text:
Talk:Poetry of Mao Zedong

If you are interested, please help me to improve this article, especially the style and grammars!

Yiyu 02:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

It's not complete yet, will annotate all poems.

Yiyu 04:33, 10 October 2005

Major Cleanup Required
So, this article contained references only to primary sources, namely collections of Mao's poetry. None of the claims about Mao's poetry were referenced. I'm not an expert editor here, but I think that the long quotations of Mao's poetry are misplaced. Not only is it unclear whether the translations being provided were in the public domain (and one of the translations was not cited at all), but Wikipedia is not a repository for poetry. I think that Wikisource is where we put things like that. For that reason, I have removed the full quotations of poems.

This didn't leave much content, and all of it unsourced. I've consolidated the long list of poems into a single statement explaining when Mao wrote them, and that many of them were in reference to major events in the Chinese Civil War, which is most of what was substantive about the former content. The former presentation was far too detailed, and it wasn't always clear what, if anything, was encyclopedically relevant about those details. In addition, without a verifiable secondary source that lists Mao's "important" poems, and perhaps provides a window on the literary consensus around these poems, this level of detail is out of place.

Finally, there were subtle POV issues, that I have mostly edited out, but which make the former article somewhat suspect. For example, the passage in the article which read:

"Red Army was beaten several time by the pursuing KMT army. They used up all ammunitions and were starved. Then on the New Year of 1929 they fought a desperate fight in the snow at Dabodi, using stones and bare hands, and beat their enemy. Mao revisited this place several years later and wrote this poem."

This is written in a rather dramatic voice, and has hints of romanticizing the Communist position in the Civil War.

If good secondary sources cannot be provided to flesh out the article, I would suggest that we keep a small section of whatever can be verified in the main article.

--Luna (talk) 02:29, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I find this editorial approach unnecessarily preemptive and clumsy: although certainly not without valid reason. However, it is not true that references to primary sources are totally invalid, although certainly references to secondary sources here would be much desirable here. Perhaps it's better not to throw the baby out with the bath water? Wikisource seems to be a good repository for poems by Mao, or whoever, however, Luna appears to have deleted much material and deposited none at Wikisource. Blanking large sections of articles because of editorial frustration about being "unclear whether the translations being provided were in the public domain" or "one of the translations was not cited at all" is not the way to go. How about adding some Citation needed tags etc., exercising a little patience? Similarly, "subtle POV issues" are not to be dealt with by wholesale removal of the perceived offending content, by just one editor, in one bold shot. Please try to be more subtle, and actually improve the article rather than stripping it of content which you personally don't care for. Dcattell (talk) 05:33, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Hey there. This isn't simply, for me, about deleting content that I don't care for. I am a strong proponent of the availability of free, accessible primary sources even of historical figures that I don't like (Mao, for example). I didn't delete this content because I don't like Mao. Let's put it more clearly. Neither of the cited translations is clearly in the public domain, as both are books, one published in 1972, the other in 1993. Citing full poems (not short quotes to illustrate a point) would be a violation of copyright, if I'm not mistaken? Thus, I didn't port the poems to Wikisource because I would then be creating bad pages in Wikisource which would have to be deleted. The POV is subtle, but it is not the sole reason that I deleted the content. I actually spent a few hours trying to rework the article into something passable as encyclopedic working from the assumption the article's original author had good sources, but didn't cite them. If you read through the version that you have restored, you will find bad formatting and sections which are empty of usable content.

 * The section on Changsha has an unsourced assertion that this is one of Mao's best poems (an assertion I preserved with a citation needed tag in my much pared down version of the article), an external link to the poem in Chinese (which should properly be moved to the external links section if it is from a reliable source), and an "informal translation" of the full text of the poem. What is the source of the informal translation? What does that even mean? My suspicion, given the other comments on this talk page, is that it is original research, and whether it is or not, Wikipedia isn't a repository for the full text of poems, right? See articles on John Milton or William Blake, for example.

 * I removed the statement that Mao's poems are usually published in groups of twenty, because without further information I don't know what value this statement would have to a potential reader. Is there some significance to this manner of publication? If so, we'll need secondary sources that discuss it.

 * The rest of the article consists of sections that detail many of Mao's published poems, individually, one by one. The information provided in these sections is of dubious relevance to the article, whose title is "Poetry of Mao Zedong." For example, the section on the poem "Yellow Crane Tower" gives details about the tower, not the poem. It also includes a quote of a poem by Cui Hao, but there is nothing in the article as written to indicate if and why this poem would be relevant to the poem by Mao. Following the Cui Hao poem there is a very short statement quoted from Mao (unsourced) about the "historical context" of "Yellow Crane Tower." If I were to rewrite this section, everything I have would be speculation. I would have to speculate that the original author of the article included the information because common scholarly consensus on these poems is that Cui Hao's poem was an influence on Mao's poem, and that would still leave scant information for a full section devoted to this poem.

 * The other sections are similarly scant. The information in each section, when full quotations of poems which violate copyright were removed, do not constitute anything that seems to me to be of encyclopedic interest. Thus, I removed a great deal of content which was either irrelevant or not clearly relevant to Mao's poetry, and replaced it with the brief synopsis of what seemed relevant: that his poems were named for geographic features and followed his campaigning in the Chinese Civil War.

 * What we are left with is an article that does not cite any of its sources, which includes a great deal of information which is not relevant to the article title, which may also be excessively detailed.

 * Now, I've had a Wikipedia username for a while, but I haven't done much editing until recently. I admit that I may be unaware of the best procedures for this sort of thing, so I'm not just going to revert the article to the pared down version that I spent hours creating by carefully sifting through the sections in the original article and attempting to derive what was of encyclopedic interest. But I would ask you to read the two versions of the article more carefully and perhaps evaluate whether I deleted things "I personally didn't care for." An article cobbled together with snippets of things that don't belong on Wikipedia, with POV-influenced material of dubious relevance to the article title, etc., seems to be more of a problem than a bare-bones article.

 * I'm sorry if I sound annoyed. I'm sure that people delete things willy-nilly because they don't like them, and that reverting those deletions is important. But I didn't just delete content. I cut out things that obviously didn't belong (the full poems), and I didn't port them to Wikisource because they are not public domain. I deleted material which was irrelevant to the article title and attempted to summarize the salient points that were relevant.

 * Luna (talk) 14:50, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Poetry of Mao Zedong


text:
Talk:Guitar Wolf

Untitled
Um, neo-renaissance? Isn't that redundant?

 * Well, more like the opposite of redundant. I'd call it more paradoxical. But point taken, it's a stupid neologism. wilhelm 04:48, 3 March 2006 (UTC)Burndownthedisco

"Loudest CD ever made"
Can we have a source for that? Discuss. It's pretty damn loud, but so are a lot of records. Who originally bestowed the title? wilhelm 04:42, 3 March 2006 (UTC)Burndownthedisco

 * It's obviously not. All CD's are digital and therefore have an absolute maximum level of -0dB regardless of the music. Almost all "noise music" (not punk style, but eletronic noise like Merzbow) stays at that level practially all the time. Rock, even "noise rock" is a lot lower in average level.

 * God I hope you two are kidding.74.138.173.233 (talk)

 * We shall call him "Reality Check 74.138.173.233" --Qwerty0 (talk) 05:11, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I've also heard that one of Guitar Wolf's CDs was the loudest CD ever made, but I don't remember where I heard it. Kaldari (talk) 07:42, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * http://www.villagevoice.com/1999-06-01/music/total-death-of-loud/ Kaldari (talk) 07:47, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Ace of Spades
The list of cover versions says that Guitar Wolf has recorded Motörheads Ace of Spades. I am unable to find any confirmation of this anywhere. However, they did record Link Wray's song of the same title, as the list also states. Is it possible, that this is a mistake? Can anyone confirm, that Guitar Wolf recorded Motörhead's Ace of Spades? SkaryMonk (talk) 09:33, 31 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It is not Ace of Spade by MH but by Link Wray. Wuttgenstein (talk) 14:52, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Guitar Wolf


text:
Oak titmouse

The oak titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. The American Ornithologists' Union split the plain titmouse into the oak titmouse and the juniper titmouse in 1996, due to distinct differences in song, preferred habitat, and genetic makeup.

The oak titmouse is a small, brown-tinged gray bird with small tuft or crest. The face is plain, and the undersides are a lighter gray. Sexes are similar, as there is very little to no sexual dimorphism.

This species lives year-round on the Pacific slope, resident from southern Oregon south through California west of the Sierra Nevada to Baja California, but its range surrounds the central San Joaquin Valley. It prefers open woodlands of warm, dry oak and oak-pine at low to mid-elevations but can also be found in forests as long as adequate oak trees are present.

The oak titmouse will sleep in cavities, dense foliage or birdhouses. When roosting in foliage, the titmouse chooses a twig surrounded by dense foliage or an accumulation of dead pine needles, simulating a roost in a cavity. It forms pairs or small groups, but does not form large flocks. It may join mixed-species flocks after breeding season for foraging. Pairs stay together after the breeding season.

Oak titmice eat insects and spiders, and are sometimes seen catching insects in mid air. They will also take berries, acorns, and some seeds. This species forages on foliage, twigs, branches, trunks, and occasionally on ground, sometimes hanging upside down to forage, and hammering seeds against branches to open them. Oak titmice are attracted to feeders with suet, peanut butter and sunflower seeds.

The song of the oak titmouse is a series of repeated phrases of two or three notes with the last note of lower pitch; usually three to seven phrases are grouped together. The call is a scratchy tsicka-dee-dee.

The oak titmouse builds its nest in a woodpecker hole, a natural cavity, or a nest box, using grass, moss, mud, hair, feathers, and fur. It breeds from March into July, with peak activity in April and May, laying 3–9 eggs, usually 6–8. The female is the primary incubator, with incubation taking 14–16 days. Young are altricial and are tended by both parents in nest for 16–21 days. Parents continue to tend to young for another three to four weeks after they leave the nest.

