text:
Talk:Homelessness in Canada

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 September 2019 and 10 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ace816.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:32, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
The myths section is biased, agenda based, un-encyclopedic and poorly sourced. --72.84.88.132 (talk) 10:04, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Some right wing bigot has larded the entry with derogatory language. Roedyg 12:21, 16 February 2007 (UTC) Roedy Green

"Less than 20% of the homeless have drug or alcohol abuse problems. Almost half of all homeless people have jobs."

 * I would like to see these statements attributed. They just don't seem to jive with the reality I see on the ground in my job working at a homeless shelter. Perhaps the situation here in London On. is not reflective of the general problem in Canada, but I would say that easily more then 50% of my clients are dealing with addiction problems. and far less then half are heading out to work on any given morning.
 * I don't feel that Jack Layton is creditable enough to be the soul source on homelessness in canada.
 * I realise that I am offering little more then my own opinions, but I would like to see a few more sources cited. I'll come back to this with some more sources later.--Mike McGregor (Can) 08:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

It's important to remember that in Canada homelessness statistics include both those with no shelter and those with inadequate shelter. Those squatting in abandoned buildings or in over crowded accommodations are counted as homeless. The homeless who use shelters, and those who are visible on the street, have far higher rates of mental illness and addiction. -- SimonP 14:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm going to start looking for HIFIS data and summaries of the commmunity reports that were prepaired as to evaluate SCPI.. I'll try to brainstorm some other sources in the this week. (I'll have lots of time while I'm 'working' the overnights...)--Mike McGregor (Can) 03:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm not having much luck finding stats or info at this time, so I'm going to take the notice thingy down and come back to this later... Mike McGregor (Can) 09:41, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Quote from Deinstitutionalization: "While most of those discharged did integrate with the community, a significant number estimated at around 75% did not." It does not make sense that it is saying that most of those discharged did integrate with the community, when most would imply over 50%, instead of 25%.

Homeless people are under big problems. But most of the time, people don't care about them. We need to stand up and start doing our job. We need to act like rightful citizens of Canada! Many people just start rumors about them and post youtube videos that give the world a misunderstanding of homeless people. The people who aren't like that don't get a chance in life. We need to put an end to this poverty!! We need to be proud citizens of Canada! We need to start Action Plan 2016!!!!!

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Stephaniep27.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:47, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Immigration as a contributing factor
The discussion page of the article Canadians of convenience addresses the CPRN paper. I have neither the time, nor the inclination, to tackle a brooded article. Adamant myopia needs the intervention of objective & informed third parties.

As for the Statistics Canada paper on low-income rates, it is tackling low-income as a relative measure. It addresses neither homelessness nor incomes at, or resulting in, such an outcome. To wit, it states that this rate showed a larger increase amongst the university-educated! --P00r (talk) 05:13, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've removed this section. None of the cites gives any evidence that immigrants are more likely to be homeless than native born Canadians. In fact the opposite is true, as discussed in detail in this Globe article. - SimonP (talk) 19:43, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The title of the section is called "Lack of low-income housing". Do you need more citations that immigrants are more likely to use subsidized housing (in addition to the one you deleted)?  That is easy if that is the concern. Deet (talk) 23:45, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * First off your links don't even indicate that immigrants use more subsidized housing. They simply say that they have a greater need for it, not that they use it. For this section to stay we need actual evidence that immigrants have in recent years taken up a larger share of Canada's subsidized housing. - SimonP (talk) 03:01, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Frankly, this is one of the hardest facts in the entire section, which is otherwise full of anecdotes and theories. 45% of Torontonians are foreign born and the paragraph points out that they have over twice the need for subsidized housing, spot on relevant in a section regarding the lack of subsidized housing. I didn't invent the section, just pointed out an important element.  Deet (talk) 09:31, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The problem is its original research. You could use the same numbers to prove that immigrants are more likely to be homeless than native Canadians, but then if you look at the facts you find they are actually less likely to be. Without evidence, we don't know if the same thing is the case with subsidized housing. - SimonP (talk) 11:55, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * You could say the same thing about virtually any paragraph in the article (which, even if there were citations, are all anecdotal). Deet (talk) 04:14, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Well as a person that has lived on the streets ,myself I have hardly ever seen a immigrant homeless. The Canadian born people have to wait years for proper housing in Toronto up to 10 yrs but immigrants come in and get housing right away. I am not a hater of immigrants at all but when is Cananda going to say enough is enough we have enough people in this country that has a hard enough time putting food on the table and covering the rent ,and that includes new people that have come to live in Canada. lesliecia —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lesliecia (talk • contribs) 19:59, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Copyright
Which sections is the copyright violation supposed to cover? It seems to have removed the reference and external links sections, is this intentional? SmileyLlama (talk) 14:28, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Homelessness Count
Some parts of this section are contradictory and confusing - for example, in the homelessness count section it states that the core number of homeless people was "200,000 in 2005, or about 10 per cent of the population". 10% of what population? 200,000 is not even 1% of the Canadian population, and it is unclear what other population could be referred to here. It is also unclear what the definition of "annually homeless" is - how does this differ from "core homeless"? If they refer to the same thing, then why are the estimates so different? SmileyLlama (talk) 14:32, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Revisiting the same critical questioning of this section 9 years later, the facts and figures written here still remain obfuscated and contradictory, with the cited source material not being easily accessible to reference the claims.
 * "Homeless advocates estimated it to be closer to 20,000 annually, or 30,000 on any given night plus those in the hidden homeless category. This includes 6,000 youth nightly and 30,000 youth annually."
 * The numerical figures that are presented in this section as authoritative fact, leaves the reader with an unclear understanding of what conditions are factored into the nightly verse annual categorization and how seemingly their can be a higher nightly than annual reported total. JanLannger55 (talk) 10:58, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Myths section
The "myths" in the myths section should be moved into another relevant section, or removed entirely - even if the claims made are sourced and correct, there is no evidence or reason to believe that there are myths that contradict the information in this section. SmileyLlama (talk) 14:46, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Homelessness is not necessarily a economic issue?
Please participate in Talk:Homelessness_in_Vancouver Ottawahitech (talk) 16:02, 20 December 2016 (UTC)please ping me

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Homelessness in Canada. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160106230141/http://www.chumirethicsfoundation.ca/files/pdf/SHELTER.pdf to http://www.chumirethicsfoundation.ca/files/pdf/SHELTER.pdf
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130705202539/http://homelessresearch.net/canadian-definition-of-homelessness/ to http://homelessresearch.net/canadian-definition-of-homelessness/
 * Added archive http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160106230141/http://www.chumirethicsfoundation.ca/files/pdf/SHELTER.pdf to http://www.chumirethicsfoundation.ca/files/pdf/SHELTER.pdf

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Copyright violation from 2014?
What is the process for removing the copyright violation template? The entire section on public policy was deleted.

This maintenance template was placed on [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homelessness_in_Canada&oldid=612321834 15:22, June 10, 2014 by User:66.183.151.75 ? (→Public Policy) User: 66.183.151.75 stopped editing in 2015 and was not an administrator. They made minor 113 edits over a two-year period. Oceanflynn (talk) 03:50, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

This is the deleted content. The first two paragraphs appear to be from The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World in the section "Housing, Effects on women's health (Canada)" The reference could have been added instead of deleting the entire section. The paragraph on the Exiting Process" as suggested by Karabanow is essay-like but not a copyright violation.

