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Dainik Jagran

Dainik Jagran (दैनिक जागरण) is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper.

In terms of circulation, it was ranked 5th in the world in 2016 and 1st in India in 2022. In 2019 Quarter 4, according to Indian Readership Survey, Dainik Jagran reported a total readership of 68.6 million and was the top publication. It is owned by Jagran Prakashan Limited, a publishing house listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.

Dainik Jagran has been accused of spreading fake news and propaganda on many occasions.

Origins
Dainik Jagran was established in Jhansi, a district town in United Provinces (later renamed Uttar Pradesh), by Puranchand Gupta and first published in 1942. Prior to this, Gupta had worked as the managing editor of a local magazine since 1939 and would frequently visit Bombay to secure advertisements to publish in the magazine, which gave him the required connections and confidence to start a daily newspaper. However, soon after its establishment, the newspaper suspended its publication during the Quit India Movement.

In 1946, Gupta decided that Dainik Jagran should be launched in the city of Lucknow, which was the capital of United Provinces. In preparation for the launch, he acquired a building on rent and sent machinery to be set up there but soon learned that the newspapers National Herald and Pioneer were in the midst of launching their first Hindi language editions Navjeevan and Swatantra Bharat in the same city. It prompted Gupta to quickly change his plans with the decision to launch the newspaper in Kanpur instead. The machinery was diverted to Kanpur, new premises rented out and the newspaper launched on 21 September 1947.

Dainik Jagran reflecting the beliefs of its founder, took a right-wing, pro-Hindutva line from its inception.

Early history
The newspaper faced financial problems in the beginning and Gupta had to borrow from his family to keep it running. He cut down on editorial costs by relying on syndicates which offered articles at cheaper rates and by getting free article submissions from political players and activists who were hungry for publicity. He was constantly visiting metropolitan cities to sell advertisement space in the newspaper, and hired reporters on a part-time basis during his visits for newsgathering in those cities. P. D. Gupta who was the younger brother of Puranchand launched two editions of the newspaper in Madhya Pradesh in the 1950s; the Rewa edition in 1953 and the Bhopal edition in 1956.

By the mid-1950s, Gupta had started making pitches for advertisements and advertising the Dainik Jagran itself. In the 1956 edition of The Indian Press Year Book, the newspaper was advertised as The Daily Jagran and claimed to have a circulation of 21,000 copies covering Uttar Pradesh and Vindhya Pradesh. Gupta registered the newspaper at the Registrar of Newspapers for India, joined the industry body Audit Bureau of Circulation and joined the publisher's club Indian and Eastern Newspaper Society (IENS) where he became an executive member by 1960. He also inducted his six sons into the newspaper's management while they were still in school.

Conflict with Aj and Emergency
In 1975, Dainik Jagran launched its Gorakhpur edition which brought it into direct conflict with the newspaper Aj. The Kanpur edition, run by Puranchand Gupta was covering four neighbouring districts from the city and had reached a limit where it could no longer increase its circulation in the regional market.

The newspaper had become financially secure and had liquid funds at hand, that led Gupta's sons to encourage him to look into expansion. They had thought of Gorakhpur as the first place to go as it did have a local newspaper or a newspaper edition that was based in the city at that time. Gorakhpur was instead being covered by the Varanasi-based Aj and the city lay within its circulation area. Aj itself had a monetary surplus and its editor Vinod Shukla was looking to expand the newspaper as he predicted that a single edition newspaper in Uttar Pradesh would become unviable in the long term. Shukla who had visited Kanpur in 1974 found Jagran to have carried very substandard content and expected an expansion attempt in the city to be easy. The paper had brought out printing machines for Kanpur in December and responded almost immediately after Jagran 's Gorakhpur launch by launching its own Kanpur edition in April 1975.

The Kanpur edition of Aj had launched only two months before the imposition of Emergency rule and subsequent press censorship. Shivprasad Gupta, the owner of Aj was unsure about the expansion but Shukla supported by Gupta's son used the period as an opportunity to consolidate the newspaper. The Emergency created a demand for critical journalism which the newspaper provided and enabled it to make inroads in Jagran 's market share. On the streets of Kanpur, fights broke out between men hired by the two newspapers who used weapons such as batons and improvised firearms against each other for control over offices, territory and distribution.

In midst of the conflict hawkers gained significant influence over the newspapers; initially Aj was charged a commission rate of 20% while Jagran was charged 30%, but the hawkers forced the former to increase its rate over the latter, marking the beginning of a period of fierce negotiations over commission rates and recurrent increases in the rates for both newspapers. Eventually the conflict ended when the two newspapers decided to join hands against the hawkers and pushed the commission rate back down to a fixed 30%.

During the Emergency, the circulation of Hindi newspapers rose significantly as a result of increased political consciousness and by 1977, the number of newspapers that were selling more 100,000 copies had risen to over 10 from a figure three before its imposition. Dainik Jagran and Aj were both among the new newspapers to join the 100,000+ club. The period had transformed the newspaper industry and regional language papers including that of Hindi became the face of the rapidly changing industry that would be transformed into mass media over the course of the following decades. Government policy was changed as well which facilitated the growth of the industry.

Expansion in Uttar Pradesh
The launch of Jagran 's Gorakhpur edition marked the beginning of the newspaper's own period of rapid expansion. In 1979, the newspaper launched two editions in Lucknow and Allahabad. Vinod Shukla was hired to oversee the Lucknow edition and help them force its way into the Lucknow market, where the newspaper faced intense competition and pressures from trade unions. The Allahabad edition was shifted to Varanasi in 1981. The newspaper then entered the circulation area of Amar Ujala, launching a Meerut edition in 1984, an Agra edition in 1986 and a Bareilly edition in 1989. In 1989–90, Navbharat Times which dominated the circulation in Lucknow discontinued all its editions except the Bombay and Delhi editions after being hit by an eight month long shut-down in the cities of Lucknow and Patna. The discontinuation allowed Jagran to rapidly increase its circulation in the Lucknow region with minimal hindrance.

Mayawati daughter story (1995)
In December 1995, Dainik Jagran published a story with the claim that Mayawati, the leader of the Bahujan Samaj Party, had an illegitimate 12-year-old daughter. Published at the bottom of the first page in a short two column section, the story included claims that her daughter was hidden away in New Delhi and was borne out of a former "love marriage", based on an interview with a disgrunted member of the party. The newspaper went to the extent of calling Mayawati a "chamarin", a derogatory slur used for Dalit women''. ''

Despite the story having been given less importance by the newspaper, it created a sensation as having an illegitimate child was a serious accusation for an unmarried woman and a question of virtue. In addition, Mayawati maintained a public image that she had denied herself family and children to fulfill the objectives of the Self-Respect Movement which sought equality for lower castes. The story caused resentment among Dalits and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) which mainly drew support from them described it as the latest example of a Brahmin dominated press and establishment's constant mudslinging against lower castes. In Lucknow, supporters of the party demonstrated around the office of the newspaper, blockading it for a day. There were reports of violence during the protest and the author who wrote the piece was threatened.

The story also faced criticism from journalists and commentators. It was condemned as sensationalist journalism that was engaging in gossip about the private life of a female politician and disparaging her. The criticism was accompanied by questions on Dainik Jagran 's ambitions of becoming a serious national newspaper and charges of the newspaper lacking journalistic ethics, professionalism and credibility. Some of the prominent critics included the chairman of the Press Council, Judge P. B. Sawant and the editor-in-chief of Jansatta, Prabash Joshi. K. Vikram Rao, the national chairman of a major journalist's union suggested that a more rigorous system was required, that a specialised training in journalism should be needed before a person could be employed by a newspaper and that the Press Council should have stronger tools for penalising journalists.

Staff at the newspaper strongly rejected the charges against the newspaper though they were apologetic about the story. Vinod Shukla, who was the resident editor in Lucknow was infuriated by the criticism, particularly that from Joshi and dismissed it as jealously during his editorial meetings. Narendra Mohan who was the owner and editor-in-chief of the newspapers at the time, responded to the criticism with an editorial. In the newspaper's defense, he stated that the newspaper itself was against this kind of journalism and he regretted that the story had been published but alleged that the fault lay on western norms influencing Indian journalism and on Mayawati herself who according to him used "ugly language" and was part of a trend where Indian politics had become unethical which had led to the situation.

In response to the protest by BSP supporters, journalists who were supportive of newspaper held their own protest against the party describing it to be in defense of press freedom. It was reported that several newspapers were going to boycott the party's campaign during the upcoming assembly election though the boycott was only upheld by Dainik Jagran. Some commentators noted that while journalists had frequently faced violence, generally from Hindutva groups, such an instance leading to a boycott was unique and had resulted from the only instance in which a newspaper had faced attacks from a Dalit group.

Later expansions
The Delhi edition of the Daink Jagran was launched in 1990. According to the then Chairman of Jagran Prakashan, Yogendra Mohan Gupta, his executives had advised him that in order to make Jagran a national newspaper, they had to launch an edition in Delhi. From the 1990s onwards, established Hindi language newspapers such as the Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar and Amar Ujala went on a multi edition expansion beyond their home states. The newspapers had a new generation of foreign educated heirs, generally sons or nephews of the older owners who unlike their predecessors took active interest in expansions, capital acquisition and partnerships. For Jagran, it was the second and third generation of the proprietors who charted the expansion and localisation strategy of the newspaper.

The expanding newspapers were motivated by the prospects of revenues that could be obtained by offering increased overall readership figures to advertisers. They copied the strategy that was devised by Samir Jain's The Times of India, a newspaper that had become extremely profitable by increasing marketing efforts, introducing colored newspapers while lowering cover prices that starting price wars and led to increase in circulation which in turn brought in high revenues from advertisements. Dainik Jagran also adopted a mass media content strategy of localisation through trivia laden local news, and employed local part time stringers for its newsgathering operations. The expansion efforts by the established newspapers led to increased localisation of news content across the Hindi belt but severely harmed stand-alone local newspapers who were unable to compete against them in terms of production or offers to advertisers. The changes however did not bring about any improvements in the working conditions, job security and professional autonomy of reporters. Most of them were kept as part timers and those who were granted regular positions were retained on a "hire-and-fire" basis. In 1992, Jagran had only 55 full time staff correspondents and 300 "working journalists" in a total staff strength of 700, the rest being stringers, regional correspondents, etc.

