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Conversion on the Way to Damascus

The Conversion on the Way to Damascus (Conversione di San Paolo) is a work by Caravaggio, painted in 1601 for the Cerasi Chapel of the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, in Rome. Across the chapel is a second Caravaggio depicting the Crucifixion of Saint Peter. On the altar between the two is the Assumption of the Virgin Mary by Annibale Carracci.

History
The two lateral paintings of the Cerasi Chapel were commissioned in September 1600 by Monsignor Tiberio Cerasi, Treasurer-General to Pope Clement VIII who purchased the chapel from the Augustinian friars on 8 July 1600 and entrusted Carlo Maderno to rebuild the small edifice in Baroque style. The contract for the altarpiece with Carracci has not been preserved but it is generally assumed that the document had been signed somewhat earlier, and Caravaggio had to take into consideration the other artist's work and the overall iconographic programme of the chapel.

Although much has been said about the supposed rivalry between the painters, there is no historical evidence about any serious tensions. Both were successful and sought-after artists in Rome. Caravaggio gained the Cerasi commission right after his celebrated works in the Contarelli Chapel had been finished, and Carracci was busy creating his great fresco cycle in the Palazzo Farnese. In these circumstances there was little reason for them to regard each other as business rivals, states Denis Mahon.

The contract signed on 24 September 1600 stipulates that "the distinguished painter, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio" will paint two large cypress panels, ten palms high and eight palms wide, representing the conversion of Saint Paul and the martyrdom of Saint Peter within eight months for the price of 400 scudi. The contract gave a free hand to the painter to choose the figures, persons and ornaments depicted in the way as he saw fit, "to the satisfaction however of his Lordship", and he was also obliged to submit preparatory studies before the execution of the paintings. Caravaggio received 50 scudi as advance payment from the banker Vincenzo Giustiniani with the rest earmarked to be paid on completion. The dimensions specified for the panels are virtually the same as the size of the existing canvasses.

When Tiberio Cerasi died on 3 May 1601 Caravaggio was still working on the paintings as attested by an avviso dated 5 May mentioned that the chapel was being decorated by the hand of the "famosissimo Pittore", Michelangelo da Caravaggio. A second avviso dated 2 June proves that Caravaggio was still at work on the paintings a month later. He completed them sometime before 10 November when he received the final instalment from the heirs of Tiberio Cerasi, the Fathers of the Ospedale della Consolazione. The total compensation for the paintings was reduced to 300 scudi for unknown reasons.

The paintings were finally installed in the chapel on 1 May 1605 by the woodworker Bartolomeo who received four scudi and fifty baiocchi from the Ospedale for his work.

The first version

Giovanni Baglione in his 1642 biography about Caravaggio reports that the first versions of both paintings were rejected:

"'The panels at first had been painted in a different style, but because they did not please the patron, Cardinal Sannesio took them; in their place he painted the two oil paintings that can be seen there today, since he did not use any other medium. And - so to speak - Fortune and Fame carried him along.'"

This report is the only historical source for the well-known story. Although the biography was written decades after the events, its veracity is generally accepted. Baglione provided no further explanation about the reasons and circumstances of the rejection but modern scholarship has put forward several theories and conjectures. The first versions of the paintings were obviously acquired by Giacomo Sannesio, secretary of the Sacra Consulta and an avid collector of art. The first Conversion of Saint Paul ended up in the Odescalchi Balbi Collection. It is a much brighter and more Mannerist canvas, with an angel-sustained Jesus reaching down towards a blinded Paul.

X-ray examination revealed another, almost complete version of the scene under the present painting, in which the saint is shown fallen to the ground, on the right of the canvas, his eyes open, his forehead lined, and his right hand raised.

Description
The conversion of Paul from persecutor to apostle is a well-known biblical story. According to the New Testament, Saul of Tarsus was a zealous Pharisee, who intensely persecuted the followers of Jesus, even participating in the stoning of Stephen. He was on his way from Jerusalem to Damascus to arrest the Christians of the city.

"As he went he drew near Damascus, and suddenly a light from heaven shone around him. He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, “Saul, Saul, why do you persecute Me?' He said, “Who are You, Lord?” The Lord said, “I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting.”"

The painting depicts this moment recounted in the Acts of the Apostles, except Caravaggio has Saul falling off a horse (which is not mentioned in the story) on the road to Damascus, seeing a blinding light and hearing the voice of Jesus. For Saul this is a moment of intense religious ecstasy: he is lying on the ground, supine, eyes shut, with his legs spread and his arms raised upward as if embracing his vision. The saint is a muscular young man, and his garment looks like a Renaissance version of a Roman soldier's attire: orange and green muscle cuirass, pteruges, tunic and boots. His plumed helmet fell off his head and his sword is lying by his side. The red cape almost looks like a blanket under his body. The horse is passing over him led by an old groom, who points his finger at the ground. He had calmed down the animal, and now prevents it treading upon Saul. The huge steed has a mottled brown and cream coat; it is still foaming at the mouth, and its hoof is hanging in the air.

