text:
User talk:Curarin

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , !!! Pradeepsomani  ( talk )
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2005 Kashmir earthquake
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title: User talk:Curarin


text:
Christopher Mpofu

Christopher Bobby Mpofu (born 27 November 1985) is a Zimbabwean former international cricketer. He played for the Zimbabwe national cricket team at Test, One Day International and Twenty20 International level.

Early life and career
Mpofu spent time in Brisbane, Australia at the National Performance Centre. He was coached by former Australian fast bowler Damien Fleming.

Mpofu made his first-class debut for Matabeleland against Manicaland in March 2004, taking three wickets on debut. In the 2004/05 Faithwear Inter-Clothing Provincial One-Day Competition, Mpofu was the leading wicket-taker with 11 wickets. He claimed 9 wickets in the 2005/06 edition of the competition.

International career
Following the mass exodus of top level players in the Zimbabwean cricket crisis of 2004, Mpofu made his One-Day International debut against England, and cost the English team some anxious moments.

Following the exodus of the rebels, Mpofu was given his Test debut against Bangladesh at the M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong. He had scores of 0 and 5 in the match. The match was an indication of Zimbabwe's horrific decline in Tests as Bangladesh secured their maiden Test victory, and that too by 226 runs.

One definite shortcoming, is his crease occupation. Not content with being stumped twice in an afternoon (for a pair) in the first Test against New Zealand in August 2005, he followed up by being run out for 3 in the second match, as he strolled down the pitch to congratulate his teammate Blessing Mahwire on reaching his half-century, with the ball still in action. He still tends to blow hot and cold and has few rivals in the race to be considered international cricket's worst batsman.

Despite containing the basics, a good away movement, and a good action, Mpofu struggled, as for a long time he was the lone seamer among a cluster of spinners, and he had no one to help him out, and consistency was a major problem for the young seamer. There was a game against Pakistan in which he took 1/75.

International comeback
As Mpofu later recalled, Zimbabwe's short tour of South Africa in 2010 was the most toughest part of his life. On flat batting pitches without any assistance to seamers, Mpofu recorded unflattering bowling figures of 1 for 59 in the Twenty20 match in Kimberley, and 0/59 in a One-Day International at Bloemfontein. Mpofu later said that he thought about Mick Lewis in that 438-game and how he never played for Australia again, and whether the same fate would befall Mpofu too.

It was former Zimbabwean fast-bowling great Heath Streak who helped Mpofu believe he could. When Streak was appointed as bowling coach, Mpofu had a sense that things were changing. The two had a more good understanding because Streak who also came from Matabeleland as Mpofu spoke in his mother language, Ndebele. Streak told Mpofu that in cricket, he needed a wider repoirtoire of balls. Furthermore, former English Test cricketer Robin Jackman told him after his disastrous performances in South Africa that if he had to succeed in international cricket, he will have to bowl a slower ball. Mpofu first tried that experiment in the nets, and following success there, tried them in an international match situation. This chain of incidents proved to be a turning point in Mpofu's career.

A string of decent performances followed in the 2010 tri-series against India and Sri Lanka, as Zimbabwe beat India (twice) and Sri Lanka (once) to reach the final ahead of favorites India, ultimately finishing as runners-up. Mpofu continued in the same vein in the team's tour of Ireland. Mpofu took 8 wickets from these two combined series.

2011 Cricket World Cup
Mpofu had a fine World Cup 2011 performance, with 7 wickets at an average of 22.71 from 4 matches and eased into a more senior role for Zimbabwe. Furthermore, he found a new-ball partner with Ray Price and created a new celebration jig with him as any one of them got a wicket.

Mid career (2010-2015)
Mpofu played in Zimbabwe's comeback Test match against Bangladesh, and took 5 wickets as Zimbabwe recorded their first victory since 2004 by a major 130 runs.

Chris Mpofu continued his good wicket-taking form in the next Test against Pakistan, by taking 2 wickets in the only innings he bowled. Another highlight being his six in the Zimbabwean first innings off Pakistan's stalwart spinner Saeed Ajmal that brought up the Zimbabwean 400. Despite this, the match was a heavy 7-wicket loss for the hosts who were playing at Bulawayo.

Mpofu continued his fine form in the next Test against New Zealand where he took 4 wickets in a single innings to restrict New Zealand to 426. He eventually finished with another 5-wicket haul. Despite captain Brendan Taylor's brilliant innings of 117 in the last innings, Zimbabwe lost the match narrowly by 34 runs, owing much to Black Caps debutant Doug Bracewell's 5-wicket haul that overshadowed Mpofu's and Kyle Jarvis's.

Chris Mpofu was left out of the Zimbabwe squad for the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup in Australia. Although disappointed, he used this as motivation to improve on his cricket.

Records

 * He is the world record holder for conceding the fewest runs (6 runs) without bowling a maiden over in a T20 International after bowling the complete quota of overs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christopher Mpofu


text:
Benedikt Sarnov

Benedikt Sarnov (Бенеди́кт Миха́йлович Сарно́в; January 4, 1927 – April 20, 2014) was a Moscow literary critic, historian of Soviet literature, and writer. After graduating from Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in 1951, he became a member of Union of Soviet Writers in 1960. He worked in the magazine Literaturnaya Gazeta, created a popular literary radio program and authored a column about Russian prose in Ogonek. In 1990s he became Secretary of the Moscow Writers' Union, a part of Union of Russian Writers. He has published over twenty books, and hundreds of articles and reviews, and continued to be active in the post-Soviet period. His most recent books were about relationships of Stalin and Soviet writers and other intellectuals He died in 2014.

title: Benedikt Sarnov


text:
Category talk:Trip hop

Album category?
Should we laso include Category:Trip hop albums in this as well? --JB Adder | Talk 03:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not. I just did and put some of the stuff in there. Karol 06:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Trip hop


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Yoseikan

Yoseikan (養正館) is the name given to a dojo built in November 1931 in Shizuoka, Japan.

The Dojo
The brother and friends of Master Minoru Mochizuki built this dojo for him while he was recovering from pleurisy and pulmonary tuberculosis. When the dojo was built, a friend of the Mochizuki family (a philosophy teacher) called it Yōseikan. Mochizuki immediately adopted the name since it means "the place to cultivate truth/righteousness". It reflected his teacher's ideals and it reinforced the positive attitude of "Mutual welfare and prosperity" he had always promoted. The official opening of the dojo was held in November 1931 and many dignitaries from Tokyo, including Morihei Ueshiba, Admiral Isamu Takeshita, and General Makoto Miura attended. It had to be rebuilt after World War II during which it was burnt down.

The Yōseikan served as the centre for many martial arts in Shizuoka until the 1970s. The martial arts taught at the dojo included Aikido, Judo, Karate, and Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto Ryu. In the 1970s it became the home to Mochizuki's composite martial art, Yoseikan Budo. The Yōseikan building is currently home to the International Budo Seifukai Federation.

The Yōseikan dojo is located at Mukoshikiji 846, Shizuoka-shi, Japan.

title: Yoseikan


text: User talk:24.118.89.112

title: User talk:24.118.89.112


text:
Abertamy

Abertamy (Abertham) is a town in Karlovy Vary District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants. It is known as a winter sports centre. The town is historically associated with silver and tin mining and is located in the Ore Mountain Mining Region, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Administrative parts
The village of Hřebečná is an administrative part of Abertamy.

Geography
Abertamy is located about 15 km north of Karlovy Vary. It lies in the Ore Mountains. The highest point is one of the highest mountains of the mountain range, Plešivec with an altitude of 1028 m.

History
Miners started to settle in the area between 1525 and 1529. The first written mention of Abertamy is from 1529. In 1579, Abertamy was promoted to royal mining town by Emperor Rudolf II. On 15 September 1590, a strong earthquake was recorded here. Silver mining gradually declined, especially during the Thirty Years' War, when it ended in 1622. Only the mining of tin continued. Abertamy lost its town rights, and the area was forcibly recatholicized after the war. In the mid-19th century manufacturing of gloves began and expanded in the 20th century. In 1876, Abertamy obtained the town status again.

In the 1930s, 98% of the population of Abertamy were ethnic Germans. The town was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 and in 1938–1945 it was administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland. In 1945, many German speaking people were expelled and local industry was nationalised. However roughly 150,000 of three million Sudeten Germans in the surrounding region were not expelled due to their indispensable mining and technical skills. A large German-speaking minority remained here until the 2000s, but it is gradually disappearing.

Intensive mining of uranium ore had started in the area after World War II. There used to be two shafts in Abertamy. In 1998, the factory producing gloves closed down.

Transport
There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipal territory.

Sport
The area is actively used for winter and summer sports. There is a large modern ski resort on the slopes of the mountain Plešivec. It has eight downhill courses and nine ski lifts.

Sights
Abertamy lies in the mining cultural landscape Abertamy – Boží Dar – Horní Blatná, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2019 as a part of the transnational Ore Mountain Mining Region.

The most valuable monument in Abertamy is Mauritius Mine, which is remains of the largest tin mine in the Ore Mountains. It was in operation from the 16th century to the 1940s. Today it is a national cultural monument. It is open to the public. Červená jáma, which is the largest depression after mining activities in the country, is also a part of the protected area of the mine.

The Church of Fourteen Holy Helpers was built in the late Gothic style in 1534. In 1735–1738, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style. It was modified to its present form in the first half of the 19th century.

