text:
Uriah P. Levy

Uriah Phillips Levy (April 22, 1792 – March 26, 1862) was a naval officer, real estate investor, and philanthropist. He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and the first Jewish Commodore of the United States Navy. He was instrumental in helping to end the Navy's practice of flogging, and during his half-century-long service prevailed against the antisemitism he faced among some of his fellow naval officers.

An admirer of Thomas Jefferson, Levy purchased and began the restoration of Monticello in the 1830s. He also commissioned and donated a statue of Jefferson that is now located in the Capitol Rotunda; it is the only privately commissioned artwork in the Capitol.

Early years
Levy was born on April 22, 1792, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Michael and Rachel Phillips Levy. He had two older siblings. Uriah Levy was close to his maternal grandfather, Jonas Phillips, who had emigrated to the United States in 1756 from Germany, and fought with the Philadelphia militia in the American Revolution. His maternal great-great grandfather, Dr. Samuel Ribeiro Nunes, a Portuguese physician, was among a group of 42 Sephardic Jews who escaped the Spanish Inquisition of the early 16th century and migrated to England, where they settled. Descendants of that group sailed from London in 1733 and helped found the city of Savannah, Georgia, where they lived for generations.

Levy's younger brother was Jonas Phillips Levy, who became a merchant and sea captain. He was the father of five, including the Congressman Jefferson Monroe Levy.

Levy ran away from home at the age of ten and ended up serving on various vessels as a cabin boy, and according to family stories, returned home to Philadelphia at age 13 for his bar mitzvah.

Naval career
In 1806, he apprenticed as a sailor and was a cabin boy. Later he became a sailing master in the U.S. Navy, and fought in the Barbary Wars.

At the age of 21, he volunteered for the War of 1812 and was commissioned as a sailing master on October 21, 1812. He was a supernumerary sailing master on the USS Argus (1803), which interdicted British ships in the English Channel. The Argus seized more than 20 vessels before being captured by a British warship on August 14, 1813; her captain was killed, and the crew, including Levy, surrendered and were taken prisoner. They were imprisoned in Great Britain for sixteen months until the end of the war. During his imprisonment, Levy had difficulty obtaining a subsidy and parole because his status as a supernumerary was not recognised by the British Transport Board.

Upon returning to the United States, Levy served aboard the USS Franklin (1815) as second master. Levy was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in 1817. This commission was a rare feat, given that he started as a cabin boy and worked his way to being a sailing master. He became a master commandant in 1837, and captain in 1844.

During his service in the U.S. Navy, Levy faced considerable antisemitism. He reacted to slights and was court-martialed six times, and once demoted from the rank of Captain. Twice, he was dismissed from the Navy, but reinstated. He defended his conduct in his handling of naval affairs before a Court of Inquiry and in 1855 was restored to his former position.

Later, Levy commanded the Mediterranean Squadron. As a squadron commander he was given the title of commodore, then the highest position in the U.S. Navy.

Levy was instrumental in abolishing flogging in the U.S. Navy, although his position was considered controversial at the time. He also helped gain the support of the U.S. Congress in passing an anti-flogging bill in 1850.

Levy spent only 16 years of his 49-year naval career in active service. The rest of time, he was listed as "waiting orders", meaning that he could be called to serve at any time. Although Levy served during the first year of the American Civil War, he was not given an active assignment at that time.

Levy became wealthy by investing in New York City's real estate market.

Philanthropic activities
Levy undertook various philanthropic endeavors, many of which were in support of Jewish-American life. In 1854 he sponsored the new Jewish seminary of the B'nai Jeshurun Educational Institute in New York.

In 1833, New York City gave Levy the Key to the City after he presented the city with a patinated plaster statue of Thomas Jefferson, the one used to cast the bronze version he gave to the U.S. Congress. Before the statue was set up in New York City Hall, Levy installed it in a building on Broadway and charged admission to view it. The proceeds were used to buy bread for the city's poor.

Monticello
Levy was a great admirer of Thomas Jefferson:

"I consider Thomas Jefferson to be one of the greatest men in history, the author of the Declaration and an absolute democrat. He serves as an inspiration to millions of Americans. He did much to mould our Republic in a form in which a man's religion does not make him ineligible for political or governmental life."

Monticello was sold by Jefferson’s heirs (his daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph and her son, Thomas Jefferson Randolph) to James Turner Barclay, a Charlottesville pharmacist, in 1831. In 1834, Levy bought it from Barclay for $2,700 218 acre Monticello—which is equivalent to $0 in today's dollars. Levy undertook to have the long-neglected home repaired, restored, and preserved. He also bought hundreds of additional acres that had been part of the plantation, to add to what was left.

Levy used Monticello as a vacation home. From 1837 to 1839, his widowed mother Rachel Levy lived there until her death; she is buried along Mulberry Row, the main plantation street adjacent to the mansion.

Upon his death in 1862, Levy left Monticello to the American people to be used as an agricultural school for the orphans of Navy warrant officers. Because of the American Civil War, Congress refused to accept the donation. The Confederate government seized and sold the property; lawyers for Levy's estate recovered the property after the war.

Following two lawsuits by family members over Levy's will, with 47 parties to the suit, in 1879 his nephew Jefferson Monroe Levy bought out the other heirs for $10,050 (~$ in ), and took control of Monticello. He had it repaired and restored. He sold it in 1923 to the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, which has renovated and restored the property as a house museum. The Levy family's role in preserving Monticello was downplayed by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation through much of the 20th century, which Urofsky suggests was due to anti-Semitic views among some of its board and members.

In 1985, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation restored the gravesite of Rachel Levy and honored descendants of the family in a ceremony at Monticello. The Foundation also celebrates the roles of Uriah P. Levy and Jefferson Monroe Levy in helping preserve and restore Monticello, including on-site information about their roles.

Jefferson statue
In another tribute to Jefferson, Levy commissioned a bronze statue of the President from the noted sculptor Pierre-Jean David d’Angers in Paris. The statue depicts Jefferson holding a quill pen in his right hand and an etched copy of the Declaration of Independence in his left. Levy presented a black-painted plaster model of the Jefferson statue to the City of New York on February 6, 1833. The city gave him a gold snuff box in appreciation. That statue was placed on the second floor of the Rotunda at City Hall in Manhattan, and moved into the ornate City Council Chamber in the 1950s. It was moved from the Chamber on November 22, 2021, and loaned to The New-York Historical Society. Levy had donated the bronze statue to Congress in 1834. The statue, which once stood on the White House North Lawn from 1834 to 1873 and currently stands in the Capitol Rotunda, is the only privately commissioned piece of artwork in the Capitol.

Personal life
Levy's brother, Jonas Phillip Levy, served as the fifth president of the Washington Hebrew Congregation in Washington, DC from 1857 to 1858.

At the age of 61, Levy married his 18-year-old niece Virginia Lopez, whose father had recently died. According to biographer Marc Leepson, Levy "was following an ancient, if obscure, Jewish tradition that obligates the closest unmarried male relative of a recently orphaned or widowed woman in financial difficulties to marry her." (See also letter, levirate marriage)

Levy died on March 26, 1862, and was buried in Beth Olam Cemetery, Ridgewood (Queens), associated with the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue. He was one of the ranking officers of the Navy at the time of his death.

Dates of rank

 * Sailing Master – 21 October 1812
 * Lieutenant – 5 March 1817
 * Master Commandant – 9 February 1837
 * Captain – 29 March 1844

Legacy and honors

 * 1942, the Cannon class destroyer escort, the USS Levy (DE-162) was named in his honor. At the conclusion of World War II, the Levy hosted the U.S. representative for the surrender of Wake Island.
 * 1959, Commodore Levy Chapel, the Jewish Chapel at Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia is renamed in his honor.
 * 1988, listed in the Jewish-American Hall of Fame
 * 2001, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation published The Levy Family and Monticello 1834–1923, a history of the Levy family's nearly century-long contributions in saving Monticello.
 * 2005, the Commodore Uriah P. Levy Center and Jewish Chapel opened at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, which is named in his honor.
 * 2011 A statue of Uriah P. Levy by the Russian sculptor Gregory Pototsky was dedicated on December 16, 2011, outside Mikveh Israel Synagogue on Independence Mall in Philadelphia. The statue pedestal was designed by John Giungo.

Published works

 * (Google eBook)
 * (Google eBook)

title: Uriah P. Levy


text:
Greatest Hits 1977–1990

Greatest Hits 1977–1990 is a compilation album by the Stranglers, released in November 1990 by Epic Records. It contains hit singles selected from their back catalogue from both EMI and Epic Records.

The album peaked at No. 4 on the UK Albums Chart and proved to be the band's best selling compilation, eventually spending 47 weeks in the chart (their longest UK chart residency with an individual release). It was certified platinum for 300,000 sales in the UK.

Track listing
All tracks are written by the Stranglers, except where noted.

