text:
Talk:Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation

Splitting out
Am I missing something? This looks like a dumping ground for images from the main Pan Am Flight 103 page - can we delete this now? Keithlard 17:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see my message on your talk page: you are missing something - it's not a dumping ground!Phase1 23:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's fine, I didn't realise you're in the process of splitting this article out. If you're doing that, it would be better to do it all in one go rather than leave the article in a broken state for several days where casual browsers (like me) can come across it. Alternatively, if it's under heavy construction, I'd suggest taking it out of the category and making sure it's not linked from anywhere until it's 'ready for press'. Keithlard 10:50, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that sounded a bit short-tempered - it wasn't meant to be. To prove this isn't just hand-waving and show a bit of good faith, I've made a start on moving the text in from the main article. Keithlard 14:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Edits by Mais oui!
For the future, please discuss such issues on the relevant talk page before rushing to edit.Phase4 00:16, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The flight – not the aircraft – was Pan Am 103.
 * The information about Lord Fraser of Carmyllie is already on his page but in greater detail.
 * It is a fact that the local police resources were insufficient for such a large investigation. There is no question of POV here.

 * Please do not blanket revert: you managed to mass-delete a huge amount of links for example that have absolutely nothing to do with your three objections above.
 * On your objections:

 * Point 1: a bit pedantic, but feel free to find a better wording. The key thing is that the article must link to the Pan Am Flight 103 article in the opening paragraph. The version you so casually reverted to does not even link to that article in the entire introduction, and I scanned down a fair bit and still couldn't see it: kind of an elementary flaw.
 * Point2: Good, in that case it need not be duplicated here, and especially not in the introduction: it is just totally out of place.
 * Point 2:If it is a fact then you will have a source, re WP:CITE. If you do not have a source, it will go.
 * If you disagree with some of my edits then please discuss, but to blanket revert a large number of non-contentious links like that may be interpreted as vandalism. --Mais oui! 08:27, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for these comments. Perhaps, I should start by saying this article Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 was created (largely by me) as a "sub-article" of the main Pan Am Flight 103 article. Although the sub-article concept tends not to be recognised on Wikipedia, most readers will arrive there having navigated through the main article. So while I see the point you are making about the link to the main article appearing in the opening paragraph I don't agree with your use of the word must. If you go to the "See also" section you can see the links to the main article and the other sub-articles.

Taking your other comments/other issues in sequence:
 * Lord Fraser: I agree it's unusual to have "current" information like this in the intro. But Fraser's recent outburst was unusual, to say the least. I think it should be as close as possible to the first mention of Fraser in the article, but should remain, as it was, in parentheses.
 * POV: I'm afraid you are wrong about this. The piece on police resources was quoted verbatim from a paper presented by the present Lord Advocate Colin Boyd to a conference of law officers in 2001. See "External links"Police investigations of politically sensitive or high profile crimes
 * Spelling: You have changed some NAm spellings to British English eg fiber to fibre and aluminum to aluminium, but not pajamas to pyjamas or woolen to woollen. Nor have all your changes been consistently applied. An activity like this cannot be undertaken lightly or done piecemeal.
 * Wikifying: Customarily in an article a word or subject is wikified once, and not each time the word or subject is subsequently mentioned. You seem to like multiple wikifications eg DERA, Toshiba and Pan Am Flight 103.
 * Large number of links: For me, the best thing about Wikipedia is the wikilinks to other articles: a wealth of information and related info is just a click away. What I don't like to see is an article with a barrage of blue links to self-explanatory subjects. What is even worse is a mass of red links (which aren't links at all because there isn't a wiki article for them, and which could be defined as a form of vandalism). I think it is incumbent upon those who make these distracting red links in an article to go and create the new article, thus converting red to blue.

From the above, you might have gleaned that I don't think the majority of your edits have improved this sub-article. Since an edit war is mostly unproductive and always unseemly, I'll leave it to you to do the right thing.Phase4 16:39, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have dealt with your points.

 * It is counter-productive when people who work a lot in one particular area become (slightly) proprietorial, although I can perfectly understand the raw human reaction to "your" work being edited. (I'm afraid that once you click that Save page button the work ceases to be your own.)

 * One point of information: I actually removed 4 of (presumably) your duplicate DERA links, so you got that story topsy-turvy.--Mais oui! 14:56, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

I have finished the work you started on converting the NAm spellings, removed excessive links but added others, and sorted out your alleged POVs. Grudgingly have to admit a slight improvement to the article overall!Phase4 19:12, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Good article
I have listed this as a good article... cos it is. Not quite ready for Featured article status, but not a million miles away. Next stage should be Peer review.--Mais oui! 14:56, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Flatterer!Phase4 19:14, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The article is missing much from what I've found from just a cursory search. Where is the mention of Dr. Robert Black's considerable involvement. Why no mention that the Maltese shopkeeper (the ONLY evidence of al Megrahi's guilt) could only testify he resembled the person who bought the clothes and in fact not only did al Megrahi not even resemble the shopkeepers original description at all but he also picked out a photo (in 1990) of a terrorist named Abu Talb as resembling the purchaser more closely than al Megrahi did. I'm not talking blogs or alternate news here but sources such as the Guardian and BBC. Wayne 15:27, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * What this and most of the articles on Lockerbie are missing is a NPOV. Even the talk pages -- this one included -- reek of bias. Rapunzel676 (talk)Rapunzel676 —Preceding undated comment added 02:26, 10 October 2011 (UTC).

Good on yer, Wayne. You'll find that both Prof. Robert Black and the Maltese shopkeeper (Tony Gauci) are more than adequately covered in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial article.Phase4 20:24, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd argue that they are "adequately" covered. Gauci being "an apple short of a picnic" does not give the reader much of an idea why. However I really need to read a lot more sources before editing (or argueing) anything or i'm at risk of mentioning something that may have been discounted over the years. Wayne 12:44, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AVE4041-rebuilt.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:PAYorkie.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:PAradio.jpg
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Improving Article
Simply put, this article isn't very good. I knew nothing of this incident, and so decided to read through the article.

Knowing absolutely nothing about the subject prior puts me in a rather good position to judge this article, and in places it was very confusing.

For example, about half way through the article...I encountered this statement.

"In the BBC Two The Conspiracy Files: Lockerbie[6] shown on August 31 2008, it was calined that one significant reason for Megrahi's latest appeal was that Gauci, who had picked him out in a line-up, had seen a magazine photograph of him just four days before he made the identification."

This article being the first time I've ever encountered this subject, this is obviously extremely confusing. This is the FIRST mention of Megrahi in the article, and absolutely no explanation of who he is and what he is appealing.

This article seems to be written more of a brief brush-up for those familiar, yet a little rusty, on the subject. It is not written very well when assessed from somebody in my position. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.84.160 (talk) 00:59, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The opening sentence of this sub-article is as follows: The investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 began at 19:03 on December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland.

 * Anyone who knows nothing about the incident should click on the wikilink to the main Pan Am Flight 103 article, and all is immediately revealed. That is the beauty of Wikipedia.

