text:
User talk:Auzzz24

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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Info on images, please
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License tagging for Image:Attending the opening night by auzzz24.jpg
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License tagging for Image:Awaiting twilights eve by auzzz24.jpg
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Image copyright problem with Image:Photo_6.jpg
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Little context in Forever Bottom
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July 2007
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The Choirboys
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Siege 1982 film
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Madame Butterfly (ballet)
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title: User talk:Auzzz24


text:
Allestree, Victoria

Allestree is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is located along the Princes Highway, north-east of Portland. At the 2016 Census, Allestree and the surrounding area recorded a population of 128.

Allestree is named after Allestree in Derbyshire, England. Allestree Post Office opened on 9 August 1907 (replacing nearby Bolwarra) and closed in 1971.

Within the locality of Allestree is the Convincing Ground where a massacre of the local Gunditjmara people took place in around 1833.

The beaches in Allestree have experienced substantial erosion problems since the port breakwater was lengthened many years ago. The shoreline has receded several hundreds of metres and significant coastal property and infrastructure has been lost.

Glenelg Shire Council hosted the world-renowned oceanographer Kerry Black in 2017 as part of a forum to discuss coastal management trends and issues with representatives from across south-west Victoria and south-east South Australia. The one-hour session focused on global strategies to protect beaches from erosion, including a detailed focus on regenerating the beaches along Dutton Way and the Port of Portland. Local residents are hopeful that the Glenelg Shire will help implement Dr Black's recommendations to restore and protect the region's coastlines from the growing threat of climate change.

Traditional ownership
The formally recognised traditional owners for the area in which Allestree sits are the Gunditjmara people. The Gunditjmara people are represented by the Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation.

Demographics
As of the 2016 census, 322 people resided in Allestree. The median age of persons in Allestree was 45 years. Children aged 0–14 years made up 18.4% of the population. People over the age of 65 years made up 14.4% of the population. There were slightly more males than females with 52.2% of the population male and 47.8% female. The average household size is 2.3 people per household. The average number of children per family for families with children is 1.7.

92.4% of people in Allestree were born in Australia. Of all persons living in Dartmoor, 2.4% (3 persons) were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. This is higher than for the state of Victoria (0.8%) and lower than the national average (2.8%).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Allestree, Victoria


text:
Samolus

Samolus (known as brookweed, or water pimpernel) is a widely distributed genus of about a dozen species of water-loving herbs and amphibious flowering plants. According to the APG III system of classification, the genus falls within the primrose family, Primulaceae, under the order containing the rhododendroid eudicots, Ericales. It was considered closely related to a clade comprising the Theophrastaceae, and was likewise treated as part of that family (or its own monogeneric family, the Samolaceae). The APG III system does not recognize these families, instead classifying all former Theophrastaceae genera within the family Primulaceae.

Species
The last complete taxonomic treatment of this genus recognizes the following species: • Samolus cinerascens

• Samolus dichondrifolius

• Samolus ebracteatus

• Samolus junceus

• Samolus porosus

• Samolus pyrolifolius

• Samolus repens

• Samolus spathulatus

• Samolus subnudicaulis

• Samolus vagans

• Samolus valerandi

Although some local floras recognize the North-American populations of S. valerandi as a separate species (S. parviflorus) or subspecies (S. valerandi ssp. parviflorus), molecular and morphological data indicate that S. vagans and S. parviflorus should not be regarded as separate species but as part of a widespread "S. valerandi species complex.

title: Samolus


text:
User talk:Bayayifu~enwiki

English only
Please add content in English only please, e.g. see 尊王攘夷. Enochlau 07:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bayayifu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bayayifu~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:56, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bayayifu~enwiki


text:
Category:Redox indicators

This subcategory is devoted to redox indicators used in electrochemistry and anaytical chemistry. The common information on this subcategory could be obtained in the article redox indicator.

title: Category:Redox indicators


text:
Talk:Grazhdanskaya Oborona

Untitled
I have edited the part about the lead's beliefs to be more NPOV; before, it was illogically attempting to discredit him. Canaen 07:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Abbreviations
Nowadays the name of the band is frequently abbreviated as "GO", not only as "GrOb". And the official site prefers the first.

The translation of the word "grob" into Russian has nothing common with the history of the name. S.B. Odin 14:17, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Grazhdanskaya Oborona


text: Talk:List of storms named Rachel

title: Talk:List of storms named Rachel


text: Talk:List of storms named Ramona

title: Talk:List of storms named Ramona


text: Talk:List of storms named Rebecca

title: Talk:List of storms named Rebecca


text: Talk:List of storms named Raymond

title: Talk:List of storms named Raymond


text:
Talk:List of storms named Rick

Requested Move
It is Wikiproject policy to use "Tropical Storm" for storm names used in basins with incompatible prefixes. There was a Tropical Storm Rick in the 1996 Pacific typhoon season. Miss Michelle | Talk to Michelle 21:30, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hurricane Rick (2009) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:02, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Rick


text: Talk:List of storms named Rosa

title: Talk:List of storms named Rosa


text: Talk:List of storms named Rosalie

title: Talk:List of storms named Rosalie


text: Talk:List of storms named Roslyn

title: Talk:List of storms named Roslyn


text: Talk:List of storms named Selma

title: Talk:List of storms named Selma


text: Talk:List of storms named Sergio

title: Talk:List of storms named Sergio


text: Talk:List of storms named Simon

title: Talk:List of storms named Simon


text: Talk:List of storms named Simone

title: Talk:List of storms named Simone


text:
Millen Range

The Millen Range (-72.33333°N, 166.25°W) is a prominent northwest–southeast trending mountain range, located west of the Cartographers Range in the Victory Mountains of Antarctica. Peaks in the range include Inferno, Omega, Le Couteur, Head, Cirque, Gless, Turret, Crosscut and Mount Aorangi. It was named by the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition (NZFMCAE) of 1962–63, for John M. Millen, leader of the expedition.

Location
The Millen Range in the western Victory Mountains extends in a southeast direction to the east of the East Quartzite Range, Destination Nunataks and Barker Range. It is bounded to the east by the Pearl Harbor Glacier, Muller Glacier, Lensen Glacier and Wood Glacier.

Features
Features include, from northwest to southeast,

Inferno Peak
-72.11667°N, 165.98333°W. A peak 3 nmi north of Le Couteur Peak in the north end of Millen Range. So named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, because geologic examination showed it contained the granite/greywacke contact, with baking of the sedimentary rock imparting a reddish color to the peak.

Head Peak
-72.16667°N, 166.18333°W. A peak 3.5 nmi east of Le Couteur Peak, situated on a projecting ridge of Millen Range in the névé area of Pearl Harbor Glacier. So named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, due to its likeness to a head and to its position at the head of Pearl Harbor Glacier.

Omega Peak
-72.15°N, 166.05°W. A peak 1 nmi northeast of Le Couteur Peak. So named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, because this was the last major peak climbed by the party, January 2, 1963.

Le Couteur Peak
-72.15°N, 165.98333°W. A peak between Cirque and Omega Peaks, in the north part of Millen Range. Named by the Southern Party of the NZFMCAE, 1962-63, for P.C. Le Couteur, geologist with this party.

Cirque Peak
-72.18333°N, 165.96667°W. A peak 1 nmi south of Le Couteur Peak. So named by the Northern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, due to the peak's position at the head of a large cirque containing a section of the Pearl Harbor Glacier névé.

Gless Peak
-72.2°N, 165.85°W. A peak, 2,630 m high, standing 2 nmi west-southwest of Cirque Peak. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Elmer E. Gless, biologist at Hallett Station, summers 1965-66, 1966-67 and 1967-68.

New Year Peak
-72.23333°N, 166.05°W. The major peak about 2,600 m high on the northwest side of Toboggan Gap. The name was suggested by Bradley Field, geologist, NZGS, whose field party camped below the peak during the New Year period, 1981-82.

Toboggan Gap
-72.26667°N, 166.05°W. A pass through the Millen Range just north of Turret Peak, offering good sledging from the polar plateau to the Pearl Harbor Glacier ne~ve. Named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63.

