text:
Glossary of broadcasting terms

This glossary of terms used in broadcasting is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to both radio and television broadcasting, along with the industry in general.

A
ABC:The American Broadcasting Company, a major television network in the United States. Also operates radio networks ABC News Radio and ABC Audio.The ABC Radio Network, a former radio network in the United States. Renamed Citadel Media in 2009, Cumulus Media Networks in 2011 and merged into Westwood One.The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australia's main public service broadcaster.Associated Broadcasting Corporation, a former name for Filipino media company TV5 Network and owners of television network TV5, formerly "ABC5".ABC, a former regional news program that aired over Sweden television broadcaster Sveriges Television.ABC Weekend TV, a former ITV franchise in Manchester, Birmingham and London.Asahi Broadcasting Corporation, (朝日放送株式会社), a Japanese television and radio broadcaster.Associated Broadcasting Company, a former name of Associated Television, a former ITV franchise.XEABC-AM in Mexico City, which formerly branded as "ABC Radio". ABS-CBN:The Alto Broadcasting System–Chronicle Broadcasting Network, a major television broadcaster in the Philippines. ACMA:Australian Communications and Media Authority: The regulator of broadcasting in Australia. A/D:Analog-to-digital conversion. absolute event:A scheduled event whose start time is determined with an assigned time based upon the facility master clock. access time:The total time required to find, retrieve and commence using information, also known as lead time. actives:Listeners who contact the radio show regarding requests, contests or other interaction. ADC:Analog-to-digital converter: A device to convert analog signals to digital. ADI:Area of dominant influence: The Arbitron equivalent to Designated Market Areas, produced from 1966 until Arbitron's exit from television ratings. aggregation:The 1980s–1990s process by which individual Australian regional television stations converted to competing in much larger broadcast areas consisting of multiple stations. See. aircheck:The recorded copy of a broadcast. AM stereo:Two different, and mutually incompatible, multiplexing transmission techniques that provide stereophonic sound on the mediumwave (AM) band. See independent sideband (ISB; initially standard in the U.S.) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM; standard in Canada, Australia and Japan and later the U.S.). AMD:AM drive time: The morning rush hour slot. Amplitude modulation:A modulation technique used in electronic communication where the amplitude (signal strength) of the wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal. Developed in the early 1900s, this technique is most commonly used for transmitting an audio signal via a radio wave measured in kilohertz (kHz). See AM broadcasting. analog recording:Recording of audio using an electronic signal that varies continuously. The main drawback of analog recording is the introduction of inherent noise to the recorded signal. analog transmission:The broadcasting of a signal using an analog recording. Examples of use include radio. ANATEL:The National Telecommunications Agency (Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações), regulator of broadcasting in Brazil.The National Television Association (Asociación Nacional de Televisión), group of national television broadcasters in Chile. annoyance factor:Irritating aspect of advertising that can strengthen or weaken messaging. Apex band:A grouping of radio stations in the United States in the late 1930s, all with experimental licenses, that were launched to evaluate potential additional frequencies for radio stations. Named "apex" for transmission antennas needing to be placed on very high locations for line-of-sight reception. A direct precursor to FM radio, several of these stations were converted to the FM band between 1941 and 1944. Arbitron:The company that provided the industry-accepted standard for radio audience measurement. Often abbreviated as ARB, a relic of its former name, American Research Bureau. Arbitron also rated television programming until 1993. Since acquired by Nielsen Media Research and now known as Nielsen Audio. archive:Storage of master material under controlled conditionsLong term storage of material on an offline storage medium.Archive copy is a master copy intended solely for storage and not to be used in distribution. artifact:Noticeable loss of video and/or audio fidelity in a broadcast or recording caused by limitations in the technology used. Usually reflects undesirable distortion(s) of the original when digitized. ARC: Aspect Ratio Conversion:Changing the original aspect ratio of a HD picture through downconversion to either 16:9 letterbox or 4:3 center cut (see Center Cut). Also general term for converting original 4:3 / 14:9 material into 16:9 by zooming in whilst maintaining the aspect ratio, typically to allow the seamless insertion of archive footage into modern 16:9 productions. ascertainment:Historic term for the process of community consultation required by the Federal Communications Commission of U.S. broadcasters. Ascertainment was intended to help a broadcaster determine the needs and concerns of the community being served. ASI:Asynchronous serial interface: A streaming data format which often carries an MPEG transport stream (MPEG-TS). Aspect ratio:The ratio between the width and the height of the picture. In NTSC television sets, this is 4:3; in widescreen (ATSC) sets, 16:9. Sometimes it is printed decimally as 1.33:1 for 4:3 and 1.78:1 for 16:9. Aston:(primarily UK) A synonym for lower thirds, the graphics on the bottom part of a television screen. An on-screen overlaid graphic, usually giving the name of the speaker, reporter or place in frame. Name derived from Aston Broadcast Systems Ltd., an early manufacturer of character generator (CG) equipment. ATR:Audio tape recorder: A method of recording sound by electromagnetic pulses on a sensitised plastic strip. ATSC:Advanced Television Systems Committee: A committee established by the FCC to decide the technical standards for digital broadcasting in the US. See also ATSC 3.0, its third-generation digital standard. AQH:Average Quarter Hour: A form of audience measurement used by Arbitron, defined as the number of persons listening to a particular station for at least five minutes during a quarter hour. Typical audience measurements may be in the order of ten thousand for the larger shows. (e.g. Jerry Springer scored 1,600 in the 12+ age group in the spring 2005 figures. Rush Limbaugh scored 16,400 in the same report)

B
backhaul:Typically a raw broadcast signal direct from a remote site that is devoid of program graphics or studio segments (see fronthaul) backsell:The technique where the DJ announces the song title and/or artist of the song that has just played. Also known as "back announcing". backtiming:Where the DJ calculates the intro time on the song in an attempt to talk over the intro of the song and finish just prior to the vocals commencing. Frequently referred to as 'Hitting the Post' or 'Talking Up the Song' In the case where a piece of music or theme is intended to end at the end of a program, the start of that music is backtimed for its ending to match the end of the program. This music is usually started silently and faded up for the credits. bandwidth:The available space between two given points on the electromagnetic spectrum and, inter alia, the amount of information that can be squeezed into that space. BBC:British Broadcasting Corporation: The main public service broadcaster in the United Kingdom, founded as the British Broadcasting Company in 1922. bed:A production element, usually instrumental music or sound effect played in the background of a spoken commercial, promo or other announcement. bias:A constant amplitude high frequency signal added to the recording signal to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce the distortion of an analog tape recording. It works by overcoming magnetic hysteresis. billboard:A short announcement to identify a sponsor at the beginning or end of a production element such as the news or traffic/weather reports. BITC:Burnt-In Time Code: pronounced bit-see. A permanently visible (as opposed to VITC) clock counter superimposed over a video picture, typically showing duration in hours, minutes, seconds and frames. Black Clipping Circuit:An analog video control circuit that clips the black level signal from Black Encoded content prior to presentation. Historically used in analog TV broadcasts to prepare the video signal just prior to transmission. The presence of this signal in analog masters of classic television shows and the lack of this circuit, or an equivalent filter, in digital conversion explains the presence of this encoded data in various content on Netflix, Hulu, and other digital content providers. Failing to leverage this encoded data also explains the poor color reproduction present in some cases. Black Encoded:Refers to analog tv video content in which the video signal of black (7.5 IRE units) has been overlaid on the top or bottom edge of the frame and recorded or merged for broadcast. BTA:Black To Air book:A rating period, particularly in radio. breakbumper:An animation or logotype briefly shown after the end of a program or part of a program before the advertising. See also "optical". breakfiller:An animation shown during the middle of a commercial break to provide relevant graphic information accompanied by backing music, usually only taking up no more than two minutes. On news channels, breakfiller content usually includes news excerpts, weather, stock market indices, current time(s) and/or schedules. breaking news:Interruptions of regular or planned programming for recently-occurring events as reported by a news organization or agency. Broadcast clock:A broadcast clock is a diagram produced by a program director or a producer to illustrate where each programming element appears in a typical hour. broadcast license:Authorization for a radio or television station within their respective country to operate, usually with specifications and restrictions on power input, antenna placement, interference mitigation, and in some cases, the specific hours a station can operate. b-roll:Video used to illustrate a story. Bug: bump: bumper:An element that acts as a transition to or from commercial breaks bumper music:A pre-recorded production element containing voice-over and/or music that acts as a transition to or from commercial breaks. Bulletin:1. A specific interruption of regularly scheduled programming for coverage of a major news event.A regularly scheduled radio or television newscast. BVOD:Broadcaster video on demand: a free streaming service featuring video content from a traditional television broadcaster.

