text:
Talk:D-Link

NTP 'vandalism'
Is this necessary? NETGEAR did this a while back, and ended up knocking the University of Wisconsin's NTP server offline. There's no mention of that in their article. 24.57.203.238 14:24, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well then? Be bold, research it and go add one!  That it isn't included in another article doesn't make it false.Flakeloaf 00:43, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The point is, the incident with NETGEAR was far larger than the one with D-Link. Just because it's a current event doesn't mean it has to be here.  Is every current event documented for every product?  I think not.  This isn't as big a deal as people make it out to be. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.57.203.238 (talk • contribs) 21:07, April 17, 2006  (UTC)

I agree with Flakeloaf, therefore, I have reverted the page so that the NTP issue is included.
 * If you agree, why don't you sign your posts? 66.207.99.134 00:42, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

OK, this is crap. The argument that "Netgear did it too" does NOT make it right to abuse NTP, nor does it change the fact that D-Link is (as of 21 Apr 2006) abusing the system, nor does it change the fact that it is a relevant fact about D-Link that should be included in the article. I cannot help but notice that the majority of edits removing this are from anonymous users, and cannot but wonder if this is D-Link astroturfing. Moreover, the amount of traffic being generated by D-Link is *huge*, and unlike Netgear who moved to correct the problem and reimburse UoW for the trouble, D-Link is ignoring the matter. N0YKG 14:07, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay. I've re-added the NTP issue, documented it and NPOVed it as much as possible.  It even has a shiny new current tag.  This addresses the concerns raised by 24.57.whoever. Flakeloaf 14:48, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Further edited to add the issue is now resolved and everything is now fine. 24.57.203.238 00:36, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Page is locked
I have decided to lock this page after I have discovered that there are much information which seems to be done by vandals. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.207.99.134 (talk • contribs) 17:52, February 25, 2006 (UTC)
 * So now we have an article which desperately needs cleaning up/rewriting, has no significant vandalism (at least, not that I could find in the history) and has been locked by someone who can't write grammatically correct sentences or sign their own posts? --Jibjibjib 01:50, 26 February 2006 (UTC) (sorry for sounding like an annoying bastard)

 * Phony lock is now removed. Changed template to cleanup/advertisement.  Article could use a good rewrite.  24.57.203.238 03:47, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Maybe I'm just stupid, but it doesn't seem like adding a lock template is the same thing as an admin actually locking the page. At any rate, 100% agreement that this article as it is right now is an advertisement. Howdoesthiswo 16:34, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

I have re-locked this page. Vandalisim of this site must cease. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.57.195.142 (talk • contribs) 02:06, February 26, 2006 (UTC)
 * Anon, while I appreciate your attempts to curb vandalism in Wikipedia, there has been no such edits to this article (unless you count the addition of advertising content). Your efforts here are misguided.  To protect a page, you must be an administrator; only they have the power to lock down an article.  Applying the "semiprotected" template doesn't actually lock anything. — EagleOne\Talk 20:05, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Advertising in Wikipedia
Is it absolutely necessary to mention that D-Link products are sold at Best Buy? The Apple page doesn't mention that I can find one at my neighbourhood Sobey's. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Flakeloaf (talk • contribs) 02:30, October 14, 2005 (UTC)

The article feels like an advertisement. I suggest a re-edit —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.243.171.206 (talk • contribs) 12:20, November 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree fully. I'm putting up a template. --Headcase 17:58, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Any page pertaining to a vendor of just about anything will sound biased in their favour.  Maybe an edit is in order but NPOV?  Hardly. 24.57.203.238 02:49, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Articles on vendors do not have to sound biased towards the company. What makes an article sound biased is non-neutral phrasing, which this one has in spades.  You can't honestly tell me that "world leader" is written from a neutral point of view.
 * In fact, bits and pieces of the article appear to have been lifted straight from the dlink website: see and .  Those pages weren't copied in their entirety, so I hesitate to call it copyvio. — EagleOne\Talk 17:01, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

This is definitely an advertisement. No doubt about it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.54.134.36 (talk • contribs) 19:46, December 2, 2005 (UTC)

Is this article even necessary? Would it possibly be better to delete it until something NPOV can be written instead? --Jibjibjib 03:23, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

I must agree that this article comes acrossed as biased. Phrases such as "world leader" are highly subjective. This sounds a lot more like a leaflet coming out of D-Link headquarters than it does a neutral assesment of a corperation.

I feel that this article should be rephrased to use more objective language (e.g. "world leader in sales of home networking equipment for fiscal 2004" -- perhaps as a footnote.) Even if this isn't a NPOV problem (which I believe it is) it IS a failure to site sources.

--WH

I'm going to go ahead and change this to a cleanup rather than NPOV. Seems more fitting. 24.57.203.238 04:19, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. There was suprisingly little of substance after all the marketing fluff was cut. And hey, before D-Link groupies complain about anti-D-Link bias, please note that I just spent a hundred bucks on one of their products, so I have nothing against them personally. Unigolyn 19:02, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Request for clarification
The edit made by 203.75.221.6 on Nov 30 05 doesn't quite read right. Could the person responsible for that edit please describe in detail what they intended to say so we could rephrase it? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Flakeloaf (talk • contribs) 16:07, November 30, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DlinkLogo.gif
Image:DlinkLogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:45, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

History section needs some work
It sounds like a commercial —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.3.20.5 (talk) 10:37, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

I second this, for that sounds just like an ad press-release, isn't it: ... as a leading global IT company, we supply businesses -large and small-, government, education and consumers with networking products under the D-Link brand.

It sounds like it's a direct copy/paste from their website. Either that, or they've written that section themselves with advertising purposes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.101.1.128 (talk) 04:16, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

History Section needs to be deleted and redone is more like it. Three paragraphs in it totally switches to ad copy, including using "we did this", "our motto is", and most amusing of all, flattening a bulleted list so that it looks like a paragraph. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.53.185.25 (talk) 05:10, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

x64 Windows/Vista
Would it be wise to note that many drifers are NOT compatible for x64 Vista? This includes the current retail DWA/N-130 Wireless N USB Adapter. It also may be wise to note that the D-Link website May not provide USB 2.0 compatible drivers for your specific piece of hardware. One more thing, XP states that the drivers obtained from the D-Link website AND the CD itself are NOT Digitally Signed, even though screen shots on the website say they are. 66.168.19.135 (talk) 23:18, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Removal of Timeserver DDOS and GPL Violations
This has recently been removed as it is stale, at three years old. However, I'd like to get more input as the GPL violation case was quite significant in the history of the GPL, I believe. I think this needs some discussion. Verbal  chat  14:52, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of D-Link G604T Network Adaptor

The article D-Link G604T Network Adaptor has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * There is no verifiability, its all original research and its not a notable product. Find at least one neutral review, or really this article should go.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jez t e C 19:07, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm passing on this note as I'm not exactly a fan of D-Link products, however the note was left for me since I did some very basic stuff on the article in the past. CaribDigita (talk) 19:14, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

D-Link router issues?
Hey there,

I was thinking it might be worthwhile mentioning that there have been number of technical issues with some of the D-link routers (we can cite either Dlink relase notes, or adslgeek.com/dslmodem/d-link and I can find more if we need to)

Do you guys think this would add to the article? I am not fully up to speed on all the Wiki rules? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.170.182 (talk) 11:21, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Market Share
Can somebody add this to the page?

DLink is the market share leader for WLAN devices in 2010. http://www.instat.com/press.asp?Sku=IN1004773WL&ID=2815

121.7.171.153 (talk) 23:07, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Proposed update of product images
The example pictures of D-Link routers are all quite old. Would be nice to have some newer images, particularly considering the rather radical design shifts seen in the new AC routers (eg. DIR-895L/R and DIR-868L). Besides routers, there are wi-fi cameras (eg. DCS-825L) and other smart home products (DCH-101KT) that may give readers a better idea of the updated product line the company now offers. 122.146.2.131 (talk) 02:53, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Proposed Edit for "Examples of D-Link Routers" in"Product Range" section.
As an employee at D-Link, COI prevents me from updating this article myself. The routers displayed under the "Product Range" section are out of date and do not accurately represent the company's current product range. I propose replacing these pictures with more recent examples of company products and perhaps renaming the section, for example to: "Examples of D-Link Products" in order to better support the existing content of the "Product Range" section.

Router wise, good examples would be the DIR-895L/R and the DIR-868L. Besides routers, there are Wi-Fi cameras (eg. DCS-825L) and other offerings such as DIY Security Kits (DCH-101KT).

