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Julie Myers

Julie Lyn Myers Wood (born 1969) is an American prosecutor and former government official. She was the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Immigration and Customs Enforcement. She assumed the job following a recess appointment by President George W. Bush on January 4, 2006. Previously, Myers worked for the Office of Independent Counsel under Kenneth Starr and was a lead prosecutor in the Independent Counsel's failed case against Susan McDougal.

After leaving the Office of Independent Counsel, Myers was appointed Assistant Secretary for Export Enforcement at the Department of Commerce. In that capacity, she oversaw 170 employees and a $25 million budget for one year. She is currently the CEO of Guidepost Solutions, an investigative and compliance consulting firm.

Myers is the wife of John F. Wood, the former US Attorney for the Western District of Missouri and former Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Homeland Security. She is also the niece of former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Richard Myers.

Assistant secretary
On June 30, 2005, Myers was nominated by President Bush to lead the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency. On September 15, she testified in front of the Senate's Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. The committee approved Myers' nomination on a strict party-line vote (with Republicans voting for the nomination). The full Senate never voted on the nomination and President Bush gave her a recess appointment on January 4, 2006, which remained in effect until January 3, 2007. He renominated her on January 9, 2007. Despite some criticism and controversy, Myers was confirmed by the Senate on December 19, 2007.

On November 5, 2008, the day after the election of Barack Obama, then-Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff announced the resignation of Myers effective November 15. Myers was succeeded by ICE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Operations John P. Torres, a career ICE employee.

Criticism
Because the head of ICE is required by law to have at least five years of legal and management experience, three senators (George V. Voinovich, Ohio; Susan Collins, Maine; and Joseph I. Lieberman, Connecticut) expressed concerns that Myers lacked sufficient law enforcement experience. Significant criticism came from conservative commentators, including The National Review, which urged President Bush to nominate a candidate with more experience.

Myers was criticized for some of the methods used by ICE agents during worksite enforcement raids they conducted while she was the head of ICE, including subjecting people to interrogation and denying access to bathrooms without an escort. Myers responded that the methods used were legal, citing a 1984 Supreme Court ruling.

Myers also presided over many instances of alleged and reported abuse by ICE at numerous detention centers across the country. For example, Hiu Lui Ng died of cancer in 2008 while in detention, having not been allowed medical treatment and experiencing brutal treatment at the hands of ICE employees. As one inquiry found, guards would drag Ng along the floor when he was not physically able to walk.

Controversy
On Halloween in 2007, Myers hosted a costume party for ICE employees in which she was a judge. They awarded a top costume prize to a white Homeland Security Department employee dressed as an escaped Jamaican prisoner wearing a prison jumpsuit, dreadlocks and blackface. Although Myers issued an apology after employees complained the costume was racist and inappropriate, she had been photographed smiling with the costumed employee in question. Under Myers, the employee was temporarily transferred from the agency headquarters to a field office, and an attempt was allegedly made to delete the photographs. The photographs, however, were not permanently deleted and the House Committee report featured the shot of Myers smiling with the employee as evidence.

Initially, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff dismissed criticism of Myers. However, her nomination was delayed. A report by the United States House Committee on Homeland Security ruled that Myers led a "coordinated effort to conceal" her role in the scandal.

title: Julie Myers


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Talk:Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)

Untitled
When searched for Cape Gloucester I get Cape Gloucester (Tuluvu). Are they two different things? --Sandove89 18:18, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)


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User talk:SamuelSpade

I changed my user name from Samspade to SamuelSpade as it was brought to my attention there was another user that already had SamSpade with Spade capitalized. This should clear my identiy in the future. Sorry for any confusion.SamuelSpade 18:18, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

= Bokak Atoll Consensus Issue =

Please do not revert the Bokak Atoll article. There is no consensus, which is what is being worked on on the DOM page. Davidpdx 07:05, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In terms of how consensus is defined on Wikipedia, that has not been reached. Also I have asked countless times to see the SBS clip and you have yet to produce it. The proof of a master sovereign lease over Taongi (aka Bokak Atoll) has not been shown. Wikipedia has certain rules regarding proof.

 * I urge you to check out the following links regarding policies on using sources on Wikipedia:

 * Cite sources Reliable sources No original research Verifiability

 * In terms of this article being reverted, if it is it will be deemed vandalism and reported. Davidpdx 04:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

= Response to message left on my talk page =

 * The truth is there is NO consensus. Because the two of you claim this trash is true, doesn't not make it so. It is absolutely ridiclous to claim consensus. I have posted on BOTH your your talk pages about consensus on Wikipedia and neither one of you seem to care about it. I will continue to revert the page back to the one that was last agreed upon and report all reverts by both you as vandalism. If you want a revert war, simply bring it on. It is not only myself that disagrees with what you are posting, there are others who have made comments on the DOM page regarding the lack of proof you base your article on. I will be posting this on both of your talk pages in order to make sure you see this message. Davidpdx 11:04, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

The reason why I'm being mean is because almost all of your contributions are to add DOM-related content to articles; your account only came in to existance around during edit wars on whether or not to add DOM consensus. The evidence shows that, beyond a reasonable doubt, you are a new account set up to make it artificially appear that multiple people want DOM content on Wikipedia when, in reality, only one person does. This is very dishonest and goes against my sense of morality; hence the hostility. Samboy 06:10, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

My contributions before changing from Sam to Samuel
This is my history before changing Sam to Samuel: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Samspade SamuelSpade 03:19, 4 November 2005 (UTC) SamuelSpade 03:21, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Put up or shut up response
Your passive agressive behavior is noted. It's strange when one of you disappear, the other one suddenly shows up. Then suddenly new sockpuppets appear. There is in fact proof that you have constantly reverted articles against consensus, exactly in the same manner as Johnski. Putting the sockpuppet issue aside for a moment, that is still inappropriate. Although you have not done it near as much as other "user id's" it is still inexcusable. Like Johnski, et. al., you have not shown good faith when you revert articles without consensus. That is exactly why this is going forward in terms of arbitration. I would say the same back to you, "put up or shut up!" Davidpdx 06:10, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Block
Hi, I've blocked this account indefinitely for sockpuppetry, and for being an inappropriate user name that might lead to confusion. If you feel this is unfair or incorrect, you're welcome to e-mail me using the link on my user page and I'll be happy to discuss it with you. SlimVirgin (talk) 06:34, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

I changed my nameto Spadesam. Will that removethe confusion? I am nobody's sock, meat puppet. Spadesam 03:30, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

= Request for Arbitration =

You have been requested to appear as a defendant in an arbitration case against you. You can file any comments on your own behalf at: Davidpdx 08:42, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Notice: Even though this account has been blocked, I am still notifying them in order to prove allegations of the exsistance of sockpuppets. Davidpdx 08:42, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SamuelSpade


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Talk:Szemerédi's theorem

Logarithmic density
In the current version of the entry it is written that: 'positive logarithmic density', i.e. a sequence whose series of reciprocals diverges. In my opinion divergent series of reciprocals is not the same as positive logarithmic density. (For the definition of the logarithmic density, which I know, see ) For instance, the set $$P$$ of all primes has asymptotic density (hence also logarithmic density) equal to 0, but the series of reciprocals is divergent. The conjecture was stated with reciprocals. Have you seen another definition of logarithmic density elsewhere? --Kompik 18:18, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have removed the phrase. Charles Matthews 20:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Sum of reciprocals
The 1936 Erdős-Turán paper does not mention the conjecture that if the sum of reciprocals diverges then the sequence contains arbitrarily long APs. I don't know when the problem was first raised. Incidentally, Erdős mentions in a 1961 paper (P.Erdős: Some unsolved problems, Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Kut. Int. Közl., 9(1961), 221-254.) that the Erdős-Turán problem (i.e., the Szemerédi theorem) was raised by Issai Schur around 1930. Kope 15:42, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm willing to believe you're correct. Could you fix this article, also?  — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 17:39, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Removed
In the same 1936 paper, Erdős and Turán conjectured that 'positive density' could here be relaxed to any sequence whose series of reciprocals diverges (see small set). This would in particular apply to the series of prime numbers, implying the corollary

 * the sequence of primes numbers contains arithmetic progressions of any length.

This result (only the corollary, not the Erdős-Turán conjecture) was proven by Ben Green and Terence Tao in 2004 and is now known as the Green-Tao theorem.

So, the above piece removed until clarification. `'Míkka 02:26, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

"A masterpiece of combinatorial reasoning"
There is something strange about this quotation. Not that Graham did not say, but Erdős used it before even Szemeredi proved the general result...: "Rencetly, Szemeredi proved $$r_4(n)=o(n)$$; his very complicated proof is a masterpiece of combinatorial reasoning." This is just a special case, with presumably much simpler proof than the great theorem!

P. Erdős:Problems and results in combinatorial number theory, ''A Survey of Comb. Th.'', Proc. Int. Symp. Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins, CO, pp. 117-138, North-Holland 1973. Kope 17:27, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've changed the attribution to Erdős and added a reference. Searching for the phrase turns up many publications. I'm not sure it's worth tracking down who exactly published this phrase first. Gutworth (talk) 03:05, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

(anon comment)
C > 0 - doesn't it mean C > 1? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.213.44 (talk) 16:36, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Szemerédi's theorem


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Alfred Palmer (businessman)

Alfred Palmer (1852-cir 1936) was a member of the Palmer family, proprietors of the Huntley & Palmers biscuit manufacturers of Reading in England.

