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Jan Sarkander

Jan Sarkander (Czech and Polish: Jan Sarkander) (20 December 1576 – 17 March 1620 ) was a Polish-Czech Roman Catholic priest. Sarkander was married for a short period of time before he became widowed and pursued a path to the priesthood where he became active in defence of Catholicism during a period of anti-Catholic sentiment and conflict. He himself was arrested on false accusations as a means of silencing him and he refused to give in to his tormenters who tortured him for around a month before he died.

Pope Pius IX beatified Sarkander at Saint Peter's Basilica in 1860 and Pope John Paul II canonized him as a saint in 1995 on his visit to the Czech Republic.

Life
Jan Sarkander was born on 20 December 1576 in Skoczów, Bohemia (now in Poland) into a Silesian household as the son of Georg Mathias Sarkander and Helene Górecka. He had one sister and three other brothers: Nicholas (a priest himself), Paul, and Wenceslas. His father died in 1589 and so his family moved to Příbor. His mother remarried and gave birth to his half-brother Matthew. Sarkander intended to become a priest but dropped the idea and instead married. He and his wife then settled in Brno. The marriage was short-lived for his wife died one year later. There were no children. He then took up studies for the priesthood, convinced that God was calling him.

Sarkander studied at the Olomouc college from 1597 until 1600 due to the plague which forced him to transfer to the Charles University in Prague. He obtained his degree of master of philosophy at Prague in 1603. He continued theological studies in Austria from 1604. He later underwent theological studies at the University of Graz and passed his examinations on 21 December 1607. He was made a sub-deacon on 20 December 1608 and elevated into the diaconate on 16 March 1609. On 22 December 1607, he received the minor orders from Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein. The bishop of Olomouc, Jan Křtitel Civalli, ordained him to the priesthood on 22 March 1609 in Graz. Sarkander was assigned to work as a parish priest in Boskowitz and then sent to Holešov in 1616. Baron von Lobkowitz from Moravia supported Sarkander's efforts in the region but the rich anti-Catholic landowner Bitowsky von Bistritz opposed him to the extent that he wanted Sarkander killed. The Thirty Years War began in 1618 and it saw a bitter conflict between the Protestants and Catholics and this forced him to flee to Poland on 17 May 1619 for a brief period of time when the Protestants occupied Holleschau. He made a pilgrimage to the Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa, and passed a few weeks of retreat with the Minims, who had a house there. He also spent a few months in Cracow. Then he returned home.

In February 1620 Polish auxiliary troops sent to the emperor by Sigismund III Vasa passed through Moravia and committed many depredations on the lands of the Protestants, but spared Holleschau when John met them with the Blessed sacrament in his hands. The Jesuits helped him to reconcile 200 non-Catholics to the faith but other non-Catholics were severely angered by this.

During the ongoing Bohemian Revolt, Protestant Moravian Estates (under von Bistritz) accused Sarkander of collaborating with Baron von Lobkowitz to bring the enemy into the territory. He was taken prisoner and brought to Olmütz where he was tortured. Sarkander was interrogated regarding who had called the troops into the country; what dealings had he in Poland, and with whom; and what had Lobkowitz confided to him in confession. He refused to divulge what was said under the seal of confession. The rack was used on him on 13 February and again on the 17th and 18th for up to three hours. Lit candles were applied to him and feathers soaked in oil, pitch, and sulphur strewn over his body and ignited. He lingered for a month, before dying from the effects in prison on March 17, 1620.

Veneration

The beatification process opened under Pope Benedict XIV, but the process was interrupted and thus remained inactive following this. Pope Pius IX approved the fact that Sarkander was killed in odium fidei ("in hatred of the faith") on 11 September 1859 and beatified him as a result on 6 May 1860. He is acknowledged as a martyr. Pope John Paul II approved a miracle due to the intercession of Sarkander on 2 April 1993 and canonized him on the occasion of his visit to the Czech Republic on 21 May 1995. Jan Sarkander's relics lie in Saint Wenceslas Cathedral in Olomouc (Czech Republic).

A chapel dedicated to him stands at the top of Michael's Hill on the former site of the prison. The original torturing rack and Sarkander's gravestone are preserved here.

title: Jan Sarkander


text:
Boy Called Twist

Boy Called Twist, is a 2004 film that tells the story of a Cape Town street kid, based on Charles Dickens’ classic 1838 novel Oliver Twist. It was the first film directed by Timothy Greene. Fundraising for the film involved small donations from a thousand investors, leading to the longest Associate Producers listing in the history of cinema.

Plot
Twist's mother dies in childbirth in the middle of nowhere. Fearing blame, the locals bury her in an unmarked grave and drop the baby off at a rural orphanage, where he is named Twist.

Growing up in the dusty wastes of the Swartland, sold from orphanage into child labour on the farms, and later to a rural undertaker, Twist finally takes his fate into his own hands and escapes to Cape Town. Wide eyed at the wonders of the city, he falls in with Fagin - an ancient Ethiopian Rastafarian who runs a network of child thieves. His new friend Dodger teaches him the tricks of the trade, but the inexperienced Twist is caught trying to steal from Ebrahim Bassedien.

Although neither understand it, there is a strange affinity between this old man - who has lost his daughter - and the young boy who never knew his mother. Bassedien takes the little stroller in and for a moment it seems that the trauma is over - as the little boy encounters love for the first time in his short and brutal life.

Enter Monks - the only person who knows Twist's true identity. He is paying Fagin to keep the little boy marginalised. If he ends up in jail or dead on the street, so much the better, for Monks stands to lose his inheritance if anybody ever discovers that Twist is Bassedien's grandson.

The brutal gangster Bill Sykes, and his prostitute girlfriend, Nancy, steal Twist back for Fagin, and the struggle for a little boy's soul begins in earnest.

 Release

18 November 2004.

 Cast

Jarrid Geduld as Twist

Bart Fouche as Bill Sikes

Lesley Fong as Fagan

Kim Engelbrecht as Nancy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boy Called Twist


text:
Air charter

Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft (i.e., chartering) as opposed to individual aircraft seats (i.e., purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline).

Regulation
Charter – also called air taxi or ad hoc – flights require certification from the associated country's civil aviation authority. The regulations are differentiated from typical commercial/passenger service by offering a non-scheduled service.

Analogous regulations generally also apply to air ambulance and cargo operators, which are often also ad hoc for-hire services.

United States
In the United States, these flights are regulated under FAA   Part 135. There are some cases where a charter operator can sell scheduled flights, but only in limited quantities. As of 2021, the FAA had made it a priority to crack down on unauthorised charter flights, according to industry experts.

Types of service
There are several business models which offer air charter services from the traditional charter operator to brokers and jet card programs:
 * Charter operators – certified by their associated government body such as the FAA for US carriers have legal authority to advertise and conduct flights for hire.
 * Air charter broker – Charter brokers arrange flights on behalf of their clients, acting as "authorized agents".
 * Jet card – Programs offered by both brokers and operators where a customer is offered a fixed hourly rate for a specific jet category and the broker or operator sources a jet from the available charter fleet.
 * Online marketplace – Online booking platform where the client can choose and book the desired aircraft directly with the operator.

Aircraft categories
Charter aircraft categories include:
 * Seaplanes – examples: DHC-2 Beaver, DHC-3 Otter
 * Turbo props – examples: Pilatus PC-12, King Air 350, Piaggio P-180 Avanti
 * Light jets – examples: Phenom 300, Citation CJ3
 * Mid-cabin jets – examples: Learjet 60, Hawker 800XP
 * Super mid-cabin jets – examples: Citation X, Challenger 300
 * Large jets – examples: Bombardier Challenger 605, Falcon 900
 * Ultra long-range jets – examples: Gulfstream V, Gulfstream G650, Dassault Falcon 7X
 * VIP airliners – examples: Boeing Business Jet, Airbus Corporate Jets

There are an estimated 15,000 business jets available for charter in the world. The US market is the largest, followed by the European market with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, and Central America.

Some charter airlines have employed other types of jets, including Airbus, Boeing, and McDonnell Douglas mainline airliners such as the Douglas DC-10 and Boeing 747. Arrow Air of the United States was such an airline. Among other aircraft, it employed a fleet of 6 DC-10 aircraft from 1983.

title: Air charter


text:
Kumbanad

Kumbanad is a town located in the Koipuram Town Panchayath Along with Pullad. It is part of Thiruvalla Taluk of Pathanamthitta district in the State of Kerala. It is an important town situated on T.K. Road, equidistant from Eraviperoor and Pullad; which are at a distance of 3 km.

Economy
Remittance from NRIs is the primary source of income. The large number of ATMs and high density of banks are also attributed to large bank deposits. As of 2009, the bank deposits for the Kumbanad-Thiruvalla belt are estimated to be ₹ 5,400 Crore.

There are other small business and services that depend on the foreign remittance. Since most of the emigrants are young and middle aged, most of the settled population is old-aged. There are services and health care units that cater to their needs.

In 2023, the BBC reported on the problems and benefits which have arisen from migration away from Kerala, focussing on the village of Kumbanad.

Politics
Kumbanad is part of the Pathanamthitta District. In Lok Sabha, Kumbanad is represented by the sitting MP from Pathanamthitta, Mr. Anto Antony (Indian National Congress). Aranmula assembly segment and Veena George is the current MLA (2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly elections). Asha CG (United Democratic Front) is the current Koipuram Panchayat President.

title: Kumbanad


text:
Talk:Das Ich

Untitled
I cleaned the article up a bit and added references to alleviate the dreaded "needs verification" warning. The article could still use some love in the following ways: 1) Move mention of Bruno's side project to his own page (should leave here until that's done), 2) Add a section about the group's style, influences, and performance aspects, 3) A bit of organization and references about their tour activities - some is mentioned but there is much more that is not (for example, I saw them in 1999 in the US and in interviews they hint that they've been to far more places than Europe and America) -- t_kiehne (talk) 06:12, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
horrible quality, this needs a lot of cleaning up!

