text:
CUC Broadcasting

CUC (Conway Upper Canada) Broadcasting was a Canadian media company, active from 1968 to 1995. Active primarily as a cable television distributor, the company also had some holdings in broadcast media and publishing.

The company was founded in 1968 by chairman Geoffrey Conway, with shareholders including Jerry Grafstein, Michael Koerner and Ken Lefolii.

Holdings
The company's Trillium Cable division served several markets in Ontario, including Scarborough, Windsor, Barrie, Pickering, Smiths Falls, Perth, Chatham and Leamington, and was also a minority investor in other smaller cable companies, including Northern Cable in Northern Ontario, UMG (Upper Midlands Group) Cable in Brockville, Cobourg and Port Hope, and several local systems in The Midlands region of England.

CUC's broadcasting holdings included radio stations CKLW and CKEZ in Windsor, and a 25 per cent founding stake in YTV, which had increased to 34 per cent by the company's dissolution in 1995. Through its share in Northern Cable, it also held a stake in that company's radio and television subsidiary Mid-Canada Communications until its share of that company was bought out by local shareholder Norman Bradley in 1989.

In addition, the company held a significant minority stake in the magazine Toronto Life.

Acquisition
Conway's death in 1988 made the company a strong takeover target, and by 1989 an active struggle for the controlling share of the company was under way. Control was ultimately maintained by Julia Conway, Geoffrey's widow.

CUC sold its radio stations in Windsor to CHUM Limited in 1993. The deal was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, and formally established the commission's current practice of granting the Windsor market a special exemption from its normal concentration of media ownership rules because the city's proximity to the Metro Detroit market in the United States was threatening the financial viability of Windsor's radio and television services.

CUC was acquired by Shaw Cable in the 1990s, for a purchase price of $645 million. First announced in April 1994, the deal was reached as part of a bidding war which also saw a competing offer from Cogeco. The purchase received CRTC approval in February 1995.

The merger of CUC's 420,000 subscribers with Shaw's, along with an additional 102,000 subscribers added from Shaw's simultaneous purchase of Classicomm, made Shaw the second largest cable company in Canada.

Shortly after the takeover was approved, Shaw cut 251 jobs from Trillium in the engineering, customer service and finance departments, due to operational redundancies with Shaw's existing staff.

Following an exchange transaction between Shaw and Rogers Cable in 2001, most of Trillium's and UMG's former markets are now served by Cogeco, with Scarborough and Barrie now being served by Rogers Cable.

title: CUC Broadcasting


text:
British Rail Class 143

The British Rail Class 143 is a diesel multiple-unit railbus, part of the Pacer family of passenger trains introduced between 1985 and 1986.

During the 1980s, British Rail (BR) was interested in replacing its first-generation diesel multiple units, particularly in the use of railbuses to service its lightly used branch lines. It was decided to develop such a vehicle with a high level of commonality with the widely used Leyland National bus, leading to its modular design serving as the basis for the design. Several single- and two-car prototypes were constructed and evaluated, leading to an initial production batch by British Leyland, designated Class 141 units. BR, seeking to procure improved derivatives of the Class 141, placed an order with the manufacturers Hunslet-Barclay and Walter Alexander to construct its own variant, the Class 143.

Entering operational service during the mid-1980s, the Class 143 embodied several advances over the original model in terms of ride quality and reliability. During its operating lives, the type operated various passenger services across the United Kingdom; initially operated in the North-East of England, all units were subsequently transferred to other regions, including Wales and South-West England.

Due to their non-compliance with the Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2008, the Pacer family began to be withdrawn during the late 2010s ahead of the 1 January 2020 deadline. Some fleets were given dispensation to operate until 31 December 2020. While modifications for compliance were proposed by rolling-stock companies, no train operator took up the option. Great Western Railway retired its Class 143 fleet in December 2020, while Transport for Wales was granted an extension and ran its trains until 29 May 2021.

Background
By the beginning of the 1980s, British Rail (BR) operated a large fleet of first generation DMUs, which had been constructed in prior decades to various designs. While formulating its long-term strategy for this sector of its operations, British Rail planners recognised that there would be considerable costs incurred by undertaking refurbishment programmes necessary for the continued use of these aging multiple units, particularly due to the necessity of handling and removing hazardous materials such as asbestos. In light of the high costs involved in retention, planners examined the prospects for the development and introduction of a new generation of DMUs to succeed the first generation.

In the concept stage, two separate approaches were devised, one involving a so-called railbus that prioritised the minimisation of both initial (procurement) and ongoing (maintenance & operational) costs, while the second was a more substantial DMU that could deliver superior performance than the existing fleet, particularly when it came to long-distance services. While the more ambitious latter requirement would ultimately lead to the development of the British Rail Class 150 and the wider Sprinter family of DMUs, BR officials recognised that a cheaper unit was desirable for service on the smaller branch lines that would not be unduly impacted by lower performance specs or a high density configuration. As such, work to progress both approaches was undertaken by BR's research department during the early 1980s.

During this period, a number of prototypes were constructed to explore different designs and approaches for implementing the railbus concept. One such vehicle was a single two-car unit, designated as the Class 140, that was constructed between 1979 and 1981. This prototype was introduced with much fanfare during June 1981. Initial testing with the Class 140 uncovered several issues, such as difficulty detecting the type via track circuits, this was reliably resolved by swapping the material of the brake blocks from a composite to iron. Two less easily addressable drawbacks were the high level of noise generated during transit, particularly on older jointed rails, which was a consequence of the railbus's direct connection between the underframe and suspension with the body that transmitted impact forces across the body. It was also observed that the inclusion of strengthening members in the mass-produced bus body added significantly to the overall production cost, which eliminated much of the cost advantage that was the primarily goal of the type.

The Class 140 was viewed to be an overall success, and thus BR issued an order for an initial production model, designated Class 141, to British Leyland during 1984 with production commencing thereafter. During its early years of service, the Class 141 experienced numerous issues, particularly with the transmission and ride quality; work undertaken at BR's direct resulted in the quick development of numerous improvements to at least partially address these shortcomings. When it came to ordering more railbuses, however, it was decided that instead of placing these follow-on orders for further Class 141, it would be more desirable to procure improved derivatives of the Class 141. Accordingly, BR placed orders for two new models of the Pacer family, these being the Class 142 and Class 143 respectively.

Design
The Class 143 shared a high degree of similarity to the design of the Class 141. However, one major area of change is that both the Class 142 and Class 143 featured a noticeably wider body, instead of adhering to the width of the standard bus as per the Class 141; specifically, the width was expanded to the maximum amount permissible to remain within the loading gauge. This resulting in an increased internal area to accommodate passengers within, enabling a three-by-two seating arrangement to be installed for a total capacity of 121 seats. The increased seating was particularly useful as, in addition to their use on rural feeder services, the Class 143's use on short range urban services had been foreseen by BR planners.

Both the bodies and underframes were designed for interchangeability, as had been specified by BR. To achieve this, they were manufactured upon jigs. They had been designed so that the entire body could be replaced during a mid-life refurbishment/reconstruction, and that the replacement body would not be limited to the exact same dimensions either. The underframe area, in addition to its structural role, accommodated all of the propulsion apparatus along with the majority of electrical gear. As a cost-saving measure, the manufacturers were directly to make use of road bus-standard equipment in several areas, including passenger fittings and the general cab layout, along with other areas wherever possible. Unlike the Class 141, which featured automotive-standard wiring for the traction equipment with resulting poor performance, railway-grade wiring for the traction and braking circuits was mandated by BR for both the Class 142 and Class 143 to yield greater reliability.

As originally built, the traction arrangement of the Class 143 consisted of a Leyland TL11 200 HP engine, a Self-Changing Gears mechanical automatic gearbox and a Gmeinder final drive unit on each car driving only a single axle. This propulsion arrangement was in part taken from the Leyland National bus, as well as shared with the earlier Class 141. Unlike the Class 141, a microprocessor-based controller for the automatic transmission was used from the outset, allowing the reliability issues posed by defective relay logic and poor earthing present on the predecessor to be entirely avoided. Another improvement was the installation of auto-couplers and auto-connectors that enabled the Class 143 to work in multiple with the Class 150 Sprinter DMUs.

Both axles (one driving per coach at the inner end) were fitted directly to the chassis rather than being mounted on bogies, unlike traditional DMUs. This uncommon arrangement has been attributed with resulting in the Class 141 units possessing a relatively rough ride, especially when traversing jointed track or points. Their combatively poor ride quality has been said to be a major factor in the type's general unpopularity amongst passengers. As a positive result from BR's experiences with the Class 141, the Class 143 featured an improved suspension arrangement to enhance passenger comfort, this consisted of a wider spring base and double dampers being installed, features that had been deemed necessary by BR to provide sufficient levels of performance, and had been retrofitted onto all of the older Class 141s as well.

Operations
During their early years, the Class 143s were originally worked in the North-East of England. Subsequently, the entire fleet was transferred to Wales and South-West England.