Notable people

 * Horst Siegl (born 1969), footballer

title: Abertamy


text:
Wolff

Wolff is a variant of the Wolf surname which is derived from the baptismal names Wolfgang or Wolfram.

A

 * Albert Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Alex Wolff, American actor
 * Alexander Wolff, American writer
 * Alexander Wolff (soldier), (1788–1863), British officer who served under the Duke of Wellington
 * Andreas Wolff (born 1991), German handball player
 * Auguste Wolff (1821–1887), French piano maker

B

 * Betje Wolff (1738–1804), Dutch writer
 * Bernard Wolff (1811–1879), German media mogul
 * Bernard Wolff Beffie (1872–1943), Dutch chess master and dermatologist
 * Beverly Wolff (1928–2005), American mezzo-soprano
 * Bobby Wolff (born 1932), American bridge player

C

 * Carl Gustaf Wolff, a prominent Finnish shipowner and businessman
 * Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1734–1794), founder of embryology
 * Christian Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Christoph Wolff (born 1940), German-born musicologist
 * Cynthia Griffin Wolff (born 1936), American literary historian

E

 * Ed Wolff (actor) (1907–1966), American actor
 * Edward Wolff (born 1946), American economist
 * Elsie Wolff Van Sandau, British suffragette, see Mathilde Wolff Van Sandau
 * Enrique Wolff (born 1949), Argentine football player
 * Ernst Victor Wolff (1886–1961), German-born classical pianist and harpsichordist

F

 * Francis Wolff, photographer and the founder of Blue Note Records
 * Francis Wolff (philosopher) (born 1950), French philosopher, see List of French philosophers
 * Frank Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1887–1985), an American mystical philosopher
 * Freddie Wolff (1910–1988), British sprinter

G

 * Geoffrey Wolff (born 1937), American writer

H

 * Hans Wolff (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Hellmuth Wolff (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Heinz Wolff (1928–2017), German-British scientist and television and radio presenter
 * Henny Wolff (1896–1965), German soprano concert singer and voice teacher
 * Henry Drummond Wolff (1830–1908), English diplomat

I

 * Irving Wolff (1894–1982), American physicist

J

 * J. Scott Wolff (1878–1958), American politician from Missouri
 * Johann Friedrich Wolff (1778–1806), German botanist
 * Jonathan Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Josh Wolff (born 1977), American soccer player
 * Joseph Wolff (1795–1862), Jewish Christian missionary from Germany
 * Joseph C. Wolff (1849–1896), New York politician
 * Julius Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Johannes "Hans" Hermann Wolff (1896–1976), German Engineer

K

 * Karin Wolff (1959), German politician
 * Karl Wolff (1900–1984), high-ranking member of the Schutzstaffel
 * Karl Felix Wolff (1879–1966), self-taught folklorist of the South Tyrol
 * Kurt Wolff (disambiguation), several people

L

 * Lester L. Wolff (1919–2021), American politician
 * Lewis Wolff (born 1935), American billionaire real estate developer
 * Louis Wolff (1898–1972), American cardiologist

M

 * Maritta Wolff (1918–2002) American novelist
 * Mathilde Wolff Van Sandau (1843–1926), British suffragette
 * Matthew Wolff (born 1999), American golfer
 * Michael Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Milton Wolff (1915–2008), commander of the Lincoln Battalion

N

 * Nat Wolff (born 1994), American actor
 * Nelson Wolff (born 1940), American politician
 * Noah Wolff (1809–1907), German industrialist and community leader

O

 * Otto Herbert Wolff (1920–2010) German-British paediatrician

P

 * Pat Wolff American pediatrician
 * Patrick Wolff (born 1968), American chess player
 * Peter Wolff (disambiguation), several people

R

 * Richard Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Rikard Wolff (1958–2017), Swedish actor
 * Robert Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * Roger Wolff (1911–1994), American baseball player

S

 * S. Drummond Wolff (1916–2004), English organist, mainly active in America
 * Salomon (Sam) de Wolff (1878–1960), Dutch economist and politician
 * Sam Wolff (born 1991), American baseball player
 * Sheldon Wolff (1928–2008), American radiobiologist and cytogeneticist
 * Sheldon M. Wolff (1930–1994), American physician and immunologist
 * Stefan Wolff, German political scientist and professor living in the UK
 * Sula Wolff (1924–2009), prominent British child psychiatrist
 * Susie Wolff (born 1982), British racing driver

T

 * Theodor Wolff (1868–1943), German journalist
 * Thomas Wolff (1954–2000), American mathematician
 * Tobias Barrington Wolff (born 1970), American professor of law
 * Tobias Wolff (born 1945), American writer
 * Toto Wolff (born 1972), Austrian racing driver and investor

V

 * Virginia Euwer Wolff (1882–1941), English writer
 * Victoria Wolff (1903–1992), German born American writer and screenwriter.

W

 * Werner Wolff (disambiguation), several people
 * William Wolff (1927–2020), German-British journalist and rabbi

title: Wolff


text: Category:Egyptian singers

title: Category:Egyptian singers


text:
Elisabeth Schumacher

Elisabeth Schumacher (née Hohenemser; 28 April 1904 – 22 December 1942 in Plötzensee Prison, Berlin) was a German artist, photographer, and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. She was a member of the Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) by the Abwehr, during the Third Reich. Schumacher trained as an artist, but as her father was Jewish, she was classified as half-Jewish or Mischling, so worked as a graphic artist, before joining the resistance efforts.

Life
Elisabeth Hohenemser was born into a well-off family, to a Jewish father and Christian mother in Darmstadt. Her father, engineer Fritz Hohenemser, was a soldier in World War I and came from a family of prominent bankers from the Frankfurt am Main area. Her mother came from Meiningen. In 1914, the family moved from Strasbourg (then part of Germany) to Frankfurt am Main. During the same year, Fritz Hohenemser died in action in the First World War, leading Elisabeth to move to Meiningen with her mother and siblings.

In 1921, she attended the School of Applied Arts (Kunstgewerbeschule) in Offenbach intermittently until 1925. She worked at a crafts studio until 1928, in order to study art in Berlin, which she did until 1933. After completing her studies, she stayed in Berlin and applied unsuccessfully (reportedly because she was half-Jewish) for a permanent spot at the Reich Office for Industrial Safety (Reichsstelle für Arbeitsschut).

While living in Berlin, Schumacher met Kurt Schumacher. They had been close friends since 1930. He had been studying graphic arts with German artist Ernst Böhm as part of a three-year course. At the end of the course in 1933, Kurt Schumacher attained a position as a freelance graphic artist at the German Occupational Safety and Health Museum in Charlottenburg.

Kurt Schumacher was an anti-Nazi and sculptor. Together, Elisabeth and Kurt formed an organisation to fight against Hitler's regime. The beginning of World War II strengthened the need for this organization, and Elisabeth became more involved. The Schumachers spent much time helping those affected by Nazi Germany, but were ultimately arrested in September 1942. Elisabeth, along with her husband, was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime in December that year.

Resistance activities
Elisabeth and her husband were inspired by Libertas and Harro Schulze-Boysen, and created an organization to fight against the Nazi regime. The start of World War II solidified this resolve. Later, the Schumachers joined Libertas and Harro Schulze-Boysen, along with Mildred and Arvid Harnack in their spy network, whom the Gestapo later dubbed the "Red Orchestra" (Rote Kapelle). The group was active giving out handbills and documenting the Nazi regime's crimes.

Schumacher wanted to protect Jewish relatives from deportation. Moreover, she believed there were possibilities of negotiating peace with the Soviet Union. Early in 1941, the Schumachers were involved in the attempt to warn the Soviet Union by wireless about the forthcoming German invasion (Operation Barbarossa). In August 1942, they took in the Communist Albert Hößler (or Hoessler), who had lived in the Soviet Union since the 1930s. He had parachuted into Germany to support the resistance group's transmission of information to the Soviet Union.

Arrest and death
In 1942, after a wireless message was decoded, many members of the resistance group were arrested. On 12 September 1942, Schumacher was arrested at her apartment in Tempelhof.

Like her husband, she was sentenced to death on 19 December 1942 at the Reichskriegsgericht ("Reich Military Tribunal") for "conspiracy to commit high treason", espionage, and other political crimes. Aged 38, she was beheaded on 22 December 1942 at Plötzensee Prison, forty-five minutes after her husband was hanged there.

Honours

 * Since the 1980s, there has been a stone memorial plaque to Elisabeth at the Schulstraße 4 residence in Meiningen, where she lived with her mother and siblings from 1915 to 1921. Schulstraße was renamed "Elisabeth-Schumacher-Straße" in 2019 in honour of Elisabeth.
 * A bronze plaque was installed in Frankfurt at 46 Kettenhofweg. Schumacher lived there from 1921 to 1924, in 1994.
 * On 25 September 2015, a Stolperstein (stumbling block) was laid in front of her former residence at 42 Werner-Voß-Damm in Tempelhof, Berlin.

title: Elisabeth Schumacher


text: Category:Egyptian musicians

title: Category:Egyptian musicians


text: User talk:70.250.83.30

title: User talk:70.250.83.30


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Affirm

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Appeal. Linuxbeak | Talk 23:02, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Affirm
Transwikify Massysett 03:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki - already covered in Appeal. --Idont Havaname 04:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or transwiki, this is too broad a term for an encyclopedic entry - cohesion | talk 08:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Affirm


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sharp Voices Still Lives - Birmingham Photography in the 1980's

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was UNSURE; NO ACTION TAKEN. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:45, 17 October 2005 (UTC) Administrator's note: The page in question is horrid, and I don't see how it can be merged anywhere. I'm going to slap a tag on there, and if it isn't dealt with, I would move to delete it.

