text:
Changes (David Bowie song)

"Changes" is a song by the English singer-songwriter David Bowie from his 1971 album Hunky Dory. RCA Records then released it as a single from the album on 7 January 1972. Written following his promotional tour of America in early 1971, "Changes" was recorded at Trident Studios in London between June and July that year. Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, it featured Rick Wakeman on piano and the musicians who would later become known as the Spiders from Mars—Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey.

At this point in his career, Bowie had experimented with numerous musical styles, all of which failed to earn him stardom. The lyrics of "Changes" reflect this, with the first verse focusing on the compulsive nature of artistic reinvention and distancing oneself from the rock mainstream. The second verse concerns clashes between children and their parents, urging them to allow their children to be themselves as teenagers, a topic Bowie had spoken out about before. Musically, "Changes" is an art pop song that features a distinctive piano riff. The song flopped as a single, later garnering success following the release of Ziggy Stardust. RCA later chose it as a B-side for the reissue of "Space Oddity" in 1975, which became Bowie's first UK number-one single.

"Changes" is regarded as one of Bowie's best songs, with many praising Bowie's vocal performance and Wakeman's piano playing. It has also appeared on several best-of lists. His biographers have viewed the track as a manifesto of his entire career, predicting a constant change of musical styles. Bowie performed "Changes" frequently during his concert tours; it was the final song he performed on stage before his death in 2016. The song has appeared on numerous compilation albums and is the namesake of several. Several artists have covered the song, including Australian singer Butterfly Boucher for the 2004 film Shrek 2, whose version featured new vocals from Bowie.

Writing and recording
After completing a promotional tour of America in early 1971, David Bowie returned to his home at Haddon Hall in Beckenham, London, and began writing songs. In total, he composed over three-dozen songs there, many of which would appear on his next album Hunky Dory and its follow-up The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. One of these tracks was "Changes", which he demoed between May and June 1971. Featuring Bowie on piano, the demo contained different lyrics from the final recording and remains unreleased.

Work on Hunky Dory officially began at Trident Studios in London on 8 June 1971 and concluded on 6 August. "Changes" was recorded sometime between June and July. Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, he recorded it with pianist Rick Wakeman and the musicians who would later become known as the Spiders from Mars: guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Mick Woodmansey. Wakeman, a noted session musician and member of the Strawbs, was asked to play during the Hunky Dory sessions and accepted. He had previously played Mellotron on Bowie's 1969 self-titled album. He recalled in 1995 that he met with Bowie in late June 1971 at Haddon Hall, where Bowie played him demos of "Changes" and "Life on Mars?" in "their raw brilliance". He recalled: "He [played] the finest selection of songs I have ever heard in one sitting in my entire life...I couldn't wait to get into the studio and record them." Bowie plays a saxophone solo on the final recording – his first feature of the instrument– which he recollected was recorded "when I was still going through ideas of using melodic saxophone." Bowie has said that the track "started out as a parody of a nightclub song, a kind of throwaway".

Music
Musically, "Changes" is an art pop song. While primarily in 4/4 common time, the time signature changes to 2/4 twice (on the lines "different man" and "necks in it"), and four simultaneous bars of 3/4 feature different chords on each bar and are accompanied by Woodmansey's drum fills. According to James Perone, it features a "standard British pop song structure", with "clearly defined" verses, choruses and middle-eight sections. The song begins on a tonic chord (C major 7th) piano and strings, thereafter moving up in semitones: D♭add6th, D minor7, E♭7, F7. Critic Wilfrid Mellers described this intro as "near-anarchic", finding that the sequence "violates orthodox musical grammar". From there, the piano follows the same sequence: C–E–G–B (Cmaj7), D–F–A–C (Dm7), F–A–C–E (Fmaj7), and E♭–G–B♭–D♭ (E♭7). O'Leary calls the progression "quintessential Bowie": it was "found by random movement, that sounded 'right' despite being technically 'wrong'."

After an "oh yeah" from Bowie, piano and kick drum eighth notes build anticipation before a distinctive riff begins. According to author Peter Doggett, Bowie did not know the chord changes on guitar or piano, but "he followed his fingers as they crept, slowly up and down the keyboard, augmenting familiar shapes or simply reproducing them a step or two along the ivories." Played by piano, saxophone, bass and strings, the riff is an eighth note melody that Doggett describes as a rising "diatonic major descent". O'Leary notes that the riff only appears twice in the entire song: once before the first verse and second after the first chorus.

The piano and bass are similar to the album track "Oh! You Pretty Things", going up and down a C to D scale. Doggett writes: "It was as if the piano was scared to rest in one place for more than a couple of beats, in case it would be hemmed in or halted. By restlessly moving, it kept its options open and its spirit alive." Like "Oh! You Pretty Things", "Changes" ends how it begins: on the C major 7th chord, although the chord sequence is in reverse. Saxophone, piano, strings and bass all play their final notes, fading into the distance.

Lyrics
The lyrics of "Changes" focus on the compulsive nature of artistic reinvention and distancing oneself from the rock mainstream. Perone calls them "thought-provoking," and "clearly autobiographical." At this point in his career, Bowie was frequently being told how to musically progress by his managers and labels, leading him to experiment with genres such as folk, hard rock and soul. This is reflected in the first verse, in which the narrator looks at himself through a mirror to help find his true identity. Perone argues that the verse serves as a "public acknowledgment" that these earlier styles, all of which failed to earn him stardom, were not the "true David Bowie style." Biographer Nicholas Pegg identifies the line "I turned myself to face me" as mirroring Bowie's encounter with himself in his 1970 track "The Width of a Circle". O'Leary writes that with "Changes", Bowie commits to a "life of constant revision." By saying "look out you rock 'n' rollers", Bowie is "throwing the gauntlet down to existing rockers" and "putting a distance between himself and the rock fraternity."

Like "Life on Mars?", "Changes" was a response to Frank Sinatra's "My Way"; biographer David Buckley cites the line "turn and face the strange" as "not a valedictory farewell, but a prophetic hello." According to Buckley, the phrase 'strange fascination' "not only embodies a continued quest for the new and the bizarre but also carries with it the force of compulsion, the notion of having to change to stay afloat artistically." The first verse elucidates the three most important components in Bowie's quest for stardom: the themes of identity, the "mutability" of character" and a "sense of play" in both first and third person, signaling the creation of Ziggy Stardust. Throughout the 1970s, Bowie had a "pathological fear" of repeating himself, both musically and visually. He gave himself the epithet 'faker' and proclaimed himself as "pop's fraud; the arch-dissembler." Pegg states that his identification of himself as the 'faker' gives him anxiety, believing that he is "much too fast" to be affected by how others' opinion of him.

The song's chorus, Bowie stuttering the 'ch' at the beginning of the word 'changes', has been compared to the English rock band the Who, specifically their 1965 song "My Generation". Both songs have stuttering vocals and similar lyrics ("hope I die before I get old" versus "pretty soon now you're gonna get older"). The second verse concerns clashes between children and their parents, urging them to allow their children to be themselves as teenagers. This is reflected in the line "Time may change me, but I can't trace time", which Pegg believes resembles Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'". Bowie had previously spoken about this issue in an interview with The Times in 1968: "We feel our parents' generation has lost control, given up, they're scared of the future. I feel it's basically their fault that things are so bad." In Rolling Stone's contemporary review of Hunky Dory, John Mendelsohn acknowledged this, considering "Changes" to be "construed as a young man's attempt to reckon how he'll react when it's his time to be on the maligned side of the generation schism." The song has also been interpreted by NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray as touting "Modern Kids as a New Race".

Release
RCA Records released Hunky Dory on 17 December 1971, with "Changes" sequenced as the opening track. It was subsequently released as the first single of the album on 7 January 1972, with the catalogue number RCA 2160 and fellow album track "Andy Warhol" as the B-side; it was Bowie's first single released by RCA. In France, the B-side was "Song for Bob Dylan", despite the label stating that it was "Andy Warhol". This single has been cited as Bowie's official US chart debut.

Upon release, like the album, it flopped commercially, failing to chart in the UK, and peaking at number 59 and 66 on the US Cash Box Top 100 and Billboard Hot 100 charts, respectively. Despite this, it became English disc jockey Tony Blackburn's record of the week. It was not until the success of Bowie's following album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972) that recognition was brought upon Hunky Dory and "Changes", which according to Pegg quickly became a "turntable favorite" and "embedded" itself into the "pop-culture psyche". Carr and Murray later argued that "Oh! You Pretty Things" was the "obvious single" from the album over "Changes".

In 1975, RCA released "Changes", along with the Ziggy Stardust outtake "Velvet Goldmine", as a B-side of the UK reissue of "Space Oddity", which became Bowie's first UK number one single. The re-release of the original one also charted higher in the US, at number 38 and 41 on the Cash Box Top 100 and Billboard Hot 100, respectively, and also peaked at number 32 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart. Following Bowie's death in 2016, it charted again, peaking at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart, and number 10 on the US Billboard Rock Songs chart. It also reached the top-five in Sweden and number 84 in France. In April 2022, the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) awarded the song a gold certification for sales and streams exceeding 400,000 units.

