text:
Delta Flight Museum

The Delta Flight Museum is an aviation and corporate museum located in Hapeville, Georgia, United States, near the airline's main hub, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The museum is housed in two 1940s-era Delta Air Lines aircraft hangars at Delta's headquarters, designated a Historic Aerospace Site in 2011. Its mission is to allow visitors from around the world "to explore aviation history, celebrate the story and people of Delta, and discover the future of flight." Over 40 airlines in Delta's family tree can be found in the museum's collections and exhibitions. The museum is a nonprofit organization and relies on volunteers, corporate sponsors, donations, event rentals and merchandise sales. The Delta Flight Museum is considered an ongoing project and items are added to the collections year round.

The museum opened to the general public in June 2014. Prior to that, Delta employee ID or prior arrangement was required to access the campus in which the museum is located.

Origins
The idea for a museum about Delta Air Lines originated with group of retirees who started a campaign in 1990 to find one of Delta's original five purchased-new Douglas DC-3s from the early 1940s. After some searching, the employees found Delta Ship 41, Delta's second DC-3 to carry passengers, in Puerto Rico performing cargo services. The group bought the plane from the cargo airline and flew Ship 41 home to Atlanta. The aircraft restoration project combined with efforts to consolidate historic collections from around the Delta headquarters led to the formation of a non-profit museum, named the Delta Air Transport Heritage Museum, Inc.

From 1995 to October 8, 1999, Ship 41 was painstakingly restored by active and retired Delta employees and volunteers to its exact original configuration and appearance when it was first delivered to Delta on January 4, 1941. Delta Ship 41 is by far one of the most faithfully restored passenger transport DC-3s in the world, evidenced by the fact that in 2001, it was the first aircraft to be presented with an award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Delta Ship 41 is the only remaining Delta passenger Douglas DC-3 left in existence. Delta Air Lines is the only major air carrier known to still possess its first new passenger carrying DC-3.

On May 23, 1995, the Delta Air Transport Heritage Museum was incorporated under Georgia law as an independent nonprofit corporation, organized exclusively for public charitable uses and purposes and qualified under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Historic Hangar 1

In the Propeller Era (Hangar One) is the Monroe Cafe, a full-scale replica of Delta's former Monroe, Louisiana headquarters. It served as Delta's headquarters from 1928 to 1941, when headquarters were moved to Atlanta. Hangar One also houses several of the museum's restored aircraft, which include:

 * Delta Ship 41, one of Delta's first iconic DC-3 aircraft.
 * A 1931 Travel Air 6000, symbolizing the airline's first passenger aircraft.
 * A Huff-Daland Duster biplane replica, representing the first aircraft operated by Delta's predecessor.
 * A 1936 Stinson Reliant SE. Nicknamed the "Gull Wing", this unique aircraft served as an instrument trainer for Northeast Airlines pilots in 1941–1942.
 * Northwest Airlines Waco 125. The only aircraft of its kind remaining. Rare version of Waco 10 biplane built with Siemens-Halske SH-12 engine.

Historic Hangar 2
The Jet Era (Hangar Two) showcases Boeing 767 Delta Ship 102 (N102DA), The Spirit of Delta. Acquired in 1982, it was the company's first Boeing 767-200. It was paid for "by voluntary contributions from employees, retirees and Delta's community partners." The effort, called Project 767, was led by three Delta flight attendants to show the employees' appreciation to Delta for "solid management and strong leadership during the first years following airline deregulation." The aircraft was repainted in a commemorative paint scheme and toured the country to celebrate the airline's 75th anniversary in 2004. The airplane remained the flagship of the Delta fleet until March 2006 (it was later replaced with a Boeing 777-200LR named The Delta Spirit). The aircraft arrived at the museum on March 3, 2006, after a farewell tour around the United States. Additional exhibit items in Hangar 2 include the forward fuselage of the prototype Lockheed L-1011 (formerly home to the museum store), the cockpit section of a Convair 880, the tail section of a Douglas DC-9, and a Boeing 737 flight simulator that formerly trained Delta pilots and now available for a one-hour flight experience.

Outdoor collection
The museum's collection includes three other aircraft which are parked outdoors around the edges of the museum parking lot: a Boeing 757-200 painted in the 1980s livery, registered N608DA (ship no. 608, manufactured in 1985), a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50 registered N675MC (ship no. 9880, built in 1975), and first ever Boeing 747-400 produced for passenger transport, registered N661US (ship no. 6301).

Delta Ship 6301 and the 747 Experience

The most significant aircraft in the outdoor collection is Delta Ship 6301 (N661US), the first production Boeing 747-400. Originally used for flight testing by Boeing as N401PW, N661US was delivered to Northwest Airlines on December 8, 1989.

On October 9, 2002, N661US was operating as Northwest Flight 85 when it had to make an emergency landing in Anchorage while on its way to Tokyo from Detroit for a rudder malfunction.

When Northwest merged with Delta in 2009, N661US became Delta Ship 6301 and continued passenger operations for Delta until it was retired on September 9, 2015, having logged more than 61 million miles of flight over its lifetime.

The following April, the jumbo jet was moved across two streets from a parking spot on the tarmac at Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport to its permanent home in the museum parking lot.

Delta employees conducted a funding campaign called "The Airloom Project" with the aim of converting Ship 6301 and the parking lot surrounding it into an outdoor exhibit similar to The Spirit of Delta inside. Much as in the Spirit of Delta, museum visitors enter the 747-400 via stairs and an elevator, proceed through the intact first class cabin, then through the economy section, part of which has been converted into an exhibition space, where the aft pressure bulkhead is visible. Visitors are also able to walk on a walkway that runs over part of the wing, protected by railings. In addition, the cargo hold has been emptied and the cabin ceiling removed so that visitors can look down from the upper deck through the lower deck and cargo hold to see the entirety of the aircraft's massive cross-section.

Collections, exhibitions, and facilities

The museum's collections and facilities include:
 * The Spirit of Delta, Delta's first Boeing 767-200, which was bought by employees, retirees, and friends and was donated to Delta in 1982. The rear segment of the aircraft has been converted into exhibition space and houses two exhibitions, while the cockpit, galley, and first class section remain intact.
 * "Ship 41," the first Douglas DC-3 to carry Delta passengers, which was restored by volunteers and a core mechanic team from 1993 to 1999, after being found in Puerto Rico flying for Air Puerto Rico. In 2001, Ship 41 became the first aircraft to be presented an award by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
 * A 1931 Travel Air, representing Delta's first passenger aircraft.
 * A 1936 Stinson Reliant SE. Nicknamed the "Gull Wing", this unique aircraft served as an instrument trainer for Northeast Airlines pilots in 1941–1942.
 * Professionally-managed archives of records and artifacts related to Delta and its related airlines.
 * An aviation reference library.
 * Various temporary exhibits.
 * A 1975 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50, N675MC. At the time of its retirement in 2013, it was the oldest aircraft in the Delta fleet.
 * Replica of the first Delta station in Monroe, Louisiana.
 * The forward fuselage of the first Lockheed L-1011 TriStar built. Delta at one time operated almost 60 of the type, although the museum's example was not among them.
 * Delta Ship 6301 (N661US). Retired on September 9, 2015, after serving since December 8, 1989 with Northwest Airlines, this aircraft was the first Boeing 747-400 ever built, as well as the prototype aircraft. It was the plane that was involved in an incident in 2002, operating as Northwest Airlines Flight 85.
 * A 1985 Boeing 757-200, N608DA.
 * A 1957 built Douglas DC-7B (N4887C).

title: Delta Flight Museum


text:
Dump (Unix)

The  command is a program on Unix and Unix-like operating systems used to back up file systems. It operates on blocks, below filesystem abstractions such as files and directories. Dump can back up a file system to a tape or another disk. It is often used across a network by piping its output through bzip2 then SSH.

A  utility first appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. A  command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.

