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Osteopontin

Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone /sialoprotein I (BSP-1 or BNSP), early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene (secreted phosphoprotein 1). The murine ortholog is Spp1. Osteopontin is a SIBLING (glycoprotein) that was first identified in 1986 in osteoblasts.

The prefix osteo- indicates that the protein is expressed in bone, although it is also expressed in other tissues. The suffix -pontin is derived from "pons," the Latin word for bridge, and signifies osteopontin's role as a linking protein. Osteopontin is an extracellular structural protein and therefore an organic component of bone.

The gene has 7 exons, spans 5 kilobases in length and in humans it is located on the long arm of chromosome 4 region 22 (4q1322.1). The protein is composed of ~300 amino acids residues and has ~30 carbohydrate residues attached, including 10 sialic acid residues, which are attached to the protein during post-translational modification in the Golgi apparatus. The protein is rich in acidic residues: 30-36% are either aspartic or glutamic acid.

Structure
OPN is a highly negatively charged, heavily phosphorylated extracellular matrix protein that lacks an extensive secondary structure as an intrinsically disordered protein. It is composed of about 300 amino acids (297 in mouse; 314 in human) and is expressed as a 33-kDa nascent protein; there are also functionally important cleavage sites. OPN can go through posttranslational modifications, which increase its apparent molecular weight to about 44 kDa. The OPN gene is composed of 7 exons, 6 of which containing coding sequence. The first two exons contain the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). Exons 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 code for 17, 13, 27, 14, 108 and 134 amino acids, respectively. All intron-exon boundaries are of the phase 0 type, thus alternative exon splicing maintains the reading frame of the OPN gene.

Isoforms
Full-length OPN (OPN-FL) can be modified by thrombin cleavage, which exposes a cryptic sequence, SVVYGLR on the cleaved form of the protein known as OPN-R (Fig. 1). This thrombin-cleaved OPN (OPN-R) exposes an epitope for integrin receptors of α4β1, α9β1, and α9β4. These integrin receptors are present on a number of immune cells such as mast cells, neutrophils, and T cells. It is also expressed by monocytes and macrophages. Upon binding these receptors, cells use several signal transduction pathways to elicit immune responses in these cells. OPN-R can be further cleaved by Carboxypeptidase B (CPB) by removal of C-terminal arginine and become OPN-L. The function of OPN-L is largely unknown.

It appears an intracellular variant of OPN (iOPN) is involved in a number of cellular processes including migration, fusion and motility. Intracellular OPN is generated using an alternative translation start site on the same mRNA species used to generate the extracellular isoform. This alternative translation start site is downstream of the N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum-targeting signal sequence, thus allowing cytoplasmic translation of OPN.

Various human cancers, including breast cancer, have been observed to express splice variants of OPN. The cancer-specific splice variants are osteopontin-a, osteopontin-b, and osteopontin-c. Exon 5 is lacking from osteopontin-b, whereas osteopontin-c lacks exon 4. Osteopontin-c has been suggested to facilitate the anchorage-independent phenotype of some human breast cancer cells due to its inability to associate with the extracellular matrix.

Tissue distribution
Osteopontin is expressed in a variety of tissue types including cardiac fibroblasts, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, odontoblasts, some bone marrow cells, hypertrophic chondrocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle myoblasts, endothelial cells, and extraosseous (non-bone) cells in the inner ear, brain, kidney, deciduum, and placenta. Synthesis of osteopontin is stimulated by calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3).

Regulation
Regulation of the osteopontin gene expression is incompletely understood. Different cell types may differ in their regulatory mechanisms of the OPN gene. OPN expression in bone predominantly occurs by osteoblasts and osteocyctes (bone-forming cells) as well as osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells). Runx2 (aka Cbfa1) and osterix (Osx) transcription factors are required for the expression of OPN Runx2 and Osx bind promoters of osteoblast-specific genes such as Col1α1, Bsp, and Opn and upregulate transcription.

Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia (instances that stimulate kidney proximal tubule cells to produce calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)) lead to increases in OPN transcription, translation and secretion. This is due to the presence of a high-specificity vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the OPN gene promoter.

Osteopontin (OPN) expression is modulated by Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen.

Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens directly stimulate the expression of the profibrogenic molecule osteopontin (OPN), and systemic OPN levels strongly correlate with disease severity, suggesting its use as a potential morbidity biomarker. Investigation into the impact of Praziquantel use on systemic OPN levels and on liver collagen deposition in chronic murine schistosomiasis revealed that Praziquantel treatment significantly reduced systemic OPN levels and liver collagen deposition, indicating that OPN could be a reliable tool for monitoring PZQ efficacy and fibrosis regression.

Extracellular inorganic phosphate (ePi) has also been identified as a modulator of OPN expression.

Stimulation of OPN expression also occurs upon exposure of cells to pro-inflammatory cytokines, classical mediators of acute inflammation (e.g. tumour necrosis factor α [TNFα], infterleukin-1β [IL-1β]), angiotensin II, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), although a detailed mechanistic understanding of these regulatory pathways are not yet known. Hyperglycemia and hypoxia are also known to increase OPN expression.

Apoptosis
OPN is an important anti-apoptotic factor in many circumstances. OPN blocks the activation-induced cell death of macrophages and T cells as well as fibroblasts and endothelial cells exposed to harmful stimuli. OPN prevents non-programmed cell death in inflammatory colitis.

Biomineralization
OPN belongs to a family of secreted acidic proteins (SIBLINGs, Small Integrin Binding LIgand N-Glycosylated proteins) whose members have an abundance of negatively charged amino acids such as Asp and Glu. OPN also has a large number of consensus sequence sites for post-translational phosphorylation of Ser residues to form phosphoserine, providing additional negative charge. Contiguous stretches of high negative charge in OPN have been identified and named the polyAsp motif (poly-aspartic acid) and the ASARM motif (acidic serine- and aspartate-rich motif), with the latter sequence having multiple phosphorylation sites. This overall negative charge of OPN, along with its specific acidic motifs and the fact that OPN is an intrinsically disordered protein allowing for open and flexible structures, permit OPN to bind strongly to calcium atoms available at crystal surfaces in various biominerals. Such binding of OPN to various types of calcium-based biominerals ‒ such as calcium-phosphate mineral in bones and teeth, calcium-carbonate mineral in inner ear otoconia and avian eggshells, and calcium-oxalate mineral in kidney stones  – acts as a mineralization inhibitor by stabilizing transient mineral precursor phases and by binding directly to crystal surfaces, all of which regulate crystal growth.

