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Diffusion barrier

A diffusion barrier is a thin layer (usually micrometres thick) of metal usually placed between two other metals. It is done to act as a barrier to protect either one of the metals from corrupting the other.

Adhesion of a plated metal layer to its substrate requires a physical interlocking, inter-diffusion of the deposit or a chemical bonding between plate and substrate in order to work. The role of a diffusion barrier is to prevent or to retard the inter-diffusion of the two superposed metals. Therefore, to be effective, a good diffusion barrier requires inertness with respect to adjacent materials. To obtain good adhesion and a diffusion barrier simultaneously, the bonding between layers needs to come from a chemical reaction of limited range at both boundaries. Materials providing good adhesion are not necessarily good diffusion barriers and vice versa. Consequently, there are cases where two or more separate layers must be used to provide a proper interface between substrates.

Selection
While the choice of diffusion barrier depends on the final function, anticipated operating temperature, and service life, are critical parameters to select diffusion barrier materials. Many thin film metal combinations have been evaluated for their adhesion and diffusion barrier properties.

Aluminum provides good electrical and thermal conductivity, adhesion and reliability because of its oxygen reactivity and the self-passivation properties of its oxide.

Copper also easily reacts with oxygen but its oxides have poor adhesion properties. As for gold its virtue relies in its inertness, and ease of application; its problem is its cost.

Chromium has excellent adhesion to many materials because of its reactivity. Its affinity for oxygen forms a thin stable oxide coat on the outer surface, creating a passivation layer which prevents further oxidation of the chromium, and of the underlying metal (if any), even in corrosive environments. Chromium plating on steel for automotive use involves three diffusion barrier layers—copper, nickel, then chromium—to provide long term durability where there will be many large temperature changes. If chromium is plated directly onto the steel, then their different thermal expansion coefficients will cause the chrome plating to peel off the steel. Nickel, Nichrome, tantalum, hafnium, niobium, zirconium, vanadium, and tungsten are a few of the metal combinations used to form diffusion barriers for specific applications. Conductive ceramics can be also used, such as tantalum nitride, indium oxide, copper silicide, tungsten nitride, and titanium nitride.

Integrated circuits
A barrier metal is a material used in integrated circuits to chemically isolate semiconductors from soft metal interconnects, while maintaining an electrical connection between them. For instance, a layer of barrier metal must surround every copper interconnect in modern integrated circuits, to prevent diffusion of copper into surrounding materials.

As the name implies, a barrier metal must have high electrical conductivity in order to maintain a good electronic contact, while maintaining a low enough copper diffusivity to sufficiently chemically isolate these copper conductor films from underlying device silicon. The thickness of the barrier films is also quite important; with too thin a barrier layer, the inner copper may contact and poison the very devices that they supply with energy and information; with barrier layers too thick, these wrapped stacks of two barrier metal films and an inner copper conductor can have a greater total resistance than the traditional aluminum interconnections would have, eliminating any benefit derived from the new metallization technology.

Some materials that have been used as barrier metals include cobalt, ruthenium, tantalum, tantalum nitride, indium oxide, tungsten nitride, and titanium nitride (the last four being conductive ceramics, but "metals" in this context).

title: Diffusion barrier


text: User talk:165.139.183.194

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:165.139.183.194


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/University of Maryland, College Park/archive1

University of Maryland, College Park
Self-nomination; more or less, since I have done a lot with this article. However, I feel it is at the point of being a model article for most universities. -James Howard (talk/web) 18:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Lack of pictures, and a lack of external references for certain key facts stated. Overall it is an acceptable article.83.77.128.225
 * In a somewhat ironic twist of fate, I have a quiz bowl tournament there on October 22. I'll bring my camera and grab some pics. →Raul654 18:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. I don't believe it needs more pictures. Nice work. :) --Syrthiss 18:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. I am also working on getting a university article featured. However, after looking at this article, I would not use it as an example for a featured university article, for the following reasons:
 * There are too many lists, especially for the academics section. I would recommend that you move the list to a sub-article and summarize the material into prose. In fact, it is preferable that the article use prose instead of lists.
 * Little or no information on student life (what is it like attending/living at the University of Maryland? What special activities/groups make the university stand out?)
 * No information concerning the campus (is the campus compact? Spread-out? Modern or classical in appearance?).
 * Reference section must be separate, and the number of references is lacking (surely there must be printed publications on the flagship campus of the University of Maryland).
 * Try to avoid having external links within the main article.
 * History section must be summarized in this article, with the current form moved into a sub-article.
 * Another concern I have is that the article didn't go through peer review first (especially with this many problems). Unless you have the time to address these problems, I personally can't see this article being featured on the first try. Pentawing 01:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object - For the following reasons (among others):
 * The campus is not adaquately described and there are no pictures illustrating it.
 * The long list of academic subjects interrupts the article.
 * There is no description of the social and cultural life of the campus.
 * The discussion of past research the university has done is lacking.
 * There is no discussion of the mission, values and goals of the University as an organisation.
 * The truth is this article does not compare well to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology article. Yet that article failed to recieve featured status in January. From the alumni this appears to be a great university and I really think this article does not do the university justice. Every useful contribution to Wikipedia is valuable, but for an article to be featured it must be comprehensive and exemplify Wikipedia's best work. Cedars 09:58, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Object (although I did a lot of the writing on it) The sports ... and to a lesser expent the ancient history section, which I think I started ... have a lot of arbitrary (football unsuccessful between 1953 and today?) and excessive detail. The "Diamondback" section is pretty bizarre as well. And shouldn't that humongous list be tucked away somewhere, if included at all? I usually try to improve articles rather than just take shots at'm, but I already did my part on this one.Sfahey 02:42, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object no chance in hell this time around... WAAAAAAAY too much list. Not even 1 photo of the campus in question! This needs a total overhaul/rewrite.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 03:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I see external links in the "living learning programs" section. Could you convert those to footnotes, please? Mamawrit  es    & listens  10:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Hunterz

Untitled
I created this article. Given that Hunterz has received so much media coverage (see links), I'm surprised I wasn't able to find out much about him. If anyone knows his real name, what language he sings in, and whether he has any chart history, that would be nice. --Last Malthusian 18:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hunterz


text:
Henry Keppel

Admiral of the Fleet The Honourable Sir Henry Keppel (14 June 1809 – 17 January 1904) was a Royal Navy officer. His first command was largely spent off the coast of Spain, which was then in the midst of the First Carlist War. As commanding officer of the corvette HMS Dido (1836) on the East Indies and China Station he was deployed in operations during the First Opium War and in operations against Borneo pirates. He later served as commander of the naval brigade besieging Sebastopol during the Crimean War. After becoming second-in-command of the East Indies and China Station, he commanded the British squadron in the action with Chinese pirates at the Battle of Fatshan Creek when he sank around 100 enemy war-junks. He subsequently took part in the capture of Canton during the Second Opium War.

Keppel went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station, then Commander-in-Chief, South East Coast of America Station, Commander-in-Chief, China Station and finally Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.

Early career
Keppel was born to William Keppel, 4th Earl of Albemarle, and Elizabeth Southwell Keppel, daughter of Edward Southwell, 20th Baron de Clifford. He joined the Royal Naval Academy at Portsmouth as a cadet in February 1822, and was appointed a midshipman in the sixth-rate HMS Tweed on the Cape of Good Hope Station. Promoted to lieutenant on 28 January 1829, he transferred to the fifth-rate HMS Galatea on the North America and West Indies Station in February 1830 and to the fifth-rate HMS Magicienne on the East Indies and China Station in July 1831.

Promoted to commander on 30 January 1833, Keppel became commanding officer of the brig HMS Childers in May 1834. His first command was largely spent off the coast of Spain, which was then in the midst of the First Carlist War. He was deployed in operations in support of the liberal forces of Maria Christina, the Regent of Spain at the time of the minority of Isabella II, who had faced a revolt by Carlos, Count of Molina. He was then engaged with the West Africa Squadron in operations to suppress the slave trade.

Promoted to captain on 5 December 1837, Keppel became commanding officer of the corvette HMS Dido on the East Indies and China Station and was deployed in operations during the First Opium War and in operations against Borneo pirates. He went on to commanding officer of the fifth-rate HMS Maeander in November 1847 and was again deployed in operations against Borneo pirates.

