text:
Alberto Spencer

Alberto Pedro Spencer Herrera (6 December 1937 – 3 November 2006) was an Ecuadorian footballer who played as a forward, and is widely regarded as one of the best Ecuadorian men's footballers of all time. He is probably best known for his still-standing record for scoring the most goals in the Copa Libertadores, the premier club tournament in South America. He was elected the 20th best South American footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the IFFHS in 2004. He was known as "Cabeza Mágica" (Spanish for magic head).

Biography
Born in Ancón, Santa Elena, Ecuador, Spencer was the son of a Jamaican of British origin.

He was an ambidextrous striker with lethal pace, off-the-ball movement, heading and balance skills, and excellent finishing that tore defences to shreds for over a decade. After his retirement in 1973, he lived in Montevideo, Uruguay. In 1982, he was appointed consul of Ecuador in Uruguay.

Spencer suffered a heart attack on 13 September 2006 during a routine checkup with his cardiologist. He died on 3 November 2006 in the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. His lineage survives through his Chilean wife María Teresa, his children Alberto, Walter, Jacqueline, and his grandchildren.

Career
Alberto Spencer began his career at age 15 playing for Everest. He jumped to fame when he was scouted while playing on loan for Barcelona SC against Peñarol in July 1959. Peñarol's manager, Hugo Bagnulo, asked his scout 'Pibe' Ortega to attempt to sign him after the game was over. He was soon transferred to Peñarol where he amassed three Libertadores Cups and two Intercontinental Cups, as well as several Uruguayan league titles. After his second Intercontinental Cup, he was twice sought by Inter, but ultimately Peñarol's board would not sell him.

On the international front, Spencer holds the unique distinction of being the only goalscorer, capped by two different countries simultaneously: Ecuador, and Uruguay. He 'switched' shirts no less than four times. He played for Uruguay against England (2-1) in a friendly match at the legendary Wembley Stadium and scored, making him the first Ecuadorian-born player to score in that stadium.

His name was omitted from FIFA's, and Pelé's list of 100 greatest living players. This caused outrage among many South American journalists who believed greats like Spencer, were being ignored in favour of commercialism. David Mellor of the Evening Standard notably blasted FIFA in his reporting of the incident.

Although widely considered one of the best South American players of all time, he still remains largely an unknown figure in Europe. This is presumably because he never participated in a World Cup or played in Europe. Similar fates awaited other greats such as Alfredo Di Stéfano (who, while called up for the 1962 tournament, did not play due to injury) and George Best, though both are far more known due to their domestic careers with Real Madrid and Manchester United respectively.

He was elected the 20th South American Player of the Century in a poll by the IFFHS in 2004.

Achievements
Spencer still maintains the South American club record in Copa Libertadores, with his tally of 54 goals between 1960 and 1972, playing for Everest of Guayaquil, Barcelona of Guayaquil, and Peñarol (Uruguay). During that period, he walked away as winner of the competition three times (1960, 1961, and 1966, all of them playing for Peñarol) and was winner of the Intercontinental Cup twice, beating Eusebio's Benfica and Real Madrid, and was runner-up once. In fact, his Intercontinental goal tally is only one goal behind the all-time record of his more famous contemporary, Pelé.

Spencer was also four times the leading scorer of Uruguay's League with Peñarol, helping them to win the Uruguayan championship eight times during his 12-year stay. Throughout his professional career, he scored a grand total of 450 goals, surpassing 500 if friendlies were taken into account.

Club
Peñarol

Primera División: 8
 * 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968

Copa Libertadores: 3
 * 1960, 1961, 1966

Intercontinental Cup: 2
 * 1961, 1966

Supercopa de Campeones Intercontinentales: 1
 * 1969

Barcelona

Serie A: 1
 * 1971

Individual
Copa Libertadores top scorer: 2 Primera División top scorer: 4
 * 1960, 1962.
 * 1961, 1962, 1967, 1968.
 * RSSSF - Ecuador: Player of the century.
 * IFFHS: 20th best South American player in the century.
 * Copa América Historical Dream Team: 2011

title: Alberto Spencer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of songs whose title includes geographical names

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. — J I P | Talk 08:05, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

