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Coastal management

Coastal management is defence against flooding and erosion, and techniques that stop erosion to claim lands. Protection against rising sea levels in the 21st century is crucial, as sea level rise accelerates due to climate change. Changes in sea level damage beaches and coastal systems are expected to rise at an increasing rate, causing coastal sediments to be disturbed by tidal energy.

Coastal zones occupy less than 15% of the Earth's land area, while they host more than 40% of the world population. Nearly 1.2 billion people live within 100 km of a coastline and 100 m of sea level, with an average density three times higher than the global average for population. With three-quarters of the world population expected to reside in the coastal zone by 2025, human activities originating from this small land area will impose heavy pressure on coasts. Coastal zones contain rich resources to produce goods and services and are home to most commercial and industrial activities.

History
Coastal engineering of harbours began with the origin of maritime traffic, perhaps before 3500 B.C. Docks, breakwaters and other harbour works were built by hand, often in a grand scale. The Romans introduced many innovations in harbour design. They built walls underwater and constructed solid breakwaters. These structures were made using Roman concrete. Vitruvius described three methods for building port structures (De Architectura, 5, 12). Other types of port structure such as rubble mounds and arched breakwaters built by means of timber floating caissons were used also. Romans were the first dredgers in the Netherlands to maintain the harbour at Velsen. Silting problems there were solved when the previously sealed solid piers were replaced with new "open"-piled jetties. Ancient harbour works are still visible, but most of them disappeared following the fall of the Western Roman Empire even if submerged remains are sometimes still visible under water. Although most coastal efforts were directed to port structures, Venice and its lagoon is an example of measures not related to ports. Protection of the shore in Italy, England and the Netherlands began in the 6th century or earlier.

Middle Ages
Attack from the sea caused many coastal towns and their harbours to be abandoned. Other harbours were lost due to natural causes such as rapid silting, shoreline advance or retreat, etc. The Venetian Lagoon was one of the few populated coastal areas with continuous prosperity and development where written reports document the evolution of coastal protection works. In other words, this is one of the first accounts of the use of a sea wall to protect a coastal settlement.

Modern Age
Little improvement took place beyond the Roman approach to harbour construction after the Renaissance. Then in the early 19th century, the advent of the steam engine, the search for new lands and trade routes, the expansion of the British Empire through her colonies, and other influences, all contributed to the revitalization of sea trade and a renewed interest in port works.

Twentieth century
Prior to the 1950s, the general practice was to use hard structures to protect against beach erosion or storm damages. These structures included seawalls and revetments or sand-trapping structures such as groynes. During the 1920s and '30s, private or local community interests protected many coastal areas using these techniques on an ad hoc basis. In certain resort areas, structures proliferated to such an extent that the protection impeded recreational uses. Erosion continued, but the structures remained, resulting in a loss of beach area.

The obtrusiveness and cost of these structures led in the late 1940s and early 1950s, to a more dynamic approach. Projects attempted to replicate the protective characteristics of natural beach and dune systems. The resultant use of artificial beaches and stabilized dunes as an engineering approach was economically viable and more environmentally friendly.

Limited knowledge of coastal sediment transport processes often resulted in inappropriate measures of coastal erosion mitigation. In many cases, measures worked locally, but exacerbated problems at other locations -up to tens of kilometers away- or generated other environmental problems.

European Code of Conduct
The essential source on coastal engineering is the European Code of Conduct for Coastal Zones issued by the European Council in 1999. This document was prepared by the Group of Specialists on Coastal Protection and underlies national legislation and practice.

The Group of Specialists originated in 1995, pursuant to a decision by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It emphasized the need for integrated management and planning, but that coastal areas continued to deteriorate. The Group claimed that this was due to difficulties in implementing the concept of "integrated management". The Group proposed that the Council of Europe, cooperate with the Coastal & Marine Union (EUCC) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

Planning approaches
Five generic strategies are involved in coastal defense:

 * Abandonment
 * Managed retreat or realignment, which plans for retreat and adopts engineering solutions that accommodate natural processes of adjustment
 * Armoring by constructing seawalls and other hard structures
 * Construct defenses seaward of the coast
 * Adapting vertically by elevating land and buildings

The choice of strategy is site-specific, depending on pattern of sea-level change, geomorphological setting, sediment availability and erosion, as well as social, economic and political factors.

Alternatively, integrated coastal zone management approaches may be used to prevent development in erosion- or flood-prone areas, reducing the need to address the changes. Growth management can be a challenge for local authorities who must provide the infrastructure required by new residents.

Managed retreat
Managed retreat is an alternative to constructing or maintaining coastal structures. Managed retreat allows an area to erode. Managed retreat is often a response to a change in sediment budget or to sea level rise. The technique is used when the land adjacent to the sea is low in value. A decision is made to allow the land to erode and flood, creating new shoreline habitats. This process may continue over many years.

The earliest managed retreat in the UK was an area of 0.8 ha at Northey Island flooded in 1991. This was followed by Tollesbury and Orplands in Essex, where the sea walls were breached in 1995. In the Ebro Delta (Spain) coastal authorities planned a managed retreat.

The main cost is generally the purchase of land to be abandoned. Relocation compensation may be needed. Human-made structures that will be engulfed by the sea may need to be removed. In some cases, armouring is used to protect land beyond the area to be flooded. Costs may be lowest if existing defences are left to fail naturally, but the realignment project may be more actively managed, for example by creating an artificial breach in existing defences to allow the sea in at a particular place in a controlled fashion, or by pre-forming drainage channels for created salt-marsh.

Managed retreat has become more of a necessary strategy due to climate change, as adaptation strategies can only do so much to stop sea level rise.

Hold the line
Holding the line typically involves shoreline hardening techniques, e.g., using permanent concrete and rock constructions. These techniques--seawalls, groynes, detached breakwaters, and revetments—represent more than 70% of protected shorelines in Europe.

Alternatively, soft engineering techniques supporting natural processes and relying on natural elements such as dunes and vegetation can prevent erosive forces from reaching the back-shore. These techniques include beach nourishment and sand dune stabilization.

Historically coastal strategies were heavily based on static structures, while coastal areas otherwise reflect a dynamic equilibrium. Armouring often has the unintended consequence of moving the problem to another part of the coast. Soft options such as beach nourishment protect coastlines and help to restore the natural dynamism, although they require repeated applications. Maintenance costs can eventually require a strategy change.

Move seaward
In some cases a seaward strategy can be adopted. Examples from erosion include: Koge Bay (Dk), Western Scheldt estuary (Nl), Chatelaillon (Fr) and Ebro delta (Sp).

There is an obvious downside to this strategy. Coastal erosion is already widespread, and there are many coasts where exceptional high tides or storm surges result in encroachment on the shore, impinging on human activity. If the sea rises, many coasts that are developed with infrastructure along or close to the shoreline will be unable to accommodate erosion. They will experience a so-called "coastal squeeze" whereby ecological or geomorphological zones that would normally retreat landwards encounter solid structures and can migrate no further. Wetlands, salt marshes, mangroves and adjacent fresh water wetlands are particularly vulnerable to such a squeeze.

An upside to the strategy is that moving seaward (and upward) can create land of high value which can bring investment.

