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Adoption in the United States

In the United States, adoption is the process of creating a legal parent–child relationship between a child and a parent who was not automatically recognized as the child's parent at birth.

Most adoptions in the US are adoptions by a step-parent. The second most common type is a foster care adoption. In those cases, the child is unable to live with the birth family, and the government is overseeing the care and adoption of the child. International adoptions involve the adoption of a child who was born outside the United States. A private adoption is an adoption that was independently arranged without the involvement of a government agency.

Between five and seven million Americans are adoptees. About 150,000 adoptions happen each year, including about 50,000 foster-care adoptions.

While most adoptions involve minor children (under the age of 18), adult adoption is also possible.

Types
Adoptions in the United States may be either domestic or from another country. Domestic adoptions can be arranged either through a state agency, an adoption agency, or independently.

By family members
In the United States, most adoptions involve a child being adopted by a person who is married to a birth parent, or by another existing relative. Adoption by a stepmother or stepfather is called a step-parent. If the child is adopted by a person who lives with, but is not married to, a birth parent, then it is called a second-parent adoption. More broadly, these may be called known-child adoptions, which includes adoption by family members, family friends, or other people previously known to the child.

Generally step-parent adoption requires consent from all living, legally recognized parents. The process usually terminates the rights of the non-custodial parent. The parent whose rights are terminated will no longer need to pay child support or have any other responsibilities for the adopted child. In most, but not all US states, the child's right to inherit property after the death of the birth parent is also ended. Older children are normally expected to give their consent as well. Biological children of disabled military veterans who are adopted by non-military veteran step-parents also forfeit Chapter 35 benefits from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.

Through the foster care system
The United States foster care system enables adults to care for minor children who are not able to live with their biological parents.

If a child in the U.S. governmental foster care system is not adopted or returned to the custody of their birth parents by the age of 18 years, they are aged out of the system on their 18th birthday. To help encourage the adoption of children presently in foster care, adoption exchanges were created, so the county adoption agencies around the country could have a central data base to help waiting children find homes. This allows prospective adoptive parents to not only see children waiting for adoption in their own region, but throughout the nation. The central adoption exchange is adoptuskids.org, created through a grant of the Children's Bureau, U.S. Office of Administration of Children and Families.

International adoption
Prospective American adoptive parents may use international adoption (also called intercountry adoption) to adopt a child from another country. American citizens, including American citizens who have emigrated from countries they wish to adopt from, represent the majority of international adoptive parents, followed by Europeans and those from other developed nations such as Australia. The laws of different countries vary in their willingness to allow international adoptions. Some countries, such as China, Korea and Vietnam, have very well established rules and procedures for foreign adopters to follow, while others, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for example, expressly forbid it. International adoptions by Americans became much more common after the Korean War when American servicemen fathered interracial children with Korean women. China is the leading country for international adoptions by Americans.

The U.S. Department of State has designated the Intercountry Adoption Accreditation and Maintenance Entity, Inc. (IAAME), as the accrediting agency responsible for accreditation, approval, monitoring, and oversight of adoption service providers that provide intercountry adoption services in the United States. The IAAME maintains a list of accredited international adoption service providers.

Adoption facilitators
There are also individuals who act on their own and attempt to match waiting children, both domestically and abroad, with prospective parents, and in foreign countries provide additional services such as translation and local transport. They are commonly referred to as facilitators. Since in many jurisdictions their legal status is uncertain (and in some U.S. states they are banned outright), they operate in a legal gray area.

Where the law does not specifically allow them to, all they can do is make an introduction, leaving the details of the placement to those legally qualified to do so. But in practice, their role as gatekeepers can give them a great deal of power to direct a particular child to a particular client, or not, and some have been accused of using this power to defraud prospective adoptive parents.

Recent numbers
, fewer than one infant out of every 200 born each year are relinquished for adoption by the birth mother. In 2019, this amounted to approximately 18,000 independent adoptions. Independent adoptions are usually arranged by attorneys and typically involve infants. Approximately 55% of all U.S. infant adoptions are completed via independent adoption. Additionally, approximately 3,000 infants were adopted from outside the U.S.

In non-voluntary relinquishments, at any given point in time, approximately 100,000 children are eligible for adoption through the foster care system. Nearly all of these children are school-age (age 5 to 17); younger children tend to be disabled or have siblings that should be adopted as a group. The enactment of the Adoption and Safe Families Act in 1997 has approximately doubled the number of children adopted from foster care in the United States.

The number of adults who would like to adopt a healthy infant or toddler significantly exceeds the number of infants available for adoption.

Historical numbers
Statistics from the 1940s and 1950s are unreliable, but researchers generally estimate that about 20% of the babies born to unmarried white American women were put up for adoption before the 1970s, and that this number declined steeply in the 1970s and 1980s. Black birth mothers were much less likely to be involved in adoption.

The 2000 census was the first census in which adoption statistics were collected. The estimated number of children adopted in the year 2000 was slightly over 128,000, bringing the total U.S. population of adopted children to 2,058,915. In 2008 the number of children adopted increased to nearly 136,000. (These numbers include adoption by step-parents and same-sex parents whose parental rights were not automatically recognized at birth.)

International adoptions became common in the 1950s, driven initially by the Korean War and much later by evangelical Christians.

International numbers
The highest number of international adoptions happened in 2004, and has declined to a small fraction of the peak since then.

Children adopted from other countries are more likely to be female, largely due to the gender difference in adoptions from China.

Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs

Organizations involved
Adoption agencies must be licensed by the state in which they operate. The U.S. government maintains a website, Child Welfare Information Gateway, which lists each state's licensed agencies. There are both private and public adoption agencies. Private adoption agencies often focus on infant adoptions, while public adoption agencies typically help find homes for waiting children, many of them presently in foster care and in need of a permanent loving home. To assist in the adoption of waiting children, there is a U.S. government-affiliated website, AdoptUSKids.org, assisting in sharing information about these children with potential adoptive parents. The North American Council on Adoptable Children provides information on financial assistance to adoptive parents (called adoption subsidies) when adopting a child with special needs.

Social and psychological results
Because of changes in adoption over the last few decades – changes that include open adoption, gay adoption, international adoptions and trans-racial (racial transformation) adoptions, and a focus on moving children out of the foster care system into adoptive families – adoption has had a large impact on the basic unit of society and the family. Joan Boocock Lee, an Episcopalian British-American actress married to a Jewish husband, stated that as members of an interfaith marriage the couple faced difficulty adopting in the mid-twentieth-century United States.

Some adoption research scholars have reported seven core issues to consistently be associated with the processes of adoption. Problems with loss, grief, rejection, guilt and shame, identity, intimacy, and control may, in some cases, uniquely affect each member of the adoption triad.

Trans-racial adoption
The adoption of children of one race by parents of another race, which began officially in the United States in 1948, has always generated controversy. The argument often comes down to opposing views as to who gets to decide what is the "best interest" of children. Critics of transracial adoption question whether white American parents can effectively prepare children of color to deal with racism. Others wonder where the children raised by white parents will find social acceptance as adults. Testimony from many transracially adopted adults who grew up in white families illustrates the "in-between" status many adoptees feel, not belonging to or feeling comfortable in communities of color or among white society. Another source of controversy is the history of the widespread removal of children from families and communities of color, which has been shown by historians to have been a tool to regulate families and oppress communities, dating back to slavery times and during the now-discredited Indian Boarding School movement of the early twentieth century. Given this history of child removal, the National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW) condemned transracial adoptions in 1972 in their historic Position Statement. In that paper, the NABSW equated the removal of African American children from their families of origin—and their placement in white homes—with "cultural genocide."

Pro-transracial adoption advocates argue that there are more white families seeking to adopt than there are minority families; conversely, there are more minority children available for adoption. For example, in 2009, 41% of children available for adoption were African American, 40% were white children, and 15% were Hispanic children. This disparity often results in a lower cost to adopt children from ethnic minorities – usually through special adoption grants rather than fee discrimination. Many critics decry the exchange of money for children, whether as "fees for service" or otherwise, arguing that no children of any race should ever be for sale. Proponents point out practicality in the current systems. This situation is morally difficult because the adoptive families see adoption as a great benefit to trans-racially adopted children, while some minorities see it as an assault on their culture. In 2004, 26 percent of African-American children adopted from foster care were adopted trans-racially. Government agencies have varied over time in their willingness to facilitate trans-racial adoptions. "Since 1994, white prospective parents have filed, and largely won, more than two dozen discrimination lawsuits, according to state and federal court records." There is also a great need to place these children; in 2004 more than 45,000 African-American children were waiting to be adopted from foster care.