Sharp Voices Still Lives - Birmingham Photography in the 1980's
Nonencyclopedic topic: Article is about a minor regional photography exhibit. It appears to reproduce a review of the exhibit and may be copyright violation (not found elsewhere online, though). Dystopos 03:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to appropriate articles on individual artists and/or venues and Delete. Dystopos 03:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Delete -cohesion | talk 08:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Not sure if 'merge and delete' is legal under the gfdl. Trollderella 00:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Pyjama Girl

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:34, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pyjama Girl


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Smurf Communism

Keep it. I was not aware of this before, and now I am. The purpose of an encyclopedia IS to spread knowledge, is it not? Mission Accomplished.

Thanks to all the big supporters out there for this article. I spent a couple hours making this article after seeing pages mentioning ith eissue for years. THere was a brief mention of it on the Smurf page, but i though it well deserved more. Thanks again for all your support :) :) :) --larsinio 20:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW, in case anyone was counting 19 sockpuppets--205.188.116.5 21:46, 6 February 2006 (UTC)


text:
Cougal Spiral

The Cougal Spiral is a heritage-listed single track railway tunnel and spiral feature of the North Coast railway line in Australia that connects New South Wales with Queensland under the Border Ranges near Richmond Gap in the Kyogle Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1930. It is also known as the Border Loop railway formation and landscape, Cougal To Border Loop and Railway Spiral and Landscape. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

The railway line needs to climb at a steady ruling gradient from Kyogle to the summit at a tunnel at the border between the two states. The border is also at the watershed. The rail spiral and associated facilities are located between 871 and 876 km from Sydney Central railway station.

Description
Climbing almost non-stop at the ruling grade of 1 in 66 or 1.5% (compensated) the line has almost continuous curves of 240 m radius. Near Cougal, the alignment finally runs out of valley, and has nowhere to go. Fortunately a convenient hill allows the line to circle back on itself so that it climbs 30 m without having to make any forward progress.

The common name of 'Border Loop' for the Cougal Spiral has itself led to ambiguity in descriptions of the feature itself. The single rail line heading north makes a spiral round this hill, mostly comprising surface track plus two short curved tunnels (one where it passes under itself, the other through a small spur in the hillside). The surface line travels a further 2 km north to cross the state border under the Border Ranges by passing through a longer, straight summit tunnel.

Soon after the Border Tunnel under the watershed is reached the line curves westward and descends on the other side. A lower summit, perhaps without the spiral, would have been possible with a considerably longer and more expensive summit tunnel, with the possibility of problems with fumes for both the original steam locomotives and the replacement diesel engines.

The Cougal Spiral is easily viewed from parts of the Lions Road. The structure has been heritage listed due to its historical, scientific and architectural rarity. It opened on 29 August 1930 as part of the extension of the North Coast line from Kyogle to South Brisbane.

The Cougal Railway Spiral and Landscape consists of the following elements:
 * a 192 m concrete tunnel, located from 871.947 to 872.139 km from Central;
 * a 177 m concrete tunnel, located from 872.661 to 872.838 km from Central;
 * an underbridge, constructed of five 20.12 m steel spans RSJ on concrete piers, located at 873.217 km from Central;
 * the Border Loop crossing, located at 875.110 km from Central (no longer extant); and
 * a 1160 m tunnel on the border with Queensland, located from 875.482 to 876.642 km from Central.

The heritage feature is formed by the whole section of line from Cougal to the Border Tunnel.

History
The 'Border Loop' opened on 29 August 1930, connecting New South Wales and Queensland by rail beneath Richmond Gap.

Heritage listing
As at 19 July 2013, the Cougal to Border Loop section of the North Coast Line was a notable engineering achievement, revealing a twentieth century engineering solution that allows trains to pass through the steep topography at the NSW/Queensland border.

The 'Border Loop' railway formation and landscape was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The completion of the Cougal Spiral to Border Tunnel section of the North Coast Railway was a major engineering feat in the first half of the twentieth century, being one of several major engineering projects in NSW that allowed continuous railway access between Sydney and Brisbane.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The combination of tunnels, crossing loops, the underbridge and spiral together form a technically significant example of an innovative and successful railway engineering solution.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The railway spiral at 'Border Loop' is one of only two railway spirals in NSW.

title: Cougal Spiral


text:
National highways of Japan

Japan has a nationwide system of national highways (一般国道) distinct from the expressways. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and other government agencies administer the national highways. Beginning in 1952, Japan classified these as Class 1 or Class 2. Class 1 highways had one- or two-digit numbers, while Class 2 highways had three-digit numbers. For example, routes 1 and 57 were Class 1 highways while 507 (the one with the highest number) was a Class 2 highway.

A 1964 amendment to the governing law resulted in a unification of the classes, which took effect in April of the following year. Highways numbered since that time have had three-digit numbers, so the numbers 58–100, which had so far been unused, remained unused. However, when Okinawa Prefecture reverted to Japanese control in 1972, Route 58, with its southern endpoint in Okinawa's capital city of Naha, was established. The numbers from 59 to 100 remain unused. Some other numbers have been vacated by the joining or changing of routes: 109 (joined with 108), 110 (renumbered as 48), 111 (renumbered as 45), 214–216 (joined to form 57).

1 to 58
Initially established as "Class 1 highways", except Route 58

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

101 to 199
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

200 to 299
200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299

300 to 399
300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399

400 to 499
400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499

500 to 507
500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507

title: National highways of Japan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ipso facto

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980 21:19, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Ipso facto
Strong keep.

Transwikify Massysett 03:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki per nominator. --Idont Havaname 04:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if some of the notable uses of this phrase are added between now and the end of this Afd term. I can imagine this could be expanded into a nice article but as it now stands it should be transwikified. Qaz  ( talk ) 06:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand if possible as per Qaz. If not possible, do a soft redirect to Wiktionary. -- Kjkolb 10:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. notable phrase, definitely could be expanded.  I don't support a time limit on this expansion though, as Qaz suggests.--Kewp (t) 14:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Notable legal and lay with much room for expansion. Xoloz 14:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong and speedy keep for above reasons. Smerdis of Tlön 16:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as notable legal term. Capitalistroadster 17:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this please this is a legal term used all the time erasing it makes no sense Yuckfoo 00:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep this is a very notable term. It is far longer than a dictionary definition, and has potential for expansion.   [[Sam Korn ]] 21:43, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lex fori

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980 21:21, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Lex fori
Transwikify Massysett 03:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, expand - no mere dicdef, this is actually an ancient and well-developed legal theory, which counters the theory that the law of the place of the wrong should govern, irrespective of the forum where the lawsuit was brought. These ideas have battled back and forth in various fora for centuries, and entire law school courses are taught on the triumph of one or the other over time. BD2412  talk 05:10, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. This is obviously an important article. Carioca 05:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as important legal concept see Procedure (conflict). Capitalistroadster 05:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Notable legal latin with much room for expansion. Xoloz 14:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong and speedy keep. Once again, a valid stub on an encyclopedic topic gets bitten for starting at the beginning.  Smerdis of Tlön 16:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I am disappointed that this stub has been nominated for deletion. I have begun to expand it into a fuller entry and will complete the process as soon as I am able. David91 15:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lex loci rei sitae

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980 21:23, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Lex loci rei sitae
Transwikify Massysett 03:56, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, expand for essentially the same reasons as Lex fori, above. Notable legal concept, much more than a dicdef. BD2412  talk 05:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. This is obviously an important article. Carioca 05:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as notable legal term. The US Supreme Court lists it in their glossary of legal terms which judges may alternatively use in their rulings or come across in reading see . Capitalistroadster 05:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Notable legal latin with much room for expansion. Xoloz 15:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong and speedy keep, although this could likely be merged into a general lex loci article along with lex loci contractus and lex loci actus if they exist. Smerdis of Tlön 16:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.92.228.201

title: User talk:69.92.228.201


text:
Wikipedia talk:Esperanza/Archive 3

Announcement!
I have too much work to do around the wikipedia, especially with my new Medcom duties. So, to get Esperanza up to speed, I am effectively making Essjay the admin general of Esperanza. I still may run the spamlist though, as Essjay may not be in the mood for leaving 30 talk page messages ;) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me, good luck and hope to see you soon. Welcome back Essjay Gryffindor [[Image:Flag of Austria (state).svg|20px]] 23:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

I guess it would be a good idea for me to accept, considering that Redwolf24 is off and spamming ;-) And Red, please do continue to maintain the spamlist; as my first unofficial act, I'm making you the (unoffical) Esperanza Spamster. -- Essjay ·  Talk 23:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The spamlist can be easily notified using the Notification Bot, which is up and running. Take a look at this: User:NotificationBot/Mind Benders — 50+ names would take me quite a while to notify (which I actually did once), but the bot takes care of that for me. And Essjay, congratulations! On another note, I've been meaning to ask the Esperanza community about an idea I had a month or so ago: User:Flcelloguy/Appreciation week. Let me know what you think! Thanks. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 02:47, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Essjay, "Spamster" sounds ugly... how about Esperanza Secretary of Member Notifications? ;) Tito xd 04:54, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How about Secretary of Prominent Announcements for Members? Or if you want to get fancy, Secretary of Prominent Announcements for Members with Substantially Talkative, but Extravagant Roles? --Deathphoenix 05:12, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Or: Special Poster And Message Sender To Esperanza Royal. Paul August ☎ 19:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Essjay is a worthy candidate, worthy indeed. Redwolf has shown his spamming skills, let him do what he does best Ban  e  s  11:29, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Moving forward
Alrighty then, I think it's time for us to move forward. A lot has happened in the past few weeks, but it is exactly that: the past. Now is the time for Esperanza to do what it was set up to do. As such, I'm setting forth a few proposals here that I beg all Esperanzians to accept.

