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Baby Gender Mentor

Baby Gender Mentor is the trade name of a controversial blood test designed for prenatal sex discernment. The test was manufactured by Acu-Gen Biolab, Inc., a biotech company in Lowell, Massachusetts, United States. The test made a media debut on 17 June 2005 on The Today Show  and it was featured in Newsweek in October 2005. About 4,500 people had purchased the test by March 2006.

The test claimed that it offered an alternative to amniocentesis and ultrasound. Gender Mentor claimed that women had many motivations for using the test to learn the sex of their fetuses early in pregnancy, including mental preparation and planning gender-specific purchases, or more controversially, sex-selective abortion.

Customers and scientists have questioned the accuracy of the test. Legal actions were taken against Acu-Gen and their supplier. The lawsuits claimed that Acu-Gen's products do not accurately predict the sex of the baby. In their defense, Acu-Gen stated that ultrasound prediction of the sex of a fetus is not always accurate, and told one family their baby had gender abnormalities.

Women were instructed to prick their finger to draw a small amount of blood, which was placed on a card to be sent to Acu-Gen to be analyzed for US$250. The kit did not require regulation since it did not diagnose, prevent or treat a disease. The company was not obliged to disclose results of tests.

Acu-Gen listed studies related to detecting fetal blood cells present in maternal circulation, but studies did not refer specifically to the Baby Gender Mentor test. The company claimed that their kit could detect twins.

Initial media attention
The test was featured on an episode of The Today Show in June 2005. In that show, Katie Couric interviewed a woman named Holly Osburn who was mother to two daughters and expecting. Osborn said that she wanted to know the gender because she wanted to paint the nursery blue. Sherry Bonelli, the CEO of PregnancyStore.com was also interviewed and said that the test had only been available for two weeks and that numerous people had inquired about it in a short time. She also said that Acu-Gen had followed 2,000 pregnancies through to birth and that the lab results given by the Baby Gender Mentor had never been wrong. The Gender Mentor Test used qPCR technology to determine the gender of the baby. It was the first product of its kind to enter the market, despite the fact that many companies had been attempting to develop similar technologies for years. This caused frustration among competitors who had invested significant time and resources into the development of their own gender-determining products. Gender Mentor claimed to have been used in 20,000 pregnancies. On the show, the results of Osborn's test revealed that was going to have another girl. During the same segment of The Today Show, Couric interviewed Dr. Ronald Wapner, head of maternal fetal medicine at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, he discussed possible pros and cons of the test. His first concern was whether the stated accuracy rate achieved in the 2,000 test cases would be realized in real world usage. His second concern was whether couples who purchase the test might use the results for family balancing, which means the decision to utilize selective abortion to achieve a baby of the desired sex. Wapner said that one positive aspect of the Baby Gender Mentor test is the non-invasive nature of the test, which means there should be no risk of harm to the fetus.

The test was listed as one of the top 10 innovations of 2005 by research company Datamonitor. In their report, titled Build A Better Mousetrap, Datamonitor identifies their picks for "the best new food, drink, health, household and pet products of 2005". They listed the test as the number 8 innovation of the year.

Accuracy of the test disputed
At least 40 women came forward to say their Baby Gender Mentor tests predicted the wrong sex. Compared to the 20,000 women the Baby Gender Mentor test was used on successfully, these 40+ “inaccurate” tests only account for 0.2% of the tests performed. According to a National Public Radio (NPR) report, the company has explained certain inaccurate results as being the result of a vanishing twin, a fetus that stopped growing soon after fertilization. Acu-Gen claimed that their kit could predict a mixed sex set of fraternal twins, so the test should have predicted twins instead of predicting a single baby whose sex turned out to be incorrect.

With Acu-Gen choosing not to publish proof of its claims and evidence of several women receiving inaccurate predictions, doctors are concerned about the test. Among the scientific evidence cited by Acu-Gen's website is a paper co-authored by Diana Bianchi, an expert on fetal DNA at Tufts University. The NPR story quoted Bianchi as saying, "I think at the present time we need to be concerned whether the test is accurate or not", and "I think it's caveat emptor. Let the buyer beware." Another criticism has come from Sandra Carson, professor of obstetrics and gynecology and involved in research in sex selection. Carson says, "Until Acu-Gen releases its data, there's no way to know the test's reliability. Until that's out, I think it shouldn't be on the market." Carson at that time was at the Baylor College of Medicine. Dr. Charles Lockwood, chairman of obstetrics and gynecology at Yale School of Medicine, said that it is possible for fetal DNA to be found in maternal blood as soon as the placenta has developed, and that detection after five weeks "is not impossible" and the president of Acu-Gen said the suit was "totally bogus".

There are multiple legal challenges and investigations underway. Gail O'Conner, a spokesperson for the Illinois State Attorney General, says that they are investigating PregnancyStore.com for possible fraud. No fraud charges were ever made against PregnancyStore.com.Florida Congressman Jim Davis has urged the FDA to investigate Acu-Gen, and the Florida Attorney General has opened an investigation against Acu-Gen. A law firm named Gainey & McKenna has filed a class action lawsuit and at least one other firm is inviting people to contact them about their legal rights if they are unhappy with the results of their test. Gainey & McKenna's lawsuit seeks to bar the company from false advertising in marketing its test and to compel the firm to honor its money-back guarantee. The law firm cites seven areas of contention, including the veracity of the accuracy claims and the violation of HIPAA and other laws.

Possible uses for test
Parents have cited an interest in preparing themselves or the baby's siblings for gender-specific issues. Some women might prefer this test to an ultrasound exam, which might reveal fetal abnormalities that the parents might prefer not to know about until after delivery.

Concerns about sex selection
The National Public Radio investigative report on Acu-Gen predicted that parents may use the Baby Gender Mentor test as a basis for determining whether to get a sex-selective abortion. KMSP-TV interviewed genetic counselor Dr. Analia Bortz who made the same prediction. The concern is that learning the sex at such an early point may lead parents to terminate the pregnancy if they were hoping for a baby of the opposite sex to that indicated by the test. Americans United for Life argues that women disappointed by the result of their test would find it easier to have an abortion if they get the results early. They say that women who want to have a specific sex will be learning the results at a time when it is safer for them to have an abortion, without the complications associated with aborting later in pregnancy.

Some bioethicists believe that sex selection is an ethical problem and could be disruptive to society. Charles Lockwood of Yale says, "a disproportionate number of female fetuses have been terminated worldwide, and a 2-to-1 male-to-female ratio could lead to social unrest and wars." According to Arthur Caplan, director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, sex selection is not a frequent occurrence in the United States but it is a concern in countries such as India and China, where having boys is preferred over having girls. In China, sex selection has led to men outnumbering women by about 1.2-to-1. In India, the ratio of girls to boys is also on the decline. The 2004 census shows that there were 818 girls born per 1,000 boys; the ratio varies in different parts of India, with the greatest imbalance occurring in the most affluent areas. In a certain portion of New Delhi, only 762 girls were born per 1,000 boys. Punjab's Health Minister Ramesh Chander Dogra has said he will take action to ban the test in India.

The website for the PregnancyStore.com says that they will ship the tests only within the United States, Sheila McLean, professor of medical ethics at Glasgow University, is critical of the kits.

Alleged use for medical diagnoses
Acu-Gen's website states the test was not a medical test: Acu-Gen Biolab, Inc. ("Acu-Gen") and the www.babygendermentor.com website ("Web Site") do not offer medical advice or professional services. The products and information provided with the Baby Gender Mentor Test cannot and should not be used for diagnosing or treating a known or suspected health condition or illness. The Baby Gender Mentor Test is not a substitute for medical or professional care. If you have, or you suspect that you or your baby may have, a health condition or illness, you should consult with your doctor. Never disregard medical or professional care or advice or delay seeking it because of something you have learned from Acu-Gen, the Baby Gender Mentor Test or our Web Site. Except for the specific information contained on our Web Site, you cannot and should not rely on any information provided by Acu-Gen, Acu-Gen employees or other visitors to our Web Site. The content of our Web Site is provided on an "as is" basis.

Tests similar to the Baby Gender Mentor test can be used for medical diagnoses. For instance, scientists have shown that it is possible to use fetal DNA from a woman's blood to screen the fetus for genetic defects such as Down syndrome. In a validation study sponsored by the National Institute for Child Health and Development, 5 different labs used fetal cells from maternal blood to search for evidence of Down syndrome in 2,744 pregnancies. On average, the labs correctly spotted Down syndrome babies 74% of the time.

In at least one case, Chang Wang, the president of Acu-Gen, has phoned a pregnant woman one month after giving her the sex prediction to inform her that her test indicated an "excess of genetic material in her blood" and advised her to see her doctor in order "to rule out problems like Down's syndrome or Trisomy 18". Wang explains this means "with a certain possibility, that her fetus has a kind of genetic problem. Of course later on, we had used our technology to prove that she has a chromosome problem: Trisomy 18. That means that this baby [is] going to have a developmental problem and is going to probably cease to exist right after the birth." Dr. Diana Bianchi of Tufts disputes the possibility of the test being used for such a diagnosis. She says, "The test involves looking at genetic sequences on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. If he gave a diagnosis of Trisomy 18, that involves a different chromosome, Chromosome 18. That is certainly something that is not advertised in the packaging associated with the test. "It is possible that, upon being told of a problem by Acu-Gen, a woman may seek to have an amniocentesis or other invasive procedure which may be an unnecessary risk if the Acu-Gen diagnosis was in error. In this case, the woman delivered a healthy baby free from both Trisomy 18 and Down syndrome.

