text:
Talk:Wheaton station (Washington Metro)

Escalator Length
Just for consistency's sake, I think we should figure out the exact length/depth of the Wheaton Metro Station/Escalator. The Metro Fact .pdf link off the main Washington Metro page says the escalator is 230 feet long. Here on this page, it says the escalator is 508 feet long while the station is 230 feet deep. However, the Forest Glenn Station is 196 feet deep according to the aforementiond Metro Fact page.

Given a 30 degree angle (standard on escalators, I believe), the Forest Glenn Station's escalator (if it had one) would be only 392 feet long. On the same token, given a 508 foot long escalator at a 30 degree angle, the Wheaton Station should be 254 feet deep.

I just wanted to do some fancy math (which I probably screwed up), but the point is that I think we should change this page to reflect what the WMATA page says, which would make the Wheaton escalator 230 feet long (and the station 115 feet deep).--Rmeskill 19:16, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If it helps, I think (I'm not sure) that the Wheaton lobby is above ground, that is, in an elevated building. That could account for the difference in height. The other discrepancies need dealing with, though. I've found WMATA receptive to email questions, someone should ask. --Golbez 20:33, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Wheaton's mezzanine is on the ground at street level. SchuminWeb (Talk) 05:41, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Street level is not a helpful descriptor here. The mezzanine is actually directly under Georgia Ave, but it is about the same level as nearby Veirs Mill Rd. Also, my trip down the escalator yesterday took only 2:45, as opposed to the 3:00 mentioned in the article. --Jenkins 151.207.244.4 19:00, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "The Wheaton station, a mile down the street, has 230-foot escalators, the longest outside of Leningrad." From the article "Wheaton, Forest Glen To Climb Aboard Metro", September 16, 1990, Washington Post Tjamro 18:27, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

"...though some commuters shorten the time by walking." Does this sentence fragment add any value to the article? If a reader has ever ridden an escalator, they understand that people often walk up them and thus it adds no value. If a reader has not, it means nothing to them and thus it adds no value. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.56.3.125 (talk) 14:22, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:18, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

escalator length, bethesda vs. wheaton subway stations
Pls note that the Wiki entry for Bethesda states the main escalator is 475 ft, and shorter than Wheaton, which WMATA states is 230 ft. (I suspect WMATA has its information wrong.)

The Bethesda article and the Wheaton article should probably acknowledge each other's inconsistencies. Bethesda's article points to this Wa Po article which graphs the 5 longest escalators in the system (just the lengths of the escalators, not their relations to street or platform) and agrees with 475 ft/508 ft:

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/custom/2005/06/03/CU2005060301365.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.100.19.190 (talk) 16:41, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

 * WaPo is sadly wrong in this case, that graphic is six years of misinformation. Check the article history, and I asked a local but prominent blog to look into it and they measured it as matching WMATA, not WaPo. So the Bethesda article needs to be changed. --Golbez (talk) 18:27, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Shady Grove (WMATA station) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:46, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Second deepest or third deepest station?
According to the Woodley Park station article, its station depth is listed as 154 feet, yet this article claims that Wheaton, at 140 feet deep, is the second deepest station behind Forest Glen. If the depth numbers are accurate, it should be that Forest Glen is deepest, Woodley Park is second, and Wheaton is third. However, I can't find an official source on the station depths. Can anyone confirm the station depths to confirm whether Woodley Park or Wheaton is deeper? (On a side note, Woodley Park has multiple spans of escalators going down instead of the single span in Wheaton, so the escalator record should remain unaffected.) 76.111.100.227 (talk) 16:47, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Best I can find is which is not exactly a reliable source, but it corrobates what you say. Maybe a quick email to WMATA, they might respond. --Golbez (talk) 17:03, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wheaton station (Washington Metro)


text:
Talk:Glenmont station

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:33, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Underground Terminal Station
Glenmont is not technically the only underground terminal station. During peak hours, Mount Vernon Square/7th Street–Convention Center (Washington Metro) is a terminal station for the Yellow Line. Mohaas05 (talk) 23:04, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Better Sourcing
The source "106 Mile Area Regional System Track Schematic" Does not appear to exist, and links to a Internet Provider's Website. I think a new reference is needed as to the location and capacity of the Glenmont Rail Yard. Fiftytwo thirty (talk) 01:01, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Yeah, we can fix that link... SchuminWeb (Talk) 04:05, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

 * And fixed. SchuminWeb (Talk) 05:30, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Shady Grove (WMATA station) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:46, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090327181012/http://transit.schuminweb.com/transit/wmata/red-line.php?station=B11 to http://transit.schuminweb.com/transit/wmata/red-line.php?station=B11

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Glenmont station


text: User talk:69.228.14.93

title: User talk:69.228.14.93


text:
User talk:Xanthophil

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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I notice you edited a page related to Harry Potter. If you are interested, you can join the Harry Potter WikiProject, which is an attempt to make Wikipedia's coverage of the Harry Potter series comprehensive and complete. Again, welcome! H e rmione1980 00:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xanthophil


text:
Life Made Simple

Life Made Simple (Traditional Chinese: 阿旺新傳) is a TVB modern drama series broadcast in October 2005. The series is shown to celebrate TVB's 38th Anniversary.

The series is an indirect sequel to 2002's Square Pegs (戇夫成龍). The main cast features Roger Kwok, Jessica Hsuan, and Leila Tong, returning from the original series, and the new cast includes Bosco Wong and Paul Chun. The indirect sequel takes place in the modern era instead of the ancient setting of its prequel.

Synopsis

 * The modern version of Ah Wong,
 * Steps out of his simple world.

Ding Sheung-Wong (Roger Kwok) is a man in his thirties but with an IQ of a seven-year-old. People would make fun of him by calling him crazy, but he would tell them that he is just simple. His best friend Wong Kei-Fung (Jessica Hsuan), who was friends with him since they were young, used to play a game where he was the husband and she was the wife; hence, this is why Wong refers to Fung as his "little wife". One day Fung told Wong that she would have to leave for the United States for four years of college.

When Fung returns to Hong Kong, she finds a job at the Chung (鍾) Corporation where she works under the management of Chung Kam-Wing (Paul Chun) and his son Michael Chung Chi-Chung (Bosco Wong). Later Kam-Wing finds out that Wong is his biological son and recruits him to his company, as well. Angel On Kei (Leila Tong), Fung's cousin, who returned with Fung from the States has a crush on Chi-Chung. But Chi-Chung has a crush on Fung. Fung feels that Wong is the one that can make her truly happy but is puzzled whether to choose Chi-Chung or Wong...

Awards and nominations

 * Roger Kwok won his second "Best Actor in a Leading Role" Award for his role Ding Sheung-Wong, at the 38th TVB Anniversary Awards in 2005.
 * Angela Tong won the "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" Award for her role Li Siu-Ho, at the 38th TVB Anniversary Awards in 2005.

title: Life Made Simple


text:
Talk:Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae

Wikispecies project
This article belongs as part of the wikispecies project at species.wikipedia.org

Undirected link
The link Garay points to an obscure Portuguese village instead of to Leslie (László) Garay a Harvard botanist. Tusbra 16:40, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Links removed. JoJan 20:01, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Links directed to the appropriate article. 76.93.209.228 (talk) 23:51, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

Need new title
This article is about an obsolete system of orchid classification which was published by Robert Louis Dressler in 1993. It would have to be totally rewritten to turn it into an article on current orchid taxonomy. I suggest that it be re-titled "Dressler's system of orchid classification" or something of that sort. I do not plan to write any more on this subject. I do not know whether we really need a separate article on orchid taxonomy, anyway. Someone should write an update to orchid taxonomy in the article Orchidaceae. I will leave this decision for others to make. 128.171.106.249 (talk) 06:53, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree that the title is not correct, and would support a move to a different title. Peter coxhead (talk) 10:03, 17 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Following the lead of the well-developed Banksia project, what about "Dressler's taxonomic arrangement of Orchidaceae"? Taxonomy of Liliaceae is up for GA, and given the complexity of orchid classification, I think a standalone article under the current title might yet be warranted. Choess (talk) 06:05, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * As an occasional contributor to the article, and main author of Taxonomy of Liliaceae and Taxonomy of Narcissus (GA), I would say that if it is not addressing the topic in a comprehensive manner, then it's title is misleading, and should either be rewritten or moved. There are of course a number of other issues with this page. Also the treatment on the main Orchidaceae page is woeful and does not reflect the daughter page. --Michael Goodyear (talk) 13:26, 6 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Of those two options I would favour a rewrite, to keep it in line with other "Taxonomy of ..." articles, if necessary later, if too voluminous, the schema outlined here could become a separate page or list. To rename the page now would leave a gap. --Michael Goodyear (talk) 14:12, 6 December 2015 (UTC)
 * For reference, the Model proposed above is Taxonomy of Banksia and Category:Taxonomy of Banksia which has numerous pages devoted to individual taxonomic systems which have been applied to Banksia. But you need an ovearching Taxonomy of Orchidaceae first! I have grouped these into Category:Taxonomic articles and it would be appreciated if new taxonomy pages be added to it. --Michael Goodyear (talk) 13:27, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

Is the "Rchb." author abbreviation correct?
Several of the author designations in this article are "Rchb.f." and a few are "Rchb.". "Rchb.f." was the orchid specialist and "Rchb." was his father, also a eminent botanist.User-duck (talk) 11:23, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

Pterostylidinae
"Pterostylidinae" appears twice - in the tribes Diuridae and Cranichideae. This can't be right can it? Gderrin (talk) 07:32, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Clearly not. The underlying problem is that this is a poorly sourced article. So far as I can make out it synthesizes bits of classifications from different sources contrary to WP:SYNTH, resulting in inconsistency. It's also mostly not been updated for recent work. I've been working on Orchideae, for example, which was said to have one subtribe, but now has two, with quite different generic boundaries. Peter coxhead (talk) 08:52, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that. (Embarrassing, eh?) Sorry I don't think I have the sources needed to fix it. Perhaps it's not fixable anyway. Gderrin (talk) 21:02, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae


text:
User talk:Nic0le 01

Welcome, from Journalist Welcome to Wikipedia!

