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Musō Gonnosuke

Musō Gonnosuke Katsuyoshi  (夢想權之助勝吉) was a samurai of the early 17th century and the traditional founder of the Koryu school of jojutsu known as Shintō Musō-ryū (神道夢想流/神道無想流). He engaged in two duels with the legendary swordsman Miyamoto Musashi, although the second duel's occurrence is disputed.

Traditional origin
Musō Gonnosuke Katsuyoshi was born into a samurai family, and like many other famous samurai and martial art founders, claimed to trace their lineage to a family of the classical period of samurai. His family is supposedly descended from Kiso Kanja No Taiyu Kakumei , a retainer of the famous samurai general Minamoto Yoshinaka. Gonnosuke's original family name is said to have been Hirano and that he used his given name of Gonbei in his early days. Unlike his future counterpart, Miyamoto Musashi, Gonnosuke was not a rōnin (masterless samurai) through a defeat in battle such as is claimed with Musashi in the battle of Sekigahara, but had gone out on the road on a warrior pilgrimage to improve his skills in duels and by learning from different martial arts schools on the road. This was a common tradition called musha shugyō and many samurai wishing to develop their martial abilities undertook such travels frequently. Musashi had probably been a part of the losing side in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and had since been a rōnin and undertaking his own musha shugyō.

Early life on the road
The Shintō Musō-ryū legacy (densho)  伝書 contains a written heritage of the school, and also includes a list of the former headmasters, including the founder, and a list of the jōdō techniques. It also lists several of Musō Gonnosuke's teachers in martial arts, one of whom, according to the Makabei family records, was Sakurai Osumi-no-Kami, a lieutenant of Makabei Hisamoto (nicknamed Oni Doumu), who in turn was a student of the founder of Kasumi Shintō-ryū Kenjutsu. Gonnosuke also received other training from the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū-school, founded by Iizasa Choisai Ienao, and also that he received training in either Kashima Shintō-ryū or Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū, depending on the source. In addition to learning the ken (sword), he learned to use the bo (long staff), naginata (pole weapon), yari (spear) and various other weapons. Gonnosuke eventually received the rank of menkyo, a complete license with the authority to train and develop the art, from Katori Shintō-ryū.

Sometime after he finished his training in Katori Shintō-ryū, Gonnosuke went out on the road, traveling through Japan with a few followers as a wandering swordsman, always looking for an opponent to fight duels with and at the same time teaching swordsmanship to a selected few. It is claimed that he defeated many of Japan's finest warriors, and remained undefeated until he encountered the rōnin Miyamoto Musashi.

His first duel with Miyamoto Musashi
The first of the two legendary duels between Musashi and Gonnosuke was supposed to have taken place between 1596-1614. Scholars argue as to when and where the actual duel took place, and indeed some question whether it even took place at all. The essence of the story, however, tells of how Gonnosuke, by now a very famous swordsman and arrogant in his (considerable) martial abilities, had one day encountered Musashi and had unceremoniously challenged him to a duel. Musashi accepted and Gonnosuke, brandishing his sword, immediately threw himself at Musashi who with ease avoided Gonnosuke's strike and proceeded to lock Gonnosuke's sword, using both his long and short sword, in an X-shaped block (jujidome).

The Annals of the Niten (Niten ki), the traditional source of information for Miyamoto Musashi, tells this version of the first duel.

 * "While Musashi was in Edo, a man named Musō Gonnosuke came, looking for a match. Gonnosuke was armed with a bokutō (wooden sword). At the moment, Musashi had a willow bow, but he immediately took up a stick to confront Gonnosuke. Without even a nod, Gonnosuke attacked. Musashi struck him down in one stroke. Thwarted, Gonnosuke quit."

The details of exactly what happened in the duel are debated and still unclear. In the version found in the Kaijo monogatari, Gonnosuke and Musashi meets in Akashi instead of Edo, and the former is also brandishing a long four shaku staff instead of a wooden sword. It states that Gonnosuke had previously encountered Musashi's father, Shinmen Munisai, who was an expert of the jitte and had defeated him. Gonnosuke, in a condescending tone of voice, asked Musashi if he was as skilled as his father and if he used similar techniques. Musashi supposedly said: "If you have seen my father's technique you have seen mine", after which Gonnosuke attacked Musashi and was defeated.

The weapons used are also a subject of debate. Some accounts claim Gonnosuke was using a long staff (bo) reinforced with metal rings. Other versions claim he used an exceptionally long wooden sword which was above the average length of a Japanese sword over four shaku 1 long, (roughly 121 cm or 48 inches), instead of the normal length bokuto of around 2.45 Shaku (roughly 74 cm or 29 inches). Musashi's weapon of choice is also debated. One version say he was armed with only a half-finished bokuto, which Musashi was actually still carving as the duel began, and used it to overwhelm Gonnosuke without ever using the X-shaped block, instead hitting him lightly on the forehead as to demonstrate his superior stance in battle and emphasizing proper distance to an opponent, or Maai.

Because Gonnosuke did not expect to be bested with such ease, he withdraw to a Shinto monastery to contemplate his defeat.

Seclusion, Jojutsu and the second duel
Gonnosuke withdrew to a Shinto shrine at Mount Hōman in Chikuzen province, (modern-day, Fukuoka Prefecture), where he would practice daily in perfecting his swordsmanship, praying and performing Shinto purifying rituals for 37 days. It is also said, however, that he spent several years on the road studying other martial arts in various dojos until he ended up at the Shinto shrine. After one of his regular (exhausting) training sessions, he collapsed from fatigue and reputedly had a vision of a divine being in the form of a child, saying to Gonnosuke: "know the solar plexus [of your opponent] with a round stick". In another version he had the vision in a dream late at night. He took it upon himself to create the jo deliberately longer than the average katana of the day, 128 cm, as opposed to the sword's total length of approx. 100 cm, and use that length to his advantage in a fight. Gonnosuke, drawing on his own considerable experience with the spear, longstaff, naginata and sword, devised a series of jo-techniques for use to counter and defeat a swordsman. Arguably, he also developed techniques to target Musashi's trade-mark X-block.

The outcome of the second duel, or even that a second duel occurred, is not conclusively known. The stick-fighting school he founded maintains that Gonnosuke, now armed with the jo, defeated Musashi through the use of the superior length of the jo to keep Musashi's swords out of range of Gonnosuke and thus hinder him from using the X-shaped technique effectively. Gonnosuke had Musashi at his mercy but let him live as a way of returning the favour granted in the first duel.

Outside of the stick-fighting schools, the claim that Musashi was ever defeated by Gonnosuke is denied, particularly by sword fighting schools who maintain Musashi was never defeated in a duel. The claim is generally treated skeptically as there is no record outside of the stick-fighting school that a second duel ever took place. Another version of the story says that Musashi and Gonnosuke went in a deadlock, and the match ended in a draw, as no one could move without making an opening.

Later life and legacy
The story continues after the second duel. Gonnosuke, spending several more years on the road, part of the time with his new friend Musashi as his second, eventually took up residence in Fukuoka after being asked by the Kuroda clan to teach his jo-techniques to a selected few of their warriors. As the years progressed the original set of jo-techniques, by now expanded with new techniques since the days of Gonnosuke's duel with Musashi, became known as Shintō Musō-ryū (sometimes transliterated as Shindō Musō-ryū).

The modern day Shintō Musō-ryū survived both the ending of active fighting in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate and the American-imposed post-World War II ban on martial arts; it is now an international martial art.

The memory of Musō Gonnosuke is honored at a Shinto shrine raised by Shimizu Takaji, one of the most prominent Shintō Musō-ryū jōdōka until his death in 1978.

Sources for Musō Gonnosuke
The true origin of Gonnosuke is unknown; his traits and various exploits have, as with many martial artists and other famous samurai of the time, been exaggerated and/or constructed by later historians. A number of traditional founders of ryu, martial art school, have been credited with having divine inspirations or visions, or in some cases even being taught by mythical creatures. One example is the famous samurai Minamoto no Yoshitsune who was supposedly taught by a Tengu - magical creatures of Japanese mythology, some possessing vast knowledge of weapons and martial arts.

The earliest known source of the first duel is the Kaijo Monogatari. The entry in the Kaijo Monogatari was written in the 17th century but the exact year is debated. Author Kenji Tokitsu dates the Kaijo to 1666, but author Wayne Muromoto give the date of 1629. Another source is the Honcho Bugei Shoden (or Honcho Bugei Koden) written in about 1716. The sources agree on the core of the story however; that Gonnosuke faced Musashi and was defeated, after which he retreated and formed his jo-techniques. The notion that Musashi was defeated in a rematch can be argued to have been a later construct by later pro-Gonnosuke historians, as there is no mentioning of a defeat in the sources regarding Musashi. The same could be said, however, for Musashi's followers who might have removed all mentioning of Musashi's defeat as a way to preserve his reputation. Another mentioning of the first duel is found in the Niten-Ki which was compiled by Musashi's followers years after his death. There is only one known source mentioning the rematch. It is a scroll now preserved in Tsukuba Shrine in Ibaraki prefecture, although doubts of its contents has been raised, partially because there are no other known corroborating sources to confirm it.

