text:
Dee Murray

David Murray Oates (3 April 1946 – 15 January 1992), known as Dee Murray, was an English bass guitarist. He was best known for his long-time collaboration with Elton John as a member of the Elton John Band.

Biography
Murray was born in Gillingham, Kent, England on 3 April 1946. Before joining Elton John as his touring sidemen, Murray and drummer Nigel Olsson were members of the Spencer Davis Group in 1969. In Murray's musician bio in the programme book for 1982's "Jump Up!" tour, Murray recalled when he first took up the bass guitar during his high school years: "Someone put this heavy thing over my shoulder and said, 'Here, you play this!'" Murray quickly established a solid reputation on the instrument. In the Classic Albums documentary on Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, producer Gus Dudgeon lauded Murray's musical ability and said he "hadn't heard a bassist quite as good as him".

Murray and Olsson joined John as his road sidemen in 1970, and first appeared together on disc with John on "Amoreena" from the 1970 studio album Tumbleweed Connection. The following year, they were featured on the live album 17-11-70. While they were John's constant touring bandmates, his record company initially only allowed them to play on just one track per studio album. This changed with Honky Château in 1972 when John exerted some of his skyrocketing popularity at the time to convince DJM Records to allow Murray and Olsson to also become full-time recording members of his band. Along with new recruit Davey Johnstone on guitar, Murray and Olsson played on John's hit albums, including the milestone album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, singles, and world tours for several years. In 1975, after recording Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy, Murray and Olsson were released from the band because John wanted to achieve a different sound.

Murray and Olsson continued working together as session musicians in Los Angeles. In 1976 they played on Rick Springfield's fourth album Wait for Night. In 1977, Murray briefly joined Procol Harum on a North America tour promoting their last 1970s album, Something Magic, although he never recorded with the group. Between 1978 and 1979, Murray worked as part of Alice Cooper's backing band. According to music site AllMusic.com, he played on Cooper's hit album From the Inside, and joined Olsson backing The Grateful Dead's Bob Weir on his solo album Heaven Help the Fool in 1978. Other artists he worked with during the 1970s and early 1980s include Yvonne Elliman, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Shaun Cassidy, Allan Clarke, Bernie Taupin, Kiki Dee, Stefanie Gaines, Barbi Benton, and Jimmy Webb.

Murray and Olsson returned to tour and play sessions with John, starting with 21 at 33 in 1980. He and Olsson backed John during his landmark concert in New York City's Central Park before more than 400,000 fans on the Great Lawn on 13 September 1980, and appeared on The Fox in 1981. Murray went on to contribute all the bass tracks on Jump Up! in 1982 and joined Olsson and guitarist Davey Johnstone for the Jump Up! Tour, followed by albums and tours for Too Low for Zero (1983) and Breaking Hearts (1984). The group then disbanded, reuniting once more to record backing vocals on Reg Strikes Back in 1988.

In the 1980s, Murray played on numerous Nashville sessions for artists such as Michael Brown, Lewis Storey, Beth Nielsen Chapman, and John Prine, amongst others.

Death
Battling skin cancer for a number of years, Murray died in 1992 at the age of 45, in Nashville, Tennessee, after suffering a stroke. According to Murray's obituary, that March, John performed two tribute concerts at the Grand Ole Opry to raise money to support Murray's family. In a 2011 interview, Olsson, who in 2004 rejoined John as a full-time band member to record Peachtree Road, reflected upon the absence of his longtime bandmate: "I think about him every single day. Brilliant bass player. Wonderful guy. Dear, dear, dear friend. A musical genius across the board."

Davey Johnstone believes Murray's musical skills were not fully appreciated, and in March 2011, said he was working on a documentary about Murray.

Collaborations
With Elton John
 * Tumbleweed Connection (Uni Records, 1970)
 * Madman Across the Water (Uni Records, 1971)
 * Honky Château (Uni Records, 1972)
 * Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player (MCA Records, 1972)
 * Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (MCA Records, 1973)
 * Caribou (MCA Records, 1974)
 * Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy (MCA Records, 1975)
 * 21 at 33 (Rocket, 1980)
 * The Fox (Geffen, 1981)
 * Jump Up! (Geffen, 1982)
 * Too Low for Zero (Geffen, 1983)
 * Breaking Hearts (Geffen, 1984)
 * Reg Strikes Back (MCA, 1988)

With Beth Nielsen Chapman
 * Beth Nielsen Chapman (Reprise Records, 1990)

With Jimmy Webb
 * Land's End (Asylum Records, 1974)
 * El Mirage (Atlantic Records, 1977)

With John Prine
 * Aimless Love (Oh Boy Records, 1984)

With Yvonne Elliman
 * Night Flight (RSO Records, 1978)

With Ronnie Hawkins
 * The Hawk (United Artists Records, 1979)

With Shaun Cassidy
 * Born Late (Curb Records, 1977)
 * Under Wraps (Warner Bros. Records, 1978)

With Bernie Taupin
 * He Who Rides the Tiger (Elektra Records, 1980)

With Brian Cadd
 * White on White (Capitol Records, 1976)

With England Dan & John Ford Coley
 * Dr. Heckle and Mr. Jive (Big Tree Records, 1979)

title: Dee Murray


text:
User talk:Schwa~enwiki

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title: User talk:Schwa~enwiki


text:
Double Leg

The term double leg can refer to the follow:

 * Double Leg (trick) – a Capoeira move also known as an armada dupla.
 * Double leg takedown – a martial arts and combat sports technique for taking the opponent to the ground.

title: Double Leg


text:
PTR

PTR can refer to:

 * Particle transfer roller, for cleaning motion picture film
 * Peak-to-trough ratio, a parameter in pharmacokinetics
 * Petir LRT station (LRT station abbreviation), Singapore
 * PetroChina (NYSE: PTR)
 * Photothermal Ratio, light/temperature ratio for a plant
 * Physical transmission right in the electricity market
 * Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, later Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, a German research institute
 * Pitrilysin, an enzyme
 * Planar ternary ring in algebra
 * Pool Test Reactor, Canada
 * Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, used in chemical analysis
 * PTR rifle, made by PTR Industries, Inc., US
 * A type of DNS record in computer networking
 * Pointer in computer programming (e.g. the PTR keyword in x86 assembly language)
 * Palanivel Thiagarajan, an Indian politician
 * Puerto Rico, ITU country code
 * Public Test Realm, a server in Overwatch where updates are tested by developers for player feedback

title: PTR


text: Template:Speculative fiction sidebar

title: Template:Speculative fiction sidebar


text:
Goldsmith, New York

Goldsmith is a hamlet in the Town of Franklin, Franklin County, New York, United States, approximately 30 mi west of Plattsburgh, New York.

Goldsmith is a virtual ghost town today, but over one hundred years ago it was a bustling community with a school, a post office, two hotels, a grand ball room and numerous houses. A sawmill was located along the North Branch of the Saranac River, and a dam formed a small lake or mill pond extending up to Slab Bridge. The land, once logged, proved to be excellent farm land. Goldsmith was one of the first Adirondack villages to have electricity. Much of the land was granted by Garret Smith, some to escaped or freed slaves. Charcoal was an early product, made for nearby forges.

The dam was blown out in 1926, and the mill closed. Farming remained vibrant. Hops were grown during Prohibition. Few year round residents remain. Much of the land around Slab Bridge was subdivided into small 1 and 2 acre lots.

