text:
Talk:Mandan

Directions
"The body would be placed with the head towards the northwest and feet to the southwest." This isn't possible, unless the body is bent. Is it supposed to be northwest and southeast?
 * I hadn't noticed the discrepency...I'll check my sources and figure out what is correct. *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 18:04, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't know much about Great Plain Indians but...
Didn't the Pawnee indians have permanent villages too. Or are they part of the Mandan?Lazylizards8 00:26, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Pawnee, Omaha and other Plains tribes most definitely had permanent villages; I've corrected that sentence. –Swid 00:36, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Lazylizards8 02:54, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for correcting my oversight! This is what Wikipedia is all about! *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 05:23, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've corrected the front-page blurb. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 05:34, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Pedantries
Ganymead, you link simple years. I haven't changed it, because it's commonly done, but I think policy has changed (I'm for one would be glad of it), and you're not supposed to link them any more. User:Tony1 frequently makes this point on WP:FAC, and I haven't seen anybody contradict him. Simple years aren't affected by date preferences anyway, please see this Manual of Style page: "If the date doesn't contain a day and a month, then date preferences won't work, and square brackets won't respond to your readers' auto-formatting preferences. So unless there is a special relevance of the date link, there's no need to link it. This is an important point: simple years, decades and centuries should only be linked if there's a strong reason for doing so." Best, Bishonen | talk 22:37, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I've gone through and removed many links (years and centuries included) as well as checking many links. Damn, I never imagined that so many links would need to be corrected. It seems this might become a major issue on Wikipedia in the next few years. Thanks for all of your help, you have been very helpful! Too bad we can't do acknowledgements on here. *Exeunt* Ganymead Dialogue? 01:38, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, so notes have now been created...how do they look? *Exeunt* Ganymead Dialogue? 04:57, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, yeah, what a lot of fiddling with links, but then it looks excellent now, with the meaningful links standing out! Er, are you sure you want to lengthen so many captions with the "Courtesy of the Library of Congress" thing? Or is is something you have to do? (Surely not?) And you know you can specify pixels for the thumbs if you want to, right? (I 've experimentally done that with the oval painting of a lodge interior.) They look small, for me, but that's a matter of taste, of course. What a stroke of luck that those great pics are available.
 * The footnotes are elegant. If you want to be super-picky, you might put them all into a consistent short style, which refers in turn to the full bibliographical notation in the References section; thus, note 4, "Jahoda, p. 174" and note 11, "Jahoda, pp. 177–82." Somebody'd have to be mad to care enough to bring that up on FAC, though. (Why people ever bring up formatting issues there instead of just fixing them is beyond me.) A more practical point: the sources for notes 9, 12, 15, 19 can't easily be found in the refs section, since they're formatted differently there.
 * Hmmm, what else... there are some short sections, and short paragraphs. I'm hoping you'll be able to expand the paragraph on the fascinating language. (Mark Dingemanse seems to be around at the moment, if you want to try to involve him, he's a great guy.) Anyway, the whole thing's looking good! Best, Bishonen | talk 20:57, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Images
A lot of them need to be cropped. The "pure" images could always be retrieved again from the U.S. government sites if that concerns anybody. I'll do it myself if no one objects or if someone else wants to do it.—jiy (talk) 09:15, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey! Knock yourself out! The only images I would like to keep the way they are are the round-ish Catlin images and the first image of the Indian standing on the bluff above the Missouri (it's such an "artsy" image). Feel free to work on the others. *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 18:46, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Congratulations
I was so surprised to see an Indian Tribe article featured on the front page. I have seen so many on Wikipedia that need lots of work. This artical is fabulously organized, cited, and illustrated. Wonderful job to those of you who helped. --Schwael 16:51, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Ditto...Top notch article. Rlevse 17:40, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Ditto. I was surprised to see not only an Indian tribe featured, but one with which I am relatively familiar, having grown up 30 miles from New Town. Good work, everyone who contributed to this article. Ari 19:34, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

A great job!!! have enjoyed watching the article progress the past few weeks. Best wishes. WBardwin 22:34, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Query
"After awakening, the warrior would sacrifice the little finger on both hands [...] those completing the ceremony twice would gain everlasting fame among the tribe." What sacrifice was made second time around? Rich  Farmbrough 17:51, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * None of my sources have ever said...I think they sacrificed another finger, but don't quote me on that. *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 18:00, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

O-Kee-Pa
Was the O-Kee-Pa/Okeepe information not accurate? The history of that article stub says it was redirected because the information already existed here, but now it is gone. -- nae'blis (talk) 23:19, 5 July 2006 (UTC) Ĥ

 * While I didn't redirect the article, I think it was redirected as there wasn't much information in the article itself. Looking at the article history, it appears to have only one sentence while there is a whole paragraph plus context on the Mandan here. Should you wish to expand the article on the Okipa beyond the one sentence, fee free to do so and make sure this article links to it. Cheers! *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 19:55, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

minor quibble
I was wondering if this part could be rewritten a little:

"the Mandan developed a religious ceremony to bring the buffalo closer to their villages. This ceremony, known as the Okipa, served not only to attract buffalo, but also to renew the world for another year."

My problem with it is that, as written, the sentences imply causation: that the religious ceremonies actually had the effects described. The statements should be prefaced with something like "The Mandans believed that ...". Or I am mistaken, and there is evidence that the religious ceremonies really did somehow attract buffalo? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.53.253.2 (talk • contribs) 11:09, October 24, 2006 (UTC)
 * Writing about religious beliefs is always tricky. What about "According to the Mandan people, cite."? -- nae'blis 17:22, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I prefer "The Mandan believe..." without the citation (it's cited in the paragraph on the Okipa). Let me know what you think before I change it. *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 19:52, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Ahhh, now I see, I thought you were talking about the Okipa section down below. Looking at the greater context, I'd change:
 * ''"...the Mandan developed a religious ceremony to bring the buffalo closer to their villages. This ceremony, known as the Okipa, served not only to attract buffalo, but also to renew the world for another year."
 * to:
 * "...the Mandan developed a religious ceremony known as the Okipa, with the dual purpose of attracting buffalo and renewing the world for another year."
 * Shorter, and makes no value judgements about the efficacy of the ceremony (I don't think). -- nae'blis 22:54, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

It's fine with me. I'll go ahead and add it. *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 02:31, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Done, thanks for the suggestion! If you notice anything else that should be changed, let me know. After looking over the article, I think it could use a bit of polishing. Any suggestions you have would be helpful. Thanks for your interest! *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 02:35, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem, I really enjoy working on obscure, out-of-the-way pages more than big firey cataclysms... err, I mean popular pages. I'll see if I can take a look at it later, I seem to remember having some quibbles with page structure myself. -- nae'blis 14:29, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Statement about Lewis and Clarke
The following statement has been removed until I can be sourced.
 * As the Mandans encouraged conjugal relations between their women and European and American explorers and fur-traders (probably in an attempt to incorporate their perception of a cultural advantage over enemy tribes), a "lighter skin color" would in time be a natural consequence. The Journals of Lewis and Clark often refer to members of the expedition being invited to spend the night in the Mandan lodges, and it was likely there that several of these men copulated freely with the women of the tribe and contracted venereal diseases.  Today the hunt for the original site of the expedition's next winter home at Fort Clapstop, Oregon, at the headwaters of the Columbia, relies on a search for the capsules of mercury which members of the expedition used to treat the disease.

A note was left on the editor's talk page, but if anyone else can provide a source for this, please do. However, I would prefer to add this statement back myself as I think it should go elsewhere in the article. Thanks! *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 15:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * ' As John Ewers has written, the "concept of the transmission of power through sexual intercourse seemed to have played a part in the eagerness of Mandan women to cohabit with white men in the early days of the fur trade. ' ¦ Reisio 01:49, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Ward Churchill does not belong here
The committee investigating him said "Our investigation has found that there is some evidence in written accounts of Indian reactions in 1837 and in native oral traditions that would allow a reasonable scholar who relies heavily on such sources to reach Professor Churchill’s interpretation that smallpox was introduced deliberately among Mandan Indians near Fort Clark by the U.S. Army, using infected blankets.181 We therefore do not conclude that he fabricated his account." http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf T heir contention with him was over improper footnotes not making false accusations.