 * Other sub-articles related to this incident are Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.---PJHaseldine (talk) 13:05, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm putting in a link to the main article in a header. That's my two scents.---petero9 (talk) 17:23, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, petero9, the link to the main article in a header is a good solution. I'll insert the same link into the two other sub-articles.---PJHaseldine (talk) 12:12, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed, see Template:Main for proper use which specifically excludes use at top of article. Reader should follow links to main article for more information. — Deon Steyn (talk) 19:37, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

The Manly padlock
There is another reminder in Issue 1239 of Private Eye of the break-in discovered by Heathrow security guard Ray Manly on the morning of the bombing, and the broken padlock which he handed to the police. His evidence was never produced in court, at either the original trial or the FAI. But it does not seem to appear anywhere in the article. Is this information considered as unverifiable? Apparently, in view of Al Megahi's deteriorating health, Jim Swire has written again to request a re-opening of the FAI. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:24, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Now overtaken by events, it seems even less likely that this "evidence" will ever be produced in a court if law. But am still interested as to its verifiability for the purposes of the article. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:31, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Scottish police relaunch investigation into Lockerbie bombing
--Mais oui! (talk) 16:06, 25 October 2009 (UTC)
 * http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6889500.ece
 * http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/6425205/Police-relaunch-Lockerbie-bombing-investigation.html
 * http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Lockerbie-police-open-new-lines.5764264.jp
 * http://news.stv.tv/scotland/132599-lockerbie-bombing-under-police-review/
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8324512.stm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8324742.stm
 * http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/scottish-police-to-launch-new-inquiry-into-lockerbie-1809209.html

Lockerbie: eight other 'high-level' suspects
--Mais oui! (talk) 08:05, 26 October 2009 (UTC)
 * http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Lockerbie-eight-other-39highlevel39-suspects.5764820.jp

Serious NPOV issues with "Forensic lessons from England"
This section needs to be edited, if not deleted entirely. The lead alone reeks of bias. The writer makes it sound as if the Scots (or is it the investigators?) had been very naughty and needed to be taught a lesson by their betters. I recognize that there are differing -- and very strongly held -- views on who was responsible for the bombing and how the case was handled, but as editors it is our job to remain as objective as possible when determining the content of an encyclopedic article. There is nothing objective about "Lessons." Rapunzel676 (talk)Rapunzel676 —Preceding undated comment added 02:49, 10 October 2011 (UTC).

 * I agree. The section now looks completely out of context, it does not say a word about PA-103 investigation. Apparently it hints some flaws in the investigation, but does not state it clearily based on sources. I will remove the section. --Mgar (talk) 12:59, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Agree with the deletion. There may or may not be any NPOV issues. And the comparison being made may be perfectly valid. But without a secondary source, to show the relevance of (R v Ward (1993) 96 Cr.App.R.) to this case, it represents WP:OR. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:39, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
 * "On December 27, 2018 'Wired', an online news website published a long article, it highlights that the head of the U.S. Justice Department’s criminal division, Robert Mueller oversaw the case. Additional details are given."
 * 'Oversaw' is the wrong word. It implies supervision, governance etc. The US Justice Department is/was not the investigator of record here and has no jurisdiction in the Scottish criminal justice system. And 'Robert Mueller'? The fact that this DoJ operative is (or has the same name as) connected with the Trump presidency is really of no relevance to the investigation of the Lockerbie disaster - or to the Scottish court system. Really, it's of zero importance.31.49.28.120 (talk) 15:20, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

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Departure time
In Pan Am Flight 103 main page, it is stated that contrary to many popular accounts of the disaster, the flight, which had a scheduled gate departure time of 18:00, left Heathrow airport on time. The introduction here says the opposite, or, it might be claimed, relies on one of those "many popular accounts". (The articles' respective claims are both properly sourced, but due to the way it's been written, I tend to believe the version where the plane was on schedule.) Fomalhaut76 (talk) 12:13, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

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User talk:Tbegonja

Welcome!

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Rodovia Santos Dumont

Rodovia Santos Dumont (officially designated SP-075) is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

It runs in a north–south direction and interconnects the cities of Campinas, Indaiatuba, Salto, Itu and Sorocaba, crossing with two other major highways, Rodovia Castelo Branco, nearby Sorocaba, and the Rodovia dos Bandeirantes nearby Campinas, thus forming a vertex of the Macrometropolitan Highway Ring of São Paulo. At the km 66 of Rodovia Santos Dumont there is the Viracopos Airport.

The highway honours the Brazilian inventor Alberto Santos-Dumont, considered the "father of aviation". Santos Dumont was born in the town of Palmira (today called Santo Dumont) in the state of Minas Gerais but at one point in his life he also studied in Campinas. Rodovia Santos Dumont is a road system managed and maintained through a state concession to private company Rodovias das Colinas, and therefore it is a toll road.

title: Rodovia Santos Dumont


text:
Jordan High School

Jordan High School may refer to one of the following in the United States:

Alabama

 * Mortimer Jordan High School in Morris

California

 * Jordan Secondary Learning Center in Garden Grove
 * Jordan High School (Long Beach, California)
 * Jordan High School (Los Angeles, California)

Georgia

 * Jordan Vocational High School in Columbus

Michigan

 * East Jordan High School in East Jordan

Minnesota

 * Jordan High School (Jordan, Minnesota)
 * Jordan Junior High School, a former Minneapolis Public Schools facility

New York

 * Jordan-Elbridge High School in Jordan

North Carolina

 * Charles E. Jordan High School in Durham
 * Jordan Matthews High in Siler City

Oregon

 * Jordan Valley High School in Jordan Valley

Texas

 * Barbara Jordan High School in Houston
 * Jordan High School (Fulshear, Texas)

Utah

 * Jordan High School (Sandy, Utah)
 * Jordan Resource Center in Midvale
 * Jordan Valley School in Midvale
 * West Jordan High School

title: Jordan High School


text: User talk:72.10.122.38

title: User talk:72.10.122.38


text:
Talk:Hozumi Hasegawa

Boxing statsbox
Does anyone know how to add photo in statsbox? I have already uploaded The image of Hasegawa. The boxing statsbox is here. If you know how to do it, could you add the image of Hasegawa in his statsbox. --Yappakoredesho 18:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 *

Possibly copyvio
I think that this and some other revisions are the translation from the Japanese version. However, this article has no information about the inheritance of the page history from that, except this. Therefore, I strongly suspect that this is a GFDL violation. Moreover the Japanese version hadn't specified any source, and hasn't been a reliable information. Almost all the articles created or added by this user seem to have a same GFDL problem. Regards. -- Akira Kouchiyama 19:00, 17 June 2010 (UTC), correction -- Akira Kouchiyama Face-smile.svg 19:50, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hozumi Hasegawa


