text:
Talk:Alice Bailey

The Lords of the Seven Rays
I don't have the patience to investigate who did this, but it seemed a shame to just throw it away entirely. The following list has been de-linked (in the article); I leave the links here for any one interested in some Original Research in the form of Wikilinks:

 * 1) The Lord of Power or Will
 * 2) The Lord of Love-Wisdom
 * 3) The Lord of Active Intelligence
 * 4) The Lord of Harmony, Beauty and Art
 * 5) The Lord of Concrete Knowledge and Science
 * 6) The Lord of Devotion and Idealism
 * 7) The Lord of Ceremonial Order or Magic

Some of these may seem inarguable (to some), but there's no equivalent list in Bailey that I'm aware of. (If someone can point to this list, or a secondary source, then it makes a great addition to the article. But until then, it's OR, innit?) Oh and btw, welcome back, Malcolm. :) Eaglizard (talk) 22:09, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The Masters for rays 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 are as I recall them in the Bailey books. Malcolm Schosha (talk) 22:25, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Seems there are sources forthese and that there are even whole Wiki articles on some.Renee (talk) 00:50, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * oops, see the links lead to the Wiki articles...if you look at the sources of these articles you'll see there are several. I think it's a good idea to include them in this article.Renee (talk) 00:51, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * None of the refs in the WP article for Hilarion, as the 5th ray master, relate to Bailey. I have not checked the other articles, but if these correspondences of rays with masters are used there should be AAB refs for them. Malcolm Schosha (talk) 13:32, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you agree with this chart here? (Have to scroll down a bit...) It seems it is from this source: Bailey, Alice A. The Seven Rays of Life New York: 1995--Lucis Publishing Co. Compilation from all the Alice A. Bailey books of material about the Seven Rays. Renee (talk) 20:32, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I suppose it is correct. I really wish the books could still be searched online. Malcolm Schosha (talk) 20:55, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

There's a reference for the Masters of the Rays in A Treatise on Cosmic Fire - Section Three - Division A - Certain Basic Statements on page 1237. Hilarion looks correct for the Fifth Ray. I can paste in the words from that page here but I don't know how to make the wikitext format the same as in the book. --Linda (talk) 08:11, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * OK I looked through all of these and they all match so I'm putting the wikilinks back in the article with a new footnote. --Linda (talk) 22:18, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Unsourced changes?
There have recently been additions in "On the Jewish Problem", and in "On interracial marriage". Since there has been a lot of disagreement over these sections, it might be a good idea to discuss such changes before making them. In this case the changes seem to be unsourced, and I will soon remove them unless someone gives a really good reason why I should not. Malcolm Schosha (talk) 15:35, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Looking Good
Hello, folks. It's me, cat yronwode, a.k.a. the old "64." I decided to revisit this previous battleground, wondering what shards and fragments would remain. I am happy to see Malcolm back, and to see that he and Renee can now discuss this biographical article on civil terms. I like the way the article looks at this point. I have little or no time to add to or subtract from it, so all i want to say is, "Hello." Catherineyronwode (talk) 10:37, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

"The Jewish problem" and NPOV
This section uncritically quotes Bailey several times repeating her anti-Semitic statements. The quotes may be valuable in demonstrating her anti-Semitic views, however as stated they do not appear to follow the guidance of WP:QUOTE: ''the quotation is being used to substitute rhetorical language in place of more neutral, dispassionate tone preferred for encyclopedias. This can be a backdoor method of inserting a non-neutral treatment of a controversial subject into Wikipedia's narrative on the subject, and should be avoided''.

At the moment the section lacks balance by effectively repeating her unchallenged viewpoint. Responses from a critical reliable source would address the balance and probably reduce the need to include so many of her anti-Semitic quotes.—Ash (talk) 16:43, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

There were more references given about two years ago, but they were removed over time by editors who wanted to paint AAB in a bad light.

But therein lies the rub. There is a severe lack of sources available on Ms.Bailey. One can only surmise from her own quotations that she considered both the Jews and the Negroes to be a problem. The problem with this article goes way back to when a group of people looking to exclude all mention of Bailey's antisemitism invaded the article as if Bailey were still alive. Personally I do not see that section as NPOV. Albion moonlight (talk) 01:30, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

About  "...she considered both the Jews and the Negroes to be a problem." Actually, the only "problem" she address in connection with the Negroes, to used the term current then, was to bemoan their bad treatment by the whites. And the issue of concern was not so much the Jews as Zionism, the parts of Jewish culture that overlap with that. Even with all the safeguards in place a crowd-sourced Wiki like this seems incapable of dealing objectively with things of a religious and political nature, and especially if the subject of race is part of topic. 19:32, 18 February 2016 (UTC)Mystic1muse (talk)

Alice Bailey's quotes in this section are taken out of context and blown out of proportion. Countless times in countless ways, she indicates that unconditional love for everyone is essential. That is a central theme throughout all of her Work. She wrote that the Masters have perfect loving understanding for every human being, with no exceptions - and that all of us must eventually manifest the same qualities if we are to evolve and at the same time, we must speak out against injustice. 72.177.95.213 (talk)
 * Please check the guidance of WP:SOAP, your statement appears to be promotional rather than specifically suggesting improvements to the article.—Ash (talk) 14:40, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Regarding the NPOV suggestion; article itself is not dealing with a controversial subject, it is a biography of a person. The quotes are not used to "Substitute rhetorical languague", but are the subject itself. ie the quotes are note assisting dealing with the issue of antisematism, the quotes themselves are the subject, and so it cannot be considered POV to include them. More of an issue is whether they're cherrypicked as XXX.213 is suggesting. As Antisematism is not the issue, but the views of Ms Bailey are, there is no necessity to counterbalence unless the statements are unrepresentative of her views. I suggest remove POV tag, but have someone check for balance. Clovis Sangrail (talk) 14:21, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It may be worth taking a moment to see how the William Shakespeare article handles quotes. He is the most quotable person in history and yet the article keeps the number and length of quotes quite modest and always gives context. In this article the proportion of quote to article text is disproportionate for the controversial sections in question. Most of these sections have no criticism. Repeating a quote with no context or analysis (when plenty of independent reliable sources are available to give context and analysis) makes for a pointless article that reads like a fan site. The NPOV tag appears justified with little improvement made in these areas since the tag was added. Ash (talk) 15:50, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that there seems to be a disproportionate focus on the quotes, and should be kept in context. It feels as if its written to provoke the reader rather than inform on her opinion.  I agree that it needs to be tidied up.  I don't think its this articles place to challenge / counterbalance her statements (with fact), but her quotes do need to be reprensentative and and in context.  I'm happy not to remove the tag, since the article is loaded with issues so the tag is minor, but I'll move it slightly higher up so it covers all her racial theories, since her 'Negro' views are presented in a similar manner.  Clovis Sangrail (talk) 00:25, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Consider: http://www.bookreader.org/bailey/Alice_Bailey.htm  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.107.74.253 (talk) 00:49, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

On the controversial aspects, this biography is not so much an accurate reflection of Bailey as it is a reflection of editors outrage over some of her statements on controversial topics. The selections made, and the lack of balancing selections, show the editorial bias. Excellent contributions to the article have been cut away, useful references deleted. The article becomes less about Bailey and more about the battle between editors. The battle has raged for years and will no doubt continue unabated into the future. Such is the nature of human editors and the Wikipedia rules do little to prevent the travesty. Wikipedia is wonderful for noncontroversial subjects, for a topic like Bailey it is, and will remain, a relative failure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.155.9.214 (talk) 23:02, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Exact birth time in first paragraph
It may be important to people who draw up astrological charts on her, but is it important for Wikipedia? -- AnonMoos (talk) 14:19, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Given that Bailey's best recognized work is Esoteric Astrology, I would suggest that it's vital information. 71.169.26.105 (talk) 02:40, 22 November 2011 (UTC) Dioxin Freak, not logged in.

Esoteric taxonomy
As a member of the Warburg Institute's Esoteric Studies Group, which is probably the world's leading academic study group in the area, I strongly question the general NPOV balance of the article. For example, it implies that esoteric learning is a subdomain of the meme, whereas if it has any real claim to operational esotericism, it would be the other way around. Such imbalanced claims are hardly to the credit of the subject, and indicate a negative dynamic to Mrs Bailey's fundamental operative practice which is destructive of any original claims in the area, according to the classic texts like the Picatrix. Esotericism is an aspect of the very earliest documented records of human history, far predating the 19th century's fads, which as they don't seem to have had a serious effect on the world may not be worth the memory taken by this meme. That certain black circles seem to have attempted to commandeer the subject for themselves does not make them authorities, for that matter. It would therefore be appreciated if a neutral authority could review the meme and reestablish objectivity, which seems to be seriously lacking. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.5.142.222 (talk) 20:56, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

Excessive primary sourced material
I removed material which was all primary sourced because the amount of primary sourced opinions on the article, sourced to bailey herself was excessive. It was reverted with no specific objection. Can people outline their specific objections here. IRWolfie- (talk) 18:56, 10 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree that the amount of sourcing to Bailey was far in excess of the norm on biographical articles. Itsmejudith (talk) 16:37, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm curious as to why this edit was reverted here with an edit summary saying it had to do with primary sources when it clearly does not (at least to me). Was there another reason? Debouch (talk) 23:15, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Your reply is unclear. How does it not? Most of the material I have removed is that cited to primary sources, namely Bailey herself, Second Quantization (talk) 00:00, 19 February 2014 (UTC) (Formerly IRWolfie-)
 * You are right, it is unclear. Sorry. I had removed some primary-sourced material and you inadvertently put it back. Debouch (talk) 00:16, 19 February 2014 (UTC)
 * That specific Diff was due to the revert mechanism failing. (The diff viewer showed my edit, but after the commit a different revert had been made). I had to manually correct it by copying and pasting the earlier version of the article here: . Second Quantization (talk) 00:23, 19 February 2014 (UTC)
 * My edit was poorly timed. I'll redo it at some point. Thanks. Debouch (talk) 00:38, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