In 2013, 7,092 kids were adopted from foreign countries down from 22,991 in 2004. This trend has helped lower the resistance to trans-racial adoptions in the United States, at least for Asian and Hispanic children, although there is still high demand for Caucasian children, who usually come from Eastern Europe.

As the children adopted in the early days of the transracial adoption experiment have reached middle age, a growing chorus of voices from adult transracial adoptees has emerged. Their collective experience can be found in films, scholarly articles, memoirs, blogs, and numerous books on the subject.

Rehoming
With the increase in adoption rates over the many decades, the United States has been faced with a new morally questionable practice: rehoming. This is the act of caregivers posting an advertisement when they do not feel the child should be in their care any longer. Investigation of the child's new housing situation is not required in this practice, and this has created an underground market, one where child traffickers can thrive. There is a lack of regulation surrounding this practice and current legislation contradicts each other, making this harder to combat.

When a parent adopts a child, they may not have been aware that the child has special needs and thus, are not equipped to help this child. The child may act out or not fit in with the family so the family turns to rehoming. Rehoming is not adoption and because of that, the government does not have to be notified and adoption agencies are not involved. Thus, re-homing is a prime target for child and sex traffickers. There are laws set in place to protect children through adoption processes and against sex trafficking, but there are barely any laws regarding rehoming. The courts authorize this practice because the U.S. state law may allow a parent, legal guardian or relative within the second degree to place out or board out a child. However, while the U.S. federal bill Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act would require the family to make rational decisions and prioritize the health of the child, the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children contradicts this. This states that the family only has to make sure children are placed in adequate care only when the re-homing process is done across state lines. There is no mention of maintaining the children's safety when rehoming within the same state.

The laws surrounding rehoming are basically non-existent which puts adopted children at the risk of unequipped parents and all other types of dysfunctional homes. This second-chance adoption, as some parents see it, has led to negative effects that failed adoptions have on children as they go through the process of readapting to a new home environment again. With the statute that allows second-degree legal guardians to put their adopted child in the care of someone else, and the rising of re-homing websites and ads on social media, the rehoming process highly exposes children to underground markets and other trafficking prospects. In that regard, laws and statutes concerning adoption and rehoming should be re-evaluated to ensure the full protection of adopted children.

In 2018, the Uniform Law Commission formed a committee to study the rehoming issue, which is also known more formerly as "unregulated transfer of adopted children". The committee indicated that it will draft a uniform or model law to prohibit the unregulated transfer of all adopted children.

Prohibitive cost
Adoption costs can range from almost nothing for foster care adoptions to over $50,000 for international adoptions. In 2015 the average U.S. adoption cost was $37,000. High costs negatively impact the demand for adoption, as fewer prospective adoptive families can afford to adopt, but the number of children that need to be adopted stays the same or increases. As a result, prospective adopters may seek less cost prohibitive alternatives to adoption like fertility treatments or privately arranged adoptions.

Source of costs
The cost of adoption varies widely based on the method of adoption. Almost all the different forms of adoptions have costs related to home study, documentation, adoption agency fees and profit, consultant fees, attorney fees, travel expenses, birth family expenses, foster care costs, early childhood medical costs, and relocation costs.

Public foster care adoptions frequently incur zero costs, though the U.S. average is $2,622 according to a 2015 survey done by Adoptive Families Magazine. Independently-arranged adoptions, orchestrated by a private attorney, can vary greatly in costs. The arrangements are generally set up between prospective adopters and an expecting mother. While some independent adoption arrangements may stay low cost due to the nature of the agreement, costs still average $31,890. Independently-arranged adoptions can reduce costs by staying in-state, sharing prenatal and child birth medical costs with the birth parents, finding a birth parent by word-of-mouth or by offer to avoid shopping for an adoption-willing parent. Private adoption agencies are the most expensive option, with an average cost of $42,337. Out-of-state adoptions can drastically increase adoption costs due to complex legal challenges and travels costs. Costs vary between states due to differing regulations and fees that can cause additional expenses. Medical costs are also frequently cited as an unexpected expense for both the birth mothers and the children. "False starts," when a mother decides not to give up their baby after it is born, can cost up to $2,500 each time.

International adoption costs
International adoptions can vary in cost, depending on the country, and average between $30,000 and $50,000. In some countries, costs can be equivalent to domestic adoption. According to Adoptive Families Magazine, Ethiopia to U.S. adoptions in 2015 averaged $30,633, while South Korea to U.S. adoptions averaged $40,000 to $50,000. Disparities in countries' adoption costs can be attributed by the differences in their regulation and requirements. Both Ethiopia and South Korea require two trips by prospective adopters, which increases overall costs. South Korea's advanced pre-adoption care and medical system costs can also increase costs passed down to adoptive parents. Due to the potential of challenging political and cultural climates of adoption origin countries, undisclosed costs such as "required donations," facilitating or origin country agency fees, and other extrajudicial pay-offs to the children's guardians, or origin country or for-profit adoption agency.

Physical characteristics as a cost factor
The physical characteristics of children being considered for adoption; such as race, age, and physical or developmental disability; can cause a 74% variation in adoption costs. Adopting parents may have a desire for specific characteristics in their adoptive child, for which they are willing to pay extra costs to obtain. In international adoptions, children with brown skin color cost $8,200 less to adopt, and dark skin color $14,700 less to adopt, compared to Caucasian children. In domestic adoptions, adoptions cost $600 less per every additional year of age. Additionally, African American children cost $4,400 less than their Caucasian counterparts to adopt. Children with physical disabilities cost $4,000 less.

Subsidies and tax credits
Adopters can claim most expenses through the adoption tax credit. For foster system adoptions, the adoption tax credit may cover the entire cost of adoption. Foster children may also qualify for monthly government stipends, Medicaid health insurance, and even college tuition.

Adoption reform
No sooner were US adoptions made secretive with original birth records sealed, than those adopted began to seek reform. Jean Paton, author of Breaking Silence and founder of Orphan Voyage in 1954, is regarded as the mother of adoption reform and reunification efforts. Jean Paton mentored adoptee Judith Land, "Adoption Detective: Memoir of an Adopted Child" during her adoption search. Florence Fisher organized The ALMA Society (Adoptees Liberation Movement Association) in 1972, Emma May Vilardi created International Soundex Reunion Registry (ISRR) in 1975, Lee Campbell and other birthmothers joined the fight for Open Records forming Concerned United Birthparents (CUB) in 1976, and by the spring of 1979 representatives of 32 organizations from 33 states, Canada and Mexico gathered together in DC to establish the American Adoption Congress (AAC). The Triadoption Library began keeping records in 1978 showing 52 search/support/reform organizations, by 1985 there were over 550 worldwide.

Adoption Reform encompasses family preservation, adoptees' access to original birth certificates, birth and adoptive families having direct access to each other (open adoption) and all related records (open records).

The Adoption Triangle by Annette Baran, Reuben Pannor and Arthur Sorosky; Twice Born and Lost and Found by Betty Jean Lifton; I Would Have Searched Forever by Sandra Musser; The Adoption Searchbook: Techniques for Tracing People by Mary Jo Rillera; The Politics of Adoption by Mary Kathleen Benet; Dear Birthmother by Kathleen Silber and Phylis Speedlin; all published in the 1970s and still in print, were instrumental in examining and defining the foundation of reform.

As of July 2014, 28 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have legal provisions for enforceable open adoption contact agreements, and an additional six states have provisions for enforceable agreements with some limitations. Each year additional states consider law changes that give persons separated by adoption access to information about themselves and each other. As of 2013, over 85% of adoptions in the US are either semi- or completely open.

Search and reunion
Many adopted children who were separated from their birth parents by adoption have a desire to reunite, and most would like family medical history information and access to any documents where they are mentioned. Often, birth parents who placed their infants want to reunite as well. In states which practice or have practiced confidential adoption, this has led to the creation of adoption reunion registries, and efforts to establish the right of adoptees to access their sealed records (for example, the American Adoption Congress, Concerned United Birthparents, and Bastard Nation). Others join search and support groups, most of which are non-profit, or some hire investigative companies to locate birth families and adopted children.

