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Andrea Pozzo

Andrea Pozzo (Latinized version: Andreas Puteus; 30 November 1642 – 31 August 1709) was an Italian Jesuit brother, Baroque painter, architect, decorator, stage designer, and art theoretician.

Pozzo was best known for his grandiose frescoes using the technique of quadratura to create an illusion of three-dimensional space on flat surfaces. His masterpiece is the nave ceiling of the Church of Sant'Ignazio in Rome. Through his techniques, he became one of the most noteworthy figures of the Baroque period. He is also noted for the architectural plans of Ljubljana Cathedral (1700), inspired by the designs of the Jesuit churches Il Gesù and S. Ignazio in Rome.

Early years
Born in Trento (then under Austrian rule), he studied Humanities at the local Jesuit High School. Showing artistic inclinations he was sent by his father to work with an artist; Pozzo was then 17 years old (in 1659). Judging by aspects of his early style this initial artistic training came probably from Palma il Giovane. After three years he came under the guidance of another unidentified painter from the workshop of Andrea Sacchi who appears to have taught him the techniques of Roman High Baroque. He would later travel to Como and Milan.

As a Jesuit
On 25 December 1665, he entered the Jesuit Order as a lay brother. In 1668, he was assigned to the Casa Professa of San Fidele in Milan, where his festival decorations in honour of Francis Borgia recently canonised (1671) met general approval. He continued artistic training in Genoa and Venice. His early paintings attest the influence of the Lombard School: rich colour, and graphic chiaroscuro. When he painted in Genoa the Life of Jesus for the Congregazione de' Mercanti, he was undoubtedly inspired by Peter Paul Rubens.

Early church decoration
Pozzo's artistic activity was related to the Jesuit Order's enormous artistic needs; many Jesuit churches had been built in recent decades and were devoid of painted decoration. He was frequently employed by the Jesuits to decorate churches and buildings such as their churches of Modena, Bologna and Arezzo. In 1676, he decorated the interior of San Francis Xavier church in Mondovì. In this church one can already see his later illusionistic techniques: fake gilding, bronze-coloured statues, marbled columns and a trompe-l'œil dome on a flat ceiling, peopled with foreshortened figures in architectural settings. This was his first large fresco.

In Turin (1678) Pozzo painted the ceiling of the Jesuit church of SS. Martiri. The frescoes gradually deteriorated through water infiltration. They were replaced in 1844 by new paintings by Luigi Vacca. Only fragments of the original frescoes survive.

Call to Rome
In 1681, Pozzo was called to Rome by Giovanni Paolo Oliva, Superior General of the Jesuits. Among others, Pozzo worked for Livio Odescalchi, the powerful nephew of the pope, Innocent XI. Initially he was used as a stage designer for biblical pageants, but his illusionistic paintings in perspective for these stages soon gave him a reputation as a virtuoso in wall and ceiling decorations.

The Gesù rooms
His first Roman frescoes were in the corridor linking the Church of the Gesù to the rooms where St. Ignatius had lived. His trompe-l'œil architecture and paintings depicting the Saint's life for the Camere di San Ignazio (1681–1686), blended well with already existing paintings by Giacomo Borgognone.

The St Ignatius' Church
His masterpiece, the illusory perspectives in frescoes of the dome, the apse and the ceiling of Rome's Jesuit church of Sant'Ignazio were painted between 1685–1694 and are emblematic of the dramatic conceits of High Roman Baroque. Pozzo was an unrivalled master of perspective; he used light, colour, and an architectural background as means of creating illusion. For several generations, Sant'ignazio set the standard for the decoration of Late Baroque ceiling frescos throughout Catholic Europe. Compare this work to Gaulli's masterpiece in the other major Jesuit church in Rome, Il Gesù.

The church of Sant'Ignazio had remained unfinished with bare ceilings even after its consecration in 1642. Disputes with the original donors, the Ludovisi, had prevented the completion of the planned dome. Pozzo proposed to resolve this by creating the illusion of a dome, when viewed from inside, by painting on canvas. It was impressive to viewers, but controversial; some feared the canvas would soon darken.

On the flat ceiling he painted an allegory of the Apotheosis of S. Ignatius, in breathtaking perspective. The painting, 17 m in diameter, is devised to make an observer, looking from a spot marked by a metal plate set into the floor of the nave, seem to see a lofty vaulted roof decorated by statues, while in fact the ceiling is flat. The painting celebrates the apostolic goals of Jesuit missionaries, eager to expand the reach of Roman Catholicism in other continents. The Counter-Reformation also encouraged a militant Catholicism. For example, rather than placing the usual evangelists or scholarly pillars of doctrine in the pendentives, Pozzo depicted the victorious warriors of the old testament: Judith and Holofernes; David and Goliath; Jael and Sisera; and Samson and the Philistines.

By the skilful use of linear perspective, light, and shade, he made the great barrel-vault of the nave of the church into an idealized aula from which is seen the reception of St. Ignatius into the opened heavens. Light comes from God the Father to the Son who transmits it to St. Ignatius, whence it breaks into four rays leading to the four continents. Pozzo explained that he illustrated the words of Christ in Luke: I am come to send fire on the earth, and the words of Ignatius: Go and set everything aflame. A further ray illuminates the name of Jesus. The attention to movement within a large canvas with deep perspective in the scene, including a heavenly assembly whirling above, and the presence space-enlarging illusory architecture offered an example which was copied in several Italian, Austrian, German and Central European churches of the Jesuit order.

The architecture of the trompe-l'œil dome seems to erase and raise the ceiling with such a realistic impression that it is difficult to distinguish what is real or not. Andrea Pozzo painted this ceiling and trompe-l'oeil dome on a canvas, 17 m wide. The paintings in the apse depict scenes from the life of St. Ignatius, St Francis Xavier and St Francis Borgia.

St Ignatius chapel (Gesù)
In 1695 he was given the prestigious commission, after winning a competition against Sebastiano Cipriani and Giovanni Battista Origone, for an altar in the St. Ignatius chapel in the left transept of the Church of the Gesù. This grandiose altar above the tomb of the saint, built with rare marbles and precious metals, shows the Trinity, while four lapis lazuli columns (these are now copies) enclose the colossal statue of the saint by Pierre Legros. It was the coordinated work of more than 100 sculptors and craftsmen, among them Pierre Legros, Bernardino Ludovisi, Il Lorenzone and Jean-Baptiste Théodon. Andrea Pozzo also designed the altar in the Chapel of St Francesco Borgia in the same church.

Altars in St Ignatius church
In 1697 he was asked to build similar Baroque altars with scenes from the life of St Ignatius in the apse of the Sant'Ignazio church in Rome. These altars house the relics of St. Aloysius Gonzaga and of St. John Berchmans.

Other works of art
Meanwhile he continued painting frescoes and illusory domes in Turin, Mondovì, Modena, Montepulciano and Arezzo. In 1681 he was asked by Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany to paint his self-portrait for the ducal collection (now in the Uffizi in Florence). This oil on canvas has become a most original self-portrait. It shows the painter in a diagonal pose, showing with his right index finger his illusionist easel painting (a trompe-l'œil dome, perhaps of the Badia church in Arezzo) while his left hand rests on three books (probably alluding to his not-yet published treatises on perspective). The painting was sent to the duke in 1688. He also painted scenes from the life of St Stanislaus Kostka in the saint's rooms of the Jesuit novitiate of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale in Rome. He also painted the high altar painting of the Parish Church of Saint Michael in Brixen (known for its White Tower) which depicts Michael’s fight with Lucifer. In 1699 he delivered the plans for the Jesuit Collegium Ragusinum in the Republic of Ragusa, now Dubrovnik.

In 1702 Pozzo painted a cupola on canvas for the Badia delle Sante Flora e Lucilla in Arezzo.

In Vienna
In 1694 Andrea Pozzo had explained his illusory techniques in a letter to Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein and ambassador of Emperor Leopold I to the Papal Court in Rome. Recommended by Prince Liechtenstein to the emperor, Andrea Pozzo, on the invitation of Leopold I, moved in 1702 (1703?) to Vienna. There he worked for the sovereign, the court, Prince Johann Adam von Liechtenstein, and various religious orders and churches, such as the frescoes and the trompe-l'œil dome in the Jesuit Church. Some of his tasks were of a decorative, occasional character (church and theatre scenery), and these were soon destroyed.

His most significant surviving work in Vienna is the monumental ceiling fresco of the Hercules Hall of the Liechtenstein garden palace (1707), an Admittance of Hercules to Olympus, which, according to the sources, was very admired by contemporaries. Through illusionistic effects, the architectural painting starts unfolding at the border of the ceiling, while the ceiling seems to open up into a heavenly realm filled with Olympian gods.

Some of his Viennese altarpieces have also survived (Vienna's Jesuit church). His compositions of altarpieces and illusory ceiling frescoes had a strong influence on the Baroque art in Vienna. He also had many followers in Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Poland. His canvases show him to be a far less compelling a painter at close inspection.

Death
Pozzo died in Vienna in 1709 at a moment when he intended to return to Italy to design a new Jesuit church in Venice. He was buried with great honours in one of his best realisations, the Jesuit church in Vienna. Agostino Collaceroni was also a pupil.

Family
Pozzo's brother, Giuseppe Pozzo, a Discalced Carmelite friar in Venice, was also a painter. He decorated the high altar of the church of the Scalzi in that city during the last years of the 17th century.

