text:
USA (disambiguation)

USA is an abbreviation and country code for the United States of America.

USA, U.S.A., or Usa may also refer to:

Music

 * USA (King Crimson album), 1975
 * U.S.A. (Flatlinerz album), 1994
 * [USA] (Anamanaguchi album), 2019
 * U.S.A. (United State of Atlanta), a 2005 album by Ying Yang Twins
 * USA (Unconformable Social Amputees), a 2006 album by Saint Dog
 * "U.S.A. (Aiight Then)", a 2000 song by Mobb Deep
 * "U.S.A." (Da Pump song), a 2018 song
 * "U.S.A.", a song by the Exploited from Troops of Tomorrow
 * "U.S.A.", a song by bosnian band Dubioza kolektiv's 2011 album Wild Wild East.
 * "USA", a song by Jeff Rosenstock from the 2018 album POST-
 * The United States of America (band), a late 1960s American experimental rock band
 * The United States of America (album), 1968

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * U.S.A. trilogy, three 1930s novels by John Dos Passos
 * USA Network, an American cable television channel

Education

 * Unionville-Sebewaing Area High School, Michigan, U.S.
 * University of San Agustin, Philippines
 * University of South Alabama, U.S.
 * University of South Asia (Pakistan)

Other businesses and organizations

 * United States Army, a branch of the United States Armed Forces
 * United States Attorney, representing the federal government in United States district courts and courts of appeals
 * Underground Service Alert, an organization in California, U.S. that coordinates the locating of underground utilities
 * United Scenic Artists, an American labor union
 * United Space Alliance, an American spaceflight company
 * USA Funds, a nonprofit corporation

Settlements

 * Usa, Kōchi, Japan
 * Usa, Ōita, Japan
 * Usa Station, a train station in Usa, Ōita
 * Usa District, Ōita, a former district
 * Usa, Russia, the name of two rural localities
 * Usa River, Meru District, Arusha, Tanzania

Rivers

 * Usa (Germany), a tributary of the Wetter in Hesse, Germany
 * Usa (Ufa), a right tributary of the Ufa in Russia
 * Usa (Tom), a right tributary of the Tom in Russia
 * Usa (Pechora), in Russia

Sports

 * U-S-A!, a chant
 * USA Perpignan, a French rugby union club
 * United Soccer Association, a former soccer league in the United States and Canada

Other uses

 * USA (brand), a cigarette brand of Liggett Group
 * US-A (Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyy), Soviet reconnaissance satellites
 * Usa, a legendary patron of Egypt, according to the Midrash Abkir
 * Concord Regional Airport, in North Carolina, U.S. (IATA airport code USA)
 * MV USA, a Panamanian tanker ship, formerly Empire Lad
 * United Supermarkets Arena, at Texas Tech University, U.S.
 * Uniform Securities Act, an American model statute for drafting state securities laws

title: USA (disambiguation)


text:
Faisal Faisal

Faisal Ghazi Faisal (فيصل غازي فيصل; born 18 October 1980) is an Iraqi athlete who hoped to represent Iraq in the 2006 Winter Olympics.

Early life and education
Faisal grew up in Baghdad and lived in Wales as a child.

He studied business management at the Central Queensland University in Sydney.

Summer sports
Faisal was an elite soccer player in Iraq, and a regional champion in the 200 meter sprint. His uncle, Talib Faisal, set the 400 meter hurdles Iraq record.

Winter sports
In 1998, he vowed to represent Iraq at the Winter Olympics. He applied unsuccessfully for a visa to the United Kingdom, Canada and Ireland, coming instead to Australia.

On weekends in Australia, where he was studying, he practiced skiing and then snowboarding. He tried speed skating, but was told he would not be able to represent Iraq because the country had no ice rinks. In September 2004, he considered ski jumping but a coach refused to help him.

In November 2004, he called the U.S. Bobsled and Skeleton Federation, hoping to participate in skeleton, and he was invited to Lake Placid to train.

Faisal missed out on qualifying for the 2006 Winter Olympics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Faisal Faisal


text:
Tolazoline

Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is a vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis). It has also been used (in conjunction with sodium nitroprusside) successfully as an antidote to reverse the severe peripheral vasoconstriction which can occur as a result of overdose with certain 5-HT2A agonist drugs such as 25I-NBOMe, DOB and Bromodragonfly (prolonged severe vasoconstriction can lead to gangrene if untreated).

It is however most commonly used in veterinary medicine, to reverse xylazine-induced sedation.

title: Tolazoline


text:
Talk:Lyric poetry

Untitled
I removed the word "purest," which is subjective and vague, from the first sentence (originally, Lyric poetry is the purest form of poetry. . .). This leaves the genre with a negative definition, which may strike some as unfortunate, but technically speaking it's accurate--lyric has historically been defined as that genre which is neither epic nor drama. — Chick Bowen 04:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Most lyric poems are short and are often personal. It stresses moments of feeling. Lyric poetry is a highly musical verse that tells the observations or feelings of a speaker. --216.166.216.3 22:45, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Why are Canadian poets listed separately, but American ones (Plath) are lumped in with English? Wouldn't it make more sense to just have English-language poets all together?Hopsyturvy 16:24, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

you might want too add something about where epic potry was performed, and when it was performed
sorry guys i don't know where else to post this but someone keeps messing up this page and its getting hard to tell whats right. If i bomb my poetry project im gonna kill that guy!