Keppel was the cause of a tense diplomatic stand-off between Portugal and Britain in 1849 when, as captain of HMS Maeander, his request to the Governor of Macao for the release of an English prisoner, James Summers, having been rebuffed, he led a rescue party to make an assault on the gaol where Summers was being held. The raid was successful but a Portuguese soldier, Roque Barrache, died in the skirmish, three others were injured, and the daughter of a gaoler fell 20 feet to the ground, suffering severe injuries. The Queen of Portugal was appalled at Britain's affront to her de facto sovereignty over Macao and tempers cooled only after an apology proffered and reparations made by the British.

Keppel became commanding officer of the steam line-of-battle ship HMS St Jean d'Acre in May 1853. When the Crimean War broke out on 1854, HMS St Jean d'Acre  formed part of the Baltic Fleet and the ship was deployed to the Black Sea. Keppel swapped commands with the captain of the sailing line-of-battle ship HMS Rodney, whose crew were all ashore, in July 1855 and served as commander of the naval brigade besieging Sevastopol in August and September 1855. He transferred to the command of the second-rate HMS Colossus in the Baltic Fleet in January 1856 and then assisted with the re-embarkation of the British troops in the Crimea. For his part in the Crimean War Keppel was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 5 February 1856, appointed a member of the French Legion of Honour on 2 August 1856 and awarded the Turkish Order of the Medjidie, 2nd class, on 3 April 1858.

Promoted to commodore, Keppel became second-in-command of the East Indies and China Station, with his broad pennant in the frigate HMS Raleigh, in September 1856. HMS Raleigh was lost on an uncharted rock near Hong Kong, and, although Keppel was subsequently court-martialed, he was honourably acquitted for the loss of the ship. He then transferred his pennant to the sixth-rate HMS Alligator. After commandeering the chartered steamer HMS Hong Kong (1857), he commanded the British squadron, which consisted of the Hong Kong and seven gun boats, in the action with Chinese pirates at the Battle of Fatshan Creek in June 1857 when he sank around 100 enemy war-junks. For his part in this action Keppel was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 12 September 1857. He also took part in the capture of Canton in December 1857 during the Second Opium War.

Senior command
The prevalence of peace gave Keppel no further chance of active service. Promoted to rear admiral on 22 August 1857, he was appointed a Groom in Waiting to the Queen on 24 September 1859 and became Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station, with his flag in the frigate HMS Forte, in May 1860. During the sea passage out to this station he was accused of developing a relationship with Lady Grey, the wife of Sir George Grey, the Governor of Cape Colony, and was hastily transferred to become Commander-in-Chief, South East Coast of America Station instead. Promoted to vice admiral on 11 January 1864, Keppel went on to be Commander-in-Chief, China Station, with his flag in the second-rate HMS Rodney, in January 1867. Promoted to full admiral on 12 July 1869 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 20 May 1871, he took up his last command when he became Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in November 1872.

Keppel was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 5 August 1877, appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen on 9 March 1878 and retired in June 1879. In 1883 he bought Grove Lodge, a property in Winkfield in Berkshire, and made it his home.

He was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902.

Sir Henry Keppel died in London on 17 January 1904 and was buried at the churchyard of St Mary the Virgin in Winkfield.

Family
On 25 February 1839 Keppel married Katherine Louisa Crosbie, daughter of General Sir John Crosbie. Keppel's relationship with Lady Grey was discovered by her husband Sir George Grey in 1860, and this, together with accusations of infidelity against Sir George Grey, led to the breakdown of their marriage. Keppel married Jane Elizabeth West, daughter of Martin John West on 31 October 1861. By his second wife, he had one son, Colin Richard Keppel, and one daughter, Maria Walpole Keppel, who married Admiral Sir Frederick Tower Hamilton.

Legacy
Keppel Harbour, a stretch of water at the southern tip of Singapore, was named in his honour as he had been instrumental in clearing the straits of pirates. The tower of St Mary's Church, Bishopstoke was built in 1909 to commemorate Keppel.

title: Henry Keppel


text:
User talk:Bayankaran

Welcome!
Greetings, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your nice work on Sukumar Azhikode.

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I reverted some of your edits
Hullo, I thought I would identify myself as the culprit.

When you added yet another name to the list in the Bollywood article, I thought, "enough is enough", and removed the whole list. We can't list everyone, and if we pick a few, someone is going to feel that there's favoritism. So perhaps better not to have a list.

As for the edits to independent cinema -- I had to disagree with your reclassification of it as internationally recognized or award-winning cinema. That gives the foreigners too much power! What makes cinema independent is the funding mechanism (government or private fundraising, outside movie industry), low budget, and use of no-name actors. That would be true of films that never made it to film festivals outside India.

However, I did see the point of your edits removing all the hype re Mira Nair, so when I reverted, I honored your removal.

I hope I haven't discouraged you. Indian cinema is such a huge subject, and there's still so much work to do. Please come visit WikiProject Indian cinema, sign up, meet everyone else, and help us make the Indian cinema articles a useful resource. Zora 18:29, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

India related links
Please use edit summaries more often. Welcome!! --Gurubrahma 12:51, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Bayankaran


text: User talk:81.98.206.181

title: User talk:81.98.206.181


text:
Automated reasoning

In computer science, in particular in knowledge representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. The study of automated reasoning helps produce computer programs that allow computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically. Although automated reasoning is considered a sub-field of artificial intelligence, it also has connections with theoretical computer science and philosophy.

The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving (and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving) and automated proof checking (viewed as guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed assumptions). Extensive work has also been done in reasoning by analogy using induction and abduction.

Other important topics include reasoning under uncertainty and non-monotonic reasoning. An important part of the uncertainty field is that of argumentation, where further constraints of minimality and consistency are applied on top of the more standard automated deduction. John Pollock's OSCAR system is an example of an automated argumentation system that is more specific than being just an automated theorem prover.

Tools and techniques of automated reasoning include the classical logics and calculi, fuzzy logic, Bayesian inference, reasoning with maximal entropy and many less formal ad hoc techniques.

Early years
The development of formal logic played a big role in the field of automated reasoning, which itself led to the development of artificial intelligence. A formal proof is a proof in which every logical inference has been checked back to the fundamental axioms of mathematics. All the intermediate logical steps are supplied, without exception. No appeal is made to intuition, even if the translation from intuition to logic is routine. Thus, a formal proof is less intuitive and less susceptible to logical errors.

Some consider the Cornell Summer meeting of 1957, which brought together many logicians and computer scientists, as the origin of automated reasoning, or automated deduction. Others say that it began before that with the 1955 Logic Theorist program of Newell, Shaw and Simon, or with Martin Davis’ 1954 implementation of Presburger's decision procedure (which proved that the sum of two even numbers is even).

Automated reasoning, although a significant and popular area of research, went through an "AI winter" in the eighties and early nineties. The field subsequently revived, however. For example, in 2005, Microsoft started using verification technology in many of their internal projects and is planning to include a logical specification and checking language in their 2012 version of Visual C.

Significant contributions
Principia Mathematica was a milestone work in formal logic written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Principia Mathematica - also meaning Principles of Mathematics - was written with a purpose to derive all or some of the mathematical expressions, in terms of symbolic logic. Principia Mathematica was initially published in three volumes in 1910, 1912 and 1913.

Logic Theorist (LT) was the first ever program developed in 1956 by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert A. Simon to "mimic human reasoning" in proving theorems and was demonstrated on fifty-two theorems from chapter two of Principia Mathematica, proving thirty-eight of them. In addition to proving the theorems, the program found a proof for one of the theorems that was more elegant than the one provided by Whitehead and Russell. After an unsuccessful attempt at publishing their results, Newell, Shaw, and Herbert reported in their publication in 1958, The Next Advance in Operation Research:

 * "There are now in the world machines that think, that learn and that create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until (in a visible future) the range of problems they can handle will be co- extensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied."

