text:
Canadair CF-104 Starfighter

The Canadair CF-104 Starfighter (CF-111, CL-90) is a modified version of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter supersonic fighter aircraft built in Canada by Canadair under licence. It was primarily used as a ground attack aircraft, despite being designed as an interceptor. It served with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and later the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) until it was replaced by the McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet in 1987.

Design and development
In the late 1950s, Canada redefined its role in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with a commitment to a nuclear strike mission. At the same time, the RCAF began to consider a replacement for the Canadair F-86 Sabre series that had been utilized as a NATO day fighter. An international fighter competition involved current types in service as well as development, including the Blackburn Buccaneer, Dassault Mirage IIIC, Fiat G.91, Grumman Super Tiger, Lockheed F-104G Starfighter, Northrop N-156 and the Republic F-105 Thunderchief. Although the RCAF had preferred the F-105 Thunderchief equipped with an Avro Canada Orenda Iroquois engine, eventually the choice for a strike-reconnaissance aircraft revolved around cost as well as capability.

A Canadian government requirement for an aircraft that could be manufactured in Canada under licence also favoured the Lockheed proposal, due to a collaboration with Canadair based in Montreal. On 14 August 1959, Canadair was selected to manufacture 200 aircraft for the RCAF under licence from Lockheed. In addition, Canadair was contracted to manufacture wingsets, tail assemblies and rear fuselage sections for 66 Lockheed-built F-104Gs destined for the West German Air Force.

Canadair's internal designation was CL-90 while the RCAF's version was initially designated CF-111, then changed to CF-104. Although basically similar to the F-104G, the CF-104 was optimized for the nuclear strike/reconnaissance role, fitted with R-24A NASARR equipment dedicated to the air-to-ground mode only as well as having provision for a ventral reconnaissance pod equipped with four Vinten cameras. Other differences included retaining the removable refuelling probe, initial deletion of the fuselage-mounted 20 mm (.79 in) M61A1 cannon (replaced by an additional fuel cell) and the main undercarriage members being fitted with longer-stroke liquid springs and larger tires. The first flight of a Canadian-built CF-104 (s/n 12701) occurred on 26 May 1961. The Canadair CF-104 production was 200 aircraft with an additional 140 F-104Gs produced for Lockheed.

Operational history
The CF-104 entered Canadian service in March 1962. Originally designed as a supersonic interceptor aircraft, it was used primarily for low-level strike and reconnaissance by the RCAF. Eight CF-104 squadrons were originally stationed in Europe as part of Canada's NATO commitment. This was reduced to six in 1967, with a further reduction to three squadrons in 1970. Up to 1971, this included a nuclear strike role that would see Canadian aircraft armed with US-supplied nuclear weapons in the event of a conflict with Warsaw Pact forces. During its service life the CF-104 carried the B28, B43 and B57 nuclear weapons.

When the CAF later discontinued the strike/reconnaissance role for conventional attack, the M61A1 was refitted, along with U.S. Mk. 82 Snakeye "iron" bombs, British BL755 cluster bombs and Canadian-designed CRV-7 rocket pods. Although Canadian pilots practised air combat tactics, the AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles were never carried operationally by Canadian Starfighters (however, examples provided to other air forces, such as Norway and Denmark, did carry Sidewinders on a twin-rail centreline station and the wingtip rails). The CF-104D two-seater did not normally carry any armament except for a centreline practice-bomb dispenser.

There were 110 class A accidents in the 25 years that Canada operated the CF-104 resulting in 37 pilot fatalities. Most of these were in the early part of the program centring on teething problems. Of the 110 class A accidents, 21 were attributed to foreign object damage (14 of which were bird strikes), 14 were due to in-flight engine failures, six were as a result of faulty maintenance and nine involved mid-air collisions. Thirty-two aircraft struck the ground flying at low level in poor weather conditions. Of the 37 fatalities, four were clearly attributable to systems failures; all of the others were attributable to some form of pilot inattention.

The accident rate of the CF-104 compares favourably to its predecessor, the F-86 Sabre. In only 12 years of operation the F-86 had 282 class A accidents with a loss of 112 pilots. The Sabre was also a simpler aircraft and was normally flown at higher altitude. The CF-104 was nicknamed the "Widowmaker" by the press but not by the pilots and crews of the aircraft. David Bashow states on page 92 of his book "I never heard a pilot call it the Widowmaker". Sam Firth is quoted on page 93 in Bashow's book "I have never heard a single person who flew, maintained, controlled, or guarded that aircraft of any force (and that includes the Luftwaffe) call it the Widowmaker". The pilots did refer to it, in jest, as the "Aluminium Death Tube", "The Lawn Dart" and "The Flying Phallus" but generally called it the 104 (one oh four) or the Starfighter.

Low level attack runs in the CF-104 were done visually at 100 feet AGL and at speeds up to 600 km. Low level evasive maneuvers could increase speeds to supersonic.

The aircraft was very difficult to attack owing to its small size, speed, and low altitude capability. Dave Jurkowski, former CF-104 and CF-18 pilot is quoted "Because of our speed, size and lower level operations, no Canadian Zipper driver was ever 'shot down' by either air or ground threats in the three Red Flag Exercises in which we participated."

The CF-104 was very successful in operational exercises held by NATO. The Canadians first took part in the AFCENT Tactical Weapons meet in 1964 and did so every year after that. This meet was a competition between squadrons from Belgium, France, Germany, the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands. Scores were based on several factors. Bomb accuracy, time on target, navigation, mission planning and aircraft serviceability. Pilots were chosen at random from the various squadrons to accurately represent operational capabilities.

AFCENT Tactical Weapons Meet (strike era)

 * 1964: (first participation) Best team went to the 2 Canadians taking part.
 * 1965: Best Nation went to the Canadians, Top individual score went to F/L Frioult of 427.
 * 1966: RCAF was second best Nation, Top individual score went to F/L Morion of 421.
 * 1967: RCAF best team, McCallum and Rozdeba received awards
 * 1968: Second Best Team (427)
 * 1970: Canadians were 1st in strike event.

AFCENT Tactical Weapons Meet (attack era)
biennial schedule.
 * 1974: (first participation) Top attack pilot Canadian Larry Crabb
 * 1976: 1CAG - Highest scoring nation
 * 1978: The meet was renamed the Tactical Air Meet the scoring was marred by squabbles and announced a tie.
 * 1980: The Canadians did "well"
 * 1982 onward: the meet was changed to a non-competitive setup.

Royal Flush
A competition for Recce squadrons. The Canadians first took part in 1966 and managed the following awards:

 * 1968: First place.
 * 1969: First and Second place (441, 439)
 * 1970: 439 won the day competition; Canada did not participate in the night event, as the RCAF lacked night vision equipment at the time.

Tiger Meet
A competition between NATO squadrons with cat mascots.

 * 1979: Silver Tiger Trophy
 * 1981: Silver Tiger Trophy
 * 1985: Silver Tiger Trophy

In the late 1970s, the New Fighter Aircraft program was launched to find a suitable replacement for the CF-104, as well as the McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo and the Canadair CF-5. The winner of the competition was the CF-18 Hornet, which began to replace the CF-104 in 1982. All of the CF-104s were retired from service by the Canadian Forces by 1987, with most of the remaining aircraft given to Turkey.

Variants

 * CF-104:Single-seat fighter-bomber version for the RCAF.
 * CF-104D: Two-seat training version for the RCAF.

Operators

 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * Canadian Forces
 * Royal Danish Air Force
 * Royal Norwegian Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force
 * Royal Norwegian Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force

Accidents and incidents

 * On 22 May 1983, during an airshow at the Rhein-Main Air Base, a Canadian CF-104 Starfighter crashed onto a nearby road, hitting a car and killing all passengers, a vicar's family of five. The pilot was able to eject.

Canada

 * F-104A, Royal Canadian Air Force 12700 used as a pattern aircraft for the CF-104 model - Canada Aviation and Space Museum
 * CF-104, Royal Canadian Air Force 12702 - pedestal monument, Cold Lake South, Alberta located in Joe Heffner Memorial Park.
 * CF-104, Royal Canadian Air Force 12703 - Canadian Starfighter Museum
 * CF-104, Royal Canadian Air Force 12704 - Fuselage only - restoration project Montreal Aviation Museum - Restoration not yet started
 * CF-104, Royal Canadian Air Force 104783 - Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum
 * CF-104, Royal Canadian Air Force 104784 - CFB St-Jean-sur-le-Richelieu
 * CF-104D, Canadian Armed Forces 104646 at the National Air Force Museum of Canada, CFB Trenton
 * CF-104, Royal Canadian Air Force 104731 - British Columbia Aviation Museum
 * CF-104 and CF-104D RCAF 104756 and 104641 - Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario. 104756 is in Tiger Meet colours. This aircraft was originally 12790.
 * CF-104, Canadian Armed Forces 104774 at CFB Valcartier
 * CF-104D RCAF 104651 Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton, Alberta
 * CF-104D 645- Canadian Museum of Flight, Langley Regional Airport
 * CF-104, Royal Canadian Air Force - Reynolds Alberta Museum in Wetaskawin, Alberta.