 * The National Homeless Initiative (NHI), created in 1999, was the federal secretariat most directly responsible for homelessness matters until its closure in 2007. The NHI was created to fund transitional housing and a range of services for homeless people across the country. NHI funded the federal program Supporting Community Partnerships Initiative (SCPI) which covered the costs of temporary shelters and services for the homeless.[20]

 * The federal government replaced the NHI with the Homelessness Partnering Strategy (HPS) which was allocated to spend $270 million between 2007 and 2009[2] In September 2008, the Government of Canada announced that it would set aside funding for housing and homelessness programs of $387.9 million per year for the next five years[21]

 * Canada is one of the few countries in the world without a national housing strategy (United Nations, 2009). Many of the federal governments' expenditures are cost-sharing, one-time only funding initiatives that lack long-term leadership on homelessness. The United Nations has also noted the lack of information on these expenditures, including the number of houses produced.[11]

 * Housing has been declared a fundamental human right. Canada helped to draft the 1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights that includes a right to access housing in Article 25. Canada also ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in 1976, which recognizes an adequate standard of living, including housing, in Article 11.[22]

 * Homeless advocates maintain that government funding should be spent on securing affordable housing versus funding more homelessness programs.[2]

 * An "Exiting Process" as suggested by Karabanow in 2009, provides a detailed flow chart of steps for an individual to "exit" homelessness. There are six individual steps in the process, each of which can interact and flow into the next. The steps are not mutually exclusive or exhaustive, they simply offer a framework for individuals to attempt; in reality it may take several attempts for an individual to truly eradicate the issues which caused them to be homeless in the first place. The first step in Karabanow's process is called Precipitating Factors and involves becoming disenchanted with street life and beginning to experience boredom with the street lifestyle. The second step is called Courage to Change and involves having increased responsibilities including becoming more involved and connected with family members or people who really care. The next step is Securing Help which involves using services, detox treatments or drop-in clinics. This step also includes searching for a permanent residence using supportive housing or structured programs. This step may also include becoming involved in school again. The next step is labeled as a transition phase. This step includes aspect of individual growth and change in scenery, including a proposed increase in self-esteem and building a network of non-street associates and activities. Factors that would help this stage along include finding a sympathetic landlord or employer to aid in the slow process of cutting ties to the street life world. The next step is called Change in Routine and involves just that. This step includes solidifying employment, a residence and possibly attending school. The individual at this point should be focusing on future plans and appear happier, healthier and more driven. At this point in the process the individual may also be relying on social assistance to stay on track. The last step is aptly named "Successful Exiting". This is the last stage of Karabanow's proposal and involves being in control of one's life and having direction and stability. The individual at this point should be able to fully care for themselves and have a dramatic increase in self-esteem, pride, and enjoyment in one's life.[23]

Any suggestions as to how to remove the template? Oceanflynn (talk) 03:50, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Community Economic and Social Development II
— Assignment last updated by Sneha. .0529 (talk) 03:52, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Imaged used for section on homelessness in Alberta
Maybe the image used for the section used for homelessness in Alberta should be changed or have the caption changed, as the people featured in the picture are clearly using some sort of drug (most likely opiates). Perhaps the caption should be changed to reflect this fact, or have the image changed. 142.127.7.208 (talk) 14:07, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homelessness in Canada


text:
Arantzazu

Arantzazu (Spanish Aránzazu) is a town and municipality located in the province of Bizkaia, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

Toponym

 * Etymologically Arantzazu means place of hawthorn and comes from Basque language. In addition, this municipality of Vizcaya has the same name as other district in Oñati (Gipuzkoa) famous for being located there Arantzazu's Sanctuary.

Architecture

 * San Pedro de Arantzazu is the church of the municipality, finished in 1828.

Population

 * 305 inhabitants. (INE 2007).

Geography

 * Elevation: 135 metres.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arantzazu


text:
Artzentales

Artzentales is a municipality in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Artzentales


text:
User talk:Apeman1234

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Just a few quick tips:
 * Our Tutorial explains how to edit; you can experiment in the test area.
 * We have help pages, and if they don't help (can happen :-), post a question at the Help Desk.
 * Remember that we strive to have unbiased articles.
 * Eventually, you might want to read our Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Use the "Preview" button below the edit box! It helps you catch layout, format, and spelling errors before saving.
 * To sign your messages (to talk pages, for instance—like I do below), add four tildes (~~~~) to your posts. The software will replace them by your signature and a time stamp when you save the page.

Anyway, have fun improving this encyclopedia! Lupo 08:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Testing
Please test in the sandbox. Lupo 08:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Info on image, please
Please go to Image:Gibbon2.jpg and edit that image description page to give the source (URL, if online; ISBN, if scanned from a book; and if you've taken the image yourself, just say so) and the licensing status (the list of image copyright tags might be useful) of this image. All our images should have this information; images without source or license info will be deleted after seven days. Thank you. Lupo 08:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

stop vandalizing
Do not vandalize or you will be prevented from editing. Lupo 08:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apeman1234


text:
Category:University of New Mexico

This category is for categories and articles affiliated with the University of New Mexico.

fr:Catégorie:Université dans l'État du Nouveau-Mexique pt:Categoria:Universidades do Novo México

title: Category:University of New Mexico


text:
Areatza

Areatza (in Basque and officially; in Spanish, Villaro) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Areatza


text:
Talk:Metric tensor (general relativity)/to do

 * Discussion of metric as gravitational potential (+ link to weak-field approximation).
 * Raising and lowering indices.
 * Cut down the 'volume' section (and shift that derivation to another article - or just get rid of it).


text:
User:Bogart99~enwiki

"I never should have switched from scotch to martinis."

I translated into German the following English articles (with partially considerable amendments) :

 * Blackfriars (disambiguation) (translation), several places and bulidings, mostly referring to the London district developed from a Domenican friary
 * Blackfriars (translation), historic section of central London
 * Blackfriars Theatre (translation), the name of two successive London theatre projects in the late 16th and first part of the 17th century
 * Catesby, Robert (1573-1605) (translation), strategic leader of the Gunpowder Plot
 * Chimes, Terry (* January 25, 1955 in London) (translation), co-founder and drummer of the British punk rock band The Clash
 * Fleet Prison (translation), notorious London prison (1197 - 1842)
 * Gordon riots (translation), anti-catholic uprising incited by Lord George Gordon in London in 1780
 * Newgate (translation), city gate in medieval London
 * Newgate Prison (translation), notorious London prison (1188 - 1902)
 * Raikes, Robert (1735-1811) (translation), English newspaper proprietor and social reformer
 * Saint-Gelais, Octavien de (1468-1502) (translation), French churchman, poet, and translator
 * Saint-Gelais, Mellin de (ca. 1490 - October, 1558) (translation), French poet of the Renaissance
 * Sheppard, Jack (1702-1724) (translation), famous English burglar and escape king of early 18th century London
 * Shepard, Ernest Howard (1879-1976) (translation), British illustrator (Winnie-the-Pooh, The Wind in the Willows)
 * Spitalfields (translation), area in Tower Hamlets, east London
 * Tyburn (translation), former village in the county of Middlesex, nowadays a part of London's City of Westminster, notorious site of public executions until 1783 (a gallow-construction called "Tyburn Triple Tree" was used)
 * Walter, John, I, (1739-1812) (translation), founder of the London "Times"
 * Walter, John, II, (1776-1847) (translation), proprietor of the London "Times", son of John Walter I
 * Walter, John, III (1818-1894) (translation), proprietor of the London "Times", son of John Walter II