 * His "improper footnotes" include citing sources to support his claims, when they do not, and omitting the sources that he later claimed were his main ones. Moreover they concluded that although the broad accusation was arguable, he fabricated the details of his account.  (See "Summary Conclusions for Allegation D" in the above citation.) 62.56.90.91 08:53, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

See, among others, Thomas Brown, Did the US Army distribute Small Pox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric, Ann Arbor MI, 2006. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:1210:3ECB:2600:9C5E:BD5:C9A3:7C0 (talk) 14:09, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

"related groups" info removed from infobox
For dedicated editors of this page: The "Related Groups" info was removed from all Infobox Ethnic group infoboxes. Comments may be left on the Ethnic groups talk page. Ling.Nut 17:15, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Viking theory
The claim of Viking influence and ancestry seems to have no substantial support. The only reference is a self-published text, which merely propounds the theory with many weasel words and hardly any evidence (Vikings in Newfoundland, some blue eyed Mandans, disputed runestone in Minnesota). Unless there is a better source, this paragraph is unjustified and should be removed. Kanguole (talk) 09:54, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The claim indeed has little or no meaningful support. This wholly unconfirmed speculation should be mentioned in the article since it is, in itself, somewhat notable, but the article should clearly characterize it as such. It seems to have arisen from reports following the very earliest European (post-Columbian) contacts. The Mandan were a small group even then and have been so thoroughly assimilated into other groups, any confirmation of these centuries-old accounts as to hair and eye colouring, religious practice or lodge features would be deeply problematic. Moreover, there could be other explanations. I've created a tiny sub-section for this which notes the speculation and the utter lack of support for it. Gwen Gale (talk) 20:03, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * When you say "has very little support among anthropologists and professional historians", you mean "has no support etc", don't you? The anthropological observations seem to be all Catlin's Welsh theory, now debunked. What makes this notable? The source isn't even good enough for establishing notability of an unsupported theory. Kanguole (talk) 20:54, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The cited source has to do with speculation about Vikings, not Catlin's Welsh theory. Did you read the source? There are many others to be had. This (mistaken) speculation itself is notable enough, I've been running across it for years. One can't say "no" support, even among anthropologists and historians, since, given all the speculation, there is no way to prove a negative like this. If you wish to erase any mention of it at all from the article I would not support that: Some readers will come to the article specifically looking for more information about the Viking/Welsh tales. There is nothing misleading or unencyclopedic about including a mistaken legend or idea and then noting support for it is lacking. Gwen Gale (talk) 21:03, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I apologize for my lack of clarity. I meant that one of the three strands of evidence presented in that article was Catlin's observations of complexion, hair and eye color etc, and that the notion that these were European features had been debunked along with his Welsh theory. Anyway, as you say notability is the key issue. Kanguole (talk) 23:44, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I would agree with Gwen Gale above. The theories/speculations should be included and briefly discussed.  The reasons why the theory was disproved or abandoned should also be covered.  These type of ideas reflect the world view and preoccupations of their time and so are part of Mandan "history".  Just because a theory or idea can't be proved as "true", or even probable, does not mean it is not notable for our readers.  WBardwin (talk) 23:09, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Certainly it is worth discussing notable theories, sound or not, e.g. the discussion on Ward Churchill's allegations re the smallpox epidemic further down the page. But where is the evidence that this theory is notable?  The current cite, a self-publication on a web site, is inadequate even for that purpose. I'm not determined to remove the discussion, but I'd like to see evidence of a real controversy. Kanguole (talk) 23:31, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * "Vikings, Ancient America, Mandan" on Google just gave me 10,000+ entries, not all of them applicable. Although their credibility varies (!!!), I'm sure this number of sites indicates enough interest for Wikipedia to address the issue.  A solid, academic rebuttal of the idea would, however, be very good for the article.  WBardwin (talk) 23:45, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It's not a scholarly controversy, only a low-level popular one, in that almost any discussion of the Kensington runestone tends to sooner or later bring up those early descriptions of the Mandan. There is zero evidence of contact between Vikings and Mandan, only controversial interpretations of 18th century reports their lodges had "Nordic" features, their religious tradition had a flood myth (fascinating but not so remarkable in itself) and some Mandan during the 18th and 19th centuries reportedly had blue/hazel eyes and so on. The pith is, many anthropologists these days will concede the possibility, even likelihood, of very small and scattered groups of pre-Columbian Europeans now and then stumbling into North America and assimilating with the existing population but making the leap of saying these 18th century characteristics of the Mandan are evidence of Viking contact is utter speculation, not evidence. Gwen Gale (talk) 02:21, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes -- see the half-academic/half-popular ex link I added to the article -- American Heritage Magazine: Martians & Vikings, Madoc & Runes  (accessed 17 January 2008).  But -- if the heading says Viking, why don't we lead with Viking?  WBardwin (talk) 02:25, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The first sentence uses the term Viking. Gwen Gale (talk) 02:28, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * But it is not the subject of the sentence! See below.  WBardwin (talk) 03:10, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Combining both speculative theories
Gale, I think that combining both the Welsh and the Viking theories in one section should work - although I don't like the title I gave my initial combined effort. Both theories origininate in the 19th Century, although distanced in time. Both of them received a good measure of popular support during their time period and both are referenced today in more speculative publications, with the Viking theory currently more popular. I see no reason why Catlin can't be in two succeeding sections, so I moved his musings down a paragraph. Other ideas, anyone? WBardwin (talk) 03:10, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, combining them is helpful. Gwen Gale (talk) 03:24, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Recent Copyedits
Civil Engineer III made some copyedits today, some of which were useful but he also removed the Marshall T Newman reference and that article is key to any discussion of the European Mandan arguments (which he debunks). I reverted his changes and then put back a few of his edits manually.--Dougweller (talk) 16:17, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I saw this and do support your revert and following edits. Gwen Gale (talk) 17:17, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Upgrading Article
I've just order the classic study Mandan Social and Ceremonial Organization by Alfred W. Bowers & Gerard Baker which should help upgrade this article so it really deserves to be and gets back its status of Featured Article.--Dougweller (talk) 17:24, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

I was wondering if they used the Corn Beans & Squash together called the Three Sisters (of agriculture)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.109.176.242 (talk) 01:04, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Are the Mandans really still in existence?
It's appalling to think that about all the Native Americans whose cultures were destroyed but for the sake of cold historical fact I have to ask: 'Are the Mandans not extinct as a tribe?' Reference (for example): http://top-10-list.org/2011/11/04/top-10-native-tribes-who-faced-extinction/

This article gives the impression that they are, but is this accurate? 92.24.228.153 (talk) 20:16, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, Mandans are still very alive today. They are enrolled in the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation located in North Dakota. -Uyvsdi (talk) 19:18, 15 January 2012 (UTC)Uyvsdi

 * Their culture is probably doing better than the authenticity of their genetics, if that’s what you mean. ¦ Reisio (talk) 02:49, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:57, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Villages before 1781
I adapted this table from one given in the Handbook of North American Indians. I cannot figure out where in the article it would be best to place it, nor how to place a table alongside the text. If anybody can figure either of those things out, here it is. CMurdock (talk) 23:31, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Ideally, notes 2, 3, and 4 should go beneath the table rather than at the end of the article, but that's also something I don't know how to do in Wiki. CMurdock (talk) 20:13, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

 * When you have taken time to make the list, who not just put it in somewhere? (I am a novice, so I can not help). If it is a bad place then let someone else place it a better place. Or make a link and start a new chapter in its own right about Mandan villages, including your list and with maps and time of occupation, village chiefs etc? Naawada2016 (talk) 08:54, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Mandan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060523111342/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf to http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:31, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mandan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060111232724/http://www.indiangaming.org/info/pr/press-releases-2003/leadership-awards.shtml to http://www.indiangaming.org/info/pr/press-releases-2003/leadership-awards.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:31, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

?
А разве последние 100% не умерла в 1975 году? говорят что они прибыли на теперешнюю родину из восточных районов, где то между 10-13 веками 46.211.74.170 (talk) 14:42, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mandan


text:
European Union legislative procedure

The European Union adopts legislation through a variety of legislative procedures. The procedure used for a given legislative proposal depends on the policy area in question. Most legislation needs to be proposed by the European Commission and approved by the Council of the European Union and European Parliament to become law.

Over the years the power of the European Parliament within the legislative process has been greatly increased from being limited to giving its non-binding opinion or excluded from the legislative process altogether, to participating equally with the Council in the legislative process.

The power to amend the Treaties of the European Union, sometimes referred to as the Union's primary law, or even as its de facto constitution, is reserved to the member states and must be ratified by them in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. An exception to this are so-called passerelle clauses in which the legislative procedure used for a certain policy area can be changed without formally amending the treaties.

