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Help:Japanese

This page is designed to answer questions regarding Japanese and its use on Wikipedia. If you have trouble viewing Japanese, please see the Help:Installing Japanese character sets page for assistance for your particular operating system.

Japanese orthography
Japanese text is written with a mixture of kanji, katakana and hiragana syllabaries. Almost all kanji originated in China, and may have more than one meaning and pronunciation. Kanji compounds generally derive their meaning from the combined kanji. For example, Tokyo (東京) is written with two kanji: "east" (東) + "capital" (京). The kanji, however, are pronounced differently from their Chinese relatives. For example, in modern Mandarin Chinese, these two kanji would be "Dongjing". The name was chosen because Tokyo was to be the eastern capital of Japan, relative to its previous capital city, Kyoto (京都). (Some other kanji compounds use characters chosen primarily for their pronunciations. Such characters are called ateji.) In addition to native words and placenames, kanji are used to write Japanese family names and most Japanese given names.

Centuries ago, hiragana and katakana, the two kana syllabaries, derived their shapes from particular kanji pronounced in the same way. However, unlike kanji, kana have no meaning, and are used only to represent sounds. Hiragana are generally used to write some Japanese words and given names and grammatical aspects of Japanese. For example, the Japanese word for "to do" (する suru) is written with two hiragana: (su) +  (ru). Katakana are generally used to write loanwords, foreign names and onomatopoeia. For example, retasu was borrowed from the English "lettuce", and is written with three katakana: (re) +  (ta) +  (su). The onomatopoeia for the sound of typing is kata kata, and is written with 4 katakana: (ka) +  (ta) +  (ka) +  (ta). It is common nowadays to see many businesses using katakana in place of hiragana and kanji in advertising. Additionally, people may use katakana when writing their names or informal documents for aesthetic reasons.

Roman characters have also recently become popular for certain purposes in Japanese. (see rōmaji)

Japanese pronunciation
Throughout Wikipedia, a modified version of the widely accepted Hepburn romanization is used to represent Japanese sounds in Roman characters. The following are some basic rules for using Hepburn to pronounce Japanese words accurately.

Vowels

 * The vowels a, e, i, o, and u are generally pronounced somewhat similarly to those in Italian, Portuguese, French, Spanish, and Slavic languages.
 * The vowel u is similar to that of the oo in moon, although shorter and without lip-rounding. In certain contexts, such as after "s" at the end of a word, the vowel is devoiced, so desu may sound like dess.
 * Japanese vowels can either be long (bimoraic) or short (monomoraic). The macron denotes a long vowel.
 * Long a, o and u sounds are usually written with macrons as ā, ō and ū. The notation "ou" or "oo" is sometimes used for a long "ō", following kana spelling practices.
 * Long e and i sounds are usually written ei /ee and ii, but in neologisms are instead written with macrons as ē and ī.
 * Circumflexes (âêîôû) occasionally appear as a typographical alternative to macrons, especially in older texts.

Japanese vowels can be approximated in English as follows:

Moraic n

 * An n before a consonant is moraic (its own mora).
 * A moraic n followed by a vowel or y is written n' to distinguish it from mora that begin with the consonant n.
 * The moraic n has various phonetic realisations:
 * Before an n, t, d or r, it is pronounced.
 * Before a k or g, it is pronounced.
 * Before an m, b or p, it is pronounced as . It is written as m in some versions of Hepburn, but as n in Wikipedia’s modified Hepburn.
 * It is otherwise pronounced as or.

Consonants
When a consonant is followed by another of the same letter, the first consonant is written with a chiisai (made-smaller) tsu (つ/ツ). Exception: Double n. In this case, being as n (ん/ン) is a single consonant, it can be written by itself. (Ex: Woman: Onna-おんな)
 * Consonants other than f, r, g, and n at final or before r are generally pronounced as in English.
 * The consonant f is bilabial: the teeth are not used, and the sound is much softer than the "f" of English. [tōfu] "tōfu"
 * The consonant r is a flapped or tapped consonant. To an English speaker's ears, its pronunciation lies somewhere between a flapped t (as in American and Australian English better and ladder), an l and a d. [kirei] "beautiful"
 * The consonant n at final or n before r is uvular: This consonant is a sound made further back, as of making a nasal sound at the place to articulate the French ʁ. [shinryaku] "invasion"
 * Double consonants (kk, tt, etc.) basically indicate a slight, sharp pause before and stronger emphasis of the following sound, more similar to Italian than English. Spelling anomalies:
 * double ch is written as tch (sometimes cch),
 * double sh is written as ssh and
 * double ts is written as tts.

Japanese names
In Japanese names, the family name (surname) always comes before the given name. Examples:
 * In the name 徳川家康, the family name is 徳川 (Tokugawa) and the given name is 家康 (Ieyasu).
 * In the name 福田康夫, the family name is 福田 (Fukuda) and the given name is 康夫 (Yasuo).

However, to reflect the Western convention of listing the given name first and the family name last, the romanized names of most Japanese people born since the establishment of the Meiji era in 1868 conform to the "given name, family name" order. This usage is typically reflected on Wikipedia: Tokugawa Ieyasu (born 1543) is listed at Tokugawa Ieyasu, while Fukuda Yasuo (born 1936) is listed at Yasuo Fukuda.

title: Help:Japanese


text:
Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)

The Ministry for the Environment (MfE; Māori: Manatū Mō Te Taiao) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the New Zealand Government on policies and issues affecting the environment, in addition to the relevant environmental laws and standards. The Environment Act 1986 is the statute that establishes the Ministry.

Description
Functions assigned by Section 31 of the Environment Act 1986 include advising the Minister for the Environment on all aspects of environmental administration, obtaining and disseminating information, and generally providing advice on environmental matters. Since 1988, the Ministry of the Environment has coordinated New Zealand's interdepartmental policy response to climate change.

The Environmental Protection Authority was set up in 2011 to carry out some of the environmental regulatory functions of the MfE as well as other government departments.

The Ministry for the Environment administer a number of environmental funds:
 * Waste Minimisation Fund
 * Environmental Legal Assistance Fund
 * Contaminated Sites Remediation Fund

It runs the Green Ribbon Awards, which have been given out by the Minister for the Environment since 1990.

The Ministry owns the Environmental Choice New Zealand ecolabel, but it is administered independently by the New Zealand Ecolabelling Trust.

In 1997 the Ministry released New Zealand's first State of the Environment report. This was followed up in 2008 by a second report titled Environment New Zealand 2007. Chapter 13 of this report was removed before final publication but was leaked to the Green Party. After news media reported the existence of the omitted chapter, the Ministry placed the contents on its website.

As stated, the Ministry for the Environment was established under the 1986 Environment Act which was implemented to encourage preventive measures for the protection of the environment. The Ministry for the Environment was established to ensure broad thinking about the environmental issues that plague our world and continue to do so even more severely in the 21st century. The measures the ministry for the environment take time to consider and focus on include intrinsic values of ecosystems, including principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, values people place on the environment, needs of future generations and sustainability of natural and physical resources.

