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User:Vanished user 456745753784/Sandbox

Sun Yat-sen's quotes

 * 「诸君：我们大家是中国的人，我们知道中国几千年来是世界上头一等的强国，我们的文明、进步比各国都是领先的. 当中国顶强盛时代，正所谓千邦进贡、万国来朝. 那个时候，这个文明，在世界上就是第一的，中国是世界上头一等的强国. 到了现在怎么样呢？现在这个时代，我们中国就是世界上顶弱、顶贫的国家. 现在世界上，没有一个能看得起中国人的，所以现在世界的列强，对于中国就有瓜分中国的念头，也即由来各国共管中国的意思. 那么为什么我们从前是顶强一个国家，现在变成这个地步呢？就是中国，我们近来几百年，我们国民睡着了，我们睡了，不知道世界他国进步的地方，我们睡着的时候，还是以为我们几千年前这么样富强的. 因为睡着了，所以我们这几百年来文明就是退步、政治就是堕落，所以变成现在这个不得了的局面. 我们是中国人，在今天应该要知道我们现在这个地步，要赶快想想法子怎么样来挽救，那么，我们中国还可以有得的救. 不然，中国就是成为一个亡国灭种的地位. 大家要警醒！警醒！」
 * 「為什麼要把向來統一的國家再來分裂呢？提倡中國分裂的人一定是野心家. 」
 * 「中國是一個統一的國家，這一點已牢牢地印在我國的歷史意識中，正是這種意識使我們能夠作為一個國家而被保存下，盡管它過去遇到了許多破壞的力量. 」

La Marseillaise Chinese version
This is supposedly the version that Nie Er translated and got the inspirations for March of the Volunteers from. I like.

Northern Han admixture proportion in Southern Hans
MBE and MRH refer to statistics described in refs 20 and 19, respectively. The standard error of MBE was obtained by bootstrap with 1,000 replications. The proportions of contribution from northern Hans were estimated to using northern Hans and southern natives as parental populations of the southern Hans. It was assumed that the allele frequency in the southern natives remained unchanged before and after the admixture, which started about 2,000 yrs ago, and the genetic exchange between northern Hans and southern natives has been limited. In fact, the gene flow from northern Hans to southern natives has been larger than that from southern natives to nothern Hans; therefore, the level of admixture presented in this table is underestimated and without proper adjustment. The demic expansion of Han would have been more pronounced than was observed in this study.