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User:Charles Matthews/Calo

Sidney Alexander - Arch of Constantine - Alesso Baldovinetti - Paul Barolsky - Alfred Barr - Senda Berenson - Paul Albert Besnard - George Biddle - Arnold Böcklin - Eugene Boudin - Patrick Brantlinger - Andrew Brink - Mario Broglio - David Brown - Domenico Brusasorci - Mary Ann Calo - Mary Cassatt - Royal Cortissoz - Enrico Costa - Kenyon Cox - Thomas Craven - Ralph Edwards - Egisto Fabbri - Ernest Fenellosa - Michael Fixler - Helen Frankenthaler - Alfred Frankfurter - Sydney Freedberg - Michael Fried - Gustavo Frizzoni - Isabella Stewart Gardner - Creighton Gilbert - Cecil Gould - Hutchins Hapgood - Francis Haskell - Adolf Hildebrand - Philip Hofer - Serge Hughes - William Ivins - Lincoln Kirstein - Max Klinger - Belle Krasne - Donald Kuspit - Konrad Lange - Kerr Lawson - A. H. Layard - Theodore Lipps - Arman Lowengard - Nicki Mariano - Marianne Martin - Frank Jewett Mather - Thomas McLauglin - Dwight McDonald - Virginia Mecklenburg - Giovanni Morelli - Umberto Morra - Ray Mortimer - Benedict Nicolson - Linda Nochlin - Hermann Obrist - Walter Pach - Carrado Pavolini - Antonio Pisanello - Carlo Placci - Susan Platt - Solomon Reinach - John Rewald - Alois Riegl - Rona Roob - Denman Ross - Jocelyne Rotily - Alys Russell - Remy Saisselin - Ernest Samuels - Amico di Sandro - Alberto Sani - Sassetta - Meyer Schapiro - Meryle Secrest - Fern Shapley - James Thrall Soby - Carl Spadoni - Francis Spalding - Leo Stein - Leo Steinberg - Karin Stephen - Ray Strachey - Frederick Taubes - Francis H. Taylor - James Tissot - Beverly Twitchell - F. T. Vischer - Alvise Vivarini - Johannes Volkelt - Ambroise Vollard - John Walker - J. Alden Weir - Peg Weiss - Barrett Wendell - Franz Wickhoff - Edgar Wind - Heinrich Wölfflin - Wilhelm Worringer - Willard Huntington Wright

title: User:Charles Matthews/Calo


text:
Melt flow index

The Melt Flow Index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. It is defined as the mass of polymer, in grams, flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed temperatures. Polymer processors usually correlate the value of MFI with the polymer grade that they have to choose for different processes, and most often this value is not accompanied by the units, because it is taken for granted to be g/10min. Similarly, the test conditions of MFI measurement are normally expressed in kilograms rather than any other units. The method is described in the similar standards ASTM D1238 and ISO 1133.

Melt flow rate is a measure of the ability of the material's melt to flow under pressure, and is an indirect measure of molecular weight, with high melt flow rate corresponding to low molecular weight. Melt flow rate is inversely proportional to viscosity of the melt at the conditions of the test, though it should be borne in mind that the viscosity for any such material depends on the applied force. Ratios between two melt flow rate values for one material at different gravimetric weights are often used as a measure for the broadness of the molecular weight distribution.

Melt flow rate is very commonly used for polyolefins, polyethylene being measured at 190 °C and polypropylene at 230 °C. The plastics engineer should choose a material with a melt index high enough that the molten polymer can be easily formed into the article intended, but low enough that the mechanical strength of the final article will be sufficient for its use.

Measurement
ISO standard 1133-1 governs the procedure for measurement of the melt flow rate. The procedure for determining MFI is as follows:
 * 1) A small amount of the polymer sample (around 4 to 5 grams) is taken in the specially designed MFI apparatus. A die with an opening of typically around 2 mm diameter is inserted into the apparatus.
 * 2) The material is packed properly inside the barrel to avoid formation of air pockets.
 * 3) A piston is introduced which acts as the medium that causes extrusion of the molten polymer.
 * 4) The sample is preheated for a specified amount of time: 5 min at 190 °C for polyethylene and 6 min at 230 °C for polypropylene.
 * 5) After the preheating a specified weight is introduced onto the piston. Examples of standard weights are 2.16 kg, 5 kg, etc.
 * 6) The weight exerts a force on the molten polymer and it immediately starts flowing through the die.
 * 7) A sample of the melt is taken after the desired period of time and is weighed accurately.
 * 8) MFI is expressed in grams of polymer per 10 minutes of duration of the test.

Synonyms of Melt Flow Index are Melt Flow Rate and Melt Index. More commonly used are their abbreviations: MFI, MFR and MI.

Confusingly, MFR may also indicate "melt flow ratio", the ratio between two melt flow rates at different gravimetric weights. More accurately, this should be reported as FRR (flow rate ratio), or simply flow ratio. FRR is commonly used as an indication of the way in which rheological behavior is influenced by the molecular weight distribution of the material.

formerly: (MFI = Melt Flow Index) → currently: (MFR = Melt mass-Flow Rate)

formerly: (MVI = Melt Volume Index) → currently: (MVR = Melt Volume-flow Rate)

formerly: (MFR = Melt Flow Ratio) → currently: (FRR = Flow Rate Ratio)

The flow parameter that is readily accessible to most processors is the MFI. MFI is often used to determine how a polymer will process. However, MFI takes no account of the shear, shear rate or shear history and as such is not a good measure of the processing window of a polymer. It is a single-point viscosity measurement at a relatively low shear rate and temperature. Earlier, it was often said that MFI give a ‘dot’ when actually what is needed is a ‘plot’ for the polymer processors. However, this is not true now because of a unique approach developed for estimating the rheogram merely from the knowledge of the MFI.

The MFI device is not an extruder in the conventional polymer processing sense in that there is no screw to compress, heat and shear the polymer. MFI additionally does not take account of long chain branching nor the differences between shear and elongational rheology. Therefore, two polymers with the same MFI will not behave the same under any given processing conditions.

The relationship between MFI and temperature can be used to obtain the activation energies for polymers. The activation energies developed from MFI values has the advantage of simplicity and easy availability. The concept of obtaining activation energy from MFI can be extended to copolymers as well wherein there exists an anomalous temperature dependence of melt viscosity leading to the existence of two distinct values of activation energies for each copolymer.

For a detailed numerical simulation of the melt flow index, see or.

Melt Flow Index Formula
formerly MFI (currently MFR) = Weight (gram) of Melted samples in 10 minutes

Melt Flow Index Tester

title: Melt flow index


text: User talk:66.0.10.218

title: User talk:66.0.10.218


text:
Mindszent Church

The Mindszent Church (Mindszenti templom) is a Roman Catholic parish church in the centre of Miskolc, Hungary. It was built between 1724 and 1880 in Baroque style. It is officially called St. Peter and Paul Church, but in colloquial speech it's always referred to as Mindszent church.

The church stands on Mindszent Place, which is a triangular place bordered by the church, the International Trade Center and the County Office of National Health Service. The place was named after the mediaeval village of Mindszent ("All Saints"), which stood here. The church was built where once the village's chapel stood.

The chapel and the hospital next to it were first mentioned in 1507. It was renovated in 1562 by the orders of Borbála Fánchy, the owner of the Castle of Diósgyőr. In the first half of the 18th century Abbot Mihály Frigyes Althan decided to build a larger church in the chapel's place. It is likely that the church was designed by Giovanni Battista Carlone, who also designed the Minorite Church of Miskolc. The church – although construction was still not finished – was consecrated in 1748.

The construction of the new hospital began in 1761. The parsonage was built in 1778.

In the second half of the century ownership disputes arose, both the Archdiocese of Eger and the Diocese of Munkács laid claims to it. Empress Maria Theresa settled the dispute by giving the responsibility of maintaining the church to the Diósgyőr estate.

Emperor Franz Joseph visited the city in 1857, and seeing the still unfinished church he offered to pay the expenses of constructing one of the towers. The Archbishop of Eger also offered a large sum of money, and several members of the parish donated as well. In 1864 the construction of the two towers began, by the end of the year one of them was complete, the other tower was completed shortly thereafter.