Home3369 (talk) 04:06, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * @Home3369: Hello, and thanks for bringing this to our attention. The first problem is that we can't currently use the images displayed on your website, because your company still holds the copyright. If D-Link would like to release those images under a free license (i.e. give permission to Wikipedia and anyone reading Wikipedia to freely use, reproduce, and modify the images provided they credit D-Link), please follow the instructions at commons:OTRS for sending an e-mail releasing the photographs. Also, please be aware that Wikipedia has a policy against product directories. We can include a few examples of major products a company sells, but not all of them. Please feel free to ask for additional assistance at the Conflict of interest editing noticeboard or message me at User talk:Altamel. Thanks! Altamel (talk) 17:58, 12 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on D-Link. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141007073104/http://gpl-violations.org/news/20060922-dlink-judgement_frankfurt.html to http://gpl-violations.org/news/20060922-dlink-judgement_frankfurt.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120318175314/http://www.jbb.de/fileadmin/download/urteil_lg_muenchen_gpl.pdf to http://www.jbb.de/fileadmin/download/urteil_lg_muenchen_gpl.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:02, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Hyperlink pointing to Cyberbit redirects to an article about a font
Currently this article (D-Link) contains a sentence that says"In 2021, D-Link announced to become the agent for the international information security brand, Cyberbit in Taiwan, and launched the new EAGLE PRO AI series transforming home Wi-Fi experiences."but the hyperlink pointing to Cyberbit does not do what was ["probably"] intended.

For some more details, please see
 * Talk:Cyberbit.

Thanks for listening! Mike Schwartz (talk) 16:23, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:D-Link


text:
User:0101yangl

Hi, checking into your block...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:0101yangl


text:
Gyan Prakash Pilania

Dr. Gyan Prakash Pilania (born 18 February 1932 in Sri Ganga Nagar Rajasthan) is a politician from Rajasthan, India. He was member of Rajya Sabha, Bharatiya Janta Party, from Rajasthan during 2004-2008 and 2008-14. Currently is member of National People's Party

He is a social reformer and leader of farmers in Rajasthan. He joined Indian Police Service in 1955 from Rajasthan Cadre. He was elected to Rajya Sabha.

title: Gyan Prakash Pilania


text:
User:Alkiviadis

  Alkiviadis

Welcome to my user page. I started writing for Wikipedia back in 2001. I was a student then, majoring in Business Information Systems. I was trying to write an essay for types of information systems, so while I was searching for some matterial for my essay I got into Wikipedia. I didn't make much use of the article of Wikipedia (because it was poor then) but as soon as I finished the essay I got back in and started reading and after a while editing. The following year (I think) I started writing for the Greek Wikipedia which was not active at the time. For a period of two years I couldn't contribute for various reasons, but I hope now to be able to help to the development of this amazing project.

Interests

 * Computers
 * Finance
 * Gastronomy
 * Geography
 * History
 * Philosophy
 * Sports
 * Star Wars

Countries Visited
el:Χρήστης:Alkiviadis

title: User:Alkiviadis


text:
Edward V. Babcock

Edward Vose Babcock (January 31, 1864 – September 2, 1948) was a lumber industrialist who served as Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1918 to 1922.

Early life
Edward Vose Babcock entered the lumber business from an early age. He ran successfully for City Council in 1911 and began making a political name for himself.

Pittsburgh politics
Unlike his predecessor "Joe the builder", Babcock's administration had little time to implement much policy, they were too busy dealing with the triple threat of a massive steel strike that created much social dissension and unrest, the 1918-1919 flu pandemic that hit Pittsburgh especially hard, all this while at the family dinner tables and company lunch rooms around the city the women's suffrage movement tested the strength of families and employers.

Creation of North and South Parks
In 1925, Babcock was elected Allegheny County Commissioner. Concerned about the rapid transformation of large areas of rural land into suburbs, Babcock wanted to set aside protected areas of land for recreation. To achieve this, he personally purchased two huge tracts of land, totaling around 4,000 acres. He sold the land to the county at cost to create North and South Parks. Although some were skeptical at first, the public quickly came to love the "people's country clubs," and the County soon acquired another 500 acres. North and South Parks provided the foundation for the county-wide system, which expanded to a total of nine parks and over 12,000 acres from 1958 to 1979.

Babcock hired Paul B. Riis, a nationally prominent landscape architect, as the first director of the new Allegheny County Bureau of Parks in 1927. Riis laid the groundwork for North and South Parks, including major landscaping and road systems. He was inspired by the "Prairie Style" of landscape architect Jens Jensen, which used native plants and materials to construct naturalistic landscapes.

The hallmark of Riis's design included familiar features of the Western Pennsylvania landscape. He used layered stones, a rich palette of native plants, and winding waterways to define the park's character and create spaces "suitable for human play." Riis worked for six years to develop the North Park Lake and Boathouse as the park's signature features as well as park roads, trails, picnic groves, sports fields, pool, and golf course.

In 1932, new County Commissioners hired architect Henry Hornbostel, who had designed many of Pittsburgh's greatest buildings, as Bureau of Parks director. Thanks to his leadership, North Park was completed during the Great Depression using New Deal programs. In 1933, he established a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in the park housing 200 men to carry out his plan.

Later life
In response to the suffrage movement, Babcock became the first mayor to appoint a woman to a cabinet-level position within the city.

After leaving the mayor's office Babcock continued his political career at the county level, becoming a commissioner in 1927. During his rule of Allegheny County he was successful in pushing through the opening of the Allegheny County Airport in West Mifflin, he also was instrumental in providing county help to the city for the opening of the triplet bridges (6th, 7th and 9th Street Bridges).

He was also extremely generous, purchasing at personal expense 4,000 acres (16 km2) of land for the expansive "North Park" and "South Park" in the county. He retired in 1931 and died in 1948, being buried in Homewood Cemetery.

Legacy

 * Babcock Boulevard in the North Hills of Pittsburgh is named for him.
 * Babcock State Park in West Virginia.
 * Babcock Ranch and Babcock Preserve in Florida.
 * The highly profitable Babcock Lumber and Boom Company, operating out of Davis, West Virginia from 1907, was responsible for devastating environmental damage to much of surrounding Tucker County, including Canaan Valley, Dolly Sods and the Blackwater Canyon. These areas were clear-cut and the landscape converted into a tinderbox by the residual slashings. By 1910, fires swept over the wasteland, often burning continuously from spring until the first snows. In 1914, with the county virtually denuded of standing trees, the ground burned continually for 6 months. When the fires subsided, thin mineral soil and bare rock were all that remained. Uncontrollable soil erosion and flooding further degraded and depopulated the region, which bears the scars of the conflagration to the present day.
 * E.V.Babcock's residence at 5135 Ellsworth Ave in Pittsburgh's Shadyside neighborhood was first completed in 1900 for Pittsburgh steel and coal magnate William P. Snyder, and later bought by Babcock, hence termed "Babcock Mansion". It was said to have hosted at least 2 US presidents, Grace Kelly, Charles Lindbergh, and other celebrities. It was saved from demolition in 1975, and switched hands twice, and finally up for sale since about Jan 2020, and by Jun 2023, the sale price was over $2.8 million.

title: Edward V. Babcock


text:
Jefferson Park (Seattle)

Jefferson Park is a 52.4 acre public park and golf course on top of Beacon Hill in Seattle, Washington, bounded on the east by 24th Avenue S. and 24th Place S., on the west by 15th Avenue S., on the north by S. Spokane Street, and on the south by Cheasty Boulevard S.

History
The park site was originally planned by the State of Washington for state university use. In 1892, it was the site of a "pesthouse," or isolation hospital. In 1898, the land was sold to the city of Seattle, with plans to build a reservoir and a cemetery. In 1908, the park was named for Thomas Jefferson.

The Olmsted Brothers included the park in their comprehensive plan for Seattle parks, and designed the 18 hole golf course which opened in 1915.

During World War II, Jefferson Park contained anti-aircraft batteries, and was requisitioned by the U.S. Army for a G.I. recreation center, with recreation facilities, a gym, and tent housing for soldiers and visiting family.

In the post war years, the park returned to normal; the Army structures were mostly removed, though a new Veterans' Administration hospital was built on the site of the original 9-hole golf course. (A replacement 9-hole course was built elsewhere in the park.) This is also the home course of golfing great Fred Couples. The golf course was the site of the USA Cross Country Championships in 2011. A lawn bowling green and playgrounds were also constructed at this time.

The park's reservoir was covered from 2008 to 2009, creating new parkspace supported by 624 columns.

The park today

The Jefferson Park Golf Course, the Jefferson Community Center, Jefferson Lawn Bowling green, and playfields continue to be heavily used. Jefferson Park received $8 million from the recent ProParks funding levy, allowing redevelopment and remodeling to begin. Projects in this park revitalization effort include new walking paths, gardens, and a new gymnasium. The Jefferson Park expansion officially opened October 28, 2010.

Adjacent to the park on the west side is the Beacon Food Forest, a 7 acre volunteer-run forest gardening project that provides food to neighbors and food shelves.