Limited intervention
Limited intervention is an action taken whereby the management only addresses the problem to a certain extent, usually in areas of low economic significance. Limited intervention often includes the succession of haloseres, including salt marshes and sand dunes. This normally results in protecting the land behind the halosere, as wave energy dissipates throughout the accumulated sediment and additional vegetation in the new habitat. Although the halosere is not strictly man-made, as many natural processes contribute to the succession, anthropogenic factors are partially responsible for the formation, since an initial factor was needed to help start the process of succession.

Groynes

Groynes are ert or walls perpendicular to the coastline to trap the sedimentation of longshore drift to gradually create a beach and for it ongoing protection by eliminating coastal erosion, often made of greenharts, concrete, rock or wood. Material builds up on the downdrift side, where littoral drift is predominantly in one direction, creating a wider and a more plentiful beach, thereby protecting the coast because the sand material filters and absorbs wave energy. However, there is a corresponding loss of beach material on the updrift side, requiring another groyne there. Groynes do not protect the beach against storm-driven waves and if placed too close together create currents that carry material offshore. Shapes of groynes can be straight, outwardly curved away in opposite direction from downdrift.

Groynes are cost-effective, require little maintenance and are one of the most common defences. However, groynes are increasingly viewed as detrimental to the aesthetics of the coastline and face opposition in many coastal communities.

Groynes can be considered a "soft" solution because of the beach enhancement.

Groyne construction creates a problem known as terminal groyne syndrome. The terminal groyne prevents longshore drift from bringing material to other nearby places. This is a problem along the Hampshire and Sussex coastline in the UK; e.g., at Worthing.

Seawalls
Walls of concrete and masonry are used to protect a settlement against erosion or flooding. They are typically about 3 - 5 m high. Older-style vertical seawalls reflected all the energy of the waves back out to sea, and for this purpose were often given recurved crest walls which increased local turbulence, and thus increased entrainment of sand and sediment. During storms, sea walls help longshore drift.

Modern seawalls aim to re-direct most of the incident energy in the form of sloping revetments, resulting in low reflected waves and much reduced turbulence. Designs use porous designs of rock, concrete armour (Tetrapods, Seabees, SHEDs, Xblocs, etc.) with flights of steps for beach access.

The location of a seawall, must consider the swept prism of the beach profile, the consequences of long-term beach recession and amenity crest level, including cost implications.

Sea walls can cause beaches to dissipate. Their presence also alters the landscape that they are trying to protect.

Modern examples can be found at Cronulla (NSW, 1985–6), Blackpool (1986–2001), Lincolnshire (1992–1997) and Wallasey (1983–1993). At Sandwich, Kent the Seabee seawall is buried at the back of the beach under the shingle with crest level at road kerb level.

Sea walls typically cost £10,000 per metre (depending on material, height and width), £10,000,000 per km (depending on material, height and width).

Revetments
Revetments are slanted or upright blockades, built parallel to the coast, usually towards the back of the beach to protect the area beyond. The most basic revetments consist of timber slants with a possible rock infill. Waves break against the revetments, which dissipate and absorb the energy. The shoreline is protected by the beach material held behind the barriers, as the revetments trap some of the material. They may be watertight, covering the slope completely, or porous, to allow water to filter through after the wave energy has been dissipated. Most revetments do not significantly interfere with transport of longshore drift. Since the wall absorbs energy instead of reflecting, the surf progressively erodes and destroys the revetment; therefore, maintenance is ongoing, as determined by the structural material and product quality.

Rock armour
Rock armour is large rocks placed at the sea edge using local material. This is generally used to absorb wave energy and hold beach material. Although effective, this solution is unpopular for aesthetic reasons. Longshore drift is not hindered. Rock armour has a limited lifespan, is not effective in storm conditions and reduces recreational values.

Geotextile tubes
Geotextile tubes or geotubes are large geotextile bags placed at the sea edge filled with locally available sand slurry. This is generally used to absorb wave energy and hold beach material as riprap does. Often referred to as titan tubes as manufactured by Flint Technical Geosolutions. Longshore drift is not hindered.

Gabions
Boulders and rocks are wired into mesh cages and placed in front of areas vulnerable to erosion: sometimes at cliffs edges or at right angles to the beach. When the ocean lands on the gabion, the water drains through leaving sediment, while the structure absorbs a moderate amount of wave energy.

Gabions need to be securely tied to protect the structure.

Downsides include wear rates and visual intrusiveness.

Offshore breakwater
Concrete blocks and/or boulders are sunk offshore to alter wave direction and to filter wave and tide energy. The waves break further offshore and therefore lose erosive power. This leads to wider beaches, which further absorb wave energy. Dolos has replaced the use of concrete blocks because it is more resistant to wave action and requires less concrete to produce a superior result. Similar concrete objects like Dolos are A-jack, Akmon, Xbloc, Tetrapod and Accropode.

Cliff stabilization
Cliff stabilization can be accomplished through drainage of excess rainwater of through terracing, planting and wiring to hold cliffs in place.

Entrance training walls
Training walls are built to constrain a river or creek as it discharges across a sandy coastline. The walls stabilise and deepen the channel which benefits navigation, flood management, river erosion and water quality, but can cause coastal erosion by interrupting longshore drift. One solution is a sand bypassing system to pump sand under/around the training walls.

Floodgates
Storm surge barriers, or floodgates, were introduced after the North Sea Flood of 1953 and prevent damage from storm surges or any other type of natural disaster that could harm the area they protect. They are habitually open and allow free passage, but close under threat of a storm surge. The Thames Barrier is an example of such a structure.

Beach replenishment
Beach replenishment/nourishment involves importing sand from elsewhere and adding it to the existing beach. The imported sand should be of a similar quality to the existing beach material so it can meld with the natural local processes and without adverse effects. Beach nourishment can be used in combination with groynes. The scheme requires repeated applications on an annual or multi-year cycle.

Sand Dune Stabilization
Sand dunes are a common feature of beaches and provide a habitat for many organisms. They are useful when preventing the erosion of beaches, and can catch windblown sand which over time increases the natural formation of the beach. To stabilize sand dunes, foredune flora and backdune flora are planted. Foredune flora are typically plants with a tolerance for salt spray, strong winds and are capable surviving being buried underneath blown sand. Some examples are Ammophila arenaria, Honckenya peploides, Cakile maritima, and Spartina coarctata. Whereas backdune flora grow into dense patches called dune mats, which helps to hold dune structure. Examples of backdune flora are Hudsonia tomentosa, spartina patens, and Iva imbricata. After these plants have taken root, the shrub stage begins. Since the previously established plants have stabilized the dunes, during the shrub stage larger plants with bigger root systems are able to grow. This allows for further stabilization of sand dunes. These larger plants, along with wooden sand fences, footpaths, Dutch ladders and boardwalks help to catch windblown sand.

Stabilizing sand dunes with plants is a common practice and can be implemented on private and public beaches. When implementing the stabilization sand dunes on privately owned beaches with multiple owners, coming to a consensual agreement tends to be complicated. Some owners may prefer to leave the dunes bare, while others would rather plant more visually appealing plants. In comparison, when implementing dune stabilization on publicly owned beaches, there are less parties to confer with. Therefore, agreements about implementation can be reached in a quicker fashion.