Musō Gonnosuke in popular culture
A fictional version of Musō Gonnosuke and his duels with Musashi are featured in the Eiji Yoshikawa's novel Musashi (novel).

In the video game "Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance", it is stated that Master Bo' Rai Cho helped Gonnosuke develop the Jojutsu style after his loss to Musashi. Bo' Rai Cho had used the Jojutsu style in "Mortal Kombat: Deception", "Mortal Kombat: Armageddon", and "Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance". It is also stated that Gonnosuke lost in his first "Mortal Kombat" tournament, and that his soul was consumed by Shang Tsung.

In the Wii video game Samurai Warriors: Katana, Gonnosuke is portrayed as a bandit chief that often uses henchmen to impersonate him in order to stay alive. After defeating him, the player will later encounter Gonnosuke who has become a changed man, and they both decide to work together to defeat Miyamoto Musashi in a duel. Gonnosuke also helps the player defeat a group of pirates invading a small town and the player must also beat Gonnosuke as part of the first trial of the Bamboo Trial.

Musō Gonnosuke is also featured within the manga series known as Vagabond, at which he declares himself to be the "Number One Martial Artist under Heaven" by means of the kanji written on his back (possibly punning his surname, as the kanji used are Tenka Musō). Gonnosuke later joins both Ino Tadaaki and Sasaki Kojiro in their journey of swordsmanship, vowing to become a master of the sword in accordance to the skill of his two pupils. In appearance, he wears face paint beneath his eyes and wields a spear.

title: Musō Gonnosuke


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Fort St. David

Fort St David, now in ruins, was a British fort in the town of Cuddalore, a hundred miles south of Chennai on the Coromandel Coast of India. It is located near silver beach without any maintenance. It was named for the patron saint of Wales because the governor of Madras at the time, Elihu Yale, was Welsh.

History
Fort St David, situated on the mouth of River Gadilam, has a memorable history. The region was under the domains of the Nayaks of Gingee. The Dutch in early 17th century wishing to expand their trade in the Bay of Bengal region and take advantage of the local manufacturing of goods choose the Cuddalore region and sought the permission of Krishnappa Nayaka of Gingee, to build a fort at Devanampatnam which was, subsequently granted in 1608 and construction was started. But the Nayak pulled back after the Portuguese, then dominant players at the Coramandal Coast trade, pressured Gingee's overlord rulers, Venkata I of Vijayanagara Empire to prevent Dutch entry. Therefore, the fort was left with the Gingee Nayaks under appointed traders. Overseas trade continued and the port became an important source of sandalwood, camphor, cloves, nutmeg, mace, green velvet, porcelain, copper, and brass. The fort was built by balija merchant chinnia chetti.

Later when Gingee was occupied by the Marathas, Shivaji's son Rajaram Chhatrapati who was under siege in Gingee fort by the Mughal army intended to sell the Devanampatnam fort to the highest European bidder. In 1690, the British won by out bidding the Dutch and the French. Elihu Yale, Governor of Madras, after long protracted negotiations, acquired the fort and named it Fort Saint David after a Welsh Saint.

The purchase price included not only the fort but also the adjacent towns and villages within the range of a random shot of a piece of ordnance. A great gun was fired to different points of the compass and all the country within its range, including the town of Cuddalore, passed into the possession of the English. The villages thus obtained are still spoken of as "cannonball villages".

James Macrae had been governor of the fort and in 1725 he became the Governor of the Madras Presidency. From 1725 onwards the British greatly strengthened the fortifications. In 1746 Fort St David became the British headquarters for the southern India, and attacks by French forces under Dupleix were successfully repulsed. Robert Clive was appointed its governor in 1756; in 1758 the French captured it, but abandoned it two years later to Sir Eyre Coote, KB.

In 1782 the French again retook the fort and restored it sufficiently to withstand a British attack in 1783. In 1785 it finally passed into British possession. With the end of the French threat, it was abandoned and fell into ruins.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fort St. David


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User talk:Programmer-X

 * [[Image:Stop_hand.png|left|30px]]
 * Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 12:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Programmer-X


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Wikipedia:Historical archive/Policy/Notability/Essay

Not a bureaucracy
Notability is not mentioned in our deletion policy. However, this is for a large part an issue of definition. If an editor calls an article not notable, he may in fact mean that it's original research, unverifiable, or a vanity page – all of which are plausible reasons for deletion.

An article is occasionally speedied because it is a "piece of crap", which is not a criterion for speedy deletion. However, it can in some cases be a synonym for "patent nonsense", which IS such a criterion.

In other words, we should judge articles and deletion nominations on their merit, not on their wording. Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy, and just because someone didn't use the most well-accepted terms doesn't mean that he is wrong.

Meaning of the term
Notability is frequently used as a synonym for Verifiability. One reason why people do this, is that "notability" is a clearly defined term (if obviously a subjective one), whereas "verifiability" has a different meaning in Wikipedia than it does in the outside world.

When used colloquially, something is "verifiable" if it can be proven to be true. On the other hand, Wikipedia policy calls something "verifiable" if it can be shown to exist in a reputable secondary source. Most users are unaware of this dichotomy, and while the second meaning is considered obvious by some oldbies and die-hard editors, most editors generally use the first meaning.

For instance, it is verifiable that I have a goldfish – all you have to do is drop by and look at the fishbowl. However, my goldfish is not Verifiable since no reputable source has ever written about it.

Obvious cases
There are instances when a subject can be verifiable, but still not suitable for an encyclopedia. While not official policy, this is considered common sense by many users. This is generally the case if a group of subjects is either so large that it is entirely impractical for Wikipedia to have a good article on each member of that group, or so homogenous that it's hard to tell individual members apart. Of course, where exactly to draw the line is subject to much debate.

As an extreme example, let us consider natural numbers. Every natural number is verifiable, and it is quite easy to write a factual and NPOV article about it. However, as any mathematician can tell you, there is an infinite number of them, so by definition it is impossible to have an article on each of them. Thus, it is common practice to write only on those numbers with interesting mathematical properties, and delete the permastub on 57489574385943754 (number). The same reasoning applies to chemical compounds, for instance, or to years in the far past or future. We simply write about the notable ones, not about all of them.

A slightly less extreme example, and the most common one, is people. There are several billion people in the world, and few people disagree that it's entirely impractical to write about all of them. People tend to be verifiable from census records, but generally not Verifiable from any reliable source. We have extensive guidelines for dealing with people, e.g. WP:BIO, WP:VAIN, WP:NOT a genealogy database, and WP:CSD #A7. We also have the 9/11 memorial wiki to store articles on people that died in the terrorist attack, but are deemed not encyclopedic. This means that generally, Wikipedia writes about notable people, rather than all people. Which people exactly are notable is a matter of opinion, but it is generally agreed that for instance U.S. Presidents are notable, and most college students are not. Whether the word 'notable' is used, or some other term is applied, is irrelevant.

Roughly the same argument can be made for websites. There are several billion sites out there, and it has been established that Wikipedia is not a web directory. WP:VAIN may also apply here, and guidelines at WP:WEB are under discussion. Once more, websites are verifiable simply by surfing there, but generally not Verifiable from any reliable source, as the plethora of "cool website awards" simply don't cut it. Consensus generally agrees to not have articles on each and every 100-member internet forum, or random flash animation. They are often called "not notable" and this is backed by other guidelines.

Then, notability may apply to subjects that are largely original research. For instance, a neologistic catchphrase that is only in use on a certain high school, or a top-secret society that nobody knows about, or even a garage band you started with a bunch of friends that has never had any releases, gigs, or media presence. Almost by definition, all of these are impossible to Verify; there's no way to tell if the author is speaking the truth or is simply exaggerating or being WP:VAIN. The term "not notable" is often applied to these.

Controversy
Finally, there are some cases where notability is heavily controversial. This generally applies to physical objects of some kind, the most obvious being schools. Some people hold that, given the large number of schools, it is entirely unfeasible to write an article about all of them, and would prefer to only have articles on notable schools. Other people disagree and do want to write about every school. It is only a matter of semantics whether they should argue that "all schools are notable", or that "non-notability is not a reason for deletion". The possibility of complete coverage in Wikipedia is a tempting goal in itself.

But still, there is some consensus here. It is generally accepted that all villages should have an article, regardless of size, and it is generally accepted that all individual Starbucks stores should not have individual articles, because it's hard to tell them apart and the information would be more easily organized in a list.