The scene is lit by a strong light but the three figures are engulfed by an almost impenetrable darkness. A few faint rays on the right evoke Jesus' epiphany but these are not the real source of the lighting, and the groom remains seemingly oblivious to the presence of the divine. Because the skewbald horse is unsaddled, it is suggested that the scene takes place in a stable instead of an open landscape.

This painting has helped form the myth of Paul being on a horse although the text does not mention a horse at all. Rather in Acts 9:8 it says that afterwards "Saul got up from the ground and opened his eyes, but could not see a thing. So they took him by the hand and led him into Damascus."

Style
Iconography Well-established iconographic tradition stipulated how the Conversion of Paul should be depicted in Renaissance and Baroque art. Its characteristic elements were a rearing, panicked horse—although there is no mention of a horse in the Bible—with Saul lying on the ground, Jesus appearing in the sky and a retinue of soldiers reacting to the events. This is how Taddeo Zuccari, one of the most renowned painters in Caravaggio's Rome, portrayed the scene on a large altarpiece in the Church of San Marcello al Corso around 1560. The figure of Paul in the Cerasi Conversion was derived from a model by Raphael via Zuccari. Raphael's version was part of his Raphael Cartoons, a series of tapestries created for the Sistine Chapel in 1515–16.

"If we could turn Raphael's Saint Paul in such a way that his head would touch the lower frame and the length of his body would be directed more or less orthogonally inward, we would have a figure similar to that in Caravaggio's painting", observed Walter Friedlaender. He also suggested that the inspiration for the horse was Albrecht Dürer's most famous print, The Large Horse (1505), whose main subject has the same bulky, powerful hindquarters and the rest of its body is seen from a similar oblique angle.

Another possible source for the painting is a four-block woodcut attributed to Ugo da Carpi (c. 1515–20) whose central detail depicts Saul on the ground and a groom trying to calm his panicked horse and leading the animal away. This is the only known example among the antecedents which represents exactly the same moment as Caravaggio's painting. A more obvious, although less close precursor was the Conversion of Saint Paul by Michelangelo in the Pauline Chapel (1542–45) where a rearing horse and a soldier holding its bridle are conspicuous elements in the middle of the crowded scene. A painting that Caravaggio must have known was a very unusual Conversion which Moretto da Brescia painted for the Mint of Milan in 1540–41. This scene consists only two figures: Saul and his horse, and the horse strangely dominates the painting. Moretto was probably inspired by a similar Conversion attributed to Parmigianino (1527).

Although some details and motifs may have been borrowed or inspired by these artworks, it is important to note that the pared-down composition and the intense spiritual drama of the Cerasi Conversion was a novelty without any direct iconographic precedent at the time. It represented a break with the tradition that even Caravaggio's own previous version more or less followed.

Tenebrism

Most of Caravaggio's paintings after 1600 depicted religious subjects, and were placed in churches. According to Denis Mahon, the two paintings in the Cerasi Chapel form "a closely-knit group of sufficiently clear character" with The Inspiration of Saint Matthew in the Contarelli Chapel and The Entombment of Christ in the Pinacoteca Vaticana. He called these four works "the middle group" and stated that they belong to Caravaggio's mature period. Comparing the two paintings in the Cerasi Chapel, Mahon saw the Conversion of Saint Paul "much more animated than its companion". This is conveyed solely by the ingenious use of the light because Caravaggio eschewed any but the slightest movements. This way he rendered "the scene unclear, mysterious and therefore curiously mouvementé."

Caravaggio's style of tenebrism, where forms in paintings emerge from a dark background with usually one source of stark light, created dramatic effects with its strong contrasts. This lighting was evoking spiritual drama in the Conversion of Saint Paul. The brighter areas are juxtaposed with "heavy dark patches, especially deep beneath the horse's belly and extending into impenetrable darkness that lies outside and beyond the circular grouping of the three figures". The usual landscape background was dismissed entirely and replaced with an intense concentration on the three figures who compose the scene. The strong light and the enveloping darkness makes this focus even more intense.

The unusual placement of the characters also served to convey the intensity of the moment. Although Saul gets the most light, the attention is given to him in a strange way. Lying on the ground, he is much smaller than the horse, which is also at the center of the painting. Paul's body is foreshortened, and is not facing the viewer, and yet his presence is the most powerful because of his body is pushing into the viewer's space. The position of the horse and especially the front leg, which is hanging in the air, creates even more visual tension. The first compositional draft revealed by the X-ray examination was a more traditional composition with a visible source of divine radiance coming from the left.

Reception
Caravaggio was a successful and celebrated artist at the time of the Cerasi commission but the unusual style and composition of the painting gave rise to criticism early on. The first influential art critic who dismissed the painting was Giovanni Pietro Bellori. In 1672 he wrote in The lives of the modern painters, sculptors and architects about the Cerasi Chapel:

"Caravaggio executed the two lateral paintings, the Crucifixion of Saint Peter and the Conversion of Saint Paul; whose history is completely bereft of action."