I translated into English the following German articles:

 * Bohle, Ernst Wilhelm (* 1903 in Bradford; † 1960 in Düsseldorf), leader of the Foreign Organization of the Nazi Party (NSDAP/AO)
 * Fiehler, Karl (* 1895 in Braunschweig; † 1969 in Dießen/Ammersee), a politician of the German Nazi-Party (NSDAP) and Lord Mayor of Munich from 1933 until 1945.
 * Globar, a silicon carbide rod used as thermal light source for infrared spectroscopy
 * Nieland, Hans (* 1900 in Hagen; † 1976 in Reinbek ), politician of the German Nazi-Party and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945)
 * NSDAP/AO, the Foreign Organization of the German Nazi Party
 * Strasser, Gregor, (* 1892 in Deisenfeld; † 1934 in Berlin), politician of the German Nazi-Party before 1933

I started following English articles:

 * James S. Shapiro (born 1955), professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University and non-fiction author

de:Benutzer:Bogart99 fr:Utilisateur:Bogart99 it:Utente:Bogart99 nl:Gebruiker:Bogart99 pl:Wikipedysta:Bogart99 ru:Участник:Bogart99

Dear Bogart,

You do not seem to have a talk page but I would like to seek your assistance in regard to creating a page about Bernard Staempfle. Please forgive me for posting this here but I could see no other way of contacting you. I have also made a minor addition to the Gregor Strasser page which you may want to take a look at. I have presented my reasons for the addition in the discussion section for that page. If you are interested in the Staempfle project please let me know as your ability to skillfully translate would be of great help. Very best wishes, Mrfh (talk) 07:28, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User:Bogart99~enwiki


text:
Arrankudiaga

Arrankudiaga is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Arrankudiaga


text:
Demaratus of Corinth

Demaratus (Δημάρατος), frequently called Demaratus of Corinth, was the father of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth King of Rome, the grandfather or great-grandfather of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last Roman king, and an ancestor of Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, the first consuls of the Roman Republic.

Life
Demaratus was a Dorian nobleman and a member of the Corinthian house of the Bacchiadae. Facing charges of sedition, in 655 BC he fled to Italy, according to tradition settling in the Etruscan city of Tarquinii, where he married an Etruscan noblewoman. They had two sons, Lucius and Arruns.

According to tradition, Demaratus introduced Greek culture to mainland Italy, and brought potters from Corinth; Greek potters worked at Tarquinii and its port, Gravisca. Pliny the Elder and Tacitus reported that Demaratus brought literacy to the Etruscans. Strabo reported that he became the ruler of Tarquinii, but this is not stated by other sources, and seems improbable given that his son, Lucius, as the son of a foreigner, had to migrate to Rome to obtain political power. According to Pausanias, Demaratus' son or grandson was the first foreigner to visit Olympia, and make a dedication there.

Descendants
Through his sons, Demaratus was the ancestor of the Roman gens Tarquinia, and a forebear of several other notable Roman families. By blood or marriage, his descendants included the last three kings of Rome, as well as the first two Roman consuls.

Demaratus had two sons, Lucius and Arruns Tarquinius. Arruns died shortly before his father, who accordingly bequeathed all of his wealth to his remaining son, Lucius, unaware that Arruns' wife was pregnant with Demaratus' grandson. Thus, in spite of his grandfather's wealth, the child, who was named Arruns after his father, was born into poverty. For this reason, he came to be called Egerius, meaning "the needy one."

Like his father, Lucius Tarquinius married an Etruscan noblewoman, but as the son of a foreigner he was unable to attain high station at Tarquinii. At the urging of his wife, Tanaquil, Tarquin migrated to Rome, where even a foreigner might hope to gain rank and influence. There he won the favour of the king, Ancus Marcius, and when the king died, Tarquin was chosen to succeed him. After subduing the Latin town of Collatia, the king placed his nephew, Arruns, in charge of the Roman garrison there.

Tarquin's daughter married Servius Tullius, who succeeded him as the sixth king of Rome. After a long and prosperous reign, Tullius was deposed by his own son-in-law, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the son or grandson of the elder Tarquin. An Etruscan legend told of how Servius, aided by the heroes Aulus and Caelius Vibenna, had defeated and killed a group of enemies, including a certain Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome, perhaps the son of Tarquin the Elder and father of Tarquin the Proud.

Many of the leading figures on both sides in the establishment of the Roman Republic were descendants of Demaratus. In addition to the king, the king's wife was also a descendant of Demaratus, as her mother is said to have been the daughter of the elder Tarquin; and their three sons played prominent roles in the unfolding of events. It was the rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius that inspired the Roman nobles to rebel against the king;  Arruns Tarquinius and the Roman consul Lucius Junius Brutus slew one another in the first great battle of the Roman Republic;  and Titus Tarquinius was wounded, and perhaps perished at the Battle of Lake Regillus. The Latin army that marched against the Romans on that occasion was commanded by Octavius Mamilius, the dictator of Tusculum, and a son-in-law of Tarquin's.

Meanwhile, the first two consuls were each descendants of Demaratus; Brutus' mother was the king's sister, while his colleague was Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, the son of Egerius, and husband of Lucretia. Before his death at the hands of Arruns Tarquinius, Brutus compelled his colleague to resign and go into exile, arguing that none of the Tarquinian gens should hold power at Rome.

Three important Roman gentes claimed descent from Demaratus; the Junii, through the first consul; the Mamilii, who came to Rome from Tusculum in the fifth century BC; and the Tullii, through Servius Tullius.

authors: John the man the plan on the train track

title: Demaratus of Corinth


text:
Talk:List of airports by ICAO code: C

IATA code of Bella Coola Airport
[] says IATA code of "Bella Coola Airport" is YBD, but http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx says it is QBC. YBD is maybe of "New Westminister Heliport" (see []). - Hhswp (talk) 13:45, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
 * fixed. See also IATA_Code_Q (One World - Nations Online). - Hhswp (talk) 22:37, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

IATA code of Ross River Airport
[] says IATA code of "Ross River Airport" is YDM, but http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx says it is XRR. YDM is maybe of "Doomadgee Airport" (see []). - Hhswp (talk) 14:43, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
 * fixed. See also IATA_Code_X (One World - Nations Online). - Hhswp (talk) 22:41, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

IATA code of Langley Regional Airport
[] says IATA code of "Langley Regional Airport" is YNJ, but http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx says it is YLY. YNJ is maybe of "Yanji Chaoyangchuan Airport" (see []). - Hhswp (talk) 14:48, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
 * fixed. - Hhswp (talk) 22:46, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

