text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/RN

 * ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a successful request for adminship. Please do not modify it.

RN
Final (64/1/0) ended 03:37 October 12, 2005 (UTC)

– My great friend, Ryan Norton, has been here since March of 05. I welcomed him myself a few months back, and he has nearly 3000 edits. Outside of his wikilife he runs WikiServer, so I think he's familiar with Wiki as a whole. He has a good enough grasp on policy, and he's always friendly to users. He is active on several articles, and even has an FA. He also has 911 edits in the Wikipedia space. I really see no reason to oppose such a fine editor. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here: Thank you! This was most unexpected - I accept :). Well, and I'd like to point out that while my first edit was back in march, my edits have only really been active a little over two months :). I'd also like to thank a few people, including Everyking, Redwolf, and anyone else who I forgot for helping me be a better editor and teaching me admin skills :). Ryan Norton T 00:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) No big deal :D R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Extreme Thug Style Support He deserves it --JAranda'' | yeah 00:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Everyking 00:49, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) OMGS TEH ÜBER ROFLCOPTER SUPPORT. Another nomination I got beaten to doing! RN would be a wonderful admin. N (t/c) 00:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, I welcomed this guy. Though I'll wait for fuddlemark to pass the bar and then two of my welcomees will be admins :o  R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:58, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support. Friday (talk) 00:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support Seems to be a talented potential admin.--MONGO 00:58, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) EXTREME VANILLA COKE SUPPORT! Thought he was one.   Ral  315   WS  01:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Extreme Mexican Support. You were part of the group that started the witty support votes, so let's see what everyone else comes up with. Outside of that, you deserved the mop and the flamethrower a long time ago... Tito xd (?!?) 01:21, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support!  Rob e  rt  04:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support Of course. Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 05:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) support: Generally collaborative with tolerant approach, but feisty enough to express contentious points - not a bad combination.  Ombudsman 07:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. Excellent contributor. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Cool. --JuntungWu 11:17, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support CambridgeBayWeather 11:19, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. A reliable vandal-fighter. Owen× ☎  14:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support, every day of the year, every year. Ryan's an awesome editor and an even greater person. (Is this the part were I should say "I thought he was an admin already?") -- Shauri  [[Image:Heart.gif|12px]]  smile!  14:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Strong Support, you know, I was actually considering nominating him myself, but Reds beat me to it:) →Jo urna list  >>talk<<  15:25, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I welcomed him, and I told him not too long after I did so I would one day nominate him an admin, so its more like you were gonna try to steal from me, confess your sins!. ;) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:49, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, OK, I confess. :) →Jo urna list >>talk<<  20:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support A fine editor. Marskell 15:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support Private Butcher 19:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support excellent Wikipedia presence. -DDerby- (talk) 19:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Extreme Support Payback He voted for me, and he definately deserves adminship more than I do. [Insert Random Clint Eastwood quote about payback here] Karmafist 20:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support, human shield. --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 22:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Without reservation. (And we should really make it more clear when users have a different signature than their username; I didn't recognize "RN") -- Essjay ·  Talk 22:53, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support, without silly modifiers. — Dan | Talk 23:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Extreme Athiest Support. You've been very nice to me in the past, so here's my support. :-) --WikiFanaticTalk Contribs 18:52, 5 October 2005 (CDT)
 * 9) Support. Absolutely. A fine editor. --Blackcap | talk 00:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support Great editor--Rogerd 02:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. El_C 02:44, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Extreme Why The Heck Aren't You An Admin Already Support! Ac  e  tic  ' Acid  05:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) ZOMG DONATE TO WIKIPEDIA SUPPORT --Merovingian (t) (c) 10:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support --Allen3 talk 11:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk |  WS 13:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support, definitely. --JoanneB 15:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support, SqueakBox 16:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) APOYO ESPAÑOL EXTREMO DE LA ESPERANZA Fir  e  Fo  x  17:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) No way ...am I not going to give him my support. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 20:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support. He's friendly, he's polite, he's well-spoken, and he seems to be positively involved with several aspects of the workings of Wikipedia. This place is better for having him around. - Brian Kendig 02:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support. Looks all very good to me. Shanes 02:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Extreme (insert witty comment here) support!. When he started working on the Autism article, it was tagged for cleanup and full of non-NPOV nonsense written by random anons. It took him just a couple weeks or so to bring it up to FA standard. As Ryan himself mentioned in another RfA, we have some great candidates lately.   [ +t, +c, +m ] 03:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support without any frills. I've seen him around a lot, and I've never seen him do anything objectionable. Tuf-Kat 03:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Furry Alien Support Alf melmac 10:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Support. Excellent contributor. *drew 11:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Support. Don't see any reason not to support. Carbonite | Talk 12:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Support. --Fire Star 15:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) Support. Though I have yet to have any direct dealings with Mr. RN, I see a lot of good reasons to vote AYE and none for opposing. --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 17:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) Support, as I check this person of my list of people to nominate in the future. Hall Monitor 19:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) Supportize. Had a bit of a head on collision with this gent. He kept his head on, which probably means he was already ready to be an admin at that point in time. Kim Bruning 19:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 31) Support. I don't think I have ever visited this page before (happened upon it while wandering around), but I'd just like to say that I have had wonderful interactions with RN. He is amiable, enthusiastic in the face of criticism, and has demonstrated a firm understanding of Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Extraordinary Machine 21:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 32) David Gerard 09:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 33) golden support vote for WP:PR and WP:FAC patrol. =Nichalp «Talk»=  11:03, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 34) Support. enceph  alon  11:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 35) Support. --Bhadani 14:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 36) 'Support Lots of valuable contributions.  Ban e  s  16:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 37) Support another good hand aboard. Denni ☯ 23:06, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 38) Support yet another great editor who should get admin. Jtkiefer  T - 04:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 39) Support Zzyzx11 (Talk) 22:38, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 40) Support of course you...you...you...hydnjo talk 01:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 41) Vastustan jyrkästi tämän käyttäjän nimittämistä ylläpitäjäksi. Siitä ei koituisi muuta kuin harmia kun muut joutuisivat korjaamaan hänen väärinkäytöstensä jälkiä. (I'm counting on no one understanding this anyway...) — J I P | Talk 07:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 42) Support Just realised who he is.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  19:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 43) Support because "RN" is an abbreviation for registered nurse and ... um ... uh ... Look! A canoe!!! BD2412  talk 20:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 44) Support I truly thought he was one and yeah, I like his initials. ;) Maltmomma (chat) [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|18px]] 15:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 45) Support; seems like a reasonable and dedicated user. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 19:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 46) Support; I thought I voted support here already, but I must not have saved it! Anyway. Ryan has been very helpful and seems to be dedicated to the betterment of Wikipedia. ManekiNeko | Talk 21:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 47) Support, good contributions, many contributions, Rhetoricalwater 23:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 48) Support. Thought he was one already. Always keeps cool under pressure.--inks T 01:03, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 49) Support. --hydnjo talk

Oppose
 * 1) --Boothy443 | comhrá 06:42, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you have any reasons for Opposing? Because I think it would be nice to atleast give a reason for opposing, unless you already did somewhere, and I never saw it. Privat e Butcher 03:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Boothy has his criteria; I seem to remember him saying something to Acetic Acid about why he votes the way he does somewhere. Anyway, he doesn't have to have a reason, he's entitled to vote however he likes. I know what you mean though, it is nice to have reasons. --Blackcap | talk 04:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've seen Boothy post his criteria before, and I'm puzzled because RN meets it easily. - Brian Kendig 00:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * IIRC, Boothy likes em to be here for 9 months. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 04:35, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Well, I spend a good deal of time reverting vandalism and linkspam. Also, I'd like to help with the backlog, such as requested moves etc. I've learned a lot from other admins too about how to deal with things, and eventually I'd like to close out AfDs too as I'm rather active there (I know its bad form to close ones you've participated in too). Speedy delete would good too as in the past I've tagged some articles with it. I've also been active in tagging unsourced images. Ryan Norton T 00:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. That's a tough one. I've did a lot of rewrites to a lot of articles. For example, Microsoft I completely rewrote many parts and filled in the gaps in the history, got rid of the unsubstantiated rumors etc.. I also worked on Ashlee Simpson and the autobiography album which both were failed FACs (the latter being quite close). I and a couple others rewrote Asperger's syndrome and saved it from a FARC also. Sometimes though its the simple things that are more fun - for example just the other day I rewrote Saturated fat due to POV issues. Ryan Norton T 00:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. Sure - I like working on contentious articles like George W. Bush etc. so you're bound to get stressed out every now and then :) - I just take a short wikibreak from the articles that are contentious when that happens. I'm not saying I'm perfect though, I'm sure I said something I regret... I also got blocked by User:Kim Bruning during the VfD-->AfD move in a rather unfortunate incident (An edit war where Kim was removing comments from the talk page that resembled "voting" of VfD and I put them back (not a 3RR violation, but most likely a 1RR one :)) - I think we worked out our differences quite well in the incident, and I'm hoping he comes back from his wikibreak soon). Also, just for the record I would not have "blocked back" in that incident :). All in all though, its been a pleasure working with the editors here and especially those at peer review and FAC who have given me invaluable help in becoming a better editor! Ryan Norton T 00:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page. No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/RN


text:
User:Steve Roberts

Steve Roberts is a Professor of Materials at Oxford University and a Fellow of St Edmund Hall, Oxford.

