text:
Landing page

In online marketing, a landing page, sometimes known as a "lead capture page", "single property page", "static page", "squeeze page" or a "destination page", is a single web page that appears in response to clicking on a search engine optimized search result, marketing promotion, marketing email or an online advertisement. The landing page will usually display directed sales copy that is a logical extension of the advertisement, search result or link. Landing pages are used for lead generation. The actions that a visitor takes on a landing page are what determine an advertiser's conversion rate. A landing page may be part of a microsite or a single page within an organization's main web site.

Landing pages are often linked to social media, e-mail campaigns, search engine marketing campaigns, high quality articles or "affiliate account" in order to enhance the effectiveness of the advertisements. The general goal of a landing page is to convert site visitors into sales or leads. If the goal is to obtain a lead, the landing page will include some method for the visitor to get into contact with the company, usually a phone number or an inquiry form. If a sale is required, the landing page will usually have a link for the visitor to click, which will then send them to a shopping cart or a checkout area. By analyzing activity generated by the linked URL, marketers can use click-through rates and conversion rate to determine the success of an advertisement.

Types
There are two types of landing pages: reference and transactional.

Transactional
The purpose of the transactional landing page is to persuade a visitor to take action by completing a transaction. This is accomplished by providing a form that needs to be filled out. The visitor information is obtained in order to add the visitor's email address to a mailing list as a prospect. An email campaign can then be developed based on responses to transactional landing pages. The goal is to capture as much information about the visitor as possible. The ultimate goal is to convert the visitor into a customer.

Origin and evolution
Landing pages originated with the IT departments of Microsoft in late 2003 in response to poor online sales of Office. The process was tedious and time-consuming. As a result, in 2009, several startups, including Unbounce, were formed to simplify and streamline the process. The rise of cloud computing and e-commerce around 2009 provided ideal conditions for these startups to flourish. Since then the customer requirements changed, requesting integrations with other solutions such as email marketing, lead nurturing and customer relationship management systems.

Typical format
Landing pages often contain clear, concise action-oriented headlines. A good landing page explains the product offer in a clear manner and places visual emphasis on the value of the product or service presented.

Marketing experts recommend websites remove the navigation menu and limit internal and external links on the page. Any signup forms on the landing page should reflect the value of the offer. For example, a free offer or newsletter sign up form may only request an email address, whereas high value offers may have longer forms with more details required. They may also include a relevant image, animation or short video. These pages also tend to contain small icons (i.e. of Facebook or Twitter) to facilitate social media sharing.

Smart links
With the proliferation of competing social media and music distribution platforms a minimal landing page referred to as a smart link has appeared. These are a short url, typically shared to existing fans, which leads to a landing page which only has links to the same content on multiple different platforms – enabling customers to choose where they complete their transaction.

Optimization
Landing page optimization (LPO) is one part of a broader Internet marketing process called conversion optimization or conversion rate optimization (CRO), with the goal of improving the percentage of visitors to the website that becomes sales leads and customers. A landing page is a webpage that is displayed when a potential customer clicks an advertisement or a search engine result link. This webpage typically displays content that is a relevant extension of the advertisement or link. LPO aims to provide page content and appearance that makes the webpage more appealing to target audiences.

There are three major types of LPO based on targeting:
 * 1) Associative content targeting (also called rule-based optimization or passive targeting). The page content is modified based on information obtained about the visitor's search criteria, geographic information of source traffic or other known generic parameters that can be used for explicit non-research-based consumer segmentation.
 * 2) Predictive content targeting (also called active targeting). The page content is adjusted by correlating any known information about the visitor (e.g., prior purchase behavior, personal demographic information, browsing patterns, etc.) to anticipate (desired) future actions based on predictive analytics.
 * 3) Consumer directed targeting (also called social targeting). The page content is created using the relevance of publicly available information through a mechanism based on reviews, ratings, tagging, referrals, etc.

There are two major types of LPO based on experimentation:
 * 1) Closed-ended experimentation. Consumers are exposed to several variations of landing pages, altering elements like headlines, formatting and layout while their behavior is observed in an attempt to remove distractions that will take the lead away from the page, including the primary navigation. At the conclusion of the experiment, an optimal page is selected based on the outcome of the experiment.
 * 2) Open-ended experimentation. This approach is similar to closed-ended experimentation except that more variations will be added for testing and experimentation will not stop, when a winner is found. This method is used by large corporations to dynamically improve their conversion rates and improve user experience. Landing page can also be adjusted dynamically as the experiment results change to further enhance user experience.

Experimentation-based
Experimentation-based LPO can be achieved using A/B testing, multivariate LPO and total-experience testing. These methodologies are applicable to both closed- and open-ended experimentation.

A/B testing
A/B testing, or A/B split testing, is a method for testing two versions of a webpage: version "A" and version "B". The goal is to test multiple versions of webpages (e.g. home page, product page or FAQ) or one specific element that changes between variation A and variation B (such as having a lead form on the left-hand side or having it placed on the right-hand side), to determine, which version is most appealing/effective. This testing method may also be known as A/B/n split testing; the n denoting more than 2 tests being measured and compared. The data for A/B testing is usually measured via click-through rate or an alternative conversion tracking method.

Testing can be conducted sequentially or in parallel. In sequential testing, often the easiest to implement, the various versions of the webpages are made available online for a specified time period. In parallel (split) testing, both versions are made available and the traffic is divided between the two. The results of sequential split testing can be skewed by differing time periods and traffic patterns in which the different tests are run.

A/B testing has the following advantages:
 * Inexpensive because existing resources and tools are used.
 * Simple because no complex statistical analysis is required.

A/B testing has the following disadvantages:
 * Difficult to control all external factors (e.g., campaigns, search traffic, press releases, seasonality) when using sequential testing.
 * Very limited in that reliable conclusions cannot be drawn for pages that contain multiple elements that vary in each version.

Multivariate testing
Multivariate landing page optimization (MVLPO) accounts for multiple variations of visual elements (e.g., graphics, text) on a page. For example, a given page may have k choices for the title, m choices for the featured image or graphic and n choices for the company logo. This example yields k×m×n landing page configurations.

Significant improvements can be seen through testing different copy text, form layouts, landing page images and background colours. However, not all elements produce the same improvements in conversions and by looking at the results from different tests, it is possible to identify the elements that consistently tend to produce the greatest increase in conversions.

The first application of experimental design for MVLPO was performed by Moskowitz Jacobs Inc. in 1998 as a simulation/demonstration project for Lego. MVLPO did not become a mainstream approach until 2003 or 2004.

MVLPO has the following advantages:
 * Provides a reliable, scientifically based approach for understanding customers' preferences and optimizing their experience.
 * Has evolved to be an easy-to-use approach in which not much IT involvement is required. In many cases, a few lines of JavaScript allow remote vendor servers to control changes, collect data and analyze the results.
 * Provides a foundation for open-ended experimentation.

MVLPO has the following disadvantages:
 * As with any quantitative consumer research, there is a danger of GIGO (garbage in, garbage out). Ideas that are sourced from known customer touchpoints or strategic business objectives are needed to obtain optimal results.
 * Focuses on optimizing one page at a time. Website experiences for most sites involve multiple pages, which are typically complex. For an e-commerce website, it is typical for a successful purchase to involve between twelve and eighteen pages; for a support site, even more pages are often required.

Total-experience testing
Total-experience testing, or experience testing, is a type of experiment-based testing in which the entire website experience of the visitor is examined using technical capabilities of the website platform (e.g., ATG, Blue Martini Software, etc.). Rather than creating multiple websites, total-experience testing uses the website platform to create several persistent experiences and monitors which one is preferred by the customers.

An advantage of total-experience testing is that it reflects the customer's total website experience, not just the experience with a single page. Two disadvantages are that total-experience testing requires a website platform that supports experience testing, and it takes longer to obtain results than A/B testing and MVLPO.

“F-like” layout
Various eye tracking tools have proven that people scan webpages in various patterns, but one of the most common for both desktop and mobile being the letter F shape. This means that most website visitors see the top and left side of the screen in the first place and only then they move to other parts of the screen line by line. As the result, web developers are including the most important website content into first lines and first words of the website text to improve visitors understanding of overall content.

Message matching
Message matching is the idea of matching the pre-click message to the post-click message on the landing page. The goal of message matching is to create a landing page that directs individuals to a page on a product or subject they are expecting.

This could be done by displaying a statement to the visitors using the same keywords and the right images on the landing page that was found in the advertisement they clicked on.

The messaging on the page reinforces the reason for their click, reducing or removing confusion and therefore increasing conversion rates. This improves overall user experience and reduces the bounce rate (individuals leaving the site without converting or navigating to another portion of the site) for the page. Good message matching can increase conversion by up to 50% in many cases.

Design matching
Design matching takes the design on the display ad and repeats it on the landing page. Ensuring the look, feel and sentiment is the same in order to smooth the transition between clicking the ad and completing a conversion.

title: Landing page


text: User talk:80.96.102.61

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:80.96.102.61


text:
Talk:Space Exploration Alliance

Old discussion prior to deletion
Greetings -- In answer to your question, the answer is "Yes" on this and many other counts.

I serve as the Region 1 Chapters organizer for the National Space Society, a nonprofit 501(c)3 educational organization, which is a participating member (as I am personally as a public affairs officer by trade) in both the Space Exploration Alliance and the Coalition for Space Exploration -- another Wikipage I created/uploaded content to this afternoon/evening while expanding the content to the National Space Society, National Space Institute, Ad Astra and International Space Development Conference Wikipages.

Additionally, I have coordinated and informed all other parties to the new Wikipages that I've uploaded to the site, so I can get additional eyeballs on the material to check and verify its content.

With regards to SEA, I have modified the page per your request, deleting the subheader and point of contact information. As a result, I'd appreciate your cooperation in withdrawing the Copyright Infringement markers from these pages.