List of songs whose title includes geographical names
According to the article size, this list renders unmaintainable.
 * Delete. Subtrivial listcruft. --SuperDude 06:16, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. Xoloz 08:28, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unmaintainable.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   10:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but subdivide into different articles. Hundreds of edits by different users, seems a shame to waste all that effort. The talk page is 95k for instance Astrokey44 10:18, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unecyclopedic. — mark ✎ 10:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unecyclopedic. Ben D. 10:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another unencyclopaedic list. --Daveb 13:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep as per Astrokey44. Roodog2k (talk) 14:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very weak keep. Pretty useless and very hard to maintain but it seems some people find this interesting enough to contribute to (and, presumably, read) so it seems a shame to throw the work away. It's unencyclopedic in the traditional sense but is it unwikipedic? We seem to have a lot of listcruft and I'm not sure where to draw the line on that. The high amount of activity this page has got seems to be an indication that there is some interest in the topic. - Haukurth 14:21, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The number of contributed edits suggests this list is being maintained. Subdivision is needed, though. Sliggy 14:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, wikipedic and useful to anyone interested in which locations inspire songwriters. Kappa 14:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, though if the list gets long enough, it will need to be subdivided into continents or nations or so on, and made into those separate pages. --Jacquelyn Marie 15:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Useful list OmegaWikipedia 20:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete How can this outright trivia be considered encyclopedic even by the extraordinarily low standards of inclusionists? Dottore So 18:41, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Everyone is welcome to contribute to Centralized discussion/Lists of songs —Wahoofive (talk) 22:41, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Valid list.  User:Zoe|(talk) 23:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is beneath trivial. No more encyclopedic than List of songs whose title includes the letter x. Quale 23:03, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful and interesting information. --Centauri 06:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as preposterous and unmaintainable listcruft. MCB 07:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful list for music lovers. Not too trivial. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:27, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - unmaintainable --MacRusgail 13:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it wouldn't have been created and maintained if it wasn't of interest. - SimonP 13:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is an encyclopædia, not an indiscriminate collection of information. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, -DePiep 20:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the list has been maintained by myself and others for months now and the large number of edits by the large number of users testifies to the desire for such a list within Wikipedia. Thanks to DePiep for the heads-up. Thryduulf 20:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I am a DJ on Omar's Dance Party on KLDK lpfm, 96.5 FM, in Dixon New Mexico and have been both a contributer and a USER of this article and another of the song title lists. I have done two shows thus far, one using all songs with American states names and another with American city names.  I have also used the Nonsense title song list for a show. As an aside, I find it interesting that it is the "delete" folks, the "Nay Sayers" if you will,  voting here who seem to need to justify their vote by writing mean, insulting and/or derogatory comments. Carptrash 01:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ditto. Very useful for radio station DJs, as are many of the other song lists (as a DJ on Radio One (New Zealand) I can vouch for that fact). Also, as Thryduulf says, the sheer number of editors to this page indicates that there are a lot of Wikipedians willing to expend time on this article. Grutness...  wha?  01:54, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Categorize Lists should be used instead of categories only if there is a definable set of members that can reasonably be expected to have every member listed. This list is by its nature uncompletable, so a category, with appropriate subcategories is the way to go. We have a category system, use it! Caerwine 02:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Haukurth and others.-gadfium 03:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Listcruft --JAranda | yeah 04:10, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Lexingtonians

title: Category:Lexingtonians


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lessthanthree

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Karmafist 21:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Lessthanthree
Non-notable internet slang, WP:NOT / Wikipedia is not .. a usage  guide --Mysidia (talk) 06:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a/a. --Daveb 13:31, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, already described under emoticon. Ilmari Karonen 23:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep popular internet slang, like pwn and teh.  Grue   16:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Would anyone actually search for "lessthanthree", given that "<3" is not a valid name for a Wikipedia article? If yes, my suggestion would be to redirect to emoticon, but I find that somewhat hard to believe.  I could be wrong, of course.  Ilmari Karonen 19:10, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Massachusetts Route 28

Route 28 is a 151.93 mi nominally south–north state highway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, running from the town of Eastham via Boston to the New Hampshire state line in Methuen. Following the route from its nominally southern end, Route 28 initially heads south to the town of Chatham then turns west to follow along the south shore of Cape Cod. In Falmouth, Route 28 turns north and continues through the western part of Plymouth County and the eastern part of Norfolk County; it then passes through downtown Boston before heading north via Lawrence to the New Hampshire state line, where it continues as New Hampshire Route 28.

Route 28 was originally formed as a New England interstate route established in 1922 to run from Buzzards Bay to New Hampshire. The route itself was overlaid on several early turnpike roads constructed in the early 19th century. Except for an extension into Cape Cod in 1926, the overall highway layout and routing is largely unchanged from its original design. Route 28 has been realigned in several places when newer, higher quality roads were built. At a length of nearly 152 mi, Route 28 is the longest state numbered highway in Massachusetts, and the second longest highway, behind U.S. Route 20.

Route 28 is supplanted by interstate highways throughout most of the state, and is used mainly as a secondary and local highway. Throughout Cape Cod, particularly in Hyannis and Yarmouth, it passes through heavy development and is the primary navigation route along the south side of the Cape. This causes congestion and gridlock, especially during the summer months, when traffic is at its heaviest.