The oak titmouse and juniper titmouse appear almost identical, but differ in voice as well as range. The oak titmouse has a browner back than the juniper titmouse. The oak titmouse gives a repeated series of three to seven syllables, each comprising one low and one high note, while the juniper titmouse song consists of a series of rapid syllables on the same note. Ranges overlap only in a small area in California. The tufted titmouse, which does not overlap in range, has a whiter belly, rusty flanks, and black on the forehead.

title: Oak titmouse


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peep Jousting

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 11:47, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Peep Jousting
non-notable game appearing in non-notable webcomic GTBacchus 02:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, comiccruft. Friday (talk) 04:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as totally non-notable webcomic.--Isotope23 15:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no assertion of notability, see User:SCZenz/Webcomics -- SCZenz 16:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Potemkin (Guilty Gear)

69.141.126.17, please stop adding all that "how-to" stuff. Non-players wouldn't understand most of it and/or wouldn't care, and Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a FAQ page. --Yar Kramer 02:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Possible Connection of Potemkin to G Gundam and GaoGaiGar
I just recently discovered this, but Potemkin has a pair of attacks, Heat Knuckle/Extend which is a lot like Erupting God Finger from G Gundam, and his Overdrive "Gigantor Bullet" is EXACTLY like GaoGaiGar's Hell & Heaven technique found in the series. Even the glowing hands and movement stance are identical!
 * Entirely possible, but at this stage, don't present it as more than it is: Speculation. Digital Watches 03:18, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I know it's kind of an old subject, but Gigantor Bullet really is identical to Hell And Heaven. Opening pose, color of glowing hands, attack pose, attack mode, opening with an energy attack that paralyzes the opponent, you name it. If that's a coincidence, it's a hellishly unlikely one (about as unlikely as "Burly Heart" being so similar to "Kashimir" by accident). The G-Gundam thing is somewhat more specious, but "Heat Extend" is pretty darn close to Domon Kasshu's "Heat End" battlecry, and they both yell it out while peforming a followup attack that involves crushing an opponent in a flaming hand. Just throwing that out there. ShaleZero 18:06, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Removing a musical Reference
68.100.222.184, If you think that "Burly Heart" bears any resemblance to "Spiel Mit Mier", you're crazy. If anything, it's based on a combination of Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir" and Pantera's "A New Level".--68.100.222.184 00:23, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Connection to Kinnikuman.
Yet another reference and nod to Anime, Potemkin has a move and quote "Hontou wa hatchi no hissatsu waza! [Submission Technique #48!]" this is a nod to Kinnikuman's infamous Kinnikuman Buster. Just thought I'd add it. Mimeblade 17:44, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Potemkin (Guilty Gear)


text:
Talk:Landwind X6

Improved Controversy section
I removed a meaningless POV bit, and added information from Dutch engingeering magazine De Ingenieur, number 19, dated 28-10-2005, page 19. Unfortunately it's not as easy to find information about this in English, so if anyone finds a good source, please add it to the external links and improve the article with it. Robin F. 12:29, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Landwind X6


text:
Johannes Käbin

Johannes Käbin (Йоха́ннес Кэ́бин), also known by his Russified name Ivan Gustavovich Kebin (Иван Густавович Кэбин; 24 September 1905 – 25 October 1999), was an Estonian Soviet politician who led the Communist Party of Estonia from 1950 to 1978. Käbin was an ethnic Estonian but had been raised in Russia (so-called "Yestonian"), as his family had moved to Saint Petersburg in 1910. After Estonia regained its independence until his death, Käbin was a member of the Social Democratic Labour Party.

Biography
Johannes Käbin was born in 1905 in Kalvi, Virumaa. In 1907, Käbin's family moved from Estonia to St. Petersburg, where his father died in the same year. In 1916, together with his mother and older sister, he moved to the village of Sussanino in Petrograd Province, where the family bought a small farm (0.27 hectares). In 1926 he entered the Leningrad School of Soviet and Party Construction. A year later, Käbin was appointed chairman of the Susanin Village Council of the Gatchina (Trotsky) district. He completed his studies from Institute of Red Professors in 1938.

Career
He worked as a teacher in Moscow before returning to Estonia after the Second World War. Käbin later became the Deputy Head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the EKP. In 1948, Käbin returned to be elected secretary of the Central Committee for Propaganda and Propaganda. In 1950, at the 8th Plenum, he was elected as First Secretary of the EKP. Initially a hardline Stalinist, he gradually became more moderate in the post-Stalin era but nevertheless remained devoted to the consolidation of Soviet rule in Estonia. He was in this position for more than 25 years, in part due the Kremlin's approval of his policies. He was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 1978 to 1983.

Later life
After the restoration of independence, he remained in Estonia. He died in Tallinn in 1999 at the age of 94. He is buried in Metsakalmistu.

Personal life
His son is the physicist Eduard Käbin (born 17 April 1945), who is a graduate of Moscow State University and is a Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education of Russia.

Awards
He received many awards, such as the:
 * Hero of Socialist Labour (1975)
 * Six Orders of Lenin (1950, 1955, 1958, 1965, 1971, 1975)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1973)
 * Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1946, 1981)
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples (1985)
 * Medal "For Labour Valour" (1959)

title: Johannes Käbin


text:
User talk:JohnCena4086

Vince Is The Best He Is The next Randy orton.

The Future Of This Buisiness

VINCE #1

RKO      Hi dad if you are seeing this

Eddie is a changed man

title: User talk:JohnCena4086


text:
Juniper titmouse

The juniper titmouse (Baeolophus ridgwayi) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. The American Ornithologists' Union split the plain titmouse into the oak titmouse and the juniper titmouse in 1996, due to distinct differences in song, preferred habitat, and genetic makeup.

The juniper titmouse is a small, gray bird with small tuft or crest. Male and female are visually similar.

This titmouse lives year-round primarily in the Great Basin, but is resident from southeastern Oregon and central Colorado south to the eastern Mojave Desert in California and central Arizona, as far as west Texas and extreme northeastern Sonora, Mexico-(the Madrean sky islands). It prefers open woodlands of warm, dry pinyon-juniper, juniper and desert riparian woods.

Juniper titmice will sleep in cavities, dense foliage, or birdhouses. When roosting in foliage, the titmouse chooses a twig surrounded by dense foliage or an accumulation of dead pine needles, simulating a roost in a cavity. It forms pairs or small groups, but does not form large flocks. It may join mixed-species flocks after breeding season for foraging.

The juniper titmouse eats insects and spiders, sometimes seen catching insects in mid air. It also eats berries, acorns, and some seeds, sometimes hammering seeds against branches to open them. The bird forages on foliage, twigs, branches, trunks, and occasionally on the ground. Strong legs and feet allows it to hang upside down to forage. Juniper titmice visit feeders with suet, peanut butter, and seeds.

The song of the juniper titmouse is a rolling series of notes given on the same pitch. Its call sounds like a raspy tschick-adee.

This species builds its nest in a woodpecker hole, natural cavity, or nest box, lining it with grass, moss, mud, hair, feathers, and fur. It breeds from March into July, with peak activity in April and May, laying 3–9 eggs, usually 4–7. The female is the primary incubator, the process of which takes 14–16 days. Young are altricial, and are tended by both parents in nest for 16–21 days. Parents continue to tend to young for another three to four weeks after the young leave the nest.

The oak titmouse and juniper titmouse appear almost identical, but differ in voice as well as range. The oak titmouse has a browner back than the juniper titmouse. The oak titmouse gives a repeated series of three to seven syllables, each composed of one low and one high note, while the juniper titmouse song consists of a series of rapid syllables on the same note. Ranges overlap only in a small area in California. The tufted titmouse, which does not overlap in range, has whiter belly, rusty flanks, and black on the forehead.

title: Juniper titmouse


text: User talk:69.113.213.122

title: User talk:69.113.213.122


text:
Joseph H. Choate Jr.

Joseph Hodges Choate Jr. (February 2, 1876 – January 19, 1968), was an American lawyer who chaired the Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, a group established in 1927 that promoted the repeal of prohibition. Upon repeal in 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt named Choate the first head of the Federal Alcohol Control Administration (FACA).

Early life
Joseph Hodges Choate Jr. was born on February 2, 1876, in New York City, where he grew up, as well as at Naumkeag, his family's country estate in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. He was youngest of five children born to U.S. lawyer and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate and artist and activist Caroline Dutcher Sterling Choate. His older siblings were Ruluff Sterling Choate, George Choate, Josephine Choate, and Mabel Choate. In 1899, his father was appointed ambassador to the Court of St. James in London by President William McKinley and served from 1899 to 1905, continuing under President Theodore Roosevelt.

His paternal grandparents were Margaret Manning (née Hodges) Choate and Dr. George Choate, a physician. Among his extended family were uncles William Gardner Choate, a U.S. district judge of the Southern District of New York (who established Choate School), and Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck Choate. Her maternal grandparents were Caroline (née Dutcher) Sterling and Frederick Augustine Sterling, who were both from Connecticut.

Like his father and uncle William before him, he graduated from Harvard University in 1897 and Harvard Law School.

Career
Upon his father's appointment as ambassador, the younger Choate left law school in Cambridge and joined him in London as third secretary of the Embassy. Choate returned in 1901 to finish his law degree and graduated the following year.

After gaining admission to the bar, Choate practiced law in New York City becoming senior partner in the firm of Choate, Byrd, Léon & Garretson (which was named Choate, Regan, Davis & Hollister at the time of his death). He chaired the Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, a group established in 1927 that promoted the repeal of prohibition. Upon repeal in 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt named Choate the first head of the Federal Alcohol Control Administration (FACA), where he fought for lower priced liquor as a way to end bootlegging. He served until 1935 when the agency was replaced by the Federal Alcohol Administration, part of the Department of the Treasury. His successor was Franklin Chase Hoyt.

Choate was active in support of the Fusion candidacy of Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia and in 1936, he was chairman of the 50th anniversary celebration of the Statue of Liberty. The following year he was made an officer of the French Legion of Honour.