As a response to the ministry for the environment, in 1991 the Resource Management Act was passed to enforce resource sustainability and environmental protection on a legal platform. However, in 2023 the government is repealing the Resource Management Act to enhance new laws into this reform as a way of managing the environment and the pressing issue of climate change.

Key initiatives
The Ministry of the Environment has many key initiatives that help them support New Zealand and its environment.

Resource management system
The resource management system governs how people interact with natural resources. It allows people to use natural resources where suitable. This system is currently under some change. The new government in New Zealand has introduced a permanent fast-track approvals process to parliament and is repealing the Natural and Built Environment (NBA) and Spatial Planning Acts. There has been some controversy around this bill and its lack of consideration for environmental impacts.

Emissions reductions
New Zealand aims to reduce all greenhouse gases (except methane emissions from waste and agricultural biological processes) to zero by 2050.

The Ministry of the Environment has an emissions reduction plan (ERP) that outlines how New Zealand will reduce these emissions. These plans are created every 5 years. The ERP requires climate action from many parts of government and sectors of the economy including, transport, energy, building and construction, waste, agriculture and forestry.

National adaption plan
The Ministry of the Environment has a national adaption plan that helps New Zealanders adapt, live and thrive in a more damaged and difficult climate. This plan helps to support different groups of people including Māori and Pacific people. The plan is currently focusing on flood risk areas and developing projects to support other climate change impacts.

Recovering from recent severe weather events
New Zealand has recently suffered from severe weather events caused by climate change. In 2023, Cyclone Gabrielle severely impacted the Hawke’s Bay region.

The Ministry of Environment is supporting these councils and communities with a significant recovery job as well as helping these communities become more resilient. The main ways they are supporting these communities are by, changing laws, strong risk management and climate adaptation.

Ban on more problematic plastics
The Ministry of Environment classes problematic plastics as single-use plastics such as straws and produce bags. They banned these products in 2023 as an initial step in the 3-step phase-out plan. In 2025, they are banning all PVC and polystyrene food and beverage packaging.

Climate change policy
The Ministry for the Environment has introduced several policies to address climate change and protect New Zealand’s natural environment. The Zero Carbon Act, passed in 2019, sets a framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The act established the Climate Change Commission, which is a crown entity that provides independent advice to the government on emissions reduction targets and strategies. The commission has been criticised by Greenpeace for not going far enough when making recommendations for agricultural methane reduction.

Agricultural policy
In 2003 the Fifth Labour government decided to attempt to introduce a levy on farm animals and their methane emissions, in order to fund research on how to reduce farm emissions. The levy would’ve cost 9c for mature sheep, 54c for each mature beef cow, and 72c for each dairy cow. This was widely protested by farmers and the opposition. Eventually after sustained criticism, and unpopularity of the policy, on 17 October 2003 Labour said it found alternative sources to fund emissions research, and would not introduce the levy.

In 2018, the Interim Climate Change Commission was established, to look at various options of agriculture pricing. As the combination of Methane (43.7%) and Nitrous Oxide (10.7%) emissions make up a majority of New Zealand’s emissions, reducing Agricultural emissions would be necessary to lower New Zealand’s carbon footprint and currently policy left the majority of emissions untaxed. In 11 October 2022 the Sixth Labour Government announced its decision to pursue a farm-based levy, with a backup ETS processor levy if the farm levy was not ready by 2025. They also announced consultation on the policy, which lasted from 11 October to 18 November and were posted on 21 December 2022. The processor levy backup under the ETS (Emissions Trading Scheme) was where the levy would simply be decided by the ETS, and handed on to processors, such as slaughterhouses or importers and producers of fertilizer. Initially considered by the 2018 Interim Climate Change Committee, and this was left as a backup option, in case the farm-based levy was not in place by 2025.

The other approach was the farm-based levy, this arose out of consultation with the agriculture sector and He Waka Eke Noa (Primary Sector Climate Action Partnership), seeking an alternative to pricing under the ETS at a processor level. Under this the levy is paid by farmers themselves, and they are required to report their emissions. Of note of both methods is that Methane and Nitrous Oxide would be taxed separately and differently, as they have different effects and permanence in the environment and atmosphere. Additionally, the government committed to funding the agricultural sector, and $380 million to help farmers reduce emissions, among other funding.

In 18 August 2023, the Sixth Labour Government announced the confirmation of the split-gas approach, the commitment to have farm level emissions reported by late 2024, and various changes from consultation, such as the decision for carbon sequestration to give a reduction in the levy if it was scientifically valid. The National Party committed before the 2023 election to implement a sustainable pricing system for agriculture by 2030, and to start measuring farm level emissions by 2025. The National Party eventually formed a government after the 2023 election.

Ministers
The Ministry serves three portfolio and five ministers.

List of ministers for the environment

 * Key

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Glaser-Dirks DG-100

The Glaser-Dirks DG-100 is the first sailplane manufactured by Glaser-Dirks. It is a standard class glider designed by Wilhelm Dirks in 1974 and developed from the Akaflieg Darmstadt D-38.

Development
The first model had an all-flying tailplane, with anti-balance tabs along the entire trailing edges, and a two-piece canopy (movable and fixed parts), built of GFRP (glass-fibre reinforced plastic)/foam sandwich materials and resin impregnated rovings for high strength parts. Successive developments included the DG-100G, DG-101 and DG-101G. Most models are available with water ballast bags in the wings.

The DG-101 and DG-101G had improvements such as a single-piece front-hinged canopy, improved crash resistant cockpit and a conventional tailplane (with fixed horizontal stabilizer and articulated elevator). There was also a club version of this sailplane with fixed landing gear. All models featured top-surface-only air brakes.

Some later models were also manufactured by the Elan company in Slovenia and can be identified by the word "ELAN" on the fuselage and rudder. The serial number of these gliders is prefixed with "E".

Although these gliders were designed in the 1970s, they are still popular in the Club class and remain competitive in Sports class contests (which are handicapped).

The wing's control surface hookups are non-automatic and utilize L'Hotellier fittings, which must be secured by a secondary means such as a safety pin, safety wire, Uerling Sleeve or Wedekind Sleeve (See this web page for more details on this subject).

The Glaser-Dirks Company declared bankruptcy, after which the newly organized company DG Flugzeugbau GmbH assumed responsibility for servicing the gliders.

Variants

 * Akaflieg Darmstadt D-38
 * The prototype designed and built at Darmstadt University of Technology.

 * DG-100
 * The initial production version developed by Wilhelm Dirks.

 * DG-100G
 * Later production with a conventional tailplane and elevator in place of the all-flying tailplane.

 * DG-100 Club / Club DG
 * An unballasted, fixed gear version with a gross weight of 385 kg / 849 lb..

 * DG-101
 * The DG-101 introduced a one-piece full length canopy that opened forwards, but retaining the all-flying tail.

