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Trammell Crow

Fred Trammell Crow (June 10, 1914 – January 14, 2009) was an American real estate developer from Dallas, Texas. He is credited with the creation of several major real estate projects, including the Dallas Market Center, Peachtree Center in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, California.

Biography
A native of Dallas, Crow earned money through a series of odd jobs as a child and later as an adolescent, including plucking chickens, cleaning bricks, and unloading boxcars. He was the fifth of eight children reared in East Dallas. His father, Jefferson Crow, worked as a bookkeeper for Collett Munger, one of Dallas' early real estate developers and the builder of the Munger Place subdivision.

Crow graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1932. Unable to attend college because of the Great Depression, he worked at several odd jobs. In 1933, Crow landed a job for roughly $13 a week (equivalent to $ in ) as a runner for Mercantile National Bank in Dallas while attending night school in accounting at Southern Methodist University. Upon graduation in 1938, he was, at the age of twenty-four, the youngest CPA in Texas.

He then worked for three years as a Certified Public Accountant before joining the United States Navy in 1940. He used his background in accounting and was offered a commission auditing the books of defense contractors. After World War II, he remained with the Navy for another year to handle final settlements with its contractors. He left the Navy after achieving the rank of commander and then returned to Dallas and saw opportunities for the growth of the city.

He became an agent for North American Van Lines, a moving company. Shortly thereafter, he worked as a wholesale grain merchandiser, tripled the sizes of the warehouses, and erected new loading facilities. Once the grain business faded, he switched at the age of thirty-three to the burgeoning field of warehouse real estate development.

Crow built his first warehouse in 1948 and leased it to Ray-O-Vac Battery Company. The warehouse was larger than what Ray-O-Vac needed, and Crow was able to seek additional tenants. He convinced Decca Records to sign for the leftover space, and began a career as a "speculative builder." This field was a new concept in property development, one in which builders typically designed construction to meet the expressed needs of one specific company, then leased the entire space to that company after the building was in place.

He continued from his start with a single-story warehouse on the banks of the Trinity River in the late 1940s. In partnerships with John M. Stemmons, he became one of the largest developers in the Trinity River Industrial Park. By the middle 1950s, Crow was Dallas' largest warehouse builder.

His company's skyscrapers – including Dallas' 50-story Trammell Crow Center and the 53-story Chase Tower – reshaped skylines in the 1980s in cities stretching from Charlotte, North Carolina to San Diego, California.

Trammell Crow Company
By 1970, Crow had developed the Trammell Crow Company into a nationwide organization, another innovation in a field that was, at the time, dominated strictly by local builders.

Forbes in 1971 and The Wall Street Journal in 1986 called Crow the largest landlord in the US. The Journal said the company he founded was then the largest developer in the nation.

Crow once had interests in nearly 300000000 sqft of developed real estate, comprising eight thousand properties in more than one hundred cities. Crow's holdings were said to be much larger than those of the better-known William Zeckendorf and Donald Trump and include hotels, hospitals, residential developments, and – just as in the early days of the company – warehouses. The Austin Business Journal said in its profile of TCC, "When compared to Trammell Crow, other real estate companies are for the birds."

Yahoo! Finance, also making a joke about the Crow name, said in its company profile: "It takes a tough bird to succeed in the real estate business, and Trammell Crow Company is one of the cocks of the walk." Calling the organization "one of the top diversified real estate management companies in the US," the profile estimates that the company manages nearly 550000000 sqft of warehouse, service center, and retail space in the United States and Canada.

As of June 2007, the company was set to grow even further with the scheduled $60 million purchase of the HealthSouth headquarters building in Birmingham, Alabama.

The Trammell Crow Company was privately held until 1997 when it went public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol TCC. In 2006, the firm was sold to CB Richard Ellis group (NYSE:CBRE) for approximately $2.2 billion.

Art collection
Trammell Crow was an enthusiastic collector of East Asian art. His son, Trammell S. Crow, went to Yale University with Alex Kerr, and sometime later, after Kerr was more established, he became an art purchaser in Tokyo for the Trammell Crow Company at the behest of his father. In 1998, 598 of the family's best pieces were donated to the people of Dallas with the founding of the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art.

He also commissioned several pieces from artist Bjørn Wiinblad, also sculptor David Cargill, incorporating them into his Dallas hotel and real estate projects.

Personal life
In 1981, Crow received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

In 1989, Crow was an original inductee of the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, which was established in connection with the school's sixtieth anniversary.

Crow was instrumental in bringing to Dallas the 1984 Republican National Convention, which renominated U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Herbert Walker Bush. He and his wife, the former Margaret Doggett, were avid collectors of Asian art, for which they established a museum, The Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art. This private museum is open to the public without charge. It is located on Flora Street in the Arts District of downtown Dallas.

