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Purpose trust

A purpose trust is a type of trust which has no beneficiaries, but instead exists for advancing some non-charitable purpose of some kind. In most jurisdictions, such trusts are not enforceable outside of certain limited and anomalous exceptions, but some countries have enacted legislation specifically to promote the use of non-charitable purpose trusts. Trusts for charitable purposes are also technically purpose trusts, but they are usually referred to simply as charitable trusts. People referring to purpose trusts are usually taken to be referring to non-charitable purpose trusts.

Trusts which fail the test of charitable status usually fail as non-charitable purpose trusts, although there are certain historical exceptions to this, and some countries have modified the law in this regard by statute. The court will not usually validate non-charitable purpose trusts which fail by treating them as a power. In IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust [1955] Ch 20 the English Court of Appeal held: "I am not at liberty to validate this trust by treating it as a power. A valid power is not to be spelled out of an invalid trust."

Conceptual objections
The basis for the general prohibition against non-charitable purpose trusts is usually phrased on one or more of several specific grounds.

The beneficiary principle
A trust is, at its root, an obligation; accordingly, "every [non-charitable] trust must have a definite object. There must be someone in whose favour the court can decree performance." With a charitable trust, this power of enforcement is usually vested in the Attorney General. However, such conceptual objections seem less strong since the decision of the House of Lords in McPhail v Doulton [1971] AC 424 where Lord Wilberforce rode roughshod over objections to widening the class of valid discretionary trusts on the basis that there would be difficulty ascertaining beneficiaries for the court to enforce the trust in favour of.

Where the objects of a trust are a purpose rather than an individual or individuals, there is much greater risk that a trust would not be enforceable due to lack of certainty. Cases such as Morice v Bishop of Durham (1804) 9 Ves Jr 399 and Re Astor [1952] Ch 534 re-affirm the court's disinclination to enforce trusts that are not specific and detailed. It is noteworthy that the common law exceptions to the general prohibition on purposes trusts tend to relate to specific and detailed matters, such as maintenance of a specific tomb, or caring for a particular animal.

Excessive delegation of testamentary power
Purpose trusts have been attacked conceptually on the basis that it would amount to the delegation of a testamentary power, although subsequent cases have cast doubt on the correctness of that reasoning.

Perpetuity
Charitable purpose trusts are exempt from the rule against perpetuities. Private trusts are not. Accordingly, all non-charitable purposes trusts, to be valid, need to comply with the perpetuity rules in the relevant jurisdiction.

Common law exceptions
There are, nonetheless, several well recognised exceptions at common law where non-charitable purposes trusts will be upheld.

Tombs and monuments
Provisions for the building or maintenance of tombs or monuments have been upheld as a matter of common law, although solely on the basis of ancient precedent. In Re Hooper [1932] 1 Ch 38 a trust for the maintenance of graves was upheld, but the court indicated that it would not have done so had it not been bound by Pirbright v Salwey [1896] WN 86. Such trusts still need to comply with the requirement of certainty. Hence a bequest to a Parish council for "the purpose of providing some useful memorial to myself" was struck down.

Animals
Trusts for the care of specific animals have been upheld. In Re Dean (1889) 41 Ch D 552, North J upheld a trust for maintenance of horses and hounds for 50 years relying upon much older authorities and the monument cases.

Quistclose trusts
Historically, Quistclose trusts have sometimes been considered to be purpose trusts, but the modern view is that they are resulting trusts to the settlor subject to a power to dispose of the assets in a predetermined fashion.

Private masses
Private masses, also known as prayers for the soul was upheld to amount to a trust.

Others
In most academic textbooks, there are usually a swath of "other" purpose trusts or purported purpose trusts that are held up as a residual anomalous category. The most commonly cited example is Re Thompson [1934] 342 where a gift to a friend of the testator for the promotion and furthering of fox hunting was upheld. It has been suggested academically that the case has "been elevated to a position of importance which it does not merit".

In Re Endacott [1960] Ch 232 it was made clear that the existing exceptions at common law would not be extended; they were described as "troublesome, anomalous and aberrant".

Mistakes about the Common Law
Paul BW Chaplin has argued in the book "Purpose Trusts" (Butterworths 1999) that the courts took a wrong turn in the mid 20th century and ignored hundreds of previous years of judicial precedents in which purpose trusts of all kinds had been upheld as valid. He contends that the "beneficiary principle" has been misunderstood. His views have received support from Professor Jill Martin and others.

Statutory exceptions
A number of offshore jurisdictions have enacted statutes which expressly validate non-charitable purpose trusts outside of the small group of specific exceptions recognised at common law. Some of the jurisdictions which have done so include the Bahamas, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands.

Characteristically, in those jurisdictions a non-charitable purpose trust requires a written trust instrument and the trust instrument must specify a protector or enforcer who will have locus standi to enforce the terms of the trust against the trustees. This role is created to address the concerns expressed by the courts as to how the courts would have power to control the trustees.

However, no real steps have been taken in any of those jurisdictions to address the fundamental conceptual issues of where the beneficial title to the trust assets should be regarded as residing whilst they form part of the trust fund. Arguably, if no other person is regarded as having a beneficial claim to the assets, they would be regarded as being owned solely by the trustees, which could have disastrous tax implications for the trustees.

In the United States, in 2015, the Nevada Legislature adopted legislation that now permits a "public benefits trust", which is defined as a trust that is not a charitable trust but that is "established to further one or more specifically declared religious, scientific, literary, educational, community development, personal improvement or philanthropic purposes. . . ."

Unincorporated associations
Special problems arise in connection with the holding of property by unincorporated associations of persons. Whereas a company has separate legal personality and can hold property, with certain statutory exceptions, unincorporated associations of persons cannot. Accordingly, where an unincorporated association is formed for a non-charitable purpose (which is most often the case), a gift to an unincorporated association can fail as an invalid purpose trust. However, the courts have usually tried to avoid such a result by construing the gift as a gift to the members of the unincorporated association. The difficulty is that such a gift would then have to be construed as a distributive gift to the individual members, rather than a purposive gift for the objects of the unincorporated association. In Re Recher's Will Trust [1972] Ch 526 a more purposive approach was taken, and Brightman J held that a gift to The London and Provincial Anti-Vivisection Society was to be construed as a beneficial gift in favour of the members, not so as to entitle them to an immediate distributive share, but as an accretion to the funds of the society subject to the contract of the members as set out in the rules. Further, it was held that such a construction would be possible whether the society was inward looking (i.e. existed to promote the interests of its members) or outward looking (i.e. existed to promote some external cause or purpose).

title: Purpose trust


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List of bridges spanning the Bosphorus Strait

The bridges spanning the Bosphorus Strait in Istanbul, Turkey are:

 * Bosphorus Bridge, also called the First Bosphorus Bridge, a suspension bridge
 * Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, also known as the Second Bosphorus Bridge, a suspension bridge
 * Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, also known as the Third Bosphorus Bridge, a suspension bridge

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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The Monks (UK band)

The Monks were a British pop punk/new wave band, formed in the late 1970s by three former members of Strawbs—Richard Hudson (guitar), John Ford (vocals, guitars, synthesisers) and Brian Willoughby—along with Terry Cassidy (vocals and synthesisers) and Clive Pierce (drums).

History
Their first album, Bad Habits, was recorded and released in 1979 after the success of "Nice Legs Shame About Her Face", which reached number 19 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was a demo that was not intended for release. It was offered to another band who turned it down before a French record label released it in its original form. Ford later commented in Mojo magazine that "it was a bit of a problem when it was a hit." The album failed to produce further UK chart success, however — the British punk audience turned against the band, dismissing them as inauthentic punks, once it became widely known that they had been associated with the Strawbs. In an appearance on the television programme Juke Box Jury, Johnny Rotten derided the Monks as "patronising rubbish" when reviewing "I Ain't Gettin' Any" and as a poor imitation of the Sex Pistols.

The band had more significant success in Canada, pushing the single "Drugs in My Pocket" into the national Top 20. The single was an especially big hit in Toronto, peaking at #4 on the CHUM Chart. The Canadian audience lacked the Strawbs baggage, and, according to Ford, were thus more willing to "take the album for what it was".

They dabbled with 1930s-style music in 1980 as High Society, before recording a follow-up Monks album, Suspended Animation, which was released exclusively in Canada in 1981. They supported the album with a 21-day tour of Ontario, with the most notable venue on the tour being a show at Toronto's Massey Hall. Chris Parren (keyboards) joined the band for that album, and Willoughby was replaced by Huw Gower during the supporting tour in 1982.

Suspended Animation went gold in Canada, while sales of Bad Habits reached double platinum certification in 1982.

The band later recorded several tracks for a third album to be titled Cybernetic Sister, but the album was never released. A CD reissue of Suspended Animation in the 1990s included six bonus tracks from the aborted recording sessions.

Legacy
In 2004, Ford rerecorded "Nice Legs Shame About Her Face" and "Suspended Animation" on his solo album Backtracking, released on Whole Shot Records.

