text:
Stentor (ciliate)

Stentor, sometimes called trumpet animalcules, are a genus of filter-feeding, heterotrophic ciliates, representative of the heterotrichs. They are usually horn-shaped, and reach lengths of two millimeters; as such, they are among the largest known extant unicellular organisms. They reproduce asexually through binary fission.

Description
The body, or cortex, is generally horn-shaped, hence the association with the Greek herald, and the former name "trumpet animalcule". A ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" sweep in food and aid in swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single-celled organisms. Stentor can come in different colors: for example, S. coeruleus can appear blue due to the presence of stentorin, a natural pigment. As in many freshwater protozoans, Stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. They can regenerate, and small fragments can grow into full organisms. Each cell has one (often elongated) macronucleus and several micronuclei.

Ecology
These protists are common worldwide in freshwater lakes and streams; only S. multiformis has been recorded from marine, freshwater, and even terrestrial biotopes. They are usually attached to algal filaments or detritus. Some Stentor species, such as S. polymorphus, can live symbiotically with certain species of green algae (Chlorella). After being ingested, the algae live on while their host absorbs nutrients produced, whereas the algae, in turn, absorb and feed on the Stentor metabolic wastes. Stentor species react to outside disturbances by contracting into a ball. Resting cysts are known from a few species.

Systematics
The genus contains over twenty described species (see list in box). The genus Stentor was named in 1815 by the German biologist Lorenz Oken (1779–1851).

The type species of the genus is Stentor muelleri Ehrenberg, 1831. According to recent molecular analyses, the genus seems to be monophyletic, and related to the genus Blepharisma.

title: Stentor (ciliate)


text:
Talk:Bahamut Lagoon

Rumor Mill Question:
Delight me or Debunk me.

I couldv'e sworn that I heard somewhere that Bahamut Lagoon was coming to the Wii Virtual Console, but cannot confirm the rumor. I cannot find reference to it anywhere! I know the VC is putting some imports in its repetoire... (Case in point: Sin & Punishment). Whichever answer, I think it should be noted in the article, even just a passing mention. This was the first place I checked when I heard, and I'm sure I'm not the only one to follow that logic. Bubacxo (talk) 09:10, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * No. There has been no official move to put Bahamut Lagoon on the Wii VC. Discussion of it? Possibly, as a theoretical thing, but I frequent the Japanese fansites; I'd think if it was coming, they'd be ecstatic and report on it. I take their silence to be a no. It's not even in the repertoire of the Japanese side, sadly enough. What you probably heard was all the chatter about how it'd be well-suited for a release. --PrescitedEntity (talk) 17:17, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Disclaimer
I think there should be a disclaimer for this game's plotline. If you're lonely and you wish you had a significant other... don't play this game. You will cry... or at least be very, very depressed. --InvaderJim42 19:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I doubt anything in the game could be as depressing as that comment, but I'll take it into consideration. - 211.28.79.52 10:02, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This is not even close to being depressive, especially in comparison to other stories out there. You're speaking of Palpaleos, right? That was the saddest moment in the game, but it's nowhere near sorrowful enough to bring tears. Unless the player is clinically depressed.

 * Thanks for the warning, InvaderJim. That should be included in the article. Jecowa 23:30, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * No! If you warn people of it you will ruin it. It's the most powerful part of this game. And part of the reason it is so powerful is that the game lulls you into a into a false sense of security. A lot of us play fantasy games in order to escape reality, Bahamut Lagoon appears to have a classic RPG plotline, then all of a sudden, WHAM!, it smacks you right in the face with a truck-load of reality. And yeah it can hurt, but it is also what makes this game very special. 80.229.221.14 11:53, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I fully agree that warning people of it will ruin it. I still haven't played it all yet. Isn't there some 'spoler code' we can put in the article to allow those who don't want to read the plot to not see it? Bubacxo (talk) 09:10, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Check Wiki's standards when it comes to these things. The plot summary section generally gets a spoiler tag. Don't read the darned thing if you don't want spoilers. --PrescitedEntity (talk) 17:17, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Bahamut Bahant Senki?
What proof is there that it is linked to Bahamut Lagoon? 64.24.174.145 23:20, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Expand using Japanese Wikipedia article
Translators are needed to use the Japanese Wikipedia article to expand on the English Wikipedia article. That is because Bahamut Lagoon originated in Japan. Decimus Tedius Regio Zanarukando 21:02, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Misleading Screenshot
I feel the screenshot included is misleading as it is obviously using 2xSai or SuperSai sampling to improve the image quality. If you want the quote to be "Pushing the Super Famicom to its limits", you should be using a more accurate screenshot. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.164.41.95 (talk • contribs).

Indeed. --24.131.209.132 10:55, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

I've taken care of it. I even went above and beyond the call of duty and spent an hour and a half compiling an animated GIF of a brief battle sequence. --InvaderJim42 02:20, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Awesome GIF, InvaderJim42! Did you have to hit the screenshot key over and over during the battle to get those images for it? Jecowa 08:37, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I tried that at first, but the way that ZSNES saves its screenshots (with a timecode) means that screenshots taken at the same 'second' will be overwritten. This resulted in many missing frames, so I went back and redid the whole thing by opening the F1 menu and selecting "Screenshot/Incr. Frame" once every second.  Took me a few minutes, but I got it to work.  Then I spent 2 hours trying to figure out which program could build the animated GIF out of 348 frames without choking on it.  I eventually settled on Macromedia Flash (the closest balance I could achieve between not-choking on the amount of data, and partial-automation of arranging things).  I still had to spend a lot of time moving frames around, but I'd say it was worth it. --InvaderJim42 13:31, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Source?
Where are the romanizations of these names coming from? Does the fan translation take precedence, seeing as how there are no official romanizations to speak of? The way they are now, they don't conform to either the fan translation or the various romanizations the Japanese fansites give.

And what's the reference for Bahamut Lagoon originally being intended to be Final Fantasy Tactics? 151.199.93.164 18:27, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That's a good question, Onefiveone. It looks like they are all the same as the Japanese names except they are written in a more normal English-looking way, for example, "Matelite" instead of "Mataraito", which I think is a good transliteration of the original マテライト. The biggest difference seems to be the use of Jojo instead of Yoyo. I've sent a message to Tedius Zanarukando, the contributor of the information, requesting the answer to those questions. Jecowa 01:09, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I have another question. Since most English-speaking players of the game will be playing the fan translation, wouldn't it make more sense to use those, to avoid confusing people? I realize that these are the more phonetically correct romanizations, but especially in the case of Barberella and Jormungand, among others, where quite obvious what the creators intended to allude to, why not use the adapted translation? At least place the fan translated versions of the names beside each character, as was done for Jojo/Yoyo, when there is a discrepancy. And there are some that, while correct, sound absolutely ridiculous. Moony-Moony? --PrescitedEntity 06:17, 5 June 2006 (UTC) (Logged in now.)

