text:
Belarusian Popular Front

The Belarusian Popular Front "Revival" (BPF, Беларускі Народны Фронт "Адраджэньне", БНФ; Biełaruski Narodny Front "Adradžeńnie", BNF) was a social and political movement in Belarus in the late 1980s and 1990s whose goals were national revival of Belarus, its democratization and independence from the Soviet Union. Its leader was Zianon Pazniak. It was similar to the Popular Fronts of Latvia and Estonia, and the Sąjūdis movement in Lithuania.

Creation
The predecessor of the BPF was the civic organization "Martyrology of Belarus", whose goal was to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions in Belarus. Among the significant achievements of the organization was the 1988 uncovering by Pazniak of the burial site of Kurapaty near Minsk, a major NKVD mass extermination site of Soviet political prisoners in the 1930s.

The Belarusian Popular Front was established in 1989, following the examples of the Popular Fronts in the Baltic states. Its founding conference had to be organized in Vilnius because of pressure from the authorities of the Byelorussian SSR.

Initially, the Popular Front united numerous minor organizations promoting the Belarusian language and history. However, soon the movement began voicing political demands, supporting the Perestroika and democratization in the Soviet Union which would enable a Belarusian national revival. The Popular Front was the first political organization in Belarus to openly oppose the Communist Party of Byelorussia.

The prominent Belarusian writer Vasil Bykaŭ became an active member of the Belarusian Popular Front. Writer Aleś Adamovič was an active supporter of the Popular Front.

The Front had about 10 thousand activists in different regions of Belarus as well as in Moscow, Vilnius and Riga. It published a newspaper, Навіны БНФ "Адраджэньне" (News of the Belarusian Popular Front "Revival").

The Belarusian Popular Front actively protested against Soviet policies following the Chernobyl accident, after which a large territory of Belarus was contaminated by nuclear fallout.

In the parliament of Belarus
In May 1990, 37 members of the Belarusian Popular Front were elected into the 12th Belarusian Supreme Council and formed a dynamic opposition group in the parliament of the then Soviet-controlled Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

In July 1990, the Belarusian Popular Front initiated the passing of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. In August 1991, following the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt and supported by tens of thousands of protesters outside the parliament building, the Belarusian Popular Front managed to convince the Supreme Soviet to declare full independence of Belarus from the USSR. The historical Belarusian national symbols: the white-red-white flag and the Pahonia coat of arms were restored as state symbols of Belarus.

Opposition to the regime of Alexander Lukashenko
In 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected president of Belarus. From the very beginning, the Belarusian Popular Front became one of the main political forces opposing president Lukashenko. In 1994 the BPF formed a shadow cabinet consisting of 100 BPF intellectuals.

In 1995, members of parliament from the Belarusian Popular Front went on a hunger strike as a protest against Lukashenko's controversial referendum to replace state symbols with slightly amended Soviet ones and to make Russian language official in Belarus. The hunger strike was violently interrupted by police forces who beat up the members of parliament.

In 1996, the Belarusian Popular Front was one of the main powers behind mass protests against Lukashenko's policies of Russification and integration with Russia, as well as against his second controversial referendum amending the constitution in a way to concentrate power in the president's hands. The protests were violently dispersed by the police. Two leaders of the Belarusian Popular Front, Zianon Pazniak and Siarhiej Navumčyk, fled the country and received political asylum in the United States.

Split
In 1999, the Belarusian Popular Front split into two rival organizations. Its conservative wing under the exiled leader Zianon Pazniak formed the Conservative Christian Party – BPF (Kanservatyŭna-Chryścijanskaja Partyja BNF), while the moderate majority formed the BPF Party (Partyja BNF, Партыя БНФ) led by Vincuk Viačorka.

Both parties claim to be the only legitimate successor of the Belarusian Popular Front established in 1989. The Malady Front, formerly the Popular Front's youth wing, has also become an autonomous organization.

In 2011, following an internal conflict, more than 90 further members left BPF Party, including several veterans of the original Belarusian Popular Front, including Lavon Barščevski, Jury Chadyka, Vincuk Viačorka. This was described by some as a "second split" of the Belarusian Popular Front.

Formally, the Belarusian Popular Front continued to exist as an NGO affiliated with the BPF Party. In 2023 the BPF Party as well as the Conservative Christian Party – BPF were both liquidated by the Supreme Court of Belarus.

Notable former members

 * Vasil Bykaŭ, writer, Nobel prize nominee
 * Ryhor Baradulin, poet and writer, Nobel prize nominee
 * Siarhiej Navumčyk, vice president of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in Exile
 * Aleś Bialacki, human rights activist and political prisoner
 * Piatro Sadoŭski, Belarus' first ambassador to Germany
 * Pavał Sieviaryniec, Christian Democratic politician and political prisoner
 * Jaŭhien Kulik, graphic designer, author of the Coat of arms of Belarus adopted in 1991
 * Uładzimier Arłoŭ, writer
 * Jaŭhien Šatochin, artist

title: Belarusian Popular Front


text:
User talk:Jericho86

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Hall Monitor 19:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jericho86


text:
Talk:The Bottle District, St Louis

A previous article with this title was recently deleted after a brief discussion beacuse editors felt it was advertising. I did not read that article before it was deleted, so I don't know if I have avoided the same pitfalls. I have written this article based primarily on information from an article in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch that was published 9/14/05. If people still have concerns, please discuss here. TMS63112 19:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I AfDed the original version of this, but since none of the reasons for deleting given by me other the other AfDers seem to apply to this version of the article, it's fine by me. --fvw *  19:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Whatever development was planned in 2007 is long dead. This is now Paul_McKee_(developer)'s play pen. vroman (talk) 19:43, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Bottle District, St Louis


text:
John Morgan (etiquette expert)

Anthony John Morgan (28 May 1959–9 July 2000) was an English writer and expert on etiquette.

Early life
Born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, the son of a Scottish Shell employee, he grew up near Perth, going on to study at Cheltenham Art College, where he supplemented his maintenance grant by playing piano in a local restaurant.

Career
On graduation he moved to London, and began working as assistant to the Australian fashion consultant Percy Savage. When the Gentlemen's Quarterly (GQ) was founded in 1988, Morgan was signed up as a style writer, eventually rising to become style editor.

He is perhaps best remembered for his column in The Times, "Morgan's Manners." Morgan defined good manners as the path of least offence. His Saturday column ran for three years,.

Readers would write in with problems pertaining to social nuances. A typical column would see someone concerned that they were being sent generic circulars by a friend, another expressing vexation with a friend who has decided to act in an eccentric manner upon retirement and ceased replying to dinner invitations. Letters would relate to which piece of cutlery to use, and how to hold it, and proper guest-host interaction. Morgan also addressed thornier subjects such as the handing back of engagement rings and wedding presents if things did not go to plan.

Morgan was noted for informative and witty responses. The column proved very popular throughout its run.

Other work
Morgan was also the author of Debrett's Etiquette and Modern Manners, published by etiquette specialists Debrett's in 1996 and republished in 1999.

Personal life
Morgan dedicated himself to living the life of a Mayfair boulevardier, and lived in a flat in The Albany just off Piccadilly, which contained: 60 made-to-measure Savile Row suits; 300 monogrammed shirts; and 90 pairs of shoes. He cashed his cheques at Claridge's and was passionate about opera. Morgan was "almost certainly homosexual". On the evening of 9 July 2000, Morgan was found dead near his home by a neighbour, having apparently fallen to his death. The coroner's verdict was open, but with a suspicion of suicide.

Wardrobe
The wardrobe of The Late John Morgan, arbiter of taste and modern manners was put up for auction on 14 November 2000 at Christie's London, South Kensington, "with the hope that money will be raised to name a seat in his memory at the Royal Opera House."

This unique sale collected around £37,000. During this auction his full collection of George Cleverley Bespoke shoes and some others, many braces by Thurston, hats by Lock & co, slippers, a collection of ties by Turnbull & Asser and Timothy Everest, Budd shirts, silk pochettes, cashmere scarves, chamois gloves, eyewear, flannel trousers, velvet jackets, dinner suits, morning suits, top coats, a full collection of Timothy Everest bespoke suits, cases and suitcases, cufflinks, pearls, watches, a set of Montblanc fountain pens, opera glasses ...

Publications

 * Debrett's New Guide to Etiquette and Modern Manners (1999)
 * The "Times" Book of Modern Manners: A Guide Through the Minefield of Contemporary Etiquette (2000)

title: John Morgan (etiquette expert)


text:
User:AtilimGunesBaydin

{|
 * valign="top" width="33%"|

[[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_quick_restart.png|30px]] Userboxes

 * valign="top" width="33%"|

[[Image:Crystal_browser.png|30px]] Languages I know

 * valign="top" width="33%"|

 * valign="top" colspan="2" |
 * valign="top" colspan="2" |

[[Image:Crystal keditbookmarks.png|30px]] Barnstars

 * valign="top" rowspan="3" |

[[Image:Crystal_personal.png|30px]]

 * valign="top" |
 * valign="top" |

[[Image:Crystal applixware.png|30px]] Writing systems

 * valign="top" |

[[Image:Crystal_browser.png|30px]] Languages I can understand ( but cannot speak )

 * valign="top" colspan="2" |
 * valign="top" colspan="2" |

[[Image:Crystal_personal.png|30px]] What I read on Wikipedia

 * colspan="3" valign="top" style="border: 1px solid #cfcfff; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; background-color: #eaf5fb;" |
 * colspan="3" valign="top" style="border: 1px solid #cfcfff; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; background-color: #eaf5fb;" |

 * colspan="3" valign="top" style="border: 1px solid #cfcfff; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; background-color: #eaf5fb;" |
 * colspan="3" valign="top" style="border: 1px solid #cfcfff; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; background-color: #eaf5fb;" |

 * }

de:Benutzer:AtilimGunesBaydin el:Χρήστης:AtilimGunesBaydin fr:Utilisateur:AtilimGunesBaydin la:Usor:AtilimGunesBaydin sv:Användare:AtilimGunesBaydin tr:Kullanıcı:AtilimGunesBaydin tk:User:AtilimGunesBaydin

title: User:AtilimGunesBaydin


text:
Talk:USS Cyclops (AC-4)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:USS Cyclops which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:16, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Cyclops (AC-4)


text: File:Stanley Matthews(1953 FA Cup Final).jpg


text: User talk:81.65.0.57

title: User talk:81.65.0.57


text:
Chris Crosby (comics)

Chris Crosby (born September 15, 1977) is a co-founder and the chief executive officer of Keenspot, a company providing a platform and network for webcomics. They are also a comics writer and artist, with works including Superosity, Sore Thumbs, and Snap The Punk Turtle.