He was born in Reading, the son of George Palmer and his wife, Elizabeth Sarah, the daughter of Robert Meteyard. Palmer spent over fifty years working for the Huntley & Palmers biscuit company, chiefly as the head of the engineering department where he was responsible for the building and maintenance of the biscuit machinery. Besides his business involvement, Palmer was a significant benefactor of the University of Reading, and held the position in 1905 of High Sheriff of Berkshire. His country estate was at Wokefield Park in Stratfield Mortimer.

title: Alfred Palmer (businessman)


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Graham Taylor (disambiguation)

Graham Taylor (1944–2017) was an English footballer and manager.

Graham Taylor may also refer to:

 * G. P. Taylor (Graham Peter Taylor, born 1958), British novelist and part-time priest
 * Graham Taylor (baseball) (born 1984), Major League Baseball player
 * Graham Taylor (theologian) (1851–1938)
 * Graham Taylor (footballer, born 1998), Scottish footballer
 * Graham R. Taylor, American social reformer during the Progressive Era.

title: Graham Taylor (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Julie Myers

Untitled
Given that the Congressional term ended, wouldn't her recess appointment have ended as well? Or has she been confirmed?

Blackface
Extra credit for the first person to locate the photo of Julie Myers posing with an ICE employee dressed in blackface. 129.171.49.203 23:58, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Revised request: if anyone could locate and link to the photo of Julie Myers posing with an ICE employee dressed in blackface, that would certainly add to the informativeness of this article.76.109.242.51 02:14, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

The report by the Committee on Homeland Security, published April 2008 contains the photograph of Julie Myers with the employee in costume on page 19. The report can be seen here http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080408171515-43354.pdf ThorneGoodspeed (talk) 13:58, 1 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by ThorneGoodspeed (talk • contribs) 13:55, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Continued insertion of strange sentence
I keep removing "However, prior to her resignation she had been working from home, likely in anticipation of the election results" from the article for three reasons; one, it is sourced to a right wing blogger. Two, it is obscure--why should somebody work from home due to election results? If it was due to the end of the Bush presidency, maybe. Three, who cares if she is working from home? Why is it at all important to mention? Seedless Maple (talk) 19:27, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

User USA12345's crusade
I and others have been wrongly accused of vandalism concerning the repeated removal of some off target accusations and events regarding ICE, and not Julie Myers. User USA12345 has professed a commitment to restoring this copy verbatim in spite of reasoned arguments against it. User USA12345 was blocked last august for editwar behavior, and has exclusively been editing this article since then. Looks like history repeats itself, even when it's been removed from a user's talk page. - JeffJonez (talk) 12:16, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure how best to move forward. USA12345 has been blocked for a little while, and while I've cleaned up the ICE article a bit, I'm afraid to touch this article, even once's it's unprotected. I'm not a fan of the woman, but I still believe that most of the contested text is more relevant (and already largely exists) in the ICE article. - JeffJonez (talk) 04:50, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Julie Myers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080414181629/http://abcnews.go.com:80/Politics/wireStory?id=3827454 to http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=3827454

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:53, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julie Myers


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Agano-class cruiser

The four Agano-class cruisers (阿賀野型軽巡洋艦) were light cruisers operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy. All were named after Japanese rivers. Larger than previous Japanese light cruisers, the Agano-class vessels were fast, but with little protection, and were under-gunned for their size (albeit with a powerful offensive torpedo armament, able to launch up to eight Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes in a salvo). They participated in numerous actions throughout World War II.

The Agano class was followed by the larger Ōyodo-class cruiser, of which only a single vessel was completed.

Background
The Imperial Japanese Navy had developed a standardized design for light cruisers as flagships for destroyer and submarine squadrons, based on a 5,500 ton displacement, shortly after World War I. However, by the 1930s these vessels were obsolete, as contemporary destroyers were faster, carried more powerful armament, and had greater endurance. As soon as the restrictions of the London Naval Treaty were removed, the Navy General Staff developed a plan within the Fourth Fleet Supplemental Budget to build 13 new 6000 ton cruisers between 1939 and 1945 to replace the Tenryū-class cruiser, Kuma-class cruiser, and Nagara-class cruisers. These vessels were intended to be the flagships for six destroyer squadrons and seven submarine squadrons. The new design was finalised in October 1937; however, construction was delayed due to overloading of the Japanese shipyards. Construction costs came to 16.4 million yen per vessel.

Design and description
The design for the Agano class was based on technologies developed for the light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Yūbari, resulting in a graceful and uncluttered deck line and single funnel. Unlike most Japanese designs, the Agano class was not overweight, so it exhibited good stability and seaworthiness. The ships measured 174.1 m long overall with a beam of 15.2 m and had a draft of 5.63 m. They displaced 6652 t at standard load and 8534 t at deep load. The ships had a crew of 51 officers and 649 enlisted men; assignment as a flagship added 6 officers and 20 more sailors.

The Agano class had four geared steam turbines, each driving a single propeller shaft, using steam provided by six Kampon Ro Gō water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 100000 shp and give the ships a speed of 35 kn. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 6300 nmi at a speed of 18 kn.

Armament and protection
The main armament of the Agano class consisted of six 15 cm 41st Year Type guns in three twin-gun turrets, two in front of the superstructure and one aft. The secondary armament included four 8 cm 98th Year Type anti-aircraft (AA) guns in two twin turrets amidships. The suite of light anti-aircraft weapons included a pair of triple mounts for 2.5 cm Type 96 AA guns and two twin-gun mounts for 13.2 mm Type 93 anti-aircraft machineguns. The ships also had two quadruple torpedo launchers for 61 cm Type 93 (Long Lance) torpedoes on the centerline and had a reload system with eight spare torpedoes. The Agano-class ships were also fitted with a pair of Aichi E13A floatplanes and a catapult. The first two vessels in the class (Agano and Noshiro) had a larger 26 m catapult, while the later Yahagi and Sakawa had a shorter 19-meter catapult. To detect submarines, the Aganos were equipped with a Type 93 Model 2 hydrophone installation and a Type 93 Model 3 sonar. They were equipped with two depth charge chutes for 18 depth charges.

It was originally supposed to equip them with nine 155mm guns in three triple turrets like those used in their successor, triple torpedo tubes and no 8cm guns, but the triple 155mm turrets were too large for the ships. Therefore the main battery was changed to four twin 152mm turrets. Then it was decided to strengthen the torpedo armament, so number three turret was removed, and the weight saved went into quad torpedo tubes, the 8cm guns and extra light antiaircraft guns.

The propulsion machinery was protected by a waterline armor belt 60 mm thick with 20 mm transverse bulkheads at fore and aft of the machinery and a middle deck of the same thickness. The ships' magazines were enclosed in armored boxes with 55 mm sides, 20-millimeter tops and 20- or 25-millimeter ends. The armor protecting the steering gear ranged from 16 - 30 mm in thickness and the armor plates on the gun turrets were 19 mm thick.

All of the vessels in the class were updated with additional anti-aircraft weaponry and radar at various points in their service lives.

Ships in class
Four ships were budgeted under the 1939 4th Naval Replenishment Programme, three from the Sasebo Naval Arsenal and one from Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.

Agano
Completed on 31 October 1942, Agano participated in the battles for Guadalcanal and the Solomon Islands during 1943. Agano was badly damaged in Rabaul harbor by aircraft from the aircraft carriers USS Saratoga (CV-3) and USS Princeton (CVL-23), and in a subsequent attack by aircraft from TF38 on 11 November she received a torpedo hit. Ordered to home waters for repair, she was torpedoed and sunk north of Truk by the US submarine USS Skate (SS-305), on 16 February 1944.

Noshiro
Commissioned on 30 June 1943, Noshiro participated in operations in the Solomon Islands and was damaged during the US carrier aircraft raids on Rabaul on 5 November 1943. She served in the Marianas in the summer of 1944, and was part of Admiral Kurita's force during the Battle of the Philippine Sea. At the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. She was west of Panay while withdrawing from the Battle off Samar on the morning of 26 October when she was sunk by aircraft from USS Wasp (CV-18) and USS Cowpens (CVL-25).

Yahagi
Commissioned on 29 December 1943 Yahagi saw action in the Marianas in May/June 1944, during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and during the Battle of Leyte Gulf. After the US invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945, she was ordered to accompany the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamato on its suicide mission against the American fleet at Okinawa. Yahagi was hit by some seven torpedoes as well as a dozen bombs, and sank on the afternoon of 7 April 1945.

Sakawa
Sakawa was not completed until the end of 1944, by which time there was little fuel available. She survived the war unscratched and was used as a transport to return demilitarized troops from New Guinea and other areas after the war. She was expended in the atom bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946.

title: Agano-class cruiser


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Talk:Running Wild

Untitled
Using amazon.com's book search reveals many more authors who have written books entitled Running Wild. Among them are:

 * Peggy Fortnum (1975)
 * Alison Fraser (1997)
 * Helen Griffiths (1977)
 * Arnold Hano (1973)
 * Shirley Powell (1981)
 * Eric C. Rolls (1973)
 * Joy Thorne (1970)
 * Antony Trew (1983).

