text:
Talk:1999 Pacific typhoon season

[Untitled]
Should be a start class article. íslenska hurikein #12(samtal) 20:30, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I notice you think a lot of articles should be upped from stub to start. Given the big change, you should probably bring it up on the assessments page of what needs to be done for a WPAC typhoon season page to be start class. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 20:32, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * No way is this a start. One very basic fact of the season is the storms themselves - a brief description of them should be mandatory for a start. For example, tell me about Virgil. Was it a typhoon or a tropical storm? Where was it? When was it? Did it do anything? If the article can answer those questions it is a start.--Nilfanion (talk) 20:43, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Assessment, part 2
This is still not a start-class article. Season articles need info on all the storms in order to be start. --Core des at talk! 17:01, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * WP:STUB says that stub articles are short incomplete articles (ie, Kamikaze (typhoon), Typhoon Paka, 1-2-3 rule, etc), and 17-20 paragrphs is not considered short. Storm05 12:34, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That's just a recommendation. We have different rules at our Wikiproject. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 14:55, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I dont know, because techally (pardon the spelling) the rules of Wikipedia trumps all over rules of Wikiprojects, etc. Storm05 15:15, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * "However, it is not set in stone and should be treated with common sense and the occasional exception." It's not absolutely necessary to follow the guideline. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 15:17, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Ummm, how about waiting for me to finish? I'm going slowly (because of distractions elsewhere)--Nilfanion (talk) 00:11, 30 September 2006 (UTC) And I put it at stub class again. It doesn't have every storm yet. Once it does, it will probably be B class with a possible FAC run and skip start, but given that it's missing four storms, it does not meet our criteria for start class. Yes, this isn't a stub article based on Wikipedia's standards, but it is only a guideline. For here, our standards are what counts. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:04, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Are tropical depressions supposed to go here? What about ones just monitored by PAGASA? And where do you find names (correctly matched) to the official ones? I was looking for those for 1981-84, but to no success. Good kitty 01:46, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Why do the infoboxes use JTWC winds with JMA pressures? In many cases it's ridiculous - Tanya (50kt/1000 hPa from JMA), a JTWC Cat 1, with only 1000 hPa min pres? I say in the infobox either use JTWC evenly or JMA evenly, but not both. – Chacor 07:03, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * JTWC didn't carry the pressures (at least not in BT or ATCR); you know a source? I'm not 100% sure they strictly follow the relationship in Dvorak. I decided using JMA pressures was preferable to "unknown" pressure for them all.--Nilfanion (talk) 09:24, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That looks right, there's no pressure given for 1999 in the PDF files either. Seems weird that they dropped pressures from the ATCR. Bloody JTWC. I suppose the other alternative would work too, using RSMC Tokyo information in the infobox instead. – Chacor 09:48, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Bloody JTWC sounds about right ;) Actually I'm not sure JTWC ever stated pressures for these stormsl comparing the data at the NRL: Compare Bart and Rusa. I'm leery about changing to RSMC data for the infobox, the prose uses the JTWC in accordance with what we previously agreed to do (2000 and on JMA, earlier JTWC). There are three alternatives really: abandon the JTWC entirely, work out if we can safely apply the numbers in Dvorak technique and then use those or when the small infobox is redone make pressure an optional parameter (so if there is no pressure info we can drop it). When I get home tonight (gotta go class now), I'll plug all the WPac ATCF data I can find into a spreadsheet and see if the pressure/wind relationship is strictly applied. If it is I think we can extrapolate it back without OR concerns.--Nilfanion (talk) 10:08, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The 1994 ATCR does have pressure listed, so they must've dropped it between 1994 and 1999. – Chacor 10:21, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sigh... This is the JTWC's fault. The data is in the ATCR see table 1-1 on this page. This is them being complete idiots though, surely the MSLP is a fact that should be in the individual storms reports.... I'll fix the article in a min.--Nilfanion (talk) 16:39, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * We can always change the way it is done. We really should use JMA information since they became an RSMC.  I remember someone stating (on one of these pages) that is since 1989.  We can use JTWC for years prior to the inception of the JMA as RSMC.  Thegreatdr 20:20, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The tables are true for most of them. I found them in the NIO ones. Good kitty 20:57, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/1999/summ9901.txt
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:36, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:37:37, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:37, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/1999/summ9902.txt
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:36, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:37:47, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:38, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/1999/summ9904.txt
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:36, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:38:07, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:38, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 4
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/GLOB_CLIM/archives/1999/04-10-1999.html
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:35, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:38:18, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:38, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 5
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/GLOB_CLIM/archives/1999/04-24-1999.html
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:35, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:38:30, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:38, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/GLOB_CLIM/archives/1999/05-01-1999.html
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:35, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:38:37, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:38, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 7
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/1999/summ9906.txt
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:36, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:38:48, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:39, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 8
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/GLOB_CLIM/archives/1999/09-14-1999.html
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:39, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:38:57, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:39, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/GLOB_CLIM/archives/1999/09-18-1999.html
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:39, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:39:08, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:39, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.afcesa.af.mil/userdocuments/periodicals/cemag/AFCE_Winter99.pdf#page=8
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:40, 404 Not Found
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--JeffGBot (talk) 23:39, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/GLOB_CLIM/archives/1999/10-09-1999.html
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-05-25 06:42:40, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:39:28, 404 Not Found

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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.palestinercs.org/Downloads/report2001.pdf#page=103
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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/wea/wea_03_01.jsp
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 * In 1995 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 03:16:18, 404 Not Found
 * In 1999 Pacific typhoon season on 2011-06-08 23:40:04, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:40, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1999 Pacific typhoon season


text:
Bicycle safety

Bicycle safety is the use of road traffic safety practices to reduce risk associated with cycling. Risk can be defined as the number of incidents occurring for a given amount of cycling. Some of this subject matter is hotly debated: for example, which types of cycling environment or cycling infrastructure is safest for cyclists. The merits of obeying the traffic laws and using bicycle lighting at night are less controversial. Wearing a bicycle helmet may reduce the chance of head injury in the event of a crash.

Most bicycling fatalities occur as a result of collision with a motor vehicle. Studies in multiple countries have found that drivers are at fault in the majority of these crashes.

Crashes
The first recorded bicycle crash occurred in 1842, reportedly between Kirkpatrick McMillan, an early rider of the velocipede, and a young girl in Glasgow. The report, however, is vague and the identification disputed.

The overall risk of death from a cycling accident in developed countries has diminished over the last 25 years according to a 2017 analysis of OECD statistics. In the United States, cycling remains a more dangerous mode of transportation when compared to automobiles (not considering total distance traveled). According to NPR, the number of bicyclists hit by vehicles rose at an alarming rate during the COVID pandemic, and a leading cause of this was poor bicycle infrastructure.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention counted over 32,000 automobile related deaths in 2013 By comparison, WISQUARS, the CDC's injury statistics website, found just over 1,000 deaths from cycling in 2015. Despite the relative safety compared to automobiles, the number of fatalities and hospitalizations from cycling is significantly greater in the United States compared to other western states such as Germany, Canada, and the Netherlands. In a 2014 analysis, there were 4.7 cycling deaths per 100 million kilometers cycled in the U.S., compared to 1.3 deaths per 100 million kilometers in Germany, 1.0 in the Netherlands, and 1.1 in Denmark. In the United Kingdom, cyclists have half of the rate (killed and serious injury per km) of motorcyclists but eight times the rate for motorists.

Causes of crashes vary according to local conditions. Road conditions, weather, speed, brakes, rider visibility, bicycle and automobile traffic, driving under the influence, riding under the influence, and distracted driving are contributing factors to accidents. Many bicycle crashes are unreported and therefore not included in official statistics.

An international survey on underreporting of the most severe cycling collisions found reporting rates ranging between 0% (Israel) and 35% (Germany). Furthermore, there is biasing in the kinds of collisions that appear in official data (i.e. police, hospital, or insurance data). It is known that collisions where a motorised vehicle is not involved as a collision partner i.e. single cyclist, cyclist-pedestrian or cyclist-cyclist collisions have lower odds of being reported to the police. Lower severity collisions (including those that do not result in hospital attendance) can incur significant costs, and result in long-term effects. The Belgian SHAPES project found costs for minor injuries primarily related to loss of productivity, and other intangible costs. The French ESPARR study found that close to half of those who experience a minor injury in a road traffic collision in Rhône (MAIS1 or MAIS2) still experienced regular pain after a year. Therefore, the characteristics of cyclist collisions is an active area of research. In the United States, bicycle crashes may be grounds for personal injury lawsuits.