 * DG-101G
 * Ultimate production version with the one-piece canopy and the conventional tailplane with elevator.

title: Glaser-Dirks DG-100


text:
Talk:Cockburn Sound

Woodman Point
Is there any to include this with in this topic

This was the site of a quarantine station for early vessels where infectious diseases where afftecting passangers

Also one of Peels? ships had land fall here due to bad weather they survivors camped there for a number of months not knowing how close to fremantle they were.

It also had the ammunition jetty for the resupply of naval vessels during WWII.

Thats the limit of my knowledge of this region

Gnangarra 08:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Cockburn Sound


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User talk:JENNPENN

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * Tutorial runs through all the basics.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
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 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
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You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Rogerd 08:22, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JENNPENN


text:
User talk:Aniesha h

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * Tutorial runs through all the basics.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Help desk is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Rogerd 08:22, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aniesha h


text:
Elizabeth Bear

Sarah Bear Elizabeth Wishnevsky (born September 22, 1971) is an American author who works primarily in speculative fiction genres, writing under the name Elizabeth Bear. She won the 2005 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, the 2008 Hugo Award for Best Short Story for "Tideline", and the 2009 Hugo Award for Best Novelette for "Shoggoths in Bloom". She is one of a small number of writers who have gone on to win multiple Hugo Awards for fiction after winning the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer (the others include C. J. Cherryh, Orson Scott Card, Spider Robinson, Ted Chiang and Mary Robinette Kowal).

Life and career

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Bear studied English and anthropology at the University of Connecticut but did not graduate. She worked as a technical writer, stable hand, reporter and held various office jobs. She sold a few stories in the 1990s and began writing seriously in 2001.

Bear's first novel, Hammered, was published in January 2005 and was followed by Scardown in July and Worldwired in November of the same year. The trilogy features Canadian Master Warrant Officer Jenny Casey, who is also the main character in the short story "Gone to Flowers". Hammered won the Locus Award for Best First Novel in 2006.

The Chains That You Refuse, a collection of her short fiction, was published May 2006 by Night Shade Books. Blood and Iron, the first book in the fantasy series entitled "The Promethean Age", debuted June 27, 2006. She is also a coauthor of the ongoing Shadow Unit website/pseudo-TV series.

In 2008, she donated her archive to the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University.

She is an instructor at the Viable Paradise writer's workshop and has taught at Clarion West Writers Workshop.

The opening quote in Criminal Minds episode "Lauren" (6.18) was a direct quote of the second and third lines of Bear's book Seven for a Secret: "The secret to lying is to believe with all your heart. That goes for lying to yourself even more than lying to another."

She is one of the regular panelists on podcast SF Squeecast, which won the 2012 and 2013 Hugo Awards for "Best Fancast".

Bear married novelist Scott Lynch in October 2016.

In 2021, Bear announced that she had been diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer.

Novels

 * Carnival (November 2006, Bantam Spectra)
 * Undertow (August 2007, Bantam Spectra)
 * Bone and Jewel Creatures (novella) (2010, Subterranean Press)

 * The Jenny Casey trilogy
 * Hammered (January 2005, Bantam Spectra)
 * Scardown (July 2005, Bantam Spectra)
 * Worldwired (November 2005, Bantam Spectra)

 * The Promethean Age
 * Blood and Iron (June 2006, ROC)
 * Whiskey and Water (July 2007, ROC)
 * The Stratford Man:
 * Volume I: Ink and Steel (July 2008, ROC)
 * Volume II: Hell and Earth (August 2008, ROC)
 * One Eyed Jack (November 2013, Prime Books)

 * Jacob's Ladder trilogy
 * Dust (December 2007, Spectra)
 * Chill (February 2010, Spectra)
 * Grail (February 2011, Spectra)

 * The Edda of Burdens
 * All the Windwracked Stars (November 2008, Tor Books)
 * By the Mountain Bound (November 2009, Tor Books)
 * The Sea thy Mistress (February 2011, Tor)

 * The Iskryne series
 * A Companion to Wolves, co-written with Sarah Monette (October 2007, Tor Books)
 * The Tempering of Men, co-written with Sarah Monette (August 2011, Tor Books)
 * An Apprentice to Elves, co-written with Sarah Monette (June 25, 2015, Tor Books)

 * New Amsterdam series
 * New Amsterdam (May 2007, Subterranean Press)
 * Seven for a Secret (novella; March 2009, Subterranean Press)
 * The White City (novella; 2011, Subterranean Press)
 * Ad Eternum (novella; February 2012, Subterranean Press)
 * Garrett Investigates (November 2012, Subterranean Press)

 * Eternal Sky Trilogy
 * Range of Ghosts (March 2012, Tor Books)
 * Shattered Pillars (2013, Tor Books)
 * Steles of the Sky (2014, Tor Books)

 * The Lotus Kingdoms
 * The Stone in the Skull (2017, Tor Books)
 * The Red-Stained Wings (2019, Tor Books)
 * The Origin of Storms (2022, Tor Books)

 * Karen Memory
 * Karen Memory (2015, Tor-Forge)
 * Stone Mad (2018, Tor-Forge)

 * White Space
 * Ancestral Night (2018, Gallery / Saga Press)
 * Machine (2020, Gallery / Saga Press)

Short fiction

 * Collections
 * The Chains That You Refuse (May 2006, Night Shade Books)
 * Shoggoths in Bloom (October 2012, Prime Books)
 * Short stories

