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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace/archive1

Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace
Partial Self-nom. This article was a mathematics collaboration of the week and is the result of many mergings. This is a very central topic in mathematics and applied disciplines which is taught during the early university classes in mathematics. It is referred more than 450 times on Wikipedia. A big well-balanced effort has been put on pedagogics, properties and theorems, and applications. The article covers also eigenfunction and eigenstate which are now redirected here. Vb 13:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * support and nominate Vb 13:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * support although a bit too much math for my liking. Non-mathematicians might have some trouble with this. Borisblue 18:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Because it is in clearly differentiated sections, it is useful for the layman and the mathematician alike. An excellent article. Si sic solum omnium.... Batmanand 19:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. This article is awesome! -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  21:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object
 * The image Image:Discrete-continuum.gif is claimed as "fair use". There's no reason to use fair use images in this article.
 * I have changed the description of the image. Could you please check whether it is OK now. Vb 09:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a published, copyrighted work. That means that we either need to get the image released under a license such as the GFDL, or that it be used as "fair use", and I don't think a fair use claim can be justified here. --Carnildo 20:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No it is not copyrighted. Don't mix up book of abstracts with proceedings.  I sent a mail to the author so that he can put an end to this discussion.  Vb 09:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Was the image published in the US after 1989? If so, then unless the author has explicitly disclaimed copyright on it, it's copyrighted.  It's very hard to create a non-copyrighted work these days. --Carnildo 17:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The author responded and allowed me explicitly to use the figure. I think this closes the case, doesn't it? Vb 10:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not neccessarily.  Was it "permission to use the figure on Wikipedia", or "permission to use under the GFDL"?  The second is acceptable, the first isn't. --Carnildo 19:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The image Image:HAtomOrbitals.png is claimed as GFDL, but does not indicate the source or creator. The GFDL license requires this.  It's probably GFDL-self, but you should contact the uploader to verify this.
 * I contacted the author. This image is already on the featured article quantum mechanics. Vb 09:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The image Image:Eigenfaces.png has no source or copyright information. This is grounds for speedy-deletion of the image.
 * I changed the description of the image. Since ORL is a public domain database, I think it is no problem.  Thank you for checking. Vb 09:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The database may be public domain, but as I understand it, It's a database of faces. Depending on the origin of the eigenfaces in this image, it may or may not be in the public domain. --Carnildo 20:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The database is not accessible anymore from the original site which distributed it. It was made of ten photographs of 40 persons.  The eigenfaces are a mixing of all those photographs. If the database is public domain, it means the photographs are in the public domain.  Well at least in my understanding: I am no lawyer. Vb 09:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Is there some standard eigenface algorithm, or is there some element of creativity involved in the creation of the eigenface images? --Carnildo 17:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't really know. Couldn't we assume good faith in this case? --Vb 10:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * --Carnildo 04:22, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 *  Object  1) images are too large, esp. for smaller resolutions. Scale to between 220 to 270px. done 2) ToC is granulated, and contains too many subheadings. Specifically 5.1.x and 5.2.x should go. Rename 6 to something shorter. done =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Point 1) has been addressed. Point 2) is not valid:  This specific choice of titles and subtitles must be criticized on nonformal ground.  This article is intended to a very large audience ranging from the layman to the mathematician.  This particular choice of headings correspond to this. Applying blindly the FA criteria leads to an artificial uniformisation of WP which is not desired by many WPedians. Vb 08:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC) I did all you asked for blindly just to close the discussion. Vb 09:01, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please do not strike out a reviewer's objection. I evaluate all articles before objecting, and I never blindly apply the same formula to all articles. A single paragraph does not make a section and this criteria certainally applies to a mathematics article. Use the semicolon to create a non-sectional heading instead. See the ; in operation in the cricket article. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  05:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. That's what I did: I have used the ";".  I stroke out the part of your objections which are utterly objective and have been definitively addressed. Vb 09:12, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have some more issues:
 * (from a vector space to itself) : "(" ")" deviates from the text, please avoid such a use in the lead.
 * This remark is important because we have to specify which type of transformations we are speaking about. I have put it as a footnote.  Do you think it is better? Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * see Fig. 1, for an informal definition). --> not needed in lead
 * Please discuss this issue with Kappa, I have included this to answer one of his remarks. See below. Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Parentheses other, possibly nonlinear, transformations could also be listed)—may be visualized by the effect they produce on vectors (arrows pointing from one point to another). deviation: Please flow the text. (This applies to all such elements henceforth)
 * Sorry but we have to define what we are speaking about (as when we speak about Green's operators) :-) Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See also: eigenplane --> unbold and use see also
 * doneVb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Earth rotates, earth is a common noun. use small caps.
 * No see article Earth. We are speaking about the planet.Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As another example, consider a thin the tone needs to be encyclopedic rather than text book style. "Consider" has to be removed.
 * Yes that's true that's a sickness of many math articles. I have tried to improve this.Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * (see Spectral theorem) not necessary; already linked
 * I think we need it here to tell the reader where the particular conditions can be found
 * This provides an easy proof that the geometric multiplicity is always less than or equal to the algebraic multiplicity. (Do not confuse this 1st sense with generalized eigenvalue problem, below.) same problem, this has to have an encyclopedic tone, and should not read like a manual. This applies to all elements again.
 * I have tried to address this.Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Green's operator? Please explain
 * Done Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * =Factor analysis=, =Tensor of inertia=; =Tensor of inertia= need to be expanded to twice its current length to be called a section. Please expand or else use the semicolon.
 * I think it is important that the reader can see in the TOC which are the possible application or at least which are listed in this article. I therefore don't change this. Vb 17:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think there should be some introduction to ease a reader into the subject. That it has to do with matrices, vectors and so on. I do have some knowledge on EV, so I feel that the introduction should ease users into the subject. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  16:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have added the links to linear algebra and functional analysis in the head. Do you think it helps the reader in the direction you point at? Vb 18:05, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not satisfied. I'll have a go at the article tomorrow. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  19:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've edited the text to withdraw my objection. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:18, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

