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We Will Rock You (musical)

We Will Rock You (often abbreviated as WWRY) is a jukebox musical based on the songs of British rock band Queen with a book by Ben Elton. The musical tells the story of a renegade group known as the Bohemians who struggle to restore the free exchange of thought and culture in a vaguely Orwellian society.

Directed by Christopher Renshaw and choreographed by Arlene Phillips, the original West End production opened in 2002. Although the musical was at first panned by critics, it has become an audience favourite, becoming the longest-running musical at the Dominion Theatre, celebrating its tenth anniversary on 14 May 2012.

The original production closed on 31 May 2014, at that time the eleventh longest-running musical in West End history. Numerous international and touring productions have followed, and We Will Rock You has been seen in six of the world's continents. By December 2022 the musical had been seen by 20 million people across 28 countries.

From 2 June to 27 August 2023, We Will Rock You returned to the West End for a 12-week run at the London Coliseum.

Development
According to Brian May, Queen's manager Jim Beach had spoken with the band about creating a jukebox musical with Queen's songs since the mid-1990s. Initially, the intent was to create a biographical story of Freddie Mercury. About this time, Robert De Niro's production company Tribeca Productions expressed interest in a Queen musical, but it found the original idea difficult to work with.

In 2000, Ben Elton was approached to start talks with May and Taylor on the project. He suggested taking the musical down a different path than initially imagined, creating an original story that would capture the spirit of much of their music. He worked closely with May and Taylor to incorporate Queen's songs into the story. Elton has also stated that he was in part inspired by the computer-controlled dystopia of the 1999 science-fiction film The Matrix. The script was eventually completed midway through 2001.

West End and UK tours
We Will Rock You opened in the West End at the Dominion Theatre on 14 May 2002, following previews from 26 April. It was directed by Christopher Renshaw and choreographed by Arlene Phillips, with musical supervision and vocal arrangements by Mike Dixon. The production featured a nine piece live band. The cast included Tony Vincent as Galileo, Hannah Jane Fox as Scaramouche, Sharon D. Clarke as Killer Queen, Nigel Planer as Pop, Nigel Clauzel as Brit and Kerry Ellis as Meat. For her performance, Clarke was nominated for "Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical or Entertainment" at the 2003 Olivier Awards. Notable cast replacements included Mig Ayesa and Alex Gaumond as Galileo, Mazz Murray and Brenda Edwards as Killer Queen, and Rachel Tucker as Meat. In 2005 We Will Rock You became the longest running musical at the Dominion Theatre, surpassing the previous record-holder Grease. The production closed on 31 May 2014, shortly after its 12th anniversary, and after 4,600 performances at the Dominion Theatre.

A UK tour was launched in 2009 at the Palace Theatre, Manchester. The cast included Gaumond as Galileo, Sarah French-Ellis as Scaramouche, Edwards as Killer Queen, Georgina Hagen as Meat, Jonathan Wilkes as Khashoggi and Kevin Kennedy as Pop. A second UK tour launched in December 2010, also at the Palace Theatre in Manchester. The show embarked on a further UK and Ireland tour, beginning at the Bromley Churchill Theatre, on 16 September 2019. After a hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tour resumed performances on 7 February 2022 at the Kings Theatre in Portsmouth, closing on 10 September 2022 at the Palace Theatre in Manchester.

Following the UK tour, the show returned to the West End in 2023, opening at the London Coliseum on 2 June for a limited 12-week run directed by Ben Elton and choreographed by Jacob Fearey. Ian McIntosh and Elena Skye resumed the roles of Galileo and Scaramouche respectively from the touring production, and Brenda Edwards continued on as Killer Queen. Also joining the cast were Lee Mead as Khashoggi, Christine Allado as Meat, and Adrian Hansel as Brit. Ben Elton made his stage debut as the Rebel Leader (previously known as Pop).

Australasia and the Asian Pacific
The first international production premiered at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne, Australia, on 7 August 2003. The cast included Michael Falzon as Galileo, Kate Hoolihan as Scaramouche, Annie Crummer as Killer Queen, and Amanda Harrison as Oz. The production closed on 4 March 2004 before touring to Perth, Brisbane and Sydney. It then made a stop at the Shinjuku Koma Theater in Tokyo, Japan, where it ran from 27 May to 24 August 2005. A second tour launched in 2006, performing in Tokyo and Osaka.

An Australasian tour was launched at the end of 2007 in New Zealand; the cast included Ayesa as Galileo and Crummer as Killer Queen. The tour performed in Auckland at The Civic, The Edge (26 October to 2 December 2007), in Seoul, South Korea, at the Seongnam Arts Centre (2 to 24 February 2008), in Singapore at the Esplanade Theatre (28 March to 27 April 2008), in Hong Kong at The Lyric Theatre of The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts (16 May to 22 June 2008) and in Bangkok, Thailand, at the Muangthai Ratchadalai Theatre (12 to 27 July 2008).

A new tour of Australia commenced in Sydney on 30 April 2016, before touring to Brisbane and Melbourne. Another production was scheduled for 2023-2024. It was supposed to have over 500 cast members including Courtney Act as Killer Queen and Peter Rowsthorn as Buddy. In October 2022 it was announced that the tour was cancelled because of legal reasons.

Spain
A Spanish-language production ran from 1 October 2003 (opening officially on 3 November) to 30 May 2004 at Teatro Calderón, Madrid, with Momo Cortés and Miquel Fernández as Galileo. The songs "We Will Rock You", "We Are the Champions" and "Bohemian Rhapsody" retained their English lyrics. After closing at Teatro Calderón, the show toured around Spain. In 2007 the production returned to Teatro Calderón with previews from 23 January and an official opening on 12 February. Daniel Diges and Julián Fontalvo shared the role of Galileo. The production closed on 6 January 2008.

A new production began previews on 9 October 2021 at the Gran Teatro Príncipe Pío in Madrid, and officially opened on 24 November.

Las Vegas and North American tours
A resident production at the Paris Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, began previews on 4 August 2004, with an official opening on 8 September. Tony Vincent, who originated the role of Galileo in London, reprised the role, which he alternated with Jason Wooten. Aspen Miller and Kacie Sheik shared the role of Scaramouche, Patti Russo was Killer Queen, and Ty Taylor was Brit. The Las Vegas production "trimmed" down the book into a single act show. The production closed on 27 November 2005.

On 15 October 2013, a North American tour began at the Hippodrome Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland, directed by Elton. The cast included Brian Justin Crum as Galileo, Ruby Lewis as Scaramouche, PJ Griffith as Khashoggi, Jacqueline Arnold as Killer Queen, Jared Zirilli as Britney, Ryan Knowles as Buddy and Erica Peck as Oz. The tour covered nearly the whole of the US, and two stops in Ontario, Canada; in all, the tour included 298 performances in 29 cities.

A second North American tour launched on 3 September 2019 at the Centennial Concert Hall in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and included a stop at the Madison Square Garden in New York City from 14 to 17 November 2019.

Russia, Germany, Switzerland and Austria
A Russian production opened in the Estrada Theatre, Moscow on 17 October 2004. The production's dialogue and all songs but three were translated into Russian, by Evgeny Margulis of Mashina Vremeni. This production closed only four months after its opening due to disagreements between the show's producers, despite fan protests to keep the show going.

A German production opened in the Musical Dome, Cologne, on 12 December 2004. The spoken dialogue was in German, but the musical numbers consisted of a mix of German and English lyrics. According to Brian May, Ben Elton intended German to represent the show's "present day", and English represented the distant past. The production closed in Cologne on 30 September 2008. It next opened at the Apollo Theatre in Stuttgart on 13 November 2008 after previews from 7 November 2008. The production opened in Berlin on 21 October 2010 and closed for good on 21 October 2011.

A German-language production opened in Zürich, Switzerland, on 3 December 2006 at Theatre Stadthof 11, Oerlikon using the book of the Cologne production. The production starred Jessica Kessler as Scaramouche, Brigitte Oelke as Killer Queen and Rachel Fischer as Ozzy. This production closed at the end of 2007. It reopened in Vienna, Austria, on 24 January 2008, at the Raimund Theatre where it ran until 13 July 2008.

Another tour started in December 2012 in Basel, Switzerland, and closed in June 2013 in Essen, Germany. It restarted in September 2014 in Munich, followed by Frankfurt and Vienna.

There is currently a planned upcoming performance in 2024 at AVB Kultur & Freizeit in Amstetten, Austria.

South Africa
A South African production opened at the Civic Theatre in Johannesburg on 9 May 2006. It starred Francois Schreuder as Galileo, Helen Burger as Scaramouche, Vicky Sampson as Killer Queen, and Helen Goldberg as Oz. The production made tour stops at the Artscape in Cape Town (from 25 July) and the Playhouse Opera in Durban (29 September to 29 October 2006) before closing.

Canada
A Canadian production began previews on 14 March and officially opened on 10 April 2007 at the Canon Theatre, Toronto. Yvan Pednault played Galileo. Erica Peck was Scaramouche, Alana Bridgewater was Killer Queen, Suzie McNeil was Oz and Evan Buliung was Khashoggi. The production closed at the Canon Theatre on 11 May 2008 and reopened at the Panasonic Theatre on 16 July 2008 after major rewrites to trim the show. Cuts included dialogue between "Ga-Ga" and "I Want to Break Free"; "One Vision" was cut; and the Act Two song sequence was changed. In October 2008, Camilla Scott took over the role of Khashoggi, a character that had previously been portrayed as a male. The production closed on 28 June 2009.

Another production opened at the Magnus Theatre in Thunder Bay, Ontario, on 8 September 2017. It played to sold-out audiences and was extended, closing on 30 September 2017.

Other productions
In April 2007 a non-equity production of We Will Rock You began at the Jedlicka Performing Art Centre in Chicago.

An Italian production opened on 4 December 2009 at the Allianz Teatro in Milan, Italy. All the dialogues are in Italian and almost all the songs are in English, except for "Radio Ga Ga" and "No One But You". The tour visited Milan, Bologna, Trieste and Rome.

From 12 September to 18 December 2010 a production was played in Stockholm, Sweden at the venue Cirkus. The production moved to Oslo, Norway on 23 January 2011 at Folketeateret. It closed on 16 April 2011.

A production of the show opened on 23 April 2015 on board the new Royal Caribbean cruise ship, Anthem of the Seas.