The early editions of this article contained additional sources as well as additional information that was in many ways better than subsequent evolutions of it. Many of these were erased by editors who lacked objectivity. There is an older and much modified version that can be found here: http://en.rightpedia.info/wiki/Alice_Bailey#cite_note-39 This version, in this self-proclaimed "God" oriented Wiki, has an agenda and also lacks objectivity and still retains a lot of material that worked at painting Bailey in a bad light and so is really something of an attack piece (as was the article here from time to time) rather than an encyclopedia article. That said, there are many good statements and references in the "rightpedia" version that should be resurrected incorporated in this Wikipedia. Mystic1muse (talk) 19:20, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

Edit War
and - Please stop engaging in your edit war. There is no limit to the amount of text you can remove in a single edit, and if you look above, IRWolfe- has justified the removals, and you have not responded on it. Another editor agreed on the talk page, and still nothing from you. The editor who most recently reverted it asked you to discuss it on the talk page before reverting again, which you ignored. This is very unseemly behavior. It is very clear that IRWolfe-'s removal of the text was done in good faith, so there is no argument to be made that this is vandalism. 0x0077BE [talk/contrib] 21:52, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * IRWolfie's statement that he removed "all primary sourced" is just untrue. It's clear if you read through his  edit, that he changed and removed much more.  This is not an edit war but standing up for the integrity of the article.  Please see for yourself what under the guise of one edit much more damage was done to the entry.  IRWolfie your arguements don't hold water because they're false.  True there is no limit to how much text can be removed in one edit, but what IRWolfie did to the article is not justified by his edit summary.  I am going to revert.  Please read through his edit. ( Previous unsigned comment by  - 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] )

 * You are speaking of generalities. Highlight something specific and discuss it. To clarify, the specific issue is not the specific book, but that we are quoting her from her own books throughout the article. We should be using secondary sources, Second Quantization (talk) 22:22, 18 February 2014 (UTC) (formerly IRWolfie-)

 * - 1.) Please don't remove my section headers or otherwise edit me on talk pages. 2.) You started by conceding one of my arguments, the other arguments have to do with whether or not IRWolfe- justified their own edits. I was only going by your own edit summaries and addressing the arguments therein. Clearly they did, whether you disagree or not. At this point it's time to build consensus on the talk page because there's a dispute.

 * Do not revert the removal of the material. If you indeed concede that IRWolfe- would be justified in removing the large amount of primary-sourced material, then at the very least you should be adding back in only the reliably-sourced material, not simply reverting his edits. To start, can you please identify any specific material that you think was unjustly removed? 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 22:27, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

Itainteasybeingcheesy here. I completely disagree with removing the material from this entry and support putting it back in. Specific objection to removal of Esoteric Astrology and Seven Ray info which is not in the Autobiography as claimed by IRWolfie. Also apperent the wide ranging scope of his edit was malicious. —Preceding undated comment added 22:25, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * It is very clear from his above comments that his intention was not malicious. You need to assume good faith on Wikipedia, even if you disagree with the changes that have been made. Vandalism is a very specific kind of destructive editing that is distinct from good faith mistakes. 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 22:29, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

---It's tendentious editing. How can one assume good faith when the references that he removed clearly show that they came from a variety of sources and not just from one primary source? -TOM2087
 * 1.) You should use four tildes (~) to sign your posts.
 * 2.) This is exactly why you need to assume good faith, as the edits were made in good faith. It is clear that you don't understand the meaning of a primary source - it means a source that has not been interpreted, essentially. In this case, the "primary sources" are the works written by the subject of this biography. We should be using secondary sources, i.e. people who have read her works and written about her and her work based on them. It is an important concept to understand, and now that you are on the talk page, assuming good faith, you are learning about it and we are making headway towards consensus. 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 22:38, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

 * ?? The esoteric astrology and Seven Rays of energy sections are both still there. Tom, as I have already clarified the issue is the use of primary sources, especially those written by Bailey herself, rather than secondary sources from an outside perspective looking in. Second Quantization (talk) 22:36, 18 February 2014 (UTC) (Formerly IRWolfie-)

It appears that Tom2087 and Itainteasybeingcheesy were sockpuppets and have been banned, according to their respective user pages. Presumably this will not be a continuing problem. 0x0077BE [talk/contrib] 22:49, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Comments by confirmed sockpuppets have been striked, Second Quantization (talk) 22:53, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

Two missing terms
There are two terms that seem to apply to the writing of Alice Bailey that are apparently missing from the article.
 * 1) Ascended Masters
 * 2) Channeling, noting that the article Mediumship has a section on channeling.

Are there any thoughts on adding some content to the article on these subjects? I know that Bailey objected to being classified as a medium, and that she did not use the term Ascended Master. But her books, as all Ascended Master literature, seems classifiable as channeled literature; and the term Ascended Master Teachings does seem to accurately describe her work.

Kwork2 (talk) 22:36, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

"Ascended Masters" is present where it should be under "Influence" section on Elizabeth Clare Prophet. Elizabeth Clare Prophet invented the phrase. Bailey did not use the phrase at all, apparently regarding it as redundant since all Masters are by definition "ascendant." Bailey refers to one specific "initiation" as that of "ascension" but it is not used in connection with the term "Master." Curiously, there is a widespread conflation on the net of the Elizabeth Clare Prophet's phrase and teaching with the Bailey writings and even from many supposedly scholarly sources. Also Bailey's "Master" is a different entity than that defined by Elizabeth Clare Prophet. In her writings Bailey refers to the "I Am" of Elizabeth Clare Prophet as a "travesty." The Theosophists are also unhappy with the confusion in the public mind, see: Mahatmas versus Ascended Masters Mystic1muse (talk) 00:29, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

why is that there? sjoo
Hey -- I don't want to get in your way, but while you're working so hard on this article, might you take a look at the section Alice Bailey and figure out where to put the three things near the end (Sjoö and the Blavatsky comparison) where they belong? Originally, they seemed to be in the Bibliography in a section called Criticism, but then people started using that section to discuss the criticism, and now that three-item bibliography kinda floats there. --jpgordon:==( o ) 00:11, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the note. Yes, I was just noticing yesterday and the criticism are sprinkled in multiple places whereas I think, to compare with other articles on Wikipedia I've seen, criticism are usually placed in a discrete "Criticism" section.  I've not looked too much at the overall organization but it probably should be tweaked, inclding putting all the critiques in a single section.  I think it might be good to have all the criticism together and divide that into subsections with the Blavatsky part as 1, and the Sjoo as another, etc. Mystic1muse (talk) 21:29, 21 February 2016 (UTC)
 * It wasn't the arrangment of the criticism section that I noted, just the odd placement of those bibliography items. But yeah, that too. --jpgordon:==( o ) 23:42, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

I'm thinking that the criticism might stay in multiple places but be given their own heading and started to do that with section 2.9. Does that fix the issue you saw or is there something more? Or is one section better, or? What do you think?

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Original research in the popular culture section
I've done some inline tags for original research in Alice Bailey but I'm also flagging it here as I'm about to tag the article as whole in the hope that someone with more subject knowledge can either source the claims properly or remove them. I noticed this issue as a reader and don't feel able to do more than tag. Thanks. Amedee123 (talk) 11:05, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alice Bailey


text:
Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki

Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki of the Sas coat of arms (Georg Franz Kolschitzky, Юрій-Франц Кульчицький; 1640 – February 19, 1694) was a Polish nobleman, diplomat, and spy during the Great Turkish War of Ukrainian origin. For his actions at the 1683 Battle of Vienna, when he managed to get out of the besieged city to seek help, he was considered a hero by the local people. According to legend, he is often cited as starting the first café in the city in 1683, using coffee beans left behind by the retreating Ottoman Turks. However, more recent sources suggest that the first coffeehouse in Vienna was opened by the Armenian Johannes Theodat in 1685.

Biography

Kulczycki was born in 1640 in Kulczyce, near Sambor, (then part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, now western Ukraine). He was born into an old Orthodox-Ruthenian noble family, Kulchytsky-Shelestovych, although his father had converted to Catholicism.

He was fluent in Polish, Ruthenian (Ukrainian), Serbian, Turkish, German, Hungarian and Romanian languages. Kulczycki started to work as a translator for the Belgrade branch of the Austrian Oriental Company (Orientalische Handelskompagnie). When the Turkish authorities began repressing foreign traders as spies, he avoided arrest by claiming Polish citizenship and moved to Vienna, where through his earlier work he had gathered enough wealth to open up his own trading company in 1678.

During the Siege of Vienna (1683), he volunteered to leave the besieged and starving city and contact Duke Charles of Lorraine. Together with his trusty servant, the Serbian Đorđe Mihajlović, he left the city in Turkish attire and crossed enemy lines singing Ottoman songs. After contacting the duke, the pair managed to return to the city and reach it with a promise of imminent relief. Because of that information, the city council decided not to surrender to the Turkish forces of Kara Mustafa Pasha and continue the fight instead.

After the arrival of Christian forces led by the Polish king John III Sobieski, on September 12, the siege was broken. Kulczycki was considered a hero by the grateful townspeople of Vienna. The city council awarded him with a considerable sum of money and the burghers gave him a house in the borough of Leopoldstadt. King John III Sobieski himself presented Kulczycki with large amounts of coffee found in the captured camp of Kara Mustafa's army.

The story that Kulczycki opened a coffee house in Vienna at Schlossergassl near the cathedral, which was named the Hof zur Blauen Flasche ('House under the Blue Bottle') and other stories about him related to coffee were invented by Gottfried Uhlich in 1783. It was uncovered for the first time by historian Karl Teply in 1980. Kulczycki's descendant, historian Jerzy Sas Kulczycki, considered Teply's theory "pseudo-scientific", as it "negated all known, documented knowledge about Kulczycki, making him an Armenian on top of that".