  18:20, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Running Wild


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User:Ken campbell

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Ken Campbell, book artist, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a direct copy from http://www.booklyn.org/artists/Ken%20Campbell,%20London,%20England.php. As a copyright violation, Ken Campbell, book artist appears to qualify for speedy deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. Ken Campbell, book artist has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If the source is a credible one, please consider rewriting the content and citing the source. If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GFDL, you can comment to that effect on Talk:Ken Campbell, book artist. If the article has already been deleted, but you have a proper release, you can reenter the content at Ken Campbell, book artist, after describing the release on the talk page. However, you may want to consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you, and please feel free to continue contributing to Wikipedia. -- ≈ jossi fresco ≈ 18:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Ken campbell


text:
Beam engine

A beam engine is a type of steam engine where a pivoted overhead beam is used to apply the force from a vertical piston to a vertical connecting rod. This configuration, with the engine directly driving a pump, was first used by Thomas Newcomen around 1705 to remove water from mines in Cornwall. The efficiency of the engines was improved by engineers including James Watt, who added a separate condenser; Jonathan Hornblower and Arthur Woolf, who compounded the cylinders; and William McNaught, who devised a method of compounding an existing engine. Beam engines were first used to pump water out of mines or into canals but could be used to pump water to supplement the flow for a waterwheel powering a mill.

The rotative beam engine is a later design of beam engine where the connecting rod drives a flywheel by means of a crank (or, historically, by means of a sun and planet gear). These beam engines could be used to directly power the line-shafting in a mill. They also could be used to power steam ships.

History
The first beam engines were water-powered and used to pump water from mines. A preserved example may be seen at the Straitsteps Lead Mine in Wanlockhead in Scotland.

Beam engines were extensively used to power pumps on the English canal system when it was expanded by means of locks early in the Industrial Revolution, and also to drain water from mines in the same period, and as winding engines.

The first steam-related beam engine was developed by Thomas Newcomen. This was not, strictly speaking, steam powered, as the steam introduced below the piston was condensed to create a partial vacuum thus allowing atmospheric pressure to push down the piston. It was therefore called an Atmospheric Engine. The Newcomen atmospheric engine was adopted by many mines in Cornwall and elsewhere, but it was relatively inefficient and consumed a large quantity of fuel. The engine was improved by John Smeaton but James Watt resolved the main inefficiencies of the Newcomen engine in his Watt steam engine by the addition of a separate condenser, thus allowing the cylinder to remain hot. Technically this was still an atmospheric engine until (under subsequent patents) he enclosed the upper part of the cylinder, introducing steam to also push the piston down. This made it a true steam engine and arguably confirms him as the inventor of the steam engine. He also patented the centrifugal governor and the parallel motion. the latter allowed the replacement of chains round an arch head and thus allowed its use as a rotative engine.

His patents remained in place until the start of the 19th Century and some say that this held back development. However, in reality development had been ongoing by others and at the end of the patent period there was an explosion of new ideas and improvements. Watt's beam engines were used commercially in much larger numbers and many continued to run for 100 years or more.

Watt held patents on key aspects of his engine's design, but his rotative engine was equally restricted by James Pickard's patent of the simple crank. The beam engine went on to be considerably improved and enlarged in the tin- and copper-rich areas of south west England, which enabled the draining of the deep mines that existed there. Consequently, the Cornish beam engines became world-famous, as they remain among the most massive beam engines ever constructed.

Because of the number of patents on various parts of the engines and the consequences of patent infringements, examples exist of Beam Engines with no makers name on any of the parts (Hollycombe Steam Collection).

Rotative beam engines

In a rotative beam engine, the piston is mounted vertically, and the piston rod drives the beam as before. A connecting rod from the other end of the beam, rather than driving a pump rod, now drives a flywheel.

Early Watt engines used Watt's patent sun and planet gear, rather than a simple crank, as use of the latter was protected by a patent owned by James Pickard. Once the patent had expired, the simple crank was employed universally. Once rotary motion had been achieved a drive belt could be attached beside the flywheel. This transmitted the power to other drive shafts and from these other belts could then be attached to power a variety of static machinery e.g. threshing, grinding or milling machines.

Marine beam engines
The first steam-powered ships used variants of the rotative beam engine. These marine steam engines – known as side-lever, grasshopper, crosshead, or 'walking beam', among others – all varied from the original land-based machines by locating the beam or beams in different positions to take up less room on board ship.

Compounding
Compounding involves two or more cylinders; low-pressure steam from the first, high-pressure, cylinder is passed to the second cylinder where it expands further and provides more drive. This is the compound effect; the waste steam from this can produce further work if it is then passed into a condenser in the normal way. The first experiment with compounding was conducted by Jonathan Hornblower, who took out a patent in 1781. His first engine was installed at Tincroft Mine, Cornwall. It had two cylinders – one 21 in diameter with 6 ft stroke and one 27 in diameter with 8 ft stroke – placed alongside each other at one end of the beam. The early engines showed little performance gain: the steam pressure was too low, interconnecting pipes were of small diameter and the condenser ineffective.

At this time the laws of thermodynamics were not adequately understood, particularly the concept of absolute zero. Engineers such as Arthur Woolf were trying to tackle an engineering problem with an imperfect understanding of the physics. In particular, their valve gear was cutting-in at the wrong position in the stroke, not allowing for expansive working in the cylinder. Successful Woolf compound engines were produced in 1814, for the Wheal Abraham copper mine and the Wheal Vor tin mine.

McNaught engines
William McNaught patented a compound beam engine in 1845. On a beam engine of the standard Boulton & Watt design he placed a high-pressure cylinder, on the opposite side of the beam to the existing single cylinder, where the water pump was normally fitted. This had two important effects: it massively reduced the pressure on the beam, and the connecting steam pipe, being long, acted as an expansive receiver – the element missing in the Woolf design. This modification could be made retrospectively, and engines so modified were said to be "McNaughted". The advantages of a compound engine were not significant at pressures under 60 psi, but showed at over 100 psi.

Preserved beam engines

 * Abbey Pumping Station (Leicester, England) - houses four Woolf compound rotative beam engines built by Gimson and Company, Leicester.
 * Bolton Steam Museum (Bolton, England) – includes several rotative beam engines originally used to drive mills
 * Claymills Pumping Station (Burton upon Trent, England) - four Woolf compound, rotative, beam pumping engines; five Lancashire boilers; over thirty auxiliary engines on the site, including the oldest working steam driven dynamo in the country.
 * Coldharbour Mill (Uffculme, Devon) - 1867 Kittoe and Brotherhood beam engine plus Pollit & Wigzell 300 hp cross compound engine. In steam most Bank Holidays driving the rope race, together with other smaller machines.
 * Coultershaw Beam Pump (West Sussex, England) – preserved water-powered beam engine from 1782.
 * Crofton Pumping Station (Great Bedwyn, England) – two engines, including the oldest working 'Cornish' engine, in its original location, in the world (1812).
 * Crossness Pumping Station (Abbey Wood, England) – set of four rotative beam engines: the largest surviving working examples.
 * Dogdyke Engine (Tattershall, England) – drainage engine and scoop wheel, steamed summer weekends.
 * Eastney Beam Engine House (Portsmouth, England) – contains two rotative beam engines for sewage-pumping, dating from 1887.
 * Elsecar Heritage Centre (Elsecar, England) – the only surviving Newcomen engine (in the world) to have remained in its original location (1795).
 * Goulburn Waterworks (Goulburn, Australia) - Appleby Bros Beam Engine (1883) 120 hp in working order still in the original pump house building.
 * Grazebrook beam engine- A large pumping Boulton & Watt designed with a 42 in bore on static display on the Dartmouth roundabout on the A38(M) in Birmingham, England.
 * Hollycombe Steam Collection (Liphook, England) - A small (approx 5 horse power) working rotative bean engine dating from approx 1850, used to power farm machinery, with a water wheel attached to supplement the power.
 * Levant Mine and Beam Engine (Trewellard, England) – a working beam engine on a National Trust property in West Cornwall, England
 * Markfield Beam Engine (Tottenham, England) – a compound, rotative engine.
 * Middleton Top Engine House, Middleton-by-Wirksworth, Derbyshire. The twin beam engine (built in 1829) is the world’s oldest working reciprocating winding engine still in its original engine house.
 * Museum De Cruquius (Cruquius, The Netherlands) – the eight-beamed engine at Cruquius is thought to be the largest steam engine ever built
 * Newcomen Memorial Engine (Dartmouth, England) - dating from about 1725. Hydraulic mechanism added for demonstration purposes.
 * Nottingham Industrial Museum (Nottingham, England) - The Steam Gallery contains an impressive Basford Beam Engine, one of a pair of engines built in 1858 by R&W Hawthorn in Newcastle upon Tyne. It was installed at Basford Pumping Station to lift water 110 ft from the sandstone below to supply fresh water to the City of Nottingham. The engine was replaced in 1965 and was removed to the purpose-built Steam Gallery where it was first fired in 1975.
 * Pinchbeck Engine (Spalding, England) – statically preserved 'A'-frame engine.
 * Poldark Mine (Trenear, England) - Harvey's of Hayle Cornish Beam Engine from Bunny Tin Mine and later Greensplat China Clay Pit dating from about 1850. Hydraulic mechanism added for demonstration purposes. Last to have worked commercially in Cornwall to December 1959, moved to Poldark in 1972.
 * Ryhope Engines Museum (Ryhope, England) – twin rotative beam engines; built 1868.
 * Smethwick Engine (Smethwick, England) – oldest working steam engine in the world (1779).
 * Stretham Old Engine (Stretham, England) – Statically preserved engine and scoop wheel.
 * Strumpshaw Steam Museum (Strumpshaw, England) - Features a now Compressed Air powered former beam engine from Addington.
 * Tees Cottage Pumping Station (Darlington, England) - a working  rotative, two-cylinder Woolf compound engine, designed by Glenfield and Kennedy of Kilmarnock and built by Teasdale Bros, under T&C Hawksley, Civil Engineers, London.
 * The Boulton and Watt rotative beam engine (sun and planet type) at the National Museum of Scotland (1786). Occasional working by pneumatics
 * The Caprington Colliery Newcomen engine at the National Museum of Scotland. Occasional working on pneumatics.
 * The Henry Ford Museum (Dearborn, Michigan, US) - Fairbottom Bobs, a Newcomen engine of the 1760s.
 * London Museum of Water & Steam (Brentford, England) – five 'Cornish' engines (in original location) of which four are operational, together with two operational rotative beam engines (in museum), including the largest working 'Cornish' engine in the world with a 90 in Cylinder.
 * Western Springs Water Works (Auckland, New Zealand) – 1877 double Woolf compound engine. In original location, restored in working order with Transport and Technology Museum built around it. The restoration of the Pumphouse and original Engineers cottage was awarded with the 2009 Award of Merit from UNESCO's Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation programme.