抗战将士的六十条决死玉碎宣言！

 * 1) 蔡廷锴（1892～1968，广东罗定人，时任第19路军副总指挥）：
 * “卑军守土有则，尺地寸草，不得放弃；为救国保家而抗日，虽牺牲至一卒一弹，决不退缩. ”
 * 背景：淞沪抗战爆发之后，蒋光鼐、蔡廷锴等向全国发出如上通电，十九路军全军三万官兵奋起反抗日军七八万人的猛攻，从1月28日至3月1日坚守上海，与敌血战33天，死伤约万人. 使日本侵略军受到重创，死伤万余名，四度更换指挥官.
 * 1) 陈诚（1898～1965，浙江青田人，时任第九战区司令长官）：
 * “我生国亡，我死国存！“
 * 背景：武汉会战前夕，陈诚视察户口要塞炮台，发表了战前宣言，称“湖口要塞，是武汉门户，官兵必须树立与炮台共存亡的决心”，全体官兵高呼“誓与倭寇决一死战，誓死守卫湖口要塞. ”后炮台阵地均被敌机和敌大炮摧毁，将士绝大部分壮烈殉国.
 * 1) 陈怀民（1916～1938，江苏镇江人，时任第4航空大队第21中队飞行员）：
 * “每次飞机起飞的时候，我都当作是最后的飞行. 与日本人作战，我从来没想着回来！”
 * 背景：在1938年武汉“4．29空战”中，陈怀民的战机在击落一架敌机后受到5架敌机围攻，他的飞机油箱着火. 当时他本可跳伞求生，但他猛拉操纵杆，战机拖着浓浓的黑烟，向上翻转了180度，撞向从后面扑来的敌机，与日本吹嘘的所谓“红武士”高桥宪一同归于尽.
 * 1) 陈文杞（1904～1941，福建莆田人，时任24师少将高参）：
 * “有我无敌，有敌无我！”
 * 背景：中条山之战，陈文杞率部在闻喜，夏县等地与敌激战. 日军向守军阵地施放毒气，我军死亡惨重. 后该师余部转移至台寨村附近，遭日机狂轰滥炸时，陈文杞身先士卒，不顾生命危险，穿梭于枪林弹雨，指挥官兵坚守阵地. 在最危急的时刻，陈振臂大呼上述口号. 后不幸壮烈殉国，终年仅37岁.
 * 1) 寸性奇（1895～1941，云南腾冲人，时任第3军12师师长）：
 * “我腿已断，不必管我. 我决心殉国，以保全国格人格. ”
 * 背景：中条山之战，鬼子集中重兵攻击12师，寸性奇师长在接受军长的命令率部突围后，发现军部未能突围，寸又率部冲入重围营救军部，后身中八弹，拔刀自杀，这是临终前的遗言. 其父寸大进老先生恨自己已经88岁高龄，已经无力报国，遂绝食而亡，死后双目不瞑.
 * 1) 戴安澜（1904～1942，安徽无为人，时任中国远征军第200师师长）：
 * “现孤军奋斗，决心全部牺牲，以报国家养育！为国战死，事极光荣. ”
 * 背景：1942年初，戴安澜率所部200师万余人赴缅参战. 在东瓜保卫战前，他留给妻子上述遗书. 面对数倍于己的日军，戴安澜号令全军：“虽战至一兵一卒，也必死守东瓜. ”戴安澜部击毙敌军5000余人，掩护了英军的撤退，取得出国参战的首次胜利. 后在孟关激战中以身殉国，终年38岁.
 * 1) 邓锡侯（1889～1964，四川营山人，时任川军第一纵队司令，第45军军长）：
 * “川军出川抗战，战而胜，凯旋而归；战如不胜，决心裹尸以还！”
 * 背景：1937年9月5日，四川举行约万人参加的“各界民众欢送出川抗敌将士大会”，邓锡侯在会上发表了如上讲话. 邓锡侯还说：“我们是踏着先烈们的血迹前进的，后方的人民，要勇敢地踏着我们的血迹而来. 前赴后继，一定能战胜敌人！”后邓参加了徐州会战、太原会战，战功卓著.
 * 1) 佟麟阁（1892～1937，河北高阳人，时任29军副军长）：
 * “衅将不免，吾辈首当其冲，战死者荣，偷生者辱，荣辱系于一人者轻，而系于国家者重. ”
 * 背景：南苑之战爆发前夕，宋哲元已经下令，南苑军部撤到北平城内，佟麟阁应首先撤离，此时夫人恰好送来书信，称父亲病重，佟执意不撤，回信道“大敌当前，此移孝作忠之时，我不能亲奉汤药，请代供子职，孝敬双亲. ”并诏所部曰：“此杀敌报国时也！”后终于以身殉国.
 * 1) 杜聿明（1904～1981,陕西米脂人，时任第5军军长）：
 * “督促本部官兵奋勇向前，不惜一切代价，全歼小日本钢军，夺回昆仑关，打出第5军的威风来！”
 * 背景:1939年11月,日军攻陷桂南战略要地昆仑关，为了夺回昆仑关. 杜聿明向所属各师下达如此作战命令. 他亲临前沿阵地指挥战斗，成功地包围了昆仑关之敌. 日军被击毙4000人，被俘100余人，旅团长中村正雄被打死. 取得了著名的昆仑关大捷.
 * 1) 范筑先（1882～1938，山东馆陶人，时任山东第六区专员、保安司令兼聊城县县长）：
 * “守土有责，裂眦北视，决不南渡，肝脑涂地，亦所不惜”
 * 背景：1937年10月，日军侵入山东，省政府主席韩复榘两次要范筑先率部南撤，范向全国发出如此通电. 他的次子范树民在与日寇作战中牺牲，他强忍悲痛说：“民儿为国家民族战死疆场，是死得其所. ”后聊城失守，范筑先身受重伤，不愿被俘，举枪自戕，壮烈殉国，终年56岁.
 * 1) 冯治安（1896～1954，河北故城人，时任河北省主席、29军代军长）：
 * “寸土都不许退，可采取武力自卫. 国家存亡在此一举，设若冲突，卢沟桥即是你们的坟墓！”
 * 背景：1937年7月7日夜，日军诡称一名士兵失踪，要求进入宛平城搜查，我驻军第219团第三营拒绝，日方即调动驻丰台日军第三大队包围了宛平城. 当地驻军向冯治安请示，冯当即做出以上指示. 之后日军突然炮轰宛平城，我军当即自卫还击. 当天击退日军三次进攻，用鲜血保卫祖国的领土完整.
 * 1) 傅作义（1895～1974,山西荣河人，时任绥远省主席、晋绥军第35军军长）：
 * “岳武穆38岁壮烈殉国，我已过了38岁，为抗日死而无怨. ”
 * 背景：1936年10月，蒙古分裂分子德王在日军指挥下，分三路大举进犯绥远. 傅作义召集所部进行军事部署. 傅作义通告全军：“爱国军人守土有责，我们一定要打！”并表示了上述抗日决心. 后指挥百灵庙大捷，击毙日军千余人，俘敌200余人，绥远抗战胜利结束.
 * 1) 高志航（1907～1937，吉林通化人，时任空军第四大队中校大队长）：
 * “家仇国恨，等待何时！日机炸我同胞，向其讨还血债！”
 * 背景：凇沪抗战爆发，日木更津航空队百架轰炸机开始轰炸江、浙，8月14日，敌机八架进入杭州市区上空轰炸. 航委会当时命令不抵抗，而高志航主张“将在外，君命有所不受”，于是他下令起飞，并首开第一炮，击落日领队机. 此战击落敌机六架，两架负伤逃跑. 后高被日空军炸死.
 * 1) 郝梦龄（1898～1937,河北藁城人，时任第9军军长）
 * “此次战争为民族存亡之战争，只有牺牲. 此谓我死国活，我活国死. ”
 * 背景：1937年忻口会战爆发之前，郝梦龄如此鼓励官兵. 战争打到白热化阶段，他亲自到前线督战，告诫官兵，“现在我同你们一起坚守这块阵地，决不先退. 我若是先退，你们不管是谁，都可以枪毙我！你们不管是谁，只要后退一步，我立即枪毙他. ”郝梦龄是抗日战争中我军牺牲的第一位军长.
 * 1) 黄樵松（1901～1948，河南尉氏人，时任第68军第143师）
 * “南阳就是我的葬身之地，各位好友来生再见！”
 * 背景：1945年3月18日，日军三路大军进攻南阳. 黄樵松受命死守，横下一条心，誓与南阳共存亡. 与好友握别时他发出如此悲壮言辞. 黄还派人赶做一口棺材，搁置在师部门口，亲笔写上：“黄樵松之灵柩. ” 后日军猛攻，黄亲临前线指挥，随身卫士全被打死，他只身到前沿阵地督战，阵地最终力保不失.
 * 1) 黄启东（1891～1938，湖南平江人，时任第23师少将参谋长）
 * “何以对国家？何以对民族？宁作战死鬼，不作亡国奴！”
 * 背景：徐州会战爆发后，23师奉命从鲁西南移驻郓城、菏泽，日军土肥原率精锐师团猛攻菏泽，该师官兵奋起抵抗，与敌激战数昼夜，伤亡惨重. 师长李必蕃殉职后，黄启东亲率余部冲锋10余次，头部中弹，仍唤卫士背着他指挥战斗. 野战医院院长李少甫劝他上担架，他坚决拒绝，颤抖着说出上述话，最后壮烈牺牲.
 * 蒋介石（1887～1975，浙江奉化人，时任国民党总裁、委员长）
 * “中国人民和政府已被日本侵略者欺侮压迫到最后限度，中国军队为了民族之生存，决心在武汉地区与日军决一死战. ”
 * 背景：1938年6月武汉会战爆发前夕，蒋介石亲自坐镇武汉直接指挥，并通过中央广播电台发表这极其悲壮的讲话. 武汉会战历时4个多月，造成日军10多万人伤亡，中国军民付出40万人伤亡的代价，但粉碎了日军一战解决“中国事变”的企图，换来了战略相持阶段. - doesn't really count though, as he never was personally in danger??
 * 1) 蒋光鼐（1887～1967,广东东莞人，时任第19路军总指挥）
 * “本弹尽卒尽之旨，不与暴日共戴一天!”
 * 背景：淞沪抗战爆发之后，当时驻守上海的为第19路军，蒋光鼐担任最高指挥官. 全体将士决心抗击日寇，保卫上海. 日军兵分5路进攻闸北，19 路军奋勇抵抗，当即予以迎头痛击. 日军发动了四次总攻，却均遭败绩，四易主帅，死伤累万. 在战争最惨烈的时候，蒋光鼐这样表达他的抗战决心
 * 1) 姜玉贞（1893～1937,山东菏泽人，时任66军65师196旅旅长）
 * “有我姜玉贞在，就有原平在，我姜玉贞誓与原平共存亡！”
 * 背景：1937年，日军7万人直扑太原，姜玉贞奉命死守原平等待援兵. 他和5000官兵下定决心，血战到底. 与日军在此血战十日，反复进行拉锯战，姜玉贞亲自率领敢死队冲锋. 后阵地上只剩下二三百人，姜玉贞奉命突围，但在突围途中中弹牺牲. 原平死守为忻口会战歼敌2万赢得了时间.
 * 1) 吉鸿昌（1895～1934,河南扶沟人，时任察哈尔民众抗日同盟军第2军军长）
 * “恨不抗日死，留作今日羞. 国破尚如此，我何惜此头？”
 * 背景：1932年4月，吉鸿昌毁家纾难，变卖家产6万元购买枪械. 1933年5月，与冯玉祥、方振武在张家口建立察哈尔民众抗日同盟军，任第2军军长、北路前敌总指挥，率部向察北日伪军进击，连克康保、宝昌、沽源、多伦四县，将日军驱出察境. 后被国民党亲日派杀害.
 * 1) 阚维雍（1900～1944，广西柳州人，时任31军131师师长）
 * “千万头颅共一心，岂肯苟全惜此身，人死留名豹留皮，断头不做降将军！”
 * 背景：1944年，日军发动了豫湘桂战役. 八个师团十余万人猛攻桂林，阚维雍指挥部队沉着应战，打退了日军多次疯狂进攻，双方损失惨重. 日军使用了毒气，6000抗日将士被残害于岩洞中. 在中正桥主阵地被日军突破后阚维雍将军亲自指挥敢死队，奋勇逆袭夺回阵地. 后桂林陷落，阚维雍自杀殉国.
 * 1) 李宗仁（1890～1969，广西临桂人，时任第五战区司令长官）
 * “汤兵团正在南进，很快就会进庄，你们不能后退半步，组织敢死队，发动反攻！”
 * 背景：台儿庄战役最惨烈时，孙连仲的第二集团军3个师基本打光，孙来电哽咽着请求“撤到运河南岸去吧，给我们留点种子吧！感谢长官大恩大德”，李宗仁做出如上答复. 孙连仲悲壮地说：“绝对服从命令，直到整个兵团打完为止！”
 * 1) 李必蕃（1892～1938，湖南嘉禾人，时任第23师师长）
 * “误国之罪,一死犹轻,愿我同胞,努力杀敌. ”
 * 背景：1938年5月9日,日军十六师团进攻郓城,李必蕃令69旅死守. 该旅守城不力,郓城失陷. 后日军重兵临菏泽城下,他率部迎战,获胜后兵分两翼作钳形追击. 日援军赶到,进行疯狂反击,他率师直属部队与敌军肉搏，后菏泽沦陷. 他在城郊腹部中弹,临终前用军用地图反盖于胸，上有如上字样.
 * 1) 李家钰（1890～1944,四川蒲江人，时任第36集团军总司令兼47军军长）
 * “男儿欲报国恩重，死到沙场是善终！”
 * 背景：1941年2月，四川省各界抗战前线慰劳团来灵宝县李部驻地劳军，李家钰亲笔书写如此字幅. 1944年5月21日，李率集团军总部官兵左右冲突，卒在秦家坡陷入日军伏击圈. 在敌寇密集火力射击下，总部官兵200余人全部殉难，李家钰头额及左腋被子弹和枪榴弹破片击中终因流血过多而牺牲.
 * 1) 刘湘（1889～1938，四川大邑县人，时任第七战区司令长官、第23集团军总司令）
 * “抗战到底，始终不渝，即敌军一日不退出国境，川军则一日誓不还乡！”
 * 背景：“七七事变”爆发次日，四川省主席刘湘即电呈蒋介石，同时通电全国呼吁“一致抗日”. 刘湘准备带病出征，部下多劝他不必出川亲征，他说：“过去打了多年内战，脸面上不甚光彩，今天为国效命，如何可以在后方苟安！” 刘湘最终在前线吐血病发，死前留下如上遗嘱.
 * 1) 刘茂恩（1898～1983，河南巩义人，时任第14集团军总司令）
 * “我堂堂中国军人，沙场捐躯，死亦光荣，岂能求一时苟安，丧失民族气节，为人耻笑！”
 * 背景：中条山战役，刘茂恩率部被日军包围，数次突围皆告失败，情况万分险恶，左右僚属苦劝其更换便衣逃出，刘茂恩却凛然作色如此答复. 说罢拔出手枪要自杀，被侍从死死拉住. 刘茂恩和残余官兵已弹尽粮绝，已做好以身许国的悲壮准备. 所幸风雨狂作，山洪滚滚，刘终于趁机脱险.
 * 1) 罗芳珪（1907～1938，湖南衡东人，时任第89师529团团长）
 * “今日之战有进无退，有我无敌，后顾者必杀之！”
 * 背景：台儿庄血战打响后，双方反复拉锯战，汤恩伯军团快速驰援，89师罗芳珪团冲杀在前，以上述话号召官兵. 全团上下土气大振，连克敌阵地三处，杀进台儿庄. 在敌从台儿庄溃退的时候，罗芳珪头部和胸部中弹，临死前还以微弱的声音说： “我死不足惜，你们要杀敌前进……”年仅3l岁.
 * 1) 马占山（1885～1950,河北丰润人，时任黑龙江省政府代主席兼军事总指挥）
 * “我马占山心意已决，就是要和日本拼命！要是我打错了，给国家惹下乱子来了，你们把我的头割下来，送到中央领罪. ”
 * 背景：“九一八”事变后，南京政府采取消极抵抗政策，致使日军轻易攻陷辽、吉，后又进犯黑龙江. 日军在嫩江江桥制造事端，并向马占山下达武力通谍. 马召集军政绅商人士开会商讨对策，面对部分下属的软弱，他拍案说出上述话，并表示“一息尚存，决不敢使尺寸之地沦为异族. ”
 * 1) 马本斋（1901～1944,河北献县人，时任回民支队司令）
 * “伟大母亲虽死犹生，儿定继承母志，与日本人血战到底！”
 * 背景：为了招降马本斋，消灭回民支队. 日本人抓走了马本斋的母亲. 日军对马母威逼利诱，让她写劝降信说服儿子“归顺皇军”，享受“荣华富贵”，但马母坚贞不屈，并以绝食的方式进行抗争，最后光荣牺牲. 得知母亲牺牲的消息，马本斋强忍悲痛写下上面的话.
 * 1) 马玉仁（1875～1940，江苏建湖人，时任苏鲁战区第一路游击司令）
 * “天下兴亡，匹夫有责. 吾将自己未亡之躯，奔赴疆场，马革裹尸，何所惧哉. ”
 * 背景：卢沟桥事变爆发后，马玉仁拉部队抗日，他的幕僚劝他保存实力，抗日不如降日. 他大为震怒，下令溺死他，称“谁当汉奸，我就打死谁!” 1940年1月，他的部队与日军血战，被其火力压得抬不起头来. 马玉仁见状，热血上涌，手持冲锋枪，从战壕中一跃而起，带头冲上敌军阵地. 他边冲边喊： “子弹不打有福的孩子!”战斗中，马玉仁腹部中弹，壮烈牺牲，终年65岁.
 * 1) 彭士量（1904～1943，湖南浏阳人，时任73军暂五师师长）
 * “余献身革命……早具牺牲决心，以报国家. 倘于此次战役中，得以成仁，则无遗憾. ”
 * 背景：1943年底常德血战，73军被四面包围，军长汪之斌命暂编第五师留下坚守石门阵地，军主力向西突围. 彭士量率部从14日夜晚到15日黄昏激战一天一夜，后敌机飞来，投下重磅炸弹，并用机枪扫射，年仅38岁的彭士量身中数弹，永远地倒下了. 部下在装殓他的遗体时发现上述遗言.
 * 1) 齐学启（1900～1945，湖南宁乡人，时任中国远征军新38师副师长）
 * “昔日成功，今日成仁，此其时矣，弹尽各自裁. ”
 * 背景：在缅甸卡萨之战前，齐学启向部下叮嘱. 后他身负重伤被俘，他决心以一死报国，拒绝换药和进食，敌旅团长询问有关情况，他说：“中国军人可杀不可辱！”并猛力向前夺刀自刺. 两年以后，汪伪政权派陆军部长叶蓬等前去劝降，他怒斥叶蓬等“认贼作父，不知人间羞耻事”. 后伤重去世.
 * 1) 饶国华（1894～1937,四川资阳人，时任川军145师师长）
 * “现在正是军人报国的时候，我们要为国争光，流尽最后一滴血！”
 * 背景：1937年11月，145师师长饶国华受命固守安徽广德以拱卫南京，他亲率435旅刘儒斋团据守广德前五里阵地，在阵前振臂高呼此宣言. 但孤军奋战，几被全歼，广德失守. 遂挥泪写下绝命书，称“驱敌出境，复我国魂！今自决于城，虽死无恨. ”然后开枪自戕，慷慨成仁.
 * 1) 萨师俊（1895～1938,福建闽侯人，时任中山舰舰长）
 * “诸人尽可离舰就医，惟我身任舰长，职资所在，应与舰共存亡，万难离此一步. ”
 * 背景：1938年10月，中山舰奉命开赴武汉上游26公里的金口迎敌，遭到日机狂轰滥炸. 中山舰重损不可救矣，萨师俊左臂、左腿皆重创，右腿不知所終，化为一血人. 然其继续指挥，不离岗位，部下劝其离舰，萨师俊作此答复，最终与一代名舰共沉江底.
 * 1) 宋哲元（1885～1940,山东乐陵人，时任29军军长）
 * “宁为战死鬼，不作亡国奴！”
 * 背景：1933年初，日寇出兵侵占山海关，宋哲元率领军队奋勇投入长城战役. 29军将士在喜峰口歼敌3000有余，“喜峰口大捷”轰动了全国. 芦沟桥抗战枪声打响之后，宋哲元便命令师长以上的将领亲临前线指挥、督战，战斗之激烈，士气之高涨，实属空前.
 * 1) 孙连仲（1893～1990,河北雄县人，时任第五战区第二集团军总司令）
 * “士兵打完了你就自己上前填进去. 你填过了，我就来填进去. 有谁敢退过河，杀无赦！”
 * 背景：在台儿庄进行最惨烈的拉锯战时，死守北门的第31师伤亡惨重，眼看抵挡不住，且援军迟迟不至. 师长池峰城来电请示孙连仲准予撤退，孙做出了如此答复. 池师长知军令不可违，乃以必死决心，逐屋抵抗，任凭敌人如何冲杀，也死守不退……后迎来台儿庄大捷.
 * 1) 孙立人（1900～1990,安徽庐江人，时任中国远征军新38师师长）
 * “这些狗杂种！你去审一下，凡是到过中国的，一律就地枪毙. 今后都这样办. ”
 * 背景：1943年10月，第二次缅甸战役开始，孙立人指挥新38师连续占领新平洋、于邦. 当日军俘虏被带到孙立人面前时，他厌恶地皱皱眉头，不加思索地向参谋下达上述命令. 之后他与美军联手，把号称“丛林作战之王”的日军第18师团打得死伤过半，狼狈逃出胡康河谷. 孙被誉为“东方的隆美尔”.
 * 1) 孙明瑾（1905～1943，江苏宿迁人，时任第十军预第10师师长）
 * “中华儿女要壮烈，不畏死，不贪生，牺牲生命，救国救民，努力杀敌!努力杀敌!”
 * 背景：1943年常德血战，预备第十师伤亡惨重. 孙师长亲自操起一挺轻机枪向日寇冲锋. 后又用手枪、步枪猛射，最后以刺刀与日军搏斗，刺刀折断!后被日寇机枪击中多弹. 卫士抬孙突围，他目瞪卫士，忍痛高呼上述那句话，临终前仍向部署命令“贯彻命令，达成任务!”
 * 1) 孙蔚如（1896～1979，陕西西安人，时任陕西省主席）
 * “倘有闻警先逃，不事抵抗者，定以军法从事. ”
 * 背景：1938年6月，当日军逼近黄河时，陕甘地区人心惶惶. 孙蔚如在西安各界的集会上讲话，力主坚守黄河，阻敌西犯，并坚决表示，自己身为陕省主席，绝不生离西安. 他主持的省政府也发出了“守土抗战”的通令. 从而使主张撤退逃走者惭沮缄默，社会各界也渐趋安定.
 * 1) 唐淮源（1886～1941，云南江川人，时任第三军军长）
 * “中国只有阵亡的军师长，没有被俘的军师长，千万不要由第三军开其端. ”
 * 背景：1941年3月，第三军被日军合围中条山，唐召集所部三位师长训话：“现情况险恶，吾辈对职责及个人之出路，均应下最大决心，应为国家民族保全人格，以存天地之正气. ”言罢令各师分路突围. 唐淮源则被困悬山，三次突围受挫，伤亡惨重，弹尽粮绝，即于大雨滂沱之中，遣去左右，饮弹自尽于悬山之岭.
 * 1) 王铭章（1893～1938,四川新都人，时任第122师师长）
 * “17日晚，我援军尚未到，敌大部队冲入城，即督所留部队，与敌作最后血战. ”
 * 背景：1838年春，日军猛攻鲁南藤县，王铭章决心死守滕城，命令把南北城门封死，只留东西城门暂作交通道路，也随时准备封闭，师部也由西关移进城内. 后日军重炮轰城，该师5000余人阵亡. 王铭章向22集团军司令孙震发出上述最后电文，后不久拔枪自杀殉国. 藤县死战为台儿庄大捷赢得了时间.
 * 1) 王禹九（1902～1939，浙江黄岩市宁溪人，时任第79军少将参谋长）
 * “值此国难当头、民族存亡之际，我身为军人，为国捐躯，份所应是. ”
 * 背景：淞沪会战爆发后，王禹九赴嘉定前线，路过南京，在遗嘱中写给妻子的话. 1939年3月20日，79军参加南昌会战，激战3天，79军伤亡过半，军部在虬岭陷入重围. 3月27日晨，王禹九率仅存特务连掩护军部突围，浴血苦战至中午，未能成功，王禹九多处中弹牺牲，年38岁.
 * 1) 武士敏（1892～1941,河北怀安人，时任第98军军长）
 * “拼到底，不成功，便成仁！”
 * 背景：在1941年抗战最为艰难的时候，驻守在中条山一带的国民党20万军队面对日军的威胁，纷纷撤退到黄河以南，武士敏则率领98军将士浴血奋战. 在中条山战役中，他亲临马头山前线指挥，与敌人拼搏冲杀，阵地几易其手，伤亡极为惨重. 武士敏将军宁死不屈，最终英勇为国捐躯.
 * 1) 吴奇伟（1891～1953，广东大埔，时任第九集团军总司令）
 * “小鬼子，你干不死我，我就干死你！”
 * 背景：武汉会战之万家岭战役，身为战役总指挥的吴奇伟身先士卒，亲临一线指挥. 有次他正与第四军军长欧震通电话，敌机俯冲扫射，他毫不理会，敌机机枪扫射竟电话机打碎，惹得吴将军破口大骂. 另一次，他和参谋长策划作战事宜，猛遭敌机轰炸，指挥部房子被炸飞半头，另半头塌下来，将他和参谋人员埋在下面.
 * 1) 仵德厚（1910～ ,陕西三原人，时任台儿庄大捷敢死队队长）
 * “兄弟们！上刺刀！跟我上！”
 * 背景：仵德厚当时任30师88旅176团3营营长，于1938年3月下旬奉命增援台儿庄. 当时日寇已从西北城角窜进城内，团长命令他率领全营从西门冲进去援助友军. 这位中校军官组成40人敢死队，手抡大片刀，腰束手榴弹，一马当先冲进台儿庄西门与日军血战一夜，后40人只幸存3人.
 * 1) 谢晋元（1905～1941,广东蕉岭人，时任第524团团长）
 * “晋元决心殉国，誓不轻易撤退，亦不作片刻偷生之计，在晋元未死之前，必向倭寇索取相当代价，余一枪一弹，亦必与日寇周旋到底. ”
 * 背景：八一三淞沪抗战爆发后，日军企图切断闸北、江湾中国军队的后路. 谢晋元受命率第524团官兵411人（谢对外诈称800人）留守闸北，掩护大部队撤退. 他坚守苏州河北的四行仓库三天三夜，打退日军多次进攻，四行仓库巍然屹立，为国内外瞩目，百姓赞誉他们为“八百壮士”.
 * 1) 解固基（1897～1937，四川崇宁人，时任川军43军26师152团团长）
 * “后退半步，格杀勿论！”
 * 背景：淞沪会战战事正激烈之时，152团四连连长正向团长解固基汇报本连情况，忽听友邻团团长大叫：“解团长，你的四连退下来了！”解气愤之极，拔枪便向四连长开了一枪，四连长中弹后，仍举手敬礼向后转身，走了两三步后才倒地,解挥枪大喝如上口号. 之后解固基和两个营长阵亡.
 * 1) 肖山令（1892～1937,湖南益阳人，时任南京市市长、宪兵司令）
 * “誓死捍卫南京，与中山陵同在！”
 * 背景:上海沦陷之后，日军重兵逼近南京. 肖山令牢记革命军人守土卫民之责，临危不惧，组织南京军民与日寇血战了26个昼夜. 后数千日军水陆夹击，肖山令带领将士与日军展开肉搏血战，激战5小时，终因众寡悬殊，背水无援，数千将士壮烈牺牲. 肖山令也大义凛然，举枪殉国，时年仅45岁.
 * 1) 薛岳（1896～1998,广东乐昌人，时任第九战区司令长官）
 * “第三次长沙会战,关系国家存亡. 岳抱必死决心、必胜信念. ”
 * 背景：日军前两次攻占长沙均未得逞,1941年12月23日,以第40师团主力第三次进攻长沙，薛岳在战前向所部下达了这个手令. 并严令“各集团军总司令、军、师长,务必亲往前线指挥,适时捕捉战机,歼灭敌军”. 结果取得长沙大捷，歼灭日军5万余人，薛岳被日本人誉为“长沙之虎”.
 * 1) 许国璋（1898～1943，四川成都人，时任第150师师长）
 * “军人应战死在沙场，你们要送我过江，是在害我呀！”
 * 背景：1943年常德会战，许国璋的150师受命固守常德的门户陬市，上司命令不许退过沅江. 但150师根本抵不住日军第116师团的猛攻，全师几乎全军覆没，许师长重伤昏迷，醒来时发现自己已被警卫抬过沅江，他大为震憾，担架上痛斥左右误己，之后夺过身边卫士佩枪自尽.
 * 1) 杨靖宇（1905～1940，河南确山人，时任东北抗联司令）
 * “头颅不惜抛掉，鲜血可以喷洒，而忠贞不二的意志（指抗日到底）不会动摇. ”
 * 背景：1938年下半年，日军调集重兵对抗联进行“围剿”，并以万元重金悬赏杨靖宇头颅. 1940年初的50多天里，抗联陷入困境，几乎弹尽粮绝，战士们只好以草根、树皮充饥，甚至将衣中棉絮掏出来吞咽. 日军曾千方百计诱其投降，杨靖宇做出了上述表态，不久后壮烈牺牲.
 * 1) 杨虎城（1892～1949，陕西蒲城人，时任17路军总指挥）
 * “拿出铁和血的牺牲精神，领导我们收复东北失地，打倒日本帝国主义！”
 * 背景：西安事变爆发之后，杨虎城在西安广播电台发表讲话，称就是剩了一兵一卒，必用在抗日的疆场上，虎城就是这个决心，只要民族能够争得生存，为功为罪，虎城是不计较的. 希望全国同胞们以后不时指导，使虎城在抗日的战线上，不致有什么错误，虎城是十二分的感谢.
 * 1) 余程万（1902～1955，广东台山人，第57师师长）
 * “弹尽，援绝，人无，城已破. 职率师部，扼守一屋，作最后抵抗，誓死为止，并祝胜利. ”
 * 背景：1943年常德会战最惨烈的时候，常德城区已成一片焦土，日机不分日夜狂投烧夷弹，城内大火蔽天，余程万师长仍率残部死据城西南一角，拉锯搏斗. 余师长此时已知援军不可能如期抵达，决意全师战死常德. 这是他给司令长官孙连仲的电文，孙当即泪如雨下.
 * 1) 张自忠（1891～1940,山东临清人，时任第33集团军总司令）
 * “吾一日不死，必尽我一日杀敌之责；敌一日不去，吾必以忠贞至死而已. ”
 * 背景：这是他写给弟弟张自明的信. 在枣宜会战牺牲的前夕，他从宜城东渡襄河督战，仅率手枪营和七十四师的两个团，临行前留给副总司令冯治安的绝笔信中说，“本着我们最终之目标（为国牺牲）向北迈进. 以后公私，均请我弟负责. 从现在起，以后或暂别或永离，不得而知. ”
 * 1) 张学良（1901～2001,辽宁海城人，曾任东北军总司令）
 * “能使我之血，得染敌襟，死得其愿矣. 如蒙钧座之允诺，良生当陨首，死当结草. ”
 * 背景：1936年12月12日，张学良联合杨虎城发动了西安事变，扣押了蒋介石，并同共产党达成“停止内战，共同抗日”的协议. 但张不久后即被蒋介石软禁，不能亲自带兵参加抗战. 张学良多次通过探望他的宋子文、张治中向蒋介石表达抗日的决心.
 * 1) 张灵甫（1903～1947，陕西长安人，时任74军5l师305团团长）
 * “兄弟们，不怕死的给我冲，小鬼子也没有两条命！”
 * 背景：淞沪会战恶战嘉定，日军自持装备先进蜂拥冲锋，杀红眼的张灵甫甩掉上身军服，抱着机枪跳出战壕，身先士卒带领100多名敢死队员迎头痛击，杀得日寇丢盔卸甲，打死打伤日寇800多人. 之后的武汉会战，张灵甫率敢死队血战五天五夜，夺取张古山，为万家岭大捷奠定基础.
 * 1) 张发奎（1896～1980，广东始兴人，时任第八集团军总司令）
 * “尽最后一分力，流最后一滴血！”
 * 背景：“七．七”事变后，张发奎表示“如果这次再不能对日作战，我决定入山为僧，今后永不问世事”. 8月13日，日军进攻上海，张任第八集团军兼右翼军总司令，指挥所部在浦东击败日军数十次进攻并亲自指挥炮兵轰击日军司令部. 撤出上海后，张发奎向部署作此宣誓.
 * 1) 赵登禹（1898～1937,山东菏泽人，时任29军132师师长）
 * “军人战死沙场乃是本分，没有什么值得悲伤的，只是老母年高，请副军长予以照顾. ”
 * 背景：“七七”事变后，赵登禹率部北上. 7月28日晨，日军在飞机数十架的支援下向南苑发起猛攻，赵右臂中弹负伤，部属劝其退出战斗，执意不肯. 后奉命率部向城南大红门集结，不幸被日军伏兵开枪击中胸部，壮烈殉国. 这是临死前让部署转告给副军长佟麟阁的话.
 * 1) .郑洞国（1903～1990,湖南石门人，时任中国远征军新1军军长）
 * “集中炮火，给我狠狠地轰，把密支那炸成碎片……要死的不要活的. ”
 * 背景：1943年春，新一军猛攻日军缅北作战的大本营密支那，日军借此坚固工事拼死抵抗. 郑洞国亲临前线，采取掘壕推进、分割包围、逐个歼灭的办法，并指挥部下对敌进行地毯式轰炸. 最终导致日军全线崩溃，密支那城防司令官水上源藏切腹自杀，日军缅北防御体系从此土崩瓦解.
 * 1) 周同（？～1938，河南省开封人
 * “抗战以来，只有殉土的将领，没有殉职的地方官，吾愿开此先例. ”
 * 背景：周同就任藤县县长近3个月后，日军就开始猛攻藤县，他不分昼夜地发动民众组织抵抗，协助王铭章师守卫城池. 王铭章战死后，他抚尸大哭，对身边的人说：“中国不会亡！中华民族不会亡！中国人民是不会向敌人屈服的！”说完突然纵身一跳从城上坠下，以身殉国
 * 1) 胡琏将军：成功虽无把握，成仁却有决心！
 * 石牌保卫战，陆军第十一师师长胡涟：
 * 谨以至诚昭告山川神灵
 * 我今率堂堂之师
 * 保卫我祖宗坚苦经营
 * 遗留吾人之土地，名正言顺
 * 鬼伏神饮，决心至坚
 * 誓死不渝
 * 汉贼不两立，古有明训
 * 华夷须严辨，春秋存义
 * 生为军人，死为军魂
 * 后人视今，亦尤今人之视昔
 * 吾何惴焉！
 * 今贼来犯，决予痛歼
 * 力尽，以身殉之
 * 然吾坚信苍苍者天
 * 必佑忠诚，吾人于血战之际
 * 胜利即在握
 * 此誓
 * 大中华民国三十二年
 * 五月二十七日正午

