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Westfield Miranda

Westfield Miranda (previously known as Miranda Fair) is a large shopping centre in the suburb of Miranda in Sutherland Shire of Sydney.

Transport
The Cronulla line offers frequent services to Miranda station located outside the centre.

Westfield Miranda has bus connections to St George and South Western Sydney, as well as routes to local surrounding suburbs within the Sutherland Shire. Most routes are operated by U-Go Mobility with two routes by Transit Systems. Maianbar Bundeena Bus Service operates one Friday trip to/from Bundeena. All routes operate from Kiora Road with many also from the Kingsway.

Westfield Miranda has multi-level car parks with 4,891 spaces.

History
Miranda Fair was officially opened on 16 March 1964 by then Premier of New South Wales Bob Heffron in front of 1600 guests. A highlight of the opening ceremony was the arrival of a helicopter to deliver newspapers. A special fireworks display was put on for the locals on that evening.

The 3.25 million pound ($93.5 million in today's dollars) centre was designed by Tomkins, Shaw & Evans Architects and was built on the former site of Fowler's brick pit. Miranda Fair was developed by Myer and Farmers and was the largest fully enclosed shopping centre in NSW. The centre held that title until Roselands opened a year later.

Miranda Fair featured a Farmer & Co department store on three levels, Woolworths supermarket and 18 speciality stores. It also had a child minding centre, playground and parking for 1100 cars. Miranda Library moved into the shopping centre in 1964.

In 1969 Westfield Corporation purchased Miranda Fair from Myer for $10 million. Following this purchase Westfield lodged plans with Sutherland Council to expand the centre. The expanded centre was proposed to double the centre in size and would extend to Kingsway. Farmers would expand their existing store, a new supermarket, hardware store and discount department store were also part of the proposal.

The expansion plans were approved in November 1969 by the council. As part of this approval, Wandella Road would be upgraded from the Kingsway to President Avenue. This also included the construction of a road bridge over the Cronulla railway line. The final approval was given in early 1970.

In September 1971, the expansion was completed and Miranda Fair was renamed to Westfield Shoppingtown Miranda. This expansion made Westfield Miranda the first regional shopping centre in Sydney to have two department stores – Farmers and Grace Bros. Grace Bros traded on four levels. Woolworths expanded to become a Woolworths Family Centre which was a hypermarket consisting of Big W and Woolworths in the one store. Nock & Kirby was also added to the centre. At this time, a Hill's Weeping Fig was planted.

Westfield Miranda opened a new office tower in March 1972 as part of the expansion. The five storey office tower was facing the Kingsway and featured a large eight-pointed, slowly revolving star on its rooftop. Part of the heritage of the centre, and somewhat of a local landmark, the star was lit at night and unique to any Westfield shopping centre.

The success of Westfield Miranda and the increasing population of the Sutherland Shire in the 1970s led to Westfield to begin planning another expansion for the centre. In 1976 Farmers was rebranded as Myer. The expansion plans were lodged to the council however it was rejected. The plans were to extend the centre over the railway line and into Karimbla Road. In 1983 Myer purchased Grace Bros and made the decision to withdraw from New South Wales due to poor sales and the focus on growing the Grace Bros brand across the state. As Grace Bros was already a tenant in the centre, Myer decided to vacate its space. This allowed Westfield to subdivide the space and expand the centre. In mid 1983 Harvey Norman opened its store in the top floor of the Myer space which operated until 1995 when it relocated to the newly built Caringbah Super Centre.

This redevelopment caused controversy as Westfield gained approval to build the three-level car park next to Miranda Public School, with a road bridge over Wandella Road. This led to protests by parents and teachers of Miranda Public School to stop the car park extension, however it was unsuccessful. This expansion also created a land swap which resulted in the construction of a new council library and other community facilities on Wandella Road.

The first stage of expansion was completed on 17 April 1984 and included the relocation of Woolworths from level 2 into level 3 in the old Myer space. Stage 2 opened on 28 August 1984 and included BBC Hardware, Best & Less and Franklins and an international food court. Stage 3 opened on 25 March 1985 and featured a new Big W store on the old space of Woolworths space on level 2. The total number of shops in the centre had doubled to 160.

Miranda Library moved to its new premises on Wandella Road outside Westfield Miranda in 1985.

In 1990 Westfield planned another expansion of the centre after two decades purchasing sites in the block bounded by the Kingsway, Kiora Road, Urunga Parade and Jackson Avenue. On that site shops, offices, Miranda Police Station and the Miranda Congregational Church. For this expansion to proceed, Westfield purchased sites within Miranda to relocate the police station and Miranda Congregational Church. In 1991 Westfield commenced construction of the expansion. This was completed in stages with the full opening on 1 October 1992 and gave the centre 108,316 square metres (1,165,900 square feet) of retail space. The new stores that opened in the expansion included David Jones and Target. A new food court, restaurants and entertainment precinct opened. The food court featured 20 outlets including fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Hungry Jack's, Subway and KFC. The entertainment precinct featured an eight screen Greater Union cinema complex on the basement level and a Tilt amusement arcade centre on level one next to the food court. The restaurant precinct was located on the ground level with an entrance to the cinema. By the late 1990s Tilt closed down and was replaced by Aldi and The Reject Shop. Since these expansions, other shopping centres have been built and expanded, including Westfield Parramatta and Westfield Bondi Junction which then made Westfield Miranda the fourth largest Westfield shopping centre in Sydney. In December 2005 Westfield Miranda was valued at $481.6 million, up from $444.7 million in December 2004.

In early 2009, Sutherland Council approved plans to further upgrade the complex, which included demolition of the office tower and adding 100 additional speciality shops at a cost of $435 million. Myer lost its ground floor for a larger 'full-line' Woolworths supermarket. The entrance has moved closer to the Kingsway and the centre expanded by approximately 19,000 square metres to 127,000 square metres of gross lettable area. Demolition of the areas around the office tower began in July 2013. The star which sat on top of the tower was knocked off in late July 2013 as the office tower it sat upon was demolished. This caused anger amongst locals who wanted the star saved and incorporated into the new development. However the fig tree located outside the centre on Kingsway was saved and incorporated into the development, with a team of landscape architects and arborists managing the health and habit of the tree. This development did feature a new facade above the centre which is made up of grey wall which is designed to resemble fish scales in homage to "the Sutherland Shire's beach culture".

The first stage of the redevelopment consisting of the first floor opened on Thursday 16 October 2014. About 80 more shops and restaurants opened on Thursday 20 November 2014 while the official opening took place on Thursday, 27 November, with four days of celebrations. A new multi-screen Event Cinemas complex on level 4 opened on 2 April 2015. In April 2015, Franklins closed down and was replaced by Coles. This store was the final Franklins store in Australia, ultimately ending the business.

On 28 May 2015 Zara opened its fifth Sydney store in the centre outside Myer on level 3. Uniqlo opened on 6 June 2015 next to Zara. Apple opened its 22nd Australian store in the centre on 27 July 2015.

During the renovations when the new parking system came in, people who lived near Miranda Fair noted that shoppers and employees of Miranda Fair were increasingly parking in the streets to avoid paying the fees for parking in Miranda Fair. In February 2015, Westfield Miranda planned to reintroduce free parking for people with disability stickers in response to feedback that parking was difficult to find. In December 2015, Westfield Miranda extended its opening hours until midnight. In December 2016, to cope with Christmas demand, parking at Port Hacking High School was arranged for shoppers at Westfield Miranda.

On 8 April 2016 Sky Zone opened its second Sydney location on the former cinema space. The PLAYTIME arcade opened around that time on the former restaurant space which was rebranded to Timezone in November 2018. On 10 November 2019 Sky Zone closed its doors. It did not give a reason. In a statement released the decision was "due to external circumstances out of our team's control".

Since the closure of Sky Zone, Scentre Group is currently working together with Funlab to explore options for a new entertainment concept in Westfield Miranda. In February 2022 plans for a new entertainment centre next to the rooftop cinemas and restaurants were proposed. It was to include a ten-pin bowling, laser tag, arcade games, a bar, and food options. On 29th May 2023, the DA was approved and the new entertainment centre was revealed as Archie Brothers Cirque Electriq.

On 20 March 2021, Target closed down and was replaced by Kmart which opened on 12 April 2021.

Tenants
Westfield Miranda has 128,410m² of floor space. The major retailers include David Jones, Myer, Big W, Kmart, Aldi, Coles, Woolworths, Cotton On, Uniqlo, Zara, Apple, JB Hi-Fi, Rebel, Timezone and Event Cinemas.

Incidents

 * On 23 March 2017, a woman fell from the roof of the centre and died around 8:20am. Police were investigating the causes behind the fall as there were no suspicious circumstances and a report was prepared for the Coroner. Part of the centre was closed while roadblocks were set up causing major delays in both directions as emergency services responded.
 * On 9 April 2020, a woman went on a racial tirade yelling out abuse to Telstra workers. This incident occurred around 11am and the woman has since been charged.

title: Westfield Miranda


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Suomen Talvisota 1939–1940

Suomen Talvisota 1939–1940 was a provocative Finnish rock band in the years 1969 and 1970. Their only album is called Underground-Rock. Lyrics for the band were provided under pseudonyms by M.A. Numminen and the Turku poets Markku Into (under the pseudonym Taannehtiva Seuralainen) and Jarkko Laine (under the pseudonym Lauri Kenttä, a reference to Superman's alter ego, Clark Kent). The name of the band literally means "The Finnish Winter War 1939-1940". They are widely considered a founding band of Finnish rock music, starting the careers of Numminen and Rauli Badding Somerjoki, influencing artists such as Juice Leskinen, and even serving as early precursors to the Finnish punk scene.