Adoption of Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs was adopted from a Joanne Carole Schieble, who was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, in February 1955. At the time abortion was illegal in Wisconsin before Roe v. Wade was enacted by the Supreme Court in 1973. Her parents disapproved of the pregnancy so she moved out to San Francisco during her pregnancy to be cared for by an obstetrician, who worked in secret with unwed mothers and helping in the arrangement with adopting parents during the pregnancy. Paul and Clara Jobs adopted Steve Jobs placing him in the budding Silicon Valley.

Related legislation
The Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act (H.R. 4980; 113th Congress) passed the United States House of Representatives on July 23, 2014. It is a bill that would address federal adoption incentives and would amend the Social Security Act (SSA) to require the state plan for foster care and adoption assistance to demonstrate that the state agency has developed policies and procedures for identifying, documenting in agency records, and determining appropriate services with respect to, any child or youth over whom the state agency has responsibility for placement, care, or supervision who the state has reasonable cause to believe is, or is at risk of being, a victim of sex trafficking or a severe form of trafficking in persons. The bill H.R. 4980 passed the Senate on September 9, 2014, and President Obama signed it into law on September 29.

title: Adoption in the United States


text: Category:Companies of Malta

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Talk:Skullhead

We need an article about no remorse, i think they are pretty notable more then blue eyed evils who have a page on wikipedia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.149.107.137 (talk • contribs)

Skullhead's Political Affiliations
Were they Neo-Nazis or not? --MosheA (talk) 00:22, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

RACIST
Saying that Skullhead stayed away from overt racist lyrics like No remorse is absolute rubbish. Just because they didn't use the N word doesn't mean they were not racist. Listen to the song "Blame The Bosses" (for the blacks) and "Breeding Center" and you'll understand what I mean. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.176.3.180 (talk) 12:44, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

YOu are wrong-he sings Blame the bosses-NOT THE BLACKS.But ofcourse they where racist. Today Kev Turner has married a gay man i read... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.54.137.1 (talk) 22:39, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

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Vehicle registration plates of Argentina

Argentine license plates (in Spanish, chapas patentes or simply patentes) are used to uniquely identify motor vehicles on the roads of Argentina. The current system employs three letters followed by three digits, issued consecutively, but the license plate system underwent significant changes before the use of this format. The history of license plates in Argentina can be broken down in two major phases, the decentralized phase (until 1972) and the centralized one (since 1972). During the decentralized phase, license plates were assigned by each municipality or by the provinces, while during the second phase, the national state took charge of standardizing and centralizing the design and style.

Early 1900s-1972: Decentralization

The first formal patents were issued in the early 1900s, although few records of them exist. The period between 1916 and 1969 was the most prolific in designs. Each district was allowed to issue its own license plates.

1964-1994: Identifying the provinces
In 1958, under Decree Law 6582, the National Registry of Automotive Property (RNPA) was created. It is a body dependent on the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, whose mission is to regulate everything related to the registration of ownership of motor vehicles, subsequent procedures and pledge credits. Its first objective was to unify, regulate and standardize the different identifications or automotive patents, a task carried out until then by each municipality in the country autonomously.

The format of the first license plates created by the RNPA, issued from June 1, 1964, consisted of a letter and six numerical digits printed in white in relief on a black background, and all its content was framed by a thin white painted box also in relief. The letter identified the province or district where the automobile was located, while the numbers were generated consecutively, although zoned according to the corresponding registry. These first patents used a somewhat small typeface that made it difficult to read them at a certain distance, especially when faced with police requirements. Due to this inconvenience, in the mid-1970s a new format of larger patent plate began to be issued, where the characters were larger and in which the white box was also eliminated, as can be seen in the photograph on the right. Although this considerably changed and improved the appearance of the patent plates themselves, it did not modify the patent system at all and kept the same numerical sequence. This change was observed more quickly in the Federal Capital and some districts of Greater Buenos Aires, although the vast majority of sectional registries began to issue the new plates between the end of 1970 and the beginning of 1971.

However, between 1972 and 1973 many vehicles with the old format were also patented and re-patented, but they were issued by those sections with little registration activity that took much longer to exhaust the number series (from 200 to 500 numbers) assigned to them by the RNPA during 1970. The vast majority were small towns in the interior of the provinces or far from the big cities; this was gradually regularized when each registry mentioned began to issue a new assigned number series, already with the patent plates in the definitive format.

Patenting
Once the RNPA was created, the main objective of the new state body was to integrate the entire country under the same vehicle patenting system, but this task would require a large logistics organization, unprecedented until then, which had to be carefully planned to be carried out in different stages, which were the following:

 * On Monday, June 1, 1964, the Federal Capital was the first district in the country designated to begin with the new patenting, being the only one to do so throughout the rest of that year, as the first step for the gradual and programmed insertion of the new automotive patenting system.
 * The second step of the plan began in 1965 in the province of Buenos Aires, but for organizational reasons it was decided that the new patenting would be carried out initially in 17 districts of the Buenos Aires suburbs at that time (General Sarmiento was not included). nor Esteban Echeverría).
 * Two years later, in July 1967, Mendoza, Neuquén and Salta were the next provinces that began to patent the new system.
 * Between September and December 1969, the starting point for the new patenting was designated in the rest of the municipalities of the province of Buenos Aires, that is, those districts that made up the interior of the province. General Sarmiento and Esteban Echeverría also joined, since they were not included in Greater Buenos Aires in 1965.
 * Finally, between 1968 and 1969 the rest of the provinces were incorporated.

This patenting scheme was valid until December 31, 1994, except for the province of Mendoza, which began with the current system of alphanumeric patents on December 1, 1994.

Repatents
However, the arduous task of repatenting the entire vehicle fleet that had not yet been incorporated, that is, those vehicles that did not manage to register from zero kilometers to the new system, still remained to be carried out. Mendoza, Neuquén and Salta were the first districts to start with mandatory repatenting as of January 2, 1968. Little more than two years later, in February 1970, when the rest of the provinces whose registries were already prepared and organized for issue the new patent plates, the mandatory re-registration of the rest of the vehicle fleet began. The repatents were programmed to reregister the entire remaining vehicle fleet from the newest to the oldest units, in that order. Each repatented year was set at a maximum period of 3 months, with the year 1973 as the limit to complete the entire process. However, a good number of vehicles received their new patent in later years, leaving very few cases of those that never did and the vast majority were abandoned units or that ended their existence as scrap.

The following list details chronologically how this stage was executed:

 * Since 01/02/1968: registration of patented units prior to 1967 in the provinces of Mendoza, Neuquén and Salta.
 * From 01/02/1970: re-registration of patented units prior to June 1, 1964 in the Federal Capital.
 * Since 01/02/1970: re-registration of patented units prior to 1965 in Greater Buenos Aires (17 parties).
 * Since 01/02/1970: re-registration of patented units prior to 1969 or 1970 (depending on the district) in the rest of the province of Buenos Aires (104 districts).
 * From 01/02/1970: re-registration of patented units prior to 1968 or 1969 (depending on the province) in the rest of the country.

There were no special numbers or series to identify the repatented units, contrary to what happens today, since they were shared at the same time with the new units. This explained the non-relationship of the model of a much older automobile with respect to the year of issuance of its new patent. To cite just one example: in 1972 it was very common to find the license plate number of a zero kilometer Ford Falcon that was close to, followed by or before the license plate number of a 1947 Chevrolet, among thousands and thousands of other cases.

1972-1994: Identifying the provinces
In 1972 the national government standardized the plates, the format being one letter and six digits, with embossed characters painted white against a black background. The letter identified the issuing province (or city, in the case of Buenos Aires), with the numbers issued consecutively in each jurisdiction. The letter usually was the first letter of the province's name, but for multiple provinces beginning with the same letters, some provinces were issued other letters (such as X for Córdoba, P for Formosa, A for Salta, Q for Neuquen and N for Misiones); this standard is still used in the ISO 3166-2:AR geocode.

Passing the million
The only two districts to exceed one million license plates issued were the province of Buenos Aires (in 1973 it exceeded one million and in 1984 two million) and the Federal Capital (in 1980 it reached one million). As the original format contemplated only six digits, a conflict was unexpectedly generated by incorporating another new digit using the same plate format and its typography, but the issue was quickly resolved by moving the province identification letter a little upwards and adding a number extra below it representing just the unit of a million.