C
call letters:call sign:A legal identifier assigned to a broadcast station by its national broadcast regulator. Not all countries assign call signs. cans:Slang for headphones. CBC:The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, a federal Crown corporation that is Canada's national public service broadcaster.The English-language CBC Radio One, CBC Music (radio) and CBC Television (television).The French-language Ici Radio-Canada Première, Ici Musique (radio) and Ici Radio-Canada Télé (television). CBS:CBS, a major television network in the United States originally known as the "Columbia Broadcasting System". Operators of radio network CBS News Radio and former owners of CBS Radio (a now-defunct radio station holding company).The Christian Broadcasting System (기독교방송), a religious broadcasting service in South Korea.Central Broadcasting System, state broadcaster for the Republic of China (Taiwan). Its international service, Radio Taiwan International is relayed into Mainland China over shortwave transmitters. CCIR:Comité consultatif international pour la radio: In English, "International Radio Consultative Committee," the organisation responsible for assigning frequencies to radio stations between 1927 and 1992. Now known as ITU-R. CCTV:Closed-circuit television: Dissemination of television pictures within a given premises without being openly broadcast.China Central Television : The state broadcaster of China. Channel:1. A frequency designation for use by a radio or television station by a broadcasting regulator. More commonly associated with television, see television channel.A common brand for a television station or said station's respective news service (ex: Channel 4 (disambiguation) and Channel Four News).ITV Channel Television, originally "Channel Television" or "Channel", an ITV franchise originating from Jersey, Channel Islands. channel sharing:(US) An agreement by which two or more separately licensed television stations are broadcast on the same multiplex. Chyron:(primarily US) A synonym for lower thirds, the graphics on the bottom part of a television screen. An on-screen overlaid graphic, usually giving the name of the speaker, reporter or place in frame. Name derived from Chyron Corporation, an early manufacturer of character generator (CG) equipment. City of license:(North America) A city or town designation for a radio or television station by the terms of its broadcast license, e.g., "licensed to serve". In the United States, used in conjunction with a radio or television station's call sign for a station identification at regular intervals. class:A type of classification system for broadcast radio stations based on their technical parameters, used primarily in North and South America. See List of North American broadcast station classes. clear-channel station:(North America) A former definition for high-powered AM stations with the maximum protection from interference by other stations that use the same frequency, arranged by international treaty. Defined by the FCC as Class I-A stations, this was retired in favor of Class A status in the 1980s. Clear Channel Communications:A major radio station ownership group in the United States from 1975 to 2014, named after the AM station designation. Renamed as iHeartMedia in 2014. clearance:Airing of programs, particularly in the context of programs on individual stations. From "time clearance". closed captioning:Text version of a program's dialogue overlaid on the screen by an equipped television set for people with hearing impairment. closing billboard (CBB):A title card of the program that is shown after the credits, marking the end of a show. clutter:An excessive number of non-program elements (such as commercials) appearing one after another. CNN:The abbreviation for "Cable News Network", a news agency based out of New York City and Atlanta, Georgia, United States, with multiple international news bureaus. Owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. cold open:A part of a program played before the title sequence, usually featuring a cliffhanger or prefiguring the plot of the episode to follow. comparative hearing:The process by which the United States Federal Communications Commission determined which of several mutually exclusive applications—for instance, for the same radio frequency or TV channel in a given area—to grant. Abandoned in the 1990s. CONELRAD:"Control of Electromagnetic Radiation", an early method for emergency broadcasting to the general public in the United States from 1951 to 1963, maintained by the Federal Civil Defense Administration. Upon activation, all FM and TV stations, and most AM stations, were required to shut down, with the remaining AM stations to rotate between transmitting at or on a round-robin basis, in order to confuse enemy aircraft relying on radio direction finding. Precursor to the Emergency Broadcast System. copy:Written material to be read by a DJ or presenter. countdown:A bumper which counts down to the beginning of the following broadcast or news event. Also used for the debut of a new channel. coverage:The percentage of households that can tune into a radio station within the theoretical broadcast radius. crash:When an announcement, jingle or graphic overlaps with a fixed point in the schedule (e.g., the news or a time signal), usually due to poor timing. crossfade:The technique where a DJ, producer or engineer fades out the outgoing track at the same time as fading in the new track. cross conversion:Changing scan rates for synchronicity within a broadcast plant. Typically done by converting between 480i/p 720p, 1080i/p, and 2160 4k.

crossed-dipole antenna:A radio antenna with two identical dipole antennas mounted at right angles to each other and fed in phase quadrature, resulting in the two currents applied being 90 degrees out of phase. Nicknamed a "turnstile antenna" as the antenna resembles a turnstile when viewed horizontally. Commonly used in FM broadcasting. CRTC:Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission: The regulator of broadcasting and communications in Canada. cueing:cue:Determining a desired playback point for recorded audio or visual material. Commonly associated in radio broadcasting with setting a recorded piece of music for future playback, which can be determined via off-air means, but is also utilized in television broadcasting and live music events. The intended effect is to prevent dead air from being broadcast. cue burn:An effect of the back and forth movement of a record turntable when a DJ was cueing tracks for future airplay. The cartridge of the player would rub the vinyl and damage the records creating a characteristic noise. cue dot:A small square inserted in the corner of the picture to inform rebroadcasters that an advertisement break is about to happen. In the UK, this appeared exactly one minute before the break and disappeared 55 seconds later. cue channel:In the early days of networks a dedicated multi-drop phone line connected all affiliated station engineers to the network Master Control. The system was backed up with teletype too. cue track:A recorded audio track containing information about upcoming events that an operating engineer would need to know. It was first used by Thomas Edison on his first talking pictures using records for the sound playback. He used the information to synchronize picture and sound. On early soundtrack records, the introduction of a "beep tone" was used to tell the operator to turn on and off the auditorium speakers so the audience would not hear the cue information. Cue tracks were adopted in the early days of Kinescope to cue the film chain engineer, later used in early Ampex Quad Tape systems and is still used today either as voice or digitally for station automation systems. In the early days of bicycled programs cue tracks along with a printed timeline was used to inform the engineer of breaks or jam (insert) spots in the tape including a 5-second countdown to the break-in and out locations. Because the program tape or film never stopped, often the original recording engineer would add comments of his own regarding the program, sometimes humorous. When smaller networks supported independent stations, programs were assembled with the cue track often containing the voices of the original and assembling engineers. cue tone:Used to prompt insertion of a local TV commercial or radio advertisement by the broadcast automation equipment at the broadcast station or cable headend. cume:Short for cumulative audience, a similar measurement for a newspaper or magazines' circulation figures. CW, The:A major television network in the United States, formed in 2006 as a merger between UPN (owned by CBS Corporation) and The WB (owned by TimeWarner). Currently jointly owned by successor companies Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery with a pending purchase of majority control by Nexstar Media Group.

