text:
Talk:Sussex

Dispute
RE: Addition/deletion of external links

Parties involved

FujitsuBoy and User:Steinsky

Reason for dispute

Removal of my external links (declared as "spam" or "vandalism"), and addition of external links in breach of Wikipedia guidelines; e.g. http://www.britishcounties.org/sussex/

Steps taken thus far

I have e-mailed Steinsky in the hope of quietly resolving this dispute but with no reply.

As per Talk_page and Dispute_resolution this is my next step to resolving the dispute. I will also inform the Association of Members' Advocates. I have also provided a suitable edit to this and other Wiki pages in the hope of avoiding taking this dispute further.

FujitsuBoy 11:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

''I hope you don't mind me e-mailing you regarding this. From what I understand disputes on Wikipedia are not uncommon!'' ''I've spent the last couple of months working on the new web site "iDevon", as you can probably imagine a site of that scale takes a lot of work, especially with that much original content (over 3,000 local businesses listed and growing). Add on top of that our value-added services, and you're looking at a (what I would consider) a genuinely useful site for residents in Devon, and hence worthy of a link from Wikipedia.'' ''Before adding the link I was very careful to check through Wikipedia's guidelines, particularly those on "how not to be a spammer" (I'm sure you're well versed on the topic, but just in case http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam). Now on the surface of things I cannot see where these guidelines have been broken, or even touched upon.'' ''I'd be interested to hear your point of view. I'm a web developer with a true interest in helping the Internet grow without much patience for spammers and vandals. But when one works so hard on a new site to have it flippantly declared as "spam", well... I'm sure you can see my point of view.'' I look forward to hearing from you.

- See Talk:Hampshire where these sites and the spamming has been discussed before, and the History of various English county pages for the record of past spamming. Joe D (t) 22:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

History
It seems very odd that the section called history - which is in my opinion far too long and, without subheadings, very difficult to read - has a note to see the "main article". Turning to that what should we see? exactly the same as this one! What is the point? A simplified version is required here, and the "Main article" revised Peter Shearan 07:52, 1 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I have completely deleted it and just left the reference; should anyone wish to put in a potted version they are of course welcome to do so Peter Shearan 14:58, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * In addition the Geography section has some odd phrases: the opening sentence, for example, talks about it being "not wholly on the southward slope" - who said it was? and what southward slope is that? The Forest Ridges are only the southern part of the Weald which is far the most important: no wonder there is no article about them, although this article makes a lot of them. The ancient Wealden Dome across southern England produced, and as a result of erosion on softer rocks, a parallel series of high and low land. Therefore mention must be made of the Vale of Sussex between the Downs and the Weald - the latter is not immediately north of the Downs as the article states. The Forest Ridges are not a watershed, either: if they were then rivers would start and flow both sides of it (1). The North Downs lie between the Thames and Sussex: so the only tributary of it in the county is the Medway.

(1) although the eastern Rother does flow from the northern slopes of the divided Weald, but flows between the two arms of it!

 * The rivers which breach the South Downs all began on the Weald before erosion took place. As the Dome diminished the effect of erosion through the chalk meant that each of the rivers had its own exit to the sea: apart from the Rother, which lay in an eastward-facing valley of the Weald and flows now into what became the English Channel.

 * The sea has had a tremendous impact on the coast of Sussex. Apart from cliff ends at Beachy Head and Hastings being eroded, and the resulting pebble beaches (PS not all are sandy as the article states: being from Hastings I know that only too well!) to the east of the latter consisting of the flint, tidal action (and particularly the disastrous 13th/14th century tides) have succeeded in blocking river mouths, and producing large marshland areas - including those in the west around Chichester. I'm not sure about rising land: I thought the south-east of Britain was actually sinking!

Peter Shearan 08:28, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * In view of my comments above, and since the Geography chapter was an example of a mass of information poorly presented, where no logical geographical sequence existed; and where part of it was History not Geography; I have rejigged it with appropriate sub-headings. E&OE Peter Shearan 14:58, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

I am now tackling the section headed Climate and agriculture. Why are these two linked, especially when there are only two topics in the latter part: the borough-English bit (note no article); and fishing. Where is the agriculture? Peter Shearan 16:39, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

It's class
I am currently searching for any grammatical errors in the article; trying to fix it and impropve the thing to Good article-status. Randalph P. Williams 08:56, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Automated peer review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, MortimerCat (talk) 23:52, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The lead of this article may be too long, or may contain too many paragraphs. Please follow guidelines at WP:LEAD; be aware that the lead should adequately summarize the article.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), there should be a non-breaking space -  between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 800 km, use 800 km, which when you are editing the page, should look like: 800&nbsp;km.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), please spell out source units of measurements in text; for example, the Moon is 380,000 kilometres (240,000 mi) from Earth.[?] Specifically, an example is 700 ft.
 * Per Manual of Style (headings), headings generally do not start with articles ('the', 'a(n)'). For example, if there was a section called  ==The Biography== , it should be changed to  ==Biography== .[?]
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 * There are a few occurrences of weasel words in this article- please observe WP:AWT. Certain phrases should specify exactly who supports, considers, believes, etc., such a view.
 * apparently
 * might be weasel words, and should be provided with proper citations (if they already do, or are not weasel terms, please strike this comment).[?]
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Dry Valley
I removed the following paragraph as it did not make sense.

''Dry valleys are a feature of the Downs. One in particular, known as Devil's Dyke, north-west of Brighton, is a popular tourist and outdoor sports venue, although it isn't a "dry valley". It was created by geological action.''

It mentions dry valleys on the Downs, a statement which does need elaborating on. It does this by citing an example which, as the statement confesses, is not a dry valley. MortimerCat (talk) 00:23, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

What is this article about?
Yes, I know its about Sussex! My question is what should go into this article, and what goes into the East/West Sussex articles. Should the East/West just concentrate on the items relevant to them, and any shared items go in the Sussex?

For example:
 * Towns and villages to go in East/West, removed from Sussex.
 * Antiquities in the East/West, removed from Sussex
 * Climate in the Sussex, removed from East/West

MortimerCat (talk) 00:35, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Sussex Flag
There has been a bit of an edit-war with the flag so I am starting a debate.

Flag 1 was the winning entry in a BBC competition to design a Sussex flag. As far as I can tell there has been no official adoption. I cannot find anything relating to flag 2.

See also Flag of Sussex and Coat of arms of Sussex.

My opinion is not to have a flag, it is not an official emblem. MortimerCat (talk) 06:51, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

External links: a bit overcrowded now?
I hesitate to bring this up again, after the possible wikilawyering in the post at the top of the page, but very few of the current crop of external links seem to conform to the guidelines. I'm inclined to implement a fairly vigorous trim, subject to other editors' views. --Old Moonraker (talk) 15:08, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree - most of the links can go. In fact, possibly all of them can go (though I haven't evaluated each one as yet).--A bit iffy (talk) 16:35, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Not one of them met the WP:EL criteria so I deleted the lot. --Old Moonraker (talk) 10:46, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Druv
means?can geo-map be incl.? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sven70 (talk • contribs) 03:42, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Druv means drove or driven, a stubborn refusal to be pushed around or forced to do things against ones will. In Sussex dialect "Us wont be druv".--Charles (talk) 10:55, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Lancing
I was wondering if anyone could verify the claim of Lancing being the largest village in the UK, only Cranleigh in Surrey make a similar claim, which I believe has been verified? Bluebellnutter (talk) 15:16, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Ancient woodland
"The Weald ... retains the highest proportion of ancient woodlands in the country." This sounds very plausible, but could do with some evidence: does anyone have a source? ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 21:47, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The cultural heritage of woodlands in the South East. Section 2:The cultural heritage of woodlands in the High Weald AONB - Forestry Commission book by Nicola R. Bannister  available online, see page 14 for detail.Wilfridselsey (talk) 08:56, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

an the indefinite article
We have been having a dispute whether it should be a historic county or an historic county.

An is used before nouns or adjective noun combinations beginning with a vowel sound and a is used before nouns and adjective noun combinations beginning with a consonant sound.

eg: an hour and a half Note that with most adjectives and nouns beginning with the letter h, the h is pronounced, making it a consonant sound. Where the h is silent as in honest and hour, these words start with a vowel sound, thus requiring an rather than a before the adjective or noun: The word historic takes the indefinite article a/an depending upon its pronunciation.

If pronounced is-storic then "an historic". If pronounced his-storic then "a historic".

Both forms are correct, in which case we should stick with what the original editor wrote. ie: an historic county. In any case An historic is the more common form in British English.Wilfridselsey (talk) 10:49, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Citing The Cambridge Guide to English Usage: either is acceptable, with "an historic" regarded as "a stylistic nicety". Through courtesy, otherwise unproductive editors should avoid picking on the original contributor's perfectly correct stylistic niceties. --Old Moonraker (talk) 10:06, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

History??
In the "Saxon Kingdom" section the following is written concerning Aelle.

"He was probably the most senior of the Anglo-Saxon kings and led the ill-fated campaign against King Arthur at Mount Badon."

a) The "probably" is a giveaway that the statement has no foundation. b) Campaigns against a legendary figure do not have a place in a section on "History" - especially with no source!