WSpaceport 02:21, 29 September 2005 (UTC)Jim Spellman

Corrections/rewrite located on Temporary page
Corrections/rewrite for this wikipage were completed and posted to the Space Exploration Alliance/Temp, including posting of SEA logo and links to SEA homepage.

WSpaceport 00:16, 30 September 2005 (UTC)Jim Spellman

Further changes including additional crosslinks have been made to improve the material on the Space Exploration Alliance/Temp page, per other reviewers' requests.

WSpaceport 23:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Still awaiting review/move of Temporary page back to Wikipedia
To any and all Administrators: I realize you're busy, but would appreciate a review of changes made in (and movement of) Space Exploration Alliance/Temp page back into the Wikipedia mainstream.

Regards, WSpaceport 17:57, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion moved from Talk:Space Exploration Alliance/Temp
This page seems to eliminate the copyvio concern. There is still some language cleanup to do. For example, the opening phrase, "In an unprecedented show of unity" does not sound very encyclopedic. Johntex\talk 23:34, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Done!

WSpaceport 23:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Need Admin review
Changes made as requested; awaiting WikiAdmin review and move back to main Wiki pages

Regards, WSpaceport 18:35, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space Exploration Alliance


text: User talk:69.195.65.182

title: User talk:69.195.65.182


text:
User:Althalus

Hey everyone, I'm Althalus.

I first started using this screename for Yahoo! Puzzle Pirates. Before then I use Forsaken or a variation of such.

title: User:Althalus


text: Category:Nursing schools in Turkey

title: Category:Nursing schools in Turkey


text:
Talk:Chickasaw language

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Saumya u.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:23, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

not sure how these would fit in
i'll plop it here and leave it to the more learned folks to figure out the layout. but, that being said, here are a few more tidbits (i've spelled them as i've heard them pronounced. since i've seen only a few short examples of how the words are spelled and it seemed like each of those was different).

saying numbers

1  chufa 2  tuklo (also heard this pronounced "tukalo") 3  tuchina 4  oshta 5  tulapeh 6  hunaleh 7  ohntuklo 8  ohntuchina 9  chukaleh 10 pokoleh 11 pokoleh che chufa 12 pokoleh che tuklo 13 pokoleh che tuchina ... 20 pokoleh tuklo 21 pokoleh tuklo che chufa 22 pokoleh tuklo che tuklo 23 pokoleh tuklo che tuchina 24 pokoleh tuklo che oshta 25 pokoleh tuklo che tulapeh (also heard "bituklo" [maybe from the term "two bits" equalling 25 cents???] 26  pokoleh tuklo che hunaleh ...

example of compounding words:

bird/chicken              akunka infant/offspring          osheh egg                       akunkosheh fried egg                 akunkosheh ahwalaleh

speak/talk                numpoleh "do you speak chickasaw?" chikasha che numpoleh? telephone                 talanumpoleh

a couple of parting shots:

yes                       yehn  (sounds like a sort of nasaly "yeen") no                        keyoh (sounds more like single syllable "kyo" with a weak E between the K and Y)

/ɛ/ phoneme
The article says Chickasaw has an /ɛ/ phoneme, however, I've never heard of this. The letter  is pronounced [i], not [ɛ], so it seems like this may be a mistake. –Benjamin  ( talk ) 18:46, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * hi. [ɛ] is short /a/. it should be clearer now. what's worse is i somehow forgot to write that there are 3 contrastive vowel lengths! thank you – ishwar  (speak)  20:00, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * wait. i'm not reading carefully. the 3 lengths are not contrastive. – ishwar  (speak)  20:03, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Help?
I have a Chickasaw language dictionary. Could I use it to translate pages on the Choctaw Wikipedia? --Ab e g92 contribs Boomer Sooners!  22:56, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

16
There's a mistake. It says that Chickasaw has 16 consonants. But then the consonant chart lists 18 consonants. This needs to be fixed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Solomonfromfinland (talk • contribs) 22:53, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chickasaw language


text: User talk:68.43.27.101

title: User talk:68.43.27.101


text:
List of road–rail bridges

Road–rail bridges are bridges shared by road and rail lines. Road and rail may be segregated so that trains may operate at the same time as cars (e.g., the Sydney Harbour Bridge). The rail track can be above the roadway or vice versa with truss bridges. Road and rail may share the same carriageway so that road traffic must stop when the trains operate (like a level crossing), or operate together like a tram in a street (street running).

Road–rail bridges are sometimes called combined bridges.

Afghanistan

 * Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge between Termez and Jeyretan.

Argentina

 * Transandine Railway rail tunnel converted to road use for time being, albeit single lane.
 * Zárate–Brazo Largo Bridge
 * San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge, between Posadas, Argentina, and Encarnación, Paraguay.

Current

 * Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, carried further two rail tracks as tram tracks from 1932 until 1958.
 * Narrows Bridge, Perth, carries Mandurah railway line in central reservation
 * Mount Henry Bridge, Perth, carries Mandurah railway line in central reservation
 * Bridgewater Bridge, Hobart, carried Midland Highway and South railway line
 * Burdekin Bridge
 * Bli Bli Bridge, carries David Low Way over Maroochy River, also carried Moreton Central Sugar Mill Cane Tramway until the mid-1990s
 * Dickabram Bridge
 * Grafton Bridge, Grafton, carries road on top level with North Coast railway line below
 * Septimus, Queensland – Head-Menkens Road – Cane tram
 * Fremantle Railway Bridge, Fremantle proposed to be rebuilt as combined bridge after flood damage; 1926.
 * Bloomfield Coal Loop over New England Highway near Thornton
 * Leonardi Di Palma road-rail bridge, Miallo, Queensland – Cane tram 610mm gauge
 * John Luscombe Pioneer River bridge, sugar cane tramway 610mm gauge

Former

 * Menindee – separated in the 1970s.
 * Penrith – separated in 1907 by construction of separate railway bridge.
 * Tocumwal – separated by construction of adjacent road-only bridge in 1987.
 * Murray Bridge from the opening of the railway in 1886 until a separate rail bridge was opened in 1925.
 * Paringa Bridge, from its opening in 1927 until the Barmera railway line closed in 1982. The railway area was converted to a cycleway in 1986. Originally one lane of traffic and the railway shared the area within the truss spans, but a single-lane deck was later attached to either outer side of the trusses to separate road and rail traffic.
 * Echuca–Moama, opened in 1879, road only since adjacent rail-only bridge opened in 1989.
 * Gonn Crossing, 1926, on the Stony Crossing railway line. Road only since the rail line closed in 1964.
 * Robinvale, 1927, as part of the Robinvale railway line. Road only after construction of the line was abandoned in 1943. Replaced by a new road bridge in 2006.
 * Camden Rail bridge attached to the road bridge until line closure in 1963.
 * North Richmond, Rail bridge attached to the road bridge on the Kurrajong railway line until line closure in 1952.

Bangladesh

 * Jamuna Bridge
 * Padma Bridge

Botswana

 * Kazungula Bridge

Brazil

 * Rollemberg–Vuolo Road–Railway Bridge over Paraná River
 * Mixed Bridge of Marabá over Tocantins River

Bulgaria

 * Vidin, Bulgaria – Calafat, Romania – 2013 single track
 * Danube bridge to Romania

Cameroon

 * Wouri River bridge, in Douala – almost unserviceable because of poor condition
 * Bonabéri–Douala over Wouri River estuary

Canada

 * Alberta:
 * High Level Bridge, Edmonton

 * British Columbia:
 * Derwent Way Bridge, Delta–New Westminster
 * Mission Railway Bridge, Mission–Abbotsford; Rail only since the opening of the road only Mission Bridge

 * Nova Scotia:
 * Canso Canal Bridge, Port Hastings

 * Ontario:
 * Alexandra Bridge, Ottawa until the tracks were removed
 * Prince Edward Viaduct, Toronto since 1966 when the subway was commissioned on the lower decks
 * Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, Niagara Falls, Ontario, carries passenger rail on the upper level, commuter autos on the lower level between Ontario and New York

 * Québec:
 * Victoria Bridge, Montreal
 * Quebec Bridge, Québec City
 * The new Champlain Bridge when the Réseau électrique métropolitain is installed

 * Saskatchewan:
 * St. Louis Bridge – 1915 rail only; 1928 road–rail; 1983; road only.
 * Canadian Northern Railway Bridge (Prince Albert) – 1909–1960 road–rail; 1960 rail only;
 * also a swing bridge 1909–1939
 * Crooked Bridge – 1930
 * CPR Bridge (Saskatoon) rail 1908; rail and pedestrian 1909

Current

 * Acorss Yangtze River:

From upstream to esturay: Yibin Jinsha River Road–Rail Bridge, Lingang Yangtze River Bridge, Linyu Yangtze River Bridge, Second Luzhou Yangtze River Bridge, Dingshan Bridge, Yudong Yangtze River Bridge, Baijusi Yangtze River Bridge, Caiyuanba Bridge, Dongshuimen Yangtze River Bridge, Chaotianmen Bridge, Guojiatuo Yangtze River Bridge, Zhicheng Yangtze River Bridge, Jingzhou Yangtze River Road-Railway Bridge, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge, Huanggang Yangtze River Bridge, Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge, Tongling Yangtze River Road-Railway Bridge, Third Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge, Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge, Husutong Yangtze River Bridge