 * 1) We will not wait for the government to be formed to act. As of now, I am declaring Esperanza's initatives active. All Esperanzians should immediately put Esperanza/Alerts on their watchlist, and I strongly encourage everyone to add Esperanza/Programs as well. There are two active alerts as of now, and I would like to see a full blown Esperanza assault to resolve and/or reduce the stress levels of these individuals. To that end, I have already posted messages, and I encourage others to do so.
 * 2) Esperanza's possible programs has been reformed to reflect the programs that have acheived consensus. Active programs are now listed at Esperanza/Programs, while proposals still under debate are listed at /Possibles. I encourage all Esperanzians to jump in and take part in the active programs and to suggest possible programs. Please add yourself to the calendar, and consider nominating your page for Trading Spaces. Also, if you know of an article that could use sprucing up, list it in the Esperanzian Drive section.
 * 3) I strongly encourage members to set up a system for checking the stress-image templates and backtracking to leave messages for anyone with Level 3, 4, or 5 (assuming someone uses level 5) stress. I have added a subpage to the alerts page listing links to these indicators. I also strongly encourage Esperanzians to do a search on Wikipedia user/talk pages for "wikibreak" and "stress." If anyone would like to head up this initative, please let me know.
 * 4) On the subject of elections: It has been brought to my attention that the advisory council elections should be moved up. As such, I am announcing that they will take palace starting Friday, October 7th at 12:00 UTC and will last until 11:59 UTC on October 13. The election subpage will be set up before that with the names of the candidates, but no votes cast before that time will be counted. I will announce the voting system later this evening on Esperanza/Election.

That is all I have for now, I promise there will be more later. -- Essjay ·  Talk 23:46, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've posted the election process at Esperanza/Election. All potential candidates should sign up there before 12:00 UTC on Thursday, October 6! -- Essjay ·  Talk 02:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

AntiWikistress
Essjay, I would be really intrested in heading the "Anti-wikistress" (or whatever you wold like to call it) initiative. What should I do? Should I create a list of wikipedians with high wikistress?-- Exir  Kamalabadi Esperanza  23:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Images
I knew there was something I forgot! Please, please, please, advertise for Esperanza where you can. If you leave an Esperanza-inspired note (i.e., in response to an alert) consider mentioning Esperanza as the source. I'll try working on an image that we could use as a "you're appreciated" symbol that would incorporate either the long or short form of the Esperanza logo. Many of you have added a green "e" to your signature, and I commend that. I've created a userbox for my userpage that uses the short logo, perhaps others would consider adding it, or a similar one, to thier userpage. The userbox looks like this: It can of course be customized to denote "Admin General," "Advisory Council," etc, as well as to use different colors. I strongly encourage all of you to use it! -- Essjay ·  Talk 02:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Who says you need an e? ;) Tito xd (?!?) 03:04, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Uh, where is this calendar that Essjay mentions above? Paul August ☎ 03:23, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza/Calendar It's also linked from the Programs page, and I'll add a link to the mainpage. -- Essjay ·  Talk 03:32, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

For anyone that would like to use it when they leave cheer up messages, I've created Image:Cafe Esperanza.JPG -- Essjay ·  Talk 05:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've created a userbox based on Essjay's box. You can include it directly by typing, which produces something like this:

Why mess with HTML code and CSS if we already did it for you? Isn't that the spirit of Esperanza? ;) Tito xd (?!?) 06:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I and created Category:Wikipedians in Esperanza for a easier way to find the members. I also was a bit bold, and added it to Titoxd's box here, so if you use the userbox on your userpage, you'll automagically be included. Bratsche talk 12:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Essjay, I would be really intrested in heading the "Anti-wikistress" (or whatever you wold like to call it) initiative. What should I do? Create a list of wikipedians with high wikistress?-- Exir  Kamalabadi Esperanza  12:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW, I created an Esperanza banner that you can put on your userpage. You can see it here: . I have problems with changing the color to green, though. (I rarely create tables). Can anyone help me?-- Exir   Kamalabadi Esperanza  12:43, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I changed it to green to match the colors I used with my userbox, so we have a "uniform appearance" or something similar. (Shall we call it "Esperanza Green" or something? :)) I'm still trying to get rid of that white border, but that shouldn't take long... hopefully. Tito xd (?!?) 17:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done with that. But shouldn't we put all the banners, userboxes, and other Esperanza-related buttons in one subpage, so members can see them all at once? Tito xd (?!?) 17:50, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I think that's an excellent idea, and I'll do it. We'll have it at Esperanza/Images and the shortcut will be WP:ESP/I. -- Essjay ·  Talk 20:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe we should include them too at Category:Wikipedians in Esperanza, which is what I've been working on. Tito xd (?!?) 21:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've also taken the liberty to create another two Esperanza user boxes. They are: for Essjay and  for members of the Advisory Committee after the election. Here's :

 * And here's :

 * I tried to make them look similar to the members' userbox, in order to remind people that we're a community and that rank doesn't differentiate or separate us. Tito xd (?!?) 21:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks so much, Titoxd! I actually have a box like that on my page, except in the white, since all my other userboxes are in white (I have a unified theme). I enourage all Esperanzians to utilize the boxes as soon as possible! -- Essjay ·  Talk 21:48, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Here is five new banners for fellow esperanzians to use:

I hope that everyone enjoys it!-- Exir  Kamalabadi Esperanza  02:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza has too many subpages?
Ich habe eine Bitte: Why not make all the discussion pages for the subpages of Esparanza point here instead? --HappyCamper 00:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Some of the subpage-talkpages are useful, like the talk page of /Possibles, where the discussion of possible programs is taking place. Any that are redlinked, or otherwise not in use, could be redirected here, though. -- Essjay ·  Talk 20:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speaking of the possibles, I just wanted to draw everyone's attention, since most people probably haven't watchlisted that subpage, to Esperanza/Possibles, where I've put down an idea. Input and suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 23:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Esperanza/Archive 3


text:
Jason Gray-Stanford

Jason Gray-Stanford (born May 19, 1970) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for playing Lieutenant Randy Disher in the USA Network television series Monk and for voicing the role of Raditz in the Ocean Productions dub of Dragon Ball Z.

Career
Gray-Stanford earned a BFA degree from the University of British Columbia in theatre. He has done extensive voice-over work for various Japanese anime movies and series, and also contributed background vocals to Russell Crowe's 30 Odd Foot of Grunts album Gaslight.

He played Deputy Bobby Michan in Mystery Alaska and appeared in A Beautiful Mind, both starring Crowe. Other notable film credits includes Flags of our Fathers, Earth to Echo, The Miracle Season, Caroline and Jackie, Lonely Hearts, and Summer of 84.

While mostly known for his role in the series Monk, he also has had a lot of notable television appearances ranging from his roles on Monday Mornings, Grey's Anatomy, Justified, The X-Files, Bones, both NCIS and Stargate franchises, the series Republic of Doyle and the hit Amazon Prime Video series The Boys.

Among his many voice-over performances, Gray-Stanford voiced the role of Donatello in Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation and was the voice of Sherlock Holmes in Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century. He was also the voice of Kento Rei Faun in the anime Ronin Warriors, and was the original English voice of Raditz and Cui in the Ocean Group dub of Dragonball Z, as well as the voice of Shinnosuke in the English dub of Ranma ½ and the voice of Joe Higashi in the Fatal Fury OVAs and film. Gray-Stanford is also recognized as the original voice of Yusaku Godai in Maison Ikkoku.

Personal life
Gray-Stanford was married to Jes Macallan from 2012 to 2017.

In 2018, Gray-Stanford was diagnosed with an arrhythmia in his heart, which was controlled for several years with medications and other treatments. In November 2020, he underwent a successful heart transplant. Doctors told him afterwards that he would have probably lived for only a few more weeks without the transplant.

He became an American citizen in 2019.

title: Jason Gray-Stanford


text:
Talk:Louis Jacobs

Ostracised??
The phrase "completely ostracised by orthodox rabbis" is problematic. Someone attempting to elucidate it via Wikipedia would probably go to Ostracism, then Shunning, then Cherem. We really shouldn't imply a rabbi is in cherem unless we're very clear about the matter. I'm changing "completely ostracised" to "marginalised" (I hope that's correct en-GB). --Hoziron 03:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Re being denied Aliyah
I have removed the phrase 'on occasions this has appeared petty', because for those who understand the Orthodox position, granting someone such an honour is fraught with halakhic issues. From an orthodox point of view, The public Reading of the Torah is the fulfilment of a religious duty; as such one needs to do it in accordance of the laws as codified in the Codes of Law. Granting an Aliyah to Louis Jacobs for several reasons would not fall into these criteria.

