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Wyke, Bradford

Wyke (population 14,180 – 2001 UK census) is a ward within the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council in the county of West Yorkshire, England, named after the village of Wyke. The population taken at the 2011 Census was 14,958.

As well as the area of Wyke, the ward includes the adjoining hamlet of Lower Wyke, the area around Carr House, known as Carr House Gate, part of Oakenshaw (the main part of which is in Kirklees), and most of Low Moor. It is bordered on the east side by the M606 motorway and extends up to the Staygate roundabout on the north.

Wyke Methodist Church is located at Laverack Field in Wyke. The South Bradford Local History Alliance reports that "the Wesleyan movement held meetings in Wyke in the mid-19th century at a property in Wyke Lane known as Bink’s Cottage, and later at the home of Joseph Clark near the Temperance Hall. The original chapel was built in 1869 and was officially opened in 1871. A Sunday School was added in 1913."

Councillors
Wyke is represented on Bradford Council by three Labour Party councillors, David Warburton, Sarah Ferriby and Rosie Watson.

indicates seat up for re-election.

title: Wyke, Bradford


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A Man Escaped

A Man Escaped or The Wind Bloweth Where It Listeth (Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, which literally translates as: "A man condemned to death has escaped or The wind blows where it wants"; the subtitle is a quote from ) is a 1956 French prison film directed by Robert Bresson. It is based on a memoir by André Devigny, a member of the French Resistance who was held in Montluc prison during World War II by the occupying Germans, though the protagonist of the film was given a different name.

The film was screened in competition at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and it has been one of Bresson's most renowned works since its initial release.

Plot
In Lyon in 1943, Fontaine, a member of the French Resistance, jumps out of the car that is taking him to Montluc prison. He is immediately apprehended, and his German captors handcuff him, beat him, and lock him up. Throughout his time in prison, Fontaine regularly hears gunfire as other inmates are executed.

At first, Fontaine is placed in a cell on the ground floor of Montluc. He communicates with his neighbor by tapping on the wall and is regularly able to talk to Terry, a member of a small group that is allowed to exercise in a courtyard unsupervised, from his window. Terry takes Fontaine's letters to his family and superiors in the Resistance and gets him a safety pin so he can remove his handcuffs.

After fifteen days, Fontaine is moved to a cell on the top floor of Montluc, and he is no longer made to wear handcuffs. His new neighbor, Blanchet, is an elderly man who refuses to respond to his taps on the wall, but he gets to know several other inmates on his daily trips to empty his slop bucket and wash his face, even though the guards regularly admonish them for talking. After Blanchet faints while emptying his slop bucket, he and Fontaine begin to talk to each other at their windows.

Fontaine notices the wooden door of his cell is made up of thick boards joined together by a softer wood, so he sharpens the end of a spoon and begins to chisel away at the joints. After weeks of slow, silent, meticulous work, which involves keeping track of and disposing of every wood shaving and camouflaging the damage he is doing to the door, he is able to get out of his cell into the hallway at will. He then makes some rope using most of his linens and the wire from his bed frame.

Some of Fontaine's fellow inmates begin to believe he may actually have found a way to escape from Montluc, and Orsini, who helped alert Fontaine to approaching guards while he was chiseling at his door, asks to come along. Fontaine shares his plan with Orsini, but Orsini thinks it is too complicated and instead tries to make a run for it one day as the inmates walk to empty their slop buckets. He is caught and returned to his cell to await execution, and he tells Fontaine to fashion hooks to scale the prison walls from the frame of the lighting fixture in his cell.

Fontaine makes more rope out of some cloth items he receives in a package, and Blanchet even donates a blanket to his escape effort. As time goes on, however, the other inmates begin to doubt Fontaine will ever really try to escape, and another prisoner refuses to join his plan, calling it unrealistic.

Shortly after learning he has been sentenced to death, Fontaine is given a cellmate. The young soldier, François Jost, says he has been convicted of desertion, but Fontaine suspects he may have been planted by the Nazis to get information. Fontaine spends time feeling Jost out and ultimately decides to trust the boy and escape with him, knowing he would have to kill him otherwise.

One day, Fontaine says his goodbyes and tells Jost his plan. Jost realizes he does not really have a choice, so he agrees and helps make some more rope. The pair go into the hallway that night and reach the roof via a skylight. Fontaine slowly leads the way across the roof, taking advantage of the auditory cover provided by passing trains, and descends into a courtyard, where he kills a German guard. He and Jost climb a building and hook a rope across the gap between the inner and outer walls of the prison compound, but Fontaine loses his nerve and just sits there. Hours later, he finally shimmies across the rope and drops down into the streets of Lyon, and he and Jost walk away from Montluc undetected.

Cast

 * François Leterrier as Lieutenant Fontaine
 * Charles Le Clainche as François Jost
 * Maurice Beerblock as Blanchet
 * Roland Monod as Pastor Deleyris
 * Jacques Ertaud as Orsini
 * Jean-Paul Delhumeau as Hebrard
 * Roger Treherne as Terry
 * Jean-Philippe Delamarre as Prisoner 110
 * César Gattegno as Prisoner X
 * Jacques Oerlemans as the head guard
 * Klaus Detlef Grevenhorst as the Abwehr officer
 * Leonhard Schmidt as the escort guard

Production
The film is based on the memoirs of André Devigny, a member of the French Resistance who escaped from Montluc prison in Lyon in 1943. Bresson had also been held by the Germans during WWII, though as a prisoner of war.

In an interview, Bresson said that, with A Man Escaped, he "wanted to achieve a great purity, a greater asceticism than in Diary of a Country Priest", noting his use of nonprofessional actors. The music that appears several times in the film is the Kyrie from Mozart's Great Mass in C minor, K. 427.

Reception and legacy
Bresson won Best Director at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was named by the National Board of Review as one of the best foreign films of 1956. Today, the work is sometimes considered Bresson's masterpiece,   and it came 69th in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll. Roger Ebert wrote: "Watching a film like A Man Escaped is like a lesson in the cinema. It teaches by demonstration all the sorts of things that are not necessary in a movie. By implication, it suggests most of the things we're accustomed to are superfluous. I can't think of a single unnecessary shot in A Man Escaped."

Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieslowski was influenced by the film and ranked it as one of the top ten films that "affected" him the most. British-American filmmaker Christopher Nolan was influenced by the film (along with Pickpocket) when making Dunkirk (2017). Benny Safdie of the Safdie Brothers named the film as his favorite of all time. American-British singer Scott Walker also listed the film as one of his all-time favorites.

Home video releases
New Yorker Video released the film on Region 1 DVD in 2004 (this release is currently out of print). Artificial Eye put out a Region 2 release in the UK in April 2008, which contains a superior audio/video presentation and features the 1984 Dutch documentary The Road to Bresson as an extra. Madman Entertainment released a Region 4 Australian DVD in July 2009, which contains a scholarly audio commentary by Professor Ross Gibson of the Sydney College of the Arts, University of Sydney.

Gaumont released the film on Blu-ray in France in November 2010.

The film was released by The Criterion Collection in March 2013 on Region A Blu-ray and Region 1 DVD. Supplementary features included with this release include "Bresson: Without a Trace", the 1965 episode of the French television program Cinéastes de notre temps that features the director's first on-camera interview; The Road to Bresson, which features interviews with filmmakers Andrei Tarkovsky, Louis Malle, and Paul Schrader; The Essence of Forms, a 2010 French documentary in which collaborators and admirers of Bresson, including actor François Leterrier and director Bruno Dumont, share their thoughts about the director and his work; and "Functions of Film Sound", a visual essay on the use of sound in A Man Escaped, which features narration taken from a chapter about the film in Film Art: An Introduction by film scholars David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A Man Escaped


text:
Talk:List of countries by exchange rate regime

Untitled
I don't think the Mexican Peso can truly qualify as a free floating currency given the daily interventions by the Mexican central bank in the currency markets over time, especially in 2015. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1012:B167:6805:CDC:A110:92FB:6FF9 (talk) 17:29, 1 August 2015 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi#Exchange_rate does not agree with this page...