 * "Okay, Glory" in Twelve Tomorrows (2018, MIT Press).
 * Reprinted in Mash Up: Stories Inspired by Famous First Lines, 2016
 * "The Heart's Filthy Lesson" in Old Venus (2015, Bantam Books).
 * "This Chance Planet" at Tor.com, October, 2014.
 * "In the House of Aryaman, a Lonely Signal Burns" in Asimov's Science Fiction, January 2012. Reprinted in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Thirtieth Annual Collection. Copy online
 * "King Pole, Gallows Pole, Bottle Tree" in Naked City: New Tales of Urban Fantasy (2010, St. Martin's Press).
 * "The Horrid Glory of Its Wings" at Tor.com, December 2009.
 * "Swell" in Eclipse Three (2009, Night Shade Books).
 * "Mongoose" (with Sarah Monette) in Lovecraft Unbound (2009, Dark Horse Comics. Reprinted in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Twenty-Seventh Annual Collection)
 * "The Red in the Sky Is Our Blood" in METAtropolis (2009, Subterranean Press).
 * "Snow Dragons" in Subterranean Magazine, Summer 2009.
 * "Two Dreams on a Train" reprinted in Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology, 2009.
 * "Inelastic Collisions" in Inferno (2009, Tor Books).
 * "The Girl Who Sang Rose Madder" at Tor.com, September 2008.
 * "Boojum" (with Sarah Monette) in Fast Ships, Black Sails (2008, Night Shade Books).
 * "Shoggoths in Bloom" in Asimov's Science Fiction, March 2008.
 * "Sonny Liston Takes the Fall" in The Del Rey Book of Science Fiction and Fantasy (2008, Del Rey).
 * "Your Collar" in Subterranean Magazine, 2008.
 * "Annie Webber" in Nature, 2008.
 * "Hobnoblin Blues" in Realms of Fantasy, February 2008.
 * "The Ladies" in Coyote Wild, December 2007.
 * "Black Is the Color" in Subterranean Magazine, Summer 2007.
 * "Matte" in Fictitious Force, 2007.
 * "The Rest of Your Life in a Day" in Jim Baen's Universe, October 2007.
 * "Cryptic Coloration" in Jim Baen's Universe, June 2007.
 * "Tideline" in Asimov's Science Fiction, June 2007.
 * "Limerant" in Subterranean Magazine #6 (2007, Subterranean Press)
 * "Abjure the Realm" in Coyote Wild, Winter 2007.
 * "War Stories" in Jim Baen's Universe, February 2007.
 * "Something Dreaming Game" in Fast Forward 1 (2007, Prometheus Books)
 * "Orm the Beautiful" in Clarkesworld Magazine, January 2007.
 * "Love Among the Talus" in Strange Horizons, December 11, 2006.
 * "Lucifugous" in Subterranean Magazine #5 (2006, Subterranean Press).
 * "Follow Me Light" reprinted in Best New Paranormal Romance (November 2006) and Year's Best Fantasy and Horror (September 2006)
 * "Sounding" in Strange Horizons, September 18, 2006.
 * "Two Dreams on Trains" reprinted in Year's Best Science Fiction #23 (July 2006).
 * "Wax" reprinted in Fantasy: The Best of the Year 2006 edition (June 2006)
 * "Ile of Dogges" (with Sarah Monette) in Aeon 7, 2006
 * "Dos Sueños con Trenes" ["Two Dreams on Trains", Spanish-language version] in Cuasar #42, Marzo 2006
 * "The Inevitable Heat Death of the Universe" in Subterranean Magazine #4 (2006, Subterranean Press)
 * "The Cold Blacksmith" in Jim Baen's Universe, June 2006
 * "Gone to Flowers" (2006) in Eidolon I (ed. Jonathan Strahan, Jeremy G. Byrne)
 * "Los Empujadores Furioso" On Spec, Winter 2006
 * "Wane" in Interzone #203 Mar/Apr 2006
 * "Wax" in Interzone #201 Nov/Dec 2005
 * "Long Cold Day" in Sci Fiction, September 21, 2005
 * "House of the Rising Sun" in The Third Alternative #42, Summer 2005
 * "And the Deep Blue Sea" in Sci Fiction, May 4, 2005
 * "One-Eyed Jack and the Suicide King" in Lenox Avenue, March–April 2005
 * "Botticelli" at The Agony Column, February 2005
 * "Two Dreams on Trains" in Strange Horizons, January 3, 2005
 * "Follow Me Light" in Sci Fiction, January 12, 2005
 * "When You Visit the Magoebaskloof Hotel, Be Certain Not to Miss the Samango Monkeys" in Interzone 195, Nov/Dec 2004
 * "Seven Dragons Mountains" in All-Star Zeppelin Adventure Stories, Wheatland Press, October 2004 (YBF&H Honorable Mention)
 * "Sleeping Dogs Lie" in Flytrap, November 2004
 * "Ice (Lod)" (Polish-language version) in Nowa Fantastyka #7 (Summer 2004)
 * "Old Leatherwings" in Lenox Avenue, July 2004
 * "This Tragic Glass" in Sci Fiction, April 7, 2004 (YBSF Honorable Mention, James Tiptree, Jr. Award long list)
 * "The Chains That You Refuse" in Chiaroscuro, April 2004
 * "Speak!" in On Spec, Winter 2003
 * "Tiger! Tiger!" in the anthology Shadows Over Baker Street (Del Rey, September 2003)
 * "Ice" in the April 2003 issue of Ideomancer
 * "The Dying of the Light" (with Amber van Dyk) in the April 2003 issue of the Fortean Bureau (YBF&H Honorable Mention)
 * An excerpt from "Hammered" appeared in the Summer 2003 issue of Harpur Palate
 * "The Company of Four" in Scheherazade issue #20
 * "The Devil You Don't" in Amberzine 11

Poetry

 * "Li Bai Drowns While Embracing the Moon" in Not One of Us, Issue 42.
 * "Seven Steeds" in Lone Star Stories, Issue 29, Oct. 2008.
 * "e.e. 'doc' cummings" in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, March 2003.

Essays

 * "We'll Make Great Pets" in Chicks Dig Time Lords (2010, Mad Norwegian Press)

Reception
Annalee Newitz of io9 wrote that Bear "is famous for combining high-octane military/spy tales with eccentric and subversive subplots".

Awards

 * 2005 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer
 * 2006 Locus Award for Best First Novel for Hammered/Scardown/Worldwired
 * 2008 Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award for Best Short Science Fiction for "Tideline"
 * 2008 Hugo Award for Best Short Story for "Tideline"
 * 2009 Hugo Award for Best Novelette for "Shoggoths in Bloom"
 * 2009 Gaylactic Spectrum Award for Best Novel for The Stratford Man (Ink and Steel and Hell and Earth)
 * 2012 Audie Award for Best Original Work for METAtropolis: Cascadia
 * 2012 Hugo Award for Best Fancast for SF Squeecast
 * 2013 Hugo Award for Best Fancast for SF Squeecast
 * 2013 Locus Award for Best Collection for Shoggoths in Bloom
 * 2021 Neffy Award for Best Novel (tie) for Machine

title: Elizabeth Bear


text:
User talk:Força Barça

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * Tutorial runs through all the basics.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Help desk is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Rogerd 08:23, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Força Barça


text:
User talk:Iperry

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * Tutorial runs through all the basics.
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User talk:Zhiyokay

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Conocephalum

Conocephalum is a genus of complex thalloid liverworts in the order Marchantiales and is the only extant genus in the family Conocephalaceae. Some species of Conocephalum are assigned to the Conocephalum conicum complex, which includes several cryptic species. Conocephalum species are large liverworts with distinct patterns on the upper thallus, giving the appearance of snakeskin. The species Conocephalum conicum is named for its cone-shaped reproductive structures, called archegoniophores. Common names include snakeskin liverwort, great scented liverwort and cat-tongue liverwort.

Species of Conocephalum are relatively common and widely distributed throughout North America, Europe and East Asia. Conocephalum often occurs in moist and shaded habitats and are also found in open woodlands, sandy banks, wet rocks and cliffs and moist soils. Species of Conocephalum are also often associated with calcareous substrates.

Conocephalum has a relatively large thallus with irregular branching. Plants grow by overlapping lobes, often creating large mats. Regarding reproduction, species of Conocephalum are dioicous. Species of Conocephalum produce different terpenes and aromatic compounds. Considerable variation in species have been identified based on chemical composition and different species have been identified baed on their unique compounds. A unique sesquiterpene alcohol known as conocephalenol was identified and extracted form C. conicum.

Classification and taxonomy
Some species of Conocephalum are placed in the Conocephalum conicum complex, which includes several cryptic species. Consequently, it has been challenging to identify the exact number of species in this genus. Cryptic species refers to a species which demonstrates a genetic difference but lacks morphological differences. Within liverworts, cryptic species are suggested to be related to both geographical disjunction and to reproductive biology in combination with isolation and habitat differentiation.

