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Template talk:Vw4-n

TfD debate
This template was redirected as a result of this TfD debate. -Splash talk 20:55, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:Vw4-n


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Category:Archers at the 1992 Summer Olympics

This category includes archers at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.


text: User talk:209.120.162.26

title: User talk:209.120.162.26


text: User talk:64.132.126.6

title: User talk:64.132.126.6


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Category:Archers at the 1996 Summer Olympics

This category includes archers at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.


text:
Category:Archers at the 1988 Summer Olympics

This category includes archers at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.


text: Category:Theatre of Denmark

title: Category:Theatre of Denmark


text:
Template:Missing Catholic Encyclopedia articles

Legend:  Catholic Encyclopedia articles (edit) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T V W
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text: User talk:12.14.71.101

title: User talk:12.14.71.101


text:
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title: User:Garzo/monobook.js


text:
Breve (disambiguation)

Breve is the diacritical mark ˘.

Breve or Breves may also refer to:

 * Breve (music), or double whole note
 * Breve, a mark used to denote a short syllable in scansion
 * Breve, a type of milk coffee
 * Brèves, commune in Nièvre, France
 * Breves, Pará, a municipality in Brazil
 * Breves Airport
 * Papal brief or breve, a formal document emanating from the Pope

title: Breve (disambiguation)


text: Category:Theatre in the Netherlands

title: Category:Theatre in the Netherlands


text:
Talk:Conkers

Canadian variation
In Canada, we play "chestnuts". It's mainly the same, except that rather than dangling your chestnut from its string, you place it in a shallow pit on the ground. I don't recall any scoring/rating system. Since this is "original research", I'm just mentioning it here. Somegeek 16:59, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

In Newfoundland (at least in the 1960s), conkers was played as described in this article. Silverchemist (talk) 15:03, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

In rural southern Ontario in the 1950's, we (males) played a radically different version in which we hit each other with the nut. alternatively, we amassed a large number of nuts and just threw them at each other from some distance. great fun!Toyokuni3 (talk) 16:45, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

Radio 1 Conker Championships
The stuff about Radio 1 is of very limited value or interest and should be reduced to a one-line mention.

 * Agreed. The Radio 1 competition is barely notable and will probably fizzle out after a couple of years. I've moved the whole section to Radio 1 Conker Championships where it might be VfD'able but probably harmless. -- Solipsist 07:53, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I think its at least interesting enough to leave in the article, is it really breaking anything to mention a bit of pop culture which relates to conkers?

Terminology
When I was young, I remember that sometimes you got 'deformed' conkers, shaped a bit like a wedge. We called these cheese-cutters (and very useful weapons if you could strike with the 'sharp' edge).

 * Yes. This occurs when two are encased together. In fact, I'm tempted to request a citation for the assertion (in the opening paragraph) that ordinary conkers are known as cheesers. Grant (talk) 12:49, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
I propose that this article is moved from Conker to Conkers. The article is about the game, which is called conkers. A conker is the seed of a conker tree, and therefore has its own article, horse chestnut. The general convention for singular article titles does not apply in this case, as the game is "conkers" in the plural. I've entered the proposal in WP:Requested Moves. Richard New Forest (talk) 13:21, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yep. Agree. Do it. Sarah777 (talk) 18:04, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * No objection, but I think the lead needs some work first. It's not obvious from reading the intro that this is an article about the game. PC78 (talk) 03:29, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, quite right – will do after name change, if no-one beats me to it. Richard New Forest (talk) 13:20, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * OK - that's a promise?! As we seem to be stuck I'll change the name. Sarah777 (talk) 19:51, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Already done - 'cept for this page....Sarah777 (talk) 19:54, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Have no fear, I've moved the talk-page (to correspond with the page). GoodDay (talk) 22:06, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think we have a classic "too many cooks" situation here! Sarah777 (talk) 09:02, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Page move now done successfully, after old "Conkers" page kindly deleted by admin. Lead para adjusted and rename tag removed. Richard New Forest (talk) 08:43, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Origin of name

"The name comes from the dialect word conker, meaning snail-shell (related to French conque meaning a conch), as the game was originally played using snail shells. The name may also be influenced by the verb conquer, as the game was also called conquerors. Conkers are also known regionally as obblyonkers, cheggies or cheesers. In America the nuts are simply known as chestnuts or as buckeyes, and the game is not played."

I grew up in Buffalo, NY and certainly in the 1950's and 1960's the game was played. We also played "clackers" where two chestnuts would be tied at either end of a string. Holding the string in the middle and yanking it up and down would cause the two chestnuts to clack together. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Damercer (talk • contribs) 18:41, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

 * More likely the word conker derives from the verb form of conk, to hit (on the head) http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conk, also in the OED.96.54.53.165 (talk) 22:28, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I have no citation, so this amounts to OR, but the verb "to conk" is extremely common throughout North America, where it means "to hit [hard]". (I.e., "the bowling ball conked me on the head.") In fact, there was a toy in the 1970s that looked very much like two British conkers tied together -- except the chestnuts were spheres of hard fibreglass resin about the size of golf balls -- which the operator made bounce off each other repeatedly, generating a series of loud "clacks". I don't remember what the trademark name was, but we called them "conkers" or "clackers", in spite of the fact that few of us had ever heard of the chestnut game. Therefore I suspect the term "conkers" for the British game comes from whatever region of the UK gave North America "to conk", and that it simply means "thing you hit something else with". Laodah 00:32, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

Additional citations needed
This subject highlights a general problem with the Wikipedia rules: you can have an assertion that literally thousands of people (in this case British schoolchildren) know from first-hand experience to be true; but because it isn't written down anywhere, it's not eligible for Wikipedia.