title: Beam engine


text:
Template talk:Michigan

U.S. state templates
WikiProject U.S. states/state templates lists and displays all 50 U.S. state (and additional other) templates. It potentially can be used for ideas and standardization. //MrD9 07:20, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Standardization of state templates
There is currently an ongoing discussion regarding standardization of state templates (primarily regarding layout and styling) at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. states/state templates. An effort was made earlier this year to standardize Canadian province templates (which mostly succeeded). Lovelac7 and I have already begun standardizing all state templates. If you have any concerns, they should be directed toward the discussion page for state template standardization. Thanks! — Webdinger BLAH 22:51, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Romulus becomes a Large City of Michigan
As a December 16, 2006, Wayne County and the State of Michigan announced that the City of Romulus is a Major city now. Soon, Romulus will be added to the Michigan Template. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.41.237.244 (talk) 02:05, 2 January 2007 (UTC).

Regions
There is no official governmental definition of the "Regions" of Michigan. In common usage, there seems to be no consensus of where the regional boundaries are. The definition of "region" is highly subjective and basically amounts to opinion of the author. Perhaps we should do away with the concept of "Regions" in Michigan. The various articles on the regions of Michigan do not include source information. For more on this subject, see the disputed inclusion of Lansing in Talk:Southern Michigan. --TRosenbaum 15:40, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Cities list
Why do we need to list 50 cities here? It really crowds the template, and even the largest states like Texas don't have such an extensive list. Any thoughts? Telos 01:28, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No necessity for 50 -- it just seemed a round number to cut-off at. Not that it is such a big deal, but if you cut off at say, 40, you'd leave off cities like Bay City, Jackson, and Holland. older ≠ wiser 02:58, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think 50 looks just fine. As Bkonrad says, any less and it would leave out some fairly notable cities. --Elliskev 19:00, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Sorry, thought I was using a copied version as an example.
I think I fixed everything.Mtsmallwood (talk) 01:32, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

my little brothers struggel regions that include michagan
well my lil bro was struggling with the problem of. what reigoms that include Michigan all uhave to do is look up Michigan template. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.29.119.233 (talk) 22:11, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Geography / Islands
I added Geography to the topic section of the template. That's a pretty major topic, so I'm not sure why it wasn't on there in the first place. In addition to that, I added Islands as well. I'm reworking that lackluster article (it's going to take some time), but I think that's a suitable topic for inclusion in the template. Notorious4life (talk) 02:04, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

white on dark blue
Is there a particular reason why this template is white on dark blue? I understand the idea is to try to generally match to color of the flag, but it isn't the easiest to read. Wouldn't it be better to just go with the default used by navbox to avoid having a rainbow at the bottom of the page when this navbox is next to another one and per WP:ACCESSIBILITY? Please let me know if there is a strong reason to have it a particular color. I noticed this was attempted recently, but was reverted, so I thought I would be proactive and start a thread here to avoid an edit war. Thanks! Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 21:38, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Since there are no objections, I will go ahead and make the change to the default. Thanks! Plastikspork ―Œ (talk)  17:37, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Michigan


text:
Biltine

Biltine may refer to:
 * Biltine, Chad
 * Biltine Prefecture
 * Biltine Department
 * Biltine Region, now named Wadi Fira
 * Biltine language, other name: Amdang language

title: Biltine


text:
Frostbite (2005 film)

Frostbite is a 2005 American comedy film. It features Suzanne Stokes and Buffy Tyler and the Hawaiian girls.

Plot summary
In Mammoth Mountain, a group of misfit slackers battle a group of egotistical snobs for snowboarding rights to a ski mountain.

Cast

 * Peter Jason as Colonel Jaffe
 * Traci Lords as Naomi Bucks
 * Adam Grimes as Billy Wagstaff
 * Phil Morris as J.P. Millhouse
 * Gus Farwell as Sven Darden

Trivia

 * Frostbite is an unofficial remake of the classic ski-comedy Hot Dog…The Movie starring John Reger as Rudolph "Rudi" Garmisch.
 * Gus Farwell, who plays the iconic Sven Darden, is also known as the former Arizona State University quarterback, turned opera singer.

title: Frostbite (2005 film)


text:
Shenandoah Junction, West Virginia

Shenandoah Junction is a census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson County in the U.S. state of West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. As of the 2010 census, Shenandoah Junction had a population of 703. It is located between Kearneysville, WV and Charles Town, WV off WV 9. Shenandoah Junction is home to Jefferson High School and West Virginia's oldest surviving wood-frame structure, the Peter Burr House, built around 1751. The land where Shenandoah Junction was built was part of the 392 acre granted by Lord Fairfax to Lewis Neil. The town was originally called Neil's, but the name was changed to Shenandoah Junction in 1881. The community owes much of its early growth to the coming of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1830s, and the name refers to the junction of the B&O and Norfolk and Western Railway at the center of the community. Today, the Norfolk Southern Hagerstown Line (H Line), and the CSX Cumberland Subdivision lines intersect at the Junction.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Shenandoah Junction has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

title: Shenandoah Junction, West Virginia


text: Category:Italian regional cuisines

title: Category:Italian regional cuisines


text:
User talk:Neil Leslie

Welcome & cut-elimination
It looks like I get to introduce you to Wikipedia: an easy job, since you obviously have figured out your way around. The Policy trifecta is probably the pithiest summary of WP policy. Probably the most valuable thing to bring in editing is not just type up what you know, but also try to track down references: I was pleased to see your correction on logical harmony.

On Cut-elimination theorem: precisely because there is little consistency, there is little harm that can be done by another viewpoint. Making the article read better is a matter of imposing structure on it: once a good structure is in place, future contributors are likely to respect it.

Dive right in --- Charles Stewart 18:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Rangers F.C.
You were probably right in reverting to an earlier version. I was trying to tidy up after a string a of dubious edits. --GraemeL (talk) 12:10, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Unfortunately the RFC page gets vandalised too much. And some of the non-vandal additions are just the injection of anti-Rangers POV. Trying to correct these then just leads to weasel or peacock terms. Much better to just delete these. For what it is worth my favourite example of such piffle comes from the Celtic page: Celtic Park "is widely regarded as one of the most famous stadia in Europe." Surely "widely reagrded as famous" is just the same as "famous"? Did Gallup do a poll to compare the recognition of Celtic Park with that of the San Siro, de Kuip, Roker Park, Stark's Park....? Celtic Park currently has the highest capacity of any soccer stadium in Scotland, and this is about as much as can be stated about it. Doesn't sound as good though.

01:54, 14 January 2006 (UTC) You should refrain from removing facts. GreameL also agrees on this point. You are right about the piffle e.g on the Rangers page this appears- "As well as being a football club, they are as much a Scottish institution and an integral part of Scottish culture. Equally, they are a world famous football club." "...As much..."Did some boffin come up with method of mesuring how institutionalised and cultural you can be as compared to how much of a football team you can be. And 'Equally' compared to what? Don't you agree this piffle is just fanzine talk and should be removed?

--User:84.217.5.191

Hi 84.217.5.191, It's a fact and its verifiable, but is it important? I'd say it is exactly as important as the record win in Europe, and thats not been included. Of course you are correct that there is piffle on the Rangers page. Feel free to improve it.

I've been without a computer for several days, so sorry about taking so long to reply. My personal opinion is that the information on Rangers record European defeat does merit inclusion. It's verifiable and if record wins are recorded, NPOV says that record defeats should have a place too. --GraemeL (talk) 18:42, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

National Certificate of Educational Achievement
Hi, thanks for your edits to the NCEA article — it's been a long time since someone took interest in this article. As you can see, it was written by several laypeople and has a long way to go. As I've learnt more about assessment systems, I've even noticed inaccuracies written by myself and others! Thanks very much for your contributions to the article.

If you want, you can add yourself to Category:Wikipedians in New Zealand by adding the User NZ res template to your user page. (You can also do this with the templates on Babel.)

Welcome along! And Happy New Year. :-) Neonumbers 09:57, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians in New Zealand
Hi, You might want to consider adding User NZ res to the top of your user page, which will add you to this category automatically and also add a nice graphic. Onco_p53 00:45, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Infoboxes on secondary school pages
I like it, but a few tweaks that I have been thinking about: - The mottoes are one line, it doesn't look very tidy "Per Angusta ad Augusta Through rough ravines to hallowed heights" - Principal => Current Principal? - Roll => 200X Roll?

What do you think? Also, is there anyway to easily find the pages with these infoboxes?

Hi. You forgot to add the four tildes to sign. No matter. You should be able to format the individual mottoes on more than one line, as the box currently stands. Have a look at Otago Girls' High School. (I confess that I was more interested in gettng all the data in than formatting it properly. I had hoped that someone else would tidy it up later. I'm also pretty sure I left lots of typos behind as well.)