It is a good idea to also have an informal introduction to the topic, without rigor, suitable for a high school student or a first-year undergraduate, as appropriate. For example,
 * Support. It's one of the best Mathematics articles I've seen. CO GDEN  19:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - I'm a non-math guy and I thought it was neat. KingTT 21:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, I can't tell what these things are without scrolling down. Definitions and examples should be front-loaded. Kappa 01:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I do have to agree there. That's one ground for improvement, but it can be easily fixed. I still support. CO GDEN  02:24, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This opposition makes sense. In order to address it, let me first cite the WP recommandations for a mathematics article
 * In the case of real numbers, a continuous function corresponds to a graph that you can draw without lifting your pen from the paper, that is, without any gaps or jumps.

The informal introduction should clearly state that it is informal, and that it is only stated to introduce the formal and correct approach. If a physical or geometric analogy or diagram will help, use one: many of the readers may be non-mathematical scientists. Thus I think it would be a bad idea simply to shift the definitions and examples from the body to the head. That's the reason why I made the Mona Lisa picture. I think the caption provides exactly what is required as a definition. To make this point clear I have numbered the figures and refer to Fig. 1 in the head. I think someone reading its caption will understand what is the topic even without much mathematics knowledge. Tell me whether you agree. Vb 09:12, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you rewrite the description so the example will work for someone who can't see the image? Kappa 12:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have tried to rewrite the caption from this point of view. Is it better now? Vb 14:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that helped. I also added something so that a user who can't see the image will hopefully be able to imagine what happened. I have withdrawn my opposition. Kappa 15:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What you added has a good intention but is not correct. This transformation is named shear.  The problem is that tranfo is not easily defined for non mathematicians.  It is easly defined graphically in an example but not with words.  I therefore think it is better to let it as it was before. Vb 15:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I have found a formulation which cope with this problem Vb 16:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: The illustration using the Mona Lisa at the beginning is ingenious! Mamawrit  es    & listens  10:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)


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Charles H. Sawyer (politician)

Charles Henry Sawyer (March 30, 1840 –January 18, 1908) was an American manufacturer, businessman and Republican politician. He served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and as the 41st governor of New Hampshire.

Early life
Sawyer was born in Watertown, New York, the son of Jonathan Sawyer and Martha (Perkins) Sawyer. When he was ten, he moved with his family to Dover, New Hampshire. Sawyer attended the common schools and Franklin Academy before learning the manufacturing business working at the Sawyer Woolen Mills Company. He became president of the company in 1881.

Political career
He served in the Dover city council before becoming a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. Sawyer served in the State House from 1869–1871, and from 1876–1878. He served as aide-de-camp to Governor Charles H. Bell in 1881, and was a delegate to the 1884 Republican National Conventions.

He was elected the 41st Governor of New Hampshire, serving from June 2, 1887 – June 6, 1889. After leaving office, he represented New Hampshire at the Universal Exposition of 1889 at Paris. He served as director of the Dover Gas and Light Company and the Granite State Insurance Company, and as president of the Dover Horse Railroad Company. Sawyer died on January 18, 1908, in Dover, New Hampshire. and is buried at Pine Hill Cemetery.

Family life
Sawyer married Susan Ellen Cowan on February 8, 1865. They had five children together: William Davis Sawyer, Charles Francis Sawyer, James Cowan Sawyer, Edward Sawyer and Elizabeth Coffin Sawyer. Their son William married Gertrude Hall, daughter of U.S. Congressman Joshua G. Hall. He and his family were members of the Congregational church.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles H. Sawyer (politician)


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User talk:Azfull

wer kann mir noch genauere Informationen über die Feyli Kurden geben?

title: User talk:Azfull


text: User talk:70.80.205.148

title: User talk:70.80.205.148


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Black liquor

In industrial chemistry, black liquor is the by-product from the kraft process when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers.

The equivalent material in the sulfite process is usually called brown liquor, but the terms red liquor, thick liquor and sulfite liquor are also used.

Composition
Approximately 7 tonnes of black liquor are produced in the manufacture of one tonne of pulp.

The black liquor is an aqueous solution of lignin residues, hemicellulose, and the inorganic chemicals used in the process. The black liquor comprises 15% solids by weight of which two thirds are organic chemicals and the remainder are inorganic. Normally the organics in black liquor are 40-45% soaps, 35-45% lignin and 10-15% other organics.

The organic matter in the black liquor is made up of water/alkali soluble degradation components from the wood. Lignin is degraded to shorter fragments with sulphur content at 1-2% and sodium content at about 6% of the dry solids. Cellulose and hemicellulose is degraded to aliphatic carboxylic acid soaps and hemicellulose fragments. The extractives gives tall oil soap and crude turpentine. The soaps contain about 20% sodium.

The residual lignin components currently serve for hydrolytic or pyrolytic conversion or just burning only. Hemicelluloses may undergo fermentation processes, alternatively.

History
Early kraft pulp mills discharged black liquor to watercourses. Black liquor is quite toxic to aquatic life, and causes a very dark caramel color in the water. The invention of the recovery boiler by G.H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s was a milestone in the advancement of the kraft process.