Hello. My name is Orane (but I go by the name 'Journalist' on Wikipedia) and I am one of Wikipedia's Administrators. I just stopped by to say Hi and to formally welcome you to Wikipedia. Thank you for your awesome contributions so far. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. I know that being here for the first few days may be a bit confusing, but you'll get used to it pretty soon.

Here are a few good links for newcomers. I know that they can be boring, but I recommend that you take a look at them:
 * Policies and guidelines
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! You can come to my talk page if you have any questions. If Im online, I will definitely respond. If I'm offline, you can go to Where to ask a question. Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~) ; this will automatically produce your name and the date. Again, welcome! Come say Hi! →Jo urna list >>talk<<  00:52, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nic0le 01


text:
Brandi Alexander

Brandi Alexander (born March 1, 1974) is a professional wrestler. During her career, she has wrestled in many wrestling federations, such as World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), American Wrestling Association (AWA), World League Wrestling (WLW), Professional Girl Wrestling Association (PGWA), World Wrestling Council (WWC), Carolina Wrestling Federation (CWF), FWA, and LAW.

Early life
In her youth, Alexander enjoyed wrestling and was a fan of Sherri Martel. After meeting Tony Altomare, a former tag team partner of Lou Albano, Alexander looked into training at The Fabulous Moolah's school in South Carolina. Because she was reluctant to move to a new state, Alexander began her wrestling training at the Monster Factory under Larry Sharpe and Glenn Ruth.

Professional wrestling career
Alexander began her wrestling career in 1993.

On February 27, 1998, Alexander was defeated by Brittany Brown, the latter retaining her NWA New Jersey Championship at the Third Annual Eddie Gilbert Memorial Brawl at the Airport Radisson Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Fabulous Moolah was in Brown's corner while Fred The Elephant Boy from The Howard Stern Show was at ringside with Alexander.

Alexander worked two matches for World Championship Wrestling in 1999. She considers one of her biggest wins to be defeating Miss Madness on an episode of WCW Thunder. Miss Madness, however, won their rematch the following week. Also in 1999, she appeared at World Wrestling Council's annual event WWC Anniversary, defeating Malia Hosaka in a singles match.

In mid-2003, Alexander won the Carolina Wrestling Federation's Women's Championship from Amber Holly.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Appalachian Pro Wrestling
 * APW Cruiserweight Champion (1 time)
 * Canadian Wrestling Alliance
 * CWA Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Carolina Wrestling Federation
 * CWF Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Continental Wrestling Alliance
 * CWA Continental Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Frontier Wrestling Alliance
 * FWA Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Independent Wrestling Council
 * IWC Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Ladies All-Pro Wrestling
 * LAW International Television Championship (1 time)
 * New England Wrestling
 * NEW Women's Championship (1 time)
 * Southern States Wrestling
 * SSW Women's Championship (2 times)
 * Ultimate Championship Wrestling
 * UCW Women's Championship (1 time)
 * World League Wrestling
 * WLW Ladies Championship (1 time)
 * World Wide Wrestling Alliance
 * WWWA Woman's Championship (2 times)

title: Brandi Alexander


text: User talk:209.86.73.26

title: User talk:209.86.73.26


text:
Mount Laguna Observatory

Mount Laguna Observatory (MLO) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by San Diego State University (SDSU). The telescope was operated in partnership with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) until 2000. MLO is located approximately 75 km east of downtown San Diego, California (USA) on the eastern edge of the Cleveland National Forest in the Laguna Mountains on the SDSU Astronomy Campus near the hamlet of Mount Laguna. MLO was dedicated on June 19, 1968, seven years after SDSU's Department of Astronomy became an independent academic department of SDSU's College of Sciences. The dedication took place during the 1968 summer meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Currently SDSU is working with University of Kansas (KU), and UNC Chapel Hill on various projects. MLO also engages with the public through a series of scientific outreach efforts such as the summer visitors program (SVP). SVP's take place on select dates throughout the summer months (May - August, starting typically on Memorial Day weekend) and include scientific demonstrations in the museum / gift shop, an introductory lecture on astronomy, and a stargazing session using a myriad of telescopes such as the 0.52 m (20 in) Reginald Buller 21-inch Visitors' Telescope. The SVP is predominantly run by graduate students within the SDSU Astronomy Master's program.

Telescopes

 * The 1.06 m MLO 40-inch Telescope is a Cassegrain reflector built by Astro Mechanics in 1966. It was originally fitted with a 1.02 m primary mirror which has since been replaced.  It is known informally as the Illinois telescope because it was located at UIUC's Prairie Observatory until 1981.
 * The 0.6 m Clifford Smith 24-inch Telescope is a Cassegrain reflector. It was built by the SDSU Department of Astronomy and used at the main campus from 1961 to 1966.  In 1971 it was installed at MLO after modifications.
 * The 0.52 m Reginald Buller 21-inch Visitors' Telescope was built in 1950 by J.W. Fecker, Inc. It was donated to SDSU by Reginald Buller and dedicated at MLO in 1988.  It is used primarily by students for direct viewing, and for outreach.
 * The EvryScope is a Multiple aperture (24x) .062 m survey telescope taking Appx. 8000 square degree fields every two minutes. It is a collaboration between SDSU and UNC.

Future telescopes

 * The 1.25 m 50-inch Phillips Claud Telescope. Originally planned in 2009, installation of the telescope began in late 2013., the telescope installation had not been completed.

Former telescopes

 * A 0.4 m telescope built by Boller and Chivens was the first telescope at the observatory, and was replaced by the Claud telescope.
 * A 0.4 m telescope built by Nishimura and used by visitors was moved to the UCSD campus in 1988. It was replaced by the Buller telescope.
 * The 1.0 m Ultra-Light Technology for Research in Astronomy (ULTRA) telescope was a test bed for lightweight carbon-fiber mirrors. It was located in the 0.4 m Boller and Chivens building from 2006 until 2008.  Before it was installed, the original dome was replaced with a larger one, and the mount upgraded.  The project was collaboration of SDSU, KU, Dartmouth College, and Composite Mirror Applications, Inc. (CMA) of Tucson, Arizona.

title: Mount Laguna Observatory


text:
Walkley station

Walkley is a bus station on Ottawa's transitway served by OC Transpo buses. It is located in the south-eastern transitway section at Walkley Road in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. There are also plans for mixed-use development all around the station which is vacant.

In 2024, a new infill station on the O-Train Trillium Line will open at Walkley.

Service
The following routes serve Walkley station as of May 3, 2020:

title: Walkley station


text:
Succubous

Succubous is a manner in which the leaves of a liverwort overlap. If one were to look down from above (dorsal side) on a plant where the leaf attachment is succubous, the upper edge of each leaf would be covered by the next leaf along the stem. The lower edge of each leaf is visible from above, but the edge of the leaf closer to the tip of the stem is obscured by a neighboring leaf. The opposite of succubous is incubous.

title: Succubous


text:
Carmel Myers

Carmel Myers (April 9, 1899 – November 9, 1980) was an American actress who achieved her greatest successes in silent film.

Early life
Myers was born in San Francisco, the daughter of Isidore Myers, a Russian-Jewish rabbi who was born in Russia but raised in Australia, and Anna Jacobson Myers, an Austrian-Jew. She had an older brother, Zion, and she was a cousin of director Mark Sandrich and photographer Ruth Harriet Louise. Carmel's father was active in campaigns for women's suffrage, abolition of capital punishment, and zionism. He also was a noted scholar. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1905.

Myers attended Los Angeles High School but left after D. W. Griffith gave her bit part in the film Intolerance (1916), for which her father was an unpaid consultant. She continued her education at a school for young actors.

Myers helped her brother become a writer and director in Hollywood.

Silent film and theater
Myers left for New York City, where she acted mainly in theater for the next two years. She was signed by Universal, where she emerged as a popular actress in vamp roles. Her most popular film from this period—which does not feature her in a vamp role—is probably the romantic comedy All Night, opposite Rudolph Valentino, who was then a little-known actor. She also worked with him in A Society Sensation. By 1924, she was working for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, making such films as Broadway After Dark, which also starred Adolphe Menjou, Norma Shearer, and Anna Q. Nilsson.

In 1925, she appeared in arguably her most famous role, that of the Egyptian vamp Iras in Ben-Hur, who tries to seduce both Messala (Francis X. Bushman) and Ben-Hur himself (Ramón Novarro). This film was a boost to her career, and she appeared in major roles throughout the 1920s, including Tell It to the Marines in 1926 with Lon Chaney, Sr., William Haines, and Eleanor Boardman. Myers appeared in Four Walls and Dream of Love, both with Joan Crawford in 1928; and in The Show of Shows (1929), a showcase of popular contemporary film actors.

Sound films, radio, and television
Myers had a fairly successful sound career, mostly in supporting roles, perhaps due to her image as a vamp rather than as a sympathetic heroine. Subsequently, she began giving more attention to her private life following the birth of her son in May 1932. Amongst her popular sound films are Svengali (1931) and The Mad Genius (1931), both with John Barrymore and Marian Marsh, and a small role in 1944's The Conspirators, which featured Paul Henreid, Peter Lorre, and Sydney Greenstreet.

In 1939, Myers performed for 13 weeks on the Resinol radio program that was broadcast twice weekly from station KHJ and carried on the Don Lee Network.