 * Acorss other rivers than Yangtze River:
 * Binbei railway Songhua River road-railway bridge (6-lane highway and Harbin–Bei'an railway)
 * Daxie Bridge
 * Ganjiang Bridge (2-lane road and Beijing–Kowloon railway)
 * Hengyang Xiang River Road-Railway Bridge (Guangdong Road, Daqing Road and Hunan–Guangxi railway)
 * Huainan Huaihe Bridge
 * Jingyuan Yellow River Road-Railway bridge (road and Honghui Railway)
 * Pingtan Road-Railway Bridge (G3 and Fuping railway)
 * Qiansimen Bridge (4-lane highway and CRT line 6)
 * Qiantang River Bridge
 * Second Qiantang River Bridge (road and Hukun railway, temporary closed for renovation)
 * Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge
 * Wanghe Bridge
 * Xinglin Bridge (6-lane highway and Fuzhou–Xiamen railway)
 * Zhaoqing Xi River Bridge (G324 and Guangzhou–Maoming railway)
 * Zhengxin Yellow River Bridge (S227 and Jingguang HSR)
 * Zhujiang Bridge (Zhongshan Road and Guangzhou–Maoming railway)

Former

 * Binbei Bridge (was a part of G202 and Harbin–Bei'an railway, road part closed in 2006, railway part closed and replaced by another bridge in 2016)
 * Songpu Bridge (railway part abandoned, and replaced by Jinshan railway Huangpu River Bridge, still used by G320)

Czech Republic

 * Bechyně. In 1928 a bridge was constructed to carry the railway line and road from Tábor into Bechyně. Previously the line had stopped on the other side of a deep gorge from the town and access was by way of a steep road and narrow bridge. The rail line runs in the roadway for 100 m and traffic stopped by lights as for a grade crossing.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

 * Kongolo Bridge
 * 🇨🇬 🇨🇩 Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge – proposed
 * Matadi Bridge – railway yet to be used. Built 1983. Angola would like to use this bridge to reach their exclave of Cabinda.

Denmark

 * Great Belt Fixed Link, the Western Bridge.
 * Little Belt Bridge
 * Øresund Bridge
 * Masnedsund Bridge
 * Storstrøm Bridge – A replacement bridge is under constriction, also road-rail, will have the same name
 * King Frederik IX Bridge
 * King Christian X Bridge in Sønderborg, railway closed.
 * Oddesund Bridge
 * Hadsund Bridge, railway closed, bridge replaced.

Egypt

 * Proposed road-rail tunnel under Suez Canal
 * Suez Canal road rail bridge at El Hammad

Estonia

 * Papiniidu Bridge, Pärnu

Fiji

 * On Viti Levu the CSR Company was obliged to provide road-rail bridges when it built bridges for the Cane Trains to their sugar mills, e.g. the two largest bridges over the Ba and Sigatoka Rivers. Many are now rail-only as separate road bridges has been built.
 * The Ba Bridge (550 ft) has 19 spans, 17 standard spans (30 ft) and a short span at each end, and has been rail-only for many years. The Sigatoka Bridge (810 ft) has 27 spans. Both bridges are prone to hurricane damage due to extra flow of water; the Ba Bridge often disappears under water but is not always damaged (see Cane Trains).
 * Sigatoka Bridge was washed away by storms, January 2009.
 * Labasa River - Sugar cane tramway; 610mm gauge; proposed.

Finland

 * Ounaskoski bridge
 * Bridge in Keminmaa

France

 * Cize-Bolozon viaduct on the Ligne du Haut-Bugey built 1882, destroyed by the maquis in 1945, rebuilt 1950
 * Pont Morand, Lyon
 * Pont de Recouvrance, Brest – road & tramway – includes lifting span
 * Beatus Rhenanus Bridge
 * Viaduc de Salles at Giroussens, Tarn, on the Chemin de fer touristique du Tarn

Germany

 * Fehmarn Sound bridge
 * Lindaunis Bridge
 * Kattwykbrücke - Hamburg, new railroad bridge being built next to existing bridge, opening December 2020
 * Moselbrücke Bullay – double deck road and rail bridge
 * Oberbaumbrücke
 * Peenebrücke Wolgast
 * Rügendamm
 * Elbbrücke Lauenburg

Wartime

 * Remagen on River Rhine

Ghana

 * Unknown location with YouTube movie

Guatemala

 * Puente Rodolfo Robles

Current

 * Lantau Link
 * Tsing Ma Bridge (longest bridge span for road and rail traffic in the world)
 * Ma Wan Viaduct
 * Kap Shui Mun Bridge
 * Hoi Wong Road across Tuen Mun River estuary
 * Kai Fuk Road Flyover/Kwun Tong line viaduct between Ngau Tau Kok and Kowloon Bay stations
 * Kwun Tong Road over Tsui Ping Nullah
 * Castle Peak Road—Hung Shui Kiu over Hung Shui Hang (Hung Shui Kiu River)
 * Ma On Shan Road/Ma On Shan Rail (now part of Tuen Ma line) over Tai Shui Hang/Nui Po Tung Hang
 * Tsing Kwai Highway, Tung Chung line and Airport Express (road and four tracks of rapid transit) - two stretches
 * Yuen Long Main Road over Yuen Long Creek (Yuen Long Nullah)

Former

 * Bowrington Bridge, part of Hennessy Road across Bowrington Canal
 * Sha Tau Kok Railway and Sha Tau Kok Road - bridges over Ma Wat River, Tan Shan River and Kwan Tei River
 * Pui To Road

Hungary

 * Bridge over the Tisza near Kisköre
 * Türr István híd over the Danube near Baja

India

 * Bogibeel bridge, Assam
 * Digha–Sonpur bridge, Bihar
 * Godavari Bridge, Andhra Pradesh
 * Naranarayan Setu, Assam
 * Saraighat Bridge, Assam
 * Koilwar Bridge, Bihar
 * Rajendra Setu, Bihar
 * Munger Ganga Bridge, Bihar
 * Farakka Barrage, West Bengal
 * Vivekananda Setu, West Bengal
 * Strachey Bridge, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
 * Old Naini Bridge, Allahabad
 * Old Yamuna Bridge, Delhi
 * Malaviya Bridge, Varanasi Over Ganga in U.P.

Indonesia

 * Cirahong Bridge – opened in 1893

Iraq

 * River Tigris in Baghdad – 1950

Current

 * Mezzanacorti bridge over the Po on the Milan–Genoa railway
 * San Michele bridge over the Adda on the Seregno–Bergamo railway
 * Sesto Calende bridge over the Ticino on the Domodossola–Milan railway
 * Soleri viaduct in Cuneo
 * Turbigo bridge over the Ticino on the Saronno–Novara railway
 * Valenza bridge over the Po on the Pavia–Alessandria railway
 * Ponte della Libertà in Venice
 * Vigevano bridge over the Ticino on the Milan–Mortara railway

Former

 * Adenige bridge on temporary Mont Cenis Railway
 * Magenta bridge over the Ticino on the Turin–Milan railway
 * Revere bridge over the Po on the Verona–Bologna railway
 * San Nicolò bridge over the Trebbia on the Alessandria–Piacenza railway

Current

 * Great Seto Bridge, JR Shikoku Honshi-bisan Line and Seto-Chuo Expressway
 * Kansai International Airport Access Bridge (Sky Gate Bridge R), JR West, Nankai Railway and 6-lane expressway
 * Kobe Sky Bridge, between Kobe Airport and Port Island, carrying the Port Liner
 * Murayama Bridge, Nagano Electric Railway and National Route 406
 * Rainbow Bridge, Yurikamome and Shuto Expressway Daiba Route (route 11)
 * Rokko Bridge, Rokko Island Line and 4-lane road
 * Shin Yodogawa Bridge, Osaka Metro Midosuji Line and National Route 423
 * Shin-Kuzuryu Bridge, Hokuriku Shinkansen (railway under construction) and Fukui Prefectural Route 268
 * Tatsunokuchi Bridge, Sendai Subway Tozai Line and 2-lane road
 * Tatsupi Bridge, Tama Toshi Monorail Line and Tokyo Prefectural Route 149

Former

 * Azumba Bridge – Azumabashi Line closed in 1972
 * Inuyama Bridge – separated in 2000.
 * Umaya Bridge – Umayabashi Line closed in 1971

North Korea

 * Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge
 * Korea Russia Friendship Bridge

South Korea

 * Cheongdam Bridge
 * Dongho Bridge
 * Dongjak Bridge
 * Yeongjong Bridge

Laos

 * First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge

Macau

 * Sai Van Bridge

Mexico

 * Puente Rodolfo Robles

Mozambique

 * The Dona Ana Bridge has carried rail and road traffic, but not at the same time.

Myanmar

 * Mu River
 * Ye River – 240m
 * Thanlwin Bridge in Moulmein, which is 2400m long

New Zealand
A 1930 report listed 33 bridges and estimated that the cost of bridge-keepers, extra maintenance for the decks, etc. amounted to £15,500 a year, as against £4,307 paid to NZR.

Current

 * Alexandra – Manuherikia River, Central Otago Line – single level, shared deck (rail closed)
 * Okahukura – Stratford–Okahukura Line between Taumarunui and Ōhura – two level, road under rail 1933-2009 (rail disused)
 * Taramakau River – Ross Branch – single level, shared deck
 * Hindon, New Zealand – Taieri Gorge Railway – single level – converted from rail only
 * Sutton, near Middlemarch, New Zealand – Taieri Gorge Railway – single level
 * Napier – Palmerston North – Gisborne Line – single level, separate decks (road closed)
 * Inangahua – Stillwater–Ngawakau Line – single level, separate decks
 * Arahura, near Hokitika – Ross Branch – single level, separate decks (replaced single level, shared deck bridge)
 * Seddon – Main North Line over Awatere River – two level, single lane road under rail (road closed in November 2007); see picture above of Coastal Pacific crossing the bridge in April 2007

Former

 * Arahura River – between Greymouth and Hokitika – single level – replaced in 2009
 * Blackball combined over Grey River
 * Huntly 1915–1959 (now rail/footbridge only) over Waikato River
 * Ngākawau River separated in 1939
 * Pekatahi – between Edgecumbe and Taneatua – single level, shared deck – track removed in 2017
 * Rakaia – separated in 1939
 * Taramakau River Bridge Greytown - dual use from opening in 1893 until separate road bridge opened alongside in 2018.
 * Waitaki – separated around the late 1950s
 * Whanganui River near Taumarunui - dual use until separate road bridge opened upstream in 1960s.