By the 1990s, most kraft mills were consuming nearly all of their black liquor byproduct, and purifying the remainder in biological treatment plants, reducing the environmental effect of the waste waters below the level of scientific significance, except perhaps in very small streams. Even in the 21st century, some small kraft mills remained (producing at most a few tons of pulp per day) that discharged all black liquor. However, these are rapidly disappearing. Some kraft mills, particularly in North America, still recovered under 98% of the black liquor in 2007, which can cause some environmental contamination, even when biologically treated. The general trend is for such obsolete mills to modernize or shut down.

Usage
The black liquor contains more than half of the energy content of the wood fed into the digester of a kraft pulp mill. It is normally concentrated to 65 - 80% by multi-effect evaporators and burned in a recovery boiler to produce energy and recover the cooking chemicals. The viscosity increases as the concentration goes up. At about 50 - 55% solids the salt solubility limit is reached. Tall oil is an important byproduct separated from the black liquor with skimming before it goes to the evaporators or after the first evaporator stage.

Energy source for the pulp mill
Pulp mills have used black liquor as an energy source since at least the 1930s. Most kraft pulp mills use recovery boilers to recover and burn much of the black liquor they produce, generating steam and recovering the cooking chemicals (sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide used to separate lignin from the cellulose fibres needed for papermaking). This has helped paper mills reduce problems with water emissions, reduce their use of chemicals by recovery and reuse, and become nearly energy self-sufficient by producing, on average, 66 percent of their own electricity needs on-site.

In the United States, paper companies have consumed nearly all of the black liquor they produce since the 1990s. As a result, the forest products industry has become one of the United States' leading generators of carbon-neutral renewable energy, producing approximately 28.5 terawatt hours of electricity annually.

Gasification
New waste-to-energy methods to recover and utilize the energy in the black liquor have been developed. The use of black liquor gasification has the potential to achieve higher overall energy efficiency than the conventional recovery boiler, while generating an energy-rich syngas from the liquor. The syngas can be burnt in a gas turbine combined cycle to produce electricity (usually called BLGCC for Black Liquor Gasification Combined Cycle; similar to IGCC) or converted through catalytic processes into chemicals or fuels such as methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), or F-T diesel (usually called BLGMF for Black Liquor Gasification for Motor Fuels). This gasification technology is currently under operation in a 3 MW pilot plant at Chemrec's test facility in Piteå, Sweden. The DME synthesis step will be added in 2011 in the "BioDME" project, supported by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and the Swedish Energy Agency.

Used for biofuels production, the black liquor gasification route has been shown to have very high conversion efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction potential.

Hydrothermal liquefaction
Hydrothermal liquefaction is suitable for converting black liquor to advanced biofuels due to the process's ability to handle high moisture inputs.

Extraction of lignin
Where recovery boiler capacity is limited and a bottleneck in the pulp mill, the lignin in the black liquor may be extracted, then exported or used as fuel in the mill's lime kiln. This often replaces fossil-based fuel with biofuel.

U.S. tax credit 2007–2010
A tax credit created by the U.S. Congress in 2005 as part of the 2005 Highway Bill to reward and support the use of liquid alternative fuel derived from hydrocarbons in the transportation sector was expanded in 2007 to include non-mobile uses of liquid alternative fuel derived from biomass. This change meant that, in addition to fish processors, animal renderers and meat packers, kraft pulp producers became eligible for the tax credit as a result of their generation and use of black liquor to make energy. For one large company (International Paper) this could amount to as much as $3.7 billion in benefits. Weyerhaeuser announced in May 2009 that it was also pursuing the tax credit. Some paper industry analysts criticized the paper industry's eligibility for the alternative fuel mix tax credit on the grounds that it increased fossil fuel use, but the industry countered that adding a fossil fuel was a requirement of the law and that, regardless, this did not result in a net increase in fossil fuel use since companies were merely replacing the existing fossil fuel they already mixed with black liquor—natural gas—with one of the three fuels specified by the law: gasoline, kerosene or diesel. The bio-fuel credit for black liquor ended on January 1, 2010.

title: Black liquor


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Doryanthes excelsa

Doryanthes excelsa, commonly known as the gymea lily, is a flowering plant in the family Doryanthaceae that is endemic to coastal areas of New South Wales near Sydney. It has sword-like leaves more than 1 m long and it grows a flower spike up to 6 m high. The apex of the spike bears a large cluster of bright red flowers, each 10 cm across. Its common name is derived from kai'mia (anglicised as Gymea) in the indigenous Dharawal language. The Sydney suburbs of Gymea and Gymea Bay are named after the lily.

Description
Gymea lilies have a rosette of large numbers of sword-shaped, strap like leaves 1-2.5 m long and 10 cm wide. The leaves are bright green, fibrous and glabrous.

In winter the flower spike grows from the centre of the rosette until it is up to 6 m high, bearing shorter leaves up to 30 cm long. At the top of the spike, a head of flowers 30 cm in diameter develops, each flower being bright red, trumpet-shaped and about 10 cm long. The head is surrounded by reddish-brown bracts, sometimes making it difficult to see the flowers from the ground. Flowering occurs in spring and is followed by oval-shaped reddish-brown capsules, 7-10 cm long. In late summer, the capsule splits open and releases the seeds which are 15-23 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by bees and nectar-feeding birds.

Taxonomy and naming
Doryanthes excelsa was first formally described in 1802 by the Portuguese polymath, José Correia da Serra from the type specimen collected by George Bass "in mountainous parts of the colony of N.S.W.". The description was published in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The genus name (Doryanthes) is derived from the Ancient Greek δόρυ (dóry) meaning a "spear" and ἄνθος (ánthos) meaning "a flower". The specific epithet (excelsa) is a Latin word meaning "high", "lofty" or "distinguished". Doryanthes excelsa and Doryanthes palmeri are the only two members of the family Doryanthaceae.

