text:
Third World Child

Third World Child is a studio album by South African artist Johnny Clegg and his band Savuka, released in 1987 and produced by Hilton Rosenthal. Incorporating both Zulu and English lyrics, as well as political songs, it was the album which led Clegg to international fame. All songs were written by Johnny Clegg, except for "Giyani", in collaboration with V. Mavusa.

The track "Scatterlings of Africa" gave them an entry in the UK Singles Chart, reaching No. 75 in May 1987, and was featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film Rain Man.

The album has the same name as an earlier solo album Third World Child released by Clegg in 1985. The same title track appears on both albums but the other tracks are different. The tracks "Giyani", "Shadile (Ring on Her Finger)" and "Asimbonanga (Mandela)" appeared previously on the EP Johnny Clegg & Savuka, released in 1986.

Covers
The song "Great Heart" was covered by Jimmy Buffett a year after its release for his album Hot Water and became an opener for Buffett's concerts, being played in nearly every performance during the 2000 and 2003 tours. The 2000 tour was compiled into a live album, Buffett Live: Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, but "Great Heart" was left on the cutting room floor. However, many performances from the 2003 tour were captured on five out of seven of the Jimmy Buffett sound board live albums. Buffett originally heard the song after listening to Johnny Clegg cassette tapes while in France.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Johnny Clegg; except where noted.

Personnel

 * Johnny Clegg – vocals, guitar, concertina, Umhuphe mouth bow
 * Savuka
 * Mandisa Dlanga - vocals
 * Jabu Mavuso – bass guitar, vocals
 * Derek de Beer – drums, percussion, vocals
 * Keith Hutchinson – keyboards, flute, saxophone, vocals
 * Steve Mavuso – keyboards, vocals
 * Dudu Zulu – percussion, vocals
 * Additional personnel
 * Bobby Summerfield – mixer, recording engineer, keyboard and drum programming

title: Third World Child


text:
Hater (band)

Hater was an American rock supergroup that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1993. The band formed as a side project mostly under the direction of Soundgarden bassist Ben Shepherd. Additional members included Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron, guitarist John McBain (ex-Monster Magnet and, later, partner of Cameron and Shepherd in Wellwater Conspiracy), bassist John Waterman for the self-titled album, Devilhead vocalist Brian Wood, brother of Mother Love Bone vocalist Andrew Wood, and Alan Davis on bass for The 2nd.

Formation and first album (1993–94)
In 1993, Soundgarden members Ben Shepherd and Matt Cameron formed a side-project band, which they called Hater. They were joined by former Monster Magnet guitarist John McBain. The band's music featured a psychedelic garage rock sound, taking influence from The Stooges. Shepherd sang vocals and played guitar in Hater, in addition to writing several songs on the band's first release, Hater, which was released on September 21, 1993 through A&M Records. AllMusic said, "Those expecting a Soundgarden-esque hard rock album were caught off guard by Hater's penchant for garage rock and classic rock sounds."

Side-projects and break up (1995–98)
The band contributed a song for the 1995 compilation album, Hempilation: Freedom Is NORML, called "Convicted". The musicians for the track were Shepherd, McBain, bassist Alan Davis, and Cameron. This same lineup recorded a second Hater album in 1995 following Soundgarden's Superunknown tour. The album, however, would be delayed.

During the lengthy hiatus, Shepherd found time to complete the tracks for Hater's second album between his collaborations with Wellwater Conspiracy (another side project with Cameron and McBain), the Mark Lanegan Band, and several other artists. In 1997, after Hater broke up, Shepherd and McBain participated in the first Desert Sessions, a musical project led by Queens of the Stone Age frontman Josh Homme. Cameron joined Pearl Jam in 1998 and would go on to become the band's permanent drummer. Cameron and McBain kept Wellwater Conspiracy going as a permanent side project.

Post-breakup activities (2005–present)
Hater's second album, called The 2nd, would finally see release on April 26, 2005. It was released through Burn Burn Burn. Allmusic said that the album is "quite comparable to the group's first release" in that it contains "loose n' fun garage rockers." In 2005, Shepherd recruited bassist Andrew Church (Broadcast Oblivion, Droo Church), guitarist Bubba Dupree (Void), and drummer Andy Duvall (Zen Guerrilla) to support The 2nd with a tour following the release of the album. On September 30, 2008, Shepherd and Cameron reunited to perform a Hater show at the Tractor Tavern in Seattle, Washington.

Hater, initially released through A&M Records only on CD and cassette in 1993, was reissued on CD, and for the first time digitally and on vinyl, by UMe in July 2016.

Members

 * Matt Cameron – drums, vocals (1993–1997, 2005)
 * John McBain – guitar (1993–1997)
 * Ben Shepherd – guitar, vocals
 * John Waterman – bass (1993–1995)
 * Brian Wood – vocals (1993–1995)
 * Alan Davis – bass (1995–1997)
 * Andrew Church – bass (2005)
 * Bubba Dupree – guitar (2005)
 * Andy Duvall – drums (2005)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hater (band)


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Talk:Lower Clapton

Untitled
The definition given of Lower Clapton here was largely wrong. Aside from the fact that it leaves Clapton Library, Hackney Downs and a couple of notable Clapton historical sites in limbo, being west of Lower Clapton Road, it also claims an important chunk of Homerton, including Homerton University Hospital (!).

I am not sure, in fact that very much of Chatsworth Road is in LC at all, but since the chunk I know to be definitely in Homerton is named Brooksby's Walk, I left this entry in, though I think it misleading to suggest that this is the centre of the area except in a very narrow geographical sense for an Lower Clapton extended to the Lea. Every area seems to want to extend themselves to the Lea - see the dreadful entry for Stoke Newington. (Older accounts have the eastern area north of Homerton next to the marshes as 'Clapton Park', it seems to have been enfolded into LC of late.)

There's plenty more to write about LC historically, hope to fill out this piece a lot soon.

Tarquin Binary 15:57, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Historically, there's a basic problem with Hackney, in that it developed as a string of villages along the roads. Both upper and lower were a part of the village of Clopton, as this became ridiculously stretched out, the distinction came in to use. Homerton has much the same problem - being stretched out, but we've largely lost the distinction in that section. There are two sections for Clapton, and they seem to take their definition from the road leading to it, rather than geography.

Certainly, Brooksby's Walk was a part of Homerton, and I suspect development of Homerton would have proceeded up Chatsworth Rd, rather than down the hill from Lwr Clapton. Trouble is, these distinctions change over time. Chatsworth Rd was probably originally a path across the fields from Lower Homerton to Lee Bridge. The only meaningful way to look at it would be from the parish boundaries (when did Clapton get a parish?), or their sucessor political boundaries. I think medieval Clopton was centred around Brooke House - to the N of what is now the Lea Bridge roundabout. That makes things like the Round Chapel (in Chatham ward, the modern Homerton!) completely negotiable between Clapton, Central Hackney, and Homerton!

I'll hit the historical maps, sometime, but not hu

--Kbthompson 10:48, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

From this Whitbread map from 1871 it seems that Brooksby's Walk spilled out from Homerton, and Chatsworth Rd and Clifden Rd seem a lot better connected to Lower Clapton, so the bottom of Chatsworth Rd seems a reasonable place to put the barrier between Clapton and Homerton historically.

81.178.213.206 (talk) 11:30, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

What about Clapton Park?
Searching for "Clapton Park" redirects to the Lower Clapton page, but there is nothing about Clapton Park on the page (only in the discussion). What, pray, is the use of this? Could someone with knowledge of the subject put something about Clapton Park into the body of the article. Thank you. Zythophile (talk) 17:58, 5 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I've done a bit of searching, but it seems like a pretty nondescript park. Hackney council doesn't even have a page for the park, unlike many others it maintains. see . The redirect is probably leftover from a deleted article. Sorry I couldn't be more help. Grim23 ★ 18:37, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Not sure if this helps, but Clapton Park is listed as the name of an Ecclesiastical parish created in 1873. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_(parish)#Ecclesiastical_parish_subdivided Derekbd (talk) 23:46, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Proposed merge with Upper Clapton
The current Clapton, London is a superficial collection of a few paragraphs from both articles, created by a banned user. Since the Upper Clapton article says that Neither Upper Clapton nor the wider Clapton area have ever been an administrative unit and consequently their extent has never been formally determined, it sounds like a single Clapton article probably does make sense, but only if the entire contents of both of these articles are combined to make it, with Lower Clapton and Upper Clapton both redirecting to it. Does this sound like a good idea? Lord Belbury (talk) 12:19, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Merge - Lord Belbury and I have discussed this already in the context of restoring articles damaged by said banned user and I strongly agree with the idea of merging these articles. Lower and Upper Clapton are used colloquially to distinguish between the areas of Clapton which are South and North of the Lea Bridge Roundabout, but that doesn't mean they warrant individual articles. We can always highlight this local distinction in the wider Clapton article, if needed. In any case there absolutley should not be three articles for Upper Clapton, Lower Clapton and Clapton TheSLEEVEmonkey (talk) 14:50, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

I've transferred most of the UC and LC content over, with some additions and adaptions. I think the articles could now be merged if that's the plan. Reluctant to do it myself in case that is not the idea - also not confident in the technique. The UC article is very good, the LC article pretty basic, but I think it would be worth a fresh pair of eyes making sure we don't lose anything of value before any merger. Best wishes.

About to attempt the redirect. Starting with the lower quality LC article, then moving on if there are no objections after. Previous unsigned comment was mine btw. Thanks AlasdairDaw (talk) 10:20, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Support - Any update on this? Now that the Lower Clapton article has been merged an redirected it would be good if the Upper Clapton one was merged as well to create a single Clapton article. As mentioned before, "Upper Clapton" has never been formally demarcated so the merger makes sense. Elshad (talk) 14:34, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

I've now redirected Upper Clapton to Clapton. Regards AlasdairDaw (talk) 10:37, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
 * @AlasdairDaw Thanks! Elshad (talk) 16:15, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lower Clapton


text: User talk:70.243.113.26

title: User talk:70.243.113.26


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Gefitinib

See TALK


text:
Kanonenjagdpanzer

The Kanonenjagdpanzer (KanJPz) was a West German Cold War tank destroyer. Its design was very similar to that of the World War II Jagdpanzer IV.