Turret Ridge
-72.23333°N, 166.21667°W. A ridge about 5 nmi long extending northeast from Turret Peak. Visited by a New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme (NZARP) geological party led by R.H. Findlay, 1981-82, and named in association with Turret Peak.

Turret Peak
-72.26667°N, 166.1°W. A prominent rock peak, 2,790 m high, standing 7 nmi northwest of Crosscut Peak. The peak is topped with a 10 m high vertical spire, or tower, which is an excellent landmark. Named for its distinctive appearance by the Southern party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63.

Crosscut Peak
-72.36667°N, 166.31667°W. A peak, 3,120 m high, just north of Joice Icefall. So named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, due to its jagged northern ridge and summit.

Joice Icefall
-72.38333°N, 166.35°W. An icefall draining from the polar plateau through the Millen Range into Lensen Glacier. Named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, after I. Joice, field assistant to the party.

Mount Aorangi
-72.41667°N, 166.36667°W. The highest mountain, 3,135 m high, in the Millen Range. So named by the NZFMCAE, 1962-63, because of this mountain's cloudpiercing ability, and also in memory of Mount Cook, New Zealand, known to the Maori people as "Aorangi" (the cloud piercer).

Braddock Peak
-72.45°N, 166.46667°W. A peak rising to 2,960 m high immediately southeast of Mount Aorangi in the south part of Millen Range. Named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC), on the proposal of geologist R.A. Cooper, after Peter Braddock, field leader of geological parties to the area in the 1974-75 and 1980-81 seasons.

Mount Pearson
-72.28333°N, 166.71667°W. A prominent snow peak 2,440 m high situated at the west side of the mouth of Lensen Glacier where the latter joins Pearl Harbor Glacier. Named by the northern party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, for F.H. Pearson, surveyor with the party.

title: Millen Range


text:
Sam Hill (euphemism)

Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase, a euphemism or minced oath for "the devil" or "hell" personified (as in, "What in the Sam Hill is that?"). Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s;  they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization, with, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an unknown origin.

Possible referents
Candidate referents for the use date back to at least the 19th century. The following are possibilities of the term's origin.

 * Euphemism for the devil: H. L. Mencken suggested that the phrase derives from Samiel, the name of the Devil in Der Freischütz, an opera by Carl Maria von Weber that was performed in New York City in 1825. The phrase "Sa' m Hill" can also be seen in the variant "Samil".
 * Store owner in Arizona: Sam Hill was also a mercantile store owner who offered a vast and diverse inventory of goods. People began using the term "what in the Sam Hill is that?" to describe something they found odd or unusual, just like the inventory found in Sam Hill's store. The original Sam Hill Mercantile building still stands on Montezuma Street in Prescott, Arizona, and is listed on the register of Historic Places.
 * Politician in Connecticut: An article in the New England Magazine in December 1889 entitled "Two Centuries and a Half in Guilford, Connecticut" mentioned that, "Between 1727 and 1752 Mr. Sam. Hill represented Guilford in forty-three out of forty-nine sessions of the Legislature, and when he was gathered to his fathers, his son Nathaniel reigned in his stead" and a footnote queried whether this might be the source of the "popular Connecticut adjuration to 'Give 'em Sam Hill'?"
 * Surveyor in Michigan: A possible origin for the phrase "Sam Hill" is the surveyor Samuel W. Hill (1819–1889), associated with the Keweenaw Peninsula area. Hill allegedly used such foul language that his name became a euphemism for swear words. In the words of Charles Eschbach, "Back in the 1850s the Keweenaw's copper mining boom was underway. There were about a dozen men who pretty much ran the Keweenaw. They were mining company agents, the 'go between' for the investors from Boston and the actual mining production people. Their names were attached to every report sent back to eastern investors. Among these company agents was a man named Samuel W. Hill. Sam was a geologist, surveyor, and mining engineer and had considerable power in the Keweenaw." According to author Ellis W. Courter, Samuel Hill "was an adventurer, explorer, miner, and surveyor. He had worked with Christopher C. Douglas and Douglas Houghton on the early State survey. His judgment was respected. Although he was a rough character, he possessed a big heart and in the fall of 1847 had risked his life to help avert a threatened food shortage in the Copper Harbor district. Generally he was regarded as a hero throughout the entire Copper Country, however, he was contemptuous of all the praise that was heaped upon him. Hill also gained a reputation as being one of the most blasphemous and obscene swearers in the Keweenaw Peninsula. Although he had a colorful vocabulary and told many a good story of his early adventures, his ubiquitous use of lurid cuss words became legendary. Whenever friends or neighbors retold his colorful tales in more polite society, they had to tame his unmentionables by substituting the sinless sounding words 'Sam Hill'. In time the expression, 'What the Sam Hill' spread far beyond the Copper Country. Today it has become a part of the American language. Few who utter these words ever heard of Samuel Hill, or know that he was the unconscious originator of a sinless synonym for profanity."

 * Adjutant General in Kentucky: Another possibility involves the former adjutant general of Kentucky Samuel Ewing Hill, who was sent by the governor of Kentucky to see what was going on in reference to the Hatfields & McCoys family feud in 1887. Between 1880 and 1891, the feud claimed more than a dozen members of the two families, becoming headline news around the country, and compelling the governors of both Kentucky and West Virginia to call up their state militias to restore order. The governor of West Virginia once even threatened to have his militia invade Kentucky. Kentucky governor Simon Bolivar Buckner in response sent his adjutant general Sam Hill to Pike County, Kentucky, to investigate the situation. Newspapers from around the country awaited word from Hill to find out "what in the Sam Hill was going on up there".
 * Non-contender: Millionaire in the Pacific Northwest: The millionaire Samuel Hill, a businessman and "good roads" advocate in the Pacific Northwest, became associated with the phrase in the 1920s. A reference appeared in Time magazine when Hill convinced Queen Marie of Romania to travel to rural Washington to dedicate Hill's Maryhill Museum of Art. The fact that "Father of Good Roads" Samuel Hill hadn't been born when the figure of speech first appeared in a publication rules out the possibility that he was the original Sam Hill in question.

title: Sam Hill (euphemism)


text: Talk:Chelsi Smith

title: Talk:Chelsi Smith


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Alma, Victoria

Alma is a locality in Victoria, Australia, along the Maryborough – St Arnaud Road, west of Maryborough. In the, Alma and the surrounding area had a population of 692.

Alma began as a gold-mining settlement and was named after the Battle of Alma in the Crimean War. It was surveyed in 1860, the Post Office opening on 1 July 1861. (closed 1969), and proclaimed in 1891. It had a peak population of 2,109.

title: Alma, Victoria


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Broom grass

Broom grass is a name used for different types of grass around the world.

In tropical Asia it refers to Thysanolaena maxima of the family Poaceae; a tall, <3m, grass which is used for making brooms.

In United States it refers to Andropogon glomeratus of the family Poaceae, a tall grass, growing to about 2m high.

title: Broom grass


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Coat of arms of the Cape Colony

The coat of arms of the Cape Colony was the official heraldic symbol of the Cape Colony as a British colony from 1875 to 1910, and as a province of South Africa from 1910 to 1994.

History
The adoption of the arms was a belated response to a British government request, in 1869, for a design for a flag badge to identify the colony. The laying of the foundation stone of the new parliament building in May 1875 was considered as a good opportunity to introduce it. A Cape Town attorney with a keen interest in heraldry, Charles Aken Fairbridge (1824-1893), was accordingly asked to design arms for the Colony.

The foundation stone of the colonial parliament was laid on 12 May 1875. According to the Cape Argus newspaper, "among the conspicuous features of the spectacle was the new colonial flag, hoisted aloft above the cornerstone, with the heraldic shielding, surroundings and mottoes blazoned on the Union Flag and the Royal Standard floating in the breeze from the loftiest flagstaff in the centre".

Queen Victoria formally granted the arms by Royal Warrant a year later, on 29 May 1876.

After the Cape became a province of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the provincial administration took over the arms. They were used as provincial arms until the Cape was divided into three smaller provinces in 1994.