Crow married his wife Margaret in 1942. At the time of his death, they had been married for sixty-six years. The couple had six surviving children: Lucy C. Billingsley, Robert Tramell Crow, Harlan Crow, Howard Crow, Stuart Crow, and Trammell S. Crow. The Crows have sixteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. His eldest son, Robert (1943–2011), was addicted to drugs during the 1980s and often found himself in rehabilitation clinics.

Late in life, Crow suffered from Alzheimer's disease. He died at age 94 in his sleep at his ranch in East Texas on January 14, 2009. He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas. His widow Margaret died in 2014, five years later, also at the age of 94.

Awards
Crow was awarded the H. Neil Mallon Award by the World Affairs Council in 1986. The H. Neil Mallon Award, hosted by the World Affair Council of Dallas/ Fort Worth, is presented annually to individuals who have excelled at promoting the international focus of North Texas. The prestigious Mallon Award is named after the Council’s founder and is presented annually to individuals who have excelled in promoting our region’s international profile. Funds raised from this event support the World Affair Council’s public and education programming, international exchanges, and diplomatic services.

title: Trammell Crow


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Theta Cancri

Theta Cancri, Latinised from θ Cancri, is a multiple star system in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.32. The system is located at a distance of approximately 450 light-years away from the Sun, based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +44 km/s. Since it is near the ecliptic, it can be occulted by the Moon and, very rarely, by planets.

The primary, designated component A, is K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, then cooled and expanded. At present it has 40 times the girth of the Sun. It is radiating 353 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of $44.47$.

In Chinese astronomy, Ghost refers to an asterism consisting of Theta Cancri, Eta Cancri, Gamma Cancri and Delta Cancri. Theta Cancri is the first star of Ghost, as it is also the determinative star for that asterism.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Theta Cancri


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Brihaddeshi

Brihaddeshi is a Classical Sanskrit text, dated ca. 6th to 8th century CE, on Indian classical music, attributed to Mataṅga Muni. It is the first text to speak directly of the raga and to distinguish marga ("classical") from desi ("folk") music. It also introduced sargam solfège (or solfa), the singing of the first syllable of the names of the musical notes, as an aid to learning and performance. (The full names of the notes existed previously, for example as found in Natya Shastra.)

The author based his work on Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra. His discussion of musical scales and micro-tonal intervals clarifies Bharata's work, and also clarifies Bharata's terse presentation of many issues related to śruti.

The text uses a two-dimensional prastāra (matrix) to explain how the 7 notes of the octave map into 22 śrutis, with varying distances between notes. It also says that a finer subdivision in microtones has 66 śrutis; and that, in principle, the number of śrutis is infinite.

The text also speaks of the division of the octave into 12 svaras. According to Prem Lata Sharma, this is the first known text to speak of 12 notes.

Editions
The text of Brihaddeshi was edited by Prem Lata Sharma for the Indira Kalakendra series of original texts on the Indian arts and was published as a book "Matanga and His Work Brihaddesi" in 1992. Dwaram Bhavanarayana Rao published a Telugu translation and paraphrase in 2002.

title: Brihaddeshi


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The Bodyguard (2004 film)

The Bodyguard (Thai: บอดี้การ์ดหน้าเหลี่ยม lit. 'The Square-faced Bodyguard') is a 2004 wire fu action comedy film written and directed by Thai comedian and actor Petchtai Wongkamlao and featuring martial-arts choreography by Panna Ritikrai. It is followed by the 2007 prequel, The Bodyguard 2.

Plot
After a shootout with dozens of assassins, Wong Kom, bodyguard to Chot Petchpantakarn, the wealthiest man in Asia, finds his client killed.

Chaichol, the son and heir to the family fortune, fires the bodyguard and takes it upon himself to find the killers. He's then ambushed, and the rest of the bodyguard team is wiped out. Chaichol, however, comes out of it alive, and finds himself in a Bangkok slum, living with a volunteer car-accident rescue squad and falling in love with tomboyish Pok.

Meanwhile, Wong Kom is working to clear his name, and stay ahead of the chief villain and his bumbling gang of henchmen.

Cast

 * Petchtai Wongkamlao as Wong Kom
 * Piphat Apiraktanakorn as Chaichol Petchpantakarn
 * Surachai Juntimatorn as Chot Petchpantakarn
 * Suthep Prayoonpitak as Choung Petchpantakarn
 * Aranya Namwong as Rattana Petchpantakarn
 * Pumwaree Yodkamol as Pok
 * Apaporn Nakornsawan as Mae Jam
 * Wachara Pan-Iom as Songpol
 * Yingyong Yodbuangam as Arthit
 * Choosak Iamsook as Songpol Gangster No. 1
 * Samart Payakaroon as Songpol Gangster No. 2
 * Krisranapong Ratchatha as Songpol Gangster No. 3
 * Sayan Muangcharoen as Songpol Gangster No. 3
 * Tony Jaa as Supermarket fighter / himself (as Panom Yeerum)