In 2012, Canadian musician Thomas D'Arcy organized The Monk's Bad Habits Tribute, a tribute concert to the band, at Toronto's Horseshoe Tavern. D'Arcy performed alongside a lineup of Canadian musicians, including Chris Colohan, John Kastner, Ian Blurton, Kurt Dahle, Ryan Dahle and Chris Murphy, performing tracks from Bad Habits; at this show, Ford was presented with his double platinum certification plaque for the album's Canadian sales. All of the musicians involved in the show, including Ford, also participated in the recording of a track-by-track tribute album, A Tribute to the Monks, which was distributed as a free download from D'Arcy's website.

Their song "Ain't Gettin' Any" was covered by The Slickee Boys, and appears on their live album A Postcard from the Day.

Personnel

 * John Ford - vocals, guitars, synthesisers (1979-1980, 1981-1982)
 * Richard Hudson - vocals, bass, synthesisers (1979-1980, 1981-1982)
 * Terry Cassidy - vocals, synthesisers (1979-1980, 1981-1982)
 * Clive Pierce - drums (1979-1980, 1981-1982)
 * Brian Willoughby - guitars (1979-1980, 1981)
 * Miffy Smith - keyboards (1981-1982)
 * Huw Gower - guitars (1982)

Albums

 * Bad Habits (1979)
 * Suspended Animation (1981) (originally released in Canada only)

title: The Monks (UK band)


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Christopher Wreh

Christopher Wreh (born 14 May 1975) is a retired Liberian professional footballer who played as a striker. He was a member of the Arsenal side which won the Premier League and FA Cup double during the 1997–98 season.

At international level, he won 36 caps for Liberia, scoring 11 goals, and was in their squad for the 1996 Africa Cup of Nations.

Club career
Wreh played domestically for Invincible Eleven, before signing for French Division 1 club AS Monaco as a youth. A center forward, Wreh played for Monaco as a substitute in the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League semifinal. He had a spell on loan at Guingamp, finishing the season as the team's top scorer and playing in the 1997 Coupe de France Final, which they lost on penalties to Nice.

Wreh signed for Arsenal in the summer of 1997 for £300,000, linking up with his former manager at Monaco, Arsène Wenger. Although fourth choice behind Ian Wright, Dennis Bergkamp and Nicolas Anelka, Wreh still played an important part in the Gunners' Double-winning 1997–98 season. Wreh scored in 1–0 Premier League wins against Wimbledon and Bolton Wanderers in March, the fifth in a 5–0 win against Wimbledon, and netted the only goal of the Gunners' FA Cup semi-final win over Wolverhampton Wanderers both in April. Wreh started in the 1998 FA Cup Final, and although he did not score, Arsenal beat Newcastle United 2–0.

Despite scoring in the 1998 FA Charity Shield against Manchester United, Wreh's form dipped and after the arrival of Thierry Henry and Davor Šuker at the club in 1999 he was squeezed out altogether. He had brief loan spells with Birmingham City, for whom he scored once, against Grimsby Town, and at AEK Athens and Den Bosch, but none of these were subsequently made permanent. He left Arsenal in 2000, having scored five times in 46 appearances.

Wreh then became somewhat of a journeyman footballer. He initially signed for Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal, then returned to the UK in 2001 with brief stints at AFC Bournemouth and St Mirren, but fitness problems meant he rarely played; he then played non-league football for Bishop's Stortford although only one game due to repeated absenteeism and United Counties League club Buckingham Town.

In 2007, he returned to football, signing for Perseman Manokwari of the Liga Indonesia Premier Division where he brought an end to his playing days.

International career
Wreh made his debut for Liberia in 1995, and went on to win 36 caps for his country, scoring 11 goals.

Coaching career
Wreh was appointed head coach of the Liberian under-20 team in late 2014. In September 2019 he became assistant coach to the senior national team.

Personal life
Wreh's son, Chris, is also a footballer and currently plays for Hartlepool United in the English National League.

Honours
Guingamp
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1996
 * Coupe de France runner-up: 1996–97

Arsenal
 * Premier League: 1997–98
 * FA Cup: 1997–98
 * FA Charity Shield: 1998, 1999

title: Christopher Wreh


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Aois-dàna

The aois-dàna (Scottish Gaelic, literally "people of the arts", often translated as bards) served as advisers to nobles and chiefs of clans throughout the Scottish Gàidhealtachd until the late 17th century. Many of them specialised in preserving the genealogy of families and recited family trees at the succession of chieftains.

The aois-dàna were held in high esteem throughout the Scottish Highlands. As late as the end of the 17th century, they sat in the sreath or circle among the nobles and chiefs of families. They took the preference of the ollamh or doctor in medicine. After the extinction of the druids, they were brought in to preserve the genealogy of families, and to repeat genealogical traditions at the succession of every chieftain. They had great influence over all the powerful men of the time. Their persons, their houses, their villages, were sacred. Whatever they asked was given them — not always, however, out of respect, but from fear of their satire, which frequently followed a denial of their requests. They lost by degrees, through their own insolence and importunity, all the respect their order had so long enjoyed, and consequently all their wonted profits and privileges. The Lord Lyon of Scotland may well have his roots in something parallel.

Martin Martin says of them: "They shut their doors and windows for a day’s time, and lay in the dark with a stone upon their belly, and their plaids about their heads and eyes, and thus they pumped their brains for rhetorical encomiums."

Among the ancient Brythons there were, according to Jones, an order of bard called the Arwyddwardd, i.e. the ensign bard or herald at arms, who employed himself in genealogy, and in blazoning the arms of princes and nobles, as well as altering them according to their dignity or deserts.

Irish
The equivalent Irish terms are áes dána (Old Irish) and aos dána (modern). Aosdána is currently used in Ireland as the name of an exclusive organisation of artists and writers founded in the late 20th century.

title: Aois-dàna


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Talk:Haiku tunnel

I'm on the process of making this article. So, don't worry, it'll get better. --Navarro 15:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haiku tunnel


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FDA Statistics on Prozac’s Side Effects

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:48, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

FDA Statistics on Prozac’s Side Effects
Incidences of side effects has just been dumped into this article with no introduction. I don't think an encyclopedia is the place for this data. A paragraph or two about side effects would be appropriate in the Prozac article, but this is just long list. I don't think a redirect would be useful as it is an unlikely search. -- Kjkolb 15:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-encyclopedic... maybe move to wikisource, but I'm not sure this would pass a fair use test.--Isotope23 15:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Side comment: FDA reports are a U.S. government product and are in the public domain. MCB 00:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, unencyclopedic. Alex.tan 15:18, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete An interesting list, to be sure, but entirely unsuited in its present form for use here. There may be some information which can be merged into the Prozac article though. Denni ☯ 01:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Merge to article on Prozac--could simply be a link at the bottom of the article to the FDA site where originally published. --Daniel Lotspeich 20:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * acutally, such a link already exists on prozac page. therefore just delete.--Daniel Lotspeich 20:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Brookton, Western Australia

Brookton is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 138 km from the state capital, Perth via the Brookton Highway where it crosses the Great Southern Highway. The town is on the Great Southern railway line. It is within, and is the seat of government for, the Shire of Brookton. At the 2016 census, Brookton had a population of 975.

History
The first settler and founder of the Brookton district, John Seabrook (1818–1891), moved to the area in 1846 soon after marrying, and named his property "Brookton House". He remained the only European in the area, aside from itinerant sandalwood cutters, until his stepson,  Robinson, took up adjacent land in 1864. During the 1860s and 1870s, more settlers moved into the area, and took on sandalwood cutting – it sold for 9 £/LT – as well as wheat and sheep farming.

In June 1889, when the Great Southern Railway opened, Brookton was one of the original stations. The station proved to be the catalyst that created a centre for the isolated farms, and the government gazetted a townsite here in 1895 and named it "Seabrook" but local acceptance of the station name and confusion with another Seabrook near York resulted in the townsite's name being changed to Brookton in 1899. The townsite attracted a few businesses and by 1903, the tiny settlement comprised a school, hotel, bank and a few shops. The Old Police Station Museum located in the town is the base of the local historical society and contains artifacts and memorabilia of the early settlement days.

A bulk wheat bin was opened in December 1940 and began receiving large amounts of grain immediately. In 1941 the wheat harvest of the surrounding area was about 90,000 impbsh all delivered to the local bulk wheat bin. This was about 5,000 impbsh bushels down from the previous year.

Present day

Brookton is located on Great Southern Highway, 138 km east of Perth via Brookton Highway and is a key agricultural centre for a rich mixed farming district. In the 2016 census it reported a population of 975. It contains a TAFE centre, and in addition, a district high school (opened 1960, replacing a primary school), Bendigo Bank, shopping facilities, accommodation (hotel, motel, caravan park), council offices and a telecentre are located within the town. Bi-annually, it hosts the Old Time Motor Show.

The town is a stop on the Transwa bus service to Albany.

title: Brookton, Western Australia


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Plungė District Municipality

Plungė District Municipality (Plungės rajono savivaldybė, Samogitian: Plongės rajuona savivaldībė) is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania.

Tourism and pilgrimage
Major tourist attraction is Lake Plateliai and nearby town Plateliai. All year round and especially in summer, this municipality attracts many pilgrims from all over the world to its annual Christian celebrations in Žemaičių Kalvarija.