Rugby songs are another such subject. There are probably lots more. Paul Magnussen (talk) 18:20, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This may be Wiki's single biggest weakness; it misses a crucial part of every picture. Sarah777 (talk) 14:27, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Ref date
At time of my writing these words, it is 21 Sep 09. Reference 10 on the page is a date in the future (7 Oct 09). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.26.3.26 (talk • contribs) 11:35, 21 September 2009
 * If you look at the actual item cited, it's dated 7 Oct 2004.96.54.53.165 (talk) 22:22, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Use of British Isles
TFOWR 16:36, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

If source number 2 has the game as a traditional game of England Scotland and Ireland why is the article just having the game as a game played in England? --Bigmeuprudeboy (talk) 11:03, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Locations where conkers (or variations) are played?
I think this would be an interesting section to add, stating where conkers variants are played and what the different names are. We have the Canadian chestnuts, the South American game already mentioned and I've just seen mention that in the US it is called Kingers. This short story (fictional I think) talks about a Kingers tournament: http://www.abctales.com/story/jxmartin/the-iron-kinger. Here's another page on conkers from a British school with more mention of Kingers: http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/conkers.html Kaleeyed (talk) 23:36, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Pictures of people playing conkers
SO there's pictures of Horse Chestnuts, but it would be great to source a picture of the game in action. This page I referenced earlier has some great photos, but I suppose they can't be used. http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/conkers.html Kaleeyed (talk) 23:39, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Origin of name
The first sentence of the section Origin of name is confused

'The name may come from the dialect word conker, meaning "hardnut" (perhaps related to French conque meaning a conch, as the game was originally played using snail shells and small bits of string, you used to put the conkers in vinegar and in oven to toughen them up.[1][2])'

Perhaps it should read

'The name may come from the dialect word conker, meaning "hardnut", or it perhaps related to French conque meaning a conch, as the game was originally played using snail shells and small bits of string. Conkers may be put in vinegar and in oven to toughen them up.' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.131.30.63 (talk) 21:35, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Boy killed in argument over game of conkers
The link about that story doesn't claim that the boy was killed over a game of conkers, just that there was a gang of people throwing conkers. That's a very big difference.128.138.138.122 (talk) 04:18, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree, so I quickly changed the sentence. Maybe someone else can write the sentence better. It's questionable whether it belongs in the article at all, but I gave it the benefit of the doubt. --ImizuCIR (talk) 00:32, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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another regional variation
Another regional rule, is that when the strings tangle, it turns into a tug of war situation, and you can rip the opponents conker either off the string, or out of their hand - once it then fell out of their hand, you could shout Stampsies and win — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.202.245.164 (talk) 10:34, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

"Conker-er"
I have heard people recently starting to call winning conkers "conker-ers" as a pun on conquerers. Sea Captain Cormac 22:39, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

"My first conker"
This source says: "On finding your first conker of the season, you should say: "Oddly oddly onker my first conker". This ensures good fortune and few tangles throughout the coming season." However, this blog source says "There was a rhyme to sing when playing conkers: Obbly obbly onker, my first conker, Ack ack ack my first crack." And this later incantation chimes with the way I remember playing conkers as a child in South Wales. Any other views on this? Martinevans123 (talk) 19:56, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conkers


text:
Firming agent

Firming agents are food additives added in order to precipitate residual pectin, thus strengthening the structure of the food and preventing its collapse during processing.

These are salts, typically lactates or phosphates, calcium salts or aluminum sulfates.

They are mainly used for (fresh) fruit and vegetables. For example, in the case of fruit sold cut into wedges, the pulp can be sprayed with a solution of the respective salt. They are salts that react with an ingredient in the product, such as the pectin in the fruit.

Typical firming agents are:
 * Calcium carbonate (E170)
 * Calcium hydrogen sulfite (E227)
 * Calcium citrates (E333)
 * Calcium phosphates (E341)
 * Calcium sulfate (E516)
 * Calcium chloride (E509)
 * Magnesium chloride (E511)
 * Magnesium sulfate (E518)
 * Calcium gluconate (E578)
 * Magnesium gluconate (E580)

title: Firming agent


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Semper Libera

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 01:55, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Semper Libera
Looks like Original research to me JJay 17:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research. The topic is a bunch of alleged Internet fraudsters allegedly run by Jim Robertson. There are 20000 Google hits but they go all over the place including an aria from La Traviata and a medieval song of the same name. The topic is marginal at best as far as notability goes and the article needs a lot of work. Capitalistroadster 19:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination- OR and V. --JJay 20:42, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * NOT Delete No article concerning "Semper Libera" in Wikipedia's database. Victims will soon put up legal actions against Robertion and some of paid check copies as evidence were already collected by one of the representative of the victims. It's worth retaining this article and update when required.
 * Delete: Wikipedia isn't a place to warn people about frauds. If the fraud was notable - several major media mentions, perhaps it would be included. Also, there hasn't yet been a conviction, fine or settlement, so we have nothing but allegations, even though they may be true. I suggest contacting the FTC and/or starting a website on a website hosting service. -- Kjkolb 07:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Calorescence

Calorescence is a term describing the process whereby matter absorbs infrared radiant energy and emits visible radiant energy in its place. For example, some kinds of flammable gas give off large amounts of radiant heat and very little visible light when burning, and if a piece of metal is placed into such a flame, the metal will become bright red-hot—which is to say the metal absorbs invisible infrared and emits visible radiation. The word calorescence was coined by John Tyndall in 1864 on the model of the word fluorescence which had been coined in 1852. At that time, fluorescence was defined as absorption in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum followed by emission in the visible part of the spectrum. Calorescence was defined complementarily as absorption in the infrared followed by emission in the visible. Earlier, George Stokes had shown the reverse phenomenon: the emission of infrared following the absorption of visible light.

