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Second Battle of the Aisne

The Second Battle of the Aisne (Bataille du Chemin des Dames or Seconde bataille de l'Aisne, 16 April – mid-May 1917) was the main part of the Nivelle Offensive, a Franco-British attempt to inflict a decisive defeat on the German armies in France. The Entente strategy was to conduct offensives from north to south, beginning with an attack by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) then the main attack by two French army groups on the Aisne. General Robert Nivelle planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.

The objective of the attack on the Aisne was to capture the prominent 80 km, east–west ridge of the Chemin des Dames, 110 km north-east of Paris and then advance northwards to capture the city of Laon. When the French armies met the British advancing from the Arras front, the Germans would be pursued towards Belgium and the German frontier. The offensive began on 9 April, when the British began the Battle of Arras. On 16 April, the Groupe d'armées de Reserve (GAR, Reserve Army Group) attacked the Chemin des Dames and the next day, the Fourth Army, part of Groupe d'armées de Centre (GAC, Central Army Group), near Reims to the south-east, began the Battle of the Hills.

The Chemin des Dames ridge had been quarried for stone for centuries, leaving a warren of caves and tunnels which were used as shelters by German troops to escape the French bombardment. The offensive met massed German machine-gun and artillery fire, which inflicted many casualties and repulsed the French infantry at many points. The French achieved a substantial tactical success and took c. 29,000 prisoners but failed to defeat decisively the German armies. The failure had a traumatic effect on the morale of the French army and many divisions mutinied. Nivelle was superseded by General Philippe Pétain, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence", to resume the wearing-out of the German Army while conserving French infantry. Pétain began a substantial programme re-equipment of the French Army, had 40–62 mutineers shot as scapegoats, provided better food, more pay and more leave, which led to a considerable improvement in morale.

The new French strategy was not one of passive defence; in June and July the Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Armies conducted several limited attacks and the First Army was sent to Flanders to participate in the Third Battle of Ypres. The British prolonged the Arras offensive into mid-May, despite uncertainty about French intentions, high losses and diminishing returns, as divisions were transferred northwards to Flanders. The British captured Messines Ridge on 7 June and spent the rest of the year on the offensive at Ypres (31 July – 10 November) and the Battle of Cambrai (20 November – 8 December). The mutinies in the French armies became known to the Germans but the cost of the defensive success on the Aisne made it impossible to reinforce Flanders and conduct more than local operations on the Aisne and in Champagne. A French attack at Verdun in August completed the recapture of much of the ground lost in 1916. The Battle of La Malmaison in October captured the west end of the Chemin des Dames and forced the Germans to withdraw to the north bank of the Ailette.

Strategic developments
Nivelle believed the Germans had been exhausted by the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme in 1916 and could not resist a breakthrough offensive, which could be completed in 24 to 48 hours. The main attack on the Aisne would be preceded by a large diversionary attack by the British Third and First armies at Arras. The French War Minister, Hubert Lyautey and Chief of Staff General Philippe Pétain opposed the plan, believing it to be premature. The British Commander-in-Chief, Sir Douglas Haig, supported the concept of a decisive battle but insisted that if the first two phases of the Nivelle scheme were unsuccessful, the British effort would be moved north to Flanders. Nivelle threatened to resign if the offensive did not go ahead and having not lost a battle, had the enthusiastic support of the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. The French Prime Minister Aristide Briand supported Nivelle but the war minister Lyautey resigned during a dispute with the Chamber of Deputies and the Briand government fell; a new government under Alexandre Ribot took office on 20 March.

The Second Battle of the Aisne involved c. 1.2 million troops and 7,000 guns on a front from Reims to Roye, with the main effort against the German positions along the Aisne river. The plan of December 1916 was plagued by delays and information leaks. By the time the offensive began in April 1917, the Germans had received intelligence of the Allied plan and strengthened their defences on the Aisne front. The German retreat to the Hindenburg Line Operation Alberich (Unternehmen Alberich) left a belt of devastated ground up to 25 mi deep in front of the French positions facing east from Soissons, northwards to St. Quentin. Alberich freed 13 to 14 German divisions, which were moved to the Aisne, increasing the German garrison to 38 divisions against 53 French divisions. The German withdrawal forestalled the attacks of the British and Groupe d'armées du Nord (GAN) but also freed French divisions for the attack. By late March, GAN had been reduced by eleven infantry, two cavalry divisions and 50 heavy guns, which went into the French strategic reserve.

Tactical developments
When Hindenburg and Ludendorff took over from Falkenhayn on 28 August 1916, the pressure being placed on the German army in France was so great that new defensive arrangements, based on the principles of depth, invisibility and immediate counter-action were formally adopted, as the only means by which the growing material strength of the French and British armies could be countered. Instead of fighting the defensive battle in the front line or from shell-hole positions near it, the main fight was to take place behind the front line, out of view and out of range of enemy field artillery. Conduct of the Defensive Battle (Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht) was published on 1 December 1916. The new manual laid down the organisation for the mobile defence of an area, rather than the rigid defence of a trench line. Positions necessary for the new method were defined in Principles of Field Position Construction (Allgemeines über Stellungsbau).

Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battles, (Erfahrungen der I. Armee in der Sommeschlacht) was published on 30 January 1917. Towards the end of the Battle of the Somme in 1916, Colonel Fritz von Loßberg (Chief of Staff of the 1st Army) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions (Ablösungsdivisionen). In his analysis of the battle, Loßberg opposed the granting of discretion to front trench garrisons to retire, as he believed that manoeuvre did not allow the garrisons to evade Allied artillery-fire, which could blanket the forward area and invited enemy infantry to occupy vacated areas unopposed. Loßberg considered that spontaneous withdrawals would disrupt the counter-attack reserves as they deployed and further deprive battalion and division commanders of the ability to conduct an organised defence, which the dispersal of infantry over a wider area had already made difficult. Loßberg and other officers had severe doubts as to the ability of relief divisions to arrive on the battlefield in time to conduct an immediate counter-attack (Gegenstoß) from behind the battle zone and wanted the Somme practice of fighting in the front line to be retained and authority devolved no further than the battalion, so as to maintain organizational coherence, in anticipation of a methodical counter-attack (Gegenangriff) after 24 to 48 hours by the relief divisions. Ludendorff was sufficiently impressed by the Loßberg memorandum to add it to the new Manual of Infantry Training for War.

Unternehmen Alberich
During the German withdrawal to the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) in March 1917, a modest withdrawal took place in the neighbourhood of Soissons. On 17 March, the German defences at Crouy and Côte 132 were found to be empty and as French troops followed up the retirement, German troops counter-attacked at Vregny and Margival, which reduced the speed of the French pursuit to a step-by-step advance. By April, the French advance had only progressed beyond Neuville-sur-Margival and Leuilly. On 1 April, a French attack along the line of the Ailette–Laon road reached the outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxaillon. Vauxeny and Vauxaillon were occupied a few days later.

Defensive battle
In a new manual of 1 December 1916, Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht im Stellungskrieg (Principles of Command for Defensive Battle), the policy of unyielding defence of ground regardless of its tactical value, was replaced by the defence of positions suitable for artillery observation and communication with the rear, where an attacking force would "fight itself to a standstill and use up its resources while the defenders conserve[d] their strength". Defending infantry would fight in areas, with the front divisions in an outpost zone up to 3000 yd deep behind listening posts, with the main line of resistance placed on a reverse slope, in front of artillery observation posts, which were kept far enough back to retain observation over the outpost zone. Behind the main line of resistance was a Grosskampfzone (battle zone), a second defensive area 1500 – deep, also placed as far as possible on ground hidden from enemy observation, while remaining in view of German artillery observers. A rückwärtige Kampfzone (rear battle zone) further back was to be occupied by the reserve battalion of each regiment.

Field fortification
"Principles of Field Fortification" (Allgemeines über Stellungsbau) was published in January 1917 and by April an outpost zone (Vorpostenfeld) held by sentries, had been built along the Western Front. Sentries could retreat to larger positions (Gruppennester) held by Stoßtrupps (five men and an NCO per Trupp), who would join the sentries to recapture sentry-posts by immediate counter-attack. Defensive procedures in the battle zone were similar but with greater numbers of men. The front trench system was the sentry line for the battle zone garrison, which was allowed to move away from concentrations of enemy fire and then counter-attack to recover the battle and outpost zones; such withdrawals were envisaged as occurring on small parts of the battlefield which had been made untenable by Allied artillery fire, as the prelude to Gegenstoß in der Stellung (immediate counter-attack within the position). Such a decentralised battle by large numbers of small infantry detachments would present the attacker with unforeseen obstructions. Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed. A school was opened in January 1917 to teach infantry commanders the new methods.

Given the Allies' growing superiority in munitions and manpower, attackers might still penetrate to the second (artillery protection) line, leaving in their wake German garrisons isolated in Widerstandsnester, (resistance nests, Widas) still inflicting losses and disorganisation on the attackers. As the attackers tried to capture the Widas and dig in near the German second line, Sturmbataillone and Sturmregimenter of the counter-attack divisions would advance from the rückwärtige Kampfzone into the battle zone, in an immediate counter-attack, (Gegenstoß aus der Tiefe). If the immediate counter-attack failed, the Eingreif (counter-attack) divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack, provided the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position. Such methods required large numbers of reserve divisions ready to move to the battlefront. The reserve was obtained by creating 22 divisions by internal reorganisation of the army, bringing divisions from the eastern front and by shortening the western front, in Operation Alberich. By the spring of 1917, the German army in the west had a strategic reserve of 40 divisions.