Temporary

 * Wairoa River – due to road bridge washaway 2008

Nigeria

 * River Benue road rail bridge at Makurdi

Norway

 * Rødberg Bridge carried the now closed Numedal Line to its terminus in Rødberg and the highway continuing to Geilo over Upsetelva in the center of Rødberg. The rails are still in place, covered by tarmac. There has been no rail traffic on Numedalsbanen since 1988. The railway is in the road, so car traffic had to stop when trains were passing.
 * Bruhaug Bridge, also on Numedal Line carried both the railway and local car traffic over the river Numedalslågen. The road surface is wood.
 * Hølendalen Bridge, near Moss. Motorway and railway, parallel separate bridges.
 * Nygård Bridge in Bergen carries both the Bergen Light Rail and a street. A parallel bridge carries European Route E39.

Pakistan
Railway Track under Metro Bus Track on Gate of Rawalpindi City near Marirh Chowk Muree Road Rawalpindi

Paraguay

 * See above for the cross-border bridge to Argentina

Philippines

 * Guadalupe Bridge in the Makati-Mandaluyong border over the Pasig River. The rail bridge of Line 3 is above the road bridge carrying EDSA.

Portugal

 * 25 de Abril Bridge
 * Pocinho Bridge in Vila Nova de Foz Côa (closed)
 * Ponte Eiffel
 * Ponte de Jafafe in Sernada do Vouga single level bridge over Vouga River used by Linha do Vouga
 * Ponte Luís I
 * Ponte de Valença in Valença, Portugal over Minho (river) used by Ramal Internacional de Valença

Romania

 * Vidin, Bulgaria – Calafat, Romania – 2013 single track
 * Danube bridge to Bulgaria
 * Bridge over the Siret river

Russia

 * Khabarovsk Bridge over the Amur River
 * Komsomolsk-on-Amur Bridge over the Amur River
 * Nizhny Novgorod over River Oka
 * Crimean Bridge over Kerch Strait

Serbia

 * Ada Bridge (rail track under construction)
 * Pančevo Bridge
 * Road–Railway Bridge (same carriageway, temporary, demolished 2018/19)
 * Žeželj Bridge
 * Rača Bridge (same carriageway until 2010, when a dedicated road bridge was built next to it)
 * Orlovat Bridge (same carriageway)
 * Titel Bridge

Slovakia

 * Prístavný most (Harbour Bridge) over Danube river from Bratislava center to Petržalka district

South Africa

 * Buffalo River at East London harbour (double-deck bridge)
 * Umkomaas, KZN south coast
 * Port Shepstone, KZN south coast
 * Caledon River at Maseru
 * Fairy Knowe (Wilderness)
 * Qamata
 * Tugela (at one time, many years ago)

Sri Lanka

 * Manampitiya Bridge over the Mahaweli River – This narrow bridge is used only for rail since 2006.
 * Oddamavadi Bridge (Valaichchenai Bridge) across Valaichchenai lagoon in Eastern Province – Railway-only since April 2010

Sweden

 * Øresund Bridge – 8 km long two-level bridge. Road (four lane) on top, rail (two tracks) below.
 * A few narrow same-track combined road-rail bridges:
 * in Oxberg (Oxbergsbron_02.jpg)
 * in Sveg (Mankellbron.JPG)
 * north of Moskosel (Inlandsbanan railwayandroadbridge.jpg).
 * in Kristianstad (industry railway, road in the same track)
 * in Norrköping (industry railway, road next to the rail)
 * Traneberg Bridge – in Stockholm, combined road and subway/metro rail bridge.
 * Skanstull Bridge – in Stockholm, combined road and subway/metro rail bridge.
 * Lidingöbron – 1 km long parallel road and rail (two separate bridges). The road bridge was built 1971; before that the old bridge had road and double track railway in the same carriageway.

Switzerland
The Bernina railway shares a bridge over the River Poschiavino at Campocologno just north of the Swiss-Italian border.

Both railways operated by Aare Seeland Mobil go over three combined bridges each. Four of these bridges cross the Aare river, one crosses a highway.

Current

 * First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge

Former

 * Chulachomklao Bridge
 * Chulalongkorn Bridge
 * Rama VI Bridge (separated in 2003)

Turkey

 * Gülüşkür Bridge - Crosses the Keban Dam in eastern Turkey.
 * Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge - Crosses the Bosphorus Straight, north of Istanbul. The bridge opened in 2016 with space allocated for a double-track railway which is still under construction.

Uganda

 * Jinja

Ukraine

 * Pivdennyi Bridge, Kyiv Metro Syretsko-Pecherska line and E40

Current

 * Ashton Swing Bridge Preston. Crosses Preston Dock lock. Road traffic and pedestrians controlled by barriers from the lock control room. Still used by The Ribble Steam Railway and tour trains visiting from the main line, still running in 2012 the bridge is used for delivery of bitumen by railway to the Preston Total Bitumen plant. On arrival from Total's oil refinery in Immingham, North Lincolnshire, the tankers are parked at the exchange sidings. The steam railway staff divide the trains and shunt the tankers into Total Bitumen's siding for the bitumen processing and distribution plant, later reforming the trains for their return journey to Immingham.
 * Britannia Bridge Robert Stephenson's famous, formerly 'tubular' railway bridge across the Menai Strait in Wales. Rebuilt as a road and rail bridge after a major fire in 1970.
 * High Level Bridge Newcastle upon Tyne.
 * King George V Bridge, Keadby, North Lincolnshire. Carries the A18 and the Doncaster–Scunthorpe railway across the River Trent. Opened in 1916, Althorpe railway station is on the western bank of the Trent, very close to the bridge, which has not lifted for some years.
 * Belfast cross-harbour bridge, opened 1994–1995. See The Motorway Archive
 * Kingsferry road and rail bridge, Isle of Sheppey. Built in 1960, until 2006 this was the only road crossing to the island. The bridge opens 20 times each day.
 * Porthmadog, Wales, on the Welsh Highland Railway, Shared by this narrow gauge line and the main road through the town.
 * Pont Briwet, over River Dwyryd, near Penrhyndeudraeth, North Wales – single track rail of the Cambrian Coast Line, beside wide single-carriageway road; re-opened in summer 2015 after major repairs.

Former

 * Connel Bridge, near Oban, Scotland, was shared until the railway closed in the 1960s. A cantilever bridge.
 * Ashton Avenue Bridge, Bristol road rail swing bridge.
 * Queen Alexandra Bridge, still in road (A1231) use across the River Wear between Deptford and Southwick in Sunderland, mineral railway abandoned in 1921 after 12 years' use.
 * Newhaven Harbour, East Sussex, swing bridge standard gauge harbour branch shared with main coast road to Brighton, closed about 1962.
 * Runcorn Railway Bridge – rail; pedestrian bridge alongside was open until 1965.
 * Cross Keys Bridge, on the Norfolk /Lincolnshire border, both sides now in use for road traffic. Swing Bridge

United States

 * Alaska
 * Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel - a road-rail tunnel

 * California
 * I Street Bridge carries two tracks of Amtrak/Union Pacific Railroad and two lanes of State Route 16 between Sacramento and West Sacramento.
 * San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge carried two tracks of Key System between San Francisco and Oakland from 1936 until 1963.
 * Mare Island Causeway is a lift bridge that links Mare Island to Vallejo, California, carrying a railroad track and a street.
 * Pit River Bridge across Lake Shasta- 4 lanes of Interstate 5 and also Union Pacific Railroad

 * Florida
 * Acosta Bridge – Carries two monorail tracks for the JTA Skyway and six lanes of State Road 13 in Jacksonville.

 * Illinois
 * Lake Street Bridge – rail on upper deck (CTA Green & Pink Line) road on lower deck, bascule bridge.
 * McKinley Bridge – rail removed in 1978.
 * Wells Street Bridge – rail on upper deck (CTA Brown & Purple Line Express), road on lower deck, bascule bridge.

 * Iowa – Illinois
 * Fort Madison Toll Bridge – rail on lower deck, road on upper deck
 * Government Bridge – rail on upper deck, road on lower deck, swing-span bridge
 * Keokuk Rail Bridge – rail on lower deck, disused road on upper deck, swing-span bridge above Lock and Dam No. 19.

 * Kentucky
 * Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Bridge – Truss bridge between Louisville, Kentucky and New Albany, Indiana over the Ohio River. Road portion closed in 1979 when roadway collapsed under an overweight truck.

 * Louisiana
 * Almonaster Avenue Bridge – Bascule drawbridge in New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Florida Avenue Bridge – Vertical lift drawbridge in New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Huey P. Long Bridge – Truss bridge in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.
 * Huey P. Long Bridge – Truss bridge in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
 * St. Claude Avenue Bridge – former road and rail bridge, nowadays it serves automotive and pedestrian traffic. New Orleans

 * Massachusetts
 * Longfellow Bridge – Four lane road with the MBTA Red Line in the median of the bridge connecting Boston and Cambridge over the Charles River.

 * Michigan
 * Portage Lake Lift Bridge connecting Hancock and Houghton. The world's heaviest and largest double deck vertical lift bridge. 4-lane road on upper deck, rail on lower deck (converted to trail). The lower deck was also paved so the bridge could be placed in an intermediate position to allow road traffic only.

 * Minnesota
 * Camp Ripley Bridge
 * Oliver Bridge connecting Duluth, Minnesota and Oliver, Wisconsin. Rail on upper deck, road on lower deck.
 * Washington Avenue Bridge – in Minneapolis across the Mississippi River. Opened in 1965, rail (Green Line light rail) added in 2011.