Sort-of personal webpages:
 * Steve Roberts' research and teaching pages
 * Materials for fusion power plants
 * Oxford University Cave Club

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Steve Roberts


text: File:Rock formations 2 inside Blue Hawk Mine.JPG


text: Category:Communications in Malta

title: Category:Communications in Malta


text:
USF&G

USF&G was an American insurance company that existed from 1896 until 1998. It was originally called the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company. The insurer formed a holding company for its insurance businesses and changed its name to USF&G in July 1981.

In January 1998, Saint Paul Companies acquired USF&G for $3.9 billion.

As of late 1921, the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company building was located at 26 South Calvert Street, Baltimore, Maryland. In 1921, the company's real estate including Baltimore and New York buildings amounted to about $2.6 million. In 1970, it built the 37-story USF&G Building in Baltimore, and in the early 1970s and over the next few decades, the former Mount Saint Agnes College campus was also owned and used by USF&G.

Founding and growth
Originally called United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, the Baltimore, Maryland-based company was organized on March 19, 1896, and commenced business on August 1, 1896. John Randolph Bland was the company's principal founder. On October 29, 1900, the company president John R. Bland vehemently denied that the company had paid any commissions to Richard Crocker with the intent of obtaining business in New York. Bland called it a "diabolical outrage" that the company had been brought up in a political campaign. At the time, the company's business in New York was overseen by company vice president Andrew Freedman.

In May 1902, the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company of Maryland purchased a controlling interest in the stock of the New York surety company The Lawyer's Surety Company. The surety company remained in business, and there was no merger.

On November 20, 1902, the company agreed along with two other major Baltimore bonding surety companies, the American Bonding and Trust Company and the Fidelity and Deposit Company to "end rate cutting in taking bonds." The New York Times estimated that the agreement would implemented in other cities as well. There was a Supreme Court case concerning the company in 1908, with ''United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. United States ex rel. Struthers Wells Co''.

Official income for the year 1921 for the company was $27,593,434. Total assets were close to $34 million. After "stock market upheaval" in October 1929, on January 20, 1930, the company president R. Howard Bland reported "extraordinary heavy losses," primarily in the fidelity and surety lines and in automobile liability. The company was again involved in a Supreme Court case in early 1935, with Jennings v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co.. On August 14, 1935, the SEC allowed the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company to resume trading on the Baltimore Stock Exchange, after it was earlier ordered suspended over technical matters. In 1970, it built the 37-story USF&G Building in Baltimore.

Name change and acquisition
The insurer formed a holding company for its insurance businesses and changed its name to USF&G in July 1981. It rapidly diversified its businesses, but encountered significant financial difficulties in most of them throughout the 1980s. By 1990, the company was teetering on the brink of bankruptcy. That year, Norman Blake was brought in as chief executive officer, and Blake quickly shed business units, fired most of the top management, and refocused the company on its core insurance business so that by 1992 USF&G was once more highly profitable. Saint Paul Companies in January 1998 acquired USF&G for $3.9 billion in stock and assumed debt. Saint Paul Companies had been founded as Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co. in 1853 in Minnesota before spreading nationally. The company began operating as a subsidiary of St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company Inc.

Facilities and buildings
As of late 1921, the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company building was located at 26 South Calvert Street, Baltimore, Maryland. On December 31, 1921, the company's real estate including Baltimore and New York buildings amounted to $2,540,403.77.

In 1970, USF&G built the 37-story, pink granite-clad USF&G Building in Baltimore's Inner Harbor area. The building helped spark economic redevelopment in the area and became a Baltimore landmark. As of 2011, the USF&G Building had been renamed the Transamerica Tower and remained the tallest building in Maryland. Starting in the early 1970s and over the next few decades, the former Mount Saint Agnes College campus was owned and used by United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company and the St. Paul Companies. In 2003 the campus was purchased by Johns Hopkins University.

Executives
John J. Kennedy was a New York State Treasurer from 1911 to 1914, who committed suicide in 1914. Previously, Kennedy had been the resident vice president at Buffalo of the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company of Baltimore, a bonding company connected with Tammany, but upon his election in 1910 had turned over his business to his son William who became Resident Secretary at Buffalo of the company. William Kennedy was linked in the bonding business with Charles F. Murphy, Jr., the nephew of Tammany Hall boss Charles F. Murphy. Both Kennedys, Murphy and others had been investigated by Governor Martin H. Glynn's Special Graft Investigator James W. Osborne and questioned by the Manhattan Grand Jury and District Attorney Charles S. Whitman. According to unnamed sources Treasurer Kennedy feared to be indicted for perjury which was denied by his attorney.

Sport sponsorships
The insurer sponsored the golf tournament known as the New Orleans Open beginning in 1981. In its first year, the tourney was known as the USF&G New Orleans Open, but was retitled the USF&G Classic in 1982. That sponsorship ended in 1991, and the event is now known as the Zurich Classic of New Orleans. The company also sponsored the Formula One team Arrows Grand Prix International from 1986 to 1990. In 1988 and 1989 USF & G sponsored the United States Club Lacrosse Association Championship Game that was shown on TV. From 1987 to 1995 the company sponsored the Sugar Bowl, a post-season college football bowl game.

title: USF&G


text:
User:Phessler

geek in san francisco, officer in sfobug

title: User:Phessler


text:
Florida State University College of Law

Florida State University College of Law is the law school of Florida State University located in Tallahassee, Florida. It is the second highest ranked law school in Florida and is ranked in the top 50 best law schools in the U.S. The College of Law also holds the second highest bar passage rate in the state.

The law school borders the southeast quadrant of the University's campus, near the Donald L. Tucker Center, an arena and part of the Tallahassee civic center area. The College of Law campus consists of four major buildings, four historic houses around a green and five parking lots. It occupies two full city blocks and is directly across the street from the Florida Supreme Court and one block from the Florida Legislature. The school's most recent addition is its 50,000-square-foot Advocacy Center, which includes five courtrooms.

According to Florida State University's 2016 ABA-required disclosures, 72.6% of the Class of 2015 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage required employment (i.e., as attorneys) ten months after graduation. According to those same disclosures, 81.7% of the Class of 2015 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage required jobs or JD preferred positions within ten months of graduation.

History
The College of Law was founded in 1966, and holds classes in the B.K. Roberts building, named in honor of the Florida Supreme Court Justice's role in creating Tallahassee's first law school at nearby Florida A&M University, in 1949. Roberts held the State of Florida must provide African Americans some form of legal education in denying Virgil D. Hawkins admissions to the University of Florida Law School. Sixteen years later, the Florida legislature voted in 1965 to close FAMU law and open a law school at Florida State University by transferring allocated funds from FAMU law to Florida State University's law school.

Admissions
For the class entering in 2023, the school accepted 695 applicants out of 3,290 (21.12%), with 139 of those accepted enrolling, a 20.00% yield rate. The median LSAT score was 165 and the median undergraduate GPA was 3.85. Two students were not included in both the LSAT and GPA calculations. Its 25th/75th percentile LSAT scores and GPA were 158/166 and 3.67/3.93.

Rankings and reputation

 * In the 2024-2025 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked FSU tied for 48th overall.

Programs
The College of Law offers the Juris Doctor (J.D.), which is the first professional law degree. The three-year program provides students a foundational first-year program, a legal writing program, and a varied offering of upper-level courses, seminars, clinics, and co-curricular activities.

Externship programs exist in the United States and abroad — including at the International Bar Association in London, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Hague, the Special Court of Sierra Leone, in Washington, D.C., and in every major city in Florida, allowing students to spend a semester outside of Tallahassee.

The College of Law offers a Master of Laws (LL.M.) program in Environmental Law and Policy, as well as an LL.M. program for foreign lawyers. Additionally, the College of Law offers certificate programs and its faculty also offer a significant range of courses in Criminal Law.