In 1951, Myers had a celebrity interview TV program, The Carmel Myers Show, on ABC. In 1952, she formed Carmel Myers Productions, a firm for producing radio and TV programs. The company's productions included Mark Hellinger Tales, a transcribed series of 30-minute radio dramas with Edward Arnold as narrator and Cradle of Stars, a 30-minute filmed TV series with Gregory Ratoff as director and star.

Later, she focused on a career in real estate and her perfume distribution company. In 1976, Myers was one of the very few silent stars who were cast in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, a comedy featuring cameos by dozens of Hollywood stars of the past.

Book
In 1952, Doubleday & Company published Don't Think About It, a 64-page book by Myers. Based on her experiences following the death of her husband, the book related her philosophy for emotional survival after a person has a tragedy in his or her life.

Personal life
Myers married attorney and song writer Isidore "I.B." Kornblum on July 16, 1919; they divorced in 1923.

Myers and attorney Ralph H. Blum married on June 9, 1929, and had three children: author Ralph H. Blum (born 1932), known for his works on divination through Norse runes, and two adopted daughters, actress and radio personality Susan Adams Kennedy (born 1940) and television producer Mary Cossette (born 1941). Myers and Blum purchased Gloria Swanson's Sunset Boulevard home.

On October 30, 1951, Myers married Paramount Pictures executive Alfred W. Schwalberg in Brooklyn. They were married until his death in 1974.

Death
Myers died of a heart attack on November 9, 1980, in Los Angeles Medical Center at the age of 81. She was buried near her parents at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles. Her epitaph reads "L'Chaim", which is Hebrew for "to life".

Partial filmography

 * Georgia Pearce (1915)
 * Intolerance (1916) as Favorite of the Harem (uncredited)
 * The Heiress at Coffee Dan's (1916) as Waitress (uncredited)
 * The Bad Boy (1917) as Bit Role (uncredited)
 * Stage Struck (1917) as Bit Role (uncredited)
 * A Love Sublime (1917) as Toinette
 * A Daughter of the Poor (1917) as Hazel Fleming
 * Might and the Man (1917) as Winifred
 * The Haunted Pajamas (1917) as Frances Kirkland
 * Sirens of the Sea (1917) as Julie
 * The Lash of Power (1917) as Marion Sherwood
 * My Unmarried Wife (1918) as Mary Cunningham
 * The Wife He Bought (1918) as Janice Brieson
 * The Girl in the Dark (1918) as Lois Fox
 * The Wine Girl (1918) as Bona
 * The Marriage Lie (1918) as Eileen Orton
 * A Broadway Scandal (1918) as Nenette Bisson
 * The City of Tears (1918) as Rosa Carillo
 * The Dream Lady (1918) as Rosamond Gilbert
 * A Society Sensation (1918, short) as Sydney Parmelee
 * All Night (1918) as Elizabeth Lane
 * Who Will Marry Me? (1919) as Rosie Sanguinetti
 * The Little White Savage (1919) as Minnie Lee
 * In Folly's Trail (1920) as Lita O'Farrell
 * The Gilded Dream (1920) as Leona
 * Beautifully Trimmed (1920) as Norine Lawton
 * The Mad Marriage (1921) as Jane Judd
 * The Dangerous Moment (1921) as Sylvia Palprini
 * Cheated Love (1921) as Sonya Schonema
 * The Kiss (1921) as Erolinda Vargas
 * Breaking Through (1921) as Bettina Lowden
 * A Daughter of the Law (1921) as Nora Hayes
 * The Love Gambler (1922) as Jean McClelland
 * The Danger Point (1922) as Alice Torrance
 * The Last Hour (1923) as Saidee McCall
 * The Famous Mrs. Fair (1923) as Angy Brice
 * Good-By Girls! (1923) as Florence Brown
 * The Little Girl Next Door (1923) as Milly Amory
 * Mary of the Movies (1923) as Herself (uncredited)
 * Slave of Desire (1923) as Countess Fedora
 * The Dancer of the Nile (1923) as Arvia
 * The Love Pirate (1923) as Ruby Le Maar
 * Reno (1923) as Mrs. Dora Carson Tappan
 * Poisoned Paradise: The Forbidden Story of Monte Carlo (1924) as Mrs. Belmire
 * Beau Brummel (1924) as Lady Hester Stanhope
 * Broadway After Dark (1924) as Lenore Vance
 * Babbitt (1924) as Tanis Judique
 * Garragan (1924)
 * Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) as Iras
 * The Devil's Circus (1926) as Yonna
 * The Gay Deceiver (1926) as Countess de Sano
 * Tell It to the Marines (1926) as Zaya
 * Camille (1926, short) as Agatha
 * The Demi-Bride (1927) as Madame Girard
 * The Understanding Heart (1927) as Kelcey Dale
 * The Girl from Rio (1927) as Lola
 * Sorrell and Son (1927) as Flo Palfrey
 * A Certain Young Man (1928) as Mrs. Crutchley
 * Prowlers of the Sea (1928) as Mercedes
 * Four Walls (1928) as Bertha
 * Dream of Love (1928) as The Countess
 * The Ghost Talks (1929) as Marie Haley
 * Careers (1929) as The Woman
 * The Careless Age (1929) as Rayetta
 * Broadway Scandals (1929) as Valeska
 * The Red Sword (1929) as Katherine
 * The Show of Shows (1929) as Performer in 'Ladies of the Ensemble' Number
 * The Ship from Shanghai (1930) as Viola Thorpe
 * A Lady Surrenders (1930) as Sonia
 * The Lion and the Lamb (1931) as Inez
 * Svengali (1931) as Madame Honori
 * Pleasure (1931) as Mrs. Dorothy Whitley
 * Chinatown After Dark (1931) as Madame Ying Su
 * The Mad Genius (1931) as Sonya Preskoya
 * Nice Women (1931) as Dorothy Drew
 * No Living Witness (1942) as Emillia
 * The Countess of Monte Cristo (1934) as Flower Girl
 * Lady for a Night (1942) as Mrs. Dickson
 * The Conspirators (1944) as Baroness von Kluge (uncredited)
 * George White's Scandals (1945) as Leslie (uncredited)
 * Whistle Stop (1946) as Estelle
 * Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Woman Journalist (final film role)

title: Carmel Myers


text:
Colonel Redl

Colonel Redl (Oberst Redl (original title); Redl ezredes) is a 1985 biographical drama film by Hungarian director István Szabó. The plot, set in the period before World War I, follows the rise of Alfred Redl, an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Redl, who comes from a humble background, enters military school as a boy and an illustrious military career comes his way by virtue of his loyalty to the crown. He is appointed the head of an intelligence-gathering unit, but his attraction to men eventually causes his downfall.

The screenplay, loosely inspired by British playwright John Osborne's play A Patriot for Me, charts the rise of inter-ethnic tensions in Austro-Hungary, which were to bring about the assassination in Sarajevo and the empire's eventual disintegration.

The film stars Klaus Maria Brandauer, Jan Niklas and Gudrun Landgrebe. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film and won the Jury Prize at Cannes Film Festival in 1985.

Plot
Alfred Redl, a Ruthenian boy from Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, wins an appointment to a prestigious military academy in spite of being the son of a mere peasant farmer. At his departure from home, his mother instils in him eternal gratitude towards Emperor Franz Josef. Redl is never to forget that he owes his promising career to the Emperor. At the military academy, the young Redl soon stands out for his talent, drive and loyalty to the Crown. One of his teachers forces him to inform on Kristof Kubinyi, a student who is the subject of a practical joke; whilst he blames himself for incriminating his comrade, Alfred soon realises that to rise in the ranks he must overcome his peasant background by ingratiating himself with his superiors. Alfred and Kristof become firm friends. Kubinyi invites Redl home for the holidays to the elegant residence of his parents, who lead a life of privilege and nobility in Hungary. There, Alfred meets Kristof's pretty sister, Katalin, who welcomes him warmly. To Kubinyi's aristocratic parents, Redl hides his true humble background, pretending to be of Hungarian ancestry and a member from an old family who lost all its fortune.

Redl and Kubinyi slowly climb the ladder as career officers. Once they become adults, the two friends have different political ideals. As a Hungarian, Kubinyi slowly falls prey to the national aspirations of a Hungary free from Habsburg rule, while Redl remains fiercely patriotic and faithful to his benefactor, the Austrian Emperor. For Redl, his relationship with Kubinyi goes beyond friendship as Redl harbors an unrequited love for his comrade. When the two young men visit a brothel, Redl seems more interested in watching his friend having sex than in engaging a woman in his own room. Redl suppresses his attraction to Kristof, however, and transfers it, as best as he can, to Katalin, his friend's beautiful sister. Back at the academy, Alfred serves as a second in a duel between Kristof and another classmate, who is killed in the contest. This foolishness jeopardizes the careers of both Kubinyi and Redl, but the commanding officer, Colonel von Roden, having noted Redl's hard work and loyalty to the Emperor, arranges a promotion for him and a prized assignment in Vienna. In Vienna, Redl is able to renew his friendship with Katalin, who is, by then, unhappily married. They become lovers in spite of Katalin knowing well that it is her brother who Alfred really loves. Redl is assigned to a garrison serving on the Russian border. The discipline there is lax and Redl readily stands out as a serious-minded young officer. When the district commander decides to retire, Redl is recommended for the job. As commanding officer, he proves very demanding, working hard to reinvigorate the discipline of his outfit. This does not sit well with the junior officers, including Kristof, especially because they feel superior to Redl by birth. When Redl and Kristof have a falling out over Kristof's sloppy habits and poor performance, Kristof mocks Redl's lowly origins in conversation with other officers.