Writing and architecture
Pozzo published his artistic ideas in a noted theoretical work, entitled Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum (2 volumes, 1693, 1698) illustrated with 118 engravings, dedicated to emperor Leopold I. In it he offered instruction in painting architectural perspectives and stage-sets. The work was one of the earliest manuals on perspective for artists and architects and went into many editions, even into the 19th century, and has been translated from the original Latin and Italian into numerous languages such as French, German, English and, Chinese thanks to Pozzo's Jesuit connection.

There are a few architectural designs in Pozzo's book Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum, indicating that he did not make any designs before 1690. These designs were not realized, but the design for the S. Apollinare church in Rome was used for the Jesuit church of San Francesco Saverio (1700–1702) in Trento. The interior of this church was equally designed by Pozzo.

Between 1701 and 1702, Pozzo designed the Jesuit churches of San Bernardo and Chiesa del Gesù in Montepulciano, but his plans for the last church were only partly realized.

title: Andrea Pozzo


text: User talk:195.188.141.162

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:195.188.141.162


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Talk:Secondary education in the United States

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This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Katchyaa.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2018 and 28 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wblai1.

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 8 June 2021 and 30 July 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Laallen2. Peer reviewers: Rcantoin, Gilewis1217.

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Abadiño

Abadiño (Abadiño; Abadiano) is a town located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the north of Spain, about 35 km from the provincial capital of Bilbao. The area of the municipality is about 36 km2 and according to the 2014 census, the population is 7504. The original name of the town was Abadiano Celayeta.

Geography
Abadiño is located on the N-636 road a few kilometres to the southeast of Durango in the province of Biscay in northern Spain. The town is in a broad valley formed by the Ibaizabal and Urkiola Rivers. Livestock farming is practised here on the flat valley floor, and to the south the land rises to form the Urkiola mountain range. The lower slopes are clad in natural woodland of oak, beech and pine, and the higher parts consist of limestone peaks with gullies, cliffs and caves and are included in the Urkiola Natural Park.

Tourism
The town of Abadiño has a number of historic buildings. The Muntsaratz Tower is a good example of ninth century Renaissance architecture. The Sanctuary of San Antonio is a church inside the Urkiola Natural Park. The Astola Manor House was one of the political and administrative centres of the Merindad de Durango region. It was purchased by the Merindad in 1576 and was subsequently used as a courthouse, as the residency of the local lieutenant, as the local gaol and as the district archive. The Gederiaga Complex is on a hill overlooking the town and includes the Chapel of San Salvador. This was an ancient "oath chapel" in which general assemblies of the authorities of Merindad de Durango valley were held; there are twelve stone seats arranged in a semicircle, and nearby is a sandstone cross in the Renaissance and Gothic style dating from 1633, part of a series of crosses in the district.

There are hiking trails, mountain bike riding and horse riding facilities near the town. There are several festivals, the main one being that of the patron saint, Santo Domingo. This takes place on May 12 and the succeeding days and there is much music and dancing in the town. The Festival of San Blas takes place on February 3, and at this event there is a livestock fair. Another festival, that of San Antonio, is celebrated on June 13 near his sanctuary in Urkiola.

Notable people

 * Athletic Bilbao players Ustaritz Aldekoaotalora and Ander Iturraspe were born in Abadiño.

title: Abadiño


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L&YR Class 23

The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) Class 23 is a class of steam locomotive. Their main use was for shunting and for short-trip freight working.

Construction
The Class 23 locomotives were initially built in 1876-87 by L&Y locomotive superintendent Barton Wright as a class of 280 0-6-0 tender engines. 230 of these were rebuilt as saddle tanks at Horwich Works by Aspinall between 1891 and 1900.

Ownership changes
The class was long-lived, with the first engine being withdrawn in 1926 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the last surviving in use until 1964 with British Railways London Midland Region. 101 were in service at Nationalisation, 20 still in service in 1961.

Preservation
One locomotive, L&YR 752 (LMS 11456 but sold into colliery service in 1937), is preserved by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust, having been acquired by the NCB for continued operation and as of October 2019 could move under its own steam despite overhaul being incomplete. This progressed at the East Lancashire Railway in Bury using primarily their resources in close cooperation with the current owners of 752. The locomotive was featured on an episode of the television programme "Steam Train Britain" which showed the locomotive under rebuild. Since January 2020 752 has temporarily carried the early British Railways livery as 51456 had it not been sold to industry, and featured in various events in steam before a complete public relaunch in the East Lancashire Railway Gala event on March 6 to 8 2020.

A sister locomotive, L&YR Class 25 no. 957, an as built-in original tender configuration, was also bought for preservation in 1959 and has been based at the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway since 1965.

title: L&YR Class 23


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Association of Independent Professionals and the Self-Employed

The Association of Independent Professionals and the Self-Employed (IPSE) is a British not-for-profit organisation. It was established in 1999 as the Professional Contractors Group, a protest group against the IR35 tax statute. Later, it expanded its responsibilities to cover the wider interests of freelance consultants and contractors as a representative body for freelancing in the UK. It is a company limited by guarantee, owned and run by its members. In September 2014 the PCG changed its name to IPSE, and increased its constituency to the entirety of Britain's 4.3 million freelance and self-employed workers.

Issues on which IPSE (formerly PCG) has campaigned

 * IR35: PCG challenged this legislation with a Judicial Review and continues to lobby for its replacement. In November 2010 Chris Bryce, then Chairman of PCG, took up a seat on the consultative committee of the small business taxation group of the Office of Tax Simplification.
 * S660A: PCG took the first test case (Arctic Systems) on this issue - the admissibility of husband-and-wife businesses for tax purposes - through the courts and won. It continues to lobby government against changes aimed at restoring HMRC’s interpretation of the statute.
 * Managed Service Company legislation: PCG campaigned to ensure that the legislation was not unfairly applied to companies outside the intended target.
 * IR591: In his Pre-Budget Report of 2003, Gordon Brown announced plans for a new tax measure aimed at freelance contractors, but did not publish any details for consultation. PCG lobbied the government extensively and launched a public campaign: the resulting measure, a 19% corporation tax rate for firms with profits of less than £50,000 and the abolition of the zero starting rate introduced a couple of years previously, was the "least worst" of all possible outcomes.
 * Agency Regulations: in 2002 the government introduced a set of regulations covering all workers who acquire work via recruitment agencies. PCG negotiated successfully to secure an opt-out from the regulations for contractors.
 * Software patents: although not an IT specific organisation, PCG responded to the concern expressed by its members in IT at the proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, commonly referred to as the software patents directive. As the UK’s IT bodies were all in favour of software patents, PCG campaigned against the directive. The European Parliament rejected the directive on 6 July 2005.
 * Work permits: from 2000, the IT contracting market became depressed, yet the government still listed IT as an area in which skills shortage existed and therefore gave prioritised entry to the UK for IT workers from overseas. Lobbying by PCG led to IT being removed from the skills shortage list in 2002.
 * Offshoring: PCG has undertaken the first empirical study of the effects of offshoring (whereby a company’s IT services, for instance, are performed by a service provider in another country), which suggests that the cost benefits promised on paper often fail to materialise in practice. PCG is campaigning on this issue because the UK’s IT bodies do not see it as a problem, although it is increasingly also becoming an issue in other sectors represented by PCG.
 * Abuse of the intra-company transfer rules by major corporations in the UK. The PCG alleged that some companies are misusing the immigration rules that allow company employees to enter the UK. A campaign website (www.ictabuse.org.uk) has been set up to explain the allegations in detail.
 * Encouraging the use of Freelance workers within industry. PCG run a campaign to promote the use of freelance workers called Britain's Brain Gain.

Member services
IPSE offers its members a range of services as part of its membership package. These include:

 * Tax and legal helplines
 * Insurance cover against disputes with Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs
 * Access to members-only discussion forums
 * Standard template contracts
 * Extensive guidance documents on IR35, S660A, agency regulations and how to go about setting up as a freelance contractor

In addition, IPSE runs a number of schemes for the benefit of its members, including an Approved Contract Scheme whereby agencies who offer contacts that are sound both commercially and from a tax perspective are marked as PCG approved.

Structure of IPSE
The Chairman and Directors of IPSE are responsible for the organisation's strategic direction. IPSE's executive team look after the day-to-day operations of the organisation. The elected Consultative Council (CC) elects six Directors from the membership. Directors serve a maximum of two terms of three years.

A 30-person strong Consultative Council (CC) forms the advisory body of IPSE; it consists of IPSE members elected by the IPSE membership. Council members serve a maximum of two three-year terms with a term limit of two terms; terms must be separated by a period of at least three years. One third of council members are elected each year. The council annually elects candidates to the non-executive Board of Directors from a list of nominated IPSE members. IPSE's staff are accountable to this board.


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Edward Hudson (dentist)

Edward Hudson (1743 – 4 October 1821) was an Irish dentist, born in Castlemartyr, County Cork, Ireland.

Biography
Hudson was an eminent dentist, at a time when dentistry was still very much a fledgling practice. He created a "Preservative and other Dentifrices" for the bettering of dental hygiene during his time as a dentist.

Edward Hudson lived and practiced in Grafton Street, Dublin, and latterly lived at The Hermitage in Rathfarnham, Dublin (known in Edward's time as Fields of Odin, and subsequently as St. Enda's). This grand building on the outskirts of Dublin is now the home of the Pearse Museum, which celebrates the life of Patrick Pearse.

During his time at The Hermitage, Hudson built several ruins along the edge of the grounds, which remain to this day. The ruins were deliberately built as such from new, using rough stone to create the impression that they had existed for many years. These include a small Watchtower (fortification), a hermit's cave, a dolmen and a ruined abbey.

