text:
Gibson's paradox

Gibson's paradox is the observation that the rate of interest and the general level of prices under the gold standard are positively correlated. It is named for British economist Alfred Herbert Gibson who noted the correlation in a 1923 article for Banker's Magazine. The correlation had been noted earlier by Thomas Tooke.

The term was first used by John Maynard Keynes, in his 1930 work, A Treatise on Money. It was believed to be a paradox because most economic theorists predicted that the correlation would be negative. Keynes commented that the observed correlation was "one of the most completely established empirical facts in the whole field of quantitative economics."

The Quantity Theory of Money predicts that a slower money-growth creates slower price-rise. In addition, slower money-growth means slower growth of loanable funds and thus raises interest rates. If both these premises are true, slower money-growth should mean lower prices and higher interest rates. However, Gibson observed that lower prices were accompanied by a drop—rather than a rise—in interest rates. This is the paradox that needs to be explained. For instance, in the 1873-96 depression, prices fell considerably while interest rates remained low. Economist S.B. Saul says that Alfred Marshall explained the paradox by saying that other factors might have been at play: a peace dividend and improving international system of banking and finance.

Economists generally thought that interest rates were correlated to the rate of inflation, whereas Keynes' findings contradicted this view. During the period of gold standard, he concluded that interest rates were correlated to the general price level, and not the rate of change in the prices. In fact, he thought that interest rates were highly correlated to the wholesale price index rather than the rate of inflation.

title: Gibson's paradox


text: User talk:80.1.133.248

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:80.1.133.248


text: User talk:81.154.47.225

title: User talk:81.154.47.225


text:
Long Reach, Columbia, Maryland

Long Reach, one of ten villages composing Columbia, Maryland, United States, is found in the northeast part of Columbia along Maryland Route 108. Started in 1971, it is one of the oldest villages, and comprises four neighborhoods: Jeffers Hill, Kendall Ridge, Locust Park, and Phelps Luck. The village, with an approximate population of 15,600, is governed by five elected village board members through "Long Reach Community Association, Inc." The Village Office is located in Stonehouse, the community center, which opened in 1974.

History
The village derives its name from a 448 acre land grant named Long Reach, patented to and surveyed by Major Edward Dorsey in 1696 next to Dorseys Search. Dorsey had built a small stone summer home named "Bethesda" on the site in 1682 passing it to Caleb Dorsey of Belmont. The property was divided between his three sons "John of Col Edward", Benjamin and "Nicholas of Long Reach" Dorsey in 1705. John's son Samuel inherited Dorsey's search in 1761. In 1782 John Lawrance Dorsey inherited the land. It was resurveyed as "Chew's Resolution".

In 1769, the "Bethesda Old Place Farm" home was expanded on the property and run as a tobacco-producing plantation with 26 slave workers. Mary Dorsey Pue inherited Belmont in 1771, and her husband Doctor Micheal Pue was appointed to run the county in 1775 (Anne Arundel). The estate was expanded again in 1830, struck by a tornado in 1858, and stayed in the Pue family until 1859. By 1943, the property had been subdivided to 237 remaining acres. In 1954, the Columbia Hills Corporation developed the land leaving just 7.3 acres surrounding the house. Howard Research and Development purchased most of the original Long Reach property between 1963 and 1966 for the development of Columbia.

In addition to the Long Reach grant, the 100-acre Brunner family farm, and a 200-acre apple orchard owned by Donald and Ethel Sewell since 1943, occupied the eastern section of Long Reach village. 28 acres were sold to Howard Research and Development in 1963. The apple orchard remained in operation until 1983 when it was sold for development because of liability from trespassers and drug use, leaving only street names named after varieties of apples.

The crossroads of modern Waterloo Road and Old Montgomery Road formed the Pfeffer's Corner area which hosted a blacksmith, general store and schoolhouse predating the Civil War. German prisoners of war would be delivered to site daily from Fort Meade through WWII to be used as farmhands by local residents.

Names
Many of the village's streets take their names from the works of the American poet Robinson Jeffers, after whom the Jeffers Hill neighborhood is named.
 * Phelps Luck is named for the land grant, Phelps His Luck, patented to Walter Phelps in 1695.
 * Locust Park is named for the land grant Locust Thickett, patented to Richard Owings in 1688. The 384-acre parcel was passed on by Joshua Dorsey (1686–1747) in 1747.
 * Kendall Ridge is from the 500-acre land grant, Kendall's Delight, and the 400-acre Kendall's Enlargement patented to Daniel Kendall in 1701.
 * Jackson Pond – Originally named Hittman pond, after a water study on stormwater reuse performed by Hittman Associates, it was renamed after citizen activist Howard Jackson.

Services
The 84,000 sqft Long Reach Village Center was designed in 1971 by Kent Cooper and Associates and opened in 1974. It featured 19 stores, including a grocery store, Pappy's restaurant, a gas station, and The Columbia Art Center which provides classes in ceramics, drawing and painting, and other art forms, and gives exhibitions.

The inward-facing village center concept was centrally managed by the Rouse Company, limiting ownership diversification. By the 1980s, high rents and larger teenager and crime incidents led to a decline in business. With 17 percent of Long Reach developed as subsidized housing, a secondary goal of the developer was to place the village center close to residents who may not be able to afford transportation and want to walk to the center, with an unintended effect of becoming community open space for residents not shopping. In later years, a storefront police station was operated from the center.

Renovation of village center
On January 7, 2014, Howard County announced to the Long Reach Village board that it would purchase the majority of the holdings from America's Realty affiliate Long Reach Village Associates LLC, pending sales negotiations and related legislation. Celebration Church planned to occupy the former Safeway and Family Market space at the center. The project is managed by the county director of downtown redevelopment, who said the county has suggested relocating its arts council from Ellicott City to the village center. On March 3, 2014, the county declared the area a blighted zone. Howard County purchased portions of the property for $5 million, offering to sell the Safeway space to Celebration Church for $2.5 million. The deal fell through as different legislation packages proposed giving or charging the church an additional $1 million for parking rights. On May 28, 2015, the County held its first "ReImagine Long Reach" meeting. The purpose of the meeting was to consider options for the Village Center's renovation, and evaluate case studies where other village centers had been renovated (such as the Wilde Lake Village Center), as well as consider possibilities for the arts.

Education

 * Howard High School
 * Long Reach High School
 * Oakland Mills High School
 * Bonnie Branch Middle School
 * Oakland Mills Middle School
 * Mayfield Woods Middle School
 * Phelps Luck Elementary School
 * Jeffers Hill Elementary School

title: Long Reach, Columbia, Maryland


text:
Culchie

Culchie is a term in Hiberno-English for someone from rural Ireland. The term usually has a pejorative meaning directed by urban Irish against rural Irish, but since the late 20th century, the term has also been reclaimed by some who are proud of their rural or small-town origin. In Dublin, the term culchie is often used to describe someone from outside County Dublin. In Belfast, Northern Ireland, the term is used to refer to persons from outside of the city proper but not necessarily outside the Greater Belfast area. The etymology of the term is unclear.

Possible derivations
The term is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "one who lives in, or comes from, a rural area; a (simple) countryman (or woman), a provincial, a rustic". It is sometimes said to be a word derived from the remote town of Kiltimagh, County Mayo. A further explanation is that the word derives from the word "agriculture", highlighting the agricultural/industrial divide between rural and urban populations.

It may be derived from an Irish-language term cúl an tí, meaning 'back of the house'. It was, and still is to a certain extent, common practice in rural areas to enter a neighbour's house through the back door, to avoid tracking dirt through the house and to visit in the kitchen, rather than the front, which was used for more formal visits. Thus the term cúl an tí or culchie referred to such rural peoples used to such practices. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many city dwellers from Dublin tenements worked as domestic servants in the homes of wealthier people. The servants were not permitted to enter the house through the front door but had to use the back door or servants' entrance. It became common practice in Dublin to use culchie in a derogatory manner. Over time, as the numbers of servants dwindled through the 20th century, the term was retained in everyday use.

The word culchie may instead be derived from the Irish word coillte, 'woods, forests'. It was used by townspeople, mainly in the western counties of Mayo and Galway, as a condescending or pejorative reference to people from rural areas. In the mid-1960s it was adopted as a common term in Dublin, as a counter to the country people's use of the word jackeen for a Dublin person. The culchie spelling is common in the English-language media, based on their understanding of phonetics and the word's derivation. It is also sometime spelled cultchie, indicative of its more likely derivation from cúl an tí.