The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2008 and the subsequent Persons of Reduced Mobility - Technical Specification for Interoperability (PRM-TSI) require that all public passenger trains must be accessible by 1 January 2020. As originally delivered, the Class 143 does not meet this requirement and had to be withdrawn without modifications to become compliant. During the 2010s, the rolling-stock leasing company Porterbrook proposed an extensive refurbishment of both the Class 143 and 144 units with the purpose of satisfying the diverse needs of this requirement; it was noted that the envisioned modifications would necessitate a significant reduction in the number of seats available.

Great Western Railway (GWR) was one such operator of the Class 143. Its units were mainly used on short-distance services around Exeter, but had previously been common on various services in the Bristol area as well. At one point, as part of the franchise's plans to modernise its fleet, GWR planned to withdraw its remaining eight units by December 2019 via a cascade programme that would see the type being entirely replaced with Class 150s. On 11 December 2019, the Department for Transport issued a dispensation, allowing GWR to continue to operate its Class 143 fleet up until 31 December 2020. Their fleet was withdrawn in December 2020.

Transport for Wales was granted an extension until May 2021, due to delays with the introduction of Class 769s and their last trains of the class ran on 29 May 2021. The last mainline passenger service with a Pacer unit in its formation was the 22:02 Rhymney to Cardiff Central worked by 143601 coupled to a 150/2 unit, this train brought an end to Pacer operation after over 35 years. Thereafter, the use of Pacer trains is confined to heritage lines.

Incidents
On 17 October 2004, Wessex Trains unit 143613, forming a service from Bristol Temple Meads to Weston-super-Mare with 143621, caught fire between the site of the former Flax Bourton railway station and Nailsea and Backwell. Fire services took two hours to get the blaze under control. Of the 23 passengers and crew, three were treated on-site for the effects of smoke inhalation. One carriage was completely burnt out, and the other was badly damaged, causing the train to be written off. The line through Nailsea was closed until 03:30 the following morning, when the train was hauled to St Philip's Marsh depot for examination. The unit was later taken to Crewe Works where it was stored, then later to Cardiff Canton TMD where it was scrapped. The Rail Safety and Standards Board issued a report into the incident, concluding that the fire was caused by electrical arcing between the live starter motor cable (which had damaged insulation) and the unit's underframe, causing accumulated oily residues to ignite.

On 16 January 2020, 143603 had several windows smashed in by waves and sea debris while running along the sea wall at Dawlish during stormy weather, causing minor injuries to one passenger.

Fleet details
Vehicle number ranges were as follows:
 * DMS: 55642–55666
 * DMSL: 55667–55691

Non-railway use
Alongside the operational preserved Class 143s, some have been acquired for non-operational use at heritage railways or for non-railway use.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: British Rail Class 143


text:
Port Blair tehsil

Port Blair tehsil is one of 5 local administrative divisions of the Indian district of South Andaman, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

It is a division known locally as a tehsil, roughly equivalent to a county in its range of administrative powers. Located in the Indian Ocean Andaman Islands, the tehsil of Port Blair is the largest tehsil in terms of both area and number of inhabitants, accounting for half of the district's overall population. Its headquarters is the township also called Port Blair, the district's major urban centre and capital of the Union Territory.

Port Blair tehsil's population according to 2011 Census of India figures was 165,754.

title: Port Blair tehsil


text: Category:Mountain passes of New Zealand

title: Category:Mountain passes of New Zealand


text:
Talk:Up Went Nelson

Lyrics, apparently. Non-copyright one supposes.

title: Talk:Up Went Nelson


text:
Santa Ynez Valley Union High School

Santa Ynez Valley Union High School (SYHS) is a public high school in Santa Ynez, California that serves students in grades 9–12 in the Santa Ynez Valley. As of the 2017–18 school year, 908 students were enrolled at the school.

History
Santa Ynez High School was founded in 1896 and was originally located on Pine Street in Santa Ynez, now the site of Santa Ynez Elementary School. The original high school burned down in 1908, and its current facilities were built in 1937. In 2005, the school was named a California Distinguished School.

Academics
SYHS offers Advanced Placement (AP) classes, with 41% of students participating. The school formerly participated in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, but withdrew from the program in 2009.

Athletics
Santa Ynez Valley Union High School athletic teams are nicknamed the Pirates. The school is a member of the CIF Central Section and began competing in the Mountain League starting in 2022. Prior to that, SYHS was a member of the CIF Southern Section and the now defunct Los Padres League.

Despite only being formed in 1992, the Santa Ynez boys' volleyball program qualified for the CIF-SS playoffs 29 years in a row and set CIF records with 19 consecutive league championships, 208 straight league wins, and four straight CIF-SS titles.

In 2019, the SYHS girls' track and field team captured the Channel League title after a perfect season.

Notable alumni

 * Jan Barrett, AFL offensive end with Oakland Raiders
 * Don Milan, NFL quarterback with Green Bay Packers
 * Brian Asselstine, MLB outfielder with Atlanta Braves
 * Matt McKinney, AVP volleyball pro/vintner
 * Thor Nis Christiansen, convicted serial killer
 * Mark Andrews, filmmaker

title: Santa Ynez Valley Union High School


text:
Bobby Martin (American football)

Bobby Martin (November 3, 1987 – April 28, 2020) nicknamed "Bobby No Legs”, was born with Caudal regression syndrome. As he had no legs or hips, he used his arms to run. A graduate of Colonel White High School in Dayton, Ohio, he played defensive lineman for his high school varsity team. He later attended Central State University.

Biography
Martin was 3 ft tall and weighed 110 lb as he was born with a significant form of Caudal regression syndrome which resulted in being born without hips or legs. During his 2005 high school senior season, he was removed from play at half-time in a game against Mount Healthy High School by officials claiming he was in breach of league rules requiring players to wear thigh pads, knee pads and shoes. Colonel White High School was later told by the Ohio High School Athletic Association that this decision was incorrect and Martin was allowed to continue to finish the season. He finished the season with 48 tackles. At halftime of one game, he was named the Homecoming King. On July 12, 2006, Martin won the ESPY award for Best Male Athlete with a Disability.

After graduation, Martin studied marketing at Central State University and did not play football. In 2007, then Cleveland Browns head coach Romeo Crennel invited Martin to a practice. After seeing wide receiver Dennis Northcutt evade player after player, Martin approached Northcutt and claimed that he could tackle him. At the insistence of teammate Braylon Edwards, Northcutt allowed Martin to challenge him. During the run, Martin hung with Northcutt for 20 yards before forcing him out at the one-yard line.

After Martin's playing days, he had several run ins with police for various crimes. On April 28, 2020, Martin died when he crashed an ATV he had stolen earlier that evening.

title: Bobby Martin (American football)


text:
Bruce McKenzie

Bruce Roy McKenzie EGH (1 January 1919 – 24 May 1978) was a South African-born Kenyan politician. He was the Minister of Agriculture in Kenya during the presidency of Jomo Kenyatta, to whom he was an adviser. He is alleged to have been an agent for British, South African or Israeli intelligence. He was assassinated on the orders of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.

Early life
McKenzie was born in 1919 in Richmond in the Union of South Africa's Natal Province. He joined the South African Air Force in 1939, and was seconded during World War II to Britain's Royal Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force with which he saw action in North Africa, commanding 458 Squadron RAAF and subsequently 17 Squadron SAAF, in the Mediterranean and European theatres. Following his air force service, he emigrated to Kenya in 1946 and became a prominent farmer in Nakuru.

Political career
In Colonial Kenya he was a member of the legislative Council, known as Legco from 1957-63 and held the post of Minister for Agriculture in 1959–1960 and Minister for Land Settlement 1962–1963.

Post Independence in 1963 he was an appointed member of the House of Representatives (KANU) in 1963 and appointed Minister for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. He was instrumental in implementing the policy of buying land back from settlers, funded by the British Government, and transferring ownership to Kenyans.

Post-political career activities
It is alleged that in January 1976, McKenzie was involved in the kidnapping of two German and three Arab suspected terrorists wanted by Israel for an attempted missile attack on an El Al airliner taking off from the airport of Nairobi. The five were secretly transported to Israel and later sentenced to long prison terms.

In late June 1976, during Operation Entebbe, McKenzie persuaded Kenyan President Kenyatta to permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow the Israeli Air Force access to the Nairobi airport. Before the operation, McKenzie assisted a Mossad agent who flew a small plane to Entebbe to take aerial photographs of the airport installations and parked fighter jets which were destroyed by the Israeli troops in the raid.

On 24 May 1978, McKenzie was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded, as he departed a meeting with Amin. Some sources allege that Ugandan President Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for his involvement with the Entebbe rescue. Some report that the bomb was concealed inside either a mounted antelope head, or a carved wooden statue in the form of a lion's head, which McKenzie had been presented as a gift from Idi Amin just prior to the flight. Other sources have suggested various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person, also aboard the plane, may have been the target.

Later, Israel's Chief Director of Mossad, Meir Amit, had a forest planted in Israel in McKenzie's name.

title: Bruce McKenzie


text:
Bernard Stasi

Bernard Stasi (4 July 1930, Reims – 4 May 2011) was a French politician. He was the son of Italo-Mexican immigrants. Stasi served as Minister for Overseas Departments and Territories from 2 April 1973 to 27 February 1974.