The Nature Conservancy has purchased much of the area of Goldsmith.

title: Goldsmith, New York


text: User talk:69.119.179.156

title: User talk:69.119.179.156


text:
Bert Schneider

Berton "Bert" Jerome Schneider (May 5, 1933 – December 12, 2011) was an American film and television producer.

He was responsible for several topical films of the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the road film Easy Rider (1969), directed by Dennis Hopper.

Early life and education
Schneider was born to a wealthy Jewish family in New York City and raised in New Rochelle, New York. His father was Abraham Schneider (1905-1993), who succeeded Harry Cohn as the president of Columbia Pictures. He was the middle of two brothers, the younger Harold and the elder Stanley. Schneider tended toward the rebellious politics of the day. Briefly a student at Cornell University, located in Ithaca, New York, he was ultimately expelled.

His brother, Harold Schneider, also became a film producer.

Career
In 1953, he worked for Screen Gems, Columbia's television division in Los Angeles. In 1965, Schneider formed a partnership with the film director Bob Rafelson, creating Raybert Productions. The duo brought to television The Monkees (1966–1968), a situation comedy about a fictional rock band (who became a real group, The Monkees, to meet public demand, and their own aspirations).

The success of The Monkees allowed Schneider and Rafelson to break into feature films, first with the counterculture film Head (1968), starring The Monkees, directed by Rafelson and featuring a screenplay co-written by Rafelson and Jack Nicholson. The film bombed in its initial release due to poor distribution and the lack of a target audience for 1968. Monkees fans were disappointed that the disjointed, stream-of-consciousness ring of stories was not just an expanded episode. Art film enthusiasts may have embraced its creativity but were not interested in a film by the "pre-fab four." In recent years, the film has received above average reviews from critics and fans alike as an interesting 1960s period piece.

They had their first major success with Easy Rider (1969), which ushered in the era of New Hollywood. Then followed with the drama film Five Easy Pieces (1970), which Rafelson directed. Following Five Easy Pieces, Schneider and Rafelson added a partner, Stephen Blauner, and Raybert turned into BBS Productions.

They subsequently made a series of films, including the drama films The Last Picture Show (1971), directed by Peter Bogdanovich and The King of Marvin Gardens (1972), directed by Rafelson. In 1975 he was a member of the jury at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival.

Academy Award controversy
In 1975, Schneider received an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for producing Hearts and Minds (1974), a documentary film about the Vietnam War, directed by Peter Davis. His acceptance speech was one of the most politically controversial in the ceremony's history. Schneider's speech included this statement: "It’s ironic that we’re here at a time just before Vietnam is about to be liberated." He then read a telegram from the head of the North Vietnamese delegation to the Paris peace talks. It thanked the antiwar movement "for all they have done on behalf of peace. Greetings of friendship to all American people." After receiving thousands of angry telegrams backstage, Frank Sinatra appeared later in the show to read a disclaimer that disavowed Schneider's statement, which in turn provoked angry responses from actors Shirley MacLaine and Warren Beatty. Beatty later berated Sinatra on stage, calling him "you old Republican."

Personal life
In 1954, he married his first wife, Judy Feinberg (born 1936), who was also Jewish and from a wealthy family. They had two children: Jeffrey and Audrey. They later divorced and he was subsequently married three more times.

Between 1971 and 1974 Schneider had a relationship with Candice Bergen. Bergen wrote about their relationship in her first memoir, 'Knock Wood', in which she wrote about their tumultuous relationship, referring to Schneider under the pseudonym "Robin".

Death
In 2011, Schneider died of natural causes, aged 78, in Los Angeles, California.

In popular culture
Peter Fonda based his character Terry Valentine in the crime film The Limey (1999) partly on Schneider, according to Fonda's interview on the film's DVD.

The Big Cigar, a biographical drama thriller miniseries developed by Jim Hecht, based on the 2012 Playboy article of the same name by Joshuah Bearman, that follows Black Panther Party founder Huey P. Newton escaping the FBI to Cuba with the help of Schneider.

title: Bert Schneider


text:
User talk:Benarty~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Alai 06:01, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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Additions to Scotland article
Welcome to Wikipedia! Please check out the Scottish notice board at WP:SCOWNB.

I really do hate being a pain in the backside when you are new to Wikipedia, but please see my comments at:

Talk:Scotland

Thanks.--Mais oui! 09:50, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Scotland article
Thank you for the extensive work you have conducted on the Scotland article. Have you ever been an editor on Wikipedia before, because this is certainly not typical behaviour for new Users?--Mais oui! 20:16, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No problemo. I did a bit of editing on this page and on the Scottish history page a couple of months ago so I'm not completely new to this. I had a bit of time on my hands yesterday so decided to give it a go. Would definitely be good to see the Scotland page up to featured article level. Benarty 06:31, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

What is the source of your comment that Scotland has no official language because of the lack of a written constitution? The two concepts are not obviously linked - for example Welsh has had official status in Wales without a written constitution. I am sure that there are provisions requiring the use of English eg in court proceedings, which in a sense establishes it as an official language (or at least the language of officialdom)--George Burgess 17:25, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It's all explained in the official language page. There is a difference in constitutional terms between official recognition by legal statute and an official language entrenched within a written constitution. Benarty 17:45, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
Please remember to provide Edit summaries for each edit that you do.--Mais oui! 20:52, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Will do. Benarty 06:32, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

No Personal Attacks
Please do not indulge in personal attacks, as you did on this edit, on Talk:Scotland. - Calgacus 15:12, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy: '''There is no excuse for personal attacks on other contributors. Do not make them.' Comment on content'', not on the contributor; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that you may be blocked for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thanks,

Would you care to identify yourself? Benarty 15:12, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Scotland
Good work on the language section. The article has improved signficantly in the past few days. Astrotrain 18:23, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Scotland
Following a successful period of consultation WikiProject Scotland has now been launched. As a participant in the Scottish Wikipedians' notice board I wonder if you may be interested in this new endeavour too? If so, please sign-up here. The WikiProject will be replacing some of the functions of the notice board, especially those in the lower half.

While I am here, please also have a look at the new WikiProject Deletion sorting/Scotland and give it a "Watch". It was started up by User:Visviva a few days ago, after long being mooted at the notice board, and effectively replaces all the AfD listings at the notice board. Being a transclusion of all the on-going discussions it is a much more useful tool.

Even if you do not want to spend too much time on the WikiProject, please give it a "Watch" and feel free to contribute to Talk page discussions: the more contributors the merrier.

All the best. --Mais oui! 11:30, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

User:AlexNewArtBot
Hi, as a WikiProject Scotland participant, please check out this  this thread and consider adding the bot results page to your watchlist so we can manually update the New Articles page. There are some false results for the first batch, but I'm sure we can collectively tune the rules to improve the output.

If we get enough people watching the results page, we'll be cooking with gas as they say :)  This looks like a great helper in finding new Scotland related material. Cheers. -- Cactus.man   ✍  22:23, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

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Matt Johnson (drummer)

Matt Johnson (born 6 November 1970 in Houston, Texas ) is an American drummer who played in the band of Jeff Buckley, appearing and co-writing one song on his album Grace in 1994, as well as on subsequent live releases and EPs. Although he stopped playing with Buckley before recording began on what was to become the singer's final original album (released posthumously as Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk), Johnson shares writing credits for one of its tracks.