Name
The Kanonenjagdpanzer is also known as the Jagdpanzer ("tank destroyer"), Kanone 90mm ("90mm Gun") or Kanonenjagdpanzer 4–5.

History
The first prototypes of the Kanonenjagdpanzer were built in 1960 by Hanomag and Henschel for West Germany and by Mowag for Switzerland, based on the experience of the Wehrmacht in the Second World War, the Kanonenjagdpanzer being a development of the Jagdpanzer IV. A second round of six prototypes this time built just by Hanomag and Henschel were constructed between 1962 and 1963. After that another set of six prototypes were built over the next two years still by Hanomag and Henschel. The features of the various prototypes were then combined into the final design.

At least one prototype with the designation Gepard was built by the Mowag firm; it stands today in the Swiss Military Museum at Full. For the Gepard two different two-stroke diesel engines were available, a five-cylinder, 6.7 litre, Type M5 DU Mowag generating 270 horsepower (199 kW) at 2,100 rpm and an 13.5 litre engine generating 540 horsepower (397 kW).

Between 1966 and 1967, 770 units were built for the Bundeswehr, 385 by Hanomag and 385 by Henschel. Eighty of them were delivered to Belgium from April 1975 onward.

When the Soviets began deploying their T-64 and T-72 main battle tanks, the 90 mm gun was not capable of engaging them in long-range combat and the Kanonenjagdpanzer became obsolete. Although the producers claimed it could be rearmed with a 105 mm gun, between 1983 and 1985, 163 of these tank destroyers were converted into Raketenjagdpanzer Jaguar 2 anti-tank guided missile carriers by removing the gun, adding a roof-mounted TOW missile launcher and fastening further spaced and perforated armour on the hull. Some others were refitted into artillery observation vehicles by removing the main gun, so called Beobachtungspanzer, which served most particularly in the mortar units.

Some Kanonenjagdpanzer remained in service with the Heimatschutztruppe until 1991.

Design
The Kanonenjagdpanzer was a highly mobile vehicle, its survivability based on its mobility and its low profile. Its hull consisted of welded steel with a maximum thickness of 50 mm. It carried a crew of four: commander, driver, gunner and loader. Since the Kanonenjagdpanzer followed the casemate design of most World War II tank destroyers, the gun was fixed within the casemate, located a little right from the center. The 90 mm gun could only traverse 15° to the sides and elevate from −8° to +15°. It carried 51 90 mm rounds for the main gun and 4,000 7.62 mm rounds for the two MG3s. The Kanonenjagdpanzer had NBC protection and night-fighting ability.

Variants

 * Spähpanzer Ru 251 – variant which intended to replace the M41 Walker Bulldog.
 * Raketenjagdpanzer 2
 * Jaguar 2

Operators

 * – The German Army operated a total of 770 units, known as Kanonenjagdpanzer (KaJaPa) until 1991, Jaguar 2 until 1996 and the Beobachtungs- und Befehlspanzer ("observation and command tank") until 2003. The last named had no gun.
 * 🇧🇪 – The Belgian Army operated 80 slightly modified Kanonenjagdpanzer from 1975 until the early 1980s.

Literature

 * André Deinhardt: Panzergrenadiere – eine Truppengattung im Kalten Krieg: 1960 bis 1970. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-48670464-8.
 * 3rd revised edition of the catalogue of the Panzermuseum Munster, 1992, publ. Stadt Munster.
 * 3rd revised edition of the catalogue of the Panzermuseum Munster, 1992, publ. Stadt Munster.

title: Kanonenjagdpanzer


text:
Sheldon Datz

Sheldon Datz  (July 21, 1927 – August 15, 2001) was an American chemist. Born in New York City as the son of Clara and Jacob Datz, he went to Stuyvesant High School and received a degree in chemistry from Columbia University and the University of Tennessee. Along with Dr. Ellison Taylor, Datz was an early contributor to the invention of the molecular beam technique, for which Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John Charles Polanyi later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He shared the Fermi Award in 2000 with Sidney Drell and Herbert York.

Datz served in the U.S. Navy and moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee upon the opening of federal nuclear facilities there after the Second World War. He married Roslyn Gordon Datz and fathered two children: William (Bill) Datz and Joan Ellen Datz Green. They divorced, and Sheldon later married Jonna Holm Datz of Denmark.

Awards

 * 1998 Davisson-Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics
 * 2000 Enrico Fermi Award

title: Sheldon Datz


text:
Zhar (Great Old One)

Zhar is a fictional deity in the Cthulhu Mythos. The being first appeared in the short story "The Lair of the Star-Spawn" (1932) by August Derleth and Mark Schorer. Zhar and its companion Lloigor are together known as the Twin Obscenities.

Zhar in the mythos
Zhar is a Great Old One and appears as a colossal mass of tentacles. The being came from the star Arcturus, but now dwells beneath the buried city of Alaozar on the Plateau of Sung. It is served by a cult known as the Tcho-Tcho's "Brotherhood of the Star Treader." When called upon by the proper incantations, Zhar can project itself astrally in the form of the Tulku. It can also telepathically transmit its urges to its worshippers.

Zhar is believed to be physically connected to its "twin", Lloigor, perhaps by a long extension of tentacles. In Derleth's classification system, both Zhar and Lloigor are air elementals.

Lloigor
Lloigor is another gargantuan monster that dwells beneath Alaozar with Zhar. Together, they are known as the Twin Obscenities. Lloigor appears as a titanic, winged mound of undulating tentacles and is also served by a cult known as the Tcho-Tcho's Brotherhood of the Star Treader. It has the power to control great winds, which it can use to snare and capture any unfortunates who chance upon it. Like Zhar, Lloigor can project its image whenever Arcturus (the star from whence it came) is in the sky.

A race of energy beings known as the Lloigor shares the same name with the eponymous Great Old One; however, there appears to be no connection between the two.

Alaozar
Alaozar is a fabled, buried city on the mysterious Plateau of Sung in Burma (Sung is also believed to be an extension of the Plateau of Leng). The city is said to be located on the "Isle of Stars" within the "Lake of Dread". It is here where legends claim that beings from the stars arrived several millennia ago. Though the actual site has never been discovered, it is nonetheless venerated as a holy place by the Tcho-Tcho people because it is home to Zhar and Lloigor.

title: Zhar (Great Old One)


text:
User:Korossyl

I attended the Catholic University of America for my BA - History and Politics and MA - World Politics, although I'm Lutheran. I received my Ph.D. in Public Policy from UMBC. I was born and have lived in America all my life but speak and read Hungarian. In 2011, my alma mater published my translation of the Siege of Sziget, the first in English. I tremendously enjoy classic Nintendo games, Sid Meier's Civilization series, and watching NHK World.

I think Wikipedia is a fantastically useful tool, but believe that it is often given to self-importance, which leads to obnoxious self-analysis and drama. Wikipedia ought to be read and written, and reflected upon only insofar as is necessary to maintain it.

Several things I enjoy on Wikipedia:
 * The Northeast Megalopolis, and all its parts.
 * All things relating to the Roman Catholic Church.
 * All things relating to Professional Wrestling.
 * The Washington Metro system.
 * Non-mammalian taxonomy.

Isten áldd meg a magyart! God bless America.

+

Wiki Work
 Occasionally, I patrol newly-created pages.
 * Northeast Megalopolis (Re-Created)
 * Siege of Sziget (Created)
 * Nemzeti Dal (Created)
 * János Vitéz (Created)
 * Mihály Erdélyi (Created)
 * Tony Altomare (Created)
 * Himnusz (Added Translation)
 * Szózat (Added Translation)
 * Osorno, Chile (Extensive Work)
 * The Tragedy of Man (Extensive Work)
 * Lou Albano (Extensive Work)
 * Chronicon Pictum (Added Pictures)

Websites
http://www.laszlokorossy.net

title: User:Korossyl


text:
Othello (owarai)

Othello (オセロ), is a female Japanese comedy duo (kombi) active from 1993 to 2013 who were also popular television talents and appeared frequently on Japanese variety shows.

The two comedians, Tomoko Nakajima (中島 知子), and Nahomi Matsushima (松嶋 尚美), are sometimes known as "Black" and "White" Othello, respectively, because Nakajima has darker skin than Matsushima. According to the Japanese Othello page, their duo name comes not only from their contrasting complexions, but also their personality roles, with Nakajima having the darker, more scheming character, and Matsushima playing the innocent boke role in the manzai pattern.

The duo stopped activities in 2011 and officially disbanded in 2013.

Members

 * Tomoko Nakajima
 * Date of Birth: August 26, 1971
 * Birthplace: Yamashina-ku, Kyoto
 * Manzai Role: Tsukkomi

 * Nahomi Matsushima
 * Date of Birth: December 2, 1971
 * Birthplace: Higashiōsaka, Osaka
 * Manzai Role: Boke

title: Othello (owarai)


text:
Charles Plumier

Charles Plumier (20 April 1646 – 20 November 1704) was a French botanist after whom the frangipani genus Plumeria is named. Plumier is considered one of the most important of the botanical explorers of his time. He made three botanizing expeditions to the West Indies, which resulted in a massive work Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera (1703–1704) and was appointed botanist to King Louis XIV of France.

Biography
Born in Marseille, at the age of 16, he entered the religious order of the Minims. He devoted himself to the study of mathematics and physics, made physical instruments, and was an excellent draughtsman, painter, and turner.