Inside of the church there are beautiful Baroque paintings and statues. The painting of the Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul at the high altar was painted by Mihály Kovács in 1855. The other altar paintings also were done by him in 1879.

The Baroque statue of Mary with the jar (1739) stands before the church. A small Calvary shrine can be found not far from the church; it was consecrated by the Archbishop of Eger in 1864.

title: Mindszent Church


text:
Terry's Texas Rangers

The 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment (1861–1865), popularly known as Terry's Texas Rangers, was a light cavalry regiment of Texas volunteers for the Confederate States Army assembled by Colonel Benjamin Franklin Terry in August 1861. Though lesser known than the Texas Brigade, famous for their actions during the Battle of Gettysburg, the 8th Texas Cavalry distinguished itself at several battles during the American Civil War. In four years of service, Terry's Texas Rangers fought in about 275 engagements in seven states. The regiment earned a reputation that ranked it among the most effective mounted regiments in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.

Organization, loss of commanders
Following the secession of Texas and its joining the Confederacy, Benjamin Franklin Terry, a wealthy slave holder and sugar planter, recruited and organized the regiment in August 1861 in Houston, Texas. Initially intended to serve in Virginia, the regiment instead was placed under the command of Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnston for service in west of the Mississippi. They soon saw combat, their first skirmish taking place on December 17, 1861, near Woodsonville, Kentucky, when they engaged the Union and were supported by the 6th Arkansas Infantry. The skirmish cost them Colonel Terry, who was killed in action. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lubbock next became colonel, but died of disease before taking command. John A. Wharton was then made colonel, and held the position until he was promoted to brigadier general. Wharton was in turn succeeded by Thomas Harrison.

Major battles and shock troops
Now a part of the Army of Tennessee led by General Braxton Bragg, the Texans' riding and shooting skills often caused them to be used as shock troops. Their first major action was at the Battle of Shiloh, where they distinguished themselves. They also supported Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry during the Battle of Murfreesboro. After that, they were sent behind enemy lines to harass the enemy and break their lines of communication. They were engaged in all three of the Battles of Chattanooga, the Battle of Chickamauga, the Knoxville Campaign, and the Atlanta Campaign.

The Rangers' ability in harassing the enemy was often called upon against William Tecumseh Sherman. By July 1864, Sherman's army had reached Atlanta. On July 30, Terry's Texas Rangers met the troops of Union Col. E. M. McCook, and defeated them. They then undertook to destroy the railway lines, though with little lasting effect. Following the loss of Atlanta, the regiment harassed the flanks of Sherman's force as it marched through Georgia, although by then the Confederacy lacked the strength to stop him. Their last engagement was at the Battle of Bentonville, where they made their final charge, losing three of their officers: Gustave Cook, the regimental colonel since Harrison had been promoted, Lieutenant Colonel Christian, and Major Jarmon. Declining to surrender with the rest of the Army of Tennessee on April 26, 1865, the Rangers made their way south in an effort to link up with other Confederates that had yet to surrender. Ultimately, they made their way back to Texas in small groups without surrendering. On May 1, 1865, the regiment led a raid on a Confederate commissary and quartermaster in Washington, Georgia.

List of documented soldiers

 * Ephraim Shelby Dodd
 * George Harrison Grosvenor May
 * John Goodwin Haynie
 * Thomas McKinney Jack
 * Oswald Tilghman
 * William Andrew Fletcher
 * Silas Henry Vanschoubroek
 * Cyrus S. Oberly
 * George Morse Collinsworth Jr.

title: Terry's Texas Rangers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Castleroid

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 20:33, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Castleroid and Wolfensteinroid

 * We need this one, finally casting out the reality between the truth and the false!!! -Jaakko — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paavo (talk • contribs) 8:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I say keep it. It's a commonly used term. This is an accepted subgenre for the series, and those new to the series shoukld have a definition for this teme when they find it. - Darkmoon — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.58.156.80 (talk • contribs) 20:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete or whatever, plus food for thought: — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.20.237.11 (talk • contribs) 20:06, 7 October 2005  (UTC)
 * There is nothing wrong with this article. 'Castleroid' has been used by fans for years since SotN and CotM's release. Even Konami reffered to it as 'Metroidvania'. Whoever put this up for deletion, could I ask you, why? - Anonymous — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.215.175.83 (talk • contribs) 04:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the term is useless, I don't care what hardcore mega gamers say on that message board -Jaakkooo — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marer (talk • contribs) 12:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The term is acceptable. If accurately describes this sub-genre, the Castlevania games starting with Sotn, and including Cotm, HoD, Aos, and finally, DoS. -Morgoth Galaxius — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.175.64.194 (talk • contribs) 14:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "Castleroid" is a widely used term in the Castlevania community, and as such it deserves to be properly defined. This article achieves this goal, and for that reason it should stay. -Pfloydguy2 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.214.85.60 (talk • contribs) 17:51, 11 October 2005  (UTC)
 * 'Jaakkooo', if you're the one who put this up for deletion, you're doing a bad job as a moderator. -anonymous — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.215.175.83 (talk • contribs) 17:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This term is a viable term as applied to the Castlevania gaming series. It does not need to be deleted. -DragonCub — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dragoncub77 (talk • contribs) 23:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Delete, RickK memorial sockpuppet limit breached.  (Oh, and all google hits are to forum posts.)  I'm also listing the related article Wolfensteinroid here; that doesn't get any google hits at all. —Cryptic (talk) 13:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fancruft dicdef with enough socks to sew a monkey.--Isotope23 15:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both as neologisms, dicdefs. flowersofnight 15:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above arguments. *drew 16:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obviously. Neologisms at best, and the sockpuppet flood is seldom a good sign. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  16:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This article has been a victim of sabotage from day one. Us viewers have learned that some people can roast out other people`s 100% Wikipedia approved (by the deletion policy) valid articles by:

1) Reporting a random article for deletion with no case, followed by

2) Spamming the feedback discussion with negative remarks, thus making the sentinels feel like all is bullshit.

3) Some other measures include measures like adding ridiculing other articles, like this "Wolfensteinroid" article was designed to do.

4) Editing delicious typos to a given article. Somebody edited and has been editing the Castleroid article to have the same childish typos from day one. Like "Castleloid", and RPG-element to "PPG-elements", three times now. Everytime I edit them accurately back again, somebody else is editing these same things back to have these same typos.

So this is pure sabotage. Sentinels please check the issue like it is, and mind the bickering, since it is most probably caused by one particular angry person, who wishes to sabotage an article he/she doesn`t like.

