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Neil Perry

Neil Arthur Perry AM is an Australian chef, restaurateur, author and television presenter. He also is the co-ordinator for Qantas Flight Catering under his company Rockpool Consulting.

Early life and education
Perry was born in Sydney and attended Newington College and Drummoyne Boys High School. At Newington, a GPS school which stipulates a strict dress code, he wasn't allowed to have long hair. He used to grow his hair in the holidays and roll it up in combs when he went back to school. The school sergeant recognised what he was doing and sent him to the barber to have it cut off. In Year 10, Perry called his mother and said; "I'm leaving school." Following this, he began attending Drummoyne High, a public school, and did not cut his hair for two years, leading to his signature look of a ponytail. In February 2015 Perry was the guest of honour at the official opening of the Founders Hospitality Centre at Newington.

Career
Prior to joining the hospitality industry Perry started an apprenticeship as a hairdresser before dropping out and working as a waiter. This is where he found his calling as a chef.

Perry's career in the hospitality industry began with working at Mishas Balmoral Beach where he left as a second year apprentice then managing Sails restaurants at the Sydney suburb of McMahons Point, and then at Rose Bay. This was where most of Perry's floor management skills were learnt. By the time he was 24 he found himself gravitating towards the kitchen, and realised his passion for cooking by working with, and learning from over the ensuing years, chefs such as Damien Pignolet, Gay Bilson, Stephanie Alexander, Steve Manfredi and David Thompson. Although he uses the title, Perry never actually completed a chef apprenticeship.

Perry became head chef at Barrenjoey Restaurant, Palm Beach and was given creative control over Perry's in Paddington. In October 1986, Perry opened the Blue Water Grill at Bondi Beach which became an overnight success. He then opened Rockpool in February 1989 with his business partner and cousin Trish Richards.

In 2007, Perry opened Rockpool Bar & Grill in Melbourne. Less formal than Rockpool, the restaurant is an upmarket steakhouse, located in Crown Casino. High quality beef cooked over wood-fire grill, supported by a modern and international à la carte menu form the backbone of the food served. In spite of the riskiness of opening a large restaurant (serving up to 200 people a day) in a venue as high profile and lucrative as Crown Casino, the restaurant has proved a major success. Rockpool Bar & Grill Melbourne has also received positive reviews from critics since opening, including being awarded two coveted "chefs hats" in the Melbourne Good Food Guide.

Meanwhile, this same year, having maintained Rockpool for almost two decades as a Sydney fine dining restaurant, Perry finally decided to close the restaurant and reopen with a change of direction as a "casual seafood venue" instead. Perry cited a lack of will to continue operating Rockpool at the demanding and highly competitive level he had been as the main reason for the change.

Though this new incarnation of Rockpool had only been open for a brief time, in mid-2008 Perry had a change of heart and suddenly announced that Rockpool would be returning to its original form as a fine-diner. As Perry put it: "Rockpool classic". The restaurant has since reopened, with an ethos and menu akin to its old form.

2009 saw the opening of two more restaurants in Sydney, both located in the same art deco building on Bligh Street in Sydney's CBD. First to open was Spice Temple in the basement level. Like the now-defunct XO Perry opened in Surry Hills some years ago, Spice Temple represents another foray by Perry into more traditional Asian cuisine —specifically regional Chinese food this time—given a sophisticated polish. Spice Temple was soon followed by the opening in the above level of a sibling instalment of Melbourne's successful Rockpool Bar & Grill. Since 2010, Rockpool Bar & Grill Sydney has been the recipient of the Wine Spectator Grand Award.

Since November 2013 Rockpool has been in the former Burns Philp Building in Bridge Street, Sydney. The historic building was completed in 1901 to the design of Arthur Anderson of A.L. & G. McCredie & Anderson.

Perry became director of food, beverage, and service for the Australian flagship airline Qantas in 1997 and has been responsible for the in-flight and ground based culinary offerings for over 25 years. Menus are developed quarterly for International First and Business Class travellers, with the Rockpool team overseeing the implementation and introduction to catering centres at key ports. In 2015 his role was expanded to include of wines and beverages. In 2022, to celebrate the 25-year collaboration with Perry, Qantas reintroduced a selection of his most popular inflight and lounge dishes.

In 2021 Perry opened another Sydney restaurant called Margaret, designed by Australian industrial designer David Caon and Acme & Co, followed in 2022 by a sister restaurant next door—aptly named Next Door.

Perry was accused of significantly underpaying key staff as they work up to 70 hours a week in harsh conditions. The private-equity owned Rockpool Dining Group, which expects to make $40 million in profits this year, has also put significant pressure on vulnerable migrant workers, an investigation by The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald has found.

Perry is an Australian Apprenticeships Ambassador for the Australian Government.

Charity work
Neil Perry is a board member of the Bestest Foundation for Kids. Bestest raises funds for children who fall outside the standard boundaries of the larger established charities and helps get these children support to battle an illness, obtain equipment for disabilities, gain access to education or provide urgent assistance to children at risk. 100% of all funds raised goes directly to children in need.

Perry is a principal supporter of the Bestest Gala Dinner and has managed to secure the support of chefs from around the world to donate time and resources for this charity dinner. In 2008 over 50 chefs from Australia's best restaurants participated with teams from Matt Moran (Aria), Guillaume Brahimi (Guillaume at Bennelong), Philip Johnson (E'cco), Shannon Bennett (Vue de Monde) and Scott Hallsworth (Nobu).

Honours and awards
In the Australia Day Honours List of 2013, Perry was made a member of the Order of Australia in the General Division "for significant service to the community as a benefactor of and fundraiser for charities and as a chef and restaurateur."

Perry received the 2024 Woodford Reserve Icon Award.

Television
Perry is also a notable food personality within Australia, appearing on Channel Nine's food program, Fresh and being a major presenter on channel the digital subscribers network, Foxtel, on the LifeStyle and LifeStyle Food channels in Australia and on BBC2 in Britain. He has also recently starred on Martha Stewart's shows. His series are promoted under the banners of:

Rockpool Sessions
Commenced in October 2004, the seven-part half-hour series profiles the restaurant Perry as chef. The series also features some of Australia's most renowned chefs. Along with Perry who is the host, Armando Percuoco, Guillaume Brahimi, Karen Martini, David Thompson, Steve Manfredi and Tetsuya Wakuda contribute to and provide information and opinions on the themes of each episode. He has also appeared on MasterChef Australia.

Food Source Neil Perry/Asia/New Zealand/Far North Queensland
Food Source is an insider's guide to food in Australia and features leading Australian chefs, food and wine producers and over 20 recipes. The series began in 2001, with series 4 (Food Source: Far North Queensland) being filmed in 2004. It continues to be shown on the LifeStyle channel, the LifeStyle Food channel and BBC2.

Fresh & Fast/Fresh & Fast Christmas Special
Neil Perry Fresh & Fast is a 13-part series

Neil Perry – High Steaks
The series premiered 21 May 2007 on The LifeStyle Channel. It shows the journey of Perry setting up a steakhouse venue in Melbourne. Perry deals with set-up costs of $4.5million.

The first episode shows before Perry opening up Rockpool Bar & Grill Melbourne, he was involved in expanding the Rockpool brand to London but had failed in a deal to establish a location in London. By the end of the series, he successfully opened Rockpool Melbourne and received good reviews for Rockpool Sydney and Melbourne. He was also looking to expand the brand into New York City or London.

Books and media

 * Rockpool (1997) ISBN 978-1-74257-048-8
 * Simply Asian (2000) ISBN 0-670-88163-5
 * Food Source (DVD, 2002)
 * The Food I Love (2005) ISBN 1-74045-717-X
 * Good Food (2007) ISBN 978-1-74045-923-5
 * Balance and Harmony (2008) ISBN 978-1-74045-908-2
 * Rockpool Bar & Grill (2010)
 * Easy Weekends (2013)
 * Simply Good Food (2013)
 * Spice Temple (2015)

title: Neil Perry


text:
User talk:Nickybutt

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 09:17, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Henry Neville
Just saw your article. Have you thought about adding to William Shakespeare or Shakespearean authorship? Cheers. CambridgeBayWeather 09:17, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Being new here I havent thought that long. Besides I need to look at how to make links and such, feel free to take over if you want to. Nickybutt 09:26, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Links to other articles within Wikipedia are made by the use of with the article you want to link to in the middle. I don't know enough about Shakespeare to be able to add to any of the three articles. Good luck though. CambridgeBayWeather 09:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for starting that article. I enjoyed working on it this morning. I find one of the things I like best here is finding an article (about which I know nothing) and being able to add to after some research. CambridgeBayWeather 20:36, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

You're welcome. As a newcomer it's been fun watching it grow in these last two days. Nickybutt 22:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Centralized TV Episode Discussion
Over the past months, TV episodes have been redirected by (to name a couple) TTN, Eusebeus and others. No centralized discussion has taken place, so I'm asking everyone who has been involved in this issue to voice their opinions here in this centralized spot, be they pro or anti. Discussion is here. Even if you have not, other opinions are needed because this issue is affecting all TV episodes in Wikipedia. --User: (talk) 02:30, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Nickybutt


text:
East River (Virginia)

The East River is an 8.8 mi, primarily tidal river located in Mathews County in the Middle Peninsula region of Virginia. It flows into Mobjack Bay, which in turn empties into the Chesapeake Bay.

title: East River (Virginia)


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Sidebar

Sidebar may refer to:

 * Sidebar (publishing)
 * Sidebar (law)
 * Sidebar (computing), a type of graphical user interface element
 * Windows Sidebar, in Windows Vista (rename Windows Desktop Gadgets in Windows 7)
 * Bing Sidebar, a section of the search engine results display screen for social networking
 * Sidebar, a longitudinal elastic wooden bar on some buggies and other light vehicles
 * Sidebars, a Grammy-winning album by Eartha

title: Sidebar


text:
A-class Melbourne tram

The A-class Melbourne tram is a class of bogie trams that operate on the Melbourne tram network. Seventy were built by Comeng, Dandenong between 1984 and 1987 in two batches, 28 A1s and 42 A2s, with only minor differences. They are the smallest trams by capacity currently operating on the network.