Examples of Formal Proofs

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Year !! Theorem !! Proof System !! Formalizer !! Traditional Proof
 * 1986 || First Incompleteness|| Boyer-Moore || Shankar || Gödel
 * 1990 || Quadratic Reciprocity || Boyer-Moore || Russinoff || Eisenstein
 * 1996 || Fundamental- of Calculus || HOL Light || Harrison || Henstock
 * 2000 || Fundamental- of Algebra || Mizar || Milewski || Brynski
 * 2000 || Fundamental- of Algebra || Coq || Geuvers et al. || Kneser
 * 2004 || Four Color || Coq || Gonthier || Robertson et al.
 * 2004 || Prime Number || Isabelle || Avigad et al. || Selberg-Erdős
 * 2005 || Jordan Curve || HOL Light || Hales || Thomassen
 * 2005 || Brouwer Fixed Point || HOL Light || Harrison || Kuhn
 * 2006 || Flyspeck 1 || Isabelle || Bauer- Nipkow || Hales
 * 2007 || Cauchy Residue || HOL Light || Harrison || Classical
 * 2008 || Prime Number || HOL Light || Harrison || Analytic proof
 * 2012 || Feit-Thompson || Coq || Gonthier et al. || Bender, Glauberman and Peterfalvi
 * 2016 || Boolean Pythagorean triples problem || Formalized as SAT || Heule et al. || None
 * }
 * 2005 || Jordan Curve || HOL Light || Hales || Thomassen
 * 2005 || Brouwer Fixed Point || HOL Light || Harrison || Kuhn
 * 2006 || Flyspeck 1 || Isabelle || Bauer- Nipkow || Hales
 * 2007 || Cauchy Residue || HOL Light || Harrison || Classical
 * 2008 || Prime Number || HOL Light || Harrison || Analytic proof
 * 2012 || Feit-Thompson || Coq || Gonthier et al. || Bender, Glauberman and Peterfalvi
 * 2016 || Boolean Pythagorean triples problem || Formalized as SAT || Heule et al. || None
 * }
 * 2008 || Prime Number || HOL Light || Harrison || Analytic proof
 * 2012 || Feit-Thompson || Coq || Gonthier et al. || Bender, Glauberman and Peterfalvi
 * 2016 || Boolean Pythagorean triples problem || Formalized as SAT || Heule et al. || None
 * }
 * 2016 || Boolean Pythagorean triples problem || Formalized as SAT || Heule et al. || None
 * }

Proof systems

 * Boyer-Moore Theorem Prover (NQTHM)
 * The design of NQTHM was influenced by John McCarthy and Woody Bledsoe. Started in 1971 at Edinburgh, Scotland, this was a fully automatic theorem prover built using Pure Lisp. The main aspects of NQTHM were:
 * the use of Lisp as a working logic.
 * the reliance on a principle of definition for total recursive functions.
 * the extensive use of rewriting and "symbolic evaluation".
 * an induction heuristic based the failure of symbolic evaluation.

 * HOL Light
 * Written in OCaml, HOL Light is designed to have a simple and clean logical foundation and an uncluttered implementation. It is essentially another proof assistant for classical higher order logic.

 * Coq
 * Developed in France, Coq is another automated proof assistant, which can automatically extract executable programs from specifications, as either Objective CAML or Haskell source code. Properties, programs and proofs are formalized in the same language called the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC).

Applications
Automated reasoning has been most commonly used to build automated theorem provers. Oftentimes, however, theorem provers require some human guidance to be effective and so more generally qualify as proof assistants. In some cases such provers have come up with new approaches to proving a theorem. Logic Theorist is a good example of this. The program came up with a proof for one of the theorems in Principia Mathematica that was more efficient (requiring fewer steps) than the proof provided by Whitehead and Russell. Automated reasoning programs are being applied to solve a growing number of problems in formal logic, mathematics and computer science, logic programming, software and hardware verification, circuit design, and many others. The TPTP (Sutcliffe and Suttner 1998) is a library of such problems that is updated on a regular basis. There is also a competition among automated theorem provers held regularly at the CADE conference (Pelletier, Sutcliffe and Suttner 2002); the problems for the competition are selected from the TPTP library.

Conferences and workshops

 * International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning (IJCAR)
 * Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE)
 * International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods

Journals

 * Journal of Automated Reasoning

Communities

 * Association for Automated Reasoning (AAR)

title: Automated reasoning


text:
Jack Cannon

Jack Cannon may refer to:
 * Nelson DeMille (born 1943), American author who used the pseudonym Jack Cannon
 * Jack Cannon (American football) (1907–1967), American football player
 * Jack Cannon, protagonist of a popular children's book series written by a patient in the American medical drama House

title: Jack Cannon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1975 Pacific hurricane season

This article is created in first-person point of view; the article has little to do with the title of the article. IanManka 18:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Crazyfrogdj

Crazy Frog DJ, with most popular songs ever, 'Popcorn Mix', 'Crazy Frog goes to the World'...everywhere!

http://www.elisanet.fi/games

title: User talk:Crazyfrogdj


text:
User talk:Escuro

Escuro is a User of many websites. He is a member of: Neopets.com Aftermathzone.com Serebiiforums.com Photobucket.com and most importantly: Wikipedia.org

AND MUCH MUCH More.

He is a very talented tween (10-12, 12 at the moment.) He helps devolop most of the Pokemon articles. More info coming soon.

title: User talk:Escuro


text:
Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert

Nicolas-Joseph-Laurent Gilbert (December 15, 1750 – November 16, 1780) was a French poet born at Fontenoy-le-Château, Vosges, Lorraine.

Having completed his education at the college of Dole, he devoted himself for a time to a half-scholastic, half-literary life at Nancy, but in 1774 he found his way to the capital. As an opponent of the Encyclopaedists and a panegyrist of Louis XV, he received considerable pensions. He died in Paris in 1780 from the results of a fall from his horse.

The satiric force of one or two of his pieces, as Mon Apologie (1778) and Le Dix-huitième Siècle (1775), would alone be sufficient to preserve his reputation, which has been further increased by modern writers, who, like Alfred de Vigny in his Stello (chaps. 7-13), considered him a victim to the spite of his philosophic opponents. His best-known verses are the Ode imitée de plusieurs psaumes, usually entitled Adieux à la vie.

Among his other works may be mentioned Les Familles du Darius et d'Eridame, histoire persane (1770), Le Carnaval des auteurs (1773), Odes nouvelles et patriotiques (1775). Gilbert's Œuvres complètes were first published in 1788.

title: Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert


text:
Talk:Skaven (Warhammer)

Yeerk
This was linked to from the species "Yeerk" from the animorphs series where it was supposed to go to a different page, if someone could make a disambiguation that'd be good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.68.85.43 (talk • contribs) 18:30, 11 October 2005

 * That makes no sense at all. The two aren't remotely related. Therefore, a disambiguation page cannot be created; it's impossible to mistake one for the other, so there's no disambiguation to be done! Adam Marx Squared 09:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Requesting clarification
I can't find any publication details for Warpspawn. Is it fan fiction? What Warhammer material has Roysten Crow written? Thanks, 222.154.24.144 11:28, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

The Justice Project
I'm going to follow all the Warahmmer/Warhammer40k projects and articles that I can to establish the fact that no single race in either of these are "bad guys" or "good guys".

The word "evil" is a very strong word, and should not be used for anything or anyone. Certain characters and required places, but not to refer to an entire faction/race.