Bottom line
So the bottom line is that notability is a heavily used term and it's not going to go away any time soon. It is obviously a subjective term, but that's hardly a reason not to work with it. Subjects that are called non-notable usually fall short of some other policy or guideline, such as Verifiability or WP:VAIN. And it seems generally a good idea to establish consensual guidelines on broad areas, such as WP:BIO, WP:MUSIC, WP:WEB and WP:FICT. The system isn't perfect, but it works fine most of the time. Thus, cooperation is more important than arguing semantics.


text: Template:Political divisions of Fiji

title: Template:Political divisions of Fiji


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User:Donald Albury

My latest major article contributions (last six months):
 * Big Bend Coast — added October 16, 2023 [17,546 bytes] (over redirect), plus another 9,607 bytes, January 14–17, 2024 — region in Florida
 * Timucua — major rewrite, added and repaired sources, removed duplication, January 18–26, 2024 — former Native American people in Florida
 * Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida — added February 15, 2024 [5,471 bytes]
 * Ceratiola — 3.2x expansion [6,220 bytes] as of February 27, 2024 — Florida rosemary
 * Atlantic Coastal Ridge — added March 12, 2024 [8,824 bytes] — geological feature in Florida
 * Brueelia — 2x expansion [2,870 bytes] as of March 13, 2024 — genus of bird lice
 * Parachucla Formation — 3.35x expansion [12,032 bytes] as of May 10, 2024 — geological feature in Florida
 * Chacato — 8.78x expansion [28,829 bytes] as of May 25, 2024 — Native American people in 17th century Florida
 * Iola, Florida — added June 17, 2024 [12,835 bytes] — historic town on Apalachicola River
 * Spanish missions in Florida — converted list of 59 missions to table of 102 missions (1.6x expansion [13,620 bytes] as of July 5, 2024)
 * Oconi — added July 12, 2024 [7,485 bytes] — Native American people in 17th century Georgia

Conflict of interest declaration
In a discussion on declaring conflicts of interest, at least one experienced Wikipedian who I agree with on at least some issues has offered the opinion that I should declare the following conflicts of interest:

 * Ginny Montes - My first wife. I created the article in December, 2006. We separated in 1976 and divorced in 1979. She died in 1994. The Conflict of interest policy did not yet exist when I created the article. The relevant guideline was Vanity. I did note my relationship on the talk page. My only edit since 2010 has been to link her obit in The New York Times.
 * Charles Donald Albury - My first cousin, once removed. I moved the page because I knew that, other than in official military use, he always went by his middle name, and many users would be likely to look for him using that middle name. After sourced dates in the article were changed here without citing a source, I found a more detailed source for his dates of assignment to units and posted on the talk page changes I though should be made to the article. After more than a year of no response to that post, I did add the content to the article.
 * Bockscar - The plane he flew on the Nagasaki mission.
 * John Algeo - My course advisor my junior year of college. He was on the advisory committee for my M.A. thesis and later published an article I wrote in American Speech while he was its editor.
 * Alachua County Library District - Added content in December 2011 while employed part-time there as a library page. The Conflict of interest policy at the time did not restrict my editing about the library district, as I edited on my own time, and no one at the district knew about those edits.
 * North Miami Senior High School - My high school. Most edits have been to revert problem edits and additions to Notable alumni for whom notability had not been established. I did add a bit about the early history of the school based on a source in my possession.
 * Spanish River Community High School - My wife worked there until 2008. My edits have been reversions of problem edits and maintenance.
 * Atlantic Community High School - My son was a student there. My edits have been reversions of problem edits and maintenance.
 * Long Binh Post - I was stationed there 1968–1969. Most of my edits to that article are now in the history of Long Bình, Biên Hòa because of a poorly executed fork. I took three of the photos on the article page.

title: User:Donald Albury


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Austin Stack Park

Austin Stack Park is a GAA stadium in Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland. It is one of the stadiums used by Kerry GAA's Gaelic football team and the stadium of the hurling team.

The ground was named after Austin Stack, an Irish revolutionary and captain of the All-Ireland winning Kerry Gaelic football team of 1904. It is located in the centre of Tralee. It hosts many Kerry GAA home games, mostly football league games and both league and championship hurling. The County Championship football and hurling finals are normally held here.

History
Austin Stack Park has been used for the playing of games since well into the 19th century. Generally known as The Sportsfield, it was owned by the County Kerry Athletic and Cricket Club. At that time the pitch was oval shaped and surrounded by a 440-yard sloping cinder track considered to be the finest in Ireland.

In 1903, the trustees rented the ground to a committee consisting of all GAA members. The Kerry County Board then purchased the grounds in 1929. In 1934, The Sportsfield was converted into a rectangular pitch to host the 1934 All Ireland Semi Final which led to the demise of the cinder track. In 1944, the County Board renamed the grounds in honour of Austin Stack.

The Kerry County Board have had their offices in the ground since 1985 located in the pavilion which first opened back in 1967. In 1994, a new development was completed including a new stand, terracing and redeveloped County Board offices.

The stadium hosted the All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship final in 1983 when Kerry took the title beating London in the final. It also hosted the 1997-98 Sigerson Cup final which was won by Tralee IT, while the first game in Kerry GAA played under floodlights took place here in November 2001.

Proposed developments
In 2007, plans were approved for the stadium's relocation to a site, outside the town, occupied by Ballybeggan Racecourse. In December 2009 it was announced that plans for this development had been put on indefinite hold due to the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. By 2012 The Kerryman newspaper reported that the plans had, in effect, been abandoned.

In 2014, a committee was put in place by the Kerry County Board to look into the gradual refurbishment of the existing grounds. These proposals included the upgrading of the pitch, a new score board, upgrading of the lighting system and terracing of the western side of the grounds. A number of these developments, including resurfacing and drainage works on the pitch, were undertaken in 2015 and 2016.

title: Austin Stack Park


text:
List of the largest software companies

Many lists exist that provide an overview of large software companies, often called "independent software vendors" ("ISVs"), in the world. The lists differ by methodology of composition and consequently show substantial differences in both the listed companies and the ranking of those companies.

Forbes Global 2000
The Forbes Global 2000 is an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by Forbes magazine, based on a mix of four metrics: sales, profit, assets and market value. The Forbes list for software companies includes only pure play (or nearly pure play) software companies and excludes manufacturers, consumer electronics companies, conglomerates, IT consulting firms, and computer services companies even if they have large software divisions.

The top 50 companies in terms of market capitalization in the 2023 Forbes list for the "Software & Programming" industry are listed in the following table (ranked by market capitalization):

title: List of the largest software companies


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sidn

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:16, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Sidn

 * Delete. Non-notable and vanity vulgarity/slang. It claims that the slang has "spread across the island". However, no source is provided. --*drew 12:39, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not Delete : perfectly alright. nothing wrong with it. don't see why it has to be deleted. Innovation rules this modern world now and this creation should be gladly accepted instead of getting deleted . — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.156.6.54 (talk • contribs)
 * Not Delete : KEEP THIS HERE WIKI!!! we need more innovative minds in this world and if you delete this, you're gonna destroy innovative minds! In fact, many schools use it, and yeah, its common among teens in certain places . — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.156.6.54 (talk • contribs) (same contributor as previous vote)
 * Okay I changed my mind. We can have this on our own homepages. Delete. - 202.156.6.59 20:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Created by the same class as the 2L_2005 article. Those guys keep messing up AfD's, too. --JoanneB 13:48, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not Delete It is a perfectly fine word, and it is used commonly as a slang. Wikipedia requires us to post anything, any little bit of info in the world, and here we are doing a SERVICE for you guys and yet you are complaining. I have heard my children using it in front of me, and it seems to be a pretty useful word. - Bob Koh — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.21.154.115 (talk • contribs)
 * Delete, WP:DOESNOT require you to "post anything", this is not an indiscriminant collection of (useless) information. Also, innovative minds are not at risk.  — Lomn | Talk / RfC 14:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a dictionary, of slang or otherwise. (Wiktionary, which is a dictionary, wouldn't take this word because it isn't an attested word.)  The anonymous contributors above also, quite ironically, demonstrate that this article violates our no original research policy as well.  Just as with  and  a group of schoolchildren has aimed their invented word at the dictionary and missed, hitting the encyclopaedia instead.  Claims that the word is in widespread use are not supported by any evidence, and would only have bearing upon the admission of the word to the dictionary, not to the encyclopaedia, in any case.  Delete. Uncle G 17:48, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not intended to be a plaything of pesky schoolkids. Bwithh 02:59, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete more cruft from the Raffles Institution. MCB 05:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nonsense, not NPOV, not notable, and getting really close to spam from Raffles' students! bjelleklang 17:48, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. Well, I laughed at the foreign language section, preserve that in BJAODN; delete the rest. (Bloody bourgeois these Raffles Institution students can be). -- Natalinasmpf 14:20, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sidn


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Vasantdada Patil

Vasantrao Banduji Patil (13 November 1917 – 1 March 1989) was an Indian politician from Sangli, Maharashtra. He was known as the first modern Maratha strongman and first mass leader in Maharashtrian politics.

Patil served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 17 May 1977 to 18 July 1978 and again from 2 February 1983 to 1 June 1985. He also served as the governor of Rajasthan for a little under two years from 1985 to 1987.

Personal life
Born on 13 November 1917 at 'Padmale' 3 km from Sangli, his native village. He studied up to the vernacular final. Then he became a farmer. His first wife, Malati-tai Patil died in 1960s. Soon later, he married Shalinitai Patil (then Shalini Jadhav before her second marriage) who was a widow herself with four children from her first marriage. She herself was a minister in Maharashtra in 1980s. Vasantdada did not have any children from his second marriage. His son from the first marriage with Malti-tai Patil, named Prakash Patil, represented Sangli in Lok Sabha. After Prakash Patil's death in 2005, his son (and Vasantdada's grandson) Pratik Patil became MP from Sangli twice.