This is a more scathing criticism than it sounds because Bellori claimed that "painting is nothing but the imitation of human action"; thus a painting completely without action was a non-painting for him. The deviations from the traditional iconography all made the painting "bereft of action" in his eyes: the prominence of the horse instead of the biblical hero; the absence of Jesus; and the focusing upon an insignificant moment in the story after the fall of Saul instead of its real climax, the divine epiphany. Undoubtedly, the narrative momentum was disrupted by these decisions but Caravaggio has done this to extend the conventional confines of pictorial narration.

Bellori stands at the head of a long line of hostile commentary. The art historian Jacob Burckhardt in his traveller's guide to painting in Italy (1855) instanced the Conversion on how "coarse" the compositions of Caravaggio were "when he did not care for expression", criticising that "the horse nearly fills the whole of the picture".

Caravaggio's reputation reached its lowest point in the second half of the 19th century. The most popular travel guides of the period, published by Karl Baedeker, in their very detailed descriptions of Santa Maria del Popolo simply omit the two canvases of Caravaggio and the Cerasi Chapel. The paintings are not mentioned in the fifteen editions published between 1867 and 1909.

The English art critic, Roger Fry in his Transformations (1927) says that the Conversion is a combination of melodrama and photographic realism which is typical of the religious paintings of Caravaggio. "The original design of man and horse is not without merit, despite the triviality of observation and insistence on details for their illusive effect, but the whole design comes to pieces when St. Paul is thus wilfully pushed into the scene and the parts have no longer any significance in relation to the whole.", he argued. Even in 1953 Bernard Berenson, probably the greatest authority on Italian Renaissance painting in the first half of the 20th century, called the painting a charade:

"'Nothing more incongruous than the importance given to horse over rider, to dumb beast over saint. Surely more picaresque than holy.'"

Opinions changed again fundamentally in the middle of the 20th century when Caravaggio was recognized as one of the greatest painters in the history of Western art. Roberto Longhi, who brought his name forward in the 1950s, wrote in 1952 that completely sweeping away the iconographical tradition of the time, Caravaggio offered for public view "what is perhaps the most revolutionary painting in the history of religious art. [...] Were it not for the fact that the painting was placed on a side wall, we might wonder how Caravaggio could have had it put on public exhibition without encountering severe criticism, or even an outright rejection."

Another leading scholar at the time, Walter Friedlaender in his groundbreaking monography, Caravaggio Studies (1955) used the analysis of the Conversion of Saint Paul as an introduction to the art of Caravaggio. He emphasized that both paintings of the Cerasi Chapel "were, in spite of their radically new and unaccustomed conceptions, perfectly fit objects for devotional meditation", because the scenes "are not remote spectacles, far separated from the spectator. They speak directly to him, on his own level. He can understand and share their experiences: the awakening of faith, and the martyrdom of faith."

This appreciation found a literary expression in a poem by Thom Gunn, a young English poet who was highly regarded by British critics in the 1950s. Gunn spent a few months in Rome on a student fellowship in 1953 after graduating at Cambridge, and he was much impressed by the paintings of Caravaggio in the Cerasi Chapel. The poem was published in the Poetry magazine in 1958 under the title In Santa Maria del Popolo ('The Conversion of St. Paul'). It gives an entirely secular reading of the painting, devoid of anything sacred, interpreting it as "the defeat of a yearning for the Absolute which is inevitably denied to man [...], as a sort of defeated Faust."

title: Conversion on the Way to Damascus


text:
Ron Emory

Ronald Emory (born May 20, 1962, Lynwood, California, United States) is an American rock musician and guitarist for the punk rock band T.S.O.L. (True Sounds of Liberty). An original member of the band, founded in Southern California in 1979, Emory left in 1987 prior to the release of the album Hit and Run. In 1996, he joined the other original members of T.S.O.L. to reform the band, which remains active. Emory worked on a solo project titled Walk That Walk, which was released on April 15, 2010.

Emory played with Social Distortion during their 2006 tour to fill in for his friend Mike Ness, who had broken his wrist in a skateboarding accident.

Early life
He grew up in Southern California where he met Jack Grisham, Todd Barnes and Mike Roche to form the Punk Band, T.S.O.L. in 1979. T.S.O.L was the first SoCal punk group to draw widespread fame.

Adult life
Emory says he has been clean and been sober since February 10, 1999, and has amends and tried to make good decisions and, "...seek a healthy relationship with God." He owns and produces music from his own production studio, Prairie Productions Studio. He currently lives in Sioux City, Iowa, with his wife and children.

True Sounds of Liberty (T.S.O.L.)
Emory joined friends Jack Grisham, Todd Barnes and Mike Roche to form the Punk Band, T.S.O.L. The original line-up of the band was vocalist Jack Grisham, guitarist Ron Emory, bassist Mike Roche, and drummer Todd Barnes.

T.S.O.L.'s initial line-up gained a fans from the hardcore punk, art punk, death punk, horror punk, and goth genres. During his time with T.S.O.L., the band was notorious for their controversial, transgressive, and political lyrics.