Paavo
 * I'll tell you what. I'm assuming good faith here, so if you can post a link to the version of the page you want me to look at (past edit that you had fixed up), I'll take a look and judge based on that.--Isotope23 20:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete little-used neologisms. Metroidvania is more commonly used, in my experience, than Castleroid, but I'd vote delete on articles about either. (Wolfensteinroid is someone's in-joke term; the lame neologism used to refer to Metroid Prime seems to be First-person adventure, Nintendo's marketing term for the "genre".) - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 01:25, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup, a Castleroid and a Metroidvania are the same. Both terms are popularized by modern gaming media of today. The purpose of my article was to make clearer how the original term makers feel. And this is what I stated in this article, also. And both Castleroid and Metroidvania are adapted from the fandom, it is a generally accepted subgenre, as synthetic it might sound. Now if fandom`s opinion isn`t enough, I apologise. But since those terms live even inside even Konami`s official sites at http://www.konami.com/gs/officialsites/castlevania/ (adapted from the fandom, OUR fandom, mind you), and this article in itself is very coherent and on point, I do not understand what the problem is. I read the policy of deletion, and in my understanding everything should be quite kosher. Except the fact, that this article has had a huge amount of sabotage for some reason (like some obvious hinders, like that "Wolfensteinroid" article.) Funny, how this person has had more influence in the judging process, than the actual article makers! Well whatever, I trust you guys know the best, but I plea you would actually learn the situation, like by visiting Konami official sites, if nothing else. Been inside the Castlevania fandom from the eighties, and I sincerely didn`t mean this article as a joke, eventhough all this petty sabotage might make it seem like BS. So sentinels, all I ask is for you to get a neutral grasp, if you indeed need to control this article. -Paavo
 * This might merit a one-liner in the Castlevania article. This is not an encyclopedic subject unto itself, and Wikipedia is not a dictionary in any case. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If a commonly known subgenre of gaming isn`t a valid subject to make an article inside Wikipedia, I rest my case, and apologise. -Paavo
 * It's not a subgenre; it's a set of shared characteristics in the recent games in one series. As such, it merits mention in the article for the series. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 05:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Still, even Konami recognizes it as a subgenre, and embraces it. Genralized by the fandom. But yes, it might be appropriate to mention it in the Castlevania article, if nothing else. -Paavo
 * By all means, describe it in the Castlevania article. It's not a subject that merits its own article. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 05:15, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done and done. Thank you for the correction, and advice. -Paavo
 * No problem. Any way I can help, let me know. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 05:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Andrew Pitt

Andrew Pitt (born 19 February 1976 in Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia) is a retired motorcycle racer. He is a double World Supersport Champion, and has also won a World Superbike race and competed in MotoGP. He lives in Peel on the Isle of Man.

Early career of Andrew pitt
Pitt began racing in the NSW State 250 Production Series in 1995, winning it in 1997. He was Australian Supersport Champion and Superbike runner-up in 1999, before entering the Supersport World Championship in 2000 riding for Kawasaki. He finished 10th in his debut season and won the title in 2001, without winning a race. For 2002 he continued in Supersport with Kawasaki finishing the season 5th and gaining his first two victories.

MotoGP & Superbike World Championship
At the end of 2002 he was given a ride on Kawasaki's first MotoGP bike for the final 3 races of the season. He took his and Kawasaki's first MotoGP points at the final race of the season. His promising results in 2002 made Kawasaki offer him a full-time MotoGP ride for the 2003 season. He matched experienced teammate Garry McCoy, but neither was retained after an uncompetitive year. He made occasional appearances for Moriwaki in 2004 as part of their development programme.

In 2004 Yamaha signed him. After three Supersport World Championship races at the end of the year, he was a Superbike World Championship factory rider for. He finished the season 8th overall, behind teammate Noriyuki Haga who was third. Things improved in as he was 5th overall, and scored his maiden Superbike World Championship win at the Misano Circuit in Italy in June 2006. At the end of the season, he lost his seat to fellow Australian and  Superbike World Champion Troy Corser.

For 2007, he signed to race in MotoGP for the Ilmor team. He was forced to retire with mechanical problems from the first race of the season in Qatar. On 15 March 2007, Ilmor announced that they were taking a break from MotoGP as a result of funding issues. This left Pitt without a ride.

Return to Supersport
Later in 2007 he made two substitute appearances in the Supersport World Championship for Ten Kate replacing the injured Sébastien Charpentier, taking two second places behind dominant teammate Kenan Sofuoğlu.

In 2008 he races in World Supersport for Ten Kate full-time, replacing Sofuoglu. In his first race he collided with the crashed bike of teammate Jonathan Rea. He won three of the first six races to establish a championship lead. A collision with Eugene Laverty at Vallelunga threatened to derail his championship challenge, but he clinched the 2008 World Supersport championship in the penultimate round at Magny-Cours after closest rival Rea was taken out by Robbin Harms. During the Brands Hatch race in 2008, Pitt was involved in an accident that claimed the life of Craig Jones. The British rider fell in front of Pitt at Clark Curve, and Pitt's bike unavoidably struck the head of Jones, who died from his injuries on 4 August.

He remained with the team for 2009, despite originally targeting a return to WSBK. He opened the season with two second places on the 2008 bike, but struggled once the 2009 model was introduced. He was replaced by Michele Pirro for 2010.

Return to Superbike
On 16 December 2009, it was announced that Pitt had agreed a contract with the Reitwagen Motorsport team to ride in the 2010 Superbike World Championship season. Pitt partnered teammate Roland Resch in riding a satellite version of the BMW S1000RR. However, the team pulled out after only three races due to a lack of funds.

British Superbike Championship
Pitt again changed direction following the demise of Reitwagen, joining Rob McElnea's team midway through the 2010 British Superbike Championship season as a replacement for Neil Hodgson, but he was injured in a crash at Brands Hatch and missed the rest of the season.

Retirement
In June 2011 Pitt, who was still recovering, became Gary Mason's crew chief at MSS Colchester Kawasaki in British Superbike Championship.

In January 2012, Pitt, having struggled with the shoulder injury suffered in 2010, announced his retirement from motorcycle racing.

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Andrew Pitt


text:
Saipem Nigeria

Saipem Nigeria is the Nigerian subsidiary company of Saipem, with a huge structure covering all sort of services to the Oil & Gas Industry such as Drilling On/Offshore, construction activities on/offshore (pipelines, power plants, fabrication activities) Engineering, Maintenance.

EPIC/EPC Contractor with head offices in Lagos and New operational Base in Port Harcourt (Rumulumeni area).

Saipem is under trial in Italy over charges relating to bribery in Nigeria.

title: Saipem Nigeria


text:
User:JoshMcCracken

I, Josh McCracken, am a technology and aeronautical studies double major at Kent State University in Kent, OH. I currently live in Springfield Township, Summit County, Ohio near Akron. I am the proud owner of a 1990 Ford F-150 XLT Lariat pickup truck, equipped with the 4.9L straight-6. My brother, Jeremy, is also a Wikipedia editor who has left Wikipedia due to the anonymous contributions policy (see his page for details).

My interests are technology, aeronautics, automotive, and older R&B music.

A note to the people who delete user templates because they believe they are unlike wikipedia: get a life. There's certainly something more productive than deleting stuff for no reason. Especially stuff people take time to create. If you don't like something, ignore it. Not a difficult concept. You might find that if you actually leave the house and get a girlfriend, that things are much better.

Uncredited contributions:
Ford F-Series 7 Oct. 2005, credited as 131.123.176.204. I took too long and was logged out by the time the edit was posted.