 * 1) "Peaches" from Rattus Norvegicus, 1977
 * 2) "Something Better Change" from No More Heroes, 1977
 * 3) "No More Heroes" from No More Heroes
 * 4) "Walk On By" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) Non-album single, 1978
 * 5) "Duchess" from The Raven, 1979
 * 6) "Golden Brown" from La folie, 1981
 * 7) "Strange Little Girl" (Jet Black, Jean-Jacques Burnel, Hugh Cornwell, Dave Greenfield, Hans Wärmling) from The Collection 1977–1982, 1982
 * 8) "European Female" from Feline, 1983
 * 9) "Skin Deep" from Aural Sculpture, 1984
 * 10) "Nice in Nice" from Dreamtime, 1986
 * 11) "Always the Sun" (Sunny Side Up Mix) from Dreamtime
 * 12) "Big in America" from Dreamtime
 * 13) "All Day and All of the Night" (Ray Davies) from All Live and All of the Night, 1988
 * 14) "96 Tears" (Rudy Martinez) from 10, 1990
 * 15) "No Mercy" (CD and cassette bonus track) from Aural Sculpture

Personnel
See original albums for full credits.

The Stranglers
 * Hugh Cornwell – guitar, vocals
 * Dave Greenfield – keyboards
 * Jean-Jacques Burnel – bass, vocals
 * Jet Black – drums

Technical

 * Martin Rushent – production (1–4)
 * The Stranglers – production (5–13)
 * Alan Winstanley – production (5)
 * Steve Churchyard – production (6–8)
 * Laurie Latham – production (9, 15)
 * Mike Kemp – production (10–12)
 * Ted Hayton – production (13)
 * Roy Thomas Baker – production (14)
 * Jean Luke Epstein (Graphyk) – design
 * Grant Louden (Graphyk) – design
 * Mike Prior – photography
 * Chris Twomey – liner notes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greatest Hits 1977–1990


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 9, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/October 9, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/October 9, 2005


text:
Solvency

Solvency, in finance or business, is the degree to which the current assets of an individual or entity exceed the current liabilities of that individual or entity. Solvency can also be described as the ability of a corporation to meet its long-term fixed expenses and to accomplish long-term expansion and growth. This is best measured using the net liquid balance (NLB) formula. In this formula, solvency is calculated by adding cash and cash equivalents to short-term investments, then subtracting notes payable. There exist cryptographic schemes for both proofs of liabilities and assets, especially in the blockchain space.

title: Solvency


text:
Talk:Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost

"Six-Pack"
The three-by-three configuration is affectionately known as a:"six-pack" due to its shape resembling a six-pack of beer.

Goldfinger
The character of Auric Goldfuinger in the book/movie "Goldfinger" has a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost "six-pack"

Superfluous images 1

I have removed these images because they add nothing which might further illustrate the subject of the article. Particularly unwelcome because of the most ugly and unusual unidentifiable coachwork. Why was this (clearly brand new) body built, to what purpose? Eddaido (talk) 00:05, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

 * See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Automobiles Andy Dingley (talk) 13:48, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Now: Administrators'_noticeboard/Edit_warring Andy Dingley (talk) 23:18, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

Superfluous images 2
This cloudy unremarkable photograph of just another car would be better displayed on the articles concerning its reputed passengers. Eddaido (talk) 00:05, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

There are currently 167 images of Silver Ghosts in Wikimedia so there is plenty of choice. Eddaido (talk) 01:02, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

Stop Vandalism
Eddaido, plz stop deleting, That picture is there since long. If a picture is "unremarkable" in your opinion, it doesn't mean that whole community think like you, and agree to you, please do constructive edits, add something good to this page, I have reverted your edit again, if you do again, I would be left with no option but to complain the Administrator, Regards Aftab Banoori (Talk) 13:41, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

It's a poor picture because the car, which is after all the subject of the article, is largely blocked by the person standing in the way. Without the person the photo would be just about acceptable although unremarkable and there are better ones in Commons.Malcolma (talk) 18:57, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

Yes, it's a poor picture. Aquegg (talk) 19:06, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

Agree. It is a poor picture. Ghostieguide (talk) 05:50, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Propeller shaft
What on earth is a "propeller shaft" (near end of History) doing on an automobile (as opposed to a boat)? I presume it's the drive shaft. Is this the appropriate contemporary British usage? Assuming it is, I won't change it, but will be WP:bold and put in a wikilink for those as confused as I. Correct me if I'm wrong. --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 12:16, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Would you prefer cardan shaft? Eddaido (talk) 12:18, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * No, on reflection I rather like "propeller shaft"; it has a certain antique flavour. But I will put in a link to Drive shaft. --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 12:25, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * (Which will say — or propellor shaft or cardan shaft . . . !) Happy days, it should have been linked for people in BC anyway. Eddaido (talk) 12:29, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I see from the Drive shaft article that "propeller" is the proper British term (but shouldn't it be "propellor", as you spelled it?). "Cardan shaft" is a new one on me,and isn't explained in the article as far as I could see on a quick skim--do you (anyone) know where it comes from? I'm just an old word junkie.... --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 12:52, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * From the OED "cardan shaft, a shaft having a universal joint at one end or at both ends for transmitting motion from one shaft to another not in a direct line with it. Also absol."
 * "1902  H. Sturmey in A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors & Motor-driving (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) 191   In order to permit of the free vertical movement of the wheels under the springs, two universal or ‘Cardan’ joints..are fitted within the length of the shaft." It is not just a driveshaft and a propellor shaft propels things doesn't it? Try a dictionary.

 * I think you will find that simply linking propellor shaft will take it to the right place. I wonder if the misspelling led someone to remove a false red link. Eddaido (talk) 13:01, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that's quite specific, isn't it? I prefer 'propellor' myself, but my OED (New Oxford Dict of Eng 2nd ed) gives 'propeller' as the preferred spelling (presumably even in British usage) so stet. --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 13:19, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * You've picked up a publication intended for the US market? Buy a novel and it may say published in London and New York by . . . (the same publisher) but they will be different editions for each country and not just with different spellings, often different titles and quite different usages within the text. Its why WP uses British English where appropriate. Eddaido (talk) 22:18, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

“Most valuable”?
A recent auction cash sale trumps an earlier handwave at an”insurance valuation”, unless the difference is slight enough that inflation would easily cover it. So-called “insurance valuations” are often fictive “agreed values” rather than actual appraisal, and also sometimes reflect business interests outside of the insured item’s intrinsic value. Qwirkle (talk) 02:38, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * If to your mind this is so then leave it how it has been since 2007 and by all means Add a sentence saying that in recent decades other vehicles have reached higher prices at auction making the distinction quite clear. You are not into "trumping" anything in this article — are you? Why might that be? Eddaido (talk) 03:15, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I am confident you have followed and read all my other edits of recent months, so there is, or should be, no need to point out to you that this $35 million is for AX201, not for any old Silver Ghost. It is extremely unlikely it will ever be sold, auction or otherwise. Why do you try so hard to screw up articles when you know little or nothing of the subject? Do you have any area of personal interest and therefore knowledge? Eddaido (talk) 03:26, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I can see no reason why a claim that appears to be no longer true...if it were ever... needs to remain in the article. Why should it? As alluded to above, “insurance valuations” are often agreed-on fictions. Actual market sales, on the other hand, have some substance. Qwirkle (talk) 05:05, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes. Well, we don't all share your opinion(s). Try for consensus. Like I suggested. Eddaido (talk) 06:10, 29 February (UTC)

 * ...for, by the look of it, very, very small values of “we”. Qwirkle (talk) 00:49, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I'd like to keep this, in general, but as Qwirkle says, a handwave in 2005 to a valuation rather than an actual sale isn't enough. Cars are fetching stupendous prices - but which cars? I'm seeing 1960s Ferraris going for the peak prices. Now, is a Silver Ghost, or even the Silver Ghost, attracting the same audience?  It's a historical car with huge inherent value, but it'll never go round Goodwood like a Ferrari or Aston Martin would. Does it sell to the same people? Andy Dingley (talk) 18:49, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The interesting thing is that there are persistent rumors that VW unloaded the Silver Ghost last year to an American buyer in a private sale, with a considerable chunk of cash changing hands. Still just a rumor, and the equally apocryphal stories about recent quiet Ferrari sales are even more astronomical. What’s telling is how few experts are willing to adress the “ Most valuable” question, probably because they -are- experts and realize what a can of worms it is, and how quickly today’s answer can become yesterday’s news. Qwirkle (talk) 20:20, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I’d also like to keep something like this that notes this -may- be the most valuable veteran auto, or may have been, but not that it is. Qwirkle (talk) 20:30, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