Amongst other vocations, Hudson was a director of the Grand Canal of Ireland, a scientific experimenter and philosopher, and a publisher of several anonymous scientific and political treatises.

Hudson was the uncle of Robert Blake, the first State Dentist of Ireland, who was inspired to become a Dentist by his uncle. Edward's son Henry Philerin Hudson subsequently succeeded Dr Blake as State Dentist.

In addition to his residences in Dublin, Hudson also owned The Manor in Glenville, County Cork, which he purchased sometime between 1776 and 1788. Edward Hudson is buried in Glenville Churchyard, along with other members of the Hudson family including his son William Elliott Hudson, the composer and collector of ancient Irish music.

It was Hudson's wish that when buried, his grave in the small churchyard at Glenville would be covered by:

 * "a hollow cone or Pyramid [...] for the purporse of performing therein my invented experiments on the Pendulum for elucidating the Phenomena and motions of Comets, Planets and Satellites; also my new theory of the Pendulum and that of falling bodies & many other things [...]"

Sadly, such a cone was never built, and the £500 left for this purpose must have gone to an alternative use.

Published works

 * Hudson, Edward (anonymous — dedication signed "A Patrician"; (1788). Ode on St Cecilia’s Birthday, J. Jones, Dublin.

title: Edward Hudson (dentist)


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Bothey

 Bothey (Bôtè) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Gembloux, located in the province of Namur, Belgian.

Bothey was its own municipality until the fusion of the Belgian municipalities in 1977 when it merged with Gembloux.

History
Along with the hamlet of Villeret, the village of Bothey and a stream that connected them, were on the extreme left wing of the Prussian army at the Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815. Bothey remained in Prussian hands throughout the battle.

title: Bothey


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Talk:Energy-momentum tensor (general relativity)/to do

 * Discuss energy-conservation in more detail than on maths of GR page; energy-momentum complex, pseudotensors, Bel-Robinson tensor.
 * Possible types (algebraic) and physical interpretation.
 * Status of exotic matter in GR and what it means for the EM tensor.
 * Link to QM.


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Abraham Maimonides

Abraham Maimonides (אברהם בן רמב"ם; also known as Rabbeinu Avraham ben ha-Rambam, and Avraham Maimuni, June 13, 1186 – December 7, 1237) was the son of Maimonides and succeeded his father as nagid of the Egyptian Jewish community.

Biography
Avraham was born in Fustat in the Ayyubid-ruled Egypt near Cairo when his father was fifty-one years old. The boy was "modest, highly refined and unusually good natured"; he was also noted for his brilliant intellect and even while a youth became known as a great scholar. When his father died in 1204 at the age of sixty-nine, and Avraham was only nineteen, Avraham was recognised as the greatest scholar in his community. Thus, he succeeded Rambam as Nagid (head of the Egyptian Jews), as well as in the office of court physician, at the age of only eighteen. (The office of nagid was held by the Maimonides family for four successive generations until the end of the 14th century). After his appointment, the family of Sar Shalom ben Moses (a bitter rival of Maimonides) attempted to undermine his power by falsely claiming that he attempted to Islamize the synagogue liturgy.

Avraham greatly honored the memory of his father, and defended his writings and works against all critics. Due to his influence, a large Egyptian Karaite community became Rabbinical Jews. Yemenite Jews are known to have maintained contact with Avraham while he served as head of the Jewish community in Egypt, sending to him some thirteen questions relating to halakha, to which questions he replied in his own succinct way.

Works
Abraham's best-known work is his Milhamoth ha-Shem ("The Book of the Wars for God"), in which he answers the critics of his father's philosophical doctrines expressed in The Guide for the Perplexed. He had initially avoided entering the controversy over his father's writings, however, when he heard of the alleged burning of his father's books in Montpellier in 1235, he compiled the Milhamot HaShem, which he addressed to the Hachmei Provence. His principal work is entitled "A Comprehensive Guide for the Servants of God". From the extant surviving portion it is conjectured that Maimuni's treatise was three times as long as his father's Guide for the Perplexed. In the book, Maimuni evinces a great appreciation of and affinity for Sufism (Islamic mysticism). Followers of his path continued to foster a Jewish-Sufi form of pietism for at least a century, and he is rightly considered the founder of this pietistic school.

His other works include an exegesis on the Torah, of which only his commentaries on Genesis and Exodus are now extant, as well as commentaries on parts of his father's Mishneh Torah and on various tractates of the Talmud. He also wrote a work on Halakha (Jewish law), combined with philosophy and ethics (also in Judeo-Arabic, and arranged after his father's Mishneh Torah), as well as a book of Questions & Responsa, more commonly known as Sefer Birkat Avraham. His "Discourse on the Sayings of the Rabbis" - discussing aggadah - is often quoted.

He also authored various medical works.

title: Abraham Maimonides


text: User talk:81.148.42.247

title: User talk:81.148.42.247


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Jalan Besar Group Representation Constituency

Jalan Besar Group Representation Constituency is a four-member Group Representation Constituency composed of several city suburbs along with the Central Area of Singapore. The Jalan Besar GRC is the electoral division representing the largest area of the downtown city centre of Singapore, followed by Tanjong Pagar GRC. There are four wards in the GRC: Kreta Ayer-Kim Seng, Kolam Ayer, Whampoa and lastly Kampong Glam managed by Jalan Besar Town Council. The current Members of Parliament are Denise Phua, Wan Rizal Wan Zakariah, Josephine Teo and Heng Chee How from the People's Action Party (PAP).

History
It is named after Jalan Besar, a street in Singapore that forms this GRC's centrepiece. The street itself is within the Kallang planning area, Kallang itself being part of this GRC. The GRC encompasses several heritage areas, including Little India, Desker Road, Kolam Ayer and Crawford in the North. Kreta Ayer-Kim Seng itself includes the Singapore River, Chinatown and Bukit Ho Swee.

During 1988 general election, the three-member PAP team led by Lee Boon Yang won the election with 62.68% of the votes against the WP with 37.32% of the votes.

Jalan Besar GRC has been contested by the opposition at every election, except 1991.

During 1997 general election, the four-member PAP team led by Lee Boon Yang won the election with 67.55% of the votes against the WP with 32.45% of the votes.

During 2001 general election, the five-member PAP team led by Lee Boon Yang won the election with 74.49% of the votes against the SDA led by Desmond Lim with 25.51% of the votes.

During 2006 general election, the five-member PAP team led by Lee Boon Yang won the election with 69.26% of the votes against the SDA with 30.74% of the votes.

Jalan Besar GRC was dissolved ahead of the 2011 elections and along with Moulmein from Tanjong Pagar GRC to form Moulmein–Kallang Group Representation Constituency while a majority of the Kreta Ayer–Kim Seng and Whampoa were redrawn into Tanjong Pagar GRC and as a SMC, respectively.

However, its GRC were again reformed one parliamentary term later in 2015 Singaporean general election, where changes made from a majority of the GRC were reversed, while the Jalan Besar division was dissolved into other wards.

In 2015 Singaporean general election, the four-member PAP team led by Lily Neo won the election with 67.75% of the votes while WP got 32.25% of the votes.

In 2020 general election, the four-member PAP team led by Josephine Teo won the election with 65.36% of the votes while the Peoples Voice led by Lim Tean obtained 34.64% of the votes.

Members of Parliament
Choo resigned before being charged and convicted in 1999 for cheating offences. However, no by-election was called on the ground since it was a Group Representation Constituency, and the workload for the Whampoa ward was distributed among the rest of the team.


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User talk:Sam Mclean

Sam Mclean is a hero of old. He was concieved when his father (a giant griffin) told a young farm girl that he would give her about nintendollars if she pulled his finger and bang! pretty much the greatest guy ever

title: User talk:Sam Mclean


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IR35

IR35 is the United Kingdom's anti-avoidance tax legislation, the intermediaries legislation contained in Chapter 8 of Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003. The legislation is designed to tax 'disguised' employment at a rate similar to employment. In this context, "disguised employees" means workers who receive payments from a client via an intermediary, i.e. their own limited company, and whose relationship with their client is such that had they been paid directly they would be employees of the client.

Under Chapter 8, the worker of the limited company is responsible for assessing their IR35 status under the rules and paying the appropriate National Insurance and Income Tax to HMRC.

New legislation was introduced on 6 April 2017 (Chapter 10 Income Tax (Earnings & Pensions) Act 2003) to make public sector organisations responsible for assessing whether an individual providing services for their organisation on a contract basis fell under IR35 rules, and for paying the National Insurance and Income tax to HMRC where relevant.

These rules (referred to as the off-payroll working rules) were extended to apply to private sector businesses that were classed as medium or large per the Companies Act 2006 as of 6 April 2021. This led to some lorry drivers deciding to retire, and thus contributed to the shortfall of lorry drivers in the UK.

In the September 2022 United Kingdom mini-budget it was announced that the 2017 and 2021 reforms to IR35 would be repealed, at a cost of £6.19 billion over 5 years. On 17 October 2022 however, the newly appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, Jeremy Hunt, announced that the repeal would not go ahead and Chapter 10 would remain in place.

Background and context
In 1999, as part of that year's Budget, the UK's Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, announced that measures would be introduced to counter tax avoidance by the use of so-called "personal service companies". Properly known as the "Intermediaries Legislation", it is more commonly referred to by the consecutively numbered Inland Revenue (now HMRC) budget press release number 35 in which it was announced (i.e. the 35th Inland Revenue news release of that budget ), titled Countering Avoidance in the Provision of Personal Services. The press release was issued on 9 March 1999, the same day as the Chancellor of the Exchequer's Budget Statement.