On being sent to the French monastery of Trinità dei Monti at Rome, Plumier studied botany under two members of the order, and especially under Cistercian botanist, Paolo Boccone. After his return to France, he became a pupil of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, whom he accompanied on botanical expeditions.

He also explored the coasts of Provence and Languedoc. His work began in 1689, when, by order of the government, he accompanied collector Joseph Donat Surian to the French Antilles, as Surian's illustrator and writer. They remained a year and a half. As this first journey, written up by Plumier as Description des Plantes d'Amérique (1693), proved very successful, Plumier was appointed royal botanist. In 1693, by command of Louis XIV of France, he made his second journey, and in 1695 his third journey to the Antilles. While in the West Indies, he was assisted by the Dominican botanist Jean-Baptiste Labat. The material gathered was prodigious: besides the Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera it filled the volumes of Plumier's Filicetum Americanum (1703) and several shorter pieces for the Journal des Savants and the Memoires de Trévoux.

In 1704, with his Traité des Fougères de l'Amérique in the press and about to start on his fourth journey, intending to visit the home of the true cinchona tree in Peru, he was taken ill with pleurisy and died at Puerto de Santa Maria near Cadiz.

At his death Plumier left 31 manuscript volumes containing notes and descriptions, and about 6,000 drawings, 4,000 of which were of plants, while the remainder reproduced American animals of nearly all classes, especially birds and fishes. The botanist Herman Boerhaave had 508 of these drawings copied at Paris; these were published later in a hommage by Burmann, Professor of Botany at Amsterdam, under the title: "Plantarum americanarum, quas olim Carolus Plumerius botanicorum princeps detexit", fasc. I-X (Amsterdam, 1755–1760), containing 262 plates. Plumier also wrote treatises for the Journal des Savants and for the Mémoires de Trévoux. Through his observations in Martinique, Plumier proved that the cochineal belongs to the animal kingdom and should be classed among the insects.

Accomplishments
All natural scientists of the 18th century spoke of him with admiration. Tournefort and Linnaeus named in his honour the genus Plumeria, which belongs to the family Apocynaceae and is indigenous in about 40 species to Central America.

 * Plumier identified and described Fuchsia, which he discovered on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean in 1696-7. He published his first description of Fuchsia (Fuchsia triphylla, flore coccineo) in 1703.
 * Charles Plumier named the plant genus "Begonia" after Michel Bégon, the governor of Haiti, as a tribute for recommending Plumier to King Louis XIV as an official plant collector.
 * French explorer and botanist Louis Feuillée was one of his pupils.
 * His first work was Description des plantes de l'Amérique (Paris, 1693); it contained 108 plates, half of which represented ferns. This was followed by Nova plantarum americanarum genera (Paris, 1703–04), with 40 plates; in this work about 100 genera, with about 700 species, were redescribed. At a later date, Linnaeus adopted in his system, almost without change, these and other newly described genera arranged by Plumier. Plumier left a work in French and Latin ready to be printed entitled Traité des fougères de l'Amérique (Paris, 1705), which contained 170 excellent plates.  The publication "Filicetum Americanum" (Paris, 1703), with 222 plates, was compiled from those already mentioned.  Plumier also wrote another book of an entirely different character on turning, L'Art de tourner (Lyons, 1701; Paris, 1749); this was translated into Russian by Peter the Great.  The manuscript of the translation is at St. Petersburg.

List of selected publications

 * Description des plantes de l'Amérique on Botanicus.
 * Plantarum americanarum...on Botanicus.
 * Traité des fougères de l'Amérique on SICD Universities of Strasbourg
 * L'Art de Tourner en Perfection edition of 1749 digitized by Christian LAVIGNE (Ars Mathematica), from the copy in the Bibliothèque de Verdun (Meuse, France)
 * L'Art de Tourner en Perfection edition of 1749 digitized by Christian LAVIGNE (Ars Mathematica), from the copy in the Bibliothèque de Verdun (Meuse, France)

Legacy
His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the National Museum of Natural History, France was curated by Alicia Lourteig in the twentieth century.

Taxon named in Plumier's honor

 * The goby Sicydium plumieri (Bloch, 1786) is named after him.

title: Charles Plumier


text:
Talk:The Cherry-Tree Carol

Untitled
Flight to Egypt?If this is the flight to Egypt, the Christ Child would not be speaking from the womb as the text of the carol suggests, as the Flight to Egypt occurred after the Nativity. --SonPraises 16:03, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Is the ethnomusicographical research on this song really so warped as to call it "apocryphal" and thereby treat it only in respect to its relationship to Christian scripture? The Quran was canonified many centuries earlier, and the Crusades had intervened. It might be original research to claim the carol is derived from Islamic scripture, but it is simply NPoV and the inclusion of highly plausibly relevant fact, to omit "apocryphal" & mention that this echoes a Quranic story of Jesus prophesying from the womb. --Jerzy•t 19:15, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Verses
The full song is more suitable for Wikisource. Goldfritha 02:44, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Cherry-Tree Carol


text:
Évasion

Évasion is a Canadian French language discretionary service channel owned by Groupe TVA. The channel broadcasts programming devoted to travel and adventure.

History
In May 1999, a consortium consisting of BCE Inc. (50.1%), Groupe Serdy (19.9%), Grouped TVA Inc. (10%), Media Overseas (10%), and Pathé/Canal Voyage France (10%) were granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called Canal Évasion, described as "a national French-language television specialty service that is dedicated exclusively to tourism, adventure and travel." The channel was launched on January 31, 2000, as "Canal Évasion".

After various acquisitions over the years, ownership is held by the managing partner Groupe Serdy (formerly Serdy direct inc.) and Groupe TVA as a minority partner.

In December 2008, the channel unveiled a new image including a new logo and on-air presentation, including simplifying its name by dropping the "Canal".

On January 14, 2019, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the acquisition of the channel by Quebecor Média on behalf of its subsidiary Groupe TVA.

On June 12, 2009, Serdy Direct launched an HD simulcast of Évasion.

title: Évasion


text:
Hale (band)

Hale is a Filipino alternative rock band, formed in Manila, Philippines in 2004. The group originally consisted of singer and guitarist Champ Lui Pio, bassist Sheldon Gellada, guitarist Roll Martinez and drummer Omnie Saroca. This line-up remained unchanged until the departure of Saroca in 2008; he was then replaced by Paolo Santiago. In March 2017, Chino David of Silent Sanctuary became the band's fifth member.

Hale signed to EMI, now PolyEast Records in 2004 and released their self–titled debut album, Hale (2005). The album was critically acclaimed; resulting in the accolade as the Awit Award’s Group of the Year. The band’s debut album included the single "The Day You Said Goodnight" which brought them mainstream success in Southeast Asia. The following year, the band released their second studio album Twilight (2006) which received mostly positive reviews and critical success. The band released their third album Above, Over and Beyond (2008) which received generally mixed reviews and saw limited success. This is the last album featuring original drummer Omnie Saroca. Paolo Santiago (formerly of Join the Club) subsequently replaced him as the band began recording their fourth studio album Kundiman released in 2009.

In 2010, the group disbanded. Lead singer Champ Lui Pio announced his intention to begin a solo career as a musician and actor.

In January 2015 after weeks of speculation that the band was reuniting, the group held their first gig. Their first single in five years "See You" was debuted in early 2015 and their fifth album Time and Space under Warner Music Philippines was released via iTunes and Spotify. In 2016, the group collaborated with singer Sarah Geronimo for the song "The Great Unknown". It was written by the band's lead guitarist, Roll Martinez, for Geronimo's twelfth album. The song's music video peaked at no. 1 on both MYX Philippines and MTV Philippines charts.

During the 2022 Philippine Presidential Elections, Hale performed at political rallies of the Uniteam, in support of President-elect Ferdinand Marcos Jr.

2004–2005: Formation and early years
Roll Martinez and Sheldon Gellada were music majors from University of Santo Tomas. Champ Lui-Pio was from De La Salle University - College of Saint Benilde. Omnie Saroca was from Technological University of the Philippines. The four of them formed Hale in mid-2004, and soon after signed up with EMI Philippines (now PolyEast Records) on November 2004.

2005–2006: Hale and mainstream success
In 2005, the band released their debut self–titled album Hale, consisting of singles, "Broken Sonnet", "The Day You Said Goodnight", "Kahit Pa", "Kung Wala Ka" and "Blue Sky" together with "Tollgate" which was released together with the re-issuing of the album on March 2, 2006. "The Day You Said Goodnight" marked the first steps of Hale's massive success to the mainstream and gained tremendous popularity as the singles were released. Their big hit single, "The Day You Said Goodnight” was also nominated many times by most of the music media as OPM Song of the Year of 2005. Soon, the band was also nominated as Band of the Year and Best new OPM group artist for 2005 in numerous music awards.

Hale re-issued their debut album together with the single "Tollgate" on March 2, 2006. At the same year, the debut album had reached 90,000 copies sold. They were also chosen to make a commercial endorsement for Nescafé Philippines and a jingle "One Moment, One Nescafé" written by them in promotion of the Nescafé products.

2006–2008: Twilight to Treehouse Production and hiatus
Hale released their sophomore effort Twilight on September 30, 2006, consisting of singles "Waltz", "Hide And Seek", "Shooting Star" and "The Ballad Of". The music video of "Waltz" was also nominated many times as the Most Favorited Music Video in 2006, marking another step of Hale's success to the mainstream. The album was also certified Gold (15,000 copies sold) a week after its release.

It was said that the band encountered tremendous amount of pressure to record their sophomore effort. On the other hand, their effort was meant to reflect their success from the preceding album as a band where their musical influences and styles had encompassed a wider spectrum of musical arrangements.