Matt Johnson has also performed and recorded with Duncan Sheik, Elysian Fields, Rufus Wainwright, Martha Wainwright, Gabriel Kahane, Dean Wareham, Britta Phillips, Beth Orton, David Poe, Theo Eastwind and Jade Bird. Johnson toured with American indie musician St. Vincent from 2011 to 2019.

Johnson has released two solo albums: Cagefighter and Law of the Land.

He has also played with the Australian singer-songwriter duo Angus & Julia Stone and with singer/producer Eric J Dubowsky (also known as Eric J) in the NYC band Essex.

title: Matt Johnson (drummer)


text:
Talk:Joe Redner

Duplication of article info
This article is pretty much a copy of the Mons Venus article. Any new Info?

Joe's Ethnicity?
What is Joe's ethnicity? Some claim his name is originally Jewish, while others claim he is from Gypsy background of Tampa's long established carnival-circus community.
 * Joe is German Italian, his mother was from Italy, his father is german, I am not sure which part of Germany. Verifed directly from sources related to Joe Redner. (from his now deceased mother, from his children, and from Joe himself.)206.113.167.2 15:03, 14 August 2007 (UTC)LJ
 * Joe's mother's name was Agnes Statella. She was Sicilian. His father was indeed German. The name Redner is of Prussian origin and in German literally means "a speaker," in the sense of a spokesman or orator. In modern German slang it can also mean someone who talks too much. Degarth (talk) 13:42, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I asked Joe if his name was Jewish, he would not answer. 65.32.128.178 (talk) 23:45, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Hypocrite Joe?
It is said he was disowned by his family, and that he refuses to even consider to allow his granddaughter to ever dance in his clubs, causing many to consider him just a bit hypocritical. - What's good for your daughter is out of the question for his.
 * Absolutely not true. One of his daughters lives with him to this day. The rest of his family loves him very much. Not a single one of his family has "disowned" him. If his granddaughter wanted to dance for a living he would let her, just not at his club. Thats not hypocritical. Education Education Education, that has always been his mantra, even for the people that work for him!206.113.167.2 15:02, 14 August 2007 (UTC)LJ
 * His mother had disowned him, long ago. 65.32.128.178 (talk) 23:43, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Link removal
I'm removing the link to Joeredner.com because it is defunct.

 * Should there be a link to http://monsvenus.com/, given that Mons Venus redirects here? Kendall-K1 (talk) 03:31, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Mons Venus should not redirect here. It seems fixed as of my posting this. If it is broken still, please fix it. This club should still pass WP:NOTIFS in my opinion. Jeff Carr (talk) 10:15, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Supreme Court cases
Where are the several cases Redner took to the Supreme Court based on free speech issues. They used to be in the article. – Mattisse (Talk)
 * Does anyone know what they are? There is actually a lot more about this guy then this wikipedia article is covering. It also excludes the excellent documentary that was made about him. He is very noteworthy and might go down in history as a visionary. Jeff Carr (talk) 09:55, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Unsupported claim
It's amusing that the "evidence" used to support the claim that Redner created lap dances is an article from the Council for American-Islamic Relations website. Is there a source that might be more relevant? Newjerseyliz (talk) 16:44, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I recently watched the documentary about him. In my opinion, that claim is ludicrous. I don't know how one would source something that would be NPOV here. I'm afraid my liberal left leaning opinions do not let me comment or change the article here until there is some wikipedia consensus about what intellectual positions are accepted as philosophically indisputable. Jeff Carr (talk) 09:59, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

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User talk:Ltepper

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text:
Talk:Sheep shearer

Naming
I'd like to request a rename to "Sheap Shearing" or "Sheep shearing" - any thoughts before I put up the request? Lisa 06:03, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed my mind -- I'll just copy and remove sections of this article to "Sheep shearing" Lisa 01:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

quite a shite page really, it totally neglects all the new zealanders who smashed the records here, which are all australian ones. e.g. david fagan. it also goes on about some revolutionary technique invented by an australian, the most influential and revolutionary technique was invented by the bowen brothers, the whole world uses the technique. also the technique was invented before the one mentioned on this page, so the aussie technique is not really much at all. in fact an aussie probably wrote this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.65.166.210 (talk) 06:11, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

It's well written, but the tally-hi method of shearing was designed for narrow gear. It became obselete in 1984 with the legalisation of wide gear in Australia. Nowadays sheep in Australia and Newzealand are shorn to the Bowen Pattern. Of the 13 records recognised by the shearing world record commitee Duane Black holds two, the other record holders seem to be neglected, is this because they sre not Australian? 300 sheep in an 8 hour day is considered a right of passage for experienced shearers in NZ and a gun shearer would be shearing at 400 a day on ewes and almost 500 a day on lambs. How do I go about adding the info into the main page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.189.140.8 (talk) 07:30, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Huronian glaciation

The Huronian glaciation (or Makganyene glaciation) was a period where at least three ice ages occurred during the deposition of Huronian Supergroup. Deposition of this largely sedimentary succession extended from approximately 2.5 to 2.2 billion years ago (Gya), during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods of the Paleoproterozoic era. Evidence for glaciation is mainly based on the recognition of diamictite, that is interpreted to be of glacial origin. Deposition of the Huronian succession is interpreted to have occurred within a rift basin that evolved into a largely marine passive margin setting. The glacial diamictite deposits within the Huronian are on par in thickness with Quaternary analogs.

Description
The three glacial diamictite-bearing units of the Huronian are, from the oldest to youngest, the Ramsay Lake, Bruce, and Gowganda formations. Although there are other glacial deposits recognized throughout the world at this time, the Huronian is restricted to the region north of Lake Huron, between Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. Other similar deposits are known from elsewhere in North America, as well as Australia and South Africa.

The Huronian glaciation broadly coincides with the Great Oxygenation Event, a time of increased atmospheric oxygen and decreased atmospheric methane. The oxygen reacted with the methane to form carbon dioxide and water, both much weaker greenhouse gases than methane, greatly reducing the efficacy of the greenhouse effect, especially as water vapor readily precipitated out of the air with dropping temperature. This caused an icehouse effect and, possibly compounded by the low solar irradiation at the time as well as reduced geothermal activities, the combination of increasing free oxygen (which causes oxidative damage to organic compounds) and climatic stresses likely caused an extinction event, the first and longest lasting in the Earth's history, which wiped out most of the anaerobe-dominated microbial mats both on the Earth's surface and in shallow seas.

Discovery and name
In 1907, Arthur Philemon Coleman first inferred a "lower Huronian ice age" from analysis of a geological formation near Lake Huron in Ontario. In his honour, the lower (glacial) member of the Gowganda Formation is referred to as the Coleman member. These rocks have been studied in detail by numerous geologists and are considered to represent the type example of a Paleoproterozoic glaciation.

The confusion of the terms glaciation and ice age has led to the more recent impression that the entire time period represents a single glacial event. The term Huronian is used to describe a lithostratigraphic supergroup and should not be used to describe glacial cycles, according to The North American Stratigraphic Code, which defines the proper naming of geologic physical and chrono units. Diachronic or geochronometric units should be used.

Geology and climate
The Gowganda Formation (2.3 Gya) contains "the most widespread and most convincing glaciogenic deposits of this era", according to Eyles and Young. In North America, similar-age deposits are exposed in Michigan, the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, Chibougamau, Quebec, and central Nunavut. Globally, they occur in the Griquatown Basin of South Africa, as well as India and Australia.

The tectonic setting was one of a rifting continental margin. New continental crust would have resulted in chemical weathering. This weathering would pull CO2 out of the atmosphere, cooling the planet through the reduction in greenhouse effect.

