text:
Talk:Stroke ratio

Don't delete
Hopefully this article is not thrown away and erased. I thought that as the stroke ratios had caused me headaches before finding some facts about them I thought it might be a good idea to create an article of it to wikipedia. Hopefully someone could organize the writing better as it is in quite a terrible shape. - Anonamous machine enthusiath from Finland 6.10.2005 (day.month.year)

Merger
Why not. - Diceman 18:39, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Factually incorrect
I'm working on a better version of this, but in the mean time, I want everybody to know that the reason why an undersquare engine develops more torque has NOTHING to do with the leverage advantage of the longer crank arm. This has become "common sense" among mechanics, and citations are definitely needed to the contrary. I'm going to have to dig a bit. If Wikipedia allowed original research, I could mathematically prove it to you. kevinthenerd (talk) 16:48, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * -Kevin, you could override the wikipedia rules by creating independent page explaining the effect of leverage and use it as your citation. Such a thing is not forbidden as far as I know... :-D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.223.93.188 (talk) 22:01, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

The article is almost useless as it stands
It's all "citation needed" and "with the aid of modern technology, this may not be a problem." So in other words, it all translates to "I don't know what the hell I'm writing." I'm tempted to throw out all of that junk. --Novous (talk) 04:05, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

I couldn't take it. It had to go. Feel free to bring back the facts if you can back them up with a credible web source. But there's no point in having an article literally fight itself in it's own presentation.

I had some issues: - "<--this assumes a stroker engine, " was out of place. It was a cliff note without a source and killed the flow of the paragraph. - The modern technology part is bogus. What technology? And at what point does it negate physics, or general engine information? - Emissions is bogus. It's more of a head issue than anything else. - Compression ratio is silly. Automotive manufacturers seem to have no problem running the compression ratio they want. Again, it's more of a head issue. - Overheating is a lie. Name one engine? And then explain how its supposed to apply to the cooling jackets of all engines? - Formula 1 cars do rev that high. I don't know the exact ratio off-hand, but it's close to that. I left it in. But "citation needed" everywhere is so unprofessional looking. It's like saying "I don't really know what I'm talking about." --Novous (talk) 04:36, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Need new article
Need 'Short Stroke Engine' article to explain in more detail. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericg33 (talk • contribs) 01:33, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stroke ratio


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability/Areas

 * Being intuitive - contents made understandable by everyone; using familiar and affordance interface design for universal usability
 * Architecture - organisation of information
 * Design - visual appearance of Wikipedia
 * Interface - editing and other interaction
 * Compatibility - ease of use for everyone on any device
 * Standards and accessibility - making use of W3C-recommended XHTML and CSS in a manner that promotes the above and accessibility

Being intuitive
The most important thing to remember when designing for accessibility is - Don't make the user think. Wikipedia needs to be as obvious and self-expanatory as humanly possible - the user should be able to "get it" without thinking. This sounds like the antithesis of an encyclopedia, but the point is not to keep them from learning, but to keep learning easy.

Questions should never be asked when viewing a page. Especially questions such as:
 * 1) Where do I start?
 * 2) Where is _______? (what I'm looking for)
 * 3) Is this clickable?
 * 4) What happens when I click it?
 * 5) What is the most important thing on the page?

Section headers can go a long way toward making an article accessible by the visually impaired and blind, anyone who uses page readers.

Architecture
Wikipedia's structure will be easy to understand if its appearance clearly shows the hierarchical relationships between the things on the page:
 * 1) The more important it is, the more visible it should be.
 * 2) Logically related items should also be visually related.
 * 3) Sub-items should be "nested".

In Wikipedia this is easily done. A picture goes with a piece of text which is spanned by a large headline. The more important the word, the bigger the font.

Navigation
Navigation is very important because if someone can't navigate Wikipedia easily they won't use it. In Wikipedia there is the navigation bar, tabs, categories. Using these things the user needs to be able to answer the following questions at all times, no matter what page within the site they are on:
 * 1) What page am I on? (Page name)
 * 2) What are the most important areas/pages of this site? (Sections)
 * 3) Where can I go from here? (Navigation)
 * 4) Where am I in the grand scheme? ("You are here")
 * 5) How do I find something? (Search)

Techniques for navigation menus
Here are a few techniques about information architecture relevant in internal pages. Not articles, but especially help pages, pages in Wikipedia namespace, projects, etc.
 * Breadcrumb
 * The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
 * Card sorting
 * Tree testing
 * Site map

An applied example of those techniques in Wikipedia can be seen at WikiProject Accessibility.

Design
Since this is an encyclopedia perhaps two items from The Elements of Style should be noted. Be clear and Omit needless words. Clear and concise statements have several benefits:
 * 1) Reduced noise
 * 2) Useful content more prominent
 * 3) Shorter pages allow users to see more before tiring.

This is necessary in a webpage because of two things:
 * 1) Users (new and old) will not sit quietly and slowly read a webpage from start to finish. - They will quickly scan for words/phrases or colorfull icons/buttons that catch the eye. Wikipedia is a little different in that the user may be expecting a lot of information and may read longer, but they will still get bored easily.
 * 2) Users don't want to have to figure things out for themselves. But they also won't read the instructions.

Now, if the user "gets it" right away then they will understand the purpose of Wikipedia better, find what they're looking for easier, and return again.

How does a user "get it"?

 * 1) A visual hierarchy - That's explained above. If it's addressed in the architecture then designing it is easy.
 * 2) Design Conventions - The user likely sees a lot of different websites. They've learned to look for certain familiar things to quickly tell them what to do. A "Go" button after a search takes them to a page, a tab selects a different page, colored text is a link, Icons are very relatable and can represent types of pages easily. These "conventions" need to be repeated in Wikipedia.
 * 3) Break the page up into clearly divided sections. The eyes should quickly find "things to do", "navigation", "search", etc. This allows them to ignore what they don't want.
 * 4) Make clickable items obvious. Things like "fullstory", "click here", tabs, amd well-labeled buttons etc.
 * 5) Make it visually appealing but not too "noisy". Color is great, but borders, black lines, underlines, and too many words tire eyes quickly.

Navigation
Tabs are put to excellent use in Wikipedia. They are used as "You are here" indicators for each page, as well as offering something for the user to do. But they are not used well for navigation. One idea would be to use tabs along the side of a page to select categories, subjects, areas of Wikipedia, or other options (Much like the alphabetized tabs on a paper encyclopedia). They could be configured to change depending on the page being viewed. For example the category of the page could be the top tab, followed by sub or parent category tabs.

Icons are unused in Wikipedia. For the category tabes/pages etc. certain icons can represent and even replace text in some instances. For example the previously mentioned art tab could have an icon of a painting on it instead of text.

Standards and accessibility
W3C compliance - Using XHTML and CSS in a manner that promotes the above.

Common points between accessibility and usability: See also WikiProject Accessibility/What is accessibility?
 * 1) Internationalization (usability) is related to indicating language changes (accessibility).
 * 2) Highly contrasted texts/links/etc. improves readability for everyone (usability); notably elders, visually impaired, etc. (accessibility).
 * 3) Explicit link titles benefit to everyone.
 * 4) Interoperability: the ability to use Wikipedia whatever the user agent (browser, mobile, screen reader, etc.)  the seeing-impaired, elderly, persons with only a basic understanding of a language, and those with slow internet connections.
 * 5) Etc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability/Areas


text:
Alamo Heights High School

Alamo Heights High School is a public high school located in the city of Alamo Heights, Texas and is the only high school in the Alamo Heights Independent School District. For the 2021-2022 school year, the school was given a "B" by the Texas Education Agency.

Athletics
The Alamo Heights Mules compete in the following sports:

Cheerleading, Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Basketball, Swimming, Diving, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Baseball & Softball.

State Titles

 * Boys Basketball -
 * 1952(3A), 1954(3A)
 * Football -
 * 2006(4A/D1)
 * Boys Golf -
 * 1950(City), 1956(2A), 1963(4A), 1964(4A), 1965(4A), 1968(4A), 1970(4A)
 * Boys Soccer -
 * 1987(All), 2012(4A)
 * Girls Golf -
 * 2023(5A), 2024(5A)
 * Girls Swimming -
 * 1973(3A), 2014(4A)
 * Team Tennis -
 * 1984(4A), 1986(4A), 1987(4A), 1988(4A), 1993(4A), 1994(4A), 1995(4A), 1996(4A), 1998(4A), 1999(4A), 2000(4A),2002(4A)
 * Cheerleading -
 * 2016(5A), 2017(5A), 2019(5A), 2020(5A)