神秘的鸿翔部队－中国首支空降兵部队
环球军事２００６．０５（上） 周继厚

中国的第一支伞兵部队诞生于抗日战争末期. 有关这支神秘部队的奇闻轶事一直鲜为人知. 不过，流传至今的 这些徽章则从一个侧面揭开了这支神秘部队的冰山一角…… １９４４年１月，国民政府第５集团军组建伞兵第１团，这就是中国军队的第一支空降部队. 伞兵团人员选拔非常严格. 军官是从第５集团军所属各部抽调，士兵多为云南、贵州、广西等地招募的知识青年，兵员素质较高. 伞兵团团长为原第５集团军司令部少将参谋处长李汉萍，副团长为司令部上校科长简立. 伞兵团下设３个营，共计１０００余人，隶属于国民政府军事委员会军政部，但人事、补给、训练均由第５集团军司令杜聿明督导. 杜聿明将军因此被称为＂中国伞兵之父＂. 为了保密起见，伞兵第１团对外一律以＂鸿翔部队＂为代号. 根据驻华美军总司令兼中国战区参谋长魏德迈的建议，当时的国民政府于１９４５年４月８日将伞兵团扩编为陆军突击总队. 总队司令仍为李汉萍少将. 总队下设２０个突击队共３２００人，美军顾问３００多人，全套美式装备，在美军指导下进行严格的训练. 原来的伞兵第１团被编为５个突击队，每个突击队有官兵１８０人，都有保密代号：如第１队为＂定远＂，第２队为＂诸葛＂等. ＂鸿翔部队＂空降训练分为战术技术训练、突击战斗训练和基本跳伞训练３个阶段. 为培养伞兵军官，在云南 宜良县成立了伞兵学校. 伞兵学校的师资、装备、教材等均由美军顾问团提供，同时在云南呈贡县北校场机场对伞 兵官兵实施空中跳伞训练. １９４５年春，抗日战争正面战场展开反攻. 日军从南方各省北撤. 乘此良机，＂鸿翔部队＂在两广和湖南的 日占区进行了３次小规模的空降作战. 一是广东开平伞降突击. １９４５年４月，在中国军队的反攻下，驻广西的日军第１３师团向北败退. 为牵制日军，第１伞兵队１８０人从昆明起飞，在战机掩护下，在开平安全着陆，并进入苍城镇潜伏. 伞兵们在日占区展开游击战，一路拔除日军据点，一直打到广州市郊. 日本投降后，这支伞兵部队作为受降的先遣队率先开进了广州 城. 二是攻占广西丹竹机场. １９４５年春，中国军队在桂北发动反攻，收复南宁、桂林、柳州等城市. 丹州有一个日军补给基地和一个简易机场. 伞兵突击队２００余人犹如神兵天降，突然在丹州机场空降，并一举歼灭日军，占领机场，在地面部队协同配合下，向丹州守敌发起攻击，歼灭了日军，夺取了日军补给基地. 三是突袭湖南衡阳台元寺. １９４５年７月２日，１０８名中国伞兵由２０架战机护航，安全空降于衡阳县西北的罗洪庙. 几天后，伞兵们在衡宝公路上伏击日军运输队，毙敌６人，毁车３辆，在地方武装配合下，发起对台元寺镇日军据点的攻击，片刻攻入据点，歼敌近百人. 重创日军后，伞兵胜利撤出战斗. 此役伞兵牺牲６人、负伤 １０余人，２名美军顾问阵亡. 抗战末期，这支神秘的＂鸿翔部队＂用３战３捷的全胜战绩，迎接了抗日战争胜利的到来.

Library of Congress propaganda
Singapore BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS, 1919-41

The Singapore economy experienced much the same roller-coaster effect that Western economies did in the period between the world wars. A postwar boom created by rising tin and rubber prices gave way to recession in late 1920 when prices for both dropped on the world market. By the mid-1920s, rubber and tin prices had soared again and fortunes were made overnight. Tan Kah Kee, who had migrated from Xiamen (Amoy) at age seventeen, reportedly made S$8 million (for value of the Singapore dollar--see Glossary) in 1925 in rubber, rice milling, andd shipping; and Hakka businessman Aw Boon Haw earned the nickname "Tiger Balm King" for the multimillion-dollar fortune he made from the production and sale of patent medicines. Although they never amassed the great fortunes of Singapore's leading Asian businessmen, the prosperous European community increasingly lived in the style and comfort afforded by modern conveniences and an abundance of servants.

The Baba Chinese leaders focused their attention on improving educational opportunities, which meant lobbying for free Englishlanguage primary schools and more scholarships for English-language secondary schools. Although English-language schools expanded rapidly, most educated Straits-born Chinese studied at Chineselanguage schools. Of the 72,000 children in Singapore schools in 1939, 38,000 were in Chinese schools, 27,000 in English schools, 6,000 in Malay schools, and 1,000 in Tamil schools (See Education, ch. 2).

The Straits-born Chinese increased their share of Singapore's Chinese population from 25 percent in 1921 to 36 percent in 1931. Chinese immigration was drastically cut by the Immigration Restriction Ordinance of 1930, which limited immigration of unskilled male laborers. Put in force to combat unemployment resulting from the Great Depression, the ordinance dropped the number of Chinese immigrants from 242,000 in 1930 to 28,000 in 1933. Immigration was further restricted by the Aliens Ordinance of 1933, which set quotas and charged landing fees for aliens. Executive Council member Tan Cheng Lock and others bitterly opposed the policy in the Legislative Council as anti-Chinese.

The administration of the colony continued to be carried out by the governor and top-level officials of the Malayan Civil Service, posts that could be held only by "natural-born British subjects of pure European descent on both sides." The governor continued to consult with the Legislative Council, which included a handful of wealthy Asian business and professional leaders, who served as nonofficial members of the council. The mid-level and technical civil service positions were open to British subjects of all races. Very few Asians opposed the system, which gave the official members the majority on the legislative and executive councils. In the 1930s, Tan agitated unsuccessfully for direct popular representation and a nonofficial majority for the legislative council, but most Chinese were satisfied to devote their attentions to commercial and professional affairs and the growing interest in nationalism in China.

The sympathies of even the Straits-born Chinese lay with their homeland in the period between the wars. A Singapore branch of the Guomindang was active for a few years beginning in 1912, and Chinaoriented businessmen led boycotts in 1915 against Japanese goods in response to Japan's Twenty-One Demands against China. These demands were a set of political and economic ultimatums, which if acceded to, would have made China a protectorate of Japan. Mass support for Chinese nationalism became more evident in 1919 when demonstrations, which turned violent, were staged in Singapore. In the early 1920s, Sun Yat-sen was successful in convincing Singapore's China-born businessmen to invest heavily in Chinese industry and to donate large sums of money for education in China. Tan Kah Kee contributed more than S$4 million for the founding of Amoy (Xiamen) University in 1924. The Guomindang also sent teachers and textbooks to Singapore and encouraged the use of Mandarin (or Guoyu) in Singapore's Chinese schools.

Although Mandarin was not the language of any of Singapore's major dialect groups, it was considered a unifying factor by the various Chinese leadership factions of both Singapore and China. Singapore's first Chinese secondary school, established by Tan in 1919, taught in Mandarin, as did a growing number of Chinese primary schools. In 1927 the Guomindang increased the number of promising students brought to China for university education and began a concerted effort to extend its control over Chinese schools in the Nanyang by supervising their curriculum and requiring the use of Mandarin. In the late 1920s, the colonial authorities had become increasingly aware of growing left-wing politics in the Chinese schools and sought to discourage the use of Mandarin as required by the Guomindang. By 1935, however, Mandarin had become the medium of instruction in all of Singapore's Chinese schools.

Following the breakup of the short-lived alliance between the Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the communists established a Nanyang Communist Party in 1928. Outlawed and harassed by the Singapore police, the party was reorganized in 1930 as the Malayan Communist Party ( MCP--see Glossary), centered in Singapore. For the remainder of that year, it had some success in infiltrating teacher and student organizations and staging student strikes. In early 1931, however, the seizure by the police of an address book containing information on the newly organized party and its connections with the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International ( Comintern--see Glossary) in Shanghai, led to arrests and the near destruction of the CPM by the following year. The Guomindang also had its problems during this period. The party's membership in Singapore had expanded rapidly until 1929, when the colonial administration banned the Singapore branch of the Guomindang and fund-raising for the party in China. Concerned about the increase of anticolonial propaganda, the Singapore government censored the vernacular press, severely restricted immigration, and cut off aid to Chinese and Tamil schools. During the 1930s, attempts by the communists and the Guomindang to organize labor and lead strikes were also suppressed by the colonial government.

Chinese nationalism and anti-Japanese sentiment in Singapore increased throughout the 1930s. The fortunes of both the Guomindang and the MCP rose with invasion of Manchuria by Japan in 1931 and the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937. The CCP and the Guomindang formed a united front in December 1936 to oppose Japanese aggression. The Guomindang called upon the Nanyang Chinese for volunteer and financial support for the Republic of China, which had promulgated a Nationality Law in 1929, by which it claimed all persons of Chinese descent on the paternal side as Chinese nationals. Tan Kah Kee headed both the Nanyang Chinese National Salvation Movement and the Singapore Chinese General Association for the Relief of Refugees, as well as the fund-raising efforts for the homeland among the Malayan Chinese. Chinese government agents used the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and other local organizations to organize highly effective boycotts against Japanese goods. Singapore's Chinese also boycotted Malay or Indian shops selling Japanese goods, and Chinese merchants who ignored the boycott were severely punished by extremist groups.

The British authorities struggled vainly to control the tide of anti-Japanese feeling by forbidding anti-Japanese demonstrations and by banning importation of anti-Japanese textbooks from China and the teaching of anti-Japanese slogans and songs in Chinese schools. They were alarmed at the communist infiltration of the Nanyang Chinese National Salvation Movement and other Chinese patriotic groups. The banned MCP claimed a membership of more than 50,000 by early 1940. Although nominally partners in a united front in opposition to the Japanese, the MCP and the Guomindang competed for control of such organizations as the Nanyang Chinese Relief General Association. Nonetheless, Singapore's Chinese contributed generously to the support of the Chinese government.