It seems a bit odd to me to suggest that epic poetry should be included under the lyric genre. In the classical world - whence both these genres originate - the distinction between lyric and epic poetry was one of the most pronounced possible. Lyric was defined by the fact that it does not tell a story while epic does. In fact the word epic itself derives from the Greek word epos meaning story. The fact that epic poetry was probably performed is not enough to include it under the genre of lyric. Methalos (talk) 01:11, 28 February 2009 (UTC)Methalos

Too long
I think the list doesn't really fit the title of "Lyric Poetry" and should be on a page of its own. Kaw in stl 15:21, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * A number of the poets listed may have written lyric poetry, but are not particularly associated with it. The English language poet lists particularly need to be trimmed. I suggest the following should go: Rudyard Kipling, Edgar Allan Poe, Alfred, Lord Tennyson,Robert Browning, T. S. Eliot and A. E. Housman.--Ethicoaestheticist 12:36, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

I've trimmed the lists, removing poets who have been misplaced. I think that the modernist and imagist poets should also be removed from the list of twentieth century poets. These poets were often acting in opposition to lyric poetry, with it's easy rhythms and emphasis on personal feeling. The ones which ought to be cut are: Hart Crane, T. S. Eliot, Archibald MacLeish, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. Other poets to be included, once the list has been reduced a bit: Rupert Brooke, Isaac Rosenberg.--Ethicoaestheticist 15:29, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

All it says is "it is music"

Serious problems here
Though this is without doubt an important subject, it's not really well represented by this article. First of all, there are no references cited, which is essential with a key topic like this one. But more importantly, there's no form to the article; some terms are defined from a very anglo-centric point of view, others include world examples, some periods are represented in prose, some with a list. This needs a complete overhaul. Chick Bowen 06:14, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'm responsible for the some periods in prose, some in lists. The article used to consist of long lists, which I first tidied up and then started to replace with prose. My intention was to eventually remove all the lists. I'll see if I can add some references.--Ethicoaestheticist 17:34, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Great--it's already improved. A couple of suggestions: perhaps we should consider dispensing with the "Themes" section, as it seems impossible to write it in such a way as to cover all of the periods, locations, and styles covered below it.  Similarly, the lead sounds to me like a description of modern English-language lyric.  Perhaps something much briefer, such as "Lyric poetry" is a poetic genre frequently opposed to epic and dramatic poetry, characterized by relative brevity and a subjective rather than narrative approach"? Even better would be a definition that could be directly tied to a source. Chick Bowen 01:45, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * May I make a plea for the inclusion of this last definition, in preference to the one that's up there now, as it is less restrictive in its use of the definitions. For example, I am linking to this in order to define the use of 'lyrical' to describe a non-dramatic element within an experimental dramatic form, and contrasting it too with 'narrative' or 'epic' elements. In that light, the definition given above is more useful and inclusive. Thanks, DionysosProteus 16:45, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * How about keeping the referenced definition, and developing the second sentence? A source could be easily found - for instance from the The Oxford Companion to the English Language, from which I took the definition in the first sentence: "The term ... is used of almost any poem that is not clearly narrative, dramatic, or satirical." (I know, doesn't make the point very forcefully which is why I left it out). It's from the same page as the definition in the article if you want to use it - better still would be to find another source to add some variety! Or, even, a section on the use of lyric in drama? Be bold.--Ethicoaestheticist 00:03, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The referencing, yes, of course. Quite new so still have to keep reminding myself. I agree that the phrase left out doesn't quite do the trick. What's being alluded to here, I believe is the passage from classical poetics into modern aesthetics. That is, lyric as type into lyrical as term, just as drama became dramatic (and able to describe formal rather than merely content elements in novels). The theatre articles, particularly the poetics-orientated ones, are in a rough shape, so, as ever on here, your invitation to change it myself (quite rightly made too) I have to decline, for the time being that is. They may be too idiosyncratic for such a general aesthetics article, but I seem to remember either both or one of Szondi and Bürger develop these ideas, away from their embodiment in any medium in particular. Maybe I'm wrong about that, but it'll be a little while until I see about it. Any noises in that direction & maybe I can collaborate in some form. Thanks, DionysosProteus 03:19, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

21st century
I've removed the list of 21st century lyric poets. I think it's safe to say that this early in the century this list serves little purpose.--Ethicoaestheticist 17:56, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

It's the 22nd century so I think you can put those back now. 31 May 2011

Messy changes
There were some messy changes made to the article, which I've removed - please watch out for those format buttons. Also, this sentence: It was inserted at the end of a paragraph to which it clearly didn't belong. It also needs a citation. Is there a better place in the article for it? DionysosProteus 11:20, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Sonnet Mondal is a poet of India whose most of the poems are lyrical. There is no particular pattern but a typical sweet melody in his poems.

Protection
This needs to be protected. It's the second time I've reverted vandalism on this page. -- Gp 75 motorsports  REV LIMITER  23:57, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * You missed a bit... Someone sure got it in for the lyric.--Ethicoaestheticist (talk) 18:24, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

You definately need examples on this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.211.166.62 (talk) 20:04, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Examples/Clarification in Century headings
Maybe when I have some time, I'll come back and propose some specific edits, rather than just throw out suggestions, but for now this will have to do.

In addition to providing some examples, it would be good to provide clarification in the century headings. It is confusing right now because, particularly in the 20th century, there is a big list of people who tried to bring their poetry away from lyric verse, and there doesn't seem to be any order or goal here. The style is more conversational, more random, than an encyclopedic entry should be.

Maybe they can still be divided by century, but then sub-divided by an overview (i.e., "In the 20th century, lyric poetry saw a decline and many major poets moved away from it, particularly in the aftermath of WWI."), a description of those poets who moved away from it (i.e. "T.S. Eliot was a pioneer of the Modernist movement in poetry, whose work is a classic example of how early 20th century poets tried to break out of the limitations of lyrical verse."), and finally a description of those poets who maintained lyrical poetry in the 20th century.