Jagran launched its Aligarh edition in 1993, the Dehradun edition in 1997 and the Jalandhar edition in 1999. In 1995, its circulation exceeded 0.5 million and the newspaper was being published from 12 locations across Uttar Pradesh and in New Delhi. In 1998, the newspaper received a competitive boost when the Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave an exclusive interview for it in midst of the Kargil War. The interview was later seen as an act of political patronage towards a newspaper that had remained loyal to Vajpayee and his Bharatiya Janata Party. In the National Readership Survey of 1999, Dainik Jagran was seen to have become the first Hindi language newspaper to feature in the top 5 newspapers in terms of readership, at a time when newspapers from southern India dominated the readership figures.

The launch of the Jalandhar edition in Punjab in 1999 was the first of a series of editions outside Uttar Pradesh and is described to have been the beginning of its real expansion. In 2000, the Dainik Jagran launched three editions in Hissar, Patna and Allahabad, and in the following year it launched an edition in Moradabad. In Patna, the capital of Bihar, the newspaper focused on crime stories and prioritised presenting the law and order situation in a negative light to its readers. When Uttaranchal became a state with Dehradun as its capital, Dainik Jagran’s circulation experienced a fourfold growth in the new state due to the increased commercial importance of the state's capital. In February 2003, the newspaper launched 3 editions in Jharkhand in the cities of Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Dhanbad. It was aggressively marketed and publicised but was unable to make a significant impact as Prabhat Khabar dominated the market in the state. Dainik Jagran launched editions in Bhagalpur and Panipat in the same year, two more editions in the cities of Ludhiana and Nainital in 2004 and then the Muzaffarpur, Dharamshala and Jammu editions in 2005.

In Punjab, the newspaper faced competition from the likes of Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala and Hindustan, all of which expanded aggressively in the state. The rapid expansion by the 4 newspapers broke down the dominance of Punjab Kesari by 2005. In the meantime, commercial interests in the wake of the rapid rise of Hindi newspaper readership compelled the mainstream Hindi newspapers to moderate their adversarial stance towards backward and scheduled caste leaders. By 2006, the upper caste Chairman of Jagran Prakashan, Mahendra Mohan Gupta was vying for and received a Rajya Sabha nomination from the Samajwadi (Socialist) Party which was led by the backward-caste Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mulayam Singh Yadav who had also been an old adversary for the newspaper.

From 2004 onwards, Dainik Jagran had emerged as the newspaper with the largest readership, having displaced Dainik Bhaskar that had occupied the position since 2002. The two newspapers had maintained a tacit understanding since the beginning of their out of state expansion drives in the mid-1990s, that they would not encroach upon each other's territories. As a consequence, Jagran had not launched a new edition in Madhya Pradesh or Chhattisgarh while Bhaskar had not launched any editions in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar or Jharkhand. In the state of Madhya Pradesh, those who were subscribed to Dainik Jagran were primarily migrants who had come from Uttar Pradesh and wanted news from their native region. In 2006, the understanding between the two was broken by Jagran when the newspapers launched its Indore edition which marked the beginning of a period intense rivalry between the two. The new edition was unsuccessful in making in-roads in the market, unable to compete against the Indore edition of Dainik Bhaskar as well as the newspaper Nai Duniya that was based in the same city, while Bhaskar went on to launch its own edition in Jagran 's territory.

On 8 July 2006, Dainik Jagran also launched its Siliguri edition, just two days after the Nathu La mountain pass was opened with the expectation that the city would become a major commercial centre. The launch added to the intensification of competition in the region which lay beyond the Hindi belt and already had editions of the two Hindi newspapers, namely Prabhat Khabar and Rajasthan Patrika, the former of which was launched only a few months ago in March.

Government advertisements and shrinking readership
From the onset of Narendra Modi's tenure as the Prime Minister of India, government spending on advertisements in Dainik Jagran saw a sharp increase with exorbitant spending on regular advertisements. Between 2014–15 and 2018–19, the revenues generated solely from government advertisements of the Central Government was reported to have increased to over. The advertisement spending included political promotions and advertisements disguised as news items. In one instance, five full-page advertisements were published in the newspaper in the period between 25 and 27 May 2015 celebrating the one year anniversary of Modi government.

In one financial year, FY2017–18, the newspaper received in ad revenue from the Central Government which was more than the combined ad revenue of  that the paper had received between 2010 and 2013, covering three financial years before Modi had come to power. Jagran 's sister publications such as Mid-Day and Inquilab experienced similar increases in revenue from government advertisements. The advertisement spending by state governments of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, particularly the Uttar Pradesh Government whose advertisements regularly featured in the newspaper was not disclosed upon Right to Information (RTI) requests. The government also inducted Sanjay Gupta, the editor-in-chief of the newspaper into the board of Prasar Bharati, India's public broadcaster in 2020.

Per the Indian Readership Survey in 2019, Dainik Jagran 's average issue readership fell by 17% from a figure of 20.3 million to 16.9 million. In Uttar Pradesh which stood as its biggest market, the readership fell from 12 million to 9.97 million while in the state of Bihar, it fell from 3.41 million to 2.97 million. The fall in readership was part of a general trend of fall in newspaper readership due to economic slowdown, only 3 out of the 10 newspapers with the largest readership did not experience a fall. One of them was its rival, Dainik Bhaskar which came close to displacing Jagran's position as the newspaper with the largest readership. Its readership had increased from 15.4 to 15.6 million with gains in Bihar. According to media watchdog Newslaundry, the Dainik Jagran was suffering from "falling credibility in a politically polluted atmosphere" among other issues.

Coronavirus pandemic and aftermath
On 22 March 2020, the COVID-19 lockdown in India was announced and it heavily impacted news publishers who were already strained due to the emergence of other forms of news media that had splintered audiences and due to the economic slowdown caused by demonitisation and GST. R. K. Agarwal, the CFO of Jagran Prakashan described the situation as a nightmare. Dainik Jagran adopted across the board cost cutting measures; the newspapers halved the number of pages and consolidated printing. It also started raising its cover prices whenever it could which Agarwal claimed was done to recover lost advertisement revenue.

In its pandemic reportage, the newspaper promoted conspiracy theories against Muslims and extensively publicised the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh including through the publication of various articles authored by its senior leaders. The overall coverage lacked transparency, journalistic ethics, accuracy and factual reporting. The reportage prioritised stories on Tablighi Jamaat publishing 230 of them on its frontpage including 120 above the fold and blamed Muslims for the pandemic. The newspaper created a narrative that the government was well prepared and had brought the pandemic under control but simultaneously presented the idea that Muslims were intentionally spreading the virus which had led to the nation losing the "battle against coronavirus". Muslims were dehumanised as the "nation's enemies" and depicted as uncivilised violent people who attacked healthcare professionals and violated lockdown measures.

Dainik Jagran 's coverage largely ignored and distracted from issues such as the mass exodus of migrant workers, low testing rates, the lack of PPE kits and ventilators in hospitals and general mismanagement by the government. It instead condemned opposition parties that criticised the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government's management and accused them of spreading "negativity" at a time when the government was dealing with a "war-like situation". The newspaper itself criticised measures taken by state governments with an opposition party or coalition in power while praising similar measures taken in Bharatiya Janata Party ruled states.

Mass burials story (2021)
During second wave of the pandemic, national news publishers such as Dainik Bhaskar, India Today magazine and Mojo Story, and international ones such as Reuters and BBC had published reports and images of mass burials on the banks of the river Ganga and bodies floating all across the river caused by people's inability to afford crematoriums that were severely overburdened from Coronavirus related deaths.

On 23 May 2021, Dainik Jagran published a frontpage story that claimed that the mass burials were normal, that no increase in deaths had occurred and that those who were buried had died of leprosy and snake bites, dismissing the reports from other news publishers as mere sensationalism. The story included a comparison of a recent image with an image that it claimed was taken three years ago from a mass burial at the Shringverpur ghat in Prayagraj and on its basis falsely stated that most images of mass burials at the ghat were taken before the pandemic. According to the news piece, Jagran had employed a five-man team who made finding after covering over a dozen villages along a 70 km stretch on the Ganga, which included the Phaphamau and Shringverpur ghats. The story was highlighted by BJP politicians including the Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath and then followed by a series of reports from the newspaper between late May to early June that attempted to reinforce the same idea. The newspaper before publishing the 23 May piece had previously published news reports which contradictorily stated that there was an increase in mass burials and coronavirus related deaths.

In June, a journalistic investigation was conducted into the claims made by Dainik Jagran that found their claims did not match ground realities and noted that the newspaper was known to have been receiving large revenues through government advertisements and disguising them as news. The investigation could not verify the age of the old image but it was found that the image was taken at a different location. Independent journalist Prashant Singh conducted several interviews with pandits, pandas (household priests), gravediggers and other locals at the two ghats who all confirmed that while some burials had always occurred, they had never seen such a large scale increase in their numbers before the pandemic. The investigative report was published by the fact checking organisation Alt News, which was supported by Prayagraj-based photojournalist Prabhat Kumar Verma, Aaj Tak reporter Shivendra Srivastav who had covered Phaphamau ghat and government data related to local management. Alt News contacted reporters at Dainik Jagran 's Prayaraj edition who refused to comment on the story but two of them confirmed that there was an unprecedented increase in the number of mass burials.

In response to the Alt News report, Dainik Jagran filed a defamation case against the organisation claiming that the report had made disparging remarks about the newspaper and forwarded a plea that the report should be suppressed for the duration of the case. On 1 November 2021, the Delhi High Court squashed the plea stating that there was " no reason to intervene and stifle free speech", noting the interviews that the report was based on and stated the report was within the ambit of public interest.