--83.118.141.133 18:03, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

- agreed it is way too long and reeks of POV. --Raddicks 18:44, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Kain is not a member!
According to their website, he's not a member. I quote this horrible (but still valid) translation from their website [translated from German to English via FreeTranslation.com].

The native cologne resident and choice Hanoverian knocked 2002 to the volume after he was been noticeable Bruno and Stefan on a festival in east Germany. Dock Gabriel Simon was able to gather already in some Undergroundbands experiences before it became firm live member of that I. It closes finally the space of the 1998 eliminated Livekeyboarders Daniel Galda and can perform a decisive contribution through its vocal Brachialität on the stage. Dock Gabriel works momentarily at its first solo publication.

title: Talk:Das Ich


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Tito xd (?!?) 23:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims
This afd accompanies The Langrabb Family and Bella Goth as non-notable fancruft. I find it absurd to list all pre-made chracters for The Sims and SimCity 4, famous or otherwise to only the Sims community. Delete I have now shifted to abstaining from voting. ╫ 25 ring-a-ding  18:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * Keep because we have lists of characters for other 'series', be it on television or a computer game. That, and Bob Newbie is my idol. Hedley 18:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, these are popular games which many people know and love. Andrew pmk | Talk 18:56, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as we have lists of Star Wars and Star Trek characters, only to name a few. Carioca 22:50, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Sims series has sold very well, and we have articles on individual mods and individual levels in other games (see Warcraft, Halo, ...).  This article is no less encyclopedic than those. --Idont Havaname 04:27, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep, Explains characters on one page. Good informant. Rhetoricalwater 22:26, 12 October 2005 (UTC) 22:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge. This is solidly informative.  If more experienced minds than mine feel it doesn't merit a stand-alone entry, than I recommend identifying the appropriate article to merge with. (el_amante)  19:06, 12 October (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bella Goth

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. -Splash talk 23:15, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Bella Goth
This afd accompanies List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims and The Langrabb Family as non-notable fancruft; a proper search using Google produces only 941 results. However, this character is considered by the Sims community as a notable topic of interest, therefore I abstain from voting for the time being. ╫ 25 ring-a-ding  18:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * Merge with List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims. Hedley 18:23, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is too large to merge. Andrew pmk | Talk 18:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It isn't any less fancruft than an article on a mod in Warcraft or a weapon in Gundam. --Idont Havaname 04:54, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Hedley. If it's too much, to merbe, just be brutal in cutting it down. Saberwyn 05:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Bella Goth is a figure with a special history and a special relationship to simfans and game. --Simmemann 07:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims. Half of this article is fan speculation or fanon to reconcile two different characters who have the same name (in a series without an actual continuity anyway), and once you cut that away, viola! It fits into the list nicely. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 15:47, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, then Redirect as per Man in Black. Jkelly 01:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Relevant page for well known Sim character.Rhetoricalwater 23:40, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you demonstrate any notability outside of the Sims community? I've only ever heard of Bella Goth in the context of really hard-core fans of the Sims, which seems to indicate that it's a clear-cut merge case. - A Man In Black  (conspire | past ops) 00:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why cant we simfans have this if WoW fans can have articles on fictional citys and races? --Simmemann 12:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, when I find those, I'll make sure to merge or AFD those too, as appropriate. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 21:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Easy, check like Ironforge, on the bottom there is even a list of other citys.--Simmemann 18:35, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge --Optichan 13:42, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Langrabb Family

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE to List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims. -Splash talk 23:27, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

The Langrabb Family
This afd accompanies List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims and Bella Goth as non-notable fancruft; proper searches using Google produces only double digit numbers of results. Delete I have now shifted to abstaining from voting. ╫ 25 ring-a-ding  18:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * Merge with List of Pre-Made Characters in The Sims — short enough to merge, unlike Bella Goth. Andrew pmk | Talk 18:59, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Andrew pmk. --Idont Havaname 04:56, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. Saberwyn 05:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Jkelly 01:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, agreed with all of the above.Rhetoricalwater 22:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Preaky 07:24, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge --Optichan 13:33, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Pica (typography)

Article is wrong
There are more than 152 points in an inch, and 6 picas do not equal an inch. The metric equivalents are therefore off as well. You can look at any "pica pole," a form of ruler that most frequently displays both inches and picas with half-pica (6-point) increments also marked, the difference is quite noticeable at 12 inches, nearly 6 extra points. You can also check Webster's Unabridged (3rd ed.), where the pica is defined as "about 1/6 inch." See also OnlineConversion.com (1 inch equals 72.571428571 points, not 72 points even).

The misinformation in the article flows from a decision made by the designers of PostScript to ignore an established standard. PostScript does away with the small change and treats an inch as containing 72 points. The information is accurate only for PostScript-based typography systems. E.g., the TeX-based typesetting programs use 72.270000003 points to the inch. Ibid. There is also an obsoleted "Didot" point system that was widely used in Europe until the metric system gained ascendancy. "Pica" is also used as a unit of measure on typewriters, where it indicates a typeface with 10 characters per horizontal inch. That is in contrast to "elite" typewriter spacing which is 12 characters per inch.

The idea that 6 picas or 72 points equals an inch is either a mere approximation or specific to Postscript (your choice), not an accurate calculation based on the standard, except in the PostScript world. (I note that the article's final paragraph on markup conventions is PostScript-specific; it assuredly is not the markup used historically in the printing industry.) Anyone who has composed large pages in hot type (e.g., newspaper pages) knows that the approximation becomes more and more useless as the dimension of the composition area increases. That is why typographers do/did their calculations in picas and points rather than inches. Unfortunately, the misinformation has propagated across the Net. (Try Google for "picas per inch," a powerful testament to the power of historical revisionism by the computer industry.)

You can find an overview of the point's (and pica's) generally accepted history at this site. But see Father Truchet, the typographic point, Romain du roi, and tilings (PDF) (arguing that Truchet rather than Fournier should be credited with creating the point).

I note that the misinformation is spreading on Wikipedia. See WYSIWYG ("72 PPI came from the standard of 72 'points' per inch used in the commercial printing industry").

This is important; we are discussing a standard that was unchanged for more than a hundred years until PostScript came along.

Someone with time needs to research and rewrite this article

-Marbux
 * I haven't written the detailed history that's needed, but I've corrected the factual inaccuracy and mentioned PostScript. Maybe the article could be retagged for expansion. Regarding the "pica" on typewriters: IMO it is plausible that a typewriter font at 10 characters/inch might have a line height of one pica. Seahen 16:05, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "When Adobe created the PostScript standard..." would be much more appropriate than "A corporation proposing the PostScript standard..."
 * PostScript seldom if ever refers to ‘picas’, but refers to its unit of 1/72" as a point sometimes, as in the Blue Book, p.36: “Remember that a point is 1/72 inch.”. So I have removed the erroneous statement about PostScript and picas. --scruss (talk) 00:51, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

SI units?
Can anyone substitute or at least add the corresponding values in SI units? --Mecanismo 18:06, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't make much sense to substitute, since the pica is defined as being a sixth of an inch, but I've added the approximate millimeter equivalent. Factitious 20:05, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

abbreviation
Cascading Style Sheets use 'pc' for the abbreviation for pica. Jim albright (talk) 18:01

Pronunciation
I'm torn. On the one hand,, Wiktionary, and IPA's always an unpleasant eyesore. On the other, this is a rather obscure pronunciation: pikachu and its French origin are going to point some readers towards reading it /pikə/ and situations like that are the one occasion where pronunciation guides are in order.

The problem is the current article is wrong. It's /ˈpaɪkə/ in American English but /ˈpʌɪkə/ in the UK per the OED's "pica, n²". Personally, I'd rather leave it to the Wiktionary entry rather than have two separate pronunciations here, but what do you guyls think? — Llywelyn II   15:25, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

Pica symbol
Hi, I'm Francesco from Italian Wikipedia. We checked on the web and in technical literature but we can't find any references to P with an overlaid slash ($$\cancel P$$) like described in the article. It maybe a vandalism of user Picaman, who wrote the thing. The only symbol we found is a square with a overlaid slash ($$\cancel \Box $$) on this spanish site. I saw the same symbol was used in United States customary units in the form P/, we did't found this form too. So be careful to propagate this unsure symbol--Frank50 s (talk) 16:44, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pica (typography)


text:
Miles D. White

Miles D. White (born 1955) is an American businessman. He had a 38-year career with Abbott Laboratories, most prominently being CEO between 1999 and 2020.

Early life and education
Miles White was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He went to Culver Military Academy at age 13. He holds two degrees from Stanford University, a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering and an MBA.

Career
White started his career as a consultant at McKinsey & Co. He joined Abbott in 1984, serving there in management positions including Senior Vice President of Diagnostic Operations and Executive Vice President. He was elected to the Board of Directors in April 1998, to CEO in 1999, and to Chairman of the Board in April 1999. As of November 2019, White's tenure is the second longest for a non-founder CEO among the S&P 100. Under his leadership, he has created approximately $200 billion in shareholder value.