Notable alumni

 * Patrick Bailey, class of 2004, former linebacker for the Tennessee Titans and won a Super Bowl with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2009.
 * Angela Belcher, attended, is the Director of the Biomolecular Materials Group at MIT.
 * "Tito” Beveridge, class of 1979, is the founder of Tito’s Vodka
 * Marie Brenner, class of 1967, is an author, investigative journalist, and writer-at-large for Vanity Fair magazine.
 * William H. Cade, class of 1964, Animal Behaviorist, Othroperist, President Emeritus of the University of Lethbridge.
 * Chase Clement, class of 2004, was a quarterback for the Las Vegas Locomotives and won the UFL's 2010 Championship Game taking home the game MVP trophy.
 * Christopher Cross, class of 1969, is a recording artist with Top 40 hits including "Sailing" and "Arthur's Theme".
 * Light Townsend Cummins, class of 1964, is the official State Historian of Texas.
 * Marisol Deluna, class of 1985, is an American fashion designer.
 * Dayna Devon, class of 1988, is a former TV host of the syndicated show- EXTRA.
 * Billy Grabarkewitz, class of 1964, former MLB player
 * Bette Nesmith Graham, inventor and founder of Liquid Paper
 * Robert Hammond, class of 1988, co-founder and the executive director of Friends of the High Line.
 * Kara Hultgreen, class of 1983, (D. 1994), first female carrier-based Navy fighter pilot.
 * Davey Johnson, class of 1961, former manager of MLB's Washington Nationals and 3 times World Series winner as coach & players
 * Janet Krueger, class of 1970, is a Texas artist.
 * Keith Langford, class of 1988, drummer for The Gourds and Shinyribs
 * Brenda Marshall, actress
 * Rick Riordan, class of 1982, is a San Antonio-based novelist of the Tres Navarre mystery series for adults and The New York Times bestselling Percy Jackson series for children.
 * Ross Richie, class of 1988, comic book publisher and founder of Boom! Studios.
 * Joe Straus, class of 1978, is a former Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives.
 * Clay Tarver, class of 1984, co-founder of the bands Chavez (band) and Bullet LaVolta, screenwriter for the movie Joy Ride and Writers Guild of America award-winning Executive Producer of the HBO show Silicon Valley
 * Susan Weddington, class of 1969, state chairman of the Republican Party of Texas from 1997 to 2003
 * Jeff Wentworth, class of 1958, served in the Texas Senate from 1993 to 2013 after tenure in the Texas House of Representatives from 1988 to 1993.
 * Peter Weller, class of 1965, is an actor in movies such as RoboCop.
 * Forrest Whitley, MLB pitcher with the Houston Astros
 * Arthur Barrow, musician, composer, producer, and arranger. Played with Frank Zappa, Robby Krieger, The Doors among others.  Worked with Giorgio Moroder on Top Gun and other soundtracks.
 * Jim Timmins, Class of 1972, was the original Enron Whistleblower as reported by the Wall Street Journal

title: Alamo Heights High School


text:
Left gastric artery

In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach before anastomosing with the right gastric artery (which runs right to left). It also issues esophageal branches that supply lower esophagus and ascend through the esophageal hiatus to form anastomoses with the esophageal branches of thoracic part of aorta.

Origin
The LGA usually arises from (the superior aspect of) the coeliac trunk - sometimes as a terminal branch of a trifurcation, and more rarely as a side branch of the splenic artery or of common hepatic artery.

Course
From the crus of diaphragm, the LGA arches obliquely anterior-ward and to the left to reach the left curvature of the stomach just inferior to the gastric cardia (thus erecting the gastropancreatic (peritoneal) fold).

Fate
Upon reaching the cardia, the LGA splits into two terminal branches - a ventral one and a dorsal one - which anastomose with corresponding terminal branches of the right gastric artery, together providing arterial supply to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Branches
Besides its terminal ventral branch and dorsal branch, the LGA yields multiple side branches: the left lateral hepatic artery, posterior esophageal artery, anterior esophagocardiotuberous artery, branches to lymph nodes, and omental branches.

Clinical significance
In terms of disease, the left gastric artery may be involved in peptic ulcer disease: if an ulcer erodes through the stomach mucosa into a branch of the artery, this can cause massive blood loss into the stomach, which may result in such symptoms as hematemesis or melaena.

title: Left gastric artery


text:
Credit counseling

Credit counseling (known in the United Kingdom as debt counseling) is commonly a process that is used to help individual debtors with debt settlement through education, budgeting and the use of a variety of tools with the goal to reduce and ultimately eliminate debt. Credit counseling is most often done by Credit counseling agencies that are empowered by contract to act on behalf of the debtor to negotiate with creditors to resolve debt that is beyond a debtor's ability to pay. Some of the agencies are non-profits that charge at no or non-fee rates, while others can be for-profit and include high fees. Regulations on credit counseling and Credit counseling agencies varies by country and sometimes within regions of the countries themselves. In the United States, individuals filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy are required to receive counseling.

Overview
In the United States, the National Foundation for Credit Counseling was established in 1951. The modern practice known as ‘‘credit counseling’’ was initiated by creditor banks and credit card companies during the mid-1960s to address the growing volume of personal bankruptcies.

Although there is variation from country to country and even in regions within country, consumer debt is primarily made up of home loans, credit card debt and car loans.

Credit counseling includes an array of services to address consumer debt that is not within the debtor's ability to pay, such as education about credit personal finance, budgeting and debt management. In addition to education, a popular credit counseling option is the ‘‘Debt management plan’’ (‘‘DMP’’, known in the United Kingdom as the Individual voluntary arrangement or "IVA").

In order to initiate a DMP, a consumer would authorize the credit counselor to contact each of the consumer’s unsecured creditors and negotiate with each creditor to lower the consumer’s monthly payment amount, to lower the interest rate, and to waive any outstanding late fees. The debt was then ‘‘consolidated’’ into a single payment.

Credit counselors can sometimes negotiate debt relief, where part or whole of an individual debt is forgiven. Another option is Debt consolidation, in which one new loan replaces multiple unsecured credit debts. The Debt-snowball method is a budgeting approach that addresses debt systematically.

Criticism
Global criticism of credit counseling comes primarily from predatory practices that take advantage of debtors that are already struggling. These practices include failing to meet required standards, charging unlawful or unreasonable fees, failing to provide affordable solutions for consumers, and neglecting to make customers aware of free debt services available elsewhere.

United States
In the United States, Credit counseling agencies are loosely regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the nation’s consumer protection agency, which can sue companies that have deceived consumers about the cost, nature, or benefits of their services. Different states may regulate DMPs individually and Attorneys General are empowered to protect state citizens from fraud. Two professional associations represent Credit counselors: the National Foundation for Credit Counseling and the Association of Independent Consumer Credit Counseling Agencies.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the Financial Conduct Authority is responsible for the regulation of consumer credit and has established a Debt Management Plan Protocol. It can impose fines for improper conduct.

European Union
Elsewhere in the European Union, regulation and non-regulation of Credit counseling agencies and their approaches, including DMPs, are widely varied. In Sweden, guidelines for credit counseling are loosely provided by the Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO) and creditors are encouraged to use them in lieu of the court system. In Ireland, the Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) provides debt resolution information directly to debtors. In Latvia, a debt advisory company called LAKRA works with employers to assist indebted employees.

Canada
The Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC) advises Canadians to do their research and find a trustworthy organization and a qualified counselor. They suggest making sure an agency is in good standing with a provincial or national association. They recommend looking carefully at the agency's advertising to see if it sounds too good to be true. Claims or misrepresentations to look out for can include repaying only a fraction of your debt, quickly fixing your credit score, or claiming to be part of a government program.

They also suggest consumers inquire about an agency's services, costs, and counselor qualifications. The FCAC has also warns Canadians to be careful of companies offering to help them pay off their debt or repair their credit. Things to watch out for include guarantees to solve debt problems and using high interest loans to pay off debt. Some of these companies also claim that they can file a consumer proposal on behalf of a consumer. However, the FCAC points out that only a qualified licensed insolvency trustee can help someone with a consumer proposal or bankruptcy.

South Africa
The National Credit Regulator (NCR) was established as the regulator under the National Credit Act No. 34 of 2005 (The Act) and is responsible for the regulation of the South African credit industry. It is tasked with carrying out education, research, policy development, registration of industry participants, investigation of complaints, and ensuring the enforcement of the Act.

The NCR is also tasked with the registration of credit providers, credit bureau and debt counsellors; and with the enforcement of compliance with the Act. Debt Counseling was introduced and enforced in 2007. This enabled over-indebted consumers to seek relief in accordance to the National Credit Act (NCA). The NCA has been amended several times since its inception and various new regulations published.

In South Africa debt counselling (as done through the courts by NCR registered debt counsellors) is seen as legitimate and legally recognised process while the use of the term credit counselling is often associated with scams or fake services that are not regulated.

title: Credit counseling


text:
Talk:Roskilde Festival

NPOV & Comments
With a recent addition, I've been concerned that NPOV might have been breached. The sentence is "And there are all sorts of decorations on the terrain and in the tents that make one stop and think ort are just plain beautiful.". What is peoples opinion on this? I've chosen to leave it in for now, as I'm not experienced in telling when NPOV is breached.

Also, please beware of facts - Green Stage haven't existed since the 2002 festival & all stages, with the exception of Orange Stage, is now inside tents.

 * 2002 was the last year I visited this festival, so I didn't know about the name changes. The sentence about the decorations is by me and I wasn't too happy about it either, but not because it's pov (how does one describe decorations without sounding pov-ish?) but because it sounds lousy. I thought it would improve through other people's edits, so feel free to do with it what you like. Such as deleting it. DirkvdM 04:37, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

One of two biggest festivals in Europe?! What about Polish "Przystanek Woodstock" then? I've read (also on English wiki) that's the biggest gig, held every summer since 90s. So where's the "truth" ? Someone knows, any ideas/answers?

 * Przystanek Woodstock is listed as "about 150,000 - 380,000" participants while Roskilde lists "almost 110,000" (with 79,000 actually paying) so it looks like Przystanek Woodstock is bigger. // Liftarn

Reorganisation thoughs?
Been thinking about doing a makeover of this article, perhaps using the Glastonbury article as a template. Any thoughts, ideas or third about what could be added? KDLarsen 17:25, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Substitute image in template for Image:Roskilde_festival_2006.jpg]]
I personally find the image displays Roskilde Festival very well, and I believe the image in the template should be substituted for this. Anyone in favour? — Lasse Havelund (p · t · c) 17:53, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree a much better image. Charlie Markwick (c · t) 06:26, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
"During Pearl Jam's concert at the Orange Stage in 2000, a violent accident occurred. Nine people died in front of the stage. The exact conditions as to how they died have been examined by both the police and the public prosecutor and at subsequent civil trials - the conclusion of these determines that it was an accident. Many people fell down, which often happens at big concerts, but at one place they did not get up again. Some crowdsurfers fell into this "hole" and are believed to have been factors of the event turning wrong (crowdsurfing was subsequently forbidden across most of Europe). The people at the bottom died of suffocation. When the security guards in front of the stage got to the area after the music had been stopped it was too late. In the following year, the accident led to massive changes with regards to safety to avoid similar situations - not just at Roskilde Festival, the security conditions for festivals everywhere in Europe changed. Before the accident in 2000, Roskilde Festival was considered one of the safest festivals, and yet the accident happened there. Many other festivals have smaller safety systems than Roskilde Festival and revised their procedures even further. For instance, Glastonbury Festival in England chose to cancel its festival in 2001 to have enough time to reorganize the safety planning since the festival in 2000 was not at all at level with Roskilde Festival. Each year Roskilde Festival makes an extensive health and safety assessment which the festival is executed on the basis of. The accident at the Orange Stage led to the construction of a memorial grove with a stone with the inscription "How fragile we are" surrounded by nine trees."