The original T.S.O.L. broke up in 1983, and Emory and Mike Roche enlisted vocalist Joe Wood (Grisham's brother-in-law at the time) and drummer Mitch Dean into the band, playing hair metal, touring and recording under the name T.S.O.L.

The original T.S.O.L. reformed in 1989, but lost Todd Barnes who died of a brain aneurysm in 1999. T.S.O.L. has been touring and recording steadily since 1999.

Lunch Box
Emory teamed up with singer/song writer Tim Swenson, bassist Tracy Stevens, and drummer London May in 1987 to form the band Lunch Box. They played the Long Beach, CA rock/punk scene during their short reign from 1987-1990. There have been no official release of any of the groups vast archive of heralded material."

The Joykiller
Emory and Jack Grisham formed The Joykiller in 1995 along with Billy Persons (The Weirdos/Gun Club) on bass, Ronnie King on keyboards, and Chris Lagerborg on drums. The Joykiller released three albums on Epitaph records prior to disbanding in 1998 and had a minor radio hit in the Netherlands with the song "Go-Bang." They later released their Greatest Non-Hits in 2005.

Solo career
Emory recorded Walk That Walk at Hurley Studios in Costa Mesa, California. His inspiration for this album came from his family and close friends, Davey Warsop from the Beat Union, Dexter Holland from The Offspring, Mike Ness from Social Distortion, JonnyRay Bartel from the Knitters and Jack Grisham, Mike Roche and Tiny from T.S.O.L. Walk That Walk was released on April 15, 2010."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ron Emory


text:
Talk:Knee replacement

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 10 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Deb flaherty, Flaherty Deb. Peer reviewers: Deb flaherty.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:42, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): DouglasChambersIII. Peer reviewers: DouglasChambersIII.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Tryout
This page is a try-out for a template for orthopaedic procedures viz Name of Procedure; Description; Synonyms; Technique; Variations; Indications; Contra-Indications; Pre-Operative Work-up; Post-Operative Rehabilitation; Timecourse of recovery; Risks and Complications; Controversies; Prognosis; History.

Please compare the organization and information on this page to that on the Hip replacement page. I believe that this template would help us cover the most important things that people want to know about orthopaedic operations. --Mylesclough 07:32, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

link to healthyjoints.com
I think that a link should be added at the bottom of the knee replacement page to healthyjoints.com. Healthy Joints is an online support group and informational exchange for people with an interest in knee replacement and other joint problems. It would be a great resource for anyone on the knee replacement page.

Here's a link to the site:

Thanks, Daphne Daphne90210 01:20, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
 * My opinion - it doesn't pass WP:EL, the external link guidelines. The content on the site is pretty shallow. Much of it is just links to other sites like http://www2.ejbjs.org. One page is basically a bunch of links back to Wikipedia: http://www.healthyjoints.com/resources/term-glossary.php. Linking to forums is strongly advised against, and in this case there are maybe 1 or 2 posts. Really not a notable site and it seems like it gets mosts of its useful content from other sites. Plus, linking a general site on an article about a specific subject is advised against. (By the way, this link was also proposed on the Hip replacement and Arthritis pages as well. I'll post these comments there as well.) Nposs 03:21, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

when joint fails
does anyone knows what happens when the new joint fails ? I google it and others say that the revision is easier and others that it isn't and that the new joint lasts even less(and rehab is a lot more difficult too...) can anyone provide information ?

 * A: Depends on the reason of failure. In osteolysis it is generally easier to do revision before the bony defects are too      large. Also, if there is a problem with stability, i would personally advocate not delaying the revision because instability could compromise the remaining soft tissues. Infection is a totally own chapter for revision. Generally revision surgery is much more demanding than primary surgery, but of course a "revision" can only be a resurfacing of patella or changing a polyethylene bearing which would be smaller procedures -- 21 May 07

Copyedit request
I've tagged this article as needing a copyedit to fix grammar, structure, and so on. It also needs reliable sources, the lead needs work, and possibly those redlinks could be written as articles. Just throwing that out there if anybody is a regular editor to this page. Darth Griz98  05:30, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

what future holds
I was wondering if there are any thoughts of how total knee replacement be like in the future, for example in the next ten years or if there are any new innovations on the loose.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.130.218.111 (talk) 22:15, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
 * This is a talk page, and is meant to discuss improvements to the main page, not the place to speculate on future issues or request information for personal use. WLU (t) (c) (rules -  simple rules) 01:46, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * What the future holds, according to the NEJM 2011 article, is total knee implants with improved durability, approved under the 510(k) process based on similarity to existing devices but without clinical trials, raising "safety concerns." --Nbauman (talk) 01:16, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Hip and Knee Network
Please could the following website be considered for inclusion into the links section: www.hipandkneenetwork.co.uk. The site is entirely independent of any knee product companies or healthcare companies. The content is provided by and checked by a panel of orthopaedic surgeons and is intended as a free information resource for patients undergoing this type of surgery. The development of the site was part funded by the EU. Many thanks for considering this. Hipandknee (talk) 11:40, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

NEJM 2011 article
I just read this NEJM article which has a nice summary of the state of total knee arthroplasty, although it cites another source that I don't have access to. The interesting thing is the figure that 85% of recipients report functional improvement, and the annual failure rate is 0.5-1.6%, which is not exactly what our article says.