Culchie is also an Irish term for a simple, impromptu bed, chiefly consisting of planks, hastily slung between the tapered end of an inglenook fireplace and the nearest wall of a farmhouse kitchen. A culchie might be offered to anyone who asked for a bed for the night, who was not known to the family (rather like letting someone sleep in the barn). So, this could have become a derogatory term for traveling rural labourers and hence just country folk. However, originally it was just an example of common hospitality as often formerly offered to travellers and those in need.

Popular culture
Some Dublin GAA fans call supporters of any of the other county teams from Ireland culchies; fans from counties in Northern Ireland are called nordies. Dublin's fans are sometimes called jackeens. David McWilliams coined the term dulchies to describe Dubliners who decide to live in the provinces of Leinster (outside Dublin City, or County Dublin) or Ulster. This subgroup of people often live in urban areas such as Navan, Kells and Naas. The term is also frequently used to refer to Dubliners that live in rural parts of county Dublin.

The comedian Pat Shortt has made a successful living out of a culchie-themed act. He has his own television series, Killinaskully, based on a theme of a culchie in a village in rural Munster.

Television presenter Dáithí Ó Sé has been said by humourist George Byrne of The Herald to have a style interpreted as anywhere from "edgy" to "a big lump of culchie cliché".

Culch.ie is an Irish pop-culture blog with a name derived from the term (.ie is the country code top-level domain name for Ireland). The site still exists but is no longer active.

Dundalk folk-punk singer Jinx Lennon included a song on his 2020 album "Border Schizo FFFolk Songs For The Fuc**d" named "Be Proud" in which he lists reasons for people to be proud of their hometown, including the lyrics "Be proud of your big, thick country accent - it's an addition not a subtraction".

Culchie Festival
The Culchie Festival started in 1989 in Clonbur, County Galway and ran until 2012. The festival took place in many towns and villages throughout Ireland in its search to find an exemplary culchie or "village character" – a local (perhaps even parochial) personality with the ability to entertain at will and excel at various stereotypically rural tasks.

The festival was held in late October each year after regional heats held throughout Ireland and overseas Irish communities to select contestants. The final consists of various challenges, such as tractor racing, nappy changing, sandwich making, potato picking, knitting, and karaoke. The 2008 winner was Adrian McCabe from Ballyjamesduff, County Cavan, where the next Culchie Festival was hosted, 23–25 October 2009.

title: Culchie


text:
Stuart Campbell

Stuart or Stewart Campbell may refer to:

Sports

 * Stewart Campbell (rugby union) (born 1972), Scottish rugby union player
 * Stuart Campbell (footballer) (born 1977), English-born Scottish football coach and former player

Writers, musicians and actors

 * Steuart Campbell (born 1937), British writer
 * Stewart Campbell, musician in The Zephyrs
 * Stuart Campbell (game journalist), British video game designer and journalist
 * Stuart Campbell (journalist) (1908–1966), British newspaper editor

Others

 * Stewart Campbell (politician) (1812–1885), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Stuart James Campbell, British man convicted of murder
 * Stuart Campbell (obstetrician), pioneer in the use of ultrasound in obstetrics
 * W. Stewart Campbell (?–2009), American production designer and art director

title: Stuart Campbell


text:
Talk:Bill Brasky

Chris Farley and Bill Brasky
It appears that Chris Farley actually appeared on a Bill Braskey skit.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aavQfPm-Fo&mode=related&search=

Now this actually throws off most of the wiki's content. If anybody can, may we get some more information? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.217.49.10 (talk) 00:00, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use?
I like the idea of having representative quotes from the sketches, but I hardly think it's fair use to post the transcripts of every single one, even if the non-Brasky-related material is edited out. I'd prefer to revert to the last version without the dated transcripts. Besides being less copyvio, it's actually spellchecked and wikified! (The new intro sections are nice, though.) --Quuxplusone 18:27, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Regardless, Wikipedia is not a joke book. Some of the best examples should stay, but this is ridiculous overkill. Neeeds trimming. Why do so many wikipedians seem to be devoid of restraint? -R. fiend 19:54, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Well, somebody else finally took the plunge and deleted the entire section; so I've rebooted the cycle by re-adding the original "Quotes" section. Now how many weeks can we go before the cut-and-paste transcripts are back? :( --Quuxplusone 06:06, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Quick question
Is Bill Brasky a fictional character? The article doesn't make this clear... --InShaneee 03:59, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * He is, and I added such near the top. BabuBhatt 04:09, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Chuck Norris
"The stories of Brasky's life and seemingly legendary accomplishments are exaggerated to absurd levels in the American tradition of tall tales, similar to the "Chuck Norris Facts" Internet phenomenon, employed nearly a decade later (in fact, Bill Brasky quotes are regularly recycled as Chuck Norris facts). If their stories are to be believed, Brasky is ten feet tall, weighs two tons, and has cheated death on numerous occasions."

I think it might worth mentioning that the Bill Brasky jokes are actually what evolved into the Chuck Norris jokes ("facts" ^_^), rather than merely being "similar." I didn't want to make the change without hearing some consensus about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beefbrain89 (talk • contribs) 06:58, 18 November 2006
 * Yeah, I think that should be mentioned. There is actually a decent summary of this type of thing in the Vin Diesel article. Seems like the Chuck Norris phenomenon came after Vin Diesel - and Bill Brasky was the inspiration for both, who in turn was likely inspired by the stories of Paul Bunyon and similar folk. -- Tim D 14:31, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Why are we also linking to the Kevin Bacon page? Montedison (talk) 01:46, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Should we add a popular culture section?
In the computer game Hellgate: London, there is a quest called "Bill Brasky!". A few exagerrations are made about the demon that must be killed in the description, such as it being 20ft tall. I don't think this one example would suffice, but it is something we could build on. CardinalFangZERO (talk) 08:12, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd just as soon this be the one article on Wikipedia that lacks an annoying "references to chimneys in popular culture" section --Halloween jack (talk) 09:14, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Verification in the quote section
Is there any way to verify that all of these quotes are real? Joyous! | Talk 21:58, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Brasky


text:
User talk:The grand vizier

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Eugenia Silva, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing! Angela. 18:27, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:The grand vizier


text:
Reporting Body Identifier

The Reporting Body Identifier is the first two digits of a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Type Allocation Code, and indicates the GSMA-approved organization that registered (or, before 2002, approved) a given mobile device, and allocated the model a unique code.

The numbers are loosely based on the telephone country code (CC) of the organization identified, as most approving nations used a single approval body endorsed by their national GSM Association chapter. However, not all Reporting Body Identifiers follow this tendency.

Reporting Body Identifier codes
According to Permanent Reference Document TW.06, Appendix A of the GSM Association, the current Reporting Body Identifier (RBI) codes indicate the following approval/allocation bodies:

Normally, when a RBI is 35, the phone device supports operation on the 1800 MHz band, but if it is 01, it will not have it, e.g., Motorola and Nokia. There are some exceptions for RBI 01, e.g., on LG and Sony Ericsson.

Reporting Body Identifier vs Regional Code
The "Reporting Body Identifier" is also known as the Regional Code in the CDMA context. The International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) and Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID) structures are superficially the same, except that the first two digits must be decimal for an IMEI, and must be hexadecimal for an MEID. In 3GPP2 terms the GSMA is the Global Decimal Administrator while the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is the Global Hexadecimal Administrator.

title: Reporting Body Identifier


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User Services

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

User Services
nn. 202.156.6.62 18:30, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this is a sub part of a university which is not notable. It shouldn't be redirected because this is such a generic phrase likely to be common.  As an aside, I think the norm is now to provide a more detailed description when nominating pages.  --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 18:41, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Kzollman. BorgQueen 07:36, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:California State Route 34

External links modified
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title: Talk:California State Route 34


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1369 Coffeehouse (2nd nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 23:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

1369 Coffeehouse
This article was VfD'd on 9/1/04 by LeeHunter as non notable, deleted and recreated on 9/16/05. It's still just a coffehouse with no particular significance other than good coffee. No historical background I can find. I suggest delete and block as it's likely to be recreated again Outlander 18:32, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, two locations! Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  20:11, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete smacks of vanity. Roodog2k (talk) 21:37, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy tagged as recreation of previously-deleted content. Tito xd 00:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment -- This is somewhat notable in the Metro Boston area, though I don't see much point in it having an article -- what few notable coffeehouses there are are places like Demels in Vienna. No vote. Haikupoet 02:03, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 02:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Lisa Coleman (actress)

Lisa Jacqueline Coleman (born 10 July 1970) is an English actress best known for her television roles as Jude Korcanik in Casualty (1994–1997) and Cam Lawson in The Story of Tracy Beaker (2002–2005). Coleman reprised the role in Tracy Beaker Returns (2010–2012), My Mum Tracy Beaker (2021) and The Beaker Girls (2021–2023).