In June 2014 a 'skate space' designed by artist CJ Rench opened up to the public. It is a sculpture specifically designed for skateboarding.

title: Jefferson Park (Seattle)


text:
User:Kayleigh~enwiki

Hi, I'm Kayleigh. I'm also a experimental sockpuppet of Banes. If youre wondering where my name comes from, it is the name of a girl Banes used to like. You should never see me voting or editing much at all. I was created for the sole purpose of getting welcomed by myself and asking Banes (myself) an inane question. Please forgive my boredom, you wont be seeing me again. Have a nice day. Regards

title: User:Kayleigh~enwiki


text: User:Bratici

title: User:Bratici


text:
Talk:Music licensing

How is the list of definitions organized?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_licensing#Definitions apparently not alphabetically. I'd like to add a definition of "mechanical license," but not sure where to put it. I could use a source like https://exploration.io/what-is-a-mechanical-license/, and also link Wikipedia's article on Mechanical license. Greg Dahlen (talk) 10:04, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music licensing


text:
Boucle du Mouhoun Region

Boucle du Mouhoun (, "Bend of the Black Volta") is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001 and had a population of 1,898,133 in 2019. It is the 4th most populous region in Burkina Faso, and contains 9.26% of all Burkinabé. The region's capital is Dédougou. Six provinces make up the Boucle du Mouhoun region—Balé, Banwa, Kossi, Mouhoun, Nayala, and Sourou.

, the population of the region was 1,898,133 with 50.2% females. The population in the region was 9.26% of the total population of the country. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 187%. As of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 23.2%, compared to a national average of 28.3%.

Geography
Most of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around 200 m to 300 m above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The southern regions are more tropical in nature and have savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around 100 cm compared to northern regions that receive only 25 cm rainfall.

Demographics
, the population of the region was 1,898,133 with 50.2% women. The population of this region accounts for 9.26% of the total population of the country. The child mortality rate was 72, infant mortality rate was 69 and the mortality of children under five was 135. As of 2007, among the working population, there were 60.4% employees, 17.40% underemployed, 20.80% inactive people, 22.00% not working and 1.2% unemployed people in the region. The main languages spoken in Boucle du Mouhoun as of 2006 were Moore, Bwamu, and Samo (or San). French is the official language throughout the country.

Economy
As of 2007, there were 693.9 km of highways, 649.3 km of regional roads and 741.5 km of county roads. The first set of car traffic was 26, first set of two-wheeler traffic was 5,308 and the total classified road network was 2,085. The total corn produced during 2015 was 198,920 tonnes, cotton was 267,536 tonnes, cowpea was 67,212 tonnes, ground nut was 36,612 tonnes, millet was 254,707 tonnes, rice was 51,142 tonnes and sorghum was 262,942 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 187.00 per cent. As of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 23.2 per cent, compared to a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 69 per cent, pos-primary was 21.2 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 6. There were 356 boys and 155 girls enrolled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 16 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 692 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level.

Local administration
Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was ousted by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years until 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.

title: Boucle du Mouhoun Region


text: User talk:71.131.216.84

title: User talk:71.131.216.84


text:
Arthur Peppercorn

Arthur Henry Peppercorn, (29 January 1889 – 3 March 1951) was an English railway engineer, and was the last Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the London and North Eastern Railway.

Career
Arthur Peppercorn was born in Leominster in 1889 and educated at Hereford Cathedral School. In 1905 he started his career as an apprentice with the Great Northern Railway (GNR) at Doncaster. Gresley took a liking to the young apprentice and would supervise his career; in turn, Peppercorn was devoted to Gresley, and would in time be treated almost like one of the family.

Gresley's sudden death in 1941 was a shock to all in the LNER, and although Peppercorn was considered for the role, his great modesty in comparison with that of the other candidate, Edward Thompson, as well as the influence Thompson held within the LNER seniority meant that it was Thompson who succeeded Gresley. Thompson was already 60 years old, and both he and the LNER recognised that his appointment was not a permanent solution: both Peppercorn and Harrison were ready in the wings.

When Peppercorn did succeed Thompson as CME on 1 July 1946, his style of work proved to be very different from that of his predecessor. Peppercorn was recognised as an amiable and very well liked man, though despite his popularity, he remained very modest and humble. He believed the job was above him, but in truth he possessed much of the outstanding ability of his mentor Sir Nigel Gresley. He could see beyond the limitations of the Gresley conjugated valve gear and the flaws surrounding the Thompson locomotives. Peppercorn finished several projects which were started by Thompson and cancelled others. He revised the K1/1 design to build a batch of 70 class K1s, continued the building of the B1s, and halted further rebuilding of the A10 class into A1/1 specification. His most significant mark on railway history must be his LNER Peppercorn Class A1 and the LNER Peppercorn Class A2.

Peppercorn died in 1951 in Doncaster.

Locomotives

Edward Thompson had set down strict guidelines for the incoming CME, relating directly to the upcoming design of an Express Passenger Pacific. The design was to draw heavily on the A1/1 Pacific Great Northern which had been rebuilt during Thompson's time in office. This would have created a cross between the A2/3 Pacifics, and Great Northern's 6 ft 8 in driving wheels. By the time Peppercorn was in office, reports of Great Northern's persistent frame problems, hot axleboxes and steam leaks were all filtering back into the design office. The belief was that the problems were caused by a lack of frame support at the front end, largely due to the cylinders not being aligned with each other (an aspect of divided drive combined with equal length connecting rods). Thompson's guidelines would have produced another locomotive with the cylinders apart, so Peppercorn decided against it, and brought the cylinders in line, and arranged the locomotive as something of a merging of both Gresley's A4 and Thompson's A2/1, creating first the A2 class, and then the A1.

Both of the Peppercorn Pacifics used a boiler incorporating a 50 sq ft grate, allowing for very high power levels to be produced, but at the cost of a relatively high fuel consumption. A consequence was that although both the A1 and A2 classes were regarded as excellent locomotives they were not especially popular with those who had to fire them. Previous Gresley Pacifics on the LNER had a 41.25 sq ft grate, which had proved sufficient for any tasks not needing very high power output. The P2s had been built with 50 sq ft grates, which were able to supply large quantities of steam for long periods, but had proved too big for the purpose: the fireman had to feed vast amounts of coal just to keep the grate covered, where a smaller grate would have sufficed. The P2 boiler was carried over to the Thompson Pacifics (because the first were rebuilds of P2s) and then on to the Peppercorn Pacifics. At the time these classes were built however, the trainloads of WW2 were massive in comparison to those for which the Gresley Pacifics had been designed and built, and both Peppercorn and Thompson had to design engines which could meet that requirement: heavier fuel consumption on lighter duties was a compromise which was needed in order to meet the higher demands of the day.

Despite the fuel consumption concerns, in addressing the limitations of both the Thompson Pacifics and those of Gresley, Peppercorn had produced engines which could master virtually all the work put to them without the drawbacks of centre big-end bearing overheat, leaking steam pipe connections, frame fractures or any of the other flaws which blighted the previous LNER Pacifics. The A1s were intended to take over from the A4s on non-stop express duties, but the low fuel consumption of the A4s meant that the A1s failed to dent their monopoly on the non-stop expresses. After post-war frame alignment and fitting of double Kylchap Chimneys, the A4s became once more the standard-bearer of the East Coast Main Line. For the second tier LNER Expresses however, the A1s proved to be an excellent design.

The real strength of the A1 and A2 classes lay in their reliability. By carefully incorporating the best of Gresley and Thompson design, as well as ideas of his own, Peppercorn had produced two masterpieces of durability and low service cost. Five of the A1s had roller bearings fitted throughout, and they regularly covered 150,000 miles between intermediate overhauls. Even the plain bearing A1s were capable of 90,000 miles between overhauls, and no other express passenger locomotive class in the UK could do no more than 80,000. The first of his A2 engines had single chimneys, and when fitted with self-cleaning smoke-boxes experienced steaming problems which took some time to resolve. Changing to double blast-pipe resolved much of the issues, though some of the A2s retained single chimney without self-cleaning apparatus. The A1s, being built afterwards, and incorporating the lessons learned, featured the double blast-pipe and chimney from new.

These were known as some of the best British steam locomotives ever in service. The A2s were particularly powerful, and finally produced the answer to the heavy services on the Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line which had blighted both Gresley (P2 Class- too long a rigid wheelbase) and Thompson (A2/2 and A2/3- both lacking adhesion). Upon nationalisation and the creation of British Railways, Peppercorn continued in essentially the same job, now titled "Chief Mechanical Engineer, Eastern and North Eastern Regions". He retired at the end of 1949, two years after nationalisation: he was Chief Mechanical Engineer for three and a half years.

Legacy
K1 locomotive No. 62005 was preserved by NELPG, though originally to provide spares for No. 61994 The Great Marquess. 62005 was eventually rebuilt in its own right, and has seen regular active main line service for the last 40 years.

Only one of his famous Pacific locomotives, an A2, 60532 Blue Peter, was preserved.

No A1s were preserved. However, a brand new example, 60163 Tornado, was built as the next in the class. It moved under its own steam for the first time in August 2008.

Arthur Peppercorn's widow, Dorothy Mather, was honorary president of the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, builder of Tornado, from the early 1990s until her death in 2015. At age 92, she lit the first fire in Tornado's firebox in January 2008, and was later on the footplate for Tornado's inaugural steaming at Darlington works, stating "My husband would be proud."

title: Arthur Peppercorn


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User talk:Wanmeg

Welcome!

Hi there Wanmeg and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us!  Ban e  s  07:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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title: User talk:Wanmeg


text:
User talk:Kayleigh~enwiki

Welcome!