The class action lawsuit filed by Gainey & McKenna alleges that Acu-Gen is improperly dispensing medical advice. The law firm claims Wang has contacted "many women" and advised them that their fetuses have chromosomal abnormalities. They claim that Dr. Wang, who is listed as a Ph.D., is providing women "with all sorts of medical advice and diagnoses". They say their clients have suffered great emotional distress and have undergone unnecessary medical testing based upon Dr. Wang's "advice".

Warranty and availability
Acu-Gen has allegedly created new requirements for people who want to take advantage of the money-back guarantee. The attorney Barry Gainey, of Gainey & McKenna, says that Chang Wang, Acu-Gen's President, is "making people send in the original birth certificate. He's making them get blood tests from the newborn baby. And there's other requirements that he's now adding to the refund in order to avoid paying back these people and giving them the 200-percent refund." None of those requirements were on the boxes shipped to early customers, but the requirements have since appeared on Acu-Gen's website. Gainey has filed a class action lawsuit on behalf of 40 people who claim they received inaccurate results but were unable to obtain refunds from Acu-Gen.

There have been conflicting reports about how often the company has refunded money to consumers who received an erroneous result with the test. In February 2006, Wang said, "We don't mistakes [sic]. Period." Yet in October 2005 he had stated his company had issued four refund checks, including one for a case involving a vanishing twin. The PregnancyStore.com states that none of the refund checks were issued as a result of the test being proven wrong by a live birth. Their website states: To date, Acu-Gen has issued 200% refund checks to a few customers—NOT for incorrectly identifying the baby's gender at birth, though. Two are for cases involving vanishing twins, one case due to insufficient blood sample, two cases caused by incomplete reactions and three reversal cases of no obvious reasons. All of these eight cases are currently in their second trimester of pregnancy.

In March 2006, Wang wrote in an e-mail to NPR, he has "decided to defer all his energies regarding the BGM product and service for one more year, when results of actual births compared to the results provided by Baby Gender Mentor should answer any concern about the accuracy of the test."

Initial news reports and the Acu-Gen website touted a 200% money-back guarantee. In May 2006, the Baby Gender Mentor website was modified to show a different warranty than the one that had originally promised to refund 200% of the purchase price of the test. The new warranty states: We guarantee that all test results are 99.9% accurate. If your test results are legitimately incorrect, Baby Gender Mentor will refund you all costs that include laboratory and purchasing expenses.* A valid registration code and a birth certificate are required for the refund. You MUST read and follow all kit instructions. Baby Gender Mentor is not responsible for any consequences resulting from failure to follow kit instructions. To claim the refund, the birth certificate should include BOTH the address and name of the purchaser. In some instances, Baby Gender Mentor may request the finger press of the baby to conclude the refund process...

PregnancyStore.com also updated their website to state that the warranty was only 100% of the purchase price. In July 2006, the PregnancyStore.com reported that the test was "currently out of stock", and In-Gender.com, a commercial sales blog, reported that the test has been completely pulled from the market in India. As of January 2007, PregnancyStore.com no longer contains any mention of the kit on their website, although the BabyGenderMentor.com website does contain a form for on-line purchasing of the kit.

About Acu-Gen
Acu-Gen is a biotech company in Lowell, Massachusetts and is led by Chang-ning Wang, the company's President. A National Public Radio reporter visited the address given as the headquarters of Acu-Gen in September 2005. They found that the building at that address contains a Hindu temple and a company called BioTronics, but no sign for Acu-Gen. According to NPR, their inquiries at BioTronics revealed the two companies have common ownership, but no one was available to comment for the NPR story. Acu-Gen does not mention a direct link to BioTronics in their marketing materials. However, they do state on their website that they utilize BioTronics' AmpliSensor technology, according to the Baby Gender Mentor website. AmpliSensor is a quantitative PCR assay invented by Wang and marketed by BioTronics, according to the Baby Gender Mentor website.

A news crew from television station WFTS, an American Broadcasting Company (ABC) affiliate, visited the Acu-Gen offices in February 2006. They found "about six employees inside Wang's lab, some putting together sex test kits, others doing some type of lab work. There was a room full of machines Chang said he created, and shelves stacked with blood samples supposedly sent in by women from across the United States." BioTronics does make a laboratory instrument known as an AG-9600 AmpliSensor Analyzer, which is used for quantitative DNA analysis.

It is not known whether the two journalists visited the same address, nor is it known whether Acu-Gen and BioTronics currently share office or laboratory space. As of January 2007, Acu-Gen lists their address as "50 Stedman Street, Lowell, MA". On December 2, 2006 BioTronics' trademark on "AmpliSensor" (U.S. trademark registration number 1958576) was declared dead and cancelled. At that time, BioTronics' address was listed as "44 Stedman Street, Unit 5, Lowell, MA".

Notes and references
55.Clinic for Baby gender selection Gender selection issues and advice.

title: Baby Gender Mentor


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Scott McGregor (left-handed pitcher)

Scott Houston McGregor (born January 18, 1954) is an American former professional baseball player and coach, who played his entire career in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles from to.

McGregor was an integral member of the 1983 World Series Champion Baltimore Orioles team, pitching a complete game shutout to clinch the series victory.

Known for constantly changing speeds of his pitches, McGregor was a 20-game winner in and was named an American League (AL) All-Star in 1981.

After his playing career, he became a youth pastor before returning to serve as a major league coach. He was most recently the pitching coach for the Baltimore Orioles.

In 1990, McGregor was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame.

Baseball career
Born and raised in Southern California, McGregor played baseball at El Segundo High School with Baseball Hall of Fame member George Brett, who was a year ahead. He was 51–5 with a 0.39 earned run average (ERA) with the Eagles.

He was the 14th overall selection in the first round of the 1972 Major League Baseball draft by the New York Yankees.

McGregor was acquired along with Rick Dempsey, Tippy Martinez, Rudy May and Dave Pagan by the Orioles from the Yankees for Ken Holtzman, Doyle Alexander, Elrod Hendricks, Grant Jackson and Jimmy Freeman at the trade deadline on June 15, 1976. He, Dempsey and Martinez became part of a nucleus which kept the Orioles as perennial contenders for the next decade. He was selected to the American League All-Star team in 1981. He won 20 games in 1980. "The kid can pitch, that's all I can say," praised Hall of Fame manager Earl Weaver after McGregor threw a shutout on June 24 of that year.

McGregor was solid in two postseasons with the Orioles in 1979 and 1983. McGregor sent the Orioles to the World Series by clinching the 1979 ALCS with a Game 4 shutout of the California Angels. He pitched a complete-game victory in Pittsburgh in Game 3 of the World Series. Despite taking the loss in Game 7, McGregor yielded two runs in 8 innings to Willie Stargell and the eventual champion Pirates.

In the 1983 postseason, McGregor allowed only two runs in the openers of the ALCS and World Series, but lost both games by scores of 2–1 to the White Sox and Phillies, respectively. However, in Game 5, he shut out the Phillies in a complete game to end the series, four games to one. He remained a starting pitcher on the Orioles for the next five seasons, and made his final appearance on April 27, 1988.

McGregor was a better than average fielding pitcher in his major league career. In 356 pitching appearances covering 2,140.2 innings, he committed only nine errors in 445 total chances for a .980 fielding percentage, which was 24 points higher than the league average at his position.

After his baseball career ended, McGregor worked as a youth pastor and for five years headed a church in Towson, Maryland.

In 2002, McGregor returned to baseball as a pitching coach in Class A ball, and began working his way up. He was named interim Orioles bullpen coach on August 16, 2013, succeeding Bill Castro who was promoted to pitching coach after Rick Adair took a leave of absence for personal reasons. He did not return in 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scott McGregor (left-handed pitcher)


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Fisher Bay

Fisher Bay is an embayment about 14 miwide between the eastern side of the Mertz Glacier Tongue and the mainland of Antarctica. It was discovered by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–14) under Douglas Mawson, who named it for Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister of Australia in 1911.

title: Fisher Bay


text: List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 2000


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Valanginian

In the geologic timescale, the Valanginian is an age or stage of the Early or Lower Cretaceous. It spans between 139.8 ± 3.0 Ma and 132.6 ± 2.0 Ma (million years ago). The Valanginian Stage succeeds the Berriasian Stage of the Lower Cretaceous and precedes the Hauterivian Stage of the Lower Cretaceous.

Stratigraphic definitions
The Valanginian was first described and named by Édouard Desor in 1853. It is named after Valangin, a small town north of Neuchâtel in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland.

The base of the Valanginian is at the first appearance of calpionellid species Calpionellites darderi in the stratigraphic column. A global reference section (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been appointed.

The top of the Valanginian (the base of the Hauterivian) is at the first appearance of the ammonite genus Acanthodiscus.

Subdivision
The Valanginian is often subdivided in Lower and Upper substages. The Upper substage begins at the first appearance of ammonite species Saynoceras verrucosum and the major marine transgression Va3.

In the Tethys domain, the Valanginian stage contains five ammonite biozones:

 * zone of Criosarasinella furcillata
 * zone of Neocomites peregrinus
 * zone of Saynoceras verrucosum
 * zone of Busnardoites campylotoxus
 * zone of Tirnovella pertransiens

Flora
The oldest fossils that can definitely be attributed to the clade Angiospermae (flowering plants) are dated to the Late Valanginian.

