Second Star of Stomach).

Properties
39 Arietis is a giant star with a stellar classification of K1.5 III. It is currently at an evolutionary stage known as the red clump, indicating that it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. It has 1.6 times the mass of the Sun, but its outer envelope has expanded to around 11 times the Sun's radius. It shines with 56 times the luminosity of the Sun. This energy is being radiated into outer space from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,603 K, giving it the cool orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

title: 39 Arietis


text:
Chuck Graham

Charles Graham (February 24, 1965 – May 19, 2020) was an American politician in the Democratic Party who represented the 19th Senate District in the Missouri General Assembly, which includes the city of Columbia, Missouri, where he lived.

Graham was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1987 with a B.S. in journalism.

He was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1996, and served there through 2005. He was first elected to the Missouri State Senate in 2004, and served as the party's Assistant Minority Floor Leader. He had been mentioned as a possible candidate in the 2006 United States Senate election, but dropped out in support of then-State Auditor Claire McCaskill.

He served on the following committees:
 * Education
 * Gubernatorial Appointments
 * Judiciary and Civil and Criminal Jurisprudence
 * Pensions, Veterans' Affairs and General Laws

In 1998, Graham proposed a bill which would have permitted death row prisoners awaiting execution to donate organs (kidneys or bone marrow) in exchange for a commutation of their death sentence. He was a strong supporter of stem-cell research.

On October 20, 2007, Graham was arrested by the Columbia Police Department on suspicion of driving while intoxicated after rear-ending a vehicle near his home in Southwest Columbia. His license was subsequently suspended.

Graham was a paraplegic after he had an automobile accident at 16. He received national attention during a 2008 televised campaign rally in Columbia. The vice presidential nominee Joe Biden asked him to stand up and was apparently unaware of his paralysis. When Biden realized that Graham could not stand up, he asked for the crowd to stand up for him.

On November 4, 2008, Graham lost his seat after being defeated in the general election by Republican Kurt Schaefer. After the 2008 election, he announced that he had no future plans to run for public office.

Graham died on May 19, 2020, at 55.

title: Chuck Graham


text:
Talk:Meta guiding

We should cite sources if we're going to say it doesn't work. RJFJR 03:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Absolutely. I think the article as it stands is terrible and clearly biased against the technique, unfairly IMO since there are no references to actual studies to verify the assertion that meta-guiding is essentially a failure. I read the speed-reading page and initially felt that it was also somewhat NPOV and unfairly sceptical about the concept but, having read the (very long) discussion page in its entirety, I see that it arrived at that state of somewhat equilibrium through a lot of work and evolution from both pro and con-biased wikipedians, who gave justification for their contributions in great depth. So at least I felt some degree of confidence in the belief that it is representative of the views of most people, experts, charlatans and the general public and points to sources for many of its statements.

This on the other hand, makes a very strong assertion without anything at all to back it up. So if nobody objects or provides a counterpoint, I will edit the text later (once I've figured out how - this is my first participation on wikipedia) to try to balance it somewhat.

For the record, I borrowed Tony Buzan's Speed-reading book from a public library many years ago, kept it for a few years until I eventually bought it from them and searched for it again. When I first started working through it, I found I made some improvement using the simple techniques it begins with, I never had much success with the meta guiding techniques, and gave up on it at that point (although I did go through a phase where I felt my comprehension was high reading two lines at a time in both directions - a la full duplex printing or whatever it's called).

So while I also share some pessimism and wonder whether the whole array of techniques (beyond finger-guiding which I do find useful) works, I think blanket statements like this need to be qualified strongly.
 * Destynova 21:31, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Meta Guiding Systems
Any objections to this? - N (talk) 14:04, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meta guiding


text:
12 Aquarii

12 Aquarii is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 12 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.67. Parallax measurements by Hipparcos puts it at a distance of some 500 light-years, or 150 parsecs away. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +1.1 km/s.