20TH CENTURY
 * Overview
 * Detractors
 * Supporters

Just trying to help, so critique away! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Macduffman (talk • contribs) 13:22, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added a summary for the 20th C as an overview, and chronological subheadings that hopefully make the tensions more apparent. Feel free to toy with it! I agree that individual poets such as Eliot, and indeed Yeats, could be explored in more detail as representative of some of the wider issues.--Ethicoaestheticist (talk) 19:02, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Nothing more than feelings ... ?
"A poem that expresses feelings" doesn't strike me as a very rigorous critical tool for analyzing lyric. There are enough literary handbooks in the world that 20 minutes of investigating Google Books ought to produce a more controlled definition of the role of emotion and individual expression in lyric. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:25, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

Undue emphasis on 20th century
Why is there a list of 20th-century lyric poets, and only for the 20th century? It gives the 20th century a disproportionate amount of space and weight, given that lyric poetry is not the art form most associated with that century and was in fact an art form characteristic of, say, archaic Greece and Elizabethan England. Maybe eventually that would be spun off into an article on Lyric poetry in the 20th century? Cynwolfe (talk) 14:25, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * 20th century lyric poetry created, and some of the content, including the list, moved to the new article.--Ethicoaestheticist (talk) 22:35, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This article should reflect an accurate view of ancient lyric, both Greek and Latin, to be sung and to be read (from the Hellenistic age onwards). Once we get to the middle ages, the article should have broader scope and more accuracy; it should not be restricted to name-dropping with subjective impressions.  The idea that Pindar is like Rilke in any metrical sense is absurd.  And speculation on how Pindar might sound to the ear, blah blah blah is not worthy of an encyclopedia article.  I would like to see mention of at least ten medieval languages and a similar scope for the Renaissance and later periods.  I find the opening reference to Aristotle pretentious, not to mention wrong.  Aristotle makes no such contrast.  Anyone who edits that, or undoes the recent change, had better have the credentials to do so: i.e. have read Aristotle in Greek.  And let nobody speak of Pindar who has not read Pindar in Greek.  And so on.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.54.163.187 (talk) 18:10, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Someone keeps reverting to an error. Aristotle (in the second paragraph of the Poetics) does NOT contrast lyric with other forms of mimesis.  He lists them all in the same category.  Then he talks about some differences.  Also: the section on ancient Greek and Roman poetry is awful.  Plus, Dante has no reference.  The section on medieval Galician-Portuguese lyric has a link to the article.  The references are to be found there, and need not be repeated her.  For goodness' sake, won't those of you who have never read an ode of Pindar or a poem of Catullus stop pontificating?  You display your total ignorance of these subjects with ever edit.  Anyone who has studied lyric poetry in many languages, across a span of 27 centuries, will find this article atrocious.--Log37 (talk) 13:39, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I proposed that a new article be created called "Medieval European Love Lyric", or some such thing. To summarize the lyric poetry of this period in a few lines is pathetic.  The article could be brief, with references to "main article" for each of the languages dealt with.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Log37 (talk • contribs) 14:37, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

18th Century
The small section on the 18th century has just one citation, which is contradicted by much more prominent opinion. l\Lyric poetry was revived in the 18th century, the whole second half of it in fact (see the Norton Anthology or dates of publication for lyric poems in any anthology of lyric or Romantic poetry). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.18.184.254 (talk) 21:34, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Anc Greek use
Removed a reference to Aristotle's Poetics. Per Perseus's Fife translation and the LSJ definition for κιθαριστικός, he is talking directly about playing the cithara as an instrument and not necessarily mentioning lyric poetry at all. If you have additional sources or divergent translations, you can cite them but use the refn template and explain how the straightforward translation of the passage omits lyric poetry from his discussion.

Similarly, per Miller, there was a huge variance in meters and the definitional aspect of Greek lyric was its accompaniment. Worth mentioning (per OED) that the present use for personal poetry—specifically the Earl of Surrey's personal sonnets and translations of Petrarch—is the oldest definition in English. That's presumably because of the contrast between the subject matter of the Nine Melic Poets and the (then-)standard epic and historical verse, but we need to mention that when we can find a source that details that development. — Llywelyn II   06:30, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lyric poetry. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221340/http://courses.gxnu.edu.cn/chinese/gdwx/zgwxs.html to http://courses.gxnu.edu.cn/chinese/gdwx/zgwxs.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:33, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lyric poetry


text:
Talk:The Music Machine

Comment
As a survivor and participant in the 60’s garage band explosion, I remember “Talk Talk” as one of the standout sounds of the period. I can’t imagine that songs like this and Love’s “Seven and Seven Is” weren’t a great influence on the insipient punk movement. If you had been there, you would realize how different the song was from the usual top 40 drivel. Perhaps it’s just the lack of professionalism that defines the garage sound, (garage band: see Standells) but the vocals are raw the cords “power” and the beat is defiantly “heavy man”.

At least locally there was curiosity about where form and whom, Boston? There were later rumors that the band was the breeding ground for the likes of Sid Vicious or even David Bowie! Ah, the days before the internet!

Legends of the Hidden Temple
I realize this is an odd question, but is this group the same "The Music Machine" that composed the background music for the 90s game show Legends of the Hidden Temple? No information on this matter seems to be out there, yet "The Music Machine" is listed under the show's credits, so it leads to quite a bit of confusion among fans. Thanks in advance if you have any information. Nicklegends 00:51, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

= Inappropriate main image = am removing main image, which is a press kit type photo of the current (?) Ottawa band by the same name R0m23 (talk) 04:54, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Music Machine


text:
Crest Ridge R-VII School District

Crest Ridge R-VII School District was formed in 1979 and originally named the Johnson County R-VII School District.

Area
The school district encompasses 140 sqmi in North Central Johnson County, Missouri. The school district includes residents from the small towns of Centerview, Columbus and Fayetteville. The school district operates one elementary school, one middle school and one high school. All of which are now located at the intersection of US Highway 50 and Route 58.

History
The Johnson County R-VII School District was formed in 1979 after the Johnson County Board of Education submitted a plan of reorganization to the State Board of Education for their review. At the urging of the Farmers and Centerview Boards of Education, a proposal was placed on the February, 1979 ballot and approved. Thus forming the Johnson County R-VII.