From 1998 to 2004 he was the Ombudsman of the French Republic.

Biography
Bernard Stasi's grandparents and relatives are born in different countries: his paternal family in Italy, his father in Barcelona, Spain and his mother in Cuba. He obtained French citizenship at age 18. He is the brother of Mario Stasi, former bâtonnier of Paris.

Administrative and political career
A graduate of the École nationale d'administration (ENA) in 1959, he was first appointed chief of staff of the prefect of Algiers. He then advised firms in different management capacities from 1963 to 1968 before becoming MP of the Marne from 1968 to 1973 and from 1974 to 1993 under the Centre of Social Democrats (which became part of Union for French Democracy (UDF). He also served as a minister several times. He was Vice-President of the French National Assembly from 1978 to 1983, President of the Champagne-Ardenne region from 1981 to 1988, member of the European Parliamentfrom 1994 to 1998 and mayor of Épernay from 1970 to 1977 and from 1983 to 2000. In September 1981, following Jacques Chirac and Jacques Toubon he voted with the majority parliamentarian of the left for the abolition of the death penalty, presented by Robert Badinter, and expressed regret that such a measure was enacted by his predecessor. But in the debate on cohabitation that agitated the right between 1984 and March 1986 he sided with Raymond Barre, believing that a general election was - with the 1969 referendum that ended the political career of Général de Gaulle - valued as a test for or against the legitimacy of the President of the Republic.

He lost his deputy seat in 1993, resulting from his position on the Evin Act on alcohol advertisements (his region is a full wine region). He forced the annulment of the election, but was defeated in the election again in 1994.

From 5 April 1973 to 12 February 1974, he was Minister of Overseas France under Pierre Messmer. He condemned the coup of Chilean General Pinochet on 11 September 1973.

During the Bosnian Genocide (1992–1995), he was one of the very few French personalities to denounce it.

From 1998 to 2004, he held the office of Médiateur de la République (Ombudsman), under which he chaired the Stasi commission to report on secularism in France.

He was a member of the sponsorship committee of the French Coalition for nonviolence and Peace.

He died 4 May 2011, at the age of 80 years at the Bretonneau Hospital.

Controversy over his foreign origin
6 February 1986, during a debate with Jean-Marie Le Pen on France Inter (French public radio), Stasi started "I do not have the same beliefs as you," to which Le Pen replied: "That is normal, because you are an immigrant son and you have only been French since you were eighteen." Stasi immediately replied: "You have the nerve to tell me that as a foreign son I would not have the right to engage in politics?" Le Pen concludes, "I think it's a matter of good taste." After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Jean-Marie Le Pen renewed his claim: "When one is named Stasi, one does as the Communist Party, one changes ones name."

But his strong support for immigration expressed in his book L'immigration, une chance pour la France (Immigration, an opportunity for France), also resulted in insults from his own party. He also adopted nonconformist positions on the crisis in November 1984 in New Caledonia, saying in a report that the origins of the Kanak crisis predated the 1981. Christian Bonnet called him "Stasibaou" (alluding to the Kanak leader Jean-Marie Tjibaou). This double hostility contributed to his parliamentary defeat in September 1986, during his candidacy for President of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Assembly against Roland Dumas, for the fall session of the year 1986. Members of the National Front and a member of the right-wing majority voted for Roland Dumas, who accepted all votes without qualms. It was also fair, as he says, to count only the votes of the National Front. Roland Dumas prevailed because of, as was the law, his greater age. Subsequent sessions of the spring and fall of 1987, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing maintained cohesion within the majority for the candidacy, while he solicited, by open letter, the votes of the National Front.

Local offices
1970–1977: Mayor of Épernay 1983–2000: Mayor of Épernay 1981–1988: President of the Regional Council of Champagne-Ardenne

Parliamentary offices
11 July 1968 – 6 May 1973: Member of the fourth district of the Marne (resigned in favor of a government office) 3 April 1978 – 1 April 1986: Member of the fourth district of the Marne 2 April 1986 – 14 May 1988: Member of the Marne (elected by proportional representation) 23 June 1988 – 1 April 1993: Member of the Sixth District of the Marne 19 July 1994 – 24 April 1998: MEP

title: Bernard Stasi


text: User talk:66.169.210.188

title: User talk:66.169.210.188


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lord of the Rings v. Last Alliance

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Lord of the Rings v. Last Alliance
I think the term starcruft is in order here... WP:ISNOT a game guide. Delete Usrnme h8er 08:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Most of the claims of popularity are patently false, and once you strip those away, it's just a description of a fan-made Starcraft map. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 08:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as above. -- Malo 17:43, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
1974 British Lions tour to South Africa

In 1974, the British & Irish Lions toured South Africa, with matches in South West Africa and Rhodesia. Under the leadership of Willie John McBride, the Lions went through the tour undefeated, winning 21 of their 22 matches and being held to a draw in the final match, albeit in controversial circumstances. The 1974 squad became known as 'The Invincibles' and regarded as the greatest rugby tour in history.

Apartheid backdrop and controversy
The Lions tour took place against the backdrop of widespread condemnation of the apartheid regime. Under pressure from other African nations, the International Olympic Committee had excluded South Africa from competing in the Summer Games since 1964, and there had also been protests against visiting sporting teams from South Africa.

Several rugby players, like Welsh flanker John Taylor, took a stand against apartheid by making themselves unavailable for squad selection. Gerald Davies declined the tour on his personal uncomfortable position at the consequences and realities of apartheid.

By November 1973, the United Nations had declared apartheid "a crime against humanity" and in November 1974 South Africa was suspended from participating in the General Assembly.

The Lions made one more tour during Apartheid (in 1980), and did not tour South Africa again until 1997.

The 99 call
The test series was beset by violence. The management of the Lions unilaterally declared that in their opinion the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression because of their famous size advantage, 'off the ball' and 'blind side' play. In the buildup games, and in McBride's previous tours of South Africa, provincial sides had tended to use their physical size, late tackling and dirty play to deliberately intimidate and injure Lions players prior to Test matches. McBride again saw this tactic of targeting certain players being used by the provinces in 1974, and decided that the '99 call' (originally the '999 call' but it was too slow to shout out) was meant to show that the Lions were a team and would not take any more of the violence being meted out to them. It was intended to show that the Lions would act as one and fight unsporting behaviour with more of the same. The idea was that the referee would be unlikely to send off all of the Lions if they all attacked.

At the 'Battle of Boet Erasmus Stadium', in Port Elizabeth, one of the most violent matches in rugby history, there is famous video footage of JPR Williams running over half the length of the pitch to launch himself at Moaner van Heerden after such a call. According to McBride, the 99 call was only used once, as it sent out the message that the Lions were willing and more than able to respond in kind and protect themselves.

Management

 * Manager: Alun Thomas (Wales)
 * Coach: Syd Millar (Ireland)

Backs
Fullbacks
 * J.P.R. Williams (London Welsh and Wales)
 * Andy Irvine (Heriot's FP and Scotland)

Wings
 * Tom Grace (St Mary's College RFC and Ireland)
 * J.J. Williams (Llanelli and Wales)
 * William Steele (Bedford and R.A.F. and Scotland)
 * Clive Rees (London Welsh and Wales)
 * Alan Morley (Bristol and England) as replacement

Centres
 * Richard Milliken (Bangor and Ireland)
 * Ian McGeechan (Headingley and Scotland)
 * Roy Bergiers (Llanelli and Wales)
 * Geoff Evans (Coventry and England)

Fly-halves
 * Phil Bennett (Llanelli and Wales)
 * Alan Old (Leicester and England)
 * Mike Gibson (North of Ireland FC and Ireland) as replacement

Scrum-halves
 * Gareth Edwards (Cardiff and Wales)
 * John Moloney (St. Mary's College and Ireland)

Forwards
 Hookers
 * Bobby Windsor (Pontypool and Wales)
 * Ken Kennedy (London Irish and Ireland)

Props
 * Ian McLauchlan (Jordanhill College RFC and Scotland)
 * Sandy Carmichael (West of Scotland and Scotland)
 * Fran Cotton (Coventry and England)
 * Mike Burton (Gloucester and England)

Locks
 * Willie John McBride (capt) (Ballymena and Ireland)
 * Chris Ralston (Richmond and England)
 * Gordon Brown (West of Scotland and Scotland)
 * Roger Uttley (Gosforth and England)

Loose forwards
 * Fergus Slattery (Blackrock College and Ireland)
 * Stewart McKinney (Dungannon and Ireland)
 * Tommy David (Llanelli and Wales)
 * Tony Neary (Broughton Park and England)
 * Andy Ripley (Rosslyn Park and England)
 * Mervyn Davies (Swansea and Wales)

First Test
In muddy conditions at Newlands, the Lions took a while to settle, conceding the lead for the first time on the tour before steadying to win the opening Test comfortably.

