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Abhisit Vejjajiva

Abhisit Vejjajiva (อภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ,, ; born 3 August 1964) is a Thai politician who was the prime minister of Thailand from 2008 to 2011. He was the leader of the Democrat Party from 2005 until he resigned following the party's weak performance in the 2019 election. As leader of the second largest party in the House of Representatives, he was also leader of the opposition – a position he held from 2005 to 2008 and again after his premiership until his party's en masse resignation from the House on 8 December 2013. As of 2023, Abhisit is the last prime minister to not come from the military or be related to the Shinawatra family.

Born in England to Thai parents, Abhisit also holds British citizenship. He attended Eton College and earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Oxford. After his graduation he taught as an economics lecturer at Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy and Thammasat University. Abhisit was elected to the Thai House of Representatives at the age of 27 and served as minister to the Office of the Prime Minister under Chuan Leekpai from 1997 to 2001. He narrowly lost the 2003 Democrat Party leadership election, but unopposedly became the party's chairman two years later following the Democrats' defeat in the 2005 general election.

Abhisit was appointed prime minister of Thailand on 17 December 2008, after the Constitutional Court of Thailand removed Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat from office. At age 44, he was the country's youngest prime minister in more than 60 years.

Abhisit became premier at a time of global economic turmoil and rising domestic political tensions. As prime minister, he promoted a "People's Agenda", which focused primarily on policies affecting the living conditions of Thailand's rural and working class citizens. He administered two economic stimulus packages: a US$40 billion, three-year infrastructure improvement plan, and a more than US$3 billion program of cash subsidies and handouts. By 2010, the stock market and the value of the baht had rebounded to their highest levels since the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Human Rights Watch called Vejjajiva "the most prolific censor in recent Thai history" and Freedom House downgraded Thailand's rating of media freedom to "not free". Abhisit also advocated for stronger anti-corruption measures, although several members of his Cabinet resigned due to corruption scandals and parts of his economic stimulus packages were criticised for instances of alleged corruption.

Abhisit's government faced major protests in April 2009 and April–May 2010. The military's crackdowns on protesters left many dead. Abhisit launched a reconciliation plan to investigate the crackdown, but the work of the investigation commission was hampered by military and government agencies. The Thai Army clashed with Cambodian troops numerous times from 2009 to 2010 in the bloodiest fighting in over two decades. The South Thailand insurgency escalated during Abhisit's government, and reports of torture and human rights violations increased.

Having resigned the party leadership after the defeat the Democrats suffered in the parliamentary elections of 2011, Abhisit was re-elected as leader at a party assembly.

In 2018, the Democrats held a contest for party leader in preparation for the upcoming election. Abhisit was re-elected party leader, beating former PDRC leader, Warong Dechgitvigrom, by approximately 10,000 votes. However, after a poor showing in the 2019 election, Abhisit resigned as party leader.

Early life and family

Mark Abhisit Vejjajiva was born in Princess Mary Maternity Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom. He attended Chulalongkorn University Demonstration School as a child. He studied in England from the age of eleven, where he attended prep school at Scaitcliffe and then Eton College. Abhisit earned a first-class honours bachelor's degree in philosophy, politics and economics (PPE), and a master's degree in economics from St John's College, Oxford. While studying in England, he went to Thailand several times, including a gap year trip in 1983 with classmate and future UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson to the resort city of Chiang Mai and the island of Phuket.

After moving to Thailand, he received a bachelor's degree in law from Thailand's Ramkhamhaeng University, and taught at Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy and Thammasat University Faculty of Economics. He is fluent in both his mother tongue and English also having both dual Thai and British citizenship. His dual citizenship became a topic for the Thai parliamentary debates in early-2011. He is of Chinese descent and a seventh generation overseas Hakka with ancestry in China's Guangdong province.

Abhisit is married to Pimpen Sakuntabhai, his classmate at the Chulalongkorn University Demonstration elementary school, who is a former dentist and is now a lecturer at the Department of Mathematics at Chulalongkorn University. They have two children: Prang Vejjajiva (daughter) and Pannasit Vejjajiva (son). Pannasit has had autism since birth. After his majority, the Central Juvenile and Family Court adjudged him quasi-incompetent and placed him under the guardianship of Abhisit, his father, as from 3 September 2012.

Abhisit also has two sisters: child psychiatrist Alisa Wacharasindhu and author Ngarmpun Vejjajiva. One of Abhisit's first cousins, Suranand Vejjajiva was a cabinet minister under Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party and served as the Prime Minister's Secretary General under Yingluck Shinawatra. Suranand's father, Nissai Vejjajiva served as the ambassador to various countries between the 1960s to 1980s and is the older brother of Abhisit's father, Athasit.

Background
Abhisit's ethnic Chinese ancestors were surnamed Yuan (袁) and arrived in Thailand from Guangdong province via Vietnam. The family name Vejjajiva was granted by King Rama VI to Abhisit's grandfather Dr. Long (หลง), together with Long's father Jinsang (จิ๊นแสง), grandfather Peng (เป๋ง) and great-grandfather Go (ก่อ) while Dr Long was serving as an Army Medical Department sub-lieutenant (รองอำมาตย์ตรี )

The Vejjajiva family came to prominence when Dr. Long, then styled Phra Bamrad Naradura, rose to public health minister and founded the Bamrad Naradura Hospital in Nonthaburi. The family name means 'medical profession'.

Abhisit's father, Athasit (อรรถสิทธิ์) Vejjajiva, is a former president of Mahidol University and a member of the Royal Institute of Thailand. After the National Peace Keeping Council seized power in a military coup in 1991, the military junta appointed Abhisit's father Deputy Minister of Public Health.

Entry into politics
Abhisit began his political career in the 1992 general elections that followed the coup, becoming a Bangkok MP for the Democrat Party. He was re-elected to the same seat in the 1995 and 1996 general elections. In the elections of 2001 and 2005, he returned to parliament as a Party List MP for the Democrat Party. He has served as Democrat Party spokesman, Government spokesman, Prime Minister's Deputy-Secretary General for Political Affairs, Chairman of the House Education Affairs Committee, and Minister to the Prime Minister's Office.

Education Reform
During his administration as Minister to the Prime Minister's Office, he was responsible for the national education act of 1999.

Democrat Party leader
Abhisit was first nominated for the position of Democrat Party leader in 2003, following the resignation of then-party leader and former-Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai. However, he lost the bid in a close election with seasoned politician Banyat Bantadtan. Two years later, Banyat led the Democrat Party to an overwhelming defeat in the 2005 general elections. Banyat resigned following the elections and Abhisit was named the new party leader.

2006 elections
In February 2006, then-Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra dissolved the House of Representatives and called for new elections in April. In response, Abhisit announced that the Democrats and other opposition parties would boycott the elections. They claimed the elections lacked legitimacy, and were an attempt by Thaksin to divert public attention from his tax free sales of the Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings.

Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai Party won an overwhelming majority in the virtually uncontested April 2006 election. However, the elections also left 38 seats vacant in the House of Representatives, because some Thai Rak Thai candidates were unable to garner the constitutionally required minimum of 20% of the vote to hold office. In the ensuing political crisis, Thaksin announced he would step down as Prime Minister, and the Constitutional Court ultimately invalidated the election results.

The Thai Rak Thai party charged the Democrats with bribing other small political parties into boycotting the April 2006 elections. An 11-member fact-finding panel headed by Deputy Attorney-General Chaikasem Nitisiri voted unanimously in June 2006 to recommend dissolving the Democrat Party, as well as Thai Rak Thai and three other parties, based on evidence that the Democrats bribed other opposition parties into boycotting the elections. In February 2007, candidates from the Progressive Democratic Party testified before the Constitution Tribunal that they were duped into registering for candidacy in the April elections. Three witnesses testified that Democrat leaders Thaworn Senniam, Wirat Kalayasiri, and Jua Ratchasi encouraged protesters to disrupt the registration of candidates during the by-elections after the April 2006 election. Prosecutors contended that the party tried to disqualify the election results and force continuous rounds of by-elections. The defence claimed that the witnesses were hired by the Thai Rak Thai party to discredit the Democrats. Ultimately, the Constitutional Court of Thailand acquitted Abhisit and the Democrats of bribery, and instead banned Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party for the same charges.

2006 military coup
On 19 September 2006, only weeks before the scheduled elections, the military seized power in the 2006 Thailand coup. Abhisit voiced his disapproval of the coup just hours before all political activities were banned:

We cannot and do not support any kind of extra-constitutional change, but it is done. The country has to move forward and the best way forward is for the coup leaders to quickly return power to the people and carry out the reforms they promised. They have to prove themselves. I urge them to lift all restrictions as soon as possible. There is no need to write a brand new constitution. They could make changes to the 1997 constitution and if that's the case, there is no reason to take a year. Six months is a good time.

Abhisit and the Democrats supported the military junta's 2007 draft constitution on the grounds that rejecting it would give more power to the junta. Abhisit said the Democrat Party considered the new constitution similar to the 1997 constitution, but with improvements as well as faults. "If we wanted to please the Council for National Security we would reject the draft so it could pick a charter of its own choosing. If we reject the draft, it will be like handing out power to the Council. We have come up with this stand because we care about national interest and want democracy to be restored soon", he said. Abhisit said he would seek to amend the Constitution if he was named prime minister.

2007 elections
The Democrat Party remained in the opposition after the December 2007 parliamentary election. In a parliamentary vote to select a new prime minister on 28 January 2008, Samak Sundaravej of the People's Power Party defeated Abhisit by a vote of 310 to 163. On 9 September 2008, Samak was removed from the post by the Constitutional Court for receiving payment as the host of a TV cooking program.