History
Comeng had expected an extension to the Z-class order, and in the early 1980s drew up plans for a Z4-class, due to a change in state government in 1982 these plans were put on hold. The order eventuated however in late 1982, for 28 A1-class trams. (at the same time, an order was placed for two B1 class articulated LRVs, making a total of 30 trams ordered). The design, which was shaped by input from passengers and tramway employees, had a series of alterations from the Z-class design. They did not include the conductors console seen in the Z-class, and had a differing door arrangement that posed a design challenge, as there was less space to house equipment.

This order was extended in 1985 by 42, these were designated A2-class due to a number of design changes (including a different door-operating mechanism to the A1-class). All 70 A1 and A2-class trams were built by Comeng's Dandenong factory, with 69 remaining in service. When the Melbourne tram network was privatised in August 1999, all passed to Yarra Trams.

A few had their rollsigns replaced with dot matrix equipment in 2005/06, before all were fitted with LED equipment in 2007. All were fitted with cab air-conditioning in 2007.

As of 2017, an automated on-board passenger information system was being rolled out.

A1-class
In late 1982, the state government approved an extension to the Z class order, the result being 28 A1-class which were built between 1983 and 1985. They were substantially based upon the Z-class design, with improved ventilation, and differing door positions. They had the same equipment as the Z3-class trams, AEG controls and Duewag bogies. However, placing all the Z3-class equipment under the frame posed a problem due to the differing door arrangement, as there were two step-wells where previously there was one, reducing the available space. Due to a desire to be less pointy and possess a flatter front, they were made shorter with less overhang, giving them a different appearance to the Z-class trams. The first A1-class was delivered on 12 December 1983 and entered service on 13 June 1984.

All were built with trolley poles, most being replaced with pantographs in 1987/88; six pole-equipped cars (231 to 236) were retaining for Chapel Street services, not being fitted with pantographs until the late-1990s.

In conjunction with celebrations for the 75th Anniversary of Kew Depot (which at the time was allocated all 70 of the A1 and A2-class trams) number 231 was painted in a 'chocolate-and-cream' livery in 1995, and displayed the monograms of some former Melbourne tram operators. It remained in this livery for a number of years afterwards.

As of August 2020, 27 remain in service, one (A1 231) having been withdrawn after being damaged by fire in June 2013.

A2-class
Following an extension to the A1-class order, 42 A2-class were built between 1985 and 1987. Many initially carried promotional advertising which indicated that the Commonwealth Government contributed towards their construction through the BiCentennial program. They were very similar to the A1 class, however they differ in being fitted with superior Hanning & Kahl brakes, and a more reliable door mechanism. They were the first Melbourne trams to enter service fitted with pantographs and without trolley poles. For use on the light-rail lines, A2 296 was fitted with high-beam headlights (similar to the B2-class) whilst retaining its A1/B1/A2 fibreglass apron. It was the only non-articulated tram so treated, although a small number of A1 and/or A2-class trams received B2-class aprons following repairs (without the extra high-beam headlights).

Early Operation
Initially, these trams entered service at Kew Depot, however when the light-rail lines to St. Kilda and Port Melbourne opened in late 1987 a number of A2-class were allocated to South Melbourne and North Fitzroy Depots for these services. As the B2-class became available from late-1988, A2-class trams were returned one-by-one to Kew Depot where they remained throughout the 1990s. Both subclasses were used on routes 42 [Mont Albert - City], 48 [North Balwyn - Spencer St], and their respective peak-hour services to LaTrobe Street (routes 23 and 24), as well as other regular short-workings (e.g. Collins St or LaTrobe St shuttles, etc.).

For the Chapel Street services on routes 78 and 79 (North Richmond - Prahran, and North Richmond - St. Kilda Beach, both shared with Glenhuntly Depot) and Glenferrie Road school runs, only pole-equipped A1-class could be used until the late 1990s. Subsequent to the extension of the Mont Albert service to Port Melbourne as route 109, the A1-class were fitted with pantographs at the number '2' end (retaining the trolley pole at the other end): unusually, these conversions were done in (reverse) sequence from 300 to 237. A1-class 231 to 236 and a few SW6-class trams were kept at Kew Depot for use on the Chapel Street lines (although not exclusively, and could be seen on other routes); these were supplemented by a Z3-class tram in the late 1990s.

When route 78/79 overhead was converted to allow pantograph operation, these last six A1-class cars were also converted. As the C1-class vehicles entered service at Kew Depot in 2001 and 2002, displaced A1 and A2 class trams were re-allocated to Camberwell, Glenhuntly, Preston and Southbank Depots. Although trolley poles on the converted A1-class proved useful when pantographs became damaged in service, they were later removed by Yarra Trams.

Current Operation
A-class trams operate on the following routes:
 * 12: Fitzroy Street, St Kilda to Victoria Gardens
 * 30: St Vincent's Plaza to Central Pier
 * 48: Balwyn North to Victoria Harbour Docklands
 * 70: Wattle Park to Waterfront City Docklands
 * 75: Vermont South to Central Pier
 * 78: North Richmond to Balaclava
 * 109: Box Hill to Port Melbourne

A-class trams operated on the following routes prior to their abolition:
 * 24: City to Balwyn North
 * 31: Hoddle Street to Victoria Harbour Docklands
 * 79: North Richmond to St Kilda
 * 95: Melbourne Museum to City
 * 112: West Preston to St Kilda - Park & Fitzroy Streets

title: A-class Melbourne tram


text:
Tritoma

Tritoma is a genus of beetles in the family Erotylidae, the pleasing fungus beetles. It is distributed worldwide, mainly in the Old World. There are over 100 species.

Some species consume euagaric mushrooms, staying concealed amidst the gills as they feed. Some feed on mushrooms growing from dead trees, as well as mycorrhizae on living roots. One of the most common pleasing fungus beetles in Europe, T. bipustulata, is a black beetle with red spots which engages in autohaemorrhaging as a defensive behavior.

Molecular analysis suggests that Tritoma is paraphyletic, and might be best treated as two separate genera.

Selected species

 * Tritoma angulata Say, 1826 i c g b
 * Tritoma atriventris LeConte, 1847 i c g b
 * Tritoma aulica (Horn, 1871) i c g
 * Tritoma biguttata (Say, 1825) i c g b
 * Tritoma bipustulata Fabricius, 1775 g
 * Tritoma erythrocephala Lacordaire, 1842 i c g b
 * Tritoma fasciata Chujo, 1941 g
 * Tritoma gressitti (Chujo, 1968) g
 * Tritoma humeralis Fabricius, 1801 i c g b
 * Tritoma kanekoi Araki, 1943 g
 * Tritoma metasobrina Chujo, 1941 g
 * Tritoma mimetica (Crotch, 1873) i c g b
 * Tritoma pulchra Say, 1826 i c g b (handsome tritoma)
 * Tritoma sanguinipennis (Say, 1825) i c g b (red-winged tritoma)
 * Tritoma shirakii Chujo, 1936 g
 * Tritoma subbasalis (Reitter, 1896) g
 * Tritoma sungkangensis Nakane, 1966 g
 * Tritoma taiwana Chujo, 1936 g
 * Tritoma takasagona Chujo, 1941 g
 * Tritoma tenebrosa Fall, 1912 i c g b (darkling tritoma)
 * Tritoma unicolor Say, 1826 i c g b
 * Tritoma yamazii Chujo, 1941 g
 * Tritoma yiei Nakane, 1966 g

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

title: Tritoma


text:
Rasmus Carl Stæger

Rasmus Carl Stæger (3 November 1800 – 9 February 1875) was a Danish attorney, civil servant, politician and entomologist.

Biography
Stæger was born and died in Copenhagen, Denmark. He took his legal degree in 1817. Over the course of his career, he served as a judge, elected official and financial advisor to the Danish government in the Bureau of Foreign Payments, National Debt Office and Council of Justice. From 1858 to 1871 he was a member of Frederiksberg Parish Council, from 1859 to 1862 he was deputy chairman and then until 1871 mayor of Frederiksberg.

As an entomologist, his foci were Dolichopodidae, Sepsidae and Chironomidae. Stæger’s Diptera collection is in the Natural History Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.

Works

 * Systematisk Fortegnelse over de i Danmark hidtil fundne Diptera (1840)
 * Danske Dolichopoder (1842–43)
 * Systematisk Fremstilling af den danske Favnas Arter af Antliatslægten Sepsis (1844)
 * Grønlands Antliater beskrevne (1845)

Some Diptera described by Stæger

 * Sepsis ciliata Sepsidae
 * Oxycera falleni Stratiomyidae
 * Syrphus hyperboreus Syrphidae
 * Siphona strigata Tachinidae
 * Dolichopus angustifrons Dolichopodidae
 * Sybistroma crinipes Dolichopodidae

title: Rasmus Carl Stæger


text: User:Gnangarra

title: User:Gnangarra


text:
Dipterocarpus retusus

Dipterocarpus retusus, commonly known as hollong, is a large tree and perhaps the best known species in the genus Dipterocarpus. It is native to China, Vietnam, Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and India. The tree, some 20 – tall, is found in Cambodia in dense forests of the plains, common on hillsides and along rivers and in forests between 800 m and 1500 m altitude.

Hollong is the state tree of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, India. In India, the timber is used for plywood and making various containers. In China, the timber is used in construction. Hollong is a sacred tree for Moran community of Assam.