Personal life
In 1903, Choate was married to Cora Lyman Oliver (1876–1955), daughter of General and Assistant Secretary of War Robert Shaw Oliver and Marion Lucy (née Rathbone) Oliver. Cora's older brother was noted psychiatrist and medical historian John Rathbone Oliver. They had homes in Mount Kisco, New York, in New York City at 950 Fifth Avenue, and in North Haven, Maine. They were the parents of four children, including:

 * Marion Choate (1905–1979), who married Charles Barney Harding, who served as chairman of the New York Stock Exchange and Smith, Barney & Co. (founded by his grandfather Charles D. Barney). A son of banker J. Horace Harding, he was a brother of Laura Barney Harding and a great-grandson of financier Jay Cooke.
 * Helen Choate (1906–1974), who married architect Geoffrey Platt in 1932.
 * Priscilla Choate (1908–1998), who married Norwood P. Hallowell III, a son of N. Penrose Hallowell and grandson of Col. Norwood Penrose Hallowell in 1933.
 * Joseph Hodges Choate III (1913–1973), who became a lawyer and married Sarah "Sarita" Blagden.

He died at his home in Mount Kisco on January 19, 1968. After a funeral at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Mt. Kisco, he was buried with his family at Stockbridge Cemetery in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

Descendants
Through his daughter Helen, he was a grandfather of diplomat Nicholas Platt (b. 1936), the former U.S. Ambassador to Zambia, the Philippines, and Pakistan; and the great-grandfather of actor Oliver Platt (b. 1960).

title: Joseph H. Choate Jr.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Punky Brewster

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy keep --Angr/undefined 11:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Punky Brewster
No educational value. It does not fit into an encyclopedia. (unsigned by User:152.163.101.10.)

 * Completeing mal=formed nomination. looks like a probable speedy-keep to me. DES (talk) 06:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. Sorry DESiegel, but I feel that it is wrong for us to carry out an anonymous troll's dirty work like this.  If it is a matter of formality to do this, then let's Ignore all rules and shut this nomination down.   { edit } 06:56, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagee. A speedy keep (which this is obviouly headed for) doesn't take long, and preserved a record for future reference. I don't approve of citign WP:IAR to avoid normal procedure -- indeed I am convinced that anyoen citing it for such a purpose thereby demonstrates a weak case. Besides, this may not have been trolling, but a person who honestly doesn't belive that such articles belong here. A reasonable defense of such a postion could IMO be made, although it would change the nature of wikipedia soemwhat, and i wouldn't support it. But a relatively new user may not fully understand the nature of wikipedia. in such a case, seeing the response is more likely to bbe educational than having the nom simply vanish, IMO. DES (talk) 07:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Then we agree to disagree. This is not a probable speedy keep, it's a definite and no-questions-asked speedy keep which picks up over 220,000 hits on Google still today.  In light of the recent rash of Three's Company related noms, this is almost certainly a bad faith listing.  { edit } 08:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This guy's been nominating TV shows for a while now and every single one has been speedy keeped. Being a new user is one thing, but this guy should have learnt by now. --Last Malthusian 11:32, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and ban these users for making idiotic AfD nominations. — J I P | Talk 06:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and find out why nominator keeps submitting bad faith nominations. --Metropolitan90 07:14, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep of course this is keep. - cohesion | talk 08:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep per above. Ryan Norton T 09:05, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep as per above reasons. —Phil | Talk 09:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep of course. per above.  Dismas|(talk) 09:09, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep for hit show and bad-faith nomination. It's time to end anonymous nominations.    --rob 09:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and block user. -- Kjkolb 10:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.229.51.43

title: User talk:69.229.51.43


text:
1939 California tropical storm

The 1939 California tropical storm, also known as the 1939 Long Beach tropical storm, and El Cordonazo (referring to the Cordonazo winds or the "Lash of St. Francis" (el cordonazo de San Francisco)), was a tropical cyclone that affected Southern California in September 1939. Formerly classified a hurricane, it was the first tropical cyclone to directly affect California since the 1858 San Diego hurricane, and is the only tropical cyclone of tropical-storm strength (or greater) to make landfall in the U.S. state of California. The storm caused heavy flooding, leaving many dead, mostly at sea.

Meteorological synopsis
On September 15, a tropical depression formed off the southern coast of Central America. It moved west-northwestward, passing southwest of the Revillagigedo Islands. It then turned north and then northeastward. For some time, it was a hurricane, and it lost that intensity on or just before September 25. The tropical storm made landfall near San Pedro, California, early on September 25, with winds of severe gale strength. It dissipated later that day. The strongest reported sustained wind was of Force 11 strength, which was reported by a ship, making this system a minimal hurricane. The lowest pressure was reported by the same ship, and was at 28.67 inHg (971 mb).

Due to the rotation of the Earth, tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere tend to move from east to west. This causes tropical cyclones to approach the West Coast of the United States infrequently. Another inhibiting factor for a California landfall is the surrounding water temperatures. Because of the water currents, the waters off the coast of California are rarely above 70 °F, which is too cold for hurricanes to sustain themselves. This tropical cyclone was rare enough that only three other eastern Pacific tropical cyclones brought tropical storm-force winds to the Continental United States during the twentieth century. The Long Beach Tropical Storm was the only one to make landfall; the other three hit Mexico before moving north, but didn't make landfall in California.

Preparations and impact
The storm dropped heavy rain in California, with 5.66 in falling in Los Angeles (5.24 in in 24 hours) and 11.60 in recorded at Mount Wilson, both September records. Over three hours, one thunderstorm dropped nearly 7 in of rain on Indio. 9.65 in fell on Raywood Flat, and 1.51 in on Palm Springs. 4.83 in fell on Pasadena, a September record at the time. At the Citrus Belt near Anaheim, at least 4.63 in of rain fell. The 11.60 in at Mount Wilson is one of California's highest rainfall amounts from a tropical cyclone, although at least one system has a higher point maximum. The rains caused a flood 2 to 4 ft deep in the Coachella Valley with heavy rain immediately preceding the tropical storm dropping 6.45 in the day before the storm hit. The Los Angeles River, which was usually low during September, became a raging torrent.

With heavy rain immediately preceding the tropical storm, flooding killed 45 in Southern California. At sea, 48 were killed. However, the National Hurricane Center only attributes 45 deaths to this system. Six people caught on beaches drowned during the storm. Most other deaths were at sea. Twenty-four died aboard a vessel called the Spray as it attempted to dock at Point Mugu. The two survivors, a man and a woman, swam ashore and then walked five miles (8 km) to Oxnard. Fifteen people from Ventura drowned aboard a fishing boat named Lur. Many other vessels were sunk, capsized, or blown ashore.

Many low-lying areas were flooded. The Hamilton Bowl overflowed, flooding the Signal Hill area. Along the shore from Malibu to Huntington Beach houses were flooded. Throughout the area, thousands of people were stranded in their homes. Streets in Los Angeles proper were covered with water, flooding buildings and stalling cars. Flooding in Inglewood and Los Angeles reached a depth of 2 to 3 ft. Construction on a flood control project in the Los Angeles River's channel by the Army Corps of Engineers was stopped by the flooding. Windows throughout Long Beach were smashed by the wind. At Belmont Shore and the Peninsula, waves undermined ten homes before washing them away. Debris was scattered throughout the coast. Agriculture was disrupted. Crop damage in the Coachella Valley reached 75%.

Rains washed away a 150 ft section of the Southern Pacific Railroad near Indio, and a stretch of the Santa Fe main line near Needles. Waters backing up from a storm drain under construction in the San Gabriel Valley blocked California State Route 60. The pier at Point Mugu was washed away. In Pasadena, 5000 people were left without electricity and 2000 telephones lost service. Communications throughout the affected area was disrupted or rendered impossible. The total amount of damage was $2 million (1939 USD, $ million in USD).

The tropical storm was credited with at least one beneficial effect: it ended a vicious heat wave that had lasted for over a week and killed at least 90 people.

People were caught unprepared by the storm, which was described as "sudden". Some people were still on the beach at Long Beach when the wind reached 40 mph, at which time lifeguards closed the beach. Schools were closed there. At sea, the Coast Guard and Navy conducted rescue operations, saving dozens of people. In response to Californians' unpreparedness, the Weather Bureau established a forecast office for southern California, which began operations in February 1940.

title: 1939 California tropical storm


text:
George "Harmonica" Smith

George "Harmonica" Smith (born Allen George Smith, April 22, 1924 – October 2, 1983) was an American electric blues harmonica player. Apart from his solo recordings, Smith is best known for his work backing both Muddy Waters and Big Mama Thornton.

Life and career
Born in West Helena, Arkansas, United States, but brought up in Cairo, Illinois, Smith's mother taught him how to play the harmonica from the age of 4. In his teenage years he performed in a country band with Early Woods and Curtis Gould. He also joined Mississippi gospel group, the Jackson Jubilee Singers. From the late 1930s and into the 1940s, Smith travelled throughout the south and played harmonica on the streets. In 1941, Smith moved to Rock Island, Illinois and joined a group with drummer Francis Clay. Around this time he was working at the Dixie theatre and began to use an amplifier he'd salvaged from an old projector to amplify his harmonica playing on the streets.

He moved to Chicago and began playing professionally in 1951. He joined the Muddy Waters' band in 1954 and played intermittently with that group. During this period he also worked with Otis Rush. In the mid 1950s he recorded several singles for the RPM/Modern label under the name Little George Smith. In 1955, Smith went on tour with Little Willie John and Champion Jack Dupree, recording several songs with latter while in Cincinnati. Smith relocated to Los Angeles, where the tour ended, later that year. In the late 1950s, Smith recorded singles under various aliases, such as Harmonica King and Little Walter Jr., for labels J & M, Lapel, Melker, and Caddy. In 1960 he recorded 10 singles under the alias George Allen for the Sotoplay and Carolyn labels. In 1966, Smith worked with Muddy Waters while Waters was visiting the West Coast and recorded for the Spivey label. Smith played with Bacon Fat, a blues group, before working with Big Mama Thornton in the 1970s. He played harmonica on her live album Jail in 1975.