In the crisis that followed, some Democrat Party members became leaders of the People's Alliance for Democracy, which organised a six-month-long demonstration and seized Government House, Don Muang Airport, and Suvarnabhumi Airport. Abhisit voiced displeasure at the sieges, but did not stop his deputies from their leadership of the PAD. The sieges ended after the Constitutional Court banned the People's Power Party. Army commander and co-leader of the 2006 coup, General Anupong Paochinda, allegedly coerced several PPP MPs from the Friends of Newin Group to defect to the Democrat Party, allowing Abhisit to be elected Prime Minister.

Upon becoming Premiere, Abhisit promised to enforce the rule of law and prosecute the 21 People's Alliance for Democracy leaders who were responsible for seizing Don Muang and Suvarnabhumi Airport. As of February 2010, arrest warrants still had not been issued for the airport seizures. On 24 February 2010, government prosecutors deferred a decision for the eighth time to decide whether to indict the nine leaders of the PAD over the 7-month long seizure of the Government House. However, as the PAD leaders did not voluntarily come to testify, the judge could not make the decision and the process was thereby delayed.

Rise to Premiership
When Thaksin called for new elections in April 2006, Abhisit said he was "prepared to become a prime minister who adheres to the principles of good governance and ethics, not authoritarianism." On 29 April Abhisit announced his candidacy for prime minister at the Democrat Party annual convention. He promised a "People's Agenda", with education as the main focus. He used the campaign slogan "Putting People First". He also vowed not to privatise basic utilities such as water and electricity, and to nationalise state enterprises that Thaksin had privatised. Regarding core elements of the so-called "Thaksinomics", Abhisit promised "the benefits from certain populist policies, such as the 30-baht healthcare scheme, the Village Fund and the SML (Small Medium Large) scheme, will not be revoked but instead improved." He later urged that Thaksin's popular 30-baht health care scheme should be replaced with a system where access to medical services was totally free. Abhisit stated that all future Democrat MPs would have to declare their assets and any involvement in private companies. (By law, only members of the cabinet needed to declare their assets.)

Abhisit raised more than 200 million baht at the Democrat Party's 60th anniversary dinner. He outlined several energy policies, including increasing dividend payments from state-owned oil company PTT and using the funds to repay oil fund debts, and having state-owned electric utility EGAT absorb part of the rising fuel prices. Abhisit later outlined plans to reduce retail petrol prices by eliminating the 2.50 baht/litre tax used to maintain the government's oil fund.

On 13 July 2006, Abhisit promised to deal with escalating violence in the South by putting problems in the southern provinces on the public agenda.

Abhisit also promised many populist policies including providing free education, textbooks, milk, and supplemental foods for nursery school students, and increasing the minimum wage. Following the Constitutional Court of Thailand's removal of Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej in 2008 for vested interests by taking a salary from a cooking show while being prime minister, Abhisit lost the National Assembly vote for prime minister by 163 votes to 298 for Somchai Wongsawat, ex-PM Thaksin Shinawatra's brother-in-law. On 2 December 2008, the Constitutional Court banned the three government parties for electoral fraud, including the PPP, thus dissolving the governing coalition and paving the way for a Democrat-Party-led government. The court also removed Somchai from office and banned him from politics for five years due to his involvement in the scandal as one of PPP's executive board members. He was succeeded by a deputy. After Somchai was removed and the PPP dissolved, the MPs of the parties which had been in coalition with the PPP forged a new coalition with the Democrat Party, which had been in opposition until then. Most of the defectors were MPs from the Friends of Newin faction of the PPP, as well as the Bhumjaithai Party, the Puea Pandin Party, the Chartthaipattana Party, and the Rum Chart Pattana Party. The defection of the powerful Friends of Newin Group came about due to the alleged coercion by Army Commander General Anupong Paochinda, a move that Senator Khamnoon Sitthisamarn called an "Anupong-style coup". The Democrat-led coalition was able to endorse Abhisit as Prime Minister. Abhisit became Prime Minister after winning a vote in parliament on 15 December 2008.

Prime Minister of Thailand

Abhisit was formally endorsed by King Bhumibol Adulyadej as Prime Minister on 17 December 2008. Key appointments in Abhisit's government included PAD leader Kasit Piromya as Foreign Minister, construction tycoon Chaovarat Chanweerakul as Interior Minister, and investment banker and former Abhisit classmate Korn Chatikavanij as Finance Minister. Massage parlor tycoon Pornthiva Nakasai was appointed Deputy Commerce Minister.

Abhisit's government saw unemployment increase by 63 percent. Thailand's government budget went into deficit for the first time since 2003. By 2010, the government's debt had bloomed and reached 4.8% of GDP, the largest budget deficit since the government of Chuan Leekpai. This was likely due to the decades of tense political situation in the country. To help the people, Abhisit subsidised the price of diesel, LPG cooking gas, and household electricity. Public bus and train journeys were provided for free.

Abhisit's information and communications technology (ICT) policy included increased censorship of Internet sites the government considered deemed offensive to the monarchy, cancellation of 3G 2.1 gigahertz spectrum licence auctions, and larger budgets for government-owned TOT.

Wealth
Upon his appointment as prime minister in 2008, Abhisit officially declared personal assets worth 51.8 million baht (nearly US$2 million). This had increased to 54.4 million upon leaving office. Given that Abhisit has never worked in the private sector, the vast majority of his wealth was either inherited or given to him.

Criticisms
In his political career, Abhisit has been accused of hypocrisy. Prior to Abhisit's planned speech at St John's College on 14 March 2009, Lee Jones, a researcher on international relations at Oxford University, sent a letter to the dean of St John's College, attacking Abhisit and his administration as "democratic hypocrites". Part of the letter read "Although it is understandable given his education at St John's, I do not believe it is appropriate to ask someone like him to address the Oxford community on the subject of 'democracy'. As you may be aware, the Abhisit administration has only come to power in Thailand following a period of naked manipulation of Thai politics by cynical political elites, including the leadership of Abhisit's own 'Democrat' Party." Jones later clarified on his website that he had not intended to oppose the Thai PM and the event.

Abhisit refused to resign as prime minister after a clash between government troops and anti-government protesters on 10 April 2010 had claimed the lives of at least 23 people and injured hundreds more.

Royal decorations
Abhisit has received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:
 * Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant (1999)
 * Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand (1998)

Military rank

 * Sub Lieutenant of The Royal Thai Army

Volunteer Defense Corps of Thailand rank

 * Volunteer Defense Corps General

title: Abhisit Vejjajiva


text: Talk:Wartburg College

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Wartburg College


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Thoma Darmo

Thoma Darmo (b. 21 September 1904 in Iyel, Ottoman Empire – d. in Baghdad, Iraq on 7 September 1969) was the Catholicos-Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East, from 1968 to 1969. Prior to that, he served as Metropolitan of India, from 1952 to 1964, within the Church of the East.

Church of the East
Thoma Darmo was born as Mansour Darmo, son of Elisha and Shirine. He spent his childhood in Turkey and from 1919 in Iraq, becoming an ordained clergyman in 1921. He continued to serve in Iraq for 15 years. Then he moved to Syria where he served from 1936 to 1952.

In June 1952, he was assigned as Metropolitan of India, based at Trichur (Kerala), and thus became one of senior hierarchs of the Church of the East. He built a number of churches and established a number of new dioceses in India, encouraged the preparation of new clergy and established the Mar Narsai Press. In January 1964, he was suspended from the metropolitan office by Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai.

Ancient Church of the East
Subsequently, after three years of the seat of the Ancient Church of the East remaining vacant (1964–1967), Mar Thoma Darmo was elected as Catholicos-Patriarch in October 1968.

He relocated the Ancient Church of the East to Baghdad where the church is headquartered. He died the following year on 7 September 1969. He was succeeded in 1970 by Catholicos-Patriarch Mar Addai II.

Aftermath
In 1995, under new Patriarch Dinkha IV of the rival Assyrian Church of the East, reconciliation between fractions in India was achieved, and on that occasion the validity of ordinations performed by Thoma Darmo after the suspension of 1964 was recognized, and in 1997 the suspension itself was annulled by the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East.

title: Thoma Darmo


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Mammoth Road

Mammoth Road is a north–south road in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The road runs from its origin in Lowell, Massachusetts to its northern end in Hooksett, New Hampshire, a suburb of Manchester. The total length of the road is 29.3 mi. It was named "Mammoth" in the hope that the convenience of its directness and elimination of smaller connecting roads between thoroughfares would result in sufficient use and prestige as to "kill all the other roads".

Route description
Mammoth Road begins in Middlesex County, in the center of Lowell, at an intersection with Pawtucket Street and School Street. This is located on the south bank of the Merrimack River, and near the campus of the University of Massachusetts Lowell. The road proceeds to cross over the river on the O'Donnell Bridge, and immediately intersects Route 113 (Riverside Street, Varnum Avenue), which leads to Tyngsboro in the west and Lawrence in the east. After intersecting, the road runs north into the town of Dracut, passing through an intersection with Nashua Road and Meghan Lane, and another one with Lakeview Avenue. The intersection with Lakeview Avenue is known as Costello Square, named after James F. Costello, who was a resident of Dracut lost in World War I. After passing through the square, the road leaves Massachusetts and crosses into the state of New Hampshire. Mammoth Road becomes New Hampshire Route 128 (NH 128), and enters the town of Pelham, which is in Hillsborough County.

In Pelham, Mammoth Road travels past an intersection with Sherburne Road, connecting to Hudson, and immediately comes to a Y Junction with NH 111A (Marsh Road), which leads to the center of Pelham. Further up, the road comes to an intersection with Keyes Hill Road and Tallant Road, before crossing the county line into Rockingham County and into the town of Windham.

While spending a short time in Windham, Mammoth Road does intersect NH 111 (Haverhill Road), which leads to the center of Hudson going westbound and the center of Windham going eastbound. After this intersection, the road enters the town of Londonderry, passing through its southern part before intersecting NH 102 (Nashua Road). This leads to Hudson going westbound and Derry going eastbound. Once through the intersection, the road passes through the center of Londonderry, and continues into the northern part of town, passing through an intersection with Litchfield Road and Stonehenge Road.