Hazards

Hazards to cyclists include:
 * Failure of drivers to see or anticipate bicycles. This happens especially at cross sections where cyclists are often forced to ride on bike infrastructure to the right (in right-hand drive jurisdictions) of traffic. Especially when large trucks are involved, the cyclist can fall under the wheels of the motor vehicle. (Some trucks are equipped with metal side guards to prevent this.)
 * Dooring - When a vehicle door is opened without checking for passing cyclists beforehand and so the cyclist collides with the vehicle door. This is associated with the commonplace layout of streets with vehicles parallel parked near the curb, and cyclists riding between parked vehicles and moving vehicles. Cyclists can protect themselves from dooring by riding outside of the door zone and never right next to parked cars.
 * Getting a wheel stuck in a road irregularity, such as a large pothole, railroad track, storm drain, expansion joint, or edge of a driveway. This can cause the bicycle to stop while the rider goes over the handlebars, or it can cause the wheel to travel in a direction different from the rest of the bicycle, which can lead to falling sideways.
 * Proceeding past stopped traffic can result in collisions with vehicles entering or exiting a junction or turn. Oncoming bicycles may not be visible to drivers as the stopped vehicles may block them from seeing cyclists until the last minute. Lane splitting is specifically illegal in some jurisdictions.
 * Bicycling in rain or snow can significantly decrease visibility if wearing glasses, goggles, or helmet with wind screen, due to lack of windshield wipers.
 * Falling sideways if going too slowly or carrying a heavy, unbalanced load.
 * Falling due to lack of traction on slippery surfaces, such as ice, mud, or railroad track.
 * Road rage: Some vehicle drivers may try to 'punish' cyclists for what they perceive as selfish behaviour in 'holding them up unnecessarily' and so when overtaking them will pass them too closely or cut in too sharply or sound their horn at them. [This endangerment often leads to prosecution in UK if the cyclist submits a video to bodies such as Operation SNAP ]

Bicyclists are also subject to all the same types of collisions as vehicles, but without the protection of a metal shell - although generally traveling at lower speeds. These risks can be increased when traffic participants violate the rules of the road, such as going the wrong way down a one-way street, failing to stop at a red light, or traveling at night without lights.

United Kingdom
During the mid-20th century, the traffic engineering solutions were sought which eased the passage of traffic through the streets and also protected vulnerable road users. In the 1940s, an influential proponent of this ideology was Herbert Alker Tripp, an assistant commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police. Tripp argued in his book Town Planning and Road Traffic that: "If we could segregate pedestrians completely from the wheeled traffic, we could of course abolish pedestrian casualties".

This philosophy was also pursued by Colin Buchanan; his 1963 report for the UK Government Traffic in Towns, defined future government policy until the end of the century. Buchanan knew that segregation had not been proven to work for cyclists: his 1958 book Mixed Blessing said: "The meagre efforts made to separate cyclists from motor traffic have failed, tracks are inadequate, the problem of treating them at junctions and intersections is completely unsolved, and the attitude of the cyclists themselves to these admittedly unsatisfactory tracks has not been as helpful as it might have been".

Appropriately designed segregated space for cyclists on arterial or interurban routes appears to reduce overall risk. In Ireland, the provision of hard shoulders on interurban routes in the 1970s reportedly resulted in a 50% decrease in accidents. It is reported that the Danes have also found that separate cycle tracks lead to a reduction in rural collisions.

The Netherlands
The trend away from the bicycle and towards motor cars only began to decrease in the 1970s, when Dutch people took to the streets to protest against the large number of child deaths on the roads: in some years, over 500 children were killed in car accidents in the Netherlands. This protest movement was known as the Stop de Kindermoord (literally "Stop the Child Murder" in Dutch). The success of this movement — along with other factors, such as the oil shortages of 1973–74 — turned Dutch government policy around and the country began to restrict motor vehicles in its towns and cities and to direct its focus on growth towards other forms of transport, with the bicycle perceived as critical in making Dutch streets safer and towns and cities more people-friendly and livable.

Cycling is a common mode of transport in the Netherlands, with 36% of the people listing the bicycle as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day as opposed to the car (45%) and public transport (11%). Cycling has a modal share of 27% of all trips (urban and rural) nationwide.

This high modal share for bicycle travel is enabled by unusually flat topography, excellent cycling infrastructure such as cycle paths, cycle tracks, protected intersections, ample bicycle parking and by making cycling routes shorter, quicker and more direct than car routes.

United States
Concern over national public health and active transportation have inspired states and municipalities to rethink present traffic engineering. Following the viral popularity of a video created by video game developer Nick Falbo in February 2014, Dutch-style protected intersections began to gain interest with metropolitan planning organizations. By 2015, Davis, California, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Austin, Texas became the first three U.S. cities to feature protected intersections.

Understanding how to effectively reduce cycling accidents and injuries is in part limited by the lack of comprehensive studies regarding municipal infrastructures and the challenge of controlling for the wide range of risks involved with travel by cycle. Despite these statistical limitations, the risk of cycling accidents has been found to be lowest on segregated on-road bike lanes and routes. Higher risk was associated with cycling on multi-use non-segregated facilities with a lack of any designated cycling infrastructure (i.e. sidewalks, unmarked roads). Major arterial thoroughfares have also been shown to be more dangerous for cyclists than minor roads.

United Kingdom
Following increased pressure from The Times "Cities Fit For Cycling" campaign and from other media in 2012, warning signs are now displayed on the backs of many HGVs. These signs are directed against a common type of accident which occurs when the large vehicle turns left at a junction: a cyclist trying to pass on the nearside can be crushed against the HGV's wheels, especially if the driver cannot see the cyclist. The signs, such as the winning design of the InTANDEM road safety competition launched in March 2012, advocate extra care when passing a large vehicle on the nearside. This type of 'undertaking' has been promoted in UK with the Highway Code revisions in January 2022. The duty of care is now placed on the larger vehicle and they are required to stop and permit the cycle to undertake them (pass on their left) before they turn left. The aim is to reduce the type of 'left turn' tragedies such as happened to Marta Kraweic. However it remains to be seen if it is a positive move to enable undertaking of left turning vehicles rather than promote caution in holding back until the vehicle ahead completes its manoeuvre and in the knowledge of mirror blind spots existing.

United States
The Federal Highway Administration has developed various bicycle signage for motorists, which have evolved over recent years. Signs and signals designed exclusively for bicycles are occasionally used to denote multiple use paths and bicycle facilities.

Helmets
Helmet use varies from almost none in some regions to being mandatory for children to being mandatory for all cyclists. Helmets are required in most races. Helmets may help prevent head injuries, but laws that enforce helmet use have also been shown to discourage cycling.

Lights
Headlights and taillights may be mounted on the bicycle or worn by the cyclist. Bicycle lights can be powered by replaceable batteries, by internal rechargeable batteries, or powered by a hub, bottle or roller dynamo that produces electrical energy when driven by the rotation of the wheels.

Cycling lights are typically of lower power than those on motor vehicles, but well-designed lights are perfectly adequate for the lower speed of bicycles. The best bicycle headlights have beams shaped to efficiently light the road. These are also suitably conspicuous to other road users. In order to be effective, it is best for lights to be securely attached to the bicycle and properly aimed, not mounted on soft bags or loose clothing. In the US, state and local ordinances usually require this.

Audible signaling
Bells or other audible signaling devices are required equipment in many jurisdictions.

Time of day
Avoiding cycling at or around dusk is a way to reduce the number of serious bike accidents. The majority of fatal car-bike accidents occur between 6pm and 9pm, likely due to the low-light conditions and potential glare of sunset, combined with traffic still being heavier, especially on weekdays.

Density
A 2024 study found that among US cities with similar populations, those with denser urban cores and higher bicycling rates had lower overall fatality rates for automobiles and pedestrians.

United Kingdom
Primary safety education has advanced significantly through programmes such as Effective Cycling and the development of Britain's new National Standards for cycle training. In addition to technical improvements in brakes, tyres and bicycle construction generally (for example, it is now rare for a chain to snap and throw the rider when accelerating away from a stop) there are well-understood behavioural models which actively manage the risk posed by other road users.

Cycling experts such as the UK's John Franklin emphasise the importance of assertive cycling and good road positioning. Franklin advocates the use of road positions that will give cyclists a good view of the road, will make cyclists visible to other road-users, and will discourage risky behaviour by other road users; he often advocates the use of a centre-of-lane 'primary riding position' when negotiating hazards.