The school's mascot is the Cougar and the colors are green and white (but are sometimes green and gold are used because of the agriculture background and John Deere).

title: Crest Ridge R-VII School District


text:
François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz

François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz (1623 – 1668/1669?), was a French aristocrat and extensive traveller.

He published a French-language travelogue, enriched with firsthand accounts of India, Persia, Greece, the Middle East, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, England, Ireland, and Italy. It is considered one of the first true travel books, in that it contains useful information for actual travellers.

In 1647, he visited Viterbo and met with Italian nobleman, Federico Capponi. When he returned to Italy in 1650, Federico had died so La Boullaye met with his relative, Cardinal Luigi Capponi and dedicated the first printed edition of his work to the Cardinal. The preface includes an illustration of the adventurer presented the work to Capponi.

He died in Ispahan, Iran.

Works

 * Les voyages et observations du sieur de La Boullaye Le gouz, Gervais Closier, Paris 1653 & 1657.

title: François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz


text:
The Marching Southerners

The Marching Southerners is the marching band of Jacksonville State University in Alabama. Composed of students from all over the country, the Southerners and Marching Ballerinas perform for thousands each season.

History
The first band at Jacksonville State Normal School was formed in 1923–24. At that time, students only attended the school for two years and there was no full-time director, which hindered growth of the band in the early years. In 1930, the college was renamed Jacksonville State Teachers College, reflecting an increased role in higher education for the institution. The Great Depression and World War II put development of the band on hold.

After the war, Walter A. Mason became head of the music department at the college. A veteran, he turned to fellow Army musician J. Eugene Duncan who he asked to become the band's first full-time director in 1948.

The Marching Southerners were the 2021 recipients of the Sudler Trophy, the highest award for collegiate marching band.

Music and marching Style
John T. Finley took over the director position in 1951 and immediately made changes to the band's musical and visual style. Finley removed the sousaphones, cornets and small-bore trombones, and replaced them with trumpets and bass trombones: instruments more usually associated with orchestras. The most radical instrumental change was the adoption of the C.G. Conn 20-J upright recording bass as the band's lead tuba, and Jacksonville State remains the only university marching band to use this heavy concert tuba on the field. Other musical changes included a departure from military-style marches in favor of slower, more dynamic, orchestral and symphonic, Broadway and Latin jazz pieces.

Visually, the band abandoned military-style block drill in favor of precision marching and wide-open company front formations: designed to achieve uniformity in step height and body carriage, whilst the company front formation helped to project the sound of the band. Finley also adopted a dance line as a visual focus instead of the majorette lines seen in more traditional marching bands, christening them the Marching Ballerinas in 1956.

Primary music arrangers for the Southerners include David L. Walters (1960s-early 1990s), Mark Fifer (1995–2004), and Justin Williams (2005–present), as well as percussion program head Clint Gillespie (1998–present).

The name "Southerners"
In 1956 the band began attracting more attention and received its name, the "Southerners", in 1958.

Incidentally, Norman L. Padgett is credited with naming the band. The band's charter president, Harold Summerville, class of '60, of Bowden, Ga., recalls, "On April 21, 1958, I presented a letter of appreciation to Norman L. Padgett. It was signed by Dr. Finley and [me] at the beginning of band rehearsal that day thanking [Mr. Padgett] for his submission of the name The Southerners."

Despite the commonly used name ("The Marching Southerners"), according to the JSU Manual of Style and Usage, Point 7, the official name of the band at Jacksonville State is simply "The Southerners": the "Marching" title only being applied to the Marching Ballerinas.

Directors

 * 1948 J. Eugene Duncan
 * 1951 John T. Finley
 * 1959 John Knox (interim director)
 * 1961 David L. Walters
 * 1991 M. Scott McBride
 * 1994 Kenneth G. Bodiford

Notable performances
1965 – Inaugural parade for U.S. President Lyndon Johnson

1976 – National Bicentennial Celebration Parade in Philadelphia, PA

1996 – 70th Annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. A segment of the Southerners' performance can be seen in the opening scene of Episode 9.08 of Friends ("The One with Rachel's Other Sister"), which originally aired on Nov. 21, 2002.

1998 – First performance at the Atlanta Bands of America Regional at the Georgia Dome

1999 – B.O.A. Grand Nationals at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis

2002 – B.O.A. Grand Nationals at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis

2006 – The Marching Southerners celebrated their 50th anniversary with a performance that included 1,500 former Southerners alumni, during halftime of Jacksonville State University's college football game against Samford University.

2012 – The Southerners led the New Year's Day Parade in London, England, which also kicked off the 2012 Summer Olympics celebrations and Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.

2016 – The Southerners played on the U.S.S Missouri in honor of the 75th anniversary of Pearl Harbor.

Additionally, the Southerners perform regularly at the Bands of America contest in Atlanta, and they host a Bands of America contest in Jacksonville, Alabama.

Related competitive units
There are no organized competitions for college marching bands in the Southeast, so the Marching Southerners do not engage in direct competition with other college bands. However, Jacksonville State University sponsors several competitive marching and pageantry units that draw their membership in whole, or in part, from the marching band:

 * JSU Center Stage winter guard, a member of Winter Guard International and the Southeastern Color Guard Circuit competing in the Independent Open class.
 * JSU Diamond Girls, a dance team that competes throughout the Southeast.
 * An indoor drumline that regularly competes in the marching percussion competition at Percussive Arts Society's annual convention (PASIC), which they won in 1999.