Shortly after, Mammoth Road merges with NH 28 (Rockingham Road), which leads to Derry going southbound, and the city of Manchester going northbound. This point is the northern terminus of NH 128. Rockingham Road continues north, while Mammoth Road veers to the left and parallels Rockingham Road. At the northern end of this stretch, Mammoth Road once again connects with Rockingham Road until NH 28A. At this point, Mammoth Road follows NH 28A and NH 28 becomes South Willow Street, heading north-northwest into downtown Manchester. Here, the road is South Mammoth Road.

Once in Manchester, South Mammoth Road passes by various communities before approaching an underpass with I-293 and NH 101. After passing under this, South Mammoth Road travels through the eastern side of downtown Manchester. The road has back-to-back intersections with Huse Road and Cilley Road. At this point, South Mammoth Road drops the "South" name and returns back to Mammoth Road. The road then goes through several other intersections with Candia Road, Massabesic Street / Wayland Avenue, Lake Avenue, and Hanover Street. Once through these intersections, the road meets up with Bridge Street, which is a major east-west throughfare connecting to the center of downtown Manchester and I-93. After this stretch, the road exits downtown and merges with Smyth Road, which comes from the southwest. Mammoth Road then approaches an overpass with I-93. After passing over, Smyth Road breaks off and continues to the east, while Mammoth Road crosses the county line into Merrimack County and into the town of Hooksett.

Though originally slated to continue its northward track to Concord, Mammoth Road comes to its final intersection with US 3/NH 28, which leads back down to downtown Manchester going southbound, and up toward Concord going northbound.

title: Mammoth Road


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California State Route 54

State Route 54 (SR 54) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that consists of two segments in San Diego County. The westernmost part of the highway is known as the South Bay Freeway, beginning at Interstate 5 (I-5) in National City and running along the Sweetwater River before ending at the intersection with SR 125 and Jamacha Boulevard near Spring Valley. SR 54 then resumes at SR 94 in Rancho San Diego as an undivided highway that leads to the city limits of El Cajon. County Route S17 (CR S17) connects the two portions of the highway; the center portion of SR 54 was never constructed.

The first section of the freeway opened in 1963, east of I-805. The extension of the freeway west to I-5 was delayed to coincide with the construction of the Sweetwater River flood channel. While construction started in 1984, a court stopped the process for a few years, and this portion was not complete until 1992. The final section of freeway, which was upgraded from an expressway, opened in 2007, to coincide with the extension of SR 125 south to Otay Mesa.

Route description
SR 54 starts as a six-lane freeway from I-5 near the mouth of the Sweetwater River in National City. Both directions of the freeway are divided by the river; eastbound traffic traverses the south bank and westbound traffic traverses the north bank. The two sides join near the junction with I-805. The roadway continues east for several miles past the Westfield Plaza Bonita mall through suburban Paradise Hills in San Diego. As the freeway turns north in Bay Terraces, it merges with SR 125 north. The highways pass west of the Sweetwater Reservoir and Sweetwater Summit Regional Park, and the western segment of SR 54 ends at the Jamacha Boulevard exit in La Presa. Jamacha Boulevard veers northeast as an undivided highway through Spring Valley until it reaches Campo Road; it is only designated as County Route S17 (CR S17), while some maps do consider this part of SR 54.

The eastern segment of SR 54 runs concurrently with SR 94 from Jamacha Boulevard east through the unincorporated, but commercially developed, area of Rancho San Diego, and follows Campo Road about 1/2 mi east. Passing near Cuyamaca College, SR 54 and CR S17 continue northeast on six-lane Jamacha Road to El Cajon, while Campo Road and SR 94 split off to the southeast. East of Brabham Street, four-lane SR 54 continues through suburban development to where it currently ends at the El Cajon city limit, though Jamacha Road extends into the city to the route's previous terminus at the intersection with I-8.

SR 54 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. The route has three different names, including Jamacha Road from Campo Road to East Main Street in El Cajon, South Bay Freeway from I-805 to SR 94, and the Filipino-American Highway from the western terminus to SR 125. In early 2012, the interchange with I-5 was among the top ten most congested segments of highway in California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 11, which includes the San Diego metro area. In 2014, SR 54 had an annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 21,800 vehicles at the eastern end of the route, and 131,000 between I-805 and Reo Drive, the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway.

History
The earliest road with a similar route to SR 54 was mentioned in newspapers in 1908, and was paved by 1935. The South Bay Freeway was constructed next as an expressway from National City to Spring Valley. The freeway west to I-5 and the Sweetwater River flood channel were built at the same time, although both were delayed due to environmental concerns and litigation. In the late 1990s and the 2000s, the entirety of the western portion of SR 54 was converted to a freeway, while the entire portion inside the El Cajon city limits was returned to that city.

Early construction
A road through Jamacha is mentioned in The San Diego Union as early as February 1908, and was oiled in 1935 from US 80 (Main Street) around El Cajon to Sweetwater Valley and in other places by the Sweetwater River.

In 1956, the route of what would become the South Bay Freeway had been determined; it would run from Sweetwater Road in National City to Spring Valley and the intersection of Sweetwater Road and Jamacha Boulevard. Three years later, the California State Legislature added Route 280 from near the Sweetwater River to El Cajon to the state highway system. The South Bay Freeway was included in the county's 1960–1961 budget as the most important project. By 1961, E Street in Chula Vista continued along the Sweetwater River; it turned northeast and became Sweetwater Road before it entered into Lemon Grove.

Bids were accepted in November 1962 for the part of the freeway from eastern National City and Valley Road to La Presa and Jamacha Road; it was to loosely parallel Sweetwater Road. This portion of freeway opened on September 27, 1963, and the entire project cost $2.25 million (about $ in dollars); however, although it was a four-lane freeway, it was declared as an expressway since all intersections were at-grade intersections. While the road was originally planned to have eight lanes, only four were constructed due to the additional cost. Meanwhile, SR 54 was officially designated in the 1964 state highway renumbering as the road from I-5 near the Sweetwater River to I-8 in El Cajon, replacing Route 280.

Sweetwater River channel
SR 54 was extended west as a freeway to I-5 from I-805 at the same time the Sweetwater River flood control channel was built; the state proposed routing the flood channel in between the two roadways of the freeway in 1963, and it would also delineate the boundary between the cities of Chula Vista and National City. Later that year, the county proposed an extension of the freeway east to US 80 and Third Street in El Cajon. In 1966, the U.S. Army's Board of Engineers supported the construction of the flood channel, to protect future development in the surrounding region from floods; the integration of SR 54 was included in the proposal.

Two years later, county officials expressed concerns over the delay of state and federal approval and considered building the freeway without the flood control component of the project. The county hoped to build both projects at the same time to save $4 million (about $ in dollars) in costs. This was since it was estimated to require three years' worth of legislation to be accomplished in a single year by the county board of supervisors in order to use the Interstate Highway System funds that were set to expire in 1972. Congress approved the project, but in late 1968, the target date for completion of the system would be pushed back two years.

By 1971, the projected start of construction had slipped to within three to four years from then; however, Caltrans had approved the project. In July 1974, the California Coastal Commission unanimously decided to halt the entire project, since many of the necessary approvals from governmental bodies had not been obtained; this overrode an exemption granted by the San Diego Coast Regional Commission. Both the mayors of Chula Vista and National City were dismayed; Mayor Kile Morgan of National City stated that "we in the South Bay are getting tired of being kicked around", in reference to other stalled projects such as SR 157 and SR 125. Meanwhile, the interchange at I-805 was under construction, with completion scheduled for the next year. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife report predicted that the project would destroy 20 acre of marshland and harm three bird species that were endangered, among other negative environmental consequences; the conclusions were disputed by local officials.

In 1976, Caltrans said that SR 54 had not been included in plans for the next six years, due to a lack of funds and a shift in priorities from new roads to maintenance. The water subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives later recommended that the wildlife refuge be put on hold, since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) had not finished their proposal. Over the next few years, support for the project was expressed by a local citizens' group, the Chula Vista city council, and the San Diego Chamber of Commerce.

By 1980, the USACE was working to obtain funds, which was the major obstacle for completion; public concerns about the project were that it was not needed and would be too costly. The USACE announced in 1981 that an environmental impact report was necessary before the project could begin, after the Endangered Species Act of 1973; the least tern and light-footed clapper rail were considered endangered, and construction would have affected their habitat. The next year, the environmental impact report process began, financed by the USACE.

Work on the part west of I-805 and the I-5 interchange started in May 1984, with the construction of a detour for I-5; USACE paid for some of the costs, and federal funds related to the Interstate Highway System were also used. That same year, the county agreed to create a wildlife preserve on 188 acre of marshland to resolve the environmental concerns. Meanwhile, the existing part of the South Bay Freeway had become the "most dangerous five-mile stretch of highway in the county", as declared by the local fire chief, due to the 282 traffic accidents that had occurred on the road from 1977 to January 1985. By early 1986, the extension of the SR 54 freeway to El Cajon was declared a "lower priority" by Caltrans.

That year, the Sierra Club filed a lawsuit that halted progress on the project the next year, due to concerns about damage to the least tern and light-footed clapper rail bird populations caused by the construction of a nearby hotel and the roads to it would have. Chief U.S. District Judge Gordon Thompson stopped the work because the preserve had not been created. It was estimated that the shutdown resulted in the state losing $25,000 (about $0 in dollars) a day, as well as over 185 layoffs.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service received 300 acre of land in the Sweetwater Marsh from the Santa Fe Land Company to mitigate environmental damage, and the lawsuit reached a settlement. Construction resumed in early November 1989. The halt meant that the project had to be rebid; one bridge was partially completed, and was thus known as "the bridge to nowhere". The eastbound roadway opened to traffic on December 10, 1990, at an approximate cost of $89.3 million (about $ in dollars). In 1992, during the construction process, mastodon bones and stone hammers were found. The items were dated to be older than 120,000 years old and may be some of the earliest signs of human settlement in North America. Other animal bones were found at the site, near Reo Drive in National City, including those of a bison, a camel, a gopher, and horses. The westbound roadway was completed in July 1992.