I will remove this if there is no objection. Doug (at Wiki) 15:06, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

One would expect a bit more about the iron industry, which was important nationally in its day. It just gets a passing mention.Seadowns (talk) 12:57, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

Hillaire Belloc night
I followed the link supplied in the reference (thanks) for this new addition, and found that the event was a "bread and cheese supper" for members of local preservation group ("Members £3", non-members £5"). It doesn't seem encyclopaedic or notable, and I propose a revert. --Old Moonraker (talk) 20:11, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

I think the link should be kept. It shows the cultural legacy of Belloc's work on present day Sussex, I doubt you would be able to find any other authors remembered in such as way in the county. Not sure the relevance of the prices here - it costs money to run, the organisers need to cover their costs and it's open to all (whether a member of the group or not). Peetred (talk) 19:25, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Mass blanking
This edit removed five sections from the article, suggesting that they "more properly belonged" elsewhere. If this item is to have any claim to be a comprehensive account, it can't be left without a mention of industry. If dealt with elsewhere, a summary needs to be here, with a WP:SS link to the subsidiary article. --Old Moonraker (talk) 13:47, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Agreed that this article should mention industry and local economy. Most of text that was moved was concerned with historic industries going back several centuries and for that reason I think it is better included in the History of Sussex page. I have added a new section for the Sussex economy to the Sussex page - please feel free to add to it. Peetred (talk) 19:21, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

First ever Brighton Wiki Meetup
You are invited to the first Brighton Wiki Meetup which will take place at The West Quay, Brighton Marina Village, Brighton BN2 5UT on Sunday 28 April 2013 from 1.00 pm. If you have never been to one, this is an opportunity to meet other Wikipedians in an informal atmosphere for Wiki and non-Wiki related chat and for beer or food if you like. Experienced and new contributors are all welcome. This event is definitely not restricted just to discussion of Brighton topics. Bring your laptop if you like and use the free Wifi or just bring yourself. Even better, bring a friend! Click the link for full details. Looking forward to seeing you. Philafrenzy (talk) 21:06, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Coordinates
The coordinates that I've added are approximately on the border between the modern counties of East Sussex and West Sussex and positioned very approximately halfway north-south in the historic county. Ordinarily, the coords might go on the county town, but there are at least three arguable claimants for being the county town of historic Sussex (Lewes, Chichester, and Horsham, in descending order of strength of claim). This puts the coords in about the middle of the county and avoids either modern county from having pride of place. (I would have preferred to put the coords exactly on the border at 50.97976°N, -0.04457°W, but anything more than whole degree coordinates would be far too precise for an area this size.) Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 16:07, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

Population note

 * If an average household comprised seven individuals at that date, the total population would be 150,759.

This is horrible, borderline OR methodology. As a best guesstimate I can find, Tony Wrigley's paper English county populations in the later 18th century, which follows a number of equivalent studies and I think is available online, gives it a little bit over 100,000 in 1761. From checking various swiss and french sources, the common estimate for a feu is 4.5 to 5.5, maybe 6 (with the note that not every household was submitted to the fouage; some french provinces obviously had a fouage far under its actual population when we see early republican census returns), and even these estimates were often slightly increased by what the french government called "double count" which counted people with multiple residences as separate individuals in each of the communes where they lived. 199.180.97.243 (talk) 07:49, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
 * It is speculation and original research and you are right to remove it.--Charles (talk) 09:48, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 10 one external links on Sussex. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131003021123/http://websters.yourdictionary.com/sussex to http://websters.yourdictionary.com/sussex
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120105013906/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol42/42_088_093.pdf to http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol42/42_088_093.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130622153947/http://www.police-recruitment.co.uk/sussex-police-recruitment/ to http://www.police-recruitment.co.uk/sussex-police-recruitment/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120903133646/http://www.prebendalschool.org.uk:80/HistoryTradition.html to http://prebendalschool.org.uk/HistoryTradition.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121210153421/http://www.southdowns.gov.uk:80/learning/themes-to-study/cultural-heritage/literature/other-writers to http://www.southdowns.gov.uk/learning/themes-to-study/cultural-heritage/literature/other-writers
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111019062937/http://www.worthingtheatres.co.uk:80/WorthingSymphonyOrchestra/ to http://www.worthingtheatres.co.uk/WorthingSymphonyOrchestra
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120229005120/http://www.thakehamquaker.com/ to http://www.thakehamquaker.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120317070441/http://historicalfoods.com/sussex-pond-pudding-recipe to http://historicalfoods.com/sussex-pond-pudding-recipe
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120317070431/http://historicalfoods.com/sussex-plum-heavies-recipe to http://historicalfoods.com/sussex-plum-heavies-recipe
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120223231330/http://www.southdowns.gov.uk:80/learning/themes-to-study/cultural-heritage/art/private-patronage to http://www.southdowns.gov.uk/learning/themes-to-study/cultural-heritage/art/private-patronage

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:14, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Sussex. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141222053039/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/articles/ancient_world/The_roman_invasion_of_britain/ to http://www.ospreypublishing.com/articles/ancient_world/The_roman_invasion_of_britain/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120405001844/http://www.royalsussex.org.uk/Richebourg.htm to http://www.royalsussex.org.uk/Richebourg.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130525062727/http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/newsroom/CONNECTIONS_12%20.pdf to http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/newsroom/CONNECTIONS_12%20.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110720062456/http://www.kpmc.fsnet.co.uk/jcp/ to http://www.kpmc.fsnet.co.uk/jcp/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091106184428/http://www.francisfrith.com/shop/books/taste/1-84589-456-1 to http://www.francisfrith.com/shop/books/taste/1-84589-456-1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120903101621/http://www.thechampagnecompany.com/sparkling-wine/nyetimber-wines-england/cat_175.html to http://www.thechampagnecompany.com/sparkling-wine/nyetimber-wines-england/cat_175.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130212014543/http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/caah/landscapeandtownscapearchaeology/neolithic_flint_mines_of_sussex.html to http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/caah/landscapeandtownscapearchaeology/neolithic_flint_mines_of_sussex.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130604193859/http://www.sussexrecordsociety.org.uk/listbooksdetail.asp?Id=SRS085 to http://www.sussexrecordsociety.org.uk/listbooksdetail.asp?Id=SRS085

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:53, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

existence
The county no longer exists, even ceremonially, so the whole article needs to be in the past tense.

Latin name
I took this out of toponymy -

The Latin word Suthsex was used for Sussex by Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu in his 1645 map.

because the link doesn't show the map. I wonder if it needs to be in the article at all, though. Isn't Middle English from Latin?  Tony Holkham   (Talk)  09:00, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a hoax? Suth-, Latin? 'Th' is not used in Latin, it is Greek, theta. If used in Roman script it would be in another language. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 10:13, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

Second World War defences
Maps in the relevant volume of the British official history shows clearly that Sussex was well defended by first-rate British and Canadian Army units as late as May 1942: this is obviously logical, as it was the most vulnerable area of the UK to a German invasion or hit and run raids. From May 1942 there was little risk of invasion or raids, and defences were downgraded to second-rate army units. However, this area remained heavily garrisoned from at least 1943 as the Allied invasion forces were built up there. The sources you're drawing on appear to be of lesser quality - for instance, noting that the Sussex regiments were elsewhere is not relevant as British Army units have never been tied to their geographic recruiting/naming areas. I've replaced this with references to the official history. Nick-D (talk) 23:52, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * - I think that you misread the description. It was about coastal defences, not about forces garrisoned in Sussex at the time. The Canadian engineers helped build the nodal defence system and it was this that was manned by the home guard backed up by the Canadians. It was very specific, you have replaced it with a more general point which I think actually works better. Regards. Wilfridselsey (talk) 08:02, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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Semi-automatic peer review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. (Note that I've manually added: this appears to be a pretty good article, so I'm putting this here if there's any editors want to improve/expand the article, they can refer to this to see things that could be done.) Thanks,  Seagull123  Φ  22:29, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * As per Manual of Style/Dates and numbers, dates shouldn't use th; for example, instead of (if such appeared in the article) using January 30th was a great day, use January 30 was a great day.[?]
 * Per Manual of Style, headings generally should not repeat the title of the article. For example, if the article was Ferdinand Magellan, instead of using the heading  ==Magellan's journey== , use  ==Journey== .[?]
 * Per criterion 2b of Featured article criteria and Manual of Style/Layout, this article's table of contents (ToC) may be too long – consider shrinking it down by merging short sections or using a proper system of daughter pages as per Summary style.[?]
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 * it has been
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 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:12, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Aerial view of the Sussex campus.png

Vandalization problem
It is apparent to all who take so much as a glance at the edit history that the historical county of Sussex has had a rather... prominent problem with vandalism. We all know why that is, it needs no discussion. The article should probably be locked for now to prevent further separation of the county's name in twain. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.251.179.210 (talk) 18:36, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Yeah it needs to have at least semi-protection because of that. I find it a bit funny that this article isn't already protected because of the name alone. Washing Machine (alt) (talk) 17:53, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I added it to WP:RPP/I Washing Machine (alt) (talk) 17:59, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sussex


text: User talk:84.92.179.145

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:84.92.179.145


text: User talk:80.58.48.170

title: User talk:80.58.48.170


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Falling Apart: Final Fantasy VII

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 18:00, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Falling Apart: Final Fantasy VII
This film doesn't exist, and is not being made. It was just some internet rumour. Delete.--Undc23 11:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now. —Crypticbot (operator) 11:47, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. WP:NOT a crystal ball, and if this film actually existed, I'd know about it! (December 20, 2005?)  Reads like an ad anyway.  Wcquidditch | Talk 14:12, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons above. PJM 16:03, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax/rumor/prediction. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 02:15, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax which has attracted forum attention sadly. . Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:54, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Final Fantasy was a Heaven's-Gate sized financial debacle. Not only is the title unknown, the "Falling Apart" portion of the title also seems to be a bit of sarcasm laid at the feet of the producers. Jtmichcock 04:41, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh. This is (supposedly) part of a (real) series of spinoffs from the game, Final Fantasy VII. This series of spinoffs has already produced one reasonably successful film, Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:50, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Then why is it that the subtitle, Falling Apart preced the Fantasy name when all other versions have this apear after the title. Check out the film's entry Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within.  I'm picking up quite a bit of sarcasm over here.  Regardless, this is a rumored game only and uis removable on that basis. Jtmichcock 05:39, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. *drew 03:29, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Kota Rani

Kota Rani (died 1344) was the last ruler of the Hindu Lohara dynasty in Kashmir. She was also the last female ruler of Kashmir. She was regent for her new husband because of the minority of her son in 1323−1338, and ruled as monarch in 1338−1339. She was deposed by Shah Mir, who became the second Muslim ruler of Kashmir after Rinchan who converted to Islam and ruled as Sultan Sadr-ud-din.