title: The Marching Southerners


text:
Talk:Issy Smith

"first living Jewish recipient of the Victoria Cross"
This claim is not properly cited and as a major claim in a FA article needs a proper reference, not an author's note. --Dweller (talk) 10:25, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I took it out. Also, were his parents Jewish? I assume so, since he was Jewish and so few people convert to Judaism (a non-proselytizing religion). I'd like to say "born to Jewish parents". --Uncle Ed (talk) 15:21, 22 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Before adding the cn tag to TFA, I looked at all the sources in the article as it was when it passed FA. Not many of them were ever online, and of those, few still exist. However, one goodie from Australia mentioned his parents were not just Jewish, but orthodox, so there'd be no "maternal line" arguments about him being Jewish. --Dweller (talk) 15:26, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Appalling lack regarding decorations
On the main page, where this article is currently featured, it is mentioned that he not only received high decorations from the UK, but also from France and Russia. That is very remarkable, and I am certain that I'm not the only one whose curiosity was piqued by this. But to my dismay there was nothing - absolutely nothing - about these decorations, beyond the simple claim that he got them. There is not even a reference for these two decorations. (There is a footnote next to the statement, but that is not a reference.) How could this have been overlooked in the featured article process? — Sebastian 19:57, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

 * "Diggerhistory" is used as a reference on this page; unfortunately, "diggerhistory" is notorious for just ripping off other websites in lieu of doing actual research, so I would be wary of the veracity of this article as well. It seems diggerhistory is now offline in any event: http://www.anzacwebsites.com/general/diggerhistory.htm 139.48.25.60 (talk) 20:24, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Read the adb source. And leave off the histrionics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.253.149.208 (talk) 22:20, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing me to ADB. Reference for St. George's Cross and some pertinent text from ADB has been inserted. (You can do that, too - that's why Wikipedia is for all to edit.) The ADB also mentions the Croix de Guerre, but nothing about the palm. While that makes it a bit better, the article remains underwhelming; there are only the few words "rescuing Russian soldiers in Mesopotamia" for the former, and nothing for the latter - for an important part of what made the man noteworthy. — Sebastian 01:22, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Fortunately, the notorious Diggerhistory has fallen into disuse, following the death of the "webmaster" Ted Harris. He was an appalling man, and the site was a thorn in the side. His article on Issy was, indeed, ripped off. When I offered him a correction, I received a stream of abusive and racist emails. Fortunately, this will not recur. The ADB were much more polite and receptive, and amended their records accordingly. Hengistmate (talk) 11:02, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Why is this featured again?
I don't see any discussion for featuring this article again. In addition to the fact that some of the the main points that make the man interesting are not covered, the article has other shortcomings, such as: How was this decided? — Sebastian 01:22, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) a TLDR section on WWI that includes a paragraph on his life past WWI,
 * 2) the text on the garden party, which is long on links to articles completely unrelated to him,
 * 3) ripping apart the good and the bad in his life post WWI with the "Legacy" headline.
 * 4) a lack of dates.
 * 5) explanation of context, such as why was Maurice wearing his medals in the picture; and when was that?
 * Why do you say "featured again"? I'd be very surprised if it had been featured before. --Dweller (talk) 08:59, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see! It was decided in 2007, so I assumed it was featured some time then. It didn't occur to me that there would be such a long gap in between. — Sebastian 20:03, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Nationality
I don't believe it is appropriate simply call him "British-Australian". Smith's Polish Jewish lineage makes his nationality more complex; this should at least be mentioned in the lead. Thanks--(Wikipedian1234 (talk) 22:42, 22 December 2011 (UTC))
 * And French too via his parents, though I wonder if he ever was officially recognized as such. -- Brianhe (talk) 00:03, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Since Nationality does not seem to be defined in Wikipedia, it is in the eye of the beholder. It could mean place of birth, place of residence, place of citizenship or the nationally of the force in which he was serving. While he spent more than half his life in Australia I would suggest Issy Smith VC (c. 18 September 1890 – 11 September 1940) was a Jewish British Army recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award of the British honours system. Anthony Staunton (talk) 22:37, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Mesopotamia & Russian Medal
Issy Smith's Order of St. George was not awarded for "rescuing Russian soldiers in Mesopotamia". It was awarded, along with the Croix de Guerre, just a few days after his Victoria Cross, on the 26th April 1915. It was customary for other Allied governments to make reciprocal awards. Source: The London Gazette, Issue 29272. As the article states, the Manchesters sailed from Marseilles for Basra on December 10th, 1915. The only contact between British and Russian troops was at Diyala, and the Manchesters weren't there.

168 Issy Smith does not appear on the role of recipents of the Durbar medal (whereas my grandfather does).

The whole history of Issy Smith is uncertain. This is from British Army Service Records 1760-1915:

First name(s):   Issy Last name:   SMITH Calculated year of birth:   1887 Parish of birth: Town of birth:   London County of birth:   Middlesex Age at attestation:   17 years 8 months Attestation date:   21 April 1904 Attestation corps:   6TH MANC REGT Attestation soldier number:   9946

As you can see, his birthplace is given as East London, and his battalion as 6th Manchesters. Other sources say that he enlisted at Ashton-under-Lyne, and that he transferred to Mesopotamia in September 1916.

I doubt we shall ever know the true story, but the part about the Russian medal is definitely wrong. Hengistmate (talk) 10:55, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Issy Smith. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070715034648/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-vc/smith.htm to http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-vc/smith.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070715034648/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-vc/smith.htm to http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-vc/smith.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:39, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

The real story about Issy Smith
I am a descendant of Issy. I'm currently writing his biography which I expect to publish next year when it is completed. After pouring over family records, interviewing his son and following extensive research, in most cases of official records, I have been able to uncover previously unknown details about him as well as confirm that a lot of information circulating is incorrect. I would like to adjust this when I have completed the research. It is great to come across this page and see the interest about him, and fantastic that his story has appeared as a feature article. He hasn't been forgotten.LAMK2020 (talk) 07:07, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm very pleased to see this. I exchanged emails with Issy's son a few years ago. He didn't have much information other than the accepted story. I also made enquiries at the Portuguese synagogue in Manchester but drew a blank, and couldn't find any trace of the street where Issy is supposed to have lived. If you have new information, then that's excellent. As you can see from the above, there are many contradictions in this story. Something that intrigues me is how a ten-year-old boy can sail as a stowaway to a foreign country (if that's what he did), and conduct an existence there. Where did he live? Did he, and if so how did he, go to school? Could he read and write? How did he eat? I look forward to reading your account. Good luck. Hengistmate (talk) 12:09, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi Hengismate - hoping you are still on air after two years! Please see my note below regarding the book that is now released. I would be pleased to talk to you further. Kind regards LAMK2020 (talk) 02:04, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