Casting notes

 * Petchtai Wongkamlao, a popular Thai comedian, plays the straight man.
 * Some of the film's promotional materials imply that this follow-up to Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior starring Tony Jaa. In fact, Tony only has a small (but still memorable) role as an anonymous fighter in a supermarket.
 * In addition to Tony Jaa, dozens of Thai celebrities, including sports figures, comedians and musicians, have roles and cameos on the film. Among them are:
 * Surachai Juntimatorn, portraying Chaichol's father, is more popularly known as "Nga Caravan" of the pioneering 1970s songs for life band, Caravan.
 * Yingyong Yodbuangam, who portrayed one of the leaders of the bad guys, is a well-known luk thung singer.
 * Twin-brother boxers Kaokor Galaxy and Khaosai Galaxy, portraying the "twin assassins".
 * Another boxer, Samart Payakaroon, is Songpol Gangster No. 2.
 * Chao Kokaew Prakaykavil na Chiang Mai, a blue-haired fixture on Thai newspaper society pages until her death in 2005, portrays a maid.

Awards and nominations

 * Best supporting actress winner, Apaporn Nakornsawan, Thailand National Film Awards, 2005.

title: The Bodyguard (2004 film)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ultrasonic soldering

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Deleted, vandalism. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 18:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Ultrasonic soldering
Utter nonsense Flakeloaf 06:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, patent nonsense. —Cryptic (talk) 13:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very tempted to vote Keep because it's obviously just missing its Modern Poetry stub. However, Delete as per nom.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   17:23, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Polish language/Archive 1

 * Talk:Polish language archived by Halibutt on 06:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

We can put Polish transcription of words here. As it is on Polish poets, we must insert unicode representations of Polish national characters.

Contrary to what you state, Polish has *five* genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter in the singular number and male-personal and other in the plural number. This is seen in the five forms of the third-person pronoun: _on_, _ona_, _ono_, _oni_, and _one_.

The verbal aspects are perfective (not perfect) and imperfective (not imperfect).

Frank Y. Gladney Universion of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

There are some other mistaken terms: - verbs are conjugated rather than declined - "diacritics" is a more proper term than "accents"

As for Polish genders, according to the traditional Polish approach there are three genders in the singular number and two genders in the plural number (as Mr Gladney put it). Other reasonable approaches would be to claim that there are three genders (m, f, n) or there are five genders - feminine, neuter, masculine-personal, masculine-animate-impersonal and masculine-inanimate. The division into four genders (feminine, neuter, masculine-animate and masculine-inanimate) is valid in singular, but not in plural, so I don't find it correct. I'll change the article in a while.

Boraczek 14:33, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC) The article states: "Since 1945, as the result of mass education and mass migrations (forced by the socialist government on the society to suppress the development of the local communities), standard Polish has become far more homogeneous, although regional dialects persist." I thought these articles are supposed to be from a neutral point of view. Did the socialist goverrnment really force mass education on the society to suppress the development of local communities? Was that their stated objective? I am not a fan of the socialist government but I think this sentence should be changed.

I'll present the approach formulated by the president of the Polish Language Council, hold also by Encyklopedia Języka Polskiego (Encyclopedia of the Polish Language). According to these sources, there are five genders: masculine-personal, masculine-animate, masculine-inanimate, feminine, neuter.

I. ''Widzę jednego dobrego nauczyciela. Widzę i innych dobrych nauczycieli.'' II. Widzę jednego dobrego psa. Widzę i inne dobre psy. III. ''Widzę jeden* dobry dom. Widzę i inne dobre domy.'' IV. ''Widzę jedno dobre drzewo. Widzę i inne dobre drzewa.'' V. ''Widzę jedną dobrą dziewczynę. Widzę i inne dobre dziewczyny.'' All the about nouns (nauczyciel, pies, dom, drzewo, and dziewczyna) are of different grammatical genders (noun classes) because there exists at least one instance of a case and number that distinguishes one from another.--Jeziorko (talk) 02:20, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Polish does have five grammatical genders (noun classes), taking into account all seven cases and both numbers: masculine-personal, masculine-animate-non-personal, masculine-inanimate, neuter, and feminine. There are many overlaps when it comes to grammatical agreement, but consider the following:

Boraczek 14:33, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Total speakers
158.169.9.14 wrote: > Total speakers: 60 Million

This number seems to be very overestimated. Could you please tell us what the source of these data is? Or where those Polish speakers live? Boraczek 10:59, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yesterday the same user changed such data in the German language version of Wikipedia and added wrong figures in the demographic sections of Germany and Poland. Maybe a nationalist? 82.82.120.181 11:02, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * OTOH, the number of 43 million seems a little low. There are approx. 39 millions speakers in Poland itself and the diaspora is estimated at 15-20 millions. The higher number might be the estimated quota of people speaking the language as opposed to 43 millions of mother-tongue speakers.Halibutt 09:33, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Those 15-20 million aborad are just Polish descendants. Many of them can't speak Polish. The current information (46 million) seems to be a quite exact estimation. Do you agree? Boraczek 14:05, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Fair with me.Halibutt 14:56, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Żeście
Is co żeście zrobili correct? I've always thought it's not though it seems to be a very common mistake (even more than poszłem). What does ż- mean here anyway? It's neither że ("that") as in:
 * Myślałem, żeście to zrobili. - "I thought that you had done it."

nor an exclamatory suffix -ż(e) as in:

 * Cóżeście (co + -ż --> cóż + ście --> cóżeście) zrobili?