Colonel von Roden intervenes on Redl's behalf again, bringing him back to Vienna to serve as deputy chief of the counter-espionage branch of the Evidenzbureau. It's a nasty kind of job, since it entails spying on officers throughout the Austro-Hungarian Army, trying to identify those engaging in espionage activities for the Russians. On Katalin's suggestion, Redl undertakes a loveless marriage of convenience in order to quell rumors of his homosexual proclivities. His wife, Clarissa, suffers from ill health and remains a distant figure in his life.

Redl's single-minded devotion to duty draws him into the orbit of the heir to the crown, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who is a ruthless schemer (whose ultimate objective is portrayed as to overthrow the Emperor in a coup d'état). Redl participates in one of the Archduke's plots, which involves setting up an aging Ukrainian officer for a dramatic fall so as to shake the army out of its complacency. The man is accidentally shot to death, however, during the search and seizure, negating the value of the plan. The Archduke then decides to make Redl the fall guy instead. Redl contributes to his own downfall by allowing himself to be seduced by an Italian officer. Redl is now doomed. Under arrest, he is given a service pistol with which to take his own life. It falls upon Kristof to provide Redl with the gun and order him to commit suicide. After experiencing anger, hesitation and despair, Redl finally shoots himself. The film ends with a brief depiction of the notorious assassination of the Archduke at Sarajevo, and the resulting chain of events leading to World War I.

Cast

 * Klaus Maria Brandauer as Colonel Alfred Redl
 * Hans Christian Blech as Major General Von Roden
 * Armin Mueller-Stahl as Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 * Gudrun Landgrebe as Katalin Kubinyi
 * Jan Niklas as Colonel Kristóf Kubinyi
 * László Mensáros as Colonel Ruzitska
 * András Bálint as Captain Dr. Gustav Sonnenschein
 * László Gálffi as Alfredo Velocchio
 * Dorottya Udvaros as Clarissa
 * Károly Eperjes as Lieutenant Jaromil Schorm
 * Róbert Rátonyi as Baron Ullmann
 * Flóra Kádár as Redl's sister

Accuracy
The film has several inaccuracies. Redl is said to be a Ruthenian, while in fact his family was of German-Czech origin. Redl is shown as coming from a poor family. In fact, he came from a middle-class background, as his father was a senior employee of the railways. Redl's sister is shown as a poor illiterate peasant woman; in actuality, she was a school-teacher.

Franz Ferdinand's supposed plot against Redl is fictional.

Redl was homosexual; however, he was not forced into suicide directly because of this. In fact, he was a spy in the pay of the Imperial Russian government, who had blackmailed him over his homosexuality. When Redl's treachery was uncovered, he was encouraged to commit suicide.

Awards
The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but lost to The Official Story.

It won the Jury Prize at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.

title: Colonel Redl


text:
College Building

College Building may refer to:

 * Peter MacKinnon Building, of the University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Wren Building, of the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States

title: College Building


text:
MLO

MLO may refer to:

 * Malibu Locals Only, a group of youths local to Malibu, California, US
 * Medio-lateral Oblique, a standard view used in mammography
 * Milos Island National Airport, Greece, IATA code
 * Mildew resistance locus o, a plant gene family
 * Misanthropic Luciferian Order, a Satanic organisation
 * Mortgage Loan Originator Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 term for "loan officer"
 * Mount Laguna Observatory, near San Diego, California, US
 * Mycoplasma-like organism, earliest name for phytoplasmas
 * Mauna Loa Observatory, an atmospheric baseline station near Hilo, Hawaii, US
 * Multi-Link Operation, in Wi-Fi 7, a technology to increase capacity by bundling frequency bands and channels

title: MLO


text:
Equipotential

In mathematics and physics, an equipotential or isopotential refers to a region in space where every point is at the same potential. This usually refers to a scalar potential (in that case it is a level set of the potential), although it can also be applied to vector potentials. An equipotential of a scalar potential function in $n$-dimensional space is typically an ($n − 1$)-dimensional space. The del operator illustrates the relationship between a vector field and its associated scalar potential field. An equipotential region might be referred as being 'of equipotential' or simply be called 'an equipotential'.

An equipotential region of a scalar potential in three-dimensional space is often an equipotential surface (or potential isosurface), but it can also be a three-dimensional mathematical solid in space. The gradient of the scalar potential (and hence also its opposite, as in the case of a vector field with an associated potential field) is everywhere perpendicular to the equipotential surface, and zero inside a three-dimensional equipotential region.

Electrical conductors offer an intuitive example. If a and b are any two points within or at the surface of a given conductor, and given there is no flow of charge being exchanged between the two points, then the potential difference is zero between the two points. Thus, an equipotential would contain both points a and b as they have the same potential. Extending this definition, an isopotential is the locus of all points that are of the same potential.

Gravity is perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces of the gravity potential, and in electrostatics and steady electric currents, the electric field (and hence the current, if any) is perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces of the electric potential (voltage).

In gravity, a hollow sphere has a three-dimensional equipotential region inside, with no gravity from the sphere (see shell theorem). In electrostatics, a conductor is a three-dimensional equipotential region. In the case of a hollow conductor (Faraday cage ), the equipotential region includes the space inside.

A ball will not be accelerated left or right by the force of gravity if it is resting on a flat, horizontal surface, because it is an equipotential surface. For the gravity of Earth, the corresponding geopotential isosurface (the equigeopotential) that best fits mean sea level is called the geoid.

title: Equipotential


text:
Incubous

The term incubous describes the way in which the leaves of a liverwort are attached to the stem. If one were to look down from above (dorsal side) on a plant where the leaf attachment is incubous, the upper edge of each leaf would overlap the next higher leaf along the stem. Because of this, the upper edge of each leaf is visible from above, but the lower edge of each leaf is obscured by its neighboring leaf. The opposite of incubous is succubous.

title: Incubous


text:
User talk:Mingidingi789

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title: User talk:Mingidingi789


text:
Lebuinus

Lebuinus (also known as Lebuin, Lebwin or Liafwin[e]) is the Apostle of the Frisians and patron of Deventer (born in England of Anglo-Saxon parents, date unknown; died at Deventer c. 775).

Life
Lebuinus was a monk in Wilfrid's monastery at Ripon. Inspired by the examples of Boniface, Willibrord, and other great English missionaries, he resolved to devote his life to the conversion of the Germans. After his ordination, he proceeded in 754 to Utrecht, and was welcomed by Gregory, acting bishop of that place, who entrusted him with the mission of Overijssel on the borders of Westphalia, and gave him a companion - Marchelm (or Marcellinus), a disciple of Willibrord.

Lebuinus preached the Gospel among the tribes of the district, and erected a little chapel at Wilp (see: Voorst) (Wilpa) on the west bank of the IJssel. His venerable personality and deep learning quickly won many to Christianity, even among the nobles, and it soon became necessary to build at Deventer on the east bank of the river a larger church. However, Lebuinus's great success aroused hostility among the pagans. Ascribing his conversions to witchcraft, they formed an alliance with the anti-Christian Saxons, burned the church at Deventer and dispersed the converts.

After escaping with difficulty, Lebuinus determined to voice the claims of Christianity at the national assembly (Allthing) of the Saxons at Marklo near the Weser (Northwestern Germany).

The Vitae of Lebuinus describes in great details, his appearance before the assembly, where, it is claimed, he pointed out to the Saxons the inefficacy of their deities. It also describes how he warned them of impending destruction at the hands of a powerful king unless they converted to Christianity. With the intercession of the nobleman Buto, he persuaded them sufficiently of the power of his mission that they not only allowed him to escape with his life, but allowed him to preach unmolested in the territory allotted him. His life may have been a source of inspiration in the creation of the cultus of Livinus of Ghent.

Death
On his return to Friesland, Lebuinus rebuilt the church at Deventer where he was later buried. The exact date of his death is unknown, however it is almost certain that it occurred before 776, because during that year, the Saxons attacked and burnt the church at Deventer and yet could not identify his remains inside of the church after three days. His body and a copy of the Gospels presumed to have been written by his hand were still in Deventer, in a church bearing his name, until 882 when it was again destroyed by the Normans. The relics of St. Livinus (whose feast also is on 12 November) are probably those of Lebuinus. Saint Ludger rebuilt the church a few years later, and in doing so rediscovered the saint's remains beneath the site.

Veneration

 * Lebuinus is commemorated by the Church on 12 November, mostly in the Netherlands.
 * The Lebuïnuskerk, Deventer was consecrated in his name.

title: Lebuinus


text:
Mildred Harnack

Mildred Elizabeth Harnack ( Fish; September 16, 1902 – February 16, 1943) was an American literary historian, translator, and member of the German resistance against the Nazi regime. After marrying Arvid Harnack, she moved to Germany in 1929, where she began her career as an academic. Mildred Harnack spent a year at the University of Jena and the University of Giessen working on her doctoral thesis. At Giessen, she witnessed the beginnings of Nazism. Mildred Harnack became an assistant lecturer in English and American literature at the University of Berlin in 1931.

In 1932, Mildred and her husband Arvid began to resist Nazism. Mildred nicknamed the underground resistance group they established "the Circle." Mildred and Arvid became friends with Louise and Donald Heath, who was First Secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Berlin, and to whom Mildred and Arvid passed intelligence from Arvid's position at the Reich Economics Ministry. Between 1935 and 1940, the couple's group intersected with three other anti-fascist resistance groups. The most important of these was run by Luftwaffe lieutenant Harro Schulze-Boysen. Like numerous groups in other parts of the world, the undercover political factions led by Harnack and Schulze-Boysen later developed into an espionage network that collaborated with Soviet intelligence to defeat Hitler. This Berlin anti-fascist espionage group "the Circle" was later named the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) by the Abwehr. The couple were arrested in September 1942 and executed shortly after.