OPN is a substrate protein for a number of enzymes whose actions may modulate the mineralization-inhibiting function of OPN. PHEX (phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked) is one such enzyme, which extensively degrades OPN, and whose inactivating gene mutations (in X-linked hypophosphatemia, XLH) lead to altered processing of OPN such that inhibitory OPN cannot be degraded and accumulates in the bone (and tooth) extracellular matrix, contributing locally to the osteomalacia (soft hypomineralized bones, and odontomalacia - soft teeth) characteristic of XLH. A relationship describing local, physiologic double-negative (inhibiting inhibitors) regulation of mineralization involving OPN has been termed the Stenciling Principle of mineralization, whereby enzyme-substrate pairs imprint mineralization patterns into the extracellular matrix (most notably described for bone) by degrading mineralization inhibitors (e.g. TNAP enzyme degrading pyrophosphate inhibition, and PHEX enzyme degrading osteopontin inhibition). In relation to mineralization diseases, the Stenciling Principle is particularly relevant to the osteomalacia and odontomalacia observed in hypophosphatasia and X-linked hypophosphatemia.

Along with its role in the regulation of normal mineralization within the extracellular matrices of bones and teeth, OPN is also upregulated at sites of pathologic, ectopic calcification  – such as for example, in urolithiasis  and vascular calcification ‒ presumably at least in part to inhibit debilitating mineralization in these soft tissues.

Bone remodeling
Osteopontin has been implicated as an important factor in bone remodeling. Specifically, OPN anchors osteoclasts to the surface of bones where it is immobilized by its mineral-binding properties allowing subsequent usage of its RGD motif for osteoclast integrin binding for cell attachment and migration. OPN at bone surfaces is located in a thin organic layer, the so-called lamina limitans. The organic part of bone is about 20% of the dry weight, and counts in, other than osteopontin, collagen type I, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and alkaline phosphatase. Collagen type I counts for 90% of the protein mass. The inorganic part of bone is the mineral hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Loss of bone may lead to osteoporosis, as the bone is depleted for calcium if this is not supplied in the diet.

OPN serves to initiate the process by which osteoclasts develop their ruffled borders to begin bone resorption. OPN contains and RGD integrin-binding motif

Cell activation
Activated T cells are promoted by IL-12 to differentiate towards the Th1 type, producing cytokines including IL-12 and IFNγ. OPN inhibits production of the Th2 cytokine IL-10, which leads to enhanced Th1 response. OPN influences cell-mediated immunity and has Th1 cytokine functions. It enhances B cell immunoglobulin production and proliferation. OPN also induces mast cell degranulation. IgE-mediated anaphylaxis is significantly reduced in OPN knock-out mice compared to wild-type mice. The role of OPN in activation of macrophages has also been implicated in a cancer since OPN-producing tumors were able to induce macrophage activation compared to OPN-deficient tumors.

Chemotaxis
OPN plays an important role in neutrophil recruitment in alcoholic liver disease. OPN is important for the migration of neutrophil in vitro. In addition, OPN recruits inflammatory cells to arthritis joints in the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis. A recent in vitro study in 2008 has found that OPN plays a role in mast cell migration. Here OPN knock-out mast cells were cultured and they observed a decreased level of chemotaxis in these cells compared to wildtype mast cells. OPN was also found to act as a macrophage chemotactic factor. In rhesus monkey, OPN prevents macrophages from leaving the accumulation site in brains, indicating an increased level of chemotaxis.

Immune system
OPN binds to several integrin receptors including α4β1, α9β1, and α9β4 expressed by leukocytes. These receptors have been well-established to function in cell adhesion, migration, and survival in these cells.

Osteopontin (OPN) is expressed in a range of immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, microglia and T and B cells, with varying kinetics. OPN is reported to act as an immune modulator in a variety of manners. Firstly, it has chemotactic properties, which promote cell recruitment to inflammatory sites. It also functions as an adhesion protein, involved in cell attachment and wound healing. In addition, OPN mediates cell activation and cytokine production, as well as promoting cell survival by regulating apoptosis. The following examples are found.

Clinical significance
The fact that OPN interacts with multiple cell surface receptors that are ubiquitously expressed makes it an active player in many physiological and pathological processes including wound healing, bone turnover, tumorigenesis, inflammation, ischemia, and immune responses. Manipulation of plasma (or local) OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, bone (and tooth) mineralization diseases, osteoporosis, and some forms of stress.

Autoimmune diseases
OPN has been implicated in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. OPN-R, the thrombin-cleaved form of OPN, is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis–affected joints. However, the role of OPN in rheumatoid arthritis is still unclear. One group found that OPN knock-out mice were protected against arthritis. while others were not able to reproduce this observation.

OPN has been found to play a role in other autoimmune diseases including autoimmune hepatitis, allergic airway disease, and multiple sclerosis. '''

Allergy and asthma
Osteopontin has recently been associated with allergic inflammation and asthma. Expression of Opn is significantly increased in lung epithelial and subepithelial cells of asthmatic patients in comparison to healthy subjects. Opn expression is also upregulated in lungs of mice with allergic airway inflammation. The secreted form of Opn (Opn-s) plays a proinflammatory role during allergen sensitization (OVA/Alum), as neutralization of Opn-s during that phase results in significantly milder allergic airway inflammation. In contrast, neutralization of Opn-s during antigenic challenge exacerbates allergic airway disease. These effects of Opn-s are mainly mediated by the regulation of Th2-suppressing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) during primary sensitization and Th2-promoting conventional DCs during secondary antigenic challenge. OPN deficiency was also reported to protect against remodeling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), again using a chronic allergen-challenge model of airway remodeling. Furthermore, it was recently demonstrated that OPN expression is upregulated in human asthma, is associated with remodeling changes and its subepithelial expression correlates to disease severity. OPN has also been reported to be increased in the sputum supernatant of smoking asthmatics, as well as the BALF and bronchial tissue of smoking controls and asthmatics.