An Eddaido handwave (FTFY)
I'm not sure what a Qwirkle handwave means but I have replaced the quotation from the citation. Why keep removing it. The statement is perfectly correct. Maybe you could have a go at explaining your reversions. Eddaido (talk) 03:34, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * To begin with, it was, of course, who used the term “handwave” about your actions; the section heading is adjusted accordingly. This is a very insubstantial cite, and giving it as much space as you would obviously prefer is undue, as mentioned in the edit summary cutting it back. Qwirkle (talk) 04:13, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Not at all undue, it probably remains the world's most valuable car. Please just leave the statement alone. Eddaido (talk) 04:18, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The sentence, although accurate, doesn't seem quite clear to me. It does sort of sound like "is", not "was", at least to US ears maybe. You need context to the value, but it's back then, not now. Sammy D III (talk) 04:21, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The sentence may accurately reflect the source, but that isn’t the same this as being accurate. This was about an insurance valuation of a car that was being used as a corporate symbol. A high valuation could be partly a reflection of the impact on the brand, not the intrinsic worth of the car. Note this is discussed above and in the edit summaries. Qwirkle (talk) 04:36, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I see talking about values. I know that values depend on the salesman's lies. But you know it is source here, not reality. Motor Trend must be RS, and that's what it said in 2005. If you have something different from 2005 use it. If it is clear that it was a 2005 value, not a current one, the problem is? Fix it instead of throwing sourced blurb away? Sammy D III (talk) 05:19, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the cite is too weak to make a statement about actual value, as opposed to a claim, as is discussed in the thread above. Qwirkle (talk) 05:38, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * "A recent" - "appears to be no longer true" - "Cars are fetching" - "it'll (contraction of "it will") never go round". All those indicate the present to me, not 2005. If Eddaido "claims" it was in 2006 he is unsourced and maybe wrong, but it was (I assume) insured for 35 mil and Motor Trend did "note" it in 2005, as the source says. Are you saying that a fairly well sourced sentence or two is too trivial for this article?
 * Just the insurance value doesn't stand on it's own, it needs context. If you could get an Englishman (?) to write a sentence or two making the time clear then your (plural) problem would be over. Neither of your versions are right. Sammy D III (talk) 18:16, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost


text:
Envelope glycoprotein GP120

Envelope glycoprotein GP120 (or gp120) is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope. It was discovered by Professors Tun-Hou Lee and Myron "Max" Essex of the Harvard School of Public Health in 1984. The 120 in its name comes from its molecular weight of 120 kDa. Gp120 is essential for virus entry into cells as it plays a vital role in attachment to specific cell surface receptors. These receptors are DC-SIGN, Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan and a specific interaction with the CD4 receptor, particularly on helper T-cells. Binding to CD4 induces the start of a cascade of conformational changes in gp120 and gp41 that lead to the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. Binding to CD4 is mainly electrostatic although there are van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds.

Gp120 is coded by the HIV env gene, which is around 2.5 kb long and codes for around 850 amino acids. The primary env product is the protein gp160, which gets cleaved to gp120 (~480 amino acids) and gp41 (~345 amino acids) in the endoplasmatic reticulum by the cellular protease furin. The crystal structure of core gp120 shows an organization with an outer domain, an inner domain with respect to its termini and a bridging sheet. Gp120 is anchored to the viral membrane, or envelope, via non-covalent bonds with the transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41. Three gp120s and gp41s combine in a trimer of heterodimers to form the envelope spike, which mediates attachment to and entry into the host cell.

Variability
Since gp120 plays a vital role in the ability of HIV-1 to enter CD4+ cells, its evolution is of particular interest. Many neutralizing antibodies bind to sites located in variable regions of gp120, so mutations in these regions will be selected for strongly. The diversity of env has been shown to increase by 1-2% per year in HIV-1 group M and the variable units are notable for rapid changes in amino acid sequence length. Increases in gp120 variability result in significantly elevated levels of viral replication, indicating an increase in viral fitness in individuals infected by diverse HIV-1 variants. Further studies have shown that variability in potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGSs) also result in increased viral fitness. PNGSs allow for the binding of long-chain carbohydrates to the high variability regions of gp120, so the authors hypothesize that the number of PNGSs in env might affect the fitness of the virus by providing more or less sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. The presence of large carbohydrate chains extending from gp120 might obscure possible antibody binding sites.

The boundaries of the potential to add and eliminate PNGSs are naively explored by growing viral populations following each new infection. While the transmitting host has developed a neutralizing antibody response to gp120, the newly infected host lacks immune recognition of the virus. Sequence data shows that initial viral variants in an immunologically naïve host have few glycosylation sites and shorter exposed variable loops. This may facilitate viral ability to bind host cell receptors. As the host immune system develops antibodies against gp120, immune pressures seem to select for increased glycosylation, particularly on the exposed variable loops of gp120. Consequently, insertions in env, which confer more PNGSs on gp120 may be more tolerated by the virus as higher glycan density promotes the viral ability to evade antibodies and thus promotes higher viral fitness. In considering how much PNGS density could theoretically change, there may be an upper bound to PNGS number due to its inhibition of gp120 folding, but if the PNGS number decreases substantially, then the virus is too easily detected by neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, a stabilizing selection balance between low and high glycan densities is likely established. A lower number of bulky glycans improves viral replication efficiency and higher number on the exposed loops aids host immune evasion via disguise.

The relationship between gp120 and neutralizing antibodies is an example of Red Queen evolutionary dynamics. Continuing evolutionary adaptation is required for the viral envelope protein to maintain fitness relative to the continuing evolutionary adaptations of the host immune neutralizing antibodies, and vice versa, forming a coevolving system.

Vaccine target
Since CD4 receptor binding is the most obvious step in HIV infection, gp120 was among the first targets of HIV vaccine research. Efforts to develop HIV vaccines targeting gp120, however, have been hampered by the chemical and structural properties of gp120, which make it difficult for antibodies to bind to it. gp120 can also easily be shed from the surface of the virus and captured by T cells due to its loose binding with gp41. A conserved region in the gp120 glycoprotein that is involved in the metastable attachment of gp120 to CD4 has been identified and targeting of invariant region has been achieved with a broadly neutralising antibody, IgG1-b12.

NIH research published in Science reports the isolation of 3 antibodies that neutralize 90% of HIV-1 strains at the CD4bs region of gp120, potentially offering a therapeutic and vaccine strategy. However, most antibodies that bind the CDbs region of gp120 do not neutralize HIV, and rare ones that do such as IgG1-b12 have unusual properties such as asymmetry of the Fab arms or in their positioning. Unless a gp120-based vaccine can be designed to elicit antibodies with strongly neutralizing antiviral properties, there is concern that breakthrough infection leading to humoral production of high levels of non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site of gp120 is associated with faster disease progression to AIDS.

Competition
The protein gp120 is necessary during the initial binding of HIV to its target cell. Consequently, anything which binds to gp120 or its targets can physically block gp120 from binding to a cell. Only one such agent, Maraviroc, which binds the co-receptor CCR5 is currently licensed and in clinical use. No agent targeting gp120's main first cellular interaction partner, CD4, is currently licensed since interfering with such a central molecule of the immune system can cause toxic side effects, such as the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody OKT4. Targeting gp120 itself has proven extremely difficult due to its high degree of variability and shielding. Fostemsavir (BMS-663068) is a methyl phosphate prodrug of the small molecule inhibitor BMS-626529, which prevents viral entry by binding to the viral envelope gp120 and interfering with virus attachment to the host CD4 receptor.

HIV dementia
The HIV viral protein gp120 induces apoptosis of neuronal cells by inhibiting levels of furin and tissue plasminogen activator, enzymes responsible for converting pBDNF to mBDNF. gp120 induces mitochondrial-death proteins like caspases which may influence the upregulation of the death receptor Fas leading to apoptosis of neuronal cells, gp120 induces oxidative stress in the neuronal cells, and it is also known to activate STAT1 and induce interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in neuronal cells.

title: Envelope glycoprotein GP120


text:
Talk:Irish people in Great Britain

Medieval era

 * The fact that various Anglo-Saxon kings spent parts of their lives in Ireland is not uninteresting, but is it really pertinent to an article about Irish migration to Great Britain? Should Prince Charles be discussed in an article on Australian migration to Great Britain? This (along with several other parts of the article) feels like an exercise in trivia-gathering. Shiresman (talk) 00:45, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Generations

 * "It does not seem to reflect the massive second and third generations of people of Irish descent in Britain"

Speaking as a fourth-generation Irish-Briton, yes, it doesn't. That's because the second and third generations pretty much assimilated, interbred and suchforth. Morwen - Talk 07:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed this whole section of the article due to POV and, as there are no sources for who might have suggested that people were "confused" by the question, weasel words. Valiantis 00:28, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Matt Busby
I deleted the (a Roman Catholic) beside Matt Busby I don't think it's relevent as I believe he was mostly of Lithuanian descent there may be some Irish, but I'm sure he's one of the Lithuanian community in Scotland famous sons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Elitejcx (talk • contribs) 22:36, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

POV
The Scotland part has a lot of POV banter in it, I'm going to slap on a POV template, sentences like:

with banners deemed to be imflammatory by some, and attended by a minority who are intent on tarnishing the good name of the organisation.