 * Moony-Moony would be the dragon(s) Uni-Uni (real ugly buggers). But I agree with adding the fan-translated names.  It took me awhile to realize the name "Restart" was "Lestat" in the fan-translation.  And, in all honesty, I like "Lestat" much better than "Restart", as it alludes to the vampire Lestat. --InvaderJim42 11:53, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I'm sorry to cause trouble. Please fix all the incorrect names I've added. Jecowa 13:01, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Expand by translation
I recommend having a Japanese translator to expand this article using the Japanese article as a reference. Focus on storyline and character description. Decimus Tedius Regio Zanarukando 02:26, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Or, someone whose played the fan-translation to completion could contribute as well. I don't think it's absolutely necessary to attempt a translation of the Japanese article when a translation of the game itself is already available.  If I have any more days at work where I spend 80% of my time waiting for my boss to give me my next assignment, I'll probably go ahead and play through it again and write up a good deal of storyline and character descriptions.  --InvaderJim42 03:17, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Seriously, isn't that what Tomato devoted his time to doing? Creating a translation worthy of release to the masses, that's faithful to the original? What we do need to glean from the Japanese site is, if possible, anything related to merchandise, reception, and whatnot. I'll contribute to the character descriptions and the storyline later this week, though I'll be expecting above poster to do most of it. --PrescitedEntity 06:34, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Consistency?
All right, what in the world are we doing now? I see some names have had their direct romanization by whomever did it on this site removed and replaced by Tomato's, others reference a fan translation, while others yet retain the romanization. Regardless of whatever else, can we at least keep it consistent? As it is, it is really confusing what the origin of the romanized names were. I'm going to change it all to Tomato's, since I see no reason to doubt his translation, especially considering the scope of their project. If there's any contest, go ahead and change it, but please, follow a single style! --PrescitedEntity 00:18, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * That sounds great. I will be glad if you change them all to Tomato's names. Jecowa 02:05, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Have done so; how does it look? I'll be adding some character information over the next few days, if no one else does. --PrescitedEntity 02:25, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Great job, PrescitedEntity! It was fun to compare the old, incorrect translation with your corrections. Jecowa 05:29, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

WHEW!
Added the character bios of the resistance. Would appreciate if someone could double-check my work. Consulted the Japanese Wikipedia site, which largely said the same things I did. ^^; However, I did intentionally leave out some of the information that they included, as some of it was even more trivial than what you see here, and doesn't follow the general style of the English Wikipedia. As for why there is the inclusion of seemingly random information - it's stressed in the game. Will attempt to work on the Granbelos Empire before leaving on vacation. So, how is everything thus far? --PrescitedEntity 20:12, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Great job! that looks nice, though I only read a little of it because I'm afraid of spoilers. Jecowa 05:08, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I tried to make it as spoiler-free as possible while still having information to work with, since BL doesn't build up much in the way of backstories for the characters. What constitutes as being too much of a spoiler? --PrescitedEntity 21:34, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know if you took it this way, but I didn't mean to imply that you added spoilers in the descriptions, not that that's necessarily a bad thing; there is a spoiler warning in the article. You should be able to reveal any info you want as long as there's a spoiler warning, which there is. As for what should constitute as too much of a spoiler, I'm not sure. The first paragraph of Spoiler (media) describes it pretty well. It's probably one of those subjective things. Anything that reveals twists, perhaps? I guess any information could be considered a little spoiling. I don't think revealing which dragons like to dance is spoiling anything. If the article were to reveal that the character Rush is also known as the evil dark lord, that would be spoiling. Those are both extreme examples, though. Jecowa 19:28, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

We should use the official English renditions whenever possible.
I think the hidden sound test in the fan-translation uses the original English titles straight from the game's soundtrack. The soundtrack displayed possible translations of the names of characters and places, and since it comes from the soundtrack, that makes those English names official. That means listing Sacred Dragons instead of Holy Dragons, Zauzer instead of Sauzer, Matlight instead of Matelite, Gaudluf instead of Gudolf, Maharu instead of Mahal, Daphira instead of Dafira, Altyre instead of Altair, and... Godorando instead of Godland. And also, some names are compacted for the fan translation. For example, Farnheit instead of Fahrenheit, and the dragons. This is discussed in the patch's readme file. Wikipedia should list the official English names as much as possible instead of relying solely on the fan translation. It was an exellent translation, no doubt about that, and the names are perfectly acceptable, but it should still use all known official spellings regardless. Use names from the fan translation when no official spelling is available. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.101.148.55 (talk) 16:10, 10 December 2006 (UTC).

 * I disagree. First things first, the soundtrack titles were not written in English - there is no official translation that I am aware of. The majority of the titles from the sound test are the same, and those that aren't don't make much sense (Sauzer and Zauzer have the same number of letters, so shortening for space is not the cause). Also, some are obviously supposed to be what they wound up translated as in the game - "Godorando" for "Godland"? I'm pretty sure that the intent was "Godland". In fact, to quote the great Tomato himself:

* Neill added a hidden jukebox (sound test) to the game. The names used in the track titles of the songs don't correspond to the spelling Tomato used in the dialogue, this is because the track titles were taken from an OST cd (I think) but weren't necessarily correct, but we will still honor them. For example, they had Zauzer instead of Sauzer.

 * Looking at this, I'd wager that it was another, earlier fan translation (one of many, in fact - I've seen Yoyo as Jojo, Kahna as Karnha/Kanna/etc, and a plethora of other discrepancies) which, had it been more popular at the time, may have mislead the translation team to assume they were begotten from some reputable source somewhere. If this is the case, then since we don't even know the party involved in the translation; whereas translation team for the game was fairly well known, and the most reliable source we've got, we don't even know the credentials for the person who translated the soundtrack titles. Even if that translation predates that of the game, I'd say that the game's translators have greater merit, unless someone provides information otherwise (not that I'm sure what exactly would be more important than the actual translation of the game). It doesn't even make sense - what's more important, the game's translation, or the soundtrack's, even given that they are of equal standing in terms of translating? Even if we bar all this, the majority of people visiting this site will have been those who either have played, or will play through the fan translated version of the game, so going by the soundtrack. So unless information surfaces as to an official translation, or greater credentials are found, I'd say keep the translation of the game's version. --PrescitedEntity 22:05, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

I have to note that the fan translation's rendition is what practically every English-speaking gamer to ever touch the game will end up seeing anyway. --Kizor 01:58, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I said that, but it's somewhere in that big block of text, LOL. XP --204.111.40.10 16:55, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes. Yes, it is. --Kizor 18:21, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Not like anyone's going to read this, but...
I ask again, because I've seen it surface from time to time - where does the claim that Bahamut Lagoon was originally meant to be Final Fantasy Tactics come from? Is there anything to substantiate this? Yes, a few people associated with the FF franchise worked on/supervised Bahamut Lagoon's development, and the game does bear some similarity to the Final Fantasies, but that's no grounds for the claim, as far as I know. Also, the timeline seems rather off - if its rejection marked the initiation of the Final Fantasy Tactics project as we know it, how did they pull it off? FFT was a very polished game, with an intricate story and a wholly different style of gameplay, on a different, new console, released only a bit over a year after Bahamut Lagoon. How could they have worked it out in at most a year or two, since FFT was certainly no slapdash offering? And how strong does a claim have to be to remain, in any form, on an article? --PrescitedEntity 05:53, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, I am still here hee hee, I wouldnt dare to claim BL has any relation with FFT appart from the similarities on the gameplay styles, I offer my point of view relying on the fact I've played and enjoyed both games of course, to me, they look like totally different universes and stories from a player's point of view, I would rather say that Bahamut Lagoon provided several of the foundation used in FFT gmeplay style through its back in the date, innovative game mechanics, certainly different from many of the RPG titles of the time, we could say that Squaresoft, now SquareEnix, has always tried to crete new gameplay mechanics for its new games while trying to take their previous most successful mechanics to perfection, I wouldn't claim that BL was meant to be FFT, but we could place them together on a time line on the evolution of game mechanics created by SquareEnix Knight of Gold 19:11, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