Uses
It is farmed for its timber and resin. In Cambodia, the resin is collected by people in the mountainous regions, in order to make torches and candles, while the wood is used in construction to make columns and boards.

title: Dipterocarpus retusus


text:
Cookies and cream

Cookies and cream (or cookies 'n cream) is a variety of ice cream, milkshake, and other desserts that includes chocolate sandwich cookies, with the most popular version containing hand or pre-crumbled cookies from Nabisco's Oreo brand under a licensing agreement, or else, containing crumbles of a similar cookie of a different brand or private label. Cookies and cream ice cream generally mixes crumbled chocolate sandwich cookies into vanilla ice cream, though variations exist which might instead use chocolate, coffee or mint ice cream.

History
There are competing claims as to who first invented and marketed cookies and cream ice cream.
 * Malcolm Stogo, an ice cream consultant, claimed to have created the flavor in 1976, 1977 or 1978.
 * South Dakota State University claims the flavor was invented at the university's dairy plant in 1979 by plant manager Shirley Seas and students Joe Leedom and Joe Van Treeck.
 * In a 2005 press release, Blue Bell Creameries claimed they were the first company to mass-produce the flavor, in 1980. In 2006, The New York Times reported that Blue Bell made "no claim to have invented it but certainly pioneered the flavor." However, as of 2020, the company's website proclaimed, "We were first to create this innovative flavor." Blue Bell Creameries applied to register the trademark "Cookies 'n Cream" in 1981.
 * John Harrison, the official taster for Dreyer's/Edy's Ice Cream, claims he invented it first for the company in 1982.
 * Another claimant is Steve Herrell of Massachusetts' Herrell's Ice Cream.
 * Yet another claimant is United Dairy Farmers, "One of our very first flavors was a crazy idea at the time... What if we mixed our special recipe vanilla ice cream with oreo cookies? And with that idea, we introduced Homemade Brand Cookies 'N Cream which was the first of it's [sic] kind and became an instant classic."

In 1983, cookies and cream became one of the top five best-selling flavors of ice cream.

title: Cookies and cream


text:
User:GhostGirl

Why I am here
I spend half my time on wikipedia, right now i have 3 firefox windows with about 70 pages (almost all wikipedia) in them. I usually use wikipedia to actually look stuff up about the world but lately i've been reading lots of the wikipedia stuff about wikipedia itself, policy and problems and so on. I'm usually on IRC and it fascinated me how similar they are - the same trouble with vandals and trolls and clashing egos. But it has to be said, wikipedia is a heck of a lot more useful! It's amazing how something so great and comprehensive can come from thousands of people.

What finally got me to sign up and change something was I was showing my best friend a wikipedia page, and she'd never seen wikipedia before, and she clicked edit to see what happened, with slightly unfortunate results. I was hoping my wikipedia debut would be with some great sharing of profound human knowledge, but it looks more like my role will end up being that of a WikiGnome seeing as most of what I know, I learned from wikipedia :P

title: User:GhostGirl


text:
Talk:Miller (crater)

Satellite craters
Why is Miller H not listed in the table of satellite craters? (Unsigned entry by Eroica.)
 * Good catch! It should have been 'Stöfler H', a satellite crater of Stöfler. — RJH 14:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Incorrect image description
The current image description states, "Lunar Orbiter 4 image showing Miller (upper right) and Huggins (lower left)." This is incorrect. The full crater showing to the lower left is Nasireddin. Nasireddin slightly overlaps into Huggins, the NE and SE corners of which are visible in the frame at the very left edge of the frame, lower. I am in process of fixing the Huggins and Nasireddin articles as well, both of which use incorrect imagery and descriptions. In the meantime I'm editing the image description to correcty identify Nasireddin. 98.215.82.138 (talk) 01:25, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

I have a different image uploaded from LRO data at Huggins Crater and Vicinity.png, and have used it on and fixed the Huggins (crater) and Nasireddin (crater) images. But I still like the original image and it's good for this article, with the changed description above. (If anyone else feels the revised image is better then they can edit the article.) But I'm done with this series of edits, myself. ;)  Laughing Vulcan  01:19, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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I have just modified one external link on Miller (crater). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071021115308/http://lpod.org/?m=20071016 to http://www.lpod.org/?m=20071016

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title: Talk:Miller (crater)


text:
Nicholas Shakespeare

Nicholas William Richmond Shakespeare FRSL (born 3 March 1957) is a British novelist and biographer, described by the Wall Street Journal as "one of the best English novelists of our time". Shakespeare is also known for his charity work.

Biography
Born in Worcester, England to diplomat John William Richmond Shakespeare and his wife Lalage Ann, daughter of the travel writer and journalist S. P. B. Mais, Shakespeare grew up in the Far East and in South America, including Brazil, where his father worked at the British Embassy between 1966 and 1969. John Shakespeare was later chargé d'affaires at Buenos Aires, before serving as Ambassador to Peru from 1983 to 1987, and Ambassador to Morocco from 1987 to 1990. Nicholas was educated at the Dragon School preparatory school in Oxford, then at Winchester College and at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He worked as a journalist for BBC television and then on The Times as assistant arts and literary editor. From 1988 to 1991, he was literary editor of The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph.

Shakespeare's time in South America is represented in two novels, The Vision of Elena Silves (1989, Somerset Maugham Award, Betty Trask Award) and The Dancer Upstairs (1995, American Library Association Award for The Best Novel of the Year). Other works from this period are The Men Who Would Be King (1984), Londoners (1986) and The High Flyer (1993, long-listed for the Booker Prize).

In 1999, Shakespeare published his biography of Bruce Chatwin to widespread critical acclaim. This was followed by the novel Snowleg (2004, long-listed for the Booker Prize, Dublin IMPAC Award) a "place" book, In Tasmania (2004, winner of the Tasmania Book Prize 2007), Secrets of the Sea (2007, short-listed for the Commonwealth Writer's prize) and Inheritance (2010, long-listed for Dublin IMPAC Award). In 2010, he published Under the Sun, the letters of Bruce Chatwin, which he co-edited with Elizabeth Chatwin.

Nicholas Shakespeare has made several extended biographies for television: on Evelyn Waugh, Mario Vargas Llosa, Bruce Chatwin, Martha Gellhorn, and Dirk Bogarde. The Dancer Upstairs was made into a feature film of the same name in 2002, for which Shakespeare wrote the screenplay and which John Malkovich directed. Shakespeare was nominated as one of Granta's Best of British Young Novelists in 1993. He has written articles for Granta, the London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement and The Monthly, among other publications.

Shakespeare's novels, which have been translated into 22 languages, place ordinary people against a background of significant events, as with The Dancer Upstairs, which deals with Abimael Guzmán, leader of Peru's Shining Path; and Snowleg, set partly during the Cold War in East Germany.

In 1999, Shakespeare was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

In 2010 Shakespeare was invited by the Anglo-Argentine Society to give the prestigious Borges Lecture in London.

In January 2012, according to journalists, Nicholas Shakespeare's writings were mistakenly confused for William Shakespeare's by French presidential candidate François Hollande when he said: "Let me quote Shakespeare, 'they failed because they did not start with a dream'" (Je me permets de citer Shakespeare, ils ont échoué parce qu'ils n'ont pas commencé par le rêve.)

In 2013, Shakespeare published an account of his aunt, Priscilla: The Hidden Life of an Englishwoman in Wartime France.

In 2015, Shakespeare published a collection of stories, Stories from Other Places. The central novella, "Oddfellows", was based on the Battle of Broken Hill, a little-known jihadi attack in the Australian outback 100 years ago. On 1 January 1915, two Afghan camel drivers answered the Turkish sultan's call for a holy war against the British Empire, and attacked a picnic train of 1200 men women and children in the iron-ore town of Broken Hill, killing four. The incident was the only known act of hostility on Australian soil in World War One. The Sunday Telegraph described them as "honed miniatures" and the Australian critic Peter Craven in the Sydney Morning Herald wrote: "I do not expect to read a more formidable piece of short fiction this year."

In 2016, Shakespeare was a visiting fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, where he wrote the historical narrative "Six Minutes in May: How Churchill Unexpectedly Became Prime Minister" (2017), about the disastrous Norway Campaign of April 1940, which led to Churchill's unanticipated accession on Friday 10 May. Shakespeare's account was nominated as a Book of the Year in The Economist, The Guardian, The Observer, The Scotsman, The Daily Telegraph (as No. 2 of "the Best 50 Books of 2017"), and The Australian, where Peter Craven wrote: "Shakespeare has written a book that will captivate readers and fill professional historians with envy at how far he outclasses them."

In 2024, Shakespeare published Ian Fleming: The Complete Man, a biography of James Bond creator Ian Fleming. The project was authorised by Fleming's estate. The Wall Street Journal 's Anna Mundow called the book "arresting", The Economist called it "definitive", The Australian "a masterpiece... His book is better than almost any non-fiction ever gets, a work of literature in its own right", while Washington Post columnist Michael Dirda also praised Shakespeare's work as 'a dazzling, even dizzying achievement'. CrimeReads named the work one of its "best reviewed" books in April 2024.

Shakespeare promoted the Fleming biography at literature festivals and other global events, including a collaboration with the International Spy Museum in Washington, D.C.  He claimed he took on the project after "discovering that [Fleming's] war work was indeed significant, as well as how much kinder he was in life than his posthumous caricature suggested."

Charity work
Shakespeare has worked with charities such as Oxfam, for which he has written several times, and the Anita Goulden Trust, of which he has been the patron since 2000; the charity, which helps children in the Peruvian city of Piura, was set up following an article that Shakespeare wrote for the Daily Telegraph magazine, which raised more than £350,000.