Data as of December 1989

List of ROC generals from HOI
NameIDCountryRank YearRank  YearRank  YearRank  YearIdeal RankMax SkillTraitsSkillExperienceLoyaltyTypePictureStart YearEnd Yearx Bai Chongxi Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhenn Zhang Chi Zhang Zhizhong Chang Enduo Zhang Fakui Zhang Fang Zhang Xuxing Zhang Xuzi Zhang Xuezhong Zhang Xueliang Zhang Gan Zhang Kexia Zhang Lingfu Zhang Shixi Zhang Zizhong Zhang Dulun Zhang Yan Zhang Yaoming Zhang Yinwu Zhao Chengshou Zhao Jiaxiang Zhao Xizhang Zhao Hong Wenguo Zhao Guoping Zhao Shoushan Zhao Dengyu Chen Anbao Chen Changjie Chen Cheng Chen Jitang Chen Jihuan Chen Gongxia Chen Mingren Chen Daqing Chen Tie Chen Wanren Chen Wenqi Zheng Tingzhen Zheng Tingji Cheng Qian Zheng Zuomin Zheng Dongguo Ji Zhangjian Ji Xingwen Qi Xueqi Jiang Zhiying Chiang Kai-Shek Jiang Guangnai Jiang Dingwen Jiang Yuzhen Jie Fang Chih Fengcheng Qin Yizhi Zhou Jiabin Zhou Zhidao Zhou Qingxiang Zhou Fu Zhou Fucheng Zhou Lan Zhou Yan Zhu Zhiyi Zhu Chi Zhu Huaibing Zhu Shaozhou Zhu Shaoliang Zhu Dingqing Zhu Qi Qiu Qingquan Qiu Kaiji Zhong Song Zhong Yi Daljaya Fan Hanjie Fang Jing Fang Xianjue Fang Shuhong Fang Tian Feng Anbang Feng Zhian Feng Shengfa Feng Qinzai Feng Yuxiang Fu Bingxun Fu Zuoyi Han Jun Han Fuqu Han Liancheng Hao Menglin He Jifeng He Zhuguo He Guoguang He Shaozhou He Weizhen He Wending He Yaozu He Yingqin Hou Jingru Xia Chuzhong Xia Guozhang Xia Wei Xiang Fengwu Xiao Jimian Xiao Zhichu Xiao Yisu Xu Jizhang Xu Jingtang Xu Rucheng Xu Guozhang Xu Tingyao Xu Zuyi Xu Yuanquan Xu Yongchang Xuan Tiewu Xue Yue Hu Changqing Hu Xianmei Hu Yibin Hu Ruoyu Hu Lian Hu Su Hu Zongnan Hu Ying Huang Zhenwu Huang Jie Huang Qixiang Huang Xiansheng Huang Guoliang Huang Meixing Huang Bamei Huang Botao Huang Shaohong Huang Tao Huang Qiaosong Huang Wei Huang Yongan Huo Kuizhang Rao Guohua Ji Chong Chon Rong Xiang Rong Youlüe Gan Lichu Kan Weiyong Gao Zhisong Gao Guizi Gao Kuiyuan Gao Shuxun Gao Shuangcheng Ge Xiancai Kim Hak-Keu Gu Zhenglun Gu Zhutong Gu Dinghua Guan Linzheng Gui Zezhun Gui Yongqing Kong Zongzhou Guo Chan Guo Jijiao Guo Jingyun Guo Xunqi Guo Rudong Guo Lüzhou Guo Zongfen Lai Chuanxiang Lee Beom Seok Lei Zhong Leng Xin Li Zhen Li Zhenqiu Li Jiayu Li Jue Li Chunnong Li Fuying Li Hanhun Li Xianzhou Li Yikuang Li Mi Li Minghao Li Mo'an Li Bifan Li Pinxian Li Tao Li Tianxia Li Zefen Li Zongren Li Wen Li Wentian Li Yannian Li Yutang Liang Jingzhai Liang Xixian Liao Lei Liao Lingqi Liao Yaoxiang Liao Yunzhou Liao Yunze Lin Wei Liu Anqi Liu Zhaoli Liu Zhendong Liu Jiaqi Liu Jiashu Liu Jianxu Liu Zhi Liu Heding Liu Xiang Liu Xing Liu Ruming Liu Kan Liu Guangji Liu Guiwu Liu Lianyi Liu Mao'en Liu Shiyi Liu Duoquan Liu Wei Liu Wenhui Luo Zhuoying Luo Guangwen Luo Lie Luo Lirong Luo Shuren Lobsang Tsewang Lü Zhanmeng Lu Junquan Lu Zhonglin Lu Han Lu Guangwei Lu Daoyuan Long Tianwu Long Yun Ma Zhanshan Ma Chongliu Ma Hongkui Ma Hongbin Ma Bufang Ma Shigong Ma Ying Ma Yuren Mao Bingwen Miao Peinan Mou Zhongheng Ou Zhen Ou Shounian Ba Yunying Pan Wenhua Pang Hanzhen Pang Bingxun Pei Changhui Peng Shiliang Shang Zhen Shangguan Yunxiang Shao Baichang Sheng Zhicai Sheng Wen Shi Jingting Shi Zude Shi Yousan Su Bingwen Su Zuxin Sun Zhen Sun Chu Sun Liren Sun Lianzhong Sun Mingjin Sun Du Sun Tongxuan Sun Weiru Sun Yuanliang Sung Zheyuan Sung Xilian Tai Anlan Tai Zhi Tai Li Tang Juwu Tang Enbo Tang Huaiyuan Tang Shengzhi Tang Shizun Tao Zhiyue Tao Guang Deng Xihou Deng Baoshan Deng Dingyuan Tian Zhennan Ding Zhipan Cai Mengjian Cai Tingkai Zeng Zesheng Qin Lin Qin Dechun Zou Shaomeng Zou Zuohua Xu Yongchang Cun Xingqi Du Yuming Duan Yun Dong Qiwu Tong Linge Dong Zongshan Wu Jingbin von Falkenhausen Wan Fulin Wan Shitong Wan Yaohuang Wang Zhaozhi Wang Jiaben Wang Jianyue Wang Zhixi Wang Jingjiu Wang Jingzhi Wang Jingguo Wang Jingwei Wang Jun Wang Chunhui Wang Fengshan Wang Yizhe Wang Lingji Wang Lingyun Wang Mingzhang Wang Zuanxu Wang Dongyuan Wang Wanling Wang Yaowu Wang Yi Wei Zhen Wei Lihuang Wen Qiang Wu Jiguang Wu Qiwei Wu Chuikun Wu Peifu Wu Shaozhou Wu Shimin Yang Aiyuan Yang Jie Yang Hu Yang Hucheng Yang Botao Yang Bufei Yang Sen Yang Wei Yao Zhongying Ye Cheng Ye Peigao Yan Xishan Yi Anhua Yol Bars Yu Chengwan Yu Jishi Yuzhi Fenggang Chen Ce Chen Jiliang Chen Shaokuan Ji Zhangjian Xu Zushan Gao Xianshen Gui Yongqing Liu Yonggao Ouyang Ge Sa Shijun Shen Honglie Zeng Yiding Wang Shouting Zhang Tingmeng Chen Qixia Chen Qingyun Chennault Chen Ruitian Zhou Zhirou Xu Huansheng Huang Guangrui Huang Bingheng Gao Zhihang Khryukin Li Guidan Liang Tiancheng Liu Guoyun Liu Muqun Liu Zhesheng Liu Cuigang Mao Pangchu Qian Dajun Wang Guangfu Wang Tianxiang Yue Yiqin Li Shijia

2SJW at a glance
淞沪会战：1937年8月13日～11月11日

八一三淞沪会战是抗战爆发以来，中日双方规模最大的一次会战. 3个月的战役中，双方都投入几十万兵力. 由于中国军队战略不当，武器装备落后，在付出33万多人的巨大的损失后，最终被迫匆忙撤退，并且直接导致了南京会战的失利. 此战日寇伤亡5万余人.

南京保卫战：1937年12月1日～12月13日

淞沪会战后，日寇迅速进攻国民政府首都南京. 由于国民党军此时兵力凋零，退守绝地，被迫在12月12日匆忙突围撤退. 日寇进入南京后开始了长达数月的南京大屠杀，残酷杀害中国军民30余万人.

太原会战：1937年9月13日～11月

1937年9月13日，日寇占领大同后向太原进攻，中国军队由于指挥混乱，布置不当，被迫从太原突围. 此战中国守军英勇抵抗，付出了重大牺牲，消灭敌军2万余人. 但是，从此国民党军在华北战场的正规战争宣告基本结束.

徐州会战：1938年1月～5月21日

日寇打通了津浦线，扩大了占领区，但是未能消灭中国军队主力. 国民党军队的防御作战和主动转移，为此后的武汉保卫战赢得了4～5个月的时间. 其中，台儿庄大捷消灭日寇1万多人，极大地鼓舞了全国人民的抗战意志.

兰封会战：1938年5月21日～6月

日寇试图在徐州会战后继续扩大战果，板垣征四郎师团孤军深入，被以薛岳为指挥的中国军队包围. 最后由于蒋军嫡系将领的无能，中国军队最终功亏一篑.

武汉会战：1938年6月～10月

历时4个半月的武汉会战虽然最终以武汉失守为结束，但是国民党军队的正面抵抗取得了毙伤日寇4万人，近10万日寇因战斗、气候、疾病等原因暂时丧失作战能力的巨大战果，极大地消耗了日寇的有生力量，抗日战争从此进入相持阶段.

随枣会战：1939年5月1日～20日

武汉会战之后，日寇为消除鄂北、豫南方面中国军队对武汉的威胁，向湖北省随县枣阳地区发动进攻. 国民党军队消灭毙伤日寇1.3万人，第5战区官兵也付出了较大的牺牲. 日寇未能达到预定战略目标.

第一次长沙会战：1939年9月14日～10月

第一次长沙会战，日寇动用了10万兵力，在第九战区第十五集团军的抵抗下损失惨重. 日寇承认在部分战场上，部分战况之激烈超过了诺门坎，在中国军队反击下，日军伤亡达2万人，被迫撤退，中国军队伤亡3万多人.

桂南会战：1939年11月13日～1940年10月30日

日寇占领南宁和昆仑关后，国民党政府从数百公里外急调10个精锐师，对日寇发动立体化进攻，取得昆化关大捷，迫使日寇改变对广东的作战计划，造成日寇在战略上的部分被动.

枣宜会战：1940年5月1日～6月18日

张自忠上将殉国于南瓜店，宜县失陷. 枣宜会战是武汉会战以来，日寇对正面战场最大规模的一次进攻. 豫南会战：1941年1月25日～2月7日

豫南会战是武汉周围地区防御作战中的一次战役. 日寇一度攻战安徽界首和太和，但是在伤亡9000人后，日寇最终撤退.

上高会战：1941年3月15日～4月9日

为保证南昌及附近占领区的安全，日寇发动试图消灭赣北中国军队主力的上高会战. 日寇在三路围攻、其中两路受阻的情况下，形成一路孤军深入，被中国军队包围而仓皇撤退，伤亡高达1.5万人.

晋南（中条山）会战：1941年5月

此次战役日寇的目的是在华北要歼灭山西南部的中央军. 中国军队伤亡4.2万余人，被俘3.5万余人，日寇伤亡仅为中国军队的1/12，成为抗战史上最大的耻辱.

第二次长沙会战：1941年9月～10月1日

中国军队第六战区在正面战场主动发起1941年以来唯一一次主动进攻作战，歼灭日寇7000人. 最终由于第九战区指挥失误，日寇一度攻占长沙，中国军队伤亡失踪7万人，日寇伤亡2万人.

第三次长沙会战：1941年12月23日～1942年1月6日

中国军队第九战区制定了坚壁清野，诱敌深入的战略，取得了长沙会战大捷，共毙伤日寇5万余人.

浙赣会战：1942年4月～7月28日

日寇大本营决定摧毁浙赣两省中国军队机场，打通浙赣铁路，最后基本实现预定目标，曾经占领衢州机场，但是遭到严重损失，第十五师团师团长阵亡，日寇战史记载伤亡17148人.

鄂西会战：1943年5月～6月

日寇沿长江向上游进攻，国民党第18军坚守石牌要塞，第六战区及友邻部队夹击日寇，歼灭敌军4000人.

常德会战：1943年11月2日～12月

在日寇3万优势兵力进攻下，中国57师9000余人孤军誓死抵抗长达16天. 最终，中国军队收复常德等阵地，毙伤日寇2万人.

豫中会战：1944年4月～5月25日

日寇试图通过豫中会战围歼第一战区主力，并且打通平汉线. 由于国民党政府指挥失当，洛阳沦陷. 日寇实现最初的作战计划.

长衡会战：1944年5～8月

豫中会战同时，日寇开始进攻湖南，打通粤汉铁路. 中国军队在衡阳进行了长达48天的抵抗，最终没有支援而遭到失败.

桂柳会战：1944年8月～12月10日

日寇为摧毁大西南的空军基地发动桂柳会战. 中国军队在明显掌握制空权的情况下未能取得空地配合，导致桂林和柳州仅数日即遭到沦陷.

湘西会战：1945年4月～6月

中国军队在战役中对日寇进行了包围，创造了雪峰山大捷，毙伤日寇1万多人. 最终在中国军队的攻击下，日寇伤亡2万余人，被迫撤退

Gerbils! Yuck!

 * Tribe Gerbillini
 * Subtribe Gerbillina
 * Genus Gerbillus (Typical gerbils; Northern pygmy gerbils)
 * subgenus Handecapleura
 * Gerbillus campestris
 * Gerbillus lowei
 * Gerbillus somalicus
 * Gerbillus stigmonyx
 * Gerbillus dasyurus
 * Gerbillus vivax
 * Gerbillus mackilligini
 * Gerbillus jamesi
 * Gerbillus maghrebi
 * Gerbillus stigomonyx
 * Gerbillus amoenus
 * Gerbillus poecillops
 * Gerbillus famulus
 * Gerbillus nanus
 * Gerbillus brockmani
 * Gerbillus garamantis
 * Gerbillus grobbeni
 * Gerbillus principulus
 * Gerbillus quadrimaculatus
 * Gerbillus watersi
 * Gerbillus juliani
 * Gerbillus mesopotamiae
 * Gerbillus henleyi
 * Gerbillus syrticus
 * Gerbillus pusillus
 * Gerbillus percivali
 * Gerbillus diminutus
 * Gerbillus ruberrimus
 * Gerbillus bottai
 * Gerbillus harwoodi
 * Gerbillus muriculus
 * Gerbillus mauritaniae (sometimes considered a separate genus Monodia)
 * Subgenus Dipodillus
 * Gerbillus simoni
 * Gerbillus zakariai
 * Subgenus Gerbillus
 * Gerbillus gerbillus
 * Gerbillus cheesmani
 * Gerbillus cosensi
 * Gerbillus aquilus
 * Gerbillus gleadowi
 * Gerbillus andersoni
 * Gerbillus bonhotei
 * Gerbillus pyramidum
 * Gerbillus acticola
 * Gerbillus burtoni
 * Gerbillus dongolanus
 * Gerbillus floweri
 * Gerbillus riggenbachi
 * Gerbillus tarabuli
 * Gerbillus allenbyi
 * Gerbillus hesperinus
 * Gerbillus pulvinatus
 * Gerbillus bilensis
 * Gerbillus perpallidus
 * Gerbillus latastei
 * Gerbillus dunni
 * Gerbillus hoogstraali
 * Gerbillus occiduus
 * Gerbillus rosalinda
 * Gerbillus agag
 * Gerbillus dalloni
 * Gerbillus nigeriae
 * Gerbillus nancillus
 * Genus Microdillus (listed as a subgenus of Gerbillus until 1977)
 * Microdillus peeli
 * Subtribe Merionina
 * Genus Meriones (jirds)
 * Subgenus Parameriones
 * Meriones persicus
 * Meriones rex
 * Subgenus Cheliones
 * Meriones hurrianae
 * Subgenus Meriones
 * Meriones vinogradovi
 * Meriones tamariscinus
 * Meriones tristrami
 * Subgenus Pallasiomys
 * Meriones unguiculatus
 * Meriones meridianus
 * Meriones dahli
 * Meriones chengi
 * Meriones shawi
 * Meriones libycus
 * Meriones arimalius
 * Meriones caudatus
 * Meriones crassus
 * Meriones sacramenti
 * Meriones zarudnyi
 * Genus Rhombomys (Great Gerbil)
 * Rhombomys opimus
 * Genus Psammomys (Sand rats)
 * Psammomys obesus
 * Psammomys vexillaris
 * Genus Sekeetamys (Bushy-tailed jird; listed as a subgenus of Meriones until 1956)
 * Sekeetamys calurus
 * Genus Brachiones (Przewalski's gerbil)
 * Brachiones przewalski (discovered by Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky)
 * Subtribe Desmodilliscina
 * Genus Desmodilliscus
 * Desmodilliscus braueri
 * Subtribe Pachyuromyina
 * Genus Pachyuromys (Fat-tailed gerbil)
 * Pachyuromys duprasi
 * Tribe Taterillini
 * Subtribe Taterillina
 * Genus Tatera (Large naked-soled gerbils)
 * Subgenus Gerbilliscus
 * Tatera boehmi
 * Subgenus Taterona
 * Tatera leucogaster
 * Tatera nigricauda
 * Tatera robusta
 * Tatera guineae
 * Tatera phillipsi
 * Tatera afra
 * Tatera valida
 * Tatera kempi
 * Tatera gambiana
 * Tatera brantsii
 * Tatera inclusa
 * Tatera pringlei
 * Subgenus Tatera
 * Tatera indica
 * Genus Taterillus (Small naked-soled gerbils)
 * Taterillus gracilis
 * Taterillus petteri
 * Taterillus pygargus
 * Taterillus arenarius
 * Taterillus lacustris
 * Taterillus congicus
 * Taterillus harringtoni
 * Taterillus emini
 * Subtribe Gerbillurina
 * Genus Desmodillus (Short-eared gerbil)
 * Desmodillus auricularis
 * Genus Gerbillurus (Southern pygmy gerbils)
 * Gerbillurus paeba
 * Gerbillurus tytonis
 * Gerbillurus vallinus
 * Gerbillurus setzeri
 * Tribe Ammodillini
 * Genus Ammodillus (Walo)
 * Ammodillus imbellis

==== 送交者: 千龙 于 北京时间 7/19/2005 (1658 reads ) [千龙累积7505分]

[星光灿烂] 转贴

诽谤无根据，建议删除

artifacts destroyed
文革破坏的部分文物如下 1． 炎帝陵主殿被焚，陵墓被挖， 焚骨扬灰.