Hi there Kayleigh and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us!  Ban e  s ' 07:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Signing
No problem, you sign by typing four tildes. (Hold down shift, but you probably already know that!) Cheers  Ban e  s  08:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Kayleigh~enwiki


text:
Jules et Jim (band)

Jules et Jim was a musical collaboration consisting of Jean-Marc Lederman (of The Weathermen) and Julianne Regan (of All About Eve).

Singles

 * Swimming CD1 (1999)
 * 1) "Swimming" (Single Edit)
 * 2) "Only a Fool" (Underwater Mix)
 * Swimming CD2 (1999)
 * 1) "Swimming" (Single Edit)
 * 2) "Only a Fool" (Radio Mix)
 * 3) "Swimming" (Plastic Boat Mix)
 * 4) "Only a Fool" (Underwater Mix)

 * Lounge Musix I (promotional cd given away free with the fruit juices Looza)
 * 1) "Only a Fool" (Underwater Mix)
 * 2) "Infinity & Beyond" (Instrumental)
 * 3) "If Life Were a Movie" (Remix)
 * 4) "Sylvia" (Original Mix)

EPs

 * Subtitles (2001)
 * 1) "If Life Were a Movie"
 * 2) "What Are the Chances?"
 * 3) "I Only Have Eyes for You"
 * 4) "It’s a Beautiful World"
 * 5) "Sylvia"
 * 6) "Queen Kerosene"

Albums
The above Subtitles and "Swimming" releases were also repackaged as a downloadable album on various online download music stores, except for the track "I Only Have Eyes for You": Then another re-release:
 * Subtitles and More (2009)
 * 1) "Swimming"
 * 2) "If Life Were a Movie"
 * 3) "What are the Chances?"
 * 4) "Sylvia"
 * 5) "Only a Fool"
 * 6) "It’s a Beautiful World"
 * 7) "What are the Chances?" (Fairies Mix)
 * 8) "Swimming" (Plastic Boat Mix)
 * 9) "Only a Fool" (Underwater Mix)
 * 10) "Queen Kerosene"

 * Synchronised (2019), as above with additional tracks:
 * 1) "Ms. Jones"
 * 2) "I Only Have Eyes for You" (re-added track)

Other releases
The band have also released a number of other tracks through their (now defunct) website:
 * "What Are the Chances?" (Ballad Mix)
 * "Brass" (Instrumental)
 * "Laidback & the Kid" (Instrumental)

Collaborations
The duo have also collaborated on a number of other projects together.

Regan has contributed vocals to game soundtrack music composed by Lederman. Games include Mystic Inn, Fairies and Kudos: Rock Legend. The soundtrack from Fairies was released as a downloadable single with the following tracks:
 * 1) "Fairies Theme"
 * 2) "The Castle"
 * 3) "The Forest"
 * 4) "Time"
 * 5) "The Plains"
 * 6) "Zen"
 * 7) "Chances EMO"

Their most recent collaboration is on Lederman's La Femme Verte covers project. Regan has contributed vocals to a number of tracks on the album Small Distortions (original recording artists in brackets):
 * "Hurt" (Nine Inch Nail)
 * "Falling" (Angelo Badalamenti/Julee Cruise)
 * "Moonlight Mile" (Rolling Stones)
 * "Being Boring" (Pet Shop Boys)
 * "Monday Monday" (The Mamas & the Papas)

And other later collaborations:

 * "Dreams Are All Faded Away", on the Jean-Marc Lederman Experience album The Last Broadcast on Earth.
 * "Triskaidekaphobia", spoken track on the Jean-Marc Lederman Experience album 13 Ghost Stories.
 * Four ambient tracks on the EP Music to Relax to While You Struggle Under a Tory Government, under the band name Glassko & Fayzer.

title: Jules et Jim (band)


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Buitreraptor

Buitreraptor (meaning "La Buitrera seizer") is a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous of Argentina at the Candeleros Formation. Buitreraptor was described in 2005 and the type species is Buitreraptor gonzalezorum. It was rooster-sized and had a very elongated head with many small teeth.

History of discovery
Four specimens of Buitreraptor were found in 2004 in sandstone in Patagonia, Argentina during an excavation led by Sebastián Apesteguia, researcher of CONICET at the Fundacion Felix de Azara - Maimonides University, and Peter Makovicky, curator of dinosaurs at the Field Museum in Chicago. Buitreraptor is from the early Late Cretaceous Candeleros Formation, dating to the Cenomanian-Turonian ages approximately 98 to 97 million years ago, when South America was an isolated continent like Australia today. It was uncovered in a famous fossil site named La Buitrera, the "vulture roost". Although dinosaurs are rare in this site, another nearby site had earlier yielded the giant Giganotosaurus, one of the largest known carnivorous dinosaurs.

Buitreraptor gonzalezorum is the only known species of the genus Buitreraptor. It was named by Peter Makovicky, Sebastián Apesteguía and Federico Agnolín. The genus name means "vulture raider", from the Spanish word buitre meaning vulture, in reference to La Buitrera, and Latin raptor, "seizer". The specific name honours the González brothers, Fábian and Jorge, who realised much of the actual excavation and preparation of the fossils. The holotype specimen, MPCA 245, consists of a partial skeleton with skull of an adult individual. The paratype is MPCA 238, a sacrum with a right pelvis and right hindlimb. The skull of the holotype was described in detail in 2017, while 2018 saw a slew of new papers on the anatomy of the genus. These include descriptions of new specimens, a study on the tail anatomy of the genus, and a general overview of the postcrania of multiple specimens.

Description
Buitreraptor was a rather small dinosaur. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated the length at 1.5 metres, the weight at three kilograms. Buitreraptor has some different physical features than typical northern dromaeosaurs, such as Velociraptor. Buitreraptor has a slender, flat, extremely elongated snout with many small teeth that lack meat-tearing serrations or cutting edges and are grooved, strongly recurved and flattened. From this, the scientists who initially described it concluded that this dinosaur was not a hunter of relatively large animals like some other dromaeosaurs, but rather a hunter of small animals such as lizards and mammals. The forelimbs of Buitreraptor were long and ended in very long and thin three-fingered hands. All known parts of the hand of Buitreraptor are proportionally longer than in the dromaeosaurids Deinonychus and Velociraptor, except for the ungual bones which are proportionally smaller in Buitreraptor.

The body as a whole was also elongated, with a shallow ribcage. The enlarged sickle claw at the second toe of the foot formed a blade that was long although less large than in dromaeosaurids such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. No fossil discoveries have been made of any feathers of Buitreraptor. However, there are relatives like Microraptor and Sinornithosaurus, of which fossils with preserved feathers are known. Since its close relatives had feathers, it is likely that Buitreraptor also was feathered. According to Apesteguia, this is comparable to reconstructing an extinct monkey with fur because all modern monkeys have fur.

Classification
Buitreraptor shows a mosaic of dromaeosaurid, troodontid and avialan traits. It was in 2005 assigned to the Dromaeosauridae. A cladistic analysis by the describers showed it was part of the dromaeosaurid Unenlagiinae. The discovery of Buitreraptor has also been the subject of discussion among scientists as to the question whether flight could have evolved independently in birds and dromaeosaurids or was derived from some flying common ancestor. Some scientists propose that Rahonavis, a relative to Buitreraptor, could fly. However, evidence for flight has not been unequivocally found in other dromaeosaurids, which has led some scientists to propose that dromaeosaurids evolved flight independently of birds if Rahonavis could indeed fly.

The following cladogram is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Hartman and colleagues in 2019, showing the relationships of Buitreraptor among the other genera assigned to the family "Unenlagiidae":

Evolution
Other than Buitreraptor, the only other known dromaeosaurs from the southern continents are Neuquenraptor, Austroraptor, and Unenlagia from South America (discovered earlier in 2005), Rahonavis (once thought to be a true avian bird) from Madagascar, and unidentified dromaeosaur-like teeth from Australia. This discovery in the Southern Hemisphere helped scientists to clarify that the dromaeosaur family was more widely dispersed around the world than previously thought. Evidence indicates that dromaeosaurs first appeared during the Jurassic Period, when all the continents were much closer together than they are today. With the discovery of Buitreraptor, the scientists proposed that dromaeosaurids originated somewhere around 180 million years ago, before Pangaea broke up. However, other paleontologists have in later studies placed the time of origin for Dromaeosauridae to about 160 million years ago.