Colitis
Opn is up-regulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Opn expression is highly up-regulated in intestinal immune and non-immune cells and in the plasma of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as in the colon and plasma of mice with experimental colitis. Increased plasma Opn levels are related to the severity of CD inflammation, and certain Opn gene (Spp1) haplotypes are modifiers of CD susceptibility. Opn has also a proinflammatory role in TNBS- and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, which are mouse models for IBD. Opn was found highly expressed by a specific dendritic cell (DC) subset derived from murine mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and is highly proinflammatory for colitis. Dendritic cells are important for the development of intestinal inflammation in humans with IBD and in mice with experimental colitis. Opn expression by this inflammatory MLN DC subset is crucial for their pathogenic action during colitis.

Cancer
It has been shown that OPN drives IL-17 production; OPN is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma and pleural mesothelioma; OPN contributes both glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial nephritis; and OPN is found in atheromatous plaques within arteries. Thus, manipulation of plasma OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, osteoporosis and some forms of stress.

Osteopontin is implicated in PDAC (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) disease progression. It is expressed as one of three splice variants in PDAC, with osteopontin-a expressed in nearly all PDAC, osteopontin-b expression correlating with survival, and osteopontin-c correlating with metastatic disease. Because PDAC secretes alternatively spliced forms of osteopontin, it shows potential for tumor- and disease stage-specific targeting. Although the exact mechanisms of osteopontin signaling in PDAC are unknown, it binds to CD44 and integrins to trigger processes such as tumor progression and complement inhibition. Osteopontin also drives metastasis by triggering the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloprotease (MMP), which is inhibited by knocking down osteopontin. This process is also stimulated by nicotine, which is the proposed mechanism by which smokers experience elevated PC risk. Osteopontin is being explored as a marker for PC. It was found to perform better than CA19.9 in discerning IPMN [80] and resectable PDAC from pancreatitis. Antiosteopontin antibodies are being developed, including hu1A12, which inhibited metastasis in an in vivo study and also when hybridized with the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab. At least one clinical trial is exploring the use of osteopontin as a marker of intratumoral hypoxia. However, this marker remains relatively unexplored.

Osteopontin is also implicated in excessive scar-formation and a gel has been developed to inhibit its effect.

AOM1, an anti-osteopontin monoclonal antibody drug developed by Pfizer, Inc. to inhibit osteopontin, showed promise at preventing progression of large metastatic tumors in mouse models of NSCLC.

Even though Opn promotes metastasis and can be used as a cancer biomarker, latest studies described novel protecting functions of the molecule on innate cell populations during tumor development. Particularly, maintenance of a pool of natural killer (NK) cells with optimal immune function is crucial for host defense against cancerous tumor formation. A study in PNAS describes iOpn is an essential molecular component responsible for maintenance of functional NK cell expansion. Absence of iOPN results in failure to maintain normal NK cellularity and increased cell death following stimulation by cytokine IL-15. OPN-deficient NK cells fail to successfully navigate the contraction phase of the immune response, resulting in impaired expansion of long-lived NK cells and defective responses to tumor cells. In addition, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) protect from melanoma, and this effect is mediated by type I IFNs. A study in JCB showed that a specific fragment (SLAYGLR) of the Opn protein can render pDCs more “fit” to protect from melanoma development. This was achieved by activation of a novel α4 integrin/IFN-β axis which is MyD88-independent and operates via a PI3K/mTOR/IRF3 pathway.

Heart failure
Osteopontin is minimally expressed under normal conditions, but accumulates quickly as heart function declines. Specifically, it plays a central role in the remodeling response to myocardial infarction, and is dramatically upregulated in hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Once abundant, it stimulates a wide range of physiological changes in the myocardium, including angiogenesis, local production of cytokines, differentiation of myofibroblasts, increased deposition of extracellular matrix, and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these processes remodel the structure of the heart, in effect reducing its ability to function normally, and increasing risk for heart failure.

Parkinson's disease
OPN plays a role in oxidative and nitrosative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity, which are also involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. PD patients serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of OPN were studied, it shows that OPN levels in the body fluid is elevated in PD patients.

Muscle disease and injury
Evidence is accumulating that suggests that osteopontin plays a number of roles in diseases of skeletal muscle, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Osteopontin has been described as a component of the inflammatory environment of dystrophic and injured muscles,  and has also been shown to increase scarring of diaphragm muscles of aged dystrophic mice. A recent study has identified osteopontin as a determinant of disease severity in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This study found that a mutation in the osteopontin gene promoter, known to cause low levels of osteopontin expression, is associated with a decrease in age to loss of ambulation and muscle strength in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Hip osteoarthritis
An increase in Plasma OPN levels has been observed in patients with idiopathic hip OA. Furthermore, a correlation between OPN plasma levels and the severity of the disease has been noted.

Fertilized egg implantation
OPN is expressed in endometrial cells during implantation. Due to the production of progesterone by the ovaries, OPN is up-regulated immensely to aid in this process. The endometrium must undergo decidualization, the process in which the endometrium undergoes changes to prepare for implantation, which will lead to the attachment of the embryo. The endometrium houses stromal cells that will differentiate to produce an optimal environment for the embryo to attach (decidualization). OPN is a vital protein for stromal cell proliferation and differentiation as well as it binds to the receptor αvβ3 to assist with adhesion. OPN along with decidualization ultimately encourages the successful implantation of the early embryo. An OPN gene knock-out results in attachment instability at the maternal-fetal interface.

title: Osteopontin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Airline disatisfaction

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 21:57, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Airline disatisfaction
Original research -- at the very least needs to be cleaned up and made less POV. --Quasipalm 14:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Quasipalm 14:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nothing here that isn't already covered in Airline and related articles, and title is misspelled so no reason to redirect. —Wahoofive (talk) 23:18, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic POV essay. MCB 03:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal opinion page, not encylopedic.  Vegaswikian 05:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Wedge issue

This page needs cleaning up in terms of language and content. A lot of the expression is messy.

Also, while the example of the Tampa is perfect for a study of wedge politics, the way it has been worded (e.g., referring to the people on the boat as refugees rather than asylum seekers) is politically loaded. El T 14:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

This page is filled with Original Research, unencyclopedic language, unreferenced speculation and huge POV problems.

