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Unblack metal

Unblack metal (also known as Christian black metal or White metal) is a religious philosophy and subgenre within black metal, inheriting several characteristics of it, such as the melody, the lyrics and the aesthetics (corpse paint), whose artists either directly oppose the Satanism prevalent in most black metal, or promote Christianity in their lyrics and imagery. Unblack metal artists are controversial within the black metal subculture, because black metal's pioneers, especially those of the Second Wave, were anti-Christian. It is also suggested that Christianity contradicts black metal's dark nature and the individualistic and misanthropic ideals of many bands.

The exact beginning of the unblack metal movement is disputed. The Australian band Horde's 1994 album Hellig Usvart brought the concept and the term "holy unblack metal" (a word play on Darkthrone's slogan "unholy black metal" used on the albums A Blaze in the Northern Sky and Under a Funeral Moon) to media attention, while the Norwegian band Antestor was already formed in 1990 as a death/doom act and released its demo The Defeat of Satan in 1991, before they began shifting towards unblack metal on their 1994 album Martyrium.

Characteristics
Unblack metal is a genre derived from black metal that focuses on Christian lyrical themes. Unblack metal incorporates black metal's fast tempos, shrieked vocals, highly distorted guitars, tremolo picking, double-kick drumming, repetition and often unconventional song structure. Garry Sharpe-Young's 2001 encyclopedia A-Z of Black Metal states that "[t]opping the lot are Christian 'Unblack' acts who for all intents and purposes look like, sound like and employ the imagery of Black Metal whilst hidden in the unpenetrable vocal growls and distortions are the proclamations of Jesus Christ".

Some unblack metal artists, such as Horde, write lyrics that explicitly attack Satanism. This remained a dominant theme throughout most of the 1990s. In the late 1990s, groups began to write more philosophical and ideological lyrics. These often include stories of conversion, doubt, salvation, struggles with faith, and the darker side of living a Christian life. Unblack metal bands may justify their use of the black metal style with reasons ranging from genuine appreciation of the musical genre, to evangelization towards the largely anti-Christian black metal scene, i.e. "bringing light into darkness".

Background
The 1970s occult boom influenced many early heavy metal bands lyricwise. In the early 1980s, several bands dealt such themes in a more extreme manner, including Venom, Mercyful Fate and Bathory. During the mid-1980s, heavy metal music divided into many subgenres, and black metal emerged as one of them, taking its name from a Venom album of the same title. In the 1980s, the term was imprecise with regards to musical attributes, simply referring to all metal bands with Satanic lyrical themes. Although Christian metal bands had existed since the late 1970s, a clear contrast with black metal occurred in 1984 with the release of American doom metal band Trouble's significantly Bible-based debut album Psalm 9. Metal Blade Records marketed Trouble as "white metal" as opposed to black metal. Vocalist Eric Wagner explained in 2006 that "back in the early 1980s, all the metal was kind of Satanic," and implied that Metal Blade (or the owner Brian Slagel) actually invented the term in the first place: "I think it was more like Metal Blade trying to be cute or something, with everything being called black metal, so why not call us white metal, which is a bunch of crap." While there were Christian extreme metal bands in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Christian black metal likely did not exist until 1994.

Early 1990s
The Australian band Horde's debut album Hellig Usvart, recorded and released in 1994, is often credited for being the first unblack metal album, although the sole member "Anonymous" has stated that, "there were similar [unblack] bands prior to Horde, even in Norway," referring to Antestor who formed in 1990. Prior to 1993, they were a death-doom band called Crush Evil. Antestor's debut album Martyrium was also recorded in 1994 and marked a shift into unblack metal territory. However, due to issues with the band's record label at the time, the album was not officially released until 2000. Euronymous of Mayhem threatened to force Crush Evil to disband, but was murdered by Varg Vikernes in 1993.

Hellig Usvart (Norwegian for Holy Unblack) caused great controversy in the black metal scene, and death threats were sent to Nuclear Blast Records headquarters demanding them to release the members' names. Later, it was discovered that the only actual member was the former Mortification/Paramaecium drummer Jayson Sherlock from Australia. The term "unblack metal" was derived from "holy unblack metal", which was a wordplay on Darkthrone's "unholy black metal" term. Media became interested in this controversy. On 6 June 1995, the Norwegian weekly newspaper Morgenbladet published an article about the phenomenon of unblack metal, describing Horde's album as "an abrupt satire of the Norwegian black metal movement". Antestor was also interviewed, with vocalist Kjetil Molnes stating "We identify ourselves as black metal as a music style, not black metal as an ideology or belief."

The Swedish band Admonish was formed around 1994 or 1995, and was the first unblack metal band in Sweden. They gained notoriety for calling their style "Christian black metal" on their website. This caused some debate in the metal underground and soon an anti-Admonish website was started. While the band did not officially release any material until 2005, the magazine Metal Hammer called Admonish "one of the leading Christian black metal bands" in a 1990s issue which focused on black metal.

Late 1990s
After 1995, influenced by Horde, other unblack metal bands started releasing their first demos. The Indonesian group Kekal soon became associated with the movement. Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic wrote that "Kekal are one of the first heavy metal bands from Jakarta, Indonesia, to make international inroads, and they may just be the first to profess Christian beliefs while performing black metal." However, Kekal has resisted being labeled as Christian, insisting that as an institution they do not lean toward any religion or ideology.

Antestor's 1998 release The Return of the Black Death proved highly influential for the unblack metal movement. The album was released on the British Cacophonous Records, which has released records by such successful black metal groups as Cradle of Filth and Dimmu Borgir. According to Matt Morrow, it became the only unblack metal album besides Horde's Hellig Usvart to be released on a secular label in the 1990s, although Kekal released Beyond the Glimpse of Dreams on a secular label in the same year. The established British magazines Kerrang! and Terrorizer both gave The Return of the Black Death 4 points out of 5.

Vaakevandring's self-titled EP (recorded in 1998) was produced by Stian Aarstad, the keyboard player of Dimmu Borgir. The release achieved worldwide attention and later became recognized a "classic" in the unblack metal scene. In 1998, the metalcore group Underoath was founded, and played hardcore and metalcore mixed with black and death metal. The band subsequently moved away from this early black metal sound to a more mainstream post-hardcore style.

2000s

During the early 2000s, according to Screams of Abel magazine, there was an "international explosion of Christian black metal bands", and black metal "seemed to be the fastest growing genre in the Christian metal scene". In 2000, Lengsel's debut album Solace was critically acclaimed, Sanctifica released Spirit of Purity, Crimson Moonlight released its debut album The Covenant Progress, while Drottnar released its demos on an album titled Spiritual Battle, gaining them popularity among the Scandinavian underground. In 2001, Norwegian folk metal band Arvinger formed and released its debut album Helgards Fall in 2003.

Apart from Scandinavia, unblack metal has developed regional scenes in the United States, South America, and Central Europe. The Kansas City-based Frost Like Ashes is an American band. In the early 2000s, there emerged an unblack metal scene largely congregated around Illinois' EEE Recordings. This label consisted of groups who often hid their identity and focused on extremely raw, unpolished sound production and minimalist song structures. Notable EEE Recordings artists included Light Shall Prevail, Flaskavsae, and Glaciial.

The South and Central American unblack scenes are known for their radical anti-Satanic attitude. Groups such as Exousia and Mexico's Deborah have performed internationally in Europe. Sorrowstorm was an acclaimed band from Panama, and they were nominated for the hard music award at the Panamarock Grammys in 2003. Poems of Shadows (Brazil) is an example of a South American unblack metal band that has taken the anti-Satanic concept of Horde and the radical imagery of black metal to the extreme, blurring the distinction between the two often ideologically-opposed styles. The Brazilian group Cerimonial Sacred has also achieved some attention in the US and European scenes.

In Poland, notable unblack metal groups include Abdijah, Fire Throne, and Elgibbor. The latter was featured on a short Polish TV documentary that focused on unblack metal. The Netherlands has groups such as Dormant and Slechtvalk. Although the latter does not currently consider themselves as a "Christian band", their early material was openly Christian. Holy Blood, a folk/unblack group from Ukraine, has earned minor success.

Media attention

While black and unblack metal bands rarely achieve mainstream success in the music world, some bands, including Antestor, Drottnar, and Crimson Moonlight, traveled internationally to perform at Cornerstone Festival in Illinois, which, prior to ending in 2012, was one of the largest Christian musical festivals in the world.

In 2006, Admonish achieved wider notice when twins Emil (guitar) and Jonas Karlsson (bass) both appeared on the MTV Europe show Pimp My Ride International. On that show, in which their car was modified, the twins advertised their band and Admonish's music was played. Horde also played its first live show at Nordic Fest in Oslo, Norway on 3 November 2006; Sherlock was disguised with a hood during the concert while he performed both drums and vocals.