An Icelandic production opened on 15 August 2019 at the Háskólabíó Theater in Reykjavík, Iceland. The spoken dialogue and most lyrics were translated into Icelandic by Jóhann Axel Andersen. Directed by Vignir Rafn Valþórsson, with Chantelle Carey as choreographer, the cast included Kristinn Óli Haraldsson as Galileo and Þórhallur Sigurðsson as Pop.

A French production opened on 28 September 2018 at the Casino de Paris in Paris, directed by Ned Grujic, with choreography by Raffaele Lucania.

An international tour will start in the Philippines on 27 October 2022, with scheduled stops in South Korea, Singapore, and South Africa.

A new Italian tour kicked off on 2 February 2023 at the Teatro Nazionale in Milan, starring Martha Rossi as Scaramouche, Damiano Borgi as Galileo, Natascia Fonzetti as Killer Queen, Salvo Bruno as Khashoggi, Mattia Braghero as Brit, Alessandra Ferrari as Oz and Massimiliano Colonna as Pop.

Since 2006, the show has been licensed for amateur and school productions in the UK, with proceeds going to the Mercury Phoenix Trust.

Critical reception
London's critics almost uniformly panned the show, criticising the concept and direction. The Guardian wrote that the premise "really is as sixth form as it sounds", called the production "ruthlessly packaged and manufactured" and opined that the "sometimes funny" libretto existed mainly to "devise more unlikely ways to wring out another Queen song." The Daily Mirror wrote that "Ben Elton should be shot for this risible story." The Daily Telegraph described it as "guaranteed to bore you rigid" and "prolefeed at its worst." However, some individual performances received praise.

West End

 * Galileo: MiG Ayesa, Peter Johansson, Ricardo Afonso, Alex Gaumond, Noel Sullivan, David Leigh (u/s), Oliver Tompsett
 * Scaramouche: Jenna Lee-James, Sabrina Aloueche, Lauren Samuels, Amanda Harrison (u/s), Tamara Wall (u/s), Emma Hatton (u/s)
 * Killer Queen: Mazz Murray
 * Khashoggi: Clive Carter, Alex McNamara
 * Meat: Rachael Wooding, Rachel Tucker, Rachel John, Tamara Wall (u/s), Rebecca Trehearn (u/s)
 * Pop: Jeff Shankley, Kevin Kennedy

UK Tour

 * Galileo: Michael Falzon, Noel Sullivan
 * Killer Queen: Ashley J Russell
 * Khashoggi: Darren Day, Rhydian Roberts, Earl Carpenter, Jonathan Wilkes
 * Brit: Leon Lopez
 * Pop: Ian Reddington

Act One
The story is set exactly 300 years in the future in a vaguely Orwellian world. Earth has been renamed as the "iPlanet" (sometimes called "Planet Mall" in older productions) and is controlled by the Globalsoft Corporation ("Innuendo"). On the iPlanet, mainstream commercial conformity reigns, in which Ga Ga Kids watch the same movies, listen to computer-generated music, wear the same clothes and hold the same thoughts and opinions. Musical instruments are forbidden, and rock music is unknown ("Radio Ga Ga").

In the newest graduating class is black sheep, Galileo, who has dreams and hears strange words in his head, most of which are lyrics of songs long since lost, though he does not understand their significance. Despite his teacher's advice, Galileo refuses to conform like the rest of his classmates ("I Want to Break Free"). He is captured by Khashoggi, commander of Globalsoft's police. The teacher also reveals a second anomaly, a young, goth woman named Scaramouche who is openly mocked and derided by her peers ("Somebody to Love"). She, too is arrested by Khashoggi.

Ruling Globalsoft Corporation is Killer Queen ("Killer Queen"). She has heard of a prophecy that instruments have been hidden somewhere on the iPlanet in the "place of living rock", and a "bright star" will show the way to them. She orders Khashoggi to get to the bottom of the matter and crush the rebel Bohemians who believe in the prophecy. Killer Queen then basks in her power over the iPlanet ("Play the Game").

Galileo and Scaramouche wake up in a hospital. They realise that they are kindred spirits, feared by the rest of their society. ("Under Pressure") They flee together from the hospital. Khashoggi has blown up all the rocks on the iPlanet, but cannot find any supposed hidden instruments. Killer Queen insists that they have won, and the prophecy will not come to pass ("A Kind of Magic").

On the streets, Bohemians Britney and Oz climb out of the sewers, where they have been gathering materials to make musical instruments. Britney is a believer in the Dreamer who will fulfil the prophecy, and insists to the cynical Oz that it's the key to bringing real music back into the world ("I Want It All"). Brit and Oz hear footsteps approaching, and hide.

Galileo and Scaramouche arrive, with Galileo talking about his belief that he has a destiny. He says that he dreamt a name for the woman: "Scaramouche". Britney and Oz reveal themselves, and accuse Galileo and Scaramouche of being spies, because Galileo keeps spouting words of the "sacred text". Galileo insists that he only hears those words in his head. Britney tests him, singing the first few lines of "Bohemian Rhapsody". Galileo responds correctly with the subsequent lines, and Britney realises that he is the Dreamer of the prophecy. They bring Galileo and Scaramouche to the Heartbreak Hotel, which is located at the ruins of the Tottenham Court Road tube station, where the Bohemians have made their home ("Headlong").

The Bohemians explain to Galileo and Scaramouche that they take their names after singers long gone, and mourn the deaths of those who died young ("No One But You"). The group then celebrates the reason rock bands started playing music in the first place, which was for love ("Crazy Little Thing Called Love").

Khashoggi and his police suddenly arrive at the Heartbreak Hotel, where they round up the Bohemians for capture. Britney breaks free and battles the police in order to enable Galileo and Scaramouche to escape, but in the process is killed.

Act Two
The Ga Ga Kids of the iPlanet move on in their regular fashion ("One Vision").

Galileo and Scaramouche have escaped the Heartbreak Hotel, and realise that back at the hospital, tracking devices were installed in their heads. They remove them, and upon realising that they are all that's left of the rebels, they confess their love for each other ("Who Wants to Live Forever").

The surviving Bohemians have been rounded up by Khashoggi to be tortured ("Flash"). When he cannot get any information from them about the prophecy, he has them brain-drained ("Seven Seas of Rhye"—interpolating "Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon").

Galileo wakes up, and tells Scaramouche that he had a dream that the Bohemians were sent to the Seven Seas of Rhye. Scaramouche agrees they have to go there, but then Galileo insists that she stay because she's a "chick", to which Scaramouche takes offence. They argue, and decide that both of them will go to the Seven Seas of Rhye, but their relationship will be purely professional.

Back at Globalsoft headquarters ("Fat Bottomed Girls") Khashoggi reports that the Bohemians are no longer a problem. Killer Queen prematurely starts to celebrate ("Don't Stop Me Now"). Khashoggi interrupts her, explaining that Galileo and Scaramouche escaped. Killer Queen declares this is the last time Khashoggi has disappointed her, and has him brain-drained ("Another One Bites the Dust").

Galileo and Scaramouche are making their way to the Seven Seas of Rhye, arguing all the way ("Hammer to Fall"). At the Seven Seas of Rhye pub in Montreux, Pop the librarian is serving drinks to the lifeless Bohemians ("These Are the Days of Our Lives"). When Galileo and Scaramouche arrive, Pop explains the full nature of the prophecy to them as inscribed by the three remaining members of the band Queen just before they were sentenced to death (Brian May, his last request being a final guitar solo, apparently delayed his execution for three and a half days). Scaramouche figures out that the bright shining star of the prophecy is rock star Freddie Mercury's statue, and that it's pointing to Wembley Stadium, the "place of living rock". After initially preparing to travel by bicycle, (opening of "Bicycle Race") Scaramouche protests that the method "isn't very cool", and so they travel there by motorcycle. ("Headlong [reprise]")

Wembley Stadium is in ruins, with no instruments to be found. Reconciling and their love for each other rekindled ("Love of My Life"), Scaramouche inspires Galileo to perform the opening of "We Will Rock You", and an electric guitar is revealed. Galileo cannot play it, but Scaramouche can ("Brighton Rock solo"). Pop hacks into Globalsoft's network so their music can be heard by everyone on the iPlanet, and Killer Queen is defeated ("Tie Your Mother Down", "We Will Rock You/We Are the Champions").

After the curtain calls ("We Will Rock You [ fast version] "), the entire company performs "Bohemian Rhapsody" as an encore.

Variations
International productions of the musical feature changes in the story and song line-up in order to better reach target audiences. All the main characters retain their general personalities across productions, but the names vary depending on the production. (See characters section below.)

The dialogue contains many references to popular culture, with lyrics from numerous non-Queen songs and albums inserted into the text. These references are constantly changing and, according to writer Elton, this is to keep the show "fresh". Songs that have been referenced include The Beatles' "Help!", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Penny Lane", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "I Am the Walrus" and "Hello, Goodbye", Little Richard's "Tutti Fruitti" and "Long Tall Sally", the theme from The Wombles, The Goodies' "Funky Gibbon", Bruce Springsteen's "Born to Run", David Bowie's "Rebel Rebel" and "Space Oddity", The Wild Ones' "Wild Thing", The Rolling Stones' "Honky Tonk Women", Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man", ABBA's "Dancing Queen" and "Fernando", Oasis' "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?", Eminem's "The Real Slim Shady", Spice Girls' "Wannabe", Elton John's "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road", Black Lace's "Agadoo", The Clash's "Complete Control", Teletubbies and songs by Amy Winehouse and Michael Jackson.

May often performed with the London production on special occasions such as anniversaries and Freddie Mercury's birthday. At the final performance of the original production in 2014, he and Roger Taylor both performed.

Hannah Jane Fox, who originated Scaramouche, was the last original principal cast member to remain with the show. She gave her final performance on 28 January 2006, four years after the musical opened at the Dominion Theatre, and the event was celebrated with May appearing on stage to perform the guitar solo during the "Bohemian Rhapsody" encore.

On 5 September 2006, the London show celebrated what would have been Freddie Mercury's 60th birthday. During the song "Don't Stop Me Now", ordinarily sung by Killer Queen, the band "McFly" (who were at No. 1 with the song on the singles charts the previous week) emerged onto the stage to sing it instead. Brian May and Roger Taylor joined the encore, performing Taylor's "Say It's Not True" as a duo. Ben Elton also addressed the audience on this special occasion. The following week, tickets to the London show went on sale from £19.46, Mercury's birth year.