Until recently, every year in October a special Kolschitzky feast was organized by the café owners of Vienna, who decorated their shop windows with Kulczycki's portrait, as noted by Polish historian and geographer Zygmunt Gloger. Kulczycki is memorialized with a statue on Vienna's Kolschitzky street, at the corner of the house Favoritenstraße 64.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki


text:
Poaching (disambiguation)

Poaching is illegal hunting or fishing.

Poaching or poach may also refer to:

Food

 * Poaching (cooking)

People

 * Amanda Poach (born 1987), American soccer player
 * Andreas Poach (1515–1585), German theologian

Sport

 * Poach (pickleball), a type of shot in the sport of pickleball
 * Poaching (snowboarding), snowboarding at a resort where snowboards are explicitly prohibited.
 * Poaching (tennis), when a doubles player aggressively moves across the court to volley a ball intended for their partner.

Other uses

 * Mate poaching in animals, seduction of an animal who has already established a bond with another creature
 * Human mate poaching, in human infidelity
 * Employee poaching, the recruitment of employees directly from a business competitor
 * Antipoaching, practices intended to protect against employee poaching

title: Poaching (disambiguation)


text:
Annandale-on-Hudson, New York

Annandale-on-Hudson is a hamlet in Dutchess County, New York, United States, located in the Hudson Valley town of Red Hook, across the Hudson River from Kingston. The hamlet consists mainly of the Bard College campus.

Municipal services
Emergency services at Annandale-on-Hudson are provided by the municipal Red Hook Police Department, the Dutchess County Sheriff's Office, New York State Police, Red Hook Volunteer Fire Company, and Tivoli Volunteer Fire Company. Students, faculty, and staff of Bard College also receive on-campus emergency assistance from Bard College Safety and Security and the student-run Bard EMS.

History
The Munsee and Muhheaconneok people were the original inhabitants of this area and, due to forced migration, now reside in Northeast Wisconsin and are known as the Stockbridge-Munsee Community.

The town takes its name from an estate donated by John Bard and his wife to Columbia University so that a college could be formed there. Today, Bard College stands on the land that John Bard donated. Bard College houses the only post office for Annandale-on-Hudson's ZIP code, 12504. The land comprising Annandale-on-Hudson, sometimes abbreviated to "Annandale", is mostly owned by Bard College. There are also a few private residences, small businesses, and undeveloped land controlled by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Annandale-on-Hudson, despite its size, has a significant history. Blithewood, a mansion designed by Francis L. V. Hoppin, an alumnus of the architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White for Andrew C. Zabriskie in 1899, replaced an earlier mansion by the same name remodeled for Robert Donaldson Jr. by architect Alexander Jackson Davis. The current Blithewood was donated to Bard College in 1951 by the Zabriskie family and, today, houses the Levy Economics Institute at Bard College. The Estate was originally part of a 1660 land transfer from Native owners to Peter Schuyler. The Manor Estate is another historical mansion located on campus.

Bard College's resident archaeologist Christopher Lindner has extensively researched the history of this area.

In popular culture

 * Annandale-on-Hudson is the hometown of the Marvel Comics character Jean Grey of the X-Men. Chris Claremont, best known for his run on the X-Men comic book, attended Bard.
 * Annandale-on-Hudson is referenced in the Steely Dan song "My Old School"; members Donald Fagen and Walter Becker met while attending Bard College, and the song recounts a drug bust at Bard in 1969 in which Fagen was implicated.

title: Annandale-on-Hudson, New York


text: User talk:207.136.211.64

title: User talk:207.136.211.64


text:
SRF zwei

SRF zwei (Swiss Radio and Television Two) is a Swiss German-language free-to-air television channel run under the public SRG SSR broadcasting group.

History
The channel was launched in 1997 as 'SF 2' as the German-speaking replacement for the formerly nationwide second public channel S Plus (which originally launched in 1993 and was subsequently renamed 'Schweiz 4' in 1995). It is the second of the three national German-language channels in Switzerland (the others being SRF 1 and SRF info).

SF 2 was renamed to 'SF zwei' on 5 December 2005, in order to differentiate it more from its sister channel SF 1. An HD version launched on 29 February 2012.

Programming
SRF zwei mainly broadcasts programmes aimed towards a younger audience. There is a heavy emphasis on movies, TV series and sporting events, much like its Austrian equivalent ORF 1. Feature films and TV series are often broadcast with both the German dub and the original soundtrack.

From 1998 to 2003, a Nickelodeon-branded programming block was broadcast on SRF zwei (then known as SF 2) on weekdays between 10am and 5pm; there was a mixture of Nicktoons and Swiss productions, as well as live broadcasts featuring interactive games. In addition, a Junior-branded block was broadcast on weekend mornings; this was extended to weekdays from September 2003, replacing the Nickelodeon block. This too ended in December 2006, and was replaced by SF tubii, which was renamed Zambo in 2010.

On 29 February 2012, a major programme overhaul was undertaken: the children's block Zambo was shortened and moved to SRF 1, due to programming on SRF zwei regularly being interrupted for sports broadcasts. In addition, The Simpsons was removed from its early evening slot due to poor ratings, and was replaced with a series of in-house productions.

Broadcasts

 * sport live: Live sporting events
 * sport aktuell: Daily sports news magazine
 * sportpanorama: Weekly in-depth sports magazine
 * PresseTV: Various magazine programmes produced by print magazines
 * Movies
 * TV series

Entertainment

 * Eurovision Choir
 * Eurovision Song Contest
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Series

 * Arrested Development
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title: SRF zwei


text:
George Seawright

George Seawright (c. 1951 – 3 December 1987) was a Scottish-born unionist politician in Northern Ireland and loyalist paramilitary in the Ulster Volunteer Force. He was assassinated by the Irish People's Liberation Organisation in 1987.

Early life
Born in Glasgow, Scotland from an Ulster Protestant background, Seawright lived in Drumchapel and worked in the shipyards of Clydeside. Also living for a time in Springburn, he was one of the few Scots to join the Ulster Protestant Volunteers in the late 1960s.

He then worked in the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast until entering politics as a member of the Democratic Unionist Party. As well as being a shipyard worker he also served as a lay preacher and was an elder in north Belfast's John Knox Memorial Free Presbyterian Church. Seawright was also a member of an Orange Lodge in the Ballysillan area of North Belfast and the Apprentice Boys of Derry. He lived in the unionist Glencairn estate in the northwest of the city with his wife and three children.

Politics and controversy
Seawright was noted for his fiery rhetoric. He was elected to Belfast City Council in 1981, and soon developed a following amongst unionists. The following year he was elected as the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) candidate to the 1982 Northern Ireland Assembly. Seawright, who had initially campaigned for John McQuade before securing his own candidacy, had problems with the party leadership from the beginning of his political career. Seawright stated that he was viewed as lacking respectability due to his rough personality, his residence in social housing, and that he was in arrears to the Northern Ireland Housing Executive.

Seawright courted controversy throughout his fairly brief career. He was strongly criticised for an interview he gave to Nationalism Today, a journal produced in support of the Political Soldier wing of the British National Front (NF). In it, Seawright praised the NF, not only due to their support for Ulster loyalism, but also for their stance on race and immigration. His younger brother David Seawright was an active member of the NF.

In 1984, following the erection of an Irish tricolour on Whiterock leisure centre, Seawright, along with UVF men John Bingham and William 'Frenchie' Marchant, wielded handguns to physically remove it. Despite their efforts two flags were put up to replace it soon afterwards. Following a heated exchange in which People's Democracy councillor John McAnulty described the Union Flag as "a butcher's apron" McAnulty stated that Seawright delivered a veiled death threat, saying: "I have a soft spot for you Mr McAnulty, it's in Milltown Cemetery."

He continued to court controversy when he told a meeting of the Belfast Education and Library Board in 1984 that Irish Catholics who objected to the singing of the British national anthem "are just fenian scum who have been indoctrinated by the Catholic Church. Taxpayers' money would be better spent on an incinerator and burning the lot of them. Their priests should be thrown in and burnt as well." Seawright denied making these comments, although they were widely reported by the press at the time. The comments had been sparked by a debate before the board about building a new incinerator at a Catholic primary school. He was prosecuted and received a six-month suspended sentence as a result.

DUP withdraw support
Following these high-profile political mistakes, the DUP withdrew the party whip from Seawright, although he managed to hold onto his support base and was returned to the Council in 1985 as an independent under the Protestant Unionist label (previously used by the forerunner of the DUP). He was shunned by the DUP and UUP city councillors, and the only councillors who would talk to him were Sinn Féin. Nonetheless, he did not sever his ties with all DUP members and in mid-1985 joined Ivan Foster, Jim Wells and George Graham in a failed attempt to force a banned loyalist march through the mainly nationalist town of Castlewellan. Seawright did however split from the Free Presbyterian Church and instead worshipped at the Shankill Road's Church of God.

As a candidate for the Westminster elections, Seawright twice contested the North Belfast constituency. In 1983, as a DUP candidate, Seawright finished second with 8,260 votes behind Cecil Walker of the UUP, whilst in 1987 he finished third behind Walker and Alban Maginness (Social Democratic and Labour Party) with 5,671 votes as a Protestant Unionist candidate (although the DUP did not contest the seat due to an electoral pact between the DUP and UUP at the time). Seawright took the name Ulster Protestant League (which had been used by an earlier loyalist group) for his largely working-class Evangelical group of supporters, even though the name was not used for electoral purposes.