Dutch Reach
Various jurisdictions include recommending the Dutch Reach (so named because the practice started in the Netherlands) in driver education materials, to prevent hitting a cyclist with an opening door. For drivers and passengers exiting the left side of the vehicle, this involves opening the left-hand door with the right hand, forcing the person both to open the door more slowly and to turn so that bicycles approaching from behind the car are visible.

Florida
The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), known for its "Arrive Alive" campaign for motorists in the 1970s, has since expanded into active transportation programs such as their recent "Alert Today, Alive Tomorrow" and "Put it Down" (regarding cell phone use) campaigns for pedestrians and cyclists. Additionally, FDOT also supports statewide educational programs offering educational materials and bicycle rodeos, such as the Florida PedBike Resource Center, and the University of Miami BikeSafe Program.

Idaho
In April 2016, Idaho became the first U.S. state to add questions about bicycle and pedestrian safety to the state driver's license exam and educational materials. The revised exam includes a bank of 11 unique questions, of which a minimum of two are automatically generated within every 40-question DMV test.

Rural safety
Direct rear impacts with cyclists are more likely on arterial/rural roads, and are more likely to kill people on these roads. Data collated by the OECD indicates that rural locations account for 35% or more of cycling fatalities in Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Japan, the Netherlands, and Spain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bicycle safety


text:
Eva Figes

Eva Figes (15 April 1932 – 28 August 2012) was an English author and feminist. Figes wrote novels, literary criticism, studies of feminism, and vivid memoirs relating to her Berlin childhood and later experiences as a Jewish refugee from Hitler's Germany.

Early life and education
Born Eva Unger in Berlin in 1932 to an affluent, secular Jewish family, she arrived in Britain as a refugee in 1939 with her mother Irma Unger, and her younger brother, Ernst. During Kristallnacht in November 1938, her father Emil was arrested and sent to Dachau concentration camp. He was later released after his wife offered the Nazis a large bribe and managed to escape to England to join his family in London. At least three of Figes's grandparents on both sides of the family died in concentration camps. Towards the end of the World War II, Figes recalled in The Observer in 1979, "my mother gave me nine pence and sent me off to the local cinema ... I sat alone in the dark and watched the newsreel of Belsen". It gave her nightmares for many years.

She graduated with a B.A. with honours from Queen Mary College in London in 1953.

Career
She married John George Figes on 10 July 1954. The couple had two children: the writer Kate Figes (1957–2019), and the historian Orlando Figes. The marriage was dissolved by divorce in 1962. She met the German author Günter Grass in London and the two had a short romantic affair that turned into a lifelong friendship.

In the 1960s, she was associated with an informal group of experimental British writers influenced by Rayner Heppenstall that included Stefan Themerson, Ann Quin, Alan Burns, and its informal leader, B. S. Johnson. Unger worked in publishing until 1967, when she became a full-time writer.

Figes's best known work is Patriarchal Attitudes, a feminist polemic written in 1970, published one month before Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch. The book argued that nurture rather than nature has shaped all secondary sex characteristics and considered why prominent female figures of the nineteenth century were ambivalent or hostile towards the feminist movement.

Figes' novel, Light (1983), is an impressionistic portrait of a single day in the life of Claude Monet from sunrise to sunset.

Awards
Figes won the Guardian Fiction Prize for Winter Journey in 1967.

Legacy
Figes' archive was acquired by the British Library in 2009 consisting of 186 files of drafts and working papers relating to her literary works, as well as correspondence and personal papers.

Fiction

 * Equinox (1966)
 * Winter Journey (1967)
 * Konek Landing (1969)
 * B (1972)
 * Days (1974)
 * Nelly's Version (1977)
 * Waking (1981)
 * Light (1983)
 * The Seven Ages: A Novel (1986)
 * Ghosts (1988)
 * The Tree of Knowledge (1990)
 * The Tenancy (1993)
 * The Knot (1996)

Literary and social criticism

 * Patriarchal Attitudes: Women in Society (1970)
 * Tragedy and Social Evolution (1976)
 * Sex and Subterfuge: Women Writers to 1850 (1982)
 * Women's Letters in Wartime, 1450-1945 (1993)

Memoirs

 * Little Eden: A Child at War (1978)
 * Tales of Innocence and Experience: An Exploration (2004)
 * Journey to Nowhere (2008)

title: Eva Figes


text:
Category:Swansea City A.F.C.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Swansea City A.F.C.


title: File:Chicago18.jpg


text: User talk:69.17.188.82

title: User talk:69.17.188.82


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asian Pavillion Hotel

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Doc (?) 10:43, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Asian Pavillion Hotel
nn hotel not even a 5 star hotel Delete --JAranda | yeah 21:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone can demonstrate notability. Travel guides, etc., do not indicate anything special about this hotel. MCB 05:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not very relevant.Rhetoricalwater 05:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/God alone

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 23:43, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

God alone
This is a book, not an article  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   22:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Probaly a Copyvio From Somewhere --JAranda | yeah 22:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This seems to be a copy of a text entitled Quran - The True Sunnah of the Messenger by "brother Naveed" which soemone has posted at multiple net sites. I have tsgged it as a copyvio, but it may well be that the author has uploaded it. If so, it should go on wikisource if anywhere, but probably not there either. DES (talk) 22:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Let's Talk About Feelings

Let's Talk About Feelings is the fifth full-length album released by the punk rock band Lagwagon on November 24, 1998.

Singer Joey Cape has stated that it is his favorite Lagwagon album. NOFX's Punk in Drublic (1994) was a big influence on the album. "Gun In Your Hand" contains a sound clip from the 1994 film, Swimming With Sharks and the song "Leave The Light On" contains two sound clips: One from the 1990 film, Jacob's Ladder, and another from the 1995 film, Welcome To The Dollhouse.

The front cover, painted by Mark deSalvo, depicts a teenage girl stating in a comic book word balloon "Let's Talk about Feelings". The back cover is a painting of a group of teenage girls talking in a bedroom.

Reception
Let's Talk About Feelings would debut at 33 on the Billboard Heatseekers Chart, and was met with positive reviews.

The song "May 16" would become a fan favorite and was included in the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 soundtrack. In 2016 Noisey did an interview with singer and songwriter Joey Cape about the meaning of the song and how the date had the nickname, "Lagwagon Day". Speaking about the inspiration for the song:

"You know, it was me, hungover in an apartment with some girl I went home with from the bar the night before. There was an acoustic guitar in the corner. I heard this ruckus happening in a park adjacent to the apartment complex, and it was just a wedding happening on this Saturday, May 16. And my heart just broke; this wedding that I hadn’t been invited to for someone I was so close to for so many years of my life, where a misunderstanding caused a falling out between us from some time before. That story is very long and I don’t want to revisit it, but I kind of picked up the guitar and the first thing that came to mind was: “It’s just another Saturday,” but obviously I was in denial. The melody and the song came together; by the time my new friend got out of the shower or whatever, I had this terribly sad song."

Legacy
The album was reissued in 2011 with demos, outtakes, EP’s, and B-Sides.

In a 2008 review from Consequence of Sound it was noted that "Where as many bands lose sight of their roots when they try to expand their sound, Lagwagon knows how to use their innovation in all the right places, satisfying both indie purists and Warped Tour teenagers in the process. Going to the skatepark never sounded so good." On November 15, 2017, music and popular culture magazine Rolling Stone named Let's Talk About Feelings the 42nd greatest pop-punk album. Cleveland.com ranked "May 16" at number 48 on their list of the top 100 pop-punk songs.

title: Let's Talk About Feelings


text:
Gregers Birgersson

Gregers Birgersson (died January 15, 1276) Greger/Gregory/Gregorius was a Swedish knight, a major landowner and an illegitimate son of Birger Jarl of the House of Bjelbo (also known as the House of Folkung). He was born out of wedlock by an unknown woman. He was the grandson of Magnus Minnesköld and Ingrid Ylva.

The proof that Birger Jarl had an illegitimate son, "Gregory" (i.e., Gregers) is in the record of his death (1276) found by the Danish 1600-century historian Otto Sperling excerpts from the transcript are also confirmed by a charter March 27, 1272, issued by the "G quondam ducis Filius".

His death was recorded on January 15, 1276, he was buried in Minoriterna, a Franciscan monastery in Uppsala. Very little remains of the monastery, apparently it has been partially excavated and several graves were found.

He was a landowner in Baldastad in Närke and the Arnön in Uppland and he was married to an unknown woman who owned an estate in Södermanland.

He is regarded in history as the father of the clan called “Bjälboättens oäkta gren” (the illegitimate branch of the House of Bjelbo).