In 2007, the Norwegian band Frosthardr appeared on the documentary feature film Murder Music: A History of Black Metal. They were interviewed for a minute and represented the Christian point of view in black metal music, with vocalist Daniel Ravn Fufjord saying: "It is difficult to find musicians that are interested in this kind of music and share our point of view."

A documentary specifically exploring unblack metal titled Light in Darkness - Nemesis Divina was filmed in 2008, shown at music and film festivals the same year, and officially released on YouTube on May 20, 2010. The documentary focuses on unblack metal musicians' point of view and experiences as well as some academic analysis on the matter.

In 2020, a documentary titled True American Black Metal also heavily featured bands of the unblack metal genre, including veteran artists such as Crimson Moonlight, Elgibbor, and Frost Like Ashes, as well as newcomers O, Majestic Winter, Vials of Wrath, and Symphony of Heaven, the last of which formed in 2017.

Controversies
Certain critics, such as Jussi Lahtonen of the Finnish indie rock magazine Sue, have argued that separating Christian from non-Christian black metal artists "feels rather pointless". However, early groups such as Horde and Antestor refused to call their music "black metal" because they felt that the style was strongly associated with Satanism. Horde called its music "holy unblack metal", and Antestor preferred to call their music "sorrow metal" instead. Stefan Rydehed, director of the metal documentary Light in Darkness – Nemesis Divina says about the unblack metal musicians based on his interviews: "The Christian black metal musicians see themselves as a part of the black metal community but they have a hard time to be accepted. Not only from other black metal musicians but also the society and ordinary Christians."

Many current unblack metal bands feel that black metal has changed from an ideological movement to a purely musical genre, and that is why they refer to their music as black metal. The Swedish group Crimson Moonlight's vocalist Simon Rosén, for example, says in an interview with WhiteMetal.it site: "First of all, we don't want to call our music unblack metal or white metal, we play black metal." In an interview with Ultimate Metal, Rosén further explains this view:

We believe that all kinds of music are now neutral. I mean, a music genre cannot be "evil" itself. It all depends on the purpose: why you're doing it and what the lyrics are about. I will use an illustration to explain: a knife in the hands of a murderer can kill life, but a knife in the hands of a doctor can save life. Now is the knife evil itself? No, it depends on how you use it. The power is in our hands to decide what we want to use music for. I know that many black metal fans react badly when we use the words "black metal" to describe our music, and we are sorry if we make people upset for that. But for us, black metal is a musical genre. Listen to Veil of Remembrance and tell me what kind of music it is.

In contrast, Jayson Sherlock of Horde posted on Facebook on February 5, 2013 that he doubted whether Christians can play black metal music, saying, "For the life of me, I will never understand why Christians think they can play Black Metal. I really don't think they understand what true Black Metal is."

On the other side, many in the black metal scene see "Christian black metal" as an oxymoron. On the British black metal documentary Murder Music: A History of Black Metal (2007), all interviewed musicians stated - when asked about the matter - that black metal cannot be Christian. The term "Christian black metal" drew mocking replies from the black metal musicians, for example Martin Walkyier of the English metal band Sabbat commented: "'Christian black metal?' What do they do? Do they build churches? Do they repair them? (laughs)". Jonathan Selzer, editor of the British metal magazine Terrorizer discussed his experiences and thoughts in the documentary:

We had a debate in our letter pages that went on for six weeks. It was about whether or not you can play Christian black metal. It all started with a review [of a Christian black metal album], and the editor just didn't know what to make of it. Redemption is one [of] the most antithetical themes to black metal there is. Black metal is about your humanity, not about giving your humanity over to a god. Maybe there are some aspects in Christianity, maybe some Old Testament 'hang 'em high' kind of wrath that might actually find parallel with black metal.

While the Indonesian band Kekal has been labeled as unblack metal, the band has distanced itself from the movement. When asked if he was bothered by the fact that the first black metal bands were against Christianity, front-man Jeff Arwadi replied: "I think you're wrong if [the] first black metal bands were highly against Christianity. […] I dig the very first black metal bands a lot... those 80s bands like Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer/Celtic Frost, early Sodom, etc. […] By my knowledge, none of those bands were against Christianity. They only had those kind of 'satanic' image which is more like some high-school Halloween movies or parent-shocker rather than Satanism as a philosophy or ideology". Earlier in the interview he even went as far as to say that "even bands like Celtic Frost were once considered 'white-metal' from some 'true' black metal fans because the band thanked God on album thanks list, and one member wearing a cross necklace instead of inverted cross. It's a totally relative issue, depending on how 'extreme' you would go, right?" Whereas Arwadi claimed that to his knowledge, "none of those bands were against Christianity", Bathory founder Quorthon rejected Christianity in numerous interviews.

In a 2007 Beat the Blizzard webzine's article, the writer Jan Lindsø states that "[m]any metal fans are of the opinion that Christians should 'not be allowed' to use the black metal aesthetics musically since they do not inherit this evil and perhaps misantropic [sic] trait that many people say is necessary in order to be convincing as black metal musicians". Kittil Kittilsen, who left Mayhem in 1988 after becoming a born-again Christian, expressed his concern for the unblack metal musicians: "I think they're completely off the mark. I cannot seriously understand how they even manage to do it. They have missed the target completely. I mean, if you want to be a Christian, be it with all you've got, and if you want to be metal, be it with all you've got. If those people really took their faith seriously, and followed the instructions of the One they profess to believe in, they would never be found in a context like that. They are on collision course with Christian life and teaching. I say this because of my own experience, and because of what is written in the Bible; rock music, metal music has nothing at all to do in a Christian setting!"

In an interview with Screams of Abel webzine, former Antestor member Morten Mageroy reacted with caution to the proliferation of unblack bands: "I really hope that people (who play Christian black metal) know what they are doing. I know this sounds very rough, but I have seen people being pulled into something they do not know. I am not saying that I know that these musicians are going to mess their lives up, but I have seen it happen to some people and it frightens me very much." Mageroy, however, defends the unblack metal bands' intentions: "A lot of Christian bands have done amazing things being led by God. I know that God is using many types of communication, and it is important that Christians is [sic] present in every field, in every genre, privately and in work. God might just as well use heavy metal to bring salvation to people."

Some of the original Norwegian black metal musicians believe that black metal does not need to hold any ideologies. For example, Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg of Mayhem has said in an interview with Metal Library: "In my opinion, black metal today is just music. I will tell you that neither I nor other [current] members of Mayhem never really were against religion or something else. We are primarily interested in music." Although rejecting the idea of "Christian black metal", Satyricon's vocalist Sigurd Wongraven stated in the Murder Music documentary that black metal "doesn't necessarily have to be all Satanic as long as it's dark".

title: Unblack metal


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Hancockia

Hancockia is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). There is only one known species, Hancockia uniflora, native to eastern Asia (Japan including Ryukyu Islands, Vietnam, Yunnan, Taiwan)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hancockia


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User:GoaWorld

Goa-World.Com

The website for Goa and Goans worldwide.

title: User:GoaWorld


text:
Talk:Individualized Education Program

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One thing wrong
What I don't like about this how the classified people and person with a speech impairment should not be under the same rules as some one with a metal or physical impairment.downtowndontay

Well, you may not like it, but that indeed is how it works. 69.29.207.109 (talk) 19:50, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Name dispute
There is no such thing in IDEA as an "Individualized Education Plan". An "IEP" is an "Individualized Education Program".

No their certainly is, trust me, I've been in Special Education a majority of my life and an Individualized Education Plan is indeed real. Deathawk 21:02, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

The IEP is commonly referred to using "Plan" instead of "Program." In the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act it refers to the mandated IEP as a "Program." I changed the name of the article to reflect this and added reference to the mistaken full name of an IEP. Assawyer 04:21, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree with the comments that support using the word plan. I have been working in special education for 14 years and have my masters in Special Ed and have seen both terms, but plan is the preferred term. (Bhaight (talk) 07:36, 21 July 2015 (UTC))

Cleanup
I added the tag to the article because I believe the article to be written in a "how to" not an encyclopedia style. There is a lot of good information, it just needs to be reworked. I will attempt to do some additional work on the article in the near future. Assawyer 04:21, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree with assawyer. I have no doubt that the information in the article is correct, but

a) there are not enough citations

b) the tone is normative. For example "An IEP claims to be designed" and "It is meant to give the student a chance"  Comments like these reduce the article's objectivity.

Katharine908 (talk) 14:57, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

pronunciation?
how do most pronounce this?

like "eye-ee-pee"? or like "ee-ehp"? or like "yep"?

thanks – ishwar  (speak)  23:58, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

"Eye-ee-pee", it's an initialism, not an acronym. 69.29.207.109 (talk) 19:51, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
yes, like "eye (long I)-ee (long E)--Pee (long P)" you're welcome, jeannaf

Reference Sources
I am surprised that there is no reference to three other superb resources:

1. www.wrightslaw.com (Pete and Pam Wright's website with any information you need about IDEA and the parents rights and responsibilities, with many current and past topics and how to write your child's Individualized Education Program (IEP); 2. www.fcsn.org (The Federation for Children with Special Needs); 3. www.ldonline.org (Learning Disablities On Line website).