Organisation
Sanjay Gupta is the chief executive officer and editor-in-chief of the newspaper. Since 2020, he has also been appointed by the Modi government to the board of Prasar Bharati, India's public broadcaster.

The news staff consists of a large number of local stringer informants who obtain news items from small towns and villages, for the newspaper's sub-edition pages containing district specific news. The stringers generally do not have qualifications in journalism.

Paid news
Dainik Jagran was first named in a 2010 report to the Press Council of India as one of the newspapers publishing undisclosed paid news for celebrities, politicians and companies.

The newspaper publishes advertisements disguised as news reports for the Yogi Adityanath government. The advertisements copy the newspaper's general news report style and are usually published on the front pages. They are sometimes accompanied with bylines to Dainik Jagran 's staff, some of whom have been identified to be members of the newspaper's marketing team. The contents of the advertorial advertisements include laudatory reports of the government's activities, quotes from apparent residents praising the government and statements made by Bharatiya Janata Party politicians presented as facts without any attribution. Several of the newspaper's own news reports were repurposed into government advertisements at a later date and presented as new stories, which according to media analyst Vineet Kumar brings into question the credibility of its general reportage as well. Some of the advertorial reports have been found to be duplicates of reports which were earlier published as news items by outlets such as Zee News and the newspaper Uday Bhoomi.

Editorial stance
Dainik Jagran is a right-wing newspaper, that espouses the Hindutva ideology. The newspaper has never openly admitted to any leanings and claims that it is neutral in its political orientation.

The newspaper has consistently espoused a nativist rhetoric of identity politics for the construction of a temple dedicated to Rāma at the site of Ram Janmabhoomi through its opinion-editorials and in editorialised news reports.

Criticism
Dainik Jagran observed silence over Delhi violence and was accused of suppressing the incident.

Dainik Jagran is also accused of running false narratives in support of the BJP government. It ran a news covering Hathras gangrape and murder incident declaring it as a false case of rape and tried to defend the rapists which were later refuted by the CBI when it said that gangrape did occur and the state tried to do a cover-up.

Dainik Jagran is accused of running smear campaigns against Indian mathematician and educationalist, Anand Kumar printing false news about his institution called Super 30.

Dainik Jagran demonised and ran a smear campaign against activist Afreen Fatima when UP officials demolished her house, including claiming that she expressed her support for terrorist Afzal Guru.

Fabricated news
In August 2023, Dainik Jagran reported that Indian army carried out a "surgical strike" in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir region. The report was debunked by the Indian army officials saying there was no truth in any of the claims.

Dainik Jagran trademark dispute
The trademark name "Dainik Jagran" is the subject of an ongoing civil lawsuit initiated by the G. D. Gupta family against Jagran Prakashan in 2007. The G. D. Gupta family are the controlling shareholders of Jagran Publications Pvt. Ltd., an associate company which publishes the Rewa and Bhopal editions. According to the lawsuit, the P. C. Gupta family controlled Jagran Prakashan is making unauthorised use of the trademark name and has laid a false claim of exclusive rights over it. On the basis of a family partition dating back to 12 June 1951 and an additional agreement signed on 10 January 1976, the lawsuit states that the trademark name is jointly owned by the lineal descendants of the three brothers, namely J. C. Arya, G. D. Gupta and P. C. Gupta, and not solely by the P. C. Gupta family. The J. C. Arya family own the associate company Dainik Jagran LLP which publishes the Jhansi edition of the newspaper.

The lawsuit was started by Madan Mohan Gupta backed by several other members of the family and they applied for an injunction seeking an interim restraining order over the use of the trademark name. In 2010, Sanjeev Mohan Gupta, the director of Jagran Publications Pvt. Ltd., also appealed to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) seeking rejection of Jagran Prakashan's holding company transferring shares to Blackstone Group that was planning on investing in the company. S. M. Gupta stated that the unauthorised transfer of shares without consultation with the associate companies adversely affected them and would lead to brand dilution, adding that while the case was being litigated at the High Court of Delhi, the transfer would create third party interests in it.

Jagran Prakashan rejected all claims made by the lawsuit, contesting that the two agreements had any impact over the rights and reiterated its claim of exclusive rights on the trademark name. Responding to the appeal at FIPB, the company contested that the transfer of shares related to a different entity and did not concern the subject matter of the litigation. In light of the fact that 35 out of the 39 editions of Dainik Jagran are registered under Jagran Prakashan, the court did not find sufficient grounds for an interim restraining order on the use of the trademark name. The company has also been allowed to go ahead with its transfer of shares and others mergers and acquisitions while the case continues to be litigated in court.

title: Dainik Jagran


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RHEM

RHEM is an adventure game from Knut Müller and Got Game Entertainment. It is distributed as a Macromedia Director file. The player explores a barren, maze-like landscape of water ponds, walkways, and brick buildings with the aid of a partial map. The game has several puzzles involving machines and symbols. There are three sequels, called RHEM 2: The Cave, RHEM 3: The Secret Library and RHEM 4: The Golden Fragments.

RHEM, like Myst, is made up of a series of static images.

The object of the game is to locate four pieces of a letter, which must be pieced together.

Plot
The player enters the city of RHEM on a railway car. The car goes into a dead-end station with a rotatable track. The player is unable to leave because the track is not yet rotated. While the player is on his way to the switch to rotate the station track, a previous prisoner of RHEM beats the player to the switch he was after and leaves in the player's railway car. The player must then wander the city of Rhem in search of a second railway station.

Each of the quarters of the letter is located in a different area not shown on the map provided in the game's package.

Production
According to Müller, the following development tools are used to develop RHEM

Graphics:
 * Bryce 2-6
 * StrataVision 3D
 * Silo
 * Amorphium
 * Final Cut Pro
 * Motion

Sound:
 * SoundEdit
 * Peak
 * Logic Pro

Scripting:
 * Macromedia Director

Reception
RHEM received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Robert Gerbino of GameZone praised its similarity to Myst in terms of its puzzles but criticized the graphics and repetitive gameplay.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: RHEM


text:
Talk:Eugène Goossens

I seem unable to finish this split. I'd appreciate any help. -Acjelen 05:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eugène Goossens


text:
User:Lil Peck/sandbox

Dr. William 'Billy' Linfoot From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Dr. William "Billy" Linwood, inductee to the Polo Hall of Fame in 1994, was an influential horse trainer.

Among the horsemen whom Dr. Linwood inspired were Marvin Roberts, father of Monty Roberts who wrote "The Man Who Listens to Horses", and Pat Parelli of "Natural Horse-Man-Ship" fame.

WikiProject_horse_training

title: User:Lil Peck/sandbox


text:
User:Hyad/SE

 * 1) /Test1
 * 2) /Test2
 * 3) /Test3
 * 4) /Test4
 * 5) /Test5 - for final

 * /Project Questions

title: User:Hyad/SE


text: Category:Fictional royalty

title: Category:Fictional royalty


text: Category:Theatre in Argentina

title: Category:Theatre in Argentina


text:
Pietro Tacca

Pietro Tacca (16 September 1577 – 26 October 1640) was an Italian sculptor, who was the chief pupil and follower of Giambologna. Tacca began in a Mannerist style and worked in the Baroque style during his maturity.

Biography
Born in Carrara, Tuscany, he joined Giambologna's atelier in 1592. Tacca took over the workshop of his master on the elder sculptor's death in 1608, finishing a number of Giambologna's incomplete projects, and succeeding him almost immediately as court sculptor to the Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany. Like his master he took full advantage of the fashion among connoisseurs for table-top reductions of fine bronze sculptures. Louis XIV possessed Giambolognesque bronzes of Heracles and the Erymanthian Boar ( and Heracles and the Cerynian Stag (now Louvre Museum) that are now attributed to Tacca, and dated to the 1620s..

Tacca began by finishing Giambologna's equestrian bronze of Ferdinand de' Medici for the Piazza della SS. Annunziata, a project in which he had participated at every stage, from the terracotta models to the casting process in the fall of 1602 and the finishing (by 1608). This work was cast with the bronze from the cannons of captured Barbary and Ottoman galleys, taken by the Order of Saint Stephen, of which the Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici was Grand Master.

Tacca's public works for the Medici include his masterpieces, the "Monument of the Four Moors", representing captured Barbary corsairs or Ottoman pirates (1620–24) at the foot of Giovanni Bandini's statue of Ferdinand I de' Medici, intended to celebrate the above-mentioned victories, in Piazza della Darsena, Livorno. Reduced scale bronze adaptations were made by Foggini and these were to be the basis of reproductions for connoisseurs into the 18th century. Ceramic versions were made by Doccia and other manufacturers. One of Tacca's disciples, Taddeo di Michele, executed a trophy of Barbary arms accompanying the prisoners; it was looted by French troops in 1799 and is now in the Louvre Museum.

Two bronze fountains originally destined for Livorno (c. 1629), still in a highly Mannerist style indebted to Flemish Mannerist goldsmith's work for their grotesque masks and shellwork textures, were set up instead in Piazza della SS. Annunziata, Florence. For Giambologna's equestrian statue of Cosimo de' Medici in the Piazza della Signoria, Tacca contributed the bas-relief panels on its base.

Taking his inspiration from a famous marble copy of a Hellenistic marble boar (Il Cinghiale) in the ducal collection at the Uffizi, Tacca set himself the task of surpassing it: the result is the Porcellino (1612) of the Mercato Nuovo, Florence. A replica sits outside Sydney Hospital.

For Madrid, Tacca executed Giambologna's equestrian bronze of Philip III (1616), which was moved in the 19th century to the Plaza Mayor. For Paris, by order of Marie de Medici he finished Giambologna's equestrian Henry IV (inaugurated August 23, 1613), which stood at the center of the Pont-Neuf but was destroyed in 1792 during the Revolution, then replaced with the present sculpture at the Restauration.