D
DAB:Digital Audio Broadcasting: The use of digital encoding to send higher quality or a greater number of radio services to equipped receivers. DAC:Digital-to-analog converter: Equipment that changes digital signals into pictures or sound. dayparting:The radio station's broadcast programming day is normally split up (starting at 6am) into a series of 4 hour sessions containing one or more shows. In radio broadcasting, the term is usually used to refer to the practice of pushing certain songs to a later or earlier listening time (such as more adult-oriented content to a later hour). daytimer:(North America) An AM station required to suspend all operations during nighttime hours if they operate on a frequency assigned to a high-powered Class A station. See clear-channel station. dB:decibel:A measure of voltage, current or power gain. DBS:Direct-broadcast satellite: Television and radio programs distributed by satellite for reception via a dish at the receiver's property. DD:Doordarshan, the Indian public television broadcaster. dead air:The time on-air where there is no audible transmission. This silence can be down to any of the following:
 * DJ, Producer or Engineer error
 * Equipment error or failure
 * Act of God
 * Deliberate silence for remembrance.

deintermixture:(historical, United States) The reallocation of television frequencies such that an area would only have VHF or UHF television stations. As UHF stations suffered from severe economic disadvantages to VHF stations in the early years of television, numerous proposals were made to separate VHF and UHF cities, thereby ensuring fair competition in a given market. diginet:Digital multicast television network: A type of national television service designed to be broadcast as a secondary channel by existing TV stations. dipole antenna:A class of antennas commonly consisting of two identical conductive elements (ex., metal wires or rods). Currents or output signals applied by a transmitter are divided between the two halves of the antenna, which in turn produces radio waves. Can be used for resonant antennas, radar altimeters or for broadcasting. Regarded as the simplest type of antenna from a theoretical point of view. DJ:Disc Jockey: A radio presenter who links records. DMA:Designated Market Area: In the United States, a group of counties or parts of counties that share a group of television stations. DMAs are defined by Nielsen Media Research and are referenced by several federal regulations. There are 210 DMAs in the United States. DOG:Digital on-screen graphic: A common practice of displaying on-screen the logo of a television station, a network, a sponsoring company or the program itself. Commonly referred to as a "bug" because it looks like an insect is hanging out in the corner of the screen, typically as a translucent image in the right hand bottom corner. Controversial due to "screenburn" issues, found to be distracting, among other reasons. Dolby Digital:Also Dolby D. The standard for 5.1 channel (surround sound) audio. Six discrete channels are used (Left, Center, Right, Left Rear Surround, Right Rear Surround, and Subwoofer). double pumping:Putting out two episodes of a show back-to-back, either to boost ratings in a given slot or to burn off episodes of a cancelled show. drive time:Drive time refers to the period of time where the majority of radio listeners travel to or from work (i.e. rush hour). This is traditionally 6–10 am and 2–6 pm, and is normally accompanied by radio stations' highest listenership. Commercials are normally more expensive during such times. down-stream keyer:Part of a vision mixer used for compositing by removing part of one video signal (the "key") and adding in another video signal (the "fill"). dropping the light:Lowering the light levels. "Drop the light" is often yelled while shooting when the director wants to continue shooting the action of the scene after the light levels are lowered. It has nothing to do with any physical dropping of a lighting fixture during the scene. drops:These are excerpts of TV, movies and other audio programs that are used to accentuate programming. drop song:Temporary unselecting a playlist song to better accommodate an accurate clock hour.A song scheduled on a radio station but not played for timing reasons. DSNG:Digital Satellite news gathering: Use of digital satellite transmission from remote broadcast locations for the purpose of live television news event coverage. DTH:Direct to Home: Television and radio programs distributed by satellite for reception via a dish at the receiver's property. DTMB:Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast: Digital television transmission standard developed in the People's Republic of China. DTT:Digital terrestrial television: Digital broadcast of television signals over the air. DVB:Digital Video Broadcasting: A standard of digital television transmission and reception. Comes in variants according to the type of broadcast, e.g. DVB-T for terrestrial.

E
E/I:Shorthand for "educational and informative", part of a series of regulations on children's television programming in the United States. EAS:Emergency Alert System: An emergency warning system used in the United States. EBS:Educational Broadcasting System: A public broadcaster in South Korea.Emergency Broadcast System: A former emergency warning system used in the United States. EBU:European Broadcasting Union: An alliance of public service broadcasting entities, mostly in Europe. eFM:The FM extended band in Brazil, 76.1–87.3 MHz. ENACOM:The Ente Nacional de Comunicaciones (National Communications Entity), regulator of broadcasting in Argentina. encryption:The scrambling of a signal to allow reception via a decoder only by specific viewers, e.g. after the payment of a fee. ERP:Effective radiated power: A standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power used in VHF and UHF broadcasting, including FM radio and television. ESPN:The flagship network of six basic cable television channels, four college athletics channels and a streaming video service based out of Bristol, Connecticut, United States, focused on live sport coverage and analysis. Formerly an abbreviation for "Entertainment and Sports Programming Network". Jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and Hearst Communications. See also: ESPN Radio and The Sports Network.

F
fader:See pot. FAST:Free ad-supported streaming television, a type of linear streaming-only TV service. fax:Abbreviation of “facilities check”; a diagnostic process of ensuring all video and audio sources are properly connected and configured throughout all production equipment prior to a broadcasting or recording event. Sometimes spelled facs. feedback:A loud noise produced when the amplified sound from an output (loudspeaker) is picked up by an input (microphone, phonograph) feeding that loudspeaker. This can be potentially damaging to both the speaker(s) in question, as well as the hearing of the subjected listener. This may also occur when an input is directly patched into an output of the same device, usually due to operator error. In radio broadcasting, feedback may occur when a DJ increases his or her headphone volume to a high enough level that the microphone is able to pick up the sound coming from the headphones, usually when the DJ's head is turned to one side. FCC:Federal Communications Commission: The regulator of broadcasting and communications in the United States. Format clock: Fox:Shorthand for the Fox Broadcasting Company, a major television network in the United States. Fox News:A news service based out of New York, New York, United States, with multiple international bureaus and features punditry programming with a largely conservative slant. Owned by Fox Corporation. FPS: frames per second:The number of times the television is refreshed in a second of time. As a rule of thumb, this is the same as the frequency of the local alternating current electricity supply – or. FRC: frame rate conversion:A technology to synchronize and change frame rates between two formats (ie: film to video, PAL to NTSC, to . etc..) Frequency:The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. Frequency modulation:A modulation technique used in electronic communication where the instantaneous frequency of the wave is varied, with the instantaneous frequency deviation having a functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude. Invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong, this technique is most commonly used for transmitting an audio signal via a radio wave measured in megahertz (MHz). See FM broadcasting. fronthaul:A broadcast video feed that is complete with graphics, commercials, interstitials and studio integration. This typically originates from a master control room and is delivered to a distributor or over-the-air (also see backhaul) front sell:The act of introducing a song about to be played.