1995-2016: A national standard
In 1994 the government decreed that all vehicles sold on or after January 1, 1995 were to have a new license plate design, used vehicles would get new plates upon re-sale after that date, and all other vehicles would be issued with new plates in stages.

The new design consists of three letters followed by three digits, and removes any clues identifying the vehicle's province of origin. This was advertised as a federalist move from the government.

In a move to simplify the transition, all plates issued to vehicles sold prior to the cut-off date started with the letter R (and successively S, T, U, V, W, and part of the X series), while vehicles being registered for the first time received plates in a series starting alphabetically with AAA 000. The lettering is impressed in white on a black background. The plates also have a white frame with the word Argentina at the top, screened in light blue. All materials are reflective, to improve visibility on the road. Some plates feature a small "D" or "T" between the letters and the numbers, denoting that this plate is a duplicate or triplicate when the previous plate or plates had been damaged, lost or stolen.

In some provinces, unofficial stickers, with the province name printed in the same type and size of the word "Argentina", were issued and sold to be added to the bottom edge of the plate, as a way to identify the province (as in the old plate pattern). This system, however, did not become popular and was rarely used.

Limits of the system
The 3-letter-plus-3-digit code allows for 263 × 103 = 17,576,000 license plates. RAA-000 to ZZZ-999 were reserved for older vehicles. Since 1995, new licenses have been issued starting from AAA-000. In July 2005, new cars have licenses starting with F, while about the same month in 2004, license plates started with E. An efficient solution would be to add a fourth letter, which will increase the system's capacity by a factor of 26, to 456,976,000 vehicles (a fourth number would only increase it tenfold to 175,760,000 licenses). In August 2008, new cars had plates starting with HK. , the series has reached the mid I series. In January 2015 the series had reached already the O series.

Evolution of lettering (starts January 1, 1995)
 * Jan 1st, 1995 - AA-
 * Jan 1st, 1996 - AP-
 * Jan 1st, 1997 - BD-
 * Jan 1st, 1998 - BV-
 * Jan 1st, 1999 - CO-
 * Jan 1st, 2000 - DC-
 * Jan 1st, 2001 - DQ-
 * Jan 1st, 2002 - DX-
 * Jan 1st, 2003 - EC-
 * Jan 1st, 2004 - EH-
 * Jan 1st, 2005 - ET-
 * Jan 1st, 2006 - FI-
 * Jan 1st, 2007 - GA-
 * Jan 1st, 2008 - GV-
 * Jan 1st, 2009 - HU-
 * Jan 1st, 2010 - IN-
 * Jan 1st, 2011 - JN-
 * Jan 1st, 2012 - KU-
 * Jan 1st, 2013 - LZ-
 * Jan 1st, 2014 - NM-
 * Jan 1st, 2015 - ON-
 * Jan 1st, 2016 - PM-

According to first letter start:
 * A - JAN 1995
 * B - OCT 1996
 * C - MAR 1998
 * D - NOV 1999
 * E - MAY 2002
 * F - JUN 2005
 * G - DEC 2006
 * H - FEB 2008
 * I - APR 2009
 * J - JUL 2010
 * K - MAY 2011
 * L - FEB 2012
 * M - JAN 2013
 * N - AUG 2013
 * O - JUL 2014
 * P - JUL 2015

From 2016: Mercosur standard
In October 2014 the design of the new license plate to be used by all Mercosur countries was officially presented. It consists of a plate of 400 x, with a white background, the characters and frame in black and a blue band at the top that shows the name of the country, its flag and the Mercosur logo. The typeface used is FE-Schrift. In Argentina, the serial format is AA 000 AA, allowing a total of 450 million combinations. The system started with AA 000 AA, AA 000 AB ... AA 000 AZ, AA 000 BA... AA 000 ZZ, AA 001 AA... By January 2017, there were plates with license numbers as high as AA 950 AA. It is expected the AB series to start in February 2017. Series AC started in December 2017, while AD started in November 2018. As of April 2019, the highest number is AD530.

Approximate evolution of current patenting year by year
Note: relative data, since the combinations may vary according to the sectional registry that issued them and therefore the third letter of each combination is not included, since they do not all coincide on the same dates.

Approximate start dates of each main letter
Note: relative data, given that the combinations may vary according to the sectional registry that issued them and therefore they do not all coincide on the same dates.


text:
WAFB

WAFB (channel 9) is a television station in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by Gray Television alongside low-power, Class A MyNetworkTV affiliate WBXH-CD (channel 39). The two stations share studios on Government Street in downtown Baton Rouge; WAFB's transmitter is located on River Road near the city's Riverbend section.

History
The station began broadcasting on April 19, 1953, as the first television station in Baton Rouge, and the second television station in the state of Louisiana. It launched as a television counterpart to local radio stations WAFB and WAFB-FM, which both signed on in 1948 and were affiliated with the Mutual Broadcasting System. Louis S. Prejean and associates (Modern Broadcasting of Baton Rouge) were the first owners of the station, and they sold it to Royal Street Corporation of New Orleans in 1956, which owned WDSU-TV, the first television station in Louisiana. In 1957, they sold the radio stations, with the AM station changing its format to black music and the FM station going off the air; a new WAFB-FM would sign on in 1968. Royal Street owned the station until 1964, when it sold the station to locally based Guaranty Corporation. In 1965, the station moved its transmission tower from Zachary to south of LSU's campus, allowing viewers in a 90 mi radius to receive its signal; it was also in that year that the station started broadcasting in color.

Originally broadcasting an analog signal on UHF channel 28, WAFB moved to VHF channel 9 in 1960. WDAM-TV in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, moved to channel 7 to accommodate this switch. The station has always been a CBS affiliate but carried some NBC programming until WBRZ-TV signed on in 1955. WAFB also carried some ABC programming with WBRZ until WRBT (now WVLA) signed on in 1971 and some programming from DuMont until that network folded. The station also aired Time for Beany during its early years on the air from the Paramount Television Network and was briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network, airing programs Sheriff of Cochise, How to Marry a Millionaire, and This is Alice.

In 1988, Guaranty sold the station to AFLAC. Coincidentally, the call letters of the station, WAFB, also spelled out their new owner: American Family Broadcasting (although the WAFB calls predate this ownership by 40 years when its former original sister radio station signed on in 1948 with the slogan "Always For Baton Rouge"). Under new ownership, the station underwent many changes. During 1988, AFLAC invested $2 million in redesigning the studio, dropped the -TV suffix from its call letters and began branding itself as "Louisiana's News Channel", a slogan the station still uses today. In addition, the new owners cancelled the station's beloved 33-year-old half-hour local weekday program Storyland, then the longest-running children's program, hosted by Buckskin Bill Black, and rechristened it as Buckskin and Friends, an hour-long show that aired on Saturday mornings until it was cancelled in September 1990. It was also in 1988 that the owners petitioned CBS to air the network's daytime programs in a different order—airing syndicated programming at 10 a.m., The Price Is Right at 11 a.m., and The Young and the Restless at 3 p.m. (later 4 p.m.) as a way to boost ratings as a lead-in to the noon and 5 p.m. newscasts. WAFB began broadcasting 24 hours a day on September 12, 1990.

In 1997, AFLAC sold its entire broadcasting division, including WAFB, to Raycom Media. In 2003, Raycom acquired former The Box affiliate WBXH-CA, which became a sister station to WAFB when the channel became Baton Rouge's third UPN affiliate and later MyNetworkTV affiliate in 2006. It originally aired a digital signal on UHF channel 46 from a transmitter at its studios.

Sale to Gray Television
On June 25, 2018, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including WAFB, and Gray's 93 television stations) under Gray's corporate umbrella. The cash-and-stock merger transaction valued at $3.6 billion – in which Gray shareholders would acquire preferred stock currently held by Raycom – resulted in WAFB gaining new sister stations in nearby markets, including CBS/ABC affiliate KNOE-TV in Monroe and NBC/CBS affiliate KALB-TV in Alexandria, in addition to its current Raycom sister stations. The combined company thereby gained a presence in every Louisiana market except for Lafayette as a result. The sale was approved on December 20, and was completed on January 2, 2019.