Tacca's last public commission was the colossal equestrian bronze of Philip IV, after a design by Velázquez. It is also said to have been based on the iconography of a lost painting by Rubens; it was begun in 1634 and shipped to Madrid in 1640, the year of his death. The sculpture, atop a complicated fountain composition, forms the centerpiece of the façade of the Royal Palace. The daring stability of the statue was calculated by Galileo Galilei: the horse rears, and the entire weight of the sculpture balances on the two rear legs—and, discreetly, its tail— a feat that had never been attempted in a figure on a heroic scale, of which Leonardo had dreamed.

His son Ferdinando Tacca assisted him in the atelier; the inventory (1687) after his death included sculptures doubtless by Pietro Tacca. The studio was taken over by Giovanni Battista Foggini upon the death of Ferdinando in Florence.

Works in museum collections

 * Bargello, Florence: a representative selection of his small bronzes of animals
 * J. Paul Getty Museum: Two putti holding shields, 1650–55
 * Hermitage, St Petersburg: Boy blowing a horn c. 1620
 * Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco: Slave (18th century reduction)
 * National Gallery, Washington DC: Several bronzes attributed to Pietro Tacca in the Robert H. Smith Collection (Checklist, 2002; pdf file)
 * Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna: Heracles Supporting the World from the collection of Louis XIV
 * Frick Collection, New York: Nessus and Deianira after a model by Giambologna, now attributed to Pietro Tacca

title: Pietro Tacca


text:
Francis Neilson

Francis Neilson (26 January 1867 – 13 April 1961) was an accomplished British-born American actor, playwright and stage director. He was also a political figure and former member of the British House of Commons. An avid lecturer, Neilson was an author of more than 60 books, plays and opera librettos and the most active leader in the Georgist movement.

Early life
Born Francis Butters, the eldest of nine siblings, in Claughton Road, Birkenhead, England, he was the son of a Shropshire father, Francis Turley Butters and a Scottish mother from Dundee, Isabella Neilson Hume. He attended the Liverpool Institute for Boys. Several accounts explain that because of his large family, Neilson left school at the age of fourteen and moved to the United States at the age of eighteen. Nevertheless, the British Census of 1881 records the Butters' household as having 12 people, including 8 children and two maids. The census also records Francis Butters (Neilson's father) as a restaurant keeper.

Move to US
In the United States, after arriving in New York City, and paying fifteen dollars for a hansom cab ride from the docks to his guest house, Neilson worked several odd jobs which included a longshoreman, a labourer in Central Park (years later he lived at the Savoy-Plaza Hotel, overlooking that park), and some clerical work. After meeting an African-American man surnamed Johnson, who because of his colour worked as a porter despite his college degree, Neilson became fascinated with education and at times "…went hungry to buy books". This fascination led him to Henry George, of whom he became a devoted follower.

During his stay in the United States, he married Catherine O'Gorman; they had two daughters, Isabel and Marion. Isabel Neilson, an accomplished sculptor, married Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Count of Ostheim, in 1932 and became Countess of Ostheim, and Marion Neilson married Captain Hugh Melville, Sam Browne's Cavalry.

Theatre and opera
Neilson's first success came in the following years after his discovery of Henry George's teachings, where he became well known and respected for his writing, acting, and directing. He provided Victor Herbert with a libretto for Prince Ananias commissioned by The Bostonians which debuted in 1894. The Internet Broadway Database, records him as a director of The Little Princess in January 1903, first at the Criterion Theatre and later at the Savoy Theatre; and as the playwright of A Butterfly on The Wheel in January 1912, at the 39th Street Theatre.

In New York, he befriended director Anton Seidl who took him to Germany and introduced him to Richard Wagner's family in Bayreuth. This led him out of the United States and back to London. He came back to London as a stage director for Charles Frohman at the Duke of York's Theatre. Later Neilson was invited to direct the national opera at Covent Garden, which he remodelled completely in 1900. The first opera to be produced there was Puccini's Tosca. Puccini himself was at the theatre supervising the production. The encounter of the two men triggered an interest that took Neilson to invite Puccini to see a private performance of the play Madame Butterfly, playing then at the Duke of York's Theatre. Puccini later requested Neilson to direct the opera at La Scala in Milan; however, this never came to pass due to Neilson's other commitments.

Political career
In the early 1900s, he began his pursuit of politics. His first bid for a parliamentary seat was for the Newport Division of Shropshire in 1906; he lost to the Conservative incumbent, William Kenyon-Slaney, by a margin of 176 votes. He was also unsuccessful in the 1908 Newport by-election.

He was elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Hyde in Cheshire in 1910. During his time in parliament, he was well acquainted with both Prime Ministers: Asquith and Lloyd George. Interested in radical politics, he entered in the progress of the Land Values Movement.

His multiple contributions to the liberal agenda made him frequent the Liberal Headquarters, at Parliament Street, and tour the country giving speeches in support of Liberal Party candidates. He resigned from parliament in 1916 after his pacifist beliefs conflicted with the First World War.

Return to US
He returned to the United States, where he became a citizen in 1921 and began pursuing his writing career.

In the US, he met Helen Swift, an heiress of the Swift Meat Packing Business and the widow of Edward Morris, President of Morris & Company, another meat packing company. They were married in 1917. Together, they endowed many charities, and contributed to many institutions, including the University of Chicago, Ripon College, Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Archaeological Institute of America, the Liverpool Cathedral, and Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

Author
His antiwar book How Diplomats Make War (1915) went through several printings and translations. He went on to write over sixty books, along with many other forms of writing such as articles, plays, and an opera. Neilson co-edited a journal of opinion and literary criticism, titled The Freeman between 1920 and 1924.

Legacy
In 1935, as President of the Chicago Chapter of the Archaeological Institute of America and in co-ordination with the University of Liverpool, he organised and endowed an archaeological expedition to the Near East, to research lands of biblical time. Archaeologist John Garstang, at the age of sixty, was enthusiastically in charge of the excavations, with much success at the site of the port of Mersin in southern Turkey.

On October 6, 1949, the Francis Neilson Trust Fund was founded "for the promotion and encouragement of education in the cultural arts and sciences among the choirboys and members of the Cross Guild under the age of twenty one and for the costs and expenses in the promotion of special services sanctioned by the Dean."

A few years before his death, Neilson lost his sight. He was assisted in writing his last book, Ur to Nazareth, by his literary secretary, K. Phyllis Evans. Neilson also wrote a two-volume autobiography, My Life in Two Worlds.

Neilson was a benefactor of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, to which he donated antiquities and several paintings, including A Winter Carnival in a Small Flemish Town, Portrait of a Man, Possibly George Frederick Handel, and The Pelkus Gate near Utrecht. Neilson's late wife, Helen Swift Neilson, had bequeathed Portrait of a Young Woman with a Fan, by Rembrandt, for which she had paid $250,000 in 1930; Rembrandt Harmensz (Dutch, 1606–1669); the Portrait of Mrs. Thomas Pechell, and 1799. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts was given John Singer Sargent's painting A Capriote.

Liverpool Cathedral also received support from Neilson in the form of a collection of Organ and Choral Works which he sponsored; the organ at the Cathedral also bears his name. The Francis Neilson Trust supports music and choristers at the cathedral.

Death
Francis Neilson died, aged 94, on 13 April 1961 in Port Washington, Long Island, New York. He was cremated and his remains interred at Liverpool Cathedral.

Publications

 * How Diplomats Make War, 1915
 * Duty to Civilization, 1921
 * The Eleventh Commandment, 1933
 * Man at the Crossroads, 1938
 * The Tragedy of Europe (5 vols.), 1940–1945
 * In Quest of Justice, 1944
 * Makers of War, 1950
 * My Life in Two Worlds, 1952
 * The Churchill Legend, 1954
 * From Ur to Nazareth, 1960
 * Control from the Top, 1933.
 * Sociocratic Escapades, 1934.
 * Modern Man and the Liberal Arts, 1947

Opera librettos and plays

 * La Vivandiere (1893; with music by Victor Herbert)
 * Prince Ananias (1894, with music by Victor Herbert)
 * Manabozo (1899; composed for Anton Seidl)
 * The Bath Road (1902) – a romantic comedy in three acts
 * The Crucible (1911) – a drama in three acts
 * A Butterfly on The Wheel (1911) – a drama in four acts
 * The Sin-Eaters Hallowe'en (1924) -, a fantasy play in one act and two scenes
 * A Mixed Foursome (1924) – a comedy in three acts
 * The Impossible Philanthropist (1924) – a comedy in four acts
 * The Day Before Commencement (1925) – a comedy in four acts
 * The Queen Nectaria (1927) – a fantasy in four acts
 * Le Braiser De Sang (1929) – a drama in two acts; produced in Paris

Novels

 * Madame Bohemia, 1900
 * The Wise, 1903
 * Ralph Voyce, 1913
 * A Strong Man's House, 1916
 * The House of the Big Yard, 1936

title: Francis Neilson


text:
Rule of Ming and Zhang

The Rule of Ming and Zhang refers to the reigns of Emperor Ming (r. 58–75) and Emperor Zhang (r. 75–88) of the Eastern Han dynasty, which was considered the golden age of that dynasty. Both Emperors Ming and Zhang were generally regarded as able administrators who cared about the welfare of the people and who promoted officials with integrity. After Emperor Zhang's death, the dynasty began to gradually decline.

title: Rule of Ming and Zhang


text:
User:Hyad/SE/Test2

Testing
http://www.se.rit.edu/~se361/slides/Testing.pdf or may potentially contribute, to the occurrence of one or more failures developer that leads to the introduction of a defect
 * A failure is an unacceptable behaviour exhibited by a system
 * A defect is a flaw in any aspect of the system that contributes,
 * An error is a slip-up or inappropriate decision by a software

Black-box testing
--Also called 'concrete box' or 'functional' testing outputs
 * Testers provide the system with inputs and observe the
 * Tester is only given interface
 * Tester doesn't know what is behind it

Glass-box testing
--Also called ‘white-box’ or ‘structural’ testing testing to verify their own code
 * Testers have access to the system design
 * They can view the code
 * Individual programmers often informally employ glassbox