Discussion of a possible article expansion
Hi!! It is now 2020, there is a global pandemic and the issue of wedge politics is more important than ever. I will work on updating this article with information regarding the history of wedge politics, as well as cases which have taken place since the article's last edit. I will begin by tackling the recent use of wedge politics during the Covid-19 pandemic, specifically the US anti-quarantine protests and work backwards from there. I would also argue that the article's importance level should be raised given the Trump administration's constant use of wedge politics.--Cinaminamon (talk) 18:48, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Emissions Trading Scheme in Australia
Following the definition of wedge politics according to this article - would it be a sufficient idea to put the proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) in here as a wedge issue? It split the LNP base significantly and caused the leadership shakeup of November/December 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.123.26 (talk) 09:00, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Edits by GoldDragon
Please follow wiki protocol and discuss your edits here. Wikipedia is not intended to be the advertising section for your favourite political party. NPOV is the goal. --Clausewitz01 (talk) 14:25, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

I reverted your edits again, as arts funding and the coalition are not wedge issues. A wedge issue is defined as something used to divide a party or their support base. You simply copied and pasted this material from the 2008 Canadian parliamentary dispute article, without really explaining why it would be a divisive issue. GoldDragon (talk) 00:08, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Wow, the great GoldDragon is entering a discussion. You would be correct if the original version stated what you are trying to spin, however it doesnt.  A wedge issue is a sharply divisive political issue, especially one that is raised by a candidate or party in hopes of attracting or disaffecting a portion of an opponent's customary supporters.  In this case, the Conservative party is utilizing Quebec as the wedge issue to create disaffection with the policies and actions of the Liberal and NDP parties.  The reference to the use of Arts funding is merely an example of the tactic. --Clausewitz01 (talk) 21:41, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Arts funding was never a wedge issue, as it didn't divide any party, it harmed the Tories in Quebec. GoldDragon (talk) 00:57, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Either you do not understand what a wedge issue is, or you are choosing to pretend not to. I am going to assume the former, unless you directly tell me differently.  A wedge issue is used to define a support base by pushing your supporters closer to you.  It is not used to divide a political party, but rather to define the policies of one party in strong contrast to another party.  It is a fundamental to winning an election.  It is necessary to define who you are not in order to define who you are, hence a wedge issue.  Thus the Conservative party is taking a stance that is very favourable to their base, driving a wedge between themselves and the perceived or created threat of Quebec Separatists.  This is very favourable to the Conservative support base.  The arts funding issue is an example of the overarching use of Quebec and the threat of Quebec Seperatists as a Wedge issue to firm up the core support of the Conservative party.  Please indicate if you actually comprehend this or if, as is more likely, you are editing to disguise the tactics of the Conservative part.  --Clausewitz01 (talk) 01:16, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This is the definition of a wedge issue: A wedge issue is a social or political issue, often of a divisive or otherwise controversial nature, which splits apart or creates a "wedge" in the support base of one political group. An issue that galvanizes a party's own support base is not a wedge issue, neither is an issue that is "driving a wedge between themselves and the perceived or created threat". Again, don't throw around excuses such as "you are a Tory", etc. GoldDragon (talk) 02:02, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Well GoldDragon, your party affiliation is established then, thanks for clearing up what was already patently obvious. As is your desire to constantly pick fights on Wikipedia, you seem to enjoy these, but you are truly alone in that enjoyment. Some of us, myself included, come to Wikipedia with the desire to produce a neutral encyclopedia. You may want to increase your reading comprehension and research skills though, since the rest of the world doesn't agree with your narrow definition of a wedge issue:

http://www.answers.com/topic/wedge-issue "A sharply divisive political issue, especially one that is raised by a candidate or party in hopes of attracting or disaffecting a portion of an opponent's customary supporters."

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wedge+issues "A sharply divisive political issue, especially one that is raised by a candidate or party in hopes of attracting or disaffecting a portion of an opponent's customary supporters. "

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Wedge-issue "Wedge issue is a social or political issue, often of a divisive or otherwise controversial nature, which is used by one political group to split apart or create a "wedge" in the support base of an opposing political group, with a view to enticing voters to give their support to the first group. The use of wedge issues gives rise to wedge politics."

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-wedge.html "wedge issue in the US, a divisive political issue, especially one that is raised by a candidate for public office in the hope of attracting or alienating an opponent's supporters." --Clausewitz01 (talk) 03:31, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

A party that uses wedge issues does have the effect of attracting supporters from a rival party, however there are other non-wedge issues that can attract opposing supporters as well. First and foremost, a wedge issue is designed to divide an opposition party, rather than necessarily gaining opposition support. GoldDragon (talk) 17:45, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Now your understanding this a bit better, but still not quite there. Though wedge issues are used to divide the party support base of an opposition party, I have never seen an example of it being used to actually divide a political party.  Perhaps to divide something like the NDP/Liberal/BQ co-alition could be divided by a wedge issue.  And before you go legalese on me and claim the BQ wasnt part of the coalition, I know it wasnt technically part.  I've added an article to the front page as a link with more detailed descriptions of how wedge issues are used.  The best example of wedge politics is Margaret Thatcher, she was the absolute master of this tactic.  --Clausewitz01 (talk) 21:52, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * You have been more polite in your recent post, which is good progress from your earlier posts that were full of POV accusations, but you still have trouble sticking to the material at issue. I was never going to debate the BQ being part or no part of the coalition.

 * I am going strictly by the definition of this article when it comes to wedge issues. The clearest example is the one in Australia when the governign Liberals decided to get tough on immmigration, which resulted in the opposition Labour being split between party principles (to be more compassionate in allowing greater immigration) and unions (this interest group in Labour opposed immigration.)

 * Billingualism, which Pierre Trudeau, is a wedge issue for both his Liberals and Robert Stanfield's PC party. GoldDragon (talk) 18:28, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know what tactics of Thatcher would constitute a wedge issue, according to the definition of this article. GoldDragon (talk) 18:28, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Balance
I have removed the Liberal example, pending the insertion of an example as used by the Conservative and NDP parties in Canada, leaving the Liberal example biases the page.