Smith spent most of his life living on the West Coast, where he influenced musicians such as William Clarke and Rod Piazza. Smith died in 1983 in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 59.

Selected discography

 * 1969: Blues with a Feeling: A Tribute to Little Walter (World Pacific Records; CD reissue: BGO/Beat Goes On)
 * 1969: ...Of The Blues (Bluesway Records; CD reissue: BGO/Beat Goes On)
 * 1970: No Time For Jive (Blue Horizon Records)
 * 1971: Arkansas Trap (Deram Records)
 * 1976: Blowin' The Blues (P-Vine Special)
 * 1978: Harmonica Blues King (Dobre Records)
 * 1982: Boogie'n With George (Murray Brothers Records)
 * 1983: Pick Your Choice (Shoe Label)
 * 1993: Harmonica Ace (The Modern Masters) (Ace Records; Flair/Virgin Records)
 * 1998: Now You Can Talk About Me (Blind Pig Records)
 * 2011: Teardrops Are Falling (Electro-Fi Records)
 * 2024: Oopin' California Blues (1954-1962) (Jasmine Records)

With Otis Spann With the Super Black Blues Band: T-Bone Walker, Otis Spann and Joe Turner
 * The Blues Is Where It's At (BluesWay, 1966)
 * Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969)

title: George "Harmonica" Smith


text:
User talk:Teiler Köregäten

Teiler Köregäten
I am a State Alchemist stationed in Germany. My main home is in Kereskhavn, Alaska. A State Alchemist is an alchemist that serves the military. Alchemy is the science of understanding the structure of matter, breaking it down, and rebuilding it into something else of the same mass. To find more on alchemy, visit my website http://www.alchemy-and-anime.orgfree.com/ I also anime and manga. Anime is Japanese animation and manga is the Japanese version of the comic book.

I'm also a military geographer in cartogropher. I make aerial maps and other things for military use. I also like the fine arts. I love classical music and sketching. I've won the Hälsjør Award for Sketching in Köbenhävn, Denmark three times.

I am fluent in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, English, Russian, Scottish-Gaelic, Kazakh, and Welsh.

My History
I was born in Jørrek, Själland, Denmark on July 21, 1984. I can't tell you anything else because my job restricts it.

--Thunder Alchemist 03:06, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Greg Alan
What makes Greg Alan noteworthy enough to be on Wikipedia? It was marked for deletion so I moved it in your user space.

Asfandyar

Well, he's an up-and-coming country star and is scheduled to meet with Musik Mafia Monday to discuss his record deal. If he becomes famous (which he could) then I would consider him noteworthy of Wikipedia.

Image:Gregalan.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Gregalan.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. — Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr.) 13:11, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Teiler Köregäten


text:
Talk:Point Barrow

Needs revision. Badly.

Corrections
I corrected the article which stated that the Rogers-Post memorial site was "nearby" to Point Barrow. Using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration calculator at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gccalc.shtml, and the lat/long coordinates for the memorial 71°9′20″N 157°2′58″W, to Point Barrow, the distance is 33 km. or 20.5 miles southwest of the point, hardly "nearby." The rockets were fired from the "Shooting Station," hence the place name to which it is referred, which is a few miles southwest, closer to NARL than it is to Point Barrow. I also distinguished the gray whales as a species not hunted by the Iñupiat. The Makah in northwest Washington state have traditional and treaty hunting rights, but have been precluded from legal hunts since taking one gray whale in 1999. Siberian natives take Eastern Pacific grays, but not as a traditional source of food, but rather for fur farms. This has led to disputes with the Soviet Union and now Russia. Activist (talk) 09:34, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

More Corrections
I corrected the statement about the GAW station at the "Shooting Station." The station, is located on the other side of a lagoon. I also updated information on the occupation of the village/archaeological site of Nuvuk. Anne Brygger (talk) 06:51, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

Panoramic Picture
The panoramic picture shown with mountains in the background is not from Point Barrow. There are no mountains around Point Barrow. The picture is likely from Barter Island.

You are correct that there are no mountains near Point Barrow. There are no mountains in the image either. That is sea ice shoved up on the beach. You can see a van used by a former tour company here in Utqiaġvik Anne Brygger (talk) 04:57, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Point Barrow


text:
William J. G. Turner

William John Gascoyne ("Bill") Turner (October 20, 1952 – June 26, 1987) worked extensively as a composer, director, dramatist, producer and actor. He wrote for nearly 30 productions, including three operas and numerous musicals.

Mr. Turner began his theatrical career in Shorewood, Wisconsin, acting in or creating costumes for high school productions. At Shorewood High School he met his first collaborator, Lory Lazarus, and the two of them created their first musical together: The Reunion Of Sam, with Mr. Turner writing the music. This theater of the absurd musical was first performed in 1969 in their English class. The following year it received staged readings at various coffeehouses in the Milwaukee area, finally receiving a full production in 1973 when they were both students at the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee. Also while attending UW-M, Mr. Turner created incidental music for Lazarus' Inanimation, performed by Milwaukee's Theatre X, and The Utopian And The Scab, performed by fellow drama students. They started work on their next musical, Farnum's Fabulous Freaks, but work on it came to a halt when Mr. Turner moved to Utah.

Trained at the American Conservatory Theater (ACT) in San Francisco, Mr. Turner also held a BFA in theatrical direction from Carnegie Mellon University. As a directing student, he directed a production of Sondheim's Evening Primrose as well as the premiere of the musical Glitz! (book and lyrics by John Mangano, music by Charles Gilbert) for Scotch 'n' Soda, the student theater group at Carnegie Mellon.

As a founding member and artistic director of Theatre Express in Pittsburgh, Mr. Turner wrote, directed, produced or composed music for more than 24 productions from 1976 to 1980. His productions of the operas A Lyrical Opera Made By Two and The Unlit Corridor were performed throughout the east, most notably at the Long Wharf Theatre and La Mama E.T.C., both in 1980. In addition to the premiere of his own works, he directed productions of Eugène Ionesco's Killing Game, Sam Shepard's Angel City, Richard Foreman and Stanley Silverman's Hotel for Criminals, Leon Katz's Son of Arlecchino, and William Bolcom and Arnold Weinstein's Dynamite Tonight. During this time, he also was an artist in residence at Tufts University.

After Theatre Express folded in 1980, Turner and his partner, Mike Humphries, moved to Delaware, where he taught and directed (Shaw's You Never Can Tell) at the University of Delaware. He collaborated with composer and lyricist Charles Gilbert on a musical entitled B.G.D.F., and directed the premiere of that work in the summer of 1982.

Subsequently, Bill and Mike moved to New York City, where Bill created several original works (see below). He directed Al Carmines' Camp Meeting at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in 1986, and his opera A Bird In The Hand, premiered in New York in 1985. He composed music for a staged reading of John Brown's Body in memory of Allen Fletcher, director of the American Conservatory Theater, and directed Al Carmines' Camp Meeting, a benefit staged to celebrate the fiftieth birthday of the author, a composer, lyricist, playwright, and priest. During the last two years of his life, he found great satisfaction in his work as a literacy volunteer, teaching adults to read and write. He published the works of fourteen students in The Writing Group: 1986 Yearbook. He edited the collection from his hospital bed. He died of AIDS at the age of 34.

Turner's musical manuscripts are archived in the Music Collection of the New York Public Library.

Posthumous productions
A Lyrical Opera Made By Two was produced by the University of the Arts in Philadelphia in 2005. That production toured in the UK in April 2005, where it was presented at the International Festival of Musical Theater in Cardiff, Wales. The work was also performed at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA) and the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. The production was directed by Charles Gilbert, who has been designated by Turner's family as the artistic executor for this work. The University of the Arts revived Made By Two in April 2011 as part of the Philadelphia International Festival of the Arts (PIFA).

title: William J. G. Turner


text: Category:Politics of Albania

title: Category:Politics of Albania


text:
Supreme Court of Singapore

The Supreme Court of Singapore is a set of courts in Singapore, comprising the Court of Appeal and the High Court. It hears both civil and criminal matters. The Court of Appeal hears both civil and criminal appeals from the High Court. The Court of Appeal may also decide a point of law reserved for its decision by the High Court, as well as any point of law of public interest arising in the course of an appeal from a court subordinate to the High Court, which has been reserved by the High Court for decision of the Court of Appeal.

The High Court's jurisdiction is as follows: generally, a civil case is commenced in the High Court if the subject matter of the claim exceeds S$250,000. Probate matters are dealt with in the High Court if the value of the estate exceeds S$3 million or if the case involves the resealing of a foreign grant. In addition, ancillary matters in family proceedings involving assets of S$1.5 million or above are heard in the High Court.

Criminal cases involving offences which carry the death penalty and generally those punishable with imprisonment for a term exceeding ten years, are prosecuted in the High Court. Non-bailable offences are generally tried in the High Court. As a rule of thumb, the High Court in Singapore has inherent jurisdiction to try all matters within Singapore.

History
The earliest predecessor of the Supreme Court was the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales' Island (now Penang), Singapore and Malacca, which was established by the Second Charter of Justice, issued by the Crown as letters patent dated 27 November 1826. The Court was presided over by the Governor of the Straits Settlements and Resident Councillor of the settlement where the court was to be held, and another judge called the Recorder. The Third Charter of Justice of 12 August 1855 reorganised the Court, providing the Straits Settlements with two Recorders, one for Prince of Wales' Island and the other for Singapore and Malacca. Following the reconstitution of the Straits Settlements as a Crown colony with effect from 1 April 1867, the Court of Judicature was replaced by the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements. The Governor and Resident Councillors ceased to be judges of the Court. Further changes to the Court's constitution were made in 1873. It now consisted of two divisions – the Chief Justice and the Senior Puisne Judge formed the Singapore and Malacca division of the Court, while the Judge of Penang and the Junior Puisne Judge formed the Penang division. The Supreme Court also received jurisdiction to sit as a Court of Appeal in civil matters. In 1878 the jurisdiction and residence of judges was made more flexible, thus impliedly abolishing the geographical division of the Supreme Court. Appeals from decisions of the Supreme Court lay first to the Court of Appeal and then to the Queen-in-Council, the latter appeals being heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

As a result of legislation passed in 1885, the Supreme Court consisted of the Chief Justice and three puisne judges. The Court was significantly altered in 1907. It now had two divisions, one exercising original civil and criminal jurisdiction and the other appellate civil and criminal jurisdiction.