G
gain:A change in signal level, usually expressed in decibels. gallery:Also known as the production control room or the studio control room. Where the composition of the outgoing program takes place. genlock:Distributing a reference signal to multiple video devices in order to make them operate at the same frequency. Gigahertz (GHz):Thousand million cycles per second. Used electromagnetically to measure satellite frequencies.

H
HAAT:Height above average terrain: A calculation of the variance in height between a VHF or UHF broadcasting antenna and the surrounding terrain. hammocking:Placing a new or poorly-performing program between two established popular programs in order to boost viewing figures. HBO:"Home Box Office", a pay television channel in the United States centered on theatrically released motion pictures, original television programs, made-for-cable movies, documentaries, sports coverage, comedy and concert specials. The flagship of seven multiplex channels, a traditional subscription video on demand platform and streaming video service HBOMax. Owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. HDTV:High-definition television: Broadcasting using a line standard of 720 or greater. Prior to World War II, high definition meant a line standard greater than 240 lines.

helical antenna:A radio antenna with one or more conductive wires, wound up in the shape of a helix. A version of this is utilized for both FM and UHF broadcasting, while an axial mode helical antenna is commonly used for satellite communication. Also known as the "rubber ducky antenna" used in two way radio. HEVC:High Efficiency Video Coding (also known as H.265), a video codec. hit the post:A DJ talking right up to the point where the vocals of a song commence hits the post.

I
ident:A station's symbol or logo, often accompanied by music, a jingle or an animation. image liner:A short audio clip played frequently on a radio station between songs and ads to identify the station that is being aired, i.e. the station's name, call letters, or positioning statement. IFT: Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones: The Federal Telecommunications Institute, primary regulator of broadcasting in Mexico. In-band on-channel:A hybrid method of encoding an analog signal and a digital signal on the same frequency. Also referred to as IBOC. Utilized in North American radio for the proprietary HD Radio standard. Independent station:1. A radio or television station generally not linked to a major network.(U.S., Canada and Mexico) A television station not affiliated with any of the main broadcast networks.ITU:International Telecommunication Union: Originally the International Telegraph Union, the ITU is the international organization established in 1865 to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. iTV: interactive television:Systems that allow viewers to interact (e.g. play games, shop for related items or find further information) either two-way, via a telephone line, or one-way, via MHEG graphics. ITV:"Independent Television", a major commercial television network in the United Kingdom.A public limited company of the same name that owns and operates most of the network's current franchises.

J
jingle:A produced programming element usually in the form of vocals to accompanying music often produced in-house to identify the show, DJ or the station.

K
kilohertz (kHz):Thousand cycles per second. Used electromagnetically to measure medium wave and short wave frequencies. KBP:Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas, the trade association of commercial broadcasters in the Philippines.

L
legal ID:In the US, the station identification consisting of the station call letters followed by the community of license. Given as close as practical to the top of the hour at a natural break in program offerings. letterbox:The appearance of black bars at the top and bottom of a picture when 16:9 or 14:9 widescreen material is shown on 4:3 sets. lighthouse:In ATSC 3.0, a station designated to serve as the primary broadcaster of ATSC 3.0 transmissions on behalf of multiple stations. liner:A piece of written text that the DJ says over the intro of a song or between spots and songs. Liners are designed to invoke the imagination. line standard:The number of lines broadcast to make up a television picture. Generally, 525 in NTSC areas and 625 elsewhere. live:Any programming which is broadcast immediately as it is being delivered (a live report); performed (a live concert or show); or captured (live news or sports coverage). Requires an unbroken communications chain without any intervening recording or storage technology. Considered the most exciting form of broadcasting, delivered “as it happens”. live on tape: live-to-tape:A recorded program produced in real time, usually with a studio audience, for later broadcast. Requires precisely timed pauses for insertion of station breaks and commercials at time of broadcast. Typically employed for network broadcast across multiple time zones. Also applies to live broadcasting which is simultaneously recorded for rebroadcast at a later time or date. LKFS:A newly introduced audio measurement tool that measure loudness, K-weighted, relative to Full Scale (or LKFS) is a loudness standard designed to enable normalization of audio levels for delivery of broadcast TV and other video. It typically is measured over time and not as immediate peak readings. LKFS is standardized in ITU-R BS.1770. LMA:Local marketing agreement: (U.S.) A type of management agreement in which one entity assumes most of the operational functions of a broadcast station owned by another. Less comprehensive agreements include the joint sales agreement (JSA) and shared services agreement (SSA). log:A written record of broadcasting. There are typically three logs:A Music Log recording what songs were played, typically used with radio stations.An Engineer's Log detailing technical production settings.A Commercial Log recording which commercials were played during the day. lower third:Portion of screen of regular broadcast reserved for textual and static visual content; i.e., news ticker, time, title of segment, title of program, channel bug, etc. Upper third has sometimes been used alongside lower third, as in the case of MSNBC since 2010.

M
Macrovision:A trademarked system designed to prevent unauthorized copying of video material.

mast radiator:A monopole antenna, commonly a conductive steel guyed mast, that is energized and functions as an antenna. Used for medium wave AM stations, the mast is connected electrically to a transmitter and mounted to insulate it from the ground. Can also be a freestanding lattice tower. A few of these towers, constructed by Blaw-Knox, are known for their distinctive diamond shape. master clock:A signal generator that outputs timecode and reference video for genlocking. May output word clock as well. Medium wave:A specific spectrum of the medium frequency (MF) radio band allocated for AM radio broadcasting.Megahertz (MHz):Million cycles per second. Used electromagnetically to measure FM broadcasts and television. miscue:A mistake by the DJ or production engineer resulting in two audio elements being played at the same time, e.g. an interview and the next song. monopole antenna:Marconi antenna:Invented by Guglielmo Marconi. A rod-shaped conductor typically mounted perpendicularly over a conductive ground plane surface, which emits radio waves when connected to a transmitter. MTV:MTV, a pay television cable channel in the United States. Originally an abbreviation for "Music Television" and launched in 1981 with an all-music videos lineup.MTV (Magyar Televízió, "Hungarian Television"), a public television broadcaster in Hungary. multichannel:(Australia) A secondary channel from an existing major broadcaster. See Digital multicast television network. Mutual Broadcasting System:A former major radio network in the United States established in 1934 as a cooperative among affiliate stations.

N
NAB:National Association of Broadcasters, the U.S. trade association of commercial broadcasters. nat/VO:Video only with natural sound: (Television news) Video with natural sound played at full volume intended to be accompanied by a news correspondent reading a news story. NBC:NBC, an abbreviation for the National Broadcasting Company, a major television network in the United States.Two former radio networks in the United States: NBC Red (later the NBC Radio Network) and NBC Blue (later the Blue Network).NBC PNG, Papua New Guinea's state-owned broadcaster.The Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (Namibiese Uitsaai-Korporasie), the public broadcaster of Namibia.Nation Broadcasting Corporation, a major radio and TV network in the Philippines.The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, (Norsk rikskringkasting AS), the public broadcaster of Norway."Newfoundland Broadcasting Company", a former on-air brand for (and the current ownership of) CJON-DT in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Network:A system which distributes programming to multiple stations simultaneously, or slightly delayed, for the purpose of extending total broadcast coverage beyond the limits of a single radio or television signal.Television network, distributing television program content.Radio network, either for distributing audio content to a chain of radio stations or a means of direct two-way communication.News network, a form of broadcast journalism either in radio, television or the internet. NEMO:(historical, United States) Not Emanating Main Office: An early term used in remote broadcast operations. It was often used to refer to the remote lines that fed live programming from dance halls, ballrooms, clubs and sporting events to the station's master control. News ticker:A scrolling ticker at the bottom of the display of television content. It is usually reserved for text headlines or numeric statistics (or both) depending upon the focus of the channel. Nielsen ratings:Survey of US viewers by the AC Nielsen Company to establish the audiences for individual programs and their demographics. Non-commercial educational station (NCE):A radio or television station in the United States that does not accept any on-air advertising. Some early NCE stations were founded as extensions of area universities or school districts and offered (and in some cases, still offer) in-school educational programming. NPR:National Public Radio: The main public radio service in the United States and operators of a news agency of the same name. NTSC:National Television System Committee: An American committee formed to set the line standard and later color standard for broadcasting. Gave its name to the method of color reproduction used in the Americas (except Brazil) and in Japan.