Camp Canargus, Haiti
Does anyone have any info on this place? It's the only C listing ICAO code outside Canada. All Google has is the weather for it. Thanks CambridgeBayWeather 08:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Errors?
Are codes like "CNP3" actually ICAO codes, or are they just four-letter CFS/GPS identifiers that happen to look like ICAO codes? I'm pretty sure that in the U.S., not all airports have ICAO codes: for example, KJFK is the ICAO code for JFK, but KOWD is not an ICAO code for OWD (though Jeppesen uses 'KOWD' in its GPS databases). David 13:14, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This is a good point which I'm not sure was correctly answered. I believe that in Canada, they are indeed ICAO codes, although not necessarily IATA codes.  I'll need to research this some more, but certainly many online sites list the smaller airport identifiers (i.e. CCQ3) as the ICAO code.  If these are officially considered ICAO codes, then the list needs to be significantly expanded and the statement that the identifiers start with CY or CZ removed.HiFlyChick (talk) 18:19, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Merge?
Is there a good reason why the Canadian airport codes are split into separate pages based on the second letter? As far as I could tell, this seems completely arbitrary. For one thing, to search for an airport code I now need to visit several pages before I find the code (this is especially for the smaller airports that don't have their own articles). This is not helped by the fact that the second letter does not map neatly to geographical location or the name, and multiple airports in the same general area could begin with CY, CZ, CJ or something else. The size of a single page is not an issue because List of airports by ICAO code: K lists everything on one page without causing any difficulty in the browser. If there is no objection, I will merge (or transclude) the various subpages into one page so that it's easy to scan the table. -- Brhaspati\talk/contribs 17:30, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree — This goes back to my last point — I think that what we have here is a list of Canadian airports by code (ICAO or otherwise), not a list of airports by ICAO code beginning with 'C'. We need to delete all of the airports that don't have actual ICAO codes (normally beginning 'CY' or 'CZ', then merge all of the actual ICAO codes onto a single page. David 12:55, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Merged all subpages to main article (this one). Need to delete all subpages (or redirect them to this page). Need to modify template Template:List of airports in Canada to reflect this change. -- Brhaspati\talk/contribs 17:48, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and deleted the all of the identifiers except 'CY' and 'CZ', since those appear to be the only ones that are actual ICAO identifiers. David 12:51, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've moved all the others to "List of Canadian airports by location indicator: C?" and updated the template. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 07:20, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Burlington Airpark
Burlington Airpark (CZBA) lists on its page that there is no ICAO code for the airport, and I cannot find a website that has one. The only code that I can find for the airport is the Canadian location identifier. I am not knowledgeable about Canadian airports and the code system, but if this is an error, someone should delete the entry. TravelCRAZED (talk) 16:01, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I fixed Burlington Airpark. the code is listed in the Canada Flight Supplement, the official site and in http://www.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf which is linked as reference on this page. Enter CambridgeBayWeather, waits for audience applause, not a sausage 04:56, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of airports by ICAO code: C


text:
Arratzu

Arratzu is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Arratzu


text:
Arrieta

Arrieta (both in Basque and Spanish) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Arrieta is part of the comarca of Mungialdea. It had a population of 552 inhabitants as of 2007, and a population of 564 inhabitants as of 2017.

Toponym
This municipality has its origin in the elizate Líbano de Arrieta, which became a municipality in the 19th century. The toponym Arrieta comes from the Basque word harrieta, which means "stony place".

Celebrities

 * Santiago Arriaga y Arrien, Santiago de Jesús (1903–1936): was a priest of the Trinitarian Order. He was assassinated during the Spanish Civil war and beautified in 2007 by the Catholic Church.
 * José Ramón Goyeneche Bilbao (1940): cyclist who participated in Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964.

title: Arrieta


text:
User talk:193.242.192.9

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title: User talk:193.242.192.9


text:
Arrigorriaga

Arrigorriaga is a town and municipality located in the province of Bizkaia, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. Arrigorriaga is located 7 km south of Bilbao and is part of Bilbao's metropolitan area. Its official population at the 2019 census was 12,160 inhabitants living on a land area of 16.36 km2.

It is conterminous with Bilbao and Basauri in the north, with Ugao-Miraballes and Zeberio in the south, with Zaratamo in the east and with Arrankudiaga and Alonsotegi in the west.

Place name
Arrigorriaga may be translated from Basque language as 'Place of red stones'. "Harri" ('stone'), "gorri" ('red') and the locative suffix "-aga" or also 'Place of naked stones', as "gorri" is a polisemic term that also means "naked, bare, incarnated". it exists a well-known legend that explains the origins of this name as "Place of red stones". This story begins in the 15th century, because it was written for the first time by the Basque chronicler Lope García de Salazar in his book Las Bienandanzas e Fortunas. As the tale says, Arrigorriaga was called Padura in the ancient times (marsh in Basque) and the legendary Battle of Padura in which people from Biscay and people from León fought each other took place. When the battle finished, won by people from Biscay, Padura was renamed as Arrigorriaga, because there was spilled so much blood, that the stones were painted red. The story was recovered and used by Sabino Arana in the 19th century as an instrument of Basque people's exaltation. Apart from this "romantic" thesis, there exist others, more prosaic theses, that confirm that the name has its origins in the iron mines that were in the locality. According to these theses, the name of the town could have been because of the iron ores that painted red the mount Ollargan or also, to the surface without any vegetation that was surrounded by, because of the mining operations nearby, "Pace of naked stones".

History
Anteiglesia de la Merindad de Uribe, occupied the seat number 39 in the Juntas Generales de Guernica. Until 1876 the Church of Arrigorriaga had great importance in the region, taking on account inside it the municipalities of Arrancudiaga, Basauri, Zarátamo and Alonsótegi. By this year, with the abolition of the jurisdictions and after diverse lawsuits, ended up disengaging. Alonsótegi self constituted as an independent church in the 16th century. Basauri separated from Arrigorriaga in 1510 or, at least, that is the date taken as the most official one, when the parish of San Miguel Arcángel was built, because there does not exist any document to verify that a meeting between two localities' mayors took place that day. Since then, the community was denominated as church of San Miguel of Basauri. The independence of Basauri was unilateral; it didn't have the approval of Arrigorriaga and neither had the permission of the General Juntas of Guernica to take their corresponding seat in them, they didn't manage to achieve it until 1858.

The incoming origins from the legend and the myth, without letting even the name free ("Place of red stones") of this "fable". This legend has many different versions reaffirmed by some and refuted by others. But which is true, is that the myth, legend or story, as you want to call it, of the "Battle of Padura" has produced hundreds of pages in Basque Country's history and literature. The central core of this tale says that by the year 870 or 888 of our age, in that place named Padura (where Arrigorriaga would be located), the armies of the Lord of Biscay, the first according to the history, defeated in a bloody battle the people from León, led by the prince Ordoño, successor to the crown of León and son of the king Alfonso "El Magno". Arrigorriaga would have its origins in the spilt blood that covered the fighting ground.

Other interpretations say that the origin of this term is in the iron veins that could be found in Ollargan mount, and that had given a generic name to the entire municipality. In any case, the first historical news referring to Arrigorriaga are dated in the 12th century, and relate to the incorporation of Arrigorriaga's parish, Santa María Magdalena, to the Monasterio de San Salvador de Oña in 1107 (gathered by the historian Iturriza in his work).

In 1300, mount Ollargan with its iron mines was given to the villa of Bilbao in the town charter granted by D. Diego López de Haro. Few years after, in 1375, the parishioners of this church managed to get from the infant D. Juan, to the Lord of Biscay, the belonging to the jurisdiction of the villa. This measure allowed their inhabitants to be protected from the arbitrariness and abuses of the bigger relatives.

In 1783, led by the mayor José de Arana, the square we know nowadays was inaugurated. In former days, it was located where nowadays Bar padura is located, in front of the town hall. The reason for this placement change was the building of the new Royal Way from Bilbao to Castilla which halved the former public square, preventing, because of its narrowness, the neighbours performing the common unfolding of threshing.

During the two Carlists Wars last century, Arrigorriaga hold some important battles, both occurred at the Moyordín bridge, which linked the town with Zarátamo. The first happened 11 September 1835 and the second, in May 1872.