Blazon
The original blazon was:
 * Gules, a lion rampant between three annulets Or; on a chief Argent as many hurts each charged with a fleur de lis of the second Or.
 * Crest: The figure of Hope proper vested Azure, resting the dexter arm on a rock and supporting with the sinister hand an anchor Sable entwined with a cable also proper.
 * Supporters: Dexter a gnu and sinister an oryx both proper.
 * Motto: SPES BONA.

The symbolism of the arms is straightforward. The lion is a South African animal, and also appears in the arms of the two colonial powers which ruled at the Cape, Netherlands and Great Britain. The rings were taken from the arms of the founder of the colony, Jan van Riebeeck. The fleur-de-lis represent the contribution of the Huguenots to the early history of the country. The crest is the Lady of Good Hope, grasping an anchor, first introduced as a symbol of the colony in 1715. The supporters, a gnu (wildebeest) and an oryx (gemsbok), are two typical South African animals. The motto, "Spes Bona" simply means "Good Hope".

New artwork was introduced in 1952. Hope's dress was changed to white, and she was given a blue mantle. The arms were recorded in this format the College of Arms in July 1955 and registered at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1967.

title: Coat of arms of the Cape Colony


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Harvey Seeley Mudd

Harvey Seeley Mudd (30 August 1888 – 12 April 1955) was a mining engineer and founder, investor, and president of Cyprus Mines Corporation, a Los Angeles–based international enterprise that operated copper mines on the island of Cyprus.

Mudd was vice president of the board of trustees for the California Institute of Technology. He helped found Claremont McKenna College. The science and engineering college Harvey Mudd College at Claremont was named in memory of him. Mudd was chair of local symphony organizations and art museums.

Early life
Harvey Mudd was born in Leadville, Colorado, in 1888 to Colonel Seeley W. Mudd, the manager of the Small Hopes silver mine, and Della Mulock Mudd.

Harvey had a younger brother, Seeley (1895–1968), who was a physician and cancer researcher at the California Institute of Technology and then professor and dean at the School of Medicine at the University of Southern California.

In 1902, Col. Mudd moved his family to Los Angeles, California, where he worked as a consulting engineer for the Guggenheim Exploration Company. In 1907, he developed the Ray mine in Arizona, which is still in production. Harvey attended Stanford University for two years and then transferred to Columbia University, where he received a degree in mining engineering in 1912.

Mining
Mudd and his father founded the Cyprus Mines Corporation in 1916. The Los Angeles–based enterprise started with development of the copper mines on the island of Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major center for the production of copper, since the second or even third millennium BC. In fact, the Roman name for copper was aes cyprium, from the name of Cyprus in Greek: Κύπρος, which is read as: Kypros. In later centuries aes cyprium became simply cyprium and then cuprum. This was further transformed and gave the word for copper in European languages, for example copper in English. However, at the time the Mudds began the Cyprus Mines Corp., copper had not been mined on Cyprus for almost 1500 years. With the backing of Colonel Seeley Mudd, geologist Charles Godfrey Gunther searched for new copper on Cyprus, but it was twenty years before Cyprus Mines paid its first dividends in 1936.

In 1918, Mudd became president of Cyprus Mines Corporation. Mudd became chairman of Cyprus Mines in 1926 when his father died. As head of Cyprus Mines, Harvey Mudd developed and managed copper mines in the Mediterranean, as well as an iron mine in Peru and oil properties in the United States.

At the time of Harvey Mudd's death in 1955, the company's copper mines on Cyprus had become the island's largest industry, exporting nearly a million tons of copper a year. Mudd's copper mines on Cyprus supported 2,000 of the island's inhabitants and provided more than 25 percent of the island's entire annual revenue. Cyprus Mines paid its employees 15–20 percent above the island average. The company ran an up-to-date, 65-bed hospital for its employees, built scores of low-cost houses for them to live in, and helped to run schools, sports clubs, welfare centers, and summer camps for their families.

Mudd served as president of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers in 1945. In 1949, the Columbia University Engineering School Alumni Association awarded him its Egleston Medal for distinguished engineering achievement.

Caltech
Mudd became a member of the board of trustees for the California Institute of Technology in 1929. He served on the finance and executive committees and was vice president of the board of trustees. In 1954, Caltech faculty member Linus Pauling, upon winning the Nobel Prize in chemistry, sent Mudd a letter thanking him and the Caltech Board of Trustees for "providing here an atmosphere, second to none in the world, that is favorable to research".

Mudd's will left $50,000 to Caltech for research on the genesis of ore deposits. Two geology buildings at Caltech are named for family members. The Seeley G. Mudd Building (South Mudd) is named for his brother, and the Seeley W. Mudd Laboratory (North Mudd) is named for their father.

Civic leadership
At the time of Mudd's death, he was chairman of the Board of the Southern California Symphony Association, the Welfare Federation of Los Angeles, and Greater Los Angeles Plans, Inc. He was a trustee and former president of the Southwest Museum, a member of the Board of Governors of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and member of the advisory committee of the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.

As Chairman of the Southern California Symphony Association, Mudd is credited with saving the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Fellow copper baron William Andrews Clark Jr. had founded the Philharmonic in 1919, but he had exhausted his fortune supporting the orchestra. To oversee the Philharmonic, the Southern California Symphony Association was created in 1933 with Mudd as chairman. Mudd personally guaranteed the salary of conductor Otto Klemperer. Mudd led fundraising efforts to enable the Philharmonic to continue performing through the Great Depression. Mudd is also credited with starting the Philharmonic's tradition of taking the stuffiness out of high culture. He was initiated as an honorary member of the Beta Psi chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music, in 1941.

Claremont Colleges
Mudd had a particular interest in The Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California. He served as chairman of the Board of Fellows of Claremont College, now The Claremont Graduate University and University Center, for a quarter of a century. Harvey Mudd helped in the founding of Claremont McKenna College in 1945. He helped to plan Claremont's new undergraduate college of science and engineering that was chartered in 1955, shortly after his death. He was also chairman of the Board of Fellows of Claremont College.

Personal life
Mudd married Mildred Esterbrook (February 21, 1891 – August 23, 1958), the daughter of Mary Nichols and Richard Esterbrook (grandson of Richard Esterbrook (1813-1895)), on March 12, 1913. They had two children: Henry T. Mudd (1913–1990) and Caryll Mudd Sprague (1914–1978). Caryll's husband was Norman F. Sprague Jr. (1914–1997), a medical doctor. Henry succeeded his father as head of the Cyprus Mines Corporation.

In her youth, Mildred attended the Veltin School for Girls in Manhattan, New York. When she became an adult, she was a social welfare leader. She became involved with the Girl Scouts in 1934 at the recommendation of Lou Henry Hoover, the wife of former U.S. President Herbert Hoover. For three years, beginning in 1934, she was the Los Angeles County Council commissioner of the Girl Scouts. Between 1934 and 1939, Mildred was able to double the enrollment in Los Angeles. She served as the national president of the Girl Scouts by 1938 and from 1939 to 1941. She had been the director of the Children's Hospital in Los Angeles by 1938. In 1939, Time magazine described her as "Tall, dark, [and] slender" and as "a typical society matron, noted for her large and lavish parties, her charitable activities, [and] her ancient Roman jewelry (dug up in Cyprus)".

Mudd lived in Beverly Hills on Benedict Canyon Drive. The Tudor style residence was designed for Charles Boldt, owner of the Ohio-based Boldt Glass Co. that produced the popular Mason jars, by architect Elmer Grey in 1922. The residence is on an acre of land with seven bedrooms and a swimming pool. In 2008, the house was listed for sale at a price of $11.495 million. The historic property is known as the Harvey Mudd Estate. As of October 2013, this house is for sale again, asking price is $19.99 million.

Mudd died of a heart attack on April 12, 1955, at his home in Beverly Hills, California. He was 66 years old. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale. Mildred Mudd died three years later at the age of 67.