Participants
Since December 2009, after the Lisbon Treaty came into force, three EU institutions have been the main participants in the legislative process: the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, with the national parliaments of the EU playing a further role. The legislative and budgetary functions of the union are jointly exercised by the Parliament and the Council, which are referred to as the Union legislator in a protocol to the EU treaties.

The precise nature of this organisation has been discussed extensively in academic literature, with some categorising the European Union as bicameral or tricameral,   though the European Union itself has not accepted such categorisation and it is generally considered to be sui generis by observers, given the unique dynamics between the legislative bodies not found in traditional tricameralism.

European Commission
The Commission has a virtual monopoly on the introduction of legislation into the legislative process, a power which gives the Commission considerable influence as an agenda setter for the EU as a whole. And while the Commission frequently introduces legislation at the behest of the Council or upon the suggestion of Parliament, what form any legislative proposals introduced take is up to the Commission.

Under the ordinary legislative procedure (see below), the negative opinion from the Commission also forces the Council to vote by unanimity rather than majority except when a conciliation committee has been set up. There are also limited instances where the Commission can adopt legislation without the approval of other bodies (See below).

European Parliament
The European Parliament's 705 members are directly elected every five years by universal suffrage. It organises itself as a normal multi-party parliament in conducting most of its work in its committees and sitting in political groupings rather than national delegations. However, its political groups are very weak due to their status as broad ideological groups of existing national parties.

The Parliament's powers have grown considerably since the 1950s as new legislative procedures granted more equality between Parliament and Council. It has also become a requirement that the composition of the European Commission be subject to a vote of approval as a whole by the Parliament. However, the choice of candidates remains the jurisdiction of the Council of the European Union, and the European Commission retains the sole power of legislative initiative. Taken into account that the Commission (and also the Council) are the antagonists of the parliament in the system of separation of powers this is considered a democratic deficit.

Council of the European Union
The Council of the EU (also known as "the council of ministers" and simply "the council") represents the national governments of member states, and hence its composition is essentially the number of member states (27) though votes are weighted according to the population of each state (see procedures below for clarification). As such, it does not sit according to political groups and rather than conducting most of its work in committees, much of its work is prepared by diplomatic representatives (COREPER).

National parliaments
The national parliaments of EU member states have an "early warning mechanism" whereby if one third raise an objection – a "yellow card" – on the basis that the principle of subsidiarity has been violated, then the proposal must be reviewed. If a majority do so – an "orange card" – then the Council or Parliament can vote it down immediately. If the logistical problems of putting this into practice are overcome, then the power of the national parliaments could be decried as an extra legislature, without a common debate or physical location: dubbed by EU Observer a "virtual third chamber".

Ordinary legislative procedure
The ordinary legislative procedure is the main legislative procedure by which directives and regulations are adopted. It was formerly known as the codecision procedure, and is sometimes referred to as the 'community method' as a contrast to the 'intergovernmental methods' which can variously refer to the consultation procedure or to the open method of co-ordination.

Article 294 TFEU outlines the ordinary legislative procedure in the following manner. The Commission submits a legislative proposal to the Parliament and Council. At the first reading Parliament adopts its position. If the Council approves the Parliament's wording then the act is adopted. If not, it shall adopt its own position and pass it back to Parliament with explanations. The Commission also informs Parliament of its position on the matter. At the second reading, the act is adopted if Parliament approves the Council's text or fails to take a decision. The Parliament may reject the Council's text, leading to a failure of the law, or modify it and pass it back to the Council. The Commission gives its opinion once more. Where the Commission has rejected amendments in its opinion, the Council must act unanimously rather than by majority.

If, within three months of receiving Parliament's new text, the Council approves it, then it is adopted. If it does not, the Council President, with the agreement of the Parliament President, convenes the Conciliation Committee composed of the Council and an equal number of MEPs (with the attendance as moderator of the Commission). The committee draws up a joint text on the basis of the two positions. If within six weeks it fails to agree on a common text, then the act has failed. If it succeeds and the committee approves the text, then the Council and Parliament (acting by majority) must then approve said text (third reading). If either fails to do so, the act is not adopted.

The procedure was introduced with the Maastricht Treaty as the codecision procedure and was initially intended to replace the Cooperation procedure (see below). The codecision procedure was amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam and the number of legal bases where the procedure applies was greatly increased by both the latter treaty and the Treaty of Nice. It was renamed the ordinary legislative procedure and extended to nearly all areas such as agriculture, fisheries, transport, structural funds, the entire budget and the former third pillar by the Treaty of Lisbon.

Trilogue
The trilogue is an informal type of meeting used in the EU's ordinary legislative procedure. It involves representatives of the European Parliament (EP), the Council of the EU and the European Commission. The trilogues are equally tripartite meetings, although the EC operates as a mediator between the EP and the Council. The trilogue negotiations aim at bringing the three institutions to an agreement, to fast-track the ordinary legislative procedure. The expression "formal trilogue" is sometimes used to describe meetings of the Conciliation Committee, which take place between the second and the third reading of a legislative proposal. However, the term trilogue is mostly referred to interinstitutional informal negotiations that can take place in any stage of the ordinary legislative procedure, from the first stage to the stage of the formal conciliation procedure. The agreements reached in trilogues still need to be approved through the formal procedures of each of the three institutions. Trilogues have been "formalised" in 2007 in a joint declaration of the EP, the Council and the EC but they are not regulated by primary legislation.

The evolution of the European integration process, together with the evolution of EP's role as co-legislator have produced an increase in the number of the trilogue meetings. During 2009–2014 legislative term, when the Treaty of Lisbon came into force and the co-decision procedure became ordinary legislative procedure – establishing the role of the EP and the Council of the EU as co-legislators – 85% of legislative acts were approved in first reading, 13% were approved in second reading while only 2% were included in the conciliation procedure. This trend corresponds to an increase in the number of trilogues (over 1500 in the same period) and it is seen as a proof of the effectiveness of the trilogues in fast tracking the legislative procedure.

The principal tool used in trilogues is the four column document, a working sheet divided in four sections, each of them comprising the positions of the three EU institutions. The first column is dedicated to the position of the EC, the second one to the position of the EP, the third one to the position of the Council. The fourth and final column is left to the compromised text that is meant to emerge. However, although the first two positions are public, the other two have often textual elements that have not been adopted and the content of the fourth column remains inaccessible to public. Trilogues have been criticised for a lack of transparency and democratic legitimacy. The European Ombudsman, the EU body responsible of investigating complaints about poor administration by EU institutions and other bodies, in 2015 has launched a strategic inquiry to establish the need for a reform of the trilogue, setting out proposals for more transparency.

Special legislative procedures
The treaties have provision for special legislative procedures to be used in sensitive areas. These see the Council adopt alone with just the involvement of the other. Notable procedures are the consultation and consent procedures, though various others are used for specific cases.

Consultation procedure
Under this procedure the Council, acting either unanimously or by a qualified majority depending on the policy area concerned, can adopt legislation based on a proposal by the European Commission after consulting the European Parliament. While being required to consult Parliament on legislative proposals, the Council is not bound by Parliament's position. In practice the Council would frequently ignore whatever Parliament might suggest and even sometimes reach an agreement before receiving Parliament's opinion. However, the European Court of Justice has ruled that the Council must wait for Parliament's opinion and the Court has struck down legislation that the Council adopted before Parliament gave its opinion.

Before the Single European Act the Consultation procedure was the most widely used legislative procedure in the then European Community. Consultation is still used for legislation concerning internal market exemptions and competition law. The procedure is also used in relation to the Union's advisory bodies such as the Committee of the Regions and the Economic and Social Committee that are required to be consulted under a range of areas under the treaties affecting their area of expertise. Such a procedure takes place in addition to consultation with the European Parliament or the other legislative procedures.

Consent procedure
In the consent procedure (formerly assent procedure), the Council can adopt legislation based on a proposal by the European Commission after obtaining the consent of Parliament. Thus Parliament has the legal power to accept or reject any proposal but no legal mechanism exists for proposing amendments. Parliament has however provided for conciliation committee and a procedure for giving interim reports where it can address its concerns to the Council and threaten to withhold its consent unless its concerns are met. This applies to admission of members, methods of withdrawal, subsidiary general legal basis provision and combating discrimination.

Incorporation into domestic law
The domestic legal systems of Member States are mostly a legacy of different historical legislation each of which has to be adapted in order to play an essential role in ensuring the standards of European Union law are implemented effectively, and uniformly. Member States governments have a EU treaty obligation to amend their existing Primary and secondary legislation in a way that is reasonably consistent and comprehensible to individuals and businesses in order to enforce EU legislation and directives consistently and reliably across all the various jurisdictions of each Member state of the European Union in a timely manner

Commission and Council acting alone
Under this procedure the Council can adopt legal acts proposed by the Commission without requiring the opinion of Parliament. The procedure is used when setting the common external tariff (Article 31 (ex Article 26)) and for negotiating trade agreements under the EU's Common Commercial Policy (Article 207(3)). However, formally speaking these acts are not legislative acts.