Municipality council
Plungė District Municipality Council is the governing body of the Plungė District Municipality. it is responsible for municipality laws. The council is composed of 25 member elected for four-year terms.

The council is the member of The Association of Local Authorities in Lithuania.

Mayors

 * 1995 – Antanas Lapukas
 * 1997 – Aleksandras Lukas
 * 2000 – Vytautas Jonutis
 * 2003 – Vigantas Danilavičius
 * 2004 – Algirdas Pečiulis
 * 2007 – Elvyra Valerija Lapukienė

Elderships
There are 11 elderships in Plungė district municipality:
 * Alsėdžiai eldership
 * Babrungas eldership
 * Kuliai eldership
 * Nausodis eldership
 * Paukštakiai eldership
 * Plateliai eldership
 * Plungė City eldership
 * Stalgėnai eldership
 * Šateikiai eldership
 * Žemaičių Kalvarija eldership
 * Žlibinai eldership

title: Plungė District Municipality


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National Forward Bloc

National Forward Bloc was a political party in Tamil Nadu, India. The party was founded in 1977 by K. Kandasamy and T.P.M. Periyasami, following a split from the All India Forward Bloc.

In 1980 NFB suffered a split, as a group led by Ayyanan Ambalam left to found the Pasumpon Forward Bloc.

In 1981, NFB and PFB merged and formed the Tamil Nadu Forward Bloc.

title: National Forward Bloc


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Aoghairean

The Aoghairean of the Hebrides, Scotland, according to Thomas Pennant, were farm servants who had the charge of cultivating a certain portion of land, and of overseeing the cattle it supported. They had grass for two milch cows and six sheep, and also had one tenth sheaf of the produce of the said ground, and as many potatoes as they chose to plant.

The term is plural; its singular form would be aoghair.

title: Aoghairean


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Pasumpon Forward Bloc

Pasumpon Forward Bloc was a political party in Tamil Nadu, India. The party was founded in 1980 by Ayyanan Ambalam, following a split from the National Forward Bloc (NFB). In 1981, NFB and PFB merged and formed the Tamil Nadu Forward Bloc.

The party name referred to the late Forward Bloc leader Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar.

title: Pasumpon Forward Bloc


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Talk:Strathfield massacre

Weapon
What was the actual rifle? I kinda doubt it was an assault rifle. JidGom 15:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

[]. Not exactly how reliable this is though. Soundabuser 10:37, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * According to Green Left Weekly, the weapon used was a semi-automatic

Merger from Wade Frankum
I'm suggesting a merger of Wade Frankum into this article. Reasons: Thayvian (talk) 03:20, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Wade Frankum is a short article which already overlaps a great deal with this article
 * Frankum is notable solely in connection with this event
 * Frankum is dead and will not become notable for other reasons

Untitled
Article merged: Wade Frankum. See old talk page Thayvian (talk) 05:30, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strathfield massacre


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Salm (Moselle)

The Salm is a 63 km river in western Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate), a left-bank tributary to the river Moselle. It rises in the Eifel, near the village of Salm, south of Gerolstein. The Salm flows generally south, through Großlittgen, Dreis, and Salmtal. It passes west of Wittlich. It empties into the Moselle in Klüsserath.

title: Salm (Moselle)


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Don't Go in the Woods (1981 film)

Don't Go in the Woods (also known as Don't Go in the Woods... Alone!) is a 1981 American slasher film directed by James Bryan and written by Garth Eliassen. The film follows four campers confronted by a murderous woodsman slaying hikers on a wooded mountainside. It is one of the infamous "video nasties" banned in the United Kingdom in the 1980s.

Plot
A frightened woman is running down a small stream when an unseen assailant murders her. Soon after, a bird watcher is also murdered.

Meanwhile, 4 friends (Peter, Joanne, Ingrid, and Craig) are trekking through the nearby wilderness. Unbeknownst to them, another tourist gets thrown over a waterfall—landing near some oblivious frolickers, and his mother is wounded and dragged away. The 4 backpackers set up camp for the night. Elsewhere, a pair of honeymooners named Dick and Cherry get attacked. Dick is murdered when he exits the van to investigate a noise. Cherry, now paranoid, arms herself with a small bust. The killer throws Dick's body against one of the windows and starts to rock the van back and forth, tumbling it down a small hill where it catches on fire with Cherry still inside. The next day, the 2 couples continue their hike; meanwhile, the killer stabs an artist painting a scenic view to death and kidnaps her young daughter.

2 more campers get butchered; the killer slits one's throat and hangs the other's sleeping bag from a tree before killing her with a spear. Alone, Peter witnesses a fisherman murdered with a bear trap to the head. The killer is a spear-wielding wild man sporting furs and rags. Peter rushes off to warn his friends, but the maniac gets to them first, slicing Craig's arm off. Craig screams, attracting Ingrid to run to investigate, and Joanne flees into the woods alone. Ingrid finds the campsite aftermath of Craig and Joanne and runs away. Peter later finds Ingrid at another person's wrecked camp before the two come across the wild man's cabin and go inside. They find several sleeping bags hanging from the ceiling and junk littered across the floor. Peter accidentally triggers a trap that reveals Craig's body wrapped in a plastic sheet. Peter and Ingrid flee the cabin. A hiker finds a stick covered in tiny metal objects and takes it; Peter and Ingrid hear the stick jingling, and Peter wounds him, mistaking him for the wild man. The killer tosses a sharpened stick into the hiker, killing him. Then he wounds Ingrid with two of the spears. Before he can finish her off, Peter grabs her hand, and they escape. They walk several miles before finding a chairlift and seeing a small town, which they enter.

Irrational due to guilt over leaving Joanne behind, Peter escapes from the hospital he and Ingrid are brought to and returns to the woods. Joanne finds a campsite containing a dead body and flees in terror. She finds the wild man's cabin. Joanne encounters the wild man and attempts to escape through an open window but gets hacked to death with a machete. The police form a posse that includes Ingrid to hunt down the maniac and find Peter and Joanne. The sheriff finds the cabin, where he uncovers Joanne's body, leaving Peter even more distraught.

The wild man claims another victim—a man in a wheelchair who is decapitated by nightfall. Ingrid steals a machete and looks for Peter. She finds him by morning, along with the savage whom they stabbed to death in a frenzy, only stopping when the search party arrives. As everyone leaves the forest, the baby taken from the artist is shown alone in the wilderness, playing with a hatchet.

Cast

 * Jack McClelland as Peter
 * Mary Gail Artz as Ingrid
 * James P. Hayden as Craig
 * Angie Brown as Joanne
 * Ken Carter as Sheriff
 * David Barth as Deputy Benson
 * Larry Roupe as Store Owner
 * Amy Martell as Artist's Child
 * Tom Drury as Maniac
 * Laura Trefts as Doctor Maggie

Victims

 * Alma Ramos as Running Girl
 * Carolyn Braza as Cherry
 * Frank Clitus Muller as Dick
 * Mc Cormick Dalten as Bird Watcher
 * Cecelia Fannon as Lady Artist
 * Dale Angell as Tourist at Falls
 * Ruth Grose as Tourist's Mother
 * Hank Zinman as Fisherman
 * Leon Brown Jr. as Camper in sleeping bag
 * Linda Brown as Camper in sleeping bag
 * Gerry Klein as Man in wheelchair
 * Tom Ruff as Man in tree

Production
After the release of his earlier film Boogie Vision, director James Bryan decided on making a horror film set in the Rocky Mountains as his next project. The film was supposedly based on local rumors about a number of hitchhikers who had reportedly fallen victim to a suspected serial killer.

The film was shot on a budget of $150,000 in the summer of 1980, during the director's seven-year sojourn. It was shot in outdoor locations, partly in order to save money on the film's lighting. Parts of the film were shot in Brighton, Utah.

Release
Don't Go in the Woods was released regionally in the United States, opening in six theaters in the Salt Lake City area on November 20, 1981, and subsequently screening in Provo on November 27.

In the 1980s, the film was deemed a video nasty in the United Kingdom, and subsequently banned by issuance of the Video Recordings Act. Aside from an early rare video release, it was not available for rent or sale in the UK until 2007, when it was released uncut on DVD with a 15 certificate. It was classified as R18 in New Zealand for its violence. On 8 February 2015, Vinegar Syndrome re-released the film in a limited screening at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Yonkers, New York, and on March 10, 2015, they released the film for the first time on Blu-ray.

Critical reception
Linda Gross, a critic for the Los Angeles Times, called the film "a terrible turkey" and criticized the poor direction, screenplay and acting.