Looks like someone has copied a lot of this straight from the Orange Order website Superdude99 16:17, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

I've reworked the section to deal with most of the POV stuff, and pulled the NPOV tag. Various facts are flagged as requiring citation. Mtpt 19:49, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

The article reads as hagiographic on the Irish, leaves out failure to reform Ireland to prevent famine, poverty, overpopulation, excessive family size, etc., driving immigration the england, and the role of Catholic colonization of Ireland and lack of protest of this by the Irish. The article excludes information about cities with high rates of Irish immigration, such as Birmingham and Manchester, being the places in england where Catholic and other ideology and behavior of Irish immigrants has reinforced poverty. This has been fictionally depicted in current times in the TV series Shameless (UK TV series). The cities with high rates of Irish population are also those with the highest rates of child poverty, both currently and historically. The problem historically is also depicted in Peaky Blinders (TV series).50.152.41.187 (talk) 22:21, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

UK-government figures flawed
It also needs to be said, that the census figures have a big drawback - in as much as they only show where people where born, not what kind of people they are. In Wales the largest foreign-born group are those born in Germany. But only a minority are Germans - most of them are born to British service-men while stationed there. Or in the case some parts of London, most are Jews who with a British passport now would not class themselves as German. Agathoclea 14:12, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * On the contrary; the 2001 Census allowed people to describe their ethnicity as Irish regardless of place of birth, so it shows "what kind of people they are", and not where they were born. Martin 02:57, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

This is all rather confusing. In the article it says that 1.2% (England and Wales) classify themselves as Irish, but 1.4% are Irish born. Bill Tegner 09:16, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Famous British Irish Names
This is an odd list. Is it supposed to be one of Irish people now in Britain? Or people who (claim to) have Irish ancestry? If the latter, it would go on for page after page, even if one were to include only "famous" people. Bill Tegner 14:00, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

I'm not too sure if Ralph Fiennes should be included. He did live in Ireland for a time, and briefly attended Newtown School in Waterford, but he lives in England and he's English by birth and parentage. Bill Tegner 09:23, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I've removed his name on grounds of factual inaccuracy.Indisciplined 21:20, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Diana, Princess of Wales had Ango-Irish roots, though her grandfather, E.M. Burke Roche, Lord Fermoy. Burke and Roche are very Irish names and Fermoy is in County Cork.Millbanks 10:24, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Spike Milligan wouldnt be to happy with being a 'notable britan' no matter the purposes of this list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by mike82.45.205.254 (talk) 23:18, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Ausseagull (talk) 08:17, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

2001 Census
There's a very interesting article in today's Irish Times. It's by Brian Walker who holds the Chair of Irish Studies at Queen's University, Belfast. It comments on the 2001 census and its surprising results in the context of the Irish in Britain, and goes on to say that Jim Callaghan's father was not Irish as is commonly supposed (he changed his name when he joined the Navy, "to escape his family") but adds that John Major's grandmother was Irish. I won't delete J. Callaghan and his daughter Margaret Jay from the list (or not yet) because it might be contentious, but I'll keep the article to hand. Millbanks 22:33, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Self Classification
In yesterday's Irish Times there's an article by Rosemary Behan. She describes what she calls "a horrible exercise" when joining her local library in Newham, London. "I was forced to fill out a form to declare my ethnic origin. Being half-English, half Irish, this was particularly meaningless. The tickable boxes included "White English" or "White Irish".......Exasperated, I simply wrote, "I don't think of myself in these terms and left it at that"" Millbanks 08:06, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

British in Ireland
The 2006 census in the Republic of Ireland showed that 2.7% of the population had been born in the UK. That is a substantially higher percentage than the number of people in Britain born in Ireland. But the figure must be approached with caution. For example, 48% of the British born people in Ireland referred to themselves as Roman Catholic: a very much greater percentage than the number of Roman Catholics in Britain. This seems to indicate that a substantial number of British born people in Ireland are themselves of Irish extraction and moved to Ireland because of the improved economic climate. Millbanks 09:55, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Irish in Wales
From the article "There is little historical connection between Ireland and Wales. In 2001 there were 20,569 people in Wales (0.7% of the population) who had been born in Ireland."

Nonsense! Saint Patrick was Welsh for God sake! Irish pirates took many Welsh people as slaves so there was contact.

The Norman settlers in Ireland came from their Welsh baronies.

So although there may not be many Irish people living there now, there are plenty of historical connections. 213.162.125.117 (talk) 11:37, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You are quite correct. There was extensive Irish settlemeny in Wales in the Dark Ages; the ruling dynasty of Dyfed was of Irish origin and Ogham inscriptions are probably more common there than anywhere else outside Ireland. There was also extensive Irish immigration into Wales in the 19th century. The 0.7% figure simply reflects the fact that there was little Irish immigration into Wales in the 20th century. The statement "There is little historical connection between Ireland and Wales" is entirely wrong. Cantiorix (talk) 13:42, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Liverpool
I modified the piece on Liverpool slightly, since it contained some rather sweeping statements. Also, while the "Irish Catholic" roots of the Beatles were stressed, none of the Beatles were in fact brought up or educated as Roman Catholics (although Paul McCartney was baptised in that faith); indeed, John Lennon was brought up Anglican. Millbanks (talk) 22:57, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Using the term UK instead of Britain
The figures on the page often refer to UK statistics, e.g. UK cities with largest Irish populations. This in theory will therefore include Belfast and Derry, which themselves are UK cities within Ireland. Should these statements be changed to British/Britain to therfore exclude Northern Ireland from inclusion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.4.46.135 (talk) 15:12, 3 October 2008 (UTC) May I also say that Liverpool have had a number of catholic players down the years. Ronnie Whelan being the fisrt it complete rubbish. Matt Busby, 1912 Bill Lacey from Wexford, Kevin Keegan, Ian Callaghan, Tommy Smith, Gerry Byrne to mention a few. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.86.35.161 (talk) 14:57, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Obscurism
A lot of this just seems to be about sports and stuff like that. Also in the England part there is mention of sectarianism to do with Liverpool/Everton... this is so obscure that it doesn't really warrant a mention. Irish immigrants in England have intergrated almost entirely whether or not they come from a Catholic family. Everybody thinks of people like Kevin Keegan, John Lennon and Liam Gallagher as just English and British. The sectarianism idiocy is a strictly Scots Presbytarianism-v-Irish Catholic issue. - True as Blue (talk) 08:30, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

First that is incredible wrong second it is not a scots presbytarianism v catholicism it is protestantism vs catholicism, why cant someone both be Irish and english? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.25.183.52 (talk) 16:19, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * And write literate English too, perhaps? Ausseagull (talk) 08:19, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Requested move
oppose Anthony Appleyard (talk) 11:11, 8 March 2010 (UTC) Irish migration to Great Britain → Irish people in Great Britain — This article is much more about Irish people in Great Britain than it is about the history of migration from Ireland to Britain. See similarly titled articles, such as Irish people in Jamaica, Chinese people in Germany, Koreans in Japan and French people in Korea. —84.92.117.93 (talk) 16:22, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Weak oppose I wrote/retitled many articles to follow the "Foo people in Bar" convention (like 3 out of 4 articles mentioned by the nominator), mainly because I thought that was better than the neologistic "Fooese-Barese" convention. For a similar reason, other people have been pushing the "Bar people of Foo descent" convention. But I think this format "Foo migration to Barland" is actually superior, because it doesn't take any position on the question of whether 2nd/3rd/nth-generation Foo descendants in Bar should be called "Foo people" or "Bar people" or whatever. cab (talk) 10:19, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Any use?
I have taken a picture of a commemorative plaque in Manchester that states: Site of Little Ireland Large numbers of immigrant Irish workers lived here in appalling housing conditions Built c.1827 Vacated c.1847 Demolished c.1877

Is this of any use to this article, as it appears to be quite relevant? I am an amateur at this editing lark, so will have to be told how to upload it etc. 217.205.110.52 (talk) 15:19, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
 * That would be great. The best thing to do would be to upload it to Wikimedia Commons at Upload and then to notify us here that you've done so so it can be added to the article. Cordless Larry (talk) 23:20, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

One sided
What about British in Ireland, I'm quite sure its a bigger affect on the Irish population in terms of percentage, after all they had been a colony for Scotland and England for over 800 years, why is this one sided. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.154.4.2 (talk) 08:33, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The article is about Irish migration to Great Britain, so including material on British migration to Ireland would be off-topic. A new British migration to Ireland article might be welcome though. Cordless Larry (talk) 08:38, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Lack of sources
This article is absolutely atrocious when it comes to scoures. Hardly anything is cited leaving it wide open to possible original research amongst other things. This article needs a serious revamp otherwise some information may have to be deleted if it can't be backed up. Mabuska (talk) 12:16, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I completely agree. Sources should be found as soon as possible or else the article will need a severe trim. Cordless Larry (talk) 15:57, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It does include some great information, its just a pity almost all of it is unsourced. Mabuska (talk) 16:47, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

"The British imperial class, long time purveyors of the tactic of 'divide and rule', looked on as ethno-religious conflict developed in the urban cities of England and Scotland." Not a totally unfair picture, but I think it might benefit from some sort of citation... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.90.96.241 (talk) 15:04, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Pete Doherty listed as a notable British person of Irish descent?
Are you serious? You can surely find a more noble person of Irish blood. Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Oscar Wilde, Morrissey, Terry Wogan, even Jimmy Carr! The list could be quite extensive if one had the energy to look it up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.220.195.146 (talk) 04:31, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * George Harrison? I'm sure Harrison isn't just a name of Irish origin. Mabuska (talk) 00:12, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Notable people
I've removed all of the unsourced entries from the notable people section of the article, in light of this discussion. The deleted entries are listed below, as they appeared in the article, so as to facilitate their restoration if and when references can be found. Cordless Larry (talk) 23:18, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Caroline Aherne
 * Jon Anderson
 * Kenneth Baker
 * Tom Baker
 * George Barker (poet)
 * John Barry (composer)
 * Tony Blair
 * David Bowie
 * Danny Boyle
 * Steve Bruce
 * Kathy Burke
 * Kate Bush
 * Bernard Butler
 * Todd Carty
 * Paul Casey
 * Natalie Cassidy
 * Billy Connolly
 * Tulisa Contostavlos (N-Dubz only female singer)
 * Steve Coogan
 * Elvis Costello (born Declan MacManus)
 * Daniel Day-Lewis
 * Tamasin Day-Lewis
 * Dave Davies
 * Ray Davies
 * Dido (born Dido O'Malley Armstrong)
 * Pete Doherty
 * Declan Donnelly
 * Amanda Donohoe
 * Maurice O'Connor Drury
 * Patrick Duff
 * Rio Ferdinand
 * Anton Ferdinand
 * Tara FitzGerald
 * Samantha Fox (Irish Briton dad)
 * Noel Gallagher
 * Liam Gallagher
 * George Galloway
 * Leslie Garrett
 * Boy George (born George O'Dowd)
 * Bobby Gillespie
 * Andrew Gilligan
 * Thea Gilmore
 * Paul Goggins
 * Stacey Hayes
 * Tina Hobley
 * Matt Holland
 * Douglas Hogg, 3rd Lord Hailsham
 * Elizabeth Hurley
 * Billy Idol
 * Jeremy Irons
 * Baroness Jay
 * Mark Kelly (keyboardist)
 * Ruth Kelly
 * Martin Keown
 * Kevin Kilbane
 * Patsy Kensit