Literature

 * 🇦🇹; (2004): A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.

title: Valanginian


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Kevin McReynolds

Walter Kevin McReynolds (born October 16, 1959) is an American former baseball player who was an outfielder with a 12-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1983 to 1994. A two-time All-America from the University of Arkansas, he played professionally for the San Diego Padres and New York Mets of the National League and the Kansas City Royals of the American League.

Early life
McReynolds was born in Little Rock, Arkansas.

High school
He attended Sylvan Hills High School in Sherwood, Arkansas, where he played baseball. McReynolds was said to be one of the best high school players in Arkansas. McReynolds proved that by hitting .638, 15 home runs, and had 60 RBIs during the first 25 games of his senior year. He led his Bears team to the Arkansas Class AAA State Baseball Championship and was tournament MVP in 1978. McReynolds was named the 1978 Arkansas High School Baseball Player of the Year.

In 2011, McReynolds became the school's first inductee to the National High School Hall of Fame.

College
McReynolds was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers after his senior year of high school, but chose to attend the University of Arkansas where he played outfielder for the Razorbacks under scholarship. At Arkansas, McReynolds proved that the Razorbacks made a good move in giving him that scholarship. In his freshman year, McReynolds hit for a .282 batting average with eight home runs and 37 RBIs. That year Arkansas came in second in the College World Series in which McReynolds hit for a .566 batting average, with two home runs, two doubles and five RBIs. McReynolds got better as his college career progressed. In his junior year, McReynolds hit for a .386 batting average with 17 home runs and 57 RBIs as the Razorbacks finished second in the league and received a berth in the NCAA tournament.

Minor Leagues
The San Diego Padres selected McReynolds with the sixth pick in the first round of the 1981 Major League Baseball draft. He played in the minor leagues from 1981 to 1983. McReynolds played for the Class A-Advanced Reno Padres in Nevada, the Double-A Amarillo Gold Sox in Texas, and then the Triple-A Las Vegas Stars. In 1983, during his time in Las Vegas, McReynolds won the Pacific Coast League MVP.

Major League Debut
McReynolds made his major league debut for the Padres on June 2, 1983, against the Philadelphia Phillies; he hit a home run in his fourth at-bat. McReynolds finished the season with a .221 batting average, 4 home runs, and 14 RBIs.

Padres (1984–86)
In 1984, the Padres reached the World Series for the first time in franchise history. McReynolds along with rookie outfielder Carmelo Martínez was hyped as the M&M Boys after the New York Yankees 1960s power-hitting duo of Mickey Mantle and Roger Maris. McReynolds shared the team lead for home runs with 20 and Martinez was fourth on the team with 66 RBIs. During the 1984 National League Championship Series (NLCS) McReynolds had a .300 batting average, hit 1 home run and 4 RBIs. However, he broke his wrist trying to break up a double play in Game 4, and was out for the rest of the Padres' post-season. The Padres won Game 5 and advanced to the World Series, losing 4–1 to the Detroit Tigers. McReynolds recovered from the wrist injury and played two solid seasons for the Padres in 1985 and 1986.

New York Mets (1987–91)
On December 11, 1986, the Padres traded McReynolds, Gene Walter, and Adam Ging to the New York Mets for Kevin Mitchell, Shawn Abner, Stan Jefferson, Kevin Armstrong, and Kevin Brown. There, McReynolds continued to flourish. His best season came in 1988, as McReynolds tied his career high batting average at .288 and set career highs in RBIs with 99 and stolen bases with 21, which set a Major League Baseball record for stolen bases without being caught stealing; the record was broken by Chase Utley in 2009. That year, McReynolds came in third in the MVP voting behind Kirk Gibson and Darryl Strawberry.

In 1988, the Mets made it to the NLCS against the Los Angeles Dodgers. McReynolds played fairly well in the series, batting .250 with 2 home runs and 4 RBIs. In Game 1, McReynolds collided with Dodgers catcher Mike Scioscia. This brought attention to McReynolds, who was known for not wanting attention. McReynolds stayed out of the headlines for the rest of the series as the Mets lost the series, four games to three.

Kansas City Royals (1992–93)
On December 6, 1991, the Mets traded McReynolds, along with Gregg Jefferies and Keith Miller, to the Kansas City Royals for Bret Saberhagen. During his two years with the Royals, McReynolds hit a combined batting average of .246, hit 24 home runs and 91 RBIs.

Back to the Mets (1994)
On January 5, 1994, McReynolds was traded back to the Mets for Vince Coleman, after Coleman started a controversy in New York. McReynolds played his last year of baseball for the Mets, hitting .256 with 4 home runs and 21 RBIs. On October 25, 1994, McReynolds was granted free agency and ended his 12-year baseball career.

Personal life
McReynolds and his wife Jackie McReynolds married in 1987 and had two daughters together. McReynolds is an avid duck hunter and fisherman. After retiring, McReynolds built the Kevin McReynolds Sports Complex near Sylvan Hills High School. McReynolds also runs a commercial duck-hunting club in southeast Arkansas.

Achievements

 * Inductee, SEC Baseball Legends (2012, inaugural class)
 * Inductee, National High School Hall of Fame (2011)
 * Inductee, Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame (1996)
 * National League Player of the Month (September 1988)
 * Major League Baseball record for most steals in a season (21) without being caught (1988, since surpassed)
 * Pacific Coast League Most Valuable Player Award (1983)
 * Bill Dickey Award (1980)
 * National Baseball Congress World Series MVP Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks (1980)
 * NCAA College World Series All-Tournament Team (1979)
 * Arkansas High School Baseball Player of the Year (1978)
 * Arkansas Class AAA State Baseball Championship / Tournament MVP (1978)

title: Kevin McReynolds


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Frank Menechino

Frank Menechino (born January 7, 1971) is an American former professional baseball infielder and most recently the hitting coach for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays from 1999 through 2005.

Playing career
Menechino played baseball at Susan E. Wagner High School in New York. He played college baseball at Gulf Coast Community College in Panama City, Florida, before transferring to the University of Alabama.

Drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the 45th round of the 1993 draft, Menechino played five years for their minor league teams. Notably, he was one of the players who crossed the picket lines to be a replacement player during the 1995 season, if the strike had not ended. Due to this, he was ineligible to join the MLBPA.

He played for the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays of the American League. He played second base, shortstop, third base, designated hitter, and also made two pitching appearances. When he pitched for the A's in 2000, it was the last time the A's had a position player pitch until first baseman Ike Davis in 2015. Hitting 12 home runs and driving in 60 runs, his best year came in 2001 with the Oakland Athletics,

In early, Menechino signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds, but did not make the Major League team out of spring training. On August 17, 2006, Menechino signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees and was sent to the Triple-A Columbus Clippers where he was a utility man. On February 10, 2007, Menechino signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies. The Rockies released him June 1, 2007, followed by his contract being picked up by the San Diego Padres and being assigned to the Triple-A Portland Beavers on June 9, 2007. He became a free agent at the end of the season.

He played in Italy for Danesi Nettuno for two months in, before retiring after hurting his back.

Coaching career
On December 22, 2008, Menechino was hired to become the new hitting coach for the New York Yankees' Double-A affiliate, the Trenton Thunder. Menechino coached for the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees in 2011.

Menechino was hired by the Miami Marlins as their hitting coach on October 11, 2013. The Marlins fired him after the 2018 season.

The Chicago White Sox hired Menechino to be the hitting coach of their Triple-A Affiliate, the Charlotte Knights, for the 2019 season. Following the 2019 season, he was promoted to the position of hitting coach for the White Sox. Following the 2022 season, Menechino was fired.

title: Frank Menechino


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Don Mincher

Donald Ray Mincher (June 24, 1938 – March 4, 2012 ) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman and longtime minor league executive. He played in the majors from 1960 to 1972 for the "original" Washington Senators and Minnesota Twins, California Angels, Seattle Pilots, Oakland Athletics, and the expansion Washington Senators and Texas Rangers, all of the American League. The native of Huntsville, Alabama, batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and was listed as 6 ft tall and weighed 205 lb. He was a member of the last editions of each of Washington's two 20th Century American League teams and their first-year squads in their new locales, Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Dallas–Fort Worth.

Major league player
Mincher's professional baseball career began when he signed with the Chicago White Sox after graduating from Huntsville's S. R. Butler High School in 1956. He steadily rose through the Chicago system for four years, but was traded to Washington on the eve of the season, along with young catcher Earl Battey, for veteran Senators' slugger Roy Sievers. He became a regular for the Twins in, and in , he appeared in 128 regular-season games for the pennant-winning 1965 club, batting .251 with 22 home runs and 65 runs batted in (RBI). Mincher also appeared in all seven games of the 1965 World Series. Although he collected only three hits in 23 at bats (.130), his first hit was a home run off Don Drysdale in the second inning of Game 1. It scored Minnesota's first run of the Fall Classic. The Twins won that contest, 8–2, but Drysdale's Los Angeles Dodgers would ultimately prevail in seven games.