The main point of the NEJM article was that the FDA approves new systems, designed for improved durability, through the 510(k) clearance process, which allows them to market devices based on laboratory studies, not clinical trials.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1109285 Perspective Medical Device Innovation — Is “Better” Good Enough? Lisa G. Suter, M.D., A. David Paltiel, Ph.D., Benjamin N. Rome, B.A., Daniel H. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H., Ilya Golovaty, B.S., Hanna Gerlovin, B.A., Jeffrey N. Katz, M.D., and Elena Losina, Ph.D. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1464-1466 October 20, 2011

Last year, the United States spent $95 billion on medical devices, nearly half of the $200 billion spent on devices worldwide.1 Our investment in devices has yielded impressive gains in length and quality of life from products such as implantable cardioverter–defibrillators, pacemakers, and artificial joints (cardiovascular and orthopedic devices account for more than 35% of the market1). Roughly 10 million Americans have symptomatic knee osteoarthritis,2 a leading cause of disability and the most common indication for total knee arthroplasty. More than 600,000 total knee arthroplasty procedures are performed annually in the United States; 85% of recipients report functional improvement, and the annual failure rate is 0.5 to 1.6%.3

http://jbjs.org/article.aspx?articleid=35605 3. Paxton EW, Namba RS, Maletis GB, et al. A prospective study of 80,000 total joint and 5000 anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction procedures in a community-based registry in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010;92:Suppl 2:117-132 (Note: Paxton didn't monitor pain as an outcome)

--Nbauman (talk) 23:20, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Two more from the NEJM:

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMct0806027 Clinical Therapeutics Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis Seth S. Leopold, M.D. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1749-1758 April 23, 2009

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra040181 Review Article Current Concepts Prosthetic-Joint Infections Werner Zimmerli, M.D., Andrej Trampuz, M.D., and Peter E. Ochsner, M.D. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1645-1654 October 14, 2004

--Nbauman (talk) 23:34, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Lancet
Seminar 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60752-6 JFW | T@lk  20:23, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Published Online: 06 March 2012

Non-subscription summary: http://www.medpagetoday.com/Orthopedics/Orthopedics/31500 Knee Replacement Outcome Data Fall Short By JOHN GEVER MedPage Today Senior Editor March 5, 2012

Good comment about why the Lancet article is important: http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2012/03/important-shared-decision-making-questions-on-knee-replacement-surgery/ Mar 7 2012 Important shared decision-making questions on knee replacement surgery Gary Schwitzer (Briefly, the outcomes data on knee replacement surgery is limited and inadequate.) --Nbauman (talk) 03:05, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Jane Brody articles in New York Times
Jane Brody, the veteran New York Times health reporter, had a total knee replacement herself at age 63, and wrote about it in good detail. The most striking thing she reported was that her orthopedic surgeon didn't adequately control her severe, unnecessary pain. The other striking thing, in her 2008 story, was a "British study" that followed 4,677 replacements 10 years after surgery, and found that 22% had constant or regular pain, 13% had severe pain. (That British study was apparently J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005 vol. 87-B SUPP III 325, A. Bennett et al., Ten-year outcome of knee arthroplasty surgery -- results from a UK joint register. This study is important because, according to the Lancet article, there are so few outcome studies that measure patient-centered outcomes, which includes pain.)

--Nbauman (talk) 01:31, 20 October 2012 (UTC)
 * A New Set of Knees Comes at a Price: A Whole Lot of Pain By Jane E. Brody, The New York Times, February 8, 2005
 * When It Comes to Severe Pain, Doctors Still Have Much to Learn By Jane E. Brody, The New York Times, February 15, 2005
 * A Year With My New Knees: Much Pain but Much Gain By Jane E. Brody, The New York Times, December 20, 2005
 * 3 Years Later, Knees Made for Dancing, By Jane E. Brody, The New York Times, June 3, 2008
 * Relief for Joints Besieged by Arthritis, By Jane E. Brody, The New York Times, July 9, 2012

photograph
May I suggest that the photograph of the surgical incision be replaced? I had a knee replacement eight months ago and was told by my surgeon that the preferred incision would be in the outer side of the knee, though in my case it was done in the manner pictured as I had a previous operation that had been done through the side of the knee (he added that entering the knee from the front was done in cases such as mine.) So the photo shows what is probably the exception, rather than the rule. — Robert Greer (talk) 22:00, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

risks and post-operative rehabilitation
I would like to expand upon the risks associated with obesity and knee replacement surgeries. I would like to mention the increased risk of osteoarthritis involved with obesity, and explain why a doctor may recommend a patient lose weight before undergoing surgery. I would like to expand upon the deep vein thrombosis risk section, explaining what it is, what it looks like, and its association to obesity. Additionally, in the post-operative rehabilitation section I would like to improve the section lacking citations by adding missing information and expanding upon the process of recovering from a knee replacement surgery. Greenc12345 (talk) 16:50, 26 July 2016 (UTC)
 * These suggested changes sound like worthwhile additions to this article. Amyc29 (talk) 17:11, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