Programming
WAFB was one of a handful of stations that shifts the air times of various CBS programming. From 1988 until 2019, The Price Is Right aired at 11 a.m. instead of 10 a.m., and The Young and the Restless aired at 4 p.m. instead of 11 a.m. The station made this change to give its noon and 5 p.m. newscasts a strong lead-in. However, on September 9, 2019, WAFB resumed airing both programs at their respective network-recommended times of 10 a.m. and 11 a.m. The station aired Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune until 1995 when the shows moved to WBRZ. Live with Regis and Kelly and The Oprah Winfrey Show were seen until the late 1990s. Oprah moved to WBRZ but since then aired on WVLA until the show ended its run in 2011. Regis and Kelly (now Live with Kelly and Mark) continues to air on WBRZ. The People's Court also once aired on WAFB before going to WBRZ and later WGMB. The station aired the syndicated version of Family Feud hosted by Steve Harvey until 2020 and aired the versions hosted by Louie Anderson, Richard Karn, and John O'Hurley, with the exception of Karn's first season, which aired on KZUP-CD, and Harvey's second through fifth seasons, which aired on WVLA. Until 2015, WAFB aired the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire; the show aired on sister station WBXH until its cancellation in 2019. WAFB also airs the Sunday services from the First United Methodist Church in the city. One locally produced show that brought years of enjoyment to children was hosted by "Buckskin Bill" Black (William Black) that ran in different formats from 1955 until 1990. There were several characters that were regulars on the show including "Señor Puppet" (a marionette voiced by Sid Crocker) and "Whatsyourname" (another puppet voiced by Mary Hillen). The show had a way of educating young children while making it fun to learn. Two games many adults can remember Buckskin playing were called "Hully Gully" which helped to teach counting numbers and the "Monday Morning March". The two shows he hosted were called Storyland (for younger children during morning broadcasting) and The Buckskin Bill Show (for older children during the afternoons, which ended September 1977). Buckskin was also one of the first shows in the United States to have a sign-language interpreter for hearing-impaired viewers prior to closed-captioning. Through two gracious campaigns from his show, Buckskin Bill helped to start the Baton Rouge Zoo. During this campaign, he asked children to bring in their pennies to buy an elephant. The penny campaign was successful enough to purchase two. Upon being taken over by AFLAC, station management canceled the daily Storyland on September 30, 1988, and converted it to a Saturday morning hour-long program called Buckskin Bill and Friends that began airing on November 5, 1988. Said program ended in late 1990 after Black resigned from WAFB. Bill Black later became involved with the East Baton Rouge Parish Public Schools Board and other civic organizations until his death on January 10, 2018.

On December 30, 2023, WAFB parent company Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with the New Orleans Pelicans to air 10 games on the station during the 2023–24 season.

News operation
WAFB's newscasts have had the second-highest ratings at 10 p.m. in any of the country's biggest television markets according to The Des Moines Register in Iowa. Nielsen Media Research ratings showed that 16.2% of all households in the Baton Rouge area watched the show. The only station to get a bigger share of the local audience was KCCI, the CBS affiliate in Des Moines, which was watched by 17.9% of area households.

For most of its history, WAFB was a distant second to WBRZ in the ratings given WBRZ's consistent history on the VHF band and former roots in the Baton Rouge Advocate. In the mid-1990s, WBRZ experienced significant staff turnover and several news format changes while AFLAC and Raycom invested heavily in improving WAFB's news product by maintaining low turnover in its news staff and presentation (WAFB used the "Newschannel" theme by Gari Media from 1990 until Raycom switched its news music client to Stephen Arnold Music in late 2014), leading WAFB to overtake WBRZ's news ratings in 1994. In the recent ratings period, it beat the others stations' combined weeknights at 5, 6, and 10. In total, the station's news department produces 25 hours of news programming each week. This includes two newscasts on sister station WBXH-CD (weeknights at 9, which began on January 8, 2007, and Saturday mornings). WAFB's weekday morning news is repeated on that station. WAFB also has a Cox cable channel devoted to airing simulcasts and rebroadcasts of its news broadcasts.

On March 3, 2008, WAFB became the first in Baton Rouge and the third in Louisiana to broadcast its local broadcasts in high definition. The WBXH broadcasts were included in the upgrade. On September 12, 2011, WAFB became the first station in the market (and, to date, the only station) to begin its morning newscasts at 4:30 a.m. instead of 5 a.m. On March 26, 2020, WAFB became the second station in the Baton Rouge market to launch a 4 p.m. newscast in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, and on August 3, 2020, WAFB became the first station in Baton Rouge to expand its 6 p.m. newscast to a full hour. On June 26, 2023, WAFB launched a 9 a.m. weekday newscast.

Despite becoming rarer among other television news operations, WAFB occasionally broadcast an editorial that was usually delivered by the station manager. This practice ended shortly after Gray assumed ownership of the station.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Donna Britt – anchor (deceased)
 * Tim Brando – sports (now broadcasts for various sports outlets including Fox Sports)
 * Isiah Carey (now at KRIV in Houston)
 * Jay Young – former 6 and 10 p.m. news anchor in the late 1970s, later served as one of the first anchors of CNN and at WBRZ

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#E6FFF7|Simulcast of subchannels of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
WAFB shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 9, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 46 to VHF channel 9. With the new digital channel, WAFB rebroadcasts WBXH on channel 9.4 and, before the launch of Bounce TV affiliate September 2011, weather on channel 9.2.

title: WAFB


text:
User talk:Kirbs0440

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title: User talk:Kirbs0440


text:
Talk:Julian year (calendar)

redirected
I've redirected this to Julian calendar because it only contained a subset of the information there. --Alynna 00:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * and I have recreated it. At the moment it is a stub, but it will expand to be a full blooded article. What is needed is a table of which countries used what start date for the Julian year, and when they changed so that people can easily check the years on primary sources. For example the date of the high treason of Oliver Cromwell was set to 1st of January 1648 by the House of Commons in 1660 (Journal of the House of Commons: volume 8: 1660-1667 (1802), pp. 26-7). That date was the 1st of January 1649 using the Julian calendar with a start of year January 1st. Philip Baird Shearer 09:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Granted that is a useful and interesting table to have, how would it differ from the table currently in the Gregorian calendar article, and why couldn't it be done in that article or in the Julian calendar article? Alternately, you could create a separate article giving the table you want that could be referenced from one or both of those articles.  But what you've done is to add a pointer in that article which calls this the "main article" about Julian Years.  That's just a tad bit hyperbolic, considering the article barely exists, and what is there right now is cut-and-pasted from the "Julian calendar" article.    --Chris Bennett 21:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

It will be different from the Gregorian calendar table because it is not about when the change took place between Julian and Gregorian. It just happens that in England (I want to put UK but not sure about Scotland), the change took place at the same time. That is part of the confusion. There is also the question of when a specific start of the year was introduced. Finally there is the question of when an epoch started. Although later Christian calendars used the same year not everyone using the Julian calendar did so. Philip Baird Shearer 10:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The table in the Gregorian calendar article I was referring to was the one that lists the dates that the different countries adopted 1 January at the beginning of the year. This already gives you the second half of a "table of which countries used what start date for the Julian year, and when they changed", and the first half is simply an extra column, not a whole new article.  That table could go in either article, but, if you can also identify when those start dates were introduced, that would be an appropriate table to add to the Julian calendar article.  As for epochs of the Julian calendar, that is firmly in the scope of the year numbering section of the Julian calendar article.  It's all good stuff but I've yet to see a justification for a separate article.  Based on current  content and planned direction, I'd say Alynna made the right call, it should be a redirect.  --Chris Bennett 16:49, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

I disagree because one ends up not being able to see the wood for the trees. If redirects allowed one to redirect to a section in an article then there would be some merit in you argument. But the system does not. An example of what I mean can be seem with this: Varangian Guard --Philip Baird Shearer 23:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Seeing the wood for the trees is precisely the difference between an encyclopedia article and an FAQ. An article is meant to be an exposition of a topic (the wood), not the answer to a specific question (a tree), which seems to be your rationale for this.  Cobbling together bits and pieces lifted from different articles, as you are currently doing, does not justify creating a new article.  As for not burying information, that's exactly what article contents are for. In this case, the appropriate section for epochs is Julian calendar.  A new section for start dates of the Julian year in different places and at different times seems to me to be entirely reasonable.  But not a new article just to deal with that. --Chris Bennett 00:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

You and I will have to agree to differ on this, because the nice thing about web pages is one can drill down to the depth of information one is interested in. As for "Cobbling together bits and pieces lifted from different articles" that is often the quickest and easiest way to get an article started. It will then grow as more information and editors contribute to it. The content will also get better as it is re-arranged and copy-edited to suit the subject. BTW are you the same Chris Bennett as the copyright holder of this page? Philip Baird Shearer 00:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd rather we reached agreement. I still don't understand why you think a discussion of New Years and epochs for the Julian calendar doesn't belong in the article Julian calendar, which already discusses these issues, even if not currently to the depth you would like.  I suspect you will shortly find that "other editors" will have a similar view.