Line-up

 * M.A. Numminen (under the pseudonyms Oriveden kenkätehdas, E. Väline, Ruotsin Kuningas, La Kamarado)
 * Rauli Somerjoki (under the pseudonyms G.A. Johanssonin Perikunta, V. Esine)
 * Pentti Aho
 * Arto Koskinen
 * Heikki Kasari
 * Rauli "Pole" Ojanen (under the pseudonym Erik af Venusberg)
 * Timo Aarniala (a visual artist)

Other personnel on the album

 * Tarmo Manni (Kosminen Nauraja)
 * Antero Jakoila
 * Ronnie Österberg
 * Paroni Paakkunainen
 * Heikki Kasari
 * Tommi Parko
 * Mamba Koskinen
 * Kikke Bergholm
 * Matti Bergström
 * Matti Oiling
 * Raikka Rautarinne

Albums discography

 * Underground-Rock (1970)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Suomen Talvisota 1939–1940


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Iain Hume

Iain Edward Hume (born 30 October 1983) is a Canadian soccer manager and former professional soccer player who played as a forward.

He began his career at Tranmere Rovers in 2000, and six years later moved to Leicester City for an initial £500,000 fee. Three years later he was signed by Barnsley for £1.2 million, where he suffered a serious head injury in a match against Sheffield United. He later played for Preston North End, and was loaned to Doncaster Rovers and Fleetwood Town, where he won League One and the League Two play-offs respectively.

In 2014, Hume joined Kerala Blasters FC of the newly formed Indian Super League, and played the next two seasons with Atlético de Kolkata, winning the 2016 ISL season before returning to Kerala Blasters in 2017–18 Indian Super League season. He then played for FC Pune City next season in ISL.

Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, but played internationally for Canada. He debuted for them in 2003 and represented the nation at three CONCACAF Gold Cups.

Tranmere Rovers
Hume progressed through the youth ranks at Tranmere Rovers, making his professional debut on 15 April 2000 as a 76th-minute substitute for Nick Henry in a 3–1 First Division loss at Swindon Town. On 29 October 2002, he scored his first professional goal; two minutes after replacing Stuart Barlow, he headed in Gareth Roberts' free kick to open a 1–1 draw with Peterborough United at Prenton Park. He scored six goals from 23 games that Second Division season, including both of Tranmere's goals in a 2–1 win over Blackpool on 22 February 2003, ending the visitors' 12-game unbeaten run.

On 13 January 2004, Hume scored the winner in the first minute of extra time, as Tranmere defeated Premier League club Bolton Wanderers 2–1 in the third round replay of the FA Cup. In the next round, he again scored the winner, from 20 yards for a 2–1 home victory against Swansea City on 14 February. The team were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Millwall.

His best season for Tranmere was during the 2004–05 campaign where he finished as the club's top scorer with 16 goals, including braces in a 2–1 win at Torquay United on 25 September 2004 and a 4–5 home defeat to Bradford City on 16 October.

Leicester City

Signed on transfer deadline day at the end of August 2005, Hume was Craig Levein's most expensive signing in his first year as manager. He was bought as a direct replacement for David Connolly who moved to Wigan the same day. Hume put pen-to-paper on a three-year deal after leaving Tranmere where he made 176 appearances, scoring 37 goals. The fee for Hume was an initial £500,000 that could rise to £750,000, while Tranmere were entitled to a 10% sell-on clause.

Hume made his debut for Leicester in the Championship on 10 September, replacing Elvis Hammond for the final 13 minutes of a 2–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday at the Walkers Stadium. On 1 October, he scored his first goal for the team, an 86th-minute opener in a 1–1 draw at Derby County, and on 26 November he added two more in a 4–2 home win over Sheffield United. He finished his first season with the Foxes with 9 goals from 37 games, including one each in three consecutive matches in February 2006.

Hume signed a new three-year deal on 5 June 2007 to stay at the club. He scored his first goal of the 2007–08 season against Watford on 25 August, and was named in the Championship Team of the Week two days later. The goal was voted Goal of the Season on 28 April 2008. Despite scoring a goal in his 100th match for Leicester on 11 December, his team still lost 3–1 to Ipswich. Hume scored his 30th goal for Leicester on 16 February 2008, beating Norwich City 4–0. Despite finishing as the club's top goalscorer with 11 league goals, Hume could not prevent Leicester from being relegated at the end of the season.

Barnsley
Despite announcing that he would stay at Leicester, on 25 June 2008, Barnsley secured the signing of Hume for £1.2 million. On 9 August, the opening day of the Championship season, Hume scored just five minutes into his Barnsley debut away to Queens Park Rangers, but the Tykes lost the game 2–1. He was sent off on his home debut eight days later, a loss by the same score to Coventry City at Oakwell. On his return on 30 August, he scored what BBC Sport called a "spectacular volley" to open a 2–0 win over Derby, and in October he netted in victories against Yorkshire rivals Doncaster Rovers and Sheffield Wednesday, the former seeing his team come from a goal down to win 4–1 with ten men.

On 8 November 2008, Hume sustained a fractured skull and internal bleeding following an elbow to the head, prior to challenging for the ball, from Chris Morgan against Sheffield United. He was taken to hospital with life-threatening injuries, and underwent surgery. The opposing club issued a statement that "Sheffield United are saddened and concerned to hear that Barnsley striker Iain Hume is being monitored in a high dependency unit following last Saturday's fixture, and we wish him a speedy and full recovery."

Later in November, Hume was discharged, while the FA decided that they would not discipline Morgan. Barnsley manager Simon Davey criticised this decision, opining that Morgan and referee Andy D'Urso should have been suspended and claiming that different action would have been taken if Cristiano Ronaldo were injured. Hume was left with an 18-inch horseshoe-shaped scar and cognitive difficulties.

After missing the remainder of the season, Hume made his return to the team with a 50th-minute substitute appearance against Gainsborough on 21 July 2009, nearly scoring from a header with his first touch of the game. He scored five goals in 35 games in his second season, including two in a 2–2 home draw against Peterborough United on 5 April 2010 which relegated the opponents to League One.

Preston North End
Hume joined Preston North End on 17 September 2010, on a three-month loan. He made his debut the next day in a 0–1 home loss against Norwich City and scored his first goal for the Lilywhites the following Saturday at Coventry, a right-footed shot from 20 yards, following this with the final goal in the 6–4 comeback win at Leeds United on the 28th. On 23 October it was announced that Hume would return to Barnsley following a poor run of results for his parent club. However, five days later, his loan was extended, with Paul Hayes going the other way to Barnsley with view to a permanent deal for Hume in January. Hume moved to Preston in the January 2011 transfer window for an undisclosed fee. At the end of the season, Preston were relegated to League One, following a dismal season with only 42 points. He led the team with 12 goals in the Championship and became the first player from Preston following relegation to come out publicly committing himself to the team for the following season. In his second season at Preston, Hume scored 9 goals in 28 league games, including braces in a 4–3 win at Wycombe Wanderers on 27 September 2011 and a 2–1 triumph at Exeter City the following 17 March; his goals in the latter were the 100th and 101st of his career.

On 31 August 2012, Hume signed for Doncaster Rovers on loan until January 2013, a deal that was extended till the end of the season. He made his debut for the club the following day as a second-half substitute for Kyle Bennett against Yeovil Town, the game ended in a 2–1 defeat at Huish Park. Hume then went on to score in a 2–0 victory over Leyton Orient and a crucial added-time winner against leaders Tranmere. His 7 goals from 33 league games helped Rovers to the 2012–13 Football League One title, his first honour.

On 20 March 2014, Hume joined League Two side Fleetwood Town until the end of the season. The move reunited him with Graham Alexander, his captain at Preston North End. Hume was assigned the number 36 shirt. He made his debut two days later, as a half-time replacement for Stewart Murdoch in a 2–0 loss at Exeter. Hume made eight appearances for the Cod Army, scoring once, an 85th-minute strike to secure a 2–2 home draw with Lancashire rivals Morecambe on 12 April. The team qualified for the play-offs, where they beat York City in the semi-finals and then Burton Albion 1–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium, which Hume started.

Later career
On 21 August 2014, Hume was drafted by the Kerala Blasters of the newly founded Indian Super League, joining Player-Manager David James and Michael Chopra at the club. In their first game on 21 October, away to Chennaiyin FC, he scored their first goal to equalise in an eventual 2–1 loss. Five days later, he equalised again at Atlético de Kolkata for a 1–1 draw which gave the team their first point, and on 21 November his fourth-minute goal opened a 2–1 win over the same team at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi.

Hume's fourth goal was the game's only against FC Pune City on 9 December in the last game of the regular season, qualifying Kerala to the play-offs. Four days later, in the semi-final first leg, he scored in a 3–0 win over regular season winners Chennaiyin, and played the full 90 minutes of the inaugural final, a 1–0 loss to Kolkata at the DY Patil Stadium in Mumbai. Hume earned the nickname "ഹ്യൂമേട്ടൻ (Humettan)", meaning "elder brother Hume" in Malayalam,  and was voted the best player of the league's first season.

On 29 January 2015, Hume signed a six-month contract with his first club Tranmere Rovers, now in League Two. After 12 scoreless games in a season which saw the club relegated to the Conference, Hume was one of seven players released by the club on 6 May.

Hume returned for the second season of the Indian Super League on 5 June 2015, when he signed for Atlético de Kolkata. He made his debut on 3 October as they began the season with a 3–2 win at Chennaiyin, and scored his first goals in the form of a hat-trick on 1 November in a 4–1 win at Mumbai City FC, and added another treble 26 days later in a win by the same score over Pune at the Salt Lake Stadium. The latter result caused the team to be the first to qualify for the season's play-offs. On 4 December, in the last game of regular play at home to Mumbai, Hume scored a penalty for his tenth goal of the season in a 2–3 loss. In the play-off semi-final second leg, he scored again in a 2–1 home win over Chennaiyin, a 2–4 aggregate elimination. With 11 goals, he was second place in the Indian Super League Golden Boot, two goals behind winner Stiven Mendoza; however, he won the season's Fittest Player award.

On 8 February 2016, Hume signed with SD Ponferradina of Spain's Segunda División until the end of the season. He played seven times for the team from Castile and León, who ended up relegated.