This article: The People's Republic of China recently unpegged their currency, which was formerly affixed to the US dollar.

Renminbi Mainland China's currency, which for the previous decade had been tightly pegged at 8.28 renminbi to the U.S. dollar, was revalued on July 21, 2005 to 8.11 per U.S. dollar, following the removal of the peg to the US dollar and pressure from the United States. The People's Bank of China also announced that the renminbi would be pegged to a basket of foreign currencies, rather than being strictly tied to the U.S. dollar, and would trade within a narrow 0.3 percent band against this basket of currencies. China has stated that the basket is dominated by the U.S. dollar, euro, Japanese yen and South Korean won, with a smaller proportion made up of the British pound, Thai baht and Russian ruble.

Headings misleading?
Does "Floating" mean "Managed float", versus "Free float"? Unclear. Tony  (talk)  09:50, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

I agree. Furthermore, South Korea is not listed on the page for Managed Float Regimes, but neither is it listed here as "Free Floating". So which is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.250.5.248 (talk) 22:24, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

Needs links, citations
The categories need links to define what they mean. And in general, this categorization seems poorly sourced, and exchange rate regimes can change over time. I think each implicit assertion that a currency belongs in the category shown should have a reference. Following the links to the currencies sometimes provides such info, but often using different terminology. ★NealMcB★ (talk) 17:13, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Article reformat
Right now the article consists of a monstrous table that requires horizontal scrolling, and then the same information presented in several unsortable lists. All the of the content should be replaced with one sortable list consisting of perhaps 3 columns: country, currency, regime type.

Constrast with List of circulating fixed exchange rate currencies. Wizmut (talk) 23:03, 9 December 2023 (UTC)


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Military history of Austria

The Austrian Empire and its predecessor, the Archduchy of Austria, was one of the most prevalent states in Europe throughout its history. The following is Austria's military history from the 18th century.

18th Century
After a series of impressive victories in the Great Turkish War, Austria found itself at war with France again along the Grand Alliance. Still, Austria and its allies managed to win impressive victories like Turin and Blenheim, plus the Austrians successfully crushed uprisings in Hungary and Bavaria. However, the French victory at Denain secured the Bourbon throne in Spain. Still, the Austrians fought well and enjoyed great territorial gains in the Treaty of Rastatt.

In 1716 the Ottomans once again invaded Austria, but the military genius Prince Eugene of Savoy outmatched them in the battles of Petrovaradin and Belgrade, expanding Austria to its greatest territorial extent. Meanwhile, the Spanish wanted to recapture their lost territories, but Austria and its allies stopped them.

In the 1730s the skill of Austrian soldiers & generals would temporarily decline. Crushing defeats against the French and Ottomans at Guastalla & Grocka caused the Austrians to lose most of their previously gained territories.

Worse, in 1740 Prussia invaded Silesia to become a great power. Austria's defeat against a tiny country convinced many other countries to finally partition it. Prussia, France, Spain, Bavaria, Saxony, Naples, Sardinia and Modena then created an alliance to finally wipe out Austria from the European map. At first, the invasion of Austria went well: The Franco-Bavarian armies quickly invaded Upper Austria and then took Bohemia along with Saxony. Meanwhile, Maria Theresa called the Hungarians for her help and appointed Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller as commander-in-chief. Despite not getting help from Britain, Russia and the Netherlands or the promised 60,000 Hungarian troops (only 1/3 of them were ready for combat) yet, Khevenhüller was able to launch a massive offensive that annihilated huge parts of the Franco-Bavarian armies (alone in Linz 10,000 French surrendered). Munich was taken. However, Prussia was still able to take Silesia and leave the war. Meanwhile, Modena was occupied, Sardinia switched sides, and Spain & Naples were unable to control entire North Italy thanks to Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun. Saxony switched sides as well in 1743. In 1744 Frederick the Great even tried to conquer Bohemia, but Austro-Saxon forces harassed his supply lines and forced him to retreat. His victory at Hohenfriedberg however allowed him to keep Silesia, despite the decisive Bavarian defeat. The war ended in 1748.

Maria Theresa then began massive military reforms. When the Seven Years' War started, Prussia enjoyed initial success by conquering Saxony and Prague. However, the Austrians took advantage of their poor performance and defeated the Prussians at Kolín & Hochkirch. After Kunersdorf the Prussians were so close to defeat that only the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg saved them from certain destruction. In a last-ditch effort, Prussia beat Austria at Torgau and so the war became an inconclusive stalemate, which was arguably still more satisfactory for Prussia.

After that, Austria didn't see so many military actions. It joined the Polish partitions, fought another inconclusive struggle against Prussia, and beat the Ottomans along with Russia in the Austro-Turkish War.

French Revolutionary & Napoleonic Wars
Austria entered the French Revolutionary Wars with a rough start after France had declared war on Austria. Although Austria was successfully able to defend the German territories, the young Napoleon Bonaparte crushed the Austrians in North Italy. The 2nd Coalition War went no better, with humiliating defeats at Marengo and Hohenlinden taking place.

The Napoleonic Wars greatly became unpopular in Austria, but Britain constantly convinced Austria to join it. When Austria finally joined in 1805, its army capitulated at Ulm and was together defeated with the Russians at Austerlitz. Francis I's brother Archduke Charles basically then tried to make reforms to make the Austrian army more effective. Although not completed yet, the Austrians, after some early setbacks inflicted Napoleon's first major defeat at Aspern-Essling. However, Napoleon was still able to defeat Archduke Charles at Wagram and force him to sue for peace despite the heavy French casualties. Austria then practiced in the French invasion of Russia with no significant fighting, but after the French disaster finally rejoined the Coalition again. The Austrians took part in the German & Italian campaigns and forced Napoleon to surrender along the other great powers. Austria played a decisive role in dethroning Murat after beating him at Tolentino. Napoleon's fate was finally sealed at Waterloo.

Post-Napoleonic Wars to World War I
Austria enjoyed a quite peaceful period from 1816 and 1847. It only put down some minor rebellions and naval expeditions in Morocco and Egypt. Austrian admiral Archduke Friedrich led the Anglo-Austrian-Ottoman troops ahead of all others against the Bergcastell and by 6 o'clock in the afternoon Sidon was taken. 1,500 men of the crew were taken prisoner. Following the bombardment of Acre on 3-4 November 1840, he then decided to attack the citadel that night and personally led a small landing party of Austrian, British, and Ottoman troops and took the citadel of Acre after the Egyptian garrison had fled. They hoisted the Ottoman, British and Austrian flags over the citadel.

In 1848 Austria faced two dangerous revolutions and the army was once needed again. While Joseph Radetzky von Radetz beat the Italians at Custoza and Novara, Austrian commanders in Hungary needed Russian help.

The revolutions significantly weakened Austria, plus it became isolated after the Crimean War in order to avoid another Hungarian revolution. Sardinia then successfully provoked Austria to declare war on them, resulting in France intervening and decisively defeating Austria at Solferino.

Then Austria joined the Second Schleswig War to defeat Denmark. While Prussia suffered initial defeats against tiny Denmark at Mysunde and Jasmund, Austria on the other hand beat them at Königshügel, Sankelmark, Vejle and Heligoland. However, Prussia managed to secure a decisive victory against Denmark at Dybbøl.