In 1907, the bridge of Ugertza was built to facilitate communication between Arrigorriaga and the central core. In 1920, the east side of the church, occupied with the old cemetery, was transformed into a cinematographic room called Salón Festivo; this name still lasts today. In 1928 schools were built in the square, before that. there were in Paseo Urgoiti street in 1915, in the context of buildings that the municipality knew in the early century (bridge of Ugarza, public fountains, Ateneo Cultural, ...). Until then, entering the school was managed by the church and it was carried out in specific particular buildings hired with that goal.

Municipal elections in 1931 were won by the anti-monarchy party formed by different left political parties with numerous affiliated people in the municipality because of its industrial and mining condition, with hundreds of workers. The corporatism in the region took place before war with the creation of many different associations of every kind, political and social. The war had as main stage mount Malmasín nearby, that hold many fights between gudaris brigades or soldiers led by the Basque Government and Franco's armies, these entered in the location 16 June 1937. Half of the population (2.000 people) run away, being able to return after.

2 November 1940, town hall suffered a fire, losing a great part of the Municipal Archives. It was built in 1777.

Since the floods in 1983, the principal core of the old town has a newer aspect. The respect for old buildings and entertainment places has allowed to rebuild areas sentimentally attached to local history and the old paper mill, nowadays Lonbo (Lonbo Aretoa, sport zone, entertainment zone and children's playground), access to Santo Cristo, Mendikosolobarrena natural park and Mintegi (the old Dinamita park).

Land balance has been based on the wish of giving the neighbors a maximum level of habitability, life standards and environmental respect.

General data
This industrial population has a lot of value due to its situation, because it is only 9 km from the capital city and it is one of the main transit points of the principal communication ways between Bilbao and Vitoria and the Spanish plateau.

Its geographical situation also had a big influence in the increase of the population and that way, it has reached more than 12,000 inhabitants nowadays.

Geography
Arrigorriaga is a locality physically divided in two important and distant cores. On the one hand, there is the central part of the city on the bank of river Nervión. On the other hand, there is the neighbourhood of Abusu-La Peña, also on the river bank, but between the municipalities of Basauri and Bilbao. Near the park of Malmasin.

Parish of Santa María Magdalena
Its foundation dates back to the 9th century, besides actually it is nothing left from its primitive building. It is 106 feet long and 42 tall and it is covered by a single wooden dome. The image taking place in the altar has a great quality.

Hermitages

 * San Pedro de Abrisqueta. It shows some pre-Romanesque styles and is the oldest in Biscay (early 12th century). It has a rectangular nave which is 7,34 x 5,25 m, and an apse of barrel vault. The access gates, oriented to the west, has a rounded arch, and in the right jamb we can find a possibly Visigoth design. There is a rounded arch in the southern wall half covered, that could have been the main access before. Over this arch is possible to see two handmade medallions that represent human figures. Reused as building materials, inside it have been found remains of Roman funeral steles and a block of sandstone with pre-Romanic signs. Also presented at the apse's window.
 * Santo Cristo de Landaederraga. The first building dates back to 1655, however, it has suffered diverse reconstructions. Its floor has an irregular figure, forming an amputated cross. It has great sobriety and its big dimensions must be highlighted.

Imagery

 * Talla de Sta. M.ª Magdalena. Created by Nicolás Teite in 1705. It is a wooden carve with a highly artistic value. Its expressiveness must be highlighted.
 * Tallas de San Francisco Javier y San Ignacio de Loiola. They are two wooden carves located in the high altar of the Parish of María Magdalena. Created around 1693.
 * Talla de Cristo Crucificado. Located in the hermitage of Santo Cristo, it was made by 1655.

Municipal elections 2015
After the 2015 elections, the configuration of the town hall is the following:

Notable people

 * Simón Lecue (1912): international football player
 * Soladrero (1913): international football player
 * José Miguel Beñarán, Argala (1949–1978): member of ETA
 * Txato Olabarri (?–1936), gudari
 * Armando Astarloa Solaun (1948): writer, lawyer and economist
 * Alberto Berasategui (1973): professional tennis player
 * Mikel Rico (1984): professional football player
 * Vicente Fatrás (1872): politician and cyclist
 * Mikel Cuadra (1961): professional basketball player (Saski Baskonia)
 * Mikel Azcona (1996): racing driver

title: Arrigorriaga


text:
Talk:Piazza Fontana bombing

Name
I suppose the name should be in English. Maybe "Piazza Fontana bombing"? --Orzetto 08:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Links to "Gladio"
..can you say "conspiracy theory"? That the attacks were perpetrated by neofascists who tried to pin them to the communist party, does not make this a covert CIA operation. Until you present some proof to the opposite (not including the 30-year old Soviet forgery of the non-existant "supplement B" to the Field Manual 30-31), allegations about Gladio connections with Ordine Nuovo are just hot air. 193.92.81.11 00:37, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Please refer to NPOV dispute: "Then, under this new section, clearly and exactly explain which part of the article does not seem to have a NPOV and why. Make some suggestions as to how one can improve the article. Be active and bold in improving the article." I advise you to read or find someone to translate you this Repubblica article which back-up claims in this article. It is a well known historical fact, proven by investigation by judge Felice Casson and others, that Gladio has engaged in false flag attacks in Italy. I don't know exactly what you mean by a "conspiracy theory", because I don't think that Italian victims of the Piazza Fontana bombing or the 1980 Bologna massacre think it's "just a theory". ps: the Repubblica link that is provided here and in the main-text of the article also give links to the Italian Commission on Terrorism report and the original juridical sentences. CQFD.The proofs may be found in the Italian Parliamentary Report on terrorism (La Commissione Stragi if you have some problems...), available at the source given in the article: (La Repubblica article). Tazmaniacs 00:08, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Apparently these proofs were not enough for people to be convicted of this bombing, after judicial proceedings ended in 2005. I've added a POV tag, as the article is pretty one-sided. Intangible2.0 16:30, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Also remember that Reliable sources says: "Exceptional claims require exceptional sources". Intangible2.0 16:31, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Death of Pinelli
The death of Pinelli was the subject of many controversies and accusations, but legal proceedings established that he fell from the window.

There are many who think this is unsatisfactory, and maintain that he was murdered. The police commissioner in charge at the Milan Questura that evening (Luigi Calabresi)was accused of murdering Pinelli, and was himself murdered a few years later. Adriano Sofri was sentenced for this murder (again, many controversies).

All this can, of course, be mentioned: however, simply saying that Pinelli "fell" from the window is weasel wording : it doesn't explain anything, and simply casts suspicions.Giordaano (talk) 19:52, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That is simply not true. Legal proceedings were controversially dropped and nobody was exonerated. The coroner's inquest resulted in a bizarre finding that Pinelli had neither jumped deliberately (as the police maintained) nor been thrown, but had fallen by accident; this was widely ridiculed. The scare quotes are indeed meant to cast suspicion, or more properly, to point out that suspicion was widely cast by reliable and significant sources. For example:

Giuseppe Pinelli and Pietro Valpreda were two anarchists arrested in the aftermath of the Hot Autumn Piazza Fontana bombing of November 12, 1969. Pinelli, a forty-one-year-old railway worker, was married with two daughters. Valpreda was a ballet dancer. Within seventy-two hours of his arrest, Pinelli was dead under suspicious circumstances. According to police statements, he had thrown himself from a window while being interrogated. However, there were discrepancies in the policemen's stories and in the evidence. At an inquest, suicide was not concluded; the death was deemed an accident. [...] A plaque dedicated to Pinelli can still be seen in Piazza Fontana, as most Italians believe he was a victim of police brutality. Answers.Com