Freedom fighter
He was one of the young campaigners of Dhulappa Bhaurao Navale's election of local board in 1937. In 1940 Navale suggested Vasantdada's name for Tasgaon Taluka Congress secretary. Vasantdada took part in the independence movement. In 1942, Mahatma Gandhi started the Satyagraha movement. He became a satyagrahi, following Vinoba Bhave, Navale, Vasantdada and V.S.Paage. For this he was jailed by the British government. In jail, he came under the influence of Babasaheb Kher, Sardar Patel and others.

He was influenced by Netaji Subhashchandra Bose, and believed that neither satyagraha, morchas nor people's movements alone would get freedom. Instead he looted railways and merchants (to provide the money to keep the struggle alive), and got guns and revolvers from Goa. Many criminal cases were filed against him. The British government offered a bounty of Rs.1000 for him. He was badly injured while trying to escape from jail. He was sentenced to imprisonment for 13 years.

Political career
On 25 April 1946 he was released and was welcomed by Sangli people. After Independence he started working on farmers' problems. He established a Market Committee in 1951, with the intention of giving proper prices to agriculture products. In 1958, with his friends Navale, Rambhau Arwade, Abasaheb Shinde, Shankarao Shinde, Abasheb Kulkarni(Khebudkar he started India's largest cooperative sugar factory on 90 acre of land. In the first meeting Br. G. D. Patil was elected as chief promoter.

In 1960, he started an Industrial Society on 135 acre. He made efforts to increase irrigation in Sangli. In 1960 he became the chief promoter of the Groundnut Processors Co-operative Society.

He served as Chairman of Latthe Education Society. He started Miraj Medical College, Civil hospital, Akashwani (All India Radio station) at Sangli.

While active in politics from 1937, he first served as a Minister from 1972 until 1976 under Chief Minister Vasantrao Naik. In 1976 he was dropped from the Cabinet. He later served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra three times between 1976 and 1985.

He was elected as a member of 7th Lok Sabha from Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency) in 1980.

Education
Vasantdada Patil made great contributions to education. Before 1983, few engineering and technical colleges served Maharashtra. Hence, most students were going to other states for studies. Patil sponsored a bill to create private engineering and technical colleges in Maharashtra. Maharashtra became a centre for engineering and technical education. He established Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology at Budhgaon, near Sangli on Sangli Tasgaon Road in Maharashtra.

Political and family connections
In 1985 he was embroiled in a public dispute with a Deputy Commissioner of BMC, G R Khairnar, for having demolished Patil's son's hotel "Step In". Khairnar eventually became a hero for taking on politicians, including Sharad Pawar. This dispute, meanwhile, discredited Congress rule and combined with other issues, gave the Shiv Sena-BJP combination an upper hand in subsequent elections. His elder son Prakashbapu Vasantdada Patil and his grandson Pratik Prakashbapu Patil are former MPs from Sangli.

Vasantadada had a vast circle, but few close friends. Among these were Navale, Page, Charudatta (Charubhai) Shah, P Pandurang Kadam (Tatya), Sampatrao Mane and Vitthal Patil.

His second wife, Shalinitai Patil, is an MLA from Koregaon, Satara district. She joined the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) in 1999, but was expelled for her opposition to reservation of 27.5% for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in academic institutes such as Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIM). However, she later declared that Marathas were too big a community for any political party to displease, and said "... the economically backward classes across all communities should be given reservation. At least 50 per cent of Maharashtra's population needs quotas."

Vasantdada Patil died on 1 March 1989.

Recognition

 * Padma Bhushan award (1967).
 * Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan's College of Engineering in Mumbai is named in his honour.

title: Vasantdada Patil


text:
Gwyneth Jones (soprano)

Dame Gwyneth Jones (born 7 November 1936) is a Welsh dramatic soprano, widely regarded as one of the greatest Wagnerian sopranos in the second half of the 20th century.

Early life and career
Jones was born in Pontnewynydd, Monmouthshire, Wales. Before becoming a professional singer, she worked as a secretary at the Pontypool foundry. She studied music at the Royal College of Music, London, the Accademia Musicale Chigiana (Siena) as well as the International Opera Studio (Zürich).

After making her professional debut in 1962 as a mezzo-soprano in Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice, she was engaged by the Zurich Opera House. She discovered that her easy top range could enable her to sing soprano roles and she switched to the soprano repertoire from around 1964, her first major soprano role being Amelia in Verdi's Un ballo in maschera.

Jones came to prominence in 1964 when she stood in for Leontyne Price as Leonora in Verdi's Il trovatore at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Her career then developed rapidly, and she met with success as Aïda, Leonore (in Fidelio), Desdemona (in Otello), Elisabeth (in Don Carlos), Donna Anna (in Don Giovanni), Cio-cio-san (in Madama Butterfly), Lady Macbeth (in Verdi's Macbeth), Santuzza (in Cavalleria rusticana), Octavian (in Der Rosenkavalier), Médée (in the Italian version) and Tosca.

From these, she gradually proceeded to heavier roles such as Chrysothemis (in Elektra), Salome, the Marschallin (in Der Rosenkavalier), Eva (in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg), Senta (in Der fliegende Holländer), Kundry (in Parsifal), both Venus and Elisabeth (in Tannhäuser), Helena (in Strauss's Die ägyptische Helena), Ariadne (in Ariadne auf Naxos) and Sieglinde, as well as Brünnhilde (in Die Walküre). She has appeared frequently at the Vienna State Opera, the Zurich Opera, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Bayerische Staatsoper, the San Francisco Opera, the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the Paris Opéra, the Teatro alla Scala, the Los Angeles Opera, the Metropolitan Opera, the Gran Teatre del Liceu, the Grand Théâtre de Genève, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, as well as many prominent opera and music festivals.

She made her debut at Teatro alla Scala as Leonora in Il Trovatore on 4 April 1967. She returned to La Scala as the title role of Salome in January 1974. On 24 November 1972, she made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera House of New York as Sieglinde in Die Walküre. Until her last appearance at the Met on 22 April 1995 (as Kundry in Parsifal), she sang 11 parts in 10 operas for 93 times at the Met; the most frequent part was the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier (20 times). In August 1979, she made her debut at Salzburg Summer Festival as the Marschallin.

Later career
Jones's large-scaled, powerful dramatic soprano voice, unusually robust vocal stamina, stage presence and acting abilities were widely admired.

One of her most noted achievements was her interpretation of Brünnhilde in the Bayreuth Jahrhundertring (Centenary Ring) in 1976, celebrating the centenary of both the festival and the first performance of the complete cycle, conducted by Pierre Boulez and staged by Patrice Chéreau. It was recorded and filmed in 1979 and 1980 for both video and audio discs. The recording won a Grammy in 1983.

Her career at Bayreuth Festival is as below:
 * 1966: Sieglinde in Die Walküre
 * 1968: Eva in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
 * 1969: Senta in Der fliegende Holländer, Kundry in Parsifal
 * 1970: Sieglinde in Die Walküre, Senta in Der fliegende Holländer, Kundry in Parsifal
 * 1971: Sieglinde in Die Walküre, Senta in Der fliegende Holländer
 * 1972: Elisabeth and Venus in Tannhäuser, Sieglinde in Die Walküre
 * 1973: Elisabeth and Venus in Tannhäuser, Sieglinde in Die Walküre
 * 1974: Elisabeth and Venus in Tannhäuser, Brünnhilde in Götterdämmerung
 * 1975: Brünnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen cycle
 * 1976: Brünnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen cycle (Jahrhundertring)
 * 1977: Brünnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen cycle, Elisabeth and Venus in Tannhäuser
 * 1978: Brünnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen cycle
 * 1979: Brünnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen cycle
 * 1980: Brünnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen cycle
 * 1982: Senta in Der fliegende Holländer

Later in her career (from 1980 onwards), she undertook the title role of Elektra, Isolde (in Tristan und Isolde), the Dyer's Wife (in Die Frau ohne Schatten), Turandot, and Minnie (in La fanciulla del West). While best known for her work in the Wagner-Strauss-Puccini repertoire, her versatility enabled her to take on other roles, such as Poppea (in L'incoronazione di Poppea), Hanna Glawari (in The Merry Widow) and Norma. Starting from the 1990s, other than the aforementioned parts, she went on to sing Widow Begbick (Mahagonny), Ortrud (in Lohengrin), the Woman in Arnold Schoenberg's Erwartung, the Kostelnicka (in Jenůfa), the Woman in Poulenc's La voix humaine, Ruth (in The Pirates of Penzance), Gertrud (in Hänsel und Gretel), the Kabanicha (in Káťa Kabanová), Herodias (in Salome) and Klytämnestra (in Elektra), the last five being mezzo-soprano roles. She appeared as the Dyers Wife in Die Frau ohne Schatten at the Cologne Opera in 1980 in a production by Jean Pierre Ponnelle, conducted by John Pritchard, with Walter Berry as the Dyer, Róbert Ilosfalvy as the Emperor, Siv Wennberg as the Empress, and Helga Dernesch as the Amme.

