text:
History of Mizoram

The history of Mizoram encompasses the history of Mizoram which lies in the southernmost part of northeast India. It is a conglomerate history of several ethnic groups of Chin people who migrated from Chin State of Burma. But information of their patterns of westward migration are based on oral history and archaeological inferences, hence nothing definite can be said. The recorded history started relatively recently around the mid-19th century when the adjoining regions were occupied by the British monarchy. Following religious, political and cultural revolutions in the mid-20th century majority of the people agglomerated into a super tribe, Mizo. Hence the officially recognised settlement of the Mizos became Mizoram.

The earliest documented records of Mizoram were from the British military officers in the 1850s, when they encountered a series of raids in their official jurisdiction in Chittagong Hill Tracts from the neighbouring natives. By then they referred the land to as Lushai Hills. As a consequence of relentless tribal encroachment and often resulting in human mortality, British rulers were compelled to subjugate the tribal chiefdoms. Punitive British military expeditions in 1871 and 1889 forced the annexation of the entire Lushai Hills. After the Indian independence from British Empire in 1947, the land became Lushai Hills district under the Government of Assam. In 1972 the district was declared a union territory and was given a more culturally inclusive name Mizoram. Ultimately Mizoram became a full-fledged federal state of India in 1986.

Origin of the inhabitants
The ancestors of Mizos were without any form of written language before the advent of British. They were anthropologically identified as members of the Tibeto-Burman ethnicity. Folk legends unanimously claim that there was Chhinlung or Sinlung at the cradle of the Mizos. Oral history provided contrasting accounts on the origin.
 * 1) One popular legend tells that the Mizos emerged from under a large covering rock known as Chhinlung (literally "rock cover").
 * 2) Another version says that Chhinlung refers to the Chinese city of Sinlung or Chinlingsang situated close on the Sino-Burmese border. According to Mr. K. S. Latourette, there were political upheavals in China in 210 B.C.E. when the dynastic rule was abolished and the whole empire was brought under one administrative system. The Mizos left China as part of one of those waves of migration. However, this is pure speculation.
 * 3) According to Vumson's Zo history, the earliest ancestor of the Mizos was Thlapa, the eldest son of Ngaihte, whose son was Lamhlir and grandson was Seipui/Lusei.
 * 4) A different story presented by Historians such as Liangkhaia, Hrangṭhiauva and Lal Chungnunga is that in Tibet there was born a three brothers named Mizoa, Mirua and Marua. Leading nomadic life they mostly settled in Chinzua (Chen-Yuan) in China. The descendants of Mizoa migrated to Sakai in Burma. In due course of time they had a great chief called Chhinglunga, and his chiefdom came to be known as Chhinlung.

Speculated to be in around the 5th century they settled in the Shan State after having overcome the resistance put up by the indigenous people. They thrived in Shan state for about 300 years before they moved on the Kabaw Valley around the 8th century. It was in the Kabaw Valley that Mizos had cultural influence with the local Burmese. It is conceivable that the Mizos learned the technique of cultivation from the Burmese at Kabaw as many of their agricultural implements bore the prefix Kawl, a name given by the Mizos to the Burmese.

Khampat (now in Myanmar) was known to have been the next Mizo settlement. They are said to have planted a banyan tree before they left Khampat as a sign that the town was made by them. In the early 14th century, they moved westward to Indo-Burmese border. They built villages and called them by their clan names such as Seipui, Saihmun and Bochung. The hills and difficult terrains of Chin Hills forced division into several villages and ethnic diaspora arose.

Mizo Hills
The earliest Mizo people to enter the present Mizoram were known as Kukis, the second batch of Mizo immigrants were called New Kukis. The Lushais were the last of the Mizo tribes to migrate to the Lushai Hills. By the time they crossed the Tiau River bordering Myanmar, the descendants of Zahmuaka, who came to be known as the ruling Sailo clan, had proven their mettle as able and assertive chiefs. The traditional system of village administration, too, had been perfected. As the head of the village, the Chief or Lal allocated lands for cultivation, settled all disputes in the villages, fed and cared for the poor and offered shelter to anyone seeking refuge. The Mizo history in the 18th and 19th centuries is marked by many instances of tribal raids and retaliatory expeditions.

Initial encounters
By the mid-19th century British Empire had occupied all the surrounding Chittagong and Burma but had little or no interest in the tribes or their hilly land. They were merely mentioned in passing as "irreclaimable savages". The tribals then lived in small and isolated clusters of chiefdoms, sometimes raising warfare against another. Their religious lives were dominated by paganism and they led animistic world view, with unique concept of afterlife called Pialral. They practised elaborate rituals including animal sacrifice, and worshipped or feared almost all conceivable inanimate objects, diseases and unusual natural phenomena. The first Lushai (the British misnomer for Lusei) raid recorded in British governed Assam was in 1826. From that year to 1850 the local officers were unable to restrain the fierce attacks of the hillmen on the south. Raids and outrages were of yearly occurrence, and on one occasion the Magistrate of Sylhet reported a series of massacres by "Kookies" in what was alleged to be British territory, in which 150 persons had been killed. The raid was most severe in 1871 when a series of attacks caused several deaths on both sides, with extensive damage on the plantations. A number of workers and soldiers were taken prisoners, and among them a six-year-old Mary Winchester. Mary Winchester was taken as hostage by Bengkhuaia warriors, while other prisoners were executed on the way.

British military expeditions
To retaliate the British military organised punitive expedition named Lushai Expedition in 1871–1872. The campaign consisted two columns, the right advancing from Chittagong and the left from Cachar. General Brownlow, C.B., commanded the former, with Captain T.H. Lewin, Superintendent of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, as Civil Officer. The Cachar column was led by General Bourchier, C.B., with Mr. Edgar, Deputy Commissioner, Cachar, as Civil Officer. In addition, a contingent of Manipuris accompanied by Colonel James Nuttall, the Political Agent of Manipur, made a demonstration across the southern border to co-operate with General Bourchier's portion of the expedition. The expedition started on 15 December 1871. The Mizo villages were crushed one by one, and Mary Winchester was rescued. Mizo chiefs made a truce not to make further attacks. Frontier posts were built to protect the border and bazaars were opened to encourage the Lushais to trade After a decade the truce was broken, and there erupted intermittent raids again. In 1889 British military organised another punitive expedition code named "The Expedition of 1889". It was commanded b Col. F.V.C. Tregear. From their camping site at Chawngte they started on 19 December 1888. They easily penetrated the southern villages with little resistance. They fortified at Lunglei and prepared locations and roads for the next expedition. After their completing their mission, they returned in April 1889. Then the major campaign called The Chin-Lushai Expedition 1889-90 immediately followed. Again divided into two columns, Chittagong column was commanded by Col. Tregear, and Cachar column by W.W. Daly. The Chittagong column occupied most of the southern region including Chin Hills by the end of 1889. The Cachar column camped at Aijal (now Aizawl) on 30 January 1890. They subjugated all the major chiefdoms, captured the chiefs and got permanently fortified in Aizawl and Lunglei, as the administrative centres.

Lushai Hills
Mizo Hills were formally declared as part of British India by a proclamation in 1895. North and south hills were united into Lushai Hills district in 1898 with Aizawl as its headquarters. The process of the consolidation of the British administration in tribal dominated area in Assam started in 1919 when Lushai Hills, along with some of the other hill districts, was declared a "Backward Tract" under the 1919 Government of India Act. The tribal districts of Assam including Lushai Hills were declared "Excluded Area" in 1935. It was during the British regime that a political awakening among the Mizos in Lushai Hills started taking shape the first political party, the Mizo Common People's Union was formed on 9 April 1946. The Party was later renamed the Mizo Union. As the day of Independence drew nearer, the Constituent Assembly of India set up an advisory committee to deal with matters relating to the minorities and the tribal members. A sub-committee, under the chairmanship of Gopinath Bordoloi was formed to advise the Constituent Assembly on the tribal affairs in the North East. The Mizo Union submitted a resolution of this Sub-committee demanding inclusion of all Mizo-inhabited areas adjacent to Lushai Hills. However, a new party called the United Mizo Freedom Organisation (UMFO) came up to demand that Lushai Hills join Burma after Independence.

Christianity and education
The Mizo ancestors had no written language and in terms of religion they worshiped nature and revered natural phenomena. The first missionary who came to Lushai Hills was Rev. William Williams, a Welsh missionary who at that time was working in Khasi Hills (now Meghalaya). However he came only on an investigative visit for a week in March 1891. On 11 January 1894, F.W. Savidge and J.H. Lorrain, commissioned by Arthington Aborigines Mission, arrived at Aizawl. This marked the origin of formal education and Christianity in Mizoram. They made camp at Thingpui Huan Tlang, Chandmary ("Tea Graden"), later named MacDonald Hill, Zarkawt. They immediately worked on creating Mizo alphabets based on Roman script. After only two and half months, Savidge started the first school on 1 April 1894. Their first and only pupils were Suaka and Thangphunga. They translated and published the Gospels of Luke and John, and Acts of the Apostles. They also prepared A Grammar and Dictionary of the Lushai language (Dulien Dialect) which they published in 1898, and became the foundation of Mizo language. In 1903 Baptist Missionary Society (BMS) of London set up Baptist church by sending Lorrain and Savidge at Serkawn, near Lunglei. From there they expanded the church, education and health services. Rev. Reginald Arthur Lorrain, younger brother of Rev. J.H. Lorrain and founder of the Evangelical Church of Maraland was the first pioneering missionary to the Mara people at the southern extreme of Lushai Hills. He entered Maraland (now includes southern end of Mizoram and adjoining Chin State of Burma) and settled at Serkawr (Saikao) village on 26 September 1907. Lorrain created alphabets, prepared Bible and textbooks in Mara. With his mission the task of evangelising and educating the mass of the Mizo people was complete.

Lushai Hills District
Following the Bordoloi sub-committee's suggestion, a certain amount of autonomy was accepted by the government and enshrined in the Six Schedule of the Indian Constitution. The Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council came into being in 1952 followed by the formation of these bodies led to the abolition of chieftainship in the Mizo society. The autonomy however met the aspirations of the Mizos only partially. Representatives of the District Council and the Mizo Union pleaded with the States Reorganization Commission (SRC) in 1954 for integration of the Mizo-dominated areas of Tripura and Manipur with their District Council in Assam. The tribal leaders in the northeast were laboriously unhappy with the SRC recommendations. They met in Aizawl in 1955 and formed a new political party, Eastern India Tribal Union (EITU) and raised their demand for a separate state comprising all the hill districts of Assam. The Mizo Union split and the breakaway faction joined the EITU. By this time, the UMFO also joined the EITU and then understanding of the Hill problems by the Chuliha Ministry, the demand for a separate Hill state by EITU was kept in abeyance.