Children

 * 1) Knut Gregersson
 * 2) Jon Gregersson
 * 3) Magnus Gregersson
 * 4) Karl Gregersson
 * 5) NN Gregersdotter, married Filip Ingevaldsson (Örnsparre)
 * 6) NN Gregersdatter possibly the mother of Mats Kettilmundsson

title: Gregers Birgersson


text:
User:PenguinCDF

This is the user page of Chris FitzSimons (aka PenguinCDF), of Covington, Louisiana (born May 22, 1982). Most of what I do on here is update hurricane information throughout this site, an interest spurred by my recent experiences with Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita.

Articles created
Hurricane Gordon (1994)

title: User:PenguinCDF


text:
Talk:Wasatch Front

Population Figures
I have a problem with some of the population figures. Namely, Brigham City which has a population of roughly 16000 people, and the Ogden/Clearfield area, which seems to me to be much less than the 1/2 million shown. Please recheck these figures. Is the number for Brigham City the number for all of Box Elder County? Brigham City is pretty isolated from other population centers (I used to live there).Rcallen7 18:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I just updated the population figures to the 2006 estimates. To come up with the Wasatch Front figure, I added Cache, Weber, Davis, Salt Lake, and Utah Couties. I then added the city population of Brigham City (about 18,000). I used the US census bureau website to find these population counts (I put a link on the page). I added a few references to the first half of the article, but the rest still needs more. Aspen04 12:31 August 4, 2007

"Wasatch" pronunciation
Would someone please post the pronunciation of Wastach? Thank you. Rmisiak 22:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just like it's spelled: "WAH-satch" "Wa" like "wa"-ter, "satch" like "satch"-el. — [[User:JonMoore|—Jo nMo ore  20:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)]] 00:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Saying that "wa" is pronounced like the first syllable of "water" doesn't help, since there are two (three, if you count the Philadelphia area) major different pronunciations of that syllable in US English alone. Maybe saying it's pronounced like "wah" would work, since that'd likely be pronounced the same throughout much of the English-speaking world. In any event, "Wasatch" is pronounced [wɑ.sætʃ], with stress on the first syllable. DBowie 17:55, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Northern and southern boundaries
I have removed the image to the right from the article. I think that it is missing a good portion of the Ogden-Clearfield metro area, and perhaps other areas in the other two metros that I'm not as familiar with. I would like to thank the user who created and uploaded this image, but I'd request that they provide the source they used when deciding where to place the green line. On a related note, we should come to a consensus as to what should be used as the northern and southern boundries for the Wasatch Front. As a local to the area, I have always thought of the areas as going from the Weber-Box Elder County line on the north and to the break in heavy population to the south of the Provo-Orem area, but this is just one man's opinion. Does anyone have, or is there even, a "source" for what is considered to boundaries? This is a great article, but we either need to find some sources (see WP:CITE), or change the wording to reflect that this article is based on "common" knowledge.—A 08:06, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I live here too, and I've never heard the Box Elder/Weber County line defined as the northern edge. I've always heard Brigham City at the north, and either Spanish Fork or Santaquin for the southern end. I don't think there's any "offical definition", just a common definition. bob rulz 20:09, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would have no argument with Brigham City being what we use for the northern end, as I have seen that used many places. The text of this article used to use the boundries that you mentioned, but they were removed some time ago. Would anyone have a problem of this information being added back or should we find something more "official" to use as a definition? —A 03:24, 17 March 2006 (UTC)Rcallen7 18:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Removing the misleading image again from this article, the boundaries are wrong. No information is better then bad information. Also removing the image from my post above. No one came forth to fix the image before so I don't think anyone will now. Keeping it on this talk page just encourages other people to say "Ooo pretty picture, I'll put that in the article." —A 07:00, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that Ogden is NOT the southern end, but rather Santaquin. If a megalopolis is "a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on" (Megalopolis) then Santaquin or even Rocky Ridge forms part of that continuum. By the same token, Logan is excluded because it is in a separate geographic basin that is separated from the cities of the Wasatch Front by a chain of mountains. Google maps shows the continuum of cities in gray. Carpenter, Kenneth (talk) 16:19, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Do we have an actual source anywhere for the boundaries? I grew up in the area and my gut feeling would have been Pleasant View to Spanish Fork. Maybe Brigham City to Santaquin if you wanted to be a little more generous. But absolutely not Logan. Cache Valley and Wasatch Front are two distinct regions in the minds of the locals. A simpler definition might be simply the four counties of Weber, Davis, Salt Lake, and Utah. Highway 89 (talk) 05:59, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

Mislabeled map
The map captioned with "Utah's population density, featuring the long Wasatch Front" isn't a population density map, it's a map showing the populations of Utah's municipalities, without regard to area. I would have just changed the caption, but the name of the image is Utah_Municipality_Population_Density.png, and I'd like to fix the misleading file name, as well, but haven't been at this long enough to know for sure how to do that. (Also, there's a pointer to it from the Talk:Utah page, too, and I don't know if renaming the image would break that link.) DBowie 18:04, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Somebody changed the caption of the map from population to population density (so I reverted the change). Once again, despite the legend on the map itself, this appears to be a map showing municipal populations, not population densities. I don't know how to fix the map--I don't have much experience with images, and the file name itself is problematic. Anybody out there know what to do with this? Alternatively, if someone wants to do a population density map that really does show population density, I think that would be a better map to include here. DBowie (talk) 16:05, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Origin and definition of "Wasatch"
This article doesn't mention where the word "Wasatch" came from. The Wasatch County article says that the county "was named for a Lite Indian word meaning mountain pass or low place in the high mountains." I assume that "Lite" is a typo there, and that it should be "Ute". Additionally, the Wasatch Range article says, "The name Wasatch is derived from an eponymous Native American tribe in the region." Neither article cites any sources. If anybody can locate an authoritative definition and origin of this word, it should be cited in this article and in the other "wasatch" articles.

Justin 03:18, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Bulky Head Section
The head section (the section before the table of contents)seems to be a bit bulky. I think perhaps that some of the information from this section should be placed within the main section of the article, as the head seems to contain more information than the main section. I also think that the information in this article as a whole could be bulked up. - Robert Skyhawk (Talk) 04:33, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, this article needs some significant cleanup and reorganization. bob rulz 04:25, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
I've gone ahead and done some cleanup. In addition to a bunch of other stuff, I got rid of the section that was just quoting population figures, since I couldn't tell what the source was for those figures (assuming census but I don't have time to verify them myself) and the numbers were given in a jumbled mess. Here's what I deleted, in case someone wants to verify these numbers, format them nicely, and re-insert them. alanyst /talk/ 08:08, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Population

(according to statistics from Dec. 2006)

Wasatch Front 2,550,092

Salt Lake Valley Metro 1,067,722

Utah Valley (Provo) 474,180

Davis-Weber (Ogden-Clearfield ) 497,640

Salt Lake City	178,858 West Valley City	119,841 Provo		113,984 West Jordan	94,309 Sandy		94,203 Orem		90,857 Ogden		78,086 Layton		62,716 Taylorsville	58,048 Murray		44,844 South Jordan	44,009 Bountiful	41,161 Draper		36,873 Lehi		36,021 Kearns		36,000 Riverton	35,543 Roy		35,100 Cottonwood Heights	34,954 Millcreek	31,000 Pleasant Grove	30,729 Spanish Fork	27,717 Midvale		27,249 Clearfield	27,241 Springville	25,998 American Fork	25,596 Holladay	25,308 Magna	25,000 Kaysville	23,563 East Millcreek	21,500 South Salt Lake	21,354 Syracuse	19,534 Cottonwood West	19,500 Clinton		18,811 Brigham City	18,463 North Ogden	16,798 Payson		16,748 Farmington	15,540 South Ogden	15,328 Centerville	15,075

 * That is excellent! Thank you very much for your dedicated edit. - Robert Skyhawk (Talk) 18:51, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wasatch Front


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rawr

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Transwiki Wikibofh 23:55, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Rawr
Was tagged as a speedy, but IMO does not qualify. A neologism, and not much more than a dictdef, but has some information about origin. A fair number of google hits, but I am not at all sure how many are about this word in this usage, nor how notable this is. Bringing this here for discussion. Abstain pending further comments. DES (talk) 22:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not urban dictionary.  Friday (talk) 22:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Crypticfirefly 05:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary - neologism. Bobstay 07:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rawr


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Four Letter Lie

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Doc (?) 10:42, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Four Letter Lie
NN band. vanity page --202.156.6.62 22:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per WP:MUSIC. Are unsigned and their tour was insufficient to meet the criteria. Mallocks 22:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Destroyer Duck

Destroyer Duck was an anthology comic book published by Eclipse Comics in 1982, as well as the title of its primary story, written by Steve Gerber and featuring artwork by Jack Kirby and Alfredo Alcala.