2． 造字者仓颉的墓园被毁， 改造成了“烈士陵园”.

3． 山西舜帝陵被毁，墓冢挂上了大喇叭.

4． 浙江绍兴会稽山的大禹庙被拆毁，高大的大禹塑像被砸烂，头颅齐颈部截断，放在平板车上游街示众.

5． 世界佛教第一至宝， 佛祖释尊在世时亲自开光的三圣像之一八岁等身像被捣毁面目.

6． 孔子的坟墓被铲平，挖掘，‘大成至圣先师文宣王’的大碑被砸得粉碎！庙碑被砸碎了，孔庙中的泥胎塑像被捣毁. 孔老二的七十六代孙令贻的坟墓被掘开.

7． 和县乌江畔项羽的霸王庙、虞姬庙和虞姬墓. 香火延续两千年至今日，“横扫”之后，庙、墓皆被砸成一片废墟. 文革后去霸王庙的凭吊者，见到的只是半埋在二里半露在地上的石狮子.

8． 在横扫一切的风暴中，霍去病的霍陵也遭了殃. 香烛、签筒被打烂之外，霍去病的塑像也毁于一旦.

9． 颐和园佛香阁被砸， 大佛被毁.

10． 王阳明文庙和王文成公祠两组建筑包括王阳明的塑像，全部在文革被平毁无遗.

11． 古城太原的新任市委书记三把火，第一把是砸庙宇. 全市一百九十处庙宇古迹，除十几处可保留外，通通毁掉. 他一声令下，一百多处古迹在一天之内全部毁掉. 山西省博物馆馆长闻讯赶到芳林寺，只捡回一包泥塑人头.

12． 医圣张仲景的塑像被捣毁，墓亭、石碑被砸烂，“张仲景纪念馆”的展览品也被洗劫一空. “医圣祠”已不复存在.

13． 河南南阳诸葛亮的“诸葛草庐”（又名武侯祠）. 的‘千古人龙’、‘汉昭烈皇帝三顾处’、‘文韬武略’三道石坊及人物塑像、祠存明成化年间塑造的十八尊琉璃罗汉全部捣毁，殿宇饰物砸掉，珍藏的清康熙《龙岗志》、《忠武志》木刻文版焚烧.

14． 汉中勉县“古定军山”石碑，也因诸葛亮是个“地主份子”而被砸毁.

15． 书圣王羲之的陵墓及占地二十亩的金庭观几乎全部平毁，祗剩下右军祠前几株千年古柏陪伴书圣失去了居所的亡魂.

16． 文成公主当年亲自主持塑造松赞干布和文成公主二人的塑像，安放觉拉寺. 被捣毁.

17． 合肥人代代保护、年年祭扫的“包青天”墓，也毁于一旦.

18． 河南汤阴县中学生将岳飞等人的塑像、铜像，秦桧等“五奸党”的铁跪像，连同历代传下的碑刻“横扫”殆尽.

19． 杭州革命青年砸了岳庙，连岳飞的坟也刨了个底朝天. 岳武穆被焚骨扬灰.

20． 阿拉腾甘得利草原上的成吉思汗陵园被砸了个稀烂.

21． 朱元璋巨大的皇陵石碑被拉倒；石人石马被炸药炸得缺胳膊少腿；皇城也拆得一干二净.

22． 海南岛的天涯海角，明代名臣海瑞的坟被砸掉，一代清官的遗骨被挖出游街示众.

23． 湖北江陵名相张居正的墓被红卫兵砸毁. 焚骨.

24． 北京城内的袁崇焕的坟被夷成了平地.

25． 黎平故里安葬的是明末名臣何腾蛟，他的祠堂中的佛像被扫了个一干二净，而且把黎平人最引以为荣的何腾蛟的墓给挖了.

26．吴承恩的故居在江苏淮安县河下镇打铜巷. 他的故居不大，三进院落，南为客厅，中为书斋，北为卧室. 几百年来，曾有无数景仰他的人来此凭吊此故居和他的墓. 可是现在《西游记》成为“封、资、修”（封建主义、资本主义、修正主义）里的“封”，吴氏故居也就“被毁为一片废墟”.

27． 红卫兵掘开蒲松龄的坟，教书匠蒲松龄真穷，墓里除了手中一管旱烟筒、头下一迭书外，只有四枚私章. 他们对蒲氏私章不屑一顾，弃之于野. 尸体被捣毁.

28． 建于一九五九年的吴敬梓纪念馆在文革中被铲平.

29． 山东冠县中学红卫兵在老师带领下，砸开千古义丐武训的墓，掘出其遗骨，抬去游街，当众批判后焚烧成灰

30． 张之洞的坟被刨开. 张是个清官，墓里没一点珍宝，红卫兵将张氏夫妇尚未腐烂的尸体吊在树上. 张氏后人不敢收尸，任尸体吊在树上月余，直到被狗吃掉.

31． 北京郊区的恩济庄埋有同治、光绪两朝的宫廷大总管李莲英的墓，凿开的墓穴里，只有头骨，不见尸骸，衣袍内满是珠宝，后不知所終.

32． 河南安阳县明赵简王朱高燧的墓被挖毁.

33． 黑龙江黑河县有座“将军坟”，“因为属于‘帝王将相’，也遭到严重的破坏.

34． 宋代诗人林和靖（９６７－１０２８）的墓也在被毁之列.

35． 清末章太炎、徐锡麟、秋瑾，乃至“杨乃武与小白菜”冤案中的杨乃武的墓，都在“横扫一切牛鬼蛇神”的口号声中作了牺牲.

36．一位年轻的中学老师领着一帮初中生以“让保皇派头子出来示众”为由，刨开康氏墓，将他的遗骨拴上绳子拖着游街示众. 革命小将们一边拖着骨头游街一边还鞭挞那骨头，好象相信康氏灵魂附着在骨头上似的. 游完街，康氏的头颅被送进“青岛市造反有理展览会”，标签上写道：“中国最大的保皇派康有为的狗头”.

37． 南漳县为抗日名将张自忠建造的张公祠、张氏衣冠冢和三个纪念亭均被破坏.

38． 杨虎城将军，虽被国民党处决，仍是红卫兵眼中的“国民党反动派”，墓及墓碑都砸毁.

39．新疆吐鲁番附近火焰山上的千佛洞的壁画，曾被俄、英、德等贪焚商人盗割，卖到西方. 但那运到国外的壁画毕竟被博物馆珍藏，并未毁掉. 而中国人自己干的‘破四旧’却重在一个‘破’字：将剩下的壁画中的人物的眼睛挖空，或干脆将壁画用黄泥水涂抹得一塌糊涂，存心让那些壁画成为废物.

40． 山西运城博物馆原是关帝庙. 因运城是关羽的出生地，历代修葺保养得特别完好. 门前那对高达六米的石狮子可能是全国最大的. 如今，那对狮子被砸得肢体断裂，面目全非；母狮身上的五只幼狮都砸成了碎石块.

41．安徽霍邸县文庙，雕梁画栋、飞檐翘角，龙、虎、狮、象、鳌等粉彩浮雕皆为精美的工艺美术品. ‘房饰浮雕在文化大革命中统被砸毁. ’文革后省、县拨款数万修葺，‘尚未完全复原. ’山东莱阳文庙，‘大成殿雕梁画栋、飞檐斗拱，气势雄伟……文化大革命期间，大成殿被拆除. ’全国四大孔庙之一的吉林市文庙，‘破四旧’中严重受损，荒废多年，文革后历时五年方修复.

42． 唐代高僧褒禅结芦安徽含山县花山，死后弟子改山名为褒禅山. 宋王安石游览此山，作《游褒禅山记》后，褒禅山遂名扬四海. 因是‘四旧’，褒禅山大小二塔被炸毁.

43． 全国最大的道教圣地老子讲经台及周围近百座道馆被毁.

44．宋代大文豪欧阳修的《醉翁亭记》经另一宋代大家苏东坡手书，刻石立碑于安徽滁县琅？山脚当初欧阳修作文的醉翁亭，至今已近千年. 前去革命的小将不仅将碑砸倒，还认真地将碑上的苏氏字迹凿去了近一半. 醉翁亭旁堂内珍藏的历代名家字画更被搜劫一空，从此无人知其下落.

除了有计划的毁灭古迹， 文物古董毁坏的更多：

北京名学者梁漱溟家被抄光烧光. 文革过后梁漱溟回忆抄家时红卫兵的举动时说：‘他们扑字画、砸石玩，还一面撕一面唾骂是‘封建主义的玩艺儿’. 最后是一声号令，把我曾祖、祖父和我父亲在清朝三代官购置的书籍和字画，还有我自己保存的，统统堆到院里付之一炬……红卫兵自搬自烧，还围着火堆呼口号……’

南京著名的书法家林散之珍藏多年的字画及自己的作品全部被毁之一炬，他被赶回了安徽老家. 当时在上海居住的画家林风眠家被抄家、画被焚烧，又在风声鹤唳中自己将留存的作品浸入浴缸、倒进马桶、沉入粪池.

中央文史馆副馆长、八十四岁的杭州名学者马一浮的家被搜罗一空. 抄家者席卷而去之前，他恳求道：‘留下一方砚台给我写写字，好不好？’谁知得到的却是一记耳光. 他悲愤交集，不久即死去.

名满天下的上海书法家沈尹默是中央文史馆副馆长，也是八十四岁. 他担心‘反动书画’累及家人，老泪纵横地将毕生积累的自己的作品，以及明、清大书法家的真迹一一撕成碎片，在洗脚盆里泡成纸浆，再捏成纸团，放进菜篮，让儿子在夜深入挣时□出家门，倒进苏州河.

作家沈从文在中国历史博物馆工作. 军管会的军代表指着他工作室里的图书资料说：‘我帮你消毒，烧掉，你服不服？’‘没有什么不服，’沈从文回答，‘要烧就烧. ’于是，包括明代刊本《今古小说》在内的几书架珍贵书籍被搬到院子里，一把火全都烧成了灰.

字画裱褙专家洪秋声老人，人称古字画的‘神医’，装裱过无数绝世佳作，如宋徽宗的山水、苏东坡的竹子、文征明和唐伯虎的画. 几十年间、，经他抢救的数百件古代字画，大多属国家一级收藏品. 他费尽心血收藏的名字画，如今祗落得‘四旧’二字，付之一炬. 事后，洪老先生含着眼泪对人说：‘一百多斤字画，烧了好长时间啊！’连遥远的新疆首府乌鲁木齐新华书店的存书，通通被烧成了灰.

湖南江永县有一种仅为妇女懂得的文字，人称‘女书’. 虽流传已近千年，因为不入男子的社会，流传并不广，许多用女书写成的诗歌被妇女珍藏，代代相藏，从未与世人见面. 江永县地虽偏僻，‘破四旧’却逃不脱，许多本应成为社会学、文字学乃至民族学研究资料的女书手稿被焚毁.

烧书污染空气，送到造纸厂打成纸浆才是好办法. 江浙一带人文荟萃，明清两代五百年，著名书画家大部分出在那里，留存至今的古籍也就特别多. 仅宁波地区被打成纸浆的明清版的线装古书就有八十吨！

红学家俞平伯自五十年代被毛泽东批判后，便是钦定的‘资产阶级反动学者’. 抄家者用肮脏的麻袋抄走了俞家几世积存的藏书，一把火烧了俞氏收藏的有关《红楼梦》的研究资料. 当时，中国特有的刻瓷艺术家仅剩北京朱友麟一人. 周恩来曾规定朱的作品是国宝，不得出口. 可是前去抄他家的红卫兵将他的作品摔了个稀烂. 不久，朱凄惨地死去，国宝不复再现.

苏州桃花坞木刻年画社的画家凌虚，五十年代曾手缯一幅长达五十尺的《鱼乐画册》，由中国政府拿去，作为国宝赠送印度尼西亚总统苏加诺. 他化了几十年的功夫，收集到各地上千张古版画，如今被烧了个一干二净.

中国画院副院长陈半丁年已九十，批斗之余，作品被焚烧. 上海画家刘海粟珍藏的书画被抄后，堆在当街焚烧. 幸亏一位过路人以‘工人’的名义镇住革命小将，打电话给上海市委，才派人制止. 但已烧了五个多小时，焚毁的字画、器皿不计其数.

陕西画家石鲁被拉到西安钟楼大街的钟楼外，当街吊起来，在人群的围观中接受批判. 他的‘黑画’被一幅幅拿出，批斗一幅即撕毁一幅或在画面上用红笔打个叉.

因江青点名咒骂了名画家齐白石. 北京的红卫兵砸了他的墓和‘白石画屋’. 又逼着齐的儿子齐良迟刨平齐白石自书的匾上的字迹. 上海画院七十五岁的画家朱屺瞻，家中收藏的名人字画被搜罗一空，七十余方齐白石为他的刻的印章一个没剩.

一九五二年，国画大师张大千的前妻杨宛君将张在甘肃敦煌石窟现场临摹的二百六十幅唐代壁画全部献给了国家，自己仅保留十四幅张氏为她作的画. 如今抄家者光顾杨宅，那十四幅画被搜走，从此全都没有了下落.