Kpalion 18:58, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Movable endings are remnants of the complex past tense. In the form closest to archaic Polish it was something like:
 * co je?cie zrobili

Where je?cie was an appropriate form of the word to be.

The complex past evolved into simple past by merging of the auxiliary verb and the participle into one word (zrobili?cie). Historically, words like zrobili are not verbs but adjectival participles.

The auxiliary verb can attach to some other word (it doesn't attach to verbs, as zrobili isn't really a verb), like in wy?cie, co?cie etc. It can also function alone, but the je- changed into ?e- in modern Polish. So the ?e- doesn't mean anything – ?em ?e?, ?e?my and ?e?cie are forms of the verb by? (to be).

It gets confusing, because in the third person there was no ending to move, so zrobi?/zrobili can function as third person words. If one wants to be peculiarly historically correct, one can see zrobi? as a particle and a null verb.

In no case is ?e?my incorrect. Taw 05:38, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

New phonetic table
The English equivalents of Polish sounds given in this article are not always accurate. They're close, but not quite the same. Could anyone add X-SAMPA transcription too? Ausir 12:05, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Let's insert a table.

Boraczek 15:54, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Good idea. Ausir 15:56, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Could someone add also X-SAMPA column to the table? Not everyone can see the IPA symbols... Ausir 01:00, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Done. Now it doesn't look so good anymore but, well, let's just hope someday all browsers will be able to read IPA characters. Kpalion 01:49, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Excellent job, Kpalion! :-D I'm really impressed! :-D I'll make a couple of minor changes, if you don't mind. Of course, the changes are subject to discuss.

1. I'll change examples of Polish words with nasal vowels, because there are actually no nasal vowels in kąt and lęk (it's incorrect to pronounce nasal vowels in these words).

2. length, long => length, long (because it doesn't make too much sense to separate "n" and "g" in a digraph "ng", it's like writing mysz.

3. Polish ł and j are usually pronounced as non-syllabic u and i respectively rather than approximants.

4. In the tongue-twister chrząszcz is pronunced as [xSO~ZdZ] rather than [xSO~StS]

5. I'll add some more sounds in the "Other Phonetics Values" column.

I need help with IPA symbols! I can't type them. I'll put "?" instead. Could you please replace my ?'s with the symbols, Kpalion?

Boraczek 10:03, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! You're right about points 1,2,4, and I've already made the changes. As for ł and j, aren't semivowels a class of approximants?

 * I don't think so. There's a great site with animations showing how people pronounce different sounds. It's a pity they only describe English and Spanish. But the site shows the difference between glides and non-syllabic vowels. See http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/about.html, click on "Launch Spanish Library" and you'll be able to watch animations for glides ("semi-consonantes" in Spanish) and correspondent non-syllabic vowels ("semi-vocales" in Spanish) :-)

 * BTW I'm editing the Ortography section right now. Please don't touch it! ;-) Boraczek 11:45, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Feel free to add sounds in the table, if you think any are missing. As for IPA characters, I can't type them either; I copy-pasted them from SAMPA chart and other related articles. Kpalion 11:15, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Done with the table of Polish letters. We had an editing conflict, but I think everything's all right now (I was careful so as not to overwrite your changes). I didn't manage to insert IPA symbols for [i_^] and [u_^]. Now I'm making an analogous table for Polish digraphs. Boraczek 12:03, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I couldn't find fonts with an inverted breve below i and u so I put those letters with an inverted breve above instead. I hope it won't cause too much confusion. Kpalion 17:31, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

There's a vowel discrepancy: the IPA [a] sounds like the a in father, but the example listed (cut) would be transcribed with a schwa. I unfortunately know very little Polish, so I don't know which correctly represents the Polish vowel, but I'm going to guess that it can sound like either (perhaps it is normally [a] but becomes a schwa in word-final position?). Regardless, the IPA and English example do not match, and someone should think about changing it.