Sand dunes are vulnerable to human activities. Therefore, they need as little human interaction as possible for their protection. Human coastal activities has led to the erosion and loss of plant life on sand dunes. Plant life has been established as an important stabilizing factor of sand dunes and the loss of it will cause more erosion. To prevent this, noticeboards, leaflets, and beach wardens explain to visitors how to avoid damaging the area. Also, beach areas can be closed to the public to reduce damage. Another option is fences which allow sand traps to create blowouts and increase windblown sand capture.

Beach drainage
Beach drainage or beach face dewatering lowers the water table locally beneath the beach face. This causes accretion of sand above the drainage system.

Beach watertables have an important bearing on deposition/erosion across the foreshore. In one study a high watertable coincided with accelerated beach erosion, while a low watertable coincided with pronounced aggradation of the foreshore. A lower watertable (unsaturated beach face) facilitates deposition by reducing flow velocities during backwash and prolonging laminar flow. With the beach in a saturated state, backwash velocity is accelerated by the addition of groundwater seepage out of the beach within the effluent zone.

However, no case studies provide indisputable evidence of positive results, although in some cases overall positive performance was reported. Long-term monitoring was not undertaken at a frequency high enough to discriminate the response to high energy erosive events.

A useful side effect of the system is that collected seawater is relatively pure because of sand's filtration effect. Such water may be discharged or be used to oxygenate stagnant inland lagoons/marinas or used as feed for heat pumps, desalination plants, land-based aquaculture, aquariums or swimming pools.

Beach drainage systems have been installed in many locations around the world to halt and reverse erosion trends in sand beaches. Twenty four beach drainage systems have been installed since 1981 in Denmark, USA, UK, Japan, Spain, Sweden, France, Italy and Malaysia.

Buffer zones
Coastal and estuarine ecosystems act as buffer zones against natural hazards and environmental disturbances, such as floods, cyclones, tidal surges and storms. The role they play is to "[absorb] a portion of the impact and thus [lessen] its effect on the land". Wetlands (which include saltwater swamps, salt marshes, ...) and the vegetation it supports – trees, root mats, etc. – retain large amounts of water (surface water, snowmelt, rain, groundwater) and then slowly releases them back, decreasing the likeliness of floods. Mangrove forests protect coastal shorelines from tidal erosion or erosion by currents; a process that was studied after the 1999 cyclone that hit India. Villages that were surrounded with mangrove forests encountered less damages than other villages that weren't protected by mangroves.

Costs
The costs of installation and operation vary due to:
 * system length (non-linear cost elements)
 * pump flow rates (sand permeability, power costs)
 * soil conditions (presence of rock or impermeable strata)
 * discharge arrangement /filtered seawater utilization
 * drainage design, materials selection & installation methods
 * geographical considerations (location logistics)
 * regional economic considerations (local capabilities /costs)
 * study requirements /consent process.

Monitoring
Coastal managers must compensate for error and uncertainty in the information regarding the erosive processes. Video-based monitoring can collect data continuously and produce analyses of shoreline processes.

Event warning systems
Event warning systems, such as tsunami warnings and storm surge warnings, can be used to minimize the human impact of catastrophic events that cause coastal erosion. Storm surge warnings can help determine when to close floodgates.

Wireless sensor networks can aid monitoring.

Shoreline mapping
Defining the shoreline is a difficult task due to its dynamic nature and the intended application. The relevant mapping scale is dependent on the context of the investigation. Generally, the coast comprises the interface between land and sea, and the shoreline is represented by the margin between the two. Investigators adopt the use of shoreline indicators to represent the true shoreline position.

Shoreline indicator

The choice of shoreline indicator is a primary consideration. Indicators must be easily identified in the field and on aerial photography. Shoreline indicators may be morphological features such as the berm crest, scarp edge, vegetation line, dune toe, dune crest and cliff or the bluff crest and toe. Alternatively, non-morphological features may be used such as water level (high water line (HWL), mean high water line) wet/dry boundary and the physical water line. Figure 1 provides a sketch of the spatial relationships between commonly used shoreline indicators.

The HWL (H in Figure 1) is the most commonly used shoreline indicator because it is visible in the field, and can be interpreted on both colour and grey scale aerial photographs. The HWL represents the landward extent of the most recent high tide and is characterised by a change in sand colour due to repeated, periodic inundation by high tides. The HWL is portrayed on aerial photographs by the most landward change in colour or grey tone.

Importance and application
The shoreline location and its changing position over time is of fundamental importance to coastal scientists, engineers and managers. Shoreline monitoring campaigns provide information about historic shoreline location and movement, and about predictions of future change. More specifically the position of the shoreline in the past, at present and where it is predicted to be in the future is useful for in the design of coastal protection, to calibrate and verify numerical models to assess sea level rise, map hazard zones and to regulate coastal development. The location of the shoreline also provides information regarding shoreline reorientation adjacent to structures, beach width, volume and rates of historical change.

Data sources
A variety of data sources are available for examining shoreline position. However, the availability of historical data is limited at many coastal sites and so the choice of data source is largely limited to what is available for the site at a given time. Shoreline mapping techniques have become more automated. The frequent changes in technology prevented the emergence of one standard mapping approach. Each data source and associated method have capabilities and shortcomings.

Historical maps
In the event that a study requires the shoreline position from before aerial photographs, or if the location has poor photographic coverage, historical maps provide an alternative. Many errors are associated with early maps and charts. Such errors may be associated with scale, datum changes, distortions from uneven shrinkage, stretching, creases, tears and folds, different surveying standards, different publication standards and projection errors. The severity of these errors depends on the accuracy of the map and the physical changes that occurred after it was made. The oldest reliable source of shoreline data in the United States dates is the United States Coast Survey T-sheets and dates to the early-to-mid-19th century. In the United Kingdom, many pre-1750 maps and charts were deemed to be inaccurate. The founding of the Ordnance Survey in 1791 improved mapping accuracy.

Aerial photographs
Aerial photographs began to be used in the 1920s to provide topographical data. They provide a good database for compilation of shoreline change maps. Aerial photographs are the most commonly used data source because many coastal areas have extensive aerial photo coverage.Aerial photographs generally provide good spatial coverage. However, temporal coverage is site specific. The interpretation of shoreline position is subjective given the dynamic nature of the coastal environment. This combined with various distortions inherent in aerial photographs can lead to significant error levels. The minimisation of further errors is discussed below.

Object space displacements

Conditions outside of the camera can cause objects in an image to appear displaced from their true ground position. Such conditions may include ground relief, camera tilt and atmospheric refraction.

Relief displacement is prominent when photographing a variety of elevations. This situation causes objects above sea level to be displaced outward from the centre of the photograph and objects below ground level to be displaced toward the centre of the image (Figure 2). The severity of the displacement is negatively associated with decreases in flight altitude and as radial distance from the centre of the photograph increases. This distortion can be minimised by photographing multiple swaths and creating a mosaic of the images. This technique creates a focus for the centre of each photograph where distortion is minimised. This error is not common in shoreline mapping as the relief is fairly constant. It is however important to consider when mapping cliffs.