During the Japanese occupation of Singapore (1942–1945), all the courts that had operated under the British were replaced by new courts established by the Japanese Military Administration. The Syonan Koto-Hoin (Supreme Court) was formed on 29 May 1942; there was also a Court of Appeal, but it was never convened. Following the end of World War II, the courts that had existed before the war were restored. There was no change in the judicial system when the Straits Settlements were dissolved in 1946, and Singapore became a crown colony in its own right, except that the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements became known as the Supreme Court of Singapore.

Singapore gained independence from the United Kingdom through merger with Malaysia in 1963. The judicial power of Malaysia was vested in a Federal Court, a High Court in Malaya, a High Court in Borneo (now the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak), and a High Court in Singapore (which replaced the Supreme Court of the Colony of Singapore). Appeals lay from the High Court in Singapore to the Federal Court in Kuala Lumpur, and then to the Privy Council. The merger did not last: in 1965 Singapore left the Federation of Malaysia and became an independent republic. However, the High Court remained part of the Federal Court structure until 1969, when Singapore enacted the Supreme Court of Judicature Act to regularise the judicial system. Coming into force on 9 January 1970, the Act declared that the Supreme Court of Singapore now consisted of the Court of Appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeal and the High Court. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council remained Singapore's highest appellate court until a permanent Court of Appeal for both civil and criminal appeals was established. Appeals to the Privy Council were completely abolished in 1994.

The first woman to serve as a supreme court justice is Lai Siu Chiu, who was sworn in on 30 April 1994.

Constitution of the Court
Article 93 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore vests the judicial power of Singapore in the Supreme Court and the Subordinate Courts. The Chief Justice is the head of the judiciary.

The Supreme Court is a superior court of record. It is superior in the sense that its jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases is unlimited compared to the Subordinate Courts, and it hears appeals from these courts. As a court of record, it keeps a perpetual record of its proceedings. The Court of Appeal is the upper division of the Supreme Court, the lower one being the High Court.

The Supreme Court Bench consists of the Chief Justice, the Judges of Appeal, and Judges and Judicial Commissioners of the High Court. All members of the Bench are appointed by the President of Singapore if he, acting in his discretion, concurs with the advice of the Prime Minister. Before Judges of Appeal, High Court Judges and Judicial Commissioners are appointed, the Prime Minister must also consult the Chief Justice before tendering advice on the matter to the President. A judge, for at least ten years, must meet the qualifications of the Legal Profession Act before being appointed. or a member of the Singapore Legal Service, or both.

The Court of Appeal is made up of the Chief Justice, who is the President of the Court, and the Judges of Appeal. The Chief Justice may ask High Court judges to sit as judges of the Court of Appeal to hear specific appeals. Pursuant to the Chief Justice's power to appoint Judges of Appeal as vice-presidents of the Court, Justice of Appeal Chao Hick Tin has been Vice-President of the Court since 18 April 2008. The High Court consists of the Chief Justice and the Judges of the High Court, together with Judicial Commissioners who have the same powers and immunities as High Court Judges.

When hearing an appeal, the Court of Appeal normally sits with a bench of three Judges of Appeal, one of whom is the Chief Justice. If necessary though, such as in cases of unusual difficulty or importance, the bench may comprise five or any greater uneven number of judges. Certain appeals, including those against interlocutory orders, may be heard by only two judges. Matters before the Court are decided according to the opinion of the majority of the members of the Court hearing the case. If there are only two judges hearing an appeal and they disagree, the appeal is dismissed and the decision appealed against stands. Proceedings in the High Court are heard before a single judge, unless otherwise provided by any written law. A Judge of Appeal may also sit in the High Court as a Judge.

As of May 2022, the Supreme Court comprise 28 judges - including the chief justice and four judges of appeal - three senior judges and 17 international judges.

Administration

Administration of the Supreme Court is managed by its registry, which handles matters such as receiving and storing court documents filed in the court, and ensuring they are transmitted to judges for use during hearings. The Registry is headed by the Registrar who is assisted by the Deputy Registrar, Senior Assistant Registrars and Assistant Registrars. These officers are appointed by the President on the Chief Justice's recommendation, and are members of the Singapore Judicial Service. Registrars deal with certain types of court proceedings in chambers, such as the assessment of damages, hearings of bankruptcy petitions and applications, interlocutory matters and pre-trial conferences. Registrars are also appointed as district judges or magistrates, which enables them to conduct preliminary inquiries to determine whether there are enough grounds for trying accused persons for criminal offences in the High Court. The Registry is also staffed by commissioners for oaths, interpreters, clerks and process servers. Justices' law clerks, who work directly under the Chief Justice's charge, assist Judges and Judicial Commissioners with legal research, particularly for Court of Appeal matters.

A Chief Executive of Judiciary Administration and Operations position was established on 1 February 2013. The Chief Executive's main responsibilities include overseeing the administration and operations of the Supreme Court. Court Administrators assist the Chief Executive in carrying out these duties.

Calendar

The Chief Justice is empowered to determine the sitting times of the High Court and the Court of Appeal and the distribution of business among judges, and to schedule vacations of the Supreme Court not exceeding two months in each calendar year. In general, the High Court and Court of Appeal sits throughout the year except during the mid-year and end-year court vacations (usually end of May to end of June, and the beginning of December to the beginning of January respectively).

The opening of each legal year is marked with a ceremony usually held on the first Saturday of January, though in 2011 it took place on the first Friday. In form it is a court hearing, though lawyers are not required to dress in court robes. During the ceremony, the Attorney-General and the President of the Law Society of Singapore deliver speeches. The Chief Justice then responds with his own speech, and also announces the names of advocates and solicitors appointed as Senior Counsel. The speeches generally summarise legal developments over the past year and look forward to the future, and the Attorney-General and Law Society President traditionally pledge that legal officers and legal practitioners will continue to support the judiciary and co-operate with each other.

The Opening of the Legal Year ceremony can be traced back to the ceremonial opening of the first assizes of the year which was held in the 19th century when Singapore was managed by the East India Company. The assizes were periodic criminal courts held in Singapore. The ceremony ceased for some years but was revived in 1923. In that year the ceremony involved the Chief Justice inspecting a Sikh guard of honour commanded by a subedar outside the Supreme Court, then being met by the Registrar, Deputy Registrar and Sheriff. The four gentlemen made their way to the Chief Justice's chambers in the courthouse, the route lined by police officers and members of the Bar. By 1926, the practice of attending a service at St. Andrew's Cathedral prior to the honour guard inspection had been revived, and in 1955 it was reported that a service was also held at the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd for Roman Catholic judges and lawyers. Church services ceased to be an official part of the ceremony when Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, though members of the legal profession continued to attend special services in an unofficial capacity. Following Singapore's full independence in 1965, the ceremony became known as the Opening of the Legal Year. The ceremony was generally held on the first Monday in January following the end-of-year court vacation, but in 1971 for the first time it was held on the first Saturday in January to coincide with the inaugural Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Singapore. This set the trend for subsequent years. It appears that the parade by police officers during which Chief Justice inspected a guard of honour was abolished in the late 1960s or early 1970s.

Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal exercises only appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. In other words, it possesses no original jurisdiction – it does not deal with trials of matters coming before the court for the first time. In general, the Court hears civil appeals from decisions of the High Court made in the exercise of the latter's original and appellate jurisdiction, that is, decisions on cases that started in the High Court as well as decisions that were appealed from the Subordinate Courts to the High Court. However, this rule is subject to various restrictions. Some types of High Court decisions are not appealable to the Court of Appeal, while others are only appealable if the Court grants leave (permission).

Where criminal matters are concerned, the Court only hears appeals from cases originating in the High Court. Matters heard by the High Court on appeal from the Subordinate Courts cannot be further appealed to the Court of Appeal, though questions of law may be submitted to the Court for determination. During a Subordinate Court trial, instead of applying for the trial judge to state a case for the High Court's opinion, a party to the proceedings may apply to the Court of Appeal for leave for a case to be stated directly to that Court.

High Court
The High Court hears both criminal and civil cases as a court of first instance – it can deal with trials of matters coming before the courts for the first time. A special aspect of the Court's original jurisdiction is its judicial review jurisdiction. The Court exercises two types of judicial review: judicial review under the Constitution of Singapore, and judicial review of administrative acts.

With a few limited exceptions, the High Court has the jurisdiction to hear and try any action in personam (that is, directed towards a particular person) where the defendant is served with a writ of summons or other originating process in or outside Singapore, or where the defendant submits to the Court's jurisdiction. In theory, the Court has unlimited original jurisdiction – it can hear any type of case no matter how trivial or serious. In practice, though, parties may be penalised by having to pay higher costs (legal fees) if they choose to bring a civil case before the High Court when it is more appropriately dealt with by a subordinate court. Generally, except in probate matters, a civil case must be commenced in the High Court if the value of the claim exceeds S$250,000. Probate matters are commenced in the High Court only if the value of the deceased's estate exceeds $3 million, or if the case involves the resealing of a foreign grant of probate or letters of administration.

Admiralty matters, bankruptcy proceedings and company winding-up proceedings are exclusively heard by the High Court. The Court also exercises jurisdiction relating to divorce and matrimonial matters; and to appoint and control the legal guardians of infants (minors) and mentally disordered persons, and make orders concerning their persons and property. However, matrimonial and guardianship proceedings have been transferred to the District Court, except for contested applications for the division of matrimonial assets worth $1.5 million or more which are still heard in the High Court. Proceedings under the Mental Capacity Act begun in the High Court on or after 1 March 2010 are also dealt with by district courts.