Early Mobilization
I would like to add some information on early mobilization and the benefits that research has shown. Mobility is an important aspect of human biology that has many beneficial effects on the body. It is well documented in literature that physical immobility affects every body system and contributes to functional complications of prolonged illness (Leah, 2013). In medical-surgical hospital units, ambulation—the ability to walk or move about freely—is a key aspect of nursing care that is promoted to patients. Early ambulation can decrease the risk of complications associated with immobilization such as pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), impaired pulmonary function, and loss of functional mobility. Nurses’ promotion and execution of early ambulation on patients has found that it greatly reduces the complications listed above, as well as decreases length of stay and costs associated with further hospitalization (Teodoro, 2016). — Preceding unsigned comment added by DouglasChambersIII (talk • contribs) 14:22, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

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Benefits or not of weight-loss surgery before TKR
As a layman, the following statements seem to be contradictory: Is there a way to reconcile these statements? --Gronk Oz (talk) 07:21, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * In Pre-operative preparation: "weight loss surgery before a knee replacement does not appear to change outcomes."
 * In Risks: "There is increased risk of complications for obese people going through total knee replacement. The morbidly obese should be advised to lose weight before surgery and, if medically eligible, would probably benefit from bariatric surgery."

Risks
I think the most serious complication is death, which was reported in the NEJM Danish study as 0.5%. --Nbauman (talk) 20:37, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knee replacement


text:
User talk:NewBaby

testing this page

title: User talk:NewBaby


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Talk:Michael Burns (actor)

Untitled
I would welcome any further refinement of this article about this extraordinary man. drboisclair 07:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You have just volunteered to do the work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.54.201.140 (talk) 09:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 4 October 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) Iffy★Chat -- 11:47, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Michael Burns (American actor) → Michael Burns (actor) – Sole actor named Michael Burns. No need to indicate national identity. Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 00:34, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 04:25, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

 * There also is Mike Burns (actor) (English actor in 1991 BBC sitcom The Brittas Empire), and "Mike" is a common short form for "Michael". Anthony Appleyard (talk) 04:28, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRECISE. Mike Burns (actor) is not an article, it is merely a redirect to an article that contains no information about Mike Burns other than the name of one character he played in the 1990s sitcom. Station1 (talk) 06:32, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment. The Brittas Empire regular cast member Mike Burns had his own extremely brief stub for twelve-and-a-half years, from September 2005 to April 2018, when it was redirected to List of The Brittas Empire characters. However, even if the stub was still active, the American actor was never credited as "Mike", nor did he ever use "Mike Burns" as a stage name. The qualifiers are thus unbalanced, with one described as "(American actor)" and the other as simply "(actor)".   Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 13:22, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support move. As we don't have an article for the Englishman, and the other American goes by a nickname, that leaves this American as the sole notable actor to professionally use some variant of the name.  ONR  (talk)  06:36, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Additional television role
Michael was also in McHale's navy - Make room for Ovie 50.109.214.235 (talk) 14:21, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Burns (actor)


text:
Lotus Agenda

Agenda is a DOS-based personal information manager, designed by Mitch Kapor, Ed Belove and Jerry Kaplan, and marketed by Lotus Software.

Lotus Agenda is a "free-form" information manager: the information need not be structured at all before it is entered into the database. A phrase such as "See Wendy on Tuesday 3pm" can be entered as is without any pre-processing.

Its distinguishing feature was the ability to allow users to input data before the creation of database tables, giving the program flexibility to accommodate the myriad pieces of information a person may need to keep track of.

The program was an attempt to create a "spreadsheet" for words. The computing industry was at first quite taken by its audacious goal and the power it brought to users as they were given a tool that allowed them to structure "real life" information in any way they wished.

Its flexibility proved to be its weakness. New users confronted with so much flexibility were often overpowered by the steep learning curve required to use the program. Attempts to overcome this through packaging pre-built databases with the program were insufficient to lift sales to adequate levels. In the end only a few hundred thousand copies were sold.

The program reached version 2.0b. Instead of porting Agenda to Windows, Lotus stopped development on this program and introduced a new PIM, Lotus Organizer, that uses the paper-based organizer metaphor, in its place.

The program
The following jargon is used to describe Agenda's concepts:

An "Item" is a piece of free-form text

A "Category" is a way of organizing information and was the original smart folder concept used by Microsoft Outlook 2003 and by the Spotlight utility in Mac OS X v10.4. Items can be automatically or manually assigned (linked) to one or more Categories.

Categories can be organized hierarchically and viewed as a tree network. "Parent" categories could inherit assignments from "child" categories. Agenda performs automatic categorization after it learns your associations. For example, if you link Project A to Mary, then every time you enter an item about Project A, the item is automatically assigned to Mary.