There are many contradictions and it has been a painstaking process to sort out the fact from fiction. He was trying to reach his brothers in London. He stowed away at age 11, actually twice - he was found by one of the crew on his first attempt, at Port Said on the Suez Canal (it is possible he did not know where he was going!). He stayed with the Harbour Master for five days before a suitable ship was available to take him home. He then wasted no time in boarding a new ship on which he made it successfully to London. Although he spoke three languages, English was not one of them then, yet he was able to find his brothers. The rest will be in the story! — Preceding unsigned comment added by LAMK2020 (talk • contribs) 03:32, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Providing accurate update to Sergeant Issy Smith VC article
Dear team

I have been in touch previously. I am the granddaughter of Sergeant Issy Smith VC and I have just published a book on his life story. I am not sure who I spoke to last time, but the editor mentioned that he was keen to hear more as there were gaps in Issy's history and it was believed that we would never know the real story. This inspired the title of the book, which is RATBAG SOLDIER SAINT - the real story of Sergeant Issy Smith VC. The book is the result of two years extensive research which includes interviews with family. It is now time to update the webpage to correct the inaccuracies. If you can let me know how i can assist, I would be happy to provide you with more information. Kind regards Lian Knight LAMK2020 (talk) 02:02, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I suspect that was me. I'm delighted to hear that you've made progress. What do you want to do now? Hengistmate (talk) 13:03, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi Hengistmate - there are parts of Issy's wikipedia article that need to be updated, now that more facts are known. Would you like me to do this, and how would you like me to provide the information? 58.179.93.207 (talk) 01:36, 26 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello. Long time no communication. Are you still working on Issy's story? Hengistmate (talk) 14:36, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Issy Smith


text: User talk:212.18.228.162

title: User talk:212.18.228.162


text:
Midland High School (Louisiana)

Midland High School is a rural high school in Midland, an unincorporated area in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is administered by the Acadia Parish School Board.

In 2005 it had 330 students, and 20 teachers. 4% of the students were African American, and the remainder white.

School uniforms
Beginning in the 1999–2000 school year the school district required all students to wear school uniforms.

Athletics
Midland High athletics competes in the LHSAA.

title: Midland High School (Louisiana)


text:
User:JNewton

Image Tagging Image:C 008 17A.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:C 008 17A.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --LiniShu 04:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Taylor mono.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Taylor mono.jpg . I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --LiniShu 04:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:JNewton


text:
Glutamate receptor

Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation.

Glutamate receptors are implicated in a number of neurological conditions. Their central role in excitotoxicity and prevalence in the central nervous system has been linked or speculated to be linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, and several other conditions have been further linked to glutamate receptor gene mutations or receptor autoantigen/antibody activity.

Glutamate
Glutamate is the most prominent neurotransmitter in the body, and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter, being present in over 50% of nervous tissue. Glutamate was initially discovered to be a neurotransmitter in insect studies in the early 1960s.

Glutamate is also used by the brain to synthesize GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system. GABA plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system and is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone in humans.

Glutamate receptors
Mammalian glutamate receptors are classified based on their pharmacology. However, glutamate receptors in other organisms have different pharmacology, and therefore these classifications do not hold. One of the major functions of glutamate receptors appears to be the modulation of synaptic plasticity, a property of the brain thought to be vital for memory and learning. Both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to have an effect on synaptic plasticity. An increase or decrease in the number of ionotropic glutamate receptors on a postsynaptic cell may lead to long-term potentiation or long-term depression of that cell, respectively. Additionally, metabotropic glutamate receptors may modulate synaptic plasticity by regulating postsynaptic protein synthesis through second messenger systems. Research shows that glutamate receptors are present in CNS glial cells as well as neurons. These glutamate receptors are suggested to play a role in modulating gene expression in glial cells, both during the proliferation and differentiation of glial precursor cells in brain development and in mature glial cells.

Glutamate receptors serve to facilitate the impact of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. These receptors are pivotal in excitatory synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal development. They are vital for functions like learning, memory, and neuronal communication. Various subtypes of glutamate receptors, such as NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid), and kainate receptors, have distinct roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity.

1. NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors: These receptors are involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. They are unique in that they require both glutamate and the co-agonist glycine to activate, and they are also voltage-dependent, meaning they only open when the postsynaptic membrane is depolarized. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions, which can trigger intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in synaptic strength.

2. AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors: These receptors mediate the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. They are permeable to sodium and potassium ions and are responsible for the rapid depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that underlies the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). AMPA receptors are also involved in synaptic plasticity, particularly in the early stages of long-term potentiation (LTP).

3. Kainate receptors: These receptors are involved in both pre- and postsynaptic signaling and are thought to play a role in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are activated by the neurotransmitter kainate and are permeable to both sodium and potassium ions. Kainate receptors are expressed in a variety of brain regions and are involved in processes such as sensory processing, motor control, and learning and memory.

Each subtype of glutamate receptor has a unique function and plays a crucial role in neuronal communication and plasticity.