Still, Austria & Prussia quickly broke their alliance and fought against each other for German leadership. Due to superior Prussian leadership, better-trained troops, a more developed economy, faster railways, and faster rifles, the Prussians decisively won at Königgrätz. Although Austria was successful against Italy, they were unable to stop the Prussian advance. This war not only caused Austria to lose German leadership, but it was also the beginning of Austria's permanent military decline.

From 1867 to 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was composed of the common army (recruited from anywhere), the Austrian Landwehr (recruited only from Cisleithania), and the Hungarian Honvéd (recruited only from Transleithania).

These are official names in German:

 * Regiments of the common army were "Imperial and Royal" - kaiserlich und königlich (k.u.k.)
 * The Austrian Landwehr regiments were "Imperial Royal" - kaiserlich-königlich (k.k.).
 * The Hungarian Honvéd regiments were "Royal Hungarian" - königlich ungarisch (k.u.)

The Austro-Hungarian Navy was the naval force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Its official name in German was the Kaiserlich und königliche Kriegsmarine ("Imperial and Royal Navy", also known by the acronym k.u.k.).

This army existed from the establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 until the end of World War I in 1918. The army first saw action in the Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and Boxer Rebellion.

World War I
In 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbo-Bosnian student named Gavrilo Princip. The Austro-Hungarian military leader Conrad von Hötzendorf saw it finally as a chance to attack Serbia. When Serbia failed to accept all ultimatum terms, Austria-Hungary struck.

Serbian Front: Although Austria-Hungary had slightly more troops and significant technological advances, the Serbs had more experienced generals and highly motivated troops. The whole Serbian campaign ended in failure for Austria-Hungary and German & Bulgarian help was required in 1915. However, Austria-Hungary successfully took Montenegro in 1916.

Despite early victories at Kraśnik & Komarów, the Austro-Hungarians quickly lost the entirety of Galicia. With German help, the Russians were repelled in from most of the region. However, the Brusilov offensive utterly mauled the Austro-Hungarian army, becoming completely dependent on the Germans for the rest of the war.

Italian Front: This was probably the only front where the Austro-Hungarians were partially effective by holding back multiple Isonzo offensives for over 2 years. In 1917 Austro-German forces finally broke the stalemate at Caporetto until they were stopped at the Piave River. The Danube Monarchy finally collapsed at Vittorio Veneto.

After World War I
Between 1918 and 1921, the military forces were known as Volkswehr (people's defense).

From 1921 to the present (except World War II, (1938–1945)), the name of the military of Austria is Bundesheer ("Federal Army"). The branches are Land Forces (KdoLdSK) and Air Forces (KdoLuSK).

In 1955, Austria declared its neutrality and made neutrality a constitutional law. The main purpose of the Austrian military, since then, has been the protection of Austria's neutrality.

title: Military history of Austria


text:
I Will (disambiguation)

"I Will" is a 1968 song by The Beatles.

I Will may also refer to:

Albums

 * I Will (F.T. Island album), 2015
 * I Will (Mozella album), 2006
 * I Will (Zhang Liyin album), 2008

Songs

 * "I Will" (Dick Glasser song), 1962
 * "I Will" (Do song), 2007
 * "I Will" (Jimmy Wayne song), 2008
 * "I Will" (Namie Amuro song), 2002
 * "I Will", a single by Miz
 * "I Will", by Eminem from Music to Be Murdered By, 2020
 * "I Will", by Matchbox Twenty from North, 2012
 * "I Will", by Mitski from Bury Me at Makeout Creek, 2014
 * "I Will", by Paris Bennett from Princess P, 2007
 * "I Will", by Radiohead from Hail to the Thief, 2003
 * "I Will", by White Lion from Return of the Pride, 2008
 * "I Will", by Usher from My Way, 1997
 * "I Will", from the 2003 film The Room
 * "I Will", by Rock and Hyde from 1987

Other uses

 * I Will (film), a 1919 British silent comedy film
 * "I Will", the nickname for the flag of Cook County, Illinois

title: I Will (disambiguation)


text:
UTC+07:00

UTC+07:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +07:00. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as. It is 7 hours ahead of UTC, meaning that when the time in UTC areas is midnight (00:00), the time in UTC+07:00 areas would be 7:00 in the morning.

Also known as Indochina Time (ICT) and Western Indonesian Time (Waktu Indonesia Barat, WIB) (in Indonesia), it is used in:

As standard time (year-round)
Principal cities: Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Phnom Penh, Vientiane, Bangkok, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Jakarta, Medan, Palembang, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Da Nang, Khovd, Flying Fish Cove.

North Asia

 * Russia – Krasnoyarsk Time
 * Siberian Federal District
 * Altai Krai
 * Altai Republic
 * Kemerovo Oblast
 * Khakassia
 * Krasnoyarsk Krai
 * Novosibirsk Oblast
 * Tomsk Oblast
 * Tuva

East Asia
It is considered the westernmost time zone in East Asia.

 * Mongolia – Time in Mongolia
 * Western part, including Khovd, Uvs, Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai and Zavkhan

Southeast Asia

 * Indonesia – Western Indonesia Time
 * Western zone, including:
 * All provinces of Java, and surrounding islands including:
 * Banten
 * Jakarta
 * West Java
 * Central Java
 * East Java, and
 * Special Region of Yogyakarta
 * All provinces of Sumatra and surrounding islands:
 * Aceh
 * North Sumatra
 * West Sumatra
 * Riau
 * Riau Islands
 * Jambi
 * South Sumatra
 * Bangka Belitung Islands
 * Bengkulu, and
 * Lampung
 * Parts of Kalimantan:
 * West Kalimantan
 * Central Kalimantan
 * Cambodia – Time in Cambodia (Indochina Time)
 * Laos – Time in Laos (Indochina Time)
 * Thailand – Time in Thailand (Indochina Time)
 * Vietnam – Time in Vietnam (Indochina Time)

Indian Ocean

 * Australia – Christmas Island Time
 * Christmas Island

Southern Ocean

 * Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica.
 * Australia
 * Davis Station

Discrepancies between official UTC+07:00 and geographical UTC+07:00
Since legal, political, and economic in addition to physical or geographical criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, it follows that official time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The UTC+07:00 time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 97°30′ E and 112°30′ E. As a result, there are places which, despite lying in an area with a "physical" UTC+07:00 time, actually use another time zone. Conversely, there are areas that have adopted UTC+07:00, even though their "physical" time zone is UTC+08:00, UTC+06:00, or even UTC+05:00.

Areas within UTC+07:00 longitudes using other time zones
This concerns areas within 97°30′ E to 112°30′ E longitude.