Texas City Refinery explosion 26 October 2010, credited as 76.244.154.7. I forgot to log in. Oops.

title: User:JoshMcCracken


text:
Talk:John Sandfield Macdonald

Macdonald or MacDonald?
I thought I put this in my edit summary but it seems I didn't: the Ontario legislature's website listing historical MPPs spells the name as MacDonald, hence my changing the spelling in the article (see,  . Do we have a definitive source on this question, one way or the other?Homey 18:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see detailed response on your talk page, it is definitely Macdonald. Fawcett5 20:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:John Sandfield Macdonald


text:
Qwest Wireless

Qwest Wireless LLC was a cellular phone service owned by Qwest Communications and offered in the United States. Qwest Wireless was a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) that operated on Sprint's CDMA network. While Qwest originally owned its own wireless network, it discontinued that network in 2004 as part of the move to become an MVNO. The network elements were sold to other carriers after shutdown. Qwest was the only Baby Bell that offered its wireless service as an MVNO; since the wireless company used Sprint's network, most of their phones were Sprint phones with the Qwest name on them. Their phones included models from Sanyo, Samsung, Nokia, UT Starcom (formerly Audiovox), HTC, and Motorola. Qwest Wireless ended the year 2007 with 824,000 wireless subscribers.

History
Prior to Qwest's acquisition of the RBOC US West, and unrelated to US West Wireless which became Qwest Wireless, US West operated its own analog cellular service, which merged with AirTouch and was eventually combined with GTE and PrimeCo to become Verizon Wireless.

In 1998, US West Wireless (later Qwest Wireless) was launched as a standalone brand with its own network based in the then-US West 14-state region. Qwest Wireless maintained its own network elements, device inventory, billing, and service—offering combined billing and eventually, discounts for customers who purchased other, qualifying Qwest services. At its largest, Qwest Wireless had roughly one million customers, but due to a lack of network availability outside the 14-state Qwest region, the service suffered from slow growth. This lack of on-network coverage was only partially offset by Qwest Wireless' advanced network features, most notably One Number Service (ONS). ONS allowed customers to receive calls to their home phone number on the wireless. If the calls were not answered, the calls then rang normally on the home phone. Also available was Voice Messaging Link (VML), allowing the wireless and wireline phones to share a single voice mail box.

Due to the slow growth and high expense of maintaining a regional wireless network, Qwest Wireless was converted to an MVNO in 2003-2004. Most customers were able to keep their own handsets, requiring only an over-the-air software update to move to the Sprint network. Customers with older handsets were given free replacement devices. The advanced network features such as ONS and VML were still offered with Qwest Wireless after the move to the then-Sprint network (now T-Mobile US). With an MVNO status, Qwest Wireless was no longer harmed by the lack of a national footprint, but the small size of the brand meant that Qwest Wireless was unable to respond to the increasing importance of handset marketing. Rarely able to offer new, exclusive handsets, Qwest Wireless lacked the buzz that came from these devices, notably the Motorola RAZR and Apple iPhone. In addition, the small subscriber base prevented Qwest Wireless from offering a broad range of handsets, leaving the company with only one or two smartphone offerings as those handsets became increasingly important to wireless carriers due to the higher per-user revenue.

On May 5, 2008 Qwest ended their agreement with Sprint Nextel and signed a 5-year contract with Verizon Wireless. Qwest has decided that they will no longer maintain an MVNO and will only resell Verizon Wireless services. The agreement also includes an arrangement to bill Verizon Wireless services on Qwest bills.

On March 11, 2009, Qwest announced that Qwest Wireless service would be terminated on October 31, 2009.

Verizon Wireless agent/partnership
On July 28, 2008, Qwest began selling Verizon service to new customers and in August, 2008 began to offer current Qwest Wireless customers the ability to make the transition to Verizon. In October, 2008, Qwest began offering combined billing, adding the Verizon charges to the Qwest bill upon customer request. The transition of current Qwest Wireless customers went smoothly according to CEO Ed Mueller.

The Qwest sales arrangement allowed Qwest to function as an agent for Verizon Wireless, selling Verizon-branded services while simultaneously offering the combined billing for customers with both services. Qwest does not maintain inventory of Verizon devices, is not responsible for service provisioning and maintenance, and does not calculate the Verizon bill.

The transition of Qwest Wireless customers began in August 2008, initially focusing on customers who did not have other Qwest services ("standalone" wireless service). Customers who also had other Qwest services were allowed to "migrate", but were not marketed to directly until October, 2008, when combined Qwest/Verizon Wireless billing was available. In October, 2008, Qwest began offering bundled billing, providing a combined Qwest/Verizon Wireless bill and discounting the Qwest services for qualifying customers who choose to add Verizon to the Qwest bill. Financial terms of this agreement are not being disclosed. Current Qwest Wireless customers will be offered a comparable phone for free by Verizon, or the option to receive 25% off a different phone of the customers choice if they choose to move to Verizon. Activation fees are also waived for migrating customers, as are early termination fees if the customer has a term agreement with Qwest Wireless. With the March 11, 2009 announcement of an end date, Qwest Wireless also discontinued the practice of charging early termination fees for customers who have term agreements with the carrier.

title: Qwest Wireless


text: User talk:193.219.28.144

title: User talk:193.219.28.144


text:
Sam Kelly (disambiguation)

Sam Kelly (1943-2014) was a British actor from Allo 'Allo! and On The Up.

Sam Kelly is the name of:
 * Sam Kelly (musician), British singer on Britain's Got Talent
 * Samantha Kelly (born 1997), Northern Irish footballer
 * Samantha Kelly (character), character from The Bold and the Beautiful
 * Sam Kelly (footballer) (born 1993), English professional footballer

title: Sam Kelly (disambiguation)


text:
User:Kouban

 * Kouban's Contributions

Areas of interest

 * 虎: Tigers
 * 蠻: Savagery
 * Progressive Rock
 * Super Robot Wars
 * Namco x Capcom
 * Tadao Nagahama

title: User:Kouban


text:
User talk:Kalenl

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - RoyBoy 800 18:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Kalenl


text: User talk:168.122.146.222

title: User talk:168.122.146.222


text:
Haenyeo

are female divers in the South Korean province of Jeju, whose livelihood consists of harvesting a variety of mollusks, seaweed, and other sea life from the ocean. Known for their independent spirit and determination, are representative of the semi-matriarchal family structure of Jeju.

Activities
Traditionally, girls started training as when they were 11 years old. Beginning in shallow water, trainees worked their way up to more challenging depths. After about seven years of training, a girl was considered a "full-fledged". Today, the oldest are over 80 years old, and have been diving for more than 66 years.

All together, the tools of a consist of a wetsuit, diving mask, fins,  gloves, chest weights (to assist diving) an L-shaped weeding hoe, and a net attached to a flotation device. The stash their catch in these nets until they are done for the day.

How long the spend in the water depends on the season. Before wetsuits were available and all they wore were cotton swimsuits, could stay in the water for only up to an hour at a time during the winter months. After an hour, they got out of the water and sat by the fire for 3–4 hours to dry off. After this break, they would jump back into the water for another hour. During the summer months, however, they stayed in the water for up to 3 hours at a time before a break. With the introduction of wetsuits, found they could stay in the water for five to six hours at a time, even during the winter.

With each dive, plunge up to 20 m deep and can hold their breath for over three minutes. Their harvests consist of abalone, conch, octopus, sea urchins, sea squirt, brown alga, top shell, a variety of sargassum, oysters and sea slugs, etc. The divers must contend with dangers such as jellyfish, poor weather and sharks.

History
Jeju's diving tradition dates back to 434 AD. Originally, diving was an exclusively male profession, with the exception of women who worked alongside their husbands. The first mention of female divers in literature does not come until the 17th century, when a monograph of Jeju geography describes them as (literally "diving women").