Mincher belted more than 20 homers five times in his first seven years as an everyday player. All told, over all or parts of 13 MLB seasons, Mincher batted .249, with 1,003 hits, 176 doubles, 16 triples and 200 home runs and 643 runs batted in (RBI) in 1,400 career games. He was elected to the American League All-Star team twice ( and ). As one of two representatives for the Seattle Pilots in 1969 (their only season in existence before becoming the Milwaukee Brewers), he also holds the distinction of being the only player to ever play in an All-Star Game as a Pilot; Mike Hegan also was selected to the team as a reserve, but did not appear in the game. The following season, Mincher batted .246 and slugged a career-high 27 homers while driving in 74 runs in 140 games as a member of the Oakland Athletics. His playing career ended after the season, which saw the 34-year-old Mincher hit only .148 with 5 RBI in 47 games, mostly as a pinch hitter, after Oakland reacquired him from the Rangers on July 26. But in the 1972 World Series, Mincher's ninth-inning pinch single in Game 4 off Clay Carroll drove home the tying run, as the Athletics came from behind to defeat the Cincinnati Reds, 3–2. Mincher's name appeared in the box scores of two other games, but he never officially batted in either contest when he was replaced by a right-handed pinch hitter. Oakland defeated Cincinnati in seven games, earning Mincher a World Series championship ring.

Minor league executive
Mincher served as the first president and general manager of the Huntsville Stars, the Double-A affiliate of the Oakland A's (1985–1998) and, later, the Milwaukee Brewers (1999–2014). He served in this role from 1985 until 2001. In 1994, Mincher and a group of local investors purchased the team from Larry Schmittou to keep baseball in Huntsville.

In 2000, Mincher was named interim president of the Southern League, where the Stars play, when league president Arnold Fielkow left for an executive position with the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League. Mincher resigned from his position with the Stars when his group sold the team to Miles Prentice in early 2001. This cleared the way for the Southern League to remove the interim tag and they made him league president beginning with the 2001 season. He served as league president until retiring in October 2011, at which point the league named him President-Emeritus.

Mincher was elected to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. Though he never played for the team, the Huntsville Stars retired his number 5 in an on-field ceremony on June 6, 2008. In 2010, he was presented with the King of Baseball award given by Minor League Baseball.

Mincher died after a long illness on March 4, 2012.

Records and achievements
On June 9, 1966, in the seventh inning of a game against the Kansas City Athletics, Mincher was one of five Twins players to hit home runs. The others were Harmon Killebrew, Tony Oliva, Rich Rollins and Zoilo Versalles. These five home runs still stand as a Major League record for the most home runs in a single inning, and were hit off starter Catfish Hunter (two), reliever Paul Lindblad (two), and reliever John Wyatt.

Mincher was one of only 21 players to hit a home run completely over the right-field roof and out of Tiger Stadium in Detroit during the 64-year history of its final configuration. He accomplished the feat on August 23, 1964, as a member of the Minnesota Twins.

title: Don Mincher


text:
Talk:Yle

Untitled
Please don't delete the controversy section again. That's just lame. If you want to criticise it, do so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Argan (talk • contribs) 21:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I don't see any reason why the neutrality of the controversy text should be considered disputed. It's true isn't it? Reporadio labeled YLE for ages. Then again, YLE is the only television medium that can claim itself independent from commercial interest.

-Christian — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christian B (talk • contribs) 08:46, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

In my opinion, having been watching YLE my whole life, YLE has always been neutral and objective in its broadcasting, especially after the beginning of the nineties. Thus I feel compelled to delete the part in the controversy section about taking sides in the Palestine-Israel conflict. It's not YLE giving a harsh picture of Israel & The US, but rather they themselves have conducted indeed harsh and brutal policies. Show me one non-US or non-israeli broadcasting channel that doesn't show these two nations in the aforementioned conflict in a bad light, and this is because it simply is the truth. Also, the part about television taxes and license fees should be edited as "..by some small sections.." as I have never ever encountered anyone, or heard about anyone, who has seen them as unfair or inefficient. 270 e per year for quality tv is a pretty good deal. The only ones who don't like these fees are the private channel executives, trying to pocket more profits. And about the Eino Repo being a member of a communist party is total bullsh*t. He was given the chair of YLE as a candidate of the then Agrarian League, a centrist party. He was accused of favouring student radicalism and young reporters and their socially critical programs in the company, which eventually caused YLE to be dubbed "Reporadio". --AlexKM 09:24, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Repo was indeed a communist, a quote from Finnish language Wikipedia: "Hänet valittiin 1969 Yleisradion radiojohtajaksi SKDL:n mandaatilla, ja tästä virasta hän jäi eläkkeelle 1974." Most my acquaintaces agree with me that the television licence fee is far too high, and ridiculously risen every year (even though there's a campaign about it that says "If you don't pay, the others pay more). It seems to be more like "If you pay, others pay more." One can also dispute the quality of YLE's programs. Especially Susanne Päivärinta is like the Finnish left version of Bill O'Reily. Also, the current system relies on special tv-licence inspectors who harrass people who don't have the tv-permit. Regardless whether they owned a tv or not. Much more cost efficient system would be just to add that tv-fee to taxes. Then it would also be progressive and fair to everyone. Now the tv-fee is the same to a student and a pensioner then it is to the CEO of multinational corporation. -Argan — Preceding undated comment added 05:25, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

first off, we can' be sure whether Repo was indeed communist, as even the finnish quote you added doesn't state that, but rather just that he was given the job of the "radio chief" of YLE under the mandate SKDL. Neither does the finnish wikipedia page. He was given the job of head of YLE by the Agrarian League, backed up by President Kekkonen, and THEN he made his supposedly controversial changes in YLE, again as said in the finnish language wikipedia. AFTER this term, he was elected as the radiochief. Remember, YLE was even in that time more than just a radio channel.As to your opinions about the licence fee, I'll be the lamer, and say no original research. Your acquaintances are not the finnish people, and though I admit I also used the same excuse of "I've never encountered...", a stalemate situation of deleting the whole sentence is I think appropriate. Please do paste it again, when you have something with which to back it up.

-AlexKM 15:21, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

About Repo and the controversy section in general!
-Ok, what was Repo's connection to Kekkonen, exactly?

AlexKM 13:58, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

And would you please, state a reason (and very prefereably also a source) for the changes you make! This is not a forum for political opinions, but an encyclopedia! Otherwise, you're just vandals ;). AlexKM 19:59, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

That's right this isn't SUPPOSED to be a political forum. No, Repo didn't favour just any young reporters, he favoured leftist and communist reporters and that's a fact. Kekkonen's agrarian league is also the cause of the term Finlandization.

But I guess it's too much for some to tell the truth in an "encyclopaedia" that has a HUGE leftist bias to begin with. -Argan — Preceding undated comment added 15:04, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Point is, I don't really care what YOU say is a fact, a care about reasons and references to support these "facts". So go get those references, and THEN come and change stuff. AlexKM 13:02, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Allright. Maybe I was naiïve to think this would actually be unbiased forum. I guess you are just like most Finns, afraid of the truth and that's why you need to live in denial. Maybe it's better to just remove the controversy section all-together, since it serves no purpose as it is. Maybe Yle's dark communist past won't always be this hush hush. BTW. Check the English language article of Eino Repo. There's still some accurate comments about him. Why don't you censor them out while you are at it? -Argan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.181.238.207 (talk) 00:48, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Requested move (2006) 1
This has been listed at WP:RM as an "uncontroversial" move, the target being Finnish Broadcasting Company. I don't see this as uncontroversial, and I don't believe that the descriptive term "Finnish Broadcasting Company" is any better than the proper noun "Yleisradio". In this document, the company refers to itself mostly as "YLE" and once states that "The company’s official name is Yleisradio Oy and it was founded in 1926", with no mention of the "Finnish Broadcasting Company" moniker. --Stemonitis 09:53, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The "Finnish Broadcasting Company" is a proper noun and the official English name used by YLE itself (see bottom of ) and in all high-quality printed material published in English in Finland (e.g. Finnish Music Quarterly:, , , , Finnish Music Information Centre ), in the relevant legislation, and by the regulatory authority . --Espoo 10:32, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * But worth voting on, I would think. I will save my arguments for a full move request.--Stemonitis 10:57, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This is a clear case of your private opinion against the combined authority of all reputable sources listed, i.e. the institutions listed and all serious publishing in English. Even the document you incorrectly searched and incorrectly claimed has no mention of the "Finnish Broadcasting Company" moniker does use the official English name and says ONE WORD. A THOUSAND STORIES • The word is YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Company. (my emphasis) There is nothing to vote on. Wikipedia is based on reputable sources, not private theories or preferences. --Espoo 11:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * YLE would be a possibility. Yleisradio would be a possibility. They themselves use "YLE - Finnish Broadcasting Company" quite a lot (but "Finnish Broadcasting Company" without the "YLE" more rarely). I am merely trying to indicate that the move is not uncontroversial and that several alternatives exist. The situation could be interpreted in many ways and should be opened up to wider discussion, culminating in a vote. I'm happy with the current title. The burden of proof is on you to show that it is unacceptable and that your replacement is better. My opinions are not the issue here. I'm not saying you're wrong. I just saying that you might be. --Stemonitis 11:29, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No, the burden of proof is on you to show why your preference is better than the practice used in all the reputable sources listed and all carefully edited texts. Did you look at the links? YLE is famous for its Finglish. Carefully edited texts in English use only "the Finnish Broadcasting Company"; they may add the Finnish name or the abbreviation, but they never call it that at first mention. And did you read Naming_conventions? There is absolutely no reason for using a foreign name as an article name, and there is even less reason to use an abbreviation. Please spend some time reading the above links and Manual of Style instead of continuing your quick and erroneous replies. There is nothing to vote on. Wikipedia is based on reputable sources, not private theories or preferences. --Espoo 11:57, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that we can have this argument indicates that the move is not uncontroversial. The eventual outcome of the debate is a separate issue. If you are so confident of your view, then it should be no problem to work through the procedure, because others will agree. Naming_conventions concerns transliterations, which are not an issue here, because Finnish uses (more or less) the same alphabet. --Stemonitis 12:32, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You ignored the link provided at that link with more details (Naming_conventions_%28use_English%29) which says clearly use the most commonly used English version of the name for the article, as you would find it in other encyclopedias and reference works. There is no way that you would find "Yleisradio" in Britannica or any other serious English publication as an article title or first mention. Britannica mentions YLE only once, obviously the same way as all the other reputable sources presented above: "The state-run Finnish Broadcasting Company (Oy Yleisradio Ab [YLE]; established 1926) has...".