The College of Law offers a Master of Studies in Law (J.M.), Juris Master degree. It has multiple concentrations and it is designed for non-attorneys to get a deep understanding of law in their respective fields of work. Some of these fields or specialties are Cyber Security, Financial Regulation, Employment Law, Human Resources Risk Management, Healthcare Regulation, Environmental Law, Criminal Law, etc. This masters degree program is a two year program for full-time working professionals and has rigorous requirements to be accepted into the program as it is very selective.

The College of Law offers joint degree programs allowing students to earn other degrees in conjunction with the J.D., including Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Business Administration, and Ph.D. degrees.

Bar examination passage
In 2023, the overall bar examination passage rate for the law school’s first-time examination takers was 82.97%. The Ultimate Bar Pass Rate, which the ABA defines as the passage rate for graduates who sat for bar examinations within two years of graduating, was 94.09% for the class of 2021.

Employment
According to Florida State University's official 2016 ABA-required disclosures, 72.6% of the Class of 2015 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage required employment ten months after graduation. Florida State University's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 8.3%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2015 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Faculty
The faculty scholarship of Florida State Law regularly ranks among the top 30 law schools based on downloads, according to the Social Science Research Network, which hosts working papers by Florida State Law Faculty in Public Law and Legal Theory, Law, Business & Economics and Sustainability Law & Policy.

Nationally prominent law professors at FSU include faculty in: Administrative and Regulatory Law (Mark Seidenfeld); Constitutional Law (Nat Stern);  Criminal Law (Wayne Logan, Gary Kleck); Environmental, Energy and Land Use Law (Donna R. Christie, David L. Markell, Hannah Wiseman); International Law (Frederick M. Abbott, Fernando Tesón); Law & Humanities, including Legal Philosophy (Rob Atkinson and Fernando Tesón); Law, Economics & Business (Bruce L. Benson, Manuel Utset, Kelli Alces, Shawn Bayern); and Tax Law (Joseph M. Dodge, Steve Johnson, Jeffrey Kahn).

Florida State Law faculty members have published their own casebooks in environmental law — David Markell and Donna Christie. Other faculty authored books are widely used in law schools across the country for courses in Tax Law (Joseph M. Dodge), International Intellectual Property Law (Frederick M. Abbott), and Law and Economics (Mark Seidenfeld). Beyond the classroom, Florida State Law faculty members are regularly cited as authorities by courts, law reform bodies and other scholars. One faculty member, Sandy D'Alemberte, is a former president of both the American Bar Association and the National Judicature Society.

Affiliated faculty from other university departments holding courtesy appointments at the law school include John Scholz, a leading political scientist addressing regulatory enforcement; Bruce L. Benson, an economist focused and law and economics; R. Mark Isaac, a leading experimental economist; and Gary Kleck, a criminologist known for his work on guns and deterrence.

Journals
The Florida State University Law Review is the flagship law review of Florida State Law. It publishes four issues a year.

The Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law is the state's first and remains its only student publication in the field. It ranks among the top environmental and land use law journals based on citations.

The Journal of Transnational Law & Policy publishes articles in the field of international law, including human rights, comparative law and U.S. foreign policy.

The Florida State University Business Review is a law journal published annually at the College of Law which examines the interrelated disciplines of business and law. Originally founded and published by second year law students in 2001, the Business Review has become an official journal of the College of Law.

title: Florida State University College of Law


text:
Betrayal (play)

Betrayal is a play written by Harold Pinter in 1978. Critically regarded as one of the English playwright's major dramatic works, it features his characteristically economical dialogue, characters' hidden emotions and veiled motivations, and their self-absorbed competitive one-upmanship, face-saving, dishonesty, and (self-)deceptions.

Inspired by Pinter's clandestine extramarital affair with BBC Television presenter Joan Bakewell, which spanned seven years, from 1962 to 1969, the plot of Betrayal integrates different permutations of betrayal relating to a seven-year affair involving a married couple, Emma and Robert, and Robert's "close friend" Jerry, who is also married, to a woman named Judith. For five years Jerry and Emma carry on their affair without Robert's knowledge, both cuckolding Robert and betraying Judith, until Emma, without telling Jerry she has done so, admits her infidelity to Robert (in effect, betraying Jerry), although she continues their affair. In 1977, four years after exposing the affair (in 1973) and two years after their subsequent break up (in 1975), Emma meets Jerry to tell him that her marriage to Robert is over. She then lies to Jerry in telling him that, "last night", she had to reveal the truth to Robert and that he now knows of the affair. The truth however, is that Robert has known about the affair for the past four years.

Pinter's particular usage of reverse chronology in structuring the plot is innovative: the first two scenes take place after the affair has ended, in 1977; the final scene ends when the affair begins, in 1968; and, in between 1977 and 1968, scenes in two pivotal years (1977 and 1973) move forward chronologically. As Roger Ebert observes, in his review of the 1983 film, based on Pinter's own screenplay, "The Betrayal structure strips away all artifice. In this view, the play shows, heartlessly, that the very capacity for love itself is sometimes based on betraying not only other loved ones, but even ourselves." Still, drawing on the frequently commented influence of Proust's In Search of Lost Time and Pinter's work on 1977's The Proust Screenplay on Betrayal, more emotionally complex interpretations are possible based on a stress on dual motions, one forward in calendar time toward disillusion and one backward toward the redemptive recovery of time, in each work.

Setting
London and Venice, from 1968 to 1977 (in reverse chronology).

Synopsis
The years between 1968 and 1977 occur in reverse order; scenes within years 1977 and 1973 move forward.

 * 1977
 * Scene One: Pub. 1977. Spring.
 * Emma and Jerry meet for the first time in two years. For seven years they had an affair and a secret flat, and Jerry says no one else knew. Now Emma is having an affair with Casey, an author whose agent is Jerry and whose publisher is Robert, Emma’s husband is Robert. Emma says she found out last night that Robert has betrayed her with other women for years, and admits she revealed her affair with Jerry.

 * Scene Two: Jerry's House. Later the same day.
 * Jerry meets Robert to talk about the affair. Robert reveals that in fact he learned about it four years ago. Since then their friendship has continued, albeit without playing squash.

 * 1975
 * Scene Three: Flat. 1975. Winter.
 * It is the end of Jerry and Emma’s affair. They rarely meet, and Emma’s hopes that the flat would be a different kind of home are unfulfilled. They agree to give it up.

 * 1974
 * Scene Four: Robert and Emma's House. Living room. 1974. Autumn.
 * Jerry visits Robert and Emma at home. He reveals that Casey has left his wife and is living nearby. Jerry and Robert plan to play squash, but Jerry reveals that first he is visiting New York with Casey.

 * 1973
 * Scene Five: Hotel Room. 1973. Summer.
 * Robert and Emma are on holiday, intending to visit Torcello tomorrow. Emma is reading a book by Spinks, another author whose agent is Jerry. Robert says he refused to publish it because there is not much more to say about betrayal. Robert has discovered that Emma has received a private letter from Jerry. Emma admits they are having an affair.

 * Scene Six: Flat. 1973. Summer.
 * Emma has returned from the holiday with Robert in Venice. She has bought a tablecloth for the flat. Jerry reveals that despite the affair he continues to lunch with Robert.

 * Scene Seven: Restaurant. 1973. Summer.
 * Robert gets drunk over lunch with Jerry. He says he hates modern novels, and that he went to Torcello on his own and read Yeats.

 * 1971
 * Scene Eight: Flat. 1971. Summer.
 * Emma wants to know whether Jerry’s wife suspects his affair, and announces that while Jerry was in America she became pregnant with Robert’s child.

 * 1968
 * Scene Nine: Robert and Emma's House. Bedroom. 1968. Winter.
 * During a party Jerry surprises Emma in her bedroom and declares his love for her. He tells Robert he is his oldest friend as well as his best man.

Characters
In 1977 Emma is 38, and Jerry and Robert are 40. (n. pag. [7])
 * Emma
 * Jerry
 * Robert
 * Waiter

Buenos Aires
In 2013, director Ciro Zorzoli staged the play in Picadero theatre. The characters were played by Paola Krum (Emma), Daniel Hendler (Jerry), Diego Velázquez (Robert) and Gabriel Urbani (Waiter).

Sydney
David Berthold directed a production of Betrayal, designed by Peter England, at the Sydney Theatre Company, from 10 March through 17 April 1999; it starred Paul Goddard, Robert Menzies, and Angie Milliken.