The High Court has jurisdiction to try all offences committed in Singapore and may also try offences committed outside Singapore in certain circumstances. In criminal cases, the High Court generally tries cases where the offences are punishable with death or imprisonment for a term which exceeds ten years. The High Court also hears appeals from the decisions of District Courts and Magistrates' Courts in civil and criminal cases, and decides points of law reserved in special cases submitted by a District Court or a Magistrate's Court. In addition, the High Court has general supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction over all subordinate courts in any civil or criminal matter.

General
The High Court exercises powers that are vested in it by written law. It may, for instance, order that evidence be preserved by seizure, detention, inspection, photographing, the taking of samples, the conduct of experiments or in any manner, both before and after proceedings are commenced; transfer any proceedings to any other court, or to or from any subordinate court; and order the medical examination of a person who is a party to any proceedings where his or her physical or mental condition is relevant to any matter in question in the proceedings. When hearing an appeal, the Court of Appeal possesses all the powers and duties of the High Court, and has "full power to determine any question necessary to be determined for the purpose of doing justice in any case before the Court".

The High Court has power to prohibit vexatious litigants from bringing or continuing legal proceedings without its permission. The Attorney-General must apply to the Court for such an order, and the Court must be satisfied that the person has "habitually and persistently and without any reasonable ground instituted vexatious legal proceedings, in any court or subordinate court, whether against the same person or against different persons".

Regulation of lawyers
All advocates and solicitors admitted to the bar and all officers of the Singapore Legal Service are officers of the Supreme Court. The Court therefore plays important roles in the admission of lawyers to the bar and their professional discipline.

Persons seeking to become advocates and solicitors must apply to the Supreme Court. An advocate is a lawyer who appears in court on behalf of his or her client, while solicitors traditionally deal with non-contentious legal matters that do not require court appearances. As the legal profession in Singapore is fused, applicants are admitted to the bar as both advocates and solicitors, and may practise as either or both. Admission is in the discretion of the Court and subject to the requirements specified in the Legal Profession Act. The Act specifically provides that no person is disqualified by sex from being admitted and enrolled as an advocate and solicitor. Unless the Chief Justice orders otherwise, applications for admission as an advocate and solicitor are heard on the second Wednesday of each month except during court vacations. The Court generally arranges a "mass call" of advocates and solicitors on the last Saturday of May to cater to the large number of graduates from the Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore and the School of Law of the Singapore Management University completing their professional training and seeking admission to the bar at this time of year. Where a case is difficult and complex, the Court may admit on an ad hoc basis a Queen's Counsel who does not ordinarily reside in Singapore or Malaysia and who has special qualifications or experience to practise as an advocate and solicitor for the purpose of the case. Lawyers practising as advocates and solicitors, other than Queen's Counsel admitted ad hoc, are required to apply annually to the Registrar of the Supreme Court for a practising certificate.

Complaints about the conduct of advocates and solicitors may be referred by the Council of the Law Society of Singapore to an inquiry panel appointed by the Chief Justice. The inquiry panel investigates the complaint and reports on the matter to the council. The council, on considering the report, may decide that no formal investigation is necessary, impose a penalty on the lawyer concerned, or apply to the Chief Justice for a disciplinary tribunal to be appointed to formally investigate the complaint. If a disciplinary tribunal is convened, it hears and investigates the matter and decides whether any disciplinary action against the lawyer is warranted. If not, it may dismiss the matter or impose a penalty appropriate to the misconduct. However, if it determines that disciplinary action is necessary, the Law Society must apply to the Supreme Court for the matter to be heard by a Court of Three Judges, which has power to order that a lawyer be struck off the roll of advocates and solicitors, suspended from practice for not more than five years, fined up to $100,000, or censured.

Judicial precedent

As the highest court of Singapore and its final appellate court, under the principles of stare decisis (judicial precedent) decisions of the Court of Appeal are binding on the High Court and Subordinate Courts. Even if judges in these courts disagree with the reasoning given by the Court of Appeal in particular cases, they are required to apply the legal principles laid down in those cases.

The Court of Appeal became Singapore's final appellate court following the abolition of all appeals to the Privy Council with effect from 8 April 1994. On 11 July that year, the Court handed down a practice statement declaring that it would regard itself free to depart from previous decisions of its own or of the Privy Council

"in any case where adherence to such prior decisions would cause injustice in a particular case or constrain the development of the law in conformity with the circumstances of Singapore. Therefore, whilst this court will continue to treat such prior decisions as normally binding, this court will, whenever it appears right to do so, depart from such prior decisions. Bearing in mind the danger of retrospectively disturbing contractual, proprietary and other legal rights, this power will be exercised sparingly."

The Court justified this new principle on the basis that "the political, social and economic circumstances of Singapore have changed enormously since Singapore became an independent and sovereign republic. The development of our law should reflect these changes and the fundamental values of Singapore society."

Decisions of the High Court are binding on District Courts and Magistrates' Courts. However, a judge of the High Court is not bound by previous decisions by other High Court judges. As a matter of comity, though, a High Court judge will generally not depart from a previous decision unless there is a good reason to do so, particularly if that decision has stood for some time. If there are conflicting High Court decisions, it is up to the Court of Appeal to decide which decision is correct.

Where the President has referred to the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal a question concerning the Constitution's effect on a bill, no court – including the Court of Appeal – may subsequently question the Tribunal's opinion on the bill or, assuming the bill is found to be constitutional, the validity of any law based on the bill.

Wigs
Up to the early 20th century wigs were not consistently worn in court by judges in Singapore, apparently due to the hot climate – in a letter of 13 February 1934 to The Straits Times the writer said that when he first arrived in Malaya seven years earlier he had been "astonished" to discover that judges and barristers did not don wigs, which he felt were "an important or necessary part of Court attire". Full-bottomed (long) horsehair wigs were, however, worn on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of the assizes. Two judges were notable for habitually wearing wigs: Justice Earnshaw, who wore a full-bottomed one; and Walter Sidney Shaw, Chief Justice between 1921 and 1925, who wore a short bob-wig. Upon his retirement, Shaw C.J. said that he had introduced the custom of wearing his wig in court

"not because I have any desire to attire myself in fancy costume, or because I wished to give myself any special personal importance, but because I think that it tends to remind, not only the public and the Bar, but even the judge himself, that he is a representative of that very illustrious body of men – the English judges, who have done so much to establish and maintain the freedom of the English people."

From January 1934, judges began consistently wearing wigs in court, and most lawyers followed suit. There was, however, occasional criticism of the practice. The wearing of short wigs by lawyers was optional, and tended to be favoured by more senior lawyers.

At the Opening of the Legal Year on 5 January 1991, the Chief Justice Yong Pung How announced that the Council of Judges had unanimously decided that the short wig would cease to be part of court dress for all judges and lawyers, including Queen's Counsel appearing in Singapore courts. However, judges would continue to wear full-bottomed wigs on ceremonial occasions. Two years later in 1993 the latter practice was itself done away with, the Chief Justice commenting that the judges' ceremonial red robes and full-bottomed wigs were "now considered by many to be inappropriate as court dress for Judges and Judicial Commissioners in an independent sovereign Singapore. These have in fact been the butt of more and more derisory comment."

Robes

In colonial times, a judge in Singapore dressed in a manner similar to some of his counterparts in the United Kingdom. He wore a long scarlet robe with a grey cape or mantle and a black scarf around his shoulders, a white wing-collared shirt, and bands (a linen collar made of two rectangular pieces tied at the throat). Subsequently, the ordinary and ceremonial dress worn by judges was adapted from two of the various forms of court dress of English courts. On 9 January 1993, at the Opening of the Legal Year, the Chief Justice announced that judges would henceforth wear a lightweight black robe over an ordinary white shirt with a turn-down collar and a tie. The difficulty of obtaining shirts with wing collars and the growing sense that the traditional gown was inappropriate for the judiciary of an independent republic were cited as reasons for this change. On ceremonial occasions such as the Opening of the Legal Year, Supreme Court judges wear red robes with a black strip around the collar and extending down the front of the robe. The black strip on the Chief Justice's robe is edged with gold.

Formerly, a lawyer appearing in open court would wear a dark suit, a shirt with a wing collar, bands, and an English barrister's black robe. Women lawyers were required to wear skirts. With effect from 1993, the need for bands and wing-collared shirts was done away with. In open court, male lawyers are required to dress in "the existing gown worn over an ordinary long-sleeved white shirt with a turn-down collar, a tie of a subdued or sober colour, a dark jacket, dark trousers and black or plain coloured shoes". The instructions for the attire of female lawyers is similar, except that they must wear "a long-sleeved white blouse high to the neck" and must avoid "[c]onspicuous jewellery or ornaments". They may either wear a skirt or trousers. Gowns need not be worn when appearing before judges and registrars in chambers. Senior counsel may wear "a gown in the design of those worn by Queen's Counsel of England and Wales" made of silk, a silk and wool mix, or artificial silk.

Supreme Court Building

The first courthouse in Singapore was the building known previously as Maxwell House and today as the Arts House at the Old Parliament. It was built in 1827 as a residence for a merchant named John Argyle Maxwell, but he opted to rent it to the colonial government for a rent of 500 Indian rupees a month for 15 years. A central room on the upper floor facing High Street was used by the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore, and Malacca, while other rooms were used as government offices. In 1839, the court moved to a newly built one-storey annexe adjacent to Maxwell House so that the latter could be used entirely by the colonial government. Maxwell eventually sold the building to Sir George Bonham, Governor of the Straits Settlements, and the East India Company on 10 October 1842 for 15,600 Spanish dollars. However, the Maxwell House annexe proved to be unsuitable as a courthouse due to noise from a nearby shipbuilding yard. A new courthouse by the Singapore River was built in 1865. This building now forms the central core of the Empress Place Building which is occupied by the Asian Civilisations Museum. The courthouse was occupied by the court till 1875, when it moved into a new extension wing of Maxwell House. Maxwell House was eventually taken over by the legislature in 1954.