That part should really be removed, as there is no evidence at all backing it. Also, the Japanese article on the game seems to mention nothing about Final Fantasy Tactics (I don't read Japanese so I can't really confirm this). The only mention about any FF game is about FFVIII in a section at the bottom. バハムートラグーン. Maybe someone could ask Druff about his sources? 83.252.167.175 16:18, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

All right, I relent. After reviewing Verifiability policy on Wikipedia, I will not re-add as it is until we get better information from Druff or another source. I would, however, like to note it somehow, and since Druff did say he got his information from the UoSHP in the way back when...

IDK, will have to figure out something. --PrescitedEntity 17:14, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Tactical role-playing?
Is this really a tactical role-playing game? Based on the screenshot the game doesn't seem very tactical. SharkD 18:21, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yep. Grab a ROM if you wish to see for yourself. The screenshot is not representative of the gameplay, it was meant to be representative of the graphics, but an editor insists that we provide a reputable citation that a game released exclusively in Japan, in 1996, for a system whose life cycle was roughly 1990-1996, has graphics that are advanced for that system, so that context was lost  Ranting aside, what you're seeing there is two stacks of units in a close-up engagement after moving to neighboring squares on the grid. It acts much like a Final Fantasy battle, but each unit only acts once. --Kizor 04:23, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * If it acts much like a Final Fantasy battle, then it's not tactical. SharkD 16:56, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * While the battles sequences *are* turn-based, the rest of the game has characters moving across squares on a grid until an enemy is encountered. It's the same system used in Advance Wars, Yggdra Union, and Namco x Capcom.  Players can also attack out of battle, targeting sets of squares with spells like a traditional strategy RPG. Nall 05:11, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Thank you for explaining it better than I could. --Kizor 21:02, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Source

 * http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/bahamutlagoon/bahamutlagoon.htm Sergecross73   msg me  12:44, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Used! Judgesurreal777 (talk) 01:42, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bahamut Lagoon


text: Category:Schools in Tunisia

title: Category:Schools in Tunisia


text:
Talk:Help Me (Joni Mitchell song)

Technically a single acording to the albums page? Anyone know more about this? -- Mr . Dude †@£К ║  Çøת†яĭβü†ĬŎИ 19:22, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

OK, I don't know much about music, but isn't this also a Kelis/Timo Maas track? Peace 195.137.96.79 04:18, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

time sig at bridge
7/4? Measure of 3/4? Wamnet (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:29, 30 September 2010 (UTC).

title: Talk:Help Me (Joni Mitchell song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cut it out

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus Ryan Norton T 19:49, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Cut it out
wiki is not a dictionary

 * Delete this seems to be a well-intentioned first attempt at a page, but Wikipedia is not a dictionary or phrase book.Bwithh 19:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef, but as Bwithh pointed out this does appear to be a good faith attempt at creating an article. Hopefully the author isn't discouraged and creates a user account to continue to contribute to wikipedia.--Isotope23 20:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Pur e blade | Word 21:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but Merge with Dave Coulier entry. This is his catchphrase (and would have been a lot better known ten years ago).  Jtmichcock 23:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but Merge with Dave Coulier entry. Rock on Jtmichcock...First the top-notch chart on the dog variations, and now this dead on vote.  It should mention the aggrivating hand gestures made by cast members and the Full House Drinking Game Youngamerican 23:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Jtmichcock. PacknCanes 03:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Pete.Hurd 05:26, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Education in Tunisia

title: Category:Education in Tunisia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark lukeman

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedily deleted by me as a nn-bio.--Scimitar parley 19:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Mark lukeman
vanity RoySmith 19:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Fereydoon Batmanghelidj

Fereydoon Batmanghelidj (1931 – 15 November 2004) was an Iranian doctor, naturopath, HIV/AIDS denialist and writer. He is best known for believing increased water consumption is the cure for most disease, a view not supported by clinical evidence and considered quackery by medical experts.

Life and family
Fereydoon Batmanghelidj was born in Iran in 1931. He attended secondary school in the United Kingdom, at Fettes College in Scotland, and later graduated from St Mary's Hospital Medical School of London University. He then practiced medicine in the United Kingdom, before returning to Iran. There he became a wealthy entrepreneur, helping in the development of hospitals and medical centres, and in sports projects, including the Ice Palace ice skating rink in Tehran.

In 1979, after the Iranian Revolution, he was sent to Evin Prison in Tehran, which housed political prisoners; he was incarcerated there for two years and seven months. Following his release in 1982, he moved to the United States.

He married Lucile, a Belgian, and they had four children: Ardeshir, Babak, Camila, and Lila, who died by suicide while he was imprisoned. His first marriage ended in divorce. He later married Xiaopo Huang Batmanghelidj.

He died from complications related to pneumonia on 15 November 2004.

Medical career
Batmanghelidj was trained at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, and practised medicine in the United Kingdom before his return to Iran.

He claimed that he discovered the medicinal value of water in treating the pain of peptic ulcers during his detention in Evin Prison by treating inmates with water when medication was not available. He advanced this position in a guest editorial in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology in 1983.

In 1992, he wrote Your Body's Many Cries for Water. In this book, Batmanghelidj asserts that chronic dehydration is the root cause of most pain and many ailments, opposing the use of drugs to cure conditions that he claimed could instead be addressed by increased water consumption.

He argued that water is an important provider of "hydro-electric" energy for the body and brain, by splitting into its components hydrogen and oxygen. This claim is not supported by scientific evidence.

Criticism
Batmanghelidj's ideas about water curing most disease have been criticised as quackery by medical experts. He also drew criticism for his HIV/AIDS denialism. Physician Harriet Hall has described Batmanghelidj as a "crank who believed dehydration is the main cause of disease. He promoted his Water Cure, which was not based on any scientific evidence."

His ideas have been criticised by Stephen Barrett, co-founder of the National Council Against Health Fraud and the webmaster of Quackwatch, on several grounds, including a lack of any documented peer-reviewed research and exaggerated claims about the number of patients treated successfully. He further questions that Batmanghelidj has practiced medicine in the United States, pointing to his lack of registration as a physician. He was licensed as a naturopath.