Seriously, this bit needs cleanup. -- Flash flash  ;  10:39, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Categories?
This article is tagged under 'Public nudity' and 'Clothing optional events'. Are those categories justified for this article? Just wondering. Thanks. -xC- 12:00, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Number of guests each year needs cleanup
There are no sources indicated for these numbers, and they're rather arbitrary. 1994 had 90,000 paying guests and so did 1995. But they're listed as "90,000" and "111,000" respectively. Seems some years include volunteers while others don't - some may also include media workers and artists. The question is, which number is most relevant to the article. Source for number of guests TheKaneda (talk) 19:08, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

2000 accident
I was an eyewitness and very close to what was happening. An important reason for the deaths were the "wavebreaker railings" which turned out to be dangerous obstacles where people were almost crushed against them by the crowd in the back. In order not to be squeezed into unconsciousness or bonebreaking, some people tried to crawl over and under these wavebreakers towards the front to avoid the pressure from behind. Some of them fell into people in front of them; this is how the "holes" happened. No crowdsurfing into the "holes" happened. People in the "holes" were on the ground and being squeezed to death by the crowd pushing from behind who had the impression that all of a sudden there was more space in the front. Crowdsurfing has not been outlawed after that incident in all of Europe. All these facts can be researched in the Danish press. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.157.62.86 (talk) 13:07, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

I think it's atrocious that nothing is mentioned about the nine lives lost in the year 2000 while attending this festival. It's disgusting that it's not mentioned like those people never existed or mattered to begin with. No GFY (talk) 14:41, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Roskilde Festival. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070609110126/http://www.roskilde-festival.dk/object.php?obj=111000c&code=45 to http://www.roskilde-festival.dk/object.php?obj=111000c&code=45
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130207010028/http://www.machinehead1.com:80/board_posts/pearl-jam-twenty to http://machinehead1.com/board_posts/pearl-jam-twenty

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Roskilde Festival. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111007105911/http://cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/49378-roskilde-deaths-remembered.html to http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/49378-roskilde-deaths-remembered.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130527024516/http://www.crowdsafe.com/new.asp?ID=1334 to http://www.crowdsafe.com/new.asp?ID=1334
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130527031306/http://www.crowdsafe.com/new.asp?ID=1544 to http://www.crowdsafe.com/new.asp?ID=1544
 * Added tag to http://www.roskilde-festival.community/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100420033707/http://www.festivalradio.dk/english.html to http://www.festivalradio.dk/english.html

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title: Talk:Roskilde Festival


text: User talk:71.98.246.230

title: User talk:71.98.246.230


text:
Category:Airports in Ecuador

This category is for airports in Ecuador.

title: Category:Airports in Ecuador


text:
User talk:Wroscel

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Thanks for answering my question on La Plata. G Clark 21:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Pronic/heteromecic/oblong

 * Thanks. You reminded me to do something I had said I'd do a long time ago. (I left user pages and talk pages alone, however, and also certain lists). There's plenty of confusion about these numbers, the name being the most obvious. The indexing is also open to interpretation: are 0 and 2 the first and second, or the zeroeth and first? PrimeFan 21:23, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

IP block exempt
--UTRSBot (talk) 14:42, 17 January 2017 (UTC)

I have granted your account an exemption from IP blocking. This will allow you to edit through full blocks affecting your IP address when you are logged in.

Please read the page IP block exemption carefully, especially the section on IP block exemption conditions.

Note in particular that you are not permitted to use this userright to edit Wikipedia via anonymous proxies, or disruptively. If you do, or there is a concern of abuse, then the right may be removed by any administrator.

Appropriate usage and compliance with the policy may be checked (through the use of CheckUser) periodically, due to the nature of block exemption, and block exemption will be removed when no longer needed (for example, when the block it is related to expires).

I hope this will enhance your editing, and allow you to edit successfully and without disruption. T. Canens (talk) 20:32, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you, it appears to be working. However, I also have an interest in knowing if this is affecting a large swath of users on the US Navy gateways.  Did you find anything in your investigation that indicated why the block was also applying to logged-in users? Walt (talk) 21:51, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The block was placed to prevent abuse from a certain banned user for whom anon-only blocks proved insufficient. I recall checking for collateral damage at the time of the block and finding it to be relatively minimal. T. Canens (talk) 22:32, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the response and your efforts in investigating. Knowing you did the analysis I trust your conclusion; I just wanted to know if the issue had been looked at. Walt (talk) 17:34, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wroscel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fra'ghgh'boush

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 12:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Fra'ghgh'boush
With all due respect to H.P. Lovecraft, this really isn't necessary. --Tothebarricades 21:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as xenologism cruft. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 21:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge → R'lyeh ?--Mysidia (talk) 22:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I would say merge if I could find any references. There's a lot of Lovecraft stuff on the web, but no mention of "Fra'ghgh'boush" outside of WP and mirrors. Shub-Niggurath, The Black Goat of the Woods With a Thousand Young, take it. --GraemeL (talk) 22:21, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete HPL is one my favourite authors, but this is not necessary. Alf melmac 11:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete There's no such passage in "Shadow over Innsmouth"; this could actually be speedied as patent nonsense. Choess 22:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Timothy Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 7th Earl of Minto

Gilbert Timothy George Lariston Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 7th Earl of Minto (born 1 December 1953), styled Viscount Melgund between 1975 and 2005, is a British hereditary peer, businessman, and Conservative member of the House of Lords. He was previously the chief executive of British stationery company Paperchase.

He is the son of the late Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 6th Earl of Minto and his first wife, Lady Caroline Child Villiers. The Earl resides in England, but has continuing links with Scotland, as his parents did.

He succeeded his father in the earldom on 7 September 2005. His father's estate has been the subject of a dispute between the Earl and his father's third wife.

On 30 July 1983, he married Diana Barbara Trafford, daughter of Brian and Audrey (née Taylor) Trafford. They have two sons and one daughter; a third son is deceased.

The Earl became a member of the House of Lords in October 2022, having finished second in a by-election to replace both the Viscount Ullswater and the Baron Colwyn.

On 27 March 2023, the Earl was appointed Minister of State in the Department for Business and Trade and served in that role until 14 November 2023 when he was appointed Minister of State for Defence.

Children

 * Gilbert Francis Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Viscount Melgund (b. 1984)
 * The Hon. Lorne David Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (b. & d. 1986)
 * The Hon. Michael Timothy Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (b. 1987)
 * Lady Clare Patricia Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (b. 1991)


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Trinity University College

Trinity University College (Coleg Prifysgol y Drindod) was a Church University College in Carmarthen, Wales.

The institution was founded in 1848 as the South Wales and Monmouthshire Training College, a teacher-training college. It changed its name in 1931 to Trinity College, Carmarthen; and in 2009 to Trinity University College. In 2010, it merged with the University of Wales, Lampeter to become the new University of Wales Trinity Saint David, with the Trinity site becoming the UWTSD Carmarthen Campus.

History
Trinity University College began life in 1848 as the South Wales and Monmouthshire Training College, making it the oldest teacher training college in continuous operation in Wales. The college's role was to train young men for teaching in Church primary schools. In the first year of operation, 22 students were recruited and were taught by three members of staff including the first Principal, William Reed. Walter Powell is recorded as the first student; he was 17, previously a draper and worked in a grocery store. The college required its students to follow a strict schedule which included getting up at half past six for a cold bath. Students were often recruited from humble backgrounds, and to remind them of this, the college curriculum included subjects such as gardening and woodwork. The students were expected to have a knowledge of grammar and arithmetic and received education in Latin and Greek. By 1936, the college also had an art block and a gym. The college also placed restrictions on interaction with the local townspeople, particularly women, and fines were issued for "girling" (interacting with local women). The strict regime of college life was however broken for activities such as smoking and reading newspapers in the common rooms, musical concerts and entertainment. In the late Victorian era, photography became a great hobby at the college. In the inter-war and post-war era, the college gained a strong reputation for sports. The principal sport played was rugby, in which many students went on to achieve considerable success; but other sports included badminton, tennis, and hockey.

An account of college life in the 1930s is provided by ex-student George Head, who wrote that the Old Building and the Dewi Hostel combined contained all of the teaching rooms, a gymnasium, the library, the smoking room and common rooms, the secretarial offices, and the "Sick Ward" and medical facilities. Church was still at this period a large part of the college life. Interaction with women was still forbidden and punishable. Head does however speak of how fond the students were of the college and how much they took away from it. In particular he recounts the old Trinity College Anthem titled "There is a tavern in the town".

During the Second World War many students were expected to take "fire watches" and serve as lookouts at night, although this job came with little danger in a town like Carmarthen. Many of the students at the college also joined the Home Guard and took part in drills. In 1938 a Broadcast room was constructed, the foundation stone being laid by the Duke of Kent.

In 1931, the college changed its name to Trinity College, Carmarthen. Female students were first admitted in 1957. In 2009, the college achieved "university college" status, and changed its name to Trinity University College.