White has been praised for the ability to position Abbott to be able to adapt to patient and consumer needs and creating a diverse culture at the company. He has also been praised for increasing the global stature and valuation of Abbott and expanding the company's worldwide sales. He has created two public companies as the CEO of Abbott: AbbVie and Hospira. Hospira was later purchased by Pfizer for $16 billion.

In 2017, White earned $1.9 million in base compensation and over $13.5 million in bonuses, stocks, options, and other compensation. He ranked 72 in a list of highest-paid executives at S&P 500 companies for the 2017 fiscal year.

In November 2019, White announced that he would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer at Abbott on March 31, 2020, while remaining executive chairman on the company's board. He stepped down from the board of directors in December 2021.

White currently serves on the board of directors of McDonald's and Caterpillar Inc. He is a former chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Economic Club of Chicago, and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America.

He is the chairman of the board of trustees of the Culver Educational Foundation and is on the board of trustees of Northwestern University. He was also named a “Life Member” of Northwestern’s business school the Kellogg School of Management. White is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and formerly served as chairman of the Field Museum of Natural History board of trustees.

Awards and achievements
White has been listed in Forbes' list of America's Most Powerful People and its America's Most Innovative Leaders. He was also recognized as one of the world's "30 Best CEOs" by Barron's for 11 consecutive years.

In 2004, White was initiated as a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity at Purdue University.

title: Miles D. White


text:
Talk:Nikolai Yezhov

Photo
why is this photo still being used for the article? it is clearly a photoshop made to have yezhov resemble obama. 100.2.164.102 (talk) 22:28, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Original Photo
In the original photo he looks small and there is a strange halo around him. Have the censors shrunk him and filled in gap to make Stalin look more imposing? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.175.9.225 (talk) 21:18, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

 * This has probably be pored over by others with access to original negatives, but it's obviously an illustration, or at least a detailed tracing of a photographic print. The image of Yezhov has a peculiar halo. Was he added, and then removed? It would be fascinating to find the original negative, or negatives. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 19:51, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

Did someone edit his picture (the one on the riht)
It looks a hell of a lot like President Obama. Is someone tryin to play a joke? The other pics online look NOTHING like Obama, and this one features dark black lips which aren't typical on Russians.

You daffodils!
Nikolai Yezhov is not the little guy on the right (who is an anonymous commissar), he is the big guy on the center (WHO IS NOT STALIN, HIS FACE WAS RETOUCHED ON THE SECOND PICTURE). I can't even think on how much time this was like this... --Fixman (talk) 02:33, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Erm...no, that's most definitely Yezhov next to Stalin and Molotov at the canal. Google image can give you several other pictures of the three of them if you'd like to corroborate. And please don't call other editors daffodils as it violates our policy. Thanks. Bullzeye (Ring for Service) 11:23, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Did you know that Nikolai Yezhov actually looks like Barack Obama? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.62.60.106 (talk) 16:31, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

I'm not sure there is an intelligence issue, butthere is definitely a political bias issue at work on this page. The illustration that is supposedly Ezhov has been retouched with Barack Obama's face and does not look anything like actual photographs of Ezhov. That same immage floats around in an e-mail or supposed lokk-alikes. I would hope that such modifications made with the intent to malign would not be allowed. It would be just as easy to substitute Alfred E. Nueman for George W. Bush.Thezensurfer (talk) 12:54, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Reason for his death?
Now, I understand that in stalinist russia, someone in politics getting shot wasent that uncommon, and doesn't really need a reason. But it should be explained why this man fell from glory. And not only was replaced, but shot after. 76.179.164.79 (talk) 10:43, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

he confessed he is anti-soviet. What consequences did you expect? 178.70.214.201 (talk) 22:51, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

Homosexuality
Is there any source for his homosexualtity? (I know..constant topic in all Wikis) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.136.131.1 (talk • contribs) 18:06, 9 October 2005

 * Simon Sebag-Montefiore's book documents it very well, with primary and secondary sources. He was actually bisexual. He would get men drunk and force them to fellate him, and would hold orgies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.12.236.179 (talk • contribs) 22:44, 23 April 2006

 * I'd be interested to see more sources than just Simon Sebag-Montefiore. Because he's the kind of person that thought Mao: the Untold Story as a "excellent portrayal of reality", while the said work is obviously biased and contains various allegations unable to be sustained. Children of the dragon (talk) 12:28, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * If Simon Sebag-M applauded the book about Mao, then well done him. Sebag-M is an excellent historian and Mao was a murdering, evil tyrant. kentish 0710, 19 May 2013 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.147.151.15 (talk) 06:11, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree on Sebag-Montefiore. Reviews I have read of his work in academic journals routinely complain about this most of all.  The accusations against Ezhov are hard to verify but are taken from NKVD interrogations and depositions after he was arrested in 1939.  The best description of this is in Stalinist Confessions by Igal Halfin. Seth bernstein (talk) 16:32, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

 * In all wikis? Only english-speaking (mostly American) society (and wiki) is obsessed with one's homosexuality, others do not care. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.40.17.17 (talk) 01:28, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The Spanish wiki has him as bisexual on the basis of documentation concerning his personal life.Radiohist (talk) 03:24, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

Quote
Where does the Bukharin quote end? -Not Diablo 07:44, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Photo Removal
How the heck did they have the knowledge to do that back then, any other crap like that from stalin?

The photo with him in it looks fake to me. Might this photo removal thing be a hoax?
 * i guess you never heard about Photoshop? it was still in development betta then! ;) ... i was wondering same thing - how the hell they did it then!? psycho_NIX 08:51, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

I would think that they drew in were he used to be or took a picture of the same exact place w/o Yezhov and somehow edited the photo by combining elements from both the photos. Yeah. Look closely at the river and buildings in the background. There are subtle differences between the two photos (aside from the missing Yezhov). In addition, this is not the only one to become a nonperson in Stalinist Russia. A huge number suffered a similar fate as him.Smaug99 (talk) 03:31, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It was a several step process, and it was performed by a team of specially trained artists that worked for the NKVD's propaganda department. There's a lot of details in a book called "The Commissar Vanishes", but I can't recall the author. This picture actually represents a particularly slick and time-consuming example. In many cases, they would simply send out agents with penknives to cut out the "unperson's" profile from a group photo they wished to keep. Especially group photos with Stalin and his generals, many of which ended up looking like swiss cheese, with only 2 or 3 faces still intact next to the ever smiling Papa Joe in the middle. The other option was to just have a show trial and condemn so-and-so as a traitor, in which case everyone who wanted to call themselves a good Stalinist would go down to the local library and scratch the offender out of the history books themselves with a key. This apparently happened quite a lot with Trotsky and Bukharin, who had their names and faces displayed glowingly in thousands of publications before being denounced. In those days of the Great Purge, anything that mentioned or showed officially condemned "unpersons" represented a likely condemnation as a right-sympathizer and a trip to the Gulag (or a bullet in the ear) if it was found in your possession. Bullzeye (Ring for Service) 11:40, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Photo Alteration date?
Was the photo altered directly after the man's death or did the Stalinis regime wait a few years? Smaug99 (talk) 03:28, 27 February 2008 (UTC) I doubt the photo alteration technology was available in 1940. Norum 20:48, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The process is called retouching, and was a well developed art by the beginning of the twentieth century. Retouching could have been done on the print or in the negative (typical negatives of that era were much bigger than the modern 35 mm).  If done on the print, there might be signs of the pigments used in the retouching process.  If done on the negative, the only evidence in the print would be the absence of visible silver grains in the retouched area,however a soft focus enlargement would obscure the silver grains from the negative. A third process might be photo-montage - a separate print of Yezhov could have been cut out and glued in place next to Stalin.  The retoucher would then work to obscure the the join, and the doctored print rephotographed to produce a negative with Yezhov in place.
 * There is more evidence of doctoring in the print that includes Yezhov than in the print without him. Yezov's shoulders and arms are surrounded by a kind of halo typical of the work of a less-than expert retoucher. Yezhoz also seems out of scale relative to the other people in the print, again point to his being added to the original photo rather than removed.24.69.25.223 (talk) 19:42, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

Biased Phrasing
When presented, Yezhov received an "uproarious greeting". He stood, one observer wrote, "eyes cast down and a sheepish grin on his face, as if he wasn't sure he deserved such a rapturous reception". Comrade Stalin himself observed the scene from his private box. All of this merriment while a majority of the party's Central Committee were being condemned to death or prison as "enemies of the people".

The wording the the previously bolded text gives Russia an evil or dark skew.