 * Missouri
 * Second Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City, Missouri across the Missouri River. Opened in 1917, had a road deck until 1956, when another bridge was built, but the rail deck is presently in use. Evidence of the road deck is still plainly visible.
 * ASB Bridge in Kansas City, Missouri, across the Missouri River. Opened in 1911, it carried vehicular traffic until 1987, when new span was built. Bridge is unique that lower part is a vertical lift drawbridge, while without interrupting traffic on the upper deck.
 * Eads Bridge in St. Louis, Missouri across the Mississippi River. Opened in 1874. It carries the road traffic on the upper deck and the St. Louis MetroLink on the lower deck.

 * New York
 * Broadway Bridge – Road and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway
 * Brooklyn Bridge – A road bridge that also carried elevated rapid transit service until 1944
 * Manhattan Bridge – Road and the, , and  trains of the New York City Subway
 * Queensboro Bridge – A road bridge that also carried elevated rapid transit service until the early 1940s.
 * Railroad St. Bridge – Rome, New York – Railroad St. and Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad share right-of-way on bridge.
 * Roosevelt Avenue (Flushing River) Bridge - double deck bascule span with IRT Flushing Line elevated line on upper level and Roosevelt Avenue on lower level over Flushing River, completed 1928
 * Williamsburg Bridge – Road and the BMT Nassau Street Line of the New York City Subway
 * Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, Niagara Falls, New York, carries passenger rail on the upper level, commuter autos on the lower level between Ontario and New York

 * Ohio
 * Clay Wade Bailey Bridge/C&O Railroad Bridge – Cincinnati to Newport, Kentucky over the Ohio River. (Technically, these are two separate bridges, but they are spaced very closely adjacent to each other and built on common piers.)

 * Oregon
 * Steel Bridge – A through truss, double lift bridge across the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon Carrying pedestrian, rail, automobile, bus, and MAX Light Rail, making it one of the most multi-modal bridges in the world.

 * Pennsylvania
 * Benjamin Franklin Bridge – Suspension bridge carrying I-676 and PATCO Speedline trains between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden, New Jersey.

 * Tennessee-Arkansas
 * Harahan Bridge (formerly) - Through truss bridge across the Mississippi River connecting Memphis, Tennessee to West Memphis, Arkansas. Built for two railroad tracks and two one-lane "wagonways" cantilevered outside the through truss. Vehicular traffic moved to Memphis & Arkansas Bridge in 1949; though the original decks on both "wagonways" were removed, one of them was rebuilt for pedestrian/bicycle use in 2016.

 * Virginia
 * High Bridge (Appomattox River)

Uzbekistan

 * Amu Darya Bridge is the first bridge between Khorezm and Karakalpakstan, opened March 2004. It only has one track with the rails embedded into tarmac, used for trains and cars, one direction at a time, and is 681 m long. It now doubles the pontoon bridge that was the only link between Khorezm and the rest of Uzbekistan.
 * See above for the cross-border bridge to Afghanistan

Venezuela

 * Second Orinoco crossing

Vietnam

 * Long Biên Bridge

Zambia

 * Victoria Falls Bridge

Zimbabwe

 * Beitbridge until 1995.
 * Victoria Falls Bridge

Temporary
During wartime and other emergencies, rail tracks on bridges are sometimes paved to allow road traffic to proceed. Examples include the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen bridge in Germany.

After a landslide on the Stromeferry road in Scotland in 2012, a 150m section of the parallel railway was paved with rubber tiles to allow road traffic to avoid a 250 km detour.

Proposed

 * 🇮🇹 Italy – Messina Bridge
 * Republic of the Congo – Democratic Republic of the Congo – Brazzaville-Kinshasa Bridge
 * 🇾🇪 🇩🇯 Yemen – Djibouti – Bridge of the Horns
 * 🇧🇼 🇿🇲 Botswana – Zambia – Kazungula bridge – 2010
 * 🇮🇩 Sunda Strait – Indonesia
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela – Nigale Bridge (Maracaibo Lake )
 * 🇶🇦 🇧🇭 Qatar–Bahrain Friendship Bridge for road and rail will be connecting Bahrain and Qatar.

Under construction

 * Bangladesh – Padma bridge
 * China – Baijusi Yangtze River Bridge (8-lane highway and CRT line 18)
 * China – Changtai Yangtze River Bridge (S30 and Taichang ICR)
 * China – Guojiatuo Yangtze River Bridge (8-lane road and CRT line 8)
 * China – Humen Road-Railway Bridge (road and Shenzhan HSR)
 * China – Libu Yangtze River Road-Railway Bridge (G55 and Jingyue ICR)
 * China – Lingang Yangtze River Bridge (road and Chuannan ICR)
 * China – Linyu Yangtze River Bridge (road and Line 1 of Luzhou Rail Transit)
 * China – Ma'anshan Yangtze River Road-Railway Bridge (6-lane highway and Chaoma ICR)
 * China – Taichang Yangtze River Bridge (Ruchang Expressway and Taichang ICR)
 * China – Tongling Yangtze River road-railway Bridge of G3 (G3, Hewen HSR and Tongling Rail Transit)
 * Taiwan - Danjiang Bridge (light rail cross)

title: List of road–rail bridges


text:
Tim McCanlies

Tim McCanlies (born 1953) is an American film director and screenwriter. He is best known for writing and directing Secondhand Lions, and for writing the screenplay for The Iron Giant.

Biography
Tim McCanlies is a fifth-generation Texan, but rarely called one place home for long. McCanlies’ father was in the Air Force and the family traveled extensively. In his early years he was interested in both acting and the technical processes that took place behind the scenes, along with the process of filming scenes. By second grade he was writing his own novels. While he was in high school he did not participate in the school's theatre program, but instead went to the local movie theatre and learned how to run the projector.

McCanlies attended high school in Bryan, Texas and took some college-level courses at nearby Texas A&M University. In 1971, he moved to Austin and enrolled at the University of Texas majoring in Radio-Television-Film. After a couple of years, McCanlies transferred back to Texas A&M. In 1975, he moved to Dallas where he worked as a police officer and took graduate film classes at Southern Methodist University.

Career
Once McCanlies started taking graduate classes at Southern Methodist, he learned proper screenplay techniques and made several short films that were well accepted in national film competitions. After the making of these films he was offered the opportunity to direct commercials near the Dallas area, but he decided against this and moved to Los Angeles to attempt movie screenplays in 1978. After moving to Los Angeles he planned on attending the American Film Institute. While he was in L.A. he found his first paying job for writing was a low budget film called Crazies. While these low budget screenplays did give him experience in the business, it did not pay a great deal, so he needed another income. He supported himself during this time by writing computer programs. With money being low during this time, McCanlies decided against enrolling in the Film Institute as he had planned.

McCanlies worked for Walt Disney Studios in the 1980s (The Fox and the Hound) as a story artist and wrote for all the major motion picture studios at one time or another. After signing a two-year contract with Disney Studios as his first job in the Hollywood system, he pitched his own screenplay to the studio, but was turned down. After McCanlies' contract with Disney was finished, and after marrying his wife Suzanne in 1988, they moved back to Texas. At this time he started to work with most of the major studios as a script doctor and writer for hire. He worked on films such as Touchstone's Shoot to Kill (1988), Warner Bros’ Little Giants (1994) and My Fellow Americans (1996). Around this time he was also invited to speak at the first Heart of Austin Heart of Texas Film Festival and Screenwriters conference in 1994. More recently he adapted a novel written by Turk Pipkin into a film called When Angels Sing.

Dancer, Texas Pop. 81
He started production on his directorial debut, Dancer, Texas Pop. 81, in 1997, thanks to the support from Ignite Entertainment. The film grossed just under $700,000 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews, with the film staying in theatres longer in McCanlies’ home state of Texas, while being removed from New York theatres after only a week. The film began to be played in other rural areas after its initial release. The film then made its way to the London Film Festival, as well as playing in Australia.

The Iron Giant
He wrote the screenplay for The Iron Giant in 1999. The film received universal acclaim and it ranked seventh in Premiere's list of the 100 best movies of 1999, which was a summary of the critics’ picks for the year. He won multiple awards for his work, including an Annie Award (accomplishments in animation) and an award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.

Secondhand Lions
His second directing project, Secondhand Lions had more success than his first. This film had much more of a draw due to bigger-name actors. It starred Robert Duvall, Michael Caine, and Haley Joel Osment in a story about a young boy staying with his strange uncles for the summer. It was released in 2003 and was met with mostly good reviews, including Roger Ebert giving it three out of four stars.

title: Tim McCanlies


text: User:Shinypb

title: User:Shinypb


text: Category:Nursing schools in Spain

title: Category:Nursing schools in Spain


text:
Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din

Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din (علي بن صابر الدين زنكي) was the son of Sabr ad-Din I. The Emperor of Ethiopia Newaya Krestos made him Governor of Ifat after the death of his father.

Reign
According to Taddesse Tamrat, Al-Maqrizi describes Ali as "the first to revolt from the customary allegiance to the Hati [Emperor]", a claim that Taddesse Tamrat explains as meaning that Ali was the first of his family to revolt since the death of Emperor Amda Seyon I.

His revolt was unsuccessful due to lack of support from his subjects. Ali was captured, and he and all of his sons except for Ahmad imprisoned. Emperor Newaya Krestos subsequently made Ahmad governor of Ifat. However, after eight years Ali was released from prison and returned to power. Ahmad and his sons were excluded from power, and it took the direct intervention of the Emperor for Ahmad to obtain a position over a single district.

In the end, his grandson Haqq ad-Din II led a rebellion that ended Ali's power, although Haqq allowed his grandfather to retain the title of ruler over the city of Ifat. Richard Pankhurst mentions that Ali had a son, Mola Asfah, who fought against his cousin Haqq ad-Din, and was killed in this rebellion.