 * This is highly disputable. Effectively it is a POV, as many would interpret halakhah in a quite diferent way. I have therefore once again removed your comment from the article. Please try to undertand how Wikipedia works, and refrain from giving your interpretation of a situation as indisputable. Also if you wish you regularly edit, please sign up as this makes it easier to discuss issues such as this.--Smerus 12:39, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I added "However, Orthodox law maintains that someone who denies the Divinity of the Torah may not be accorded this honour for a variety of reasons." This is true according to the conclusions of the Shulchan Aruch and its commentaries; if this is not how you are defining 'Orthodox law' (it seems to be based on the wikipedia entry) then I am happy to take suggestions as to what this should be called. If this is a good (basic) definition of Orthodox law, then I have not added a POV. I take the comment re different interpretations of halakhah; however I did try to avoid that issue. Also, to say my line was a POV and "on occasions this has appeared petty" is objective is unfair. Garry Wayland 16:32, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You might perhaps say 'according to some definitions of orthodox law, someone who denies...' etc. But I query whether you can simply say 'this is true according to the conclusions of the Shulchan Aruch and its commentaries'. I don't have a Shulchan Aruch with me at the moment (am working abroad) but I would be surprised if you could quote me any part of it that unequivocally substantiates your comment as 'true'. Some commentaries on the SA may come to this conclusion; others may not. That is why the whole issue was one of dispute, in the columns of the Jewish Chronicle and elsewhere. The correspondence in the JC is I think objective evidence that this action 'appeared petty', at least to some. I took care not to say that it was petty. I have tried in my contributions to this article to avoid opining whether Jacobs, or those opposed to him, have been 'right' or 'wrong'. But I also think that an article on Jacobs is not the right place for a dicsussion on the laws of aliyah. Perhaps your interest might be better served by creating a Wkipedia article on aliyah laws and referencing it to and from the Louis Jacobs article, so that readers could form their own conclusions.With best regards--Smerus 06:23, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Jews' College
Could someone with the knowledge about Jews' College please start a post about it. I am very curious about its history and current state of affairs. Thank You GZee 21:05, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * OK started stub. Smerus 08:38, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Title "Rabbi"
I noticed that someone had removed this title from Louis's full name at the beginning of the lede. I have reinstated it as wikipedia cab do without this sort of sectarianism. (Writes someone whose move towards atheism was helped by Jacobs telling an Irish joke during a sermon during the High Holy Days.) --Peter cohen 13:08, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

DH work
This badly in need of a section that describes Jacobs attempt to reconcile the DH with tradition. If anyone has read the book it would e good if they can give a brief summary.Wolf2191 18:19, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I have sought to do this - in what i hope is a non-partisan way - in a new section. Smerus 16:53, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction
The following section doesn't make sense:

"The purpose of Jacobs’s book ‘We Have Reason to Believe’ is clearly stated in its Introduction.

A true Jewish apologetic, eschewing obscurantism, religious schizophrenia, and intellectual dishonesty, will be based on the conviction that all truth, ‘the seals of the Holy One, blessed is He’, is one, and that a synthesis is possible between the permanent values and truth of tradition and the best thought of the day.[1]

Jacobs therefore places himself in the line of expositors from Moses Mendelssohn onwards who have sought to reconcile, or at least clearly contextualise, the concepts of Judaism with the prevalent thought and society of the modern world. "

The quote clearly states that trying to completely reconcile permanent values of truth of tradition with "the best thought of the day" - ie modern thought - is intellectual dishonesty and apologetic! How can you go on to say that "Jacobs THEREFORE...sought to reconcile...the concepts of Judaism with the prevalent thought...of the modern world". This is a striking contradiction to the quote. So, either the quote is wrong, or the paragraph underneath is completely inaccurate about the man's motives. Please can someone who has the book fix this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LemonLion (talk • contribs) 00:42, 5 November 2007 (UTC) LemonLion 01:04, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The quotation is accurate. LemonLion's interpretation of its implications, which he is entitled to hold, is partisan to say the least. it does not have to be - and indeed should not be - reflected in a WP article. Smerus 08:53, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * What way are you reading it exactly? Are you reading it perhaps:

A true Jewish apologetic (who is) eschewing obscurantism, religious schizophrenia, and intellectual dishonesty, will be based on the conviction that all truth, ‘the seals of the Holy One, blessed is He’, is one, and that a synthesis is possible between the permanent values and truth of tradition and the best thought of the day.[1]

I think this should be made a little more clear in the article so that people don't misread it as I did (I'll have to take your word that the quote is completely accurate). It is very odd that he uses the term 'Jewish Apologetic' in a positive context as the phrase normally has negative connotations. LemonLion 14:43, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I have the book before me and can verify the accuracy of the quotation. Jacobs is using the word 'apologetic' in its strict philosophical sense, which has nothing to do with an 'apology': the Oxford English Dictionary (also before me) gives as its first definition (as an adjective) 'Of the nature of a defence; vindicatory' and as a substantive '1. a formal apology for, or a defence of[...] a doctrine [...] 2. The defensive method of argument, often spec[ifically] the argumentative defence of Christianity'. It is I think with a wry reference to the latter definition that Jacobs chose this word.Smerus 15:16, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * See also Apologetics. Jheald 15:46, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I have linked the text to this article which I hope may prevent any misunderstanding.Smerus 16:59, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

When the Torah was given
There is a lot of general misunderstanding about this. The Gemara - which is where Orthodox thought comes from - gives two opinions on the torah been given. They both say that it was given completely at Sinai UP TO THE POINT OF TIME that it was given. The rest of it was given either (depending on which of the two opinions you are going by...) at regular intervals until Moses died, or in one large chunk just before moses died. The whole idea of the whole torah been given at Sinai probably arrises from some Kaballistic idea of a part of the torah being infinite or something, leading to the popular phrase din Moshe m'Sinai, (law given to Moshe at Sinai). The point is, no one, not even orthodox philosophy, believes that the torah was given in it's entirety on Sinai. To that end I have replaced:

"as some Rabbinical (but not all) traditions have it, complete in its present form by God  to Moses on  Mount Sinai."

with...

"as Orthodox Rabbinical traditions have it, complete in its present form by God to Moses during the period beginning on  Mount Sinai and ending with Moses's death."

I have used the term Orthodox, because it is more specific and relevant. Conservative, reform, liberal and obviously Mazorti philosophy doesn't have a problem with these issues in the first place. LemonLion 01:04, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this clarification. The various branches of Judaism (it is spelt 'Masorti' btw.) may indeed retain an interest in this issue and it is a bit unreasonable not to allow them some! Smerus 08:57, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I did not say that other sects are not allowed to have views on this issue. Rather I was saying that they are irrelevant in this context.  Jacobs was claiming to be an Orthodox Rabbi at the time.  Therefore, what is relevant is that his views were conflicting with that same Orthodox tradition which he claimed to be a member of.  Thankyou for the spelling clarification though :) LemonLion 14:43, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Book donation
Dr. Rabbi Louis Jacobs donated his entire book collection to the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies. I added this information but it was deleted. Is this piece of information not important enough to mention? --Jeloox (talk) 05:48, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Look again: it was not deleted but placed more appropriately in the article. Smerus (talk) 05:57, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Thanks!--Jeloox (talk) 09:58, 13
 * ''The following discussion appeared on Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Judaism. Please do not modify it.

Assessment discussion
This article has been rated by the project as 'importance:low'. You define 'importance:low' as This article is of little importance to this project, but it covers a highly specific area of knowledge or an obscure piece of trivia

I know the subject is controversial, but whichever way you look at it, to imply that he is obscure or trivial is surely unjustified. Whether or not you agree with him, Jacobs's opinions have had a profound effect on British Judaism.

It is also rated as start class, which means that it only has very basic information and lacks reliable sources. Although the first of these criteria is perhaps subjective (you will gather that I do not agree), the second certainly does not apply.

I do hope this evaluation is not a case of someone working off their own prejudices!! I would appreciate comments, or better still, a re-evaluation.--Smerus (talk) 15:53, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Part of the problem with a lot of importance ratings is that the boilerplate language you quoted above becomes harder to really apply when a given project has about 6000 articles, like this one does. As one of the coordinators of the (possibly adversarial, to some) Christianity WikiProject, it seems to me that we would all be better off if we came up with guidelines which are clearer given the kind of material we deal with. I am not the person who performed the assessment in question, but I tend to think that the subject in question, Louis Jacobs, may have been counted as such because of his status as the first leader of Conservative Judaism in the UK, in effect making him a subject of basically "local" interest (UK) to basically one of the then-current groups of Judaism, Conservative Judaism. If anyone is interested, I could set up the Judaism project banner to provide separate assessments for the various extant if inactive Judaism groups, thus allowing those editors whose primary interest is in one of the "branches" to have a better idea of what kinds of articles, both in terms of quality and importance, they have out there. In general, though, it is often best to leave a message on the talk page of whoever performed the assessment, which can be determined by the talk page's history, to ask such questions. John Carter (talk) 16:03, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Smerus, I was the editor who made the assessment. When I assess articles, I try to think of the following scenario: if someone has zero knowledge of Judaism and was given a course in it, is it likely that this article would be on the syllabus if it was a 1 hour crash course? 1 day crash course? 1 week? 1 month, etc. If it's likely the article would come up in a 1 hour crash course, then it's usually of Top importance. If the course could go an entire semester and the article is unlikely to ever come up, it's usually Low. That being said, I have re-assessed it as "Mid". As far as the class goes, I have re-classed it as "C" because, as you mentioned, it fails to meet at least one of the criteria to be a "B". It's important to note that these assessments aren't set in stone and ANY project member is free to re-assess it at any time. I see that you've been a contributor to that article and I regret that it has upset you, and I hope you don't take it personally.  shirulashem     (talk)   21:10, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I have been around too long on WP to take anything personally - Please be assured that I was not upset, just had a broiges :-}. I am most grateful for both your comments and your re-assessment (and also for the comments of John Carter (talk)). With best wishes for a kosher Pesach, --Smerus (talk) 02:45, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:29, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Louis Jacobs. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151002014427/http://louisjacobs.org/about-rabbi-louis-jacobs/levin-interview/ to http://louisjacobs.org/about-rabbi-louis-jacobs/levin-interview/
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Louis Jacobs online
The Reading Rabbi Jacobs project doesn't appear to be active. Is there anything there which justifies retaining it? Mcljlm (talk) 11:47, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Louis Jacobs


text: User talk:68.38.122.27

title: User talk:68.38.122.27


text: User:Josephus Dunning

title: User:Josephus Dunning


text:
Gender of God

The gender of God can be viewed as a literal or as an allegorical aspect of a deity.