 * Danny La Rue (born Daniel Patrick Carroll)
 * Andrew Latimer
 * Elaine Lordan
 * John Lydon (aka Johnny Rotten)
 * Des Lynam
 * Sean Maguire
 * Carole Malone
 * Tina Malone
 * Johnny Marr
 * Patrick Mayhew
 * Damian McBride
 * Mick McCarthy
 * Catherine McCormack
 * Natascha McElhone
 * Geraldine McEwan
 * Patrick McGuinness
 * Ian McLaglan
 * Kate Nash
 * Coleen Rooney
 * Ant McPartlin
 * Paul Merton
 * Piers Morgan
 * Clinton Morrison
 * Morrissey
 * Cormac Murphy-O'Connor
 * Richard O'Brien
 * Des O'Connor
 * Tom O'Connor
 * Peter O'Donnell
 * Paul O'Grady
 * Peter O'Toole
 * Gary Oldman
 * Dermot O'Leary
 * Ronnie O'Sullivan
 * Jacquie O'Sullivan
 * Micky Quinn
 * Gerry Rafferty
 * Alan Rickman
 * Anne Robinson
 * Anton Rogan
 * Wayne Rooney
 * Kevin Rowland
 * Michelle Ryan
 * Mandy Smith (Irish Briton mom)
 * Imelda Staunton
 * Sting (born Gordon Matthew Sumner)
 * Andy Townsend
 * Pete Townshend
 * Kitty Ussher
 * Dominic West
 * Noel Whelan
 * Kim Wilde
 * Catherine Zeta-Jones
 * Sir Gus O'Donnell

Deceased

 * Kenneth Bigley
 * Elizabeth Bowen
 * The Brontë sisters
 * James, Lord Callaghan
 * Lewis Carroll
 * Cecil Day-Lewis
 * Bill Deedes (Lord Deedes)
 * Lonnie Donegan
 * Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
 * Sir Alfred Hitchcock

 * General Sir Thomas Kelly-Kenny
 * Field Marshal Lord Kitchener
 * T. E. Lawrence of Arabia
 * Spike Milligan
 * Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
 * General Richard O'Connor
 * Pat Phoenix
 * Dusty Springfield (born Mary O'Brien)
 * Sir Arthur Sullivan
 * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

 * You don't have to look hard for references to some of these. Wellington was born in Ireland, Spike Milligan had Irish citizenship, and Elvis Costello and Johnny Rotten's backgrounds are hardly a secret.--MacRusgail (talk) 17:15, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, and Tony Blair's mother was from County Donegal. So I've added him.Poshseagull (talk) 09:37, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I don't know why Montgomery appears in the list more than once. --194.74.0.10 (talk) 14:11, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Irish does not mean Roman Catholic
Can we please rewrite this article so that it discusses Protestant migration as well, because they're Irish too...--MacRusgail (talk) 17:10, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

AVFC?
Can we have something to substantiate the claim that AVFC represents the Irish community? In my experience the Irish in Birmingham tend to support Birmingham City, as do most immigrant groups, while the English support AVFC.

Dudley25 (talk) 10:31, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Most of the section on English football teams representing Irish support is rubbish. --194.74.0.10 (talk) 14:09, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

The "Sports teams" section confuses Irish migrants with English people of Irish extraction, and religion with nationality. It appears to be the work of a keen football fan but it is almost entirely without merit. It does little more than list Irish players who have played for various prominent English football clubs. Again, this is not uninteresting, but it is unclear exactly what it is doing here. Many of the players listed were Irish migrants to Great Britain (although not all of them - Steve McManaman and Jamie Carragher were born, raised in and represented England), but the clubs themselves were not founded either by or for Irish migrants so there seems to be no point in focusing on them - they signed players of all nationalities purely on a commercial/meritocratic basis. There is no greater significance than that to the fact that both George Best and John O'Shea played for Manchester United, for example. Shiresman (talk) 01:01, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Image in infobox
The new montage contains 15 images. Of those, just four show migrants from Ireland to Britain. The remainder show the descendants of Irish migrants to Britain. At the very least, the caption should make this clear. My own view is that a more appropriate image would show only people who were themselves migrants from Ireland to Britain. Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:14, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

Update: there are now 30 images. I've removed it so as to try and start a sensible discussion here. What encyclopedic value does such a gallery have? I would say, none at all. I don't know the precise proportion of the British population who have Irish ancestry but I would guess it to be very substantial. Such a gallery is meaningless. If we restricted the gallery to those who themselves migrated from Ireland to Britain, I could see some merit in it - but not an almost random collection of faces who have some Irish ancestry. Ghmyrtle (talk) 19:52, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The infobox mirrors the one on Irish American. I'm guessing that since there is no "Irish-British" term, or article, the editor decided that this article is the appropriate place to put such a gallery. However, the two articles are very different, so no, it is not appropriate. The Irish American infobox previously had a different format (which I prefer TBH), but it was changed with this edit by User:Jontts on 21 April 2014. Interestingly, User:Faisakeel first edited on 14 May this year while User:Jontts has only made two edits since that date. That may be only co-incidence. Anyway, those images do not belong in this article, so I'm reverting them again. Scolaire (talk) 13:32, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Why isn't this article titled Irish people in Great Britain? The whole category is inconsistent with some titled 'x in the United Kingdom' while others 'x migration to the United Kingdom'. What's the difference? Rob (talk | contribs) 14:46, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi User:Scolaire! I just wanted to clarify that I'm not sure if you were suggesting that I and User:Faisakeel would be same user (?), but I can assure that I have nothing to do with him. I only changed the images on the article about Irish Americans, since I changed many other Immigrant-American images as well (Norwegian-Americans and Finnish-Americans for instance). I have nothing to say about this article about Irish migration to Great Britain, since I don't know much about the history or facts about this issue. And I'm sure that some Irish-American, and not a Finn like myself, also has a better idea of what people to have on the Irish-American gallery, but I just tried to make it bit better. :) Oh, and btw I have only made two edits since I have mostly worked on Wikivoyage and Finnish Wikipedia. BR Jontts (talk) 11:10, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Okay, Jontts. Thanks for clarifying. And sorry if I made it sound like a conspiracy theory. Scolaire (talk) 15:44, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

Middlesbrough
I just thought Id mention that there doesn't seem to be much about the Middlesbrough area within this article! Why would there be anything about Middlesbrough I hear people ask? Well apart from just simply having a significant amount of Irish migrants that settled in the area, Middlesbrough actually had the second highest percentage of Irish born people in England after Liverpool. This equated to 1 in 5 adult males being Irish born and 9.2% of the entire resident popluation of the Municipal Borough of Middlesbrough. Now Im not saying that there were more Irish people in total numbers than say London or wherever, but out the entire population of Middlesbrough during the latter half of the 19th century, Middlesbrough and its environs (Eston & Grangetown) was second in England only to Liverpool in terms of percentage of Irish born inhabitants. The 1871 census showed Liverpool to have 15.6% Irish born population with Middlesbrough having 9.2%. This in my belief has had a great affect on the way Middlesbrough grew and developed and I certainly believe that the high influx of Irish to Middlesbrough is the reason the accent is so similar to that of the scouse accent. (it is also worth noting that Middlesbrough, like Liverpool, had a high percentage of welsh born inhabitants during the same period to contibute to the similarities in accent). Acklamite (talk) 18:38, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

Ca' Foscari University Project
Hello everyone! My name is Anna, I'm a student from a class of History of English Culture at Ca' Foscari University of Venice. As a part of my exam, I chose to try and help improve the "Early modern times" section. For the moment, I have these sources to work on:

- Tim Hitchcock & Robert Shoemaker, Tales from the Hanging Court, Hodder Education 2007

- The Old Bailey Online

Let me know if you have any suggestions or advice, I would really appreciate it, since I've never worked on Wikipedia before.

Annaannieann (talk) 08:45, 17 October 2015 (UTC)Annaannieann

-- well, your part of the article looks overall solid to me, so I am being quite picky now with this criticism. Maybe you could add more examples of real criminality in Irish community (I am assuming, also from what you wrote, some kind of ghetto context and crime for the Irish community of London)? Maybe something related to Catholic benefit of clergy (if any)? I guess you already did some research, and this stuff is quite hard to hunt down, but that is what I could come up with. Good luck with polishing your article.Franberg5 (talk) 22:46, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

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Emigration back to Ireland
It might be informative and interesting if there were a section about people born in Ireland who lived in the UK that emigrated back to Ireland, or Britons of Irish descent that migrated to Ireland.