The following is a laboratory demonstration of calorescence. An ordinary lightbulb emits much infrared light. Carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid transparent to both infrared and visible. Iodine readily dissolves in this liquid and causes the liquid to turn a black color and to become completely opaque to visible light, given enough iodine. At the same time, however, the iodine has essentially no effect on the transparency of the liquid with respect to infrared light. Hence when light from an ordinary lightbulb is passed through a body of this solution, much infrared and only infrared emerges out at the other side. This infrared light can be brought to a focus with a concave mirror (or an optical lens made from rock-salt, but not a lens made from glass because glass is a poor transmitter of infrared). At the point of focus, with a good focusing tool, the infrared beam is strong enough to set paper on fire. If a little piece of non-combustible solid material is placed at the focus, it will glow visibly in the heat; i.e. the material will absorb infrared and emit visible light.

The following is another laboratory illustration of calorescence. In a flame of pure hydrogen burning in oxygen, the hydrogen chemically combines with the oxygen to form water (H2O) plus a lot of heat is produced. This heat is a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules. That is, the heat is thermal radiation whose particular set of radiant frequencies is uniquely characteristic of water molecules, as determined by emission spectroscopy. Water molecules have very little emission in the visible portion of the spectrum at any temperature (c.f. spectral absorption of water). The temperature of the hydrogen flame is more than 2000 degrees Celsius. If a piece of platinum is placed in the flame, the platinum will become "white hot" and give out a bright light. The platinum thus absorbs radiation having the spectral profile of water, and emits radiation having the spectral profile of platinum. (The platinum also picks up heat from collisions with moving gas molecules).

The term calorescence is rarely seen in use today, whereas the term fluorescence is common. One reason is that there isn't a physical explanation for calorescence that's specific to calorescence. Relatedly, the physical explanations for some types of fluorescence behavior are also explanations for calorescence and the word fluorescence has been preferred and expanded in customary usage to include calorescence. Another reason is that there isn't a widely used practical application attached to the word calorescence, whereas there is for fluorescence. A related item of physics terminology today is the so-called "Anti-Stokes Shift". A Stokes shift refers to molecular absorptions of radiant energy of higher frequencies followed by emissions of lower frequencies; and an anti-Stokes shift refers to absorptions of lower frequencies followed by emissions of higher frequencies. With this terminology, practical applications are attached to the term "anti-Stokes photoluminescence" in materials science including semiconductors (see examples). Equal terminology in use in laser science is "infrared upconversion", "upconversion luminescence", or simply "upconversion" (see examples). This terminology is usually contemplating luminescence, as opposed to incandescence, whereas the word Calorescence belongs to the 19th century when the only known upconversion methods were of the incandescent kind.

References and external links

 * This contains a detailed description of the concept and experimental demonstrations in similar terms to the current article.
 * John Tyndall's two laboratory demonstrations described above appear in Tyndall's 1872 book Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat (format DjVu, 17 megabytes).

title: Calorescence


text:
Concepción Picciotto

Concepción Picciotto (born María de la Inmaculada Concepción Martín; 15 January 1936 – 25 January 2016), also known as Conchita or Connie, was a Spanish-born, United States–based peace activist. She lived in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C., on the 1600 block of Pennsylvania Avenue, in a peace camp across from the White House, from 1 August 1981 in protest of nuclear arms until her death.

Picciotto carried on the longest continuous act of political protest in the United States, with her camp having been nicknamed by her supporters as "1601 Pennsylvania Avenue".

Eleanor Holmes Norton, D.C.'s delegate to the House of Representatives, noted that many of Picciotto's goals were accomplished during her protest, including a reduction in atomic proliferation.

Life
Picciotto claimed to have been orphaned in Spain and raised by a grandmother. After arriving in the United States in 1960, she worked as a receptionist for a Spanish government commercial attaché in New York. She married an Italian immigrant (whose forename is unknown) and lived in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn, New York. She reportedly adopted an infant daughter, Olga, in Argentina in 1973.

Picciotto was inspired by fellow activist William Thomas (died 23 January 2009), who originally began the White House Peace Vigil on 3 June 1981. They began protesting on the sidewalk by the White House fence. National Park Service rules moved them across Pennsylvania Avenue. She was sentenced to 90 days for violating rules. They are moved for inaugural parades.

During her life she was assisted by members of Occupy Peace House where she resided.

She was reported to be in discussions with Ellen Thomas to remain in the Peace House, a house in Washington D.C. which Thomas had inherited from her husband, William Thomas.

Death
Picciotto died on 25 January 2016, 10 days after her 80th birthday, at N Street Village, a non-profit organization that supports homeless women in Washington. The cause of death was not immediately known but she experienced a fall moments before her death.

Appearances
Picciotto was featured in Michael Moore's 2004 film, Fahrenheit 9/11, as well as in veb-films Route 66 mockumentary. The Oracles of Pennsylvania Avenue (2012) by Tim Wilkerson, a documentary commissioned by the Al Jazeera Documentary Channel, recounts the life of Picciotto, William and Ellen Thomas, and Norman Mayer.

title: Concepción Picciotto


text:
List of tourist attractions in Chennai

Chennai is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. With its historic landmarks and buildings, long sandy beaches, cultural and art centers and parks, Chennai's tourism offers many potentially interesting locations to visitors. A notable tourist attraction in Chennai is in the neighbouring town of Mahabalipuram, with its ancient temples and rock carvings of the 7th century Pallava kingdom is an UNESCO World Heritage site.

Chennai was ranked 9th in travel guide Lonely Planet's 2015 top 10 cities ranking.