In polytheistic religions, gods often have genders which would enable them to sexually interact with each other, and even with humans.

Abrahamic religions worship a single God, which in most interpretations of Yahweh, God the Father, and Allah, is not believed to have a physical body. Though often referred to with gendered pronouns, many Abrahamic denominations use "divine gender" primarily as an analogy to better relate to the concept of God, with no sexual connotation. In Christian traditions with the concept of the Trinity, Jesus, who is male, is believed to be the physical manifestation of the pre-existent God the Son.

Abrahamic religions
In the Hebrew and Christian Bible, God is usually described in male terms in biblical sources, with female analogy in Genesis 1:26–27, Psalm 123:2-3, and Luke 15:8–10; a mother in Deuteronomy 32:18, Isaiah 66:13, Isaiah 49:15, Isaiah 42:14, Psalm 131:2; and a mother hen in Matthew 23:37 and Luke 13:34, although never directly referred to as being female.

Judaism
Although the gender of God in Judaism is referred to in the Tanakh with masculine imagery and grammatical forms, traditional Jewish philosophy does not attribute the concept of sex to God. At times, Jewish aggadic literature and Jewish mysticism do treat God as gendered. The ways in which God is gendered have also changed across time, with some modern Jewish thinkers viewing God as outside of the gender binary. Guillaume Postel (16th century), Michelangelo Lanci (19th century), and Mark Sameth (21st century) theorize that the four letters of the personal name of God, YHWH, are a cryptogram which the priests of ancient Israel would have read in reverse as huhi, "heshe", signifying a dual-gendered deity.

Christianity
Most Christian groups conceive of God as Triune, believing that God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit are distinct persons, but one being that is wholly God.

God the Son (Jesus Christ), having been incarnated as a human man, is masculine. Classical western philosophy believes that God lacks a literal sex as it would be impossible for God to have a body (a prerequisite for sex). However, Classical western philosophy states that God should be referred to (in most contexts) as masculine by analogy; the reason being God's relationship with the world as begetter of the world and revelation (i.e. analogous to an active instead of receptive role in sexual intercourse). Others interpret God as neither male nor female.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church, Book 239, states that God is called "Father", while his love for man may also be depicted as motherhood. However, God ultimately transcends the human concept of sex, and "is neither man nor woman: He is God."

In contrast to most Christian denominations, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit are physically distinct while being one in purpose. Some LDS Church members also believe that God the Father is married to a divine woman, referred to as "Heavenly Mother." Humans are considered to be spirit children of these heavenly parents.

The Holy Spirit
In Hebrew language, in rabbinic literature, the divine presence of God, the Holy Spirit, the word Shekhinah is grammatically feminine, though the word is always used in a masculine or androgynous context to refer to a divine manifestation.

The New Testament refers to the Holy Spirit as masculine in a number of places, where the masculine Greek word "Paraclete" occurs, for "Comforter", most clearly in the Gospel of John, chapters 14 to 16. These texts were particularly significant when Christians were debating whether the New Testament teaches that the Holy Spirit is a fully divine person, or some kind of "force." All major English Bible translations have retained the masculine pronoun for the Spirit, as in John 16:13. Although it has been noted that in the original Greek, in some parts of John's Gospel, the neuter Greek word pneuma is also used for the Spirit.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Unlike many other sects of Christianity, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) doctrine teaches that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are three distinct and separate beings. LDS God has a physical body, and thus is not only identified as being a man, but has a physical sex, that being male. The same is for Jesus, God's son, but not for the Holy Spirit, which has a spiritual form. God is also married to the Heavenly Mother. It is unknown if she has a physical body or defined sex like God. However, she is identified as the "mother" and uses she/her pronouns, so it can be assumed that she is viewed as a woman or womanly figure in opposition to God's male figure. LDS believers do not pray to the Heavenly Mother, as God is the one who hears and answers prayers. However, those who view the Heavenly Mother as part of the Godhead risk excommunication, even though the LDS website claims that they honor her Godhood. It should also be noted that the Heavenly Mother's exact role is unknown. For example, it is unknown if she is an equal partner to God, also partaking in creation, or if she reflect a human woman's role to a human man's, that of submission. The LDS believe that redeemed humans can ascend to godhood, which is what Jesus did.

Islam
Islam teaches that God (Allah) is beyond any comparison, transcendent, and thus God is beyond any gender attributes. Arabic only possesses gendered pronouns ("he" and "she") but does not have gender neutral pronouns ("it"), and "he" is typically used in cases where the subject's gender is indeterminate. Thus, Allah is typically referred to as "he", despite not having any gender attributes.

The Baha'i Faith
In the Baha'i Faith, Baha'u'llah uses the Mother as an attribute of God: "He Who is well-grounded in all knowledge, He Who is the Mother, the Soul, the Secret, and the Essence". Baha'u'llah further writes that "Every single letter proceeding out of the mouth of God is indeed a Mother Letter, and every word uttered by Him Who is the Well Spring of Divine Revelation is a Mother Word, and His Tablet a Mother Tablet." The Primal Will of God is personified as the maid of heaven in the Baha'i writings.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, there are diverse approaches to conceptualizing God and gender. Many Hindus focus upon impersonal Absolute (Brahman) which is genderless. Other Hindu traditions conceive God as androgynous (both female and male), alternatively as either male or female, while cherishing gender henotheism, that is without denying the existence of other Gods in either gender.

The Shakti tradition conceives of God as a female. Other Bhakti traditions of Hinduism have both male and female gods. In ancient and medieval Indian mythology, each masculine deva of the Hindu pantheon is partnered with a feminine who is often a devi.

The oldest of the Hindu scriptures is the Rigveda (2nd millennium BC). The first word of the Rigveda is the name Agni, the god of fire, to whom many of the vedic hymns are addressed, along with Indra the warrior. Agni and Indra are both male divinities.

The Rigveda refers to a creator (Hiranyagarbha or Prajapati), distinct from Agni and Indra. This creator is identified with Brahma (not to be confused with Brahman, the first cause), born of Vishnu's navel, in later scriptures. Hiranyagarbha and Prajapati are male divinities, as is Brahma (who has a female consort, Saraswati). There are many other gods in the Rigveda. They are "not simple forces of nature," and possess "complex character and their own mythology." They include goddesses of water (Āpaḥ) and dawn (Uṣas), and the complementary pairing of Father Heaven and Mother Earth. However, they are all "subservient to the abstract, but active positive 'force of truth' [ Ṛta]...which pervades the universe and all actions of the gods and humans." This force is sometimes mediated or represented by moral gods (the Āditya, e.g. Varuṇa) or even Indra. The Āditya are male and Ṛta is personified as masculine in later scriptures (see also Dharma).

In some Hindu philosophical traditions, God is depersonalized as the quality-less Nirguna Brahman, the fundamental life force of the universe. However, theism itself is central to Hinduism.

While many Hindus focus upon God in the neutral form, Brahman being of neuter gender grammatically, there are prominent Hindu traditions that conceive God as female, even as the source of the male form of God, such as the Shakta denomination. Hinduism, especially of the Samkhya school, views the creation of the cosmos as the result of the play of two radically distinct principles: the feminine matter (Prakṛti) and the masculine spirit (Purusha). Prakṛti is the primordial matter which is present before the cosmos becomes manifest. Prakṛti is seen as being "the power of nature, both animate and inanimate. As such, nature is seen as dynamic energy" (Rae, 1994). Prakriti is originally passive, immobile and pure potentiality by nature. Only through her contact with the kinetic Purusha she unfolds into the diverse forms before us. The idea of Prakṛti/Purusha leads to the concept of the Divine Consort. Almost every deva of the Hindu pantheon has a feminine consort (devi).

Sikhism
The scripture of Sikhism is the Sri Gurū Granth Sahib (SGGS). Printed as a heading for the Guru Granth, and for each of its major divisions, is the Mul Mantra, a short summary description of God, in Punjabi. Sikh tradition has it that this was originally composed by Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism.

 * ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥
 * ISO 15919:
 * English: One Universal God, The Name Is Truth, The Creator, Fearless, Without Hatred, Image Of The Timeless One, Beyond Birth, Self-Existent, By Guru's Grace.
 * According to Sikhi, God has "No" Gender. Mool Mantar describes God as being "Ajuni" (lit. not in any incarnations) which implies that God is not bound to any physical forms. This concludes: the All-pervading Lord is Gender-less.
 * According to Sikhi, God has "No" Gender. Mool Mantar describes God as being "Ajuni" (lit. not in any incarnations) which implies that God is not bound to any physical forms. This concludes: the All-pervading Lord is Gender-less.