Critical reception
"Changes" was met with positive reviews from music critics on release, with Billboard magazine naming it one of the strongest songs on the album. Cash Box said that it has "one of the most infectious chorus lines in recent memory." Record World called it "an appealing slice of [Bowie's] unique musical outlook" that is "different, but adaptable both pop and progressive." Reviewing Hunky Dory, Danny Halloway of NME called "Changes" a "fantastic pop song", describing it as Bowie's "life story". In another review in Rolling Stone, John Mendelsohn called the song's chorus "irresistible". Retrospectively, "Changes" has continued to be viewed in a positive light. In his book The Complete David Bowie, Pegg calls Wakeman's piano performance "superb" and the song overall one of Bowie's "pivotal recordings". Paul Trynka writes that even though the song wasn't a commercial success initially, it would "energize a group of believers, who helped their golden boy ascend to fame over the months that followed." Ned Raggett of AllMusic calls the chorus "absolutely wonderful" and compliments everything from Wakeman's piano, Bowie's vocal performance and the performances of the Spiders from Mars. He concludes saying: "The descending chords of the bass hint at that particular glam rock element's incipient dominance, while Ken Scott's production and Mick Ronson's excellent string arrangement – not to mention Bowie's own winning sax part – complete the package."

"Changes" has frequently appeared on lists of Bowie's greatest songs. Mojo magazine listed it as Bowie's fifth best track in 2015. Ultimate Classic Rock, in their list of Bowie's ten best songs the same year, listed it at number two, calling it "a beautiful tune" and praising Bowie's vocal performance as one of his finest, "showcasing one of the most unique voices in rock history." The staff of Rolling Stone listed "Changes" as one of Bowie's 30 essential songs, writing that although Bowie said it started as somewhat of a "parody of a nightclub song", it ended up being a "st-st-st-stuttering rock anthem". In The Guardian, Alexis Petridis voted it number 15 in his list of Bowie's 50 greatest songs in 2020, calling it a "perfectly written, irresistible mission statement that few heeded at the time." In other lists, "Changes" has ranked at number three, eight and nine by NME, Uncut and Smooth Radio in 2018, 2015 and 2020, respectively. In another 2016 list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best, Ultimate Classic Rock placed "Changes" at number two, behind "Heroes", calling it "a pre-'Ziggy' burst of pop exuberance that still shines".

Accolades
"Changes" has appeared on numerous best-of lists. In 2015, Ultimate Classic Rock placed the song on their list of the top 200 songs of the 1970s, writing, "Even before his career took off, Bowie was giving a glimpse of his future, singing about change in a voice that sounded an awful lot like a certain rock 'n' roll troubadour from Mars. After a few stumbling years, Bowie found his voice on 1971's Hunky Dory. "Changes" is his coming-out party." The song was ranked at number 128 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010; it was re-ranked number 200 in its 2021 revised list. It is one of four of Bowie's songs to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. In late 2016, the American Recording Academy inducted the song into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Analysis
Retrospectively, "Changes" is described by Bowie's biographers as a manifesto of his entire career. Throughout the 1970s, Bowie changed his musical styles and appearances constantly; Doggett notes that each album he released between 1974 and 1977—Diamond Dogs, Young Americans, Station to Station and Low—could not have predicted the next. He was dubbed the "chameleon of rock" by numerous publications and biographers due to his constant reinvention throughout his career, which matches the overall theme in "Changes". Buckley notes that 1971 was a pivotal year for Bowie; it was the year in which he became "something of a pop-art agent provocateur. In a time when rock musicians looked to traditions and established standards, Bowie looked to be radically different and challenge tradition, reinventing himself again and again, thereby creating new standards and conventions. Doggett also notes that "Changes" is a "statement of purpose": it was the first track on Hunky Dory, the first time his audience had heard of him since The Man Who Sold the World (1970), and his previous hard rock and metallic sound was not present. Furthermore, he states that the song was unlike "Space Oddity" and its parent album, but rather "pure, unashamedly melodic, gleefully commercial, gorgeously pop."

Live versions
Bowie played the song for the BBC's Johnny Walker Lunchtime Show on 22 May 1972. This was broadcast in early June 1972 and eventually released on Bowie at the Beeb in 2000. Bowie frequently performed "Changes" throughout his concert tours. According to the artist, "it turned into this monster that nobody would stop asking for at concerts:  'Dye-vid, Dye-vid – do Changes!'  I had no idea it would become such a popular thing." Performances from the Ziggy Stardust Tour have been released on Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (1983) and Live Santa Monica '72 (2008). Another previously unreleased performance from Boston Music Hall on 1 October 1972 was released in 1989 on the original Sound + Vision Plus box set and on the 2003 reissue of his 1973 album Aladdin Sane.

Performances from the Diamond Dogs Tour have been released on David Live (1974), Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) (2017), and I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) (2020). Live versions from the 1976 Isolar Tour, the Glastonbury Festival and the Reality tour were released on Live Nassau Coliseum '76, Glastonbury 2000 (2018) and A Reality Tour (2010), respectively. On 9 November 2006, Bowie performed the song with American singer Alicia Keys at the Black Ball fundraiser in New York. Also performing "Wild Is the Wind" and "Fantastic Voyage", it was Bowie's final live performance before his death in 2016.

Legacy
"Changes" has appeared on multiple compilation albums, including Changesonebowie (1976), Changesbowie (1990) (its namesakes, along with 1981's Changestwobowie ), The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 (1997), Best of Bowie (2002), Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Legacy (2016). In 2015, the song, along with its parent album, was remastered for the Five Years (1969–1973) box set. It was released in CD, vinyl, and digital formats.

A quotation from the song was used as an epigraph for the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club (1985):

 * ...And these children
 * that you spit on
 * as they try to change their worlds
 * are immune to your consultations.
 * They're quite aware
 * Of what they're going through...

The song also appears in the 2015 Off-Broadway musical Lazarus, written by Bowie and playwright Enda Walsh near the end of Bowie's life. The English pop group Bananarama recorded a version of "Changes" in 1993 with producers Mike Stock and Pete Waterman. Although officially unreleased, their version was leaked to the internet in 2016. That same year, the song was ranked at number 74 by internet radio station WDDF Radio in their first top 76 of the 1970s countdown.

In 2004, a new version of "Changes" by Australian artist Butterfly Boucher, featuring Bowie on additional vocals, was recorded for the soundtrack of the animated film Shrek 2. Boucher, who was commissioned by the film's studio to provide a song, sent a recording of "Changes" to Bowie in December 2003 during his A Reality Tour, requesting additional backing vocals from the artist. In the Bahamas for the tour, Bowie travelled to Compass Point Studios, where he had previously recorded with the rock band Tin Machine, where he recorded a harmony vocal against Boucher's lead with Tony Visconti producing. Pegg describes this version as having a "lush arrangement" featuring piano, saxophone and strings. He and O'Leary both praise Bowie's vocal performance as one of the finest of his later career. That same year, Brazilian singer Seu Jorge recorded a Portuguese version for the Wes Anderson film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou.

An alternative mix of "Changes" by Ken Scott was released in December 2021 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Hunky Dory, accompanied by a new lyric video. Scott explained in a statement:

"The new version of 'Changes' is a fresh look at David's classic. When listening to the original multi-track I discovered a few things that I had eliminated from the original mix and also a completely different sax solo at the end. It was those things that led me to try a new mix, trying for a slightly harder, more contemporary edge to it."

Track listing
All tracks are written by David Bowie.
 * 1) "Changes" – 3:33
 * 2) "Andy Warhol" – 3:58

Personnel
According to biographers Kevin Cann and Chris O'Leary:
 * David Bowie – lead vocal, alto and tenor saxophone
 * Mick Ronson – guitar, string arrangement, backing vocal
 * Trevor Bolder – bass guitar
 * Mick Woodmansey – drums
 * Rick Wakeman – piano
 * Unknown musicians – violins, violas, cellos

Production
 * David Bowie – producer
 * Ken Scott – producer, engineer

title: Changes (David Bowie song)


text:
The High Water Marks

The High Water Marks is an indie rock band associated with the Elephant 6 collective. The band has two lead creative members, Hilarie Sidney and Per Ole Bratset, who co-write the band's music.

Band history
Hilarie Sidney, drummer for The Apples in Stereo and Per Ole Bratset of the band Palermo met during an Apples in Stereo performance in Oslo, Norway. The two became friends and began recording songs together through the mail before deciding to record together in the United States. During this time, the band's debut album Songs About the Ocean was recorded, with Sidney and Bratset performing all of the instruments themselves.

Sidney and Bratset, now married, were joined by Jim Lindsay (former Oranger member and Preston School of Industry contributor) and Mike Snowden (known for his work in Von Hemmling and Real Numbers) to play drums and bass, respectively. With this four member lineup, The High Water Marks recorded the album Polar, which was released September 2007.

In 2019, Hilarie and Per Ole started working on a new album with Logan Miller at his home studio in Kentucky. The album was completed while in pandemic lockdown, with Øystein Megård also joining on drums and several other instruments. Logan Miller played bass, guitars and drums. The album Ecstasy Rhymes was released worldwide through Minty Fresh Records on November 13 2020, and in Norway on Wonderful & Strange Records.