Later developments
The expressway portion east of I-805 to South Worthington Street was upgraded to a freeway in the late 1990s, and an HOV lane opened in each direction, east of I-805 only. The first part from I-805 to near Woodman Street was finished in November 1993. The second part was to begin the construction phase in 1994; this was complete by 1998. The state legislature allowed for the relinquishment of SR 54 from the El Cajon city limit to I-8 to the City of El Cajon in 1999, and the transfer took place that year.

The remaining expressway portion of SR 54 was replaced by a freeway in two phases in the late 1990s and the 2000s. The first phase corresponded with construction of SR 125 north of Jamacha Boulevard to SR 94; construction began in 1996 and was completed in 2003. The second phase consisted of the construction of the SR 125 toll road and opened on November 19, 2007. While California Transportation Ventures owned the franchise on the tolled portion of SR 125, the interchange with SR 54 was constructed with $160 million (about $ in dollars) of public finances. From 2005 to 2007, 1500000 m3 of rock were blasted through in 160 separate explosions to allow for the interchange to be built. The project to convert the HOV lanes to regular mixed traffic lanes was authorized in 2006. Caltrans determined that the lack of space for law enforcement to pull over carpool lane violators, as well as a missing barrier that separated the HOV lanes from regular traffic, made the lanes less effective.

As of October 2014, Caltrans had considered relinquishing the eastern part of SR 54 from the SR 94 junction up to the El Cajon city limits to the County of San Diego. Two years later, the CTC approved a Caltrans proposal to revoke the proposed freeway status of the unconstructed portion of SR 54 since Jamacha Boulevard and the other existing roads would be able to handle the projected traffic load; this would allow the unused land to be sold.

title: California State Route 54


text:
User talk:Jkmart

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some links I've found useful:
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merge
 * New user log
 * Be Bold
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off
 * Wikiquette
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 * User page
 * How to upload files
 * Image copyright tags

Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jkmart


text:
Talk:California State Route 54

Itliong Vera Cruz overpass
Should this article include information about the Itliong Vera-Cruz overpass?--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 21:20, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I could be convinced otherwise, but I'm leaning towards no, as there's so many bridges that are named in California. --Rschen7754 21:39, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Are there other named bridges over CA-54, that are also excluded?--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 18:25, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't know, but I wouldn't be surprised to find out that there are. But quite often the people the bridges are named after don't even have their own article, which comes awfully close to "Wikipedia is not a collection of indiscriminate information". --Rschen7754 18:30, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Larry Itliong (google book search)
 * Philip Vera Cruz {google book search)
 * --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 22:23, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * "Quite often"... but still, I'm not convinced this should be in the article. --Rschen7754 22:32, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * If there are named overpasses/underpasses perhaps a collapsed list of that verified content could be added to the article. This would only add to the completeness of the article.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 22:37, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Again, indiscriminate information... in the overall context of the road, it is not significant. (And we don't generally do collapsed lists in articles). --Rschen7754 22:41, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Count myself as opposed to the above opinion. But whatever, apparently my opinion and the potential of expanding the article with reliable sourced content is not important.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 18:07, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:California State Route 54


text:
Payson-Seymour High School

Payson-Seymour High School is a rural high school (grades 7–12) in Payson, Adams County, Illinois.

The ethnicity of the student population is 98% White, non-Hispanic and 2% two or more races.

Sports
The school has several sports teams. The sports that the school offers are:

Fall:
 * Boys & Girls Golf
 * Volleyball
 * Co-Op Football

Winter:
 * Boys & Girls Basketball
 * Cheerleading
 * Dance

Spring:
 * Baseball
 * Softball
 * Track

title: Payson-Seymour High School


text:
Egypt men's national basketball team

The Egypt national basketball team represents Egypt in international basketball competitions. The team is directed by the Egyptian Basketball Federation.

Winning the title of the EuroBasket 1949 has been the team's most celebrated achievement. They are the only non-European nation to win the competition. In addition its 5th-place finish at the 1950 FIBA World Championship as well as its 9th-place finish at the 1952 Summer Olympics, remain the best results ever of an African nation at each tournament. The title of the EuroBasket 1949, is the most prestigious basketball title of an African nation as well. At the FIBA Africa Championship, Egypt holds a record number of 17 medals (alongside Angola). Egypt joined the International Federation of Basketball (FIBA) in 1934 and has Africa's longest basketball tradition.

EuroBasket 1937
The Egyptians finished last at the second European basketball championship, the EuroBasket 1937 held by FIBA Europe continental federation. They had lost their first two preliminary round games against Estonia and Lithuania before withdrawing from the tournament. Their remaining matches were lost by default, including the final preliminary match, the classification semi-final, and the 7th/8th playoff.

EuroBasket 1947
Egypt was much more successful in their next appearance, the EuroBasket 1947. They won all three of their preliminary group matches and their first semi-final group game. Their only loss of the tournament came to eventual gold medallist Soviet Union in the second semi-final group game, before Egypt won their third. Their 2–1 record in the semi-final group placed them second and set up a bronze medal match against Belgium, whom Egypt had defeated in the preliminary round. Egypt won again in a close 50–48 match, winning their first European medal.

EuroBasket 1949
The following championship was both hosted and won by Egypt. In a relatively small event with seven teams, none of which had placed better than third previously (France and Egypt had both done so), the Egyptians had little trouble winning their first five games. By the luck of the draw, Egypt did not face France until the last game of the tournament, so while the standings were based entirely on the seven-team round robin, the two undefeated teams found themselves facing each other in the last game of the tournament. Dominating 36–16 after the first half, the Egyptians added another point to their lead in the second half to win the game 57–36. The star player and captain was Albert Tadros. Overall, some of the prominent players include winners of the event were Tadros & Hussain Montasser. Later, Tadros was honored as the best player and Montasser was the top-scorer.

EuroBasket 1953
In Moscow, the Egyptian team once again competed. The EuroBasket 1953 saw the Egypt squad win their preliminary group easily, scoring more points in the round than anyone save the Soviet Union and Bulgaria, the latter of which had had one more game than Egypt. The final round was less conducive to Egyptian success, however; they defeated only Italy on their way to a 1–6 record. Their six losses included a forfeit to Israel, whom Egypt refused to play. The squad took 8th place of the 8 teams in the final round and 17 overall.

Later years
In much later years Mohammed Sayed-Soliman Known as Salaawa was the 1984 Olympic Games top-scorer.

In the aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, several of Egypt's elite players did not compete at the 2011 FIBA Africa Championship. Most notably, Omar Orabi, the Egyptian American Omar Samhan, and Ahmad Ismail all star forward in the Lebanese Basketball League.

Olympic Games
Egypt withdrew from the 1972 tournament following the events of the Munich massacre. At the 1976 Olympics, Egypt withdrew after one game following the boycott of several African countries against New Zealand.

FIBA Africa Championship
Egypt has won a record 17 medals at the AfroBasket (formerly the African Championship) and is tied for second for most titles (5), trailing Angola. Egypt hosted the tournament a record six times, winning a medal in each of those tournaments including four gold medals. Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place

AfroCan

 * 2019 – 9th

African Games

 * 1965 –
 * 1973 –
 * 1991 –
 * 1995 –
 * 1999 –
 * 2007 –
 * 2011 – 5th
 * 2015 –
 * 2019 –

Pan Arab Games

 * 1953 –
 * 1961 –
 * 1965 –
 * 1999 –
 * 2004 –
 * 2007 –
 * 2011 –

Mediterranean Games

 * 1951 Alexandria –
 * 1959 Beirut –
 * 1979 Split –
 * 2005 Almería – 5th
 * 2013 Mersin – 6th
 * 2022 Oran – : 9th

Current roster
Team for the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup.

Notable players
Other current notable players from Egypt:

Head coach history
• 🇪🇬 Fouad Abdel Meguid El-Kheir – 1983

• 🇪🇬 Adel Sabri – 1985–1993

• 🇺🇸 Robert Taylor – 1993–1994

• 🇪🇬 Adel Sabri – 1995–1997

• 🇮🇹 Mario Blasone – 1998–1999

• 🇪🇬 Adel Sabri – 2000–2003

• 🇪🇬 Ashraf Tawfik – 2004–2006

• 🇪🇬 Adel Abdel Fattah – 2006–2007

• 🇪🇬 Sami Al Sharoni – 2008

•  Željko Zečević – 2009

•  Miodrag Perišić – 2011

• 🇪🇬 Amr Aboul Kheir – 2012–2014

• 🇪🇬 Ahmed Marei – 2015–2016

• 🇪🇸 Juan Antonio Orenga – 2016–2017

• 🇪🇬 Amr Aboul Kheir – 2017–2018

• 🇪🇬 Essam Abdel Hamid  – 2019

• 🇪🇬 Ahmed Marei – 2019–2021

• 🇨🇦 Roy Rana – 2022–2023

• 🇩🇪 Henrik Rödl – 2024

Past rosters
1947 EuroBasket: finished 3rd among 14 teams

Albert Tadros, Gabriel "Gaby" Catafago, Youssef Abbas, Fouad Abdelmeguid el-Kheir, Abdelrahman Ismail, Hussein Montasser, Wahid Saleh, Zaki Harari, Hassan Moawad, Zaki Yehia, Guido Acher, Maurice Calife

EuroBasket 1949: finished 1st among 7 teams

Gabriel "Gaby" Catafago, Albert Tadros, Youssef Abouaouf, Fouad Abdelmeguid el-Kheir, Abdelrahman Ismail, Hussein Montasser, Nessim Salah el-Dine, Wahid Saleh, Medhat Youssef, Mohammed Soliman, Youssef Abbas, Mohammed Ali el-Rashidi (Coach: Carmine "Nello" Paratore), Team captain: Albert Tadros

Team for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup.