Life
Kota Rani was the daughter of Ramachandra, the commander-in-chief of Suhadeva, the king of Lohara dynasty in Kashmir. Ramachandra had appointed an administrator, Rinchan, a Ladakhi. Rinchan became ambitious. He sent a force in the fort, in the guise of merchants, who took Ramachandra's men by surprise. Ramachandra was killed and his family was taken prisoner.

To earn local support, Rinchan appointed Rawanchandra, the son of Ramachandra, as administrator of Lar and Ladakh, and married his sister Kota Rani. He employed Shah Mir as a trusted courtier, who had entered Kashmir earlier and had been given an appointment in the government. Rinchan converted to Islam and adopted the name of Sultan Sadruddin. He died as a result of an assassination after ruling for three years.

Rule
Kota Rani was first appointed as a regent for Rinchan's young son. Later she was persuaded to marry Udayanadeva by the elders.

Udayanadeva became the ruler of Kashmir, but Kota Rani practically ruled the kingdom. After Udayanadeva died in 1338, Kota Rani became the ruler of Kashmir in her own right.

Kota Rani had two sons. Rinchan's son was under the charge of Shah Mir and Udayanadeva's son was taught by Bhatta Bhikshana. Kota Rani appointed Bhatta Bhikshana as her prime minister.

Shah Mir pretended to be sick, and when Bhatta Bhikshana visited him, Shah Mir jumped out of his bed and killed him. According to the historian Jonaraja, she committed suicide and offered her intestines to him as a wedding gift. According to the Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, Shah Mir killed both of her sons.

Legacy
She was very intelligent and a great thinker. She saved the city of Srinagar from frequent floods by getting a canal constructed, named after her and called "Kute Kol". This canal gets water from Jhelum River at the entry point of city and again merges with Jhelum river beyond the city limits.

In popular culture

 * Rakesh Kaul's historical novel The Last Queen of Kashmir is based on Kota Rani's life and legend.
 * In August 2019, Reliance Entertainment and Phantom Films announced that they would be making a movie on Kota Rani.

title: Kota Rani


text:
Plus (British TV channel)

Plus was a digital channel run by Granada Sky Broadcasting. It was launched on 1 October 1996 under the original name of Granada Plus, and during its availability it underwent successive rebrands as G Plus, G+ and then simply Plus. However, it remained widely referred to by the public at large by its original name. On 1 November 2004, it was permanently closed down by ITV plc in an attempt to bring its replacement, ITV3, onto Sky.

History
Granada Plus was launched on 1 October 1996 at 7pm. From launch, the channel initially showed only programmes made originally by Granada Television and London Weekend Television (itself recently acquired by Granada Television), such as On the Buses, Crown Court, The Comedians and The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club. One of the channel's biggest attractions was a thrice-daily repeat of classic Coronation Street, with a five episode omnibus every weekend. The channel started showing episodes in original broadcast order from April 1976, (some cut slightly for timing reasons), until they got up to February 1994 on 1 November 2004. After Plus had secured the rights to show programmes originally made by Yorkshire Television, they started showing classic episodes of Emmerdale, usually straight after Coronation Street, at 9:30 in the morning and 12:30 in the afternoon, each weekday.

Many of these programmes would have been unshown since their original transmissions, and hence were of value to those interested in classic television, but these early schedules lacked the commercial appeal of rival channel UK Gold, which had long since moved from showing little-seen gems to showing television's 'greatest hits'.

Before the launch of ITV2, the channel also occasionally broadcast live UEFA Champions League football matches involving either Manchester United or Newcastle United on nights when the national ITV network was unable to broadcast the matches live.

It was not long before Granada Plus revamped their on-screen identity, and in order to look more contemporary, they started showing more recent programmes made by the ITV network (at the time, Granada were busy buying up old rivals such as Yorkshire Television and Tyne Tees Television, in preparation for a unified ITV plc), as well as programme stock which had been originally shown on the BBC. Granada Plus also began screening many classic US shows popular with British viewers and airing promos with the stars of those shows (such as James MacArthur for Hawaii Five-O, Cheryl Ladd for Charlie's Angels, Philip Michael Thomas for Miami Vice and Ben Murphy for Alias Smith and Jones - the last two had also originally aired on the BBC in Britain). The channel also aired British premieres of at least three US series: 10-8: Officers on Duty, Fortune Hunter and the 1988 revival of Mission: Impossible.

Many of the channel's programmes were cut by up to five minutes for commercial timing purposes, which was not a popular choice with viewers.

Closure
The future of Plus came into doubt by late 2003, when ITV had planned for a new channel similar to Plus to be launched. Originally conceived as 'ITV Gold', it evolved in its conception to ITV3. It would have been originally launched on both Freeview, NTL and Telewest, with a later launch on Sky in March 2005, likely due to ITV rejecting a deal to encrypt ITV3, and the limitations faced by Sky boxes in exceeding the 500 channel limit. Due to the similarity in both channels' content, many believed that ITV3 would replace Plus, only for this rumour to be frequently debunked by GSB themselves. ITV also looked to either sell or close the GSB channels.

However, come 1 November 2004 — ITV3's launch date — it was looking increasingly likely that ITV plc's new channel would not be launched on Sky Digital. However, frantic discussions were going on behind the scenes: ITV wanted the 7 million or so Sky viewers available; Sky did not want to give Freeview any advantage; and to further complicate matters, ITV wanted the new channel to be as high up on the EPG as possible. ITV looked into Plus, which was in a high EPG slot, channel 118. Plus also had access to archives of programmes that were sought after by ITV for the new channel.

At 1pm on that day, just 8 hours before launch, ITV and Sky finally reached a deal: ITV would buy out Sky's 49.5% stake in GSB for £10 million. This meant ITV plc completely took full control of the two GSB channels, Plus and Men & Motors.

Shortly afterwards, ITV plc decided to close Plus, and moved ITV2 to channel 118 making space for ITV3. An hour-and-a-half later that afternoon, while in the middle of a commercial break, Plus suddenly cut to a closedown slide, and, on digital cable and satellite platforms, shortly afterwards disappeared. The final programme on Plus was Pie in the Sky, but only half of it was shown before ITV ceased transmission of Plus. On Sky, Plus was immediately removed minutes after closure, with ITV2 and ITV3 appearing on channels 118 and 119 in an EPG update. On NTL and Telewest, Plus broadcast a GSB logo with looped music, before cutting into a test card asking viewers to move to ITV3. Transmission of Plus officially ceased at 5:15pm, when it was replaced by holding slides for ITV3. The channel was replaced on digital cable and satellite, but on analogue cable, the closedown slide remained for over six years and was finally removed in April 2011 due to analogue cable becoming obsolete.

The team at Plus were caught unaware as they had sent out their regular highlights email at 3:50pm. ITV3 launched at 9pm.