College anthem
"There is a tavern in the town, in the town And there my true love settled down, settled down She read her books so merrily And never, never thought of me, thought of me. We came from near and far then, unto Trinity Carmarthen And we saddened as the days drew near to part, to part We do, O Trinity, we do, we do, we do Regard thee with affection true, affection true I'll hang my hat on the Old Oak Tree, And may the world go well with thee, well with thee."

Merger with University of Wales Lampeter
On 14 December 2008, it was announced that Trinity was in merger talks with Lampeter with the intention of forming a new university in Wales. The decision was taken in April 2009 for the merger to go ahead. The name for the newly merged institution would be University of Wales Trinity Saint David. The Welsh Assembly Government announced a £14.03m investment in the newly merged institution in October 2008. The merger formally took place in July 2010.

Location
Trinity College is situated on the outskirts of Carmarthen. It is in a semi-rural setting, surrounded by fields and hills, but is within 10 minutes walk of the town centre. The university is situated around the original Old College of 1848 and is a mixture of lawns and gardens surrounding modern buildings. The main bulk of the university lies along College Road and Job's Well Road, with some buildings situated away from the main grounds. On the outskirts of the town, near the town leisure centre there is the university's outdoor weather pitch. These facilities were inherited by the new university and continue in use today.

Old Building
The campus is centred on the original 1848 Old Building of Trinity College. It originally contained all of the original dormitories, common rooms, libraries, an original university quadrangle and teaching spaces. The building today houses several lecture theatres and smaller classrooms often used by the university's school of Justice and Social Inclusion (including Psychology) and, Theology, Religious Studies and Islamic Studies.

Another feature of the old building of Carmarthen is the Archbishop Childs' hall. Named after Derrick Greenslade Childs, who was Archbishop of Wales, Bishop of Monmouth and director of the Church in Wales. Childs was principal of Trinity from 1965 and died in 1987 shortly after his retirement. The hall is of a classical shape and is hung with framed paintings of Childs. The hall is today used as a venue for conferences, lectures and performances (it contains a grand piano). On the outside of the building, there is a carved crest of the Bishops of Wales. Childs is also commemorated by an upper room in the old building named Archbishop Childs Room.

Cwad
The original 1848 quadrangle has been modified and renamed the "Cwad". This comprises a collection of computer suites and study rooms as well as a coffee shop located in the Old Library which serves Starbucks coffee and small meals. This area is also home to the university shop which sells daily essentials for learning.

Chapel

Attached to the main body of the building is the University Chapel. This space is divided into 3 areas; the main chapel, the ante-chapel and the chaplaincy lounge. The Main chapel is an extension added in 1932, it retains many of its original features such as a large pipe organ and several stained glass features. The ante-chapel is the original 1848 chapel, now dedicated to past students and lecturers who served during the First World War. It has a central font and is decorated with student artwork. Connected to this is the Chaplaincy lounge. This space serves as a comfortable relaxed meeting space for students. It also houses the chaplaincy library, a small collection of literature serving needs of the chapel and its congregation.

Halliwell Centre
The Halliwell Centre was the college's main conference facility. It is named after Rev. Dr. Thomas Halliwell LL.D. M.A., a former lecturer and principal of the college. The building comprised several large lecture halls, smaller conference rooms and suites, a larger conference hall complete with bar facilities and the Halliwell Theatre, which regularly hosted shows by travelling companies and the universities acclaimed performing arts students. The facilities of the Halliwell were often used by the various schools of the college for lectures and larger seminars. Beneath the main complex were also several more lecture rooms and the drama department.

The Halliwell Centre also housed the Merlin restaurant, which was the main refectory for catered students.

Carwyn James Building
This building was named after Carwyn James, a rugby player and former lecturer of the college. This facility was home to the Faculty of Education and Training. It was used to teach degrees such as primary education and its interior was designed to resemble that of a school building. On the second floor of the building, overlooking the quadrangle was the college's 'Quiet Study Facility'.

Emyr Wyn Evans Building
This building housed office space, music suites and practice rooms for the School of Performing Arts. Adjoining this building was the School's main workshop for the degree of theatre production and design.

Dewi Building
The Dewi building was originally built in 1925 as the Dewi Hostel. It was an extension of the original old college and served as an extra wing for student accommodation. An account of the conditions of the hostel survives from a student living in them at the time: "To keep oneself warm in the new wing during the Winter months was a problem for although it had a system of heating, the heat seldom reached even the second floor. To wash we depended on the rain-water caught in the roof of the building and this was always cold". In 2010 the building was refurbished and modernised, primarily as office space. It contained the university's main reception, finance office and registry as well as IT facilities which were sometimes used by the School of Business and Tourism.

Students' Union
The Students' Union building was the centre of student social life on the campus. Constructed in 1971 it comprised two main venues: the Attic Bar which, at a later date, served food and drinks, and downstairs "Unity", the main entertainment venue of the Union. When first open, upstairs was used as a lounge area and student Union offices. The downstairs facility hosted club nights as well as other social events. The Union incorporated many societies, ranging from sports such as rugby and hockey to historical societies.

Learning Resources Centre
The main library of the campus was constructed in 1995 to accommodate resources for the growing diversity of subjects studied, and was located opposite the Parry Block. It was dedicated to the poet Raymond Garlick, who was a principal lecturer in Trinity's Welsh Department. It contained a total of 110,000 books along with academic journals and DVDs. It also housed public computers, printing and photocopying facilities. The first floor contained the bulk of the main collection as well as specialist collections, IT spaces and larger collections. The second floor contained quieter working spaces and the rest of the main collection.

Parry Block
Named after Canon Parry, a former head of the college, the Parry Block contained a variety of teaching facilities which were used largely by the university's School of Justice and Social inclusion and School of Creative Arts. These included large classrooms and smaller art studios.

Norah Isaac
Named after Norah Isaac, a former lecturer and important figure in Welsh drama, this building had a selection of classrooms and lecture suites. Degrees in English and Creative Writing were also taught in this building. It was located directly opposite the Parry Building.

Robert Hunter
Named after Robert Hunter, this building contained laboratories, classrooms and lecture halls used by the School of Sport, Health and Outdoor Education. The facility was located near the Myrddin Accommodation blocks, and was surrounded by picturesque gardens and ponds.

Dafydd Rowlands
Named after the author Dafydd Rowlands, this building was the hub of the School of Film and Visual Media. It was used by many of the creative arts degrees and contained lecture rooms, crafting spaces and an office space for the School of Visual Media.

Student Union
The students' union building at the college was constructed in 1972 for the purposes of serving the growing number of students deciding to live on campus. It was a large building, complete with a club called Unity and the Attic Bar. Trinity had several sporting and academic societies and clubs run by the union. The university college also had a Christian Union and Amnesty groups.

Accommodation

 * Archbishop Noakes Hall: this was a large accommodation facility that was split into three sections. It could house hundreds of students and was reserved for returning students. The Blocks were all self catered, each room is en-suite, and are divided into flats of eight with one kitchen per flat.
 * Myrddin Hall: this was a catered first year hall, built in the late 1960s to accommodate growing numbers of students. The Halls had shared common room space and shared bathrooms.
 * Non Hall: originally built in 1957 opposite the old Dewi Hostel to accommodate the first female students. The building had similar facilities to the Myrddin Halls. It remained a single-sex, female block up until the merger, and was reserved for first year catered students.
 * Tower Hall: this too was a first year catered block. It was 10 storeys tall and could accommodate many students.
 * Picton Hall: Situated on Picton Terrace by the junction with Picton Place, this was used during the 1990s as accommodation for male and female students. It comprised three Georgian houses, two of which were joined via a door on the top-floor. Each house was single-sex. The both co-joined houses housed either all-male or all-female students. Picton residents had their own kitchens but could choose to eat their meals on campus in the canteen. During the late 1990s the hall was unsupervised by a warden and was in poor repair. The buildings are no longer part of the university.

The college could accommodate 600 of its students, though many elected to live in private accommodation in town.

Sports
Trinity had a long history of sport and from its very beginnings sport played an important role in students' life. Rugby was an important and strong tradition at Trinity and many of its alumni went on to become very successful in the sport.

Facilities
Shortly before the merger, the college had a fully equipped gymnasium and sports hall. It had a climbing wall, a swimming pool, tennis courts and an astroturf. It also had large playing fields and an all-weather pitch near the town leisure centre. Sport was also studied academically through the Schools of Nutrition Health and Exercise and Sport, Health and Outdoor Education.

Performing arts
The campus' general workshop and costume workshops were used by students of theatre design. Venues for theatrical performances included a tiered theatre in the Halliwell Centre, a 160-seat facility with a sprung floor which could be used for dance rehearsals, Theatr Parry, and Theatr Fach (which contained a green screen and was used as a recording studio).

Creative arts
The college housed workshops designed for different arts and crafts such as woodwork, fine art and ceramics. There were also modern media suites which allowed students to engage with 2D and 3D moving artwork and an Apple Mac lab equipped with dual core i-Macs, as well as Mac Pro towers to enable students to have an industry standard experience. In addition, the campus was home to the "final cut" film studio and recording and editing studios used by Film and Media students.

Courses
Historically, Trinity College was primarily concerned with the discipline of teacher training. It had a long and constant history with the subject. This tradition continued throughout the institution's history and the college became one of the UK's chief providers of the subject. As it developed, Trinity College began to teach a wide range of subjects including:

 * Business and Tourism
 * IT, Computer and Internet technology
 * Health Science, Nutritional science, and Sports Science
 * Social Inclusion and Justice
 * Psychology
 * Religious Studies, Theology and Islamic Studies
 * Drama and Theatre Production
 * Performance Art, Vocal studies
 * Physical Education, Outdoor Education
 * Art and Design
 * Film, Media and Photography
 * Childhood Studies
 * Archaeology
 * English and Creative Writing
 * Heavy Craft (Woodwork & Metalwork)
 * Mathematics

After obtaining university status, the college also began awarding postgraduate degrees.