Life
Mildred Elizabeth Fish was born and raised on the west side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Her parents were William Cook Fish, who was frequently unemployed between gigs as an insurance salesman, butcher, and horse trader, and Georgina Fish ( Hesketh), a self-taught stenographer and typist. Mildred had three siblings, Harriette (the eldest), and twins Marbeau (aka "Bob") and Marion. She attended West Division High School (now Milwaukee High School of the Arts). After the death of her father, Mildred and her mother moved to Chevy Chase, Maryland where Mildred's eldest sister lived. There she attended Western High School her senior year. She played on the basketball and baseball teams, served as editor for The Trailblazer, and played the role of Princess Angelica in William Makepeace Thackeray's The Rose and the Ring, the senior class play. She finished her last year at Western High School. In 1919, she began studying at George Washington University, then enrolled in 1921 at the University of Wisconsin. During her first year, she worked for the Wisconsin State Journal as a film and drama critic to support herself. She stayed at a rooming house popular with journalists and writers, but left after facing some mild prejudice, which caused her to change her major from journalism to humanities, then later to English literature. In 1922, she became a staff writer for the Wisconsin Literary Magazine.

On June 22, 1925, she was awarded a Bachelor of Arts in Humanities. Her senior thesis was "A Comparison of Chapman's and Pope's Translations of the Iliad with the Original". She stayed for further study and was awarded a Master of Arts degree in English on August 6, 1925.

While Mildred was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she met Arvid Harnack, a graduate student from Germany who was studying under a Rockefeller Fellowship. After a brief love affair, they were engaged on June 6, 1926, and wed on August 7, 1926 in a ceremony at her brother's farm near the village of Brooklyn, Wisconsin. On September 28, 1928, Arvid Harnack returned to Germany. Between 1928 and 1929, Mildred Fish-Harnack taught English and American literature at Goucher College in Baltimore, Maryland.

A fellow student of Mildred Harnack's at the University of Wisconsin was Clara Leiser. A professor who exerted an influence over her was William Ellery Leonard, who advised her when she was writing her senior thesis. Leonard was a non-conformist who believed in the Emersonian principle that "nothing at last is sacred but the integrity of [one's] own mind". He subjected Fish-Harnack to a grueling scrutiny that shaped her intellectual outlook. For Fish-Harnack, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman were the two greatest advocates of American literature. While at Madison, the couple met Margaretha "Greta" Lorke, a German student of sociology who had been invited to study in the U.S. A lifelong friendship developed between Mildred and Greta. Lorke later married Adam Kuckhoff.

Education
On June 2, 1929, Mildred moved to Jena in Germany, where she spent her first year living with the Harnack family. In the same year, she received a grant from the German Academic Exchange Service that enabled her to start working on her doctorate in American literature at the University of Jena, but she found the University of Giessen to be most welcome. Fish-Harnack's doctoral supervisor was Walther Fischer, who judged her to be an excellent lecturer and described her in a 1936 recommendation as showing great "tact", by which he meant Fish-Harnack's tactful approach to the Nazis' increasing incursion into the university in 1931 and 1932. By the time Fish-Harnack arrived in Giessen, more than half the student population were vocal in their support of the Nazis and therefore opponents of several faculty members. Amongst those under suspicion were philosophy professor Ernst von Aster—a Marxist—and economist Friedrich Lenz. Aster's wife, Swedish novelist Hildur Dixelius, became a good friend and eventually became a house guest at Fish-Harnack's Berlin house.

On February 1, 1931, Mildred Harnack began studying at the University of Berlin on a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Harnack was invited to hold a public lecture called "Romantic and Marital Love in the Work of Nathaniel Hawthorne" at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University, which allowed her to work as an assistant lecturer and lector on English and American literature. She taught courses on Emerson, Whitman, Theodore Dreiser, Sinclair Lewis, Thomas Hardy, and George Bernard Shaw. Mildred Harnack was popular with her students and over three semesters enrollment in the course tripled.

Harnack was an active member of the American expatriate community in Berlin. She went to dances at the American Student Association and was a member of the American Women's Club in Bellevuestraße, later serving as its president. The Harnacks socialized with American journalists and diplomats at the American Church in Nollendorfplatz, a popular meeting place for American ex-pats.

Career
During their time in Berlin, the Harnacks witnessed the Weimardämmerung, the unraveling of the German republic. They became interested in the Soviet Union and communism, seeing them as a solution to the rampant poverty and unemployment that Germany suffered during the Great Depression. They were of particular interest for Harnack, whose mother had struggled during the hyperinflation of the 1920s after the loss of her husband when he was a teenager. Their interest in capitalism waned, and they both believed that the economic system was ideologically bankrupt; they looked to the Soviet Union's new experimental five-year plans, believing the system could provide work for the masses. In 1931, Arvid established the Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der sowjetischen Planwirtschaft (ARPLAN, "Scientific Working Community for the Study of the Soviet Planned Economy"), a group of writers and academics that met once a month to discuss the Soviet planned economy.

In 1932, Fish-Harnack lost her position as a lecturer in American literature at the University of Berlin. At the time, the German Americanist and ardent Nazi Friedrich Schönemann had returned from leave in America to work in the English department. Fish-Harnack never hid her leftist political views during lectures. In May 1932, the funding that enabled Mildred to teach at Friedrich-Wilhelm University was canceled. The couple was forced to move to 61 Hasenheide in Neukölln due to the Nazis' presence. The couple had leased the apartment from a relative of the writer Stefan Heym; in his postwar novel Nachruf, Heym stated he found the Harnacks to be a genial academic couple with a determined outlook on the Nazis.

In the same year, Soviet economist and diplomat Sergei Bessonov, with the help of the Soviet embassy, organized a three-week study trip (from August 20 to September 12, 1932) to the Soviet Union for 23 members of ARPLAN including Arvid. Mildred hoped to go, but due to a scheduling conflict decided to make her own way there by booking the trip using Intourist and flying back early. Fish-Harnack's career as a scholar was saved when a family friend who was also president of American Student Union, Warren Tomlinson, suggested she take over his position as lecturer at the Berlin municipal evening high school. On September 1, 1932, Fish-Harnack began lecturing at the Heil'schen Abendschule Abendgymnasium ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene" or BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in Schöneberg, an evening high school for adults to prepare for the Abitur. Fish-Harnack was popular with her students, for many of whom her courses were their first introduction to American Literature. She socialised with her students and discussed economic and political ideas from the United States and the Soviet Union in an open and frank manner. One of her students, Karl Behrens, became friends with the Harnacks and eventually one of their most ardent recruits.

During the 1930s, the Harnacks kept in close contact with the Bonhoeffer family. Fish-Harnack, seeking additional income, launched a lecture series that was held in Klaus and Emmi Bonhoeffer's home.

On June 13, 1933, Fish-Harnack met Martha Dodd when she and other members of the American Women's Club met at the Lehrter train station to welcome Dodd's father and American ambassador, William. Dodd became Fish-Harnack's friend in Berlin, and her manuscript, In Memory, found in her Prague apartment attic in 1957, stated:"The years of our acquaintance were the most significant of my life. Our work, our experiences, in these courageous tragic years of fulfillment and disappointment are closely interwoven. Everything we thought about. What we loved. Hated. What we fought for. We shared with each other. We, all of us, my husband were in the German underground from 1933 to 1943. I'm the only one left." In a letter Fish-Harnack wrote to her mother in October 1935, she described Dodd as a talented writer of literary criticism and short stories with "a real desire to understand the wider world... Therefore, our interests combine and we will try to work something out together."  Fish-Harnack and Dodd edited a book column together in the English-language newspaper Berlin Topics. The Harnacks began to host a Saturday literary salon on Hasenheide where political views among editors, publishers, and authors were freely expressed; the attendees included publishers Samuel Fischer, Ernst Rowohlt, and Rowohlt's son Heinrich Marie Ledig-Rowohlt; translator Franz Frein; physician and writer Max Mohr; authors and playwrights Adam Kuckhoff, Max Tau, Otto Zoff, and Ernst von Salomon; journalist Margret Boveri; critic Erich Franzen; and Mildred's students, such as writer Friedrich Schlösinger. In Dodd's book Through Embassy Eyes, she mentioned a report by an American publisher who had visited the Fish-Harnacks in 1934, who stated:"He was expecting a lively exchange of views and engaging conversations that evening—definitely more appealing than that to which we were used in diplomatic circles. Instead, I only saw suffering and need. People whose spirit was broken. I saw pathetic cowardice. A lying in wait and tension, which was triggered by the visits by the secret police. The last of the meager remnants of free thought."In 1934, the couple moved to the third floor apartment at 16 Schöneberger Woyrschstraße, close to the Tiergarten. The house was destroyed in the war and is now known as 14 Genthiner Straße.

Literary figure
An important writer in Fish-Harnack's life was Thomas Wolfe. She found that his ability to shape memories from his early life to produce an autobiographical novel was reflected in her own desires for her own novel. She had read Wolfe's first book, Look Homeward, Angel, in 1933, lectured on the writer at the American Women's Club in 1933, and produced a further lecture in 1934 that was presented at the Bonhoeffers'. On August 5, 1934, Fish-Harnack published the essay "Drei junge Dichter aus USA. Thorton Wilder, Thomas Wolfe, William Faulkner" in the Berliner Tageblatt. On May 8, 1935, the Harnacks attended the American embassy in Berlin for tea, along with the Kuckhoffs. Fish-Harnack had a rare chance to meet Wolfe, who came to Germany to promote his book with his publisher, Ledig-Rowohlt. The tea party was also attended by John Sieg. Tau, a Jewish German-Norwegian writer and close friend of the Harnacks who attended the tea party, had to leave Germany after Kristallnacht; it is unclear which of the Harnacks organised his escape.