Using UTC+06:30:
 * Eastern part of Myanmar

Using UTC+08:00:
 * In China, many parts of central China including these divisions:
 * Hainan
 * Guangxi
 * Yunnan
 * Guizhou
 * Sichuan
 * Chongqing
 * Shaanxi
 * Ningxia
 * Gansu
 * Western two-thirds of Hunan
 * Western half of:
 * Hubei
 * Shanxi
 * Inner Mongolia, including its capital Hohhot
 * Western third of:
 * Guangdong
 * Henan

 * In Russia:
 * Irkutsk Oblast
 * Buryatia
 * Outside China & Russia:
 * Most of central Mongolia including the capital Ulaanbaatar
 * Peninsular Malaysia
 * Western part of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo including Kuching
 * Singapore

Using UTC+09:00:
 * A (western) part Sakha Republic in Russia, including the urban localities Aykhal and Udachny

Areas between 67°30′ E and 97°30′ E ("physical" UTC+05:00 and UTC+06:00)

 * The westernmost part of Indonesia including most of the province Aceh with its capital Banda Aceh.
 * The westernmost part of Mongolia
 * Parts of Russia:
 * A large part of Krasnoyarsk Krai
 * Tuva
 * Khakassia
 * Altai Republic
 * Altai Krai
 * Kemerovo Oblast
 * Novosibirsk Oblast (mostly within the "physical" UTC+05:00 area)
 * Tomsk Oblast (partly within the "physical" UTC+05:00 area)

Areas between 112°30′ E and 127°30′ E ("physical" UTC+08:00)

 * In Indonesia:
 * The easternmost part of Java including East Java's capital Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Malang, and Banyuwangi.
 * The island of Bawean and Madura, and islands of Kangean and Masalembu, which administratively belong to East Java Province.
 * Eastern part of West Kalimantan, and most of Central Kalimantan, including the capital Palangka Raya
 * In Russia:
 * The very easternmost part of Krasnoyarsk Krai

Historical time offsets

The Republic of China's offset for this time zone was Kansu-Szechwan, and was used until 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party took control of Mainland China following the Chinese Civil War and made UTC+08:00 the standard time for all areas under its control. Formerly, from 1918 to 1949, this time offset was used in eastern Xikang and Qinghai, central Outer Mongolia (1921–1924), and all of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Ningxia, Suiyuan, Gansu, Sichuan, and Shaanxi.

This time zone was also the standard used in Malaysia and Singapore from 1 June 1905 to 31 December 1932.

title: UTC+07:00


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Talk:Riverclub, Gauteng

This article already exists, in a expanded form, as River Club, Gauteng - which is the proper way to spell the name of the suburb, by the way.

Speedy candidate for deletion?

title: Talk:Riverclub, Gauteng


text:
Talk:J. H. Lynch

Is it possible to join this page with the Joseph Henry Lynch page somehow? But it would be important to keep the J.H. Lynch entry, because he is better known under his initials than under his real name.
 * Problem solved by the redirection. Whenever someone types in or clicks J. H. Lynch they will be sent to the Joseph Henry Lynch page. Cheers. -BorgQueen 20:04, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:J. H. Lynch


text:
List of student newspapers in Canada

This is a list of post secondary Canadian student newspapers, listed by province.

title: List of student newspapers in Canada


text:
Justin Dart

Justin Dart may refer to:

 * Justin Whitlock Dart Sr. (1907–1984), American businessman
 * Justin Whitlock Dart Jr. (1930–2002), his son, American activist

title: Justin Dart


text:
User talk:Hunkaboo

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. --Spangineer (háblame)  19:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, that was a bit harsh. Personally, I agree with you regarding your edits to George W. Bush, but that's our point of view.  Please write from a neutral perspective, and see WP:NPOV.  Thanks. --Spangineer  (háblame)  20:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hunkaboo


text:
User:Banes/User2

This is my sandpit. Feel free to throw some sand about. Just not at my eyes please.

title: User:Banes/User2


text:
Nocturnus

Nocturnus, currently Nocturnus AD, is an American death metal band formed in Tampa, Florida, in 1987 by the drummer/vocalist Mike Browning (formerly of Morbid Angel). They were known for their science-fiction-themed lyrics and use of keyboards, both of which were virtually unknown in extreme metal at the time. The 1990 debut from the band is considered by some to be the first progressive death metal album.

Formation
Nocturnus was formed in 1987 by drummer/vocalist Mike Browning following the breakup of his old band Incubus. The band was formed by Browning, former Incubus guitarist Gino Marino and former Agent Steel bassist Richard Bateman. The band eventually began working on material and added second guitarist Vincent Crowley. This first lineup recorded one self-titled demo in 1987. Crowley quit (going on to form Acheron) and was replaced by then-unknown 18-year-old guitar prodigy Mike Davis, who was also Marino's cousin. Bateman quit shortly afterwards to join Nasty Savage.

Nocturnus added new bassist Jeff Estes and a keyboard player, Louis Panzer, in 1988. Panzer's addition made the band unique in the death metal scene and provided the band with an atmosphere that enhanced their increasingly science fiction-themed lyrical content and image. This lineup put out the Science of Horror demo. In 1989, Marino quit and was replaced by Davis's long time friend and neighbor Sean McNenney. With both Davis and McNenney being highly technical players, their often dueling and very fast guitar solos became another focal point of the band.

The Key
In 1989, thanks in large part to Mike Davis's friendship with Morbid Angel guitarist Trey Azagthoth, the band signed to Earache Records. The band recorded their debut album, The Key with Tom Morris, which was released in 1990. The album, filled with a unique occult-meets-sci-fi concept (a blend of Browning and Davis's influences, respectively), virtuoso guitar pyrotechnics and space-age-ish keyboards, managed to become a death metal hit, spawning tracks such as "Standing In Blood" and "BC/AD (Before Christ/After Death)". It has gone on to sell 70,000 copies worldwide. It also featured backing vocals by former Mantas/Death and then-Massacre vocalist Kam Lee.

During the recording of The Key, Jeff Estes began developing a major drinking problem that negatively affected his bass playing skills, and Mike Davis ended up playing much of the bass on the album. Estes was fired shortly after and was replaced by Jim O'Sullivan. With O'Sullivan on board, the band toured for The Key in 1991 in support of Bolt Thrower, and then embarked on the Grindcrusher tour with Morbid Angel, Napalm Death, and Godflesh. O'Sullivan ended up not working out and he was fired as soon as the band's tours were over.

Thresholds
In 1992, the band decided to get a full-time vocalist, allowing Browning to concentrate solely on drumming and because Earache promised the band a music video if they got a "real" frontman. Former Tortured Soul vocalist Dan Izzo was brought in on lead vocals. The band hired session bassist Chris Anderson to play on their next album, Thresholds.

With Browning becoming less involved in the band's songwriting, Thresholds saw the band moving in a much more space and sci-fi oriented direction lyrically. Musically, the album was less unrelenting and more diverse than The Key, including an instrumental track ("Nocturne in Bm"), employment of acoustic guitars ("Arctic Crypt"), and exotic percussion ("Tribal Voudon"). The album did not sell quite as well as The Key, perhaps due to the band's more mature direction. Despite this, it was generally favorably received by critics and fans for its ambitious and unique progressive direction. "Alter Reality" was released as a single with a music video, and "Arctic Crypt" and "Subterranean Infiltrator" also became fan favorites. The band also got a new permanent bassist Emo Mowery (formerly of Malediction) and had a European tour for Thresholds, during which time the band was unsatisfied with Earaches lack of promotion leading them to make little money off the tour.

After the band returned home to the United States, musical differences between Mike Browning and the rest of the band became increasingly apparent. This culminated in Sean McNenney and Louis Panzer, behind Brownings back, ensuring rights to the bandname "Nocturnus", which they also signed Mike Davis onto, but not Izzo or Mowery. Browning was fired from the band shortly after, and to this day there is bad blood between the McNenney/Panzer and Browning camps. Browning was replaced by James Marcinek.

The new Nocturnus lineup began recording new songs for a third album, including "Mummified", "The Invertebrate Plague", "The Great Spot", and "Orbital Decay", all of which were written by Davis/McNenney/Panzer. However around this time the band began to lose label support from Earache as their contract was dropped. The new lineup put out a two song self-titled EP in 1993, which featured a recycled early song "Possess The Priest" and the brand new "Mummified". However Panzer, McNenney, and Marcinek all departed the band after this, and the band effectively split. During this time most of the band members effectively fell off the musical grid, with the exception of Mike Davis's work on a project with Trey Azagthoth which never saw the light of day.