Tourist arrival statistics
Chennai had been the most visited city in India by foreign tourists consecutively from 2010 to 2012, overtaking New Delhi and Mumbai with visitors to heritage sites in Kanchipuram and Mahabalipuram and medical tourists making up the largest numbers.

In 2011, Chennai was ranked 41st in global top 100 city destination ranking, with 3,174,500 tourists, a 14 percent increase from 2010, This is up from 2,059,900 tourists in 2009, when Chennai was the third most visited city in India by foreigners ranked after Delhi and Mumbai. Tourists from United States, UK, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore had visited the city in 2007. In 2012, Chennai served 3,535,200 foreign tourists ranking as 38th most visited city in the world and most visited city in India.

In 2013, Delhi and Mumbai overtook Chennai in terms of number of foreign visitors due to their considerably higher growth rates. Chennai attracted 3,581,200 foreign tourists that year with a growth rate of only 1.1 percent over 2012. Chennai continued to remain the third most visited city destination of India by foreigners in 2014 and 2015 with 3,857,900 and 4,243,700 tourists respectively. The city was 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015 and recorded growth of 10 percent in arrivals over 2014.

, the city has 21 luxury hotels in the five-star category, with over 4,500 rooms in the inventory. As of 2018, the collective luxury room inventory across four and five-star categories is around 7,000. About 85 percent of the room demand in Chennai comes from business travellers. Demand in the CBD area comes mainly from BFSI and PSU companies, while the demand in the southern side of the city (Old Mahabalipuram Road) comes from IT/ITeS companies. Proximity to electronics and the auto industry players in and around the Sriperumbudur area in the west side of the city creates demand for hotels near the Chennai airport area among business travellers.

Beaches

 * Marina Beach is a 13-km-long urban beach along the Bay of Bengal that runs from Fort St. George in the north up to Foreshore Estate in the south. It is India's longest beach and one of the world's longest beaches and attracts around 50,000 visitors during weekends. Attractions at the Marina include the Chennai Lighthouse, MGR Memorial, Anna Memorial and Jayalalitha Memorial. The Marina's 6 km promenade includes statues of several historical figures including Mahatma Gandhi, Annie Besant, Robert Caldwell, Thiruvalluvar, Bharathiyar and Kamrajar.MGR Memorial 9 December 2007.jpg
 * Elliot's Beach, also known as Besant Nagar beach begins where the Marina ends. The beach is famous for its calm atmosphere and is preferable among morning walkers. The iconic Karl Schmidt memorial, named after the Dutch sailor who lost his life in the process of saving others from drowning is located at the heart of Elliot's beach.
 * Blue Flag Beach

Museums

 * Government Museum, Egmore Established in 1851, the museum consisting of six buildings and 46 galleries covers an area of around 16.25 acres (66,000 m2) of land. The objects displayed in the museum cover a variety of artifacts and objects covering diverse fields including archeology, numismatics, zoology, natural history, sculptures, palm-leaf manuscripts and Amravati paintings. The Government Museum Complex in Egmore also houses the Connemara Public Library and the National Art Gallery. Connemara Public Library is one of the four National Depository libraries which receive a copy of all books, newspapers and periodicals published in India. The National Art Gallery building is one of the finest Indo-sarcenic type of architectures in the country.Chennai Rail Museum Fowler Ploughing Engine.jpg]]
 * Chennai Rail Museum a railway museum in Perambur which has a rich rail heritage of India with the host of both technical and heritage exhibits with a sizable collection of steam engines belonging to various decades of the British Raj. The museum was opened on 16 April 2002 and located on 6.25 acres on the premises Integral Coach Factory near Villivakkam. Most of the older models were manufactured by the North British Locomotive Company[1] and some of the collection dates back more than one hundred years as it covers the railway history of South India.[2] A toy train offers rides around the premises on regular days. Museum remains open from 10.00 am to 6.00 pm (Last entry 5.30 pm) Tuesday to Sunday and remains closed on every Monday and National Holidays. The Indoor Art Gallery is now fully renovated and opened to the public.
 * Birla Planetarium, a modern planetarium that provides a virtual tour of the night sky and holding cosmic shows on a specially perforated hemispherical aluminium inner dome. It is located inside the Periyar Science and Technology Centre campus at Kotturpuram which has 8 galleries showcasing over 500 exhibits. The planetarium conducts sky shows including Solar System, eclipses, Earth, Man on Moon, comets, shooting meteoroids, stellar cycle and the deep sky every day at different times in both English and Tamil. The planetarium's 360-degree sky theatre is the first of its kind in India. The planetarium organises a special show on every second Saturday of the month to view the night sky from 7:00 pm to 9:00 pm.

Historical Monuments

 * Vivekanandar Illam or Vivekananda house is remembered as the place where Swami Vivekananda stayed for nine days when he visited Chennai (then Madras) in 1897. Vivekananda House now houses a permanent exhibition on Indian Culture. Located on the busy Kamrajar Salai along the Marina Beach, it has become an important spiritual tourist attraction in the city.Valluvar Kottam Edit1.JPG
 * Valluvar Kottam is a popular monument in Chennai, dedicated to the classical Tamil poet, philosopher, and saint, Thiruvalluvar who wrote his famous Thirukkural some 2,000 years ago. All 133 chapters and 1330 verses of the Thirukkural are inscribed on bas-relief in the front hall's corridors. A life-size statue of Thiruvalluvar has been installed in the 39 m high chariot.St Mary's Church Chennai.jpg