Equivalence classes
possible input value- Takes a huge amount of time -Is pointless! you believe will be treated similarly by all algorithms. classes - More errors in software occur at the boundaries of equivalence classes
 * It is inappropriate to test by brute force, using every
 * You should divide the possible inputs into groups which
 * Ex.Valid input is a month number (1-12), Equivalence classes are: [-∞..0], [1..12], [13.. ∞]
 * Testing at boundaries of equivalence

Acceptance tests
-Performed by user to see if it meets their requirements -Acceptance tests are black box tests that cover all the requirements -For the project, you will need to create acceptance tests

Stubs and Drivers
-used to replace classes the aren't finished

replaced by a stub that did nothing
 * Driver=replacement for the class that calls the module we are testing
 * A routine that calls the module and passes it appropriate test input values
 * We will use JUnit drivers for our unit testing
 * Stub=replacement for the class that is called by the module we are testing
 * Ex. A call that is supposed to do WriteScoreToFile might be

Test Case and Test Plan
detect a particular class of defect in a software system. requirements. EX. Test Case 2001 System: SimpleChat Phase: 2 Server startup check with default arguments Severity: 1 Instructions: . At the console, enter: java EchoServer. Expected result: 1. The server reports that it is listening for clients by displaying the following message: Send socket connetion Server listening for clients on port 5555 . The server console waits for user input. Cleanup: . Hit CTRL+C to kill the server.
 * A test case is an explicit set of instructions designed to
 * A test plan is a document that contains a collection of test cases for a system
 * The test plan should be written long before the testing starts.
 * You can start to develop the test plan once you have developed the

9/22/05 http://www.se.rit.edu/~se361/slides/DesignFundamentals.pdf

Software Design
of design possibilities addresses the key non-functional requirements
 * Good design is about finding the best option among a space
 * The quality of a design is determined by how well it
 * Ex: Extensibility, modifiability, usability, performance etc.

Design Aspects

 * Architecture design:
 * The division into subsystems and components,
 * How these will be connected.
 * How they will interact.
 * Their interfaces.
 * Class design:
 * User interface design
 * Algorithm design:
 * The design of computational mechanisms.
 * Protocol design:
 * The design of communications protocol.

Cohesion & Coupling
Important - should know def.
 * Increase cohesion (keep related stuff together)
 * Decrease coupling (minimize dependencies between modules)

 * A good abstraction provides information hiding

Coupling
Coupling occurs when there are interdependencies between one module and another changes somewhere else. how some component works.
 * When interdependencies exist, changes in one place will require
 * network of interdependencies makes it hard to see at a glance
 * You want to reduce coupling; reduce interdependencies.

Cohesion
Cohesion is how well related modules are kept together
 * Modules with high cohesion tend to be preferable because high cohesion is associated with several desirable traits of software including robustness, reliability, reusability, and understandability
 * Whereas low cohesion is associated with undesirable traits such as difficult to maintain, difficult to reuse, and difficult to understand.

 * You want to increase cohesion

Abstraction
Keeping the level of abstraction high

Abstraction = hiding information so code is easier to understand & uncomplicated consideration of details, thus reducing complexity subsystem without having to know unnecessary details DisplayPopupMenu vs. DisplayMenu vs. DisplayCommandList
 * Ensure that your designs allow you to hide or defer
 * A good abstraction provides information hiding
 * Fewer public methods, no public data
 * Abstractions allow you to understand the essence of a
 * It avoids constraining the design of other modules e.g.

4 things we need to know

 * 1) Coupling (interdependecies) - decrease
 * 2) Cohesion (how are modules related) - increase
 * 3) Abstraction (hide complicated info) - increase
 * 4) Contract (each method has an explicit contract with its callers)

Designing for flexibility
--Keep things general as possible undergo in the future, and prepare for them system later
 * Actively anticipate changes that a design may have to
 * Do not hard-code anything
 * Leave all options open
 * Do not restrict the options of people who have to modify the
 * Use reusable code and make code reusable

Anticipating obsolescence
software will continue to run or can be easily changed particular environments companies that are less likely to provide long-term support supported by multiple vendors
 * Plan for changes in the technology or environment so the
 * Avoid using software libraries that are specific to
 * Avoid using software or special hardware from
 * Use standard languages and technologies that are

Designing for Testability
driven by an external program, bypassing a graphical user interface in order to exercise the other methods
 * Take steps to make testing easier
 * Design a program to automatically test the software
 * Ensure that all the functionality of the code can by
 * In Java, you can create a main method in each class

Design by contract
efficient and systematic way when it starts executing are true when it finishes executing as it executes
 * A technique that allows you to design defensively in an
 * Key idea = each method has an explicit contract with its callers
 * The contract has a set of assertions that state:
 * What preconditions the called method requires to be true
 * What postconditions the called method agrees to ensure
 * What invariants the called method agrees will not change

Multi-layer architecture and design principles
designed. higher layers. services, or replace higher-level layers. isolated in one of the lower layers. build in rigorous assertion-checking.
 * Divide and conquer: The layers can be independently
 * Reduce coupling: Lower layers have no dependency on the
 * Increase flexibility: you can add new facilities built on lowerlevel
 * Design for portability: All the dependent facilities can be
 * Design for testability: Layers can be tested independently.
 * Design defensively: The APIs of layers are natural places to

http://www.se.rit.edu/~se361/slides/DesignFundamentals.pdf

9/27

Multi-Layer Pattern
immediately below it. immediately above. levels of abstraction. functions determined by the use-cases.
 * In a layered system, each layer communicates only with the layer
 * Each layer has a well-defined interface used by the layer
 * ->The higher layer sees the lower layer as a set of services.
 * A complex system can be built by superposing layers at increasing
 * It is important to have a separate layer for the UI.
 * Layers immediately below the UI layer provide the application
 * Bottom layers provide general services.
 * e.g. network communication, database access

Model-View-Controller (MVC) Pattern
Definition: MVC = an architectural pattern used to help separate the user interface layer from other parts of the system instances are to be viewed and manipulated of the data from the model in the user interface handle the user’s interaction with the view and the model discussed later in the course) is normally used to separate the model from the view
 * The model contains the underlying classes whose
 * The view contains objects used to render the appearance
 * The controller contains the objects that control and
 * The Observable design pattern (design patterns

Input --> Processing --> Output

Controller --> Model --> View

Steps

 * 1) Controller recieves actor events
 * 2) Controller modifies Model, Controller creates and updates View
 * 3) Model notifies changes to the View
 * 4) View is viewed by actor
 * 5) (The process is repeated)

JUnit
http://www.se.rit.edu/~se361/slides/JUnit.pdf

 * Unit – “natural” abstraction unit of an O abstraction unit of an Obj. Oriented system: class or its instantiated form, object. system: class or its instantiated form, object.
 * Unit Tests – verify a small chunk of code, verify a small chunk of code, typically a path through a method or function. typically a path through a method or function.

Why is Unit Testing Good?

 * Identifies defects early in the development cycle.
 * Many small bugs ultimately leads to chaotic system behavior system behavior
 * Testing affects the design of your code.*Successful tests breed confidence.
 * Testing forces us to read our own code – spend more time reading than writing
 * Automated tests support maintainability & extendibility.

Key JUnit Concepts

 * assert
 * assertEquals( expected, actual ) – also NotEquals
 * assertNull( actual result ) – also NotNull
 * assertTrue( actual result) - also False
 * failures –
 * Exceptions raised by asserts (expected)
 * errors –
 * Java runtime exceptions (not expected)

JUnit example
import junit.framework.TestCase;

public class MovieListTest extends TestCase {

public static void main(String[] args) { junit.textui.TestRunner.run(MovieListTest.class); }	public void testEmptyListSize{ MovieList emptyList = new MovieList; assertEquals( "Size of empty list should be 0.", 0, emptyList.size); }	public void testSizeAfterAddingOne{ Movie starWars = new Movie; MovieList oneItemList = new MovieList; oneItemList.add( starWars); assertEquals( "Size of one item list should be 1.", 1, oneItemList.size); }	public void testSizeAfterAdddingTwo{ Movie starWars = new Movie; Movie starTrek = new Movie; MovieList twoItemList = new MovieList; twoItemList.add(starWars); twoItemList.add(starTrek); assertEquals("Size of a two item list should be 2.", 2, twoItemList.size); }	}

title: User:Hyad/SE/Test2


text: Category:Theatre in Austria

title: Category:Theatre in Austria


text:
User talk:Tahir murtaza

[[ALI

PLACE OF BIRTH; KAABA DATE OF BIRTH; 13 RAJAB BROTHER OF;PROPHET MOHAMMED

title: User talk:Tahir murtaza


text:
Tawny frogmouth

The tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) is a species of frogmouth native to the Australian mainland and Tasmania and found throughout. It is a big-headed, stocky bird often mistaken for an owl due to its nocturnal habits and similar colouring.

Names
In the past, it was sometimes mistakenly called a mopoke or mopawk, a name used for the Australian boobook, the call of which is often confused with that of the tawny frogmouth.

Taxonomy
The tawny frogmouth was first described in 1801 by the English naturalist John Latham. Its specific epithet is derived from Latin strix 'owl' and oides 'form'. Tawny frogmouths belong to the frogmouth genus Podargus, which includes the two other species of frogmouths found within Australia, the marbled frogmouth and the Papuan frogmouth. The frogmouths form a well-defined group within the order Caprimulgiformes. Although related to owls, their closest relatives are the oilbirds, potoos, owlet-nightjars and true nightjars. The earliest fossil evidence of frogmouths is from the Eocene and implies that they diverged from their closest relatives during the early Tertiary. Three subspecies of the tawny frogmouth are currently recognised:
 * P. s. phalaenoides is found throughout Northern Australia southwards to the Great Sandy Desert, Barkly Tableland, and the Gulf of Carpentaria in Queensland.
 * P. s. brachypterus is found in Western Australia northwards to the Great Sandy Desert, north-eastwards to the Channel Country of Queensland, and south-eastwards to the Murray Mallee in Victoria.
 * P. s. strigoides is found in Eastern and Southeastern Australia from north of Cooktown, westwards to the inland fringes of the Great Dividing Range, and in Tasmania.