Third Army
Groupe d'armées du Nord (GAN) on the northern flank of Groupe d'armées de Reserve (GAR) had been reduced to the Third Army with three corps in line, by the transfer of the First Army to the GAR. The Third Army began French operations, with preliminary attacks on German observation points at St. Quentin on 1 to 4 and 10 April. Large reconnaissance forces were sent towards the Dallon spur on 1 April, which were not able to gain footholds in the German front defences, although the British Fourth Army to the north captured the woods around Savy. On 2 April a bigger French attack on Dallon failed but on 3 April the Third Army attacked after a "terrific" bombardment, on a front of about 8 mi north of a line from Castres to Essigny-le-Grand and Benay, between the Somme canal at Dallon, south-west of St Quentin and the Oise.

After another attack on 4 April, the villages of Dallon, Giffecourt, Cerizy and côtes (hills) 111, 108, and 121 south of Urvillers, were captured and the German position at the apex of the triangle from Ham to St Quentin and La Fère was made vulnerable to a further attack. The French had attacked in intense cold and driving rain, with chronic supply shortages caused by the German destruction of roads and immense French traffic jams on the few supply routes which had been sufficiently repaired to bear traffic. East of the Oise and north of the Aisne, the Third Army took the southern and north-western outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxeny. On 4 April German counter-attacks north of the Aisne were repulsed south of Vauxeny and Laffaux. The French captured Moy on the west bank of the Oise, along with Urvillers and Grugies, a village opposite Dallon on the east bank of the Somme. North of the farm of La Folie, the Germans were pushed back; three 155 mm howitzers and several Luftstreitkräfte lorries were captured. Beyond Dallon French patrols entered the south-western suburb of St. Quentin.

The main attack by GAN was planned as two successive operations, an attack by XIII Corps to capture Rocourt and Moulin de Tous Vents south-west of the city, to guard the flank of the principal attack by XIII Corps and XXXV Corps on Harly and Alaincourt, intended to capture the high ground east and south-east of St. Quentin. Success would enable the French to menace the flank of the German forces to the south, along the Oise to La Fère and the rear of the German positions south of the St. Gobain massif, due to be attacked from the south by the Sixth Army of the GAR. The French were inhibited from firing on St. Quentin, which allowed the Germans unhampered observation from the cathedral and from factory chimneys and to site artillery in the suburbs, free from counter-battery fire. French attacks could only take place at night or during twilight and snow, rain, low clouds and fog made aircraft observation for the artillery impossible. German work on the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) continued but the first line, built along reverse-slopes was complete and from which flanking-fire could be brought to bear on any attack. Concrete machine-gun emplacements proved immune to all but the heaviest and most accurate howitzer-fire and the main position was protected by an observation line along the crest in front, which commanded no man's land, which was 800 – deep.

The British Fourth Army was unable to assist the French with an attack due to a lack of divisions, after transfers north to the British Third Army but was able to assist with artillery-fire from the north and kept a cavalry division in readiness to join a pursuit. The French artillery had been reduced to c. 250 guns by transfers south to GAR, which was insufficient to bombard the German defences and conduct counter-batter fire simultaneously. On 13 April at 5:00 a.m., XIII Corps attacked with two divisions; the 26th Division on the right took the German first line and then defeated two German counter-attacks but the 25th Division on the left was held up almost immediately by uncut wire and machine-gun fire, despite French field artillery being advanced into no man's land at the last minute to cut the wire. Casualties in the thirteen attacking battalions were severe. The 25th Division was ordered by the army commander, General Humbert to attack again at 6:00 p.m. but the orders arrived too late and the attack did not take place. French aircraft were active over the attack front but at midday large formations of German fighters arrived and forced the French artillery-observation and reconnaissance aircraft back behind the front line. By the end of the day the 26th Division had held on to 100 yd of the German front trench and the 25th Division had been forced back to its jumping-off trenches. German artillery-fire had not been heavy and the defence had been based on machine-gun fire and rapid counter-attacks. The XIII Corps and XXXV Corps attack due next day was eventually cancelled.

Fifth and Sixth armies
The Fifth Army attacked on 16 April at 6:00 a.m., which had dawned misty and overcast. From the beginning, German machine-gunners were able to engage the French infantry and inflict many casualties, although German artillery-fire was far less destructive. Courcy on the right flank was captured by the 1st Brigade of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France but the advance was stopped at the Aisne–Marne canal. The canal was crossed further north and Berméricourt was captured against a determined German defence. From Bermericourt to the Aisne the French attack was repulsed and south of the river French infantry were forced back to their start-line. On the north bank of the Aisne the French attack was more successful, the 42nd and 69th divisions reached the German second position between the Aisne and the Miette, the advance north of Berry penetrating 2.5 mi.

Tanks to accompany the French infantry to the third objective arrived late and the troops were too exhausted and reduced by casualties to follow them. Half of the tanks were knocked out in the German defences and then acted as pillboxes in advance of the French infantry, which helped to defeat a big German counter-attack. German infantry launched hasty counter-attacks along the front, recaptured Bermericourt and conducted organised counter-attacks where the French infantry had advanced the furthest. At Sapigneul in the XXXII Corps area, the 37th Division attack failed, which released German artillery in the area to fire in enfilade into the flanks of the adjacent divisions, which had been able to advance and the guns were also able to engage the French tanks north of the Aisne. The defeat of the 37th Division restored the German defences between Loivre and Juvincourt.

The left flank division of the XXXII Corps and the right division of the V Corps penetrated the German second position south of Juvincourt but French tanks attacking south of the Miette from Bois de Beau Marais advanced to disaster. German observers at Craonne, on the east end of the Chemin des Dames, were able to direct artillery-fire against the tanks and 23 were destroyed behind the French front line; few of the tanks reached the German defences and by the evening only ten tanks were operational. On the left flank, V Corps was stopped at the Bois des Boches and the hamlet of la Ville aux Bois. On the Chemin des Dames, I Corps made very little progress and by evening had advanced no further than the German support line, 200 – ahead. The French infantry had suffered many casualties and few of the leading divisions were capable of resuming the attack. The advance had failed to reach objectives which were to have fallen by 9:30 a.m. but 7,000 German prisoners had been taken.

The attack on the right flank of the Sixth Army, which faced north between Oulches and Missy, took place from Oulches to Soupir and had less success than the Fifth Army; the II Colonial Corps advanced for 0.5 mi in the first thirty minutes and was then stopped. The XX Corps attack from Vendresse to the Oise–Aisne Canal had more success, the 153rd Division on the right flank reached the Chemin des Dames south of Courtecon after a second attack, managing an advance of 1.25 mi. The VI Corps advanced its right flank west of the Oise–Aisne Canal but its left flank was held up. On the east-facing northern flank near Laffaux, I Colonial Corps was able to penetrate only a few hundred yards into the defences of the Condé-Riegel (Condé Switch trench) and failed to take Moisy Farm plateau. Laffaux was captured and then lost to a counter-attack before changing hands several times, until finally captured on 19 April. To the east of Vauxaillon, at the north end of the Sixth Army, Mont des Singes was captured with the help of British heavy artillery but then lost to a German counter-attack. The Sixth Army operations took approximately 3,500 prisoners but no break-through had been achieved and the German second position had been reached at only one point.

On the second day, Nivelle ordered the Fifth Army to attack north-eastwards to reinforce success, believing that the Germans intended to hold the ground in front of the Sixth Army. The Fifth Army was not able substantially to advance on 17 April but the Sixth Army, which had continued to attack overnight, forced a German withdrawal from the area of Braye, Condé and Laffaux to the Siegfriedstellung, which ran from Laffaux Mill to the Chemin des Dames and joined the original defences at Courtecon. The German retirement was carried out in a rush and many guns were left behind, along withvast stocks of munitions. The French infantry reached the new German positions with an advance of 4 mi.

Fourth Army
On 17 April the Fourth Army on the left of Groupe d'armées de Centre (GAC) began the subsidiary attack in Champagne from Aubérive to the east of Reims which became known as Bataille des Monts, with the VIII, XVII and XII Corps on an 11 km front. The attack began at 4:45 a.m. in cold rain alternating with snow showers. The right flank guard to the east of Suippes was established by the 24th Division and Aubérive on the east bank of the river and the 34th Division took Mont Cornillet and Mont Blond. The "Monts" were held against a German counter-attack on 19 April by the 5th, 6th (Eingreif divisions), the 23rd division and one regiment between Nauroy and Moronvilliers. On the west bank the Moroccan Division was repulsed on the right and captured Mont sans Nom on the left. To the north-east of the hill the advance reached a depth of 1.5 mi and next day the advance was pressed beyond Mont Haut. The Fourth Army attacks took 3,550 prisoners and 27 guns. German attacks on 27 May had temporary success before French counter-attacks recaptured the ground around Mont Haut; lack of troops had forced the Germans into piecemeal attacks instead of a simultaneous attack along the whole front.