Historic Government Buildings

 * Fort St. George is the name of the first British fortress in India, founded in 1639 at the coastal city of Madras. The fort is a stronghold with 6 m walls that withstood a number of assaults in the 18th century. It is a feasible contention to say that the city evolved around the fortress. The fort currently houses the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly and other official buildings. The Fort Museum contains many relics of the Raj, including portraits of many of the Governors. Other monuments present inside the fort are St. Mary's Church, the oldest Anglican church in India, and Wellesley House, which holds the paintings of the Governor of the Fort and other high officials of the Regime.
 * Ripon Building, commissioned in 1913 and named after Lord Ripon, Governor General of India and father of local self-government. It is the headquarters of the city's municipal body Greater Chennai Corporation, the world's 2nd oldest municipal corporation after the City of London Corporation. The building is a fine example of the Neoclassical style of architecture, a combination of, Ionic and Corinthian. The Ripon Building is an all-white structure and is located near the iconic Chennai Central railway station.
 * Victoria Public Hall, or the Town Hall, is a historical building located in between the Ripon Building and the Chennai Central Railway Station and is seen as one of the finest examples of British architecture in Chennai. Built in 1888 as a town hall for the city of Madras and named after Queen Victoria to commemorate the golden jubilee.

Wildlife

 * Arignar Anna Zoological Park (better known as Vandalur Zoo) is located south-west of the city. Covering an area of 1490 acres, it is India's largest zoo. It has about 2200 animals belonging to 170 different species including of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. The zoo also has a lion safari, an elephant safari, a nocturnal animal house, walk-through aviary, butterfly house, reptile house and a crocodile enclosure. The park has tree-lined paved paths for long treks inside the campus, enabling the visitors to walk 15 to 20 km during a visit. Battery-operated vehicles with a range of up to 80 km are available for rent.
 * Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, located south of the city, along the East Coast Road, is an important centre for herpetological research. It houses several fresh-water and salt-water crocodiles, alligators, gharials, turtles and snakes. Founded by Romulus Whitaker in 1976, the CrocBank now has a total of 2,483 animals, including 14 species of crocodiles, 10 species of turtles, 3 species of snakes, and 1 species of lizard. The bank is home to 14 species of the 23 crocodilian species living across the world, two of which are listed by the IUCN as critically endangered and three more as threatened.
 * Guindy National Park, carved as a garden space from the Guindy Forest in 1670 and later established as a park in 1976, it is one of the country's smallest National Park with an area of 2.76 km2 and is located completely inside the city. It hosts a variety of endangered deer, foxes, monkeys and snakes. The Guindy Snake Park situated in the National Park has a large collection of snakes and is an important source of antivenom serum. For ex-situ conservation, about 22 acre of the Guindy National Park has been carved out into a park which is known as the Children's Park and play area at the northeast corner of the national park with a collection of animals and birds.
 * Pallikaranai Marshland Park

Nature

 * Adyar Eco Park, locally known as Tholkappia Poonga is an ecological park set up in the Adyar estuary area to restore the vegetation of the freshwater eco-systems of the Coromandel Coast, especially the fragile ecosystem of the Adyar estuary and creek. A total of 143 species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles have been seen in the park and the number is expected to go up to 200. More than 85 different kinds of birds, including rare black bittern, cinnamon bittern, black-winged kite, white-bellied sea eagle, pied kingfisher, yellow wagtails and black-winged stilt have been spotted by ornithologists in the green expanse.
 * Chetpet Lake, also known as Chetpet Eco Park is a lake spread over 15 acres and is the only lake in the centre of the city. The lake became a tourist attraction from 2014 after it underwent a remarkable transformation from being a heavily encroached filthy lake to having clean water with facilities for boating, angling, water sports and beautifully surrounded by a park.
 * The Huddleston Gardens of Theosophical Society is the garden that lies on the south bank of the Adyar River where the river meets the Bay of Bengal and covers 260 acres. The garden is located inside the Adyar Theosophical society which is the headquarters of the Theosophical Society which was an organization formed in 1875 to advance Theosophy. The garden also has a 450-year-old banyan tree, which was known locally as Adyar aala maram, whose aerial roots covered some 60,000 sq m. and is situated in the middle of the Theosophical Society Campus. One of the largest banyan trees in the world, it continues to miraculously survive and even thrive despite severe storm damage to its main trunk in 1989.

Art and Crafts

 * DakshinaChitra is a living history museum run by the Chennai Craft Foundation, is a depiction of the way of life prevalent in 5 south Indian states collectively called as South India with exhibitions and workshops of the arts and crafts and performing artists of South India. There are around 4,220 artefacts on display; 3,200 are art-related, and 70 pertain to contemporary subjects.
 * Kalakshetra, a centre for the revival of Indian art and crafts — especially the dance form of Bharatnatyam is located in Besant Nagar. Founded in January 1936 by Rukmini Devi Arundale, the institution achieved national and international recognition for its unique style and perfectionism.
 * Cholamandalam Artists' Village, on the East Coast Road, offers a view of artists and sculptors at work in their own studios and permanent gallery.

Places of Worship

 * Kapaleeshwarar temple in Mylapore estimated to have been built in the 7th century by the Pallavas and has inscriptions dating back to 12th century is one of the most visited worship places by tourists visiting the city.
 * Parthasarathy Temple in Triplicane, an 8th-century Hindu Vaishnavite temple dedicated to the god Krishna. The temple is one of the oldest structures in Chennai.
 * St. Thomas Mount, the site where St. Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, was believed to have been martyred. A shrine dedicated to "Our Lady of Expectation" (Mother Mary) was built in 1523 on top of the mount.
 * Santhome Basilica is a Roman Catholic minor basilica in Santhome. It was built in the 16th century by Portuguese explorers, over the tomb of Saint Thomas. This church is one of the only three known churches in the world built over the tomb of an Apostle of Jesus, the other two are located in Vatican City and Spain.
 * Armenian Church of Virgin Mary, is located on the Armenian Street in Parrys. Constructed in 1712, it is one of the oldest churches of the Indian subcontinent and is famous for its belfry of six.
 * St. Mary's Church located at Fort St George, is the oldest Anglican church East of Suez and also the oldest British building in India. The church is popularly known as the 'Westminster Abbey of the East'.
 * Thousand Lights Mosque, a multi-domed mosque opened in 1810 and spread over an area of 3 acres, it is one of the largest mosques in India and is situated on Anna Salai Road. It is said that 1000 lights needed to be lit in order to illuminate the assembly hall and hence it was named Thousand Lights Mosque. It is also believed that the lights were lit by the Indian National Congress to mark their first visit to Madras.
 * Triplicane Big Mosque, constructed in the Mughal architectural style, the mosque was built in 1795 by the family of Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah, the Nawab of Arcot. It is considered as the largest mosque in the city of Chennai.