著名的木刻家刘岘（中央美术馆馆长）被勒令交出全部‘四旧’后，默默地把多年的木刻原版摞在壁炉旁，然后，点着火炉，一块一块地投进火炉，全部烧光！

中国的古迹少， 博物馆里的文物更是少的可怜， 民间的文物十个有九个都是假的， 为什么？？ 就是因为以前都毁掉了！

中国几乎没有几个美术馆， 有也全都是现代画家， 古代书画墨宝极少， 为什么？ 因为书画是最容易毁掉的， 扔到火里一烧就没了！

西哈努克来中国， 想去白马寺看中国最著名的古雕塑十八罗汉像， 结果已经被砸掉了， 是周总理急电叫山西下华岩寺把罗汉拆下来去冒充！

北京的都知道拆古城？的事， 但是谁知道什么是双塔庆寿寺？ 京城第一皇家名刹， 两座800多年的古塔,什么也没留下来..................

ye surname
《通志氏族略》上特别指出：“叶氏，宋朝为著姓”，可真是一点儿都不错. 因为，当时在各方面出人头地的叶姓杰出人物，实在是太多了. “应伶屐齿印苍苔，小扣柴扉久不开；春色满园关不住，一枝红杏出墙来”，是宋代诗人叶绍翁的《游园不值》. 宋代以后，整个叶氏家族表现得更加的神采飞扬，这种例子，也是不胜枚举. 清初画家叶欣与龚贤、高岑并称“金陵八家”，叶欣一生研习书画，画峰淡远，用笔清伶，后重得法，他的画在当时就被视为珍品. 到了清代末年的镇海人叶澄衷，便是近世成功人物的楷模. 他的一生，充满了传奇性，引人入胜. 据说，他年轻时非常贫穷，在上海的黄浦江中，以篙师维生. 有一次，他在撑船送一个洋人渡江时，捡到了许多金钱，可是他人穷志不穷，拾金不昧，统统还给了那个洋人. 那个洋人在感激和佩服之余，把他荐入上海的商界. 他从头干起，勤俭自持，终于积资日厚，自立门户，而一步步变成了巨富，在上海的商界颇享盛名. 叶澄衷出身寒微，成功之后，不但对地方公益及慈善事业慷慨捐助，一无吝色，而且，还在光绪年间斥资创办了一所“澄衷学校”，设备完善，规模宏大，是中国独资创办私人学校的开始，难能可贵. 叶姓古老家族　源出河南叶县

现在河南省南阳县的附近，濒临沙河的南岸，有一个叫作叶县的县份，这个地方，名如其实，正是叶氏家族的发源地.

叶县，从两千多年以前开始，便一直是以“叶”为名的. 《左传》上有一段文字说：“宣三年，郑公子士，及叶而死”，指的就是这个地方. 后来，汉高祖统一天下，把该地定名为叶县，自此沿用到了今天.

根据考证，在春秋时代，叶县是一个属于楚国的采邑. 当时，有一位大夫沈伊戊的后代被封食采于此，所以才以邑为氏而姓了叶.

关于叶氏的来龙去脉，《通志氏族略》记述得最为清楚：叶氏，旧音摄，后世与木叶之叶同音. 《风俗通》：“楚沈伊戊生诸梁，食采于叶，因氏焉. ”宋朝为著姓. 此外，《名贤氏族言行类稿》和《姓氏考略》等古籍，对于叶氏的来源，也持同样的说法.

由此可见，叶姓人的祖先，是两三千年前称霸诸侯的楚国人. 他们的老家，就在河南的叶县，是发源于中原地区的古老家族之一.

依照《姓氏考略》的记载，在古代的所谓南蛮之中，也有以叶为姓的. 换言之，叶氏家族的组成分子除了来自河南叶县的一支外，另外还有一支是南蛮之族的后裔；虽然在血缘上有所不同，但是，后来经过历史上两次著名的民族大迁徙——五胡乱华和五代十国，一向繁衍于中原地区的汉人纷纷往南播迁，各姓各氏逐渐出现于南方各地，再经过长时间与当地土著的融合，在各方面都早已混然一体，再也分不出谁是汉人，谁是蛮人.

《通志氏族略》上特别指出：“叶氏，宋朝为著姓”，可真是一点儿都不错. 因为，当时在各方面出人头地的叶姓杰出人物，实在是太多了.

宋代以后，整个叶氏家族表现得更加的神采飞扬，这种例子，也是不胜枚举. 到了清代末年的镇海人叶澄衷，便是近世成功人物的楷模. 他的一生，充满了传奇性，引人入胜. 据说，他年轻时非常贫穷，在上海的黄浦江中，以篙师维生. 有一次，他在撑船送一个洋人渡江时，捡到了许多金钱，可是他人穷志不穷，拾金不昧，统统还给了那个洋人. 那个洋人在感激和佩服之余，把他荐入上海的商界. 他从头干起，勤俭自持，终于积资日厚，自立门户，而一步步变成了巨富，在上海的商界颇享盛名.

叶澄衷出身寒微，成功之后，不但对地方公益及慈善事业慷慨捐助，一无吝色，而且，还在光绪年间斥资创办了一所“澄衷学校”，设备完善，规模宏大，是中国独资创办私人学校的开始，难能可贵.

singaporean surnames
新加坡华人有近三百个姓氏

新加坡人口普查，乃以英文拼音为根据. 没有办法查出华族姓氏 数目. 尤其华族的英文拼音，一姓之中，因方言之不同，而拼出好多 音，更无法统计.

加上一部分只受英文教育者，只知其英文名字，已不知其宗族是 什么. 故无法从人口普查得出统计.

我们从华文电话簿及各会馆会员名录中，加以搜录，发现新加坡 华族姓氏，只有二百九十八个而已.

兹依笔划次序，详录于下：（如有遗漏者，请随时通知我们）

二划　丁、卜、刁

三划　于、干

四划　云、仇、元、孔、尤、尹、文、方、毛、水、牛、王

五划　丘、包、古、史、司、左、布、正、民、永、甘、田、白 皮、石

六划　仲、任、伍、全、吉、安、朱、朴、江、池、老

七划　佃、何、佘、余、利、冷、吴、吕、宋、岑、巫、成、李 杜、贝、汪、沈、沙、壮、良、谷、车、辛、邢、阮、

八划　周、来、冼、卓、孟、宗、官、居、屈、岳、房、招、于   易、林、武、芮、花、邱、邵、金、物、

九划　侯、俞、冒、哈、姚、姜、宣、封、施、柯、柳、柴、段     洪、纪、胡、英、范、郁、韦、

十划　夏、奚、孙、容、徐、桂、桑、殷、原、班、涂、乌、留 祝、秦、翁、耿、茹、袁、郗、郝、郜、马、高、倪、凌     伦、唐、荆、神、

十一　商、伟、区、娄、巢、常、康、张、戚、敖、曹、梁、梅 章、粘、符、庄、莫、许、连、郭、陈、陶、陆、崔、麦

十二　傅、劳、单、强、屠、庚、彭、揭、敦、曾、游、植、汤 焦、盛、程、童、粟、舒、华、费、贺、辜、阳、云、冯     黄、童、温、乔、项

十三　勤、杨、虞、源、万、叶、葛、董、贾、解、詹、路、邹     邬、钿、雍、雷

十四　宁、廖、畅、熊、甄、管、翟、臧、蒙、蒲、裴、宾、赵     鄞、齐、荣、福

十五　刘、乐、樊、欧、潘、练、滕、蔡、蒋、谈、邓、郑、鲁     黎、褚

十六　卢、卫、诸、豫、赖、钱、霍、骆、鲍、龙、阎、磨、贤、蒉

十七　应、缪、薛、谢、赛、钟、韩

十八　戴、归、瞿、简、聂、蓝、邝、颜、魏、萧、丰

十九　庞、罗、蚁、藩、谭、关

二十　严、窦、篮、苏、钟

廿一　顾、饶

廿二　郦、龚

复姓　司徒、欧阳、上官

title: User:Vanished user 456745753784/Sandbox


text:
J. M. Dent

Joseph Malaby Dent (30 August 1849 – 9 May 1926) was a British book publisher who produced the Everyman's Library series.

Early life
Dent was born in Darlington, England, in what is now part of the Grade II listed Britannia Inn. After a short and unsuccessful stint as an apprentice printer, he took up bookbinding. At the age of fifteen, he gave a talk on James Boswell's Life of Johnson, which would be the first book printed in the Everyman's Library.

Career

In 1888, he founded the publishing firm of J. M. Dent and Company (it became J. M. Dent & Sons in 1909). Between 1889 and 1894, Dent published the works of Charles Lamb, Oliver Goldsmith, Jane Austen, Chaucer, Tennyson, and like authors. Printed in small runs on handmade paper, these early editions enjoyed modest commercial success. Dent established the highly successful Temple Shakespeare series in 1894. Around 1896, Dent began publishing high-quality limited editions of literary classics in the Temple Classics series.

In 1904, Dent began to plan Everyman's Library, a series of one thousand classics to be published in an attractive format and sold at one shilling. To meet demand, Dent built the Temple Press in Letchworth recently founded as the first Garden City. The publication of the Everyman Library began in 1906 and 152 titles were issued by the end of the first year. However, it was soon confronted by a double blow: the Copyright Act 1911, which extended protection to fifty years after the author's death, thus reducing the availability of Victorian texts, and World War I, which brought with it inflation and shortages of supplies.

In A Sinking Island, Hugh Kenner wrote: "Destiny beckoned J. M. Dent toward the kingdom of books, and without ever learning to spell he became an influential bookman. He was small, lame, tight-fisted, and apt to weep under pressure, a performance that could disconcert authors and employees. When his temper had risen like a flame he'd scream; the scream, one employee recalled, was what broke men's spirits. His paroxysms were famous; a Swedish specialist thought of prescribing a pail of cold water for Dent to plunge his head into. For editing the Library he paid Ernest Rhys three guineas a volume—what senior office-boys might earn in two weeks. Dent's ungovernable passion was for bringing Books to the People.  He remembered when he'd longed to buy books he couldn't afford. Yes, you could make the world better. He even thought cheap books might prevent wars."

Although not a new idea, what set Everyman's apart from earlier series was its scope; Dent planned for no less than one thousand volumes. He was able to build a new factory and offices in Covent Garden with the profits. Despite having an impressive range of literature, Dent prevented classics of dubious morals, such as Moll Flanders, from being printed. The First World War slowed the production of books and Dent did not live to see the one thousand volume mark reached in 1956.

Among the impressive volumes that came from Dent was The Pilgrim's Regress, the spiritual autobiography of C. S. Lewis, published in 1933.

Later years
J. M. Dent, his sons Hugh and Jack, and Jack's son F. J. Martin Dent, constituted the board of directors in the 1920s. Hugh Dent joined the firm in 1909 and functioned as an editor for Everyman's Library; Jack joined the firm in 1915 and supervised the Temple Press; F. J. Martin Dent came in 1924 and directed the production department. After J. M. Dent's death, W. G. Taylor, the secretary of the firm since 1916, joined the board. Hugh R. Dent served as the chairman from 1926 to 1938, followed by Taylor from 1938 to 1963. Taylor was also managing director from 1934 to 1955. F. J. Martin Dent followed Taylor as managing director and chairman. Weidenfeld & Nicolson purchased J. M. Dent & Sons in January 1988. It now forms an imprint of the Orion Publishing Group. The registered companies of J. M. Dent & Sons and Everyman's Library were retained by the Dent family and are now, respectively, an investment company, Malaby Holdings Ltd, and Malaby Martin Ltd, a niche development company. A new sister company Malaby Biogas Ltd was created in 2009 as a pioneering renewable energy and sustainable development business.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: J. M. Dent


text:
Talk:List of Wisconsin weekly newspapers

List of Wisconsin weekly newspapers? Does that mean, like, "alternative" papers? Such as...

The Isthmus (Madison) - http://www.thedailypage.com/

The Shepherd Express (Milwaukee) - http://www.shepherd-express.com/

and would The Onion count? - http://www.theonion.com

or is this supposed to be more like... Wisconsin State Journal, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, etc., which have large Sunday editions?

I assume the former, but...?

--Wedge 05:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

What I'm thinking is that this would be all the papers that don't fall under the daily list. Maybe somewhere it should say that it includes semiweeklies.

If anyone wants to help, the master list is at http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/bb/05bb/787-801.pdf. The trick is finding the company (where applicable) that publishes the papers, not just the name of the person in charge. For instance, all the ones by Cristy Garcia-Thomas on that list are Community Newspapers.

The Onion is based out of Manhattan now (alas).

--Dmp348 07:05, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

This is helpful in determining parent companies: http://vendornet.state.wi.us/vendornet/paprates/5a-1.asp

I'm removing links to Web sites that are more or less the address of the publishing company (e.g. cninewsonline.com, hometownnewsgroup.com). The standard I'm applying is whether the site has news content. --Dmp348 18:55, 29 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Self destruct button

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merged and redirected by Bushytails Ryan Norton T 07:10, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Self destruct button
Not expandable beyond a stub

 * Delete --Trovatore 04:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: could an article be written at self-destruct that would cover this? Besides the button, it could include other self destruct mechanisms, like those used on rockets that go out of control. -- Kjkolb 04:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge self-destruct has a "Use in fiction" heading that this could fit under - Anetode 04:48, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with "use in fiction" as suggested by Anetode. This could be better written and slightly expanded. Crypticfirefly 04:51, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to self-destruct. I'm skeptical that there's much expansion to be done, but have at it... --Trovatore 05:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect, there is already an article at self-destruct, I linked to self destruct, which didn't have a redirect. It does now. -- Kjkolb 07:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per Kjkolb. --Apyule 07:51, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or Redirect per above Ryan Norton T 09:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, per above. Information is happiest when it is most completely in context! -- BD2412 talk 16:53, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, as the material's tone isn't that suitable to a merge. This is a pretty big concept in fiction, and we should have something on it, though.--Scimitar parley 16:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Push self-destruct button. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Trovatore (talk • contribs) 04:31, 4 October 2005
 * Merge as per above. Regarding the tone, I think an article of this tone is okay on its own given the subject matter, but if the stuff it's being merged with is written in a more serious manner, then signifiacntly rewrite. --Jacquelyn Marie 15:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Be bold... Merged and redirected.  Bushytails 07:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Silence/Theism2

* Using the narrower definition of "atheism", explicit atheism is "Atheism".

** Using the narrower definition of "atheism," implicit atheism is general non-atheistic nontheism; that is, lacking theistic belief without having chosen to deny theism.

*** Do not confuse the philosophical "open theism" stance with the Open Theism movement.

**** Gnosticism is being used here as the opposite of agnosticism, and should not be confused with the religion Gnosticism.

title: User:Silence/Theism2


text:
Talk:Biograph (album)

Track listing error
On my CD's, there is a song between track 5 "I'll keep it with mine" and track 7 "Blowin' in the wind", namely track 6 "The times they are a-changin'". All the tracks from number 7 onward need to be scaled up by one accordingly, resulting in 53 tracks total.

Now I do not know wether this is a fault that should be corrected, or that there are different versions of 'Biograph' in circulation. Wouter Beek

Fair use rationale for Image:Biograph.jpg
Image:Biograph.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:04, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Isis (Disc 2 Track 16)
Isis was not previously unreleased. This was released on the "4 Songs from Renaldo & Clara 12" promo EP and "was later released as the B-side of the 1984 Dutch Jokerman single." Source: http://www.searchingforagem.com/1970s/1978.htm

Heart Of Mine Recording Date
The live version of "Heart Of Mine" on Disc 3 was recorded 11/10/81 in New Orleans, not 8/81 as claimed on the CD box. http://www.bjorner.com/DSN06610%20-%201981%20US%20and%20Canada%20Fall%20Tour.htm#DSN06800 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.57.6.236 (talk) 01:27, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biograph (album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Alpiri Project

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 23:48, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

The Alpiri Project
This project doesn't seem notable. It only gets 8 unique Google results. -- Kjkolb 04:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as per nom. Article doesn't even mention the project name or much in the way of detail. CLW 12:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - TAP also is part of the security for OpenVPN so they need to be made seperate articles. All it needs is some more information and links to Symantic Web. Add it to the computer stubs section Cokehabit 14:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Paul Murray

Paul Murray may refer to:

 * Paul Murray (admiral), South African Vice Admiral
 * Paul Murray (author) (born 1975), Irish author of the book An Evening of Long Goodbyes
 * Paul Murray (businessman) (born 1964), current director and former interim chairman of Rangers F.C.
 * Paul Murray (footballer) (born 1976), English football player
 * Paul Murray (journalist) (born 1950), journalist and former editor of The West Australian
 * Paul Murray (musician), Canadian musician, member of the band Sandbox
 * Paul Murray (poet) (born 1947), Irish poet, Catholic priest and spiritual writer; author of Aquinas at Prayer
 * Paul Murray (presenter) (born 1978), Australian radio and television presenter currently at Sky News Australia
 * Paul Murray (rugby union) (1905–1981), Irish rugby union international
 * Paul Murray (skier) (born 1977), cross-country skier representing Australia at the 2006 Winter Olympics
 * Paul D. Murray, British theologian

title: Paul Murray


text:
Circle Sky

"Circle Sky" is a song written by Michael Nesmith which appeared on The Monkees' sixth album, the Head soundtrack, and also in the film Head as a live concert performance.