Career
Lisa Coleman was born in Hammersmith, London, She is the sister of television and film actress Charlotte Coleman and the younger daughter of Ann Beach and Francis Coleman. Lisa Coleman attended Anna Scher Theatre School at age six, going on to complete secondary education and A-levels.

Her first appearance, as a child actress, was on an 1977 episode of Crown Court. Her first film role was a minor appearance in the 1981 film Loophole. She continued her schooling while pursuing her acting career, appearing in single episodes of numerous television series.

By the mid-1990s, Coleman had started a Bachelor's degree in Psychology with the UK Open University. In September 1994, she began a three year run on the BBC television drama series Casualty, playing the character of staff nurse Jude Korcanik. Coleman left the series in February 1997, when her character moved to Crete.

In 1993 she modelled for Euan Uglow's painting Articulation, posing nude.

Her radio work includes a six-part series for the BBC in 1999, Old Dog and Partridge.

She attended her graduation ceremony in June 2005, after studying for more than a decade. In a subsequent interview for the Open University's alumni magazine Sesame expressed her desire to continue working with the National Health Service and long-term aim to earn a Master of Arts degree.

Coleman has been a volunteer occupational therapist in a psychiatric unit.

Radio

 * Lisa in Afternoon Theatre: a home of our own (1980, Radio 4)
 * Emily in No Commitments
 * Nicola in Old Dog and Partridge

title: Lisa Coleman (actress)


text: User talk:206.176.81.3

title: User talk:206.176.81.3


text:
Troutmasters

Trout Masters is the name of an NC outfitting group and annual fishing tournament taking place in the Wilson's Creek district of Pisgah National Forest in Western North Carolina. The invitation only tournament takes place on the opening day of trout fishing season, normally the first Saturday in April, but has since been moved to June due to extreme weather conditions in early April (snow, wind, lava, etc). Entrants begin fishing Thursday morning through Saturday evening. Wilson's creek is stocked by the North Carolina Fish Hatcheries division of N.C Game and Wildlife Commission. The river is stocked with Rainbow, Brook, and Brown trout.

Unlike most fishing tournaments which judge by weight of catch, Troutmasters fish are judged by length from tip to tail. By catching the longest fish, the Troutmasters winning fisherman is awarded ownership of the coveted Troutmasters trophy until the next tournament. The trophy is engraved with the names of previous winners.

Other traditions unique to the tournament include the Mezcal opening ceremony, taking place on the Thursday evening prior to the fishing tournament. The ceremony begins with a reading of "The Mystique of Mezcal", followed by a sampling of the liquor. Tournament participants may also elect to read a short passage of their own.

A horseshoe tournament was added to the weekend's festivities in 2002. "The Golden Horseshoe" tournament is composed of two-man teams, competing in "best of three" matches. The rules include a beer can a top the post that count for additional points (5) if knocked off or pierced through. The tournament uses a double elimination format, with the championship match normally taking place on Saturday afternoon.

Trout Masters

2022 Derek Paige

2021 Derek Paige

2020 Jason "Winston" Osborne

2019 Derek Paige

2018 Jason "Bru" Smith

2017 Jason "Winston" Osborne

2016 Derek Paige

2015 Rob Horton

2014 Scott Perry

2013 Rob Horton

2012 Scott Perry

2011 Gibby Bates

2010 Jason "Winston" Osborne

2009 Rob Horton

2008 Jason "Winston" Osborne

2007 Jason "Bru" Smith

2006 Rob Horton

2005 Gibby Bates

2004 Jason "Bru" Smith

2003 Teddy P

2002 Teddy P

2001 Foo Foo

2000 Jason "Bru" Smith

Golden Horseshoe Champions

2020 Jeff Bernia and Tyler Owens

2019 Mother Nature

2018 Sean and Chris

2017 Jason "Winston" Osborne and Mark Del-Colle

2016 Bru and Hensley

2015 Jonathan Reekes and Tony Sweet Tea Watkins

2014 Winston and Rob Hensley

2013 Winston and Rob Hensley

2012 Scott Perry and Mark Del-Colle

2011 Scott Perry and Mark Del-Colle

2010 Brad Rice and Scott Franklin

2009 Scott Perry and Mark Del-Colle

2008 Bru and Rob Horton

2007 Bru and Rob Horton

2006 Franklin and Brad R

2005 Franklin and Tony G

2004 Franklin and Brad R

2003 Teddy P and Joe

2002

title: Troutmasters


text:
Wash Woods, Virginia

Wash Woods was an unincorporated town on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in the former Princess Anne County (now the independent City of Virginia Beach), in the southeastern corner of Virginia. It has been abandoned since the 1930s, except for the Life Saving Station which remained operational until the mid-1950s. The site of the former town is located within False Cape State Park in Virginia Beach.

According to legend, the community was settled by survivors of a shipwreck who waded ashore centuries ago on the remote and uninhabited stretch of beach and decided to stay. The village's Methodist church and several other structures were built using cypress wood that washed ashore from schooner John S. Wood that ran aground with a load of lumber and broke apart during a storm in 1889. By the turn of the 20th century Wash Woods was home to two lifesaving stations, a grocery store, two churches, and a school. Three hundred people once lived there, working as fishermen, farmers, hunting guides, market hunters, and as lifesavers patrolling the beach and manning lifeboats to rescue shipwrecked sailors.

Located along the section of the US East Coast long known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, from its beginnings the small town of Wash Woods was subject to the severe weather conditions which had shipwrecked its first residents and brought the lumber ashore to build it. Residents staffed one of the first life saving stations, called False Cape, established in 1875. After the disastrous wrecks of the USS Huron (1875) at Nags Head and steamship Metropolis a few miles south of Wash Woods near the Currituck Beach Lighthouse, both of which resulted in great loss of life, Congress responded to the public outcry and an additional lifesaving station known as Deal's Island Station was established south of Wash Woods in 1877. The station was renamed Wash Woods for the nearby town circa 1883, and in 1917 the original lifesaving station was replaced by a new more modern US Coast Guard station.

The sea inundated the narrow sliver of sand so often that townspeople had begun to leave Wash Woods by the 1920s. Another factor was the Migratory Bird Treaty Act signed in 1918 which outlawed market hunting of waterfowl. When the disastrous 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane followed by the equally severe 1933 Outer Banks hurricane struck back to back, it essentially sealed the town's fate. The storm surge caused by the category 4 storms flooded the entire area, damaged many buildings including the Coast Guard Station, and washed most of the fertile topsoil from farm fields into Back Bay. Subsequently, the few remaining residents of Wash Woods relocated across Back Bay to Knotts Island or to mainland Princess Anne County and the site became the location of several waterfowl hunting clubs.

Today, the area is a Virginia state park, adjoining the federally managed Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge. There is still a small cemetery adjacent to the ruins of the Wash Woods Methodist church. Vandals demolished the steeple circa 1980. False Cape State Park's Wash Woods Environmental Education Center is housed a converted hunt club house. The Wash Woods Coast Guard station, built in 1917, still stands a few miles south of the site of the former town across the state line in Carova Beach. The former Coast Guard Station was completely restored in 1989 and is now used as a real estate office.