These 3 sources of information have proven best for our family and our IEP information requests for our child. Its called Individualized Education Program, because the goal is to develop an entire program for the child, which includes education, therapy, other services, and transportation needs, etc. It is an entire "program" for the child's life away from home. jeannaf

Information misplaced
IEP Creation section includes a couple of subsections that are not part of developing an IEP; rather, they are the steps in qualifying for special education services. This detailed information information should really go into the special education US article, but it's appropriate to include a summary here. smoran 11:10, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Misconceptions section
I'm not sure what this section is supposed to be about, or how the content currently in the section relates to the section title. How is someone intentionally failing an assessment a misconception? Could someone please clarify the intent here? Thanks. smoran 21:06, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Revised Components of an IEP section
Here is the original information so that it is easily accessible if more changes need to be made.

Rosmoran 22:27, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Accommodations necessary in class
 * Subject areas impacted by the student's disability
 * Goals and objectives to be achieved during the course of the IEP (1 year or less)
 * Standardized testing accommodations
 * Transportation services
 * Schedule modifications
 * Service delivery with necessary personnel
 * Parental or guardian concerns
 * Team's vision statement

Removed Misconceptions section
I requested clarification on the intent of this information on June 8 of this year. Since there has been no response, and since I cannot revise the text without understanding the editor's intent, I'm removing it.

Best, Rosmoran 04:34, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

IEPs in Canada
Does anyone know the legal basis in Canada that establishes the IEP?

I'm thinking that the Canadian law probably isn't identical to what is required by the IDEA in the US, so it probably isn't enough just to cite what this type of document is called in Canada. The rest of the article is specifically about what the IDEA requires, which is of course specific to the US, so we should also provide specifics about the Canadian law (if we want this article to cover this topic for Canada).

I'm not sure whether it makes sense to include the legal requirements for both countries in the same article. There is an entire set of articles about IDEA, of which this is one. I don't have a strong opinion about how this should be handled, but we do need to make a decision so that we can implement a similar structure for the other articles that would also apply.

Are there any Wikipedia articles containing info about the Canadian special education laws?

Do we want to cover detailed legal issues for two countries in the same article?

Best,

Rosmoran 02:06, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think that Canada has a national law for special education. I believe that each province/territory has a different law.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 07:54, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

_ -- --- _ ---_--_--_ IEP depends On the Province and School System such as public/Private —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.102.57 (talk) 20:01, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Examples
I think the section on "Services that may be provided to a child with a disability" would benefit from more examples of program modifications that are common in IEPs. Does this seem like a good idea to anyone else? Does anyone have ideas about specific examples? WhatamIdoing (talk) 07:34, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

need help with my child
my name is diane  iam confused about my son education pleas i need all your help thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.246.155.90 (talk) 03:19, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, this isn't an appropriate place to make requests like this. It's unwise to publish your home address and phone number on a website, and I have removed it from this page for your safety.  Rather than trying to get advice from a stranger (who is probably completely unqualified and certainly knows nothing about your son's specific situation), why don't you talk to a teacher at your son's school?  WhatamIdoing (talk) 18:33, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Call your local school or board. Please do not Agree 100% with the teachers cause teachers look for the easy way out —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.102.57 (talk) 20:03, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

HUGE problems, content missing, article tone is wrong
Just got turned on to this article, and one major omission, and problem with how the article is written, is that it completely omits any mention of gifted students, and is written as though only disabled students get IEP's. This is a MAJOR problem that needs addressing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.33.134.146 (talk) 06:00, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

True, in a way. But the key, in part, is in the section on elibibity for special ed services: the disability or condition must be deemed to have an impact on the education. At least in the state where I taught special ed, in effect, if any given student was able to achieve a passing grade without any additional services, that student would not be placed in special ed and hence would not receive an IEP. There were classes for gifted students; they were not considered to be "Special Ed" and the teachers involved were not have, to the best of my knowledge, any special qualifications or certification. This is not to say that a gifted student might conceivably have academic difficulties arising from his giftedness, to the point of failing, and hence need special ed services. 69.29.207.109 (talk) 20:09, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

It is actually completely true. IEPs are for gifted or disabled students. I happen to be one of the many gifted/talented students who has IEP. It has nothing to do with our intelligence negatively affecting our learning, but more to take full advantage of our learning capabilities. When I began my IEP in elementary school, it aided in setting up specialized work for me throughout the school year. Now, it just discusses how I am handling advanced classes, which classes I will enroll in the following year, my goals for that year, and my goals for college. By the way, this article is mostly garbage. Someone, please fix it. --174.126.212.214 (talk) 13:32, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

IEP diploma
Is an IEP diploma the same as a certificate of attendance, and should that article be linked? It may be that the IEP diploma is tied to IEP goals in some states, but I believe in NYS an IEP diploma is not tied to those goals and is sometimes called a certificate of completion. I have no expertise or opinion, but maybe someone can clear this up.LaTeeDa (talk) 20:59, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

Wording fixes
"An IEP is designed to meet the special educational needs of one child, who may have a disability, as defined by federal regulations." I can ask about this at work, but I don't think "may" is correct. A student is labelled with a disability only for the purpose of setting individualized goals, which is what the IEP does. No disability, no IEP. --Strangesad (talk) 01:59, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Run On Sentence Fix
The whole section under Related Services was one run on sentence and difficult to read. I broke it into two sentences.Prplns (talk) 14:52, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Addition of Integrated classroom under Determining Appropriate Placement
There was no mention of Integrated Classrooms so I added a section on those.Prplns (talk) 15:09, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Article re-orient?
The article currently is almost all about the U.S. IEP, with brief passing mentions of other countries (most of which don't have anything called an IEP) and two tags saying the article is unbalanced and not worldwide. The tags have been in place for years and seemingly serve no useful purpose.

I suggest to re-focus the article as follows: Make this an article whose subject is the U.S. IEP system (which it informally already is), and move the information re other countries into an "Other countries" section. Since every country has unique requirements about how to address students with disabilities, and different terms to describe the document that formalizes their education plan, writing an article that tries to cover everything together serves little use. CUA 27 (talk) 00:12, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

I have WP:BOLDLY made the edits suggested above. Feel free to discuss here if you think it needs further refining. CUA 27 (talk) 23:17, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Individualized Education Program


text:
Willibald Pahr

Willibald P. Pahr (born in Vienna on 5 June 1930) is an Austrian politician and diplomat.

Biography
From 1976 to 1983, he was Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, from 1983 to 1986 he served as ambassador to Germany. From 1986 to 1989 he held the post of Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization and from 1990 to 1995 he served as Commissioner for Refugees in the Austrian Ministry of the Interior.

title: Willibald Pahr


text:
Nur Ali

Nur B. Ali (Urdu: نو ر علی ) (born October 12, 1974 in Karachi, Pakistan) is a Pakistani American race car driver. He is the first Pakistani to become a professional racing driver, and a former two-time Southwest Formula Mazda Series Champion. Ali also drove in the A1 Grand Prix series for Team Pakistan.

Early life
Nur was interested in racing since he was four years old when he lived in Germany. He moved to Texas with his family when he was 8 years old and he currently resides in Dallas suburb of Irving.

Nur graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Relations from American University in Washington, D.C. in 1998. He was Vice President of Washington, D.C. Federation of College Republicans in 1995 and interned for Congressman Joe Barton, R-Texas, in Washington, D.C. in 1995.

Racing career
After graduating from college, Ali pursued a career racing by going to Skip Barber Racing School. When he completed the course and picked up his racing license, Ali took part in the Skip Barber Formula Dodge Southern Race Series and becoming the first racing driver from Pakistan. In 2000, Ali and his brother set up Ali Motorsports, so that he could compete in the Southwest Formula Mazda Series which he won in 2001 and 2002. Then in 2006, he joined racing series A1 Grand Prix where he raced for A1 Team Pakistan for a season. In late 2007, Nur decided to switch to stock car racing, and after a successful test for Cunningham Motorsports, Ali drove in the 2008 Daytona ARCA 200. In 2009, he drove again for Cunningham Motorsports. After joining the ARCA RE/MAX Series, Texas Governor Rick Perry presented Ali with an official commendation, and the Mayor of the city of Southlake, Texas, proclaimed January 25, 2008 as Nur Ali Day.

In 2012, Ali made his debut in the NASCAR Nationwide Series, driving for Rick Ware Racing in two events late in the season, but wrecked 3 cars in his first career start at Kansas Speedway and then was not cleared to race in his next attempt at Texas Motor Speedway.

He currently competes in the Global RallyCross Championship Lites series.