Background and inspiration
The song is written and performed in style reminiscent to the work of musician Bo Diddley, staying mostly on a single chord (A Major), while strumming barre chords (from B Major to E Major) down the guitar neck for the intro, outro, and breaks, and from B minor to D minor for the bridge. The lyrics are impressions of sights and sounds on a Monkees tour, while "Hamilton's smiling down" refers to a Hamilton music stand, used for rehearsals and recording.

Release
While the movie included the song performed live by the Monkees in Salt Lake City, Utah on May 17, 1968 during a free show at the Valley Music Hall, the original soundtrack album instead substituted a studio recording, made by Nesmith and session musicians (an unexplained decision that became a major source of tension in the group). The film version intercut Vietnam War footage with concert footage and featured several mirrored shots of the band onstage.

A lo-fi transcription of the concert version was included on Monkeemania (40 Timeless Hits), a compilation from the early 1980s, and an alternate studio take appeared on Monkee Flips in 1984. A stereo recording of the concert version appeared on Missing Links Volume Two in 1990.

A reworked version of the song opened the Monkees's 1996 reunion album Justus, featuring a rare performance by Davy Jones on guitar.

Personnel
Studio version:
 * Michael Nesmith - lead vocal, guitar, organ, percussion
 * Keith Allison - guitar
 * Bill Chadwick - guitar
 * Eddie Hoh - drums, percussion

Live version (May 17, 1968):
 * Michael Nesmith - lead vocal, guitar
 * Davy Jones - percussion, organ
 * Peter Tork - bass
 * Micky Dolenz - drums, percussion

Justus version:
 * Michael Nesmith - lead vocal, guitar
 * Davy Jones - guitar
 * Peter Tork - bass
 * Micky Dolenz - drums

title: Circle Sky


text:
User talk:Jbmorr03

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Stevie is the man!  Talk 04:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jbmorr03


text:
Talk:Female hysteria

Wiki Education assignment: The Rhetoric of Health and Wellness
— Assignment last updated by Jv686 (talk) 21:38, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The History of Sexuality
— Assignment last updated by MeganTheeStallion123 (talk) 05:13, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

20th Century Section Addition
I wanted to preface this by saying that it's good that the article is heavily focused on psychologists and what they thought would help cure female hysteria, since they are a big part of the topic. I've noticed that there wasn't very much mentioning the women who would be afflicted with hysteria and the impact that this had on them throughout the article. So this is what my addition to this section will be focused on. FluffyTeaPancakes (talk) 16:34, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Female hysteria


text:
October 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

October 5 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 7

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on October 19 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 6th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on September 23.

Saints

 * Holy and glorious Apostle Thomas (1st century)
 * Virgin-martyr Erotheis of Cappadocia, by fire.

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Martyrs of Trier, innumerable martyrs slain for Christ in diverse ways, in Trier in Germany under Diocletian (287)
 * Saint Faith (Foi. Foy), a holy virgin in Agen in the south of France, burnt to death under Maximian Herculeus (3rd century)
 * Saint Romanus of Auxerre, Bishop of Auxerre in France (564)
 * Saint Magnus of Oderzo, born in Venice in Italy, he became Bishop of Oderzo on the Adriatic and later of Heraclea (c. 660)
 * Saint Cumine the White, born in Ireland, he became Abbot of Iona and wrote a life of St Columba (669) (see also: February 24 )
 * Saint Ceollach, Bishop of the Mercians or Mid-Angles, before going to Iona and then returning to Ireland (7th century)
 * Saint Pardulphus (Pardoux), born in Sardent near Guéret in France, he became a hermit, then went to the monastery of Guéret where he became abbot (c. 738)
 * Saint Aurea, a nun in Boves who became the abbess of a large convent (8th century)
 * Saint Epiphania of Pavia, a nun at the convent of Santa Maria della Caccia, in Pavia in Italy (c. 800)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Venerable Cindeus of Cyprus (Kendeas) the Wonderworker, one of the "300 Allemagne Saints" in Cyprus (12th century).
 * The Holy Six "Allemagne Saints", in Cyprus (12th century):
 * Hilarion the New; John; Joseph, at Lythrodontas; Calantius of Tamassos; Cassianos of Glypha; Cassianos of Axylou.

 * New Monk-martyr Macarius of St. Anne’s Skete on Mt. Athos, at Prusa in Bithynia (1590)

New Martys and Confessors

 * New Hieromartyr John Rybin, priest (1937)

Other commemorations

 * Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "O All-Hymned Mother".
 * Glorification (1977) of Saint Innocent, the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas (1879)

title: October 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
Be the Creature

Be the Creature is a TV series created by the Kratt Brothers (Chris and Martin), in which they immerse themselves in the lives of different animals around the world, living alongside them to experience their natural behaviors and habitats firsthand. The show combines adventure and education, offering insights into the lives of wildlife through the brothers' close encounters.

After years of filming Zoboomafoo and Kratts' Creatures in a studio, Chris and Martin Kratt desired to return to fieldwork, living closely with animals for extended periods. This led to the creation of "Be the Creature" for National Geographic, where they spent weeks living among grizzlies, lions, and other wildlife. Each episode, lasting 40 minutes, was distilled from approximately 75 hours of raw footage collected during each expedition. Be the Creature is oriented towards teens and adults, unlike the brothers' previous shows. It features some graphic footage in an effort to portray life in the wild truthfully.

A second season, Be the Creature 2, began in 2005. The show aired on National Geographic Wild. A third season, Be The Creature 3, began in 2007.

Season 1 (2003-2004)

 * 1) Brown Bear
 * 2) Wild Dogs
 * 3) Lion
 * 4) Lemurs
 * 5) Manatees
 * 6) Japanese Macaque
 * 7) Coastal Creatures
 * 8) Chimps
 * 9) Mongoose
 * 10) Sharks
 * 11) Bats
 * 12) Kangaroo
 * 13) Baboon

Season 2 (2004-2005)

 * 1) Cheetah
 * 2) Orangutan
 * 3) Komodo Dragon
 * 4) Meerkat
 * 5) Kill Zone
 * 6) The Pantanal
 * 7) Galapagos
 * 8) Spotted Hyena
 * 9) Battling Bighorn
 * 10) Staying Alive's
 * 11) Weapons For Survival
 * 12) Leopard
 * 13) Ethiopian Wolf
 * 14) Leopard
 * 15) Expedition Leopard
 * 16) Expedition Japanese Macaque

Season 3 (2007)

 * 1) Giant Panda

title: Be the Creature


text:
Jim Hanks

James Mathew Hanks (born June 15, 1961) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has played numerous minor roles in film and guest appearances on television, and often does voice substitution work for his older brother Tom Hanks (most notably Sheriff Woody for Toy Story–related talking toys and video games). He has produced, directed, and filmed several short films. Hanks made his film debut in Buford's Beach Bunnies (1993).

Early life
James Mathew Hanks was born in Shasta County, California on June 15, 1961. He is the son of Janet Marylyn (née Frager) and itinerant cook Amos Mefford Hanks. Hanks is also the youngest brother of fellow actor Tom Hanks and entomologist Larry Hanks, but they were not raised together. After their parents divorced, Jim went to Red Bluff, California with his mother while older siblings Tom, Larry, and Sandra remained with their father. After college, he lived in Sacramento working as a waiter. The agent who employed his actress wife Karen Praxel as a receptionist encouraged him to get into acting. After he took acting lessons, he moved to Los Angeles in 1992 and began his career with roles in B-movies and commercial voice-overs.

Career
He got his first lead role as Jeeter Buford in Buford's Beach Bunnies (1993). Wishing to earn the role based on his own abilities, he auditioned as "Jim Matthews" (just his first and a modification of his middle name). While producers noted his "resemblance to Tom Hanks", he won the role based on his own comedic and acting skills and his relationship to his brother was not revealed until paperwork was completed.

In 1995, A Current Affair revealed that Tom had created the mannerisms for the character of Forrest Gump based on the simpleton mannerisms earlier created by Jim for the role of Jeeter, including Forrest's "now-famous jerky run". His physical resemblance to his brother allowed him to act as body double for him in scenes in Forrest Gump. Due to his vocal similarity, and with his brother Tom's personal recommendation, he often substitutes for Tom in the role of Sheriff Woody in various Toy Story video games and spin-offs.

Hanks began to provide the voice of Geoffrey the Giraffe in the Toys "R" Us commercials in 2001 and is the voice of Rudy from the Red Robin Gourmet Burgers commercials.

He guest-starred in an episode of Scrubs, appearing as a "Dr. Turner" partnered with recurring character Dr. Hooch, in reference to his brother's film Turner & Hooch.

In the 1998 film adaptation of O. Henry's "The Ransom of Red Chief", Hanks played the role of the mailman who was the town gossip.

He has appeared on stage, including playing "Lennie Small" in Theatrical Arts International's production of John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men.

In November 2016, Hanks guest-starred in a web series called Gary CK Needs Work, a parody of the FX show Louie.

Personal life
Hanks married actress Karen Praxel on May 25, 1986, together they have one son, Gage. The family resides in Venice, California.

He works with Los Angeles–based "Feet First Films", a production company that provides actor demos as well as production support for short films.

title: Jim Hanks


text:
User:Imdaking/Newmessages

Skip and continue to send message->

* I assume you are. If you are not click here & ignore the "new messages" bar.

 * Make sure you are sending a message, not vandalizing any of my pages. That includes trash talking!
 * ("What goes around, Comes around!")

continue & send message->
 * Sign off with four tildes ( ~ ).
 * And enjoy your Gay editing.

title: User:Imdaking/Newmessages


text:
User:Buzda

Hi!

Please leave any comments or insults at User Talk:Buzda

title: User:Buzda


text:
Talk:Mao Anying

At the bottom of the article it lists 2 dates where people throw subtle jabs with recipes for egg fried rice. The date for his birthday at the top is given as October 24th but the story states October 23rd. Is there a reason for that or is it an error? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C48:7A7F:70B4:7D2A:7B23:F059:CAA0 (talk) 16:32, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Rank
It's entirely dubious that he could hold the rank "General" considering ranks were not even established in the PLA until 1955. It should be removed unless a reliable source could be found.

Also, this Paul Noll guy's own bio shows nothing that hints at historian training, and his site has no citations of any kind, and he's obviously not a primary source. Shouldn't he fall under WP:BLOGS?

AKFrost (talk) 09:16, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
It's true Mao AnYing was killed in the headquarter of Chinese Voluntary Army, but this doesn't imply he was killed 'accidently', it just means even the headquarter of the army was not a safe place during Korea war, considering the U.S. airplanes had totally controlled the air and could hit the headquarter anytime.

Also the speculation that if Mao AnYing was not killed, China could be somthing like today's Korea is also groundless. This ignored the power structure of Chinese politics at that time. Mao Zedong later actually selected his nephew, Mao Yuanxing, as his heir. However, Mao Yuanxing was promptly arrested, together with Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, soon after Mao's death.

Yiyu Shen 04:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Your reasoning seems actually to support the speculation. Lacking a viable heir, Mao was forced to select his nephew. Lacking time for proper politically and military grooming (intended for Anying), no wonder he was arrested promptly in a coup. Anyway added the mention that Anying was killed in the headquater, another indication that Mao sent him to Korea not for the actual fighting, but for political grooming — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.65.29.46 (talk) 14:51, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Strange, I thought Mao selected Hua Guofeng as his successor? 77.44.49.36 (talk) 12:27, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Mao chose Hua Guofeng as his successor, never his nephew. The prompt arrest of Yuanxin after Mao's demise showed the exact reason why Mao would risk putting his son in a war: he needed to groom his son to gain enough political and military background in order to carry on with his political legacy. Otherwise,as shown in Yuanxin's example, the senior party and army officials could easily depose him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 15.243.169.71 (talk) 08:22, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

I searched for Chinese websites on the incident and most of them give the number of casualties of 2: Mao AnYing and Gao RuiXin(高瑞欣). I am not sure if those are considered reliable sources, so I'll let someone else do a proper research. -su88 (talk) 03:27, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

The only unit operating the B-26 in Korea at the time was the 3rd Bomb Group?
The article says “The only unit operating the B-26 in Korea at the time was the 3rd Bomb Group” without a citation. National Museum of the United States Air Force says the 452 Bombardment Group also operated B-26 in Korea. Is there a reason to exclude 452d here? Happyseeu (talk) 13:35, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mao Anying


text:
User talk:Dims

Welcome from Private Butcher
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Private Butcher 04:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
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 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Portals
Welcome again.

If you are interested in Ukraine-related themes, you may want to check out the Ukraine Portal, particularly the Portal:Ukraine/New article announcements and Portal:Ukraine/Ukraine-related Wikipedia notice board. The New article announcements board is probably the most important and the most attended one. Please don't forget to anounce there the new articles you create. Adding both boards to your watchlist is probably a good idea.

Similar boards exist at Russia portal as many editors contribute to topics related to both countries. The respective boards there are: Portal:Russia/New article announcements and Portal:Russia/Russia-related Wikipedia notice board. Of course there are also many other portals at Wikipedia or you may just get right into editing.

Again, welcome! --Irpen 21:23, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Lykovs
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of Lykovs, and it appears to include a substantial copy of http://www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1994/november/Sa12330.htm. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences.

This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on the maintainer's talk page. CorenSearchBot (talk) 22:06, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problems
Hello. Concerning your contribution, Lykovs, please note that Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images obtained from other web sites or printed material, without the permission of the author(s). As a copyright violation, Lykovs appears to qualify for deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. Lykovs has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message.

If you believe that the article or image is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) then you should do one of the following:

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However, for textual content, you may simply consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you. Goodvac (talk)  22:18, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Restructuring of Russian Apartment Bombings page
We are currently discussing this. Perhaps you would like to join us, as you have suggested an interest before. Mariya - x -Mariya Oktyabrskaya (talk) 18:13, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Tony Passos

The article Tony Passos has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this newly created biography of a living person will be deleted unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. j⚛e deckertalk 05:53, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dims. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dims~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:29, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Pressure (film) listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pressure (film). Since you had some involvement with the Pressure (film) redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. RexxS (talk) 21:40, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dims


text:
Talk:Turnstile

"Turnstiles in Russia"
What's the purpose of a distinct section titled as above? What's so special about this particular country's turnstiles? 86.29.81.179 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 02:44, 1 October 2008 (UTC).
 * Agreed - and indeed there are several references to Russia that (with the possible exception of turnstiles on board buses) don't seem to be all that different from practice in numerous other countries. Rosbif73 (talk) 14:42, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

Ticket Barriers
Currently 'Ticket Barrier' redirects here. However, a ticket barrier refers to a gate which lets people through to a public transport system if they have a ticket. Ticket barriers can be gates or turnstiles. Could someone change this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anywikiuser (talk • contribs) 17:05, 12 February 2008
 * Fix what? To be completely honest, the differences are minimal - the redirect seems fine to me; the only possible improvement would be to possibly add some info on the other type of gate you describe to this article. Alternativley, if you can find enough info on the other type of gate, create an article for it in place of the redirect, but I can't see that being easy. Talk Islander 23:17, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * ...such as in the UK, where turnstiles are very rarely used as ticket barriers. Anywikiuser (talk) 19:03, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, being in the UK myself, I feel I can accuratly state that turnstiles are very often used as ticket barriers. Go to any theme park or similar ticked attraction, and you'll find a turnstile. Train stations aren't the only places using ticket barriers ;). Talk Islander 22:50, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I am saying the redirect is inaccurate as a ticket barrier is a gate controlling access and a turnstile is a device often used as a ticket barrier. I forgot that theme parks etc. often have them. Anywikiuser (talk) 16:13, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Considering that there are or were ticket barriers that were not turnstiles (see e.g. de:Bahnsteigsperre or several images on Commons)), a separate article "Ticket barrier" makes sense. Granted turnstiles are a very common form of ticket barriers, but only one of several, and there are also turnstiles that are e.g. coin operated, and have nothing to do with tickets.Schlosser67 (talk) 06:23, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

W. T. Ellison & Co.
Worthy, perhaps, of mention? Crusoe (talk) 22:44, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Well for that matter, why not mention Ralph Ellison? EEng 08:30, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Negatives/Criticism
Mentioning that they are not usable by some obese people and wheelchair users would be worth mentioning. --65.92.51.165 (talk) 06:59, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Acutally, there are turnstile gates for wheelchair users, called swing gates. The width for the passage is customizable. Tripod turnstiles and speed gates are kind of barrier passage, while swing gates, barrier free passage. For more knowledge, pls visit ESSENCE: http://www.a-e.cn — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jessiezhao (talk • contribs) 02:42, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

History Expansion
There definitely needs to be some expansion in the History section. For example: early pioneers and companies, who holds patents, when first commercialized, etc. Any thoughts? Fickce4 (talk) 06:21, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Billy Joel Album
All links for his landmark album redirect here. Which clearly not the intended place. How can we fix this?