Move toward paramilitarism
In the aftermath of the Anglo-Irish Agreement and his removal from the DUP, Seawright he moved publicly closer to paramilitarism. He stated that he felt it would be impossible to resist the Agreement solely through non-violence and further argued that it would be inevitable for loyalists to break from Ian Paisley and Jim Molyneaux as the two leaders of unionism would never publicly endorse a violent response. For Seawright conflict was inevitable, especially with the growing electoral success of Sinn Féin which he argued would harden both communities' stances and bring about civil war.

Seawright further enhanced his notoriety when, on 20 November 1985, he took a leading role in the protests against the visit of the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Tom King to Belfast City Hall, where King was denounced for his part in the Anglo-Irish Agreement and attacked physically by Seawright and other protesters. For his part in the incident, Seawright was sentenced to nine months imprisonment in Magilligan Prison in October 1986. As a result of this jailing, Seawright was forced to vacate his seat on Belfast City Council. The Workers' Party blocked the co-option of his wife Elizabeth, who nevertheless beat the Workers' Party by 93% to 7% in the subsequent by-election (in which she also stood under the label of Protestant Unionist). She held the seat in 1989, but lost it in the 1993 local government election.

He courted further controversy in September 1986, when he publicly called for revenge after the killing of John Bingham, a leading UVF member and friend of Seawright, by the IRA. Raymond Mooney, a Catholic civilian, was killed soon after Seawright made the statement. He made similar remarks the following year when UVF member William "Frenchie" Marchant was killed by republicans, stating that he had "no hesitation in calling for revenge and retribution". Seawright's North Belfast campaign in 1987 also played up his hardline image, with Seawright dubbing himself "the man who will not be silenced". He further promised to follow an abstentionist policy if he were elected, in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement.

Death
Following his release, Seawright made plans to regain his seat, although ultimately he was to be assassinated before the opportunity arrived. Martin Dillon states in his book, The Dirty War, that Seawright met with representatives of the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO) in the Europa Hotel after being informed by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) that he was on an IPLO hit list. It was alleged that during the meeting, Seawright agreed to provide low-level information to the IPLO in exchange for his safety. Nonetheless, on 19 November 1987, Seawright was shot whilst he waited in a car near a taxi firm on the Shankill Road (for whom he was due to begin working) by the IPLO, dying two weeks later from his wounds on 3 December.

Dillon further stated that Seawright's details, as well as those of Bingham, Lenny Murphy and William Marchant, had been supplied to their killers by leading Ulster Defence Association member James Craig in return for the republicans guaranteeing his safety. According to an internal UDA document investigating claims of collusion with republicans, Craig had brought two other members to the car park of the Shankill Road leisure centre on the day Seawright was killed, a location only fifty yards away from the murder scene. The UVF blamed the killing on Martin "Rook" O'Prey, a leading IPLO hitman who was killed by the UVF at his home in 1991. They questioned Craig about his alleged involvement, but decided that he had not played any role in the killing.

In August 2006, the UVF listed Seawright in a list of its members who were killed during the "Troubles". It has also been stated by Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack that Seawright was an informer who passed information about loyalists to RUC Special Branch.

title: George Seawright


text:
Robert J. Beck

Robert J. Beck (born 1961) is an educator and scholar of international law and international relations.

Education
Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and educated at Marquette University High School, Beck received an Honors B.A. (Political Science, History, Latin), Phi Beta Kappa, from Marquette University in 1983. He received MA (1985) and PhD (1989, with distinction) degrees in International Politics from Georgetown University's Department of Government. Beck also participated in law institutes at New York University's School of Law, the University of Virginia's School of Law, and Dartmouth College.

Academic career
An Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Beck also teaches in the Global Studies degree program.

From January 2014 until January 2023, Dr. Beck served as UWM's Associate Vice Chancellor and Chief Information Officer. From 2003-2013, he was Chief Information Officer of UWM's College of Letters and Science. From 2000 until July 2011 he served as Director of Academic Technology at UWM's Center for International Education. From 1998-2000, he served as Director of Tufts University's Center for Teaching Excellence. Beck earlier taught at the University of Virginia (Government & Foreign Affairs, 1989–90, 91-98) and the University of Minnesota (Political Science, 1990–91).

Beck has been a regular scholarly collaborator with his long-time friend, Anthony Clark Arend. Beginning in 2003, he was also a guest on the television series, "International Focus", produced by the Institute of World Affairs at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. In addition, Dr. Beck has been featured in podcasts such as Georgetown University's “SFS ONLINE & ON TOPIC: Russia, Ukraine, and International Law,” with Dr. Anthony Clark Arend on March 18, 2022.

title: Robert J. Beck


text:
User:Seattlelite

Spent my childhood as a brat in Incheon and Seattle. Other places I have lived are Boston, Philly, Pittsburgh and Portland.

Went to BU and CMU.

title: User:Seattlelite


text:
Midget wrestling

Midget wrestling is professional wrestling involving people of exceptionally short stature. Its heyday was in the 1950s and 1960s, when wrestlers such as Little Beaver, Lord Littlebrook, toured North America, and Sky Low Low was the first holder of the National Wrestling Alliance's World Midget Championship. In the following couple of decades, more wrestlers became prominent in North America, including foreign wrestlers like Japan's Little Tokyo.

The attraction was very popular in wrestling promotions from the 1950s into the 1970s. Many cards included midget wrestlers and included tag team and women's midget wrestling. Television shows for promotions in various cities frequently included midget matches.

Midget wrestling began to wane after WWF's WrestleMania III. Afterward, promotions continued to feature midget divisions, but its popularity was slowly declining. By the mid-1990s, midget wrestlers mostly appeared in comical matches and segments, rather than serious competitive wrestling-type matches. In Mexico, this was not the case, as wrestler Mascarita Sagrada continued to compete in prominent Mexican promotions such as AAA and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. By the mid-2000s in the United States, midget divisions once again were part of major wrestling promotions, and wrestlers such as WWE's Hornswoggle were competing for and winning championships made for average-size male wrestlers.

The Little People of America (LPA) have criticized midget wrestling as reinforcing stereotypes that little people are no more than entertainment, and the use of the word "midget", stating that it is as offensive as a slur. Opinions on the term from performers competing in the events is mixed; some consider the term merely descriptive of their small size, and others considering it outdated or offensive.

Early history
Midget professional wrestling had its early origins in the vaudeville shows of the United States. In these shows, comedy was as important as athletics. The sport is also indebted to professional wrestling's carny origins, where a premium was placed on the visually unusual.

Heyday
In 1949, Sky Low Low won a thirty-man battle royal to become the winner of the first NWA World Midget Championship, a singles midget championship promoted by the National Wrestling Alliance. Sky Low Low, one of the most prominent midget professional wrestlers, had a longtime feud with Farmer Brooks.

The 1950s have been called the "golden age of midget wrestling". During the decade, Sky Low Low, Little Beaver, Lord Littlebrook, and Fuzzy Cupid all toured the territories of Canada, wrestling in promotions such as Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling. The dominant promoter and booker for midget wrestling at the time was Jack Britton, who was stationed in Montreal, Quebec. In Ontario, Larry Kasaboski also promoted midget wrestling shows. In Canada, Sky Low Low and Little Beaver earned up to 15% of the gate proceeds at their events.

The midget professional wrestlers had many gimmicks to attract audiences and revenue. One of Sky Low Low's gimmicks was an open challenge to any other midget professional wrestlers to beat him in a two out of three falls match for $100. He often turned himself upside down and balanced on his head. The duo of Sky Low Low and Little Beaver even squared off in a match for Elizabeth II and King Farouk of Egypt. Sky Low Low also frequently teamed with Fuzzy Cupid in tag team matches. Meanwhile, Lord Littlebrook was credited as being one of the first wrestlers of any height to use aerial maneuvers in his matches. In addition to North America, Littlebrook wrestled in Australia, Japan, and Thailand. The midget wrestlers also performed in Cuba (prior to 1959), South America, Central America, England, Ireland, Scotland, and the countries on the mainland European continent.

In the 1960s, Littlebook trained other midget wrestlers, including Cowboy Lang. Female wrestler the Fabulous Moolah also trained midget wrestlers at her home in South Carolina, including female midget wrestler Diamond Lil.

Female midget wrestlers were popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Beginning in the mid-to-late 1960s, Diamond Lil wrestled Darling Dagmar, and in the 1970s, Lil mainly feuded with Princess Little Dove. Other prominent female competitors included Sheila Johnson, Cherrie Lamour, and Gypsey Rose. The women, as well as the men, competed regularly for promotions such as Georgia Championship Wrestling.

Peak and decline
Midget wrestling continued to be popular into the 1970s and 1980s, with foreign wrestlers coming to the United States to compete. Little Tokyo, a Japanese professional wrestler, made his way to the National Wrestling Alliance in the 1970s. British wrestler Lord Littlebrook continued to compete, but he became a manager for Jack Victory and Rip Morgan in World Championship Wrestling in the late 1980s.

The World Wrestling Federation included several midget wrestlers on their cards in the 1980s. At WrestleMania II in April 1986, the Haiti Kid appeared in the corner of actor Mr. T, who was in a match against wrestling Roddy Piper. On March 12, 1987, the WWF's WrestleMania III event — which is considered the pinnacle of the 1980s wrestling boom — included a tag team match with midget wrestlers Haiti Kid and Little Beaver, with average sized wrestler Hillbilly Jim defeating Little Tokyo and Lord Littlebrook, with King Kong Bundy by disqualification. During the match, Bundy slammed Little Beaver to the mat, which broke his back and forced him into early retirement. Sky Low Low was also touring with the WWF in the 1980s.

Promotions such as World Class Championship Wrestling and Windy City Wrestling also had midget divisions during this time. Grand Prix Wrestling in Canada employed midget wrestlers, including Farmer Brooks until it closed in 1992. In late 1992, Canadian Claude Giroux signed on with the WWF and teamed with the Bushwhackers in their feud against the Beverly Brothers, both of which were teams of full-sized wrestlers.