On 14 May 2007, the London show celebrated its fifth anniversary with a special show featuring both May and Taylor playing in the final section of the show. Writer Ben Elton also made an appearance to present a special plaque to the cast, May and Taylor. During the portion of the show based in Pop's bar, the line "But the Pub Landlord has a Bike" was followed by a cameo appearance of British comedian Al Murray, who came up through the stage on a motorcycle.

The London show's sixth anniversary performance was held on 21 May 2008, a week after its actual anniversary due to the unavailability of Brian May. For the first time since the show opened, the Killer Queen character performed the entire song "Don't Stop Me Now", a musical number which is normally interrupted by the Khashoggi character. This unique performance is acknowledged by Killer Queen's dialogue: "No, you didn't let me finish, you never let me finish. For six long years, night after night, week after week, year after year. Well, tonight, I'm going to finish", to which Khashoggi replied: "It's not in the script!" Killer Queen proceeded to yell, "Screw the script!" before continuing the song. Additionally, May joined Killer Queen and the dancers on stage for the performance. After the encore, Elton made a thank you speech, after which the entire cast performed "The Show Must Go On", accompanied by May on guitar.

The seventh anniversary of the London show was celebrated on Monday 18 May 2009. The show contained a special appearance from Brian May and Ben Elton who emerged together in a cloud of smoke during the encore rendition of "Bohemian Rhapsody" with May playing guitar. As with the year before, Elton gave a thank you speech and the entire cast performed "The Show Must Go On", accompanied by May on guitar.

On Saturday 12 September 2009 at the early matinee performance Brian May again emerged in a cloud of smoke playing the guitar in "Bohemian Rhapsody". The reason for this appearance was not clear. He did the same again at the matinee on Saturday 14 November 2009.

On Sunday 31 January 2010 in The O2 Dublin, Brian May once again played "Bohemian Rhapsody" with the company during the finale of both the matinee and evening shows to celebrate the end of their year-long tour.

On Saturday 5 September 2010, May also appeared though a cloud of smoke, again to play "Bohemian Rhapsody". This was due to the annual cast change, as well as a celebration of what would have been Freddie Mercury's 64th birthday, and afterwards Brian gave a farewell speech to the cast who were leaving.

On Saturday 5 October 2013, May appeared through the cloud of smoke to play "Bohemian Rhapsody" once more. This was because it was cast change and some of the cast were leaving. May appeared to be very emotional when he was giving his speech.

The 20th anniversary UK tour, also directed by Ben Elton, was choreographed and staged by Jacob Fearey. This version opened at the King's Theatre with the full cast onstage for "Innuendo". The script is the same as the School Cast's version, but with fewer elements of the original. "Play the Game" is cut, and the chorus is backstage for most of the numbers. "Don't Stop Me Now" is left in its entirety, without Khashoggi interrupting Killer Queen. For the first time in the show's history, "The Show Must Go On" has been added to the production closing Act 1.

In the new West End version, in Act 2, "Love of My Life" is only played as a brief instrumental. Some of the elements of the 20th anniversary tour production remain.

Shows with Queen
Queen guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor often perform at premieres and special events. Bassist John Deacon left the band in 1997 after frontman Freddie Mercury's death, and has not performed with May or Taylor since.

When Bohemian Rhapsody is performed with May and/or Taylor, May comes up from a trap in the stage with a lot of smoke. (Only at the Dominion Theatre. Elsewhere he walks from the Wembley gate in the back, to the front of stage.) He performs the solo immediately before the opera section. Then the opera section begins, and he walks off stage. During the rock section Taylor comes up on the Heartbreak Hotel platform and May runs back on stage. (Only at the Dominion Theatre. Elsewhere Taylor's drum kit is pushed by stage crew and May runs on stage.) They perform the rock section with the cast and the ending section. They end the song before the stage goes into blackout.

Characters
Galileo Figaro – the central character of the musical; a dreamer who hears strange words in his head. He is eventually revealed to be a reincarnation of Freddie Mercury. The character's name is a reference to the lyrics in the Queen song "Bohemian Rhapsody".

Scaramouche – a sarcastic, cynical character and Galileo's love interest. In the finale she shows talent playing the electric guitar, and Galileo declares that she is a reincarnation of Brian May, only this time "he's a babe". The character's name is a reference to the lyrics in the Queen song "Bohemian Rhapsody".

Killer Queen – the villain of the musical, she rules over iPlanet with an iron fist. The character's name is a reference to the Queen song "Killer Queen".

Brit (alternatively Paris, Duff, Vic and J.B.) – Brit, short for Britney Spears, is the main male Bohemian rebel. In other productions, his name is either Paris (short for Paris Hilton), Duff (short for Hilary Duff), Vic (short for Victoria Beckham) or J.B. (short for Jeanette Biedermann).

Meat (alternatively Oz, Ozzy) – Meat, short for Meat Loaf, is the main female Bohemian. In some productions, the character is named Oz after Ozzy Osbourne.

Commander Khashoggi – Killer Queen's second-in-command, he is head of Globalsoft's police and carries out Killer Queen's dirty work. The character's name is a reference to the Queen song "Khashoggi's Ship" (which is about the real life Saudi arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi).

Pop (alternatively Polo, Bap, DJ, Buddy, Cliff or simply Rebel Leader) – an elderly librarian trying to figure out the "exact date the music died" (based on the 3 February 1959 plane crash that killed Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper), who in some productions has a crush on Scaramouche, believed to be named after the creation of reality television talent shows (the example given varies depending on the production, but includes Popstars, Pop Idol, The X Factor, or the relevant regional variant). Probably named after Iggy Pop or simply a diminutive of "Grandfather". In the German production his full name is "Bap Niedecken". The name refers to the German band "Bap" (Cologne dialect for "Papa" = "Father") and the singer Wolfgang Niedecken. In the Brazilian production his name is "Toca Raul", a reference to Raul Seixas, and to a popular expression associated with him (Toca Raul = Play Raul) but that is also said during many rock concerts in Brazil, regardless of the singer.

Other Bohemians – the other Bohemians have constantly changing names following media trends. These are usually music-related, and have included Paul McCartney, Bruce Springsteen, Robbie Williams, Beyoncé, Madonna, Amy Winehouse, Bob the Builder, Boy George, Cliff Richard, Spice Girls, Elton John, Jackson Five, David Bowie, Prince, Burton Cummings, John Farnham, Charlotte Church, Crazy Frog, Eddie Cochran, Avril Lavigne, Shania Twain, Lily Allen, Kelly Osbourne and Clay Aiken, Cheeky Girls, Kurt Cobain and recently Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Gary Barlow, Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Britney Spears, Jay Z and Frankie Valli.

Music
As a jukebox musical, the show's music consists entirely of Queen material. The musical numbers of the original London production are as follows.

 * Act I
 * 1) "Innuendo" – Freddie Mercury and ensemble
 * 2) "Radio Ga Ga" – Ga Ga Kids
 * 3) "I Want to Break Free" – Galileo
 * 4) "I Want to Break Free" (reprise) – Scaramouche
 * 5) "Somebody to Love" – Scaramouche and Teen Queens
 * 6) "Killer Queen" – Killer Queen and Yuppies
 * 7) "Play the Game" – Killer Queen and Yuppies
 * 8) "Death on Two Legs"* (instrumental)
 * 9) "Under Pressure" – Galileo and Scaramouche
 * 10) "A Kind of Magic" – Killer Queen, Khashoggi and Yuppies
 * 11) "I Want It All" – Brit and Meat
 * 12) "Headlong" – Brit, Meat, Galileo and Scaramouche
 * 13) "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)" – Meat and Bohemians
 * 14) "Crazy Little Thing Called Love"* – Brit, Meat, Galileo, Scaramouche and Bohemians
 * 15) "Ogre Battle" (instrumental)

 * Act II
 * 1) "One Vision" / "Radio Ga Ga" (reprise) – Ga Ga Kids
 * 2) "Who Wants to Live Forever" – Galileo and Scaramouche
 * 3) "Flash" – Bohemians
 * 4) "Seven Seas of Rhye" – Khashoggi and Bohemians
 * 5) "Fat Bottomed Girls"* – Queen, Killer Queen and Sex Yuppies
 * 6) "Don't Stop Me Now" – Killer Queen
 * 7) "Another One Bites the Dust" – Killer Queen
 * 8) "Hammer to Fall" – Galileo and Scaramouche
 * 9) "These Are the Days of Our Lives" – Pop and Bohemians
 * 10) "Bicycle Race"* – Bohemians
 * 11) "Headlong" (reprise)* – Galileo, Scaramouche and Pop
 * 12) "Love of My Life" – Bohemians
 * 13) "Brighton Rock" solo* (instrumental)
 * 14) "Tie Your Mother Down"* (instrumental)
 * 15) "We Will Rock You" – Galileo and Bohemians
 * 16) "We Are the Champions" – Galileo and ensemble

 * Encore
 * 1) "We Will Rock You" (fast version) – Ensemble
 * 2) "Bohemian Rhapsody" – Entire cast

Later in the London production, the "One Vision" sequence was changed to include Freddie Mercury's recorded vocals for the bridge. Previously, the bridge had been sung by the ensemble.

In the original London production, "Fat Bottomed Girls" was a short instrumental interlude prior to "Another One Bites the Dust". Subsequent international productions expanded the song into a full song and dance sequence. Due to the positive response, the change was transferred back to the London production.

For the single-act Las Vegas production, "Who Wants to Live Forever" is replaced by "You're My Best Friend". In the 2013-14 North American tour, "You're My Best Friend" is added after "I Want It All." "Who Wants to Live Forever" is reinstated, after "Flash" and "Seven Seas of Rhye."

For the Australasian tour, Canadian production and the 2013-14 North American tour, "Play the Game" is replaced by "Now I'm Here".

For the revamped Canadian production and the 2013-14 North American tour, "One Vision" is removed. "Flash" and "Seven Seas of Rhye" are repositioned to the start of Act Two.

For the 20th Anniversary UK tour, "Play the Game" is cut and replaced by "The Show Must Go On", which is positioned at the end of Act One. Additionally, "Don't Stop Me Now" is extended into the full length of the song for this production and is now a duet between Killer Queen and Scaramouche.

On special occasions, "The Show Must Go On" is added to the encore.

For the 2023 West End production, "Play the Game" was also replaced by "The Show Must Go On" at the end of Act One. "Don't Stop Me Now" is played its entirety. "Radio Ga Ga" is not played as a reprise after "One Vision" in Act Two. "Love of My Life" is only played as a brief instrumental in Act Two.