Paul Mavis, writing for DVD Talk, gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of five, calling it "a crappy little horror film made on a shoestring budget with people who really showed some grit in getting it done. That's fine, and more power to those people. But that doesn't make it good." Similarly, Dread Central, which awarded it two out of five, called it "a bad film", and also "an unpretentious bit of campy horror that's really just trying to have a good time." AllMovie wrote "This splatter hack-job was forged during the slasher gold rush of the early '80s, and though it's inept enough to inspire guffaws for those who find ineptness amusing, there's nothing to recommend for connoisseurs of horror." Don't Go in the Woods was also lambasted by DVD Verdict, which stated "Aside from one nasty bit with a bear trap and a sequence toward the end that faintly—and accidentally, believe me—recalls The Texas Chain Saw Massacre in its slow, dread-saturated buildup, director James Bryan's splatter film is an incoherent mess. An endless parade of victims keeps the fake blood squirting, but the murder sequences are so poorly staged that it's usually impossible to tell precisely what's happening. The most frightening thing about this alleged horror film, aside from its bad synthesizer soundtrack, is its pacing. Murder sequences are clumped together throughout the film, leaving a lot of flab in between."

title: Don't Go in the Woods (1981 film)


text:
List of Welsh Americans

This is a list of notable Welsh Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants.

To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing they are Welsh American or must have references showing they are Welsh American and are notable.

Fine art

 * Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995), western artist, sculptor, and inventor; "cowboy of cowboy artists"; "father of modern rodeo"

Entertainment

 * Jessica Alba (born 1981), movie actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Alexis Arquette (1969–2016), movie actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * David Arquette (born 1971), movie actor and TV director, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Patricia Arquette (born 1968), movie and TV actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Rosanna Arquette (born 1959), movie actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Michael Aston (born 1964), born in Cornelly, musician
 * Andrea Bowen (born 1990), actor
 * Dean Cain (born 1966), actor, mother is of partial Welsh ancestry
 * Erika Christensen (born 1982), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Kelly Clarkson (born 1982), singer, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Daniel Craig (born 1969), actor
 * Miley Cyrus (born 1992), singer and actress
 * Bette Davis (1908–1989), two-time Academy Award-winning actress of stage, screen and television; distant Welsh ancestry
 * Billy De Wolfe (1907–1974), actor, mother was Welsh
 * Thomas Dekker (born 1987), actor, mother is Welsh
 * Michael Douglas (born 1944), actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Leslie Easterbrook (born 1949), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Bill Evans (1929–1980), jazz pianist / composer
 * Chris Evans (born 1981), actor, Welsh paternal great-great grandfather
 * Sara Evans (born 1971), country music singer
 * Alice Eve (born 1982), actress
 * Glenn Ford (1916–2006), film actor
 * G-Eazy, (born 1989), rapper
 * Carson Grant (born 1950), actor
 * D. W. Griffith (1875–1948), early film director
 * Teri Hatcher (born 1964), actress and writer, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Sitara Hewitt (born 1981), actress
 * Bob Hope (1903–2003), actor/comedian, mother was Welsh
 * Anthony Hopkins (born 1937), born in Port Talbot, Glamorgan; Academy Award-winning film/stage actor
 * John Houseman (1902–1988), film producer
 * Anjelica Huston (born 1951), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * John Goodman (born 1952), actor & voice actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * John Huston (1906–1987), film director, screenwriter and actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Caitlyn Jenner, transgender television personality and athlete
 * Kendall Jenner, socialite
 * Kylie Jenner, socialite and billionaire from her makeup Kylie Cosmetics
 * Quincy Jones (born 1933), record producer, conductor, arranger, film composer, television producer, and trumpeter, Welsh paternal grandfather
 * Rashida Jones (born 1976), actress, Welsh paternal great-grandfather
 * Tommy Lee Jones (born 1946), actor, Welsh father
 * Jon Langford (born 1957), musician and artist
 * Tommy Lee (born 1963), drummer for hard rock/heavy metal band Mötley Crüe
 * Zachary Levi (born 1980), actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Ted Levine (born 1957), actor, mother was part Welsh
 * Blake Lewis (born 1981), American Idol contestant and singer
 * Juliette Lewis (born 1973), actress and singer
 * Harold Lloyd (1893–1971), actor
 * Myrna Loy (1905–1993), actress
 * Marco Marenghi, animator, born in Rhondda
 * Kelly McGillis (born 1957), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Ray Milland (1905–1986), actor
 * Wayne Newton (born 1942), distant Welsh ancestry
 * Leslie Nielsen (1926–2010), actor, Welsh mother
 * Ninja (Tyler Blevins) (born 1991), Twitch streamer, distant Welsh ancestry
 * The Osmonds, including Donny Osmond (born 1957), half of the brother-sister singing act Donny & Marie; of part Welsh descent, traced their ancestry back to Merthyr Tydfil
 * Karyn Parsons (born 1966), actress, Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Welsh descent on father's side
 * Michelle Pfeiffer (born 1958), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Brian Pillman (1962–1997), professional wrestler, mother was Welsh
 * Chris Pine (born 1980), actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Shawn Pyfrom (born 1986), actor, paternal grandfather is of Welsh ancestry
 * Kim Richards (born 1964), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Kyle Richards (born 1969), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Monica Richards, author and musician
 * Catherine Zeta-Jones (born 1969), born in Swansea, Glamorgan; actress
 * Katherine Jenkins (born 1980), born in Neath, Glamorgan; singer
 * Jason Robards (1922–2000), actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Eric Roberts (born 1956), actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Julia Roberts (born 1967), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Coco Rocha (born 1988), Canadian model of Welsh, Irish, and Russian descent
 * Gena Rowlands (born 1930), actress, father was of Welsh descent
 * Susan Sarandon (born 1946), Oscar-winning actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Brooke Shields (born 1965), actress and model, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Esperanza Spalding (born 1984), singer/songwriter, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Tiffani Thiessen (born 1974), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Henry Thomas (born 1971), actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Lynda Thomas (born 1981), musician, singer-songwriter
 * Scott Walker (born 1943), singer, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Tuc Watkins (born 1966), actor
 * Betty White (1922–2021), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Michelle Williams (born 1980), actress, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Robin Williams (1951–2014), actor, distant Welsh ancestry
 * Chris Williams (actor) African American, English and Welsh descent
 * Vanessa Williams African American, English and Welch descent
 * Cassandra Wilson (born 1955), née Cassandra Fowlkes, jazz vocalist; distant Welsh ancestry through her father
 * Patrick Wilson (born 1973), actor, distant Welsh ancestry

Literature

 * Ben Bradlee (1921–2014), author, Executive Editor of the Washington Post
 * Ben Bradlee, Jr. (born 1948), author, journalist, newspaper editor at the Boston Globe
 * Quinn Bradlee, (born 1982), author
 * William Dean Howells, realist novelist, literary critic, and playwright, nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters"
 * Grover Jones (1893–1940), playwright, screenwriter
 * Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951), novelist/playwright
 * Jack London (1876–1916), author
 * Edgar Lee Masters (1868–1950), poet/biographer/dramatist
 * Hillary Monahan, author
 * Lorin Morgan-Richards (born 1975), author and illustrator
 * Ogden Nash (1902–1971), poet, humorist
 * Sally Quinn (born 1941), author, first anchorwoman in America

Politics

 * John Adams (1735–1826), President of the United States, Vice President of the United States
 * John Quincy Adams (1767–1848), President of the United States, Secretary of State
 * John Henry Bowen (1780–1822), U.S. Representative from Tennessee
 * Martha Hughes Cannon (1857–1932), physician, Utah women's rights advocate and suffragist, first female state senator elected in the United States, member of the Utah Senate from the 6th district (1897–1901)
 * Bill Cassidy (born 1957), United States Senator from Louisiana
 * Dick Cheney (born 1941), Vice President of the United States (2001–2009)
 * Cassius Marcellus Clay (1810–1903), abolitionist
 * Hillary Clinton (born 1947), Secretary of State, U.S. Senator from New York, former First Lady
 * James S. Conway (1796–1855), Governor of Arkansas (1836–1840)
 * Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933), President of the United States, Vice President of the United States
 * John J. Crittenden (1787–1863), Governor of Kentucky
 * James J. Davis (1873–1947), Secretary of Labor and U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
 * Jefferson Davis (1808–1889), President of the Confederate States (1862–1865)
 * Alvin Evans (1845–1906), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania; United States Senator from Iowa
 * John Floyd (1783–1837), Governor of Virginia
 * John B. Floyd (1806–1863), Governor of Virginia
 * William Floyd (1734–1821), United States Declaration of Independence signatory
 * James Garfield (1831–1881), President of the United States
 * Nicholas Gilman (1755–1814), United States Senator from New Hampshire
 * Button Gwinnett (1735–1777), United States Declaration of Independence signatory
 * Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901), President of the United States
 * William Henry Harrison (1773–1841), President of the United States
 * Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948), Chief Justice of the United States, Governor of New York
 * Andrew Humphreys (1821–1904), U.S. Representative from Indiana
 * Andrew A. Humphreys (1810–1883), United States Army officer and Union General in the American Civil War
 * E. Howard Hunt (1918–2007), CIA Intelligence Officer; a key figure in organizing and participating in the Watergate burglaries
 * Arthur James (1883–1973), Governor of Pennsylvania
 * Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), President of the United States; Vice President of the United States
 * Robert E. Lee (1807–1870), Confederate general
 * Francis Lewis (1713–1802), United States Declaration of Independence signatory
 * Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), President of the United States
 * James Madison (1751–1836), President of the United States
 * John Marshall (1755–1835), statesman, Chief Justice of the United States
 * George Mathews (1739–1812), Governor of Georgia
 * Henry M. Mathews (1834–1884), Governor of West Virginia
 * John G. McCullough (1835–1915), Governor of Vermont
 * James Monroe (1758–1831), President of the United States
 * James Morgan (1756–1822), United States Congressman from New Jersey
 * Lewis Morris (1726–1798), United States Declaration of Independence signatory
 * Robert Morris (1734–1806), United States Declaration of Independence signatory
 * Patty Murray (born 1950), United States Senator from Washington
 * Richard Nixon (1913–1994), President of the United States; Vice President of the United States
 * Barack Obama (born 1961), President of the United States
 * P.B.S. Pinchback (1837–1921), Governor of Louisiana
 * Hugh H. Price (1859–1904), U.S. Representative from Wisconsin
 * Rodman M. Price (1816–1894), Governor of New Jersey
 * John H. Pugh (1827–1905), U.S. Representative from New Jersey
 * Thomas Rees (1925–2003), U.S. Congressman, parents/grandparents from Wales
 * Ann Romney (born 1949), wife of American businessman and politician Mitt Romney
 * Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), President of the United States; Vice President of the United States
 * Isaac Shelby (1750–1826), Governor of Kentucky
 * Daniel Webster (1782–1852), United States Senator and Secretary of State
 * Thomas Wynne (1627–1691), physician to William Penn; speaker of the first Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly

Industry and business

 * Thomas Henry Blythe (1822–1883), born in Wales, immigrated to San Francisco, best known for using the Colorado River to irrigate large areas of the California and Mexican deserts
 * Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel (1849–1911), Tennessee-born founder of Jack Daniel's whiskey
 * Bob Evans (1918–2007), founder of Bob Evans Restaurants
 * William Fargo (1818–1881), pioneer expressman
 * Howard Hughes (1905–1976), pioneering aviator, engineer, industrialist, and film producer
 * Willard F. Jones (1890–1967), naval architect, Gulf Oil executive
 * Reese J. Llewellyn (1862–1936), born in Brynamman, Wales, immigrated to San Francisco, later settling in Los Angeles, co-founder and president of Llewellyn Iron Works
 * J. P. Morgan (1837–1913), banker
 * Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890), banker
 * Jonathan I. Schwartz (born 1965), president and chief executive officer of CareZone
 * Howard Stringer (born 1942), businessman and chief executive officer of Sony Corporation
 * Lloyd Tevis (1824–1899), banker
 * David Thomas (1794–1882), prominent ironmaster and philanthropist during the Industrial Revolution in Pennsylvania

Other

 * Mervyn S. Bennion (1887–1941), Congressional Medal of Honor recipient killed during the Attack on Pearl Harbor; grandfather was a Welsh immigrant
 * James Bowie (1796–1836), pioneer and Texas revolutionary
 * Daniel Boone (1734–1820), American pioneer
 * Mary Katherine Campbell (1905–1990), Miss America titleholder 1922 and 1923, first runner-up 1924
 * Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer, serial killer; father has Welsh ancestry
 * Hiram Wesley Evans (1881–1966), Imperial Wizard of the "second" Ku Klux Klan, 1922–1939
 * Lewis Evans (1700–1756), colonial surveyor and geographer
 * Cowboy Morgan Evans (1903–1969), Texas rancher; 1928 World Series Rodeo Bulldogging champion; competition bull rider; oil production roughneck; drilling foreman; oilman
 * Oliver Evans (1755–1819), inventor
 * Murray Humphreys (1899–1965), Chicago mobster, chief political and labor racketeer in the Chicago Outfit during Prohibition
 * Frank James (1843–1915), cowboy/outlaw
 * Jesse James (1847–1882), cowboy/outlaw
 * George Jones (1811–1891), New-York Daily Times co-founder
 * John L. Lewis (1880–1969), organized labor union leader
 * Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809), explorer
 * Chelsea Manning (born 1987), mother was Welsh
 * Nate Marquardt (born 1979), MMA fighter, partially Welsh on his mother's side
 * Daniel Morgan (1736–1802), Brigadier General in the American Revolution in the Continental Army; served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Virginia
 * Michael Phelps (born 1985), Olympian swimmer, distant Welsh ancestry
 * William Farrand Prosser (1834–1911), Union Colonel in the American Civil War; served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Tennessee
 * Herbert M. Sauro (born 1960), scientist (UW, Seattle), born in Dyfed
 * Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), journalist/explorer
 * George Henry Thomas (1816–1870), Union General during the American Civil War
 * Joe Watts (born 1942), gangster and associate of the Gambino crime family; partially Welsh on his father's side
 * Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), one of the most prominent and influential architects of the first half of the 20th century
 * Elihu Yale (1649–1721), first benefactor of Yale University

title: List of Welsh Americans


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of schools for gifted children

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Pointing to the arguments section on WP:SCHOOL seems slightly irrelevant here, since the article was not about a school but a list of schools. Arguments for deletion have been based on the list's maintainability and outnumber the keep votes by more than 2:1. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

List_of_schools_for_gifted_children
Just a list, can never be comprehensive, currently malformed 168.12.253.82 15:06, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unmaintainable list. —Wahoofive (talk) 15:11, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, helps wikipedia users find information about schools for gifted children. No need to be comprehensive, and easily maintainable, as schools for gifted children don't stop being schools for gifted children very often. Kappa 15:46, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The list is without criteria for inclusion (and this matters, since there are different ways of accrediting such schools), likely to cause confusion (what is the status of magnet schools regarding this list?), woefully short, and unlikely ever to be anything close to complete. Xoloz 16:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Since there are so few schools on the list, there is no need yet to refine criteria for inclusion. Why would it need to be complete to be useful? Kappa 16:45, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * With it 'this' short, it could be counter productive for anyone who was looking for gifted schools. And there will be school rivalries leading to 'gifted' vandalism :D --Spankthecrumpet 18:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Lists of schools.--Nicodemus75 20:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: you'd vote to keep any list of schools? How about Schools which suck or Schools with the prettiest girls? Or Schools whose third letter is C? The reason to have legit criteria for inclusion isn't to limit the length, as Kappa seems to think; it's to make it encyclopedic and verifiable. If there's no accepted definition of "gifted", there's no verifiability here.—Wahoofive (talk) 21:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Kappa and Schools/Arguments. Silensor 20:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Impossible to maintain: public school gifted programs come and go all the time, as school board makeups change. --Carnildo 21:18, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as an ultimately unmaintainable list.Gateman1997 22:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please this list of schools is verifiable and npov if we were to call something a list of schools that suck that would not really be npov so we probably could not do that wahoofive but this is just fine Yuckfoo 23:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unmaintainable. Pilatus 23:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unmaintainable, potentially infinite, impossible to make comprehensive or useful, no standards for inclusion or exclusion. Gamaliel 00:18, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Note that this list was started in December 2003 and until it was listed for deletion 22 months later had only two entries. It now has five. The entry ought to be put out of its misery. Pilatus 00:22, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unmaintainable list of massive beadth that could be well-served by a category if such a thing were useful, which it's not, and not inherently POV, which it is. Lord Bob 01:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unmaintainble most schools has gifted programs --JAranda | yeah 02:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Xoloz. Denni ☯ 03:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gamaliel and Lord Bob - I would support keeping it if it were modified to include a notability bar E.g. "List of schools for gifted children top ranked by US Department of Education" or some such. --Johntex\talk 09:44, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Either it's vague, because technically any mainstream school is 'for' gifted (or as we say in English, 'clever') children, since I doubt very many throw them out. Or it's umaintainable, if we narrow it down to those who operate special programmes, as those change from year to year. --Last Malthusian 10:15, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. most schools have gifted programs, and this sounds like a candidate for POV problems. Ryan Norton T 09:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete inherently POV.  Grue  12:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Education systems do designate some schools specifically for gifted children, who in those systems are described as gifted either as a result of assessment usually by an educational psychologist or by competitive examination.  There aren't many of them, and this list is thus highly maintainable and useful. --Tony Sidaway Talk  22:14, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * SOME educated systems designate these kind of schools, but most schools in the US are required to have gifted programs of one kind and the other kind comes and goes. Which illustrates the whole problem with this list, both the inherit double-meaning of "gifted" and the POV problems with saying one school is more able to handle gifted children then another. Ryan Norton T 22:52, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as Xoloz -- red stucco 08:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep useful list. Borisblue 19:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:80.176.183.203

title: User talk:80.176.183.203


text: Talk:Random orbital sander

title: Talk:Random orbital sander


text:
Bank of Saint Lucia

Bank of Saint Lucia is a subsidiary of Eastern Caribbean Financial Holding Company. It was formed in July 2001 as a result of the merger between National Commercial Bank and the Saint Lucia Development Bank.

Bank of Saint Lucia is the largest bank in Saint Lucia with the most expansive ATM network on the island. It has branches in Gros Islet, Vieux Fort, Soufrière, and Castries (Bridge Street and the Waterfront Areas) as well as a Bureau de Change at Hewanorra International Airport.

The current Managing Director is Rolf K. Phillips.