Denmark

 * CF-104 Royal Danish Airforce R-814 104814, Display. Egeskov Castle, Denmark

Germany

 * CF-104, Canadian Armed Forces 104785, pedestal mount, Söllingen, Germany.,

Hungary

 * CF-104 Turkish Air Force 63-893 on display at Szolnok Aviation Museum in Szolnok.

Norway

 * CF-104D RNoAF 717 - Displayed on a pedestal outside Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola near Stavanger.
 * CF-104D RNoAF 730 - Displayed at the Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola near Stavanger.
 * CF-104 RNoAF 755 - At Kjeller, Lillestrøm.
 * CF-104D RNoAF 766 - Displayed on pedestal in front of Kjeller Air Station, Lillestrøm.
 * CF-104 RNoAF 801 - Displayed at the Norwegian Air Museum in Bodø.
 * CF-104 RNoAF 836 - Given to Bardufoss High School. Displayed outside Bardufoss Air Station.
 * CF-104 RNoAF 882 - Displayed as gatekeeper at Volvo Arero Norway, Kongsberg.
 * CF-104 RNoAF 886 - Forsvarets Flysamling Gardermoen
 * CF-104 RNoAF 889 - At Torp Airport, Sandefjord.

Norway

 * CF-104D cn. 104 637 has been restored to flying condition by a group of volunteers called Friends of Starfighter, and is based at Bodø in Norway.

United States

 * CF-104D, Canadian Armed Forces 104632 - based at Starfighters Inc in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
 * CF-104G, Canadian Armed Forces 104759 - based at Starfighters Inc in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
 * CF-104G, Canadian Armed Forces 104850 - based at Starfighters Inc in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Canada

 * CF-104D, Canadian Armed Forces 104633 - owned by KF Aerospace Centre For Excellence in Kelowna, British Columbia.

title: Canadair CF-104 Starfighter


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/House of bugs

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:04, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

House of bugs
NN website, also seems to have attacks in the article.

 * D Fawcett5 17:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN website. --Vsion 18:06, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Land 18:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --JAranda | yeah 22:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * D backstory available Here Leppy 23:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 04:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Template:Flags of British dependencies

title: Template:Flags of British dependencies


text:
User:DreamMan

Il ne s'arrêtera jamais

Je suis un homme des rêves

title: User:DreamMan


text:
File:Houseofpainsameasiteverwas.jpg

Fair use in Same as It Ever Was
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Houseofpainsameasiteverwas.jpg


text: Category talk:Tropical cyclone articles needing attention


text:
Sam Coomes

Samuel J. Coomes (born April 23, 1964) is an American musician, and one half of the indie band Quasi, along with his ex-wife, drummer Janet Weiss. Coomes was also a member of the mid-1980s underground pop band The Donner Party and replaced Brandt Peterson as the bassist for the 1990s Portland indie rock band Heatmiser, playing on their final studio album, Mic City Sons.

Biography
Coomes was born in Sherman, Texas, and moved to Southern California as a child. He started playing in The Donner Party in San Francisco in 1983 and released two albums with them before they disbanded in 1989. Coomes formed Motorgoat in Portland, Oregon, in 1990 with Janet Weiss, and they released two cassettes and one 7" single before disbanding and becoming Quasi in 1993. Coomes released a solo album under the name Blues Goblins in 2003 and sometimes performs under that name. He also performs on keyboards and vocals with the Oakland, California-based band Pink Mountain, and formed the duo Crock with Spencer Seim (Hella, Solos, The Advantage) which released an album, Grok, in 2011. Coomes also appeared with Jandek in two NW shows along with drummer Emil Amos (Om, Grails, Holy Sons), documented on the album Portland Thursday (2009) and Seattle Friday (2011). Additionally, Coomes has scored several of the films of underground filmmaker Rankin Renwick (formerly known as Vanessa Renwick) Coomes currently lives in Portland, Oregon.

Session work since inception of Quasi
Coomes has done much recording work with other bands, mostly on keyboards and bass.
 * Bugskull
 * Built to Spill - Coomes has performed as a guest keyboardist on several tracks. He has appeared on every Built to Spill album since Keep It Like a Secret. In addition, he co-produced with Doug Martsch Built to Spill's 2015 album, Untethered Moon
 * The Go-Betweens
 * Goldcard
 * Heatmiser
 * Sleater-Kinney - Coomes played the Mellotron on All Hands on the Bad One on the song "Milkshake 'n' Honey." He also played the theremin on the song "Funeral Song" off the album One Beat.
 * Elliott Smith - Coomes played bass on the 2000 album Figure 8 on the songs "Stupidity Tries", "Everything Means Nothing to Me", "In the Lost and Found (Honky Bach)," and "Pretty Mary K". He also played bass and sang backup vocals on Elliott Smith's song "Pretty (Ugly Before)" on Smith's posthumous 2004 album From a Basement on the Hill.  Quasi and Elliott Smith toured together, including during the tour in support of his major-label debut, XO. During these tour dates, Quasi performed a set of their own with Smith joining them for some songs, and also backed Smith on some songs during his set.
 * The Takeovers
 * Jandek

Compilation appearances

 * The Portland Edition — American Leather Records (vinyl, 2017)

title: Sam Coomes


text:
Talk:Return of the Living Dead (film series)

corrected Return 3 release date
I made a couple of minor changes. I added a bit more info to the Return 1 synopsis, and corrected the release date info for Return 3. -- BBlackmoor (talk) 17:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

first movie title
The proper title for the first ROTLD movie is 'The' Return of the Living Dead. Also 4 and 5 were filmed with the hope of a theatrical release (despite appreances to the contrary) therefore they aren't "made for TV". (Alphaboi867 03:43, 11 January 2006 (UTC))

2's poster resembles that to Fright Night
2's poster resembles that to Fright Night. Also, this entry suggests that electrocution can destroy the revenants.

Trioxin Barrel 800 #
The number is currently in use by Pilgrim Telephone, they're a "telecommunications company" out of Lexington, MA. It is an adult sex line for "Intimate Connections", and is a $1.99 a minute by credit card charge. The number from the barrel is 1-800-454-8000, and all information above can be backed up by calling the number and doing a web search for "Pilgrim Telephone". A few years ago if you called it you just got this weird series of beeps.-- RaScarabous 05:31, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Below is an image of the message on the Trioxin Barrels in Return of the Living Dead, taken from the DVD.

RaScarabous 05:35, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

This should all be enough information to validate the comment in the trivia section of the article "Return Of The Living Dead". The comment reads as follows, "If the emergency telephone number printed on the canisters of the contaminated dead is dialed, a sex hotline will be reached. [dubious — see talk page]". -- RaScarabous 05:43, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead2.jpg
Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:02, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead4.jpg
Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead4.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:03, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead5.jpg
Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead5.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:05, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Return of the living dead 3.jpg
Image:Return of the living dead 3.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:24, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead4.jpg
Image:TheReturnOfTheLivingDead4.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:20, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Return of the living deadposter.jpg
The image Image:Return of the living deadposter.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --07:17, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Input needed
I've asked a question over at the Talk:Living Dead talk page. Please go there as it concerns this page also. --Gonnym (talk) 15:57, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Revenge of the Living Dead
Revenge of the Living Dead is the next generation of Return of the Living Dead. It's debut will be set to release in 2013, and if funding is good enough, will release in the summer of 2012.

The Return of the Living Dead

Return of the Living Dead Part II

Return of the Living Dead 3

Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis

Return of the Living Dead: Rave from the Grave

Revenge of the Living Dead — Preceding unsigned comment added by OpterOnyx (talk • contribs) 19:35, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Could be added now but probably better to wait until it actually comes out. Make sure there is a source for it either way. DaffyBridge (talk) 19:38, 17 October 2011 (UTC)


text: User talk:70.69.121.25

title: User talk:70.69.121.25


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Structured Key Information Enterprise Repository (SKIER)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 13:35, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Structured Key Information Enterprise Repository (SKIER)
Original research/ meaningless proprietary jargon from. Related copy and paste copyvios from this company have been repeatedly created.