In the mid-1950s, Wash Woods remained a voting precinct consisting of 13 registered voters. On most election days, all of the 13 voters would meet just after midnight and vote. Under Virginia law at that time, when all the voters of any given precinct had voted in person, the precinct could close and report the results of the voting. Since the state at that time was basically a Democratic state controlled by a political machine headed by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr., and known as the Byrd Organization all of the registered voters of the precinct always voted for the Democratic ticket. The results of the voting at the Wash Woods precinct was reported soon after midnight as a psychological device to promote the Democratic party, whether in local elections or in national elections. In the mid-1960s, during a local election, a group of local Democrats who opposed the local branch of the Byrd organization arranged for two voters to register to vote at the Wash Woods precinct. Those two voters then submitted their votes by mail. Under Virginia law, persons who had voted by mail had a right to report to their precinct on election day, pick up their previously mailed ballots, and then vote in person. Because these two voters had submitted their ballots by mail, the precinct could not close immediately after midnight on that election day and the psychological advantage previously offered by the precinct was lost. Immediately after that election, elected local officials representing the local branch of the Byrd organization dissolved the Wash Woods precinct and transferred the registered voters of that precinct to a larger adjoining precinct.

title: Wash Woods, Virginia


text:
Talk:Ikon Gallery

Move
This article is currently at Ikon Art Gallery, although the gallery is always just known as the Ikon Gallery and is called 'Ikon Gallery in the introductory paragraph and in the external links. As Ikon Gallery already exists as a re-direct to Ikon Art Gallery I am moving the article to Ikon Gallery (which will make Ikon Art Gallery a re-direct). Valiantis 18:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

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Merger proposal
I propose that Ikon Eastside be merged into Ikon Gallery. I think that the content in the Ikon Eastide article can easily be explained in the context of Ikon Gallery, and the Ikon Gallery article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Ikon Eastside will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. CarlDurose (talk) 13:26, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Now done. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 20:02, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ikon Gallery


text:
Talk:Miriam A. Ferguson

English Jesus "quote"
"If English was good enough for Jesus Christ, it ought to be good enough for the children of Texas."

The veracity of this quote was questioned on another message board. Is there a way to confirm it? I've googled, but found nothing concrete.

 * The citation given at wikiquote:Miriam A. Ferguson is . Not a terribly great one, but I also wasn't very successful with google.  — Laura Scudder | Talk 22:18, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * These guys did a lot of research which makes a very strong argument that the attribution to Ma Ferguson is erroneous. I was just going to remove the line with the quote, but now I am thinking maybe it's better to add the contrary source and point out the very likely mis-attribution in case other folks get here researching the quote. So I am going to do that now. --Danny Rathjens 23:04, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there a cite for the thing about subsequent governors opposing the teaching of foreign languages in public schools? That sounds pretty cray, but maybe it's true. HowardW March 3, 2007

 * Seems unlikely given sheer odds on the number of governors since then. It was introduced by an anon recently without explanation, so I'm removing it.  — Laura Scudder ☎ 04:05, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Should be mentioned on the article, since the story was widely circulated... AnonMoos (talk) 12:54, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Why are the governors of America saying such dumb things? salon.com87.164.126.8 (talk) 15:42, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

"…rumors persisted that pardons were available in exchange for cash payments to the governor’s husband."

Yup. My granddad took the fall for a bank failure in the Depression, and the family scraped together the money to buy him a pardon. No sources, just had to throw that in here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.103.165.36 (talk) 18:13, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sealtexas.jpg
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BetacommandBot 01:13, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miriam A. Ferguson


text:
Novoslobodskaya

Novoslobodskaya (Новослобо́дская) is a Moscow Metro station in the Tverskoy District of the Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Koltsevaya Line, between Belorusskaya and Prospekt Mira stations. Novoslobodskaya was opened on 30 January 1952. From 21 November 2020 to 4 March 2022, the entrance of the station was closed for reconstruction.

Architecture and art
Alexey Dushkin, the station's architect, has long wished to utilise stained glass in decoration of a metro station, and the first drawings date to pre–World War II times. In 1948, with the aid of a young architect Alexander Strelkov, Dushkin came across the artist Pavel Korin, who agreed to compose the artworks for the panels. The rest of the station was designed around the glass panels.

It is best known for its 32 stained glass panels, which are the work of Latvian artists E. Veylandan, E. Krests, and M. Ryskin. Each panel, surrounded by an elaborate brass border, is set into one of the station's pylons and illuminated from within. Both the pylons and the pointed arches between them are faced with pinkish Ural marble and edged with brass molding. At the end of the platform is a mosaic by Pavel Korin entitled "Peace Throughout the World."

Transfers
From this station it is possible to transfer to Mendeleyevskaya station on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.

title: Novoslobodskaya


text:
Talk:Greenwood Raceway

Untitled
I suggest the other page be merged with this one. For most of the time that the track was known as Greenwood, it was most important as a harness track – that is, as Greenwood Raceway. Not only were the harness meetings longer but they featured a higher level of cpmpetition. No million-dollar purses during the thoroughbred meetings, for example. John FitzGerald 18:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Another Greenwood Raceway
There is another Greenwood Raceway. It's a paved auto race track a bit south of Indianola, Iowa. It's been closed for quite some time - since the late 1960's, but it hosted many notable auto racing events in its heyday. Any way to add a disambiguation page to this?
 * In reference to the above the sports car track in Iowa is often mistakenly referred to as Greenwood Raceway but its real name was Greenwood Roadway, never Raceway. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.19.203.13 (talk) 19:12, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greenwood Raceway


text:
Talk:Upholstery coil springs

Nomination for cleaning up
I nominated this article for cleaning up. The article appears to just start in the middle of a thought without first defining the subject. The second paragraph begins with a list of springs without defining them. I don't have the "spring" expertise to fix it. Any volunteers? Joe 18:37, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, a quick Google from a similar article (Upholstery Foam) ran in the following website: . I remember something about being able to tag an article due to plagarism of a website, but my memory only extends thus far.  Hope this helps. MToolen 02:55, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Upholstery coil springs


text: User talk:209.158.161.194

title: User talk:209.158.161.194


text: User talk:64.8.175.33

title: User talk:64.8.175.33


text: User talk:80.87.82.213

title: User talk:80.87.82.213


text:
Dieselisation

Dieselisation (US: dieselization) is the process of equipping vehicles with a diesel engine or diesel engines.

It can involve replacing an internal combustion engine powered by petrol (US: gasoline) fuel with an engine powered by diesel fuel, as occurred on a large scale with trucks, buses, farm tractors, trains, and building construction machinery after World War II. Alternatively it can involve replacing the entire plant or vehicle with one that is diesel-powered; the term commonly describes the generational replacement between the 1930s to 1970s of railway steam locomotives with diesel locomotives, and associated facilities.

Water transport
The two-stroke diesel engine for marine applications was introduced in 1908 and remains in use today. It is the most efficient prime mover to date, models such as the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C offer a thermal efficiency of 50% and over 100,000 horsepower. First steps towards conversions using diesel engines as means of propulsion (on smaller ships) were already undertaken by the 1920s. The market share of steam-powered ships ("steam ships") peaked around 1925 (a few sailing ships remained in service). By the early 1950s diesel engine-powered "motor ships" held over 50% of the market.

Rail transport
In rail transport, dieselisation refers to the replacement of the steam locomotive or electric locomotive with the diesel locomotive (usually the diesel-electric locomotive), a process which began in the 1930s and is now substantially complete around the world.

Advantages of diesel in rail transport
Weighing against the cost of, and inertia against, replacing the large investment that railways had in existing steam power were the dramatic increases in flexibility and efficiency with diesel. Diesels could and did have a significantly higher initial price per unit-horsepower delivered; however, their operating and support costs were much lower and unit availability between inspection repair and maintenance stops were much higher. Diesels also had fueling requirements fulfilled by tank cars on sidings, in contrast to the more frequent and complex fueling and watering infrastructure required for steam engines. Also, diesels use much less fuel and no manpower when idling, something steam locomotives often do. Diesels can be parked running for days unattended, whereas steam engines must be constantly tended to if not completely shut down. Bringing a steam engine boiler up to operating temperature is often regarded as both an art and science, requiring much training and experience. A diesel is much simpler to start and shut down. Diesels simply required significantly less time and labor to operate and maintain.

Diesels also had advantages in service flexibility. They are more scalable to power requirements, owing to the control systems that allowed multiple units to be controlled by one operator. "Double header" steam power required a crew for each locomotive. The range of efficient operation for diesels under different speeds and grades is much greater than with steam locomotives, which tended to be purpose-built for specific situations. A high speed Hudson steam locomotive is good for only one situation, high speeds on level grades.