Harvey Mudd College
After Mudd's death in 1955, Mildred Mudd supported the founding later that year of the planned undergraduate college of science and engineering college at Claremont, which would be named for him. Mildred and family members contributed $2 million to endow Harvey Mudd College, which awards degrees in science and engineering. The degree programs require humanities and social science coursework. Mildred was elected as the first chairman of the board of trustees of the college, serving from 1955 until 1958.

title: Harvey Seeley Mudd


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States Assembly

The States Assembly (Assemblée des États; Jèrriais: Êtats d'Jèrri) is the parliament of Jersey, formed of the island's 37 deputies and the Connétable of each of the twelve parishes.

The origins of the legislature of Jersey lie in the system of self-government according to Norman law guaranteed to the Channel Islands by John, King of England, following the division of Normandy in 1204. The States Assembly has exercised uncontested legislative powers since 1771, when the concurrent law-making power of the Royal Court of Jersey was abolished.

The Assembly passes and amends laws and regulations; approves the annual budget and taxation; appoints the chief minister, ministers and members of various committees and panels; debates matters proposed by the Council of Ministers, by individual States Members or by one of the committees or panels. Members are also able to ask questions to find out information and to hold ministers to account.

Executive powers are exercised by a chief minister and eleven ministers, elected from among the members of the Assembly, and are known collectively as the Council of Ministers. Ministers are accountable to the Assembly for the conduct of their departments.

Establishment
The legislature derives its name from the estates (French: états) of the Crown (represented by the Bailiff and Jurats), the Church (the rectors of the parishes) and the people (represented by the connétables) from whom the Assembly was originally summoned. Today, the three estates still exist; however, all three now represent the island population (through the island, the parishes and their districts).

Jersey's political history begins as part of the Duchy of Normandy. However, when the King of France stripped King John of England of the title ‘Duke of Normandy’, the people of Jersey and the other Channel Islands rebelled against the French king, maintaining the sovereignty of the 'rightful' duke.

In 1259, Henry III signed the Treaty of Paris, resigning his claim to the Duchy of Normandy except the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were not absorbed into the Kingdom of England but two offices were appointed; the Warden (the Monarch's representative) and the Bailiff. Other sources state that the Bailiff was in fact appointed initially by the Warden in 1235.

The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split administrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system (the basis of the 'States'), of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy. The law was conducted through 12 jurats, constables (connétable) and a bailiff (Baillé).

The role of the Jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the Justices in Eyre. It is unknown for how long the position of the Jurats has existed, with some claiming the position dates to time immemorial. After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with the frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and Jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice. :28

Originally the Royal Court had legislative power but by the sixteenth century a legislative assembly within the Royal Court was convened. The Royal Court and the States both legislated until with the fixing in 1771 of the Code des Lois it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly.

The earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524. The States are mentioned in a document of 1497 regarding the endowments of the grammar schools; by 1526 attendance by members at the assembly was evidently a requirement, as in that year the Rector of St Mary was fined for failure to attend.

In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London. :70

In the early seventeenth century separate minutes of the States of Jersey were first recorded.

When the monarchy was restored, King Charles II who had escaped to Jersey on his way to exile in France rewarded Jersey with the power to levy customs duties. This power, exercised by the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats, was finally taken over by the States of Jersey in 1921, thereby enabling the States to control the budget independently of the Lieutenant Governor.

Reform
The States voted on 6 November 1856 to adopt a law to add 14 deputies to the assembly to counterbalance the mismatch of population and voting power between town and country. The first deputies were elected 12 January 1857.

The first election by secret ballot was held 1 December 1891.

Until the constitutional reforms brought about in 1948 to strengthen the separation between legislature and judiciary, jurats were the senior politicians, elected for life by island-wide suffrage, and were the presidents of committees and sat in the Royal Court. In 1948 the Jurats were replaced in the legislature by senators, who at first were elected on an island-wide basis for mandates of 9 years (subsequently reduced to 6 years). The Rectors were also removed from the States in 1948 (with the exception of the Dean of Jersey as Rector of St. Helier, who remained but lost his vote), and replaced by an increased number of Deputies.

In terms of language, the traditional official language of the States was always Jersey Legal French and all legislation was written in French. English was only allowed as a language in the Chamber from 1900, and laws only came to be written in English after 1945.

A report produced in 2000, under the chairmanship of Sir Cecil Clothier, proposed a range of administrative reforms aimed at improving the machinery of government, including ending the distinction between senators and deputies and the removal of the constables from the States. Under the proposals, all members of the States would have the title Member of the States of Jersey (MSJ). This was rejected, although proposals to revive it were made by Deputy Geoff Southern in 2013.

Other aspects of the report, especially concerning the role of connétable, met with intense opposition at public meetings in the parishes. The ministerial system has been introduced in an amended form to that proposed by Clothier.

The system of executive government was changed significantly by the States of Jersey Law 2005.

On 3 December 2020, the Assembly agreed to pursue a system of electoral reform, championed by Deputy Russell Labey of the Privileges and Procedures Committee. Under the new system senators and deputies will be replaced with 37 representatives elected across 9 districts which are more proportional to population. The chief minister of the time, Senator John Le Fondré, wished to retain the role of senators in the Assembly. An amendment was also proposed to hold a referendum on the reform before its implementation, but was rejected.

The role of the bailiff as the president of the states is debated. The bailiff continues to sit as the president, but their powers of dissent and casting vote were removed in 2005. The powers of veto of the lieutenant governor were also removed then.

Executive arm
The original structure of the island's government was a committee-style government. The committees were formerly always presided by a jurat (being the most senior member).

The States Chamber
The States Chamber sits on the southern side of the Royal Square in St Helier. It is part of a complex comprising the Royal Court, Bailiff's Chambers and Judicial Greffe.

Until 1887, the States had no meeting place of their own. They used to meet in the Royal Court on the Royal Square. The present chamber was opened in 1887, after a proposition was lodged au Greffe eleven years earlier providing for the establishment of a States Room above the Royal Court extension. The first president of a States meeting in its new home was not the bailiff, who was on sick leave at the time. Instead the lieutenant bailiff presided. The development and construction of the chamber were symbolic of the Assembly's increasing prominence and independence, and of Jersey's growing autonomy.

Seating in the chamber is in Jacobean style, with the benches arranged in horseshoe form around the twin seats of the bailiff and lieutenant governor. The bailiff's seat is raised slightly higher than that of the lieutenant governor to demonstrate his precedence. The initial seating structure of the Assembly was, from the point of view of the president: Jurats to sit on the left, Rectors to sit on the right and the people's representatives to sit in the centre. In modern times (at least until the senators are abolished by electoral reform), the senators sit where the Jurats did before them (as they are now the most senior members), and then Connétables to their left and Deputies to their left (a reduction in seniority as one moves left to right).

There is no requirement for the States to meet in a particular place. For example, during the Civil War, the Assembly met at Trinity Parish Church and in 1769 at Elizabeth Castle. The States also meet elsewhere (such as the Town Hall) during refurbishment works or once in 2014 during a fire alarm). The Assembly has variously met outside. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the States have met either online using Microsoft Teams or at Fort Regent.

Very few changes have been made to the chamber since it opened. In the 2000s, a major refurbishment led the Bailiff's offices to be moved elsewhere in the complex and improvements for States Members' facilities.

Composition
The States Assembly is a unicameral parliament composed of 54 members, of which 49 have an unconditional vote.

37 deputies are elected for a four-year term from nine constituencies by multi-member plurality voting. Constituencies have four members by default, though three have more or less adjusted to the size of their population. Before 2022, 29 deputies were elected to represent their parish or a district within their parish. The Connétables of the twelve parishes of Jersey are elected by first-past-the-post for a four-year term by eligible parishioners. Where running unopposed, prospective and incumbent Connétables must run against a None of the Above option. As well as their role as the head of the civil parishes, Connétables are ex oficio States Members. Collectively, the Connétables form the Comité des Connétables. The position of the Connétables in the States dates to the establishment of the parliament. The States was formed as a meeting of the Bailiff with the Connétables, Rectors and Jurats. Since however, Jurats and Rectors have been removed. Previously, Connétables and Deputies also sat alongside a number of Senators, who were elected by a whole-island constituency on a multi-member plurality vote.