Team for the 2015 FIBA Africa Championship.

title: Egypt men's national basketball team


text:
Twisk

Twisk is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Medemblik, and lies about 10 km north of Hoorn.

History
It was first mentioned between 1243 and 1245 as Twisc, and means "between/on the border". It may relate to the name of a stream. Twisk developed in the 11th century as a peat excavation settlement on the stream ridge from Abbekerk to Medemblik. The parcels of land are not a straight angle to the main road, therefore many houses and farms are built at an angle.

The Dutch Reformed church is a stretched single aisled church with a brick spire. The nave probably dates from the late 14th century. The church was elevated and enlarged in the early 16th century. The plaster of the tower was removed during the restoration of 1976 to 1981. The church is no longer in service and was sold in 2017.

Twisk was home to 647 people in 1840. In 1887, a railway station was built on the Medemblik to Hoorn railway line. The line closed in 1941.

Twisk was a separate municipality until 1979, when the new municipality of Noorder-Koggenland was created. In 2007, it became part of the municipality of Medemblik.

title: Twisk


text: Category:Foreign relations of the United States


text:
Talk:Air racing

Schneider trophy?
What about the Schneider trophy race for seaplanes? European air races almost totally ignored here - although Americans certainly competed, and even won them from time to time!

This one really needs a rewrite by someone with a bit of historical background - this is actually a very important aspect of aviation history to get the typical "it was invented in America last week" treatment - the development of fighters in both WWI and WW2 was vitally influenced by international air racing in the years immediately before each conflict.

Soundofmusicals 12:09, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Does anyone have any material on the connection between early air races and European government war efforts? I read a brochure on the Tilbury Flash which mentions large cash prizes to promote the sport.

Fireclaims 05:49, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Links to more airplanes typically used in air racing would make a helpful and interesting new section.

Air racing was not as important in Europe as it was in the US. This had as much to do with the nature of European governments as American proclivities. The only major events were the Schneider Trophy and Gordon Bennett balloon races.Mark Lincoln 11:57, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Air racing was likely even more important in Europe than in the US - there were for instance far more races held, particularly before WW2, however the emphasis wasn't on outright speed, but in other aspects, including piloting skill and many races were handicapped and many lower powered aircraft competed regularly. One good source is British Racing & Record-Breaking Aircraft by Peter Lewis - the appendices list dozens and dozens of races, few of which have pages of their own yet.NiD.29 (talk) 20:31, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

This article has serious deficiencies
If there are any editors who would like to talk about improving it, lets consider what needs to be done.

I see numerous problems. 1. the author knew next to nothing about the 'golden age" of air racing. 2. the author had no references 3. the article does not relate air racing to the development of aviation, particularly where it had the greatest impact, in the US.

I would like to try and fill in the blanks and supply references.

Any suggestions, complaints - anyone care?Mark Lincoln 18:54, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

I would like to work with the author. Clearly there is an interest or the article would not be here.Mark Lincoln 19:05, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I can not believe that there is nothing on this sport during the 1930s. That was when the air racing was the biggest.  65.121.141.34 (talk) 20:50, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

What about deaths? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.63.31 (talk) 23:28, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

At least one of the links in the Notable Pilots section (Jon Sharp) appears to point to completely different Jon Sharp associated with Rugby and no mention of air racing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.12.37.51 (talk) 08:51, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

missing Zürich air races
Zürich air races, among the other deficiencies (I lack info on it as well). --Flightsoffancy (talk) 23:00, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Cleveland air race of 1909?
While in the Western reserve Historical Society museum in Cleveland, Ohio I saw an air race banner that states the air races started in Cleveland, Ohio in 1909. I took apicture of the banner if anyone is interested.NollRobert (talk) 13:29, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Probably an automobile race or a balloon race, or with the later air races held in Cleveland in the 1930s. I can't find anything on any airplane races in Cleveland in 1909 - the 1930s, yes, but not 1909.NiD.29 08:05, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

List of air races
Hi, I found this list that had been hidden in an HTML comment in the List of racing aircraft for the last four years, so I moved it here. I don't know what you guys might want to do with it, perhaps merge it into this article or create a standalone list article for it. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 12:46, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Cirrus Air Derby
 * Bendix Trophy
 * British air racing championship
 * Challenge International de Tourisme 1929
 * Challenge International de Tourisme 1930
 * Challenge International de Tourisme 1932
 * Challenge International de Tourisme 1934
 * Coupe Armand Esders
 * Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe
 * Daily Mail aviation prizes
 * Daily Mail Circuit of Britain Air Race
 * Daily Mail Trans-Atlantic Air Race (Commemorative event)
 * Deutsche Rundflug 1925
 * Dole Air Race
 * England to Australia flight
 * European Air Racing Championship
 * Formula One Air Racing
 * Formula V Air Racing
 * Giro Aereo d'Italia
 * Gordon Bennett Trophy
 * Greve Trophy
 * Heston-Cardiff race
 * Istres-Damascus-Paris Air Race
 * King's Cup Race
 * London to Christchurch air race
 * London to Manchester air race
 * MacRobertson Air Race
 * Manx Air Derby
 * National Air Races, Cleveland National Air Races
 * National Championship Midget Air Races
 * Ostpreussenflug
 * Phillips Trophy
 * Cenu prezidenta republiky
 * Pulitzer Trophy (1920-1925)
 * Red Bull Air Race World Championship
 * Reno Air Races
 * Saint-Malo race
 * Schlesinger African Air Race
 * Schneider Trophy
 * Texaco Trophy Race
 * Thompson Trophy
 * Welsh Air Derby
 * Women's Air Derby Powder Puff Derby
 * Zürich air races of 1937
 * Flight airspeed record

Missing Air Races
In 2004 the Tunica Air Races featured multiple racing classes including Unlimited and T-6. More races were planned in Tucson, Arizona. Reno was not happy with any competition, so RARA fought the races and pressured sponsors and airport officials and killed the growth of air racing. JeffcamAZ (talk) 22:21, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Air racing


text: User talk:68.96.237.39

title: User talk:68.96.237.39


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aaron shier

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:15, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Aaron shier

 * Delete - Questionable notablity. MakeRocketGoNow 04:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 04:19, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Notability not established, more info about producer function needed to change vote. Also, has anybody seen a source confirming this person's death (or otherwise know)?  Without a source, I don't think the content should last even five days.  I see no reference to his death here. --rob 06:22, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Fails WP:Music even if it is all true. Qaz  ( talk ) 07:01, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think this is a straight-forward delete now, but in case others wish to vote, please read the history of the article, as it's gone through radical revisions, and the current one is devoid of facts, due to lack of verifiability (not necessarily falsehoods).  I honestly can't tell if the original article was a well intentioned memorial to a gay man who died or a bad joke against somebody who is very much alive (I tilt to the latter).     --rob 09:42, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sadly, dead or alive, I don't think he meets WP:MUSIC. MCB 06:57, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Flu season

Flu season is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of an outbreak of influenza (flu). The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere. It takes approximately two days to show symptoms. Influenza activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location, in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about three weeks to reach its pinnacle, and another three weeks to significantly diminish.

Annually, about 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000 to 650,000 deaths from seasonal flu occur worldwide.

Cause
Three virus families, Influenza virus A, B, and C are the main infective agents that cause influenza. During periods of cooler temperature, influenza cases increase roughly tenfold or more. Despite the higher incidence of manifestations of the flu during the season, the viruses are actually transmitted throughout populations all year round.

Each annual flu season is normally associated with a major influenza virus sub type. The associated sub type changes each year, due to development of immunological resistance to a previous year's strain (through exposure and vaccinations), and mutational changes in previously dormant viruses strains.

The exact mechanism behind the seasonal nature of influenza outbreaks is unknown. Some proposed explanations are:
 * People are indoors more often during the winter, they are in close contact more often, and this promotes transmission from person to person.
 * A seasonal decline in the amount of ultraviolet radiation may reduce the likelihood of the virus being damaged or killed by direct radiation damage or indirect effects (i. e. ozone concentration) increasing the probability of infection.
 * Cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucous membranes, preventing the body from effectively defending against respiratory virus infections.
 * Viruses are preserved in colder temperatures due to slower decomposition, so they linger longer on exposed surfaces (doorknobs, countertops, etc.).
 * Vitamin D production from Ultraviolet-B in the skin changes with the seasons and affects the immune system.

Research in guinea pigs has shown that the aerosol transmission of the virus is enhanced when the air is cold and dry. The dependence on aridity appears to be due to degradation of the virus particles in moist air, while the dependence on cold appears to be due to infected hosts shedding the virus for a longer period of time. The researchers did not find that the cold impaired the immune response of the guinea pigs to the virus.

Research done by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2008 found that the influenza virus has a butter-like coating. The coating melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. In the summer, the coating melts before the virus reaches the respiratory tract.

Timing
In the United States, the flu season is considered October through May. It typically reaches an apex in February, with a seasonal baseline varying between 6.1% and 7.7% of all deaths. In Australia, the flu season is considered May to October. It usually peaks in August. For other southern hemisphere countries such as Argentina, Chile, South Africa, and Paraguay also tend to start around June. Brazil has a complex seasonality component for its flu season, due to part of its being in a tropical climate, but its further south latitudes have their flu peaks in June–July, during the southern hemisphere winters.

Flu seasons also exist in the tropics and subtropics, with variability from region to region. In Hong Kong, which has a humid subtropical climate, the flu season runs from December to March, in the winter and early spring.

Flu vaccinations
Flu vaccinations are used to diminish the effects of the flu season and can lower an individual's risk of getting the flu by about half. Since the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) recommends two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.