There is some disagreement over the exact length of Ali's reign. Al-Maqrizi in one place in his Historica Regum Islamiticorum in Abyssinia states that Ali was released after eight years of imprisonment, but in another place writes that he was in prison for a total of 30 years and died during the reign of his grandson Sa'ad ad-Din II. To further complicate the evidence, the chronicle of the Walashma dynasty gives him a reign of 40 years, and his son Ahmad a reign of only two.

title: Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din


text:
Tatamibari

Tatamibari (タタミバリ) is a type of logic puzzle designed and published by Nikoli. The puzzle is based on Japanese tatami mats.

Rules
A Tatamibari puzzle is played on a rectangular grid with three different kinds of symbols in it: +, -. and |. The solver must partition the grid into rectangular or square regions according to the following rules:

 * Every partition must contain exactly one symbol in it.
 * A + symbol must be contained in a square.
 * A | symbol must be contained in a rectangle with a greater height than width.
 * A - symbol must be contained in a rectangle with a greater width than height.
 * Four pieces may never share the same corner.

Computational complexity
The problem of finding a solution to a particular Tatamibari configuration is NP-complete.

title: Tatamibari


text:
Talk:Quentin Matsys

Untitled
The article for Quintin Matsys was the 1911 encyclopedia entry. This, as it turns out, was the identical article that had been created for Quentin Matsys. Since I have already edited the Quentin article for updates, additional info and stylistic revisions, I redirected the article on Quintin Matsys and retained the one for Quentin Matsys. InvisibleSun 02:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quentin Matsys


text:
Carol Connors (singer)

Carol Connors (born Annette Kleinbard, November 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter. She is perhaps best known as the lead vocalist on the Teddy Bears' single, "To Know Him Is To Love Him", which was written by her bandmate Phil Spector.

Early life
Connors was born Annette Kleinbard on November 13, 1941, in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Her parents were Polish Jews. She lost many relatives in the Holocaust. She attended Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, California.

Career
She was the lead singer of the pop vocal trio known as the Teddy Bears, which also included Phil Spector. The Teddy Bears' only major hit, "To Know Him Is To Love Him", which Spector wrote specifically to showcase Connors' singing voice, reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1958, also becoming the first woman to chart. After their initial hit, the trio disbanded because of the failure of their follow-up singles, a car accident that injured Annette, and the fact that Spector preferred working behind the scenes to performing.

Some years later she legally changed her name to Carol Connors, because she did not want her first name to be associated with Mousketeer Annette Funicello. She co-wrote (with Ayn Robbins and Bill Conti) "Gonna Fly Now", the theme song from the film Rocky, which earned her an Academy Award nomination. Carol Connors sang the theme to the film Orca, called "We Are One".

Other songwriting credits include the Rip Chords' 1964 hit "Hey Little Cobra", plus the 1980 Billy Preston/Syreeta Wright duet "With You I'm Born Again"; the 1994 title track "For All Mankind" on the debut album of Italian singer Guendalina Cariaggi, which was used as the theme song for a documentary produced by Pier Quinto and Lara Cariaggi, on the legends of soccer and the FIFA World Cup; for "Madonna in the Mirror", the finale song on A&E's 15 Films About Madonna; and three songs – "Condi, Condi", "I Think of You so Fondly", and "Chill, Condi, Chill" – for Courting Condi (2008).

Connors also wrote and performed songs for several films. The 1967 beach-party film Catalina Caper features her song "Book of Love" (not to be confused with the Monotones' song), co-written with Roger Christian, which she performed backed by the Cascades. She co-composed (with Ayn Robbins) three songs for the soundtrack of the 1977 Disney film, The Rescuers: "Tomorrow Is Another Day", "The Journey" and "Someone's Waiting for You". In 1983 Connors was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award, for the 'Worst Original Song' for "It's Wrong for Me to Love You", from Butterfly, which she co-composed with Ennio Morricone.

In 2011, she skydived and performed a concert to raise awareness for the Wounded Warrior Project.

A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her in 1999.

Personal life
Connors lives in Beverly Hills, California.

She testified at the O. J. Simpson trial in 1995. She had seen Simpson at a charity event the night before his ex-wife's murder.

Discography

 * "My Diary" 1961

title: Carol Connors (singer)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brown school

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Consensus-Default to keep 11 keep/10 delete Jtkiefer  T - 00:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Brown school
non notable Johntex\talk 02:26, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no notable alumni / no important research or discovery / no other assertion of notability - Hahnchen 02:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please it is a school and it is notable too so we can include this Yuckfoo 03:57, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote disregarded due to closing admin due to fact that vote uses the "just because it's a school" argument, just because is not a general criteria to neither delete nor to keep. Jtkiefer  T - 00:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - The school was founded in 1893, and I suspect it has some history and alumni worth mentioning, if it was given some time. --rob 04:07, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if it can be expanded to include historical relevance or notability. Otherwise, delete.  Compare this Brown school to The Brown School here in Louisville, Kentucky.   Some relevance is included in the latter.  >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 04:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep "Since 1893" indicates a long history with lots of details to be found. A very good school stub so far, and will be improved over time.  However, I would encourage anyone feeling bold to move it to a more specific name as soon as one is decided.   Un  focused  04:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 20+ schools are added a day. Nominating one now and again is pointless and mass deletion attempts are heavily defeated. Please don't nominate any more schools. CalJW 08:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - So nobody should nom a school for deletion just because nominating 1 is "pointless" in your view and mass noms are frowned upon?  That is ridiculous reasoning. Unless there is a policy that all schools are notable, noms like this are going to happen and should happen until there is a standard set for notabilty of schools.  Just because you don't agree isn't reason enough for someone who believes schools are not notable to stop nominating them.--Isotope23 18:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * But the facts that it achieves nothing and creates bad feeling are. CalJW 20:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Still, there is no policy to prevent a nom for deletion. I understand where you are coming from CalJW but just because it ruffles a few feathers is no reason to abstain from a nom for AfD.  I also disagree with your contention that it achieves nothing: it keeps the issue of school notability alive on the AfD pages.  Hopefully this will prompt a discussion where a consensus can be reached pertaining to school notability. Otherwise we will be having this conversation over and over...--Isotope23 20:56, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * We also have 100+ articles written on non-notable people and websites every day. The fact they're written doesn't have any bearing on their keepability. - Mgm|(talk) 09:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Many people believe all schools have notable. We have the upper hand and have established a de facto policy. Schools shouldn't be nominated just as countries shouldn't be nominated. On the other hand almost no-one believes all people are notable and many biographical articles are deleted every day. CalJW 20:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * How many schools have to survive the AfD process before we can declare that a concensus exists "not to delete school articles" simply because they are about schools? What percentage of nominated school articles must survive the AfD process before we can declare such a concensus? How many poorly-written articles have to be fixed through the AfD process before we can declare a concensus that "it is better to just to fix a poorly written school article rather than immediately send it over to AfD"? How many months of schools surviving the AfD process are needed before we can declare a concensus that "it is better to work together to build the quality of school articles instead of gaming to system in a vain hope to get even one school article deleted"? While these are partly rhetorical questions, I think that those that nominated and vote to delete school articles on the basis that either A) "They are schools and non-notable" and/or B)"This school article is poorly written", should consider answering the questions. How long must the charade of AfD rules-gaming continue?--Nicodemus75 08:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote disregarded due to closing admin due to fact that vote uses the "just because it's a school" argument, just because is not a general criteria to neither delete nor to keep. Jtkiefer  T - 00:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, this school has a long history. --Vsion 08:39, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as per its indication of a long history. Note: just because an article is about a school doesn't mean it should never be deleted. It can be just as crappy and non-salvagable as articles on non-popular websites, and pretty much anything else. Don't try to stop people nominating schools just because you don't like it. - Mgm|(talk) 09:04, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Reason for notability should be something mentioned in the article, not something assumed on general grounds. - Andre Engels 11:43, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * YP-style stub that no one has bothered to expand. Kill it good. Delete Pilatus 13:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Dunc|☺ 14:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I suppose I should go around to every school article and add the sentence "A notable institution due to it's committment to education and the expansion of knowledge and effect on the lives of local people" in order to satisfy Andre Engels novel requirement for keeping schools.--Nicodemus75 15:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You could do that, Nicodemus75, if you wished, but you would likely to your own significant annoyance and regret find that many of us still would vote to Delete with extreme prejudice on the grounds that this school, like so many others, is ineffably and utterly insignificant. Dottore So 15:53, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for so obviously demonstrating my point.--Nicodemus75 16:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're very welcome. Dottore So 16:44, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote disregarded due to closing admin due to fact that vote uses the "just because it's a school" argument, just because is not a general criteria to neither delete nor to keep. Jtkiefer  T - 00:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete-Another un-notable school. Dudtz 9/29/05 6:32 PM ESY
 * Delete no particular indication of notability. DES (talk) 16:03, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - meets my second criteria for keeping a school - open since (well) before WWII. -- BD2412 talk 17:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. These sort of time wasting exercises can be avoided by either tacking on a  or merging the article somewhere until it can be expanded.  There is demonstrable evidence that school articles are not deleted when nominated here, so it is not unreasonable to ask that people stop nominating these and find something more productive to do with their time.  My personal reasons for keeping, in addition to the fact that this school is over 112 years old, are posted at Schools/Arguments.  Silensor 19:00, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- DS1953 04:35, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, four walls and a roof are not inherently encylopaedic. WP:NOT a web directory. Proto t c 10:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote disregarded due to closing admin due to fact that vote uses the "just because it's a school" argument, just because is not a general criteria to neither delete nor to keep. Jtkiefer  T - 00:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete primary school wastes bytes. Made me laugh though for its pitiful unnotability. Send to BJAODN under crap. Dunc|☺
 * Keep -- Almost all schools are notable, and so is this one. --Mysidia (talk) 01:36, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Very few schools are notable enough to merit a place in Wikipedia. This article does nothing to convince me this school is any different. Denni ☯ 01:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable public institution. --Centauri 02:20, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn school -- red stucco 08:38, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, verifiable public institution with a yellow pages entry and no notable traits.Gateman1997 21:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete schools need to be notable to be included. This one is not. U$er 17:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, or merge if anyone would like to suggest a merge target. JYolkowski // talk 21:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Denni. Ryan Norton T 09:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Carol Connors (actress)

Carol Connors is an American former pornographic actress. She starred in about 20 adult movies between 1971 and 1981. Married to fellow former porn star Jack Birch, she is the mother of actress Thora Birch.