"Doryanthes" has inspired the naming of the journal of history and heritage for Southern Sydney founded by Dharawal historian Les Bursill.

Habitat
Doryanthes excelsa requires very specific conditions in order to flourish. It requires low-nutrient, acidic soils with a pH of about 4.1 that are moderately deep, sandy, and earthy. It grows specifically on slopes that face south or southeast, along creeks, gullies or sheltered plateaus and ridges, at elevations of 100–200 metres above sea level. The plant grows in open dry sclerophyll forests which also have Angophora costata, Eucalyptus piperita, E. gummifera, E. sieberi, or E. punctata, as well as in habitats with Xanthorrhoea, Telopea, and moisture-prefering groundcover plant species.

Distribution
Doryanthes excelsa has a discontinuous distribution along the coast of New South Wales. It is found in Corindi (north of Coffs Harbour) in the north, and in areas surrounding Newcastle (including Awaba) down to Wollongong in the south. It is not found directly east or west of urbanized areas of Sydney. Specific areas where it is found include Newfoundland State Forest, Kremnos Creek (located just north of Glenreagh), Karuah, Nelson Bay, Somersby, Calga, Lucas Heights, Heathcote National Park, Darkes Forest, Dharug National Park, and Royal National Park. The isolated northernmost populations located north of Coffs Harbour are the most genetically divergent.

Indigenous use
Aboriginal people roasted the young stems of gymea lily for eating. They also roasted the roots to make a kind of cake. Fibres from the leaves were used for making brushes and matting.

Horticulture
Gymea lilies are hardy and adaptable plants often used in landscape gardening, not only in the Sydney region but also in other coastal areas such as Brisbane and Perth. Plants can be grown from seed but may not flower for up to eight years. Flowering can be encouraged by fire and by carefully placing a stone in the centre of the rosette.

title: Doryanthes excelsa


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Talk:Alvars

Untitled
This needs a cleanup, and the articles on Nayanars and South India's 75 Apostles of Bhakti, as well as other related articles have to be editted into coherence. As of now, all these articles have redundant information, and information that's in the wrong place. Thevaram and Thiruvaachagam have to be put in Nayanars and not Alvars, and a listing of all the alvars might make more sense. Also, more info on their compositions and deeds. Same goes for the Nayanars article, and I think that the "South India..." article has to be totally redone (and renamed). Nayanars is linked up with the rest of the Hinduism topics, and this one should be too. - shash 13:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Also: this article needs replacing the rather breathless praise of the Alvars with more objective History of Religions-oriented language - Ohammer 13:48, 3 March 2006

I believe that the date given for the existence and compositions of Alvars is incorrect. The date of discovery of their works by Nathamuni has been attributed as dates of their existence. I have books published by Vishishtra-Dvaitha research center and Nrihasimha Priya trust to establish these points. How do I go about correcting this obvious mistake. Please let me know.

Hawkeye26 20:24, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

In the Table, please insert under column heading 2 the name of the state and in the column of months give the English equivalent names to make the table more informative for the non-tamil readers. Also there are some valid comments in the discussion page which needs to be incorporated in the main article.--Nvvchar (talk) 10:44, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Alvars; their place, month and star of birth not correct?Places not correctly mention.
Please verify once.Andal birth Place not Sri Villiputhur in past.thats Tiru Villiputhur while her time period.After non Tamil kings ruled Tamilnadu they changed some city names "Tiru in to Sri".Example. Tiruvarangam-srirangam,Tiruperumputhur-sriperumputhur.Like Tiruvilliputhur-srivilliputhur.Any way what ever may it is,but while Writing the article dont forget to mention the original name.Even now also it is called Tiruvilliputhur.[]Eshwar.om (talk) 10:09, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

I beg to disagree. When Andal was born, the place was Srivillipuththur. Andal's Thiruppavai shows that Thamizh was already influenced by Sanskrit at that time. Even the oldest Thamizh records have a few Sanskrit words in them. You say that Srivillipuththur is called Thiruvillipuththur today; can you tell me why Thiruvarangam is still called Srirangam? One more point - Among the Thamizh-origin dynasties of Pandiyas and Sozhas, one can find many rulers with Sanskrit names. To the best of my knowledge, the cities have been renamed to remove Sanskrit words because of recent Dravidian movements encouraged by politicians who have been criticized for encouraging reverse-discrimination and Thamizh-extremism in order to get votes, when the names of themselves and their sons are not in pure Thamizh.

I would have appreciated your efforts if you had, instead of asking for this correction, asked the admins to chance Alvar to Azhwar, since in Thamizh it is 'Azhwar' and not 'Alwar'. 'Alwar' is used by people who are not fluent enough to pronouce 'zha' properly. Because of people like them and because of others who ignore them, Thamizh has become Tamil, Azhwars have become Alwars, Vizhuppuram has become Villupuram, Mazhai (rain) has become Malai (mountain), and the worst of all, Vazhi (way) has become Vali (pain).

Request to admins - please replace 'la' with 'zha' wherever necessary on Wikipedia. Many pages have this problem, which is a serious issue since most Indian visitors of Wikipedia either do not know phonetics or do not bother to read the correct pronunciation of words. I understand that this is not the correct place to discuss this issue; please guide me to the correct forum so that I can request this change.