Description
Tawny frogmouths are large, big-headed birds that can measure from 34 to 53 cm long. Weights have been recorded up to 680 g in the wild (and perhaps even more in captivity), but these are exceptionally high. In the nominate race, 55 males were found to weigh a mean of 354 g, while 39 females weighed a mean of 297 g, with a range between both of 157 to 555 g. Among the subspecies P. s. brachypterus, 20 unsexed birds were found to average 278 g with a range of 185 to 416 g. In P. s. phalaenoides, a weight range of 205 to 364 g was reported. Thus, in terms of average if not maximal body mass, the tawny is a bit smaller than its relative, the Papuan frogmouth. On average, the life expectancy of wild tawny frogmouths is up to 14 years and for those in captivity, as high as 30+ years. Tawny frogmouths are stocky and compact with rounded wings and short legs. They have wide, heavy, olive-grey to blackish bills that are hooked at the tip and topped with distinctive tufts of bristles. Their eyes are large and yellow, a trait shared by owls. However, they are not forward facing like an owl's.

Tawny frogmouths have three distinct colour morphs, grey being the most common in both sexes. Males of this morph have silver-grey upperparts with black streaks and slightly paler underparts with white barring and brown to rufous mottling. Females of this morph are often darker with more rufous mottling. Females of the subspecies P. s. strigoides have a chestnut morph and females of the subspecies P. s. phalaenoides have a rufous morph. Leucistic or albinistic all-white aberrant plumage for this species has been documented.

Camouflage
The tawny frogmouth makes use of cryptic plumage and mimicry to camouflage itself. These birds strategically perch themselves on low tree branches during daylight hours, cleverly assimilating with the tree itself. Their silvery-grey plumage, adorned with patterns of white, black, and brown streaks and mottles, enables them to seamlessly blend into the appearance of a fractured tree branch, rendering them nearly invisible in the bright light of day.

In a display of adaptation, the tawny frogmouth typically selects a segment of a tree branch that displays signs of breakage, perching upon it with its head elegantly inclined upwards at a distinctive angle. This posturing, coupled with their large and broad beaks, contributes to the resemblance they achieve. Frequently, a pair of tawny frogmouths will position themselves side by side, simultaneously angling their heads upwards. Only when closely approached do they emerge from their concealed positions, either taking flight or issuing warning signals to potential predators.

When faced with threats, adult tawny frogmouths employ a distinctive alarm call that serves as a signal to their chicks. This call instructs the young birds to maintain a state of silence and immobility, ensuring that their natural plumage camouflage remains intact and uncompromised. This intricate interplay of behavior and appearance underscores the strategies employed by these birds to ensure their survival within their environment.

Differences from owls
Tawny frogmouths and owls both have mottled patterns, wide eyes and anisodactyl feet. However, owls possess strong legs, powerful talons, and toes with a unique flexible joint they use to catch prey. Tawny frogmouths prefer to catch their prey with their beaks and have fairly weak feet. They roost out in the open, relying on camouflage for defence, and build their nests in tree forks, whereas owls roost hidden in thick foliage and build their nests in tree hollows. Tawny frogmouths have wide, forward-facing beaks for catching insects, whereas owls have narrow, downwards-facing beaks used to tear prey apart. The eyes of tawny frogmouths are to the side of the face, while the eyes of owls are fully forward on the face. Furthermore, owls have full or partial face discs and large, asymmetrical ears, while tawny frogmouths do not.

Distribution and habitat
Tawny frogmouths are found throughout most of the Australian mainland except in far western Queensland, the central Northern Territory, and most of the Nullarbor Plain. In Tasmania, they are common throughout the northern and eastern parts of the state.

They can be found in almost any habitat type, including forests and woodlands, scrub and heathland vegetation, and savannahs. However, they are rarely seen in heavy rainforests and treeless deserts. They are seen in large numbers in areas populated with many river gums and casuarinas, and can be found along river courses if these areas are timbered. Tawny frogmouths are common in suburbs, having adapted to human presence. They have been reported nesting in parks and gardens with trees.

Diet and feeding
Tawny frogmouths are carnivorous and are considered to be among Australia's most effective pest-control birds, as their diet consists largely of species regarded as vermin or pests in houses, farms and gardens. The bulk of their diet is composed of large nocturnal insects, such as moths, as well as spiders, worms, slugs and snails, but also includes a variety of bugs, beetles, wasps, ants, centipedes, millipedes and scorpions. Large numbers of invertebrates are consumed to make up sufficient biomass. Small mammals, reptiles, frogs and birds are also eaten.

During daylight hours, healthy tawny frogmouths generally do not actively look for food, though they may sit with their mouths open, snapping them shut when an insect enters. As dusk approaches, they begin actively searching for food. Tawny frogmouths feed mainly by pouncing from a tree or other elevated perch to take large insects or small vertebrates from the ground using their beaks with great precision. Some smaller prey, such as moths, can be caught in flight. Foraging flights consist of short, snatching flights to foliage, branches, or into the air.

Tawny frogmouths do not consume prey collected on the ground or in flight on the spot unless it is very small. The captured prey is held in the tip of the beak and taken to a nearby branch, where it is then processed. Insects are generally pulped at the rim of the beak before being swallowed, and larger prey such as lizards or mice are generally killed before consumption by being bashed against a branch with great force.

Bonding and breeding
Tawny frogmouths form partnerships for life, and once established, pairs usually stay in the same territory for a decade or more. Establishing and maintaining physical contact is an integral part of their lifelong bond. During breeding season, pairs roost closely together on the same branch, often with their bodies touching. The male carries out grooming by gently stroking through the plumage of the female with his beak in sessions that can last for 10 minutes or more.

The breeding season of tawny frogmouths is from August to December, but individuals in arid areas are known to breed in response to heavy rains. Males and females both share in the building of nests by collecting twigs and mouthfuls of leaves and dropping them into position. Nests are usually placed on horizontal, forked tree branches and can reach up to 30 cm in diameter. Loose sticks are piled together, and leaf litter and grass stems are placed to soften the centre. The nests are very fragile and can disintegrate easily.

The clutch size of the tawny frogmouth is one to three eggs. Both sexes share incubation of the eggs during the night, whilst during the day, males incubate the eggs. For the duration of the incubation period, the nest is rarely left unattended. One partner roosts on a nearby branch and provides food for the brooding partner. Once hatched, both parents cooperate in the supply of food to the young. The fledging period of the tawny frogmouth is 25 to 35 days, during which they develop half their adult mass.

Vocalisations
Tawny frogmouths have a wide range of vocalisations that can signal information about sex, territory, food, or predators. They generally use low-amplitude and low-frequency sounds to communicate, though some of their warning screams can be heard for miles. Nestlings make a number of unique calls expressing distress, hunger and fear. Juveniles retain this range while developing a loud call for begging. Nestlings, juveniles and adults all use a low-amplitude annoyance call meant for family members. When disturbed during rest, they can emit a soft warning buzz that sounds similar to a bee, and when threatened, they can make a loud hissing noise and produce clacking sounds with their beaks.

At night, tawny frogmouths emit a deep and continuous "oom-oom-oom" grunting at a frequency of about eight calls in 5 seconds. The steady grunts are often repeated a number of times throughout the night. They also make a soft, breathy "whoo-whoo-whoo" call at night of lower intensity, but at the same frequency. Before and during breeding season, males and females perform duets consisting of call sequences that either alternate between partners or are performed simultaneously. Tawny frogmouths also make distinctive drumming noises during breeding season.

Thermoregulation

The wide distribution range of the tawny frogmouth includes areas of the Australian continent where winter night temperatures regularly approach or grow colder than 0 °C and warm summers can have extremes above 40 °C. The high temperatures in summer and low temperatures in winter provide a thermoregulatory challenge for tawny frogmouths that roost all day out in the open.

Significant differences in the orientation of tawny frogmouths on branches has been observed during winter and summer. During summer when light intensity is at maximum strength, they tend to choose positions on branches that do not have all-day exposure to sunlight. Physiological testing has shown that they are able to triple their breathing rate without the need to open their beaks. However, when their body temperature rises by as much as 4–5°, they begin to pant. Faced with further heat stress, tawny frogmouths engorge the blood vessels in the mouth to increase the flow of blood to the buccal area and produce a mucus that helps to cool air as it is inhaled, and hence cool the body.

During winter, tawny frogmouths choose northerly oriented positions on branches that are more exposed to sunlight to increase body heat. Pair roosting and huddling to share body warmth is also common during winter. During daylight, tawny frogmouths sometimes perch on the ground to sunbathe, remaining motionless up to 5 minutes. During this time, the birds open their beaks wide, close their eyes, and move their heads to the side to allow sunrays to penetrate beneath the thick layer of feathers.

Torpor
During winter, the food supply shrinks drastically and prewinter body fat stores can only provide a limited supply of energy. Tawny frogmouths are unable to survive the winter months without spending much of their days and nights in torpor. Torpor results in energy conservation by significantly slowing down heart rate and metabolism, which lowers body temperature. Torpor is different from hibernation in that it only lasts for relatively short periods of time, usually a few hours. Shallow torpor lasts for several hours and is a regular, daily occurrence in the winter. Dawn torpor bouts are shorter and temperature reduction may be as small as 0.5 to 1.5 °C, while night torpor bouts last several hours and can reduce body temperature by up to 10 °C.

Conservation and threats

The conservation status of tawny frogmouths is "least concern" due to their widespread distribution. However, a number of ongoing threats to the health of the population are known. Many bird and mammalian carnivores are known to prey upon the tawny frogmouth. Native birds, including ravens, butcherbirds and currawongs, may attempt or steal the protein-rich eggs to feed their own young. Birds of prey such as hobbies and falcons, as well as rodents and tree-climbing snakes, also cause major damage to the clutches by taking eggs and nestlings. In subtropical areas where food is available throughout the year, tawny frogmouths sometimes start brooding earlier in winter to avoid the awakening of snakes after brumation. Since 1998, a cluster of cases of neurological disease has occurred in tawny frogmouths in the Sydney area, caused by the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a rat lungworm.