O
Ofcom: Office of Communications:The regulator of broadcasting and communications in the United Kingdom. Successor to the Independent Television Commission. optical:Generically, any on-screen graphic. Specifically, a graphic inserted between a program and an advertisement or between individual advertisements. OOV: Out Of Vision:A stage instruction noting that a character is not seen when speaking. Also, in continuity announcing, the practice of speaking over a caption rather than appearing on screen. opening billboard (OBB):A title card of the program that is shown when the show starts. Opt-out:Regional variation or deviation from the network programme. OB:Outside broadcast. A complete event or programme, or a brief news report, produced and fed back live from the location by an OB vehicle to the broadcaster. OTT:Over-the-top content. Term used for the delivery of film and TV content via the internet. O&O: Owned-and-operated station:A local television station owned and operated by the network it broadcasts, particularly in countries where television networks maintain regional affiliate partnerships.

P
PAL:Phase Alternating Line: Television broadcast system used in Europe and Australia & New Zealand, also parts of Asia, Africa and South America. PASB:Program As Broadcast: A BBC term for a (supposedly contemporaneous) log of a channel's output – also a video (or film) recording of an individual live program. pay-per-view:Reception of a scrambled film or sporting event after the payment of a one-off fee for that broadcast. PBS:The Public Broadcasting Service, a programming service for non-commercial television stations in the United States.PGF: Pink and Green Flashing:The erroneous effect of pink and green flashing on a video signal usually caused by a disturbance to the SDI input/output of broadcast equipment. PIF:Public information film: A government-produced commercial, usually shown for free, giving safety information or advice. pillarbox:The appearance of blank bars on either side of the picture when 4:3 material is shown on a 16:9 widescreen television set. Pilot:A one-off episode of a proposed series, usually in extended form, to gauge audience reaction. If successful, the rest of the series is made and the pilot becomes the first episode. pips:Slang term for the time signal broadcast by some radio stations at the top of the hour. pirate radio:1. A radio or television station that operates without legal authorization by their respective country's broadcasting regulator. Depending on the country, said regulators can enforce penalties on the operators and confiscate equipment. In the United Kingdom, stations like Radio Caroline and Radio Atlanta proliferated in the 1960s via offshore transmissions as a challenge to the BBC's monopoly on radio broadcasting.A brand used by Los Angeles radio station KQLZ from 1989 to 1992. Although KQLZ was legally licensed, the station marketed itself as an "illegal broadcast" that took over the previous format. playlist:The official songs that a radio station will play during a given week. The playlist is not usually chosen by the DJ. playout:The transmission of radio or TV channels from the broadcaster into broadcast networks that deliver content to the audience. PMD:PM drive time: The evening rush hour slot. portable broadcasting station:Radio stations in the United States which were not restricted to operate in a specific community (i.e., a city of license), but could be transported to various locations. Originally instituted by the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1922, this classification was ended in 1928 by the Federal Radio Commission. positioning statement:A radio station's mission statement or vision statement. A one to two sentence statement that conveys what you do for whom, to uniquely solve an urgent need. These are usually aired during Image Liners. postage stamp:The appearance of a black border all around the picture, usually in error, when 4:3 material is converted to 16:9 and then back to 4:3 before broadcast. pot:Potentiometer: A control for attenuating the level of a signal. Also used as a verb, as in "pot up" (increase volume, typically but not always from nothing) or "pot down" (lower volume, sometimes to nothing).

PPM:Portable People Meter: A wearable device used in conjunction with inaudible tones embedded in the audio of a radio station or television channel to generate ratings information. Utilized by the ACNielsen Company for audience measurement of radio and television stations. production element:A Production Element is a piece of audio that is used in the final audio mix. This may include commercials, music, sound effects, audio effects (e.g. echo) station id or program signatures or announcements. producer:The person who performs or manages the day to day business operations of a station. Also the person responsible for an individual program – a radio producer or a television producer. promo:An announcement (either recorded or live) used to promote the station's image or other event. proxy file:Proxy Video is a form of metadata. It consists of highly compressed, very low resolution video (with sound) that mirrors a high resolution original master digital recording. public broadcasting:public radio:public television:A form of electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Usually funded by outside and diverse sources including licence fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing. Can be operated on either a national level via a singular organization (e.g., the BBC), or on a local level via a network of affiliated stations. PSA:Public service announcement: Produced for television or radio stations with intent to change the public interest by raising awareness of an issue, affecting public attitudes, and potentially stimulating action. Typically between 30 and 60 seconds in length.

Q
quadraphonic:Sound reproduction utilizing four speakers. Now superseded by Dolby 5.1 Surround Sound.

R
racks:Control panel where several television cameras are matched together by operator(s) for exposure, colour balance and black level.A standard enclosure containing various broadcasting equipment, including servers, power supplies, networking, storage, transmission and computing equipment, as in a 19-inch rack. radio format:The description of programming and content broadcast over a radio station. Can be defined by genre, musical selections, or other thematic elements. Sometimes employed to reach a specific age group or demographic. rating:The estimated percentage of all households or persons tuned to a specific station or channel. Contrast with share. ramp:An intro to a piece of music. reader:A story read by a presenter entirely on-camera (as opposed to a voice-over). regional sports network:In the United States, a pay television channel with a restricted distribution area that broadcasts sports programming from professional teams. repack:A process by which television stations were cleared from blocks of spectrum to make way for other communications services. See. RT:The abbreviation for "Russia Today", a state-owned news agency in Russia. Formerly operated multiple international news channels, including RT America, until distributors suspended their involvement following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. rundown:run of show:A timed outline of a program.

S
screenburn:Where a permanent mark is burnt into the mask of the TV screen due to prolonged display. Common with sets tuned to one channel for promotional purposes or on ordinary sets from DOGs inserted by broadcasters. Also known as Phosphor burn-in. Simulcast:1. The broadcast of the same program from multiple transmitters.Relaying the same programming from one television or radio station onto another station, or a series of stations, on a continuous basis.When a broadcaster joins another feed typically produced by a third-party supplier outside their facility either live or in a prerecorded format. For example, a press conference or event that is simultaneously joined by various non-related broadcasters. share:The estimated percentage of all households or persons actively listening to radio or television that are tuned to a specific station or channel. Contrast with rating. Sirius XM:American satellite radio platform. Sky News:Sky News, an international news service and pay television channel based out of London, England.Sky News Australia, a pay television channel in Australia formerly under common ownership with the British Sky News. slipmat:A slipmat was a mat that was placed on a record deck between the deck and the record. Normally made by the DJ, it was cut significantly oversized when compared to a vinyl record. The DJ would cue the record to the beginning of a song and then holding onto the mat would turn the turntable on whilst the record stayed at the beginning of the song. The DJ could then introduce the record and then release the mat onto the already spinning deck thus reducing the spin up speed to 33 or 45 rpm. The effect was to reduce the whirl effect produced by the turning on of the turntable. Soundbite:A small portion (usually one or two sentences) of an audio recording (often an interview) used to illustrate a news story in the words of the interviewee (c.f. a quotation from a politician). Sponsorship:In the United States, the practice of a company funding the making of a program in order to entertain an audience and sell a product.In the UK, an advertisement inserted between the end-of-part caption and the breakbumper. spot:A radio, television commercial or underwriting spot spot advertising:A commercial or commercials run in the middle of or between programs, sold separately from the program (as opposed to sponsors' messages).