Mautam famine
In 1959, Mizo Hills was devastated by a great famine known in Mizo history as 'Mautam Famine'. The cause of the famine was attributed to the flowering of bamboos which resulted in a boom in the rat population. It caused mass destruction of food stores and crops. A number of people died of starvation. Earlier in 1955, Mizo Cultural Society was formed with Pu Laldenga as its secretary. In March 1960, the name of the Mizo Cultural Society was changed to 'Mautam Front' to fight against the famine. In September 1960, the Society adopted the name of Mizo National Famine Front (MNFF). The MNFF gained considerable popularity as a large number of Mizo Youth assisted in transporting rice and other essential commodities to interior villages.

Insurgency
After recovery from the disaster the Mizo National Famine Front was changed to a new political organisation, the Mizo National Front (MNF) on 22 October 1961. The specified goal was sovereign independence of Greater Mizoram. It resorted to armed insurrection with the 28 February 1966 uprising against the Government, attacking the government installations at Aizawl, Lunglei, Chawngte, Chhimluang and other places. In Aizawl, on 5 and 6 March 1966, the Government of India bombed the city of Aizawl with Toofani and Hunter Jet fighters, this was the first time India used its air force to quell a movement of any kind among its citizens. "The next day, a more excessive bombing took place for several hours which left most houses in Dawrpui and Chhinga veng area in ashes", recollected 62-year-old Rothangpuia in Aizawl. The Mizo National Front was outlawed in 1967 and the demand for statehood increased. The Mizo District Council delegation met prime minister Indira Gandhi in May 1971 and demanded full-fledged statehood for Mizoram. The Indian government offered to convert the Mizo Hills into a Union Territory (U.T.) in July 1971. On 21 January 1972 official declaration of UT was made with the name Mizoram. Mizoram was allotted two seats in Parliament, one each in the Lok Sabha and in the Rajya Sabha.

Birth of Mizoram state
Election of Rajiv Gandhi to the office of Prime Minister of India in 1984 incited the beginning of a new era in Indian politics. Laldenga met the prime minister on 15 February 1985. Terms of negotiations were resolved between the two parties. The Mizoram Peace Accord (the official document entitled Mizoram Accord, 1986, Memorandum of Settlement) was therefore signed between the Mizo National Front and the Union Government on 30 June 1986. Signatories were Pu Laldenga from MNF, the Union Home Secretary R.D. Pradhan on behalf of the government and Lalkhama, Chief Secretary of Mizoram. Statehood was a prerequisite of the accord so that Mizoram became a federal state of India on 20 February 1987.

title: History of Mizoram


text: User talk:61.5.68.29

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:61.5.68.29


text: User talk:85.250.223.44

title: User talk:85.250.223.44


text:
Halling

Halling may refer to:

 * Halling (dance), a dance, mainly Norwegian
 * Halling (horse) (born 1991), Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Halling (person), a person from Hallingdal, Norway
 * Halling (surname)
 * Halling, character in Stargate Atlantis, List of Stargate Atlantis characters

People

 * William Halling, a Danish nabob and landowner

Places

 * Halling, Kent, a village in England
 * Halling-lès-Boulay, a village in Moselle Department, France
 * Halling, Moselle a locality of Puttelange-lès-Thionville, Moselle
 * Halling railway station, a railway station in the southeastern United Kingdom, on the Medway Valley Line

title: Halling


text:
Croatian Home Guard (World War II)

The Croatian Home Guard (Hrvatsko domobranstvo) was the land army part of the armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia which existed during World War II.

Formation
The Croatian Home Guard was founded in April 1941, a few days after the founding of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) itself, following the collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It was done with the authorisation of German occupation authorities. The task of the new Croatian armed forces was to defend the new state against both foreign and domestic enemies.

Its name was taken from the old Royal Croatian Home Guard – the Croatian section of the Royal Hungarian Landwehr component of the Austro-Hungarian Army.

Organization

The Croatian Home Guard was originally limited to 16 infantry battalions and two cavalry squadrons – 16,000 men in total. The original 16 battalions were soon enlarged to 15 infantry regiments of two battalions each between May and June 1941, organised into five divisional commands, some 55,000 men. Support units included 35 former Yugoslav light tanks returned by Italy, four engineer battalions, 10 artillery battalions (equipped with captured Royal Yugoslav Army 105mm weapons of Czech origin), a cavalry regiment in Zagreb and an independent cavalry battalion at Sarajevo. Two independent motorized infantry battalions were based at Zagreb and Sarajevo respectively.

The fledgling Army crushed the revolt by Serbs in eastern Herzegovina in June, and fought in July in eastern and western Bosnia. They fought in eastern Herzegovina again, when Croatian-Dalmatian and Slavonian battalions reinforced local units. By the end of 1941, the NDH military forces consisted of 85,000 home guard and the national police force of about 6,000.

In January 1942, it forced the Partisans in eastern Bosnia back into Montenegro, but could not prevent their subsequent advance into western Bosnia. Clearly conventional infantry divisions were too cumbersome, and so, in September 1942, four specially designed mountain brigades (1st to 4th) were formed; each had two regiments totalling four 1,000-man battalions, mounted and machine gun companies, a two-gun artillery group, 16 light and 16 heavy machine guns, and six mortars. Two volunteer regiments, and a mobile Gendarmerie Brigade were also established; but, by November 1942, the partisans had occupied northern Bosnia, and the Army could only hold main towns and communications routes, abandoning the countryside.

During 1943, four Jäger Brigades (5th to 8th) were set up, each with four 500-man battalions in two regiments and an artillery group, equipped for hilly terrain. The Home Guard reached its maximum size at the end of 1943, when it had 130,000 men.

By 1944, the Croatian Army had 90,000 men, though only 20,000 were front-line combat troops, organised in three mountain, four Jager and eight static garrison brigades, and the 1st Recruit Training Division.

The Croatian Home Guard also included an air force, the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia (Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, or ZNDH), the backbone of which was provided by 500 former Royal Yugoslav Air Force officers and 1,600 NCOs with 125 aircraft. By 1943, the ZNDH was 9,775 strong and equipped with 295 aircraft.

The small Navy of the Independent State of Croatia (Ratna Mornarica Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, or RMNDH) was limited by a special treaty with Fascist Italy. The Navy comprised a few riverine craft and, from 1943, coastal patrol boats. After the Armistice of Cassibile, the Croatian Navy was expanded, but the loss of an ally further weakened the Croatian state.

Units

 * 1st Infantry Division

Command structure
The Home Guard was under the command of the Ministry of the Croatian Home Guard, in 1943 renamed to the Ministry of the Armed Forces (MINORS). The ministers were:

The Home Guard also had its General Staff. Chiefs of the General Staff included:

Weaknesses
Despite being the best-armed and having the best logistics and infrastructure of all the domestic military formations in the World War II Balkans, the Croatian Home Guard failed to become an efficient fighting force for a variety of reasons.

The most immediate reason was the lack of professional officers. Although initially significant numbers of ethnic Croat officers from the old Yugoslav army joined the Croatian Home Guard, most not entirely voluntarily, they were mistrusted by the new Ustaše puppet regime. Instead, the higher ranks were filled by presumably more reliable former Austro-Hungarian officers. Those men were older, retired and generally had little knowledge of modern warfare. NDH authorities tried to remedy this by forming officer schools and having junior staff trained in Italy and Germany, but effects of this policy came too late to affect the outcome of the war.

The other, more practical, reason was the rivalry between the Croatian Home Guard and the Ustaše Militia (Ustaška vojnica), the less numerous but yet more reliable paramilitary formation. Those two formations never properly integrated their activities and the Militia was gradually taking more and more dwindling resources from the Home Guard.

Third and, arguably, most important reason, the gradual decline in support for the Ustaše regime among ethnic Croats, first fuelled by the abandonment of Dalmatia to Italy, then by the prospect of Home Guard troops being used by the Germans as cannon fodder on the Eastern Front – a repeat of the same traumatic experience from the First World War. This process intensified while the prospect of the Axis powers, and NDH with them, losing the war was getting more certain. Domobrani dissention, over the sadistic policies of the Ustaše, led to the outright persecution, deportation, and murder of Home Guard soldiers within the Jasenovac concentration camp system.

Defections
As early as 1941, the Croatian Home Guards was being infiltrated by resistance groups. Yugoslav Partisans, who were based on non-sectarian ideology and had Croatian statehood as part of their pretext, were more successful in making inroads into the Home Guard than Serb-dominated Chetniks. A year later, this manifested in Croatian Partisan commanders referring to the Home Guard as their "supply depot", due to its personnel being reliable source of arms, ammunition, general supplies, and intelligence.

The final stages
Following the capitulation of Italy in September 1943 and the first aid shipments from the Western Allies, the military situation in Yugoslavia began to even more dramatically shift in favour of the Partisans. By mid-1944, many Home Guard personnel and units began to openly side with Partisans, leading to some instances of mass defections that included battalion-size formations as well as some ZNDH aircraft. By November 1944 the defections and desertions, as well as the creaming off of troops to the Ustashe Brigades or the 369th, 373rd, and 392nd so-called legionnaire divisions (Wehrmacht infantry divisions with Croatian troops under a German officer cadre) reduced the size of the Croatian Home Guard to 70,000 men, down from its peak at 130,000 in 1943.

Merger into the Croatian Armed Forces
The NDH government, under heavy German pressure, reacted by formally integrating Croatian Home Guard and Ustasha Militia. New and more reliable officers were appointed, and draconian measures were introduced to increase discipline and prevent further defections. As a result, by May 1945, the NDH armed forces in total numbered 200,000 men.

The army of the Independent State of Croatia was organized in November 1944 to combine the units of the Ustaše and Croatian Home Guard into 18 divisions, comprising 13 infantry, two mountain, two assault and one replacement Croatian divisions, each with its own organic artillery and other support units. There were also several armoured units, equipped in late 1944 with 20 Pz IIIN and 15 Pz IVF and H medium tanks. From early 1945, the Croatian divisions were allocated to various German corps and by March 1945 were holding the Southern Front. Securing the rear areas were some 32,000 men of the Croatian Gendarmerie (Hrvatsko Oruznistvo), organised into five police volunteer regiments plus 15 independent battalions, equipped with standard light infantry weapons, including mortars.

The Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia and the units of the Croatian Air Force Legion (Hrvatska Zrakoplovna Legija, or HZL), returned from service on the Eastern Front provided some level of air support (attack, fighter and transport) right up until May 1945, encountering and sometimes defeating opposing aircraft from the British Royal Air Force, United States Army Air Force and the Soviet Air Force. Although 1944 had been a catastrophic year for the ZNDH, with aircraft losses amounting to 234, primarily on the ground, it entered 1945 with 196 planes. Further deliveries of new aircraft from Germany continued in the early months of 1945 to replace losses. April 1945 saw the final deliveries of up-to-date German Messerschmitt Bf 109G and K fighter aircraft and the ZNDH still had 176 aircraft on its strength in April 1945.

By the end of March, 1945, it was obvious to the Croatian army command that, although the front remained intact, they would eventually be defeated by sheer lack of ammunition. For this reason, the decision was made to retreat into Austria, in order to surrender to the British forces advancing north from Italy.

In May 1945, following the final Partisan offensive and collapse of the NDH, remaining Home Guard units joined other Axis forces and civilian refugees in the last desperate attempt to seek shelter among Western Allies. This resulted in many Home Guards becoming victims of the Bleiburg repatriations during which the victorious Partisans showed little mercy or even tendency to treat captured Home Guards separately from captured Ustashas. Those Home Guards who survived the ordeal, as well as members of their families, were mostly treated as second-class citizens in Tito's Yugoslavia, although there were some exceptions, most notably with the legendary sportscaster Mladen Delić. In 1945 the Partisans also destroyed the central Home Guard cemetery in Zagreb's Mirogoj Cemetery.

Uniforms and rank insignia

 * Ranks - Army proper

Personnel

 * Fedor Dragojlov – Colonel-General and Chief-of-Staff
 * Mihajlo Lukić – General
 * Franjo Šimić – Colonel
 * Mato Dukovac – Ace pilot

List of generals

 * Killed in action
 * Salko Alikadić (Kladanj, 18 March 1896 – Doboj, 16 November 1941)
 * Eduard Bona Bunić (Ogulin, 14 March 1894 – Travnik, 22 October 1944)

 * Died of natural causes during World War II
 * Kosta Bader (Zemun, 25 July 1874 – Zagreb, 13 March 1944)
 * Pero Blašković (Karlovac, 25 June 1883 – Zagreb, 3 April 1945)

 * Executed in Yugoslavia
 * Junuz Ajanović (Žepče, 5 October 1890 – Zagreb, July 1945)
 * Vilko Begić (Čazma, January 20, 1874 – 1946)
 * Oton Čuš (Garešnica, 11 February 1901 – Zagreb, 31 January 1949)
 * Stjepan Doležil (Gospić, 2 August 1888 – Zagreb, 15 July 1945)
 * Julije Fritz (Tenja, 4 August 1900 – Belgrade 1945)
 * Mriko Gregorić (Glina, 4 May 1897 – Belgrade, 24 September 1945)
 * Đuro Gruić (Srijemska Mitrovica, 6 December 1887 – Belgrade, 24 September 1945)
 * August Gustović (Celovec, 5 February 1889 – Belgrade, June 1945)
 * Vladimir Laxa
 * Josip Solc (Zagreb, 30 January 1898 - Belgrade, 24 September 1945)

 * Died in Yugoslav prisons
 * Milan Desović (Pljevlja, 24 April 1895 – 1960)
 * Franjo Dolački (Sveti Ivan Žabno, 28 January 1884 – Stara Gradiška, 3 December 1950)
 * Slavko Stanzer

 * Fate unknown
 * Ćiril Danda (Sarajevo, 19 April 1893 – ?)
 * Roman Domanik (Sarajevo, 17 May 1891 – ?)
 * Stjepan Gaščić (Pisarovina, 8 December 1898 – ?)
 * Stjepan Grlić (Zagreb, 27 July 1894 – ?)

 * Lived in emigration
 * Rafael Boban (Grude, 22 December 1907 – ?)
 * Ivan Brozović (Križevci, 6 February 1891 – Austria, ?)
 * Slavko Cesarić (Jastrebarsko, 31 July 1897 – Buenos Aires, ?)
 * Matija Čanić (Gospić, 1901 – Buenos Aires, 3 May 1964)
 * Đuro Dragičević (Kalesija, 7 November 1890 – Vienna, 28 July 1980)
 * Fedor Dragojlov (Pančevo, 21 August 1881 – Buenos Aires, 8 December 1961)

Home Guard in modern Croatia

As Croatia gained independence during the Yugoslav wars, the new government under the presidency of Franjo Tuđman began the process of re-building the historical Home Guards.

The rehabilitation of Home Guards is only reflected in surviving Home Guards receiving pensions and other state benefits. Home Guards disabled during the war received state recognition in 1992 equivalent to Partisan veterans. The Home Guard has also received recognition from the government in helping to establish the democratic Republic of Croatia. There has been no official historical revisionism of their role in World War II, and the measure of providing pensions is viewed just as a social security measure because most of the surviving members could not provide for themselves under the communist rule, not being able to gain employment, etc.

The local-based Croatian Army regiments were named the Home Guard Regiments (Domobranska pukovnija). They were first created on 24 December 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, and ceased to exist in a 2003 reorganization.

title: Croatian Home Guard (World War II)


text: User talk:213.115.24.238

title: User talk:213.115.24.238


text:
Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange

The Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange (ECSE) is the first regional securities market in the Western Hemisphere and a regional stock exchange, established by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) to serve the eight member territories of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Its headquarters are located in the city of Basseterre, on the island of St. Kitts.

History
Launched in 2001 as a fully electronic regional exchange.

Operations
Trades are settled on a one day after trade (T+1) cycle and cleared on a delivery against payment (DVP) basis.

Equities are listed

Sovereign Debt is listed for:
 * Government of Antigua & Barbuda
 * Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica
 * Government of Grenada
 * Government of St. Kitts & Nevis
 * Government of St. Lucia
 * Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines

title: Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange


text:
North American landbirds in Britain

Many species of North American landbird have been recorded in Great Britain as vagrants. Most occur in autumn; southwest England attracts the greatest proportion, but northern and western Scotland comes a close second. Occasionally birds overwinter, and some species (e.g. Baltimore oriole) are more prone to this than others. Vagrancy also occurs in spring, and some species (e.g. white-throated sparrow and dark-eyed junco) do in fact have more records at this time than in autumn. Weather systems are thought to be the primary reason for the occurrence of birds in autumn; some birds seen in spring may simply be overshoots, although ship-assistance may also play a part.

Species list
The following species have been recorded, and accepted as wild by the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee:

 * American kestrel
 * Mourning dove
 * Yellow-billed cuckoo
 * Black-billed cuckoo
 * Common nighthawk
 * Chimney swift
 * Belted kingfisher
 * Yellow-bellied sapsucker
 * Purple martin
 * Cliff swallow
 * Tree swallow
 * Buff-bellied pipit
 * Cedar waxwing
 * Grey catbird
 * Northern mockingbird
 * Brown thrasher
 * American robin
 * Varied thrush
 * Veery
 * Grey-cheeked thrush
 * Swainson's thrush
 * Hermit thrush
 * Wood thrush
 * Scarlet tanager
 * Summer tanager
 * Red-eyed vireo
 * Philadelphia vireo
 * Yellow-throated vireo
 * Eastern towhee
 * Lark sparrow
 * Song sparrow
 * White-crowned sparrow
 * White-throated sparrow
 * Dark-eyed junco
 * Rose-breasted grosbeak
 * Indigo bunting
 * Savannah sparrow
 * Golden-winged warbler
 * Tennessee warbler
 * Northern parula
 * Yellow warbler
 * Chestnut-sided warbler
 * Magnolia warbler
 * Cape May warbler
 * Yellow-rumped warbler
 * Blackburnian warbler
 * Bay-breasted warbler
 * Blackpoll warbler
 * Black-and-white warbler
 * American redstart
 * Ovenbird
 * Northern waterthrush
 * Common yellowthroat
 * Hooded warbler
 * Wilson's warbler
 * Evening grosbeak
 * Baltimore oriole
 * Brown-headed cowbird
 * Bobolink

Controversial species
The following species have been recorded, but not accepted as wild:

 * Yellow-headed blackbird

title: North American landbirds in Britain


text:
Suzie McNeil

Susan Jane "Suzie" McNeil is a Canadian pop rock singer and songwriter. After garnering attention as a contestant on Rock Star: INXS in 2005, McNeil began pursuing a musical career and released her debut album, Broken & Beautiful, on April 10, 2007. Its second single, "Believe" was re-recorded with the National Arts Centre Orchestra in support of Canada's Own the Podium campaign, and served as the official anthem of the Canadian team for the 2010 Winter Olympics. McNeil performed alongside Theory of a Deadman and Andrée Watters at the halftime show during the 96th Grey Cup. Her second studio album, Rock-n-Roller (2008), spawned the successful single "Supergirl", a cover of the Saving Jane song. In 2011, McNeil signed with Canadian label 604 Records and enjoyed mainstream success with the songs "Drama Queen" and "Merry Go Round". They preceded the release of her third studio album, Dear Love, which came out on August 7, 2012.

In 2014, after a two-year hiatus from her solo career, McNeil teamed up with Elisha Hoffman, Rebecca Lynn Howard, and Marti Frederiksen to form the country rock quartet Loving Mary. They have recorded an EP released in 2015, and have reportedly written enough songs for a full-length album to follow shortly thereafter.

Early life
Suzie McNeil was born Susan Jane McNeil on October 15, 1976, in Mississauga, Ontario. She has two sisters, Laura Norris and Sarah McNeil, and a brother, Andrew McNeil.

Personal life
McNeil dated bandmate, Canadian musician Sean Cotton, while competing on Rockstar INXS. They were exclusive for several years before she moved to pursue her musical career. McNeil briefly dated stage actor Scott Walters in 2007 after the pair met working on We Will Rock You; they got engaged that summer, but ended up separating. On October 14, 2013, McNeil became engaged to musician Andrew McTaggart while in Las Vegas celebrating her birthday. The pair moved to Nashville, Tennessee in early 2014 and married on June 7, 2014. McNeil had a son named Findlay born November 17, 2017.

2002—2007: Career beginnings and Broken and Beautiful
McNeil began performing on the late 1990s by working as a backing vocalists for a number of Canadian artists including Jeff Healey, Ronnie Hawkins, and Glass Tiger's Alan Frew. In 1999 she was hired to perform as part of ABBA-Mania, an ABBA cover band where she performed the parts originated by Agnetha Fältskog.