Molecular research has indicated that Conocephalum comprises a complex of six cryptic species (A, C, F, J, L and S). In 2005 C. conicum cryptic species S was described as a separate species, C. salebrosum. Conocephalum salebrosum has a wider distribution and is present in North America, in contrast to C. conicum.  More recent examinations of the Conocephalum conicum complex in Japan and Taiwan have identified three new species within Conocephalum, C. orientalis, C. purpureorubum and C. toyotae, which were formerly described as C. conicum J, F, and R respectively.

Species

 * Conocephalum conicum complex – includes several cryptic species:
 * Conocephalum conicum
 * Conocephalum salebrosum
 * Conocephalum orientalis
 * Conocephalum purpureorubum
 * Conocephalum toyotae
 * Conocephalum supradecompositum

Distribution
Species of Conocephalum are distributed throughout North America, Europe and East Asia. Conocephalum salebrosum displays the widest distribution and is found throughout North America,  Europe and Asia. In North America, C. salebrosum occurs throughout Canada and parts of the United States and has also been reported from Russia. In contrast to C. salebrosum, C. conicum is found throughout Europe and has been recorded in Norway, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Belgium, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece, Ukraine, Poland and Russia.

The species C. supradecompositum is more restricted in its distribution and is mainly found in China and Japan. Regarding the most recently described species of Conocephalum, C. purpureorubum has been observed in Japan, China, Taiwan and South Korea and C. orientalis has been found in Japan and Taiwan.

Habitat
Species of Conocephalum often occur in moist and shaded habitats. Conocephalum species also grow in specialized micro-habitats near both running and standing water. Conocephalum conicum is often found in open woodlands, sandy banks, wet rocks and cliffs and moist soils. Both C. conicum and C. salebrosum are strongly associated with calcareous substrates. It has also been suggested that C. salebrosum is likely more tolerant of desiccation than C. conicum.

Morphology
Conocephalum conicum and C. salebrosum share some similarities in morphological characteristics, in addition to having their own unique traits which help distinguish the two species.

Gametophyte
The vegetative structure of Conocephalum is a thallus which has the appearance of a flattened body of plant tissue. The thallus is irregularly branched and relatively large, reaching lengths of roughly 20-24 cm. In contrast to C. conicum and C. salebrosum, the thallus of C. supradecompositum is relatively small, measuring 2-3 cm long. The thallus grows by developing lobes which wither away as the plant matures. Plants of C. salebrosum often grow by overlapping lobes, sometimes creating large mats.

Species of Conocephalum have a thallus that is either dull in appearance, such as C. salebrosum, or distinctly shiny, such as C. conicum. The upper surface of the thallus has characteristic hexagonal outlines formed by shallow grooves around each air chamber. Photosynthetic tissue and chloroplasts are located within the air chambers. In the middle of each air chamber is a white-ringed pore. The upper walls of large air chambers are often visible on the surface of the thallus. The air chamber pore remains open, in contrast to the stomata of vascular plants where the pores can open and close.

The underside of the thallus has both rhizoids and scales. The scales are purple in colour and are arranged along the middle of the underside of the thallus. Rhizoids are also present on the underside of the thallus. There are two types of rhizoids, both long smooth rhizoids and short pegged rhizoids. The short rhizoids are thought to play a role in absorbing water and nutrients. In contrast, the longer rhizoids help anchor the thallus to the underlying substrate. The rhizoids are single-celled, in contrast to the multicellular rhizoids found in mosses.

Complex oil bodies
Liverworts cells often contain complex oil bodies. The oil bodies are intracellular organelles bounded by a single membrane. The oil bodies have been known to contain a variety of unique phytochemicals, such as terpenes and flavonoids. The function of oil bodies is still poorly understood. It has been suggested that oil bodies might function as a deterrent to herbivory or could protect from cold temperatures or harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Sporophyte
The sporophyte consists of an unbranched stalk called a seta, which bears a terminal spore capsule called a sporangium. The sporangia of Conocephalum are borne beneath stalked gametophytic structures called archegoniophores. In contrast to mosses, the sporophyte matures before the seta elongates. Unlike mosses, liverwort sporophytes lack stomata, a columella and peristome teeth.

Life cycle
The life cycles of liverworts involves alternating haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. The gametophyte generation is more dominant, while the sporophyte generation is relatively short-lived. The gametophyte produces haploid gametes, egg and sperm, which fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote then develops into a sporophyte which ultimately produces haploid spores through meiosis. The sporophyte requires nutrients supplied by the gametophyte to sustain growth and development.

The life cycle of Marchantia liverworts also applies to Conocephalum, with the exception that Conocephalum lacks a stalked antheridiophore and instead has small flat antheridial heads on the surface of the thallus.

Reproduction
Liverworts reproduce through both sexual and asexual reproduction. In natural populations, the high genetic variation observed suggests that sexual reproduction might dominate. Species of Conocephalum are dioicous, meaning that the male and female reproductive structures are produced on separate plants.

Sexual reproduction
In Conocephalum the male and female reproductive parts are embedded in receptacles on separate plants. On male plants, the receptacle is slightly raised, lacking a stalk, and often circular or oval shaped. Antheridia are embedded in the receptacle and at maturity the sperm is released into the air. In contrast, on female plants the receptacles are dome-shaped, with several drooping lobes at the end of an erect stalk. The receptacles are often described as a tiny umbrella, with the archegonia beneath.

Gametophytes produce eggs and sperm in the archegonia and antheridia, respectively. Fertilization occurs when the sperm reach the egg within the archegonia of a female plant. Once fertilization occurs, the ovule within an archegonium develops into a sporophyte. Mature sporangia on the underside of the receptacle resemble black capsules. These capsules split open to release both spores and elaters, which are dispersed mainly by wind. The elaters function to propel spores during dispersal.

Conocephalum elaters are unique and display a wide range of variability in shape, size and number. Often the abundance of elaters within a capsule are 2-3 times more abundant than spores. Elaters form from an initial mother cell which develops into a diploid cell with spiral thickenings. In contrast, spores develop from an initial diploid mother cell that ultimately forms haploid spores by meiosis.

Asexual reproduction
The production of gemmae is a common method of asexual reproduction in liverworts. Gemmae are small packets of tissue consisting of haploid cells that are genetically identical with those of the parent plant. They are dispersed by rainfall and ultimately grow into new individuals. In C. conicum, gemmae are located on the lower layers of the thallus and are released as the thallus degrades. In contrast, C. salebrosum does not produce gemmae.

Vegetative reproduction can occur when a piece of the thallus breaks off and is transported away from the parent plant. The individuals resulting from vegetative reproduction are genetically identical to the parent plant and therefore clonal colonies often exist as either all male or all female.

Conocephalum species are perennial, meaning that they can overwinter and produce new growth in the spring. These new buds are covered and protected by small scales.