Books

 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, How to Deal with Back Pain & Rheumatoid Joint Pain (1991), Global Health Solutions; ISBN 0-9629942-0-0
 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, Your Body's Many Cries for Water (1992), Global Health Solutions, ISBN 0-9629942-3-5
 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, Water: Rx for A Healthier, Pain-free Life (1997), Global Health Solutions; Cas&Bklt edition, ISBN 0-9629942-7-8
 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, ABC of Asthma, Allergies and Lupus: Eradicate Asthma – Now!, (2000), Global Health Solutions, ISBN 0-9629942-6-X
 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, Water For Health, For Healing, For Life (2003), Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-69074-0
 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, You're not sick, you're thirsty! (2003), Grand Central Publishing, ISBN 0-446-69074-0
 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, Water Cures: Drugs Kill: How Water Cured Incurable Diseases, (2003) Global Health Solutions, ISBN 0-9702458-1-5
 * Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon, Obesity Cancer Depression; Their Common Cause & Natural Cure, (2005) Global Health Solutions; ISBN 0-9702458-2-3

title: Fereydoon Batmanghelidj


text:
User:TimSE

My name is Tim. I live in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: User:TimSE


text:
List of television networks in Mexico

National network list
All of the networks listed below operate a number of terrestrial TV stations. In addition, several of these networks are also aired on cable and satellite services.

Commercial
Six television networks in Mexico have more than 75% national coverage and are thus required to be carried by all pay TV providers and offered at no cost by the broadcaster. Additionally, these networks are also required to provide accessibility for the hearing impaired with the use of Closed Captioning and/or Mexican sign language.

 * Azteca Uno (TV Azteca)
 * ADN 40 (TV Azteca)
 * Las Estrellas (Televisa)
 * Imagen Televisión (Grupo Imagen)
 * Canal 5 (Televisa)
 * Azteca 7 (TV Azteca)
 * A+ (TV Azteca)

ADN 40 and A+ have coverage primarily provided by subchannels.

Noncommercial
Of the many noncommercial services, there are only two national networks of retransmitters:

 * Canal Once (Instituto Politécnico Nacional)
 * Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano (SPR)

The digital SPR retransmitters offer Canal Once along with these important noncommercial television services:

 * Canal 22
 * Canal Catorce
 * Ingenio TV
 * TV UNAM
 * Canal del Congreso

In addition to the latter, Canal Judicial is also required to be carried by all pay TV providers and offered at no cost by the broadcaster, although there is no terrestrial station that broadcasts this network.

Regional or limited coverage commercial networks
There are some networks operating in Mexico which have limited coverage or primarily serve a region in particular. Currently, there are three networks of this kind which have a significant coverage:

 * Canal 6 (Multimedios)
 * Nu9ve (Televisa)
 * Canal 13 (Albavisión México)

Other regional/limited networks include:

 * El Canal de las Noticias (Intermedia) (Mexicali and the State of Chihuahua)
 * ABC Televisión (State of Chihuahua)
 * TV MAR (Los Cabos and La Paz in Baja California Sur and Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco)
 * Foro TV (Televisa)
 * Milenio Televisión (Multimedios)
 * Teleritmo (Multimedios)
 * CV Shopping
 * MVS TV

State-level broadcast television networks
Mexico also has government-run state television networks in 26 of its 32 federal units:

title: List of television networks in Mexico


text:
Category talk:Particle accelerators

comments
I will have to add LANSCE at a later date Scott 19:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Accelerator physics category
Hello! I would like to propose the addition of a new subcategory 'accelerator physics' to the present Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics for the following reasons:

 * If one takes a look at Category:Particle accelerators, it contains a mixture of accelerator concepts and real facilties. The Note

 * This category is for articles relating to particle accelerators in general. For articles about specific accelerators and colliders, please use Category:Particle physics facilities or Category:Synchrotron radiation facilities, as appropriate.

can be misleading. It is most intuitive to add particle accelerator facilities to the category particle accelerators, while articles relating to 'particle accelerators in general' (accelerator concepts like Strong focusing, Superconducting Radio Frequency, Linac) might fit better into the category 'accelerator physics'.

 * While 'experimental particle physics' might seem reasonable as only top category to particle accelerators at first, accelerators are designed and used also for e.g. medical purposes, accelerator research and solid state physics. Thus, the category 'accelerator physics' should also (non-exclusively) contain the category 'particle accelerators' as subcategory.

 * The entanglement of inventional aspects with physics and engineering (interdisciplinary topic) and the scope of accelerator physics (macroscopic, relativistic treatment and manipulation of charged particle ensembles instead of single particle interactions using quantum mechanics) may justify the new category.

Please object to this suggestion within two weeks. BR84 (talk) 11:48, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Particle accelerators


text:
Howard Cunningham

Howard Cunningham may refer to:

 * Howard Cunningham (computer programmer) (born 1949), American computer programmer
 * Howard Cunningham (Happy Days), fictional character played by Tom Bosley on the 1970s sitcom Happy Days

title: Howard Cunningham


text:
Talk:Hydrogen-alpha

Colour of this Line?
It may not be very scientific, but could we get an image block filled with the actual colour (or the closest rgb equivalent?) 70.66.73.48 07:05, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * since your eyes are not capable of seeing this wavelength it would be redundant to show it, cause whatever you would see would just be a replacement, you could even replace it with blue or pink to make it visible for your eye. Maybe you can think of it as an X-Ray-foto, what you see there is black and white, although X-Rays don't have any visible color at all.--131.220.96.186 14:33, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * actually, 656 nm is perfectly visible to most humans (as the article already implies), but it's a long enough wavelength that the RGB equivalent is just pure red. Converting a particular wavelength into RGB is such an approximation that I'm not sure that it's useful here. 128.220.233.155 (talk) 18:38, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Energy of this line?
I would be interested to know what quantity of energy or temperature this line relates to, and possibly how to calculate it or where to look it up. Hansschulze (talk) 08:25, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Use Planck's Formula (E=hf) and substitute for f (f=c/λ) and work out the photon energy from there. Coatesg (talk) 15:18, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Filter details -citations
I've added corrections and details about H-alpha filters. I know what I have done is correct because I have got one.

However, I am having difficulty in finding decent citations because there is not much information out there except a few commercial sites.