In 2009, Shakespeare donated the short story "The Death of Marat" to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Shakespeare's contribution was published in the Earth collection. He also contributed a story, "The Return of the Native", to OxTravels, a travel anthology that was produced to raise money for Oxfam's work.

In October 2012, Shakespeare travelled to Cambodia with photographer Emma Hardy to visit Oxfam's work. He wrote two articles about the trip, "Beyond The Killing Fields", which was published in Intelligent Life, and "How The Dead Live", which was published in New Statesman.

Works

 * The Men Who Would Be King: A Look at Royalty in Exile (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984)
 * Londoners (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986)
 * The Vision of Elena Silves (Harvill, 1989)
 * The High Flyer (Harvill, 1993)
 * The Dancer Upstairs (Harvill, 1995)
 * Bruce Chatwin (Harvill, 1999)
 * Snowleg (Harvill, 2004)
 * In Tasmania: Adventures at the End of the World (Harvill, 2004)
 * Secrets of the Sea (Harvill, 2007)
 * Inheritance (Harvill, 2010)
 * Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin, selector and editor with Elizabeth Chatwin (Cape, 2010)
 * Priscilla: The Hidden Life of an Englishwoman in Wartime France (HarperCollins, 2014)
 * Oddfellows on the Battle of Broken Hill (Random House, 2015)
 * Stories from Other Places (Harvill Secker, 2016)
 * Six Minutes in May. How Churchill Unexpectedly Became Prime Minister (Harvill Secker, 2017)
 * The Sandpit (Harvill Secker, 2020)
 * Ian Fleming: The Complete Man (Harvill Secker, 2023)

title: Nicholas Shakespeare


text:
Coopertown

Coopertown may refer to:

Places

 * United States
 * Coopertown, Florida in Miami-Dade County, Florida
 * Coopertown, Tennessee in Robertson County, Tennessee
 * Coopertown, West Virginia in Boone County, West Virginia

title: Coopertown


text:
South Western Highway

South Western Highway is a highway in the South West region of Western Australia connecting Perth's southeast with Walpole. It is a part of the Highway 1 network for most of its length. It is about 406 km long.

Perth to Bunbury
From Perth, the highway, signed as State Route 20, starts from the Albany Highway junction in Armadale, 28 km from Perth, and follows a north–south route 20–30 km inland from the coast, passing through several agricultural and timber towns that sprang up in the 1890s when the nearby railway came through, such as Pinjarra, Waroona, Yarloop and Harvey.

In January 2016, the Samson Brook bridge, one of the highway bridges near Waroona, was damaged by a bushfire.

Just past Brunswick Junction, the highway heads southwest towards Western Australia's third-largest city, Bunbury. The typical scenery on this part of the highway includes small dairy farms and orchards, jarrah and marri remnant forests and pine plantations.

Until the 1980s, the Armadale-Bunbury section was part of National Highway 1, but following the upgrading of Old Coast Road and construction of the Mandurah bypass, Highway 1 now follows the coastal route via Kwinana Freeway and Old Coast Road to Bunbury passing through the resort town of Mandurah.

In Bunbury
The highway does not actually enter Bunbury – it stops at the industrial suburb of Picton, following Robertson Drive (Bunbury's ring road) for 1 km south before turning southeast past Bunbury Airport towards Boyanup. The highway actually used to follow what is now Boyanup-Picton Road from Picton via Dardanup, but changed to the present shorter route in the 1980s.

Bunbury to Walpole
From Bunbury, the highway goes through Boyanup and on to Donnybrook, the heart of WA's apple country. From then on the highway passes through thick forests featuring many native trees like jarrah, marri and karri. The region was settled much later than other parts of south western WA, under a soldier resettlement scheme beginning in 1919. Typical scenery is farmland interspersed with forests and small timber towns.

The highway then goes through Bridgetown (where it meets the Brockman Highway from Augusta and Nannup), Manjimup and finally to Walpole. This part of the highway, especially from Manjimup, is sparsely populated and very thickly forested, with abundant wildlife and wildflowers as well as many old growth trees, especially the giant karri.

From Walpole, the Highway 1 continues as South Coast Highway to Albany.

Major towns

 * Armadale
 * Byford
 * Pinjarra
 * Waroona
 * Yarloop
 * Harvey
 * Brunswick Junction
 * Bunbury
 * Boyanup
 * Donnybrook
 * Bridgetown
 * Manjimup
 * Walpole

History
Following the establishment of the Swan River Colony, the earliest report of exploration of the district around what is now Bunbury is from Lieutenant H. W. Bunbury in December 1836. The route he – and later others – took was slow and hazardous, taking four days to cover around 80 mi, and crossing four rivers. The route began with passage from Perth to Pinjarra, before turning south-west and passing through low, open scrubland, and subsequently a medium-timbered area with low marshes. The first river to cross was the Harvey River, which could only be forded by horses at a single point, near the river mouth. Continuing south-westward, the northern tip of Leschenault Estuary was reached, and its shores followed before curving around into Bunbury. The last stretch of approximately 12 mi was the most dangerous for many years, as it required precarious crossings at the Collie and Preston Rivers.

In an initial attempt to settle the area, the government declared the land open for pastoral settlement by ordinary settlers, but little progress was made. By 1840, the population was just fifty-three, and most of those were in or near Bunbury (then known as Port Leschenault). The settlement of Australind by the Western Australian Land Company in 1840–41 prompted the first real need for a good quality road to Perth. Throughout much of 1842, there was much debate and discussion over providing a new route to Bunbury. A coastal route from Fremantle had been proposed, while an alternative proposal published on 11 May 1842 was a new route from Pinjarra to Bunbury, via an upstream crossing of the Harvey River, where a bridge could easily be built. The coastal route would require a ferry to cross the Murray River's estuary, and did not go through Pinjarra, a significant settlement in the area; however, it would be shorter, had more water along the route, and did go through the village of Mandurah, with a population of twenty-nine people from six families. During the winter of 1842, the existing route became impassable, and Clifton decided to undertake the creation of the proposed coastal route. He sent his company's men to clear the path and make a road.

By the second half of the nineteenth century, the importance of the coast road was diminishing. For most of its length, the road went through well-timbered, sandy limestone country of little value to agriculture, and settlers in the vicinity of the road were scarce. In contrast, settlements had spread and prospered in the foothills of the Darling Scarp, and on 1 July 1853, Colonial Secretary Frederick Barlee announced a new proposal for a Perth–Pinjarra–Bunbury route along the foothills, with a 1 chain width, mostly following the alignment of previous tracks. Between 1864 and 1876, two parties of convicts were involved in the making of the road.

A road from Bunbury to Boyanup, called the Blackwood Road, existed as early as 1864. A bi-weekly mail route from Boyanup to Bridgetown via Preston, Balingup, and Greenbushes was established by 1891; it also extended further south to Balbarrup on a weekly basis. Surveying of a direct Bridgetown–Albany route was requested in January 1871, so that an electric telegraph line could be established, but the government surveyors were overwhelmed by other work. Surveying of the route from Manjimup (south of Bridgetown, adjacent to Balbarrup) was undertaken in 1909 by Fred S. Brockman.

Following World War I, the government intended to settle returning servicemen in the far south-west of the state. To determine the public works required, a flying survey was undertaken. The route between Manjimup and Walpole (then known as Nornalup) was reported to be overgrown and impassable. The Public Works Department was tasked with clearing the route and forming a road, with works gradually progressing from c. 1919 onwards. By October 1921, £16,000 had been spent on upgrading the dirt track to a formed and gravelled road, with works expected to be completed over the 1921–22 summer at a cost of £2,000.

The road from Bunbury through Bridgetown to Manjimup was improved in 1926, as one of the Main Road Board's first projects. The worst segments were identified for reconstruction, as part of an ongoing process to create a high-quality highway.

The name South Western Highway was suggested for the road from Armadale to Pemberton in 1940 by the Under-Secretary for Lands. The name was in common usage by March 1941, and in July 1941, the name was officially applied to "the main road from Armadale to Pemberton via Pinjarra, Harvey, Picton Junction, Boyanup, Donnybrook, Bridgetown and Manjimup". The northern end was at the Perth–Albany road in Armadale, and the southern end was at Brockman Street, Pemberton.

title: South Western Highway


text:
User:Nickybutt

Number of articles in Wikipedia as of on Monday, July 29, 2024 —

Real name: Nikolaj Winther

Education: Librarian

Home town: Roskilde, Denmark

Born: 1973

Homepage (in danish): http://www.piniwi.dk

Edit summary legend

da:Bruger:Nickybutt

title: User:Nickybutt


text:
Coopersville, New York

Coopersville, New York may refer to:

 * Coopersville, Clinton County, New York
 * Coopersville, Livingston County, New York

title: Coopersville, New York


text:
Talk:Hermann Friedrich Graebe

Untitled
This needs much expansion. Some assorted Google links:, , , , , , (all in German). There's also an article from the German newspaper Der Spiegel, published in issue 30/2001, written by one Christian Habbe, entitled "Teil 12: Wie der Mitläufer Friedrich Gräbe zum Judenretter wurde". Lupo 09:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently he saved "hundreds of jews" according to the book by Rev Doug Huneke, amazon link to book here: http://www.amazon.com/Moses-Rovno-Stirring-Christian-Hundreds/dp/0396087140 I have read this book and the current bio in this document is far lacking if the book is correct.76.21.18.192 (talk) 14:15, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * He later provided vital testimony in the Einsatzgruppen Trial, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, invoking bitter persecution from many of his countrymen

Can anyone elaborate ? 213.40.122.204 (talk) 21:37, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hermann Friedrich Graebe


text:
Karl Agathon

Karl C. Agathon (callsign "Helo") is a fictional character on the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica TV series, portrayed by Tahmoh Penikett.