Given how politically and economically oppressed Ireland has been throughout the decades and centuries, it would be reassuring to hear about Irish people making a better life for themselves back home, even if they had to bring themselves up elsewhere first.

Wiscipidier (talk) 02:44, 21 July 2020 (UTC)Wiscipidier

Football
I don't know who the editor(s) are who added a huge swathe of content to the "Football" section over the last few days, but the quality of the writing is really sub-standard and almost totally unsourced. Unless it's fixed in the next day or two, I'm going to delete the whole lot and restore the article to the way it was at New Year. – PeeJay 00:45, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 28 February 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Unopposed RM. Estar8806 (talk) 23:17, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Irish people in the United Kingdom → Irish people in Great Britain – better, this article only refers to those who reside in Great Britain, not including Nothern Ireland. Skovl (talk) 23:17, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. The article title should reflect the article's scope. Rreagan007 (talk) 08:33, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:25, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm confused, . You recently moved the page from Irish migration to Great Britain to Irish people in the United Kingdom. That happened without a discussion, so why do you think one is required now, when we'd be moving back towards the original wording? Cordless Larry (talk) 13:46, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @Cordless Larry I first did a bold move. But when I wanted to move Irish people in the United Kingdom → Irish people in Great Britain the filter didn't let me do it. Thus I created this request. Skovl (talk) 14:42, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Understood, and I support the proposed move. Cordless Larry (talk) 21:03, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Irish people in Great Britain per nom and maybe support Irish migration to Great Britain. ---   Tbf69   P • T 15:58, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. --Spekkios (talk) 05:02, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irish people in Great Britain


text:
Market sentiment

Market sentiment, also known as investor attention, is the general prevailing attitude of investors as to anticipated price development in a market. This attitude is the accumulation of a variety of fundamental and technical factors, including price history, economic reports, seasonal factors, and national and world events. If investors expect upward price movement in the stock market, the sentiment is said to be bullish. On the contrary, if the market sentiment is bearish, most investors expect downward price movement. Market participants who maintain a static sentiment, regardless of market conditions, are described as permabulls and permabears respectively. Market sentiment is usually considered as a contrarian indicator: what most people expect is a good thing to bet against. Market sentiment is used because it is believed to be a good predictor of market moves, especially when it is more extreme. Very bearish sentiment is usually followed by the market going up more than normal, and vice versa. A bull market refers to a sustained period of either realized or expected price rises, whereas a bear market is used to describe when an index or stock has fallen 20% or more from a recent high for a sustained length of time.

Market sentiment is monitored with a variety of technical and statistical methods such as the number of advancing versus declining stocks and new highs versus new lows comparisons. A large share of the overall movement of an individual stock has been attributed to market sentiment. The stock market's demonstration of the situation is often described as all boats float or sink with the tide, in the popular Wall Street phrase "the trend is your friend". In the last decade, investors are also known to measure market sentiment through the use of news analytics, which include sentiment analysis on textual stories about companies and sectors.

Theory of investor attention
A particular thread of scientific literature connects results from behavioural finance, changes of investor attention on financial markets, and fundamental principles of asset pricing: Barberis et al. (1998), Barberis & Thaler (2003), and Baker & Wurgler (2007). The authors argue that behavioural patterns of retail investors have a significant impact on market returns. At least five main approaches to measuring investor attention are known today in scientific literature: financial market-based measures, survey-based sentiment indexes, textual sentiment data from specialized on-line resources, Internet search behavior, and non-economic factors.

First approach
According to the first approach, investor attention can be approximated with particular financial market-based measures. According to Gervais et al. (2001) and Hou et al. (2009), trading volume is a good proxy for investor sentiment. High (low) trading volume on a particular stock leads to appreciating (depreciating) of its price. Extreme one-day returns are also reported to draw investors’ attention (Barber & Odean (2008) ). Noise traders tend to buy (sell) stocks with high (low) returns. Whaley (2001) and Baker & Wurgler (2007) suggest Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) Volatility Index (VIX) as an alternative market sentiment measure. Credit Suisse Fear Barometer (CSFB) is based on prices of zero-premium collars that expire in three months. This index is sometimes used as an alternative to VIX index. The Acertus Market Sentiment Indicator (AMSI) incorporates five variables (in descending order of weight in the indicator): Price/Earnings Ratio (a measure of stock market valuations); price momentum (a measure of market psychology); Realized Volatility (a measure of recent historical risk); High Yield Bond Returns (a measure of credit risk); and the TED spread (a measure of systemic financial risk). Each of these factors provides a measure of market sentiment through a unique lens, and together they may offer a more robust indicator of market sentiment. Closed-end fund discount (the case when net asset value of a mutual fund does not equal to its market price) reported to be possible measure of investor attention (Zweig (1973) and Lee et al. (1991) ).

The studies suggest that changes in discounts of closed-end funds are highly correlated with fluctuations in investor sentiment. Brown et al. (2003) investigate daily mutual fund flow as possible measure of investor attention. According to Da et al. (2014), "...individual investors switch from equity funds to bond funds when negative sentiment is high." Dividend premium (the difference between the average book-to-market ratios of dividend paying and not paying stocks) potentially can be a good predictor for investor sentiment (Baker & Wurgler (2004) and Vieira (2011) ). Retail investor trades data is also reported to be able to represent investor attention (Kumar & Lee (2006) ). The study shows that retail investor transactions "...are systematically correlated — that is, individuals buy (or sell) stocks in concert". Initial public offering (IPO) of a company generates a big amount of information that can potentially be used to proxy investor sentiment. Ljungqvist et al. (2006) and Baker & Wurgler (2007) report IPO first-day returns and IPO volume the most promising candidates for predicting investor attention to a particular stock. It is not surprising that high investments in advertisement of a particular company results in a higher investor attention to corresponding stock (Grullon et al. (2004) ). The authors in Chemmanur & Yan (2009) provide an evidence that "...a greater amount of advertising is associated with a larger stock return in the advertising year but a smaller stock return in the year subsequent to the advertising year". Equity issues over total new issues ratio, insider trading data, and other financial indicators are reported in Baker & Wurgler (2007) to be useful in investor attention measurement procedure.

The aforementioned market-based measures have one important drawback. In particular, according to Da et al. (2014): "Although market-based measures have the advantage of being readily available at a relatively high frequency, they have the disadvantage of being the equilibrium outcome of many economic forces other than investor sentiment." In other words, one can never be sure that a particular market-based indicator was driven due to investor attention. Moreover, some indicators can work pro-cyclical. For example, a high trading volume can draw an investor attention. As a result, the trading volume grows even higher. This, in turn, leads to even bigger investor attention. Overall, market-based indicators are playing a very important role in measuring investor attention. However, an investor should always try to make sure that no other variables can drive the result.

Second way
The second way to proxy for investor attention can be to use survey-based sentiment indexes. Among most known indexes should be mentioned University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index, The Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index, and UBS/Gallup Index of Investor Optimism. The University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index is based on at least 500 telephone interviews. The survey contains fifty core questions. The Consumer Confidence Index has ten times more respondents (5000 households). However, the survey consists of only five main questions concerning business, employment, and income conditions. The questions can be answered with only three options: "positive", "negative" or "neutral". A sample of 1000 households with total investments equal or higher than $10,000 are interviewed to construct UBS/Gallup Index of Investor Optimism. Mentioned above survey-based sentiment indexes were reported to be good predictors for financial market indicators (Brown & Cliff (2005) ). However, according to Da et al. (2014), using such sentiment indexes can have significant restrictions. First, most of the survey-based data sets are available at weekly or monthly frequency. At the same time, most of the alternative sentiment measures are available at a daily frequency. Second, there is a little incentive for respondents to answer question in such surveys carefully and truthfully (Singer (2002) ). To sum up, survey-based sentiment indexes can be helpful in predicting financial indicators. However, the usage of such indexes has specific drawbacks and can be limited in some cases.

Third direction
Under the third direction, researchers propose to use text mining and sentiment analysis algorithms to extract information about investors’ mood from social networks, media platforms, blogs, newspaper articles, and other relevant sources of textual data (sometimes referred as news analytics). A thread of publications (Barber & Odean (2008), Dougal et al. (2012), and Ahern & Sosyura (2015) ) report a significant influence of financial articles and sensational news on behavior of stock prices. It is also not surprising, that such popular sources of news as Wall Street Journal, New York Times or Financial Times have a profound influence on the market. The strength of the impact can vary between different columnists even inside a particular journal (Dougal et al. (2012) ). Tetlock (2007) suggests a successful measure of investors’ mood by counting the number of "negative" words in a popular Wall Street Journal column "Abreast of the market". Zhang et al. (2011) and Bollen et al. (2011) report Twitter to be an extremely important source of sentiment data, which helps to predict stock prices and volatility. The usual way to analyze the influence of the data from micro-blogging platforms on behavior of stock prices is to construct special mood tracking indexes.