OK guess I shouldn't bother to flesh out these facts Ckuelzow
 * D Fawcett5 17:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete what????--Kewp (t) 18:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:NOT a promotional tool.  Friday (talk) 18:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Kjl 21:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's some kind of jargon, without enough information to give a clear idea of exactly what it means, and the part with "...structurally in harmony with how our species naturally interacts..." seems non-NPOV to me, possibly taken from a marketing brochure for a product or service that uses this technique, whatever it is. *Dan T.* 01:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've read it three times and my brain still comes back with wha. --hydnjo talk 03:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Marketing jargon with no useful content. Martyman 05:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Isaac Newton/archive1

Isaac Newton
Stumbled across this article, and was astonished that no effort has been made to nominate it as an FA. Very well-referenced, meaty, interesting, (Did you know he invented the cat flap?) and encyclopedic. Borisblue 17:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, I can see that the article is a summary of three longer biography articles, but I think more could be done to improve the flow of the text, in some parts it is a compilation of short paragraphs begining in year Newton did x. --nixie 03:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I've fixed that God-awful paragraph. Thanks for pointing that out, can't believe I didn't see it. Is the prose OK now? Borisblue 12:11, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please also spin the legacy and fictional appearances sections into prose, see Charles Darwin for a decent example.--nixie 00:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thy will be done. Borisblue 01:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for addressing the things I pointed out on the FAC nomination, I haven't changed my vote to support because I'm waiting to see if other people have problems with the content. I don't know enough about him to make such judgements, but comapred to an article like Charles Darwin it seems kind of thin, for example as far as I can tell there is reatively little summray of the biographcial detail that currently resides in The writing of Principia Mathematica, and what is mentioned is mixed in with scientific research - which doesn't make much sense now the article has been split into biography, research etc. With this split there is also now a 30 year gap in the biographical information. Shouldn't there also be a summary section for his occult views in addition to that on his religious views?--nixie 00:12, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. The image Image:Stamp germany sir issac newton.jpg is claimed as "fair use", but since the stamp isn't the subject of the article, a fair use claim is doubtful. --Carnildo 22:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * replaced with an image from commons. Borisblue 22:47, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support  —thames 00:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment — This article has quite a few red links in it. All of these should at least be created as stubs. I believe that a featured article should spawn a whole series of related articles around it. I'm sure the contributors to this article can go through it and work on those red links. Also, I find the layout a bit ragged. I'm not sure why that is, but it'd be worth taking a look at the layout of the material again. --Gareth Hughes 13:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've dealt with all the red links, I've also rearranged the sections so that the biographical stuff is all in one place. Hope that helps. Borisblue 14:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

This topic deserves FA status—please improve it. Tony 06:59, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Gareth Hughes 15:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment anterior to a vote: the "Religious" section is...strange. It opens with Newton the passionate believer in an interventionist God and then spends half its time spinning the story of the clockmaker God that Newton somehow helped to create.  Newton had exposure to one of the Cambridge Platonists in the early biography section (More), but here he is a fundamentalist.  His familial background in the Puritan and dissenter community is barely mentioned (and possibly correctly, too, for, though Newton was of such a family, he wasn't much of a Puritan).  The worry over his anti-Trinitarian views is ... strange.  He doesn't really have to have been very orthodox, when everything else about his religious life wasn't.  A man who can combine the Platonists with (alleged) Rosicrucianism with (alleged) hermeticism and (avowed) alchemy and who sees in the created universe God's plan, but not Spinozan or Liebnitzian hylozoism is probably not going to be orthodox anywhere.  I do not mean to fault the authors too severely, because this is a vexatious part of his life, but the section is kind of choppy and betrays the wiki-history of distinct points of view layering on top of each other without a single thesis (right or wrong) being presented.  It might almost be better to have very, very little than to try to dance through the minefield of a full discussion. Geogre 20:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid all this is waaay over my head :( I'll contact thames, he is an expert on this, and contributed substantially to this section. Then I'll see what I can do. Thanks for the comment Borisblue 20:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Geogre, you're right that it has been melded together from different contributors. At first it talks about his personal religious views, and then it goes into the effects his scientific discoveries had on certain religious factions.  These religious factions held views that Newton almost certainly would not have ascribed to. I've put a subheader between Newton's religious views, and his effect on religious views to better clarify.  As far as the Platonism and Rosicrucianism, I would love it if you could add some of your knowledge to round out that section of the article, as I haven't done any research in those areas.   —thames 23:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll see if I can. The problem with the Rosicrucians is that they were Rosicrucians, and they did a good job of keeping whatever it is that they were on about secret.  The allegation of Rosicrucianism is about the only thing that's bankable (every member of the RS at first got accused of it, and practically all significant royalists did; it was presumed to be intensely related to alchemy, so that only made the claims stronger, when everyone knew that IN was performing alchemy).  With the Platonists, I think it would be fascinating to find any Cudworth or Whichcote views in his thinking (other than just a belief in reason as man's toolkit for approaching God) (Whichcote was a Puritan, and yet he was one of the leaders of the Cambridge Platonists).  I've always stayed clear of Newton, myself, because the complexity of his life requires a person deep in as many areas as he was, and I'm not one of them.  I can add a bit to how Newton was viewed and used by the public.  He became a lussus naturae in the Restoration world while he was still middle aged, and people were pointing at him quite a bit.  I'll review the edits before voting, thanks.  Geogre 01:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Any stuff that you feel is too in depth to belong in this article could go to Isaac Newton's religious views as well. Borisblue 01:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm seriously Geogre: those were some sweet edits.  —thames 04:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot. If I felt even close to competent to the task, I'd try to help out the subarticle.  It's a pleasure to help. Geogre 14:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: Thanks for the compliment.  There is always more to be said, and Newton deserves quite a few words, but, for a short, encyclopedia biography written in summary style, this is a very good article that covers what needs to be covered.  Happy to support.  Geogre 14:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - I'll lend my nomination to this now. Looks much better than it did a few days ago! KingTT 21:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - This article seems very interesting and well written. Dan M 22:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Well-written with a nice layout and appropriate linking for more depth. InvictaHOG 02:36, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Great well written article. --WS 15:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, but it's within reach. An hour or two of intensive editing will get it up to standard. Here are some examples of what is required, from the top of the article.
 * 'he is widely regarded as the most influential scientist in history'—remove the hype, please. Others might say 'Einstein'.
 * 'also'—I counted four in the lead, all of them redundant. Every sentence in the article is 'in addition' to the previous statement. Please go through the whole article and remove 'also' unless it adds useful meaning (I'm sure it won't in most cases).
 * 'ellipticAL'?
 * Use of past tense for scientific truths is unusual; why not 'He was the first to realise that the spectrum of colours observed when white light passeS through a prism IS inherent in the white light and (add: IS) not added by ...'. Fix elsewhere, too.
 * The last para in the lead is one long list, and your attempts at various wordings are laboured ('finally', 'voiced a theory'). The semicolons are awkward. What about bulleting the items? 'He is responsible for other breakthroughs, such as: (bullets).
 * 'The following is a brief biography of Newton's early life.' Relocate above the 'Early life' subtitle as 'This is a summary of Newton's life.', and remove the first sentence currently under each subtitle. Isn't there a standard formatting ?
 * 'Newton was premature'—you mean the birth, do you?
 * 'could have fit inside a quart mug'—grammar; and a reference citation would help for such a specific statement.

 * Thanks for the feedback! I'm not sure it's wise to remove "the hype". Isaac Newton IS widely regarded as the most influential scientist in history; every list of influential scientists on amazon puts him first- at very least, no one would consider Einstein more influential(Newton #1 here and  #2 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0806513500/ref=pd_sim_b_1/002-6096938-5806455?%5Fencoding=UTF8&v=glance here], behind the Prophet Muhammad). The assertion on the Einstein featured article that he is regarded the most influential  scientist in the 20th century is more contentious than the claim that Newton is the most influential in history. Anyway, fixed the lead, citations and funny wording you metioned. Will deal with the tenses later. Borisblue 04:34, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Conditional support. Nice, but please merge the tiny paragraphs for a better look. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 05:32, 19 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Virginia dynasty

Inconsistency
Article says:
 * By the end of Monroe's first term the Federalist Party had essentially disbanded and Monroe was re-elected in 1820 without any real opposition. One elector cast his electoral vote for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams. This was to preserve the record of George Washington as being the only person to receive all of the electoral votes and technically have been elected unanimously.

But Era of Good Feeling states:
 * The Era reached its peak in the election of 1820, when President Monroe was re-elected with all but one electoral vote. A common but false belief is a vote was withheld only due to the voter's concern that George Washington should remain as the sole president elected unanimously.

--24.58.8.71 18:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virginia dynasty


text:
Naotake Satō

Naotake Satō (佐藤 尚武) was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He was born in Osaka, graduated from the Tokyo Higher Commercial School (東京高等商業学校, Tōkyō Kōtō Shōgyō Gakkō, now Hitotsubashi University) in 1904, attended the consul course of the same institute, and finished studying there in 1905.

Biography
He was born on October 30, 1882, in Osaka.

He was an active politician and diplomat. In 1905, he passed the Foreign Service exam and started to work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After serving as Mukden Consul General and executive secretary of the London Naval Treaty, he served as Imperial Japan's Ambassador to Belgium in 1930 and to France in 1933. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs (Senjūrō Hayashi Cabinet) in March 1937, and resigned in June 1937, then was assigned as Diplomatic Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, under 1st Fumimaro Konoye Cabinet and Hideki Tojo Cabinet.

He served from 1942 as the last Imperial Japanese Ambassador to the U.S.S.R. before the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, upon the request of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Shigenori Tōgō. As Minister, he worked hard to avert war at the Imperial Diet. One of his missions as Japan's Ambassador to the U.S.S.R. was to seek peace with the Allies through the assistance of the U.S.S.R. due to Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.

However, Satō judged and reported to Tokyo that it was unlikely that the U.S.S.R. would assist Imperial Japan, because it was highly likely that Japan would lose the war, and urged an end to the war as early as possible. On August 8, 1945, he was invited to the Kremlin by the U.S.S.R. Foreign Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, and received the Soviet declaration of war against Imperial Japan. After the war, he was elected to the House of Councillors of the National Diet of Japan in 1947, and served as a President of the House of Councillors from 1949 to 1953.

He died on December 18, 1971, in Tokyo.

title: Naotake Satō


text:
User talk:Reidacus

Henchism the great 4th and bountifle human empire

title: User talk:Reidacus


text:
UDP Helper Address

A UDP Helper Address is a special router configuration used to forward broadcast network traffic from a client machine on one subnet to a server in another subnet.