Commission acting alone
In a few limited areas, the Commission has the authority to adopt regulatory or technical legislation without consulting or obtaining the consent of other bodies. The Commission can adopt legal acts on its own initiative concerning monopolies and concessions granted to companies by Member States and concerning the right of workers to remain in a Member State after having been employed there (Article 45(3)(d) TFEU). Two directives have been adopted using this procedure: one on transparency between member states and companies and another on competition in the telecommunications sector. Formally speaking, these acts are not legislative acts.

Treaty revisions
The 2009 Lisbon Treaty created two different ways for further amendments of the European Union treaties: an ordinary revision procedure which is broadly similar to the past revision process in that it involves convening an intergovernmental conference, and a simplified revision procedure whereby Part three of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which deals with internal policy and action of the Union, could be amended by a unanimous decision of the European Council, provided there is no change to the field of competence of the EU, and subject to ratification by all member states in the usual manner.

The Treaty also provides for the Passerelle Clause which allows the European Council to unanimously decide to replace unanimous voting in the Council of Ministers with qualified majority voting in specified areas with the previous consent of the European Parliament, and move from a special legislative procedure to the ordinary legislative procedure.

Ordinary revision procedure

 * 1) Proposals to amend the treaties are submitted by a Member State, the European Parliament or the European Commission to the Council of Ministers who, in turn, submit them to the European Council and notify member states. There are no limits on what kind of amendments can be proposed.
 * 2) The European Council, after consulting the European Parliament and the Commission, votes to consider the proposals on the basis of a simple majority, and then either:
 * 3) * The President of the European Council convenes a convention containing representatives of national parliaments, governments, the European Parliament and the European Commission, to further consider the proposals. In due course, the convention submits its final recommendation to the European Council.
 * 4) * Or the European Council decides, with the agreement of the European Parliament, not to convene a convention and sets the terms of reference for the inter-governmental conference itself.
 * 5) The President of the European Council convenes an inter-governmental conference consisting of representatives of each member-state's government. The conference drafts and finalises a treaty based on the convention's recommendation or on the European Council's terms of reference.
 * 6) EU leaders sign the treaty.
 * 7) All member states must then ratify the treaty "in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements", if it is to come into force.

Simplified revision procedure

 * 1) Proposals to amend Part three of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union are submitted by a Member State, the European Parliament or the European Commission to the Council of Ministers who, in turn, submit them to the European Council and notify member states. Proposed amendments cannot increase the competences of the Union.
 * 2) The European Council, after consulting the European Parliament and the Commission, votes to adopt a decision amending Part three on the basis of the proposals by unanimity.
 * 3) All member states must approve the decision "in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements", if it is to come into force.

The Passerelle Clause
The Passerelle Clause allows for the changing of voting procedures without amending the EU treaties. Under this clause the European Council can, after receiving the consent of the European Parliament, vote unanimously to:

 * allow the Council of Ministers to act on the basis of qualified majority in areas where they used to have to act on the basis of unanimity, except for decisions with defence or military implications.
 * allow for legislation to be adopted on the basis of the ordinary legislative procedure where it previously was to be adopted on the basis of a special legislative procedure.

A decision of the European Council to use either of these provisions can come into effect only if, six months after all national parliaments had been given notice of the decision, none objects.

Legal acts
Legal acts resulting from these procedures can come in a number of forms. A regulation is a law that has direct effect; for example the roaming charges regulation which immediately set price limits on mobile phone calls made in another EU state. A directive needs to be transposed, within certain limits, into national law; for example the Copyright Duration Directive which was transposed in Greece as Law No. 2557/1997 and Ireland as European Communities (Term of protection of Copyright) Regulations, 1995. A decision has direct effect, but only relating to a specific person or entity, and there are also various other non-binding instruments.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: European Union legislative procedure


text:
Vancouver station (Washington)

Vancouver station is an Amtrak intercity rail station in Vancouver, Washington, United States. The station is served by four daily round trips of the Cascades, the daily Coast Starlight, and the daily Portland section of the Empire Builder.

Vancouver station is located in a wye between the Fallbridge Subdivision and Seattle Subdivision, just north Burlington Northern Railroad Bridge 9.6 over the Columbia River. A side platform and narrow island platform on the west side of the station building serve the Cascades and Coast Starlight on the Seattle Subdivision, while a side platform to the east serves the Empire Builder on the Fallbridge Subdivision.

Designed by Kennewick-based architect Francis A. Swingle, the station was constructed in 1908 by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway (a subsidiary of the Northern Pacific Railroad) to serve trains using the new Columbia River bridge. Service was transferred to Amtrak in 1971. A partial restoration of the station building took place in 1988, followed by a full renovation in 2008–09.

title: Vancouver station (Washington)


text:
Škoda 120

The Škoda 105, Škoda 120 and Škoda 125 are three variations of a rear-engined, rear-wheel drive small family car that was produced by Czechoslovakian car manufacturer AZNP in Mladá Boleslav, Czechoslovakia between 1976 and 1990. Engine sizes were 1.05 and 1.2 liters respectively.

The range was facelifted in 1983 with a revised design and engine improvements, together with the introduction of a new 1.3 liter version known as the Škoda 130. The related models followed in 1987 with the Škoda 130/135/136.

All 105/120/125 and 130 models known by their Škoda internal reference as Type 742, and the later 135 and 136 models as Type 746. In the UK, the 105/120 models were known as the Super Estelle until 1984, when the face-lifted models were called Estelle Two.

Initial design
In the early 1970s, Škoda had originally intended to produce their successor to the S100/110 as a front-engined front-wheel drive model. However, because of the lack of funding (Škoda had even applied for license in Moscow to produce their new car with a front-engine and front-wheel drive), Škoda was refused a licence and was forced to update the earlier S100/110 saloon models. The main reason Škoda was not granted a licence to produce their new car was because it could have been more modern than cars from the Soviet Union. At that time, most cars from the Soviet Union had either a front engine driving the rear wheels or a rear engine driving the rear wheels. There was even a front-engined front-wheel drive Škoda 105/120 prototype, which looked almost identical to the rear-engined one.

Introduction
The Škoda 105/120 went into production in August 1976. Despite being basically the same as the previous S100/110 under the skin, the new cars featured a lot of improvements, such as a front-mounted radiator with a thermostatic fan. The heating unit was now inside the dashboard, and the fuel tank was now underneath the rear seat. All models had much the same mechanical specification as the previous models, with a 4-speed gearbox, independent suspension at the front, worm-and-drive steering, and swing-axle rear suspension. An interesting feature found on the 105/120 was the side-hinged bonnet, which opened up like the top of a concert piano.

The Škoda 105/120 was initially available in three model forms with a choice of two engines: the 105 S and 105 L were powered by the 1046cc (44 bhp) engine, while the 120 L was powered by the 1174cc (49 bhp) engine. The 120 LS and 120 GLS models, which had the more powerful 1174cc (54 bhp) engine and higher levels of equipment, joined the line-up in 1977 and 1978 respectively.

Until 1979, both 105 and 120 were equipped with 14" wheels, with 155 SR 14 tyres, just like its predecessors, S100 and 1000 MB, but since 1979, due to an increased gauge, both models were given 13" wheels with 165 SR 13 tyres for 105 S/L/GL and 120L/LS versions, and GLS versions were equipped with 175/70 R13. This update was made in order to improve road handling, stability, performances and fuel consumption.

Initial criticism
The cars were initially criticised for unpredictable handling "at the limit" but it is unlikely that most motorists would notice anything untoward under normal conditions. The cars continued to win their class with monotonous regularity on international rallies, and were increasingly popular with budget-conscious motorists across Europe. The location of the radiator at the front of the car had the advantage of cooling the engine much more efficiently on the motorway. However, because it was much more complex than in the earlier models, the cooling system was very prone to airlocks, which often led to overheating and even head gasket failure.

Improvements
The existing 105/120 lineup was joined with the 120 LS in 1977. It had a more powerful 54bhp version of the 1174cc engine from the 120 L as well as a higher equipment level. April 1978 saw the arrival of the top-spec 120 GLS as well as the 120 standard model.

In March 1981, the 105 GL was added to the lineup. It was mechanically identical to the existing 105 S and 105 L models only it featured the equipment specification of the 120 GLS model. Both the 105 GL and the 120 GLS were given black bumpers and horizontal taillights.