Melbourne
In 2015 State Theatre Company of South Australia and Melbourne Theatre Company staged a production of Betrayal directed by Geordie Brookman and starring Alison Bell.

London
Betrayal was first produced by the National Theatre in London on 15 June 1978. The original cast featured Penelope Wilton as Emma, Michael Gambon as Jerry, Daniel Massey as Robert, and Artro Morris as the waiter; Wilton and Massey were married at the time. It was designed by John Bury and directed by Peter Hall.

In 1991, Betrayal ran at the Almeida Theatre directed by David Leveaux with Bill Nighy playing Jerry, Martin Shaw playing Robert and Cheryl Campbell playing Emma.

The play was revived in the Lyttleton at the National Theatre in November 1998, directed by Trevor Nunn and starring Douglas Hodge, Imogen Stubbs, and Anthony Calf.

In 2003, Peter Hall directed a production of Betrayal at the Duchess Theatre starring Janie Dee, Aden Gillett, and Hugo Speer.

In 2007, Roger Michell staged a revival of Betrayal at the Donmar Warehouse theatre starring Toby Stephens as Jerry, Samuel West as Robert, and Dervla Kirwan as Emma. Pinter reportedly lunched with the actors, attended an early "readthrough" and provided some advice, which, according to Stephens, included the instruction to ignore some of Pinter's famous pauses (Lawson).

In 2011, a new West End production was mounted at the Comedy Theatre, directed by Ian Rickson and starring Kristin Scott Thomas, Douglas Henshall, and Ben Miles.

In 2019, Jamie Lloyd directed Tom Hiddleston as Robert, Zawe Ashton as Emma and Charlie Cox as Jerry in a revival of the play at The Harold Pinter Theatre.

Sheffield
Betrayal was revived at The Crucible Theatre, Sheffield – from 17 May 2012 to 9 June 2012 – as the climax of Sheffield Crucible's 40th anniversary season. It starred John Simm as Jerry, Ruth Gemmell as Emma, Colin Tierney as Robert and Thomas Tinker as the waiter.

Brighton Fringe
Betrayal was performed at Brighton Fringe in 2019 by Pretty Villain Productions at The Rialto Theatre, receiving a 'Highly Recommended' review and a 5* review.

Hong Kong
In 2004, Theatre de R&D staged Betrayal's Cantonese version as the first production of this theatrical group. With the script translated to Chinese by Lucretia Ho, this production was directed by Yankov Wong, starring Lucretie Ho as Emma, Johnny Tan as Jerry, Karl Lee as Robert, and Kenneth Cheung as the Waiter.

A reader's theatre format of Betrayal was produced by the Hong Kong Repertory Theatre and directed by Yankov Wong on 6 March 2010.

In September 2010, theatrical group We Draman put the show on stage with a translated script by Cancer Chong, featuring renowned stage actress Alice Lau as Emma.

Israel
In 1980, director Bill Alexander mounted the play at the Cameri Theatre, Tel Aviv. Translator: Avraham Oz; with Oded Teomi as Jerry, Gita Munte as Emma, and Ilan Dar as Robert.

Italy
In 2009 Italian actor and director Andrea Renzi brought the play to life in Italy. Famed Italian actress Nicoletta Braschi stars as Emma. Tony Laudadio plays the character of Robert. Enrico Ianniello plays the part of Jerry. Nicola Marchi plays the part of a waiter. The play was very successful, and toured in Italy for over two years. It was scheduled to return again in early 2012 with the same cast.

Malaysia
Staged in 2007 by the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (klpac), the play featured Bernice Chauly (Emma), Vernon Adrian Emuang (Robert), and Ari Ratos (Jerry), and was directed by filmmaker James Lee.

Betrayal was staged as EJA Productions' sophomore production in 2015, directed by Alexis Wong, with Amanda Ang as Emma, Dinesh Kumar as Robert, and Cheah UiHua as Jerry.

In 2017, Allnighter Productions produced a self-described "feminist" staging of the play, highlighting the oft-debated question of domestic violence in the marriage between Emma and Robert. The production starred Vinna Law (Emma), Phraveen Arikiah (Robert), and Shawn Loong (Jerry), and was directed by Asyraf Dzahiri.

Also in 2017, The Actors Studio Seni Teater Rakyat staged dual-language parallel versions of the play, alternating between English and Bahasa Malaysia for each performance, while maintaining all other aspects of the production. The production(s) starred Stephanie van Driesen as Emma, Omar Ali as Robert, Razif Hashim as Jerry, and was directed by Joe Hasham.

Spain
The play was staged in 2011 in Teatro Español, with Alberto San Juan, Cecilia Solaguren and Will Keen.

Adapted by Pablo Remón and directed by Israel Elejalde, it was scheduled to be staged in Madrid at the Pavón Teatro Kamikaze from 12 March 2020 to 19 April 2020.

Turkey
Translated by Haluk Bilginer in Turkish and for the first time in Turkey in 1990–1991 season, it was staged at as the production of Theater Studio by Ahmet Levendoğlu.

It was staged by Nilüfer Sanat Theater during the 2007–2008 season.

In the 2016–2017 season, it was started to be staged by the management of Ahmet Levendoğlu again at IMM City Theaters. The characters were played by Şebnem Köstem (Emma), Gökçer Genç (Jerry), Burak Davutoğlu (Robert) and Direnç Dedeoğlu (Waiter).

New York
The American premiere took place on Broadway on 5 January 1980 at the Trafalgar Theatre, and ran for 170 performances until it closed on 31 May 1980. The show was directed by Peter Hall, was designed by John Bury, the production stage manager was Marnel Sumner, the stage manager was Ian Thomson, and press was by Seymour Krawitz and Patricia McLean Krawitz. Raul Julia starred as Jerry, Blythe Danner as Emma, Roy Scheider as Robert, Ian Thomson as the Barman, and Ernesto Gasco as the Waiter.

A 2000 Broadway revival was staged at the American Airlines Theatre with Juliette Binoche, Liev Schreiber, and John Slattery.

A 2013 revival directed by starring Daniel Craig as Robert, Rachel Weisz as his wife Emma (they were in fact married to each other), and Rafe Spall as Jerry, ran from October 2013 to January 2014 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, and set the Broadway record for highest weekly gross the week ending 19 December 2013. It was also the last production that Mike Nichols would ever direct.

The 2019 West End production directed by Jamie Lloyd transferred to Broadway, once again starring Tom Hiddleston, Zawe Ashton and Charlie Cox. It ran at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre, with previews beginning 14 August 2019, and the official opening on 5 September 2019, closing its limited run on 8 December 2019.

Adaptations
Pinter adapted Betrayal as a screenplay for the 1983 film directed by David Jones, starring Jeremy Irons (Jerry), Ben Kingsley (Robert), and Patricia Hodge (Emma).

Autobiographical inspiration
Betrayal was inspired by Pinter's seven-year affair with television presenter Joan Bakewell, who was married to the producer and director Michael Bakewell, while Pinter was married to actress Vivien Merchant. The affair was known in some circles; when Betrayal premiered in 1978, Lord Longford (father of Antonia Fraser), who was in the audience, commented that Emma appeared to be based on Joan Bakewell; but the affair only became public knowledge after it was confirmed by Pinter in Michael Billington's 1996 authorised biography, and further confirmed in Joan Bakewell's later memoir The Centre of the Bed. Bakewell said that the play was extremely true to life.

Pinter wrote the play while engaged in another long-running affair, this time with Antonia Fraser, which became a marriage in 1980 after he divorced Merchant. However, Pinter explained to Billington that although he wrote the play while "otherwise engaged" with Fraser, the details were based on his relationship with Bakewell.

Cultural allusions
"The Betrayal" (1997), episode 8 of the 9th (final) season of the NBC television series Seinfeld (Sony Pictures), alludes overtly to Pinter's play and film Betrayal, which appears to have inspired it. Apart from the title, "The Betrayal", and the name of one-off character Pinter Ranawat who appears in the episode, the episode is structured and runs in reverse chronological order and also features love triangles as one of its central themes. According to Kent Yoder, all of these allusions were deliberate.

In 2017 a play first written by Bakewell in 1978 in response to Betrayal, entitled Keeping in Touch, was premiered on BBC Radio 4.

title: Betrayal (play)


text: User talk:72.49.88.19

title: User talk:72.49.88.19


text:
Good Life (Inner City song)

"Good Life" is a song by American electronic music group Inner City, featuring vocals by Paris Grey, and was released in November 1988 by 10 Records and Virgin as the second single from their debut album, Paradise (1989). It is written and produced by Kevin Saunderson, and became a hit all over the world, reaching number one in Finland and number four on the UK Singles Chart. In the US, it peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. Its music video is directed by Neil Thompson and filmed in London. "Good Life", along with "Big Fun", have been considered prototypes for Belgian act Technotronic's 1989 hit "Pump Up The Jam", and is today widely considered a classic of its genre.

