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Medeu

The Medeu (Медеу, Medeu), is an outdoor speed skating and bandy rink. It is located in a mountain valley (Medeu Valley, or the valley of Malaya Almatinka River) on the south-eastern outskirts of Almaty, Kazakhstan. Medeu sits 1,691 metres above sea level. It consists of 10.5 thousand square meters of ice and utilizes a sophisticated freezing and watering system to ensure the quality of the ice.

History
The Medeu is a high-altitude sports complex near Almaty, located at an altitude of 1691 meters above sea level. It is considered to be the world's largest high-mountain skating rink. The skating rink was named after the Maloalmatinsky volost Medeu Pusurmanov. He built three wooden huts for the wintering of his family there, and began the development of the tract in the foothills of the Zailiysky Alatau. Medeu became a well-known entrepreneur, patron of educational institutions, and participated in the planting of the city.

In 1930, a sanatorium was opened in the area named "MDO" (Local holiday home). Construction of the skating rink began in the fall of 1949, and the first competition took place at the stadium on 4 February 1951. The capital of the Kazakh SSR was responsible for building the new skating rink. The complex was meant to prepare athletes for competitions in the highlands. The site was chosen by a special commission from Moscow. The construction of the Medeu rink involved over 1,300 workers.

On the opening day of the skating rink (February 5, 1951), it established two world and six all-Union records. During the opening ceremony, a traditional parade of athletes was held, honoring the veteran skaters. For the following 17 seasons, 47 world records were established on the ice rink. The level of solar radiation in the area, as well as low pressure and a weak wind was thought to be a key aspect in numerous world records broken within the complex. Also, the ice used on the skating rink was thought to be an important factor as it's composed of water from Malya Almatinka (providing high sliding speeds).

In 1972, the Medeu started its own system of artificial ice. This was carried out by a team of Soviet engineers (and remains until the present). The site's artificial ice covers the entire site (a total of 10.5 thousand square meters). The Ministry of Highways renovated and asphalted the road from Abai Avenue to the Medeu, building two bridges through Malaya Almatinka. The Medeu eventually evolved from a sports facility into a major recreation space.

In the stands, the complex seated 10.5 thousand people. The complex also included cloakrooms, buffets designed for 500 people, a hotel for athletes, a bottling room, a room with a film projector, rooms for judges, a press center, a bathhouse and rental points for skates. In 1974, Medeu hosted the European Speed Skating Championships in its arena. In the second half of the 80s, it was closed for reconstruction, stretching for seven years.

Reconstruction
From September 2001 to December 2002, a reconstruction of the Medeu was carried out. During this time a new refrigerating plant was installed by the Finnish company BG International. This involved 140 km of pipelines, and filling a new concrete foundation in the field. The main part of engineering systems was replaced, a new refrigerating station was installed Builders also increased the comfort of the stands, reducing their capacity to 8100 people.

The Medeu was fully renovated in 2011 for the Asian Winter Games, and became a major training base for the ice skaters of the USSR. Over 200 speed world records were set there in numerous sports, including speed skating and others. Medeu remains an important centre for the training of winter sports athletes from Kazakhstan and other regions. Over 120 World Records have been documented there in numerous sports, including speed skating and others. In 1972, the rink made a transition from natural ice rink to artificial ice rink.

The other main attraction at Medeu is the dam across the valley. The Medeu Dam, built in the late 1960s, is located south of the skating rink. The dam has 3 successive altitude levels. Special water reservoir allows holding of approximately 6 million cubic meters of water. Stairs consisting of 842 steps were built to access the dam. It dam was built to protect Almaty from potentially stone and mudflows precipitated by rains and thawing of snow. The dam was called into action in 1973, when some 4.5 million cubic metres of water and debris, flooding down the gorge, were stopped short here.

2011 Winter Asian Games
On 4 March 2006, Kazakhstan received the right to host the 2011 Asian Games. The Winter Asian Games were the largest scale competition ever to take place in Kazakhstan, and took place from 30 January until 6 February (2006). While a large portion of the events took place in Astana, Almaty hosted a number of the events, including ski jumping, cross-country skiing, and others. Medeu was set to host bandy.

As a result, in 2009 the Medeu stadium was renovated, reopening on 16 December after undergoing 19.4 billion tenge (US$131.8 million) in construction costs.

The Medeu stadium and ski resort Shymbulak underwent major reconstruction during the preparations for 2011 Asian Winter Games. Most of their engineering and technical systems were replaced. It also incorporated a new refrigeration station for cooling the ice. It established a new multimedia display area of 200 m2. Capacity of spectator stands increased to 8500 seats.

2012 Bandy World Championship
From 29 January to 5 February 2012, the XXXII Bandy World Championship took place at the Medeu. The right to host the WCS was given to Kazakhstan on 28 January 2011 at the congress of the Federation of International Bandy (held in Kazan). Fourteen teams attended the world championship. In the final game, the Russian team lost to the Swedish team (4:5). The Kazakh team won the third place by defeating the Finnish team (10:5).

Current use
Medeu maintains its status as one of the best-known tourist locations in Kazakhstan. The stadium is open to the public all year round, allowing visitors to skate at high altitude day or night. During night hours, skaters can enjoy music and lights in the stadium either from the ice, or from VIP boxes available for rent.

The Medeu stadium and Dam also remain the location for Almaty's International Medeu-marathon. During this event, competitors run up from the city o this well-known location, climbing almost 1000 vertical meters before returning to Almaty to finish.

The 2017 Winter Universiade took place in Almaty; for which Medeu was used for speed skating.

On June 1, 2022, Medeu opened its summer roller skating season. The stadium switched to a year-round format. 450 square meters were allocated for an indoor ice court, the rest of the space was taken by a rollerdrome. The team of street art artists "Repas" realized an ambitious art project by creating in the center of the arena the biggest in Central Asia horizontal graffiti with an area of 4,000 square meters. On the south bend there is a photo-zone dedicated to the history of the stadium. Its main characters are the people who made Medeu a reality. Here you can find images of Kudryavtsev, Kunayev, and Pusurmanov.

Competitions and significant events at Medeu HMSC

 * 1974 - The Fifth European Championship in speed skating among women.
 * 1977 - USSR Hockey Championship - winner "Dynamo" (Alma-Ata).
 * 1977 - European Champions Cup in bandy - winner "Dynamo" (Alma-Ata).
 * 1982 - Festival of song, dance and sports on the 250th anniversary of the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia.
 * 1984 - The Ninth European Championship in speed skating among women.
 * 1988 - 81st World Championship in speed skating in classical all-round events (men).
 * 1989 - The final of the Individual World Championships in Motorcycling on Ice.
 * 1990 - The final of the World Team Championship in motorcycling on ice.
 * 1990 - The USSR Hockey Championship - the winner of "Dynamo" (Alma-Ata).
 * 1990 to 2004 - Annual summer pop competition "Asia Dauysy".
 * 2011 - Asian Winter Games 2011, bandy competitions were held under the program of the VII Winter Asian games (the final of Kazakhstan - Mongolia was attended by former President Nursultan Nazarbayev).
 * 2012 - The 32nd World Bandy Championship, the winners - Sweden, Russia, Kazakhstan.
 * 2014 (December 18–21) - World University Speed Skating Championships.
 * 2017 - Winter Universiade 2017.
 * 2020 - USSR Hockey Legends match against Kazakhstan Hockey Veterans.
 * 2020 - Ice Speedway World Championship Finals.
 * 2021 - Kazakhstan Speed Skating Cup.

Tourism
There are several hiking trails that originate from the Medeu main bus stop. There is access to the Shymbulak Skiing resort from the Medeu cable car station. This involves a 15–20 minute scenic ride above the area's mountain tops and rivers. Kimassar trail is a 2 hour hike to the top of Furmanov Peak, where hikers have access to swinging on iconic wooden swings. Kok-Zhailyau trail is a 3 hour hike, and leads to hot springs with thermal water (the place is equipped with changing booths, tiny thermal water pool and outdoors gym). Shymbulak trail is a 2 hour hike, and leads to Shymbulak Skiing resort.

From October 14, 2021, on the territory of the complex there is a parking lot for public electric transport, for the carriage of passengers along the route "Medeo-Shymbulak".

title: Medeu


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Talk:Adam Pascal

Untitled
I don't see any sources that say he has pancreatic cancer - I think its made up.

I've seen in a couple of "show-business" articles the phrase "originating the role"; what does it mean? It seems to be an inaccurate way of saying that someone was the first person to play the part; inaccurate because the author created – originated – the role. I'm changing the article to reflect this; if I'm wrong about what it means, could it be explained here? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

True, while the author creates the character, the author isn't the only person involved in the creative process. The author creates a shell that the actor fills in and molds to what he/she brings to the character. By saying that he "orginiated the role," it is simply meant that he was the first to breathe life into this idea that the author had imagined. He was the original Roger. -- Meghan

That's exactly what the term means: the actor who originates a role (i.e., is the first to play it) rehearses and is directed with the playwright's participation, and an actor's reading of a part will influence changes in the direction and the text of the play. This is not the case with subsequent actors, so "originating a role" is recognized as something substantively different from subsequently playing the part. It's standard theatre nomenclature, and is certainly not inaccurate. - Nunh-huh 07:18, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone know the actual name of his character on Cold Case? The one I put up was from the official episode summary, but I see it's been changed. I was wondering if anyone had the straight facts on that, maybe? --User:Vongchild
 * The name on the page now was the one actually shown in the episode (written on the box). :) 209.40.189.180 21:30, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Thank you --User:Vongchild

Vandalism
Someone had inserted the words "Adam Pascal is a sexy beast" near the bottom of the page. I deleted it, but people should watch out for ridiculous edits like that on the page.