On 13 June 2016 it was announced that Hume was retained by Atlético de Kolkata and would be returning to the side for the 2016 season. He was the league's second top scorer with 7 goals as the team won the title, behind Delhi Dynamos' Marcelinho; this haul included a brace in a 3–2 win over Mumbai in the semi-finals first leg.

On 1 February 2017, Hume returned to Spain, joining Segunda División B club Extremadura UD for the remainder of the season. He scored his only goal in Spanish football on 7 May, opening a 2–0 win over Atlético Sanluqueño CF at the Estadio Francisco de la Hera to save his team from relegation.

On 24 July 2017, Hume re-signed for Kerala Blasters ahead of the 2017–18 Indian Super League season. He opened his account for the campaign on 10 January, scoring a hat-trick in a 3–1 win at Delhi Dynamos.

After not playing professionally since 2019, in November 2022 Hume confirmed he was retired.

International career
At age 15, Hume turned down the opportunity to represent Scotland at under-16 level, saying that he is more devoted to Canada.

Hume played at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina, alongside Atiba Hutchinson and Mike Klukowski among others. He starred for Canada at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship. He scored three goals, including the game winner versus Czech Republic. The win over the Czech's qualified Canada for the round of 16, where they eliminated Burkina Faso on a goal by Josh Simpson. In the quarter finals, Hume scored the equaliser in the 53rd minute to send their game against Spain to extra time. Canada eventually bowed out to the Spanish by a 2–1 scoreline. It is Canada's best showing at a FIFA male event.

He made his senior debut for Canada in a February 2003 friendly match against Libya.

Coming on as a substitute in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup semi-final versus the United States, he made an immediate impact, making his presence known through a few tough tackles and a remarkable goal, snapping Canada's 705-minute scoring drought in matches versus the United States. Minutes later he kept Canada within a goal's reach courtesy of a goal-line clearance with his heel, to deny Clint Dempsey a goal.

Personal life
Hume is a supporter of Liverpool and Hearts. He idolised Ian Rush, John Barnes and John Robertson as a child.

In September 2020, it was reported that Hume, his wife and two children have moved to Woodstock, Ontario. Hume will be the guest head coach for the Woodstock F.C. Premier Stallions and assist with the Division 2 Stallions.

International

 * Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hume goal.

Honours
Doncaster Rovers
 * League One: 2012–13

Fleetwood Town
 * League Two Play-offs: 2014

Atletico de Kolkata
 * Indian Super League: 2016

Individual
 * ISL Hero of the League: 2014
 * ISL Fittest Player: 2015
 * ISL Team of the Year: 2016

title: Iain Hume


text:
User talk:Fractaljojo

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title: User talk:Fractaljojo


text:
Osio Sopra

Osio Sopra (Bergamasque: Öss de Sura) is a comune (municipality) of 5,306 inhabitants in the province of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy. The history of Osio Sopra has significant links to Osio Sotto's.

Early settlements can be traced to Ancient Roman times, when an important communication road linked Milan to Bergamo passing through the bridge 'Ponte Corvo' in the Marne locality. In Bergamo, the last section of this road was in-fact named 'via Osio', highlighting the importance of the location.

During those times, Osio underwent an important process of centuriation, with which a first development of the 'pagus' took place; the name 'Osio' originates from the Patrician 'gens Otia' (or gens Oxia).

Among Osio Sopra's landmarks, the medieval Catholic church of San Zenone features good quality paintings of Lombard artists. Legend has it that this sacred church was built with materials from an ancient castle.

The Santuario della Madonna della Scopa is a chapel located on the border Osio Sopra shares with Osio Sotto. Built in the fifteenth century, it was initially much smaller than it is today, with the most recent extension added at the beginning of the twentieth century. Religious frescoes cover its inner walls. According to the legend, the name of the chapel ('Madonna della scopa' is Italian for 'Madonna of the broom') is due to a miraculous apparition in which the Virgin Mary intervened to clean up this chapel at a time in which it had been abandoned.

Finally, Palazzo Camozzi-Andreani, also known as Villa Andreani or more colloquially as Palazzo delle Gigine, was built during the eighteenth century as a library.

Osio Sopra's western border consists of the river Brembo; along its shore, a number of natural reserves such as Bosco Astori are frequented by locals and visitors for recreational purposes.

title: Osio Sopra


text:
William Goldwin

William Goldwin (c.1682 – 1747 at Bristol) was an English schoolteacher and vicar who left his mark on cricket by creating the sport's earliest known work of literature. Goldwin, whose name is sometimes spelt "Goldwyn", wrote a poem of 95 competent and sometimes graceful lines of Latin hexameters on a rural cricket match. It was called In Certamen Pilae (On a Ball Game) and it was published in his Musae Juveniles in March 1706.

Little is known of Goldwin himself. He attended Eton and then graduated to King's College, Cambridge in 1700. He subsequently became a Master of Bristol Grammar School and was Vicar of St Nicholas' Church in Bristol until his death in 1747.

title: William Goldwin


text:
Hyderabadi Urdu

Hyderabadi is a variety of Dakhini Urdu, spoken in areas of the former Hyderabad State, corresponding to the Indian state of Telangana, the Marathwada region of Maharashtra and the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka.

It is natively spoken by the Hyderabadi Muslims and their diaspora. It contains loan words from Indian languages like Marathi, Telugu, Kannada and foreign languages like Arabic, Turkic and Persian. Hyderabadi is considered to be a northern variety of Dakhini.

Distinctive features
Hyderabadi is mutually intelligible with most Hindi/Urdu speakers but has distinctive features from interaction with local Indian Languages such as Marathi, Telugu, Kannada.

Phonology
The letter ق (qāf) is pronounced as an unvoiced velar fricative /x/ with the same pronunciation as خ ( kh e) whereas in Standard Hindustani dialects the ق is pronounced as a velar plosive /k/ with the same pronunciation as ک (kāf). For example, the word 'qabar' (grave) is pronounced as ' kh abar' (news).

Lexical features
Distinct vocabulary unique to Hyderabadis:

 * Āra'e n آرئیں - (is) coming; "Ā rahe hai n " "آرہے ہیں" in standard Urdu
 * Čindiyā n kardiya چِندیاں کر دیا - Nailed it
 * Čupke to bī / čupkaič چُپکے تو بی / چُپکَیچ - No reason
 * Hona ہونا - to want, instead of "čāhna" چاہنا in Orthodox Urdu (instead of "mujhē woh čāhi'ē" "مجھے وہ چاہیے" in Orthodox Urdu, Hyderabadi Urdu would use "mērēku woh hona." "میرے کو وہ ہونا")
 * Hao ہَؤ - for yes, instead of "Hā n " "ہاں".
 * Hallu ہلُّو - Slow
 * Haula ہَولا - foolish, crazy person
 * Hota ki nai ki ہوتا کی نئیں کی - May or may not happen
 * Jāndo جاندو - let it go
 * Jāra'u n جارؤں - I am leaving
 * Jāra'e n جارئیں - (is) going; جارہے ہیں "jā rahe hai n " in standard Urdu
 * Kačča(i) (ی)کچا- wet; in standard Urdu, wet would be گیلا "gīla". کچا "kacha" in standard Urdu means "raw".
 * Kaīkū کئيکو - why; کیوں "kyū n " or کس لئے "kis li'ē" in standard Urdu.
 * Kaīkū ki کئيکو کی - wonder why, who knows why
 * Katey کَتے - it is often used when a person mentions something told by someone else. It could be translated as "it seems". Usage: "Kal unay bahar jaara katey" means "It seems he is going outside tomorrow".
 * Kxayāli pulāo خیالی پُلاؤ - Wishful thinking
 * Kunjī کنجی - keys; in standard Urdu, keys would be chābī چابی.
 * Kya toh bī hora کیا تو بی ہو را - what the hell is happening
 * Lāiṭ liyo لائٹ لِیو - take it easy
 * Mērēku میرے کو - my, instead of "mujhe" مجھے or "mujhko" مجھکو in standard Urdu
 * Miyā n میاں - fellow (i.e. "Chalo miya n "چلو میاں" means "Let's go, man.")
 * Nakko نکو - an alternate (and informal) negative, generally indicating "no", "no thanks" or "don't". It can be (and is often) used in place of نہیں "nahī n ", نہ "nā" and مت "mat" (from traditional Urdu) are used where نکو "nakko" is inappropriate for the context or in polite situations.
 * Parsū n پرسُوں - literally it means the day before yesterday or the day after tomorrow but it is widely used for any time in recent past.
 * Phugat پُھگٹ - for free, without cost; یہ کھانا پُھگٹ ہے۔ ("this food is free")
 * Poṭṭī پوٹی - derogatory term for girl
 * Poṭṭā پوٹا - derogatory term for boy
 * Paintābē پَینتابے - socks; in standard Urdu it would be مَوزے "mauzē".
 * Tumārē ku تمارے کو - you, instead of tumhe n تمہیں or tumko تمکو in standard Urdu
 * Tērē ku تیرے کو (informal slang) - you, instead of tujhe or tujhko in standard Urdu
 * Uney اُنے - he/she, instead of woh in standard Urdu.
 * Zyāda nakko kar زیادہ نکو کر - don't act over smart
 * The word اِچ "ič" is often added after a noun or verb to express the confidence of the action. In standard Urdu, ہی "hī" would be used. For example: "Biryāni'ič lārau n mē n " "بریانی اِچ لا رَؤں میں". In standard Urdu this would be "Biryāni hī lā rahā hū n mai n " "بریانی ہی لا رہا ہوں میں".
 * The Urdu word ہے "hai" (be) is often dropped. For example, Urdu "Mujhē mālūm hai" "مجھے معلوم ہے" (I know it) would be "Mērē ku mālum" "میرے کو معلُم".
 * Aisich اَیسِچ - No reason/without any reason (casually) as in "ایسچ کرا" "I did it without any reason"

Peculiar features
The suffix "ā n " is often used to mark plurality. The letter ' n ' is an almost silent nasal stop. For example, Log لوگ (people) would become Logā n  لوگاں, Bāt بات (talk) would become Bātā n  باتاں, Ādmi آدمی (men) pronounced as Admi ادمی would become Admiyā n  ادمیاں, etc. in the Hyderabadi dialect.