Services
BSL provides services such as:
 * Personal banking
 * Corporate Banking
 * Private Banking
 * Insurance

History
After the National Commercial Bank of St. Lucia Limited opened its doors to the public in 1981, the Saint Lucia Development Bank Limited soon followed. As the names suggest the National Commercial Bank functioned as a commercial bank satisfying the personal banking needs of customers. The Saint Lucia Development Bank on the other hand was set up to provide funding in the areas of manufacturing, agriculture, tourism and fisheries.

title: Bank of Saint Lucia


text:
The Dog It Was That Died

The Dog It Was That Died is a play by the British playwright Tom Stoppard.

Written for BBC Radio in 1982, it concerns the dilemma faced by a spy over who he actually works for. The play was also adapted for television by Stoppard, and broadcast in 1988. The title is taken from Oliver Goldsmith's poem "An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog".

Story
Rupert Purvis works for "Q6", a department of an unnamed espionage agency of the British Government. As the play begins, he is in the process of ending his life by jumping off Waterloo Bridge into the Thames. However, the attempt goes wrong when he falls not into the water but onto a passing barge, breaking his legs and killing a dog which was on the deck.

Over the course of the play, the reasons for this emerge. Some years ago, Purvis was approached by a Soviet spy named Rashnikov, who asked him to work as a double agent. Purvis reported this to his British superiors, who told him to pretend to work as a Soviet double agent whilst really working for them. However, Purvis also recalls that Rashnikov had told him to tell his British masters that he was being recruited, effectively setting up a double bluff ahead of time. Purvis also told this to the British – but is worried that when he did so, it was again because Rashnikov told him to do so. The upshot is that the British and the Russians have been using Purvis to shuttle false information between each other; but to allay the other side's suspicions, each has been giving real information to the other as well.

The result of this is that Purvis is no longer sure who his employer is – is he really working for the Russians or the British? Purvis's manager Giles Blair visits Purvis at Clifftops, a rest home on the Norfolk coast which is maintained by the agency for former spies who have suffered breakdowns. In the process of finding Purvis, Blair encounters not one but two inmates, both of whom pose as medical staff. The result is that when he finally meets the real administrator, Doctor Seddon, he is highly suspicious, and when Seddon tries to interest him in the guano he has found from a colony of bats in the bell tower (Blair: "Bats?  In the belfry?!"  Seddon:  "Mmm.  Had 'em for years and never realised."), he makes hasty excuses and runs away, bumping into Purvis as he does so.

They discuss Purvis's problem, and Blair, in the course of attempting to make Purvis feel better, inadvertently shows him that his entire life has been pointless. Purvis is actually greatly calmed by this, and he and Blair part on good terms. The next scene opens at Purvis's memorial service – he has succeeded in committing suicide by rolling his wheelchair off a cliff at the rest home. Blair ponders: "One asks oneself, with the benefit of hindsight, was Clifftops the ideal place to send someone with a tendency to fling themselves from a great height to a watery grave? Of course at the time one didn't realise it was a tendency..."

In the closing scene, the whole structure is explained by the agency's unnamed chief, although even this explanation remains dizzyingly complex. The chief sums up by saying, "Purvis was acting as a genuine Russian spy to preserve his cover as a bogus Russian spy. In other words, if Purvis's mother had been kicked by a donkey, things would be very much as they are.  If I were Purvis I'd drown myself."

In a second suicide note delivered to Blair after his memorial service, Purvis explains that whatever side he was really on, at the end he decided he felt more sympathy for the British side and is almost convinced that they were in fact his employers. He concludes: "I hope I'm right. Although I would settle for knowing that I'm wrong." He also adds that he has learned that Rashnikov was recalled to the Soviet Union on suspicion of having been duped by the British. "Rashnikov said there was a perfectly good reason why this should have been the impression given; but unfortunately he died of a brainstorm while trying to work it out. You could say that the same thing happened to me."

Characters
Giles Blair, Purvis's boss at Q6; sophisticated and worldly, he has none of Purvis's internal doubts and so has great difficulty grasping the crux of Purvis's dilemma. 'I never really got beyond us being British and them being atheists and communists. You can't argue with that so I think I rather switched off after that point... ...All you've got to do is remember what you believe.'

Blair represents the quintessential upper-class English bureaucrat; there is nothing of the glamour of James Bond about him. Despite being perhaps the central character of the play – certainly he has the most lines – he remains a somewhat ineffectual figure, happy to allow events to follow their course. Blair collects clocks – his house is full of them – and is also constructing a folly in the grounds of his house.

Rupert Purvis, a tortured soul. Purvis is highly principled, which makes it all the more upsetting for him when he can't recall exactly what those principles are.

Hogbin, described by Blair as a 'policeman' but actually another spy, Hogbin is assigned to investigate the circumstances of Purvis's suicide attempt, and in particular a letter he posted to Blair before his first attempt. Hogbin is the polar opposite of Blair – doggedly determined, prone to panic and seeing conspiracies at every turn.

Pamela Blair, wife of Giles. She runs a donkey sanctuary, occasionally appropriating her husband's study as an operating theatre for her injured charges. She is having an affair with Blair's boss; a fact about which both she and Blair are entirely open and unconcerned.

Themes
The Dog It Was That Died has been described as Stoppard's 'le Carrécture', and it takes much of its mannered approach from John le Carré's work. The play takes place against a background of Cold War paranoia, and at the time of its first production it was quite believable that such complex shenanigans could take place. It is full of Stoppard's usual verbal pyrotechnics, particularly in those scenes where the full details of Purvis's career are being explored.

The characters of Blair and Purvis are contrasted skilfully – one the benignly complacent bureaucrat, the other a deeply principled fighter for his beliefs. There is also a class contrast between Blair and Hogbin; whilst the agencies involved are never specifically stated, their respective characters conform exactly to the period's stereotypes of MI6 and MI5 officers, as Blair is very much the upper-class and somewhat louche eccentric and Hogbin the conscientious if unimaginative middle-class moralist. However, in the end Blair proves to be more in control of the situation than Hogbin.

The play also explores eccentricity in general in a fond way. Virtually all the characters in it have a pronounced eccentricity of some kind: Blair's clocks and his folly; his wife's donkey sanctuary and casual affair with her husband's superior; the chief's regular smoking of opium; the obsession with rare cheese of the vicar who carries out Purvis's memorial; and Seddon's fascination with guano. Additionally, Blair and Purvis's former boss, "Jell", apparently used to wear hunting pink to the office. Purvis's second suicide note makes this delight in the gentle eccentricities of his countrymen explicit, describing English eccentricity as "a curious bloom, which here at Clifftops only appears in its overblown variety".

The title of the play comes from Oliver Goldsmith's poem "An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog" which ends:
 * But soon a wonder came to light,
 * That showed the rogues they lied:
 * The man recovered of the bite,
 * The dog it was that died.

In some ways Purvis may be seen as the mad dog of the poem.

Stoppard may have borrowed the idea to use this quotation from British novelist W. Somerset Maugham's 1925 novel The Painted Veil, in which the protagonist's husband, bitter at her infidelity, takes her to cholera-stricken China in hopes that she will take ill and die. When he catches cholera instead, he dies with the quotation "The dog it was that died" on his lips.

The words also occur in a speech by Wormold, the lead character in Graham Greene's 1958 novel Our Man in Havana – also an entertaining tale of Cold War espionage. ("I have come back", he said to Beatrice, "I am not under the table. I have come back victorious. The dog it was that died.")

Productions
First produced 1982 on BBC Radio 4. The cast was:

 * Giles Blair: Charles Gray
 * Rupert Purvis: Dinsdale Landen
 * Hogbin: Kenneth Cranham
 * Pamela Blair: Penelope Keith
 * Chief: Maurice Denham
 * Doctor Seddon: John Le Mesurier

The play was transferred to television in 1989 by Channel 4. The director was Peter Wood. The cast was:
 * Giles Blair: Alan Bates
 * Rupert Purvis: Alan Howard
 * Hogbin: Simon Cadell
 * Pamela Blair: Ciaran Madden
 * Doctor Seddon: John Woodvine

title: The Dog It Was That Died


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text:
Talk:Myelodysplastic syndrome

Could
Could be wrong here, but isn't there a possiblility of a complete recovery in the rare cases where a patient is young enough to have a bone marrow transplant and it goes well? If so, this paragraph

''The best prognosis is seen with refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts and refractory anemia, here some patients live more than a decade (the average is on the order of 3-5 years); the worst outlook is with RAEB-T, where the mean life expectancy is less than 1 year. About 1/4 of patients develop overt leukemia. The others die of complications of low blood count or unrelated disease.''

should definitely mention it. CTOAGN 15:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not up-to-date with the rate of CR in transplant recipients for MDS. The fact that they are transplanted when young suggests that CR with long-term remissions are feasible. If I come accross the relevant stats I will update the page. JFW | T@lk  06:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for replying. I don't want to edit the article myself (I'm not a medic and don't like the idea of non-medics editing these articles) but would like it to be mentioned. I found Wikipedia by googling for MDS after being diagnosed with it at 29, and reading the above was something of an experience. Fortunately I already knew that the vast majority of MDS patients were elderly and many of them had it as a secondary illness, and assumed that was one of the reasons for the short life expectancy, but someone who didn't know that would have found it very upsetting. CTOAGN 18:43, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps Andrew73 may be able to help. He's more into haematology than I am at the moment. JFW | T@lk  23:22, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I expanded the therapy section a little bid. Treatment with BMT can be curative, but I agree that when you read the description of MDS, it can be disheartening.  What complicates things is that it is heterogeneous condition, so it can be hard to give specifics about prognosis.  Andrew73 01:30, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Is it necessary also to include the 5q- syndrome and unclassifible into the classification? --Calvinchong 03:47, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Prognosis
I really appreciate the effort that's gone into the article, but I've got a couple more suggestions: The article still reads a bit along the lines of "if you've got myelodysplasia, it's going to kill you". The possibility of long term remission isn't mentioned until quite late in the article, after such sentences as "The others die of complications of low blood count or unrelated disease" (I assume this sentence refers to RAEB-T but that's not completely obvious and I read it as referring to MDS in general when I first read the article). I've taken the liberty of editing the intro, and I'd really appreciate it if someone who knows what they're talking about could refine what I've written.