In 2005, McNeil was a contestant on Rock Star: INXS, finishing fourth overall in the competition. In January 2006, McNeil moved to Los Angeles, to develop her music career. On January 26, 2006, she announced plans to record her first CD with Executive Producer John Kalodner and Producer Marti Frederiksen. In the summer of 2006, McNeil performed as a backup singer for Pink on her North American tour.

McNeil's single "Hung Up" gained significant radio airplay, especially in Canada. The music video was released to MuchMoreMusic on the week of February 19, 2007, and was uploaded to YouTube on March 29, 2007.

McNeil's song "Believe" was originally recorded on her debut studio album, Broken & Beautiful, released on April 10, 2007. It was featured on NBC's promo for the reality weight-loss show The Biggest Loser, as well as throughout season four of Beauty and the Geek. The song had debuted exclusively on "King Ben's Injection of Perfection" radio programme on 2RRR in Sydney, Australia, on September 9, 2006, to positive reaction. The single was also used as a fundraiser for Own the Podium for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The Olympic inspired video for "Believe" was recorded with the National Arts Centre Orchestra and released on September 17, 2007. The video stars Canadian Olympians Steve Omischl (freestyle skiing – aerials), Joannie Rochette (figure skating), and Clara Hughes (speed skating).

McNeil appeared on Matt Nathanson's album Some Mad Hope singing background vocals on the songs "Sooner Surrender" and "Bulletproof Weeks", and on Clay Aiken's album A Thousand Different Ways as guest vocalist on "I Want to Know What Love Is", a cover of the Foreigner song.

McNeil appeared as the character Oz in the Canadian production of "We Will Rock You" at the Canon Theater in Toronto until August 4, 2007.

2008—2010: Rock-N-Roller and Grey Cup
In March 2008, prior to her April tour, she held a contest for her fans across Canada to sing her hit single "Believe" and post it on her website; viewers then voted for the winner. In May 2008, McNeil released her third music video, "Lonely (Are You Coming Home?)". McNeil was one of the judges on the first four seasons of the children's Canadian reality TV show, The Next Star, on YTV, which premiered on July 18, 2008, and also recorded the theme song for the show, "Let's Go" which she performed on the show's first-season finale at Canada's Wonderland in Toronto on September 28, 2008.

On November 4, 2008, McNeil released her second solo album Rock-n-Roller which featured her latest Top 20 hit "Let's Go". Re-released as a deluxe edition in 2009, Rock n Roller: Reloaded spawned two singles, "Supergirl" and "Help Me Out". She performed during 96th Grey Cup halftime show broadcast live on November 23, 2008, along with Theory of a Deadman and Andrée Watters.

On March 28, 2009, McNeil headlined a concert held at Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto to celebrate WWF's Earth Hour.

In 2010, McNeil, an ex-smoker, appeared in commercials for Thrive lozenges a smoking cessation aid. She also appeared on Canadian Idol winner Brian Melo's second album The Truth in the duet "Story of Us" released in 2010.

2011—2013: Dear Love and This Is Christmas
McNeil began the Dear Love era on November 7, 2010, by releasing the first video Drama Queen Intervention 1 on her YouTube account. She released the Drama Queen lyric video on iTunes on March 15, 2011 and the official music video release on March 17 on YouTube. Nearly five months later, in July 2011, McNeil released the Merry Go Round lyric video on her YouTube account.

In February 2012 the album's third single "Tough Love" was released on radio. The single was released on iTunes On May 8. Dear Love, her third studio album was released August 7, 2012. On November 20, 2012, McNeil released a collection of Christmas songs, both covers and originals, on her album This is Christmas. During the promo tour, McNeil officially confirmed "Love Can't Save Us Now" as the official fourth single from the album Dear Love.

2014—present: Fourth solo album and Loving Mary
In 2013, McNeil began working on a duo project with previous songwriting collaborator Marti Frederiksen, which was reportedly intended to follow in the style of American country trio Lady Antebellum. Instead, they teamed up with Grammy-winning country singer Rebecca Lynn Howard and songwriter Elisha Hoffman to form the band Loving Mary, which they envisioned as a sort of modern-day Fleetwood Mac. The group's sound has been described as a combination of Americana, country, and rock n' roll. An EP, Loving Mary – Live, was recorded and released in early 2015, while a full-length album is in the final stages of recording.

In addition to her work with the band, McNeil confirmed through her Twitter account that she is also working on a fourth solo album, which is "already written".

EPs

 * Live Acoustic (2010)
 * This is Christmas (2012)

title: Suzie McNeil


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Off the Beaten Track

Off the Beaten Track is a compilation album by The Stranglers. It was released by EMI, who had acquired the back catalogues of the Strangler's former labels United Artists and Liberty. The compilation collects tracks which were originally only available as the A-side or B-sides to various 7" vinyl singles released by United Artists and Liberty.

The collection reached No. 80 in the UK Albums Chart in September 1986.

Track listing

 * 1) "Go Buddy Go" - B-side to "Peaches" (1977)
 * 2) "Top Secret" - B-side to "Thrown Away" (1981)
 * 3) "Old Codger" - B-side to "Walk On By" (1978)
 * 4) "Maninwhite" - B-side to "Just Like Nothing On Earth" (1981)
 * 5) "Rok It to the Moon" - B-side to "5 Minutes" (1978)
 * 6) "Love 30" - B-side to "Golden Brown" (1982)
 * 7) "Shut Up" - B-side to "Nice 'n' Sleazy" (1978)
 * 8) "Walk On By" - non-album single, and also from the Black and White free EP (1978)
 * 9) "Vietnamerica" - B-side to "Let Me Introduce You to the Family" (1981)
 * 10) "Mean to Me" - from the Black and White free EP (1978)
 * 11) "Cruel Garden" - B-side to "Strange Little Girl" (1982)
 * 12) "Yellowcake UF6" - B-side to "Nuclear Device (The Wizard of Aus)" (1979)
 * 13) "5 Minutes" - non-album single (1978)

Personnel

 * The Stranglers
 * Hugh Cornwell - guitar, vocals
 * Dave Greenfield - keyboards, vocals
 * Jean-Jacques Burnel - bass, vocals
 * Jet Black - drums, percussion
 * Additional musicians
 * George Melly - lead vocals on "Old Codger"
 * Lew Lewis - harmonica on "Old Codger"

title: Off the Beaten Track


text:
Saint Pantaleon

Saint Pantaleon (Παντελεήμων; Пантелеи́мон), counted in Western Christianity as among the Fourteen Holy Helpers of the Late Middle Ages, and in Eastern Christianity as one of the Holy Unmercenary Healers, was a martyr of Nicomedia in Bithynia during the Diocletianic Persecution of 305 AD.

Though there is evidence to suggest that a martyr named Pantaleon existed, some consider the stories of his life and death to be purely legendary.

Life of Pantaleon
According to the martyrologies, Pantaleon was the son of a rich pagan, Eustorgius of Nicomedia, and had been instructed in Christianity by his Christian mother, Saint Eubula; however, after her death he fell away from the Christian church, while he studied medicine with a renowned physician Euphrosinos; under the patronage of Euphrosinos he became physician to the emperor, Maximian (or alternatively Galerius.

He was won back to Christianity by Saint Hermolaus (characterized as a bishop of the church at Nicomedia in the later literature), who convinced him that Christ was the better physician, signalling the significance of the exemplum of Pantaleon that faith is to be trusted over medical advice.

St. Alphonsus Liguori wrote regarding this incident: He studied medicine with such success, that the Emperor Maximian appointed him his physician. One day as our saint was discoursing with a holy priest named Hermolaus, the latter, after praising the study of medicine, concluded thus: "But, my friend, of what use are all thy acquirements in this art, since thou art ignorant of the science of salvation?

By miraculously healing a blind man by invoking the name of Jesus over him, Pantaleon converted his father, upon whose death he came into possession of a large fortune. He freed his slaves and distributed his wealth among the poor. Envious colleagues denounced him to the emperor during the Diocletian persecution. The emperor wished to save him and sought to persuade him to apostasy. Pantaleon, however, openly confessed his faith, and as proof that Christ was the true God, he healed a paralytic. Notwithstanding this, he was condemned to death by the emperor, who regarded the miracle as an exhibition of magic.

According to the legend, Pantaleon's flesh was first burned with torches, whereupon Christ appeared to all in the form of Hermolaus to strengthen and heal Pantaleon. The torches were extinguished. Then a bath of molten lead was prepared; when the apparition of Christ stepped into the cauldron with him, the fire went out and the lead became cold. Pantaleon was now thrown into the sea, loaded with a great stone, which floated. He was thrown to wild beasts, but these fawned upon him and could not be forced away until he had blessed them. He was bound on the wheel, but the ropes snapped, and the wheel broke. An attempt was made to behead him, but the sword bent, and the executioners were converted to Christianity. Pantaleon implored Heaven to forgive them, for which reason he also received the name of Panteleimon ("mercy for everyone" or "all-compassionate"). He was then beheaded.

St. Alphonsus wrote: At Ravello, a city in the kingdom of Naples, there is a vial of his blood, which becomes blood every year [on his feastday], and may be seen in this state interspersed with the milk, as I, the author of this work, have seen it.

Early veneration
The vitae containing these miraculous features are all late in date and "valueless" according to the Catholic Encyclopedia. Yet the fact of his martyrdom itself seems to be supported by a veneration for which there is testimony in the 5th century, among others in a sermon on the martyrs by Theodoret (died c. 457); Procopius of Caesarea (died c. 565?), writing on the churches and shrines constructed by Justinian I tells that the emperor rebuilt the shrine to Pantaleon at Nicomedia; and there is mention of Pantaleon in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum.

Pantaleon is a patron saint of physicians and of midwives, and is invoked against consumption. He is depicted as a beardless young man holding a book with a cross on it.

Veneration in the East

The Eastern tradition concerning Pantaleon follows more or less the medieval Western hagiography, but lacks any mention of a visible apparition of Christ. It states instead that Hermolaus was still alive while Pantaleon's torture was under way, but was martyred himself only shortly before Pantaleon's beheading along with two companions, Hermippas and Thermocrates.

Pantaleon's relics, venerated at Nicomedia, were transferred to Constantinople. Numerous churches, shrines, and monasteries have been named for him; in the West most often as St. Pantaleon and in the East as St. Panteleimon; to him is consecrated the St. Panteleimon Monastery at Mount Athos, Agios Panteleimon Monastery in Crete, St Panteleimon monastery in Myrtou, Cyprus, and the 12th-century Church of St. Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi, North Macedonia.