IR35 came into force throughout the UK in April 2000. Although it was part of that year's Finance Act and was not law at the start of the Financial Year, the Act backdated its commencement to 6 April 2000. The legislation has been consolidated in the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 and in the Statutory Instrument Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/727. The Finance Act 2017 implements changes in the process for determining the amount of Income Tax and National Insurance to be deducted.

Before IR35 was introduced, workers who owned their own limited companies were allowed to receive payments from clients directly to the company and to use the company revenue as would any small company. Company profits could be distributed as dividends, which are not subject to National Insurance payments. Workers could also save tax by splitting ownership of the company with family members in order to place income in lower tax bands. (This latter practice was recommended by government publications advising on setting up family businesses, but attacked as tax fraud by other government departments, notably the Treasury. It came under a separate, ultimately unsuccessful attack in 2007, see S660A.) Professional advisors now do not recommend that family members should be allocated shares in the company unless they perform a significant role in the business (not just bookkeeping).

On 20 May 2010, the new Liberal Democrat/Conservative coalition government's Programme for Government announced a commitment to "review IR 35, as part of a wholesale review of all small business taxation, and seek to replace it with simpler measures that prevent tax avoidance but do not place undue administrative burdens or uncertainty on the self-employed, or restrict labour market flexibility." On 10 March 2011 the Office of Tax Simplification recommended that the Treasury should suspend IR35 or compel HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) to make changes to its implementation until wider structural reform to integrate Income Tax and NIC is introduced. After that, the Chancellor announced the Government would keep IR35 'as is' during Budget 2011, but with changes to HMRC administration and to create a new IR35 Forum. This IR35 Forum has achieved little since it was created and there appears to be little interest in the published monthly meeting minutes.

Historically, it had been advantageous for the owners of small limited companies to take all of their wages in one month, thereby only incurring NI contributions once (up to the monthly ceiling) instead of paying a regular contribution every month like most employees. This ploy had been circumvented some years prior to the introduction of IR35 by imposing NI on the total annual income of directors as if it were spread over the year, even if only paid by one payment. The increased usage of dividend payments instead of wages was partly a reaction to this change. An additional sense of grievance felt by those who were driven to incorporate, for whatever reason, was the large disparity between the National Insurance burden on companies and employees (>20% if the employer's contribution is included) and that imposed on the self-employed.

The stated aim of the measure was to prevent workers from setting up limited companies via which they would work effectively as employees, but saving on Income Tax and National Insurance. The so-called "Friday to Monday" scenario, that it was possible for a worker to leave a job on Friday and return on Monday to be doing the same work for the same company, but as a contractor via their own limited company paying a dividend as opposed to earnings which would incur less Income Tax and no payment of National Insurance and was cited in the press release as the anomaly being corrected. In such a scenario, HM Revenue and Customs would be allowed to "look through" the contractual arrangement between the worker's company and the client company and to formulate a "hypothetical contract" which showed that the worker was a "disguised employee". Case law - judge Malachy Cornwell-Kelly has observed that there is "considerable case law on this subject" - refers to the exercise of formulating such a contract as a "statutory hypothesis":"the legislation enacts a statutory hypothesis and asks one to suppose that the services in question were provided under a contract made directly between the client … and the worker …. If that hypothetical contract would be regarded for income tax purposes as a contract of employment (or service), the legislation will apply. Conversely, if the hypothetical contract would not be so regarded, the legislation will not apply." The fee paid to the worker's company would then be taxed as a salary. Normal employment status rules should be applied when considering IR35 status and the view of HM Revenue and Customs can be successfully challenged.

In reality, the majority of one-person limited companies have to operate through an agency. This means that the agency has a contractual agreement with their client to supply an individual. The agency then has a contract with the one-person limited company to supply the services. The responsibility for determining and deducting the correct rates of Income Tax and National Insurance lies with the worker or company but under the Finance Act 2017, where a public authority engages the worker, the responsibility for making this determination and deducting the correct amounts transfers to the public authority for payments made on or after 6 April 2017.

The term "personal service company" is not defined in law, but it is used by the UK government to refer to "someone who works through their own limited company" as opposed to someone who is self-employed and pays Class 2 and Class 4 National Insurance.

Support
The main arguments adduced in favour of IR35 are that:
 * there are clearly cases of "Friday to Monday" — leaving on Friday as an employee and returning on Monday to the same job as a hired consultant — which would be considered to be avoiding the payment of the correct Income Tax and National Insurance;
 * it is unfair that two workers performing the same tasks should pay different rates of Income Tax and National Insurance when there is no difference between their working arrangements; and
 * the personal service company pays Corporation Tax on the dividends paid to the disguised worker operating through his personal service company and is considerably lower than personal Income Tax. Dividends do not attract National Insurance so therefore the worker would pay no National Insurance.

The argument about workers doing the same tasks and paying the same tax is one that has often been used, but it has no basis in law. The type of work being done is irrelevant, and only the nature of the relationship between workers and hirer is examined in the courts.

The dividend tax regime was changed in April 2016, pretty much wiping out the tax advantage for contractors, who now pay roughly the same amount of tax as an employee when considering the corporation tax and dividend taxes combined. The remaining issue for Government is that hirers do not pay employers NI of 13.8% when hiring the self-employed.

Criticism
IR35 has been strongly criticised by several bodies, including former Ernst & Young tax partner Anne Redston.

Some of the key criticisms levelled at the measure include: In May 2017, NHS Improvement backtracked on previous guidance that all NHS agency and locum workers would be included in the IR35 taxation laws. The new guidance stated that NHS organisations should assess workers on a "case by case basis". This u-turn was in response to an exchange under the pre-action protocol of Judicial Review by IHPA (then known as the Locum Doctors Union). Many NHS locums such as nurses, physiotherapists and doctors below consultant level in the NHS are automatically deemed to be employees, a practice which has attracted strong criticism from the industry as reportedly unlawful and is at odds with numerous judgments in which courts have found doctors to be self-employed. There has also been significant criticism of blanket approaches in national newspapers - both in terms of the lawfulness of the practice and asserting that it is driving workers into loan schemes. Many workers in the social services sector also supply their services through their own limited companies which would be considered disguised employment by HMRC if the circumstances were such that a court might consider the arrangement akin to employment.
 * IR35 does not achieve its stated aim of taxing those within IR35 at the same level as employees since those within IR35 also pay Employers' NI in addition to Employees NI. This results in higher levels of tax being paid by those within IR35.
 * Its complexity and its harmful impact on many small companies that exist for reasons other than tax avoidance or evasion. These include many companies owned by IT professionals, who often have many short-term contracts rather than one steady engagement.
 * That its effects extend far beyond the Friday to Monday scenario envisaged in the original press release, which indeed has never been discussed much since.
 * IR35 ignores the risk taken on by freelance workers, e.g. no guarantee of work, no sickness or pension benefits.
 * Each contract that the Intermediary company undertakes is viewed separately, which means that one contract with client A could be considered disguised employment and a contract with client B considered to be non-employment. HMRC is reluctant to give an opinion on a contract at the time of signing the agreement on the basis that the actual working terms and conditions, in reality, could be considerably different from the terms of the agreement.
 * Many contracts between the Intermediary company and the client company are generic and rarely go into the details of the actual nature of the work to be undertaken and the working arrangements between the two parties.
 * That it is unjust that workers in small family businesses should be taxed as if they were employed by their clients, yet not receive any of the legal, state, and other benefits received by "normal" employees.
 * HMRC requires the Intermediary company to state whether it is inside or outside IR35 on the annual P35 declaration leaving the company with the responsibility to engage an expert to decide the company's tax liability.
 * Many businesses now feed off these Intermediary companies promising that they will help negotiate an IR35-friendly contract, however, it is not just the contract that HMRC considers but the actual working arrangements between the worker and the client business.
 * There is little evidence that it raises any significant amount of money.
 * It renders small businesses uncompetitive with large consultancies and encourages the use of off-shoring avoidance schemes, most of which HMRC now pretends they have closed, leaving the worker with a huge tax bill. Umbrella scheme arrangements remain commonplace in 2021, as shown in multi-media adverts in airports and the like.
 * The calculation of a "deemed payment" under the legislation is considered very complex: the calculation involves 11 separate stages, some of which are recursively dependent on others.
 * The introduction of IR35 combined with its complexity and ambiguity, led many freelancers into a number of Tax Planning schemes that led to a further loss of revenue to HMRC; however over the recent years these tax planning schemes have been closed down by HMRC.
 * From April 2020 to April 2021 the vast majority of corporates shifted the self-employed from contracts onto fixed-term PAYE contracts as they decided that the risk of an HMRC investigation on their use of contractors/temporary workers was too great. This has resulted in further tax revenue losses as Employer NICs have been taken off many temporary worker's PAYE contracts in addition to the VAT and Corporation Tax loss to The Revenue.

Effectiveness
It is hard to judge the effectiveness of the legislation since as of 2010 HMRC has not published any figures. On 6 January 2004 Dawn Primarolo was asked in Parliament how many investigations under the IR35 regulation have (a) been initiated, (b) resulted in additional revenue, and (c) been concluded without securing additional revenue. In a written answer she replied that it was not possible with any accuracy to isolate data relating solely to this legislation.