 * I've edited the intro and toned down the intro's bleak tone as wlel as the section about patients running into difficulties with bleeding or infection. The prognosis and the possibility for long term remission is best determined by the IPSS score (cytogenetics, number of neutropenias), so I figured it was best to mention the prognosis during that section, rather than upfront in the article.  Andrew73 02:38, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Having read it again, I have to disagree. To someone recently diagnosed with this illness, that reads as "You have no more than ten years to live."  Fair enough if it were true, but if there's any possiblity at all of someone living longer it needs to mentioned as soon as life expectancy is mentioned.  A patient would be quite likely to stop reading there, and miss the bit about transplants further down.  After my experience of reading this article immediately after diagnosis I think it's vital to mention it early on - if you haven't discussed life expectancy with a doctor you don't want to read that things are even worse than they really are.  CTOAGN (talk) 19:43, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur. My father was given MDS as a possible diagnosis.  He visited the Wiki for MDS, but as a non-Wiki user, decided to believe his friends who told him that Wiki isn't accurate because anyone can edit it.  I believe that reaction happened due to the way the Prognosis section is written.  I think in medical articles, authors should be careful to remember the audience.  I believe circumstances like this are more likely to get 1st time readers to Wiki, and if they don't like what they see, they'll steer away from it.  I agree that the possibility of long-term remission should at least be mentioned in the intro, but at least mentioned shortly after prognosis.  Also, as most people first hear of MDS when they are possibly diagnosed with it, maybe the intro could mention potential 'other' conditions which may appear similar or need to be ruled out.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.23.197.250 (talk) 17:56, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

My boyfriend has had MDS twice now. He was 13 the first time and had a bone marrow transplant and beat it.. now again just recently was diagnosed with it again at the age of 19. He beat it again with another bone marrow transplant.. he is almost a year post transplant now and he is doing terrific. so i have to say that they have come a long way with life expectancy taylor is said to live a long and happy life as long as he stays in remmision :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.77.211.19 (talk) 04:24, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Also, the second Diagnosis section is somewhat incomprehensible to a non-medic. I realise it's probably difficult to avoid jargon to some extent with a subject like this, but phrases such as "Erythroid nuclear budding" don't explain the condition to me at all. Do you think it would be possible to explain what's being referred to in a more accessible way?

Thanks, CTOAGN (talk) 04:15, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This article was accurate and had been reviewed by a doctor. This edit http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myelodysplastic_syndrome&diff=33071524&oldid=33059002 deletes significant facts about the seriousness of the disease and its prognosis. This is WP:CENSOR It violates the Wikipedia rule against deleting accurate information. People who look up their diseases on the Internet want the facts. If they don't realize how serious it is, they may not go to the doctor. If you were to delete everything from Wikipedia medical articles that made people upset, we wouldn't have reliable, useful information. I'm not going to revert it, because that information may not be current, but when I find current information on prognosis, I'll return it into the entry. --Nbauman (talk) 17:14, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Malignant or not?
Is MDS considered a malignant (cancerous) disease or not? --Spiff666 (talk) 15:24, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It's considered premalignant.. It's not "benign" but it's not frankly malignant either.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 16:06, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Diagnosis * 2
There are two 'Diagnosis' sections! The second one looks highly technical and perhaps isn't appropriate for WP? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Amilnerwhite (talk • contribs) 03:57, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Accessibility
O-kay then, let's see about accessibility issues....Casliber (talk · contribs) 23:01, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * First sentence is a doozy - can we replace "hematological conditions" with "blood disorders"? Or are we losing meaning?

 * MDS has been found in humans... - and we've gone singular here. Maybe "These conditions.." allows us to keep plural.

 * chronic blood transfusion.. - periodic ongoing blood transfusions? ("chronic" always makes me think of a disease rather than treatment)

 * Myelodysplastic syndromes are bone marrow stem cell disorders resulting in disorderly and ineffective hematopoiesis (blood production), manifested by irreversible quantitative and qualitative defects in hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells. -->

"Myelodysplastic syndromes are bone marrow stem cell disorders - hematopoiesis (blood production) is compromised, resulting in fewer (alt= lower numbers of) and defective (blood-forming) cells." (or "defective and lower numbers of cells")

Note to self (and others)
Reference for link between radiation exposure and MDS incidence:. MastCell Talk 23:47, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Animals
"MDS has been found in humans, cats and dogs." Apart from its curious construction, this sentence would also suggest that MDS does not occur in other animals, which it does (rats, mice, rabbits etc.), so I have removed it.

Epidemiology
"The exact number of people with MDS is not known because it can go undiagnosed and there is no mandated tracking of the syndrome" - this statement is not really accurate. I work for a state public health department and we do require these cases to be reported to us by hospitals, physicians, etc. the cases are then reported (along with other cancer cases) to the CDC annually. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dojodan (talk • contribs) 19:08, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Diagnostic tests: Add FISH MDS panel
Diagnosis section is currently missing mention of FISH testing for MDS which is commonly ordered when MDS is suspected (It is mentioned in "Prognosis" section). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dosware (talk • contribs) 05:45, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Review
On molecular pathogenesis 10.1111/bjh.12435 JFW | T@lk  21:37, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

 * European review: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-492884 JFW | T@lk  22:08, 27 October 2013 (UTC)

 * 10.1111/bjh.12694 is a new British guideline on diagnosis and management. JFW | T@lk  16:12, 24 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Lancet: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61901-7 JFW | T@lk  21:23, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Response criteria, international criteria 10.1182/blood-2014-10-607341 JFW | T@lk  10:44, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

i'dsayMYELODYSPLASIA=syn
rdircthere2?81.11.218.243 (talk) 14:34, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

gramr
do not mature Nor? become healthy blood cells. 81.11.218.243 (talk) 14:45, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

itsMDSs<plural!
81.11.218.243 (talk) 20:24, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

RAMD=?
@unclasified — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.11.218.243 (talk) 21:10, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

sth.misin?
Other stains can help in special cases (PAS and napthol ASD chloroacetate esterase positivity) in eosinophils is a marker of abnormality seen in chronic eosinophilic leukemia and is a sign of aberrancy.213.49.104.55 (talk) 15:53, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

Spleen or kidney?
In the second photo which accompanies the "Signs and symptoms" heading: is not the smaller organ (in green) the spleen, and the larger organ (in red) the kidney? Please correct me if I'm mistaken. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.54.252.250 (talk) 13:28, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

Other names
Ref says "Myelodysplasia and myelodysplastic syndrome (9989/3) are not the same disease. Myelodysplasia may be used as an alternate names for myelodysplastic syndrome"

So basically some people use the term myelodysplasia to mean MDS but such usage is not the best as myelodysplasia also has other meanings. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 08:26, 23 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Here is another ref that supports. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 08:28, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

Pathofysiology
The mechanism by which the dysplasia results remains unexplained. All it mentions is that DNA methylation is involved. Too much, too few? We know MDS responds in certain conditions to epigenetic medication like azacitidine, decitabine, lenalidomide, but the article fails to explain why that is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smoutezot (talk • contribs) 15:56, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Reading through the Genetics section, this seems adequately explained to me and in line with our lack of knowledge about the exact causes of MDS (as explained throughout the article), though there's a lack of citations in the first paragraph and the three paragraphs above. As far as "too much, too few," there's mention of "disordered" methylation, and that the drugs you listed are hypomethylating agents. As the section states, "Proper DNA methylation is critical in the regulation of proliferation genes, and the loss of DNA methylation control can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cytopenias," I think this level of detail is perfectly fine for an article here (though more citations are needed). Global Cerebral Ischemia (talk) 18:28, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Newer Treatment
Luspatercept (Reblozyl) has been successfully used to decrease transfusion dependency. Maybe someone would like to research this and add it to the treatment section. Thanks and may we stay happy, healthy and peaceful!!! 2600:8800:7181:3AA:D073:E690:ABA9:EF41 (talk) 03:05, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Leukopenia listed as a different cause?
Re "differentiating MDS from anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia is important", aren't anemia (reduced oxygen carrying capacity), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and leukopenia (low white cell count) more symptoms of disease than causes / diseases? 2600:100F:B1B4:ED0B:BE5A:4198:7F0F:8AD9 (talk) 17:41, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Myelodysplastic syndrome


text:
Talk:Quercus rubra

Untitled
Hello editors, I think I would like to include a section of the northern red oak's development as a response to the various pathogens that have been specific to it. As I was looking at sources, I realized that the species' seedlings have been well studied, especially recently, as a model for dispersal. This may be subject to change and will require much more sources, but what I have seen so far could make good supporting information that explains its development. Some of the sources I found also focus on northern red oak stress tolerance, which is very interesting, but a little bit more organization would be needed to incorporate that as well. Any feedback provided would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!