Some minor changes
I made some minor changes to the page, grammar edits, page errors (that ridiculous box right in the middle of the bopgraphy), etc. 75.74.187.60 21:30, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That was me. Legendotphoenix 21:35, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Image:Pascal png.png
The lead image in this article is currently subject to deletion within a week because 1) it is using an image under a fair use claim that could be replaced by a free image—the image does not provide any information about the subject that any picture anyone could take now could provide; and 2) it is used under a claim of fair use, yet a detailed fair use rationale has not been provided specifically explaining why it qualifies for fair use within this article. Cheers, Postdlf 02:48, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Adam Pascal


text:
Craig Evans (Zimbabwean sportsman)

Craig Neil Evans (born 29 November 1969) is a Zimbabwean cricketer.

Cricket
Evans played in three Tests, against Sri Lanka, India and Australia, but was considered as a specialist at the one-day game. He appeared in the 1996 Cricket World Cup, with his highest international score 96 not out against Sri Lanka at SSC, Colombo in the Singer World Series in 1996.

In February 2020, he was named in Zimbabwe's squad for the Over-50s Cricket World Cup in South Africa. However, the tournament was cancelled during the third round of matches due to the coronavirus pandemic.

title: Craig Evans (Zimbabwean sportsman)


text:
Matthew Wright (presenter)

Alexander Matthew Wright (born 8 July 1965) is an English television presenter and former tabloid journalist. He worked as a journalist for The Sun and was a showbusiness gossip columnist for The Daily Mirror before launching a television career. He hosted the Channel 5 topical debate show The Wright Stuff from 2000 to 2018. Wright occasionally appears on This Morning discussing current affairs.

Early life and education
Wright started his career at the age of 14, appearing in the Children's Film Foundation production Big Wheels And Sailor (1979).

He was educated at the voluntary-aided Roman Catholic boys' school, The John Fisher School in Purley, Croydon, Surrey and was in the same class as the artist and sculptor Diarmuid Bryon O'Connor and DJ Gilles Peterson.

When joining the school, he began as a grammar entrant, having passed the 11-plus, but the school only remained (officially) as a grammar school for one more year, so he saw the gradual transformation into a comprehensive school.

He also attended Croydon Youth Theatre. Following school, Wright attended the University of Exeter, graduating in English and Drama.

Career
Wright started at the Surrey Mail group of newspapers in Godalming as a junior journalist under the tutorledge of editor Peter Tribe. Wright became a showbusiness correspondent with The Sun and later wrote a column for the Daily Mirror in the 1990s, with future 3AM girl Polly Graham as his assistant. During his time at the Daily Mirror, Wright covered numerous celebrity stories, including the wedding of Phil Collins and Orianne Cevey in 1999, which he claimed was the longest wedding he had ever been to. In 2002, Wright was a contributor to Phil Collins: A Life Less Ordinary, a BBC television documentary which profiled Collins's career, which was subsequently released commercially.

In 1998, Wright and the Daily Mirror were successfully sued for libel for £20,000 by actor David Soul, after Wright referred to the play The Dead Monkey in a review as being "without doubt the worst West End show I have ever seen", despite not having seen it. Wright also made several other false claims about the play in his article. Soul stated that Wright was "using the play as an excuse to attack me personally".

The Wright Stuff
Wright left the Daily Mirror in 2000 to pursue a television career and launch the website mykindaplace.com. He was chosen to front Channel 5's daily topical discussion series The Wright Stuff, which started broadcasting in September 2000. Wright originally co-presented the series with panellists James O'Brien and Kate Silverton. After a couple of years, O'Brien and Silverton were replaced by a new panel every week and the series began attracting celebrities to guest on the panel every day.

In 2002, Wright named John Leslie live on air as the television presenter being linked to the alleged rape of Ulrika Jonsson. Wright subsequently said he could not remember saying Leslie's name during the show. In a Sky 1 show, John Leslie: My Year of Hell, Wright offered John Leslie an apology. Leslie confirmed he would not sue Wright, saying: "I think he just made a really big mistake and unfortunately I was the one paying the price."

In October 2011, Wright asked male viewers of The Wright Stuff if they would have sex with Amanda Knox, who had just been acquitted of the murder of Meredith Kercher. Wright introduced a debate on Knox's future with an on-screen caption headed "Foxy Knoxy: Would Ya?" and told viewers: "She's entirely innocent. She's also undeniably fit and loves wild sex. Or did. So if you were a guy who'd met her in a bar and she invited you back to hers, would you go?" Wright apologised for the segment the following day, stating: "While I'm not going to apologise for discussing Amanda Knox's future after all the terrible things the media has said about her these past four years, I do want to say sorry for the way I framed the debate. The on-screen title was wrong, no doubt about it."

In December 2011, during a discussion on his show of the murder of Scottish teenager Liam Aitchison, Wright said in a mock Scottish accent "There's been another murder!", a reference to the television series Taggart. This led to more than 2,000 viewer complaints and an investigation by regulator Ofcom. This edition of The Wright Stuff resulted in more complaints being made to Ofcom than any other programme in 2011. Wright personally wrote to Aitchison's family by way of apology.

One of Wright’s penchant on the show was to be regularly taken in by prank callers. One example is of a former gentleman partner of Sharon Goodman, who has on multiple occasions called into the show to voice his displeasure over the seemingly tumultuous nature of their uncoupling. Instead of professionally brushing off the interruption's and continuing with the show, Wrights tendacy to throw a hissy fit often brought the calls to wider attention and added unintentional additional humour to the situation.

Wright announced on 1 May 2018 that he was to leave The Wright Stuff after 18 years. Wright's last show was broadcast on 14 June 2018, and various guest presenters took turns at presenting throughout the forthcoming summer. The show has continued with Jeremy Vine hosting Jeremy Vine.

Other broadcasting and media
In 2007, Wright was announced as the lead presenter on BBC One's Inside Out programme in the London area.

In September 2011, Wright joined the Daily Star Sunday as a columnist, but was dropped by the newspaper in March 2012.

In November 2013, Wright appeared in the 13th series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. During this time on the series, The Wright Stuff was guest-presented by Richard Madeley for almost a month. He was the fourth participant to be voted out of the series in a double eviction with campmate Vincent Simone on 3 December.

In September 2018, Wright joined national speech station talkRADIO presenting weekday afternoons. He left the station in March 2020. As of November 2023, Matthew Wright has replaced Andrew Castle on Weekend Breakfast at LBC.

Personal life
Wright's first marriage ended in a bitter legal battle that he said "made me wary of relationships". In 2003, he started a relationship with Closer columnist Caroline Monk. He met his second wife, Amelia Gatte, at a garden party held by their mutual friend Miriam Stoppard. They married in 2010. In 2013, they revealed they were trying to conceive a baby with the help of in vitro fertilisation but three of their IVF pregnancies so far had ended in a miscarriage. His wife is unable to become pregnant naturally following an ectopic pregnancy. In September 2018 it was announced they are expecting their first child. Their daughter, Cassady, was born in January 2019. Despite his relationships with women, Wright has said that he is "a slightly camp man. I can't be any other way, so if people want to imagine that they're my gay lovers, more power to them." Wright has said that "everyone thinks I'm gay".

Wright is a fan of live music and regularly attends concerts. In 2003, he performed on stage with his favourite band, Hawkwind, at the London Astoria, after interviewing the band's frontman Dave Brock on radio. He is now a friend of the band. He also released a single with them, "Spirit of the Age", in 2006, and is credited on their album Take Me To Your Leader, released the same year. A fan of progressive rock, Wright was the host of Prog magazine's annual Progressive Music Awards for four years until 2017.

title: Matthew Wright (presenter)


text: Category:Society of South Korea

title: Category:Society of South Korea


text:
Jean Donovan

Jean Marie Donovan (April 10, 1953 – December 2, 1980) was an American lay missionary who was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries—Ita Ford, Maura Clarke and Dorothy Kazel—by members of the military of El Salvador.

Early life
Jean Donovan was born to Patricia and Raymond Donovan, who raised her in an upper middle-class home in Westport, Connecticut. She had an older brother, Michael. She attended Mary Washington College in Virginia (now the University of Mary Washington), and spent a year as an exchange student in Ireland at University College Cork, deepening her Catholic faith through her contact with a priest there who had been a missionary in Peru.

Upon the completion of her master's degree in business from Case Western Reserve University, she accepted a position as a management consultant for the Cleveland branch of the nationwide accounting firm, Arthur Andersen.

Donovan was engaged to a young physician, Douglas Cable, and felt a strong call to motherhood as well as her call to do mission work: "I sit there and talk to God and say 'Why are you doing this to me? Why can't I just be your little suburban housewife?'

While volunteering in the Cleveland Diocese Youth Ministry with the poor, she decided to join the Diocesan Mission Project in El Salvador. She was accepted into and completed the lay-missionary training course at Maryknoll in New York State.

Donovan traveled to El Salvador in July 1977, where she worked as a lay missioner in La Libertad, along with Dorothy Kazel, an Ursuline nun. The pair worked in the parish of the Church of the Immaculate Conception in La Libertad, providing help to refugees of the Salvadoran Civil War and the poor. They provided shelter, food, transportation to medical care, and they buried the bodies of the dead left behind by the death squads.