Usage example
The Internet Protocol requires every network interface controller to be assigned at least one unique IP address. Groups of machines with similar addresses are considered to be part of the same logical subnet. One method of assigning IP addresses is DHCP in which addresses typically are issued by a DHCP server running on one or more hosts. If one of these machines is on the same subnet as its clients, the DHCP server can respond to their broadcast DHCP requests and issue an address. But the DHCP servers may be hosted on a different subnet and, by default, most routers do not pass broadcast messages to nodes outside their own subnet.

To resolve this, a UDP helper address is established in the router configuration to forward broadcast network traffic outside the local subnet. If a DHCP client outside the DHCP server's subnet broadcasts an address request, it is the helper that forwards the message to the DHCP server. The server then chooses an address and sends the client a unicast message, using the helper to send the message back to the client's subnet. The address is reserved for a limited time while the DHCP server waits for a response. If the client responds with another broadcast message, the DHCP server distributes the address. Helper addresses also can be used to forward other UDP traffic (for example, BOOTP).

Implementation
Cisco's first implementation of this protocol was introduced in version 10 of their router software. It is implemented through the use of the router configuration commands  and.

ip helper-address

To enable the forwarding of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) broadcasts, including BOOTP, received on an interface, use the ip helper-address command in interface configuration mode. To disable the forwarding of broadcast packets to specific addresses, use the no form of this command.

ip helper-address [vrf name | global] address [redundancy vrg-name] no ip helper-address [vrf name | global] address [redundancy vrg-name]
 * Syntax Description:

 * vrf name
 * (Optional) Enables VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) instance and VRF name.

 * global
 * (Optional) Configures a global routing table.

 * address
 * Destination broadcast or host address to be used when forwarding UDP broadcasts. There can be more than one helper address per interface.

 * redundancy vrg-name
 * (Optional) Defines the VRG group name.

Special consideration
The use of UDP helper addresses can cause issues with some Windows-based network configurations.. According to Microsoft these issues stem from the fact that ports 137,138 are forwarded by default on Cisco routers. Since these ports are used by NetBIOS to help determine network configuration the added broadcasts can confuse the system.

title: UDP Helper Address


text:
Theatre ballistic missile

A theatre ballistic missile (TBM) is any ballistic missile with a range less than 3500 km, used against targets "in-theatre". Its range is thus between that of tactical and intermediate-range ballistic missiles. The term is a relatively new one, encompassing the former categories of short-range ballistic missile and medium-range ballistic missile. Examples of this type of in-theatre missile are the Soviet RT-15, TR-1 Temp and American PGM-19 Jupiter missile, both from the 1960s.

Specific TBMs
Specific types of TBMs (current, past and under development) include:

🇨🇳 China

 * B-611 - 80-260 km
 * BP-12/A - 80-280 km
 * Type 621 - 80-280 km
 * Type 631 - 400 km
 * DF-11 - 280-300 km
 * DF-12/M20 - 280 km
 * DF-15 - 600-800 km
 * DF-2 - 1,250 km
 * DF-16 - 800-1,000 km
 * DF-17 - 1,800–2,500 km
 * DF-21 - 1,500-1,700 km (China) 🇨🇳, (Saudi Arabia) 🇸🇦

🇫🇷 France

 * Hadès - 480 km

 * Pluton - 120 km
 * SE.4200 - 100 km
 * SSBS S1

🇮🇳 India

 * Agni I - 700–900 km
 * K-15 - 750 km
 * Prahaar - 150 km
 * Pragati - 170 km (planned)
 * Pralay - 150-500 km
 * Pranash - 200 km (planned)
 * Prithvi I - 150 km
 * Prithvi II - 250–350 km
 * Prithvi III - 350–750 km
 * Shaurya - 700-1900 km

 * Agni II - 2,000–3,000 km
 * Agni-P - 1000-2000 km

🇮🇷 Iran

 * Fateh-110 - 300 km
 * Fateh-313 - 500 km
 * Fateh Mobin - 300 km
 * Naze'at - 100–130 km
 * Qiam 1 - 700–800 km
 * Ra'ad-500 - 500 km
 * Samen - 750–800 km
 * Shahab-1 - 350 km
 * Shahab-2 - 750 km
 * Tondar-69 - 150 km
 * Zelzal-1 - 150 km
 * Zelzal-2 - 210 km
 * Zelzal-3 - 200–250 km
 * Zolfaghar (missile)/Zulfiqar - 700 km

 * Ashoura - 2,000–2,500 km
 * Emad - 1,700 km
 * Fajr-3 - 2,500 km(estimation)
 * Ghadr-110 - 2,000–3,000 km
 * Khorramshahr (missile) - 2000 km
 * Sejjil - 2,000–4,500 km
 * Shahab-3 - 1,000-2,000 km

🇮🇶 Iraq

 * Al Abbas - 800-950 km
 * Al Fat'h - 160 km
 * Al Hussein - 600-650 km
 * Al Hijarah - 700-900 km
 * Al Samoud - 180 km
 * Badr-2000 - 1000 km

🇮🇱 Israel

 * Jericho I - 500 km
 * LORA - 300 km
 * Predator Hawk - 300 km
 * Jericho II - 1,300 km

Nazi Germany

 * Rheinbote - 160 km
 * V-2 missile - 320 km

🇰🇵 North Korea

 * Hwasong-5 - 320 km
 * Hwasong-6 - 500 km
 * Hwasong-7 - 700-995 km
 * Hwasong-11 - 120-220 km
 * KN-23 - 250-700 km

 * Hwasong-9 - 1,000 km
 * Hwasong-10/RD-B Musudan - 2,500-4,000 km
 * Pukkuksong-1 - 500-2,000 km
 * Pukkuksong-2 - 1,200-3,000 km
 * Pukkuksong-2 - 2,500-3,000 km
 * Rodong-1 - 1,000–1,500 km

🇵🇰 Pakistan

 * Abdali - 200 km
 * Ghaznavi - 290-320 km
 * Hatf-I - 70 km
 * Hatf-IA - 100 km
 * Hatf-IB - 100 km
 * Nasr - 70-90 km
 * Shaheen - 750 km
 * Shaheen-1 - 900 km
 * Shaheen-1 A - 1,000 km

 * Ababeel - 2,200 km
 * Ghauri-I - 1,500 km
 * Ghauri-II - 1,800-2,000 km
 * Ghauri-III - 3,000-3,500 km (Cancelled)
 * Shaheen-II - 2,500 km
 * Shaheen-III - 2,750 km

🇷🇸 Serbia

 * Šumadija (multiple rocket launcher) - 75-285 km

🇰🇷 South Korea

 * Hyunmoo-1 - 180 km
 * Hyunmoo-2A - 300 km
 * Hyunmoo-2B - 500 km
 * Hyunmoo-2C - 800 km
 * Hyunmoo-4 - 800 km
 * Hyunmoo IV-4 - 500 km
 * KTSSM - 180-290 km

Soviet Union/🇷🇺 Russia

 * 9K720 Iskander-M - 400-500 km 🇷🇺 Russia
 * OTR-21 Tochka-U - 70-185 km Soviet Union/🇷🇺 Russia
 * OTR-23 Oka - 500 km Soviet Union/🇷🇺 Russia
 * R-1 - 270 km
 * R-2 - 600-1,200 km Soviet Union
 * Scud A-D - 180–700 km  Soviet Union
 * TR-1 Temp - 900 km Soviet Union

 * R-5 Pobeda - 1,200 km Soviet Union
 * R-12 Dvina - 2,080 km Soviet Union
 * RT-15 - 2,500 km Soviet Union

🇹🇼 Taiwan

 * Sky Spear - 300 km
 * Sky Horse - 600-950 km

🇹🇷 Turkey

 * BORA I - 280 km
 * BORA II - 360 km
 * J-600T Yıldırım I - 150 km
 * J-600T Yıldırım II - 300 km
 * J-600T Yıldırım III - 900 km

🇺🇦 Ukraine

 * Hrim-2 50-500 km

🇺🇸 United States

 * Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon - over 2775 km
 * MGM-18 Lacrosse - 19 km
 * MGM-31 Pershing - 740 km
 * MGM-52 Lance - 70–120 km
 * MGM-140 ATACMS - 128–300 km
 * OpFires - 1609 km?
 * PGM-11 Redstone - 92–323 km
 * Precision Strike Missile - 499 km
 * Pershing II - 1,770 km
 * PGM-19 Jupiter - 2,400 km

🇾🇪 Yemen

 * Burkan-1 (modified Scud) - 800 km (Houthis)
 * Burkan-2 (modified Scud) (Houthis) -
 * Qaher-1 (modified S-75 Dvina) - 300 km (Houthis)
 * Qaher-M2 - 400 km (Houthis)

title: Theatre ballistic missile


text:
Cross-selling

Cross-selling is a sales technique involving the selling of an additional product or service to an existing customer. In practice, businesses define cross-selling in many different ways. Elements that might influence the definition might include the size of the business, the industry sector it operates within and the financial motivations of those required to define the term.

The objective of cross-selling can be either to increase the income derived from the client or to protect the relationship with the client or clients. The approach to the process of cross-selling can be varied to include two teams within the same organization or two organizations partnering to cross-sell or co-sell a client.