Dating
While traditional Hindus may disagree with the academic dates given for the Alvars, it is important to have both the traditional and academic accounts on this page. Do not remove the dates given just because you believe them to be incorrect. This is not a place for a singular world view to be endorsed over another: this is an encyclopedia for users of all backgrounds. Iṣṭa Devata (talk) 17:48, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Please know the difference between vandalism and non vandalism before you throw out the word vandalism like trash. It is common that your so called "academic dates" have got no evidence, and it is well maintained in the article, just read Some modern scholars suggest that they lived during 5th - 9th century, although such estimates lack evidence. Bladesmulti (talk) 17:54, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

 * This article promotes traditional dating, 4200 BCE - 2700 BCE and rubbishes the modern scholarly view. "Some modern scholars suggest that they lived during 5th - 9th century, although such estimates lack evidence" is an example of the POV pushing. "Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India", by Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, p. 403-404 which is used as the reference for the traditional dates, clearly gives the scholarly dating on further pages. E.g. traditional date of Thirumangai Alvar is 2706 BCE (pp. 403-4); but is dated to 7-8th century CE (p. 409-10).-- Redtigerxyz Talk 18:05, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * While traditional would remain traditional. While the view that is held by some modern estimate would be inserted as Some scholars holds that.. Without pointing any situation of evidence. What you would suggest? Bladesmulti (talk) 18:12, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Chari clearly says that "Modern scholars have questioned these dates and assigned a period ranging from the 5th to the 9th centuries AD on the basis of a few historical evidences." Then after discussing Dr. N. Subba Reddiar dates. Chari says "Even these dates lack clear historical evidence". It does not say it is NO evidence, which POV the article forwards "such estimates lack evidence".-- Redtigerxyz Talk 18:15, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes he talked about the historical evidence. I have removed the same from other line. Bladesmulti (talk) 18:18, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

I agree with Redtigerxyz. S. M. Srinivasa Chari writes:
 * "Modern scholars have questioned these [traditional] dates and assigned a period ranging from the 5th to the 9th centuries on the basis of a few historical evidences. There is no unanimity among them regarding the dates" (p.11) [...] "... in all probability the Alvars belong to the period ranging from the 5th to the 8th centuries" (p.13.

"such estimates lack evidence" is a personal opinion, not a correct paraphrsing of the source. Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   18:25, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks guys, I added the academic dates a while back and certain users have been compelled to remove them. Is there any chance of restoring my references for the date or adding new ones? I'm worried that if I do so it will get reverted again.

Iṣṭa Devata (talk) 01:46, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * If you have checked correctly, we have already extended that part of the article, as well as few others where the information had no citations. Bladesmulti (talk) 02:03, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:28, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Alvar or Alwar or Azhwar
Copying my comments from User talk:Ssriram mt: There are three spellings of Alvars used in wikipedia articles. There is no consistency in the spelling (Alvar or Alwar or Azhwar). IMO all articles in wikipedia should have the same spelling. Currently, the main article Alvars as well as most of individual Alvar articles use Alvar; inconsistencies remain; e.g. Pey Azhwar, Kulashekhara Alwar (which uses all three spellings). It seems Alvar is the most popular in RS.
 * Britannica
 * Oxford University Press
 * Encyclopedia of Hinduism
 * The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
 * Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
 * Encyclopedia of Hinduism edited by Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson, Michael York p. 22
 * Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide By Roshen Dalal
 * Azhwar (sans wiki mirror) has 93,800 hits v/s Alvar Hindu - wiki (3,30,000)
 * Azhwar (2060) v/s Google books alvar Hindu (6440)
 * The Hindu uses azhwar as well as Alvar
 * Historical Dictionary of the Tamils By Vijaya Ramaswamy uses Alvar (p. 14) as the main spelling; but his explanation note (p. xvii) is the most enlightening. He uses Tamil and Alvar as "anglicized spelling" rather than "indigenous pronunciation" Tamizh and Alzhwar. Considering this comment and WP:ENGLISH guideline, IMO Alvar be used throughout. The opinion of other users to form a consensus is needed for the same. Redtigerxyz Talk 18:10, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

 * There is a Tamil word called Alvar, which translates to ruler. Most of the authors leaving a few are not of Tamil origin and have used Alvar and may not be aware of its meaning. The Azhwar prefix names are mostly common names (like Pei, Bhoothath, Nam), which when taken with Alvar gives altogether a different meaning. The etymology insists on azh meaning the one who gets immersed. Ssriram mt (talk) 14:03, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * In English translations of Tamil literature, the ழ character is not spelt as "zh", but rather as "l". Please refer to https://archive.org/details/secretgarlandantalstiruppavaiandnacciyartirumoliarchanavenkatesan_380_k/page/n3/mode/2up and https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101169/page/n7/mode/2up to view examples of the same.
 * I propose that the term be universally rendered as Alvar on Wikipedia and measures be taken by editors to make edits appropriately to standardise this spelling. Chronikhiles (talk) 06:59, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's true that both ஆழ்வார் (Vaishnavite saint) and ஆள்வார் (meaning "one who rules" or "a ruler") are rendered "Alvar" in English. However, only the former has a real meaning in English, indicating a group of Hindu poet-saints of Vaishnavite sect. The latter can only be a transliteration and does not have any meaning in English. Thus, "Alvar" in English only refers to the poet-saints of the Bhakti era. Since the English "zh" spelling for the Tamil character ழ is only an indigenous assignment by the locals rather than actual pronunciation, the spelling can be either "Alvar" or "Alwar", depending on which one is used the most in reliable sources. Rasnaboy (talk) 08:09, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

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Traditional origins
Hi, Wikipedians. I tried to find the source of the mythological origins of the Alvars, the debate between Agastya and Vishvakarma over the languages, the whole incarnation tale, the whole nine yards. I was unable to find anything about this legend. It's not on the Tamil Wiki either. If any of you guys are able to offer sufficient references for this legend, and also rewrite the grammatical mess that it currently is, I would greatly appreciate it. Good luck! Chronikhiles (talk) 08:24, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alvars


text:
Neat Stuff

Neat Stuff is an American alternative comic book series created by Peter Bagge and published by Fantagraphics. It ran from 1985 to 1989 for fifteen issues. Most takes the form of a series of short stories featuring different sets of characters, although some issues feature full-length stories relating to just one set of characters. The series was Bagge's first one-man comics anthology. Described by Dez Skinn in Comix: The Underground Revolution as the work which "threw Peter Bagge into the limelight",  Bagge soon retired the title in preference of continuing the Bradley characters' story in Hate.