Early work
In an interview, Crosby said they had been interested in comics since before they were old enough to remember. They first published a webcomic in 1995 through their AOL account. They also self-published some issues of a comic called Snap The Punk Turtle, which they say got them attention at Wizard, leading to coverage and then a gig writing a webcomic for AnotherUniverse.com's Mania magazine. After Mania stopped running webcomics in 1998, Crosby decided to start their own daily webcomic, which would be Superosity.

Around this time, Crosby was one of the writers on a print comic book series called Scorn. Three issues were published by SCC Entertainment: Scorn: Deadly Rebellion #0 (July 1996), Scorn: Heatwave #1 (January 1997), and Scorn: Naked Truth #1 (April 1997). According to Diamond Comic Distributors' sales charts for January 1997, Scorn: Heatwave #1 sold an estimated 3,439 copies in that month.

Superosity
Crosby is the writer and artist of Superosity, a daily comic that they launched on March 1, 1999. In a 2003 interview, Crosby described their comic as "a storyline-focused strip, packed with wacky insane humor... about the friendship between a group of unusual characters." The main character is also named Chris, who Crosby described as "an ever-optimistic, childlike guy who is not very smart and wears a big orange cape." Other characters include Boardy, a talking blue board who has amnesia but is a scientific genius, and Bobby, Chris's teenage brother, who hates everything and wants to be rich and famous. Bobby's best friend is a talking turtle named Snap, one of many characters brought over from earlier Crosby strips. The cast also features Arcadia, a young female lawyer who Chris is in love with.

According to a 2003 Comicon article, Superosity "has been called a cross between The Simpsons and Bloom County." According to Keenspot, Superosity was reviewed in Comics Buyer's Guide in late 2001, which said it "may be one of the most off-the-wall online comics", calling the humor "non-sequitur" and said "the art is cringe-worthy at first, but... improved with age." Superosity was nominated for a 2002 Cartoonist Choice Award in the Best Superhero Comic category.

Seven issues of a Superosity print comic book were published from 2001 to 2002 and distributed by Diamond Comic Distributors to comic book stores. It featured guest artwork by creators such as Jeffrey J. Rowland (Overcompensating) and John Allison (Scary Go Round). Superosity has also been published in newspapers, most notably The Turlock Journal of Turlock, CA. As of October 2020, Superosity is still updating daily.

Adaptation
On July 21, 2006, at Comic-Con International it was announced that an animated TV series called 'Angelipups' would be produced, based on the fictional 'Angelipups' TV show that appears in Superosity. Angelipups are a group of winged, candy-colored puppies who live in the sky and are responsible for keeping clouds fluffy; the in-comic TV show combines surreal humor with moral and educational elements. Crosby had written the pilot script and was commissioned to write more episodes. It is unclear if this TV show was ever produced.

Keenspot
Chris Crosby was a co-founder of Keenspot, an online comic network. They cofounded the business in March 2000 with Teri Crosby, Darren Bleuel, and Nate Stone. According to writer T Campbell, Crosby had previously been hosting their comic Superosity on a site called Big Panda. Big Panda had been facing problems and its founder Bryan McNett offered control of Big Panda to Crosby in exchange for a cut of profits. Crosby agreed, but no deal could be reached. Through the Big Panda mailing list, Crosby made contact with Darren Bleuel and together they designed "Big Panda but better". Together with Bleuel's partner Stone and Chris's mother Teri, they founded Keenspot. Crosby's Superosity was the first comic on Keenspot, due to McNett's decision to remove the comic from Big Panda with four days' notice.

Keenspot's founders wished to provide a steady place for readers to find webcomics, and to attract large advertisers and get them to sponsor Keenspot and its cartoonists, with the goal of every Keenspot cartoonist eventually making a living through such sponsorship. Keenspot also launched Keenspace in 2000, a free webhosting service for cartoonists. As of 2003, it was an online entertainment network in which Keenspot featured more than forty of the higher-quality comic strips and cartoons on the web and Keenspace hosted over 1,000 other cartoonists. In 2002, Keenspot had almost forty million page views per month and nearly two million unique visitors per month.

Chris Crosby, along with their mother Teri Crosby, bought out the other two co-founders in 2008. According to the Keenspot website as of October 2020, Chris Crosby is the Chief Executive Officer of Keenspot.

Sore Thumbs
Crosby started writing the webcomic Sore Thumbs in collaboration with artist Owen Gieni in 2004. The main character, Cecania, is forced by her mother to work in a video game store, Sore Thumbs, which is run by her extremely-Republican brother Fairbanks, selling only safe, non-violent, non-suggestive video games. Other characters include Cecania's best friend, a former doctor named Harmony; Sawyer Kaden, a soldier who lost his penis in the second Gulf War; and bear named Gary Coleman.

Reviewing the comic for Sequential Tart in 2004, Rebecca Henely gave it 4 out of 10, saying that despite being left-wing like the strip, she found the comic dumb, saying that "[i]ts potshots at conservatives are both incredibly obvious and not particularly biting." She called the jokes "stale", the characters "uniformly unlikable", and the dialogue "awful". She praised the art, but overall called the comic "unintelligent, uncreative and worst of all — it's not very funny." Also in 2004, reviewer Wednesday White said the art was "serviceable" and the "story shows potential here and there", but criticized its "hamhanded dialogue", saying "[e]veryone speaks like they’re being scored on how many references they make to their assigned passions." White felt that "Fairbanks, in particular, grates... he’s a caricature of an exaggeration of a Republican’s idea of a left-wing stereotype of a Republican". She felt the comic could develop, saying, "[g]iven time, the characters could go from extrusions of perceptions of stereotypes to cartoons.

It appears that the last update of Sore Thumbs, apart from using the site to posts ads, was in 2014.

Other work
Chris Crosby co-founded the comic book publisher Blatant Comics in 1997.

As of 2013, Crosby was chief technical officer at Red Giant Entertainment. They appear to have still been with the company as recently as 2017.

title: Chris Crosby (comics)


text:
Jerricho Cotchery

Jerricho Cotchery (born June 16, 1982) is an American college football coach and former wide receiver. He is the head football coach for Limestone University, a position he has held since 2024. He played in the National Football League (NFL) with the Carolina Panthers, New York Jets, and Pittsburgh Steelers from 2004 to 2015. He played college football for North Carolina State University.

Early life
Cotchery graduated from Phillips High School in Birmingham, Alabama. He played wide receiver and defensive back and was named to the All-State team after his junior and senior years. He lettered in football and basketball in all four years of high school. Cotchery played shooting guard on the basketball team.

College career
Cotchery majored in sports management at North Carolina State University.

Cotchery played 49 games at North Carolina State. In 2002 and 2003, he was selected to the All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team. Cotchery's 200 career receptions and fifteen games with 100+ receiving yards broke two school records previously held by Torry Holt. Cotchery and Holt are the only two wide receivers in NC State football history to have two seasons of 1,000+ receiving yards. Cotchery also tied the school record for most consecutive games with at least one reception in thirty-nine straight games.

Cotchery's fifteen career games of 100+ receiving yards tied him for second place in Atlantic Coast Conference history. He also ranks fourth in career receptions and career receiving yards. Cotchery and Peter Warrick are the only two receivers in ACC history with 200+ career receptions and 3,000+ career receiving yards. His 3,319 receiving yards are 33rd in NCAA history and his two hundred career receptions tie him for 42nd.

2004 season
Cotchery was selected by the New York Jets in the fourth round with the 108th overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft. He was the 16th of 33 wide receivers taken in the draft, but over his career would have more success than expected from his relatively late selection, second in receiving yards only to Larry Fitzgerald (including 16 tight ends).

In 2004, Cotchery caught six passes for 60 yards in twelve games (with no starts) as the team's fifth receiver. As a kick returner, he had thirteen returns for 362 yards, 27.8 yard average, and one touchdown.

2005 season
Cotchery entered the 2005 season as the New York Jets fourth string wide receiver. An injury to Wayne Chrebet caused him to be moved up the depth chart to third string. Cotchery played in sixteen games (with one start), catching nineteen passes for 251 yards with no touchdowns. He returned four kicks for 105 yards, a 26.3 yard average, and twenty-three punts for 182 yards, a 7.9 yard average.

2006 season
New Jets head coach Eric Mangini called Cotchery the "most outstanding player in our offseason program" and promoted him to second starting wide receiver opposite Laveranues Coles. Cotchery started for the Jets in week 1 against the Tennessee Titans. He had six catches for 65 yards, and caught his first NFL touchdown from quarterback Chad Pennington.

The next week, Cotchery had six catches for 121 yards and a touchdown, which included a career-long 71-yard catch in a 17–24 loss to the New England Patriots. In week 4, Cotchery had another touchdown catch in a 28–31 loss to the Indianapolis Colts. In week 10, the Jets beat the Patriots at Gillette Stadium 17–14. Cotchery had six catches for 70 yards and a touchdown moving the Jets to only one game behind the Patriots for first place in the AFC East. In week 12, Cotchery had seven catches for 110 yards in the Jets' 26–11 win over the Houston Texans. The following week Cotchery had nine catches for 99 yards and a touchdown against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau field as the Jets won 38–10.