 * This is not a real argument because you are not providing any reputable sources and because you continue to ignore the fact that the current title is in violation of WP policies. WP is based on reputable sources, and they all use "Finnish Broadcasting Company". Please stop wasting my time and that of others at RM. Just admit you're wrong and say the truth at RM; that all reputable sources support the proposed move. The article also needs to be rewritten to reflect normal serious editing practice. --Espoo 13:17, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The article has been at its current title for over three years, without anyone believing it needed to be moved. I cited one source with clearly indicated that the official name of the company included none of "Finnish", "Broadcasting" and "Company". This is enough to warrant a proper debate. The current name is not in breach of policy if the company is more commonly referred to by its Finnish name, as seems to be the case. I cannot imagine why you would be so unwilling to go through a proper move request. "Wikipedia is based on reputable sources" — true, but Wikipedia is also based on consensus, and neither you nor I can form a consensus on our own, and consensus cannot be reached without wider community engagement. You may be right that the best title is "Finnish Broadcasting Company", but trying to side-line the issue by calling it uncontroversial is not the right approach. Please list the move at WP:RM and we'll see what happens. I'm prepared to be wrong, but I want a proper debate beforehand. One dissenting voice should be considered enough to demonstrate that a move is not uncontroversial, just as one one dissenting voice is enough to stop a PROD and trigger more detailed debate. To quote:
 * Things like capitalization and spelling mistakes would be appropriate here [in the uncontroversial section of WP:RM]… If there is any doubt as to whether a page move could be opposed by anyone, do not list it in this section.
 * --Stemonitis 14:06, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The article has been at its current title for over three years, without anyone believing it needed to be moved. I cited one source with clearly indicated that the official name of the company included none of "Finnish", "Broadcasting" and "Company". This is enough to warrant a proper debate. The current name is not in breach of policy if the company is more commonly referred to by its Finnish name, as seems to be the case.
 * It is never referred to only by its Finnish name in well-edited English texts, as amply shown by the sites listed. Many WP articles have incorrect titles for a long time, especially when they're on anything in a small country. If Finland hadn't won Eurovision and i hadn't happen to notice this, the incorrect title could have remained unchallenged for a much longer time.

 * And you incorrectly searched the single, lone source you cited. As i explained: Even the document you incorrectly searched and incorrectly claimed has no mention of the "Finnish Broadcasting Company" moniker does use the official English name and says ONE WORD. A THOUSAND STORIES • The word is YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Company. (my emphasis)

 * I cannot imagine why you would be so unwilling to go through a proper move request.
 * I had hoped to save time on such an obvious case.

 * "Wikipedia is based on reputable sources" — true, but Wikipedia is also based on consensus, and neither you nor I can form a consensus on our own, and consensus cannot be reached without wider community engagement.
 * Even if the majority of participants in a discussion want something, that should not be accepted if it can't be verified by (or even contradicts!) reputable sources, as explained every time you make an edit: Encyclopedic content must be verifiable. --Espoo 15:12, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Clear violations of WP policy in addition to direct proof from the website of the institution concerned are normally uncontroversial proposals. We'll see what the admin does; most similarly supported proposals are accepted without a discussion, and we in addition have more than enough of that here. --Espoo 14:21, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Requested move (2006) 2

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move to YLE. Yes, I know it wasn't requested but that actually seems to be the prevalent and unambiguous usage, and used by the company itself as well as throughout the article. Duja ► 11:21, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Yleisradio → Finnish Broadcasting Company – Posting RM poll; arguments can be found above. I think it's pretty clear that Espoo and Stemonitis disagree about this point, and I suspect the best solution will involve bringing in outside opinions. Are there some good Finnish television talk pages where this question could be advertised, in a neutral manner? -GTBacchus(talk) 08:01, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

(Sorry, forgot to add the original proposal here with the arguments based on reputable sources:)

Yleisradio → Finnish Broadcasting Company according to Naming_conventions_(use_English). "Finnish Broadcasting Company" is the official English name used by Yleisradio itself (see bottom of ) and in all high-quality printed material published in English in Finland (e.g. Finnish Music Quarterly:, , , , Finnish Music Information Centre ), in the relevant legislation, and by the regulatory authority --Espoo 19:11, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

Discussion
Add any additional comments

I left a note requesting opinions over at Talk:Finland. -GTBacchus(talk) 08:05, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Support
 * As this page is in english, and so is targeted for a non-finnish audience, I suppose the move is valid, as Yleisradio is in the end only the finnish name for FBC. This way the status of YLE as national broadcast company will be clearer to non-finnish readers. Also to point out the link to the official site (the same one Espoo pasted already), makes this argument quite valid. - AlexKM 13:25, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose
 * To my knowledge, even the English news start with "This is YLE news..." and not FBC even though this abbreviation can be found in its English web pages.. Seems actually that even the company itself is confused about its international name... Clarifer 18:23, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Different rules apply to spoken and written English. No well-edited English text in Finland ever uses YLE without first mentioning the official English name, the "Finnish Broadcasting Company". I will add the summary of the original arguments based on reputable sources because now they're difficult to find in the long discussion. --Espoo 19:08, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Support, we should use the most common English usage. JohnnyBGood    t   c  VIVA! 21:47, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose
 * Most often used name is YLE, so i recommend you move page Yleisradio -> YLE. FBC sounds too common or generic name. --Zzzzzzzzzz 18:38, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You apparently didn't read the nomination or its links or don't know about basic concepts of WP:MOS. WP should use the most common form used in reputable sources. I have never seen a single English text in a well-edited journal or book that uses YLE at first mention. The first mention is always "the Finnish Broadcasting Company" or "the Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE)" or "the Finnish Broadcasting Company (Yleisradio, YLE)". --Espoo 19:51, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That's irrelevant. We're not going to move Tarja Halonen to "President of Finland" or "Finnish president", just because it is usually mentioned before the name. Prolog 12:15, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You're confusing two completely different issues, namely synonyms (translations) and professional titles, which are additions, not synonyms. Halonen is not the only president of Finland. --Espoo 13:58, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. YLE is the most common title in English sources, so that would be fine. Yleisradio is also fine, since it is the official name. 91 Google News hits for "YLE", only 12 for "Finnish Broadcasting Company". The title doesn't need changing, and the first sentence of the article already describes YLE's role in Finland. Prolog 12:15, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * As shown above, YLE is not the most common name or title in well-edited English sources. A contrary claim without citing equally reputable sources is not a valid discussion contribution. The same is true for claims about the official name.

 * "Finnish Broadcasting Company" is the official English name used by Yleisradio itself (see bottom of ) and in all high-quality printed material published in English in Finland (e.g. Finnish Music Quarterly:, , , , Finnish Music Information Centre ), in the relevant legislation, and by the regulatory authority --Espoo 13:53, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose - reasons given above. --Stemonitis 16:10, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You did not present any reputable sources that support your opinion so it is only a personal preference. As shown above, Finnish Broadcasting Company is the term always used at first mention in reputable sources. Encyclopedic content has to be verifiable and your personal preferences should not be counted as a valid vote. --Espoo 20:22, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Espoo, please allow people to vote as they see fit, and do not try to pre-empt the eventual admin. The place for discussion is above, not here. --Stemonitis 09:19, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I am not preventing people from voting as they see fit. On the contrary, by pointing out that you need to cite reputable sources to have your vote valued and weighted as highly as votes that do cite reputable sources, i'm giving you a chance to improve your case. What you presented in the old discussion is not enough to contradict my reputable sources. In addition, as you can see by its heading, this is the discussion section. The section headed Survey is empty, and it seems that most other WP users find the separation into voting and discussing unintuitive and counterproductive. --Espoo 09:39, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. --Groshna 17:55, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Unless you cite reputable sources to back up your opinion, your vote should be ignored by a responsible admin deciding on the outcome of this dicussion. --Espoo 20:22, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

About the name
I really think that the abbreviation YLE seems to have taken the place as the most well-known trademark nowadays. Finnish Broadcasting Company is more of a description. I mean, look at RAI, for example. I don't think that anyone would change the name of the article to something like Italian Broadcasting Company..? - Aatox 19:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * All corporations should be listed with their primary, untranslated name. In this case, it is Yleisradio. There is, in principle, a translation to all non-English article names. But, these are secondary and not necessarily even generally recognized. --Vuo 20:31, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Requested move (2010)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved ≈ Chamal talk ¤ 05:23, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