Shopping
Chennai has some unique places to offer for shopping. Art and crafts, contemporary and traditional artwork, antiques, jewellery are available in the city. Traditional items like the leaf and palmyra-fiber handicrafts from Tirunelveli, bronze and brass castings and traditional jewellery from Kumbakonam, metal works from Thanjavur, stone carvings from Mahabalipuram, silks from Kanchipuram are for sale in shops and boutiques.
 * T. Nagar, the neighbourhood is the shopping hub of the city. Two main areas are Pondy Bazaar and Ranganathan Street which are home to several multi-storey stores, unique to Chennai, which deals mainly in textiles and silks or gold, silver and diamond jewellery.
 * George Town and Parrys Corner are wholesale markets of the city where one can purchase almost anything.
 * Mint Street plays host to communities from Rajasthan and Gujarat and is where north Indian snacks can be sampled along with textiles, kitchenware, and jewellery.
 * Burma Bazaar is famous for its counterfeit electronic goods and media.
 * Moore Market in Central is known for its large number of bookstores.
 * The city also has a number of shopping malls spread across the landscape including the oldest Spencer Plaza and several other modern malls that include Express Avenue, Phoenix Market City, Forum Vijaya Mall, Ampa Skywalk, Abirami Mega Mall, Mayajaal, Spectrum Mall.

Entertainment
There are four large amusement parks, MGM Dizzee World, VGP Universal Kingdom, Queen's Land near Poonnamalle and Kishkinta Located near Mudichur in Chennai. The city also houses a paintball centre and water sports club on the east coast road. There are also a large number of beach resorts all along the East Coast Road highway to Mahabalipuram. The city is home to the Tamil movie industry, has over 100+ large cinema theatres including a few multiplexes which screen Tamil, English, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam films. The city has a large number of restaurants offering a variety of Tamil, Indian and international cuisines. The nightlife in Chennai is vibrant and growing ranging from bars to pool parlours to lounges and clubs.

title: List of tourist attractions in Chennai


text: User talk:82.14.13.143

title: User talk:82.14.13.143


text:
Langley School, Solihull

Langley School is a secondary school with academy status situated in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, West Midlands. It has specialist status in the arts, languages and training.

The school is a mixed, 11–16 comprehensive school with a current pupil roll of 1002. In September 2002 the school became a specialist Performing Arts College, in 2006 a specialist Language College and Training School.

Alumni

 * Elizabeth Bower, Actress
 * Roberto Cipolla, professor
 * Darren Carter, footballer
 * Ashley Sammons, footballer
 * Phil Hawker, footballer
 * Charlie Lakin, footballer

title: Langley School, Solihull


text:
Talk:Winchester Repeating Arms Company

Winchester history is a bookful of US firearms development
The history of the Winchester RA Co. is enough to fill a large book in firearms development and needs much more than this short article. Besides the 1866, and 1873 rifles there is the 1876 series, the Browning series of 1886 and 1892. The lever action shotguns, the pump shotguns of 1893 and 1897. The semi autos of the early 1900's. The P14 military production for the Brits, the M1917 rifle production for the US, etc., etc. I probably have a lot of it my brain, but lack the reference books and time to detail all this.

It's really sad that Winchester has fallen on hard times, but it just mirrors the fate of much of the industrial US during the late 20th and early 21st century. --TGC55 21:49, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

To the above;

According to a history book I have here on Browning and Winchester, Browning had no part in designing the Model 12 as the story here emplies at the start. Thomas C Johnson was the sole designer who was a Winchester engineer. Johnson borrowed the front end design of the 1897 which was the barrel and magazine assembly. It had the best takedown features. The receiver though was totally different inside and this was what Johnson designed. The model 25 is the same gun except it has a fixed barrel and magazine. At the time Winchester wanted to design guns without having to pay Browning royalties. Also at this time, Winchester bought the designs and manufacturing rights for several guns from Browning and never produced them. This was done over the royalty payouts and to keep Browning form making the designs and competing. Browning and Winchester parted ways about this time, and John Browning went to Belgium where he became partners with FN. This was manily due to Winchester not wanting to buy the design and make the Auto-5 shotgun. FN was the first factory to produce it, and later Remington and Savage made a similar copy. I can change this but don't want to if the original author would like to him/her self.

"From 1883, John Browning worked in partnership with the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, and designed a series of repeating rifles and shotguns, most notably the Winchester Model 1887, Model 1897, and Model 1912 shotguns"

The reference that Browning designed the model 12 above (model 1912) should be taken out. I would also mention the model 25 which was a Johnson design.

Craxd.