Recordings
A cast recording of the original London production was released in November 2002. Not all songs in the show were included in the album, the omitted tracks have been marked* in the above list. In August 2003, the London cast recording was given an Australian edition re-release, containing a bonus track of the original Australian Killer Queen, Annie Crummer, singing a studio version of "Another One Bites the Dust".

In 2004, Kerry Ellis, who was the original Meat in the London production, worked with Brian May to record an instrumental studio version of "No One But You (Only the Good Die Young)". This version is available through the official Queen website and in Ellis' limited-release CD single titled Wicked in Rock.

A Madrid cast recording was released in 2004. The recording includes a bonus second disc containing an extended Spanish-translated studio version of "No One But You" ("Solo Por Ti") sung by the original Meat, Eva María Cortés, and video clips of the original Madrid production.

A Cologne cast recording was released in 2005. It is the only We Will Rock You cast recording to contain "Fat Bottomed Girls".

In 2012, a 10th Anniversary Edition of the London Cast Recording was issued, comprising the original cast recording album, along with a CD containing bonus material.

Discography

 * Alana Bridgewater-recorded version of Fat Bottomed Girls on her debut album "Horizon".
 * The 10th Anniversary album including the original 2002 album, along with a bonus CD with the following tracks:
 * Another One Bites The Dust (2003 Remix) – Annie Crummer, Queen
 * Sólo Por Ti (No One But You) (In Spanish) (Short Version) – Eva Maria Cortes, Queen
 * Sin Control (Headlong) (In Spanish) – The Spanish Cast
 * Algo Loco Es El Amor (Crazy Little Thing Called Love) (In Spanish) – The Spanish Cast
 * Killer Queen (In German) – The German Cast
 * Play The Game (In German) – The German Cast
 * Bohemian Rhapsody ('Party at the Palace' Live at Buckingham Palace, 2002) – The London Cast, Queen
 * Radio Ga Ga ["Wetten, dass..?" German TV Live Performance, 2004] – The German Cast
 * Somebody To Love ["Wetten, dass..?" German TV Live Performance, 2004] – The German Cast, Queen
 * We Will Rock You ["Wetten, dass..?" German TV Live Performance, 2004] – The German Cast, Queen
 * We Are The Champions ["Wetten, dass..?" German TV Live Performance, 2004] – The German Cast, Queen

title: We Will Rock You (musical)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/North Side Guns

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 05:13, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

North Side Guns
Unencyclopedic. Partly attack page. 203.120.68.68 08:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete Complete invention. More suited to fiction blog or similar. Not appropriate for wikipedia. Should be removed. Guliolopez 12:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy nonsense. Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  12:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. --Blue520 13:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Jacquelyn Marie 19:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. MCB 01:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xdafied

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 05:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Xdafied
Non-notable website, 50 google hits. Thue | talk 08:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete doesn't even try to say why its notable, only that the layout has changed three times... Ryan Norton T 09:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. utcursch | talk 11:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Alexa Traffic Rank for : No Data. feydey 17:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xdafied


text:
User:Shootthemagpies

Based on the Gold Coast, Australia, shootthemagpies - President of MagpieShooter is always contributing to Wikipedia with articles about Brisbane and the Gold Coast.

title: User:Shootthemagpies


text:
Ben Vorlich, Loch Lomond

Ben Vorlich (Beinn Mhùrlaig) is a mountain in the Arrochar Alps of Argyll, in the Southern Highlands of Scotland. It reaches 943 m, making it a Munro. It lies between Loch Lomond and Loch Sloy. Ben Vorlich is the highest point of the historic county of Dunbartonshire.

The A82 road and the West Highland railway line run on the eastern side of Ben Vorlich, above the shoreline of Loch Lomond.

The peak forms a north–south ridge on the western side of Loch Lomond, with a subsidiary ridge known as Little Hills running from the summit east down to the shores of the loch. There are three small summits around 800 m apart along the main ridge; the central one is the highest, though the southern one has a trig point.

title: Ben Vorlich, Loch Lomond


text:
Talk:St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham

Size
"is claimed to be the smallest English cathedral." Is it? I always understood it was claimed that Christ Church, Oxford was the smallest cathedral in the country. 82.68.89.60 08:43, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's neither. Derby is the smallest. I'll edit the article to reflect. DWaterson 11:00, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Removal of Category:Cathedrals in England
A user has removed the category from this page. Surely this is a cathedral and therefore should be included in the category? - Erebus555 16:05, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It is in Category:Anglican cathedrals in England, so probably should not also be in the more general superior category as well. Oosoom Talk to me 17:00, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Pidgeon Park is merely the grounds surrounding the cathedral and, in my opinion, are not notable enough to have their own article. It has also been noted that this is the nickname for the churchyard and that Pigeon has been misspelled too. - Erebus555 13:09, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

I've replaced it with a redirect. Andy Mabbett 20:19, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Poor reference
I don't believe that OpenGudies, being another Wiki, is an adequate reference for "Due to the large number of pigeons that frequent the park and roost on the mid rise buildings surrounding it, it has often been called pigeon park". Andy Mabbett 16:08, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I do agree, but it's the best to offer so far. It's quite difficult to reference this despite the statement being true. I'll be on the look out for one anyway. - Erebus555 16:27, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I've found one and it was right under our noses - it was the link under "friends". - Erebus555 16:37, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you, but I still have doubts. That's a single use, on a vox-pop [page, not a citation to show that it's called that "often", as is claimed. I suspect that we're dealing with a little-used neologism which is therefore not "notable". Andy Mabbett 16:42, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've reworded it now. Would this seem better? - Erebus555 16:58, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you; that's more reasonable, but the final sentence in my last comment still applies. Andy Mabbett 18:16, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I understand. The usage of the word seems to only apply in oral conversations and not in conversations on the internet and in articles about the churchyard. As was there before, there is a MySpace group about it showing that it is widely used, though including this in the article is, of course, unencyclopedic. I'm really unsure what to do. - Erebus555 18:21, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Renaming
Can we hold off on the further renaming of this article without prior discussion, PLEASE? The usual format, where two or more cathedrals in the same town have to be distinguished, seems logically to be "St[.] X's Cathedral, X-town", in parallel with the usual church-name format. There seems NO good reason for changing that here. Anyone who thinks there is, is requested politely to discuss it here FIRST. HeartofaDog 23:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I was unable to revert to the original name, which was "St Philip's (etc)" without a stop. I have used the variant WITH the stop ("St. Philip's") for now, in order to get rid of the other, severely disfunctional, title, but if anyone wants to ask an admin to restore it to the stopless version, fine by me.HeartofaDog 23:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham


text: User talk:212.219.131.2

title: User talk:212.219.131.2


text:
User:Manos1394

I may add stuff here at a later time.

title: User:Manos1394


text:
Talk:Cowgate

Meaning
I'm a little dubious as to the meanings presented for the word "cowgate". South Bridge wasn't built until the 18th century, and George IV until the 19th (see Thomas Hamilton (architect)), but I'm sure the name dates from before the bridges. Does the contributor have an sources for their information? Maccoinnich 08:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Derivation of Edinburgh's Street Names gives "The line of this ancient thoroughfare, once a path along which cows were driven to pasture, follows the south flank of the Old Town ridge as far as St. Mary's Street. Centuries ago the Cowgate was a fashionable quarter of the town.".
 * More to the point, if it was named for the bridges no-one told James VI - he referred to (a different) Thomas Hamilton, his advisor, as "Tam o' the Cowgate"... Shimgray | talk | 13:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Given the second point, which seems to pretty strongly delink it from the bridge, I've gone back to an old version of the etymology. It strikes me as more likely to be correct. Shimgray | talk | 13:33, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The Edinburgh Cowgate fire page needs a bit of a tidy, and I was going to do it, but I think it would function better as a section in the main Cowgate page. It's hardly a long page as it is. The fire page seems to have been created almost straight after the fire, before this page even existed. Also, I seem to remember that was another, and much larger, fire sometime in the 19th century (?) that could, and should, also be covered in this page. Maccoinnich

 * No objections, so I merged it in, and did a slight copyedit to the content. Maccoinnich 22:00, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

First Pavement
According to "The New Shell Book of Firsts" by Patrick Robertson, which is usually well researched, in 1688, Edinburgh High Street and Cowgate became the first streets in the UK to have pavements. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.225.148.191 (talk) 00:55, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowgate&oldid=164502102 The 14:46, 14 October 2007 88.97.244.220 version] of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia.--Philopp 13:47, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

No casualties
Should the article really be put in the list of "Mass casualty nightclub fires" if, like the article states, there were no casualties?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.130.15.240 (talk • contribs) 15:02, 12 September 2011

 * I've reviewed every article in that template, and every single one involves multiple fatalities (the fewest is 7, most are 40+). This fire didn't even begin, as far as they know, in the nightclub, but in one of the premises above it. So this article has nothing in common with those fires, and the template doesn't belong here.  I'll remove it. -- Finlay McWalterჷTalk 22:13, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Cowgate. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110827184800/http://spns.org.uk/PNsMIDLOTHIANv3.pdf to http://www.spns.org.uk/PNsMIDLOTHIANv3.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130316024710/http://www.music.ed.ac.uk/euchmi/sch/ to http://www.music.ed.ac.uk/euchmi/sch/

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Length
In the infobox:

0.4 mi[1] (0.6 km)645 ft[1] (197 m)

Where does the 645 feet and 197 metres come from? (They can't be correct).

86.135.129.34 (talk) 04:48, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * It comes from a vandal who edited briefly in 2016. Most of their edits were soon reverted, but this one was missed. I have reverted it now. Thanks for pointing it out, but better still you could have removed it immediately. JamesBWatson (talk) 09:52, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cowgate


text:
POMCUS

POMCUS (Prepositioning Of Materiel Configured in Unit Sets) was a system that kept large amounts of pre-positioned U.S. military equipment in West Germany during the Cold War. In the event of war with the Soviets, American soldiers could be flown with their "to-accompany-troops" (TAT) gear on Civil Reserve Air Fleet commercial airliners to use this pre-positioned equipment. The equipment was set up in unit configurations to aid in force building and movement to support the US Army's general defensive plan (GDP). In the early 1980s, most of the equipment for POMCUS came from US Army units in the USA and had to be upgraded to meet specifications for pre-positioning in Europe. By the late 1980s, the plan had evolved to pre-position Six Divisions of equipment in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Three Divisions were pre-positioned, with other sites being considered for the other three divisions. When the Berlin Wall fell, and the Soviet Union no longer existed, plans were then cut back severely and sites that were considered in the Benelux were cancelled.