Having encountered pressure from the mainstream successes of their first two albums, the band self-imposed a 10-month hiatus. During then, they established the Treehouse Productions where they would help the needy children suffering from mental and physical illnesses through music. In the process, other music acts eventually signed up for Treehouse Productions to help the band achieve their objectives, such as Rico Blanco and Mayonnaise.

2008–2009: Above, Over and Beyond and the departure of Saroca
Soon after their hiatus, they released their third effort, Above, Over and Beyond, which consisted of singles "Pitong Araw", "Leap Of Faith", "Over And Over (And Over Again)" and "Sandali Na Lang" on April 28, 2008. Even before the release of their third effort, "Sundown", which featured Monique Rae, was released as a jingle for the promotion of the local toothpaste product, Close-Up. Despite expectations, album sales for the album was low due to economic woes of the band's music label, EMI Philippines. As a result, the band resulted in promoting the album independently which, however, saw limited success. Hence, just like Twilight, the success of the album did not come up to par with the former albums.

Hale drummer and percussionist Omnie Saroca left the band in the same year to focus on other issues outside the music industry. In turn, former drummer Paolo Santiago of Join the Club joined the band to replace Omnie Saroca in late 2008.

2009–2010: Kundiman and final days
Their fourth and final album, Kundiman, released on July 28, 2009, the band started promoting their album soon after its release, about a month after the first single, Bahay Kubo, went for radio airplay. Other singles include "Kalesa", "Harinawa", and "Magkaibang Mundo".

Of all eight songs in the album, written in Tagalog. They also sought guidance with OPM band Mayonnaise's Monty Macalino in the song composition and arrangements of the album.

2010–2015: Break–up and side projects
The band announced that they are no longer interested to have gigs and producing more music. Champ Lui Pio announced his intention and interest in acting and being a solo music artist. Champ's decision to disband Hale was allegedly kept from his bandmates, who were not given prior notice and only learned of the break-up after his public announcement. The band officially went on their separate ways on August 6, 2010. It was announced through their official Facebook page.

2015–2017: Reformation and Time and Space
Rumors of the band reuniting, while not widespread, started online in mid-2014 until word became official that the band had reunited through their gig on January 13, 2015. This was also their first gig since their break-up in 5 years. Their first single "See You" debuted on January 27, 2015.

Their EP, Time and Space, was released on March 30, 2015 via ITunes and Spotify. It was announced through Hale's official Facebook page.

In 2016, they collaborated with singer Sarah Geronimo for the song The Great Unknown which was written by the band's Roll Martinez. It was released as the second single from Geronimo's album with the same title.

2017–present: Sixth studio album, arrival of Chino David and future
On September 8, 2017, the band released "Alon", accompanied by its lyric video. The song would later be featured in the soundtrack for the 2017 Metro Manila Film Festival entry, Siargao. The song was awarded "Best Theme Song" at the awards show held on December 27, 2017. After touring with the band in early 2017, violinist Chino David (formerly of Silent Sanctuary) has officially joined the band on October 9, 2017. The music video for “Alon” has been released on December 10, 2017. The band released their fifth full-length album of the same name in June 2018.

In February 2024, Hale reunited with the EMI label, now relaunched under UMG Philippines.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Champ Lui Pio - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2004–2010, 2015–present)
 * Roll Martinez - lead guitar, backing vocals (2004–2010, 2015–present)
 * Sheldon Gellada - bass guitar (2004–2010, 2015–present)
 * Paolo Santiago - drums, percussion (2008–2010, 2015–present)
 * Chino David - violin, keyboards (2017–present)

 * Former members
 * Geronimo "Omnie" Saroca - drums, percussion (2004–2008)

 * Timeline

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Hale (2005)
 * Twilight (2006)
 * Above, Over and Beyond (2008)
 * Kundiman (2009)
 * Time and Space (2015)
 * Alon (2018)

Other Awards

 * Gold Award (15,000 units) for debut album Hale (June 2005)
 * Platinum Award (30,000 units) for debut album Hale (August 2005)
 * Double Platinum Award (60,000 units) for debut album Hale (November 2005)
 * Triple Platinum Award (90,000 units) for debut album Hale (May 2006)
 * Gold Award (15,000 units) for second album Twilight (October 2006)

title: Hale (band)


text:
User talk:Kugamazog

I don't understand
what you said here..

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Moth

 * Can I use an image off of that site or not? I'd like to add a picture to the Imperial Moth page I just made. Kugamazog

Hello, I've copied this from my talk page, to help keep the dialogue together.

Well the short answer is "no you can't use images from that site". The reason is that the copyright holder only allows "non-profit" use. The goal of wikipedia is to create an "any use" encyclopedia. So images that can't be used commercially hurt that goal. As a result admins can delete any such images without warning.

There are only three classes of images allowed here - Public domain and "free for any use" images, your own images that you release under the wikipedia GFDL licence, and copyrighted images used under fair use provisions. The images at that site don't fall into those categories.

However - it may be possible that the copyright owner will allow use of one or all of his images. Feel free to write to him and for permission. Be sure to explain that you are asking for him to grant permission for any use, and offer a link back to his site from wikipedia and full credit. If he grants such permission be sure to give full details of the permission in the image description. Also upload the image to wikipedia commons, so others can use it more easily.

Let me repeat the short answer. No you can't use images from that site.

Thanks for the nice little article on the Imperial moth. I hope to see you around the 'pedia more in the future.

Zeimusu | Talk page 16:06, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Authorities
For animals, it's conventional to include the date, for example Paratrea plebeja (Fabricius, 1777).. And you should only put the authority in parentheses if the species has been moved to different genus. For example, there are no parentheses in Sphinx asella Rothschild & Jordan, 1903. Gdr 18:54, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I understand that part, the link to Moths of North America had the authority in parentheses, so I followed. It's also why I didn't include the date. Do you know of a fast method to apply the correct authority? Your description of the change mentioned nominalbot.--Kugamazog 18:59, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

I could very easily be wrong about Sphinx asella. (Unfortunately not everyone respects this convention, even though it's recommended by the ICZN.) I use a python script that I wrote myself to quickly add or update authorities. See User:Gdr/authority.py for the source code. Gdr 19:07, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Lapara coniferarum
An article that you have recently created, Lapara coniferarum, only has a classification infobox, an image, and an external link. Please expand it to have a few lines of actual content. Thank you, and happy editing! -- King of Hearts talk 23:24, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikify please
Thank you for your contributions to moth related articles. An image and a taxobox may speak the proverbial thousand words, but it would look better if you would add just one lead-in line for each of the stubs (example of what i mean:Sphinx vashti). It gives a somewhat unprofessional impression in its incompleteness. Thank you, Jens Nielsen 14:14, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for adding context to Sphinx vashti according to my suggestions. Can you do it to the rest too? Jens Nielsen 15:08, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm working on it but my free time has become significantly shorter due to all my tests and all that jazz. They will be done soon. --Kugamazog 21:21, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Re: Talk:Death's-head Hawkmoth
By all means - please go ahead and replace the pictures. (You may want to upload them to the Commons to make them useable by other language mutations of Wikipedia as well.) Regards, Mike Rosoft 21:47, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Announcing WikiProject Lepidoptera
This is inform you that WikiProject Lepidoptera is up and about. The aim is to support article creation on Lepidoptera and accordingly make a collective contribution to the global community in this field.

Since I am a 'butterfly person', I feel acutely conscious of my lack of knowledge of such a large part of the same order. I request the support of all moth-ers in Wikipedia for making the Lepidoptera knowledgebase on Wikipedia a success.

Hoping for a creative, cooperative, innovative and enriching experience for all concerned.

Regards, AshLin 03:37, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Welcome to the project, you have the privilege of being the first moth-er to join the WikiProject. Your queries - you simply add your name to the list on the project page. Yup, we do need to develop a WikiProject Lepidoptera tag to indicate membership. And you know what I think? A small sphingid moth outline (with wings extended(?)) would be just right. I would prefer a moth since it represents vast majority of Lepidoptera. Got any good images you can propose? If you do, put them up on the project talk page for the wikipedians to look at.
 * Glad to have you on board. Regards, AshLin 05:59, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Comments on Imperial Moth
Please see the article talk page. AshLin 10:05, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Realised later that my 'tone' sounds condescending. Was in haste and wanted to do a lot of things in very little time. Sorry if I hurt your feelings. AshLin 03:30, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Moth needs a better gallery
How about reorganising the gallery of moth photos as I have done for butterflies on a family-basis. Shyamal also has a concept in mind. See his comment on WikiProject Lepidoptera talk. Bye, offline probably till 31st. AshLin 10:16, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I noticed Sphingidae has a red link vine-hawk moth listed in well known species with a photo in the gallery. May I request a stub from you please? Regards, AshLin 15:21, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

ironclads are now a subfamily
This has been pretty widely recognized for some time, and in the latest Arnett et al. "American Insects" in 2002, the colydiids, monommatids, and zopherids were all lumped together. I've talked to Mike Ivie recently and he confirms that this is still the way things appear, and it's likely to remain stable for a while. The only difference in how I'm wikifying things is that the Arnett book does not recognize ANY subfamilies in Zopheridae - everything is treated as a tribe, which is pretty unsatisfactory for a classification that's supposed to be Linnaean, so I'm taking a minor liberty with that. Peace,, Dyanega 02:56, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, cool. Be sure to update the Zopheridae page to reflect that :) --Kugamazog 03:00, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Adding value to Sphingidae List
K, you can get author info from NMNH by using their LEPINDEX facility. You may like to embellish the list by adding author/year info after the names. Regards, AshLin 17:21, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Rearing info page
Hi Kugamazog, Been away for a long time relocating to the North East in India. Just saw your message regarding useful information arising from your raising cats. Shyamal had told me quite sometime ago how to go about such sits. Make a user page. Add the info, develop it. Tell people about it so that they can pitch in with ideas. When you feel its right, move it to a wikipage if necessary creating one or more of them. If WP does not have approppriate space or policies, it can always be kept as a WikiProject Lepidoptera project page. Regards, AshLin 05:23, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Question
I don't know if this is the place to add a question. but here goes. Take a look at the luna moth talk, query there from me. --Dumarest 12:07, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Your report to WP:AIV
I blocked User:209.189.245.113 for 99 hours for vandalism. However, I didn't block User:68.48.81.246, because no warnings were left, and the one edit is inconclusive. If 68 does start to vandalize, go on and leave the necessary warnings before reporting to AIV again.