I don't thnk that you need to say current principal, as principal is assumed to be current, unless you are specifically trying to distinguish the current principal for some other one. Also current principal takes up more room!

I agree that there should be some way to indicate the year of the roll, but if this is changed in the infobox, then I think that you need to be careful to make this a parameter, as the data may not be available for every school for the current year. On the whole, I'd prefer to leave it as it is, I think.

BTW if you can think of anything which should go in the infobox and which is not there you can add it to the template. Pages which use the box, and don't have a particular entry simply don't produce anything for that entry. But of course for template you would need to have some thing which is worth rcording for most schools. One other thing which possibly could do with a tweak is the way that the school type is recorded. It might be worth separating the way the school is funded (State/State integrated/Private), the age range, and the gender(s) of the students. Special schools would remain special and some way is needed to record whether a school has boarding facilities (assuim that this is important). Any thoughts?

You should be able to find all the pages that use this box by going to Template:Infobox NZ school, and clicking on 'What links here' in the toolbox on the Wikipedia panel on the left of the page. However, when I just did this I didn't get all of them listed. Alternatively just got to Schools in New Zealand category. All the schools which had a page as of a couple of days ago have been done, and hopefully anyone adding a new page will use the infobox.

Best Neil Leslie 08:11, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Cool, will take a deeper look at it, then see what will be best (slowly remembering to sign!) --BakugekiNZ 22:28, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

State school enrolment schemes
I can understand why you say that you do not want POV on this page. What I do not understand why you use a Ministry of Education quote that claims the system is fairer. I can accept the enrolment scheme system is objectively more transparent, but calling it fairer is pretty POV. All I ask is that it is prefixed with the statement that is a claimed benefit. 210.86.65.107 09:01, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Mostly because it is an MOE statement -- by putting it in quotes I had hoped that this was clear. My intention of adding this note to the Education in NZ page was that enrolment schemes were described, with varying degrees of accuracy, in several NZ School pages. Some gave the impression that the schools chose to have or, perhaps more importantly, chose how to administer the schemes. There was also the impression tat only a few schools had such schemes. I wanted to make clear that this was a nationwide policy, and does not only affect a few selected schools. Perhaps it might be better to cut the quote a bt shorter:

 * For state shools, the Education Amendment Act 2000 put in place a new "system for determining enrolment of students in circumstances where a school has reached its roll capacity and needs to avoid overcrowding."

I also added a 'new' to indicate that there were previous schemes. The rest of this para simply describes how the system currently works, as explained in the Act.

cheers. Neil Leslie 09:33, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Auckland meetup
Just to let you know that a meetup is planned in Auckland for the 25th of June (see Meetup/Auckland for more details), and that you are cordially invited. GeorgeStepanek\talk 00:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Helen Clark
I noticed that you did place a POV tag on the article. I agree that the article was, and still is biased, in fact some of it looks like it has been written by neds from Pilton. Wallie 05:39, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Pakuranga College
Its a school, i cannot see how it can be considered a copyrightable source. i will change it back, and any such correspondence about this matter please address it in the talk page, not by defacing the main page with copyright crap. as an ex student i feel offended. --Subwaynz 03:16, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

I have re written the history aspect of the wiki, i hope you are satisfied with it now.--Subwaynz 12:54, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The article's been pruned and re-written, it should be allright now. Mr Bluefin 00:41, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks Neil for the message, perhaps I was a bit too harsh with the pruning, however I've got to say that I'm not a fan of most of the school pages, and I agree with you that the genuinely interesting ones are being drowned due to the vanity. I'm not pushing for deletion of the school pages (there are pages for train stations), but the fact remains that the authors of the pages are almost always ex-students, which implicitly adds a bias (positive and negative)---with exceptions, of course. I believe articles on genuinely notable schools would already have been written by outsiders. I agree with you on the pruning encouraging stronger growth; that probably sums up what my aim is.
 * Thanks, Mr Bluefin 07:07, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Additional comment: Sorry for not finishing my original comment. Wrt Wgtn High, I'd have no issue with it as long as it was sourced... I just thought "*sigh* another page of meaningless boasting". Apologies, since now I know the comments were made in good faith. I originally got p-'d off with WP too because of the piffle, and look at the position I'm in now :D. At least we've established that we're both dissatisfied with some articles here. Mr Bluefin 08:16, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Bernard Darnton
It appears I made two mistakes: In future, I will paraphrase such source material more carefully. Ppe42 12:19, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * being a bit lazy and failing to extensively paraphrase text from a press release (text which I have permission to use, and which I cited in the relevant paragraph) and
 * assuming that just because text orginated in a press release it might not automatically be NPOV.

Mai Chen
If you wish to dispute the neutrality of an article or edits of an article, could you please use the talk page first, rather than simply removing all edits made. I certainly dispute the plagarism accusation, there was sufficient changes made to the text to avoid breaching copyright. --Lholden 07:09, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I'd flag that as plagiarism if I got it in a student essay. There already was a link to the Chen/Palmer home page. That page is hardly written from a neutral point of view (it is their advertising, after all). Why add it to WikiPedia? Neil Leslie 11:06, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've only added relevant information on Mai's background. Your revert removed reference to the fact that Mai was Dux of her High School, for example. That is hardly POV, it's a verifiable fact that should be included in a biography. That is why the information was added. Again, if there are any parts of the text you felt were NPOV, then please point them out. --Lholden 11:32, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, most of this page was (and still is) just added material from Chen/Palmer's advertising. It is not lies but think a little about whether their advertising is written from a neutral point of view. Neil Leslie 12:09, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, most of the material was derived from the New Zealand Herald article I referenced. In any case, I dispute that adding material (strictly speaking) from the Chen Palmer website is in itself biased. I accept that their website puts across a certain POV, however I don't think the material added could be considered "advertising". For example, I added the fact that Chen moved to NZ in 1970; that is hardly advertising in any sense, it's a important part of her biography. --Lholden 21:42, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * So, you copied from the Herald who probably got their material from ... I think I have to beg to differ from you in your opinion that Chen/Palmer's corporate website is not advertising.

 * ...An interview with Mai Chen. If you read what I've said above, you'll see that I said I don't think the material added was advertising. I never said Chen Palmer's website wasn't advertising, infact I stated I accept that it puts across a certain POV. Anyway, this issue is now closed as there doesn't seem to be any dispute over the actual material itself. --Lholden 06:50, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:TW logo.png
Thanks for uploading Image:TW logo.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 02:43, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:TW logo.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:TW logo.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Nomination for deletion of Template:Infobox New Zealand school
Template:Infobox New Zealand school has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) - talk 10:14, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

==Orphaned non-free image File:TW logo.png==  Thanks for uploading File:TW logo.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Malpass93! (what I've been up to/drop me a ___) 17:40, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neil Leslie


text: Template talk:Michigan-geo-stub

title: Template talk:Michigan-geo-stub


text:
Talk:Frostbite (2005 film)

Page name
Page was moved from Frostbite (the movie) to Frostbite (movie) on 8 October 2005. Rd232 talk 18:01, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Frostbite film.jpg
Image:Frostbite film.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:28, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frostbite (2005 film)


text:
User:Jenn Dolari

Yay! Wikipedia loses another editor.

Due to continued accusations of being a "Vanity editor" I'm no longer on Wikipedia.

The claims began when another user created entries for my comics on Wikipedia, then invited me to update them. Sticking to NPOV, I created full articles for them. While this is was a bad thing, I stuck to NPOV, and survived a VFD for them. Since then, I've only updated those pages when the information was factually wrong.

Another VFD came when another user created an article on me with minimal info. After seeing a note on its discussion page to not VFD it if I was to edit it, I again added info to it, sticking to NPOV. After creating the page, and copy editing it a few times, it was sent to VFD as vanity.

Finally, a note on "Notable Wikipedians" mentioned that I primarily edited my bio page, and my comics. That's if you ignore:

 * Adding historical information to the Texas State Highway pages from the creation of of the highway Department (A hobby of mine)
 * Various Texana edits (Mainly in Central Texas)
 * Wrestling edits (Guilty pleasure)
 * Video Game edits (Mostly Mortal Kombat and Street Fighter)
 * MRE edits (which I rather enjoy)
 * Star Trek edits (Movie preproduction, and a Trek pet research project, Star Trek: Phase II all under an old IP address before I got an account)
 * Robotech edits (My favorite cartoon in the 80s)

And bits of Trivia throughout the Wikipedia when I see something I can add to it. I've been around for a while, folks.

In Particular, I'd like to give a shout out to the Old San Antonio Road article I created, which has been a hobby-ist's research project for 20 years; and the Comico Comics article which was my favorite comic company in the 80s, which I desperately wanted to work for and watched closely from it's inception to its downfall.

The note was amended, but not to my satisfaction.

Damn right, I'm bitter. You'd be too if your contributions boiled down to "She's had VFDs" and "she edits her own pages." I do not plan to return - all it'll do is start up the Vanity stuff again, and that pisses me off, and you off.

Copyrights
Permission to use any of my copyrighted material is specifically denied to Wikipedia.

title: User:Jenn Dolari


text:
User talk:Benwalstrum

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place — I sure do — and want to stay. Before getting too in-depth, please read about the simplified ruleset. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. ---

Additional tips
Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes (~). If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the articles for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you believe something you added or created has been unfairly treated, talk to the user or follow the steps in resolving disputes
 * If you're still entirely confused, or would like to get a better grasp of your wikipedia skills, and you have an IRC client (or don't mind getting one), check out the Bootcamp. It's not what it sounds like, but it is fun and can help you with your editing skills.
 * If you're bored and want to find something to do, try the Random page button in the sidebar, or check out the Open Task message in the Community Portal.