Band members

 * Per Ole Bratset – guitar, bass, lead vocals
 * Hilarie Sidney – guitar, drums, keyboards, lead vocals
 * Logan R Miller – bass, guitar, drums, vocals
 * Øystein Megård – drums, keyboards, guitar, vocals

Discography

 * Songs About the Ocean (2004), Eenie Meenie Records CD/LP (US) and Racing Junior (Europe)
 * Polar (2007), Happy Happy Birthday To Me Records CD Wonderful & Strange Records LP (2019 Reissue)
 * Arivar Sullimer (2009), The Fox Pop Recording co. Cassette
 * Split 7" with Love Letter Band (2010), Happy Happy Birthday to me Records. 7"
 * Pretending to be Loud (2012) Jigzaw Records CD
 * Annual Rings EP (2013), Peoples King Recording Company, Digital Download
 * Ecstasy Rhymes (2020) Minty Fresh Records LP (world) and Wonderful & Strange Records LP (Norway)
 * Proclaimer of Things (2022) Minty Fresh Records LP
 * Your Next Wolf (2023) Minty Fresh Records LP and 6612 Tapes (cassette)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The High Water Marks


text: Category:Detroit Pistons

title: Category:Detroit Pistons


text:
Talk:Scalar curvature

Notation -- R vs S
I originally switched from S to R because every other article on WP that talks about scalar curvature uses R not S (since S is already taken, used to denote the "action").

Also: I have yet to see any book where the scalar curvature is denoted by S. Neither of the two mathbooks I have on Riemannian geometry call it that. So in what sense is "S" the "usual" notation? linas 22:18, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is usual in Riemannian geometry, and this is an article in Riemanninan geometry. Almost any modern book use S or Sc. Ricci flow guys use and inex oriented intos use R. See Curvature of Riemannian manifolds and Weyl curvature. Also if you do not use index notation it has no sense to use R. Tosha 22:50, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Pseudo-Riemannian case
It ought to be mentioned that scalar curvature is defined for pseudo-Riemannian metrics as well. There is at least one sentence in the article which implies scalar curvature is specific to Riemannian metrics only. Jjauregui (talk) 20:01, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Section on 2-dimensional case needs fine tuning
The section titled "2 dimensions" starts as follows:

"In 2 dimensions, scalar curvature is exactly twice the Gauss curvature:

S = 2/(ρ1 ρ2)

where ρ1, ρ2 are principal radii of the surface."

This isn't quite describing the case of "2 dimensions" but rather the case where a 2-dimensional manifold is assumed to have an embedding in 3-space. So -- either the equation should not assume the surface is embedded in 3-space, or the title of this section should be changed to reflect this assumption. (Or else both the embedded and intrinsic cases could be addressed.)Daqu (talk) 19:50, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Definition via triangles?
I don't know differential geometry. I've heard of a scalar-valued quantity related to curvature defined something like this: Take the sum of the angles in an equilateral triangle. Divide by the length of the side. (Or do we need the square of the length?) Take the limit as the triangle shrinks.
 * How is that related to the scalar curvature defined in this article? Michael Hardy (talk) 03:01, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Up to a constant, that would be the sectional curvature. It's not really a scalar because it depends on the directions of the legs of the triangle, even if they are tending to zero in magnitude.  There are, of course, relationships between the two things, but it is not quite so simple.  Sławomir Biały (talk) 03:05, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, I take the last part back. Up to a factor of the dimension, the scalar curvature is the average value of the sectional curvature.  So, perhaps, if one selected a triangle "at random", then the scalar curvature represents the expectation value of the construction you mention. Sławomir Biały (talk) 03:22, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

 * In a space with constant curvature Κ, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is equal to π+ΚA where A is the area of the triangle. See spherical excess. From this one can show that the sum of the interior angles of an n-gon is (n-2)π+ΚA. This can be generalized to arbitrary closed curves in a space with variable curvature. See Gauss–Bonnet theorem. JRSpriggs (talk) 14:17, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify the above post, as I think JRSpriggs may have misunderstood Michael Hardy's original misapprehension: What he said holds for constant sectional curvature, which is not the same thing as the scalar curvature (the subject of this article). The purpose of my post was to indicate how the sectional curvature (that the angular excess measures) is related to the scalar curvature.  Sławomir Biały (talk) 15:25, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

I think I should have said the amount by which the sum exceeds π, rather than just the sum. Michael Hardy (talk) 14:24, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * To Sławomir Biały: As the article says, "in two dimensions, scalar curvature is exactly twice the Gaussian curvature". And as the article on sectional curvature says, "it is the Gaussian curvature of that section". JRSpriggs (talk) 16:48, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course, in two dimensions no one ever talks about "scalar curvature", as that is completely redundant. To focus on that case in the article would indeed be perverse.  It is only in higher dimensions in which scalar curvature becomes an interesting object of study independently of other notions of curvature.  The question is: how is the scalar curvature of a Riemannian manifold related to its sectional curvature.  See my original post for an explanation.  Here is slightly more detail:
 * $$S_p = (const.)\int_{\operatorname{Gr}_2(T_pM)} K_p(\sigma)\,d\mu(\sigma)$$
 * where the integral is taken with respect to the unit normalized rotationally-invariant measure on the Grassmannian of two-planes in the tangent space of M at p. Or, more explicitly, in an orthonormal frame
 * $$S_p = \sum_{i,j} K_p(e_i\wedge e_j).$$
 * --Sławomir Biały (talk) 17:17, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is true. But the question was about triangles, and they live in two dimensions.
 * Perhaps it would have been better if I had given the formula in terms of exterior angles. In that case, the sum of the exterior angles of a closed polygon (with winding number 1) is 2π-ΚA. JRSpriggs (talk) 17:50, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course, but one can also make sense of triangles in higher dimensions: they simply live on a two dimensional subvariety.  When understood in this way, the angle excess does not measure the scalar curvature, rather it measures the sectional curvature.  Sławomir Biały (talk) 20:11, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * OK. JRSpriggs (talk) 12:36, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Direct geometric interpretation
The formula:
 * $$\frac{\operatorname{Vol} (B_\varepsilon(p) \subset M)}{\operatorname{Vol} (B_\varepsilon(0)\subset {\mathbb R}^n)}= 1- \frac{S}{6(n+2)}\varepsilon^2 + O(\varepsilon^4)$$

is somehow not derived comprehensible. Can someone show how this comes out using
 * $$d\mu_g = \Big[ 1 - \frac{1}{6}R_{jk}x^jx^k+ O(|x|^3) \Big] d\mu_$$

from the corresponding article of the Ricci-Tensor? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbfrosch (talk • contribs)

 * Hint. If A is a symmetric n x n matrix, then the average value of xTAx for x in the unit ball of Euclidean space is tr A/(n+2). 71.182.247.220 (talk) 21:40, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Details. Integrate xTAx in spherical coordinates over the unit ball. Denote by T(A) the integral
 * $$T(A) = \int_{SO(n)} R^TAR\, dR$$
 * taken with respect to the invariant probability measure on the special orthogonal group SO(n). Then T(A) commutes with all rotations, and therefore by Schur's lemma,
 * $$T(A) = \lambda I.$$
 * Taking a trace on both sides gives
 * $$\operatorname{tr} A = n\lambda.$$
 * so
 * $$T(A) = \frac{\operatorname{tr} A}{n} I.$$
 * Now, let ωn−1 be the (n−1)-volume of the (n−1)-sphere. The average value of xTAx over the unit ball is given by
 * $$\frac{\omega_{n-1}\int_0^1 t^{n+1} e_1^TT(A)e_1\, dt}{\omega_{n-1}\int_0^1 t^{n-1}\, dt} = \frac{\operatorname{tr} A}{n+2},$$
 * as required. 71.182.247.220 (talk) 16:27, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Presentation is a bit confusing
The first equation defines S = tr[g] Ric, but doesn't define Ric. The second equation gives another expression for S, which doesn't use Ric, but where Ric is defined. I'm sure the experts here understand what is going on, but to me, trying to figure out, it is confusing. I also don't understand what it means to take the trace of the tensor with respect to the metric. The reference to the trace article only refers to the trace with respect to a basis. Is the metric a basis? I thought it was a bilinear form. Is their an obvious interpretation of a bilinear form as a set of basis vectors? The columns of the matrix? --Thinkor (talk) 22:36, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Ric is not defined anywhere. It is the Ricci tensor.  There is a link to follow.  Sławomir Biały  (talk) 15:41, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scalar curvature


text:
User talk:KrJDub05

Welcome, KrJDub05!
Hello KrJDub05, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and stick around. If you want, you can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

Before you start doing a lot of editing, you might want to take the Tutorial. It gives a lot of basic info you'll want to get you oriented on Wikipedia.

Here're some handy links:
 * Help:Contents is the list of all of the information you need to use Wikipedia.
 * How to edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help desk is a good place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving, which is often an important feature.

Remember to sign your name on talk pages by typing " ~~~ " for your username and " ~~~~ " for your username and a timestamp (which is mostly preferred).

Feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Take care, --Blackcap | talk 22:18, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

This means war! (No doubt you approve)
Nothing to see here, Jonny :) Uncantabrigian 22:40, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Get stuffed Craig! krJDub05 00:30, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Userboxes
Hmm. You are a card. Uncantabrigian 14:06, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Userpages, articles, jokes...
I've reverted your userpage to the last version by you (as I generally believe that people shouldn't edit other peoples userpages except to fix technical/spelling mistakes or with explicit permission), however I notice that you did similar edits to User:Uncantabrigian. Generally speaking I'd see such edits as vandalism and treat them as such, however in this case it appears you two know each other- so if you want to mess around with each others userpages and you both don't mind I'm not going to stop you. However if you do mind please make this clear.