Alumni
Former students include BBC Wales television producer and executive John Hefin; rugby players Dewi Bebb and Barry John; singers Stuart Burrows and Rhys Meirion; Pam Evans, founder of Peace Mala; writers Gwyn Morgan, Eirug Wyn, and John Owen; and David Kitchener, Professor of Inclusion and Diversity, University of Bolton. Former lecturers include Raymond Garlick, Norah Isaac, Islwyn Ffowc Elis, Carwyn James, Wyn Evans and Dafydd Rowlands.

title: Trinity University College


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title: User talk:134.250.72.121


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title: Category:Airports in Egypt


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Operation Berlin (Atlantic)

Operation Berlin (Unternehmen Berlin) was a raid conducted by the two German Scharnhorst-class battleships against Allied shipping in the North Atlantic between 22 January and 22 March 1941. It formed part of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. The GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau sailed from Germany, operated across the North Atlantic, sank or captured 22 Allied merchant vessels, and finished their mission by docking in occupied France. The British military sought to locate and attack the German battleships, but failed to damage them.

The operation was one of several made by German warships during late 1940 and early 1941. Its main goal was for the battleships to overwhelm the escort of one of the convoys transporting supplies to the United Kingdom and then sink large numbers of merchant ships. The British were expecting this given previous attacks, and assigned battleships of their own to escort convoys. This proved successful, with the German force having to abandon attacks against convoys on 8 February as well as 7 and 8 March. The Germans encountered and attacked large numbers of unescorted merchant ships on 22 February and 15–16 March.

By the end of the raid, the German battleships had roamed widely across the Atlantic, ranging from the waters off Greenland to the West African coast. The operation was considered successful by the German military, a view generally shared by historians. It was the last victory achieved by German warships against merchant shipping in the North Atlantic, with the sortie made by the battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck in May 1941 ending in defeat. Both Scharnhorst-class battleships were damaged by air attacks while they were in France and returned to Germany in February 1942.

Opposing plans
The Kriegsmarine (German Navy) developed plans before the outbreak of World War II to attack Allied merchant shipping in the event of war. Under these plans, warships were to be used against shipping on the high seas and submarines and aircraft would attack shipping near the coasts of Allied countries. Surface raiders were to range widely, make surprise attacks and then move to other areas. They were to be supported by supply ships that would be positioned before the start of operations. Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander of the Kriegsmarine, was determined to include the fleet's battleships in these attacks. He believed that the Imperial German Navy's decision to not use its battleships aggressively during World War I was a mistake, and wanted to avoid repeating this perceived error. In order to conserve the Kriegsmarine's small number of battleships and other major warships for as long as possible, the navy's plans specified that raiders would target merchant vessels and avoid combat with Allied warships.

The Royal Navy anticipated Germany's intentions, and adopted plans of its own to institute convoys to protect merchant shipping and deploy cruisers to detect attempts by German warships to break out into the Atlantic Ocean. These included initiating cruiser patrols of the waters between Greenland and Scotland through which German raiders would have to pass to enter the Atlantic following the outbreak of war. The Home Fleet, the main British battle force in the North Atlantic, was responsible for locating and intercepting German warships in the area. From 20 December 1940 it was commanded by Admiral John Tovey.

Both Scharnhorst-class battleships (sometimes designated battlecruisers) GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau were combat ready at the start of the war in September 1939. The roles envisioned for these battleships when they were designed in the early 1930s included raiding convoys. They were heavily armoured and faster than the Royal Navy's battlecruisers. Their main armament was nine 11 in guns, which were inferior to the 15 in guns that armed most British battleships. The Scharnhorst-class battleships were capable of sailing for 9020 mi at 17 kn. This was insufficient for lengthy raids, and meant that they needed to regularly refuel from supply ships.

German surface raids
The Scharnhorst-class battleships conducted their first raid in late November 1939. During this operation they sank the armed merchant cruiser HMS Rawalpindi between Iceland and the Faroe Islands on 23 November. Both battleships, accompanied by the heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Hipper and two destroyers, sortied to attack convoys travelling between the Shetland Islands and Norway on 18 February 1940. This force was detected by the British soon after it sailed and the Home Fleet attempted to intercept it. No combat eventuated, and the German ships returned to port without having encountered any British shipping on 20 February.

In April 1940 the Scharnhorst-class battleships took part in Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Norway. They formed the most powerful element of the battle group under Vice Admiral Günther Lütjens that served as a covering force to protect the rest of the German invasion fleet from counter-attacks by the Royal Navy. On 9 April they encountered the British battlecruiser HMS Renown (1916) off the Lofoten Islands. Both German ships were damaged in the resulting battle, leading Lütjens to disengage and return to Germany. The battleships sortied again on 4 June to raid Allied shipping near Narvik in northern Norway in what was designated Operation Juno. On 8 June they sank the empty troop transport SS Orama (1924) as well as the British aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and its two escorting destroyers. A destroyer torpedoed Scharnhorst during this action, inflicting damage that took six months to repair. On 20 June Gneisenau took part in a sortie from the occupied Norwegian city of Trondheim. She was torpedoed that day by the submarine HMS Clyde (N12). The torpedo explosion caused large holes in her bow that required lengthy repairs in Germany.

Scharnhorst's repairs were largely completed by late November 1940, and Gneisenau reentered service in early December. The ships trained together in the Baltic Sea during December. After Scharnhorst completed the last element of its repairs, both battleships were assessed on 23 December as being ready for another raid.

In August 1940 the German leader Adolf Hitler ordered an intensification of the attacks on Allied shipping in the Atlantic. The Kriegsmarine began dispatching its major warships that had survived the Norwegian campaign into the Atlantic in October. The heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Scheer sailed during that month, and conducted a successful raid that lasted until March 1941. Admiral Hipper made an unsuccessful raid from Germany into the Atlantic during December that ended with her docking at Brest in occupied France. During this operation, Admiral Hipper attacked Convoy WS 5A on 25 December and damaged two transports before being driven off by escorting British cruisers. Six German merchant raiders also operated against Allied shipping in the South Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The attack on Convoy WS 5A demonstrated that raiders posed a serious threat to shipping in the North Atlantic, and from early 1941 the British Admiralty assigned battleships to escort convoys that were bound for the United Kingdom whenever possible. Westbound convoys lacked this protection, and were dispersed in the middle of the Atlantic.

First attempt
The Scharnhorst-class battleships were selected for the next raid, which was designated Operation Berlin. Its goal was for the ships to break out into the Atlantic and operate together to attack Allied shipping. Their primary objective was to intercept one of the HX convoys that regularly sailed from Halifax in Canada to the United Kingdom. These convoys were a key element of the Allied supply line to the United Kingdom, and the Germans hoped that the battleships could overwhelm the convoy's escort and then sink large numbers of merchant ships. Raeder directed the battleships to end their raid by docking at Brest, which had been selected as the Kriegsmarine's main base in October 1940. The orders issued for the operation forbade attacks on convoys escorted by forces of equal strength, such as British battleships. This was because the raid would need to be abandoned if Scharnhorst or Gneisenau was significantly damaged. Lütjens, who had been appointed the Kriegsmarine's fleet commander in July 1940 and promoted to admiral in September that year, commanded the battle group.

Seven supply ships were dispatched into the Atlantic ahead of Operation Berlin to support the two raiders. The plans for the operation also called for Admiral Hipper to sortie from Brest and attack the convoy routes between Gibraltar, Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom. As well as inflicting further casualties, it was hoped that the cruiser would divert British forces away from Lütjens' area of operations.

At this time the German B-Dienst signals intelligence service was providing raiders with general information about the locations of Allied ships. The service was generally unable to pass on actionable intelligence though, as it was unable to decrypt intercepted radio messages. Each raider embarked a B-Dienst detachment that monitored Allied radio signals and used direction finding techniques to locate convoys and warships. The Germans had little intelligence on the dates on which Allied convoys sailed or the routes they took. This made it difficult for surface raiders to position themselves in the path of convoys.

Operation Berlin was launched on 28 December 1940. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sailed from Kiel on that day, with Lütjens commanding the force from the latter ship. The raid had to be abandoned before the battleships entered the Atlantic when Gneisenau was damaged by a storm off Norway on 30 December. Lütjens initially took the ships into Korsfjord in Norway and planned to repair Gneisenau at Trondheim, but was ordered to return to Germany. Both ships reached Gotenhafen on 2 January. Gneisenau was transferred to Kiel to be repaired. The battleships received additional small calibre anti-aircraft guns during this period.

Breakout into the Atlantic
Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sailed again from Kiel at 4:00 am on 22 January 1941. They proceeded north and passed through the Great Belt island chain in German-controlled Denmark that morning. This exposed the battleships to Allied agents on the shore, but was necessary as the waterway was covered in ice 30 cm thick. The battle group reached Skagen on the northern tip of Denmark on the evening of 23 January where it was to meet up with a flotilla of torpedo boats that would escort it through minefields between Denmark and Norway. The torpedo boats were slow to leave port, and Lütjens' force did not resume its voyage until dawn on 25 January.

From intelligence obtained by traffic analysis of German radio signals, the British had concluded that major German warships were about to put to sea; Ultra intelligence obtained by breaking German codes did not provide any information on Operation Berlin as the British were unable to decrypt the Kriegsmarine's codes at this time. On 20 January the Admiralty warned the Home Fleet that another German raid was likely. Tovey immediately dispatched two heavy cruisers to reinforce the patrols between Allied-occupied Iceland and the Faroe Islands. On 23 January the British naval attaché in Sweden passed on a report from agents in Denmark that the German battleships had been sighted passing through the Great Belt. This intelligence was provided to Tovey during the evening of 25 January.