Business Question
Does this company still exist? (i'm wondering, because i'm doing the infobox) the Winchester brand is owned by Olin, which makes Winchester ammo, but is not part of Winchester RAC or the herstal group. Winchester was bought out by USRAC, which is turn was taken over by the Herstal group etc, which has shut down the NH plant, and continued production in browning and miroku plants. So what is the status of this company, and if it is now defunct, when was the official 'shut down' date ? --Boris Barowski 21:26, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that they have ceased production in the US. Not that they have ceased to exist. They do still have websites at Winchester Guns and Winchester International, which are of course distinct from Winchester Ammo and have been since long before the plant shutdown. Arthurrh 22:00, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

BROWNING INTERNATIONAL S.A. © 2003 - Parc industriel des Hauts-Sarts, 3ème Avenue, 25, B-4040, HERSTAL, BELGIUM this is what is shown on the winchester international site, so ok, the winchester brand still exists, but maybe not the winchester repeating arms company. They are just browning built arms with the winchester brand put on them, which is licenced by olin. I'm very interested on how businesses are organised, so I want this to be right :p --Boris Barowski 12:58, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe the Browing website has some info on their company page, a press-release or something describing the status. Arthurrh 16:22, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Business Answer
Your question is very much relevant sir. I have been hunting for information for over a day to answer one very simple question; Where are Winchester rifles made today?

I believe many come to this site looking for this answer. The Winchester brand name has been through much turmoil over the past few years. There is much confusion about the recent history, current status and future of Winchester firearms. I can attest that when asking most people in USA gun shops this question, they often respond; I don't know I heard they are being made overseas. There is also lore and internet speculation about patent infrignements and lawsuits surrounding the winchester short magnum cartridges, union strikes and/or the short magnums themselves contributing to the demise of the New Haven plant. Whether these are urban legend or not I do not know.

However, the official answers are available and should be readily available here in these wikis. The answers are found on winchesterguns.com webpages. Here are some excerpts for source material:

-- On January 17 of 2006 a press release announced that U.S. Repeating Arms Company (the company that makes Winchester brand Model 94s, Model 70s and the Model 1300 Speed Pump Shotgun) would be shutting down one of the factories which makes Winchester guns. Effective March 31, 2006 the New Haven manufacturing facility will stop manufacturing the Winchester Model 70, Model 94 and Model 1300. The factory is located in New Haven, Connecticut. Over the years, many efforts were made to improve profitability at the manufacturing facility in New Haven, and the decision to shut this factory was made after exhausting all available options. Service is not affected at all by the plant closure. It continues from our network of Winchester Authorized Repair Centers (ARCs) and/or from our service facility in Arnold, Missouri. We have a continuing commitment to service that is an unchanged part of the Winchester legacy.

Our other factories will continue production uninterrupted. Products made at these factories include the Super X line of shotguns including the new Super X3 autoloader and the new Super X Rifle (SXR) centerfire autoloader. Both are made in Belgium and assembled in Portugal. In addition, we will continue with our line of quality Select over and unders: the only production Belgium-made over and unders in the world. Our special historic guns -- 1885s, 95s, as well as other limited series rifles -- continue to be made at our factory in Japan. These factories are unaffected by the New Haven closure and we continue forward with our production and future plans. -- On August 15, 2006, Olin Corporation, owner of the Winchester trademarks, announced that it had entered into a new license agreement with Browning to make Winchester brand rifles and shotguns, though not at the closed Winchester plant in New Haven. Browning, based in Morgan, Utah, and the former licensee, U.S. Repeating Arms Company, are both subsidiaries of FN Herstal. -- MORGAN, UTAH — The Winchester Model 70 is one of the most respected bolt-action rifle designs in the world. Winchester Repeating Arms is excited to announce the return of the Model 70 for 2008. The All-American Model 70s will be built by American craftsmen in Columbia, South Carolina, at the same state-of-the-art factory (FN Manufacturing) as the rifles and machine guns used by America’s Armed Forces. They are made to the exact ISO 9001 standard of the quality that the U.S. Government insists upon for military firearms. -- In short, as of March 2008, Olin still owns the Winchester name, has licensed it to Browning {Herstal Group owns US Repeating Arms Company (USRAC), Browning and Fabrique Nationale (FN)} in August 2006 and the new Winchester Model 70 rifles for 2008 are now made in Columbia, SC USA.

The SXR and BAR is made in Belgium and assembled in Portugal, all other rifles are made in Japan (Miroku).

 * This line in the present article is simply incorrect and needs correction:

 * In 1963 the Winchester firm was purchased by the Olin-Matheson Chemical Corporation and continued its production of civilian rifles and shotguns.

 * This is all wrong. Winchester Repeating Arms Co. went bust and was purchased out of receivership by Olin Chemical on 22 Dec 1931.  Olin also owned Western Cartridge, and thus was able to manufacture Winchester-branded ammo as well as firearms.  The merger that created Olin-Matheson occurred in 1954.  In other words, there was no change of ownership at all in 1964: just a change ogf management philosophy.

 * The article currently lumps both World Wars together- I think they would have to be split to reflect the very important fact of the bankruptcy and Olin buyout in its proper place.--Solicitr (talk) 03:53, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

second world war (M1 carbine)
The article (31 Dec 2009) stated:

"The U.S. M1 carbine (although not a carbine in the truest sense) was designed by Winchester engineers Clifford Warner and Ralph Clarkson (contrary to a widely published myth, not by convict D.M. 'Carbine' Williams )"

without citation of a source.

According to Winchester manager Edwin Pugsley, at the insistence of Col Rene Studler the M1 carbine was based on the Winchester M2 Browning rifle prototype perfected by David Marshall Williams using his short-stroke tappet gas piston design. While Warner and Clarkson contributed to the design, there were more particpants than Warner, Clarkson, Pugsley and Williams. Pugsley produced three sets of papers on the development of the M1 carbine, one wartime account, one account in response to a possible lawsuit by Williams in the early 1950s, and one account just before he died.