Ideally aerial photographs are taken so the optical axis of the camera is perfectly perpendicular to the ground surface, thereby creating a vertical photograph. Unfortunately this is often not the case and virtually all aerial photographs experience tilt up to 3°. In this situation the scale of the image is larger on the upward side of the tilt axis and smaller on the downward side. Many coastal researchers do not consider this in their work.

Radial lens distortion
Lens distortion varies as a function of radial distance from the iso-centre of the photograph meaning that the centre of the image is relatively distortion free, but as the angle of view increases distortion. This is a significant source of error in earlier aerial photography. Such a distortion is impossible to correct for without knowing the details of the lens used to capture the image. Overlapping images can be used to resolve errors.

Shoreline delineation
The dynamic nature of coasts compromises shoreline mapping. This uncertainty arises because at any given time the position of the shoreline is influenced by the immediate tidal effects and a variety of long-term effects such as relative sea-level rise and along shore littoral sediment movement. This affects the accuracy of computed historic shoreline position and predictions. HWL is most commonly used as a shoreline indicator. Many errors are associated with using the wet/dry line as a proxy for the HWL and shoreline. The errors of largest concern are the short-term migration of the wet/dry line, interpretation of the wet/dry line on a photograph and measurement of the interpreted line position. Systematic errors such as the migration of the wet/dry line arise from tidal and seasonal changes. Erosion may cause the wet/dry line to migrate. Field investigations have shown that these changes can be minimised by using only summertime data.; Furthermore, the error bar can be significantly reduced by using the longest record of reliable data to calculate erosion rates. Errors may arise due to the difficulty of measuring a single line on a photograph. For example, where the pen line is 0.13 mm thick this translates to an error of ±2.6 m on a 1:20000 scale photograph.

Beach profiling surveys
Beach profiling surveys are typically repeated at regular intervals along the coast in order to measure short-term (daily to annual) variations in shoreline position and beach volume. Beach profiling is a very accurate source of information. However, measurements are generally subject to the limitations of conventional surveying techniques. Shoreline data derived from beach profiling is often spatially and temporally limited due to the high cost associated with that labour-intensive activity. Shorelines are generally derived by interpolating from a series of discrete beach profiles. The distance between the profiles is usually quite large, limiting the accuracy of the interpolating. Survey data is limited to smaller lengths of shoreline generally less than ten kilometres. Beach profiling data is commonly available in from regional councils in New Zealand.

Remote sensing
A range of airborne, satellite and land based remote sensing techniques can provide additional, mappable data. Remotely sensed data sources include:

 * Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging
 * Microwave sensors
 * Global positioning system (GPS)
 * Airborne light detection and ranging technology (LIDAR)

Remote sensing techniques can be cost effective, reduce manual error and reduce the subjectivity of conventional field techniques. Remote sensing is a relatively new concept, limiting extensive historical observations. Coastal morphology observations must be quantified by coupling remotely sensed data with other sources of information detailing historic shoreline position from archived sources.

Video analysis
Video analysis provides quantitative, cost-effective, continuous and long-term monitoring beaches. The advancement of coastal video systems in the twenty-first century enabled the extraction of large amounts of geophysical data from images. The data describes coastal morphology, surface currents and wave parameters. The main advantage of video analysis lies in the ability to reliably quantify these parameters with high resolution space and time coverage. This highlights their potential as an effective coastal monitoring system and an aid to coastal zone management. Interesting case studies have been carried out using video analysis. One group used a video-based ARGUS coastal imaging system to monitor and quantify the regional-scale coastal response to sand nourishment and construction of the world-first Gold Coast artificial surfing reef in Australia. Another assessed the added value of high resolution video observations for short-term predictions of near shore hydrodynamic and morphological processes, at temporal scales of meters to kilometres and days to seasons.

Video analysis gives coastal zone managers the opportunity to obtain bathymetry. It can be used to obtain inter-tidal topographies and sub-tidal bathymetries and measure coastal zone resilience [as in available beach volume as well as sub-tidal bar configuration]. Video-based depth estimations were applied in micro/meso tidal environments at DUCK, NC and highly energetic wave climates with a macro tidal regime at Porthtowan in the United Kingdom. The latter showed the application of video-based depth estimations during extreme storms.

title: Coastal management


text:
DHL de Guatemala

DHL de Guatemala S.A. is a cargo airline based in Guatemala City, Guatemala. It is wholly owned by Deutsche Post and provides services for the group's DHL-branded logistics network in Guatemala. Its main base is La Aurora International Airport.

Destinations
DHL de Guatemala operates freight services to the following international scheduled destinations (at January 2005):

Current fleet
The DHL De Guatemala fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of October 2022):

Additionally, DHL de Guatemala operates a few Boeing 757-200PCFs to Central America on behalf from DHL Aero Expreso.

Former fleet

 * 1 Boeing 727-100F
 * 2 Dassault Falcon 20
 * 1 Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

Accidents and incidents

 * On April 7, 2022, DHL de Guatemala Flight 7216, a Boeing 757-200PCF (registered HP-2010DAE) operated by DHL Aero Expreso, made an emergency landing after taking off from Juan Santamaría International Airport due to hydraulic issues. After the aircraft landed back, it veered off the runway and broke up into two parts after falling into a ditch. The accident caused No casualties nor injuries. The airport was shut down for several hours after the crash and the aircraft was written off.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: DHL de Guatemala


text: User talk:80.126.130.198

title: User talk:80.126.130.198


text:
José María Albareda

José María Albareda Herrera (Caspe, 15 April 1902 - 26 February 1966, Madrid) was a Spanish soil scientist and science administrator. From its 1939 creation by Francoist Spain to his 1966 death, he was the secretary general and head of the Higher Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), the main Spanish scientific institution.

He was one of the first numerary members of the Opus Dei (from 1937) and was a close friend of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá. He was ordained a priest in 1959. In 1960, he was appointed the first president of the University of Navarra.