Happy Wiki-ing.
- Trevor MacInnis (Talk | Contribs) 18:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Benwalstrum


text:
The Night Chicago Died

"The Night Chicago Died" is a song by the British group Paper Lace, written by Peter Callander and Mitch Murray. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week in 1974, reached number 3 in the UK charts, and number 2 in Canada. It is about a fictional shoot-out between the Chicago Police and members of the Al Capone Syndicate. The narrator retells his mother's anguish while awaiting news of the fate of her husband, a Chicago policeman. This song begins with an electronic synthesizer sound impersonating a police siren. The first four lines in the Intro are spoken by the group. It also features the sound of a ticking clock, heard in the third verse.

History
"The Night Chicago Died" was Paper Lace's follow-up single to "Billy Don't Be a Hero", a No. 1 hit in the U.K. but virtually unheard in the U.S. where Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' cover reached No. 1. Callander and Murray wrote both songs.

The U.S. single received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, signifying sales of at least half a million copies. Though the song's story is set in the United States, Paper Lace were unable to perform the song live in the U.S. at the height of its popularity because of contractual issues.

Accuracy
"The Night Chicago Died" is about a shoot-out between the Chicago Police and gangsters tied to Al Capone. It was inspired by the real-life Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, although that involved Capone's men killing seven of Bugs Moran's gang members and had nothing to do with the police. No confrontation large enough to leave around one hundred police deaths ever happened. Al Capone was arrested in 1932 for income tax evasion.

The song's events supposedly take place "on the East Side of Chicago". Chicago has three commonly referred-to regions: the North Side, the West Side and the South Side. There is no East Side, as Lake Michigan is immediately east of Downtown Chicago. While there is an area of Chicago known as "East Side", it is a neighborhood on the Far South Side on the Illinois/Indiana state line. East Side is also several miles away from where Capone lived on Prairie Avenue in Chicago. Furthermore, in the 1920s, East Side was known for being a quiet, residential, and predominantly Eastern European neighborhood—a sharp contrast from the site of the bloodbath described in the song.

Songwriters Peter Callender and Mitch Murray said in interviews (most notably on Beat Club shortly after the song's smash success) that they had never been to Chicago before that time, and that their knowledge of the city and that period of its history had been based on gangster films. (Callender defended his interpretation of Chicago's geography by saying, "There's an East Side of everywhere!")

As reported by History.com: ""...in England there were at least a few young men that didn’t have all the facts straight, and in the 1970s their pop group from Nottingham turned their romantic misunderstanding of American history into a historically dubious yet gloriously catchy hit record. Though it was never intended for the American market, Paper Lace’s "The Night Chicago Died" crossed the Atlantic and became a #1 hit on the U.S. pop charts...""

Paper Lace sent the song to the mayor of Chicago, Richard Daley, who greatly disliked it. A member of Daley's staff is quoted as saying that Paper Lace should "jump in the Chicago River, placing your heads under water three times and surfacing twice. Pray tell us, are you nuts?”

Covers

 * In 1974 Venezuelan singer Mirla Castellanos recorded her version of this song (translated into Spanish by her husband at the time, Miguel Ángel Landa) titled "La Noche De Chicago", which appeared on her album of the same name. Subsequently, Castellanos made a new version of this song, which was included in her 1984 compilation album 16 Grandes Éxitos.
 * Also, in 1974, Mexican group La Super Banda Macho recorded their own version of this song in Spanish titled "La Noche Que Murió Chicago", whose lyrics are very different from the previous version.
 * In March 1975 the Finnish singer Vicky Rosti recorded this song in Finnish titled "Kun Chicago kuoli" (When Chicago Died), which was her debut single. She reached the number one position in Finnish charts with the single by Midsummer. The Finnish lyrics are almost verbatim translation of the English originals.
 * In 1994 Mexican group Banda Toro recorded this song titled "La Noche Que Chicago Murió" in a Banda music style (but with the same lyrics of La Super Banda Macho's version). This song appeared on their debut album Banda Toro.
 * In 2004 Mexican group Banda Machos covered this song, also titled "La Noche Que Chicago Murió" —which sounds very similar to the La Super Banda Macho's version— as part of their album Pura Pasión.
 * In 2006, Korean group Super Junior-K.R.Y. released a cover of this song entitled "The Night Chicago Died" in the Korean language, for the 2006 Korean legal drama Hyena for its soundtrack album. Their cover has the same melody, but the lyrics were entirely revised.

title: The Night Chicago Died


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Ralph Metcalf (New Hampshire politician)

Ralph Metcalf (November 21, 1796 – August 26, 1858) was an American lawyer and politician from New Hampshire who served as the 25th governor of New Hampshire from 1855 to 1857.

Early life
Ralph Metcalf was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire on November 21, 1796. He was educated locally and worked on the farm of his father, a veteran of the American Revolution, until deciding on a career in the law in 1818.

Metcalf graduated from the academy in Chester, Vermont and then attended Dartmouth College, from which he graduated in 1823. He then studied law with Henry Hubbard and attorney Richard Bartlett of Concord, and was admitted to the bar in 1826.

Career
He practiced law in New Hampshire, first with George B. Upham, and later with David Hale. From 1828 to 1830 he practiced in Binghamton, New York, after which he returned to New Hampshire to open an office in Claremont.

In 1831 Metcalf was elected secretary state. He held this post until 1838, when he moved to Washington, D.C. to accept a position in the Department of the Treasury while Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire was serving as Secretary. In 1840 he returned to New Hampshire and practiced law, first in Plymouth, and later in Newport.

In 1845 he was appointed Register of Probate for Sullivan County. In 1848 he was appointed a trustee of the state asylum for the insane, and he served several more non-consecutive terms. He served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1852 to 1853. In 1853 he served on the state commission appointed to codify New Hampshire's statutes.

Governor of New Hampshire
A member of the Democratic Party for most of his career, Metcalf later became recognized as anti-slavery and an opponent of Franklin Pierce's attempts to obtain passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act.

As a result of Metcalf's opposition to slavery, in 1855 he was nominated for Governor by the Know Nothing movement, which increasingly incorporated anti-slavery sentiment into its core Nativism in New England states. This effort was promoted by Free Soil Democrats including John P. Hale, who hoped to create a movement that would send New Hampshire anti-slavery activists to the United States Senate and help build the nascent Republican Party. (It worked—Hale was elected to the Senate in 1855, eventually moving to the Republican Party because of his views on slavery. James Bell, an abolitionist Whig also won a Senate seat in 1855, and later became a Republican.)

Metcalf won the 1855 race for Governor, defeating incumbent Nathaniel B. Baker, James Bell and Asa Fowler. In 1856 he defeated John S. Wells and Ichabod Goodwin, but his margin over Wells was narrow, and the selection moved to the New Hampshire General Court, which chose Metcalf. Metcalf became identified with the Republican Party when it was founded as the major anti-slavery party in the mid 1850s. In addition to his abolitionist views, Metcalf's governorship was noteworthy for his support of a prohibition law, which passed in 1855, and remained in force until 1889.

He retired after the completion of his second term, and resided in Claremont. He died in Claremont on August 26, 1858.

Family
In 1835 he married Lucretia Ann Bingham. She died a few weeks after giving birth in 1836, and the baby died soon afterwards. He married Martha Ann Gilmore in 1843, and they had two children: son Ralph (1844-1905); and daughter Frances Elizabeth (born 1845).


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Alaksandar Milinkievič

Alaksandar Uładzimieravič Milinkievič (Аляксандар Уладзімеравіч Мілінкевіч, Александр Владимирович Милинкевич, born 25 July 1947) is a Belarusian politician. He was nominated by the leading opposition parties in Belarus to run against incumbent Alexander Lukashenko in the 2006 presidential election.

Biography
Milinkevič was born in 1947 in Grodno. After graduating from the University of Grodno, he defended his Ph.D. thesis at the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Between 1980 and 1984 he was in charge of the (then forming) Faculty of Physics at the University of Sétif in Algeria. He also served as a docent at the University of Grodno between 1978 and 1980, and then from 1984 on to 1990. At that time he also started to cooperate with local city authorities as chief of one of the committees. Soon he reached the rank of deputy mayor of the city.

In 2001 he was the chief of staff of Siamion Domash, one of the opposition leaders running for president in the 2001 presidential elections of Belarus. In October 2005 he was chosen by the United Democratic Forces of Belarus as the joint candidate of the opposition in the presidential elections of 2006.

On 12 December 2006 he was awarded the Sakharov Prize by the European Parliament.

He is the recipient of the seventh Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award, awarded annually by Prague Society for International Cooperation and the Global Panel Foundation (de).

Campaign for presidency
In October 2005, at a Congress of Democratic Forces, roughly 900 delegates from various political and civil society groups met in the capital Minsk to pick a single opposition candidate for the 2006 Presidential election. Milinkievič won over three other political leaders at the meeting (including Stanislav Shushkevich and Anatoly Lebedko). The unification process has the aim of selecting a single opposition figure who would run against President Lukashenko, who has run Belarus for over a decade. Belarus' opposition forces had previously tried to field a single candidate in the 2001 presidential elections.

Milinkievič compared his campaign to that of another pro-Western opposition candidate in neighboring Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko, whose victory in late 2004 was dubbed the "Orange Revolution". Although disappointment in Yushchenko's government culminated in a political crisis in September 2005 amid renewed allegations of mass graft coupled with a worsening economic situation, Milinkievič calls last year's events in Ukraine an inspiration for his supporters. "We believe that Belarus will be next after… Ukraine," he told Associated Press.