Popular perception is that one or more of the glaciations may have been snowball Earth events, when all or most of Earth's surface was covered in ice. However the palaeomagnetic evidence that suggests ice sheets were present at low latitudes is contested, and the glacial sediments (diamictites) are discontinuous, alternating with carbonate and other sedimentary rocks, indicating temperate climates, providing scant evidence for global glaciation.

Implications
Before the Huronian Ice Age, most organisms were anaerobic, relying on chemosynthesis and retinal-based anoxygenic photosynthesis for production of biological energy and biocompounds. But around this time, cyanobacteria evolved porphyrin-based oxygenic photosynthesis, which produced dioxygen as a waste product. At first, most of this oxygen was dissolved in the ocean and afterwards absorbed through the reduction by surface ferrous compounds, atmospheric methane and hydrogen sulfide. However, as the cyanobacterial photosynthesis continued, the cumulative oxygen oversaturated the reductive reservoir of the Earth's surface and spilt out as free oxygen that "polluted" the atmosphere, leading to a permanent change to the atmospheric chemistry known as the Great Oxygenation Event.

The once-reducing atmosphere, now an oxidizing one, was highly reactive and toxic to the anaerobic biosphere. Furthermore, atmospheric methane was depleted by oxygen and reduced to trace gas levels, and replaced by much less powerful greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, the latter of which was also readily precipitated out of the air at low temperatures. Earth's surface temperature dropped significantly, partly because of the reduced greenhouse effect and partly because solar luminosity and/or geothermal activities were also lower at that time, leading to an icehouse Earth.

After the combined impact of oxidization and climate change devastated the anaerobic biosphere (then likely dominated by archaeal microbial mats), aerobic organisms capable of oxygen respiration were able to proliferate rapidly and exploit the ecological niches vacated by anaerobes in most environments. The surviving anaerobe colonies were forced to adapt a symbiotic living among aerobes, with the anaerobes contributing the organic materials that aerobes needed, and the aerobes consuming and "detoxing" the surrounding of oxygen molecules lethal to the anaerobes. This might have also caused some anaerobic archaea to begin invaginating their cell membranes into endomembranes in order to shield and protect the cytoplasmic nucleic acids, allowing endosymbiosis with aerobic eubacteria (which eventually became ATP-producing mitochondria), and this symbiogenesis contributed to the evolution of eukaryotic organisms during the Proterozoic.

title: Huronian glaciation


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User talk:Fearwig

Satanism
HS Fearwig, honestly do you like the new Satanism article? ISN Rev. Michael S. Margolin 22:06, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

HS, I hope my latest post helps us all out. Feel free to email me for any info I might be able to give you. ISN Rev. Michael S. Margolin
 * The addition of your sect's (not to use a charged term) philosophy is interesting, but I still have problems with having an addition authored by the founding member of the organization. It's not just the NPOV issue, though that's significant, but also the fact that we have little or no means of determining the actual significance of the organization in terms of followers, et cetera. While I have no beef with minor religions or non-religions, I don't think they should be unduly represented on Wikipedia. When the goal of a project is information, providing information on an (apologies) insignificant organization (whether it is or not is to me uncertain) can give the reader the impression that its role is similar to that of LaVeyan Satanism or another comparatively major movement. I believe that your motives are sound, but I don't think this is the place. My opinion would be changed, of course, if your movement were socially significant, but I don't think I can come to that conclusion when you, as a founder, lay it out on Wikipedia yourself. Do you see where I'm going? Perhaps Everything2 is a better forum for providing information on the Sinagogue of Satan. Fearwig 02:54, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

HS, I see where you are going but you're lacking the history. I did not put up the original post, one of my members did, I think it was Marvin Sotello. I did not write the paragraph that was removed that was Bio Wolf. I recieved a post on my message board to see wikipedia and was suprized as hell to see an article on SoS then a few days latter it was gone. This lead to the first revert war. As far as popularity we are very well Known to Freemasons, O.T.O. A:.A:., CoS, T.O.S., CoL, and many other orgs which my members hold duel memberships including CoS. Yes as far the general public were are not widely known but as far as the occult public we are rather famous. In going on 8 years SoS has gained over 4,000 members world wide mostly outside the USA. One member application forced me to look up the country because I thought it was a joke, turns out Ban Dong is western Java. As far as bowling league comment it just points out your personal bias. One other issue I find rather funny is I'm a famous occult poet and I never brought up that fact in all of this. So as far as vanity this has nothing to do with it. Funny this nobody was invited to Stanton Lavey's wedding on the 6th of June, and even funnier the grandson of Anton joined SoS myspace group a month ago, because he likes my religion better than what CoS has become. Yes I am going to LA to Party with Anton's grandson. Gee I'm such a nobody lol ISN 666

Well, I think my reasons for having assumed you might be a nobody are pretty well grounded. This is the internet, and there are plenty of people on it who would do just what you did despite having absolutely no following, so it's hard to spot the difference. If all the things you say are true, then I have no reason to argue about it, as then your organization is certainly of mentionable significance. Fearwig 16:11, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

HS, I'm in no hurry to see the paragraph back up and yes I plan to take lots of pictures at Stantons wedding. If you want I'll email you a few when I get back. You might want to do a google on Rev. Michael S. Margolin, not to see how many results but to see how manny things I have my little fingers in. And yeah I'm also running for President in 2008. Also do a google on Sinagogue of Satan, again not to see how many links we are in but to see the diversity of SoS. Your gonna find I, We have tons of support and not all from other Satanists. ISN Me P.S. Thanks for being civil. O and cabhan made a really good essay on my talk page he was extremely helpful in many things including my political agenda.

HS Fearwig, I see FCoS has a paragraph in others now. If you ask John he'll tell you I was one of his members and he was very sorry to lose me. We also out grew FCoS our first year. I have no problem seeing FCoS in wikkipedia at the same time, come on guys if wikki editors are gonna be so openly biased wikkipedia should drop it's non bias claim. ISN 666

American Revolution
I'm certainly not trying to start an edit war, and you're right, I probably should have dropped you a line first or worked to improve your rewrite, but to tell you the truth, it looked like you hadn't put a whole lot of effort into it: If you'll rewrite it some, I'll work with you on it. Deal? -- Mwanner | Talk 17:25, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * "The American Revolution was also a serious of broad social shifts..."
 * "...but it is said that the American form of this radicalism became uniquely..."
 * "But by its end of the war the climate..."
 * "instead resembled a republican oligarchy of a few dozen gentry" (I agree with this statment, but it seems pretty controversial for the lead graf.
 * I agree, not very encyclopedic.
 * "the American shift to republicanism would come to represent a serious upturn" (awkward)

Agreed. It's quick and embarrassingly shoddy work, but I think the ideas are a distinct improvement upon what's already there (which wasn't quite correct on grammar and syntax, either). I'll give it some work. And, as I said--of course one should edit what someone else writes, but reverts are awfully curt. And I would love for you and anyone else willing to work on the article--I think this could be a much better piece than it has been, if only it had some attention. Fearwig 17:32, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, my apologies. I think, more than anything, I wasn't ready to deal with the "too controversial for the lead" aspect of it, towards its end.  Onward and upward.  Cheers! -- Mwanner | Talk 17:42, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Talk:KOMPRESSOR
Actually, removing his name from the comments is against policy, unless you're just doing that with your own comments. Talk page guidelines discusses this more. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 04:59, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Apologies. Feel free to revert. It's still rather a poor use of Wikipedia to expose a private individual who happens to be an internet 'celebrity', and I will pursue some kind of addition to the rules, with time, for what it's worth. I don't personally care, save for moral reasons, but that should be enough. Fearwig 05:02, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