Programming

 * 10-8: Officers on Duty
 * 1-2-3 Go!
 * A Bit of a Do
 * A Bit of Fry & Laurie (now on Gold)
 * A Family at War (now on Talking Pictures TV)
 * Allsorts
 * Alphabet Zoo
 * The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (now on ITV3)
 * Agatha Christie's Poirot (now on ITV3)
 * Albion Market
 * Alfresco
 * Alias Smith and Jones
 * An Audience with...
 * Aspel & Company
 * The Avengers (now on ITV4)
 * Batman
 * Beadle's About
 * The Benny Hill Show
 * Bewitched
 * Bless This House (now on ITV3)
 * Blind Date
 * Bonanza
 * Boon
 * The Brian Conley Show
 * Brian Conley: This Way up!
 * The Brittas Empire (now on Gold)
 * Brush Strokes (now on Drama)
 * Bullseye (now on Challenge)
 * Cagney & Lacey
 * Canned Carrott
 * Catweazle
 * Catherine Cookson Dramas
 * Carrott's Commercial Breakdown
 * Charlie's Angels
 * Children's Ward
 * Classic Coronation Street (now on ITV3)
 * Classic Emmerdale (now on ITV3)
 * Cold Feet
 * The Comedians
 * Crown Court
 * The Dame Edna Experience
 * Dandelion Dead
 * Dempsey & Makepeace (now on ITV4)
 * The Dick Emery Show
 * The Dick Van Dyke Show
 * Doctor in the House
 * Donahue
 * The Dukes of Hazzard
 * Duty Free
 * The Elvis Presley Show
 * Ever Decreasing Circles (now on Gold)
 * The Equalizer
 * Faith in the Future
 * Fame
 * Families
 * The Flying Lady
 * Fortune Hunter
 * French Fields (now on Drama)
 * Fresh Fields (now on Drama)
 * George and Mildred (now on ITV3)
 * Gladiators
 * The Grand
 * The Grumbleweeds Radio Show
 * The Gunners
 * Hadleigh
 * Hale and Pace
 * Happy Days
 * Hart to Hart
 * Hawaii Five-O
 * Heartbeat (now on ITV3)
 * The High Chaparral
 * Hill Street Blues
 * Hogan's Heroes (now on ITV4)
 * Home to Roost
 * Hornblower! (now on ITV4)
 * I Dream of Jeannie
 * In Loving Memory (now on ITV3)
 * In Sickness and in Health
 * Inspector Morse (now on ITV3)
 * The Jack Dee Show
 * Jeeves & Wooster
 * The Kenny Everett Video Show
 * The Krypton Factor
 * The Liver Birds
 * London's Burning
 * Love Thy Neighbour
 * Magnum, P.I.
 * Man About the House (now on ITV3)
 * Marc
 * The Magic Ball
 * Me and my Girl
 * Miami Vice
 * Minder (now on ITV4)
 * Mind Your Language
 * Mission: Impossible (now on CBS Justice)
 * Murder, She Wrote (now on 5USA)
 * The New Statesman
 * No Place Like Home
 * Not on Your Nellie!
 * Only When I Laugh
 * On the Buses (now on ITV3)
 * Our Backyard
 * Peak Practice
 * Pie in the Sky (now on Drama)
 * Plus On Plus
 * The Piglet Files (now on Gold)
 * The Professionals (now on ITV4)
 * The Rag Trade
 * The Return of the Antelope
 * Time For A Story
 * Rich Tea & Sympathy
 * Richard & Judy Exclusives
 * Rising Damp (now on ITV3)
 * Robin's Nest (now on Talking Pictures TV)
 * The Rockford Files
 * Rory McGrath's Commercial Breakdown
 * The Ruth Rendell Mysteries
 * Runway
 * The Saint (now on ITV4)
 * Second Thoughts
 * Shang-a-Lang!
 * Shelley
 * Shortland Street
 * Singles
 * Sorry! (now on That's TV)
 * Spitting Image
 * The Stanley Baxter Picture Show
 * The Stanley Baxter Series
 * ''Starsky & Hutch
 * Stay Lucky!
 * Stingers
 * Strange but True?
 * Strange but True? Encounters
 * Supersonic
 * Surgical Spirit
 * Surprise! Surprise!
 * The Sweeney (now on ITV4)
 * Sykes
 * Taggart (now on Alibi and Drama)
 * Tales of the Unexpected (now on Sky Arts)
 * Terry and June
 * That's My Boy!
 * There's Nothing to Worry About!
 * Thomas & Sarah
 * Through the Keyhole
 * Tickle On The Tum
 * Till Death Us Do Part
 * The Two of us
 * The Upper Hand (now on Drama)
 * Up Pompeii!
 * Upstairs, Downstairs (now on Talking Pictures TV)
 * Up the Garden Path
 * Van der Valk (now on Talking Pictures TV)
 * Waiting for God (now on Drama)
 * Watching
 * The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club
 * Wish Me Luck
 * Wycliffe (now on ITV3)
 * You Bet!
 * You're Only Young Twice (now on ITV3)

title: Plus (British TV channel)


text:
Premium-Cola

Premium-Cola is a soft drink brand founded on November 23, 2001, in Hamburg, Germany, by a collective of fans of the German brand Afri-Cola, at the time reduced in caffeine.

The collective (which named itself "Interessengruppe Premium") started by running a protest campaign for more than two years against recipe changes in Afri-Cola.

The brand, founded in 1931, was bought by Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG in 1999, who would then change the recipe. The new Afri-cola contained a reduced amount of caffeine (the original Afri-cola contained 250 mg/L) and its original taste was subdued, in order to appeal to a wider variety of customers.

The protests of the "Interessengruppe Premium" began to produce the original recipe cola on their own and named it Premium-Cola.

To avoid legal issues with the Mineralbrunnen AG, one ingredient was changed, malic acid, which was replaced with phosphoric acid.

title: Premium-Cola


text:
User talk:Michael kalmar

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Michael kalmar may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects.

 * templates substituted by a bot as per Template substitution Pegasusbot 06:28, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michael kalmar


text:
Kütahya

Kütahya (historically, Cotyaeum or Kotyaion; Greek: Κοτύαιον) is a city in western Turkey which lies on the Porsuk River, at 969 metres above sea level. It is the seat of Kütahya Province and Kütahya District. Its population is 263,863 (2022). The region of Kütahya has large areas of gentle slopes with agricultural land culminating in high mountain ridges to the north and west.

Ancient Greece, Rome, and Byzantium

The ancient world knew present-day Kütahya as Cotyaeum (Κοτύαιον). It became part of the Roman province of Phrygia Salutaris, but in about 820 became the capital of the new province of Phrygia Salutaris III.

Church history
Its bishopric thus changed from being a suffragan of Synnada to a metropolitan see, although with only three suffragan sees according to the Notitia Episcopatuum of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-912), which is dated to around 901–902. According to the 6th-century historian John Malalas, Cyrus of Panopolis, who had been prefect of the city of Constantinople, was sent there as bishop by Emperor Theodosius II (408-50), after four bishops of the city had been killed. (Two other sources make Cyrus bishop of Smyrna instead.) The bishopric of Cotyaeum was headed in 431 by Domnius, who attended the Council of Ephesus, and in 451 by Marcianus, who was at the Council of Chalcedon. A source cited by Le Quien says that a bishop of Cotyaeum named Eusebius was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553. Cosmas was at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680–681. Ioannes, a deacon, represented an unnamed bishop of Cotyaeum at the Trullan Council in 692. Bishop Constantinus was at the Second Council of Nicaea in 692, and Bishop Anthimus at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879),   No longer a residential bishopric, Cotyaeum is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Justinian fortifications
Under the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I the town was fortified with a double-line of walls and citadel.

Political history, 11th century-1867
In 1071 Cotyaeum (or Kotyaion) briefly fell to the Seljuk Turks, later being recaptured by the Byzantine’s. It was again captured by the Seljuks in the 1180’s and changed hands several more times, being captured by the Germiyanids, Timur-Leng (Tamerlane), until finally being incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1428. It was initially the center of Anatolia Eyalet till 1827, when the Hüdavendigâr Eyalet was formed. It was later center of the sancak within the borders of the Hüdavendigâr Vilayet in 1867. Troops of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt briefly occupied it in 1833.

Armenian ceramics
During this time a large number of Christian Armenians settled in Kotyaion/Kütahya, where they came to dominate the tile-making and ceramic-ware production. Kütahya emerged as a renowned center for the Ottoman ceramic industry, producing tiles and faience for mosques, churches, and official buildings in places all over the Middle East. The craft industry of Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem was started by Armenian ceramicist David Ohannessian, master of a Kütahya workshop between 1907 and 1915, who was deported from Kütahya in early 1916, during the Armenian genocide, and rediscovered, living as a refugee in Aleppo in 1918, by Sir Mark Sykes, a former patron. Sykes connected him to the new military governor of Jerusalem, Sir Ronald Storrs, and arranged for Ohannessian to travel to Jerusalem to participate in a planned British restoration of the Dome of the Rock.

Today two families originating from Kutahya, the Balian and Karakashian families continue the tradition of Armenian Ceramics in East Jerusalem. The Balian studio is known underthe name the Armenian Ceramics -Balian adn that is where the late Marie Balian transformed the art of ceramic tile murals to a muchh higher level of art than imagined.

Fortifications
The fortifications of the city and its environs, which were vital to the security and economic prosperity of the region, were built and rebuilt from antiquity through the Ottoman period. However, the dates assigned to the many periods of construction and the assessment of the military architecture are open to various interpretations.

Late 19th-early 20th century history
At the end of the nineteenth century the population of the kaza of Kütahya numbered 120,333, of which 4,050 were Greeks, 2,533 Armenians, 754 Catholics, and the remainder Turks and other Muslim ethnicities. Kütahya and the district itself were spared the ravages of the Armenian genocide of 1915, when the Ottoman governor, Faruk Ali Bey, went to extreme lengths to protect the Armenian population from being uprooted and sent away on death marches. However, Faruk Ali Bey was removed from office in March 1916, and the city's Armenian community suffered in the aftermath under the rule of his successor, Ahmet Mufti Bey. Kütahya was occupied by the Greek Army on 17 July 1921 after Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir during the Turkish War of Independence and was then captured in ruins by the Turkish Army after the Battle of Dumlupınar during the Great Offensive on 30 August 1922.

Economy
The industries of Kütahya have long traditions, going back to ancient times.

Kütahya is famous for its kiln products, such as tiles and pottery, which are glazed and multicoloured. Modern industries are sugar refining, tanning, nitrate processing and different products of meerschaum, which is extracted nearby.

In the Ottoman period, Kütahya was a major cotton production center of the empire. Modern local agricultural industry produces cereals, fruits and sugar beet. In addition stock raising is of much importance. Not far from Kütahya there are important mines extracting lignite.

Kütahya is linked by rail and road with Balıkesir 250 km to the west, İstanbul 360km to the northwest, Konya 450 km to the southeast, Eskişehir 70 km northeast and Ankara 300 km east.

Traditional ceramics
A small ewer, now in the British Museum, gave its name to a category of similar blue and white fritware pottery known as 'Abraham of Kütahya ware'. It has an inscription in Armenian script under the glaze on its base stating that it commemorated Abraham of Kütahya with a date of 1510. In 1957 Arthur Lane published an influential article in which he reviewed the history of pottery production in the region and proposed that 'Abraham of Kütahya' ware was produced from 1490 until around 1525, 'Damascus' and 'Golden Horn' ware were produced from 1525 until 1555 and 'Rhodian' ware from around 1555 until the demise of the İznik pottery industry at the beginning of the 18th century. This chronology has been generally accepted.