Station identification:A procedure commonly used on radio and television stations in the United States in which the respective station's call sign and city of license is read aloud on radio and displayed visually on television (and in some instances, read aloud). Typically done on an hourly basis. stop set:Or stopset. The slot in the schedule where commercials are played during a typical broadcast hour. There may be several scattered throughout a typical 60 minute period. Stop set length can vary much between local stations and even network programming. sting:a visual and/or musical punctuation that signals a break between two sections of a program.

studio:1. Recording studio: a specialized facility used for sound recording, mixing and audio production.Radio studio: a room or series of rooms where a radio program or show is produced, either live or in pre-recorded form.Television studio: a facility for television or video production which can be used for live television, recorded content either through analog video tape or digital tapeless means, or the assembly of raw footage via post-production. Stunting:A publicity stunt performed by a radio station. Typically occurs during the interregnum between the end of one format and the beginning of another, featuring a series of songs or a continuous loop of a song, uncharacteristic of the previous format (ex., CKKS-FM in Vancouver looping "Killing in the Name" after dropping their Hot AC format, yielding international press coverage). Can also occur to engender awareness of an existing format or as an act of protest. Sometimes associated with Christmas music. subscription television:STV: Technology used to broadcast encrypted signals to be decoded by equipment owned or leased by paid subscribers, as well as the programming services thereby broadcast. subtitles:Text version of a program's dialogue, overlaid on the screen either at broadcast or at reception (often via Teletext or Closed Captioning) for the hearing impaired or for when a speaker is unclear or speaking in a foreign language. Superstation:(North America) A television station retransmitted to an audience larger than its original city of license and media market via communications satellite or microwave relay to multichannel television providers (e.g., cable, direct broadcast satellite and IPTV services). WPCH-TV in Atlanta, originally under the WTCG call sign and later WTBS, became the best-known example of this in the late 1970s, with its programming eventually spun off into cable channel TBS.SVOD:Subscription Video on Demand. A video/audio on demand service that uses a subscription model that requires users to pay a monthly fee to access a bundled set of content. sweeps:A period, usually in February, May, July and November, where the ACNielsen Company undertakes audience measurement to record the Nielsen ratings of all television shows in all markets with all demographics. This allows networks and local stations to spot surprise hits and unexpected failures. It is also a time when a successful network will try pilot episodes of new shows, whilst a failing network will often put existing successful programs in place of poorly performing shows to boost average ratings.

T
T-antenna:A monopole antenna consisting of one or more horizontal wires suspended between two supports and insulated from them at the ends, resulting in a "T" shape. These supports can either be a radio mast or a building. Developed as an outgrowth of wireless telegraphy, it is still typically used for shortwave transmissions, amateur radio, and some medium wave AM stations.tape sync:An interview conducted by phone and recorded in both locations, with the two recordings to be mixed later. teaser: teletext:Electronic information inserted into the unused parts of a television signal and decodable by an equipped television set. tiling:The appearance of large non-congruent blocks on a video display when a digitally generated broadcast (i.e., image) was received by the monitor in an incomplete form. Tiling also occurs when the video signal has degraded or been partially interrupted as it was received by the monitor. translator:(U.S.) A broadcast facility that repeats another station and rebroadcasts (translates) it onto a different channel. See Broadcast relay station

transmitter:radio transmitter:An electronic device connected to an antenna that generates a radio frequency alternating current. When this current is applied to the antenna, it is excited and radiates radio waves. transponder:A physical part of a satellite that broadcasts the signal. In colloquial use, the satellite equivalent of the "channel" a television station is broadcast on (e.g. "broadcasting from Transponder 2C of the satellite"). turnstile antenna:

U
UHF:Ultra high frequency: Frequencies between (wavelength 1 meter) and (wavelength 10 centimeters), used for television broadcasting. Upconversion:Typically used to increase scan lines on SD video so content can be viewed or processed in a higher resolution environment. Quality is not improved, but scan lines are added to permit a suitable viewing experience in a higher resolution environment.

V
VBI:Vertical blanking interval: The blank area out of sight at the top and bottom of a television picture that allows the raster gun to reset. The space created is often used for Teletext and other services. VHF:Very high frequency: Frequencies from (wavelength 10 m) to (wavelength 1 m), used for radio and television broadcasting. VJ:Video jockey: The television version of a disc jockey. Virtual channel:Logical channel number (LCN):A number assigned to a television channel broadcast digitally for tuning and identification purposes. This may be a whole number or a two-part number (e.g. 4.1 or 13-3), depending on the standard. Visual radio:A generic term for adding visuals to normal audio radio broadcasts. VITC:Vertical Interval Time Code: pronounced vit-see. A non-visible (as opposed to BITC) timecode integrated within the video signal, readable by editing and playback equipment to ensure synchronisation. VO: Voice over:Recorded voice announcer played as off-screen narration in drama or advertising.Video without commentary intended to be aired along with a news correspondent reading the news story. VOD: Video on demand:On demand videos are basically the opposite of live streaming which gives users the opportunities to view past broadcasts whenever convenient for them from any Internet-connected devices. VOSOT: Voice over/sound on tape:Video intended to be aired along with a news correspondent reading the news story, which contains at least one soundbite to accompany narration. VTR:Video tape recorder: A method of recording television pictures by electromagnetic pulses on a sensitized plastic strip.

W–Z
WARC:World Administrative Radio Conference: The regular meetings of the CCIR (now ITU-R) to allocate radio frequency spectrum. Warehousing:The practice of swapping call signs between two or more radio/TV stations. Wendy:A large carpeted wedge used to display items for shooting. Watermark: Wheel: Wheel series:A television series in which two or more regular programs are rotated in the same time slot, sometimes with an umbrella title. XM Satellite Radio:Defunct American satellite radio platform. Y:Luminance in many color models used for television broadcast, such as YIQ and YUV. ZDF:Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ("Second German Television"), a major public television broadcaster in Germany. zoom:To go from a long shot to a close-up (or vice versa) with the camera.

title: Glossary of broadcasting terms


text: User talk:81.77.108.73

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.77.108.73


text: User:João Correia/Desk/Closed

title: User:João Correia/Desk/Closed


text:
Talk:Mint-made errors

Spacetimecont 05:02, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Can someone please add more information about RPM's (re punched mint marks)? Thanks, Spacetimecont 05:03, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Merging these two articles seems a good idea. Rosser (talk) 12:16, 27 March 2008 (UTC) I have a nickel that looks like a sew, just lines! Perfect cuts, no way anyone can forged this coin.

Wavy steps
The Wavy step article is orphaned and could use linking from here, but it's not a terrible clear article, and not my area. If anyone could take a look, it'd be appreciated. --McGeddon (talk) 10:41, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Definition of "Gas Oxide"
I see "Gas Oxide" used quite extensible describing lamination, however, I do not see a proper definition or reference to it.

Proper sentence should be:

"Lamination flaws occur primarily when foreign materials or gases become trapped within the planchet."