On 15 June 2009 in the House of Commons Labour MP Terry Rooney (Bradford North) asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer "how many investigations concerning IR35 were launched in each of the last five years; and how many of them resulted in (a) prosecution, (b) an increase in tax due and (c) no further action". Kitty Ussher speaking for the Chancellor replied, "The intermediaries legislation, commonly known as 'IR35', was introduced with effect from 6 April 2000 to counter the avoidance of employed levels of tax and national insurance by individuals providing their services through intermediaries. Disclosure of HM Revenue and Customs compliance data relating to the legislation would result in a risk of non-compliance with the legislation. Accordingly, I am not able to provide the data requested." The July 2009 issue of IT Now, the British Computer Society magazine, reported that between April 2002 and March 2008 the Government had raised £9.2 million under IR35 legislation compared to the £220 million that was initially expected.

Revenue raised
The initial regulatory impact assessment for IR35 in 1999 stated that HMRC expected the measure to generate £220 million per year in National Insurance contributions and a further £80 million in income tax.

On 6 Jan 2004 Dawn Primarolo was asked by the Shadow Paymaster General Mark Prisk MP about additional revenue secured from investigations under IR35. She replied that "Establishing whether or not the intermediaries legislation applies is undertaken as part of the Inland Revenue's Employer Compliance Review programme. As such it is not possible with any accuracy to isolate data relating solely to this legislation." She gave a similar answer when asked about administration and employment costs.

In May 2009 the Professional Contractors Group received a reply to a request under the Freedom of Information Act to HMRC, asking just how much tax revenue IR35 had in fact raised for the exchequer. The FOI reply revealed that in the tax years 2002/03 to 2007/08, IR35 directly raised just £9.2 million. This equates to an average of around only £1.5 million per tax year, less than 1% of the expected amount. It is not clear whether this includes the NI contribution, or is just income tax.

In September 2011 a Freedom of Information Act request revealed that the number of cases reviewed had fallen from 158 (year ending April 2007) to 12 in the year ending April 2010 and 23 in the year ending April 2011. The same document also gives the "tax yield received for the requested years" as having fallen from £1,906,619 to £219,180. No details are given for the costs of the investigations or the costs of collecting the tax. It is not clear whether this figure relates to the revenue raised from investigations or the total revenue from IR35. No figures were given for the cost of administrating the tax, or the cost of the investigations.

Public sector reform
Until April 2017, it was the responsibility of a contractor's limited company (PSC) to deal with the process of determining the IR35 status (separately, for any and all labour-only contracts that the PSC had entered into). Any associated Tax and NI liability fell on the PSC. However, in the Chancellor's Autumn Statement in 2016, the government intimated that it would reform what it calls the "Intermediary Legislation".

On 6 April 2017, a reform of the IR35 was introduced by HMRC in the public sector. It became the responsibility of the public authorities employing contractors to determine the contractor's employment status for tax purposes. The reform was introduced by HMRC to "ensure that individuals who work through their own company pay broadly equivalent taxes as employees, where they would be employed if they were taken on directly". An online tool (known as "CEST": Check Employment Status for Tax) was made available by HMRC to enable workers or employers to determine employment status for tax purposes. A revised version of the tool was issued in November 2019 following a stakeholder consultation exercise.

CEST has received some criticism in that the contractual concept of "mutuality of obligation" does not figure within the CEST assessment. HMRC defended the exclusion of mutuality of obligation (or MOO) as a factor in its IR35 Forum meeting with industry representatives on 11 December 2017, arguing that it could be assumed that anyone using CEST was already aware of a contractual obligation being in place.

HMRC estimated it raised an additional £550m in income tax and National Insurance Contributions in the first year following the introduction of the reform.

Private sector reform
HMRC estimated the cost of non-compliance with the IR35 legislation in the private sector to be £1.2bn annually by 2022/23. It announced the extension of the IR35 reform to medium and large companies in the private sector and charities, applicable from 6 April 2020. The end client was given responsibility for assessing whether the person was an employee. This was irrespective of whether there were one or more intermediaries between the worker and the end client. The end client was also made responsible for paying lost National Insurance if they made an incorrect assessment.

On 17 March 2020, it was announced that the reform to the private sector would be postponed to 6 April 2021 due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The reforms became effective on 6 April 2021.

Section 8(1) Decisions
National Insurance Regulations state that only 'The Minister' can make determinations of status, of the sort that are required to establish IR35 liability. Therefore a PSC is entitled to ask for a Section 8(1) decision, where it is unable to agree on IR35 liability with HMRC. The obstacle to this remains that HMRC has created no process whereby a Section8(1) decision can be requested. The legislation can be found at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/727?timeline=false.

Anyone who uses HMRC's "CEST" tool, and finds that the status of their contract cannot be determined could seek a Section 8(1) determination, and request acknowledgment that they have made such a request. This would protect them from any later suggestion that they have not taken due care in establishing IR35 status.

title: IR35


text:
Elantxobe

Elantxobe is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

History
The town emerged in 1524 as a fishing port. It gaining some importance in the 17th century as a defensive location on the Biscayan coast, which is currently used as a marina. Until 1858 it was a neighbourhood of the nearby municipality of Ibarrangelu. The town celebrates the festival of its patron, San Nicolás de Bari, on 6 December.

title: Elantxobe


text:
Talk:Dymi, Achaea

Kalamaki
Kalamaki is listed as a nearby town in the article. I would be grateful if someone could advise whether it refers to either of the places listed on our page or another place. I would be grateful if you could provide references and leave me a message on my talk page. Capitalistroadster 10:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dymi, Achaea


text:
User talk:John Kell

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 10:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:John Kell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vadim Repin

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy keep DES (talk) 17:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Vadim Repin
Non-notable artist. Jake013 10:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. You play a Stradivarius, you've done something right. Anville 10:51, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy keep, bad-faith nom from a user who seems to have a vendetta against violinists (a violist, perhaps)? --Angr/undefined 10:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. -- Kjkolb 11:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. — J I P | Talk 12:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep, and someone please stop User:Jake013 now. -- Egil 12:27, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. I wrote this article because I'd come across so many mentions of Repin in the press it was clear we needed one for him. Chick Bowen 15:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. According to article, he has made several albums meaning he meets WP:music. User Jake013 should study these guidelines carefully before making further nominations. BTW is there an admin passing by who can close this vote. Capitalistroadster 16:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:FriseIntense

Image:Tweek.jpg
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Thanks in advance. Rob Church Talk 10:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:FriseIntense


text: User talk:212.219.41.150

title: User talk:212.219.41.150


text:
User:JohnDBuell/Doonesbury Character Chronology

List of Doonesbury Characters and their milestone appearances:

 * Note: This applies to appearances in the comic strip Doonesbury only, with appearances since the strip's debut on 26 October 1970 and does not apply to the strip's forerunner.

Michael Doonesbury
Full name given as Michael James Doonesbury in Doonesbury: A Musical Comedy
 * First appearance: 26 October 1970

B.D.
Full name revealed to be Brian John Dowling (that of his real life namesake), in Doonesbury: A Musical Comedy

 * First appearance, wearing a white helmet with a star (the star is later revealed to be green): 26 October 1970
 * Becomes a third-string quarterback for the Los Angeles Rams, now wears that team's helmet: 12 December 1984
 * Returns to wearing his Walden College helmet: 3 August 1987
 * Retires from professional sports: 16 August 1987
 * Called up for the first Persian Gulf War: 5 September 1990
 * Changes helmet to desert camouflage: 10 September 1990
 * Field promoted to Sergeant:
 * Returns home from first Gulf War: 6 May 1991
 * Marries Boopsie: 20 April 1992
 * Called up again to protect Los Angeles after the start of the 1992 Los Angeles Riots: 12 May 1992
 * Joins the California Highway Patrol, changes helmet: 9 September 1992
 * Moves back to Walden to coach the football team:
 * Promoted to Army Lieutenant:
 * Called up for the second Gulf War:
 * Loses leg, and helmet: 21 April 2004

Mark Slackmeyer

 * First appearance: 19 November 1970
 * First mentioned by name: 30 November 1970

Calvin
(Walden College campus Black Panther):

Boopsie
Barbara Ann (originally nicknamed "Boopsy", later spelled "Boopsie") Boopstein. Her full name was first revealed in Doonesbury: A Musical Comedy.
 * First appearance: 15 September 1971
 * First mention of full name (in the strip): 14 February 1987
 * Announces her pregnancy to B. D.: 16 January 1992
 * Marries B. D.: 20 April 1992
 * Gives birth to Samantha: 23 April 1992

Zonker Harris

 * First appearance: 21 September 1971
 * Becomes a medical student at Baby Doc College, Haiti:
 * Wins $27 million in a lottery:
 * Spends $17 million to buy back Uncle Duke from zombie slavery:
 * Buys a title in England:
 * Moves in with parents in California:
 * Arrives in Malibu to be a nanny for B. D. and Boopsie's daughter Samantha: 14 November 1992

Phred (Doonesbury)

 * First appearance: 16 February 1972
 * First mentioned by name: 18 February 1972

Joanie Caucus

 * First appearance: 10 September 1972
 * First mentioned by name: 11 September 1972

Clinton Caucus

 * First appearance (voice only): 10 September 1972

J.J. Caucus

 * First appearance (voice only): 26 September 1972
 * First appearance (full illustration): 22 April 1973

Alice P. Schwartzman

 * First appearance: 24 August 1973
 * Reappears in Washington, D.C., homeless:
 * Marries Elmont:

Dick Davenport

 * First appearance: 15 May 1974
 * Dies of a "massive coronary" while bird watching: 7 November 1986

Lacey Davenport

 * First appearance: 15 May 1974
 * Runs for Congress:
 * Resigns from Congress:
 * Re-elected in write-in campaign:
 * Diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease:
 * Dies: 15 August 1998

Virginia Slade

 * First appearance:

Clyde

 * First appearance:
 * Runs against Lacey for Congress:

Roland Burton Hedley, Jr.
Alternatively listed as Roland Burton Hedley, III (see Notes, below)
 * First appearance (voice): 4 March 1974
 * Conducts interviews at Walden College for Time: 5 March - 14 March 1974
 * Reappears at Walden College for Newsweek: 11 April 1976
 * Interviews Zonker Harris at Walden College for ABC: 31 October - 12 November 1977
 * Sent to cover a trip with President Carter: 26 December 1977 - 7 January 1978
 * Covers Camp David summit: 9 October - 21 October 1978
 * Leads first trip inside Ronald Reagan's Brain: 27 October - 1 November 1980
 * Hits on Joanie Caucus at a laundromat: 6 July - 10 July 1982
 * Leads second trip inside Ronald Reagan's Brain: 23 March - 4 April 1987

Uncle Duke

 * First appearance: 8 July 1974
 * Becomes Governor of American Samoa:
 * Becomes Ambassador to China:
 * Suffers acute appendicitis in China: 25 August - 4 September 1976
 * Becomes coach of the Washington Redskins:
 * Recruited by the National Rifle Association to give congressional testimony:
 * Sent on a secret mission by Universal Petroleum into Iran:
 * Declared legally dead:
 * Re-appears as an ex-Iranian Embassy Hostage:
 * Captains ill-fated cruise to observe Falkland Islands conflict: 19 April - 30 April 1982
 * Stranded on an island, claimed by Honey for China: 8 May - 6 June 1982
 * Discovered by Dick Davenport: 22 June - 24 June 1982
 * Attempts to make movie about John DeLorean's life: 11 November 1982
 * Starts Baby Doc College in Haiti: 11 November 1984
 * Believed dead, due to voodoo: 22 January 1986
 * Turns up alive as a zombie slave to ex-Haitian President Duvalier: 17 March 1986
 * Returned to Haiti after being bought from zombie slavery: 21 April 1986
 * Jailed for drug use in Haiti: 17 October 1986
 * Escapes from jail with help from Honey Huan: 29 November 1986
 * Reveals himself as founder of Dr. Whoopee: 12 May 1987
 * Meets with ex-CIA head William Casey in Haiti: 24 August 1987
 * Gives control of Dr. Whoopee to John Gotti: 30 October 1987
 * Sent to Bellevue Hospital: 21 November 1987
 * Goes to work for Donald Trump: 25 July 1988
 * Becomes Panama's Maximum Pro-Consul: 8 January 1990
 * Opens Club Scud: 12 March 1991
 * Burns down Club Scud: 17 December 1991
 * Joins the campaign for "cousin" David Duke: 26 December 1991
 * Buries his Aspen, Colorado home under sixty feet of snow and ice: 3 April 1993
 * Joins Lt. Col. Oliver North's Senate campaign as a bodyguard: 10 February 1994
 * Starts "Nothin' But Orphans" orphanage: 8 January 1995
 * Given results of DNA test by Honey, proving that Earl is his son:
 * Flees Aspen, takes Earl to Las Vegas:
 * Presidential candidate:
 * Becomes Mayor of Al Amok, Iraq:
 * Flees Iraq to return to United States:

Rufus
(later renamed himself "Thor")

MacArthur
(administrative aide to Duke on American Samoa, sometimes called "Mac")
 * First appearance: 16 January 1975
 * Last appearance: 3 October 1976
 * Cameo appearance in Washington, visiting Duke and native Samoan Washington Redskins football player "Lava Lava" Lenny: 29 October 1978
 * Reappearance for civil union between Mark Slackmeyer and Chase:

Kim Rosenthal

 * First appearance (as an anonymous orphan war baby): 5 May 1975
 * Named: 7 May 1975
 * First spoken words: 25 August 1975

Jimmy Thudpucker

 * First appearance (voice): 24 September 1975
 * First appearance (fully illustrated): 25 September 1975

Honey Huan

 * First appearance: 22 January 1976
 * First mentioned by first name: 16 February 1976
 * Began attending Georgetown University:
 * Became roommates with J.J. and actual first name revealed to be Ching:

Andy Lippincott

 * First appearance: 27 January 1976
 * First mentioned by name: 30 January 1976
 * Informs Joanie that he's gay (causing a controversy for being the first homosexual character in newspaper comics): 10 February 1976
 * Volunteers for Virginia Slade's campaign for Congress, writing position papers: 19 March 1976
 * Reappears as a Bay Area Gay Alliance organizer: 7 September 1982
 * Diagnosis of AIDS revealed: 3 April 1989
 * Dies of AIDS: 24 May 1990
 * Funeral service: 28 May - 2 June 1990
 * Returns in a dream of Joanie's: 17 June 1990
 * Returns in a second dream sequence of Joanie's: 28 June - 3 July 1993
 * Appears in Mark Slackmeyer's dream, convinces Mark he's gay: 31 August - 3 September 1993

Rick Redfern

 * First appearance: 1 July 1976

Zeke Brenner

 * First appearance (voice only): 24 July 1977
 * First appearance (full illustration): 25 June 1979

Sid Kibbitz

 * First appearance: 15 November 1982

Elmont

 * First appearance: 21 December 1984

Ray Hightower

 * First appearance: 24 September 1990
 * First mentioned by name: 25 September 1990
 * Wounded during liberation of Kuwait: 7 February 1991
 * Reappears in Kuwait: 22 April 1991
 * Volunteers to work in an Iraqi refugee camp for Kurds: 29 April 1991
 * Returns home after first Gulf War: 22 July 1991
 * Announces he has started dating May: 7 October 1992
 * Evacuates a wounded B.D., who has lost a leg during the second Iraq war:

Reference
Trudeau, Garry, Doonesbury Flashbacks CD-ROM for Microsoft Windows. Published by Mindscape, 1995.


text: User talk:128.213.49.23

title: User talk:128.213.49.23


text:
Elorrio

Elorrio is a town and a municipality located in the eastern part of the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, in northern Spain. , it has a population of 7,307 inhabitants. It covers an area of 37.20 square kilometers and it has a population density of 193.58 people per square kilometer. It holds the medieval title of Most Loyal and Noble Villa (Muy Noble y Muy Leal Villa).

Elorrio was founded in 1356 by the Infante Tello Alfonso of Castile, who was the 20th Lord of Biscay, near the elizate of Saint Agustín of Etxebarria (San Agustin Etxebarria; San Agustín de Echevarría). Historically, San Agustin Etxebarria was part of the medieval County of Durango, and Elorrio remains part of the comarca (local region) of Durangaldea. In 1630, Elorrio annexed Saint Agustín of Etxebarria, which today is a ward of Elorrio. Elorrio had municipal representation in the medieval Juntas Generales.

The town has been affected by its main economic activity: the industrial sector. It is also renowned for its rich architectural heritage, being listed as a Conjunto histórico by the Ministry of Culture.

Toponymy
In the Basque language, elorrio is the word for the red fruit (haw) of the common hawthorn. The Basque word elorri means "hawthorn". The coat of arms of the town shows a hawthorn. Colloquially, the town was called Elorrixo in Basque.

History

The Argiñeta tombs that today lie just outside the town of Elorrio are both pre-Christian and Christian (the earliest date of the latter is recorded as 893). In 1053, the San Agustín de Etxebarria monastery was founded, which in time was renovated and eventually became present-day church (an example of Gothic architecture). In 1356, Don Tello, Lord of Biscay, officially created Elorrio (through a foundational charter) on the land where the monastery stood, as a means of creating a town to defend his borders against invasion from neighboring Gipuzkoa. In 1468 the town was the site of a major battle between warring clan factions in the Basque Country (the Oñacinos and the Gamboinos). However, incidents of this type decreased, and between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, the town's fortunes grew, gaining renown for its iron-forges, and especially the production of lances.

As a result of this economic expansion, a number of important buildings were constructed (mostly during the sixteenth century) that are today considered monuments of significant historical and architectural importance. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Elorrio, although it remained a predominantly rural town, became a tourist destination, as people visited the locality to attend one of its two well-known spas. After the Spanish Civil War, Elorrio went through a period of industrialization, with a number of small, family firms and worker cooperative enterprises emerging. In 1964, the whole town was the first one in Biscay to be declared a Centre of Historical and Artistic Importance. Its population, which grew from 3,500 in 1950 to 8,000 in 1981, currently (2004 records) numbers just over 7,000 people.

Geography
Elorrio is located at the easternmost point of Biscay, in the comarca of Durangaldea, northern Spain. It limits at north with Berriz and Zaldibar at northwest with Abadiño, at west with Atxondo, at east with the province of Gipuzkoa and at south with the province of Álava.

The town is surrounded by various mountains, such as Intxorta (797m) and Udalatx (1092m), and is traversed by the Zumelegi river that, after joining the River Arrazola in Atxondo, goes on to form the Ibaizabal river.

The town is situated 39 km from the provincial capital of Bilbao.

Demographics
The National Institute of Statistics estimates that the population of Elorrio was 7,372 in 2019.

Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the industrial activity. Nonetheless, the farming activities still have relevance in the area. Most of the rural exploitations are based on beef and milk production and, in less numbers, the exploitation of pines.

The most important economical activity in the area is the industry; Elorrio is home for several industries of metal processing.

Transport
The only mean of transport is by road; the BI-634 road crosses the town and connects it with Durango, capital city of the comarca, and Arrasate-Mondragón in the province of Gipuzkoa. In Durango the road connects with the AP-8 highway to Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastián while in Arrasate-Mondragón it connects to the AP-1 highway to Eibar and Vitoria-Gasteiz. From Elorrio starts the BI-2632 road to Bergara and Elgeta (both in Gipuzkoa) and the BI-3321 road to Berriz.

Two lines of the Bizkaibus network have stations in Elorrio; the lines A3923 and A3914. Elorrio then has buses to Bilbao every hour and to Durango and other lesser municipalities every 30 minutes.

Notable people

 * Aniceto Sagastizabal, born in 1940 and using the name 'Gasti', had a successful career as a professional player of the Basque sport Cesta Punta (known as Jai Alai in the U.S.) from the mid-1950s thru the early 1980s in Spain, Italy, Mexico and the United States.
 * Saint Balendin Berrio-Otxoa (Valentín de Berrio-Ochoa in Spanish), one of the Vietnamese Martyrs, was born in Elorrio in 1827. Ordained in 1851, he became a Dominican and was later sent to Manila and Tonkin as a missionary. At the age of thirty-one, he was named a bishop, but was later killed in Tonkin in 1861. He was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1988.
 * José Antonio Ardanza, born in 1941, was lehendakari or president of the Basque Autonomous Community, 1985-1999. He was the CEO of Euskaltel, a Basque telecommunications company, until his retirement in 2011.
 * Alejandro Goicoechea, born in 1895, was the engineer who developed with José Luis Oriol the Talgo railway vehicle. He died in 1984.
 * Anne Igartiburu, born in 1969, is a Spanish TV presenter and actress.
 * Victor Maria Bereicua, born in 1954, is a professional Jai-Alai player, who used the name 'Elorrio,' in honor of his hometown. Elorrio is famous for being the Jai-Alai player shown in the opening credits of the television series Miami Vice.

title: Elorrio


text:
Leon Knight

Leon Leroy Knight (born 16 September 1982) is an English footballer who plays as a striker. A journeyman player, he has played for fifteen different clubs spanning five countries; England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Greece.

Having begun his career with Chelsea, he spent time on loan with Queens Park Rangers, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Brighton & Hove Albion before joining the latter permanently in 2003. Knight spent three years with Brighton, scoring 30 goals in 106 league matches. He was transferred to Swansea City in 2006 and had a loan spell with Barnsley before joining Milton Keynes Dons and then Wycombe Wanderers.

Knight signed for Rushden & Diamonds in 2008, but left the club five months later when he was sacked for misconduct. Rushden retained his registration and would not release it to another English club unless they were compensated, which prevented Knight from playing in England for three years. He subsequently played in Greece for Thrasivoulos Fylis, Scotland for Hamilton Academical and Queen of the South and Northern Ireland for Coleraine, before joining Glentoran in January 2012. He was released by Glentoran in June 2012 after a probationary clause in his contract was invoked by the club.

Playing career
Knight began his career as a trainee at Chelsea (where he made one appearance in the UEFA Cup against Levski Sofia), before spending loan periods at Queens Park Rangers, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Brighton & Hove Albion before joining Brighton on a permanent contract in August 2003. During his spell at Huddersfield, he reignited the Terriers' play-off push and formed an unlikely partnership with local hero Andy Booth, earning himself the nickname 'Neon Light'. Unfortunately, he was sent off in the penultimate game of the season and was suspended for the play-off games. Although his transfer was initially free, £50,000 was to be paid if Brighton were promoted. It was Knight himself who secured Brighton's promotion with his penalty against Bristol City in the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in 2004.

Knight moved to Swansea City shortly afterwards and scored a hat-trick on his debut against Milton Keynes Dons. His stay at the Liberty Stadium was short-lived and he was placed on the transfer list in October 2006, due to a poor attitude. After a short spell on loan with Barnsley, he joined Milton Keynes Dons in January 2007. In January 2008, Knight signed for Wycombe Wanderers, just one year after joining MK Dons. On 19 August 2008, Knight's contract was "terminated by mutual consent", after he scored five goals in 20 appearances during his short stay with Wycombe.

Knight signed for Rushden & Diamonds on a three-year contract on 24 August 2008. but was transfer listed on 29 October, along with Lee Tomlin, Curtis Woodhouse, Andy Burgess, Phil Gulliver, Sagi Burton, Lee Phillips and Dean McDonald, after the club's poor start to the season. On 12 December, Rushden & Diamonds confirmed that Knight had been sacked after continual breaches of conduct between November and December 2008. Despite his contract having been terminated, Rushden & Diamonds retained the player's registration, preventing Knight from joining another English club until the term of his contract had expired, unless £30,000 in compensation was paid to the club. The FA confirmed and validated the retaining of the registration, meaning Knight could not play at any level of English football until the contract had expired. The contract had initially been due to expire following the 2009–10 season, but Rushden & Diamonds invoked a clause allowing them to extend the contract by a further year.

On 13 January 2009, Knight joined Greek club Thrasivoulos Filis on a six-month contract. He made his Super League debut on 25 January as a second half sub playing 20 minutes against Skoda Xanthi. Knight made only 2 subsequent appearances as a sub, his last appearance coming on 8 February 2009. Knight had not been involved in any game for the club in over 3 months and looked certain to leave Thrasivoulos when his contract expired at the end of the season. After his contract expired he went on trial with Major League Soccer side San Jose Earthquakes.

Knight joined Scottish side Hamilton Academical on 21 August 2009 and he made his SPL debut against Aberdeen as a second-half substitute the following day. He made one start and six substitute appearances for the Lanarkshire side. He was sent off for his role in a tunnel brawl after a win over Heart of Midlothian, having been an unused substitute during the game. Knight was later released by Hamilton on 14 January 2010. The next day, Knight joined Dumfries club Queen of the South until the end of the season. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Dundee on 23 January. He was released at the end of the 2009–10 season, having made six league appearances for the club. In September 2010, Knight was set to return to English football with Conference side Darlington after a successful trial, but his transfer was blocked by previous club Rushden, who had held onto his registration and demanded £30,000 for the deal to be completed. Knight responded by criticising Rushden & Diamonds on his Twitter account, saying that he has chosen not to buy-out his contract as a matter of principle. "Rushden have said they don't want the money from Darlington, they want it from me – I refuse to pay them out of principle. If I wanted I could raise the money and pay them but I don't want to give them the satisfaction."

The following month, Knight elected to continue his career outside England by signing for Northern Irish side Coleraine. He scored twice on his debut in a 2–1 win away to Glenavon on 16 October 2010. He agreed an 18-month contract extension with the club in January 2011, and finished the 2010–11 season with 15 goals from 25 matches. In June, he went on trial with Swindon Town, but was released after two days because of insufficient fitness levels. "He's not the player for us. It's not his fault, we tried, but his fitness at the moment is not good," said Swindon manager Paolo Di Canio. "We are not in a position where we can wait for a player to be fit, we need a player to be ready and fit in the next two weeks, to compete and challenge during the season." Two weeks later, Knight was transfer-listed and suspended by Coleraine for failing to appear for training and matches. He also breached club rules by stating his desire to return to England and play for another IFA Premiership club. However, a fortnight later, Knight signed a new two-year contract with the club. "I said things about wanting to leave and at the time I felt it was right for me, but things change," he said. "I've spoken at great length with the manager over the last three or four days and I came back to him wanting to work something out. Agreeing a new two-year deal shows my commitment to the club and that I'm eager to put the last few weeks behind me."

In January 2012 however, Coleraine asked Knight to either live in Northern Ireland or pay his own travel costs, as he was still living in London and had to travel over to Northern Ireland for each game, which was costing Coleraine £1,000–£1,500 per month. An agreement could not be reached, and Knight joined Glentoran on 30 January 2012. His stay at Glentoran was relatively short lived, as the club released him in June 2012 when they invoked a probationary clause in his contract after he allegedly made homophobic comments on Twitter.

On 21 August 2014, Knight sign for North West Counties League First Division side Barnton.

Coaching career
On 18 March 2015, Knight was appointed Barnton's first team manager, also continuing to play for the club. On 15 February 2016, Knight resigned as manager of Barnton.

International career
Knight played for England at under 18, under 19 and under 20 level.

Personal life
Knight was born in Hackney, London, to a Jamaican mother and St. Lucian father, and was educated at Raine's Foundation School, Bethnal Green, He has three sisters, and is the cousin of former Bolton Wanderers defender Zat Knight. He is the cousin of Grime MC Trim. Knight was a good all-around sportsman and a third dan black belt in karate as a child. He played schoolboy football for his school, the Hackney & Tower Hamlets District team and Senrab, and had trials with Charlton Athletic and Tottenham Hotspur before joining Chelsea as a trainee.

Knight's use of Twitter in May 2012 caused condemnation after he posted remarks opposing US President Barack Obama's support for same sex marriage. Knight was suspended by Glentoran on 10 May 2012, pending investigation into the aforementioned remarks. This later led to his release by the club in June 2012.