Biochemistry
Many liverworts produce different terpenes and aromatic compounds. Terpenoids and aromatic compounds are often accumulated within the oil bodies of many liverworts, including Conocephalum. Within Conocephalum, considerable variation in species have been identified based on chemical composition and these compounds been used to identify different cryptic species.

Three different groups of Conocephalum were identified baed on their unique primary volatile compounds. For example, the compound cubebol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, is characteristic of C. salebrosum. It has also been noted that C. supradecompositum has a distinct chemical composition compared to C. conicum as well, mainly that the Monoterpenoid content in C. supradecompositum is much less than observed in C. conicum.

A unique sesquiterpene alcohol known as conocephalenol was identified and extracted from C. conicum. Conocephalenol has a unique chemical skeleton that is characteristic of a sesquiterpenes present in red algae.

Fungal interactions
Conocephalum can form associations with fungi that are similar to the mycorrhizal associations observed vascular plants. Molecular analyses demonstrated that Conocephalum contained fungal endophytes from the group of fungi known as the Glomeromycota.

Conocephalum conicum often colonizes bare soils or rocky substrates, where mineral nutrients can often be limiting. The fungal endophyte establishes a complex relationship with C. conicum, which is characterized by the formation of arbuscules. These fungi form a highly branched mycelium outside of the plant which then colonize the outside of the rhizoids and pass into the gametophyte. The fungal infection induces grown of fungal hypha within the host cells of C. conicum. This association of the fungal hypha with the hosts plastids suggests that photosynthates produced through photosynthesis in C. conicum are likely transferred to the fungus. A similar situation regarding this fungal association has also been identified in the thalloid liverwort Pellia epiphylla. Although these associations are common in vascular plants, they have rarely been described in non-vascular plants.

Herbivory
Approximately 25 species of moths which are endemic to East Asia associate exclusively with Conocephalum. The larval stage of Epimartyria pardella moths feed on C. conicum. In addition, the fungal species Loreleia marchantiae also feeds on C. conicum.

Pathogens
The fungal pathogen belonging to the genus Pythium has often been isolated from infected rhizoids and thallus of Conocephalum. Bryoscyphus conocephali is another fungal pathogen that has been associated with C. conicum.

Conocephalum as a bioindicator for pollution
Conocephalum conicum has been identified as being tolerant of heavy metals and has therefore been suggested to have a possible role as a bioindicator for pollution. Conocephalum conicum takes up ions from both the soil and the atmosphere. Therefore, heavy metals contamination of C. conicum is related not only to air pollution, but environmental contamination from different sources. Recent research has also examined C. conicum as a bioindicator for cadmium pollution. Cadmium a toxic metal and considered the third highest contaminant, after mercury and lead. Conocephalum conicum was shown to respond to cadmium stress by changing its biological activity. These biological changes could be used as biomarkers for cadmium pollution.

Anti-fungal activity
Conocephalum conicum has been suggested to have a possible role in the management of food borne disease caused by species of Aspergillus fungi. Aspergillus produces highly potent toxins, carcinogens, referred to as aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are harmful both plants and animals. Aspergillus can cause disease in many important crops, which can ultimately cause disease in humans. Conocephalum has been shown to have a variety of bioactive compounds which promote anti-fungal property against Aspergillus.

Ethnomedicine
Throughout North America, China and India, liverworts such as Conocephalum have been used for ethnomedical purposes. Conocephalum is known to be important to Bhotia, Raji, Tharus and Boxas tribes in Pithoragarh district of Kumaon Himalaya. Conocephalum conicum is used to treat burns, and the extract of C. conicum is also used in treating gallstones. Conocephalum has also demonstrated antidote activity against venomous snake bites. The role of Conocephalum regarding modern medicine has yet to be investigated.

Cosmetic industry
Liverworts often contain highly pungent compounds. Conocephalum species often exude an odour that is characteristic of turpentine. The odour is thought to be related to the presence of monoterpenoids. The compound conocephalenol is widely used in the cosmetic industry for its odourant properties.

title: Conocephalum


text: User talk:69.235.230.78

title: User talk:69.235.230.78


text:
User talk:Nhcatwoman3

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User talk:Mattmccool

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Black-barred danio

The black-barred danio (Danio absconditus) is a species of Danio discovered in Myanmar by Tin Win in 2005 and described in 2015 by Sven Oscar Kullander and Ralf Britz.

title: Black-barred danio


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User talk:Danboarder

Welcome!

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User talk:Gjs238

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Sent by using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) at 07:50, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Happy New Year, Gjs238!

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2000–2001 in African association football leagues

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Category:Volvo Open Cup has been nominated for deletion
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Saudi Comic Con/Comic Con Arabia
Hi. I'm not sure the move you applied here was correct. It appears that Saudi Comic Con and Comic Con Arabia are not the same event, and the edits that were made prior to you moving the page might have been an attempt to hijack the page. Comic Con Arabia probably needed to go into the new article process, but that's how it looks to me. Esw01407 (talk) 15:18, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

CfD nomination at
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Category:Lists of airports in Massachusetts has been nominated for merging
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Category:Students in Mauritius has been nominated for deletion
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2025 FIFA World Cup qualification
Man, you did a lot of damage here....this is a totally different competition than the World Cup. It is the Club World Cup...emphasis on CLUB. Chris 1834  Talk 13:13, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Who created the page? Gjs238 (talk) 13:42, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2025 FIFA World Cup qualification

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About your categorizations of Castle in the Sky and Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)
Hey Gjs238, you recently added Category:Solarpunk works to these articles and several others. I don't know enough about the subjects of the other articles to comment on them, but your additions were not appropriate for the two I mentioned. Please note that categories must be verifiable, and an article should not be placed in a category unless there is sourced prose in the article indicating why that categorization was made. Let me know if you have any questions! —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 22:38, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2025 FIFA World Cup

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Mid-importance Karnataka road transport articles

A tag has been placed on Category:Mid-importance Karnataka road transport articles indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:57, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Stub-Class Haryana road transport articles

A tag has been placed on Category:Stub-Class Haryana road transport articles indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:57, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Mid-importance Haryana road transport articles

A tag has been placed on Category:Mid-importance Haryana road transport articles indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:57, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Category:British LGBT civil servants has been nominated for merging
Category:British LGBT civil servants has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Mason (talk) 04:06, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

A Request
Hello, Gjs238,

You are undoing many categorization edits by editor Yaw tuba. Could you please take a moment to go to their User talk page and explain why you are reverting their work? They are much less likely to make categorization mistakes in the future if you take the time to explain what they are doing incorrectly regarding categorization. I think you will save yourself some time in the long run, help another editor in the process and avoid any revert wars.