Racing record

 * (1) = Team standings.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA Racing Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

GRC Lites
†Race cancelled.

title: Nur Ali


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christos Karaolis

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus. Rx StrangeLove 15:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Christos Karaolis
Not notable. Also, the subject of the page wants it deleted. 163.1.239.184 13:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - 163.1.239.184 13:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The wishes of the subject are completely irrelevant, I'm afraid; see Ashida Kim. Seems to be borderline notable. Abstain, for now. --Ashenai 13:58, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't agree that the wishes of the subject are irrelevant; they are not decisive, but in borderline cases such as this one is to my opinion, they may give that bit extra to go to deletion. Another negative point is that the article is an orphan. - Andre Engels 08:26, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Very notable member in Downing Street. Bajocbi 18:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:List of ColecoVision games

Untitled
Wasn't there an RPG that started with A as well? Can't remember the name but you start out in a dungeon with the unseen parts in green and the room in black; every time you go into a new room it opens up and any monsters in there move forward to attack - starts with a garter snake...later on you fight things like asps that move incredibly fast. What was the name of that game? Argh.... Mithridates 13:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Alcazar. It's on the list. D.brodale 03:35, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Number of games
Article should include overall number of games listed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.93.83.195 (talk) 22:48, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Mario Bros and Mr Chin homebrews
These two titles are not ports - they are written from the ground-up. It doesn't say anywhere on the net they are ports, but neither are there references to back up they aren't. I did the work, so that's why I know. Is removing the port tag allowed or is that "original research"? :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.205.232 (talk) 00:01, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

Sources needed
Per WP:LISTVERIFY, many of the games on this list need references. To make matters worse, at least one of the existing references is to a forum, which is not a reliable source. I'll give editors some time to improve this article before I make any significant cuts based on sourcing concerns. DonIago (talk) 03:01, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

The person that wrote that forum post is a recognised subject matter expert. The same list can be found on web sites that are not discussion forums. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.168.46.177 (talk) 01:54, 3 January 2020 (UTC)
 * If that's the case, then providing sources should be easy enough. DonIago (talk) 20:29, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ColecoVision games


text:
Talk:Rosh Hashana kibbutz

Caption on the grave photo
RE: the caption on the grave photo and the appearance of the grave at various times in its history. See my comments in discussion section of the Breslov page. Rooster613 13:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)Rooster613

BELARUS
Dear editor, unfortunately, I have no profile in English wiki yet, I am a user in Belarusian one (http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA:Rasa). I definitely disagree with you, concerning the name of the place, where I live. Belarus did not appear in 1990-ies, as you’ve pointed. This is rather old word for the territory. And this term is used in Jewish communities as well. Look http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/ for example. At the end, I’d like to make you know, that White Russia is offensive term for us. Regards, RASA.

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Pilgrimage 2020 controversy
Due to an anti-Covid-19 travel ban for foreigners there is (yet another) controversy around this pilgrimage to Uman..... Yesterday (on September 14) hundreds of Hasidim unsuccessfully tried to enter Ukraine from Belarus and they are apparently stuck on the Belarus side of the border. (also) on September 4, it became known that COVID-19 coronavirus disease was diagnosed in six Hasidic pilgrims who arrived in Uman before the ban on the entry of foreigners into Ukraine. See for more information (in English) here or (in Ukrainian) here. Not sure if this information belongs in this Wikipedia article due to WP:NOTNEWSPAPER and WP:NOTADIARY. —  Yulia Romero  • Talk to me!  20:01, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rosh Hashana kibbutz


text:
Hexalectris

Hexalectris (crested coralroot) is a genus of the family Orchidaceae, comprising 10 known species of fully myco-heterotrophic orchids. These species are found in North America, with the center of diversity in northern Mexico. None of the species are particularly common. Hexalectris spicata has a wide distribution and is likely the most abundant member of the genus, but is nevertheless infrequent throughout its range. Other species are rare, and some, such as H. colemanii, are threatened or endangered. All species that have been studied form associations with ectomycorrhizal fungi that are likely linked to surrounding trees. Many Hexalectris species are found in association with oak trees (Quercus), which are ectomycorrhizal.

Species
Species accepted as of June 2014:

title: Hexalectris


text:
JJ Babu

JJ Babu was a Thoroughbred gelding that excelled in the sport of eventing, under American rider Bruce Davidson.

JJ Babu was purchased by Davidson as a yearling. He was not only a good-looking horse, but was well-tempered. The gelding excelled in all three phases, which explains his success.

Partnered for 15 years with Davidson, the horse not only won the team gold at the 1984 LA Olympics, but also the Rolex Kentucky Three Day in 1983. He competed at the advanced level for nine seasons, and started in 12 CCIs.

JJ Babu was destroyed in April 1989 at the age of 15, after he fractured a pastern bone at the Fair Hill Horse Trials.

Competition Record
1988
 * 2nd Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI*** (Lexington, KY)

1987
 * 1st Stockholm CCI *** (Sweden)
 * 1st Somborne

1986
 * 2nd Burghley Horse Trials CCI *** (England)
 * 1st Gatcombe Park
 * 6th Dauntsey Horse Trials
 * 6th Badminton Horse Trials CCIO *** (England)

1985
 * 11th Badminton CCIO ***
 * 2nd Brigstock

1984
 * Team gold and individually 13th the Los Angeles Olympics

1983
 * 11th Burghley Horse Trials CCI***
 * 1st Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI *** (Lexington, KY)

1982
 * 5th Dauntsey
 * 2nd Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (England)
 * 1st Brigstock

1981
 * 1st Chesterland Three Day Event (Advanced)

1980
 * 1st Essex Three Day Event (Preliminary)

title: JJ Babu


text:
List of Japanese celebrities

This is an incomplete list of Japanese celebrities (geinōjin, 芸能人).

Comedians

 * Akashiya Sanma
 * Arino Shinya
 * Tamori
 * Kitano Takeshi
 * Hamada Masatoshi
 * Hamaguchi Masaru
 * Matsumoto Hitoshi
 * Hiroshi
 * Hisamoto Masami
 * Sakai Masaaki
 * Sumitani Masaki

See also List of Japanese comedians

Idols (male)

 * Arino Shinya
 * Daiki Arioka
 * Goro Inagaki
 * Hamaguchi Masaru
 * Hamada Asahi
 * Hikaru Yaotome
 * Hiroki Uchi
 * Jin Akanishi
 * Jun Matsumoto
 * Junnosuke Taguchi
 * Junichi Okada
 * Kanata Hongo
 * Kanemoto Yoshi
 * Katori Shingo
 * Yu Shirota
 * Kazunari Ninomiya
 * Kazuya Kamenashi
 * Kei Inoo
 * Keiichiro Koyama
 * Keita Tachibana
 * Keito Okamoto
 * Kimura Takuya
 * Koichi Domoto
 * Koike Teppei
 * Kota Yabu
 * Kusano Hironori
 * Masahiro Nakai
 * Masaki Aiba
 * Nakajima Kento
 * Nakamoto YYuta
 * Nishimura riki
 * Shingo Murakami
 * Ryo Nishikido
 * Ryohei Chiba
 * Ryuhei Maruyama
 * Ryuichi Ogata
 * Ryosuke Yamada
 * Satoshi Ohno
 * Shigeaki Kato
 * Shingo Murakami
 * Sho Sakurai
 * Shota Yasuda
 * Subaru Shibutani
 * Takahisa Masuda
 * Takata Mashiho
 * Tanaka Koki
 * Tatsuya Ueda
 * Tsuyoshi Domoto
 * Tsuyoshi Kusanagi
 * Tomohisa Yamashita
 * Toma Ikuta
 * Yu Yokoyama
 * Yuichi Nakamaru
 * Yuma Nakayama
 * Yuri Chinen
 * Yuto Nakajima
 * Yuya Takaki
 * Yuya Tegoshi
 * Rui Hachimura
 * Watanabe Haruto
 * Yuta Nakamoto
 * Yuta Nakamoto

Idols (female)

 * Kanako Momota
 * Sora Tokui
 * Shiori Tamai
 * Ayaka Sasaki
 * Momoka Ariyasu
 * Reni Takagi
 * Akiyama Rina
 * Aya Ueto
 * Koike Eiko
 * Nakagawa Shoko
 * Natsukaw Jun
 * Uehara Takako
 * Yamamoto Azusa
 * Maeda Atsuko
 * Oshima Yuko
 * Itano Tomomi
 * Chise Nakamura
 * Haruna Iikubo
 * Haruka Kudo
 * Ayumi Ishida
 * Masaki Sato
 * Mizuki Fukumura
 * Erina Ikuta
 * Riho Sayashi
 * Kanon Suzuki
 * Umika Kawashima
 * Sayumi Michishige
 * Kusumi Koharu
 * Erina Mano
 * Aya Matsuura
 * Yuki Kashiwagi
 * Mayu Watanabe
 * Jurina Matsui
 * Rena Matsui
 * Minami Takahashi
 * Suzuko Mimori
 * Minami Minegishi
 * Haruna Kojima
 * Aki Takajo
 * Emi Takei
 * Mariko Shinoda
 * Akimoto Sayaka
 * Tomomi Kasai
 * Rie Kitahara
 * Rino Sashihara
 * Yajima Maimi
 * Sae Miyazawa
 * Wakana Yamashita
 * Naomi Osaka