Donovan was a follower of Archbishop Óscar Romero, and often went to his cathedral, the Catedral Metropolitana de San Salvador, to hear him preach. After his assassination on March 24, 1980, about eight months before their own murders, she and Sister Dorothy Kazel stood beside his coffin during the night-long vigil of his wake.

In the weeks before she died, Donovan wrote a friend: "The Peace Corps left today and my heart sank low. The danger is extreme and they were right to leave. ... Now I must assess my own position, because I am not up for suicide. Several times I have decided to leave El Salvador. I almost could, except for the children, the poor, bruised victims of this insanity. Who would care for them? Whose heart could be so staunch as to favor the reasonable thing in a sea of their tears and loneliness? Not mine, dear friend, not mine."

title: Jean Donovan


text:
Category:Society of Korea

Put pages in as specific a subcategory as possible.

title: Category:Society of Korea


text:
James Browne (Indian Army officer)

Major-General Sir James Browne (16 September 1839 – 13 June 1896), known as "Buster Browne", was a British military engineer and administrator in British India.

Early life
Browne was born in France, the son of Dr Robert Browne, a physician of Falkirk, Scotland. His father had practised medicine in Calcutta in the 1820s and 1830s, and there met his wife, who was the daughter of his patient, a Dutch merchant whose own English wife had recently died.

He was educated in France and Germany and at Cheltenham College. He entered the East India Company's Military College at Addiscombe in February 1856, and received a commission in the Bengal Engineers on 11 December 1857. He arrived in India in December 1859.

Career
He served in the expedition against the Mahsud Waziris in 1860, being mentioned in dispatches, and in 1863 in the Ambela Campaign, when he was three times mentioned. During the Ambela Campaign he was frequently employed as an interpreter, having become the first officer to pass examinations in Pashtoo.

After the Campaign and until 1865, Browne became Executive Engineer of the Kohat Division employed with building forts. Thereafter he spent some months at Thomason College before returning to the Punjab as Executive Engineer at Lahore. He subsequently spent three years at Kangra where he worked on the construction of 120 miles of mountain roads, and designing and building four bridges at Buneyr, Nigul, Dehree and Durom.

In 1869 he was thanked for his work with the Dalhousie Road Project, for the rapid completion of the barracks and his management of the 2,000 European soldiers working on the construction. In 1871 he went on furlough and spent two year studying railways and iron bridge work in Europe and America. He returned to India in 1873 and was employed designing iron bridges in the North-Western Provinces. In 1874 he carried out an extensive scheme of water supply for Dalhousie. In January 1875 he became superintendent of works for the building of the Indus bridge. He was praised for possessing a "rare combination of theoretical skill and practical talent". In 1876 he surveyed and laid out the first 70 miles of the railway from Sukkur to Quetta. He also worked alone to submit a reconnaissance survey of the Kacchi Plain, and Mushkaf and Bolan passes up to Quetta.

In 1877 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and in 1878–1879 accompanied Sir Donald Stewart as political officer during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. He took part in several engagements, was mentioned in despatches, and received the CB. At the conclusion of the war, Browne went on furlough to Britain. Whilst in England, he read a paper on "The Retention of Candahar and the Defence of the North West Frontier" to the East India Association. On his return to India he took charge of railway reconnaissance in the Central Provinces, and his services earned him the thanks of the Indian government.

In 1881 he became colonel, and in 1882 commanded the Indian engineer contingent sent to Egypt, being present at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir during the Anglo-Egyptian War. For his services in Egypt he received the 3rd class of the Osmariieh Order and the Khedives Star.

In 1884 he was appointed engineer-in-chief of the Sind–Pishin State Railway. In 1888 he was made a KCSI and in 1889 quartermaster-general for India. In 1892 he was appointed agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, in succession to Sir Robert Groves Sandeman, his intimate experience of the Baluchis, gained during his railway work, having specially fitted him for this post.

Personal life
In 1864 Browne married Alice Pierson, daughter of Charles Pierson and sister of Major William Henry Pierson.

Death
Browne died suddenly in the morning of 13 June 1896 in Quetta. He was granted a state funeral, including a procession and thirteen gun salute, and buried that same evening. The cause of death was certified to be a haemorrhage from the bowels.

title: James Browne (Indian Army officer)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paul-collinsing

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 22:28, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Paul-collinsing
Appears to be a hoax article (perhaps doubling as an attack article). Google returns one instance of the use of this term, in a completely different context (referring to a preist who wrote books critical of the Vatican and resigned preishood in 2001). Appears unverifiable. Only article created by this user. The talk page of the article has "confirmation" follow-up from another brand new user. In the unlikely event it turns out to be true but exremely obscure, Wikipedia is still WP:NOT a slang dictionary. --Tabor 18:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone can cite some evidence.--Isotope23 18:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - the page had no links to anywhere last night (What links here had zero hits), so how the second user (from Galway) found it is a complete mystery. Further, the writing style of the second user was identical (same signature mistake, didn't use tildes) to the first one, so looks like the first user's sock puppet. --DannyWilde 00:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Paul Collins is a former Australian Priest and current commentator on Catholicism. He appears frequently in the Australian media in relation to church issues see and . He resigned from his priesthood after Cardinal Ratzinger attempted to discipline him for his book on Papal Power in 1998. He probably is notable enough for an article. This on the other hand is an unverifiable neologism and possible attack on a Paul Collins of the author's acquaintance and should be deleted. Capitalistroadster 01:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unsourced/unverified speculation, probable hoax/attack. MCB 03:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey there. Just to clear up one or two things. It is a complete coincidence that there is a priest called Paul Collins in Australia. Simple as that. No doubt there are other Paul Collins' out there. As to how I found the article, I got an email from a friend in Galway about it. Maybe he had something to do with putting it up, he is a bit of a history nut. My mistakes in my post are due to my inexperience with Wikipedia... I'm a noobie, please forgive. Oh one more thing, DannyWilde, I'm not from Galway. I'm from Glasson, Westmeath. I went to college in Galway. -- BarrysT 11:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Lucio

Lucio is an Italian and Spanish male given name derived from the Latin name Lucius. In Portuguese, the given name is accented Lúcio.

Lucio is also an Italian surname.

Given name

 * Lúcio (Lucimar Ferreira da Silva) (born 1978), Brazilian footballer
 * Lucio Abis (1926–2014), Italian politician
 * Eduardo Lúcio Esteves Pereira (born 1954), Portuguese goalkeeper
 * Lucio Amanti (born 1977), Canadian cellist
 * Lucio Battisti (1943–1998), Italian singer-songwriter
 * Lucio Blanco (1879–1922), Mexican military officer
 * Lucio Cabañas (1938–1974), Mexican teacher, who became a revolutionary
 * Lúcio Cardoso (1912–1968), Brazilian writer
 * Lúcio Carlos Cajueiro Souza (born 1979), Brazilian footballer
 * Lúcio Costa (1902–1998), Brazilian architect and urban planner
 * Lucio Dalla (1943–2012), Italian singer-songwriter
 * Lúcio Teófilo da Silva (born 1984), Brazilian football player
 * Lucio Diodati (born 1955), Italian painter
 * Lúcio Idair Frasson (born 1953), Brazilian footballer
 * Lúcio Flávio (disambiguation), several people
 * Lucio Fontana (1899–1968), Italian painter and sculptor
 * Lucio Fulci (1927–1996), Italian horror film director
 * Lucio Gutiérrez (born 1957), President of Ecuador from 2003–2005
 * Lucio Serrani (born 1961), Italian hammer thrower
 * Lúcio Soares (1934–1988), Portuguese footballer
 * Lucio Urtubia (1931–2020), Spanish anarchist
 * Lucio Tan (born 1934), Filipino businessman
 * Lúcio Wagner (born 1976), Bulgarian footballer

Surname

 * Francisco Andres Lucio (born 1973), American record producer, singer-songwriter, musician and DJ
 * Hanibal Lucić (1485–1553) known in Italian as Annibale Lucio, Croatian language poet and playwright from Venetian Dalmatia
 * Johannes Lucius (Croatian: Ivan Lučić, Italian: Giovanni Lucio) (1604–1679), historian
 * Lucius Accius (170 – c. 86 BC), Roman tragic poet
 * Melissa Lucio (born 1969), American woman on death row in Texas
 * Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c. 4 BC – AD 65), Roman philosopher
 * Shannon Lucio (born 1980), American actress

Fictional characters

 * Lúcio (Overwatch), a player character in the video games Overwatch and Heroes of the Storm
 * Lucio, a minor character in Shakespeare's Measure for Measure
 * Lucio Marcano, an unseen deceased character in the game Mafia III who appears on a collectible cigarette cards in Mafia: Definitive Edition

title: Lucio


text:
Francisco Javier Salazar Sáenz

Francisco Javier Salazar Sáenz is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party. He was the Secretary of Labor from 2005 to 2006.

Education
Salazar Sáenz studied chemistry at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and at the Universidad Iberoamericana. He received a master's degree in administration from the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí and a doctorate in social sciences from the University of La Salle in Mexico City.

Public career
During the 1980s Salazar Sáenz was an active labor leader in San Luis Potosí state. He was general secretary of the Unión de Asociaciones de Personal Académico de la Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí (1979 to 1985), general secretary of the Asociación Nacional de Asociaciones de Personal Académico Universitario (1984 to 1988) and general secretary of the Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores Universitarios (1985 to 1989).