The main body of the Home Fleet departed its base at Scapa Flow at midnight on 25 January bound for a position 120 mi south of Iceland. It comprised the battleships HMS Nelson (28) (Tovey's flagship) and HMS Rodney (29), battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916), eight cruisers and eleven destroyers. Air patrols of the waters between Iceland and the Faroes were also stepped up. Some of the Home Fleet's ships were detached to refuel on 27 January. The Kriegsmarine had expected this deployment, and stationed eight submarines to the south of Iceland to attack the Home Fleet. Only one of these submarines sighted any British warships, and it was unable to reach a position from which they could be attacked.

The German battle group entered the North Sea on 26 January. Lütjens was inclined to refuel from the tanker Adria that had been positioned in the Arctic Ocean before attempting to enter the Atlantic. He decided to proceed directly to the south of Iceland though after receiving a weather forecast which predicted snow storms in that area; these conditions would hide the battleships from the British. Just before dawn on 28 January, the two German battleships detected the British cruiser HMS Naiad (93) and another cruiser by radar to the south of Iceland. Naiad's crew sighted two large vessels six minutes later. Lütjens lacked information about whether the rest of the Home Fleet was at sea, and decided to break off this attempt to enter the Atlantic. The battle group evaded the British by turning to the north-east and operating in the Norwegian Sea north of the Arctic Circle. One of Gneisenau's two aircraft was dispatched to Trondheim in Norway on 28 January carrying a report on the events of the day and did not rejoin its ship. Tovey ordered his cruisers to search for the raiders and moved his battleships and battlecruiser to intercept them but contact was not regained. After concluding that Naiad may have not actually sighted German warships, Tovey sailed west to protect a convoy and returned to Scapa Flow on 30 January. Admiral Hipper departed Brest on 1 February to begin its raid.

After refuelling from Adria in the Arctic Ocean well to the north-east of Jan Mayen island, Lütjens attempted to enter the Atlantic through the Denmark Strait north of Iceland. The battleships passed through the straits undetected on the night of 3/4 February. They refuelled again from the supply ship Schlettstadt off southern Greenland on 5 and 6 February.

Initial Atlantic operations
From 6 February Lütjens searched for HX convoys. He was aware that two British battleships had been based in Canada to escort eastbound convoys, but believed that they would only cover the first part of the journey before returning to pick up another convoy. Accordingly, the German force operated to the east of what Lütjens believed was the limit of the battleship escorts. Convoy HX 106 was sighted at dawn on 8 February approximately 700 mi east of Halifax. Unbeknownst to the Germans, this convoy's escort included the old battleship HMS Ramillies (07).

The German battleships separated to attack the convoy, with Scharnhorst approaching it from the south and Gneisenau from the north-west. Scharnhorst's crew spotted Ramillies at 9:47 am, and reported this to the flagship. In accordance with his orders to avoid engagements with powerful enemy forces, Lütjens cancelled the attack. Before being instructed to break off, Scharnhorst's commanding officer, Captain Kurt-Caesar Hoffmann, brought his ship within 12 mi of the convoy in an attempt to draw Ramillies away so that Gneisenau could make a separate attack on the merchant vessels. This violated the order against engaging warships of equal strength, and Lütjens reprimanded Hoffmann by radio when the two battleships met that evening.

The British battleship's crew sighted one of the German ships from a long distance, and misidentified it as probably being an Admiral Hipper-class cruiser. Tovey judged that the ship was either Admiral Hipper or Admiral Scheer, and sailed with all available ships to intercept it if it returned to Germany or France. These ships were organised into three powerful forces from the evening of 9 February, and air patrols were also conducted. Force H, a powerful task force based in Gibraltar that was commanded by Vice Admiral James Somerville and included Renown and the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal (91), was also ordered to protect convoys in the North Atlantic. It sailed from Gibraltar to do so on 12 February, and returned to that port on the 25th of the month.

On the morning of 9 February Navy Group West informed Lütjens that intercepted British radio messages indicated that his ships had been sighted the previous day. Lütjens judged that the British would now assign strong escorts to all convoys in the area, and decided to break off operations for several days in the hope that attacks by Admiral Hipper would divert British forces elsewhere. The German battle group returned to the waters off southern Greenland and remained there until 17 February. It endured a severe storm on 12 February which damaged many of Scharnhorst's gun turrets; it took three days to return them to service. Gneisenau's engines also became contaminated with sea water and needed to be repaired. The battleships refuelled from Schlettstadt and the tanker Esso Hamburg on 14 and 15 February. During this period, Admiral Hipper was involved in attacks on two convoys: on 11 February it sank a straggler from Convoy HG 53 which was scattered after attacks by GS U-37 (1938) and Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor long range bombers. The next day the cruiser attacked convoy SLS 64 which was supposed to merge with HG 53 on its way to the UK, and sank seven ships. Karl Dönitz, the commander of the U-boats, was impressed with these results and sent the GS U-105 (1940), GS U-106 (1940) and GS U-124 (1940) to West African waters for possible combined operations with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. The cruiser then returned to Brest on 15 February. It was intended for Admiral Hipper to make another raid in support of Operation Berlin after loading more ammunition. This attack was cancelled after she damaged a propeller on a sunken barge in Brest's harbour and was unable to sail until a replacement was received from Kiel.

The German battle group returned to the route between Halifax and the United Kingdom on 17 February. Lütjens decided to operate between the 55th and 45th meridian west, which were to the west of where he had encountered HX 106, in the correct belief that Allied shipping there was not as well escorted. He hoped to find one of the regular HX convoys or a special convoy that the German naval attaché in Washington, D.C. had reported was expected to depart from Halifax on 15 February. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau searched for convoys in line abreast but out of sight of each other. Two merchant ships sailing independently were sighted from a far distance on 17 and 18 February, but not attacked as there was a risk that these ships could manage to broadcast an alarm, and convoys would be re-routed out of the danger zone. Shortly after dawn on 22 February Gneisenau found herself cornered between three merchant ships sailing west from a recently dispersed convoy 500 mi east of Newfoundland. As detection could not be avoided, the German ships started operations against independent sailing vessels: Gneisenau sank four vessels totalling and Scharnhorst sank one for. A total of 187 survivors were rescued from these ships. The battleships jammed radio transmissions from the merchant vessels as they closed with them. However, one of the ships was able to transmit a sighting report after being attacked by an aircraft that had been launched from the battleships. The signal was received by a radio station at Cape Race in Newfoundland and was quickly passed on to the Admiralty. This was the first it knew about the battleships' presence in the western Atlantic. Lütjens judged that the Allies would now divert shipping from the area and search for his ships. Accordingly, he decided to transfer his operations to the eastern Atlantic and attack the SL convoys that travelled between Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom.

West Africa
From 22 February the German ships sailed south. They refuelled from the tankers Ermland and Frederic Breme between 26 and 28 February and then turned to the south-east. The ships searched for a SL convoy that Lütjens expected to encounter on 5 March, but without success. The Seekriegsleitung had neglected to inform Dönitz about the movements of the battleships, so when in the night of 5 March U-124 stumbled upon Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, she prepared to attack. But as the battleships were lacking the destroyer escort which was standard for British battleships, U-124 first sent a sighting report and asked confirmation from Dönitz. Intercepting these communications, the battleships started zigzagging at high speed and disappeared. In the morning of 6 March Gneisenau transferred her damaged seaplane by aircraft crane to Scharnhorst. One of the three seaplanes of Scharnhorst was damaged as well and the idea was to use parts of the one seaplane to repair to other. During the afternoon the battle group rendezvoused with the German submarine U-124. The submarine's commander, Kapitänleutnant Georg-Wilhelm Schulz, provided Lütjens with information about the situation in the area.

On 7 March a seaplane from the battleship HMS Malaya, which formed part of the escort for Convoy SL 67, spotted the German battleships about 350 mi north of the Cape Verde Islands. The battleships sighted the convoy later that day 300 mi to the north-east of the Cape Verdes, but Lütjens decided to not attack it after Malaya was identified. Lütjens alerted nearby German submarines to the convoy's location. A plan was developed which involved the submarines sinking Malaya and the battleships then attacking the merchant ships. U-105 and U-124 attacked the convoy that night, sinking five ships for a total of. They did not damage Malaya, however. The German battleships searched for the convoy on 8 March, Gneisenau made contact at 1:30 pm. Lütjens attempted to attack at 5:30 pm, but broke off at high speed when Malaya was identified. The British tried to shadow Gneisenau but were unable to pursue the faster German ship. Force H sortied from Gibraltar on 8 March, made contact with SL 67 on 10 March and escorted the convoy until mid-March.

Return to the North Atlantic
Following the encounter with SL 67, Lütjens decided to return to the convoy route between Halifax and the United Kingdom. While sailing north-west Scharnhorst sank the unescorted merchant vessel SS Marathon on 9 March. By this time both battleships were suffering from serious mechanical problems. Some of Gneisenau's auxiliary systems needed maintenance that was estimated to take four weeks to complete. Scharnhorst was in worse condition, as her boiler superheaters were defective and the pipes that moved steam around the engines had been damaged. The battleships refuelled and received provisions from the supply ships Ermland and Uckermark during 11 and 12 March. Lütjens retained both vessels as scouts with the battle group to extend the area it could search as it progressed north. Together, they were able to search for shipping along a 120 mi front.

Ships of the Home Fleet were sortied again in response to the presence of the German battleships in the Atlantic. The battleships HMS King George V (41) and Rodney were assigned to escort convoys leaving Halifax on 17 and 21 March. Tovey put to sea on Nelson which, accompanied by the cruiser HMS Nigeria (60) and two destroyers, took up a position south of Iceland to intercept any raiders that were attempting to return to Germany.