If you mean this: "Don't misrepresent other people: As a rule, refrain from editing others' comments without their permission. Though it may appear helpful to correct typing errors, grammar, etc, please do not go out of your way to bring talk pages to publishing standards, since it is not terribly productive and will tend to irritate the users whose comments you are correcting. Certainly don't edit someone's words to change their meaning. Editing or deleting your own words is up to you. Also avoid putting others' comments in the wrong context. (See MeatBall:ContextSwizzling)." --then you have misunderstood the policy, I think, or else the policy is not inclusive of such a specific case. Prefaces like "as a rule," indicate (to me) that there are justifiable exceptions. I don't see that this has anything to do with what I've done, considering the specific purpose of my edits. If you mean something else, feel free to point it out to me. I've taken this to the help desk to be sure. I want to be clear that I think this is a serious matter, and that I'm not trying to be difficult. Privacy is something a lot of people respect, and (as I said in the strikethrough) being an "internet celebrity" under a pseudonym shouldn't necessarily subject one to scrutiny of his or her personal life. Fearwig 05:05, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I absolutely disagree with you from a normative perspective and, more to the point, from an on-Wiki perspective, for reasons I have explained at length at Talk:KOMPRESSOR. I readily concede that the inclusion of the name may be undesirable for the subject (and, indeed, that he may be harmed by its inclusion), and so I appreciate, I suppose, why you exhibit a certain stridency here, but I simply don't think your sense of how we ought to deal with privacy can successfully be comported with policy.  You are, I should say, altogether correct that, if you're not in accord with extant guidelines, you should, where you think the encyclopedia can be improved, surely propose revisions (even as I don't expect that a consensus would develop toward the proposition that we ought to edit other than dispassionately and disinterestedly [at least vis-à-vis the consequences of our editing], see, e.g., the failed Wikiethics and WP:NOT EVIL).  I won't, though, revert if you want once more to redact the name; if others look upon your redaction with disfavor, they'll surely chime in at the talk page.  In any event, I certainly agree with your interpretation of "Talk page guidelines", and I don't think your refactoring to have been in contravention of TPG (especially since you made clear what you'd removed and didn't make substantive alterations); nevertheless, I don't think removal is compelled by any relevant policy or guideline, and I think our default assumption ought to be in favor of keeping information.  Btw, I'm very glad that you brought the issue up at the help desk and at the article's talk page; such collegiality and willingness to collaborate always makes one happy.  Again, feel free to revert me; for my part, I'll leave the talk page alone for now in order that others might take a look... :)  Cordially, Joe 06:22, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * While I am not in total approval, and while think it would be in Wiki's best interest to protect those on the "borderline" between public and private life (the internet has quite a lot of them, I imagine), a new day has brought a new perspective and I suppose I'll let the matter lie. He is, as I said before, a bit of a twit. *grin* I could foresee WP coming into trouble with the existing policy though, one day in the future. Look, for instance, to the problems Facebook and Myspace are having, not only leading to defamation of the sites but pending (though likely doomed) legislation--and that's because of the voluntary release of personal information by a subject. It's possible that WP might have an advantage here though, simply because it's on trodden ground (i.e. this is the same thing newspapers and gossip rags have done for ages, and it's not "libel" unless it's false, so there may be a degree of safety in it). It's interesting to think about, but I'll stop musing. Thanks for your help, though! Fearwig 17:52, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Democrat Party article
Hello Fearwig. Our old friend rjensen is up to his old tricks and has written an article called "Democrat Party" that dignifies this term. Wikipedia is considering deleting the Democrat Party (United States) article. I hope you will weigh in on the topic here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Democrat_Party_(United_States) I believe an article about this perjorative term doesn't belong in an encyclopedia. Griot 00:10, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

The POV tone is a problem, but I can't agree with your disposition (see AfD). Fearwig 00:24, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Muchas gracias
I forgot about the size reversal rule. My hispanic friends have been letting me get away with bad grammar again... grr. I need to ask them to be tougher on me & let me know when I mess up. Thanks, Kasreyn 03:35, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

I do it too. I also always tack "a" on between "voy" and (infinitive). I am great at sounding like an ignorant gringo. :) Fearwig 03:55, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Kweisi Mfume
Hi. I added the "American Freemasons" category to the above page during a mass category depopulation as a faovr to another, overburdoned Wikipedian that is trying to declutter some categories. As I mentioned on the article's talk page, I have no affiliation with the masons or really any idea about what they are other than a secret society of some sort. Your reversion made me curuious about finding out more on the topic and Mr. Mfume's involvement (or lack there of), and this Google search may offer some answers. It appears that he is indeed a member of a group called the Prince Hall Freemasons, a group of grand lodges originally founded for African-Americans. I hope this helps. Cheers.  young  american (talk) 04:03, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Wonderful! As long as it's sourced. Fearwig 16:11, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

HS, Prince Hall Masons are not recognized by Scott Rite Masons. Yes they are the african freemasons. If you want Pike wrote on this subject in morals and dogma, I can give you the page numbers if you want them. Their charter was droped, that is the reason they are not recognized. Well the popular reason that is. As far as europe, Masonery is not segragated but as far as America it is. This is changing though in more liberal states such as California. Just trying to help. ISN Rev. MSM

Funny
Made me laugh, thanks :) 82.29.227.171 21:37, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

That's good--couldn't help myself. Fearwig 11:28, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fearwig


text:
Mont-sous-Vaudrey

Mont-sous-Vaudrey is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Personalities
Mont-sous-Vaudrey was the birthplace of Jules Grévy (1813-1891), President of the French Third Republic.

title: Mont-sous-Vaudrey


text:
User talk:Scifi451

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Alai 06:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Scifi451


text:
Andean-Saharan glaciation

The Andean-Saharan glaciation, also known as the Early Paleozoic Ice Age (EPIA), the Early Paleozoic Icehouse, the Late Ordovician glaciation, the end-Ordovician glaciation, or the Hirnantian glaciation, occurred during the Paleozoic from approximately 460 Ma to around 420 Ma, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period. The major glaciation during this period was formerly thought only to consist of the Hirnantian glaciation itself but has now been recognized as a longer, more gradual event, which began as early as the Darriwilian, and possibly even the Floian. Evidence of this glaciation can be seen in places such as Arabia, North Africa, South Africa, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Wyoming. More evidence derived from isotopic data is that during the Late Ordovician, tropical ocean temperatures were about 5 °C cooler than present day; this would have been a major factor that aided in the glaciation process.

The Late Ordovician glaciation is widely considered to be the leading cause of the Late Ordovician mass extinction, and it is the only glacial episode that appears to have coincided with a major mass extinction of nearly 61% of marine life. Estimates of peak ice sheet volume range from 50 to 250 million cubic kilometres, and its duration from 35 million to less than 1 million years. At its height during the Hirnantian, the ice age is believed to have been significantly more extreme than the Last Glacial Maximum occurring during the terminal Pleistocene. Glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere was minimal because a large amount of the land was in the Southern Hemisphere.