Human impact
Tawny frogmouths face a number of threats from human activities and pets. They are often killed or injured on rural roads during feeding, as they fly in front of cars when chasing insects illuminated in the beam of the headlights. Large-scale land clearing of eucalypt trees and intense bushfires are serious threats to their populations, as they tend not to move to other areas if their homes are destroyed. House cats are the most significant introduced predator of the tawny frogmouth, but dogs and foxes are known to also occasionally kill the birds. When tawny frogmouths pounce to catch prey on the ground, they are slow to return to flight and vulnerable to attack from these predators.

As they have adapted to live in close proximity to human populations, tawny frogmouths are at high risk of exposure to pesticides. Continued widespread use of insecticides and rodent poisons are hazardous as they remain in the system of the target animal and can be fatal to a tawny frogmouth that eats them. The effect of these toxins is often indirect, as they can be absorbed into fatty tissue with the bird experiencing no overt signs of ill health until the winter, when the fat deposits are drawn on and the poison enters the bloodstream.

title: Tawny frogmouth


text:
Talk:Ciudad del Este

crime city?
The city has a reputation in Paraguay as being a dangerous city with high crime rates. it says..

Here in Paraguay it doesn't have that reputation; I'll say Pedro Juan Caballero does so.

The stereotype Paraguayans have about the city is that of being a center of forgery, black market, piratería and a very dynamic city with cosmopolitan culture.

Now I think, those indeed are crimes too. But the text gives the idea of danger of being murdered and stuff.

As a resident alien in Ciudad del Este since 1998 I can say this city isn't more dangerous than the nearby Foz do Iguacu (Brazil). Smuggling is a wide-spread crime here... a way of living I would say, but that doesn't make it dangerous for tourists who come here by the thousands daily for shopping purposes. It is a frontier-city no different from other cities like Tihuana on the U.S.-Mexican border for example.

Ciudad del Este is actually struggling to change its bad reputation with the help of the Brazilian government who is making big efforts to curb down smuggling. Many local bussiness are starting to change their focus from selling mercandises to smugglers to genuine occasional travelers that visit the Iguassu Falls but the outcome of this process may take much time since corruption among Paraguayan and Brazilian costumes and tax officers is still rampant.

I would like to include my page about Ciudad del Este as an external link if the editor considers it of value to Wiki visitors. I think it will be a contribution to help change Ciudad del Este's bad image without ignoring its reality. The page is http://www.iguassu-misted-falls-vacation.com/facts-about-paraguay.html LucasAntuna 15:30, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect location
The Lat Lon grid given for the city is incorrect. "Ciudad del Este is the capital of Alto Paraná department, in Paraguay, situated at 25°42′S 54°63′W."

There are only 60 minutes in a degree.

Corrected to 25.42ºS 54.63ºW

Terrorist and Crime
What is that????? in Paraguay???? Never!!!!!!!!!!!!! Just Becouse have many resident from arabia, and most of the musulman, doesn't means have conection whit terrorist... Is just american government boshet. I Born in Paraguay, and we have a lot poor people, and a corrut goverment, but is much safe tham Brasil and Argentina. About the crime, the only risk you have in the city is that you can buy something thingking that is original but is fake — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.22.180.142 (talk) 10:25, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ciudad del Este


text:
User talk:Aibarr

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Laura Scudder | Talk 05:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * Unfortunately, there isn't a way to view other users' watchlists unless you crack their password or look over their shoulder while they're editing. If they maintain a list of articles they've contributed to, you can click on "Related Changes" and bet you're seeing part of their watchlist.  Otherwise, no way to find out other than seeing who regularly reverts vandalism on a particular article fastest.

 * By the by, if you're interested my new project is female hysteria and related environs. — Laura Scudder | Talk 08:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

New Engineering Wiki
Engineering Wiki is a wiki entirely dedicated to collecting information about Engineering. I invite you to join this wiki.

Petición de ayuda
Saludos. Siento no poder expresarme con corrección en tu idioma, pero me dirigo a ti, porque no sé a quien recurrir y sé que dominas en gran medida el español. Soy un antiguo contribuyente de la Wikipedia en español, que hace alrededor de un año volvió a ella. Se encontró entonces con que la Wikipedia en español estaba dominada por administradores que violaban sistemáticamente las normas de wikipedia, como la de la neutralidad y la de no borrar informacion útil. Me he rebelado contra su censura, y he reivindicado el sentido original de las normas. Uno de mis contertulios en mi página de discusión y que ha renunciado a participar en la wikipedia hispana resume así la situación que se vive en la enciclopedia en español:

''Una vez que me convertí en escritor y no sólo en lector comencé a descubrir la realidad que esconde este proyecto. Ediciones honestas que buscaban enseñar a quienes quisieran aprender fueron eliminadas inmediatamente. Mis intentos de diálogo se vieron contestados por insultos y acusaciones injustos y por la extendida costumbre de recuperar la versión "oficial", es decir, la de eliminar todo incluyendo la corrección de errores ortográficos. Sólo he sido capaz de conseguir algún avance tras interminables discusiones, mediante la búsqueda de docenas de referencias a revistas, periódicos o documentos oficiales capaces de demostrar la insensatez de las críticas absurdas que con frecuencia se hacen y, principalmente, recuperando una y otra vez los datos que se intentan ocultar. Es decir, la cantidad de esfuerzo que hay que hacer es inmensa.''

''El gran problema es que las causas de la situación son muy profundas. Por ejemplo, es verdad que hay artículos larguísimos que describen cómo aplicar la política de neutralidad pero no hay ningún sitio donde se establezca breve y claramente qué es lo que no se puede hacer. Así es absurdo que se permita eliminar una edición completamente recuperando la versión anterior sin dar ninguna explicación. Si yo añado algo como "el 12 de marzo Aznar dijo que se estaban siguiendo dos líneas de investigación" cualquiera lo eliminará inmediatamente sin dar ningún motivo. Si lo vuelves a añadir y preguntas en la página de discusión por qué lo han borrado, que lo que has escrito es verdad, que se miren los periódicos que tienen edición digital accesible de ese día y todo eso el resultado es que te lo vuelven a quitar. Y no puedes hacer nada salvo volver a recuperarlo hasta que tú o ellos se cansen. Y es absurdo que esto sea así, porque la política de no neutralidad se resume en dos puntos: sólo se pueden incluir (1) hechos objetivos o (2) teorías existentes descritas indicando que son teorías. Si alguien elimina una contribución que no es puro vandalismo debería justificar que lo ha hecho porque no es ni un hecho objetivo ni una teoría existente. Si no se está eliminando el esfuerzo de una persona que ha querido participar en la Wikipedia lo que desincentiva dicha participación cuando se debería fomentar ya que en realidad se trata de generar un enciclopedia seria.''

Yo no quiero rendirme. Y no he dejado de debatir con esos administradores. En mi página personal, he escrito un ensayo donde denunció las practicas que se cometen en la wikipedia hispana. Lo puedes leer en []

Temporalmente he conseguido algunas mejoras, consiguiendo, por ejemplo, que algunos usen la página de discusión antes de borrar lo que no les gusta o no concuerda con su ideas. Ayer estaba añadiendo información al artículo del 11-M y acababa de discutir con un administrador que quería borrar el artículo dedicado a Leonor de Borbón Ortiz, primogénita de los Príncipes de Asturias, Felipe de Borbón y Letizia Ortiz, y segunda en la línea sucesoria de la Corona española. Este administrador decía que en la wikipedia no debía haber artículos sobre la recién nacida (cuando otras wikipedias lo tienen). Puedes leerlo en Discusión:Leonor de Borbón Ortiz. Ahora no puedo escribir en la wikipedia hispana, porque otro administrador, llamado FAR, que se declara amigo del administrador con que discutía, me han bloqueado la IP, tachándome de vándalo. No me dejan ni el derecho a réplica. ¿Puedes ayudarme, por favor? ¿Con quién debo hablar para solucionar esta situación?

Usuario:Visitante, 12:41, 1 November 2005 (UTC). '''I Blocked him because he did vandalic editions in another article. I even unknow he was in that discussion (although I have just read it, and he wrote offensive words)''' And be care, here, we think he is a troll.--es:Usuario:FAR

Wiki for Engineering
Engineering Wiki is a wiki entirely dedicated to collecting information about Engineering. The Engineering Wiki is in early development stages at the moment. We invite you to help devlope this wiki.

Why so few Wikipedians are engineers?
I am trying to understand why there are so few Wikipedians who are graduate engineers. Once I get a grasp on that, perhaps I may be able to formulate some ideas on how to attract more experienced engineers to become Wikipedians. It would be very helpful if you would respond to these a few questions:

 * Are you a university graduate engineer?
 * Please indicate in which of these engineering disciplines you obtained your degree:
 * Aeronautical or aerospace engineering
 * Bioengineer or biological engineering
 * Chemical engineering
 * Civil engineering
 * Electrical engineering
 * Environmental engineering
 * Mechanical engineering
 * Petroleum engineering
 * Other
 * In what year did you obtain your degree?
 * What attracted you to participate in Wikipedia?

If you would rather not answer these questions on your Talk page, then you may respond on my User talk:mbeychok page. Or you may respond to me via Wikipedia's email which I have enabled on my User:mbeychok page.