In the mid-1930s, Fish-Harnack's work began to be noticed and she became a published writer. In 1934, Fish-Harnack wrote an essay, "The Epic of the South", which was published in Berliner Tageblatt. In 1935, she wrote an essay, "Ein amerikanischer Dichter aus großer Tradition", on William Faulkner for the magazine Die Literatur. This type of critical analysis was no longer tolerated and could have ended her teaching career. On May 27, 1934, Fish-Harnack accepted an invitation from Ledig-Rowohlt, Dodd, and Dodd's boyfriend Boris Vinogradov to visit the German writer Hans Fallada in Carwitz, whose book Little Man, What Now? was published the previous year in the USA and had been a bestseller. Fallada was one of the few German writers who failed to obey the Nazi state. After 1935, Fish-Harnack did not publish any literary criticisms, essays, or newspaper articles, as the increasing presence of the Nazi regime made any writings a "rubber stamp for official views".

In 1936, her German translation of Irving Stone's biography of Vincent van Gogh, Lust for Life, was published. She continued to work as a translator for publishing houses. In January 1937, Fish-Harnack visited the United States, and stayed with Leiser in New York for two weeks, which was the last time that Leiser saw Fish-Harnack. Leiser found Fish-Harnack changed, from the open and trusting person she had known into someone who seemed distant and superior, a side-effect of the deceit necessary to hide her true feelings in Germany. Fish-Harnack's high school friend Mady Emmerling found Fish-Harnack to be overly cautious, frightened, and reserved, all indicative of having lived in the Nazi state for four years. Fish-Harnack had become used to assuming a persona, or passing, to fool the Nazi state. Many of her friends assumed from her bearing that she had become a Nazi. Immediately after staying with Leiser, Fish-Harnack went on a campus lecture tour that included Haverford College, New York University, University of Chicago, and University of Wisconsin, whose theme was "The German Relation to Current American Literature". Leonard attended the lecture at Madison and was unwilling to endorse Fish-Harnack's lecture when she asked for a written recommendation. However, at Haverford, Douglas V. Steere, who did not know her, found her presentation to be "vivid and full of charm". She visited her relatives during the tour and left in the spring to return to Berlin.

Later in 1938, Fish-Harnack worked on her doctoral dissertation, entitled "Die Entwicklung der amerikanischen Literatur der Gegenwart in einigen Hauptvertretern des Romans und der Kurzgeschicht", and was awarded her doctorate at the University of Giessen on November 20, 1941. In 1938 she received a job offer from the Rütten & Loening publishing house in Berlin as a consultant for American novels. The same year, Fish-Harnack joined the Daughters of the American Revolution and became a local representative in Berlin. In October 1939, she applied for the Guggenheim and Rockefeller fellowships but was refused. In 1941 she was hired as an English-language professor at the Foreign Studies Department of the Friedrich Wilhelm University, which was run by SS Major Franz Six.

Resistance
Leading up to and during the war, Red Orchestra tried to recruit new members, which was difficult due to the ratio of informers to proper recruits in the general populace. The group devised a method to vet potential recruits that would start with inviting them to a meeting, with the approach of making the potential recruit believe the group were Nazis, and lead the person to reveal their political attitude to Nazism through conversation. Harnack lent books to the potential recruit as a test of their intellect, as there was little chance of winning such people over if they did not understand politics. At one meeting, Fish-Harnack held a lecture on Kim by Rudyard Kipling to help the recruits understand colonialism.

On March 3, 1938, William Dodd was replaced by Hugh Wilson. Joining him as First Secretary and monetary attaché at the U.S. Embassy was Donald Heath. In 1937, Fish-Harnack met Louise Heath, Donald Heath's wife, at the American Women's Club in Bellevuestraße. The Harnacks became friends with the Heaths. When the war started the Heaths fled to Norway, but when they returned, Louise requested that Fish-Harnack tutor her son, Donald Heath, Jr., in American literature. The two couples spent weekends and occasional holidays together. At times Harnack and Donald would meet in the countryside to exchange intelligence, but it became increasingly dangerous. Between December 1939 and March 1941, Donald Jr., couriered between Fish-Harnack and the U.S. Embassy in Berlin.

During the 1930s, the Harnacks came into contact with other resistance groups and began to cooperate with them. The most important of these was a group run by Harro Schulze-Boysen, a Luftwaffe lieutenant and descendant of an old German military family who had known Harnack since 1935, but was reintroduced to him sometime in late 1939 or early 1940 through Greta Kuckhoff; the Kuckhoffs had known the Schulz-Boysens since 1938 and started to engage them socially in late 1939 or early 1940 by bringing Fish-Harnack and Libertas Schulze-Boysen together while on holiday in Saxony. Of the meeting Greta Kuckhoff wrote,"I saw it clearly before my eyes. From then on our work not only implies the risk of losing our freedom, from now on death was a possibility."Harro and Libertas were part of a bohemian group of friends that met twice a month in fun meetings in contrast to the Harnacks' austere study meetings. The initial meeting of the women gave rise to a licentious image of the group that persisted for decades after the war, based primarily on Gestapo and Abwehr reports. In his 1967 book, L'orchestre rouge, Gilles Perrault states that Fish-Harnack and Libertas were lesbians. However, industrialist Hugo Buschmann, who was an informant and Harro's close friend, stated that the group lived dangerously, but there was no evidence for Perrault's conclusion.

On September 17, 1940, the Harnacks met the third secretary member of the Soviet embassy, Alexander Korotkov, and Arvid Harnack decided to resume passing classified information about Hitler's regime to the Soviet Union in order to undermine it. According to lawyer Wolfgang Havemann, from that point forward Fish-Harnack endured a persistent fear of being discovered.

Discovery
The discovery of illegal radio transmissions by the German radio counterintelligence organization Funkabwehr in 1942 eventually revealed the members of the group and led to the Harnacks' arrest. The exposure of the radio codes enabled Referat 12, the cipher bureau of the Funkabwehr that had been tracking Red Orchestra radio transmissions since June 1941, to decipher Red Orchestra message traffic. Wenzel's apartment in Brussels was found to contain a large number of coded messages. When Wilhelm Vauck, principal cryptographer of the Funkabwehr, received the ciphers from Wenzel, he was able to decipher some of the older messages. On July 15, 1942, Vauck decrypted a message dated October 10, 1941 that gave the locations of the Kuckhoffs' and Schulze-Boysens' apartments.

Arrest and death
On September 7, 1942, the Harnacks were arrested by the Gestapo in Nazi-occupied Lithuania at the seaside village of Preila on the Curonian Spit.

On December 19, after a four-day trial before the Reichskriegsgericht ("Reich Military Tribunal"), Mildred Harnack was initially sentenced to six years in prison, but Adolf Hitler refused to endorse the sentence and ordered a new trial, which resulted in a death sentence on January 16, 1943. She was beheaded by guillotine on February 16, 1943. While she was imprisoned, Fish-Harnack translated the poem Vermächtnis by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Her last words were purported to have been "Und ich habe Deutschland auch so geliebt" ("And I, too, so loved Germany"). She was the only American executed on the direct orders of Adolf Hitler.

After her execution, her body was released to of Charité Anatomical Institute, Humboldt University anatomy professor Hermann Stieve to be dissected for his research into the effects of stress, caused by awaiting execution, on the menstrual cycle. After he was finished, he gave what was left to a friend of hers, who had the remains buried in Berlin's Zehlendorf Cemetery. She is the only member of the Berlin-based anti-fascists whose burial site is known.

When she learned of the execution, Clara Leiser wrote the unfinished poem "To and from the guillotine" in remembrance of her friend.

Arvid's brother Falk Harnack, also a resistance fighter, was able to escape and survived the Second World War as an ELAS partisan in Greece.

Canadian-born writer Rebecca Donner is the great-niece of Mildred Harnack, and published in 2021 a book on her life, largely taken from the letters that her grandmother had given her when she was sixteen, with the aim of making a book out of them.

U.S. government response
While newspapers learned about the execution shortly after the war, the U.S. government concealed additional information about Harnack's story. The Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) of the U.S. Army began to investigate her execution as a possible war crime. They acknowledged her work leading a large group secretly fighting the Nazi regime. However, while investigators described her actions as "laudable", they concluded that her execution could be considered legally justifiable since she was a spy and had received a trial. The case was closed.

Memorials

 * A cenotaph for the Harnacks stands in the Zehlendorf cemetery in Berlin, Germany.
 * Mildred Fish Harnack Day is observed by schools in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
 * In 2006, a street in Berlin's Friedrichshain neighborhood was renamed Mildred Harnack Street (Mildred-Harnack-Straße)
 * A school named in honor of Harnack in Berlin is located on Schulze-Boysen-Straße, a street named for fellow members of the Red Orchestra, Libertas and Harro Schulze-Boysen.
 * A public school complex in her hometown of Milwaukee was named in honor of Mildred Fish-Harnack in 2013.
 * Mildred's alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, hosts the annual Mildred Fish-Harnack Human Rights and Democracy Lecture in her memory, which was established in 1994.
 * In 2019, the city of Madison, Wisconsin, dedicated a sculpture to Harnack in Madison's Marshall Park.
 * In 2013, Stolpersteins for the Harnacks were laid in front of 14, Genthiner Straße in the Tiergarten, Berlin, on September 20, in the presence of US Ambassador John B. Emerson.

title: Mildred Harnack


text:
Economy of the Caribbean

The 'Economy of the Caribbean' is varied, but depends heavily on natural resources, agriculture and travel and tourism.