The Jets' final record was 10–6. They were 7–6 after week 14 but won their last three games to make the playoffs as a wildcard team. Cotchery ended the regular season with eighty-two catches (tied for 16th in the NFL) and 961 yards (twenty-second). Cotchery had 100 receiving yards and a touchdown in the Jets' Wild Card Round loss to the New England Patriots.

2007 season
Cotchery signed a multi-year extension with the Jets on March 1, 2007. The Jets opened the 2007 season against the New England Patriots, the team that had eliminated them from the playoffs the previous year. Cotchery had six catches for 57 yards in a 14–38 Jets loss. After the game, a closer look at video replays found that the Patriots had been taping the New York Jets' defensive coaches' signals. Later it was called Spygate. In week 2 against the Baltimore Ravens, Cotchery had seven catches and set a new career high of 165 receiving yards in a 13–17 loss. On September 30, 2007, Cotchery had eight catches for 107 yards as the Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills. Cotechery scored his first touchdown of the season in week 7 when the Jets were playing the Cincinnati Bengals He had six catches for 60 yards in the game.

Halfway through the season, Cotchery's team stood at 1–7 and faced a quarterback controversy between Chad Pennington and Kellen Clemens. In week 11, the Jets defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers, who were considered a playoff contender at the time. It was the biggest win of the season for the Jets and brought their record to 2–8. Cotchery, however, only contributed one catch for 5 yards. On Monday, November 26, 2007, Cotchery injured his right index finger during practice. The finger required surgery, but Cotchery only missed one game. Cotchery had six catches for 119 yards in his first game back after surgery as the Jets lost to the Cleveland Browns 24–18. In a week 16 loss to the Tennessee Titans, Cotchery had eight catches for 152 yards with a touchdown, which was the only score for the Jets that day. Cotchery had eight receptions for 76 yards in the final game of the season, which resulted in an overtime win against the Kansas City Chiefs. Although Cotchery had enjoyed his best season yet, the Jets' finished with a mediocre record of 4–12, earning them last place in the AFC East. Cotchery finished the season with team highs in: receptions (82), yards (1,130), receiving touchdowns (2) and had yards-per-catch average (13.8). Former Jets head coach Herm Edwards said he regretted not playing Cotchery more while he was coaching the Jets.

2008 season
In August 2008, the Jets traded for former Packers quarterback Brett Favre. In the first game of the season against the Miami Dolphins, Favre threw his first touchdown as a Jet to Cotchery, who finished the day with three receptions for 80 yards and a touchdown as the Jets won 20–14. In a week 4 win over the Arizona Cardinals, Favre threw for six touchdowns, including two to Cotchery, who had four catches for 67 yards. In week 11, Cotchery caught five passes for 87 yards in a win over division rivals the New England Patriots moving the Jets past the Patriots into first place in the AFC East. The following week, the Jets beat the undefeated Tennessee Titans 10–0, with Cotchery catching six passes and improving the Jets record to 8–3. In week 15, Cotchery had a touchdown catch in a win against the Buffalo Bills snapping the Jets' two-game losing streak. The Jets were 8–3 and in first place in the AFC East. The Jets lost four out of their next five games and finished 9–7, missing the playoffs for the second straight year. Cotchery ended the season with seventy-one receptions for 858 yards, an average of 12.1 yards per catch average and five touchdowns. Cotchery played and started in all sixteen games.

2009 season
After the departure of Laveranues Coles to the Cincinnati Bengals, Cotchery became the Jets' primary receiver. In Week 1, Cotchery had six catches for 90 yards in the Jets win over the Houston Texans. In week 3, Cotchery had eight receptions for 108 yards, as well as his first touchdown reception of the season in a win over the Tennessee Titans. Cotchery finished 2009 with fifty-seven catches for 821 yards. The Jets finished the regular season with a 9–7 record and made the playoffs as a wildcard. The Jets defeated the Cincinnati Bengals in the wildcard round, with Cotchery catching six passes for 67 yards. The following week, the Jets beat the San Diego Chargers to reach the AFC Championship game against the Indianapolis Colts, where the Jets lost 30–17, with Cotchery catching five passes for 100 yards.

2010 season
On April 11, 2010, the New York Jets traded for wide receiver Santonio Holmes and in exchange gave up a fifth round pick in the 2010 NFL Draft. Cotchery was positioned as third-choice wide receiver, behind Holmes and Braylon Edwards. On November 14, 2010, he had three catches for 43 yards and a touchdown in a 26–20 overtime win over the Cleveland Browns. Cotchery hurt his groin that week and missed the following two games. Cotchery finished the 2010 season with forty-one catches for 433 yards with two touchdowns while playing in 14 games. He started five games, the lowest number since the 2005 season. He was released by the Jets on August 4, 2011.

Pittsburgh Steelers
Cotchery agreed to a one-year deal with the Pittsburgh Steelers on August 11, 2011, after he had met with the team at training camp the previous week.

In the 2011 season, Cotchery recorded 16 receptions for 237 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in 13 games.

On April 12, 2012, he was reported to have re-signed with the Steelers for two more years, agreeing to a deal worth around $3 million. In the 2012 season, Cotchery had 17 receptions for 205 receiving yards in 14 games and two starts.

In the 2013 season, Cotchery had 46 receptions for 602 receiving yards and ten receiving touchdowns in 16 games and six starts.

2014 season
On March 20, 2014, Cotchery agreed to a two-year deal with the Carolina Panthers. He missed the week three game against the Pittsburgh Steelers because of a hamstring injury suffered during a practice on September 18. He finished the 2014 season with 48 receptions for 580 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in 15 games and 13 starts.

2015 season
In the 2015 season, Cotchery played in 14 games and started three. He recorded 39 receptions for 485 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.

The Carolina Panthers played in Super Bowl 50, which was Cotchery's first appearance in the Super Bowl. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10. In the loss, Cotchery caught two passes for 17 yards but was credited with three drops, after having not dropped a pass the entire season. His first drop was a subject of controversy. After initially having the ball bounce off his hands, Cotchery managed to grab the ball on the way to the ground, but the pass was ruled incomplete as it seemed that the ball touched the ground as he was trying to get control of it. The play was challenged, and senior official Mike Carey believed it would be an easy overturn. The ruling of an incomplete pass stood. Two plays later, the Panthers would fumble the ball and the Broncos would recover it in the endzone for a touchdown.

Cotchery's next drop came on the very next drive, on a third down play, which forced a Carolina punt on what had been a promising drive that had gotten out to midfield. His third was on a pass that was either going to be a touchdown or would set up Carolina inside the five yard line, the drive ultimately ending in a missed field goal.

At the end of the 2015 season, Cotchery did not sign with another NFL team.

Jets franchise records

 * Receptions: playoffs (30)
 * Yds/Rec: playoff game (25 on 2007-01-07 @NWE, tied with two others)
 * Total Return Yds: playoffs (294)
 * 100+ yard receiving games: playoffs (2, tied with Wesley Walker)

Coaching career
In 2017, Cotchery joined the Carolina Panthers coaching staff as the assistant wide receivers coach. He was not retained by Matt Rhule in 2020.

Personal life
Cotchery grew up in the Norwood neighborhood of Birmingham, Alabama. His father, Bob, ran a lawn care service, and his mother worked in a nursing home. He was the second youngest of thirteen children in a blended family with siblings separated in age by as much as twenty-five years. He played basketball and football at Phillips High School. On May 30, 1998, he was in a severe car accident and still has scars on his wrists and hands. As of 2008, shards of glass continued to work their way up and out of his skin. Cotchery was born with six fingers on his left hand; one was subsequently removed.

Cotchery married his wife, Mercedes, a month after being selected by the Jets in 2004. Cotchery and Mercedes have five children; three of which were adopted.

title: Jerricho Cotchery


text:
Fish plate

 * This article relates to the type of Greek pottery. For the connection bar used in railways, see Fishplate.

A fish plate is a Greek pottery vessel used by western, Hellenistic Greeks during the fourth century BC. Although invented in fifth-century BC Athens, most of the corpus of surviving painted fish plates originate in Southern Italy, where fourth-century BC Greek settlers, called "Italiotes," manufactured them.

The name "fish plate" comes from their usual decoration of seafood items which includes various fish and other marine creatures. Fishes depicted include bream, perch, torpedo fish, tuna, flying fish, puffer fish, scorpion fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus, scallop, clam, dentalia, murex, sea snail, shrimp, crab, dolphin, hippocamp, etc.

Form
The form of the plate was called a "pinax" or "pinakion", meaning "tablet," because of its flat shape. The fish plate's form was that of a dimpled disk elevated on a pedestal, in other words, round and flat with a small cup in the center of plate designed to hold oil or sauce. Its rim was turned down, and often bears a decorative border, either spiraling waves, Greek key and meander motifs, or a wreath of laurel leaves. A fish plate is almost always also elevated above table level by a pedestal foot. Plates of this form are known since Minoan times (Pre-Greek), but they were not decorated with fish until the end of the fifth century BC.

History
Fish plates were first produced in Athens during the late fifth century BC. These Attic fish plates are characterized by fish whose bellies are oriented towards the outside rim of the plate. In Athens the palette was restricted to red clay fabric and black gloss slip with rare uses of white overpainting. Later, Italiote Greek settlers in Southern Italy began to mass-produce more colorful fish plates in Taranto (Greek "Taras"), Paestum (Greek "Poseidonia"), Capua (Etruscan "Capue"), and Cumae (Greek "Kyme"). The South Italian fish plates are characterized by decoration in which the fish's bellies are oriented towards the sauce cup at the center of the plate.

Workshops
Fish plates can be classified by the workshops that made them. Attic fishplates were manufactured in the Kerameikos district of Athens, Greece; Apulian fish plates were manufactured in various workshops in Taranto (Taras) on the "heel of the boot" of Italy; Campanian fish plates come from the region of the Bay of Naples, Italy (There were factories in both Capua and Cumae (Kyme)); Paestan plates were made in Paestum (Poseidonia), south of Salerno, Italy (These are the only fish plates signed by the artists, coming from the workshops of Python and Asteas.). Fish plates were made in almost all South Italian ceramic factories except for those in Lucania (on the Gulf of Taranto, the "arch of the boot" of Italy). For illustrations of fish plates made by these workshops, see the external links at the end of this article.