On 15 and 16 March, the two battleships, with the two tankers in company, encountered ships from dispersed westbound convoys south of Cape Race. Scharnhorst sank six ships totaling, whilst Gneisenau sank seven ships totaling , and captured another three tankers, the Bianca, San Casimiro and Polykarp, totaling as prizes. Alerted by the distress signals of the victims, Rodney which was close by escorting convoy HX 114, sped to the scene. On the evening of 16 March Rodney sighted Gneisenau while she was rescuing the survivors of one of the ships she had sunk. Gneisenau managed to escape from the slower but better armed British battleship. Rodney's crew spotted Gneisenau but did not identify her. They learned the warship's identity that evening from survivors of a sunken ship. Meanwhile, Admiral Hipper departed Brest on 15 March to return to Germany via the North Atlantic and Denmark Strait.

The British altered their dispositions following the attacks on 15 and 16 March. The Admiralty did not have any information about Lütjens' intentions, and judged that his force would probably attempt to return to Germany via one of the routes off Iceland. King George V was dispatched from Halifax to patrol the area where the merchant ships had been sunk, but did not encounter the German battleships. Tovey strengthened the Home Fleet's cruiser patrols of the possible German return routes, and remained to the south of Iceland with much of his fleet. Force H was also ordered by the Admiralty to operate in the North Atlantic. The Royal Air Force's (RAF's) Coastal Command undertook intensive air patrols of the Denmark Strait and waters between Iceland and the Faroes between 17 and 20 March.

Voyage to France
Lütjens had received orders on 11 March to cease operations in the North Atlantic by 17 March to support Admiral Hipper and Admiral Scheer's return to Germany. To provide this support, he was to make a diversion between the Azores and the Canary Islands. The German Naval Staff directed him to then return his ships to Brest in France so they could prepare to join a raid into the Atlantic that the battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck and heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen were scheduled to make in April. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau refuelled again from Ermland and Uckermark on 18 March, and set course for France the next day. At 5:30 pm on 20 March a reconnaissance aircraft flying from Ark Royal spotted the German battleships sailing north-east approximately 600 mi to the north-west of Cape Finisterre in Spain. The aircraft's radio was defective, which prevented its crew from immediately reporting this sighting. Lütjens turned to the north in an attempt to deceive the British aircrew about his course. This proved successful, as when the aircraft returned to the carrier its crew reported that the German ships were headed north and did not mention their course when first sighted. Somerville's ability to act on this report was further hindered by Ark Royal's failure to immediately pass it on to him. The Bianca and San Casimiro were also located by Ark Royal's aircraft on 20 March and were scuttled when Renown approached them.

After Ark Royal reported the sighting, the British sought to regain contact with the German battleships and track them. At this time the carrier was about 160 mi to the south-east of the Germans, which was too great a distance for it to be able to launch an immediate attack. Reconnaissance aircraft operating from Ark Royal searched for the battleships during the night of 20/21 March and the next morning, but were unable to find them again due to bad weather. Coastal Command reduced its patrols of the waters off Iceland and stepped up coverage of the approaches to the Bay of Biscay.

Tovey's force to the south of Iceland had by this time been reinforced by the battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) and battlecruiser HMS Hood. On 21 March the Admiralty ordered him to proceed south at full speed. Several cruisers were also ordered to head south, a destroyer flotilla sailed from Plymouth and the RAF's Bomber Command established a force of 25 Vickers Wellington bombers that could be sent against the battleships. By this time the only way for the British ships to intercept Lütjens' force before they came under the protection of land-based German aircraft in France was for Ark Royal's aircraft to damage one or both of them. This was made impossible by the mishandling of the sighting on 20 March and poor flying weather on that and the subsequent day.

The crew of a Coastal Command Lockheed Hudson detected the German battleships by radar when they were within 200 mi of the French coast on the evening of 21 March. By this time it was not possible for the British to attack them, and due to the evasive course Lütjens was taking the British were unable to anticipate which French port he was heading for. The torpedo boats GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT Jaguar and GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT Iltis escorted the battleships into Brest, where they anchored on 22 March. The captured tanker Polykarp docked at Bordeaux two days later. Allied seamen who had been captured from sunken ships were paraded through Brest before being sent to prisoner of war camps in Germany. Admiral Hipper reached Kiel on 28 March, and Admiral Scheer docked there two days later.

Assessments
Operation Berlin was the most successful of the Kriegsmarine's surface raiding missions throughout the war. Lütjens' force sank or captured 22 ships totalling 115622 grt. The Allied convoy routes across the North Atlantic were badly disrupted, which hindered the flow of supplies to the United Kingdom. By diverting the Home Fleet, the operation also allowed Admiral Hipper and Admiral Scheer to safely return to Germany.

The German Naval Staff and Raeder believed that the success of Operation Berlin and the other raids conducted by surface vessels during 1940 and early 1941 demonstrated that further such attacks remained viable. Raeder travelled to Brest on 23 March, and asked Lütjens to lead the next raid from the Bismarck. Several changes were made to surface raiding tactics based on lessons learned from Operation Berlin. The prohibition against engaging forces of equal strength was softened to allow battleships to engage escorting warships while their accompanying cruisers attacked the convoy. As the intelligence on convoy routes and timings had proven unreliable and Lütjens experienced difficulty searching for convoys, it was decided to station submarines at strategic locations to scout for Allied ships. Tactics that had proven successful, such as keeping the ships of the battle group together and using supply vessels to search for convoys, were retained.

The British were disappointed by their performance during early 1941. While assigning battleships to protect convoys had prevented disastrous losses, the German surface raiders had greatly disrupted the convoy system and not suffered any losses. A key lesson was the need to strengthen patrols of the seas to the north and south of Iceland to detect German raiders as they attempted to enter the Atlantic. This led to additional cruisers being assigned to the area.

Subsequent operations
Coastal Command aircraft located the two German battleships at Brest on 28 March after six days of intensive searches of French ports. Once the battleships were confirmed to be in port, the Home Fleet returned to its bases for a brief period and the Atlantic convoy system returned to its normal routings. Due to the threat the force at Brest posed, the Home Fleet blockaded the port and provided powerful escorts to convoys. Submarines were stationed off Brest, and Coastal Command closely monitored it. The Home Fleet maintained three or four naval task forces at all times to intercept the German battleships if they left Brest. Force H was also reinforced and patrolled the routes used by north and southbound convoys. Command of the forces operating west of France alternated between Tovey and Somerville.

The RAF repeatedly made large attacks that targeted the German battleships at Brest. The first raid took place on the night of 30/31 March. On 6 April a British aircraft torpedoed Gneisenau. She was hit by four bombs during another raid on 10 April. It took until the end of 1941 for the damage inflicted by these attacks to be repaired. Scharnhorst required repairs to her boilers which rendered her unable to participate in Operation Rheinübung, the raid into the Atlantic undertaken by Bismarck and Prinz Eugen during May.

Lütjens led Operation Rheinübung from the battleship, and sank HMS Hood on 24 May. He was killed when Bismarck was destroyed by the Home Fleet on 27 May. Guided by Ultra intelligence, the British also sank seven of the eight supply ships that had been sent into the Atlantic to support Bismarck. Following this defeat Hitler forbade further battleship raids into the Atlantic. On 13 June RAF aircraft torpedoed the cruiser Lützow while she was trying to break out into the Atlantic. This was the last raid into the Atlantic that was attempted by the Kriegsmarine's heavy warships. As a result, Operation Berlin was the final success against Allied shipping achieved by German warships in the North Atlantic. Submarines formed the main element of the German anti-shipping campaign for the remainder of the war.

After the repairs to her boilers were completed, Scharnhorst was transferred to La Pallice on 21 July as it was further from the British bomber bases and believed to be at less risk of air attacks. She was hit by five bombs during an air raid on 24 July, and required repairs in Brest that were not completed until 15 January 1942. In line with a decision made by Hitler in September 1941 to concentrate the Kriegsmarine's surface warships in Norway, the Scharnhorst-class battleships were ordered to return to Germany via the English Channel. During the "Channel Dash" they and Prinz Eugen departed Brest under heavy air and naval escort on 11 February 1942. Both battleships were damaged by mines, but reached Germany.

While under repair at Kiel, Gneisenau was badly damaged by an air raid on the night of 26/27 February and never reentered service. Scharnhorst was deployed to Norway in 1943. As part of an attempted raid against an Allied Arctic convoy, she was sunk by the Home Fleet on 26 December 1943 during the Battle of the North Cape.

Historiography
Writing in 1954, Stephen Roskill the British official historian stated that Operation Berlin "had been skilfully planned, well co-ordinated with the movements of other raiders and successfully sustained by the supply ships sent out for that purpose" and that the Germans were right to be pleased with the results. Roskill noted that the operations conducted by German surface raiders in the North Atlantic between February and March 1941 was the only period in the war in which surface warships were able to "threaten the whole structure of our maritime control". The British naval historian Richard Woodman judged in 2004 that Operation Berlin did not have significant strategic implications as Lütjens was unable to cripple Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and attacked only one eastbound HX convoy. Angus Konstam noted in 2021 that the number of ships sunk by German surface raiders was dwarfed by those accounted for by submarines. He concluded that the strategy of sending surface raiders into the Atlantic was faulty as the resources required to build and crew these ships would have produced better results if they had been allocated to the submarine force.

Roskill attributed the British failure to intercept the raiders to bad luck. He judged that the Royal Navy's performance was superior to that in previous operations and demonstrated that it now posed a strong threat to surface raiders. Roskill also observed that assigning battleships to escort convoys "had certainly saved two of them from disaster". The historian Graham Rys-Jones reached a similar conclusion in 1999, noting that Lütjens' success in evading the British was "one of the less helpful lessons of Operation Berlin" as it convinced Raeder that Bismarck could safely operate in the North Atlantic.