There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown:
 * the Bailiff–who is the President (presiding officer); in his absence, the Deputy Bailiff or the Greffier, Deputy Greffier or an elected member presides
 * the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey–who regularly attends the States but by convention only speaks at the ceremonial sittings marking his appointment and leaving office
 * the Dean of Jersey–who conducts the opening prayers in French at every sitting and who may speak on any issue
 * the Attorney General–the principal legal adviser to the States who may be called on to provide legal advice during sittings
 * the Solicitor General–the Attorney General's deputy.

The clerk of the Assembly is known as the Greffier of the States.

The Viscount is the executive officer of the States (but is no longer a member of the Assembly).

Under the States of Jersey Law 2005, a Council of Ministers is selected from the States Assembly, whose members are the chief minister and at least seven ministers. During the 2008–2011 Assembly, 17 members sat on scrutiny panels, six sit only on the Planning Applications panel or the Privileges and Procedures Committee; and seven had no role other than as a member. Following widespread criticisms of the system of ministerial government introduced in December 2005, the assembly of the States of Jersey agreed in March 2011 to establish an independent electoral commission to review the make-up of the Assembly and government.

Legislative functions
A main type of legislation made by the States is known in English simply as a 'Law', and in French as a Loi (not an 'Act' as in the United Kingdom—in Jersey an Act or Acte of the States is an administrative enactment and may be in the nature of secondary legislation).

After a Law is adopted by the States it must receive royal assent and be registered with the Royal Court of Jersey before it is 'passed'.

Scrutiny functions
Members of the Assembly are responsible for scrutinizing the work of the Council of Ministers, ministers and their departments.

Scrutiny panels of backbench members of the Assembly have been established to examine:
 * Economic & International Affairs
 * Environment, Housing & Infrastructure
 * Corporate Services
 * Children, Education & Home Affairs
 * Health & Social Security

Review Panels are also in operation to examine the following areas:
 * Brexit
 * Future Hospital
 * Care of Children in Jersey
 * Gender Pay Gap
 * Legal Aid
 * One Government
 * The Transfer of the Ambulance Service and CAMHS
 * Government Plan
 * Government Plan Efficiencies
 * Safer Travel Guidelines
 * Migration and Population

A Public Accounts Committee (PAC) also scrutinizes the spending of public finances. The real utility of the panels is said to be "that of independent critique which holds ministers to account and constructively engages with policy which is deficient".

Broadcasting
BBC Radio Jersey broadcasts the main States sittings live on their medium wave frequency 1026 mW in Jersey, replacing the normal BBC Radio Jersey output which is a straight mirror of the FM output.

The raw feed of the States Members talking is provided by the States of Jersey and goes through a desk in the BBC Radio Jersey Studio in the States Chamber where it is mixed by the States Reporter on duty that day.

Broadcasting of the States debates began experimentally on 30 September 1986 and was made a permanent feature on 25 November the same year.

Since December 2005 the States of Jersey have released a complete written record of everything that members say during question time, statements and debates in the States Assembly using Hansard, similar to the UK parliament. These transcriptions are available on the States of Jersey website.

On 15 July 2015 the States Assembly voted 31 in favour and 13 against a proposal that cameras would be installed in the States Chamber in order to provide a live and on-demand video stream through the States Assembly website. The video feed will also be provided to the media.

title: States Assembly


text:
Talk:Photic reflex

Merge photic reflex into photic sneeze reflex
It has been proposed that this page be merged into photic sneeze reflex. I agree. The information on this page should just be replaced with a redirect to that page. None of the information currently here needs to be carried over. sallison 07:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Photic reflex


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Cartographers Range

Cartographers Range (-72.35°N, 167.83333°W) is a rugged range about 25 nmi long in the Victory Mountains, Victoria Land in Antarctica. It is bounded on the north by Pearl Harbor Glacier, on the east by Tucker Glacier, and on the south by Hearfield Glacier and Trafalgar Glacier. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960–64. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for the cartographers and cartographic technicians of the Branch of Special Maps, USGS.

Glaciers
The Cartographers Range is bounded to the north by the Lensen Glacier and Pearl Harbor Glacier, to the east by the Tucker Glacier and to the south by the Wood Glacier and Trafalgar Glacier. The Lensen Glacier, DeWald Glacier and Whiplash Glacier flow north from the range into the Pearl Harbor Glacier. The Wood Glacier, Croll Glacier, Hearfield Glacier and Coulston Glacier flow south into the Trafalgar Glacier.

Features
Features include, from west to east:

Harrison Peak
-72.4°N, 166.65°W. A peak 2,830 m high along the north side of Wood Glacier, about 5 nmi north of Mount McDonald. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for William R. Harrison, biologist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68.

Bramble Peak
-72.36667°N, 166.98333°W. A peak 2,560 m high that surmounts the northeast side of the head of Croll Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Edward J. Bramble, United States Navy, aviation machinist's mate with Squadron VX-6 at McMurdo Station, 1967.

Capling Peak
-72.43333°N, 167.13333°W. A peak 2,730 m high on the north side of Croll Glacier, 5 nmi southeast of Bramble Peak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Robert W. Capling, United States Navy, aviation machinist's mate and flight engineer on Hercules aircraft at McMurdo Station during Operation Deep Freeze 1967 and 1968.

Aldridge Peak
-72.45°N, 167.4°W. A peak 2,290 m high on the ridge between Hearfield Glacier and Trafalgar Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for James A. Aldridge, aviation machinist's mate with United States Navy Squadron VX-6 at McMurdo Station, 1967.

Conard Peak
-72.36667°N, 167.43333°W. A peak 2,230 m high along the north side of Hearfield Glacier, about 5 nmi north of Aldridge Peak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Ralph W. Conard, a member of the aircraft ground handling crew with United States Navy Squadron VX-6 at Williams Field, Ross Island, during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.

Mount Bridger
-72.28333°N, 167.58333°W. A mountain 2,295 m high along the south side of Pearl Harbor Glacier, situated 5 nmi north-northeast of Conard Peak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for William D. Bridger, United States Navy, aviation machinist's mate and flight engineer on Hercules aircraft at Williams Field, Ross Island, on Operation Deep Freeze 1968.

Moraine Ridge
-72.3°N, 168.05°W. A small ridge in the northeast part of Cartographers Range, descending to the southwest flank of Tucker Glacier just south of the junction with Pearl Harbor Glacier. So named by the NZGSAE, 1957-58.

Stevenson Peak
-72.41667°N, 168.28333°W. A peak, 1,780 m high, standing 5 nmi west-northwest of Bypass Hill. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Robert G. Stevenson, geologist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68.

Bypass Hill
-72.46667°N, 168.46667°W. Hill, 660 m high, situated on the ridge at the junction of Tucker and Trafalgar Glaciers. Named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1957-58, who established a survey station at this point.

title: Cartographers Range


text:
Almurta, Victoria

Almurta is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is located along Glen Alvie Road, in the Bass Coast Shire, 107 kilometres south east of Melbourne. A full post office opened here on 21 April 1914 but was closed in 1969.

title: Almurta, Victoria


text:
Bamboo (Filipino band)

Bamboo was a Filipino alternative rock band formed in 2003 by Nathan Azarcon and Bamboo Mañalac. The band was composed of lead vocalist Mañalac, bassist Azarcon, lead and rhythm guitarist Ira Cruz, and drummer Vic Mercado.

Band origin
Francisco "Bamboo" Mañalac serves as the band's frontman. Ira Cruz, the band's guitarist claimed that the name of the band was not just derived from their vocalist's name but also from the word bamboo, the characteristics of which are associated with strength and durability with an island feel to it. Also, it's very Filipino and Asian at the same time, and coincidentally happens to be Mañalac's nickname.

Two of its members, Bamboo Mañalac and Nathan Azarcon, were formerly part of Rivermaya. The other two members, Ira Cruz and Vic Mercado, were former instrumentalists of another band, Passage. Cruz and Azarcon were also former members of the band Kapatid during that time.

Four years after their departure from Rivermaya, Mañalac and Azarcon caught up again with each other, during which Azarcon introduced him to Cruz and Mercado.