South Africa: Ian McCallum, Chris Pope, Johan Oosthuizen, Peter Whipp, Gert Muller, Dawie Snyman, Roy McCallum, Morne du Plessis, Jan Ellis, Jan Boland Coetzee, John Williams, Kevin de Klerk, Hannes Marais (c), Piston van Wyk, Sakkie Sauerman

Lions: JPR Williams, Steele, Milliken, McGeechan, JJ Williams, Bennett, Edwards, Davies, Uttley, Slattery, Brown, McBride (c), Cotton, Windsor, McLauchlan

Second Test
The Lions went in at half-time with a 10–3 advantage, thanks to two tries from J. J. Williams. The lead was reduced to 10–6 when Bosch scored a penalty early in the second half, but that was as close as the Springboks came. Thereafter the Lions took control, with tries to Bennett, Brown and Milliken. It was up to that point the heaviest defeat in Springbok history.

South Africa: Ian McCallum (replaced Snyman, replaced Vogel), Chris Pope, Jackie Snyman, Peter Whipp, Gerrie Germishuys, Gerald Bosch, Paul Bayvel, Dugald MacDonald, Jan Ellis, Morne du Plessis, John Williams, Kevin de Klerk, Hannes Marais (c), Dave Frederickson, Nic Bezuidenhoudt

Lions: J. P. R. Williams, Steele, Milliken, McGeechan, JJ Williams, Bennett, Edwards, Davies, Uttley, Slattery, Brown, McBride (c), Cotton, Windsor, McLauchlan

Third Test
Following the humiliation of Pretoria, the Springbok selectors made drastic changes, keeping only five players from the previous match in the starting line-up. One of the most bizarre changes, however, involved bringing in Free State loose forward Gerrie Sonnekus to play out of position at scrumhalf, a move which had disastrous consequences. In the opening half-hour, the Springboks produced their best rugby of the series so far, and the desperation with which they played prompted Lions centre Dick Milliken to reflect years later that he had "never experienced such intensity on a rugby pitch". Much like the earlier match against Eastern Province at the same venue, the occasion was marred by outbreaks of violence, such that the match has since been dubbed the 'Battle of Boet Erasmus'. The brawling was probably fueled by the win-at-all-costs mentality with which the Springboks were playing, as well as the resolution of the Lions players not to be cowed by their opponents' famed physicality. Despite the Springboks having the better of most of the first half, they still went into the main break down 7–3 after Gordon Brown snatched the ball from a lineout and crashed over the line in injury time.

After the initial onslaught, the Lions regrouped and as the Springboks began to tire, they took complete control in the second half. As the forwards began to assert themselves, the backs were able to launch attack after attack on the Springbok line. Winger J. J. Williams scored two superb tries; the first came from a brilliant one-two pass combination with J. P. R. Williams, and the second was the result of a brilliant kick-and-chase.

At the end of the match, Lions captain McBride was carried off on the shoulders of Bobby Windsor and Gordon Brown. It was the first time since 1896 that the British Isles had won a series in South Africa, and the first time since 1910 that a touring side had beaten the Springboks at Boet Erasmus stadium. Danie Craven, the president of the South African Rugby Board, congratulated the Lions on their historic achievement, acknowledging that the visitors had indeed been "the better team".

South Africa: 15 Tonie Roux, 14 Chris Pope, 13 Peter Cronje, 12 Jan Schlebusch, 11 Gert Muller, 10 Jackie Snyman, 9 Gerrie Sonnekus, 8 Klippies Kritzinger, 7 Jan Ellis, 6 Polla Fourie, 5 Johan de Bruyn, 4 Moaner van Heerden (replaced by De Klerk), 3 Hannes Marais (c), 2 Piston van Wyk, 1 Nic Bezuidenhoudt; Replacements: 16 Kevin de Klerk, 17 Malcolm Swanby, 18 Gavin Cowley, 19 Gert Schutte, 20 Andre Bestbier, 21 Rampie Stander

Lions: 15 J. P. R. Williams, 14 Andy Irvine, 13 Ian McGeechan, 12 Dick Milliken, 11 J. J. Williams, 10 Phil Bennett, 9 Gareth Edwards, 8 Mervyn Davies, 7 Fergus Slattery, 6 Roger Uttley, 5 Willie John McBride (c), 4 Gordon Brown, 3 Fran Cotton, 2 Bobby Windsor, 1 Ian McLauchlan; Replacements: 16 Mike Gibson, 17 Billy Steele, 18 John Moloney, 19 Ken Kennedy, 20 Sandy Carmichael, 21 Tony Neary

Fourth Test
After winning the first three test matches, the Lions drew the final test in controversial circumstances. In the dying minutes, Irish flanker Fergus Slattery broke through the South African line and appeared to successfully ground the ball, only for the (South African) referee to adjudge it held up; the Lions couldn't believe it, and Slattery himself later stated to the British newspapers that even the South African players thought that he had scored a legitimate try. Moreover, the referee blew the final whistle four minutes early with the Lions still just two metres from the South African try line, thus preserving their unbeaten record, but denying them a tour whitewash. When asked about the decision afterward, the referee was said to have replied: "Look boys, I have to live here". JPR Williams later recalled that he struggled to understand the elation that South Africans felt in drawing the match.

South Africa: Tonie Roux, Chris Pope, Peter Cronje, Jan Schlebusch, Gert Muller, Jackie Snyman, Paul Bayvel, Kleintjie Grobler, Jan Ellis, Klippies Kritzinger, John Williams, Moaner van Heerden, Hannes Marais (c), Piston van Wyk, Nic Bezuidenhoudt (replaced by Stander)

Lions: J. P. R. Williams, Irvine, McGeechan, Milliken, J. J. Williams, Bennett, Edwards, Davies, Uttley, Slattery, Ralston, McBride (c), Cotton, Windsor, McLauchlan

Appraisal
The Lions previous series in South Africa had all been losses, apart from the drawn 1955 series.

South Africa had not lost a home Test series since 1958 against France. In their most recent internationals they had won series against NZ at home in 1970 and against Australia away in 1971. They won their subsequent series, against NZ at home, in 1976.

However, they had not played a test match for two years before playing the Lions.

Danie Craven said the 1974 Lions were "the greatest team to visit South Africa".

Many of the players who also played on the victorious 1971 Lions tour to New Zealand believe the 1974 Lions team would have beaten the 1971 Lions team, due to having better forwards and because many of the 1971 players had become better players by 1974. J.P.R. Williams has said that whilst the 1971 Lions back division could not be bettered, the 1974 squad was better at winning games.

title: 1974 British Lions tour to South Africa


text:
People's House

People's Houses (Народный дом) were originally leisure and cultural centres built with the intention of making art and cultural appreciation available to the working classes. The first establishment of this type appeared in Tomsk, Russian Empire in 1882. Soon people's Houses became popular in England (1887, "People's Palace"), Scotland, Turkey and other European states.

The term "people's house" (e.g., folkets hus, casa del pueblo, maison du peuple, etc.) was further used in continental Europe for working-class public community centres, each of which often had associations with particular trade union organizations and political parties.

Russian Empire

The first People's House (Народный дом) was built in Tomsk in 1882, and several more were erected in the capital of Russia, St. Petersburg during that decade. By the beginning of the 20th century the capital supported about 20 People's Houses: these provided entertainment, educational clubs for middle-class intelligentsia, petty officials, students, soldiers and workers, etc. Typically, a People's House included a library, reading room, theatre, tea rooms, a bookshop, a lecture hall with stage where activities such as Sunday school, evening classes for adults and choral singing might be held. Some included a museum with various types of visual aids used in lectures in the course of systematic training, and which were also used for travelling and permanent exhibitions.

The biggest and most famous People's House opened in Russia was built in Alexandrovsky Park in 1899–1900, and opened by Tsar Nicholas II, after whom it was named "Establishment for People's Entertainment of Emperor Nicholas II" ("Заведение для народных развлечений императора Николая II"), or, in short, "People's House of Emperor Nicholas II "("Narodny Dom Imperatora Nikolaya II"). This originally housed a concert hall, a theater, a public library and a restaurant. There was a small nominal entrance charge, with the only extra being charged for a seat at the theater. The English publication Contemporary Review noted these facilities, enviously commenting:"it is exactly what our People's palace was intended to be and is not". More such People's Houses were built in Moscow and other places in Russia.

United Kingdom
In the late 19th century, People's Palaces started being built in grim urban districts. The concept was to raise morale and morality through inspiring buildings which offered cultural nourishment. Costly, taking years to build and lavishly decorated, they were designed to provide a focal point for civic pride, venues for meetings and public events.

Notably these were built according to neo-Gothic style, as promoted by Augustus Pugin and John Ruskin: Pugin believed the harmonious style of the architecture could influence morality, while Ruskin in his book The Stones of Venice examined the architecture of the Italian Renaissance mercantile republics, believing it expressed the spirit of freedom. Architects adopted these ideas in their building of People's Palaces in the north of England and in Scotland, both to assert the cultural credentials of those regions and to provide an improving influence over the citizens of burgeoning industrial towns.

In 1899 Joseph Rowntree and Arthur Sherwell proposed that People's Houses should be built as part of a programme by the Temperance Party to provide "recreations of the simplest and least exacting kind, such as would specially appeal to those to whom the stress of their daily lives leaves little inclination for anything more than physical relaxation and cheerful intercourse": that is, a viable alternative to the public house.