Competitive midget wrestling declined sharply in the United States in the early 1990s. Midget wrestlers began to show up in more comedic roles, which has been criticized by the Little People of America as being "thoroughly degrading and puts little people out there as a sideshow and entertainment". In these comedic roles, the wrestlers appeared as miniature versions of existing full-size wrestling stars. For example, Claude Giroux continued his tenure in the WWF by dressing up as a smaller version of larger wrestlers; most prominent was his Dink the Clown character, who was the "mini" of Doink the Clown. As Dink, Giroux appeared at 1994's WrestleMania X in a match where he teamed with Doink against Bam Bam Bigelow and Luna Vachon. He made another appearance at that year's Survivor Series, teaming with Doink and two other midget wrestlers (Pink and Wink) in a match against Jerry Lawler and Lawler's "minis" (Sleazy, Queasy, and Cheesy). In response to the growing popularity of using midget wrestlers as comedy, Lord Littlebrook, who was popular in the 1950s, stated, "I'm disgusted, I really am...I want midget wrestling, I don't want midget comedy."

Resurgence
In the late 1990s, the WWF and Mexico's AAA had a talent sharing program that allowed several lucha libre midget wrestlers to compete on WWF television. These wrestlers included Max Mini, El Torito, Mascarita Sagrada, Mini Vader, and La Parkita. Like in the United States, these midget wrestlers played "mini" versions of WWF and AAA's full-size wrestlers. Sagrada, repackaged as a character named Nova, made his in-ring debut in a midget wrestling match at Bad Blood in 1997 where he teamed with Max Mini against Tarantula and Mosaic. The midget wrestlers appeared on WWF Shotgun Saturday Night and WWF Monday Night Raw. The WWF's midget wrestlers also appeared in matches at the Royal Rumble in 1997 and the Royal Rumble in 1998.

World Championship Wrestling (WCW) also had an influx of Mexican midget wrestlers. In late 1996, full-size wrestler Máscara Sagrada wrestled in a dark match before Starrcade in 1996 where he teamed with Octagóncito (mini version of Octagón) and defeated Jerrito Estrada and Piratita Morgan, the latter of which was also a little person. The next day, the teams faced again, this time on WCW Monday Nitro.

On the independent circuit, there was an increased interest in midget hardcore wrestling matches, and groups such as the Half Pint Brawlers began selling DVDs and opening for musical acts such as Kid Rock. World Wrestling All-Stars also included hardcore matches in 2002 through 2003, with performers such as Meatball, Teo, and Puppet competing in matches where they hit each other with trashcans and other foreign objects. In the early days of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (NWA:TNA) in 2002, the promotion included a hardcore midget wrestling division. Although the division was later abandoned, at Victory Road in 2004—the company's first monthly pay-per-view event—Mascarita Sagrada defeated Piratita Morgan.

In 2005, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) announced the creation of a "juniors" division within their SmackDown! brand, which consisted of wrestlers at or below five feet tall, but it was discontinued in March 2006. Despite releasing many of the "junior" talent, they hired Dylan Postl in May 2006, who played a leprechaun character (named Little Bastard and later Hornswoggle), who accompanied Northern Irish wrestler Fit Finlay to the ring. At the Great American Bash in July 2007, he won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship, a title normally held by full size male wrestlers. Finlay and Hornswoggle also challenged for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Night of Champions in June 2008. During his tenure with the company, midget wrestlers employed in the independent circuit, including Short Sleeve Sampson, were brought in to portray the mini versions of larger wrestlers with whom Finlay was feuding.

In February 2000, the Micro Wrestling Federation (MWF), a wrestling promotion made up entirely of little people, was established. The promotion featured both serious wrestling matches and more comedic aspects. In early 2008, the Entertainment Shack booking agency acquired the MWF. After the acquisition, the entertainment agency hired many new midget wrestlers, making the organization the largest midget wrestling show in the US. This show can be seen nationwide with a tour schedule that encompasses the entire US, Canada, and South America. The promotion usually books between 150 and 180 shows a year.

In the 21st century, there has been substantial controversy surrounding the sport. The hardcore wrestling troupe the Half Pint Brawlers simulated sex, used staple guns as weapons, and performed using other hardcore antics in January 2008 during a Delta Upsilon fraternity event at Northwestern University. The event caused the fraternity to face disciplinary actions. In August 2008, the female performers in the MWF caused a disturbance when they appeared topless in a bar in Canton, Illinois. In addition, the Little People of America began to frown upon the use of the word "midget" in 2007, considering it to be degrading. The wrestlers involved in the sport do not always agree with this assessment, citing the longevity of the sport and the appeal of the term to audiences.

In 2018, Texas-based organization Extreme Dwarfanators Wrestling, which has toured across the US for many years, decided to tour England and Wales in the UK due to the explosion of interest in the UK wrestling scene. They instructed Wales-based agency Degu Media to assist with the language, tone, and translational issues and began to eliminate the word "midget" from all UK marketing material. At launch, the word Dwarfanators was substituted on social media, posters, advertisements, and banners. The Restricted Growth Association (RGA) opposed the event and describing it as a "freak show". The RGA's statement offended many in the wrestling community. Such notables in the Dwarf community such as James Luster (actor, former dwarf games participant, and councilor) spoke out against the organization, including former relatives of the founders of the RGA. Once three venues in England banned the dwarfs from appearing, a legal case for discrimination was started, quoting the Equality Act 2010. Coyote Ugly Saloons in the UK briefly suspended ticket sales while they took counsel on the matter, then gave the events their support.

In 2022, Major League Wrestling announced the creation of a midget division.

Mexico
Mascarita Sagrada is the most popular midget wrestler in Mexico and has also been featured in World Wrestling Entertainment and World Championship Wrestling in the United States. In Mexico, he has competed in AAA, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and a long list of independent promoters over the years. He debuted in CMLL, where he was patterned after popular luchador Máscara Sagrada and given his ring name which is Spanish for "Little Sacred Mask". During his first year working as Mascarita Sagrada he made guest appearances in Puerto Rico working for the World Wrestling Council (WWC) at their 17th Anniversary show teaming with Aguilita Solitaria in a losing effort against the team of Piratita Morgan and Espectrito. This match was one of the early pairings of Mascarita Sagrada and Espectrito, a rivalry that lasted for a decade and spanned several promotions.

In the 1990s, when midget wrestling in the United States began to decline in popularity, it remained popular in Mexico. In fact, prominent Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) created their midget division the year before in 1989. In 1992, the promotion established its primary championship for midget wrestlers, the CMLL World Mini-Estrella Championship. Mascarita Sagrada was the first champion.

Mascarita Sagrada and Espectrito continued their feud in AAA, now with the newly created Mexican National Mini-Estrella Championship in the 1990s. In January 1994, Espectrito became the first champion after winning a tournament final. On November 1994 Sagrada and Octagoncito teamed up to defeat Espectrito and Jerrito Estrada on AAA's first ever pay-per-view event When Worlds Collide. In 2002, AAA established the AAA Mascot Tag Team Championship, which was a tag team championship that was held by a full-size wrestler and his "mini". The initial champions were Mascara Sagrada and Mascarita Sagrada, who held the title for approximately two years before losing it to El Alebrije and Cuije. The latter team held the championship until April 7, 2009 when they left the promotion and the title was vacated.

Championships and Accomplishments
Sky Low Low (Marcel Gauthier) who was the National Wrestling Alliance's first World Midget Champion, Little Beaver (Lionel Giroux), Lord Littlebrook, and Fuzzy Cupid all have been inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame. In addition, other awards were developed for the midget professional wrestlers. For example, Pro Wrestling Illustrated presented a Midget Wrestler of the Year award annually from 1972 to 1976.

The National Wrestling Alliance promoted the NWA World Midget's Championship from 1949 until 1999. Little Tokyo held the title more than any other wrestler, with a total of three reigns. There was also a World Midget Tag Team Championship, which was held by wrestlers such as Little Tokyo and Lord Littlebrook. There are also several Mexican midget titles, including AAA World Mini-Estrellas Championship and Mascot Tag Team Championship, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's World Mini-Estrella Championship, Mexican National Mini-Estrella Championship, and the World Wrestling Association's Minis Championship.

Notable midget wrestlers

 * Cowboy Lang (Harry Lang)
 * Diamond Lil (Katie Glass)
 * Espectrito (Mario Jiménez) wrestled as Mini Vader in WWF
 * Espectrito II (Alejandro Jiménez) wrestled as Mini Mankind and Tarantula in WWF
 * Farmer Brooks (Clifford Fraser)
 * Fuzzy Cupid (Leon Stap)
 * Haiti Kid (Raymond Kessler)
 * Hornswoggle (Dylan Postl)
 * KeMonito (unknown)
 * La Parkita (Alberto Jiménez) wrestled as Mini Nova in WWF
 * Little Beaver (Lionel Giroux)
 * Little Tokyo (Shigeri Akabane)
 * Lord Littlebrook (Eric Tovey)
 * Mascarita Dorada a.k.a. El Torito in WWE
 * Mascarita Sagrada (real name unknown)
 * Meatball (Richard Ellinger)
 * Microman
 * Mije (real name unknown)
 * Mini Abismo Negro wrestled as Mini Goldust in WWF
 * Mini Psicosis (Enrique Del Rio)
 * Octagoncito (unknown) wrestled as Mosiac in WWF
 * El Gallito
 * Octagoncito (AAA)
 * Piratita Morgan (Raymundo Rodríguez) wrestled as the Battalion in WWF
 * Tiger Jackson (Claude Giroux) a.k.a. Dink the Clown in WWF
 * Tzuki (real name unknown) a.k.a. Max Mini in WWF
 * Shockercito (Javier Cortes Sánchez)
 * Short Sleeve Sampson (Dan DiLucchio)
 * Sky Low Low (Marcel Gauthier)
 * Tiny the Terrible (Douglas Tunstall Jr.)
 * Ultratumbita (real name unknown)