If you would rather not respond at all, that's fine also. Regards, - mbeychok 04:28, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for response to my poll of engineers
Thank you for your response to my poll of Wikipedian engineers. If you want to see my summary of the results, visit User:Mbeychok/MRB's Survey of Wikipedian Engineers. - mbeychok 02:17, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aibarr


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tom Riley

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted and rewritten. — J I P | Talk 07:43, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Tom Riley
I suspect this article is a hoax because I can't find anything about his participation in the Boer Wars or his medals. However, he died eight years before he was born, which, if true, is extremely notable. -- Kjkolb 05:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. I suspect the article is a hoax because the Boer War finished in 1902 and he was supposedly born in 1932 eight years after his death in 1924. Delete. Capitalistroadster 05:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax, unverified, and otherwise looks like a joke. -- Malo 07:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. utcursch | talk 11:39, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as per nom CLW 12:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nom Syrthiss 12:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. Hall Monitor 18:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as A7. Take out the war he didn't participate in because it happened before he was born and the fact he was stabbed to death before he was born (which would be notable if it wasn't a hoax) and you have a great A7 candidate!--Isotope23 20:44, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite as article on well-known folk song. Grutness...  wha?  00:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Throup/sandbox

sandbox  ✆    ✍    ➠ /Radio box /Dag

title: User:Throup/sandbox


text:
Two Dozen and One Greyhounds

"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" is the twentieth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 9, 1995. The episode was written by Mike Scully and directed by Bob Anderson. Frank Welker guest stars as Santa's Little Helper and various other dogs. In the episode, Santa's Little Helper has puppies with a dog that he met at the greyhound racetrack.

The episode is a parody of Walt Disney Pictures' 1961 animated film One Hundred and One Dalmatians. The producers decided to have Mr. Burns communicate his horrific plan of making a tuxedo from the puppies through a musical number, "See My Vest" (a parody of "Be Our Guest" from the 1991 Disney film Beauty and the Beast), after determining that it would be a "fun and light" way to convey his plan of killing the greyhounds. "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" received a generally positive reception from television critics. During the week of its original broadcast, the episode finished 55th in ratings, with a Nielsen rating of 7.3. Several reviews considered the episode to be among the best in the series, with Mr. Burns' role and the "See My Vest" sequence being singled out for praise.

Plot
The Simpson family's dog, Santa's Little Helper, runs away from home to the dog racing track, where he mates with a female greyhound named She's The Fastest. She gives birth to a litter of 25 puppies after her owner, the Rich Texan, gives her to the Simpsons. They quickly become too difficult to manage, so Homer and Marge try giving them away. Though several of the citizens are willing to adopt the puppies, they are unable to do so as the puppies do not like being separated, so Mr. Burns offers to take them all. Fearing he will mistreat them, Lisa persuades her parents to refuse Burns' offer, but he and Smithers secretly steal the puppies.

After Chief Wiggum casually remarks that Burns has the puppies, Bart and Lisa sneak into Burns Manor. They are surprised to see him bathing and doting on the dogs. One of them stands up on its hind legs, reminding Burns of actor Rory Calhoun; he names this one "Little Monty." Bart and Lisa learn that he plans to kill the other 24 puppies and make a tuxedo from their pelts when he performs a song, using his wardrobe of macabre clothing fashioned from animal hides to make several costume changes.

Bart and Lisa slip inside the mansion to retrieve the litter. The children and puppies slide down a laundry chute to the basement, where Burns and Smithers are waiting for them. To trick Burns into freeing the puppies, Bart mixes them up so that he cannot tell which one is Little Monty. After Little Monty stands on Burns' command, Bart reels a clothesline so that socks dangle overhead to get all the puppies to stand. Burns briefly considers killing all the puppies and the children, but cannot bring himself to do it since they all remind him of Calhoun. The Simpsons then let Burns keep the puppies, who grow to become world champion racing dogs and earn him millions of dollars in prize money. Marge visits the basement to find a depressed Homer having apparently hanged himself, only for it to be revealed that Homer is clinging to a roof beam, batting the lightbulb in an effort to cheer himself up.

Inspiration, writing, and music
"Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" was written by Mike Scully and directed by Bob Anderson. The Simpsons writers Al Jean and Mike Reiss came up with the original idea for the episode. The idea came to them after watching the 1961 Disney film One Hundred and One Dalmatians. David Mirkin, the episode's show runner, later jokingly said that Jean and Reiss liked to steal ideas from Disney, and pointed to an episode in season eight that they wrote as proof, titled "Simpsoncalifragilisticexpiala(Annoyed Grunt)cious", which was based on the 1964 Disney film Mary Poppins. Mirkin thought that it was great that they could take stuff from Disney and do darker versions on The Simpsons "in a completely legal way".

Matt Groening was happy with the episode because he thought it felt like a callback to the first episode of The Simpsons, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", and because it features references to One Hundred and One Dalmatians. The Disney film thrilled Groening as a child, and was one of the reasons he was first interested in animation and cartooning. In One Hundred and One Dalmatians, the puppies watch cartoons on television several times; the idea of a cartoon within a cartoon thrilled Groening, and said that this idea inspired him to create The Itchy & Scratchy Show, a fictional television show within the Simpsons universe.

Mr. Burns says in the episode that the puppy that stands up only on its hind legs reminds him of Rory Calhoun, an American actor who lived from 1922 to 1999. The Simpsons writer George Meyer came up with the joke, but Groening argued against it because he did not think the audience would know who Calhoun was. The writers decided to keep it in anyway, because it was later expanded into a key part of the episode's ending. Several years later, Groening stated that he was proven correct after pointing to discussions on the Internet about the episode asking who Calhoun was.

As Bart and Lisa sneak away to Mr. Burns' mansion, they see him loading a gun and singing a musical number called "See My Vest", in which he proclaims his intention to kill the puppies to make a tuxedo out of them. When the staff discussed how they could gloss over the horrifying things Mr. Burns would do to the dogs, one of the writers suggested that if they communicated his plan through a song, it would stay "fun and light". Scully, who agreed that the idea was good, came in the following day with complete lyrics that he wrote for "See My Vest", which was a parody of the song "Be Our Guest", sung by Jerry Orbach in the 1991 film Beauty and the Beast. Mirkin loved Scully's work on the parody song, commenting, "The rhymes are really clever. It's one of our very best songs [on The Simpsons]." He also liked the fact that songs could be used in episodes of The Simpsons without the episodes turning into musicals, saying, "We'll just do one song and that's plenty. We have fun with that and then we're out."

Animation and voice acting
Even though animals in cartoons often behave with "semi-human awareness", Groening said he preferred animals in cartoons to behave exactly the way they do in real life, claiming that this was how animals were depicted in "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds". Mirkin said there were some exceptions for gags, but most of the time they tried to keep the animals acting realistically. The animal noises for the episode were performed by Frank Welker, who was praised by Mirkin on the DVD audio commentary for the episode, saying, "He can do anything, and it fits perfectly. You forget you're listening to a guy, and he's a pleasure to work with." Welker was also praised by Groening, who said Welker was unbelievably good at doing animal noises.

The staff had a "big fight" with the Fox network censors over the scene in which Santa's Little Helper mates with She's The Fastest. The writers were originally worried about the idea, but Mirkin knew that they could show the dogs having sex in a manner that was not explicit. In the scene's final version, the dogs are only seen from the shoulders up; the crew's animatic showing the scene in full was later released on DVD. Anderson noted that during the episode's censor screening, there was a giant laugh at the depiction.

Cultural references
The overarching plot of the episode and its title are inspired by the Walt Disney film One Hundred and One Dalmatians. In a reference to the film itself, the greyhounds are shown watching television in one scene. The program they are watching is Models, Inc. Mr. Burns' song "See My Vest" is a parody of "Be Our Guest" from Beauty and the Beast. The scene in which Santa's Little Helper and She's The Fastest are presented with a plate of spaghetti at Luigi's Italian restaurant parodies Lady and the Tramp.

The clerk performing a mind-meld on Santa's Little Helper is a reference to the Vulcan mind-meld ability in Star Trek; the same music from the mind-meld scenes in Star Trek are played during the scene. At one point, Santa's Little Helper looks wistfully out the window of the Simpson family's car, and then morphs out of the car window in reference to a similar scene in Terminator 2: Judgment Day; music from that film plays in the background. Four of the puppies are named Jay, David, Paul, and Branford, a reference to late-night talkshow hosts David Letterman and Jay Leno and their respective bandleaders Paul Shaffer and Branford Marsalis. The puppies "Prince" and "The Puppy Formerly Known as Prince" are references to "Prince" and his name change in 1993.

Critical reception
The song "See My Vest" from the episode, sung by Mr. Burns, was later released on the album Songs in the Key of Springfield in 1997. The Daily Bruin complimented the song's lyrics as witty, and claimed that by listening to the song, memories of the episode came to mind. They noted how the musical piece revealed Mr. Burns' essence of character, and that it also commented on some disturbing elements of humankind. MSNBC compiled a list of "TV’s top 10 scariest characters", placing Mr. Burns at number one. In the list, they noted, "Burns is terrifying because he will do absolutely anything, and since it's a cartoon, he just might", pointing to "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" and his plans to make the puppies into a tuxedo as proof.

In a review by the Toronto Star, Ben Rayner commented that "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" was one of his favorite episodes of the series, and concluded that Mr. Burns' "tour de force" performance was particularly captivating. The Toronto Star later produced a list of the best and worst The Simpsons episodes, in which they considered "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" one of the best episodes of the series and concluded that the musical number was one of the best scenes involving Mr. Burns. In a review for the sixth season DVD of The Simpsons, IGN's Todd Gilchrist found Mr. Burns' performance to be memorable, commenting that he "flirts with copyright infringement with his rendition of 'See My Vest'". IGN also considered Burns' performance to have reached a level of excellence comparable to "The Monorail Song" in "Marge vs. the Monorail".

In a review for The Simpsons season six DVD, review website DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of B−. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson appreciated the spoofs of Disney films, and also complimented "the most bizarre references to Rory Calhoun imaginable", concluding that the combination of these elements formed a "fine show".

Ratings
In its original broadcast, "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" finished 55th in ratings for the week of April 3–9, 1995, with a Nielsen rating of 7.3.

title: Two Dozen and One Greyhounds


text: Category:Towers in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Towers in the United Kingdom