Please do this any time you find yourself undoing the work of another editor on multiple pages. And it helps if you write a personal message rather than use a general template. This is especially important for categories which have their own structure and organization which may not seem obvious to editors new to working with them. Thank you. Liz Read! Talk! 16:56, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

Category:Relational art
Hello, Gjs238,

Please do not tag a category for speedy deletion unless it has been emptied. Otherwise, it leaves red link categories which are not permitted. Thank you for taking care of this. Liz Read! Talk! 02:31, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * That was G6 XfD. Gjs238 (talk)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Mexican companies established in 2019

A tag has been placed on Category:Mexican companies established in 2019 indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 16:43, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Azerbaijani people of Dutch descent

A tag has been placed on Category:Azerbaijani people of Dutch descent indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:28, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Dimerization category move
At my talk page, we are discussing the recent category move which you initiated: User talk:Ymblanter. Could you please leave your opinion there? Thank you. Ymblanter (talk) 10:25, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

Category:Languages with ISO 639-3 code has been nominated for deletion
Category:Languages with ISO 639-3 code has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Remsense 诉  10:38, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Startups in Ethiopia
Hello Gjs238,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Startups in Ethiopia for deletion, because it's a redirect from an article title to a namespace that's not for articles.

If you don't want Startups in Ethiopia to be deleted, you can contest this deletion, but don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Thanks!

Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.

C F A  💬  21:50, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

CfD nomination at
A category or categories you have created have been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at  on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 02:10, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

Deletion review for Category:Wesley L. McDonald Distinguished Statesman and Stateswoman of Aviation Award
An editor has asked for a deletion review of Category:Wesley L. McDonald Distinguished Statesman and Stateswoman of Aviation Award. Because you participated in the deletion discussion for this page, you might want to participate in the deletion review. Nayyn (talk) 00:38, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2025 Big 12 Conference baseball season

A tag has been placed on Category:2025 Big 12 Conference baseball season indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 17:09, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2025 NCAA Division I baseball tournament participants

A tag has been placed on Category:2025 NCAA Division I baseball tournament participants indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 17:09, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2022–23 Football League Two by team

A tag has been placed on Category:2022–23 Football League Two by team indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:59, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2022–23 Football League Two

A tag has been placed on Category:2022–23 Football League Two indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 20:00, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2022–23 Football League

A tag has been placed on Category:2022–23 Football League indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 20:03, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Category:Video games featuring Sylvester the Cat has been nominated for merging
Category:Video games featuring Sylvester the Cat has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. ★Trekker (talk) 15:05, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2025 NCAA Division I baseball tournament

A tag has been placed on Category:2025 NCAA Division I baseball tournament indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 17:12, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2023 in Malaysian law

A tag has been placed on Category:2023 in Malaysian law indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 17:24, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Category:Urban development in Ethiopia has been nominated for deletion
Category:Urban development in Ethiopia has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Marcocapelle (talk) 20:35, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2014 Thai television series endings

A tag has been placed on Category:2014 Thai television series endings indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. ✗ plicit  13:18, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

Daniel Silva books
Thanks for all the cleanup! Star  Mississippi  16:16, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Economic development in Ethiopia

A tag has been placed on Category:Economic development in Ethiopia indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 05:01, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

Category:20th-century Catalan architects has been nominated for merging
Category:20th-century Catalan architects has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Mason (talk) 23:52, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

CfD nomination at
A category or categories you have created have been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at  on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. House Blaster  (talk · he/they) 20:56, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gjs238


text:
User talk:Alastair G. Hogge

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * Tutorial runs through all the basics.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Help desk is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Rogerd 08:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alastair G. Hogge


text:
Acoustic Doppler current profiler

An acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) is a hydroacoustic current meter similar to a sonar, used to measure water current velocities over a depth range using the Doppler effect of sound waves scattered back from particles within the water column. The term ADCP is a generic term for all acoustic current profilers, although the abbreviation originates from an instrument series introduced by RD Instruments in the 1980s. The working frequencies range of ADCPs range from 38 kHz to several megahertz.

A similar device is a SODAR, which works in the air and uses the same principles for wind speed profiling.

Working principle
ADCPs contain piezoelectric transducers to transmit and receive sound signals. The traveling time of sound waves gives an estimate of the distance. The frequency shift of the echo is proportional to the water velocity along the acoustic path. To measure 3D velocities, at least three beams are required. In rivers, only the 2D velocity is relevant and ADCPs typically have two beams. In recent years, more functionality has been added to ADCPs (notably wave and turbulence measurements) and systems can be found with 2,3,4,5 or even 9 beams.

Further components of an ADCP are an electronic amplifier, a receiver, a clock to measure the traveling time, a temperature sensor, a compass to know the heading, and a pitch/roll sensor to know the orientation. An analog-to-digital converter and a digital signal processor are required to sample the returning signal in order to determine the Doppler shift. A temperature sensor is used to estimate the sound velocity at the instrument position using the seawater equation of state, and uses this to estimate scale the frequency shift to water velocities. This procedure assumes that the salinity has a preconfigured constant value. Finally, the results are saved to internal memory or output online to an external display software.

Processing methods
Three common methods are used to calculate the Doppler shift and thus the water velocity along the acoustic beams. The first method uses a monochromatic transmit pulse and is referred to as "incoherent" or "narrowband". The method is robust and provides good quality mean current profiles but has limited space-time resolution. When the transmit pulse consists of coded elements that are repeated, the method is referred to as "repeat sequence coding" or "broadband". This method improves the space-time resolution by a factor of 5 (typical). Commercially, this method was protected by US patent 5615173 until 2011. The pulse-to-pulse coherent method relies on a sequence of transmit pulses where the echo from subsequent pulses are assumed not to interfere with each other. This method is only applicable for very short profiling ranges but the corresponding improvement in space time resolution is of order 1000.

Applications
Depending on the mounting, one can distinguish between side-looking, downward- and upward-looking ADCPs. A bottom-mounted ADCP can measure the speed and direction of currents at equal intervals all the way to the surface. Mounted sideways on a wall or bridge piling in rivers or canals, it can measure the current profile from bank to bank. In very deep water they can be lowered on cables from the surface.

The primary usage is for oceanography. The instruments can also be used in rivers and canals to continuously measure the discharge.

Mounted on moorings within the water column or directly at the seabed, water current and wave studies may be performed. They can stay underwater for years at a time, the limiting factor is the lifetime of the battery pack. Depending on the nature of the deployment the instrument usually has the ability to be powered from shore, using the same umbilical cable for data communication. Deployment duration can be extended by a factor of three by substituting lithium battery packs for the standard alkaline packs.

Bottom tracking
By adjusting the window where the Doppler shift is calculated, it is possible to measure the relative velocity between the instrument and the bottom. This feature is referred to as bottom-track. The process has two parts; first identify the position of the bottom from the acoustic echo, then calculating the velocity from a window centered around the bottom position. When an ADCP is mounted on a moving ship, the bottom track velocity may be subtracted from the measured water velocity. The result is the net current profile. Bottom track provides the foundation for surveys of the water currents in coastal areas. In deep water where the acoustic signals cannot reach the bottom, the ship velocity is estimated from a more complex combination of velocity and heading information from GPS, gyro, etc.

Discharge measurements
In rivers, the ADCP is used to measure the total water transport. The method requires a vessel with an ADCP mounted over the side to cross from one bank to another while measuring continuously. Using the bottom track feature, the track of the boat as well as the cross sectional area is estimated after adjustment for left and right bank areas. The discharge can then be calculated as the dot product between the vector track and the current velocity. The method is in use by hydrographic survey organisations across the world and forms an important component in the stage-discharge curves used in many places to continuously monitor river discharge.