Does anyone have any thoughts or information? Man with two legs (talk) 20:04, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

Professional observatories use Lyot filters. There is an Existing Wikipedia page, with references, on this topic. Big Bear Solar observatory notes the use of Lyot filter on their website (http://www.bbso.njit.edu/Research/FDHA/) These filters tend to be very expensive one-off items. PaulD821 (talk) 23:46, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hydrogen-alpha


text:
User talk:Chtirrell

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers such as yourself:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 19:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Jahbulon on wiktionary
Note: It has been expressed that your vote may well not be counted there, as the vote is for the community's consensus, & as a non-registered wiktionary user, you would not be a part of that community... Just a brotherly heads-up... Grye 18:31, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Archives for Anti-(Free)masonry
Arden beat me to the punch as far as fixing the links go, but the archives of old discussions are at Talk:Anti-Freemasonry/Archive 1) and Talk:Anti-Freemasonry/Archive 2. WegianWarrior 18:46, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Cited @ Freemasonry
Nice one. :) Imacomp 00:29, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

iraq anti-masonry ref
I read that article earlier and must have glossed over that part. I was gonna remove it and replace it with but I re-read it and sure enough it was in there :p good find. Seraphim 22:26, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not in a position to go hunting for anti-masonry ref's right now. I'm about to enter mediation (once the mediatiors wake up) on "Jahbulon" and don't need to give MSJapan/ALR anything that would make them think i'm some anti-masonic nutball.  Seraphim  22:43, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "I'm not in a position to go hunting for anti-masonry ref's right now. Seraphim 22:43, 1 March 2006 (UTC)" However I am. Imacomp 14:43, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Imacomp RFC
I'm filing an RFC against him, enough is enough. I'll send you the link when i'm done editing it up. Seraphim 15:39, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

I'm NOT joining the Royal Flying Corps. Imacomp 15:44, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It's up, if i forgot anything please add to it... I think your allowed to... linky Seraphim  16:31, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

I reported him for violating 3RR. I don't care to do anything else, he's being a pestulance. Ardenn 20:27, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * WP:ANI is a good resource for help. Ardenn  20:31, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Checkuser
Hi, I am Prodego, a volunteer clerk who helps keep the checkuser pages organized. I am unable to figure out what Requests for checkuser/Case/Thunderbird15, which you created, is supposed to be, could you explain your intentions? Thanks, Prodego  talk  13:56, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Ahh, now I see, it was just a link error. Nevermind. Prodego  talk  13:57, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello, well lets have a lurk here, and in your "contibutions"... Mmm ;-) Mousescribe 22:18, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Imacomp
You may wish to comment at Suspected Sockpuppets []. ALR 21:14, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Anti-Masonry
Leave it for the moment, you're liable to get blocked yourself. Just report it on 3RR and AN/I.ALR 15:12, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Ok, You Win
I won't ask any more questions about not being able to join the Freemasonry cult who I think HATES women and just uses us for the procreative powers and cleaning. I'll never get a straight answer and I'll just have to be content that I suffered abuse and was almost intentionally killed by a 33 Master Mason who happened to be my stepfather. Shame on that whole organization. And I just wonder why Freemasons HATE women so much?

So no more questions to you and your 'brothers' who I can't seem to talk to without having someone come in and start being mean to me while I am trying to ask an honest question.

And as far as my personal edits go. I will ask Wiki if I am allowed to put my own personal notes in there as I am new. Or maybe I'll just develop my own little code to let me know what kind of nonsense, masculine drama I have to deal with because I want to know an answer and asked honestly and without malice.User: OneWomanArmy923

Freemasonry FAC
See the article talk page for details. MSJapan 04:30, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

CHIP
CT, MO, and four other states are all hosted on the same website, thus the similarity :), but the intent of your point is a good one. MSJapan 21:20, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

File:Karte_glauchau_in_deutschland.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Karte_glauchau_in_deutschland.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Common Good (talk) 19:22, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:59, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chtirrell


text: Talk:Randolph Street

title: Talk:Randolph Street


text:
Étienne Arnal

Étienne Arnal (2 February 1794 – 10 December 1872) was a French comic actor.

Life
Arnal was born at Meulan, Yvelines. After serving in the army, and working in a button factory, he took to the stage. His first appearance (1815) was in tragedy, and for some time he was unsuccessful; it was not until 1827 that he showed his real ability in comedy parts, especially in plays by Felix August Duvert (1795–1876) and Augustin Theodore Lauzanne (1805–1877), whose Cabinets particuliers (1832), Le Mari de la dame de châteurs (1837), Passe minuit, L'Homme blast (1843), La Clef dans le dos (1848), etc., contained parts written for him. He was twenty years at the Vaudeville, and completed at the various Parisian theatres a stage career of nearly half a century.

The composer Frédéric Chopin describes, in a letter, visiting the theatre in 1847 to see Arnal: "[He] tells the audience how he was desperate to pee in a train, but couldn't get to a toilet before they stopped at Orléans. There wasn't a single vulgar word in what he said, but everyone understood and split their sides laughing."

Arnal was the author of Épître à bouffe (1840), which is reprinted in his volume of poetry, Boutades en vers (1861). He died in Geneva, aged 78.

title: Étienne Arnal


text:
Lawburrows

Lawburrows is a little-known civil action in Scots law initiated by one person afraid of another's possible violence. The term is derived from law-borrow, where borrow is used in the archaic sense of a pledge, guarantee, or surety (souerte in the act below). Hence, it is a "legal security" that a person "will not injure the person, family, or property of another".

Lawburrows Act 1429
The Lawburrows Act 1429 remains in force and says: "It is statute ande ordanit that gif ony of the kingis liegis haf ony doute of his life outhir be dede or manance or violent presumpcioun ande he ask souerte of thaim that he doutis the schiref sal tak souerte of the party that the complante is maid apoun sa that the party playntife mak prufe of the dede or of manance or of the violent presumpcioun maid or done till hym"

Threats of violence and Scots civil law
Normally, where there is a fear of violence from certain known people, the normal recourse is through Scots criminal law and police. However, because of the need to involve the police and the Procurator Fiscal Service to seek remedies in criminal law; this recourse may be lengthy with no direct control by the complainer (in other jurisdictions, the complainant). There is also a need in criminal proceedings to provide witnesses and evidence to satisfy the corroboration requirement and to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt in order to secure a criminal conviction. As such, remedies available in criminal law may be limited if the threats of violence struggle to meet the criminal law's burden of proof.

Civil law primarily deals the enforcement of private rights and obligations between individuals and/or property. Lawburrows, as a civil law remedy, enables people to "take the law into their own hands" by exercising their rights under civil law. The burden of proof in civil cases is much less onerous than that of criminal law, only requiring that there is a likelihood of violence on the balance of probabilities and accordingly so too is the standard required of the evidence.

Interdicts
The most common action against someone who threatens violence is interdict, in other jurisdictions, an injunction, but this is awarded at the discretion of judge or Sheriff. Since public interest (the general effects of the action on the welfare of society) is involved, corroborative witnesses may be required. Interdict may require the defender to refrain from a specific conduct. Although provisional, or interim, interdicts can be granted speedily, obtaining a perpetual interdict may be very time-consuming and costly. A great disadvantage of interdict is the uncertainty about what happens should the defender disobey the interdict. If it is a first offence, a mild or nominal punishment, such as contempt of court, may be imposed or a warning given.

Lawburrows
In Scotland an alternative to interdicts is lawburrows. Lawburrows in a civil action allows a pursuer, in other jurisdictions termed a plaintiff, to require the defender to make a deposit of money as a guarantee they will not harm the pursuer. If the pursuer is later harmed by the defender, the deposit is forfeit and is split between the court and the pursuer. This was first passed by a Parliament of James I in 1429 as a remedy against threats to the safety of members of the public. The aim of Lawburrows was stated in the Act "...to prevent such delinquences (the issuing of threats) and terrify evil doers..." The process is remarkable for its simplicity, speed of execution, low cost of process and the absolute certainty of the exact penalty should the order be contravened. Neither the police nor the Procurator Fiscal is involved unless there is a contravention of lawburrows.