Background and release
Electronic music producer Kevin Saunderson met singer Paris Grey through a good friend of his. She then traveled to Detroit to collaborate with him on their debut single, "Big Fun", which was released in 1988. After its success, Virgin asked for a follow-up single and "Good Life" was chosen right away. It was written using basic instruments including a Casio CZ-5000 synth and a Roland TR-909 drum machine. Saunderson made the instrumental part in his own apartment and rented a studio for 24 hours to record it with Grey. He was very happy with the result.

He said in an interview about making the song, "The vocals were 100% Paris on 'Good Life', I just gave her some direction. I said, 'Look, I don't want it to sound like 'Big Fun' but I want it to be in the same family, I want to follow up with a feel that's similar.'" The original version of the track was almost like a radio version, and Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Steve "Silk" Hurley made remixes for the single. It peaked at number four in the UK in January 1989, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry for sales exceeding 200,000 copies. It's their highest-charting single to date and became huge at rave parties and acid house clubs.

In 1999, it was re-recorded and remixed by producer Tommy Onyx and a Spanish language version was also released. It hit number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and was released by [PIAS] Recordings (whereas the original version was issued by Virgin/AVL's 10 Records label). A new music video was also made to accompany it.

Chart performance
"Good Life" was very successful globally, peaking at number-one in Finland and on both the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart and the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. In Europe, it reached number two in West Germany, being held off the top spot by Robin Beck's "First Time". It entered the top 10 also in Belgium (7), Ireland (6), the Netherlands (4), Norway (10), Sweden (9), Switzerland (5), and the United Kingdom. In the UK, it peaked at number four in its fifth week at the UK Singles Chart, on January 1, 1989. It spent two weeks at that position.

"Good Life" was a top-20 hit in Austria (12) and a top 30 hit in Italy (22). In Oceania, it reached number eight in New Zealand and number 52 in Australia. On the US Billboard Hot 100, it peaked at number 73.

Critical reception
Upon the release, J.D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun felt that songs like "Good Life" "boast more than enough pop appeal for the average listener." Bill Coleman from Billboard wrote, "Detroit's own Inner City has served up yet another stylized, hook-filled club record with "Good Life" (Virgin). Producer/chief songwriter/member Kevin Saunderson is becoming the man of the hour—with good reason. Maintaining a feel similar to the act's previous No. 1 smash, "Big Fun", this new offering manages to blend familiar textures with exciting and refreshing melodies and hooks. Positive lyric treatment and a sensitive delivery by talented, 22-year-old Paris Grey intensify the track by complementing the potent energy the instrumentation creates." Robert Hilburn from Los Angeles Times said, "The emphasis in this hyperactive dance-floor is on inviting sound textures, with all sorts of turntable high jinks adding to the dizzy exuberance." Another Los Angels Times editor, Chris Willman, stated, "No record this year will have a better groove (or mixture of grooves, really) than this one from Inner City". He remarked that the lyrics "yearn plaintively for something better".

Pan-European magazine Music & Media said, "If you thought "|Big Fun" was good, then check this out. Same basic formula but more melody. Funky and smouldering." Upon the 1998 remix, Music Week wrote, "Guaranteed to cut through the winter cold, this uplifting update of the 1988 house classic adds acoustic guitar flourishes, warm synth washes and Spanish vocals to the original." Alf Billingham from The Observer deemed it "another unequivocal slab of techno hi-tech". Matthew Cole from the Record Mirror Dance Update named it Inner City's "finest moment". Barry Walters for The San Francisco Examiner concluded that as evident in club hits like "Good Life", "Grey has a voice to be reckoned with. Exuberant, exultant and yet relaxed, it can lovingly rap itself around notes and emotions other singers strain to reach. And it won't let go." Alex Kadis from Smash Hits praised it as a "smashing dance single", stating that "singing girlie person, Paris Grey, has the perfect voice for house-type records."

Music video
The music video for "Good Life", which sees Kevin Saunderson and Paris Grey prancing around in London, was directed by Neil Thompson. Several famous landmarks can be seen in the video, like Trafalgar Square, St Paul's Cathedral and Piccadilly Circus. Bystanders on the street were stopped and asked to film them. At one point they saw a Rolls-Royce parked on the kerb with a uniformed chauffeur standing by it. The director asked the driver if they could use the car for a minute. The chauffeur drove Grey down the street and then parked it back exactly where it had been, all before the owner returned. "Good Life" was later made available on YouTube in October 2012, and by January 2024, the video had generated more than 9.5 million views.

Impact and legacy
Alex Henderson from AllMusic complimented the song as a "house gem". Another AllMusic editor, John Bush, praised it as a "uplifting" gem from the "uncommonly moody Detroit club scene of the '80s." American DJ, record producer, remixer and songwriter Armand van Helden picked "Good Life" as one of his "classic cuts" in 1995, adding, "One of my first vocal house records, before that I was into the Todd Terry, Royal House stuff. When Inner City came out with "Good Life" it struck me – it's a happy song but very powerful. It moves the dancefloor but it's sassy, it wasn't weak. It had house and techno elements years ahead of its time." Mixmag ranked the song number 20 in its "100 Greatest Dance Singles Of All Time" list in 1996, adding, "As the Summer of Love drew to a close, a tune emerged which distilled the spirit of club hedonism, pressed it onto vinyl and slapped it on the decks of every discerning DJ. "Let me take you to a place I know you wanna go", cooed Paris Grey over a chunky effortlessly uplifting backdrop, "it's the good life". And thousands of kids turned on to this bizarre new way of spending your Saturday night knew exactly what she meant. Remove it from its cultural context, play it eight years after it first came out and you're still left with a beautiful, remarkable house record."

Slant Magazine ranked it 55th in its "100 Greatest Dance Songs" list in 2006, writing, "1988's "Good Life" clanked like techno, pumped like house and featured disco diva vocals from his partner in Inner City, Paris Grey. "Let me take you to a place you know you wanna go/It's a good life", she belts, creating the clearest picture of dance floor halcyon since Chic sang about 54 and its roller skates, roller skates." In Time Out's 2015 list of "The 20 Best House Tracks Ever", "Good Life" was included at #11, adding, "One of Detroit techno don Kevin Saunderson's housier, poppier moments - under his Inner City project with singer Paris Grey - also became his most well-known. With its unashamedly upbeat vocals and colourful '80s synths all over the place, 'Good Life' showed that dance music wasn't all about heads-down raving in a dark basement club - it could also be (whisper it) happy, for no damn reason at all." In an 2017 retrospective review, Pop Rescue stated that the song is "absolutely flawless in production, strength of vocals and beats", noting that "those up-beat lyrics, over a catchy synth and bassline, mixed with Paris Grey's fantastically dreamy vocals really does make this track feel like a slice of sunshine in the winter". Mixmag included it in their ranking of "The Best 20 House Classics From Before 1990" in October 2017.

Accolades
(*) indicates the list is unordered.

Track listings

 * 7" single, Italy (1988)
 * 1) "Good Life" (Master Reese Edit) — 3:59
 * 2) "Good Life" (Instrumental) — 5:12
 * 3) "Good Life" (Original 12" Mix) - 7:13

 * 12" single, UK (1988)
 * 1) "Good Life" (Magic Juan's Mix) — 8:18
 * 2) "Good Life" (Mayday Club Mix) — 6:12
 * 3) "Big Fun" (L.A. Big Big Fun Remix) — 5:12

 * 12" single, US (1988)
 * 1) "Good Life" (Mayday Mix) — 6:12
 * 2) "Good Life" (Steve "Silk" Hurley Mix) — 7:11
 * 3) "Good Life" (Radio Mix) — 3:59
 * 4) "Good Life" (Magic Juan Mix) — 8:28
 * 5) "Good Life" (Mike "Hitman" Wilson Mix) — 7:21
 * 6) "Big Fun" (Les Adams Remix) — 6:47

 * CD single, UK & Europe (1989)
 * 1) "Good Life" (Master Reese Edit 7") — 4:05
 * 2) "Good Life" (Magic Juan's Mix 12") — 8:29
 * 3) "Big Fun" (L.A. Big Big Fun Remix) — 5:15