Decoration
All painted fish plates are red-figure ware, meaning that the creatures are left in reserve, while the body of the vessel is largely painted in black glaze. Then dilute glaze and white overpainting were applied. Sometimes, in the South Italian examples the palette is enlarged to include deep red, pink, and yellow overpainting as well. This polychrome technique with its chiaroscuro (highlights and lowlights) is called "sovradipinto." Many of the creatures pre-evidence the trompe-l'œil art characteristic of later, Graeco-Roman painting and mosaics found at Pompeii and other Roman resorts in Magna Graecia (Greek-speaking Southern Italy).

Some contend that fish plates were decorated with pictures of the seafood they were intended to hold. Most of them, however, have been found in mortuary contexts, so it might be surmised that the fish images could represent symbolic offerings for the dead. On the other hand, these plates could just as well be objects which were in popular use among the living, placed in tombs for the deceased to continue using in the hereafter. At any rate the small size of these plates could not realistically afford some of the large aquatic animals represented upon them, and the decoration must therefore be regarded as artistic or symbolic compositions rather than pictures of actual food items on the plates. The type without painted decoration continues throughout much of the Greek world until the late Hellenistic period.

title: Fish plate


text:
Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business

The Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business is the graduate business school of Rice University, a private research university in Houston, Texas. Named in honor of Jesse Holman Jones, a Houston business and civic leader, the school received its initial funding in 1974 through a major gift from the Houston Endowment Inc., a philanthropic foundation established by Jones and his wife, Mary Gibbs Jones. The schools offers the Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Accounting (MAcc), and Doctorate in Philosophy (PhD) degrees, as well as an undergraduate business major. In addition, the school offers several joint degree programs, including the MD/MBA with Baylor College of Medicine, MBA/ME with Rice’s George R. Brown School of Engineering, and MBA/MS with Rice’s Wiess School of Natural Sciences. The school also provides an undergraduate business minor, executive education, and certificates.

Jones School

MBA program
The Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business offers a Master of Business Administration program. The program was ranked 23rd on the U.S. News & World Report's 2019 ranking of best graduate-level business schools.

At graduation, nearly 83% of graduates in the full-time program are employed.

Electives are offered in the second year and a Capstone Course is required at the end of the second year.

Hybrid Online MBA program
MBA@Rice is an online degree for working professionals that started in 2018. The program also added a number of short courses including project management. The program can be completed in two years with 54 credits required. Students have small-group online sessions and have access to pre-recorded content. There is also an on-campus component with two residential sessions.

Master of Accounting Program
The Master of Accounting program is an intensive, one-year program designed to prepare students for the Uniform CPA Exam. The program targets non-accounting undergraduate majors, and conditions students for recruitment with the Big 4 accounting firms.

Rankings
Princeton Review's 2020 rankings placed the Jones School #1 in the U.S. for M.B.A. in entrepreneurship, #3 for finance, and #8 for best classroom experience. U.S. News & World Report ranked the Jones School full-time MBA program among top 25 U.S business schools in 2016. Bloomberg Businessweek's 2015 rankings placed the Jones School among top 10 U.S business schools in 2016 and the 3rd best part-time MBA in 2015, and The Financial Times 2014 rankings placed the school 35 in Global Business Schools and 19th amongst U.S. business schools – the highest ranked business school in Texas and the Southwest.

Rice Alliance for Technology and Entrepreneurship
The Rice Alliance for Technology and Entrepreneurship is Rice's flagship entrepreneurship initiative based on a strategic alliance among the schools of engineering, science, and business. Since its inception in late 1999, the Rice Alliance has assisted in the launch of over 1,500 start-ups which have raised more than $2.9 billion in funding. The Rice Alliance is host to the Rice Business Plan Competition, the world's largest and richest student startup competition with nearly $3 million in prizes. The Rice Alliance was ranked No. 1 among top university business incubators in 2013 and 2014.

Notable alumni

 * Mitch Bainwol, Chairman and CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America; former Chief-of-Staff to U.S. Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist
 * Douglas Foshee - '92 CEO of El Paso Corporation
 * Linda Ham, Program Integration Manager at NASA who faced criticism for her role in the Challenger disaster
 * Jim Turley, former chairman and CEO of professional services firm Ernst & Young


text:
Kwimba District

Kwimba District is one of the seven districts of the Mwanza Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by the Magu District, to the east by Maswa District and Kishapu District, to the south by Shinyanga Rural District, and to the west by Misungwi District. The district seat is at Ngudu. Sumve is another important settlement in Kwimba District, hosting a hospital and large church.

The majority of the residents of Kwimba are Wasukuma from the Sukuma tribe and speak Sukuma along with Swahili. Most of the residents are engaged in the subsistence farming of rice, sweet potatoes, cassava, millet or maize.

As of 2012, the population of the Kwimba District was 406,509. By 2022, the population had increased to 480,025.

Livestock
The 2002 Tanzania National Census showed the following statistics for livestock population in the Kwimba district:

 * Cattle - 366,210
 * Goats - 102,048
 * Sheep - 77,333
 * Donkeys - 4,416

Transport
Paved trunk road T8 from Shinyanga to Mwanza passes through Kwimba district from south to north.

The Central Line railway from Tabora to Mwanza passes through the district from east to west and there are three railway stations within the district's boundaries at the villages of Malya, Bukwimba and Mantare.

Administrative subdivisions
As of 2012, Kwimba District was divided into five divisions and 30 wards.

Divisions

 * Ibindo
 * Ngudu
 * Ngulla
 * Nyamilama
 * Mwamashimba

Wards

 * Bugando
 * Bungulwa
 * Bupamwa
 * Fukalo
 * Hungumalwa
 * Igongwa
 * Ilula Ward
 * Iseni
 * Kikubiji
 * Lyoma
 * Maligisu
 * Malya Ward
 * Mantare Ward
 * Mhande
 * Mwabomba
 * Mwagi
 * Mwakilambiti
 * Mwamala
 * Mwandu
 * Mwang'halanga
 * Mwankulwe
 * Ng'hundi
 * Ngudu
 * Ngulla
 * Nkalalo
 * Nyambiti
 * Nyamilama
 * Shilembo
 * Sumve
 * Walla

title: Kwimba District


text:
Edinburgh Place

Edinburgh Place is a public square in Central, Hong Kong, adjacent to the Victoria Harbour. The Hong Kong City Hall is located in the square. In addition, the Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier and Queen's Pier were also located in the square before they were demolished in early 2007.

History
The Edinburgh Place complex, which included the City Hall and the Memorial gardens were designed by British architects Ron Phillips and Alan Fitch in 1956 for the most important civic functions of the city.

The Star Ferry Pier was designed by a local architect Hung Yip Chan (born 1921). He worked in the Architectural Office (AO) of the former Public Works Department from 1952 to 1957 as an assistant architect. He designed the facade of the pier, and the Chief Architect, Michael Wright, added the Clock Tower to make the pier more balanced.

Queen's Pier, completed in 1954, was "an integral part" of the cluster: the entrance to the City Hall formed an axis with the Pier to lend a sense of occasion to visiting dignitaries. From the completion of City Hall in 1962, each arriving new Governor would land at Queen's Pier, and they would hold an inspection of the Guard of honour in Edinburgh Place before being sworn in nearby in the City Hall. The Star Ferry Pier was completed in 1957.

Edinburgh Place was deliberately kept as open space in the overbuilt city, freely accessible to the public, as this was considered an essential contrast to the city bustle.

Its openness meant that the square would occasionally be used as a rallying point for small marches and protests within earshot of legislators. For example, in July 1978, 2000 people rallied to demand the re-opening of the defunct Precious Blood Golden Jubilee School. Since October 1987, the Legislative Council has banned gatherings outside the principal LegCo building.

title: Edinburgh Place


text:
Category:Colima

 * the Mexican state of Colima
 * The are within the.

title: Category:Colima


text:
Get Ed

Get Ed is an animated television series about a genetically engineered teenage delivery boy who fights industrial crime in Progress City.

The show aired as a part of the Jetix programming block on the United States cable television network Toon Disney until the channel closed in 2009. The series also used to run on ABC Family before the channel switched to a non-animated format. Reruns aired on Toon Disney's successor, Disney XD in 2009. It was the second original show produced for the Jetix block and for the Jetix channels worldwide, where the show aired in 2005.

Plot
In the series, Ed is an "electro-genetically" enhanced teen who works for Dojo Deliveries, a courier service, in the futuristic Progress City. Ed uses his cyber sleuthing skills to thwart identity theft and other information-based crimes. He and his courier pals Burn, Deets, Fizz, and Loogie (accompanied by his puppet Dr. Pinch), along with their friend and mentor Ol’ Skool, must battle the ultimate evil – Mr. Bedlam, an industrialist who has taken over a significant portion of Progress City, employing stealing from, data mining, or outright destroying his competitors.