Jones made roles that exemplify the Wagnerian or heavy dramatic soprano fach, such as Brünnhilde, Isolde, Elektra, the Dyer's Wife and Turandot, part of her core repertoire, and performed them throughout the 1980s and 1990s. She once famously undertook the roles of both Elisabeth and Venus in Götz Friedrich's production of Tannhäuser at the Bayreuth Festival in the 1970s, and has also been credited with the rare achievement of having performed all three major female roles in Elektra on stage.

She also performed in concerts and lieder recitals, television and radio broadcasts and participated in several film projects, including the epic television series, Wagner, in which she played the first Isolde, Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld. She has also devised for herself a couple of music-theatrical shows – Oh Malvina! and Die Frau im Schatten – which are inspired by real historical characters, namely, Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld and Pauline de Ahna (wife of Richard Strauss). The soprano part in the Symphony No. 9, titled "Vision of Eternity", of Welsh composer Alun Hoddinott was written for, and premiered by, her.

Later activities
In 2003, Jones made her debut as director and costume designer in a stage production of Der fliegende Holländer in Weimar, Germany. She has also given master-classes for young singers at notable venues and colleges of music, and acted as an adjudicator in international vocal competitions, including the 2009 BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition and, more recently, the 2017 season of the reality operatic singing competition on the Russia-Kultura TV Channel, "The Big Opera" (the whole series of competition now being available for viewing on YouTube).

In June 2007, she created the role of the Queen of Hearts in the world premiere of Unsuk Chin's new opera, Alice in Wonderland, at the Bavarian State Opera. In February 2008 she returned to the Mezzo-soprano repertoire singing the role of Herodias in Stephen Langridge's production of Richard Strauss' Salome at Malmö Opera in Sweden. She repeated this role in August 2010, alongside the Salome of Deborah Voigt, in a concert performance at the Verbier Festival in Verbier, Switzerland, and performed the part on stage at the Vienna State Opera in May 2012. She took part in a piece of musical theatre about the women of the Wagner clan and their influences on the Bayreuth Festival entitled ''Wagnerin. Ein Haus der Kunstmusik'', directed by Sven Holm at the 2012 Munich Opera Festival, playing Cosima Wagner.

In March 2016, she made her debut as the Countess in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades in a new production of the opera at the Staatstheater Braunschweig, Germany. In April 2017, she took on the speaking part of the Narrator in Richard Strauss' Enoch Arden in a concert in Landsberg.

Jones makes a guest appearance in Quartet, a film by Dustin Hoffman, based on the comedy by Ronald Harwood about several retired opera singers planning to put on a concert to celebrate Verdi's birthday. She takes on the role of Anne Langley, a former operatic rival to Jean Horton, played by Dame Maggie Smith. The film was premiered to largely favourable reviews on 9 September at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival, and Jones's performance was critically acclaimed.

She was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976 and was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1986. She is also the recipient of numerous musical/cultural awards and honours from many different countries and organisations, including the Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Golden Medal of Honour in Vienna, the Austrian Cross of Honour First Class, the Shakespeare Prize and the Puccini Award.

She is a Kammersängerin at both the Vienna State Opera and the Bavarian State Opera (and also an Honorary Member of the former), and she has been made a Commandeur de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France. She has been conferred honorary doctorates by the University of Wales and the University of Glamorgan. She has been the President of the Wagner Society of Great Britain since 1990.

Recordings
Complete opera recordings (commercially released):
 * Gwyneth Jones: Operatic Recital (Classic Recitals series).  Arias from Fidelio, Médée, Der fliegende Holländer, Il trovatore and La forza del destino, plus Beethoven's concert aria Ah! Perfido, op. 65.  Vienna Opera Orchestra, conductor Argeo Quadri (Decca/Philips 475 6412 6 DM), originally Decca 1967
 * Gwyneth Jones: Scenes from Verdi: Arias from Aïda, Don Carlo, Macbeth, Otello.  Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden/Edward Downes.  Decca 1969.
 * Gwyneth Jones sings Strauss Lieder: Includes Zueignung, Die Nacht, Allerseelen, Cäcilie, etc. Geoffrey Parsons, pno. Capriccio 1989.
 * Gwyneth Jones sings Strauss: Vier letzte Lieder, etc. Tokyo Symphony Orchestra/Roberto Paternostro.  KOCH Schwann 1991.
 * Gwyneth Jones sings Wagner: Scenes from Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, Tristan und Isolde, Götterdämmerung. Kölner Rundfunk-Sinfonie-Orchester/Roberto Paternostro.  Chandos 1991.
 * Beethoven, Symphony No. 9: Wiener Philharmoniker/Karl Böhm. Deutsche Grammophon
 * Beethoven, Symphony No. 9: Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsoper, Wiener Philharmoniker/Leonard Bernstein. Deutsche Grammophon
 * Mahler, Symphony No. 8: London Symphony Orchestra/Leonard Bernstein.  Sony Classical
 * Sibelius, Tone Poems and Songs: London Symphony Orchestra, Scottish National Orchestra, Wiener Philharmoniker, BBC Symphony Orchestra/Antal Doráti, Alexander Gibson, Sir Malcolm Sargent. EMI (this included the world premiere recording of Sibelius's Luonnotar,  sung by Jones)
 * Mendelssohn, Elijah: New Philharmonia Orchestra/Frühbeck de Burgos. EMI
 * Operafest – A Gala Concert at the Zurich Opera House: Zurich Opera House/Ferdinand Leitner, Ralf Weikert, Andre Presser. Video Artists International (DVD)
 * Gwyneth Jones in Concert (live concert 23.8.88) VAI DVD. VAI
 * 10,000 Voices: The World Choir and others/Owain Arwel Hughes. EMI
 * Le Donne di Puccini: Münchner Rundfunkorchester/Garcia Navarro. Nightingale
 * L'Art du Chant: Les Sopranes: DVD.  Le Coulisses de L'Opera
 * Wagner, Götterdämmerung (Act 3): Orchestra of the Royal Opera House/Georg Solti. Testament
 * Fidelio (Böhm/DG(DVD))
 * Fidelio (Böhm/DG(cd))
 * Leonore (1805) (Melles/Orfeo(cd))
 * Macbeth (Kuhn/Sine qua non(cd))
 * Aïda (Muti/Bella Voce(cd))
 * Otello (Barbirolli/EMI(cd))
 * Salome (Böhm/DG(cd))
 * Elektra (Tate/Claves(cd))
 * Der Rosenkavalier Kleiber/DG(DVD))
 * Der Rosenkavalier (Bernstein/Sony(cd))
 * Die ägyptische Helena (Doráti/Decca(cd))
 * Die ägyptische Helena (Krips/RCA Victor(cd))
 * Der fliegende Holländer (Böhm/DG(cd))
 * Lohengrin (Kubelík/DG(cd))
 * Tannhäuser (Davis/DG(DVD))
 * Tristan und Isolde (Kout/ArtHaus(DVD))
 * Der Ring des Nibelungen (Boulez/DG(DVD), Philips(cd))
 * Götterdämmerung (Solti/Decca(cd))
 * Parsifal (Boulez/DG(cd))
 * Notre Dame (Perick/Capriccio(cd))
 * Hänsel und Gretel (Davis/Philips(cd))
 * La fanciulla del West (Viotti/Sine qua non(cd))
 * Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (Russell Davies/ArtHaus(DVD))
 * Médée (Gardelli/Decca(cd))
 * Alice in Wonderland (Nagano/Medici Arts(DVD))
 * Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (Böhm/Orfeo(cd))
 * Il Trovatore (Giulini/Royal Opera House Heritage Series(cd))

title: Gwyneth Jones (soprano)


text:
Jackie (given name)

Jackie or Jacky is a given name or nickname for both males and females, originally a pet form of Jack, John, Jacques, Jacqueline, etc.

Men

 * Jackie Bradley Jr. (born 1990), American Major League Baseball player
 * Jackie Chan (born 1954), Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, producer, stuntman, and singer.
 * Jacky Cheung (born 1961), Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actor
 * John Jackie Cooper (1922–2011), American actor and TV producer
 * Jackie Davis (1920–1999), American jazz singer, organist and bandleader
 * Jacky Duguépéroux (born 1948), French football manager and former player
 * Jacky Durand (born 1967), French retired road bicycle racer
 * Jacques Fatton (1925–2011), Swiss footballer
 * Jackie Fields (born Jacob Finkelstein, 1908–1984), American world and Olympic champion boxer
 * John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher (1841–1920), British admiral
 * Jackie Earle Haley (born 1961), American actor
 * John Jackie Gleason (1916–1987), American comedian and actor
 * Jacques Jacky Ickx (born 1945), Belgian racing driver
 * Jacky Ido (born 1977), Burkinabe-born French actor
 * Jackie Lee (country singer) (born 1991), American country music singer-songwriter
 * Jack Jacky Lee (1938–2016), American Football League and National Football League quarterback
 * Jacques Lemée (born 1946), French retired football player and manager
 * John Jackie Lomax (1944–2013), English singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * Jackie Mason, American comedian and actor born Yacov Moshe Maza (1928–2021)
 * Jacky Mathijssen (born 1963), Dutch football manager and former player
 * Jackie Milburn, (1924–1988) English football player
 * Jacques Jacky Munaron (born 1956), Belgian former football goalkeeper
 * John Jackie McLean (1931–2006), American saxophonist and composer
 * John Jackie McNamara Sr. (born 1952), Scottish retired footballer
 * Jackie McNamara (born 1973), Scottish footballer, son of the above
 * Jacky Planchard (born 1947), French retired football player and manager
 * Jack Jackie Robinson (1919–1972), American Hall-of-Fame baseball player who broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball
 * Robert Lloyd Jackson Jackie Robinson (basketball, born 1927), American basketball player in the 1948 Summer Olympics
 * Jackie Robinson (basketball, born 1955), American professional basketball player
 * John Jackie Robinson (footballer) (1917–1972), British footballer who played for Sheffield Wednesday and Sunderland
 * Jackie Shroff (born 1957), Indian film actor
 * Jackie Robinson (musician), Jamaican singer and lead vocalist with The Pioneers
 * John Jackie Stewart (born 1939), Scottish racing driver
 * Jackie Vernon (born Ralph Verrone, 1924-1987), American comedian and actor who voiced Frosty the Snowman in two animated TV specials
 * Jackie Wallace (born 1951), American professional football player
 * Jack Jackie Wilson (1934–1984), American soul singer-songwriter and performer