The book was published as a way to help Gerber raise funds for a lawsuit he was embroiled in at the time, in which he was battling industry giant Marvel Comics over the ownership of the character Howard the Duck, which Gerber created for the company in 1973.

Overview
The main story of the comic told of Louis "Duke" Duck, a resident of a typical anthropomorphic comic-book world, who had witnessed his best friend, identified only as "The Little Guy" or "TLG", vanish into thin air before his eyes. Some years later, TLG reappeared only to die at Duke's feet—but not before telling the tale of how he was exploited and destroyed by a thoughtless conglomeration, "Godcorp." Swearing revenge, Duke vowed to take down Godcorp no matter what the cost.

Subsequent Destroyer Duck tales would reveal that the Little Guy who died at Duke's feet was in fact a clone, and the original was still held captive by Godcorp; eventually, Gerber (by that point on better terms with Marvel, the lawsuit having long since been settled) revealed that The Little Guy's real name was actually "Leonard" - a new duck character that, for all intents and purposes, was identical in every way (except in name and character ownership) to Howard.

The stories introduced sentient scented dolls and Wobblina Strangelegs, who nearly got her own one-shot. After five issues, Gerber gave up writing the title, but remained its editor. Buzz Dixon wrote the last two issues, about a STD-infected parody of Gilligan’s Island. Frank Miller drew the cover of the final issue. The seven issues of the comic were published very sporadically.

Issue #1 of the original Destroyer Duck series, labeled the "Special Lawsuit Benefit Edition", is notable for containing the first appearance of Sergio Aragonés’s Groo the Wanderer and also featuring additional stories by Mark Evanier, Dan Spiegle, Shary Flenniken, Martin Pasko, and Joe Staton. The rest of the series contained the back-up feature The Starling, written by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel, with art by Val Mayerik.

In 1994, while Gerber was working at Image for Top Cow Studio on Codename: Strykeforce, Gerber planned for issue #14 to include Destroyer Duck. At the last minute, Marc Silvestri declined, forcing Gerber and his editor, David Wohl, to revise the story. Destroyer Duck does not appear as such in the story, but Gerber introduces Specimen Q, a mysterious character imprisoned in his armor who is Destroyer Duck, as readers will learn in the Savage Dragon/Destroyer Duck one-shot in 1996.

title: Destroyer Duck


text:
Jack Lesberg

Jack Lesberg (February 14, 1920 – September 17, 2005) was an American jazz double-bassist.

Lesberg performed with many famous jazz musicians, including Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines, Jack Teagarden, Sarah Vaughan and Benny Goodman, with whom he went on several international tours. He also performed in the New York City Symphony under Leonard Bernstein in the 1940s.

A native of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, Lesberg had the misfortune of playing in that city's Cocoanut Grove on the night in 1942 when 492 people lost their lives in a fire. His escape was memorialized by fellow bassist Charles Mingus in an unpublished section of Mingus's autobiography Beneath the Underdog; this passage was read by rapper Chuck D. on the Mingus tribute album, Weird Nightmare.

Lesberg continued to tour in the 1980s and was interviewed for KCEA radio in 1984, following a performance in Menlo Park, California. During the taped interview he spoke of the many bands and performers he worked with and expressed his feelings that he felt blessed to be a musician.

He died of Alzheimer's in Englewood at the age of 85.

Discography

 * As co-leader
 * We've Got Rhythm/Live at Hanratty's (Chaz Jazz, 1981)
 * No Amps Allowed (Chiaroscuro)

With George Barnes With Ruth Brown With Urbie Green With Johnny Hodges With Eddie Condon With Ralph Sutton & Ruby Braff
 * As sideman
 * Dixieland Jazz (Waldorf, 1957)
 * Tribute to Louis Armstrong (Jugoton, 1985)
 * Tribute to Louis Armstrong Vol. 2 (Jugoton, 1989)
 * The Music of Lil Hardin Armstrong (Chiaroscuro, 1988)
 * Guitar in Velvet (Grand Award, 1957)
 * Country Jazz (Colortone, 1957)
 * Movin' Easy (Mercury, 1959)
 * Guitar Galaxies (Mercury, 1960)
 * Guitars Galore (Mercury, 1961)
 * Ruth Brown (Atlantic, 1957)
 * All About Urbie Green and His Big Band (ABC-Paramount, 1956)
 * With Coleman Hawkins
 * The Hawk in Hi Fi (RCA Victor, 1956)
 * Blue Rabbit (Verve, 1964)
 * With the Henri René Orchestra
 * RCA Victor Presents Eartha Kitt (RCA, 1953)
 * That Bad Eartha (EP) (RCA, 1954)
 * Down To Eartha (RCA, 1955)
 * That Bad Eartha (LP) (RCA, 1956)
 * Thursday's Child (RCA, 1957)
 * In Japan (Chiaroscuro, 1964)
 * R & R (Chiaroscuro, 1994)

title: Jack Lesberg


text:
Bob Gregory (comics)

Robert P. Gregory (October 20, 1921 – December 5, 2003) was an American comics artist and writer best known for writing and drawing hundreds of Gold Key comics starring the Disney comics character Donald Duck.

Biography
Bob Gregory attended the Otis Art Institute and fought in World War II before working as a technical illustrator for an aircraft manufacturer. He began submitting art sketches to Western Publishing, for which he began freelancing on a steady basis in 1958 — first as a writer, then as a writer-artist both writer and artist — on many of Western's talking animal comics, including the Donald Duck comics produced under license by Dell and Western's Gold Key Comics.

Gregory produced hundreds of Disney comics stories for many publications, including Donald Duck, Daisy Duck's Diary, Junior Woodchucks, Uncle Scrooge, Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, Walt Disney's Christmas Parade, and Brazil's Zé Carioca.

He introduced the Billionaires Club of Duckburg, where Scrooge McDuck is a member, in the story The Christmas Cha Cha (Dell Giant #26, Nov 1959), written by Gregory and illustrated by Carl Barks. He started doing Aristocats stories in the 1970s, when he also penciled most issues of Daisy and Donald, co-starring Daisy Duck.

His World War II memoirs, Letters from the South Pacific, was published in 1996.

The official cause of death was listed as pneumonia.

Gregory's daughter, Roberta Gregory, is also a cartoonist, best known for her character Bitchy Bitch.

title: Bob Gregory (comics)


text:
François de La Rochefoucauld

François de La Rochefoucauld may refer to:

 * François III de La Rochefoucauld (1521–1572), French courtier and soldier
 * François de La Rochefoucauld (cardinal) (1558–1645), French cardinal of the Catholic Church
 * François de La Rochefoucauld (writer) (1613–1680), French author
 * François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre (1672–1739), Field Marshal of the British Army
 * François Alexandre Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld, 7th Duke of La Rochefoucauld (1747–1827), French social reformer
 * François de La Rochefoucauld, 8th Duke of La Rochefoucauld (1765–1848)

title: François de La Rochefoucauld


text: Category:Military equipment of Japan

title: Category:Military equipment of Japan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Natural skin care

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. -Doc (?) 10:40, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Natural skin care
Not particularly encyclopedic. Maybe merge with skin? jengod 22:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like an odd article, but still with useful info and can be expanded so keep. feydey 22:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the unsalvageable rant. Particularly grating is use of the word "natural" without proper definition and the failure to give any background into peoples' motivation why people might use "natural" products. Pilatus 23:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per User:Feydey Justin Bacon 01:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Pilatus. -- Kjkolb 04:16, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:Civil unrest in the Maldives (2005).jpg

2005 Maldives civil unrest


text:
Category:Torquay United F.C.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Torquay United F.C.


text:
Template talk:No rights reserved

License cat
Shouldn't there be a license category added to this template just like most other license templates have ? --Denniss 22:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That seems reasonable enough to me, so I added one - Category:Free use images is, I believe, the correct one. If there's a good reason not to have this, someone can always revert it. Mike1024 (talk/contribs) 15:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Description text
If no rights are reserved, then it isn't really copyrighted is it? Isn't this the same as releasing it into the public domain? --Pmsyyz 08:51, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Exactly! The trouble is it seems that as the law currently works a copyright holder can't actually explicitly do that.  All you can do is say "I hold the copyright but I don't mind what you do with it", which is what this is.  It only becomes proper Public Domain 70 years after your death (well, probably a lot longer in the case of most people here, since that number keeps inching up for Mouse-related reasons) or if you produced it in the process of working for various government agencies whose products are automatically PD. See Granting_work_into_the_public_domain. Bth 17:09, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