Usage
dump [-0123456789acLnSu] [-B records] [-b blocksize] [-C cachesize] [-D dumpdates] [-d density] [-f file | -P pipecommand] [-h level] [-s feet] [-T date] filesystem

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dump (Unix)


text:
Singaporean response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake

In the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake on 8 October in the Pakistan-administered region of Kashmir, several rescue and relief operations have been organised in Singapore to assist victims of the disaster.

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong wrote letters of condolence to both Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf. In his letter to Musharraf, Lee said he was deeply saddened to hear of the earthquake in South Asia, which has caused devastation and heavy loss of life in Pakistan.

In his letter to Dr. Manmohan Singh, Lee said he was deeply saddened by the loss of life in Kashmir as a result of the earthquake. He said: "On behalf of the Government and people of Singapore, I would like to convey our condolences and deepest sympathies to you and to the families of the victims." He added that India demonstrated resilience and resolve in the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and he was confident that it would once again respond decisively to this challenge.

Disaster rescue team
The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) was dispatching a 44-member Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (DART) to help Pakistan's relief and rescue operations. They brought along three search-and-rescue dogs to assist in looking for survivors buried under the earthquake rubble. Two C-130 Hercules aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force were used to transport the team to Pakistan.

As of 16 October, the SCDF team, called the Lion Heart, have treated 204 patients since its arrival at Muzaffarabad and other outskirt towns. Other international teams that were still operating in Muzaffarabad at that time were from Turkey, North Cyprus and Malaysia.

Relief and medical teams
Singapore also sent two medical and relief teams to the disaster site.

A six-member team of relief workers from Mercy Relief and the Singapore General Hospital was sent to Pakistan to help the victims. Stationed at a partially damaged hospital in Muzaffarabad, the team brought with them food and medical supplies, as well as items like tents and blankets, which the Pakistani relief workers have identified as essential items. In the two weeks deployment, the team has treated about 7,000 patients.

The Singapore Red Cross sent a four-member medical teams composed of two doctors and two nurses to Pakistan to provide emergency medical relief assistance. They were working with the disaster response team from Pakistan's Red Crescent and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent in Islamabad.

Community relief effort
Various community groups have rallied and organised the collection of donation and relief supplies, including effort by the 4,000 strong Pakistani community in Singapore. The Singapore Pakistan Association has set up four centres across the country to help collect relief supplies. The needed relief supplies are shelter items like tents and plastic sheets, blankets and mattresses, food items like high energy biscuits and pre-cooked halal tinned food. Also needed are medicines like antibiotics, typhoid medication, fracture related and first aid kits, surgical instruments and water purification tablets.

The Pakistani High Commission in Singapore is coordinating these effort and providing information to the public about the disaster and the relief operation. The High Commission is also accepting donations made out to the "Presidents' Relief Fund for Earthquake Victims - 2005." As of 26 October, this joint fundraising effort has collected S$700,000.

The Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS) launched a public appeal and organised a special fund-raising in aid of the affected victims. Donation boxes marked "Humanitarian Aid to Earthquake Victims in Pakistan, India & Afghanistan" were placed at all its 68 mosques. As of 20 October 2005,. MUIS has collected S$155,000 in its fund-raising.

The Singapore Red Cross made a public appeal in helping to raise funds for the victims of the earthquake, accepting cheques made out to the "Singapore Red Cross Society" with "Asian Earthquake" marked at the back of it.


text:
Category:Chaotic maps

This category includes examples of dynamical systems that are ergodic, mixing, or otherwise exhibit chaotic behavior.

title: Category:Chaotic maps


text: File:LaliPuna-FakingtheBooks.jpg

title: File:LaliPuna-FakingtheBooks.jpg


text:
John Moschitta Jr.

John Moschitta Jr. (born August 6, 1954), also known as "Motormouth" John Moschitta and The Fast-Talking Guy, is an American actor, singer and spokesman. He is best known for his rapid speech delivery. He appeared in over 100 commercials as "The Micro Machines Man" and in a 1981 ad for FedEx. He provided the voice for Blurr in The Transformers: The Movie (1986), The Transformers (1986–1987), Transformers: Animated (2008–2009) and two direct-to-video films.

Moschitta had been credited in The Guinness Book of World Records as the World's Fastest Talker, with the ability to articulate 586 words per minute. His record was broken in 1990 by Steve Woodmore, who spoke 637 words per minute and then by Sean Shannon, who spoke 655 words per minute on August 30, 1995. However, Moschitta questions the legitimacy of those who claim to be faster than he is.

FedEx commercial
In 1981, Moschitta appeared on the ABC TV series That's Incredible!, where he recited the lyrics from "Ya Got Trouble" from The Music Man. The appearance led to many other television offers, such as The Tonight Show and the Merv Griffin Show. Also, after seeing the show, Patrick Kelly and Michael Tesch, employees of the Ally & Gargano ad agency, hired Moschitta to appear in a FedEx commercial; the package-delivery company was then still known by its original name, Federal Express. In the ad, "Fast Paced World", directed by Joe Sedelmaier, Moschitta played a fast-talking executive named Jim Spleen. The commercial garnered six Clio Awards, including Best Performance–Male award for Moschitta and earned him the nickname "Motormouth". Turn-of-the-century polls named it the Most Effective Campaign in the History of Advertising and named Moschitta the Most Effective Spokesperson. The 40th-anniversary issue of New York Magazine (October 6, 2008) listed it as number one in "The Most Memorable Advertisements Madison Avenue Ever Sold." Advertising Age ranked the ad number 11 among its "Top 100 Campaigns" in March 1999. According to Moschitta, he did 29 flawless takes of the final scene of the commercial, prompting the director to remark that he is "like a machine" who never makes mistakes. In response, Moschitta deliberately fumbled on a line, which was ultimately the take that was used in the final cut.

Other television work
He was a contestant on Pyramid in the 1970s and then was a production assistant on Pyramid producer Bob Stewart's game show Shoot for the Stars in 1977 and later played two weeks of Pyramid as a celebrity, one in 1983 and one in 1988.

In addition to his commercials for Federal Express, Moschitta completed over 750 television and radio commercials, including national campaigns for Minute Rice, Quality Inn, Northwest Airlines, Olympus Camera, Mattel, Post Cereals, Tiger Games, Continental Airlines, Burger King, ABC, NBC, CBS, PBS, HBO, Micro Machines, and JetBlue. The "Great Cable Comparison" spot for HBO, in which he played a dozen characters, earned him his second Clio recognition and a Silver Medal from the International Film and Television Festival of New York (1985). In 1996, Moschitta was honored by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (the Emmy organization) for his contribution to outstanding commercials.

Moschitta also appeared in a number of movies and television shows. For example, he voiced the character of Blurr in The Transformers: The Movie, and reprised the character on Transformers Animated.

Moschitta has been an announcer on two television game shows: Hollywood Squares and Balderdash.

In 2016, Moschitta appeared on an episode of Superhuman on FOX as a part of the challenge "Fast Car" in which he rapidly explained the various prices of three different vehicles to mental calculator Mike Byster, who had to calculate the sticker prices of each one correctly. The episode aired on June 26, 2017.

Audio recordings
In 1986, Moschitta recorded a spoken-word album entitled Ten Classics in Ten Minutes. In this recording, Moschitta summarizes ten classic literary tales in one minute each. The collection includes stories such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick; William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet; F Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby; Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind; and John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. Soon after, the team produced a second recording, Professor John Moschitta's Ten-Minute University. In it, Moschitta delivered 60-second lectures on various subjects such as comparative literature, physics, economics, psychology, and football. Both were originally released on audio cassette in the 1980s; they were released on CD in 2004, with accompanying books.