Tenth Army
Nivelle ordered the Tenth Army forward between the Fifth and Sixth armies on 21 April. The IX Corps and XVIII Corps took over between Craonne and Hurtebise and local operations were continued on the fronts of the Fourth and Fifth armies with little success. An attack on Brimont on (4–5 May), the capture of which would have been of great tactical value, was postponed on the orders of the French government and never took place. The Tenth Army captured the Californie Plateau on the Chemin des Dames, the Sixth Army captured the Siegfriedstellung for 2.5 mi along the Chemin des Dames and then advanced at the salient opposite Laffaux. An attack on 5 May southeast of Vauxaillon took Moisy Farm and Laffaux Mill and repulsed German counter-attacks. Next day another advance was conducted north of the mill. German counter-attacks continued in constant attack and counter-attack in the Soissons sector. By the end of 5 May the Sixth Army had reached the outskirts of Allemant and took roughly 4,000 prisoners. The offensive continued on the Fourth Army front where Mont Cornillet was captured and by 10 May 28,500 prisoners and 187 guns had been taken by the French armies.

German 7th Army counter-attacks
Between Vauxaillon and Reims and on the Moronvilliers heights the French had captured much of the German defensive zone, despite the failure to break through and Army Group German Crown Prince counter-attacked before the French could consolidate, mostly by night towards the summits of the Chemin des Dames and the Moronvilliers massif. During the nights of the 6/7 and 7/8 May, the Germans attacked from Vauxaillon to Craonne and on the night of 8/9 May German attacks were repulsed at Cerny, La Bovelle, Heutebise Farm and the Californie Plateau. Next day, German counter-attacks on Chevreux, north-east of Craonne at the foot of the east end of the Chemin des Dames were defeated. More attacks on the night of 9/10 May were defeated by the French artillery and machine-gun fire; the French managed to advance on the northern slopes of the Vauclerc Plateau. On 10 May, another German attack at Chevreux was defeated and the French advanced north of Sancy and on the night of 10/11 May, and the following day, German attacks were repulsed on the Californie Plateau and at Cerny.

On 16 May, a German counter-offensive, on a front of 2.5 mi from the north-west of Laffaux Mill to the Soissons–Laon railway, was defeated and after dark more attacks north of Laffaux Mill and north-west of Braye-en-Laonnois also failed. French attacks on 17 May took ground east of Craonne and on 18 May, German attacks on the Californie Plateau and on the Chemin des Dames just west of the Oise–Aisne Canal, were repulsed. On 20 May, a counter-offensive to retake the French positions from Craonne to the east of Fort de la Malmaison, was mostly defeated by artillery-fire and where German infantry were able to advance through the French defensive barrages, French infantry easily forced them back; 1,000 unwounded prisoners were taken. On 21 May, German surprise attacks on the Vauclerc Plateau failed and on the following evening, the French captured several of the remaining observation posts dominating the Ailette Valley and three German trench lines east of Chevreux. A German counter-attack on the Californie Plateau was smashed by artillery and infantry small-arms fire and 350 prisoners taken.

Battle of the Observatories
At 8:30 p.m. on 23 May, a German assault on the Vauclerc Plateau was defeated and on 24 May, a renewed attack was driven back in confusion. During the night the French took the wood south-east of Chevreux and almost annihilated two German battalions. On 25 May, three German columns attacked a salient north-west of Bray-en-Laonnois and gained a footing in the French first trench, before being forced out by a counter-attack. On 26 May German attacks on salients east and west of Cerny were repulsed and from 26 to 27 May, German attacks between Vauxaillon and Laffaux Mill broke down. Two attacks on 28 May at Hurtebise were defeated by French artillery-fire and on the night of 31 May – 1 June and attacks by the Germans west of Cerny also failed. On the morning of 1 June, after a heavy bombardment, German troops captured several trenches north of Laffaux Mill and lost them to counter-attacks in the afternoon. On 2 June a bigger German attack began, after an intensive bombardment of the French front, from the north of Laffaux to the east of Berry-au-Bac. On the night of 2/3 June, two German divisions made five attacks on the east, west and central parts of the Californie Plateau and the west end of the Vauclerc Plateau. The Germans attacked in waves, at certain points advancing shoulder-to-shoulder, supported by flame-thrower detachments and gained some ground on the Vauclerc Plateau, until French counter-attacks recovered the ground. Despite the French holding improvised defences and the huge volumes of German artillery-fire used to prepare attacks, the German organised counter-attacks (Gegenangriffe) met with little success and at Chevreux north-east of Craonne, the French had even pushed further into the Laon Plain.

Analysis
In 2015, Andrew Uffindell wrote that retrospective naming and dating of events can affect the way in which the past is understood. The Second Battle of the Aisne began on 16 April but the duration and extent of the battle have been interpreted differently. The ending of the battle is usually given as mid-May. Uffindell called this politically convenient, since this excluded the Battle of La Malmaison in October, making it easier to heap blame upon Nivelle. Uffindel wrote that the exclusion of La Malmaison was artificial, since the attack was begun from the ground taken from April to May. General Franchet d'Espèrey called La Malmaison "the decisive phase of the Battle… that began on 16 April and ended on 2 November…".

The offensive advanced the front line by 6 – on the front of the Sixth Army, which took 5,300 prisoners and a large amount of equipment. The operation had been planned as a decisive blow against the Germans; by 20 April it was clear that the strategic intent of the offensive had not been achieved and by 25 April most of the fighting had ended. Casualties had reached 20 per cent in the French armies by 10 May and some divisions suffered more than 60 per cent casualties. On 3 May, the French 2nd Division refused orders, similar refusals and mutiny spread through the armies; the Nivelle Offensive was abandoned in confusion on 9 May. The politicians and public were stunned by the chain of events and on 16 May, Nivelle was sacked and moved to North Africa. He was replaced by the considerably more cautious Pétain with Foch as chief of the General Staff, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence" to avoid casualties and to restore morale. Pétain had 40 to 62 mutineers shot as examples and introduced reforms to improve the welfare of French troops, which did much to restore morale.

The operations in Champagne on 20 May ended the Nivelle Offensive; most of the Chemin-des-Dames plateau, particularly the east end, which dominated the plain north of the Aisne had been captured. Bois-des-Buttes, Ville-aux-Bois, Bois-des-Boches and the German first and second positions from there to the Aisne had also been captured. South of the river, the Fifth and Tenth armies on the plain near Loivre, had managed to advance west of the Brimont Heights. East of Reims the Fourth Army had captured most of the Moronvilliers massif and Auberive, then advanced along the Suippe, which provided good jumping-off positions for a new offensive. The cost of the Nivelle Offensive in casualties and loss of morale were great but German losses were also high and the tactical success of the French, in capturing elaborately fortified positions and defeating counter-attacks, reduced German morale. The Germans had been forced out of three of the most elaborately fortified positions on the Western Front and failed to recapture them. Vimy Ridge, the Scarpe Heights, the caverns, spurs and plateau of the Chemin des Dames and the Moronvilliers massif had been occupied for more than two years, carefully surveyed by German engineers and fortified to make them impregnable. In six weeks all were lost and the Germans were left clinging to the eastern or northern edges of the ridges of the summits.

The French tactic of assault brutal et continu suited the German defensive dispositions, since much of the new construction had taken place on reverse slopes. The speed of attack and the depth of the French objectives meant that there was no time to establish artillery observation posts overlooking the Ailette valley, in the areas where French infantry had reached the ridge. The tunnels and caves under the ridge nullified the destructive effect of the French artillery, which was also reduced by poor weather and by German air superiority, which made French artillery-observation aircraft even less effective. The rear edge of the German battle zone along the ridge had been reinforced with machine-gun posts and the German divisional commanders decided to hold the front line, rather than giving ground elastically; few of the Eingreif Divisions were needed to intervene in the battle.

Casualties
In 1939 G. C. Wynne wrote that the French had 117,000 casualties including 32,000 killed in the first few days but that the effect on military and civilian morale was worse than the casualties. In the 1939 volume of Der Weltkrieg, the German official historians recorded German losses to the end of June as 163,000 men including 37,000 missing and claimed French casualties of 250,000–300,000 men, including 10,500 taken prisoner. In 1962 Gerald Nicholson, the Canadian official historian, recorded German casualties of c. 163,000 and French casualties of c. 187,000 men. A 2003 Web publication gave 108,000 French casualties, 49,526 in the Fifth Army, 30,296 casualties in the Sixth Army, 4,849 in the Tenth Army, 2169 in the Fourth Army and 1,486 in the Third Army. In 2005, Richard Doughty quoted figures of 134,000 French casualties on the Aisne from 16 to 25 April, of whom 30,000 men were killed, 100,000 were wounded and 4,000 were taken prisoner; the rate of casualties was the worst since November 1914. From 16 April to 10 May the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth armies took 28,500 prisoners and 187 guns. The advance of the Sixth Army was one of the largest made by a French army since trench warfare began.

Subsequent operations
The Battle of La Malmaison (Bataille de la Malmaison, 23–27 October) led to the capture of the village and fort of La Malmaison and control of the Chemin des Dames ridge. The 7th Army commander, Max von Boehn, was not able to establish a defence in depth along the Chemin-de-Dames, because the ridge was a hog's back and the only alternative was to retire north of the Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne. The German artillery was outnumbered about 3:1 and on the front of the 14th Division 32 German batteries were bombarded by 125 French artillery batteries. Much of the German artillery was silenced before the French attack. Gas bombardments in the Ailette valley became so dense that the carriage of ammunition and supplies to the front was made impossible.