Models

 * Aki Hoshino
 * Ayumi Kinoshita
 * Riyo Mori
 * Ebihara Yuri
 * Fujiwara Norika
 * Inoue Waka
 * Mariya Nishiuchi
 * May J.
 * Meisa Kuroki
 * Oshikiri Moe
 * Rola
 * Umemiya Anna
 * Yamada Yu
 * Kanata Hongo
 * Emi Takei
 * Koharu Kusumi
 * Tao Okamoto
 * Suzuka Morita
 * Yuka Hirata
 * Honoka Miki

Musicians / Singers (male)

 * Gackt
 * hide
 * Hiromi Go
 * Hyde
 * Miyavi
 * Nobuyoshi Kuwano
 * Saijo Hideki
 * Takuya Ide
 * Masato Hayakawa
 * Yoshiki
 * Yousuke Itou
 * Yuya Miyashita

Musicians / Singers (female)

 * Ai Otsuka
 * Ai Takahashi
 * Aiko Kayo
 * Akiko Wada
 * Alisa Durbrow
 * Angela Aki
 * Anna Aya
 * Anna Tsuchiya
 * Airi Suzuki
 * Aya Hirano
 * Aya Matsuura
 * Aya Ueto
 * Ayaka Hirahara
 * Ayaka Komatsu
 * Ayaka
 * Ayumi Hamasaki
 * Beni Arashiro
 * Bonnie Pink
 * Chiaki Kuriyama
 * Chihiro Onitsuka
 * Chisaki Hama
 * Chitose Hajime
 * Crystal Kay
 * Erika Sawajiri
 * Emi Hinouchi
 * Emi Maria
 * Emyli
 * Garnet Crow
 * Goto Maki
 * Hagiwara Mai
 * Halna
 * Hikaru Nishida
 * Hiro
 * Hiroko Anzai
 * Hiroko Shimabukuro
 * hitomi
 * Ikue Sakakibara
 * Imai Eriko
 * JASMINE
 * Jun Natsukawa
 * Junko Sakurada
 * JYONGRI
 * Kiyoe Yoshioka
 * Kanako Enomoto
 * Kanbe Miyuki
 * Kanon Wakeshima
 * Kawabe Chieco
 * Kawase Tomoko
 * Keiko Kitagawa
 * Kumi Koda
 * Kusumi Koharu
 * Kyary Pamyu Pamyu
 * Lia
 * Lisa Yamaguchi
 * Maaya Sakamoto
 * Maeda Atsuko
 * Mai Hagiwara
 * May J.
 * Mari Amachi
 * Mariya Takeuchi
 * Masako Mori
 * Mei Yamazaki
 * Meisa Kuroki
 * Megumi Odaka
 * Megumi
 * Megumi Hayashibara
 * Melody.
 * Mew Azama
 * MiCHi
 * Mihiro Taniguchi
 * Miho Komatsu
 * Miho Nakayama
 * Miho Yoshioka
 * Miki Fujimoto
 * Miliyah Kato
 * MINMI
 * Minori Chihara
 * Miyu Sawai
 * Mizuki Nana
 * Momoe Yamaguchi
 * Momoiro Clover Z
 * Myco
 * Mika Nakashima
 * Namie Amuro
 * Natsuyaki Miyabi
 * Noriko Sakai
 * Reina Tanaka
 * Reon Kadena
 * Ribbon
 * Ryōko Hirosue
 * Saori Minami
 * Sayaka
 * Sayumi Michishige
 * Seiko Matsuda
 * Shoko Nakagawa
 * Takako Ohta
 * Takako Uehara
 * Thelma Aoyama
 * Tomomi Itano
 * Tsugunaga Momoko
 * Hikaru Utada
 * Waka Inoue
 * Yajima Maimi
 * Yui
 * Yui Makino
 * Yukiko Okada
 * Yuko Ogura
 * Yuna Ito

Tarento

 * Elina Arai
 * Aya Ueto
 * Becky
 * Rola
 * Sakura Miyajima
 * Kazushige Nagashima
 * Kano sisters
 * Mina Fukui

Actors

 * Eita
 * Kamakari Kenta
 * Fujiwara Tatsuya
 * Ikuta Toma
 * Matsudaira Ken
 * Oguri Shun
 * Ryuhei Matsuda
 * Sato Takeru
 * Satoshi Tsumabuki
 * Shota Matsuda
 * Watanabe Ken
 * Yamazaki Kento
 * Mackenyu
 * Manpei Takagi
 * Shinpei Takagi

See also List of Japanese actors

Actresses
See also List of Japanese actresses
 * Ai Takahashi
 * Koharu Kusumi
 * Aya Ueto
 * Ito Misaki
 * Honoka Miki
 * Karina
 * Koyuki
 * Maki Horikita
 * Mao Inoue
 * Meisa Kuroki
 * Mika Nakashima
 * Nao Nagasawa
 * Satomi Ishihara
 * Yonekura Ryoko
 * Yui Aragaki
 * Yukie Nakama
 * Kiko Mizuhara

TV / Radio Personalities

 * Airi Suzuki
 * Iijima Ai
 * Kano sisters
 * Mino Monta
 * Shinohara Tomoe
 * Sugita Kaoru
 * Mao Inoue

Others

 * Kurihara Harumi
 * Papaya Suzuki

title: List of Japanese celebrities


text: Template:US Dance Chart

title: Template:US Dance Chart


text:
User:Severence/News

Old News Archive

= Thursday, February 15, 2007 =

Wow, almost a year since my last update. I'll make it quick.

Well, stuff happened. I got hired at 2 places: Subway as a Sandwich Artist (bleh) in Septemeber 2006 and GameStop as a Seasonal Game Advisor October 2006. Good thing I've been working slash getting paid because I started inching my way towards getting my student loans paid off in October. No late payments yet as far as I know. Problem is it takes about half of my monthly gross income. Ugh. It'd help if I was getting hours at Subway like I was for the first 4 months. During that time I was getting at bare minimum 20 hours a week - nothing mind boggling but it paid the bills and put some grub in my face. However, in the past 5 weeks I've worked a whopping 5 days total of at most 5 hours a day, so that's maybe 21-23 hours in the past 5 weeks. I was given no warning this would happen, I've received no reason for the cut in hours, I'm not holding my breath until I get one. The owner's an asshole, so shit if I care really. I like my coworkers and I'll miss seeing a particular few of our customers that I'd take care of, but I need to find something I like doing more than cutting open bread and slapping meat and veggies in, not to mention I'd like a job where if I have to have a boss at least s/he's not an condescending elderly idiotic asshole with no business sense or managerial skills whatsoever.

Fortunately, things at GameStop have been sailing infinitely smoother than at the S to the ubway. I farmed myself out to other GameStops in the area besides my home store if they needed help, which some of the stores in the area took advantage of, much to my delight. One of the other stores eventually hired me on as a permanent Game Advisor toward the end of December, thus solving my "What the fuck am I going to do for extra money after the seasonal job is up?" quandary. Thus far I like my job there. I mean, shit, I get paid to stand around and bullshit about video games. I could do a lot worse. And one of my managers is a friend of mine anyway, even though I rarely see him outside of work, so it helped that I had someone I knew there to hang out with occasionally.

Onto other stuff. Got into my first, and hopefully last, car accident in late November and in doing so totaled my grandma's Mazda 626. I got cited but I still think it was no fault. Last time I trust a dumb bitch in a minivan waving me through heavy traffic. Still in the hunt for my own car; I've had a few good leads but they've all crapped out.

That's all I really feel like mentioning at the moment, I've been writing this for too damn long already and I need to go to sleep for work tomorrow. More updates forthcoming, probably more frequently. Who knows though.

= Saturday, March 25, 2006 =

Ok, so last night I was making myself some dinner. Nothing special, just a few meals worth of macaroni & cheese with some ground beef mixed in. I go to take a bite... and my bottom right molar fucking shatters. Well, maybe it didn't shatter, but a decent sized portion broke off. I've had a kind of big cavity in the top-center of that tooth for about 2 years now so it's not a complete shock, but I still wasn't planning on it happening. So now I have most of a tooth with a little crevasse going straight out the back. And just my luck, where the piece broke off was just far enough to the left that it almost constantly rubs against my tongue, so now the part of the tooth that's still there has a sharp-as-shit edge on top that's cutting the side of my tongue non-stop. Fanfuckingtastic. So I have to call the dentist on Monday and see what it would cost me for a visit to probably pull out the rest of the tooth; I don't think a cap is an option anymore. At least the root doesn't seem to be exposed or else I'd just steal my grandma's back medicine and Vicadin myself to sleep until I got it fixed.