Construction on a new courthouse, now called the Old Supreme Court Building, began in 1937 on the site of the Grand Hotel de L'Europe on Saint Andrew's Road opposite the Padang. On 1 April 1937 the building's foundation stone – then the largest in Malaya – was laid by the Governor, Sir Shenton Thomas. Beneath the stone were placed six Singapore newspapers dated 31 March 1937 and some Straits Settlements coins; this time capsule is due to be retrieved in the year 3000. The Supreme Court Building was declared open by the Governor on 3 August 1939 and handed over to the Chief Justice Sir Percy McElwaine. Originally, the courthouse had four courts; another seven were added over the years. As this proved insufficient because of the Supreme Court's burgeoning caseload, at Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin's direction six additional courtrooms were constructed in the City Hall Building next door in 1986, and another six in 1988.

The present Supreme Court Building at 1 Supreme Court Lane (formerly Colombo Court) behind the old building was constructed between 2002 and 2005. Occupying 72000 m2, it was designed by British architectural firm Foster and Partners and local architectural consultants CPG Corporation. The building is clad in translucent sheets of Portuguese rosa aurora marble. The liberal use of glass in atria, skylights and lift shafts, and the open layout of the building, are said to signify the ideal of transparency in the law. Operations in the building started on 20 June 2005, the first hearings took place on 27 June, and the building was officially opened by President S.R. Nathan at the Opening of the Legal Year ceremony on 7 January 2006. There are 12 civil courts, eight criminal courts and three appellate courts. High Court hearings take place in courtrooms on the second through sixth storeys, while the Court of Appeal is on the ninth storey, the highest level, in a disc-shaped structure that is a modern interpretation of the Old Supreme Court Building's dome and is intended to represent the impartiality of justice.

Legislation

 * ("LPA").
 * ("SCA").
 * ("SCJA").
 * ("SCJA").

title: Supreme Court of Singapore


text:
Kiplinger

Kiplinger is an American publisher of business forecasts and personal finance advice that is a subsidiary of Future plc.

Kiplinger Washington Editors, Inc., was a closely held company managed for more than nine decades by three generations of the Kiplinger family, until its sale in February 2019 to Dennis Publishing, a U.K.-based media company.

In 2021, Future plc acquired Dennis Publishing and with it Kiplinger.

History
W. M. Kiplinger (1891–1967), a former AP economics reporter, founded the eponymous Washington, D.C. company in 1920. With his son Austin H. Kiplinger (1918–2015) he co-founded Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine in 1947. Grandson Knight A. Kiplinger continued the dynasty until the 2019 sale to Dennis Publishing.

In 2015, the company's former headquarters in D.C., the Editors Building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Products
Its best-known publications are The Kiplinger Letter, a weekly business and economic forecasting periodical for people in management, and the monthly Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine.

Kiplinger also provides custom publishing services to a variety of companies and associations.

title: Kiplinger


text: User talk:68.4.66.155

title: User talk:68.4.66.155


text: Category:Politics of Austria

title: Category:Politics of Austria


text:
Robert C. Morlino

Robert Charles Morlino (December 31, 1946 – November 24, 2018) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of Diocese of Madison in Wisconsin from 2003 until his death. He was the bishop of Diocese of Helena, in Montana, from 1999 to 2003. Morlino was widely perceived as a conservative bishop.

Early life and education
An only child, Robert Morlino was born on December 31, 1946, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Charles and Albertina Morlino. He was of part Polish descent. His father died while he was attending Scranton Preparatory School, and he was primarily raised by his mother and grandmother. Morlino then entered the novitiate for the Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus, and studied at Fordham University in New York, obtaining a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1969.

Morlino earned a master's degree in philosophy from the University of Notre Dame in 1970, and a Master of Theology degree from the Weston School of Theology at Boston College.

Ordination and ministry
Morlino was ordained to the priesthood on June 1, 1974, and then taught at Loyola College in Maryland, St. Joseph's University, Boston College, Notre Dame University, and St. Mary's College. He also served as an instructor in continuing education for priests, religious, and laity, as well as director of parish renewal programs.

On October 26, 1983, he was incardinated into the Diocese of Kalamazoo, Michigan. Morlino there served as Episcopal Vicar for Spiritual Development, Executive Assistant and Theological Consultant to Bishop Alfred Markiewicz, Moderator of the Curia, and Promoter of Justice in the diocesan tribunal.

In 1990, he earned a doctorate in moral theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, and became a theology professor at Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit, Michigan, where he expected to spend his life prior to his promotion to a bishop. He was also named rector of St. Augustine Cathedral in 1991.

Bishop of Helena
On July 6, 1999, Morlino was appointed the ninth bishop of the Diocese of Helena by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following September 21 from Archbishop Gabriel Higuera, with Archbishop John Vlazny and Bishop Paul Donovan serving as co-consecrators. Morlino selected as his episcopal motto: Visus Non Mentietur, meaning, "The vision will not disappoint" (Habakkuk 2:3).

Bishop of Madison
Morlino was named the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Madison on May 23, 2003, by John Paul II. He was installed on August 1, 2003.

Morlino supported the application of Summorum Pontificum in his diocese, and he celebrated the Tridentine Mass in several parishes. He ordered that the tabernacle in all the churches of the diocese should be moved to a central place of prominence. Morlino encouraged the faithful to receive Holy Communion on the tongue while kneeling, and he encouraged pastors to enlist exclusively male altar servers. One of his main objectives was to increase vocations to the priesthood in his diocese, and he helped raise 44 million dollars for the endowment fund "Priests for Our Future". The number of seminarians studying for the priesthood grew from six to 30 during his episcopate, one of the largest increases in the United States. Catholics in his diocese had divided opinions of him.

A fire severely damaged St. Raphael's Cathedral in March 2005. In June 2007, Morlino announced that St. Raphael's would be rebuilt on its current site, reusing the steeple and other items from the previous building.

Morlino was the past chairman of the Bishops' Committee on the Diaconate and Ad Hoc Committee on Health Care Issues and the Church, both units of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

In May 2009, Morlino announced that the Catholic Multicultural Center – a building that fed, educated and supported many on Madison's south side – would close in two days as part of widespread Diocesan budget cuts. A handoff to local parish administration and fundraising drive was announced one week later.

Death
Morlino had a cardiac event during medical testing on November 21, 2018. Robert Morlino died in Madison on November 24, 2018, at age 71.

Pro-choice politicians
Morlino believed that canon law should be interpreted as requiring communion be denied to politicians who openly support legal abortion and euthanasia. During the 2008 presidential election, Morlino criticized House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senator Joe Biden for their remarks regarding abortion on the television program Meet the Press. He said that "because they claim to be Catholic," Pelosi and Biden were "violating the separation of church and state" and "stepping on the pope's turf and mine."

LGBT rights
In 2004, Morlino publicly expressed criticism of what he termed as Madison's apparent lack of a moral compass. He said that the city existed below a religious "moral minimum" and had "virtually no public morality." He specifically cited the popularity of the city's StageQ community theater company, a gay and lesbian theater troupe, as evidence of this view.

In 2017, Morlino arranged for a memo to be sent by his vicar general to all local priests, informing them that they may deny Catholic funerals to people who had entered into same-sex public civil unions or marriages "to avoid public scandal of the faithful." The memo advised clergy to consider whether the deceased or the living partner was a "promoter of the 'gay' lifestyle." To minimize scandal, the deceased's partner should have no public role in any ecclesiastical funeral rite or service. A petition seeking to remove Morlino as bishop generated support from thousands of people.

During the clerical sex abuse scandals in the summer of 2018, Morlino wrote a five-page letter in which he decried the abuse of minors and described a "homosexual subculture" that facilitates homosexual sexual activities between priests and other adults. He criticized the alleged acceptance of behaviors the Church considers sinful by members of the Church hierarchy, writing, "We must be done with sin. It must be rooted out and again considered unacceptable. Love sinners? Yes. Accept true repentance? Yes. But do not say sin is okay."

Morlino wrote, "There has been a great deal of effort to keep separate acts which fall under the category of now-culturally-acceptable acts of homosexuality from the publically [sic] deplorable acts of pedophilia. That is to say, until recently the problems of the Church have been painted purely as problems of pedophilia — this despite clear evidence to the contrary. It is time to be honest that the problems are both and they are more." Morlino decried clerical abuse of minors, Cardinal Theodore McCarrick's sexual harassment and abuse of adult seminarians, and an alleged network of sexually active gay priests; interpreters of the letter disagreed on whether he was conflating these three matters. Some interpreted Morlino as linking homosexuality with pedophilia, and countered by citing studies showing a lack of correlation between pedophilia and homosexuality. Conservative Catholics cited studies showing that the vast majority of victims were male and that many were not prepubescent. They therefore said that the problem was more closely linked to homosexuality than pedophilia. Morlino urged victims to report accusations to the police, and called for reparation as well as prayer and fasting to atone for the offenses.

Ruth Kolpack
In March 2009, Morlino dismissed Ruth Kolpack from her post as a pastoral associate at St. Thomas the Apostle Parish in Beloit, Wisconsin, citing breaches of orthodoxy. In a brief meeting with Kolpack, he asked her for an oath of loyalty and to denounce her 2003 thesis, which advocated women's ordination in the Church and inclusive language relating to God. He dismissed her after she agreed to the oath but refused to denounce her thesis.