Pre-Hirnantian glaciations
The earliest evidence for possible glaciation comes from Floian conodont apatite oxygen isotope fluctuations, which display a periodicity characteristic of Milankovitch cycles and have been interpreted as reflecting cyclic waxing and waning of polar ice caps. A speculated glaciation in the middle Darriwilian corresponds to the MDICE positive carbon isotope excursion. Sea level changes likely reflective of glacioeustasy are known from this geologic stage, around 467 Ma. However, there are no known Middle Ordovician glacial deposits that would provide direct geological evidence of glaciation. Isotopic evidence from the Sandbian reveals three possible glaciations: an early Sandbian glaciation, a middle Sandbian glaciation, a late Sandbian glaciation. Although biostratigraphy dating the glacial deposits in Gondwana has been problematic, there is evidence suggesting the presence of glaciation by the Sandbian stage (approximately 451–461 Ma). Graptolite distribution during the time interval delineated by the Nemacanthus gracilis graptolite biozone indicates a latitudinal extent of the subtropics and tropics similar to that of today, as evidenced by a steep faunal gradient that is uncharacteristic of greenhouse periods, suggesting that Earth was in a mild icehouse state by the start of the Sandbian, around 460 Ma. Many possible short glaciation occurred during the Katian: three very short glaciations during the early Katian, the Rakvere glaciation during the late early Katian, a middle Katian glaciation, the Early Ashgill glaciation of the early late Katian, and a latest Katian glaciation that was followed by a rapid warming event in the Paraorthograptus pacificus graptolite biozone immediately before the Hirnantian glaciation itself. Evidence of major changes in bottom water formation, which usually indicates a sudden change in global climate, is known from the Katian. Shifts in isotopic ratios of carbon and neodymium that correspond to graptolite biostratigraphy lend further evidence in favour of the existence of glacioeustatic cycles during the Katian, as do conodont apatite δ18O fluctuations from Kentucky and Quebec that likely reflect glacioeustatic sea level changes. However, the existence of glacials during the Katian remains controversial. Katian brachiopod and seawater δ18O values from Cincinnati Arch indicate ocean temperatures characteristic of a global greenhouse state.

Hirnantian glaciation
At the Katian-Hirnantian boundary, a sudden cooling event caused a rapid expansion of glaciers, resulting in one of the most severe glaciations of the Phanerozoic, an extreme cooling event generally believed to be coincident with the first pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction. An δ18O shift occurs at the start of the Hirnantian; the magnitude of this shift (+2-4‰) was extraordinary. Its direction implies glacial cooling and possibly increases in ice-volume. The observed shifts in the δ18O isotopic indicator would require a sea-level fall of 100 meters and a drop of 10 °C in tropical ocean temperatures to have occurred during this glacial episode. Sedimentological data shows that Late Ordovician ice sheets glacierized the Al Kufrah Basin. Ice sheets also probably formed continuous ice cover over North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In all areas of North Africa where Early Silurian shale occurs, Late Ordovician glaciogenic deposits occur beneath, likely due to the anoxia promoted in these basins.

At the end of the Hirnantian, an abrupt retreat of glaciers concurrent with the second pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction occurred, after which Earth receded back into a much warmer climate during the Rhuddanian. Late Hirnantian warming was marked by a similarly meteoric shift in δ18O towards more negative values. δ13C values likewise fall sharply at the beginning of the Silurian.

Silurian glaciations
Following the relatively warm Rhuddanian, glacial events occurred during the early and latest Aeronian. A further glaciation occurred from the late Telychian to middle Sheinwoodian. From the early to late Homerian, Earth was in yet another glacial phase. The last major glaciation of the EPIA occurred during the Ludfordian and was associated with the Lau event.

During this period, glaciation is known from Arabia, Sahara, West Africa, the south Amazon, and the Andes, and the centre of glaciation is known to have migrated from the Sahara in the Ordovician (450–440 Ma) to South America in the Silurian (440–420 Ma). According to Eyles and Young, "A major glacial episode at c. 440 Ma, is recorded in Late Ordovician strata (predominantly Ashgillian) in West Africa (Tamadjert Formation of the Sahara), in Morocco (Tindouf Basin) and in west-central Saudi Arabia, all areas at polar latitudes at the time. From the Late Ordovician to the Early Silurian the centre of glaciation moved from northern Africa to southwestern South America." Continental glaciers developed in Africa and eastern Brazil, while alpine glaciers formed in the Andes. In western South America (Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina) were found glacio-marine diamictites interbedded with turbidites, shales, mud flows and debris flows, dated as early Silurian (Llandonvery), with a southward extension into northern Argentina and western Paraguay, and with a probably northern extension into Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.

A major ice age, the Andean-Saharan was preceded by the Cryogenian ice ages (720–630 Ma, the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations), often referred to as Snowball Earth, and followed by the Karoo Ice Age (350–260 Ma).

Lithologic

 * The sequence of the stratigraphic architecture of the Bighorn Dolomite (which represents end of the Ordovician period), is consistent with the gradual buildup of glacial ice. The sequences of the Bighorn Dolomite display systematic changes in their component cycles, and the changes in these cycles are interpreted as being a change from a greenhouse climate to a transitional ice house climate.

CO2 depletion
One of the factors that hindered glaciation during the early Paleozoic was atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which at the time were somewhere between 8 and 20 times pre-industrial levels. However, solar irradiance was significantly lower during the Late Ordovician; 450 million years ago, solar irradiance of Earth was about 1312.00 Wm−2 compared to 1360.89 Wm−2 in the present day. Furthermore, CO2 concentrations are thought to have dropped significantly in the Hirnantian, which could have induced widespread glaciation during an overall cooling trend. Methods for the removal of CO2 during this time were not well known, and are still hotly debated, with the radiation of terrestrial plants, enhanced oceanic organic carbon burial, and a reduction in volcanic outgassing of carbon dioxide having been proposed. It could have been possible for glaciation to initiate with high levels of CO2, but it would have depended highly on continental configuration.

Silicate weathering
Long-term silicate weathering is a major mechanism through which CO2 is removed from the atmosphere, converting it into bicarbonate which is stored in marine sediments. This has often been linked to the Taconic Orogeny, a mountain-building event on the east coast of Laurentia (present-day North America). Another hypothesis is that a hypothetical large igneous province in the Katian led to basaltic flooding caused by high continental volcanic activity during that period. In the short term, this would have released a large amount of CO2 into the atmosphere, which may explain a warming pulse in the Katian. However, in the long term flood basalts would have left behind plains of basaltic rock, replacing exposures of granitic rock. Basaltic rocks weather substantially faster than granitic rocks, which would quickly remove CO2 from the atmosphere at a much faster rate than before the volcanic activity. CO2 levels could also have decreased due to accelerated silicate weathering caused by the expansion of terrestrial non-vascular plants. Vascular plants only appeared 15 Ma after the glaciation.

Organic carbon burial
Isotopic evidence points to a global Hirnantian positive shift in δ13C at nearly the same time as the positive shift in marine carbonate δ18O. This shift is known as the Hirnantian Isotopic Carbon Excursion (HICE). The positive shift in δ13C implies a change in the carbon cycle leading to more burial of organic carbon, though some researchers hold a conflicting interpretation of this δ13C change as being caused by increased weathering of carbonate platforms exposed by sea level fall. This enhanced organic carbon burial resulted in a decrease in the atmospheric CO2 levels and an inverse greenhouse effect, allowing glaciation to occur more readily.