The information is presented in "views": in effect spreadsheet-like grids with items forming the rows and categories forming the columns. Users can create as many views as they like, selecting columns to include and how to sort the items. For example, you can create a People view that displays items sorted by the people to whom they are assigned and columns such as Project Name, Status and Due Date.

"Conditions" and "actions" allow users to set up assignment rules.

Once an item is entered, the program can interpret the text to assign it to various categories. In every database a "When" category is included automatically so that if a date is embedded within the text, it is interpreted and an assignment is made. For example, the item "See Wendy on Tuesday 3pm" is automatically assigned to the following Tuesday at 3pm. If a category "Wendy" had also been created then an assignment could also have been made as well. You create a Wendy category by adding a Column called People and typing Wendy as a column entry. Then any time you type Wendy in any item, that item is also assigned to the Wendy category without your needing to make the assignment in a people column (and even if the view in which you enter the new item about Wendy does not include a People column).

This gives the user a quick ability to find every item that has an association to Wendy.

The program can be used for:

 * Time management
 * Project management
 * Research and information sifting
 * General purpose database
 * Accounting
 * Problem solving
 * Legal practice management
 * Managing legal litigation cases

Technical description
Agenda has some novel technical features. Most notably, database views support item addition and modification, which means that Agenda must infer item attributes from the view. For example, if a view contains the category Home, and the user creates an item "paint bathroom" in this view, then Agenda attaches the Home attribute to the item. In some cases, assignment cannot be exactly determined and Agenda uses a set of heuristics to make reasonable assignment choices.

Agenda's designers described these core concepts in a 1990 CACM paper , and patented some of its internal data structures .

Current status
The program has been released as freeware. It can be downloaded from the links below.

Lotus Agenda can still be used on Windows 3.x/9x/ME/2000/XP computers and there are still many active users around the world (see the Pimlist email list on Yahoo groups).

It suffers from:
 * Only handling textual information
 * A lack of file compatibility with office applications and information from the Internet means that information must be transferred manually between them.
 * The program cannot print directly to USB printers.

Revival attempts

 * Beeswax is free software "inspired by Lotus Agenda", allowing similar functionality, and retaining a text-only interface. The last release was in 2008.
 * Chandler was an ambitious fully-graphic project inspired by Agenda. Although Mitch Kapor was involved in the vision, management and funding, it ultimately foundered. It is free software, released under the GNU General Public License. The last release was in 2009.

title: Lotus Agenda


text:
Wheelwright, Massachusetts

Wheelwright is a village in the town of Hardwick, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States, approximately 20 mi northwest of the city of Worcester. It is named after George W. Wheelwright, who owned the village's paper mill around the turn of the 20th century. The village is mostly residential now. There is a small plastics manufacturing shop on the mill site.

The village's zip code is 01094.

title: Wheelwright, Massachusetts


text:
Thil

Thil may refer to:

Places

 * Antarctica
 * Thil Island

 * France
 * Thil, Ain
 * Thil, Aube
 * Thil, Haute-Garonne
 * Thil, Marne
 * Thil, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * Thil-Manneville, Seine-Maritime
 * Thil-sur-Arroux, Saône-et-Loire
 * Château de Thil, a ruined castle near Dijon in Burgundy

People

 * Grégory Thil (born 1980), French footballer
 * Marcel Thil (1904–1968), French boxer

title: Thil


text:
Shiranee Tilakawardane

Shiranee Tilakawardane is a former puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka and a member of the Judicial Service Commission. She has also served as acting chief justice when Mohan Peiris was out of the country.

Education
Tilakawardane was educated at Bishop's College, Colombo and went on to study law at the Sri Lanka Law College. Her legal career commenced with an apprenticeship under Lalith Athulathmudali PC. This was followed by a tenure in the United States, where she served in the Consumer and Narcotic Division of the District Attorney's Office of Fort Colorado. She received an honorary degree from Williams College in June 2007 and an honorary degree from Smith College in May 2011.

Pioneer
Justice Tilakawardane represented an early generation of women lawyers in Sri Lanka and scored many firsts. She became the first woman to be enrolled as a State Counsellor in 1978. She further established a record by being the country's first female judge of the High Court in April 1988 and became the first woman justice of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka in July 1998. She went on to become President of the Court of Appeals. Tilakawardane's work in the fields of equality and justice, gender education, and child rights in Sri Lanka and the international community has earned her international recognition. She participated in drafting the guidelines for child victim and child witness testimony submitted to the UN for adoption in the International Criminal Court, in addition to many other writings and presentations on child abuse and child witnesses for organizations including the International Bureau of Child Rights and the Child Protection Authority. She has been active in Sakshi of India's gender workshops for judges and the Asia Pacific Forum for Gender Education for Judges, and serves on the International Panel of Judges for the Child Rights Bureau. She also serves as an International Advisory Board member for the International Center for Ethics, Justice and Public Life at Brandeis University in the U.S. She is currently a consultant to the Sri Lanka Judges Training Institute.

title: Shiranee Tilakawardane


text:
Talk:FC

Sorting
It might be an idea for some enterprising soul to sort the main list into alphabetical order. I was also considering adding Fibre Channel to the list but it looks long enough already... Liam Proven (talk) 13:08, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

FC Seoul?
There are a lot of football clubs called FC. It seems to me most unlikely that FC Seoul would be abbreviated FC. Shinobu 07:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Further Confusion (or "this isn't a complete list")
I removed Further Confusion again. The purpose of a disambiguation page is to disambiguate amongst likely meanings of a word/abbreviation; it is not a complete list nor search index.