The easiest way would be to count the number of "positive" and "negative" words in each relevant tweet and construct a combined indicator based on this data. Nasseri et al. (2014) reports the predictive power of StockTwits (Twitter-like platform specialized on exchanging trading-related opinions) data with respect to behavior of stock prices. An alternative, but more demanding, way is to engage human experts to annotate a large number of tweets with the expected stock moves, and then construct a machine learning model for prediction. The application of the event study methodology to Twitter mood shows significant correlation to cumulative abnormal returns (Sprenger et al. (2014), Ranco et al. (2015), Gabrovšek et al. (2017) ). Karabulut (2013) reports Facebook to be a good source of information about investors’ mood. Overall, most popular social networks, finance-related media platforms, magazines, and journals can be a valuable source of sentiment data, summarized in Peterson (2016). However, important to notice that it is relatively more difficult to collect such type of data (in most cases a researcher needs a special software). In addition, analysis of such data can also require deep machine learning and data mining knowledge (Hotho et al. (2005) ).

Fourth road
The fourth road is an important source of information about investor attention is the Internet search behavior of households. This approach is supported by results from Simon (1955), who concludes that people start their decision making process by gathering relevant information. Publicly available data on search volumes for most Internet search services starts from the year 2004. Since that time many authors showed the usefulness of such data in predicting investor attention and market returns (Da et al. (2014), Preis et al. (2013), and Curme et al. (2014) ). Most studies are using Google Trends (GT) service in order to extract search volume data and investigate investor attention. The usefulness of Internet search data was also proved based on Yahoo! Corporation data (Bordino et al. (2012) ). The application of Internet search data gives promising results in solving different financial problems. The authors in Kristoufek (2013b) discuss the application of GT data in portfolio diversification problem. Proposed in the paper diversification procedure is based on the assumption that the popularity of a particular stock in Internet queries is correlated with the riskiness of this stock. The author reports that such diversification procedure helps significantly improve portfolio returns. Da et al. (2014) and Dimpfl & Jank (2015) investigate a predictive power of GT data for two most popular volatility measures: realized volatility (RV) and CBOE daily market volatility index (VIX). Both studies report positive and significant dependence between Internet search data and volatility measures. Bordino et al. (2012) and Preis et al. (2010) reveal the ability of Internet search data to predict trading volumes in the US stock markets. According to Bordino et al. (2012), "...query volumes anticipate in many cases peaks of trading by one day or more." Some researchers find the usefulness of GT data in predicting volatility on foreign currency market (Smith (2012) ). An increasingly important role of Internet search data is admitted in cryptocurrency (e.g. Bitcoin) prices forecasting (Kristoufek (2013a) ). Google Trends data is also reported to be a good predictor for daily mutual fund flows. Da et al. (2014) concludes that such type of sentiment data "...has significant incremental predictive power for future daily fund flow innovations of both equity and bond funds." One more promising source of Internet search data is the number of visits of finance-related Wikipedia pages (Wikipedia page statistics ) (Moat et al. (2013) and Kristoufek (2013a) ). To sum up, the Internet search behavior of households is relatively new and promising proxy for investor attention. Such type of sentiment data does not require additional information from other sources and can be used in scientific studies independently.

Fifth source
Finally the fifth source of investor attention can also depend on some non-economic factors. Every day many non-economic events (e.g. news, weather, health condition, etc.) influence our mood, which, in term, influence the level of our risk aversion and trading behavior. Edmans et al. (2007) discuss the influence of sport events on investors’ trading behavior. The authors report a strong evidence of abnormally negative stock returns after losses in major soccer competitions. The loss effect is also valid after international cricket, rugby, and basketball games. However, Abudy, Mugerman and Shust (2022) document a positive stock market reaction following a victory in the Eurovision song contest. This positive effect is documented in the winning country. The authors attribute this finding to the competition structure: unlike sports tournaments that highlight the loss, the structure of the Eurovision song contest highlights the winner. Kaplanski & Levy (2010) investigate the influence of bad news (aviation disasters) on stock prices. The authors conclude that a bad piece of news (e.g. about aviation disaster) can cause significant drop in stock returns (especially for small and risky stocks). The evidence that the number of sunlight minutes in a particular day influence the behavior of a trader is presented in Akhtari (2011) and Hirshleifer & Shumway (2003). The authors conclude that the "sunshine effect" is statistically significant and robust to different model specifications. The influence of temperature on stock returns is discussed in Cao & Wei (2005).

According to the results in the mentioned study, there is a negative dependence between temperature and stock returns on the whole range of temperature (i.e. the returns are higher when the weather is cold). A seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is also known to be a predictor of investors’ mood (Kamstra et al. (2003) ). This is an expected result because SAD incorporates the information about weather conditions. Some researchers go even further and reveal the dependence between lunar phases and stock market returns (Yuan et al. (2006) ). According to Dichev & Janes (2001): "...returns in the 15 days around new moon dates are about double the returns in the 15 days around full moon dates". Even geomagnetic activity is reported to have an influence (negatively correlated) on stock returns (C. Robotti (2003). To sum up, non-economic events have a significant influence on trader's behavior. An investor would expect high market returns on a sunny, but cool day, fifteen days around a new moon, with no significant geomagnetic activity, preferably the day after a victory on a significant sport event. In most cases such data should be treated as supplemental in measuring investor attention, but not as totally independent one.

Currency markets
Additional indicators exist to measure the sentiment specifically on Forex markets. Though the Forex market is decentralized (not traded on a central exchange), various retail Forex brokerage firms publish positioning ratios (similar to the Put/Call ratio) and other data regarding their own clients' trading behavior. Since most retail currency traders are unsuccessful, measures of Forex market sentiment are typically used as contrarian indicators. Some researchers report Internet search data (e.g. Google Trends) to be useful in predicting volatility on foreign currency markets. Internet search data and (relevant) Wikipedia page views data are reported to be useful in cryptocurrency (e.g. Bitcoin) prices forecasting.

title: Market sentiment


text: User talk:24.81.174.67

title: User talk:24.81.174.67


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Novecento

Novecento is Italian for “nine hundred” and refers to the 1900s (i.e., one-thousand-and-nine-hundreds, which is a near-synonym for the 20th century). It may also refer to:

 * Novecento (group), Italian music group
 * Novecento Italiano, a style begun in Italy in the 1920s
 * Nik Novecento (1964–1987), Italian actor and television personality
 * 1900 (film), a 1976 Italian epic film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci
 * Novecento, soundtrack album to the film by Ennio Morricone
 * Novecento, theater monologue by Alessandro Baricco

title: Novecento


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost/archive1

Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost
My first major edit. Photos from own collection, Is it the right licence for them?Ghostieguide 07:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see more detail. What was the engine - cylinders? capacity? Was the horsepower indeed 40-50? What was the car's max speed? Fuel consumption? Typical weight? What changes were made between 1907 and 1926? What were some of the body styles produced - I assume that there would have been standard body styles, and also customisations. How much did they cost? -gadfium 18:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)


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John Dory

John Dory, St Pierre, or Peter's fish, refers to fish of the genus Zeus, especially Zeus faber, of widespread distribution. It is an edible demersal coastal marine fish with a laterally compressed olive-yellow body which has a large dark spot, and long spines on the dorsal fin. Its large eyes at the front of the head provide it with binocular vision and depth perception, which are important for predators. The John Dory's eye spot on the side of its body also confuses prey, which are scooped up in its big mouth.

In New Zealand, Māori know it as kuparu, and on the East Coast of the North Island, they gave some to Captain James Cook on his first voyage to New Zealand in 1769. Several casks of them were pickled.

Etymology
The name dory is attested from 1440, derived from the French dorée 'gilded', a French name for the fish. The addition of "John" appears in 1609, and probably comes from a 17th-century song about a sea-captain, John Dory. Etymologies claiming it comes from the French jaune dorée 'yellow John Dory', or the Italian gianitore 'janitor' are now rejected.

A legend says that the dark spot on the fish's flank is St. Peter's thumbprint. In the north coast of Spain, it is known commonly as San Martiño. The Māori language name for the fish, kuparu, appears to be unique to New Zealand, as there are no cognates found in other Polynesian languages.

Morphology
The John Dory grows to a maximum size of 65 cm (2 ft) and 5 kg (12 lb) in weight. It has 10 long spines on its dorsal fin and 4 spines on its anal fin. It has microscopic, sharp scales that run around the body. The fish is an olive green color with a silver white belly and has a dark spot on its side. Its eyes are near the top of its head. It has a flat, round body shape and is a poor swimmer.

Prey and predators
The John Dory catches prey by stalking it, then extending its jaw forward in a tube-like structure to suck the fish in with some water. The water then flows out through the gills; the pre-maxillary bone, the only tooth-bearing bone in this fish, is used to grind the food.

The John Dory has a high laterally compressed body – its body is so thin it can hardly be seen from the front. The large eyes at the front of the head provide it with the binocular vision and depth perception it needs to catch prey. This eye spot also confuses prey, which can then be sucked into its mouth.

It primarily eats smaller fish, especially schooling fish such as sardines. Occasionally it eats squid and cuttlefish.

Its main predators are sharks such as the dusky shark, and large bony fish.

Habitat
John Dory are benthopelagic coastal fish, found on the coasts of Africa, South East Asia, New Zealand, Australia, the coasts of Japan, and on the coasts of Europe. They live near the seabed, living in depths from 5 to 360 m. They are normally solitary. John Dory are more commonly found in the waters of the North Island of New Zealand, than the colder waters surrounding the South Island.