Natural resources
By international standards, minerals most valuable on the international market are found in Cuba, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. Several nations of the Caribbean are rich in natural resources; including Trinidad's vast natural gas and oil reserves, Jamaican bauxite and most recently the discovery of a large oil field in Guyana. The resources that make significant contributions to domestic economies and regional job sectors include fisheries, agriculture, forestry, mining and oil and gas bauxite, iron, nickel, petroleum and timber, among others. It has been noted by some that the Caribbean's most important resource is its tropical island setting, which has generated an important tourism sector. The attention by regional governments towards economic diversification in the early 1990s is often associated with increased production in tourism, oil, and nickel, spurred by foreign investment in these primary industries.

Agriculture
Along with contributing to the Caribbean's GDP, agriculture also contributes to domestic food supply and provides employment. While agriculture is the major economic land-use activity in many Caribbean countries, agriculture accounts for a declining percentage of most islands' GDP. However, unlike many developed countries, this trend may be accounted for by a growing tertiary sector, as opposed to industrial growth, except for Trinidad and Tobago and Mexico. Associations representing the agricultural industry in the region include the Caribbean Food Crop Society (CFCS) and the Windward Islands Farmers Association (WINFA). Some in Saint Vincent represent the interests of FairTrade certified producersand in Saint Vincent, Saint Lucia, Dominica and Grenada.

Globalization: challenges and prospects
While globalization in its modern context undoubtedly has changed the dynamic of Caribbean economics, it is worth noting that “the countries of the commonwealth have been passively integrated into the international economy for all of their modern history”. From foundations built on the plantation economy, the Caribbean economy has always involved reliance on one or several export sectors. While numerous attempts at market diversification have been made, the struggle to develop the political and economic infrastructure necessary to successfully respond to market fluctuations, and loss of competitiveness, in key export sectors remains a struggle. A recent example includes the dismantling of the Lomé Convention, which provided Caribbean Banana exports preferential treatment from the EU, by the WTO in 1999. Recent studies have also looked at the qualitative difference of capitalist globalization in comparison to earlier eras of capitalism, and shown how the region is becoming enmeshed in the accumulation chains of transnational business elites. This process has not only entailed significant advancements but also deeply rooted crises and inequality.

Foreign investment
The European Investment Bank provided a $12 million loan to the Ministry of Finance in Barbados. This allowed the Barbados Water Authority (BWA) to rehabilitate the island's drinking water distribution network by improving efficiency, service quality, and resilience in order to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. This investment will help protect Barbados' water supply from climate change and more frequent extreme weather.

The European Investment Bank investment will pay for the replacement of around 16 kilometers of aging pipelines, as well as the restoration of water reservoirs and pumping facilities. This will help to preserve the island's scarce water resources.

The European Investment Bank is also collaborating with the national government to fund $60 million in emergency healthcare spending connected to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is also in collaboration with The Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) to provide $36 million to CDB's Borrowing Member Countries (BMCs) for the COVID-19 vaccines and other investments in healthcare, to limit the virus's spread.

The loan will assist Barbados' public health system, specifically for COVID-19 treatment, lab capacity and equipment, quarantine facilities, IT equipment, vaccine storage, contact tracing systems, and logistics, transport, and monitoring operations.

Women and globalization
In 2010 the labor force participation rate in the Caribbean was 77% and in 2011 it was recorded that GDP per capita in the Caribbean communities average near $10,000. Due to the lack of economic opportunity and low GDP per capita levels, Caribbean people are traveling in large numbers to developed countries. Globally, Grenada has the third-highest percentage of emigrating at 67.3%, St. Kitts and Nevis is fourth at 61.0% and Guyana is fifth at 56.8%. Most of these Caribbean emigrants are women.

Historically, the Caribbean's banana industry has been one of the biggest exports; however, agriculture is beginning to decline in the world economy. Now, it is the exportation of labor that is on the rise in the Caribbean. Caribbean women are migrating to developed countries for the opportunity to study particularly in nursing programs. Women in the Caribbean migrate in large numbers to developed countries such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France. These host countries have better education and resources that provide better health care knowledge and health care training. In these developed regions of the word, Caribbean women receive more on and off-the-job training as well. Educational opportunities for health care allow women in the Caribbean to receive advanced knowledge on nursing and their degrees are recognized in their host countries.

With advanced education come more career opportunities. In the host countries, there is a lot of demand for healthcare workers, which means more job opportunities for women. Caribbean women also emigrate in such large numbers to developed countries to earn higher pay. Income earned in host countries is usually enough for a female immigrant from the Caribbean to live off of and still send remittances back home. Additionally, the currencies from host countries have more purchasing power than the domestic currency in the Caribbean. Money being sent back to Caribbean countries allows for individuals to set up retirement accounts and provide financial support to the families that the Caribbean women left behind.

Disadvantages
The labor exportation from the Caribbean to the host countries is offering education and employment opportunities to women, but is also limiting the opportunities for the Caribbean. The educated women who want to learn advanced skills and have the potential to make a difference in and on their home countries are travelling abroad, and in large part are staying abroad to take full advantage of the education and the economic prospects. The health care education systems and quality of health care declines because the participants are leaving. Guyana is one of the top 10 countries that export labor. In the rural areas, 80% of their health care is provided by nurses. Lately, however, there been serious deficiencies and neglect in the health care market due to Caribbean nurses staying abroad after pursuing their education. Guyana's economy is also heavily dependent of remittances. Guyana is one of the top countries to benefit from remittances from nursing labor. The country's largest source of foreign exchange is remittances with there being approximately $218 million United States dollars counted in 2006 from remittances, money that did not include transfers from the informal sectors. This dependence on the developed foreign economy leaves Guyana vulnerable to any changes or crashes that the developed country may face. The remittances that Guyana is receiving are helping to sustain the economy but also have the potential effect of really crippling it, if nurses lose their jobs or receive pay cuts and can no longer send back a hefty amount of remittances.

Technology
The Caribbean governments are increasingly looking at the need for digital communications networks to help economic growth.

title: Economy of the Caribbean


text:
Adelle Davis

Adelle Davis (25 February 1904 – 31 May 1974) was an American writer and nutritionist, considered "the most famous nutritionist in the early to mid-20th century." She was an advocate for improved health through better nutrition. She wrote an early textbook on nutrition in 1942, followed by four best-selling books for consumers which praised the value of natural foods and criticized the diet of the average American. Her books sold over 10 million copies and helped shape America's eating habits.

Despite her popularity, she was heavily criticized by her peers for many recommendations she made that were not supported by the scientific literature, some of which were considered dangerous.

Early years and education
Adelle Davis was born on February 25, 1904, on a small-town farm near Lizton, Indiana. She was the youngest of five daughters of Charles Eugene Davis and Harriette (McBroom) Davis.

When she was ten days old, her mother was paralyzed from a stroke and died seventeen months later. Because bottle feeding was then unknown, Davis had to be fed with an eye-dropper, and later felt her interest in nutrition was due to the deprivation of oral feeding during her infancy. Early in her career she treated every patient as if they were herself. "Every patient was me, and I was mother, trying to get him healthy. I spent all my time making up for the mother I didn't have."

She was raised with her sisters on the family's farm by her father and an elderly aunt, where among her duties were pitching hay, plowing corn, and milking cows. She rode seven miles in a horse and buggy to attend school, where she graduated in 1923 with thirteen other students. From age ten to eighteen, she was also an active member of the 4-H Club, an organization which helped youths reach their fullest potential. During her time with the club she won numerous ribbons for her breads, canned fruits and vegetables, which she had entered at state and county fairs.

She enrolled at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana where she stayed from 1923 to 1925, majoring in home economics. To help pay for college costs she worked at various jobs, and played tennis in her free time. During the summers she stayed active with the 4-H Club as a club leader. After two years at Purdue she transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, where she graduated in 1927 with a degree in dietetics. Berkeley had set up the first department of nutrition in America in 1912.

Career as a nutrition expert
After receiving further dietetic training at Bellevue and Fordham Hospitals in New York City from 1927 to 1928, she supervised nutrition for Yonkers Public Schools and consulted as a nutritionist for New York obstetricians. In 1928 she also worked as a nutritionist at the Judson Health Center in Manhattan. After working at hospitals where she set up diets for patients, she decided to not take on any more hospital assignments as she wanted to work more closely with each individual patient. In the fall of 1928 she enrolled in postgraduate studies at Teachers College, Columbia University and then took some time off to travel around Europe.

After returning from Europe, Davis moved to Oakland, California in 1931 and worked as a consulting nutritionist for doctors at the Alameda County Health Clinic. Two years later she moved to Los Angeles to do consulting at a medical clinic in Hollywood. She also enrolled at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles where she earned a master of science degree in biochemistry, in 1938. She worked as a consulting nutritionist in Oakland and then in Los Angeles with physicians at the Alameda County Health Clinic and the William E. Branch Clinic in Hollywood. She also prescribed diets to the patients that were referred to her by numerous specialists.

To help her spread nutrition information to the public she took a writing course and began writing pamphlets and books. She continued seeing patients referred to her by physicians, and by the end of her career she had helped approximately 20,000 referred patients. She had practiced professional nutritional counseling for 35 years before she retired and devoted her time to her family.

Career as nutritionist and author
After writing a promotional pamphlet for a milk company in 1932, she wrote two non-published treatises: Optimum Health (1935) and You Can Stay Well (1939). In 1942 Davis wrote a 524-page, forty-one chapter nutrition textbook for Macmillan, Vitality Through Planned Nutrition. But she received public acclaim with her subsequent books written for the general public: Let's Cook it Right (1947); Let's Have Healthy Children (1951); Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit (1954); and Let's Get Well (1965). By 1974, when she died, her books had sold over 10 million copies.