In November 1981, the range was supplemented by an attractive Škoda Garde coupé, which was equipped with the 1174 cc, 54 bhp engine from the 120 LS and 120 GLS Saloon models. This had much improved semi-trailing arm rear suspension, and paved the way for the 130-136 models of the late 1980s. The later coupé Škoda Rapid was a facelifted version of Škoda Garde.

In November 1982, the 105 SP and 120 LE were added to the range. The 105 SP essentially a commercial version of the 105 S, having no rear seats and no glass just solid metal in the rear doors; it was only available in Czechoslovakia, sometimes used for postal delivery. The 120 LE was identical to the 120 L but with a modified top gear ratio to improve fuel economy (hence 'E' for Economic).

The Škoda 130 models followed in 1984 and introduced many improvements into the existing 105/120 range. The very first Škoda 130 models were introduced in August 1984, shortly after the earlier Škoda 105/120 models were given a mild revamp. Developed from the earlier Škoda 105/120 models (some of which continued [alongside the Škoda 130 models] in production, like the 105S, 105L, 120L, 120GL, 120LS, 120LX and 120GLS), the 130 series used a new 1289 cc engine (which produced 58 bhp, and which was just an enlarged version of the 1174 cc engine used in the 120 series); this 1289 cc engine also saw use in the car's successor, the Škoda Favorit.

In addition, the rear suspension was now redesigned to a semi-trailing arm layout, and the track of the car was widened to 55 inches (1395 mm). 5 speed gearboxes and "four pot" front brake disc calipers were other updates. The new models countered the earlier criticism that had been made in some quarters of tail-happy handling, with the prominent UK motoring magazine "Autocar and Motor" remarking in 1988 that the new 136 Rapid model "handles like a Porsche 911".

In 1987, with the introduction of the new Škoda Favorit, the Škoda 105/120 series was trimmed to just the 105 L, 105 SP, 120 L and 120 GL. The 125 L (which was identical to the 120 L but with a 5-speed gearbox) was added in October 1988 and was the final model to evolve from the 105/120 series.

End of production
From 1989 onward, production of the 105/120 series was gradually wound down as production of the Škoda Favorit progressed. Production of the 105 SP had ended in July 1988, followed by the 105 L and 120 GL in January and November 1989. The 120 L and 125 L (the last remaining models of the 120/125 series) were finally discontinued in January 1990. After a production run of fourteen years, which included a total of 1,961,295 cars (counting just the Škoda 105/120/125 series cars alone), production of the 120 L and 125 L (the last remaining models of the Škoda 120/125 series) ended in January 1990.

On October 5, 2004, a survey conducted by AUTOSALON revealed that among the 3,706,012 cars registered in the Czech Republic, 1,780,124 were Škodas. At 305,726 cars, the Škoda 120 was the largest model represented, while there were 216,857 Škoda 105 cars, which made that model the fourth most common Škoda car.

Britain
In the UK, the Škoda 105/120 range was sold under the name Škoda Estelle, a name created by Alan Blavins of Škoda GB's then advertising agency, Childs Greene, who were based a few blocks away from Škoda's office and showroom in Clerkenwell, London. The screen printed anodised aluminium front grille Estelle badges were designed by Alan Blavins and sourced by Jim Hubbard of Childs Greene for Škoda. The Estelle proved popular with 120,105 cars finding homes between May 1977 and March 1990. In 1987 alone (which was three years short of the end of the cars' production run), UK Škoda dealers managed to sell 17,000 rear-engined Škodas including the Rapid Coupé despite the cars negative image, individual handling and outdated technology and serious problems with the head gasket condition. Its main selling points were its spacious interior, dependability, ease of maintenance and low asking price. Reliability was often a strong point with these cars, some of which have reached over the 100000 mi point and are still running to the present day due to good maintenance. Škoda made great play in its advertising of its consistent class wins in the RAC rallies in the 1970s and 80s with the Estelle. In August 2006, an Auto Express survey revealed that just 612 Škoda Estelles sold in Britain were still registered with the DVLA, which officially made it the fifth most scrapped car in Britain sold in the last 30 years - although it can be argued that much of this reduction in numbers could be attributed to mass re-exportation of the vehicles back to Eastern Europe (as was also the case with contemporary Lada vehicles of the same era) where they were worth much more, as opposed to scrappage. The four cars with a higher rate for scrappings had all finished production at least four years before the Estelle. With the Škoda Estelle being the last mass-produced rear-engined small family car in Europe, not to mention the fact it is becoming increasingly rare in the UK, prices for good examples are rising.

Special models

 * 105 Lux (1984–1989) - Name given to the 105 L after the 1984 model year but had otherwise the same equipment and trim as the 120 L apart from a slight difference in the headlights.
 * 120 LSE (1979–1987) - Same as the 120 LS plus vinyl roof, sunroof, tinted glass and stereo radio/cassette player. During the 1981-1984 period, there were no 120 LS models available only to special order.
 * 120 LXE (1987) - Same as the 120 LX plus sunroof, tinted glass and stereo radio/cassette player. It was only available for several months until it was replaced by the 120 L 'Five'.
 * 120 L Five (1987–1990) - Same as the 120 L, plus 5-speed gearbox, sunroof, front door pockets, digital clock and stereo radio/cassette player.
 * Rapid 120 CE (1984) - limited edition of 90 released to celebrate Škoda's 90th anniversary, featuring golden alloy wheels and all-black paint with gold stripes along the flanks.

Finland
The 105 and the 120 sold well in Finland in the late 1970s. During the 1980s Škoda's sales in Finland took a small plummet but nothing of concern. The 105 and the 120 were imported with no tweaks except some extra options to help them get through Finland's snowy roads more easily.

Special models

 * 105 Super - this name was given to the later 105 S.
 * 120 LSX - special edition model available in 1984 to celebrate Škoda's ninetieth Anniversary.

West Germany
There was a 105 LS model available specially in West Germany, but it was not a strong seller and could not hope to compete with the leading favourites: Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Jetta, Opel Kadett and Ford Escort. Overall sales were predictable in Germany.

Greece
Sales of the Škoda 105/120 range in Greece were strong, though it was never able to match the success of established Western European and Japanese models. Its main selling points were its low price, ease of maintenance and spacious interior. The low price was a particular consideration during the recession of the late 1970s and early 1980s. They had a good reputation for being rugged and robust vehicles and they were considered by some drivers as "the real cars" for all possible uses and needs.

The 120 standard model was never imported in Greece. After the Škoda 105/120 models were given a mild revamp in early 1984, the whole 105/120/130 range was sold under the name Škoda Target.

By the early 1990s, it was obvious more than ever that the rear-engined range had already become a far cry from the needs of the Greek drivers. As a result, the Škoda 105/120 and 130/135/136 models rapidly disappeared from Greek roads. Since the 2000s, they became a non-existent kind on Greek roads.

Special models

 * 105 Sport - this name was given to the 105 S (instead of Standard), although in reality it was exactly the opposite! After 1983, the 105 S was no longer imported, meaning that there was no such thing as a "Target 105 S" available.
 * 120 LS / 120 GLS - Both had front door pockets, tachometer, and since 1984: 5-speed gearbox, digital clock and stereo radio/cassette player. Only the 120 GLS could be ordered with sunroof.
 * Target 120 L 5-speed - Same as the 120 L, plus 5-speed gearbox, front door pockets, digital clock and stereo radio/cassette player.

New Zealand
The Škoda 105/120 was imported into New Zealand in the late 1970s and proved to be an affordable, popular and robust "no-frills" vehicle, comparing well against equivalent British imports. There was a political scandal though in the early 1980s when it was falsely reported that a batch of imported Škodas were made with Czech prison labour (such imports are forbidden under New Zealand law), but imports were allowed to continue when it was determined that the importer knew nothing about this aspect of the vehicles' construction.

The car also got a political reputation at the General Election in 1984, when a defeated National Party MP, Pat Hunt, derisively referred to his Social Credit Party opponent, Neil Morrison, who won the seat as a member of "the Crimplene suit and Škoda brigade".

Australia
The Škoda 120L was sold in Australia during the late 1970s and early 1980s though sales suffered from laws that limited numbers imported annually due to their being manufactured in Czechoslovakia which was a communist state. Despite this the 120L received a positive response from the motoring press who acknowledged it as offering good value for money. This was the last Škoda model sold in Australia until the 2007 launch of the Škoda Octavia and Škoda Roomster. It is estimated that approximately 21 Škoda 120L's survive in Australia.