Types
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) form the ion channel pore that activates when glutamate binds to the receptor. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) affect the cell through a signal transduction cascade, and they may be primarily activating (mGlur1/5) or primarily inhibitory (mGlur2/3 and mGlur4/6/7/8). Ionotropic receptors tend to be quicker in relaying information, but metabotropic ones are associated with a more prolonged stimulus. The signalling cascade induced by metabotropic receptor activation means that even a relatively brief or small synaptic signal can have large and long-lasting effects, i.e. the system can have high "gain." NMDA receptor activation is particularly complex, as channel opening requires not only glutamate binding but also glycine or serine binding simultaneously at a separate site, and it also displays a degree of voltage dependence due to Zn2+ or Mg2+ binding in the pore. Furthermore, Ca2+ currents through the NMDA receptor modulate not just the membrane potential but act as an important second messenger system. The particular dynamics of the NMDAR allow it to function as a neural coincidence detector, and the NMDAR Ca2+ currents are critical in synaptic plasticity (LTP and LTD) and learning and memory in general.

Of the many specific subtypes of glutamate receptors, it is customary to refer to primary subtypes by a chemical that binds to it more selectively than glutamate. The research, however, is ongoing, as subtypes are identified and chemical affinities measured. Several compounds are routinely used in glutamate receptor research and associated with receptor subtypes:

Due to the diversity of glutamate receptors, their subunits are encoded by numerous gene families. Sequence similarities between mammals show a common evolutionary origin for many mGluR and all iGluR genes. Conservation of reading frames and splice sites of GluR genes between chimpanzees and humans is complete, suggesting no gross structural changes after humans diverged from the human-chimpanzee common ancestor. However, there is a possibility that two human-specific "fixed" amino acid substitutions, D71G in GRIN3A and R727H in GRIN3B, are specifically associated with human brain function.

Ionotropic
Mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits and their genes:

Metabotropic
Mammalian metabotropic glutamate receptors are all named mGluR# and are further broken down into three groups:

In other (non mammalian) organisms, the classification and subunit composition of glutamate receptors is different.

Structure, mechanism and function
Glutamate receptors exist primarily in the central nervous system. These receptors can be found on the dendrites of postsynaptic cells and bind to glutamate released into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic cells. They are also present on both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, with the exception of NMDA, are found on cultured glial cells, which can open in response to glutamate and cause cells to activate second messengers to regulate gene expression and release neuroactive compounds. Furthermore, brain slices show glutamate receptors are ubiquitously expressed in both developing and mature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in vivo. Because of this, glial glutamate receptors are thought to be vital for glial cell development.

Ionotropic
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, by definition, are ligand-gated nonselective cation channels that allow the flow of K+, Na+ and sometimes Ca2+ in response to glutamate binding. (In C. elegans and Drosophila, invertebrate-specific subunits enable the flow of negative chloride ions rather than cations.) Upon binding, the agonist will stimulate direct action of the central pore of the receptor, an ion channel, allowing ion flow and causing excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). This current is depolarizing and, if enough glutamate receptors are activated, may trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. All produce excitatory postsynaptic current, but the speed and duration of the current is different for each type. NMDA receptors have an internal binding site for an Mg2+ ion, creating a voltage-dependent block, which is removed by outward flow of positive current. Since the block must be removed by outward current flow, NMDA receptors rely on the EPSC produced by AMPA receptors to open. NMDA receptors are permeable to Ca2+, which is an important cation in the nervous system and has been linked to gene regulation. The flow of Ca2+ through NMDA receptors is thought to cause both long-term potentiation (LTP, of synapse efficacy) and long-term depression (LTD) by transducing signaling cascades and regulating gene expression.

Metabotropic
Metabotropic glutamate receptors, which belong to subfamily C of G protein-coupled receptors are divided into three groups, with a total of eight subtypes (in mammals; this is not necessarily the case for most organisms). The mGluRs are composed of three distinct regions: the extracellular region, the transmembrane region, and the intracellular region. The extracellular region is composed of a venus flytrap (VFT) module that binds glutamate, and a cysteine-rich domain that is thought to play a role in transmitting the conformational change induced by ligand binding from in the VFT module to the transmembrane region. The transmembrane region consists of seven transmembrane domains and connects the extracellular region to the intracellular region where G protein coupling occurs. Glutamate binding to the extracellular region of an mGluR causes G proteins bound to the intracellular region to be phosphorylated, affecting multiple biochemical pathways and ion channels in the cell. Because of this, mGluRs can both increase or decrease the excitability of the postsynaptic cell, thereby causing a wide range of physiological effects.

Outside the central nervous system
Glutamate receptors are thought to be responsible for the reception and transduction of umami taste stimuli. Taste receptors of the T1R family, belonging to the same class of GPCR as metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved. Additionally, the mGluRs, as well as ionotropic glutamate receptors in neural cells, have been found in taste buds and may contribute to the umami taste. Numerous ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits are expressed by heart tissue, but their specific function is still unknown. Western blots and northern blots confirmed the presence of iGluRs in cardiac tissue. Immunohistochemistry localized the iGluRs to cardiac nerve terminals, ganglia, conducting fibers, and some myocardiocytes. Glutamate receptors are (as mentioned above) also expressed in pancreatic islet cells. AMPA iGluRs modulate the secretion of insulin and glucagon in the pancreas, opening the possibility of treatment of diabetes via glutamate receptor antagonists. Small unmyelinated sensory nerve terminals in the skin also express NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Subcutaneous injections of receptor blockers in rats successfully analgesized skin from formalin-induced inflammation, raising possibilities of targeting peripheral glutamate receptors in the skin for pain treatment.

General clinical implications
Specific medical conditions and symptoms are discussed below.

Autoimmunity and antibody interactions with glutamate receptors and their subunit genes
Various neurological disorders are accompanied by antibody or autoantigen activity associated with glutamate receptors or their subunit genes (e.g. GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis, and GluR2 in nonfamilial olivopontocerebellar degeneration). In 1994 GluR3 was shown to act as an autoantigen in Rasmussen's encephalitis, leading to speculation that autoimmune activity might underlie the condition. Such findings "suggest" links between glutamate receptors and autoimmune interactions are possible and may be significant in some degenerative diseases, however the exact role of such antibodies in disease manifestation is still not entirely known.