 * yeah, I'm pretty sure Russia skewed themselves towards evil. 76.115.173.255 (talk) 14:07, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It seems biased through out. I just edited a couple of words that are clearly biased/opinion instead of subjective fact. ie He started screaming and otherwise acting cowardly.  Shows a complete biased view. Caffeyw (talk) 08:35, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Wording straight from book
I'm noticing most of the article appears to be written directly from a book. I'm holding off till I read the actual book, but the wording just seems to indicate it came from the cited book with only minor if any changes.Caffeyw (talk) 08:35, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Expansion request for Decline and fall section
Echoing what someone noted above. Even though it is plausible that he fell out of favour for one reason or another and was subsequently humiliated and murdered, it isn't quite clear how exactly things went down. Are there at least any frequently cited rumours as to whose responsibility his demise was? And what exactly he did to upset the leadership, or what other political reasons may have played a role? user:Everyme 15:48, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I just finished a good biography on Yezhov. I'll make a bunch of edits here in the next week or so. In a nutshell, like everything and everyone else in Stalinist Russia, Yezhov rose and fell on Stalin's whim. He was given the job as Cheka Chief specifically because he was extremely brutal and suspicious, rather stupid, and lived only to please Joseph Stalin; Stalin had been using him as his personal purge-organizer/hatchetman for years before he made him NKVD Chief. Stalin wanted him to be the executor of his Great Purge because he knew Yezhov wouldn't spare a living soul if he could help it. After the purge was over, Stalin wanted to get rid of the bloody tools, if you will, and began trying to figure out ways to get rid of everyone who executed the Purge and could potentially embarass him or tar his legacy at a later date. In traditional Stalinist fashion, once Stalin decided he wanted one of his bureaucrats to die for whatever reason, they either got a show-trial and became a pariah (if they had propaganda value and were willing to confess), or they got a visit in the middle of the night and became an un-person, with their name no longer spoken and their face airbrushed out of pictures. Yagoda got the former treatment at Yezhov's hands, Yezhov got the latter treatment at Beria's hands. It was more or less standard practice for Stalin to periodically decide to kill the people who were closest to him for no readily apparent reason except to keep the terror level up. Also, Yezhov, always a rather considerable drunk, responded very badly when Beria was appointed his Deputy (and obvious successor). He became a round the clock drunk who rarely showed up for work, mostly because he saw the writing on the wall and realized he was already as good as dead. He had more than ample time to arrange to flee the country before he was arrested, but he was slavishly devoted to Stalin right up until the end (just like Yagoda) and was incapable of doing anything except be miserable that his idol had betrayed him and was going to execute him. The bit about Beria ordering him to be stripped and beaten before being shot is also true; it was precisely what Yezhov had ordered done to his predecessor Yagoda, who he had deliberately fabricated a treason case against, before he was shot. They were also shot by the same guy, Vasili Blokhin, just 2 years apart from each other. Like I said, Stalin liked fresh blood. Literally and figuratively.Bullzeye (Ring for Service) 10:35, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Wow, thanks a lot for your work! user:Everyme 11:09, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Galassi is putting in fake sources
After I twice reverted Galassi's extremely dubious insertion of references to Yezhov's father as a "gendarme"  because that was unsourced, he inserted [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Yezhov&action=historysubmit&diff=418680218&oldid=418674320 'Алексей Павлюков,  Ежов. Биография. — М.: «Захаров», 2007. — 576 с. — ISBN 978-5-8159-0686-0'].

However, GoogleBooks preview shows that the book only has 574 pages. 24.47.118.12 (talk) 16:12, 15 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The info is translated from the ru-wiki article, and the ref is copied from there. Read up on WP:GOODFAITH.--Galassi (talk) 19:59, 15 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Doesn't matter. Please do not re-insert wrong information from another Wiki. Do your own research. It's super-dubious that a prominent NKVD chief's father could have been a gendarme, another Wiki is not reliable, and there is no p. 576. 24.47.118.12 (talk) 22:12, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Yezhov's height
In the photo, Yezhov looks much shorter than Stalin. Yezhov seems to have been 4 foot 11 or 4 foot 10. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.148.20.175 (talk) 09:14, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

i lack expertise, but i think FeigenbErg is correct spelling (FeigenbUrg on this wp page)
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Yevgenia_Ezhova_%28nee_Feigenberg_1904-1938%29_with_child.jpg i suppose both spellings may have been used if the name was spelled in other than English alphabet?2z2z (talk) 00:40, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Change unperson to enemy of the people
The article has in third paragraph: By the beginning of World War II, his status within the Soviet Union became that of a political unperson.

It is unclear what "unperson" means. Most likely the author means enemy of the people (vrag naroda). The term has the explanation on Wikipedia.

I have corrected. If it is something else, please undo but define what you mean.

--Armenius vambery (talk) 08:49, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Daughter
Yezhov adopted one child, first named Yezhova then 'Natalia Khayutina'. 'Natasha' is a diminutive form of 'Natalia'. Matuko 21:27, 5 July 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:09, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Ezhov.PNG

Jewish/Vandalism
Someone is going around making unsourced claims that various NKVD secret police officials were Jews in what is obvious vandalism. This includes the Yezhov page. I feel action must be taken with.Wordbearer88 (talk) 20:51, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Who was that "someone"? Some of these people (probably not Yezhov) in fact were Jewish. However, this must be something significant in context of a page to deserve inclusion. My very best wishes (talk) 21:59, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't know who it is, they use IP edit. They added in that he was Jewish and could speak Yiddish with no additional citation. Until there's no actual evidence he's Jewish it's inaccurate to add such information. Check the logs yourself to see.Wordbearer88 (talk) 22:22, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * That's nonsense, of course, as Yezhov himself stated that he didn't speak Yiddish. While purging the NKVD of Jews, he actually complained that there were too many "Yiddish Speakers". Kogelev (talk) 06:01, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Same crap was added on Italian wiki. I removed that.--Galassi (talk) 00:59, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

Just a reminder that Yezhov wasn't Jewish. The only (and literally the only) reference for it is Antony Polonsky's article. But the article itself provides no reference or source to back the claim that Yezhov was either ethnically or religiously Jewish. Unlike Stephen Kotkin (2017) who does provide reference to Yezhov's nationality and others. It's also not backed up by other materials, such as Yezhov's own interrogation protocols where he admits that he did not know Yiddish and spoke about Jews in the third person. He also mentioned that his father was from a Peasant Family.Kogelev (talk) 05:37, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:08, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The Commissar Vanishes 2.jpg
 * Voroshilov, Molotov, Stalin, with Nikolai Yezhov.jpg

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 * Nikolai Yezhov conferring with Stalin.jpg

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 * Yevgenia Ezhova (nee Feigenberg 1904-1938) with child.jpg

Wasn’t Yezhov Jewish?

 * When Stalin replaced Yagoda in September 1936, he appointed another Jew, the more zealous Nikolai Yezhov.
 * Antony Polonsky, “Jews and Communism in the Soviet Union and Poland”

177.44.211.7 (talk) 22:37, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn’t see that this subject was already addressed above.
 * 177.44.211.7 (talk) 00:02, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nikolai Yezhov


text:
Pyruvate decarboxylase

Pyruvate decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde. It is also called 2-oxo-acid carboxylase, alpha-ketoacid carboxylase, and pyruvic decarboxylase. In anaerobic conditions, this enzyme participates in the fermentation process that occurs in yeast, especially of the genus Saccharomyces, to produce ethanol by fermentation. It is also present in some species of fish (including goldfish and carp) where it permits the fish to perform ethanol fermentation (along with lactic acid fermentation) when oxygen is scarce. Pyruvate decarboxylase starts this process by converting pyruvate into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. Pyruvate decarboxylase depends on cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and magnesium. This enzyme should not be mistaken for the unrelated enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, an oxidoreductase, that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Structure
Pyruvate decarboxylase occurs as a dimer of dimers with two active sites shared between the monomers of each dimer. The enzyme contains a beta-alpha-beta structure, yielding parallel beta-sheets. It contains 563 residue subunits in each dimer; the enzyme has strong intermonomer attractions, but the dimers loosely interact to form a loose tetramer.

Active site residues
Each active site has 20 amino acid residues, including the acidic Glu-477, which interacts with the TPP ring, and Glu-51, which participates with the binding of the cofactor. These glutamates also stabilize the ylid of TPP, acting as proton donors. The nonpolar environment around this Glu 477 is nonpolar, which contributes to a higher than normal pKa (normal Glu and Asp pKa's are around 4.6 in small proteins).

The lipophilic residues Ile-476, Ile-480 and Pro-26 contribute to the nonpolarity of the area around Glu-477. The only other negatively charged residue apart from TPP coenzyme is the Asp-28, which also aids in increasing the pKa of Glu-477. Thus, the environment of the enzyme must allow for the protonation of the gamma-carboxyl group of Glu-477 to be around pH 6.

The aminopyrimidine ring on TPP acts as a base, once in its imine form, to pull off the C2 proton from TPP to form the nucleophile ylide. This must occur because the enzyme has no basic side chains present to deprotonate the TPP C2. A mutation at the active site involving these Glu can result in the inefficiency or inactivity of the enzyme. This inactivity has been proven in experiments in which either the N1' and/or 4'-amino groups are missing. In NMR analysis, it has been determined that when TPP is bound to the enzyme along with the substrate-analog pyruvamide, the rate of ylid formation is greater than the normal enzyme rate. Also, the rate of mutation of Glu 51 to Gln reduces this rate significantly.

Residues Asp-444 and Asp-28 bind Mg2+. Two Cys-221 (more than 20 Ångstroms away from each site) and His-92 trigger a conformational change, which inhibits or activates the enzyme depending on the substrate availability. If the substrate bound in the active site is pyruvate, the enzyme is activated by a conformational change in this regulatory site. The conformational change involves a 1,2 nucleophilic addition. This reaction, the formation of a thioketal, transforms the enzyme from its inactive to active state.

Inhibition of the site is done by a XC6H4CH=CHCOCOOH class of inhibitors/substrate analogues, as well as by the product of decarboxylation from such compounds as cinnamaldehydes. Other potential nucleophilic sites for the inhibitor include Cys-152, Asp-28, His-114, His-115, and Gln-477.

The normal catalytic rate of pyruvate decarboxylase is kcat = 10 s−1. However, the rate of the enzyme with a Glu-51 mutation to Gln is 1.7 s−1.

TPP prosthetic group
The cofactor TPP is the prosthetic group to the enzyme. The CH center located between the sulfur and nitrogen atoms on thiazole ring is acidic. Upon deprotonation, it generates an ylide, and becomes negatively charged as a carbanion. This can react as a nucleophile at the ketone carbon of pyruvic acid. During the decarboxylation of pyruvate, the TPP stabilizes the carbanion intermediates as an electrophile by noncovalent bonds. Specifically, the pyridyl nitrogen N1' and the 4'-amino group of TPP are essential for the catalytic function of the enzyme-TPP complex.