Film

 * Young Doctors in Love (1982) — Complaining man
 * Starchaser: The Legend of Orin (1985) — Z'Gork (voice)
 * The Transformers: The Movie (1986) — Blurr (voice)
 * Going Under (1990) — Defense Contractor (as John Moschitta)
 * Dick Tracy (1990) — Radio Announcer
 * Blankman (1994) — Mr. Crudd
 * John Bronco (2020) — Himself

Television

 * Nickel Flicks (1979) — Host
 * Madame's Place (1982) — Larry Lunch
 * Matt Houston (1983) — Myron Chase
 * The Transformers (1986–1987) — Punch / Blurr / Blowpipe (voice) (as John Moschitta)
 * Sesame Street (1989) — Porter Pepper of Peter Piper "P" Products, a new baby with names from the alphabet
 * Saved by the Bell (1989) — George Testaverde
 * Mathnet (1991) — Johnny Dollar
 * Garfield and Friends (1992) — Super Sonic Seymour (voice)
 * Pinky and the Brain (1997) — Kurt Sackett (voice)
 * Hollywood Squares (2003–2004) — Announcer
 * Balderdash (2004–2005) — Announcer
 * Robot Chicken (2007–2012) — Elrond, Azmuth, auctioneer, NASA crew member, hostage, Micro Machines Man, Trap-Jaw (voice)
 * Transformers: Animated (2008–2009) — Blurr (voice)
 * Family Guy episode: "Fox-y Lady" (2009) - FedEx Guy (voice)
 * Adventure Time (2010) — Key-per (voice)
 * Oddities (2013) — Himself

title: John Moschitta Jr.


text:
Dennis Firestone

Dennis Firestone (born 22 July 1944 in Townsville, Australia) is a former CART driver who raced from 1979 to 1987. He was the 1980 CART Rookie of the Year in finishing 12th in season points, his best season. His best finish in a CART race was a pair of 5th places that season. He made five starts at the Indianapolis 500 with a best finish of 10th in 1981. An accident at Indianapolis in 1987 resulted in a broken neck and ended his racing career. Since his driving days, he has run a California trucking company, and participates in vintage racing events.

American Super Vee Championship

 * 1978 – 17th
 * 1979 – 9th
 * 1980 – 16th

USAC Gold Crown Championship

 * 1981–82 – 24th
 * 1983–84 – 15th

PPG Indycar Series
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

 * ''1 Wrecked after qualifying

Indy 500 results

 * Firestone qualified for the 1986 race, but was forced to withdraw from the field after a serious crash totalled the car during the final Carburetion Day practice.

title: Dennis Firestone


text:
Rachel Field

Rachel Lyman Field (September 19, 1894 – March 15, 1942) was an American novelist, poet, and children's fiction writer. She is best known for her work Hitty, Her First Hundred Years. Field also won a National Book Award, Newbery Honor award and two of her books are on the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list.

Life
Field was a descendant of David Dudley Field, the early New England clergyman and writer. She grew up in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Her first published work was an essay entitled "A Winter Walk" printed in St. Nicholas Magazine when she was 16. She was educated at Radcliffe College where she studied writing under George Pierce Baker.

According to Ruth Hill Viguers, Field was "fifteen when she first visited Maine and fell under the spell of its 'island-scattered coast'. Calico Bush [1931] still stands out as a near-perfect re-creation of people and place in a story of courage, understated and beautiful."

Field married Arthur S. Pederson in 1935, with whom she collaborated in 1937 on To See Ourselves. In 1938, one of her plays was adapted for the British film The Londonderry Air. She was also successful as an author of adult fiction, writing the bestsellers Time Out of Mind (1935), All This and Heaven Too (1938), and And Now Tomorrow (1942). Field also wrote the English lyrics for the version of Franz Schubert's "Ave Maria" used in the Disney film Fantasia (1940).

She moved to Hollywood, where she lived with her husband and daughter.

Rachel Field died at the Good Samaritan Hospital on March 15, 1942, of pneumonia following an operation.

Awards
Hitty, Her First Hundred Years received the Newbery Award in 1930, for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children." As a publicity stunt, Field was informed of her win via radio by a group of librarians and ALA President Milton J. Ferguson who were flying in a second plane as Field flew from New Mexico to Los Angeles.

The 1944 (posthumous) Prayer for a Child, with a story by Field and illustrations by Elizabeth Orton Jones, won the Caldecott Medal recognizing the year's "most distinguished picture book for children" published in the U.S.

Hitty and Prayer for a Child were both named to the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list of books deemed to belong "on the same bookshelf" with Carroll's Alice. Prayer for a Child was one of the seventeen inaugural selections in 1958, which were originally published 1893 to 1957. Hitty was added in 1961.

Time Out of Mind won one of the inaugural National Book Awards as the Most Distinguished Novel of 1935, voted by the American Booksellers Association.

Adaptation of works into other media
The novel And Now Tomorrow (1942) was adapted into the 1944 film And Now Tomorrow by Irving Pichel.

Prayer for a Child (1944) was the lyrics for the song A Child's Prayer (1955), which was written for three-part chorus of women's voices with piano accompaniment. The music was by Gustav Klemm and the arrangement was by Rudolph Schirmer. As mentioned in this article, Field had written the lyrics for one of the songs in the 1940 film Fantasia.

Selected workss

 * 1924, The Pointed People, poetry
 * 1924, Cinderella Married, A Comedy in One Act, drama
 * 1924, Six Plays, drama
 * 1926, Taxis and Toadstools, poetry
 * 1926, Eliza and the Elves, fiction
 * 1926, An Alphabet for Boys and Girls, poetry
 * 1927, The Magic Pawnshop, fiction
 * 1927, The Cross-Stitch Heart And Other One-Act Plays, drama
 * 1928, Little Dog Toby, fiction
 * 1929, Hitty, Her First Hundred Years, fiction—winner of the 1930 Newbery Medal
 * 1930, A Circus Garland: Poems, poetry
 * 1931, Calico Bush, fiction
 * 1931, The Bad Penny: A Drama in One Act, drama
 * 1932, Hepatica Hawks, fiction (translated into German by Annemarie Böll "Die Tochter des Riesen")
 * 1933, Just Across The Street, fiction
 * 1934, Branches Green, poetry (including "Something Told the Wild Geese" )
 * 1934, Susanna B And William C, fiction
 * 1934, God's Pocket, historical non-fiction
 * 1935, Time Out Of Mind, fiction
 * 1936, Fear Is the Thorn, poetry
 * 1936, First Class Matter: A Comedy in One Act, drama
 * 1937, To See Ourselves, by Field and her husband Arthur Pederson, fiction
 * 1938, All This and Heaven Too, based on the true story of Field's great-aunt, Henriette Deluzy-Desportes, and made into a movie, All This, and Heaven Too, in 1940.
 * 1938(?), The Londonderry Air, drama; produced as a film, The Londonderry Air (1938)
 * 1940(?), "Ave Maria" lyrics for the film Fantasia (1940)
 * 1940, All Through the Night, nativity story
 * 1942, And Now Tomorrow, fiction
 * 1944, Prayer for a Child, fiction, picture book illustrated by Elizabeth Orton Jones—winner of the 1945 Caldecott Medal

title: Rachel Field


text: Category:Airports in Guangdong

title: Category:Airports in Guangdong


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Monkey controls a robotic arm