Rights of workers
When the Wisconsin Legislature was considering a budget proposal which would curtail the collective bargaining rights of public employees (later enacted), Morlino distanced himself from the other Wisconsin bishops, writing "The question to which the dilemma boils down is rather simple on its face: is the sacrifice which union members, including school teachers, are called upon to make, proportionate to the relative sacrifice called for from all in difficult economic times? In other words, is the sacrifice fair in the overall context of our present situation?" Milwaukee Archbishop Jerome Listecki had issued a statement calling for Wisconsin legislators to abide by a "moral obligation" to fully consider the "legitimate rights" of public employees.

title: Robert C. Morlino


text:
Talk:Larch

Dead link
dead link in the external links section removed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.17.176.77 (talk) 03:02, October 10, 2005

Monty Python
How to recognize trees from quite a bit away. No.1 The Larch, THE Larch. And now, no.1, The Larch, THE Larch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.218.11.8 (talk) 03:09, June 7, 2006
 * Darn, someone beat me to it! Totnesmartin 17:57, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * should we have a link to Monty Python or a small part about Monty Python's larch?Casvdschee (talk) 08:32, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Even though I have no actual authority in what happens, I would enjoy to see this added. The Graceful Hobo (talk) 01:37, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Scandinavia
Larch is not native to Scandinavia, so maybe Scandinavia shouldn't be mentioned in conjunction with Russia and Canada as one of the areas with immense larch forests? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.44.1.80 (talk) 12:13, April 15, 2015

larch
Larch is today being used to produce attractive, high grained cutting boards. For more information contact the Larch Wood Enterprises in East Margaree, Nova Scotia. They can also be contacted at www.larchwoodcanada.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.149.92.13 (talk) 14:50, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Larch


text: Template:Infobox philosopher

title: Template:Infobox philosopher


text:
Japan National Route 4

National Route 4 (国道4号) is a major national highway in eastern Honshū, Japan. Measuring 738.5 km, it is the longest highway in the country. When oversea routes are included, it is the second longest highway in Japan, with National Route 58 then measuring 884.4 km because of its maritime sections. The highway connects Tokyo and Aomori via Utsunomiya, Kōriyama, Sendai, and Morioka.

From Saitama Prefecture to Iwate Prefecture, it parallels the Tōhoku Expressway; from Morioka to Hachinohe, it parallels the Hachinohe Expressway. At its northern terminus it links with National Route 7.

Tokyo

The southern terminus of National Route 4 lies at Nihonbashi, the kilometer zero of Japan in Chūō, Tokyo. The marker here signifies the terminus of national highways including National Route 1, National Route 6, National Route 14, National Route 15, National Route 17, and National Route 20. Of the mentioned highways, three travel concurrently with National Route 4 from Nihonbashi: National Routes 6, 14, and 17.

Just north of the starting point, National Route 17 leaves the concurrency continuing north while National Route 4, along with National Routes 6 and 14, turn east on to Edo-dōri. Three blocks from there Edo-dōri intersects Shōwa-dōri. National Route 4 turns on to Shōwa-dōri leaving the Edo-dōri concurrency with National Routes 6 and 14. Traveling north along Showa-dōri, National Route 4 serves as a frontage road to the Ueno Route of the Shuto Expressway system between Chūō and Taitō. The Ueno Route merges in to National Route 4 just to the northeast of Ueno Station. The highway then crosses over the Sumida River into Adachi. From the northern side of the river to Utsunomiya, the highway is known as the Nikkō Kaidō. In the ward the highway crosses beneath the Central Circular Route of the Shuto Expressway system, with an interchange with the expressway's frontage road. National Route 4 travels north through Adachi, roughly paralleling the Tobu Skytree Line. It then curves to the northwest, crossing over the Kena River into the city of Sōka in Saitama Prefecture.

Saitama and Ibaraki prefectures

 * Sōka–Koshigaya–Kasukabe–Sugito–Satte–Kuki
 * Koga
 * Westernmost point: Kuki, Saitama just west of a bridge carrying the route over the Tone River.

Tochigi Prefecture

 * Nogi–Oyama–Shimotsuke–Kaminokawa, Shimotsuke, Utsunomiya–Takanezawa–Sakura–Yaita–Otawara–Nasushiobara–Nasu

Fukushima Prefecture

 * Nishigo–Shirakawa–Izumizaki–Yabuki–Kagamiishi–Sukagawa–Kōriyama–Motomiya–Ōtama–Nihonmatsu–Fukushima–Date–Koori–Kunimi

Miyagi Prefecture

 * Shiroishi–Zaō–Ōgawara–Murata–Shibata–Iwanuma–Natori–Taihaku-ku, Sendai–Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai–Miyagino-ku, Sendai–Izumi-ku, Sendai–Tomiya–Taiwa–Shiroishi–Ōhira–Ōsaki–Kurihara

Iwate Prefecture

 * Ichinoseki–Hiraizumi–Ōshū–Kanegasaki–Kitakami–Hanamaki–Shiwa–Yahaba–Morioka–Takizawa–Iwate–Ichinohe–Ninohe
 * Highest elevation: 458 m at Jūsanbongi Pass, Ichinohe, Iwate

Aomori Prefecture

 * Sannohe–Nanbu–Gonohe–Towada–Shichinohe–Tōhoku–Noheji–Hiranai–Aomori
 * Easternmost point: 150 m south of the northern end of the route's concurrency with National Route 104 in Nanbu, Aomori.
 * Northernmost point: Hamago, Hiranai, Aomori 200 m south of Mutsu Bay.
 * End point: Aomori (ends at the eastern terminus of the west bypass of National Route 7)

History
National Route 4 was preceded by the Tōsandō, a road initially established during the Asuka period as a road linking Kinai (now Kyoto and Nara) to what is now the vicinity of Morioka, Iwate. The portion of the Tōsandō that was later incorporated into National Route 4 lies between Tochigi Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture. The next development of the route came along with the creation of the Ōshū Kaidō (奥州街道) and Nikkō Kaidō (日光街道) as two of the five routes of the Edo period. They were established by Tokugawa Ieyasu for government officials traveling through the area to connect Edo (modern-day Tokyo) with Mutsu Province and the present-day city of Shirakawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. There were also many roads that connected to the Ōshū Kaidō that are included in National Route 4. One such sub-route was the Sendaidō (仙台道), which connected Mutsu Province with Sendai. From Sendai, the Matsumaedō (松前道) connected Sendai with Cape Tappi and indirectly to Hakodate on the southern shore of Hokkaido on the Tsugaru Strait. Though the Ōshū Kaidō has only 27 post stations, there were over 100 designated post stations when the subroutes are included. Some sections and markers of the Ōshū Kaidō in their original state can still be found alongside National Route 4, the Hachinohe Expressway, and Tōhoku Expressway.

On 4 December 1952 First Class National Highway 4 (from Tokyo to Aomori) was established. The route was reclassified as a General National Highway on 1 April 1965.

During the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake many sections of the route in the Tōhoku area were damaged.

title: Japan National Route 4


text: Category:Politics of Bolivia

title: Category:Politics of Bolivia


text:
Category:Politics of Canada

This category is for articles on the conduct, practice, and doctrine of politics in Canada.

title: Category:Politics of Canada


text:
Collinwood school fire

The Collinwood school fire (also known as the Lake View School fire) was a major disaster that occurred at the Lake View School in Collinwood, Ohio, when a fire erupted on March 4, 1908, killing 172 students, two teachers and one rescuer. It is one of the deadliest school disasters in United States history.

Fire
The Lake View School was vulnerable to fire, as were many similarly designed buildings throughout the nation. During the fire, the school's masonry exterior acted as a chimney, sucking flame upward as the wooden interior burned, and open stairways and the absence of fire breaks enhanced the chimney effect. The building had only two exits, and fire quickly blocked the front door. Children rushed to the rear door, but in a vestibule narrowed by partitions, they stumbled and climbed on top of one another, forming a pile that completely blocked the exit. Although later accounts sometimes described children pinned against inward-swinging doors, Lake View's doors opened outward.

However, the vestibule created an impassable bottleneck for the crowd trying to rush through it. Collinwood's small volunteer fire department and horse-drawn engines arrived too late and were ill-equipped to battle the fire. In less than an hour, the three floors and the roof of the Lake View School collapsed into the basement, leaving only a hollowed-out brick ruin. Almost half of the children and two teachers in the building died.

Cause
The origin of the fire remains uncertain, although numerous explanations proliferated. Newspapers circulated many possibilities, sometimes blaming the building's janitor Fritz Hirter for inattentiveness and for running the boiler too hot. Another theory held that the fire was caused by girls smoking in a basement closet near flammable materials. A quickly completed coroner's inquest concluded that heating pipes running next to exposed wooden joists ignited the building. The coroner blamed the fire on "conditions" and held no one legally accountable for it. Many parents condemned the speed of the inquest and objected to its refusal to hold the school board, the architects, Hirter or anyone else responsible. J.H. Morgan, Ohio's chief inspector of public buildings, explained the problem in his annual report to the governor and citizens: "The cause of the fire cannot be determined. Many believe it originated from the heating system or boilers, but proof has been offered to the contrary."

A memorial plaque placed at the site by the state of Ohio in 2003 asserts that the fire was of "unknown origin."

Aftermath

The town of Collinwood paid for the burial of 19 unidentifiable bodies in a shared grave at Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery. After crews demolished the ruins of the school, disputes about the use of the land quickly arose. In the interests of efficiency and economy, the school board had initially planned to build a new school on the site of the tragedy, but mourning parents objected, and some also filed lawsuits seeking to prevent construction.

After more than a year of dispute, the state purchased the land where the Lake View School had stood, and the town converted it into a memorial garden, designed by Louise Klein Miller. The new Collinwood Memorial School, built to the highest standards of fire resistance at the time, was constructed on an adjacent lot.

title: Collinwood school fire


text:
Waddington Mwayenga

Waddington Mwayenga (born 20 June 1984) is a Zimbabwean-Australian former cricketer. He is now based in Australia and works as a truck driver.

Mwayenga became an Australian citizen in 2014. He is a brother of Allan Mwayenga.

Career
Mwayenga was primarily a medium pace bowler and played his county cricket for Worcestershire 2nd XI. Waddington spents summer playing at Nottinghamshire Cricket Club, Radcliffe-On-Trent, and has moved on to Australia for the winter before being expected to return to England for summer.

His Test debut came in the second Test against Indian cricket team in 2005/06.

title: Waddington Mwayenga