Dojo Deliveries

 * Ed, the Protector (voiced by Lyon Smith) - A genetically engineered teen made from the instructions of an ancient alien artifact found by Ol' Skool. As he tries to uncover his origins, he also works on the Dojo crew as a delivery boy. On top of delivering packages and figuring out his identity, Ed's side job is fighting evil. He has much equipment that he finds along his journey whose technology is far beyond the technology of Progress City, thought to be gifts from aliens for his use. Due to being created as a teenager, he lacks a lot of life experience and can be a little dense and gullible sometimes, but sometimes he gets flashes of future events that help him and his friends. His vehicle is an AI co-piloted hoverboard. His symbol is "The Protector." Sometimes, his eyes glow red when he becomes angry or green when he becomes strict.
 * Burn, the Warrior (voiced by L. Dean Ifill) - The unofficial leader of the Dojo who takes pride in being the best of the Dojo group, but with the arrival of Ed, he feels his role in the group has been challenged. Because of this, he is hard on Ed every chance he gets but as the series progresses he starts to warm up to Ed. Although he is still hard on Ed now and again, he cares for him deep down. He also hates a lot of other courier teams. His vehicle is a flaming one-wheeled motorcycle. His symbol is "The Warrior."
 * Deets, the Dreamer (voiced by Megan Fahlenbock) - Originally named Sarah, she was forced to work for Bedlam because he captured her parents (also computer programmers), but Ol' Skool helped her save them and offered a place in the Dojo. She appears to have a crush on Ed, yet these feelings appear to be mutual. Her vehicle is a hand-held jet glider pack. Her symbol is "The Dreamer."
 * Fizz, the Builder (voiced by Bailey Stocker) - A very smart girl in her early teens who is most handy when it comes to technology, planning, and building new equipment for the Dojo. Her quick thinking saves the crew constantly. Her vehicle is a flying scooter. Her symbol is "The Builder."
 * Loogie, the Joker (voiced by Peter Cugno) - A wacky teen comedian with a catfish puppet named  Dr. Pinch on his left hand, which has a bizarre alter-personality that constantly criticizes its owner. His vehicle is a pair of rocket-powered in-line skates. His symbol is "The Joker."
 * Anthony "Ol' Skool", the Teacher (voiced by Tony Daniels) - The older and knowledgeable leader of the Dojo, whose wisdom centers within the ways of delivery, among other things. He is only known as Ol' Skool by his friends. He built Ed from an artifact he found in a warehouse and constantly says he knows more about Ed than he does. He uses a normal skateboard, making him the only one who rides a vehicle that is not technologically advanced. He used to work with Simon Bedlam until Bedlam betrayed him. He also used to work for another delivery service called Bolt until someone made a book of procedures and they slowly dropped in the courier ranks.
 * Torch (voiced by Tony Daniels) - An A.I. represented as a little floating fireball hologram with a face, who was found by Ed in one of Bedlam's older labs that were about to be destroyed. Ed saved Torch from the lab by downloading him, but he only had time to download his core personality. He can show Ed maps of the city and give Ed instructions on how to get to places more quickly.

Villains

 * Mr. Bedlam (voiced by Jamie Watson) - A greedy bureaucrat determined to take control of Progress City, who continues to seek the information he desires. He and Ol' Skool were once business partners until Bedlam cheated him out and took the business all for himself, leaving Ol' Skool with nothing. Ol' Skool went on to start the Dojo. Most of Bedlam's interests, however, have changed to focus more on Ed's connection to certain alien artifacts. Bedlam leads armies of DNA clones, short Klowns, rude Twilighters, and different robots. He has been collecting certain items, as well as Ed's DNA as a means of changing his genetic signature to match Ed's.
 * Kora (voiced by Jennifer Dale) - Bedlam's personal A.I. construct, who exists within the computer of Bedlam's lair as his digital assistant, and only appears as a golden hologram of a female's upper torso. She is cunning and brilliant to boot, sometimes making better schemes than Bedlam himself comes up with, but Bedlam still treats her like any other servant.
 * Crouch (voiced by Tony Rosato) - Bedlam's robot CEO with a toaster for a head. Although not very well built (mainly because the company that made him and his family went out of business), he is also not a very smart robot, constantly acting immature and fears Bedlam's wrath above all else. Because of his incompetence and goofball antics, he is met with the wrath and mocking of Bedlam very often. After being asked by Kora as to why he keeps him around, Bedlam states "I need the toast".
 * Crumbelina - Crouch's robot wife who looks more like Crouch in a dress and a wig. Originally a computer simulation, she later appeared in the real world.
 * Spyker (voiced by Lorne Kennedy) - A powerful Terminator-like flight and combat robot created by Bedlam to capture Ed.
 * Omnirex - A large Tyrannosaurus. One Omnirex is owned by Bedlam.
 * DNA Deliveries (voiced by James Rankin) - An agency of regenerating mailman clones that serve as a network of couriers under Bedlam's empire. They turn to slime upon defeat.
 * Hoopbots - Robotic soldiers that serve under Bedlam's empire.

Recurring characters

 * DJ Dive (voiced by Heather Bambrick) - A radio show host that knows everything going on in the city, even broadcasting Bedlam's moves during his attempted takeover. Her voice is similar to that of the caretaker.
 * Dirk Cheap (voiced by Jeff Lumby) - The sole employee of 'Dirk Cheap Deliveries', who reports to his mother, who insists that he address her as 'Dispatcher'.
 * Zero - A robot created by Crouch under Bedlam's orders who suffered a failure that brought him his own consciousness. After that, he becomes a friend for Ed and the Dojo.
 * Carni-Gizmo -
 * Dr. Hong (voiced by Steve McHattie) - An elderly cyborg scientist with control over nonobots who was sent back in time by the future Bedlam to destroy Ed. He is feared by many citizens in Progress City due to his appearance, home, and experiments.
 * Buster and Pit (voiced by Don Dickinson) - Two trash robots seen around almost every episode. In episode 17 ("Trashed"), Buster and Pit are two of the many robots who go on strike and stop working. To keep trash from piling up, the mayor has asked couriers to start hauling trash, credit per pound. When it was discovered that Bedlam has been stealing info from the trash, Ed, who has a new appreciation of trash robots, asks for their help.
 * Rodney (voiced by Don Franks) - Ol'Skool's monk sensei, who always nicknames him "hot dog".
 * The Caretaker (voiced by Heather Bambrick) - She protects the Machine and is responsible for hiding the alien objects in Progress City many years ago. The Caretaker secretly brings Ol'Skool instructions to create Ed because he will save both worlds (the Earth and the Caretaker's home planet).

Production
Production was underway in March 2005, when the series was announced. The series was created by Andy Knight, and produced by his Toronto-based Red Rover Studios in association with Walt Disney Television Animation. The series was created as Disney Television Animation's first fully-3D computer animated television series.

Awards
The show's opening theme music, by Amin Bhatia and Ari Posner, was nominated for the 2006 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music.

title: Get Ed


text:
Talk:Ene River

Untitled
Length of the Amazon River

With the help of satellite photography it should be possible to survey the length of the Amazon River anew after the source of Río Apurímac at Nevado Mismi has been confirmed as the river's true origin (instead of Río Marañón which had been believed to be the Amazon's source until the 1970s).

Using Google Earth, I have attempted to measure Río Ene (as part of the Amazon headwaters) in 25 km segments, from the confluence of Río Apurímac and Río Montaro to the confluence with Río Perené where it forms Río Tambo, and will do so with the other Amazon headwaters from Nevado Mismi to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.

I measured each 25 km segment in partial segments of 40 m (Google Earth elevation: 7,292 ft), and have specifications of latitude and longitude for each 25 km-stopover noted down below.

I ask all the Wikipedians to check the different segments and note down below where their length differs from my measurements. When you write down differing length, you might note them down this way: "Segment 75-100" (= Distance from Point 75 to 100)

 * Point 000 - 12°15'46.15" S 73°58'43.87" W
 * Point 025 - 12°08'11.27" S 74°04'21.73" W
 * Point 050 - 11°58'36.95" S 74°00'23.11" W
 * Point 075 - 11°49'51.06" S 73°58'04.47" W
 * Point 100 - 11°41'28.28" S 74°01'37.52" W
 * Point 125 - 11°33'07.87" S 74°04'22.42" W
 * Point 150 - 11°23'18.20" S 74°09'51.93" W
 * Point 175 - 11°12'44.14" S 74°14'30.05" W
 * Point 180,6 - 11°09'55.60" S 74°14'07.65"

Meister 19:40, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:50, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Rio Ene.png

title: Talk:Ene River


text:
RNA editing

RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. It occurs in all living organisms and is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs. RNA editing may include the insertion, deletion, and base substitution of nucleotides within the RNA molecule. RNA editing is relatively rare, with common forms of RNA processing (e.g. splicing, 5'-capping, and 3'-polyadenylation) not usually considered as editing. It can affect the activity, localization as well as stability of RNAs, and has been linked with human diseases.

RNA editing has been observed in some tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, or miRNA molecules of eukaryotes and their viruses, archaea, and prokaryotes. RNA editing occurs in the cell nucleus, as well as within mitochondria and plastids. In vertebrates, editing is rare and usually consists of a small number of changes to the sequence of the affected molecules. In other organisms, such as squids, extensive editing (pan-editing) can occur; in some cases the majority of nucleotides in an mRNA sequence may result from editing. More than 160 types of RNA modifications have been described so far.

RNA-editing processes show great molecular diversity, and some appear to be evolutionarily recent acquisitions that arose independently. The diversity of RNA editing phenomena includes nucleobase modifications such as cytidine (C) to uridine (U) and adenosine (A) to inosine (I) deaminations, as well as non-template nucleotide additions and insertions. RNA editing in mRNAs effectively alters the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein so that it differs from that predicted by the genomic DNA sequence.

Next generation sequencing
To identify diverse post-transcriptional modifications of RNA molecules and determine the transcriptome-wide landscape of RNA modifications by means of next generation RNA sequencing, recently many studies have developed conventional or specialised sequencing methods. Examples of specialised methods are MeRIP-seq, m6A-seq, PA-m5C-seq , methylation-iCLIP, m6A-CLIP, Pseudo-seq, Ψ-seq, CeU-seq, Aza-IP and RiboMeth-seq ). Many of these methods are based on specific capture of the RNA species containing the specific modification, for example through antibody binding coupled with sequencing of the captured reads. After the sequencing these reads are mapped against the whole transcriptome to see where they originate from. Generally with this kind of approach it is possible to see the location of the modifications together with possible identification of some consensus sequences that might help identification and mapping further on. One example of the specialize methods is PA-m5C-seq. This method was further developed from PA-m6A-seq method to identify m5C modifications on mRNA instead of the original target N6-methyladenosine. The easy switch between different modifications as target is made possible with a simple change of the capturing antibody form m6A specific to m5C specific. Application of these methods have identified various modifications (e.g. pseudouridine, m6A, m5C, 2′-O-Me) within coding genes and non-coding genes (e.g. tRNA, lncRNAs, microRNAs) at single nucleotide or very high resolution.

Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a way to quantify RNA modifications. More often than not, modifications cause an increase in mass for a given nucleoside. This gives a characteristic readout for the nucleoside and the modified counterpart. Moreover, mass spectrometry allows the investigation of modification dynamics by labelling RNA molecules with stable (non-radioactive) heavy isotopes in vivo. Due to the defined mass increase of heavy isotope labeled nucleosides they can be distinguished from their respective unlabelled isotopomeres by mass spectrometry. This method, called NAIL-MS (nucleic acid isotope labelling coupled mass spectrometry), enables a variety of approaches to investigate RNA modification dynamics.

Messenger RNA modification
Recently, functional experiments have revealed many novel functional roles of RNA modifications. Most of the RNA modifications are found on transfer-RNA and ribosomal-RNA, but also eukaryotic mRNA has been shown to be modified with multiple different modifications. 17 naturally occurring modifications on mRNA have been identified, from which the N6-methyladenosine is the most abundant and studied. mRNA modifications are linked to many functions in the cell. They ensure the correct maturation and function of the mRNA, but also at the same time act as part of cell's immune system. Certain modifications like 2’O-methylated nucleotides has been associated with cells ability to distinguish own mRNA from foreign RNA. For example, m6A has been predicted to affect protein translation and localization,  mRNA stability, alternative polyA choice and stem cell pluripotency. Pseudouridylation of nonsense codons suppresses translation termination both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that RNA modification may provide a new way to expand the genetic code. 5-methylcytosine on the other hand has been associated with mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and enhancement of translation. These functions of m5C are not fully known and proven but one strong argument towards these functions in the cell is the observed localization of m5C to translation initiation site. Importantly, many modification enzymes are dysregulated and genetically mutated in many disease types. For example, genetic mutations in pseudouridine synthases cause mitochondrial myopathy, sideroblastic anemia (MLASA) and dyskeratosis congenital.

Compared to the modifications identified from other RNA species like tRNA and rRNA, the amount of identified modifications on mRNA is very small. One of the biggest reasons why mRNA modifications are not so well known is missing research techniques. In addition to the lack of identified modifications, the knowledge of associated proteins is also behind other RNA species. Modifications are results of specific enzyme interactions with the RNA molecule. Considering mRNA modifications most of the known related enzymes are the writer enzymes that add the modification on the mRNA. The additional groups of enzymes readers and erasers are for most of the modifications either poorly known of not known at all. For these reasons there has been during the past decade huge interest in studying these modifications and their function.

Transfer RNA modifications
Transfer RNA or tRNA is the most abundantly modified type of RNA. Modifications in tRNA play crucial roles in maintaining translation efficiency through supporting structure, anticodon-codon interactions, and interactions with enzymes.

Anticodon modifications are important for proper decoding of mRNA. Since the genetic code is degenerate, anticodon modifications are necessary to properly decode mRNA. Particularly, the wobble position of the anticodon determines how the codons are read. For example, in eukaryotes an adenosine at position 34 of the anticodon can be converted to inosine. Inosine is a modification that is able to base-pair with cytosine, adenine, and uridine.

Another commonly modified base in tRNA is the position adjacent to the anticodon. Position 37 is often hypermodified with bulky chemical modifications. These modifications prevent frameshifting and increase anticodon-codon binding stability through stacking interactions.

Ribosomal RNA modification
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is essential to the makeup of ribosomes and peptide transfer during translation processes. Ribosomal RNA modifications are made throughout ribosome synthesis, and often occur during and/or after translation. Modifications primarily play a role in the structure of the rRNA in order to protect translational efficiency. Chemical modification in rRNA consists of methylation of ribose sugars, isomerization of uridines, and methylation and acetylation of individual bases.

Methylation
Methylation of rRNA upholds structural rigidity by blocking base pair stacking and surrounds the 2’-OH group to block hydrolysis. It occurs at specific parts of eukaryotic rRNA. The template for methylation consists of 10-21 nucleotides. 2'-O-methylation of the ribose sugar is one of the most common rRNA modifications. Methylation is primarily introduced by small nucleolar RNA's, referred to as snoRNPs. There are two classes of snoRNPs that target methylation sites, and they are referred to box C/D and box H/ACA. One type of methylation, 2′-O-methylation, contributes to helical stabilization.

Isomerization
The isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine is the second most common rRNA modification. These pseudouridines are also introduced by the same classes of snoRNPs that participate in methylation. Pseudouridine synthases are the major participating enzymes in the reaction. The H/ACA box snoRNPs introduce guide sequences that are about 14-15 nucleotides long. Pseudouridylation is triggered in numerous places of rRNAs at once to preserve the thermal stability of RNA. Pseudouridine allows for increased hydrogen bonding and alters translation in rRNA and tRNA. It alters translation by increasing the affinity of the ribosome subunit to specific mRNAs.

Base Editing:

Base editing is the third major class of rRNA modification, specifically in eukaryotes. There are 8 categories of base edits that can occur at the gap between the small and large ribosomal subunits. RNA methyltransferases are the enzymes that introduce base methylation. Acetyltransferases are the enzymes responsible for acetylation of cytosine in rRNA. Base methylation plays a role in translation. These base modifications all work in conjunction with the two other main classes of modification to contribute to RNA structural stability. An example of this occurs in N7-methylation, which increases the nucleotide's charge to increase ionic interactions of proteins attaching to the RNA before translation.

Editing by insertion or deletion
RNA editing through the addition and deletion of uracil has been found in kinetoplasts from the mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei. Because this may involve a large fraction of the sites in a gene, it is sometimes called "pan-editing" to distinguish it from topical editing of one or a few sites.

Pan-editing starts with the base-pairing of the unedited primary transcript with a guide RNA (gRNA), which contains complementary sequences to the regions around the insertion/deletion points. The newly formed double-stranded region is then enveloped by an editosome, a large multi-protein complex that catalyzes the editing. The editosome opens the transcript at the first mismatched nucleotide and starts inserting uridines. The inserted uridines will base-pair with the guide RNA, and insertion will continue as long as A or G is present in the guide RNA and will stop when a C or U is encountered. The inserted nucleotides cause a frameshift, and result in a translated protein that differs from its gene.

The mechanism of the editosome involves an endonucleolytic cut at the mismatch point between the guide RNA and the unedited transcript. The next step is catalyzed by one of the enzymes in the complex, a terminal U-transferase, which adds Us from UTP at the 3' end of the mRNA. The opened ends are held in place by other proteins in the complex. Another enzyme, a U-specific exoribonuclease, removes the unpaired Us. After editing has made mRNA complementary to gRNA, an RNA ligase rejoins the ends of the edited mRNA transcript. As a consequence, the editosome can edit only in a 3' to 5' direction along the primary RNA transcript. The complex can act on only a single guide RNA at a time. Therefore, a RNA transcript requiring extensive editing will need more than one guide RNA and editosome complex.

C-to-U editing
The editing involves cytidine deaminase that deaminates a cytidine base into a uridine base. An example of C-to-U editing is with the apolipoprotein B gene in humans. Apo B100 is expressed in the liver and apo B48 is expressed in the intestines. In the intestines, the mRNA has a CAA sequence edited to be UAA, a stop codon, thus producing the shorter B48 form. C-to-U editing often occurs in the mitochondrial RNA of flowering plants. Different plants have different degrees of C-to-U editing; for example, eight editing events occur in mitochondria of the moss Funaria hygrometrica, whereas over 1,700 editing events occur in the lycophytes Isoetes engelmanii. C-to-U editing is performed by members of the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family. Angiosperms have large PPR families, acting as trans -factors for cis -elements lacking a consensus sequence; Arabidopsis has around 450 members in its PPR family. There have been a number of discoveries of PPR proteins in both plastids and mitochondria.

A-to-I editing
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) modifications contribute to nearly 90% of all editing events in RNA. The deamination of adenosine is catalyzed by the double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR), which typically acts on pre-mRNAs. The deamination of adenosine to inosine disrupts and destabilizes the dsRNA base pairing, therefore rendering that particular dsRNA less able to produce siRNA, which interferes with the RNAi pathway.

The wobble base pairing causes deaminated RNA to have a unique but different structure, which may be related to the inhibition of the initiation step of RNA translation. Studies have shown that I-RNA (RNA with many repeats of the I-U base pair) recruits methylases that are involved in the formation of heterochromatin and that this chemical modification heavily interferes with miRNA target sites. There is active research into the importance of A-to-I modifications and their purpose in the novel concept of epitranscriptomics, in which modifications are made to RNA that alter their function. A long established consequence of A-to-I in mRNA is the interpretation of I as a G, therefore leading to functional A-to-G substitution, e.g. in the interpretation of the genetic code by ribosomes. Newer studies, however, have weakened this correlation by showing that inosines can also be decoded by the ribosome (although in a lesser extent) as adenosines or uracils. Furthermore, it was shown that I's lead to the stalling of ribosomes on the I-rich mRNA.

The development of high-throughput sequencing in recent years has allowed for the development of extensive databases for different modifications and edits of RNA. RADAR (Rigorously Annotated Database of A-to-I RNA editing) was developed in 2013 to catalog the vast variety of A-to-I sites and tissue-specific levels present in humans, mice, and flies. The addition of novel sites and overall edits to the database are ongoing. The level of editing for specific editing sites, e.g. in the filamin A transcript, is tissue-specific. The efficiency of mRNA-splicing is a major factor controlling the level of A-to-I RNA editing. Interestingly, ADAR1 and ADAR2 also affect alternative splicing via both A-to-I editing ability and dsRNA binding ability.