Although 'Further Confusion' (rightly) has its own article, the question is how often someone is likely to see that particular usage of 'FC' without its meaning being clear. The answer; not very.

Just because those involved abbreviate something as (e.g.) 'FC' does not make it a commonly accepted or used abbreviation in the wider world. The case might be stronger if it were likely to be used in a context where its meaning was not immediately the clear; however, I don't believe this applies to 'FC'/'Further Confusion'. Therefore, it does not belong on this disambiguation page.

For more details, see the guidelines.

Fourohfour 11:07, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

(Please note: The following reply was in response to the first revision of my message) Fourohfour 11:07, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The correct abbreviation of 'Further Confusion' is Furcon. FC is not an official or even likely abbreviation of 'Further Confusion' and has nothing to do on this page. Shinobu 11:01, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * That's worse then.... I loathe people adding every possible abbreviation to disambig pages, even when there's no evidence of common use ('Mad Scientist' for 'MS' was possibly the worst I've seen, though that was probably a joke...) Fourohfour 11:07, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree with this judgment. While I'm sure that Fight Club might be commonly abbreviated "FC" on fan forums and the like, it doesn't seem at all likely to me, and I have never seen it in use--yet it's on the list. Further Confusion is commonly abbreviated as "FC" throughout the furry community, and on their official web site as well. The number of times this article has been changed is evidence enough that at least that many people typed "FC" into the search field expecting to reach the Further Confusion page. 137.150.208.152 22:54, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No, the "number of times this article has been changed" doesn't necessarily reflect anything more than one or more people who believe that they are in the right keep putting it in; or that they may be major fans who feel that its inclusion/exclusion here is somehow a barometer of importance and thus want it in (even if it were that important, that's not the purpose of a dab page anyway). Fourohfour 14:36, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If you want to know if the abbreviation FC is "correct" for Further Confusion, just Google it. . It's in their LiveJournal profile, even: . There is evidence of common use. 137.150.208.152 21:23, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Missed the point. Go back and see what I said above ("just because those involved"); dab pages are to help people navigate, and the people at furtherconfusion.org already *know* what FC means in their context. Fourohfour 14:40, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * But then you have in this list things like Fooly Cooly, normally abbreviated FLCL, and the FamiCom. Abbreviations in the domain of their use will always obvious and used unambiguously to those involved.  That's a moot point in disambiguating for the general world.  Many places will refer to the con, even staff at the hotel, as simply "FC" and the standard abbreviations for a given year is always FC07, FC08, etc.   I particularly don't like it on this page, as I know I have friends who wonder what FC is, as they see it written out, but thankfully can't find out what it is because there's no easy means to google or wikipedia it to find the correct context.  Even a google search for FC San jose thankfully has lots of noise.
 * It should also be about the consistancy. If the other major fur cons AC, MFF, EF are listed, why should FC be left out? Ice-Wolf (talk) 23:58, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Does anyone agree with Fourohfour? It seems like he's acting alone in deciding what's "likely" or not. Salvar (talk) 01:34, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

BTW I read the guidelines, and I don't see any justification for leaving Further Confusion out. Salvar (talk) 01:36, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Call a vote. FC should be included. Sounds like the guy arguing found himself on the wrong end of a fursuit at some point. :3 82.16.83.23 (talk) 02:31, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Flag Carrier
I'm surprised this isn't in the list for gamers--24.21.194.7 (talk) 06:42, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Free content
What about Free content?-- Saqib talk 08:30, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Outtakes
Not mentioned or no article: Widefox ; talk 04:48, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Future Crew, a Finnish demoscene group
 * Fellow Craft, the second degree of Freemasonry
 * Fan club
 * Film-coated tablet, in pharmacy

title: Talk:FC


text:
Talk:Frederick Williams

The entry:
 * Williams, Frederick, (died 1977), inventor of the mercury tube

on LoPbN Wil appears to be a misinterpretation of refs that Google turns up on him, confounding info on mercury delay lines with the Williams tube, and/or construing the early use of mercury delay lines (AFAIK a sequential rather than random memory) to be the first RAM (which is attributed to him). I have removed the ref to mercury from his LoPbN-tree entry, and written his bio stub without any mention of mercury or delay lines. --Jerzy•t 07:37 & 17:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC) (UTC)

title: Talk:Frederick Williams


text:
User talk:Jason 555

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title: User talk:Jason 555