From 24 to 25 October the XXI and XIV corps advanced rapidly and the I Cavalry Corps was brought forward into the XIV Corps area, in case the Germans collapsed. On 25 October the French captured the village and forest of Pinon and closed up to the line of the Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne. In four days the attack had advanced 6 mi and forced the Germans from the narrow plateau of the Chemin des Dames, back to the north bank of the Ailette Valley. The French took 11,157 prisoners, 200 guns and 220 heavy mortars. French losses were 2,241 men killed, 8,162 wounded and 1,460 missing from 23 to 26 October, 10 per cent of the casualties of the attacks during the Nivelle Offensive.

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title: Second Battle of the Aisne


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The Fan Man

The Fan Man is a cult comic novel published in 1974 by the American writer William Kotzwinkle. It is told in stream-of-consciousness style by the narrator, Horse Badorties (the titular "fan man"), a down-at-the-heels hippie living a life of drug-fueled befuddlement in New York City c. 1970. The book is written in a colorful, vernacular "hippie-speak" and tells the story of the main character's hapless attempts to put together a benefit concert featuring his own hand-picked choir of 15-year-old girls.

Horse is a somewhat tragic, though humorous, character with echoes of other famous characters in popular culture such as Reverend Jim Ignatowski of Taxi fame. In his inability to follow anything through to completion he displays symptoms of attention-deficit disorder though this could equally be drug-induced. His defining characteristic is his joy in renting or commandeering apartments which he fills with street-scavenged junk articles until, full to bursting, he moves on to his next "pad". The name "fan man" is a reference to another of his traits; the collecting and selling of fans of all shapes and sizes. The book's most memorably absurd section is the chapter titled "Dorky Day" which features the repetitive statement of the word "dorky" by Horse as a cathartic mantra to dispel the ennui of a dead-end day.

title: The Fan Man


text:
Talk:Shoshenq I

Shishak
I have changed the redirect at Shishak to point to Shishaq rather than Shoshenq I, on the theory that this will be less confusing to readers. Feel free to discuss the change in this space. If you revert the redirect back, please justify doing so here or at Talk:Shishaq. Chick Bowen 04:46, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Dialogue
The dialogue from Raiders of the Lost Ark is incorrect, mainly the last quote. --DanielCD (talk) 01:26, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

another dating paper
The reference is near the end. http://dendro.cornell.edu/articles/manning2006a.pdf 71.163.117.143 (talk) 11:24, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Shawshank
Some information regarding the connection (or not) of this name with Sanskrit “Shawshank” (moon) would be adviseable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.93.208.34 (talk) 02:13, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Name in tifinagh
Shenshonqs Name in tifinagh should get added since he was libyan 91.59.127.17 (talk) 15:01, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

 * "Shoshenq" is not recorded in Numidian at all. Since modern uses of the name in Neo-Tifinagh are irrelevant (or as relevant as adding Chinese, Devanagari, etc. or any other writing system where his name is not attested in antiquity), there is no reason to do so as it would just clutter up the page. Shedsunefertum17 (talk) 11:25, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Dubious
The sphinx of a King Shoshenq (Brooklyn 33.586) in the info box is not known to be Shoshenq I specifically. As noted by the museum, "the figure is inscribed for a King Sheshenq, but we cannot be certain which of the five pharaohs named Sheshenq is shown." Shedsunefertum17 (talk) 11:20, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Well spotted. I replaced it with a drawing of his relief on the Bubastite portal. Lone-078 (talk) 21:29, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shoshenq I


text:
Talk:Matt Freeman

Untitled
great bassist

wat kind of bass does he play

In Operation Ivy and early Rancid he played A '77 fender precision bass. White and covered in stickers. I think he still mostly plays fender p-basses. I read that he doesn't play the '77 anymore because he's never found anything that sounds the same but it's really old and he doesn't want to destroy it on tour or anything. But he still uses it to record. At least with Rancid anyway.

Do we need a link to Generator if there's no page about the band?

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 07:19, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Assessment comment
Substituted at 23:27, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Matt Freeman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shepton High School

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Tito xd (?!?) 23:27, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Shepton High School
Delete: Shepton High school is a non-notable high school in Plano, Texas. Unless the school can be found to have significance, such as Allen High School's case following their AfD, I vote for deletion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scm83x (talk • contribs) 04:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC) Keep, originally I voted to delete this article, as I was the one who did AfD, but apparently someone improved it greatly, even though it really isn't too notable. I will try to dig up the information about all of the heroin/suicides in the 1990s that occured in Plano's west side schools. Also steroids recently.-Scm83x 01:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Keep schools, and I'm very very sorry to inflict this afd on you all. —Cryptic (talk) 07:59, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep high schools. --rob 11:11, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ditto. Joaquin Murietta 14:37, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yellow pages. Pilatus 15:23, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, good article, and per Schools/Arguments. Kappa 15:34, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep high schools CLW 15:45, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup not a school stub nor a elementary or middle school --JAranda | yeah 16:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please this is a nice article and it is over three pages long not something we could ever find in the yellow pages it is much more Yuckfoo 17:07, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep High Schools — RJH 18:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Whoops - a school--Nicodemus75 18:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. per Schools/Arguments --Vsion 20:08, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, non-notability not established --Isolani 23:20, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, High schools play an important role in society that should not be belittled. linas 23:24, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, schools are notable. -Greg Asche (talk) 01:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all real high schools; for my reasoning see this. Xoloz 02:47, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete blah blah. Gazpacho 04:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Aranda56. (For my further reasoning: Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Schools, User:Idont havaname/Wikiphilosophies) --Idont Havaname 05:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A nice solid keep decision this time. Osomec 07:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nomination does not conform with deletion criteria. Keep. --Centauri 08:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain. Barely encyclopedic, but the most jarring is the yellow pages-like contact details. Please remove them. Anyone wanting to contact the school, should make the effort to go to their website. And please start evaluating articles on their individual merits instead of the general category they belong to. Schools can be worth an article if something useful can be said about them, but the rules that apply to people, bands and websites should also apply to schools. - Mgm|(talk) 09:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't assume wikipedia users all have internet access. Kappa 12:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it's very reasonable to assume all viewers of a web page have internet access (any dreams of mass paper distribution are not going to be realized). A wiki-article is to inform the reader, about the school.  The location and web address are essential to do that.  The phone number is not.  Also, people are often viewing an old version of a wiki article, where the number could be expired (or vandalized), and we could be causing some poor person to be getting wrong numbers from around the world, with no way of stopping it.  --rob 13:23, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Schools/Arguments. Although the chance that a reader of Wikipedia has internet access is likely now, we cannot assume that will be the case in the future.  For example, the German Wikipedia is now in its second pressing on DVD, is one of the best sellers on the Amazon store in Germany, and does not require any sort of internet connection at all.  Hopefully the same dream can be realized one day for the English language version of Wikipedia. Silensor 17:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this were a band, we'd speedy it.  If it were a company, it would be a unanimous delete.  Schools aren't intrinsically special. -  brenneman (t) (c)  23:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Um, under what CSD could we possibly speedy such an article about a band? Oh, and keep.  JYolkowski // talk 00:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Damn you for being correct. About CSD,   not about keeping the school. ^_^ -  brenneman (t) (c)  01:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Time value disk not. Hipocrite - « Talk » 15:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per brenneman -- red stucco 08:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Caleb Ralph

Caleb Stan Ralph (born 10 September 1977 in Rotorua) is a New Zealand rugby union footballer. Ralph began his first-class career with Bay of Plenty, then moved to Auckland before heading to Canterbury. He started his Super Rugby career with the Chiefs in 1997, Blues (1998–1999), Crusaders (2000–2008) and a cameo role with the Queensland Reds (2011). He made his All Black debut while playing for Auckland in 1998.

After an absence from the national team of three years he was recalled in 2001, and was a regular member of the All Blacks throughout the 2002 and 2003 seasons, playing a total of 13 tests and scoring eight tries, including a hat-trick against Italy in 2002, and was a member of the New Zealand team during the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In 2006 he gained his 100th consecutive super rugby cap.

He made the New Zealand sevens side while still at Western Heights High School, Rotorua. He has since regularly represented New Zealand in Rugby sevens between 1996 and 2000 playing with Eric Rush and was a member of the gold medal-winning New Zealand team at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

Ralph is fifth on the all-time list of Super Rugby try scorers, five tries behind TJ Perenara, and he still holds the record for consecutive Super Rugby appearances with 104. Ralph won the Canterbury Maori Trophy on 10 December 2005. In 2008 he signed up to play with Japanese club Fukuoka Sanix Blues. In 2010 he signed with the Australian club Sunshine Coast Stingrays. The following year in the final round of the regular 2011 Super Rugby season, Queensland Reds coach Ewen McKenzie recruited Ralph on a short term contract to combat the side's injury crisis in the outside backs. In Round 18 he took the field in the 65th minute as a substitute and equalled George Gregan's then-record of 136 Super Rugby games.

title: Caleb Ralph


text:
Talk:Phil Simms

Hall of Fame
What are the prevailing reasons on why Phil Simms has not been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asherkobin (talk • contribs) 23:46, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

Fine person
Phil Simms is as fine a person as you will ever meet..... Ron Henke —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.1.116.225 (talk • contribs)

Revision
I think this cleans up the article a bit. It still has a lot of NPOV issues, but at least it is better formatted. It would be appreciated if someone could come forth with more sources so that it adheres to Wikipedia guidelines. Thanks and comments/advice appreciated. 70.21.216.202 22:18, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This article has way too many sections, this really needs to be addressed. Quadzilla99 09:11, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The sections should be fine now I reduced them in number, I'm going to expand them with sourced info. If they get long I'll break the article up into more sections. Quadzilla99 08:13, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Broadcasting career
I removed this, as it's OR:

"Simms is known for his warm, conversational broadcasting style (as well as his tendency to say "eem" in place of "him" in his Kentucky accent), which has endeared him to many football fans who tune in every Sunday. However many football fans dislike his aggressive speaking style where he seems to be moderately yelling during analysis. Despite this Simms is respected and admired in the broadcasting industry."
 * Feel free to re-add it with sources. Quadzilla99 08:10, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Referencing style
I'm going to convert the referencing to a manual format, if anyone disagrees please let me know. I'll wait a while before doing so to see what if someone objects. Quadzilla99 08:14, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * If not let me know and I'll convert the refs I added to CITET format and be on my way. Quadzilla99 08:16, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll give it a few more days. Quadzilla99 21:35, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay I'm going ahead with it. Quadzilla99 05:16, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Major work done
Okay, I re-formatted the refs, added a stats table, expanded the article and nominated it for GA, which passed. Looks pretty good. Quadzilla99 10:35, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This is great. Does anyone have an image of Mr. Simms to add?  The article seems incomplete without one.  Stevie is the man!  Talk • Work 14:38, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Hopefully we'll have one in a day or two. I'm an active editor over at Wikimedia Commons and a photographer that was nice enough to share the photo now in use on Joe Montana, has one of Simms. I've asked him to change the license and I assume he'll say yes. Quadzilla99 14:40, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * To clarify I asked him if he would mind sharing the Montana pic and he didn't mind, so I don't see why he wouldn't share the Simms pic. Quadzilla99 14:42, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Politics
I removed this info in lieu of a source:
 * "Prior to the 2006 election campaign, some bloggers suggested that Simms seek the Republican nomination for U.S. Senator from New Jersey, comparing his appeal to former New Jersey Senator Bill Bradley. The entry of Thomas Kean, Jr. to the 2006 senate race ended this speculation." Quadzilla99 06:34, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

GA Review
A review has been requested for this article regarding the passing of the GA nomination due to the following concerns:

Lead

 * The first sentence is a run-on sentence.
 * Fixed. Quadzilla99 10:09, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Early life and rookie season

 * "While an elementary school student his family moved and Simms grew up in Louisville, later starting his NFL career when drafted out of Morehead State University, in the first round of the 1979 NFL Draft, by the New York Giants." - Would read better if broken into two sentences.
 * done.
 * "... planned to draft Phil in the 3rd round." "3rd" → "third".
 * done.
 * 1979 NFL Draft is wikilinked twice, one sentence after the other. It should only be wikified in the first appearance (for this section). This is per WP:MOS.
 * I don't see this, it's linked in the lead and the first section, I unlinked it in the first section
 * "...his selection was booed loudly by Giants fans, something he would get used to in his early Giant years." - I googled this and didn't find anything, not to say I didn't just keyed in the wrong keywords. But it currently appears to be OR. Reference 4 may verify it, but without a subscription, I can't read it.
 * I removed the last half of the sentence and sourced it, I used a readable source.
 * "He led the team to a 6–4 record as a starter, throwing for 1,743 yards and 13 touchdown passes and was named to the NFL All Rookie Team." - Shouldn't this be referenced?
 * done. Quadzilla99 10:18, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Early career

 * Numbers under 11 should be spelled out per MOS. "9 interceptions" → "nine interceptions".
 * See below.
 * References some statements but not others. For example, there is a reference for his shoulder injury but not for his knee injury which, according to the article, prevented him for playing the entire 1982 season.
 * Done.
 * Also, "...playing the entire 1982 season. After the 1982 season..." would read better if it were rewritten to "... playing the entire 1982 season. The following season, ..."
 * Done.
 * "One of Parcells first decisions as coach was to replace Simms as the team's starting quarterback with Brunner." Source?
 * done.
 * Third paragraph, "3 TDs" → "three TDs".
 * See below.
 * Stand-alone years are randomly wikilinked . I see now that NFL season is in the link, just not shown in the article.
 * I unlinked those anyway I've never been a fan of that. Quadzilla99 10:21, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Super Bowl XXI

 * Super Bowl XXI need only be wikilinked once under the heading of the same.
 * Done.
 * "...2 dropped passes..." - "2" → "two".
 * See below.
 * "...he threw 3 touchdown passes..." - "3" → "three".
 * See below.
 * "Two of the most famous plays from the game were..." - If they're so famous, why are there no sources?
 * Done.
 * "(Disney produces two versions of each TV commercial.)" - Is that really relevant to this article?
 * Removed. Quadzilla99 10:24, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Later career

 * "9 touchdowns, and 9 interceptions." → "Nine touchdowns, and nine interceptions."
 * "2nd highest" → "second highest".
 * "Parcells resigned and was replaced..." - Reference.
 * Done.
 * "7 interceptions" → "seven interceptions"
 * "6 touchdowns" → "six touchdowns"
 * See below for the rest. Quadzilla99 10:24, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Life off the field

 * "Simms then motioned for Taylor to run a longer pattern and after 30–40 yards threw him the pass." - Commas.
 * Done.
 * "more than 5 years" → "more than five years"
 * Done.
 * The remainder is unreferenced.
 * Done. Quadzilla99 10:30, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Passing statistics
Considering this table is here, it seems redundant and unnecessary to clutter the article with these same statistics.
 * Comment I don't see how it clutters the article, also it's standard practice. Quadzilla99 10:01, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Conclusion
I feel that this is a well-written article, but that it was not adequately reviewed. If it had been, it would have been put on hold until issues were resolved. Perhaps my reviews are overly thorough compared the the reviewer of this article, but I feel that improving articles to GA status improves Wikipedia, thus all reviews should be thorough. I hope you find this review helpful. Regards, Lara Love  Talk / Contribs  07:36, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment Okay I addressed all your concerns some of the things weren't sourced as they didn't really meet the criteria of a disputed statement to me as they're easy to verify, but I sourced them since they were requested. The numbers is the only thing unaddressed. That's because it's standard practice to put all statistics in numerals in sports articles (in the US at least) and all articles here do the same (see Tom Brady, Terry Bradshaw, Dwyane Wade etc.) Quadzilla99 10:38, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * What I see WP:UNITS stating is "Spell out units in the text." I know the digits should be used in the table, but they should be spelled out in the body. Regardless, I decided to just read the whole MOS (dates and numbers) again and found that it reads, "Within a context or a list, style should be consistent." Above that it states, "Numbers above ten may be written out if they are expressed in two or fewer words, except in tables and infoboxes." So for the purposes of this article, numbers that require more than two words to express (like those of passing yards) must use digits, thus all other numerical stats in that context must also. Therefore you're right and I've learned something new.
 * This article, in my opinion, now meets GA standards. Thank you for your hard work. Improving this article improved Wikipedia. Keep up the good work and good luck in future edits.
 * Regards, Lara Love  Talk / Contribs  17:28, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Why hide the wikiprojects?
Is there a rationale for hiding wikiproject coverage the way it's being done now? At least with the banner shell, people can see the projects at a glance without having to click anything. I don't have the time to read a long discussion right now. What are the reverter's reasons for reverting? Stevie is the man! Talk • Work 04:45, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * See here. Quadzilla99 04:53, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I already said I'm not interested in reading a pump discussion. There's no acceptable rationale for completely hiding project coverage. Hiding details yes, but hiding everything, no.  Stevie is the man!  Talk • Work 16:17, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * So you refuse to read what other people have to say and your mind's made up? That's not in the spirit of how things work here. Quadzilla99 16:27, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * There is no acceptable explanation for intransigence on a helpful change like this. Nobody owns articles in the Wikipedia. Further, nobody is paying me for my time to read a bunch of lame arguments against the better choice. Stevie is the man!  Talk • Work 16:55, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

2x Super Bowl Champ?

 * Isn't this a little misleading, since Simms was in the owner's box on crutches in Super Bowl XXV. He was not on the field for any playoff game or the Super Bowl. I'm sure he got a ring, but so did Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora from the Giants that year, and it doesn't make them Super Bowl Champs. Can we leave it at the Super Bowl XXI champ only? Bill shannon (talk) 03:59, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora didn't start 14 of the team's 19 games that season. Bramton1 (talk) 16:13, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Personal life
Hi, this is a warning that the personal life information in this article is messy. Any biography that is of GA standard must have at organised paragraphs describing the persons life outside of their field for which they are famous or otherwise incorporate that information elsewhere in the text. Some of the information provided in this article is messy, appearing in a sequence of stubby unconnected sentences rather than properly organised paragraphs. As a result, it does not give enough context for the incidents and information that is mentioned. For an example of how such a section might look, see Brian Urlacher and for pointers on how to expand and improve the section, see this guide. If this information is not improved then this article would be unlikely to survive a Good Article Reassessment and may well be delisted in the future. Thanks--Jackyd101 (talk) 10:37, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

College "standout"?
I've got no biases in either direction regarding Simms as a player, announcer, or person, but, in the opening para, I think it's a stretch to call his collegiate career "standout." He finished with a third more interceptions than touchdowns and a completion percentage under 50% (though he did set that yardage record). Still, though, the first para in the "Early life" section on his collegiate career actually states "Simms' numbers at Morehead State were unspectacular." Unspectacular seems a much more accurate assessment than standout.