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirect to Brain-computer interface as content was merged there during the course of this debate. Rx StrangeLove 04:40, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Monkey controls a robotic arm
Not an encyclopedic article. Delete, maybe transwiki to WikiNews (but its's rather old news). --Pjacobi 17:45, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - move content to BCI or wikinews. — Omegatron 18:25, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Brain-computer interface. I believe the GDFL requires that if content is moved a redirect be created to preserve the history--correct me if I'm wrong. Chick Bowen 18:36, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per User:Chick Bowen. As to preserving the history, if the content page is renamed but no merge is made, the redirect made can be deleted as the history is moved to the new page. However, if the content is merged, either a redirect must be kept or the page history (but not the contributions themselves) must be copied to the new page's talk page as is often done through the Interwiki process. Andrew pmk | Talk 19:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * GFDL issues: The contributors of the merged-in article must be mentioned in the edit summary of the merges. Createion of a redirect is optional and no substitute for naming the contributors. Anyway, Monkey controls a robotic arm has only one contributor and that one was anonymous. Anonymous contributors can be named summarily. --Pjacobi 19:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Strongly disagree with deletion As far as I know, the article about the monkey controlling the robot was downloaded by far much more than any other article published in PLoS Biology. Thus, it contributed significantly to the journal's acceptance and popularity not to mention the impact on the brain-computer interface field. Instead of deleting articles from this list, I would suggest adding more.  This way, the scope and impact of PLoS Biology will be more clear.  (Unsigned comment by 24.163.65.156 - CB)
 * The content is useful, 24.163; that's why I proposed a merge rather than delete. Articles are generally not written on single experiments unless they're, say, the oil-drop experiment. Chick Bowen 01:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and keep redirect The phrase is a little unwieldy, but I knew exactly which experiment it meant, so it is a possible search term. Xoloz 03:03, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep: I agree with 24.163.65.156, this is a very famous study that not only impacted and sparked major research into a new field but also highly impacted the success and respectibility of the PLoS journals. I do not feel User:Chick Bowen appropriately addressed 24.163.65.156's comments. There are plenty of articles written about specific experiments, but few experiments have so impacted a specific journal such as this one. The article needs to be renamed, and more about its PLoS impacts need to be added. semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 04:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * EVERYTHING IS FIXED: I've blended the article with Brain-computer interface (please check how it looks now) and changed the reference from the PLoS Biology page. Hopefully this will be satisfactory.  Please delete Monkey controls a robotic arm.  I do not know how to execute deletion. (Unsigned comment by 24.163.65.156 — CB)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:ZackStone

Intro
Regular wikipedia reader that comes across a typo here and there. This way I can keep track of my changes.

A strange thing, I had an account previously, which seems to have been deleted. Yet, I didn't think wikipedia had a policy of removing user accounts.

ZackStone 17:47, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ZackStone


text:
File:The Pioneer Medal.JPG

Summary
Created using Paintbrush!

title: File:The Pioneer Medal.JPG


text:
Phrataphernes

Phrataphernes (Median: Fratafarnah, Φραταφέρνης; lived 4th century BC) was a Persian who held the government of Parthia and Hyrcania, under the king Darius III Codomannus, and joined that monarch with the contingents from the provinces subject to his rule, shortly before the battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. He afterwards accompanied the king on his flight into Hyrcania.

Service with Alexander the Great
After the death of Darius, Phrataphernes surrendered voluntarily to Alexander the Great, by whom he was kindly received, and appears to have been shortly after reinstated in his satrapy. At least he is termed by Arrian satrap of Parthia, during the advance of Alexander against Bessus, when he was detached by the king, together with Erigyius and Caranus to crush the revolt of Satibarzanes, in Aria (329 BC). He rejoined the king at Zariaspa in 328 BC. The next winter (328–327 BC), during the stay of Alexander at Nautaca, Phrataphernes was again despatched to reduce the disobedient satrap of the Mardi and Tapuri, Autophradates, a service which he successfully performed, and brought the rebel as a captive to the king, by whom he was subsequently put to death. He rejoined Alexander in India, shortly after the defeat of Porus, but he seems to have again returned to his satrapy, from whence we find him sending his son Pharasmanes with a large train of camels and beasts of burden, laden with provisions for the supply of the army during the toilsome march through Gedrosia.

From this time we hear no more of him until after the death of Alexander (323 BC). In the first division of the provinces consequent on that event, the Partition of Babylon (323 BC), he retained his government, but it is probable that he died prior to the second partition at Triparadisus (321 BC), as on that occasion we find the satrapy of Parthia bestowed on Philip, who had been previously governor of Sogdiana.

title: Phrataphernes


text:
User:ZackStone

Don't know what should go here. Talk to me!

Actually, what I meant was, if you'd like to know something. Ask!

ZackStone 17:50, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:ZackStone


text:
User talk:King Benjamin II

Hi! I am a french user for your project. If you talk to me, you can find me here!

title: User talk:King Benjamin II


text:
User talk:Bullpup

'''please leave me a(n additional) note on my german discussion page, which I will look at more often. my german talk page''' --Bullpup 17:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bullpup


text: Category:Government of Georgia (country)


text:
Talk:Stanley (vehicle)

VaMP (1995) vs Stanley & Sandstorm & H1ghlander & TerraMax & Kat-5 (2005)
Five cars finished the course of the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge: Stanley & Sandstorm & H1ghlander & TerraMax & Kat-5. It is interesting to compare them to the earlier VaMP robot car of Mercedes-Benz and Ernst Dickmanns. My sources are mostly Wikipedia and the rest of the web. In 2005, the DARPA cars drove 212 km without human intervention. In 1995, the VaMP drove up to 158 km without human intervention. The DARPA cars drove on a dirt road flattened by a steamroller. The VaMP drove on the Autobahn. In both cases the road boundaries were easily identifiable by computer vision. Like many commercial cars, the DARPA cars used GPS navigation, essentially driving from one waypoint to the next (almost 3000 waypoints for the entire course, several waypoints per curve). Like humans, the VaMP drove by vision only. The DARPA cars reached speeds up to 40 km/h. The VaMP reached speeds up to 180 km/h. So the VaMP was more than four times faster although its computer processors apparently were 1000 times slower. The DARPA cars did not encounter any traffic but a few stationary obstacles. The VaMP drove in traffic around moving obstacles, passing other cars. Interestingly, the 2007 Urban Grand Challenge is trying to repeat something the VaMP was already able to do 12 years ago. Willingandable 17:42, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

I edited the VaMP section to add citations and to hopefully make the view point neutral. I'm going to chase down the section in the other vehicles' pages, to make them all match. I would say there is significant difference between the VaMP and the 2007 Urban Grand Challenge. Namely, the VaMP attempted to drive like a human, and cost. DARPA vehicles appear to be somewhat less expensive to make, and rely on combinations of huge amounts of raw data to drive like, well, a robot with a somewhat military goal (since that is what the overall goal of the technology sponsored by DARPA is). Kivaan 20:56, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Too much copied from other sources?
Anyone else notice that the wording for some of the equipment-related parts comes from http://cs.stanford.edu/group/roadrunner/technology.html? Raazer 13:32, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Hype
This site links to a rather biased WIRED article, and in the Stanford AI lab home page I just found this announcement of another one: "Dec 29, 2005: Stanford built three of the top ten robots ever! According to a recent evaluation by Wired Magazine, three of Stanford's robots were among the top ten robots ever: Stanley (Number 1), Shakey (Number 5), and the Stanford Cart (Number 10). Wired Magazine polled numerous experts to determine the 50 Best Robots Ever. Check it out!"

The problem is, of course, that WIRED is based in San Francisco and has strong ties to Stanford. Local patriotism may be fun, but few if any unbiased roboticists would agree with that list.

So what kind of "experts" did they poll? Maybe cartoonists, since Number 2 is a fictional Japanese comic strip robot. The other cars that finished shortly after Stanley are not even mentioned...

Probably the list is not meant to be taken seriously. Any serious list would be dominated by real Japanese robots (and would not even mention fictional ones), since Japan dominates robotics research and has 40 percent of the world's robots, including many of the most expensive and sophisticated and famous ones. I don't think any mere car would rank among the top 5. But don't expect WIRED to publish such a list!

Nevertheless, Wikipedia articles such as this one might want to link to a bit more objective sources.