Gamma-ray burst
A gamma-ray burst (GRB) has been suggested by some researchers as the cause of the abrupt glaciation at the beginning of the Hirnantian. The effects of a ten second GRB occurring within two kiloparsecs of Earth would have delivered it a fluence of 100 kilojoules per square metre. This would have resulted in large amounts of nitric acid raining down on Earth's surface in the aftermath of the gamma-ray burst, causing blooms of nitrate-limited photosynthesisers that would have sequestered large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Additionally, the GRB would have initiated a major depletion of ozone, another potent greenhouse gas, through its reaction with nitric oxide produced as a result of the GRB's dissociation of diatomic nitrogen and subsequent reaction of nitrogen atoms with oxygen.

Ordovician meteor event
The breakup of the L-chondrite parent body caused a rain of extraterrestrial material onto the Earth called the Ordovician meteor event. This event increased stratospheric dust by 3 or 4 orders of magnitude and may have triggered the ice age by reflecting sunlight back into space.

Deniliquin impact structure
A 2023 paper has proposed that the Hirnantian glaciation could have come about due to an impact winter generated by the impact that formed the Deniliquin multiple-ring feature in what is now southeastern Australia, although this hypothesis currently remains untested.

Volcanic aerosols
Although volcanic activity often leads to warming through the release of greenhouse gasses, it may also lead to cooling via the production of aerosols, light-blocking particles. There is good evidence for elevated volcanic activity through the Hirnantian, based on anomalously high concentrations of mercury (Hg) in many areas. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and other sulphurous volcanic gasses are converted into sulphate aerosols in the stratosphere, and short, periodic large igneous province eruptions may be able to account for cooling in this way. Although there is no direct evidence for a large igneous province during the Hirnantian, volcanism could still be a major factor. Explosive volcanic eruptions, which regularly send debris and volatiles into the stratosphere, would be even more effective at producing sulfate aerosols. Ash beds are common in the Late Ordovician, and Hirnantian pyrite records sulphur isotope anomalies consistent with stratospheric eruptions. The enormous megaeruption that formed the Deicke bentonite layer in particular has been linked to global cooling due to it coinciding with a major positive oxygen isotope excursion and the high sulphur concentration observed in its bentonite layer.

Sea level change
One of the possible causes for the temperature drop during this period is a drop in sea level. Sea level must drop prior to the initiation of extensive ice sheets in order for it to be a possible trigger. A drop in sea level allows more land to become available for ice sheet growth. There is wide debate on the timing of sea level change, but there is some evidence that a sea level drop started before the Ashgillian, which would have made it a contributing factor to glaciation.

Palaeogeography
The possible setup of the paleogeography during the period from 460 Ma to 440 Ma falls in a range between the Caradocian and the Ashgillian. The choice of setup is important, because the Caradocian setup is more likely to produce glacial ice at high CO2 concentrations, and the Ashgillian is more likely to produce glacial ice at low CO2 concentrations.

The height of the land mass above sea level also plays an important role, especially after ice sheets have been established. A higher elevation allows ice sheets to remain with more stability, but a lower elevation allows ice sheets to develop more readily. The Caradocian is considered to have a lower surface elevation, and though it would be better for initiation during high CO2, it would have a harder time maintaining glacial coverage.

From what we know about tectonic movement, the time span required to allow the southward movement of Gondwana toward the South Pole would have been too long to trigger this glaciation. Tectonic movement tends to take several million years, but the scale of the glaciation seems to have occurred in less than 1 million years, but the exact time frame of glaciation ranges from less than 1 million years to 35 million years, so it could still be possible for tectonic movement to have triggered this glacial period. Alternatively, true polar wander (TPW) and not conventional plate motion may have been responsible for the initiation of the Hirnantian glaciation. Palaeomagnetic data from between 450 and 440 Ma indicates a TPW of around ~50˚ occurring at a maximum speed of ~55 cm per year, which better explains the rapid motion of the continents than conventional plate tectonics.

Poleward ocean heat transport
Ocean heat transport is a major driver in the warming of the poles, taking warm water from the equator and distributing it to higher latitudes. A weakening of this heat transport may have allowed the poles to cool enough to form ice under high CO2 conditions. Due to the paleogeographic configuration of the continents, global ocean heat transport is thought to have been stronger in the Late Ordovician. However, research shows that in order for glaciation to occur, poleward heat transport had to be lower, which creates a discrepancy in what is known.

Orbital parameters
Orbital parameters may have acted in conjunction with some of the above parameters to help start glaciation. The variation of the earth's precession, and eccentricity, could have set the off the tipping point for initiation of glaciation. The Orbit at this time is thought to have been in a cold summer orbit for the Southern Hemisphere. This type of orbital configuration is a change in the orbital precession such that during the summer when the hemisphere is tilted toward the sun (in this case the earth) the earth is furthest away from the sun, and orbital eccentricity such that the orbit of the earth is more elongated which would enhance the effect of precession.

Coupled models have shown that in order to maintain ice at the pole in the Southern Hemisphere, the earth would have to be in a cold summer configuration. The glaciation was most likely to start during a cold summer period because this configuration enhances the chance of snow and ice surviving throughout the summer.

End of the event
The cause for the end of the Late Ordovician Glaciation is a matter of intense research, but evidence shows that the deglaciation in the terminal Hirnantian may have occurred abruptly, as Silurian strata marks a significant change from the glacial deposits left during the Late Ordovician. Though the Hirnantian glaciation ended rapidly, milder glaciations continued to occur throughout the subsequent Silurian period, with the last glacial phase occurring in the Late Silurian.

Ice collapse
One of the possible causes for the end of the Hirnantian glaciation is that during the glacial maximum, the ice reached out too far and began collapsing on itself. The ice sheet initially stabilized once it reached as far north as Ghat, Libya and developed a large proglacial fan-delta system. A glaciotectonic fold and thrust belt began to form from repeated small-scale fluctuations in the ice. The glaciotectonic fold and thrust belt eventually led to ice sheet collapse and retreat of the ice to south of Ghat. Once stabilized south of Ghat, the ice sheet began advancing north again. This cycle slowly shrank more south each time which lead to further retreat and further collapse of glacial conditions. This recursion allowed the melting of the ice sheet, and rising sea level. This hypothesis is supported by glacial deposits and large land formations found in Ghat, Libya which is part of the Murzuq Basin.

CO2
As the Ice sheets began to increase the weathering of silicate rocks and basaltic important to carbon sequestration (the silicates through the Carbonate–silicate cycle, the basalt through forming calcium carbonate) decreased, which caused levels to rise again, this in turned helped push deglaciation. This deglaciation cause the transformation of silicates exposed to the air (thus given the opportunity to bind to its ) and weathering of basaltic rock to start back up which caused glaciation to occur again.

Significance
Even before the mass extinction at the end of the Ordovician, which resulted in a significant drop in chitinozoan diversity and abundance, the biodiversity of chitinozoans was adversely impacted by the onset of the Andean-Saharan glaciation. Following a peak in diversity in the late Darriwilian, chitinozoans declined in diversity as the Late Ordovician progressed. An exception to this declining trend of chitinozoan diversity was exhibited in Laurentia due to its low latitude position and warmer climate.