According to Movses Kaghankatvatsi, his relics were brought to church built in the town of Tsri (then Caucasian Albania, near modern Barda, Azerbaijan) by St. Grigoris. Catholicos Lazar of Albania built Church of St. Pantaleon in his honor in Beghame'j (near modern Ağcabədi, Azerbaijan). King Vachagan III of Albania rediscovered his remains and interred them in the Amaras Monastery, located in modern Nagorno Karabakh and named his firstborn son after the saint.

Veneration in Western Europe
After the Black Death of the mid-14th century in Western Europe, as a patron saint of physicians and midwives, he came to be regarded as one of the fourteen guardian martyrs, the Fourteen Holy Helpers. Relics of the saint are found at Saint Denis at Paris; his head is venerated at Lyon. A Romanesque church was dedicated to him in Cologne in the 9th century at the latest.

England
In the British Library there is a surviving manuscript, written in Old English, of The Life of St Pantaleon (British Library, MS Cotton Vitellius D XVII), dating from the early eleventh century, possibly written for Abbot Ælfric of Eynsham. The Canons' Vestry off the south transept of Chichester Cathedral was formerly a square-plan chapel dedicated to Saint Pantaleon - it was possibly under construction just before the cathedral's great fire of 1187.

France
In France, he was depicted in a window in Chartres Cathedral. In southern France there are six communes under the protective name of Saint-Pantaléon. Though there are individual churches consecrated to him elsewhere, there are no communes named for him in the north or northwest of France. The six are:

 * Saint-Pantaléon, in the Lot département, Midi-Pyrénées
 * Saint-Pantaléon, in the Vaucluse département, Provence - a wine-growing village
 * Saint-Pantaléon-de-Lapleau, in the Corrèze département, Limousin
 * Saint-Pantaléon-de-Larche, in the Corrèze département, at the border of Périgord and Quercy
 * Saint-Pantaléon-les-Vignes, in the Drôme département, Rhône-Alpes – a wine-growing village that is part of the Côtes du Rhône vineyard region
 * Saint-Pantaléon, in the Saône-et-Loire département, Bourgogne – administratively linked to Autun, bishopric see

Germany
The Church of Saint Pantaleon, in Cologne is a 10th-century Romanesque church, commissioned by the daughter of the Byzantine emperor, Theophanu, who married the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II in 972. It is the oldest church of the cult of Saint Pantaleon west of Byzantium.

At the Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen near Staffelstein in Franconia, St. Pantaleon is venerated with his hands nailed to his head, reflecting another legend about his death.

Italy
In Italy, San Pantalon gives favourable lottery numbers, victories and winners in dreams. A phial containing some of his blood was long preserved at Ravello. On the feast day of the saint, the blood was said to become fluid and to bubble (compare Saint Januarius). Paolo Veronese's painting of Pantaleon can be found in the church of San Pantalon in Venice; it shows the saint healing a child. Another painting of Pantaleon by Fumiani is also in the same church.

He was depicted in an 8th-century fresco in Santa Maria Antiqua in Rome, and in a 10th-century cycle of pictures in the crypt of San Crisogono in Rome. In Calabria, there is a small town named Papanice, after Pantaleon. Each year on his feast day, a statue of the saint is carried through the town to give a blessing for all those who seek it.

San Pantaleone or Pantalon was a popular saint in Venice, and may have given his name to a character in the commedia dell'arte, Pantalone, a silly, wizened old man (Shakespeare's "lean and slippered Pantaloon") who was a caricature of Venetians. This character was portrayed as wearing trousers rather than knee breeches, and so became the origin of the name of a type of trouser called "pantaloons", which was later shortened to "pants".

Churches named for him include:

 * San Pantaleo Cathedral, better known as Dolianova Cathedral, in Sardinia
 * San Pantaleo, Rome, a neoclassical church in central Rome
 * San Pantaleone Martire, a 17th-century church in Dorsoduro, Venice known as San Pantalon

Portugal
Saint Pantaleon (São Pantaleão in Portuguese) is one of the patron saints of the city of Porto in Portugal, together with John the Baptist and Our Lady of Vendôme. Part of his relics were brought by Armenian refugees to the city after the Turkish occupation of Constantinople in 1453. Later, in 1499, these relics were transferred from the Church of Saint Peter of Miragaia to the cathedral, where they have been kept to this day.

Eponym

 * Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias, the first European known to have sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, took a ship named São Pantaleão on that expedition.
 * The Russian battleship Potemkin was renamed Panteleimon after her recovery after the mutiny of 1905
 * St. Pantaleon is the eponym of the character Pantalaimon in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials series of novels

title: Saint Pantaleon


text:
Talk:Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange

Does the creator plan to put any info in here? -WindFish 11:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I'm doing so, if you'll give me a chance!! Vivenot 11:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Armenian Premier League

The Armenian Premier League (IDBank Հայաստանի Պրեմիեր Լիգա, known as the IDBank Armenian Premier League for sponsorship reasons) is the top football competition in Armenia. From 1936 to 1991, the competition was held as a regional tournament within the USSR. Following Armenia's independence, the Football Federation of Armenia has been the governing authority of the league. Over the years, the league has evolved into a small league consisting of ten teams. The winner of the league is awarded a spot in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League.

Soviet era champions

 * 1936	Dinamo Yerevan
 * 1937	Dinamo Yerevan
 * 1938	Spartak Yerevan
 * 1939	Spartak Yerevan
 * 1940	Spartak Yerevan
 * 1941–44 Not Played
 * 1945	Spartak Yerevan
 * 1946	Dinamo Yerevan
 * 1947	Dinamo Yerevan
 * 1948	Dinamo Yerevan
 * 1949	Dinamo Yerevan
 * 1950	Urozhai Yerevan
 * 1951	Shinarar Yerevan
 * 1952	Spartak Yerevan
 * 1953	Karmir Drosh Leninakan (Krasnoe Znamya)
 * 1954	Spartak Yerevan
 * 1955	Khimik Kirovakan
 * 1956	FIMA Yerevan
 * 1957	Karmir Drosh Leninakan (Krasnoe Znamya)
 * 1958	FIMA Yerevan
 * 1959	FIMA Yerevan
 * 1960	Tekstilshchik Leninakan
 * 1961	Tekstilshchik Leninakan
 * 1962	Tekstilshchik Leninakan
 * 1963	Lokomotiv Yerevan
 * 1964	Khimik Kirovakan
 * 1965	Araks Yerevan
 * 1966	Elektrotekhnik Yerevan
 * 1967	Kotayk
 * 1968	Araks Yerevan
 * 1969	Araks Yerevan
 * 1970	Motor Yerevan
 * 1971	FIMA Yerevan
 * 1972	Zvezda Yerevan
 * 1973	Kotayk
 * 1974	FIMA Yerevan
 * 1975	Kotayk
 * 1976	Kotayk
 * 1977	Araks Yerevan
 * 1978	Kanaz Yerevan
 * 1979	Aragats Leninakan
 * 1980	Aragats Leninakan
 * 1981–86 Not Played
 * 1987  Aragats Leninakan
 * 1988	Elektrotekhnik Yerevan
 * 1989	FC Kapan
 * 1990	 Ararat-2 Yerevan
 * 1991  Syunik Kapan

Sponsorship names

 * VBET Armenian Premier League (2020–2022)
 * Fastex Armenian Premier League (2022-2023)
 * IDBank Armenian Premier League (2023-present)

title: Armenian Premier League


text: User talk:70.69.174.214

title: User talk:70.69.174.214


text: User talk:141.150.229.143

title: User talk:141.150.229.143


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User:DanielVonFange

Distributed Systems Engineer

title: User:DanielVonFange


text:
Talk:Faith Ringgold

December 10, 2015 major edit
Improved all sections of the article and included many new references. These edits were made by users YellowIncandescent, Yogurtnik, and Mariting for an art history project at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Our professor is user SBeetham. YellowIncandescent (talk) 23:39, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

Students edited this page after extensive research as part of my course, "Women in American Art." Their changes went through several drafts and I approved the final version. For more information about the course, please see my user page. Sbeetham (talk) 15:50, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Faith Ringgold. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121919/http://www.wsworkshop.org/2009/03/donor-spotlightclarissa-sligh/ to http://www.wsworkshop.org/2009/03/donor-spotlightclarissa-sligh/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:58, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Faith Ringgold. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130512044918/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/791 to http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/791
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110708024502/http://barbarafaithcompany.blogspot.com/ to http://barbarafaithcompany.blogspot.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:55, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

Some proposed changes and a question
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I plan to consolidate material on Ringgold's French Collection to the section on quilts and add additional detail. I will also add some discussion of her Feminist series to this section, which is a specific example of work inspired by the Nepali paintings/thangka mentioned in the article (I have already edited that mention in order to reflect that, in the cited source, they are listed as Tibetan and Nepali paintings). I have already changed the targeted section subheading to Quilts and other textiles to reflect the fact that Ringgold engaged with a wider range of textile/fiber arts beyond quilts, as indicated by the content in that subsection. I was inspired to do this work in part by Ringgold's recent death, and in order to revisit the editing of Wikipedia while students in my Art since 1945 class are engaged in this work, so that the process is fresh in my mind as I help them with their own edits.

I plan to use the following sources in support of these additions:

Cameron, Dan, ed. Dancing at the Louvre: Faith Ringgold's French Collection and Other Story Quilts. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.

 * This source (a scholarly publication that accompanied an exhibition) focuses on Ringgold's French Collection and other Story Quilts.

Farrington, Lisa E. Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists. Oxford University Press, 2005.

 * This source (a peer-reviewed scholarly book published by a University Press) situates Ringgold's work alongside that of other black women artists engaged in the feminist movement. It discusses her shift away from an exclusive focus on black liberation to an emphasis on women's art and issues, including through an engagement with textile designs and materials. It includes discussion of some of her earliest direct use of textile/fiber media in her Feminist series of 1972, as well as later quilts like The French Collection series.

If I have additional time, I may attempt to flesh out the lead (which is indicated as desirable).

I'm also wondering about the nature of the unlinked numbers that are next to some of the citations. Are these remnants from older edits that should be removed, citations that haven't been properly linked, or source information (like page numbers) that should be moved into the reference info? Kbrion (talk) 19:23, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The unlinked numbers are usually page numbers. It seems that the reference/citation style on this page has been mixed over the years. I would say this page needs to be consistent in its citation style, and I would personally argue for shortened citations because a figure like Ringgold's article will require a good amount of print citations that are used multiple times at different pages. The page number citations you're talking about are a form of "shortened footnotes" that gets around the issue of gumming up an article with dozens of repeated citations to a specific text across different pages of that text (i.e., you don't have to completely re-cite a book multiple times to different pages, which adds a bunch of HTML to the article). Ringgold's article is likely to grow in length, detail, and number of references over the next few years (she is inarguably one of the most important American artists of the 20th century), so I personally think this article should retain the shortened citations, possibly in a different style. I generally prefer the Template:Sfnp style. --19h00s (talk) 19:55, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Faith Ringgold


text:
Talk:Sexualized friendship

I'm not sure how widespread the term is (cf. google), while the concept definitely exists, I'm not sure what it should be called.