Sampling

 * In 1984 samples Volume of the Good Life GMBH a Frankfurt Germany sound recording Pop dance single classic produced by D.Staggs Sr
 * In 1989 it was sampled in "(Still Life) Keeps Moving" by Nexus 21, and in "Techno Time" by The Maxx.
 * In 1990 "A Place Called Bliss" by Cyclone (2) used a sample.
 * In 1992 it got sampled by Yuzo Koshiro in the song "Go Straight", and by Jungle House Crew in "Let Me Take You".
 * In 1996 it was sampled in "Chord Memory" by Ian Pooley.
 * In 2005 "Rock On" by Jackson and His Computer Band used a sample of "Good Life".
 * In 2008 it got sampled by Hercules and Love Affair in the song "You Belong", and in "Be Free" by Promise Land.
 * In 2009 Rihanna used a sample in the song "Bubble Pop", and it was also used in "Celebration" by Tony Lionni and by Kim Fai in the song "Good Life".
 * In 2013 it was sampled in "Wanna Go" by Maxsta feat. Little Nikki, and "Cut Me Up" by Stanton Warriors and Them & Us.
 * In 2014 it got sampled in "Let Me" by René Amesz.
 * In 2015 "Techno Disco" by Kerrier District and "Wanna Go" by Dos Padres used a sample.
 * In 2021 Ferry Corsten sampled parts of the vocals for his song "Lemme Take You".

In popular culture

 * In November 1996, the song was featured prominently in the opening scene of "Smack is Back", a third-season episode of the FOX police drama television series New York Undercover.
 * It was featured in the opening credits of House of Style when it premiered on MTV in January 1989.
 * It was also featured in the films Slaves of New York (1989), Side Out (1990) and B*A*P*S (1997).
 * It was programmed as a chiptune for the Game Boy Advance e-reader.
 * German DJ/remixer Gardeweg used portions of this song, along with Inner City's other two singles, "Big Fun" and "Paradise", for his 2003 single "All I Want"
 * In 2005 the song was used in the South African movie Crazy Monkey presents Straight Outta Benoni. Both the original Inner City version and a cover by South African band The Finkelsteins were used in the soundtrack.
 * Hercules and Love Affair sampled the synth on the song You Belong from their 2008 self-titled album.
 * It was featured in the closing credits of the 2012 Tour de France coverage on Eurosport.
 * Gossip sampled the synth on the song "Get Lost" from their 2012 album A Joyful Noise.
 * Britney Spears sampled many elements of the song on the track "Up n' Down" from her 2011 album Femme Fatale.
 * M-22 samples the song in their 2019 single "White Lies"

title: Good Life (Inner City song)


text:
Talk:Urbanism

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 05:56, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Ridiculously biased
This article is ridiculously biased in favor of cities and/or urban culture. For example:

"Cities have historically been the driver of culture."

and

"Outside of cities, most people are not exposed to the same level of diversity-in both thought and personal characteristics-as they are within them."

In many places true culture is considered something which arises from the countryside (e.g., rice farmers in Japan, the mid-Western family farm, etc.) And while cities have more diversity because of greater population and different peoples there is also often IMO a level of superficialty in certain notions of "tolerance"; also there is often *less* diversity in terms of religious, political and/or spiritual beliefs (many cities tend to be dominated by liberal secular culture[s]).

Quite frankly I'm surprised an article this obviously biased is considered acceptable to Wikipedia.Historian932 (talk) 01:33, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Work in Progress
If the author of the previous comment bothered to read the comments in the "Talk" section, he or she would realize that the page appears to be a work in progress. While I agree with some of the critiques made by others about this page, it is already a vast improvement on the previous "Urbanism" page. I find the framing of urbanism to be much more sophisticated and the case studies much more illuminating than the previous one, which was so "unbiased" as to be incredibly dull and useless. I also find that one has to read the entire Wikipedia page--much as one would read the entire entry on the Encyclopedia Britannica--to understand it fully. I think it should be given a chance to be be read and improved, before being summarily and unfairly dismissed by critics such as Historian932. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Naagarik (talk • contribs) 21:32, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

NPOV required
In order to maintain NPOV, the article needs to address both positives and negatives of urbanism. The positives are well covered. Perhaps sourced data can be included regarding the following negatives of city living: higher cost of living, higher risk of children developing asthma, typically (not always) lower quality public education. Specifically, one can contrast the benefits of reduced heat energy consumption from living in apartments to the loss of exposure to natural daylight (energy is saved by having less surface area exposed to the exterior).

Additionally, the article should address the intellectual theories behind urbanism, including past successes and failures.

Most importantly, the credibility of the article is completely lost in the lack of cited sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Granpachook (talk • contribs) 01:31, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Class project
It appears that there is a class project editing this article. This is a good thing, but it's not doing much to produce a unified, concise encyclopedia article. Instead, it's produced a rambling overlong jumble of individual elements, which don't do much to illuminate the concept. The article is far too long, goes into far too much detail about individual projects, and written in excessively academic prose. Would some of the participants please broaden their focus to overall article improvement, removing extraneous detail, improving the prose and focus, and generally improving the article rather than your particular segment?  Acroterion   (talk)   18:07, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

This page has become part of an assignment for a graduate class of Urbanism. Approximately 20 peoples are working on editing its content. We are hoping that by the end of our collaboration we present an interesting view into Urbanism from a pragmatic perspective. The deadline is May 14th, midnight EST. The page should be complete by then. Thank you for you patience. User talk:Dlteif 18:17, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Excellent, thanks for clarifying. As I noted, it seems to be going into a lot of depth on individual examples rather than covering a broad discussion of the subject, appropriate to an introductory article for laymen.  Please keep this in mind as you edit: it's very easy to end up with too much detail and too little exposition of the concept, and a round of strategic cuts at the end, together with a summing up and appropriate lead paragraph(s) would be appropriate. A little less reliance on references to thinkers on urbanism and more discussion of urbanism itself (with appropriate references to the originators of the concepts) would help make the prose less academic in tone. I look forward to the finished product!   Acroterion   (talk)   18:44, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