De-Hyping Stan 17:11, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Chicken and Eagle
How much of a challenge was the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge? The course was precisely layed out by numerous waypoints. No sophisticated planning procedure was necessary. Four separate teams managed to finish the course in time. This seems to suggest that the task was not that hard. In fact, several days before the race the Stanley team leader announced that this time with very high probability there would be a winner, thus confirming the general feelings of other experts. Afterwards, however, he fueled the hype by claiming, rather inconsistently: "The impossible has been achieved!" According to the questionable Wired magazine article he then compared himself to Charles Lindbergh, the first guy to fly across the Atlantic non-stop. No joke! When I read this I couldn't help thinking of the chicken claiming "I'm an eagle." I am still waiting for the confetti parade :-) De-Hyping Stan 19:45, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Just so that we're clear on his "comparison" of himself to Charles Lindbergh, here's the actual quote from the WIRED article: "Some people refer to us as the Wright brothers," he says, holding up his champagne. "But I prefer to think of us as Charles Lindbergh, because he was better-looking." TNeloms 06:05, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Apparently the guy who made this inappropriate comparison with the Wright brothers was Tony Tether himself, the organizer of the race, and also ex-Stanford. To summarize: Tether is from Stanford, the Stanley team is from Stanford, Wired magazine is sitting next to Stanford ... it really looks like a bunch of Stanford people hyping each other. Truecobb 21:04, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Hard But Not Prohibitively Difficult
For events like these, we will never be able to tell how hard it really was. How hard was it to beat the human chess champion with a computer? And how hard wss it in hindsight??? People who participated (like myself) know that this was a difficult race, but not prohibitively difficult. That's why hundreds of people decided to work on this challenge. The fact that five teams finished is a major accomplishment for the field of robotics, especially given the 2004 results.

I suggest that rather than discussing individual articles about the race, we should really focus on how to turn these accomplishments into technology that can benefit us all, such as safer cars. It'll be a long way to go.

And for those who think the race was a piece of cake, feel encouraged to participate in the next Grand Challenge. This will be your opportunity to show to the world how easy this all is.

How Hard?
Above someone wrote: "The fact that five teams finished is a major accomplishment for the field of robotics, especially given the 2004 results." IMHO this statement is not extremely convincing. What does it tell us about the difficulty of the course when so many teams managed to finish in time, including an insurance company without any prior experience in robotics? And how impressive are the Grand challenge results to those who know what the fast robot cars of Ernst Dickmanns achieved 10 years ago (long distance trips in traffic at up to 110 mph)? ERDI 18:58, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

"boot" -> "trunk"
This was an American contest with an American car built by Germans, won by an American team from an American university. There is no reason to use the British word for the storage area in the back of a car. --76.208.22.50 04:12, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Pronouns
Has Stanley ever been referred to as a "he" and not "it"? Even though the car really doesn't have a gender, "Stanley" is a male name. dogman15 (talk) 21:11, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Information on how Stanley was built
I put together an article on how we built Stanley here: http://knol.google.com/k/cedric-dupont/building-stanley/QVKExjdp/J7jVSQ. I don't think I should include this content in the main page since this would be shameless self-promotion, but if someone is interested in the background story (and I figure some people monitoring this page might) check it out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.210.234.193 (talk) 05:16, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Location
I was just at the Smithsonian, Stanley is back there, so I'm changing the page to reflect this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Telepheedian (talk • contribs) 20:28, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Stanley (vehicle). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071109221004/http://www.popsci.com/popsci/darpachallenge/2e1822e204bd6010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html to http://www.popsci.com/popsci/darpachallenge/2e1822e204bd6010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:47, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stanley (vehicle)


text:
User:Max81

Contact
My personal website

fr:Utilisateur:Max81

title: User:Max81


text:
Talk:SNK

Neo Geo Pocket Color
It was released in Europe, at least in Spain. I remember having in my hands an NGPC bought in Spain; in the package you could read the address of the European SNK headquarters. So the information about it being released ONLY in Japan and Hong Kong is inaccurate. I don't have an account here so it'd be better if a registered user changed it. ~ Segata128 23:51, 10 March 2006 (GMT)

Thats me ^ again. Here and here it says that it was marketed in the US (Wal-Mart, Toys'R'us) and Europe, so I will add the information to the main article.

Ref ideas
SNK origins.Tintor2 (talk) 15:11, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Some galaxy brain tagged it as a "defunct company" in wikdata, can't be changed
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073880 --SNAAAAKE!! (talk) 08:45, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Namcokid47 (talk) 19:11, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:SNK


text:
Lee Cornes

Lee Cornes is an English television actor and writer born in Worcester.

A stand up comedian since 1980, he was a regular compere at London's Comedy Store throughout the 1980s and won best Stand Up Comedian at the Charrington London Fringe Awards in 1987.

Cornes appeared in three series of Blackadder, in two episodes of The Young Ones and as barman 'Dick Head' in the TV show Bottom. He made an appearance in the first episode of Filthy, Rich & Catflap as a binman. Appeared in the Comic Strip episode "Slags". Appearances on Saturday Night Live. Cornes also starred in children's drama Grange Hill as Mr. Jeff Hankin (1990–2002); provided voices for characters in the children's television series TUGS, and featured in the Doctor Who story "Kinda" as the Trickster (1982). He appeared in Red Dwarf as Paranoia in the series one episode "Confidence and Paranoia". He also appeared several times in the BBC Scotland sitcom Rab C. Nesbitt, once as a DSS Clerk and again as a barman in a Highland pub.

He played a major role as the harassed talent agent Dickie Valentino in the 1994 partially-improvised comedy film There's No Business..., alongside comedy duos Raw Sex (Simon Brint and Rowland Rivron) and The Oblivion Boys (Stephen Frost and Mark Arden).

He appeared in the 2002 S Club Juniors video "One Step Closer." In November 2010 he appeared as Dave in Episode 6 of E4 comedy Phoneshop. He appeared as the Tooting Flasher in Matt Berry's Toast of London pilot. Appeared in Hustle. Also appearances in French and Saunders, The Lenny Henry Show, The Detectives, After You've Gone, and My Family.

Stage appearances include Ken Campbell's The Warp at the Liverpool Everyman, several roles at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond. Figaro at The Watford Palace Theatre, as well as pantomime roles. Co-writer and performer The WOW Show at the Wyndham's Theatre. He toured Britain with Neal from the Young Ones.

Cornes was one of the lead writers for Mr Bean, The Animated Series, and a writer on Cavegirl and Channel 4's Gophers!. He was a co-writer of Channel 4's animation series The Bird, and writer/storyliner on What's Up Doc?, a writer and performer on Thames TV's After Hours and joint writer on two series of The WOW Show on Radio 4. He has appeared in various children's television shows such as My Parents are Aliens, Bear Behaving Badly, Jackanory.

In a 2010 interview in The Times, Cornes was cited as one of fellow comedian Sean Lock's biggest comedic influences. Lock said: "He’s not very well known but he is my main influence — he used to compere at the Comedy Store. He’s the comedians’ comedian. He used to be very unpredictable, which is a great skill in a comedian, not knowing where to go next. He also used to play the physics teacher in Grange Hill."

title: Lee Cornes


text:
All Hits

All Hits is the first greatest hits album by All Saints released in 2001 following the group's split. It also features a song by Melanie Blatt and Artful Dodger called "TwentyFourSeven".

title: All Hits


text:
Green parakeet

The green parakeet (Psittacara holochlorus), green conure or Mexican green conure is a New World parrot. As defined by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), it is native to Mexico and southern Texas in the Rio Grande Valley. (but see the Taxonomy section for more).

Taxonomy and systematics
The green parakeet was for a time placed in the genus Aratinga as A. holochlora but from about 2013 has been in its present genus Psittacara. Its taxonomy is otherwise unsettled. The IOC assigns it two subspecies, the nominate P. h. holochlorus (Sclater, PL, 1859) and P. h. brewsteri (Nelson, 1928). The American Ornithological Society (AOS) and the Clements taxonomy add P. h. rubritorquis (Sclater, PL, 1887), which the IOC treats as a separate species, the red-throated parakeet. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World accepts rubritorquis as a species but includes P. h. brevipes (Lawrence, 1871) and P. h. strenuus (Ridgway, 1915) as subspecies of the green parakeet. The IOC, AOS, and Clements treat those two taxa as separate species, the Socorro parakeet and Pacific parakeet respectively.