Salazar Sáenz served in the Chamber of Deputies during the 60th legislative session and in the Mexican Senate during the 61st and 62nd sessions.

In 2005 Mexican President Vicente Fox appointed Salazar as Secretary of Labor.

title: Francisco Javier Salazar Sáenz


text:
Talk:USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30)

WP:RM
Page moved as requested. Ryan Norton T 20:24, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060605194633/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/naval-nuclear-accidents to http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/naval-nuclear-accidents

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:34, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30)


text:
Category talk:Blues guitarists

Untitled
I am adding blues guitarists to this category as they pop into my head or as I stumble across them. This list certainly is not all-inclusive, so I encourage others to do the same. Thanks. --buck 18:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Hey, i went through your list, and found a few missing. here are the ones i could come up with: Kansas Joe McCoy, Derek Trucks, Jeff beck, Son house, Ed king, Gary Rossington,

thanks! -Awesomenessiscool

title: Category talk:Blues guitarists


text:
Front end of line

The front end of line (FEOL) is the first portion of IC fabrication where the individual components (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are patterned in a semiconductor substrate. FEOL generally covers everything up to (but not including) the deposition of metal interconnect layers.

Steps
For the CMOS process, FEOL contains all fabrication steps needed to form isolated CMOS elements:
 * 1) Selecting the type of wafer to be used; Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) and cleaning of the wafer.
 * 2) Shallow trench isolation (STI) (or LOCOS in early processes with feature size > 0.25 μm);
 * 3) Well formation;
 * 4) Gate module formation;
 * 5) Source and drain module formation.

Finally, the surface is treated to prepare the contacts for the subsequent metallization. This concludes the FEOL process, that is, all devices have been built.

Following these steps, the devices must be connected electrically as per the nets to build the electrical circuit. This is done in the back end of line (BEOL). BEOL is thus the second portion of IC fabrication where the individual devices are connected.

title: Front end of line


text:
Category:Spanish ballet dancers

Articles about Spanish ballet dancers.

title: Category:Spanish ballet dancers


text:
Dorothy Kazel

Dorothy Kazel (June 30, 1939 – December 2, 1980), was an American Ursuline religious sister and missionary to El Salvador. On December 2, 1980, she was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries – Maryknoll Sisters Ita Ford, Maura Clarke and laywoman Jean Donovan – by members of the military of El Salvador.

Life and work
Kazel was born Dorthea Lu Kazel to Lithuanian American parents, Joseph and Malvina Kazel, in Cleveland, Ohio. When she joined the Ursulines, a Roman Catholic religious institute in 1960, she took the name Sister Laurentine, in honor of an Ursuline nun martyred during the French Revolution.

As the Catholic Church modernized during the 1960s, she became known as Sister Dorothy. In the Central American community where she died, she was known as Madre Dorthea (Dorothy).

Kazel completed her bachelor's degree and novitiate between 1960 and 1965. Beginning in 1965, she taught for seven years in Cleveland, and did missionary work among the Papago Tribe of Arizona.

After finishing a master's degree in counseling in 1974, Kazel decided to partake in the challenge of joining the Diocese of Cleveland's mission team working in El Salvador. Once there, Kazel worked in the Church of the Immaculate Conception in La Libertad, training catechists, carrying out sacramental preparation programs, and overseeing the distribution of Catholic Relief Services aid and food supplies. She was also engaged in working with refugees from the Salvadoran Civil War, obtaining food, shelter, and medical supplies, and transporting the sick and injured to medical facilities.

Legacy

 * There is a section of the Ursuline High School, Wimbledon in England campus named after Dorothy; it is widely known within the school as the DK block. That particular block is used for business studies and is fairly new, only built a few years ago. It contains many computers and new technology, and acts as the finance office of the school.
 * There is a home that houses members of the Jesuit Volunteer Corps in South Central Los Angeles named in Dorothy's honor. Members of the program work as full-time volunteers at non-profit organizations such as My Friends Place, The Center at The Blessed Sacrament, Homeboy Industries, and Carecen.
 * Ursuline College in Cleveland, Ohio maintains an award known as the Dorothy Kazel Award that honors students who showcase service and honesty. The college also has a volunteer organization known as the Sister Dorothy Kazel Club for Systemic Change which participates in annual protests with SOA watch and education on social justice.

title: Dorothy Kazel


text: Template:User cy-4

title: Template:User cy-4


text:
No. 56 Squadron RAF

Number 56 Squadron, also known as No. 56 Test and Evaluation Squadron (TES), nicknamed the Firebirds for their ability to always reappear intact regardless of the odds, is one of the oldest and most successful squadrons of the Royal Air Force, with battle honours from many of the significant air campaigns of both the First and Second World Wars.

During the First World War, the squadron had many aces amongst its ranks such as James McCudden, Albert Ball, Reginald Hoidge and Arthur Rhys-Davids, developing a fierce reputation for the unit. In the Second World War, they fought in the Battle of Britain, and operated as a successful fighter-bomber unit for most of the war. In the 1960s, the squadron had their own aerobatic display team, 'The Firebirds', which consisted of nine English Electric Lightning F.1As, which participated at many airshows. From March 1976 to July 1992, No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron operated the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2, flying from RAF Wattisham, Suffolk, becoming the penultimate unit to fly the type. Until 18 April 2008, the squadron was the Operational Conversion Unit for the Panavia Tornado F.3 at RAF Leuchars, Fife.

Since 22 April 2008, the squadron has been based at RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire, and serves as the Air Command and Control Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Operational Evaluation Unit (AIR C2ISR OEU) for the RAF.

First World War
No. 56 Squadron was formed on 8 June 1916 at Gosport, from members of No. 28 Squadron, as part of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). On 14 July, the squadron relocated to London Colney. No. 56 Squadron received its first aircraft, a Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c on 7 August, which was followed by numerous other types. Captain Albert Ball joined No. 56 Squadron as a Flight Commander in February 1917. On 13 March 1917, the squadron became the first unit in the entire RFC to be equipped with the then brand new Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 fighter.

On 31 March, No. 56 Squadron received orders to relocate to the RFC HQ at Saint-Omer, France. By 8 April, the entire Squadron had made the move from London Colney, with the pilots having their photograph in their S.E.5s taken before they left on the 7 April. From Saint-Omer, the squadron relocated to Vert Galant on 20 April to support the Second Battle of Arras and flew their first mission on the 22 April. Its arrival at the front with the latest fighter, combined with the unusually high proportion of experienced pilots in its ranks, led to rumours among its German opponents that the squadron was an 'Anti-Richthofen Squadron', specifically dedicated to the removal of the Red Baron. The squadron did shoot down and kill Richthofen's nearest 1917 rival Leutnant Werner Voss in an epic dogfight, on 23 September 1917 by Lieutenant Arthur Rhys-Davids. Albert Ball scored No. 56 Squadron's first kill, his 32nd, on 23 April, when he shot down an Albatros D.III. The squadron suffered its first loss on 30 April when Lieutenant Maurice Alfred Kay was shot down. Ball himself was killed in action on 7 May, the same day as Lieutenant Roger Michael Chaworth-Musters.

No. 56 Squadron was sent north to Estrée-Blanche on 31 May 1917, to provide support for the upcoming Battle of Messines. From May 1917, the Germans began bombing London using their new Gotha G.IV bombers – with the first raid occurring on 25 May inflicting 290 casualties in London and Folkestone (due to diversion); the second raid was aborted and focused on Kent; the third was a daytime raid on 13 June in which there were 594 casualties, which went unanswered with the Germans losing no bombers. In response to this, No. 56 Squadron was recalled back to England and based at RFC Bekesbourne on 21 June.

The squadron participated in the Battle of Passchendaele, marking numerous victories throughout it. Captain James McCudden, eventual highest scoring pilot of the squadron, joined on 13 August. Rhys-Davids made his final sortie on 27 October 1917, taking off for a routine patrol he chased after a group of Albatros fighters after which he was never seen again. The Luftstreitkräfte credited Karl Gallwitz with the kill, word only reached the RFC on 29 December that Rhys-Davids had been killed. On 18 November, No. 56 Squadron was relocated to Laviéville in support of the Battle of Cambrai. In December 1917, McCudden scored 14 victories – including 4 on 23 December, a first for the RFC.

In January 1918, the squadron moved to Baizieux. McCudden was sent back to England on 5 March, where he was promoted to Major and received the Victoria Cross, he died on 9 July in an accident while on his way to take command of No. 60 Squadron. On 21 March, the Germans began their Spring Offensive, this forced No. 56 Squadron to pull back to Valheureux, where from they conducted air-to-air patrols for the next four months. The squadron supported the buildup to and provided support during the Battle of Amiens (beginning 8 August), which would later be known as the start of the Hundred Days Offensive. On 1 August, No. 56 Squadron, in tandem with No. 3 Squadron, attacked a German aerodrome in which 6 hangars and 16 enemy aircraft were destroyed.

By the end of the war, No. 56 Squadron had scored 427 victories, at a cost of 40 pilots killed, 20 wounded and 31 taken prisoner. A good impression of the demobilisation of the squadron is given in the final pages of Wind in the Wires by Duncan Grinnell-Milne, the squadron's last CO.

The squadron tune during the later stages of the war was The Darktown Strutters' Ball.