Background
Agathon is an Electronic Countermeasures Officer, part of a two-person Colonial Raptor crew based on the Battlestar Galactica, and is paired with Sharon "Boomer" Valerii before the Cylon destruction of the Twelve Colonies. Unlike other major characters such as Kara "Starbuck" Thrace or Gaius Baltar, the series reveals little about Agathon's life before the events of the series. It is confirmed Helo is a Caprican, which is partly why he and Starbuck knew each other.

The (unofficial) backstory Tahmoh Penikett and Katee Sackhoff came up with to explain a comment from Thrace in "Scattered" that she and Helo "go way back" is the two were old friends for a long time who most likely attended the academy together as cadets and as "drinking buddies".

Miniseries
During the Cylon attack, Agathon and Sharon's Raptor is damaged, he is hit in the leg and they are forced to land on Caprica. While making repairs, they are mobbed by a group of survivors desperate to get off the planet. A lottery is used to decide who will be allowed to escape due to the Raptor's limited space. Agathon sacrifices own seat to allow Dr Gaius Baltar, discovered in the crowd, to survive. Boomer lifts off with refugees aboard and Helo is left on the nuked and occupied Caprica with only a med kit and sidearm.

Series
After the Raptor leaves, Agathon flees into the wilderness and tries to elude Cylon forces, surviving by using anti-radiation injections and the other contents of his survival kit. Eventually, he is captured by a Number Six copy, but is rescued by Valerii (unknown to Agathon, his rescuer is another copy of Cylon model Number Eight). Valerii's true motive in accompanying Agathon is the participation in a Cylon experiment designed to attempt to create a Cylon–human hybrid offspring. The Cylons track Agathon's progress toward a military base in Delphi, placing him in situations designed to result in affection and ultimately love towards Valerii. The experiment results in Valerii becoming pregnant, though as an unintended side effect, she falls in love with him. Agathon soon discovers the truth about her Cylon nature after spotting another Number Eight copy while trying to infiltrate the Delphi military base. Believing that he is being led into a trap, he runs from the base and Valerii.

She eventually catches up to him and reveals she is pregnant. Despite shooting her in the shoulder, Agathon realizes he can't bring himself to kill her and instead, at her urging, takes her with him to the Delphi museum. It is there he is reunited with fellow Galactica pilot Kara "Starbuck" Thrace, who is on a special mission from President Laura Roslin to recover the Arrow of Apollo. After nearly being killed by Thrace, Valerii steals the Cylon Raider and flies off. Agathon and Thrace make their way first to Thrace's old apartment to retrieve a new mode of transport (an old army truck she owned) and then into the woods in search of another military base. While stopping to get their bearings, they run into a group of Pyramid players-turned resistance fighters. After Thrace is wounded and captured by the Cylons, Agathon and the others track her down and attempt to rescue her from the hospital where she is being held. They are, surprisingly, aided by Valerii, who returns in a stolen Heavy Raider. With the Arrow of Apollo in hand, Agathon, Thrace and Valerii leave Caprica and make their way to Kobol to rejoin Roslin.

Upon rejoining the Colonial survivors aboard the Astral Queen, Agathon pulls his gun on Lee Adama in order to stop him from shooting Valerii, whom Adama blames for the attempt another Valerii copy makes on his father's life. Later, while searching for the Tomb of Athena on the surface of Kobol, Agathon admits to Valerii he still loves and trusts her.

After finding the Tomb of Athena, Agathon returns with the group to Galactica, almost three months after being MIA and presumed dead. His homecoming is bittersweet; Helo's former friends turn their backs on him due to his love for a Cylon, let alone one whose doppelgänger attempted to murder Commander William Adama. Helo finds support from Starbuck and Chief Petty Officer Galen Tyrol, who was in love with the original Galactica crew member version of Sharon before her betrayal of the fleet and death. Helo eventually is accepted by the crew when he recommends the Blackbird should be encased in carbon-composite skin to make it a stealth ship.

After the appearance of the Battlestar Pegasus, Agathon witnesses Sharon's torture and attempted rape by Lieutenant Alastair Thorne, a Pegasus crew member and Cylon interrogator. Along with Tyrol, Helo stops Thorne from raping Sharon but in the process, they accidentally kill him. (This incident is subject to subtly different editing. In the DVD version of the episode, they interrupt Thorne while he is raping Sharon; in the broadcast version, they arrive just in time to prevent it.) Admiral Cain's summary trial and death sentence of Agathon and Tyrol bring Galactica to a confrontation with Pegasus. Although the death sentence is not carried out, Agathon and Tyrol remain in the brig, where Tyrol ultimately gives Helo his blessing for a relationship with Sharon. The two are eventually released by Colonel Jack Fisk, with all charges being dropped.

Following his captivity on Pegasus, Helo is reunited with his version of Sharon as her pregnancy continues. When President Laura Roslin proclaims her intention to force Sharon to undergo an abortion to eliminate the perceived threat Hera Agathon (Helo and Sharon's child) represents to the fleet, Helo begs Admiral Adama to overrule Roslin and allow himself and the pregnant Sharon to leave the fleet and find a world where they could live in peace. Adama refuses and Roslin rescinds her demand for a forced abortion when Gaius Baltar extracts blood from the unborn child for use as a cure for Roslin's terminal cancer. This leads to Roslin betraying Helo again by ordering Helo and Sharon's newborn daughter to be taken from the hospital after she is born. The infant's death is faked and Helo is given what are ostensibly her ashes, which he and Tyrol release into space.

Following the discovery and settlement of the planet New Caprica, Agathon remains on Galactica as part of her skeleton crew. He is promoted to captain and serves as Galactica ' s executive officer (XO), replacing Colonel Saul Tigh. Karl Agathon marries his version of Sharon Valerii, who is commissioned as a lieutenant in the Colonial Fleet and takes the call sign "Athena". He later assists Lee Adama in the latter's effort to lose weight.

During an attempt by Galactica to spread a virus to wipe out the Cylon race, Agathon disobeys orders and sabotages a key part of the plan because he considers such an action to be genocidal.

When Colonel Tigh finally returns to the position of Galactica ' s XO after a long depression brought on by his experiences on New Caprica (in particular his execution of his wife, Ellen, for collaboration with the Cylons), Agathon returns to the flight line. He pilots one of the Raptors used to guide the fleet through a nearly un-navigable and highly radioactive stellar cluster. He becomes one of the second highest pilots left after the deaths of Kara "Starbuck" Thrace and Louanne "Kat" Katraine. He is next in line with Ricky "Two Times" Richardson and Marcia "Showboat" Case, respectively.

Two weeks after the death of Kara, Helo takes over as C.A.G. (Commander, Air Group) from the still visibly shaken Lee Adama, who is subsequently removed by Admiral Adama. Days later, he once again temporarily replaces Col. Tigh as XO, when it becomes apparent the latter has returned to the bottle. Helo returns to his duties as CAG after Colonel Tigh returns to duty. When Starbuck returns, Helo is placed second in command on the Demetrius in the mission to find earth. During the mission to destroy the Hub, Helo rescued the Number Three D'Anna before the Hub was destroyed.

During the mutiny, Helo was beaten unconscious by the mutineers and thrown in the brig along with his wife and daughter. After the mutiny was put down, he and his family returned to life as usual. This equilibrium was disrupted when Boomer, the Raptor pilot he had formerly served with, impersonated his wife and allowed him to seduce her (while Athena, bound in a closet, watched in helpless fury) and then abducted Hera for study. Boomer fled with the child to the Colony, where John Cavil intended to dissect her to determine the secrets leading to her conception. After the abduction, with Athena in a listless depression, Helo begged Adama to let him take out a Raptor for a search-and-rescue mission, despite the risk he would not find her or return. (Adama, stern if sympathetic, denied the request.)

When Adama finally obtained the location of the Colony, Helo and Athena were among the many who volunteered to crew Galactica for the attack-and-rescue mission. He devised the plan of using Raptors as boarding craft, inserting small teams of Marines into the Colony—a plan made extremely dangerous by the dense asteroid agglomeration and gravitational distortions caused by the Colony's orbit around a black hole. He and Athena were the only Raptor crew to survive insertion, combat and withdrawal but (with a little help from a repentant Boomer) retrieved their daughter. Soon after, Galactica was boarded and Helo was shot in the thigh. Hera fled the scene and despite knowing he would die of blood loss unless Sharon attended him, Helo demanded she protects their daughter.

Helo did not appear again until the last few minutes of the episode. Though he used a walking stick to counter his limp, he was still alive, still mobile, and evidently not severely distressed by his injury; instead, he bantered with Sharon over what they would teach Hera (and who should get to teach her) on this new planet called Earth. While Karl and Sharon Agathon passed namelessly into history, Hera was eventually identified by Earth scientists as "Mitochondrial Eve".

Character origin
Helo was originally conceived as a "red-shirt" character. After stranding him on the post-nuclear attack Caprica, the writers had no further plans for the character and intended his fate to be that he died (off-screen) in the radiation that followed the nuking of the planet. But Penikett impressed showrunners, and fans took a liking to the character and wanted to know what happened to him after he was left on Caprica. The producers revised their plans for the series to include the character and his activities on Caprica after the mini-series.

Name
Like many of the characters on the series, his name has its origins in ancient Greece, Agathon being the name of an Athenian tragic poet. The Greek proverbial phrase kalon k'agathon ("the beautiful and the good") — also written as kalos k'agathos — was used to describe the ideal man, the epitome of both aesthetics and ethics, as well as the Form of the Good in Platonic philosophy. Helo's full name, Karl C. Agathon, wasn't revealed until the release of "33" — after the writers revised their original plans and expanded the character's storyline. His call sign, "Helo," could possibly originate from the Greek Titan Helios, though it is also military slang for a helicopter.