Ethereal Tomb
In the late 1990s, Sean McNenney and Louis Panzer began playing together again, writing ambient metal riffs. Eventually deciding that these new ideas could work as new Nocturnus material, Mike Davis and Emo Mowery were readded to the fold, along with new drummer Rick Bizarro. In 1999 Nocturnus released their comeback album Ethereal Tomb, now on Season of Mist. The album had a more refined and ambient sound than the band's previous work. However, in 2002 the band finally split up for good.

Second break-up, aftermath, reformation, and Paradox
Since the dissolution of Nocturnus, the most active former member has been Emo Mowery, playing in bands such as Leash Law in Florida. At a certain point Louis Panzer reformed an old band called Cry Blue, which Mike Browning described as "Sting type music", though he was known to be involved in the software industry and living in North Carolina. Currently, he is the executive director of North Carolina 8-1-1. Browning has been involved in a wide variety of projects, currently After Death, which bears a style similar to a less technical Nocturnus. The other members of the band have been inactive in music as far as is known, with former guitarist Mike Davis in particular having gained quite a mystique (false rumors of his death circulated in 2008, and he is often falsely credited with playing guitar in Rob Halford's solo band, misattributed to be Halford's bassist of the same name).

Post-breakup the band has made two releases, The Nocturnus Demos, a collection of the band's pre-Earache recordings, and Farewell To Planet Earth, a DVD of live shows from various periods.

In late 2008 Browning toured with his own band After Death under the Nocturnus name for two exclusive UK dates one at BUSK in Birmingham and the other in London plus some European gigs.

In May 2013, Earache Records began a Kickstarter campaign to gather pledges for Thresholds to be re-released for the first time since its official release date in 1992 using the original DAT master tape, successfully reaching its goal in July. Also in 2013, After Death performed under the Nocturnus name once more for a Mexican tour. On 24 September 2013, it was announced that Nocturnus would play Maryland Deathfest 2014, and perform their album The Key in its entirety. Shortly after, the band reformed as Nocturnus A.D., containing every member from After Death.

On May 24, 2019, Nocturnus AD released their fourth studio album, Paradox, through Profound Lore Records.

Current

 * Mike Browning - drums, lead vocals (1987–1992, 2013–present)
 * Demian Heftel - guitars (2013–present)
 * Belial Koblak - guitars, backing vocals (2013–present)
 * Josh Holdren - keyboards (2017–present)
 * Kyle Sokol - bass (2023–present)

Former

 * Mike Davis - guitars (1988–1993, 1999–2002)
 * Sean McNenney - guitars (1989–1993, 1999–2002)
 * Louis Panzer - keyboards (1988–1993, 1999–2002)
 * Emo Mowery - bass (1992–1993, 1999–2002), lead vocals (1999-2002)
 * Chris Bieniek - drums (2002)
 * Dan Izzo - lead vocals (1991–1993)
 * Gino Marino - guitars (1987–1988; died 2017)
 * Vincent Crowley - guitars (1987)
 * Richard Bateman - bass (1987; died 2018)
 * Jeff Estes - bass (1988–1991)
 * Jim O' Sullivan - bass (1991) (live only)
 * Chris Anderson - bass (1991) (session only)
 * James Marcinek - drums (1992–1993)
 * Rick Bizarro - drums (1999–2002)
 * Nocturnal - keyboards (2013–2017)
 * Jason Kiss - keyboards (2017)
 * Daniel Tucker - bass (2013-2022)

Albums

 * 1990 The Key
 * 1992 Thresholds
 * 1999 Ethereal Tomb
 * 2019 Paradox (as Nocturnus AD)
 * 2024 Unicursal (as Nocturnus AD)

EP

 * 1993 Nocturnus

Demos

 * 1987 Nocturnus (demo)
 * 1988 The Science of Horror (demo)
 * 2004 The Nocturnus Demos (compilation)

DVD

 * 2004 Farewell to Planet Earth (DVD)

title: Nocturnus


text:
John Albert Ewart

John Albert Ewart (April 20, 1872 – April 21, 1964) was a Canadian architect and son of Chief Dominion Architect David Ewart.

Personal and early years
Ewart was born in Ottawa on April 20, 1872, after his father's arrival in Canada. Ewart studied architecture at the University of Toronto in the 1890s.

Career
Eward moved to Ottawa to practice with King Arnoldi in 1895 and Burritt & Meredith in 1904, and Sproatt & Rolph in 1932. His buildings are built mostly in Ottawa with a few in nearby Pembroke, Ontario and Carleton Place, Ontario.

Death
Ewart died in Ottawa on April 21, 1964.

Portfolio
List of buildings designed by Ewart include:

 * Booth Building, 1910–11
 * Transportation Building, 1916
 * Hunter Building, 1917–20
 * Metropolitan Life Building, 1924-27 (associate of Waid)
 * Ottawa Electric Building, 1926–27
 * Victoria Building, 1927–28
 * Architect to Ottawa Collegiate Institute Board
 * Knox Presbyterian Church (Ottawa) 1932

title: John Albert Ewart


text: User talk:88.104.62.153

title: User talk:88.104.62.153


text:
Clement Gibson

Clement Herbert Gibson (23 August 1900 – 31 December 1976) twice won fleeting fame as a cricketer.

Gibson was born in Argentina, the second son of Sir Herbert Gibson, 1st Baronet, of Linconia and Faccombe. In 1918, in the absence of first-class cricketers to choose from because cricket was suspended during the First World War, Wisden picked Gibson, a fast-medium swing bowler from Eton College, as one of its Cricketers of the Year, along with four other "public school bowlers". He was captain of cricket at Eton in both 1918 and 1919.

After Eton, Gibson went up to Clare College, Cambridge. In 1921, having had two successful seasons playing for Cambridge University, he was picked by the former England captain Archie MacLaren as a member of his amateur eleven that took on, and beat, the all-conquering Australia national cricket team, led by Warwick Armstrong, that had won eight successive Test matches against England. Gibson took six Australian wickets for 64 runs in the second innings.

After Cambridge, he toured Australia and New Zealand on an unofficial Marylebone Cricket Club tour led by MacLaren. Also at MacLaren's instigation, he was invited to join the 1924–25 official England tour of Australia and New Zealand, but declined the invitation as he had moved back to Argentina, where he spent most of the rest of his life. Having first played for the county in two matches after leaving school in 1919, he played occasional games for Sussex until 1926 and his last first-class appearance was for the M.C.C. in 1939.

In 1932, he captained the South American touring team which played six first-class matches in England. He also represented Argentina in matches against touring sides.

He died, aged 76, in Buenos Aires.

title: Clement Gibson


text:
Hamed Abderrahaman Ahmad

Hamed Abderrahman Ahmad (born 1974), also known as Ahmad Abd al Rahman Ahmad, is a Spanish national born in Ceuta, who was captured and arrested by Pakistani soldiers in Pakistan in the fall of 2001 during the United States intervention in Afghanistan. He was transferred to United States military custody and held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp as a suspected enemy combatant from early 2002 to February 14, 2004, the only Spanish citizen to be detained there. His internment serial number (ISN) was 267.

In 2004, the United States allowed his extradition to Spain to face terrorism charges, based on confessions made while in US custody. Spanish authorities alleged that Abderrahman Ahmad was a member of a Spanish al-Qaeda cell. Ahmad was convicted of those charges by the High Court in 2005 and sentenced to six years in prison. Review of the case in an appeal to the Spanish Supreme Court resulted in the conviction being overturned in July 2006, as based on evidence that may have been obtained through torture by American interrogators. Such evidence is inadmissible in Spanish courts.

Early life
Hamed Abderrahaman Ahmad was born to a Muslim family in Ceuta, a Spanish enclave in North Africa. As a young man, he worked in construction when jobs were available.