I would think that in some cases there is a difference, for example in some countries you might only be able to claim authorship if it is copyrighted, even if you give up all other rights. Although in the UK at least, the moral right to assert authorship is separate from copyright. Unless we have an offical legal opinion from the Foundation that giving up all rights to a work is legally the same as putting it in the public domain, I think we still have to use this to avoid potential snafus. (As ever, IANAL.) Hairy Dude 16:45, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Difference compared to CopyrightedFreeUse
Is there a difference at all, apart from No_rights_reserved trying harder to explain what it means? —Bromskloss 15:09, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

This is mine, you can have it
I'd like to say that this template really expresses a nice attitude. It starts out forcefully, stating, in boldface, that the work is someones property, it's copyrighted… ''This is mine, I have all rights to it, and I have the right to decide any conditions of use of it in any way it pleases me. I decide that you may do anything you want with it, use it precisely as you see fit, and there is nothing whatsoever you can do about it!'' Amusing. :-) —Bromskloss 15:29, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Uncopyrighted sign
Could there be an uncopyrighted symbol along with the green symbol or omit the green symbol since the category would be for stuff in the public domain? Pronoun 14:02, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Normally, a green symbol means the work is copyrighted, but is free to use for any purpose. Peter O. (Talk) 17:20, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * We do have tags specifically for public domain. —Bromskloss 08:10, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Copyrighted, but no rights reserved?
This is a contradictionary. I don't like this license tag. If it is copyrighted, then it is not suitable for wikipedia, unless under the term of fair use. This template is prone to be abused. — Indon ( reply ) — 16:03, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * To begin with, copyrighted material can be perfectly fine on Wikipedia. Most material is copyrighted, because as soon as you create something, it's copyrighted! Actually, copyright is a necessity to be able to use a license (such as GFDL), because if it werent for the copyright, no one would be forced to comply with the license you (the creator) specify. The reason for saying "this is copyrighted, but you can use it anyway you like" I think is because it might not be legally possible to give up copyright. Using this tag, I guess, achieves the same effect. —Bromskloss 17:03, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge with PD-release
Legally, there is no difference between this license template and Template:PD-release. Both renounce all rights to the work. Whether it is called "public domain" or "copyrighted" makes no difference. If all rights are renounced, the licensing status is legally equivalent no matter what jurisdiction you're talking about. Whether or not it is actually possible to renouce all rights is immaterial. We don't need one template for people who believe it is possible and another template for people who don't. That only servers to confuse people, as evidenced by the hundreds of images that now using both templates, which is a waste of bandwidth and processing power. This template should be merged with Template:PD-release. Kaldari 17:25, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

In case there is confusion, "public domain" is not a magical legal term. It simply means works for which no rights are reserved, which is exactly what this template describes. Kaldari 17:37, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actualy that's not a bad idea. It's hardly a magic bullet, there are plenty of people who think that anything that is accessable by the public is in the public domain or take the notion of self-created works a bit too far and "release" the the screenshots they just created into the public domain and such, but still... Might deter some of the people who keep using this to tag stuff that where they have gotten some kind of limited permission to use an image for something.
 * Might be better to discuss this at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags or some such "central" place though... --Sherool (talk) 17:51, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Kaldari 05:02, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I have moved this discussion to Wikipedia_talk:Image_copyright_tags. Please continue the discussion there. Kaldari 05:22, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:No rights reserved


text:
William Kingston Vickery

William Kingston Vickery (16 March 1851 – 25 March 1925) was an Irish-American picture dealer who founded the San Francisco interior design firm and art gallery of Vickery, Atkins & Torrey. His art exhibitions are credited with bringing French Impressionism to the attention of Californians.

Early life
William was born 16 March 1851, Ballydehob, County Cork, Ireland to Paul and Mary Anne Levis Vickery. Paul Vickery died young and Mary Anne supported the family by successfully running the family store in Skibbereen. Paul and Mary Anne had ten children:
 * Samuel emigrated to Australia
 * Minnie (Waters) stayed in County Cork
 * Sarah Ellen (Burrowes) also emigrated to Australia, married Robert Burrowes,M.L.A. Bendigo
 * Elizabeth (Hadden) moved to Piedmont, California next door to the William Vickerys
 * Frances (Keppel) emigrated to New York with her husband Fred Keppel
 * Avesia died at 17
 * Georgiana (Atkins) married Henry Atkins. Their son, also named Henry Atkins, became a partner in Vickery, Atkins & Torrey.  Henry Atkins (the son) eventually moved to Piedmont just down the street from William and Elizabeth
 * George stayed in Southern Ireland
 * John moved to London (his son Philip was knighted)
 * William moved to California, ending up in Piedmont, on Kingston Avenue.

William went to school in Skibbereen and subsequently to the Blue Coat School (known more formally as The King's Hospital) in Dublin. When he finished school he went to work for a Dublin bank. The bank sent him to the West Indies to check on various accounts. While there, he made a trip to northern South America. He went by dugout canoe up the Essequibo River. Later, a San Francisco newspaper referred to him as "the adventuresome Mr. Vickery".

When he came down with tuberculosis, the family sent him to California to get well (or die). He travelled by way of New York where his brother-in-law Fred Keppel had a well-known art store. Fred Keppel dealt primarily in etchings as he was color blind. He gave William a consignment of etchings to sell, if he could, in San Francisco. William did not take the recently completed transcontinental railroad, but went by ship to Nicaragua, portaged across to the Pacific, and continued by ship to San Francisco. In 1880, he was living in San Rafael, Marin County, where he was able to follow doctor's orders to lead an outdoor life of activities such as horseback riding. It worked. He got well.

Family
After establishing himself in California and regaining his health, William wrote to his sweetheart, Sarah Keppel (1852–1917), in Ireland, "come marry me". She did. They had 3 children:
 * Frederick Paul Vickery (1879–1965) Professor of Geology at U.C.L.A. and Sacramento State and later Director of the Crocker Art Gallery, Sacramento, and the San Francisco Art Center at Montalvo, Saratoga.
 * Ruth Vickery Moser (1884–1936) housewife active in civic affairs in Cupertino California.
 * Robert Kingston Vickery (1890–1971) entomologist and builder in Berkeley. He married Ruth Bacon (1893–1983), a niece of Lucy Bacon, an early California impressionist painter who had studied under Pizarro in France.

Vickery, Atkins & Torrey
William began his art business by opening a little kiosk against the wall of the Palace Hotel on Market Street in San Francisco. As the business became established and grew, his nephew Henry Atkins joined in 1888 and Frederic Cheever Torrey (1864–1935) in 1891 or so. In 1900 the company became Vickery, Atkins & Torrey.

In March 1891, and again in 1893 and 1895, William Vickery supervised a series of loan exhibitions that introduced Impressionism to California. These exhibitions included paintings by Monet, Eugene Boudin, Camille Pissarro, Pierre Renoir, and Edgar Degas.

Vickery, Atkins & Torrey survived both the Panic of 1893 and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, due in part to the resourcefulness of William Vickery.

In the Panic of 1893, people were just not buying fine art for Christmas presents. Vickery suggested to his customers, "why not remember them with a lovely Christmas card?" He got his Haddan nieces (who lived next door) to mount up as Christmas cards a large collection of post cards from the Museo San Marco of Florence, Italy. The cards were of Fra Angelico angels in gorgeous color. These were the first Christmas cards in San Francisco.

When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire hit, the store was at 236 Post Street. His youngest son, Robert, recounted rushing (by ferry boat) with his father to San Francisco and the store. Had a pair of very valuable Chinese porcelain jars on the mantel survived? Yes, they had fallen off the mantel and rolled under a couch unharmed. General Funston of the Presidio sent a wagon to help save the store's treasures. While the store survived the earthquake, it was dynamited to help stop the great fire. The store relocated temporarily to 1744 California Street. The new store was at 550 Sutter Street. It had a charming courtyard, fountain, and wrought iron gate. It still stands.

William Vickery retired from the business in 1912.

Retirement
After retiring from the business in 1912, William and Sarah moved from their home on Kingston Avenue in Piedmont, California to Saratoga, California. They had bought 10 acres in the foothills of the Santa Clara Valley from an Edinburgh, Scotland land company that had purchased the area from the original Mexican land grantees. They lived in a comfortable house with a sweeping view of the valley built for them by their son Robert.

William died in Saratoga on 25 March 1925.

title: William Kingston Vickery


text:
User:KrJDub05

Personal Details
Name: Jonny Wright

Age: 22

Occupation: Student

Home: Manchester

Involved in: Oxford Union, Oxford University Liberal Democrats, Trinity College JCR.