Western Continental Europe
In Western Continental Europe, the "people's house" is a generic term used to refer to proletarian community centres located in almost all cities.

When the labour movement and trade unions began to organize towards the end of the 19th century, the workers were in great need for premises of their own where they could hold meetings without interference. Opposition against the labour movement from the capitalists and landlords was strong and workers were not welcome to use existing premises. Landowners even forbade open-air meetings.

The workers in many Western European countries decided to buy their own land and build their own houses. The idea spread all over Western Europe. Construction was funded through co-operative ventures, various forms of contribution and not least voluntary work.

Most Western European "people's houses" were built along a similar model as the "Maison du Peuple" established in Belgium in 1899; that building was built as the headquarters of the Belgian Labour Party.

Norway
Antecedents to the modern folkets hus in Norway were established by Marcus Thrane's labour movement in the early 1850s. While the movement itself was short-lived and the branches were few, Thrane's attempt was succeeded by the first "workers' societies" (Arbeidersamfunn) by parish priest Honoratus Halling in 1850, which were less politically radical. In 1864, Eilert Sundt established the Christian Workers' Society (today known as the Oslo Workers' Society (Oslo Arbeidersamfunn)).

However, when Danish agitator Marcus Jantzen came to Norway in 1873 to establish a social democratic union, he and his acolytes were prohibited from discussing politics, so meetings organized by Jantzen were held in the open air in Tjuvholmen; by this time, the labour movement in Norway had taken off and largely associated with labour or socialist parties with similar woes of space for meetings, thus increasing the demand for separate facilities. The first modern people's house was established in Vikersund in 1890, and the oldest still existing is the People's House in Spjærøy, Østfold (built 1898).

The People's House in Oslo was established in 1907, and throughout the 20th century, over 200 people's houses were established throughout Norway. The People's House Association was established in 1947 to represent these establishments, and the People's House Fund is the primary loan provider for people's houses in Norway.

Spain
In Spain, the casa del pueblo ("people's house") is a general term for local branches of both the PSOE party (although the term has been officially retired from most PSOE offices save for those in the Basque Country) and the Unión General de Trabajadores; in addition, the CNT-AIt trade union makes use of similar branch offices, although they are largely described as ateneo popular or ateneo obrero ("people's university" and "worker's university" respectively).

The term has been used to describe clearing houses of information for Spanish employees and workers, for unskilled agricultural and industrial workers. The first was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1908 in Madrid; the office was created in a former ducal palace on Calle del Piemonte, and similar houses were established throughout the country afterwards, particularly in the Basque country and in Asturias.

Sweden
In Sweden "The People's House" (Folkets hus) is historically associated with organizations affiliated with the Swedish labour movement. The name is also used for Norwegian and Danish people's houses.

"The people's park" (folkets park) is a prevalent feature of many Swedish towns, serving similar purposes.

In Stockholm, the construction of the first people's house started in 1897 in Norra Bantorget square. It was opened in 1901, and by 1906 the Russian Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were welcomed to hold their fourth congress at Stockholm Folkets hus. In 1955 the original Stockholm people's house was demolished, as was most of lower Norrmalm during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. It was replaced by the current people's house building, which was built at the same place.

Italy
The first casa del popolo ("house of the people") built in Italy was in Massenzatico, a small village in the nearby of Reggio Emilia, on September 9, 1893. The casa del popolo was inaugurated by Società Artigiana Cooperativa di Villa Massenzatico, in front of some of the most important Italian and European Socialist Party representants as Camillo Prampolini, Filippo Turati and Emile Vandervelde. Many Case del popolo have been retasked, though the name is sometimes used in their later names. The name is also used for businesses that were not originally a casa del popolo, similar to others such as in Brussels where it is used as the name for a restaurant, or in Montreal for a music bar.

Turkey
People's Houses (Halk Evleri) were established in Turkey in 1932, to give formal education to adults. The People's House developed programs on language and literature, fine arts, library and publications, history. On July 2, 1932, the first Turkish History Conference was assembled in the Ankara People's House. The activities of the people's houses were subsidized from the state treasury, and served all citizens.

With the establishment of multi-party politics in Turkey, most of the initial initiatives supported by the Republican People's Party (RPP) began to be questioned during 1945-1951. The opposition Democratic Party (DP) wanted to put an end to the People's Houses. The Democratic Party perceived the People's Houses as a strong political institution among the civilians which propagated the RPP's point of view. The DP wanted to cut public expenses to the institution from the government budget. The RPP proposed to reorganize them instead of closing, as they wanted to preserve the institution as part of Atatürk's heritage. The DP, who criticized the houses for closely identifying with the RPP, rejected the proposal; people's houses and property were confiscated once the DP gained a majority in the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1951.

Literature

 * Москва начала века / авт.-сост. О. Н. Оробей, под ред. О. И. Лобова — М.: O-Мастеръ, 2001. — С. 367—368. — 701 с. — (Строители России, ХХ век). — ISBN 5-9207-0001-7.
 * Рябков В. М. Антология форм праздничной и развлекательной культуры России (XVII — начало XX): уч.пособие / В. м. Рябков. — Чел.акад.культуры и искусств. -Челябинск, 2006. — 706 с.
 * Виноградов А. П. История культурно-просветительской работы в СССР −1970. — 246 с.

title: People's House


text:
Talk:Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Note
I believe his name was Rama Mohana Roy in the original Bengali. There's Bengali writing on this page which I cannot read. Should that be given as the transliteration from the Bengali? Imc 08:13, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

His name is pronounced as Rammohan (without the 'a's) in Bengali.--ppm 20:46, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Comment moved from main page
Please note that parts of the present text, especially the section "Christian and Company period (1795 - 1828)", are tendentious, containing disputed facts and near-abusive language, such as "fabricate(d) a spurious religious work". This can perhaps be attributed to the fact that some of the hatred he encountered on account of his fight against Hindu orthodoxy and criticism of Christian Trinitarianism, survives to this day. I feel that the article should be blocked or flagged appropriately until corrective edits are received. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Altquixote (talk • contribs)
 * The "disputed" fact that Rammohan Roy had a hand in fabricating the MNT (a work widely acknowledged to be fabricated) is not OR. Altquixote can read John Duncan Derrett on the subject, and Hugh Urban's 1995 follow up paper. Annette46 (talk) 04:38, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

The article reads very POV. Politically anti-Christian and geographically Indo-centric "lands in India to settle here". Carey's is not referenced. Needs to be worked on Cosnahang (talk) 16:42, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Ram Mohan and Women
A quotation has been added to the article recently. It is my view that this is POV pushing citing a less scholarly (and possibly uninformed) source. It is trite that child marriage and sati cuts across all castes and the author's thesis that Roy only fought for Brahmin women's issues is too frivolous to be considered seriously. 116.68.247.11 (talk) 09:28, 27 April 2009 (UTC)
 * "It should be noted, however, that the women who benefited from Roy's reforms were largely those of the upper castes. Being a Brahman himself, Ram Mohan Roy naturally sought improvement for the women of his own stature. Moreover, women of the orthodox Brahmans, more so than women of the lower castes, experienced such practices as child marriage and prevention of widow remarriage. Thus, while Roy worked to improve the lives of elite women, the lower castes comprising eighty percent of the population saw little change from his reforms."

Are you disputing the scholarly integrity of The History Teacher? It seems like a rather sound publication. Please explain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by HIS33809beki (talk • contribs) 17:12, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes. A Google search for the author Diane M. Jones reveals nothing notable. The article is not specifically about Roy and has only 1 google cite in an unrelated context of China. The scholarly source fails to show any basis why Roy "naturally" favoured women of his own stature. The article also fails to show any basis for opining that orthodox Brahmin women experienced child marriage and prevention of widow marriage to a higher degree than lower caste women. 116.68.247.11 (talk) 08:31, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Pages 468 and 469 of "Burning Widows, Burning Brides: The Perils of Daughterhood in India" by Dorothy Stein explain how sati was more prevalent among the higher castes, as well as why widow remarriage would be more difficult. HIS33809beki (talk) 19:31, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