It's much better to say "nobody is a badguy or goodguy" than "everyone is a badguy in some way" anyway. The creators of the Games Workshop games did an excellent job in making balances between armies both in gameplay and storyline. Colonel Marksman 17:31, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Well considering the Skaven are for all intensive purposes children of Chaos that would make them "bad guys". they fight against each other granted but they are still out to dominate the rest of the Warhammer World. User: Night_Bringer

Warhammer and Warhammer 40k aren't cut and dry stories of good and evil but it's pretty clear from a lot of the fluff and the fiction that it's skewed towards humans and some armies are judged from that perspective. The Ork book, for example, has a lot of fluff written from the perspective of humans studying orkoids and the main 40k rulebook has more material on the Imperium that anything else. Just look at the 40k section on Chaos: chaos is a "taint," a "ruinous power," a "vile presence," and their quote isn't something from a Chaos perspective, it's an excerpt from the Imperial Liber Malificorum. And then in Warhammer fantasy fiction, Gotrek and Felix casts Chaos, Skaven, et al, as villains. --Jordansc 05:46, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * GW doesn't have heroes. It just has villains and more villains. I don't think any race gets a title of Good Guy (maybe The Tau?)--ZayZayEM 12:14, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * GW does have heroes of the Imperium, but that's exactly the point. Instead of calling them all evil, keep it neutral. Colonel Marksman 03:23, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Possible copyright violation
I removed a large amount of content that appears to have been copied from here (an index page, content was taken from many pages). There is no indication that permission to use the content was granted on this talk page or in the edit summary. I suspect that it was copied from there instead of the other way around because the other website gives the source, the "Book of the Rat". If the content came from that book and it has not been released into the public domain or the GFDL, we cannot use it. Here is the edit that the text was added in. -- Kjkolb 11:31, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Clan Skryre or Clan Skyre
There seems to be a difference of spellings used US Games Workshop uses Skyre UK Games Workshop uses Skryre --Brat32 23:39, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a UK product, I'd suggest sticking with UK's spelling.--ZayZayEM 12:13, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks to those who have been cleaning up the in-universe perspective
It's really appreciated! [[User:scbomber (only bombs in [[netrek]]]] 04:43, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Due to it's in-universe style, I found this article to be largly useless to me. As with almost all Warhammer army articles this is written as a fictional racial history. As an article on an army in a wargame, the emphasis should be on the army, not the racial history. Perhaps someone could layout (or quote) a 'role filled by this army as compared to others' section, or a style of play section, and cut back 90% of the crap about where the first ratman may have come from. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.126.163.20 (talk) 16:20, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Skaven army book.jpg
Image:Skaven army book.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 11:01, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion for Disambiguation
Hello,

I'm a fan of the early 90's Demoscene, and entered a WP search for "Skaven," aka Peter Hajba, a prominent member of the group Future Crew (both of which have nice valid WP entries) but was immediately brought to the WarHammer-related page for the Skaven race. Skaven's musical influence lives on today, as he is a music developer for various game companies, including PopCap (Bejeweled, etc..) and other cherished DOS games whose names I cannot remember at the moment.

Rather than add it myself and annoying anyone, I would like to suggest adding a disambiguation page to allow users to go to the proper page they're searching for, as I didn't remember the real name of the Demoscene 'Skaven' (Peter Hajba) until I did a subsequent Google search.

-- W5i2 06:16, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

pronunciation
is the ska part of skaven pronounced as in scab, scar, or scathe? i use the latter, but idk. any IPAfags about? 86.157.88.15 (talk) 12:33, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It's the third (skay-ven) going by the video games, but again we're hamstrung by GW having not (to my knowledge) having covered this officially anywhere. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 12:48, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Hy there. IMHO the article Skaven sign should be merged into this article and then deleted asap. Thanks. Flamarande (talk) 18:16, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Pun
In the Clan Skyre section I found this "Their engineers are used to explain Skaven warmachines: the Ratling Gun (a warpstone-based Gatling gun with an obvious pun on rat)...". That is obvious word play but it is not a pun. A pun is only so when a homonym is used, changing the word completely does not qualify. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.240.237.172 (talk) 20:27, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Possible source
There is a draft at Draft:Skaven (Warhammer) that is otherwise useless, but it does have this:

title: Talk:Skaven (Warhammer)


text:
The Land of Crimson Clouds

The Land of Crimson Clouds (Страна багровых туч) is a 1959 science fiction novel by Soviet writers Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, the first set in the Noon Universe.

Plot summary
A spaceship, propelled by a prototype photon engine, sets off for Venus, which at that time, is an enigmatic and unexplored planet covered by clouds. The tasks of the crew are a) to test the prototype engine in field conditions and b) to locate and set radio beacons on the so called "Uranium Golconda" (a place with incredibly large heavy metals deposits), presumably, found somewhere on the second planet of the Solar System.

As the crew ventures into the depths of Venus, unknown dangers take them out one by one, so only four of six return home after accomplishing the mission — all badly damaged, both physically and mentally. However, their feat was the first milestone in colonizing Venus and the first step into the 21st century.

Tribute
On 23 July 2019, a Google Doodle was created to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the novel's publication.

title: The Land of Crimson Clouds


text: User talk:143.107.165.244

title: User talk:143.107.165.244


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cambridge University Computer Network

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:42, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Cambridge University Computer Network
Please note that a related page Cambridge College Networks is also being considered for deletion

This content belongs on a computer lab bulletin board or website, not an encyclopedia.
 * Delete This page was created with content removed from the main Cambridge University wiki page. I created the page and linked it from the main Cambridge University page at the request of the author (User "A5") of this section which I removed. I still do not think it is appropriate for Wikipedia.

 * Delete, too specific. Pilatus 22:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Specific computer networks are not encyclopedic. / Peter Isotalo 01:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — I think specific computer networks could be encyclopedic, but it would have to be for reasons other than they just exist and have a somewhat typical configuration. I.e. unique and interesting topology; notable history; important security incidents or implementations, &c. — RJH 14:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pimped Cat Designs

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 11:03, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Pimped Cat Designs
It is self promotion

Tony Bruguier 18:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete non-notable advert --Quasipalm 18:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete advertising. — brighterorange  (talk) 18:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Kjl 21:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 04:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Independent School League

The term Independent School League may refer to three separate high school athletic conferences in the United States. As the name implies, the member schools tend to be independent (private) institutions. The three leagues are located in Boston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.

title: Category:Independent School League


text:
Talk:National Anthem of Honduras

NPOV
This article needs to be rewritten from a neutral point of view, not that of a Honduran. I can't do it myself at the moment, so I tagged the article. BrianSmithson 18:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not honduran, but I speak spanish so I felt qualified to edited it to be less pov. For teh most part, just changing things like "our heroes" to "the heroes." Numerao 21:33, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks much better, but it still reads like a tourist brochure. The prose needs to be rewritten in a much more neutral fashion, eschewing flowery language. Take this paragraph:
 * This verse speaks of how for three centuries the new lands were dominated by their masters and how during this time all complains were futile and lost "in the sky" (fell to deaf ears). But one glorious day came when the new lands heard "a powerful lion roaring" over the Atlantic ocean. The winds of change sweeping through Europe had reached the colonies in the American continent.
 * Things like "one glorious day" and "the winds of change" belong in nationalistic poetry (which this song is), but not an encyclopedia article. —BrianSmithson 21:53, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Changed the translation of a few lines: "When you sighted his pale forehead" This would translate to Honduras saw Colombus pale forehedad, while in the anthem says the opposite.

"went into the fight angrily" changes went to rush and agrily to "with anger"

"In the profound night sunk"; Though that deep night was better translation than "profound night:

"A lion roared indignantly". The "indignado" wa the Lion not the roar. Wikihonduras Feb 17 2007

I kept some minor changes done by another editor. Took out the repetion of words in the chorus. Although when the anthem is sang, these words are repeated (de un volcan, de un volcan) that doesn't change change the original verse from Mr Augusto C. Coello. Also change the word honour with honor, to be consistent with American english as opposed to British.

I still don't like the word "indignantly" not sure if it fits as a correct translation. I kept it though, any comments? Wikihonduras 21:41, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I live among gringoes now, so I might be forgeting some sutble nuances of connotation in spanish. (though at least I wouldn't translate "embarazada" as "embarrassed") Let me ask you this: imagine you wear writing this from scrach in english. "The lion roared ____________ly." how wuold you fill taht blank? Numerao 20:05, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Verse V translation
This translation was recently added for verse V:

''It was France, the free, the heroic, Which in your dreams of centuries slept, Awoke irate to life At the virile protest of Danton: It was France, who sent to the Death The head of the consecrated King, And which rose up haughtily to your side, The altar of godly reason.'' I see following errors:

"Which in your dreams of centuries slept" Correct translation should show that France was asleep, but the verse reads as the reader or someone else is the one being asslep.

"Awoke irate to life" Irate is an adjective, but in this line the irate is used as an adverb for awoke. The correct form would be "irately". Also maybe reversing the order may enhance it Irately awoke.

"It was France, who sent to the Death" This line suggest France is sending something to "The Death", but the correct translation is that actually "France sent death"

"And which rose up haughtily to your side" Again your side is incorrect since the correct translation is to its own side.