Mechanism

 * Pyruvate decarboxylase mechanism.svg

The enzyme splits pyruvate into carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde. The reaction proceeds by attack of the nucleophilic thiazole carbon on the keto group. The intermediate loses carbon dioxide, giving an enol, in an irreversible step. Subsequently, free acetaldehyde is released and the TPP is regenerated.

Yeast
In yeast, pyruvate decarboxylase acts independently during anaerobic fermentation and releases the 2-carbon fragment as acetaldehyde plus carbon dioxide. Pyruvate decarboxylase creates the means of CO2 elimination, which the cell dispels. The enzyme is also means to create ethanol, which is used as an antibiotic to eliminate competing organisms. The enzyme is necessary to help the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids because there is a build-up of negative charge that occurs on the carbonyl carbon atom in the transition state; therefore, the enzyme provides the suitable environment for TPP and the alpha-keto acid (pyruvate) to meet.

title: Pyruvate decarboxylase


text:
Telstar Ponies

Telstar Ponies are a Scottish rock band formed in Glasgow in 1994. Their musical style varies considerably but displays influences from Krautrock, folk (especially latterly), and experimental noise.

History
They were formed in 1994 by David Keenan on leaving 18 Wheeler. The original line-up included drummer Neil Grant as well as Sushil K Dade (ex-Soup Dragons, BMX Bandits, later of Future Pilot A.K.A.) on bass and John Hogarty (ex-BMX Bandits, later of National Park) on guitar. Grant was replaced on drums by Brendan O'Hare (ex-Teenage Fanclub) in time for the recording of their first single "Maps and Starcharts". By the time this single was released Dade and Hogarty had been replaced by Gavin Laird and Rachel Devine. This line-up recorded two albums, In The Space Of A Few Minutes and Voices From The New Music, adding Richard Youngs to the line-up for the latter. They split up in 1997, following the departures of both O'Hare and Laird, who formed Macrocosmica.

They reformed minus O'Hare in 1999. A third album was recorded, mixed by Christoph Heemann and Andrew Chalk, but was never released. The band's current status is described as being on "long term sabbatical" by Devine, Laird and Prior, who have formed The Porch Song Anthology in the meantime. Keenan plays with Taurpis Tula and Tight Meat Duo, curates the Subcurrent music festival and runs Volcanic Tongue, a shop, label and distributor specialising in outsider music.

Members
First line-up
 * David Keenan (vocals, guitar)
 * Neil Grant (drums)
 * Sushil K. Dade (bass)
 * John Hogarty (guitar)

Second line-up
 * David Keenan (vocals, guitar)
 * Rachel Devine (vocals, guitar, violin)
 * Gavin Laird (bass, vocals)
 * James SK Wān (vocals, brass)
 * Brendan O’Hare (drums, guitar, vocals)
 * Richard Youngs - (vocals, keyboards, violin, guitar—2nd album only)

Reformation line-up
 * David Keenan (vocals, guitar)
 * Rachel Devine (vocals, guitar)
 * Gavin Laird (guitar, vocals)
 * Kenneth Broom - (drums, saxophone)
 * Raymond Prior (bass, vocals)

Singles

 * "Maps and Starcharts" (1994) Fire Records
 * Not Even Starcrossed EP (1995) Fire
 * "Her Name" (1995) Fire
 * Mors Factum Musica EP (1996) Instant Mayhem
 * "Does Your Heart Have Wings?" (1996) Fire
 * "Brewery of Eggshells" (1996) Fire
 * "Voices From the New Music" (1997) Fire (withdrawn)
 * "Farewell Farewell" (1999) Geographic
 * Hares on the Mountain EP (2002) Static Caravan-Obelisk

Albums

 * In the Space of a Few Minutes (1995) Fire
 * Voices From the New Music (1996) Fire

title: Telstar Ponies


text: Category:Cognitive therapy

title: Category:Cognitive therapy


text:
User talk:Goldenshots

Image Tagging Image:Yerevan-water.jpg
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Thanks for uploading Image:Image-yerevan-map-i.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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A tag has been placed on Michael Jingozian requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. If this is the first page that you have created, then you should read the guide to writing your first article.

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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Blanchardb- Me • MyEars • MyMouth -timed 03:35, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goldenshots


text:
Norwegian Internet Exchange

The Norwegian Internet Exchange or NIX is an Internet exchange with presence in Tromsø, Trondheim, Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo, Norway. NIX is owned and operated by the IT Department, at the University of Oslo. Companies connected to the NIX are most ISPs operating in Norway, in addition to Amazon and the two largest Norwegian broadcasting companies, NRK and TV2. NIX has a neutral pricing model.

NIX1 is the primary site for the Norwegian Internet Exchange. NIX1 is colocated at three sites in Oslo.

NIX2 is the primary site for redundancy located at Kristian Augusts gate 17 in downtown Oslo.

The remaining four sites are regional sites intended for local use.

 * BIX in Bergen
 * TRDIX in Trondheim
 * TIX in Tromsø
 * SIX in Stavanger

The term NIX refers to all of the six IXPs.

title: Norwegian Internet Exchange


text:
Faking the Books

Faking the Books is the third studio album by German electronic music band Lali Puna. It was released on 5 April 2004 by Morr Music.

Faking the Books peaked at number 23 on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart.

Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Faking the Books received an average score of 83 based on 18 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Faking the Books was ranked at number five on Exclaim!'s "Electronic – Year in Review 2004" list.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

Lali Puna
 * Valerie Trebeljahr
 * Markus Acher
 * Christoph Brandner
 * Christian Heiß

Additional musicians
 * Sebastian Hess – cello on "Crawling by Numbers"
 * Osamu Nambu – violin on "Alienation"
 * Max Punktezahl – guitar on "Left Handed"

Production
 * Chris Blair – mastering
 * Mario Thaler – production, mixing, recording

Design
 * Jan Kruse – cover artwork
 * John-Patrick Morarescu – photography

title: Faking the Books


text:
Harro Schulze-Boysen

Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg Schulze-Boysen ( Schulze, 2 September 1909 – 22 December 1942) was a left-wing German publicist and Luftwaffe officer during World War II. As a young man, Schulze-Boysen grew up in prosperous family with two siblings, with an extended family who were aristocrats. After spending his early schooling at the Heinrich-von-Kleist Gymnasium and his summers in Sweden, he part completed a political science course at the University of Freiburg, before moving to Berlin on November 1929, to study law at the Humboldt University of Berlin. At Humboldt he became an anti-Nazi. After a visit to France in 1931, he moved to the political left. When he returned, he became a publicist on Der Gegner (English: "The Opponent"), a left-leaning political magazine. In May 1932, he took control of the magazine, but it was closed by the Gestapo in February 1933.

In May 1933, Schulze-Boysen trained as a pilot and started working in Ministry of Aviation. In the summer of 1934, he met the aristocrat Libertas Haas-Heye and married her in July 1936. The couple held regular dinner parties and evening-picnics that became formal meetings where many people from different stratas of society met and who were confessed anti-Nazis. By 1936, their house in Charlottenburg had become a popular meeting place and by 1937 the group began to resist. During the Spanish Civil War, Schulze-Boysen began collecting details of the Wehrmacht's involvement in the war from the ministry. He arranged for the documents to be passed to Soviet embassy by Gisela von Pöllnitz. As he was promoted in the Ministry, Schulze-Boysen collected information that he used to write savage indictments of the Nazi plans. Their first leaflet was "Der Stoßtrupp" ("The Shock Troop") that criticised the plan for the invasion of Sudetenland. At the time, the documents were taken abroad.

At the beginning of the war, Schulze-Boysen met Arvid Harnack who was the leader of another political faction and they started to work together. As the war progressed their combined undercover political faction, developed from a resistance organisation into an espionage networks from a small cadre of close friends, that began to collaborate with Soviet intelligence. The espionage network, led by Schulze-Boysen lasted slightly longer than a year, from just before June 1941 to August 1942 before a blunder by Soviet intelligence exposed their names and addresses to the German Funkabwehr, which resulted in the arrest of many members of the group, including Schulze-Boysen who was arrested on 31 August 1942 and executed later the same year.

Early life
Schulze-Boysen was born in Kiel as the son of decorated naval officer Erich Edgar Schulze and Marie-Luise (née Boysen). On his paternal side he was the grandnephew of Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and on the maternal side, the German economist and philosopher Ferdinand Tönnies. In 1913, the family moved to Berlin when his father received a posting. He had two siblings: a sister Helga, and a brother, Hartmut (1922-2013).

In 1913, Schulze-Boysen attended primary school and later the Heinrich-von-Kleist-Gymnasium in the district of Schmargendorf in Berlin. From 1920, he regularly spent his summer holidays with the Hasselrot family in Sweden. In 1922 his father was transferred to Duisburg, and Harro followed him in the autumn. As a student at the Steinbart Gymnasium in Duisburg, he participated in the underground struggle against the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 and was temporarily imprisoned by the French and Belgian occupying forces. To get him out of this political firing line, his parents organized a slightly longer stay in Sweden. Harro's trip to England in 1926 had inspired comparison and reflection. He had found that his experiences in the country did not match the perception of England within Germany.