I've found two other publications by Diane M. Jones:A comparative study of the social visions of M.K. Gandhi and Mao Zedong and Peasant revolts and historical consciousness in Vietnam : two popular uprisings against the Nguyen dynasty, 1833-1835. Both were published by the University of Wisconsin. To me, it seems that Jones' article, "Nationalism and Women's Liberation: The Cases of India and China" does explain why Ram Mohan would have been more interested in helping women of similar social status. As stated on page 147: "The class bias of the male Hindu reformers should come as no surprise because as members of the educated upper crust they looked first for change in their own lives, and those of their own wives and daughters." I believe there is a renown example of Roy seeing his sister-in-law become a sati and opposing the practice thereafter. That seems to be exactly what Jones is referring to. Furthermore, yes I concede that the main subject of "Nationalism and Women's Liberation" is not Ram Mohan. It is an article about women's social issues, and therefore Ram Mohan necessarily forms an important part of the discussion pertaining to India. HIS33809beki (talk) 01:36, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Diane Jones of Univ.Wisconsin seems to be an athletics coach with many "significant" publications. http://facstaff.uww.edu/jonesd/Presentations.htm Since RMR never set foot in the USofA her observations on RMR are 3rd party opinions, not RS and certainly not sufficently scholarly for Wikipedia. That RMR was also caused to oppose sati because of the burning of Jagmohoan's widow is not at issue, the faulty / dubious logic of Ms Jones' sweeping (and incidentally ignorant) statements that sati, child remarriage, widow remarriage etc are/were primarily upper caste societals is. Ms Jone's (especially when out of context) is not a sufficiently scholarly source for inclusion in an encyclopedia, do you have any contemporary sources to RMR to cite for such kind of negative observations? Speculative weasel terms such as "would have been" cannot be used as justification - RMR either DID favour or DID NOT favour women of his own strata - please cite your sources accordingly. 116.68.247.11 (talk) 07:03, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * You may also be interested in "scholarly" articles like this http://groups.yahoo.com/group/brahmoconferenceorg/message/6 116.68.247.11 (talk) 07:37, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Ram Mohan and Social Reform
How are the actions of Ram Mohan in relation to the British indigo planters irrelevant to his role as a social reformer? To me they seem to be related.HIS33809beki (talk) 19:34, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Please read JC Ghosh's collected letters of RMR first to get the complete picture on Roy's views on (and 'benami' ownership of) indigo plantations. It would also be useful if you read up about his son Dwarkanath Tagore who also owned many indigo plantations (including some of Roy's). 116.68.247.11 (talk) 07:08, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Ram Mohan Dates (1774-1833 or 1772-1833)?
Could somebody please tell me the correct dates of Ram Mohan. Wikipedia states 1774-1833. All other sources give 1772-1833? Incognitus scriptor (talk) 20:09, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

This is an actual issue, as the page itself is inconsistent. We should seek to solve this as soon as possible. The majority of the time the date is given as 1772; I suggest that every instance of 1774 be replaced, with a footnote that it is possible he was born in 1774, according to differing reports. 71.58.72.223 (talk) 02:58, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Early political and religious career (1792–1820)
This section is very poorly written- and most of it refers to other people such as Carey and Woodroffe, which by the way is misspelt. Section needs substantial editing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RajibAditya (talk • contribs) 17:26, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Hindu [sic] Why?
Why is there a [sic] whenever Hindu is mentioned in direct quotations? Epeeist smudge (talk) 12:51, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Rammohun Roy
The title of the article shoud be Rammohun Roy. In every letters he have written, he signed as Rammohun Roy (not Ram Mohan Roy). Please vide The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy edited by Dr. Kalidas Nag and Debajyoti Burman, published from Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, 211, Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata-6. Thanks. -- Bodhisattwa (talk) 13:37, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

A bit of nonsense
QUOTE In 1830 Ram Mohan Roy travelled to the United Kingdom as an ambassador of the Mughal Empire END OF QUOTE There was no Mugal 'Empire' in 1830.

QUOTE The East India Company was draining money from India at a rate of three million pounds a year in 1838. END OF QUOTE

This is only a Indian school text book propaganda, which only the utter idiots will believe. How come Wikipedia is used as a jingoistic propaganda tool? This item has no relevence in an article on Raja Ram Mohan Roy, for there is no record of him being an anti-English rule propagandist. In fact the opposite is the truth.

QUOTE: The Brahma Samaj played a major role in reforming and modernising the Indian society END OF QUOTE: This statement is nonsense. Bengal society is not 'Indian society' by any way of imagining. There was no 'Indian society' and Brahma Samaj is not known to have in any way influenced the nations in the south, even if there is any chance that it had influenced the social content in the northern parts of the peninsula. In the south, the only major modernising influence was the English rule.

QUOTE: These practices were often the reasons British officials claimed moral superiority over the Indian nation.END OF QUOTE. What a joke! What 'Indian Nation' in 1830s?

Where is Raja Rammohan Way then?
Just curious. The article claims that a street has been named in memory of Ram Mohan Roy. The claim was made on 31 July 2015, but google maps still can't find the place, and there's no mention of it on any British government site. Might culturalindia.net have been a bit premature, or just perhaps wrong? Batternut (talk) 10:09, 26 May 2016 (UTC)
 * The CulturalIndia.net made the street naming claim in or before 2008, when it was first archived (here). If the street has been around for 8 years, it would be locatable. The AA route planner finds 3 similar road names in India, but none in the UK. So I shall remove this claim from the article. Batternut (talk) 14:39, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Raja raam mohan Roy earlier works
He started atmiya sabha in 1814 ,I was consider as precursor of brahmo samaj Khaled hussain (talk) 04:38, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Name of the content
The name is wrong it should be "Raja Rammohun Roy" 2409:4064:99F:DABB:0:0:1A26:68A1 (talk) 14:11, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Please provide reliable sources for this, and get consensus for the change. Many of the sources we use have the name as in the article title. Meters (talk) 18:02, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

child marriage and polygamy are not only "Hindu custom"
they are more prevelant, even today, in other religions Mundhra.navneet (talk) 21:26, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

the caste stem was created by invaders of British origin. and now to get political benifit, even Christians are becoming part of so-called lower caste Mundhra.navneet (talk) 21:28, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 October 2022
In the, "Christianity and the early rule of the East India Company (1795–1828)" section, please add this: Ram Mohan Roy, an Indian reformer of the 18th century, was a Unitarian who published a book called Precepts of Jesus. 2405:204:5207:5634:A403:B0D:D6EE:A76E (talk) 22:28, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

 * ,, , , , , please do the needful.-115.99.148.174 (talk) 19:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Your proposed info fails WP:EXCEPTIONAL. CharlesWain (talk) 08:07, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 December 2022
DOne by Calcutta Public School Kalikapur Promitdhar2007 (talk) 14:36, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Lemonaka (talk) 18:15, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

Reminder to anyone viewing and contributing to this talk page
Before posting anything on this talk page, please read Wikipedia's talk page guidelines. Relevantly speaking, these talk pages are not forums.

I am posting this due to multiple unproductive edits to this talk page for the past two years. (This edit was placed here, as of this post, exactly two years ago tomorrow.) The edit history here shows that I and other editors have come here to perform multiple reversions of unconstructive contributions; speaking for myself, this article arguably has the most talk page activity on my watchlist, and much of it is either trivial and unconstructive, or reversions of such.

And simply posting here something along the lines of "Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian reformer" (paraphrased quote), or that "he was a good guy" or a "very bad man" (either one), does not help improve coverage relevant to him or his coinciding fields of study. Please only post here with the intention of improving, expanding, opining on, questioning, or commenting upon the coverage and information displayed that is relevant to Roy and/or this article; and to do so in a civil fashion.

There is not frequent enough activity for me to want to seek this option right now, but if this behavior keeps up, I reserve the right to inquire about protecting this page. I would hate to bring protection measures to a talk page, since these pages are meant to accept opinions of any interested member of the public; but this talk page and its history is simply being improperly used by too many IPs or new users, and it is a long-term issue. Please respect this talk page, and only post here if you have respect for both the information/content regarding Roy's life and world contributions (which is different and distinct from respecting him personally, or thinking positively of him; neither of which I am demanding out of anyone), and of Wikipedia's talk page guidelines. Mungo Kitsch  (talk)  21:33, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Don't know why is it, but there are many Indian IPs doing these on an incredible number of pages. At this point probably more than half of my Twinkle usage is dedicated to reverting them. I remember reporting them to ANI at some point, but got tired because the reports were generally ignored, and the few (range) blocks didn't really help either. There will always be an unrelated IP that does the same thing even when the other one is blocked. —CX Zoom[he/him] (let's talk • {C•X}) 22:21, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Citation on the Mahanirvanatantra
We have a source quoted attributing authorship to the mahanirvanatantra by Ram Mohan Roy. The source in question is Derrett's Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law. The link is to volume one of the series. What source this seems to be wanting to reference is volume 2 of his Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law which holds the article, "A juridical fabrication of early British India: the Mahanirvana-Tantra" from the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Rechtwissenschaft in 1968. However, in that text on page 142 Derrett says that the authorship of the text by Ramohan Roy is "highly improbable" (see also ff 13 where he surmises Roy would not have had the patience to write the sanskrit follies that he "frequently ridiculed"). There is nothing in this text said about Carey or Vidyavagish. The only sources I see connecting all these only refer back to the Wikipedia or the Derrett article, which says the authorship of the tantra cannot be determined. We should strike this sentence from the page until we can get better sourcing for these claims--which are possibly erroneous. 74.59.26.131 (talk) 00:22, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The relevant article is here: https://books.google.ca/books?id=yH8eAAAAIAAJ&q=maha+nirvana+tantra#v=snippet&q=maha%20nirvana%20tantra&f=false 74.59.26.131 (talk) 00:23, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, I've looked into this a bit more and found a text by Hugh Urban of all people (he has his hand in every pie!), who explores in-depth whether or not this text was or could be penned by Rammohan Roy. Urban notes two sources that suggest a connection between Roy and the text: Bhattacarya's History of the Sakta Religion (155) and Chakravarti's The Tantras (353). Reading Urban's text gets the feel that Roy did not construct the text himself, though he did use it extensively a an ambivalent source for his reformist agenda. Urban concludes: "It is probable that we will never know the true author and date of the Mahanirvana Tantra "(77). I still think we need to pull this down until it is confirmed. 96.22.174.61 (talk) 22:04, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