More seriously is edits to articles. Please make sure that all edits to articles strictly follow WP:NPOV, and are verifiable. I'll now be paying a visit to Uncantabrigian to say the same sort of thing. Thank you. Petros471 18:32, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. It was pretty obvious neither of you were one of the usual vandal type; though Uncantabrigian did actually edit an article, and I (gently) told him off for that. I realised you hadn't vandalised any articles; the bit above about NPOV was just some things that all editors need to keep in mind. I'm sure you will make some great contributions to Wikipedia :) Feel free to drop by my talk page if you have any questions, or need assistance with something. Petros471 11:53, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Oxonion userbox
See my proposal here. What do you think? --Danrees 13:47, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Greater Manchester WikiProject
Hi KrJDub05! You have identified yourself as a user from Manchester as indicated by your userpage. We are looking for dedicated and quality members of the editing community, who would be willing to join a Greater Manchester WikiProject - a kind of community action group interested in improving articles that relate to Greater Manchester.

We are hoping to have a diverse team, and would be grateful if you would be willing to register your interest at this proposal page.

Any questions, please feel free to contact me! Hope to hear from you. Jhamez84 03:05, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Image:City of Manchester Coat of Arms.jpg
Hello, KrJDub05. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:City of Manchester Coat of Arms.jpg) was found at the following location: User:KrJDub05. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 21:39, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:KrJDub05


text:
NOV Inc.

NOV Inc., formerly National Oilwell Varco, is an American multinational corporation based in Houston, Texas. It is a worldwide provider of equipment and components used in oil and gas drilling and production operations, oilfield services, and supply chain integration services to the upstream oil and gas industry. The company conducts operations in more than 500 locations across six continents, operating through three reporting segments: Rig Technologies, Wellbore Technologies, and Completion & Production Solutions.

Background
NOV's two main predecessors, Oilwell Supply and National Supply, were founded in 1862 and 1893, respectively. These two companies manufactured and distributed pumps and derricks. In 1930, United States Steel acquired Oilwell Supply. In 1958, Armco Steel merged with National Supply. In 1987, National Supply merged with USS Oilwell to become "National Oilwell".

Varco was founded as Abegg and Reinhold Company by Walter Abegg and Baldwin Reinhold in 1908. "VARCO" is an acronym for: Vuilleumiere, Abegg and Reinhold Company after Edgar Vuilleumiere became a partner in 1915, and Varco International in 1973. In 2000, National Oilwell merged with IRI International Corp. (founded as a merger of Ingersoll Rand Oilfield Products Co. and IDECO Inc. (International Derrick and Equipment Company)), founded and managed by Hushang Ansary, which manufactures and sells drilling rigs and specialty steel products.

In 2005, National Oilwell and Varco merged to become National Oilwell Varco.

Recent history
The company acquired major drill pipe and drill bit manufacturer Grant Prideco in 2008 for $7.37 billion. At the time, Grant Prideco held 60% of the global drill pipe market and operated 25 manufacturing sites worldwide. The acquisition included Grant Prideco's subsidiaries IntelliServ, a producer of drill pipe with built-in equipment to transmit data from a wellhead to surface operators, ReedHycalog, a drill bit producer, and XL Systems, a producer of oil and gas connectors. Grant Prideco, IntelliServ, and ReedHycalog became part of NOV's Wellbore Technologies reporting segment and XL Systems joined the Completion & Production Solutions segment.

In February 2012 NOV acquired Russian coring company Interval Ltd. and purchased Dutch oil rig design company GustoMSC in 2018. GustoMSC, originally the engineering office of Gusto Shipyard, became part of NOV's Rig Technologies segment. In late 2019, NOV bought Bellingham, Washington-based Ershigs, a fabricator of custom pipes and tanks.

National Oilwell Varco changed its name to NOV Inc. on January 1, 2021.

Corporate affairs

The company's headquarters are in Southwest Management District (formerly Greater Sharpstown), Houston. , it employed over 27,000 people and operated over 550 facilities worldwide.

In 2014, Clay Williams took over as CEO of National Oilwell Varco, succeeding former CEO Pete Miller, who served as NOV's CEO for nearly 13 years. Miller was expected to become executive chairman of the National Oilwell Varco spinoff company, DistributionNow.

Rig Technologies
Rig Technologies engineers and manufactures drilling rigs, drilling equipment packages, and related capital equipment (including top drives, iron roughnecks, drawworks, blowout preventers, mud pumps, risers, pipe handling, power and control systems) necessary to drill oil and gas wells, as well as marine construction equipment such as heavy-lift cranes, mooring machinery, jacking systems, pipelay and cablelay systems, and marine riser tensioners. In addition, the segment provides aftermarket equipment and services such as spare parts, repair, and equipment rentals as well as remote equipment monitoring, technical support, field service, and customer training.

Wellbore Technologies
Wellbore Technologies develops equipment, technologies, and services for oil and gas well operation. The segment provides drill bits, borehole enlargement services, and directional drilling tools; optimization/automation software and services; downhole tools for drilling and intervention; premium drill pipe and drill stem accessories; solids control and waste management equipment and services; drilling and completion fluids; data acquisition and analytics technologies; managed-pressure-drilling systems; coating and inspection services and RFID technology for drill pipe lifecycle management; and IntelliServ wired drill pipe.

Completion & Production Solutions
Completion & Production Solutions provides equipment and technologies for the well completion process and production phase of a well's lifecycle. The segment produces intervention and stimulation equipment for pressure pumping, coiled tubing, and wireline operations; composite piping systems, pressure vessels, and structures; integrated processing, production, and pumping equipment (including artificial lift) for upstream, midstream, and industrial operations; hydrate inhibition and gas processing technologies; subsea and floating production systems, including flexible pipe and subsea water injection technologies; integral and weld-on connectors for conductor strings, surface casing, and liners; and completion tools—including those involved in multistage hydraulic fracturing—liner hanger systems, and subsurface safety valves.

Awards and accolades
In 2008, NOV was listed as one of the world's most admired companies by Forbes. It was also listead as one of the 100 fastest growing companies by Fortune in both 2008 and 2009 and one of America's top companies by Forbes in 2009.

title: NOV Inc.


text: User talk:24.250.103.166

title: User talk:24.250.103.166


text:
User:LarryLACa/Sudoku Math

'Sudoku Math' illuminates the mathematics behind analysing the properties of Sudoku, a popular number placement puzzle. Use graphic from main Sudoku page

Introduction
state the purpose
 * focus on 9x9 Sudoku
 * use Sudoku analysis as an example of a practical application of higher math concepts
 * provide a practical example of math concepts
 * target readers with math interest but without formal education

Handle how-to-solve strategies on a separate page

Mention the primary math areas with links to same

Conventions & Terminology
define the conventions for the less aquaninted Keep this brief or the article will get top heavy. define them as we progress. S81, Grid(solved), box(region), chute, band, stack Grid vs Puzzle

Total Possible Sudoku's
Definition of possible, duplicates

Number of Puzzles
segque to number of clues

To Do
Coordinate content with main page

title: User:LarryLACa/Sudoku Math


text: Talk:Strawberry Hill Players

title: Talk:Strawberry Hill Players


text:
User talk:Archive13

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

WTF??
What could I have possibly done to warrent this type of response--Archive13 23:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why have I been blocked? I don't understand?--Archive13 23:16, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You haven't been blocked, or else you couldn't talk to me on my talk page. You got caught. Private Butcher 23:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Also you've only had 3 or so, recent contributions, none of which are vandalism, and the warnings came from before, your account was created. Therefore you've gotten caught for another reason. HA! Private Butcher 23:18, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What? What does that mean? Got caught doing what?--Archive13 23:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You got caught trying to bullshit people, I know you're lying. Privat  e   Butcher  17:50, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Reply
I have removed the nonsense above. A vandal using the IP address 64.12.116.10 (talk • contribs • block • [ block log ]) added that nonsense to your talk page to confuse you. I am dealing with the matter now and will get back to you with a full response when it has been resolved. --Canderson7 23:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the vandal has stopped now. He was also using the IP address 64.12.116.204 (talk • contribs • block • [ block log ]), and was simply making trouble. He did not actually have the power to block you and was just being annoying.  He performed various other acts of vandalism as well.

 * I know you're probably confused, but you did nothing wrong. I encourage you to read the welcome message above, which is legitimate, and I encourage you not to allow this incident to put you off from editing our wonderful encyclopedia.

 * Please contact me with any more questions that you have. --Canderson7 23:38, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I spoke to soon. The vandal has not stopped.  Don't worry about it though he will be dealt with. --Canderson7 23:40, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Not to tempt fate, but I think the vandal has now stopped and that the vandalism has all been removed. If you find any more similar vandalism or if you are confused about what has happend please contact me on my talk page as you did before. --Canderson7 00:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Archive13


text:
Talk:Gregers Birgersson

Untitled
I don't see any reason to delete this, see the swedish wikipedia for more info (http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregers_Birgersson). btw, it might need to be renamed to gregers (with S)- the name it is on in the swedish wikipedia, I don't know which is right Yonir 22:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

I removed the sentence:

"First marriage to an unknown. Second marriage to princess Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden (~1235)."

which is wrong and an error. Princess Ingeborg Eriksdotter was married to his father Birger jarl. (See this person)

Dan Koehl 10:06, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gregers Birgersson


text: Template:GWR Hall Class

title: Template:GWR Hall Class


text:
User talk:Kevmicester2000

Invite to the African Destubathon
Hi. You may be interested in participating in the African Destubathon which starts on October 15. Africa currently has over 37,000 stubs and badly needs a quality improvement editathon/contest to flesh out basic stubs. There are proposed substantial prizes to give to editors who do the most articles, and planned smaller prizes for doing to most destubs for each of the 53 African countries, so should be enjoyable! So it would be a good chance to win something for improving stubs on African sportspeople, including footballers, athletes, Olympians and Paralympians etc, particularly female ones, but also male. Even if contests aren't your thing we would be grateful if you could consider destubbing a few African articles during the drive to help the cause and help reduce the massive 37,000 + stub count, of which many are rated high importance (think Regions of countries etc). If you're interested in competing or just loosely contributing a few expanded articles on African Paralympians, Olympians and committees etc, please add your name to the Contestants/participants section. Diversity of work from a lot of people will make this that bit more special. Thanks. --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:13, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – June 2019
Sent by DannyS712 (talk) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) at 08:53, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – July 2019
Sent by User:ZLEA via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:16, 19 July 2019 (UTC)

WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – January 2020
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 05:19, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – July 2020
User:TheDoctorWho (talk) 08:14, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kevmicester2000


text:
Category:House of Tudor

The Tudor dynasty, which ruled England, Wales and Ireland from 1485 to 1603.

title: Category:House of Tudor


text:
Rural crafts

Rural crafts refers to the traditional crafts production that is carried on, simply for everyday practical use, in the agricultural countryside. Once widespread and commonplace, the survival of some rural crafts is threatened.