Website: Hug A Hoodie - http://hugahoodie.blogspot.com/

Study Details
Trinity College, Oxford. Modern Languages (4 years): French and German.

French
Paper VII: Jean Racine, Molière, Pierre Corneille, Jean de la Bruyère, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Paper X: Michel de Montaigne, Denis Diderot.

German
Paper VIII: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Heinrich Heine, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Alfred Döblin.

Paper IX: Der Stricker, Das Nibelungenlied, Parzival, Frauenlieder des Mittalalters.

Paper X: Bertolt Brecht, Franz Kafka.

title: User:KrJDub05


text:
Qawra Tower

Qawra Tower (Torri tal-Qawra), also known as Qawra Point Tower (Torri ta' Ras il-Qawra) or Fra Ben Tower (Torri ta' Fra Ben), is a small watchtower in Qawra, limits of St. Paul's Bay, Malta. It was completed in 1638 as the fourth of the Lascaris towers. An artillery battery was built around the tower in 1715. Today, the tower and battery are a restaurant.

History
Qawra Tower was built in 1638 near the tip of Qawra Point, commanding the entrance to St. Paul's Bay to the west and Salina Bay to the east. It was built on or near the site of a medieval watch post. Since 1659, it has Għallis Tower in its line of sight. This linked Qawra Tower with the De Redin towers that allowed communication from Gozo to Valletta.

The tower's design is similar to the other Lascaris towers, with two floors each having a single room. Access to the upper floor was originally by a wooden ladder or scala di corda.

In 1715, a semi-circular gun battery was built around the seaward side of the tower. The battery had a low parapet, with guns being mounted en barbette. There were two blockhouses, which were linked by a V-shaped redan containing the main gate. Both the blockhouses and the redan were pierced with musketry loopholes.

An entrenchment wall was built close to the tower and battery in the 1760s, and parts of it can still be seen.

The tower was included on the Antiquities List of 1925.

Before World War II, the battery was fitted with two concrete gun emplacements. A pillbox was also built nearby.

Present day

Today, the tower is a restaurant, while the heavily altered battery serves as a swimming pool. The tower is slightly dilapidated, having been plastered with cement at some time, which is now flaking away, and has had water tanks and rough additional brickwork added to its roof.

title: Qawra Tower


text:
Category:Tranmere Rovers F.C.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Tranmere Rovers F.C.


text: Category:Ships of Japan

title: Category:Ships of Japan


text:
User:Ninly

{| style="width: 100%; border-right: 2px solid #d0d0ff; border-left: 1px solid #d0d0ff; border-bottom: 2px solid #d0d0ff; background-color:#FFFFfa; vertical-align: top;"

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 * style="vertical-align: top; padding: 0.6em;"|

Welcome
Hi, I'm Ninly [], a/k/a Jason.
 * My contributions
 * References

What I'm doing here
Most of my contributions run along editorial lines—copyediting and cleanup of spelling, punctuation, grammar, usage, and tone. I write, too, but mostly elsewhere.

Often I just fix whatever I feel could use improvement while using the encyclopedia for reference, but my contributions intermittently tend toward specific areas of interest. These include music theory and history; Christian theology; Buddhist philosophy, practice, history, and art; topics in religion more generally; the defense industry; computers and computer programming; and various technical and scientific fields. I've also helped to reorganize and improve articles pertinent to amateur radio.

Feel free to point me in the right direction if there's something I'm missing or don't seem to know about. Thanks!

Selected reading

 * OASIS (organization)
 * Long-term potentiation
 * Knot
 * Madhyamaka
 * IP over Avian Carriers
 * Figure of the Earth

Articles I have begun or rewritten

 * Barthélémy Rosso (from fr.wikipedia.org)
 * Steph Geremia (translated from de.wikipedia.org)
 * Sonia M'barek (translated from fr.wikipedia.org)
 * Human Markup Language
 * Sentient beings (Buddhism)
 * 13-centimeter band
 * The Tampere Convention
 * 20-meter band
 * GAREC
 * Part 97
 * Sporadic E propagation

...and some nonarticles

 * MCoG UBX
 * Ryno-baseball UBX

Other significant contributions

 * PSK31
 * 1.25-meter band and several other articles pertaining to amateur radio frequency allocations
 * Historically informed performance
 * Ryne Sandberg

Userboxes

 * style="vertical-align: top; padding: 0.6em;"|

 * style="vertical-align: bottom; padding: 0.6em;"|
 * }

title: User:Ninly


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User:SirGrok

A good photographic representation of my life is available here.

SirGrok is also known as Jeff Wagner, a supple, young boy from Memphis, TN, USA. He is currently attending The University of Memphis in Memphis, TN where he is a freshman. He is seriously considering adding himself to the "Notable Alumni" section of the school's article.

Future Aspirations
Since his youth, Jeff has dreamt of becoming something more than ordinary. To reach this goal, he did whatever he deemed necessary. This involves perusing large amounts of Slack. After waking up to the harsh reality of the world, Jeff, while still in high-school decided to moderate his slack in order to pass his classes, nothing more and nothing less. This philosophy has not made the transition to college, where Jeff's dream of becoming a non-ordinary will be put into focus. Future aspirations include working on global problems such as hunger and suffering. This goal will be reached only through hard labors.

Passions
Passions include Linux, History (in particular, World History), Philosophy, Neuroscience, LSD, Science, Music, Reading, and Religion (to understand his religious positions, see the section below). He remains informed of current events primarily by Google News and has opinions that the mainstream populace would define as Hard Left / Anarchistic. He however denies any labeling out of his distaste for Group Think. It is his belief that not one doctrine or philosophy should be allowed to describe the inner workings of a creature as complex as human. He loves photography and shoots as often as time allows him to do so..

Religious Beliefs
I, I mean, "he" loves "Bob" (Church of the SubGenius) and is a pope of Discordianism. (He is a "Unitarian", but that doesn't really mean anything. He follows the teachings of The Invisible Pink Unicorn mixed with a strange concotion of Existentialism, Sikh beliefs, Tyler Durden, and multiple other sources. This amalgamation of beliefs is what Jeff refers to as [[-ism|Jeffism

Current University Courses
Philosophy 1111 - Intro to Logic Philosophy 1102 - Morality in the Modern World Sociology 1111 - Intro to Sociology Communications 1851 - Intro to Film

That is all.

If bored, Check out: Joshua A. Norton Peter Singer Noam Chomsky Sikhism Jean-Paul Sartre Operation PBSUCCESS Thich Quang Duc Thor Heyerdahl Howard Zinn List of religions Linux Aurangzeb Deng Xiaoping

(Rather than do his school work, he has dedicated his life to reading Wikipedia articles and editing Uncyclopedia articles.)

I think the process of making your own Wikipedia article is very narcissistic and egotistical. Not egotistical in an objectivist way, but in the general, "Oh! Look at me!" sort of fashion.

title: User:SirGrok


text: User talk:68.71.229.205

title: User talk:68.71.229.205


text: User talk:83.151.226.231

title: User talk:83.151.226.231


text:
Category:Aircraft carriers of Japan

 * See also Submarine aircraft carriers of Japan

title: Category:Aircraft carriers of Japan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3 Inch Giants

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 19:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

3 Inch Giants
Likely fails WP:MUSIC Delete --JAranda | yeah 22:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete band vanity, nn, fails WP:MUSIC. Mallocks 22:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I could not find an allmusic entry. --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 23:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bridget Marquardt

Bridget Marquardt is an American television personality known for her role in the reality TV series The Girls Next Door, which depicted her life as one of Playboy founder Hugh Hefner's girlfriends. Although not a Playboy Playmate, Marquardt has appeared in nude pictorials with her Girls Next Door co-stars and fellow Hefner girlfriends Holly Madison and Kendra Wilkinson.

Early life
Marquardt was born in Tillamook, Oregon. Shortly after her birth, Bridget's mother moved the family back to California, where she was raised. Her parents divorced when Bridget was in the fifth grade. Her mother remarried, and Marquardt and her younger brother Edward moved to their stepfather's ranch, where they later gained a half-sister, Anastasia. Bridget attended Galt High School for her freshman and sophomore years and then transferred to Lodi High School, from which she graduated in 1990.

Marquardt graduated from San Joaquin Delta College with an associate degree. She matriculated at California State University, Sacramento and graduated in 1998 with a B.A. in communications and an emphasis in public relations. In 2001, she earned her Master's Degree in Communications from the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California.