[I know nothing about how to substantively edit Wikipedia, and I don't know how this department works, so I just stuffed this in her. Here's an English translation of that above-mentioned plaque's text, similarly unpunctuated in solid caps, with an intro re the city of Milan posting it. If the plaque worth showing to English-speaking readers,it's worth translating. If someone know how to do it, please add this translation to the photo; I couldn't figure out how. Thank you. The plaque is placed by the City of Milan "TO GIUSEPPE PINELLI INNOCENT ANARCHIST RAILWAYMAN DIED TRAGICALLY IN THE PREMISES OF THE MILAN POLICE FORCE DECEMBER 15, 1969"]  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.115.3.158 (talk) 06:59, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

Accused of terrorism, Pinelli is said to have jumped to his death from the fourth-floor window of Milan police headquarters. Fo suspected, and a later investigation proved, that Pinelli was pushed out the window by the police. TIME Magazine

In a Milan bank, a bomb killed 16 people and wounded more than 90. Initial police suspicion fell upon the far left, especially the anarchists. One anarchist, Giuseppe Pinelli, died in mysterious circumstances after “falling” from a fourth-floor window of Milan’s central police station. Britannica

 * Reliable sources, you know. Anyway I will see about some type of more informative wording. <eleland/talkedits> 01:58, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It wasn't a decision by the coroner which established the causes for Pinelli's death ; it was a judgement by the "giudice istruttore" (judge of preliminary inquiry) D' Ambrosio (a highly respected magistrate)in a case against Calabresi and the policemen, brought by Pinelli's widow. You can read it (in Italian) here http://www.uonna.it/pinelli-sentenza.htm. D

' Ambrosio established a "malore" (a loss of consciousness) which caused Pinelli's fall.

 * So, while it's perfectly right to report on the controversies connected with Pinelli's death, it's not right to simply cast around suspicions.

 * If you understand italian, go to "Giuseppe Pinelli" in Italian wikipedia; it's quite well written, we could translate this part and add it to this page

 * "Una parte dell'opinione pubblica ha avanzato il sospetto che Pinelli sia stato assassinato e che le indagini siano state condotte con metodi poco ortodossi ed in modo non imparziale. Tuttavia, l'inchiesta conclusa nel 1975 dal giudice istruttore Gerardo D'Ambrosio ha escluso l'ipotesi dell'omicidio, giudicandola assolutamente inconsistente."

(Giordaano)

Pinelli being illegaly held?
I was reading, in wikipedia, that he was being illegally held (ie: for too long without seeing a magistrate). I have no definitive source, but if it's true, it should be mentioned. ~ender 2008-11-29 10:07:AM MST —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.240.18.165 (talk)

"Failed Verification" Tag
I removed the "failed verification" tag at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Fontana_bombing#Political_theories_of_responsibility_for_the_bombing. The information in the article was directly supported by the cited source. Not sure if the article sentence was different when the tag was added, or if it was misplaced. If whoever placed the tag disagrees with my edit, let me know here or on my talk page. Patr2016 (talk) 19:35, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piazza Fontana bombing


text:
Hikayat Bayan Budiman

Hikayat Bayan Budiman (Jawi script: حكايت بيان بوديمان ) is the Malay version of a tradition that begins with the Sanskrit Śukasaptati, The Parrot's Seventy Tales, an Indian work, in which a parrot tells 70 stories in order to prevent a woman from going on the wrong path. These chain stories, like the Arabian Nights, form the crux of the Indian storytelling tradition. An unknown author compiled it in the 6th century AD.

It was later translated into Persian during ‘Ala-ud-din Khilji’s time (1296–1316) and titled Tuti Nameh. In this process, Muslim characters replaced the Hindu ones. Versions of this fine collection of popular tales were transported from Persian adaptations that the Malay text was translated. According to the Malay text, this translation was done by a certain Kadi Hassan in 773 AH (1371 AD).

The texts, which originally are written in classical Malay in Jawi script, has been transcribed to Rumi (Latin) alphabet which is the standard alphabet for the modern Malay (Malay and Indonesian). The text is the oldest text in the corpus dated 1371, which, according to Malay Concordance Project (MCP) by Ian Proudfoot, contains 69761 words.

A. Jehgoh, University of Lund, Sweden in his work Arabic Elements in Hikayat Bayan Budiman has analysed the Arabic loanwords in Hikayat Bayan Budiman.

title: Hikayat Bayan Budiman


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yuetyue Lomaji

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 10:47, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Yuetyue Lomaji
This nomination was incomplete. Listing now. No opinion. (Anon 67.183.182.214's comment on tagging the article was "A non-established script is not suitable for Wikipedia.") —Cryptic (talk) 08:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A quick Google search shows that every article on this system goes back to one person (and there aren't many articles). It's clearly not currently in use anywhere; this is just part of a single individual's promotional efforts.  The content is identical with that of the 'Learn Yuetyue Lomaji' site that is linked to- there may be possible copyright problems as well. --Clay Collier 11:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Clay Collier. -- Kjkolb 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Xoloz 16:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Artea

Artea is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Artea


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Atxondo

Atxondo (Achondo) is a municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Atxondo is part of the comarca of Durangaldea and has a population of 1,447 inhabitants as of 2007 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.

Atxondo was formed by the fusion of the former municipalities of the elizates of Apatamonasterio, Arrazola and Axpe in 1962.

Toponymy
The name Atxondo comes from the fusion of the Basque words (h)A(i)tz, which means "rock", and ondo, which means at the side of, then "at the side of the rock". Axpe means "under the rock".

History
Until 1962, Achondo was the name for a valley where three different municipalities formed by three elizates where located; Apatamonasterio, Arrazola and Axpe, each of them with history of its own.

Apatamonasterio
The name Apatamonasterio means "clergy monastery" and was chosen to differentiate the monastery opened here to the one in the elizate of Etxebarria. It took part on the War of the Bands. As a member of the ancient merindad of Durango, it had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number eight. Until 1857 it did not have a church of its own, depending on the one of Abadiño. Historically, its economy has depended on farming.

Arrazola
It also took part on the War of the Bands and had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number eight. In Arrazola was born Esteban de Urizar, governor of Peru during the reign of Philip II and Juan Alexandro Arrazola de Oñate who was Chamberlain of Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella in the Spanish Netherlands. In 1510 the church was built with the approval of the Catholic Monarchs.

Axpe
As the two others, Axpe also took part on the War of the Bands. It had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number nine. In 1550 the church was built.

Geography
It is located in the southeasternmost part of the province of Biscay and limits at west with Abadiño, at east with Elorrio and at south with the province of Álava. The Ibaizabal river forms here, when it joins the Zumalegi river, which itself originates in the Anboto mountain.

Atxondo may be divided into two zones; the industrial area formed by Apatamonasterio and the farming and residential areas formed by Axpe, Arrazola and the neighborhoods of Marzana and Santiago. It is located 6 km away from Durango, capital city of the comarca and 36 km away from Bilbao, capital city of the province.

Transport
Transport by road is the only mean of transportation in the area. The road BI-634 runs through the valley crossing the neighborhood of Apatamonasterio. That road is part of the Durango-Beasain axis, and connects Durango with Arrasate-Mondragón (in the province of Gipuzkoa). The BI-634 connects in Durango with the N-634 road and the AP-8 highway which connect Bilbao, the capital city of Biscay, with Donostia-San Sebastián, the capital city of Gipuzkoa.