Agathon is also the name of a Prince of Troy in the Iliad. King Priam scolds Agathon and his 8 brothers for being cowards after Hector is killed by Achilles. On page 475, beginning on line 263 in Book 24 of Stanley Lombardo's translation:

"And he [Priam] waded through them, scattering them With his staff. Then he called to his sons In a harsh voice--Helenus and Paris, Agathon, Pammon, Antiphnus, Polities, Deiphobus, Hippothous, and noble Dius--"

title: Karl Agathon


text:
Conservative Laestadianism

Conservative Laestadianism is the largest branch of the Lutheran revival movement Laestadianism. It has spread to 16 countries. As of 2012 there were about 115,000 Conservative Laestadians, most of them in Finland, the United States, Norway, and Sweden. The movement and this denomination attribute their teachings to the Bible and the Lutheran Book of Concord.

History
Laestadianism received its name from Pastor Lars Levi Laestadius. The origin of the denomination's name from the Finnish word for 'conservative' (vanhoillis-) is unknown. In North and South America as well as in Africa this denomination is known as the Laestadian Lutheran Movement.

The movement began in Swedish Lapland. Laestadius met a Sami woman named Milla Clementsdotter of Föllinge, during an 1844 inspection tour of Åsele. Clementsdotter recited various biblical teachings to Laestadius. This was an important meeting for Laestadius because afterwards he felt he understood the secret of living faith. He believed that he received the forgiveness for his sins and saw the way that led to the eternal life. His sermons underwent a marked transformation, and the movement began to spread from Sweden to Finland and Norway.

Divisions
At the beginning of the 20th century, Laestadianism broke into three branches: The Firstborn Laestadianism, Reawakening and Conservative Laestadianism. After this major schism, several other groups have also departed from Conservative Laestadianism. It nevertheless remains the largest branch of Laestadianism.

Dissociation and exclusivity
Conservative Laestadianism's leadership rigidly adheres to the teaching that all other Christian groups, including other Laestadian sub-groups, even those doctrinally identical to Conservative Laestadians, are heretical and have no place in the Kingdom of Heaven.

Doctrine
The central teaching of Conservative Laestadianism, like the movement as a whole, is the declaration of forgiveness of sins whereby members proclaim to one another, "You can believe all sins forgiven in Jesus' name and precious blood," or similar words. Upon receiving this rite, a believer is said to receive the Holy Spirit allowing him or her to be saved from eternal damnation on the basis that God forgets all sins when they have been forgiven. This rite is also called the power of the "keys of the kingdom."

Conservative Laestadians believe that God has given the gift of faith to every child born in the world, although in their world view only Conservative Laestadians actually accept the gift.

Conservative Laestadians often have large families due to their belief that contraception is a sin. They believe that God is the lord of birth and death. They do not have a television at home because of the showing of what is viewed as offensive and sinful programing. They do not drink alcohol or listen to pop music. Recently, however, the Internet is blurring the line between television and no television as many watch television programming on the Internet.

Conservative Laestadians have about 780 preachers and 120 priests. LLC has about 68 preachers. All preachers among Conservative Laestadianism are men.

Distribution

Conservative Laestadianism is located mainly in northern Europe and North America. Small congregations can be found in Africa, southern Europe and South America. There are about 115,000 Conservative Laestadians, most of them in Finland, the United States and Sweden. Most (80,000-150,000) are in Finland. Conservative Laestadians organize big summer services every year. It is the biggest religious event in Nordic countries. About 70,000 guests come from all over the world. Conservative Laestadianism does mission work in 16 countries: Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Canada, Kenya, Latvia, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo and the United States.

Congregations in North America are located in the following provinces and states:

Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Saskatchewan.

United States: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.

Child sex abuse scandal
In 2011, the Finnish news media reported widespread child sexual abuse and coverup within Finnish Conservative Laestadianism occurring over at least 30 years that eventually led to many criminal cases including against several Laestadian lay preachers, resulting in lengthy prison terms. Child welfare worker Johanna Hurtig, Ph.D., herself a Conservative Laestadian, allegedly uncovered the abuse in the course of her research on sex abuse in the Finnish Lutheran church as a whole. After she was ridiculed and dismissed by the Finnish Conservative Laestadian leadership, Hurtig's findings were reported to the media, leading to wide scrutiny of the sect by the Finnish public.

Criticism of claims
An article by Jani Kaaro from July 2015 entitled "Laestadians – A Modern Witchhunt" in the Finnish publication Rapport, questions the methods used to build the cases against the church leaders by the Finnish criminal justice system, in particular alleging the possible planting of the false ideas in children's minds.

Associations

 * North America: Laestadian Lutheran Church (LLC)
 * Finland: Central Association of the Finnish Associations of Peace (Suomen Rauhanyhdistysten Keskusyhdistys ry - SRK)
 * Sweden and Norway: Central Association of the Swedish Associations of Peace (Sveriges fridsföreningars centralorganisation - SFC)
 * Estonia: Estonian Lutheran Association of Peace (Eesti Luterlik Rahuühendus)

Publications
Conservative Laestadians have five newspapers, three in Finland and two in North America. Those newspapers are translated into eight languages. The LLC publishes The Voice of Zion and The Shepherd's Voice in English, Finnish, French and Spanish. The SRK in Finland publishes Päivämies, Siionin Lähetyslehti and Lasten polku (previously Siionin Kevät) in Estonian, Finnish, English, German, Russian and Swedish. The hymnal, Songs and Hymns of Zion, has been translated into seven languages. There is also a book which describes Conservative Laestadian doctrine, The Treasure Hidden in a Field. However, the Bible is their most important book.

Literature

 * Treasure Hidden in a Field, ISBN 1-887034-04-8
 * From Victory to Victory, SRK
 * In the Footsteps of the Sheep, ISBN 1-887034-03-X
 * By Faith, LLC
 * God Is Love, ISBN 1-887034-01-3
 * The Storms Will Cease, ISBN 0-8087-0038-3
 * Aviva and the First Christmas, LLC

title: Conservative Laestadianism


text:
Chip pan

A chip pan is a deep-sided cooking pan used for deep-frying. Chip pans are named for their traditional use in frying chips (called "French fries" in the United States).

Today, they are made from either aluminium or stainless steel, although in the past were commonly made from cast iron. A basket is placed inside the pan, to lower the chips into the hot cooking oil, and to raise them once cooked.

Chip pans are commonly used in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, although are slowly being rendered obsolete by deep fryers.

Manufacture
Chip pans are commonly manufactured through a spinning process, as the metal used is malleable. The lid is typically stamped out by a die in a heavy press.

Safety and health
Repeated heating of oil is believed to greatly increase the free radicals in the oil, leading to a higher risk of heart disease.

Injuries, particularly to children, caused by the hot oil from a chip pan falling on them are a common cause of hospital admission in the UK.

Fire hazards
Chip pans are the most common cause of house fires in the United Kingdom, with around 12,000 chip pan fires every year, 1100 of them considered serious, resulting in over 4600 injuries, and 50 deaths per year. British Fire Brigades frequently issue warnings and advice, urging households to switch to a safer means of cooking chips, and advising that, unless it can be easily contained, the fire be left to the emergency services. Several fire brigades have offered a "chip pan amnesty", trading old chip pans for a deep fryer.

Chip pans account for one-fifth of all domestic fires in the Republic of Ireland. After two men died in a 2016 fire in Cork City, a coroner recommended the sale of chip pans be banned and old chip pans be disposed of. Another coroner noted the danger of people heavily inebriated by alcohol putting on a chip pan and falling asleep. In 2015, at a halting site in Carrickmines, eleven people were killed in a chip pan fire, the worst fire in Ireland for 34 years.

Prevention
Measures to prevent chip fires include:
 * Not using chip pans (making oven chips, microwave chips, or frying in a thermostat-controlled electric deep fryer).
 * Not using chip pans when feeling unwell, or after having taken alcohol or other drugs.
 * Not filling the pan more than 1/3 full; frying food in small amounts.
 * Not leaving the pan unattended, even if the phone or doorbell rings.
 * Turning the handle to the side so as not to accidentally knock it (but not over another hot ring).
 * If the oil or fat starts to smoke, not adding food, turning off the heat immediately, and waiting for it to cool down.
 * Drying food before adding it to the oil, including removing any ice.
 * Adding a small piece of food to test the temperature; if it crisps quickly, the oil is already hot enough.

Some local fire services will supply free deep fryers. Electric deep fryers feature thermostat-controlled internal heating elements that prevent the oil being heated to the point of ignition.

Dealing with a chip pan fire
A correct mitigation approach includes:
 * Not moving the pan.
 * Turning off the heat, if it can be done safely. Leaning over the fire to reach the controls is unsafe.
 * If the cooker is electric, cutting off the power supply will turn off the heat. The power can be cut at the fuse box or breaker box, or at the electricity meter.
 * Putting out the fire only if it can be done safely.
 * The best way to accomplish this is to place a lid on the pan.
 * If not possible a class F extinguisher can be used, however care must be taken not to spread the fire outside of the pan. Other extinguisher classes have to be avoided.
 * Adding water must be avoided at all costs, as it leads to violent fire spread.
 * If the fire cannot be put out, getting everyone out of the room, closing the door, getting everyone out of the house, and then calling the fire department.

Ineffective methods
It is essential not to use water to extinguish a chip pan fire. Attempts to extinguish cooking oil fires with water result in a slopover, an extremely dangerous condition whereby the flaming oil is violently expelled from the container.

Cooking oil fires (Europe class F, US class K) burn hotter than other typical combustible liquids, rendering the standard class A and B fire extinguishers ineffective and even dangerous. Class F fire extinguishers featuring a yellow label use saponification to put out chip pan fires by spraying an alkaline solution which reacts with the fat to make non-flammable soap. These extinguishers are generally only available in industrial and commercial kitchens.