The magnitude 5.88 primary, component A, is itself a binary star with a separation of $1.1$–$0.05 arcsecond$ and an orbital period of around 6760 days. The brighter member of this duo is a G-type bright giant with a stellar classification of G4 II and 2.6 times the mass of the Sun. Its companion is an early A-type star with double the mass of the Sun. The tertiary component B is magnitude 7.55 A-type main-sequence star at a separation of $0.07 arcsecond$ from the primary.

title: 12 Aquarii


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35 Arietis

35 Arietis (abbreviated 35 Ari) is a binary star in the northern constellation of Aries. 35 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It is approximately 340 ly distant from the Earth, based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.51 mas. This star is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.64.

This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system, with the presence of a companion being demonstrated by shifts in the spectrum of the primary component. The pair orbit each other with a period of 490.0 days and an eccentricity of 0.14. The primary is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V. With a mass around 5.7 times that of the Sun, it is radiating 870 times the Sun's luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 17,520 K, causing it to shine with the blue-white hue of a B-type star.

This star was formerly located in the obsolete constellation Musca Borealis.

title: 35 Arietis


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Cadwallader Washburn

Cadwallader Washburn may refer to:

 * Cadwallader C. Washburn (1818–1882), American businessman, politician, and soldier
 * Cadwallader Lincoln Washburn (1866–1965), American artist and adventurer

title: Cadwallader Washburn


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49 Aquarii

49 Aquarii, abbreviated 49 Aqr, is a star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 49 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is a dim star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.53. The distance to 49 Aqr, as determined from its annual parallax shift of $0.979$, is 266 light years. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −13 km/s.

This is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III CN II. It shows a spectral anomaly with the absorption lines of cyanogen (CN). This is a red clump giant, indicating that it is generating energy through the helium fusion at its core. It is around 950 million years old with 2.2 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to nine times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 50 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,954 K.

title: 49 Aquarii


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of magic clubs

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete (will note that I put the two that were in this list in a "magic clubs" category) Ryan Norton T 02:00, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

List of magic clubs
Pointless list. Not notable/worthy of a list. Incomplete and very unlikely that list could grow into anything useful. Also, Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Krash 03:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, wikipedia users should be able to find examples of notable magic clubs. Kappa 04:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed they should. And that's why there is Google. Lists that I've encountered here on Wikipedia have corresponding articles. There is no Magic club article. And, to me, it seems this list was created as a link farm for Magic Club of Vienna, itself a dubious article. I'm not opposed to Category:Magic clubs, but I don't think anything less than about 10 entries is worthy of a list. And this isn't a topic that's going to have that kind of growth very quickly. -- Krash 13:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Google is not an excuse for wikipedia not to organize itself properly. Kappa 18:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but not reason not to have a Magic Clubs subcategory of Magic. The Land 09:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So you don't think people should know what country the Magic Circle is based in before they click on the link? Kappa 11:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So you cannot add the country to the magic article but you can put it in this one? - Andre Engels 13:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I oppose making this a category, which would not not show this information, I have no objection to merging, which would retain it. Kappa 18:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or delete. A list of two can be moved into magic (illusion) or in some other article where it fits. - Andre Engels 13:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge content into magic (illusion) article per Andre Engels. Will probably get more views of the information there.--Isotope23 13:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful list. Trollderella 16:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete A list of two items is not a list. This is why categories were invented. Denni ☯ 02:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless. Gamaliel 18:23, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Categorize and delete. -Sean Curtin 07:02, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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14 Arietis

14 Arietis (abbreviated 14 Ari) is a star in the constellation of Aries. 14 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.98, which means it is visible to the naked eye. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 11.30 mas, is it located at a distance of approximately 290 ly, give or take a 30 light-year margin of error.

This is an astrometric binary system. The primary has a stellar classification of F2 III, suggesting that it is a giant star. Despite being an evolved star with four times the radius of the Sun, it is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 139.6 km/s. This is causing a pronounced equatorial bulge, with the radius of the star along the equator being 24% greater than the radius at the poles. The star shines at 32 times the luminosity of the Sun, with this energy being radiated from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 6,761 K. This heat gives it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star.

title: 14 Arietis


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77 Aquarii

77 Aquarii is a single star located 135 light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 77 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.55. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −35 km/s.