The scientists see it as an alternative possibility that dromaeosaurids originated on the ancient continent Laurasia in the north and during the Cretaceous Period migrated to southern Gondwana, since the species known from the Southern Hemisphere bear distinctive characteristics not shared by their northern relatives. La Buitrera also yielded remains of terrestrial crocodiles, pterosaurs, the largest known rhynchocephalians, limbed snakes, iguanian lizards, chelid turtles, mammals, and dipnoan fishes

Paleobiology
Unenlagiines had better capacities for running and pursuit predation than other dromaeosaurids such as Laurasian dromaeosaurids (Eudromaeosauria), which were more stocky and had shorter legs and had an active predatory lifestyle. Unenlagiines were highly cursorial animals because they were more gracile and had modified metatarsals that are relatively thin and lengthened. Based on these adaptations, it is likely that unenlagiines preyed on small, fast animals, although the exact animals are unknown. Buitreraptor features particular traits that can be attributed to specific hunting methods. Models for Buitreraptor propose that it hunted by traveling large distances in pursuit of prey, which may explain the long-legged trait shared by various genera of Unenlagiidae. Buitreraptor is characterized by its long forelimbs and hands; it likely relied on them to restrain prey and the curved claw of the second pedal digit would have injured or killed the victim. Buitreraptor probably swallowed its prey whole due to its lack of serrated teeth with flesh-tearing capabilities; the teeth functioned to simply hold prey.

title: Buitreraptor


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Cascades Region

Cascades (, "waterfalls") is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The population of Cascades was 812,062 in 2019. It is the second least populous region in Burkina Faso and contains 3.96% of all Burkinabé. The region's capital is Banfora. Two provinces, Comoé and Léraba, make up the region. The Cascades de Karfiguéla give the region its name.

As of 2019, the population of the region was 812,062. As of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 20%, compared to a national average of 28.3%. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 117%.

Geography
Most of Burkina Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around 200 m to 300 m above mean sea level. The region contains Mount Tenakourou, which is the country's highest peak with an elevation of 747 m. Among West African countries, Burkina Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The southern regions are more tropical in nature and have savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around 100 cm compared to northern regions that receive only 25 cm rainfall.

Demographics
As of 2019, the population of the region was 812,062 with 51.43% females. The population in the region was 3.96% of the total population of the country. The child mortality rate was 81, infant mortality rate was 96 and the mortality of children under five was 170. As of 2007, among the working population, there were 71.9% employees, 20.2% under employed, 7.7% inactive people, 8% not working and 0.2% unemployed people in the region.

Economy
As of 2007, there were 229.3 km of highways, 335.9 km of regional roads and 303.4 km of county roads. The first set of car traffic was 22, first set of two-wheeler traffic was 1,878 and the total classified road network was 869. The total corn produced during 2015 was 148,349 tonnes, cotton was 44,903 tonnes, cowpea was 13,778 tonnes, ground nut was 15,743 tonnes, millet was 5,961 tonnes, rice was 28,799 tonnes and sorghum was 19,126 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 117.00 per cent. As of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 20.4 per cent, compared to a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 67.7 per cent, pos-primary was 27.5 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 9.4. There were 192 boys and 110 girls enrolled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 4 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 493 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level.

Local administration
Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was ousted by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.

title: Cascades Region


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Upper set

In mathematics, an upper set (also called an upward closed set, an upset, or an isotone set in X) of a partially ordered set $$(X, \leq)$$ is a subset $$S \subseteq X$$ with the following property: if s is in S and if x in X is larger than s (that is, if $$s < x$$), then x is in S. In other words, this means that any x element of X that is $$\,\geq\,$$ to some element of S is necessarily also an element of S. The term lower set (also called a downward closed set, down set, decreasing set, initial segment, or semi-ideal) is defined similarly as being a subset S of X with the property that any element x of X that is $$\,\leq\,$$ to some element of S is necessarily also an element of S.

Definition
Let $$(X, \leq)$$ be a preordered set. An ' in $$X$$ (also called an ', an , or an  set) is a subset $$U \subseteq X$$ that is "closed under going up", in the sense that
 * for all $$u \in U$$ and all $$x \in X,$$ if $$u \leq x$$ then $$x \in U.$$

The dual notion is a ' (also called a ', ', ', ', or '), which is a subset $$L \subseteq X$$ that is "closed under going down", in the sense that
 * for all $$l \in L$$ and all $$x \in X,$$ if $$x \leq l$$ then $$x \in L.$$

The terms ' or ' are sometimes used as synonyms for lower set. This choice of terminology fails to reflect the notion of an ideal of a lattice because a lower set of a lattice is not necessarily a sublattice.

Properties

 * Every partially ordered set is an upper set of itself.
 * The intersection and the union of any family of upper sets is again an upper set.
 * The complement of any upper set is a lower set, and vice versa.
 * Given a partially ordered set $$(X, \leq),$$ the family of upper sets of $$X$$ ordered with the inclusion relation is a complete lattice, the upper set lattice.
 * Given an arbitrary subset $$Y$$ of a partially ordered set $$X,$$ the smallest upper set containing $$Y$$ is denoted using an up arrow as $$\uparrow Y$$ (see upper closure and lower closure).
 * Dually, the smallest lower set containing $$Y$$ is denoted using a down arrow as $$\downarrow Y.$$
 * A lower set is called principal if it is of the form $$\downarrow\{x\}$$ where $$x$$ is an element of $$X.$$
 * Every lower set $$Y$$ of a finite partially ordered set $$X$$ is equal to the smallest lower set containing all maximal elements of $$Y$$
 * $$\downarrow Y = \downarrow \operatorname{Max}(Y)$$ where $$\operatorname{Max}(Y)$$ denotes the set containing the maximal elements of $$Y.$$
 * A directed lower set is called an order ideal.
 * For partial orders satisfying the descending chain condition, antichains and upper sets are in one-to-one correspondence via the following bijections: map each antichain to its upper closure (see below); conversely, map each upper set to the set of its minimal elements. This correspondence does not hold for more general partial orders; for example the sets of real numbers $$\{ x \in \R: x > 0 \}$$ and $$\{ x \in \R: x > 1 \}$$ are both mapped to the empty antichain.

Upper closure and lower closure
Given an element $$x$$ of a partially ordered set $$(X, \leq),$$ the upper closure or upward closure of $$x,$$ denoted by $$x^{\uparrow X},$$ $$x^{\uparrow},$$ or $$\uparrow\! x,$$ is defined by $$x^{\uparrow X} =\; \uparrow\! x = \{ u \in X : x \leq u\}$$ while the lower closure or downward closure of $$x$$, denoted by $$x^{\downarrow X},$$ $$x^{\downarrow},$$ or $$\downarrow\! x,$$ is defined by $$x^{\downarrow X} =\; \downarrow\! x = \{l \in X : l \leq x\}.$$

The sets $$\uparrow\! x$$ and $$\downarrow\! x$$ are, respectively, the smallest upper and lower sets containing $$x$$ as an element. More generally, given a subset $$A \subseteq X,$$ define the upper/upward closure and the lower/downward closure of $$A,$$ denoted by $$A^{\uparrow X}$$ and $$A^{\downarrow X}$$ respectively, as $$A^{\uparrow X} = A^{\uparrow} = \bigcup_{a \in A} \uparrow\!a$$ and $$A^{\downarrow X} = A^{\downarrow} = \bigcup_{a \in A} \downarrow\!a.$$

In this way, $$\uparrow x = \uparrow\{x\}$$ and $$\downarrow x = \downarrow\{x\},$$ where upper sets and lower sets of this form are called principal. The upper closure and lower closure of a set are, respectively, the smallest upper set and lower set containing it.

The upper and lower closures, when viewed as functions from the power set of $$X$$ to itself, are examples of closure operators since they satisfy all of the Kuratowski closure axioms. As a result, the upper closure of a set is equal to the intersection of all upper sets containing it, and similarly for lower sets. (Indeed, this is a general phenomenon of closure operators. For example, the topological closure of a set is the intersection of all closed sets containing it; the span of a set of vectors is the intersection of all subspaces containing it; the subgroup generated by a subset of a group is the intersection of all subgroups containing it; the ideal generated by a subset of a ring is the intersection of all ideals containing it; and so on.)

Ordinal numbers
An ordinal number is usually identified with the set of all smaller ordinal numbers. Thus each ordinal number forms a lower set in the class of all ordinal numbers, which are totally ordered by set inclusion.

title: Upper set


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Talk:Golden mean (philosophy)

"Golden mean (philosophy" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_mean_(philosophy&redirect=no Golden mean (philosophy] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 21:13, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Golden mean (philosophy)


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Muriel Young

Muriel Young (19 June 1923 – 24 March 2001) was an English television continuity announcer, presenter and producer.

Early life
Young was born in 1923 in Bishop Middleham near Sedgefield, County Durham. As a child, she lived with her family in the gatehouse of Elmwood (now the Elmwood Community Centre), Hartburn, County Durham near Stockton-on-Tees. Her father, Wilfrid Young, was batman and later chauffeur to Col. Kitching, who lived at Elmwood for many years after retiring from the army in 1939.

Early career
Young worked briefly as a librarian on leaving school and attended art college, before deciding to embark on a career as an actress. She joined a repertory theatre in Henley-on-Thames, where her uncle was directing. She subsequently performed at the Gateway Theatre, London, and the Theatre Royal in Chatham. Trying to get into the film industry, she did modelling for advertising agencies, including promoting products such as toothpaste, which paid her enough money until she became an actress. She also studied to be a dental nurse and used her artistic talents to paint glassware.

Films
Starting out as an actress, she starred with Rex Harrison and Kay Kendall in The Constant Husband (1955);The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan (1953), (acting in a segment featuring The Mikado); and I'm All Right Jack (1959) as an announcer, without the director knowing that it was in fact her real-life job.