The use of fire blankets has traditionally been considered effective and safe, especially in Europe and Australia. It has, however, been put in question by the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority. The Netherlands Foundation for Burn Wounds reported several accidents involving the use of fire blankets when extinguishing oil/fat fires.

title: Chip pan


text:
Alex Kew

Alexander Charles Kew (born 21 October 1986) is an English actor, musician, and singer-songwriter from High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. He is best known for his roles as Declan in 2point4 Children and as Josh Barker in My Parents Are Aliens.

TV and film
He is best known for playing Josh Barker in the children's sitcom My Parents Are Aliens. He has also played a variety of other parts, most notably Declan in the final series of 2point4 Children. He has also appeared in ITV1's The Bill, as Oliver Sinclair (Ollie) in the pilot episode of BBC Three comedy Coming of Age and as Simon Cosgrove in the film About a Boy.

Theatre
Kew's first theatre role was in Stephen Daldry's production of An Inspector Calls at the Garrick Theatre. He also played the bell boy in David Lan's revival of Thornton Wilder's play Skin of our Teeth at the Young Vic in 2004.

He joined the stage show "Buddy Jolly and The Cricketers" in 2018 and has been touring with them ever since.

Music
Also a singer and guitarist, Kew joined a local rock band, The Wutars in 2009, making his onstage debut at the launch of their first EP at London's 100 Club. After the band's split in July 2011, he has continued to record and perform as a solo artist.

title: Alex Kew


text:
Evidence-based policy

Evidence-based policy (also known as evidence-based governance) is a concept in public policy that advocates for policy decisions to be grounded on, or influenced by, rigorously established objective evidence. This concept presents a stark contrast to policymaking predicated on ideology, 'common sense', anecdotes, or personal intuitions. The methodology employed in evidence-based policy often includes comprehensive research methods such as randomized controlled trials (RCT). Good data, analytical skills, and political support to the use of scientific information are typically seen as the crucial elements of an evidence-based approach.

An individual or organisation is justified in claiming that a specific policy is evidence-based if, and only if, three conditions are met. First, the individual or organisation possesses comparative evidence about the effects of the specific policy in comparison to the effects of at least one alternative policy. Second, the specific policy is supported by this evidence according to at least one of the individual's or organisation's preferences in the given policy area. Third, the individual or organisation can provide a sound account for this support by explaining the evidence and preferences that lay the foundation for the claim.

The effectiveness of evidence-based policy hinges upon the presence of quality data, proficient analytical skills, and political backing for the utilization of scientific information.

While proponents of evidence-based policy have identified certain types of evidence, such as scientifically rigorous evaluation studies like randomized controlled trials, as optimal for policymakers to consider, others argue that not all policy-relevant areas are best served by quantitative research. This discrepancy has sparked debates about the types of evidence that should be utilized. For example, policies concerning human rights, public acceptability, or social justice may necessitate different forms of evidence than what randomized trials provide. Furthermore, evaluating policy often demands moral philosophical reasoning in addition to the assessment of intervention effects, which randomized trials primarily aim to provide.

In response to such complexities, some policy scholars have moved away from using the term evidence-based policy, adopting alternatives like evidence-informed. This semantic shift allows for continued reflection on the need to elevate the rigor and quality of evidence used, while sidestepping some of the limitations or reductionist notions occasionally associated with the term evidence-based. Despite these nuances, the phrase "evidence-based policy" is still widely employed, generally signifying a desire for evidence to be used in a rigorous, high-quality, and unbiased manner, while avoiding its misuse for political ends.

History
The shift towards contemporary evidence-based policy is deeply rooted in the broader movement towards evidence-based practice. This shift was largely influenced by the emergence of evidence-based medicine during the 1980s. However, the term 'evidence-based policy' was not adopted in the medical field until the 1990s. In social policy, the term was not employed until the early 2000s.

The initial instance of evidence-based policy was manifested in tariff-making in Australia. The legislation necessitated that tariffs be informed by a public report issued by the Tariff Board. This report would cover the tariff, industrial, and economic implications.

History of evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a term that was first introduced by Gordon Guyatt. Nevertheless, examples of EBM can be traced back to the early 1900s. Some contend that the earliest instance of EBM dates back to the 11th century when Ben Cao Tu Jing from the Song Dynasty suggested a method to evaluate the efficacy of ginseng.

Many scholars regard evidence-based policy as an evolution from "evidence-based medicine", where research findings are utilized to support clinical decisions. In this model, evidence is collected through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compare a treatment group with a placebo group to measure outcomes.

While the earliest published RCTs in medicine date back to the 1940s and 1950s, the term 'evidence-based medicine' did not appear in published medical research until 1993. In the same year, the Cochrane Collaboration was established in the UK. This organization works to keep all RCTs up-to-date and provides "Cochrane reviews", which present primary research in human health and health policy.

The usage of the keyword EBM has seen a significant increase since the 2000s, and the influence of EBM has substantially expanded within the field of medicine.

History of evidence-based policy making
The application of randomized controlled trials in social policy was notably later than in the medical field. Although elements of an evidence-based approach can be traced back as far as the fourteenth century, it was popularized more recently during the tenure of the Blair Government in the United Kingdom. This government expressed a desire to shift away from ideological decision-making in policy formulation. For instance, a 1999 UK Government white paper, Modernising Government, emphasized the need for policies that "really deal with problems, are forward-looking and shaped by evidence rather than a response to short-term pressures; [and] tackle causes not symptoms."

This shift in policy formulation led to an upswing in research and activism advocating for more evidence-based policy-making. As a result, the Campbell Collaboration was established in 1999 as a sibling organization to the Cochrane Collaboration. The Campbell Collaboration undertakes reviews of the most robust evidence, analyzing the impacts of social and educational policies and practices.

The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) furthered the drive for more evidence-based policymaking by granting £1.3 million to the Evidence Network in 1999. Similar to both the Campbell and Cochrane Collaborations, the Evidence Network functions as a hub for evidence-based policy and practice. More recently, the Alliance for Useful Evidence was established, funded by the ESRC, Big Lottery, and Nesta, to advocate for the use of evidence in social policy and practice. The Alliance, operating throughout the UK, promotes the use of high-quality evidence to inform decisions on strategy, policy, and practice through advocacy, research publication, idea sharing, advice, event hosting, and training.

The application of evidence-based policy varies among practitioners. For instance, Michael Kremer and Rachel Glennerster, curious about strategies to enhance students' test scores, conducted randomized controlled trials in Kenya. They experimented with new textbooks and flip charts, and smaller class sizes, but they discovered that the only intervention that boosted school attendance was treating intestinal worms in children. Their findings led to the establishment of the Deworm the World Initiative, a charity highly rated by GiveWell for its cost-effectiveness.

Recent discussions have emerged about the potential conflicts of interest in evidence-based decision-making applied to public policy development. In their analysis of vocational education in prisons run by the California Department of Corrections, researchers Andrew J. Dick, William Rich, and Tony Waters found that political factors inevitably influenced "evidence-based decisions," which were ostensibly neutral and technocratic. They argue that when policymakers, who have a vested interest in validating previous political judgments, fund evidence, there is a risk of corruption, leading to policy-based evidence making.

Methodology
Evidence-based policy employs various methodologies, but they all commonly share the following characteristics:
 * They test a theory as to why the policy will be effective and what the impacts of the policy will be if it is successful.
 * They include a counterfactual: an analysis of what would have occurred if the policy had not been implemented.
 * They incorporate some measurement of the impact.
 * They examine both direct and indirect effects that occur because of the policy.
 * They identify uncertainties and control for external influences outside of the policy that may affect the outcome.
 * They can be tested and replicated by a third party.

The methodology used in evidence-based policy aligns with the cost-benefit framework. It is designed to estimate a net payoff if the policy is implemented. Due to the difficulty in quantifying some effects and outcomes of the policy, the focus is primarily on whether benefits will outweigh costs, rather than assigning specific values.

Types of evidence in evidence-based policy making
Various types of data can be considered evidence in evidence-based policy making. The scientific method organizes this data into tests to validate or challenge specific beliefs or hypotheses. The outcomes of various tests may hold varying degrees of credibility within the scientific community, influenced by factors such as the type of blind experiment (blind vs. double-blind), sample size, and replication. Advocates for evidence-based policy strive to align societal needs (as framed within Maslow's Hierarchy of needs) with outcomes that the scientific method indicates as most probable.

Quantitative evidence
Quantitative evidence for policymaking includes numerical data from peer-reviewed journals, public surveillance systems, or individual programs. Quantitative data can also be collected by the government or policymakers themselves through surveys. Both evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based public health policy constructions extensively utilize quantitative evidence.

Qualitative evidence
Qualitative evidence comprises non-numerical data gathered through methods such as observations, interviews, or focus groups. It is often used to craft compelling narratives to influence decision-makers. The distinction between qualitative and quantitative data does not imply a hierarchy; both types of evidence can be effective in different contexts. Policymaking often involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative evidence.

Scholarly communication in policy-making
Academics provide input to policy beyond the production of content relating to issues addressed via policy through various channels:
 * some studies investigate existing policies (policy studies)
 * some studies include policy options with varying levels of specificity or detail or compare possible rough pathway-options
 * some science-related organizations devise concrete policy proposals
 * some academics engage in science communication or activism in various ways such as by holding press conferences, actively engaging with news media, engaging direct action themselves to attract media attention, writing collectively-signed public documents, social media activities, or creating open letters.

Overseas Development Institute
The Overseas Development Institute (ODI) asserts that research-based evidence can significantly influence policies that have profound impacts on lives. Illustrative examples mentioned in the UK's Department for International Development's (DFID) new research strategy include a 22% reduction in neonatal mortality in Ghana, achieved by encouraging women to initiate breastfeeding within one hour of childbirth, and a 43% decrease in mortality among HIV-positive children due to the use of a widely accessible antibiotic.