This article follows the IOC two-subspecies model.

Description
The green parakeet is 28 to 30.5 cm long and weighs about 230 g. The sexes are alike. Adults of both subspecies are generally green that is paler and yellower on their underparts. Their cheeks and throat have variable amounts of red speckles. Their underwing coverts are yellowish green and the undersides of their flight feathers and tail are olive-yellow. Their iris is orange-red surrounded by bare pale beige skin, their bill horn colored, and their legs and feet brownish. The subspecies P. h. brewsteri is overall somewhat darker than the nominate and has a slight glaucous cast on its head.

Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of the green parakeet is found naturally in eastern Mexico from Nuevo León and Tamaulipas south to Veracruz. The subspecies P. h. brewsteri is found in the northwestern Mexican states of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua. In the United States, the species is established in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas; that sub-population's origin is unknown but could be derived from introduced individuals or by natural dispersion. Sightings in California, Florida, and New Mexico are believed to be of escaped or released cage birds and the species is not on those states' lists.

In its native range, the green parakeet inhabits semi-open landscapes including deciduous woodland, gallery forest, and scrublands. It shuns humid lowland forest and is typically found at elevations between 500 and 2000 m. In Texas it is also found in cities and towns.

Movement
The green parakeet is non-migratory but makes local movements in response to food availability.

Feeding
The green parakeet's diet has not been fully documented but is known to include seed and fruits. It can be a crop pest.

Breeding
The green parakeet's breeding season has not been defined but appears to include at least January to April. It nests in tree cavities, caves, and cliff faces. The clutch size is four eggs. The incubation period is thought to be 23 days; the time to fledging and details of parental care are not known.

Vocalization
The green parakeet has a variety of vocalizations including "sharp squeaky notes", "loud harsh calls", and "shrill noisy chattering". Its flight call is "a rolling, harsh and high pitched screek...screek."

Status
The IUCN follows the HBW taxonomy and so includes the Socorro and Pacific parakeets in its assessment of the green parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has estimated that the combined population numbers about 200,000 mature individuals and is decreasing. No immediate threats to the Mexican population have been identified. NatureServe considers the species Vulnerable in Texas due to hunting pressure.

title: Green parakeet


text:
Rossiter–McLaughlin effect

The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect is a spectroscopic phenomenon observed when an object moves across the face of a rotating star. The star is seen to undergo a redshift anomaly caused by the obscuration of different parts of its disk.

Description
The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect is a spectroscopic phenomenon observed when either an eclipsing binary's secondary star or an extrasolar planet is seen to transit across the face of the primary or parent star.

As the main star rotates on its axis, one quadrant of its photosphere will be seen to be coming towards the viewer, and the other visible quadrant to be moving away. These motions produce blueshifts and redshifts, respectively, in the star's spectrum, usually observed as a broadening of the spectral lines. When the secondary star or planet transits the primary, it blocks part of the latter's disc, preventing some of the shifted light from reaching the observer. That causes the observed mean redshift of the primary star as a whole to vary from its normal value. As the transiting object moves across to the other side of the star's disc, the redshift anomaly will switch from being negative to being positive, or vice versa.

Retrograde motion of "hot Jupiters"
This effect has been used to show that as many as 25% of hot Jupiters are orbiting in a retrograde direction with respect to their parent stars, strongly suggesting that dynamical interactions rather than planetary migration produce these objects if no additional processes are involved.

History
J. R. Holt in 1893 proposed a method to measure the stellar rotation of stars by using radial velocity measurements. He predicted that when one star of an eclipsing binary eclipsed the other, it would first cover the advancing blueshifted half and then the receding redshifted half. That motion would create a redshift of the eclipsed star's spectrum followed by a blueshift, which would thus appear as a change in the measured radial velocity in addition to that caused by the orbital motion of the eclipsed star.

The effect is named after Richard Alfred Rossiter and Dean Benjamin McLaughlin.

title: Rossiter–McLaughlin effect


text:
Punchcutting

Punchcutting is a craft used in traditional typography to cut letter punches in steel as the first stage of making metal type. Steel punches in the shape of the letter would be used to stamp matrices into copper, which were locked into a mould shape to cast type. Cutting punches and casting type was the first step of traditional typesetting. The cutting of letter punches was a highly skilled craft requiring much patience and practice. Often the designer of the type would not be personally involved in the cutting.

The initial design for type would be two-dimensional, but a punch has depth, and the three-dimensional shape of the punch, as well as factors such as the angle and depth to which it was driven into the matrix, would affect the appearance of the type on the page. The angle of the side of the punch was particularly significant.

Process

The punchcutter begins by transferring the outline of a letter design to one end of a steel bar. The outer shape of the punch could be cut directly, but the internal curves of a small punch were particularly difficult as it was necessary to cut deep enough and straight into the metal. While this can be done with cutting tools, a counterpunch, a type of punch used in the cutting of other punches, was often used to create the negative space in or around a glyph. A counterpunch could be used to create this negative space, not just where the space was completely enclosed by the letter, but in any concavity (e.g., above and below the midbar in uppercase "H").

Of course, the counterpunch had to be harder than the punch itself. This was accomplished by annealing (softening) the punch blank, and hardening and tempering the counterpunch. Such a tool solved two issues, one technical and one aesthetic, that arose in punchcutting.

Often the same counterpunch could be used for several letters in a typeface. For example, the negative space inside an uppercase "P" and "R" is usually very similar, and with the use of a counterpunch, they could be nearly identical. Counterpunches were regularly used in this way to give typefaces a more consistent look. The counterpunch would be struck into the face of the punch. The outer form of the letter is then shaped using files.

To test the punch, the punchcutter makes an imprint on a piece of paper after coating the punch with soot from an open flame. The soot left by the flame acts like ink to create an image on the paper (a smoke proof).

Once the punches are ready a mold could then be created from the punch by using the punch on a softer metal (such as copper) to create a matrix. Then, type metal, an alloy of lead, antimony, and tin, flows into the matrix to produce a single piece of type, ready for typesetting.

One characteristic of type metal that makes it valuable for this use is that it expands as it cools (water, silicon and bismuth are other substances that expand on freezing), keeping the accurate dimensions of letters. This characteristic is shared by the bronze used to cast sculptures, but copper-based alloys generally have melting points that are too high to be convenient for typesetting.

Punched matrices were not easy to create for large fonts since it was hard to drive large punches evenly. Alternative methods such as casting type or matrices in sand, plaster or lead were used for these. From the nineteenth century, several new technologies began to appear that displaced manual punchcutting.

Punchcutters
During the early years of printing, during which the craft and tastes were rapidly evolving, printers often cut or commissioned their own punches. Many early printers entered the trade from metalworking and would therefore have had the skills to cut their own types: Johannes Gutenberg came from a metalworking background, as did Nicolas Jenson. As the sale of type evolved into a major, separate trade, punchcutting became a craft principally practiced by the owners or employees of type foundries, or sometimes specialised itinerant craftsmen.