Interwar years
On 22 November 1918, No. 56 Squadron moved to Béthencourt, France. It stayed here until it moved back to Britain on 15 February 1919, arriving at RAF Narborough along with No. 60 Squadron and No. 64 Squadron.

Only days after being disbanded, No. 80 Squadron, based at RAF Aboukir, in Egypt, was renumbered on 1 February 1920 to No. 56 Squadron. From here they flew Sopwith Snipes. The squadron was disbanded again on 23 September 1922; however, one flight was hastily reformed on 26 September and sent to Turkey for the Chanak Crisis. This flight was officially attached to No. 208 Squadron and remained in Turkey until August 1923. However it continued to use the 56 numberplate, even though No. 56 Squadron had reformed officially in November 1922 at RAF Hawkinge. This flight returned and rejoined the rest of the squadron at RAF Biggin Hill. In September 1924, No. 56 Squadron was assigned a red and white checker pattern as a means of squadron identification, something which the squadron would actively use up until 2008. The same month saw the squadron convert to the Gloster Grebe Mk.II, flying them until they were exchanged for Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIas in September 1927.

The squadron finally settled at RAF North Weald in October 1927, where it remained until the end of 1939 and the start of the Second World War. On 14 November 1928, the No. 56 Squadron was allowed to use a phoenix for its crest along with the motto Quid si coelum ruat. The squadron converted to the Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa in October 1932, these were kept until May 1936 when the squadron received Gloster Gauntlet Mk.IIs. No. 56 Squadron's crest and motto were officially approved by King Edward VIII in July 1936.

No. 56 Squadron converted to their last biplane, the Gloster Gladiator Mk.I, in July 1937. The Gladiators were flown up until May 1938 when the squadron acquired Hawker Hurricane Mk.Is. The squadron would operate the Hurricane in the opening stages of WW2.

Second World War
No. 56 Squadron's introduction to the Second World War came on 6 September 1939. The Firebirds, then based at RAF North Weald, were the victims of a friendly fire incident by No. 74 Squadron known as the Battle of Barking Creek. Two pilots of the squadron were shot down and one, P/O Montague Hulton-Harrop, was killed, becoming the RAF's first casualty in the defence of the UK.

The squadron entered the Second World War equipped with the Hawker Hurricane Mk.I and first saw action during the Battle of France, although they remained based in England and sent flights to France for short periods. The Firebirds ended the campaign by covering the Dunkirk evacuation. As part of No. 11 Group, No. 56 Squadron was based at RAF North Weald at the beginning of the Battle of Britain. From there the squadron first engaged German aircraft on 31 July 1940. It was heavily involved in the fighting in the south of England during August, although the squadron moved to RAF Boscombe Down on the 1 September. It was one of the few fighter squadrons to remain based in the south of England continuously through the battle, scoring 59 kills by the end.

The squadron relocated away from RAF Boscombe Down on 29 November to RAF Middle Wallop where they stayed until 17 December when the Firebirds returned to RAF North Weald in Essex. It was while based here that No. 56 Squadron upgraded to the Hurricane Mk.IIb in February 1941. In April 1941, No. 56 Squadron gained its 'Punjab' nickname after the Indian province of Punjab raised money to have their name attached to a fighter, thus becoming an Indian 'gift' squadron. The Firebirds then relocated for a brief stay at RAF Martlesham Heath, Suffolk on 23 July before settling at RAF Duxford on 26 July.

In September 1941, No. 56 Squadron became the first unit to receive the Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ia which, although troublesome to begin with, the squadron helped turn into a usable fighter. Before leaving RAF Duxford, the squadron upgraded to the Typhoon Mk.Ib in March 1942, moving to RAF Snailwell on 30 March. From 24 August 1942 to 22 July 1943, the unit was based with No. 12 Group at RAF Matlaske in Norfolk. During this time, No. 56 Squadron's role changed from that of low-level defence against Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter-bomber attacks into becoming fighter bombers themselves, attacking ground and sea targets. With the Firebirds using bombs from November 1943 and rockets from February 1944. No. 56 Squadron was to score one confirmed victory while flying Typhoons. After moving around multiple bases in the UK, the squadron moved up to RAF Scorton, Yorkshire on 7 April 1944, where they converted to the Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX. From here the squadron flew escort and reconnaissance missions.

On 28 April 1944, No. 56 Squadron moved to RAF Newchurch, Kent where the squadron converted to the Hawker Tempest Mk.V in June. Squadron Leader Frederick Higginson left the squadron at this time, being posted to No. 83 Group. Due to his knowledge of the pilot escape routes in France; his total victory count, all with No. 56 Squadron, was 15.

As a unit of No. 150 Wing, under the command of Wing Commander Roland Beamont, No. 56 Squadron became an air defence squadron. It was tasked with defending Britain from V-1 flying bombs – of which between 70 and $77 1/2$ were shot down by the squadron. No. 56 Squadron transferred to advance landing ground B.60 at Grimbergen in Belgium on 28 September 1944, becoming part of No. 122 Wing, Second Tactical Air Force. During subsequent operations No. 56 Squadron was to become the equal highest scoring Tempest unit, with No. 486 (NZ) Squadron, totalling 59 confirmed victories. In the latter months of the war, the Firebirds were deployed to several airfields in Europe: including Volkel, in the Netherlands; Copenhagen; and numerous bases in Germany. During the Second World War, the No. 56 Squadron claimed a total of 149 aircraft shot down.

Early Cold War (1946–1960)
On 31 March 1946, the No. 56 (Punjab) Squadron nameplate was transferred over to No. 16 Squadron. No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron then reformed the next day, 1 April, at RAF Bentwaters when No. 124 Squadron was renumbered. Upon their reformation, the Firebirds converted to their first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor F.3. No. 56 (F) Squadron left RAF Bentwaters on 16 September, moving to RAF Boxted. They remained here before relocating on 10 November to RAF Acklington, eventually moving on to RAF Wattisham on 20 December. No. 56 (F) Squadron moved on to RAF Duxford on 17 April 1947 staying there until 31 August before returning once again on 30 November, where they would last until 2 February 1948. The squadron upgraded to the Meteor F.4 in August 1948. The Firebirds settled at RAF Waterbeach on 10 May 1950, where they would operate from for the next nine years. In December 1950, No. 56 (F) Squadron upgraded to the improved Meteor F.8.

In February 1954, No. 56 (F) Squadron became the first, and only, squadron to receive the Supermarine Swift F.1, and the subsequent Swift F.2s they received in August. The squadron evaluated both Swift variants up until March 1955 when the F.1 and F.2s were withdrawn from service due to their poor performance. Continuing to operate the Meteor F.8 after the Swift, No. 56 (F) Squadron finally converted to a new aircraft in May 1955 when they received the Hawker Hunter F.5. On 10 July 1958, the squadron moved to RAF Wattisham, where they would spend some 35 years defending UK airspace, intercepting Tupolev Tu-95 "Bear" aircraft. No. 56 (F) Squadron upgraded to Hunter F.6s in November 1958.

The Lightning Years (1960–1976)
In December 1960, the squadron began to convert to the English Electric Lightning F.1A, with their last Hunters disbanding in January 1961. In 1963, No. 56 (F) Squadron formed a display team called "The Firebirds", flying nine red and silver Lightnings. On 6 June 1963, the display team suffered an accident at RAF Wattisham during preparations for the 25th Paris Air Show. The incident occurred when a pair of Lightnings (XM179 and XM181) collided during a bomb-burst manoeuvre – XM179, piloted by Flt. Lt. Michael Cooke, crashed, while XM181 landed safely. Cooke ejected and was left with severe spinal injuries, being confined to a wheelchair. The Firebirds display team was disbanded in 1964, becoming the last RAF aerobatic team to fly fighter jets. In October 1965, No. 56 (F) Squadron deployed to RAF Luqa, Malta, to participate in an Armament Practice Camp (APC). The following October, the Firebirds deployed once more to Luqa, this time to participate in an air defence exercise alongside Avro Vulcans, English Electric Canberra PR.9s and No. 29 (F) Squadron Gloster Javelin FAW.9s. No. 56 (F) Squadron left RAF Wattisham on 11 May 1967, deploying to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus.

Between 11 and 20 July 1968, the Firebirds deployed from Akrotiri to Luqa for Exercise Island Litex. In August 1971, the squadron acquired Lightning F.6s after No. 74 (F) Squadron flew them over from RAF Tengah, Singapore before they disbanded. A detachment of four Lightnings deployed to Luqa between 11 and 20 December 1971 to carry out scrambles, night flying and practise in-flight refuelling with a Handley Page Victor K.1A of No. 57 Squadron. The Firebirds deployed two more ten day attachments to RAF Luqa in May 1973 and June 1974. No. 56 (F) Squadron flew extensive top cover over Cyprus during the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état and the subsequent Turkish invasion of the island. The Firebirds returned to RAF Wattisham on 21 January 1975. While based at RAF Akrotiri, No. 56 (F) Squadron also operated a number of Canberras – these included a mixture of T.4s and B.2s.