Oh, and the best part of all this... I still have no job at the moment, no income, and I'm uninsured. How awesome is that?

= Friday, March 24, 2006 =

I've been hunting for a job actively for around a month now, hit probably 80ish different places in the surrounding areas, and so far only 2 places are actually hiring, 3 are maybies, and the other 75 or so said they aren't hiring at all right now but they're still taking apps, and not all of them are even accepting apps. It's fucking frustrating; all I want is a job where I can pull down some green, dammit. I'm not even all that interested in a fairly decent paying job right now - I'd settle for minimum wage for fuck's sake.

My only restriction is that I won't work with food again... ever. Don't get me wrong, I love cooking, and to top it off I'm good at it. But cooking dinner or whatever at my own house is one thing. Taking orders and cooking food for other people is entirely another. People can tend to get VERY bitchy when their orders aren't served to them exactly when they want them... hell, people can be bitchy about food even when they DO get it on time. Paying customers want their shit right goddamn now, regardless of what situation you might have in the kitchen or how many other people ordered before them or whatever else. Anyway I just had bad experiences in the ubershort time that I worked in the food biz and it basically killed off any desire I might've had to work in a real restaurant or another fast food joint.

= Friday, March 10, 2006 =

My main user page was getting a little too big so I decided to break off a few of the bigger sections into their own article pages, at least the logical ones.

= Thursday, February 2, 2006 =

I finally got around to getting my driver's license on Tuesday. It's only been 5-7 years since I first should've gotten it. And it figures that something bad happened my first time out on my own Tuesday night.

I was omw to the convenience store to pick up something to drink at around 10pm and I'd turned right onto the street it's on. About 200 feet after turning onto the street this cat comes from out of nowhere somewhere in the grass on the left sides of the street. I didn't see it until it was halfway in my lane and before I could even think if I should lay on the brake or try to swerve or anything I hit it with the right front tire or bumper. On the way back home I checked the road and I didn't see a body there so I know it didn't die right there... hopefully it's only slightly wounded or the tire or bumper just smacked its ass and threw it to the side of the road before I could run it over. I felt bad but from what I could tell in the split second I saw it in the headlights I didn't see a collar or anything so my guess is that it's a stray. Not that I don't care if it's dead or not but there's strays all over the place here and I couldn't have done anything to avoud it if I'd wanted to. Oh well, shit happens. If it's still alive maybe next time it'll think twice before trying to suicide itself.

= Monday, October 17, 2005 =

Been back in Ohio since October 3. It's good to be home, a little odd seeing green plants and grass everywhere again though as opposed to all the sex stones in Arizona. FYI, most places in Arizona have rocks and pebbles in their lawns instead of grass, some people call them sex stones because they're a lot of fucking rocks.

Blood pressure thing seems to have calmed down too, good thing because the morning of my last post I went in for another bp check and it was 148/98. Blech. The doc didn't like that at all, then I told him I was moving the next day and he got a little worried till I told him there was a family doctor I'd gone to for years, has known my fam for a long long time now so I'd have a place to go back out here. Oddly enough, the doc told me I should probably see my family doc out here in Ohio as soon as I got out here, and he might want to run some blood work and check vessel connections in my kidney area, etc. Didn't really expect to hear that from a DO. Looks like the trip to my doc out here though isn't necessary. My grandma worked for the health department like 20+ years and has automated machines that the people at our doc's office said was calibrated correctly, and after using that every few hours for like a week straight it seems I'm back down to 120/80ish area again. Yeehaw for no blood work or needles or hoses sticking in me, not my idea of fun anyway.

= Thursday, September 29, 2005 =

It's like quarter after 6 in the am atm, been up for... well a while, 16+ hours right now. I have to hit up the doctor for another blood pressure check this morning to see wtf is going on. I had a sinus infection in August and just a few weeks ago I had strep throat. My bp when I had the sinus infection was 120/80, damn perfect. Two weeks later when I got strep and came in I had my bp taken and it was 140/100. Not so good. I came in like 2 weeks after that once the amoxicillin killed the strep and I was 136/100. Again, not so good and frankly just a little odd. So given that we're moving from Arizona tomorrow and heading back to Ohio around noonish, and the fact that the carpet cleaners are coming to the house at like 0900-0930 this morning, I might as well go back in this morning to get another bp check. At least my doc should be there this time to tell me wtf he thinks is going on, that is if he even has any idea, which last time he saw me he didn't. Ugh. At least I know it's not ibuprofen that's causing it now.

Anyway I probably won't be back on here for at least a few days, maybe upwards of a week or 2. Not that anyone actually reads my user page or anything.

title: User:Severence/News


text: Talk:Tom Parker

title: Talk:Tom Parker


text:
Valparaiso (play)

Valparaiso is Don DeLillo's second play, in which a man suddenly becomes famous following a mistake in the itinerary of an ordinary business trip which takes him to Valparaíso, Chile, instead of Valparaiso, Indiana.

The 1999 play, which incorporates live performance with video projection, looks at how the media has affected modern mankind. The central character, Michael Majeski, tries desperately to establish his own identity by throwing himself under the spotlight of celebrity. The piece is composed entirely of interviews, for a range of different media, and culminates in the protagonist committing assisted suicide with a microphone lead on a TV talk show.

Valparaiso received its premiere at the American Repertory Theater in 1999 under the direction of David Wheeler. Since then it has seen numerous revivals, including a production by Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago and a French-language version in Paris. In 2002, the Rude Mechanicals of New York staged the New York premiere, referred to by The New York Times as "a revelatory new production", directed by Hal Brooks. In 2003, it received its college premiere at Savannah College of Art and Design under the auspices of the Ghlei company.

In 2005, DeLillo granted the UK premiere rights of the play to 24-year-old film school graduate Jack McNamara, whose production premiered at the Old Red Lion Theatre in London on April 25, 2006. The production was produced by Weaver Hughes Ensemble. US productions in 2007 were: The Garage Theatre in Long Beach, California, directed by Jeff Kriese; The Hideout Theatre in Austin, Texas, directed by Jeremy O. Torres. US productions in 2008 include HB Studio, an HB Ensemble production, in New York City, directed by Rasa Allan Kazlas.

Reception

 * The New York Times
 * The New York Times (again)
 * The Daily Telegraph
 * The Financial Times
 * The London Review
 * MusicOMH
 * The Stage

Performances

 * List of performances

title: Valparaiso (play)


text:
XING

XING is a Hamburg-based career-oriented social networking site, operated by New Work SE (until mid-2019 XING SE) and owned mainly by Hubert Burda Media.

The site is primarily focused on the German-speaking market, alongside XING Spain, and competes with the American platform LinkedIn.

Company history
OPEN Business Club AG was founded in August 2003 in Hamburg, Germany, by Lars Hinrichs. Its official debut was 1 November 2003. It was renamed XING in November 2006.

In its early years, the site pursued a global strategy; however, since 2012, XING has focused on the German-speaking market, as 76% of all XING page views come from Germany and 90% come from the D-A-CH area.

Leadership
Lars Hinrich led the company as CEO until 2009, when he was succeeded by Stefan Groß-Selbeck. Thomas Vollmoeller then served from 2012 and was succeeded by Petra von Strombeck in 2020.

Number of users
As of April 2019, XING reported 16 million members, up from 10 million members in the D-A-CH area in March 2016, which at that time included 880,000 premium members.

Ownership and acquisitions
In November 2009, Hubert Burda Media acquired 25.1% of XING, becoming its main shareholder. In 2010, XING acquired online event management company Amiando, changing its name to XING EVENTS. In 2012, Burda increased its shareholding to over 50%. In 2013, XING acquired Austrian e-recruiting company Kununu. In 2015, XING announced a cooperation project with eyeson, a unified communications provider. In 2017, XING acquired global expat network InterNations and Austrian recruitment company Prescreen. In April 2019, XING paid €22 million for Honeypot, a Berlin-based IT job platform.

IPO
XING became the first Web 2.0 company to go public in Europe, debuting on 7 December 2006 at an issue price of 30 euros per share.

Website
The platform offers personal profiles, groups, discussion forums, event coordination, and other common social community features. Basic membership is free, but many core functions, like searching for people with specific qualifications or messaging people to whom one is not already connected, can only be accessed by the premium members. Premium membership comes at a monthly fee from €6.35 to €9.95 depending on the billing interval you choose and the country one is from. The platform uses https and has a rigid privacy and no-spam policy.

XING has a special Ambassador program for each city or region around the world with a substantial constituency. The Ambassadors hold local events that promote the use of social networking as a business tool, letting members introduce business ideas to one another.