"ਸੁੰਨ ਮੰਡਲ ਇਕੁ ਜੋਗੀ ਬੈਸੇ ॥ ਨਾਰਿ ਨ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਕਹਹੁ ਕੋਊ ਕੈਸੇ ॥ ਤ੍ਰਿਭਵਣ ਜੋਤਿ ਰਹੇ ਲਿਵ ਲਾਈ ॥ ਸੁਰਿ ਨਰ ਨਾਥ ਸਚੇ ਸਰਣਾਈ ॥ Sunn mandal ik Yogi baiseh. Naar nuh purakhu kahahu kou kaiseh. Tribhavan joth raheh liv laaee. Suri nar naath sacheh saranaaee

The Yogi, the Primal Lord, sits in the Realm of Absolute Stillness (state free of mind's wanderings or Phurne). (Since God) is neither male nor female; how can anyone describe Him? The three worlds center their attention on His Light. The godly beings and the Yogic masters seek the Sanctuary of this True Lord."However, the Guru Granth Sahib consistently refers to God as "He" and "Father" (with some exceptions), typically because the Guru Granth Sahib was written in north Indian Indo-Aryan languages (mixture of Punjabi and Sant Bhasha, Sanskrit with influences of Persian) which have no neutral gender. English translations of the teachings may eliminate any gender specifications. From further insights into the Sikh philosophy, it can be deduced that God is, sometimes, referred to as the Husband to the Soul-brides, in order to make a patriarchal society understand what the relationship with God is like. Also, God is considered to be the Father, Mother, and Companion.

Unificationism
Unificationism views God, the Creator, as having dual characteristics of masculinity and femininity. Since an artist, like God, can only express that which is within the boundaries of their own nature, and according to Genesis 1:27, "So God created mankind in his own image, male and female he created them", indicating that God's image includes both male and female attributes.

Due to the more active role of masculinity, mankind typically portrays God as male, but the more receptive or supportive and nurturing role within God's characteristics is less emphasized or even neglected or ignored in writings and in art.

Animist religions
Animist religions are common among oral societies, many of which still exist in the 21st century. Typically, natural forces and shaman spiritual guides feature in these religions, rather than fully-fledged personal divinities with established personalities. It is in polytheism that such deities are found. Animist religions often, but not always, attribute gender to spirits considered to permeate the world and its events. Polytheistic religions, however, almost always attribute gender to their gods, though a few notable divinities are associated with various forms of epicene characteristics—gods that manifest alternatingly as male and female, gods with one male and one female "face", and gods whose most distinctive characteristic is their unknown gender.

Feminist spirituality
In her essay "Why Women Need the Goddess", Carol P. Christ argues the notion of there having been an ancient religion of a supreme goddess. The essay was first presented in the spring of 1978 as a keynote address for the "Great Goddess Re-emerging" conference at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Christ also co-edited the classic feminist religion anthologies Weaving the Visions: New Patterns in Feminist Spirituality (1989) and Womanspirit Rising (1979/1989), the latter of which include her 1978 essay.

title: Gender of God


text:
April Morning

April Morning is a 1961 novel by Howard Fast, about Adam Cooper's coming of age during the Battle of Lexington. One critic notes that in the beginning of the novel he is "dressed down by his father, Moses, misunderstood by his mother, Sarah, and plagued by his brother, Levi." In the backdrop are the peaceful people of Lexington, forced "to go into a way of war that they abhorred."

While the novel was not originally written as a young adult story, it has increasingly been assigned in middle school English and social studies classes, due to the age of the protagonist and Fast's meticulous efforts to recreate the texture of daily life in colonial America and the political currents on the eve of the American Revolution.

In 1988, a film version was made for television starring Chad Lowe as Adam and Tommy Lee Jones as Moses.

Plot
The novel begins in the afternoon of April 18, 1775, when Adam's father, Moses, sends him out to draw water from the well for his mother, Sarah. After completing this task, he heads upstairs to talk with Granny. During it, they engage in a debate on religion. Afterwards, they head downstairs for dinner. Then they pray and the meal, consisting of bread pudding and donkers, begins. In the middle of it, Moses confronts Adam about a "spell" to be said while drawing water. As a result, the confrontation starts an argument, which is interrupted by Cousin Simmons arriving. He, chosen to draft a letter on the rights of man, comes to Moses with his draft seeking criticism. Another debate arises over his description of rights as "god-given." Moses asserts that rights come from the people backing them, not God.

After dinner is over and Adam finishes some evening chores, he heads over to the Simmons' house to meet with Ruth, his love interest, and go on a walk. Before he is able to see her, however, Aunt Simmons makes conversation with him and feeds him pie. Then Ruth comes downstairs, and she and Adam leave on a walk. During it, they talk about various things, including their futures and what they want to be in the world. After a kiss he walks her home and then he himself heads home. Upon arrival, he spots his brother, Levi, cleaning his gun. He does not like this but Sarah insists that he let him do it. Then he heads upstairs and goes to bed. Before falling asleep he overhears his parents talking about the committee meeting. Finally he falls asleep.

Suddenly, Adam is awakened by Levi, who draws attention to a speedy rider that stops in the center of town. Now all the Coopers are awake and curious. People gather around the rider on the green, who informs them that the British are coming and may be marching through their town. He then rides off. Because of this news, arguments stir in the crowd on whether to muster the militia. The people of Lexington agree to muster it. Adam signs up and is then tasked to take Ruth home. After doing so, he comes home to overhear his parents designating him a man. As he walks in Moses chastises him. He then has him load his gun and go to the muster.

After Adam and all the other men arrive at the green, the militia muster falls into order and the women and children are sent inside. They stand there for a few hours until the redcoats march into town. The British fix bayonets, then fire upon the militia. Moses falls and Adam runs away. He hides in a smokehouse until Levi comes in. Levi tells him to leave town because the British are searching. He leaves, jumps over a wall, and meets Solomon Chandler. He feeds and comforts Adam on the events he just witnessed. Then they walk until they meet Cousin Dover, Cousin Simmons, and the Reverend. They continue to walk until they arrive at the militia encampment. There the militia plans several ambushes and Adam shares his story of the massacre on the Lexington green. Then the militia sends a horseman to scout ahead while the others lie in wait by the road. He returns, then the British come. The militia releases a few volleys before retreating over the hill. The militia, not pursued by the British, stop to rest and plan the next ambush.

During the next ambush Adam falls asleep under some brush. He is awakened by Cousin Simmons and the Reverend searching for his body and talking about him. He calls to them, to their relief, and they send him home. He returns home and is greeted by Levi, who walks him into the house. It is occupied by mourners, Ruth, Granny, and Sarah. The latter sends him to get Moses a coffin and take it to the church. After a brief conversation with the coffin-maker he returns home. He eats dinner, then Sarah sends him to light candles by Moses' coffin. Ruth accompanies him and they talk for a while, until he walks her home. Then he himself goes home and to bed.

Themes
Several major themes arise in the novel. Although the most common theme picked up on is coming of age, several others have been noted. These others are non-violence, the rights of man, and the truth.

The first theme, coming of age, deals with Adam's becoming a man during the Battle of Lexington. After Moses is killed on the green, Adam is thrust into manhood. Vomiting and sobbing after the battle, he then returns home to be treated as the man of the house, against his wishes.

The theme of nonviolence is based on Moses' belief in solving problems through arguments, rather than warfare. This theme is also supported by Adam's later saying "I don't hate anyone enough to kill him." The rights of man appears several times through Moses' speeches. Also, the colonists are drafting a statement on the rights of man to send to Boston.

For the truth theme, several conflicts have been noted in the first chapter, such as Moses' talking against superstition yet birching Adam seven times.

Background
York has said that Fast's view on the revolution (that aligns with his political beliefs) is exhibited in the novel. He says "[Fast] believed the essence of the revolution was with the faceless and nameless people who fought it." Also, The New York Times says that "[Fast] proposes that Solomon Chandler organized the Battle of Lexington.

Reception
The novel received many positive reviews. Hunter praised Fast for writing it for "demonstrat[ing] a more mature vision." Desrosiers agreed, saying that April Morning "[is] a well written work which knits together the events of the 19th of April 1775." Macdonald also praised Fast for "A virtually perfect relationship between literary character and research."

Adaptations
The novel was adapted for TV in the Hallmark Hall of Fame in 1988 by James Lee Barrett. It was directed by Delbert Mann. It stars Chad Lowe as Adam and Tommy Lee Jones as Moses. Although it is set at the very beginning of the American Revolution it is more about Adam's journey to manhood and his relationship with his parents.

Publication information
April Morning, by Howard Fast. Originally published 1961. Mass Market Paperback: Bantam, 1983. ISBN 978-0-553-27322-9

title: April Morning


text:
Ordoño II of León

Ordoño II (c. 873 – June 924, León) was a king of Galicia from 910, and king of Galicia and León from 914 until his death. He was an energetic ruler who submitted the kingdom of Leon to his control and fought successfully against the Muslims, who still dominated most of the Iberian Peninsula. His reign marked the tactical and smooth transition of the regnum Asturum to the regnum Legionis, with the royal headquarters already established in the city of León.