POMCUS was considered to be so important that a "Warm-Base" Hospital was completed in the Netherlands, in 1988. The hospital was completely equipped, so that in the event of war, doctors could be flown in and immediately take care of injured military personnel. The hospital had the latest equipment available at that time, and was kept in operating condition by local Dutch personnel. Originally, POMCUS sites were primarily simply guarded, fenced-in lots of pre-loaded, maintained vehicles and weapons systems ready to roll, although the precursor to POMCUS sites was a series of underground storage areas taken from the Germans in Pirmasens and the outlying areas Husterhoeh Kaserne utilised to store combat-readied armour. During the late 1960s-1980s, the above-ground POMCUS facilities were updated into large aluminium-over-steel warehouses, which provided the benefits of less weathering and lower maintenance requirements for the systems stored in them, as well as providing first-line defence against EMP radiation which could affect the electronics in both the communications systems and the recently implemented solid-state ignition systems on some vehicles. POMCUS sites were one of the first Army installations that used Bar Codes on equipment, so that whenever a piece of equipment left a warehouse the bar code registered that the equipment had left its storage area.

title: POMCUS


text:
Parkway School District

Parkway C-2 School District, or Parkway Schools, is a public school district serving eight municipalities in western St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The district headquarters is in Chesterfield. The district operates four comprehensive high schools, one alternative high school, five middle schools, and eighteen elementary schools, and one early childhood center. The district is named for the Daniel Boone Parkway, also known as Interstate 64.

Boundary
The district includes all of Country Life Acres, as well as the majorities of Creve Coeur, Manchester, Town and Country, and Winchester. It also includes portions of Chesterfield, Des Peres, Maryland Heights, Twin Oaks, Valley Park, and Westwood.

List of schools

 * High schools
 * Fern Ridge High School (alternative high school)
 * Parkway Central High School
 * Parkway North High School
 * Parkway South High School
 * Parkway West High School

 * Middle schools
 * Parkway Central Middle School
 * Parkway Northeast Middle School
 * Parkway South Middle School
 * Parkway Southwest Middle School
 * Parkway West Middle School

 * Elementary schools

 * Barretts Elementary School
 * Bellerive Elementary School
 * Carman Trails Elementary School
 * Claymont Elementary School
 * Craig Elementary School
 * Green Trails Elementary School
 * Hanna Woods Elementary School
 * Henry Elementary School
 * Highcroft Ridge Elementary School
 * Mason Ridge Elementary School
 * McKelvey Elementary School
 * Oak Brook Elementary School
 * Pierremont Elementary School
 * River Bend Elementary School
 * Ross Elementary School
 * Shenandoah Valley Elementary School
 * Sorrento Springs Elementary School
 * Wren Hollow Elementary School

title: Parkway School District


text:
2007 Rugby World Cup – Oceania qualification

In qualification for the 2007 Rugby World Cup, there were two places available for Oceania teams, and one place in the repechage. In the group rounds, there were three points awarded for a win, two for a draw, and one for a loss. There were no bonus points awarded.

Round 1 and 2
These rounds corresponded to the 2005 FORU Oceania Cup, played by the six lowest tier teams of Oceania. Teames were divided in two pools: Pool A, with three teams from the Oceania East region, and Pool B with three teams from the Oceania West region. The winner of each group qualified for the finals (Round 2), a playoff home and away. The winner advanced to Round 4.

Round 3
A round robin league between Tonga, Samoa and Fiji. Winner qualified directly to RWC 2007 as Oceania 1, Runner Up as Oceania 2, and third place advanced to Round 4.

Round 4
Winner of Round 2 vs 3rd placed team from Round 3. Winner progressed to Repechage round as "Oceania 3", to meet "Asia 2".

Pool A
Papua New Guinea won the pool and advanced to Round 2.

Final Standings

Pool B
Cook Islands won the pool and advanced to Round 2.

Final Standings

Round 2
The teams split the series, with Cook Islands winning on aggregate score to advance to Round 4.

Cook Islands won 48–32 on aggregate

Round 3
Samoa and Fiji qualified for RWC 2007 as Oceania 1 & 2, Tonga progressed to Round 4.

Final Standings

Round 4
Tonga swept the series and advanced to Repechage Round as Oceania 3, to meet Asia 2, South Korea.

Tonga won 167–10 on aggregate


text:
Jon Strauss

Jon Calvert Strauss is an American academic administrator who served as a college president at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (1985-1994), Harvey Mudd College (1997-2006), Manhattanville College (2011-2016), acting president of Iona University (2017) and most recently as interim president of Paul Smith's College (2020-2021).

Strauss received his bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, his masters in physics from the University of Pittsburgh, and his PhD in electrical engineering from the Carnegie Institute of Technology.

Strauss served as the 13th president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute from 1985 to 1994. He then briefly served as the chief financial officer of Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Strauss was the 4th president of Harvey Mudd College, serving in that position from March 1997 to June 2006. He served as President of the Bainbridge Graduate Institute in 2008–2009, accepting this appointment from former president and BGI Co-founder Gifford Pinchot III.

Dr. Strauss next served as the interim dean of engineering at Texas Tech University. From 2011 to 2016, he served as the 12th President of Manhattanville College in Purchase, New York, replacing Molly Easo Smith. He was acting president of Iona University in spring 2017 and interim president of Paul Smith's College from 2020 to 2021.

He is a former member and current consultant of the National Science Board. Strauss has also served as Senior Vice-president of the University of Southern California and Vice President for Budget and Finance at the University of Pennsylvania. At Penn, he helped to develop the Responsibility Center Management (RCM).

He is married to Jean Anne Sacconaghi Strauss, a writer, activist and filmmaker. He has four children: daughters Susan MacQuarrie and Stephanie Annan from his first marriage, and two sons, Kristoffer Calvert Strauss and Jonathon Samuel Louis Strauss and six grandchildren.

title: Jon Strauss


text:
Astylos of Croton

Astylos of Croton or Astylus of Croton (Ἄστυλος/Ἀστύαλος ὁ Κροτωνιάτης) was an ancient athlete who competed in three successive Olympic Games. In 488 and 484 BC he won the stadion and diaulos; in 480 BC he won the stadion, diaulos, and hoplitodromos. Astylos originally represented Croton, but later raced on behalf of Syracuse, according to Pausanias to please Hiero, brother of the tyrant of Syracuse. David Young suggests that Astylos' change of allegiance was solely economically motivated, arguing that Hiero "simply bought Astylos' services".

After Astylos switched allegiance to Syracuse, the people of Croton took down a statue erected in his honour, and turned his house into a prison. Astylos' victory is the last known victory by an athlete from Croton in any of the four major Greek athletic competitions.

Nothing is known of Astylos' origin. H. W. Pleket claims that he was a nobleman, but there is no ancient evidence for this; David Young argues that it is unlikely that a nobleman would have chosen to represent Syracuse at the Olympics over his home city. He commissioned Simonides for an epinicion and Pythagoras of Samos for a statue in Olympia.

title: Astylos of Croton


text: User:DoreenGriffin

title: User:DoreenGriffin


text:
Talk:William S. Sadler

(untitled)
Something about this strikes me as vaguely POV, but I don't know enough about the history of American psychology to say. It would be nice though if it had some kind of, preferrably non-Urantian, source for statements like "regarded by his colleagues as a professional researcher of considerable integrity", "considered one of the world's foremost authorities", etc. I did find a site on the chautauqua scene that stated he was known for exposing medical quackery and one on Adventism that said he was known as a physician. So it might all be legitimate, but it would just be nice to know where these accolades came from.--T. Anthony 08:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Improvements
A few months ago I made some minor edits to this article to lessen POV. It was the first article on Wikipedia I edited. Current article is a great improvement, day and night type of change. Should it still be considered a stub?--Edivorce 16:37, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Sadler published a book titled Long Heads and Round Heads in 1918, which attempted to explain how the German "race" could produce both artits like Beethoven and brutal soldiers currently capable of bayonetting Belgian babies. His conclusion was that there were long-headed Germans ( e.g. Lundendorf) and short-headed Germans ( e.g.Hindenburg), the former being civilised and higher-evolved, the shorter ones brutish and less-evolved. Happily for Americans, he concluded that the good long-headed ones moved to the US, but this left the brutal short-headed ones in charge for WWI. Not sure how to tie this with the rest of what seems an exemplary career in psychiatry, but the Social Darwinism is quite a product of the time.96.239.135.225 (talk) 22:41, 21 August 2008 (UTC)Bodark3 21 August 2008

More improvements needed
In the text:

“Sadler did not adhere to purely mechanistic or materialistic views of psychology and psychiatry and was a consistent advocate of broad and rational principles of psychiatry”

Then, later:

“[He] held the life-long opinion that all psychic phenomena was explainable within the confines of the laws of nature.”

There is a blatant contradiction here. Moreover, I don’t see why adhering to “purely” mechanistic or materialistic views wouldn’t be consistent with broad and rational principles of psychiatry.

Also, the text is somewhat glorifying but improperly referenced. For example: “He was considered one of the world's foremost authorities on the subject [...]” – by who/what organization? The only way to know him seems to be through an organization that is directly linked to him and that would benefit from his glorification. I strongly feel this as unacceptable for an encyclopaedic project. ScienceStorm (talk) 04:36, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Inadequate Article
This article serious misrepresents the man and his life work. The coverage of the Urantia Book is especially deplorable. A few matters that are missing from the article include:

Sadler received his initial medical training at Battle Creek Clinic and graduated in 1894 as a qualified Medical Evangelist.

Sadler initially sided with John Harvey Kellogg in the disputes with the Adventist General Conference and Ellen White over control of the clinic.

Sadler initiated a dispute with Ellen White over the authenticity of some of her organizational visions for the future of the Adventist medical enterprise, eventually leading to a complete break with the church. Yet Sadler totally missed the rebellion of the young doctors (Battle Creek early graduates) against Kellogg that led directly the formation of the College of Medical Evangelists within the church organization and eventually gave birth to the adoption by Adventist physicians of modern medical practice. Refer to background on how Adventist medical school at Loma Linda California came into being.