U.S. Caliber .30 Carbine NRA America Rifleman Reprint series includes four articles on the origin of the M1 carbine:
 * (staff) The New M-1 Light Carbine (WWII era)
 * Harry F. Lynch, The M-1 Light Carbine (WWII era)
 * M.D. Waite, technical editor, All the Way With the M1 Carbine (Sep, Nov 1974)
 * E.H. Harrison, senior technical editor, Who Designed the M1 Carbine?

plus more recently Bruce N. Canfield, "Carbine" Williams: Myth and Reality, American Rifleman, Feb. 2009.

The Harrison article is mostly direct quotes from letters from Pugsley just before his death in 1975 in response to inquiries by Harrison. It was Edwin Pugsley who assembled a team including Bill Roemer, Marsh Williams, Fred Humiston, Cliff Warner, and at least three other Winchester engineers. Pugsley put Williams in charge at first but replaced him with Bill Roemer. Williams started working on his own design seperate from the team, although he did work with the team finishing the second prototype in time for Humiston to take the carbine to Aberdeen Proving Grounds for the second test.

According to Pugsley, "The carbine was invented by no single man, but was a combination of parts of guns already produced by Winchester...." The Williams gas system from the M2 rifle, Roemer's adaptation of the M1905 trigger system, Pugsley's design of the hook-and-band assembly/disassembly design from a shotgun, and so on. Clifford Warner and Ralph Clarkson contributed to the design, but at least eight Winchester designers and engineers, including Williams, deserve credit for the design of the M1 Carbine.

Debunking myths often distorts history as bad as the original myth. The M1 Carbine (technically not a carbine in the sense of short version of a parent rifle) was designed at Winchester by an eight man team including Edwin Pugsley, Bill Roemer, Marsh Williams, Fred Humiston, Cliff Warner and Ralph Clarkson, although the popular press played up the role of ex-convict Williams.

merger proposal
It seems that U.S. Repeating Arms Company is essentially the most recent chapter in a long history of Winchester Repeating Arms Company, and the articles should be merged. ENeville (talk) 06:45, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree. WRAC hasn't been an independent company since 1931, after all. "Winchester Repeating Arms Company" should be the article head, though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Solicitr (talk • contribs)

 * Disagree. U.S. Repeating Arms is a different company though, and there exists enough reliable sources to write a pretty extended wikipedia article about it. --doncram (talk) 13:28, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * P.S. The merger proposal tags are not set up right. The proposal at the U.S. Repeating Arms article points to discussion to happen at its talk page, while the proposal at Winchester points to here.  There's a way to point discussion to the same place.  So, some editors who might watch the U.S. Repeating Arms article would believe there is a proposal from the tag, but see no discussion. --doncram (talk) 13:31, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, thanks for fixing the tag. It's hard to keep up with the intracacies of Wikipedia templates avocationally. ENeville (talk) 14:32, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * However, during its brief independent existence 1981-9, USRAC was no more than the employees of the former Winchester plant in New Haven; i.e. just a continuation of WRAC. Solicitr (talk)

 * That's a point of view, i suppose. There's a lot more, such as the City of New Haven's financial involvement, the contracting issues with Olin and the city, an unfortunate failure by the city to require several key managers to sign non-compete clauses (allowing them to take expertise to a competitor company).  How it worked out financially for employees, managers, investors, and ultimately failed i guess.  Sorry i don't have sources to add myself, but some parts of this can be told from New Haven Register news articles, other sources to be found.  Also relationship to designation of Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District designation during that timeframe.  I think it's a valid separate article. --doncram (talk) 05:04, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * You know, all of that would make a good free-standing article- are you willing to write it? Solicitr (talk) 18:24, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Disagree. Predecessors are valid articles in their own right: they aren't the same entity. Markvs88 (talk) 18:42, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * If the articles are to remain separate, something that must be made clear very early in each article is the mutual existence and distinction of the two topics. The uninitiated researching Winchester firearms, for example, will not expect that a given model made in 1980 would have been made under a different aegis than a new one, nor know by title only which of the two topics they've landed on. Along those lines, note that the article for U.S. Repeating Arms Company says it's the current manufacturer but the infobox says the company went defunct in 1981, while the infobox for Winchester Repeating Arms Company says it went defunct in 2006.  This is exactly the sort of confusion that people use Wikipedia to try to clear up. ENeville (talk) 14:32, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Disagree. They are different companies and a brief check of other companies that have changed in the same manner shows that the older companies still maintain their own article, unless it is unable to meet notability on it's own. Re the statement above that "former employess = same company" this is a thin argument. Tesla is opening an old GM plant and hiring many of the previous plant workers, but this does not suggest that Tesla is really just GM. (Actually this plant at Nummi has a history of this - the workers belong to the plant rather than the company it seems.) AliveFreeHappy (talk) 17:14, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think NUMMI/Tesla is a good comparison, since USRAC continued to make exactly the same guns using the Winchester brand; Tesla is *not* making GM/Toyota cars. USRAC was the firearms division of Olin/Winchester-Western operating under new management, little different from modern Gibson or Fender Guitars after being spun off by the conglomerates that owned them. In fact I think Gibson is a very comparable case: originally an independent company, it was bought out by Chicago Musical Instruments which was taken over in turn by ECL/Norlin, and then in the '80s sold off as its own company again- but there's only one Gibson article.

 * Having said that, the brief, unhappy existence of USRAC and the political efforts to keep it alive probably do merit a separate article.--Solicitr (talk) 18:43, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

No merger. Clearly there's no consensus for a merger here. As with other companies, successor companies retain their own articles, if they are notable. I'm going to proceed to remove the merger tags from the articles. 5-HT8 (talk) 23:43, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

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