As for personal attacks, if you need to report those, head over to WP:PAIN. Hope this helps. :) --Core des at 22:53, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you --Kugamazog 22:53, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Luna moth renaming on commons
Hi there. Saw your message on the commons. Feel free to rename the file. I have trouble with doing it myself, it probably means reuploading under a new name, marking the old one for deletion. Identifying where the old one is linked - (with the toolserver down). I normally do not give too much to the filenames themselves. Wish there was an easy way to rename files though that would automatically fix links. Shyamal 04:20, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I am reshuffling a lot of my images around on commons right now anyway. I could reupload it under a different name and nominate that one for deletion if you are cool with it. It would mean it would be under my name, but I would mention that you are the real uploader.--Kugamazog 04:46, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Feel free. All fair play under Creative Commons, you really need only to credit the copyright owner, not the uploader. Shyamal 04:51, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Lepidoptera
I wonder if you might like to overhaul this article sometime. It really needs a lot more on phylogenetics (but not like the long lists of families it had), ecology, life history etcetera in its structure. I do not have good literature access, but would be happy to pitch in in other ways. Shyamal 04:56, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure, I would be glad to help over the winter break. I do have ready access to a lot of journals, so if you find something you want, just ask. I am still pretty much a beginner at writing entire articles, however. So I probably will need some guidance.--Kugamazog 05:04, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
I am most grateful to you for uploading the Euchloron megaera. Now I can use it in my Russian article. The only problem now is absence of an article in English or other langauge for a valid interwiki. :( —Michael Romanov 18:11, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Lucanidae
Regarding your request on WP:RM to move stag beetle to Lucanidae. Is this because "stag beetle" is also used to refer, specifically, to Lucanus cervus? If so, it is your intention that a disambiguation page be created at stag beetle, or would you have it redirect to one or other article? Are you prepared to go through the incoming links and work out which refer to the family and which to the species? I don't mind making the move, but doing all the follow-up work as well is probably a bit much. --Stemonitis 06:48, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Stag beetle is rather generic and can refer to both the species Lucanus cervus and the entire family. Since the page is about the Family, I wanted to it to the correct title and have stag beetle redirect to it. The article talks about L. cervus so I wouldn't do a disambiguation. And yes, I will follow through with all the redirects and make sure all links to stag beetle are changed to Lucanidae. I did that with several other species in my recent contributions history.--Kugamazog 07:03, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Such a move should be discussed on the talk page, first. I note that you've made several similar moves, recently. This is not the way Wikipeida names pages; kindly refrain from making similar moves without first discussing them. Thank you. See also Controversial page moves Andy Mabbett 07:19, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * My point is that several of the links currently leading to stag beetle will be intended to lead to Lucanus cervus, not Lucanidae, so they must be examined individually. Following the comment by Pigsonthewing, it would be best to hold a discussion in advance (although there is also a lot to be said for being bold). --Stemonitis 07:22, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Not in being bold against current consensus Andy Mabbett 07:24, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't be too harsh, Pigsonthewing — I'm sure Kugamazog meant well, and I'm sure he/she now understands your concerns. It's not too hard to undo a few moves. --Stemonitis 07:29, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Please don't use uncontroversial moves for moves that have not been discussed with the projects, and please post links to your discussing with the project if you have done so, on the talk pages of articles you are planning to move. KP Botany 14:09, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

You're knowledge of bugs impresses me oh man of the mullet.

Hey
I know who you are, you know who i am. I was in your biotechnology for crop improvement class. I just don't like revealing my name on this site. the Texas A&M University site is up for FA review. wanted to know your input. Thanks and gig em Oldag07 04:07, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * We got it! Texas A&M University is a FAOldag07 03:39, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Lepidoptera policy - Assessment of importance of articles
Hi Kugamazog,

I've brought up a policy issue for discussion on WikiProject Lepidopterahere. May I request your valuable contribution and counsel, as a member of WikiProject Lepidoptera, in this regard. AshLin 22:00, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Lepidoptera policy - Draft categorisation guidelines & Common vs scientific names
Hi ,

I've brought up two policy issues for discussion on WikiProject Lepidoptera here. May I request your valuable contribution and counsel, as a member of WikiProject Lepidoptera, in this regard. AshLin 18:08, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

trogidae etc. pics
hi kugamazog,

i just noticed the pictures you uploaded. some of them are really nice, all of them are very helpful, but some (only checked the Trogidae) are in need of further refinement. i cropped one of them (Omorgus_carinatus_sjh.cropped.jpg) to roughly show you what i'm thinking about. these pictures are best if you can see the details immediately, and not have to click the image twice to get the full (1+meg) picture. also, if possible, a measure would be nice, so somebody can see how big the specimen is. i'm right now spending (for my level of wealth) a lot of money to get good photo equipment to capture insect collections for wiki, so it's good to see somebody else has begun this major task too :) maybe we and all the other people (are there any?) participating in this should get together and work out some quality guidelines, so the pictures will be more or less of a certain standard? also, tell me if you want me to edit the existing raw (uncropped) pictures of yours to the best of my ability and re-upload them under the same name. cheers :) --Sarefo 23:48, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I take so many pictures of so many species that it is just easier for me to include the species name in the image (it also cuts down on errors). Since many of the beetle species (especially Trogidae) look very morphologically similar, it would probably be best to leave species name in the image just to confirm that it is the correct species. I don't currently have a ruler that would measure specimens that small, but that is a good idea. I am currently going to be very busy since college classes have started up, but if you manage to develop an insect collection photography group, I'd be more than happy to contribute.--Kugamazog 00:43, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I forgot to mention, when I started out on Sphingidae, I had repeated problems with misspelling the species name because I didn't include it in the picture.--Kugamazog 08:40, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * i would suggest to take a picture of the name first, then the specimen, or to take the picture with the name, then crop it before uploading. the way it is now, it's a 1.x megabyte picture that's hard to use vs. a 40kbyte picture that's immediately visible. btw, you ruined my night ;) Trox, Omorgus, Trogidae... cheers :) --Sarefo 19:27, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

question
Are your initials, SH? If not, let me know please. Spevw 22:24, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Zopherids
Hi. I moved a number of Zopherids yesterday, as they were - as far as I was able to determine - misclassified (placed in genera which were formally sunk back in 2006). Only when I made the last species move did I see that you had placed a species described in 2006 (Nosoderma sylvaticum) into a genus which has not been considered a genus since 1979. Unless there's something in print that I'm unaware of, that sort of thing (resurrecting synonyms and moving species between genera) constitutes original research, and explicitly cannot be used as the basis for articles in WP (WP:NOR). I checked to see authorship, and you're evidently the person who created all the articles involved - so the question remains: what reliable source newer than the 2006 revision were you using for your classification? If there is indeed such a source, then please give the citation, and things can be put back essentially as they were - if not, then please, in the future make CERTAIN that you are basing articles upon authoritative sources. Peace, Dyanega 22:52, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * All images you refer to were taken in the Texas A&M University Insect Collection. If there are any errors, you will need to contact them so they may correct their identification. Please correct any images or pages I have uploaded that are now considered synonyms.----Kugamazog (talk) 03:09, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

Unknown Cerambycid
Dear Kugamazog, I've seen you have posted an unknown cerambycid taken in Texas. I hope you have conserved such specimen since it's very interesting. If you like to know more details, please contact me privately at vitalfranz@yahoo.de or give me please your mail. --Vitalfranz (talk) 13:03, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Odontolabis castelnaudi
I noticed the tags on your page, linked to it from Parry and gave a ref.Hope you approve. Please keep uploading the Lucanidae pics from the Texas A and M collection.They are really appreciated and we mustn't let the French keep stags to themselves. Must we? Best regards from Ireland Notafly (talk) 09:17, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Phalacrognathus muelleri
Hope you don't mind but I put a Category:Lucanidae tag on your image of this stag.Can you fix the others please so that all the Lucanidae appear on the Commons page.Robert Notafly (talk) 09:32, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Is there a bot lurking nearby?
A bot seems to have left an image caption as Genus species in a taxobox you created for Passalus punctatostriatus. I took the liberty of filling in these fields. I am, in fact, in search of a bot to turn my flatfile database of Brazilian butterflies into the hundreds of WP articles that will need taxoboxes and ledes. Are you the bot owner I have been looking for? Best wishes, --Wloveral (talk) 21:05, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Whoops, no, that was me. I created a template to make the pages by hand. I would also love to have this bot. I looked a year or so ago to no luck. Source of template--Kugamazog (talk) 21:11, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

final 16
hey,

i've been working on bringing c.g. calwer's beetle book from 1876 to wiki, and tried to update the c. 1,000 species to today's taxonomy. there are sixteen species that i and a colleague of mine cannot determine for the love of god, so i'm trying to find experts that would like to try if they can solve these. pictures of the sixteen species are here, let me know what you think :) these are european species btw. cheers! --Sarefo (talk) 00:38, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Commons upload
The old upload form is at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?uploadformstyle=plain. You can change it permanently at preferences/gadgets. Best wishes, Walter Siegmund (talk) 17:56, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, thank you! This is much better--Kugamazog (talk) 22:05, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * You are welcome. Walter Siegmund (talk) 22:14, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Hemaris diffinis
I don't think I would say all of the images that were taken off should be put back but I agree about collect specimens photo. I will leave it up to your judgement. IvanTortuga (talk) 03:41, 24 April 2009 (UTC)--