 * The portion I removed is in quotations here for return when other examples are back: " The Liberal Party has raised bilingualism and multiculturalism as issues that divide the Conservative Party base. Much of the Conservative Party's western base, in Alberta and British Columbia are not strongly supportive of such policies, though officially the CPC remains in favor. " --Clausewitz01 (talk) 12:37, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * That is fine, while bilingualism is a wedge issue, it is not such a big deal in the 2000s, whereas it was a problem for Robert Stanfield back in the late 1960s. GoldDragon (talk)

 * The liberal party has also extensively used National Unity/Threat of Quebec as a wedge issue. I am not satisfied with this article without Canadian examples.  When I find a solid NDP one, I will rebuild the article extensively.  Perhaps NATO or Kyoto is the best NDP one, more research required.  --Clausewitz01 (talk) 21:54, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Legalization of Cannabis
Wouldn't that also be a potential wedge issue? The opinions are divided within most parties, and being a drug issue, most people probably have a strong feeling about the problem. I'm not sure whether the topic has been used for wedge politics before, but it's bound to come up again soon and I'd guess it will be during the next presidential elections. --84.226.109.178 (talk) 13:47, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

First Use
This article would benefit greatly from information and/or examples of first-use, if not very early-use, of the technique. For example, was it invented for the Southern Strategy and perfected by Rove? Or, was this used way back when... by the ancient Greeks or Romans? Arbalest Mike (talk) 14:24, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Black/Latino wedge
The following sentence: "In 2012, internal National Organization for Marriage memos dating to 2009 were released that stated that they sought "to drive a wedge between gays and blacks" by promoting "African American spokespeople for marriage", thus provoking same-sex marriage supporters into "denouncing these spokesmen and women as bigots", and to "interrupt" the "assimilation" of Latinos into "dominant Anglo culture" by making the stance against same-sex marriage "a key badge of Latino identity"" Segues strangely from a discussion of black spokespeople into Latinos - what do the Latinos have to do with the African-Americans in the first clause? Haven't got time to read the sources and correct this, but perhaps either correct the obvious mistake or clarify the logical link between the groups in the earlier and later clauses here...? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.222.120.26 (talk) 11:23, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

The 2019 UK General Election and Brexit as a Wedge Issue?
What do people think of Brexit in the 2019 General Election as a wedge issue? It certainly cut through traditional party support and resulted in the Conservatives picking up votes and areas that would not traditionally have voted Conservative. Melias C (talk) 17:54, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

Antisemitism in ‘related articles’?
Under an article that reads like (an admittedly rather insightful) Machiavelli’s handbook-

Related Articles: “Jews in American Politics”.

Really guys?? It’s late and I’ve only scanned the bits of the article I didn’t read, but I’m pretty sure that’s only related if you’re a bigot. 95.149.63.55 (talk) 00:44, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wedge issue


text:
Talk:Mike Hunt (gag name)

took out
I took out the cleanup tag when I made my attempt at fixing the article... I hope that was the right thing to do. -Squibix 13:15, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

what the?
is this even for real?

Does not conform to NPOV -- "corruption in the current administration" ought to read "alleged corruption in the current administration"

I jussa wunda-- why is the category OFFENSIVE USE the FIRST category on this page? hmmmmm?

If I knew how, I would put it at the bottom of this page.

But, I would certainly include it- as it is... what it is.

deleted
It is possible but unlikely that the UK has two physics lecturers with this name; probably the same person moved. The college website does not list its employees. So I have deleted the line, but leave it here for reference.

BrainyBabe (talk) 18:27, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Dr Michael Hunt is head of science and a lecturer in physics at Cornwall College Camborne in the UK.

title: Talk:Mike Hunt (gag name)


text:
Category:Universities in Thailand

In Thailand, universities (มหาวิทยาลัย) are institutions of higher education which cover a broad range of subjects, as opposed to institutes (สถาบัน) and colleges (วิทยาลัย), which offer training in specific disciplines.

title: Category:Universities in Thailand


text:
Rather Ripped

Rather Ripped is the fourteenth studio album by American rock band Sonic Youth, released on June 13, 2006, by Geffen Records. It was the band's first album following the departure of multi-instrumentalist Jim O'Rourke, who had joined as a fifth member in 1999. Unlike its immediate predecessors, the album was produced by John Agnello and recorded at Sear Sound in New York City, the same studio where the band's 1994 album, Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star, was recorded. It also completed Sonic Youth's contract with Geffen, which released the band's previous eight records.

Rather Ripped is considered to be one of Sonic Youth's most accessible albums, featuring an abundance of concise songs dealing with melancholic topics such as adultery, sexual frustration, and infidelity. Upon its release, the album peaked at number 71 on the US Billboard 200 and number 64 on the UK Albums Chart. It received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised its simpler, cleaner melodies and the vocal delivery of singer and bassist Kim Gordon. The album was ranked number 12 in The Village Voice's 2006 Pazz & Jop critics' poll. Its only single, "Incinerate", was released in 2006, alongside an accompanying music video directed by French director and writer Claire Denis.

Background and recording
Rather Ripped is the follow-up to Sonic Youth's 2004 album Sonic Nurse and the band's first record after the departure of multi-instrumentalist Jim O'Rourke, who joined the group as a fifth member in 1999. According to guitarist Lee Ranaldo, O'Rourke left the band to pursue film work and other recording projects. His departure affected the sound of Rather Ripped, with singer and guitarist Thurston Moore stating that the new record "is just a far more straight up rock and roll album", in contrast to the "darker, twisted, complex quality" of O'Rourke's contributions. Partially inspired by the streamlined approach taken by Blondie for their 1978 commercial breakthrough Parallel Lines, Moore decided to write simpler songs "for everybody to plug into immediately." While he conceded Parallel Lines features some "super good" songs, he was disappointed with the album's poppier style and Mike Chapman's production when it was released. Nevertheless, he recognized that Parallel Lines became Blondie's breakthrough with the general public, and aimed to make Rather Ripped into Sonic Youth's version of Parallel Lines. The album's working titles were "Sonic Life" and "Do You Believe in Rapture?". The name "Rather Ripped" came from a Berkeley, California record store that later moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Unlike its immediate predecessors, which were recorded at the band's own Echo Canyon studio in Lower Manhattan, Rather Ripped was recorded at Sear Sound in New York City from December 2005 to January 2006, where their 1994 album Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star was also recorded. The album was quickly produced and much of the material was not reworked due to the band's limited time in the studio. During the recording sessions, Moore's gear included two Fender Jazzmasters and a Fender Princeton. Ranaldo, on the other hand, played a Gibson Les Paul guitar for half of the album and used his Fender Telecaster Deluxe, "Jazzmaster copy-made" by Saul Koll, and modified Fender Jazzmaster with humbuckers for the remaining tracks. Guitars were directly plugged into the mixer with no guitar amplifier in the signal chain. The band chose John Agnello as the album's engineer due to his work with Don Fleming on albums by Screaming Trees in the early 1990s. He was recommended by fellow musician J Mascis of Dinosaur Jr., who had worked with Agnello for years. Additional work was done in early 2006 at Echo Canyon and J Mascis's Bisquiteen studio in Amherst, Massachusetts. The album was mastered by Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound in New York City in March 2006.