At the estimated age of 7.61 billion years old, this is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III. It is a suspected variable star that ranges in brightness from a maximum of magnitude 5.53 down to 5.60. 77 Aquarii has 1.14 times the mass of the Sun and, after exhausting the hydrogen at its core, has expanded to six times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 13.3 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,581 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

title: 77 Aquarii


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38 Arietis

38 Arietis (abbreviated 38 Ari) is a variable star in the northern constellation of Aries. 38 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It was once designated 88 Ceti, forming part of the neighboring constellation of Cetus. With an apparent visual magnitude of +5.18, it is bright enough to be viewed with the naked eye. The measured annual parallax shift of 27.52 mas is equivalent to a distance of approximately 119 ly from Earth.

The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of A7 III-IV, with the luminosity class of III-IV indicating it shows traits part way between the subgiant and giant star stages of its evolution. It is a Delta Scuti variable with a period of 0.0355 days (51 minutes) and a magnitude change of 0.040. This star is larger than the Sun, with more than double the Sun's radius and 11 times the luminosity. This energy is being radiated into outer space from the atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,638 K, giving it the white-hued glow of an A-type star.

title: 38 Arietis


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Saudi Press Agency

The Saudi Press Agency (SPA; وكالة الأنباء السعودية) is the state news agency of Saudi Arabia. It was established in 1970 during the reign of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz and functions under the country's Ministry of Media.

History and profile
The agency was established in 1970 as the first national news agency in Saudi Arabia. The agency is also the first news agency in the Persian Gulf region. The main goal of its establishment was to serve as a central body to collect and distribute local and international news in Saudi Arabia and abroad.

The SPA is under the responsibility of the ministry of Media and therefore, its president directly reports to the minister. The SPA provides the newspapers with a guideline, the editorial line, which should be followed in their reports. The Agency publishes news in both Arabic and English. The SPA has offices in Bonn, Cairo, London, Tunis and Washington, DC.

In late May 2012, the Saudi Council of Ministers made a decision to separate Saudi Television and Radio and Saudi Press Agency (SPA), making both as two independent corporations.

Under the May 2012 restructuring, the SPA covers events and issues at national, regional and international levels, especially those related to the Kingdom and contribute to strengthening the journalistic profession in the country. The new arrangement also involves the transformation of the SPA into a Presidency. The president is Abdullah bin Fahd Al Hussein. The minister of Media acts as the board chairman of the agency.

In November 2013, the SPA signed a news exchange agreement with Anadolu Agency, official news agency of Turkey.

Activities
The agency organized the fourth News Agencies World Congress (NAWC) in Riyadh in 2013.

title: Saudi Press Agency


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Talk:Slovene Americans

Untitled
In view of the thorough scarcity of Slovenes here I have decided to add August Pust's name. He is, it seems to me, notable. --VKokielov 03:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Judith Arlene Resnik
Why are we listing Judith Arlene Resnik as possibly being of Slovenian origin? If it's just based on her name, the Dictionary of American Family Names should put that to rest:

''Last Name: Resnik 1. Variant spelling of Jewish Reznik ‘ritual slaughterer’. 2. Slovenian: probably a topographic name from resa ‘heather’ (dialect res), or from resnik a type of barley.''

We know she was Jewish, so we can be almost certain that the first explanation applies here. Unless there is some additional evidence available, I will remove her name from the list. WorldWide Update 12:47, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Since there were no objections, I replaced Resnik with Charles Kuralt, who said the following in his book A Life on the Road: "I come from wandering tribes, Norse and Celtic on my mother's side it seems, nomad Bavarians on my father's, ancestors become Scots-Irish and Slovenian by the time of their migration to America. As far as I could tell, none of them ever stayed anywhere for long."