title: Midget wrestling


text:
Talk:Able and Baker

Older talk

 * We're starting this page again, stop deleting it.
 * We're trying to make an article here, stop deleting it. We'll provide links and references, if you'll just let us work.
 * Keep: We're working on creating the article, it will never get finished if it keeps getting deleted ever 30 minutes.SenatorVidal 13:41, 13 Oct 2005 (PST)
 * Suggestion: work the article up at Comixpedia's Wiki Webcomic Encyclopedia. When the article gets really good, upload it here. --Tedzsee 21:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Comment to folks still working on this article
The way the Wikipedia community works is that, when there's consensus to delete an article, it stays deleted. In order for this article to be undeleted, there would have to be some compelling evidence that could convince a consensus of users that the previous evaluation was incorrect. For an explanation of what's going on with webcomics in general, especially if you're a new user here, please see my page User:SCZenz/Webcomics--I put some work into explaining things clearly there. -- SCZenz 16:35, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge notice removed
I looked over both the first and second AfDs for this comic and to be honest, did not find much of interest to add into this article. The main point of debate, particularly on the second discussion, was whether or not its Dayfree membership made it notable. My own conclusion at the time was that it does, but I don't think a consensus one way or the other was reached. Also touched on was the relative importance of expertise in AfD discussions. Though these debates were interesting from a metapedian point of view, I don't think they belong in article space. This article already does mention it is a member of Dayfree, which I think is about the only uncontested point that was brought up. Especially considering this particular AfD was one of the factors leading to the exit of several contributors, I am very reluctant to move anything contentious from it out of the Wikipedia: namespace. –Abe Dashiell (t/c)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Able and Baker (5th nomination)
I've closed this as delete. I will at once be opening a deletion review of my close. - brenneman  03:30, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's at Deletion review/Log/2007 January 16. Please also note that I've not removed any red links and will not do so until the deletion review has closed. -  brenneman  03:41, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Able and Baker


text: Template:International numbering standards


text:
Ōwakudani

Ōwakudani (大涌谷) is a volcanic valley with active sulphur vents and hot springs in Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It was created around 3,000 years ago, as a result of the explosion of the Hakone volcano.

It is a popular tourist site for its scenic views, volcanic activity, and kuro-tamago (黒卵) — a local variety of hard-boiled eggs that uses the hot springs in their preparation. As a result of them being boiled in the mineral-rich waters of the valley, which contain high levels of sulfur, the egg shells turn black and give off a slightly sulfuric odour; eating one is said to add seven years to your life.

Upon seeing the hellish scenery, when Kōbō Daishi visited Owakudani more than a thousand years ago, he offered prayer to Bodhisattva. The Enmei-jizō in Owakudani is said to have its origin in the prayer.

Access
Access to Ōwakudani is via a funitel, the Hakone Ropeway (Ōwakudani Station), or a bus line from Odawara Station, Hakone-Yumoto Station, Kowakidani Station / Kojiri, the Izuhakone Bus (Ōwakudani Bus Stop). There is a road to a visitor's center just below the Kuro-tamago hot springs site.

Most visitors used to hike the roughly 1 km trail (which has been closed since 2015 due to increased volcanic activity) or take the Hakone Ropeway to close to where the eggs are boiled to participate in the ritual egg eating. The funitel offers a vast view of Mount Fuji (on clear days) and the sulphur vents just below the visitor's center.

Present day activities surrounding sulphur vents are the result of massive land slides in the past. Construction of concrete barriers and stabilization of the area have been under way for decades.

Closure
The tourist site in Ōwakudani was closed in May 2015 due to volcanic activity. It re-opened on April 27, 2016, but not fully, as it is not possible to walk close to the steaming vents due to the hazards involved. People with asthma, bronchitis, heart disease, heart pacemakers, and pregnant women are advised not enter the valley because of high volcanic activity.

In popular culture
Ōwakudani is featured in the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion and its manga adaptation. In the anime, the protagonist Shinji ends up near Ōwakudani after running from Misato's apartment.

title: Ōwakudani


text:
Taral Hicks

Taral Hicks (born September 21, 1974) is an American actress and R&B singer. Hicks is best known for her acting in such films as 1993's American crime drama film A Bronx Tale and her 1997 debut R&B studio album This Time which featured a cover of Deniece Williams' "Silly" that peaked at No. 4 on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.

Raised in Bronx, NY, Hicks graduated from Grace Dodge in 1993.

Acting
Hicks began her film career with a role in the critically acclaimed 1993 film, A Bronx Tale. Her subsequent film roles were small: 1995's Just Cause with Sean Connery and Laurence Fishburne, and 1996's Educating Matt Waters and The Preacher's Wife with Whitney Houston. She appeared in the movie Belly in 1998. In 2000, she appeared on screen in the short film, Are You Cinderella?, with actor Wood Harris. Her later film roles were in independent films such as 2005's The Salon, with Vivica A. Fox, Dondre Whitfield, and Darrin Henson; 2006's Forbidden Fruits with Ella Joyce, Fredro Starr, and R&B singer Keith Sweat; 2007's Humenetomy; and 2010's Ex$pendable. Hicks featured in the HBO television series Subway Stories in 1997. Two guest roles followed: 2002's 100 Centre Street in the episode titled "Fathers", and a 2003 episode of Soul Food: The Series titled "The New Math".

Hicks co-starred in the musical stage play Tyler Perry's Aunt Bam's Place with Paris Bennett, Cassi Davis, Jeffrey Lewis, and Melonie Daniels. It had a 3-day run beginning August 30, 2011 in Atlanta, Georgia (Cobb Energy Center) and was filmed for a DVD release on June 12, 2012.

Music
In 1995, Hicks signed a deal with Motown Records and released an album titled This Time. The single "Ooh, Ooh Baby", written by and featuring Missy Elliott, charted on the Billboard R&B singles chart. However, the lead single intended to debut her singing career was "Distant Lover", an uptempo track produced by Teddy Riley. The album did not take off until the second single, "Silly", a remake of the classic R&B hit by Deniece Williams, was released. Featuring a black-and-white music video directed by Hype Williams, the single charted well on the R&B chart. After collaborating on the video for "Silly", Williams cast Hicks as in his directorial film debut, 1998's Belly, as Keisha, DMX's girlfriend. The video for "Silly" appeared in one of the film's scenes. Hicks has expressed interest in pursuing a career in gospel music.

Personal life
Hicks is a 1993 graduate of Grace Dodge Vocational High School in the Bronx, New York. She is the younger sister of actress and singer D'atra Hicks. In 1999, Hicks began dating Loren Dawson, and the couple married in 2001.

Singles

 * Soundtracks
 * 1996: The Associate (on "Yes We Can Can" with Chantay Savage, LaShanda Reese and The Pointer Sisters)

title: Taral Hicks


text:
User:Balacifico du mible

I'm a french student living in Paris and studiying in the Lycée Janson de Sailly. English is the second language I learn at school (my first is German).

My principal hobbies are history (I prefer the middle age, the Rebirth and the "after-1870 age") politics and geography. I like playing Scrabble and I collect stamps, especially from France.

Excuse me for the mistakes I've done, I'm doing and I'll do! I hope I'll become better with the time! Thank you!

de:Benutzer:Manicou fr:Utilisateur:Manicou la:Usor:Didelphis_marsupialis

title: User:Balacifico du mible


text:
Westdorpe

Westdorpe is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Terneuzen, and lies about 31 km southeast of Vlissingen.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1545 as Westdorp, and means "western village". West is relative to Axel. The original village was lost in a flood in 1545. It was rebuilt by 1570 to the south-west. In 1586, it was inundated as a result of the Dutch Revolt. The current Westdorpe dates from 1674 when the area was poldered. Westdorpe was part of the Spanish Netherlands until 1644 when it was conquered by the Dutch Republic.

The Visitation of Mary church was built in 1887. In 1940, it was blown up, and it was rebuilt in 1947. It is a three-aisled church with a detached tower. There used to be three beer breweries in Westdorpe.

Westdorpe was home to 1,410 people in 1840. Westdorpe was a separate municipality until 1970, when it was merged with Sas van Gent. In 2003, it became part of Terneuzen.

Notable people

 * Ed van Dommelen (1934—2021), politician and mayor of Huijbergen.

title: Westdorpe


text:
Lord Littlebrook

Eric Henry Edward Tovey (3 January 1929 – 9 September 2016), known professionally as Lord Littlebrook, was an English midget wrestler. He enjoyed his greatest success during the 1970s, when he held the NWA World Midget's Championship. He was also part of the Wrestlemania III card in 1987 in front of nearly 78,000 fans at the Pontiac Silverdome in Detroit, then the largest professional wrestling attendance in North American history.

Career
Tovey was born in England on 3 January 1929 and grew up with six siblings. He began performing in front of audiences in the circus at the age of 14 serving as an acrobatic midget clown. Tovey traveled to the United States with the circus in 1949 but lost his job when the circus went out of business. He was then convinced by a friend that he would be an ideal midget wrestler. After three months of training, Tovey made his debut as "Lord Littlebrook" against Major Tom Thumb. Although from a working-class background, Tovey took a nobility gimmick in line with the general American stereotype of the British.

He is credited as being one of the first wrestlers to use aerial assaults on his opponents, paving the way for high wire acts such as Jimmy Snuka, The Rockers, and Koko B. Ware.

As Littlebrook, Tovey enjoyed great success in places such as Australia, Japan and Thailand. From 1956 to 1958, he wrestled in New York state. He faced other midget wrestlers, including several who he would later wrestle in the World Wrestling Federation. He won most of his matches, although he was booked to lose several tag team matches. In the late 1960s, he competed regularly for Georgia Championship Wrestling. Again, he wrestled in matches against other midget wrestlers and was victorious in the majority of his matches.