Laerm (talk) 20:00, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I removed "standout" from the lead. Seems to contract the "Early life" section in the body. Jweiss11 (talk) 01:37, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:50, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

1986 NFL MVP
Information that Simms won the 1986 NFL MVP award has been recently removed from and then re-added to the infobox by a couple of different editors. After looking at National Football League Most Valuable Player Award, it appears that multiple MVP awards were awarded for 1986 by different organizations and that Simms did actually win the "Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL MVP award" for that particular year. Does this distinction need to be made in the infobox and cited, especially since there does not appear to be any mention of it in the article itself? -- Marchjuly (talk) 08:11, 16 December 2016 (UTC)
 * No. It was decided through various discussions on the NFL WikiProject that fine details should be left to explain in prose. This is to avoid the alphabet soup that builds up in infoboxes over time when selectors are listed, turning it into a jumbled unreadable mess. It's not perfect, but it beats the alternative. If it doesn't appear in the article then consider putting it in. And, before you ask, no; it's not possible to just decide on a single selector to list. Only just recently has the AP MVP become the de facto "official" MVP, but for a very long time the AP, NEA, PFWA, and UPI MVPs etc. were all equally prestigious. This article explains it pretty well. Lizard  (talk) 08:48, 16 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarifaction . I don't have a preference either way. I was just asking because I've seen it added and removed a bit lately. At least now, a link can be added to this thread in the edit sum the next time it's re-added. I will per your suggestion, however, try to find a source and add the information to the article. -- Marchjuly (talk) 10:37, 16 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Believe me, I've wavered for a while over what's the best way to present cases like this. Obviously, most people will tell you LT was MVP in 1986, and the average fan has no idea about any other selectors besides the AP. Today there's 2 selectors that still get independent media attention: the AP and PFWA. But fortunately for us, they've agreed on every MVP for the past 15 or so years. I dread the next time they differ. Lizard  (talk) 15:20, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061111175546/http://www.superbowl.com/history/mvps/game/sbxxi to http://www.superbowl.com/history/mvps/game/sbxxi
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070502165109/http://www.superbowl.com/history/recaps/game/sbxxi to http://www.superbowl.com/history/recaps/game/sbxxi
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070506133515/http://www.nfl.com/writers/simms to http://www.nfl.com/writers/simms
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081007031410/http://www.sportsline.com/cbssports/team/psimms to http://www.sportsline.com/cbssports/team/psimms

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070527002259/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=SIMMSPHI01 to http://databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=SIMMSPHI01

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title: Talk:Phil Simms


text: Talk:Mike Selinker

title: Talk:Mike Selinker


text:
User talk:Mitch73

Hi Mitch,

Welcome to Wikipedia! I saw your first edit and I found it very helpful. I've been working on the Opus Dei article for quite some time and we do need help here. I hope you can continue to contribute. You can write me in my talk page: Talk Page or email me. Just click on Email this user.

Thanks for your contribution and again, welcome! Lafem 04:54, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mitch73


text:
John Forsyth Jr.

John Forsyth Jr. (October 31, 1812 – May 2, 1877) was an American newspaper editor of the Mobile Register and the son of politician John Forsyth.

Biography
Born in Augusta, Georgia, he attended the University of Georgia at Athens where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. Forsyth graduated from Princeton in 1832. In 1834, Forsyth married Margaret Hull, the daughter of Latham Hull of Augusta, GA. Their son Charles, born in Mobile, Alabama, would go on to serve as a colonel in the Confederate Army.

Forsyth was for many years one of the foremost Democratic Party editors of the south. He was Adjutant of the First Georgia Regiment in the Mexican War. In 1856 he was appointed Minister to Mexico, but in 1858 demanded his passports and withdrew from the legation. He went on to become the Mayor of Mobile, Alabama in 1860. By 1863, he served as Chief of Staff in the Confederate Army of Tennessee.

In 1861, with Martin J. Crawford of Georgia, he represented the Confederate States as commissioner to the National government, but his request for an unofficial interview with William Henry Seward was declined. He left for Mobile, Alabama after the Civil War and engaged in journalistic work until health problems compelled him to retire. He died in Mobile on May 2, 1877. The Mobile Register of May 5, 1877 (its columns draped in black) printed a lengthy obituary: "a large congregation of Mobile citizens were assembled to testify by their presence, their love and respect for the honored dead." A funeral cortege traveled to Magnolia Cemetery where the final interment took place.

title: John Forsyth Jr.


text:
Gottlob Frick

Gottlob Frick (28 July 1906 – 18 August 1994) was a German operatic bass. He was known for his wide repertory including Wagner and Mozart roles. Some of his most celebrated roles were Wagnerian villains such as Hunding and Hagen in Der Ring des Nibelungen, but others were noble characters like Sarastro in The Magic Flute or Gurnemanz in Parsifal or comic figures such as Osmin in Die Entführung aus dem Serail or Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor. He sang at the leading European opera houses in the 1950s and 1960s and recorded all his major roles.

Life and career
Frick was born in Ölbronn, Württemberg on 28 July 1906, the youngest of thirteen children of a Swabian head forester and gamekeeper. In the mid-1920s he attended the Stuttgart Conservatory, studying under Fritz Windgassen (father of Frick’s contemporary, the tenor Wolfgang Windgassen). From 1927 he sang in the chorus of Stuttgart Opera and in 1930 he auditioned for Siegfried Wagner, director of the Bayreuth Festival, who engaged him for small parts.

Frick's first major solo role was at the Landestheater, Coburg in 1934–35 as Daland in Der fliegende Holländer. He moved to the opera companies in Freiburg and then Königsberg where he was heard by Karl Böhm, then director of the Dresden State Opera, who engaged him immediately. Frick remained in the Dresden company for ten years, until 1950. He had a varied repertoire there, including bass roles in works by Mozart, Beethoven, Weber, Nicolai and Wagner, and non-German operas by, among others, Tchaikovsky and Verdi, including the latter's Don Carlos in which King Philip was Frick's favourite operatic role. Then, as in most of his career, he usually sang in German.

In 1950 Frick moved to the Deutsche Oper Berlin, but his growing international career took him to leading houses throughout Europe. He first sang at Covent Garden in 1951, as Fafner, Hunding and Hagen in the four operas of Der Ring des Nibelungen, and appeared there frequently in the 1950s and 1960s. He also appeared at Bayreuth, Salzburg, the Vienna State Opera and La Scala. From 1954 for the rest of his career his operatic home base was the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. He sang at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in the four Ring operas in 1961–62. He officially retired from the operatic stage in 1970, but made occasional appearances after that, including what the critic John Steane called "his triumphant return to Covent Garden" in 1971 as Gurnemanz in Parsifal.

According to The Times, Frick, who had "one of those saturnine, dark voices that seem peculiar to the German-speaking countries", had:

In his A to Z of Singers, David Patmore quotes the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler's description of Frick’s voice as "the blackest bass in Germany", and calls this "a most apt description of its beautiful, velvet quality". Patmore adds that Frick’s "great musicianship, humanity and wit" made him an ideal interpreter of the major parts in the bass repertoire. Although Frick was known for his portrayal of Wagnerian villains such as Hunding and Hagen in the Ring, he also played noble characters including Sarastro in The Magic Flute and Gurnemanz in Parsifal or comic figures such as Osmin in Die Entführung aus dem Serail or Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor. Steane wrote of him, "There is no forcing in his singing, and it is all firm as a rock. Whether benevolently enthusiastic as the Landgrave, or soft and intimate in Pogner's music with Eva, or voicing the dark menace of Hagen, he is king of his kind".

Frick died in Pforzheim in Baden-Württemberg on 18 August 1994, aged 88.

Recordings
According to Patmore, Frick's recorded legacy, of both commercial and live recordings, is substantial and does him full justice. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians comments that Frick recorded all his major roles. Among his recordings were Osmin first for Sir Thomas Beecham and again for Josef Krips, Sarastro for Otto Klemperer and Rocco (in Fidelio) for Klemperer and Ferenc Fricsay. He also recorded the Hermit (in Weber's Der Freischütz) for Joseph Keilberth and Kaspar for Lovro von Matačić, The Peasant (in Carl Orff's Die Kluge) for both Wolfgang Sawallisch and Kurt Eichhorn, Kecal (in The Bartered Bride), The Commendatore for Giulini, Pogner and King Henry for Rudolf Kempe, King Marke, Daland and the Landgrave for Franz Konwitschny, and Hunding, Hagen and Gurnemanz for Georg Solti. When planning the first studio recording of Götterdämmerung, made in 1964, the producer John Culshaw considered Frick one of the three indispensable cast members: "Nilsson, Windgassen and Gottlob Frick (Hagen) had to be in the cast or there was no point in starting". In Steane's view, it is for this recording that Frick will be best remembered – "the embodiment of evil".

title: Gottlob Frick


text:
Caladenia

Caladenia, commonly known as spider orchids, is a genus of 350 species of plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Spider orchids are terrestrial herbs with a single hairy leaf and a hairy stem. The labellum is fringed or toothed in most species and there are small projections called calli on the labellum. The flowers have adaptations to attract particular species of insects for pollination. The genus is divided into three groups on the basis of flower shape, broadly, spider orchids, zebra orchids and cowslip orchids, although other common names are often used. Although they occur in other countries, most are Australian and 136 species occur in Western Australia, making it the most species-rich orchid genus in that state.