Rural crafts are not considered part of arts and crafts, as they are produced for a practical means, and not for leisure. As they are a part of a general and simple set of skills that are easily learned, they have not been produced for sale by an artisan class of makers.

Examples
Examples of goods and activities produced by rural crafts would be:

 * Basketry
 * Boat building
 * Boundary markers
 * Building cob walls
 * Building stone walls
 * Building wattles
 * Charcoal
 * Fish traps and fishing poles
 * Hay
 * Hedge laying
 * Hurdles and fences
 * Joinery
 * Path laying
 * Ponds
 * Pottery
 * Spinning yarn

Rural crafts will tend to vary in their styles from place to place, and will thus often contribute strongly to a sense of place.

As a job
Offering training courses in, and demonstrations of, rural crafts is now becoming a viable job in some parts of the British Isles.

Rural crafts are distinguished from the "rustic" handicraft goods often seen in rural gift shops, such as at country stores.

title: Rural crafts


text:
File:Jeff Wagner (SirGrok).jpg

Summary
Picture of Jeff Wagner, in Physics class.

title: File:Jeff Wagner (SirGrok).jpg


text:
Category:Detroit Lions

Articles regarding the Detroit Lions franchise.

title: Category:Detroit Lions


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clapham Road

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 19:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Clapham Road
Another nn road that is probaly no longer than a few blocks Roadcruft Delete --JAranda | yeah 22:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Expand or delete. This isn't an atlas in words. Pilatus 23:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Justin Bacon 01:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep roadcruft that is part of an A road. Fuck off. --SPUI (talk) 05:46, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete utterly pointless, unencyclopedic, useless roadcruft. --Calton | Talk 01:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Stark Tower

The Stark Tower Complex is a high-rise building complex appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, USA, the complex is named after its owner Tony Stark, who is the alter ego of the superhero Iron Man. The structure is composed of a 93-story Main Tower flanked by a 35-story South Building and 55-story North Building. Located at the top of the Main Tower was the Watchtower of the superhero The Sentry, but it has been replaced by Heimdall's observatory.

The Main Tower is informally known as Avengers Tower, as it serves as the headquarters of the superhero team, the Avengers, similar to the Avengers Mansion. Currently, the main Stark Tower is located in Broadway, occupying the space where the Condé Nast Building is in the real world.

The Stark Tower, eventually changed to Avengers Tower, has been shown in various films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with The Avengers (2012).

Fictional history
The Stark Tower Complex was built as a world-class financial and business facility to complement the Midtown Manhattan business district. The building was completed as a gleaming beacon of modern architecture after four years of excavation and construction. It is located in the vicinity of Manhattan's Columbus Circle approximately 10 blocks north of the Baxter Building, headquarters of the superhero team the Fantastic Four.

While initially intending to use the top three floors of the Main Tower as his state-of-the-art bachelor pad, Stark gave them over to the Avengers as their base of operations after their former base, Avengers Mansion, was destroyed. Longtime caretaker of the Avengers Mansion Edwin Jarvis was asked to resume his duties in the new location. Later, when the Sentry became a member of the Avengers, his long-hidden Watchtower appeared, integrating itself atop the Main Tower, fully integrated into the building's existing architecture. Serving as both Sentry's headquarters and as the private residences of Robert Reynolds and his wife Lindy, the 20-story watchtower is operated and maintained by CLOC (Centrally Located Organic Computer), a near-sentient computer of Sentry's own design. The lower levels of the Main Tower, along with both the South and North Buildings, are largely occupied with Stark's subsidiaries and non-profit organizations.

After the passing of the Superhuman Registration Act (SRA), Iron Man was tapped to head the task force charged with enforcing the Act. Subsequently, Stark Tower became the base of operations of the task force. The controversy surrounding the SRA broke the Avengers team apart leaving Tony Stark to form a new team, the Mighty Avengers, who continue to occupy the Main Tower's higher levels. When the Tower became the headquarters of the SRA task force, it was assigned by the government a squad of Cape-Killer guards with the call sign "Force Unit 9".

During the events of World War Hulk, a violent battle between The Hulk and Iron Man nearly caused the collapse of Stark Tower. The tower was rebuilt by Stark under his S.H.I.E.L.D. organization, making it S.H.I.E.L.D. property.

Stark Tower becomes the setting for a multi-issue conflict between humans and a murderous Skrull hunting them for sport. During Secret Invasion, many non-powered New York citizens, including Daily Bugle reporter Ben Urich, end up at Stark Tower. Unfortunately, it had become the hunting ground for a Skrull. He is shown killing most of the members of a design firm that had rented space in the building. Ben Urich regains control of the security shutters and the Skrull is tricked into throwing itself out a high window. It dies on impact.

When Norman Osborn took over S.H.I.E.L.D., and renamed it H.A.M.M.E.R., he also took ownership of the tower. After Osborn is removed from power following the Siege of Asgard, the tower is returned to Stark. With the Sentry's death, his watch tower disappeared from the rooftop where it is replaced by Heimdall's observatory as sign of solidarity between Earth and Asgard.

During the events of the Fear Itself storyline, Thing acquired a hammer. This transformed him into a being with Asgardian-like power called Angir: Breaker of Souls. Red Hulk started to fight him to protect the innocents, but got batted away by Thing. Red Hulk survived though and to try and remedy it, Thing tossed his hammer through Avengers Tower, bringing it down onto Red Hulk.

A new Stark Tower was later built on the site of the original. The structure also acted as the headquarters of the Avengers.

When the Avengers fell under S.H.I.E.L.D.'s authority, S.H.I.E.L.D. took over the Stark Tower, and made it their Golgotha station.

During the Secret Wars storyline, Stark Tower is destroyed by the Children of Tomorrow during the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610.

Following an eight-month ellipsis, Tony, who is suffering financial difficulties at the time, is forced to sell the rebuilt Stark Tower to a Chinese company called Qeng Enterprises. Tony and the rest of the Avengers relocate to another Stark Tower which had been built near Time Square.

Critical response
George Marston of Newsarama included the Avengers Tower in their "Best Superhero Headquarters And Hideouts Of All Time" list. Comic Book Resources ranked the Avengers Tower 1st in their "10 Most Iconic Superhero Hideouts In Marvel Comics" list, and ranked the Stark Tower 6th in their "Avengers 10 Best Headquarters" list.

Marvel Adventures
An alternate version of the Stark Tower appears in Marvel Adventures: The Avengers. It serves as the Avengers' base. The roster who live in it are Captain America, Iron Man, The Hulk, Spider-Man, Giant Girl, Wolverine, and Storm.

Ultimate Marvel
An alternate version of the Stark Tower appears in the Ultimate Universe. The Stark Tower is the residence of Tony Stark, Thor, and Jane Foster.

Television

 * Stark Tower appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, though it is only seen in a few episodes since the team is based out of the Avengers Mansion in the series. It is prominently featured in the episode "Alone Against A.I.M." when A.I.M.'s Scientist Supreme leads a raid on Stark Tower and unleashes Technovore to target Tony Stark.
 * Stark Tower appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures.
 * Stark Tower, modeled after the Marvel Cinematic Universe incarnation, appears in Avengers Assemble. This version acts as the Avengers' headquarters after the destruction of the Avengers Mansion in the pilot episode "The Avengers Protocol". In the episode "Avengers Disassembled", part of the tower is destroyed after Iron Man destroys his arc reactor to stop Ultron from taking over his satellites.
 * Avengers Tower appears in a motion poster advertisements for Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage and Iron Fist. However, in all four shows, the MetLife Building, which actually exists there, appears instead.
 * Avengers Tower serves as the Avengers' headquarters in Marvel Future Avengers.
 * An alternate version of the Tower, named Qeng Tower, makes a cameo appearance in the Loki (2021) episode "Journey into Mystery".