In 1979, Littlebrook began wrestling with the American Wrestling Association (AWA), and was brought in to team with The Crusher in a feud with Lord Alfred Hayes and Super Destroyer Mark II. In 1986, he competed in a tag team match at the AWA's WrestleRock event, teaming with Little Tokyo. The pair lost to Little Mr. T and Cowboy Lang. He also competed in WrestleMania III in a mixed tag-team match with Little Tokyo and King Kong Bundy against Hillbilly Jim, Little Beaver and Haiti Kid. Littlebrook's team was disqualified when Bundy bodyslammed and dropped an elbow on Little Beaver.

Tovey was involved in the wrestling business for 47 years as a wrestler, manager and a trainer. He trained Colonel DeBeers, as well and Mike George. In the late 1980s, Tovey, as Lord Littlebrook, was brought in to World Championship Wrestling to manage Jack Victory and Rip Morgan, who teamed as The Royal Family. Tovey has also been enshrined into the Canadian Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Tovey lived in Saint Joseph, Missouri, with his son Bobby. His other son, Chris, and Bobby compete as Kato and Beautiful Bobby with the midget wrestling group the Half Pint Brawlers. Tovey had 28 grandchildren. After retiring from wrestling, Tovey was diagnosed with dementia and lost the use of both of his legs. He also had surgery for skin cancer on his arm and recovered. Tovey died on 9 September 2016 at the age of 87 after suffering from a variety of health issues.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All-Star Wrestling Alliance
 * ASWA Midget Championship (1 time)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA World Midget's Championship (1 time)
 * Professional wrestling
 * Midgets' World Championship (3 times)
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Midget Wrestler (2004)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI Midget Wrestler of the Year (1976)

title: Lord Littlebrook


text:
Talk:Jinpachi Mishima

Whodunit?
While researching the correct kanji for the names of the Heihachi family, I found that 鉄拳 (ゲーム) listed Chikao Ohtsuka as Jinpachi's voice actor (This information has now been moved to the Japanese list of Tekken characters. --Cohen the Bavarian 08:45, 9 October 2006 (UTC)), rather than Takeshi Aono as is listed here. My first instinct was to delete Aono's name and replace it with Ohtsuka's, but when I looked at both voice actors' profiles at ANN ( and ), I found Jinpachi Mishima in "Tekken 5" (VG) (Japanese) in both actors' "Non-anime roles" section. I can find no reference to the Tekken series in Aono's page on the Japanese wikipedia, but likewise there is none in Chikao Ohtsuka at present. As such, I have listed both actors for the time being. Cohen the Bavarian 17:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Mister Monster! Would you like a hamburger??
So I guess his occupation is being a Monster, huh.

I changed that to match Jinpachi's real occupation. - KristiRenee.

Most annoying game boss ever!!!
I hate this guy! He is almost impossible to beat if you ask me! I firt played story mode with Yoshimitsu, and this boss beats me single-handedly. The only good side about this was that after i (FINALLY) beat him, i already played enough matches to unlock Devil Jin. Seriously, his stun thing is so unfair. I try a sprint attack, he just stuns me before i hit and then shoots me. I think there should at least be a mention in this article of his (MANY) unfair moves. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.98.155.133 (talk) 14:38, 3 February 2007 (UTC).

SNK Boss Syndrome?
Anyone think that Jinpachi suffers from SNK Boss Syndrome (i.e. he's an extremely overpowered character)? ChromeWulf ZX 17:45, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Is this really relevant information for the article? King Zeal 18:03, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think thats relevant. He's not a real person is he? Thom32 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 16:23, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jinpachit5dr.jpg
Image:Jinpachit5dr.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:19, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Jinpachi's Powers
I personally think it would be nice to add in the bit about him being a cheap boss character. His powers are overwhelming. Clearly you don't have to phrase it like he is "cheap character" or even put it in an childish form "this boss is hard". I think its relevant to the character that he has such high powers.

You could easily state it as: Title: Powers

There has been some criticism amongst fan about Jinpachi's powers being overpowered and how Jinpachi suffers from the same symptoms of many bosses. (Then you could elaborate his powers.) Jinpachi uses a range of stun techniques, hard punches, and can throw fire out of his stomach.

You get the picture, but I think its relative to the character to place this information. Not exactly in my words, but you can make what seems worthless more professional.71.142.214.138 (talk) 18:30, 13 February 2008 (UTC)Cardinal Raven

==It's not notable information. Not unless you can find a professional source (IGN, Gamepro, 1up, etc.) that mentions it. King Zeal (talk) 19:57, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Needs improvement
More refs, more reception. (But it's not horrible.) --Niemti (talk) 20:56, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jinpachi Mishima


text: User talk:219.148.86.36

title: User talk:219.148.86.36


text:
Tiken Jah Fakoly

Doumbia Moussa Fakoly (born June 23, 1968 in Odienné), better known by his stage name Tiken Jah Fakoly, is an Ivorian reggae singer and songwriter.

Early life
Doumbia Moussa Fakoly was born on 23 June 1968 in Odienné, Kabadougou Region, north-western Côte d'Ivoire. He discovered reggae at an early age, assembling his first group, Djelys, in 1987. He became well-known at a regional level, but later ascended to national recognition.

Career
Concerned by the social and political evolution of his country, it was not long before Tiken Jah was writing incisive works on the political environment in Côte d'Ivoire. One such work was on the death of Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, which resulted in a surge of popularity amongst the nation's youth. In 1998, Fakoly made his first international appearance in Paris.

Tiken Jah Fakoly plays music "to wake up the consciences". His music speaks about the many injustices done to the people of his country and Africans in general, as well as inciting calls for pan-Africanism and an African economic, political and cultural resurgence. As such, many African listeners feel a deep affinity with his lyrics as Fakoly speaks for oppressed people. This connection has helped make Tiken Jah Fakoly a much-listened artist throughout the world.

Since the rise in political instability and xenophobia in Côte d'Ivoire and after receiving death threats due to his lyrics, Fakoly has lived in exile in Bamako, Mali since 2003. In December 2007, Fakoly was declared persona non grata in Senegal after criticizing President Abdoulaye Wade.

In 2009 Tiken Jah launched a campaign entitled "Un concert une école", or One Concert, One School. Through the campaign, and in collaboration with institutions and associations, he was able to finance the construction of a school in the village of Touroni, and a college in Dianké, Mali. He held concerts in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea, accompanied by a vast communication campaign promoting education.

Tiken Jah Fakoly has recorded various tracks with other artists. He is featured on Steel Pulse: African Holocaust, on Didier Awadi: Stoppez les criminels, on Riké: Airt Frais, on Bernard Lavilliers: Carnets De Bord, on Amadou & Mariam: Dimanche À Bamako, on Dub Incorporation Diversité, and on Tata Pound: Cikan. He also appears on the compilation African Consciences with Mebgane N’Dour. He features in the movie Les Oiseaux Du Ciel, directed by Eliane de Latour. 2009 "Africa's Reggae Legend in the Making", Directed by Mackie Fagan. Tiken Jah actively participated in the documentary "Sababou" by Samir Benchikh which aims to promote a positive image of Africa and especially Ivory Coast, by demonstrating how people like Tiken have been engaged in ameliorating the living conditions for people in West Africa through peace, democracy, fighting hunger, promoting education, etc. In 2014 he contributed to the track Cocoa Na Chocolate with other African artists, in support of the Do Agric, It Pays campaign by ONE.

Personal life
Despite being a reggae singer and having a deep respect for Rastafari culture, Tiken Jah came from a Muslim family and is still a practicing Muslim today. His family was slow to support his reggae career. He occasionally smokes marijuana, but encourages others not to.

Discography

 * 1993: Les Djelys (cassette only – discontinued)
 * 1994: Missiri (cassette only – discontinued)
 * 1996: Mangercratie
 * 1999: Cours d'histoire
 * 2000: Le Caméléon (exclusive to West Africa)
 * 2002: Françafrique (see the article about the term)
 * 2004: Coup de gueule
 * 2005: Africa wants to be free, compilation to support fr:Survie (association)
 * 2007: L'Africain Wrasse Records
 * 2008: Live in Paris Wrasse Records
 * 2008: Le Caméléon Barclay Records
 * 2010: African Revolution
 * 2014: Dernier Appel Universal Music
 * 2015: Racines
 * 2019: Le monde est chaud
 * 2022: Braquage de pouvoir
 * 2024: Acoustic

NOTE: Mangercratie was released in France in 1999 and in Canada in 2000. Cours d'histoire was released in France in 2000 and in Canada in 2001. The first two albums were only released in Côte d'Ivoire. His first music video is "Plus jamais ça" ("Mangercratie" album), directed by J.G Biggs.

Awards

 * 2003: Victoires de la Musique 2003, in the category of Reggae Album/Ragga/World with the album Françafrique
 * 2008: Inaugural Freemuse Award, which is given by the Freemuse organisation, sponsored by the Björn Afzelius International Culture Foundation

title: Tiken Jah Fakoly


text:
Shark cage diving

Shark cage diving is underwater diving or snorkeling where the observer remains inside a protective cage designed to prevent sharks from making contact with the divers. Shark cage diving is used for scientific observation, underwater cinematography, and as a tourist activity. Sharks may be attracted to the vicinity of the cage by the use of bait, in a procedure known as chumming, which has attracted some controversy as it is claimed to potentially alter the natural behaviour of sharks in the vicinity of swimmers.

Similar cages are also used purely as a protective measure for divers working in waters where potentially dangerous shark species are present. In this application the shark-proof cage may be used as a refuge, or as a diving stage during descent and ascent, particularly during staged decompression where the divers may be vulnerable while constrained to a specific depth in mid-water for several minutes. In other applications a mobile cage may be carried by the diver while harvesting organisms such as abalone.