The technique of punchcutting is similar to that used in other precision metalworking professions such as cutting dies to make coins, and many punchcutters entered the trade from these fields: for instance sixteenth-century theologian Jean de Gagny when commissioning types for his private press in the 1540s, hired Charles Chiffin, known to have previously practiced as a goldsmith. Among the most famous punchcutters, Robert Granjon began as the apprentice to a jeweller, although Claude Garamond wrote of cutting type since his childhood. Also Christoffel van Dijck was trained as a goldsmith. In the eighteenth century, William Caslon took up the craft from engraving ornamental designs on firearms and bookbinders' tools. A less common background was that of Miklós Tótfalusi Kis, who began his career as a schoolmaster before paying to learn punchcutting while in the Netherlands to print a Hungarian bible. There was apparently a drop in the number of engravers active in seventeenth-century France compared to the sixteenth, probably due to economic reasons and a saturation of the market with high-quality typefaces cut in the previous century; Pierre-Simon Fournier commented that knowledge of the technique in France degenerated after the sixteenth century to the point that "a man could hardly be found to cut the JJ consonants and UU vowels when the use of them was introduced into France".

The process of punchcutting was apparently sometimes treated as a trade secret due to its difficulty and sometimes passed on from father to son. William Caslon was an example of this, according to Nichols teaching his son his methods privately while locked in a room where nobody could watch them.

Manual punchcutting was a slow process that required expertise. It has been estimated that the work rate of experienced punchcutters was about one letter per day. Some testimony to the London Society of Arts in May 1818, which was given as part of an inquiry into developing new banknote anti-forgery precautions, illustrates this. Punchcutter Anthony Bessemer gave testimony by letter that his work rate for punches was about 12 weeks (72 days not counting Sundays) to cut a complete set of 61 punches around or less than 1 punch per day, for 4pt "diamond"-size type. His employer, Henry II Caslon of the Caslon type foundry elaborated that a font of this size "could scarcely be completed in 7 or 8 months; at present there are only 4 or 5 persons in England who can execute diamond [4pt] type, owing no doubt to the limited demand for it; and the peculiar style of each of these punch cutters is perfectly well known to persons conversant with letter founding." He estimated that a punchcutter could cut two punches of this size a day although more work would be needed to "get type from the punches".

Punchcutters did not necessarily conceive the designs they worked on. Indeed, G. Willem Ovink, a Dutch printing executive and historian of printing, noted in 1973 that he was struck by "the absolute lack of creative talent in all the most skilled punchcutters of this century" with regard to creating their own designs, although presumably many punchcutters of the past designed and conceived the work they engraved.

New technologies
New technologies displaced manual punchcutting from the mid-nineteenth century.

Electrotyping from the 1840s is a technology used to form matrices of copper by electrodeposition around engravings of a letterform. This letterform could be in any metal, so engraving increasingly began to be done by cutting a letterform in soft typemetal. This allowed an explosion in variety of typefaces, especially display typefaces that did not need to be cast so often and for which only a few matrices were needed, and allowed the regeneration (or, often, piracy) of types for which no punches or matrices were available.

Pantograph engraving is a technology where a cutting machine is controlled by hand movements and allows type to be cut from large working drawings. It was initially introduced to printing to cut wood type used for posters and headlines. In the 1880s, the typefounder Linn Boyd Benton adapted the technology to cutting very small matrices and steel punches. This gave very precise results and transferred the place of individual creativity completely away from the engraving stage towards a drawing office.

Some punchcutters did continue to hold prestige for their artisanal work into the early or mid-twentieth century. These included Edward Prince, who cut many types for Arts and Crafts movement fine printers, Charles Malin in Paris, Otto Erler in Leipzig and P. H. Rädisch at Joh. Enschedé in Haarlem, who cut the types of Jan van Krimpen. Type designer Matthew Carter, who learned punchcutting from Rädisch while at an internship at Enschedé, has added commentary to a silent film of Rädisch at work in the 1950s.

The French Imprimerie nationale was one of the few institutions to continue employing punchcutters into the twenty-first century, to demonstrate the historic technique and to fill out the character set of historic typefaces. Contemporary punchcutter Nelly Gable of the French Imprimerie Nationale is one of the few female practitioners of the art.

title: Punchcutting


text:
Sonnenallee

Sonnenallee (Sun Avenue or Sun Alley ) is a 1999 German comedy film about life in East Berlin in the late 1970s. The movie was directed by Leander Haußmann. The film was released shortly before the corresponding novel, Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee (At the Shorter End of Sonnenallee). Both the book and the screenplay were written by Thomas Brussig and while they are based on the same characters and setting, differ in storyline significantly. Both the movie and the book emphasize the importance of pop-art and in particular, pop music, for the youth of East Berlin. The Sonnenallee is an actual street in Berlin that was intersected by the border between East and West during the time of the Berlin Wall, although it bears little resemblance to the film set. Sonnenallee was broadcast in the Czech Republic under the title Eastie Boys.

Cast

 * Alexander Scheer as Michael "Micha" Ehrenreich
 * Alexander Beyer as Mario Naujoks
 * Robert Stadlober as Wuschel
 * David Mueller as Brötchen
 * Teresa Weißbach as Miriam Sommer
 * Katharina Thalbach as Doris Ehrenreich
 * Henry Hübchen as Hotte Ehrenreich
 * Elena Meißner as Sabrina
 * Detlev Buck as Sergeant (Major) Horkefeld
 * Winfried Glatzeder makes a brief cameo appearance, reprising his role as Paul from the East German film The Legend of Paul and Paula.

Plot
Michael "Micha" Ehrenreich (Scheer) is a 17-year-old growing up on Sonnenallee on the East German side of the street in Berlin in the late 1970s. Micha and his friends enjoy contraband records, cassette tapes, and other pop culture yet have little luck with the local girls. While listening to the newest tape Micha has ripped, Sergeant Major Horkefeld, the neighborhood's overzealous policeman, approaches them and confiscates the tape, but then announces he is going to make himself a copy. Micha then spies the beautiful Miriam coming out of her apartment building and we find he is madly in love with her. Shortly after, Heinz, Micha's smuggler uncle from the West, visits and harangues Micha over his intention to join the National People's Army. Later, at a disco, Micha tries to dance with Miriam, but she brushes him off and only has eyes for a handsome young West German who appears briefly, but who is thrown out of the disco by the overzealous Horkefeld. For allowing a West German into the disco, Miriam is made to deliver a self-critical lecture at the next meeting of the Free German Youth.

At school the next day, Mario (Beyer) alters a party slogan on their classroom wall to make a lewd joke and the when the teacher discovers this, she is told Mario did it. However Micha claims responsibility in a ploy to impress Miriam with a self-critical lecture of his own. After the lecture, Mario berates Micha for getting into "the system" for the sake of a woman. Micha is stopped in the street by a rather grumpy Horkefeld, who it turns out has been demoted to Sergeant for playing contraband music in the presence of a higher officer while drunk at a party. At a black market gathering, Mario meets Sabrina, an existentialist, and feigns an interest in Sartre in order to sleep with her. After a run-in with Mr. Fromm, a sinister-looking neighbor thought by the entire apartment to be a Stasi agent, Micha's father, Hotte, reveals that he has been provided a telephone due to a bogus chronic illness. The phone rings to their surprise and it's Miriam calling for Micha, who runs to a pay phone in order to have more privacy. Miriam asks him to come up and visit her, but he's stopped on the way by Horkefeld and having forgotten his ID card, he is detained for over ten hours.

That night, Mario hosts a party at his parents' house, as they are gone for the weekend. Fueled by drugs, the party becomes raucous, and Micha and Mario escape to the balcony, where they are photographed from the western side urinating onto the border wall below. Miriam arrives to a chaotic scene, and leaves after encountering a stoned Micha, who claims that he has written many diaries about his feelings toward her. The next day, Micha and Mario are called into their headmistress' office, where a Stasi agent informs the pair that the photographs of them urinating on the Berlin Wall made it into West German press. The headmistress berates the pair for disrespecting the sacrifices of the country, and strips Micha of his student stipend, expelling Mario entirely. No longer tied to the city, Mario and Sabrina begin to journey through the East German countryside. Micha sees Miriam, who reminds him that he promised to let her read his diaries. Caught in his lie, Micha goes home and begins to write many years' worth of diaries. Doris, Micha's mother, carries out a plan to defect to the West using a stolen passport and makeup, but when she is waiting to go through the border, she gets cold feet and changes her mind at the last moment.