 * I'm not sure f*** buddy would be appropriate for here but that's the one that seems to be used the most. Timrollpickering 21:22, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree; I was thinking of the term fuckbuddy when reading the article on casual friendship to which this article is listed as needing to be merged. And I agree as I have never heard the term sexualized friendship and it should be merged. Paul Robinson (Rfc1394) 09:00, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sexualized friendship


text:
Jungholz

Jungholz is a village in the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol that is only accessible via Germany. The lack of a road connection to anywhere else in Austria led to Jungholz being included in the German customs area before Austria joined the EU in 1995. It also used the Deutsche Mark instead of the Austrian schilling as currency until 2002, when the euro took over. Letters to Jungholz can be addressed with either a German or an Austrian postal code.

Quadripoint
Jungholz forms a pene-exclave of Austria that is connected to the rest of Austria by a single point, which is the summit of the mountain Sorgschrofen (1636 m). As well as housing border post number 110 on the normal international border between Tyrol and Bavaria, a second border starts and, having gone round Jungholz, ends there. There are thus borders extending in four directions from the summit, called a quadripoint. Two Austrian (Tyrolean, Reutte) and two German (Bavarian, Oberallgäu) municipalities meet at that point, starting with Jungholz and continuing clockwise:
 * Jungholz (Austrian, north)
 * Pfronten (German, east)
 * Schattwald (Austrian, south)
 * Bad Hindelang (German, west)

History
On 24 June 1342, Hermann Häselin, a farmer from Wertach in Germany, sold the area to Heinz Lochpyler, an Austrian taxman from nearby Tannheim. The buyer had the area incorporated with his other possession of Tyrol. In the Bavarian–Austrian border treaty of 1844 Jungholz went to Austria. Its customs union with Germany dates to a Treaty signed in 1868.

In 1938 following the German takeover of Austria, Jungholz and the similarly isolated Kleinwalsertal were annexed to Gau Swabia in Bavaria, though returned to Austria after the end of WWII.

title: Jungholz


text:
Jason "J" Brown

Jason Paul "J" Brown (born 13 June 1976) is an English former singer. He is best known as a former member, singer and rapper of boy band Five.

Career
In 1997, Brown auditioned for Five, a new boy band-style group with "attitude and edge" and was eventually selected to be part of the band along with Ritchie Neville, Scott Robinson, Sean Conlon and Abz Love. Five subsequently were signed by Simon Cowell and BMG/RCA for a six-album deal. Five went on to enjoy massive success worldwide, selling over 20 million records in their four years. The band split up on 27 September 2001. During this time, Brown experienced depression and attempted suicide. After the disbandment, Brown devoted his time to charity work and several protests against Iraq War. In 2006 Five attempted a comeback without Conlon, but failed to sign with a new label and the band disbanded again. In 2007 Brown was third place in the seventh series of ITV's reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.

Since 2002, Brown has left his artistic career to pursue a degree in architecture. In January 2013, Five returned to star the ITV2's reality show The Big Reunion, but Brown declined to join the group again, claiming he didn't feel comfortable on stage.

Personal life
Brown was previously in an on-off relationship with Spice Girls singer Melanie C.

title: Jason "J" Brown


text:
User talk:PlatinumDane

Please stop removing content from Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. --JoanneB 11:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --JoanneB 11:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Also there is this saying "if you can't beat em, join" (summin like that?). Try sandbox and join wikipedia. What do you say? --Oblivious 12:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.--Doc (?) 12:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PlatinumDane


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Ashbless Drakes Plate

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Deleted, made-up hoax based on a real hoax. Don't agree with my boldness? Bite me. Actually, bite the people at VFU, I think I'm busy tomorrow. And please put a penny in the old Uncle G's hat for knowing the real hoax behind this weasel article. GarrettTalk 15:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

William Ashbless Drakes Plate
This article is apparently fiction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Michaelbluejay (talk • contribs) 2005-10-07 11:55:28 UTC
 * William Ashbless describes hoaxers inventing a fictional poet, under whose name they submitted poetry to a magazine. They later incorporated this fictional poet into novels such as The Anubis Gates.  This is just the sort of Wikipedia article that would exist if those same hoaxers had turned their hands to writing hoax Wikipedia articles.  It describes how this fictional poet used time travel to promote the discovery of a historical artifact.  It's possible that this is a plot element from one of the novels, which are about time travel.  However, whichever way it is sliced this is outright fiction dressed up as fact.  Any exposition of the plots of the novels by these authors belongs in the articles on those novels, not here.  Delete. Uncle G 13:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * DELETE or SPEEDY This is fanciful and wishful retelling of the hoax involving Drake's Plate of Brass. Stu 13:18, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Coline Serreau

Coline Serreau (born 29 October 1947) is a French actress, film director and writer.

Early life and education
She was born in Paris, the daughter of theatre director Jean-Marie Serreau and actress Geneviève Serreau. In Paris, Serreau studied literature, music and theatre and is a trained organist and trapeze artist.

Her stage work began at the Comédie Française and she has written many plays. Her film debut in 1977 was Pourquoi pas!, a love triangle story which was a success around Europe. Her 1985 comedy Trois hommes et un couffin (remade in the US as Three Men and a Baby was the most commercially successful film of the 1980s in French.

Career
In 1970, she made her debut as an actress at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier.

Serreau wrote her first screenplay in 1973.

Her first film, the documentary film Mais qu'est-ce qu'elles veulent? (1978), literally: But What Is It That They Want?, was a compilation of interviews with women from various backgrounds. The frankness of the statements shocked parts of the public.

Her biggest commercial success was the comedy film Three Men and a Cradle (Trois hommes et un couffin; 1985), for which she received three César Awards in 1986. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

In 1986, her first drama for the stage Lapin Lapin (Rabbit Rabbit), directed by Benno Besson, had its world premiere. She collaborated with Besson for several years and he also staged Le théâtre de verdure (1987) and Quisaitout et Grobêta (1993).

title: Coline Serreau


text:
Talk:Battle of Bud Dajo

"The Muslim Filipinos, called Moros, had been raiding and pillaging the countryside for centuries."

I am puzzled as to why that claim is presented. How is it relevant to the article? It appears to be an attempt to justify the invasions and subsequent brutality.

I feel it should be eliminated.

63.85.117.146 11:56, 7 October 2005 (UTC)Jeff Zervas

 * I deleted the "pillaging" portion of the sentence. I don't know enough about the history of this group to do more. Travb 22:24, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * FYI, the raiding and pillaging is fairly accurate. When we (the USAns) arrived on the scene, the Moros had been in a state of endemic civil war for a Very Long Time. Things were a bit more settled on Jolo, but still pretty fragmented. Think middle ages in Europe - lots of small feuding warlords. On Jolo, you at least had the Sultan holding things together a little bit, but he was basically a figurehead. The Moros were also excellent pirates. They didn't think of it as a crime, but as a legitimate source of income. And in at least one of the Moro languages, the word for the Christianized Fillipinos to the north was the same as their word for "slave." Don't know about all that being justifications though. crazyeddie 05:38, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

It looks like I'll be doing a paper on this battle for a history class. I'll try to clean up the article a bit. Part of the trouble is that it looks like that previous contributors used this as a source: http://www.bakbakan.com/swishk/swk3-19.html which was written back in 1936, hence the lack of PC wording. It also looks like some of the langauge of the article used material from the source without properly citing it, might be some copyvio issues. On the other hand, some of the information in the article is inconsistent with the information in the source. This article could use some work. I'll go ahead and post a clean up notice... crazyeddie 00:04, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

It appears this is also the Moro Crater Massacre...
...just from looking at the online sources. We should consolidate that article into this one, then streamline the collection. BusterD 23:26, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

The issue of the Colt 45 was a direct result of the Moro campaign, because of the 38's inability to stop a charging Muslim fanatic.

are you serious?

 * Quite. Apparently the American soldiers of the time suspected that the Moros had a touch of water buffalo in their genetic makeup- them suckers could soak up the lead. There's lot of stories of Moro juramentados with six .38 rounds in them going on to kill American soldiers with the kris (and then eventually dying, but a bit late for the Yankees). There is some thought that the rituals involved in the juramentado rite gave the Moros a better ability to tolerate the trauma of gunshot wounds. The story about the issue of the Colt 45 is very well known, just most people think it's about the Fillipinos in general, not the Moros. Nope, the .38 worked just fine on the Fillipinos and Cubans, but for the Moros, we needed the 45. Looking over the Colt 45 article, it looks like the pistol had been around long before, but the Moro Rebellion probably encouraged its issue. crazyeddie 05:27, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Since there are two battles, this is now the disambiguation page
Each of these will have their own articles, and the first one is workable now. If my action seems premature, please revert. My intention is draw attention to the more accurate, more complete, better considered article. BusterD 01:17, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Bud Dajo


text:
Wong Peng Soon

Wong Peng Soon,  (17 February 1917 – 22 May 1996) was a Malayan/Singaporean badminton player who reigned as a top player in Malaya from the 1930s to the 1950s when it was a single nation. Noted for his smooth but powerful strokes and graceful footwork, he won the singles title seven times in Singapore and eight times in Malaya during this period, as well as being the top player in the All England, the Danish Open, the Indian and Philippines championships to name a few.

Acknowledged as one of the greatest badminton players of all time, he won the All England singles title four times in only five attempts and dominated the Thomas Cup in the late 1940s to the mid 1950s as a member of the Malayan teams. Wong's great rival during his career was his contemporary Ong Poh Lim.

Early life
Wong was born into a large and wealthy family in Johor Bahru, Malaya. He was the seventh son of Mr Wong Ah Yam and Madam Mak Qui Tong. His granduncle is Wong Ah Fook, who was a good friend of Sultan Abu Bakar and was the contractor responsible for the construction of Istana Besar. Wong has nine brothers and seven sisters. Of his siblings, five brothers and a sister were also prominent Johore badminton players. The family stayed in a mansion at Jalan Ah Siang, Johor Bahru.