Alternative mRNA editing
Alternative U-to-C mRNA editing was first reported in WT1 (Wilms Tumor-1) transcripts, and non-classic G-A mRNA changes were first observed in HNRNPK (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K) transcripts in both malignant and normal colorectal samples. The latter changes were also later seen alongside non-classic U-to-C alterations in brain cell TPH2 (tryptophan hydroxylase 2) transcripts. Although the reverse amination might be the simplest explanation for U-to-C changes, transamination and transglycosylation mechanisms have been proposed for plant U-to-C editing events in mitochondrial transcripts. A recent study reported novel G-to-A mRNA changes in WT1 transcripts at two hotspots, proposing the APOBEC3A (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 3A) as the enzyme implicated in this class of alternative mRNA editing. It was also shown that alternative mRNA changes were associated with canonical WT1 splicing variants, indicating their functional significance.

RNA editing in plant mitochondria and plastids
It has been shown in previous studies that the only types of RNA editing seen in the plants' mitochondria and plastids are conversion of C-to-U and U-to-C (very rare). RNA-editing sites are found mainly in the coding regions of mRNA, introns, and other non-translated regions. In fact, RNA editing can restore the functionality of tRNA molecules. The editing sites are found primarily upstream of mitochondrial or plastid RNAs. While the specific positions for C to U RNA editing events have been fairly well studied in both the mitochondrion and plastid, the identity and organization of all proteins comprising the editosome have yet to be established. Members of the expansive PPR protein family have been shown to function as trans-acting factors for RNA sequence recognition. Specific members of the MORF (Multiple Organellar RNA editing Factor) family are also required for proper editing at several sites. As some of these MORF proteins have been shown to interact with members of the PPR family, it is possible MORF proteins are components of the editosome complex. An enzyme responsible for the trans- or deamination of the RNA transcript remains elusive, though it has been proposed that the PPR proteins may serve this function as well.

RNA editing is essential for the normal functioning of the plant's translation and respiration activity. Editing can restore the essential base-pairing sequences of tRNAs, restoring functionality. It has also been linked to the production of RNA-edited proteins that are incorporated into the polypeptide complexes of the respiration pathway. Therefore, it is highly probable that polypeptides synthesized from unedited RNAs would not function properly and hinder the activity of both mitochondria and plastids.

C-to-U RNA editing can create start and stop codons, but it cannot destroy existing start and stop codons. A cryptic start codon is created when the codon ACG is edited to be AUG.

RNA editing in viruses
Viruses (i.e., measles, mumps, or parainfluenza), especially viruses that have an RNA genome, have been shown to have evolved to utilize RNA modifications in many ways when taking over the host cell. Viruses are known to utilize the RNA modifications in different parts of their infection cycle from immune evasion to protein translation enhancement. RNA editing is used for stability and generation of protein variants. Viral RNAs are transcribed by a virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is prone to pausing and "stuttering" at certain nucleotide combinations. In addition, up to several hundred non-templated A's are added by the polymerase at the 3' end of nascent mRNA. These As help stabilize the mRNA. Furthermore, the pausing and stuttering of the RNA polymerase allows the incorporation of one or two Gs or As upstream of the translational codon. The addition of the non-templated nucleotides shifts the reading frame, which generates a different protein.

Additionally, the RNA modifications are shown to have both positive and negative effects on the replication and translation efficiency depending on the virus. For example, Courtney et al. showed that an RNA modification called 5-methylcytosine is added to the viral mRNA in infected host cells in order to enhance the protein translation of HIV-1 virus. The inhibition of the m5C modification on viral mRNA results in significant reduction in viral protein translation, but interestingly it has no effect on the expression of viral mRNAs in the cell. On the other hand, Lichinchi et al. showed that the N6-methyladenosine modification on ZIKV mRNA inhibits the viral replication.

Origin and Evolution of RNA editing
The RNA-editing system seen in the animal may have evolved from mononucleotide deaminases, which have led to larger gene families that include the apobec-1 and adar genes. These genes share close identity with the bacterial deaminases involved in nucleotide metabolism. The adenosine deaminase of E. coli cannot deaminate a nucleoside in the RNA; the enzyme's reaction pocket is too small for the RNA strand to bind to. However, this active site is widened by amino acid changes in the corresponding human analog genes, APOBEC1 and ADAR, allowing deamination. The gRNA-mediated pan-editing in trypanosome mitochondria, involving templated insertion of U residues, is an entirely different biochemical reaction. The enzymes involved have been shown in other studies to be recruited and adapted from different sources. But the specificity of nucleotide insertion via the interaction between the gRNA and mRNA is similar to the tRNA editing processes in the animal and Acanthamoeba mitochondria. Eukaryotic ribose methylation of rRNAs by guide RNA molecules is a similar form of modification.

Thus, RNA editing evolved more than once. Several adaptive rationales for editing have been suggested. Editing is often described as a mechanism of correction or repair to compensate for defects in gene sequences. However, in the case of gRNA-mediated editing, this explanation does not seem possible because if a defect happens first, there is no way to generate an error-free gRNA-encoding region, which presumably arises by duplication of the original gene region. A more plausible alternative for the evolutionary origins of this system is through constructive neutral evolution, where the order of steps is reversed, with the gratuitous capacity for editing preceding the "defect".

Therapeutic mRNA Editing
Directing edits to correct mutated sequences was first proposed and demonstrated in 1995. This initial work used synthetic RNA antisense oligonucleotides complementary to a pre-mature stop codon mutation in a dystrophin sequence to activate A-to-I editing of the stop codon to a read through codon in a model xenopus cell system. While this also led to nearby inadvertent A-to-I transitions, A to I (read as G) transitions can correct all three stop codons, but cannot create a stop codon. Therefore, the changes led >25% correction of the targeted stop codon with read through to a downstream luciferase reporter sequence. Follow on work by Rosenthal achieved editing of mutated mRNA sequence in mammalian cell culture by directing an oligonucleotide linked to a cytidine deaminase to correct a mutated cystic fibrosis sequence. More recently, CRISPR-Cas13 fused to deaminases has been employed to direct mRNA editing.

In 2022, therapeutic RNA editing for Cas7-11 was reported. It enables sufficiently targeted cuts and an early version of it was used for in vitro editing in 2021.

Comparison to DNA editing
Unlike DNA editing, which is permanent, the effects of RNA editing − including potential off-target mutations in RNA − are transient and are not inherited. RNA editing is therefore considered to be less risky. Furthermore, it may only require a guide RNA by using the ADAR protein already found in humans and many other eukaryotes' cells instead of needing to introduce a foreign protein into the body.

title: RNA editing


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/The "refuse"/archive1

The "refuse"
This article describes a cavalry tactic, supposedly used at the Battle of Blenheim. No references are cited, and I cannot find any uses of the term in this context in a Google search, or in several articles regarding Blenheim. Review by those knowledgeable in military history (for accuracy as well as content) would be most helpful. --Russ Blau (talk) 19:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Kantharos

A kantharos (κάνθαρος) or cantharus  is a type of ancient Greek cup used for drinking. Although almost all surviving examples are in Greek pottery, the shape, like many Greek vessel types, probably originates in metalwork. In its iconic "Type A" form, it is characterized by its deep bowl, tall pedestal foot, and pair of high-swung handles which extend above the lip of the pot. The Greek words kotylos (κότῦλος, masculine) and kotyle (κοτύλη, feminine) are other ancient names for this same shape.

The kantharos is a cup used to hold wine, possibly for drinking or for ritual use or offerings. The kantharos seems to be an attribute of Dionysos, the god of wine, who was associated with vegetation and fertility.

As well as a banqueting cup, they could be used in pagan rituals as a symbol of rebirth or resurrection, the immortality offered by wine, "removing in moments of ecstasy the burden of self-consciousness and elevating man to the rank of deity".

title: Kantharos


text:
Talk:Space (disambiguation)

Links to Space and Outer space
Given that Space is the only article to link here, and that Outer space is a link on that page, I do not feel they need to be linked to from here. I can't envisage a way people would stumble here without passing through Space. Hiding talk 19:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Someone types "space" when they mean outer space. They come to a page on a different subject, but with a prominent link to this page, promising other meanings.  What they're looking for isn't here.  That's a poor interface.

 * Yes, if they read the first six paragraphs there they would find it, but that can hardly be considered accessible. Since this page is a collection of links to space, it shouldn't leave out the two most prominent ones.—Michael Z. 2005-10-3 19:56 Z

 * Fair play. I can't say I agree, but we'll just end up going round in circles. Hiding talk 20:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, it's the way it's done on other disambiguation pages, and you can't predict that someone will necessarily come here after reading a particular page. Don't forget incoming links from other sites and Google searches; so this page should be able to stand alone.  Cheers.  —Michael Z. 2005-10-3 23:31 Z
 * Oh yeah, fair play, sorry, I wasn't trying to be argumentative. Good point on google, actually, but I was thinking it was better safe than sorry, and that I'd be willing to leave alone. Hiding  talk 08:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't think you were being argumentative. Just explaining myself, so you didn't think I was being too needlessly stubborn.  —Michael Z. 2005-10-4 13:34 Z

 * This issue has been solved now since (the discussion is from 2005). Readers can use the Ctrl-F Find menu to find the specific link to the page outer space. --Wisdood (talk) 13:44, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space (disambiguation)


text:
Japanese cruiser Naka

Naka (那珂) was a Sendai-class cruiser light cruiser in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), named after the Naka River in the Tochigi and Ibaraki prefectures of eastern Japan. Naka was the third (and final) vessel completed in the Sendai class of light cruisers, and like other vessels of her class, she was intended for use as the flagship of a destroyer flotilla.

Service career
Naka was completed at Mitsubishi Yokohama on 30 November 1925.

On 26 November 1941, Naka became flagship of 4th Destroyer Flotilla under Rear Admiral Shōji Nishimura. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Naka was engaged in the invasion of the southern Philippines as part of Vice Admiral Ibo Takahashi's Third Fleet escorting transports with components of the IJA 48th Infantry Division. Naka was slightly damaged by strafing by five Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers and Seversky P-35 Guardsman and Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk fighters of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Far East Air Force.