British India
I removed British india from the infobox and only added the Bengal Presidency. The presidencies were separate at time as most of India was snot colonized yet. The position Governor-General of India did not exist until 1834 SKAG123 (talk) 22:57, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raja Ram Mohan Roy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abdul Mustafa

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Abdul Mustafa
The article is based on a single joke from the short-lived Roc (TV show). A redirect would not make sense as the name isn't mentioned in the article. -- Kjkolb 08:14, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic. feydey 09:03, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Seems unlikely anyone would search for this. Ilmari Karonen 00:46, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Template talk:Census-ar

the INDEC link in the template points to the external link instead to the wikipedia article. I htink it should point to the article, from which, if needed, the external link can be reached. I'll change it. Mariano (t/c) 08:14, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It's probably better this way, yes. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 10:19, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

One more thing, what is that    symbol (&zwj;)? I'm not sure about its porpoise. Mariano (t/c) 10:54, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a ZERO WIDTH JOINER character. Works like a space, only it leaves no space. :) Due to the way templates are replaced, if you have a template that starts with a wikilink and you write [ before the template call, you get three raw brackets [[[ (that is, if you write [] you get " [[[2001 ... " instead of "[2001..." (see? I used the ZWJ there). --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 13:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * PS BTW, I think you meant purpose, not porpoise, right? --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 13:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

That's weird then, because I see somethin' ugly instead. Probably my character set. Emmmm, of cors, I did it on porpoise! :P Mariano (t/c) 14:47, 30 September 2005 (UTC) it's ugly here too. But I know no cure. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 10:30, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Census-ar


text:
Talk:Dow Chemical Company

New Corporate Structure
Is anyone able to confirm that Down Chemical Company is a subsidiary of the new Dow Inc? From everything I've read, Dow Chemical Company merged with DuPont and was spun off as Dow Inc and the name Dow Chemical Company no longer exists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aztex82 (talk • contribs) 20:26, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

 * We're actually discussing merging Dow Chemical and Dow Inc into a single article (see below) InvadingInvader (talk) 03:04, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Merging with Dow Inc.
So the current article for Dow Chemical's parent (Dow Inc.) is extremely short, only containing corporate information. A merger was last proposed in 2019 but no responses on this talk page occurred since then. I think given the size of Dow Inc's article, and considering that Dow Inc is only a parent company and not in a situation like Volkswagen where it owns multiple brands, I believe a merger of some type should occur. As for the name of the article, either title works. "Dow Inc." is the name of the company and it's pretty short in terms of names, but "Dow Chemical Company" is more descriptive and will reduce any confusion between Dow Chemical and Dow Jones given that Dow often is also a shortened form of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. InvadingInvader (talk) 01:04, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger Despite having the same name, they are two completely separate companies. See how we have treated the identically parallel case of DuPont (1802–2017)/DuPont.  The answer is to improve both articles, which I will put in some work on (though Dow Inc. will be necessity be shorter because of its shorter corporate history). UnitedStatesian (talk) 16:34, 28 May 2022 (UTC)
 * After a few months, it does still seem like that the two articles would be better as merged. Haven't seen too much improvement to both articles personally, and comparison to DuPont is WP:OSE. DuPont's history and articles seems to be much longer and detailed, and Dow comparatively doesn't seem to have a need to be split, especially compared to other corporations which have split articles like the various articles on the incarnations of CBS and Viacom. InvadingInvader (talk) 18:46, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merger. Legal structures notwithstanding, it's the same company. Just as we don't have two separate articles for General Motors even though it's technically not the same company from before the 2009 packaged bankruptcy. Or one article for the Arena Football League despite it having been rescued from bankruptcy. Now there was no bankruptcy here, but a the continuous operation despite the legal corporate changes are analogous. That's the thrust of the proposal; articles on companies are about the whole institution, not just the legal entity. oknazevad (talk) 23:27, 16 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I would also suggest that the new article be titled Dow Chemical Company (or Dow Chemical if editors would prefer so), as while Dow Inc. is the formal name of the company, it's too confusing with other Dow-named things (especially both the Dow Jones index and the Dow Jones subsidiary of NewsCorp) which wouldn't be adequately solved by disambiguating templates placed at the top of the article. InvadingInvader (talk) 21:17, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merger: Since Dow Inc. is merely a holding company, its article is likely to be a WP:PERMASTUB in its current state due to lack of WP:SIGCOV on it, even from reliable sources. Per WP:CORPDEPTH and WP:FAILCORP, content found in such articles should be added to another relevant article, which would be Dow Chemical Company (this article) in this case. CascadeUrbanite (talk) 05:07, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merger: SEC filings of Dow Inc and The Dow Chemical Company show that their balance sheets and statements of income are nearly identical. This confirms that Dow Inc is a holding company even though the companies are technically different. It can therefore easily be discussed in a header about corporate structure in the article The Dow Chemical Company (possibly renamed). - Tristan Surtel (talk) 19:52, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

Acquisitions and mergers should be in their own section
The history section is extremely lengthy as it is, and the acquisitions and mergers listed throughout further congests the section and disrupts the flow of the article. These should probably be moved to their own dedicated “acquisitions and mergers” section. Emilyofjane (talk) 23:39, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dow Chemical Company


text:
Bernard Picinbono

Bernard Picinbono is a French scientist born in 1933 in Algiers. His scientific work focuses on statistics and its applications in optics, electronics, signal processing and automation.

Biography
He did his secondary and higher education in Algiers and then in Paris where he obtained the agrégation de sciences physiques.

He was associate professor of physical sciences at the Algiers high school from 1956 to 1960 and then, after obtaining a doctorate in science, lecturer at the Faculty of Science in Algiers from 1960 to 1965. He was then appointed professor at the Orsay Faculty of Sciences. He was President of the University of Paris XI (now Paris-Saclay University) from 1970 to 1975, President of SupOptique (Institute of Theoretical and Applied Optics) from 1980 to 1990, and Director General of Supélec from 1990 to 1995. In the early 1980s, he was director of the master (DEA) in Automation and Signal Processing at the University of Paris XI and lectures at Supélec's signals and systems laboratory.

He is Professor Emeritus at the Paris-Saclay University and at CentraleSupélec.

Bernard Picinbono was President of Cimade from 1970 to 1983 and again from 1997 to 2002.

Awards

 * Member of the French Academy of sciences, elected correspondant in 1983.
 * Member of the French Academy of technologies.
 * Recipient in 1970 of the Blondel Medal awarded by the Electricity, Electronics and Information and Communication Technologies Society
 * Fellow of the IEEE for contributions to signal processing, adaptive detection and stochastic processes.
 * Officier of the Légion d'Honneur (July 2009)
 * Officier of the Ordre du Mérite
 * Commandeur des Palmes académiques (2008)

Publications

 * B. Picinbono. On Instantaneous Amplitude and Phase of Signals. IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 45:552-560, 1997. [bibtex-entry]
 * B. Picinbono and W. Martin. Représentation des signaux par amplitude et phase instantanées. Annales des Télécommunications, 38:179-190, 1983. [bibtex-entry]

title: Bernard Picinbono


text: User talk:24.161.157.113

title: User talk:24.161.157.113


text:
Percy Spender

Sir Percy Claude Spender (5 October 1897 – 3 May 1985) was an Australian politician, diplomat, and judge. He served in the House of Representatives from 1937 to 1951, including as a cabinet minister under Robert Menzies and Arthur Fadden. He was later Ambassador to the United States (1951–1958) and a member of the International Court of Justice (1958–1967), including as president of the court from 1964 to 1967.

Early life
Spender was born on 5 October 1897 in Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales. He was the fifth of six children born to Mary (Murray) and Frank Henry Spender; his father was a locksmith originally from South Australia. Spender's mother died in 1902 and his father remarried, giving him a stepsister and later two half-siblings. He began his education at Darlinghurst Public School, and later attended Fort Street High School. After failing his matriculation exam, he found work as a clerk with the Sydney City Council. Spender eventually passed the entrance exam to the University of Sydney, where he graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1918. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in September 1918, but did not see active service before the war ended a few months later. Spender subsequently completed a Bachelor of Laws, graduating in 1922 with first-class honours and the University Medal in law. He was admitted to the bar in 1923 and made a King's Counsel in 1935.

Entry into politics
Spender entered politics at the 1937 election when he was elected to the House of Representatives as member for Warringah. He ran as an "independent UAP" candidate, unexpectedly defeating the sitting member, Sir Archdale Parkhill. On 20 October 1938, Spender announced that he would join the UAP, but that he would "continue to stand for independent expression of thought and action and against the principle of preselection of candidates".