Unlike the acquiring of new business, cross-selling involves an element of risk that could disrupt the relationship of existing clients. For that reason, it is important to ensure that the additional product or service being sold to the client or clients enhances the value the client or clients get from the organization.

In practice, large businesses usually combine cross-selling and up-selling techniques to increase revenue.

Professional services
For the vendor, the benefits are substantial. The most obvious example is an increase in revenue. There are also efficiency benefits in servicing one account rather than several. Most importantly, vendors that sell more services to a client are less likely to be displaced by a competitor. The more a client buys from a vendor, the higher the switching costs.

Though there are some ethical issues with most cross-selling, in some cases, they can be significant. Arthur Andersen's dealings with Enron provide a highly visible example. It is commonly felt that the firm's objectivity, being an auditor, was compromised by selling internal audit services and massive amounts of consulting work to the account.

Though most companies want more cross-selling, there can be substantial barriers:

 * 1)  A customer policy requiring the use of multiple vendors.
 * 2)  Having different purchasing points within an account, which reduce the ability to treat the customer like a single account.
 * 3)  The fear of the incumbent business unit that its colleagues would botch their work at the client, resulting in the loss of the account for all units of the firm.

Broadly speaking, cross-selling takes three forms. First, while servicing an account, the product or service provider may hear of an additional need, unrelated to the first, that the client has and offer to meet it. Thus, for example, in conducting an audit, an accountant is likely to learn about a range of needs for tax services, for valuation services and others. To the degree that regulations allow, the accountants may be able to sell services that meet these needs. This kind of cross-selling helped major accounting firms to expand their businesses considerably. Because of the potential for abuse, this kind of selling by auditors has been greatly curtailed under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Selling add-on services is another form of cross-selling. That happens when a supplier convinces a customer that it can enhance the value of its service by buying another from a different part of the supplier's company. When one buys an appliance, the salesperson will offer to sell insurance beyond the terms of the warranty. Though common, that kind of cross-selling can leave a customer feeling poorly used. The customer might ask the appliance salesperson why he needs insurance on a brand new refrigerator, "Is it really likely to break in just nine months?"

The third kind of cross-selling can be called selling a solution. In this case, the customer buying air conditioners is sold a package of both the air conditioners and installation services. The customer can be considered buying relief from the heat, unlike just air conditioners.

title: Cross-selling


text:
Operation Nordseetour

Operation Nordseetour (German: North Sea Tour) was a raid conducted between 30 November and 27 December 1940 by the German heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper. It was part of the Battle of the Atlantic of World War II, with the ship seeking to attack Allied convoys in the North Atlantic. Admiral Hipper left Germany on 30 November 1940 and entered the Atlantic after evading British patrols. She had difficulty locating any convoys and was plagued by engine problems and bad weather. While returning to Brest in German-occupied France, Admiral Hipper encountered Convoy WS 5A on the night of 24 December. A torpedo attack that night did not inflict any damage and Admiral Hipper was driven off by the convoy's escorts when she attacked on the next morning. Two British transports and a heavy cruiser were damaged. The German cruiser sank a merchant ship later on 25 December, and arrived in Brest on 27 December.

The German navy was disappointed with the results of the raid. It indicated that the Admiral Hipper-class of heavy cruisers were not well suited to attacking shipping in the Atlantic, due to their short range and unreliable engines. The Royal Navy strengthened convoy escort forces in response to the attack on Convoy WS 5A. This frustrated two attacks that were attempted by German battleships in early 1941.

Background
Plans prepared by the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) prior to World War II specified that its surface warships would be used to attack Allied merchant shipping travelling on the oceans. Submarines and aircraft were to be used against shipping near the coasts of Allied countries. Surface raiders were to range widely, make surprise attacks and then move to other areas. They were to be supported by supply ships that were pre-positioned before the start of operations. The Royal Navy anticipated Germany's intentions, and adopted plans of its own to institute convoys to protect merchant shipping and deploy cruisers to monitor attempts by German surface ships to break out into the Atlantic Ocean.

The Admiral Hipper-class of heavy cruisers were designed to operate in the North Atlantic. Their main armament was eight 203 mm guns. The secondary armament comprised twelve 105 mm guns, twelve 37 mm guns and eight 20 mm guns. The cruisers were also armed with twelve 533 mm torpedo tubes. Their range was relatively short at 6500 mi, which meant that they would need to frequently refuel from supply ships during sorties into the Atlantic. The engines also proved unreliable.

Admiral Hipper was the lead ship of the class and entered service in April 1939. During the following February she made a sortie into the North Sea with the battleships GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau. From April that year she was involved in the German invasion of Norway, Operation Weserübung. On 8 April Admiral Hipper defeated the British destroyer HMS Glowworm (H92) off Norway, which rammed her before sinking. After landing troops at Trondheim, the cruiser returned to Germany for repairs on 12 April. She reentered service in May, and in early June accompanied the two Scharnhorst-class battleships and four destroyers for the Operation Juno attack on British shipping off Norway. On 8 June Admiral Hipper sank the British naval trawler HMT Juniper and critically damaged the troop transport Orama. The cruiser, Gneisenau and several destroyers took part in two abortive sorties from Trondheim on 10 and 20 June; on the second of these Gneisenau was torpedoed by a British submarine. From 25 July Admiral Hipper searched for Allied ships in the Norwegian and Barents Seas, and captured a Finnish freighter. She was ordered to return to Germany on 5 August, and reached Wilhelmshaven on 9 August. Admiral Hipper then underwent maintenance until 9 September. Captain Wilhelm Meisel assumed command during this period.

Preparations
In August 1940 the German leader Adolf Hitler ordered an intensification of the attacks on Allied shipping in the Atlantic. At this time only Admiral Hipper and the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer could be made ready to conduct anti-shipping raids. Gneisenau and Scharnhorst as well as the heavy cruiser Lützow were still undergoing repairs. The new battleship Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen were fitting out.

It was initially intended that Admiral Hipper would operate in the seas between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and possibly also the North Atlantic from late September in an attempt to divert the Home Fleet's ships during Operation Sea Lion, the planned German invasion of southern England. This sortie formed part of Operation Herbstreise (German: "Autumn Journey"), which also included decoy troop convoys that would feint a landing in Scotland. After the cancellation of the invasion Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander of the Kriegsmarine, decided that Admiral Hipper's cruise should go ahead.

During September the British received Ultra intelligence obtained by decrypting encoded Luftwaffe (German Air Force) radio messages that indicated Admiral Hipper was to make a reconnaissance sortie into the Barents Sea. This was the only Ultra intelligence they received on her operations during this period, as the codes protecting the Kriegsmarine's messages had not been broken.

Initial attempt
Admiral Hipper departed Kiel bound for the Atlantic on 24 September 1940. She put in at Kristiansand in Norway to repair a broken cooling pump, and sailed again on 27 September. Admiral Hipper suffered an engine room fire the next day while sailing to the west of Stavanger. Both turbines had to be shut down to allow her crew to fight the fire, leaving the ship adrift for four hours. The damage from the fire forced the abandonment of the sortie.

The cruiser arrived back at Kiel on 30 September, and proceeded to Hamburg on 2 October for repairs. These were completed on 28 October. During this period Admiral Scheer departed Germany on 23 October 1940 for what proved to be a successful raid into the Atlantic and Indian Oceans that lasted until 1 April 1941.

Breakout into the Atlantic
Once the repairs were completed Admiral Hipper underwent training in the Baltic Sea from 29 October until 18 November. She then loaded ammunition and supplies for a long range operation into the Atlantic. This sortie, code named Operation Nordseetour (German: "North Sea Tour"), was more ambitious than that which had been planned for September. The goal of the operation was to attack Allied convoys in the North Atlantic. The cruiser was not to attack ships sailing independently. Consistent with standing practices for German surface raiders, the orders for the operation required Meisel to not engage enemy forces that were superior or equal to his ship.

At this time the German B-Dienst signals intelligence service was providing raiders with general information about the locations of Allied ships. The service was generally unable to pass on actionable intelligence though, as it could not decrypt intercepted Royal Navy radio messages. In particular, the Germans lacked information on the dates Allied convoys sailed and the routes they took. Each raider embarked a B-Dienst detachment that was responsible for monitoring Allied radio signals and using direction finding techniques to locate convoys and warships.

The cruiser set out again from Brunsbüttel on 30 November. She had been spotted there by a Royal Air Force reconnaissance aircraft the previous day, but the British did not realise that her presence at the port meant she was about to sail. Admiral Hipper was escorted by four torpedo boats for the first stage of the voyage. She refuelled from a tanker at a fjord near Bergen in Norway on 1 December before proceeding north. Meisel wanted a period of bad weather to help hide his ship from British patrols while passing Allied occupied Iceland, and he operated to the south of Jan Mayan island for the next several days. During this period, the cruiser refuelled from the tanker Adria on 2, 3 and 5 December. After the weather worsened, Admiral Hipper passed through the Denmark Strait that separated Greenland and Iceland on the night of 6/7 December. She was not detected by the British.

After entering the Atlantic, Admiral Hipper proceeded to the waters off southern Greenland to rendezvous with the tanker Friedrich Breme. It took several days to locate the tanker, during which Admiral Hipper's crew experienced extreme cold and a hurricane force storm.