However, opposition leaders realize that an uphill struggle lies ahead, despite their support from U.S.-funded NGOs. Lukashenko's market socialism economy has significant support in rural areas of the country. Belarus is one of the few areas of the Soviet Union where the country's social welfare network remains virtually unchanged since the Soviet era.

In the 2006 presidential election official results gave Milinkievič 6% of the vote against 83% for the incumbent Lukashenko. Confiscation of his leaflets during the campaign was found by the UN Human Rights Committee to violate his rights.

In January 2006 Milinkievič was invited to Paris by the French government. He met with the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, and gave numerous interviews to Western media, including a TV interview to Euronews. Milinkievič, just like any other opposition activist, has absolutely no TV access inside Belarus, as the media in Belarus are state-controlled. The only exception when he was allowed to appear on Belarusian television was his pre-election speech in 2006. Earlier, he had already met the new Polish prime minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, and the president of Lithuania Valdas Adamkus. In February 2006 he also met the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Javier Solana, and several other top European politicians. His campaign received the backing first of the Polish government and later that of prominent EU officials.

Personal life
Currently married to Inna Kuley, he has two sons from a previous marriage. Aside from his native Belarusian Milinkievič also speaks Polish, French, and Russian.

Persecution
In April 2006, Milinkievič was jailed by the government for 15 days for taking part in an unsanctioned rally.

On 23 November 2006 government police detained Milinkievič three times as he traveled around Vitebsk Region with a local opposition activist who was accused of causing a fatal hit-and-run accident in the past. On 29 November 2006 police detained Milinkievič at a Minsk airport after he returned from a NATO summit in Riga. He was accused of having a forged passport.

On 4 December 2006 Milinkievič was detained in Beloozyorsk on suspicion of illegal drug trade.

On 6 January 2007 Milinkevich was arrested twice: first on the suspicion of drunk driving (he was found to be sober) and then on the suspicion of being involved in a traffic accident. On 29 January 2007 Milinkevich said he was fined $2,200 after being tried in absentia for leaving Belarus illegally. He called it "revenge by Lukashenko".

title: Alaksandar Milinkievič


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Canadair CT-133 Silver Star

The Canadair CT-133 Silver Star (company model number CL-30) is the Canadian license-built version of the Lockheed T-33 jet trainer aircraft, in service from the 1950s to 2005. The Canadian version was powered by the Rolls-Royce Nene 10 turbojet, whereas the Lockheed production used the Allison J33.

Design and development
The Canadair CT-133 was the result of a 1951 contract to build T-33 Shooting Star trainers for the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). The powerplant is a Rolls-Royce Nene 10 turbojet instead of the Allison J33 used by Lockheed in the production of the original T-33. A project designation of CL-30 was given by Canadair and the name was changed to Silver Star. The appearance of the CT-133 is very distinctive due to the large fuel tanks usually carried on each wingtip.

A total of 656 CT-133 aircraft were built by Canadair.

Operational history
The CT-133 entered service in the RCAF as its primary training aircraft for fighter/interceptors. The designation of the Silver Star in the Canadian Forces was CT-133.

The CT-133's service life in the RCAF (and later the Canadian Forces) was extremely long. One of the more unusual roles it played was as an aerobatic demonstration aircraft, the RCAF's Red Knight. Although the aircraft stopped being used as a trainer in 1976, there were still over 50 aircraft in Canadian Forces inventory in 1995. The youngest of these airframes was then 37 years old and had exceeded its expected life by a factor of 2.5. During this period, the Canadair T-33 was employed in communication, target towing, and enemy simulation.

The final Canadair '''Silver Star Mk. 3''' was retired from the Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment at CFB Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada, where it was used as an ejection seat testbed after 46 years of service. CT-133 number 133648 was delivered to CFD Mountain View on 26 April 2005. Having been built in March 1959 as a CT-133 with original RCAF serial number 21648, it had reached a total of 11 394.6 flight hours at the time of its retirement from military use. It has been sold on the civil market, along with fifteen other CT-133s. These aircraft will join the fifty others on the United States Civil Register and continue to fly as a part of the living legacy of the early jet age.

Variants

 * T-33A Silver Star Mk 1: Two-seat jet training aircraft for the RCAF. Built by Lockheed in the United States, 30 on loan to the RCAF.
 * CT-133ANX Silver Star Mk 2: The first Canadian prototype. One built.
 * : Two-seat jet training aircraft for the RCAF.
 * Silver Star Mk 3PT: Unarmed version.
 * Silver Star Mk 3AT: Armed version, two Browning .50 caliber machine guns in nose and underwing pylons for 1,000 lb bombs and HVAR rockets.
 * Silver Star Mk 3PR: Photo-reconnaissance version.
 * CE-133: Upgraded electronic warfare training aircraft.
 * CX-133: Ejection seat testbed.
 * ET-133: Aerial threat simulator aircraft.
 * TE-133: Anti-ship threat simulator aircraft.

Operators

 * Bolivian Air Force – 20 AT-33A-Ns (former Canadian Forces)
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * Red Knight (aerobatic team)
 * Royal Canadian Navy
 * Canadian Forces
 * National Research Council
 * French Air Force delivered between 1959 and 1962
 * Hellenic Air Force (former RCAF aircraft)
 * Portuguese Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force
 * Hellenic Air Force (former RCAF aircraft)
 * Portuguese Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force
 * Portuguese Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force
 * Turkish Air Force

Aircraft on display
The following locations have CT-133 Silver Stars on display or in flyable condition:
 * Alberta
 * 21081 is near Airdrie, Alberta, in the yard of a private owner.
 * There are approximately 7 CT-133's either on display or in storage at CFB Cold Lake.
 * 21072 is displayed at CFB Edmonton.
 * 21506 and 21533 are in possession of the Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton, Alberta.
 * 21097 is mounted on a pylon in Edson, Alberta.
 * 21518 is on display in Leduc, Alberta.
 * 21578 is outside the Royal Canadian Legion in Lethbridge, Alberta.
 * 21272 is on a pylon outside the building of the Bomber Command Museum of Canada in Nanton, Alberta.
 * 21437 resides on a pedestal at Rocky Mountain House, Alberta.
 * 21271 is outside the Royal Canadian Legion in St. Albert, Alberta.
 * CT-133 given serial number 133419 is located in Warner, Alberta.
 * 21089 and 21351 are at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta.
 * RCAF CX-133.png-133 133413 is on display at [[The Military Museums]], in Calgary, Alberta, restored as a CT-133 Mk 3.
 * British Columbia
 * Canadian Museum of Flight
 * Comox Air Force Museum
 * Princeton Airport

 * Manitoba
 * Gimli
 * Winnipeg Air Force Heritage Museum and Park

 * Nova Scotia
 * Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum
 * Greenwood Military Aviation Museum Greenwood, Nova Scotia
 * Shearwater Aviation Museum

 * Ontario
 * Canadian Air and Space Museum
 * Canada Aviation Museum
 * Canadian Historical Aircraft Association
 * Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
 * Fort Erie - Sugarbowl Park
 * Jet Aircraft Museum – two operational examples
 * London International Airport
 * National Air Force Museum of Canada

Saskatchewan
 * Quebec
 * s/n 133333, Canadian Forces Base Bagotville
 * s/n 133267, Val-d'Or

 * 21630 is located near Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 * United Kingdom
 * RAF Manston History Museum, at RAF Manston, Kent, England
 * Yorkshire Air Museum, at RAF Elvington, England

Canada

 * Jet Aircraft Museum – two operational examples
 * Waterloo Warbirds - one operational example

United States

 * Airworthy
 * CT-133
 * RCAF s/n 21024 - privately owned in Scottsdale, Arizona.
 * RCAF s/n 21052 (CF s/n 133052) - privately owned in Mobile, Alabama.
 * RCAF s/n 21098 - privately owned in Waller, Texas.
 * RCAF s/n 21129 - privately owned in Salt Lake City, Utah.
 * RCAF s/n 21157 - privately owned in Houston, Texas.
 * RCAF s/n 21159 - privately owned in Belgrade, Montana.
 * RCAF s/n 21165 (CF s/n 133165) - Vintage Flying Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.
 * RCAF s/n 21192 - privately owned in Guthrie, Oklahoma.
 * RCAF s/n 21298 - operated by Boeing Aircraft in Seattle, Washington.
 * RCAF s/n 21306 - privately owned in San Rafael, California.
 * RCAF s/n 21369 - operated by Boeing Aircraft in Seattle, Washington.
 * RCAF s/n 21375 - privately owned in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
 * RCAF s/n 21377 (CF s/n 133377) - Planes of Fame in Chino, California.
 * RCAF s/n 21440 - privately owned in Delanson, New York.
 * RCAF s/n 21456 - privately owned in Brigham City, Utah.
 * RCAF s/n 21467 (CF s/n 133467) - privately owned in Litchfield Park, Arizona.
 * RCAF s/n 21479 (CF s/n 133479) - privately owned in Bulverde, Texas.
 * RCAF s/n 21504 (CF s/n 133504) - privately owned in Scottsdale, Arizona.
 * RCAF s/n 21556 - privately owned in Chicago, Illinois.
 * RCAF s/n 21557 (CF s/n 133557) - privately owned in Mesa, Arizona.
 * RCAF s/n 21559 - privately owned in Parowan, Utah.
 * RCAF s/n 21566 - Tennessee Museum of Aviation in Luttrell, Tennessee.
 * RCAF s/n 21579 (CF s/n 133579) - privately owned in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.
 * RCAF s/n 21582 - War Eagles Air Museum in Santa Teresa, New Mexico.
 * RCAF s/n 21590 (CF s/n 133590) - privately owned in Carson City, Nevada.
 * RCAF s/n 21604 (CF s/n 133604) - privately owned in Jurupa Valley, California.
 * CF s/n 133452 - privately owned in San Rafael, California.
 * CF s/n 133610 - privately owned in San Rafael, California.
 * CF s/n 133564 - privately owned in San Antonio, Texas.