By the 18th century, female divers, at this point commonly referred to as, outnumbered male divers. Several possible explanations exist for this shift. For instance, in the 17th century, a significant number of men died at sea due to war or deep-sea fishing accidents, meaning that diving became the work of women. Another explanation is that women tend to have more subcutaneous fat and a higher shivering threshold than men, making them better suited to work in cold waters. An 18th century document records that taxes of dried abalone were imposed on ordinary people, forcing many women to dive in cold waters while pregnant.

As sea diving became a female-dominated industry, many of the subsequently replaced their husbands as the primary laborer. This trend was especially prominent after the Japanese colonized Korea in 1910 and diving became much more lucrative. Up until this point, much of what the harvested was given to the Joseon government as tribute. When the Japanese took over, however, they abolished this tradition, allowing to sell their catch at market and make a profit. Additionally, Japanese and Korean merchants hired to work for them in Japan and on the Korean mainland as wage-laborers, increasing their financial situations greatly. On Yeonpyeong-ri, an island near Incheon where many worked, their wages, on average, constituted 40 to 48 percent of a typical family's total income. The prominent place of in Jeju's economy and in their individual family units continued long after Japanese colonization. In the early 1960s, for example, harvests accounted for 60% of Jeju's fisheries revenue, and 40% of  husbands remained unemployed.

Declining numbers
Like many other historical cultural practices, the sea-diving industry has fallen victim to industrialisation. Beginning in the 1960s, the Korean government sought ways to jumpstart the country's economy in every province. Because Jeju was not a practical place to build factories, the Korean government decided to turn it into an exporter of mandarin oranges. By 1969, a majority of rural workers had joined this new industry. Additionally, about 2% of all land in Jeju was dedicated to farming mandarin oranges. In the 1970s, the government launched another program to bolster Jeju's tourism industry. By 1978, tourism had surpassed agriculture as the island's largest industry.

All of this change had a significant impact on numbers. Given less-strenuous alternatives, many women abandoned the sea-diving industry. In the five years between 1965 and 1970, numbers dropped from 23,081 to 14,143. In addition, education opportunities and attractive positions in emerging industries are considered to have deterred younger girls from becoming. In 1970, 31% of were 30 years old or younger, 55% were between 30 and 49 years old and only 14% were 50 or older. , however, 98% of were over the age of 50.

In society
Because so many families relied on the for the majority of their income, a semi-matriarchal society developed on Jeju with the  at the head of the household. On the tiny islets off the coast of Jeju, such as Mara Island, where sea-diving was the sole source of income, this reversal of traditional gender roles was fully realized; men would look after the children and go shopping while the women would bring in money for the family. Other manifestations of Jeju's unique society include men paying a dowry to the family of the bride (a reversal of the custom on the Korean mainland) and families celebrating the birth of girls over the birth of boys.

While certain elements of a matriarchal society surfaced in Jeju, they were not enough to completely overcome the predominance of Confucianism. As a result, beyond the domestic sphere, little else about Jeju society was different from what existed on the Korean mainland. For example, men filled all political leadership roles and were the only ones who could perform ancestor-worship ceremonies and inherit property and the familial line. Furthermore, during the era of colonial rule, remained peasants, never moving up the chain to become small-business owners or managers of seafood manufacturing plants. Even in the home, most remained the primary caregiver and handled at least half of the domestic chores.

Today, are celebrated as one of Jeju's most valued treasures. The Korean government shows its appreciation for the unique contributions of the to Jeju's culture by subsidizing their gear and granting them exclusive rights to sell fresh seafood. Furthermore, in March 2014, the government requested the UNESCO to add to its Intangible Cultural Heritage list. were inscribed in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List from 2016 and enlisted as South Korean Intangible Cultural Property from 2017. Directed by Koh Heeyoung Breathing Underwater was a documentary that was prodcued as part of wider efforts to raise awareness of, and UNESCO listing for the culture of haenyo.

In popular culture

 * My Mother, the Mermaid – 2004 film about a mother (who used to be a ) and her daughter.
 * Tamra, the Island – 2009 television series set in the 17th century, in which the heroine is a.
 * Swallow the Sun – 2009 television series in which the protagonist's mother is a.
 * Haenyeo: Women of the Sea – 2013 short film about Chewar Park, a still active 82-year-old diver. Examining her daily routine as well as her past, Park sheds light on this unique matriarchal culture that has changed little since the 19th century.
 * My Neighbor, Charles – 2015, episodes 24, 25, and 26 (documentary TV series); a Japanese immigrant trains to become a
 * Canola – 2016 film starring Youn Yuh-jung as an elderly (captain of the seawomen).
 * Our Blues – 2022 Korean drama series which portrays the work atmosphere between haenyeos of different ages.
 * Episode 1 of South Korea: Earth's Hidden Wilderness, BBC 2018, includes a feature on free-diving for conches, and interviews one said to be aged 94.
 * White Chrysanthemum – a 2018 novel by Korean-American author Mary Lynn Bracht featuring a taken as a comfort woman by the Japanese military in World War II.
 * The Island of Sea Women – a 2019 novel by American author Lisa See, is about the friendship and lives of two during the Japanese occupation of Korea.
 * Soft Sounds from Another Planet – 2017 album by Japanese Breakfast which references Jeju-do and uses as a metaphor, specifically the song "Diving Woman."
 * Endlings - a 2018/2019 play by Celine Song, which portrays three elderly and touches on themes of family, immigration, and theater. The play received its debut at Boston's American Repertory Theater in February 2019, with another production at the off-Broadway New York Theatre Workshop in February 2020.
 * Three Moons of Biyangdo – a 2022 documentary about three sisters (Kyung-Mi, Geum-Mi, and Jeong-Mi), who live on Biyangdo island, off Jeju's island and have been freediving together as haenyeos for the past 25 years.
 * In the television adaptation of Pachinko, the lead character Kim Sunja works as a haenyeo as a young girl.
 * Welcome to Samdal-ri (2023 South Korean TV series) in which the main female protagonist's mother is a "haenyeo". The series includes a lot of history about the female divers in Jeju (Haenyeo) as well as the matriarchal structure it influenced in the daily lives of their families in Jeju.

title: Haenyeo


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The Plant Review

The Plant Review, published quarterly by the Royal Horticultural Society, is a 68-page magazine containing "fascinating in-depth articles for everyone who loves plants". Its authoritative articles are written by acknowledged experts on plant-related subjects, and include plant profiles, horticulture, botany and the development of garden plants, focusing on ornamental plants grown in temperate gardens. It also reflects the scientific work of the RHS, as well as research conducted by other horticultural and botanical institutions and individuals. First published in 1979 as The Plantsman, it was renamed The Plant Review from September 2019.

The RHS website describes The Plant Review as "Written by people who know and grow plants, each 68-page, colour issue balances an exciting mix of news, gardens and profiles of plants you will long to grow".