The Phantom Years (1976–1992)
On 22 March 1976, No. 56 (Designate) Squadron formed at RAF Coningsby with the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2. It wasn't until 29 June that the Lightning F.6s were disbanded and the Squadron Standard was formally handed over to RAF Coningsby. No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron returned to RAF Wattisham on 9 July, where they would remain for the next 16 years. Upon their return, The Firebirds found themselves sharing RAF Wattisham with No. 23 (F) Squadron. The squadron deployed to RAF Luqa in Malta for the last time between 13 October and November 1977 with ten Phantom FGR.2s. In October 1978, the Firebirds became the first squadron in the RAF to operate an aircraft in air superiority grey when Phantom FGR.2 XV474 was delivered to RAF Wattisham, marking a change from the old green and grey schemes. On 21 June 1979, Phantom FGR.2 XV424 from No. 56 (F) Squadron re-enacted the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown to celebrate its 60th anniversary. The flight was undertaken by pilot, Sqd. Ldr. A. J. N. Alcock (nephew of John Alcock who made the original flight), and navigator, Flt. Lt. W. N. Browne, who brought the original 1919 mascot 'Twinkletoes' with them on their journey. No. 23 (F) Squadron departed RAF Wattisham on 21 March 1983 when their nameplate was passed to No. 29 (F) Squadron at RAF Stanley on the Falkland Islands, from where they provided air defence.

The Firebirds were not alone for long however with No. 74 (F) Squadron reforming at RAF Wattisham on 19 October 1984. The Tigers were equipped with unique F-4J(UK) Phantoms, procured from the United States Navy due to the re-basing of Phantoms to the Falklands. These contrasted with No. 56 (F) Squadron's Phantom FGR.2s which used Rolls-Royce Spey engines, UK MOD Radar systems and other RAF modifications. No. 74 (F) Squadron eventually exchanged their F-4J(UK)s for the Phantom FGR.2 in January 1991, due to their availability from other squadrons converting to the Panavia Tornado F.3. Plans had originally been for the RAF to retain both Phantom squadrons but under the Options for Change defence review in 1990 the decision was made to withdraw both units. Both No. 56 (F) Squadron and No. 74 (F) Squadron participated in their last APC at RAF Akrotiri in early June 1992. On 13 June 1992, the Firebirds and the Tigers participated in Queen Elizabeth II's official birthday flypast, flying over Buckingham Palace with a 16-ship diamond formation, which was made up of eight Phantoms from each squadron. No. 56 (F) Squadron ended their operations at RAF Wattisham at the end of July 1992. No. 74 (F) Squadron would continue to operate there until October 1992 when they stood down and reformed at RAF Valley as a training squadron. RAF Wattisham itself was handed over to the Army Air Corps becoming Wattisham Airfield in March 1993.

From Tornados to the Air Warfare Centre
On 1 August 1992, the No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron nameplate was transferred to No. 65 Squadron at RAF Coningsby becoming No. 56 (Reserve) Squadron. It became the RAF's Operational Conversion Unit (No. 229 OCU) conducting training of Ab initio crew and aircrew converting from other aircraft types to the Tornado F.3. Following the announcement that the Eurofighter Typhoon would be stationed at Coningsby, it was decided that No. 56 (R) Squadron would relocate north to RAF Leuchars in Fife, home to No. 43 (F) Squadron and No. 111 (F) Squadron. The squadron moved north in March 2003, initially moving into the 'Ark Royal' hangar before moving into a new building on the northern side of the airfield. No. 56 (R) Squadron flew an aerobatic display from 1993 until December 2005 when it was announced, that as a cost-cutting measure, the RAF would no longer have a Tornado F.3 display. With the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon into RAF service it was decided that No. 56 (R) Squadron would be amalgamated with No. 43 (F) Squadron as part of the Tornado F.3 force draw down, with the Fighting Cocks taking over the OCU role. No. 56 (R) Squadron disbanded on 18 April 2008 at RAF Leuchars, with the occasion marked by a diamond nine formation flypast over Eastern Scotland.

The No. 56 (R) Squadron nameplate and standard was transferred to the Air Warfare Centre Air Command and Control Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Operational Evaluation Unit (AIR C2ISR OEU) at RAF Waddington on 22 April 2008. Upon their move to Waddington, the Firebirds initially tested and evaluated the: Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW.1; Raytheon Sentinel R.1; Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R.1, MR.2 and BAE Systems Nimrod MRA.4. On 1 February 2018, all (Reserve) nameplates were rescinded by the RAF thus changing No. 56 (Reserve) Squadron to just No. 56 Squadron. On 10 June 2018, the Firebirds paraded through the village of North Weald, where the squadron was based between 1927 and 1941, after being awarded the 'Freedom of the District' by the local council.

As of 2020, the squadron provides operational test and evaluation, and specialist advice, for RAF airborne ground surveillance, airborne electronic sensors, airborne command and control, aerospace battle management and intelligence exploitation. In March 2021, the Sentinel R.1 was withdrawn from use, having made its last flight on 25 February 2021. The Sentry AEW.1 was retired from RAF service on 28 September 2021.

After the first General Atomics Protector RG1 was delivered to RAF Waddington in September 2023, No. 56 Test and Evaluation Squadron was tasked with introducing the type into service.

Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated include:

 * Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c (Aug 1916–Apr 1917)
 * Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2e (1916–Apr 1917)
 * Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 (1916–Apr 1917)
 * Curtiss Scout (1916–Apr 1917)
 * Bristol Scout (1916–Apr 1917)
 * Sopwith 1½ Strutter (1916–Apr 1917)
 * Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 (Mar 1917–Aug 1917)
 * Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a (June 1917–Feb 1919)
 * Sopwith Snipe (Feb 1920–Nov 1924)
 * Gloster Grebe Mk.II (Sep 1924–Sep 1927)
 * Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa (Sep 1927–Oct 1932)
 * Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa (Oct 1932–May 1936)
 * Gloster Gauntlet Mk.II (May 1936–July 1937)
 * Gloster Gladiator Mk.I (July 1937–May 1938)
 * Hawker Hurricane Mk.I (Apr 1938–Feb 1941)
 * Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIa (Feb 1941–Mar 1942)
 * Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIb (Feb 1941–Mar 1942)
 * Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ia (Sep 1941–Dec 1942)
 * Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ib (Mar 1942–May 1944)
 * Hawker Hurricane Mk.I (May 1942–June 1944)
 * de Havilland Tiger Moth Mk.II (Oct 1942–Sep 1944)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX (Apr 1944–July 1944)
 * Hawker Tempest Mk.V (June 1944–Mar 1946)
 * Gloster Meteor F.3 (Apr 1946–Aug 1948)
 * North American Harvard (Apr 1947–Dec 1947)
 * Airspeed Oxford (Dec 1947–June 1949)
 * Gloster Meteor F.4 (July 1948–Dec 1950)
 * Gloster Meteor T.7 (Aug 1949–July 1955)
 * Gloster Meteor F.8 (Dec 1950–June 1960)
 * de Havilland Vampire T.11 (Feb 1954–July 1959)
 * Supermarine Swift F.1 (Feb 1954–Mar 1955)
 * Supermarine Swift F.2 (Aug 1954–Mar 1955)
 * Hawker Hunter F.5 (May 1955–Dec 1958)
 * Gloster Meteor F.7 (July 1957–Apr 1960)
 * Hawker Hunter F.6 (Nov 1958–Apr 1961)
 * Hawker Hunter T.7/T.7A (Feb 1959–Jun 1966)
 * English Electric Lightning F.1A (Dec 1960–Jun 1965)
 * English Electric Lightning T.4 (Jan 1963–Apr 1966)
 * English Electric Lightning F.3 (Mar 1965–Sep 1971)
 * English Electric Lightning T.5 (Dec 1965–June 1976)
 * English Electric Lightning F.1A (May 1966–Oct 1966)
 * English Electric Canberra B.2 (Jul 1968–Jan 1975)
 * English Electric Canberra T.4 (Jul 1968–Jan 1975)
 * English Electric Lightning F.3 (Jan 1975–June 1976)
 * English Electric Lightning F.6 (Sep 1971–June 1976)
 * McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 (Mar 1976–July 1992)
 * Panavia Tornado F.3 (July 1992–Apr 2008)
 * Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW.1 (Apr 2008–Sep 2021)
 * Raytheon Sentinel R.1 (Apr 2008–Feb 2021)
 * Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R.1 (Apr 2008–June 2011)
 * Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR.2 (Apr 2008–June 2011)
 * BAE Systems Nimrod MRA.4 (Apr 2008–Oct 2010)
 * Hawker Beechcraft Shadow R.1 (2009–present)
 * Boeing RC-135W Airseeker R.1 (Jan 2011–present)
 * General Atomics Protector RG1 (Sep 2023–present)

Commanding officers

 * Maj. Richard Blomfield (February - October 1917)
 * Maj. Rainsford Balcombe-Brown (October 1917 - May 1918)
 * Maj. Euan Gilchrist (May - December 1918)
 * Capt. Duncan Grinnell-Milne (1918 - 1919)

title: No. 56 Squadron RAF


text:
James N. Robey

James N. Robey Jr. (born January 18, 1941), an American Democratic politician, was a Maryland State Senator from January 10, 2007, to January 14, 2015. He was the Senate Majority Leader from 2013 until he retired in January 2015.

Background
Born January 18, 1941, in Baltimore, Maryland, Robey was raised in Daniels, Maryland, a small mill town in Howard County that was once located on the banks of the Patapsco River.

Robey graduated from Howard High School in Ellicott City, Maryland, in 1959. His high school principal, Omar J. Jones, was Howard County's first county executive. Robey earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice from the University of Maryland University College (UMUC) in 1979. He also has master's degree in administrative management from Hood College in Frederick, Maryland, and has completed several training programs at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia.

His son, Wayne Robey, became the clerk of the Howard County Circuit Court when Margaret Rappaport retired in 2012.