Initially, diesel locomotives were less powerful than the typical steam locomotives. Between the late 1930s and the late 1950s the power available with diesel locomotive engines roughly doubled, although the most powerful steam locomotives ever built still exceeded the power of the most powerful diesel locomotives from the late twentieth century.

Dieselization could be accomplished without any major changes to rail infrastructure, presenting lower initial capital costs than electrification. However, in situations where volume is sufficient to amortize the capital costs of electrification, the greater efficiency and speed available with electrification are significant advantages and electrified systems are favored throughout most of the developed world, with the most salient exceptions being North America, the British Isles, and Australia.

Europe
Relatively short trackage between destinations and high traffic volumes in Europe favoured electrification to replace steam. Many lines are electrified, though some low volume secondary lines and switching service remain unelectrified. Most countries used diesels as an interim solution during postwar reconstruction and electrification. Some countries, most notably Switzerland, have electrified their whole network. The most powerful electric locomotives in western Europe pull Swedish ore trains.

In Britain the Great Western Railway introduced diesel railcars in the 1930s and the first British mainline diesel locomotive was built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1947, but unlike elsewhere in the developed world, the transition away from steam was delayed during the early postwar years. The delay was driven by two economic considerations: the lower initial cost of steam locomotives for immediate replacement of the large number of locomotives worn out from wartime service, and a projected rise in the cost of petroleum relative to coal, a plentiful domestic resource. Nationalisation of the railways took place in 1948; diesel locomotives were first introduced on a wide scale following the Modernisation Plan of 1955. Poor reliability among the first diesel locomotives used in the Modernisation Plan caused it to be implemented at a slower pace while the problems with the locomotives were worked out during the second half of the 1950s.

The last steam locomotive for British Railways was built in 1960 and named "Evening Star" (number 92220). Steam traction was withdrawn on British Railways in 1968 and largely replaced with diesel traction (with electrification on a minority of lines). Steam was finally eliminated on Northern Ireland Railways in 1970 and entirely replaced with diesel.

Steam continued on the London Underground until 1971, as London Transport considered steam to be cheaper than diesel shunters. After 1971, diesel hydraulics and battery electrics took over shunting duties on the LU. Steam continued on many industrial railways in the UK mainly with the National Coal Board And British Steel Corporation until the 1980s.

Ireland chose dieselisation over electrification and as of 2015, the railways in Ireland (with the exception of the electrified Dublin Area Rapid Transit) remain entirely diesel operated.

North America
The small initial market for diesels was created by the State of New York's Kaufman Act of 1923, which prohibited operating steam locomotives in New York City and adjacent towns. Mainline passenger railroads in New York had already been electrified, or their electrification had been planned regardless of the Kaufman Act. Electrification of numerous freight yards was uneconomical, and railroads turned to diesels. The first ALCO boxcab switcher was put in operation in 1925 by Central Railroad of New Jersey at its 138th Street waterfront terminal in The Bronx. The second was delivered in the same year to Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's yards on Manhattan. Both worked into the late 1950s and survive in museums to date. The advantages of diesel-electric switch engines gained them a widespread market during the 1930s.

Dieselization got a boost from three developments of the early 1930s: the development by General Motors and its Winton Engine Corporation subsidiary of diesel engines with vastly improved power-to-weight ratios and output flexibility; the desire of railways to find more cost-efficient locomotion for passenger service at the height of the Great Depression; and design innovations in rail equipment that reduced weight, making the contemporary diesel engines, which were low-powered by today's standards, viable for mainline passenger service. The mid-1930s saw the introduction of lightweight diesel-powered streamlined trainsets such as the Burlington Route's Zephyrs and Union Pacific's M-1000x "City" trains. During the second half of the decade, diesel locomotives with sufficient power for full-size passenger trains were developed and put into regular production. Improved GM diesel engines in 1938 increased power and reliability. GM's sales contracts included training, financing, and maintenance from GM to lower the hurdles in converting from steam to diesel. Dieselization of passenger service gained momentum as the decade drew to a close and the first model of mainline diesel freight locomotive was on the market in 1940. Dieselization was especially attractive to western railroads, for whom the watering requirements of steam locomotives were a problem in vast stretches of the western interior. Coal-country railroads were generally reluctant to embrace diesel, a competitor to one of their main hauling markets, well into the 1940s.

Competition from diesel spurred a round of development in steam locomotive technology. High style, high speed "steamliners" produced during the second half of the 1930s became the speed kings of passenger service. Duplex and articulated steam locomotives built in the early 1940s exceeded the power of any diesel ever built, although their power was edged by gas turbine-electric locomotives during the 1950s. Mechanical coal stokers, in use since the 1920s, and use of bunker oil as an alternative fuel, facilitated the practical use of steam for the highest power requirements. But the limits of steam technology were rapidly being reached. The new locomotives were mechanically complex and extremely specialized. Locomotive size became an issue, as steam engines became so big in the 1940s that the cylinder and boiler dimensions were pushing the limits that the loading gauge would allow. The fuel and water requirements of high-powered steam locomotives became an issue. Steam turbine-electric locomotive power was developed in 1938 by General Electric. GE abandoned the project in 1943 after unsatisfactory results during trials with three railroads and subsequent efforts by Baldwin Locomotive Works with steam turbine-electric locomotion during the late 1940s and early 1950s were similarly unsuccessful.

US entry into World War II interrupted dieselization. The US Navy gained priority for diesel engines, curtailing their availability for railway use. No production of passenger locomotives was permitted by the War Production Board between September 1942 and February 1945. The petroleum crisis of 1942–43 made coal-fired steam more attractive, especially near the east coast. After the peak of the petroleum crisis and as wartime production of diesel engines hit its stride, increasing production of freight diesel locomotives was permitted. By the war's end, pent-up demand to replace dated and worn-out railway equipment was overwhelming.

The market share of steam locomotives dropped from 30% in 1945 to 2% in 1948. The drop was most precipitous in passenger service, where modernization of equipment was imperative for image and cost reasons as railroads faced increasingly stiff competition from airplanes and the automobile. Norfolk and Western continued to champion steam, running steam passenger locomotives until 1959 and acquiring the last American steam locomotives built, a piston locomotive built in their own shop in 1953 and a steam turbine-electric locomotive built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1954.

Due to the advantages of diesel locomotives, railroads in North America had retired 90% of their steam locomotives by the mid-1950s. Also, major cities and their railyards became unhappy neighbors in post-war America. People were no longer content to endure the large amounts of soot and smoke that coal burning steam engines produced. Early diesels, while dirty by today's standards, were a gigantic improvement in air pollution over steam.

Steam engines lasted well into the late 1950s on major American railroads, and in isolated cases into the middle 1960s on small common carrier roads. The last steam locomotive fleet in everyday use (i.e. not a restored fleet) was retired in the late 1970s. Now they are only found in historical and sightseeing roles, where the steam engine is once again the star of the show. Retired steam engines, many of which were quite new when made obsolete, often found a second life in developing nations due to their cheap labor for maintenance and crewing, ready supplies of coal, and lack of environmental concern.

Soviet Union – Russia
Soviet leadership in the 1920s and 1930s had originally envisioned railway electrification as a key component of their industrialization, but by World War II only a small portion of their rail lines were electrified. Their project faced many challenges, including the high initial costs of electrification relative to traffic volume on long rail lines, high resource costs of early Soviet electrical power generation, and the urgent need to repair wartime damage to rail and power systems throughout eastern Europe. In the mid-1950s the Soviet Union embarked upon a hybrid dieselization/electrification program, with electrification concentrated on shorter lines. Both dieselization and electrification proceeded slowly; the last steam locomotives retired in 1975. At that time about 48% of freight tonnage was hauled by diesel locomotives. In 1990, about 30% of passenger traffic and 37% of freight tonnage was hauled by diesel. Post-Soviet electrification was slowed by the economic collapse of the 1990s. Electrification was completed on the Trans-Siberian Railway in 2002 and on the Kirov Railway to Murmansk in 2005. Since 2008, diesel-hauled freight tonnage has been less than 15% of the total freight tonnage.