While talking, many long a's (as in "father") are pronounced "uh" as in "hut." For example, instead of "ādmi" آدمی (man) or "rāsta" راستہ (path) in Orthodox Urdu, Hyderabadi would use "admi" ادمی and "rasta" رستہ. Similarly "bhūl" بھول (to forget), "ṭūṭ" ٹوٹ (to break) and "čūṛi'ān" چوڑیاں (bangles) is "bhul" بُھل, "ṭuṭ" ٹُٹ and "čuṛiyān" چُڑیاں in Hyderabadi.

Popularity and usage
In the early sixties, film star Mehmood popularized another dialect in Indian films, Dakhni slang, which originates from former Mysore State.

A very famous Guinness record holder drama /stage comedy written in Dakhani is Adrak Ke Punjey. Many Urdu poets also write in the Hyderabadi dialect of Dakhani, including Pagal Adilabadi, Khamakha Hyderabadi and Nukko Hyderabadi (of Chicago, Illinois).

Hyderabadi gained sudden prominence and recognition in 2006 after the success of the comedy film The Angrez that adopted the dialect. The film's success sparked several other Hyderabadi dialect films including: Kal Ka Nawaab, Hyderabad Nawaabs, Aadab Hyderabad, Gullu Dada, Gullu Dada Returns, Berozgaar, Hungama In Dubai, Daawat-e-Ishq.

title: Hyderabadi Urdu


text:
Luis Cristaldo

Luis Héctor Cristaldo Ruiz Díaz (born August 31, 1969, in Formosa, Argentina) is an Argentine-born Bolivian football midfielder.

He is Bolivia's national team record cap holder alongside Marco Sandy.

Club career
Born in Argentina, he relocated to Santa Cruz, Bolivia at the age of 15. Cristaldo then began attending the prestigious Tahuichi football academy, and by the time he was 18 years old he made his official debut in first division. He played for Bolivian teams Oriente Petrolero (1990–92) and Bolívar (1993–98), winning 4 national titles combined during those years.

In 1998, he went abroad to play for Sporting de Gijón in Spain and later with Cerro Porteño and Sol de América in Paraguay, not to mention a previous spell he had during 1994 with Argentine club Mandiyú de Corrientes and legendary Diego Maradona as the manager.

In 2001, Cristaldo returned to Bolivia and played with The Strongest for the next six years. In 2007, during his second spell with Oriente Petrolero he called it quits, laying his football career to rest permanently after seventeen years of professional football.

International career
Cristaldo played at the 1987 FIFA U-16 World Championship in Canada.

He and Marco Sandy hold the record for the most appearances for the Bolivia national team with 93 international matches and 5 goals between 1989 and 2005, including two appearances in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Cristaldo made his international debut on September 10, 1989, in a World Cup Qualifier against Uruguay in Montevideo (2–0 loss) and equalled Sandy's record in his final match against Brazil in October 2005. He represented his country in 33 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and at the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup.

Club

 * Oriente Petrolero (1)
 * Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano: 1990
 * Bolívar (3)
 * Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano: 1994, 1996, 1997
 * The Strongest (3)
 * Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano: 2003 (A), 2003 (C), 2004 (C)

title: Luis Cristaldo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fúsíjama Basketball Club International

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 02:38, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Fúsíjama Basketball Club International and its players Guðni Þór Sigurjónsson, Ágúst Ívar Vilhjálmsson, Sturla Stígsson, Jakob Einar Úlfarsson
Icelandic amateur Basketball Club playing in ?? league (not in the premier or 1st at least). After a long search in google I couldn't establish any notability. Wikipedia is not a homepage for amateur sports clubs.

Also the players articles for deletion since the club is not notable. Players like:
 * Guðni Þór Sigurjónsson - greatest Icelandic basketball villain of all time
 * Sturla Stígsson - Nicknames; The Bulldozer, McNasty
 * Jakob Einar Úlfarsson - one of the most notorious thugs in basketball history etc.

See also the player Articles_for_deletion/T%C3%B3mas_Michael_Reynisson. feydey 12:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete to all. NN. -- Egil 14:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Greatest Icelandic Delete of All Time per nom. Karmafist 14:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per feydey. -- Kjkolb 03:28, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:84.137.197.177

title: User talk:84.137.197.177


text: Category:Olympic competitors for Equatorial Guinea


text:
User:Tieu yeu nu

Profile:
Nick: Tieu Yeu Nu (translation: lil evil gal)

Nationality: Vietnamese

DOB: 12 March 1985

Location: Australia, Sydney

Gender: Female (obviously)

Email: Tieu_yeu_nu_123@yahoo.com

Education: University Second Year, Bacholar of Computing

Interest: Movies, Actress, Soaps, Music, going to the cinema and anything that takes interest during the month. usually get bored of it after that.

Fav Actress: Ning Jing, Sandra Bullock

Fav On-Screen couple: Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan

Fav Movie: usually changes, but the one film that i will always catch when its on tv is Sleepless In Seattle (that how us spell it? huh...) and You've Got Mail.

Fav Song: Lean On Me, Because U love Me. Bad Day.

If i ever get asked my ideal date it would be: we go hiking early in the morning to see some natural wonder, sit down by the river or lake and eat some packed food (mainly fruit). Watch the son set over the mountain as we make our way back to the city. we'll then go to the pier or harbour and sit and talk while we drink some vodka and watch the moon. Then go home. sperately. and get to sleep in till noon the next day. my perfect date.

title: User:Tieu yeu nu


text:
Semele (disambiguation)

Semele is the mother of Dionysus in Greek mythology.

Semele may also refer to:

 * Semele (Eccles), an opera by John Eccles
 * Semele (Handel), an opera by George Frideric Handel (given as an oratorio in its first run)
 * Semele (Schiller), a singspiel libretto by Friedrich Schiller
 * Sémélé, an opera by Marin Marais
 * Sémélé (Dukas cantata), a cantata by Paul Dukas
 * 86 Semele, an asteroid
 * Semele (plant), a genus of flowering plants
 * Semele (bivalve), a genus of bivalves
 * Radford Semele, a village in Warwickshire, England

title: Semele (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:LA

Foriegn words
I've removed entries from this page which were for the Spanish and Arabic words la. The goal here is to help users quickly find the encyclopedia article they were looking for. Since we don't have encyclopedia articles on the Spanish word la, nor on the Arabic word la, nor are we ever likely to have those articles both because they would be dictionary definitions (not encyclopedia articles) and because they are not English words and this is the English version of Wikipedia. --RoySmith 12:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

good job
good job roy smith! that was smart.

Redirecting to Los Angeles is a US centred edit in an international encyclopedia and as LA may refer to Latin America I have created the disambig page, SqueakBox 18:33, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Louisiana
Why doesn't this redirect to Louisiana, an undoubtedly more important topic? Dzylon (talk) 23:54, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Why does this redirect to Los Angeles
LA has so many meanings, and there are 63 entries on La. los angeles is not primary topic. please give some reasons why LA should redirect to los angeles rather than the disambiguation page La. 2603:9000:6505:52E1:D9D4:1C51:14D0:D547 (talk) 21:45, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Any entry in the search box should lead the majority of users directly to the article they are looking for. For most of the articles listed in La (e.g. the genus of moths), a user would enter "la" (or "La") in the search box, not "LA". The remaining few articles where "LA" is a reasonable entry in the search box are mostly (e.g. the Neil Youg song or Linux Australia) obviously not the primary topic (see MOS:PRIMARYTOPIC). It remains Los Angeles and Loisianna as candidates for the primary topic of "LA". However, I assume that nearly all users that are searching for the Loisianna article enter "loisianna" in the search box, not its postal abbreviation "LA".
 * Therefore, for me its clear that most users that enter "LA" in the search box are in fact looking for Los Angeles.
 * --Cyfal (talk) 23:09, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Speaking as a sometime Angeleno myself, I have to say I'm not convinced that Los Angeles is the clearly primary target for LA without the dots. It might be the most common single meaning intended by someone typing LA in the search box, but there are just too many possibilities.  As for wikilinks, we shouldn't be encouraging people to wikilink LA for Los Angeles — in formal writing you should write out Los Angeles.  All of which boils down to, I think we should point this at the disambig page. --Trovatore (talk) 18:30, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * (Actually, it would probably be better to move La here. It's pretty normal for all-capital-letter titles to be disambig pages.) --Trovatore (talk) 20:46, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

I have started a formal move request at talk:La. --Trovatore (talk) 21:16, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:La which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 21:47, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:LA


text:
James Wesolowski

James Peter Wesolowski (born 25 August 1987) is an Australian former professional soccer player who played as a midfielder.

Leicester City
Wesolowski played for Australian side Northern Spirit before signing for Leicester City in 2002. After showing a lot of potential in the reserves, Wesolowski played for Leicester in a pre-season friendly against Celtic in 2005, but suffered a broken leg due to a challenge from Bobo Baldé. He underwent surgery on the leg but the injury sidelined him until the start of 2006. Wesolowski returned and impressed for the Leicester first team, making his debut at home to Cardiff City in January 2006. However, after only five appearances, he broke his same leg against Brighton in February.

The departure of Joey Guðjónsson gave Wesolowski the opportunity to become a first team regular, although he still faced stiff competition from then-teammates Stephen Hughes and Andy Johnson for the central midfield spot. He scored his first senior goal in a 4–3 FA Cup defeat to Fulham on 17 January 2007.