Career
On the advice of friends who suggested she pose for Playboy magazine, Marquardt sent a letter to Playboy, inquiring how to become a Playmate, before enrolling at San Joaquin Delta College. In 1998, aged 25, she entered Playboy's Millennium Playmate search. In 2001, Marquardt moved to Los Angeles, California and did local modeling jobs and small acting roles. After unsuccessfully testing twice for Playboy, she was invited to the Playboy Mansion and soon became a regular there. In October 2002, after more than a year of visiting the Mansion, she was invited to move in and become one of Hefner's girlfriends.

Marquardt is featured on the E! TV show The Girls Next Door, and has appeared with Holly Madison and Kendra Wilkinson in three cover pictorials in Playboy magazine, the November 2005, September 2006 and March 2008 issues. She has appeared in several films, including the horror/comedy Kottentail in which she portrays a scientist doing genetic research on rabbits. She appeared in an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm as herself along with Madison and Hefner in 2005. She also appeared as herself along with Madison, Wilkinson and Hefner in the Entourage episode "Aquamansion". The episode's final act took place at the Playboy Mansion. She appeared in The House Bunny with her fellow models and Hefner alongside Anna Faris.

Marquardt appeared in a 2002 episode of The Man Show and as one of Hefner's playmates in the video game Playboy: The Mansion, which was released in January 2005, as well as in an episode of Celebrity Paranormal Project which aired on November 19, 2006. She took an online paranormal course because of her interest in paranormal activity. On June 1, 2007, she started her Bridget & Wednesday Friday Show on Sirius Radio's Playboy station. In August of that year, she, Madison and Wilkinson appeared in the music video for the Nickelback song "Rockstar". Later that October, Marquardt appeared as a contestant on the Fox Reality cable show The Search for the Next Elvira. She was one of the final six out of 20 contestants.

In 2008, Marquardt appeared on an episode of NBC's Last Comic Standing along with Wilkinson and Madison, in an episode in which the trio were told funny "bedtime stories" by the competing comics. Marquardt and the rest of the Girls Next Door appeared in a July 1, 2008 episode of NBC's Celebrity Family Feud.

February 2009 was Marquardt's final appearance in Playboy, in a nude photo spread shot with Madison and Wilkinson that was touted as a farewell to The Girls Next Door. After leaving Playboy, she hosted Bridget's Sexiest Beaches, a TV series on Travel Channel, which debuted on March 12, 2009, but ended after one season.

In 2012, she worked as a contributor to Yahoo's Animal Nation series, writing articles and shooting related short documentary pieces.

Marquardt hosts the paranormal investigation podcast Ghost Magnet with Bridget Marquardt and, with Holly Madison, Girls Next Level.

Personal life
In the September 17, 2007 issue of Star magazine, Marquardt stated that she was married but separated and had been living in the Playboy mansion since October 2002. According to the interview, her husband supported her move to Los Angeles, that they remained friends, and that they were in the process of divorcing.

In 2008, Bridget told E! News, "I married my best friend when I was 23, but when I realized I wanted to move to LA to follow my dreams, we separated and eventually divorced." In a December 2008 interview, Marquardt stated that she was single, and in early January 2009, it was reported that Marquardt had moved out of the Playboy Mansion to "become her own person."

In late 2008, Marquardt began dating director Nicholas Carpenter, son of original Mercury astronaut Scott Carpenter. They started living together in a house Marquardt purchased in Sherman Oaks. The pair became engaged in the fall of 2015. As seen on various episodes of The Girls Next Door, Marquardt had a Pekingese dog named Wednesday, or "Winnie", and a black Persian cat named Gizmo. Gizmo died in June 2015. Winnie died in September 2020.

title: Bridget Marquardt


text:
Hansa (company)

Hansa-Automobil Gesellschaft m.b.H was a German car brand established in 1905, which in 1914 was merged with Norddeutsche Automobil und Motoren AG (NAMAG) into Hansa-Lloyd-Werke A.G.. From 1929 to 1931 it was taken over by the Borgward group. Hansa was based in the Bremen suburb of Hastedt.

Founding
The first cars were licence-built Kriéger electric vehicles, beginning in 1905. Petrol-engined models followed in 1908 with 3685 cc engines, but few were made. Belgian electrical engineer, Paul Mossay, was employed for four years as chief engineer, designing both engines and electric vehicles. In 1914 the company merged with Lloyd to become Hansa-Lloyd Werke AG. The company continued to change names and badging on a number of occasions and were never on a sound financial footing.

Interwar years
Most of the Hansa/Lloyd cars made during this period were sold as Hansa with the Hansa-Lloyd name mainly attached to commercial vehicles, with the exception of the Treff-Aß and the Trumpf-Aß. In 1929 the company was integrated in the Borgward group after the purchase of Hansa by Carl F. W. Borgward, and car production ceased.

Hansa-Automobilwerke founder Robert Allmers remained at the head of the company through the 1920s, as well as being the founder of the "Gemeinschaft der Deutschen Automobilfabriken" (Association of German Carmakers, GDA). GDA incorporated truck manufacturers N.A.G., Hansa-Lloyd, and lower-cost automobile manufacturer Brennabor (and later also Helios (automobile) and railroad car manufacturers Hawa) but were never able to successfully merge or streamline the operations of the various companies. When automobile production resumed after World War I, Hansa-Lloyd's sole model was the Treff-Aß (Ace of Clubs), a robust if somewhat outdated car based on pre-war designs. Its engine was a 4-litre four-cylinder producing 60 PS. Allmers, however, was determined to manufacture a modern high-end automobile and in 1922 he ordered Hansa-Lloyd's engineers to develop an eight-cylinder car incorporating all of the latest technical developments. At the German Automobile Show in Berlin in the fall of 1923, the all new 16/80 with a 4.2-litre inline-eight was presented. For unknown reasons - although a series of strikes in 1924 may have had an impact - the car never entered series production, with the company enjoying steady sales of the sturdy old 18/60 and focusing on the development of an all-new light truck instead.

Allmers' dream of a luxury car had not abated, however, and in 1924 he hired an Italian engineer named Pellegretti away from Isotta-Fraschini. Pellegretti developed a new, more powerful and somewhat larger car which was introduced at the Berlin Show in 1925. The new 8-cylinder 4.6-litre Hansa-Lloyd 18/100 Trumpf-Aß (Ace of Trumps) produced 100 PS and sat on a 3550 mm wheelbase. The imposing new car was as good as anything else built in Germany at the time, but the development cost and minuscule production numbers helped lead to Allmers being gradually pushed out of the running of the company by the late 1920s. In spite of small sales, the Ace of Trumps saw continuous development during its production run: in 1927 or 1928 the engine was enlarged from 4630 to 5220 cc, the name accordingly changing to 20/100, while the wheelbase increased to 3640 mm in 1928 and to 3750 mm in 1929. After Borgward's takeover, eight-cylinder production ended in 1930 as the world entered the Great Depression. The Borgward group also included the Varel-produced Hansa A8 17/95PS eight-cylinder car, powered by an American-made Continental engine. The last 20/100 cars continued to be sold into 1931 as the "Hansa Imperator;" these were equipped with a bored out 5.8-litre engine.

The Hansa-Lloyd factory was located opposite of Borgward's own Goliath factory on Föhrenstrasse in Bremen-Hastedt; the Hansa-Lloyd truck range complemented the Goliath range while the purchase also allowed Carl Borgward to fulfill his dream to produce his own cars. Carl Borgward stopped Hansa-Lloyd's production of luxury cars, but from 1933 onwards the brand name Hansa became the name of several Borgward passenger car models. The Hansa Konsul and Hansa Matador were introduced and shortly thereafter the small rear-engined Goliath Pionier-derived Hansa 400 and 500.

In April 1933 the tax rules which had been favoring small cars such as the Hansa 400 were abolished; the slow selling smaller Hansas were discontinued soon thereafter. Borgward decided to instead produce the new Hansa 1100 four-cylinder two-door and four door all-steel Sedan, and then the six-cylinder 1700 and 2000. From 1939, the 2000 carried the Borgward brand. The name Hansa started to be phased out, becoming Hansa Borgward, then Borgward Hansa and finally Borgward.

Until 1937, the Hansa-Lloyd brand was used on a number of commercial vehicles (trucks and buses), from the one-ton "Express" to the five-ton "Merkur". These models were largely replaced by Borgward-branded vehicles, with a few models sold with just "Hansa" badging in 1938.

In the Second World War, the Bremen factory was completely destroyed.

Post war
The Borgward Hansa 1500, sold from 1949 onwards, was the first new car construction in Germany, followed by the Borgward Hansa 2400 large fastback sedan in 1952. From 1958, during the last three years of production, the former Goliath 1100 automobile were sold under the Hansa 1100 brand name until the Borgward group collapsed in 1961.

title: Hansa (company)