Shark-proof cage
A shark-proof cage is a metal cage used by an underwater diver, to observe dangerous types of sharks up close or to harvest seafood in relative safety. Of the various species of shark, those most commonly observed from a cage are the great white shark and the bull shark, which are both known to be aggressive at times. Shark-proof cages are built to withstand being rammed and bitten by sharks, and are intended to protect the user from injury. Cages can provide a visual and tactile deterrent to sharks. Cage-diving allows people to closely monitor sharks for scientific, commercial or recreational purposes, and sometimes interact with them.

The shark-proof cage is also used in the controversial exercise of shark baiting, where tourists are lowered in a cage while the tour guides bait the water to attract sharks or stimulate certain behavior.

Early development
Shark cages were first developed by Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau used a shark cage when producing The Silent World, released in 1956. Australian recreational diver and shark-attack survivor Rodney Fox helped develop a shark-observation cage in the late 1960s. Fox's first design was inspired by a visit to a zoo he made after surviving a near-fatal shark attack in 1963. Film-maker Peter Gimbel was involved in the design of a shark-proof cage for the production of Blue Water, White Death (1971).

Self-propelled version
In 1974, after several reported shark attacks on working divers in Australia, Australian abalone diver James "Jim" Ellis developed a self-propelled cage to protect abalone divers from sharks, which he patented in 1975. Mounting the motor in gimbals in the front of the cage makes the vehicle highly maneuverable. Movement and speed are controlled with a "joystick". The design allowed abalone divers to work without becoming vulnerable to attack. Due to the propulsion system, the divers would exert themselves less and, therefore, might be able to collect molluscs for longer periods. The patent abstract details a self-propelled cage with at least one access opening and a mounting frame that carries both an air motor and a propeller. Buoyant material is attached to the frame so that the cage may be made neutrally buoyant. The diver can control warm water piped to the diver's suit in cold environments. Propulsion was later changed to hydraulics supplied from the boat through the diver's umbilical. The patent expired in 1996, although Ellis continued to make improvements.

A 1975 version of the cage was acquired by the Australian National Maritime Museum in 1988.

Shark-cage diving tourism
During the 2000s, shark-cage diving became more popular as a tourist activity. In South Australia, tourists are taken by boat from Port Lincoln to the Neptune Islands in the southern Spencer Gulf, where they view great white sharks either from a cage tethered to the back of a boat near the surface or from a cage lowered to the seabed. The government considers the activity to be one of South Australia's "iconic nature-based tourism experiences", which supports 70 jobs and contributes over $11 million to the state's economy.

Shark baiting
Shark baiting is a procedure where the water is baited by chumming with fish or other materials attractive to sharks. Tourists remain inside a shark-proof cage while tour guides bait the waters to attract sharks for the tourists to observe. There have been claims that this could lead to potentially aggressive behavior by the shark population. Some conservation groups, scuba divers, and underwater photographers consider the practice undesirable and potentially dangerous.

In South Australia, abalone divers have been attacked by great white sharks, and divers believe that great white shark cage diving tourism has altered shark behavior including making them more inclined to approach boats. At least one abalone diver, Peter Stephenson has called for a ban on shark-cage diving and described it as a "major workplace safety issue". The government of South Australia claims that there is "no scientific evidence" to suggest that the general public is at elevated risk of shark attack as a result of shark cage tourism.

Opponents of the cage-diving industry, such as shark-survivor Craig Bovim, who was reportedly bitten by a ragged-tooth shark (a species not targeted by cage diving operators in the region, and not generally considered a hazard to divers) while snorkeling for lobster at Scarborough, on the other side of the Cape Peninsula from Seal Island, where the shark cage boats operate, believe that the repeated chumming used to lure sharks to tourist cages may alter sharks' behaviour. Bovim's opponents, such as marine environmentalist Wilfred Chivell, contend that there is no demonstrated correlation between shark-baiting and shark attacks against humans. However, there is evidence that the baiting of sharks for tourism does alter the patterns of movement of Great White Sharks.

Shark cage diving incidents
In 2005, a British tourist, Mark Currie, was exposed to a high risk of injury or death when a 18 ft great white shark bit through the bars of a shark cage being used during a recreational shark dive off the coast of South Africa. The shark circled the boat several times, and began to attack the side of the cage, then started to crush and bite through. The captain attempted to free the cage by trying to distract the shark. He did this by hitting it on the head with an iron pole. The shark bit into one of the buoys at the top of the cage, which caused the cage to begin sinking. Currie quickly swam out of the top of the cage and was pulled to safety by the boat's captain, who fended off the shark with blows to its head.

In 2007, a commercial shark cage was destroyed off the coast of Guadalupe Island after a 15 ft great white shark became entangled and tore the cage apart in a frantic effort to free itself. Tourists captured video of the incident, which quickly spread on the Internet.

On April 13, 2008, there was a fatal capsize of a shark cage diving boat off the coast near Gansbaai, South Africa, where three tourists died - two Americans and one Norwegian. The cage diving vessel was anchored on the Geldsteen reef near Dyer Island (South Africa) and engaged in shark cage diving viewing activities when it was capsized by a large wave estimated at 6m in a swell estimated at 4m significant wave height height. The boat engines were off while anchored over the reef, and the skipper was at the back of the vessel handling the bait line attracting sharks towards the cage. A videographer was in the cage at the time of capsize filming underwater footage for the DVDs sold as a tour souvenir. During the capsize, all of the 19 people on board were thrown overboard. It was unknown at the time of the capsize how many passengers were onboard the vessel, and two American tourists were trapped underneath the capsized hull for more than forty minutes before it was realized that passengers were still unaccounted for. It was claimed by one of the defendants during the 2014 Western Cape High Court trial in Cape Town, South Africa that the wave that capsized the vessel was a freak wave, but statistically it was probably simply a larger wave in a 4 meter swell, that picked up over the reef. Since the vessel was anchored over a reef with engines off, it made a larger than normal wave more likely to break near the boat, and a capsize more difficult to avoid. There were other breaking waves shown in photos and videos which showed the increasing danger. The trial judge ruled that the skipper, cage diving operators, and boat owners were guilty of negligence. Being anchored over a reef in a large sea in dangerous conditions was ruled as the primary reason for the capsize and death of the three tourists, Shark cage diving was incidental, but was the reason for the vessel to have remained anchored over a shallow reef, with engines off, despite increasing swells and breaking waves. If sharks had not been present and if the videographer had not still been in the cage filming they would have probably have already left.

Another incident reported in 2016 occurred off the coast of Mexico, when a shark that lunged for the bait broke into the cage and the diver was able to escape uninjured.

title: Shark cage diving


text:
Deputy commander (Metropolitan Police)

Deputy commander was a rank in the London Metropolitan Police which existed between 1946 and 1968.

In 1946, the rank of chief constable, which was between superintendent and deputy assistant commissioner, was renamed deputy commander. At the same time, the rank of deputy assistant commissioner was divided into commander and deputy assistant commissioner. From 1949, deputy commander was superior to the new rank of chief superintendent. It was abolished in 1968.

The rank badge consisted of crossed tipstaves in a wreath.

title: Deputy commander (Metropolitan Police)


text:
Wolf Hole, Arizona

Wolf Hole is a ghost town in the Arizona Strip region of Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It consists only of some foundations and a derelict house.

The author Edward Abbey sometimes claimed to be a resident of Wolf Hole.

Geography
Wolf Hole is located at 36.76278°N, -113.54944°W.

title: Wolf Hole, Arizona


text:
Fred Foldvary

Fred Emanuel Foldvary (May 11, 1946 – June 5, 2021) was a lecturer in economics at San Jose State University, California, and a research fellow at The Independent Institute. He previously taught at Santa Clara University and other colleges. He was also a commentator and senior editor for the online journal The Progress Report and an associate editor of the online journal Econ Journal Watch. He served on the board of directors for the Robert Schalkenbach Foundation.

Work
In his PhD dissertation (George Mason University, 1992) titled "Public Goods and Private Communities", Foldvary applied the theory of public goods and industrial organization to refute the concept of market failure, including case studies of several types of private communities. His research interests included ethics, governance, land economics and public finance.

His support of geolibertarianism (a libertarian ideology which embraces the Georgist philosophy of property) and his advocacy of civil liberties and free markets have gained him a place of high visibility in the geolibertarian movement. In 2000, he ran for Congress in California's 9th District as a Libertarian. He received 3.3% of the total vote to finish third among the four candidates on the ballot.

Foldvary wrote on topics including ending slavery in chocolate plantations; a green tax shift to protect the environment while enhancing the economy; reforming democracy with small-group voting; and solving territorial conflict with confederations and the payment of rent for occupied land. Three central and recurring themes of Foldvary's writing are the universal ethic, cellular democracy, and public revenue from land rent.

Foldvary focused on short economic cycles of four years and major cycles of 18-20 years. In 1998, he predicted the next major economic downturn would be in 2008, as well as a short downturn in 1999 or 2000 due to the Year 2000 problem. In 2007, Foldvary published a booklet entitled The Depression of 2008. In a 2011 paper, Mason Gaffney, Professor of Economics at UC Riverside, criticized the economic community for excluding and ignoring Foldvary.

Personal life
Foldvary lived in the San Francisco Bay Area in California.

Death
Foldvary died, aged 75, on June 5, 2021.

Books

 * The Soul of Liberty (1980) The Gutenberg Press. ISBN 0-9603872-1-8.
 * Public Goods and Private Communities (1994) Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 1-85278-951-4.
 * Beyond Neoclassical Economics (1996) Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 1-85898-395-9.
 * Dictionary of Free Market Economics (1998) Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 1-85898-432-7.
 * The Half-Life of Policy Rationales: How Technology Affects Old Policy Issues (ed., with Daniel Klein, 2003) ISBN 0-8147-4777-9.
 * The Depression of 2008 (2007) The Gutenberg Press. ISBN 0-9603872-0-X.

title: Fred Foldvary