Route description
Route 28 is a mostly a two or four-lane undivided highway, with several divided, four-lane sections in populated areas as well as two short freeway sections. The south end of Route 28 is at the Orleans Rotary just north of the Orleans-Eastham town line, where it intersects with U.S. Route 6 and Route 6A. Northbound Route 28 initially heads south towards the town of Chatham before turning west to run along the south shore of Cape Cod until Falmouth. From there, Route 28 turns north, running for several miles along a four-lane freeway, later downgrading to a four-lane arterial road. Route 28 then becomes a four-lane undivided freeway and crosses the Cape Cod Canal via the Bourne Bridge, from which it then overlaps with U.S. Route 6 as a two-lane highway until Wareham. North of Wareham, Route 28 heads north towards Boston passing through the southern suburbs of the city, including Middleborough, Bridgewater, Brockton, and Randolph. After crossing Interstate 93, Route 28 then goes through the Blue Hills Reservation and Milton before crossing into Boston over the Neponset River. 28 starts on Blue Hill Avenue and transfers to Seaver Street which turns into Columbus Avenue. It then transfers to Tremont St, Melnea Cass Blvd, and back into Columbus Avenue. In Boston proper, northbound Route 28 uses Columbus Avenue, Stuart Street, Charles Street South, and Beacon Street, then shifts via the David G. Mugar Way to Embankment Road. As Stuart Street and Charles Street South are both one way, the southbound routing runs west on Beacon Street from Mugar Way to Clarendon Street, where it turns south, meets routes 2 and 9, until it reaches Columbus Avenue. At the junction with the Longfellow Bridge, Route 28 is joined briefly by Route 3 on a wrong-way concurrency until the Charles River Dam Bridge. Route 28 crosses the Charles River on the Charles River Dam Bridge into Cambridge. After crossing the river, Route 28 runs along the six-lane divided highway known as Monsignor O'Brien Highway (in Cambridge) and McGrath Highway (in Somerville) to connect to the Fellsway. Roughly half of the McGrath Highway is an elevated freeway through East Somerville, while being supplemented by at-grade frontage roads. The four-lane Fellsway crosses the Mystic River into Medford. Route 28 continues north through the Middlesex Fells Reservation and the northern suburbs of Boston, including Reading, Andover, Lawrence (crossing the Merrimack River via the O'Leary Bridge), and Methuen, from which it then crosses into the state of New Hampshire.

Early turnpikes
Many of the roads leading from Boston to the surrounding towns were first laid out as privately owned and operated turnpikes at the beginning of the 19th century. One of the roads used by modern Route 28 leading from the northern suburbs of Boston in the direction of Manchester, New Hampshire was the Andover and Medford Turnpike. The turnpike corporation was chartered in June 1805 and had authority to build from the marketplace in Medford to a point in the town of Andover. A committee of Middlesex County freeholders established the location of the road in 1806, and the road was constructed soon after at a cost of almost $49,000 for a length of about six miles, being built only as far north as the Reading-Stoneham town line, where a branch of the Essex Turnpike continued the road to Andover and the state of New Hampshire. An act by the General Court in February 1807 allowed the Andover and Medford company to maintain a toll gate at the Essex-Middlesex county line jointly with the Essex Turnpike corporation. The road continued collecting tolls until January 1836 when Middlesex county commissioners declared the road a public road and awarded the company $3,000 as compensation.

In March 1804, another turnpike corporation, the Blue Hill Turnpike Corporation, was chartered with authority to lay out an improved road from the meeting house in the town of Randolph, through the Blue Hills Reservation, to a point in the town of Milton. A second act in June 1805 allowed for a slight alteration in the terminus in Milton. The road cost approximately $78,300 to build the eight miles from Randolph Center to Milton Lower Mills in 1805. The turnpike used what is now North Main Street in Randolph and Randolph Avenue in Milton. The road from Milton Lower Mills into Boston was continued by the Dorchester Turnpike. In 1815, the Blue Hills Turnpike company was allowed to impose a fine on any persons who tried to avoid paying the tolls. The turnpike was discontinued in 1848, when the Norfolk county commissioners declared the road as a public highway. The company reported an average net income of 1-2 per cent per year during its existence.

Two other sections of modern Route 28 were also parts of early turnpikes. The section between Middleborough and Bridgewater, where Route 28 overlaps with Route 18, was part of the New Bedford and Bridgewater Turnpike. The portion along Blue Hill Avenue, between the village of Mattapan and Franklin Park Zoo, was the northern half of the Brush Hill Turnpike (the lower half is modern Route 138). In Cape Cod, most travel was by water and roads were not improved until late in the 19th century.

Route numbering and original alignment
In 1922, the New England states adopted a region-wide road marking system. Primary routes were to be assigned route numbers between 1 and 99 and marked as black numerals on yellow bands painted on poles along the route. The route running from Wareham, Massachusetts and Ossipee, New Hampshire via Boston and Manchester, New Hampshire was designated as New England Route 28. Route 28 utilized the main road between Wareham and Middleborough (Wareham Street), from which it then traveled along Everett Street and Summer Street until the center of Bridgewater. From Bridgewater, Route 28 used the main road to Brockton (Main Street). In Brockton, Route 28 shifted slightly west to use Warren Avenue (between Clifton and Pleasant streets) and North Main Street (to the town of Avon). From Randolph, it then went along the alignment of the old Blue Hill Turnpike but left the turnpike alignment before reaching Milton Village, shifting westward to a section of the Brush Hill Turnpike (Blue Hill Avenue) in Mattapan. In Mattapan, it joined with New England Route 6 (modern Route 203) and went west along Morton Street and the Arborway until they met with New England Route 1 at Centre Street in Jamaica Plain.

The triple-concurrency of Routes 1, 6, and 28 continued through the Emerald Necklace following the Jamaicaway, the Riverway, and a short section of Boylston Street to Charlesgate, and then crossed the Charles River using the Harvard Bridge. After crossing the river, Route 6 split off to the west along Memorial Drive, while Routes 1 and 28 followed local streets in Cambridge and Somerville (Windsor Avenue, Webster Avenue, Walnut Street) to reach the Fellsway. The two routes crossed the Mystic River on the Fellsway and split at the intersection with the Revere Beach Parkway. From there, Route 28 continued along the Fellsway towards Medford Center. North of Medford, Route 28 utilized the alignment of the old Andover and Medford Turnpike through the Middlesex Fells Reservation into Reading. It then continued on the Andover branch of the old Essex Turnpike through Andover and Lawrence to the New Hampshire state line.