Music and lyrics
Rather Ripped is generally considered one of the band's most accessible albums, featuring an abundance of concise and catchy melodies. Moore described it as "a super song record" that contains "rockers and ballads". In addition, seven of the album's 12 tracks have a duration of less than four minutes, a feature that is uncommon in previous Sonic Youth releases. The album generally favors guitar textures over feedback or noise, which typically characterized the band's earlier works. Dave Heaton of PopMatters remarked that the guitars on Rather Ripped are joined to form a vibrant and mysterious sound, stating that "it often feels like Sonic Youth are taking all the instrumental tricks they've learned over the years and putting them in the service of building a lasting landscape of guitar sounds, one that reverberates with the sounds of the past but also feels eternally youthful".

Lyrically, Rather Ripped deals with melancholic topics about adultery, sexual frustration and infidelity. In the opening track, "Reena", whose working title was "Stonesy", singer and bassist Kim Gordon is involved in a secondary relationship with a woman. Lead single "Incinerate" is built on a conventional love-as-fire metaphor, while "What a Waste" attributes sexual lust. "Pink Steam", which is the longest track of the album, features a lengthy instrumental part that was described as "gorgeously windswept and violently romantic". Its title was taken from a book by San Francisco author Dodie Bellamy. The song "Do You Believe in Rapture?" is a political reflection on Christians in the office, while "Rats", which is the only song on the album written by Ranaldo, was described as a "fulfilling ghost-narrative". The album ends with the semi-acoustic ballad "Or", which starts with strip-club imagery and ends with Moore recounting various interview-like questions such as "What comes first? The music or the words?"

Release
Rather Ripped was released on June 13, 2006, and completed Sonic Youth's contract with major label Geffen Records, which also released the band's previous eight albums. The UK edition of the album includes two outtakes, "Helen Lundeberg" and "Eyeliner", which were previously released as a 7" single on the band's own label, Sonic Youth Records. To promote the album, the band embarked on a tour across the United States, starting at New York's famed CBGB on June 13, 2006, where the band had not performed since 1992, and ending at the Bank of America Pavilion in Boston on September 3, 2006. Bassist Mark Ibold, formerly of the indie rock band Pavement, joined the band as part of the touring group.

Upon release, Rather Ripped peaked at No. 71 on the US Billboard 200 chart and No. 64 on the UK Albums Chart. The album also charted in other countries, including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France and Norway. The song "Incinerate" was released as a single in France and Australia in 2006. Additionally, five music videos, one for "Incinerate" and four for "Jams Run Free", were directed by French director and writer Claire Denis. The video for "Incinerate" is a performance of the band that was recorded at Le Nouveau Casino in Paris prior to their 2006 tour in support of the album, while the others are set in an apartment and repeat images of cats, roofing tiles and TV antennas. The videos were shot with a consumer-grade digital video camera and feature a dissolving image resolution and fluctuating color palette.

Critical reception
Rather Ripped received widespread acclaim from critics. In a review for the Toronto Star, Ben Rayner wrote that the band managed to condense all their expansive musical style into tighter songs "without sacrificing the mercurial structures, subversive lyrical bent and reverence for noise that identify Sonic Youth as Sonic Youth". PopMatters editor Dave Heaton believed the album was a graceful and elegant way to end Sonic Youth's unique relationship with Geffen, describing it as a "cohesive story about a band seeking the best way to take the reckless, brave spirits of free jazz, punk, and experimental music, and generate them within the confines of traditional rock song structure". He also praised Moore's lyrics, stating that "his Beat-style poetry is especially evocative, and especially terse—a quality that fits well with an album that musically seems to be doing much the same, communicating a lot with a little". Similarly, Dave Simpson of The Guardian felt that the band reinvented themselves with poppier songs, calling Rather Ripped "an extraordinary state of affairs in Sonic Youth's 25th year".

Writing for Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield highlighted Moore's guitar playing for giving the album "a sense of emotional urgency" and considered "Incinerate" and "Pink Steam" some of the album's highlights. Gordon's vocal delivery was widely praised, with Ben Ratliff of The New York Times comparing it favorably to The Velvet Underground singer and collaborator Nico. Robert Christgau also remarked that Gordon sounds "breathlessly girlish" despite being 53 at the time, and that both she and Moore "evoke visions of dalliance, displacement, recrimination, and salvation that never become unequivocally literal". He gave the album an "A" in his consumer guide review for Rhapsody. Sheffield concluded that the album features her first worthwhile songs in a decade.

Steve Hochman of Los Angeles Times credited the album's catchy melodies for being smartly and effectively handled, commenting that "it almost makes you wonder what would have happened if Television and Peter Frampton had worked together". Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly wrote that, although the band "can still knock out a noisy punk stomper when the mood strikes" like on the track "Sleepin Around", the cleaner and quieter melodies are the ones that "really rip up your emotions". Slant's Jimmy Newlin stated similar pros, noting that "quiet is the new loud", and felt that the band's shift towards romantic poignancy was "a welcome growth as the band advances well into its second decade of existence".