YLE → Yleisradio — Full name, why TVP is Telewizja Polska? 125.25.10.148 (talk) 09:02, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose YLE is the most common name for the company as per the first line of the article. Also not commenting of Telewizja Polska here, since it has nothing to do with the article. --  [[ axg  ◉  talk   ]] 10:40, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment but what about in English? The Cambridge YLE seems rather prominent. 76.66.194.4 (talk) 03:52, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Most results I get searching for YLE refer to the Finnish broadcaster - I see very few references to these exams. Knepflerle (talk) 17:42, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Yle tax
Yle-vero in Finnish Watti Renew (talk) 17:21, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Who owns the other 0.02%?
The strange statement that Yle "is 99.98% owned by the Finnish state" practically demands an explanation of who owns the remaining 0.02%, and why. That number could easily and justifiably have been rounded up to 100%, so the fact that it was NOT rounded up suggests that the tiny minority ownership by some party other than the Finnish state has some kind of significance. The identity of the minority owner, that owner's significance, and the reason WHY the Finnish state doesn't own 100.00% of Yle ought to be included somewhere in this article; otherwise, the number should be rounded up to 100% to obviate the question.—104.244.192.66 (talk) 18:00, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:08, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Yleauto.jpg

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:23, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Mediahouse.webp
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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title: Talk:Yle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Abraham

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Additionally, it should have been speedied after it was userfied. --Phroziac(talk) 00:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Chris Abraham

 * Delete, Moved this Info to my User Page which is more appropriate -- sorry for the confusion --Chris Abraham 20:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete, Vanity Page --Chris Abraham 18:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete, vanity page --MJ 21:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete, looks like a straight copy from his blog too. -Greg Asche (talk) 22:00, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, From Chris's Mailing List:

Chris Abraham 	 to Grotto, posse

Sep 29

After getting mediasphere, memespace, and memesphere onto Wikipedia, I ''was hoping that Chris Abraham will survive the deletion pogrom. Help'' ''me save Chris Abraham on Wikipedia! if you need fodder, check out my'' bio page.

http://www.chrisabraham.com/2005/09/save_the_chris.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Abraham

http://www.chrisabraham.com/2005/04/bio.html

I believe public calls for support are against wikipedia's policies.
 * delete as vanity. The "Wikipedia terms" he "coined": mediasphere, memespace, memesphere] probably deserve another look as well. — brighterorange  (talk) 14:47, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Buckley Bay (Antarctica)

Buckley Bay is an embayment formed between the east side of the Ninnis Glacier Tongue and the mainland of Antarctica. It was discovered by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–1914) under Douglas Mawson, who named it for George Buckley of New Zealand, a patron of the expedition.

title: Buckley Bay (Antarctica)


text:
Sid Monge

Isidro Monge Pedroza (born April 11, 1951) is a Mexican former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who pitched from 1975 to 1984. He played Major League Baseball (MLB) for the California Angels, Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Phillies, San Diego Padres and Detroit Tigers.

Career
Born in Agua Prieta, the Mexican state of Sonora, Monge moved to Brawley, California at age 16 and attended Brawley Union High School. He was drafted in the 24th round (562nd overall) of the 1970 June Baseball Draft by the California Angels.

Monge was called up to the Angels after going 14–9 with a 4.63 ERA for the Salt Lake City Gulls of the Pacific Coast League, and made his major league debut on September 12, 1975 against the Kansas City Royals at Royals Stadium pitching $4 1/3$ innings in relief of Bill Singer getting no decision. He went 0–1 with one save and a 2.92 earned run average (ERA) in four appearances to begin the 1977 campaign before being traded along with Bruce Bochte and cash from the Angels to the Cleveland Indians for Dave LaRoche and Dave Schuler on May 11.

He was traded from the Phillies to the Padres for Joe Lefebvre on May 22, 1983.

Monge went 49–40 in his 10-year career with a 3.53 ERA. He pitched 764 innings, striking out 471. Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn of the San Diego Padres got his first hit off Monge on July 19, 1982 while he was pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies.

Monge was selected for the American League All-Star team in 1979, during which he had a record of 12–10 with a 2.40 ERA.

Later life
In 2010, Monge was hired as the pitching coach for the Sultanes de Monterrey. Previous coaching positions included pitching coach with the State College Spikes (2006), New Jersey Cardinals (2003–2005), Potomac Cannons (2002), Johnson City Cardinals (2001), and Peoria Chiefs (2000) all (at the time) part of the St. Louis Cardinals farm system. He was also the pitching coach for the Jamestown Jammers (then a part of the Detroit Tigers system) in 1995. In the offseason, Monge works in the Mexican Winter League, coaching at third for the Venados de Mazatlán.

On June 14, 2004 he was inducted into the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame.

title: Sid Monge


text: User talk:134.53.96.160

title: User talk:134.53.96.160


text:
Negative cutting

Negative cutting (also known as negative matching and negative conforming) is the process of cutting motion picture negative to match precisely the final edit as specified by the film editor. Original camera negative (OCN) is cut with scissors and joined using a film splicer and film cement. Negative cutting is part of the post-production process and occurs after editing and prior to striking internegatives and release prints. The process of negative cutting has changed little since the beginning of cinema in the early 20th century. In the early 1980s computer software was first used to aid the cutting process. Kodak introduced barcode on motion picture negative in the mid-1990s. This enabled negative cutters to more easily track shots and identify film sections based on keykode.

Toward the late 1990s and early 2000s negative cutting changed due to the advent of digital cinema technologies such as digital intermediate (DI), digital projection and high-definition television. In some countries, due to the high cost of online suites, negative cutting is still used for commercials by reducing footage. Increasingly feature films are bypassing the negative cutting process altogether and are being scanned directly from the uncut rushes.

The existence of digital intermediates (DI) has created a new demand for negative cutters to extract selected takes which are cut from the rushes and re-spliced into new rolls (in edit order) to reduce the volume of footage for scanning.

Basic
After a film shoot, the original camera negative (OCN) is sent to a film laboratory for processing. Two or three 400 ft camera rolls are spliced together to create a lab roll approximately 1200 - 1500 ft long. After developing the lab roll, it is put through a telecine to create a rushes transfer tape. This rushes transfer tape is of lower quality than film and is used for editing purposes only.

The rushes tape is sent to the editor who loads it into an offline edit suite. The lab rolls are sent to the negative cutter for logging and storage.

After the editor finishes the edit it is exported to an offline edit decision list and the EDL is sent to the negative cutter. The negative cutter will translate the Timecode in the EDL to edge numbers (keykode) using specially designed negative cutting software to find which shot is needed from the rushes negative.

Traditionally a negative cutter would then fine cut the negative to match the editor's final edit frame accurately. The negative would be spliced together to create rolls less than 2000 ft which would then be sent to the film laboratory to print release prints.

Today most feature films are extracted full takes (as selected takes) and scanned digitally as a digital intermediate. Television series and commercials shot on film follow the same extraction process but are sent for telecine. Each required shot is extracted from the lab roll as a full take and respliced together to create a new selected roll of negative. This reduces the negative required by up to 1/10 of the footage shot, saving considerable time during scanning or telecine. The negative cutter will create a new online EDL replacing the rushes roll timecode with the new selected roll timecode.

In the case of feature films the selected roll and online EDL are sent to a post production facility for scanning as a digital intermediate. For television commercials or series the selected takes and EDL are sent to a post production facility for re-telecine and compiled in an Online Suite for final grading.

Software
There have been a number of dedicated software systems that have been developed for and by negative cutters to manage the process of cutting motion picture negative. A number of individual proprietary software systems have been developed starting in the early 1980s. Stan Sztaba developed a system for World Cinevision Services Inc (New York) in 1983 using Apple II DOS and then ProDOS, this system is still used today. Elliott Gamson of Immaculate Matching (New York) developed a system using MS-DOS. Computamatch was one of the first MS-DOS-based systems developed and is still in use today in several countries.

The first commercially available software product was OSC/R (pronounced "Oscar"), a DOS-based application developed in Toronto, Canada by The Adelaide Works. OSC/R was very widely used and at the time was the only negative cutting software on the market until Adelaide Works ceased operation in 1993. OSC/R is still used today in some negative cutting facilities but has been mostly replaced by newer and more advanced systems. Excalibur was a later Windows 98 based product developed by FilmLab Engineering in Britain. Film Fusion is one of the most recent developments and is a Windows XP and Vista based system developed in Sydney, Australia by Popsoft IT.

Hardware
Negative cutters use various hardware tools such as film synchronizers, re-winders, film splicers, scissors, film cement and film keykode readers. DigiSync, a purpose built keykode reader is used by most negative cutters in conjunction with software for logging the keykode from film. DigiSync was developed by Research In Motion and in 1998 it won a Technical Achievement Academy Award for the design and development of the DigiSync Film Keykode Reader. Research In Motion later moved on to bigger things and invented the BlackBerry Wireless Email Phone and is now a publicly listed company. Other brands of barcode scanners are also in use.

title: Negative cutting


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George Mullin (baseball)

George Joseph Mullin (July 4, 1880 – January 7, 1944), sometimes known by the nickname "Wabash George", was an American right-handed baseball pitcher.

Mullin played in Major League Baseball for 14 seasons with the Detroit Tigers from 1902 to 1913, Washington Senators in 1913, and the Indianapolis Hoosiers/Newark Pepper of the Federal League from 1914 to 1915. He compiled a career record of 228–196 with a 2.82 earned run average (ERA) and 1,482 strikeouts. His 1,244 career assists ranks seventh among major league pitchers. Mullin was also a strong hitter, twice batting over .300 for a season and compiling a career batting average of .262.