Historians agree that Raeder's decision to send the two battleships to Brest was a mistake. Lisle A. Rose has noted that by doing so he "placed the big ships under the thumb of Royal Air Force bombers and divided the German battle fleet between the Channel and the Baltic at just the time that new construction cried out for a concentration of forces". Rose notes that this error led to Bismarck and Prinz Eugen lacking the support of the Scharnhorst-class battleships during their sortie in May 1941. Lars Hellwinkel has noted that Brest lacked the facilities rapidly to repair the battleships at the end of Operation Berlin and the vulnerability of French ports to British air attack meant that none of the big warships based there would have been able to conduct any attacks after Bismarck's loss. Raeder acknowledged his error after the war, noting that the forces needed adequately to defend the battleships at Brest had not been available.

title: Operation Berlin (Atlantic)


text:
Tzant

Tzant were a British electronic music group, who had three top 40 singles between 1996 and 1998. Their debut "Hot and Wet (Believe It)", featuring Verna Francis, made number 36 on the UK Singles Chart during September 1996, and two further singles ("Sounds of Wickedness", their most successful single, and "Bounce with the Massive") would make the top 40 in 1998. Tzant's first two releases also found moderate success on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart.

The group consisted of Jamie White, Marcus Thomas (a.k.a. ODC MC, formerly of Clock) and Moussa Clarke, who also released records under the names of Mirrorball, PF Project featuring Ewan McGregor, and Musique vs U2. PF Project mixed the first Euphoria compilation album, which peaked at number 1 in the UK compilation chart in 1999. In 2008, Marcus Thomas co-penned Roebeck's underground hit "Just Wanna Be Loved", from the album Hurricanes on Venus, alongside composer Luke Corradine.

title: Tzant


text:
Ivan Diviš

Ivan Diviš (18 September 1924, in Prague – 7 April 1999, in Prague) was a significant Czech poet and essayist of the second half of the 20th century.

Biography
He was born in Prague into the family of a bank officer. While at high school in Prague during World War II he was arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned in Pečkárna and Pankrác. From 1942, he worked in a bookstore, and at the end of the war he was employed at publisher V. Petr. After passing his maturita he studied philosophy and aesthetics at Charles University (1945–1949). In the early 1950s, he worked as a corrector at the Communist Rudé právo newspaper. After 1953, he worked a lathe in Liberec and Prague-Kbely. In the 1960s, he was an editor at Mladá fronta publishing house. In 1964, he converted to Roman Catholicism. In the aftermath of the Prague Spring, he emigrated to West Germany in 1969 and worked as a librarian for Radio Free Europe. He lived in Munich until the Velvet Revolution of 1989 when he returned to Prague.

Works

 * Balada z regálu (1946, with Kamil Bednář, illustrated by Václav Bláha)
 * První hudba bratřím (1947)
 * Uzlové písmo (1960)
 * Rozpleť si vlasy (1961)
 * Deník molekuly (1962)
 * Eliášův oheň (1962)
 * Morality (1963)
 * Chrlení krve (1964)
 * Umbriana (1965)
 * V jazyku Dolor (1966)
 * Povíme si to! (1967)
 * Sursum (1967, 2nd edition 1987 in Munich)
 * Thanathea (1968)
 * Noé vypouští krkavce (1975 in Toronto, revised 1995)
 * Přece jen (1977 in Munich)
 * Křížatky (1978 in Munich)
 * Průvan (1978 Pondicherry)
 * Beránek na sněhu (1980, 1994 in Munich)
 * Odchod z Čech (1981, 1990 in Munich)
 * Žalmy (186, 1991 revised in London)
 * Obrať koně (1987, 1992 in Tessing)
 * Moje oči musely vidět (1991)

title: Ivan Diviš


text:
Parliament of Bats

The Parliament of Bats was a Parliament of England that was held in 1426 in Leicester. Meetings took place in the great hall of Leicester Castle. The king at the time, Henry VI, was an infant, and the session saw him knighted in St Mary de Castro Church across the road from the Castle Great Hall.

Tensions were high because of the ongoing dispute between Cardinal Beaufort, the Bishop of Winchester and off-and-on Lord Chancellor, and the Duke of Gloucester, the King's uncle and regent. Members and their attendants were therefore not allowed by the Duke of Gloucester to carry swords, and so armed themselves with bats, giving rise to the name "Parliament of Bats". The parliament saw Beaufort removed permanently as Lord Chancellor and replaced with John Kemp.

title: Parliament of Bats


text:
Category:Airports in Estonia

This category is for airports in Estonia.

title: Category:Airports in Estonia


text: User talk:81.101.79.46

title: User talk:81.101.79.46


text: Category:Airports in Ethiopia

title: Category:Airports in Ethiopia


text:
Watts Naval School

Watts Naval School was originally the Norfolk County School, a boarding school set up to serve the educational needs of the 'sons of farmers and artisans'. The school was later operated by Dr Barnardo's until closure in 1953.

Norfolk County School
Norfolk County School stood on the summit of a wooded hill with excellent views across the Wensum Valley near the village of North Elmham. It was surrounded by 60 acre of land in Bintry parish in the Bintry (or Bintree as it is sometimes written) Hills.

Norfolk County School was a boarding school founded by Prebendary Joseph Lloyd Brereton to serve the educational needs of the sons of farmers & artisans as part of his experiment in County Education. The foundation stone was laid on Easter Monday 1873 by Edward Prince of Wales (later to become King Edward VII). The school opened in 1874. The school also had an open-air swimming pool.

The property consisted of a central building, with a principal's House attached to the north end of the building. A laundry was provided at the south end of the intersection. At the north end of the fifty-four-acre site was a gardener's cottage. The western boundary of the property was marked by the River Wensum, and an open-air 70 ft by 30 ft swimming bath was provided next to the river. A boat house owned by the school also stood on the banks of the river, and a cricket ground was provided on the eastern side of the main building.

A chapel, built of Bath stone, was erected in 1883 and consecrated on 16 October that year. In 1884 Brereton succeeded in getting railway access to the school through the County School railway station built at the foot of the hill. Despite the improved communications, the school roll never reached the 300 for which it was designed, partly as a result of the depression in agriculture.

Watts Naval School
The school was closed in July 1895. On 4 June 1901 its premises were sold to Edmund Hannay Watts. Following his death, his eldest son, Fenwick Shadforth Watts, had the fabric of the building renovated and furnished, at a cost of several thousand pounds, before handing it over to Dr Barnardo's Homes. As a result, it was turned into a home for up to 300 orphans and destitute boys under the charge of Dr T. J. Barnardo and was opened informally on 9 March 1903. The establishment was then used for the training of selected Barnardo's boys for a life at sea in the Royal Navy or mercantile Marine. The school was opened on 17 April 1906, by Viscount Coke, later Earl of Leicester. It was classified as a Secondary Technical School, with the technical instruction being nautical and with musical training for boys intending on being enlisted in the Royal Marines or other military bands.

The first captain of the school was Commander H. C. Martin, a former captain of the training ship Warspite, working with a staff of fifteen. The rector of Kettlestone was appointed as Honorary Chaplain, and medical care was provided by Dr Rackham from North Elmham. Initially only one hundred boys were sent to the school, with the remaining two hundred arriving in batches of fifty to assist with the establishment of naval discipline.

The building was only slightly altered from its former use as a public school. The central hall was fitted with a heavy glass roof, and a fire escape was added to the eastern side of the building, allowing it to be evacuated within three minutes. Every part of the school was heated with hot water and an acetylene gas supply was installed. The central hall, classrooms, reception rooms and staff rooms were on the ground floor. The first floor was used for staff bedrooms, boys' dormitories, linen and the storage of dry goods. The third floor included the dining hall, kitchens, dining rooms and more dormitories. The bathrooms, engine room (boilers) and offices were located in the basement. The school was also provided with an isolation hospital, built in the grounds.

The boys were woken at 6.30am, after which they attended morning prayers before having breakfast at 7.30am. At 9.00am they would go to the central hall and fall in for inspection by the captain, before marching off for lessons and drill. Dinner was served at 12.30pm, with the boys falling in for more school and drill at 2.00pm. At 4.00pm they had a half-hour's special drill training. Tea was served at 5.30pm, with evening prayers and bed two hours later.

The chapel was enlarged in 1926, when transepts were added. It seated all three hundred boys and the school's masters. The pulpit was given as a memorial to B. Watson, Esq, and two stained glass windows were added in memory of Frederick Humby, an old Watts boy who lost his life in the Titanic sinking of 1912.

Closure
The school was closed in 1953, when the remaining boys were transferred to other Barnardo's training ship establishments, mostly on the south coast. Old boys concerned about the chapel were assured that Barnardo's Clerical Organising Secretary, working with the Bishop of Norwich, would be making arrangements for its preservation and that the relocation of the memorial tablets and windows was being considered.

Today
The main school building was demolished and its site was returned to grass apart from the captains 5 bedroom house which is the last remainders of the school, the rest became a poultry farm.

After the closure of the poultry operation, four seven-bedroom houses were built on the site.

The chapel survives as a private residence, after some years of being used as a piggery. The chapel memorial windows were removed by Barnardo's in 1978 and sold at auction. They are now in private hands in the United States.

Some of the other school buildings are still in ruins, although most have been renovated and restored to domestic use.

The road remains private from the bridge over the river Wensum up to Bintree woods and is maintained by the residents.

Notable old boys

 * Captain Frank Beck, King Edward VII land agent in its public school days.
 * Fred Copeman OBE. Royal Navy mutineer, and subsequently Commander of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade.
 * Sir John Mills, a famous British actor, was born at Watts Naval School, where his father was a master.

Heritage

 * A photographic display, and some small items from the school are displayed in the museum at County School railway station.
 * An information board charting the history of the school was unveiled beside the school's graveyard during the centenary celebrations.

title: Watts Naval School