 * In addition to Acroterion's gentle nudge, I would like to add that I hope the referencing improves. There appears to be entire sub-sections that don't provide a footnote indicating where the information is coming from. maclean (talk) 04:21, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but let me be the bad cop here. I've seen this article go from bad to worse over the last week, week and a half. Involved editors do not seem to be interested in editing according to Wikipedia's guidelines, and the quality of the article has suffered. I've made a few quick edits to undo some of the glaring violations, but this article will need a lot of work to be coaxed into an encyclopedic form. If the editors are indeed interested in helping to improve the article, their help is welcome. But if this is just an assignment to them, with no eye for our guidelines and policies, that cannot be acceptable. Drmies (talk) 04:57, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, being the good cop didn't work, and I was planning much the same thing, but as you noted at ANI, those of us with day jobs are somewhat handicapped.
 * To summarize, the article (or conglomeration) was a disjointed set of individual segments, many of which were poorly referenced, or were original research, tangential or synthetic statements.  Encyclopedias aren't publishers of original thought, and while original research and original thought are encouraged in graduate school, an encyclopedia amounts to a summary statement of previously published material, an abridgement of published mainstream thought. Encyclopedias don't publish original research, and they are (or should be) careful to avoid a novel synthesis from separate sources.The article must strive to explain the topic to a lay person, without reference to jargon, academic prose, insider knowledge or excessive detail. It must read as a general-interest exposition, readily accessible to someone with no previous encounter with the topic. What happened here was rather like quilting: each person worked on a separate panel, with no reference to the whole or to the overall welfare of the subject, no framework or outline for development, and no attempt at summary.   Acroterion   (talk)   13:50, 14 May 2012 (UTC)
 * 71 edits later we have this. It has a couple of references (Dewey and Rorty still seem to be favorites in that classroom), but nothing else redeems it. I just left half a dozen notes for the recent editors, and I saw your notes on everyone of those pages. Those editors need to come here and start communicating, or I will ask for protection for this article to prevent this ongoing catastrophe. It's great to have interested editor (though again I am wondering about motives here), but content simply needs to meet our guidelines. How better to explain the difference between argumentative, expository, academic writing than to point at the diff I gave above and a decent Wikipedia article, say, Attachment theory? Drmies (talk) 01:22, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I am disappointed to hear that you find our work to be a "catastrophe". Unfortunately, we were not given the opportunity to make our work more complete before it was erased, but I do think many of the things we wrote were both factual and integral to the understanding of urbanism. We were going through the process of verifying information, adding footnotes and sources and an overall flow to the article. This work was interrupted. We had asked previously for a pardon to continue our work until a certain date and time, and I find it frustrating that we were not given that chance. Although we are still learning, we do know more about urbanism than the average person. We have done a great deal of reading and each spoken to a variety of experts. We were offering a variety of different perspectives and ideas, (not our own but well-rsearched, valid concepts) as requested by the Wikipedia guidelines. I'd also like to suggest that our work has already (even with the deletions) improved upon the urbanism article as it was when we started. All in all, this has been an interesting experiment and I hope that any editors who might be reading this will allow us to continue to work with you to improve upon the article as it remains in an incomplete state right now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pukekom (talk • contribs) 17:14, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * It was pointed out (repeatedly) that a couple of rather important things were not right with the article. I don't want to use the word "flow", but it was like a patchwork with no view of the whole--this may well be inevitable if twenty people are working on the same topic. If twenty people working on the same topic does not seem to produce an acceptable result (in the eyes of those who have some experience on this project), then maybe the initial set-up was not well-conceived. But more importantly, in my opinion, the tone was not encyclopedic from the beginning. As I pointed out above, Wikipedia articles are not like essays, yet I haven't seen a single edit that attempted to improve that tone, nor a single question on this talk page seeking clarification of it. The latter, a lack of talk page discussion, warrants a final comment: Wikipedia is a collaborative project. That does not mean "a lot of people working on an article" since that is what you have apparently done--each their own little piece of it. Rather, it means discussing things on-wiki with the intent to come to consensus on tone, content, system of referencing, et cetera, and given the nature of the project that will have to involve other people, outside of your group. I see no edit summaries, no talk page discussions, nothing, and those are the things that help make good articles into good articles. I pointed to a good article above, and I can point you to others: look at Featured articles, and look at individual articles how much work and how much collaboration goes into it--and look at the FA reviews to see what peer review means here (it means a lot): in the case of Featured article candidates/Polish culture during World War II/archive3, it took three efforts before an article got promoted. All of the issues need to be dealt with collaboratively, and on this very talk page there are more comments by non-group members than by group-members, yet you apparently outnumber "us" 20 to 3. Drmies (talk) 15:06, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Pragmatism section
After planning to rewrite it, I removed this section as unsalvageable, a mixture of OR and WP:SYNTH. It attributes Bernstein's interpretation of Dewey to Dewey himself, and makes claims not supported by the sources. It cites no one but Bernstein in support of this supposed affinity between pragmatism and urbanism--which, incidentally, is poorly defined--suggesting an over-reliance on a single point of view, in fact a single source. There is no evidence that Bernstein's conscription of James and Dewey is of sufficient importance to the topic of urbanism to merit such a section, or that the view enjoys widespread acceptance. One swallow does not a summer make. ---- Rrburke (talk) 15:35, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Urbanism of European Dictatorships
https://uedxx.net/about/ Xx236 (talk) 09:46, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urbanism


text:
Gemsbok

The gemsbok (Oryx gazella), or South African oryx, is a large antelope in the genus Oryx. It is endemic to the dry and barren regions of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and (parts of) Zimbabwe, mainly inhabiting the Kalahari and Namib Deserts, areas in which it is supremely adapted for survival. Previously, some sources classified the related East African oryx, or beisa oryx (Oryx beisa), as a subspecies.

Name
The name gemsbok is from Afrikaans, which itself is from the Dutch word of the same spelling, meaning "male chamois", composed of gems (“chamois”) + bok (“buck, male goat”). The Dutch gems is further from German ("chamois"). Although some superficial similarities in appearance (especially in the facial pattern) are noticed, the chamois and the oryx are not closely related. The usual pronunciation in English is.

Description
Gemsbok are light taupe to tan in color, with lighter patches toward the bottom rear of the rump. Their tails are long and black in color. A blackish stripe extends from the chin down the lower edge of the neck, through the juncture of the shoulder and leg along the lower flank of each side to the blackish section of the rear leg. They have muscular necks and shoulders, and their legs have white 'socks' with a black patch on the front of both the front legs, and both sexes have long, straight horns. Comparably, the East African oryx lacks a dark patch at the base of the tail, has less black on the legs (none on the hindlegs), and less black on the lower flanks. One very rare color morph is the "golden oryx", in which the gemsbok's black markings are muted and appear to be golden.

Gemsbok are the largest species in the genus Oryx. They stand about 1.2 m at the shoulder. The body length can vary from 190 to 240 cm and the tail measures 45 to 90 cm. Male gemsbok can weigh between 180 and 240 kg, while females weigh 100 - 210 kg.

Horns
Gemsbok are widely hunted for their spectacular horns that average 85 cm in length. From a distance, the only outward difference between males and females is their horns, and many hunters mistake females for males each year. In males horns tend to be thicker with larger bases. Females have slightly longer, thinner horns.

Female gemsbok use their horns to defend themselves and their offspring from predators, while males primarily use their horns to defend their territories from other males.

Gemsbok are one of the few antelope species where female trophies are sometimes more desirable than male ones. A gemsbok horn can be fashioned into a natural trumpet and, according to some authorities, can be used as a shofar.

Distribution and habitat
Gemsbok are found in arid and semi-arid bushlands in southwestern Africa, especially around the Namib and Kalahari deserts, in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa and formerly Angola (where they are considered extirpated).

A sizeable introduced population of several thousand is also present in the Chihuahuan Desert where they are problematic for the local ecosystem.

Ecology and biology
Gemsbok live in herds of about 10–40 animals, which consist of a dominant male, a few nondominant males, and females. They are mainly desert-dwelling and do not depend on drinking water to supply their physiological needs. They can reach running speeds of up to 60 km/h. Gemsbok are mostly crepuscular in nature, since temperatures are tolerable and predator detection rates are highest during these times.

Diet
The gemsbok is generally a grazer but changes to browsing during the dry season or when grass is sparse. It may dig up to a meter deep to find roots and tubers, supplementing its water intake by eating wild tsamma melons and cucumbers, which can provide all the water required (3 liters per 100 kg bodyweight a day).

Reproduction
The gemsbok is polygynous, with one resident male mating with the receptive females in the herd. The male is known to secure exclusive mating access to the females by attempting to herd mixed or nursery herds onto his territory. The gemsbok has no specified breeding season, but the young in a given herd tend to be of a similar age due to reproductive synchrony between females. Pregnant females leave the herd before giving birth. The gestation period lasts 270 days and mothers give birth to 1–2 offspring. The calf remains hidden 6 weeks after birth, after which mother and calf rejoin the herd. The calf is weaned at $3 1/2$ months, becomes independent at $4 1/2$ months, and achieves sexual maturity at $1 1/2$–2 years in both sexes.

Introduction to North America
In 1969, the New Mexico State Department of Game and Fish decided to introduce gemsbok to the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico, in the United States. Ninety-three were released from 1969 to 1977, with the current population estimated to be around 3,000 individuals. Gradually expanding their range from Tularosa Basin towards the west and northwest, an unknown number of animals are now also established in the San Andres National Wildlife Refuge, the Jornada Biosphere Reserve as well as the endorheic drainage basins east of Caballo Mountains, especially where these are traversed by the Jornada del Muerto trail north of Upham.

Potential invasive status
The inherent biology of gemsbok makes them a potential invasive species in New Mexico. As they are capable of year-round breeding, the transplanted population thrives in the absence of their natural predators, such as the lion (Panthera leo), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and leopard (Panthera pardus). Except for calves, the oryx is too large to be preyed on by the coyote (Canis latrans) and most other major American desert carnivores, since the jaguar (Panthera onca) is mostly extirpated from the state, and the reintroduced Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is too low in population numbers (and all known Mexican wolf populations are over 100 miles away). The species is therefore primarily managed by regulated hunting. However, the only North American predator that regularly takes gemsbok is the cougar (Puma concolor); for only one individual, 29 gemsbok were hunted, with the species making up 58% of recorded kills (most consisting of newborns, but some adults were also known to have been killed).

Additionally, New Mexico gemsbok seem to prefer undisturbed grasslands for feeding, putting pressure on grassland ecosystems already threatened by climate change and encroachment by shrubs. This fact, along with their larger size and potentially dangerous horns, may cause them to outcompete with and/or put pressure on not only local livestock operations, but native desert herbivores, such as the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). In addition, gemsbok may spread disease to fellow bovids like the desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni).