In July 2007, Wesolowski agreed to a contract extension with Leicester that would see him remain at the club until 2011. He scored his second goal of his career in a 1–0 League Cup win over Accrington Stanley on 14 August 2007, before being sidelined for six weeks with a hamstring injury on 18 September in a 3–2 League Cup win over Nottingham Forest. Wesolowski had more hamstring problems following recovery, and he was injured again on 8 December in a 2–1 defeat to West Brom, sidelining him until Christmas.

Wesolowski lost his place in the first team the following season, playing just four cup matches. On 2 October 2008, he joined Cheltenham Town on a three-month loan deal, linking up with former Leicester manager Martin Allen and fellow loanee Barry Hayles, with the option of being recalled after the first month. His loan ended early after suffering a fractured ankle in a 2–0 away defeat to Tranmere Rovers in October. On 2 February 2009, Wesolowski joined Dundee United on loan for the remainder of the 2008–09 season, with the option of making the deal permanent. He made his debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Hearts, playing for 65 minutes before being substituted.

On 4 August 2009, Wesolowski joined SPL side Hamilton Academical on loan for an initial six-month period, which was extended till the end of the season after some impressive run of form.

Peterborough United
On 1 June 2010, Wesolowski signed a two-year deal at Peterborough United for an undisclosed sum.

Oldham Athletic
On 8 August 2011, Wesolowski signed a one-year deal with league one club Oldham Athletic.

Wesolowski had his best season for the club yet in the 2013–14 season, he played nearly every game for the club & scored 5 goals, his best ever goal – scoring season. The vast improvement he had shown resulted in him scooping up 5 awards at the end of season awards, including Player of the Year.

On 7 May, when the clubs retained list was announced, it was confirmed that a formal contract offer had been made to Wesolowski. With Wesolowski stating that he "would love to stay here" and that he would like to come to an arrangement with the club over a new contract.

Shrewsbury Town
On 6 June 2014, despite a contract offer from Oldham, Wesolowski moved to Shrewsbury Town in League Two on a free transfer. He made his debut on the opening day of the season, coming on as a substitute in a 2–2 draw away at A.F.C. Wimbledon, and was a regular in the first team squad until suffering a season-ending injury in a home match against Hartlepool United on 17 January 2015 where he ruptured two knee ligaments. He scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for Shrewsbury in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 25 October 2014.

Wesolowski returned to the side following their promotion to League One, but suffered a further knee injury in September 2015 just three matches into his comeback, which was initially thought to rule him out for the rest of the season. After playing a full ninety minutes and scoring Shrewsbury's equalising goal in their Shropshire Senior Cup final win against local rivals AFC Telford United, he returned to the first team ahead of schedule in a home match against Sheffield United in April 2016. At the end of the season, Wesolowski was offered a new contract – reportedly on reduced terms – and was still training with the first-team during the following pre-season. He was later reported to be training with National League side Lincoln City, but was unable to agree to a contract.

Guiseley
Wesolowski joined National League club Guiseley in October 2016.

International career
Wesolowski was born in Australia, and is of Polish descent through his grandfather. Wesolowski received international acclaim at the end of the 2004–05 season after competing for Australia in the FIFA World Youth Championship and was labelled "a star in the making" by the Australian Football Federation. Wesolowski was called up to the Australian national team on his 19th birthday for the 2007 Asian Cup qualifier against Kuwait, but was withdrawn from the squad days later after consultation with medical staff from both parties 'on precautionary grounds'. On 6 November 2007, he was called up to the national team for a friendly match against Nigeria on 17 November, but was an unused substitute as Australia won 1–0.

title: James Wesolowski


text:
A.F.C. Sudbury

Amalgamated Football Club Sudbury is a football club based in Sudbury, Suffolk, England. The club was formed in 1999 by the merger of Sudbury Town and Sudbury Wanderers, the process giving rise to the name Amalgamated Football Club Sudbury. and went on to win the Eastern Counties League Premier Division five seasons in a row as well as reaching the final of the FA Vase in three successive seasons, records for both competitions. They are currently members of the and play at the King's Marsh Stadium in the Ballingdon-Brundon area of Sudbury.

History
A.F.C. Sudbury was formed on 1 June 1999 by the amalgamation of the town's two previous clubs, Sudbury Town (founded 1885) and Sudbury Wanderers (founded 1958). The new club played at Wanderers' ground, and were initially managed by Wanderers' Keith Martin.

In their debut season, 1999–2000, Sudbury finished in third place in the Eastern Counties League Premier Division. The following five seasons all resulted in Sudbury winning the Premier Division title – a league record. Sudbury did not take promotion at any of these opportunities, despite being entitled to. In this period Sudbury had a series of good performances in national cup competitions. In 2000–01 the club reached the first round of the FA Cup, where they were beaten 6–1 by Darlington. They reached the semi-final of the 2001–02 FA Vase, before being knocked out by Tiptree United. The following three seasons saw Sudbury reaching the final each year (a Vase record), but being defeated every time, by Brigg Town in 2003 (after which Martin left the club and was replaced by Gary Harvey), Winchester City in 2004 and Didcot Town in 2005. However, the club did win the Suffolk Premier Cup three times, in 2001–02, 2002–03 and 2003–04.

The financial constraints of owning two grounds led the board not to apply for promotion until the beginning of the 2005–06 season. After finishing third in 2005–06, a season in which they won the Eastern Counties League Cup, and passing the necessary ground inspection Sudbury were invited to take promotion into a resurrected Isthmian League Division One North, following the re-structuring of the National League System. Potential legal action from the Northern Premier League nearly scuppered this move, but Sudbury started 2006–07 in the new division. The management team of Gary Harvey and Michael Cheetham, who took the team up, both resigned before the season could begin, citing work and family commitments, respectively. New manager Mark Morsley was appointed in May 2006, signed from Needham Market. Sudbury's first season at this level saw the club finish in fifth place, qualifying them for the promotion play-offs. After beating Enfield Town in the semi-final, Sudbury lost to Harlow Town in a penalty shootout. Sudbury again qualified for the play-offs in 2007–08, finishing second in the table, but were defeated in the semi-final by eventual winners Canvey Island. In the close-season manager Morsley resigned, and was replaced by his assistant Nicky Smith.

Sudbury were moved into the Southern League Division One Midlands for 2008–09 following a restructuring of the English football pyramid. After two seasons of mid-table finishes the club was moved back to the Isthmian League Division One North for 2010–11. Smith resigned in September 2011 and was replaced by his assistant Chris Tracey. At the start of the 2013–14, Sudbury appointed Wroxham manager David Batch as their new manager, after Chris Tracey left the club. Sudbury reached the final of the Isthmian League Cup in April 2014, but lost 3–0 away to Maidstone United. Batch left to join St Neots Town at the end of 2014, and was replaced by Jamie Godbold. Godbold led the club to a third-place finish and qualification for the play-offs, where they were defeated by Brentwood Town in the semi-final. The following season Sudbury won the division with three games to spare, earning promotion to the Premier Division. Their stay in the division only lasted one season as they were relegated back to Division One North at the end of the campaign, the club's first-ever relegation. Mark Morsley re-joined as first team manager in early 2017–18.

In 2021 Sudbury reached the first round of the FA Cup for a second time, causing an upset by beating Dartford 3–1 in the fourth qualifying round, who were two tiers above Sudbury, top of the league and unbeaten. In the first round, they were drawn at home against nearby League Two side Colchester United, losing 4–0 in front of a record but reduced capacity attendance of 2,000. The match was broadcast live on BBC Two and shown in 78 countries. The 2022–23 season saw them finish second in the North Division, going on to defeat Grays Athletic in the play-off semi-finals, before beating Heybridge Swifts after extra time in the final to earn promotion to the Premier Division Central of the Southern League.

Reserve team
The A.F.C. Sudbury reserve team initially played in the Reserves section of the Eastern Counties League before joining Division One of the league at the start of the 2013–14 season, at which point it was renamed AFC Sudbury Reserves/Under-21s. In the team's second season in Division One they won the First Division Knock-Out Cup, after beating Great Yarmouth Town 1–0. Currently AFC Sudbury Reserves find themselves in the Thurlow Nunn league, the 10th tier of English football.

Women's team
The A.F.C. Sudbury women's team took over Sudbury Wanderers' place in Division Two of the Eastern Region Women's Football League in 1999. However, they dropped out the league at the end of the 2001–02 season. They returned to the league in 2010 and were placed in Division One North. After being promoted from Division One North to the Premier Division at the end of the 2014–15 season, the club achieved consecutive promotions in 2021–22 and 2022–23 to reach the FA Women's National League Division One South East, the fourth tier of women's football.

Youth teams
The club's academy team plays in the Eastern Counties Youth League, whilst it has two under-19 teams in the Football Conference Youth Alliance. In addition to an under-16 team, it has youth teams for every year group from age 7 to 13.

Colours and badge
A.F.C. Sudbury's club colours are yellow and blue, the same as those of Sudbury Town. The club's second choice kit, usually when away from home, is all blue, although in past seasons other colours have been used, such as all white in the 2007–08 season.

The club badge is the town crest of Sudbury, which incorporates a talbot dog with its tongue sticking out. This was augmented with a banner containing the club's name in early 2018.

Ground
A.F.C. Sudbury play their home games at the 2,500 capacity King's Marsh Stadium in the Ballingdon-Brundon area of Sudbury, previously home to Sudbury Wanderers. Between June 2010 and August 2014, due to a sponsorship deal, the ground was officially titled The MEL Group Stadium. At the time of A.F.C. Sudbury's formation the ground consisted of two pitches, a training area, clubhouse, floodlights, a 200-seat stand on the West side of the main pitch and covered ends behind the goals. A 300-capacity terrace (the Shed) was constructed on the East side of the pitch in 2000 and houses the more vocal section of the crowd. A new clubhouse, also containing a grassroots football and education centre, was completed in 2010. The ground is fully enclosed by fencing and there are turnstiles at the main entrance.