Neat Stuff's contents were collected in four books: The Bradleys, Studs Kirby, Junior and Other Losers, and Stupid Comics.

Fantagraphics reprinted all fifteen issues in 2016 in a two-volume hardcover collection.

Characters

 * Girly Girl - a grinning, leering, rambunctious young troublemaker who found humor in dead animals, festering sores and clobbering child psychologists with baseball bats. True to form, her first strip appearance ended with her being squashed underfoot by her unseen "biggest fan".
 * Chuckie-boy - Girly Girl's brother or best friend (their respective roles are never clearly defined) and the target for most of her bizarre, violent slapstick pranks.
 * Studs Kirby - a ranting, reactionary talk radio presenter who lives in the past (his favourite singers are Brenda Lee and Doris Day), gets drunk a lot, bends the ears of his friends with his ill-informed, prejudiced opinions and begins an escalating hate campaign against his former hero, fellow talk show host Mel Pratt, which becomes an all-out ego war.
 * Junior - a hulking, lantern-jawed and wimp social inadequate in a horrible plaid suit who still lives with his doting mother and seems terrified of the outside world.
 * The Goon On The Moon - as his name suggests, a friendless loser who lives on the moon.
 * Chet and Bunny Leeway - a young couple who seem increasingly dissatisfied with their tedious lives and isolated from the world around them.
 * The Bradleys - a spoof soap opera featuring a dysfunctional family, apparently based on Bagge's own family. Brad Bradley, the father, is an overweight, perpetually complaining slob and Betty Bradley, the mother, is a God-fearing, occasionally foul-tempered 'woman of the eighties', whilst their children, Butch (a gullible, war-mad pre-teen), Babs (a plain, self-absorbed teenage girl with retainers on her teeth) and Buddy (a retro music-loving slacker) alternate between fighting each other and their own parents. Bagge would continue with these characters and story line in his later title Hate. After the popularity of Hate, the Bradleys stories from Neat Stuff would be collected and reprinted in their own comic mini-series entitled The Bradleys.
 * Zoove Groover a manufactured and over-hyped new pop star

title: Neat Stuff


text:
Shocker

Shocker may refer to:

 * Shocker (comics), a supervillain in the Marvel Comics shared universe of comic book series
 * In the :
 * Jackson Brice / Shocker
 * Herman Schultz / Shocker
 * Shocker (wrestler), a Mexican-American professional wrestler
 * Shocker (hand gesture), a hand gesture with a sexual connotation
 * The Shocker (band), a musical group led by Jennifer Finch
 * Wichita State Shockers, the nickname of Wichita State University athletic teams, a contraction of the original term "Wheatshockers"
 * Shocker (film), a 1989 Wes Craven horror film
 * Shocker (Kamen Rider), a fictional organization from Kamen Rider
 * The Shocker (album), a 1996 hip hop album by American rapper Silkk the Shocker
 * Shocker (Dungeons & Dragons), creature in the Dungeons & Dragons series
 * Shock site

title: Shocker


text:
Charlton Kings

Charlton Kings is a contiguous village adjoining Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, England. The area constitutes a civil parish of 10,396 residents (2011).

Landscape
Charlton Kings is situated in the west foothills of the north–south Cotswolds, which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Its surroundings are protected by nature conservation legislation and designations. Lineover Wood SSSI is located on the Cotswold District side of the eastern boundary. Charlton Kings Common and Leckhampton Hill are also designated as SSSIs by Natural England.

The River Chelt enters the area from the east. The Cotswold Way National Trail is on Charlton Kings's eastern boundary and runs alongside Dowdeswell Reservoir and Woodland which is on the Cotswold District side of the eastern boundary.

History
The place name comes from Anglo-Saxon times, the word "Charlton" evolved from the term ceorls' tun, a ceorl latterly rendered churl being the Saxon term for an independent peasant landowner and -tun (latterly rendered -ton) meaning an enclosure with a dwelling. This example was established as part of the royal manor and Hundred of Cheltenham, hence the term "Kings" in the name.

Early settlement
Evidence of settlement in Charlton Kings as early as the middle Iron Age was found underneath a Roman villa discovered in 1980. There are many other Roman settlements close by such as Chedworth, Whittington and notably a field called Wycomb (formerly Wickham), and the area of Charlton Kings is well suited to settlement due to the well-drained sand-and-gravel composition of the soil making early settlement much more likely. Much of early Charlton Kings was used for agriculture, tended to by small homesteads. This is evidenced by place names surviving until today. These small homesteads gave way to larger manor houses, for example, Charlton House which is now the headquarters of the engineering company Spirax Sarco and the Cheltenham Park Hotel which was previously called Lilleybrook House. There is evidence in local place names of the crops previously grown in Charlton Kings, such as Hempcroft (hemp), Flaxley (flax) and Crab End (crab apples). Other crops known to be grown in the area were cherries and grapes.

Transport
Stagecoach West's buses link the village, neighbouring areas and Cheltenham. Main roads east to Oxford (A40) south to Bath (A46) and Cirencester (A417) south-east run through Charlton Kings, buses from Stagecoach and National Express also serve these destinations.