Literature Cited

Aizen, M. A. and H. Woodcock. 1996. Effects of acorn size on seedling survival and growth on Quercus rubra following simulated spring freeze. Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 308-314.

Ashton, P. M. S. and G. P. Berlyn. 1994. A comparison of leaf physiology and anatomy of Quercus (section Erthyrobalanus - Fagaceae) species in different light environments. American Journal of Botany 8: 589-597.

Dickie, I. A., R. T. Koide, and K. C. Steiner. 2002. Influences of established trees on mycorrhizas, nutrition, and growth of Quercus rubra seedlings. Ecological Monographs 72: 505-521.

Jagodzinski, A. M., M. K. Dyderski, P. Horodecki, and K. Rawlik. 2017. Limited dispersal prevents Quercus rubra invasion in a 14-species common garden experiment. Diversity and Distributions 24: 403-414.

Lind-Riehl, J. and O. Gailing. 2015. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of two red oak species, Quercus rubra and Quercus ellipoidalis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301: 1601-1612.

Martin, D. K. H. and R. M. Turcotte. 2017. First report of Diplodia corticola causing stem cankers and associated vascular occlusion of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) in West Virginia. Plant Disease 101:380.

Massart. L. 2017. Does Quercus rubra recover faster after drought stress in mixed forests?. M.S. Thesis. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Merceron, N. R., A. De Langhe, H. Dubois, O. Garin, F. Gerarts. 2017. Removal of acorns of the alien oak Quercus rubra on the ground by scatter-hoarding animals in Belgian forests. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Soicety, and Environment 21: 127-130.

Myczko, L., L. Dylewski, A. Chrzanowski, and T. H. Sparks. 2017. Acorns of invasive northern red oak (Quercus ruba) in Europe are larval hosts for moths and beetles. Biological Invasions 19: 2419-2425.

Top, S. M. 2017. Climate influences the content and chemical compositions of foliar tannins in green and senesced tissues of Quercus ruba. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 423-435. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nantwia1 (talk • contribs) 22:49, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nantwia1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:37, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Easier to find information
Maybe we should do something with a more categorized approach, i.e. HABITAT, USES, SIZE, DISTRIBUTION, etc. to make it easier to find information. Neobubblegirl 15:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm applying the more recent Wikiproject Plants template, then adding more info. (SEWilco 01:54, 23 May 2007 (UTC))

Does anybody have any information on the rooting structure of the Red Oak? I've been scouring the internet and so far it seems that the only place to find it is in scientific journals which I don't have access to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.236.179.31 (talk) 02:33, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Map of native region???
This article badly needs a map showing the native region in which Northern Red Oaks are found.

Leaf pictures
Need pictures of leaves 131.212.62.90 03:03, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Will do, there's one in my local park - MPF 09:59, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There was one on commons anyway - I've added it - MPF 09:54, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

cleaning up
There are a few spelling errors to be fixed, and also some redundancy; for example, leaves are described twice. Audiosqueegee 22:01, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Never mind, done. Audiosqueegee 06:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Firewood Ratings appropriate?
I was wondering if this is the place (and other tree pages) to discuss firewood ratings?Trucker11 (talk) 14:15, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Age and size
Comparing the circumferences of up to 30 ft http://www.nativetreesociety.org/bigtree/great_eastern_trees.htm (diameters of c. 10 ft) with the photo of Orwig by the 326 year old tree http://people.eku.edu/pedersonn/OLDLISTeast/Spp/QURU.html makes one wonder at the age of these larger trees. Some are coppiced I understand, which may be the explanation. Rich Farmbrough, 10:23, 26 November 2009 (UTC).

Germination of Acorn
I don't believe that the Northern Red Oak acorn requires sustained(3 month) sub -40 temperatures for germination. The tree is growing in some areas that have not seen those temperatures in the lifespan of the current extant trees, e.g. Alabama and Georgia. See Wikipedia articles on state temperatures.

Kerr Lee — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.178.244.178 (talk) 12:46, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Quercus rubra


text:
Stephen Huss

Stephen Huss is the name of:

 * Stephen Huss (musician) (1967–2015), founder of the duo Psyche
 * Stephen Huss (tennis) (born 1975), Australian professional tennis player

title: Stephen Huss


text: Category:Keyboardist stubs

title: Category:Keyboardist stubs


text:
Polar front

In meteorology, the polar front is the weather front boundary between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell around the 60° latitude, near the polar regions, in both hemispheres. At this boundary a sharp gradient in temperature occurs between these two air masses, each at very different temperatures.

The polar front arises as a result of cold polar air meeting warm tropical air. It is a stationary front as the air masses are not moving against each other and stays stable. Off the coast of eastern North America, especially in winter, there is a sharp temperature gradient between the snow-covered land and the warm offshore currents.

The polar front theory says that mid-latitude extratropical cyclones form on boundaries between warm and cold air. In winter, the polar front shifts towards the Equator, whereas high pressure systems dominate more in the summer.

title: Polar front


text:
User:LeonardM

Hi, hello & whatever to all in WikiLand. I'm a 45y/o nurse and am currently using my userpage for a sandbox. I'm totally on the Up&Up and if anybody would like to cross verify Identities with me as a condition of goodwill write LeonardM at nanotreasures@yahoo.com. This is a project I've started after checking the WikiMedia mission statement, reading WikiCatholic church and others.

I like it; I'm in; ...........and I am of one consensus with the NPOV

I expect an article like this to be subject to vandalism, so I'm not in a big hurry to commit it to namespace. I need to learn a whole lot more about Wikipedia in general and Trolls in specific. I also need to seek some consensus allies to help me with it. All this takes time and I am very new here.

As is traditional, I neither confirm nor deny that I am actually involved in a 12step recovery fellowship.

NOTE: This is meant to be constructive comedy if you feel upset about it, I suggest you go to a meeting or call your sponsor, OK?

--LeonardM 15:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

'''WikiRecovery: Trolls neutral Anonymous'''

Hi, my name is *your name* and I'm a troll.

For the record, Trolling is alot of fun! I get quite a charge out pushing the buttons of -Sheep- and watching them jump (especially if they have fancy degrees and such!) In fact, Trolling is so fun that it can be addictive. I can start Slashing just for the Jazz (even content with lame slashing). I can get kicked off boards again and again; for the sole purpose of finding new&creative ways to get back on them. I can disregard the POV's of others, see people as mere objects for my pleasure and forget to seek consenus.

This is the reason for WikiRecoveries: "TnA" or Trolls-neutral-Anonymous. Trolls-neutral-Anonymous is a society of Humans for whom Trolling has become a problem. We seek to channel our playfull mentalities to the betterment of the Wikipedia and resist Flaming thereon. (though we imply no such assurences to rest of the Internet)

Human mythololgies are fraught with stories of Tricksters and some speak highly of their value. I believe this is true. Their is one such story in Senneca mythology that speaks of a great chief with tangled hair. He wasn't allways so great though. blaha.. It's is to that chief and those that would emulated his life that this article is dedicated.

The 12 Steps of TnA.

 * 1) We admitted obsessive slashing, that our userspace had become disreputable.

 * 1) Came to believe in a meta that could restore us to a TrueNPOV (this allows for percieved dissent from NPOV

 * 1) Made a decision to trust the PowerOfChaos to straighten out everyone elses B*llSh*t. (including Jimbos) (*not that Jimbo actually has any BS to straighten, but some trolls are total suckers to challenge PowerStructures.*and a stark invitation to some sort of mysticism*)

 * 1) Made a searching and fearless assessment of our own POV.(something most rarely do, in my opinion)

 * 1) Admitted to ourselves and another human being the real diffences between our POV and NPOV.

 * 1) Became entirely ready to let the PowerOfChaos unite us to a TrueNPOV. (maybe many trolls are wannabe anarchists? and a stark invitation to *some sort of mysticism*)

 * 1) Humbly assented to the PowerOfChaos in our actual postings.

 * 1) made a list of all persons we had slashed and became willing to seek consensus with all of them.

 * 1) sought consensus with such persons, except when to do so would lead to a PostingWar(?)

 * 1) Continued to examine our own POV and fearlessly admitted when it needs an upgrade.

 * 1) sought through heated dialogue and discussion to trust in the PowerOfChaos, content in the strength of Concensus to evolve the TrueNPOV.

 * 1) Having become a POV-warrior and feared Encylopediast as a result of these steps, we seek to carry this message to Trolls and practice these principles in all of our affairs.

title: User:LeonardM