According to the U.S. Department of Health, a growing number of large companies provide their employees with seasonal flu shots, either at a small cost to the employee or as a free service.

The annually updated trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. The dominant strain in January 2006 was H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.

Associated health complications
Medical conditions that compromise the immune system increase the risks from flu.

Diabetes
Millions of people have diabetes. When blood sugars are not well controlled, diabetics can quickly develop a wide range of complications. Diabetes results in elevated blood sugars in the body, and this environment allows viruses and bacteria to thrive.

If blood sugars are poorly controlled, a mild flu can quickly turn severe, leading to hospitalization and even death. Uncontrolled blood sugars suppresses the immune systems and generally lead to more severe cases of the common cold or influenza. Thus, it has been recommended that diabetics be vaccinated against flu, before the start of the flu season.

Lung disease
The CDC recommends that people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) be vaccinated against flu before the flu season. People with asthma can develop life-threatening complications from influenza and the common cold viruses. Some of these complications include pneumonias, acute bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Each year flu related complications in the USA affect close to 100,000 asthmatics, and millions more are seen in the emergency room because of severe shortness of breath. The CDC recommends that asthmatics are vaccinated between October and November, before the peak of the flu season. Flu vaccines take about two weeks to become effective.

Cancer
People with cancer usually have a suppressed immune system. Moreover, many cancer patients undergo radiation therapy and potent immunosuppressive medications, which further suppresses the body's ability to fight off infections. Everyone with cancer is highly susceptible and is at risk for complications from flu. People with cancer or a history of cancer should receive the seasonal flu shot. Flu vaccination is also strict for lung cancer patients, as cancer leads to complications of pneumonia and bronchitis. People with cancer should not receive the nasal spray vaccine. The flu shot is made up of inactivated (killed) viruses, and the nasal spray vaccines are made up of live viruses. The flu shot is safer for those with a weakened immune system. Those who have received cancer treatment such as chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy within the last month, or have a blood or lymphatic form of cancer should call their doctor immediately if they suspect they may have flu.

HIV/AIDS
Individuals who have HIV/AIDS are prone to a variety of infections. HIV weakens the body's immune system, leaving them vulnerable to viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoa disorders. People with HIV are at an increased risk of serious flu-related complications. Many reports have shown that individuals with HIV can develop serious pneumonias that need hospitalization and aggressive antibiotic therapy. Moreover, people with HIV have a longer flu season and are at a high risk of death. Vaccination with the flu shot has been shown to boost the immune system and protect against the seasonal flu in some patients with HIV.

Cost
The cost of a flu season in lives lost, medical expenses and economic impact can be severe.

In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the seasonal flu causes 290,000 to 650,000 annual deaths worldwide.

In 2003, the WHO estimated that the cost of flu epidemics in the United States was US$71–167 billion per year. A 2007 study found that annual influenza epidemics in the US result in approximately 600,000 life-years lost, 3 million hospitalized days, and 30 million outpatient visits, resulting in medical costs of $10 billion annually. According to this study, lost earnings due to illness and loss of life amounted to over $15 billion annually and the total economic burden of annual influenza epidemics amounts to over $80 billion. Also, in the US the flu season usually accounts for 200,000 hospitalizations and 41,000 deaths.

Because the mortality rate of the H1N1 swine flu is lower than that of common flu strains, this number was actually lower in 2009. According to an article in Clinical Infectious Diseases, published in 2011, the estimated health burden of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1), between April 2009 to April 2010, was "approximately 60.8 million cases (range: 43.3–89.3 million), 274,304 hospitalizations (195,086–402,719), and 12,469 deaths (8,868–18,306)" "in the United States due to pH1N1."

Notable occurrences
Seasonal epidemics of influenza can be severe. Some can even rival pandemics in terms of excess mortality. In fact, it is not so much mortality that distinguishes seasonal epidemics from pandemics but rather the extent to which the disease has spread, though the reasons behind this distinction between epidemic and pandemic, as well as the geographic variability observed within individual flu seasons, remain poorly understood. As such, some flu seasons are particularly notable in terms of severity. Others are notable due to other unique or unusual factors, as described below.

According to the United States Public Health Service, "The epidemic of 1928–1929 was the most important since that of 1920", itself considered to be the final wave, at least in the US, of the 1918 pandemic. There were approximately 50,000 excess influenza and pneumonia deaths in the country, or about half of the mortality attributed to the 1920 epidemic.

The 1946–1947 flu season was characterized by a previously unheard of phenomenon. The first influenza vaccine came into use in the 1940s. At this time, the vaccine contained a strain of H1N1 isolated in 1943, and this had been effective during the 1943–1944 and 1944–1945 seasons. During the 1946–1947 season, however, this once-effective vaccine totally failed to protect the military personnel who had received it. A worldwide epidemic occurred, which for a time was considered to have been a pandemic due to its vast spread, albeit a mild one, with relatively low mortality. Antigenetic analysis later revealed that the influenza A virus had undergone intrasubtypic reassortment, in which genes were swapped between two viruses of the same subtype (H1N1), resulting in an extreme drift variant but not an entirely new subtype. The new strains were so different, however, that they were for a time classified into a distinct category, though this distinction has since been lost due to more recent analysis, which supports classifying both the older and the newer strains as influenza A/H1N1. Nevertheless, this experience informed public health experts of the need to update vaccine composition periodically to account for variations in the influenza virus, even if there has been no complete shift in subtype.

The 1950–1951 flu season was particularly severe in England and Wales and in Canada. Influenza A predominated. The rates of excess pneumonia and influenza mortality in these places was higher than those which would later be experienced in both the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. Liverpool in particular experienced a peak in weekly mortality even higher than that of the 1918 pandemic. Northern Europe also experienced severe epidemics this season. By contrast, the United States experienced a relatively milder epidemic. There was no observed shift in the viruses in circulation this flu season.

During the 1952–1953 flu season, the Americas and Europe experienced widespread outbreaks of influenza A. Beginning the first week of January, 1953, influenza in epidemic proportions emerged in various states in the US. Outbreaks soon developed around the country, with Texas experiencing particularly high activity, though the northeast mostly saw smaller, more localized outbreaks. Schools were shuttered in many places due to the high incidence of disease among students and teachers. After an initial attempt to minimize the threat of the outbreak and a resistance to describe it as an "epidemic", the US Public Health Service eventually acknowledged it as such when deaths began to rise around the country. By the end of January, activity was decreasing around the country.

Around the time that the epidemic was peaking in the US, outbreaks developed in France, Germany, and southern England and later in Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Austria; sporadic activity was reported in other parts of Europe. In the US, influenza and pneumonia mortality peaked in early February, earlier than in the three preceding flu seasons, in which mortality did not begin to rise until late February, and was the greatest out of the three preceding seasons, including 1951. It was subsequently found that strains isolated during this season were influenza A but had shifted antigenically relative to previously isolated strains, further demonstrating the significance of antigenic variation in influenza viruses.

The 1967–1968 flu season was the last to be dominated by H2N2 before the emergence of H3N2 in 1968 and the consequent "Hong Kong flu" pandemic that lasted until 1970. This season was particularly severe in England and France, in which pneumonia and influenza excess mortality was two to three times greater than in other countries. By contrast, North America (the US and Canada) experienced a relatively milder epidemic than other places, with lower all-cause excess mortality and a lower increase in both pneumonia-influenza and all-cause excess mortality, both indicating that this season had a lesser impact in North America relative to other countries. In Britain, this epidemic was the "largest" it had experienced in seven years, with an estimated two million cases occurring in the population as a whole.

The 2012–2013 flu season was particularly harsh in the United States, where the majority of states were reporting high rates of influenza-like illness. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the available flu vaccine was 60% effective. It further recommended that all persons over age 6 months get the vaccine.

According to one source, the season 2014-2015 saw a particularly heavy prevalence of influenza in the United Kingdom.

title: Flu season


text: User talk:70.128.128.38

title: User talk:70.128.128.38


text: Category:Hotels in Texas

title: Category:Hotels in Texas


text:
Talk:Flu season

contradiction?
"proteins from the coat of two subtypes of species A and from species B. Species B and C don't have subtypes"

So if Species B & C do not have subtypes then why would you take proteins from the coat of two subtypes of species A and from species B?

Kieranmullen (talk) 03:39, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

What's going on?
I just saw on CNN that the flu season is still going on. Is it a 9 month long season or something? It's becoming almost the whole year, meaning you are never safe from the flu. I didn't get a flu shot this year and I thought I was lucky that I had survived another flu season without getting sick. It seems like every year the scare is worse and worse. The scare of 2004 was that we had a shortage of shots and that people not being immunized would cause a really bad flu season. Then in 2005 and still going on now, they want to scare us with this Avian Bird Flu. Does anyone else think they make these things up to sell flu shots? Toby Ziegler 04:20 March 18, 2006 (UTC)

 * Flu season is when it is cold (winter in the north hemisphere, summer in the south hemisphere). Flu is transmitted all year round every year. It is just worse when it is cold. Heat kills the virus. Cold lets it live on surfaces where you touch it with your hand, then touch your face and catch it.
 * The bird flu or H5N1 pandemic threat is a very real threat, but it is currently a flu birds get, not usually humans.
 * The flu shots you get from a doctor do not protect humans from bird flu viruses, they only protect you from some human flu viruses. WAS 4.250 21:28, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

I'm somewhat skeptical about the popular explanation for the flu season, i.e., people being indoors and drier air.

I've lived in Phoenix Arizona now for six years, and it's in the summer that people stay indoors, and the AC units dry the air even more. In the winter people spend more time outdoors, moister air, etc. But, winter is still the flu season.