Very roughly: If Alice is put in fear by Bob, Alice asks a Sheriff to hear the case against Bob (this is a civil action and so standard of proof is low). If proven, the Sheriff shall require a deposit from Bob. If, later, Alice shows the Sheriff that Bob has continued to put Alice in fear, the deposit is forfeited and divided equally between Alice and the Court. This does not preclude a criminal action being taken against Bob.

The process of lawburrows
In an initial writ to the Sheriff Court, the pursuer asserts that he fears harm to either his person, property, family, tenant or employees from the defender. He asks the Sheriff to obtain a certain sum of money (a "caution") or a bond as security against being molested or troubled further by the defender.

As soon as this writ is received, the Sheriff Clerk must immediately order it to be served on the defender and a date for an early hearing has to be fixed at the same time. At the court hearing, the standard of proof is on the balance of probabilities, so the pursuer need only show that on the balance of probabilities it is likely that harm may occur. This is a summary procedure—with no civil jury present and the Sheriff alone deciding on the facts of the case.

If the pursuer is successful, the Sheriff can order a sum of money to be found (or a bond to be given) and he can order that, should the defender fail to provide this, he shall be imprisoned for up to six months. If the defender does any harm of the kind specified in the initial writ, the pursuer may (with the consent of the Procurator Fiscal) raise an action for "contravention of lawburrows" asking that the money, or bond, be forfeited and divided equally between the Crown and himself.

The action for contravention of lawburrows does not preclude any other remedies, such as a civil action for damages for assault, or criminal proceedings by the Procurator Fiscal.

Characteristics

 * One action can encompass not only the person of the pursuer, but also his family, property and employees.
 * Only the pursuer has to offer evidence to show that his fear of harm is rational and well-founded.
 * Proof is at the level of balance of probability.
 * If judgement cannot be given immediately, then it has to be delivered by a date specified at the time of the hearing.
 * The nature of the threat does not have to be specified in detail, only that vindictive persecution is feared.
 * The penalty is lodged in advance of any contravention, and its amount does not depend on the circumstances in which any contravention took place.
 * The specific sum to be lodged as security is not predetermined. The pursuer may suggest an amount, but the sheriff has discretion to determine it. The amount is intended to deter contravention of the order.
 * The process is straightforward at every stage, there is no room for defences, preliminary pleas, debates, and continuations.
 * The process is speedy, the date of proof is fixed at the outset.
 * The rules of summary criminal procedure apply so there are no written pleadings.
 * The objective of the action is clear and simple. It is to keep the pursuer harmless from illegal violence of which he alleges he is in dread at the time of the application.

Application
The remedy of lawburrows has a very long history. Its application is very narrow, referring only to people being put in fear and there are many alternative remedies in the criminal law, involving the police to whom people put in fear are most likely to appeal in the first instance. Many attempts to obtain remedies in this way are thwarted by the reluctance of the police to get involved in domestic disputes and quarrels between neighbours, often because of the difficulty of obtaining the witnesses needed in criminal proceedings. Such a need is largely circumvented in actions of lawburrows. Although little known to the public, and even to some solicitors, lawburrows is still in use in the present time.

Several cases in the 1980s failed because lawburrows was misapplied and, consequently, in 1988, the case for the repeal or the overhaul of lawburrows was argued cogently by W J Stewart.

Civil Judicial Statistics Scotland records 25 instances in the four-year period 1999–2002, 17 of which were in 2001. A freedom of information request in 2017 showed there were no civil actions of this type in the preceding three years.

The simplicity of lawburrows actions has attracted some vexatious litigation. In one case in 2012, a lawburrows action was sought against an accountant by a pursuer who was themselves the subject of a sequestration (bankruptcy) action, apparently to delay the latter.

title: Lawburrows


text:
User talk:VSquared

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --fvw *  19:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

RC Patrol

Holy moley you've gotten involved fast! Here's a barnstar for all the anti-vandalism work you've done today! -- Essjay ·  Talk 22:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Speedy tags
Hi there. You make some good catches with speedy tags. But can I ask you to be a little more careful in how you tag things? In particular, the patent nonsense tag should only be applied if the article meets the frighteningly narrow definition in patent nonsense and not otherwise. If it is very short without context, use A1, if it is a user test use G2 etc. If it is an advertisement that is not a single external link (which is A3), then it must go to AfD unless it's a copyvio. Filtering the tags properly saves the deleting admins time, particularly for those that ought to have gone elsewhere. Thanks. -Splash talk 01:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism & etc
I'm trying to clean up and improve the articles for the Democratic and Republican Parties. Thanx for the help:) Oleanna1104 21:31, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:VSquared


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Party at ryans

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedily deleted as having no possible claim to encyclopedicity. FCYTravis 20:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Party at ryans
Unencyclopedic vanity. CDC  (talk)  19:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable... though it gave me scary deja vu back to the D&D "parties" used to go to in middle school.--Isotope23 20:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Dream vision

A dream vision or visio is a literary device in which a dream or vision is recounted as having revealed knowledge or a truth that is not available to the dreamer or visionary in a normal waking state. While dreams occur frequently throughout the history of literature, visionary literature as a genre began to flourish suddenly, and is especially characteristic in early medieval Europe. In both its ancient and medieval form, the dream vision is often felt to be of divine origin. The genre reemerged in the era of Romanticism, when dreams were regarded as creative gateways to imaginative possibilities beyond rational calculation.

This genre typically follows a structure whereby a narrator recounts their experience of falling asleep, dreaming, and waking, with the story often an allegory. The dream, which forms the subject of the poem, is prompted by events in their waking life that are referred to early in the poem. The ‘vision’ addresses these waking concerns through the possibilities of the imaginative landscapes offered by the dream-state. In the course of the dream, the narrator, often with the aid of a guide, is offered perspectives that provide potential resolutions to their waking concerns. The poem concludes with the narrator waking, determined to record the dream – thus producing the poem. The dream-vision convention was widely used in European, Old Russian, medieval Latin, Muslim, Gnostic, Hebrew, and other literatures.

Visions in medieval European literature
In the book "Medieval Latin visions", Russian philologist Boris Yarkho explores the genre of dream visions, defining it in terms of form and content. To the formal aspects of the genre, the researcher refers, first, the didacticism of the genre of visions itself, which should reveal some truths to the reader; secondly, the presence of the image of a "clairvoyant" (or visionary), which has two functions: "he must perceive the content of the vision purely spiritually" and "must associate the content of the vision with sensory images". Third, the formal aspects include psychophysiological phenomena, that is, the situation and circumstances of the vision: lethargy, hallucinations and dreams.

The content of the genre of visions is based on the description of pictures of the afterlife, ghosts and phenomena of otherworldly forces, as well as eschatology. In addition, medieval visions can also be filled with topical content that is adjacent to the "eternal", that is, the afterlife, the otherworldly: socio-political contexts can penetrate into the visions, etc.