In 1927 he wrote his first major newspaper report about a scandal in Duisburg to erect a monument to the sculptor Wilhelm Lehmbruck. On the occasion of the 80th birthday of the Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, Schulze-Boysen gave a commemorative speech at the school. His political involvement in high school was perceived as unusually intense. He passed the Abitur with the overall rating "good". His dexterity was particularly emphasized in the written and oral expression. At the time his spiritual attitude was in agreement with the values and traditions of the family. From then on, he appeared in public and in written statements with the double name Schulze-Boysen.

Political awakening
In April 1928 he studied law and political science at the University of Freiburg and later Berlin, without finishing. In the same period he joined the Studentenverbindung Albingia and the Young German Order, a paramilitary organisation that influenced him ideologically at the time. Its goal was to ethically revive the "comradeship from the trenches of the First World War" as a model for the Volksgemeinschaft to be developed. It rejected any form of dictatorship from the ideological left or right.

In the summer of 1929 he participated in an academic fencing club at the university and a course from the Hochsee-Wehrsportverein high sea defense sailing club in Neustadt. In November he moved to the Humboldt University of Berlin to continue his studies in law and joined its International Students' Association. In 1930, Schulze-Boysen supported the intellectual-nationalist group called the Volksnationale Reichsvereinigung ("People's National Reich Association"). During this period, Schulze-Boysen was also a member of the National Socialist Black Front. For the first time during this period he dealt intensively with Nazi ideology and searched for the causes of the sudden victory of the Nazi Party in Reichstag elections in March 1933. He studied the Nazi Party's programme and read Mein Kampf in search of answers, describing it as a "jumble of platitudes" and commenting: "There's nothing here but nonsense". It became clear to him that a further gain in votes by the Nazis would lead to a sharp intensification and polarization in society.

As a publicist
In July 1931, during a stay in France, Schulze-Boysen met French intellectuals associated with the magazine Plans, which sought the establishment of a Europe-wide collective economic system and whose influence resulted in him being reorientated politically to the left, though he still maintained his contacts with the nationalists. As time went on, he increasingly distanced himself from the views of the Young German Order as he realised that the daily struggle in Germany should primarily be directed against the emerging fascism and all reactionaries.

In 1932 and 1933, he published the left-liberal political magazine Der Gegner (English: "The Opponent"),that sought an alternative between capitalism and communism. It was founded in 1931 by Franz Jung and modelled on the Plans magazine. The poet Ernst Fuhrmann, the artist Raoul Hausmann, the writers Ernst von Salomon and Adrien Turel and the Marxist theoretician Karl Korsch, among others collaborated in writing the magazine. Their aim was to build a unified front of young people against the "liberal, capitalist and nationalist spirit" in Europe. For the French, Schulze-Boysen was the actor for Germany in this field. He tried to develop an independent German youth movement with the "Gegner-Kreis", which included Robert Jungk, Erwin Gehrts, Kurt Schumacher and Gisela von Pöllnitz and began to organize Enemy Evenings in Berlin cafés. "There was hardly an opposition youth group with which he did not keep in touch with." At the end of 1931, he took a leave of absence from his studies because he had come to the conclusion that the contents discussed here had nothing to do with the daily political disputes. In February 1932, Schulze-Boysen, in coordination with his French partners of Plans, organized the Treffen der revolutionären Jugend Europas or Meeting of Europe's Revolutionary Youth. A total of about 1,000 young people attended the meeting and he formulated the political goals for the German delegation. In view of the crisis in Germany, these consisted of the abolition of the capitalist system and also the assertion of Germany's own role without foreign diktat and interference.

In the search for alternatives to crisis-ridden Western Europe, he became more interested in the Soviet system, which was influenced by his disappointment with the national and conservative parties in Germany, who in his opinion did not fight the nascent Nazis enough. In March 1932, he wrote his first article, "Der Neue Gegner" (English: "The New Opponent") that defined his concept of publication goals, stating: "Let us serve the invisible alliance of thousands, who today are still divided." In April 1932, he wrote a letter to his mother that stated his goal was the intellectual reconciliation of the young generation. Essentially his politics were driven by the idea of a united youth fighting the older generations.

In May 1932, an investigation was opened against Jung and the office premises of the Der Gegner were sealed. Schulze-Boysen took over the business as the new editor and gave the publication a new name, Gegner (English: "opponent"), but with the same network of the most diverse political camps. At the depths of the crisis, he saw a clear opportunity to implement a new policy approach: "Opponents of today – comrades of tomorrow". He had become the leading head and the centre of the "enemy circle". Schulze-Boysen considered the seizure of power by Adolf Hitler to be probable at that time, but believed that he would soon be overthrown by a general strike. After the seizure of power by the Nazis and the Reichstag fire in Berlin, Schulze-Boysen helped several friends and colleagues who were being threatened to escape abroad. As early as February 1933 the Gestapo had rated the actions of the magazine as "radical" in an official communication, and in April 1933, the offices of Der Gegner were destroyed by the Sturmabteilung in a raid and detained all those present. The editorial staff were deported to a special camp of the 6th SS-Standarte. Schulze-Boysen himself was severely abused and detained for several days. The Sturmabteilung tortured his Jewish friend and colleague Henry Erlanger before his eyes, who died shortly afterwards. It had become clear to him, as a self-confessed anti-Nazi that he had to find new ways to implement his convictions. A chance encounter in the street led to Schulze-Boysen meeting the sculptor Kurt Schumacher, who had been working on Gegner with him. This was the beginning of the intellectual discussion group that would change into a direct-action, anti-fascist resistance group.

Military
In May 1933, his father organized a pilot training course for him at the German Aviation School in Warnemünde as a sea observer to remove his son from the political front line in Berlin. The place was far away from Berlin and provided enough opportunity to allow Schulze-Boysen to reflect on his past and enable him to prepare plans for the future. Before his departure, he advised his friends and colleagues to look around Nazi Germany and to go into the institutions of the Nazi regime. He read books that the rulers appealed to and tried to return with due caution to his published work. In the spring of 1934, this resulted in an opportunity through a contact with the publisher Erich Röth. He published the magazine Wille zum Reich under a pseudonym and dealt with cultural policy issues but with the goal of undermining the Nazi movement with its own themes.

Every fortnight he held picnic-evenings in his apartment with interested parties in which they discussed philosophical and well as political questions. Under a pseudonym (presumably under the abbreviation E.R. for Erich Röth), Schulze-Boysen wrote individual editorials and essays. It was important for him to explore what possibilities of influence existed with regard to the new situation. From 10 April 1934 onwards, he was employed as an auxiliary officer in the fifth department, in the section Foreign Air Powers of the Ministry of Aviation (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) (RLM) in Berlin. As an adjutant of the head of maritime aviation intelligence, he was responsible for evaluating the foreign literature and press on the subject of air armament. He analysed tactics, organisation, training and technology by studying foreign magazines, lectures, photo collections and journals.

Marriage
To protect himself from further persecution, Schulze-Boysen surrounded himself with a group of politically incorruptible friends who were left-leaning anti-fascists, among them artists, pacifists and Communists. In the summer of 1934, he met 20-year-old Libertas Haas-Heye while they were sailing on the Wannsee, who worked at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Berlin as a press officer.

They married on 26 July 1936. The wedding took place in the chapel of Liebenberg Castle under a painting of Guido Reni, with Hermann Göring giving away the bride. Liebenberg Castle was the ancestral estate of her parents. Schulze-Boysen spent his honeymoon in Stockholm as a language study trip for his employer and he submitted a confidential report upon his return. Haas-Heye was an impulsive woman of great personal ambition: she held evening discussions at her house, where she sought to influence her guests on behalf of Schulze-Boysen. She was fully aware of his activities in the resistance and supported the group by taking part in writing pamphlets, acting as a courier and helping to establish social contacts. Schulze-Boysen considered himself a libertine and the couple had an open marriage.

Schulze-Boysen's friends
In 1935, Walter Küchenmeister joined the group. Küchenmeister had known Schulze-Boysen since 1930, but had been reintroduced to him through Kurt Schumacher. Küchenmeister very quickly became an important member of the group and assumed the position of writer. In the same year, Schulze-Boysen visited Geneva, disguised as a private trip, for a series of lectures on international legal issues. The playwright Günther Weisenborn had known Schulze-Boysen since 1932 when he had met him at a left-wing student gathering and had become good friends. In 1937 Weisenborn had introduced the actor Marta Wolter to Schulze-Boysen and became part of the group. Walter Husemann, who at the time was in the Buchenwald concentration camp, would marry Marta Wolter and join the group. Other friends were found by Schulze-Boysen among former students of a reform school on the island of Scharfenberg in Berlin-Tegel. They often came from communist or social democratic workers' families, e.g. Hans and Hilde Coppi, Heinrich Scheel, Hermann Natterodt and Hans Lautenschlager. Some of these contacts existed before 1933, for example through the German Society of Intellectuals. John Rittmeister's wife Eva was a good friend of Liane Berkowitz, Ursula Goetze, Friedrich Rehmer, Maria Terwiel and Fritz Thiel who met in the 1939 abitur class at the secondary private school, Heil'schen Abendschule at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in Schöneberg. The Romanist Werner Krauss also joined. Through discussions, an active resistance to the Nazi regime grew. Ursula Goetze, who was part of the group, provided contacts with the communist groups in Neukölln.