The route in Cape Cod was also assigned in 1922 as a primary New England route. The road from Bourne to Orleans along the south shore of the Cape was the easternmost section of New England Route 3.

At the end of 1926, the U.S. Highway system was established and several of the primary New England routes were redesignated as U.S. routes. New England Route 28 was not renumbered but New England Route 1 became U.S. Route 1; New England Route 6 became U.S. Route 3 north of Boston and mostly State Route 3 south of Boston; and New England Route 3 became mostly U.S. Route 6. In Cape Cod, however, this was not the case. Former New England Route 3 was assigned as a southern extension of Route 28, while former New England Route 6 was assigned as an eastern extension of U.S. Route 6.

Realignments
Driving the entire length from New Hampshire to Orleans, the highway layout and design has not changed much since its construction and designation in the early 20th century. The major exceptions are in Boston, where some of the original routing was changed over the years, and on the Cape, where a freeway section between Falmouth and Bourne was completed in the mid-1960s.

In 1928, several projects to relieve congestion in the Boston area were completed. One of these was the opening of the Boston University Bridge (at the time known as Cottage Farm Bridge). The opening of this new bridge over the Charles River resulted in the relocation of the triple concurrency of US 1, US 3, and Route 28 onto it. The routes left the Riverway using Park Drive and Mountfort Street (both now designated as part of Route 2) to reach the bridge. In Cambridge and Somerville, a new boulevard known as the Northern Artery was built over part of Somerville Avenue and Medford Street, continuing north on a new roadway cutting across Somerville to Fellsway East, which was also paved over by the new Northern Artery. The Northern Artery provided a high speed connection between the Charles River and the Mystic River. US 1 and Route 28 were relocated off of local streets in Cambridge and Somerville onto the Northern Artery when it opened to traffic. From the Boston University Bridge, the two routes used Memorial Drive and Cambridge Parkway to reach the Northern Artery. The Northern Artery was later renamed as the Monsignor O'Brien Highway in Cambridge and the McGrath Highway in Somerville.

In the mid-1930s, the city of Boston marked several alternate routes of Routes 1, 9, 28, and 37 that ran through the downtown area. Route C28 left mainline Route 28 by continuing north into Dorchester along Blue Hill Avenue instead of turning west onto Morton Street with Route 3. Just beyond the Franklin Zoo, C28 turned west along Seaver Street, continuing through Roxbury along Columbus Avenue. C28 then followed Columbus Avenue up to Charles Street at the Boston Common, turning north along Charles Street to Cambridge Street, then crossing the Charles River using the Longfellow Bridge. C28 met back with mainline Route 28 at Memorial Drive in Cambridge. In 1971, the Boston 'C' routes were retired and mainline Route 28 was relocated onto the former C28 alignment through downtown Boston. Route 28 was also later shifted to use its modern alignment along Embankment Road and the Charles River Dam Bridge. The McCarthy Overpass, which carries Route 28 as McGrath Highway through part of Somerville, was built in the early 1950s, before Interstate 93. The parallel Northern Expressway segment connecting Medford (where I-93 ended in 1963) and the Central Artery was constructed between 1965 and 1973. The southbound off-ramp to Somerville Avenue, and a northbound "tunnel" under the overpass north of Somerville Avenue, were closed on April 11, 2016.

In 1935, a new bridge over the Cape Cod Canal, the Bourne Bridge, was opened to traffic, replacing an earlier drawbridge at the same location. Between 1941 and 1943, the road south of the Bourne Bridge was widened to a four-lane, divided highway to the Pocasset Rotary and renamed General MacArthur Boulevard. The Route 28 expressway in Falmouth opened to traffic in 1961. Route 28 was relocated to the new expressway soon after, with the former surface alignment being renumbered to Route 28A.

Around 1940, several minor realignments had also taken place in Brockton, Bridgewater, and Middleborough. In Brockton, Route 28 followed Montello Street instead of Warren Avenue. South of Bridgewater, Route 28 was relocated onto an overlap with Route 18 until West Grove Street. Route 28 then followed West Grove Street and East Grove Street, bypassing Middleborough Center to the south. By 1951, a new bypass road in Buzzards Bay was completed and resulted in the relocation of Routes 6 and 28 to the new roadway.

Route 28 itself is no longer utilized as a long distance through route because of the opening of several parallel expressways along the Route 28 corridor since the 1950s. Interstate 93 serves the Route 28 corridor north of Boston, while the combination of Route 24, the southern end of Interstate 495, and Route 25 serves the corridor south of Boston to the Bourne Bridge. The construction of Route 25, in particular, resulted in a reconfiguration of the connection from the Bourne Corners traffic circle to the Route 25 expressway.

Route 28A
Route 28A is a 7.9 mi alternate route running from Falmouth in the south to the village of Pocasset in the north. Route 28A parallels the freeway section of Route 28 in the Upper Cape, providing a scenic alternative for travelers and direct access to the localities bypassed by the freeway. Route 28A begins and ends at Route 28 with an intermediate junction with Route 151.

The highway was part of Route 28 until paralleling General MacArthur Boulevard expressway opened to traffic in 1961.