Significance to humans
The gemsbok is depicted on the coat of arms of Namibia, where the current population of the species is estimated at 373,000 individuals. In the town of Oranjemund, resident gemsbok wander freely around the streets, taking advantage of the vegetation in the town, such as the grass in parks, road medians, and browsing on low branches of the many trees.

title: Gemsbok


text: User talk:72.11.23.95

title: User talk:72.11.23.95


text:
Ganachakra

A ganacakra (गणचक्र ' "gathering circle"; ) is also known as tsok, ganapuja, cakrapuja or ganacakrapuja'''. It is a generic term for various tantric assemblies or feasts, in which practitioners meet to chant mantra, enact mudra, make votive offerings and practice various tantric rituals as part of a sādhanā, or spiritual practice. The ganachakra often comprises a sacramental meal and festivities such as dancing, spirit possession, and trance; the feast generally consisting of materials that were considered forbidden or taboo in medieval India like meat, fish, and wine. As a tantric practice, forms of gaṇacakra are practiced today in Hinduism, Bön and Vajrayāna Buddhism.

Professor Miranda Shaw summarises the experience of a gaṇacakra:

"The feast is an esoteric ritual that unfolds in many stages. The sacred space for the ceremony is demarcated by geometric designs drawn on the ground with powdered pigments, and an elaborate array of offerings and foods are laid out. The participants don special insignia like bone ornaments and crowns and use musical instruments of archaic design... for inducing heightened awareness. Practitioners sit in a circle and partake of sacramental (dry) meat and wine (often liquor) served in skull-cups. The feasts also provide an occasion for the exchange of ritual lore, the ritual worship of women (sripuja), and the performance of sexual yogas. The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "songs of realization" (caryagiti) to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse."

Samuel holds that:

"[S]erious Tantric practice is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The ancient Indian ', the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the past. In Tibetan practice it has long been replaced by the ' (Tibetan: tshogs), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or dancing."

Origins
John Woodroffe (writing as Arthur Avalon, 1918) affirms that the panchamrita of Tantra, Hindu and Buddhist traditions are directly related to the Mahābhūta or Five Elements and that the panchamakara is actually a vulgar term for the pañcatattva:

"Worship with the Pañcatattva generally takes place in a Cakra or circle composed of men and women, Sadhakas and Sadhikas, Bhairavas and Bhairavis sitting in a circle, the Shakti being on the Sadhaka's left. Hence it is called Cakrapuja. A Lord of the Cakra (Cakreshvara) presides sitting with his Shakti in the center. During the Cakra, there is no distinction of caste, but Pashus of any caste are excluded. There are various kinds of Cakra—productive, it is said, of differing fruits for the participator therein. As amongst Tantrik Sadhakas we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the Cakras vary in their characteristics from say the Tattva-cakra for the Brahma-kaulas, and the Bhairavi-cakra (as described in Mahanirvana, VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the householder takes milk, sugar and honey (Madhura-traya), and in lieu of sexual union does meditation upon the Lotus Feet of the Divine Mother with Mantra, to Cakras the ritual of which will not be approved such as Cudacakra, Anandabhuvana-yoga and others referred to later."

Sacred space
The ganachakra, or 'tantric feast', can be seen as a mandala of sacred space. Pettit emphasises the importance of the gathered "group" (gana) or sangha to Vajrayana sādhanā and the creation of sacred space such as the ganachakra:

"The power of sacred bonding in a temporary or virtual sacred space is an intrinsic, if normally invisible, component of a Vajrayana community experience. The community is that experience, and ceases to exist without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires not only that one perceive it, but to maintain that perception requires discipline, faith and a profound sense of love and respect for members of the mandala - that is, all living beings."

Pettit links the importance of the group or gana to the manifestation of the ganachakra and the sacred space or the mandala (in this sense cognate with chakra) with the liturgical tools of mantra, visualisation and sacred architecture:

"The potential for sacred space to manifest spontaneously is nowhere higher than in Vajrayana Buddhist practice, which employs the use of mantra and visualization to create an experience of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the activities of everyday life, a yogi is to experience, imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of divinity - Buddhahood embodied - in his or her own person, companions and environment. These constitute a mandala or sacred architecture which expresses the omnipresence of enlightenment, that is the ground of both "secular" and "sacred" experiences and activities that are never perceived apart from its all-encompassing confines. The invocation of divine presence of mandala is especially effective when undertaken by several people in a ritual context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a feast-offering known as tsok or, in Sanskrit, ganapuja."

Pettit states that sacred space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels (cognate with the gankyil) is manifest and that this sacred architecture or mandala is not dependent upon the built environment of monolithic cultures:

"Sacred Space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels - the Buddha or teacher, the Dharma teaching or its texts, and the Sangha community of practitioners - are found. A place that elicits reverence should be sacred, and wherever the Jewels are found, the pieties of lay and ordained Buddhists are bound to be expressed."

In Hindu tantra
In Hindu tantra, a ganachakra typically consists of five elements known as panchamakara or the "five Ms". These are (alcohol),  (meat),  (fish),  (grain), and  (sexual intercourse). Taboo-breaking elements are only practiced literally by "left-hand path" tantrics (vāmācārins) such as the Aghori monastic order, whereas "right-hand path" tantrics (dakṣiṇācārins) oppose these.

In the Vamachara tradition, adherents engage in literal consumption and use of the Five Ms, along with other ritual elements such as incense, music, and costumes. This approach represents a more overt embrace of these elements to attain spiritual transformation. In contrast, Dakṣiṇācāra practitioners interpret the Five Ms symbolically and metaphorically, emphasizing their spiritual significance and using them as symbols for meditation and inner transformation. This interpretation encourages practitioners to transcend their worldly desires gradually and embrace subtle Tantric practices.

Connection with the Mahasiddhas
Samuel defines the ganachakra succinctly:

"Vajrayāna or Tantric Buddhism had its origin in India, where it seems to have been practised, at any rate in its earlier period, say the fourth to eighth centuries CE, by small initiatory cult groups. The central ritual of these groups was the ', a night-time sacramental circle, usually outdoors, often in a cremation ground or similarly spooky and 'powerful' location, with distinctly antinomian elements. These included the ritual use of sexuality, although it is not clear how far this was performed literally and how far symbolically.  The ' involved possession, dancing and singing, and also magical procedures.  It was seen as an occasion to enter a non-ordinary state of consciousness."

Vajranatha associates the ganachakra with the higher tantras, the anuttarayogatantra, and associates a non-monastic origin and tributary of this rite to the Mahasiddha tradition which has roots in a complex and coterie of esoteric traditions of numerous siddha and sadhu Buddhist, Hindu and non-sectarian practices and views:

"The Higher Tantras could not be a congregational practice of monks because Tantric sadhana, as well as celebrations of the High Tantric feast or Ganachakrapuja, required partaking of meat, wine, and sexual intercourse. At the very least the latter two would force a monk to break his vows. And so what came about in the eleventh century was a change in the external style of practice; the Anuttara Tantras, many of them freshly brought from India and newly translated into Tibetan, came to be practiced in the style of the lower Yoga Tantras. Although there is a great deal of ritual in the Yoga Tantras, there is nothing there that would require a monk to violate his monastic vows. The presence of a woman or Dakini is required at High Tantric initiation and also at the Tantric feast of the Ganachakrapuja, but in the eleventh century reform the actual Dakini physically present was replaced by a mind-consort (yid kyi rig-ma), a visualization of the Dakini. One did the sexual practice only in visualization, not in actuality. In this way the practices of the Higher Tantras could be taken into the monasteries and incorporated into the congregations practice and liturgy of the monks known as puja."

In Tibetan Buddhism
In Tibetan Buddhism, it is traditional to offer a tsok (Tib. for ganachakra) to Padmasambhava or other deities, usually gurus, on the tenth lunar day, and to a form of dakini such as Yeshe Tsogyal, Mandarava or Vajrayogini on the twenty-fifth lunar day. Generally, participants are required by their samaya (bond or vow) to partake of meat and alcohol, and the rite tends to have elements symbolic of coitus. Traditions of the Ganachakra liturgy and rite extends remains of food and other compassionate offerings to alleviate the insatiable hunger of the hungry ghosts, genius loci and other entities.

David Snellgrove (1987) holds that there is a tendency oft-promoted by Tibetan lamas who disseminate teachings in the Western world, to treat references to sexual union and to sadhana that engages with the "five impure substances" (usually referred to as the "five nectars") as symbolic. In the twilight language of correspondences and substitutions there is no inconsistency. Although, when modern tantric apologists and scholars employ the term "symbolic" as though no external practices were engaged in literally, they mislead and perpetuate an untruth.

In the Tibetan Buddhist practice of Chöd, a variation of the gaṇacakra has the practitioner visualizing offering their own body as a feast for all beings who are all invited to the feast.

title: Ganachakra