Since his Slovenian origins are only partial and apparently distant, I think we should keep him under the heading "Important Americans with Slovenian origins," rather than in the "Important Slovenian Americans" section. WorldWide Update 11:00, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Importance
People should realize that this is a listing of important Slovenian Americans, not a directory of all Slovenian Americans (and certainly not a vanity list). For instance, we just had a case of a college student being added to the list without any indication of her broader significance. I'm about to remove Tom Susnik as well, because his description, as currently written, doesn't indicate what sets him apart from numerous other successful Slovenian American businesspeople. In other words, it doesn't say why he is "important" in this context. Did he invent something? Do his business skills stand out in any way? Did he receive any national awards for his skills or accomplishments? Is he an industry leader? (The description doesn't even mention what field he's in.) I'm sorry, but "millionaire" doesn't quite cut it in 2006. ;) WorldWide Update 11:08, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

"Doctors"
According to the Slovenian translation of this page, 738 Slovenian Americans aren't doctors (physicians), but have rather a doctorate (Ph.D). The inconsistency arose probably from the fact, that both are called doktorji in Slovenian.

Incomplete lists
The lists of some people, for example bishops and generals, are incomplete. Can the person who originally started those lists finish them? Squamate 14:55, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Voinovich and Kucinich
Both have Slovene ancestry:

"President Janez Drnovsek has decorated George Voinovich, a US senator of Slovenian-Serbian descent, for his merits in Slovenia's international affirmation and in the promotion of friendship between Slovenia and the United States."

"The celebrations were organised with the help of Mayor of Cleveland Frank G. Jackson, who joined Cleveland Senator George Voinovich and Representative Dennis Kucinich as well as others of Slovenian descent and Slovenian diplomats on Monday." Squamate 02:59, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Check their articles. George Voinovich's bio says he has a Serbian father and a Slovene mother.  Dennis Kucinich's article says he is of Croatian ancestry!!! Squamate 03:04, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

You are wrong that Kucinich has Slovene ancestry. However, he does have Croatian ancestry. Slovenia and Croatia are different countries with different languages! Voinovich does have Slovene ancestry. See two references:

 * I cited articles that stated Kucinich has Slovene ancestry. You cited articles that say he has Irish ancestry.  Oh, well.  Maybe I'll write to Kucinich himself and ask him for the truth.  PS: I know Slovenia and Croatia are two different countries with different languages - I'm a member of SNPJ and KSKJ.  PPS: Sign your posts to talk pages! Squamate 00:25, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Some feedback and criticism
Perhaps this article is intended as a stub, until a fuller treatment can be provided. The history section is whimsical, not historical. Anything based on modern demographic data is suspect (see the comment below on sources). Random inclusion of opinion are inappropriate, whether accurate or otherwise (such as the gratuitous mention of "anti-Slavic" prejudice), and the article should not offer unreferenced suggestions as to why some/many Slovenes do not have names that are recognizably Slovene.

On source material:

 * Rev. Trunk's 1912 writeup (http://feefhs.org/slovenia/sidb1/trunki.html) on Slovene Communities in America is an excellent reference (and a primary source) to use in researching this article, and as background in other articles relating to Slovenes in America or elsewhere. One might also have a look at that web page's "list of prominent Slovenes", at the bottom of the page. Trunk (actually Trunklje, I think) personally knew the people that he wrote about, and his writeup is better than others that I've seen (particularly those cited in the article). It's a bit of an effort, but one comes away with a sense that one understands the lives of the immigrants themselves. This helps to provide a feasible basis for discussing their descendants (who are the subject of this article).

 * Citations regarding current demographics, from the Census Bureau and elsewhere, are a must-have, I suppose. They are not accurate, and that is noted virtually everywhere the topic arises. So basing article content upon those demographics, as has been done, is a well-intentioned but unworthy effort. There are many reasons for inaccurate demographic data, and those reasons are usually innocuous, unlike the reasons that are often suggested.

 * The "Slavic Heritage Coalition" source does not provide source material, it provides unreferenced judgmental conclusions and statements, and should not be cited by or used in Wikipedia.