Film
Stark Tower, and later renamed Avengers Tower, appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe:

 * Introduced in The Avengers, this version is located in Midtown Manhattan and powered by its own independent arc reactor, capable of sustaining itself for a year without any cost to the city. The tower's unique power sustainability leads Loki to use it to harness the Tesseract and transport the Chitauri army to Earth. After the battle between Loki's forces and the Avengers, the upper levels of the tower are destroyed. However, Stark and Pepper Potts are later seen planning to rebuild and revise it. Furthermore, the tower sits on top of the MetLife Building, with Stark purchasing the building and deconstructing its upper half to accommodate the construction of Stark Tower.
 * A refurbished image of the Tower is seen in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, including an aircraft hangar and the Avengers "A" logo.
 * In Avengers: Age of Ultron, the Tower is the Avengers' main base and features a lounge area, three laboratory areas, a machine room, a gym, a relaxation area, and a locker room. There, Stark and Bruce Banner work on a project and create Ultron. The Avengers host a celebratory party there where Rogers invites Sam Wilson to attend and Stark invites James Rhodes. After the party, Ultron reveals himself and attacks the Avengers. Later, the Avengers return to the Tower along with new recruits Wanda Maximoff and Pietro Maximoff, where the android Vision is created.
 * In Captain America: Civil War, the Tower is briefly seen in an establishing shot.
 * In Doctor Strange, the Tower is seen in an establishing shot before Stephen Strange's car accident and again during Strange's battle with Kaecilius' Zealots in the Mirror Dimension.
 * In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Happy Hogan is inside the Tower getting the last of the Avengers' items transported onto a cargo plane, as the Tower is being sold.
 * In Avengers: Infinity War, the Tower is briefly seen when the Black Order arrives in New York.
 * In Avengers: Endgame, an alternate version of the Tower appears when Stark, Rogers, and Scott Lang quantum time travel to an alternate 2012 timeline to retrieve the Space and Mind Stones. Rogers ends up dueling his alternate self in the Tower.
 * In Spider-Man: Far From Home, the Tower, now newly redesigned (with a hole in the middle as a terrace), is seen when Peter Parker swings past it.

Video games

 * Stark Tower appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance. After the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier UNN Alpha is damaged in an attack of Doctor Doom's Masters of Evil, Tony Stark offers his property as a provisional base of operations. The heroes are based there up until the mission in the Valley of Spirits, after which they relocate to Doctor Strange's Sanctum Sanctorum. Near the end of the game, the heroes return to Stark Tower to free it from Doom's control.
 * Stark Tower appears as a level in The Punisher.
 * Stark Tower appears in The Incredible Hulk. This version is stated to be the second-tallest building on Manhattan, between the Empire State Building and Chrysler Building.
 * Stark Tower is featured in Spider-Man: Web of Shadows. This version serves as a rescue shelter and a temporary hospital during the symbiote invasion, housing S.H.I.E.L.D. agents, caravans, airships and un-infected civilians, as well as electric barricades to keep symbiotes out.
 * Stark Tower appears as a hub level in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2.
 * Avengers Tower appears as a hub level in Marvel Heroes. Both playable and non-playable heroes, as well as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents can be seen at the tower.
 * Stark Tower appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes.
 * Avengers Tower appears as a landmark and hub level in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
 * Avengers Tower appears as a stage in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite. In the game's story, it is relocated to New Metro City following the merging of the worlds, and serves as the headquarters for the allied heroes.
 * Avengers Tower appears as a landmark in Insomniac Games' Spider-Man series.
 * Stark Tower appears in Marvel Snap.

Toys

 * Stark Tower appears in VS System.
 * Avengers Tower appears in Lego Super Heroes.

title: Stark Tower


text:
On a Day Like Today (album)

On a Day Like Today is the eighth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams, released on October 27, 1998.

Singles
"On a Day Like Today" was the first single released. It reached number thirteen in the UK and number one on the Canadian Singles Chart. Follow-up single "When You're Gone", featuring Melanie C, reached number three in the UK, and was in the top-ten for ten weeks, while peaking at number eleven in Canada. "Cloud Number Nine" reached number six in the UK and number seven in Canada.

Critical reception
On a Day Like Today received mixed reviews from critics. Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Tom Lanham gave the album a B+ rating, stating that "Adams started searching for that perfect balance of mature grace and useful guitar grind".

However, William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave the album two-out-of-five stars, claiming that "Adams simply had no contemporary audience left, and this was not the record to rebuild his career. It was defiantly bereft of ballads, nothing to break on the AC chart, and even if his rock audience had been listening, there was nothing here to rank with his earlier signature hits".

Commercial performance
On a Day Like Today was a success around the world, peaking at number three in Canada, and number eleven in the UK. However at the time in the U.S. market, it became the first of Adams' albums since 1983's Cuts Like a Knife not to obtain a platinum sales certification. According to AllMusic, the record company didn't do a lot of advertising for album, as Adams and this album got caught when his record company sold his recording contract to rap label Interscope, who in turn did very little in the USA to promote it.

Personnel

 * Bryan Adams – vocals, Wurlitzer electric piano, Mellotron, guitars, bass, arrangements, string arrangements
 * Robbie Buchanan – keyboards
 * Mike Gillies – programming
 * Vincent Jones – Hammond organ
 * Dave Pickell – acoustic piano, Hammond organ
 * Phil Western – keyboards, programming
 * Olle Romo – programming
 * Keith Scott – guitars, six-string bass
 * Phil Thornalley – guitars, bass, string arrangements (4)
 * Dave Taylor – bass
 * Mickey Curry – drums
 * Danny Cummings – percussion
 * Bob Buckley – string arrangements
 * David Munday – string arrangements (4)
 * Vancouver Orchestra – strings
 * Melanie C – vocals (8)

Production

 * Bryan Adams – producer, package design, photography
 * Bob Rock – producer (1, 2, 3, 5-9, 11, 12, 14)
 * Phil Thornalley – producer (4), additional recording
 * Phil Western – producer (10), additional recording
 * Randy Staub – recording
 * Bob Clearmountain – mixing
 * Dean Maher – additional recording, mix assistant
 * Ron Obvious – technical engineer
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine) – mastering location
 * Sandy Brummels – art coordinator
 * Glen Ross – package design

title: On a Day Like Today (album)


text:
Salvador Puig Antich

Salvador Puig Antich (30 May 1948 – 2 March 1974) was a Spanish militant anarchist from Catalonia. His execution for involvement in a bank robbery and shooting a police officer dead became a cause célèbre in Francoist Spain for Catalan autonomists, pro-independence supporters, and anarchists. After fighting the Spanish state with the militant organization Iberian Liberation Movement in the early 1970s, he was convicted and executed by garrote for the death of a police officer during a shoot-out.

Catalans viewed Puig Antich's judicial death as symbolic retribution for the region's fight for self-government, and his name became commonplace in Barcelona. The incident inspired works by Catalan artists Joan Miró and Antoni Tàpies, and a satirical play by the Catalan theater group Els Joglars. The 2006 film Salvador depicts Puig Antich's time on death row. After the Spanish Supreme Court declined an effort to review the execution, an Argentine court adopted the case under universal jurisdiction in 2013.

Iberian Liberation Movement
Salvador Puig Antich was born 30 May 1948, in Barcelona, Spain. He was a member of the Workers' Commissions before he joined the Iberian Liberation Movement (Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación, or MIL). The group organized armed robberies against banks, which they called "expropriations", allegedly to fund their actions against Francoist Spain in 1972 and 1973. After a series of these robberies, he was arrested for the death of a policeman during a shootout. A military court sentenced him to death by garrote vil in the Model prison. His execution proceeded despite international outcry,  as Spain's second state execution in eight years. University students in Barcelona and Madrid went on strike in protest of the execution, whereupon they fought with police.

The execution of Georg Michael Welzel (Heinz Ches)
The same day, Georg Michael Welzel, from Cottbus (then GDR), was executed in Tarragona, charged for killing a policeman. He was known as Heinz Ches because he declared it was his name and to be Polish, from Szczecin. The execution of Georg Michael Welzel, a common criminal, was seen as an intent of Francoist regime to downplay the importance of the execution of a political activist like Puig Antich.

Legacy
Catalans interpreted Puig Antich's execution as symbolic retaliation for the region's fight for autonomy, which led to public demonstrations. As one of the last convicted revolutionaries executed by Franco, Puig Antich became a household name in Barcelona. The Groupes d'action révolutionnaire internationalistes (GARI) formed to avenge his death.

Several years after his 1974 execution, the Catalan performance group Els Joglars performed La torna, a 1977 satire against torture based on the execution of Puig Antich and Heinz Ches. Even though Francoist Spain had ended, along with its censorship laws, members of Els Joglars were jailed or forced into exile. Spanish theater groups protested across Spain. Catalan painters Joan Miró and Antoni Tàpies both alluded to Puig Antich's execution in their mid-1970s work. Miró's The Hope of a Condemned Man triptych features a line that "sighs and falls with faltering resignation" and flicked paint. Tàpies's Assassins lithograph series, presented at the Parisian Galerie Maeght, too was inspired by Puig Antich's execution and Spanish politics. The 2006 film Salvador depicts Puig Antich's time spent on death row.

An effort by family members and outside groups to review Puig Antich's case was rejected by the Spanish Supreme Court in 2007, but an Argentinian judge adopted the case along with several others under universal jurisdiction in 2013.

Puig Antich is interred in the Montjuïc Cemetery in Barcelona.

title: Salvador Puig Antich


text: User talk:69.209.127.39

title: User talk:69.209.127.39


text: Template:Borgward group

title: Template:Borgward group


text:
Category:Wikipedians in Wiltshire

Classification: Wikipedians | By Location | United Kingdom | England | Wiltshire

Wikipedians who live in Wiltshire, including Swindon.

To add yourself to this list, insert the following on your user page:

title: Category:Wikipedians in Wiltshire


text:
User talk:Pferlita

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

You may find it useful to put your personal information (currently found at Paul joseph Ferlita, which is not the appropriate space for it) into your user page; you can do so by clicking this link. Good luck as a new editor! nae'blis (talk) 22:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pferlita


text:
Malate, Manila

Malate is a district of Manila, Philippines. Together with the district of Ermita, it serves as Manila's center for commerce and tourism.