 * Former railway and trams

Plans for a railway were first drafted in 1872. The Charlton Kings section of the Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway line had a troublesome construction mainly due to the clay in the soil, progress was slow, and the line was opened in 1881 with a small station in Charlton Kings. From 1891 the line was also part of the Midland and South Western Junction Railway (M&SWJR) between Cheltenham and Swindon, a north–south route that went on through Swindon to Andover and the south coast ports. Between 1899 and 1914, the Charlton Kings line had frequent services to Cheltenham, Banbury and Swindon and major expresses to cities such as Manchester, Birmingham and Southampton. Traffic along the M&SWJR line greatly increased due to the transportation of men and munitions southwards during World War I and World War II. After the latter war, the line was used much less. The M&SWJR closed on 9 September 1961 and the Cheltenham to Banbury line closed on 15 October 1962, when the station at Charlton Kings finally shut. Electric trams operated by the Cheltenham and District Light Railway were also used in Charlton Kings between 1903 and 1930 when they were replaced by buses.

Schools

 * Charlton Kings Infants' School
 * Charlton Kings Junior School
 * Glenfall Community Primary School
 * Holy Apostles C of E Primary School
 * Balcarras School (Comprehensive)
 * St Edward's Junior School (Independent)
 * St Edward's School, Cheltenham (Independent)

Churches

 * Charlton Kings Baptist Church
 * Holy Apostles' Church (Church of England)
 * Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Roman Catholic)
 * St Mary's Church (Church of England)

Cheltenham Network Church (formerly Glenfall Church and Glenfall Fellowship meets outside the Charlton Kings Parish since Easter 2012 (Church of England))

St Mary's Church
St Mary's church, dedicated to Mary in 1190 by William de Vere, Bishop of Hereford, is the oldest church in Charlton Kings and was built to ease the mother Cheltenham parish.

It houses numerous historical artifacts, including an old alms chest used for collecting money to donate to the Third Crusade which may date back to 1190. The church also contains a stained glass window which was donated by Japanese naval officers to the church in 1907 in memory of Robert Podmore. St Mary's church houses one of the oldest royal arms in the country, it was acquired in 1660 to celebrate the restoration of Charles II and restored in 1988 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of George III's visit to Charlton Kings. Robert Burns's granddaughters, Sarah and Annie Burns and his great-granddaughter Margaret Constance Burns Hutchinson were all buried at St Mary's church between 1909 and 1925.

Holy Apostles Church
Holy Apostles Church is located in a triangular junction between the roads to London and Cirencester. This location for the church was contested early in its development as local people thought that if another church was to be built, it would be better to have it in a location where it could serve more isolated parishioners. The foundation stone of the church was laid in 1866. In 1970, during a storm, the church was struck by lightning and the roof and organ were destroyed by fire. They have since been replaced.

Sports and recreation
Local community organisations include:

 * 1st Charlton Kings Boys' Brigade
 * 1st Charlton Kings Guide Company
 * 7th Cheltenham (Charlton Kings) Scout Group
 * 125 (Cheltenham) Squadron Air Training Corps
 * Charlton Kings Choral Society
 * Charlton Kings Local and Family History Society
 * Charlton Kings Community Players
 * Falcons AFC

Community welfare
Charlton Kings has a developed Senior Citizens' support service, operated through the Charlton Kings Senior Citizens' Welfare Committee, which has its roots back to 1947.

Local and national government
The place has a parish council. Charlton Kings is in the Charlton Kings ward of Cheltenham Borough Council, the Charlton Kings division of Gloucestershire County Council and the parliamentary constituency of Cheltenham. The Parish Council has a local Parish Plan which includes detail on its boundaries, urban and countryside areas, its responsibilities, its community profiles and action plan. It consults within the community.

Literary link
A house in Cudnall Street has a particular literary connection. Its mirror inspired author Lewis Carroll to write the story Through the Looking-Glass.

Famous people with a connection to Charlton Kings

 * Sydney Dobell, a poet moved to Charlton Kings (lived in Coxhorne House) in 1840 and regarded Charlton Kings as "home above any other place".
 * Cecil Day-Lewis, Poet Laureate lived in Charlton Kings (Box Cottage, Bafford Lane) between 1931 and 1938, and taught at Cheltenham College.
 * Adam Lindsay Gordon, a leading Australian poet, was baptised at St Mary's Church, Charlton Kings, in 1833.
 * Jaz Coleman, composer and lead singer of Killing Joke, was born and raised in Charlton Kings.
 * Piers Coleman, physicist, was born and raised in Charlton Kings.
 * Gilbert Biberian, a renowned classical guitarist and composer, resided in Charlton Kings.
 * Alice Liddell and Lewis Carroll were regular visitors to a house in Cudnall Street, Charlton Kings. This house was owned by Alice Liddell's grandparents, and the mirror is reported to be in existence which inspired Lewis Carroll to write the story Through the Looking-Glass.
 * Mary Watson, one of the first two women to study chemistry at the University of Oxford

title: Charlton Kings


text:
Fat-tailed gerbil

The fat-tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi), also called the duprasi gerbil or doop, is a rodent belonging to the subfamily Gerbillinae. It is only species in the genus Pachyuromys. They are frequently kept as pets.

Other common English names are: fat-tailed jird, fat-tailed rat, and beer mat gerbil.