 * Yes, I am the same Chris Bennett, you can read my general stance on copyright in the FAQ on that site. --Chris Bennett 01:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

I see your point of view and if it were not that I see it as a specific subtopic of the Julian calendar, I would agree with you. My point of view is that if the change from Julian to Gregorian calendar had never taken place then the alteration of the start of year and the start of the calendar would still be a valid topic for discussion. As in Britain most Julian dates are mapped, for events which happened in Britain, onto a continual calendar as if the changeover from one calendar to the other had not happened, if the beginning of the year had not altered, then for all intense and purposes one could ignore the change in calendar (there would be a just a few missing days). But because the change in the year did take place (more than once) one has to keep that in mind when reading original sources. For this reason I think that it is a topic worthy of a page in its own right, because one may wish to highlight that point in another article by linking to a page which specifically discusses this issue. Philip Baird Shearer 09:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's precisely because I see this as a specific subtopic of the Julian calendar that I think that is the right place to deal with it. Whatever.  Let's see what you come up with and whether there is a wider consensus of opinion on the point.  --Chris Bennett 19:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * So, Philip, its been about 6 weeks now and nothing has changed. This article is still just a cut and paste of bits from the existing Julian calendar and Gregorian Calendar articles.  Do you actually have any content to add here that might justify its continued existence, or should we make it the redirect that its current state fully justifies?   --Chris Bennett 03:38, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

It is a topic that I think justifies a page, because the issue is relevant in its own right. Please do not alter it to a redirect. Although a the moment it consists of information from several pages, it is not possible to see all that information in one place, which in its self makes this page worth having. However as you know this information does not cover the topic and more work is needed. When I have time I shall research the topic more thoroughly and add information. But to do that I shall have to go to a central library as my local library has no information on the subject. Of course I do no have ownership of the page and you are free to add any additional information that you think is warranted. --Philip Baird Shearer 09:33, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, just because you can ask a question, it doesn't mean that the answer deserves its own article. By that logic you could justify a separate article about the date of the start of the year in Padua during the 14th century.  The only information in this article that does not already exist in the Julian calendar article is the table of the various dates of the start of the year under the Julian calendar in medieval time.  Although that information is currently on the Gregorian calendar page (and you only lifted it from there after I pointed it out to you) it seems pretty obvious that it should be placed on the Julian calendar page.  Since I am not seeing any advance in this article, I will copy it there in the next few days.  I appreciate that you caused me to find its existence.

 * As to this article, you obviously have an attachment to it, and I don't want to get into a fight. But I still don't see any reason to think it should be anything but a redirect. --Chris Bennett 16:13, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

If one could use a redirect to go to a subsection of an article then I would agree with the merger. But as one can not it is annnoying to have to read throught lots of text to extract the specific information: See Varangian Guard as an example of what I mean. --Philip Baird Shearer

 * I haven't tried the experiment, but are you sure that #REDIRECT Julian calendar won't work? --Chris Bennett 21:02, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

The link in a page works but it does not work in a redirect. It is probably from the same stable as the double redirect problem, but I have not checked the system specifications to find out why, althought I have read on other talk pages that it is not a trivial programming problem, and it would be a resource hog if done. Philip Baird Shearer 23:03, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * That's too bad. Still, there is the other solution: the Contents box in the Julian calendar article.  While the redirect may only get you to the whole article, the reader who wants to address this particular issue would see the section on year numbering in the Contents box and go straight there.  Or you could create a new section on "New Years Day" or similar, and take the text currently in the "Year numbering" section that relates to New Years Day and move it into the new section, combining it with the table. --Chris Bennett 20:17, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * OK its been nearly a year and there is no sign of this article turning into anything that justifies separating it from the Julian calendar article. I've added to that article the small amount of information that was not already given in both places, with some additional material.  I'm turning this into the redidirect that it always should have been.  --Chris Bennett 00:14, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julian year (calendar)


text:
KALV-FM

KALV-FM (101.5 MHz, "Live 101-5") is a commercial radio station in Phoenix, Arizona. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and it airs a top 40 (CHR) format. KALV-FM's studios are located in downtown Phoenix, and its transmitter is in South Mountain Park. For its first 20 years, the stations went by the call letters KHEP. From 1992 - 2016, the station used the callsign KZON.

Early years
On July 5, 1964, the station signed on the air as KHEP-FM and aired a classical music format. It was owned by Grand Canyon Broadcasting, along with religious station 1280 AM KHEP (now KXEG). In 1973, KHEP-FM moved from the AM radio tower to a new facility on South Mountain, increasing its effective radiated power from 26 to 100 kilowatts. In 1985, KHEP-FM was sold to the owners of the Boston Globe and took the call sign KONC ("Concert 101"). In 1986, the station abandoned classical music for satellite-delivered soft rock as KAMJ ("Magic 101"), using the Transtar Radio Networks' 'Format 41' service, with a local morning show anchored by Mike Del Rosso.

By 1989, EZ Communications had taken the station completely live and local with a hot AC format as "The All New Magic 101". In May 1990, it moved to an AC format as KMXX ("Mix 101").

The Zone (1992–2005)
After being sold to Sundance Broadcasting in 1992, the station switched to AAA under the callsign KZON ("The Zone"). The "Zone" moniker would carry throughout its incarnations of modern rock, modern AC, Adult Top 40 and back to modern rock in 2000. In 2002, KZON began airing The Howard Stern Show, a nationally syndicated talk show, until its move away from terrestrial radio to XM satellite radio (later Sirius XM) in January 2006.

Free FM (2005–2007)
To replace the Stern show, it was announced on December 23, 2005, that KZON would adopt CBS Radio's Free FM format, featuring mostly nationally syndicated hot talk shows including The Adam Carolla Show, Frosty, Heidi & Frank, The Tom Leykis Show and Phil Hendrie. On January 3, 2006, the station switched from a focus on Modern Rock to the male-targeted talk format, with rock music played during overnights and weekends. During its brief run, it attempted to appeal toward young adult men, as CBS Radio had high hopes that this format would do well in Phoenix, using a promotional campaign that came along with it. On January 3, 2007, KZON reduced the music content and began to add more talk shows to the weekend lineup, and a taped Tom Leykis episode airing overnights, all in an attempt to attract more listeners.

Jamz (2007–2013)
Despite some ratings growth, the hot talk format proved to be a failure in the market, especially when talk radio station KTAR moved to FM in January 2007. Rumors of a format change came true at 5 PM on June 21, 2007, when the station's broadcast of the Tom Leykis Show was "hijacked" by station intern 'Renaldo', who began playing all-Paris Hilton music, while starting a petition on its website to free Hilton, who was serving a brief prison sentence at the time. At 5 PM the next day, KZON flipped to rhythmic CHR as "101-5 Jamz, Blazin' the Valley's Hits & Hip-Hop". The first song played on "Jamz" was "Party Like a Rockstar" by the Shop Boyz.

KZON was the fourth station to drop the Free FM format, following sister station KSCF in San Diego, California, which flipped to Modern AC, sister station and former Free FM flagship WFNY New York City, which returned to Active rock and its original call letters and moniker WXRK (K-Rock 92.3), and sister station KIFR/San Francisco, which picked up the KFRC-FM call letters and Classic Hits format from its sister station (which is now KMVQ) after it dropped the aforementioned format several months earlier. As with many format changes in radio, there has been a backlash from fans of Free FM who wanted to see the station and its personalities return. The former Free FM website was linked to the stream of sister station KLSX "97.1 Free FM" in Los Angeles, where Carolla and Leykis originated until 2009, when KLSX dropped the format for Top 40, which continued until 2021 when flipping to a simulcast of KNX.