Following numerous policy initiatives, the ODI conducted an evaluation of their evidence-based policy efforts. This analysis identified several factors contributing to policy decisions that are only weakly informed by research-based evidence. Policy development processes are complex, seldom linear or logical, thus making the direct application of presented information by policy-makers an unlikely scenario. These factors encompass information gaps, secrecy, the necessity for rapid responses versus slow data availability, political expediency (what is popular), and a lack of interest among policy-makers in making policies more scientifically grounded. When a discrepancy is identified between the scientific process and political process, those seeking to reduce this gap face a choice: either to encourage politicians to adopt more scientific methods or to prompt scientists to employ more political strategies.

The ODI suggested that, in the face of limited progress in evidence-based policy, individuals and organizations possessing relevant data should leverage the emotional appeal and narrative power typically associated with politics and advertising to influence decision-makers. Instead of relying solely on tools like cost–benefit analysis and logical frameworks, the ODI recommended identifying key players, crafting compelling narratives, and simplifying complex research data into clear, persuasive stories. Rather than advocating for systemic changes to promote evidence-based policy, the ODI encouraged data holders to actively engage in the political process.

Furthermore, the ODI posited that transforming a person who merely 'finds' data into someone who actively 'uses' data within our current system necessitates a fundamental shift towards policy engagement over academic achievement. This shift implies greater involvement with the policy community, the development of a research agenda centered on policy issues instead of purely academic interests, the acquisition of new skills or the formation of multidisciplinary teams, the establishment of new internal systems and incentives, increased investment in communications, the production of a different range of outputs, and enhanced collaboration within partnerships and networks.

The Future Health Systems consortium, based on research undertaken in six countries across Asia and Africa, has identified several key strategies to enhance the incorporation of evidence into policy-making. These strategies include enhancing the technical capacity of policy-makers; refining the presentation of research findings; leveraging social networks; and establishing forums to facilitate the connection between evidence and policy outcomes.

The Pew Charitable Trusts
The Pew Charitable Trusts is a non-governmental organization dedicated to using data, science, and facts to serve the public good. One of its initiatives, the Results First, collaborates with different US states to promote the use of evidence-based policymaking in the development of their laws. The initiative has created a framework that serves as an example of how to implement evidence-based policy.

Pew's five key components of evidence-based policy are:
 * 1) Program Assessment: This involves systematic reviews of the available evidence on the effectiveness of public programs, the development of a comprehensive inventory of funded programs, categorization of these programs by their proven effectiveness, and identification of their potential return on investment.
 * 2) Budget Development: This process incorporates the evidence of program effectiveness into budget and policy decisions, prioritizing funding for programs that deliver a high return on investment. It involves integrating program performance information into the budget development process, presenting information to policymakers in user-friendly formats, including relevant studies in budget hearings and committee meetings, establishing incentives for implementing evidence-based programs and practices, and building performance requirements into grants and contracts.
 * 3) Implementation Oversight: This ensures that programs are effectively delivered and remain faithful to their intended design. Key aspects include establishing quality standards for program implementation, building and maintaining capacity for ongoing quality improvement and monitoring of fidelity to program design, balancing program fidelity requirements with local needs, and conducting data-driven reviews to improve program performance.
 * 4) Outcome Monitoring: This involves routinely measuring and reporting outcome data to determine whether programs are achieving their desired results. It includes developing meaningful outcome measures for programs, agencies, and the community, conducting regular audits of systems for collecting and reporting performance data, and regularly reporting performance data to policymakers.
 * 5) Targeted Evaluation: This process involves conducting rigorous evaluations of new and untested programs to ensure they warrant continued funding. This includes leveraging available resources to conduct evaluations, targeting evaluations to high-priority programs, making better use of administrative data for program evaluations, requiring evaluations as a condition for continued funding for new initiatives, and developing a centralized repository for program evaluations.

The Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy
The Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, whose mission was to increase government effectiveness through the use of rigorous evidence about "what works." Since 2001, the Coalition worked with U.S. Congressional and Executive Branch officials and advanced evidence-based reforms in U.S. social programs, which have been enacted into law and policy. The Coalition claimed to have no affiliation with any programs or program models, and no financial interest in the policy ideas it supported, enabling it to serve as an independent, objective source of expertise to government officials on evidence-based policy. In 2003 the Coalition published a guide on educational evidenced-based practices.

Major new policy initiatives that were enacted into law with the work of Coalition with congressional and executive branch officials.
 * Evidence-Based Home Visitation Program for at-risk families with young children (Department of Health and Human Services – HHS, $1.5 billion over 2010-2014
 * Evidence-Based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program (HHS, $109 million in FY14)
 * Investing in Innovation Fund, to fund development and scale-up of evidence-based K-12 educational interventions (Department of Education, $142 million in FY14)
 * First in the World Initiative, to fund development and scale-up of evidence-based interventions in postsecondary education (Department of Education, $75 million in FY14)
 * Social Innovation Fund, to support public/private investment in evidence-based programs in low-income communities (Corporation for National and Community Service, $70 million in FY14)
 * Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training Grants Program, to fund development and scale-up of evidence-based education and career training programs for dislocated workers (Department of Labor – DOL, $2 billion over 2011–2014)
 * Workforce Innovation Fund, to fund development and scale-up of evidence-based strategies to improve education/employment outcomes for U.S. workers (DOL, $47 million in FY14).

Their website now says "The Coalition wound down its operations in the spring of 2015, and the Coalition's leadership and core elements of the group's work have been integrated into the Laura and John Arnold Foundation".

Cost-benefit analysis in evidence-based policy
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a method used in evidence-based policy. It is an economic tool used to assess the economic, social, and environmental impacts of policies. The aim is to guide policymakers toward decisions that increase societal welfare.

The use of cost-benefit analysis in policy-making was first mandated by President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 in 1981. This order stated that administrative decisions should use sufficient information regarding the potential impacts of regulation. Maximizing the net benefits to society was a primary focus among the five general requirements of the order.

Later presidents, including Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, modified but still emphasized the importance of cost-benefit analysis in their executive orders. For example, Clinton's Executive Order 12866 kept the need for cost-benefit analysis but also stressed the importance of flexibility, public involvement, and coordination among agencies.

During Obama's administration, Executive Order 13563 further strengthened the role of cost-benefit analysis in regulatory review. It encouraged agencies to consider values that are hard or impossible to quantify, like equity, human dignity, and fairness.

The use of cost-benefit analysis in these executive orders highlights its importance in evidence-based policy. By comparing the potential impacts of different policy options, cost-benefit analysis aids in making policy decisions that are based on empirical evidence and designed to maximize societal benefits.

Critiques
Evidence-based policy has faced several critiques. Paul Cairney, a professor of politics and public policy at the University of Stirling in Scotland, contends that proponents of the approach often underestimate the complexity of policy-making and misconstrue how policy decisions are typically made. Nancy Cartwright and Jeremy Hardie question the emphasis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), arguing that evidence from RCTs is not always sufficient for making decisions. They suggest that applying experimental evidence to a policy context requires an understanding of the conditions present within the experimental setting and an assertion that these conditions also exist in the target environment of the proposed intervention. Additionally, they argue that the prioritization of RCTs could lead to the criticism of evidence-based policy being overly focused on narrowly defined 'interventions', which implies surgical actions on one causal factor to influence its effect.

The concept of intervention within the evidence-based policy movement aligns with James Woodward's interventionist theory of causality. However, policy-making also involves other types of decisions, such as institutional reforms and predictive actions. These other forms of evidence-based decision-making do not necessitate evidence of an invariant causal relationship under intervention. Hence, mechanistic evidence and observational studies are often adequate for implementing institutional reforms and actions that do not alter the causes of a causal claim.

Furthermore, there have been reports of frontline public servants, such as hospital managers, making decisions that detrimentally affect patient care to meet predetermined targets. This argument was presented by Professor Jerry Muller of the Catholic University of America in his book The Tyranny of Metrics.

title: Evidence-based policy


text:
Óscar Diego Gestido

Óscar Diego Gestido Pose (3 November 1901 – 6 December 1967), was a Uruguayan politician and military officer who was the 32nd President of Uruguay from March 1967 until his death in December of the same year.

Biography
Diego Gestido was from a military background, and served in the military for 36 years before retiring with the rank of general in 1957. Afterwards he had an important participation during the Uruguayan floods of April 1959, being considered a hero. He was also a member of the Colorado Party.

President of Uruguay
On 27 November 1966 elections were celebrated, together with a constitutional referendum which gave place to a new Constitution restoring one-person presidency. Diego Gestido was elected President.

Prominent people in his government included Vice President Jorge Pacheco Areco, César Charlone, Luis Hierro Gambardella, Julio Lacarte Muró, Manuel Flores Mora, and Zelmar Michelini, who later co-founded the Frente Amplio grouping.

Death and succession
Diego Gestido died in office. His remains were buried at the Central Cemetery of Montevideo. His death meant that three Uruguayan Presidents had died in office in a 20-year period. He was immediately succeeded by his vice president, Pacheco Areco.

Family
His brother Álvaro Gestido was a notable Uruguayan football player.

Honors

 * Rivera International Airport is named after him.

title: Óscar Diego Gestido


text:
User:Megha.khosla

Hi I am Megha.

title: User:Megha.khosla


text:
User:Rossjamesparker

Rossjamesparker is an management consultant based in London, England. Ross's interests include politics, economics, international relations, international development, business, philosophy and the internet. He occasionally contributes to Wikipedia, mainly in a corrective capacity.

title: User:Rossjamesparker


text:
User talk:Doddapraveen

User:Doddapraveen
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Doddapraveen), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 06:11, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doddapraveen