Women

 * Jackie Brambles, British journalist, radio DJ and television presenter
 * Jacqueline Jackie Burroughs, English-born Canadian actress
 * Jacky Cullum Chisholm, American gospel singer born Jacqueline Cullum (born 1948)
 * Jackie Coakley, University of Virginia student behind false rape allegations in retracted Rolling Stone article A Rape on Campus
 * Jacqueline Jackie Collins (1937–2015), British romance novelist
 * Jackie Davis (writer) (born 1963), New Zealand author, poet, and playwright
 * Jackie DeShannon, American singer-songwriter
 * Jacqueline Jackie Emerson, American actress and singer
 * Jacqueline Jackie Evancho (born 2000), American classical crossover singer
 * Jacky Fleming (born 1955), cartoonist
 * Jackie Francois, American Christian musician
 * Jacqueline Jackie French (born 1953), Australian author
 * Jacquelyn Jackie Gayda, American wrestler
 * Jackie Guerrido, Puerto Rican television weather forecaster and journalist
 * Jackie Jones, British politician
 * Jacqueline Jackie Joyner-Kersee, American track and field athlete
 * Jackie Kabler (born 1970), British newsreader
 * Jackie Kashian, American stand-up comedian
 * Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (1929–1994), American wife of President John F. Kennedy and Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, and fashion icon
 * Jackie Lee (Irish singer), born Jacqueline Flood in 1936
 * Jacqueline Jackie Loughery, first winner of the Miss USA competition
 * Jackie Maxwell (born 1956), Canadian theatre director
 * Jackie Peng (born 1998), Canadian chess player
 * Jackie Saccoccio (1963–2020), American abstract painter
 * Jacqueline Jackie Stallone, American astrologer, dancer and wrestling promoter
 * Jackie Trent (1940–2015), English singer-songwriter and actress born Yvonne Burgess
 * Jackie Wolcott, American diplomat
 * Jackie Yi-Ru Ying (born 1966), Taiwanese-born American scientist

Fictional characters

 * Jacky, the main character in the book series Bloody Jack
 * Jackie (Cyberchase), a cartoon character on Cyberchase
 * Jackie Boone, in Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy of novels
 * Jacqueline Ingrid Bouvier, TV cartoon character on The Simpsons
 * Jacqueline "Jackie" Brown, the main character from Quentin Tarantino's 1997 film Jackie Brown, played by Pam Grier
 * Jacky Bryant, in the video game series Virtua Fighter
 * Jackie Burkhart, on the TV series That '70s Show
 * Jackie Chiles, on the TV sitcom Seinfeld
 * Jackie Cook, on the TV series Veronica Mars
 * Jacky Dames and Jackie Jackson, two characters from Louds
 * Jackie Estacado, the main character of the comic series The Darkness
 * Jackie Harris, on the TV sitcom Roseanne
 * Jackie Hopper, on the British TV series The Story of Tracy Beaker (series 3-5), portrayed by Abby Rakic Platt
 * Jackie Khones, character on Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
 * Jackie Martin, on the stop-motion TV series Glenn Martin, DDS
 * Jackie Legs, the kangaroo in the film Kangaroo Jack
 * Jack Rafferty, nicknamed Jackie Boy, in Frank Miller's Sin City
 * Jackie Peyton, the main character of the TV sitcom Nurse Jackie
 * Jackie Lynn Thomas, a recurring character on the animated TV series Star Butterfly
 * Jackie, character in the animated TV series Bobby’s World
 * Jacky Vanmarsenille, the main character in the 2011 film Bullhead played by Matthias Schoenaerts
 * Jackie Welles, a character in Cyberpunk 2077
 * Jackie Cogan, Enforcer in the movie Killing them softly , played by Brad Pitt
 * Jackie Taylor, captain of the ill-fated girls' championship soccer team in the TV series Yellowjackets (played by Ella Purnell)

title: Jackie (given name)


text:
Olivia of Palermo

Olivia of Palermo (Oliva dì Palermo, Uliva di Palermu), Palermo, 448 – Tunis, 10 June 463, while according to another tradition she is supposed to have lived in the late 9th century AD in the Muslim Emirate of Sicily is a Christian virgin-martyr who was venerated as a local patron saint of Palermo, Sicily, since the Middle Ages, as well as in the Sicilian towns of Monte San Giuliano, Termini Imerese, Alcamo, Pettineo and Cefalù.

Her feast day is on 10 June, and in art she is shown as a young woman surrounded of olive branches, holding a cross in her right hand.

Hagiographic sources
Olivia seems to have been sanctified by popular tradition alone as a pious local saint since her name was not recorded historically in any mainstream Latin or Greek martyrology or Hagiology of the church.

The oldest textual sources of her Life include a Gallo-siculo Breviary of the twelfth century, which records her memory and is still preserved in Palermo, as well as a document in vulgar Sicilian of the fourteenth century found in Termini Imerese, and a Life contained in a lectionary of the fifteenth century.

A venerable icon of Olivia also exists, perhaps of the twelfth century, which depicts Saint Olivia with saints Elias, Venera and Rosalia.

There are also references to a church being dedicated to her in Palermo since AD 1310 on the supposed site of her burial. Today, this is the Chiesa di San Francesco di Paola (Church of Saint Francis of Paola).

In addition, numerous Lives of this Saint were published in Sicily, both in prose and in verse, and the form of sacred representation until the end of the eighteenth century, reflecting the fair vitality of her cult. She is recorded in the Sicilian martyrology of Ottavio Gaetani, as well as in the Palmerian martyrology of Antonio Mongitore in 1742. A Breviary from Cefalù also contains a detailed entry on her Life (Breviary Cefaludes).

The Bollandists published in 1885 the Acts of Saint Olivia, which they took from the lectionary of the church in Palermo.

Moreover, Sicily's well-known writer of the 17th century, the poet Petru Fudduni (born Pietro Fullone) wrote a poem in 114 octaves about her. At the same time, a dramatic opera of Gioacchino Bona Fardella, a tragedy in three acts, was also famous in its day.

Hagiographic life
According to the hagiographic legend, Olivia was the beautiful daughter of a noble Sicilian family, born either around 448 or in the 9th century AD. Local hagiographers state that she was born in the Loggia district of Palermo. From her early years she devoted herself to the Lord, declining honours and riches and giving charity to the poor. In one version, in 454 AD Genseric, king of the Vandals, conquered Sicily and occupied Palermo, started martyring many Christians. When she was thirteen, Olivia comforted the prisoners and urged the Christians to remain steadfast in their faith. The Vandals were impressed by the strength of her spirit, seeing that nothing could prevail against her faith. So in deference to her noble house, they sent her to Tunis, where the governor would attempt to overcome her constancy. In the other version, she was enslaved in 906 and sent to Tunis under the orders of the Emir of Sicily, then under Saracen rule.

In Tunis, Olivia worked miracles and began to convert the pagans or Muslim Saracens. The governor, therefore, ordered that she be relegated to a lonely place as a hermitess, where there were wild animals, hoping that the beasts would devour her or that she would die of hunger. However, the wild animals lived peacefully around her. One day some men from Tunis who were hunting found her, and impressed by her beauty, tried to abuse her, but Olivia converted them too with the word of the Lord, and they were baptized. After miraculously curing many of the sick and suffering in the region, Olivia converted many pagans or Muslims to the Christian faith. When the governor heard about these things, he had her arrested and imprisoned in the city in an attempt to make her apostatize. She was scourged and was stripped and submerged into a cauldron of boiling oil, but these tortures did not cause her any harm, nor did they make her renounce her faith. Finally, she was beheaded on 10 June of the year 463 or sometime in the 10th century, and her soul "flew to the sky in the form of a dove" (Italian: "sotto forma di colomba volò al cielo").

Patronage of Palermo
At the end of 1500, her cause was spread by the Franciscans, who sought her body.