In 12 seasons with Detroit, he helped the team win three consecutive American League pennants from 1907 to 1909. He had five 20-win seasons for the Tigers, led the American League with 29 wins in 1909, and ranks second in Detroit Tigers history with 209 wins. He also holds the Detroit Tigers' all-time club records with 3,394 innings pitched and 336 complete games and pitched the first no-hitter in Tigers' history on July 4, 1912.

Early years
Mullin was born in 1880 in Toledo, Ohio, the son of Irish immigrants. He attended St. John's Jesuit High School in Toledo. From 1898 to 1901, he played semipro baseball in Wabash, Indiana, and South Bend, Indiana.

Fort Wayne
Mullin began playing professional baseball in 1901 with the Fort Wayne Railroaders of the Western Association. During the 1901 season, he appeared in 47 games and compiled a 21–20 record with a 3.48 ERA over 367 innings.

Mautner controversy
Mullin's career with the Detroit Tigers began with controversy. Mullin signed to play for the Tigers late in the 1901 season. He subsequently signed a contract with Ned Hanlon's Brooklyn Superbas as well as having signed to play for the Fort Wayne club in 1902. The owner of the Fort Wayne club, Isadore Mautner, sought to have Mullin charged criminally with taking money under false pretenses and perjury. Mautner sent detectives to have Mullin arrested when the Tigers visited Chicago in April, but Mautner's plan was frustrated when Detroit officials moved Mullin (in disguise) out of the team hotel. In May, Mautner sought Mullin's extradition to Indiana, but the Governor of Indiana refused to sign the papers, concluding that the dispute was civil rather than criminal in nature. In July, Mullin was removed by police when the Tigers' train stopped in Fort Wayne on returning from St. Louis. A judge promptly released Mullin, holding that Mautner's remedy was a civil action for damages. Mullin quickly left town before Mautner could have a new warrant finalized.

Mautner later persuaded a grand jury to bring criminal charges against Mullin, and the saga continued to capture headlines well into 1903. In the end, the dispute was resolved in late 1903 with a payment of $1,000 to Mautner.

1902–1906
In his first season in Detroit, Mullin immediately showed his ability as a workhorse and as a batsman, but struggled with his pitch control and overall effectiveness. He appeared in 35 games for the 1902 Tigers, 30 of them as a starter and 25 of them complete games. He compiled a 13–16 record with a 3.67 ERA (slightly higher than the league average of 3.57). He also led the American League with 13 wild pitches and ranked fourth with 95 batters walked. At the plate, he compiled an impressive .325 batting average and .367 on-base percentage with four doubles, three triples, and 11 RBIs.

One of the most impressive outings of Mullin's rookie year came on July 31, 1902, when he held Washington to only two hits and managed three hits and two runs in his own plate appearances. Two weeks later, on August 18, Mullin faced Boston's star pitcher Cy Young. The game ended in a 4–4 tie when the game was called due to darkness after 11 innings. Three of Boston's runs were scored on errors by Detroit's fielders. Mullin and Young met as starting pitchers 10 times over the next seven years; Mullin won six of those games to four for Young.

In 1903, Mullin improved markedly, reducing his ERA by almost a point-and-a-half to 2.25 (71 points below the league average of 2.96). He appeared in 41 games, threw 31 complete games, and compiled a 19–15 record. He ranked among the American League's leading pitchers with six shutouts (second), 41 games (second), 170 strikeouts (fifth), $320 2/3$ innings pitched (fifth), and a 2.25 ERA (sixth). He also demonstrated athleticism on defense, leading the league's pitchers with 38 putouts and 108 assists. On the other hand, he continued to struggle with control as he led the league with 106 batters walked – the first of four consecutive years in which Mullin led the league in walks. On September 19, 1903, Mullin hit his first major league home run, described by the Detroit Free Press as a "mighty clout" that "lifted the ball over center field fence into Twenty-ninth street."

In 1904, Mullin had another strong year, pitching a club record 42 complete games with a 2.40 ERA (below the league average of 2.60). He again ranked among the league's leading pitchers with 42 complete games (second), 163 assists (second), seven shutouts (third), $382 1/3$ innings pitched (fourth), 28 putouts (fourth), and 161 strikeouts (sixth). He also hit for a .290 batting average with a career-high 10 doubles. Despite Mullin's workhorse ability and impressive ERA, he ranked second in the league with 23 losses and led the league with 131 walks allowed 13 fielding errors. The 1904 Tigers team (one year before the arrival of Ty Cobb) was a weak-hitting group that compiled a .231 team batting average (nearly 60 points lower than Mullin) and finished in seventh place.

The 1905 season was Mullin's most durable. He pitched $382 1/3$ innings, a figure that remains a Detroit Tigers club record. He compiled a 21–21 record and ranked among the league leaders with 1,428 batters faced (first), $382 1/3$ innings pitched (first), 138 walks allowed (first), 41 games started (tied for first), 35 complete games (tied for first), 134 assists (second), 21 losses (third), 21 wins (fifth), and 168 strikeouts (sixth). His 2.51 ERA was slightly below the league average of 2.65.

In 1906, Mullin had his second consecutive 20-win season, compiling a 21–18 record in 40 starts. However, his ERA rose to 2.78, slightly higher than the league average of 2.69. And control issues persisted as he led the league in walks allowed for the fourth consecutive years.

1907–1909
In 1907, the Detroit club hired Hughie Jennings as its manager, and with the bats of Ty Cobb and Sam Crawford, the team finally had a winning combination, as they won three straight American League pennants from 1907 to 1909. During the Tigers' pennant years, Mullin remained the pitching staff's workhorse, appearing in 125 games and compiling a 66–41 record with a 2.63 ERA.

Mullin's best season was 1909, when he started the season with a one-hitter on Opening Day and then recorded eleven consecutive wins. He did not lose a game until June 15, 1909, and went on to lead the American League in both wins (29) and win percentage (.784). His 11–0 start remained a Tigers record for 104 years, until it was surpassed in 2013 by Max Scherzer's 12–0 start.

In World Series play from 1907 to 1909, Mullin completed all six games he started and gave up only 12 earned runs in 58 innings, for a 1.86 ERA in World Series play. Despite strong pitching from Mullin, the Tigers lost each of the World Series from 1907 to 1909. Mullin had a 2.12 ERA in the 1907 World Series, but the Detroit bats went cold, and Mullin lost both games he started. In the 1908 World Series, Mullin pitched a complete-game shutout for a win. And in the 1909 World Series, Mullin appeared in four games and compiled a 2–1 record with a 2.25 ERA. In Game 4, he pitched a five-hit, 10-strikeout complete game against Honus Wagner's Pittsburgh Pirates. Mullin's 32 innings pitched in the 1909 World Series remains a World Series record.

In November 1909, a group of Detroit Tigers players toured Cuba and played 12 exhibition games against two integrated Cuban teams, Habana and Almendares. Mullin was among the Tigers players who toured Cuba. The tour drew wide attention in Cuba, where baseball was already very popular. Demonstrating the high level of play in Cuba, the Tigers lost 8 of the 12 games to the integrated Cuban baseball teams. On November 27, 1909, Mullin shut out the Cuban Almendares team in a 4–0 victory for the touring Tigers.

1910–1912
Mullin continued as a winner and a workhorse in 1910 and 1911, with records of 21–12 and 18–10.

On April 20, 1912, with a crowd of 26,000 in attendance, Mullin was given the honor of pitching the first game at the new Navin Field, beating the Indians 6–5 in 11 innings. Mullin won his own game with an RBI single.

On May 21, 1912, Mullin shut out the Washington Senators, earning his 200th career win — a 2–0 pitching duel with Walter Johnson.

And on July 4, 1912 (Mullin's 32nd birthday), he pitched the first no-hitter in Detroit Tigers history, as Mullin helped himself with 3 hits and 2 RBIs in the game.

Detroit, Washington, and Montreal (1913)
In 1913, Mullin got off to a shaky 1–6 start, though his ERA remained respectable at 2.75. On May 16, 1913, the Tigers sold him to the Washington Senators for the waiver prices of $2,500. In Washington, Mullin joined a pitching staff led by Walter Johnson who won 36 games in 1913. Mullin appeared in only 11 games for the 1913 Washington team, compiling a 3–5 record and a career-high 5.02 ERA. In July 1913, Washington sold Mullin to the Montreal Royals of the International League.

Federal League (1914–15)
On January 1, 1914, Mullin announced that he had come to terms to play for the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the newly formed Federal League. He said at the time: "The fact that the Federals are willing to put two or three years' salary in the bank for players looks good to me." He enjoyed a one-year revival pitching for the Hoosiers in his home state of Indiana. His appeared in 36 games for the Hoosiers and compiled 14–10 record, and his 2.70 ERA ranked 10th in the Federal League. He also hit .312 with a .404 on-base percentage and 21 RBIs in 77 at bats.

In 1915, the Hoosiers moved east and became the Newark Pepper. Mullin played in only five games for the Newark club, compiling a 2–2 record and a 5.85 ERA. He appeared in his last Federal League game at age 34 on May 23, 1915; he was hit hard and driven from the game in the second inning. Mullin was released by Newark in late June.