Some time later, Heinz returns, and is pulled aside by a border guard who shows him confiscated material. Later while plugging in a Japanese stereo, which uses different voltage amounts, the guard overloads the power grid and knocks the street into darkness. Among the chaos, Sabrina confides in Mario that she is pregnant. Micha's young friend Wuschel is walking near the border area and is asked to stop. Wuschel doesn't want his new album taken away from him and tries to run away. He is shot by Horkefeld and appears to be dead, but as a crowd gathers it turns out that the copy of Exile on Main St. he was carrying stopped the bullet. Discovering the record has shattered, Wuschel is heartbroken.

Nearing the end of his diary forgeries, Micha has a sudden realization about his political beliefs, and reneges on his promise to join the army. As he is leaving, he sees Mario at the recruitment station, who appears to be a colleague of the Stasi agent there – and when questioned, Mario confesses he caved in to provide for his new child. Micha is furious and the two fight in the corridor and end up sobbing together. When Micha returns home, he discovers Heinz – who always claimed the asbestos in East German dwellings would kill someone – dead of lung cancer. Here, the family discovers that their neighbor Fromm is not a Stasi agent and actually works for a funeral company. Doris is allowed back into the West for his funeral, and smuggles his ashes back in a coffee can in order to bury him with their mother. Micha goes to Miriam's house and delivers her the diaries, as the young West German man waits outside in his car, growing impatient. As he opens his car door, he knocks Wuschel off his bicycle and out of fear of legal consequences if he's hurt, he gives Wuschel a 50 West Deutschmarks bill (which was about 250 East Deutschmarks) to convince him not to tell anyone. While Micha and Miriam share an intimate moment, the handsome 'Wessi' in his luxury car is stopped at the border with a trunk full of weapons. With border guards pointing weapons in his face, he pleads that he knows nothing about this and reveals that his fancy cars come from the hotel where he serves as a parking valet.

Back in Micha's room, he and Wuschel listen to a new Exile On Main St. album purchased by Wuschel with the 50 West Deutschmarks. Wuschel is crushed to find that it's the wrong record, but Micha argues that it's great music anyway and they end up playing air guitar to it out on the balcony. Below, a crowd of people gathers, looking at them and listening to the music, including Horkefeld, who is now reduced to a street-sweeper (presumably due to shooting Wuschel), newly-weds Mario and Sabrina, and the rest of the characters. The film ends with the crowd getting caught up dancing to the western music and moving to the border where the soldiers in the guard tower join in, one of whom accidentally shoots off his AK-47 while playing air guitar, making the crowd laugh. The film ends with a long black and white shot of the border gates opened and the street abandoned.

Controversy
Writing for Der Spiegel, Marianne Wellershoff argued that the film glorified the GDR and played down the negative aspects of life in East Germany, under Erich Honecker. But, other reviewers saw this criticism as unfair and the film was well received by German viewers.

title: Sonnenallee


text:
Talk:List of places in Cardiff

The geographical section could do with expansion, can anyone from Cardiff help? (Thobius 17:53, 9 October 2005 (UTC))

column row?
Did you mean Colum Road? --Gedge67 11:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Airport
Should the Airport be included, as it's not in Cardiff? Marky-Son 23:15, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I would say ... probably not, because it's nowhere near Cardiff. Vashti 08:10, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Avenue Retail Park
Am I correct in saying that the Avenue Retail Park in Newport Road is no longer that name and is beingrenamed. I have not made any changes but please inform me. Thanks, Lwebdan (Talk) Apr 27, 09 18:48 BST —Preceding undated comment added 17:49, 27 April 2009 (UTC).

Places that did exist but are no longer
Should there be a listing for them in this article (a seperate section?) Empire Pool and Crockherbtown strike me as obvious notable candidates, Monaco cinema (and lots of other cinemas) might also qualify. The tramline and depot, the canal through the centre of cardiff, etc EdwardLane (talk) 17:31, 5 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Nice idea, there's Newtown too. But at the moment there don't seem to be articles for any of these deceased places, so it will probably be more productive to create the articles first. There's also a list of requested articles somewhere, I'm sure. Sionk (talk) 18:35, 5 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've got no personal qualms about a list of notable ex-buildings. There are some very notable ones I could think of, for example the Empire Pool and Arms Park stadium(s). However it may be of use to prove the notability of obscure ones, for example with a citation. Otherwise the list will become very, very long with miscellaneous pubs and shops (etc) that have gone. In effect, I'm suggesting we only add buildings to this list if we think they are of particular notability and/or would be worthy of an article in their own right. Sionk (talk) 00:25, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Totally agree with that. Leo's supermarket (near the royal oak pub) burnt to the ground about 10 or 15 years ago, arson if I recall correctly. Guildford baths were in the centre of town near queen street station, not sure if it was notable but swimming pools like hospitals a fairly major in their own right - rhydlaver, st davids, ely (eye nose throat), the sanatorium, and probably a few others might be worth including. I gather the tram depot was in ely, just the other side of ely bridge, and the other terminus was the hayes, also that there was a passenger ferry at the other end of the 'golate' (though I'm not sure what it crossed/where it went. But that's just from memory so I obviously need to go search for citations. EdwardLane (talk) 08:03, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Found [a good source] for an article on the Empire Pool, I'd forgotten the sweeping staircases, cafeteria and turkish baths. EdwardLane (talk) 21:44, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Bunch of interesting buildings in the wales online photo gallery  Ely Racecourse looks like an obvious one.EdwardLane (talk) 23:34, 25 June 2015 (UTC)

communities
should the communities list be including all the things that are in 'cardiff city' or 'cardiff county' looks like it's 'cardiff county' in which case creigiau, gwaelod y garth, Cefn Mably, Wentloog, Capel Llanilltern and a fair few others that can be found on the Cardiff_Council page are missing.
 * There's a Cardiff boundary map in the info box for the Creigiau article. Presumably anything within the green line is in Cardiff. Wentloog seems to be in Newport, if you believe Wikipedia(!). Maybe we should amend the description at the top of this article's page to "county and capital city of Wales", considering Cardiff is a city and county. Sionk (talk) 14:50, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Royal protection
According to this Wales online article 4 Cardiff parks are nominated for Royal protection: Rumney Recreation Ground, Roath Recreation Ground, Pontcanna Fields, and Wilson Road Recreation Ground. EdwardLane (talk) 13:05, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

Map of places in Cardiff compiled from this list
The external link Map of places in Cardiff compiled from this list is of little use. It locates Burger King in Florida and McDonald's in California. The documentation on the kmlexport tool is here, but fixing this page to play nicely with it does not look simple. Unless this can be resolved I think we should remove this link. Verbcatcher (talk) 18:47, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I've removed the ridiculous lists of national and international chain stores - this should solve the problem, shouldn't it? After all, the list shouldn't be a shopping directory. Sionk (talk) 01:45, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

 * That's better. You won't get the updated map until a cache somewhere has expired. Until then you can see what the map will be by changing usecache%3D1 to usecache%3D0 in the generated URL. The map still shows several locations outside Cardiff, e.g. the A470 is shown in Rhayader. Verbcatcher (talk) 03:09, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of places in Cardiff. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160224003815/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiffs-ely-library-demolished-bulldozers-9252245 to http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiffs-ely-library-demolished-bulldozers-9252245

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:05, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of places in Cardiff. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090719201809/http://whycardiff.com/Shop-in-Cardiff/Shopping-Areas/City-outskirts.html to http://whycardiff.com/Shop-in-Cardiff/Shopping-Areas/City-outskirts.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:10, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of places in Cardiff


text:
Talk:Helgafell (Sveitarfélagið Stykkishólmur)

How many Helgafell exists in Iceland?
See http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=1756 .you arre ajwihhi ss