"The altar of godly reason" Here godly is an adjective, but the correct translation for "Diosa Razon" would be "Reason God" or "God of Reason" Wikihonduras 01:37, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * this is wikipedia, so feel freee to make this corrections to my translation. just dont copy a copyrited translation. Numerao 13:52, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the reminder....As for Copyright material, I see the chorus properly cited, which would very likely fall into WP:Fair_use. Do you see any parts that you believe are copyright violations? If so please feel to add here in the discussion page, as it's also recommended by wikipedia. As for the original translations I believe it would make for a better article it there is some discussion first, since translations specially of poems have a literary style ingredient that needs to be addressed (WP:Consensus).  Maybe it could be argued that this whole article should move to Wikisource instead, but that's another discussion.  That's what the talk page is for. Wikihonduras 18:44, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * i think i've translated all the verses, I dont know who did teh chorus. this means their are no copyright concerns for what i write, its all gdfl. I have no probelm with the corrections you've suggested. Numerao 22:21, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:National Anthem of Bolivia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:59, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Anthem of Honduras


text: User talk:59.92.32.200

title: User talk:59.92.32.200


text:
User talk:Jsolaro

If you have any questions about any edits or comments that I have made, please feel free to discuss them here. Thanks! solaro 18:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jsolaro


text:
ITERA

ITERA is the acronym for the Information and Telecommunications Education and Research Association. ITERA is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and was founded on the principle that leading educational institutions can greatly benefit from cooperative development of curricular and research objectives.

Through periodic conferences ITERA seeks to obtain greater consistency in the development of its members' degree programs and the kinds of courses for educating future telecommunications leaders.

Membership
As of October 2008, its university membership includes:
 * Ball State University
 * Fort Hays State University
 * James Madison University
 * Illinois State University
 * Liberty University
 * Marion Technical College
 * Michigan State University
 * Murray State University
 * Ohio University
 * Oklahoma State University
 * Pace University
 * Purdue University
 * Sauk Valley Community College
 * Syracuse University
 * Texas A&M University
 * University of Colorado at Boulder
 * University of Oklahoma Tulsa
 * University of Pittsburgh
 * Western Michigan University.

title: ITERA


text:
Talk:Ashland, Kentucky

Education
Probably too many hyperlinks in there, but if I were going to link one of them, I'd might as well link all of them. Also, corrected the information on the two private schools (I'm a Holy Family/Verity/Blazer alum) and the chosen names of the elementary schools. Ought we to also start mentioning local churches? :) In my mind, it's kind of advertising either way unless these places are significant enough to have their own articles, of historical interest in the town and all that. -Fuzzy 18:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Ido translation
{blink} When did a little town like Ashland warrant foreign translation? As a native, I'm absolutely gobsmacked. -Fuzzy 04:17, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Information Bar
I'm fairly new at updating wiki articles, but I decided to add an information bar on the right side of the page. It is modeled after the one from the Lexington wiki article. Also, I added a photo of the downtown area of Ashland. -Campaigner444 16:55, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Does the Paramount Arts Center image show up as just... black? If it continues, I'll replace it with one of my own. Seicer 06:06, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I am going to remove it since it appears black on other computers as well. I'll put it in as a comment, so that if the image does restore functionality in the future, you can put it back in service quickly. Seicer 05:09, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It may be a problem with it being a png file. I'll put up a JPG version to see if that helps. Campaigner444 14:46, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Please see my rationale/argument at Talk:Charleston, West Virginia. If a city of 50,000 is not notable enough, certainly a town of 20,000 isn't. Other reasons are presented on the other talk page. 4.234.165.179 01:26, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Disfavour per talk at Charleston. Stop spamming templates all over until the decision has been reached at Charleston.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 01:31, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * A town's population may not merit a wikipedia article, but Ashland's history and amount of notable personalities certainly does. Also it's worth to the state of Kentucky as a whole. Celtic Paladin 08:32, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Controversies and the 'Ashland Witch Hunt'
I've created this article because it seems to be something on everyone's minds in our town, and is probably something that will go down in Ashland history. The article isn't nearly exstensive enough, but this is beyond my ability. I hope that someone with more skill and gusto will come along, see my article, become interested, research, and finally rewrite what I have written. Celtic Paladin 07:27, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Trivia

 * This should be incorporated into the article. See WP:TRIV.  John Reaves 07:48, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
 * The original name for Ashland was Poage's Landing.
 * In 1854, the name of the city was changed to Ashland in honor of Henry Clay's home in Lexington, Kentucky.
 * Ashland Oil originated here, as well as the better known Valvoline Oil.
 * It is rumored that actress Ashley Judd takes her name from her mother's hometown, Ashland.
 * Ashland is mentioned in "On the Road" by Jack Kerouac.

Controversies in Ashland
You've listed a police department embarrassment yet no mention of the fact that one-time mayor of Ashland, Paul Reeves, was arrested for child porn, while still in office. Or that City Manager William H. Fisher has been accused of racism numerous times during his tenure (and even brought the attention of the NAACP after a comment he made right after the attacks of Sept. 11). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.177.22.126 (talk • contribs)

 * You are more than welcome to contribute to Wikipedia. I can't do all the work...  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 03:01, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * My personal opinion is that the controversey section should go. This is an encyclopedia not a newspaper.  All towns have controversies and I imagine Ashland has more than one to list.  It would be never ending. Vbofficial 20:39, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I do not see what this adds to the encyclopedic content of the article. -- Kesh 01:02, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * One that forces the resignation of a significant part of its officers? As for expansion, others are more than welcome to contribute and add information in order to fill it out (as with the UK article). I can't do all of the work on this end!  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 01:08, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * At best, it's a minor footnote in the history of the city. Plus, you don't see a Controversies section in Memphis, Tennessee or Miami, Florida, so why should Ashland have one? It places undue emphasis on one incident in the city's history. Now, if there were an article about History of Ashland, Kentucky, I could see including it there. But in this article, it sticks out like a sore thumb. -- Kesh 01:13, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That would be a good idea, to implement History of Ashland, Kentucky, given that there is a lot of information already there that could be shifted, and expanded upon. Let me work on that -- give me a week -- and see where it goes. If it doesn't improve, then feel free to remove.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 02:12, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me! Looking forward to seeing what you can turn out from that. -- Kesh 03:10, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 12 one external links on Ashland, Kentucky. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110712090521/http://usps.whitepages.com:80/service/post_office/ashland-1140-carter-ave-ashland-ky-1353484 to http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/ashland-1140-carter-ave-ashland-ky-1353484
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120120105009/http://usps.whitepages.com:80/service/post_office/unity-contract-station-2025-29th-st-ashland-ky-1436354 to http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/unity-contract-station-2025-29th-st-ashland-ky-1436354
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 * I replaced the ISJL link with a corrected one after someone vandalized it with a spam link, and fixed the census link. Otherwise, looks good. -Fuzzy (talk) 17:49, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Ashland, Kentucky. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130319014422/http://m.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf to http://m.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.kdmc.com/content.asp?pkid=34
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051107214224/http://www.hager.ashland.k12.ky.us/ to http://www.hager.ashland.k12.ky.us/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051023224921/http://www.oakview.ashland.k12.ky.us/ to http://www.oakview.ashland.k12.ky.us/
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Ashland History book available online
I had someone post this copy of a history of Ashland to our Blazer reunion page. It make might for some interesting material for the entry. For example, I didn't know that the first resident pastor of Holy Family Church was buried on the site where they built the church, nor did I know that Holy Family operated a business college starting in 1895. -Fuzzy (talk) 13:37, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

NOTABLE Persons
So, WHO wanted to add a NOTABLE person to this page, whose claim to fame was a local crook who wore a mask made of duct tape...which, amusingly, he adhered to his own face.NOT Notable......Coal town guy (talk) 19:57, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:51, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Downtown Ashland.jpg

title: Talk:Ashland, Kentucky


text:
Morgoth (band)

Morgoth was a German death metal band that was formed in 1987 by Rüdiger Hennecke and Carsten Otterbach in Meschede.