Attack on Convoy WS 5A
Once refuelling was complete, Admiral Hipper began searching for convoys on the key route between Halifax in Canada and the United Kingdom. She patrolled to the south of the routes taken by convoys though, and did not encounter any. The crew endured another hurricane level storm, the cruiser's starboard engine failed and she ran dangerously low on fuel at one point. Admiral Hipper refuelled again from Friedrich Breme on 16 and 20 December. On 20 December Meisel decided to conclude the operation, and set course for Brest in occupied France.

Admiral Hipper detected multiple ships with her radar at 8:45 pm on 24 December while sailing 700 mi west of Cape Finisterre in Spain. This was Convoy WS 5A, which had sailed from the United Kingdom carrying 40,000 soldiers and large quantities of supplies on board 20 ships. The WS convoys were special convoys that carried troops and supplies from the United Kingdom to Egypt and Asia on board fast ships. They were assigned powerful escort forces. Five of the ships were travelling with the convoy in the North Atlantic before entering the Mediterranean Sea to form part of an Operation Excess convoy that would carry supplies to Malta and Greece.

Convoy WS 5A's escort comprised the heavy cruiser HMS Berwick (65) as well as the light cruisers HMS Bonaventure (31) and HMS Dunedin. Only Dunedin was fitted with radar. The light cruiser HMS Naiad (93) had also formed part of the escort until 24 December. The aircraft carriers HMS Argus (I49) and HMS Furious (47) were sailing with the convoy to transport land-based aircraft to West Africa. As their flight decks were crowded with these aircraft, the two carriers could only fly off five of their own aircraft.

Meisel wrongly believed that he had found one of the weakly escorted OB convoys that sailed from the United Kingdom to Africa and decided to attack it at dawn the next day. His radar was unable to distinguish escorts from cargo vessels. Still, when in the darkness Admiral Hipper detected a large ship at the rear of the convoy, the Germans thought it was an escorting armed merchant cruiser. Preferring to weaken the escort before attacking the convoy in the morning, Meisel decided to attack with torpedoes which will not give away their presence since the British will think they were under U-Boat attack. Admiral Hipper fired three torpedoes at the convoy at 1:53 am on 25 December, but none hit.

The German sailors spotted the convoy to the west at 6:03 am on Christmas Day. Weather conditions were poor, with a strong wind, heavy seas, limited visibility and rain squalls. Berwick was among the first ships to be sighted, and other escorts were soon spotted. Meisel turned his ship towards the British heavy cruiser. The attack plan was to approach unsuspected as close as possible, to be able to attack the ship with a 3 torpedo fan shot from the rear torpedo launcher. But fire was opened on her with his 203-millimetre guns from a range of 6000 yd at 6:39 am, before the torpedoes were launched. As a result, the torpedo launcher was blocked by the blast of the guns and the launch had to aborted. Similarly the launching of 3 torpedoes from the forward launcher was botched when the secondary armament opened fire on the other escorts. While the British had not spotted Admiral Hipper, Berwick's crew were at dawn action stations when the engagement began. They returned fire at Admiral Hipper from 6:41 am, and the light cruisers changed course to join the fight. During this period Admiral Hipper's secondary armament fired at the transports, damaging Empire Trooper and Arabistan. Two men were killed on Empire Trooper.

In line with his orders to not engage equal or superior forces, Meisel sought to end the battle. He believed that the British light cruisers were destroyers, and turned to port to evade a possible torpedo attack. Admiral Hipper's rear turrets continued to fire at Berwick, and her secondary armament engaged the light cruisers.

Meisel was able to break contact at 6:43 am but was sighted by Berwick again at 6:47 am. At this time the British cruiser was on a parallel course approximately 8000 yd to the port of Admiral Hipper. Berwick opened fire, and Admiral Hipper fired back. At 7:05 am a 203-millimetre shell disabled one of Berwick's gun turrets, and she was hit below the waterline soon afterwards. Rain squalls then allowed Miesel to evade the British at 7:14 am by sailing north west. The British cruisers rejoined the convoy. Convoy WS 5A's ships had been ordered to scatter at 6:50 am, and it proved difficult to reassemble them. Admiral Hipper did not suffer any damage in this engagement and Berwick required repairs that took six months to complete.

Following the battle Admiral Hipper returned to a course bound for Brest. The ship was continuing to experience engine problems and was running low on fuel. At 10:00 am on 25 December, Admiral Hipper's crew sighted the cargo ship Jumma sailing by itself. She was sunk by a single salvo from the cruiser's 203-millimetre guns and two torpedoes. None of Jumma's crew of 111 survived. Admiral Hipper docked at Brest on 27 December. This made her the first major German warship to arrive at a port in occupied France. Royal Air Force Coastal Command aircraft had attempted to locate Admiral Hipper as she approached Brest, but did not spot her.

Aftermath
The German military was disappointed by the results of Operation Nordseetour. Admiral Hipper did not disrupt Allied shipping, and the sortie demonstrated that she was not well suited to anti-shipping operations in the Atlantic due to her short range and unreliable engines. The engagement with Convoy WS 5A also illustrated the problems with dispatching single raiders into the Atlantic, as Admiral Hipper would have been at great risk had she been damaged. Raeder may have been unhappy with Meisel's decision to fight Berwick.

The attack on Convoy WS 5A demonstrated to the British that surface raiders posed a serious threat to all convoys in the North Atlantic. In response, the Royal Navy immediately began assigning major warships to escort convoys whenever possible. Naiad was ordered to rejoin Convoy WS 5A, and the light cruiser HMS Kenya (14) was dispatched to protect two SL convoys that were approaching the United Kingdom from Sierra Leone. The battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916) and light cruiser HMS Nigeria (60) also sailed to guard convoys in the western Atlantic. Force H, the powerful British squadron based at Gibraltar that included an aircraft carrier and a battlecruiser, also entered the Atlantic on 25 December. The battlecruiser HMS Renown (1916) was damaged by a storm. During February and March 1941 escorting battleships forced the Scharnhorst-class battleships to break off two attacks against convoys when they were operating in the Atlantic during Operation Berlin.

Operation Excess was delayed by the disruption caused by the attack on Convoy WS 5A. During the period of delay, a powerful Luftwaffe anti-shipping force arrived in the Mediterranean. The Excess convoy left Gibraltar on 6 January bound for Malta and Greece. On 10 January German aircraft badly damaged the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious (87) while she was escorting the convoy. This may have been avoided if the Excess convoy had sailed when originally planned.

title: Operation Nordseetour


text:
Talk:Kayaking

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 January 2020 and 22 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jeskridge001.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:40, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
OK, what a mess.... Stupid

Kayak seems to be the most complete of these articles, but many others need to be merged or something... Kayaking contains some info best integrated elsewhere, Sea kayak is duplicative of Kayak, Whitewater kayaking is also a bit all over the place. Also, there probably needs to be a category. Trollderella 18:03, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. All of these types of self propelled boating belong under Paddling. At least, those in the Paddling Industry consider these different types of boating to be Paddling, but now it just sends you to Canoeing. Canoeing is a very lengthy and in-depth article, but lists sea kayaking as a subset, which technically is incorrect. --Cakemaan 21:46, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Merged
I merged this to Kayak, and added Kayak to the Paddling dab. Of course, among other issues is the fact that we have Canoeing and Kayak. Anyone know if there is a naming convention to solve this? -- Mwanner | Talk 14:10, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Unmerged
Well the merge lasted for over a year, but User:Bennyboyz3000 has unmerged it again (3 January 2007), so now we have articles called Kayak and Kayaking.

I was in the process of trying to persuade people that building two articles Canoe and Canoeing was not sensible. Too much duplication of information (and duplication of effort creating the information) Now we have the same situation with Kayak and Kayaking. Do people think this is a good/bad idea? -- Harry Wood 17:30, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think we should merge them again. The article says very little about kayaking, and is mostly about kayaks anyway. The only kayaking bit is

Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving across water.

Whitewater kayaking involves taking a kayak down rapids. Sea kayaking sometimes also referred to as Ocean Kayaking involves taking kayaks out on to the ocean or other open water. Sea kayaking can involve short paddles with a return to the starting point or "put-in" or expeditions covering many miles and days.
 * The rest just talks about kayaks. --George Drummond 13:57, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Inaccuracy
The statement that the difference between a canoe and kayak is whether it has an open or close cockpit isn't true. There are many open cockpit kayaks on the market. 208.27.194.103 00:32, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Advertisement
This artical reeks of advertisement and innacurracy. Where is the history of kayaks? Where is any factual information whatsoever? I don't want to feel like i am reading a brochure. --Zer0Cool

Merge Both
Hello, this is just my two cents worth: I don't see a problem with merging both the canoe and the kayak articles into Watercraft Paddling article which would really beef up that article and eliminate the duplication (and confusion of which article to wikilink to). Marcia Wright (talk) 02:47, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

PS. The listing of differences between canoe and kayak concerning the paddle type is a gray area. Some people use a double ended paddle when canoeing. It is more a personal preference than a difference. Marcia Wright (talk) 02:47, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Dead Link
Just want people to clarify if the link in the external link section is in fact dead. It is showing up as an error 404 for me :) OisinisiO (talk) 10:57, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

Prune, merge, cull?
Drop the Design and Configurations sections. The article is kayaking not kayaks. Drop the Eight Primary Classifications bit. Drop Activities involving kayaks and move any remaining information (if any) to the lead. --GhostInTheMachine (talk) 05:57, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:00, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 11 June 2019
The link for Types of Kayaks under equipment is broken. Please remove this link. Thanks Brando90210 (talk) 00:18, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done DannyS712 (talk) 00:24, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:26, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Kayaker in the ocean.jpg
 * Kayakers in Africa.png
 * Squirt-Boating-Cheat-River-West-Virginia-Gabe-DeWitt.jpg

title: Talk:Kayaking


text:
Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism

The Religious Action Center (RAC) is the political and legislative outreach arm of Reform Judaism in the United States. The Religious Action Center is operated under the auspices of the Commission on Social Action of Reform Judaism, a joint instrumentality of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and the Union for Reform Judaism. It was founded in 1961.