 * The "Slovenian Americans" source is more of a travelogue article, with a romantically affectionate (and historically uncritical) approach. It contains some useful information, but this source is correctly described as mostly feel-good stories of unknown provenance. Repeating its content in the Wikipedia article is inappropriate without verification, as is citing it as an authoritative source, though the article might be mentioned in the sense of "additional reading".

 * The paper written by Dr. Klemenčič is a professional source. So at least the article has one. He doesn't cite his own sources in the paper, but it looks like the Trunk writeup mentioned above is a major one.

24.178.228.14 (talk) 20:19, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The flag displayed as the Slovenian flag is in fact the Russian flag. Although they are similar, the Slovenian flag has a coat of arms on it as well. 76.181.68.81 (talk) 01:00, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Looks like the flag is back to a Russian flag. Could someone with access please replace this with the Slovenian flag? Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.164.169 (talk) 03:04, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Although looking at the history of the Slovenian flag, it could also be the flag first flown in 1848, which has great historical meaning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.164.169 (talk) 03:12, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Squamate (talk) 00:59, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:EdDanvers.jpg
The image Image:EdDanvers.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --09:21, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Anže Kopitar
Is Anže Kopitar already a Slovene American, as he is a citizen of Slovenia? --xJaM (talk) 15:55, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Came here for the same reason. As far as I know (and his wiki-article confirms this), he has Slovene citizenship, which would make him just a Slovene guy residing in America, not a Slovene American. TomorrowTime (talk) 08:29, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Images
Can somebody here compile a better list of "representatives" of Slovene-Americans than just people who have Slovene-sounding surnames? Bull dog123 20:22, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Use of Upper Midwest and West
The meanings of these two terms has changed over time so that it is unclear about where the people settled at different times. Upper Midwest used to mean (before about 1880) what are now Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. Today's meaning is Minnesota, Wisconsin, North and SOuth Dakota. Also West Used to mean areas like Minnesota and Wisconsin. Now its more like Montana colorado, Idaho, etc. Depending on the sources someone needs to figure out what they meant and correct the article accordingly. --71.214.221.153 (talk) 23:18, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

what about astronauts?
Why don't you add pictures of Ronald Michael Šega? http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/video-nasin-astronavt-slovenskega-rodu-ne-skriva-navdusenja-nad-slovenijo.html Or peraps Sunita Williams? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Cdi-ii6W6U

Wrong flag
That does not appear to be the Slovene flag but the Russian flag. flag source-- S Philbrick (Talk)  12:20, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The Flag of the Slovene Nation is correct per this source (page 3720). Doremo (talk) 13:55, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * See Flag of Slovenia. That flag was the flag in 1848, but not today.

 * See also Slovenija - Republic of Slovenia, Republika Slovenija
 * and world Atlas
 * and World flags 101-- S Philbrick (Talk)  19:28, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Please read the 1994 source I cited above, page 3720. It is not intended to be the flag of the Republic of Slovenia. Doremo (talk) 19:40, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I cannot read the source because I do not speak the language. Are you trying to say that the flag of the Slovene nation is not the same as the flag of the Republic of Slovenia? -- S Philbrick (Talk)  19:54, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * That is correct. You can also look at the illustration on page 3720. More context is also available here. Doremo (talk) 03:47, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

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Slovenian (not Slovene) Americans
This article should be renamed "Slovenian Americans" since the adjective "Slovenian" is, by a huge margin, the dominant form in the U.S., and according to Wikipedia rules, U.S.-related articles should follow American usage. --31.15.238.217 (talk) 00:34, 4 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Google Books Ngram Viewer indicates that there is no significant difference between the variant forms in American English. Doremo (talk) 04:31, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slovene Americans


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33 Arietis

33 Arietis (abbreviated 33 Ari) is a binary star in the northern constellation of Aries. 33 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. The combined apparent magnitude of 5.33 is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.09 mas, the distance to this system is approximately 231 ly.