Etymology
The name Malate is derived from a corruption of the Tagalog word maalat ("salty"). The name likely referred to the brackish waters, where the river estuary (in today's Malate Estero) meets the bay.

Antonio de Morga, writing in his 1609 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas: "Manila has two drives for recreation. One is by land, along the point called Nuestra Señora de Guia. It extends for about a legua along the shore and is very clean and level. Thence it passes through a native street and settlement, called Bagunbayan, to a chapel, much frequented by the devout, called Nuestra Señora de Guia, and continues for a goodly distance further to a monastery and mission-house of the Augustinians, called Mahalat."

José Rizal, who republished Morga's account, later annotated: "Better, Maalat. The Spaniards pronounced this later Malate. There lived the chief Tagáls after they were deprived of their houses in Manila, among whom were the families of Raja Matanda and Raja Soliman. San Augustín says that even in his day many of the ancient nobility dwelt there, and that they were very urbane and cultured. 'The Men hold various positions in Manila, and certain occupations in some of the local public functions. The women make excellent lace, in which they are so skilful that the Dutch women cannot surpass them.' This is still true of the women."

History

Malate was thought of as the place where the kings or high chiefs of Manila settled after losing their fort "Maynila" (now Intramuros) to the Spanish in 1571. During most of the Spanish colonial period, Malate was an open space with a small fishing village. During the Spanish period, the center of activity was the Malate Church, dedicated to Our Lady of Remedies. It was bordered by Pasay to the south, San Andres Bukid to the east, shores of Manila Bay to the west, Paco to the northeast, Makati to the southeast, and Ermita to the north.

After the United States of America annexed the islands in 1898 as a consequence of the Spanish–American War, American urban planners envisioned the development of Malate as the newest and trendiest exclusive residential area for American families. American expatriates and some of the old Spanish mestizo families populated the district in modern high-rise apartments and bungalows. In 1901, with the chartering of the city of Manila, Malate would be absorbed by the city of Manila when its borders were extended outside Intramuros.

Despite extensive damage after the Second World War, many homes and buildings were still standing. The displaced wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned and re-built their private villas and kept the whole district exclusively residential until the 1970s.

The once exclusive residential areas in western Malate began to transform into a commercial area with some large homes and residential apartments being converted into small hotels, specialty restaurants and cafes.

During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate and it became a bohemian enclave.

The Malate was plot setting for the episode 'Mata' of the 2010 horror film Cinco. In 2011 was plot setting in the horror film Bulong.

Accessibility
The district can be directly accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue and Taft Avenue.

The Light Rail Transit Line 1 (LRT-1) follows Taft Avenue and has two stations located in Malate, namely Vito Cruz and Quirino stations.

Government offices
Agencies like the Department of Finance (DOF), the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and lending institution LandBank of the Philippines are headquartered in the district, whilst the National Naval Command Headquarters of the Philippine Navy is at the boundary limits of Manila and the city of Pasay along Roxas Boulevard. The Bureau of Plant Industry is also headquartered in the district.

The Apostolic Nunciature to the Philippines is located in the district along Taft Avenue near Quirino Avenue. This serves as the residence of the pope during visits in the country.

Facilities
In the 1990s, Malate and the nearby district of Ermita had been "cleaned-up" and big businesses and resort hotels have sprouted in the district.

Harrison Plaza, Manila's first enclosed modern mall, was located in the Malate district.

There is one public hospital, the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, located at the corner of Roxas Boulevard and Quirino Avenue. It serves the 5th legislative district of Manila.

Recreation
The district is also home to the Philippine's first sports stadium, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex, and the country's premiere zoological park, the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden. Promenades and parks by the Manila Bay have been made more convenient and safe with the opening of the Manila Baywalk area and the renovated Plaza Rajah Sulayman. A portion of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex also lies within the district.

The district contains a red-light district. A Koreatown could also be found in the district.

Education and scholarly activity

Education in Malate is mostly provided by private schools. Several educational institutions which are part of the University Belt are located in Malate, these are the De La Salle University, De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde, Philippine Christian University, Philippine Women's University, St. Paul University Manila and St. Scholastica's College Manila. Prominent secondary schools in Malate are the Jesus Reigns Christian Academy, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and the Malate Catholic School. Doña Aurora Quezon Elementary School is the only public school in the district.

Notable residents

 * Herminio A. Astorga
 * Kim Atienza
 * Beethoven Del Valle Bunagan a.k.a Michael V.
 * Eugene Domingo
 * Tina Monzon-Palma
 * Inigo Pascual
 * Piolo Pascual
 * Carlos Yulo

title: Malate, Manila


text: User talk:82.43.132.56

title: User talk:82.43.132.56


text: Category:Golden State Warriors

title: Category:Golden State Warriors


text: User talk:84.50.2.186

title: User talk:84.50.2.186


text:
Mostowfi ol-Mamalek

Mirza Hasan Ashtiani, commonly known by the bestowed title Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (c. 1871 – 1932) was an Iranian politician who served as Prime Minister on six occasions from 1910 to 1927.

Early life
Mostowfi al-Mamalek came from an important aristocratic and well-known family of high-ranking bureaucrats during the Qajar era, originally from the province of Ashtian. The family are said to have their origins with the Safavids. Mostowfi's father was Mirza Yousof Mostowfi al-Mamalek, a bureaucrat of the Qajar court, Nasseraddin Shah's grand vizier and a prime minister. His father was also assigned to determine the new reaches of Tehran city when the population reached 150,000. His grandfather was Mirza Hasan Mostowfi al-Mamalek I and was given the title of Mostofi al Mamalek under Mohammad Shah Qajar. Mostowfi was also second cousins with Mohammad Mossadegh, who also served as Iran's Prime Minister from 1951 to 1953.

One year before his father's death, Nasereddin Shah granted the title Mostowfi ol-Mamalek ("chief financier of the country") to the very young, Hasan. The Mostowfi ol-Mamalek family passed on the central office at the finance ministry from father to son throughout the 19th century and until the 1920s.

When the nobility started to ridicule Hasan for being given such an important job/title at such young age, Nasereddin Shah, convinced of the young boy's talents, added the title "Aaqaa" (Sir) to Hasan's titles, thereby obliging the nobility to call him "Sir" every time they addressed him. He was since frequently referred to simply as "Aaqaa" in political circles. However, there is a source that suggests that it was his generosity that earned him the title "Aaqaa", rather than it being bestowed upon him.

His education began at the age of five under the tutelage of Mahmud Khan Malekalshoara. He studied all customary subjects such as Arabic grammar and literature, but he also had a good command of the French language.

In 1885, subsequent to his father's death, he undertook all his responsibilities under Mossaddegh's father, Mirza Hedayatollah Vizier daftar's supervision.

At the age of 18, he married Nasr-ol-Din Shah's granddaughter, Khanom Esmat el Molouk, and became a member of the royal family.

European travel and the creation of the Society for Humanity
After a series of disagreements with the newly instated Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, Mostowfi al-Mamalek travelled to Paris from 1900 to 1907. During this period he visited many European countries and observed their systems of government. During his trips to Europe, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah gave him multiple invitations to return to Iran, however he declined. In the year 1907, after the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the death of Mozzafar ad-Din Shah, Mostowfi al-Mamalek returned to Iran accompanied by Ali Asghar Khan, who had just been appointed Prime Minister of Iran by Mohammad Ali Shah.

Soon after his return he set up a humanitarian society called the Society for Humanity, Jameeyate Ensaniat, with Mohammad Mossadegh as his deputy. The society met regularly at Mostowfi's residence and eventually became part of the inter-society confederation, with Mossadegh as their permanent representative.

Political career
During the Persian Constitutional Revolution era, Mostowfi was appointed Minister 15 times, and Prime Minister 6 times. At various points in his career he held the positions of prime minister, minister of war, majlis member and minister without portfolio. This was in part due to the political turmoil in Iran at the time which often saw governments only last several months before being replaced.

Popularity and character
Mostowfi has been considered as one of the most popular Iranian politicians of the 20th century. Like his father, Mostowfi is said to have carried himself as a gentleman and was considered kind, honest, steadfast, humble and generous. During his service to Iran, Mostowfi stood up to British and Russian influence in Iran, especially during World War I, giving credence to his reputation as a person of character and integrity. It has been noted that, unlike some of his contemporaries, Mostowfi was patriotic and did not engage with foreign powers in order to preserve or boost his own financial or political standings.

Criticism
Despite his perceived popularity Mostowfi has at times been criticized for being unable to form a strong government with the ability to exercise what it presented to the Majlis. It has also been suggested that on occasion Mostowfi showed a lack of strong leadership.

Imperial allegiances
Sources disagree on his allegiances to foreign powers with some claiming he was a Russophile and others stating he favoured the Germans and Turks.

The First Term
Sometime after his return to Iran, Mostowfi became the minister of war until the bombardment of Majlis. Following the conquest of Tehran, first he was appointed the minister of finance in Sepahdar Azam's cabinet and then became the minister of Ahmad Shah’s court. Following to the resignation of Sepadar’s first cabinet, he became Ahmad Shah’s prime minister. Mostowfi’s first term as Prime Minister of Persia began in July 1910 during the 2nd Majlis. His party, Melliyoun Democrats, were mostly young, well educated and had traveled to Europe. They were in favour of the separation of church and state; taxing the landowners and businesses; adopting compulsory national service and borrowing internally instead of internationally. Mostowfi’s cabinet, backed by the Democrats, was known as the "Young Peoples’ Cabinet".