History
Consistent with the political and social concerns of Reform Judaism, the Religious Action Center played a key role in important political events of the American civil rights movement, the struggles of Soviet Jewry, as well as the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur. It hosted several meetings at which the groundwork for the various pieces of legislation, including the Civil Rights Acts and Voting Rights Acts, were laid. It also shielded civil rights marchers who were attacked by District of Columbia police.

Aside from its community organizing and direct advocacy work, the Religious Action Center has also been a hub of social justice programming for the Reform Jewish community. The L'Taken seminar series has given thousands of young Jews the opportunity to visit Washington, D.C., and learn about public policy and Jewish values. The Religious Action Center also hosted a Passover seder for the Dalai Lama in the late 1990s. As part of the weekend, students celebrate Havdalah at the Jefferson Memorial.

Rabbi David Saperstein served at Religious Action Center from 1974 to 2015, as director and chief legal counsel. In that role he was recognized by Newsweek in 2009 as "the most influential rabbi in the country". On July 28, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Saperstein to be the first non-Christian to hold the post of United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom. In December 2014, Saperstein's appointment to the post won U.S. Senate confirmation.

In January 2015, Saperstein was succeeded at Religious Action Center by Rabbi Jonah Pesner. Pesner grew up in New York, and served as a congregational rabbi in Boston. He created "Just Congregations" in 2006, a program that teaches congregations to join in interfaith advocacy for social justice issues. Pesner will continue to serve as Senior Vice President of the Union for Reform Judaism, a post he has held since 2011. The Washington Post described the director position at Religious Action Center as being "the closest thing to being American Jews' lobbyist on mostly non-Israel issues." Those issues have included health care, prison reform, marriage equality and reproductive freedom, while Pesner expects to increase the organization's focus on racial and economic disparities. Because Religious Action Center's priorities most closely approximate those of the Democratic Party, Religious Action Center has, at times, struggled in an increasingly polarized Congress. Saperstein's close alignment with the Democratic Party at times earned him suspicion of the Republican Party, while Pesner will represent a Jewish community at a time when Gallup polls show Jewish loyalty to the Democratic Party has dropped from 71% in 2008 to 61% in 2014.

In 2021, the DC chapter of the Sunrise Movement called for the removal of the RAC, the National Council of Jewish Women, and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs from a voting rights coalition due to their Israeli ties and support for Zionism. Sunrise DC apologized after Jewish organizations condemned the chapter for antisemitism.


text:
Cadillac Cien

The Cadillac Cien is a 2-door rear mid-engined, rear-wheel-drive high performance concept car created by Cadillac, designed by Simon Cox, and unveiled at the 2002 Detroit Auto Show to celebrate Cadillac's 100th anniversary ("cien" is Spanish for one hundred, which compares the Buick Centieme).

Overview
The Cadillac Cien has a longitudinally mounted 60-degree, 7.5-liter V12 that produced 750 hp and 650 lbft of torque. The experimental engine featured direct injection and displacement on demand, which allowed the engine to run on only eight or fewer cylinders under light load. The Cien was designed at General Motors' Advanced Design Studio in England and built as a fully working road-going vehicle with the help of the UK-based engineering and motorsport company Prodrive. The Cien's monocoque chassis and body are made of aerogel composite and equipped with active aero. Its design was inspired by the F-22 Raptor.

Initially, there were plans to put it into production, but due to the lack of development funds and the high expected selling price of US$200,000, the existence of a customer base for the Cien was put into question. The production of the Cien was thus cancelled at a board meeting.

title: Cadillac Cien


text:
User talk:Feyer

My name is Feyer. I am new to Wikipedia. You can reach me via my talk page. I hope to update this page soon.

Lavrentii Alekseevich Zagoskin
Dear Feyer! First, let me be the first one to welcome you to Wikipedia. Usually, admins are responsible for welcoming the newcomers, but they were too busy, I guess. Anyway, check out all of the wiki-policies with regards to editing and behavior and start contributing! As for Zagoskin, I'll try and find some info on him. I'll save the article under Lavrenty Zagoskin. Just curious, why are you interested in this explorer? Do you reside in Alaska or just doing some research? Cheers! KNewman 17:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Re interest in Zagoskin
Sadly, I no longer live in Alaska, but I did spend 5 years there. My sister and her family have taken up residence in an abandoned Yup'ik village called Crow Village, Alaska and this is a place I have visited many times, and as such have become increasingly interested in the history of the area. Unfortunately, written history of the area is virtually non-exisitant prior to the Alaska Purchase in 1867. Zagoskin was one of the very first non-native explorers in the region in 1843, and in fact spent some time in Crow Village referring to it by it's native name Tulukaguagamute. I suspect he has many interesting observations, but references to these are hard to come by. --Feyer 13:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Lavrenty Zagoskin
While I was looking around the web for information, I may have misunderstood something about the Zagoskin-Rezanov connection. I'll edit out the content in question. --Merovingian (t) (c) (e) 20:49, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Soapy Smith
I see you lived in Anchorage. There's a restaurant there named Soapy Smith's. You keep taking my link off the Alaska page. Have you even LOOKED at the Soapy Smith website to judge that it is spam? Soapy 04:56, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Pat Foley
Oops! I should have read past the headline. Thanks for watching the page. Zagalejo^^^ 23:32, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Re: Sebastian Schneulle
Shouldn't he get a Canadian flag on the Yukon Quest winners section? After all, that's what we've got Hans Gatt credited to, and he's originally Austrian. JKBrooks85 (talk) 05:37, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It's not that big a deal compared with the overall article. I'll probably check it with the Yukon Quest media guide, but other than that, I'd say that's fine. JKBrooks85 (talk) 21:37, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Featured article review request
Since you're an experienced hand at editing Alaska articles, I was wondering if you'd have the time to examine Rampart Dam, a featured article candidate I submitted for review. It needs comments, criticism, and support in order to become a featured article. Anything you'd care to offer would be extremely helpful. Thanks! JKBrooks85 (talk) 03:06, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Gee, I wonder what event that could be. JKBrooks85 (talk) 22:58, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Nomination of Crow Village Sam for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Crow Village Sam is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Crow Village Sam until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Rusf10 (talk) 04:16, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Feyer


text:
Talk:Cadillac Cien

Initial comments
If you know more put it down or edit this

I'm all out of ideas. All I did is that someone forgot to put Gran Turismo 4 and Midnight CLub 3: DUB Edition Remix. So I managed to edit it. Anything Else (a.k.a.) David

 * Why on earth was this care never made? I would have sold my family into slavery to own it. :p

 * I think they were more or less using the cein as a chassis to test the v12 for possible use in the upcoming corvette.

A Concept car made in 2002 for Cadillac's 100 Anniversary
Cadillac Cien 97.82.85.73 (talk) 20:58, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cadillac Cien


text:
Michael Weiss (figure skater)

Michael Weiss (born August 2, 1976) is an American former competitive and currently professional figure skater. He is in the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame and is a three-time national champion (1999, 2000, 2003) a two-time World bronze medalist (1999, 2000), and a two-time Olympic team member.

Personal life
Michael Weiss was born August 2, 1976, in Washington, DC. His father, Greg, was a gymnast on the 1964 Olympic team, and his mother, Margie, was also a gymnast and national champion. His sister Geremi was a figure skater and junior national silver medalist; his other sister, Genna, was junior world diving champion.

Weiss graduated from Wilbert Tucker Woodson High School in Fairfax, Virginia. He holds an associate degree in business marketing from Prince George's Community College. Weiss was a member of the Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society. In September 1997, he married his jazz dance teacher, Lisa Thornton. Their daughter, Annie-Mae, was born in September 1998 and their son, Christopher Michael, in October 1999.

Career
Weiss began skating in 1986. Audrey Weisiger coached him from the age of nine. Weiss took the silver medal at the 1993 World Junior Championships in Seoul, South Korea and won gold at the 1994 World Junior Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

At the 1997 U.S. Championships, Weiss attempted to become the first American to land the quad toe loop. It was initially believed to have been successful but three hours after the competition, U.S. Figure Skating ruled that the jump had been two-footed and decided not to ratify it. He pulled up from fifth after the short program to take the silver medal behind Todd Eldredge and was sent to Lausanne, Switzerland to compete at his first World Championships, where he finished seventh.