Mullin concluded the 1915 season pitching for the Camden Athletic Club. He also pitched in 1916 for teams in Kokomo and Columbus, Indiana.

Career accomplishments and legacy
Mullin had remarkable stamina as a pitcher. He started 428 games and had 353 complete game, the 25th highest total in major league history. He was among the American League leaders in complete games nine straight years (1903–1911) and innings pitched for eight straight years (1903–1910). His career highs were 42 complete games (1904) and $382 1/3$ innings (1905), both Tigers team records. To this day, Mullin is the Tigers' all-time innings pitched leader, both in a career (3,394) and in a season ($382 1/3$).

Mullin was a powerfully built pitcher (often referred to as "burly") with an intimidating fastball, perhaps even more so due to his imperfect control. He hit batsmen 131 times in his career, the 19th highest total in major league history. He also threw 85 wild pitches and gave up 1,238 bases on balls, 45th most in major league history. He led the league in walks allowed four times (1903–1906), including a career-high 138 in 1905, and was among the league leaders in walks allowed 11 times.

An all-around athlete, Mullin had great range and ability to get to the ball. He contributed 1,244 assists as a pitcher, the seventh highest total of any pitcher in major league history, behind legends such as Cy Young, Christy Mathewson, Grover Cleveland Alexander, and Walter Johnson. His career record of 2.56 assists per game also ranks seventh in major league history for pitchers. He had a career-high 163 assists in 1904 and twice led the league in assists by a pitcher.

Mullin was also known for the tactics he used to try to keep batters off balance. The tactics included talking to batters when they came to bat, or even talking to himself. Longtime Detroit sports writer H. G. Salsinger wrote that, while Mullin had an excellent fastball and a good curveball, "most of his success was due to smartness rather than stuff." According to Salsinger, Mullin would try to distract batters with antics in between pitches – combing the pitcher's box, adjusting his belt, cleaning non-existent dirt from his glove, tying or removing his shoes –all in the hope of upsetting the batter and inducing him to swing at a bad pitch. On another occasion, Mullin and catcher Boss Schmidt hatched a successful scheme to induce Jack Chesbro to try to score from third base by bouncing a wild pitch off the stands so that it rebounded to Schmidt who then threw to Mullin for the tag on Chesbro.

Mullin also excelled as a batter. He had a career .262 batting average (401-for-1,531) with a .319 on-base percentage. He had 96 extra base hits (70 doubles, 23 triples, 3 home runs), 122 bases on balls, and 18 stolen bases. He hit three doubles in his first major league start and batted .325 in his rookie season. He was such a reliable hitter that he was used 101 times (with 21 hits) as a pinch hitter. On September 18, 1906, Mullin even pinch hit for Ty Cobb. Cobb was slumping and manager Bill Armour summoned Mullin to bat for Cobb in the bottom of the 9th inning. According to the next day's account in the Detroit Free Press, Mullin "hit center field with a triple."

Yet, as one author noted: "The pitching prowess and significant achievements of George Mullin seem to have faded away on the brittle pages of baseball history. Not even in the Motor City ... is the name of George Mullin, the burly right-hander from Wabash, Indiana, mentioned."

Later years
Mullin was married to the former Grace Aukerman. They had a daughter, Beatrice (Mrs. Lemoine) Rish.

After retiring from baseball, Mullin took a job in 1919 with a motor truck company in Wabash, Indiana. In 1923, he was reportedly working as a police officer in Toledo, Ohio. In his later years, Mullin suffered from a long illness that reduced his weight to 100 pounds. He died in 1944 at age 63 in Wabash.

Mullin was posthumously inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame in 1962.

title: George Mullin (baseball)


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Cape Freshfield

Cape Freshfield (-68.33333°N, 151°W) is an ice-covered cape between Deakin Bay and the Cook Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The coastline in this vicinity was first roughly charted by the United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42) under Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, and for a period this cape was thought to be Wilkes' Cape Hudson. The cape was mapped in 1912 by the Far Eastern Party of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson, who named it for Douglas Freshfield, a long-time member of the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, and one time president of that organization.

title: Cape Freshfield


text: User talk:68.162.221.101

title: User talk:68.162.221.101


text:
User talk:Alex Diaz

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Alex Diaz


text: User talk:67.167.8.122

title: User talk:67.167.8.122


text:
Gerard Langbaine

Gerard Langbaine (15 July 1656 – 23 June 1692) was an English dramatic biographer and critic, best known for his An Account of the English Dramatic Poets (1691), the earliest work to give biographical and critical information on the playwrights of English Renaissance theatre. He is sometimes called Junior or the Younger to distinguish him from his father (1609–58) of the same name, a Doctor of Divinity who was Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford (1646–58) and Keeper of the University Archives.

Life
The younger Langbaine was born in the parish of St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxford; his father's second son, he was apprenticed to a bookseller in St. Paul's Churchyard in London, but was sent to University after his older brother William died in 1672. He was educated at University College, Oxford, married, and settled in the neighborhood of Oxford. In 1690 he acquired a post at the University, as "yeoman bedel in arts," and in the following year was promoted to "esquire bedel of law and architypographus." (In his post as "architypographus" or printer, he issued an Appendix to the University Catalogue of Graduates.)

Langbaine's widow Mary remarried after his death to the University College fellow William Smith, contrary to the rules forbidding fellows to have wives.

Works
Langbaine devoted his critical energies to the attempt to bring order and understanding to the stage drama of his era. He compiled A New Catalogue of English Plays (1688), in which he traced the sources of many plays of English Renaissance and Restoration drama, to the prose tales of Cinthio, Bandello, Belleforest and similar authors, and ultimately to classical sources. Langbaine has been called "the only serious scholar in this field for many years". By his own testimony (in A New Catalogue), Langbaine collected printed editions of 980 plays and masques, not counting drolls and interludes.

(Langbaine's Catalogue was first published in November 1687 under a false title, Momus Triumphans: or The Plagiaries of the English Stage, which mocked what others considered Langbaine's obsessive concern with plagiarism. In the correct edition that followed, Langbaine complained that "My friends may think me Lunatick." He blamed John Dryden for the trick, and became a determined enemy of the poet/dramatist.)

Langbaine work ''The Hunter. A discourse of horsemanship: directing the right way to breed, keep and train a horse, for ordinary hunting and plates'' was published in Oxford in 1685 for Nicholas Cox, bookseller. Copies of this 98 page discourse are found in the British Library and the Library of Congress.

Langbaine was active in the period when the first attempts were being made to clarify and comprehend the lush confusion of English drama in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The first catalogues of plays had been printed by Richard Rogers and William Ley, in their edition of The Careless Shepherdess (1656), and by Edward Archer, in his edition of The Old Law (also 1656). Francis Kirkman issued two subsequent, more complete lists in 1661 and 1671. Langbaine was a friend and confidant of Kirkman; in fact, the strongest criticism mounted against Langbaine is that he accepted Kirkman's attributions with too much credulity.

Langbaine's Account of the English Dramatic Poets was extended in subsequent editions. Both the Account and the New Catalogue were included in the 1711 edition of the plays of the Beaumont and Fletcher canon, the first since the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679. As a result, the 1711 edition, printed in eight octavo volumes, is sometimes known as the Langbaine edition – although Langbaine did not edit any plays, of Beaumont and Fletcher or anyone else.

title: Gerard Langbaine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to NFL Rookie of the Year Award.  Rob e  rt  20:01, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award
This page had already been created at NFL Rookie of the Year Award.Xpendersx 21:54, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to NFL Rookie of the Year Award to prevent another user from creating the article again. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 22:02, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Nothing here that isn't already at the ROY article. -- Grev -- Talk 03:20, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect a dupe information article. --J. Nguyen 01:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Chap45

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Gerrit CUTEDH 21:54, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Chap45


text:
Cook Ice Shelf

Cook Ice Shelf is an ice shelf about 55 mi wide, occupying a deep recession of the coastline between Cape Freshfield and Cape Hudson, to the east of Deakin Bay.

This bay was discovered by the US Exploring Expedition in 1840, and referred to by Wilkes as Disappointment Bay. This indentation was called Cook Bay by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–14, under Douglas Mawson, who named it for Joseph Cook, Prime Minister of Australia in 1914. The generic term has been amended, as the bay is permanently filled by an ice shelf.

Scientists studying the effects of global warming have proposed that sea water encroachment in the area could destabilize a significant portion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

title: Cook Ice Shelf


text:
User:Baelstrom~enwiki

Who He Is
Just a random character

title: User:Baelstrom~enwiki


text:
User talk:Romainr

I added a reply on my talk page. Please feel free to respond there if you have further comments or questions. --GraemeL (talk) 21:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Romainr


text:
Disaster Relief Act of 1974

The Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-288) was passed into law by the then President Richard Nixon as a United States federal law that established the process of presidential disaster declarations. The bill was introduced by Senator Quentin Burdick on February 26, 1974. The bill passed 91–0 as amended on April 10, 1974, and the House agreed to the conference report by a vote of 392–0 on May 15, 1974. It was to better handle the array of disasters that occur annually throughout the 50 states. At one point, more than one hundred federal agencies were involved in handling disasters and emergencies. The Act also helped give more fixed relief to disaster survivors.

Amendments
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter consolidated many of them into the new Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) by Executive Order 12127.

In November 1988, the United States Congress amended the Act and renamed it the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Public Law 100-707).

This act was further amended by the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000.

title: Disaster Relief Act of 1974