The primary component is an A-type main sequence star with a magnitude of 5.40 and a stellar classification of A3 V. It has a magnitude 8.40 companion at an angular separation of 28.6 arcseconds. An excess of infrared emission suggests the presence of circumstellar dust in this system. In the 24μm band, this debris disk has a mean temperature of 815 K, which puts it at a radius of 0.85 astronomical units (AU) from the primary star. Excess emission appears in the 70μm band, which has a temperature of 103 K and a radius out to 42 AU.

This star was located in the constellation Musca Borealis.

title: 33 Arietis


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5 Aquarii

5 Aquarii is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius, located about 830 light years away from the Sun, based on parallax. 5 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.55. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −3 km/s.

This is a suspected chemically peculiar star star with a stellar classification of B9 III, although Adelman et al. (2004) consider it to be a normal star with near-solar elemental abundances. It is relatively sharp-lined with a projected rotational velocity of 25 km/s. The star is radiating 318 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,200 K.

title: 5 Aquarii


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snickerbilly

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Thanks for reverting anons where necessary. – Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:40, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Snickerbilly
I could find nothing to verify the existence of such a term. gren グレン 03:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Hey, this is a real term. It is a local thing around this area. I would leave it up. - CentipedeX, 08:30, 14 October 2005 (preceding unsigned comment by )
 * Delete as per nom. Zero Googles   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:35, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. --GraemeL (talk) 12:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nom CLW 13:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable neologism.--Isotope23 13:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

This is a term used around the middlesex Massachusetts county. I'd keep it because it is historic to a farm in Ma that is popular because of this term. (Preceding comment by, who also removed the three votes to delete by GraemeL, CLW and Isotope23 -- said votes have been restored.)

 * Delete, for reasons stated above. And don't edit the votes of other people; we can see it when you do it. -- Captain Disdain 03:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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53 Aquarii

53 Aquarii (abbreviated 53 Aqr) is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 53 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation though the star also bears the Bayer designation of f Aquarii. The combined apparent visual magnitude of the pair is a 5.56, making it just visible to the naked eye in dark suburban skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 49.50 milliarcseconds for the first component, this system is located at a distance of approximately 65 ly from Earth.

This is a wide binary star system with a projected separation of 100 astronomical units; indicating that the two stars are at least this distance apart. The primary component is a solar-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of G1 V. It has about 99% of the Sun's mass, 111% of the Sun's radius, and shines with 139% of the luminosity of the Sun. This energy is being emitted from an outer envelope at an effective temperature of 5,922 K, giving it the golden hue of a G-type star. An examination of the primary component with the Spitzer Space Telescope failed to detect any infrared excess that might otherwise be an indication of a circumstellar debris disk.

The companion is a slightly cooler star with an effective temperature of 5,811 K. It has a stellar classification of G5 V Fe–0.8 CH–1, indicating it is a chemically peculiar G-type main sequence star showing an under-abundance of iron and the molecule CH in its spectrum. As of 2008, it has an angular separation of 1.325 arcseconds along a position angle of 30.9° from the primary.

This system is coeval with the Castor Moving Group of stars that share a common motion through space; hence it is a candidate member of that association. This suggests that the system is young; its estimated age is in the range of 180 to 370 million years, based upon the spectrum and X-ray luminosity, respectively.

title: 53 Aquarii


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52 Arietis

52 Arietis (abbreviated 52 Ari) is a triple star system in the northern constellation of Aries. 52 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. The combined apparent magnitude is +5.46, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.05 mas, the system is roughly 540 ly distant from the Earth. The inner pair of this system consist of two nearly identical B-type main sequence stars, each with about five times the mass of the Sun. The tertiary component is a smaller star with 88% of the Sun's mass, and is a common proper motion companion.

title: 52 Arietis


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30 Aquarii

30 Aquarii is a single star located about 301 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 30 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.56. The star is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 40 km/s.

This object is an aging G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III, although Houk and Swift (1999) found a class of K1 IV. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is nearly two billion years old with a leisurely rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 1.6 km/s. It has double the mass of the Sun and has expanded to ten times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 55 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,944 K.

title: 30 Aquarii