Description
The fat-tailed gerbil is a medium-sized gerbil. Its body length is about 10 cm, with a tail length of about 5 cm. The hair at the back and the head is yellow-coloured, with a dark grey base and a small black tip. The belly is white. Fat-tailed gerbils weigh between 22 and 45 g in the wild, but in captivity can weigh between 55 and 82 g. Their body is round and somewhat flattened. They have no clear neck and a very sharp face, with large oval-shaped black eyes. They look similar to a dwarf hamster, but unlike a hamster they have a pointed snout and a fat, almost bald, club-shaped tail. The fat-tailed gerbil stores fat in its tail in the same way that the camel stores fat in its hump.

Captive specimens of the fat-tailed gerbil have an average life span of between 2 and 4 years.

Distribution
The French zoologist Fernand Lataste first described Pachyuromys duprasi in 1880 in Laghouat, Algeria in Le Naturaliste.

Fat-tailed gerbils are native to the Northern Sahara (North-western Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria). There they live in sparsely vegetated sand sheets or rocky deserts. In the wild, fat-tailed gerbils live in simple burrows about one meter deep, in hard sandy soil. They may also occupy other species' burrows.

Diet
Fat-tailed gerbils are mostly insectivorous in the wild, but will eat also a variety of plants. In captivity, they are kept on a basic rodent mix, and are fond of mealworms, crickets, moths, and almost any other insect, even beetles. They can also be given some vegetables and fruit, like carrots, cauliflower, chicory, and apples.

Behavior
Wild fat-tailed gerbils are solitary animals, and sometimes live in colonies. In the wild, fat-tailed gerbils become active at dusk and this is the same in captivity - although they can sometimes appear to be diurnal. When they fight, they shriek loudly and bite each other's tails. The mating ritual of the fat-tailed gerbil may also be confused with fighting.

Fat-tailed gerbils, like most other rodents, have scent glands on their stomach and engage in marking their territory by stretching out and rubbing their bellies on the ground and furnishings.

Breeding
Fat-tailed gerbils sexually mature when they are around two months old, and the gestation period is 19 to 21 days. Their average litter size is three to six, and the pups are weaned at three to four weeks.

title: Fat-tailed gerbil


text:
Secret state

Secret state may refer to:

 * Polish Underground State, a collective term for the underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II loyal to the government-in-exile
 * Secret State (TV miniseries), a four-part British political thriller from 2012

title: Secret state


text:
User:The Octavo

N00b of Note!
I have been using Wikipedia as a reference for about 6 months now and I'm continually amazed by the information stored here, so I decided to sign up.

I am a wikiN00b, so please forgive any faux pas I may make! :)

--Octavo 13:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:The Octavo


text: Talk:Melih Kibar

title: Talk:Melih Kibar


text:
Martin Porter

Martin F. Porter is the inventor of the Porter Stemmer, one of the most common algorithms for stemming English, and the Snowball programming framework. His 1980 paper "An algorithm for suffix stripping", proposing the stemming algorithm, has been cited over 8000 times (Google Scholar).

The Muscat search engine comes from research performed by Porter at the University of Cambridge and was commercialized in 1984 by Cambridge CD Publishing; it was subsequently sold to MAID which became the Dialog Corporation. Part of Dialog was then spun off to become BrightStation in 2000, which transitioned Open Muscat to a closed-source development model in 2001. Subsequently, a group of developers led by Porter initiated a project based on Open Muscat called Xapian and released the first official version on September 30, 2002.

In 2000 he was awarded the Tony Kent Strix award.

Porter read mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge (1963–66) and went to get a Diploma in Computer Science (1967) and a PhD. at Cambridge Computer Laboratory. He worked at the University of Leeds for a year before returning to Cambridge's Literary and Linguistic Computing Centre (1971-1974) and at the Sedgwick Museum as a programmer (1974-1976). In 1977, he became the Director of the Museum Documentation Advisory Unit (MDA).

Martin Porter is co-founder with John Snyder of the contextual targeting and content recommendation company, Grapeshot. John Snyder is listed as CEO and Martin Porter is listed as Chief Scientist. Grapeshot took £250,000 in UK government subsidies and subsequently raised £16m from UK investors. On May 15, 2018, Oracle Corporation completed the acquisition of Grapeshot.

title: Martin Porter


text:
Talk:Ian Anderson (British politician)

Untitled
Re: Ian Anderson's middle name. Hugh Myddleton came from the Electoral Commission website so it seems fairly legitimate. What's your source for Milhous, out of interest.

Ian Milhous Anderson was the name that was read out by the returning officer at the Uxbridge by Election of 1997 and also appeared in a number of NF publications. It wouldn't surprise me in the least if he's used different middle names at different times to his real one (whatever that may be) for reasons of convenience.

Mark_Boyle 21 October 2005

If that's the case then I suppose it should be mentioned in the article. I'll make a note of it now. Keresaspa 16:00, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Political position?
This is User: Political Dweeb with a question here. Ian seems to have tried to moderate the political position of the UK National Democrats. However on this Wikipedia page describing Ian says he created a link between himself and the leader of the Nationalist Movement of America called Richard Barrett. Richard seems to be slightly anti-semitic so does this mean that Ian accepts anti semitism or does he oppose it while beliving in the ideological position of being on the National conservative right. Political Dweeb (talk) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.235.213.246 (talk) 18:13, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure it's correct to say that Anderson "tried to moderate the political position of the UK National Democrats"; certainly there is no suggestion of this in this article or in National Democrats (UK). What is certain is that the National Democrats was set up because, as the article says, "the negative connotations of the National Front name were proving a bar to success" and the Nat Dems was simply the NF relaunched (though members of the NF might dispute this). There is no suggestion that ND's policies were less extreme than NF's. As to whether he is anti-semitic, I don't know, but his links with Barrett predate the Nat Dems and it is not necessarily correct to label one person solely on account of his contacts. Emeraude (talk) 12:48, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ian Anderson (British politician)