Television
In 1955, as the first ITV company Associated-Rediffusion was gearing up to launch, she intended to attend an actors' audition at the company, but mistakenly went to an announcers' audition instead. Nevertheless, Young was instantly hired and announced for Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, the opening night of commercial television in the UK. Young worked as a presenter and interviewer for regional programmes on Granada Television and Southern Television, and as a disc jockey on Radio Luxembourg. She starred as Fortune Teller, Madam Rose, in 'Inside Job', (episode 33 of Dial 999 (TV series)). Just before joining ITV, she had been on stage touring with Eamonn Andrews, in a game show called Double or Drop. Shortly after signing her ITV contract, he told her that he had sold the idea to the BBC. It was later used as part of the children's show Crackerjack!.

She was a presenter of children's programmes for Associated-Rediffusion and Rediffusion London between 1959 and 1968, working alongside Wally Whyton and Bert Weedon and featuring the puppet characters Pussy Cat Willum, Ollie Beak and Fred Barker. The format created lasted for many years under titles including Lucky Dip, Tuesday Rendezvous, Five O'Clock Club, Ollie and Fred's Five O'Clock Club and Five O'Clock Funfair. In the late 1960s and '70s, Young became a staff producer of pop programmes for Granada Television, with such shows as Lift Off with Ayshea, Get It Together, the Bay City Rollers series Shang-a-Lang, The Arrows Show and Marc, starring Marc Bolan.

She devised Clapperboard, presented by Chris Kelly, Granada's film magazine show for children. Young was also an occasional panellist on the ATV talent show New Faces. Changing direction again in the mid-1980s, Young made two series of Ladybirds, a Channel 4 programme from Mike Mansfield's independent company.

Personal life
In 1986, Young left her successful career in television and moved back to County Durham, where she lived in part of Stanhope Castle with her husband Cyril Coke, a television drama director, whom she had married in 1954. Coke was the son of the film actor Edward Rigby and the novelist Phyllis Austin. The couple met when he was casting director for The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan. Coke died in 1993.

Although most references gave her year of birth as 1928, she was actually born on 19 June 1923; her parents' marriage was registered in the first quarter of 1923.

She died in Stanhope, County Durham on 24 March 2001, aged 77.

title: Muriel Young


text:
Regional Radiocommunication Conference

A Regional Radiocommunication Conference (RRC) is a meeting held between members of the International Telecommunication Union from one or more ITU Regions, but from the whole world. Such a meeting is normally used to put in place an agreement on use of frequencies for services such as broadcasting.

RRC ST61
An important conference was held in Stockholm from 26 May to 22 June 1961, 38 countries were part of that meeting.
 * Final acts of the conference

RRC GE75

 * Final acts of the conference

RRC GE89

 * Final acts of the conference

RRC-04/06
The snappily-named "RRC-04/06" was a Regional Radiocommunication Conference held in two sessions between 2004 and 2006. It put in place a new agreement and frequency plan for digital broadcasting (DVB-T and T-DAB) in Bands III, and IV & V for the whole of Region 1 and Iran from Region 3.

The first session of the Conference took place from 10 May to 31 May 2004 in Geneva, Switzerland; the second session took place from 15 May to 16 June 2006, also in Geneva.

It is intended that the resulting Plan and Agreement will replace those drawn up in Stockholm in 1961, and Geneva in 1989. The achieved agreement is known as GE-06
 * Summary of the first session
 * Summary of the second session
 * RRC-06 Allocations Database (58 MB)
 * RRC-06 Allocations Display Software (211 MB)
 * Final acts of the Conference

title: Regional Radiocommunication Conference


text:
Modica

Modica (Muòrica) is a city and comune of 54,456 inhabitants in the Province of Ragusa, Sicily, southern Italy. The city is situated in the Hyblaean Mountains.

Modica has neolithic origins and it represents the historical capital of the area which today almost corresponds to the Province of Ragusa. Until the 19th century it was the capital of a County that exercised such a wide political, economical and cultural influence to be counted among the most powerful feuds of the Mezzogiorno.

Rebuilt following the devastating earthquake of 1693, its architecture has been recognised as providing outstanding testimony to the exuberant genius and final flowering of Baroque art in Europe and, along with other towns in the Val di Noto, is part of UNESCO Heritage Sites in Italy.

History
According to Thucydides, the city was founded in 1360 BC or 1031 BC and was inhabited by the Sicels in the 7th century BC. It was probably a dependency of Syracuse. Modica was occupied by the Romans after the battle of the Egadi islands against the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars 241 BC, together with Syracuse and all of Sicily. Modica became one of the thirty-five decuman ("spontaneously submitted") cities of the island and was oppressed by the praetor Verres. It became an independent municipium, and apparently a place of some consequence. The city is also mentioned among the inland towns of the island both by Pliny and Ptolemy; and though its name is not found in the Itineraries, it is again mentioned by the Geographer of Ravenna. Silius Italicus also includes it in his list of Sicilian cities, and immediately associates it with Netum (now Noto Antica), with which it was clearly in the same neighborhood. The southeast of Sicily and Modica (according to the German historian L. Hertling) was rapidly Christianized, as the diocese of Syracuse boasts an apostolic foundation by St. Paul in 61 AD. In 535, the Byzantine general Belisarius expelled the Ostrogoths and established for Justinian I the government of the East-Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire) and the already Greek-speaking population fixed their culture until the Latinization of the Normans in the 11th century.

In 845, Modica was captured by the Arabs during the Muslim conquest of Sicily. They referred to the city as Mudiqah. The year after its capture, the Arabs fortified its citadels and it subsequently prospered under their rule. In 1091 the conquest of Modica and the entire Val di Noto ended the long lasting war of the Normans, led by Roger of Hauteville, against the Arabs.

In 1296, Modica became the capital of an important county, which under the Chiaramonte family became a flourishing semi-independent state controlling the whole southern third of the island, with the right of a mint of its own and other privileges (see County of Modica).

On Assumption day 15 August 1474, Christians wreaked brutal havoc on the Jewish dwellers of the Cartellone area of Modica, the so-called "Strage dell'Assunta" (massacre of the assumption). This episode was the first and most horrible antisemitic massacre of Sicilian Israelites. During the evening a number of Christians (fomented by fanatic Catholic preachers inspired by the inquisitorial repression) slaughtered about 360 innocents causing a total and fierce devastation in La Giudecca. The incitement that echoed through the streets was: "Hurrah for Mary! Death to the Jews!" (Viva Maria! Morte ai Giudei!).

Later, the earthquake of 1693 destroyed the entire Val di Noto, and to a slightly lesser extent in Modica. Annexed to Italy in 1860, Modica remained district capital until 1926, when it was included in the province of Ragusa.

Landmarks

Modica consists of two urban centres, "Modica Alta" (Upper Modica) and "Modica Bassa" (Lower Modica). The older upper part is perched on the rocky top of the southern Ibeli hill, the lower part is built on the lower slopes and valley below. The walk down from Modica Alta to Modica Bassa reveals vistas of the lower town and involves many steps; not many attempt the reverse journey on foot.

During the last century the city has extended and developed new suburbs which include Sacro Cuore (or "Sorda"), Monserrato, Idria, these are often referred to as Modern Modica; both old and modern quarters of the city are today joined by one of Europe's highest bridge, the Guerrieri bridge, 300 m long.

Despite being ravaged by earthquakes in 1613 and 1693, and floods in 1833 and 1902, Modica has retained some of the most beautiful architecture in Sicily. Much of the city was rebuilt after the 1693 earthquake with imposing and conspicuous urban monuments in the Sicilian Baroque style.

San Giorgio is the cathedral, dedicated to St George. While the cathedral was rebuilt in a Baroque-style following the earthquake of 1693, like many other parts of the city its roots are in the Middle Ages. From the front of the cathedral a staircase of 300 steps leads down towards Modica Bassa.

''San Pietro is another church, dedicated to St Peter, in Modica Bassa, featuring a principal façade crowned by a typical Sicilian Baroque belltower, 49 m high.

Other sights include:
 * Castello dei Conti (Castle)
 * Chiesa del Carmine
 * Church of St. Mary of Betlehem
 * Garibaldi Theater
 * Mercedari Palace -contains a museum and library

Economy
The economy of the area once principally agricultural producing olives, carobs, legumes, cereals, and cattle; an extraordinary and unique product is the famous chocolate of Modica, produced with an ancient and original Aztec recipe. The city has now been joined by factories producing textiles, furniture and cars. Tourism is also an important industry to the area, since Modica became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.

Culture
The eighteenth century saw Modica in the role of art and culture town, counting philosophers (Tommaso Campailla), poets (Girolama Grimaldi Lorefice), a school of medicine (Campailla, Gaspare Cannata, Michele Gallo, the Polara family) and literary academies among its inhabitants. In the nineteenth century, feudalism was abolished and Modica became a "bourgeois" town peopled by notables such as the writer and anthropologist Serafino Amabile Guastella, the agronomist Clemente Grimaldi, the musician Pietro Floridia and many painters, historians and other intellectuals.