ID
Hi Kugamazog, you seem to have access to many specimens of this genus. This photograph is from the Western Ghats of India and appears close to maenas but I do not see a good enough pattern match. I have photos of some pinned specimens from the same location which also have the same appearance. Any idea if there are any geographic races in maenas ? Shyamal (talk) 12:31, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I don't know of anything that would be helpful. I haven't seen a specimen with that much red. It looks spectacular, though. ----Kugamazog (talk) 22:28, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Pupal mating
Any chance you could get a shot of pupal mating with your home-bred saturniids or sphingids? AshLin (talk) 19:20, 13 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Apart from the occasional twitching, the pupae are rather inert. Only adults mate. I've tried to take a few good photos of any I convince to mate. However, they tend to be skittish if bothered while mating. ----Kugamazog (talk) 09:11, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Hi,Kugamazog
Hi, Kugamazog. I am a researcher in University of Queensland. I want to get your permission to have the right to use this image you created. I want to use this image in my paper that will be published in "Nature Communications". Thanks very much! Xianfeng ----Xianfeng (talk) 15:05, 28 Janurary 2017

Hi,Xianfeng. You can use this image for your purpose. Kugamazog ----Kugamazog (talk) 18:21, 30 Janurary 2017(UTC)

title: User talk:Kugamazog


text:
Fort Langley

Fort Langley is a village community in Township of Langley, British Columbia, Canada. It has a population of approximately 3,400 people. It is the home of Fort Langley National Historic Site, a former fur trade post of the Hudson's Bay Company. Lying on the Fraser River, Fort Langley is at the northern edge of the Township of Langley.

History
Fort Langley was named after Thomas Langley, a director with HBC. and dates from a time when the boundary between British and American possession of the trans-mountain west, known as the Columbia District to the British and Oregon Country to Americans, had not yet been decided. Sir George Simpson, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, realized that Fort Vancouver opposite of present-day Portland, Oregon might be lost to the Americans if the border did not follow the Columbia River. Fearing the 49th parallel north could become the demarcation line, Simpson ordered the Hudson's Bay Company to construct the original Fort Langley in 1827 at a location 4 km downstream from its present site. Fort Langley was intentionally constructed on the south bank of the Fraser River in the event that Fort Vancouver was lost to the Americans, then Fort Langley would secure British claims to both sides of the Fraser. By 1830, Fort Langley had become a major export port for salted salmon in barrels, as well as cedar lumber and shingles to the Hawaiian Islands. The Cowlitz Portage overland route connected Fort Langley to Fort Vancouver with a mid-way stop at Fort Nisqually on Puget Sound.

As Simpson feared, when the Oregon Boundary Dispute was finally settled in 1846, the border was established as 49 N. In the days before the Colony of Vancouver Island and the Colony of British Columbia united, Governor Sir James Douglas chose Fort Langley to be the provisional colonial capital.

By 1858, a town by the name of Derby, adjacent to the original location of the Fort, had been surveyed and subdivided into town lots and sold. Construction had begun on a barracks for the Royal Engineers, however, when Colonel Richard Moody, commanding officer of the Royal Engineers, visited Derby that year, he disapproved of Douglas' choice in location. He noted American territory lay just a few miles away across easily traversed land and that Fort Langley would be impossible to defend against attack. On 14 February 1859, Moody selected a new site at the mouth of the Pitt River on the north side of the Fraser and suggested the town be named Queensborough. In July of that year, Governor Douglas announced Her Majesty had decided the new capital should be named New Westminster.

Prior to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, Fort Langley had been an important export port for cedar lumber, cedar shakes, and salted salmon packed in Douglas Fir and White Pine barrels for ships heading to the Hawaiian Islands. Once the military functions of Fort Langley had been largely outsourced to the new capital of New Westminster, the town of Derby went into decline and in order to accommodate the increased number of ships visiting the Fort, a new location was selected along the Bedford Channel, protected from the river current by McMillan Island and Brae Island. The new location is where the town of Fort Langley is now located, where Glover Road meets the Fraser River. Between the 1850s and the 1920s, the town of Fort Langley witnessed the threat of Russian invasion in the early 1850s, the threat of American invasion in 1857 at the discovery of gold in the Fraser River, the unification of the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia in 1858, the boom and bust of the Gold Rush from 1858 to 1865, Canadian Confederation in 1867, and the arrival of the first train early in the 20th century. In 1921, a major saw mill opened on an 88-acre riverfront property. The mill brought jobs and prosperity to the struggling town since the railway had removed most of the shipping roles of Fort Langley. The town largely grew up around the mill becoming a blue collar working class community through the 1960s and 70s. By the end of the 1980s, redundancy and aging machinery meant the end was nearing for the mill. Interfor downsized its staff and, for a time, tried to reinvent the mill into a value-added venture but by the mid-1990s, the mill shut down for good.

In 1921, Dr. Benjamin Marr planted Horse Chestnut trees along the Glover Road frontage of their property in Fort Langley. Today these trees can be seen when entering the Downtown.

With the increase in education levels and a transition from blue collar to white collar commuters and professionals, demand for new housing in this quaint village has skyrocketed. The former site of the local lumber mill was controversially rezoned for medium density residential in 2005 and in 2006 construction began on a massive masterplanned community that has been named Bedford Landing. This new development will eventually add approximately 1,500 new people to a community that has prized itself on having a stable population of around 2,500 to 3,000 for multiple generations.

Indigenous People
The Kwantlen First Nation administers an Indian Reserve on McMillan Island, across Bedford Channel from Fort Langley. The local First Nations were important trade partners of the Hudson's Bay Company in Fort Langley, and many workers at the Fort married women from the local First Nations.

Present day
In recent years, many of the village's old buildings have been restored. The restorations, combined with its rural setting, access to the river and mountain vistas, local amenities and the old Fort itself, make it a thriving tourist centre. Outdoor recreation includes canoeing, fishing, hiking and horseback riding. The town has served as a filming location for commercials, TV shows and movies, with its striking yellow community hall usually featured prominently.

Many new buildings in the area have been constructed in Fort Langley in the past few decades. All new buildings must follow strict style guidelines to match the heritage appearance, unless a variance is granted by the local government. A recent example of this style of architecture is the Fort Mall (pictured). Additionally, there are few franchises in the village and this has raised its profile as a tourist and independent retail destination with hundreds of thousands of annual visitors.

The Coulter Berry building is a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold landmark development that was built on the corner of Mavis and Glover in 2016, by developer Eric Woodward. The three-storey building includes retail shopping spaces, commercial offices and restaurants, and merges contemporary elements with a heritage style design. In 2016, the Coulter Berry Building won the best mixed-use category award at the Fraser Valley Commercial Building Awards.

Downtown Fort Langley lies on the Fraser River and public walkway along the bank was built as part of the Trans-Canada Trail, in addition to a rowing facility which was completed in 2009.

TinyKittens Society is based in Fort Langley.

Community Hall and Library
The historic Fort Langley Community Hall houses meeting space and a branch of the Fraser Valley Regional Library. The Fort Langley Community Improvement Society was founded by the Fort Langley Women's Institute in 1924 in order to build the Community Center which you see represented here in photos. This Community Hall was completed in 1931, by hired hands and volunteers - the architect was Archibald Campbell Hope, brother of Fort Langley entrepreneur Charles Hope. The Fort Langley Community Hall has been featured in many films and TV series, including the film series Air Bud and the television series Once Upon a Time. Today, the hall houses events from community meetings, to craft markets, to weddings. As it was in the beginning, this hall is privately held by the Fort Langley Community Improvement Society, not the Township of Langley, and is operated by a volunteer board of directors.

Parks
A number of parks serve the Fort Langley community. These include Fort Langley Community Park, Hudson's Bay Park, Brae Island Regional Park and Marina Park. Marina Park is home to Fort Langley's Boat Launch providing access to Bedford Channel. Brae Island Regional Park is home to Fort Camping, a group campsite and RV campsite.

Merchants
Glover Road is a popular shopping street that goes through the centre of Fort Langley. It is frequented by residents of Langley as well as tourists for its selection of independent businesses and historic character.

Fort Langley has about eighty businesses and its commercial core has a mix of services, restaurants and retail stores. In early January 2011, the IGA which had served the community since the 1970s burned down late at night. In 2012, the same owners reopened a new store (Lee's Market), keeping the traditional and mandatory historic appearance that is specific to Fort Langley.

Fort Langley acts as the amenity and service hub for a number of satellite communities such as Forest Knolls to the South, Glen Valley to the East and the Kwantlen First Nations to the North. It is also a popular destination for residents of Walnut Grove to the West.

Museums

 * The Fort Langley National Historic Site is a former fur trading post located in the community which attracts about 60,000 visitors a year.
 * The BC Farm and Equipment Museum houses a collection of antique farming equipment.
 * The Langley Centennial Museum exhibits local historical artifacts and provides cultural programming.

Events
The Cranberry Festival began in 1995 and happens every October. It is operated by the Fort Langley Business Improvement Association.

On July 1 every year, the Centennial Museum, the BC Farm Museum and Fort Langley National Historic Site organize the Township of Langley's Canada Day celebrations, partnering with other arts and heritage groups.

A May Day celebration is held on Victoria Day annually in Fort Langley, consisting of a parade and party in a local park with Maypole dancing.

The annual Fort Langley Jazz Festival was launched in July 2018.

Roads
The main road into and out of Fort Langley is Glover Road, which provides access to the British Columbia Highway 1 via 216 Street or 232 Street interchanges, as well as British Columbia Highway 10, to the City of Langley. Secondary routes such as 88 Avenue, 96 Avenue and River Road connect Fort Langley to the nearby town centre of Walnut Grove and the rest of the Langley Township.

The majority of roads in Fort Langley break from the numerical grid system used elsewhere in the South Fraser Region and retain historical names.