Capture in Pakistan
Ahmad went to Afghanistan and, after the United States intervention, tried to escape through Pakistan. He was arrested by Pakistani soldiers and transferred to United States military custody in the fall of 2001. He was transferred in 2002 to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, where he was held as a suspected enemy combatant and interrogated. When captured, he was unmarried.

Terrorism conviction in Spain and appeal
The Spanish judge Baltasar Garzon, prepared the indictment against Ahmad. Prosecutors alleged that Ahmad had gone to Afghanistan to train with followers of Osama bin Laden. Ahmad was convicted in his trial in Spain. On 5 October 2005, Ahmed was sentenced to six years in prison.

Three other detainees indicted with Ahmad were the Moroccan Lahcen Ikassrien, and two legal residents of Britain, Omar Deghayes and Jamil al Banna. Spanish authorities alleged that these four may have had some involvement, not only with the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, but also with planning the later 2004 Madrid train bombings.

The Washington Post reported on July 24, 2006, that Ahmad's conviction was overturned, on appeal, by the Spanish Supreme Court. According to Reuters, the Supreme Court found that the Spanish High Court, which had originally convicted Ahmad, had not taken into account his right to the presumption of innocence. The Court said that evidence collected at Guantanamo "should be declared totally void and, as such, non-existent."

In November 2006, the US Embassy in Madrid sent a cable to Washington, released on WikiLeaks on November 30, 2010, which described the Supreme Court findings. The Spanish Supreme Court found that any confessions or evidence obtained outside Spain could not be included in the case. In the absence of any other compelling evidence, it said there was no case as "interrogations, euphemistically called 'interviews,' took place under unequal circumstances because (the defendant) was in detention at the time of the interrogations." The court asserted that Ahmed had been mistreated while in US custody; Reuters suggested this affected the Court's decision.

The Washington Post quoted from the Spanish Supreme Court's decision:

"Neither the motivation the subject had to travel to Afghanistan, nor the activities he carried out, justifies the verdict passed by the High Court."

Garzón's comments on Guantanamo
Baltasar Garzón, the most prominent investigative magistrate in Spain, who had requested Ahmad's extradition, discussed the Guantanamo detention camps at a legal conference in late May 2006:

"A model like Guantánamo is an insult to countries that respect laws. It delegitimizes us. It is a place that needs to disappear immediately."

Garzón, speaking of the evidence against Ahmad, which was supplied to Spain by United States intelligence officials, said that he was convicted without evidence from Guantanamo:

"Everything obtained from there [Guantanamo] was useless because it went against the rules."

(Note: In July 2006 the Spanish Supreme Court overturned Ahmad's conviction on appeal, finding that the High Court had failed to give him the presumption of innocence.)

Suspected terrorist activity in Ceuta
On December 12, 2006, the Spanish government arrested eleven terrorist suspects in Ceuta, the Spanish enclave on the North African coast, including two men said to be brothers of Ahmad. Initial accounts incorrectly said that Ahmad was one of the arrested men. The press reported that the arrested men were associated with the Moroccan Islamic Combat Group, according to the Interior Ministry. The arrested men were believed to have sent recruits to fight in Iraq. CNN said the men were associated with the Salafist Group for Call and Combat.

The Jamestown Foundation described the group as grassroots jihadist; areas of concern by Interior Ministry officials were that the group was trying to recruit Spanish soldiers of Muslim origin who were born in Ceuta, and that they were trying to build on friction resulting from the non-renewal of contracts of some Muslim military members.

Torture claims investigation
On April 29, 2009, that Spanish investigating magistrate Baltazar Garzon initiated a formal investigation into whether confessions from Ahmed and three other former Guantanamo captives were the result of the use of abusive interrogation techniques by the United States. Spain had originally brought charges against these four men, who claimed having suffered torture during US interrogation. Ahmad and the other three men: Lahcen Ikassrien, Jamiel Abdul Latif al Banna and Omar Deghayes, had previously faced charges in Spanish courts, based on confessions they made while in US custody. Their charges had been dropped based on their claims that their confessions were false and obtained through coercive interrogation techniques.

title: Hamed Abderrahaman Ahmad


text:
Talk:Malcolm Perry (physicist)

Notability
This stub was created anonymously by someone using an IP addy at Cambridge University. Can anyone provide a better description? I happen to know some papers coauthored by Perry, but I am not sure well-known is entirely accurate (I didn't remember this name until I searched the arXiv and recognized two papers I have read).

The anonymous edit and its origin once again raise troubling questions about WP:NPOV wrt biographies of living individuals. As a rule, I tend to frown upon people declaring themselves notable, but to agree that valuable information not otherwise available can sometimes be supplied by the subject of a biography. There is a wide divergence of opinion about these issues, of course.

Needless to say, am not accusing our anon of being M. J. Perry, just pointing out that making an anonymous edit from Cambridge creating a biostub of someone who apparently works at Cambridge inevitably raises troubling questions.---CH (talk) 19:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it does it seem a little fishy to say the least. Regarding the issue of notability, I agree it's tricky and I sympathise with the view that valuable information can sometimes only be gained through a biography. However, I think there comes a point when we have to put our foot down and only include bios of people we know have made a 'noteworthy contribution'. How do we decide who's made a 'noteworthy contribution' ? Here are a few criteria:

 * Experienced researchers who have published high-quality papers that have survived scrutiny or people who have contributed a lot in their field.
 * People who have had something named after them (like Tullio Levi-Civita).
 * People who we call 'cranks', 'nuts' etc... (some of them are noteworthy, albeit in a negative sense).

 * IMHO, anyone not satisfying any one of these criteria should not have a bio. Don't worry, CH, I think JB fits into one of them ! :). ---Mpatel (talk) 10:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Our anon has added something about the Myers-Perry metric, the name he gives to a higher dimensional generalization of the Kerr solution, but a name which does not seem to appear in the arXiv. I think that at present the latter is a zillion times more notable than the former, and I wish our anon (who evidently has expert knowlege of physics) would create an account and contribute to improving existing articles on the classical background for notions like higher-dimensional gravity, rather than making anonymous edits which raise troubling issues.---CH  (talk) 18:03, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Knowing Prof. Perry as I do, I can say with some certainty that he did not create this page. And a google scholar search would clear up people's misconceptions here regarding the Myers-Perry metric. --Brian Josephson (talk) 20:50, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malcolm Perry (physicist)


text:
Category:Atari Program Exchange software

This category lists software for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers that was published through Atari, Inc.'s Atari Program Exchange. APX sold entertainment, productivity, educational, and utility software written by users through a quarterly mail-order catalog.


text: Template:Anglin-court

title: Template:Anglin-court


text:
Kaufmann Kohler

Kaufmann Kohler (May 10, 1843 – January 28, 1926) was a German-born Jewish American biblical scholar and critic, theologian, Reform rabbi, and contributing editor to numerous articles of The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906).

Life and work
Kaufmann Kohler was born into a family of German Jewish rabbis in Fürth, Kingdom of Bavaria. He received his rabbinical training at Hassfurt, Höchberg near Würzburg, Mainz, Altona, and at Frankfurt am Main under Samson Raphael Hirsch, and his university training at Munich, Berlin, Leipzig, and Erlangen (Ph.D. 1868); his Ph.D. thesis, Der Segen Jacob's ("Jacob's Blessing"), was one of the earliest Jewish essays in the field of the higher criticism, and its radical character had the effect of closing to him the Jewish pulpit in Germany. Abraham Geiger, to whose Zeitschrift Kohler became a contributor at an early age, strongly influenced his career and directed his steps to the United States. In 1869 he accepted a call to the pulpit of the Temple Beth-El in Detroit; in 1871 he became rabbi of Chicago Sinai Congregation. In 1879 he succeeded his father-in-law, David Einhorn, as rabbi of Temple Beth-El, New York City; his brother-in-law, Emil G. Hirsch, becoming his successor in Chicago. Feb. 26, 1903, he was elected to the presidency of the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati.