title: José María Albareda


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben Burch

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (thus keep). Borderline case, two delete votes by well-established WPians (Willmcw and Friday) plus the implied by the nominator (also well established) plus ones by WinOne4TheGipper and anonymous contributors, against two weak keep votes. Keeping because of "when in doubt, don't delete". -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:50, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Ben Burch
Vanity article, either delete or merge with USER:BenBurchuser page for Mr. Burch. Vanity_page Dominick 18:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak Keep - seems to be a notable person, and notable people are eligible for articles. — Stevie is the man!  Talk 18:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't see any real notability. Further, this page seems to be an attack page rather than a vanity. Either way, it serves little useful purpose. -Willmcw 19:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * !!!Delete it!!! - Ben is an admitted attention whore. Let him get his attention on DU and not waste Wikipedia's bandwidth on him.
 * What the heck is DU? --Daniel C. Boyer 20:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Democratic Underground where apparently Burch is a participant according to the article. --Metropolitan90 21:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The history of this article contains text that expands upon who this person is, and I Googled some of that info to confirm. He's "notable enough" for an article, IMHO.  He's not merely a DU participant. —  Stevie is the man!  Talk 21:43, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The person is an unknown. It serves no purpose.
 * Very weak keep. Webmaster position barely, barely could provide excuse for notability.  But I make this vote quite reluctantly, and article is in desperate need of expansion.  --Daniel C. Boyer 20:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Little known person of zero importance. User:WinOne4TheGipper
 * Speedy as CSD:A7. Delete No assertion of notability that goes past what 10,000 other people have done with their lives.--Isotope23 21:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not speedy because the article at least makes a claim of notability, and hence does not fall under A7.CastAStone 22:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Who the hell is this guy? His article seems to be simply a bunch of sentences on a prostitute enthusiast.  I didn't realize paying for sex made someone notable...
 * Current version at least tries to establish notability. changing my vote.--Isotope23 00:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I reverted the article to a slightly better version, but it still offers little claim of notability. According to Alexa, the "traffic Rank for whiterosesociety.org: 118,696". -Willmcw 22:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I see no real assertion of notability. There's also nothing verifiable.  Friday (talk) 22:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE! The guy is a total perv and an attention whore....
 * Note: This vote comes from an anon who committed a vandalism. — Stevie is the man!  Talk 22:06, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - Note please that I did not create this entry myself. This was created by somebody attempting to smear Democratic Underground by pointing out my sexworker's rights activism (which was written about in Salon long ago) and very "out" bisexuality.  I have no opinion about whether this ought to be kept or not.  Decide that on whatever you think the merits are.  BenBurch 16:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Mr. Burch, this also isn't directed at you. Most people would take it an insult to be told they are NOT notable. Thanks for not taking this personally, most people can see it is not. Dominick 13:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm about the least notable person I know, Dominick. I just try to get other people's voices heard.  BenBurch 16:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Gallitzin Tunnel

The Gallitzin Tunnels in Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, are a set of three adjacent tunnels through the Allegheny Mountains in western Pennsylvania. They were completed in 1854, 1855, and 1902 by the Pennsylvania Railroad as part of the cross-state route that includes the nearby Horseshoe Curve to the east. Their ownership has since passed to Penn Central Transportation Company, then to Conrail, and most recently to the Norfolk Southern Railway. The tunnels are currently used by Norfolk Southern freight trains and Amtrak Pennsylvanian passenger trains.

Construction
The first tunnel, which is the middle of the three bores through the mountain, was built by the PRR from 1851 to 1854. Originally named "Summit" Tunnel, it is 3,612 feet long at an elevation of 2,167 feet above mean sea level and is known today as the Allegheny Tunnel.

The second tunnel, the southernmost of the bores, was constructed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855 as part of the New Portage Railroad (NPRR). In 1857, the PRR bought the New Portage Railroad from the Commonwealth, and appropriated the "Allegheny" name for its "Summit" tunnel. The PRR took the New Portage Tunnel out of service shortly thereafter. In the 1890s, it was expanded to two tracks and used as the primary route for eastbound traffic.

The third tunnel, the Gallitzin Tunnel, was begun in 1902 and opened in 1904 immediately to the north of the Allegheny Tunnel.

Later history
In the early 1990s, Conrail (with money from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) enlarged the Allegheny and New Portage Tunnels to accommodate double-stack container on flatcar (COFC) trains. The New Portage Tunnel was opened for eastbound COFC traffic in 1993. The Allegheny Tunnel was enlarged from its original 1854 cross-section to contain two tracks that could be used for double-stack rail transport in either direction. The work was completed in September 1995, and the Gallitzin Tunnel (which was not enlarged) was taken out of service.

Amtrak's Pennsylvanian trains travel through the tunnel.

Gallitzin Tunnels Park & Museum
Near the closed tunnel sits the Gallitzin Tunnels Park & Museum, which has a restored 1942 Pennsylvania caboose whose interior is visible to visitors. The museum, which sits across the street, has exhibits about the area's railroad, industrial, social, and religious heritage; a gift shop, and a theater. The museum building also houses borough offices, a police station, a library, and an archival room.

title: Gallitzin Tunnel


text:
User:Titoxd/UserPage

Esperanza Userboxes
(Moved to Template namespace)

Other boxes
Thanks to Essjay for letting me adapt the following userboxes!

User:Titoxd/UserPage/Vandalism
While this one isn't from Essjay, it follows the same theme:

User Affiliation Templates
The following templates create a Babel-like box, but are coded in a way that it allows users to use templates other than the Babel userboxes (or even text). The example on the right uses the Affil 5 template:
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 1
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 2
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 3
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 4
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 5
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 6
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 7
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 8
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 9
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 10
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 11
 * User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 12

title: User:Titoxd/UserPage


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Hamilton Old Parish Church

Hamilton Old Parish Church is a Church of Scotland parish church serving part of the Burgh of Hamilton in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is notable for its Georgian architecture and the church and grounds are Category A listed.

History
The church was built between 1729 and 1732. It replaced the parish's 15th-century Collegiate Church, which was located at another site, close to the mausoleum in Strathclyde Park. The church is an unusual, largely circular design. The church was built to a design by William Adam. It is said to be the only church building to have been designed by him. The interior was recast in 1926.

The church contains a memorial to four covenantors executed in Edinburgh in 1666. The church contains a stained glass window by Ballantine and Gardiner, representing Jesus, Martha and Mary that was fitted in 1876 in memory of Mrs James Stevenson.

Churchyard
The churchyard contains the Netherton Cross, an historic stone cross that dates to the 10th or 11th century. The cross is of red sandstone and is cited as a rare example of ecclesiastical sculpture from the former British early medieval Kingdom of Strathclyde. The cross was found in the grounds of Hamilton Palace and moved to the churchyard in 1926. The cross is reported to be under threat due to years of weathering.

The churchyard also contains several Covenanters memorials. Several of the graves are stated to be burials from the Battle of Bothwell Bridge.

The entrance to the churchyard from Cadzow street is marked by coped sandstone walls and entrance gatepiers. The grounds of the churchyard cemetery are open to visitors but burials no longer take place.

Ministers
The current minister is the Reverend Ross Blackman BSc MBA BD(Honours), who was ordained and inducted on 19 November 2015. Mr Blackman studied at Highland Theological College and University of Glasgow. The previous ministers include: Rev John Thomson (2001-2014), and Rev Dr Hugh Wyllie, who was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1992. Dr Wyllie is one of three ministers of Hamilton Old to have served as Moderator of the General Assembly since the end of the Second World War, the others being Matthew Stewart in 1947 and John Fraser in 1958.