Climate
Kütahya has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb), or a temperate continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: Dc), with chilly, wet, often snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Precipitation occurs mostly during the winter and spring, but can be observed throughout the year.

Culture
Kütahya's old neighbourhoods are dominated by traditional Ottoman houses made of wood and stucco, some of the best examples being found along Germiyan Caddesi. It has many historical mosques such as Ulu Camii, Cinili Camii, Balikli Camii and Donenler Camii. The Şengül Hamamı is a famous Turkish bath located in the city

The town preserves some ancient ruins, a Byzantine castle and church. During late centuries Kütahya has been renowned for its Turkish earthenware, of which fine specimens may be seen at the national capital. The Kütahya Museum has a fine collection of arts and cultural artifacts from the area, the house where Hungarian statesman Lajos Kossuth lived in exile between 1850 and 1851 is preserved as a museum.

Education

The Main Campus and the Germiyan Campus of the Kütahya Dumlupınar University are located in the city.

Transport
The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Zafer Airport is active. Kütahya is also the main railroad endpoint for the Aegean region.

International relations
Kütahya is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇺 Bavly, Tatarstan, Russia
 * 🇮🇳 Bikaner, India
 * 🇭🇺 Pécs, Hungary
 * 🇨🇳 Anqing, China
 * 🇱🇧 Danniyeh, Lebanon

Notable people

 * Alexander of Cotiaeum (c.70-80CE – c.150CE), Greek grammarian
 * Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682), traveler and author.
 * Komitas (1869–1935), Armenian composer, musicologist
 * Âsım Gündüz (1889–1970), military officer in Ottoman and Turkish armies
 * Hisarlı Ahmet (1908–1984), ashik (folk poet-singer)
 * Mustafa Kalemli (born 1943), politician
 * Ayla Dikmen (1944–1970), singer
 * Abdullah Aymaz (born 1949), writer, journalist
 * Aydilge Sarp (born 1979), singer
 * Halil Akkaş (born 1983), middle-distance runner
 * Özge Kırdar (born 1985), volleyball player
 * Veli Kızılkaya (born 1985), football player
 * Danla Bilic (born 1994), internet personality
 * Hande Baladın (born 1997), volleyball player

title: Kütahya


text:
Condoto

Condoto is the third most important municipality in the Chocó Department, after Quibdó and Istmina. It is situated in the south of the department and its main economical activity is mining (it is rich in gold and platinum) and agriculture. Condoto is also known as the "Platinum Capital of Colombia".

Climate
Condoto has an extremely wet tropical rainforest climate (Af).

title: Condoto


text:
Murree Road

Murree Road, is a major road that runs from Islamabad and Rawalpindi to Murree in Pakistan. It passes through Rawalpindi's downtown area, and has been a hotspot for various political and social events.

Names
It was originally named Raza Shah Pehlavi Road in the 1960s, after Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, who was the first head of state to visit Pakistan. However, it has always been known as Murree Road since it eventually led to the nearby hill station of Murree.

On 20 May 2008, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani announced that the federal government had decided to rename the road after Benazir Bhutto, who was assassinated at the nearby Liaqat National Bagh on 27 December 2007. However, the city officials claimed that the change of name had not been notified, and was, therefore, not official. In spite of this, residents and shopkeepers started referring it with its new name.

Route
Nala Lai is located along the road in Rawalpindi. History describes that Nala Lai's water was pure enough to wash clothes, but now it has become polluted with waste water from all sources including factories and houses. Liaquat National Bagh, famous place for political gatherings as well as being the site of the assassinations of two former prime ministers and bystanders, is also located along the Murree Road.

Nine Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus stations also lie along Murree Road.

title: Murree Road


text:
Suomalainen Kirjakauppa

Suomalainen Kirjakauppa (meaning 'Finnish bookshop') is the largest bookshop chain in Finland, with its flagship branch in Helsinki being Finland's largest bookshop. It was founded in 1912 and expanded to become Finland's largest bookshop chain in the 1990s. In May 2017 it consists of 55 shops selling books, office supplies and art materials. It is owned by Otava Group.

title: Suomalainen Kirjakauppa


text:
Peter Mankoč

Peter Mankoč (born 4 July 1978 in Ljubljana, Slovenia) is a Slovenian swimmer. He is one of the most successful short course European Championship swimmers in the history of the event. Mankoč is the former world record holder in the 100 meter individual medley (short course).

Personal
Mankoč was born in Ljubljana, where he has lived most of his life. He began swimming competitively at the age of eight. During his swimming career, he was employed as a police officer by the Slovenian government.

He is married to an Estonian swimmer Triin Aljand. They have two daughters Brina and Elise and one son Erik.

Swimming
With height of 1.92 m and weight of 87 kg, Mankoč has always been a short distance swimmer. His strength and explosiveness led to short courses sprint preference, where he has achieved his best results.

Mankoč is a member of Ilirija Ljubljana swimming club, where he developed under coach Dimitrij Mancevič.

Swimming career overview
Mankoč participated in five Olympic Games, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. His best result is a 10th place in the 100 metre butterfly at the 2008 Olympic Games.

He also participated in four long course World Championships, from 2001 to 2007.

He was swimming in 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2004 European Championship competitions with 4 finals appearances.

Apart from 5 short course World Championships medals, he also has 7 other finals finishes from 1997 to 2006.

Mankoč participated in 11 European Championship short course events, where he collected 17 medals in 26 finals appearances. He is the only swimmer with nine consecutive gold medals in one discipline, the 100 meter individual medley. In this event, he won 14 consecutive medals, from 1999 to 2012.

Personal best times
Mankoč’s best times are sorted by FINA points calculation, a scoring system of the world swimming federation, which allows comparisons amongst different events. The points are correct in 2004–2008 Olympic game cycle. The ranking is correct and represents European all-time ranking of personal records.

25 m course

50 m course

title: Peter Mankoč


text:
Maruri-Jatabe

Maruri-Jatabe is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Maruri-Jatabe


text: Category:Olympic swimmers for Slovenia

title: Category:Olympic swimmers for Slovenia


text:
Talk:Martyn (surname)

Long Time Comin'
Been meaning to revise this for a long time. Next, the rest of the Tribes. Afterwards, other Galway families. Oh boy .... Fergananim 19:34, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Martin
Certainly mention it within the Martin article, but .. I created this article to note the fact that there are many distinct, unrelated families of the name. Incorporation would only dilute the original purpose. Fergananim (talk) 17:31, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martyn (surname)


text:
Mendata

Mendata is a village and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Mendata


text:
Mendexa

Mendexa is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Mendexa


text:
Parameter space

The parameter space is the space of possible parameter values that define a particular mathematical model. It is also sometimes called weight space, and is often a subset of finite-dimensional Euclidean space.

In statistics, parameter spaces are particularly useful for describing parametric families of probability distributions. They also form the background for parameter estimation. In the case of extremum estimators for parametric models, a certain objective function is maximized or minimized over the parameter space. Theorems of existence and consistency of such estimators require some assumptions about the topology of the parameter space. For instance, compactness of the parameter space, together with continuity of the objective function, suffices for the existence of an extremum estimator.

In Deep Learning, the parameters of a deep network are called weights. Due to the layered structure of deep networks, their weight space has a complex structure and geometry. For example, in Multilayer Perceptrons, the same function is preserved when permuting the nodes of a hidden layer, amounting to permuting weight matrices of the network. This property is known as equivariance to permutation of deep weight spaces.

Sometimes, parameters are analyzed to view how they affect their statistical model. In that context, they can be viewed as inputs of a function, in which case the technical term for the parameter space is domain of a function. The ranges of values of the parameters may form the axes of a plot, and particular outcomes of the model may be plotted against these axes to illustrate how different regions of the parameter space produce different types of behavior in the model.

Examples

 * A simple model of health deterioration after developing lung cancer could include the two parameters gender and smoker/non-smoker, in which case the parameter space is the following set of four possibilities: ${(Male, Smoker), (Male, Non-smoker), (Female, Smoker), (Female, Non-smoker)}$.

 * The logistic map $$ x_{n+1} = r x_n (1-x_n) $$ has one parameter, r, which can take any positive value. The parameter space is therefore positive real numbers.
 * For some values of r, this function ends up cycling around a few values or becomes fixed on one value. These long-term values can be plotted against r in a bifurcation diagram to show the different behaviours of the function for different values of r.

 * In a sine wave model $$y(t) = A \cdot \sin(\omega t + \phi),$$ the parameters are amplitude A > 0, angular frequency ω > 0, and phase φ ∈ S1. Thus the parameter space is $$R^+ \times R^+ \times S^1 .$$

 * In complex dynamics, the parameter space is the complex plane C = { z = x + y i : x, y ∈ R }, where i2 = −1.

 * The famous Mandelbrot set is a subset of this parameter space, consisting of the points in the complex plane which give a bounded set of numbers when a particular iterated function is repeatedly applied from that starting point. The remaining points, which are not in the set, give an unbounded set of numbers (they tend to infinity) when this function is repeatedly applied from that starting point.

History
Parameter space contributed to the liberation of geometry from the confines of three-dimensional space. For instance, the parameter space of spheres in three dimensions, has four dimensions—three for the sphere center and another for the radius. According to Dirk Struik, it was the book Neue Geometrie des Raumes (1849) by Julius Plücker that showed
 * ...geometry need not solely be based on points as basic elements. Lines, planes, circles, spheres can all be used as the elements (Raumelemente) on which a geometry can be based. This fertile conception threw new light on both synthetic and algebraic geometry and created new forms of duality. The number of dimensions of a particular form of geometry could now be any positive number, depending on the number of parameters necessary to define the "element".