Career
Robey joined the Howard County Police Department in 1966 and was promoted to major by 1981. He was appointed by Charles I. Ecker to Chief of Police in 1991, replacing Frederick Chaney. He retired from the police force in 1998 to run for office and was elected as Howard County Executive in 1998 and 2002.

In 2006, Robey campaigned as a Democrat to represent the 13th district in the Maryland State Senate and won with 56% of the vote against Republican incumbent Sandra Schrader. In September 2013, he was chosen to replace State Senator Robert Garagiola as Senate Majority Leader. Robey retired from the Maryland State Senate on January 14, 2015.

Recognition
Robey was recognized by his alma mater, University of Maryland University College (UMUC), as the 2002 "Distinguished Alumnus". In 2007, the James N. Robey Public Safety Training Facility, a training facility used by the Howard County police and fire departments, was dedicated in his honor.

According to Vote Smart, an independent, nonprofit research organization, in 2011, Robey received a performance evaluation rating of 92% from Progressive Maryland, a nonprofit, liberal advocacy group that rates legislators based on their positions on social, liberal, and family-related issues. In 2008, he received a score of 97%.

title: James N. Robey


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Korea


text:
Double Wedding (1937 film)

Double Wedding is a 1937 American screwball romantic comedy film starring William Powell and Myrna Loy, and featuring Florence Rice, John Beal, Jessie Ralph, and Edgar Kennedy. This was the seventh pairing of Powell and Loy, with another seven to go. It was directed by Richard Thorpe from a screenplay by Jo Swerling based on the unpublished play Nagy szerelem ("Great Love") by Ferenc Molnár. William Powell's fiancée Jean Harlow died during production, halting filming. Powell later described finishing the film as "very difficult under the circumstances". Myrna Loy, who had been good friends with Harlow, wrote in her autobiography that she disliked the film because of Harlow's death and that it was "the scapegoat for concurrent despair".

Plot
Charlie Lodge, a free-spirited bohemian who lives in a cluttered car trailer in a parking lot, disrupts the well-ordered life of successful, hardworking businesswoman Margit Agnew when he convinces her younger sister Irene that she should become an actress. However, Margit is determined that Irene marry the fiancé she (and her mother before her) had personally picked out for her sister, the pliable, weak-willed cousin Waldo.

Fed up with Waldo's lack of initiative during a four-year engagement, Irene becomes infatuated with Charlie. He pretends to return her feelings so he can stay close to Margit. When Margit confronts him, he agrees to never see Irene again if Margit will let him paint her portrait. She reluctantly agrees to three weeks of sittings. As they spend time together, she begins to respond to his decidedly unconventional charms. Meanwhile, Charlie tries to teach Waldo to stand up for himself so that he can regain Irene's regard, but with little luck.

When Irene shows up unexpectedly at his trailer, Charlie gets her to leave, but she is spotted by Margit. Believing he lied about giving Irene up, she angrily smashes the painting over his head. Charlie arranges for a wedding, ostensibly to marry Irene, but actually as a ploy to simultaneously reconcile Irene and Waldo and win Margit's hand. However, Waldo is nowhere to be seen when Charlie is asked if he will take Irene for his wife. He is forced to answer no, and that he is really in love with Margit. She finally admits she loves him too, through tears. A drunk Waldo finally shows up, punches Charlie in the nose, knocking him down, and carries off a delighted Irene. Comedic chaos quickly ensues when all the wedding guests crammed inside the trailer misunderstand what is happening and began arguing, pushing, and shoving each other. Charlie is struck by Margit several times by accident in the tight confines of all the chaos. She is also struck and is knocked out. They both come to lie next to each other on the floor. Charlie comes to and gives her a kiss.

Production
Double Wedding had the working title of Three's Company. Originally, Robert Young, and Robert Benchley were to have roles in the film, which was the seventh pairing of Powell and Loy. Loy's previous film, Parnell (1937) did not do well at the box office, so MGM paired her with Powell again to rehabilitate her career. The move was a success, and Double Wedding was a box office success.

When Jean Harlow, William Powell's girlfriend of three years and fiancée, died suddenly on June 7, 1937, three weeks after falling ill with uremic poisoning caused by kidney failure, production on the film was partially shut down. Her death was a blow to both Powell and Loy, a good friend of Harlow, and Powell's grief was such that he asked the studio for some time to recover. Although filming was completed on schedule, neither Powell nor Loy felt they were at their best for the film.

Film locations included Carmel-by-the-Sea and the estate of C. A. Noble, a banker and manufacturer from Milwaukee.

title: Double Wedding (1937 film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Mills

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedily deleted under A7. Friday (talk) 20:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Alex Mills
Non-notable bio, college vanity. Claim to notability is being an officer in two college political organizations. Quale 18:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as A7. So tagged.  If that doesn't work, delete slowly and laboriously. Friday (talk) 18:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bucharest Business Week

Bucharest Business Week (BBW for short) was a Romanian English-language weekly business newspaper. It was published by AmeriCelt Publishing SRL, the Bucharest branch of Romanian Ventures Inc. based in the United States. The readership was approximately 24,000.

It contained various categories of business news, about companies, privatization or investment. The newspaper also featured Romania-related news and interviews.

title: Bucharest Business Week


text:
Talk:Robert Heilbroner

does anyone know a source for this passage?
"Written in 1953, Worldly Philosophers has sold nearly four million copies-—the second-best-selling economics text of all time (the first being Paul Samuelson's Economics, a highly popular university textbook)." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.174.140.86 (talk) 13:29, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

typo
though I don't currently have the correction the following is most certainly a typo

In 1963, Heilbroner earned a Ph.D. from the New School for Social Research, where he was subsequently appointed Norman Thomas Professor of Economics in 1971 and remained for some *fifty* years.

fifteen might be more accurate; I don't know

What's wrong with 50? He died in 2005 as a professor emeritus. That's more than 50 years after he arrived as a grad student, and he was at the very least a TA by the mid-50s. The 1963 date on his Ph.D. is misleading--after all, Worldly Philosophers was published in 1953. Note that the death notice used as a reference to the article makes the 50-year claim.RogerLustig (talk) 16:56, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

-morgan

title: Talk:Robert Heilbroner


text: Category:Watchtower Society presidents

title: Category:Watchtower Society presidents


text:
Asterix & Obelix XXL

Asterix & Obelix XXL is an action-adventure video game first released in 2003. It is based on the French comic book series Asterix about the Gaulish warrior Asterix in the year 50 BC, as he and his best friend Obelix battle the Romans. It was released in the United States (for PlayStation 2 only) with the title Asterix & Obelix: Kick Buttix.

A sequel was released the following year, Asterix & Obelix XXL 2: Mission Las Vegum.

Plot
One ordinary day in the village, Asterix, Obelix, and Dogmatix leave for the forest to hunt for wild boars. As they are walking, a storm begins to brew, and a nearby tree is struck by lightning. Dogmatix is frightened and runs away. While they are searching for him, Asterix and Obelix see flames in the distance. Asterix hurries off to investigate, while Obelix remains and searches for Dogmatix. Upon arriving at the scene, Asterix meets a Roman secret agent, formerly in Caesar's service. He feels scorned for having been sacked by Caesar and agrees to help Asterix and Obelix foil the Romans' plans. Asterix enters the village to find it ablaze and full of Romans. He quickly defeats them and makes his way through the Gaulish countryside to a hilltop by the sea. There, he meets up with Obelix, who tells him that Dogmatix is still nowhere to be found. They learn from the Roman agent that their fellow villagers have been kidnapped by the Romans. Asterix and Obelix then follow him to a dock, where he points out two barges far off in the distance, and mentions that their friends are probably being held prisoner aboard them. Farther up the path, the secret agent finds Dogmatix, and Obelix's beloved pet joins the duo in their Roman-bashing antics. Asterix and Obelix then fight off many more Roman soldiers, plowing through a country road. After finally defeating all of the warriors, the two discover a padlocked wagon at the end of the road. Obelix breaks open the door, and the village druid, Getafix, clambers out. He explains to them that while he was locked up, he overheard Caesar's plans to send the Gaulish villagers to different parts of the Roman Empire. Their locations were etched into a white marble map, which Caesar smashed after showing to his soldiers. Thus, Getafix returns to the village, and Asterix, Obelix, and Dogmatix set off to the first location to free their fellow villagers from the clutches of the Romans.

Gameplay
Gameplay involves the rescuing of various villagers while solving large puzzles and defeating the Roman masses. The player automatically switches between Asterix and Obelix depending on the situation. The two characters have slight differences, such as in speed or strength. The only significant difference is Obelix's ability to smash iron crates without magic potion and his ability to push and pull larger platforms than can Asterix. Many puzzles involve the use of a special reusable torch that only Asterix may carry, and a sliding platform guided by a rope, both of which occur in every province of the Roman Empire.

The player may redeem helmets collected from defeated Romans. These helmets can be used to purchase power-ups, such as extra health and new attack combinations from a traveling merchant in each province. There are two types of helmet: ordinary grunts' helmets (worth 1 helmet) and gold centurions' helmets (worth 10 helmets). The latter are usually acquired from iron crates or dropped by high-ranking enemies, such as commanders and gladiators. The player can also pick up gourds of magic potion, which are found regularly. These can only be consumed by Asterix, and are used immediately when collected. After consuming the potion, the player becomes much more powerful for an extremely limited time. The potion allows Asterix to defeat Romans in a single hit and to run much faster. In addition, they allow a player to perform a triple jump and smash iron crates. If Asterix consumes another potion while already under the effect of a previous one, he will generate a huge shockwave that causes all nearby enemies to drop their weapons.