Stress
 the word akurat ('exactly') - stress on the last syllable - that part seems to be incorrect. Perhaps it is so in some regional dialects, but I've neverd heard it stressed that way. Could anyone provide some more info?Halibutt 23:35, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * This pronunciation ("akuRAT") is old-fashioned but still correct (together with a more modern altenrative - "aKUrat"). For example, it is still used by poets when they need a word stressed on the last syllable for a masculine rhyme. I mentioned it because it is probably the only Polish word (excluding one-syllable and compound words) which may be correctly stressed on the last syllable. Kpalion 00:34, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I can confirm what Kpalion said. "akuRAT" is correct even though it sounds strange. "aKUrat" is correct too. (source: "Nowy słownik poprawnej polszczyzny PWN" ed. by A. Markowski). BTW I'd have translated "akurat" as "just" rather than "exactly". But I agree that in some sentences "akurat" can be translated as "exactly", so the current translation isn't incorrect.
 * Thanks for the corrections, Kpalion! My browser doesn't display IPA fonts, so I can't see my possible mistakes in IPA script. I hope you checked that too. Boraczek 10:51, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

akuRAT is not correct in any reasonably modern Polish. Neither is RzeczposPOlita. MateMAtyka, FIzyka etc. can be considered correct, but are rarely heard nowadays, with matemaTYka etc. being much more common. Taw 05:38, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You are likely true, but still when I was studying not so much time ago, everybody was stressing FIzyka. Then again, it was physics department, so it was a natural way to stress it, as this word was used quite often. I mean that if someone is within FIzyka or mateMAtyka professionally, she/he is almost always using the older (less common) stress. Przepla 11:52, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * RzeczpospoLIta. MatemaTYka and fiZYka are common mistakes, but are far from being a norm. My friends are somehow obsessed with correct Polish and I barely hear the incorrect forms. However, it is probable that in some time both forms will become equally correct. Halibutt 17:07, Jul 11, 2004 (UTC)

akuRAT, RzeczpospoLIta, matemaTYka, fiZYka are correct. My source: Nowy s³ownik poprawnej polszczyzny PWN, red. Andrzej Markowski, PWN, Warszawa 2000. If you want to argue, please cite an alternative source. Boraczek 13:06, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Good Lord, you're right. It's time to die. Halibutt 13:20, Jul 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would argue that akuRAT is correct not only due to the reference stated above by Boraczek but also because it is heard; when I lived and studied in Poland I heard and thus learnt akuRAT as well as Akurat. --Geordieant (talk) 00:18, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Well, forms like FIzyka, mateMAtyka, rzeczposPOlita, akuRAT, cannot be (IMHO) considered obsolete or unnatural as long as there are persons who speak so naturally (i.e. without forcing themselves to pronounce words the correct way, but rather just because it was pronounced so at their home). I can prove that such persons exist (and I am one of them). 82.210.159.30 00:57, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lithuania and Wilno
Ok, could someone explain to me what is the exact status of the Polish language in Lithuanian Vilnius County? AFAIK it is an official language there. However, RickK erased this piece of info. What's the fuzz then? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 05:35, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

What is the source of your information, Halibutt? As far as I know, the Polish minority is trying to make Lithuanian authorities respect rights of the Polish language as a local minority language. So Polish is even endangered in its position of a minority language, thus far from being an official language. Please confer these links (text in Polish): Ustawa Republiki Litewskiej o j?zyku pa?stwowym 10-lecie polsko-litewskiego Traktatu

 * That's why I asked for more info. Thanks. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 14:44, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

Phonetics and voice samples
Some time ago I prepared voice samples for most of the Polish cities and some famous personalities. Perhaps I could prepare some voice samples with phonetics or some basic texts for the Polish language page? Any ideas? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 05:42, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

I added those samples anyway. Any comments? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 15:15, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Boraczek recently sugested we removed two of the samples. Indeed, the final consonants in those examples are voiceless, but this does not mean that they make no sound. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 18:34, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * ??? I think this is an obvious misunderstanding. You can't give a word which does not contain any voiced velar plosive consonant as an example of a voiced velar plosive consonant. The word bóg does not contain any voiced velar plosive consonant, it only contains a letter g. Therefore, I remove these examples. BTW thank you for adding soundclips! Boraczek 08:37, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

German Influence
Someone also erased the list of Polish words that originated from German. What is wrong with that? It is perfectly legitimate, and I'll be damned if s/he deleted it because s/he thought it was politically motivated or some other equally foolish reason.

 * Thank you to the person who put it back in!

Word order
I have some remark on this fragment of the article:

These sentences mean the same ("Ala has a cat"):

* Ala ma kota * Ala kota ma   * Kota ma Ala * Ma Ala kota * Kota Ala ma   * Ma kota Ala

Yet only the first of these sounds natural in Polish, and others should be used for emphasis only, if at all.

In fact, all these sentences sound natural, and all of them are in daily usage; nevertheless this strongly depends on context. Only the first one is completely neutral from the point of view of grammar (and handbooks):

 * Ala ma kota - Ala has a cat.

The remaining sentences depend on context and also imply something:

 * Ala kota ma, (ale go nie karmi)       - Ala does have a cat (but f.e. she doesn't feed it)
 * Kota ma Ala, (a psa ma Ola)           - Ala has the cat (but f.e. the dog belongs to Ola)
 * Ma Ala kota, (ale nie ma psa)         - Ala does have a cat (but f.e. she doesn't have a dog)
 * Kota Ala ma, (ale nie ma nic poza tym) - Ala has a cat (but f.e. she doesn't have anything else)
 * Ma kota Ala, (ale nie ma kota Ola)    - Ala has a cat (but f.e. Ola doesn't have a cat)

82.210.159.30 01:24, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Number of speakers
I think the information on number of speakers in respective countries is quite informative. I believe it should stay as it does no harm. 14:37, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Russian
Is pure Russian mutually intelligible with Polish.? Please see Mutually intelligible languages--Jondel 04:40, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * For an average speaker of either language - no. As far as the basic language abilities of an average six pack Joe goes, Russian and Polish have too few in common.