During his first term Mostowfi faced the issue of security in Iran. Multiple assassinations of political and religious figures occurred. Mostowfi decided to stop these assassinations and declared that all private citizens turn in their arms. Almost all pro-Democrat forces obliged, however some pro-Moderates forces ignored the order, including Sattar Khan. As a result of the pro-Moderates forces actions the government used the newly appointed Tehran police chief, Yeprem Khan to exercise the order. With this Mostowfi proved he was able to make tough decisions when necessary.

During his term in office the government received a letter from the British and Russian Ministers in Tehran complaining about the lack of security on the road between Bushehr- Shiraz- Isfahan. The British stated that the Iranian government had three months to rectify the problem. If they failed they would bring in 1500 Indian soldiers under British command to safeguard the route. Mostowfi's government responded by creating the Swedish Gendarmerie, seeing this as a way to keep Iran independent of British involvement in internal security.

With the death of the Regent in September 1910 Parliament was convened to elect the next Regent. The candidates were Mostowfi and Mirza Abolghasem Khan Naser ol Molk. Mostowfi lost the election.

The Second Term
Mostowfi's second appointment as prime minister coincided with the onset of World War I. Iran had declared neutrality in the war and the country further reinforced its neutral stance by appointing Mostowfi, who was known to support neutrality. However, his government leaned towards the German and the Turks. It is important to note that being pro-German in this regard was simply seen as a political move to support a third nation that may aid in curbing the influence of the British and Russians in Iran.

Mostowfi approached the Russian authorities and asked that they withdraw their troops from Azerbaijan as their presence gave the Turks a reason to Invade. The Russians responded by asking what guarantees could be given that their withdrawal would not be followed by the insertion of the Turks. The absence of a centralized state in Iran can help explain why Mostowfi's cabinet, and the Shah, were both impotent on this matter.

In this second term Mostowfi also showed he was taking a stance in relation to the modernization of Iran. In the program of his second cabinet Mostowfi proposed the abolition of the old pensions system, completion of the new Code, the founding of a secular law school to train personnel for the Ministry of Justice, the founding of several schools for girls and new laws to govern telegraphic communications. These proposals were rejected by the Majlis in 1914.

Mostowfi was also elected as MP for Tehran, but resigned in order to become prime minister. His manifesto included several concepts that the Third Majlis passed including laws such as the Military Conscription Act, Ministry of Finance constitution bill and Real Estate tax law.

Mostowfi resigned from his position after both his neutral and withdrawal of Russian forces policies failed.

The Third Term
In August 1915, less than six months after resigning, Mostowfi once again was prime minister. By the time he took office, German popularity had increased amongst the nationalists.

During the Third Majlis the Czarist Russian Army expeditionary force left Qazvin for Tehran.

Mostowfi therefore pursued a two edged policy. He began talks with the British for a loan and for the withdrawal of Russian forces. He also entered into secret negotiations with the Germans for a treaty of cooperation. Mostowfi suggested the Germans guarantee Iranian independence and territorial integrity. Mostowfi also attached a number of stipulations, including the Germans giving Iran a loan and providing officers. If these were all met, his government would be prepared to declare war on the Allies. He also stated that if all stipulations were not met he would have to stop all German activities in Iran.

In a show of good faith the Germans secured the withdrawal of Ottoman Forces and offered to help financially but did not agree to the stipulations. Due to the non-committal answer firm the Germans, the negotiations did not lead to a policy that could be executed. Additionally the Allies had discovered the secret negotiations.

By 7 November 1915, Russian troops were marching on the capital. The German envoy had left the day before and Mostowfi recommend that his deputies and the Shah to also leave and go to Qom. Forty-four deputies, newspaper editors and the Gendarmerie left for Qom. This was known as the ‘emigration’ with the hope of forming a government free of British and Russian Influence. The Shah having initially agreed, had his mind changed by the Russian and British Ministers in Tehran. With this change in mindset any chance of forming an independent government was gone. With the Shah in Tehran, Mostowfi tried to persuade the deputies to return. Mostowfi did not succeed in securing their return and so ended his third term.

The Fourth Term
Mostowfi's fourth term of office as prime minister was marked by severe drought and famine that devastated the country. By some accounts 25% of those living in the North perished. This was accompanied by the Persian influenza epidemic of 1918 which was rapid and devastating.

The Fifth Term
Mostowfi's fifth term began in January 1923. The First World War was over and the Russian Revolution was well established. Reza Khan who was then called Sardar Sepah had the post of Minister of War in Mostowfi's cabinet.

One of his most formidable opponents in politics at the time was Hassan Modarres who made numerous efforts to pull down Mostowfi's cabinet.

Mostowfi's cabinet finally collapsed under pressure from political opponents despite the full backing of Ahmad Shah Qajar. During the run-up to the elections for the 5th Majlis, Modarres and his followers in the Parliament were actively campaigning against Mostowfi's cabinet. They tabled a formal question to the government, which was customarily followed by a vote of confidence. The ministers answered the questions convincingly. Mostowfi, who was not used to this kind of street politics, was said to be angry and disappointed. He delivered his most famous speech to Parliament, blaming members of Parliament for "giving and taking ajil (dried nuts), which in Persian means giving and taking bribes. He is believed to have said, "I have problems with my digestive system, and I do not take or give any ajil".

He was the first prime minister to call Parliamentarians corrupt instead of cajoling and flattering them. He and his ministers left the Parliament, went straight to the Shah and resigned.

Hassan Modarres went on to abolish the 1919 accord between Iran and the Great Britain.

The Sixth Term
Despite his opposition to Mostowfi, Modarres was part of the party that encouraged Mostowfi to take his sixth term as prime minister. Reza Shah had been elected Shah and crowned. In order to legitimize his rule he needed a prime minister who had the confidence of the politicians and the general public, so he chose Mostowfi. Modarres believed that Mostowfi was one of the few people who might curb the excesses of the new Shah and his generals.

Mostowfi's sixth began in June 1926. During this term of office a number of important actions were taken, the most important event during this period had been the abolition of Capitulation on 9 May 1927. This would be the last major event that Mostowfi would be part of and this would be his last post. At the end of May 1927, Mostowfi resigned from office and from political life.

The Society for National Heritage
The Society for National Heritage was formed in 1921 with the aim to preserve, protect and promote "Iran's patrimony". The society built a state museum, a state library and several mausoleums, which incorporated motifs from ancient Iranian architecture. The society was formed by modernist government officials and Westernized intellectuals, and Mostowfi was among them.

Death and legacy
Mirza Hassan Mostowfi al Mamalek died of a heart attack on 27 August 1932. He was buried in the family mausoleum in Vanak village. The funeral procession was marked by the Armenian residents of Vanak carrying the coffin for a mile to the Mausoleum, followed by a procession of 80 or more cars. The mausoleum is currently on the grounds of Alzahra University.

Mostowfi had several children including a son, Mirza Yousof Mostowfi al-Mamalek II, who may have been named after his father.

His descendants now bear the surname "Mostofi al-Mamaleki", "Mostowfi", " Tahriri", "Dabiri".

Hassan Abad Square
The square and the buildings around it were built in a ten-year period. Hassan Abad was built by Mirza Yousof Mostowfi al-Mamalek, Naser ed-Din Shah's vizier. He named the place after his son Mirza Hassan Mostofi al-Mamalek. It was inspired by the Renaissance architecture, and adapted from the works of Palladio, the famous Italian architect of the Renaissance period.

Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the square was renamed to "31st of Shahrivar Square", however the new name did not stick and it is still known as the "Hassan Abad Square".

title: Mostowfi ol-Mamalek


text:
Ethel Lavenu

Ethel Lavenu (1842 – 14 August 1917) was a British stage actress. She was the mother of stage and silent screen actor Tyrone Power, Sr., and grandmother of the Hollywood film star Tyrone Power.

Life and career
Born in Chelsea as Eliza Lavenu, the third of six daughters of the cellist, composer, and music impresario Lewis Henry Lavenu by his wife Julia, daughter of Col. John Blossett, head of the British expedition to assist Simon Bolivar in the war of independence in Venezuela. Her father was often away on tour, and in 1855 left for Sydney leaving the family in London. In 1861 Ethel was living with her mother at 128, Long Acre, Covent Garden, she, her elder sister Ada, and younger sister Alice were all listed as Professional, and her youngest sister Bessie was also later to become an actress. She had more success than her sisters, by 1863 appearing in various plays at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, London. In 1866, she married Harold Littledale Power, the youngest son of the Irish actor Tyrone Power. She had two sons, George Arthur, born in 1868, an actor, known as Littledale Power, who later appeared on Broadway, and Frederick Tyrone Edmond, known as Tyrone Power, Sr.

Stage appearances

 * The Duke's Motto (with Kate Terry, sister of Ellen Terry), January, 1863, Theatre Royal Lyceum.
 * A Day After The Fair, March, 1864, Royal Lyceum Theatre.
 * Bel Demonio, March, 1864 with Kate Terry, Royal Lyceum Theatre.
 * Nursey Chickweed, December, 1865, Royal Lyceum Theatre.
 * The Master of Ravenswood, May, 1866, Royal Lyceum Theatre.
 * The Corsican Brothers, June, 1866, Royal Lyceum Theatre.

title: Ethel Lavenu