Music career
Bamboo's debut album, As The Music Plays, was released in February 2004, where it received positive response from fans and critics alike. The album also won numerous awards at the AWIT Awards, NU 107 Rock Awards, and MTV Pilipinas 2004. and a repackaged version release on October 25, 2004.

Their second album, Light Peace Love, which was released on June 4, 2005, consists of ten songs with differing moods and subjects, and took only 3 months to record. This album has a softer sound with both its lyrics and delivery. For this album, the band added more strings and a variety of other instruments, including trumpets. The band admitted that this album had a personal feel to it. They experimented with several new styles that may please new listeners, at the risk of disappointing fans of the more conventional rock of their first album.

on 2005, the band represents the Philippines at EMI Music Southeast Asia three-day annual regional conference in Singapore

Their third album, We Stand Alone Together, was released on February 16, 2007. It contains covers of local songs such as Buklod's "Tatsulok" and international songs such as Paul Simon's "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover", from different generations. It also includes bonus tracks like unplugged versions of their hit songs from previous albums such as "Mr. Clay", "These Days", and "Hallelujah". Once again, opting to do away with the conventional rock image that was attached to them, they produced sounds which were more jazzy than expected.

Star Music—backed up by ABS-CBN and MYX—produced and created the official soundtrack for the tele-epiko "Rounin", wherein the title track "Argos" was performed by Bamboo. A new avenue was opened to the band, as "Argos" is said to be the band's first venture to record a song for a primetime television show. It is also the first time for the multi-awarded band and Star Music to work together.

The band was also part of the "Days of Peace" Campaign by UNICEF with Gary Valenciano. The band's fourth album, Tomorrow Becomes Yesterday achieved platinum status on September 28, 2008 - just two days after its release.

Past members

 * Bamboo Mañalac – vocals
 * Nathan Azarcon – bass guitar, backing vocals, chief songwriter
 * Ira Cruz – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Vic Mercado – drums, percussion

Break-up
News circulated on January 9, 2011, that Bamboo had "allegedly disbanded". DJ KC Montero of Wave 89.1 confirmed the breakup on Wave's The KC Show and via Twitter. Montero clarified that all the members of the band "have decided to move on," and that he does not know why they called it quits. The group has not released an official statement on the issue, according to ABS-CBNNews.com. On January 11, 2011, Bamboo's lead vocalist Francisco "Bamboo" Mañalac finally confirmed the breakup of his band in an official statement posted on the group's website.

Aftermath
A few months after the band disbanded, the group reformed without the vocalist (Bamboo Mañalac) and formed the band Hijo composed of Nathan Azarcon (vocals & bass), Ira Cruz (guitar), Vic Mercado (drums), Junji Lerma of Wahijuara (guitar) and Jay-O Orduña of Cauio (keyboards and backing vocals).

The band's frontman Bamboo Mañalac pursued a solo career and released his first album as a solo artist in November 2011.

Albums

 * As The Music Plays (2004) - Double Platinum (A 2-disc Repackaged Version was released in 2004)
 * Light Peace Love (2005) - Platinum
 * We Stand Alone Together (2007) - Gold
 * Tomorrow Becomes Yesterday (2008) - Platinum (A 2-disc Repackaged Version was released in late 2010)

Compilations

 * Full Volume:The Best Of Pinoy Alternative (2005 Polyeast Records)
 * includes As The Music Plays (Jam Version)

 * Rounin OST (2007 Star Music) :includes Argos
 * Astig...The Biggest OPM Hits (2008 Universal Records)
 * Platinum Hits Collection (2011 Polyeast Records)''

Commercial endorsements

 * Smart
 * Nescafé
 * Colt 45
 * Pepsi
 * Yamaha Motors
 * Tanduay Rhum T5 (with 6cyclemind, Chicosci, Kamikazee, and Sandwich)

title: Bamboo (Filipino band)


text:
Mazyar

Mazyar (Middle Persian: Māh-Izād; Mazandarani/) was an Iranian prince from the Qarinvand dynasty, who was the ruler (ispahbadh) of the mountainous region of Tabaristan from 825/6 to 839. For his resistance to the Abbasid Caliphate, Mazyar is considered one of the national heroes of Iran by twentieth-century Iranian nationalist historiography. His name means "protected by the yazata of the moon".

Origin
Mazyar belonged to the Qarinvand dynasty, which was descended from Sukhra, a powerful magnate from the House of Karen, who was the de facto ruler of the Sasanian Empire from 484 to 493. However, due to his great influence and power, he was exiled and executed by the Sasanian king Kavadh I (r. 488–496 & 498–531). Sukhra was survived by eight sons, one of them being Karin, who in return for aiding Kavadh I's son and successor Khosrow I (r. 531–579) against the Western Turkic Khaganate in the 550s, received land to the south of Amol in Tabaristan, thus starting the Qarinvand dynasty.

Accession, flight, and rise to power
Mazyar succeeded his father Qarin ibn Vindadhhurmuzd in ca. 817. However, his territories were soon invaded by the neighbouring Bavandid ruler Shahriyar I, who defeated Mazyar and forced him to flee. Mazyar took refuge with his cousin Vinda-Umid, who betrayed him and handed him over to Shahriyar. However, Mazyar managed to escape and reach the court of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. There he met one of his astrologers, Yahya ibn al-Munajjim, a Persian who had recently converted to Islam and belonged to the Banu Munajjim family. Mazyar soon also embraced Islam, and al-Ma'mun gave him the title of "Servant of the Commander of the Faithful" (mawlā amīr al-muʾminīn) and the Muslim name of Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad.

Mazyar was also granted two towns of Ruyan and Damavand in Tabaristan as his fief, and was named as the co-governor of Tabaristan with the Abbasid statesman Musa ibn Hafs. In 822/3, Mazyar returned to Tabaristan with Abbasid reinforcements, and began to deal with his enemies—he had his brother Quhyar exiled, and did the same to Shahriyar I's son Qarin I, who was his nephew. In 825/6, Mazyar invaded the domains of the Bavandids, and captured Shahriyar's son and successor, Shapur. His uncle, Vinda-Umid, was also defeated, and shortly afterwards killed. Mazyar thus united the highlands under his own rule. He then assumed the titles of Gil-Gilan, Ispahbadh, and Padishkhwargarshah, all titles used by the 8th-century Dabuyid king of Tabaristan, Farrukhan the Great (r. 712-728).

Early rule as Ispahbadh of Tabaristan
Shapur, knowing that Mazyar planned to have him killed, sent a secret message to Musa, willing to pay him 100,000 dirhams if he would assert him as his own prisoner. Musa responded by saying his best shot would be to convert to Islam and become a client of the caliph. Musa, nervous of Mazyar learning of his secret communication with Shapur, asked him how he would react if Shapur converted to Islam and offered to become a client of the caliph. Mazyar gave no answer, but had Shapur beheaded the same day, which greatly angered Musa. Mazyar, fearful of the consequences of having Shapur killed without consensus, apologized to Musa.

Mazyar now began constructing mosques in several towns, and successfully plundered the territories of the Daylamites, and had a large number of them resettled in the border place of Muzn. In 826/7, Musa died and was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Musa, to whom Mazyar paid no attention. Mazyar continued to expand his influence, but his policies were regarded by the Muslims of Tabaristan as oppressive. The Muslims of Tabaristan and the Bavandid prince Qarin I now began complaining to al-Ma'mun about Mazyar's behavior, but did not manage to turn al-Ma'mun against Mazyar.

After al-Ma'mun became involved in a war against the Byzantine Empire, Mazyar used the opportunity to imprison Muhammad ibn Musa on the charge of being secretly involved with the Alids. Al-Ma'mun soon acknowledged Mazyar's rule over Tabaristan and its surrounding regions. When al-Ma'mun died in 833, he was succeeded by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, who also acknowledged Mazyar as the ruler of Tabaristan.