Badminton career
Having grown up in a family with a love for badminton, Wong started playing the sport since young. His career began when he joined Mayflower Badminton Party in Singapore as a teenager, and went on to win numerous club and interstate competitions. He excelled in the singles event and quickly rose to become a household name in Singapore and Malaya.

In 1938, Wong won his first Singapore Open singles title and went on to win the tournament six more times in 1939, 1941, 1947, 1948, 1949 and 1951. In addition to his singles success, he also secured four men's doubles titles in 1938 with Chan Chim Bock, in 1947 with Wong Chong Teck, and in 1948 and 1949 with Teoh Peng Hooi. Additionally, he teamed up with his sister, Waileen Wong to claim three mixed doubles titles in 1939, 1948 and 1949. With a total of 14 combined titles, Wong was the second most successful male shuttler in the competition's history, trailing only behind rival, Ong Poh Lim.

Wong captured his first two Malaysia Open singles titles in 1940 and 1941 before a hiatus due to World War II interrupted his career until 1947, when he reclaimed the crown. He then went on an impressive streak, winning five consecutive titles from 1949 to 1953. His eight Malaysian singles titles were also a long-standing international circuit record jointly held by the legendary Rudy Hartono (eight-time All England champion) and Morten Frost (eight-time Denmark Open champion) till it was surpassed by Lee Chong Wei of Malaysia in 2013. Wong also triumphed in three mixed doubles events in 1937 and 1938 with his sister, Waileen Wong, and in 1940 with Lee Chee Neo.

In 1950, he became the first Asian to win the All-England men's singles championship, and won the title again in 1951, 1952, and 1955, earning him an international reputation as the "Great Wong". He was also a member of the victorious Malayan Thomas Cup teams of 1949, 1952, and 1955, serving as captain of the last. His achievements in 1955 were remarkable because he was 38 years old at the time, an age by which most badminton players were considered past their prime.

Wong also won the Surrey Open men's doubles title alongside Englishman Noel Radford, and both the men's singles and doubles titles at the Scotland championships, again with Radford in 1950. Additionally, he claimed the Denmark Open men's singles title in 1951, and triumphed in the Bombay Open men's singles and doubles events with Abdullah Piruz in the same year. Wong also secured the men's singles title at the Selangor Open, along with winning both the men's singles and doubles titles at the Philippines Open with Cheong Hock Leng in 1952.

Wong retired from competitive badminton after the 1955 Thomas Cup. He became a badminton coach for the Singapore Youth Sports Centre. He also coached the Malayan team in its bid to retain the Thomas Cup in 1958, when Malaya lost the title to Indonesia. Wong later took up coaching stints in Thailand, Canada, India and Japan, as well as at the Haarlem Badminton Club of Holland in 1966.

Professionalism
Wong was an advocate of strong work ethic, physical fitness, and mental preparation. He will cycle from Johor to Singapore just for training even though it was many kilometers away. He was a disciplinarian who adhered to a routine of rigorous training that included sessions of skipping lasting more than an hour. Wong always studied his opponents before playing against them. He was renowned for maintaining a strict diet and he never stayed out late in the evening. He was also known for his meticulous care of his equipment, often going to the extent of personally stringing and fixing his own rackets.

Personal life
Wong married Doreen Poi Chim Neo at a church in Seremban on 3 August 1947 and moved to Singapore shortly after. They lived at a single-storey home in Jalan Jarak, Seletar Hills and had two daughters and a son.

In 1981, Wong suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed. Although he regained mobility, his health slowly declined thereafter.

Death
Wong died on 22 May 1996 at Toa Payoh Hospital, Singapore, at the age of 79, due to pneumonia. His wake was attended by the officials from Singapore Badminton Association (SBA) as well as then Minister for Community Development, Abdullah Tarmugi. A one-hour Mass was also held at the Church of St Vincent de Paul where Wong had worshipped. More than 150 relatives and friends gathered to bid a final farewell to Wong at the Mount Vernon Crematorium where he was cremated.

Honours and awards
In the 1956 New Year Honours, Wong's contribution to the sport was recognised when he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) "for services to sport in the Federation of Malaya". In 1962, he made local history as the first and still the only sportsperson to date to be awarded the Sijil Kemuliaan (Certificate of Honour) by the Government of Singapore.

In 1985, the International Badminton Federation (IBF) awarded Wong the Distinguished Services Award for his services to the sport. In 1986, Wong was inducted into the Singapore Sports Council (SSC) Sports Museum Hall of Fame.

Three years after his death, the International Badminton Federation (IBF) inducted him into its Hall of Fame posthumously in May 1999. Then chairman of the IBF, H R Ward, commented, that "Wong was one of the most remarkable players" and "had enhanced the sport through exceptional achievements". In a Straits Times poll of 2000, Wong was voted as Singapore's "Sports Personality of the Century". The Olympic Council of Malaysia inducted Wong into its Hall of Fame in 2004.

Tournaments
Men's singles

Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

title: Wong Peng Soon


text:
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre

The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, also known as the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute and commonly abbreviated as Peter Mac, is an Australian oncology research institute, cancer treatment and professional oncologist training centre located in Melbourne, Victoria. The centre is named in honour of Sir Peter MacCallum. Since June 2016, the centre has been located within the Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre (VCCC) in.

The centre is Australia's first public hospital dedicated to cancer treatment, research and education.

Research programs at the centre include the Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Cancer Cell Biology Program and the ACRF Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics in Cancer.

History
In 1949, the Victorian Cancer Institute was established and the following year its outpatient services were named the "Peter MacCallum Clinic". It was named after the (then) dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Melbourne University, Peter MacCallum who, with Rutherford Kaye-Scott, had a significant role in its founding. At the time it was a common practice not to inform patients that they had cancer. It was thought that because radiotherapy was also quite commonly used at that time to treat non-cancerous conditions such as severe acne, "strawberry birthmarks", frozen shoulders, keloid scars and also to provide a valuable and non-invasive means for medical sterilisation, the name "Peter MacCallum Clinic" was considered less threatening because the clinic could be positioned as a specialist radiotherapeutic centre rather than it being thought of as a dedicated cancer hospital.

The clinic was originally located in a single room of the Queen Victoria Hospital in central Melbourne. Its main facility was based at the corner William and Little Lonsdale streets, near Flagstaff Gardens where the County Court of Victoria buildings were later built. (The site was also at one time home to the Jessie McPherson Private Hospital.) The Institute established Australia's first training school for radiotherapists. In 1986, the institute (and the clinic) were collectively renamed as the "Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute". By 1994, the institute was operating out of 11 sites across Melbourne. At this time, it moved into St Andrew's Hospital in East Melbourne, having been purchased from the Uniting Church of Australia and Presbyterian Church of Victoria by the state government in 1990.

Achievements
The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre is ranked 14th in the Newsweek 2024 World’s Best Specialised Hospitals. The Newsweek rankings, in partnership with global research company Statista, ranked Peter Mac alongside 1500 other specialised hospitals in oncology, cardiology, gastroenterology, neurology, obstetrics, paediatrics and more. Peter Mac was the only Australian hospital to be listed in the top 100 worldwide.

Location
In June 2016, the institute moved to the purpose-built building at the entrance to Melbourne's Parkville bio-medical precinct, located at 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, with satellite services at the Bendigo Base Hospital, Epworth Eastern, the Monash Medical Centre (Moorabbin campus in East Bentleigh) and Sunshine Hospital in St Albans. It involves some shared services with the nearby Royal Melbourne Hospital, the Royal Women's Hospital and the Royal Children's Hospital. Its current site was previously home to the Royal Dental Hospital.

The $1 billion cancer treatment and research centre was designed by architects from Silver Thomas Hanley, DesignInc and McBride Charles Ryan.

Notable staff

 * Sarah-Jane Dawson
 * Upulie Divisekera
 * Declan G. Murphy
 * Maxine Morand

title: Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre


text:
C F Booth

C F Booth Ltd is a family-owned scrap metal and recycling business based in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England.

Operations
Clarence Frederick Booth founded the business in 1920, as a metal purchaser and trader. Over the company's history, there have been a number of associated sites and businesses including: a rail served site in Doncaster (closed); and a site in Aston, near Rotherham, which concentrated on dismantling buses.

Today the company's main site is the Clarence Metal Works, located on the residual southern section of the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway adjacent to the Rotherham Ring Road. Obtained in the 1960s, the railway embankment was removed and the ground level access allowed for easier dismantling of redundant diesel and electric locomotives. This work continues at present, although a number of the vehicles bought are now resold for preservation. Many wagons, carriages, underground and departmental stock are also processed here. C F Booth was involved in one of the most high-profile scrapping contracts for British Rail of all time, with the media descending on the site for the arrival and scrapping of several vehicles from the APT fleet in 1987. Rail vehicles can still be brought in through a connection to Network Rail, although much is now brought in by road. Cable and electrical equipment is also a significant part of the business, but the interest in the railway activities and the proximity of the railway sidings to roads give this side of the business a high profile.

Present
The Clarence Works site is essentially a scrapyard for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and non-ferrous Melting Shop. The company's gantry cranes and three Derrick cranes make the site quite distinctive.

In 1989 the company introduced a copper alloy melting division, to service the foundry industry with copper-based ingots for re-melting purposes. Today it is one of the largest manufacturers of copper based products in the United Kingdom. The firm also provides machining services on large billet and slab metal sections, which supply customers in the marine, oil and gas and defence industries.

In 2012 the company achieved the Queens Award for International Trade. Company turnover is circa £170 million.

Millmoor
In 1987, Ken Booth bought Rotherham United F.C. out of administration. For 17 years, the Booth family owned the club, with Booth chairman. After the collapse of the ITV Digital deal, and with club debts at £3 million, the family sold the club for a nominal £1 in December 2004 to a group of supporters led by solicitor Peter Ruchniewicz, in returning for gaining ownership of the club's ground at Millmoor (located adjacent to the firm's main scrapyard, the Clarence Metal Works), the Tivoli nightclub in front of it and the Hooton Lodge training ground.

The club paid the Booths £200,000 per annum in rent, and were responsible for the grounds maintenance and up keep. The club started a ground upgrade programme, but came into dispute with the Booth's over the lease period and additional fees, which included: 30 free tickets to every home match, with entertainment; advertising in the ground; and first call on away tickets and FA Cup final tickets.

In May 2008, Rotherham United left Millmoor after talks with Ken Booth broke down. The team moved to the Don Valley Stadium in Sheffield until 2012, when the club moved into a new community stadium in Rotherham. Millmoor is currently unused apart from its car park which has been used by C F Booth as an overspill and storage area for former tube trains awaiting scrapping.