 * Under restoration
 * CT-133
 * RCAF s/n 21483 (CF s/n 133483) - to airworthiness by private owner in Houston, Texas.
 * RCAF s/n 21560 (CF s/n 133560) - to airworthiness by private owner in Houston, Texas.
 * RCAF s/n 21571 (CF s/n 133571) - to airworthiness by private owner in Houston, Texas.
 * RCAF s/n 21613 (CF s/n 133613) - to airworthiness by private owner in Ione, California.
 * RCAF s/n 21615 (CF s/n 133615) - to airworthiness by private owner in Jordan Valley, Oregon.
 * CF s/n 133083 - to airworthiness the Military Aircraft Restoration Corporation in Anaheim, California.

title: Canadair CT-133 Silver Star


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Škoda 130

The Škoda 130, Škoda 135 and Škoda 136 are three variations of a rear-engined, rear-wheel drive small family car that was produced by Czechoslovakian car manufacturer AZNP in Mladá Boleslav, Czechoslovakia between 1984 and 1990. The Škoda 130 is known internally as Type 742, and the Škoda 135/136 as Type 746. They were developed from the Škoda 105/120 series.

Introduction
The very first Škoda 130 models were introduced in August 1984, shortly after the earlier Škoda 105/120 models were given a mild revamp. Developed from the earlier Škoda 105/120 models (some of which continued in production alongside the Škoda 130 models), the 130 series used a new 1289 cc engine (which produced 58 PS, and which was just an enlarged version of the 1174 cc engine used in the 120 series). The 130/135/136 series also had a five-speed gearbox, semi-trailing arm rear suspension, wider track and four-pot front brake disc calipers (the latter two of which were already in use in the 105/120 series). The Saloon versions of the new 130 series were available in 130 L and 130 GL forms and the Coupè model was the 130 Rapid, which (with the exception of their mechanical specification) were broadly identical to the smaller-engined 120 LS and GLS Saloons and 120 Rapid Coupé.

Final years
The introduction of the more technically innovated Škoda 130 series might have been a reasonably great success for Škoda, but the basic engineering design dated back to the 1960s, and was therefore extremely outdated by the 1980s.

The final models to evolve from the rear-engined Škoda generation were the Škoda 135/136 series, introduced in April 1987. The new models (which were available in exactly the same model forms as the earlier 130 series) had an uprated 1289 cm3 engine with an eight-port aluminum cylinder head (this was the same engine that was also used in the Škoda Favorit), with an output of 58 PS for the 135 models, and a higher output of 62 PS for the 136 models (which had a higher compression ratio than the 135 models). These new models also had a new front grille (which was also fitted to the remaining models of the 105/120 series). Inside, the only change was a new instrument panel.

The Rapid coupe versions of the 130, 135 and 136 series were renowned as being the only cars which handled like the notoriously enjoyable yet temperamental Porsche 911 of the same era.

The rear-engined Škodas continued in production until 1990, when the very last ones left the Škoda factories in Kvasiny and Mladá Boleslav.

Rally success
The 1.3 Skoda Estelle was an unlikely hero of the Rallying world in the '70s and '80s. The Škoda Motorsport works team won their class for 17 years running on the RAC Rally, and also claimed class wins on many other world and European championship rallies. Many of the team's drivers were selected from among the company's staff, although foreign professionals did drive for Škoda as well, most notably Norwegian driver John Haugland.

Until the mid-1980s Škoda used the 120 model, before building a lightweight and more powerful car, the 130 LR, to conform to the Group B rules. After Group B was banned, at the end of the 1986 season, the team reverted to Group A cars, and used the 130 L model until the arrival of the Favorit in 1989. It is interesting to note that a Group B 130 won its class on the 1987 RAC Rally, as the ban did not apply to 1300cc cars until the following season.

Britain
The 130 models made their UK debut in March 1985 and were available in both Estelle 130 L and 130 LSE 4-door saloon and 130 Rapid 2-door Coupé forms, with an aftermarket Cabriolet version of the Rapid also available. The Estelle 130 GL, which was available in Eastern Europe from August 1986, arrived in the UK market in May 1987. The UK market got the 136 Rapid Coupé and Cabriolet models in August 1988, followed by the rare fuel-injected Rapid 135 RiC Coupé in December 1989. Both these, and the Estelle 120 L and 120 L Five Saloons, were discontinued just four months later. The Estelle and Rapid were very competitive cars, which helped Škoda to new sales records in Western Europe in the late 1980s (about 17,000 105/120/130 models were sold in the UK in 1987 alone).

The new 130 models silenced the earlier criticism that had been made in some quarters of tail-happy handling, with the prominent UK motoring magazine "Autocar and Motor" remarking in 1988 that the new 136 Rapid model "handles like a Porsche 911" in that the rear-engine design encouraged oversteer.

Like the smaller-engined Škoda 105/120, the Škoda 130/135/136 gradually became a rare sight on Britain's roads by the time the 21st century dawned. With just 612 of the Škoda 105/120 range still registered in the UK, it is unclear how many of the Škoda 130 series have survived. Due to their rarity in the UK, prices for good 130s are rising.

 * 130 LSE (1985–1988) - Developed from the 130 L with the 120 LSE specification.
 * Rapid Cabriolet (1984–1990) - Developed from the Rapid Coupe at Ludgate Design Developments in Kent initially in Standard form only, which included a removable full-sized hood and a central rollover T-bar. The rarer Lux model available from 1987 had wind down rear quarter lights. At least 334 cabriolets were sold in Britain.

Austria/Canada/Finland

 * 130 LX - this model was available in Finland (fitting in between the 130 L and 130 GL), with Saab seats fitted by the importer.
 * 135 GLi - this fuel-injected four-door saloon model was available in Austria, Canada and Finland and was technically similar to the rare Rapid 135 RiC that was offered in Britain and Austria.

Poland

 * 130 L - identical to the 130 GL.

Škoda 130/135/136 Timeline

 * August 1984: Introduction of the Škoda 130 series. Available as: 130 L 4-door Saloon (Type 742.13) and 130 Rapid 2-door Coupé (Type 743.13).
 * August 1986: Introduction of the 130 GL 4-door Saloon.
 * April 1987: Introduction of the Škoda 135/136 series. Available as: 135 L and 135 GL 4-door Saloons (Types 746.135), 135 Rapid 2-door Coupé (Type 747.135), 136 L and 136 GL 4-door Saloons (Type 746.136), and 136 Rapid 2-door Coupé (Type 747.136).
 * July 1988: End of production of the 130 series.
 * August 1990: End of production of the 135/136 series, bringing production of the rear-engined Škoda generation to a close.

Engines differences
All models in the range used a variant of the Škoda 1298 cc OHV 8V straight-four engine. The main difference between the models was the engine's cylinder head: the 130 had a 5-port cast-iron cylinder head, which couldn't use unleaded gasoline, whilst 135 engines had an aluminium 8-port cylinder head, which could use unleaded gasoline. The 136 engine was the same as the 135's, but with a higher compression ratio for better performance.

title: Škoda 130


text:
Landman

Landman may refer to:

 * Landman (rank), a defunct naval rank
 * Landman (oil worker), a person whose work is focused on mineral rights, to include oil (petroleum) and natural gas exploration, development and production
 * Landman (surname)
 * Landman (TV series), a television series created by Taylor Sheridan adapting Boomtown (podcast)

title: Landman


text:
Rudolf Signer

Rudolf Signer (17 March 1903, Herisau, Switzerland – 1 December 1990, Gümlingen, Switzerland) contributed to the discovery of the DNA double helix. He was a Professor for organic chemistry at the University of Bern from 1935 until 1972.

Education
Signer was the son of Jakob Signer, a chemical scientist working in the textile industry, and his wife Dorothea Agnes Scherrer. Rudolf Signer went to high school in St. Gallen and matriculated at the ETH Zurich in 1921 to study chemistry, initially in order to become a teacher. 1927 he graduated with his doctorate under the supervision of Hermann Staudinger. Already 1926 he had become Wissenschaftlicher Assistent at the University of Fribourg, where he qualified as a professor with a Habilitation.

Career
Signer spent 1932–1933 in Uppsala and Manchester on a Rockefeller-scholarship. He became a non-tenured professor for general and inorganic chemistry at the University of Bern in 1935 and was tenured in 1939. He went on to become director of the university's Institute of Chemistry and retired as emeritus in 1972.

Research
Signer focused on macromolecular chemistry, in particular with regards to natural products. In 1938 he measured and described the properties of DNA, discovering its thread-like structure. In 1950 Signer produced extraordinarily pure DNA from the thymus of calves, of which he took 15 grams of extraordinarily pure DNA to London. In England he gave it to various scientists, among them Maurice Wilkins, in order to promote research in the field. The analysis of X-ray images of these DNA samples, especially Photo 51 by Rosalind Franklin, allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to discover the double-helix structure of DNA. The remainder of the DNA which Signer brought to England survive today in the collection of King's College, London. Over 250 of Signer's scientific writings were published during his lifetime. The Lavoisier Medal was awarded to him for his scientific work and achievements.

title: Rudolf Signer


text: Template talk:Michigan-stub

title: Template talk:Michigan-stub