Reproduction and lifespan
When John Dories are three or four years of age, they are ready to reproduce. This happens around the end of winter. They are substrate scatterers, which means that they release sperm and eggs into the water to fertilize. Typical lifespan is about 12 years in the wild.

As food
Cookery writer Eliza Acton in her 1845 book Modern Cookery for Private Families observed that John Dory "though of uninviting appearance, is considered by some person(s) as the most delicious fish that appears at table". She recommends simply baking it "very gently", avoiding it drying out in the oven.

John Dory is a popular choice among professional chefs due to the versatility of the fish, though access to home cooks is limited; the bycatch fish is not typically sold at supermarkets.

title: John Dory


text: User talk:203.220.222.180

title: User talk:203.220.222.180


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Notharctus tenebrosus

Notharctus tenebrosus was an early primate from the early Eocene, some 54–38 million years ago. Its fossil was found by Ferdinand V. Hayden in 1870 in southwestern Wyoming. When first found, Notharctus tenebrosus was thought to be a small pachyderm due to the concentration of pachyderm fossils in the area. However, after Walter W. Granger's discovery of a nearly complete skeleton, also in Wyoming, it was firmly established as a primate. Notharctus tenebrosus most resembles modern-day lemurs, although they are not directly related.

Notharctus tenebrosus belonged to an extinct primate group known as Adapiformes and fossils have been found in North America. Adapiform primates were among the first primates to exhibit a set of adaptations for life in the trees, such as grasping hands, binocular vision, and flexible backs. In addition to this, small orbits in the genera indicate that they were diurnal.

"Notharctus" means false bear, while "tenebrosus" means dark or gloomy.

Morphology

Notharctus tenebrosus had a fused mandibular symphysis and molar teeth with well-developed shearing crests, while the incisors are peg-like in form. Notharctus tenebrosus had canine teeth that are sexually dimorphic. The upper molars of this species have a pseudohypocone and the snout is moderately long, with a long premaxillary bone. Notharctus tenebrosus had a lacrimal bone that was positioned at the end of the orbit but not anterior to it. The vertebral formula of Notharctus tenebrosus is 7 cervicals, 12 thoracics, 8 lumbars, 3 sacrals, and 19+ caudals. Observing the fossils, Notharctus tenebrosus had long hindlimbs, trunk, and tail. On the hands and feet, the pollex and hallux are large and opposable, and the fingers and toes are long and possess nails, while on the foot the calcaneus is relatively short. There is evidence that the species had a type of grooming claw, thought to be an intermediate between a grooming claw and a nail. Notharctus tenebrosus has an average body mass of 4.2 kilograms and was about 40 cm long without its tail.

Diet and locomotion
Based on dental morphology, Notharctus tenebrosus most likely had a folivorous diet.

Based upon limb bone morphology Notharctus tenebrosus most likely moved by leaping and was an arboreal quadruped.

title: Notharctus tenebrosus


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Talk:Jason Dolley

Untitled
It may be beneficial to be aware of Wikipedia's stance on autobiographies, and also the  Manual of Style for biographies in general. As it is now, this article reads like it was written by Jason Dolley himself, or by someone who knows him intimately. Peruvianllama 07:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I've started rewriting the article... I'm planning to write a Biography, with references from his official website and various sources, and a Filmography. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nickyusa1 (talk • contribs) 21:11, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

Simi Valley is Proud to Call Him One of Their Own
Whoever insisted that he is from Arkansas is incorrect. He's always been from Simi Valley. Please do not change this. Michaela92399 (talk) 03:31, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Charlie Shakes It Up
I have removed the "Shake It Up" listing from his filmology because "Charlie Shakes It Up" was a Good Luck Charlie episode, not a Shake It Up episode. Seafood85 11:53, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Whoever Cleaned Up this Page
I have to commend you. I hadn't read Jason's page in a couple of months, but it used to be a mess, so thank you. p.s he starred in shane harper's video rocecktship — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.84.23.31 (talk) 04:47, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Peleton instructor?
If he were one I’d buy a peleton in a heartbeat. but I think this is false 162.245.50.140 (talk) 05:12, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jason Dolley


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Santa Montefiore

Santa Montefiore (Palmer-Tomkinson; born 2 February 1970) is a British author.

Early life
Santa Montefiore was born Santa Palmer-Tomkinson on 2 February 1970 in Winchester. Her parents are Charles Palmer-Tomkinson, formerly High Sheriff of Hampshire, and Patricia Palmer-Tomkinson (née Dawson), of Anglo-Argentine background. Her father, and other members of her family, represented Great Britain in skiing at Olympic level. The Palmer-Tomkinson family are substantial land-owners in Hampshire and Leicestershire.

Her sister, Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, was known as a socialite and charity patron.

Santa Montefiore said that growing up on the family farm gave her an "idyllic Swallows and Amazons childhood". She also describes her upbringing as "sheltered, Sloaney". She was educated at the Hanford School from the age of eight to twelve. She then attended Sherborne School for Girls in Dorset, where, in the sixth form, she became Head of her house (a role of responsibility similar to a prefect) and later Vice Head of School. She studied Spanish and Italian at Exeter University.

Career
Prior to publishing any novels, she worked in London, first in public relations for the outfitters Swaine Adeney and later for the jeweller Theo Fennell. She also worked as a shop assistant in Farmacia Santa Maria Novella, the perfumery, and in events for Ralph Lauren.

She sent her first manuscript to several literary agents, using a pen name in order to distance herself from her sister. Only one agent, Jo Frank of A P Watt, expressed an interest, but this led to a bidding war between several publishers, with Hodder & Stoughton giving her a six-figure advance. Montefiore has published at least one novel a year since 2001. Four of her books are set in Argentina, where she spent 1989 as a gap year teaching English. Her books have been characterised as "beach-read blockbusters", selling over six million copies in 25 translations.

She counts as her literary influences The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas; House of Mirth by Edith Wharton; Gabriel Garcia Márquez, Mary Wesley, Eckhart Tolle, and Daphne du Maurier. Isabel Allende is important to her too.

She has co-written with her husband a series of children's books called The Royal Rabbits of London, which is published by Simon & Schuster. 20th Century Fox have bought the movie rights and are in the early stages of adapting the series for the big screen.

Personal life
Montefiore is married to the writer and historian Simon Sebag Montefiore. They were brought together by the historian Andrew Roberts, who thought "they would be absolutely perfect for each other because they were the only two people he knew who could remember the words to Evita off by heart". She says of their marriage: "Sebag and I do bring out the best in each other. I wouldn’t have written if not for him and he might not have written books either, as he was a ladies' man, always chasing girls, but now his home life is stable and sorted. We write in the same house, in separate offices and he helps me with plots. I think you have to be a team. Laughter is everything. Mr Darcy would have been so boring to live with – you don’t want to live with someone who is smouldering all the time."

The couple are friends with King Charles III and Queen Camilla, who attended their wedding. Santa Montefiore is a friend of Tiggy Legge-Bourke and of Queen Máxima of the Netherlands.

She converted to Judaism before the marriage. The wedding was held at the Liberal Jewish Synagogue in St John's Wood, London, with which her husband's family has been associated for generations.

Works

 * Meet Me Under the Ombu Tree (2001) ISBN 0-7089-9333-8
 * The Butterfly Box (2002) ISBN 0-7089-9402-4
 * The Forget-me-not Sonata (2003) ISBN 0-340-83171-5
 * The Swallow and the Hummingbird (2004) ISBN 0-340-83260-6
 * The Last Voyage of the Valentina (2005) ISBN 0-340-83087-5
 * The Gypsy Madonna (2006) ISBN 0-340-83090-5
 * Sea of Lost Love (2007) ISBN 0-340-84046-3
 * The French Gardener (2008) ISBN 141654374-0
 * The Italian Matchmaker (2009) ISBN 0-340-84055-2
 * The Affair (2010) ISBN 1848949367
 * The House by the Sea (2011) ISBN 1849831068
 * The Summer House (2012) ISBN 1847379273
 * Secrets of the Lighthouse (2013) ISBN 1471100952
 * A Mother's Love (2013) ISBN 1471128601
 * The Beekeeper's Daughter (2014) ISBN 1476735417
 * Songs of Love and War (2015) (The first of The Deverill Chronicles) ISBN 1471135845
 * Daughters of Castle Deverill (2016) (The second of The Deverill Chronicles) ISBN 9781471135903
 * Last Secret of the Deverills (2017) (The third of The Deverill Chronicles) ISBN 9781471135927
 * The Temptation of Gracie (2018) ISBN 9781471169588
 * The Secret Hours (2019) ISBN 9781471169625
 * Here and Now (2020) ISBN 9781471169694
 * Flappy Entertains (2021) ISBN 9781471197031
 * The Distant Shores (2021) (The fourth of The Deverill Chronicles) ISBN 9781398500334
 * Flappy Investigates (2023) ISBN 978-1398510760

title: Santa Montefiore


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User talk:Chickendude

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Portal:Business/Tasks Pamri • Talk 07:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Calgary Talk
Chickendude, users do not require a username to submit comments to an article discussion, and this should not be grounds for discounting their opinions. What difference does it make really? -Tyson2k 09:07, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chickendude


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Category:United States senators from West Virginia

People who have represented the state of West Virginia in the United States Senate.