Other reviews were less enthusiastic. Spin editor Joe Gross criticized Rather Ripped for its lack of expansive songs, stating that the album "is about three- or four-minute songcraft—never the highlight of their résumé, even when [Gordon] lends her singular rasp". Brandon Stosuy of Pitchfork Media felt that the second half of the album was weaker than the first and criticized the lyrics of the closer "Or". AllMusic reviewer Heather Phares remarked that the band's playing can occasionally outpace their songwriting, but nevertheless judged Rather Ripped as "a solidly good album" that "shows that Sonic Youth is still in a comfortable yet creative groove, not a rut". Rather Ripped was ranked 12th in The Village Voices 2006 Pazz & Jop critics' poll and 13th in The Wires annual critics' poll. Rolling Stone editors ranked the album third on their Top 50 Albums of 2006 list, while Pitchfork ranked it 43rd on a similar list.

Track listing
All lyrics by Thurston Moore except "Reena" and "The Neutral" by Kim Gordon, "What a Waste" by Kim Gordon and Thurston Moore, and "Rats" by Lee Ranaldo.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

 * Sonic Youth
 * Thurston Moore – vocals, guitar, bass on "Rats", production, sleeve design
 * Kim Gordon – vocals, bass, guitar on "Rats", production
 * Lee Ranaldo – guitar, vocals, production, additional recording
 * Steve Shelley – drums, production
 * Design personnel
 * Christopher Wool – sleeve artwork
 * Amanda de Cadenet – band photography
 * JP Robinson – front cover design
 * Brandy Flower – sleeve design

 * Technical personnel
 * John Agnello – production, mixing, additional recording
 * TJ Doherty – recording
 * Aaron Mullan – assistant engineer, additional recording
 * Chris Allen – assistant engineer
 * Anthony Fontana – assistant engineer
 * Don Fleming – additional vocal production
 * Greg Calbi – mastering

title: Rather Ripped


text:
Jef Mallett

Jef Mallett (born 1962) is an American cartoonist best known as the creator and artist of the nationally syndicated comic strip Frazz.

Early and personal life
Mallett attended nursing school as well as EMT training before leaving to pursue his artistic interests. He has a longtime interest in bicycling and hanggliding and is an avid triathlete, having completed his first triathlon in 1981 (coming in 9th). He has twice completed the Ironman Triathlon. He is married to Patty and lives in Huntington Woods, Michigan, United States.

Career
While in high school, Mallett published his first comic strip for his local newspaper, the Big Rapids Pioneer. His first comic series was entitled "Birchbark", featuring a French-Canadian trapper. After becoming a graphic artist, he worked in that capacity for regional newspapers, the Grand Rapids Press and the Flint Journal. Afterwards, Mallett left the commercial world to concentrate on Frazz full-time.

Books

 * Dangerous Dan (children's book). Willowisp Press (1996) ISBN 978-0-87406-720-0
 * Live at Bryson Elementary. Andrews McMeel Publishing (2005) 128 pages. Includes foreword by Gene Weingarten and introduction by Jef Mallett. ISBN 0-7407-5447-5
 * 99% Perspiration. Andrews McMeel Publishing (2006) 128 pages. ISBN 0-7407-6043-2
 * Frazz 3.1416. Andrews McMeel Publishing (20089) 128 pages. ISBN 0-7407-7739-4. Includes an introduction by Charles Solomon
 * Trizophrenia: Inside the Minds of a Triathlete VeloPress (2009) ISBN 978-1-934030-44-8

Illustrations

 * Live Albom II by Mitch Albom, Detroit Free Press, Inc. (1990) ISBN 978-0-937247-19-8
 * Mallett donated cover artwork for the Bob and Tom Show CD: Operation Radio which was distributed for free to US Servicemen, serving overseas, as part of the USO's Operation Care Package.
 * Created the artwork for the Bob and Tom Show CD: Man Boobs (2006).
 * Roadie: The Misunderstood World of a Bike Racer by Jamie Smith, published Spring 2008 by VeloPress.

Other

 * He was 2005 commencement speaker at University of Michigan–Flint.
 * Participated in Nevada Passage, which featured two-person teams competing in cycling, kayaking, and other outdoor events during a 2006 reality television program; his partner was adventure journalist Stefani Jackenthal, another all-American triathlete.

Awards

 * 2003 annual Wilbur Award from the Religion Communicators Council for "Excellence in Communicating Values and Ethics", for Frazz.

title: Jef Mallett


text:
User:Haraldpeter

Harald Peter Ström

1978-12-21, born in Umeå/Sweden, currently located in Amsterdam/The Netherlands.

More information: burnfield.com/peter

title: User:Haraldpeter


text:
Scalidophora

Scalidophora is a group of marine pseudocoelomate ecdysozoans that was proposed on morphological grounds to unite three phyla: the Kinorhyncha, the Priapulida and the Loricifera. The three phyla have four characters in common — chitinous cuticle that is moulted, rings of scalids on the introvert, flosculi, and two rings of introvert retracts. The introvert and abdomen are separated by a distinct neck region in all groups, but in adult macroscopic priapulids it becomes rudimentary in Priapulus and is completely absent in Halicryptus. However, the monophyly of the Scalidophora was not supported by two molecular studies, where the position of the Loricifera was uncertain or as sister to the Panarthropoda. Both studies supported a reduced Scalidophora comprising the Kinorhyncha and Priapulida as sister phyla. Their closest relatives are the Panarthropoda, Nematoda and Nematomorpha.

The two species in the genus Markuelia, known from fossilized embryos from the middle Cambrian, are thought to be stem scalidophorans.

The group has also been considered a single group, Cephalorhyncha, with three classes.

The group is named after the spines (scalids) covering the introvert (head that can be retracted into the trunk).

title: Scalidophora


text:
Ezkio-Itsaso

Ezkio-Itsaso (formerly in Spanish, Ezquioga-Ichaso) is a municipality in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in northern Spain.

It was founded in 1965 by the fusion of the municipalities of Ezkio and Itsaso. In December 2016 the Regional Council of Gipuzkoa tried to split Ezkio-Itsaso into two independent municipalities. However, this was refused by the Spanish central government and finally dismissed by court decisions (judgments of 09/07/2018 and 09/20/2019 of the TSJ Madrid).

Ezkio was renowned in the 1930s for the apparitions of the Virgin Mary even though the Catholic Church has not authenticated them.