In January 1942, 4th Destroyer Flotilla was assigned to the invasion of the Netherlands East Indies, escorting a convoy carrying the Kure No. 2 Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF) and Sakaguchi Brigade to Tarakan and Balikpapan, Borneo. On 24 January 1942 while landing troops at Balikpapan, the Royal Netherlands Navy submarine HNLMS K XVIII, operating on the surface due to poor weather, fired four torpedoes at Naka, but missed. While Admiral Nishimura ordered Naka and her destroyers in an unsuccessful pursuit of the submarine, USN Task Force 5 comprising the destroyers USS Parrott (DD-218), USS Pope (DD-225), USS John D. Ford (DD-228) and USS Paul Jones (DD-230) attacked the now unprotected Japanese convoy, sinking several transports.

In late February 1942, 4th Destroyer Flotilla escorted transports with the 48th Infantry Division to Makassar, Celebes and eastern Java. Ahead of the convoy were 2nd Destroyer Flotilla (flagship light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Jintsū) and the cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Nachi and JAPANESE CRUISER Haguro. Naka was thus in a central position for the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942.

At 1547, the Japanese cruisers Haguro, Nachi and Jintsū with destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Inazuma, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yukikaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Tokitsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Amatsukaze and JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Ushio, JAPANESE DESTROYER Sazanami, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yamakaze and JAPANESE DESTROYER Kawakaze engaged Dutch Rear Admiral Karel W. F. M. Doorman's Strike Force consisting of two heavy cruisers (HMS Exeter (68) and USS Houston (CA-30)), three light cruisers (HNLMS De Ruyter (1935) (Doorman's flagship), HNLMS Java (1921), HMAS Perth (D29)), and nine destroyers (HMS Electra (H27), HMS Encounter (H10), HMS Jupiter (F85), HNLMS Kortenaer (1927), HNLMS Witte de With (1928), USS Alden (DD-211), USS John D. Edwards (DD-216), USS John D. Ford, and USS Paul Jones).

At 1603, Naka and its destroyer squadron with JAPANESE DESTROYER Asagumo, JAPANESE DESTROYER Minegumo, JAPANESE DESTROYER Murasame, JAPANESE DESTROYER Harukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Samidare and JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūdachi launched 43 Type 93 Long Lance torpedoes at the Allied force from about 16250 yd; sinking Kortenaer. The destroyers launched 56 torpedoes in addition to 8 torpedoes from Naka, but amazingly failed to hit anything. Asagumo closed with the Electra, sinking it in a gun battle. Jupiter hit a Dutch mine and sank. Towards midnight, De Ruyter and Java were hit by torpedoes and exploded. This engagement was followed by the Battle of Sunda Strait, the next day on 28 February 1942, at which Naka was not present. In March, Naka was assigned patrol duties between Java and the Celebes. However, on 14 March 1942, Naka received orders to become flagship for the Christmas Island invasion force. The force consisted of Naka, 16th Cruiser Division's JAPANESE CRUISER Nagara and JAPANESE CRUISER Natori, 9th Destroyer Division's Minegumo and JAPANESE DESTROYER Natsugumo, 22nd Destroyer Division's JAPANESE DESTROYER Satsuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Minazuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Fumizuki and JAPANESE DESTROYER Nagatsuki, 16th Destroyer Division's Amatsukaze and Hatsukaze, oiler Akebono Maru and transports Kimishima Maru and Kumagawa Maru. Landing operations progressed without opposition on 31 March 1942, however, the submarine USS Seawolf (SS-197) fired four torpedoes at Naka, but all missed. Seawolf tried again with two more torpedoes the following day, 1 April 1942, and this time one hit to starboard near her No. 1 boiler. Natori towed the badly damaged Naka to Bantam Bay, Java for temporary repairs, and Naka then proceeded to Singapore under her own power. The damage was sufficient to justify a return to Japan for further repairs in June. Naka remained in Japan in reserve until April 1943.

On 1 April 1943, Naka was assigned to the new 14th Cruiser Division under Rear Admiral Kenzo Ito with JAPANESE CRUISER Isuzu, arriving at Truk on 30 April 1943. For the next several months, Naka was assigned to make troop transport runs around the Marshall Islands and Nauru. On 21 October 1943, Naka and Isuzu embarked Army troops at Shanghai. The convoy was intercepted by the submarine USS Shad (SS-235) in the East China Sea on 23 October 1943, which fired 10 torpedoes, failing to damage either cruiser. On 3 November 1943, convoy was attacked 60 nmi north of Kavieng by 13th Air Force Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers. Naka suffered a near-miss, and arrived at Rabaul on 5 November 1943, the same day as the Carrier Raid on Rabaul. Naka was slightly damaged by near-misses from dive bombers from the aircraft carriers USS Saratoga (CV-3) and USS Princeton (CVL-23). On 23 November 1943, Naka departed Ponape with troop reinforcements for Tarawa, but the island fell to the Americans before the reinforcements could be landed.

From 17–18 February 1944, Naka assisted light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Agano, which had been torpedoed the day before by the submarine USS Skate (SS-305). Immediately after Naka departed, Truk was attacked by US Navy Task Force 58 in Operation Hailstone. The Americans sank 31 transports and 10 naval vessels (two cruisers, four destroyers and four auxiliary vessels), destroyed nearly 200 aircraft and damaged severely about 100 more, eliminating Truk as a major base for the IJN. Naka was attacked 35 nmi west of Truk by three waves of Curtiss SB2C Helldivers and Grumman TBF Avengers from the aircraft carrier USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) and TBFs of VT-25 of the carrier USS Cowpens (CVL-25). The first two strikes failed to score a hit, but Naka was hit by a torpedo and a bomb in the third strike and broke in two, sinking at 7.25°N, 151.25°W. Some 240 crewmen perished, but patrol boats rescued 210 men including Captain Sutezawa.

Naka was removed from the navy list on 31 March 1944.

title: Japanese cruiser Naka


text:
President's Scholar

A President's Scholar is a recipient of the academic scholarship awarded by the Government of Singapore annually, to pursue undergraduate education at a university, usually abroad. The scholarship is considered to be the most prestigious public undergraduate scholarship in Singapore awarded to students of Singaporean nationality.

All recipients have legal obligation to serve a bond—in the form of a public service career for a certain period of time, usually ranging from 4 to 6 years, after completing his or her studies in the university.

Shortlisted candidates are interviewed by a selection committee chaired by the Chairman of the Public Service Commission (PSC) of Singapore.

The President's Scholarship by itself does not award any money or lead to any particular career in public service. As such, it is generally paired with another scholarship, which could be either of the following:
 * The SAF Scholarship
 * The SPF Scholarship
 * The PSC Scholarship

History
The President's Scholarship has its roots in the Queen's Scholarship, which was founded in 1885. The Queen's Scholarship was initiated by Cecil Clementi Smith, Governor of the Straits Settlements. It was awarded to the best performing student of the year by a special selection board.

The Queen's Scholarship was abolished in 1959 and replaced by the Singapore State Scholarship when Singapore gained self-governance.

In August 1964, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara Scholarship was inaugurated to replace the State Scholarship.

In 1966, after Singapore achieved independence, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara Scholarship was renamed the President's Scholarship.

Recipients
Many recipients of the President's Scholarship went on to serve in top positions in the civil service.

According to statistics collected by the newspaper The Straits Times, the schools in Singapore having the highest number of President's Scholars among their alumni are as follows:

title: President's Scholar


text:
User:G-unit12

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

title: User:G-unit12


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dover castle

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Dover Castle. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 22:22, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Dover_castle
Badly titled page, it should be called "The Dover Castle" to avoid collision with a page on "Dover Castle" (the castle in Dover, not the pub. I've moved the pub's page to "The Dover Castle" and want to remove the old page PeterArnold 19:44, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with where the redirect points. I would suggest that a fortification involved in the defence of England for centuries is more important than a pub in Leicester. Average Earthman 20:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * AFD is not the place for this. Deletion is not involved in solving this problem.  PeterArnold and Average Earthman both apparently want the redirect to point to Dover Castle instead of to The Dover Castle.  The answer is just to edit the redirect, then.  No administrator privileges are required.  Indeed, one doesn't even need to have a user account to be able to do this.  There's not even a disagreement as to where the redirect should point (for which the article's talk page would be the place, not AFD). Uncle G 22:10, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect both to "Dover Castle" (the castle). The pub is non-notable. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem is that there are two pages: "Dover_Castle" (the fortification in Kent) and "Dover_castle" (the old page for the pub that currently redirects to the new page for the pub). I feel that it would be cleaner to delete the "Dover_castle" page rather than redirecting it to the fortification page. For the moment I have redirected the "Dover_castle" page to point to the "Dover_Castle" page. PeterArnold 07:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Another issue is that a search for "Dover Castle" finds the fortification page but a search for "dover castle" finds the redirection page. I would say this is another reason for deleting it. PeterArnold 07:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:64.8.190.51

title: User talk:64.8.190.51


text:
Scottish Church Society

The Scottish Church Society is a Church of Scotland society founded in 1892. Leading founders were Thomas Leishman and William Milligan, and the first secretary was James Cooper.

Background
Although always a minority within the Church of Scotland, the Society has at times proved influential. It grew out of the Church Service Society (founded 1865), but has not confined itself to interest in liturgies or form. Cooper was identified with a High Church or "Scoto-Catholic" theological approach within Presbyterianism.

The Society was active in seeking and achieving Article 1 of the Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland, defining the trinitarian nature of the Christian faith and the "catholicity" of the Church.

A notable congregation for its historic connections with the Society and with Scoto-Catholicism is Govan Old Parish Church, Glasgow.

Current officers
Twelve former Presidents of the Society have served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. The current President is the Reverend Tom A. Davidson Kelly, formerly minister of Govan Old Parish Church), who succeeded the Reverend Douglas Lamb (formerly of St Margaret's Parish Church, Dalry, Ayrshire). The current Secretary is the Reverend Gerald Jones (minister of Kirkmichael linked with Straiton St Cuthbert's, in Ayrshire).

title: Scottish Church Society