On 5 June 1606, the people and Senate of Palermo elected Saint Olivia as Patroness of the city, together with Saint Agatha, Saint Christina and Saint Nympha. These four were chosen for each of the four major parts of the city. Their commemoration was entered in the Palermian Calendar by Cardinal Giannettino Doria in 1611.

Their veneration waned following the discovery in 1624 of the (alleged) relics of Saint Rosalia, who had appeared to rescue the city from the plague. After that, Saint Rosalia began to be venerated as a patroness of the city as well.

In 1940, a parish was dedicated to Saint Olivia in the city. She was commemorated by the Church in Palermo until 1980 as an obligatory memorial. However, in 1981, her feast was deleted from the local liturgical calendar.

In Tunis, the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul and Saint Olivia are also dedicated to her. It was begun in 1893, replacing the oldest Christian monument in the city – a chapel built by Father Jean Le Vacher in 1650 – and was opened on Christmas Day 1897.

Saint Olivia and Islam in Tunisia
The Great Mosque of Al-Zaytuna ("Mosque of Olive") is the oldest in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia, and covers an area of 5000 m2 with nine entrances. The exact date of the mosque's foundation varies according to different historical sources. Modern historians have been divided over whether it should be attributed to Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab in the early 8th century or to Hasan ibn al-Nu'man at the end of the 7th century. Most scholars support the second scenario and attribute the foundation to Ibn al-Nu'man in 698 CE.

One legend states that it was called "Mosque of Olive" because it was built on an ancient place of worship where there was an olive. Another account, transmitted by the 17th century Tunisian historian Ibn Abi Dinar, reports the presence of a Byzantine Christian church dedicated to Santa Olivia at that location. Archeological investigations and restoration works in 1969–1970 have shown that the mosque was built over an existing Byzantine-era building with columns, covering a cemetery. This may have been a Christian basilica, which provides support for the legend reported by Ibn Abi Dinar. A more recent scholarly interpretation by Muhammad al-Badji Ibn Mami, also endorsed by Sihem Lamine, suggests that the previous structures may have been part of a Byzantine fortification.

Olivia is particularly venerated in Tunisia because it is superstitiously thought that if the site and its memory are profaned, then misfortune will happen; this includes a belief that when her relics are recovered, Islam will end. This ancillary legend related to the discovery of the saint's relics is widespread in Sicily, however it is connected to other Saints as well.

In 1402 king Martin I of Sicily requested the return of Saint Olivia's relics from the Berber Caliph of Ifriqiya Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II, who refused him.

Historicity
The main criticism of the life of Olivia is that the elements of her legend do not have a personal nature in and of themselves, but they all derive, with slight modifications, from old themes or archetypes that were dear to the medieval imagination, such as that of the  'sacred heroine'  or the  'persecuted maiden' . The Italian teacher and writer Giuseppe Agnello carefully undertook to sift the hagiographic tradition from the literary one and did not see anything more than a random homonymous saint of Palermo conflated with the heroine of the mystery play dedicated to her, which was studied extensively by Alessandro d'Ancona and Alexander Veselovsky (who in turn cited Ferdinand Wolf ).

Nevertheless, Paul Collura defends Olivia's historicity, writing that "the core of our ancient legends has a substrate that should not be underestimated, and since the Arab domination in Sicily (827–1092) made a clean sweep of all the written documents, sacred and profane, the memory of several Saints has been handed down only on the thread of memory."

title: Olivia of Palermo


text:
Talk:Colonization of the outer Solar System

About the introducton
I am not sure their is any formal proof of existing liquid water anywhere in the solar sytem. Steam and ice, and traces of rivers that might have been of liquid water, yes -- but no actual present water.

I just disagree with the word "iceteroids" because asteroids is from aster+ oids (like a star). At max, it would be iceoids, maybe... -Pedro 00:55, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * so interresting and good source of info. This is wikipedia at its best. Congrat's ;)

 * Well, you and Mr. Zubrin can have it out. For now, it's a common portmanteau. siafu 01:40, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * what?! --Pedro 21:27, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Ganymede, Triton
Are there any ideas for these and other major moons? -Pedro 16:06, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * An old book that I read had an issue about Ganymede (The Base Ganymede), but without details. :/.--Pedro 19:47, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added what I read about Ganymede. It is maybe outdated (the magnetic field was not in that source, obviously). I dont own the book, i just copied the pages about future space exploration.--Pedro 19:58, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I know this isnt the place, but there are also ideas for the colonization and terraforming of Venus. -Pedro 20:08, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * There's some information about terraforming Venus over at terraforming (it's down after the stuff about Mars). It might be worthwhile to branch it out into something like Colonization of Venus, but we should talk about that over there. siafu 22:39, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

It says Ganymede receives 8 rem per day. Are we talking 24 hours or are we talking a Ganymede day? The linked source doesn't seem to indicate — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.42.106.178 (talk) 16:04, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

separate articles
do you think there should be separate articles for Titan and Europa? --Revolución  hablar    ver  17:47, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

No, as Titan and Europa are two very different environments, one having a thick atmosphere (Titan), and the other a deep ocean (Europa). Felix Dance 11:37, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

It appears that the sections discussing the use of floating cities on Jupiter contradict themselves, the first saying that floating cities would be possible (with the right preperations), the second saying that Jupiter would not be a good choice for floating cities due to gravity/radiation concerns. Just a thought. --MrBaseball (talk) 02:12, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * There's still a bit about that in the article, but it should probably be removed, since no one actually seriously considers it. All RS's that I can see think about the moons of Jupiter and Saturn – even the moons of Uranus and Neptune seem too futuristic for them, so the giants themselves should be even more so. Double sharp (talk) 09:25, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Future expansion
I saw that someone added in a bunch of links to articles with no content, and that someone else deleted them. Let's build these articles on this page first, like for Pluto and each individual satellite. Once we get more than a page for each, we can see about breaking it off. Until then, it's not worth it. Chadlupkes 04:44, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I did the deleting (actually reverting to redirects here) and I agree with you. I left comments on the incident at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Space Colonization--agr 10:40, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Uranus
The section states: "By using balloons filled with hydrogen, large masses can be suspended underneath at roughly Earth gravity. "

But Uranus atmosphere is itself mostly hydrogen. So I doubt the faculty of this statement. Does anyone have more information on this?

84.160.237.96 21:52, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes, Uranus' atmosphere, as well as the other gas giants, is not entirely composed of hydrogen. According to NASA's fact sheets (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html), Uranus' atmosphere is comprised of only 82.5% hydrogen, with the remainder being mainly helium and methane (which is 2.3%). This would easily be enough to provide boyancy for a large aerostat, with some proposals suggesting hanging loads of several thousand tons suspended below hydrogen spheres over a kilometre in diameter, although I do not have a reference for this at the moment. Felix Dance 11:35, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

I recon that those constructs of sphreres for the hydrogen need not be able to endure high pressure densities as the hydrogen inside would have the same preasure as the atmosphere outside, but would have to be very large to provide sufficiant boyancy. Large constructs tend to be heavy. So how exactly would these sphreres look like? If the hydrogen would be under preassure to retain structural stability of the sphere, it'll surely leak out through almost all materials. If not, the sphere needs to have structural stability of its own, adding weight to the structure, decreasing the overall density.

Are there any numberes on that subject? 84.160.217.236 19:45, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

As explained above, a small percentage of the atmosphere is comprised of heavy compounds. Balloons would have to be large, but boyancy would be in the order of Earth's atmosphere due to the large mole mass of the methane (2.3%). The idea has been around in Science Fiction for a while so I would be supprised if there was no independant research on the issue. Balloons weighing a few tons could contain millions of cubic metres of hydrogen, allowing hundreds of tons of lift. Felix Dance 00:19, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Several people have already been in Uranus, back in college. Should the article mention this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.15.179.171 (talk) 23:36, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

removed "rocket fuel" speculation
While it's probably true that there are goodies out there from which to manufacture rocket fuel, let us remember that even interplanetary distances are so damn far as to make rocket propulsion for getting around amongst them downright silly. for instance, if we are to accelerate to even 100 miles per second, it would still take ~ 7 years just to get to Jupiter, let alone to Saturn, which is roughly twice as far out. I'm not going to do the joules-to-matter math here, but at joule you can see how much energy is required for this sort of trip. Even if you were to use fusion instead of, say, potassium perchlorate, and get much higher efficiency, it would still take an awful long time to get anything done. So, consider the phrase 'sustain life,' which is far more generic. I don't think anyone is going to deny that there are organic compounds (Io and Titan come to mind), water ice (Europa), and liquid water (Europa again) out there. Further, the previously mentioned ingredients plus sunlight do life sustainment make. Indeed, even without sunlight, Jupiter and Io are pretty warm places to hang out. This has been speculated ad nauseum in (science) fiction, and recently by the likes of NASA with, say, the Huygens probe. Anyhow, I think it doesn't need the fact template now. At least not there. 63.242.163.2 23:47, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Didn't Cassini Huygens reach Saturn in under 7 years? Saturn is further out than Jupiter as well.WolfKeeper 04:57, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Your edit seems to be based on OR, and from looking at it, you've made some mistakes with your analysis; for example, Cassini used a Venus slingshot I believe.WolfKeeper 04:57, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Not having tracked more than the last bit of this exchange, just to pipe in with my two cents - there are references out there, which we should collect, for outer Solar System resources being susceptible to exploitation as rocket fuel; Cassini used slingshots of Venus, Venus a second time, Earth, Earth a second time, [fact-checked self — r.d.] and then Jupiter, after originally being launched with chemical rocket fuel; and the relative crappiness of chemical propellant doesn't nullify the potential value of developing chemical propellant resources in the outer Solar System - it can be combined with other techniques, as the creative slingshotting of the Cassini mission planners illustrated, and don't forget that it can be used to ship slow-boat freight, for shipments with relatively low time decay in value per mass density. Spacecraft don't need to move that fast when there are no or few people in them, to be of value. - Reaverdrop ( talk / nl ) 05:11, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Speculation
This article needs a cleanup, there is a lot of speculation and not that much facts —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.68.237.197 (talk) 02:35, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. there is no scientific or economic justification to even consider such colonization.   There are a large number of intractable problems to consider even reaching Mars, much less the rest of the solar system.--173.69.135.105 (talk) 02:57, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