Doppler velocity log (DVL)
For underwater vehicles, the bottom tracking feature can be used as an important component in the navigation systems. In this case the velocity of the vehicle is combined with an initial position fix, compass or gyro heading, and data from the acceleration sensor. The sensor suite is combined (typically by use of a Kalman filter) to estimate the position of the vehicle. This may help to navigate submarines, autonomous, and remotely operated underwater vehicles.

Wave measurements
Some ADCPs can be configured to measure surface wave height and direction. The wave height is estimated with a vertical beam that measures the distance to the surface using the echo from short pulses and simple peak estimation algorithms. The wave direction is found by cross correlating the along-beam velocity estimates and the wave height measurement from the vertical beam. Wave measurements are typically available for seafloor-mounted instruments but recent improvements permit the instrument to be mounted also on rotating subsurface buoys.

Turbulence
ADCPs with pulse-to-pulse coherent processing can estimate the velocity with the precision required to resolve small scale motion. As a consequence, it is possible to estimate turbulent parameters from properly configured ADCPs. A typical approach is to fit the along beam velocity to the Kolmogorov structure configuration and thereby estimate the dissipation rate. The application of ADCPs to turbulence measurement is possible from stationary deployments but can also be done from moving underwater structures like gliders or from subsurface buoys.

Advantages and disadvantages
The two major advantages of ADCPs is the absence of moving parts that are subject to biofouling and the remote sensing aspect, where a single, stationary instrument can measure the current profile over ranges exceeding 1000 m. These features allow for long term measurements of the ocean currents over a significant portion of the water column. Since the start in the mid-1980s, many thousand ADCPs have been used in the world oceans and the instrument has played a significant role in our understanding of the world ocean circulation.

The main disadvantage of the ADCPs is the loss of data close to the boundary. This mechanism, often referred to as a sidelobe interference, covers 6–12% of the water column and, for instruments looking up toward the surface, the loss of velocity information close to the surface is a real disadvantage. Cost is also a concern but is normally dwarfed by the cost of the ship required to ensure a safe and professional deployment.

As any acoustical instrument, the ADCP contributes to noise pollution in the ocean which may interfere with cetacean navigation and echolocation. The effect depends on the frequency and the power of the instrument but most ADCPs operate in a frequency range where noise pollution has not been identified to be a serious problem.

title: Acoustic Doppler current profiler


text:
User talk:PowersPhotos

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * Tutorial runs through all the basics.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Help desk is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Rogerd 08:28, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Steve Fossett
Hi, I appreciate your efforts to add info to the Steve Fossett article. However, they way you're doing it is completely messing up the formatting -- you seem to be pasting formatted text in as source, which doesn't work. (Compare the version you created with the current version.) If you read some of the help articles linkedd above, they should help. Cheers, and please don't be put off... — Johan the Ghost seance 23:43, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi,
 * I am working at the direction of Steve Fossett. It is my job.

So you're updating Fossett's article at his instruction? That's a pretty serious breach of Wikipedia protocol, I'm afraid; people aren't supposed to create articles about themselves. If you have a problem with the article, the best thing would be to mention it on the talk page and let someone else deal with it.
 * And you don't even know what his correct name is.

Yes I do. Now you're being silly.
 * Talk about VANDALISM.

No I didn't, I said (very reasonably) that you got the formatting wrong.
 * You are doing it.

Accusing people of vandalism without reason is not nice. You completely messed up the formatting of that article; I fixed it. Please learn how to edit Wikipedia correctly before going on. Cheers, — Johan the Ghost seance 23:51, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I have to say it's time you took a deep breath and thought before posting. For example:
 * ''I have been contributing to this article at the direction and correction of Steve himself.

As I said above, that itself is a problem. Steve should not direct alterations to his own article, as he can hardly be expected to be unbiased. If you want changes to the article, please request them on the article's talk page, stating that you work for Steve.
 * ''YOU are not providing the information (Including his name) in a way that he wants or is even correct.

If you could see what is going on, you would notice that I actually made (at least some) of the changes you were trying to make.
 * ''I AM NOT A VANDAL

When will you get it into your head that I never said you were? I said "I appreciate your efforts to add info to the Steve Fossett article". Look up, you'll see it there. However -- for the third time -- you screwed up the formatting of the article, and rather than leave it looking like trash, I fixed it.
 * ''and I provided the picture of him.

Thanks, that's very helpful.
 * ''SO STOP IT.

Nope. Oh, and please, when you add to a talk page, sign your post with four tildes. Cheers, — Johan the Ghost seance 00:07, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

By the way, I'm not the only person reverting you here, so you may be talking (at least in part) to the wrong person. — Johan the Ghost seance 00:09, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

photo of Mr. Fossett
If you are talking about this photo, I've already corrected the wiki syntax in Steve Fossett and the photo appears correctly (if not, try to refresh/reload the page in your browser). | You can go here to understand how I've solved the problem. And if you want to find the photos you have uploaded, simply click at "my contributions" and chose the namespace "image" : | your photos. You can contact me if you have others questions. Mister Matt 10:32, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

When I click on the Thumb nail the larger version is not showing up. Do you know how, or do you know someone to ask, to make this work? Sorry to bother you, but you seemed interested in making the site correct. Thanks for your attention. PowersPhotos
 * Clicking on the thumbnail redirects you here and a larger version is showing up. If you want the highest resolution for the photo, click again on the photo to go here. I hope it was the answer you was waiting for. And also, please, log in into your account and sign your messages with ~ . It is easier to communicate that way. Mister Matt 18:54, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Steve Fossett 04.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Steve Fossett 04.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 20:57, 4 October 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? —Danorton (talk) 20:57, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:PowersPhotos


text:
User talk:Chagual

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia. When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * Tutorial runs through all the basics.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Help desk is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Rogerd 08:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chagual


text:
Thomas Smith (finance professor)

Thomas (Tom) Smith (born 17 May 1958) is an Australian finance academic. He has been ranked as the number one finance academic in Australia and New Zealand by both the Journal of Financial Literature and the Pacific Basin Finance Journal.

Biography
After undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of Queensland (Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) 1980, Masters in Financial Management 1982) where he was the recipient of numerous academic and merit awards. He completed his PhD studies at Stanford Graduate School of Business.

He has held appointments at Duke University (1988–1995), Australian Graduate School of Management (1995–2002), Australia National University (2003-2011) and the University of Queensland (2012-2017). At UQ Business School, he held the Frank Finn Chair in Finance.

Smith's current research includes work on environmental finance, stock volatility, market microstructure and dividend policy. Earlier interests are in the areas of asset pricing theory and tests, the design of markets and derivatives. His research has been published in the leading financial economic journals, including the Journal of Finance, Review of Financial Studies, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Accounting Research, Journal of Business, Journal of Law and Economics and the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.

title: Thomas Smith (finance professor)