XING also offers the system for closed communities, called Enterprise groups with their own access paths and interface designs. The platform serves as the infrastructure for corporate groups, including IBM, McKinsey, Accenture and others.

About 76% of all pageviews come from Germany, 90% from the D-A-CH area (Germany, Austria and Switzerland).

As of 15 September 2017 XING had changed its legal status to become a Societas Europaea.

XING Mobile
Xing.com Mobile allows users to access some of its functions using a mobile phone, PDA or smartphone. Standards supported: HTML 3.2, XHTML MP 1.0, WML 1.1.

XING plug-ins
Xing.com plugins are available for free download that allow contact synchronization with Lotus Notes, Microsoft Outlook, Windows Address Book and Outlook Express. It also allows manual CSV File import–export and has a Firefox search plug-in.

Recruitment
Since October 2007, XING has run a job marketplace for candidates and recruiters. Alongside fixed-price job ads, XING was one of the first German job boards to use a pay-per-click payment model, where the cost of an ad is based on user views.

title: XING


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Gevorg Emin

Gevorg Emin (Գևորգ Էմին, born Karlen Muradyan; September 30, 1919 – July 11, 1998) was an Armenian poet, essayist, and translator.

Biography
Emin, the son of a school teacher, was born in the town of Ashtarak. In 1927, his family moved to Yerevan, the capital of Soviet Armenia. In 1936 he finished secondary school; in 1940 he graduated from the local Polytechnical Institute as a hydraulic engineer. After graduation he designed and supervised the building of a hydroelectric power station which is still producing electricity. The power station remained his only engineering accomplishment.

In school, Emin met Armenia's leading poet Yegishe Charents, who died in 1937 in a Soviet prison. Emin recalls in his preface to For You on New Year's Day:
 * Today if I write instead of building canals and power plants it is due to two things: the impact of meeting Yeghishe Charents, and second, the touch of ancient manuscripts at the Matenadaran library where I worked as a student and could read and hold the magnificent old manuscripts from the fifth through the eighteenth centuries.

Emin's roots as a poet are deeply embedded in the culture and the physical landscape of the country he grew up in. To this is added his extensive reading of modern poetry, especially French symbolist poets, and his enduring faith in the power of poetry. From 1941 to 1945, Emin fought (and was wounded) in World War II. His poetry makes no specific references to his own war experiences but often refers to the Armenian genocide.

Emin's poetry has been translated from Armenian to many languages all over the world. Poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko read him in Russian and immediately hailed his work. Yevtushenko wrote the Introduction to the collection of Emin's verse translated into English as For You on New Year's Day; here the Russian poet contrasted Emin to his fellow Armenian poets who emphasized emotion in their work:

 * Gevorg Emin has an entirely opposite conception of the craft. He takes pride in revealing the rational armature of poetry and the details of its construction. Some of his poems remind us of transparent watches where the movements and direction of each gear and lever are visible. But it is a watch that keeps perfect time.

Perhaps as a result of Emin's training in science, he writes in a simple, straight forward language. Edmond Y. Azadian, in the Afterword to For You on New Year's Day, suggests that Emin freed Armenian poetry "from the restrictions that followed Charents' time, the bleak Stalin era," reinvigorating it after a long period during which experimentalism had been discouraged. Martin Robbins suggests, in Ararat Quarterly, that his poetry reflects "the tough compression of an engineer's mathematically trained mind," and cites as a representative example his poem "Small" in which he acknowledges the defenselessness of the Armenian people but affirms their strength. In many of his poems Mount Ararat itself serves as an emblem of the endurance of his people. In "Song of Songs" he writes: "I am an Armenian. ancient as this Biblical Ararat / my feet still wet from the waters of the flood."

For his poetry, Emin was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1951 and the USSR State Prize in 1976. In 1972, he toured the United States with Yevtushenko giving poetry readings. His American experience reflected in some of his later poems, published in Land, Love, Century, including Gravestone in a Negro Cemetery, First Night in New York, and In the Streets of Boston.

Emin's first wife was the daughter of the distinguished Armenian poet Vahan Terian. After her death, he married a writer, Armenouhi Hamparian. He had three sons. Emin was a translator of note in Eastern Europe: he is especially admired for his translations of Polish poets ranging from Adam Mickiewicz to the contemporary poet Tadeusz Różewicz. In Poland's long struggle for independence and national identity, he identified some of his own feelings about Armenia and he has hailed "the proud spirit of the Polish people, their fanatical attachment to their land, language, literature, tradition." His brother was the Armenian-American composer Vazgen Muradian.

title: Gevorg Emin


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Nairobi Securities Exchange

The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) was established in 1954 as the Nairobi Stock Exchange, based in Nairobi the capital of Kenya. It was a voluntary association of stockbrokers in the European community registered under the Societies Act in British Kenya. The exchange had 66 listed companies in February 2021.

Founding Nairobi Stock Exchange (1954-1999)
The Nairobi Stock Exchange was established in 1954 as the in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya. It was a voluntary association of stockbrokers in the European community registered under the Societies Act in British Kenya. Previous to its founding, dealing in shares and stocks started in the 1920s when it was the British colonial Kenya Colony (1920−1963), a part of the British Empire. A stock exchange was first floated in 1922 at the Exchange Bar in the Stanley Hotel in Nairobi. However, the market was not formal as there did not exist any rules and regulations to govern stock broking activities. Trading took place on a ‘gentleman's agreement.’ Standard commissions were charged with clients being obligated to honor their contractual commitments of making good delivery and settling relevant costs. At that time, stock broking was a sideline business conducted by accountants, auctioneers, estate agents and lawyers who met to exchange prices over a cup of coffee. Because these firms were engaged in other areas of specialization, the need for association did not arise. In 1951, an estate agent named of Francis Drummond established the first professional stock broking firm. He also approached the finance minister of Kenya, Sir Ernest Vasey, and impressed upon him the idea of setting up a stock exchange in East Africa. The two approached London Stock Exchange officials in July 1953 and the London officials accepted to recognize the setting up of the Nairobi Stock Exchange as an overseas stock exchange. In 1954 the Nairobi Stock Exchange was then constituted as a voluntary association of stockbrokers registered under the Societies Act.

Since Africans and Asians were not permitted to trade in securities, until after the attainment of independence in 1963, the business of dealing in shares was confined to the resident European community. At the dawn of independence, stock market activity slumped due to uncertainty about the future of independent Kenya. 1988 saw the first privatization through the NSE with the sale of a 20% government stake in Kenya Commercial Bank. The sale left the Government of Kenya and affiliated institutions retaining 80% ownership of the bank. Notably, on 18 February 1994 the NSE 20-Share Index recorded an all-record high of 5030 points. The NSE was rated by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) as the best performing market in the world with a return of 179% in dollar terms. The NSE also moved to more spacious premises at the Nation Centre in July 1994, setting up a computerized delivery and settlement system (DASS). For the first time since the formation of the Nairobi Stock Exchange, the number of stockbrokers increased with the licensing of eight new brokers.

In 1996 saw the largest share issue in the history of NSE with the privatization of Kenya Airways. Having sold a 26% stake to KLM, the Government of Kenya proceeded to offer 235,423,896 shares (51% of the fully paid and issued shares of KSh.5/= each) to the public at KSh.11/25 per share. More than 110,000 shareholders acquired a stake in the airline and the Government of Kenya reduced its stake from 74% to 23%. The Kenya Airways Privatization team was awarded the World Bank Award for Excellence for 1996 for being a model success story in the divestiture of state-owned enterprises. In 1998 the government expanded the scope for foreign investment by introducing incentives for capital markets growth including the setting up of tax‐free Venture Capital Funds, removal of Capital Gains Tax on insurance companies' investments, allowance of beneficial ownership by foreigners in local stockbrokers and fund managers and the envisaged licensing of Dealing Firms to improve market liquidity. On 1 January 1999, Kenya adopted the International Accounting Standards (IAS) as the local accounting standard.

Expansion (2000–2005)
NSE implemented a new trading cycle, (T+5) in August 2000. The Central Depository System Act (CDS) and the amended CMA Act covering Collective Investment Schemes (CIS) were passed by parliament and affirmed by the president, paving the way for the full implementation of the CDS and for the introduction of collective investment schemes in the Kenyan market. Following a partnership agreement with the Association of National Numbering Agencies (ANNA), the global securities numbering agency, in September 2000 the NSE was appointed the national numbering agency (NNA) for Kenya, making it responsible for issuing the ISIN for financial securities issued under Kenyan jurisdiction in accordance with ANNA's ISO 6166 guidelines. In October 2000 NSE became a member of ANNA.