I am open for an explanation or I moved that the sentence be corrected.

Also add:

"This error is especially common to the modern US Cent having a zinc metal base plated with a thin sheeting of copper where gases gets trapped between the two layers." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmgallego (talk • contribs) 23:30, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Mint-made errors. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.doubleddie.com/58243.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:40, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mint-made errors. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120502160606/http://blog.davidlawrence.com/index.php/mercury-dimes-ch-6-1945-s-micro-s/ to http://blog.davidlawrence.com/index.php/mercury-dimes-ch-6-1945-s-micro-s/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:30, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

Kennedy half d
LAi have a Kennedy half that has two missing stars above dollar and doubling in some letters also a huge cud on reverse also is it worth pursuing thx H masters Edicat55 (talk) 01:05, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

1978 lincoln penny die error have any value
It's a 1978 lincoln penny that has been stuck multiple times in different directions I'd like see if someone can tell me if they're fake or real 2806:101E:11:430A:65D5:8D06:C9E6:9281 (talk) 06:42, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mint-made errors


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James Muret

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:52, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

James Muret
Tagged as patent nonsense but definitely doesn't fit our description. No comment from me. -Splash talk 23:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete, if not nonsense, then a very trivial gimmick not encyclopedia worthy. Coolgamer 23:52, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pointless.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn --MacRusgail 20:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Essex Act 1987

The Essex Act 1987 (c. xx) is a local Act of Parliament whose effect is to give additional local powers to Essex County Council, local authorities in the county as well as the Crouch Harbour Authority.

The act encompasses a number of powers affecting aspects of issues relating to land and open space (especially parking); highways and streets; public health and amenities; public order and safety, seashore and safety (specifically in the districts of Basildon, Castle Point, Chelmsford, Colchester, Maldon, Rochford, Southend-on-Sea, Tendring, Thurrock); some finance and other miscellaneous powers and other specific measures relating to named places including Colchester, Crouch Harbour, The Marshes (in the Epping Forest district), and Southend-on-Sea

The most notable clause in the law is section 6, allowing the prohibition of parking on grass verges which elsewhere has been a news making problem.

title: Essex Act 1987


text:
File:SWFFA.jpg

Summary
Logo of "The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards."

title: File:SWFFA.jpg


text:
Talk:Planchet

Untitled

 * I can't help but notice, the tempering process described in softening the planchet is rather counter intuitive. Heating a metal and then rapidly cooling it in fact makes the metal harder and more brittle, not softer and malleable. There is no citation contradicting this, does the author have some clarifying evidence? 144.82.106.41 (talk) 04:32, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * that was me, sigh Rely Day (talk) 04:37, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Value
Do planchets have value if not made into coins e.g. a gold/silver disc as opposed to a gold/silver coin?--Auric (talk) 19:45, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Yes. The value of the metal in the coin. 129.118.128.128 (talk) 21:08, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

disambiguation
Planchet(te) is also used for any blank metal disk, particularly a zero-background single crystal sample holder for diffraction experiments, and several similar sample holders for use in radiochemistry. I am so busy, I will never, ever get to making a page and a disambiguation page. If someone is watching this, could they make that addition? Thank you. 129.118.128.128 (talk) 21:11, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planchet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Didsbury Women's Circle

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was BJAODN and DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:31, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Didsbury Women's Circle
Almost certainly a hoax. If not then Non-notable Rich Farmbrough 23:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

delete If hoax move to BJAODN otherwise move to Tewkesbury Women's Circle as a hoax, then delete that and move to BJAODN. Rich Farmbrough 23:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strange, but their alleged webpage says "File not found because the user does not exist". In German. How odd. It does seem from the history that this article has been rattling around since February with various editors including 81.157.133.244 whose only other significant contributions appear to be improvements to the Liz Blackman article - a Labour MP. How odd, again. Delete as non-notable at least. Tonywalton  | Talk 00:43, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as some or all of above - odd!    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pretty sure it's a hoax (but one of the better ones, so a BJAODN candidate). --A bit iffy 10:19, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Claude-François-Dorothée, marquis de Jouffroy d'Abbans


text: User talk:80.58.55.170

title: User talk:80.58.55.170


text: User talk:72.244.48.249

title: User talk:72.244.48.249


text:
Talk:In the City (The Jam album)

(Defunct capitalmove request)
No move, as this is not capitalisation, but a request to override a disambig page. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:19, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Apologies, Kim; I forgot to remove the template after sorting out this and In The City (festival)'s titles. Thanks for tidying up. Regards, David Kernow 09:24, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:In-the-City-cover.png
Image:In-the-City-cover.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:34, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:In the City (The Jam album)


text:
Talk:Finnish markka

Untitled
I find it funny that the English name mark is not mentioned at all in the English Wikipedia. We sure used it in the English classes in my childhood. Was it never widely used in official contexts in the UK or in the USA? – Jippe 16:22, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The international banks and other financial organisations used FIM - Finnish markka, not mark. Check the external links. --Pudeo⺮ 19:01, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmm, thank you very much. I still think it's noteworthy that dictionaries used mark. I guess I'll leave it for others to decide whether and in which form that piece of information should be added. – Jippe 20:45, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, according to various sources, indeed the real ISO code "FIM" refers to Finnish Markka, , --Pudeo⺮ 17:32, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It is possible that the use has changed. "Finnish Markka" may be a name used only the last 20 years, without Internet noticing the old practise. --LPfi (talk) 12:00, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * "Finnish markka" seems to be an odd mixture of the Finnish and Swedish names of the currency. In Swedish it was called the "Finsk mark" and in Finnish "Suomen markka". "FIM" is not an abbreviation of the currency's name, the abbreviation was "FMk" in Swedish or "SMk" in Finnish, FIM is the ISO code, ISO codes do not always reflect the actual name of a currency (such as the renminbi, the currency of mainland China, whose ISO code is "CNY" but whose abbreviation is "RMB"). Other language version of Wikipedia do not attempt to import the Finnish grammar into the names of their articles, all of them refer to the currency by the usual word for "mark" in their language: "Finnische Mark" on the German Wikipedia, "Mark finlandais" on the French Wikipedia, "Marco finlandés" on the Spanish Wikipedia and so on.
 * Google returns 71,000,000 results for Finnish mark, but only 318,000 for Finnish markka, thus "mark" is far more often used for the name of the currency in English.
 * Therefore I would like to propose relocating this article to "Finnish mark", though still of course referencing the Finnish grammar in the etymology section. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 05:22, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

ISO code?
What is the ISO code for the old (pre-1963) mark? It can't be FIM, since that exclusively refers to the post-1963 mark... (Stefan2 21:34, 29 August 2007 (UTC))

Fair use rationale for Image:Last finnish coins.jpg
Image:Last finnish coins.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:38, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

"pl"?
Since when was penni shortened to postifx "pl"? I am a native Finn and lived here for my whole life. I have used the markka from the early 1980s (when I was old enough to own money) right up to its end and have never seen penni shortened to "pl", it was always "p". There isn't even a letter "l" in the word penni FCOL! J I P | Talk 16:22, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Use pictures of banknotes in WikiMedia Commons?
There seems to be pictures of banknotes of the Finnish markka at WikiMedia Commons. At least the German article de:Finnische Mark uses them. Seeing as the pictures are already at WikiMedia Commons, should the English Wikipedia article about the Finnish markka use them as well? J I P | Talk 21:39, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Obverse and reverse reversed
The table and images in the banknotes section have the terms 'obverse' and 'reverse' referring to wrong sides of the notes. The obverse or 'front' side of the banknotes is the side that features the face of the person depicted in the note, while the reverse sides depict the landscapes and swans. 213.243.190.3 (talk) 15:29, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

silver markka coin of 1963
The coins section paragraph about 1963 coins has this: 1 markka (silver, later cupro-nickel)