There is an advanced project to build an AVE high-speed train station in Ezkio-Itsaso that would become an important travel hub connecting the Basque Y to Navarre. However, a connection to Navarre from Vitoria-Gasteiz is also studied.

title: Ezkio-Itsaso


text:
User talk:David J Green

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions to the Common Worship article: congratulations on such a thorough reworking. I'm an priest in the Diocese of Salisbury, and have been a Wikipedian for almost a year. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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--Gareth Hughes 14:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:David J Green


text:
Gabiria

Gabiria is a town and municipality located in the region of Goierri of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Gabiria


text:
Potassium manganate

Potassium manganate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2MnO4. This green-colored salt is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), a common chemical. Occasionally, potassium manganate and potassium permanganate are confused, but each compound's properties are distinct.

Structure and bonding
K2MnO4 is a salt, consisting of K+ cations and MnO4(2−) anions. X-ray crystallography shows that the anion is tetrahedral, with Mn-O distances of 1.66 Å, ca. 0.03 Å longer than the Mn-O distances in KMnO4. It is isostructural with potassium sulfate. The compound is paramagnetic, owing to the presence of one unpaired electron on the Mn(VI) center.

Synthesis
The industrial route entails treatment of MnO2 with air and potassium hydroxide:
 * 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 → 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O

The transformation gives a green-colored melt. Alternatively, instead of using air, potassium nitrate can be used as the oxidizer:
 * 2 KOH + KNO3 + MnO2 → K2MnO4 + H2O + KNO2

One can test an unknown substance for the presence of manganese by heating the sample in strong KOH in air. The production of a green coloration indicates the presence of Mn. This green color results from an intense absorption at 610 nm.

In the laboratory, K2MnO4 can be synthesized by heating a solution of KMnO4 in concentrated KOH solution followed by cooling to give green crystals:
 * 4 KMnO4 + 4 KOH → 4 K2MnO4 + O2 + 2 H2O

This reaction illustrates the relatively rare role of hydroxide as a reducing agent. The concentration of K2MnO4 in such solutions can be checked by measuring their absorbance at 610 nm.

The one-electron reduction of permanganate to manganate can also be effected using iodide as the reducing agent:
 * 2 KMnO4 + 2 KI → 2 K2MnO4 + I2

The conversion is signaled by the color change from purple, characteristic of permanganate, to the green color of manganate. This reaction also shows that manganate(VII) can serve as an electron acceptor in addition to its usual role as an oxygen-transfer reagent. Barium manganate, BaMnO4, is generated by the reduction of KMnO4 with iodide in the presence of barium chloride. Just like BaSO4, BaMnO4 exhibits low solubility in virtually all solvents.

An easy method for preparing potassium manganate in the laboratory involves heating crystals or powder of pure potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate will decompose into potassium manganate, manganese dioxide and oxygen gas:
 * 2 KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

This reaction is a laboratory method to prepare oxygen, but produces samples of potassium manganate contaminated with MnO2. The former is soluble and the latter is not.

Reactions
Manganate salts readily disproportionate to permanganate ion and manganese dioxide:
 * 3 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O → 2 KMnO4 + MnO2 + 4 KOH

The colorful nature of the disproportionation has led the manganate/manganate(VII) pair to be referred to as a chemical chameleon. This disproportionation reaction, which becomes rapid when [OH-] < 1M, follows bimolecular kinetics.

title: Potassium manganate


text:
Gaintza

Gaintza is a town and municipality located in the Goierri region of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Gaintza


text:
Talk:Kantar Worldpanel

Open in another FireFox window
I was putting another article up for deletion but an error in a script I am running seems to have put it on this page which was open in another ff window. Andyreply 22:16, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

This article should be updated via this source. 81.76.33.219 (talk) 12:42, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Andrew Fowler
Can someone expand on Andrew Fowler role at Kantar? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.152.9.74 (talk) 20:22, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kantar Worldpanel


text:
User talk:Haraldpeter

Welcome
Welcome!

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Hint
Next time you try an exercise such as Our Country, try using one of the wiki and similar sites described in interactive fiction - your work might survive somewhat longer. -- RHaworth 07:31, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Rietveld3.m.jpg
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title: User talk:Haraldpeter


text: User talk:83.192.130.189

title: User talk:83.192.130.189


text:
Gaztelu

Gaztelu is a village and municipality located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Gaztelu


text:
Getaria

Getaria may refer to:

 * Getaria, France, in Labourd
 * Getaria, Gipuzkoa, Spain

title: Getaria


text:
Talk:Rather Ripped

Notability
Why is this not just a part of the Sonic Youth article? Seems a redirect for this would be better than its own article, until and unless it becomes more notable. Qaz ( talk ) 14:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's general practice to give albums separate articles, except perhaps if the band only had one album. As for notability, it's an album by a notable artist, and only has been out for a wee while yet. -  THE GREAT GAVINI  {T-C} 11:17, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Alleged album cover
I removed Image:Rippedcover.jpg from this article since there is no source information verifying that this is the actual album cover. The image is also the only contribution of the uploader. --CrypticBacon 08:09, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

am i wrong or are all the chart placings for sonic nurse not this album? Sam

External links modified
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title: Talk:Rather Ripped


text:
User talk:Ec5618/Laboratory/question about physics

18:37, October 10, 2005 (UTC).


text:
Prelap

Prelap is a screenwriting term that means the dialogue from the next scene precedes the cut, and the beginning of the dialogue is heard in the outgoing scene. As an example:

ADRIAN (V.O., PRELAP) Peter? Peter, where are you? EXT. THE WOODS – DAY Adrian is out looking for Peter. We see him wander around in the small forest. ADRIAN Peter? Hello? Are you there?

In this example, Adrian's voice precedes the scene out in the woods. The "V.O." means "Voice Over" and the "PRELAP" indicates that Adrian's dialogue should be heard before the next scene begins. Adrian, in this example, might not even be in the scene the other characters are in when the prelap occurs. ("O.S." or "Off Screen" would not be appropriate as the term should only be used for characters unseen but on set.)

Prelaps can be of sound or dialogue, or anything non-visual, since a visual would indicate a direct cut to a new scene.

title: Prelap


text: File:Hamilton-perlman-BandB.jpg

title: File:Hamilton-perlman-BandB.jpg