The Late Ordovician Glaciation coincided with the second largest of the five major extinction events, known as the Late Ordovician mass extinction. This period is the only known glaciation to occur alongside of a mass extinction event. The extinction event consisted of two discrete pulses. The first pulse of extinctions is thought to have taken place because of the rapid cooling, and increased oxygenation of the water column. This first pulse was the larger of the two and caused the extinction of most of the marine animal species that existed in the shallow and deep oceans. The second phase of extinction was associated with strong sea level rise, and due to the atmospheric conditions, namely oxygen levels being at or below 50% of present-day levels, high levels of anoxic waters would have been common. This anoxia would have killed off many of the survivors of the first extinction pulse. In all the extinction event of the Late Ordovician saw a loss of 85% of marine animal species and 26% of animal families.

The deglaciation at the end of the Homerian glacial interval was coeval with the first major radiation of trilete spore-producing plants, harbingering the dawn of the Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution. The later middle Ludfordian glaciation caused a sea level drop that created vast areas of new terrestrial habitats that were promptly colonised by land plants, further facilitating their diversification. The warming during the Pridoli that marked the end of the Andean-Saharan glaciation saw further floral expansion.

title: Andean-Saharan glaciation


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Bill Wattenburg

Willard Harvey Wattenburg (February 9, 1936 – August 2, 2018) was an American inventor, engineer, author, and talk radio show host from California. Advertisements for his show often referred to him as "The Smartest Man in the World."

Early life
Born and raised in Greenville, California, in rural Plumas County, Wattenburg grew up working with his father in the logging business. His scientific talent was discovered by a teacher, who encouraged him to apply to several schools, including the University of California, Berkeley where he completed his first year with honors. After his freshman year, Wattenburg moved back to assist his father in his business, and graduated from California State University, Chico, summa cum laude in physics and electrical engineering. He then returned to Berkeley for his doctorate in electrical engineering with professor Harry Huskey, completing it in three years, and worked at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and as a professor at Berkeley until 1970. After that, he was a consultant to various engineering and defense-oriented businesses. He remained a consultant to the Livermore Laboratory until his death.

Engineering
As an engineer, Wattenburg discovered many of the original problems with the Bay Area Rapid Transit system, including such flaws as easily decipherable fare cards (which could have fare value fraudulently added to them), trains that would not show up on the computer screen, and other deficiencies. He published numerous articles in scientific journals and continued to do research as an adjunct professor at Cal State, Chico.

Businessman
As an inventor, Wattenburg had eight patents to his credit, one being the first home alarm system using electrical wiring for its communication medium. Many of his ideas, such as using flatbed rail cars as temporary bridges, unenergized electric water heaters for storage of emergency potable water, and converting plow blades into minesweepers are deceptively simple variants of prior art or folk technology.

Mountaintop removal mine
In the 1980s Wattenburg set up his own gold mining corporation, "Wattexco". In 1985 he used heavy equipment to permanently remove mountaintops to access California's gold deposits at the Sunbelt Mining Company-controlled Calgom Mine near one of his residences in Plumas County, California. In contrast to the historic practice of gold panning in California, Wattenburg orchestrated mountaintop removal mining to get at the gold beneath an entire mountain in Plumas County.

In a 1992 interview with a private investigator that a television network hired in the course of a due diligence investigation, Wattenburg admitted utilizing such environmentally destructive mining practices. The investigator reported:

"The first task was to cut 2,000,000 tons of 'overburden' dirt and rock off the top of the mountain and move it a half mile away, where it was dumped into a deep canyon. Overburden is the dirt and rock on top of the ore body beneath it. The gold ore body was at a depth of two hundred feet below the surface ... Here is how one seasoned operator described it: '... he put maybe five or six of us on bulldozers to start pushing dirt on the mountaintop into this trench, up at the top of the trench. Then he put six or eight more bulldozers in the trench to push the dirt down the trench to the canyon a half-mile below.' "

Radio talk show host
From 1972 to December 2, 2011, Wattenburg was the host of The Open Line to the West Coast, a talk show heard late Saturday and Sunday evenings 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. PT from San Francisco on KGO, AM 810 kHz. On the program, Wattenburg took calls from throughout the western United States. Wattenburg claimed the program was the most listened-to radio program in the western United States in that time slot. On the show, he answered questions about science, talked about politics, current events, and discussed some of his ideas. Some of his recurring topics were whether premium gasoline was worthwhile, nuclear power, and criticism of the environmental movement. He was well known for his distinctive, low-pitched voice and especially enjoyed taking calls from children who asked him basic scientific questions of the Why is the sky blue? variety. Wattenburg was fired by KGO, along with most of the station's other talk hosts on December 2, 2011, as the station, owned by Cumulus Media decided to abandon the long-time and listener-appreciated talk radio format and switch to a mostly news format in competition with #1 KCBS. KGO's Web site showed his former time slot would be replaced with Spencer Hughes.

In late 2011, Wattenburg began broadcasting on KSCO-AM, 1080, Santa Cruz, California. This was a few days after parting ways with KGO-AM. This continued until January 22, 2012, when he joined the Talk Radio Network

In 2012, Bill Wattenburg signed with Talk Radio Network and his show was available to radio stations nationwide in syndication. His program was called The Open Line to America. Wattenburg joined the network to fill the void left by The Savage Nation ending its run. The program aired Sunday nights from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. Pacific Time. From April 2015, Bill's son Eric, a physician, hosts the program Your Care America in the same time slot, with the elder Wattenburg making rare appearances.

Political views
He was generally considered a conservative; however, he espoused some traditionally liberal or libertarian positions on a handful of social issues, such as abortion rights. He was a strong supporter of former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, as well as former president George W. Bush and the invasion and occupation of Iraq.

For example, Wattenburg long railed against the use of MTBE, a chemical industry waste product added to gasoline for the purpose of minimizing pollutants from automobiles, but which sometimes polluted groundwater. Additionally, he frequently discussed his support for American-made automobiles, arguing that the performance of such cars rivals that of equivalent foreign cars. A longtime consultant at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Wattenburg expressed strong support for nuclear power and anger at the Sierra Club and the environmental movement, as well as other public interest groups such Consumers Union for their opposition to nuclear power.

Firearms confiscation
Wattenburg openly suggested having standing armies on American streets and within American homes for law enforcement purposes, once remarking to a San Francisco Chronicle reporter, in regard to high urban violence in Oakland, California, "Our troops are going house to house removing weapons in Bosnia. Why not use them to do that in West Oakland or South Central Los Angeles?"

Author
As an author, Wattenburg published two books for the general public: one book, Best Jokes From Talk Radio, is a compilation of risque jokes heard on talk radio; his second book, How to Find and Fascinate a Mistress, is a fictionalized version of Wattenburg's exploits with young women in the 1970s. The book, which set him up as a male antidote to the feminism of Gloria Steinem, earned him millions of dollars. It was published under the pseudonym Will Harvey. The book has long been out of print.

Marriage and family
Wattenburg was married to his third spouse, Carol Wattenburg, 28 years his junior. They had two daughters; Wattenburg also had three children from a previous marriage.

Appearance in films
Wattenburg made brief appearances in three Clint Eastwood films: The Dead Pool (Nolan Kennard), Pink Cadillac (pit boss), and True Crime (radio reporter).

title: Bill Wattenburg


text:
Ricciaceae

Ricciaceae are a family of liverworts in order Marchantiales, with two extant genera.

 * Riccia
 * Ricciocarpos

title: Ricciaceae


text:
User talk:Dr Doom

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Alai 06:10, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop removing content from Wikipedia; it is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.  - RoyBoy 800 06:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

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Thanks for uploading Image:Cd2.gif. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by going to "Your contributions" from your user page and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Steve block talk 14:42, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Dr Doom