 * Major intersections

Miscellanea
aProposed MassDOT milepost exit numbers that were to be added to interchanges along the MA 28 expressway as part of its project to convert all the state's exit numbers to those based on milepost numbers starting in 2016. However, this project has now been indefinitely postponed by MassDOT.
 * Directional signs on Route 28 on Cape Cod are continuously marked as north–south, which is confusing for unfamiliar drivers. One travelling on Route 28 southbound is actually going northeast from Falmouth to Mashpee, east from Mashpee to Chatham, and north from Chatham to the Orleans-Eastham border. In fact, where Route 39 hits Route 28 in South Orleans, the directions on Route 28 are unsigned, since otherwise a driver heading north on 39 North and wishing to continue north into Orleans Center might inadvertently follow 28 North south to Chatham.
 * Route 28 passes through less than 200 ft of Brewster, but the signage on the road indicates a direct border between Harwich and Orleans.
 * Route 28 traverses through the town of Avon, geographically one of the ten smallest municipalities in Massachusetts, between Brockton and Randolph to the south and north, respectively, at roughly mile marker 104. In spite of Avon's diminutive size (Route 28 passes through Avon for only 1.55 mi/2.50 km ), sections of Route 28 through the aforementioned town are also known as Memorial Drive, East Main Street, on which Avon's Town Hall is located, and North Main Street.
 * Route 28 running between Interstate 93 in Randolph (wrong-way concurrency with MA Route 128 officially until 1997) and Chickatawbut Road in Milton, to the south and north respectively, traverses through the city of Quincy at approximately mile marker 111. The short Quincy stretch is located entirely within the Blue Hills Reservation and is completely forested, with no residential or commercial development. As is the case in Milton south of Reedsdale Road, the Quincy section of Route 28 is also officially known as Randolph Avenue.
 * In West Yarmouth near Seaview Ave, Route 28 is incorrectly signed as US route 28 instead of Massachusetts Route 28. It is also incorrectly signed as US 28 in Dennis just after the Bass River Bridge.

title: Massachusetts Route 28


text:
Donji Vakuf

Donji Vakuf (Доњи Вакуф, ) is a town and municipality located in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

It was founded by Malkoçoğlu İbrahim Bey in 1572 and was known as "Aşağı Vakıf" ("lower waqf", i.e. Islamic endowment in Turkish). Donji Vakuf is the Bosnian translation of "Aşağı Vakıf".

Settlements

 * Babin Potok
 * Babino Selo
 * Barice
 * Blagaj
 * Brda
 * Brdo
 * Brezičani
 * Ćehajići
 * Ćemalovići
 * Daljan
 * Dobro Brdo
 * Doganovci
 * Dolovi
 * Donji Rasavci
 * Donji Vakuf
 * Đulovići
 * Fakići
 * Fonjge
 * Galešići
 * Grabantići
 * Gredina
 * Grič
 * Guvna
 * Hemići
 * Jablan
 * Jemanlići
 * Karići
 * Keže
 * Komar
 * Korenići
 * Košćani
 * Kovačevići
 * Krivače
 * Kutanja
 * Ljuša
 * Makitani
 * Novo Selo
 * Oborci
 * Orahovljani
 * Petkovići
 * Piljužići
 * Pobrđani
 * Ponjavići
 * Potkraj
 * Pribraća
 * Prisika
 * Prusac
 * Rasavci
 * Rastičevo
 * Rudina
 * Ruska Pilana
 * Sandžak
 * Semin
 * Silajdževina
 * Slatina
 * Sokolina
 * Staro Selo
 * Suhodol
 * Sultanovići
 * Suljići
 * Šahmani
 * Rahmani
 * Šeherdžik
 * Šutkovići
 * Torlakovac
 * Urija
 * Vlađevići
 * Vrljaj

History
From 1929 to 1941, Donji Vakuf was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. From April 1993 to 14 September 1995 the town's name was Srbobran (as it was occupied by Serb paramilitary forces). During that time the majority of Bosniaks were exiled to the neighboring town of Bugojno, and on 14 September 1995 Donji Vakuf was liberated by the Bosnian Army. The town then changed its name back to Donji Vakuf.

Tourism
The village of Prusac lies just outside Donji Vakuf. Bosniaks make a pilgrimage to the nearby holy site of Ajvatovica in June. It is one of the biggest events in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Twin towns — sister cities
Donji Vakuf is twinned with:

 * 🇹🇷 Gömeç, Turkey, since 2002

title: Donji Vakuf


text: User talk:24.5.188.213

title: User talk:24.5.188.213


text:
Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje

Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje (Горњи Вакуф-Ускопље) is a town and municipality located in Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Etymology
Although settlements in the area stretch back to prehistoric times, the town with the name Gornji Vakuf arose in the 16th century in the location of the existing settlement called Česta. The name Gornji Vakuf refers to the fact that the town was established as a Vakf (in Bosnian: Vakuf; religious trust fund maintained by Muslims working in the financial sector) by the Bosniak nobility. Mehmed-beg Stočanin, a famous Bosniak bey, was the founder of Gornji Vakuf. This town has a typical Bosnian čaršija, which is common within Central Bosnia. The name “Uskoplje” has also been used before the Second World War. Today, both names are used officially to not offend either ethnic group.