Family
Born around 873, he was the second son of King Alfonso III the Great, king of Asturias, and his wife, Queen Jimena.

Upon Alfonso's death in 910, the kingdom was divided among his three sons: León went to García, Galicia to Ordoño, and Asturias to Fruela. Asturian primacy was nevertheless recognised, though Ordoño was of a harder temperament than his brothers. Upon García's death in Zamora in 914, Ordoño succeeded him to the throne of the León.

Youth
His father sent him to Zaragoza to be educated in the court of the Banu Qasi. During his father's lifetime he served the government of Galicia. He personally directed, before the year 910, a military expedition against the Muslims in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, which reached the city of Seville. The expedition destroyed and looted the neighborhood of Regel, "considered one of the strongest and most opulent," as it is referred to by Historia silense, but this neighborhood has not been identified with certainty by historians.

For unknown reasons, the children of Alfonso III the Great rebelled against their father in 909. Although the infant Garcia, brother of Ordoño, was arrested and imprisoned in Gauzón castle, the following year Alfonso III was obliged to abdicate by his children and divide his kingdom amongst them. The kingdom of León devolved to the firstborn son, Garcia, while the kingdom of Asturias went to Fruela and Galicia to Ordoño. Alfonso III died in the city of Zamora on December 20, 910.

Garcia I kept distant and combative relations with his brother Ordoño. When Alfonso III died, Garcia prevented the bishop Gennadius of Astorga from taking five hundred metcales, donated by Alfonso III to the shrine of the Apostle, to the city of Santiago de Compostela with him.

Accession to the throne of León
At the death of his brother Garcia, which occurred in the city of Zamora in 914, Ordoño II inherited the kingdom of León since, even though his brother had married, he died childless.

Reign
Ordoño continued thereafter the expansion of the Christian polity of his forefathers on two fronts. In his south-western territories, he sacked Mérida and Évora and forced the Muslim governor of the region to buy his retreat.

In his eastern territories, he united with Sancho I Garcés, king of Navarre, against the emir of Córdoba, Abd-ar-Rahman III. The Moors were put to rout at San Esteban de Gormaz (917). Arnedo and Calahorra were taken the next year from the Banu Qasi. The reaction of Abd-ar-rahman, however, was severe. In 920, he sent an army to recover Osma and San Esteban de Gormaz. He crossed into Navarre and defeated the Christians at Valdejunquera and took the bishops of Tui and Salamanca captive. Though intending to crush Pamplona itself, he turned around to deal with his immense booty.

Ordoño II—who had come at King Sancho's request—attributed the loss to the absence of the leading counts of Castile—Nuño Fernández, Fernando Ansúrez and Abolmóndar Albo—who had not come at his call. He brought them together at Tebular on the river Carrión and had them imprisoned. The Christian counteroffensive was immediate, occupying La Rioja and incorporating into Navarre Nájera and Viguera.

He suffered frequent raids into his territory from the armies of Abd-ar-Rahman III and he confronted the Castilians who were planning a revolt in León.

Marriages
Ordoño married three times. His first wife, and the mother of his children, was Elvira Menéndez, daughter of count Hermenegildo Gutiérrez and aunt of San Rosendo.

He then married Aragonta González, daughter of count Gonzalo Betótez. He set her aside because "she was not pleasing to him". When he formed a political alliance with Sancho I of Pamplona, he was married to that king's daughter, Sancha. He died in 924 leaving young children, and was succeeded by his eldest surviving brother, Fruela, the king of Asturias, thereby reuniting their father's patrimony. His widow would remarry Álvaro Herraméliz, Count of Álava, and following his death in 931, became the wife of Fernán González of Castile.

title: Ordoño II of León


text:
1938–39 Yugoslav Football Championship

The 1938–39 Yugoslav Football Championship (Serbo-Croato-Slovenian: Državno prvenstvo 1938/39 / Државно првенство 1938/39) was the 16th season of Kingdom of Yugoslavia's premier football competition.

Winning squad
Champions:

BSK Belgrade (coach: Antal Nemes)
 * Anton Puhar
 * Srđan Mrkušić
 * Đorđe Stoiljković
 * Ernest Dubac
 * Petar Manola
 * Bruno Knežević
 * Prvoslav Dragićević
 * Gustav Lechner
 * Svetislav Glišović
 * Đorđe Vujadinović
 * Svetislav Valjarević
 * Milorad Nikolić
 * Vojin Božović
 * Dobrivoje Zečević
 * Jan Podhradski

Top scorers
Final goalscoring position, number of goals, player/players and club.
 * 1 – 22 goals – August Lešnik (Građanski Zagreb)
 * 2 – 20 goals – Frane Matošić (Hajduk Split)
 * 3 – 15 goals – Aleksandar Petrović (Jugoslavija)

title: 1938–39 Yugoslav Football Championship


text:
Talk:Norwegian Lady Statues

blurb for DYK
Did You Know

...identical Norwegian Lady Statues commemorating a shipwreck are located in the sister cities of Moss, Norway and Virginia Beach, Virginia facing each other across the ocean? Vaoverland 04:04, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Except that they're not actually facing each other. The one in Virgina Beach is looking almost straight east while the one in Moss is looking straight south. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.113.104.58 (talk) 01:42, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

photo
we could still use a photo for this article if anyone else can help. I haven't been able to locate one in the Public Domain. Vaoverland 01:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Anything in the U.S. from before 1923 is in the public domain, if you weren't aware. Surely there's an old photo?--Pharos 01:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Re an old photo, you would think so, I have checked LOC and Virginia sources. Lots of photos on web searches, just none PD. I have come up dry, except for an old postcard of the figurehead, which would qualify for use. Vaoverland 02:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

author
William O. Foss, the author of The Norwegian Lady and the Wreck of the Dictator has read the article and has been in contact with me via email with several corrections and enhancements for our article. Copies of the revised edition of his book are available from the publisher at: Noreg Books, PO Box 66166, Virginia Beach, VA 23466. Mr. Foss' website is:
 * http://www.williamofoss.com/works.htm

 * Mark in Historic Triangle Vaoverland 01:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:08, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Norwegian Lady statue, Moss.jpg

title: Talk:Norwegian Lady Statues


text:
Porky Pig's Feat

Porky Pig's Feat is a 1943 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated cartoon directed by Frank Tashlin. It was released on July 17, 1943, and stars Porky Pig and Daffy Duck.

Directed by Frank Tashlin with musical direction by Carl Stalling, and produced by Leon Schlesinger, the original release was black-and-white, though colorized versions were later produced.

Plot
The cartoon centers around Porky Pig and Daffy Duck's attempts to escape the Broken Arms Hotel manager without paying their bill (on which they are charged for every luxury, including breathing air, sunshine, and goodwill); they are trying to evade payment because Daffy lost all their money playing craps.

Despite numerous methods to elude the hotel manager (using the elevator, throwing the manager down a large spiral staircase, knotting sheets and rappelling from a window, swinging from a window to a building across the street), he gets the upper hand every time and eventually locks them in a room, in shackles, where they will stay until they pay up. Winter arrives and Daffy is beginning to lose his sanity. Porky (who has written "Porky Loves Petunia" on the wall, and is keeping track of their incarceration with prison-style graffiti) says, "Gosh, if Bugs Bunny was only here." Daffy concurs and decides to call Bugs for advice, as the trickster is famous for being able to get out of seemingly inescapable situations. Once on the phone, Bugs asks Daffy if they have tried the various methods of escape which they did indeed try. Daffy replies "Yes" each time and adds, "We tried all those ways." The door to the next room opens and Bugs is seen in shackles. He says, "Ahh, don't work, do they?", implying that he is in the same predicament as Porky and Daffy.

Reception
Animator Mark Mayerson writes, "Frank Tashlin had a very personal style of cartoon direction. He chose unusual camera angles and was never afraid to cut shots quickly for humorous effect. His characters were often posed in 'extreme' (exaggerated) positions, and these poses were held far longer than other directors would dare. Tashlin's direction is so flamboyant that it is as entertaining to watch as the characters. Porky Pig's Feat is fairly standard from a story standpoint, typical of Warner Bros. cartoons that pit characters against each other. It's how Tashlin tells this story that makes it so memorable."

Production
The title is a play on words, referring to "pigs feet."

This was the first Schlesinger cartoon directed by Tashlin after his return to the studio following a five-year absence for stints at the Disney and Screen Gems studios. It is also the only appearance of Bugs Bunny, and final appearance of Porky Pig, in a black-and-white cartoon.

The cartoon was colorized in 1968 (just after Seven Arts Productions, successor to Guild Films, to whom the black-and-white cartoon library had been sold some time before, acquired Warner Bros.) by having every other frame traced over onto a cel. Each redrawn cel was painted in color and then photographed over a colored reproduction of each original background. The cartoon was colorized again in 1990, this time with a computer adding color to a new print of the original black and white cartoon.

Music
Porky Pig's Feat contains the first use of the music "Powerhouse" in a cartoon. Composed by Raymond Scott, "Powerhouse" became iconic through its use in over forty Warner Bros. cartoons. "Blues in the Night" is heard after Daffy loses the rent money gambling in the elevator. "The Penguin", another Scott composition, can also be heard when Porky and Daffy run to the elevator with their bags.

Home media
The cartoon is one of several from WB to have fallen into the public domain.

The cartoon appears on:
 * Looney Tunes Golden Collection, Volume 3
 * Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3 Blu-ray
 * Porky Pig 101

title: Porky Pig's Feat