Sadler recognized early that he was in no way qualified to practice medicine, even after his subsequent education and chose to make his way in the emerging field of "mind cures" (for psychosomatic illness).

Sadler is known to have visited Freud and rejected the foundations of emerging psychoanalysis on moral and ethical grounds.

Sadler was a significant figure in the popularization of mind cures in the Chicago area and used his lecturing skills as the basis for building his practice in the Chicago area (office eventually located at 533 Diversey Parkway, now occupied by Urantia Foundation).

Sadler is known to have experimented with "radium emanation" (now recognized as the element Radon) in his practice. He kept a lead-lined box mounted to a wall in the laboratory in his office at 533 for the storage of Radium. When Urantia Foundation redecorated and upgraded the first floor of the building at 533 Diversey, the walls and floor of this room (then being used as a kitchen by Urantia Foundation) were found to be covered with sheets of lead. As far as I know, no formal effort was taken to decontaminate the facility. Perhaps, after 50+ years, it was no longer necessary.

Sadler authored a vast number of books, mostly of a popular nature, some of a dogmatic and semi-political nature (e.g., the popular Longheads and Roundheads and the more obscure academic treatise Racial Degeneracy), and at least one well-known textbook (Theory and Practice of Psychiatry).

Sadler abandoned the use of hydrotherapy, a mainstay of Battle Creek, and eventually settled on electroconvulsive therapy as the basis for his practice (aside from the more benign and better informed talk therapy).

Sadler was far more deeply involved in the activities that led to the publication of the Urantia Book than this article suggests. The Appendix to his semi-professional book debunking psychic phenomena (The Mind at Mischief) contains his description of two cases of psychic phenomena which he found inexplicable. The first of these is clearly the case of Ellen Gould White (the prophetess of the Adventist movement who picked up the cult where William Miller left off). The second and more extensively discussed is the case of the contact personality through whom the supernatural contact that led to the creation of the Urantia papers was facilitated.

Sadler created a group, known as "the forum", comprised of selected patients and family members, that met regularly at 533 on Sundays to discuss the content of the Urantia Papers, which were allegedly being actively edited by the supernatural beings with which he had initially established contact around 1906. This group was entirely Sadler's enterprise, and he ran it with an unchallengeable authoritarian manner.

The Forum included William M. Hales, prominent member of the Board of Trade, who made the market in malt. While Hales was enormously wealthy, Sadler refused to allow him to fund publication of the Urantia Papers as the Urantia Book, insisting that all the interested Forum members contribute according to their ability and no one dominating the enterprise. Hales created a family trust, which was one of the financial mainstays of Urantia Foundation (publisher of the Urantia Book) and the Urantia Brotherhood, an affinity group for persons interested in the Urantia Book (now named The Fellowship for Readers of The Urantia Book) especially in the early years after publication in 1955.

It is not known how many of the early Forum members were selected from Sadler's ECT patients, but William M. Hales is known to have been one.

At his death, Sadler had bequeathed ownership of the clinic building at 533 Diversey to Urantia Foundation, with a proviso that certain individuals (Emma Christensen and Leone Sadler, the first wife of his son, Bill Sadler, Jr.) be given lifetime residence in apartments within the building.

There is much more that could be added to flesh out this article; however, this is already enough for an entire book.

In his final opus How to Know What to Believe (ca. 1976), Harold Sherman provided a concise and negative portrayal of much of the Forum activity during the years he was initimately involved (and lived in an apartment building across the street from 533). Square Circles Press (http://www.squarecircles.com) has recently published Harold Sherman's collected papers from an archive at the University of Arkansas in six volumes. The papers provide a much less negative but much more detailed picture of the Forum and its associated members than contained in How to Know What to Believe.

On very limited evidence it appears possible that the Urantia "contact" person was brought to Sadler's attention by Harry Loose, a retired and slightly disabled Chicago police officer, who lectured on the Chautauqua circuit with the Sadler troupe (not as a member of the troupe, just another Chautaquan). There is some slight evidence for Loose having been at the time a member of an occult initiatory order in the Chicago area--possibly the Chicago chapter of the Astrum Agentinium or the Ordo Templi Orientis--but this borders on pure speculation.

Since the bulk of this information is based on personal experience and accounts of the period from friends whose families were variously involved in the Forum, it probably would not meet Wikipedia standards. I have presented it here as an archivable addendum, which may inspire others to write more fully on the subject. Or perhaps I will find time and motivation to convert some of it (for which published documents exist) into the main article someday. Ldmjr (talk) 08:15, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

I have corrected my previous remarks regarding the Sadler bequest to Urantia Foundation, where I had incorrectly named Bill Sadler, Jr.'s second wife as his first. Bill's divorce from Leone was a subject of considerable division of affection within the family and Forum. Bill's second wife, Florine Hemmings, was not fully accepted within the Forum community, although a dedicated supporter of the Urantia movement. This was related closely to the first split within the Forum, which led eventually to the formation of the distinct First and Second Urantia Societies in Chicago, with the Second focusing more on Bill's scholarship than on his father's leadership in the original Forum. After Bill's death (on November 22, 1963, the day of the Kennedy assassination) Florine campaigned for and achieved private publication of Bill's papers about The Urantia Book as A Study of the Master Universe and Appendices to A Study of the Master Universe with the support of the Second Society Foundation (the Second Society dissolved after Bill's death), the Orvonton Urantia Society, and especially the First Urantia Society of Oklahoma City, all of which had bonds of affection to Bill.

After Dr. Sadler's death, the third floor at 533 continued as the residence of Emma Christensen and the rear half of the second floor was the residence of Leone Sadler and Helen Carlson (who were, I think, both sisters and widows). For many years after publication of The Urantia Book, Leone and Helen, and, then Helen alone, served as the Custodians of The Urantia Book, maintaining detailed records of the destination of every single copy of the book shipped from 533. This function was terminated after Helen's passing and the ancient files may not have been preserved.

With regard to the speculation about the role of Harry Loose in bringing the "contact person" to the attention of Dr. Sadler, it should be noted that there are many theories of the origin and nature of the contact. Some among the followers of Bill Sadler believed that he had been the contact. If so, the phenomenon would have begun when he was a child, perhaps 6-7 years old. This view departs greatly from the idea that the contact occurred as described in The Mind at Mischief; however, the experience for Dr. Sadler and Lena Sadler if this occurred would have taken the phenomenon totally outside the range of typical human experience and justified the level of interest, spanning many years, which the two doctors had in the continuing contact. This theory has some difficulties with family chronology, since Bill is reported to have enlisted in the Army at an early age (around 17) and served in the largely forgotten occupation of Nicaragua. Thus, if Bill were the contact, such contact would have been interrupted after a mere 10 years, well before the Forum began its study of the papers.

The other prevalent theory as to the identity of the contact has been presented by Martin Gardner in Urantia: The Great Cult Mystery, in which Gardner names Wilfred Kellogg, who, with his wife Ruth, lived in an apartment over the garage at the rear of 533 while employed by Dr. Sadler as the business manager for his practice of psychiatry. Wilfred was the first person to attempt creation of an index to the book, an effort which passed to Edith Cook, one of three sisters close to the Sadler family and the Forum. After the book became better known in the 1970's and once inexpensive indexing software became available for personal computers in the 1980's, a number of believers indexed the book, experimenting with various tools until several versions indexed with Folio Views appeared more or less simultaneously in the late 1980's and early 90's. These tools finally enabled both Urantia Foundation and their legal opponent in the landmark copyright litigation, Harry McMullan, III, to create fairly scholarly printed indexes, although the first such reference tool had been created much earlier by Clyde Bedell (Forum member and later member of The First Urantia Society of Los Angeles) and published, with copyright approval, as Clyde Bedell's Concordex of The Urantia Book. The Concordex, though a somewhat interpretive and personal work lacking very specific references, was the mainstay of devoted students before the advent of more complete indexes, and continues to be used by many.Ldmjr (talk) 14:52, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

a couple of edits
I visited the lede for a little bit this afternoon. The first thing that I noticed was 2 sentences in a row beginning with, "After...". So I started there. Unfortunately, I ended with one of the sentences containing the word "patient" twice. It's tough to get a handle on how to say that Sadler heard an extraterrestial speaking through the patient. The word 'subject' threw me a little (is the subject the same as the patient? etc). So, there it is. :) Probably more muddled...

Minor edit on the meetings at Sadler's home.

The last sentence I had a little trouble with and it's subjective, I think. To me, a 'book' can't become an organized religion. The 'study'/'belief in'/'following of' the book can. It's semantics and I'm not sure I'm on the right track. So I made that little change. Accept or reject - won't hurt my feelings at all! :) Nice article!   Wikipelli  Talk   19:32, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Hey, thanks. Those edits look fine to me. Good catch about the book there! Mark Arsten (talk) 20:24, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Peer review
Lead:

 * - changed "In 1907, along with his wife, Sadler" to "In 1907, Sadler, along with his wife,"
 * - would suggest removing the entire "along with his wife" clause, as the rest of the sentence refers to "he" everywhere, or was she also a highly-paid, popular speaker?
 * - for flow, that sentence should change its pronouns (or remove the wife clause) to:
 * In 1907, Sadler, along with his wife, became speakers on the Chautauqua adult-education circuit, where they became highly-paid, popular speakers.

or, depending on the intent of that sentence,
 * In 1907, Sadler, along with his wife, became speakers on the Chautauqua adult-education circuit, where he went on to become a highly-paid, popular speaker.