Approaching war
In January 1936, Schule-Boyzen completed basic military training in the 3rd Radio Intelligence Teaching Company in Halle and was promoted to corporal. In order to be promoted, he had to either prove an academic degree or take part in a reservist exercise. However, the Luftwaffe Personnel Office blocked this possibility because he was registered in the files as "politically unreliable". In September 1936 Hermann Göring asked the head of the human resources department, Colonel General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff, what reports they had on Schulze-Boysen. When he learned that Schulze-Boysen's political activities from the Weimar Era "would offer no guarantee of a positive attitude towards the National State", Göring replied that "the old calibre of new appointments should be accepted" and sent him on an aviator course. He completed his course in November in List on Sylt and was subsequently promoted to sergeant of the Reserve. Further courses followed in May and July 1936. In the meantime, he was also commissioned by the Reich Aviation Ministry to work on the handbook of the military sciences and the Luftwaffe magazine.

While he was taking his basic military training in Halle, he learned of the ban on the magazine Wille zum Reich. The atelier that he and Libertas had purchased together in Charlottenburg as their wedding apartment gradually became a popular meeting place for people who wanted to maintain social interactions with one another. A second discussion group developed in Libertas' parents' estate, in Liebenberg. Many former acquaintances from Der Gegner were also present. To safeguard these covered activities, some basic conspiratorial rules were agreed. Schulze-Boysen's code name was Hans when he attended these regular discussion groups.

Resistance
During the summer of 1936, Schulze-Boysen had become preoccupied by the Popular Front in Spain and through his position at the Reich Aviation Ministry, had collected detailed information of the support that Germany was providing. The documents were passed to the Antimilitarist Apparatus or AM Apparat (Intelligence organisation) of the German Communist Party.

At the end of 1936, Libertas Schulze-Boysen and Walter Küchenmeister, on the advice of Elisabeth Schumacher—wife of Kurt Schumacher—sought out Elfriede Paul, a doctor, who became a core member of the group.

The Spanish Civil War galvanised the inner circle of Schulze-Boysen's group. Kurt Schumacher demanded that action should be taken and a plan that took advantage of Schulze-Boysen's position at the ministry was formed. In February 1937, Schulze-Boysen compiled a short information document about a sabotage enterprise planned in Barcelona by the German Wehrmacht. It was an action from "Special Staff W", an organisation established by Luftwaffe general Helmuth Wilberg to study and analyse the tactical lessons learned by the Legion Kondor during the Spanish Civil War. The unit also directed the German relief operations that consisted of volunteers, weapons and ammunition for General Francisco Franco's FET y de las JONS. The information that Schulze-Boysen collected included details about German transports, deployment of units and companies involved in the German defence. The group around Schulze-Boysen did not know how to deliver the information to the Soviets, but discovered that Schulze-Boysen's cousin, Gisela von Pöllnitz, was planning to visit the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne that was held in Paris from 25 May to 25 November 1937. After extensive discussion the group decided that she would deliver the letter to the Soviet Embassy in Paris. Von Pöllnitz fulfilled her mission and placed the letter in the mailbox of the Soviet Embassy on the Bois de Boulogne. However, the building was being watched by the Gestapo and after posting the letter they arrested her in November 1937.

To prepare for the upcoming military occupation of Czechoslovakia, just after 5 June 1938, a game of planning took place in the Foreign Air Powers Department and shortly afterwards in August a combat exercise took place in the Wildpark-Werder area that is directly southwest of Potsdam. The Gestapo also prepared for the impending war and, with orders from Heinrich Himmler, updated their registers of potential enemies of the state. Schulze-Boysen was classified as a former editor of the Gegner and they were aware of his status. On 20 April 1939, he was promoted to lieutenant and promptly called upon to perform a study on the comparison of air armaments between France, England and Germany.

The overall situation in Germany, which was moving more and more towards the state of war, did not leave the actors associated with Schulze-Boysen idle. In October 1938 Küchenmeister and Schulze-Boysen wrote the leaflet entitled Der Stoßtrupp (English: "The Shock Troop") for the imminent affiliation of the Sudetenland. Around 50 copies were mimeographed and distributed. In the spring of 1939, Paul, the Schumachers and Küchenmeister travelled to Switzerland, ostensibly to treat Küchenmeister's tuberculosis but also to contact the KPD director Wolfgang Langhoff to exchange information. In August, Schumacher along withKüchenmeister helped Rudolf Bergtel reach Switzerland. He also provided him with information on current German aircraft and tank production, as well as deployment plans for a German submarine base in the Canary Islands.

On his 30th birthday on 2 September 1939, Schulze-Boysen had talked with German industrialist Hugo Buschmann, with whom he had agreed to receive literature on the Russian Revolution, Lenin, Stalin, and Leon Trotsky. Schulze-Boysen was primarily concerned with questions of what alternatives there were to the capitalist system of the Western European countries, and he considered writing his thesis on the Soviet Union during his studies. Schulze-Boysen invalidated the concerns that Buschmann had regarding the literature handover by remarking, "I regularly receive Pravda and Izvestia and have to read them because I am a rapporteur on Russian issues. My department requires a thorough study of this literature. Besides, we are allies of Soviet Russia".

Schulze-Boysen spent much of 1940 looking for new contacts. Besides his work in the RLM, he studied at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik of the Humboldt University of Berlin for a doctorate. Towards the end of his studies, he led a seminar on foreign studies as an employee of SS Major Franz Six who was director of the Hochschule. In 1941, Libertas Schulze-Boysen became an English language lecturer to teach translators the language. Schulze-Boysen who also lectured there and met three people at the institute that became important members of his group: student and interpreter Eva-Maria Buch; confirmed Nazi and Hitler Youth member Horst Heilmann and Luftwaffe officer Herbert Gollnow. Buch translated the resistance magazine Die Innere Front (English: "The Internal Front" or "The Home Front") into French. Little was known about Gollnow.

Heilmann met Schulze-Boysen when he wrote a paper called The Soviets and Versailles that was presented at a political seminar for the Hitler Youth being attended by Schulze-Boysen. Heilmann was introduced to Albrecht Haushofer through Schulze-Boysen; it was not the first meeting between Schulze-Boysen and Haushofer but was perhaps the first political one. According to new evidence that was presented in 2010, Schulze-Boysen and Haushofer met at least twice before, understood each other's motives, and allowed a compromise to be reached between them, which enabled Heilmann to turn away from Nazism. At Schulze-Boysen and Haushofer's first meeting, also attended by Rainer Hildebrandt whose apartment they were using, they discussed the possibility of cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union. Haushofer was antipathetic towards the Soviet Union and believed that the only way to establish mutual agreement with Stalin's regime was to confront Soviet power with Europe's right to self-assertion. Schulze-Boysen pleaded for mutual collaboration between the two countries and believed that German communism would emerge as an independent political doctrine, while he anticipated a role for the Soviet Union in Europe. At a second meeting, with trust established between two sides, Haushofer told Schulze-Boysen that an assassination attempt against Hitler was being planned. These two meetings created a level of trust between the two men that reduced their risk of exposure when trying to turn the Wehrmacht officer. In August 1941, after a weekend sailing on the Großer Wannsee, on Schulze-Boysen's boat, the Duschika, Schulze-Boysen confided in Heilmann that he was working for the Russians as an agent. Heilmann supplied intelligence to Schulze-Boysen for almost a year.

Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Group
In 1941, Schulze-Boysen had access to other resistance groups and began to cooperate with them. The most important of these was a group run by Arvid Harnack who had known Schulze-Boysen since 1935, but was reintroduced to him sometime in late 1939 or early 1940 through Greta Kuckhoff. Kuckhoff knew Arvid and Mildred Harnack when the latter was studying in America at the end of the 1920s, and had brought the poet Adam Kuckhoff together with the couple. The Kuckhoffs had known the Schulz-Boysens since 1938, having met them at a dinner party hosted by film producer Herbert Engelsing and his wife Ingeborg Engelsing, a close friend of Libertas and started to engage them socially in late 1939 or early 1940 by bringing Mildred and Libertas together while on holiday in Saxony. Through the Engelsing's, the Schulze-Boysens were introduced to Maria Terwiel and her future fiance, the dentist Helmut Himpel.

In January 1941, Schulze-Boysen, promoted to lieutenant, was assigned to the attaché group of the 5th department of the Reich Aviation Ministry. His new place of work was in Wildpark in Potsdam, where the headquarters of the Luftwaffe was located. His job there was to process the incoming reports from the Luftwaffe attachés working in the individual embassies. At the same time, Harnack learned from him that the Reich Aviation Ministry was also involved in preparations for an invasion of the Soviet Union, and that the Luftwaffe was conducting reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory.

On 27 March 1941 in a meeting at the apartment of Arvid Harnack, Schulze-Boysen met the third secretary member of the Soviet embassy, Alexander Korotkov, who was known to Harnack as Alexander Erdberg. Korotkov was a Soviet intelligence agent who had been operating clandestinely in Europe for much of the 1930s as an employee of the foreign intelligence service of the Soviet People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB). Korotkov assigned the code name Starshina, a Soviet military rank, to Schulze-Boysen as Harnack brought him into the operation. Without being aware of the exact activity of his counterpart at the time, Schulze-Boysen informed him in the conversation that the attack on the Soviet Union had been decided and would take place in the shortest possible time. On 2 April 1941, Schulze-Boysen informed Korotkov that the invasion plans were complete and provided Korotkov with an initial list of bombing targets of railways. On 17 April, Schulze-Boysen reported that the Germans were still indecisive. He stated that German generals in North Africa were hopeful of a victory over Great Britain, but the preparations for the invasion continued. In mid-April, in an attempt to increase the influx of intelligence, the Soviets ordered Korotkov to create a Berlin espionage operation. Harnack was asked to run the operation and the groups were given two radio transmitters. Schulze-Boysen selected Kurt Schumacher as their radio operator. In the same month, Korotkov began to pressure both groups to break contact with any communist friends and cease any kind of political activity. Schulze-Boysen had a number of friends with links to the Communist Party of Germany including Küchenmeister with whom he cut contact, but he continued to engage in politics. In May 1941, a suitcase-based radio transmitter was delivered to Harnack via Greta Kuckhoff. Eventually, Libertas was drawn into the espionage operation. As the month progressed, the reports provided to the Soviets became more important, as they in turn devoted more time to ensure the supply of information continued. On 6 June 1941, Schumacher was drafted into the German army and Schulze-Boysen found a replacement radio operator in Hans Coppi. Schulze-Boysen persuaded Coppi to establish a radio link to the Soviet Union for the resistance organisation. Both Harnack and Coppi were trained by a contact of Korotkov, in how to encode text and transmit it, but Coppi failed to send any messages due to inexperience and technical problems with the radio. Harnack managed to transmit messages but the operation was largely a failure. Around 13 June 1941, Schulze-Boysen prepared a report that gave the final details of the Soviet invasion including details of Hungarian airfields containing German planes.