However, finnish wikipedia says it was 35% silver, 57% copper and 8% zinc (I believe that is also known as "Ag 350"). Sure, they were (and are) called the "silver markka", but if 'cupro-nickel' is specifically mentioned, then should the other too. 82.141.95.243 (talk) 17:08, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

FIN-A36b-Finlands Bank-20 Markkaa (1862).jpg}} to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File: will be appearing as picture of the day on January 13, 2020. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2020-01-13. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 07:07, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:54, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * FIN-1000m-rev.jpg (discussion)
 * FIN-100m-rev.jpg (discussion)
 * FIN-10m-rev.jpg (discussion)
 * FIN-20m-rev.jpg (discussion)
 * FIN-500m-rev.jpg (discussion)
 * FIN-50m-rev.jpg (discussion)
 * Finland 1 markka.jpg (discussion)
 * FinnischeMuenzen.jpg (discussion)

Kingdom of Finland
Should the Kingdom of Finland even be mentioned in the "users" section in the infobox? The Kingdom of Finland was a very short-lived phase in Finnish history (it lasted only one year) and has little to none bearing to the country's current state. For the entire duration of the kingdom, the country did not even actually have a monarch. J I P | Talk 21:11, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:51, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Suomen kolikot (1864-2001).jpg

Move Request
I would like to propose moving this article to "Finnish mark". Google returns 71,000,000 results for "Finnish mark", but only 318,000 for "Finnish markka". The suffix "ka" is an aspect of Finnish grammar rather than being legitimately distinct from "mark". Wikipedias in other languages do not use this hybrid form, instead calling it by the usual word for "mark" in their language. The article for the Turkish lira does not call it "Turkish lirası" for example.TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 22:00, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I have moved the page, please discuss any issues you may have with the move here, thank you. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 00:15, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * It's up to individual countries to yield (or not yield) to English equivalents whenever native words are transcribed into English in their most prominent literature. Sometimes they're okay deferring to English usage in media and the most prominent settings, e.g. Turkish lira / liras or Dutch guilder / guilders. But sometimes there will be firm insistence on fidelity to native syllabry like Swedish krona or Finnish markka (the latter evidenced by Bank of Finland website). Oppa gangnam psy (talk) 20:02, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The redirect of Finnish markka and Polish marka into the Anglicised Finnish mark and Polish mark has been reversed as it lacks WP:CON.
 * Granting you changed Tuscan pound to Tuscan lira etc since the preferred term for historic Italian currencies is "lira" without direct translation, shouldn't you therefore defer to their preferred currency term in the English language? Bank of Finland clearly used "markka" in English literature as well as its currency. https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/money-and-payments/the-markka2/
 * I'll also call on user:John Maynard Friedman for quicker arrival at WP:CON with minimum bounceback as well as discuss revert-back to Polish marka Oppa gangnam psy (talk) 18:37, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is about the consensus in English usage. Whether or not a central bank insists on one name in translation or another is immaterial, especially as Finland itself used "mark" as that was the Swedish form of the name, and Swedish is an official language in Finland. The Soviet ruble page uses "ruble", even though the USSR itself used "rouble" as the official translation in all English texts it produced. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 20:45, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The European Central Bank also used 'Markka' (albeit with quasi-English plural 'Markkas') Not only did Finlands Bank refuse to yield to 'Mark', it appears there is indeed an English consensus for 'Markka' at the highest levels of Finland and the EU. The burden of proof is yours that ECB's and Finland's use of 'Markkaa' is not consensual and is merely illusory.
 * https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/exchange/fi/html/index.en.html
 * Oppa gangnam psy (talk) 20:57, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * And what sources would satisfy you? TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 21:15, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Okay, so, I think an apology from me is in order. Checking period sources (oddly while looking for something completely different), it appears the name of the currency was regarded as Finnish markka in English, but its description in prose was always mark (and this was what had led me to move the article). So one would say "500 marks", not "500 markka", but if merely naming the currency rather than describing a specific sum of money it was "markka". We all make mistakes, I'm sorry. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 21:00, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
 * (This would have been my follow-up point...) 'Markka' and 'mark' distinction is more akin to 'formal name' and 'nickname'. You may have called 'Joe' 100 times but introducing 'Joe' demands use of full name like 'Joseph'. And reciting 'marks' several times in text cannot negate Finland Bank's very firm and formal introduction of the currency as the 'markka' - give it top billing as per proper decorum, and 'marks' can follow for convenience. Oppa gangnam psy (talk) 21:34, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I can work with this: use "markka" in the heading as the name of the currency, but describe the main unit in the body of the article as "mark/marks" etc. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 22:09, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
 * and re: Polish marka ... okay I'll hand this to you, I doubt Poland had insisted on 'marka' given it's merely transitory currency, and based on available texts. It can work with 'marka' or 'mark'. What's of consequence to them is that Polish zloty never gets top-billed as the Polish guilder. Oppa gangnam psy (talk) 21:50, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Or indeed "Polish florin", as it was once known in English. Many of the results for "Polish marka" in Google books are quotes written in Polish, and others are not exactly the first texts you'd go to as sources (mostly history books rather than material on banking, finance and trade). "Polish mark" though produces many relevant contemporary results. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 22:23, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 15 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 06:39, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

Finnish markka → Finnish mark – Some time ago, an IP changed most use of "markka" on this article to "mark". Later, TheCurrencyGuy even chose to move this page to "Finnish mark".

I am proposing this RM to see whether someone wants to rename the article to match the usage of "mark" in the text, but I personally oppose this move: unless there are sources, I think that if "markka" ain't broke, don't fix it.

Thanks. NotReallySoroka (talk) 03:50, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment: I personally believe that the IP is actually TCG before they chose to register an account, judging by the fact that the IP also changed "ruble" to "rouble". But let's not turn this into an SPI. Thanks again, NotReallySoroka (talk) 03:50, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

 * oppose 'Markka' is used in sources—blindlynx 16:39, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose Google NGrams data shows that "Finnish Mark" dominates until 1990 or so, but there's a massive rise in the proportion of "Finnish Markka" from 1990 to early 2000s. Some casual Google searches revelease the following entities using "Markka": Federal Reserve, Museum of Bank of Finland, The Guardian, National Museum of Finland, National Bank of Finland, European Commission, European Central Bank. On the other hand, pretty much the only users of "Finnish Mark" I could find was This is Finland (a Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland promotional website). YLE manages to use both in the same story.Google Scholar shows 934 hits for "Finnish Mark" in quotes, and 2040 results for "Finnish Markka" in quotes. Limiting the Google Scholar search to publications from 2000 onwards gives 502 results for "Finnish Mark" vs. 1130 results for "Finnish Markka".None of these alone are very strong signals, but they all align in support of "Finnish Markka", hence my "oppose" !vote. That said, given how weak the signals are in isolation, I'd happily change my !vote if someone can produce a more comprehensive analysis that comes to the opposing conclusion. Ljleppan (talk) 16:43, 15 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Markka is more commonly used. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:50, 18 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment, the oppose votes suggest that the article requires editing. The following is apparently not true: "typically known outside Finland as the Finnish mark", so that should be removed. And throughout the article "mark" should be replaced by "markka". Please keep consistency between article title and article content. Marcocapelle (talk) 11:08, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finnish markka