Yarkho pays attention to the internal structure of visions, distinguishing two types — "one-vertex" visions and "multi-vertex" (eschatological) visions. The structure of the second type of vision can be "archaic", "classical", or " complexly systematized».

On the Genesis of medieval visions, Rosalia Shor writes in the Literary encyclopedia (1929-1939): "Until the 12th century, all the visions were written in Latin, from the 12th century there are translated ones, and from the 13th — there are original visions in folk languages. The most complete form of visions is represented in the Latin poetry of the clergy: this genre is closely related to canonical and apocryphal religious literature and is close to Church preaching"

The peak of the medieval vision genre is considered to be Dante's "Divine Comedy", which can be called a detailed vision, based on its narrative and compositional features.

The deformation of the genre of visions
In the course of evolutionary development, the genre of visions in European literature undergoes natural historical changes: visions are beginning to be used by authors as a means of transmitting satirical content, for writing pamphlets on topical circumstances. As R. O. Shor notes, since the Tenth century, the form and content of visions have provoked protest, often from the declassified layers of the clergy themselves (poor clerics and goliard schoolboys). All this results in periodic visions. On the other hand, the form of visions is taken over by courtly chivalrous poetry in folk languages: visions here acquire a new content, becoming a frame of love-didactic allegory — such as, for example, "Fabliau dou dieu d'amour" (the Story of the God of love), " Venus la déesse d'amors" (Venus — the goddess of love) and finally-the encyclopedia of courtly love-the famous "Roman de la Rose" of Guillaume de Lorris.

Visions in Old Russian literature
The genre of visions was one of the typical genres of Old Russian literature, in addition, its individual elements could penetrate into the structure of other genres of Old Russian works. For example, Nikolai Prokofiev discovered the features of the genre of visions in stories, walks, lives, signs, and many other sources.

The composition of the traditional Old Russian vision is as follows: the plot begins with a prayer that precedes psychophysiological states, which are accompanied by visions. Then the hero sees otherworldly forces, which, showing the visionary a "revelation", solve some question. The fear of the clairvoyant is described, after which the meaning of the "revelation" itself is revealed. In conclusion, these same forces call on the visionary to preach what he has seen.

The nature of the images in the Old Russian visions is twofold: they can be both characters of Christian mythology, which do not need interpretation, and symbolic or allegorical images of living nature (going back to the Old Russian pagan beliefs). Exploring the genesis of visions, Nikolai Prokofiev raises them to the genre of dreams, very popular in ancient times.

"The heroes of the Old Russian epic are often gods, and this phenomenon is usually given in dreams."

Some researchers conclude that the genre of visions gradually disappears from literature after the Peter the Great era. Russian writer Alexander Pigin, who in his book "Visions of the Other World in Russian Handwritten books" cites a whole body of texts that indicate that the genre of visions in the Russian handwritten tradition does not die in the XIX—XX centuries, and also draws attention to the lack of knowledge of the genre. Defining the subject of the Old Russian visions, he speaks of "small eschatology", that is, the doctrine of the posthumous fate of the human soul, and of "big eschatology" - the doctrine of the end of the world:

"The subject of the visions is 'small' (or 'private') eschatology, since all the interest in them is focused on the posthumous fate of the individual."

Pigin points out that visions as a genre have their roots in archaic animistic beliefs, and ideas about the "other world" are found in all peoples.

Ancient Roman

 * Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia
 * Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae
 * Cicero, Dream of Scipio
 * Macrobius, Commentary on Cicero's Dream of Scipio

Medieval Latin

 * John Gower, Vox Clamantis Book One is an account of the Peasants' Revolt
 * Alain de Lille, De planctu naturae
 * Brother Marcus, Visio Tnugdali ("The Vision of Tundale")

French

 * Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun, Roman de la rose, also translated into Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer
 * Marie de France, The Legend of the Purgatory of St. Patrick
 * Le Chemin de Povreté et de Richesse, a 14th-century dream poem incorporated in Le Ménagier de Paris
 * Le Chemin de long estude, by Christine de Pizan

Irish

 * See also aisling, Modern literature in Irish.
 * Geoffrey Keating
 * Aogán Ó Rathaille
 * Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin
 * Seán "Clárach" Mac Domhnaill
 * Brian Merriman
 * Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún
 * Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin

Italian

 * Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy depicts the conventions of dream-vision literature, though Dante specifically says that his vision is not a dream

Old English

 * Bede, Vision of Drycthelm
 * Anonymous, The Dream of the Rood – the guide in Dream of the Rood is the Cross on which Christ was crucified.

Middle English

 * Geoffrey Chaucer, Legend of Good Women, House of Fame, Book of the Duchess, Parliament of Fowls – The Parliament of Fowls features a dream vision in which the narrator falls asleep while reading the Dream of Scipio and is ushered into a walled garden. He is chaperoned in the dream briefly by Scipio the Elder himself.
 * William Langland, Piers Plowman or Visio Willelmi de Petro Ploughman (William's Vision of Piers Plowman) is an apocalyptic Middle English allegorical narrative attributed to William Langland, one of the great works of English literature. It is written in unrhymed alliterative verse divided into sections called passus (Latin for "step").
 * Sir John Clanvowe, The Cuckoo and the Nightingale
 * Anonymous, Parlement of the Thre [sic] Ages
 * Anonymous, Wynnere and Wastoure
 * Pearl Poet, Pearl
 * The Vision of Tundale, a translation from the Latin Visio Tnugdali.
 * John Lydgate, The Temple of Glass

Modern English

 * John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress
 * Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Triumph of Life
 * William Morris, News from Nowhere, A Dream of John Ball
 * C.S. Lewis, The Great Divorce tells of a dream vision in which the author joins a group of the damned on a vacation bus trip to heaven, where they encounter various figures from their own pasts who try to entreat them to come and join the company of those in heaven.
 * The Eagles, "Hotel California"
 * Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (1865 ) is in the form of a dream vision.
 * James Joyce's (Irish novelist) "Finnegans Wake" (1939) consists of an immense cosmic dream.

Old Russian

 * The Tale of Igor's Campaign
 * Praying of Daniel the Immured
 * About the whole thing
 * Depth Book
 * And some Old Russian letopises.

Scottish Gaelic

 * See also Aisling, Scottish Gaelic literature
 * Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair
 * Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna

Ukrainian

 * See also Ukrainian literature
 * Taras Shevchenko's The Dream

Welsh

 * Anonymous, The Dream of Rhonabwy, possibly a satire on the medieval dream vision
 * Anonymous, The Dream of Macsen Wledig

title: Dream vision


text:
Babbit and Catstello

Babbit and Catstello are fictional characters, based on the comedic duo Abbott and Costello, that appeared in Warner Bros. animated cartoons. The characters appeared in four cartoons between 1942 and 1946: once as cats, once as dogs, and twice as mice.

Overview
Although the short, fat character calls the other one "Babbit", the tall, skinny one never addresses his partner by name; the name "Catstello" for the short, fat character was invented later. In their first three cartoons, Babbit was voiced by Tedd Pierce, and Mel Blanc performed Catstello.