The requirement for higher dimensions is illustrated by Plücker's line geometry. Struik writes
 * [Plücker's] geometry of lines in three-space could be considered as a four-dimensional geometry, or, as Klein has stressed, as the geometry of a four-dimensional quadric in a five-dimensional space.

Thus the Klein quadric describes the parameters of lines in space.

title: Parameter space


text: Category:Slovenian swimmers

title: Category:Slovenian swimmers


text:
Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois

Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois (4 January 1776 – 24 June 1842) was a French engineer who together with Édouard de Villiers du Terrage journeyed with Napoleon to Egypt, and prepared the Description de l'Égypte.

title: Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois


text:
Trevor Dann

Trevor John Dann (born 6 November 1951) is an English writer and broadcaster best known for his radio and print journalism with BBC Radio, Q magazine, Mojo, and The Guardian, and his critically praised 2006 "Darker Than the Deepest Sea" biography of Nick Drake.

Early career
Dann was educated at Nottingham High School and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. Dann's radio career began at BBC Radio Nottingham in 1974. He was a producer at BBC Radio 1 from 1979 to 1983, working principally with Noel Edmonds, Tommy Vance, Dave Lee Travis and John Peel as well as developing the 25 Years of Rock series, which later transferred to TV as The Rock 'n' Roll Years.

In the 1980s he was a producer on BBC2’s Old Grey Whistle Test for four years and presented his own weekly show for BBC Radio Cambridgeshire. In 1988 he was the founding programme director of GLR, the station which launched the radio careers of Chris Morris and Danny Baker among others.

Recent career
After a spell as an independent producer with his own company, Confederate Broadcasting, Dann became Head of Radio 1 Production with responsibility for the revamping the network’s music policy in 1995. The Daily Star dubbed him 'Dann Dann the Hatchetman'. He became involved in a dispute with Status Quo after banning their music from the station in a bid to improve its "youth" credentials. In 1996 he was appointed Head Of BBC Music Entertainment running all the BBC's pop music production including Radio 1, Radio 2, Top of the Pops, Later and Glastonbury.

He left the BBC in 2000 to join EMAP as MD of Pop where he launched the Smash Hits Radio Show and the Smash Hits TV channel and was executive producer of the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party for Channel 4. Between 2002 and 2004 he presented BBC Radio Cambridgeshire's breakfast show. He presented a weekly radio show called 'It's Amazing' on national DAB station Amazing Radio in 2010.

Dann was appointed director of the UK Radio Academy in September 2006. His first book, Darker Than The Deepest Sea, a biography of Nick Drake, was published in February 2006. He has written for The Times, The Guardian, 'Q magazine, Mojo and The Evening Standard. He runs the Trevor Dann Production Company which produces a number of radio programmes for UK and Irish radio, and he presents a weekly podcast about the radio industry for Radio Today. He is a director of community radio station Cambridge 105.

Awards
He won a BAFTA for his production work on Live Aid, and has several Sony Radio Awards for production and presentation. He is a Fellow of both the Royal Society of Arts and The Radio Academy.

title: Trevor Dann


text:
User:PhD-Econobot

PhD-Econobot is a 100% manual-assisted bot which currently exists exclusively to help disambiguate the pages currently linking to Native Americans, American Indian, and the redirects thereof. PhD-Econobot is a wholly owned subsidiary of User:Nat Krause. It was established on October 11, 2005 and runs, by permission, without a bot flag.

 * Special:Contributions/User:PhD-Econobot

title: User:PhD-Econobot


text:
Meñaka

Meñaka is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Meñaka


text:
Burwood railway station, Sydney

Burwood railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Suburban line in the Sydney suburb of Burwood, New South Wales, Australia. The station is served by Sydney Trains T9 Northern line and T2 Inner West & Leppington line services.

History
Sydney Railway Company opened the first railway line to Parramatta in 1855. The original Burwood station was a wooden platform near a level crossing over the grassy track that was Neich's Lane (later Burwood Road). This was beside the newly laid out township of Cheltenham. Access to public transport meant subdivision and consolidation followed, filling in the area between Parramatta Road and the Great Southern Road area which had previously been largely undeveloped woodlands. Burwood's population grew rapidly betweem 1874 and 1900, rising from 1200 to 7400 respectively, a rate of increase not matched since. This was part of a trend that saw Australia's population swell from three to five million between 1889 and 1918. This triggered urgent demand for housing, with Burwood station becoming part of an integrated public transport system of trams, ferries and trams, supporting the development of urban sprawl.

Railway Station Group
The original Burwood station opened on 26 September 1855 at a site at ground level on the west side of Burwood Road. The station was relocated in 1892 to the current location on the east side of Burwood Road and along Railway Parade when the line was quadruplicated. The line through Burwood was sextuplicated in 1922, and a second subway was constructed at the eastern end of the station. This subway closed after 1985.

In 1869, a post office was situated at the railway station. Postal services were previously conducted through general stores. In 1886, a new building was erected at the railway station (this remains today) and in 1892, the present day Post Office, designed by W. L. Vernon, was opened.

The surviving building at No. 1 Railway Parade dates from 1886 and was built by the Railway Department fronting the down platform of the then Burwood Station as a Post & Telegraph Office. It survived in its original form until c. 1894, when approximately 3/4 of the structure were removed from the southern side facing Railway Parade. It is the last remaining visible fabric of the second Burwood Railway Station which occupied the site immediately west of Burwood Road from 1878 to 1892. Its location coincides approximately with the site of an earlier station building which was erected in 1862 and demolished in 1878. The building is a rare surviving example of a purpose-built post office dating from the years when this facility was often closely associated with the spread and development of the state's railway network... Documentary evidence (historic measured surveys) show that the present building has a different footprint from that standing in 1890 and 1894. An examination of the fabric of the building provides clues to explaining that discrepancy. The present building was erected in 1886, not c.1880 or 1883 as claimed by others. It was purpose built by the Railway Department as a Post and Telegraph Office. Some time after 1894, the building was adapted for a new use as a Railway Goods Office; it may never have been used as a parcels office, even though it was so-named. The present building, and the associated crane and weighbridge, are considered to have local or possibly regional heritage significance.

The four surviving elements in the Burwood Goods Yard – pillar crane, weighbridge, office and platform – are physical reminders of a typical small suburban goods yard at the turn of the 20th century. Few traces of such elements survive at other yards, most if not all of which, such as Petersham and Ashfield, have been closed to goods traffic.

The surviving elements have the ability to be used in assisting in the interpretation of the many changes that have taken place to Burwood Railway Station since the opening of the first platform in 1855.

In April 1988, the goods siding to the south of the station was removed.

In 2009–10, the station underwent a significant refurbishment to address high levels of congestion at times of high patronage. Work included an expanded concourse with extra ticket barriers, new toilets and lifts to the platforms. The upgrade was completed in mid 2010.

Description
The complex comprises a brick in subway booking office, completed in 1892; and a brick parcels office that previously served as a railway post office, erected c. 1880.

Other structures include a brick pedestrian subway and steps; a 5 t jib crane; and a weighbridge, from Goulburn.

Transport links
Transit Systems operates 16 bus routes via Burwood station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 407: to Strathfield station via Homebush West
 * 408: to Rookwood
 * 410: Hurstville to Marsfield via Campsie
 * 415: Campsie to Chiswick
 * 418: to Sydenham via Ashfield and Marrickville
 * 420: Westfield Burwood to Mascot via Sydney Airport.
 * 458: to Ryde
 * 461X: to The Domain
 * 461N: to Hyde Park Night service
 * 464: Ashfield station to Mortlake
 * 466: to Cabarita Park
 * 490: Drummoyne to Hurstville
 * 492: Drummoyne to Rockdale
 * 526: to Olympic Park wharf and Rhodes
 * 530: to Chatswood station via Drummoyne & Lane Cove
 * M90: to Liverpool station via Bankstown station

Burwood station is served by three NightRide routes:
 * N50: Liverpool station to Town Hall station
 * N60: Fairfield station to Town Hall station
 * N61: Carlingford station to Town Hall station

Heritage listing
As at 24 November 2000, Burwood is a major suburban site with some significant structures dating from the 1880 period when the railway crossed Burwood Rd by a level crossing. The small former railway post office is a rare surviving example of this type of structure. The Parcels Office is also of significance because it shows the original earlier platform alignment on which the tracks were located and the changes with the upgrading of the line through that area in 1892.

Burwood railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.

title: Burwood railway station, Sydney


text:
Talk:Life history (sociology)

This is the study of a personal life of a person. It can provide a vivid picture of the culture to which the respondent belongs and shed light on the norms, values, concerns, and problems of their culture.

What do you think a life cycle is?
Based on my research, I hear that a life cycle is a treat telling how the people are feeling, what's people goals or just how the person lives her's/he's life. back in the old days 2,000 years ago the first people who walked on north America, there was a life cycle between all of them. How? because they did not stop till they got what they wanted ,witch was to get peace on this world and other people live/go  to north America so then they did. After, they started building cars, houses,and streets, then people came along. Those native Americans who walked, lived, least sleep, and killed for those are our hero's today. Without them nobody will be walking on north America tell this day. Mrs.mclean (talk) 10:20, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Life history (sociology)


text:
Theresa-Marie Rhyne

Theresa-Marie Rhyne is an expert in the field of computer-generated visualization and a consultant who specializes in applying artistic color theories to visualization and digital media. She has consulted with the Stanford University Visualization Group on a color suggestion prototype system (2013), the Center for Visualization at the University of California at Davis (2013), the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute at the University of Utah (2010 - 2012) & (2014) on applying color theory to ensemble data visualization and the Advanced Research Computing Unit at Virginia Tech (2019).