Until 1960 this was a collegiate charge with two ministers. After this date John McKechnie, who had been minister of the second charge, became minister of the united charge. There were also two buildings - the Old Church and Auchingramont Church. Auchingramont Church was closed during the ministry of Douglas Macnaughton, who succeeded John McKechnie.

title: Hamilton Old Parish Church


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Category talk:Kazakhstani people

Untitled
Continued from the previous Cfr discussion: Since Kazakhs account for 53% of the population of the present-day Kazakhstan (30% are Russians, according to demographics of Kazakhstan), and there's over a million of Kazakhs residing in Xinjiang, PRC, and more than 0.7 million in Uzbekistan (see demographics of Uzbekistan), there are Kazakhs who are not Kazakhstanis, and vice versa. Therefore I would like to propose to keep two separate categories, one for people of the ethnic group, and one for citizens of the country. — Instantnood 18:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I left Category:Kazakh people as a soft redirect for now, instead of deleting it. I think you may want to invite anyone who participated in the Cfd to the disucssion to explain what articles you may think will fit there. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks so much Who. Actually I guess the category for members of the ethnic group can be created straight away. If there's no strong objection, or opinion suggesting category:Kazakhs should be preferred, I am going to make the bold edit to category:Kazakh people, to add an intro stating it's a category for the ethnic group. — Instantnood 21:32, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Kazakhstani people


text:
Category talk:Kazakh people

Untitled
Continued from the previous Cfr discussion: Since Kazakhs account for 53% of the population of the present-day Kazakhstan (30% are Russians, according to demographics of Kazakhstan), and there's over a million of Kazakhs residing in Xinjiang, PRC, and more than 0.7 million in Uzbekistan (see demographics of Uzbekistan), there are Kazakhs who are not Kazakhstanis, and vice versa. Therefore I would like to propose to keep two separate categories, one for people of the ethnic group, and one for citizens of the country. (Please reply at category talk:Kazakhstani people. Thanks.) — Instantnood 18:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. --Erkin2008 08:23, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Kazakh people


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Talk:Sonic PS3

About Article
I did this article about the upcoming Sonic game. Feel free to discuss or to contribute. If I didn't do it right, tell me. --Vodka Martini, Shaken Not Stirred 18:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonic PS3


text: User talk:130.156.6.213

title: User talk:130.156.6.213


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Talk:Partridge Berry

Just another thing to note: in Newfoundland, a completely different plant is always referred to as Partridgeberries (listed on Wikipedia under Lingonberries). Is it possible to add a disambiguation page to allow the selection based on such a context? Justin Bathurst.

title: Talk:Partridge Berry


text: User talk:64.250.195.137

title: User talk:64.250.195.137


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Talk:On-to-Ottawa Trek

Untitled
This article is factually incorrect. The Trekkers rode trains all the way to Regina, where they were stopped by the federal government -- the leaders of the Trek were then taken to Ottawa by train where they met with the Prime Minister, who refused to listen to their demands. The leaders were returned to Regina, where the tragedy occured

Looks like that's been addressed. I also added in the Commies - whatever people may think of the Communist Party, they were critical to how things shaped up in these event. True, unrest and protest would likely have happened regardless, but not in the same way and possibly not with the same consequences. This article could still use some polishing up.Bobanny 16:55, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2019 and 20 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mya.Henson.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:40, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

agitators?
I'm returning the term "agitators" to describe the Communists. It's not POV, since whether or not its viewed as pejorative depends on how you feel about what it describes, just as "communist" has a negative connotation for people opposed to communism. It's especially appropriate for this period, which the Communist Party considered an era of revolutionary working class upheaval. It's also how Communists thought of their own work; the term agitprop for example was coined by Communists in this period. Bobanny 21:47, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I was just going to do the same thing. They considered themselves agitators, so I can't imagine it would be offensive to anyone. - TheMightyQuill 23:28, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Many factual errors
I may put time into this in the future.. but it is unlikely.

It is impossible for the Regina Police and RCMP to be using MP-40s in 1935. The dates are ambiguous as to when they storm the square. It one occurrence (June 28th?) they also stormed out of the Regina Police Station rather than ice cream trucks (Waiser, 2003, 171). On June 30th, they may have meant furniture vans (177)

On June 30th the city police had 38-calibre guns.. whereas the RCMP made sure none of their members had sidearms when leaving the barracks (178) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.225.26.231 (talk) 04:13, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

Motion to remove the Regina Riot section
As of right now, there are no citations in the Regina Riot section. I suggest this section be removed unless at least one or two sources can be added. I also suggest the Effects section be shortened unless another citation can be added. Listen1st (talk) 17:29, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:On-to-Ottawa Trek


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Talk:Erica Rowe

Apparently she wasn't the first person to streak at Twickenham. She is notable for being the first woman to do so.

title: Talk:Erica Rowe


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User:Kalbers

I work on Omeka.

title: User:Kalbers


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Arnie Weinmeister

Arnold George Weinmeister (March 23, 1923 – June 28, 2000) was a Canadian professional football player who was a defensive tackle. He went to four Pro Bowls, but with only a six-year tenure in the All-America Football Conference and National Football League combined, his career is one of the shortest of any Pro Football Hall of Fame member. He also played in the Canadian Football League. He was born in Rhein, Saskatchewan.

Early life
Weinmeister was a two-time All-City tackle in high school, and played end, fullback and tackle during a 4-year tenure at the University of Washington which was interrupted by four years of army service. He was scouted by New York Yankees (AAFC) head coach Ray Flaherty while playing fullback.

Professional career
Weinmeister turned professional in 1948 and played defensive tackle for the New York Yankees in the All-America Football Conference until 1949, and for the New York Giants from 1950 to 1953. During his final season in New York, he served as the team captain. In 1949, Weinmeister won second-team All-AAFC as a rookie followed by first-team All-AAFC honors, was voted All-NFL Choice for four consecutive years (1950–1953), and was selected to play in the NFL's Pro Bowl every year from 1950 to 1953.

He was on the inaugural roster for the BC Lions in 1954, and played for the team for two seasons. He is one of five Saskatchewan natives to make it to the NFL (the other four being Jon Ryan, Rueben Mayes, Ben Heenan, and Brett Jones).

title: Arnie Weinmeister


text:
Toilet Paper (South Park)

"Toilet Paper" is the third episode of the seventh season of the American animated sitcom South Park, and the 99th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central on April 2, 2003.

In the episode, the boys decide to get revenge on their art teacher for giving them detention by covering her house in toilet paper. Kyle starts having nightmares about the ordeal and is desperate to confess, but Cartman plans to kill him so he doesn't rat them out.

The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA L in the United States. The character Josh parodied Anthony Hopkins' portrayal of Hannibal Lecter in films based on the novels of Thomas Harris.

Plot
Mrs. Streibel, the art teacher, gives the boys detention for making a phallus out of clay and talking back to her in art class. Enraged, they take revenge by toilet papering her house that night. Kyle is horrified to discover that she has kids and soon regrets the deed, later having nightmares about it. The next day, the boys are called to the counsellor's office, and Cartman comes up with a ridiculously elaborate alibi involving Ally Sheedy and Scientologists. With Kyle struggling to comprehend the details of this convoluted story, Cartman grows concerned that he may confess. Cartman decides to eliminate the risk of Kyle confessing by taking matters into his own hands. He takes Kyle on a boat ride on Stark's Pond and begins to beat him to death with a wiffle bat, which was the only weapon he could afford. Kyle, nevertheless, is so guilt-ridden that he does not defend himself.