Iceland
In Iceland the Škoda 105 S and L were sold, in some numbers. The 120 was imported between 1977 - 1989, although some were registered in 1990. Around 7 Škodas in total are licensed in Iceland, most of them the 120, then 130 and only one 105. Over 30 Škodas are left in total.

title: Škoda 120


text:
Astwick

Astwick is a hamlet and civil parish in the Central Bedfordshire district of the county of Bedfordshire, England. It lies 12+1/2 mi south-east of the county town of Bedford. Its population is included within Stotfold civil parish.

Geography
Astwick is by the River Ivel just to the north of Stotfold and lies 4 mi south of Biggleswade and 19 mi south-west of Cambridge. The Great North Road forms the eastern parish boundary with Hertfordshire. The A1 was improved around 1958; known as the Edworth to Astwick Turn scheme. It is the first non-motorway section of dual-carriageway north of the Baldock motorway bypass.

Altitude

The hamlet is 44 m above sea level. The land rises to 74 m in the north of the parish towards Topler's Hill.

Geology and soil type

Land north of the main road through the hamlet is arable farmland and lies on boulder clay. To the south are pastures on largely grey and grey-blue clay but by the River Ivel is alluvium and river gravel. The north of the parish has highly fertile lime-rich loamy and clayey soils with slightly impeded drainage. There is a narrow east–west band of freely draining lime-rich loamy soils followed by loamy soils with naturally high groundwater beside the River Ivel.

The night sky and light pollution

Light pollution is the level of radiance (night lights) shining up into the night sky. The hamlet has an index of 1-2 nanoWatts (nW). This brightens to 2-4 nW alongside the A1 road but darkens to 0.5-1 nW in the western part of the parish.

History
Astwick was first recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Estuuiche. Its name means east farm, 'east' referring to its location on the eastern border of Bedfordshire.

Archaeologist, William Ransom unearthed an Anglo-Saxon cemetery near Astwick in 1886. Finds, including a short sword and spearheads are in the collection of the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum.

The Parish Church of St Guthlac dates from the 15th-century, although there is evidence of an earlier structure on the site. The present tower was likely the central tower of a cruciform church. An unusual feature is the protruding chimney; not normally something found on a church.

Another notable building is the moated Astwick Bury, which dates from around 1700 and is Grade II listed.

Astwick Mill on the River Ivel was built in 1847 as a water-powered stone mill. It was converted to steam power in 1891 with the installation of six roller mills. In use as a corn mill until 1922, it is now a Grade II listed private residence.

Governance
The parish is too small to have a parish council and instead has a parish meeting.

Astwick is part of Stotfold and Langford ward for elections to the Central Bedfordshire Council.

Prior to 1894, Astwick was administered as part of the Hundred of Biggleswade. From 1894 until 1974 it was in Biggleswade Rural District and from 1974 to 2009 in Mid Bedfordshire District.

Astwick was in the Mid Bedfordshire parliamentary constituency until 1997. Since in North East Bedfordshire, the elected member is Richard Fuller of the Conservative Party.

Economy
There is a high intensity poultry unit at Vine Farm. The facility, as completed in July 2016, consists of eight poultry houses with a permitted capacity of 336,000 broilers. Permission was given by the Environment Agency in October 2018 for an additional two sheds and an increase in total capacity to 442,000.

Public services
Astwick is in the Potton Public Water Supply Zone (RW50). The water supplied by Anglian Water comes from groundwater boreholes and is chloraminated and classed as hard.

The Eastern Power Area of UK Power Networks is the distribution network operator for electricity. Cadent Gas owns and operates the area's gas distribution network.

The two nearest general hospitals are Bedford (Bedford Hospital NHS Trust) and Lister Hospital, Stevenage (East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust). Ambulance services are provided by the East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Bedfordshire Fire and Rescue Service and Bedfordshire Police cover the parish.

The nearest public library is Stotfold.

title: Astwick


text: User talk:151.199.192.105

title: User talk:151.199.192.105


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works/archive1

Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works
Okay, it's been a while since I've gotten something up to the review level, and I think it's time with this one. The goal is to get this up to featured status, so I'm looking for any further suggestions beyond filling in the red links and adding more information on the structure preservation efforts in Paterson. Thanks. slambo 17:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks pretty good to me. Perhaps an excessive use of bold font and some duplicate links, but otherwise it looks good to go. Thanks. — RJH 15:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've cut back the bolding to just the lead section and reduced some of the repeated links. slambo 11:03, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

With no further comments after a week, I'm moving this up to WP:FAC. slambo 13:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Mandan/archive1

Mandan
Self-nom. I have been working on this article for a few months. It is still somewhat incomplete as I still need to add information on the Mandan in the present day. In addition I will be adding inline citations, more sources and updating a few facts. What else should be done in order to bring this up to FA standard? Thanks! Ganymead 17:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Great work on the article. Two things that are obvious from a quick read through are (1) the lead is too long- aim for around 3 pargraphs that summarise the content of the article (2)You'll need to write up the present day section before going to FAC. Other general things would be merging very short paragraphs into longer ones, and you'll need to check that the pictures from the LOC are definately in the PD (they should be going by age alone). It'd be a good idea to get someone that hasn't worked on the article to do a copyedit.--nixie 23:38, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I, for one, would like to see ISBN numbers on these:

So far, I've been able to find them on other editions of "Trail of Tears" besides the 1975 Wings Books version. If anyone actually has either of the two listed with him or her, please check the ISBN number.Rmky87 02:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Originally published by the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Smithsonian Institute in 1906. Reprinted in New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1971.
 * Jahoda, Gloria. Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removals, 1813-1835. New York: Wings Books, 1975.
 * I found the ISBN for Jahoda's book. I own copies of the Hodge book as well but there is not an ISBN on the books. There may have been one on the dustjacket if there was one, but I purchased these books at a books sale sans jacket. I've added one more source and I qwill check the book for its ISBN when I go to the library next.Ganymead 02:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I have reworked and shortened the introduction. I'll soon begin work on the rest of the article, mostly just polishing and taking care of short paragraphs, plus adding present day information. Anyone willing to copyedit the whole thing once I'm finished with this? Thank you to those who responded, you have been quite helpful! Ganymead 03:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Peer review/Mandan/archive1


text:
Tropical cyclone preparedness

Cyclone mitigation encompasses the actions and planning taken before a tropical cyclone strikes to mitigate damage and injury from the storm. Knowledge of tropical cyclone impacts on an area help plan for future possibilities. Preparedness may involve preparations made by individuals as well as centralized efforts by governments or other organizations. Tracking storms during the tropical cyclone season helps individuals know current threats. Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers and Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers provide current information and forecasts to help individuals make the best decision possible.

Potential impacts

Tropical cyclones out at sea cause large waves, heavy rain, flood and high winds, disrupting international shipping and, at times, causing shipwrecks. On land, strong winds can damage or destroy vehicles, buildings, bridges, and other outside objects, turning loose debris into deadly flying projectiles. The storm surge, or the increase in sea level due to the cyclone, is typically the worst effect from landfalling tropical cyclones, historically resulting in 90% of tropical cyclone deaths. The broad rotation of a landfalling tropical cyclone, and vertical wind shear at its periphery, spawns tornadoes. Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of eyewall mesovortices, which persist until landfall.

Over the past two centuries, tropical cyclones have been responsible for the deaths of about 1.9 million people worldwide. Large areas of standing water caused by flooding lead to infection, as well as contributing to mosquito-borne illnesses. Crowded evacuees in shelters increase the risk of disease propagation. Tropical cyclones significantly interrupt infrastructure, leading to power outages, bridge destruction, and the hampering of reconstruction efforts. On average, the Gulf and east coasts of the United States suffer approximately US$5 billion (1995 US $) in cyclone damage every year. The majority (83%) of tropical cyclone damage is caused by severe hurricanes, category 3 or greater. However, category 3 or greater hurricanes only account for about one-fifth of cyclones that make landfall every year.

Although cyclones take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions. Tropical cyclones also help maintain the global heat balance by moving warm, moist tropical air to the middle latitudes and polar regions, and by regulating the thermohaline circulation through upwelling. The storm surge and winds of hurricanes may be destructive to human-made structures, but they also stir up the waters of coastal estuaries, which are typically important fish breeding locales. Tropical cyclone destruction spurs redevelopment, greatly increasing local property values.