His son was attorney Max J. Kohler.

Reform movement
From the time of his arrival in America, Kohler actively espoused the cause of Reform Judaism; he was one of the youngest members of the Philadelphia Jewish Rabbinical Conference of 1869, and in 1885 he convened the Pittsburgh Rabbinical Conference, which adopted the so-called "Pittsburgh Platform", on which Reform Judaism in America stands. While in Chicago he introduced Sunday lectures as supplementary to the regular Sabbath service. Kohler served for many years as president of the New York Board of Ministers, and was honorary president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis. He was editor-in-chief of the Sabbath Visito, a Jewish weekly for youth, from 1881 to 1882 and, with I. S. Moses, and Emil G. Hirsch, "The Jewish Reformer," a weekly, devoted to the interests of Reform Judaism, in 1886. He was deeply interested in the "Jewish Chautauqua" movement. He was a keynote speaker at the 1893 World Parliament of Religions where he spoke about "Human Brotherhood as Taught by the Religions Based on the Bible". Shortly before his departure from New York in 1903 he delivered a series of six lectures at the Jewish Theological Seminary on "Apocryphal Literature".

He expressed doubts about the Pittsburgh Platform, stating in 1892:

We ought not be blind to the fact that Reform, with no other principle but that of progress and enlightenment has created a tendency to treat the past with irreverence and to trifle with the time-honored institutions and venerable sources of Judaism.

He went on to renounce Sunday services, which he had introduced, as "a patricide" undermining the holiness of the Sabbath.

Publications
Kohler was always an active and prolific contributor to the Jewish and Semitic scientific press, European and American; among the periodicals to which he most frequently contributed scientific articles were Geiger's Zeitschrift, the journal of the German Oriental Society, Hebraica, the Jewish Quarterly Review, the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, the Jewish Times, the American Hebrew, Menorah Monthly, Zeitgeist, and Unity.

Among his published studies and lectures are:
 * "On Capital Punishment" (1869);
 * "The Song of Songs" (1877);
 * "Backwards or Forwards," a series of lectures on Reform Judaism (1885);
 * "Ethical Basis of Judaism" (1887);
 * "Church and Synagogue in Their Mutual Relations" (1889);
 * "A Guide to Instruction in Judaism" (1899)
 * ''Jewish Theology, Systematically and Historically Considered (1918)
 * The Origins of the Synagogue and the Church (1929 — posthumous)

He also edited the German collected writings of David Einhorn (1880). He also wrote important studies of Jesus and Paul.

title: Kaufmann Kohler


text: User talk:68.59.243.106

title: User talk:68.59.243.106


text:
Lee Martin

Lee Martin may refer to:

 * Lee Martin (footballer, born February 1968), former English football left-back born in Hyde, Cheshire
 * Lee Martin (footballer, born September 1968), former English football goalkeeper born in Huddersfield, West Riding of Yorkshire
 * Lee Martin (footballer, born 1987), English football winger born in Taunton, Somerset
 * Lee Martin (writer), American author
 * Lee Martin (mystery writer), pseudonym of Anne Wingate
 * Lee Martin (politician) (1870–1950), New Zealand politician
 * Lee Ann Martin, judge in Manitoba, Canada
 * Lee Roy Martin (1937–1972), American serial killer

title: Lee Martin


text:
Matthew Dawson

Matthew, Mathew, Matt, Mat or Matty Dawson may refer to:

 * Matt Dawson (born 1972), English rugby union player
 * Matty Dawson (born 1990), English rugby league player
 * Matt Dawson (field hockey) (born 1994), Australian field hockey player
 * Matt Dawson (astronomer), British-born astronomer living in Luxembourg who discovered some minor planets including Mattdawson
 * Mathew Dawson (1820–1898), British racehorse trainer
 * Matthew Dawson (politician), member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives

title: Matthew Dawson


text:
Jennifer Blanc

Jennifer Blanc is an American actress. She was born in New York City. She is married to actor Michael Biehn.

Personal life
Blanc, who goes by Jennifer Blanc-Biehn, is married to Michael Biehn. The couple have one son, Dashiell King Biehn. The two were joint partners in "The Blanc/Biehn Production Company". She co-produced and starred alongside him in The Victim. She also co-starred in Good Family Times, a supernatural thriller film, which was also produced by Blanc/Biehn Productions.

title: Jennifer Blanc


text: User talk:69.235.225.203

title: User talk:69.235.225.203


text:
User talk:ChoMobile

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

--JAranda'' | yeah 20:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChoMobile


text:
Talk:Fan (person)

Sports fans
I suggest a new entry just for sports fans. There is an extensive area of research that focuses just on the attitudes, values and behaviors of sports fans. This may shorten the section created by billny33 and allow for more information on another page. --adamearn 06:47, 2 March 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Adamearn (talk • contribs)

Hey, I added a section on the end of this article about sports fans and honestly don't understand how that was never originally included into this page's design. I am not familiar enough with this stuff to create new entries, and I think sports fan should be its own page ideally, with a smaller summarization of sports fans in this article with a link to the bigger one. However since I don't know how to create a new article, I simply typed up a lot on sports fans in the hopes that someone else would correct it by making it its own article and dumping the excess info in there. There's plenty more to be said about sports fans than what I put in there today too so feel free to tack on more sections once its in a new article too. --billny33 0:11, 29 January 2007

Technology Section
I plan to add in a section on how technology impacts fans. Tlatta (talk) 16:39, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fan (person)


text:
Sidewinder (band)

Sidewinder were an Australian indie pop group founded in 1990 in Canberra by Pip Branson on guitar, Martin Craft on bass guitar and backing vocals, his brother Nick Craft on lead guitar and vocals, and Giri Fox on drums. Early in 1994 Shane Melder replaced Fox on drums and in the next year the group relocated to Sydney. Sidewinder were staples of the Australian alternative rock scene in the 1990s and released two studio albums, Atlantis (January 1996) and Tangerine (September 1997). Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described them as "an accessible brand of distortion-drenched, harmony-driven, indie guitar power pop." Sidewinder released two albums and three EPS between 1992 and 1998, all of which were critically acclaimed and received solid Triple J and commercial airplay. These albums ‘traversed a broad sonic terrain, from Beatlesesque psychedelia to eardrum shattering ballsy rock’. Sidewinder were one of the ‘best loved live acts of this decade [1990s]’. had regular spots on festival bills, including the Big Day Out (1994, 1995, and as national touring artists 1996) and played every Homebake from 1996 to 1998 (January, December 1996/ January, December 1998).

They toured extensively with many of their contemporaries, including bands such as Powderfinger, Custard, The Hummingbirds, You Am I, The Clouds, The Fauves, Tumbleweed and Magic Dirt. They also played with other bands, such as Something for Kate, the Dirty Three, the Whitlams, the Underground Lovers and Gaslight Radio. They supported international touring artists, including U2 on the Australian leg of their PopMart Tour in February 1998. They also played with Pavement, the Jesus and Mary Chain, Sebadoh, Superchunk and Red Kross.

They disbanded in 2000.

History
Sidewinder were founded in 1990 in Canberra by Pip Branson on guitar, Martin Craft on bass guitar and backing vocals, his brother Nick Craft on lead guitar and vocals, and Giri Fox on drums. Most of the members were still in secondary school. They played their first live shows in 1991 and in the following year they signed to Half a Cow – a label owned by ex-Canberran musician Nic Dalton (Lemonheads, Plunderers) – which was later purchased by Universal Music. By that time Jeremy David had joined on viola. One of the group's early gigs was at a circus in July 1992.