 * However, it only takes a week in Moscow for a decently-intelligent Pole to learn decent level of everyday Russian. The same goes for the other way around. Also, I noticed that if a person speaks any two Slavic languages (in my case Polish and Russian were the starting point), it is not a problem to understand written Slavic, be it Russian, Czech or Croat. Bulgarian seems to be the only exception to that rule, but you know... Bulgaria is different :)

 * Finally, yet another factor is that more or less all Poles aged 25+ were forced to learn some Russian at school, so (at least in theory), most of us should speak a tad of Russian. However, there was no reciprocity and Russians were never forced to learn Polish. Halibutt June 29, 2005 08:22 (UTC)
 * Well... where to begin with this one. I speak Polish, have never learnt a single word of Russian in my life (except das wadania and I don't even know how it is spelt) and I can understand some Russian; I know native speakers, who also have never learnt Russian (because they grew up outside of Poland) and are able to follow Russian conversations HOWEVER they cannot contribute. With regards to Bulgarian, it's not different - a know a Russian Studies professor, who is Polish and lived and studied in Russia, who can understand 80% of Bulgarian and has never learnt Bulgarian before (if need be a I can go into further details on that). I don't want to make the point that you're wrong, because you're not, I want to highlight that all of this is subjective to the individual, different people get different things quicker than others. --Geordieant (talk) 00:29, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Pure ASCII alphabet
In the early days of the Internet, when ASCII was all you could use, Poles using IRC (Internet Relay Chat) and, indeed, email, developed a convention for the representation of accented characters -- especially the awkward ones such as ą ę ł ś ź ż. With the spread of Unicode these dialects are no longer used and have been forgotten.

I remember this fact - and also that the convention was fixed and widely understood [this being a case where mutual comprehensibility is an overwhelmingly strong selective pressure] - but I do not, sadly, remember the exact details. I'm hoping that someone with a better memory and a sense of history will be able to record them here for posterity. Spontaneous linguistic evolution is rare and therefore hard to observe so it's important to have records of it wherever you can.

Some of the adaptations are obvious: thus ł was l' and ś was s'. More interesting was the re-use of the non-Polish letters q, v, and x to represent single Polish letters. This is where, frustratingly, I can't remember how they were assigned. If, for example, x was chosen to represent ż, one so rapidly learnt to *see* x as ż that and *type* ż as x that one no longer noticed that the "wrong" letters were being used. (But it might have been q or v rather than x - that's where someone with a better memory is needed).

[Of course, much of this went by the board if one was typing fast and didn't need accents for disambiguation].

It's also interesting that the Poles didn't handle the problem by adding digraphs (eg. ż=zh). Spaniards, on the whole, do: when faced with typing ¿cuántos años tienes? ["how old are you?" lit: "how many years to you have?"] on a foreign keyboard they either type 'anos' (anuses) and rely on the context to supply the accent or if they don't want their humorous interlocutor to say ¡uno, por supuesto! ["one, of course!"] then they'll type 'anyos'. For some reason the Poles preferred to re-use unused single letters.

 * I doubt there was a single system used. I remember that some of my friends (back in the good old BBS times...) simply dropped diacritics while others made it up for themselves. Among the most popular system was x for ź (in Polish keybords you type ź by Alt+x combinaion), ñ for ń, and the rest with apostrophes and commas (c' for ć, s' for ś, a, for ą and so on). There was also a system (currently seen mostly in internet blogs by teenagers) to put down Polish with quasi-English transcryption. That is instead of Litwo, ojczyzno moja, ty jesteś jak zdrowie they put Leetvo ojchyzno moya ty yestesh yak zdrovie. However, this has hardly anything to do with technical issues. Halibutt June 29, 2005 08:35 (UTC)

 * In fact the convention of omitting accents when writing Polish was older than the beginnings of the Internet. It all started in the 1980' when first computers had been brought to Poland without localized software and without any means of typing in Polish. Later in the early 1990' several codepages have been developed. However, because they were mostly incompatible (including Microsoft's CP852 for DOS and WINDOWS-1250) and people decided that letters lacking few pixels are less disturbing than when replaced with some ridiculous characters. Stlman (talk) 20:58, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Konstantynopolitańczykowieneczka
Uh, Konstantynopolitańczykowieneczka isn't the longest word in Polish, is many longer words, for example dziewięćsetosiemdziesiątdwatrylionyczterystasiedemdziesiątosiemmiliardówpięćsetsześćdziesiątpięćmilionówsiedemsetczterdzieścipięćtysięcydwieścieosiemdziesięcioczteroitrzyczwartenanokilogramowy.