Bosnian War
Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje was made infamous as one of the first towns to suffer from the Croat–Bosniak War (1992–94) during the Bosnian War (1992–95). As a critical node, it was vital for UNPROFOR to hold the line to enable UNHCR supplies to move into the country. It was held by the B Company of Group 1 CHESHIRE from the British Army, which was under command of UNPROFOR. In the early months of 1993, the company lost Lance corporal Wayne Edwards, who was shot by an unknown sniper as they were crossing a bridge in armored personnel carriers. The gunman is still unknown to this day.

Prior to the war, Gornji Vakuf had a population of about 10,000 Croats and 14,000 Bosniaks. On 11 January 1993, the first clashes between the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) took place. There are conflicting reports as to how the fighting started and what caused it; either a bomb placed in a Muslim owned hotel used as a headquarters by the ARBiH or an all-out attack by ARBiH forces on HVO positions. The HVO had around 300 forces in the town and 2,000 in the surrounding area, while the ARBiH deployed several brigades of its 3rd Corps which was operating within the area. A front line was established through the center of the town. HVO artillery fired from several positions on the hills to the southeast of ARBiH forces in Gornji Vakuf after their demands for surrender were rejected until a ceasefire was arranged.

On 1 August 1993, the ARBiH launched an offensive on the HVO in Gornji Vakuf, and won control over most of the town by the following day. The HVO retained control over a Croat neighborhood in the southwest and the ARBiH, lacking necessary reinforcements, could not continue its offensive. The name of the Croat-held part was later changed to Uskoplje. The HVO attempted a counterattack from its positions to the southwest of the town on the 5 of August, however infantry and mortar units in the ARBiH were able to repel the attack. Another attack by the HVO started in September, reinforced with tanks and heavy artillery, but it was also unsuccessful. The Washington Peace Agreement, signed by both warring parties in 1994, subsequently put an end to military operations for either side to take control of the city, and a year later the Bosnian War came to an end.

Aftermath
As the Dayton Agreement was signed in 1995, the post-war town suffered much damage, but was able to financially restabilize itself by utilizing the tourism sector over the years.

Settlements
Batuša

Bistrica

Bojska

Boljkovac

Borova Ravan

Crkvice

Cvrče

Dobrošin

Donja Ričica

Dražev Dol

Duratbegov Dolac

Duša

Gaj

Galičica

Gornja Ričica

Gornji Mračaj

Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje

Grnica

Hrasnica

Humac

Jagnjid

Jelače

Jelići

Kozice

Krupa

Kute

Lužani

Mačkovac

Mračaj

Osredak

Pajić Polje

Paloč

Pidriš

Ploča

Podgrađe

Pridvorci

Rosulje

Seferovići

Seoci

Smrčevice

Svilići

Šugine Bare

Uzričje

Vaganjac

Valice

Vilić Polje

Voljevac

Voljice

Vrse

Zastinje

Ždrimci

1971
19,344 total
 * Bosniaks - 10,482 (54.18%)
 * Croats - 8,605 (44.48%)
 * Serbs - 141 (0.72%)
 * Yugoslavs - 18 (0.09%)
 * others - 98 (0.53%)

1991
In the census of 1991, the municipality of Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje had 25,130 inhabitants: 56.05% Bosniaks, 42.61% Croats, 0.60% Yugoslavs, 0.42% Serbs and 0.31% others.

The town itself had 5,349 residents, of which 61% Bosniaks, 34% Croats, 2% Yugoslavs, 1% Serbs and 1% others.

2013 Census
Page text.

Sports
The town is home to the handball club MRK Sloga Gornji Vakuf - Uskoplje, and football club HNK Sloga Uskoplje.

Twin towns – sister cities
Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje is twinned with:
 * 🇦🇹 Neuhofen an der Krems, Austria
 * 🇭🇺 Paks, Hungary
 * 🇹🇷 Sancaktepe, Turkey
 * 🇹🇷 Turgutlu, Turkey

Notable people

 * Almir Pandzo, handball player
 * Branko Mikulić, politician
 * Matej Delač, football goalkeeper
 * Nihad Alibegović, singer

title: Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje


text:
Tabun

Tabun may refer to:

 * Tabun (nerve agent), the first nerve-agent chemical weapon to be discovered
 * "Tabun" (song), a 2020 single by Japanese music duo Yoasobi
 * Tabun Cave, part of a World Heritage Site related to human evolution at Mount Carmel in Israel
 * Basmat Tab'un, a town in Israel
 * Tabun oven, a clay oven used in the Middle East to make bread
 * Tabun-Khara-Obo crater, a meteor impact crater in Mongolia
 * Andres Tabun (born 1954), Estonian actor
 * Tabun, a barangay of Angeles City in the Philippines
 * Tabun, a barangay of Mabalacat in the Philippines

title: Tabun


text:
Nevesinje

Nevesinje (Невесиње) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the town has a population of 5,162 inhabitants, while the municipality has 12,961 inhabitants.

Geography
The municipality of Nevesinje covers 1040 km2 and is located in the south of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A large polje called Nevesinjsko polje dominates the municipality, and is encircled by the mountains of Crvanj to the north and northeast, Prenj to the northwest, and Velež to the south and southwest. The entire municipality, as well as the entire region of eastern Herzegovina beyond municipal borders, has an average elevation of 860 m above sea level.