Knight's use of Twitter has also come under criticism, including in the national press, as he regularly engages in misogynistic tirades against women's football. In September 2018, he used several expletives while condemning the use of female pundits, thought to be in response to Alex Scott's appearance on Sky Sports during an England men's game against Switzerland, saying men and women were "nowhere near equal" and that female players "can't kick a ball". In June 2019, he came to public attention again for repeatedly making sexist tweets during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. It provoked a response from West Ham midfielder Kate Longhurst whom he asked "how many headers can you do?" In response he then demanded a preseason friendly with a team made up of some his Twitter followers called Men United. Knight received no response from West Ham.

As of August 2014, Knight has appeared regularly via Facetime on the YouTube channel "Filthy Fellas" where he and fans of clubs Tottenham, Arsenal, Manchester United, and Liverpool discuss the events of the latest Premier League weekend.

Knight is engaged to his fiancé Natasha, with whom he has 4 children.

Honours
Brighton & Hove Albion
 * Football League Second Division play-offs: 2004

Swansea City
 * Football League Trophy: 2005–06

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 Second Division

title: Leon Knight


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hilary Hahn

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy keep DES (talk) 16:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Hilary Hahn
Vanity article and non-notable person. Jake013 10:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. lol non-notable person grammy winning person.--Hhielscher 10:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. Definitely notable.  Anville 10:49, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep, bad-faith nom from a user who seems to have a vendetta against violinists (a violist, perhaps)? --Angr/undefined 10:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Piccadilly 11:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. Also, the article could use more content at the top. -- Kjkolb 11:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. — J I P | Talk 12:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep, and someone please stop User:Jake013 now. -- Egil 12:27, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. Notable violinist. Agree User:Jake013 should be stopped. -- Dlinga 13:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep Not sure if User:Jake013 really knows his violinists. He got Heifetz right, but surely should have moved on to Perlman or Kreisler rather than Hahn etc.  Somebody stop him!   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  14:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. This is getting ridiculous. Incidentally, I expanded Hahn's article a little bit.  Chick Bowen 15:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep per above.--Alhutch 15:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep as per WP:music. Has made several albums for Deutsche Grammophon, a highly notable classical record company and won a Grammy. I repeat my earlier advice to user Jake013 to study WP:music carefully before making any further nominations. BTW is there an admin in the house to close the debate. Capitalistroadster 16:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and block the user for the bad faith nomination. --Mateusc 16:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Erandio

Erandio is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

In 1415, during the War of the Bands, the corregidor, the royally-appointed governor of the Biscayan hermandad, acting on royal orders, siphoned off Biscayan wheat to the Asturias, inciting a rebellion. The Biscayans were defeated at Erandio with the loss of sixty men and the wheat transfers continued.

Festivals
Several annual festivals are celebrated in Erandio. Most of them are fiestas patronales (patronage festivals, held in the days around the date dedicated to the patron saints under whose advocation churches and hermits are). The local public holiday of the municipality rotates yearly on August 10, August 28 and the corpus Christi day.

 * June 11, Saint Barnabas in Fano / Faoeta.
 * June 13, Saint Anthony of Padua in Martiartu, Goierri.
 * June 29, Saint Peter in Kukularra.
 * July 3, Saint Tryphon in Arriaga.
 * July 10, Saint Christopher in Goierri.
 * Second half of July in Asua.
 * August 10, Saint Lawrence in Astrabudua.
 * August 15, Andra Maria (Our Lady Mary) in Erandio Goikoa (August 15, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is a public holiday in Spain).
 * August 17 and 18: Saint Mammes in Santimami (Saint Mammes' hermit lies on the municipal border and most of the festival acts are held on Leioa's ground).
 * August 29, Saint Augustine in Altzaga.
 * First week of September in Enekuri.
 * Third week of September in Lutxana.

Erandio has also celebrated a street music festival called Musikale, with music bands marching and playing in the neighbourhoods of Altzaga and Astrabudua. Musikale was originally conceived in the neighbouring municipality of Leioa. For some years it was held simultaneously in Leioa, Erandio, Basauri and Sestao, but the other municipalities dropped it, and in 2013 only Erandio organised it.

Transport
Erandio is connected to other municipalities of Biscay (like Barakaldo, Bermeo, Bilbao, Derio, Getxo, Larrabetzu, Laukiz, Leioa, Mungia and Muskiz) by Bizkaibus bus services and by line 1 of the Bilbao metro, which has three stations in Erandio (Lutxana, Erandio, and Astrabudua). It is also connected to Barakaldo by regular fluvial transport over the Estuary of Bilbao.

Notable people

 * Ramon Rubial (1906–1999), politician.
 * Rafael Eguzkiza (1912–1981), footballer
 * Telmo Zarra (1921–2006), footballer
 * Luis María Echeberría (1940–2016), footballer
 * Alex Angulo (1953–2014), actor
 * Sendoa Agirre (1975–), footballer
 * Vicente Lapatza (1927–), footballer

title: Erandio


text:
Spinup cycles

Spinup Cycles (also called CSS, "on/off cycles" or "power cycles") is a value that hard disk manufacturers give for the average times a hard drive can spin up before it fails.

Usually server hard disks are specified for less spinup cycles than desktop hard disks, because servers are only very rarely rebooted. On the other hand, server hard disks have much higher MTBF.

title: Spinup cycles


text:
Ereño

Ereño is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.

Ereño is famous for its marble. In the 1st century CE the Romans were mining the quarries, which are no longer being used. There are literary references that call Ereño the "capital of the marble route". This material can be found in numerous buildings in Urdaibai and also on the other side of the ocean.

According to historian Tomás de Goikolea, Ereño was built in the 9th century and the residents of the town may be direct descendants of the inhabitants of the Santimamiñe cave.

On 29 September, the San Miguel festival, a popular mass is held and a pilgrimage is done.

title: Ereño


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of rugby players

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MOVED to rugby player and made a disambiguation page by GordyB.  Rob e  rt  22:01, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

List of rugby players
There is no sport called 'rugby', there are two different sports called 'rugby union' and 'rugby league'.

All this article does is link to List of footballers (Rugby Union) and List of footballers (Rugby League) GordyB 10:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I see your point, but still I can imagine a user assuming there would be a list of rugby players and being surprised not to find one. This page would be useful as a kind of dismabig page, so I vote keep and reformat as disambig page. --Angr/undefined 10:49, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as per Angr --Anetode 10:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep as per Angr Piccadilly 11:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: If you keep it as a disambig, then you violate the disambiguation naming guideline for it. Further, the implication of the title is that this is going to be a list of all rugby players, which would mean that it includes my college buddies who played it for a few games in the summer before giving it up.  Remember List of people who have not committed suicide is a bad idea.  So is List of rugby players.  Geogre 12:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What is the disambiguation naming guideline here? And should we be deleting list of ancient Romans? Kappa 23:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep as disambig, maybe redirect to a disambig called "rugby players" so as to remove implication of completeness of list. Jesse 13:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a disambiguation page as per Angr. Qwghlm 13:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As above.Trollderella 15:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as disambig. --Monkbel 16:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'm not sure it counts as a true disambig, or not. But, however it's done, people should be able to type in "List of rugby players" and get to what they're looking for.   --rob 20:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it is pretty universal that this page should be made into a disambiguation page. No need for any further votes I think. I'll do it when I get a chance.GordyB 13:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bukit Timah Hill

Bukit Timah Hill, is the highest natural peak in Singapore. It is located in Bukit Panjang rather than its namesake and its altitude is 164 m above sea level.

Altitude
The hill's 164 m altitude makes it the highest natural peak in Singapore. The highest point in Singapore, however, is the 284 m Guoco Tower, one of numerous buildings taller than the hill.

Location and accessibility
The hill is located in the Nature Reserve subzone of Bukit Panjang rather than its namesake district of Bukit Timah, near the geographical centre of Singapore. It is accessible via Hillview MRT station on the Downtown MRT line. The hill is now protected as part of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, which has been classified as an ASEAN Heritage Park. The hill's paved maintenance road (leading to the hill's pair of 60 m VHF steel lattice radio masts built in the 1960s), is not open to the public. Public access is provided by several walking trails.

Climate
Bukit Timah Hill features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) and has a mix of both wet and dry seasons.

Due to its low to moderate elevation, the weather is slightly cooler than the rest of Singapore and strong winds sometimes occur at the peak. The daily temperature range is between 21 –.

The dry season runs from April to August, during which, there is generally less rainfall and warmer temperatures. The wet season runs from September to March, during which, there is more frequent rainfall and cooler temperatures.

The average annual rainfall is 2810 mm. The average annual daily mean temperature is 26.4 °C. The coolest month is January, where the average daily mean temperature is 25.6 °C. The minimum temperature may dip below 20.8 °C during rainy days in January. The warmest month is July, with an average daily mean temperature of 28.3 °C.

title: Bukit Timah Hill


text:
Crazy People Rock

"Crazy People Rock" is a song by Australian singer Scott Cain. It was released as the follow-up to his #1 hit "I'm Moving On" in August 2002 as the second single from this debut studio album, Controlled Folly. "Crazy People Rock" peaked at number 39. The song was written by Gregg Alexander of the New Radicals and frequent collaborator Rick Nowels. The B-sides were the new track "On the Dance Floor" and remixes of the lead song.

Single track listing

 * 1) "Crazy People Rock (Album Version)" 3:34
 * 2) "Crazy People Rock (Radio Remix)" 3:17
 * 3) "On The Dance Floor" 3:45
 * 4) "Crazy People Rock (Wok Institute Remix)" 8:05
 * 5) "Crazy People Rock (Supafly Remix)" 6:23

title: Crazy People Rock