A.F.C. Sudbury sold Sudbury Town's former ground, the Priory Stadium, to a housing developer in June 2007. The money from this sale was earmarked for paying off loans, and capital gains tax, as well as a new clubhouse and changing rooms. Planning permission for the construction of the new facilities was granted by Babergh District Council in August 2008, though various conditions regarding issues such as possible land contamination, the site's archaeological value, risk of flooding and drainage are required to be addressed before work may commence.

A 3G artificial turf pitch was installed prior to the 2015–16 season.

Honours

 * Isthmian League
 * Division One North champions 2015–16
 * Eastern Counties League
 * Premier Division Champions 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05
 * League Cup winners 2005–06
 * Suffolk Premier Cup
 * Winners 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04

Records

 * Best FA Cup performance: First round, 2000–01, 2021–22
 * Best FA Trophy performance: First round, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15
 * Most appearances: Sam Clarke, 387
 * Most goals: Gary Bennett, 172
 * Record attendance: 2,000 vs Colchester United, FA Cup first round, 5 November 2021

title: A.F.C. Sudbury


text:
Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)

Slide Mountain is the highest peak in the Catskill Mountains of the U.S. state of New York. It is located in the town of Shandaken in Ulster County. While the 4180 ft contour line on topographic maps is generally accepted as its height, the exact elevation of the summit has never been officially determined by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey or its predecessors, and many informal surveys suggest the mountain may actually top 4,200 ft above sea level.

While it was not identified as the range's highest peak until the late 19th century, it has played a prominent role in Catskill history. Renowned naturalist John Burroughs wrote memorably of his climbs up Slide, and it helped get the Catskills added to New York's Forest Preserve. Bicknell's thrush was first identified on its summit.

Geography
Like most other Catskill peaks, Slide's summit is gentle and rounded, taking the form of a narrow ridge that rises to a wider bump on its eastern end. From there the mountain slopes down steeply to the col with neighboring Cornell Mountain.

At the western end, a broad slope, part of the Catskill Divide, leads down to the gap between Slide and Hemlock Mountain to the west and Winnisook Lake, the source of Esopus Creek, to the mountain's northwest.

Two more pronounced ridges lead off the mountain, one to the southwest and the col with Wildcat Mountain, the other to the north and Giant Ledge.

Both upper branches of the Neversink River begin on the mountain's slopes.

In addition to the Catskills, Slide is also the highest point of:

 * Ulster County.
 * the New York metropolitan area, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau
 * the Delaware River watershed.
 * all of the state of New York outside the Adirondack High Peaks region.
 * a 300 km radius of New York City. (Slide is located roughly 90 mi north/northwest of Manhattan; the southwest flank of Vermont's Killington Peak, about 193 mi north northeast of the Bronx, is the next closest point of equal elevation.)

It is also the southernmost peak in the Northeast exceeding 4000 ft. The Appalachians do not rise to that level again until West Virginia.

Climate
These data are taken from the weather station at Winnisook Lake on the mountain's northwest slope.

There is no weather station at the summit, but this climate table contains interpolated data for an area around the summit.

Identification as highest Catskill peak
For a mountain with so many superlatives, Slide actually took a long time to be discovered for what it was.

The mountain received its name locally from a landslide in 1819 on its north face near the summit. The scar can still be seen today, and was partially gouged out again by another slide in 1982.

Slide would not be established as the highest peak in the range until 1886, long after much of the interior Northeast and their mountain ranges had been surveyed and settled. Due to land disputes and schemes that dated back to the colonial period, no complete, impartial survey of the entire Catskill region had been carried out until then.

Seven years earlier, Princeton geology professor Arnold Henry Guyot had been staying at the Catskill Mountain House when he became interested in the surrounding mountains, and management's claim that nearby Kaaterskill High Peak (3655 ft) was the highest in all the Catskills despite growing doubt. His survey, carried out on his own time and at his own expense, established that Slide, located some distance to the southwest, was far and away the highest peak in the range. His findings were vehemently disputed by the hotelkeepers around North-South Lake until others confirmed his results.

There was a movement, once its status had been confirmed, to give Slide a name believed to be more fitting for a highest peak. "Mount Lincoln," after the late U.S. president, was considered for a while. But it ended when Guyot announced that he preferred Slide, as he had followed local custom wherever possible in naming the peaks for his survey.

Legends have grown up over the years in the Catskills over this belated discovery of the range's highest peak. Some tell of a new owner of Hunter Mountain, the range's other 4,000-footer and second-highest peak, swinging a level around to ensure he had bought the highest peak until being stopped by Slide. Another story has John Burroughs, who later became rich and famous writing about his hikes up Slide and other nearby mountains, proving the case atop the mountain by having his friends aim a rifle with a ball in the barrel at all other contending peaks and observing that the ball fell out every time.

Regardless, tourism soon shifted to the new highest peak, and a local woodsman, Jim Dutcher, who knew the mountain well from his days peeling hemlock bark for tanning, built a hotel and did a regular business escorting visitors to the summit up a trail he built in 1880. While it runs over privately owned land and has been abandoned since 1941 save for the final section leading across the summit ridge from the west, it still exists and can be followed.

Forest Preserve
Around the same time, Slide would prove instrumental in creating New York's Forest Preserve as it exists today.

Some of the other private lands near the mountain had been utterly deprived of any value by tanners who had decided to boost their profits by neglecting to pay their property taxes and simply leaving the area. At that time, when the county took possession through foreclosure, it was among those required by the state to guarantee payment of state property taxes.

Many county voters and landowners felt shafted, leading Ulster to refuse to pay despite a court order. Their representatives in Albany worked out a compromise by which the lands in question were given to the state as part of the newly established Forest Preserve, originally meant to include just the Adirondacks, to satisfy the county's unpaid debts to the state. That was the beginning of what ultimately became the Catskill Park.

On June 11, 1886, a delegation from the state's forest commission climbed Slide to give some sort of official recognition to the peak and the Catskill Forest Preserve. While they used Dutcher's trail, the man himself did not take part ... in fact, he did no maintenance on the trail beforehand, since he was a Republican and the commissioners had been appointed by Democratic governor David Hill. Nevertheless, the party got to the summit, where Townsend Cox, head of the commission, declared the view as fine as anything to be found in the Adirondacks.

The next year the state decided to use 200 acre along the West Branch of the Neversink at the west slope of the mountain (south of the current trailhead) to reintroduce white-tailed deer, which had been seriously thinned in the area over the preceding century. A 10 ft wooden fence was built around the whole area to protect them from poaching, and eventually 95 deer were released back into the wild, successfully re-establishing the species.

Ironically, today there are actually very few deer in that area, because the undisturbed forest no longer offers as much of the second- and third-growth species deer prefer to feed on, and predators such as black bears have become more numerous as well.

The new legislation helped Slide score a significant first in 1892, when the state appropriated $250 to build a trail, paralleling Dutcher's, up the west side of the mountain — the first trail built at public expense in the Forest Preserve. A survey was also authorized to determine whether it was on public land, and even though it was not the trail was built anyway.

While heavily eroded and rocky, it is still in use today as part of the Burroughs Range Trail and remains the most frequently used ascent.

Two years later the Forest Preserve legislation was written into a new version of New York's constitution as Article 14.

John Burroughs
Slide's fame was spread far and wide by Burroughs. He had often been able to see the peak's summit ridge from Old Clump Mountain near his boyhood home in Delaware County, likening it to seeing a horse grazing from behind.

He tried to climb the mountain several times with friends, and his account of his successful ascent from nearby Woodland Valley, "The Heart of the Southern Catskills," is one of his best works. He wrote of the view from the summit:
 * We saw the world as the hawk or the balloonist sees it when he is three thousand feet in the air. How soft and flowing all the outlines of the hills and mountains beneath us looked! The forests dropped down and undulated away over them, covering them like a carpet ...

 *  All was mountain and forest on every hand. Civilization seemed to have done little more than to have scratched this rough, shaggy surface of the earth here and there. In any such view, the wild, the aboriginal, the geographical greatly predominate. The works of man dwindle, and the original features of the huge globe come out. Every single object or point is dwarfed; the valley of the Hudson is only a wrinkle in the earth's surface. You discover with a feeling of surprise that the great thing is the earth itself, which stretches away on every hand so far beyond your ken.

"Here the works of man dwindle," was put on a plaque near the summit by the Winnisook Club shortly after his death in 1921 and placed on a ledge near the summit that offers the best view from the mountain. It has since been known as Burroughs Ledge.

Eugene Bicknell
Another early visitor to the mountain was an amateur ornithologist from Brooklyn named Eugene Bicknell. On one of those days, he caught a small brown thrush near the summit which he was unable to identify as belonging to any known species of that time.

The bird was named Slide Mountain thrush at first, then Bicknell's thrush when it was found living high up in the boreal forests of other Northeastern mountains. But it was not studied, as prevailing scientific opinion of the time considered it a subspecies of the gray-cheeked thrush. Only in the late 20th century did newer research methods such as DNA comparisons prove that it was, indeed, a separate species, setting off a scramble to save habitat and learn as much as possible about it.

Early 20th century
The trail built in 1892 had been meant to facilitate travel to the lookout towers that existed in some form or another on the mountain's summit. Recreational visitors found views from the summit severely limited without a stand to get above the trees; the state was interested in fire control.

Despite the peak's importance in establishing the Forest Preserve in the Catskills, much of the land remained in private hands. While purchases in 1900 did much to change that, it would take until 1928 before the state actually acquired the summit property and much of the land it had already built a trail on.

During World War II, a small military training plane crashed on the mountain's east slope at about 3,620 ft. While most of the debris is gone, the site can still be reached via a short side path from the Burroughs Range Trail.

Fire lookout tower
The first fire lookout structure built on the mountain was a wooden tower. The site was operational in 1912, at which time the site was deemed unsuitable for fire lookout operations and later officially closed in 1916. In 1934, a 35 ft steel tower was built on the mountain, but was never used for fire lookout purposes. The tower later deteriorated and was removed in 1968.