Dalton compiled a sampler album, Slice Two (November 1992), by various artists on his label, which included an early Sidewinder track, "Last Time". On 12 February 1993 the group issued their debut five-track extended play, T Star – the title refers to "an obscure brand of dodgy runners". The Canberra Times' Steven Corby described their sonation as "grungy guitar pop, a definition Martin agrees with. It's not pop and it's not metal and the experimental move of adding a viola player to their line-up has given their sound a thickness that is its most original factor."

Their second EP, Yoko Icepick, which had four tracks followed on 22 October 1993. Late that year David left and was not replaced. Sidewinder toured with Tumbleweed; The Canberra Times' Rachel Hill found that as a consequence "the songs from Yoko Icepick were being played better live, leaving a gap between what people were hearing on the CD and at gigs." Early in the following year the group appeared at the Big Day Out; soon after Shane Melder (ex-the Hummingbirds) replaced Fox on drums.

The group's third EP, The Gentle Art of Spoonbending, appeared in February 1995, for which Hill felt that they "had moved on to a different type of sound and, with the help of better equipment, were producing a bigger sound." The five tracks were written by the Craft brothers and "display an underlying simplicity not shared by the previous releases." McFarlane opined that it "included two of the band's strongest songs in 'Up to You' and 'Day After Day'." Hill described "Up to You", which "represents Sidewinder's dynamics as a live band, illustrating the sonic power which drives it" while "Day After Day" was "a beautifully written ballad with a Beatlesque feel to it, demonstrating the band's songwriting skills."

The group relocated to Sydney in February 1995. Late that year, the band issued their debut studio album, Atlantis, which McFarlane declared was "brimming with unabashed, infectious rock energy and displayed a great deal of potential." Ahead of its appearance they released a single, "Anything You Want" (October), and then joined Powderfinger and Fur on a national Truckstop tour. Two further singles followed in 1996, "Evil Eye" (January) and "Not Coming Home" (April). Also in January that year they appeared on the Big Day Out tour and followed, during that year, with national tours alongside Custard, Snout and then the Fauves.

While still members of Sidewinder, Martin Craft and Melder formed a side project, Fragile, as a studio-only band with Wayne Connolly on guitar and backing vocals (ex-the Welcome Mat, Knievel) and Simon Holmes on guitar and lead vocals (ex-the Hummingbirds). That group issued an album, Airbrushed Perfection, on Half a Cow/Mercury in March 1996. McFarlane described how it "ran the gamut of sounds from jangly pop ('Dream Come True') to noisy Hüsker Dü-inspired rockers ('She Really Means that Much to Me', 'Resolving Conflict Situations')."

Their second album, Tangerine (September 1997) made many top ten lists for the best album of the year, and is sometimes considered to be one of the finest Australian rock records of the 1990s. It was co-produced by Paul McKercher and the group. Brett Winterford of The Sydney Morning Herald reflected on the album, in January 2008, which "grafted a jangle of distorted guitars with electronic loops and samples, affected vocals and stunning, synth-led soundscapes... Artistically, Tangerine was a window into the future of indie music but commercially it was a flop." Rolling Stone's Kate Crawford felt it provided a "special breed of uplifting pub pop that wins hearts and minds no matter what disasters occur."

The lead single from their second album, "Titanic Days", was released in April 1997: it appeared on the soundtrack for the feature film, Blackrock. A second single, "Here She Comes Again", was issued in August. "Titanic Days" was listed on the Triple J Hottest 100, 1997, with a third single, "God", appearing in February 1998.

Despite their ability to pull crowds throughout Australia, their critical success, good airplay and solid sales figures, Sidewinder were dropped by Universal in 1999 when the label took over Mercury/Polygram.

Post break-up
Martin Craft went on to have a successful solo career under his own name and is currently working as a producer and songwriter. His albums include I Can See It All Tonight (2004), Silver and Fire (2006) and Arrows at the Sun (2008). He also plays as a touring member in Jarvis Cocker's band. Nick Craft formed The Zillions and released the albums Zig-Zag Zillionaire (2005) and Zeuxis: Xight Zeen (2008), as well as music for theatre soundtracks. In 2018, he released his debut solo album, Minerva.

Pip Branson was a touring member of Something for Kate in 2001, and later formed his own band, the Pip Branson Corporation – they released an EP, Hot Dollar (April 2007). He was also a member of Mikelangelo and The Black Sea Gentlemen, under the name Rufino. Shane Melder played with a number of bands, including the Died Pretty, The Hummingbirds and David McCormack from Custard. Melder was a member of The City Lights for their debut album, Escape from Tomorrow (May 2004).

title: Sidewinder (band)


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User:Mr. Peru

History of Peru Inc.

Peru Incorperated. Once a great and powerful company, now reduced to nothing. How this this company's demise came to be, is still a mystery. Founded in 2002, this company would be known as the most powerful of it's time, as would it's founder, Mr. Peru. Peru believed that this company would revolutionize the world, and make it a better place to live. But there were those who would not agree with him, and some often found his stlye of business dealings to be 'questionable'. Much of Peru's childhood is unknown, as is his personal life. Although, what is known of Peru is that he dreamnt to change our government and make it. His dreams would soon become reality with the esablishment of Peru Incorperated. Personally, hand-selecting his employees, and overseeing every problem, he ensured the untimate efficiency within his company.

title: User:Mr. Peru


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Grace period

A grace period is a period immediately after the deadline for an obligation during which a late fee, or other action that would have been taken as a result of failing to meet the deadline, is waived provided that the obligation is satisfied during the grace period. In other words, it is a length of time during which rules or penalties are waived or deferred. Grace periods can range from a number of minutes to a number of days or longer, and can apply in situations including arrival at a job, paying a bill, or meeting a government or legal requirement.

In law, a grace period is a time period during which a particular rule exceptionally does not apply, or only partially applies. For the grace period in patent law, see novelty (patent).

In games (video and real life), a grace period is the time after a respawn in which a player cannot be hit or killed – they are 'safe' for a short time so that they will not die repeatedly, which would lead to loss of enjoyment and excessive lag.

Business
Some companies and organizations do not view someone who fulfills an obligation within a grace period any differently from someone who does so before the original deadline. Thus a subject who is past due, but who meets the obligation within the grace period, receives equal treatment and no penalty or negative reputation.

In other cases, clients may receive a partial, less severe penalty. For example, many utility companies will charge a small late fee for those who do not pay their bill by the stated due date. However, the utility service provider will wait a longer time before cutting off service.

Some companies may suspend certain privileges during a grace period. For example, self storage services will often waive a late fee if the rent is not paid for up to several days past the due date, but will deny the tenant access to his or her unit until the bill is paid.

Politics
In politics, a grace period or honeymoon period may be observed during the transition to a new administration as "an initial period of harmony and goodwill".

Advantages and disadvantages
Grace periods can provide some advantages. For example, people who habitually fulfill their obligations on time, but are late on a rare occasion due to special circumstances, can avoid a penalty and maintain their reputation for timeliness provided they fulfill the obligation within the grace period.

However, habitual procrastinators may come to view the grace period as the actual deadline, and if, due to unforeseen circumstances, they are occasionally late beyond that, they might complain about the applied penalty.

Credit cards
In personal finance, a grace period is the period during which no interest is charged on a credit card. See credit card interest for further information.

It can also be a time period after a payment due date within which the fee can be paid without penalty. For example, late charges may not be incurred for payments due on the first of the month if they are paid on or before the tenth of the month. In the United States, almost all credit cards offer a grace period on purchase transactions. An exception, for example, are the Upgrade credit cards.

title: Grace period