Subject matter
Its subject matter includes:

 * Profiles and evaluations of plant genera, species and cultivars of horticultural merit
 * Recent plant introductions and descriptions of new plants
 * New or advanced cultivation and propagation techniques
 * Detailed accounts and findings from RHS trials
 * Developments in plant taxonomy and changes to names of garden plants
 * Plant exploration and travel
 * Opinions and viewpoints of prominent horticultural figures
 * Conservation of garden plants and wild plants of horticultural interest
 * Advances in plant breeding and development of new garden plants
 * Profiles of plant experts, breeders and horticultural personalities
 * Botanical illustration and its development

The Plantsman
The Plantsman magazine was first published in June 1979. The quarterly began as a scholarly spin-off from The Garden, the monthly journal of the RHS, which was then widening its editorial scope and popularizing its approach, in response to the wider audience provided by the society's rapidly increasing membership. Between its inception in 1979 and its full take-over by the RHS in 1994 The Plantsman was published by New Perspectives Publishing Ltd (later Home and Law Publishing Ltd, then HHL Publishing Ltd), in association with the RHS.

In his introduction to the first edition of The Plantsman, its Editorial Director, Hugh Johnson, noted that the changing editorial policy of The Garden had meant:
 * "…leaving out, or at any rate abbreviating, the sort of scholarly, unhurried, lovingly minute studies of plants which are the true meat of specialist horticultural literature."

He described The Plantsman as the solution to this editorial quandary, and continued:
 * "Its intention is to supplement the monthly Journal with quarterly studies for the gardener whose passion for plants will never be satisfied—the plantsman of the title."

The first editor of The Plantsman was Elspeth Napier. Among the contributors to the first issue were Christopher Brickell (then Director of RHS Garden, Wisley, later Director General of the RHS), Roy Elliott (then Editor of the quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society), Lawrence D Hills, founder (and then Director) of the Henry Doubleday Research Association, and David McClintock, botanist and writer of the best-selling Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers.

The magazine was printed in black and white, with one colour plate as a frontispiece (as well as many finely detailed line illustrations) until February 1994.

The New Plantsman
In June 1994 The Plantsman was relaunched as The New Plantsman with a new editor, Victoria Matthews, previously Editor of The Kew Magazine (journal of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). She was followed in the post, from March 1995, by Sabina Knees. From now onward the journal featured full-colour photographs and illustrations on alternate spreads.

The Plantsman New Series
In March 2002 the publication reverted to its original title (with a New Series suffix) during the editorship of botanist and author Christopher Grey-Wilson. For the first time, full colour became available on every page. In 2005 the magazine received a refreshed design under its new editor, Mike Grant, previously a botanist at RHS Garden, Wisley. The publication continued to broaden its scope.

In November 2006 The Plantsman was named winner of the British Garden Media Guild award for 'Consumer Magazine of the Year'; the other two finalists being BBC Gardeners' World magazine and BBC Gardens Illustrated. In the judges' opinion: All three shortlisted magazines were exceptional, well-rounded products with their target audience firmly in mind. The outcome was a very close-run contest, with The Plantsman just nudging ahead as the most complete package. Its faultless production, clean layouts, great writing and commissioning and a generally light touch on what might appear a rather scholarly content make it deserving of a much wider audience. In November 2008 the same organisation awarded The Plantsman News Story of the Year for an item entitled 'Greece wants her plants back' in the March 2008 issue.

In 2018 Mike Grant retired as editor, becoming Contributing Editor, and James Armitage, formerly Principal Botanist at RHS Garden, Wisley took on the editorship. He experimented with the content and the look of the magazine, introducing new regular features, including specially commissioned botanical illustrations as frontispieces.

The Plantsman becomes The Plant Review
In the June 2019 issue it was announced that the title would cease to be known as The Plantsman. From the September 2019 issue it was rebranded, with a completely new design, as The Plant Review, a name more in line with its sister publication The Orchid Review.

Editors

 * Elspeth Napier (1979–1994)
 * Victoria Matthews (1994)
 * Sabina Knees (1995–2000)
 * Christopher Grey-Wilson (2001–2005)
 * Mike Grant (2005–2018)
 * James Armitage (2018–present)

title: The Plant Review


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Reprieve (organisation)

Reprieve is a nonprofit organization of international lawyers and investigators whose stated goal is to "fight for the victims of extreme human rights abuses with legal action and public education". Their main focus is on the death penalty, indefinite detention without trial (such as in Guantanamo), extraordinary rendition and extrajudicial killing. The founding Reprieve organization is in the UK, and there are also organizations in the United States, Australia and the Netherlands, with additional supporters and volunteers worldwide.

Reprieve UK
The first and largest of the Reprieve organizations, Reprieve UK, was founded in 1999, one year after the death penalty was officially abolished in the UK (although having not been exercised since 1964), by human rights lawyer Clive Stafford Smith. Smith has represented over 300 prisoners facing the death penalty in the southern United States and has helped secure the release of 65 Guantánamo Bay prisoners as well as others across the world detained in places such as Bagram Theatre Internment Facility, Afghanistan, who claim to have been tortured by the United States government.

Reprieve currently works to represent 15 prisoners in Guantánamo Bay, as well as an evolving caseload of death row clients around the world. It investigates international complicity in renditions and most recently, has started working with the Foundation for Fundamental Rights in Pakistan, aiming to create conversation around the use of drones there. In 2021, Reprieve UK compiled information on the effects of U.S. drone strikes and counterterrorism actions in order to file a petition and witness statement on behalf of 34 Yemenis at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Reprieve focused its collaborative petition on the human rights consequences of U.S. drone strikes that killed multiple civilians, including "nine children and several members of Yemen's military".

Reprieve UK has twenty-five staff in London and seven Fellows in the US and Pakistan. Its patrons include Martha Lane Fox, Jon Snow, Alan Bennett, Julie Christie and Roger Waters.

Current cases include Andy Tsege, Ali al Nimr, Libya's Sami al-Saadi, stateless Palestinian Abu Zubaydah, Linda Carty, Yunus Rahmatullah, Krishna Maharaj, and Malik Jalal.

Recent cases include Samantha Orobator, Binyam Mohamed, Muhammad Saad Iqbal, and Akmal Shaikh, an EU national executed by the Chinese government.

Reprieve US
Reprieve US was founded in 2001 by anti-death penalty lawyers in New Orleans, Louisiana, as a 501(c)(3) charitable legal defense organization, inspired by Reprieve UK. In 2014 Reprieve US opened headquarters in New York City, and began working on unlawful detention and targeted killing as well as death penalty cases. Reprieve US is an independent sister organization to Reprieve UK; the two organizations share the same mission and work in partnership.

Reprieve US has strongly opposed the Guantanamo Bay detention camp since its founding, and legally represents several of its detainees. They also have a profile on many of its prisoners.

Capital Punishment Justice Project
The Capital Punishment Justice Project (formerly Reprieve Australia) was founded in Melbourne in 2001 by criminal barristers Richard Bourke and Nick Harrington to provide legal representation and humanitarian assistance to those at risk of execution. Initially providing volunteer assistance to programs in the US, the CPJP has since expanded to Asia. The organization is currently led by Julian McMahon.

title: Reprieve (organisation)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ffriddoedd Site

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE to University of Wales Bangor. -Doc (?) 10:35, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Ffriddoedd Site
Non-notable, trivial, amounts to no more than a few names of halls of residence; article cd be cleaned up but not brought up to encyclopaedic standard, really nothing interesting to say on this subject Flapdragon 18:09, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Justin Bacon 01:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  05:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment on reflection, I've been bold and merged these into University of Wales Bangor Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   13:10, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Fair enough. I've trimmed it in situ of its large amounts of non-encylopaedic (advert-like and duplicated and trivial and misspelt) material. Wikipedia is not a university prospectus. Flapdragon 13:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.