I'm not crazy about saying they became speakers and then he became a ... speaker. Different word at the end maybe? Guest lecturer? Educator? Orator?
 * - corrected "debunker" (from dubunker)
 * - replaced the ':' with a ';' as per MOS
 * - added the "they" in "and they conversed about spirituality"

More later... --Des pay re ( talk ) 02:27, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Great, thanks for the help thus far, hope you've recovered from your Megatron-copyediting :) Mark Arsten (talk) 02:40, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Had to abandon Megatron, too messed up, needs to be split, probably into 3. Oh well... Early Life and education:
 * - removed misc wikilinks as per wp:overlink
 * - semi-colon as per MOS
 * - removed "california" designation from san fran
 * - grammar fix, "an early" not "a early"
 * - this sentence "The Sadlers later joined other former Adventists to criticize the church"
 * do you mean they went to a meeting, or do you mean they were vocal, like other former adventists, and the sentence should maybe say:
 * "The Sadlers later joined other former Adventists in criticizing the church"?
 * I'm not crazy about this phrase either "Sadler rejected his faith in some Seventh-day Adventist teachings", seems to me, you either reject a faith, or you don't, you can't reject your faith on some of your faith. maybe "Sadler rejected some Seventh-day Adventist teachings"

That's it for this section, more later today... --Des pay re ( talk ) 08:10, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Great work thus far, keep it up! Mark Arsten (talk) 16:43, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Career:
 * - minor prose fix, replacing another "also his wife" phrase
 * - changed "promoted prayer on these grounds" to avoid any literal interpretation
 * - at least part of this sounds like a quote, "He argued that pastors should be educated in basic psychiatry, so they could recognize symptoms of mental illness in congregants." from the Chicago Tribune, if so, it should have some "'s
 * Checked again, doesn't look like a quote or close paraphrasing.
 * - grammar touchups, removed wikilink on orchestra, Northwestern University, and world war I, as per wp:overlink
 * - added wikilink for skeptic, borderline call, meh :)
 * - this section wasn't too bad at all

Urantia revelation:
 * - minor prose tweaks
 * - removed wikilink to colgate U.
 * - removed wikilink to skeptic, since its linked above now, also stops that run-on links thing, lol, there's a policy... :)
 * - changed "argue" to "posit" to avoid ambiguity
 * - removed God and Bible wikilinks, as per, blah blah blah :)
 * - "Wilensky-Lanford argues that" who is that? I see him in refs, but he's nowhere in the text till now, needs some context. Author? historian? religious scholar? psychiatrist? Other? (other, you know, like drive-thru technician, ya, other!) :)
 * lol, I thought I had mentioned more about her.
 * - also, there should be a link between that sentence and the next one, about Gardner, "Meanwhile, Alternately, On the other hand, Although", something like that should start the Gardner sentence imo, showing it's the other side of the argument, but the two sentences are linked
 * Ok, added a "however".
 * - hahah, ok, I like when ambiguity strikes... "Lena Sadler participated in the forum until her death in 1939. One forum member wrote that Sadler's personality changed after her death", uhm, ya, she became a lot less fun at parties? She died! :) Perhaps that sentence could be re-written as "Until her death in 1939, Sadler's wife Lena was a regular forum participant. One member wrote that Sadler's personality changed after her death"?
 * Yes, that is better.
 * - Gooch mentioned in the last paragraph, other than refs do we know who this is yet?
 * Yeah, he's introduced in the career section.
 * - wikilinked proselytizing, pretty sure most ppl don't know that one :)

Final years:
 * - removed Macmillan Publishers wikilink, they aren't relevant to the topic
 * - While good health seems to be implied by him living to 93, it seems a little funny to say "he remained in good health, well, if you don't count the part where he lost an entire eye from disease" which is the sense I get from that, possible re-wording might be better
 * He was in great health, until he died :)
 * - changed old, to "older"
 * - Who is Christensen? Did I meet him already in the article?
 * Yes, way back in early life.

Reception:
 * - changed "novel theological" to "avante-garde" and wikilinked the term, avoids that literal use of novel, which is what I thought the sentence was going to talk about (his support of some book in contradiction to his advocacy of science and reason) until I'd finished reading it

And that's it! Well done here. The rest all looks good to me, and most of what I found was minor minor! Certainly a less challenging task than some of the articles I've cleaned up on the March drive (yes, I'm looking at all 11,000 original words of you, Mr. Shinji Takahashi! :) ) --Des pay re ( talk ) 17:01, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Oh, I'm still not crazy about the visual flow of those two pictures in the article (the last 2), they just seem to be "stuck in there", I know they're relevant, and I'm not suggesting remove them, but space them a little more maybe? I dunno, just an opinion, and I'm not an artist ;) Ciao!. --Des pay re ( talk ) 17:04, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

disambig page
I added him to this page, you may want to change the text or something, but I thought he should be there, since I was looking him up, couldn't remember his first name, found Sadler, and he wasn't there. --Des pay re ( talk ) 18:53, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Edits, in particular "extraterrestials" to "celestial beings"
This article has really been shaped up into excellent form. A few revisions of mine were just reverted with a request for more explanation, I understand and I was trying to be as complete with my edit summaries as possible, but I'm happy to explain more completely here as well. The sourcing for my edits were in the summaries and it's no problem to in-line them of course. I have all the major sources in the article on the UB topics and that's what I'm going by: Gardner's book, Gooch's Godtalk, both Lewis 2003 and 2007 chapters, the Urantia Book itself, and others.

One key thing that bears clarification is who the so-called "beings" were that were claimed by the Sadlers to be behind the book. The article currently states these as "extraterrestials" (without inline citation). I did notice in the edit history that someone a few weeks ago changed this to "angelic beings" and was reverted for not including sourcing. The term "angelic beings" actually isn't accurate either, not using that phrase is all well and good as far as I'm concerned too.

The sourcing for this really is very clear in all the major outside references for the UB topic, its the main characteristic of the UB emphasized at the outset by each commentator:
 * Gardner, starting on pg 11 and then throughout his book -- "No author's name is on the UB's blue cloth cover on its title page. The contents consist of 196 "Papers," as the chapters are called, each allegedly written by a celestial being."
 * Gooch, pg 3 and onwards -- "Yet [Sadler] lives on in thousands of minds as the man responsible for the 2,097-page Urantia Book, which is said to have been transmitted during the early part of the twentieth century by celestial beings through a "contact personality," a reluctant Chicago businessman who to this day remains anonymous."
 * Lewis (2007), pg 199 (the first page of her chapter in The Invention of Sacred Tradition, Oxford Press) -- "All that is told of the person chosen by the ‘‘student visitors’’ or ‘‘celestial beings’’ to be the ‘‘vehicle’’ through which these revelations would emerge is that it was a male patient of Dr. William Sadler..."
 * The United States Court of Appeals, "In approximately 1900, an unknown patient ("the Conduit") sought psychiatric help from Dr. William Sadler.(1) The Conduit behaved strangely in his sleep, and during sessions with the Conduit, Dr. Sadler became convinced that the Conduit was channeling "celestial personalities." At some point, the Conduit began presenting Dr. Sadler with handwritten "papers," purportedly consisting of the fruits of his communion with these celestial beings."

It's understandable both how the interpretation "extraterrestials" and "angelic beings" can come about. "Extraterrestials" can come about from how the UB describes that spiritual beings live on other worlds, they don't free float out in space. But there is also very much a connotation with that word of "little green men" from other planets, ie mortal rather than spiritual beings. The major outside sources (Gardner, Gooch, Lewis) don't use the interpretation "extraterrestials" and since there isn't a citation in the article for that specific word it's not clear on where it traces back to precisely. (Another inaccuracy about the "extraterrestial" interpretation that should be mentioned is that fully one third of the UB isn't claimed to be from spirit beings allegedly from another world, it's claimed to be from an order of celestial being called "midwayer" that originated on earth and reside on earth.) For now I have gone ahead added back the designation "celestial beings" since that does trace back to 4 solid WP:RS, I'm happy to discuss further as well of course.

On the other point I was clarifying with my edits, here's the copyright litigation court case again (since it's convenient) :

 * "Sometime later in the course of his treatment, Dr. Sadler opened up his sessions with the Conduit to a group of relatives that referred to itself as "The Contact Commission." During its sessions with the Conduit, the Contact Commission prepared stenographic notes of the Conduit's celestial dialogs, but it destroyed most of them. The notes formed no part of The Urantia Book."

Other sources, like Gardner and Gooch and Lewis are in agreement. The article currently says:

 * "The book is said to be a compilation of conversations Sadler believed he had with extraterrestrials speaking through a sleeping man."

That statement in the article isn't in agreement with WP:RS. My other change to the article was to have the statement be:

 * "The book is said to be a compilation of writings that Sadler and his wife obtained from a man whom the Sadlers came to believe was acting as a conduit through which celestial beings communicated."