Officer Barbrady absurdly exaggerates the weight of the crime and begins an investigation (since he really has nothing better to do that day), but is unable to come up with any solid leads. He seeks help from Josh Myers, a convicted toilet-paperer, who is serving a three-week sentence in Park County Juvenile Hall for toilet papering over 600 houses in less than a year. After several interviews, during which Josh applies psychological pressure on Barbrady, he comes a little closer to solving the case. Later, Barbrady forces a confession out of Butters after injecting him with sodium pentothal and interrogating him for over forty hours, but Butters' parents, furious, arrive to absolve him for confessing to a crime that he did not commit, which he has apparently done before. After seeing Butters get in trouble for their actions, Stan and Kenny are finally convinced that they ought to confess. Stan tells Cartman that, if he has a conscience, he will do the same. Cartman, however, is completely oblivious to the concept of "feeling bad for other people" and is utterly bewildered at his friends' reasoning. He attempts to kill all three of them in a last-ditch attempt, but fails due to once again using the wiffle bat.

The next morning, Barbrady brings Josh along with him to Principal Victoria's office, but before he can speak, Mr. Mackey announces that the true toilet paperer has already confessed. Just then, Stan, Kyle and Kenny rush into the office, only to find out that it is Cartman, having obviously done it in a bid to secure a better deal for himself: each of the boys ends up with two-week detention, except for Cartman, who gets only one for "being brave" (Cartman considered it a pyrrhic victory, as he later laments having to spend one week of detention). Kyle is outraged and he finds this unfair because he was supposed to confess and do the right thing, not Cartman. Josh manages to trick the police and flee. At the conclusion of the episode, he calls Officer Barbrady and thanks him for enabling his escape. Despite Barbrady's pleas—"Josh, you have to go back to Juvenile Hall: you only have a three-week sentence!"—Josh puts down the phone and, armed with bags of toilet paper, slowly approaches the White House as sinister music plays in the background.

Cultural references

 * Josh's scenes and feigned behavior are an allusion to the character Hannibal Lecter from Thomas Harris' novels, particularly the then-recent Red Dragon and Anthony Hopkins' portrayal of the character.
 * The scene in which the boys toilet paper Mrs. Streibel's house is a reference to the film Platoon (Adagio for Strings by Samuel Barber plays in the background).
 * In the same scene, Kyle's hesitance to toilet paper Mrs. Streibel's house when he sees her children is a reference to Scarface, when Tony Montana does not wish to assassinate a UN lobbyist with his family.
 * In Kyle's second dream sequence is real footage of figure skater Nancy Kerrigan screaming "Why?! Why?!" after her 1994 attack.
 * The scenes where Cartman takes Kyle out on a "boat ride" and the one where he takes all three boys out for one are references to the movie The Godfather Part II, when Michael Corleone orders Al Neri to take Michael's brother Fredo on a fishing trip to be killed.

title: Toilet Paper (South Park)


text: User talk:82.7.235.228

title: User talk:82.7.235.228


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Ariel Levy (writer)

Ariel Levy (born 1974) is an American staff writer at The New Yorker magazine and the author of the books The Rules Do Not Apply and Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. Her work has appeared in The Washington Post, The New Yorker, Vogue, Slate, and The New York Times. Levy was named one of the "Forty Under 40" most influential out individuals in the June/July 2009 issue of The Advocate.

Early life and education
Levy was raised in a Jewish family in Larchmont, New York, and attended Wesleyan University in the 1990s, graduating in 1996. She says that her experiences at Wesleyan, which had "coed showers, on principle," strongly influenced her views regarding modern sexuality. After graduating from Wesleyan, she was briefly employed by Planned Parenthood but claims that she was fired because she is "an extremely poor typist." She was hired by New York magazine shortly thereafter.

Writings
At The New Yorker magazine, where Levy has been a staff writer since 2008, she has written profiles of Cindy McCain, Silvio Berlusconi, Edith Windsor, Caster Semenya, Lamar Van Dyke, Mike Huckabee and Callista Gingrich. At New York magazine, where Levy was a contributing editor for 12 years, she wrote about John Waters, Stanley Bosworth, Donatella Versace, the writer George W. S. Trow, the feminist Andrea Dworkin, and the artists Ryan McGinley and Dash Snow. Levy has explored issues regarding American drug use, gender roles, lesbian history and culture, and the popularity of US pop culture staples such as Sex and the City. Some of these articles allude to Levy's personal thoughts on the status of modern feminism.

Levy criticized the pornographic video series Girls Gone Wild after she followed its camera crew for three days, interviewed both the makers of the series and the women who appeared on the videos, and commented on the series' concept and the debauchery she was witnessing. Many of the young women Levy spoke with believed that bawdy and liberated were synonymous.

Levy's experiences amid Girls Gone Wild appear again in Female Chauvinist Pigs, in which she attempts to explain "why young women today are embracing raunchy aspects of our culture that would likely have caused their feminist foremothers to vomit." In today's culture, Levy writes, the idea of a woman participating in a wet T-shirt contest or being comfortable watching explicit pornography has become a symbol of strength; she says that she was surprised at how many people, both men and women, working for programs such as Girls Gone Wild told her that this new "raunch" culture marked not the downfall of feminism but its triumph, but Levy was unconvinced.

Levy's work is anthologized in The Best American Essays of 2008, New York Stories, and 30 Ways of Looking at Hillary.

In 2013 The New Yorker published her essay, "Thanksgiving in Mongolia" about the loss of her newly-born son at 19 weeks while traveling alone in Mongolia. In March 2017, Random House published Levy's book, The Rules Do Not Apply: A Memoir, about her miscarriage, an affair, her spouse's alcoholism, and their eventual divorce.

Levy was the co-writer for Demi Moore's 2019 autobiography, Inside Out.

In April 2020, Levy wrote a controversial article for The New Yorker about Renee Bach, a white American missionary accused of pretending to be a medical professional and performing procedures on Ugandan children. Levy took a sympathetic view towards Bach. The group No White Saviors, whose co-founder, Kelsey Nielsen, was interviewed for the article, demanded a full retraction and apology, claiming Nielsen was misquoted and discredited, and that Levy "underrepresented and manipulated" the experiences of alleged victims and purposely left out evidence against Bach in the article.

Levy, along with actor John Turturro, adapted Philip Roth's novel Sabbath's Theater for the stage. In 2023, the Signature Theatre Company produced it at the Romulus Linney Courtyard Theatre of the Pershing Square Signature Center, an off-Broadway theater, with Turturro starring as Mickey Sabbath.

Personal life
Levy is openly bisexual. She married Amy Norquist in 2007. They divorced in 2012. Levy chronicled the divorce in her memoir. In 2017, she married John Gasson, a doctor from South Africa who tended to her during her miscarriage in Mongolia.

title: Ariel Levy (writer)


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Jerusalem Prize

The Jerusalem Prize for the Freedom of the Individual in Society is a biennial literary award given to writers whose works have dealt with themes of human freedom in society.

It is awarded at the Jerusalem International Book Forum (previously known as the Jerusalem International Book Fair), and the recipient usually delivers an address when accepting the award. The award is valued at $10,000.

The prize's inaugural year was 1963, awarded to Bertrand Russell who had won the Nobel Prize in 1950. Octavio Paz, V. S. Naipaul, J. M. Coetzee, and Mario Vargas Llosa all won the Jerusalem Prize prior to winning the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In the intervening even-numbered years there is also a National Jerusalem Prize to promote local Israeli authors. For example, in 1994 the Jerusalem Prize was won by Naomi Gal.

title: Jerusalem Prize


text: User talk:80.217.101.85

title: User talk:80.217.101.85


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Category:Forts in the United Kingdom

Most of the forts in this category were built between the 16th and 20th centuries. In the United Kingdom the term fort superseded the term castle in the Tudor period when the royal family and the nobility stopped building new fortified residences for themselves.