A Tale of Two Kitties
Originally, the pair were cats in pursuit of a small bird for their meal in the 1942 Bob Clampett-directed cartoon A Tale of Two Kitties, a cartoon notable for the first appearance of the bird character who would eventually become Warner Bros. cartoon icon Tweety. The hapless duo fail in every attempt to capture the bird, establishing the pattern that would be used time and again in future Tweety cartoons. At one point, Catstello utters a variation of one of his archetype Lou Costello's famous lines: "I'm a baaaaad pussycat!")

Tale of Two Mice
Three years later, Babbit and Catstello reappeared in the similarly-named A Tale of Two Mice, directed by Frank Tashlin. Though their characterizations were the same, the two were now mice, living in a hole in the wall of a typical cartoon kitchen.

Their goal in this cartoon was the cheese in the kitchen's refrigerator, the only obstacle being the resident house cat. Babbit attempts to coerce Catstello (often by beating him up) into going after the cheese solo, using various methods to get it (which involved Catstello getting hurt). However, in the end, it is Swiss cheese, which Babbit can't stand. Angrily, Catstello beats him up and begins force-feeding the cheese, saying Costello's original line: "Oh — I'm a baaaaad boy!"

Hollywood Canine Canteen
They make a cameo in 1946's Hollywood Canine Canteen as the pet dogs of the real life Abbott and Costello (Costello's dog even refers to Abbott's dog as "Babbit").

The Mouse-Merized Cat
Finally, in 1946, they appeared in Robert McKimson's The Mouse-Merized Cat, wherein Babbit uses a book to hypnotize Catstello. Babbit has Catstello believe he's a dog in order to scare off the cat so they can get to the food in the refrigerator. However, the cat soon studies hypnosis and is able to reverse Babbit's spell. This results in Catstello running back and forth between the two as they continue using hypnosis. Finally, Catstello hypnotizes Babbit and the cat into believing they are, respectively, a cowboy and his horse. Catstello tricks Babbit with his Yosemite Sam-like voice before he and the cat gallop away.

The final scene shows Catstello eating cheese and reading a book on living alone, before turning to the audience and once again reciting "Oh — I'm a baaaaad boy!"

Later appearances
The pair have mainly made cameos in modern Warner Bros. animated projects, their most major appearance being in "Ice Cat-Pades", a segment of the 1995–2000 series The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries. They both are also playable characters in the video game Looney Tunes: World of Mayhem.

title: Babbit and Catstello


text: User talk:12.35.96.66

title: User talk:12.35.96.66


text:
Île de la Passe (Mauritius)

Île de la Passe is a rocky islet in the bay off Grand Port on the island of Mauritius. Between 20 and 25 August 1810, during the British campaign to capture the island (then called Isle de France) from the French, it was the scene of the Battle of Grand Port. This was a long and very hard-fought action between roughly equal forces of French and British frigates and, on balance, a defeat for the British, who lost four frigates, though one of these was subsequently recaptured. The French squadron did not survive the British invasion of Mauritius.

title: Île de la Passe (Mauritius)


text:
User talk:Smorgan

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! Hello, and welcome to the loony yet quite pleasing ranks of Wikipedians! My name is BorgHunter, one of very many zany Wikipedians around here, and let me be the first to welcome you here. Before getting too in-depth, you may want to read about the simplified ruleset. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. And don't worry -- you may well have a bunch of questions after that avalanche of info I just threw at you. Yeah, Wikipedia has a bit of a culture and etiquette of its own, but you get used to it! ---

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Happy Wiki-ing.
--BorgHunter (talk) 19:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smorgan


text:
Talk:Trasianka

Patois?
Would this classify as a patois? I just wonder, since it seems that Russian and Belarussian are quite similar, closely related languages, and that this language would have more in common with for instance Portuñol, than a traditional Creole or Patois...

 * I have read the text on patois here in Wikipedia and think trasianka can be considered patois. However, Belarusian linguists do not use this description for trasianka, neither any linguist I've read or heard (but my experience is limited of course). Marian.

Trasianka
i'd like to learn more about trasianka. i've started doing research on the slavs and the slavic languages. i'm hoping this will help me do research on the aleuts and the aleut language. (it's a long story...)

Gringo300 10:50, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Current status
We need more information on this language. Does it have native speakers (i.e. children who grew up speaking it)? Or is it confined to one generation of grown-ups, and likely to disappear in the near future? BTW, just because Belarusians have prejudice against the word "creole" is no reason to avoid classifying it so, if it meets the requirements. All the best, Jorge Stolfi 18:02, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

No, it does not meet the criteria for classifying it as "creole". You have misuunderstood what's written there in the first part of the article -- Marian Sloboda

Imprecise and over-generalized formulation removed
Cesarion, apologies for removing the text you added, but it was not only Russian that was considered civilised - there was Polish as well on the territory of present Belarus. Second, your statement that Russianized "mother tongue" was considered better is over-generalized - by WHOM and WHEN? Third, this is not connected that much to trasianka, the significance of spread of which is reported for the SECOND half of the 20th century (this being connected to the official policy of language cultivation in the context of harmonious "Russian-national" bilingualism development; migrations from rural areas to urban places; and some other, lesser, factors). Until 1980s, trasianka was referred to as "mixed Belarusian-Russian speech" (zmeshanaye belaruska-ruskaje maulennie) and the like. This article, as I take it, is about "trasianka". - Best, Marian.

Lukashenka speaks Trasianka?
Does Lukashenka really speaks Trasianka? I've always thought he spoke Russian? Marxolang (talk) 15:10, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Lukashenka speaks Russian with thick Belarusian accent, with significant phonetical changes, which is often derided and some pearls deserve the writing of the article Lukashisms (unfortunately not much RS). The most popular one is when Lukashenko promised 'peretrahivat' the parliament. The correct Russian pronunciation is 'peretryahivat' and means " to shake over" in the meaning "to weed"/"to dust off", while from his mouth came the word meaning "to fuck them all in turn regularly". Staszek Lem (talk) 18:50, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Example
Translation of part of the 1977 Soviet Constitution into Trasianka and Belarusian language.

Why shouldn't we add it to the main article? --Czalex 21:57, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Slur?
Is that even noteworthy name to have in Wikipedia? After reading, it seems it's just a recent nationalistic slur of anti-Russian publicist. The other name mentioned in text (meshanka, "mixture") seems a lot more appropriate seeing it's used by the concerned population not bitter emigrant.

External links modified
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External links modified
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Dubious WP:RS Вахтин
The reference to Вахтин, Николай; in not a reliable source. The sub-website is described as "project" and its pages contain discaimer that it it unfinished and accuracy not guaranteed: "Приносим извинения: данный текст может содержать неточности и находится в процессе редактирования." . I am going to move this link to "external links" as a supplementary reading, rather than encyclopedic source. Staszek Lem (talk) 18:36, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trasianka


text:
User:Savy c

Hi my names Savanah My Nickname is Savy C Im 12 years old and im homeschool. im in a band and i have a best friend E

title: User:Savy c