However, when the Tahirid ruler Abdallah ibn Tahir demanded the payment of the land tax (kharaj) from Mazyar, the latter refused. Abdallah, claiming Tabaristan as his own fief, then demanded that Mazyar should release Muhammad ibn Musa. Mazyar, however, once again refused to obey Abdallah, and the latter went before al-Mu'tasim to accuse Mazyar of infidelity and tyranny.

Rebellion
Feeling threatened, Mazyar rebelled against the Abbasid Caliphate, an act which was widely supported by the native Zoroastrians and the Abbasid-controlled border regions. Mazyar tried to secure the loyalty of the noblemen of Tabaristan and imprisoned anyone he did not trust. According to the medieval historian Ibn Isfandiyar in his Tarikh-e-Tabaristan, Mazyar is said to have proclaimed: Afshin, the son of Kavus, Babak Khorramdin, and I had made an oath and allegiance that we take the country back from the Arabs and transfer the government and the country back to the family of Kasraviyan.

Abdallah and al-Mu'tasim sent five armies that entered Tabaristan from all sides. Mazyar named his brother Quhyar as the defender of the Qarinvand mountains, and the Bavandid Qarin I as the defender of eastern Tabaristan. However, Tabaristan fell quickly to the Abbasid invasion: several cities were taken by surprise, while Qarin I betrayed Mazyar and agreed to aid the Abbasids in exchange for being restored as the ruler of his family's domains. The people of Sari revolted against Mazyar, and Mazyar was betrayed by his brother Quhyar, who captured him and surrendered him to al-Mu'tasim.

Mazyar was brought to Samarra, where he was executed. His body later was gibbeted along with the body of Babak Khorramdin. Mazyar's brother Quhyar was shortly after killed by his own Daylamite soldiers because of his betrayal of Mazyar. This marked the end of the Qarivand dynasty. This left the Tahirids as the rulers of Tabaristan, and Qarin I was restored as the ruler of the Bavand dynasty as a vassal.

title: Mazyar


text:
Susan Page

Susan Lea Page (born February 12, 1951) is an American journalist, political commentator, and biographer, and the Washington, D.C. bureau chief for USA Today.

Early life
Page, a native of Wichita, Kansas, is a 1973 graduate of Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism, where she was editor-in-chief of the Daily Northwestern, and has a master's degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, where she was a Pulitzer Fellow.

As a child, Page had two passions: music and journalism. She began studying oboe in the third grade and played it in the school orchestras throughout her public school education. She was also the editor-in-chief of her high school yearbook, The Hoofbeats, and served as a reporter and editor for her high school newspaper, The Stampede. She considered attending music school, but ultimately decided to pursue journalism at Northwestern University.

Career
Page has covered seven White House administrations and eleven presidential elections, and interviewed ten presidents. She founded and hosts a video newsmaker series for USA Today, "Capital Download". She appears frequently on cable news networks as an analyst and often guest-hosted The Diane Rehm Show, which was syndicated on National Public Radio. She was the first woman to serve as music chairman of the Gridiron Club show and was also president of the club in 2011, the oldest association of journalists in Washington. She was president of the White House Correspondents Association in 2000. She also served as chairman of the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Awards and has twice been a juror for the Pulitzer Prizes. Her first book was published in 2019, a biography of former First Lady Barbara Bush titled The Matriarch: Barbara Bush and the Making of an American Dynasty. In 2021, her biography of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi was published, titled Madam Speaker: Nancy Pelosi and the Lessons of Power. Page signed a deal with Simon & Schuster in 2021 to write a biography of broadcaster Barbara Walters. Page was selected as the moderator of the 2020 vice presidential debate between Mike Pence and Kamala Harris, which took place on October 7, 2020, in Salt Lake City.

Page attracted scrutiny over her journalistic ethics when investigations revealed she had hosted off-the-record events for Trump administration officials like CMS Administrator Seema Verma. USA Today defended her participation, claiming she put on the soirees for female officials of both parties.

She is a frequent panelist on Fox News Sunday, This Week on ABC, Washington Week on PBS, and Meet the Press on NBC.

Awards
She has won several awards for her work, including the Merriman Smith Memorial Award, the Aldo Beckman Memorial Award, the Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the Presidency (twice) and the Sigma Delta Chi Distinguished Service Award for Washington Correspondence (shared).

Personal life
In 1982, she married Carl Leubsdorf, syndicated columnist and former Washington bureau chief for The Dallas Morning News, in a non-denominational ceremony in Washington, D.C.

title: Susan Page


text:
Ryan McCombs

Ryan McCombs (born July 16, 1974) is an American musician best known for being the vocalist of alternative metal bands Soil and Drowning Pool.

Soil (1997–2004, 2011–present)
McCombs was discovered by Soil through a compilation CD of unsigned bands. He joined the band as lead vocalist in mid-1997. Soil released three albums (Throttle Junkies, Scars and Redefine) and two EPs (Soil and El Chupacabra) during his time in the group. With heavy anthems like "Halo" and "Unreal", the band gained commercial recognition and international status with their second album, Scars, in 2001. Their 2004 follow-up would continue Soil's significant exposure. While touring for their latest album, McCombs suddenly decided to leave the band, which caused the cancelation of many scheduled performances alongside acts like Sevendust and Damageplan.

In 2011, McCombs rejoined Soil. The band played various venues throughout the UK including Download Festival at which it played a live acoustic set for the first time. The band released their new album Whole on August 16, 2013 (worldwide) and August 20, 2013 (North America).

Drowning Pool (2005–2011, 2023–present)
After his departure, McCombs took a one-year hiatus from the music business. By the time he returned to music, Soil had already found a new lead singer, A.J. Cavalier. Around this time, Drowning Pool's second singer, Jason Jones, left to join A.M. Conspiracy. Amidst rumors spreading about who would be Drowning Pool's next singer, the band confirmed the new vocalist's identity at Ozzfest in Dallas, Texas on August 25, 2005, to be McCombs.

The first Drowning Pool song released with McCombs as the singer was a remake of their song "Rise Up", originally performed with Jason Jones as lead singer. The song was titled "Rise Up 2006" and featured as a bonus downloadable track on WWE Wreckless Intent, and was the theme for WWE SmackDown until 2008. The soundtrack to the film Saw III contains a demo version of "No More", the second track released with McCombs on vocals. Drowning Pool recorded their third studio album, Full Circle, released on August 7, 2007. It featured the hit single "37 Stitches". "Shame", which was released as the album's last single, was featured in the Saw IV soundtrack. In 2010, the band released their fourth album, Drowning Pool. It once again features McCombs as vocalist, thus being the first Drowning Pool album not to feature a new lead singer.

In November 2011, it was announced that McCombs and Drowning Pool would be parting ways, and that he would once again be the permanent vocalist for Soil.

On March 16, 2023, the band announced that Ryan McCombs (while continuing his vocal duties with Soil) has rejoined, replacing Jasen Moreno. This marks his return to the band, since leaving in 2011.

Personal life
McCombs has three children. He married his second wife in 2017.

McCombs suffered a stroke in 2014 a couple of days after playing at The Bierkeller in Bristol.

Soil

 * Soil (EP, 1997)
 * El Chupacabra! (EP, 1998)
 * Throttle Junkies (1999)
 * Scars (2001)
 * Redefine (2004)
 * Whole (2013)
 * Play It Forward (2022)
 * Restoration (2023)

Drowning Pool

 * Full Circle (2007)
 * Loudest Common Denominator (live album, 2009)
 * Drowning Pool (2010)

title: Ryan McCombs


text:
Rivington Pike

Rivington Pike is a hill on Winter Hill, part of the West Pennine Moors at Rivington, Chorley in Lancashire, England. The nearest towns are Adlington and Horwich. The land and building are owned and managed by Chorley Council. The Pike Tower is a prominent local landmark located below the summit, it is part of Lever Park. The area is popular with hill walkers and for mountain biking.

Geography and geology
The pike at 1,191 feet high is the most westerly high point of Winter Hill in the West Pennine Moors. The high moorland is underlain with Carboniferous rocks, the Millstone Grit, sandstones and shales of the Lower Coal Measures which rise high above the Lancashire Plain to the west and Greater Manchester conurbation to the south.