When the Soviet invasion began on 22 June 1941, the Soviet embassy closed and due to the radio transmitters that had become defective, intelligence from the group failed to reach the Soviet Union. However, they still gathered information and collated it. The couple had read about the Franz Six murders in the Soviet Union and the group was aware of the capture of millions of Russian soldiers. Schulze-Boysens position in the Luftwaffe gave them a more detailed perspective than most Berliners and by September 1941, they realised that the fate of Russians and Jews had begun to converge. At the same time, the combined group started to collect military intelligence in a careful, systematic manner that could be used to overthrow the Nazis. Members of both groups were convinced that only by the military defeat of the Nazis could Germany be liberated and that by shortening the war, perhaps millions of people could be saved. Only in that way would Germany be able to be saved as an independent state at the centre of Europe.

On 18 October 1941, the Soviet agent Anatoly Gurevich was ordered by Leopold Trepper, the director of Soviet Intelligence in Europe, to drive to Berlin and find out why the group were no longer transmitting. Trepper received a message on 26 August 1941 with a set of instructions for the Schulze-Boysens, Harnacks and Kuckhoffs to re-establish communications. Although it took several weeks for Gurevich to reach Berlin, the visit was largely a failure and the groups remained independent. Gurevich received intelligence from Schulze-Boysen at a four-hour meeting they held at his apartment.

AGIS leaflets
In December 1941 or January 1942 (sources vary), the Schulze-Boysens met psychoanalyst John Rittmeister and his wife Eva. Rittmeister was happy to hear from the reports that informed him of the German military setback on the Eastern Front and convinced Schulze-Boysen that the reports should be shared with the German people, which would destroy the myth of German propaganda. However, Rittmeister did not share the activist politics of Schulze-Boysen, nor did he know about his espionage activities. The AGIS leaflet was created, named in reference to the Spartan King Agis IV, who fought against corruption. Rittmeister, Schulze-Boysen, Heinz Strelow, and Küchenmeister among others wrote them with titles like The becoming of the Nazi movement, Call for opposition, Freedom and violence and Appeal to All Callings and Organisations to resist the government.

On 15 February 1942, Schulze-Boysen led the group to write the six-page pamphlet called Die Sorge Um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk! (English: "The Concern for Germany's Future Goes Through the People!"). Co-authored by Rittmeister, the master copy was arranged by the potter Cato Bontjes van Beek, a friend of Libertas, and the pamphlet was written up by Maria Terwiel on her typewriter. One copy survives today. The pamphlet posited the idea of active defeatism, which was a compromise between principled pacifism and practical political resistance. It stated the future for Germany lay in establishing a socialist state that would form alliances with the USSR and progressive forces in Europe. It also offered advice to the individual resistor: "do the opposite of what is asked of you". The group produced hundreds of pamphlets that were spread over Berlin, in phone boxes, and sent to selected addresses. Producing the leaflets required a small army of people and a complex approach to organisation to avoid being discovered.

The Soviet Paradise exhibition
In May 1942, the Nazis publicised propaganda as an exhibit known as The Soviet Paradise. Massive photo panels depicting Russian Slavs as subhuman beasts who lived in squalid conditions and pictures of firing squads shooting young children and others who were hung were shown at the exhibit. Greta Kuckhoff was horrified by the exhibition. The group decided to respond and created a number of stickers to paste onto walls. On 17 May 1942, Schulze Boysen stood guard on each of the 19 members, travelling over five Berlin neighbourhoods at different times to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters. The message read:

 * Permanent Exhibition
 * The Nazi Paradise
 * War, Hunger, Lies, Gestapo
 * How much longer?

The Harnacks were dismayed at Schulze-Boysen's actions and decided not to participate in the exploit, believing it to be reckless and unnecessarily dangerous.

Discovery
The discovery of the illegal radio transmissions by Soviet agent Johann Wenzel by the radio counterintelligence organization Funkabwehr and his capture by the Gestapo on 29–30 June 1942 eventually revealed the Red Orchestra, and led to the arrest of the Schulze-Boysens. Wenzel decided to cooperate after he was tortured. His exposure of the radio codes enabled Referat 12, the cipher bureaux of the Funkabwehr, to decipher Red Orchestra message traffic. The unit had been tracking Red Orchestra radio transmissions since June 1941 and in December they raided a house in Brussels where Wenzel was transmitting that was found to contain a large number of coded messages. When Wilhelm Vauck, principal cryptographer of the Funkabwehr, the radio counterintelligence department of the Abwehr received the ciphers from Wenzel, he was able to decipher some of the older messages. Vauck found a message that was dated 10 October 1941. The message was addressed to KENT (Anatoly Gurevich) and had the header format: KL3 3 DE RTX 1010-1725 WDS GBD FROM DIREKTOR PERSONAL. When it was decrypted, it gave the location of three addresses in Berlin: The first address, 19 Altenburger Allee, Neu-Westend, third floor right and addressed to CORO was the Schulze-Boysens apartment. The two other addresses were the Kuckhoffs' and the Harnacks' apartments. When Vauck decrypted this message, it was forwarded to Reich Security Main Office IV 2A, where they identified the people living at the three addresses. The three couples were put under surveillance on 16 July 1942. There was a member of Schulze-Boysen's group working in Referat 12 in Vauck's team: Horst Heilmann, who was supplying Schulze-Boysen with intelligence. Heilmann tried to contact Schulze-Boysen but was unsuccessful and left a message with him to phone him back. Schulze-Boysen returned the call, but Vauck answered the phone and when he requested the name of the caller to take a message, and was met with Schulze-Boysen, the deception was revealed.

Arrest and death
On 31 August 1942, Schulze-Boysen was arrested in his office in the RLM, and his wife Libertas a few days later when she panicked and fled to a friend's house. On 15 December 1942, Harro and Libertas, along with many close friends including the Harnacks, the Schumachers, Hans Coppi, John Graudenz and Horst Heilmann, were tried in the Reichskriegsgericht, the highest military court in Nazi Germany. The group was prosecuted by Manfred Roeder and tried by five military judges consisting of a vice admiral, two generals and two professional judges. Evidence was presented to the court by Roeder along with an indictment that contained a juridical estimation of the case. There was no jury and prosecution witnesses were Gestapo agents. At the end of the trial, Roeder demanded the death sentence. On 19 December, the couple were sentenced to death for "preparation for high treason" and "war treason".

Harro Schulze-Boysen was executed by hanging on 22 December 1942 at 19:05 in Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. Libertas Schulze-Boysen was executed 90 minutes after her husband.

Their bodies were released to Hermann Stieve, an anatomist at what is now Humboldt University, to be dissected for research. When Stieve was finished with them, their remains were taken to the Zehlendorf crematorium. Their final resting place is unknown.

Honours

 * In 1964, the German Democratic Republic issued a special stamp series on the Communist Resistance, the 20+5-penny stamp that was dedicated to Schulze-Boysen.
 * In 1967, The National People's Army News Regiment 14 was named after Schulze-Boysen.
 * In 1969, Schulze-Boysen was posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Banner by the Soviet Union.
 * In 1972 in the Berlin borough of Lichtenberg, a street is named after the Schulze-Boysens. The German Federal Finance Ministry has the following quote by Schulze-Boysen:
 * "Wenn wir auch sterben sollen,
 * So wissen wir: Die Saat
 * Geht auf. Wenn Köpfe rollen, dann
 * Zwingt doch der Geist den Staat."
 * "Glaubt mit mir an die gerechte Zeit, die alles reifen lässt!"
 * "Even if we should die,
 * We know this: The seed
 * Bears fruit. If heads roll, then
 * The spirit nevertheless forces the state."
 * "Believe with me in the just time that lets everything ripen."

 * There is also a Schulze-Boysen-Strasse in Duisburg, Leipzig, Rostock, Magdeburg and Ludwigsfelde.

 * In 1983, the GDR issued a block of stamps in memory of the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack resistance group.
 * In 1984, the sculpture Freedom Fighter by Fritz Cremer in Bremen was erected in memory of Mildred Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen at the Wilhelm Wagenfeld House in Bremen's Wallanlagen.
 * In 1991, the picture Red Chapel Berlin (Tempera auf Nessel, 79 × 99 cm), painted by Carl Baumann in 1941, was the picture of the month for July in the Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History in Münster.
 * In 2009, the Harro Schulze-Boysen-Weg was inaugurated on November 26 on the occasion of his 100th birthday in Kiel.
 * In 2017, two Stolperstein were laid at Liebenberg Castle in memory of Harro and Libertas Schulze-Boysen.

title: Harro Schulze-Boysen