In Arrasate-Mondragón the BI-634 road connects with the AP-1 highway, to Eibar (and from there to Donostia-San Sebastián and France) and to Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital city of the province of Álava.

Three Bizkaibus lines stop in Atxondo; the A3923 line, which stops only at Apatamonasterio and connects it with the municipalities of Arrasate-Mondragón, Elorrio, Abadiño, Durango, Iurreta and Bilbao; the A3914 line which connects Elorrio with Durango stopping only at Apatamonasterio and the A3913 line that connects Durango with Arrazola with twelve stops in the municipality.

title: Atxondo


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Hanjian

In China, the word hanjian is a pejorative term for those seen as traitors to the Chinese state and, to a lesser extent, Han Chinese ethnicity. The word hanjian is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for any country or ethnicity. As a Chinese term, it is a digraph of the Chinese characters for "Han" and "traitor". Han is the majority ethnic group in China; and Jian, in Chinese legal language, primarily referred to illicit sex. Implied by this term was a Han Chinese carrying on an illicit relationship with the enemy. Hanjian is often worded as "collaborator" in the West.

History

The term hanjian is one that emerged from a “conflation of political and ethnic identities, which was often blurred in the expression of Chinese nationalism.” It was/is applied to individuals who are designated collaborators and by which were not all ethnically Han. The modern usage of the term stems from the Second Sino-Japanese War in which circumstances forced political figures in China to choose between resistance and collaboration. Nuance in understanding not just why some Chinese chose to cooperate with Japanese but as well as inquiring why cooperation made sense to people at that time has opened up hanjian into being an ambiguous term in modern history rather than the black and white one that it is so often used as.

There tend to be two types of hanjian, or collaborationists, when observing the era of the Sino-Japanese War: “the educated and intellectuals, who simply wanted to get power and wealth for themselves, and the poor and uneducated, whose poverty drove them to collaborate and whose ignorance saved them from even thinking they had to justify what they were doing.” Due to this notion and the modern ambiguity of the term, each of these two categories had various motives with the majority being different but some overlapping.

Educated and intellectuals
Educated hanjian is often reserved for those who were either scholars or within government. The most infamous hanjian government in mainland China is Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China, often referred to as the Wang Jingwei regime after its president. The Wang Jingwei regime sought to be the dominant governmental force in China and believed it could do so by collaborating and being submissive to Japan in what they deemed their “Peace Movement.” Wang found resistance to his government when he visited cities, such as Shanghai, and “intellectuals who showed sympathy for Wang risked ostracism, if not death.”

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the National Revolutionary Army was defeated in various battles by the Imperial Japanese Army. Chiang Kai-shek explained that hanjian espionage helped the Japanese and ordered CC Clique commander Chen Lifu to arrest the hanjians. 4,000 were arrested in Shanghai and 2,000 in Nanjing. Because martial law was enforced, formal trials were not necessary, and the condemned were executed swiftly, while thousands of men, women and children watched with evident approval.

Uneducated
Taiwanese soldiers who fought in the Japanese military against Chinese forces and the Allies are also considered to be hanjian. The Republic of China issued an important law in 1937:"The centerpiece of anti hanjian laws, “Regulations on Handling Hanjian Cases (chuli hanjian anjian tiaoli),” promulgated in August 1937, identified collaborators based on their wartime conduct and stipulated punishments regardless of their age, gender, or ethnicity. Popular anti-hanjian discourse, however, paid particular attention to “female collaborators” and deployed a highly gendered vocabulary to attack hanjian suspects of both sexes. Complementing the legal purge of collaborators, such literature brought extreme pressure on individuals targeted as hanjian and influenced how political crimes should be exposed and transposed onto other aspects of social life."

Several Taiwanese were prosecuted by the Nationalist government as hanjian, despite a Judicial Yuan interpretation issued in January 1946 that advised against such action.

After the Sook Ching or ethnic cleansing by mass murder of ethnic Chinese opposed to the Japanese occupation of Singapore and Malaya in February–March 1942, Tan Kah Kee, a prominent Chinese industrialist and philanthropist in Southeast Asia, proposed to the provisional Republic of China government to treat all Chinese who attempted to negotiate with the Japanese as hanjians. His proposal was adopted by the Second Legislative Yuan, and was praised by Chinese resistance fighters.

Notable people who are considered hanjians

 * Wang Kemin (1879–1945), who collaborated with the Japanese during World War II and helped to establish the pro-Japan Provisional Government of the Republic of China (or North China Autonomous Government). After the war, he was arrested by the ROC government and tried for treason but committed suicide before his trial ended.
 * Demchugdongrub (1902–1966), commonly known as Prince De, a Mongol leader who collaborated with the Japanese. He was installed by the Japanese as the head of state of Mengjiang, a Japanese puppet state in Inner Mongolia. He was arrested by the PRC government in 1949 and charged with treason but was pardoned later. As he was an ethnic Mongol and not a Han Chinese, some feel that he should not be deemed as a hanjian.
 * Wang Jingwei (1883–1944), a left-wing Kuomintang politician and former close aide of Sun Yat-sen, who advocated peace negotiations during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He set up the pro-Japan Reorganized National Government of China in Nanjing with the help of the Japanese.
 * Zhou Fohai (1897–1948), the second-in-command of the Wang Jingwei government Executive Yuan. He was convicted of treason after the war and sentenced to death, but Chiang Kai-shek commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. He died of heart and stomach problems in jail.
 * Chen Gongbo (1892–1946), who served as the head of the Legislative Yuan of the Wang Jingwei government, is seen as China's most prominent hanjian. Chen held important positions within the Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China and succeeded Wang Jingwei as acting chairman after Wang's death in November 1944. Chen was accused of “plotting with the enemy” and “opposing the central government.” Chen defended his work with the Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China by describing it as “negotiating with the Japanese in an attempt to preserve China’s resources, protect its people, and slowly erode Japan’s control over China.” He fled to Japan after the war but was extradited back to China, where he was convicted of treason and executed.
 * Yoshiko Kawashima (1907–1948), also known as the "Eastern Jewel", was a Manchu princess raised in Japan, who spied for the Japanese in Manchuria. After the war, she was arrested and convicted of treason and executed. She has been featured in numerous Chinese and Japanese novels, films, television programs, and video games, with the Chinese frequently depicting her as a wanton villain and seductress while the Japanese portrayed her as a tragic heroine. Due to her Manchu ethnicity and Japanese background, some feel that she should not be considered a hanjian.
 * Yoshiko Yamaguchi (1920–2014), also known as "Li Xianglan" was one of the Seven Great Singing Stars. After the war, she was arrested and sentenced to death for starring in Japanese propaganda films, but after Chinese authorities discovered her Japanese ancestry she was acquitted and deported to Japan. As she was the daughter of Japanese immigrants, some do not consider her to be a hanjian.
 * Date Junnosuke (1892–1948), also known as Zhang Zongyuan, was a sworn brother of Fengtian Clique warlord Zhang Zongchang, who changed his nationality to Chinese in 1931, though he was of Japanese ethnicity. He took over Jinan and led a massacre of around 400 people in 1939. In 1945, he created the ultimately unsuccessful Zhang Zongchang Unit. After the war, he was arrested for war crimes and executed by firing squad.

In popular culture
In Chiang Kai-shek's Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Aggression Song one part of the lyrics is 殺漢奸 meaning "kill traitors".