Japan
The majority of Japan's rail network had been electrified in the post-war years. In spite of this, more desolate railway lines, particularly on the northern island of Hokkaido continued to use surplus steam locomotives well into the mid-1970s. This was due to the limits and problems created by the then-nationalized rail network, Japanese National Railways (JNR). Japan also has large coal deposits as a natural resource. By 1970, most, if not all steam locomotives had been relegated to freight work, and by the time that complete dieselisation occurred, the remaining steam locomotives were used for branch line work and shunting duties and later were put out of use completely..

India
Diesel and electric locomotives started slowly replacing steam in 1950s. The last broad gauge (5' 6") steam locomotive built by CLW was a WG class locomotive named Antim Sitara (The last star), #10560, built in June 1970. The last meter gauge steam locomotive was a YG class built in 1972. Steam was largely replaced in the 1980s. The last scheduled steam operation was on 6 December 1995 on broad gauge. Last steam operation on narrow/meter gauge ended in 1999.

Two heritage lines, the Darjeeling Himalayan railway and the Nilgiri mountain railway have retained steam service.

China
China had produced diesel-hydraulic and diesel-electric locomotives on an experimental and limited production basis since 1958 but dieselization did not start in earnest until 1985, when production was increased on a standardized DF4 model locomotive. Mainline steam locomotives were produced until 1988 and industrial steam locomotives were produced until 1999, the last commercial steam locomotives produced in the world. The last mainline service with steam ended in 2005, however steam locomotives remain in limited use and production as of 2022, primarily in service with coal mines. Since the 1990s, China has emphasized electrification; as of 2004, 18,900 km of China's 74,200 km rail system were electrified. Planning for China's China's high speed rail system began during the 1990s.

Philippines
The state-owned Manila Railroad Company (MRR) began its experimentation with gasoline and diesel fuel in the 1930s. The first to be installed with diesel power were the MC class railcars that entered service in 1932. These streamlined railmotors were fitted with 96-horsepower Cummins engines. A set managed to survive with the Philippine National Railways until the 1980s.

By 1954, MRR general manager Salvador Villa ordered the dieselisation of the MRR network. General Electric provided diesel-electric locomotives while a Japanese consortium led by Daiichi Bussan Kaisha provided the JMC class diesel multiple units. The JMC class entered service in 1955 while the GE-built diesel locomotives entered service in 1956. On August 15, 1956, the MRR's steam locomotives ended their last regular services in Luzon. Contemporary efforts towards electrification has started in the 1990s, with the North–South Commuter Railway being its latest incarnation.

While steam power largely left passenger service by the late 1950s, several plantations in Luzon and Visayas continued to operate steam locomotives. As of 2020, at least one sugar mill in Negros Island still operates a steam locomotive fleet.

Europe
In terms of road transport, diesel gained popularity first with commercial hauliers, throughout the later 20th century, and then with passenger car users, particularly from the 1970s onwards, once diesel engines became more refined and also more readily available in passenger cars. Diesel had by this point long been a popular choice for taxi operators and agricultural users.

Peugeot and Mercedes-Benz (since the 1936 Mercedes-Benz 260 D) in particular developed reputations for passenger-car diesel engines, whilst VM Motori developed some significant motors for four-wheel drive vehicles.

In London the famed "hackney carriage" taxi has long been powered by a diesel engine. The high reliability, ease of driveability and high fuel efficiency of such an engine allows the taxis to carry many people for a lower cost than might otherwise be incurred through the use of conventional petrol engines.

United States
Lightweight diesel engines suited for road vehicles were introduced in the late 1930s. They were soon used in bus coaches, heavy trucks, tractors, and construction equipment. The postwar era saw rapid replacement of gasoline with diesel for heavy trucks and buses, with engines provided mostly by Cummins and Detroit Diesel, and some by Buda Engine Co. (later a division of Allis-Chalmers). Rising gasoline prices during the 1970s spurred interest in diesel for passenger cars, although it soon faded in popularity for private vehicles other than pickup trucks.

Alternative fuels

 * Advanced steam technology
 * Electric vehicle
 * Hybrid vehicle

Energy policy and politics

 * Efficient energy use
 * Energy policy
 * Suez Crisis

Diesel fuel

 * Winter diesel fuel

title: Dieselisation


text:
Talk:Geomorphology

Geomorphology vs. Structural geology
Please clarify the difference between Geomorphology and Structural geology (in both articles). Respectively, make an order with category:Geomorphology vs. category:Structural geology: brief descriptions and membership. mikka (t) 18:39, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm... Not really sure what all you are asking. Geomorphology is the study of landforms. Structural geology is the study of structures (folds, faults, etc) within the rocks at scales varying from microscopic to continental. Now of course they are interrelated. Essentially, landforms are the product of erosive processes on the existing structure of the rocks involved and cannot be understood or explained without a good understanding of the geologic structure of the rocks. A geologist trying to decipher the structural geology of a region begins by studying the clues in the landforms. All is related. Now, there is a tendency of some geographers to think that geomorphology is a subdivision of geography and try to explain landforms without a thorough understanding of the structure, petrology, and stratigraphy on which the surface landforms develop. Landforms cannot be understood without knowledge of the geology on which they are formed.
 * Now, after all that, both articles are in need of improvement - as are most Wiki articles. So - someday someone will work 'em over (hopefully for improvement) and maybe I will (just don't hold your breath :-)
 * I don't really see the need for a category link from one category to the other as you have done - if we follow that to its logical end all categories would have to have links to all others as they are all inter-related. And that is an absurd proposition. Both are subcategories of Category:Geology aren't they?
 * Rambled enough for now. Vsmith 00:25, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

I am afraid I have to restore links between these two categories, since some things are obviously mixed across these two, until "someday someone..." . For example, I fail to see why Graben was in category:Structural geology but not in category:Landforms (only yesterday I created a new Category:Depressions and put Graben into it.). mikka (t) 01:44, 1 October 2005 (UTC) Let's see: I read that means that Str Geo is a subset of GeoMorf, a study of some particular ways of landforming. Or, quite probably, the definitions come from different schools of geology that don't quite match. This happens sometimes here in wikipedia.
 * "Geomorphology is the study of landforms, including their origin and evolution, and the processes that shape them"
 * "Structural geology is the study of deformation of rock including breaking (fracturing and faulting) and bending or folding. More formally stated it is the branch of geology that deals with the geological processes through which the application of a force results in the transformation of a shape... etc."

So IMO the cross-links should sit here as a reminder that something is still out of nice order. mikka (t) 01:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Er... Did you read my post above? If the problem was with graben not showing up in Category:Geomorph, why not just put it there instead of all the non-standard contortions involving cross-linking categories? (I'l do that now) Seems much simpler, doesn't it? And - no, structural geology is not a subset of geomorph nor vice-versa. They are inter-related as are most all geologic topics, as I explained above, not subsets of each other. The two articles were written independently by different editors with differing perspectives - so, yes there will be conflicts and confusions (all part of the wonder of wiki.). Vsmith 02:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes I did. And I provided a counter-agrument you apparently ignored. You are saying "not subset". I am saying "yes, subset". Read in my qoutations above: "...and the processes that shape them". Processes in rocks, isn't it the definition of StruGeo?

Until someone clearly defines the separation of the categories, people will assign articles to them quite randomly. Therefore a cross-link is useful.

Yes, everything is interrelated: wind and rock. But some things are not only interrelated, but also intermixed. A natural solution would be to put some articles inwo both cats. But until the "owners" of category:Geology will take the categorization under close scrutiny, people will throw articles into one cat or another pretty much at random.

I find this cross-link useful for laymen like me. Until a week ago I was not aware of Depression (geology). I noticed the whole category missing when I started systematically filling category:Mountain ranges of the Russian Federation and found that I have no place to put such things as Kuznetsk Depression. Until now no one bothered to figure out what to do with Geologic formation vs. Rock formation. Only an ignorant me drew the difference between Rock formation and Formation of rocks.