History
Annals of the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć mentioned Nevesinje in 1219, which is the earliest mention of Nevesinje in preserved historical sources. The župa (county) of Nevesinje was held by Serbian prince Stefan Konstantin between 1303–06.

The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja mentions Nevesinje in the 12th century, as a part of the Podgorica župa.

Numerous contracts between craftsmen and other service providers from modern-day Nevesinje and the Republic of Dubrovnik are stored in the Dubrovnik archives.

The Nevesinje area was the scene of numerous robberies and crimes in the Middle ages, which has been recorded several times in the Dubrovnik archives.

The region was under the rule of different medieval lords until the end of the 15th century. The most significant ruler of Nevesinje from this period was Bosnian nobleman Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, known as Herceg Stefan. The land of Herzegovina is named after him. His lands were under constant threat from advancing Ottoman forces in the 15th century. Herzegovina, and thus Nevesinje were gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by the first quarter of the 15th century (1422).

There is a large number of stećak tombstones in the Nevesinje area. Every village in the Nevesinje municipality contains a number of stećak tombstones, while the village of Krekovi has the most medieval necropolises in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 1463, the Ottoman headquarters was established in the vicinity of Nevesinje. Within a few years they had conquered and placed under their administration the whole župa.

The Ottomans conducted a census of the villages, first from 1468 to 1469 and then from 1475 to 1477. Most of the villages mentioned in the Middle Ages bear the same names to this day. The voluntary conversion of part of the population to Islam has also been noticed, most likely due to high taxes and other levies.

Under the Ottoman Empire, Nevesinje was mostly part of the Bosnian Pashaluk and was a seat of the qadi. The Great Eastern Crisis was ignited in Nevesinje, with the outbreak of the Herzegovinian rebellion of 1875–78 when Serbs of the region rebelled against Ottoman tax collectors. The rebellion soon spread to the rest of Herzegovina, Bosnia, then other parts of the Ottoman Empire.

Neighboring states, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria got involved in the conflict which in turn pulled in great powers of the time. The conflict ended with the Congress of Berlin in 1878 and the vilayet of Bosnia and Herzegovina was placed under the administration of Austria-Hungary. At the same time Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were declared independent principalities.

In 2019, Nevesinje experienced a power outage that was considered one of the worst crises in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Settlements
Aside from the town of Nevesinje itself, there are 55 other settlements that comprise the municipality:

 * Batkovići
 * Bežđeđe
 * Biograd
 * Bojišta
 * Borovčići
 * Bratač
 * Budisavlje
 * Ćesim
 * Donja Bijenja
 * Donji Drežanj
 * Donji Lukavac
 * Dramiševo
 * Gaj
 * Gornja Bijenja
 * Gornji Drežanj
 * Gornji Lukavac
 * Grabovica
 * Hrušta
 * Humčani
 * Jasena
 * Jugovići
 * Kifino Selo
 * Kljen
 * Kljuna
 * Kovačići
 * Krekovi
 * Kruševljani
 * Lakat
 * Luka
 * Miljevac
 * Odžak
 * Plužine
 * Podgrađe
 * Postoljani
 * Presjeka
 * Pridvorci
 * Prkovići
 * Rabina
 * Rast
 * Rilja
 * Rogače
 * Seljani
 * Slato
 * Sopilja
 * Studenci
 * Šehovina
 * Šipačno
 * Trusina
 * Udrežnje
 * Zaborani
 * Zalom
 * Zalužje
 * Zovi Do
 * Žiljevo
 * Žuberin

Economy
The following table gives a preview of the total number of registered people employed in professional fields per their core activity (as of 2018):

Transport
Nevesinje's bus station offers daily buses to Podgorica, Nikšić and Danilovgrad in Montenegro via the towns of Gacko, Bileća and Trebinje within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Local buses link the town with the nearby larger metropolitan city of Mostar, a common destination for commuters. The bus station also offers direct routes to major transportation hubs of Dubrovnik in Croatia and Belgrade in Serbia.

Notable people

 * Pero Zubac, writer
 * Safvet-beg Bašagić, writer
 * Borislav Arapović, poet, linguist, literary scholar
 * Dražen Bogopenec, county lord (župan) in Zagorje
 * Dr. Špiro Soldo, leader of the secret society "Freedom" (Слобода) established in 1905/1906
 * Ratko Radovanović, basketball player

title: Nevesinje


text:
File:Invasion reconstruct.jpg

Summary
A screenshot from the Loose Cannon Productions reconstruction of the missing fourth episode of Doctor Who - The Invasion.