Contributions to Railway Preservation
Some of the vehicles passing through the yard have been sold on for preservation. Examples include Class 06 No. D2420/06003 in 1984, Class 08 No. D3861/08694 in 2009, Class 31 No. D5630/31206 in 2006  and Class 50 No. D426/50026 Indomitable in 1993 during Operation: Collingwood.

title: C F Booth


text:
Juliusz Zulauf

Juliusz Zulauf (August 20, 1891 – May 21, 1943) was a Polish Army brigadier general (generał brygady). A recipient of the Virtuti Militari, he fought with distinction during World War I, the Polish-Ukrainian War, the Polish-Soviet War, and the 1939 invasion of Poland.

Juliusz Zulauf was born in Lviv, then the capital of Austro-Hungarian Galicia. In 1910, after graduating from a local gymnasium, he joined the Lwów University of Science and Technology. There, at the age of 18, he joined the Związek Walki Czynnej and the Związek Strzelecki. After the outbreak of The Great War, on September 1, 1914, he joined the Polish Legions. In 1915 he was promoted to first lieutenant and then to captain. He commanded a company of infantry in the 2nd Legions Infantry Regiment and then in 5th Infantry Regiment. Wounded in July 1916, during the battle of Opłowa he was taken prisoner of war by the Russians. However, Zulauf managed to escape from captivity and cross the front lines to rejoin the Polish Legions. After the Oath Crisis of 1917 he was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army.

After Poland was reestablished in 1918, Juliusz Zulauf returned to his hometown, where he joined the Polish Army and took part in the defence of Lwów during the Polish-Ukrainian War. On May 11, 1919, he was given the command of the Polish 4th Legions Infantry Regiment and took part in the opening stages of the Polish-Bolshevik War. Heavily wounded in August of that year, he quickly recovered. However, he did not reassume his former post and instead became the commanding officer of the garrison of Radom on October 1 of that year.

After the cease fire agreement, on March 23, 1921, he became a peacetime commander of the 28th Kaniów Rifles Infantry Regiment and, since September 28 of that year, commanding officer of the 19th Infantry Regiment. Promoted to colonel in 1923, between 1926 and 1927 Zulauf commanded the 3rd Infantry Regiment, only to be promoted to the commander of infantry of the 5th Infantry Division. He held that post until April 1930, when he was promoted to commanding officer of the prestigious Polish 2nd Legions Infantry Division stationed in Kielce. For his service on January 1, 1932, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. From 1937 on, he commanded the Lwów-based 5th Infantry Division and with that unit he was active during the Invasion of Poland. After heavy fighting, his division was reduced to only one regiment, but managed to break through to Warsaw and took part in the defence of the Polish capital as part of the Warszawa Army. From September 14, Zulauf commanded the eastern perimeter of Warsaw's defences, in the city's easternmost district, Praga.

After Warsaw's capitulation (September 28), Zulauf was taken prisoner of war by the Germans. He died May 21, 1943, at Oflag VIIA in Murnau.

His daughter Irena has donated many of Zulauf's personal belongings to the Kielce municipal museum.

Honours and awards

 * Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari, also awarded the Silver Cross
 * Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, also awarded the Officer's Cross
 * Cross of Independence
 * Cross of Valour - four times
 * Gold Cross of Merit

title: Juliusz Zulauf


text: Template:Interbank networks

title: Template:Interbank networks


text: User talk:150.204.50.52

title: User talk:150.204.50.52


text:
File:Johnbutton.jpg

Image source page, originally from and copyright held by the Parliament of Australia Library.

Australian fair dealing law (similar in many respects to fair use in the United States) permits the use of images for:

 * Research and Study
 * Review and Criticism
 * 'Reporting the News'
 * Legal advice

Use of this image on Wikipedia qualifies in the preceding two of these categories. In addition, please view the fair use rationale below.

Fair Use in John Button
The image here is claimed to be fair use as it is:

 * 1) A portrait of one of Australia's well-known historical deceased politicians, as such there is no potential for a free alternative;
 * 2) The person is deceased and there are no copyleft alternatives of such a photo;
 * 3) The image used is of a ceremonial and not a commercial value;
 * 4) The article is greatly improved by the prominence of this photo;
 * 5) Which is hosted and displayed on the not-for-profit Wikipedia Encyclopedia for educational purposes.

title: File:Johnbutton.jpg


text:
You Sexy Thing

"You Sexy Thing" is a song by British soul band Hot Chocolate. It was written by lead singer Errol Brown and bass guitarist Tony Wilson, and was produced by Mickie Most. The song was released in October 1975 as the second single from their second album, Hot Chocolate, and reached number two on the UK Singles Chart in November 1975, as well as number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 the following February. Billboard ranked it the number 22 song for 1976. It went on to gain notability by being featured in films, such as The Full Monty (1997).

Overview
The song was originally a B-side. Not yet convinced that the song could be a hit, producer Mickie Most put it on the flip-side of the Hot Chocolate single "Blue Night". Some months later, Most released a re-recorded version of the song as an A-side on his RAK label. The song was a hit and ultimately became the group's best-known song. In the UK the song was poised for the number-one spot, but was beaten to it by "Bohemian Rhapsody", when on 29 November 1975 the Queen single leapfrogged it from number nine.

A 1987 remix by Ben Liebrand hit number 10. The release of the compilation album The Very Best of Hot Chocolate, featuring the Liebrand remix, reached number one on the UK Albums Chart in February 1987. Ten years later, when it was featured in the film The Full Monty, it went to number six. In the film, the male lead Gaz (played by Robert Carlyle) performs a striptease to the music of "You Sexy Thing". Another US resurgence in 1999 can be credited to a Burger King television commercial in which the song played while the camera examined a Double Whopper. In addition, it is the only song to have entered the UK Top Ten in the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.

Composition
The sheet music for "You Sexy Thing" shows the key of F major.

1975 release

 * 7-inch single (Europe, Japan)
 * 1) "You Sexy Thing" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 4:04
 * 2) "A Warm Smile" (Harvey Hinsley, Patrick Olive, Tony Connor) – 5:23

 * 7-inch single (1) (North America)
 * 1) "You Sexy Thing" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 3:30
 * 2) "Amazing Skin Song" (Errol Brown) – 4:04

 * 7-inch single (2) (North America)
 * 1) "You Sexy Thing" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 3:30
 * 2) "Call the Police" (Tony Wilson) – 4:04

1987 re-release (remix by Ben Liebrand)

 * 7-inch single
 * 1) "You Sexy Thing" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 3:46
 * 2) "Every 1's a Winner" (Errol Brown) – 4:01

 * 12-inch single (1)
 * 1) "You Sexy Thing (Extended Replay Mix)" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 7:07
 * 2) "You Sexy Thing (Sexy Bonus Beats)" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 2:33
 * 3) "You Sexy Thing (Sexy Instrumental)" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 3:58
 * 4) "Every 1's a Winner" (Errol Brown) – 4:01

 * 12-inch single (2)
 * 1) "You Sexy Thing (Extended Replay Mix)" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 7:07
 * 2) "Megamix" – 9:27
 * 3) * "Emma" (E. Brown*, T. Wilson)
 * 4) * "So You Win Again" (Russ Ballard)
 * 5) * "You Sexy Thing" (E. Brown, T. Wilson)
 * 6) * "Every 1's a Winner" (Brown)
 * 7) * "You Could've Been a Lady" (Brown)
 * 8) * "Heaven Is in the Back Seat of My Cadillac" (Brown)
 * 9) "Every 1's a Winner" (Errol Brown) – 4:01

1997 re-release

 * CD single
 * 1) "You Sexy Thing" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 4:02
 * 2) "You Sexy Thing (Remix)" (Errol Brown, Tony Wilson) – 3:46
 * 3) "Every 1's a Winner (Groove Mix)" (Errol Brown) – 3:54

Cover versions
In 1997, two covers were released at almost the same time as the re-issue of the Hot Chocolate original. One cover was by pop duo T-Shirt, featuring actress Chloé Treend and songwriter Miranda Cooper, while the other version was by English pop/dance act Clock. Both are re-workings with the original music and lyrics but with new additional vocal segments.

T-Shirt version
Actress Chloé Treend and songwriter Miranda Cooper collaborated under the name T-Shirt to release a cover of "You Sexy Thing" in August 1997. This version reached number 63 in the United Kingdom, number five in New Zealand, and number six in Australia, where it stayed on the chart for 32 weeks. In Australia and New Zealand, it earned platinum certifications. British magazine Music Week rated this version three out of five, writing, "The Hot Chocolate hit gets a Spice Girls-style reworking with chirpy, cocky vocals mixed in with Errol Brown's soulful delivery. A fresh take on a pop classic."

Clock version
British pop/dance act Clock released a cover of "You Sexy Thing" as "U Sexy Thing" in October 1997. It peaked at number eight in Ireland, number eleven in the United Kingdom and number 100 in Australia. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached its highest position as number 31 in November 1997. A music video was also produced to promote the single, featuring the act performing in a swimming pool.

Critical reception
A reviewer from Music Week rated Clock's version three out of five, adding, "Using what sounds like a sample from the Hot Chocolate version, this xerox cover has all the elements but little of Errol Brown's soul. Still, catchy enough to be a hit." The magazine's Alan Jones" wrote, Clock have ticked up an impressive number of hits over the past four years, and are destined for another with a rather tame remake (...). They stick closely to the original, save for a rather perfunctory rap but the song's quality wins the day."

title: You Sexy Thing


text:
Madlyn-Ann C. Woolwich

Madlyn-Ann Crawford Woolwich (born 1937) is an American pastel and oil painter in impressionist style of landscapes, floral gardens and still lifes, and an author on the subject.

Born in Fall River, Massachusetts, Woolwich obtained BS and M.Ed. degrees from Bridgewater State College, Massachusetts, with further study at Parson's School of Design, The American Academy of Design, NYC, The University of Massachusetts (Dartmouth Campus) and Brookdale Community College, New Jersey.

She is a Master Pastelist, Pastel Society of America, signature member and former National Vice President of Knickerbocker Artists USA.

As a writer, Woolwich has written feature articles for The Artist's Magazine and Pastel Journal and has been included in books as a featured artist in several publications. Her first book, Pastel Interpretations, was published in 1993, given a three-month museum exhibition of the included artists at the Monmouth Museum, and republished in 1995 in Asnières, France by the Ulisses Publishing Company. Her second book, The Art of Pastel Portraiture, published by Watson-Guptill in July, 1995 has also been published in China.

Woolwich lives and works in Long Branch, New Jersey.

title: Madlyn-Ann C. Woolwich