There must be another explanation I suspect. 71.209.255.102 22:02, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No one knows the cause of seasonality in flu. But just this year (or so) the evidence has come in that H5N1 is seasonal in both birds and humans. Maybe human flu is somehow tied to bird yearly migrations? But human flu is supposed to be a flu based on a virus adapted to humans. But maybe some birds also get infected with human flu virus? As I say, as of now, no one knows the real cause of flu seasonality. Real modern research into flu did not get much funding before H5N1 killed people a few years ago. Now it is getting billions of dollars. I suspect the knowledge of flu seasonality's real cause will fall out from this current flu research. WAS 4.250 02:45, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Flu cost in the USA - grossly exaggerated external quote
"The annual flu (also called "seasonal flu" or "human flu") in the U.S. "results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S." [2]"

10 US-Billion ($10,000,000,000.00) / 200,000 people = US$50,000.00 per sick case. 128.174.230.113 (talk) 20:56, 30 April 2009 (UTC)sh

200,000 hospitalizations and 36,000 deaths and X (astronomical number) number of sick days would explain the cost —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.185.60.226 (talk) 18:05, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

It's my opinion that such an exaggerated figure requires an additional external quote that confirms it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.98.24.18 (talk) 12:32, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Have added the second requested citation, with text from WHO Influenza Overview giving the range of expense estimates for the annual influenza epidemic in the US.
 * http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs211/en/

Ocdncntx (talk) 18:15, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Renaming
As some people involve in editing influenza related articles might notice, I am on somewhat of a mission to assist in improving the quality of language and accurate reporting in these articles.

I feel using "flu" for article names should be avoided for articles related to influenzavirus-caused. Particularly as the term is associated with non-influenza infections (ie. stomach "flu" bugs). Abbreviations should be avoided, and non-jargon technical terms are perfectly acceptable.

I think this article might be better served being moved to a namespace such as:
 * 1) Seasonal influenza
 * 2) Seasonal pattern of influenza
 * 3) Seasonal pattern of influenza outbreaks
 * 4) Influenza season

I feel mostly supportive of #1, but #2 does direct this article to discuss more about the time period (ie. The season of influenza) rather than the disease (ie. the influenza that occurs seasonally). Which one is this article about?--ZayZayEM (talk) 06:13, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

 * There is also a discussion at Talk:Human flu to merge the content of that article into Seasonal influenza--ZayZayEM (talk) 08:28, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Vitamin-D and sun
This article does not mention the theory that seasonal variation in human skin production of vitamin D causes the seasonal variation in flu. Is this not mainstream enough or is it just that nobody has gotten around to it? Vincecate (talk) 02:34, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * There seem to be a number of real scientists behind this theory so I have added it to the list of possible explanations for the seasonality. Vincecate (talk) 02:11, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Death Rates
Is there any information available about death rates in an average flu season, due to the flu?--345Kai (talk) 22:41, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

OK, I found a reference that bears out the high numbers people found unbelievable. I'll put them in the article.--345Kai (talk) 22:53, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Mechanism for seasonal nature of influenza -- absolute humidity.
Seasonal flu outbreaks correlate closely with the absolute humidity of the ambient air, but less directly with ambient relative humidity; (PNAS 2009). When air is cold, it's relative humidity may be high, but it's absolute humidity will nonetheless be low because cold air has a low vapor capacity. When cold air is warmed, its relative humidity drops because its vapor capacity increases sharply as it warms but its absolute humidity remains low until it can absorb moisture. Thus when cold outside air is brought inside and warmed in the winter, the result is dry indoor air. When not brought indoors and heated, outdoor air is nonetheless warmed directly by contact with the mucous membranes of the upper and lower respiratory system as it is breathed, and so is still absorbs moisture from them.

Abstract

Influenza A incidence peaks during winter in temperate regions. The basis for this pronounced seasonality is not understood, nor is it well documented how influenza A transmission principally occurs. Previous studies indicate that relative humidity (RH) affects both influenza virus transmission (IVT) and influenza virus survival (IVS). Here, we reanalyze these data to explore the effects of absolute humidity on IVT and IVS. We find that absolute humidity (AH) constrains both transmission efficiency and IVS much more significantly than RH. In the studies presented, 50% of IVT variability and 90% of IVS variability are explained by AH, whereas, respectively, only 12% and 36% are explained by RH. In temperate regions, both outdoor and indoor AH possess a strong seasonal cycle that minimizes in winter. This seasonal cycle is consistent with a wintertime increase in IVS and IVT and may explain the seasonality of influenza. Thus, differences in AH provide a single, coherent, more physically sound explanation for the observed variability of IVS, IVT and influenza seasonality in temperate regions. This hypothesis can be further tested through future, additional laboratory, epidemiological and modeling studies.

Ocdncntx (talk) 17:06, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Terrific charts of flu season from Gallup
http://www.gallup.com/poll/147449/Peak-Flu-Season-Year-Worse-Last.aspx

Anyone one to see if they will allow free & open use? Really explains the seasonal sine wave in terms people can understand. Highly credible, based on calls to homes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ocdncntx (talk • contribs) 12:27, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Ah, these are exactly what I was looking for. The originals aren't free, but we can create free images from the underlying data. -- Beland (talk) 17:34, 25 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Oh, actually, there are awesome free U.S. government graphics here: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/ ...I added a selection to the article. -- Beland (talk) 01:05, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Found some Australian charts, but I don't think Australian government works are copyright-free., -- Beland (talk) 01:11, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

Pollen
This is not a review and it is not even published yet. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 12:37, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flu season


text:
Caol Uno

Kaoru "Caol" Uno (宇野薫) (born May 8, 1975) is a Japanese mixed martial artist and professional wrestler. He is the Co-Champion of the UFC 41 Lightweight Tournament and a former Shooto Lightweight Champion. As one of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship's elite Lightweight competitors, Uno competed for the UFC Lightweight Championship on two occasions. Despite falling short in both championship bouts; losing a five-round decision against Jens Pulver at UFC 30, to determine the inaugural UFC Lightweight Champion as well as a draw against B.J. Penn at UFC 41 (in a bout which would have determined the new UFC Lightweight Champion and UFC 41 Lightweight Tournament Winner), Uno is acknowledged as a pioneer for his impact and influence during the early era of the UFC Lightweight Division.

Early career
Uno finished second in the All Japan amateur Shooto tournament in 1996. He was a runner-up in the submission wrestling world championships at ADCC losing in the finals to world-renowned Jean Jacques Machado.

Shooto
Uno rose through the ranks of the Shooto mixed martial arts organization in Japan. In May 1999, Uno fought the then-legendary Rumina Sato. The fight was hailed as "Fight of the Year", an extremely fast-paced back and forth battle with a wide variety of stand-up and grappling exchanges. Eventually, Uno took the back of Sato and choked him into submission.

The two rematched in December 2000. This fight concluded with Uno standing over Sato on his back, then striking him with a knee and a punch while he was getting up, knocking him out.

UFC
After his second victory over Rumina Sato, Uno was recruited to fight for the UFC's Bantamweight (later renamed Lightweight) title against Jens Pulver. Throughout the fight, Pulver stopped Uno's takedown attempts and pressed the action on the feet. Uno, who had earned a reputation as being "unflappable", began to show frustration for the first time in his career as Pulver neutralized all his offensive efforts. Pulver took a majority decision win in the fight.

After Pulver left the UFC, the Lightweight Championship was vacated. A tournament was put together pitting the top Lightweights in the UFC (B.J. Penn, Din Thomas, Matt Serra and Caol Uno). In the first round, Uno faced Thomas. Thomas dominated the first round, setting a high pace. However, Uno turned things around, taking the second and third rounds to win the fight.

In the finals of the tournament, Uno faced Penn (who had previously defeated Uno by knockout in under 12 seconds). Uno used angles and effective wrestling techniques to frustrate Penn, who appeared tentative from the start, while Penn was dominant in spurts. The fight was called a draw and neither fighter won the championship belt.

Return to Japan
Uno then went on to fight Tatsuya Kawajiri in Shooto before fighting at K-1's 2004 Premium Dynamite!! and K-1 MAX: Japan Grand Prix 2005. His next eleven fights were for the then newly established promotion Hero's.

Uno next competed in DREAM's Lightweight Grand Prix. He was seeded directly into the second round, DREAM 3, where he beat Mitsuhiro Ishida via rear-naked choke submission to progress to the Dream 5: Lightweight Grand Prix 2008 Final Round. At Dream 5, Uno lost a unanimous decision to Shinya Aoki.

UFC return
Uno was spotted in attendance at UFC 94, fueling talk of a return to the UFC's Lightweight division. It was later confirmed that Uno had signed with the UFC and would face Spencer Fisher at UFC 99: The Comeback. In spite of finishing the bout pounding Fisher with punches from top crucifix position, Uno lost by a controversial unanimous decision. Then, on November 21, 2009, Uno fought UFC newcomer Fabrício Camões to a majority draw at UFC 106.

On March 31, 2010, Uno fought Gleison Tibau at UFC Fight Night 21. He was overpowered by the much bigger Tibau, and suffered a loss via TKO (punches). After the fight he was released from the promotion.

Post-UFC career
After parting ways with the UFC, the fighter's trajectory in the Japanese MMA circuit was marked by a diverse range of outcomes. Following his featherweight debut in Dynamite!! 2010, where he faced a unanimous decision loss against Kazuyuki Miyata, he rebounded with a victory over Akiyo Nishiura at Dream: Fight for Japan! in May 2011. However, a notable setback occurred in September 2011 when he suffered a knockout defeat due to a head kick from Takeshi Inoue at DREAM 17.

Undeterred, he demonstrated resilience in subsequent matches, securing wins via submission over opponents such as Kyu Hwa Kim, Anthony Avila, and Daniel Romero in 2013. The trend continued with victories against Jesse Brock, Taiki Tsuchiya, and Raja Shippen in 2014.. Despite facing challenges and a decision loss to Yoshifumi Nakamura in January 2015, he rebounded with a submission win against Jung Ho Hwang in April 2016.