History
Originally the band used the name Cadaverous Smell and they played grindcore / noise style music. When Harry Busse joined the band they renamed themselves to "Minas Morgul". In 1987 the band settled on Morgoth when singer and bass-player Marc Grewe joined the band. The name was derived from the epithet of the original dark lord Melkor in J.R.R Tolkien's Middle-earth Legendarium. They recorded the Pits of Utumno demo on four tracks in 1988, which eventually led to the band being signed with Century Media, which had just started.

In 1989, Morgoth recorded their second demo Resurrection Absurd in a twenty-four-track studio, which was released by Century Media in the same year as an EP. The band then toured Germany in support of Pestilence and Autopsy. The Eternal Fall was recorded shortly after the tour finished, which was quickly followed by a second tour with Demolition Hammer and Obituary. Grewe stopped playing bass and Sebastian Swart joined as the bass player.

In February 1991, the first actual full-length album was recorded in the Woodhouse studios, titled Cursed. To promote the album the band supported Kreator and Biohazard on a US tour and another European tour with Immolation and Massacre. Most of the band then relocated to Dortmund. Morgoth took a break then and only to return in 1993 with the album Odium. More touring followed, with Tankard, Unleashed and Tiamat. Nevertheless, most of the band members started to lose interest in an active music career and ventured in other directions.

Eventually a third album was recorded, Feel Sorry for the Fanatic, on which they incorporated more and more industrial influences. A tour followed the release of the album, with Die Krupps and Richthofen. The band broke up in 1998. In 2010 they reformed to participate in the Death Feast Open Air and confirmed that a 2011 "Cursed" reunion tour would be played. They later performed at the 2011 Wacken Open Air.

As of December 5, 2014 Morgoth parted ways with their longtime lead vocalist Marc Grewe but continued as a band with a new lead vocalist. The band also released a new album in the spring of 2015, titled Ungod.

On May 24, 2018, the band announced they would be going on hiatus following their performance on June 8 at the Chronical Moshers Open Air in Germany. On December 17, 2020, Morgoth announced that they had broken up again.

Current members

 * Harald Busse – guitars (1987–1998, 2010–2020)
 * Sebastian Swart – guitars (2010–2020), bass (1990–1998)
 * Sotirios Kelekidis – bass (2010–2020)
 * Marc "Speedy" Reign – drums (2010–2020)
 * Karsten "Jagger" Jäger – vocals (2014–2020)

Former members

 * Carsten Otterbach – guitars (1987–1998; died 2018)
 * Rüdiger Hennecke – drums (1987–1998)
 * Marc Grewe – vocals (1987–1998, 2010–2014), bass (1987–1990)

Timeline

Discography

 * Pits of Utumno (Demo, 1988)
 * Resurrection Absurd (EP, 1989)
 * The Eternal Fall (EP, 1990)
 * Cursed (1991)
 * Odium (1993)
 * Feel Sorry for the Fanatic (1996)
 * 1987-1997: The Best of Morgoth (Best of/Compilation, 2005)
 * Cursed To Live (DVD, 2012)
 * God is evil (Single, 2014)
 * Ungod (2015)

title: Morgoth (band)


text:
Tryweryn flooding

The Tryweryn flooding or Tryweryn drowning (Welsh: Boddi Tryweryn), refers to the flooding of the rural community of Capel Celyn to the north west of Bala in Gwynedd, Wales, in the Afon Tryweryn valley. The village and other parts of the valley were flooded in 1965 to create Llyn Celyn reservoir, in order to supply Liverpool and Wirral with water for industry.

The Tryweryn flooding was opposed by 125 local authorities and 27 of 36 Welsh MPs voted against the second reading of the bill with none voting for it. At the time, Wales had no Welsh office (introduced in 1964) or any devolution.

History
The villagers first knew about the proposal a few days before Christmas 1955, from reading about it in the Welsh edition of the Liverpool Daily Post. The villagers created the Capel Celyn Defence Committee, which debated and denounced the scheme all over Wales through newspapers, radio and television. The villagers marched twice to Liverpool in 1956 to make their objections known. However, Liverpool councillors voted overwhelmingly to proceed.

In 1957, a private bill sponsored by Liverpool City Council was brought before Parliament to develop a water reservoir in the Tryweryn Valley. The development would include the flooding of Capel Celyn. By obtaining authority via an Act of Parliament, Liverpool City Council would not require planning consent from the relevant Welsh local authorities and would also avoid a planning inquiry at Welsh level at which arguments against the proposal could be expressed. This, together with the fact that the village was one of the last Welsh-only speaking communities in the area, ensured that the proposals became deeply controversial; 35 out of 36 Welsh Members of Parliament (MPs) opposed the bill (the other did not vote), but in 1962 it was passed. The members of the community waged an eight-year effort, ultimately unsuccessful, to prevent the destruction of their homes.

The Tryweryn flooding was opposed locally by the Capel Celyn Defense Committee led by Dafydd Roberts and Elizabeth May Watkin Jones. Altogether, 125 local authorities opposed the plan, and 27 of 36 Welsh MPs voted against the second reading of the bill with none voting for it.

When the valley was flooded in 1965, the village and its buildings, including the post office, the school, and a chapel with cemetery, were all lost. Twelve houses and farms were submerged, and 48 people of the 67 who lived in the valley lost their homes. In all, some 800 acres (3.2 km2; 320 ha) of land were submerged. A new reservoir, Llyn Celyn, was formed.

The water in the reservoir is used to maintain the flow of the River Dee (Afon Dyfrdwy) so that water may be abstracted downstream, and additionally to improve the quality of white-water sports on Afon Tryweryn.

A full list of the submerged properties (broadly from west to east) is as follows:

 * Moelfryn
 * Glan Celyn + y Llythyrdy (post office)
 * Y Fynwent (cemetery)
 * Tynybont
 * Brynhyfryd
 * Cae Fadog
 * Coed Mynach
 * Garnedd Lwyd
 * Y Tyrpeg (The Turnpike)

 * Gwerndelwau
 * Y Capel (chapel)
 * Tŷ Capel (Chapel House)
 * Yr Ysgol (school)
 * Y Gelli
 * Penbryn Fawr
 * Dol Fawr
 * Hafod Fadog (Quaker meeting place) and Mynwent y Crynwyr (Quakers' Cemetery)
 * Tyddyn Bychan

Stones from the chapel (built in 1820 and rebuilt in 1892) and other buildings in the village were used in the construction of Capel Celyn Memorial Chapel, designed by the Welsh sculptor R. L. Gapper with the Liverpool City architect Ronald Bradbury, which was completed in 1967 and overlooks the reservoir at the north-west end. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Families who had relatives buried in the cemetery were given the option of moving them to another cemetery. Eight bodies were disinterred and the remainder left. All headstones were supposed to be removed, and the cemetery was to be covered in layers of gravel, then concrete, but this was not done.

When the reservoir dried due to a drought in the 1980s and early 1990s the village became visible. The whole of the walled cemetery next to where the chapel stood was completely covered in concrete. There were no gravestones left standing. The removed headstones are in a memorial garden at the memorial chapel.

Hafod Fadog
One of the farmsteads covered was Hafod Fadog, a Quaker meeting place. It is recorded on a bronze plaque in a lay-by near to the dam:"Under these waters and near this stone stood Hafod Fadog, a farmstead where in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Quakers met for worship. On the hillside above the house was a space encircled by a low stone wall where larger meetings were held, and beyond the house was a small burial ground. From this valley came many of the early Quakers who emigrated to Pennsylvania, driven from their homes by persecution to seek freedom of worship in the New World."

Political effects
Almost unanimous Welsh political opposition had failed to stop approval of the scheme, a fact that seemed to underline Plaid Cymru's argument that the Welsh national community was powerless. At the subsequent general election, the party's support increased from 3.1% to 5.2%.

Of perhaps greater significance, however, was the impetus the episode gave to Welsh devolution. The Council for Wales recommended the creation of a Welsh Office and Secretary of State for Wales early in 1957, a time when the governance of Wales on a national level was so demonstrably lacking in many people's eyes. By 1964 the Wilson government gave effect to these proposals.

The flooding of Capel Celyn also sharpened debate within Plaid Cymru about the use of direct action. While the party emphasised its constitutional approach to stopping the development, it also sympathised with the actions of two party members who (of their own accord) attempted to sabotage the power supply at the site of the Tryweryn dam in 1962.