I am not bragging how smart I am. I am trying to say that geology is a rather neglected discipline here. (I suspect not only it; sexology, politics, videogames and vanity pages constitute, like, 70% of activity.) Therefore at this moment any additional "See also" is only helpful. mikka (t) 03:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

If knowledgeable WP editors are unsure of the distinctions, think how confused the average reader will be! This is an especially good example of how cross-links, both in articles and categories, can clarify the situation for everybody all round. Stan 13:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Structural geology != Geomorphology
OK. Structural geology deals with the imposed texture of a rock, like Vsmith said, at all scales. Including chunks of rocks euphemistically called 'hand specimens', and on the microscopic scale. Geomorphology is more closely aligned to geography than structural geology. For instance, can the roundness of a mountain tell you whether it is a fold, on the side of a fault, or whether it was created during an orogeny some 1600 million years ago or by a different one 500 million years ago which affected the rocks which the first one formed? No. You need structural geology for that. Can geomorphology tell you whether one block of rock moved up relative to another, whether the fault which separates them is a thrust or a normal fault, whether the mountain will collapse on your head from geotechnical instability? No. Geomorphology describes landforms and erosion and shallow, surficial effects. It describes events which are active now and are passive geologically. It has virtually no predictive abilities I can think of except, perhaps, with shallow groundwater, soil types and the like, and it cannot be analyzed for anything excet to provide structural geological information, example, "there might be a fault there looking at the lineations on this photo" or similar. Structural geology, the article, has been excessively poorly written, (not my fault, ba-da-boom) and is fairly much incomprehensible even to me. And I know enough about structural geology to qualifty as 'semi-expert'. Or not a geomorphologist in the very least. So, hopefully, when I give it a douche of sensibility it will be fairly clear that, while related in the way chickens and eggs are, structural geology is much, much, much more than geomorphology. Rolinator 15:40, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur that geomorphology and structural geology are very different sub-disciplines of geology. I tend to think of geomorphology as being concerned with surface processes (erosion, sedimentation, soils, weathering, and the like), whereas structural geology is concerned with large-scale tectonic forces causing the internal deformation of solid earth materials whether by folding, faulting, or shearing.  This generally excludes deformation caused by gravity (i.e. landslides), which here would be grouped in with the surface processes under geomorphology.  When you start talking about "landforms" and "geologic formations", things get tricky in terms of classification due to the imprecise nature of those terms.  What exactly do you mean by a landform?  Is it the shape of the mountain?  The material it is made of?  The processes which formed that shape?  While many landforms are going to draw from both structural and geomorphic disciplines for their explanation, I think of the geomorphic (surface) processes as being overlain on top of the structural (internal) processes.  Not all structural grabens (i.e. two parallel inward-dipping normal faults allowing a central block to move downward relative to surrounding blocks) are expressed as a "landform" (i.e. a valley).  And vice versa, not all valleys are structural grabens.  In order to achieve the idealized "landform" shape associated with a structural graben, particular geomorphic conditions must occur (i.e. subsequent lack of erosion of graben edges, lack of significant sedimentation on top of down-dropped graben floor; essentially minimal surface modifications to structural result).  I hope this is helpful. – BlueCanoe 22:20, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

William Morris Davis
He actually was the one to RUIN geomorphology as we know it, so why does this article paint him so neutrally?

Geomorphology is the study of the earth's landforms. William Morris Davis founded this subfield of geography. Though at his time the traditional idea of the development of landforms was through the great biblical flood, Davis and others began to believe that other factors were responsible for shaping the earth.

Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he called the "geographical cycle." This theory is more commonly known as the "cycle of erosion," or more properly, the "geomorphic cycle." His theory explained that mountains and landforms are created, mature, and then become old.

He explained that the cycle begins with the uplift of mountains. Rivers and streams begin to create V-shaped valleys among the mountains (the stage called "youth"). During this first stage, the relief is steepest and most illregular. Over time, the streams are able to carve wider valleys ("maturity") and then begin to meander, leaving only gently rolling hills ("old age"). Finally, all that is left is a flat, level plain at the lowest elevation possible (called the "base level.") This plain was called by Davis a "peneplain," which means "almost a plain" for a plain is actually a completely flat surface). Then, "rejuvenation" occurs and there is another uplift of mountains and the cycle continues.

Though Davis' theory is not entirely accurate, it was quite revolutionary and outstanding at its time and helped to modernize physical geography and create the field of geomorphology. The real world is not quite as orderly as Davis' cycles and certainly erosion occurs during the uplift process. However, Davis' message was communicated quite well to other scientists through the excellent sketches and illustrations that were included in Davis' publications.

In all, Davis published over 500 works though he never earned his Ph.D. Davis was certainly one of the greatest academic geographers of the century. He is not only responsible for that which he accomplished during his lifetime, but also for the outstanding work done across geography by his disciples. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.238.132.23 (talk) 04:28, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Edit August 2010
I've been meaning to make some modifications to this page for some time, so I finally bit the bullet and went ahead and did it. I don't think I've removed anything, this has mainly been expanding and restructuring to give the article a slightly more consistent tone.

I'd be interested to know what people think. I had written a fairly extensive rationale for what I'd done, but I managed to close the window before saving, and it's now 1.30 in the morning, so I'll try to revisit this talk page ASAP to clarify!

Hope this is of some use. DanHobley (talk) 00:33, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I think it looks great. I have sporadic internet access for the time being, but I will take a closer look and see what I can add when I can. Awickert (talk) 06:01, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

I've now done a bit more tweaking in the processes section; I think this is now a bit more "modern" in style. I've got some references in there now too. Couple of things still bugging me though:

1. Weathering. I reckon a lot of people visiting this page will be vaguely familiar with the idea of weathering, so I think it could really do with a bit more prominence, but it certainly shouldn't be in the list of processes as it was before. As it is now is a bit of a halfway house I think, but it'll do for now? It's always felt to me like a pretty unhelpful word anyway; it's a geography-style classifying term, and doesn't have any interpretative power. If we mean chemical breakdown of surfaces, we should say so, and there's plenty of more specific ways of talking about what you might loosely term "physical weathering". For instance, is fluvial abrasion a weathering process? I think not, but I suspect it would be considered so under the formal definition...
 * Thanks to VSmith for sorting this out!DanHobley (talk) 17:07, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

2. The taxonomy section. This is good stuff, but I'm not familiar with this scheme, and I wouldn't say it's of particularly great importance to the grand overview of geomorphology (though of course the scale dependency it addresses very much is). I suspect this section might want to be rewritten and expanded without the formal taxonomy and renamed something like "Importance of scale", with the formal orders hived off into their own sub-page people can go through to if they want. It's just a bit of a weak finish for me. I'm leaving it for now, but might have it as a future recommendation?
 * I've now had a go at this. The details of the taxonomy remain, but I've changed the section title and intro paragraph to make it a bit more of general interest too.DanHobley (talk) 17:07, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

DanHobley (talk) 14:11, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Infobox
I am not a big fan of the geology infobox which appeared recently. It's cluttering the article very badly. Anyone object if I remove it?

Might be good to replace it with a strap rather than a box, but I don't know if such a thing exists. DanHobley (talk) 01:38, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I'd favor removing it as it is a distraction. Seems the only place the distracting template (Template:Geology2) might be useful is the basic geology article. Vsmith (talk) 02:36, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

Snapshots on topics that are not discussed in article
I changed the image because arches are not discussed in the article, and nothing in their article raises the issue of geomorphology, and they are not a common topic in introductory texts, the couple I have, on geomorphology, from which I hoped to clarify the reason for including this image. From editing Wikipedia for the last month or so, I often wind up confused as to why a picture belongs in the article, particularly in the lead. So, why does this one belong in the lead of this article?