In regarding KZON's flip to rhythmic, the station began attacking KKFR, saying that the "Power" has been turned off (in reference to KKFR's frequency switch from 92.3 to 98.3) and "Where Hip Hop USED to live." KZON also boasted on air to playing "100,000 watts of 'Static-Free' Hip-Hop" and borrowed Apple's "Mac vs. PC" ad campaign in which KZON billed itself as the "Mac" to KKFR's "PC". In addition, the station also attempted to take on Top 40 rival KZZP, the former Rhythmic AC (later top 40) station KMVA, and (as of 2013) former Old School Hip-Hop turned Rhythmic KNRJ. In response to KZON's debut and full-powered signal range, KKFR's then-programming director Bruce St. James stated he wasn't worried, telling the Arizona Republic, "What are they going to do? Play more hip-hop than us? Really, I think we'll be OK." St. James would end up joining KZON as its new PD in January 2010, but after almost three months on the job, he resigned on March 30, 2010, to pursue other opportunities. In November 2008, KZON switched its slogan to "The Valley's #1 Hit Music Station", a slogan that KKFR would also adopt the following December, giving the Phoenix area two radio stations with the same format and slogan. Since then KKFR has dropped that slogan.

As of 2010, KZON has expanded its focus to include Dance and Pop tracks, overtaking KZZP and KKFR in the Arbitron PPMs.

Live 101-5 (2013–present)
In 2013, KZON dropped the "Jamz" portion of its moniker and branded itself as just "101.5". On September 6, the station rebranded as "Live 101-5", and shifted its playlist to more mainstream material, but would later scale back on Pop/Rock product and focus more on Rhythmic Pop/Dance hits. KZON reports to Mediabase as a Top 40/CHR reporter, but continued to report to BDS as a Rhythmic reporter until March 2015, putting the station in line with CBS Radio's Top 40/CHR presentation, which emphasizes current Rhythmic Pop and Dance product, along with daily and weekend mix shows that continued after the rebranding.

The station changed its call sign to KALV-FM on June 1, 2016.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (Now Audacy, Inc.). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.

title: KALV-FM


text:
User talk:Encom~enwiki

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Encom. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Encom~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Category:United States Native American case law

This category contains United States case law regarding Native Americans.


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Category:United States patent case law

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User talk:Wisey21

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Category:United States trademark case law

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Jim Gray (UDA member)

James Gray (1958 – 4 October 2005), known as Jim Gray, was a Northern Irish loyalist and the East Belfast brigadier of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), the largest Ulster loyalist paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland. He was often nicknamed "Doris Day" for his flamboyant clothing, jewellery, and dyed blond hair. Another media nickname for Gray was the "Brigadier of Bling". He was the owner of several bars in East Belfast.

Early life
Gray, the son of James and Elizabeth Gray, was born in 1958 and raised a Protestant in East Belfast. He had one sister, Elizabeth. He left school at age 15 and had ambitions of becoming a professional golfer, playing off a handicap of three. He briefly worked at the Short Brothers' factory but did not hold the job long as he was heavily involved in petty crime with the Tartan gangs prevalent in loyalist areas at the time.

Ulster Defence Association
According to an interview in the Sunday World with his ex-wife Anne Tedford, to whom a youthful Gray was married for four years (a marriage that produced one son, Jonathan), Gray joined the loyalist paramilitary Ulster Defence Association (UDA) when she was in maternity hospital. She claimed that Gray was offered a lift home by a near-neighbour, Gary Matthews, who was already a UDA member, and that Matthews had Gray sworn in as a member soon afterwards. He eventually rose to become brigadier of the East Belfast Brigade, taking over after Ned McCreery was killed by the UDA in 1992.

Brigadier
Nicknamed "Doris Day" and the "Brigadier of Bling", Gray, who was 6'3" in height, became known as the most flamboyant leader in the UDA with his dyed blond bouffant hair, permanent suntan, gold earring, ostentatious jewellery, and expensive pastel clothing. In their book UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, journalists Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack described him as "looking more like an ageing New Romantic" than the leader of a paramilitary organisation. He once attended a UDA meeting with the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, John Reid, wearing a loud Hawaiian-print shirt with a pink jumper draped over his shoulders. A heavy cocaine user, Gray made large amounts of money from selling drugs, protection racketeering, and extortion. Gray's criminal empire was reported to have made him one of the richest brigadiers in UDA history. He also acquired several bars in his native east Belfast. One of these, the "Avenue One" in Templemore Avenue, he used as the headquarters for his substantial criminal empire. He lived in an expensive luxury flat in an exclusive private residence and was protected by a devoted gang dubbed "the Spice Boys". A supporter of Rangers, Gray was reported as knowing a number of players personally and meeting them during his regular visits to Ibrox Park.

Renowned for his violent temper, he once allegedly brutally beat then stomped on a man's head during an outdoor Rod Stewart concert at Stormont in full view of the audience. On another occasion, he violently attacked a man with a golf club after the latter had beaten him in a game of golf. For that assault, Gray was barred from the Ormeau Golf Club. He had allegedly ordered the killing of his predecessor McCreery, whom he accused of being a police informer. Gray then took over his brigade and one of his pubs. In January 2001, the gunman, Geordie Legge met a grisly end, allegedly at the hands of Gray and his henchmen. Legge had reportedly denounced Gray's organised criminal racket and tried to interfere with Gray's lucrative drug-dealing, and he was repeatedly tortured and stabbed to death inside "The Bunch of Grapes", another of Gray's east Belfast pubs.

After the killing, Legge's body was placed in a carpet and dumped outside Belfast. Legge's knife wounds were so severe that his head was almost severed from the body. The pub was set on fire to eliminate the signs of the torture that had been carried out inside. Gray was one of the mourners who attended Legge's funeral. Gray and his right-hand man Gary Matthews, who co-owned the Bunch of Grapes, sought to claim on their insurance for the pub fire and sued AXA when they refused to pay out. Gray and Matthews were eventually forced to drop the case as the judge did not accept their version of events surrounding the fire and AXA successfully argued that they had not disclosed their UDA membership when they took out the policy. The following year on 13 September 2002, Gray was shot in the face by UDA rivals; the plastic surgery to repair the considerable facial injuries cost £11,000. The shooting, which was blamed on West Belfast Brigadier Johnny Adair, had been described by the police as "loosely related" to the death of Stephen Warnock, a Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader, in one of the loyalist feuds. Adair had previously started a whispering campaign against both Gray and John Gregg of the UDA South East Antrim Brigade, claiming both men were to be stood down as part of his attempts to take full control of the UDA.

As part of this Adair, who was close to the LVF, had visited the Warnock family and suggested that Gray had been involved in their relative's death (which had actually been carried out by a hired Red Hand Commando gunman after Warnock refused to pay a drug debt to a North Down businessman). As a result, Gray was shot by a lone gunman after he left the Warnock home, where he had been paying his respects to the deceased. On 25 September, Gray discharged himself from the Ulster Hospital to attend a meeting of all the brigadiers bar Adair at which he, John Gregg, Jackie McDonald, Billy McFarland and Andre Shoukri found Adair guilty of treason for his role in Gray's shooting and released a press statement to the effect that Adair was expelled from the UDA. Two weeks after the attack, Gray flew to Tenerife for a holiday. He allegedly owned property in Spain.

Gray's son, Jonathan, died of a drugs overdose in 2002 while with his father on holiday in Thailand. An October 2005 report by the Belfast Telegraph claimed that Jim Gray was bisexual and would regularly take holidays to Thailand to have sex with teenage boys.

Expulsion and arrest
Gray was expelled by the UDA leadership in March 2005, for "treason" and "building a criminal empire outside the UDA", according to the South Belfast brigadier, Jackie McDonald. It was suggested that Gray was a Special Branch informer who passed on information to the police about his friends and associates. In April that year, he was arrested whilst driving; several thousand pounds were found in the car, and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) believed he was intending to travel to the Republic of Ireland with what they suspected to be the proceeds of drug dealing and extortion. Gray was charged with money laundering, and held in custody until September when he was released on bail. During this time, police raids on a number of locations brought in thousands of documents related to this investigation. At the same time the prominent Belfast estate agent Philip Johnston was also arrested under suspicion of money laundering.

Gray was replaced as head of the UDA East Belfast Brigade by Jimmy Birch.

Shooting death
Gray was shot five times in the back and killed outside his father's house in the east Belfast Clarawood estate on 4 October 2005, by two unknown gunmen. The shooting took place at 8 p.m. while he was unloading weight-lifting equipment from the boot of his silver Mini Cooper. As his body lay on the front lawn, local people took photos and passed the news to others via their mobile phones.