A more militant response was the formation of Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru ("Wales Defence Movement") or MAC, which blew up a transformer on the dam construction site in February 1963. MAC went on to carry out a number of other bombings in the next six years.

In October 1965, the Llyn Celyn reservoir opened, and there was a sizeable Plaid Cymru-organised demonstration. A year later, Gwynfor Evans won Plaid Cymru's first parliamentary seat in Carmarthen. But according to some commentators, Capel Celyn did not play a major part in Gwynfor Evans's victory: in addition to Carmarthen's long distance from Tryweryn, they claim that Plaid Cymru's victory owed as much to an anti-Labour backlash in the constituency's mining communities as it did to Plaid's successful depiction of Labour's policies as a threat to the viability of small Welsh communities.

On 19 October 2005, Liverpool City Council issued a formal apology for the flooding. Some in the town of Bala welcomed the move, though others said the apology was a "useless political gesture" and came far too late.

Impact on Welsh law
The flooding is often cited in discussions around devolving powers to the Welsh Government, such as those following the Government of Wales Act 2006 and the Wales Act 2014. The 2015 United Kingdom election took place during the flooding's 50 year anniversary, and saw the UK Conservative Party campaign on the St David's Day Agreement which would give further powers to the Welsh government.

The agreement's proposals effectively meant that any Welsh laws on water could be overruled by UK ministers if they judged it would have a serious adverse effect on the water supply in England. As such, the proposals were heavily criticised in Wales; both the Welsh Government and Plaid Cymru stated that a new agreement was needed to address the issues around devolved, reserved and excepted matters, especially on the emotive subject of water.

In backing the UK government's proposals, Secretary of State for Wales Alun Cairns directly referenced the Tryweryn flooding, stating that the UK proposals were "about righting a wrong from 50 years ago", adding that UK Government proposed settlement "sends a strong message" on how the UK and Welsh governments relate to each other.

The discussions would eventually lead the UK government losing the power to intervene in any laws relating to water (and many other areas) enacted by the Welsh Government, with supporters of the new Wales Act 2017 describing it as "preventing another Tryweryn". Alun Cairns again backed the amended act, stating that the new arrangement showed "how far we have come from the events of 52 years ago, which resulted in the flooding of the Tryweryn Valley".

Theatre
The flooding of the village was dramatised in a joint production by Theatr Clwyd and Theatr Genedlaethol Cymru in 2007. The original title was Porth y Byddar and the revival in 2008 was titled Drowned Out.

Music
The flooding of the village inspired a Manic Street Preachers song "Ready for Drowning" and Enya's song "Dan y Dŵr" ("Under the Water") from her self-titled album of 1987. It is referenced in the Los Campesinos! song "For Flotsam" on their 2013 album No Blues. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the event, English composer Michael Stimpson released an album entitled Dylan & The Drowning of Capel Celyn, which featured a work for solo pedal harp, inspired by the flooding. Electronic musician Bibio released a song called "Capel Celyn" on his 2017 album Phantom Brickworks.

TV and film
In the 2010 Welsh-Argentine drama film Patagonia by Welsh director Marc Evans, Capel Celyn is the place of origin of one of the film's protagonists. Scenes near the end of the film include a visit to the reservoir. The history of the villages provide inspiration for the 11th episode "Achub Y Morfilod" ("Saving the Whales") in Season 6 of the American animation series Archer, first broadcast in 2015. Guest-starring Matthew Rhys, a native Welshman, the episode was the result of a story told by Rhys on a night out with the show's creators (earning Rhys a writing credit). Capel Celyn and the reservoir also play a part in the 2016 Welsh film Yr Ymadawiad (The Passing, in English). The flooding of the valley seems to provide inspiration for the film's plot, and the movie is better understood and takes on a deeper level of poignancy when the history of the flooding is known. It is also referenced in The Crown, Season 3 Episode 6 "Tywysog Cymru". A young Prince Charles stays in Wales to learn the Welsh language at University of Wales, Aberystwyth. His tutor, Edward Millward, and his wife Silvia are members of Plaid Cymru and briefly tell him about the village. Capel Celyn is also featured in the Rank film series ‘Look at Life’ in the episode ‘Running Dry’. The short film, shot in colour, includes shots of the post office, the school, the chapel and the local councillor Dave Roberts.

Literature
Reservoirs by R. S. Thomas appeared in Not That He Brought Flowers, published in 1968. It was written soon after the opening of Llyn Celyn and Llyn Clywedog.

Visual art
Capel Celyn (1997) is a floor piece made up of 5,000 cast wax nails inspired by the discovery of one rusty five inch nail which Welsh artist Tim Davies reclaimed one rainless summer from the dried up bed of the Tryweryn reservoir.

Cofiwch Dryweryn
Cofiwch Dryweryn ("Remember Tryweryn") is a motto referring to the drowning of Capel Celyn in 1965. It urges Welsh speakers to remember the destruction of a Welsh-speaking community and to safeguard the language. One instance of this motto is a graffito on the wall of a ruined stone cottage by the A487 at Llanrhystud, outside Aberystwyth which has come to be regarded as a "national landmark". Meic Stephens claimed to have been the first to paint the wall in the 1960s, with the slogan Cofiwch Tryweryn (sic, without the initial soft mutation and therefore grammatically incorrect). Since then, a number of people have repainted the wall, and the word Tryweryn has been corrected to Dryweryn.

In 2010, a fundraising campaign was launched to preserve the wall by Llanrhystud Community Council. £80,000 was needed, with Cadw declaring that it would contribute £30,000 to the fund.

The wall has been vandalised over on a number of occasions. In May 2008, the words were altered to "Angofiwch Dryweryn" ('forget Tryweryn'). The monument was defaced in April 2010, and a spokesperson for the Welsh Government said they were "disappointed" by the incident. Incidents of vandalism also occurred throughout the years, e.g. in 2013 and 2014. In 2017, the words Cofiwch Aberfan 1966 ("Remember Aberfan") were added underneath the original message. This message was referring to the Aberfan disaster of 1966, when the collapse of a colliery spoil tip above the village of Aberfan led to the deaths of 144 people, 116 of them children. The original message was repainted in August 2018 but was again defaced in February 2019, when it was painted over with the name Elvis, a reference to the American rock-and-roll singer Elvis Presley. After the memorial was repainted, vandals knocked over parts of the wall. In response to the vandalism a wave of Cofiwch Dryweryn memorials were painted throughout Wales and further afield also.

The monument is featured in the music video for the Manic Street Preachers' single "Distant Colours".

title: Tryweryn flooding


text: Template:SS7 stack

title: Template:SS7 stack


text:
ARETI International Group

ARETI International Group of Companies is a private energy company headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ARETI was created by Igor Makarov in 2015 following his sale of Itera International Group of Companies, which was started in 1992 and sold off in 2013. The ARETI group company consists of holding companies registered in Cyprus, Virgin Islands, and the Netherlands and has subsidiaries involved in the energy industry, civil and industrial engineering, and finance. The company operates primarily in Switzerland and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. In 2013, its main subsidiary, Itera Oil & Gas Company, was acquired by Rosneft prior to any sanctions placed on Rosneft.

History
A firm which later became a part of the Itera Group was established in 1992 as a basic commodities trading company. Established in 1992, the Itera International Energy Corporation headquarters in Jacksonville, Florida kept Makarov's wealth beyond the political and financial turmoil of Russia and the former Soviet states.

In 1994, it obtained the rights to sell Turkmeni natural gas as payment for its sugar transaction and started implementing gas-related projects within its subsidiary Itera Oil & Gas Company, LLC. In 1995, Itera began selling Turkmeni gas to Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and Georgia, as well as to the Baltic States over Gazprom pipelines in exchange for hard cash, sugar, meat, and cereals to Russia.

Registered in Wilmington, Delaware in May 1996, Itera International Energy LLS governed gas supplies and financial statements.

Registered in Riga, Latvia in November 1996, ITERA Latvia or ITERA Latvija, which was headed by Juris Savitskis, governed gas supplies, pipelines and underground storage in Latvia and Estonia where it held a large stakes in both the Latvian gas company Latvijas Gaas or Latvijas Gāze and the Estonian gas company Eesti Gaas. Mr. Makarov exited the investment in 2013 when Itera Oil & Gas Company was sold off and has no relationship to ITERA Latvija since.