Combat is performed by bashing the Romans with bare hands. The ordinary grunts are the easiest to defeat, with many more powerful classes of enemies. After being bashed, certain enemies will remain dazed for a few moments, at which point some of them can be picked up and swung around the head like a lasso, damaging all other enemies in the vicinity and breaking nearby crates. Dogmatix can also be dispatched during battle. He will bite the enemy soldiers, causing them to drop their weapons and rendering them easily vulnerable to attack.

In each province, the heroes will encounter the Roman agent, who will provide them with helpful information on operating machinery and bring them up to date on the Romans' latest plans. At the end of each province (with the exception of Gaul), there is a boss fight. The bosses are invariably large machines of war, operated by several Romans. After the machines are destroyed, the captive villagers are set free, and they provide Asterix and Obelix with another section of the marble map, allowing them to continue on and rescue the other villagers. Each province (with the exception of Gaul) contain unique enemies native to that area. Players are able to revisit any previous areas in order to collect more helmets, or to find more Golden Laurels.

Throughout the game, players may find Golden laurel wreaths, accessible under different conditions; some are as simple as picking them up, while others are obtained by complex puzzles or fulfilling various conditions. The laurel wreaths when collected permit the player to unlock hidden bonuses, such as new attire, purely for cosmetic effect.

Transport in the game is fulfilled by a manner of catapulting. At different points in an area, the player may find a catapult, which when used will send the player to the next location nearby instantaneously.

Remaster
On 28 July 2020, Microids announced a remastered version dubbed Asterix & Obelix XXL Romastered set for release on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows on 22 October 2020. It was later released for macOS and PlayStation 5 in 2022. The remaster features upgraded visuals, reworked gameplay animations, new game modes, a new camera and new soundtrack. An option to switch to the original visuals and soundtrack is also included.

title: Asterix & Obelix XXL


text:
User talk:Moogle Maniac

Headline text
·	GCSE Applied ICT – The Study Guide – Section 3.3 How ICT Affects People’s Daily Lives – Various Pages between 75-77 and 82-92 ·	Student Handbook for ICT:GCSE – Applications of ICT and The Effects of ICT sections – Pages 44, 45, 46, 49, 50 and 51 ·	KS3 ICT – The Study Guide – Section 7 Computers in the Real World – Pages 51 to 60 ·	Teacher’s notes – Notes provided by the teacher, no particular pages… ·	Applications of ICT – ICT in Banks – Pages 42 to 54, ICT in Supermarkets – Pages 32 to 39 ICT in the Police – Pages 57 to 62 ·	www.google.co.uk - Image search for pictures used ·	GCSE Bitesize – ICT Revision – Implications of ICT (www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ict/implications) ·	www.isp-planet.com - Information of Internet Service Providers

So There
Louis said that Josie had to worship the Lord (otherwise known as Socks) on the 18th January 1992. However Josie had gone back in time to say to Louis that he must worship Saten (otherwise known as Smudge) on the 16th November 1991 (his birth date, it was the first thing he heared!)

Sadly Louis didn't understand it because it's spelt Satan...

But Josie pronounced correctly... so he should have done! Unless he was perpously(This is ment to be spelt wrong)being awkward just so that he could worships socks!

That he was, young warrior, that he was.

title: User talk:Moogle Maniac


text: Category:Science and technology in Korea


text:
John Reck

John Reck (1865-1951) was an Alaskan politician and the ninth mayor of Juneau, Alaska, from 1914 to 1916.

title: John Reck


text:
Montesa Honda

Montesa Honda is a subsidiary business of Honda, which assembles several models of motorcycles and bicycles in Barcelona, Spain. It was formed in 1944 by Pere Permanyer and Francesc Xavier "Paco" Bultó. The business was Spanish-owned until entering into an association with Honda.

Permanyer and Bultó
Their first Montesa prototype was based upon the French Motobécane models of that time. Permanyer began to produce his own gas engines, which allowed for a new area in motorcycles to be explored and expanded into. Permanyer and Bultó teamed up in Barcelona and created a light-weight motorcycle. This led to the creation of a bike powered by a 95cc two-stroke engine with no sprung rear suspension. Despite some setbacks, they sold 22 of these units in the first year of production. The next year, the partnership focused on production improvements and meeting the growing demand for their bike. As a successor to the previous model, Bultó designed a new 125cc roadster, which was tested in many of the trail-type rallies and semi-enduros that were popular in Spain at the time. This model went on to enter the 1951 International Six Day Trials. The bike was entered by the factory, being ridden by Bultó and G. Cavestany. In the early 1950s, Montesa entered many races in the 125cc class of road racing. These bikes featured six-speed, bolt on gearboxes, in semi-unit construction, with all gears running on needle-roller bearings. By 1956, these Montesa 125s were very competitive and took second, third and fourth places in the Ultra-Lightweight race at the Isle of Man TT.

The most successful Montesa street bike of the 1950s was the Brio 80, of which more than 12,000 were produced. The success of the Brio and the other models, led to the opening of a new, larger factory in Espluges de Llobregat. The Brio 80 and Brio 90 models contained many new advances, such as moving the carburetor behind the cylinder, and a handbrake. However, a slump in the Spanish economy had forced Permanyer to cut back on the company's racing activities. Permanyer wanted to pull out of road racing, but Bultó insisted that they stay the course. In May 1958, chief designer Bultó left, taking with him several of Montesa's vital personnel to form a competitive firm, Bultaco. Permanyer had not only lost the brilliant designer Bultó, but also his 30% share of the company.

Growth and success in the 1960s and 1970s
Spain's economy began to improve. Permanyer promoted the all-around champion motorcyclist Pedro Pi from head test rider to chief development engineer. Leopold Milà was made Technical Director and Permanyer's son Xavier, was to be Sports Assistant. Work began right away on designing a brand new all-unit-construction 175cc engine that by 1960, would power the latest Impala sports roadster model. This engine would form the basis of the company's future trials and motocross machines. To promote sales of this model, three Impalas were taken to Africa where they covered over 12,000 miles of terrain, most of it being off-road. Back in Spain, Pi was busy winning the Spanish motocross and road race championships and working on a new 250cc version. Following its introduction in 1965, the 250 engine would be the cornerstone of the company's future success. Mounted on the new 250 Scorpion scrambler, Pi won the Spanish championship again in 1966 and the similarly engined Sport roadster won the Barcelona 24-hour endurance road race. In 1967 the first Montesa trials models appeared and in 1968, the motorcycle now retitled the Cota, Pi won the Spanish Trials Championship. After adding this title to go along with the road race and six motocross titles, he retired from competition to devote his full energy to bike development. In the decade following, Montesa had unprecedented growth around the world. Unlike Bulto's bike, the Bultaco, Montesa only sent a small percentage of its production to the United States, concentrating mostly on the European market. Trials models were offered in many different sizes 25, 49, 125, 175, 250, 348 and 349, as were motocrossers 125, 175, 250, 360 and 414. This also included a line of street and Enduro models also. In 1973, the VR (Vehkonen Replica) was released and set the standard for 1974, as did the 348 Cota did in 1976. Ulf Karlsson won the World Trials Championship on a Cota in 1980.

The 1974 film Freebie and the Bean directed by Richard Rush features a famous urban trail chase action scene, where the main character Freebie (James Caan), an unorthodox policeman, takes a Montesa Cota 247 from a casual bypassing rider. Freebie then exclaims "It's a Montesa!", and starts a chase after the bad guys, running over cars, stairs, public fountains, etc., until the bike is lost and damaged, lasting for more than three minutes in total.

Honda partnership
By 1981, another round of economic unrest in Spain began to hinder motorcycle manufacturers. Strikes and a shrinking market left Montesa as the only major motorcycle concern in the country; however they were in need of a major influx of capital in order to continue to survive. A loan from the government and shares sold to Honda (to establish a European manufacturing base for their commuter bikes) helped production continue. Indeed, one of the government's stipulations was that Honda would guarantee that production would not stop. Honda was prepared to stockpile trial bikes and to sell them off at a loss in an effort to reach Europe's more profitable market and to bypass restrictive import tariffs. In July 1985, a major reorganization took place and a large amount of money from Honda was received. By then, only two trials models were offered and the workforce had dwindled to a mere 152 employees. A year later, there were further financial moves between Honda, Spain's government and the Permanyer family, leading to Honda buying the majority of the family's remaining shares. Honda now had an 85% holding and spent another $5 million on modifying and updating the factory.

Montesa was still active in World Trials competition throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. Even though reduced to only offering one model, the Cota, such riders like former World Champion Eddy Lejeune and Andrew Codina rode the bike to good results in the mid-'80s. In 1992–93, the liquid-cooled Cota 311 was produced; this was to be the last "real" Montesa. In 1994, a new model, the 314R, was introduced. This model featured an HRC Honda powerplant with many other components from Honda. Montesa-mounted Marc Colomer won the World title in 1996 and the 315R followed in early '97. The 315R had a run of 7 years, taking Dougie Lampkin to many world championships and Takahisa Fujinami for his world championship in 2004 for the bikes last year. It was replaced by the technically advanced four-stroke Cota 4RT in 2005. Spanish trials rider Toni Bou has dominated the world circuit with Montesa Honda since 2007.

title: Montesa Honda