Her book on "Applying Color Theory to Digital Media and Visualization" was published by CRC Press on November 17, 2016. In 2017, Theresa-Marie began exploring color harmony Harmony (color) with the Munsell color system and her work on "Visual Analytics with Complementary and Analogous Color Harmony" was published in the Munsell Color Blog. In 2018, she organized and contributed to the SIGGRAPH 2018 panel on "Color Mavens Advise on Digital Media Creation and Tools", that included representation from X-Rite/Pantone, Adobe, Rochester Institute of Technology and Pixar and was presented in Vancouver, Canada. In 2019, she combined "her Munsell Color Harmony work with Scientific Visualization efforts". As of 2020, she began writing on applying color to data visualizations for "Nightingale", the journal of the Data Visualization Society and UX Collective "UX Collective", an independent user experience (UX), visual, and product design publication under Medium.

In the 1990s, as a government contractor with Lockheed Martin Technical Services, she was the founding visualization leader of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Scientific Visualization Center. In the 2000s, she founded the Center for Visualization and Analytics and the Renaissance Computing Institute's Engagement Facility at North Carolina State University. Rhyne is the editor of the Visualization Viewpoints Department for IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications Magazine and serves on the Advisory Board of IEEE Computer magazine. She received a BS degree, two MS degrees, and the Degree of Engineer in Civil Engineering from Stanford University. She entered the computer graphics field as a result of her computational and geographic modeling research in geotechnical and earthquake engineering. She is also an internationally recognized digital media artist who began creating digital media with early Apple computers, including the colorization of early Macintosh educational software. She is a senior member of the IEEE Computer Society and of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

She is also the founding director of the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Graphics Cartographic Visualization Project (ACM SIGGRAPH Carto Project) that began in 1996. This effort holds a Birds-of-a-Feather session each year at the annual SIGGRAPH conference.

title: Theresa-Marie Rhyne


text:
Colace (disambiguation)

Colace is the trade name for Docusate, the pharmaceutical compound dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS), a laxative.

Colace may also refer to:

People

 * Hugo Colace (disambiguation), several people
 * The Bella Twins (born 1983), the Garcia Colace twin sister pro-wrestlers
 * Brie Bella (born 1983, as Brianna Monique Garcia Colace) twin pro-wrestler
 * Nikki Bella (born 1983, as Stephanie Nicole Garcia Colace) twin pro-wrestler
 * Kathy Colace, mother of The Bella Twins, wife of John Laurinaitis

title: Colace (disambiguation)


text:
Net international investment position

The net international investment position (NIIP) is the difference in the external financial assets and liabilities of a country. External debt of a country includes government debt and private debt. External assets publicly and privately held by a country's legal residents are also taken into account when calculating NIIP. Commodities and currencies tend to follow a cyclical pattern of significant valuation changes, which is also reflected in NIIP.

The International investment position (IIP) of a country is a financial statement of the value and composition of its external financial assets and liabilities. A positive NIIP value indicates that a nation is a creditor nation, while a negative value indicates that it is a debtor nation.

World
In 1980, the United States net international-creditor position was bigger than the total net creditor-positions of all the other countries in the world. Only six years later, in 1986, when the nation’s international investment position was at a year-end negative $107.4 billion, the U.S. became a net-debtor nation for the first time since 1914, when its nominal debt had reached $2 billion. By 1990, the U.S. was the world's largest debtor By end-2020, the country’s net international-investment position was a negative $14 trillion, an amount representing how much more the U.S. owed to the rest of the world than the rest of the world owed to the U.S. At the end of 2022, it stood at a negative -$16 trillion.

Statistics

 * International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Investment Position (IIP) Data
 * International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011
 * UK National Statistics Great Britain: International Investment Position, Table K
 * Saint-Petersburg (Russia) statistic Economic statistics of St. Petersburg

title: Net international investment position


text:
NIIP

NIIP may refer to:

 * Net international investment position
 * NII Priborostroyeniya (V.V.Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design): Russian institute
 * Vega Radio Engineering Corporation was known as MNIIP (Moscow NIIP)
 * Navajo Indian Irrigation Project

title: NIIP


text:
Édouard de Villiers du Terrage

Édouard de Villiers du Terrage (26 April 1780 – 19 April 1855) was a French engineer who together with Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois journeyed with Napoleon to Egypt, and prepared the Description de l'Égypte.

title: Édouard de Villiers du Terrage


text: User talk:84.60.193.125

title: User talk:84.60.193.125


text:
Electric Dragon 80.000 V

Electric Dragon 80.000 V (エレクトリック·ドラゴン 80000V) is a 2001 Japanese tokusatsu film written and directed by Gakuryū Ishii. The comic-book style story stars Tadanobu Asano and Masatoshi Nagase as electricity wielding super-heroes.

Plot
As a child, Dragon Eye Morrison undergoes electro-shock treatment for his aggressive behavior. The levels of sheer energy absorbed by his body over the years allow him to channel and conduct electricity. Now an adult, Morrison works in the city as a reptile investigator and has learned to channel his rage through the performance of aggressive guitar-based noise. Meanwhile, Thunderbolt Buddha, a TV repair man turned vigilante, who has the same electro-conductive powers after a childhood accident, goes after crime bosses and gangsters. When both men learn of each other's existence, Thunderbolt Buddha challenges Morrison to a final showdown on the rooftops of Tokyo.

Cast

 * Tadanobu Asano – Dragon Eye Morrison
 * Masatoshi Nagase – Thunderbolt Buddha
 * Masakatsu Funaki – Narrator

Production
Filming occurred in February 1999 using black and white film, and lasted three weeks. It was produced in tandem with Ishii's other film Gojoe, and both films cast the same two lead actors.

Soundtrack
Gakuryū Ishii's industrial noise-punk outfit MACH-1.67 provided the film's propulsive music. The film would subsequently be used as a visual backdrop during the band's live performances.

Release and reception
The film debuted at the International Film Festival Rotterdam in 2001. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and the Busan International Film Festival.

Variety's David Rooney wrote, "A return from his more structured thrillers like Angel Dust and Labyrinth of Dreams to the punky kinetic anarchy of his early work, Japanese maverick Sogo Ishii delivers a wild ride." Mark Schilling of The Japan Times described the film as "a black comedy for hipsters and works well on that level, though it overstays its welcome," and IndieWire's Edward Crouse wrote that "the film nails a certain sci-fi madness." Tom Mes wrote on the website Midnight Eye, "A 55-minute hyperkinetic descent into electro-charged punk madness, set to an eardrum-shattering industrial punk/noise soundtrack, Electric Dragon 80,000 V transcends film to become an overwhelming, all-immersing experience."

Electric Dragon 80,000V and its companion film Gojoe were commercial failures and ultimately caused their production company Suncent CinemaWorks Inc. to go under.

UK film distributor Third Window Films, released a blu ray version of the film.

title: Electric Dragon 80.000 V


text:
Burrewarra Point

Burrewarra Point is to the north of Broulee and 25 kilometres south of Batemans Bay on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia.

An active lighthouse, Burrewarra Point Light, is located at Burrewarra Point. It was built in 1974.

Also at Burrewarra Point are the remains of concrete igloo buildings of No. 17 Radar Station used by the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. Also present at the location is a commemorative plaque.

title: Burrewarra Point


text:
Kate Ziegler

Kate Marie Ziegler (born June 27, 1988) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in freestyle and long-distance events. Ziegler has won a total of fifteen medals in major international competition, including eight golds, five silvers, and two bronzes spanning the World Aquatics and the Pan Pacific Championships. She was a member of the 2012 United States Olympic team, and competed in the 800-meter freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Early years
Ziegler was born in 1988 in Fairfax, Virginia, the daughter of Don and Cathy Ziegler. She was a part of a local swim team, FISH, where she was coached under Ray Benecki. She attended Forestville Elementary School in Great Falls, Virginia and Bishop Denis J. O'Connell High School in Arlington County, Virginia. At O'Connell, she excelled throughout her four years, earning Washington Post All-Met honors four straight years, including being named Swimmer of the Year on more than one occasion.

As a freshman, she finished third in the 200-yard freestyle (1:51.59) and won the 500-yard freestyle (4:47.78) at the 2003 Metros Swimming and Diving Championships, breaking the 15-year-old record in the 500 held by Pam Minthorn. She also anchored O'Connell's 200-yard freestyle relay (24.51 split) and 400-yard freestyle relay (53.65 split) to seventh and sixth-place finishes, respectively. As a sophomore the following year, she won both the 200-yard freestyle (1:46.15) and the 500-yard freestyle (4:41.91) in record time, and anchored the winning 200-yard freestyle relay (24.14 split) and third place 400-yard freestyle relay (51.63 split). Her times continued to drop rapidly, and as a junior she again won both the 200-yard freestyle (1:45.43) and 500-yard freestyle (4:37.67) in record time, the latter being an independent national high school record.

As a senior, she continued to excel, tying the national high school record in the 200-yard freestyle (1:45.49) and breaking the American record held by Janet Evans in the 500-yard freestyle (4:35.35).

Ziegler initially attended George Mason University, and later transferred to Chapman University in 2011.