In 1998, Itera launched production of natural gas in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia. It was the first private company to put gas fields into operation in the Far North of Russia: the Gubkinskoye gas field with reserves of 399 e9m3 in 1999; the Vostochno-Tarkosalinskoye field with reserves of 407 e9m3 in 2001; and the Beregovoye field with reserves of 325 e9m3 in 2003.

Due to enormous reserves, Makarov's Itera was the fourth largest natural gas company in the world in 2000.

In 2002, there was an agreement to merge the newly created gas company Novatek with Itera, but the deal was cancelled.

After the 5 December 2002 establishment of Eural Trans Gas, Itera was no longer the dominant natural gas provider to Ukraine.

In 2010, India-based Sun Group sold its 26% stake in Itera Holdings back to Itera Group. In 2011, TNK-BP planned to acquire a 50% stake in Itera. This transaction failed. In 2012, Rosneft announced a plan to acquire up to 51% in Itera Oil & Gas. In 2013, Rosneft acquired the remaining 49% in Itera Oil & Gas. Following the complete sale of Itera Oil & Gas, Makarov was subject to a non-compete clause in the Russian energy sector.

By mid-2015, Makarov had restructured and consolidated his remaining companies under ARETI International Group (ARETI IG). Today, ARETI IG is composed of subsidiaries and affiliated companies with business interests in the United States, Canada, Turkmenistan, Western Europe and in the Middle East. ARETI IG has offices located in Switzerland (Geneva), Cyprus (Limassol), Turkmenistan (Ashgabat), Canada (Calgary) and the United States (Jacksonville).

Itera Oil & Gas Company
The main subsidiary of Itera was Itera Oil & Gas Company. It had aggregate proved reserves of 510 e9m3 of natural gas, over 2 million tons of gas condensate and 7 million tons of crude oil. By 2011, more than 325 e9m3 of natural gas had been produced in eight fields. It had 49% stake in Sibneftegaz (another shareholder is Novatek), which holds licences for exploration and production in the Yamal-Nenets region, including the Beregovoye field, Pyreinoye field, Zapadno-Zapolyarnoye field, and the Khadyryakhinskiy licence area.

Sibneftegaz owned the rights to develop oil and gas condensate fields with a total resource of 395.53 e9m3 of natural gas and 8.44 million tonnes of gas condensate. In Sverdlovsk Oblast, the company operated through ZAO Uralsevergaz, a joint venture with the oblast administration. Together with Zarubezhneft, Itera carried out a development of block 21 in the Turkmen sector of the Caspian Sea. The reserves of this block were 219 million tons of oil, 100 e9m3 of natural gas and 92 e9m3 of associated gas. Together with Zarubezhneft and Rosneft, it developed blocks 29, 30 and 31.

Other activities
Since the mid-2000s, Itera group was involved in civil and industrial engineering in Russia, Belarus and Turkmenistan. Among the projects were an office complex for the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia, a skyscraper and a business center in Minsk, and sport facilities and pipelines in Turkmenistan and Russia. The company had commenced construction of a steam-gas power cogeneration plant with a capacity of 900 MW in the Nizhny Novgorod Region and for construction of a gas and petrochemical complex in the Urals with a capacity of 600,000 tons of methanol per year. In 2009, Itera's subsidiary MPK Engineering was contracted to build the 198.5 km Central Kara Kum–CS Yilanly gas pipeline in Turkmenistan. The pipeline was completed in 2010.

Since 2008, Itera, through its subsidiary Arkticheskiye razrabotki, developed Apsatskoe mineral coal mine, one of the largest in Russia, in Zabaykalsky Krai. Through its 72% stake in Stavropolstroynerud, it developed the Malkinsky quarry, located in Stavropol Region, with production capacity exceeding 1 million cubic meters of crushed stone, sand, and gravel per year. In 2011 100% of Arkticheskiye razrabotki were sold to SUEK, which became the new owner of Apsatskoe.

In the United States, Itera focused on oil and real estate, in addition to renewable energy sources, chemicals and bioenergy technologies. In 2008, Itera put a bioethanol refinery into operation in Pennsylvania. The construction of a similar facility in Louisiana was planned, as well.

Structure
Itera Group Ltd. was registered in Cyprus. It owned Itera Holdings Limited, also registered in Cyprus, which owned 99.99% of Itera Oil and Gas Company, the main company of the group. In 2012 51% of Itera Oil & Gas were included into a joint-venture with Russian state-owned oil company Rosneft, which in 2013 also bought out remaining 49% from Itera Holdings Limited Altogether, Itera Group has dozens of subsidiaries in Russia, CIS, Asia, Europe and in the US. Its main shareholder, chairman of the board of directors and president is Igor Makarov.

Financials
In 2010, Itera had a gross profit of US$435.9 million and a net profit under IAS of US$226.9 million. Net sales amounted to US$1.6 billion, compared to US$1.15 billion in the previous year, and natural gas sales were RUR1.58 billion, compared to RUR1.13 billion in the previous year.

Sponsorships
Itera was a sponsor of the European Cycling Union (UEC). In March 2011, the UEC President Wojciech Walkiewicz and Igor Makarov, the chairman of the board of directors for Itera, signed a contract for financial support until the end of 2011, with the possibility of contract renewal.

From 2009 until October 2019, Makarov's ITERA had been a sponsor of Team Katyusha (Катюша). With financial support from the Israeli–Canadian billionaire Sylvan Adams, the Makarov backed Swiss-based Katusha–Alpecin was taken over by the Israel Cycling Academy in October 2019.

Controversies
According to Bloomberg BusinessWeek, in the late 1990s, the Russian state-controlled company Gazprom conducted dubious transactions with Itera and a Gazprom/Itera joint-venture, Purgaz. Billions of dollars of Russian natural gas resources were transferred from Gazprom to Itera for artificially low prices, then sold to the markets by Itera, allegedly profiting Gazprom managers who were also beneficiaries of Itera. In 2002, Bill Browder, manager of the Hermitage Capital Management investment fund, accused Itera and Gazprom of colluding to depress natural gas prices and also stock prices in a scheme that PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), which had been the in house auditor for Gazprom since 1996, could not uncover after PwC had produced dangerously lax audits of Gazprom. In February 2002, Boris Fyodorov, as an independent director of Gazprom, stated that PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) signed off on poorly performed audits of natural gas firm interactions such as Gazprom-Itera because PwC wanted to keep the account with Gazprom adding "If an auditor knows it cannot do a proper review, then it is just doing it for the money." Further, he said that any audits by Deloitte & Touche into the Gazprom-Itera interactions were strongly opposed by Gazprom management. Despite the allegations, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) defended the audit reports and the Moscow Arbitration Court threw out all five suits filled by Bill Browder against Gazprom in June 2002. "A Moscow Arbitration Court judge has thrown out five lawsuits that minority shareholder activist William Browder filed against Big Four auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers. We hope we’re at the end of it, these decisions are pretty definitive." said PwC managing partner Richard Buski.

In March 2002, the U.S. Trade and Development Agency cancelled a $868,000 grant to Itera as questions were raised about its legitimacy. In May, Representative Curt Weldon led a congressional delegation to Russia and visited Itera. After his return, he publicly supported Itera's efforts. In the beginning of September 2002, Itera paid the expenses for Weldon to travel to New York City. The following week, Itera told Karen Weldon, the congressman's daughter, that it would sign a public relations contract for $500,000-a-year with her newly formed lobbying firm, Solutions North America, Inc. (SNA) which was signed on 30 September 2002. On 24 September 2002, Curt Weldon co-hosted an event at the Library of Congress honoring Itera's chairman. On 26 September, Weldon gave a floor speech praising Itera. On 30 September, SNA received a $500,000 annual contract with Itera, with $170,000 up front. In November 2002, Itera paid for Karen Weldon to join Rep. Weldon on a trip to Eastern Europe and Russia. In January 2003, Itera opened its newly expanded U.S. offices at Jacksonville, Florida, and paid for Rep. Weldon to attend the opening. Investigations have found no wrongdoing by Itera or any of its associates.

title: ARETI International Group