The fighter continued to navigate the competitive landscape, experiencing both victories and defeats. Notable moments include a submission win over Markus Held in November 2019 and a KO loss to Taison Naito in May 2021. The journey reached its recent chapter with decision losses to Akira Haraguchi in November 2021 and a knockout defeat to Shota Takagi at Shooto 2023 Vol.7 in November 2023.

Professional wrestling career
Uno debuted in professional wrestling in December 2000 as part of the Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye event. He teamed up with Akira Shoji against The Great Sasuke and Daijiro Matsui, but his team lost when Sasuke pinned him.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2002–2003)
Uno then signed up with All Japan Pro Wrestling in June 2002, where he debuted as a partner for Kendo Kashin against Kaz Hayashi and Kashin's double Mr. Problem (played again by Matsui), albeit in another losing effort. In November, he became also part of the event Wrestle-1, co-promoted with K-1. Coming under a monkey mask (which he quickly lost) and the name "The Apeman Nigo", Uno teamed up with Kashin to defeat La Parka and Super Parka.

He returned to AJPW in May 2003 under his Apeman Nigo persona. He and Kaz Hayashi lost to Kashin and Low Ki, but at the next event he teamed up with Ki to beat Gran Naniwa and Ryuji Hijikata. At the next day, he competed under his true name with Keiji Mutoh, winning over 728% Machine and The Apeman 200%, and then recovered his Nigo mask to team with Mutoh and Taka Michinoku in a winning effort against The Great Sasuke, The Great Kosuke and The Apeman. Uno's last appearance for AJPW would be in July, allying with Kashin and Robbie Brookside to beat Hayashi, Jimmy Yang and Ebessan.

Mixed martial arts

 * All Japan Amateur Shooto
 * All Japan Amateur Shooto Tournament Runner-up (1996)
 * Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * UFC 41 Lightweight Tournament Co-Champion (drew with B.J. Penn in the finale)
 * Shooto
 * Shooto Lightweight Championship (One Time)
 * One successful title defense vs. Rumina Sato
 * K-1 Hero's
 * 2007 K-1 HERO'S Lightweight Tournament Semifinalist
 * 2006 K-1 HERO'S Lightweight Tournament Runner Up
 * 2005 K-1 HERO'S Lightweight Tournament Semifinalist
 * DREAM
 * 2008 DREAM Lightweight Grand Prix Semifinalist

Submission wrestling

 * ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship
 * ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship Silver Medalist 66k-76k (1999)

Submission grappling record
KO PUNCHES
 * - style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Method
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Event
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Time
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
 * Win||🏴 Leigh Remedios || Submission (straight armlock) || Polaris 10 || May 25, 2019|| 1|| 5:10||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Marcos de Souza || Submission (armbar) || Quintet || April 11, 2018|| 1|| ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Fredson Paixao || Submission (armbar) || UFC Fan Expo|| 2010|| 2|| 3:15||
 * Win||🇺🇸 Javier Vazquez || Decision || CAND|| 2004|| 3|| ||
 * Loss||🇯🇵 Minoru Suzuki and 🇯🇵 Tsuyoshi Kohsaka || Submission || The Contenders X-Rage Vol.2|| October 3, 2002|| 1|| 14:39||Partnered with 🇯🇵 Osami Shibuya
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Minoru Suzuki and 🇯🇵 Takafumi Ito || Draw || The Contenders 5 Prospective M-1|| October 6, 2001|| 1|| 10:00||Partnered with 🇯🇵 Daiju Takase
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Fernando Vasconcelos || Points || ADCC 2001 Absolute|| 2001|| || ||
 * Loss||🇯🇵 Takanori Gomi || Decision || The CONTENDERS 6||October 8, 2001|| 3|| ||
 * Win||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || Decision || The CONTENDERS 4|| 2000|| || ||
 * Loss||🇯🇵 Genki Sudo || Decision || The CONTENDERS 2000|| 2000|| 2|| ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Marcio Feitosa Souza || Points || ADCC 2000 –77 kg|| 2000|| 1|| ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Jean-Jacques Machado || Submission (rear naked choke) || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 4:45||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Eddie Ruiz || Submission || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 6:00||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Pedro Duarte || Decision || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 3|| 20:00||
 * Win||🇺🇸 John Lewis || Submission (rear naked choke) || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 8:05||
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || - || The CONTENDERS 1|| 1999|| 3|| ||
 * Win||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || Decision || The CONTENDERS 4|| 2000|| || ||
 * Loss||🇯🇵 Genki Sudo || Decision || The CONTENDERS 2000|| 2000|| 2|| ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Marcio Feitosa Souza || Points || ADCC 2000 –77 kg|| 2000|| 1|| ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Jean-Jacques Machado || Submission (rear naked choke) || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 4:45||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Eddie Ruiz || Submission || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 6:00||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Pedro Duarte || Decision || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 3|| 20:00||
 * Win||🇺🇸 John Lewis || Submission (rear naked choke) || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 8:05||
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || - || The CONTENDERS 1|| 1999|| 3|| ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Eddie Ruiz || Submission || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 6:00||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Pedro Duarte || Decision || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 3|| 20:00||
 * Win||🇺🇸 John Lewis || Submission (rear naked choke) || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 8:05||
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || - || The CONTENDERS 1|| 1999|| 3|| ||
 * Win||🇺🇸 John Lewis || Submission (rear naked choke) || ADCC 1999 –77 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 8:05||
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || - || The CONTENDERS 1|| 1999|| 3|| ||
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || - || The CONTENDERS 1|| 1999|| 3|| ||
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Yasushi Miyake || - || The CONTENDERS 1|| 1999|| 3|| ||

title: Caol Uno


text:
Talk:List of storms named Barbara

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Tropical Storm Abby which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 20:03, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Barbara


text: Talk:List of storms named Beatriz

title: Talk:List of storms named Beatriz


text: Talk:List of storms named Bernice

title: Talk:List of storms named Bernice


text: Talk:List of storms named Blanca

title: Talk:List of storms named Blanca


text: Talk:List of storms named Blas

title: Talk:List of storms named Blas


text: Talk:List of storms named Bonny

title: Talk:List of storms named Bonny


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Talk:List of storms named Boris

Hurricane Boris 2008
This is now forcasted to to became an article on a 2008 hurricane by Next Thursday since Hurricane Boris (2008) became a redirect.

title: Talk:List of storms named Boris


text:
Talk:List of storms named Bridget

Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:List of storms named Bridget


text: Talk:List of storms named Bud

title: Talk:List of storms named Bud


text:
The Stone Angel

The Stone Angel is a novel by Canadian writer Margaret Laurence. First published in 1964 by McClelland and Stewart, it is perhaps the best-known of Laurence's series of five novels set in the fictitious town of Manawaka, Manitoba. In parallel narratives set in the past and the present-day (early 1960s), The Stone Angel tells the story of Hagar Currie Shipley. In the present, 90-year-old Hagar struggles against being put in a nursing home, which she sees as a symbol of death. This narrative alternates with Hagar looking back at her life.

Plot summary
In a series of vignettes, The Stone Angel tells the story of Hagar Shipley, a 90-year-old woman struggling to come to grips with a life of intransigence and loss. The themes of pride and the prejudice that comes from social class recur in the novel. As a young girl she refuses to rock her dying brother in the garments of their mother. As a young woman she marries Bram Shipley against her father's wishes, severing the family ties. She shows favouritism towards her younger son, John. After Hagar separates from her husband, Hagar takes John with her. However, he ultimately returns to his father. When John dies, Hagar does not cry, and at that point, she turns into a "Stone Angel". Later in life, her elder son Marvin is shown to have been the good and loyal son all along, despite the lack of his mother's favour. It is he at the age of 64 along with his wife Doris who takes care of her. As a 90-year-old woman, Hagar goes on an unexpected adventure into the woods alone. Given her age, there is an overtone that this event will be the last chapter of her life. In the woods, she meets another wanderer. The two have a bonding conversation, where Hagar finally opens up. A lifetime of buried emotion comes out, and she finally cries. The next day the police and Marvin come to rescue Hagar from the woods. In an act of love and repentance, she confesses to Marvin that he was the better son. She dies of cancer at the end of the novel.

Literary significance and criticism
Amongst other titles by Laurence, The Stone Angel is consistently listed as one of the greatest Canadian novels ever written.

The novel has often been a part of school and university curricula. In the 1970s and 1980s, some Canadian school boards were pressured to ban her novels, including The Stone Angel.

Recognition and adaptations
James W. Nichol adapted The Stone Angel first for radio and then for stage. The radio drama, which premiered in 1989, was broadcast in six parts on CBC Radio's Morningside (and later released as an audiobook). The stage play premiered in 1991 at the Blyth Festival under the direction of Brian Richmond and starring Barbara Chilcott as Hagar. Nichol's play has subsequently been performed in 1993 with Theatre Passe Muraille under the direction of Maureen White, by the Canadian Stage Company in 1999, and by the King's Town Players in 2014, among others.

The Stone Angel was one of the selected books in the 2002 edition of Canada Reads, where it was championed by Leon Rooke.

In 2007, it was adapted into a movie, The Stone Angel, filmed in Winnipeg and Hartney, Manitoba. The film stars Ellen Burstyn, Dylan Baker, Elliot Page and Kevin Zegers.

title: The Stone Angel


text: Category:Hotels in Ohio

title: Category:Hotels in Ohio


text:
Talk:Room On The 3rd Floor

"The Band's Commentary" section is a direct copy from the official site http://www.mcflyofficial.com/news/?id=310&year=2004&month=7 and I don't see any notice that this use is allowed. Please examine and remove if needed.

Even if it were approved, it's completely inappropriate for a Wikipedia article. I've merged whatever's salvageable to the other (correctly titled) article), and made this a redirect. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Room On The 3rd Floor