The problem with you reasoning is that compound numerals are written separately in Polish. So, the above numberal is in fact 13 separate words (that BTW are usually put down as even more words wor simplicity's sake): dziewięćsetosiemdziesiątdwa tryliony czterystasiedemdziesiątosiem miliardów pięćsetsześćdziesiątpięć milionów siedemsetczterdzieścipięć tysięcy dwieścieosiemdziesiątcztery i trzy czwarte nanokilograma. BTW, it means roughly 282 478 565 745 284.75 x 10-9 kilogrammes. Halibutt 10:51, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polish language/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Ashwood University

Comment
Test are time limited, but all open book test. Not the best for sure, but an outlet of comfort and almost a sure thing as a grad. The Pakistan thing was years ago. I can't agree nor disagree on any of these past complaints. I know of many grads from acclaimed colleges and universities who have copies of all exams and are not capable of much, yet pass with flying colors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Breezethru7 (talk • contribs) 10 July 2011

Bias
This article is clearly biased and written by holders of degrees from so-called "accredited" universities. They dislike the idea of degrees being provided in ways other than their manner, so they trump up this sort of nonsense against institutions that use alternative pedagogy and evaluation systems. Essentially, the "accredited" Universities are a cartel that hates competition, and they will stoop to slander and libel to maintain their power over society. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.154.191.141 (talk) 22:53, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 27 September 2012
Overview & Facts About Ashwood University located in Sarasota, Florida 34236 first opened and started 1991-2007 and then relocated its Business somewhere in the United States Ashwood University Sarasota, Florida-USA College-University-Graduate School Ashwood University stands for strict academic standards and consistent professional management. Ashwood has been recognized as the leading on-line distance-learning provider for the past several years. Having awarded degrees to 54,000 students in 2,500 different courses in 150 fields of study,Ashwood enjoys a reputation as one of the top ten on- line distance-learning universities. Ashwood University offers distance-learning programs specifically Designed to accommodate working professionals, and awards degrees at the bachelor's, master's, doctorate, and associate levels Independent Private more of a non-government organization legal accredited university A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any form of government. The term originated from the United Nations (UN), and is normally used to refer to organizations that are not a part of the government and are not conventional for-profit business. Ashwood University is A International Non-governmental organization Legal, Independent, and Private. Ashwood University is a fully accredited university recognized by the World Online Education Accrediting Commission (WOEAC) and the Board of Online Universities Accreditation (BOUA).

Mission Statement

Ashwood University’s mission is to educate working professionals looking to continue their education, but possessing only a limited budget and limited time for education.

Ashwood's Philosophy

Ashwood believes that, as a responsible institution of on-line distance learning, it is our duty to help shape and guide the academic life of students who enroll in any of our programs.

Ashwood's Commitments

Educate people using modern technologies such as the internet Educate people regardless of time and geographical boundaries Provide all degree programs at prices that can be easily afforded by working professionals

Ashwood University is one of the most popular on-line universities. From 2000-2002 we received 45,862 applications for various on-line distance-learning programs. Following are the number of degrees awarded in various programs at Ashwood University through 2002.

Accounting - 8,325 degrees awarded

Human Resources - 4,667 degrees awarded

Business Administration - 5,483 degrees awarded

Information Technology - 4,398 degrees awarded

Business Management - 5,721 degrees awarded

Law Studies - 3,828 degrees awarded

Criminal Psychology - 5,133 degrees awarded

Media Communications - 3,484 degrees awarded

Education - 4,965 degrees awarded

Nursing - 3,247 degrees awarded

The staff at Ashwood

218 faculty members 65 administrative staff 60 student support services staff Total degrees awarded through 2002 54,000 total degrees - representing 273 various majors for the bachelor's program 240 various majors for the master's program 273 various majors for the doctorate program 273 various majors for the associate program

Links http://www.theashwooduniversity.net/ashwood/about_ashwood.htm http://www.eastchance.com/uni.asp?id=807 http://www.theashwooduniversity.net/

71.206.216.141 (talk) 13:23, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I'm not changing the article. We need third-party reliable sources as the basis for articles. Also, the above content is a verbatim copy of the website, which would violate copyright.
 * The situation is interesting, though. It appears that Ashwood is re-branding itself with a new website. The current article describes Ashwood as described on ashwooduniversity.net. That website advertises "online life experience degrees in almost all majors and disciplines". The content above, which represents Ashwood as a more conventional sort of online school, is based on a different website, at theashwooduniversity.net. The websites are similar in overall appearance, both display the same university seal, and both display a phone number of 888-345-0304, so it appears that these are both the same institution. Neither website has a physical address (at least not that I can find) and neither one includes the legible name of any university personnel (other than "Lisa" the phone operator). Has an independent reliable source reported on Ashwood's change in approach?
 * I do see that both websites list accreditation from both the World Online Education Accrediting Commission (mentioned in the current Wikipedia article) and the Board of Online Universities Accreditation (not mentioned in the current WP article). The second accreditor probably should be mentioned in the article. However, neither of these is a recognized accreditation organization. --Orlady (talk) 15:20, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