Description
Orchids in the genus Caladenia are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a tuber partly surrounded by a fibrous sheath. The tuber produces two "droppers" which become daughter tubers in the following year. There is a single hairy convolute leaf at the base of the plant. Most species have an enlarged cell at the base of each hair. The leaf may be medium-sized to large, fleshy or leathery, lance-shaped to oblong, but is always simple, lacking lobes and serrations.

The inflorescence is a raceme with from one to eight resupinate flowers. The three sepals and two petals are free and similar in size and shape to each other. In some species, the sepals or petals or both have narrow tips with club-like ends. As is usual in orchids, one petal is highly modified as the central labellum. The labellum is divided into three parts, each of which usually has a fringed or dentate margin, while the central lobe has stalked or button-like calli which are often in rows. The sexual parts of the flower are fused to the column, which has wing-like structures on its sides. Most species flower in early spring but some species, such as the winter spider orchid (C. drummondii) flower in other months. The fruit that follows flowering is a non-fleshy, dehiscent capsule containing up to 500 seeds.

Taxonomy and naming
The first specimens of the genus were collected by Joseph Banks in Sydney in 1777 and by Archibald Menzies in King George Sound in Western Australia in 1784. James Edward Smith formally described Arethusa catenata, now known as Caladenia catenata in 1805, from specimens collected in Sydney.

The genus was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. At the same time he described 15 species of Caladenia but did not nominate a type species. Brown collected the specimens as a member of Matthew Flinders' mapping and exploration voyage that circumnavigated Australia. He spent just over three years on botanical research with assistants in Australia.

The genus name (Caladenia) is derived from the Ancient Greek words kalos meaning "beautiful" and aden meaning "a gland" referring to the colourful labellum.

There has been disagreement between taxonomists as to which orchids belong in the genus Caladenia and which do not, and about classification within the genus. Recent studies of the molecular phylogenetics of the group suggest that John Lindley’s 1840 description of Caladenia (in The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants), but including Glossodia and Elythranthera, as being the most accurate reflection of the subtribe Caladeniinae. Those orchids previously included in the genera Glossodia, Elythranthera and Cyanicula have been transferred to Caladenia.

Caladenia orchids are informally grouped into those with long narrow sepals and petals, such as the white spider orchid (C. longicauda) and the clubbed spider orchid (C. longiclavata), those with short sepals and petals which tend to hang near the stem, such as the zebra orchid (C. cairnsiana) and dwarf zebra orchid (C. pachychila) and a third group with short, spreading sepals and petals such as the cowslip orchid (C. flava) and fan orchid (C. nana).

Distribution and habitat
Most caladenias are endemic to Australia. Eleven species, ten of which are endemic, occur in New Zealand with one also occurring in Australia. Caladenia catenata and C. carnea occur in New Caledonia, with the latter also found in Indonesia. There are about 136 species endemic to the south-west of Western Australia, 114 of which have been formally described and a further 18 hybrids which have been described and named.

In Western Australia, caladenias are found in the south-west from north of Kalbarri on the west coast to the Nuytsland Nature Reserve on the coast of the Great Australian Bight. Their habitats range from cool, moist Karri forest, to swamplands near the coast and to almost arid mallee woodland.

Ecology
Orchids in the genus Caladenia are pollinated by insects, usually bees or wasps. Some species appear to attract male wasps by having the scent, shape and colouration of flightless female wasps. For example, C. lobata attracts male Thynnoides bidens wasps. As the wasps lands on the flower, the labellum is pulled down by the insect's weight. As it moves up the labellum, that organ tips the insect against the column where the wasp contacts the sexual parts and either picks up or deposits pollinia. Many such orchids are only attractive to one species of insect. Sometimes hybrids between female-mimicking and food-attracting species occur as in the case of C. patersonii which has the odour of fermentation. C. patersonii attracts several insect species, and forms hybrids with insect-mimicking species including C. lobata and C. dilatata.

In some caladenias, the sepal and petals (apart from the labellum) are narrow with expanded tips called "clubs". These are thought to be the source of sexual attractants for those species that mimic female wasps. Most such species do not have a scent detectable by humans but are attractive to male Thynnid wasps. For some species, such as C. multiclavia, it is the labellum that mimics the size, shape and presumably the scent of females.

Use in horticulture
Caladenia have generally proven difficult to maintain and cultivate artificially. Some enthusiasts have had limited success by cultivating the symbiotic fungus that the orchid requires and by careful use of fertiliser to keep the fungus and orchid in balance. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records that "These and other orchids have edible tubers."

title: Caladenia


text: User talk:68.115.87.240

title: User talk:68.115.87.240


text: User talk:68.68.202.181

title: User talk:68.68.202.181


text: User talk:71.96.132.123

title: User talk:71.96.132.123


text:
Lärm

Lärm (German for noise) were a Dutch straight edge hardcore band formed in 1981, first playing under the name of Total Chaoz. They referred to their music as "extreme noise", though having nothing to do with noise rock or noise music.

Due to members being straight edge, which was something uncommon in the crust punk scene, Lärm were different from many bands at the time. Members went on to form Seein Red and the communist straight edge band Manliftingbanner, who played in a more conventional hardcore punk style.

Discography

 * 1984 - Campaign for Musical Destruction (split LP with Stanx; Eenheidsfront Records)
 * 1986 - End the Warzone compilation 7-inch (One Step Ahead Records)
 * 1986 - No One Can Be That Dumb 7-inch (own release)
 * 1986 - Straight on View LP (One Step Ahead Records)
 * 1987 - Nothing Is Hard in This World if You Dare to Scale the Heights 7-inch (Definite Choice)
 * 1995 - Destroy Sexism 7-inch (Wicked Witch, demo recordings)
 * 2004 - Lärm as Fuck / Humus split 7-inch (Wasted Youth Power Records, re-recordings by Seein Red with Roy All Tensed Up on vocals)
 * 2010 - Lärm (Way Back When Records, re-recordings with original singer Menno)

Reissues

 * 1997 - "Extreme Noise" (Coalition Records)

title: Lärm


text:
User:NeutralityDispute

I CANNOT CONTAIN MY LUST ANY LONGER.

title: User:NeutralityDispute


text:
Pioneer Courthouse

The Pioneer Courthouse is a federal courthouse in Portland, Oregon, United States. Built beginning in 1869, the structure is the oldest federal building in the Pacific Northwest, and the second-oldest west of the Mississippi River. Along with Pioneer Courthouse Square, it serves as the center of downtown Portland. It is also known as the Pioneer Post Office because a popular downtown Portland post office was, until 2005, located inside. The courthouse is one of four primary locations where the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit hears oral arguments. It also houses the chambers of the Portland-based judges on the Ninth Circuit.

History
Built in stages between 1869 and 1903, it was first occupied in 1875 by judge Matthew Deady. At that time the building was named the United States Building. Pioneer Courthouse has survived several attempts to demolish it, while continuing to function as a federal facility. On March 20, 1973, the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.

In March 1933, city engineer Olaf Laurgaard proposed tearing down the building to open a parking garage. John C. Ainsworth asked Oregon representative Charles Martin and Charles L. McNary to see if President Franklin D. Roosevelt would consider giving the structure and property to the city of Portland. Portland would then renovate the structure for the Oregon Historical Society and The Colonial Dames of America to use. Martin immediately replied that the timing was bad since Oregon was asking for funding of the Bonneville Dam, and it was likely illegal to donate a post office to a city. Ainsworth quickly came up with a new scheme: demolish the Pioneer Courthouse and build an office building for the Historical Society, the Boy Scouts, a theater, and a museum. A. E. Doyle, his architectural firm, the local chapter of the American Institute of Architects, the Colonial Dames, and The Oregon Journal sharply opposed destroying the building. In 2003, plans for renovating the courthouse sparked an unusual conflict between Portland Democratic congressmen Earl Blumenauer and David Wu. Wu, whose district contains the courthouse, supported a plan that included removing the post office from the courthouse, and adding five parking spaces in its basement. Wu's plan was ultimately adopted, and the $23.4 million renovation of the building was completed in December 2005. The work included the addition of base isolators to protect the historic structure from earthquakes, the secure judges' parking area under the building, and the renovation of the lobby where the post office had been.