Treasurer
Robert Menzies became prime minister in April 1939 and appointed himself as Treasurer, as was common at the time. Spender was promoted to cabinet as a minister without portfolio, but effectively ran the Department of the Treasury in Menzies' stead. He was initially given the title "Minister without portfolio assisting the Treasurer", and then in November 1939 was named Acting Treasurer. He was a member of two subcommittees within cabinet – the Economic Cabinet and War Cabinet – and in January 1940 was additionally made Vice-President of the Executive Council. Spender was officially appointed Treasurer a few months later, in March 1940. He would later recall in his memoirs that he had been "in full charge of Treasury throughout".

Spender's primary objective as Treasurer was to accelerate the country's transition to a war economy. Australian troops were already fighting in Europe and the Middle East, and although the Pacific War would not begin until December 1941 it was believed by many that the appeasement of Japan had failed and fighting closer to home was inevitable. Spender was concerned that permanent officials at Treasury, including departmental secretary Stuart McFarlane, were not taking the situation seriously enough. He began to rely more on the advice of temporary staff and independent economists like Lyndhurst Giblin. According to political historian John Hawkins, Spender was "the most academically qualified economist among pre-WWII treasurers". He promoted interventionist Keynesian policies, such as borrowing money and raising taxes to spend on defence-related projects and thereby reduce unemployment. He also wished to control private investing so that capital would be available to the government for defence purposes, introducing requirements for private banks to place a set proportion of deposits with the Commonwealth Bank (which at the time was Australia's central bank).

Later activities
After the 1940 federal election, Arthur Fadden was elected leader of the Country Party, the UAP's coalition partner, and demanded the position of Treasurer. Spender was instead made Minister for the Army, which he would hold until the government's defeat on a confidence motion in October 1941. Anticipating Japan's entry into the war, he pressed for Australian troops to be moved from the Middle Eastern theatre closer to home. He "invited Australian generals to communicate directly with him and challenged British reassurances about the defences of Singapore".

Menzies resigned as UAP leader in October 1941, and Spender was an unsuccessful candidate for the leadership. He was eliminated on the first ballot, with Billy Hughes subsequently defeating Allan McDonald by a narrow margin. Spender was also a candidate for the UAP leadership in 1943, when Hughes resigned. He was again eliminated on the first ballot, polling only a handful of votes. In February 1944, the UAP voted to withdraw its members from the Advisory War Council. Spender refused to resign from the council, and was expelled from the UAP as a result on 23 February 1944. The party reportedly voted 21 to 5 in favour of an expulsion motion moved by Robert Menzies – who had been largely responsible for the creation of the council as a nonpartisan body. John Curtin subsequently sent Spender a letter thanking him for staying on. Billy Hughes was expelled in similar circumstances two months later.

Spender sat as an independent after being expelled from the UAP. He was approached to join the Liberal Democratic Party, a small UAP breakaway, but declined. In May 1945, Spender became a financial member of the Mosman branch of the Liberal Party of Australia. However, he was not admitted to the parliamentary Liberal Party until 13 September 1945, when the Advisory War Council was abolished. Hughes was also re-admitted at that point.

Post-war politics
Upon Menzies' return to power in 1949, Spender was made Minister for External Affairs (19 December 1949 – 26 April 1951) and Minister for External Territories. Spender's greatest influence on Australian politics occurred during this period. He led Australian delegations to the British Commonwealth Conference in Colombo, Ceylon and to the Fifth Session of the United Nations General Assembly (of which he was the vice-president).

At the conference in Colombo, Spender was instrumental in the development of the Colombo Plan (which had originally been known as the Spender Plan). He also played a large part in the signing of the ANZUS Pact and the Treaty of San Francisco (Japanese Peace Treaty; 1951).

Spender expressed more desire to secure alliances with 'great powers' than contribute to collective security, stating that international organisations like the UN may "contain those who are at work to disrupt the order we believe in". In this sense Spender was more akin to the realist tradition of Australian foreign politics linked to former Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies.

Diplomatic and judicial posts
On leaving politics, Spender was appointed Australia's Ambassador to the United States (1951–58).

Spender's appointment as Ambassador to the United States was seen as a possible motive by Menzies to remove a potential rival in Spender from Parliament and notwithstanding Spender had unsuccessfully stood against Menzies for the UAP leadership in 1943.

However Spender said in 1968 that Menzies only made the ambassador's offer after Spender informed Menzies that he (Spender) was leaving politics.

Spender was the first Australian appointed to the International Court of Justice in The Hague (1958–1964) and was the Court's President 1964–67. Spender died in May 1985, aged 87.

Marriages and family
Spender married Jean Maud Henderson on 6 April 1925 at St Mary Magdalene Church of England, Coraki, New South Wales. She became a crime-fiction writer and they had two sons. One son, John Spender, was also a politician and diplomat who married Australian fashion designed Carla Zampatti. Jean Spender died in 1970 and on 4 October 1975 at St Mark's Church of England, Darling Point, he married Averil Watkins Trenerry, née McLeod. The marriage was short-lived and they divorced soon after. He married Eileen Esdaile, née Congreve, in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1983.

His granddaughter, Allegra Spender is also a member of parliament for Wentworth.

Honours
Spender was knighted in 1952 as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 1957, he was further created a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. He was conferred the Grande Ufficiale Order of Merit by the Republic of Italy in 1976. He also received ten honorary doctorates. However, a personal rift between himself and Menzies prevented him from receiving the honour which he most desired, appointment to the Privy Council. He gave the commencement address at Stanford University in 1953.

title: Percy Spender


text:
User:Gergyl/Bird photos

In order of addition.

title: User:Gergyl/Bird photos


text:
Talk:Dobrich Province

[Untitled]
There was a move request to "Oblast", but a small majority was opposed. Radiant_ >|< 00:17, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Oblasts of Bulgaria

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title: Talk:Dobrich Province


text:
Talk:Gabrovo Province

"first school" in Gabrovo
The national impact of the Bulgarians residing abroad is clearly seen in the case of Vasili Aprilov, the founder of the school in Gabrovo, who had been a merchant in Odessa.

 * Karpat, Kemal H. Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History : Selected Articles and Essays.

Leiden,, NLD: Brill, N.H.E.J., N.V. Koninklijke, Boekhandel en Drukkerij, 2002. p 428.

One of these merchants, Aprilov, who made a fortune in Russia, opened a school in 1835 in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, and adopted the Lancaster method of teaching. p 467. L Hamm 09:09, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Removing wikify and copy edit tags
The article seems in good shape now. I'm sure it can be enhanced by adding more detail. I'm removing the wikify and copy edit tags. KarenAnn 16:37, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gabrovo Province


text:
YQH

YQH may refer to:

 * YQH, the IATA code for Watson Lake Airport, Yukon, Canada
 * YQH, the Pinyin code for Yanqihu railway station, Beijing, China

title: YQH


text:
Talk:Kardzhali Province

[Untitled]
There was a move request to "Oblast", but a small majority was opposed. Radiant_ >|< 00:17, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Oblasts of Bulgaria

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title: Talk:Kardzhali Province


text: User talk:84.143.83.24

title: User talk:84.143.83.24


text:
Talk:Kyustendil Province

[Untitled]
There was a move request to "Oblast", but a small majority was opposed. Radiant_ >|< 00:17, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Oblasts of Bulgaria

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title: Talk:Kyustendil Province


text: User talk:84.45.149.38

title: User talk:84.45.149.38


text:
Talk:Lovech Province

[Untitled]
There was a move request to "Oblast", but a small majority was opposed. Radiant_ >|< 00:18, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Oblasts of Bulgaria

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title: Talk:Lovech Province


text:
Talk:Montana Province

[Untitled]
There was a move request to "Oblast", but a small majority was opposed. Radiant_ >|< 00:18, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Oblasts of Bulgaria

WHY THIS LATIN NAME?

The reason of a Latin name given to a territory belonging to a Slavic country as Bulgaria is due, perhaps, to ancient Roman origin of people living there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arnaldo Mauri (talk • contribs) 14:50, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

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 * Added tag to http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_2_1985_1988%2FDN_21_2_1985_1988_P%2A.pdf&from=1&to=464&index=&cont=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_2_1985_1988%2FDN_21_2_1985_1988_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8
 * Added tag to http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_2_1992_1994%2FDN_21_2_1992_1994_P%2A.pdf&from=1&to=282&index=&cont=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_2_1992_1994%2FDN_21_2_1992_1994_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100307030359/http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmaviewer/MainFrameSet.asp to http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmaviewer/MainFrameSet.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:55, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Montana Province


text:
User talk:Frapo

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 08:26, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Frapo


text:
Talk:Pazardzhik Province

[Untitled]
There was a move request to "Oblast", but a small majority was opposed. Radiant_ >|< 00:16, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Oblasts of Bulgaria

 * General wikification, encyclopedification and general improvement. Please feel free to edit to your heart's content, but post about your changes here please. Em3rald 08:22, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pazardzhik Province


text:
Talk:Pernik Province

==[Untitled]=

Untitled
There was a move request to "Oblast", but a small majority was opposed. Radiant_ >|< 00:16, 30 October 2005 (UTC) Discussion at Talk:Oblasts of Bulgaria

title: Talk:Pernik Province