Early life
Connors was born in New Jersey and grew up in New Jersey and Texas.

Career
Connors began her adult entertainment career in the early 1970s, achieving fame in Deep Throat in 1972 and The Erotic Adventures of Candy in 1978. In 1979, she starred in Gail Palmer's Candy Goes to Hollywood. In 1981, she directed and starred in Desire for Men.

Connors also appeared on The Gong Show, where she eventually became one of Chuck Barris's introducers. Her debut on the program, in 1977, was as a song-and-dance contestant. Said Connors, "I was awarded nine points by the two men judges and two points by Jaye P. Morgan, one for each ... bosom." She was subsequently invited back for frequent appearances as one of the hostesses who introduced Barris at the start of the show. Her Gong Show appearances were parodied in Candy Goes To Hollywood.

Connors also appeared alongside Aldo Ray in Sweet Savage, a porn western film, in 1979. The movie was shot on location at Apacheland Movie Ranch in Apache Junction, Arizona.

title: Carol Connors (actress)


text:
Konkret

konkret has been the name of two German magazines.

konkret was originally the name of a magazine established by Klaus Rainer Röhl in 1957, that was an influential magazine on the German political left in the 1960s. The magazine was dissolved in 1973 as a consequence of Röhl's rejection of the leftist terrorism in Germany (in which his former wife Ulrike Meinhof took active part).

Since 1974, Hermann L. Gremliza has published a monthly magazine with the same name, self-described as a "magazine for politics and culture". The current magazine is significantly less influential than the original konkret magazine and part of the German left. It is described as leftist extremist by the Federal Office for Protection of the Constitution and also as Anti-German by the State Office for Protection of the Constitution in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Studentenkurier
In 1955, Klaus Rainer Röhl started the monthly Studentenkurier ("Student Messenger"), which was published until 1957. Due to the contributions of many authors as Werner Riegel, Peter Rühmkorf, Arno Schmidt, Kurt Hiller, it became a very influential magazine among students.

konkret
On the basis of the success of the Studentenkurier, Konkret was founded by Röhl in 1957. Until 1964, it had clandestine ideological and financial relations with the East German government. Innovative in its style, beautifully illustrated and printed on huge folio size heavy stock, its pages often ended up as posters on students' dorm walls and university campus fences. It had great influence on progressive intellectuals, both students and adults. In the high phase of the German student movement of the 1960s, it appeared biweekly and sometimes even weekly.

Articles in konkret openly advocated sex with minors. One of the best known journalists on the magazine was Ulrike Meinhof, the editor-in-chief from 1960. She ended her work for konkret early in 1969 shortly before she joined the Red Army Faction. On 7 May 1969, the house of Konkret publisher Klaus Rainer Röhl was stormed by activists including konkret staff under Meinhof's leadership, its windows and furnishing destroyed.

After a long conflict over the political orientation of konkret, particularly over the use of violence which Röhl strongly rejected, Röhl left the magazine in 1973, and shortly after, the magazine was dissolved.

Hermann L. Gremliza's konkret since 1974
In 1974, Hermann L. Gremliza founded a magazine called konkret. He writes the introduction column of the magazine and its current location of publication is Hamburg.

Konkret presents itself as an anti-establishment leftist magazine, standing to left of Germany's established parties. Its maxim is "reading what others don't want to know" (lesen, was andere nicht wissen wollen).

Notable contributors during the Gremliza era were: Norbert Blüm, Wolf Biermann, Heinrich Böll, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Jutta Ditfurth, Rudi Dutschke, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Jürgen Elsässer, Erich Fried, Robert Gernhardt, André Gorz, Günter Grass, Sebastian Haffner, Robert Kurz, Oskar Negt, Alice Schwarzer, Klaus Theweleit, Sahra Wagenknecht, Günter Wallraff.

title: Konkret


text:
Cavan and Leitrim Railway

The Cavan and Leitrim Railway was a narrow-gauge railway in the counties of Leitrim and Cavan in northwest Ireland, which ran from 1887 until 1959. Unusually for Ireland, this narrow gauge line survived on coal traffic, from the mine at Arigna, although the original main line was constructed principally for traffic in cattle. It outlived most of the other Irish narrow-gauge lines, giving a further lease of life to some of their redundant engines.

Development
The line had the support of the Earl of Kingston of Kilronan Castle, Ballyfarnon, who wanted to bring prosperity to this part of Ireland. In September 1883, a public meeting in Ballinamore declared that a light railway and tramway would open up the coal and iron districts of Arigna and Lough Allen. The Cavan, Leitrim & Roscommon Light Railway & Tramway Company was set up with a guaranteed capital of £202,000 in 40,400 shares of £5 each. Chairman of the board was the Rt.Hon. The Earl of Kingston D.L., Kilronan Castle.

Route
The 54 km main line was built between Dromod and Belturbet with a 24 km branch from Ballinamore to Arigna.

The Belturbet to Dromod part of the Cavan and Leitrim Railway ran from Belturbet through Tomkin Road, Ballyconnell, Bellaheady, Bawnboy Road, Killyran, Garadice, Ballinamore, Lawderdale, Fenagh, Adoon, Rosharry, Mohill and Dereen to Dromod.

The Belturbet to Arigna part of the line ran from Belturbet to Ballinamore and from there through Ballyduff, Cornabrone, Annadale, Kiltubrid, Creagh and Drumshanbo to Arigna.

Later years
In 1925, the company was amalgamated into the Great Southern Railways. All lines were closed in 1959.

Locomotives
When the line opened, there were eight 4-4-0T locomotives, numbered 1 to 8, supplied by Robert Stephenson and Company. A ninth locomotive, No. 9, an 0-6-4T came from the same supplier in 1904. CLR numbers 2, 3, 4 and 8 were renumbered by adding an L suffix after the railway became part of the GSR. In 1933, after the closure of the Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway, the GSR transferred its four Neilson Reid 2-4-2T locomotives to the C&L line, renumbering them 10L to 13L. Four locomotives from the Tralee and Dingle Light Railway were transferred, after the end of passenger services in 1939, to the C&L between 1941 and 1958 numbered 3T to 6T. Locomotive 3T was a Hunslet Engine Company 0-6-0T of 1889, 4T was a Kerr Stuart 2-6-0T of 1903, 5T was a 2-6-2T built by Hunslet in 1892, and 6T was the same type as 3T but built in 1898.

Preservation
The privately owned Cavan & Leitrim Railway is based in the former Dromod Station, in Co. Leitrim. There is a transport museum, with narrow-gauge trains of several gauges, buses, planes, fire engines and artillery guns from World War I and World War II. It was originally intended to rebuild the line to Mohill but this is now most unlikely to happen. With the help of volunteers, trains are running on a short section of the line. The Avonside 0-6-0T steam locomotive "Nancy" was rebuilt at Alan Keef in Wales where it first steamed on 23 March 2019 after twenty years of restoration work. The locomotive was shipped to Dromod, where it now resides. The line's first steam locomotive since preservation is 'Dromad' a Kerr Stuart Brazil class 0-4-2T, which as of May 2021 out of service awaiting its ten-year overhaul. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the heritage operation was unable to open for the 2020 season, and expects to remain shut also for 2021 to protect its volunteers. Despite being too small an organisation to qualify for grant aid in Ireland the railway has managed to continue maintenance tasks in this period with the railway saying two-thirds of its track has been relaid to a high standard and progress continuing on capital projects.

One of the original locomotives, No. 2, and one of the original carriages, is preserved on display at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum. Locomotive No. 3 'Lady Edith' was exported to New Jersey, United States and is today displayed in the New Jersey Museum of Transportation though efforts are being made to purchase the locomotive and return it to Ireland. The chassis of a carriage formerly used by the railway is preserved at the Stradbally Woodland Railway.

title: Cavan and Leitrim Railway


text:
User:Iopq

Automatic translation for the win. YE GODS I AM ADDICTED TO USER BOXES. LOL =

Check out: Me again, see

title: User:Iopq


text: User talk:70.29.3.24

title: User talk:70.29.3.24


text:
File:Throwing The Game.jpg

Fair use in Throwing the Game (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Throwing The Game.jpg


text:
WRDW

WRDW may refer to:

 * WCHZ (AM), a former radio station (1480 AM) licensed to serve Augusta, Georgia, United States, which held WRDW call sign from 1930 until October 2003
 * WRDW (AM), a former radio station (1630 AM) licensed to serve Augusta, which held the WRDW call sign from 2003 until its deletion in 2020
 * WRDW-TV, a television station (channel 12 virtual/31 digital) licensed to serve Augusta
 * WAGT-CD, a low-power television station (channel 16) licensed to serve Augusta, which held the call sign WRDW-CD from 2015 to 2016
 * WTDY-FM, a radio station (96.5 FM) licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, which held the call sign WRDW-FM from 2004 to 2015

title: WRDW


text:
Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad

The Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad (YMSPRR) is a historic narrow gauge railway with two operating steam locomotives located near Fish Camp, California, in the Sierra National Forest near the southern entrance to Yosemite National Park. Rudy Stauffer organized the YMSPRR in 1961, utilizing historic railroad track, rolling stock and locomotives to construct a tourist line along the historic route of the Madera Sugar Pine Lumber Company.