In April 2002 CMA announced the approval of the new NSE trading and settlement rules. The amount for block trades was revised upwards from Kshs. 3.0 million to between KSh.50 – 200 million/=. The block trade rules now applied to trade values above KSh.50 million/= but less than KSh.200 million/=. Lastly, the brokerage commissions’ regime was liberalized. July 2002 saw the foreign investor regulations amended, providing for a 25% minimum reserve of the issued share capital for Kenyan citizens, while the balance of the 75% becomes a free float for all classes of investors. Within this 75% share holding available to all classes of investors, there is no restriction on the amount to be held by a single foreign investor. The signing of the shareholders’ agreement for the Central Depository and Settlement Corporation (CDSC) was done in August 2002. The shareholders consisted of the Nairobi Stock Exchange (20%), the Association of Kenya Stockbrokers (18%), the CMA Investor Compensation Fund (7%), and 9 institutional investors through the Capital Markets Challenge Fund (50%) who collectively invested in the CDSC. The CDSC being the legal entity that owns and runs the clearing, settlement, depository and registry system for securities traded in Kenya's capital markets. As of November 2002, the NSE became the sole NNA in Kenya, responsible for allocating the unique code for quoted and unquoted securities domiciled in Kenya.

In March 2003 the CDSC in collaboration with the NSE commenced the CDS Education Campaign in preparation for the market automation. The first CDS Education Workshop, with the theme "The CDS Legal & Regulatory Framework" kicked off. The NSE celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2004, and also hosted the 8th ASEA conference. In this celebration, the first NSE magazine dubbed "The Exchange" and, The Central Depository & Settlement Corporation (CDSC), which manages Central Depository Systems, were both launched. For the year ending 31 December 2003, the exchange recorded an equity turnover exceeding KSh.15.25 billion/=, more than the combined equity turnover recorded in the previous five years. For the year ending 31 December 2004, the exchange recorded an equity turnover exceeding KSh.22.32 billion/=; an increase of 46.37% over the corresponding period for 2003. For the year ending 31 December 2005, the exchange recorded an equity turnover exceeding KSh.36.52 billion/= (a 63.61% increase over the previous year's performance of Kshs. 22.32 billion).

New technologies and indices (2006–2010)
In May 2006, NSE formed a demutualisation committee to spearhead the process of demutualisation. A demutualisation consultant (Ernst and Young) was appointed to advise on the process. In September 2006 live trading on the automated trading systems of the Nairobi Stock Exchange was implemented. The ATS was sourced from[Millennium Information Technologies (MIT) of Colombo, Sri Lanka, who are also the suppliers of the Central Depository System (CDS). MIT have also supplied similar solutions to the Colombo Stock Exchange and the Stock Exchange of Mauritius. The NSE ATS solution was customized to uphold the spirit of the open outcry trading rules in an automated environment. In the same breadth, trading hours increased from two (10:00 am – 12:00 pm) to three (10:00 am – 1:00 pm). Other innovations included the removal of the block trades board and introduction of the functionality for the trading of rights in the same manner as equities. Besides trading equities, the ATS trades immobilized corporate bonds and treasury bonds.

An MoU between the Nairobi Stock Exchange and Uganda Securities Exchange was signed in November 2006 on mass cross listing. The MoU allowed listed companies in both exchanges to dualist, to facilitate growth and development of the regional securities markets. In February 2007 NSE upgraded its website, in part to boost data vending business. In July 2007 NSE reviewed the Index and announced the companies that would constitute the NSE Share Index. The review of the NSE 20‐share index was aimed at ensuring it is a true barometer of the market. A wide area network (WAN) platform was implemented in 2007; this eradicated the need for brokers to send their staff (dealers) to the trading floor to conduct business. Trading is now mainly conducted from the brokers' offices through the WAN. However, brokers under certain circumstances can still conduct trading from the floor of the NSE.

In 2008, the NSE All Share Index (NASI) was introduced as an alternative index. Its measure is an overall indicator of market performance. The Index incorporates all the traded shares of the day. Its attention is therefore on the overall market capitalization rather than the price movements of select counters. In April 2008, NSE launched the NSE Smart Youth Investment Challenge to promote stock market investments among Kenyan youth. The objective of the challenge was threefold:
 * To occupy the minds of the youth positively and draw them away from the negative energy created by the current political, economic and social situation in the country;
 * Encourage the culture of thrift and saving funds amongst the university students;
 * Encourage the youth to invest their savings in the capital markets.

After the resignation of Chris Mwebesa, the NSE board appointed Peter Mwangi to be the new NSE chief executive in November 2008. The Complaints Handling Unit (CHU) was launched in August 2009 to bridge the confidence gap with NSE retail investors and have any concerns processed and resolved. Also in 2009, NSE launched the Complaints Handling Unit (CHU) SMS System. The Nairobi Stock Exchange marked the first day of automated trading in government bonds through the Automated Trading System (ATS) in November 2009. The automated trading in government bonds marked a significant step in the efforts by the NSE and CBK towards creating depth in the capital markets by providing the necessary liquidity. In December 2009, NSE marked a milestone by uploading all government bonds on the ATS.

Nairobi Securities Exchange (2011–2022)
In July 2011, the Nairobi Stock Exchange Limited, changed its name to the Nairobi Securities Exchange Limited. The change reflected the NSE's strategic plan to become a full service securities exchange supporting trading, clearing and settlement of equities, debt, derivatives and other associated instruments. In the same year, the equity settlement cycle moved from the previous T+4 settlement cycle to the T+3 settlement cycle. This allowed investors who sell their shares to get their money three days later, while buyers have their CDS credited at the same time. In September 2011 the Nairobi Securities Exchange converted from a company limited by guarantee to a company limited by shares and adopted a new Memorandum and Articles of Association reflecting the change. In October 2011, the Broker Back Office system commenced operations, which facilitates internet trading. In November 2011 the FTSE NSE Kenya 15 and FTSE NSE Kenya 25 Indices were launched, after NSE consulted local asset owners and fund managers, focusing on diverse domestic investment in East Africa. In March 2012 the delayed index values of both new indices were made available on the NSE website www.nse.co.ke.

The NSE became a member of the Financial Information Services Division (FISD) of the Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) in March 2012. In May 2013, the NSE moved to the Exchange, 55 Westlands Road, Westlands, Nairobi. On 27 June 2014, The Capital Markets Authority proved the listing of the NSE stock through an IPO and subsequently self-list its shares on the Main Investment Market Segment. With the IPO running from 24 July 2014 to 12 August 2014, the listing made the NSE and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange the only self-listed exchanges in Africa. The NSE IPO was oversubscribed by 763.92%, making it the most oversubscribed share offer in the NSE's history. The NSE shares started trading on the Main Investment Market Segment of the exchange on 9 September 2014.

The NSE added two new listings in November 2014, the Flame Tree Group, an FMCG company and Kurwitu Ventures, a Sharia compliant investment company. Both were listed in the Growth Enterprise Market Segment by way of introduction. Effective 11 February 2015, CMC Holdings, Kenya's largest importer of vehicles and largest car-assembly company, was de-listed from the NSE, following its take over by the Al-Futtaim Group, based in the United Arab Emirates. In March 2015, the NSE officially joined the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) initiative whereby they made a voluntary pledge to inform their stakeholders of the importance of integrating sustainability in their capital markets.

The bourse had 66 listed companies in February 2021. The exchange's CEO, Geoffrey Odundo, told the press in April 2022 that NSE.NR was looking to purchase stakes in additional bourses in Africa. At the time, it was the fifth biggest bourse in Africa by market capitalization, and owned 5.9% in Tanzania's Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange. In December 2022, the NSE officially linked with seven other different capital markets in Africa, across 14 African companies. That month the NSE also introduced "fractional investing" in Kenyan stocks. It was reported on December 6, 2022, that foreign investors trading at NSE had halved within one week. At the time, the largest four stocks at the NSE by market capitalization were Safaricom, Equity Group, KCB, and EABL.

Types of indices
These include:
 * 1) NSE 20 Share Index- Mean of top 20 performing companies under a certain review year
 * 2) NSE 25 Share Index- designed to represent performance of Kenyan companies listed in the NSE
 * 3) NSE All Share Index (NASI)
 * 4) FTSE NSE Indices
 * 5) Chuley

Regional integration
NSE is a member of the African Securities Exchanges Association, East African Securities Exchanges Association and an affiliate member of World Federation of Exchanges.

Subsidiaries and investments
Other than stock and bond trading as the main business of the NSE, the exchange has the following investments:
 * NSE Clear Limited - 100% Shareholding - Nairobi, Kenya - Provision of clearing house services for the derivatives/futures exchange.
 * Central Depository and Settlement Corporation Limited - 22.5% Shareholding - Nairobi, Kenya - Provision of clearing, settlement and depository services.

Governance and ownership
Nairobi Securities Exchange, as of 2015, was governed by an eleven-person Board of Directors with Kiprono Kittony serving as the chairman of the group and Frank Mwiti as the CEO.

The shares of the Nairobi Securities Exchange are listed and traded on its own main board, under the symbol NSE. the shareholding in the bourse's stock were as depicted in the table below:

title: Nairobi Securities Exchange