See also:
 * Castles in the United Kingdom which contains articles about many castles of the 11th to 16th centuries, and some later non-military buildings styled as castles.
 * Archaeological sites in the United Kingdom which contains articles about Anglo-Saxon, Roman and early British forts.

title: Category:Forts in the United Kingdom


text:
Talk:William Seymour Tyler

Untitled
William Tyler is listed as #214 in Amherst College class of 1830 at this link if it is operational: []

title: Talk:William Seymour Tyler


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Sangrur

Sangrur is a city in Sangrur district of the Indian state of Punjab, India. It is the headquarters of Sangrur District.

Geography
Sangrur is located at 30.25056°N, 75.84417°W. It has an average elevation of 237 metres (778 feet).

Health services
City has PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur for providing medical facilities to citizens. Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital has been set up at Sangrur by Tata Memorial Centre in collaboration with Govt. of Punjab

Demographics
At the 2011 census Sangrur Municipal Council had a population of 88,043 with 46,931 males and 41,112 females, giving a gender ratio of 876. There were 9,027 children 0–6 years old and an overall literacy rate of 83.54% - 87.92% for males and 78.56% for females.

Politics
Sangrur city is part of the Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency. By-election to Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency is scheduled to be held on 23 June 2022.

Banasar Bagh
The Banasar Garden of Sangrur City is the most popular picnic spot of the city. It is a building with 12 doors having a marble Baradari. It lies in the middle of a pond, which is accessible through a small bridge. This bridge leads to a marble gate, which is present on the western side of these gardens. Its surroundings comprise four towers, numerous walkways, many plants and trees and a mini zoo. In ancient times, the rulers of Jind State used to spend their summers in the buildings around these gardens.

The Jind State Memorial Museum
The Durbar Hall, built in or around 1865, in the Banasar Bagh complex is now converted into a museum by the Department of Culture, Punjab Government, which houses a collection of items used by the Jind State Royals. Also it has a collection of arms and armoury displayed.

Shahi Samadhan
The ‘Shahi Samadhan’ or the tombs of the erstwhile Jind state's rulers. Of the 16 samadhis, 14 were constructed over 125 years ago with bricks and lime-surkhi (brick powder), while two were built around 60–65 years ago with marble, etc. Some of these samadhis are of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's maternal grandfather Maharaja Gajpat Singh and maternal uncle Maharaja Bhag Singh, Maharaja Fateh Singh, Maharaja Sangat Singh, Maharaja Sarup Singh, Maharaja Ranbir Singh and Maharaja Rajbir Singh. All these samadhis are situated in a complex outside the Nabha Gate.

The Clock Tower
The heritage Clock Tower, constructed in 1885, is located near the Judicial Courts complex. The grand clock tower was commissioned by Maharaja Raghubir Singh from the Canal Foundry Roorkee.

Maha Kali Devi Mandir
Located on Patiala Gate Market road, the historic temple of Maha Kali Devi Ji was built in 1867. The temple complex houses beautiful shrines of various deities of Hinduism.

Notable people

 * Karamjit Anmol, comedian, actor and singer
 * Binnu Dhillon, comedian, actor
 * Naresh Goyal, founder of Jet Airways
 * Bhagwant Mann, current Chief Minister of Punjab
 * Rana Ranbir, comedian ,actor
 * Muhammad Sadiq, famous punjabi singer
 * Akali Phula Singh
 * Udham Singh, Freedom Fighter
 * Sardar Sohi, actor
 * Joginder Singh Ugrahan, farmer leader
 * Kabir Waraich, racing driver

title: Sangrur


text: User talk:86.2.103.69

title: User talk:86.2.103.69


text:
User talk:Pinkturtle

Welcome!
Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Glad to see your Marion Roach article show up. I'm making some minor edits there now--you may want to take a look later and see the things I've changed for your own reference (it might give you an idea of a few of the usual formatting guidelines).

I hope you like the place and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page (below).
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Happy editing, and have a good time! If there's ever anything I can help with (or if you just want to say hey) feel free to swing by my talk page! --Dvyost 01:44, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

2nd welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * Thanks for your contributions. You can create subsections by using == Section name == and create links by using Article name . AndyZ 23:24, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

"Crazy" analysis
I'm sorry, but I don't think the analysis of Crazy (song) really belongs. No other songs on Wikipedia are analyzed in that fashion. - furrykef (Talk at me) 05:18, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Marion Roach for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Marion Roach is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Marion Roach until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Mccapra (talk) 05:30, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pinkturtle


text:
KMLE

KMLE (107.9 FM) is a commercial radio station, licensed to Chandler, Arizona, and serving the Phoenix metropolitan area. The station is owned by Audacy, Inc. and airs a country music radio format. The studios and offices are on North Central Avenue in Downtown Phoenix.

The transmitter is off Road D in South Mountain Park amid other towers for Phoenix-area FM and TV stations. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 96,000 watts (100,000 with beam tilt). KMLE broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. Its HD2 subchannel carries a sports gambling format known as "The Bet."

Early years
KMLE's first owners got a construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission in 1979, to build a new FM station under the call sign KLRG. Those call letters were never used, and the owners eventually acquired the KMLE call sign on June 18 of that year. The station officially signed on the air on April 18, 1980. The station was owned by Radio KMLE, Inc., with George T. Wilson serving as President and General Manager.

At first, KMLE aired an easy listening format. For most of the 1980s, it was a brokered time Christian radio outlet. National and local religious leaders would pay the station a fee for half hour segments of airtime, during which they could ask for donations to their radio ministry.

Switch to country
On October 24, 1988, Shamrock Broadcasting purchased the station and changed the station's format to country music as "Camel Country". At the time, KNIX-FM was often the leading station in the Phoenix ratings, having been a country outlet since 1969, first under the ownership of singer and TV host Buck Owens and later Clear Channel Communications, now known as iHeartMedia.

Since then, KMLE and KNIX have been locked in a long time battle for Phoenix country listeners. Occasionally there would be a third country station in Phoenix as well, but those attempts did not last more than a few years, with KMLE and KNIX often trading the lead among country listeners.

Ownership changes
In 1997, KMLE was acquired by Chancellor Media, which later merged into AMFM, Inc. In 2000, the station came under the ownership of the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation. Infinity was later merged into CBS Radio.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.

On-air staff
As of April 6, 2022 KMLE @ 107.9 is home to Gunner & Cheyenne in the morning drive, Katie & Company in middays, Kimo in the afternoon drive home and Rob & Holly at night.

HD Radio
KMLE broadcasts in the HD Radio format. The main signal is a simulcast of KMLE's country music programming. At first, the HD2 signal carried Tim and Willy's Classic Country. Tim and Willy were terminated from the radio station during the summer of 2012. The HD2 subchannel now carries "Country Thunder." In November and December, it switches to all-Christmas music, with only a few public service announcements per hour and no commercials.

On February 23, 2022, KMLE added The Bet to its HD3 subchannel.

title: KMLE