Service began with the purchase of three-truck Shay locomotive No. 10 from the West Side Lumber Company railway of Tuolumne, California. Built in 1928, No. 10 is reputedly the largest narrow gauge Shay locomotive—and one of the last constructed. In 1986, the YMSPRR purchased Shay No. 15—also a former West Side Lumber Company locomotive—from the West Side & Cherry Valley Railroad tourist line in Tuolumne.

The steam locomotives operate daily during the summer months, while the railroad's "Jenny" railcars, capable of carrying about a dozen passengers, typically handle operations during the off-season. Passengers can ride in either open-air or enclosed passenger cars.

History
The current railroad follows a portion of grade originally carved into the mountain by the Madera Sugar Pine Lumber Company in the early 20th century. The company originated in 1874, when it was organized as the California Lumber Company to log the area surrounding Oakhurst, California. The Madera Sugar Pine Lumber Company once had a large sawmill at Sugar Pine, California, just south of the current YMSPRR. The railroad had seven locomotives, over 100 log cars, and 140 mi of track in the surrounding mountains. In addition to the railroad, the Company also transported lumber in a flume that stretched 54 mi from Sugar Pine to Madera, California. This was the most efficient way to transport rough cut lumber out of the mountains for finishing and transport at the bottom of the mountain. The Madera Sugar Pine Lumber Company practiced clearcutting, which removed almost every single tree within the stands of timber surrounding the YMSPRR track. The thick forest surrounding YMSPRR today belies this history, although large stumps from the original old growth timber dot the forest floor lining the tracks.

Due to the onset of the Great Depression and a lack of trees, the operation closed in 1931. But the graded right-of-way through the forest remained, enabling the Stauffer family to reconstruct a portion of the line in 1961. The current railroad utilizes locomotives, converted log disconnect cars, and other railroad equipment purchased from the West Side Lumber Company after it ceased railroad operations in 1961.

After his retirement in 1981, Rudy Stauffer was succeeded by his son, Max, as the railroad's owner and operator. Max Stauffer died on March 10, 2017.

In late August 2017, the Railroad Fire, which started near the railroad, destroyed West Side Lumber Company equipment stored on a side track.

Locomotives
The Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad boasts a collection of historic locomotives, including two working steam locomotives:
 * No. 10: This narrow gauge behemoth, built in 1928 by Lima Locomotive Works, is reputedly the largest Shay locomotive ever constructed. Originally built for the Pickering Lumber Company, it found its way to the West Side Lumber Company in 1934 before joining the YMSPRR. It burns oil and has a capacity of 1200 USgal of oil and 3420 U.S.gal of water.
 * No. 15: Another narrow gauge Shay locomotive, No. 15 has a rich history working for various companies since its construction in 1913 by Lima Locomotive Works. After stints with Norman P. Livermore & Company, Sierra Nevada Wood & Lumber Co., Hobart Estate Co., and Hyman-Michaels Co., it ended up with the West Side Lumber Company and later the West Side & Cherry Valley tourist operation. The YMSPRR acquired it in 1988. It burns oil and has a capacity of 1000 U.S.gal of oil and 2000 USgal of water.
 * "Jenny" Railcars: Ford Model A automobiles converted for rail use by the West Side Lumber Company. These railcars each accommodate about 12 people, providing regular service in conjunction with the normal steam operation.
 * No. 5: a two-axle diesel switch engine built in 1935, not currently in operating condition.
 * No. 402: a center cab two-truck diesel locomotive. The YMSPRR does not use this locomotive for regularly scheduled revenue service.

Points of interest

 * The Thornberry Museum, a historic log cabin built over 140-years ago, offering visitors a glance at what life was like on the slopes of the Sierras over a century ago
 * The Sugar Pine Trading Company, providing a selection of literature and sources related to the YMSPRR, railroads and the history of Yosemite Valley
 * Picnic and event grounds at the eastern terminus of the line
 * Gold panning
 * A rare narrow gauge snowplow, the West Side Lumber Company's plow No. 2

title: Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad


text: Category:Nursing schools in Japan

title: Category:Nursing schools in Japan


text:
Censorate

The Censorate was a high-level supervisory agency in Imperial China, first established during the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC).

The Censorate was a highly effective agency during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the Censorate was a branch of the centralized bureaucracy, paralleling the Six Ministries and the five Chief Military Commissions, and was directly responsible to the emperor. The investigating censors were "the eyes and ears" of the emperor and checked administrators at each level to prevent corruption and malfeasance, a common feature of that period. Popular stories told of righteous censors revealing corruption as well as censors who accepted bribes. Generally speaking, they were feared and disliked, and had to move around constantly to perform their duties.

Internal structure
The Censorate was divided into three branches (院).
 * The Palace Branch (殿院) was responsible for monitoring the behavior of officials during audiences. It was staffed by in-palace enquiry censors (殿中侍御史).
 * The Admonishment Branch (台院) was responsible for monitoring the behavior of the emperor, to ensure that he did not make mistakes and remind him of his duties. It was staffed by enquiry censors (侍御史).
 * The Detection Branch (察院) was responsible for monitoring the behavior of local officials. Monitor censors (監察御史) would tour the country in circuits to ensure the proper discharge of the functions of government and good performance of local officials.

Vietnam

During the Nguyễn dynasty a representative from the censorate served as a member of a government commission formed to create inscriptions for the 1 mạch cash coins.

title: Censorate


text:
User talk:ArJuna

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

--JAranda'' | yeah 02:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Metatrons Cube
Hi I just reverted your change to the above page. The text on the metatron page talks about how to use the Flower of Life to make metatrons cube. Although it is possible to use Fruit of life (its a different design) to do the same thing at the moment its best left as it is because the Fruit of life page doesnt exist and the text on Metatrons page doesn't use it as a base. I think someone should build a page about Fruit of life it would be an intresting addition to the various sacred geometry articles! -- Shimirel (Talk) 15:17, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:2005-02-24 Trinity Church at night.jpg
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Image copyright problem with File:2005-02-25 A View inside Trinity Church Bellingshaussen.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:2005-02-25 A View inside Trinity Church Bellingshaussen.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. Even if you created the image yourself, you still need to release it so Wikipedia can use it. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you made this image yourself, you can use copyright tags like PD-self (to release all rights), (to require that you be credited), or any tag here - just go to the image, click edit, and add one of those. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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File:2005-02-24 Overnight at Bellingshaussen.jpg
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as File:2005-02-24 Overnight at Bellingshaussen.jpg has been listed for speedy deletion because you selected a copyright license type implying some type of restricted use, such as for non-commercial use only, or for educational use only or for use on Wikipedia by permission. While it might seem reasonable to assume that such files can be freely used on Wikipedia, this is in fact not the case. Please do not upload any more files with these restrictions on them, because images on Wikipedia need to be compatible with the GNU Free Documentation License or another free license, which allow anyone to use it for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial. See our non-free content guidelines for more more information.

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 * This also applies to File:2005-02-25 A View inside Trinity Church Bellingshaussen.jpg and File:2005-02-25 Trinity Church at Bellingshaussen, Antarctica.jpg. --dave pape (talk) 17:17, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:ArJuna


text: User talk:70.51.183.234

title: User talk:70.51.183.234


text:
WJBR

WJBR may refer to:

 * WJBR (AM), an AM radio station licensed to serve Seffner, Florida, United States
 * WVCW (FM), an FM radio station licensed to serve Wilmington, Delaware, United States, which held the call signs WJBR from 1957 to 1978 and WJBR-FM from 1978 to 2023
 * WWTX, an AM radio station licensed to Wilmington, Delaware, which held the call sign WJBR from 1978 to 2003

title: WJBR


text:
User talk:Hewhoasks

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Pharos 02:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Hewhoasks


text:
User:Ursatz

My username comes from Heinrich Schenker's term for "fundamental structure."

Actually, the term "Ursatz" on Wikipedia currently redirects to an unbelievably awful article on Schenkerian Analysis. At some point, I assume, people who know what they are talking about will update it.

UPDATE: It now redirects to "Fundamental Structure" -- a stub which provides no improvement on the former redirection.

title: User:Ursatz


text: User talk:65.6.188.49

title: User talk:65.6.188.49


text:
User talk:Ursatz

Schenkerian analysis page
I've started trying to improve the Schenkerian analysis page; I would of course appreciate any feedback. --Komponisto 09:31, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Welcome, Ursatz!
Hello Ursatz, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and stick around. If you want, you can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

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Take care, --Blackcap | talk 02:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Violent Femmes vandalism
Thanks for noticing the vandalism on the page, but in the future, please be more careful when fixing it. The vandal replaced an entire section with "blah blah blah." you only deleted the "blah blah blah" and did not return the original text. see original diff -Freekee 04:13, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ben_deily.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ben_deily.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 05:50, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Ursatz! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:23, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Andrew Wilde (pianist) -

title: User talk:Ursatz


text:
Pascopyrum

Pascopyrum is a monotypic genus of grass containing the sole species Pascopyrum smithii, which is known by the common names western wheatgrass and red-joint wheatgrass, after the red coloration of the nodes. It is native to North America.

Distribution
This is a sod-forming rhizomatous perennial grass which is native and common throughout most of North America. It grows in grassland and prairie in the Great Plains, where it is sometimes the dominant grass species. It is the state grass of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming.

Ecology
It is a valuable forage for animals such as bison and black-tailed prairie dogs, and it is good for grazing livestock. It is used for revegetation of disturbed and overgrazed habitat, and many cultivars have been developed to suit various conditions, including low-maintenance lawns. Wheatgrass generally tolerates mowing to four inches, but does not tolerate shade. Healthy stands may crowd out other species, making it more suitable for monoculture plantings.

title: Pascopyrum