Fair use rationale for Doctor Who missing episodes
Though the picture is copyright © to the BBC and/or Loose Cannon Productions, I Futurehawk|talk 05:00, 27 August 2007 (UTC)) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use law because:
 * 1) The image is a low-resolution screenshot;
 * 2) The image is being used for informational purposes about the reconstruction of the missing episodes of the television program Doctor Who;
 * 3) No more free alternative exists;
 * 4) The use of the image in this article will have no effect on the BBC's or Loose Cannon Productions commercial use of the image in question.

title: File:Invasion reconstruct.jpg


text:
Magee

Magee may refer to:

People

 * Magee (surname)

Places and institutions

 * Magee, Mississippi, a city in Simpson County, Mississippi, U.S.
 * Magee, New York, also known as Magee's Corners, a hamlet in the Town of Tyre, Seneca County, New York, U.S.
 * Magee, Queensland, a locality in Beebo, Goondiwindi Region, Australia
 * Magee railway station
 * Magee College, a campus of Ulster University in Derry, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
 * Magee Secondary School, Vancouver, Canada
 * Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, United States

Other uses

 * Magee of Donegal, clothing manufacturer and retailer, County Donegal, Ireland
 * Maniac Magee, a novel by Jerry Spinelli published in 1990
 * Magee, a nickname for the cavity magnetron, a microwave vacuum tube device

title: Magee


text:
Talk:Mohammad al-Shirazi

Comment
Good day, Please help me clean up this article. Most of it is copy from a brochure published by the estate of this personality. I removed some redundant information and added some up to date material. many thanks 68.165.19.176 06:21, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

The article is clearly biased. More statments such as "it is believed" and " his followers believe" for example, should be used in the article.

Bringing this article to attention Thizz 20:06, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I agree. There is no balance in the article and the writer admiration of the person can be clearly read. --Scafloc 13:53, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree. Most of the syncophantic commentary can go. If I find that I visit wikipedia a lot then I'll have a chance to improve it. Fistful of dynamite 09:26, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
The rewriting of this article is ridiculous. You don't need to add "his followers believe" five times, every time the article says something positive about the man. Clean it up by letting one "his followers believe" cover all. Tafama (talk) 13:30, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

I've added some headings, some sourced material of bad things happening to his followers and eliminated some POV. --BoogaLouie 20:24, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Admiration does not necessarily lead to bias. In fact, volumes must be written about this personality for whole world to benefit and learn from this great leader. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.36.32.9 (talk) 11:02, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

POV
In the section discussing the "bad things" that happened to his followers, there is clear bais; What are the reasons of holding the followers in jail? what was the misconduct that was done by the followers? were the authorties arresting for no reason? that would not make sense and thus a clear reason should be stated as well the other sides p.o.v since the p.o.v of the followers is clearly stated (note: "unpleasentness") i.e the Authorities' reasons should also be mentioned and the reader should be allowed to come to a conclusion whether it was justified or not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.187.206.209 (talk) 06:43, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The tag has been removed. There is nothing POV about quoting a reputible NGO. Refering to "beaten during arrest and tortured in detention" as "unpleasantness" is NOT POV.  If you can find the "other side" go ahead and add it to the article. --BoogaLouie (talk) 16:42, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Amnesty international is an NGO, but as stated earlier could also be biased and one sided in its reporting, thus they can not prove that there was torture involved i.e. the alleged "beating" was reported to the NGO by the Shirazis who have disputes against the government and System. Thus it is alleged and P.O.V —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.170.27.128 (talk) 08:53, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

POV check
The general tone and the absence of any humanizing facts about Mohammad Shirazi suggest that the article has a definite pro-Mohammad Shirazi slant. The name of the article is not in accord with naming guidelines (see below), because titles are not normally included. The inclusion of the title "Grand Ayatollah" further suggests a pro-Mohammad Shirazi slant. Who were his opponents? What challenges did he fail? Putting the weasel words "his followers believe" in periodically does not make an article NPOV. At a bare minimum the lead should not discuss his belivers except in passing, it should focus on facts and what he did. --Bejnar (talk) 18:53, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Proposed move
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people) says: Similarly, "King", "Queen", "Blessed", "Mother", "Father", "Doctor", "Mister", or any other type of qualifier is generally avoided as first word for a page name of a page on a single person, unless for disambiguation or redirect purposes. On that basis this article should be renamed (moved to) Mohammad Shirazi, a name which does not require disambiguation. --Bejnar (talk) 18:53, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Writing philosophy
I am going to turn this section into a bibliography section because it does not currently conform to the rules of wikipedia. The section has been tagged since 2012 but no action has been taken. Golden apples of the sun (talk) 11:51, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

As no objections am deleting "Writing philosophy" section as per section tag: unsourced and reads like a it has been copied from a press release. Replacing with new Bibliography section.

If you wish to undo this change please explain your reasons here. Golden apples of the sun (talk) 13:59, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

This section has reappeared as "Literary contributions". It does not conform to wikipedia's guidelines. As stated above it is from a brochure or other PR. Please explain its inclusion otherwise it will be removed. Golden apples of the sun (talk) 10:18, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

"Imam" Al-Shirazi
Regarding Wikipedia's guidelines: should Al-Shirazi be described as "Imam" Al-Shirazi in the text? Golden apples of the sun (talk) 09:57, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

All reliable English language sources refer to "Al-Shirazi" or "Grand Ayatollah Al-Shirazi". There is no reference to "Imam Al-Shirazi" in any English language reliable text. The only texts which refer to him with the honorific "Imam" are texts written by Al-Shirazi's allies and supporters.

 * See Toby Matthiesen: "Al-Shirazi" Toby Matthiesen
 * AEI: "Shirazi"

Changed "Iman Shirazi" to "Al-Shirazi". If you wish to make changes please explain here. Golden apples of the sun (talk) 09:48, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071114131215/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar98/mde13.htm to https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar98/mde13.htm

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:25, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Ayatollah Muhammad Shirazi.jpg

title: Talk:Mohammad al-Shirazi