That is just your opinion. Fact Ashwood University Is Accredited 71.206.216.141 (talk) 21:17, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The requirement for third party sources is Wikipedia policy, as is the fact that plargism is not allowed in Wikipedia Articles. Please see wp:Five pillars for more information. Zugman (talk) 16:52, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Regarding your unsupported assertion that Ashwood is in fact accredited, there are multiple reliable sources that say that Ashwood is NOT accredited by any recognized accreditor. If you have a third party source that says otherwise then please make it known. Zugman (talk) 19:40, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

That is your opinion, Ashwood University states that they are accredited, Fact Ashwood University is accredited. 71.206.216.141 (talk) 21:53, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Your statement that it is my opinion is irrelevant. If you have a third party reliable source that states that Ashwood is accredited by a recognized accrediting institution then the information can be placed in the article. If not then it can't be placed in a Wikipedia article. Here's a nice article that points to the Wikipedia policies so that you can better understand the Wikipedia policies. wp:Five pillars Zugman (talk) 22:28, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 13 March 2013
87.101.142.226 (talk) 10:21, 13 March 2013 (UTC) Ashwwod university is authentic as many peoples educated by ashwood universty their degrees are attested by american higher authourity which means the degree of this university should be acceptable by any concern or employer or any registration requirement as well as saudi council of engineers also because the degree of this university is not fake it should be acceptable by any employer or any firm or any where required.
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: "Request" consists of rambling with no specific request to edit the article. — KuyaBriBri Talk 14:23, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Honor System
As far as I know Ashwood University functions on the honor system, so if someone summits false information to get a degree so that they can do a news story or talk about someone they are liars. The liars summiting false information to do a story with the intent to lie are the ones that are committing fraud. The act of accrediting or the state of being accredited, especially the granting of approval to an institution of learning by an official review board after the school has met specific requirements its in the dictionary. Ashwood University is accredited and from my experience it is legal to use the degree in the United States.98.219.188.196 (talk) 14:15, 26 July 2013 (UTC)--98.219.188.196 (talk) 14:15, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Imagine a bank operating on the "honor system", leaving all of its millions of dollars out on a table in the middle of a publicly accessible lobby, with a note cautioning customers that it would be dishonest for them to take more from the table than what they have in their account. Imagine this bank claimed that it was safe to "deposit" your money by leaving your money on the table, because it claimed to be "accredited", even though agencies recognized as the legitimate sources of bank accreditation reported that this bank was "not accredited by any recognised accreditation body". Would you leave you money on that table and walk away from it? Would you trust the judgment of someone who did? bd2412  T 14:25, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Some people are just jealous, I would leave my money on the table and trust the judgment of myself with Bank of America where I bank and be safe.98.219.188.196 (talk) 13:12, 26 July 2015 (UTC)
 * So you trust an accredited bank (as Bank of America is), not any unaccredited one. bd2412  T 14:41, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ashwood University


text:
Pisaj

Pisaj or Evil (คน ผี ปีศาจ; ; literally Human, Ghost, Demon) is a 2004 Thai horror film written and directed by Chookiat Sakveerakul.

Plot
After her parents are killed in a drive-by shooting, a young woman named Oui has no place else to go. She shows up at a printing house run by her Aunt Bua and is given the task of caring for her aunt's grandson, a young boy named Arm, a kid who sees ghosts.

Oui suffers from hallucinations, brought on by the trauma of seeing her parents killed, and is taking medications. And Aunt Bua is involved in some sort of mysticism, and keeps a strange shrine in the house.

With the drug war by prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra as a subtext, many threads in this strange ghost story are somehow tied together.

Cast

 * Pumwaree Yodkamol as Oui
 * Alexander Rendell as Arm
 * Amora Purananda as Aunt Bua
 * Dreranai Suwanhom as Mai
 * Jarunee Boonsake as Noi
 * Wasana Onmak as Sudjai
 * Prinn Vadhanavira as Mystery Man

title: Pisaj


text:
Eta Cancri

Eta Cancri, Latinized from η Cancri, is a single, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.34. The annual parallax shift of 10.93 mas as seen from Earth yields a distance estimate of 155 light years from the Sun. It is moving further away with a radial velocity of +22 km/s.

A stellar classification of K3 III for Eta Cancri indicates that, at the estimated age of 3.9 billion years old, it has left the main sequence and become an evolved giant star. The spectrum shows unusually strong absorption lines of cyanogen. It has 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 17 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 87 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 4,415 K.

In Chinese astronomy, Ghost refers to an asterism consisting of Theta Cancri, Eta Cancri, Gamma Cancri and Delta Cancri. Eta Cancri itself is the second star of Ghost, following the designation from its determinative star (θ Cnc) from east to west.

title: Eta Cancri