Modica was also the birthplace of writer Salvatore Quasimodo, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1959.

title: Modica


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Arizona Burns

Arizona Burns
Another iconic image from World War II: USS Arizona burning after the air raid at Pearl Habor. Aside from its apperance on the USS Arizona page it also appears on the pages Attack on Pearl Harbor, Pacific War, U.S. History from 1930 to '49, and 1941. Raven4x4x 11:26, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - TomStar81 07:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The licence seems a bit uncertain. Stephen Turner 08:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I was worried about that too, but I decided to take a chance. When I hit the "edit" button the text for the license read . I figured that if it said PD it was probably ok; however, I could be wrong about that. TomStar81 20:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * We could confirm if it is PD, but the link is dead... Broken S 00:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I got it: Click here, then look for link #127. It should read: "127. "The USS ARIZONA burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor." December 7, 1941. 80-G-32420." This picture is the one that they link to, although their photo is not as clean as ours. TomStar81 20:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Superb capture of the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. Corporal 03:50, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great picture and good historical background. User:Joseverde 22:35 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|15px]] Oppose Good subject matter, but too small - 600 pixels wide just isn't enough --Fir0002 10:22, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a supersized version of the picture in the archives website if you want a larger shot, but I beleave it will have to be cleaned up some before we vote for it. TomStar81 15:47, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose both. If a clearer and less grainy version of the first image could be foung I might support.  I don't like the zoomed in one at all. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞  20:00, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I would have to oppose unfortunately; as Fir0002 said, it's too small. The second one's most unclear. Enochlau 07:47, 17 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Par railway station

Par railway station (Porth) serves the villages of Par, Tywardreath and St Blazey, Cornwall, England. The station is 281 mi from the zero point at London Paddington measured via Box and Plymouth Millbay. It is the junction for the Atlantic Coast Line to Newquay.

The station is managed by Great Western Railway, which operates the train services along with CrossCountry.

History
The station opened with the Cornwall Railway on 4 May 1859. The West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser reported at the time that it "is situated on the western side of Par bay, about a mile from the pier head, close to the road to Fowey and Tywardreath, the traffic of which places as well as St Blazey and the neighbourhoods intended to receive here. The departure and arrival stations are spacious edifices, both having verandahs projecting over the platforms, with convenient waiting rooms, ticket office, porter and lamp rooms, and other necessary conveniences. A goods station has not yet been erected, but considering the amount of business likely to be transacted here it is more than probable that a goods shed will be required before long."

The goods shed was approved by the directors on 10 February 1860 and was built of stone.

The station was too small to warrant a station master, but the "booking constable" was paid an additional 22 pounds each year by the Post Office to also act as a post master. Two cottages were built just outside the station to house railway staff.

In October 1877 during a storm, the roofs of the passenger buildings and goods sheds were torn off.

A connection from Par to the Cornwall Minerals Railway line to Newquay was opened on 1 January 1879. This was standard gauge and so traffic between this and the broad gauge Cornwall Railway had to be transferred between trains at Par until the broad gauge was converted over the weekend of 21 May 1892. New station buildings were erected in 1884.

The Cornwall Railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1889. The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948. This in turn was privatised in the 1990s.

On 19 May 1968 an experimental Freightliner terminal was opened on the site of the now demolished goods shed. Containers were switched between rail and road vehicles; mainly china clay traffic was handled but this did not preclude other goods. It only lasted for a couple of years.

Location
The line approaching Par from London and Plymouth descends an incline from Treverrin Tunnel, before passing under a road overbridge adjacent to the Royal Inn, which at one time was the Station Hotel. Between the bridge and the station approach are two cottages that were originally built as accommodation for railway workers.

The main line climbs up as it leaves the station towards St Austell, passing over Par Viaduct and Par Harbour. Trains on the Newquay branch traverse a sharp curve of almost 180 degrees where the line then passes St Blazey Freight Yard and the old platforms of St Blazey railway station, which also has a signal box which is still open. The line then joins the route of the former Cornwall Minerals Railway north to their destination. A freight spur follows the line of the old minerals railway south into Par Harbour, passing under Par Viaduct and the main line as it does so.

Platform layout and facilities

 * Platform 1 is directly accessed from the station entrance and car park, and the main station buildings (including staff accommodation and a part-day-staffed ticket office) dating from 1879 are on this platform, as is a passenger-operated self-service ticket machine. Trains arrive here from London Paddington, Exeter and Plymouth before continuing to St Austell, Truro and Penzance.
 * Platform 2 is located across the main line tracks from platform 1, and is accessed via a footbridge from that platform. Trains arrive here from Penzance, Truro and St Austell before continuing to Plymouth, Exeter and London Paddington.
 * Platform 3 forms the other side of an island platform with platform 2, and is accessed by the same footbridge. Trains arrive and depart here to and from Newquay.

Passenger volume
Par station has one of the fastest growth in passenger numbers in Cornwall. Despite a slight decrease in 2007–08, comparing the year from April 2006 to that which started in April 2002, passenger numbers increased by 42%. The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.

Services
Par is served by most of the Great Western Railway trains on the Cornish Main Line between Penzance and Plymouth with two trains per hour in each direction. Some trains run through to or from London Paddington station, including the Night Riviera overnight sleeping car service. Typical journey times by a through daytime train are around 50 minutes to Plymouth, 70 minutes to Penzance, and about 4 hours to Paddington.

There are a limited number of CrossCountry trains providing a service to and from Bristol, Birmingham and stations in the north such as Manchester, Leeds and Edinburgh.

The branch line to Newquay sees a mixture of self-contained services and ones that run through to Plymouth. On summer weekends most of the usual local services are withdrawn and replaced by a mixture of Great Western Railway trains from London Paddington, and CrossCountry trains from the North of England, all of which run non-stop from Par to the terminus.

Signal box
The signal box is located at the southern end of Platform 2 and opened in 1879. When it was first built it was less than half its current length. The original box only contained 26 levers, but the frame was replaced in 1913 when 57 more levers were added. A panel has since been added to control the section through to St Austell and Burngullow as far west as the now closed Probus and Ladock railway station.

Signals controlled from Par carry the identification code 'PR'.

The signal box and semaphore signals will be replaced during 2023-24 with new electric signals installed and controlled from Exeter.

Community rail
The trains between Par and Newquay are designated as a community rail service and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the Atlantic Coast Line name.

Six pubs near Par station take part in the Atlantic Coast Line rail ale trail, including some in neighbouring Tywardreath and St Blazey.

title: Par railway station


text:
LliureX

LliureX is a project of the Generalitat Valenciana with the goal of introducing new ICTs based on free software in the Valencian Community education system.

It is a Linux distribution that is used on over 110,000 PCs in schools in the Valencia region.

Originally it was based on Debian but since version 7.09 it is based on Ubuntu and since version 19 on KDE neon.

Awards
LliureX was awarded the Open Awards 2019 at the OpenExpo conference for its innovation in the field of education.

title: LliureX


text:
Reggae Sunsplash

Reggae Sunsplash was a reggae music festival held annually in Jamaica from 1978 to 1996, with additional events in 1998 and 2006. The festival expanded to include international tours in 1985 and was revived as a virtual event in 2020.

History
The Reggae Sunsplash festival was jointly conceived by five Jamaicans—Tony Johnson, Don Green, Ronnie Burke, John Wakeling, and Ed Barclay. These five individuals established Synergy Productions Ltd, a company responsible for the promotion and production of the Reggae Sunsplash festival.

The first Reggae Sunsplash festival took place at Jarrett Park in Montego Bay, Jamaica, in June 1978. The event commenced at dusk and continued until dawn over a span of seven days. With the support of Peter Martin, a veteran in Jamaican tourism, and his public relations firm, Peter Martin Associates, the festival garnered international recognition. It was promoted as the "biggest Reggae festival in the history of the world".

Reggae Sunsplash introduced the concept of combining music and travel to boost tourism in Jamaica. Prior to the festival, Jamaican hotels typically closed during the summer season. The festival's annual staging by its five founding partners helped establish a new summer tourist season in the region. The event's success also prompted the emergence of other annual music festivals across Jamaica and the Caribbean islands. As attendance increased, so did the demand for accommodations, leading some attendees to adopt the practice of camping on local beaches during the festival.

To promote Jamaica as a tourist and traveling target in Europe, the Jamaica Tourist Board invited the German band Supermax as the opening act of the annual festival in Montego Bay in 1983. From 1981, the festivals were filmed and recorded, with several videos and albums released, the first being Reggae Sunsplash '81: Tribute to Bob Marley, released by Elektra Records. From 1987 the festival included a sound clash event, with finalists from a national sound system competition competing as a precursor to the rest of the festival. The festival also expanded to include an 'oldies night' featuring stars from past eras of Jamaican music. For many years the festival was emceed by Tommy Cowan.