In February 1999, Weiss won his first senior national title at the U.S. Championships in Salt Lake City, Utah. The following month, he was awarded the bronze medal at the 1999 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. After recovering from a stress fracture in his left ankle, Weiss defended his national title at the 2000 U.S. Championships in Cleveland, Ohio and won bronze at the 2000 World Championships in Nice, France.

Weiss missed part of the 2000–01 season due to a stress fracture in his foot. At the start of the 2002–03 season, Don Laws filled in for Weisiger at the Campbell's Classic. On October 29, 2002, Weiss decided to leave Weisiger to train full-time with Laws.

Weiss competed 19 consecutive years at the U.S. Championships. He was the first American to land a quadruple toe loop in competition. He invented the "Tornado", a backflip with a full twist, and debuted it at the Hallmark Skaters Championship in December 2002. Though not allowed in competition, it is a crowd favorite in exhibitions.

Weiss turned professional in 2006. He toured with Stars On Ice and competed in Ice Wars. Around 2012, he began teaching skating skills to hockey players.

Michael Weiss Foundation
While still an eligible skater, Weiss started the Michael Weiss Foundation, which gives scholarships to up-and-coming figure skaters. Skaters who have received scholarships include Nathan Chen, Adam Rippon, Ashley Wagner, Mirai Nagasu, Madison and Keiffer Hubbell, Daisuke Murakami, and Christine Zukowski.

Competitive highlights
GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix

title: Michael Weiss (figure skater)


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/H5N1

Original suggestions for cleanup
This article could become a major event as time passes, but the information that's there now is poorly organized and is outdated. --Quintin3265 18:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Most of the article needs to be updated; several sections discuss what happened as of July 2005.
 * Instead of reading like an article, it reads like a timeline - people probably just added a paragraph whenever something important happened. The history section is far too long compared to actual information about the disease.
 * There are no images in this article, and the table with cases and fatalities needs to be updated.
 * Government preparations for such an outbreak, if it occurs, might be a useful subtopic.

Merge attempt and revert discussion
I made an attempt to merge this article into Avian influenza. Please let me know if I was out of line or did a bad job of it. Cheers - Her Pegship 17:45, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My edits have been reverted, so obviously someone thought I was or I did. *sigh* Her Pegship 18:34, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am the reverter and just became aware that this discussion was going on. I have been editing from the avian influenza article for a bit and can give you an update from that perspective.  The network of influenza articles had serious organizational issues because of some definitional issues about what should be a subpage of what.  I spent some time clarifying article hierarchies, e.g. Influenza --> Avian influenza (--> Swine flu) --> H1N1 --> Spanish flu, wrestling the redirects into shape and breaking the relevant information from avian influenza into influenza pandemic.  The last bullet point by Quintin3265 above may be best addressed at influenza pandemic as most of the preparations are not specific to the H5N1 substrain, but are general to all influenza.  There is clearly enough information on H5N1 to make its own subpage (though an aggressive editor needs to take the proverbial chainsaw and jackhammer to it, in my opinion), and attempts to merge its content into avian influenza don't help either article.  Thanks,   BanyanTree 19:43, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. Is there a way to mark an article or talk page so that users can tell someone is already doing an overhaul on it? I read the comments on the talk page before editing, but the message I got was that the article "needed work", "was a huge mess", and people "didn't have the time" to work on it. Part of the difficulty is that the talk page itself is fragmented under various headings, so I may have missed something while reading non-sequential comments. Her Pegship 20:04, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for continuing the off-topic discussion, but thought I'd mention that there is a Under construction but it probably wasn't applicable as I had finished my structural edits. This would have been obvious in a less trafficked article's history, but all my "major structural change" edit summaries had been pushed far down in the history from the constant editing. Cheers,   BanyanTree 02:20, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I archived everything and put a link to here. That should put everything in one place until the cleanup is done.  --Quintin3265 22:04, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm - well, that attempt was (rather rudely, I might add) reverted. I could revert back, but it's not worth the time.  So much for getting everything in one place...  --Quintin3265 15:36, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Taskforce assignment
Added to User:Knowledge Seeker/Desk RJFJR 00:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC) no longer participant

Added to User:Jfurr1981/Desk RJFJR 03:55, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

It has been marked as a good article and the taskforce template removed so I am closing this article. RJFJR 16:09, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/H5N1


text:
Cosmatesque

Cosmatesque, or Cosmati, is a style of geometric decorative inlay stonework typical of the architecture of Medieval Italy, and especially of Rome and its surroundings. It was used most extensively for the decoration of church floors, but was also used to decorate church walls, pulpits, and bishop's thrones. The name derives from the Cosmati, the leading family workshop of craftsmen in Rome who created such geometrical marble decorations.

The style spread across Europe, where it was used in the most prestigious churches; the high altar of Westminster Abbey, for example, is decorated with a Cosmatesque marble floor.

Description and early history
The Cosmatesque style takes its name from the family of the Cosmati, which flourished in Rome during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and practiced the art of mosaic. The Cosmati's work is peculiar in that it consists of glass mosaic in combination with marble. At times it is inlaid on the white marble architraves of doors, on the friezes of cloisters, the flutings of columns, and on sepulchral monuments. Again, it frames panels, of porphyry or marble, on pulpits, episcopal chairs, screens, etc., or is itself used as a panel. The colour is brilliant, gold tesserae being freely used. While more frequent in Rome than elsewhere in Italy, its use is not confined to that city. Among other locations it is found in the Cappella Palatina in Palermo. Precisely what its connection may be with the southern art of Sicily has yet to be determined.

Although the Cosmati of 12th Century Rome are the eponymous craftsmen of the style, they do not seem to have been the first to develop the art. A similar style may be seen in the pavement of the Benedictine abbey of Monte Cassino (1066–1071), built using workers from Constantinople, making it likely that the geometric style was heavily influenced by Byzantine floor mosaics. However, the technique is distinct because Cosmati floors are made from various shapes and sizes of stone, a property quite different from opus tessellatum mosaics in which the patterns are made from small units which are all the same size and shape. The stone used by the Cosmati artists were often salvaged material (cf. upcycling) from the ruins of ancient Roman buildings, the large roundels being the carefully cut cross sections of Roman columns.

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, this style of inlaid ornamental mosaic was "introduced into the decorative art of Europe during the twelfth century by a marble-worker named Laurentius [also known as "Lorenzo Cosmati" ], a native of Anagni, a small hill-town sixty kilometres east-south-east of Rome. Laurentius acquired his craft from Greek masters and followed their method of work for a while, but early in his career developed an original style. Freeing himself from Byzantine traditions and influences, Laurentius' style evolved into a decorative architectural mosaic, vigorous in colour and design, which he employed in conjunction with plain or sculpted marble surfaces.

"As a rule he used white or light-coloured marbles for his backgrounds; these he inlaid with squares, parallelograms, and circles of darker marble, porphyry, or serpentine, surrounding them with ribbons of mosaic composed of coloured and gold-glass tesseræ. These harlequinads he separated one from another with marble mouldings, carvings, and flat bands, and further enriched them with mosaic. His earliest recorded work was executed for a church at Fabieri in 1190, and the earliest existing example is to be seen in the church of Ara Coeli at Rome. It consists of an epistle and gospel ambo, a chair, screen, and pavement.

"In much of his work he was assisted by his son, Jacobus, who was not only a sculptor and mosaic-worker, but also an architect of ability, as witness the architectural alterations carried out by him in the cathedral of Civita Castellana, a foreshadowing of the Renaissance. This was a work in which other members of his family took part, and they were all followers of the craft for four generations. Those attaining eminence in their art are named in the following genealogical epitome: Laurentius (1140–1210); Jacobus (1165–1234); Luca (1221–1240); Jacobus (1213–1293); Deodatus (1225–1294); Johannes (1231–1303)."

However, an apparently 12th-century Crusader-period vertical high altar panel in what has been described as Cosmatesque style was rediscovered in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which stood under Crusader rule only until 1187 (and then again at times during the 13th century).

Terminology

Cosmatesque work is also known as opus alexandrinum. Definitions of this term, and the distinction between it and opus sectile, vary somewhat. Some restrict opus alexandrinum to the typical large designs, especially for floors, using white guilloche patterns filled in with roundels and bands in coloured designs using small pieces. Others include any geometric design including large pieces, as in the picture from Spoleto (right side) below, whereas opus sectile also includes figurative designs made in the same technique.

Opus alexandrinum is another form of opus sectile, where only a few colours are used, such as white and black, or dark green on a red ground, or vice versa. This term is particularly employed to designate a species of geometrical mosaic, found in combination with large slabs of marble, much used on the pavements of medieval Roman churches and even in Renaissance times, as, for instance, on the pavements of the Sistine Chapel and the Stanza della Segnatura.

Examples in Rome
Among the churches decorated in cosmatesque style in Rome, the most noteworthy are Santa Maria in Trastevere, St. John Lateran, San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, San Saba, San Paolo fuori le Mura, Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Santa Maria Maggiore, San Crisogono, San Clemente, Santa Prassede, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, and the Sistine Chapel and the Stanza della Segnatura at the Vatican. Outside Rome, Tivoli, Subiaco, Anagni, Ferentino, Terracina and Tarquinia contain remarkable cosmatesque works. Also, Cosmati built innovative decoration for the Cathedral of Civita Castellana.

title: Cosmatesque