From the summit it is possible to see Blackpool Tower, the Lake District mountains, the Welsh mountains and as far as the Isle of Man.

Toponymy
The hill had the ancient name in Old English of hreof plus ing meaning the rough or rugged hill and pic, a pointed eminence, the earliest recorded name is Winterhold Pike in 1250 in a grant from Roger Rivington and by 1280 it was known as "Roun pic" within a grant by Cecily Roynton. The hill was recorded as Rovyng in 1325 and Rivenpike in about 1540. Saxton records the name as Rivenpike Hill on his 1577 map.

History
The Pike has many prehistoric sites nearby, at Noon Hill tumulus on Winter Hill, Pike Stones and Two Lads, in the valley is Coblowe hillock by the Lower Rivington Reservoir. There are records of flint chipping being found at the Pike and moorland. A flint spear head was found at the nearby 'Tigers Clough'. There is a feature at the summit of the hill which the author Fergusson Irvine in his 1904 book described as a 'a curious hog-backed mound'. Of the hill he states "no doubt it is mainly a natural feature, but there are distinct traces of its having been trimmed and the approach steepened at several points". and he also states it is possible that a standing stone occupied the summit in the prehistoric period. These remains can be seen from the air.

The Pike was a meeting place of political activists in 1801 through a group known as the United Englishmen, a clandestine revolutionary republican organisation advocating universal suffrage and uprisings across the UK, they sought assistance from the French. Those who attended the gathering were arrested but bailed, they became known as the 'Rivington Hill rioters'. The Pike, being located on Winter Hill was one of the destinations in the UK's largest mass trespass, which occurred in 1896, when 10,000 people marched to enforce their rights of way.

Beacon
The prominent summit of Rivington Pike hill has a mound with a circular trench, this was the site of one of a series of beacons spanning England as an early warning system. The beacon system was put in place by Ranulph de Blundeville, 4th Earl of Chester around 1139, following a Scottish raid in 1138, when a small Lancashire army was defeated near Clitheroe by a much larger Scottish force. The beacon here was one of the famous examples used in Elizabethan England to warn of the approaching Spanish Armada, lit on 19 July 1588. There are records of a petition for reimbursement of a watching beacon in 1640. The stones from the beacon firepit were used to create a base for the Pike Tower in 1733.

20th century and later
Beacons were lit near to the tower for the coronation of King George V in 1910, to celebrate peace after the Great War in 1919, in 1977 and 2012 to celebrate the Silver and Diamond Jubilees of Queen Elizabeth II, and in 2016 for the Queen's 90th birthday. An artificial beacon was lit with projection of the Flag of the United Kingdom onto the Pike Tower, in celebration for the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2022.

Tower
The Pike Tower is a Grade II* listed building lower down the Pike hill than the summit, high enough to be prominent from most directions. Built by John Andrews of Rivington Hall in 1733. The Pike hill was the site of an ancient beacon; the tower's foundation is made from stone found there and was built as a hunting lodge. Square in plan with sides 16 ft in length and 20 ft high, it was built with a wooden roof, three windows and a door all of which are now blocked up. The foundations have become exposed over centuries due to erosion.

The roof was slate and hidden by a parapet with pointed corners and intermediate steps, originally built with a small cellar measuring 5 x, a corner stone fireplace and chimney and stone floor slabs. The materials were brought in by horse and cart from Warrington; windows and glass came from Chorley. The internal features and roof had gone before the rebuild.

Liverpool City Council, the former owner, neglected the tower and planned to demolish it in 1967, after a public outcry and legal action the land and building was transferred to Chorley Rural District Council in 1971 who rebuilt the main external stonework of building in 1974 and completed further work in the 1990s. The Pike Hill and tower are owned and managed by Chorley Council under title number LAN21334.

Events
Rivington Pike Easter Fair was held annually on Whit Saturday, until the arrival of the Manchester and Bolton Railway's extension to Preston and the opening of Blackrod railway station in 1841 which brought more visitors, after which the Fair was moved to Good Friday in 1900, by then a bank holiday weekend. It has remained popular, with large numbers attending. The fair was stopped during the Covid pandemic for the years 2020 and 2021.

The Rivington Pike Fell Race has been held on the Saturday before Easter Sunday since 1892. The course is 3¼ miles and has a 700-foot ascent. Many walkers continue the Good Friday tradition of walking to the pike summit.

In the years 1906 to 1912, a car and motorcycle race and hill climb was held by the North-East Lancs Automobile Club and the Lancashire Motor-Cycle Club.

Past campaigns
The Winter Hill mass trespass occurred in 1896, a march of 10,000 people descended on the moorland and up to the Pike from Bolton on two weekends to enforce their rights to roam.

Leverhulme also supported the rights of ordinary people to access the countryside, and used his own funds to secure the rights for the inhabitants. A water bill in 1989 threatened the rights to roam in Rivington, leading to a rally held here to protect rights of access, led by the Ramblers Association. A pledge was made by 3,000 to protect access to the hills. A further attempt by the water company to introduce an act of Parliament in 1997 was rejected after public opposition with the support of the local MP. The Pike and Japanese Gardens, part of the Terraced Gardens, along with the entire moorland are today part of an area of public access land with legally protected rights to roam.

Public access

Belmont Road (USRN 7400767) and Roynton Road (USRN: 7400820) are the two roads that provide access to the hillside, the Terraced Gardens, the Pike and Winter Hill from the direction of Chorley, Belmont and Horwich. Both are open public roads recorded on the National Street Gazetteer which are public and under the control of the Lancashire County Council with adopted status and statutory protection by way of the Highways Act 1980. Gates placed on these roads must not be locked shut. The speed advice is a maximum of 5 mph. Belmont Road forks at the Pigeon Tower. The descending road has washed away. The continuation of the road to the right heads to Rivington Road and is now a dirt track across Rivington Moor. Roynton Road provides access across the lower part of the hillside and connects Rivington Lane to Sheep House Lane, via seven arch bridge.

The area is popular with walkers and many other road users including horse riders, mountain bikes, and motorcycles, and may be accessed by suitable cars. Footpaths and bridleways provide access to the hillside and surrounding moorland, protected by CROW, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.

Although land registry documents for the Pike hill do not record protection through the Liverpool Corporation Act 1902, it is an oversight, it was documented as part of the gift to the people of Bolton by Lord Leverhulme at the creation of Lever Park. The Pike, although a distance from the reservoirs and now owned by Chorley Council is part of Lever park and is mentioned as such in the Lever park Act 1969 and has legally protected rights to free and uninterrupted public enjoyment in the 1902 Liverpool Corporation Act. It is an area of open access land and has a right to roam. The Pike hill summit was included on the map presented by Lord Leverhulme to Bolton as part of the lands donated for the creation of Lever Park and as such there is a right to 'free and uninterrupted enjoyment'.

On the definitive map bridleway number 108 leads to the Pike Tower at the summit, passing Brown Hill accessible via bridleway 107 and 81 from Belmont Road. Bridleway 80 circles the base of the hill at the moorland side. There are other paths and bridleways in the area that are rights of way. The popular routes to the summit are via footpath 82, through the terraced gardens and via bridleway 98 past Higher Knoll farm. In the 1990s steps were built on the hillside to prevent deterioration.

title: Rivington Pike


text:
Alvie, Victoria

Alvie is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is located along Baynes Road, in the Colac Otway Shire, north-west of Colac. It was named after a Scottish town of the same name, which was the birthplace of James Macpherson Grant, the Minister of Lands. It is situated in what became a rich dairying, potato and onion growing area.

Red Rock Reserve, which incorporates several volcanic craters, is in Alvie. It includes a public lookout.

The local primary school, Alvie Consolidated School, was opened in 1957. It occupies a 15-acre site on Wool Wool Road. A post office at Alvie opened on 27 June 1894 and was closed in 1978. A railway branch line to Alvie from Colac was opened in 1923, mainly to assist the development of soldier settlement in the area after World War I. The line closed in 1954. Alvie Football Netball Club has an Australian rules football and a netball team competing in the Colac & District Football League. The football team, the Swans, has won 12 premierships since World War II.

title: Alvie, Victoria