Southstander (talk) 01:07, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

Last sentence in Full-height turnstiles
Seems very out of place / not in keeping with the style of the rest of the article, and the citation for it is a company that sells turnstiles; looks like a sneaky advert more than an actual useful piece of information. However, I'm not an expert on turnstiles, so perhaps there's something I'm missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.66.191.86 (talk) 16:15, 15 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. It's a spamlink with little educational value, so I deleted it. Reify-tech (talk) 19:51, 15 July 2016 (UTC)

"High Exit-Only Turnstile" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect High Exit-Only Turnstile. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Dicklyon (talk) 00:31, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

"High Exit-Only Turnstile" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect High Exit-Only Turnstile. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dicklyon (talk) 04:18, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turnstile


text:
Walter Savitch

Walter John Savitch (February 21, 1943 – February 1, 2021) was best known for defining the complexity class NL (nondeterministic logarithmic space), and for Savitch's theorem, which defines a relationship between the NSPACE and DSPACE complexity classes. His work in establishing complexity classes has helped to create the background against which non-deterministic and probabilistic reasoning can be performed.

He also did extensive work in the field of natural language processing and mathematical linguistics. He was focused on computational complexity as it applies to genetics and biology for over 10 years.

Aside from his work in theoretical computer science, Savitch wrote a number of textbooks for learning to program in C/C++, Java, Ada, Pascal and others.

Savitch received his PhD in mathematics from University of California, Berkeley in 1969 under the supervision of Stephen Cook. Since then he was a professor at University of California, San Diego in the computer science department.

title: Walter Savitch


text:
User:Gyrofrog/standard.js

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mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

title: User:Gyrofrog/standard.js


text: User talk:65.24.103.212

title: User talk:65.24.103.212


text:
Everton, Victoria

Everton is a small town located 20 km from Wangaratta in northeast Victoria, along the Great Alpine Road. At the, Everton and the surrounding area had a population of 203.

Attractions of the town and area include the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail (a sealed off-road bicycle path offering 95 km of cycling along former railway tracks), wineries, and the Victorian High Country.

Everton Post Office opened in 1876 and closed in 1965. An earlier Everton office opened on 8 May 1873, was renamed Everton Station in 1876, Everton Rail around 1909, Everton Upper in 1922 and also closed in 1965.

title: Everton, Victoria


text:
Heart of Darkness (disambiguation)

Heart of Darkness is an 1899 novella by Joseph Conrad.

Heart of Darkness may also refer to:

Film

 * Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, a 1991 documentary about the making of the 1979 film Apocalypse Now
 * Heart of Darkness (1993 film), a television film adaptation of Conrad's novella
 * Heart of Darkness, a 2003 pornographic film starring Randy Spears

Television

 * "Heart of Darkness" (Playhouse 90), S3E7 of Playhouse 90, a television play adaptation of Conrad's novella, 1958
 * "Heart of Darkness" (Miami Vice), S1E3 of Miami Vice, 1984
 * "Heart of Darkness" (Once Upon a Time), S1E16 of Once Upon a Time, 2012
 * "Heart of Darkness" (The Vampire Diaries), S3E19 of The Vampire Diaries, 2012

Video games

 * Heart of Darkness (video game), a 1998 cinematic platformer
 * Heart of Darkness, a 2013 expansion pack for Victoria II

Comics

 * Heart of Darkness (comic), a story in Star Wars Tales V. 4 #16, 2003

Music

 * Heart of Darkness (opera), a 2011 chamber opera adaptation of Conrad's novella
 * Hearts of Darkness (band), an American hip hop/big band
 * Hearts of Darknesses, a solo dance-music project of Frank Musarra

Albums

 * Heart of Darkness (Burnt by the Sun album), 2009
 * Heart of Darkness (Grave Digger album), 1995
 * Heart of Darkness (EP), by No Trend and Lydia Lunch, 1985
 * The Heart of Darkness (album), by Hoodlum Priest, 1990
 * Heart of Darkness, by Positive Noise, 1981

Songs

 * "Heart of Darkness", by the Amazons from Future Dust, 2019
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Arch Enemy from Wages of Sin, 2001
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Black Label Society from Catacombs of the Black Vatican, 2014
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Chris de Burgh from Power of Ten, 1992
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Grave Digger from Heart of Darkness, 1995
 * "Heart of Darkness", by the Headstones from Picture of Health, 1993
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Heart, B-side of their 1985 single "What About Love"
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Hoodoo Gurus from Blow Your Cool, 1987
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Pere Ubu, B-side of the single "30 Seconds Over Tokyo", 1975
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Sparklehorse from Vivadixiesubmarinetransmissionplot, 1995
 * "Heart of Darkness", by Warbringer from Weapons of Tomorrow
 * "Hearts of Darkness", by Cavalera Conspiracy from Inflikted, 2008

Other uses

 * Heart of Darkness (brewery), a Vietnamese craft brewery
 * Heart of Darkness (horse) (1988–2011), a British Thoroughbred racehorse

title: Heart of Darkness (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Carolina Anole Close Up

Carolina Anole Close-up
My reasons for nominating this are the same as the reason I nominated the photograph of the hornet: sheer, vivid detail. You can see all of the individual scales on his skin, around his eyes, even the expression in his eye. If you look closely enough, you can even see part of his tympanic membrane. Also of note are the cyan-colored scales near the eye. The lizard was perched on the end of my finger when I took the photograph. I realize there is already a featured picture with one of these creatures in it, but this one is pretty good too, ne? This is the kind of picture that when someone loads up and article and looks upon it for the first time, they say "Oh, look at that!". And is that what we want here? style="color:green">Talk ]] 20:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - PiccoloNamek 04:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I can see one problem. The full-size image is slightly blurry. It doesn't appear to be motion blur. I chalk it up to a natural artifact of the demosaicing algorithms used to construct bayer filter CCD images. Here is a much smoother, (albiet smaller) resampled version:
 * It's a Macro shot and IMO it is slightly blurry out of the focus plane. There's no need of Bayer filter and CCD to explain this. Ericd 12:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I know my camera's capabilities, and the lizard was well within the camera's macro focusing range. Anyway, the other Anole picture is significantly blurrier than this one, and it was promoted, so I don't think I should be knocked too hard for it. Oh, and for the record, I wasn't talking about blurring from a lack of depth of field, there's nothing I can do about that, I was already at my camera's smallest possible aperture. I was talking about an overall lack of definition, most likely arising from the demosaicing and anti-aliasing performed on the image. Resampling helps to remedy these problems, and the resampled picture is here is significantly sharperPiccoloNamek 12:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Edit: Reading that, I want to apologize if it sounds like I'm angry. I was just trying to give my photo a little defense. I have never become angry at a critique, and I don't plan to start now, not even if every single person who votes votes "Oppose". I hope I didn't sound too unreasonable.PiccoloNamek 12:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Relax ! The focus is on the eye just where it has to be. The photo is just fine IMO, I don't see in what sense lower resolution is an improvement. However it gets out focus behind the focus plane and that's OK IMO as it adds depth to the picture. BTW My attempts in macro have proven my incompetence in handling DOF issues. Ericd 20:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * When my monitor shrinks the first image to fit it properly on my screen (I'll admit I don't have the higest resolution in the world), I can see no difference whatsoever between the two images. It's only in full size (which is about twice as big as it needs to be for my monitor) that I can notice any blurryness. Raven4x4x 08:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support either version. As I explain above, the blurryness is totally invisible to me on my computer. Raven4x4x 00:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support either version. Neutralitytalk 13:45, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support shrunk version. The original has a tiny bit of blurring. --Dschwen 18:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support either -- ZeWrestler  [[user talk:ZeWrestler| <span
 * ( + ) Support Any version. Have uploaded another resized version with a little unsharpening in Photoshop. --Fir0002 02:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Any version will suffice. Enochlau 05:00, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support any version. When I blow this up, I can stare at the details for minutes on end.  Beautiful. Unschool 02:54, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support this is one great picture. the detail is wonderful getcrunk 02:57, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - the first version remains the superior one.--Deglr6328 06:39, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Support whichever version. Halibutt 22:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Amateur film

Amateur film is the low-budget art of film practised for passion and enjoyment done without payment.

Organizations
The international organization for amateur film makers is UNICA (Union International du Cinema Non Professionel); in the United States the American Motion Picture Society (AMPS), in Canada the Society of Canadian Cine Amateurs (SCCA), in the UK it is the Institute of Amateur Cinematographers. These organizations arrange annual festivals and conventions. There are several amateur film festivals held annually in the United States, Canada and Europe.

The Cinema Museum in London holds a large collection of amateur films whose details can be accessed on-line.

Creation
Amateur films were usually shot on 16 mm film or on 8 mm film (either Double-8 or Super-8) until the advent of cheap video cameras or digital equipment. The advent of digital video and computer based editing programs greatly expanded the technical quality achievable by the amateur and low-budget filmmaker. Amateur video has become the choice for the low-budget filmmaker and has boomed into a very watched and even produced industry with the use of VHS and digital video camcorders.

Notable films
A number of amateur films have been added to the National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) National Film Registry (NFR) including:

 * The Augustas (1930s-1950s)
 * Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse (1940)
 * Disneyland Dream (1956)
 * Zapruder film (1963)

title: Amateur film


text:
1938–39 NHL season

The 1938–39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Montreal Maroons suspended operations prior to the season. With seven teams left playing 48 games, the league reverted back to a one division format. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series.

League business
Just prior to the start of the 1938–39 season, the league held a meeting to decide the fate of the Montreal Maroons. The team had requested a shift to St. Louis, but this was rejected after considerable discussion, resulting in the Maroons suspending operations for the season. They sold most of their players to the Canadiens, and it was evident that the Maroons were through for good. This was the last time a team that had previously won a Stanley Cup either folded or relocated to another market. With only seven teams left, the NHL decided to go back to the one division format.

The Stanley Cup Finals were expanded to a best-of-seven format.

NHL president Frank Calder reached a new professional-amateur agreement with Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) and its president W. G. Hardy in August 1938. The CAHA agreed not to allow international transfers for players on NHL reserve lists, and the NHL agreed not to sign any junior players without permission. It limited the number of amateur players which could be signed to contracts, and stipulated that both organizations use the same playing rules and recognize each other's suspensions.

Regular season
Prior to the start of the season, the Boston Bruins sold their star goaltender, Tiny Thompson, who had just won a record fourth Vezina Trophy, to the Detroit Red Wings. The fans thought Art Ross was crazy, but soon they were applauding rookie Frank Brimsek, who would go on to back-stop the Bruins to a first overall finish and a Stanley Cup victory. He wiped out Thompson's shutout sequence record with three consecutive shutouts. He nearly equalled his new record with three more. He ended the season with 10 shutouts, and earned the nickname "Mr. Zero". He also became the first goaltender to win both the Vezina Trophy and Calder Memorial Trophy in the same season.

Joseph Cattarinich died on December 7 of a heart attack following an eye operation. Cattarinich was the original goaltender of the Montreal Canadiens when they were formed in 1909 and later a part-owner of the team. He was 57.

The Montreal Canadiens eroded to the point where Jules Dugal replaced Cecil Hart as manager and coach. Dugal was not much better and the Canadiens finished sixth. One bright note was that Toe Blake won the scoring title, however, despite the poor showing of the team.

Chicago, after its Stanley Cup win the previous season, began floundering at mid-season and owner Frederic McLaughlin was displeased. Accordingly, he fired coach Bill Stewart and hired left wing Paul Thompson in his place. But the Black Hawks continued to lose and finished last.

The New York Americans, up in third place at mid-season, proceeded to fall into a big slump in the second half and though they finished fourth, they were below .500 and had the worst defence in the league. Part of the problem was the retirements of Ching Johnson and Hap Day on defence. Al Murray was also out of action for quite a time. Still, goaltender Earl Robertson found himself on the second all-star team.

(1) Boston Bruins vs. (2) New York Rangers
This series was the first to need seven games in NHL history; additionally, the Rangers were the first team in NHL history to force a Game seven after losing the first three games of a series. Mel Hill, a right winger for the Bruins, scored a record three overtime goals in a single series.

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Coaches

 * Boston Bruins: Art Ross
 * Chicago Black Hawks: Bill Stewart and Paul Thompson
 * Detroit Red Wings: Jack Adams
 * Montreal Canadiens: Cecil Hart
 * New York Americans: Red Dutton
 * New York Rangers: Lester Patrick
 * Toronto Maple Leafs: Dick Irvin

Debuts
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1938–39 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):
 * Roy Conacher, Boston Bruins
 * Frank Brimsek, Boston Bruins
 * Ab DeMarco, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Don Grosso, Detroit Red Wings
 * Sid Abel, Detroit Red Wings
 * Jack Stewart, Detroit Red Wings

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1938–39 (listed with their last team):
 * Russ Blinco, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Paul Thompson, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Baldy Northcott, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Alex Levinsky, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Bob Gracie, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Larry Aurie, Detroit Red Wings
 * Herbie Lewis, Detroit Red Wings
 * Dave Trottier, Detroit Red Wings
 * Babe Siebert, Montreal Canadiens
 * Jimmy Ward, Montreal Canadiens

title: 1938–39 NHL season


text: Talk:1938–39 NHL season

title: Talk:1938–39 NHL season


text:
Paul Murray (journalist)

Paul Murray is a former working journalist and later editor of The West Australian newspaper who resigned and was later retained to write opinion articles for the same newspaper. Murray was the longest serving newspaper editor in Australia when he resigned in February 2000.

Early life
Murray was born in Mount Lawley in 1950, and grew up in the eastern Perth suburb of Guildford in the Swan Valley. His father, Keith Murray, was a journalist at The West Australian for a decade from 1948 and his older brother Kim was a reporter at the Daily News. He attended Guildford Primary School and then Guildford Grammar School. He initially studied geology at the University of Western Australia, then worked as a mine geologist in Kalgoorlie before changing career.

Career
He took a cadetship at The West Australian in 1970 and through the 1970s worked variously from its Fremantle, Kalgoorlie, Perth, Sydney and Melbourne offices. He worked at the Western Mail from 1981, before returning to The West Australian as chief of staff in 1987. In March 1990 he was appointed editor of the newspaper where he began his career in 1970. He quit The West ten years later to become a morning talk-back announcer on Perth commercial radio station, 6PR, before leaving in 2006 over a contract-renewal disagreement (he rejoined in 2011). In 2006 he returned to The West Australian as a columnist and feature writer.

During his tenure as editor of The West Australian he took the circulation of the newspaper to over 400,000 for the first time (1997) and, in 1998, to over one million readers for the newspaper's Saturday edition. He introduced "Asia Desk", which involved the assignment of a journalist to cover events mainly in Southeast Asia.

Murray won WA's top journalism award, the University of Western Australia's Lovekin Prize in 1985, and the Daily News Centenary Prize in 1986, as well as the Beck Prize for political journalism in 1986.

title: Paul Murray (journalist)