Wilderness area
In the mid-1960s, the formal organization of the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club, the range's first peak bagging organization, gave more hikers a reason to climb the mountain as they were required to do so at least twice, once in wintertime and once during the rest of the year, for membership.

Around the same time, the Long Path was also routed over the mountain when it was finally established as a marked trail rather than a collection of points of interest. The summit is still the highest point on the entire trail.

A major change in management of the mountain occurred in the mid-1970s, after the state's Conservation Commission had become the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Temporary Commission on the Future of the Catskills had recommended that it establish a master plan for all the Catskill lands. Slide would wind up lending its name to the state-designated Slide Mountain Wilderness Area, the largest in the Catskills at 47,500 acre. New regulations also ended abuse of the summit by campers.

For many years, the first 2 mi or so of the trail climbing Slide crossed the property of the nearby Winnisook Club. There was a metal gate across the Burroughs Range Trail marking the property line, below which nearly every tree had a No Trespassing sign on it. Because of the 1970s hiking boom, parking along the road at Winnisook Lake (there was no parking lot) had become a nightmare. In the late 1970s, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation solved the problem by buying the land south of the ridgeline from the Winnisook Club, making all but the last stretch of trail to Winnisook Lake public land. Then, in its first-ever Unit Management Plan for the wilderness area, they built a new parking lot further south down Ulster County Road 47 and relocated the trail onto the new public land, ending at the new parking lot. This was the trailhead for a new section of the Phoenicia-East Branch Trail, which connected to the carriage road commonly used very near the base of the Burroughs Range Trail. This new section requires crossing the west branch of the Neversink right at the beginning. While it is normally not difficult to follow the stepping stones, the creek can be impassable and even fatal in high water. In December 2000, Timothy O'Lear, a Boy Scout from Long Island drowned when he fell in and was caught under some nearby tree branches when returning after a weekend backpacking trip. He is memorialized with a small plaque on a bench at the beginning of the trail.

In 2023 a family from New Jersey was ticketed by a DEC forest ranger after they brought several homemade Adirondack chairs to the summit, assembled and left them there, with the intent that people could sit on them and enjoy the views. They were told by two volunteers from the 3500 Club that doing so was illegal under state regulations governing wilderness areas. A DEC forest ranger met them on their descent and told them to return to the summit and remove the chairs. After they refused to do so, they were issued a ticket carrying a fine as high as $325. The ranger and another volunteer removed the chairs.

Forest
Slide's slopes are covered with a typical Catskills ridge hardwood forest of various maple species, yellow birch and beech at lower elevations and a boreal forest composed predominantly of balsam fir at higher elevations. Paper birch can be found where the two forests begin to change over.

Catskill forest researcher Michael Kudish has found an anomalous grove of sugar maple at roughly 3,900 ft in elevation just off the trail near the western end of the mountain's summit ridge.

He has also noted that, in contrast to the boreal forests on other Catskill High Peaks, Slide's has no red spruce. He does not believe there ever has been any. There are some groves and isolated individual trees on lower elevations on the mountain.

Geology
One of the mountain's more curious features is the white quartz pebbles found on the trail along the summit ridge, which lend it something of a garden-path feel.

These are found nowhere else in the Catskills, and since it is likely that they would not have survived the Wisconsin glaciation, it has been speculated that Slide's summit may have been a nunatak during that time, protruding above the ice which buried all the other peaks. However, one researcher reportedly found striation marks on rocks along the summit ridge, suggesting that glaciers did indeed cover the summit. Those marks have eroded over time, however, becoming more difficult to confirm, and the consensus now is that they may have been left instead by glaciers during the Illinoian Stage prior to the Wisconsin Stage.

Approaches
Trailed and trailless routes exist to the summit. To protect the higher-elevation forests, DEC regulations prohibit camping above 3,500 ft anywhere on Forest Preserve land in the Catskills except between December 21 and March 21. Open fires are banned in those areas all year round.

Trails
Three trails combine to create three possible approaches to the mountain, although only one crosses the summit.

Burroughs Range Trail from the west
The most common route up Slide has always been from the pass between it and the mountains to the west, where the high elevation at the trailhead has greatly reduced the vertical ascent required. The move from Winnisook Lake to the new state trailhead has added to the climb slightly, but it is still less than that required to climb some of the lower Catskill High Peaks.

After crossing the upper west branch of the Neversink at the trailhead, 2,400 ft in elevation, the yellow-blazed P-EB trail works its way gently up slope and over some lesser streams 0.7 mi to the old carriage road it originally followed through the Winnisook Club property. It follows this south past a reliable spring 0.3 mi to the western terminus of the red-blazed Burroughs Range Trail, the old horse trail built in 1892.

This works its way steadily up Slide's southwest ridge for about a mile to the summit ridge, where boreal forest takes over and it abruptly turns to the north, then west again to follow the north side of the summit ridge. Shortly after this latter turn, the old Dutcher Trail, marked by very faded orange blazes, comes in from the north. The remainder of this section, where the treadway lies heavy with the white quartz pebbles, is the trail Dutcher built and used in his day. An official trail, the Curtis-Ormsbee (see below), soon comes in from the south. At this point the Long Path also joins the trail. From here it is 0.7 mi to the summit, with views to the north opening up at several points along the way. This includes one just short of the summit, above the top of the slides that give the mountain its name.

Total distance via this route is 2.75 mi, with a vertical ascent of 1,700 ft.

Curtis-Ormsbee Trail
Reached from the same starting point, the Curtis-Ormsbee Trail adds more distance to the overall trip but is a favorite with serious hikers since it offers an additional viewpoint and passes through more scenic stretches of forest. It is the route the Long Path takes up the peak. It is named in memory of William Buckingham Curtis and Allan Ormsbee, two hikers from New York who died in a sudden snowstorm in the Presidential Range of New Hampshire's White Mountains on June 30, 1900. They had laid the trail out, and a small monument to them is located at the trail's southern end, where it leaves the Phoenicia-East Branch Trail 0.8 mi south of the Burroughs Range Trail junction, in the col between Slide and neighboring Wildcat Mountain.

The blue-blazed trail, 1.6 mi long follows another ridge up to the junction with the Burroughs Range Trail on the summit ridge. Just above the signs indicating the camping and fire restrictions that NYSDEC has put in place for areas above 3,500 ft in the Catskills to protect the montane forests, there are two viewpoints just off the trail. One takes in Table and Lone mountains; the other offers the only good glimpse of the lowest High Peak, remote and challenging Rocky Mountain. It continues to the summit through long and fragrant stretches of balsam fir and soil muddy enough to require puncheon bridges in some areas.

It is 4.1 mi to the summit via this route. Many hikers make a loop of the trip if time permits, ascending via the Curtis-Ormsbee Trail and returning down the Burroughs Range Trail, a total trip of 6.85 mi.

The beginning of the Curtis-Ormsbee Trail can also be reached by using the Long Path approach and coming from the southern end of the Phoencia-East Branch Trail, 2.95 mi away in the town of Denning. Vertical rise to the summit via this route is almost 2,000 ft, and the total distance to the summit is 6.25 mi.

Burroughs Range Trail from the east
The most challenging route to the summit of Slide begins at the Burroughs Range Trail's eastern terminus, Woodland Valley State Campground south of Phoenicia. It takes in the whole range, going over Wittenberg and Cornell mountains for a 7 mi, 2,700 ft ascent. Wittenberg and Cornell are both challenging climbs in and of themselves, and the climax is the steep 900 ft east slope of Slide.

It is not surprising that this is often done as an overnight backpacking trip, since the long col between Slide and Cornell features a spruce grove that is an excellent place to camp, and the state has accordingly designated several sites in that area. Some hikers, though, have been able to get to the summit of Slide and back to Woodland Valley in a single lengthy day, often by descending to the western trailhead and following the Phoenicia-East Branch trail back down, a grand loop of 13.95 mi.

Bushwhacks
Two approaches that are at least partially trailless have been used by those seeking greater challenges.

The north ridge
The ridge leading down from the summit to the col with Giant Ledge to the north is an obvious route. DEC had, at one point, planned a trail up it but the idea was dropped when hikers and hunters objected and the route was judged too environmentally fragile to support a trail.

It can be used by starting from the Giant Ledge trailhead at a hairpin turn on County Road 42, about 2,200 ft in elevation. It is 0.65 mi to the junction with the blue-blazed Fox Hollow Trail, which leads north to Giant Ledge and Panther Mountain. By striking out due south from this junction one will soon begin to climb the north ridge, reaching first a 3,620 ft summit (on the private property of the Winnisook Club), then turning to the southeast through thickening boreal forest to the 3,800 ft summit. From there the narrow, thickly forested ridge is followed steeply up to the summit ridge and the Burroughs Range Trail, about 0.25 mi from the summit.

East Branch of the Neversink
A long route that very ambitious hikers have used, especially on multi-day trips with attempts on the range of trailless peaks to Slide's southeast, follows the east branch of the Neversink up to the ridge connecting Slide and Cornell.

Starting from the Denning trailhead, the P-EB Trail is followed 1.1 mi to its junction with the blue-blazed Peekamoose-Table Trail, which drops down to the east 0.35 mi into the river valley near the flood plain at the Deer Shanty Brook confluence and its many channels, some of them difficult to cross at high water. After one of the last, alert eyes can find the beginning of the "Fisherman's Path," an unofficial trail following the East Branch far upstream into the wildest country in the Catskills.

It takes some skill to follow this trail, as red paint blazes that sometimes appear are often painted out by DEC forest rangers (there are, however, some official campsites along its length) and while it is sometimes wide and obvious it is not always, and switches sides of the river several times.

Further upstream, as it passes the usual points of departure for Lone, Rocky, Balsam Cap and Friday mountains, the path gets increasingly disused and harder to follow. The challenge in hiking Slide this way is not so much the mountain itself as the routefinding when it begins to climb to the col.