How about this one? File:Ferguson-slide.jpg|Ferguson Slide on California State Route 140 in June 2006

MicroPaLeo (talk) 18:49, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * No problem with the Ferguson landslide image. Vsmith (talk) 00:35, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I subbed out the slide image for one of some of Gilbert's badlands in Utah. Basis was that this links very explicitly to the history section. Slide image is still there, in processes. We can switch them back around if people feel strongly. DanHobley (talk) 04:43, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

History of Geomorph
There was a bunch of uncited material in the historical section (which I think I might have put there in the first place. Oops). I found an ideal ref to support this section (Oldroyd & Grapes, in a GSA Special Pub), was gratified to find my remembering of most of this stuff was fairly accurate, and added the supporting refs as needed. Also had some nice stuff about the Davis/Penck brouhaha. The material about physiography remains uncited. Also, of our list of early modern geomorphologists, O&G don't talk explicitly about several of these guys, especially the Europeans. We need another source for them: Bagnold, Einstein, Ahnert, John Hack , Luna Leopold , Shields, Maddock (note they should stay!) DanHobley (talk) 20:55, 21 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Edited my above comment to reflect new refs added. We still lack cites for importance of: Einstein, Ahnert, Shields, Shreve, Schumm. DanHobley (talk) 13:00, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

Seismic Geomorphology?
What is it called to study the "shapes" of ancient geological features such as depositional environments and structures using geophysical techniques like 3D reflection seismology? Does it qualify as geomorphology? Hamsterlopithecus (talk) 06:52, 5 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Not sure if there is an actual name for this. Facies analysis? Paleo-environmental reconstruction? Seismic stratigraphy? Pretty sure it's not a variety of geomorphology though. DanHobley (talk) 18:35, 5 November 2015 (UTC)
 * You're also covering things like paleogeography, paleostructural analysis (more or less section restoration), plate reconstruction and basin modelling. It's what we (geoscientists) do all the time, trying to understand how things were in the past. Actually I just searched on paleomorphology and it does get some hits, so maybe that's what you're looking for. Mikenorton (talk) 20:37, 5 November 2015 (UTC)

Globalize tag
Page has a newly acquired globalize tag at its top. I disagree that this is the case. 3rd opinions very welcome here. Can anyone point out to me where this gets US-centric? DanHobley (talk) 22:52, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I also disagree that this is the case. There is no mention of the U.S. nor any particular focus on U.S. ideas or perspectives. -- Andrewaskew (talk) 23:02, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the motivation for the adding the US-centric tag refers to the photos? 10 photos in the article, 6 from the US (Utah (x2), Arizona, California (x2) and Texas), and 4 for the rest of the world. GeoWriter (talk) 23:56, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is about the photos. Most of them are from the United States. The photos of Argentina (Cono de Arita) and Chile (Beaver dam) are not well explained either: how is a water-body zoogeomorphology? What kind of landform is Cono de Arita. Over-all i see that images from Africa, Asia and the Middle East are missing. No "tropical" landform, process or landcape is showed. Lappspira (talk) 09:31, 21 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Cool. Glad it wasn't the text. We now have images from Africa and Asia (and a bit more Europe, plus Mars!) in place of some of those US images. I think the dam text is clear (the *dam* is the feature), but I'll modify the text for the Cono. DanHobley (talk) 19:35, 21 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Scales
I did a literature search for the source for the taxonomy in the Scales section. I can't find it, and neither could whoever put the citation needed tag on. I'm removing the section entirely. DanHobley (talk) 11:43, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Geography
Impact of river rejuvenation on economy 102.250.0.5 (talk) 08:43, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Volcanoes
how do they erupt 197.233.137.0 (talk) 06:30, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geomorphology


text:
Talk:Vertex and pixel shaders

Vetex and pixel shaders are still two separate things. Why do they not have two separate pages!!

Copied info
This whole page is just copied from www.Answers.com

On proposed merge.
I am reviewing shaders and I plan to release a new version soon with improved layout, information and references. Leave me some days to get it online, in the meanwhile, let's talk about this. There are good reasons to merge this into shader: Tell me what you think about this. I believe I'll update the new "shader" page in few days and then start integrating this (is there any problem with the copied info? They're facts). It will probably take me 1-2 weeks. MaxDZ8 08:49, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Users are unlikely to write "Vertex and pixel shaders": because they are both shaders, they'll probably write "shaders", instead.
 * This page is quite a bit outdated (PS3.0 is now commodity) and carries little information by itself.
 * Both pages are getting little attention, altough shaders seems to be more active.
 * Vertex and Fragment processing are just special shading cases, a subset of shader capabilities and so it really needs to be merged.
 * We want to keep the structure simple.

Ok, the new shaders page is finally online, go read it and discussing the merge. MaxDZ8 14:07, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vertex and pixel shaders


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Angie lee

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate wasSpeedy delete as single-person vanity.

Angie lee
NN ≈ jossi ≈ 18:39, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete per WP:CSD A7 (no assertion of notability), and Geogre's law. --Metropolitan90 01:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This should have been speedied, and in fact had a speedy tag as A7. No need to bring to AfD. MCB 02:03, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So shall it be done. :)  Speedy deleted. - Lucky 6.9 07:46, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gary Erskine

Gary Erskine is a Scottish comic book artist.

Career
Born in Paisley near Glasgow in 1968, Erskine grew up in Rutherglen and attended Burnside Primary and Stonelaw High School. Fellow comic artist Frank Quitely (Vincent Deighan) is the same age and from the same town, but they attended different schools and did not work together in their youth.

He started drawing work for fanzines while at art college and aspired to be a comic book artist. After sending samples of his work to Marvel UK he was eventually given Knights of Pendragon to draw on a regular basis in 1988. Erskine's work proved to be popular and he also drew Warheads for Marvel UK.

Erskine then expanded his work into 2000 AD, drawing a Judge Dredd story written by Garth Ennis. For 2000 AD, he also drew Flesh written by Dan Abnett and Steve White, and for 2000 AD's sister title Crisis he illustrated The Real Robin Hood, written by Michael Cook, in 1991. Working with writer John Tomlinson he drew the Lords of Misrule graphic novel for Tundra in 1993. The novel was based upon old British legends and urban myths and was well received.

Erskine by this time was drawing fill in issues for various DC Comics titles, but Silencers, a mini series written by Warren Ellis for Epic Comics was put on indefinite hold due to the collapse of Epic.

Erskine spent much of the 1990s doing guest artist work on various titles such as James Robinson's Firearm (a two part story set in a cyberspace/punked version of his native Glasgow), as well as a selection of Star Wars titles for Dark Horse. He also drew a mini series based upon The Terminator films for Malibu Comics.

In 2000, Silencers was finally printed by Image Comics as City of Silence, and Ellis and Erskine finally saw the story receive critical acclaim. The same year saw him ink Chris Weston on an issue of War Story written by Garth Ennis, as well as drawing two issues of Hellblazer for Vertigo. He also stepped in at the last minute to complete Mark Millar's run of The Authority.

In 2002, he again inked Chris Weston in the pages of Grant Morrison's The Filth. He also drew a Justice Society of America mini series in 2004 as well as another War Story.

In 2005, Erskine worked on Jack Cross, an ongoing series written by Warren Ellis for DC Comics, which unfortunately stalled after the first story arc of four issues. Although mention of a further eight finished scripts and plots for twelve more issues was posted on various forums, the scripts were incomplete (requiring further dialoguing) and the book was placed on hiatus after the fourth issue. Later on, Ellis posted on his MySpace page that there will be "No more Jack Cross for DC". The rest of the year included digital painting of covers for X-Wing : Rogue Leader, a Star Wars mini series published by Dark Horse.

2006 brought about a new Vertigo series called Army@Love for Erskine to work on. The ongoing series written and pencilled by comic book veteran Rick Veitch is currently receiving good reviews from the industry and magazines, including Military Times. The story centres on a group of diverse characters and the problems with their relationships and the madness of corporate involvement/ sponsorship of a Middle Eastern War. DC Comics have billed the book as "Desperate Housewives meets The War five years in the future".

November 2007 saw the release of Garth Ennis' Dan Dare, published by Virgin Comics, and included full artwork by Erskine. The seven issue series saw the return of the classic British hero, previously published by 2000 AD and Eagle (in various interpretations) since the 1950s.

Erskine has also contributed character designs and storyboards for television, commercials and games development working with various companies over the last eighteen years. He has also worked on licensed properties such as the DreamWorks characters (including Shrek and Madagascar) and for Sony, and occasionally freelances with the award winning Glasgow studio Axis Animation.

Having moved to Fife, Erskine helped to organise a comic book convention in Glenrothes beginning in 2017, as well as attending similar events in Rutherglen as a recurring guest.

title: Gary Erskine


text:
B-class submarine

B-class submarine may refer to the following

 * British B-class submarine, a class of eleven submarines launched in 1904–1906 for the British Royal Navy
 * The Norwegian B-class submarine, a class of six Norwegian submarines built from 1922 to 1929
 * The Spanish B-class submarine, a class of six Spanish submarines launched in 1922–1925
 * The United States B-class submarine, a class of three submarines launched in 1907
 * The Japanese Type B submarine, a class of submarine in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) which served during World War II

title: B-class submarine


text: Category:Indianapolitans

title: Category:Indianapolitans