The later part of the article in the section "Urantia revelation" describes it this way as well, as does WP:RS, so my edit was to fix this inconsistency and match up with WP:RS. Again though, I want to emphasize, really fantastic job on this article over all! I'll try to take a closer look a little later to see if I can contribute anything further. All the best. Wazronk (talk) 18:23, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the compliments, and the detailed explanations. I'll read over what you say here and then check the sources and reply in more detail tonight, when I'll have my books handy. Mark Arsten (talk) 18:36, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The body text of the article says, in a direct quote, "visitors . . . from another planet." It is correct to summarize that as extraterrestrials in the lead. I don't know whether the source quoted from reinterpreted things, though. Churn and change (talk) 19:05, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the lead is generally supposed to follow the body. You shouldn't add material to the lead that is not present outside of it. Citations are not required in the lead, either. Mark Arsten (talk) 19:18, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Ok, have check the sources, and I'm quite confident that "extraterrestrial" is the word we should be using: A. Lewis 2003 (In a book called "UFO Religions" p. 132: "The voice identified itself as a student visitor on an observation mission from another planet". The same quote occurs in Lewis 2007 p. 132. In Gooch 2002 p. 7 "The Forum members would then serve as a focus group, submitting questions to the celestials for further clarification (the transfer of information between the earthlings and the extraterrestrials was never entirely explained" p. 15 "Because of its insistence on having been written by a committee of extraterrestrial beings, The Urantia Book' for most people falls to the far left of believability.". So reliable 3rd party sources support the idea that these were purported extraterrestrials. The word "celestial" is vague, and can refer to astronomy or spirituality, so I think it should be avoided in favor of more clear language. I'll read more about the conversations and notes vs book and try to come to a conclusion later. Mark Arsten (talk) 19:31, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I think "extraterrestrials" as a standalone term is a less than clear term as well in this particular context unfortunately, since extraterrestrial life is well understood in a physical sense, "as alien life, or simply aliens (or space aliens, to differentiate from other definitions of alien or aliens). These hypothetical forms of life range from simple bacteria-like organisms to beings far more complex than humans."
 * Or more illustratively, this.
 * The peculiarities of a topic like this is what makes it of interest, and I think it'll be good either way not to end up so parsimonious with phrasing as to lose that. Gardner, Gooch, Lewis et al very amply show it's clear that by non-Earth beings they're describing spiritual celestial beings, starting from the WP:RS cited above including the Gooch quote you just cited, "... submitting questions to the celestials for further clarification....". (Boy it pains me to see an English professor like Gooch turn an adjective like "celestial" into "celestials".) And as Lewis said about the "student visitor" angle, she's said it as well (2007, pg 199) "All that is told of the person chosen by the ‘‘student visitors’’ or ‘‘celestial beings’’ to be the ‘‘vehicle’’ through which these revelations would emerge is that it was a male patient of Dr. William Sadler".
 * A middle ground or extra clarifications in the article is needed if "celestial being" isn't considered good enough on its own, that's fine, but "extraterrestrials" on its own isn't accurate or clear enough either. I personally considered "celestial beings" as the best phrasing to go with since it was straight from 4 major WP:V 3rd party sources (including Oxford Press, Martin Gardner, and a US court of law) and the UB itself, it'll need to be added in the article just for WP:NPOV purposes in any case.
 * And as I mentioned in my earlier post, in terms of the UB itself, while some of the so-called spiritual celestial beings were from other worlds and in that sense "extraterrestrial", it is simply not an accurate word to summarize the alleged beings for the whole of the book. Part IV (which is more than one third of the content by pg count) is claimed to have been written by terrestrial spiritual beings. Some of the papers are said to have been written by angels, but not all of them, so it is inaccurate to say the book is allegedly from "angelic beings". Some of the papers are said to have been written by celestial beings who are from other worlds, but not all of them, so it is inaccurate to say the book is from "extraterrestrial" beings (celestial or otherwise) as the article is now saying again in the lead. These are from plain and unambiguous WP:RS.
 * I hope the extra degree of picayune review and commentary from me is ok, I am just being forthright about these as I know the sources well, and for FA I think there is a need for very extra precision. I well know how this is an odd topic, it's actually a fun challenge to get the NPOV right! I'm happy to help any way I can. I think the end of the article especially is handled very well with the varying POVs from the sources on this peculiar subject but it's a pretty significant absence in the WP:RS WP:V story that spirit personalities were claimed by Sadler to be the source of the book yet this isn't being said forthrightly and clearly. Wazronk (talk) 01:01, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Too be honest, I'm a bit surprised at how insistent you are that we do away with the term "extraterrestrial" in favor of "celestial". I appreciate your forthrightness and desire to fine-tune the article though, as well as your willingness to discuss this. As to the substance of the matter: the important thing is matching up with the reliable sources, and they do state that Sadler spoke with (or thought he spoke with) extraterrestrials. To exclude that information would be a disservice to readers; featured articles are supposed to be comprehensive. I understand your point that terrestrial angels were supposedly involved at one point, so I tweaked the language to make sure that the article didn't state that only extraterrestrials talked through him. I edited a bit in response to your questioning of whether the notes Sadler took vs the papers the mysteriously appeared comprise The Urania Book. I think that's fixed now too. Mark Arsten (talk) 01:39, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I think we should avoid direct discussion of the primary source, the "Urantia" book. We should restrict the discussion to the secondary sources—Gooch, Lewis, and others—without trying to analyze the primary source ourselves. Since I don't have the secondary sources, I have nothing to say on that part of the debate. One further point: 'celestial' means heavenly, and hence 'not earthly.' A celestial being cannot be terrestrial, the second word defined as 'earthly.' So if the secondary sources refer to extra-terrestrial and celestial beings only, they are really referring to the same thing content-wise. It is just the connotations (think E.T.) at issue. I think that should be decided by which word the secondary sources focus on more, not by which word the original book or Sadler's interpretation of it uses more.Churn and change (talk) 01:46, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Hi Churn and change,

Yep, oh I totally agree, that's exactly my point, the secondary sources are what needs to be the pointer toward what to use, that's why I listed them out above showing, a) that's where the point comes from, b) it's the point made by the sources from their very earliest pages onwards.
 * Gardner -- in his 445 pg book, which is devoted only to this topic, starting at pg 11 the term he uses is "celestial beings" and "celestial intelligences" as the purported beings Sadler claimed was communicating with him, and then he continues with those designations throughout the hundreds of pages of his book
 * Gooch -- first page of his chapter on the topic he calls them "celestial beings", and then throughout his chapter as well ("celestials"), though yes there are a few occasions he terms them as "extraterrestrials" as well
 * Lewis (2007) -- similarly, from the first page of her chapter on the topic and onwards, she specifies them as "celestial beings": pgs 199, 200, 203 ["celestial agencies"], 206, 207, 208, 210. One of the sections of her chapter is titled "CELESTIAL BEINGS AND COPYRIGHT LAW". She does not use the term "extraterrestrials".
 * There's one significant secondary source you can see for yourself if you'd like, the copyright litigation in US court is a public record and therefore accessible in the link I gave earlier.

Nothing more, nothing less than following the sources. I guess I'll flip it around, I truly don't quite see why the above extensively sourced basic information on this topic is actually being questioned, and even after directly cited to 4 major WP:V 3rd party independent sources (3 of them liberally used already in this article), it is reverted in favor of selectively one part of Gooch's phrasing. Of course, to the point you make Mark, your same logic is applicable quite the same the other way around as well, that "to exclude the information would be a disservice to readers." WP:V -- "When reliable sources disagree, their conflict should be presented from a neutral point of view, giving each side its due weight." That's the way we'll need to cover it it looks like.

Good to see the reworking of that other point in the lead, thanks. Wazronk (talk) 05:22, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm getting tired of arguing about this (I tire quickly of such things), so how about a compromise: I don't think it's Ok to withhold the fact that Sadler initially spoke to a purported extraterrestrial (and there's a high burden of proof for omitting reliably sourced information like this), but we can add the word "celestial" as a compromise, since you seem to feel very strongly about this word and it is used in a number of sources. Mark Arsten (talk) 09:04, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Looks good, thank you. Wazronk (talk) 23:22, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Double checking references and citations
The other day I happened to notice a page reference was slightly off, I only spot checked a few of the in-line citations earlier but with a little time on my hands, and since I have the source books from Gardner, Gooch, Lewis (2003) and Lewis (2007), I'm giving the citations for these a further double-check as time permits. I'll fix anything that is clear and straightforward as needing it but will post here about anything to discuss. Starting with...

Were the Sadlers urged by Kellogg to go to Michigan or Chicago?
 * The article currently states:
 * "In 1904, they returned to Michigan, where Sadler attended the American Medical Missionary College, from which he received a Doctor of Medicine degree two years later."

 * This is sourced to Gardner (pg 36) and a further note is attached to this sentence cited to Gooch (pg 26) that says, "Kellogg had encouraged the couple to return to the area."

 * Gooch pg 26 however doesn't say that Kellogg encouraged them to move to Michigan. Rather, Gooch writes, "Dr. Kellogg, however, urged them to return to Chicago, which they did, matriculating at the Rush Medical College at the University of Chicago. They both graduated in 1906 and began their medical practice together."

 * The current note in the article is a mismatch with the source, in saying that Kellogg wanted them to move to Michigan when Gooch says that Kellogg wanted them to move to Chicago. That being said, Gooch is implying they graduated from Rush in Chicago in 1906. This is in conflict with Gardner, who says they graduated from the American Medical Missionary College in Michigan in 1906, and then went to Chicago to attend Rush (which isn't mentioned in the article).

 * My recommendation: add mention in the article that they moved to Chicago for William Sadler to attend Rush and have the note which is cited to Gooch be attached to that statement, not the statement about the move to Michigan. Wazronk (talk) 00:38, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Huh, that is odd that the sources conflict. I've rewritten it for now to remove the contradiction with the sources, I'll try to look at them in more detail later. Mark Arsten (talk) 01:05, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Excommunicated father-in-law?

 * The second paragraph has this statement:
 * "Although he was a committed member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for almost twenty years, he left the denomination after it excommunicated his father-in-law in 1907."

 * Is that in reference to John Harvey Kellogg (who was excommunicated in 1907 as the article says later)? As he was the uncle of Lena Sadler, "father-in-law" wouldn't be an accurate description of the relationship between John Kellogg and William Sadler. Wazronk (talk) 03:39, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Alright, I changed "father-in-law" to "wife's uncle". Mark Arsten (talk) 18:50, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * There really is a word uncle-in-law, though it exists only in the very biggest version of Merrian-Webster and in OED, though the OED meaning is different (aunt's husband). Yeah, can't think of a simpler way to put that. Churn and change (talk) 19:19, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Interesting, thanks. I guess we'll leave it as it is for now. Mark Arsten (talk) 19:21, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Cousin marriage confirmation

 * From Gardner pg 98: "It was probably in Battle Creek that Wilfred met John Kellogg's niece, Anna Bell Kellogg (1877-1960), the sister of Sadler's wife, Lena. An Illinois law prohibited the marriage of first cousins. To make their marriage legal, the couple were first married in Kenosha, Wisconsin (a state that did not forbid cousin marriages), on the morning of Wednesday, August 28, 1912." ... Pg 99: "Anna and Wilfred were first cousins by way of Wilfred's mother, Emma Kellogg." Wazronk (talk) 21:00, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Excellent, thanks for digging that up. Mark Arsten (talk) 21:05, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

The talk section is an excellent addition to the article. In the section referencing Bill Sadler's military service, where it says "Bill is reported to have enlisted in the Army..." it should read that Bill is reported to have joined the Marines. I heard this directly from Berkeley Elliott, a friend of Bill Sadler's in Oklahoma City. It is also on one of the audio tapes of talks he gave either in Oklahoma City or California in the late 50's (1957 1958), where Bill states he was a Marine. Mchallis (talk) 17:41, 29 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see a published secondary source, if possible. Mark Arsten (talk) 18:44, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:William S. Sadler


text:
Bristol Community Church

Bristol Community Church (formerly the Bristol New Covenant Church) is a charismatic church located in Kingswood, Bristol, England.

History
The Bristol New Covenant Church was set up in 1984 by Dave Jones, a pastor from Bath; before its foundation some people from the area would travel to Bath City Church. The name was changed to Bristol Community Church in the 1990s because the word "covenant" in its name appeared to be leading people to believe that the church was a cult.

The Church met at a number of different venues around the city before moving to its current home, Bourne Chapel in Two Mile Hill Road, Kingswood, a former Primitive Methodist building erected in 1873, which had previously been part of an underwear factory.

Bristol Community Church came to an end in 2012 following the conviction of one it's youth leaders for child sexual offenses. Senior leaders of the church initially attempted to cover up this abuse. Those same senior leaders have since set up a new Church - 'New Life Church' in Frenchay, Bristol.

title: Bristol Community Church