Notable trials
The trials of the Oregon land fraud scandal were held in the courthouse, beginning in 1904. These trials were documented at length in Stephen A. Douglas Puter's book Looters of the Public Domain.

title: Pioneer Courthouse


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Why Isn't There a Nobel Prize in Mathematics

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Nobel Prize. – Rich Farmbrough 17:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Why Isn't There a Nobel Prize in Mathematics
Badly-named OR. DS 05:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Nobel Prize as trivia? >: Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 06:39, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay, original research.   [  +t,  +c ,  +m  ] 07:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * CommentThis is not original research; the original post provided a good bit of (copyright-violating) source material, and it has been suggested the whole thing was lifted from the sci.math FAQ. While I can see the temptation to delete it, I think it can be turned into a worthwhile, if quirky, article. No vote from me yet. The Land 09:16, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * . Merge. The Land 11:57, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge: I am inclined to agree with User:RobyWayne. In case, the consensus is for this, than the contents may be suitably condensed. --Bhadani 09:20, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Dekete there isn't one in biology either, so what? Dunc|☺ 13:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Anything as long as it is not delete. Tintin 15:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * On second thoughts, I go for a merge. Who is going to type the whole thing in the encyclopaedia anyway ? Tintin 01:57, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. If there's any substance to this, it will eventually find its way into the larger discussion at Nobel Prize. Dottore So 16:02, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Nobel Prize, though it needs some cleanup. Jonathunder 16:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup and then merge, as suggested by Jonathunder. Ann Heneghan (talk) 21:58, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research/personal essay. --Carnildo 23:16, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hardly an original research. Google comes up with a lot of links starting with this Tintin 23:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * MergeJendeyoung 01:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep assuming it is true. But move to get rid of the caps from "isn't there". -- RHaworth 02:25, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoary old urban legend . -- Grev -- Talk 03:25, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge a mention of the urban legend into the Nobel Prize article. But please move this to a more reasonable name before merging and redirecting (as GFDL requires) so we're not stuck with a useless redirect. - Mgm|(talk) 08:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Private Butcher 02:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Nobel Prize - or move to a sensible title. But do not delete. \Mike(z)  14:03, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. the wub   "?!"  15:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Completely useless, full of unfounded rumour. Cynicism addict 02:25, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Nobel Prize--Bkwillwm 16:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 02:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Contains nothing factual. (preceding unsigned comment by )
 * Move/Merge This is a terrible title for this article. Add a section to the nobel prize page with this info. [[User:Consequencefree| Ardent † ∈ ]] 09:13, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Third Military District

The Third Military District of the U.S. Army was one of five temporary administrative units of the U.S. War Department that existed in the American South. The district was stipulated by the Reconstruction Acts during the Reconstruction period following the American Civil War. It comprised Georgia, Florida and Alabama and was headquartered in Atlanta.

The district was originally commanded by General John Pope until his removal by President Andrew Johnson on December 28, 1867, when General George Gordon Meade took his place. Meade served at the current location of Fort McPherson until August 1868 after Alabama and Florida were re-admitted into the United States.

Because of the expulsion of Blacks from the Georgia legislature, a new and final military commander was appointed on December 22, 1869, General Alfred Terry. In January, he returned the legislators and ousted 29 Democrats. In February, the Fourteenth amendment was ratified by Georgia and by July it was re-admitted into the Union.

title: Third Military District


text:
Talk:University of Putra Malaysia

Year Established
I have read a few information in the university's website and it says there that UPM which was formerly known as the "School of Agriculture" started and was established on 21 May 1931 by John Scott. And they are celebrating or celebrated their 75th Anniversary... I haven't seen the year 1971 in there. Hoping that somebody could fix this one. Thanks! Fddfred talk 10:31, 16 March 2007 (UTC).

UPM was established from 1931 from School of Agriculture. Then, 1942, declared to be the College of Agriculture Malaya. After that, in 1971 The creation of this University was based on the merger of the College of Agriculture Malaya with the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Malaya. Admin UPM.

Controversy
There many racist controversion happen around UPM which making the headline in our newspaper. Why there no article about it in Wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.50.156.158 (talk) 17:15, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

OK, added! Gangeticus (talk) 04:29, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

URL
The URL needs a little bit of serious mending. University_of_Putra. The "of" needs to be dropped. It sounds very weird indeed. Putra is not a place. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kerina yin (talk • contribs) 08:29, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I have moved the whole article over to Universiti Putra Malaysia and re-translated the English name as Putra University, Malaysia. There's bound to be some debate about reverting to the Malay name for the article in view of WP:NC(UE). My rationale is based on the fact that there's no established usage of an official English translation of the name (see WP:NC(UE) - No established usage). - Bob K 21:26, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

English translation of UPM
I am sticking to the usage of the Association of Commonwealth Universities and using the translation Putra University, Malaysia. That's the closest official translation that I've found to date. - Bob K 16:19, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Good. Thanks. And well done. It sounds much better. The Putra University is the English equivalent to the Malay name (which I've some how forgot of). Kerina yin (talk) 04:49, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Some references for future use.
No idea where we'd use them, thought it'd be good to keep them here for future use because I'm sure once we hit 2009 the New Straits Times' website will kill its search feature for anything not in 2009, much like how I can't seem to search for anything in 2007 and beyond there.
 * EVENTS: Experts for UPM meeting
 * Critical thinking puts grads ahead
 * UPM gets RM50,000 to promote environmental awareness
 * Study: Malaysians will eat more wheat, meat

Cut-and-paste move fixed again
I've merged the page history from University of Putra. Please do not cut-and-paste move articles. Use the move function (found on the tab at the top). If you cannot move a page due to an obstructing article history, please ask an admin to do it on WP:RM, so that the history will be kept together. Thanks. Cool Hand Luke 17:33, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

New Vice Chancellor from Jan 2011
The Star Newspaper, Malaysia, 01-01-11. Radin made vice-chancellor of UPM on three-year term [http://www.pnc.upm.edu.my/index.php/staf/ Y.Bhg.Dato' Ir. Dr. Radin Umar Radin Sohadi]--Darz kkg (talk) 10:04, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

But I cannot put in the Deputy Vice Chancellor post.Deputy Vice Chancellor--Darz kkg (talk) 10:30, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus into this article. there is not enough external coverage to justify a stand alone article. I will merge if no one opposes in 2 weeks. LibStar (talk) 07:41, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Please don't simply revert the article to older version
Please don't simply discard other editors' contribution. Revert an article is acceptable, but revert it to the version many years ago (like 10 years ago) is incomprehensible. Undeniably, some problems are still exist in this article. I hope we can improve it together, not simply delete the contents that you think has breaking the rules.

Of course, you can delete those plagiarized content (I hope we can improve it), but I found that many information have been neglected. Again, don't simply revert the article to older version, that wouldn't solve the problems. Wee Hong (talk) 03:48, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello, . Sorry for the late response, I did not see this section until another user notified me about it; if you do respond again, I would appreciate you pinging me. Although I appreciate your desire to expand and improve this article, all of the content I removed consisted of text copied directly from other websites, mostly belonging to UPM itself. It is illegal to simply reuse on Wikipedia text (or images) found elsewhere—you have been told this multiple times—and rewriting large infringing sections is seldom sufficient to address the problem. That's why I blanked them. If you want to re-add the sections I blanked, I have no objections, but you must recreate them yourself from nothing rather than lifting from the infringing versions in order to avoid reintroducing the problem. —Compassionate727 (T·C) 14:44, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello, Compassionate727. Thanks for your reply. I know the rules of Wikipedia, that's why I upload the photo taken by myself (in my campus), and rewrite the text by refering to website (sometime I use plagiarism checker). Undeniably, some content might partially plagiarized and need to improve. However, not all content should be deleted (I think the Rankings and Notable alumni are still follow the Wikipedia's rules). The most unacceptable thing is revert the article to 10 years ago, a lot of information are outdated (especially the infobox).
 * By the way, I'm trying to restructure the content of this article because I think it is a bit lengthy. Wee Hong (talk) 15:11, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Ping as requested. * Pppery * it has begun...  15:32, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * That is a good point, I hadn't thought about the infobox information and suchlike. I reverted because I was exacerbated by the large amount of work I was needing to do and trying to simplify things for myself. I apologize for the inconvenience that caused you. Feel free to reinstate whatever content you think is appropriate; my only concern is that it not infringe copyright. —Compassionate727 (T·C) 15:53, 23 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The article has now been reinstated, but partially because some parts have to be rewritten. Feel free to examine the quality of the article :), my original intention was to improve the article and remove the plagiarised content from here too (there was 95% plagiarised content back then). Wee Hong (talk) 17:02, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

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 * Kolej 17 upm.jpg
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 * Sya190626HE54 NSTfield image socialmedia.var 1561523523.jpg
 * UPM ENTRANCE.jpg
 * UPM hospital.jpg
 * Upm bintulu.jpg
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 * Upm hall.jpg
 * Upm library.jpg

title: Talk:University of Putra Malaysia


text: User talk:129.2.230.216

title: User talk:129.2.230.216


text:
Gordon Barton

Gordon Page Barton (30 August 1929 – 4 April 2005) was an Australian businessman and political activist.

Biography
He was born in Surabaya, Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) of a Dutch mother and Australian father. He showed his intelligence and originality early, at the University of Sydney, where he found by careful study of the handbook of course requirements he could select a particular group of subjects that would qualify him for three degrees simultaneously, in the time normally taken for one. The university awarded him the degrees but then changed the rules so that it couldn't happen again.

While still at university Barton started Interstate Parcel Express Company (IPEC), which was the core of his business. In 1966, he used some of his wealth to form the Liberal Reform Group, a splinter group of members of the Liberal Party of Australia disenchanted with their party's support for the Vietnam War; this became the Australian Reform Movement and then the Australia Party, one of the precursors of the Australian Democrats.

In 1967, he formed the company Tjuringa Securities which was the pioneer Australian corporate raider. Tjuringa took over Federal Hotels (which built the Hobart Casino, the first legal casino in Australia) and the Angus and Robertson bookshops and publishing business which were asset stripped. He also set up two newspapers, the Sunday Observer and the Sunday Review. (The Sunday Observer owned by Barton in the 1960s was short-lived and was unrelated to The Observer, UK.) The second was merged with the purchased Nation publication to form the Nation Review.

Gordon Barton was married to Yvonne Hand, who died in 1970. They had two children, Cindie and Geoffrey. Barton then lived in a de facto relationship with Mary Ellen Ayrton from 1977. Until their separation and estrangement, their blended family included Barton's two children and Ayrton's daughter Kate.

He died in Spain in 2005, aged 75.

title: Gordon Barton


text: Category talk:Music videos

title: Category talk:Music videos