The Jacob Haldi Bridge connects Fort Langley with McMillan Island, across Bedford Channel.

Airport
The private Fort Langley Airport has a paved runway and floatplane facilities and is located East of the community. General Aviation users primarily use the Langley Regional Airport 8 km South of the community.

Albion Ferry (Closed)
Until 2009, commuters and other motorists heading to and from the Albion Ferry connecting with Maple Ridge passed through Fort Langley. After the opening of the Golden Ears Bridge, however, the ferry was decommissioned on July 31, 2009. The ferry terminal is now abandoned. This has significantly reduced the commuter traffic through the commercial core of Fort Langley.

Bus
Fort Langley is served by TransLink's 562 bus. It will take you to either Langley Centre or Walnut Grove (Carvolth Exchange).

Fire Hall
The community is served by the Township of Langley Fire Department Hall 2, staffed by paid on-call firefighters.

Education
Served by School District 35 Langley, Fort Langley has two schools; Fort Langley Elementary School, and Langley Fine Arts School (a specialty arts-focused Kindergarten-12 school). Trinity Western University is located just south of Fort Langley.

In popular culture
The railway station is featured in the music video for the Punjabi song "Mera Deewanapan" by Amrinder Gill.

An episode of the TV series The X-Files entitled "Home", set in the village of Home, Pennsylvania, was actually filmed near Fort Langley and Surrey, with the Fort Langley Community Hall doubling as a sheriff's station.

The TV series Riverdale features the Fort Gallery at 9048 Glover Rd as the Riverdale Register, and season two features a building in the 23300 block of Mavis Avenue.

Other productions filmed in Fort Langley include Air Bud, Once Upon a Time, Twilight, Bates Motel, Big Sky, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, Fire Country and Supernatural. The town is a popular site for filming due to its historic architecture and small-town character.

title: Fort Langley


text:
Charles Lederer

Charles Davies Lederer (December 31, 1910 – March 5, 1976) was an American screenwriter and film director. He was born into a theatrical family in New York, and after his parents divorced, was raised in California by his aunt, Marion Davies, actress and mistress to newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. A child prodigy, he entered the University of California, Berkeley at age 13, but dropped out after a few years to work as a journalist with Hearst's newspapers.

Lederer is recognized for his comic and acerbic adaptations and collaborative screenplays of the 1940s and early 1950s. His screenplays frequently delved into the corrosive influences of wealth and power. His comedy writing was considered among the best of the period, and he, along with writer friends Ben Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz, became major contributors to the film genre known as "screwball comedy".

Among his notable screenplays which he wrote or co-wrote, were The Front Page (1931), the critically acclaimed His Girl Friday (1940), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), The Spirit of St. Louis (1957), Ocean's 11 (1960), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).

Early life
Charles Davies Lederer was born in New York City to two prominent figures in the American theater, Broadway producer George Lederer and singer Reine Davies. After his parents were separated, Lederer and his older sister Pepi moved to California and were raised by his mother's sister, actress Marion Davies. He grew up in Hollywood, spending much time at San Simeon, the "enchanted castle on the hill", where his aunt reigned as publisher William Randolph Hearst's mistress. He was a child prodigy and was admitted to UC Berkeley at the age of 13, but dropped out a few years later to work as a journalist for Hearst's newspapers.

According to biographer William MacAdams, "Hollywood was home to Lederer, where for most people it was a place they moved to in order to work for the movies. Virtually none of the film community had grown up in Los Angeles, but Lederer had been brought there when he was 11 by Marion Davies, his mother's sister... Lederer thus knew the movie colony inside out as seen from the top and wasn’t impressed ..."

Screenwriting career
When he was 19, Lederer became friends with Ben Hecht, who introduced him to the New York literati. His friendship with Hecht led to his being hired to write additional dialogue for the film The Front Page. He later moved back to Hollywood to become a full-time screenwriter.

Lederer is recognized for his acerbic wit, with adaptations and collaborative screenplays written mostly during the 1940s and early 1950s. His screenplays frequently delved into the corrosive influences of wealth and power. His comedy writing was also among the best of the period, and he, along with Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz became major contributors to the film genre known as "screwball comedy".

He was friends with screenwriters Joseph and Herman Mankiewicz. Herman would later become co-screenwriter of Citizen Kane. After becoming friends with Lederer, "Herman told Joe to come to the office of their mutual friend Charlie Lederer ... "  Herman, who met Hearst as a result of his friendship with Lederer, later "saw Hearst as ‘a finagling, calculating, Machiavellian figure.’ But also, with Charlie Lederer, ... wrote and had printed parodies of Hearst newspapers ..."

As explained by The New Yorker film critic Pauline Kael, "Mankiewicz found himself on story-swapping terms with the power behind it all, Hearst himself. When he had been in Hollywood only a short time, he met Marion Davies and Hearst through his friendship with Charles Lederer, a writer, then in his early twenties, whom Ben Hecht had met and greatly admired in New York when Lederer was still in his teens. Lederer, a child prodigy, who had entered college at thirteen, got to know Mankiewicz ... Lederer was Marion Davies’s nephew – the son of her sister Reine ... Marion was childless, and Lederer was very close to her; he spent a great deal of his time at her various dwelling places, and took his friends to meet both her and Hearst.”

After finishing the script for Citizen Kane, Mankiewicz gave a copy to Lederer, which Kael explains was foolish: "He was so proud of his script that he lent a copy to Charles Lederer. In some crazily naive way, Mankiewicz seems to have imagined that Lederer would be pleased by how good it was. But Lederer, apparently, was deeply upset and took the script to his aunt and Hearst. It went from them to Hearst's lawyers. . . . It was probably as a result of Mankiewicz's idiotic indiscretion that the various forces were set in motion that resulted in the cancellation of the premiere at the Radio City Music Hall [and] the commercial failure of Citizen Kane."

Lederer, however, told director Peter Bogdanovich that Kael was totally incorrect in this matter, and "she never bothered to check with him." He did not, in fact, ever give the script to Davies. Lederer explains: "I gave it back to him. He asked me if I thought Marion would be offended and I said I didn't think so. The script I read didn't have any flavor of Marion and Hearst—Robert McCormick was the man it was about."

According to Hecht biographer, William MacAdams, "When Hecht began looking around for a new collaborator ... he thought of Charlie Lederer, whom he had met on one of his first trips to Los Angeles....In a letter to screenwriter Gene Fowler, Hecht called Lederer "a very tender soul....[who] captivated the New York literati just as the other Charlie (MacArthur) had a few years earlier."

Leading screenplays
His friendship with Hecht led to his being hired in 1931, when he was 20, to write additional dialogue for the film version of the 1928 play The Front Page. The film would be nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Picture. In 1933, he made contributions to Hecht's screenplay for Topaze, along with many others, without being credited.

From 1940 to 1943 Lederer worked at MGM where he wrote a series of light comedies, usually centering on mismatched couples. Comrade X (1940), written in collaboration with Ben Hecht and directed by King Vidor is the story an American in Russia (Clark Gable) who falls in love with a streetcar conductor (Hedy Lamarr). In 1942 he directed his first film, Fingers at the Window, although he did not write the screenplay.

He penned the screenplay for the classic 1951 science-fiction/horror film The Thing from Another World, directed largely by Howard Hawks but credited to Christian Nyby and co-wrote the original 1960's Ocean's 11. Lederer wrote or co-wrote screenplays (notably with Ben Hecht) for Howard Hawks's production of His Girl Friday (a remake of The Front Page), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, and the Lewis Milestone remake of Mutiny on the Bounty, starring Marlon Brando. His Girl Friday has remained his most popular and critically acclaimed screenplay. At the suggestion of the film's director, Howard Hawks, Lederer changed the sex of the lead character in the play, Hildy Johnson, from male to female.

With Ben Hecht, he co-wrote the original Kiss of Death which was to feature the actor Richard Widmark's chilling debut as the psychopathic killer with a giggle. In addition, he wrote and directed the 1959 film Never Steal Anything Small, an adaptation of a play by Maxwell Anderson and Rouben Mamoulian, starring James Cagney. The Spirit of St. Louis was Lederer's last significant film work. The films that followed that were primarily vehicles for established stars.

Lederer was valued as a Hollywood screenwriter who produced lively, acerbic adaptations and worked well in collaboration with others. He was also a member of another circle of writers on the East Coast which included Moss Hart, George S. Kaufman, Howard Dietz, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, and editor Harold Ross. These writers were to become the nucleus of the Algonquin Round Table.

Awards
In 1954, he won three Tony Awards for the Broadway Musical Kismet, as Best Producer (Musical), as Best Author (Musical) with Luther Davis, and as co-author of the book which, with several collaborators, contributed to the Best Musical win.

Marion Davies' nephew
Lederer and his sister Pepi were raised by his aunt, actress Marion Davies. He grew up in Hollywood, and spent much of his time at Hearst Castle in San Simeon, his aunt's primary home with newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. According to Davies's biographer Fred Guiles, "Everyone close to Marion knew that Charlie was her favorite person after Hearst. . . . He was her knight-errant and no one, not even Hearst, ever reckoned with Marion alone from then on; they knew that they were dealing, too, with nephew Charlie."

Lederer's father, George Lederer, produced her first film, Runaway Romany. Hearst, who at that time had not known Davies, saw the film and offered Davies a one-year acting contract, leading to their future relationship and further roles for Davies.

In July 1928, Davies and Hearst left on a summer vacation to Europe. Among those invited who joined them, at Hearst's expense, were Lederer and his sister Pepi. During another summer trip to Europe in 1934, Hearst and Davies considered having Lederer write a scenario for a movie project called Movie Queen, a proposed film and vehicle for Davies that had been discussed in Hollywood. Hearst also asked Lederer to help rewrite the script for another Davies film, Hearts Divided (1936), which he did without credit.