When hurricanes surge upon shore from the ocean, salt is introduced to many freshwater areas and raises the salinity levels too high for some habitats to withstand. Some are able to cope with the salt and recycle it back into the ocean, but others can not release the extra surface water quickly enough or do not have a large enough freshwater source to replace it. Because of this, some species of plants and vegetation die due to the excess salt. In addition, hurricanes can carry toxins and acids onto shore when they make landfall. The flood water can pick up the toxins from different spills and contaminate the land that it passes over. The toxins are very harmful to the people and animals in the area, as well as the environment around them. The flooding water can also spark many dangerous oil spills.

Recent windstorm activity, in the United States in particular, has focused interest in measures that can be used to lower the likelihood of damage to structures. Billions of dollars of damages have resulted from such strong winds and the manner in which structures have been built in the affected areas in the United States. Some building codes address mitigation measures. For example, the Florida Building Code, specifies the type of nail used to secure roof sheathing. The specification was determined by scientific research conducted by Florida International University's International Hurricane Research Center.

Individual preparedness

There have been many lessons learned about individual preparedness since Hurricane Katrina. The biggest responsibility was helping the children of New Orleans. Supplies were sufficient until there was more damage than the hospitals were prepared for. People were afraid that their safety was in danger due to lack of security and support at hospitals.

An important decision in individual preparedness is determining if and when to evacuate an area that will be affected by a tropical cyclone. Tropical cyclone tracking charts allow people to track ongoing systems to form their own opinions regarding where the storms are going and whether or not they need to prepare for the system being tracked, including possible evacuation. This continues to be encouraged by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Hurricane Center. Some agencies provide track storms in their immediate vicinity, while others cover entire ocean basins. One can choose to track one storm per map, use the map until the table is filled, or use one map per season. Some tracking charts have important contact information in case of an emergency or to locate nearby hurricane shelters. Tracking charts allow tropical cyclones to be better understood by the end user. If evacuation is not possible or necessary, other preparedness actions include storing supplies, securing a home against extreme winds and rain, and making plans with others prior to the storm's landfall.

Hurricane preparedness kits usually include drinkable water, sealed pre-prepared meals MRE, first-aid kits, prescription medications in sealed containers, waterproof battery-powered or hand-crank-powered flashlights and radios, a whistle or other sound-signaling device, a multi-tool with a knife, identification and medical cards, any necessary medical records, waterproof bags or portable waterproof containers, and other supplies helpful to a survival situation. If your pets will be with you make sure you include canned or dry food for them as well (any dry food included should be rotated every 2 months). You should also include veterinarian records and proof of vaccinations for all of your pets.

Preparedness also may include having discussed evacuation plans and routes, and informing others of those plans before a disaster occurs.

Evacuation to hurricane shelters is an option of last resort. Shelter space is first-come, first-served and only intended preserve human life. Buildings designated as shelters in Florida are required to only have been constructed to meet minimum code requirements applicable at the time of design. Some shelters are expected to protect occupants from wind and water but are not expected to provide food, water, sanitation, or bedding.

Based on preparedness of the people in a region, the preparedness level was greatly affected by the salary, race, age, etc. Many people are not prepared for the worst-case scenario, but they should be. Being prepared for a huge disaster is what will ultimately save your life if worse comes to worst.

Hospitals are needed to be prepared in advance for huge natural disasters. Nurses are in high demand when people are in trouble. They need to be prepared for ready for any situation that enters the hospital. After hurricanes such as Katrina and Rita, nurses are needed to be fully capable of any possible scenario.

Home retrofitting
An important decision a homeowner should make is to locate the building outside of range from the coast that is exposed to storm surge. Regardless of protection from the effects of wind, a building can be flooded or destroyed by storm surge waters.

To mitigate the effects of high winds and associated debris impact, the home can be examined out by an experienced hurricane mitigation professional. Many hurricane protection companies offer free consultations as part of their marketing strategy. The State of Florida has taken steps to help its homeowners in the area of hurricane preparedness through its My Safe Florida Home grant program. Qualified homeowners receive a free in-home assessment of their home's hurricane readiness. The state matches funds spent by the homeowner, up to a $5,000 limit.

When making these types of home improvements, there are two major areas of focus: the roof and the openings.

Homes may be retrofitted to withstand the extreme conditions of a tropical cyclone. Common modifications include reinforcing gabled roofs, applying additional adhesives to roof shingles, installing hurricane straps and clips to ensure the roof stays in place despite high winds. Hurricane resistant shutters, as well as impact resistant glass may help keep windows closed from driving rain, despite flying debris. Contrary to a common misconception, taping windows with masking or duct tape does not impact whether they will break.

External patio and pool screen enclosures are especially vulnerable during a hurricane. A homeowner who anticipates sustained winds greater than 100 mph may use a razor knife taped to a telescopic pole to cut down the screens from the enclosure's skeleton structure. This will prevent the screens from acting as a sail and pulling down the entire enclosure structure.

Reinforcing garage doors and entry doors is also common practice for hurricane preparing a home. Garage doors may be protected by fabric screens, made of a strong woven fabric, to keep out projectiles and to reinforce the door.

The goal of these mitigation measures and products is to decrease the likelihood of severe damage to a home. There is no guarantee that these measures will safeguard any home against any kind of storm and the projectiles that may come with a storm, but a well-protected home is far more likely to come through a hurricane in better shape than a home that has little or no protection.

Organized preparation

Hurricane mitigation uses policies to make buildings and other infrastructure more resistant to the effects of tropical cyclones. In addition to facilities themselves being at risk, the internal contents of the structures can be damaged as result of exposure to water if the building envelope is breached, usually as a result of the strong winds associated with hurricanes and tropical storms. Although the negative pressure caused by high velocity wind flowing over a building roof can cause the roof to fail with the building envelope intact, broken windows allow the air pressure to rise inside a building, creating an even greater pressure difference, and increasing the likelihood of roof failure. This pressure increase results after an opening, that is, a window or door, is breached after being struck and broken by wind blown debris.

See also
 * Nationwide Wireless Priority Service on wireless telephone networks.
 * Government Emergency Telecommunications Service on the public switched telephone network, land line telephone service.
 * Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport | Hurricane Preparedness Manual, year 2014

Test facilities
There is no single test standard or facility capable of qualifying the protection of an entire building. The Cyclone Testing Station in Australia can test building systems (e.g., roofs, exterior cladding), and indirectly test entire small buildings with structural loading to simulate wind pressures. In the United States, the test facilities at the FM Global Research Campus includes both direct wind testing of roof components to speeds up to 160 mph, and roof uplift simulation using suction tables per industry standards.

Hurricane simulator
University of Florida's team led by Forrest Masters developed "the world's most powerful portable hurricane simulator, a giant machine capable of reproducing winds in excess of 120 mph and recreating rain." It consists of eight large fans driven by four diesel engines, with a 5,000-gallon (19,000 litre) water tank to keep the engines cooled. The university is currently designing water-resistant windows, wind-proof tiles and altogether stronger structures.

This machine was used in the MythBusters 2009 season to test the myth that it's better to leave the windows open during a hurricane than closed (the myth was declared Busted).

title: Tropical cyclone preparedness


text:
User:Fire Fox

Fir e  Fo  x  17:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Fire Fox


text:
User talk:LeonardM

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more people with lion-like parts to their first name. :) Cheers. -- Lord Vold e  mort  (Dark Mark)  17:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for the welcome! and the info!

See you in church! (..and the lion shall lie down with the lamb.. and a little child shall lead them...) LeonardM 12:08, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

A few quick things
People might not appreciate the thing on your user page, no matter how comedic its intent is. Also, Welcome to WP:CCW!!! We always need more members. Cheers. -- Lord Vold e  mort  (Dark Mark)  17:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the tip. I realize this, that's why the content is on my userpage. I think eventually it might be worth seeing and is intended foremost to be constructive.

I have, from time to time, been referred to as a troll (usually by people who are sheep). It's usually as a newbie when I contradict some "esteemed old-timers" obvious B*llSh*t. I believe the term is way over-used though. Internet troll is a very good review of the subject.

I think it's clear that 2 elements diffentiate an authentic troll from plain obnoxious smart-alex (likeME!) Identity Deception and Malicious Intent. I am into neither. LeonardM 11:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Ode to NPOV
Very funny. I got a good chuckle out of it. -- Lord Vold e  mort  (Dark Mark)  14:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Reply to newbie
Copied from User talk:Psy guy
 * I agree. The article looks great.  Also, if you want help with your user page, just let me know and I will help you with what I can.  I usually find what I link from other's pages and alter it for my needs or tastes.  I commonly "steal" from Essjay, Molotov, or Cool Cat.  Thirdly, welcome to the wiki-church! -- Psy guy (talk) 19:39, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LeonardM


text:
User talk:Fire Fox

Fir e  Fo  x  17:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fire Fox


text:
Békés County (former)

Békés was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory, which was smaller than that of present Békés county, is now in southeastern Hungary. The capital of the county was Gyula.