Deer Shanty Brook
The most challenging trailless route is the seldom-attempted approach up this tributary of the East Branch. It begins identically to that route but involves leaving the trail at that crossing and eventually following the brook to the slopes of Slide to the southeast. There is no trail whatsoever through this country and the boreal forest on this part of the mountain itself is reportedly difficult to penetrate, even by the standards of other peaks in the vicinity.

Summit
The mountain's actual height of land is a small, viewless clearing with the footings of the towers that once stood there.

Just to the west, however, used to be the much wider clearing of Burroughs Ledge with a sweeping view to the east in which Ashokan Reservoir was prominent, the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge used to be glimpsed. This view is now completely overgrown. The neighboring high peaks to the east used to be able to be seen, and seemed like small hills and the Devil's Path and Blackhead Range in Greene County used to be visible to the north. In fact, it used to be possible to see, from various points along the summit ridge, all but one of the other 34 Catskill High Peaks (Thomas Cole may or may not have been hidden by Hunter).

At one time the view was very expansive, but since camping on the summit is now banned except during winter and in emergencies, the balsam fir has grown back in around the edges of the clearing, giving the area a more natural look. Close inspection, in fact, can find remnants of the two lean-tos that once stood here before 1975 when camping was permitted. There is also a spring 0.25 mi down the trail to the east.

On June 15, 1985, the summit received its most visitors ever at a single time when at least a hundred hikers, nature lovers and DEC officials gathered there to commemorate the centennial of the Forest Preserve. Similar traffic was recorded in 2004 when the Catskill Park itself reached a similar milestone.

Towers
The lack of an unobstructed 360-degree view from Slide has led, over the years, to several observation towers being built at the summit.

Dutcher probably built a crude one out of balsam logs, since Burroughs refers to its presence in his writings. It was still there in 1900 when another visitor recorded it.

The state wanted to take advantage of the mountain's height for fire control purposes, and in 1911 built a more permanent fire lookout and observer's cabin on the summit. But it would only be occupied and used for the next year, then abandoned again.

Steel for a more permanent tower was brought up to the summit in the early 1930s, but the tower itself was not built until wartime. It would be dismantled around 1965, and no replacement has been erected.

In the late 1990s, when DEC updated the Slide Mountain Wilderness Area's Unit Management Plan, it considered rebuilding an observation tower at the summit to provide the long-absent views. However, despite the historical precedent, wilderness area values governing DEC policy that were in place at the time led to the idea being rejected during the planning process.


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User talk:Bucksuck

Please do not replace Wikipedia pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikipedia because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. Thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! -- GraemeL (talk) 12:35, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

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text: User:Egil/Sandbox/Zombie

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text: User talk:163.26.159.6

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User:The Truth Now

Please turn to talkpage

title: User:The Truth Now


text: User talk:80.44.90.87

title: User talk:80.44.90.87


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Talk:Stolypin reform

Headline text
Stolypin's reforms despite their efforts and success soon disintegrated after he left office, unlike Witte's policies which stayed permenately and hugely increased Russia industrial power making it the world's fifth ranking industrial power.-

title: Talk:Stolypin reform


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Jan Arnoldus Schouten

Jan Arnoldus Schouten (28 August 1883 – 20 January 1971) was a Dutch mathematician and Professor at the Delft University of Technology. He was an important contributor to the development of tensor calculus and Ricci calculus, and was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.

Biography
Schouten was born in Nieuwer-Amstel to a family of eminent shipping magnates. He attended a Hogere Burger School, and later he took up studies in electrical engineering at the Delft Polytechnical School. After graduating in 1908, he worked for Siemens in Berlin and for a public utility in Rotterdam before returning to study mathematics in Delft in 1912. During his study he had become fascinated by the power and subtleties of vector analysis. After a short while in industry, he returned to Delft to study Mathematics, where he received his Ph.D. degree in 1914 under supervision of Jacob Cardinaal with a thesis entitled Grundlagen der Vektor- und Affinoranalysis.

Schouten was an effective university administrator and leader of mathematical societies. During his tenure as professor and as institute head he was involved in various controversies with the topologist and intuitionist mathematician L. E. J. Brouwer. He was a shrewd investor as well as mathematician and successfully managed the budget of the institute and Dutch mathematical society. He hosted the International Congress of Mathematicians in Amsterdam in early 1954, and gave the opening address. Schouten was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.

Among his PhD candidates students were Johanna Manders (1919), Dirk Struik (1922), Johannes Haantjes (1933), Wouter van der Kulk (1945), and Albert Nijenhuis (1952).

In 1933 Schouten became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Schouten died in 1971 in Epe. His son Jan Frederik Schouten (1910-1980) was Professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology from 1958 to 1978.

Grundlagen der Vektor- und Affinoranalysis
Schouten's dissertation applied his "direct analysis", modeled on the vector analysis of Josiah Willard Gibbs and Oliver Heaviside, to higher order tensor-like entities he called affinors. The symmetrical subset of affinors were tensors in the physicists' sense of Woldemar Voigt.

Entities such as axiators, perversors, and deviators appear in this analysis. Just as vector analysis has dot products and cross products, so affinor analysis has different kinds of products for tensors of various levels. However, instead of two kinds of multiplication symbols, Schouten had at least twenty. This made the work a chore to read, although the conclusions were valid.

Schouten later said in conversation with Hermann Weyl that he would "like to throttle the man who wrote this book." (Karin Reich, in her history of tensor analysis, misattributes this quote to Weyl.) Weyl did, however, say that Schouten's early book has "orgies of formalism that threaten the peace of even the technical scientist." (Space, Time, Matter, p. 54). Roland Weitzenböck wrote of "the terrible book he has committed."

Levi-Civita connection
In 1906, L. E. J. Brouwer was the first mathematician to consider the parallel transport of a vector for the case of a space of constant curvature. In 1917, Levi-Civita pointed out its importance for the case of a hypersurface immersed in a Euclidean space, i.e., for the case of a Riemannian manifold immersed in a "larger" ambient space. In 1918, independently of Levi-Civita, Schouten obtained analogous results. In the same year, Hermann Weyl generalized Levi-Civita's results. Schouten's derivation is generalized to many dimensions rather than just two, and Schouten's proofs are completely intrinsic rather than extrinsic, unlike Tullio Levi-Civita's. Despite this, since Schouten's article appeared almost a year after Levi-Civita's, the latter got the credit. Schouten was unaware of Levi-Civita's work because of poor journal distribution and communication during World War I. Schouten engaged in a losing priority dispute with Levi-Civita. Schouten's colleague L. E. J. Brouwer took sides against Schouten. Once Schouten became aware of Ricci's and Levi-Civita's work, he embraced their simpler and more widely accepted notation. Schouten also developed what is now known as a Kähler manifold two years before Erich Kähler. Again he did not receive full recognition for this discovery.

Works by Schouten
Schouten's name appears in various mathematical entities and theorems, such as the Schouten tensor, the Schouten bracket and the Weyl–Schouten theorem.

He wrote Der Ricci-Kalkül in 1922 surveying the field of tensor analysis.

In 1931 he wrote a treatise on tensors and differential geometry. The second volume, on applications to differential geometry, was authored by his student Dirk Jan Struik.

Schouten collaborated with Élie Cartan on two articles as well as with many other eminent mathematicians such as Kentaro Yano (with whom he co-authored three papers). Through his student and co-author Dirk Struik his work influenced many mathematicians in the United States.

In the 1950s Schouten completely rewrote and updated the German version of Ricci-Kalkül and this was translated into English as Ricci Calculus. This covers everything that Schouten considered of value in tensor analysis. This included work on Lie groups and other topics and that had been much developed since the first edition.

Later Schouten wrote Tensor Analysis for Physicists attempting to present the subtleties of various aspects of tensor calculus for mathematically inclined physicists. It included Paul Dirac's matrix calculus. He still used part of his earlier affinor terminology.

Schouten, like Weyl and Cartan, was stimulated by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. He co-authored a paper with Alexander Aleksandrovich Friedmann of Petersburg and another with Václav Hlavatý. He interacted with Oswald Veblen of Princeton University, and corresponded with Wolfgang Pauli on spin space. (See H. Goenner, Living Review link below.)

Publications
Following is a list of works by Schouten.
 * Grundlagen der Vektor- und Affinoranalysis, Leipzig: Teubner, 1914.
 * On the Determination of the Principle Laws of Statistical Astronomy, Amsterdam: Kirchner, 1918.
 * Der Ricci-Kalkül, Berlin: Julius Springer, 1924.
 * Einführung in die neueren Methoden der Differentialgeometrie, 2 vols., Gröningen: Noordhoff, 1935–8.
 * Ricci Calculus 2d edition thoroughly revised and enlarged, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1954.
 * With W. Van der Kulk, Pfaff's Problem and Its Generalizations, Clarendon Press, 1949; 2nd edn, New York: Chelsea Publishing Co., 1969.
 * Tensor Analysis for Physicists 2d edn., New York: Dover Publications, 1989.

title: Jan Arnoldus Schouten


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Talk:Kiswa

The text is a direct copy of the first two sites that turn up when you type "kiswa" into google. One of the sites has thankyous to some Saudi websites as sources for the info. The text is garbled, run-on, and unacceptably pious and POV. I will rewrite this article when I can get a round tuit. Zora 12:42, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * All that was needed was to revert it back to the redirect preceding the copyright infringement. If that had not been possible, then the instructions at WP:CP will help you out. -Splash talk 22:19, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiswa


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Talk:Commonwealth Bank Trophy

Untitled
So what is the third of the four that's a "main" code? Could be either union or soccer, depending on your standpoint --Paul 12:42, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is why I asked you to read the paragraph before kicking up about it mentioning three codes. The paragraph is about resources and finance - and there are three codes with a lot more resources and a lot more money than netball. It does not mean that there are not more codes, just soccer is irrelevant as far as that paragraph is concerned because the A-League is even worse off than the CBT. Ambi 05:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Adelthunderbirdslogo.png
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Fair use rationale for Image:Hunterjaegerslogo.png
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title: Talk:Commonwealth Bank Trophy