Popularly, most hanjian in Chinese films and drama series, skits, Hanjian are mostly the translators. Sometimes they are also called the er guizi (, lit. second devils) or jia yang guizi (, lit. fake foreign devils). For example, Chinese actor Chen Peisi's famous skit Zhujue yu Peijue (主角与配角, lit. the main actor and the supportive actor), Chen is acting as the supportive actor who is in a film that the character is the translator leading the way for Japanese Imperial Army. The translator represents the Army officer to send a message to the Eighth Route Army officer whose actor would be Zhu Shimao that if he surrenders, the Japanese officer will have a great beautiful offer for him.

title: Hanjian


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Aulesti

Aulesti is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country in northern Spain. Aulesti is located in the region of Lea-Artibai, 44 km from Bilbao, the capital of Biscay.

Chapels
Nine small chapels are located in Aulesti and its surrounding mountains. These chapels date back to the time of the Roman Empire and were rebuilt in the 19th century.

Mountains
The mountains around Aulesti contain a characteristic black marble known as Nero Marquino Marble, which is quarried and shipped worldwide for use as a construction material.

Traditional events
Aulesti is known for several traditional gatherings. One strength-related competition involves farm animals transporting heavy loads of stones. It hosts strength competitions for humans as well. The origin of these traditional events can be traced to the daily work of the Basque farmers.

On September 16 of every year, the town council organizes villagers from Aulesti and other nearby villages go to the Santa Eufemi Chapel in Urregarai.

title: Aulesti


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Bakio

Bakio (Bakio, Baquio) is a municipality in the province of Biscay, Basque Country, Spain.

Location and characteristics
It is a small valley which is drained inland by the River Estepona. This valley is surrounded by mountains to the east, south, and west; it is open to the north to the Cantabrian Sea. The municipality adjoins the sea to the north, the town of Bermeo to the east, the town of Mungia to the south, and the towns of Maruri-Jatabe and Lemoiz to the west. The town is well connected to the regional capital, Bilbao, with regular Bizkaibus services.

The town was formerly known as Básigo de Baquio, this being the name of its main neighbourhood.

In 1927, two neighbourhoods that until then had belonged to Bermeo, San Pelayo (San Pelaio) and Zubiaur, were added to the municipality. Despite its coastal location and its origin as a fishing village, Bakio does not have a seafaring tradition anymore and, in contrast, it has turned into a more traditional agricultural town. Nonetheless, the town has recently undergone significant urban renewal with the construction of new blocks of flats.

It has a special microclimate, with abundant rainfall and a warm climate with barely any snow or frost, which favours the cultivation of grapevines and the production of a wine called Txacoli.

Municipal elections of 2015

 * EAJ-PNV: 5 councillors
 * Bildu: 4 councillors
 * BakioBai: (2 councillors)

Architecture
Bakio's buildings have a distinctive, typically northern, architectural style.

Religious
The Parish Church of Andra Mari of Gothic style (16th century), which is located in the neighborhood of Básigo must be mentioned as well as the chapels of St. Martin, Saint Úrsula, St. Esteban, St. Cristóbal and Saint Catalina, all located in rural areas and built in a popular style.

Civil
Regarding civil architecture, Bakio has a set of interesting architectural elements, constructed from the 17th century onwards, which can be known through some paths signposted by the Town Council. From the Baroque Period it has to be enhanced the stately mansions of Elexpuru and Ormatza, rural palaces belonging to important local families reflecting the transition between the rural and the residential styles of those times.

At the beginning of the 20th century, new architectural forms were introduced in the locality. The rise of the coast as a holiday town for the privileged classes of Bilbao favoured the building of mansions on the road connecting the church and the sea. The key feature of these residential houses is the wide variety of styles, whose aim was to highlight the economic and social position of their owners by means of using different aesthetic options. The oldest were replicas of French models, such as Feliena and Quintatorre (1896). Others, built a bit later, took as reference baroque constructions like the Itxas-Ondo Palace, dated in 1930.

Subsequently, other models were applied: neo-Cantabrian buildings such as Rosario Enea, neo-Basque buildings such as Loraldia or Isabela, etc. Nowadays, innovative single-family houses have been built in Baquio with the architectural style of the 1960s, such as Aretaetxekosolo or Aristondo.

Economy
Traditionally the main sources of revenue for Bakio have been farming and stockbreeding activities, being those enterprises related to the sea a secondary matter. The core of the old economic model was the "caserío" (or baserri), a hamlet dedicated to the housing of families and their livestock. A wide range of farmhouses can be visited, dating from different eras and styles: with a trabeated porch (Gorrondona and Artetxe), with an arcuated porch (Bidetxe), and with a cubic structure (Gabantxo). Agriculture remains today being an important sector in Bakio, where high quality and traditional products are grown, epitomized in the famous "txakoli".

Many buildings from Bakio retain structures and facilities that reflect the traditional grape growing on trellises.

Mills and foundries
They represent the oldest evidence of the usage/exploitation of hydropower in rural areas. In Bakio's basin there proliferated from the 18th century many establishments around its river, mounting up to eight mills and three forges. Forges transformed iron ore arriving by barges to the shore of Bakio from the neighbouring county of Encartaciones. Its property was in the hands of the great local families that leased mills and foundries for generations. The mills of Bakio remained active until some decades ago. Some of them still retain their facilities and characteristics, and even some of them have been turned into running restaurants that can be visited.

Events
During the summer many events are often organized in the municipality, helping to make more enjoyable vacationers' stay and provide the little town with an interesting cultural life. Amongst these events we have to remark the following: the Bakio Music Week, the International Folklore Festival, the outdoor cinema, the Jai alai Championship, the handicraft market, a photography contest, the farmers' market, the different patron saint's days (e.g., San Pelaio Day, June 6 or "Andra Mari" Day, August 15), the Surfing Championship, etc.

title: Bakio


text: User talk:202.141.145.39

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text:
Patrick Tufts

Patrick Tufts is a computer scientist and inventor. He created Alexa Internet's collaborative filter for creating related web site recommendations and later, one of Amazon.com's most successful product recommendation systems.

title: Patrick Tufts


text:
User talk:Thebluejay

Welcome to Wiki! Moved your input on Reinforced concrete to the talk:Reinforced concrete page, as I slightly dissagree with you'r text. Please use the talk:Reinforced concrete to come with comments. Sincerly, Oyvind 08:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thebluejay


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Barrika

Barrika (Barrica) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, Spain, in the autonomous community of Basque Country.

It is considered one of the oldest municipalities of Biscay. It was founded by Sancho Vela. As it is placed next to the sea and near Bilbao, its population has grown a lot in the last part of the 20th century.

Barrika belongs to the comarca of Mungialdea. There are about 1,541 inhabitants in the municipality and it covers 7.77 km2.

History
The findings of the archaeological site of Kurtzio testify of human presence in the municipal territory at the period of the prehistoric Asturian culture.

The organization as a parish church can trace its origins to the political structure of the Flat Earth of the Middle Ages. Sancho Vela founded its solar Barrika house in the year 496, this being the origin of the later church.

In addition to the agricultural and livestock activities, its inhabitants worked from old in whaling, as attested by the Carta Puebla granted by Lope Díaz de Haro, Lord of Biscay, in the 13th century.

Barrika had a seat and vote at the General meetings of Guernica, its number was the 51st.

Notable people

 * Jon Rahm (born 1994), professional golfer, winner of the U.S. Open in June 2021, The Masters in April 2023 and world number 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking

title: Barrika


text: Category:Shops in London

title: Category:Shops in London