Davis wrote her consumer books over a 40-year career, revising some in the 1970s. She saw herself as an "interpreter", not merely a researcher. "I think of myself as a newspaper reporter, who goes out to libraries and gathers information from hundreds of journals, which most people can't understand, and I write it so that people can understand." She reviews scientific literature in the biochemical libraries at U.C.L.A., for instance. Her references for Let's Get Well totaled almost 2,500, many from cases during her nutrition practice, and she was upset when the publisher of Let's Have Healthy Children eliminated the 2,000 references from the 1972 revision, says author Daniel Yergin.

Her first book, Let's Cook it Right (1947), was an effort to update and improve on the popular guide, Joy of Cooking (1931), by including scientific facts about nutrition. Besides giving various new recipes, she instructs the housewife in how to enrich recipes with nutritious ingredients such as powdered milk and wheat germ, and tells how to best preserve flavors and nutrients when cooking.

This book, like her later ones, was aimed at educating readers. She preached the benefits of whole grains and breads, fresh vegetables, vitamin supplements, limits on sugar, and avoidance of packaged and processed foods.

The book was well received and she went on to publish Let's Have Healthy Children (1951; revised in 1972 and 1981), which drew on her own experiences of working with obstetricians and conducting her own research. The book gives nutrition advice for pregnant women as well as for infants and young children, including explaining the benefits of breastfeeding and when to introduce solid foods.

She denounced prepared baby foods due to their high concentrations of additives and pesticide residue, which made her opinions controversial among doctors. In the book she also criticized obstetricians and pediatricians for being ignorant about nutrition, which leads them to prescribe harmful diets for both mother and child. She said that "the chapter on canned foods will make your hair stand on end."

She argued that women who did not eat well during pregnancy were more likely to suffer from numerous medical problems and that their infants might have hearing and vision abnormalities, rickets and anemia, and do poorly in school, and that such mothers were settling for mediocre children when they could have superior ones.

Her third book was Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit (1954; updated 1970), which was written as a basic primer on nutrition for the layperson. In it she includes numerous documented case histories from her practice and from footnoted medical journals. She explains the functions and food sources of over forty nutrients considered essential to human health, including vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, and proteins.

She also used the book to describe in detail her belief that most Americans inflicted harm on themselves with their typical diets, which was excessively high in salt, refined sugars, pesticides, growth hormones, preservatives and other additives, and thereby "devitalized" of its essential nutrients by the excessive processing. As a result, she says countless adults and most children in the U.S. "have never once had a mouthful of genuinely wholesome food." She recognizes that wholesome foods are difficult to obtain in supermarkets, which is one of the reasons she recommends vitamin supplements.

Although she was not a vegetarian, and ate moderate amounts of pork, veal and fish, she did not shy away from stating that "The great American Hamburger has done tremendous harm to health," and added that "for the great American charcoal-broiled steak, I wouldn't go across the street for one." She explained that beef is fattened with synthetic female hormones which "adds water weight, not protein weight." Besides believing it contributed to cancer, she said it also harmed men's virility: "I'm amazed there are any functioning males in this country of steak eaters."

Some reviews of the book were highly critical, one reviewer saying it was "replete with misinformation" and an example of books which promotes "food fads and cults rather than soundly established nutrition information and practice. Another stated that Davis indulges in amateur diagnosis which is both unconvincing and dangerous ... which cannot be recommended because of its inaccuracies and the over-dramatic manner in which the material is presented."

Let's Get Well (1965) was her final book, in which she tries to convince the reader that before most diseases develop there were likely nutritional deficiencies that people were not aware of. In the book she discusses nutritional therapy for hundreds of ailments, including heart disease, high cholesterol, ulcers, diabetes, and arthritis, and often contradicts the dietary advice given by many physicians. The book is documented with over 2,000 footnoted references to studies reported in medical journals and books. In her book Exploring Inner Space which was published in 1961 under the name of Jane Dunlap she described her experience in taking the hallucinogenic drug LSD.

Social concerns about nutrition
Davis believed many of America's dietary problems were due to most doctors not being well informed about nutrition. She believed few medical schools offered nutrition courses and physicians had little time to read the hundreds of medical journals published to keep up with new findings.

Davis criticized the food industry of helping promote bad eating habits with misleading advertising. "It's just propaganda," she said, "that the American diet is the best in the world. Commercial people have been telling us those lies for years." In a television interview she said that a "great deal of sickness is caused by refined foods." She states that "We are literally at the mercy of the unethical refined food industry, who take all the vitamins and minerals out of food."

She was also worried about the welfare of society in general, warning in 1973 that "nutrition consciousness had better grow or we're going under...We're watching the fall of Rome right now, very definitely, because Americans are getting more than half their calories from food with no nutrients. People are exhausted." In her opinion, says Yergin, "entire civilizations rise and fall on their diets." She feels that one of the reasons Germany easily defeated France in World War II was due to the Germans' healthier diets. "Ominously, she warns that the Russians eat much less of the illness‐breeding refined foods than do Americans."

Public appearances
Davis gained further from speaking on the lecture circuit on college campuses as well as in Latin America and Europe, and eventually became sought after for guest appearances on television talk show programs.

Modern influence and critics
Davis wrote a series of four books, starting with a cookbook in 1947, that ultimately sold over 10 million copies in total. Although her ideas were considered somewhat eccentric in the 1940s and 1950s, the change in culture with the 1960s brought her ideas, especially her anti-food processing and food industry charges, into the mainstream in a time when anti-authority sentiment was growing. One historian describes Davis as the "most widely read nutritionist of the postwar decades ... [whose work] helped to shape Americans' eating habits, their child-feeding practices, their views about the quality of their food supply, and their beliefs about the impact of nutrition on their emotional and physical health."

Physician Robert C. Atkins, who promoted the Atkins diet, said Davis' books had contributed to his own pursuit of nutrition in medicine.

Davis also contributed to, as well as benefiting from, the rise of a nutritional and health-food movement that began in the 1950s, which focused on subjects such as pesticide residues and food additives, a movement her critics would come to term food faddism. During the 1960s and 1970s, her popularity continued to grow, as she was featured in multiple media reports, variously described as an "oracle" by The New York Times and a "high priestess" by Life, and was compared to Ralph Nader, the popular consumer activist, by the Associated Press. Her celebrity was demonstrated by her repeated guest appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, as she became the most popular and influential nutritionist in the country.

A significant part of Davis' appeal came from her credentials, including her university training, and her apparent application of scientific studies and principles to her writing, with one book totaling over 2100 footnotes and citations. Some of her nutritional ideas, such as the need for exercise, the dangers of vitamin deficiencies, and the need to avoid hydrogenated fat, saturated fat, and excess sugar, remain relevant even to modern nutritionists. U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy commended her views in 1998 as well, in remarks meant to support a law protecting free speech on food safety from the threat of lawsuits.

Although she was very popular with the public in general in the 1970s, none of her books were recommended by any significant nutritional professional society of the time. Independent review of the superficially impressive large number of citations to the scientific literature in her books found that the citations often either misquoted the scientific literature or were contradicted by or unsupported by the proposed citation, and that errors in the book averaged at least one per page. One review noted that only 30 of 170 citations in a sample taken from one chapter accurately supported the assertions in her book. The 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health labelled her probably the single most harmful source of false nutritional information.

A nutritionist in a literature review said that her works were "at best a half truth" or led to "ridiculous conclusions". Nutritionists disputed her view that alcoholism, crime, suicide, and divorce were byproducts of poor diet.

Her reliance on supplements led in a few instances to lawsuits asserting that her recommendations caused children harm. The litigation was ultimately settled out of court.

Much of her advice was not healthful, and some of it was harmful. For example, "she recommended magnesium as a treatment for epilepsy, potassium chloride for certain patients with kidney disease, and megadoses of vitamins A and D for other conditions." There was a case with a four-year-old who was hospitalized at the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco. The child was pale and chronically ill because her mother, who was an adherent of Davis's nutrition, was giving her large doses of vitamins A and D plus calcium lactate.

Quotes
Adelle Davis is known for: Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a pauper.

Private life
In October 1943, Davis married George Edward Leisey, and adopted his two children, George and Barbara, though she never had children of her own. She divorced George Leisey in 1953 and married a retired accountant and lawyer named Frank Sieglinger in 1960.

In 1973 she was diagnosed with multiple myeloma and later died of the same disease in 1974 in her home at the age of seventy. She attributed her getting cancer to her early years in college, where she ate junk food before learning about its negative effects on health, and to a number of X-rays she underwent. Before her death she stated, "In my opinion there is no question whatsoever that the terrific amount of cancer we have now is related to the inadequacies of our American diet."

Honors and awards

 * 1972, honorary Doctor of Science, Plano University, Texas
 * 1972, Raymond A. Dart Human Potential Award, presented by the Steelworkers of America

Publications
Books on nutrition:
 * Optimum Health (1935)
 * You Can Stay Well (1939)
 * Vitality Through Planned Nutrition (1942)
 * Let's Cook it Right (1947) ISBN 4-87187-958-5
 * Let's Have Healthy Children (1951), ISBN 0-451-05346-X
 * Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit (1954) ISBN 4-87187-961-5
 * ALONG THE BACKROADS OF EUROPE, Nutrition Early RARE Pamphlet Travel, (c. late 1950s). Published by N.P. Plus Products.
 * Let's Get Well (1965), ISBN 0-15-150372-9
 * You Can Get Well (1975). Published by Benedict Lust Pubns (June 1, 1975). ISBN 978-0879040338
 * Let's Stay Healthy: A Guide to Lifelong Nutrition, (1981). Published by Harcourt; Subsequent edition (December 1, 1981) ISBN 978-0151504435

Other publications:
 * Exploring Inner Space: Personal Experiences Under LSD-25 (1961) - published under the pen name Jane Dunlap, describing her experience with LSD. ISBN 9784871879606
 * Georgia's Girls: In the Beginning (2015), published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 1523932074

title: Adelle Davis