 * If a problem is intractable, why bother considering it? :P —Tamfang (talk) 04:34, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

This article should be removed
This article contains many fallacies and false claims, with little or no evidence to support hypotheses, nor substantive commentary on the topic. Until an expert is able to produce a better document, this article should be removed from Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.10.96.6 (talk) 07:02, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

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Eardisley

Eardisley is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire about 5 mi south of the centre of Kington. Eardisley is in the Wye valley in the northwest of the county, close to the border with Wales.

The village is part of the "Black and white village trail", having many timber-framed buildings along its high street. Recent dendrochronology dating work on timbers in these buildings has revealed that some parts date back to the 14th century.

History
Eardisley Park estate includes the site of Eardisley Castle. The manor house built during the Georgian period burned down in 1999 and was replaced with a replica in 2003.

St Mary Magdalene
The Church of England parish church of St. Mary Magdalene is a 12th-century building noted for its font, carved in about 1150. It is a Norman work of the Herefordshire School and bears some resemblance to the carvings at Kilpeck in south Herefordshire. It combines intricate Celtic knotwork patterns with dramatic scenes, including the Harrowing of Hell and two knights fighting. It is a grade I listed building.

The south aisle windows were renewed by the Gothic Revival architect Ewan Christian in 1863.

George Coke, Bishop of Hereford, was buried here. The churchyard extension contains the Commonwealth war graves of a Herefordshire Regiment soldier of World War I and a Royal Engineers soldier and a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse of World War II.

Eardisley Methodist Church
Eardisley Methodist Church in Woodseaves Road is in the Shropshire and Marches Methodist Circuit. It opened in 1867 as Eardisley Primitive Methodist Church.

Hay Railway
The Hay Railway was an early narrow gauge horse tramway that connected Eardisley with Watton Wharf on the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal in Brecon. From 1 May 1820, the Hay Railway was joined at its Eardisley terminus, in an end-on junction, by the Kington Tramway. Together, the two lines totalled 36 mi in length, comprising the longest continuous plateway to be completed in the United Kingdom. The Hay railway operated through rural areas on the borders of England and Wales and was built to transport goods and freight. Passengers were not carried on any official basis. The Hay Railway was absorbed into the Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway in 1860 and the line was converted to standard gauge for operation by steam locomotives.

Amenities
Eardisley has two public houses, the Tram Inn and The New Strand. The New Strand is the headquarters for the North West Herefordshire Pool League which incorporates the Eardisley Summer Pool League and the Portway Winter Pool League.

The New Strand is also headquarters to the Hay and District Darts League & the Weobley and District Darts League.

The parish has a Women's Institute. The village holds the annual Eardisley Flower Show on August Bank Holiday each year.

Notable people

 * Louise Skelton, British equestrian athlete
 * Jessica Raine, British actress

title: Eardisley


text:
User talk:Mvalolo~enwiki

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[[Image:Evansvilleskyline.jpg]]
First I wanted to thankyou for the image and was wondering if you could tag it.For example if you took the picture you could tag it under, ,, other options including those can be seen here. Image copyright tags. Ask me on my talk page if you have any further questions. Thanks. Falphin 01:21, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Mvalolo~enwiki


text: User:Neier/Sandbox/TrainList/Y

title: User:Neier/Sandbox/TrainList/Y


text:
Nescochague Creek

Nescochague Creek (Lenni-Lenape: Edgeachick Branch, Pactockeach Branch) is a 6.4 mi tributary of the Mullica River in southern New Jersey in the United States. The creek starts just northwest of Hammonton, arcs along the southern boundary of Wharton State Forest, and joins the Mullica River just above County Route 542.

The upper creek is named Albertson Brook, assuming the name Nescochague Creek after the confluence with Great Swamp Brook.

Tributaries

 * Great Swamp Brook

title: Nescochague Creek


text:
Talk:Fluent (artificial intelligence)

I have written the article trying to avoid complications and trying to put together the different definitions of fluents in different formalisms. This caused some problems:

 * 1) I have assumed that fluents are truth-valued for the sake of simplicity, but this is not always the case; I think the better solution is to add a separate paragraph rather than making the definition more general from the beginning;
 * 2) I have used “the predicate $$On(box,table)$$ ... ”; this is of course not a predicate but a literal using that predicate. Is there any way to say something correct without introducing the complication “we use a predicate $$On$$ so that $$On(box,table)$$ ... ”?

Paolo Liberatore (Talk) 12:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fluent (artificial intelligence)


text:
Athletic Grounds (Armagh)

The Athletic Grounds (Páirc Lúthchleasaíochta), known for sponsorship reasons as the BOX-IT Athletic Grounds, is a GAA stadium in Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is the county ground and administrative headquarters of Armagh GAA and is used for both Gaelic football and hurling.

Uses
The stadium is the county ground of Armagh GAA, i.e. the primary stadium in the county, and as such is used for higher profile games such as county finals and inter-county matches in the national leagues and Ulster and All-Ireland Championships.

Features
The ground has a capacity of 18,500, with one covered stand seating 5,575, one covered terraced stand, uncovered terracing at both ends of the grounds, floodlighting, changing rooms, administration facilities, a treatment suite, media room, referee's area, and access for disabled spectators. A new attendance record for the redeveloped ground was set on 14 June 2015 when 18,186 spectators attended the Ulster Senior Championship quarter-final between Armagh and Donegal.

History
The grounds were purchased for the GAA for £1,000 by public subscription in 1936, when an area of land next to the Armagh-Keady railway line came on the market. The land had already been in use for sports for some years, and was informally known as "the Gaelic Field". However the term "Athletic Grounds" was in use from at least 1935 when the field hosted a sporting and cultural Feis featuring a football challenge match between Armagh and Dublin selections.

While remaining in trust for the County Board and serving as the county ground, the stadium was principally used for many years by Pearse Óg GAA Club in Armagh, which then had no ground of its own. In 1982 the ground was closed for a refurbishment costing £150,000. It was reopened in the GAA's centenary year, 1984, with a challenge match between the Armagh and Dublin county teams. The complex included a new Armagh GAA administrative headquarters (the Ceannáras), a handball alley and an extended and re-seeded playing area. The cost of refurbishing and maintaining the grounds proved unsustainable for the local club, resulting in the venue being handed back to the County Board and, in 2002, in its being closed again. Apart from a brief reopening in 2008 the Athletic Grounds remained out of use until the most recent redevelopment was completed in 2011.

Redevelopment
In 2002, plans were announced by the GAA's Ulster Council to redevelop a number of stadiums, with the Athletic Grounds to receive £8 million to increase its capacity from 5,500 to 25,000. These plans were not, however, fully realised.

Instead, the reconstruction of the Athletic Grounds was taken forward in four phases by a development group that had been established by Armagh County Board in 1997, with funding garnered from a number of sources and eventually totalling £3.5 million. This included over £2m of National Lottery assistance, over £1m from GAA Ulster Council and Central Council, donations of £1,000 per year from each Armagh GAA club, and other grants from Armagh City and District Council.

By 2011 the redevelopment had been completed. The stadium was officially reopened on 5 February 2011 for an Allianz Football League match, which as in the 1984 reopening was between Armagh and Dublin.

Despite the success of fundraising efforts, the overall cost of the four phases, at £4.6m, left Armagh County Board with a deficit of more than £1m. It is seeking to clear the debt through a supporters' network, "My Armagh", by such means as seat sponsorship. In December 2010 it was announced that naming rights for the stadium would be sold to raise additional funds for the refurbishment project, and the rights eventually went to the Morgan Group, sponsor of Armagh GAA county teams since 1997. The stadium was known from May 2011 as the Morgan Athletic Grounds (Páirc Lúthchleasaíochta Uí Mhuiregáin), but reverted to the original name following the withdrawal of Morgan sponsorship, announced in November 2012.

Transport
The stadium (part of which stands on the site of Irish Street Halt on the old Armagh-Keady railway line) is only accessible by road since the railway line through Armagh closed in 1957. It is close to the main Armagh to Monaghan road.

title: Athletic Grounds (Armagh)