Geography
Békés county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Csongrád, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Hajdú, Bihar, Arad and Csanád. The river Körös flowed through the county. Its area was 3,670 km2 around 1910.

History
Békés county arose as one of the first comitatus of the Kingdom of Hungary, in the 11th century. In 1950, the territory of Békés county was expanded with:
 * the northeastern part of former Csanád-Arad-Torontál county (the Hungarian part of pre-1920 Arad county and the north-eastern part of pre-1920 Csanád county)
 * a part of former Bihar county (the area around Sarkad and Okány)
 * a part of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county (the area around Dévaványa)

Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Békés county were:

title: Békés County (former)


text:
Lee High School

Lee High School is the name of several high schools in the United States:

 * Lee High School (Huntsville, Alabama)
 * Lee High School (Arkansas)
 * Lee High School (Massachusetts)
 * Lee High School (Wyoming, Michigan)
 * Lee High School (Lee County, Virginia)

title: Lee High School


text:
Talk:Jackscrew

Untitled
For what it's worth, the following images were uploaded for this page, but not used. If anyone feels them useful, feel free to add them back. Otherwise they can be orphaned. --Interiot 17:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Ajax, Acme, Wile E. Coyote, ...
I think that instead of "Ajax thread" the article should be "Acme thread". done -Coolhandscot

 * That sounds right (and explains why I couldn't find a Wikilink for the "Ajax" thread form). It was my mistake -- thanks for correcting it!

 * Atlant 13:08, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Jackscrew or screw jack?
Isn't device shown here a screw jack, a device which employs a jackscrew.

A jackscrew is a more generalized device where a threaded rod rotates, and a nut moves along the length of the rod. As is used extensively in large aircraft or in space flight? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.133.239.162 (talk) 21:49, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I would agree that screw jack is the predominant term for this device. I suggest an article rename if there are no objections. --Catsquisher (talk) 03:18, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I also agree. The term "jack screw" can also refer to a screw used to position a surface or item. Wizard191 (talk) 20:49, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

India Education Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment supported by Wikipedia Ambassadors through the India Education Program.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 19:59, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jackscrew


text: User talk:24.8.199.100

title: User talk:24.8.199.100


text:
User:Fire fox~enwiki

Fir e  Fo  x  17:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Fire fox~enwiki


text:
User talk:Fire fox~enwiki

Fir e  Fo  x  17:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fire fox. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fire fox~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:53, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:54, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fire fox~enwiki


text:
Bangkok Yai district

Bangkok Yai (บางกอกใหญ่, ) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Neighbouring districts are (from north clockwise) Bangkok Noi, Phra Nakhon (across Chao Phraya River), Thon Buri, Phasi Charoen, and Taling Chan.

History
The district is named after Khlong Bangkok Yai (คลองบางกอกใหญ่, also called Khlong Bang Luang, คลองบางหลวง) which was actually part of Chao Phraya River until a canal dug in 1522 during the Ayutthaya period altered the flow of the river such that the canal became the main river and the section of original river became present-day Khlong Bangkok Yai. Bangkok Yai, or more precisely, the Wat Arun Sub-district, was also the site of Thon Buri when the capital was set up here from 1767-1782.

Originally called Amphoe Hongsaram (อำเภอหงสาราม) when the district was set up in 1915, it was renamed "Amphoe Bangkok Yai" in 1916, demoted to a king amphoe of amphoe Bang Yi Khan (อำเภอบางยี่ขัน) in 1938, promoted back to amphoe in 1958, and finally changed to a khet in an administrative reform in 1972.

Administration
The district is sub-divided into two sub-districts (khwaeng).

Temples

 * Wat Arun
 * Wat Hong Rattanaram
 * Wat Khruea Wan
 * Wat Molilokkayaram
 * Wat Ratchasittharam
 * Wat Nak Klang
 * Wat Tha Phra
 * Wat Chao Mun
 * Wat Diduat
 * Wat Pradu Chimphli
 * Wat Pradu Nai Songtham
 * Wat Sangkrachai
 * Wat Mai Phiren

Historic sites

 * Wang Derm Palace
 * Wichai Prasit Fort

Education

 * Taweethapisek School
 * Ratchadamnoen Commercial School
 * Wiboon Business Administration College
 * Siam Technological College
 * Sesawech Vidhaya School
 * Ritthinarongron School
 * Wat Pradu Nai Songtham School
 * Bangkok Commercial School
 * Saiprasit Business Administration Technological
 * Saiprasit School
 * Prasart Wittaya Anuchon School

Government offices

 * Royal Thai Navy Convention Center
 * The Kingdom of Lesotho Consulate
 * Bangkokyai Police Station
 * Tha Phra Police Station

Transportation

 * Tha Phra Intersection
 * Tha Phra MRT station
 * Chao Phraya River
 * Khlong Bangkok Yai
 * Khlong Mon
 * Phanitchayakan Thon Buri Junction
 * Itsaraphap MRT station

Main roads

 * Phet Kasem Road
 * Charan Sanit Wong Road
 * Itsaraphap Road
 * Ratchadaphisek Road
 * Arun Amarin Road

title: Bangkok Yai district


text: Category:Mexican Secretaries of Finance

title: Category:Mexican Secretaries of Finance


text:
Azazeal

Azazeal (pronounced "ahz-azeel") is a fictional character in the British television series Hex, played by Michael Fassbender.

The character is seemingly based on the similarly spelled Azazel from The Book of Enoch. However, past the name, the similarities end. In biblical Apocrypha, the fallen angels referred to in Hex as the Nephilim were in fact called the Grigori, or "Watchers." In the Apocrypha, the Nephilim were offspring of the Grigori by mortal women. It is most likely the difference in spelling of Azazeal/Azazel and the change to Nephilim from Grigori were done for aesthetic reasons, though this has not been officially confirmed.

Azazeal seduced a series of women throughout the ages, dating from ancient Egypt to the present, but these women were usually killed by Ella Dee in order to stop the freedom of the Nephilim that his son's birth would signal.

In the second episode of Hex, Azazeal sacrifices Cassie Hughes' friend and roommate Thelma Bates, turning her into a ghost and releasing his power. Later in the series, he enters into a sexual relationship with Cassie and Cassie's teacher Jo, eventually turning her to his side. Through a series of demonic possessions, he conceives an heir, Malachi, with Cassie, and convinces the abortionist to put the child in his care at Christmas time.

In series two, after Cassie's death, Azazeal uses the mystical Stone of Belial to make Ella Dee relive her torture and execution, eventually causing her to lose her immortality and rapidly age to 500 or so years old, nearing death. He, an adult Malachi and Perie the "fairy" form a small alliance, before Azazeal is suddenly notified by higher powers that he is no longer to be Malachi's caregiver, replaced with Mephistopheles. He and Ella share a goodbye without trying to kill each other.

title: Azazeal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lee High School

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY KEEP. The original article was replaced with a useful disambig, and the nomination was withdrawn. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 00:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Lee High School
Non-notable highschool, no context, doesn't even say where the school is (city, state) --W.marsh 17:38, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is currently a speedy delete candidate, under CSD criterion A1, unless it is expanded to establish context. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 17:46, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It currently has no context, but it isn't short :) Kappa 17:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * While your update is interesting and more coherent, do we really need a disambig page linking to 2 nonexistant pages? --W.marsh 18:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well it has inbound links too, so yes. Kappa 18:22, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Two sentences and the fight song is short in my book. In any case, keep the disambig. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 19:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful disambig, and per Schools/Arguments Kappa 18:22, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the new disambig page, which really has nothing to do with the original article. I assume (but don't know) the author was thinking of the one in Michigan (based on their IP).  But the original version is now unimportant.  The new disambig is useful given the  commonality of the name, and existence of a couple blue-links.  --rob 18:40, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes I must agree that the new disambig page is okay... it even links to existing articles. Nice work.  --W.marsh 19:02, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and withdraw AfD nomination ASAP.--Nicodemus75 20:25, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How do I withdraw a nomination? I'll be looking around the 500 deletion guideline pages and hopefully will figure out before too long... --W.marsh 00:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Like that; just say you want to withdraw the nomination, and if there are no objections, an admin (or any editor, really) will close it for you. I'm going to do that right now. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 00:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and delist from Articles for deletion as per Nicodemus75. Silensor 20:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep CalJW 22:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep useful disambig page.Gateman1997 22:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.