In 1950, Hearst personally asked Lederer to find him an attorney to draw up a trust agreement for his will in order to provide Davies with a lifetime income from the Hearst estate after his death. Lederer remained close to Davies after Hearst's death in 1951. When Davies died in 1961 at age 64, nearly recovering from cancer treatments and deterioring health from years of heavy drinking, Lederer, along with Davies' husband and her sister, were at her bedside.

During his visits at Hearst's estate, Lederer befriended Charlie Chaplin, also a frequent visitor, and got a small role in his 1931 film, City Lights. The scene was cut from the final film, however, and the seven-minute clip was first publicly shown in the 1983 documentary Unknown Chaplin.

Marriages
Lederer married Virginia Nicolson Welles, ex-wife of Orson Welles, May 18, 1940, in Phoenix, Arizona. Lederer, at the time, was a "good friend" of Welles, notes Welles biographer Peter Bogdanovich According to Guiles, "she married Charlie… coming back to the Lederer home on Bedford Drive [in Los Angeles] with her young daughter, Chris, Welles’ first-born child.”  The couple divorced in 1949.

Lederer's second wife was actress Anne Shirley whom he married in 1949.

Orson Welles
Welles biographer Barbara Leaming states that after Lederer married Welles's first wife in 1940, "earnestly trying to protect the best interests of Virginia and particularly of his daughter Chris, Lederer had angry run-ins with Orson, whom he accused of not living up to the divorce settlement. Now, in the unlikeliest of turnarounds, Orson and the witty, intelligent Lederer became great chums." Welles himself said of the Lederers, "I liked them together," and he soon entered into a friendly relationship that he describes as a "strange design for living at the beach."

Welles became famous in the movie world after the release of Citizen Kane in 1941, a story based in part on the life of William Randolph Hearst. The story attempts to solve the mystery of newspaper publisher Charles Foster Kane's last dying word: "Rosebud". Film critic David Thomson calls the word "the greatest secret in cinema." In 1989, author Gore Vidal disclosed that "Rosebud" was in fact a nickname which Hearst playfully used for the clitoris of his mistress, Marion Davies. Vidal said that Davies told this intimate detail to Lederer, who mentioned it to him. The claim about the meaning of "Rosebud" was repeated in the 1996 documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane and again in the 1999 dramatic film RKO 281.

Years later, after Welles's second marriage to actress Rita Hayworth ended in 1948, he moved to a beach house next door to the palatial Marion Davies estate where his first wife Virginia and Lederer, her husband, resided. Welles lived there with Irish actress Geraldine Fitzgerald, and he soon became a "member of the household" of his former wife and Lederer.

Chris Welles, in her biography, describes how her mother and stepfather remained friends with Welles despite the earlier problems:

"He seemed to be great pals with my stepfather, Charlie Lederer. No one observing them together would have guessed that my mother and Charlie had sued my father for an increase in my child support. . . . Mother and Charlie had given up, and so it was back to "Orson, darling!" and a daily invitation to join them in the ritual of martinis on the front porch at sunset. He was more likely to arrive unannounced and then madden the cook by staying for lunch or dinner. Always casually dressed in summer slacks and an open shirt, he behaved as though he were a member of our household, coming and going as he pleased with no need to give an account of himself."

According to Welles biographer Frank Brady, Lederer and Welles would sometimes spend hours, or days, discussing various film projects or related properties that they might want to collaborate on. They both loved Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie. There were also awkward periods that Welles remembers:

"You see, he'd have Marion Davies for dinner. Virginia would say, "Now you stay away. Don't be seen." And so I'd come up to the window where their dinner table was, with my coat collar up as though it were snowing outside, and just stare in at them eating."

Lederer would often take Chris and Virginia to visit San Simeon, where Davies lived with William Randolph Hearst. She recalls, "Whenever we visited San Simeon, the grandiose castle . . . Charlie could not resist pulling the old man's leg:

""WR is the perfect fall guy," I remember Charlie telling my father one evening while the adults were having martinis on the porch. Then, to illustrate his point, my stepfather launched into his favorite story. Late one night at San Simeon, when everyone else was asleep, Charlie stole out to the gardens and dressed the marble statues of naked women in bras and panties. . . . In the morning, the grand old gentleman stood there bothered and befuddled as each of his guests stumbled half-asleep into the garden and began to howl with laughter."

Chris Welles adds that "aunt Marion, who had lost most of her relatives, was extremely close to Charlie." Lederer agreed, saying that "we're more like partners in crime than aunt and nephew." She remembers one occasion: "Charlie and Marion would exchange a wicked glance and then begin turning somersaults in unison on one of Hearst's priceless Persian rugs." She writes, however, that she was unaware at the time of the complications that her visits to San Simeon caused:

"I was too young to appreciate the irony of my position—both the child of the man who had made Citizen Kane and the stepchild of Marion Davies's beloved nephew. Marion, Charlie, and my mother feared that the mere sight of "Orson's kid" might give Pops apoplexy . .."

Virginia Welles gave some of the reasons Lederer became close friends with Welles: "Orson and Charlie just naturally gravitated toward one another. They were both brilliant, highly sophisticated men living in a cultural desert. . . . So my two husbands got to be great friends, and they loved to commiserate about how difficult it was to be married to me. But when it came to their personalities, they couldn't have been more unalike. Charlie was such a dear, sweet, funny man, and he didn't have Orson's crushing ego. He was a hell of a lot easier to live with, I can tell you."

After completing Macbeth in late 1947, Welles planned to live and work in Europe to save on production costs. Before leaving, however, he came down with chicken pox, which he contracted from his daughter. He was forced to stay in New York's Waldorf hotel for three days, during which time Lederer remained with him while they worked on a script for The Shadow, which Welles was to direct. Later, after Welles had been living in Europe, spending most of his time and energy trying to obtain funds to both live and produce other films, Lederer loaned him $250,000.

Harpo, Ben Hecht, and a Comeuppance
Lederer was great friends with Harpo Marx and the two constantly cooked up practical jokes at the balls and parties they attended at Hearst Castle, the estate of William Randolph Hearst, such as stealing all the female guests' fur coats and draping them over the statues outside the estate during a heavy snowstorm.

Lederer was a close and lifelong friend of screenwriter Ben Hecht, with whom he co-wrote numerous screenplays. Hecht noted that Lederer was "half Jewish and half Irish," and soon after meeting him, wired Rose, his wife, "I have met a new friend. He has pointed teeth, pointed ears, is nineteen years old, completely bald and stands on his head a great deal. His name is Charles Lederer. I hope to bring him back to civilization with me." Hecht's 1963 autobiography, Gaily, Gaily, was dedicated, "For Charles Lederer, to read in his tub."

Lederer was famed on both coasts as a sardonic wit and "incessant practical joker," which endeared him to Hecht. Bennett Cerf's book Shake Well Before Using describes an incident during Lederer's career in the Army during World War II, when Lederer took revenge on an Englishwoman who had been making "rabid and noisy" remarks against Jews: ""Tell me, why don't you like the Jews?" "Oh, I don't know. No reason I guess." Lederer yanked on [her china cabinet] door. Most of the china flew across the room. "Well, now you've got a reason.""

Final years
According to Mankiewicz' biographer Richard Meryman, Lederer "isolated himself in his last years, contorted from arthritis, addicted to narcotics." He died in 1976, aged sixty-five.

Writer

 * Kiss of Death (1995) (1947 screenplay)
 * Kismet (1967) (TV) (musical libretto)
 * A Global Affair (1964) (writer)
 * Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) (screenplay)
 * Follow That Dream (1962) (writer)
 * Ocean's 11 (1960) (screenplay)
 * Can-Can (1960) (screenplay)
 * It Started with a Kiss (1959) (writer)
 * Never Steal Anything Small (1959) (writer)
 * The Fiend Who Walked the West (1958)
 * Tip on a Dead Jockey (1957) (writer)
 * The Spirit of St. Louis (1957) (adaptation)
 * Gaby (1956) (writer)
 * Kismet (1955) (musical libretto) (screenplay)
 * Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) (screenplay)
 * O. Henry's Full House (1952) (uncredited)
 * Monkey Business (1952) (screenplay)
 * Fearless Fagan (1952) (writer)
 * The Thing (1951) (writer)

 * Wabash Avenue (1950) (screenplay) (story)
 * Red, Hot and Blue (1949) (story)
 * I Was a Male War Bride (1949) (screenplay)
 * The Lady from Shanghai (1947) (uncredited)
 * Her Husband's Affairs (1947) (writer)
 * Ride the Pink Horse (1947) (writer)
 * Kiss of Death (1947) (screenplay)
 * Slightly Dangerous (1943) (screenplay)
 * The Youngest Profession (1943) (screenplay)
 * Love Crazy (1941) (screenplay)
 * Comrade X (1940) (screenplay)
 * I Love You Again (1940) (screenplay)
 * His Girl Friday (1940) (screenplay)
 * Broadway Serenade (1939) (screenplay)
 * Within the Law (1939) (screenplay)
 * Double or Nothing (1937) (writer)
 * Mountain Music (1937) (writer)
 * Baby Face Harrington (1935) (additional dialogue)
 * Cock of the Air (1932) (writer)
 * The Front Page (1931) (additional dialogue)

Director

 * Never Steal Anything Small (1959)
 * On the Loose (1951)
 * Fingers at the Window (1942)

Actor

 * City Lights (1931) (In unused scene) Telegraph Delivery Boy, included in 1983 Unknown Chaplin documentary.

title: Charles Lederer


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Helleborine

Helleborine is the common name for a number of species of orchid. It does not correspond to any currently used taxonomic category. Some of the plants called helleborines are classified in the genus Epipactis, some in genus Cephalanthera. A genus Helleborine was formerly recognised but has now been absorbed into the Grass pink genus Calopogon.

title: Helleborine