According to Gray's father, his son had left the house after Gary Matthews arrived to give him a set of weights and cigarettes that he had bought for Gray in Spain. Shots rang out and when Gray's father went out to see what had happened he found his son had been shot and Matthews was ringing for an ambulance. The involvement of other loyalist factions was suspected, fueling speculation that he was murdered to prevent him making an agreement with the police to expose his former associates in the UDA. Six people were arrested on suspicion of involvement in the murder, Ultimately however no charges were brought with the investigating officer, Detective Inspector Deborah McMaster, admitting at Gray's inquest in 2007 that the police had largely given up on securing any convictions due to a lack of evidence.

East Belfast MP Peter Robinson (later First Minister of Northern Ireland from 2008 to January 2016) stated after Gray's killing that "there was no excuse for the murder". Fellow UDA member and former friend, Michael Stone claimed that Gray had told him he was a businessman rather than a loyalist, as loyalism did not pay the bills.

Unlike most brigadiers, he was not given a paramilitary funeral, complete with volleys of gunfire fired over the coffin. It was a private affair, attended by only 14 mourners. As a further sign of his unpopularity among loyalists, a street disco was held in east Belfast to celebrate his death. Gray's effigy, with a curtain ring representing his trademark single gold earring, was thrown upon a bonfire. In lieu of murals dedicated to his memory, there was only graffiti scrawled on an east Belfast wall which read: "Jim Gray RIP – Rest in Pink". Gray's estate was frozen by the Assets Recovery Agency as part of an investigation into his criminality.

title: Jim Gray (UDA member)


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Talk:Short stature

I
I am parking this paragraph i wrote for the ref desk here for future use.

 * Dwarfism is extreme shortness due to abnormalities of bone structure. There are hundreds of types of this; most cause disproportionate shortness. Achondroplasia is the most easily recognized common form. The most publicized treatment that adds several inches is limb-lengthening surgery (Ilizarov procedure).
 * Extreme proportional shortness is usually the result of untreated growth hormone deficiency. William Stratton/Tom Thumb had this. Although growth hormone is a single hormone made by the pituitary gland, there many causes of deficiency. Growth hormone treatment can make a several inch difference in height. Midget is no longer used in a medical context (as mentioned above) and we prevent the really extreme degrees of proportional shortness by treating them, but it is probably fair to say that most people considered extreme midgets in the past probably had untreated GH deficiency.
 * Pygmies are people with extreme proportional shortness due to a specific genetic variation. Because the gene difference is spread thoughout their population, the short stature is not considered a disease. The biological difference in the largest pygmy population, the Efe, has been reported to be reduced senitivity to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), but this is not consdired conclusively established, as they do have a difference in the principal IGF-1 receptor gene (IGF1R). Other pygmy peoples besides the Efe are known, and may have different genetic differences.
 * From a medical perspective, there are many other causes of both proportionate and disproportionate shortness than these 3 categories. alteripse 00:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Review
... of genetic causes in JCEM 10.1210/jc.2014-1506 JFW | T@lk  22:21, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

Loss of Height
Please link to articles about Loss of Height.-71.174.175.150 (talk)

Lead and typical values for developed countries.
I'm questioning whether we should give typical values for what constitutes "short stature" in developed countries. This seems like a very fuzzy target. "Short stature" is very much a population-relative measure. There are significant differences in average heights (and thus in what is considered short stature) among different populations of developed countries (see Average human height by country). Compare, say, Japan and Netherlands. I suggest just stating that it is two standard deviations below a population's mean (for the given age and gender) and leaving out the supposed typical values for developed countries. Meters (talk) 06:59, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

 * A man shorter than 5’2” would be more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and gender, which corresponds to the shortest 2.3% of individuals. I don’t think it is fair to use that criteria according to developed countries standards. The poor people in the developing countries are slaving away doing all the labor that rich people in developed countries don’t want to do. Of course they don’t have time to eat right and be taller. No need to rub it in and say that they are short! Zoe1013 (talk) 09:24, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what you are trying to say, and it appears that you do not understand what a standard deviation is. A standard deviation is a statistical measure that is related to a particular population. Two standard deviations below the mean is the lowest 2.3% of that population (assuming it is normally distributed). Period. See Standard deviation. Whether 5'-2" would be considered of short stature for a man depends entirely on the particular population. (The lead is not clear on this and I will correct that.)
 * And this has nothing to do with rubbing it in for members of less developed populations. If a given population has a shorter mean height then the criterion for short stature in that population will also be shorter. Meters (talk) 00:26, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Lead addition re clothing size
I've removed the following supposed example from the lead again: 'For instance, people of short stature sometimes can wear children's clothing due to disagreement about the degree of shortness that should be called "short" '

Whether some people can wear children's clothing sizes has nothing to do with the disagreements over definition of "short". Clothing manufacturers make clothing in various sizes. I'm not aware of any reliable sources that say that the ability to wear a child's size is the definition of short stature. Meters (talk) 00:43, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I see the kids size chart has height for a specific size. A taller person would not want to wear kids clothes because the kids clothing are too small. Zoe1013 (talk) 01:13, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what point you are trying to make. Of course people do not want to wear clothing that is too small for them. What does that have to do with the definition of short stature?Again, who says that the ability to wear a child's size is the definition of short stature? Meters (talk) 01:31, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * According to the size chart, a size 18 fits anyone from 62.5-64 inches tall. Average height in the US for a non Hispanic white person is 64.5 inches tall. In order to fit in a size 18, you have to be under the average height. So kids clothing is for people of short stature. Zoe1013 (talk) 01:39, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * "Short stature" does not simply mean "under average height". I'm not even going to bother asking where you pulled that "Average height in the US for a non Hispanic white person" of 64.5 inches. You really should drop this. Meters (talk) 01:49, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * What does short stature mean then if it is not under average height? Zoe1013 (talk) 02:19, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Short stature


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Howard Stein

Howard Mathew Stein (October 6, 1926 – July 26, 2011) was an American financier who is widely considered one of the fathers of the mutual fund industry. He was featured on the cover of Time magazine on August 24, 1970. Stein invented the first "no load" money market fund and created the first tax-free municipal bond fund.

Early life
Howard Mathew Stein was born in Brooklyn, New York on October 6, 1926. His parents were immigrants from Poland and also had another son and daughter, in addition to Stein. Stein was of Jewish descent. Stein initially planned to become a musician, beginning to learn the violin when he was 5. Stein attended the Straubenmuller Textile High School and the Juilliard School. However, Stein gave up on his music career and went into business. At the age of 23, he loaded steel on to trucks. He then became a trainee at Bache & Co. In 1955, Stein left Bache and joined Dreyfus.

Career
Stein joined the Dreyfus Corporation as an analyst in 1955. He was appointed president in 1965, and chairman and CEO in 1970. Stein served as chairman and CEO of Dreyfus for more than 30 years. When Stein started at Dreyfus in 1955, it had approximately 2 million dollars in assets. Before the sale in 1994, this had grown to 90 billion dollars. Dreyfus was sold to Mellon Bank Corporation in 1994 for $1.8 billion. Stein retired in 1996.

Dreyfus Third Century Fund was one of the first funds to combine socially conscious objectives with financial criteria. Created by Stein in 1972 and named for the coming national bicentennial, the fund has been influential in shaping similar philosophically-oriented investments. In addition, in 1974, Dreyfus introduced the first direct marketed, no-load money market fund. Stein became even more focused on money-market and bond funds and succeeded in creating the first tax-free municipal funds, which Dreyfus launched in 1976.

Stein's progressive politics made him a target of Richard Nixon, and Stein was one of the people on Nixon's enemies list.

In 1988, Stein served on the Brady Commission, also known as the Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms, created by President Ronald Reagan to investigate the stock market crash of October 19, 1987, also known as Black Monday.

In 1999, Stein started Joy of Giving Something, Inc. (JGS, Inc.), a not-for-profit philanthropic corporation dedicated to the photographic arts.

Personal life and death
Stein was married to Janet Gelder; they had two children, Joanna Stein and Jennifer Stein Seay. He also had three stepdaughters from his wife's prior marriage to John Morton Levine: Julia Levine Stokien, Jocelyn Levine Hayes, and Jessica Levine. Stein died on Tuesday, July 26, 2011, at his home in Southampton at the age of 84. According to Stein's son-in-law, Jamie Stokien, he died from complications of a stroke.

title: Howard Stein


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title: User talk:69.122.145.111