In 1984 the Reggae Sunsplash Festival expanded into international events with a one-day festival staged at Selhurst Park in London, England. In 1985, the Reggae Sunsplash World Tour was launched in the United States and Japan and subsequent years saw the Reggae Sunsplash festival touring extensively throughout North America, Europe, South America, and the Far East. 1991 saw the introduction of a "Caribbean Night" featuring other Caribbean music such as soca, and the following year the festival's scope increased further with the addition of a "World Beat Night".

While the festival had become hugely popular, opening new global tourist niche markets to Jamaica and attracting millions of dollars of foreign exchange into the country, it had not been a financial success, largely due to the lack of sponsorship or government support. In 1995 the Chairman of the Jamaica Tourist Board operating through a company called Radobar Holdings Ltd offered financial assistance in exchange for equity in Synergy Productions, the founders of Reggae Sunsplash. This initial offer was never consummated and in a disputed claim Radobar Holdings announced the formation of a company called Reggae Sunsplash International in Jamaica and proceeded with the hostile takeover of the Reggae Sunsplash festival. The first attempt at staging Reggae Sunsplash without the original owners Synergy Productions in 1996 was a financial disaster for the new claimants. In 1997 the Reggae Sunsplash festival was postponed until 1998 to hold celebrations of the birth of Bob Marley but more losses were incurred.

The festival was re-established by the Johnson family in 2006, but it was unsuccessful. However, the international touring festival has continued.

Three of the founding directors, John Wakeling, Tony Johnson, and Ed Barclay have died. With the passing of Tony Johnson, several individuals have unsuccessfully tried to claim the rights to the festival, and all have failed to recapture the spirit of the original festival. Don Green and Ronnie Burke are the two remaining Reggae Sunsplash founders alive.

In August 2015 it was announced that Burke would be awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government in recognition of his contribution to the development of Jamaican music.

Reggae Sunsplash returned as a virtual festival on November 27–28, 2020 after a 14-year absence. Performers included Tanya Stephens, Richie Spice, Capleton, Masicka, Dexta Dapps, Jesse Royal, Agent Sasco, and Romain Virgo.

Dates and venues

 * 1978: June 23–30, Jarrett Park, Montego Bay
 * 1979: July 3–7, Jarrett Park, Montego Bay
 * 1980: July 2–5, Ranny Williams Entertainment Center, Kingston
 * 1981: August 4–8, Jarrett Park, Montego Bay
 * 1982: August 3–7, Jarrett Park, Montego Bay
 * 1983: June 28-July 2, Bob Marley Center, Montego Bay
 * 1984: August 7–11, Jarrett Park, Montego Bay
 * 1985: August 6–10, Jarrett Park, Montego Bay
 * 1986: August 26–30: Jarrett Park, Montego Bay
 * 1987: August 18–22, Bob Marley Center, Montego Bay
 * 1988: August 15–22, Bob Marley Center, Montego Bay
 * 1989: August 14–19, Bob Marley Center, Montego Bay
 * 1990: June 24, Pine Knob Music Theater, Clarkston, MI
 * 1990: July 16–21, Bob Marley Center, Montego Bay
 * 1991: July 26–31, Bob Marley Center, Montego Bay
 * 1992: August 3–8, Bob Marley Center, Montego Bay
 * 1993: August 3–7, Jamworld, Portmore
 * 1994: August 1–6: Jamworld, Portmore
 * 1995: July 12–14, Dover, St. Ann
 * 1996: August 1–4, Chukka Cove, St. Ann
 * 1998: February 5–8, Reggae Park, St. Ann
 * 2006: August 3–6, Richmond Estate, Priory, St. Ann

Albums

 * Big Youth - Live At Reggae Sunsplash (1982), Sunsplash/Trojan
 * Chalice - Live At Reggae Sunsplash (1982), Pipe Music
 * Yellowman - Live At Reggae Sunsplash (1982), Sunsplash
 * Eek-A-Mouse & Michigan & Smiley - Live at Reggae Sunsplash (1983), Sunsplash
 * The Gladiators & Israel Vibration - Live at Reggae Sunsplash (1983), Sunsplash
 * Toots & The Maytals - Live At Reggae Sunsplash (1983), Sunsplash
 * The Twinkle Brothers - Live At Reggae Sunsplash 82 (Since I Throw The Comb Away), (1983), Sunsplash
 * The Mighty Diamonds & Mutabaruka - Live At Reggae Sunsplash, Genes

 * Various Artists:
 * Reggae Sunsplash '81: Tribute to Bob Marley (1981), Elektra
 * Best of the Festival - Day One Live at Reggae Sunsplash 1982 (1982), Sunsplash
 * Reggae Sunsplash Live (1982), RCA
 * Sunsplash Live (1983), 56 Hope Rd
 * Reggae Sunsplash '86 (1986), Bellaphon
 * Best of Reggae Sunsplash (1994), Genes

Video

 * Reggae By Bus (1979)(AKA Reggae Sunsplash II), a Film By Stefan Paul (The first Sunsplash on film)
 * Reggae Sunsplash 10th Anniversary 1987(001)(Phase Three Productions)(Synergy)
 * Reggae Sunsplash Dancehall 88, Charly (VHS)
 * Reggae Sunsplash - 10th Anniversary Of Reggae Sunsplash - Dancehall X, Charly (VHS)
 * Reggae Sunsplash Dancehall '89 (1990), Charly (VHS)
 * Reggae Sunsplash '90, Variety Night, Charly (VHS)
 * Reggae Sunsplash Dancehall Special, Charly
 * Reggae Sunsplash Music Festival - Best Of Sunsplash 1991 (1992), Warner Music Vision (VHS)
 * All Time Best of Reggae Sunsplash Music Festival (1993), Warner Music Vision (VHS)
 * Reggae Sunsplash II (2003), Columbia (DVD)
 * Cool Runnings: The Reggae Movie (2005), Xenon (DVD)
 * The Best Of Reggae Sunsplash (2006), 4digital (DVD)

title: Reggae Sunsplash


text:
LSWR B4 class

The London and South Western Railway B4 class is a class of 0-4-0 tank engines originally designed for station piloting and dock shunting. They were later used extensively in Southampton Docks for nearly half a century.

Design
The locomotives were designed by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) Locomotive Superintendent William Adams. They were unusual in having inside Stephenson valve gear but outside cylinders and coal bunkers on the footplate inside the cab. The class were originally built with Adams' stovepipe chimney, although these were later replaced by a lipped version designed by Adams' successor, Dugald Drummond. Some examples also had cut away cabs to improve visibility. They were designed for shunting in locations with a sharp curves, such as the dockyard at Devonport and as pilots at the major stations.

Construction
The LSWR originally ordered ten locomotives in 1890 from its Nine Elms Works. The class was designated by their order number ‘B4’ and delivered during 1891 and 1892. A further ten locomotives were ordered in 1893 which were delivered in November and December of that year under order D6.

Drummond designed a similar class of five locomotives in 1907, with a slightly smaller boiler and lipped chimney. These were delivered during 1908 under order K14. No. 84, delivered in June 1908 was the last locomotive to be built at Nine Elms Works prior to the works' transfer to Eastleigh. These locomotives were originally regarded as a new class. However, Drummond's successor Robert Urie, considered them to be so similar to the originals, that they were merged with the B4 class in 1912.

Service
The first ten locomotives were allocated to major stations throughout the system including Eastleigh, Exmouth Junction, Bournemouth and Plymouth Friary (for use on Cattedown Wharfs and the Turnchapel branch). In November 1892 the LSWR purchased the Southampton Docks, and so both new and existing B4s were sent there over the next few years to replace the existing motive power as they became worn out. By 1899 their use as station pilots had ceased except at Exeter and fourteen were working in Southampton Docks. Other members of the class were assigned to various depots around the LSWR system, for yard and dock shunting.

After 1923 the Southern Railway also used them at Dover Marine, Ashford, Stewarts Lane, Hamworthy (for use at Poole Quay) and at Guildford (as a shed pilot). At least two were retained at Eastleigh one of which was used to shunt the cramped goods yard at Winchester City railway station.

Names
The locomotives used by Southampton Docks, were also given names reflecting the destinations of ships then sailing from Southamton numbers.

Withdrawals
Following the introduction of the SR USA class to Southampton Docks in 1947, many of the class were made redundant. Withdrawals began under British Railways in May 1948, but others were still in good condition and eleven were sold during 1948/9 for industrial use. Withdrawals resumed in 1957 following the introduction of diesel shunters and by 1961 only three survived. These were withdrawn in 1963.

Preservation
Two examples of the class have survived into preservation:
 * No. 96 (BR 30096) Normandy was sold to Corrall Limited and used at their Southampton coal depot, where it was named Corrall Queen. It has been preserved on the Bluebell Railway where, in the days before the line had any diesel locomotives, it was often used as a shunter. Its boiler certificate expired on 6 July 2006 and it is on static display awaiting overhaul.
 * No. 102 (BR 30102) Granville was purchased in 1964, after withdrawal from BR, by Butlins and then displayed alongside LMS Royal Scot class 6100 Royal Scot at the firm's Skegness Holiday Camp. In 1971 it was moved to Bressingham Steam Museum near Diss, Norfolk, where it remains on static display.

title: LSWR B4 class