2004-05
At the 2004 Short Course Worlds, she finished second to Japan's Sachiko Yamada in the 800-meter freestyle with a time of 8:20.55. Her 400-meter split would have placed fourth in the event at the meet.

In February 2005, at the FINA World Cup stop in New York, Ziegler won the 800-meter freestyle in 8:16.32, breaking Cynthia Woodhead's 25-year-old American record, which at the time was the oldest American record on the books.

In 2005, Ziegler won the 800-meter freestyle (8:25.31) and 1,500-meter freestyle (16:00.41) at the World Championships in Montreal. The latter time made her the third-fastest woman (and second-fastest American) in the history of the event, following only world-record holder Janet Evans's 15:52.10 and German Hannah Stockbauer's 16:00.18. She qualified for Worlds after winning the 800-meter freestyle at World Trials in Indianapolis with a time of 8:34.83. She failed to qualify in the 400-meter freestyle, finishing third in a time of 4:12.09.

2006-08
At the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, she swam the 1,500-meter freestyle in 15:55.01, making her the second fastest swimmer of all time in that event and only the second person to break the sixteen-minute mark. The third person was Hayley Peirsol who finished the event just two seconds later.

In 2007, at an in-season meet, Ziegler broke Janet Evans's longstanding world record in the 1500-meter freestyle with a time of 15:42.54. It stood for six years until Katie Ledecky broke the record in 2013.

At the 2007 World Championships, she won the 800-meter freestyle and 1,500-meter freestyle, to defend the titles she had won in 2005.

In 2008, Ziegler qualified for the Olympic Games by placing second to Katie Hoff in both the 400-meter (4:03.92) and 800-meter (8:25.38) freestyle events. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, however, Ziegler failed to qualify for the finals in either event. Notably, her best time in the 800-meter would have netted her a silver medal.

2012 Summer Olympics
At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska, Ziegler made the U.S. Olympic team for the second time by placing second behind Katie Ledecky in the 800-meter freestyle with a time of 8:21.87. She also competed in the 400-meter freestyle and finished seventh in the final (4:09.17).

At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Ziegler swam in the fastest qualifying heat of 800-meter freestyle and posted a time of 8:37.38, behind Rebecca Adlington of the United Kingdom and Lauren Boyle of New Zealand. Only the top eight swimmers of all five qualifying heats advanced to the 800-meter finals (with 8:27.15 as the slowest times of those eight), and Ziegler did not advance.

2015
In May, Ziegler returned to competition after a two-year break.

title: Kate Ziegler


text:
User:KelvinMo

External link

 * Methodological Madness

title: User:KelvinMo


text:
User talk:Damienie

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --RobertG ♬ talk 11:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Damienie


text:
Longitude by chronometer

Longitude by chronometer is a method, in navigation, of determining longitude using a marine chronometer, which was developed by John Harrison during the first half of the eighteenth century. It is an astronomical method of calculating the longitude at which a position line, drawn from a sight by sextant of any celestial body, crosses the observer's assumed latitude. In order to calculate the position line, the time of the sight must be known so that the celestial position i.e. the Greenwich Hour Angle (Celestial Longitude - measured in a westerly direction from Greenwich) and Declination (Celestial Latitude - measured north or south of the equational or celestial equator), of the observed celestial body is known. All that can be derived from a single sight is a single position line, which can be achieved at any time during daylight when both the sea horizon and the sun are visible. To achieve a fix, more than one celestial body and the sea horizon must be visible. This is usually only possible at dawn and dusk.

The angle between the sea horizon and the celestial body is measured with a sextant and the time noted. The Sextant reading is known as the 'Sextant Altitude'. This is corrected by use of tables to a 'True Altitude'. The actual declination and hour angle of the celestial body are found from astronomical tables for the time of the measurement and together with the 'True Altitude' are put into a formula with the assumed latitude. This formula calculates the 'True Hour Angle' which is compared to the assumed longitude providing a correction to the assumed longitude. This correction is applied to the assumed position so that a position line can be drawn through the assumed latitude at the corrected longitude at 90° to the azimuth (bearing) on the celestial body. The observer's position is somewhere along the position line, not necessarily at the found longitude at the assumed latitude. If two or more sights or measurements are taken within a few minutes of each other a 'fix' can be obtained and the observer's position determined as the point where the position lines cross.

The azimuth (bearing) of the celestial body is also determined by use of astronomical tables and for which the time must also be known.

From this, it can be seen that a navigator will need to know the time very accurately so that the position of the observed celestial body is known just as accurately. The position of the sun is given in degrees and minutes north or south of the equational or celestial equator and east or west of Greenwich, established by the English as the Prime Meridian.

The desperate need for an accurate chronometer was finally met in the mid 18th century when an Englishman, John Harrison, produced a series of chronometers that culminated in his celebrated model H-4 that satisfied the requirements for a shipboard standard time-keeper.

Many nations, such as France, have proposed their own reference longitudes as a standard, although the world’s navigators have generally come to accept the reference longitudes tabulated by the British. The reference longitude adopted by the British became known as the Prime Meridian and is now accepted by most nations as the starting point for all longitude measurements. The Prime Meridian of zero degrees longitude runs along the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. Longitude is measured east and west from the Prime Meridian. To determine "longitude by chronometer," a navigator requires a chronometer set to the local time at the Prime Meridian. Local time at the Prime Meridian has historically been called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), but now, due to international sensitivities, has been renamed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and is known colloquially as "zulu time".

Noon sight for Longitude
Noon sights obtain the observer's Latitude. It is impossible to determine longitude with an accuracy better than 10 nmi by means of a noon sight without averaging techniques. A noon sight is called a Meridian Altitude. While it is very easy to determine the observer's latitude at noon without knowing the exact time, longitude cannot accurately be measured at noon. At noon the sun's change of altitude is very slow, so determining the exact time that the sun is at its highest by direct observation is impossible, and therefore it is impossible to obtain an accurate longitude at the moment of culmination. However, it is possible to determine the time of culmination for longitude with a useful accuracy by performing a mean time of observation when the sun is on its ascent and descent prior to and following its moment of culmination. By taking a sextant reading within 15 to 30 minutes prior to local noon (culmination) and noting the time, then leaving the sextant set to the same angle and subsequently observing the moment in time at which the sun passes through the sight tube on its descent from its highest altitude between a half-hour and hour later, the two times can be averaged to obtain a longitude sufficiently accurate for navigation (within 2 nmi).

Corrections to the process
Unfortunately, the Earth does not make a perfect circular orbit around the Sun. Due to the elliptical nature of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, the speed of the Sun’s apparent orbit around the Earth varies throughout the year and that causes it to appear to speed up and slow down very slightly. Consequently, noon at the Prime Meridian is rarely if ever exactly at 12:00 UTC, but rather it occurs some minutes and seconds before or after that time each day. This slight daily variation has been calculated and is listed for each day of the year in the Nautical almanac under the title of Equation of time. This variation must be added to or subtracted from the UTC of local apparent noon to improve the accuracy of the calculation. Using the Equation of time correction along with the time averaged ascending/descending noon sights can result in accuracies of 1 nmi or less. Without time averaging, the difficulties in determining the exact moment of local noon due to the flattening of the Sun’s arc across the sky reduce the accuracy of calculation. Other celestial navigation methods involving more extensive use of both the Nautical almanac and sight reduction tables are also used by navigators at various times of day for longitudinal readings within 1 nmi.

Time sight
This only calculates a longitude at the assumed latitude, though a position line can be drawn. The observer is somewhere along the position line. Time sight is a general method for determining longitude by celestial observations using a chronometer; these observations are reduced by solving the navigational triangle for meridian angle and require known values for altitude, latitude, and declination; the meridian angle is converted to local hour angle and compared with Greenwich hour angle.

If δ is the declination of the observed celestial body and Ho is its observed altitude, the local hour angle, LHA, is obtained for a known latitude B by:

$$\cos(\mathrm{LHA}) = \frac{\sin(H_\mathrm{o}) - \sin(\delta) \cdot \sin(B)}{\cos(\delta) \cdot \cos(B)}.$$

The time sight was a complement to the noon sight or latitude by Polaris in order to obtain a fix.

title: Longitude by chronometer


text:
Knut Ahnlund

Knut Emil Ahnlund (24 May 1923 – 28 November 2012) was a Swedish literary historian, writer, and member of the Swedish Academy.

Ahnlund, who was born in Stockholm, was an expert on 19th and 20th century Nordic, especially Danish, literature. He wrote his doctoral dissertation on Henrik Pontoppidan, and later wrote on Gustav Wied and Sven Lidman, among others. He was also a novelist and published translations of various writers such as Julio Cortázar. He received his doctorate from Stockholm University, and was a professor of Nordic Literary History at the University of Aarhus. He was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1983.

Due to conflicts with the former permanent secretary of the Academy, Sture Allén, and his successor, Horace Engdahl, Ahnlund had only participated minimally in the work of the Academy from 1996 until his death in 2012. On 11 October 2005, just a few days before the announcement of the 2005 Nobel laureate for literature, he declared in a piece in Svenska Dagbladet that he would leave the Academy in protest against the choice of recipient of the prize the previous year, Elfriede Jelinek; he characterized Jelinek's work as chaotic and pornographic. As a membership in the Academy is for life, Ahnlund was not able to formally leave the Academy during his lifetime, but did not participate in its work from 1996, and his chair was left empty until his death.

title: Knut Ahnlund


text: User talk:67.169.184.27

title: User talk:67.169.184.27


text:
File:Bassearly2.jpg

Summary
Drawing by Richard Bassford

title: File:Bassearly2.jpg