Excitotoxicity
Overstimulation of glutamate receptors causes neurodegeneration and neuronal damage through a process called excitotoxicity. Excessive glutamate, or excitotoxins acting on the same glutamate receptors, overactivate glutamate receptors (specifically NMDARs), causing high levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) to influx into the postsynaptic cell.

High Ca2+ concentrations activate a cascade of cell degradation processes involving proteases, lipases, nitric oxide synthase, and a number of enzymes that damage cell structures often to the point of cell death. Ingestion of or exposure to excitotoxins that act on glutamate receptors can induce excitotoxicity and cause toxic effects on the central nervous system. This becomes a problem for cells, as it feeds into a cycle of positive feedback cell death.

Glutamate excitotoxicity triggered by overstimulation of glutamate receptors also contributes to intracellular oxidative stress. Proximal glial cells use a cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) to transport cystine into the cell and glutamate out. Excessive extracellular glutamate concentrations reverse xCT, so glial cells no longer have enough cystine to synthesize glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant. Lack of GSH leads to more reactive oxygen species (ROSs) that damage and kill the glial cell, which then cannot reuptake and process extracellular glutamate. This is another positive feedback in glutamate excitotoxicity. In addition, increased Ca2+ concentrations activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the over-synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). High NO concentration damages mitochondria, leading to more energy depletion, and adds oxidative stress to the neuron as NO is a ROS.

Neurodegeneration
In the case of traumatic brain injury or cerebral ischemia (e.g., cerebral infarction or hemorrhage), acute neurodegeneration caused by excitotoxicity may spread to proximal neurons through two processes. Hypoxia and hypoglycemia trigger bioenergetic failure; mitochondria stop producing ATP energy. Na+/K+-ATPase can no longer maintain sodium/potassium ion concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. Glutamate transporters (EAATs), which use the Na+/K+ gradient, reverse glutamate transport (efflux) in affected neurons and astrocytes, and depolarization increases downstream synaptic release of glutamate. In addition, cell death via lysis or apoptosis releases cytoplasmic glutamate outside of the ruptured cell. These two forms of glutamate release cause a continual cascade of excitotoxic cell death and further increased extracellular glutamate concentrations.

Glutamate receptors' significance in excitotoxicity also links it to many neurogenerative diseases. Conditions such as exposure to excitotoxins, old age, congenital predisposition, and brain trauma can trigger glutamate receptor activation and ensuing excitotoxic neurodegeneration. This damage to the central nervous system propagates symptoms associated with a number of diseases.

Conditions with demonstrated associations to glutamate receptors
A number of diseases in humans have a proven association with genetic mutations of glutamate receptor genes, or autoantigen/antibody interactions with glutamate receptors or their genes. Glutamate receptors and impaired regulation (in particular, those resulting in excessive glutamate levels) are also one cause of excitotoxicity (described above), which itself has been implicated or associated with a number of specific neurodegenerative conditions where neural cell death or degradation within the brain occurs over time.

Excessive synaptic receptor stimulation by glutamate is directly related to many conditions. Magnesium is one of many antagonists at the glutamate receptor, and magnesium deficiencies have demonstrated relationships with many glutamate receptor-related conditions.

Glutamate receptors have been found to have an influence in ischemia/stroke, seizures, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and aching, addiction and an association with both ADHD and autism.

In most cases these are areas of ongoing research.

Aching
Hyperalgesia is directly involved with spinal NMDA receptors. Administered NMDA antagonists in a clinical setting produce significant side effects, although more research is being done in intrathecal administration. Since spinal NMDA receptors link the area of pain to the brain's pain processing center, the thalamus, these glutamate receptors are a prime target for treatment. One proposed way to cope with the pain is subconsciously through the visualization technique.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
In 2006 the glutamate receptor subunit gene GRIN2B (responsible for key functions in memory and learning) was associated with ADHD. This followed earlier studies showing a link between glutamate modulation and hyperactivity (2001), and then between the SLC1A3 solute carrier gene-encoding part of the glutamate transporter process that mapped to chromosome 5 (5p12) noted in multiple ADHD genome scans.

Further mutations to four different metabotropic glutamate receptor genes were identified in a study of 1013 children with ADHD compared to 4105 controls with non-ADHD, replicated in a subsequent study of 2500 more patients. Deletions and duplications affected GRM1, GRM5, GRM7 and GRM8. The study concluded that "CNVs affecting metabotropic glutamate receptor genes were enriched across all cohorts (P = 2.1 × 10−9)", "over 200 genes interacting with glutamate receptors […] were collectively affected by CNVs", "major hubs of the (affected genes') network include TNIK50, GNAQ51, and CALM", and "the fact that children with ADHD are more likely to have alterations in these genes reinforces previous evidence that the GRM pathway is important in ADHD".

A SciBX article in January 2012 commented that "UPenn and MIT teams have independently converged on mGluRs as players in ADHD and autism. The findings suggest agonizing mGluRs in patients with ADHD."

Autism
The etiology of autism may include excessive glutamatergic mechanisms. In small studies, memantine has been shown to significantly improve language function and social behavior in children with autism. Research is underway on the effects of memantine in adults with autism spectrum disorders.

A link between glutamate receptors and autism was also identified via the structural protein ProSAP1 SHANK2 and potentially ProSAP2 SHANK3. The study authors concluded that the study "illustrates the significant role glutamatergic systems play in autism" and "By comparing the data on ProSAP1/Shank2−/− mutants with ProSAP2/Shank3αβ−/− mice, we show that different abnormalities in synaptic glutamate receptor expression can cause alterations in social interactions and communication. Accordingly, we propose that appropriate therapies for autism spectrum disorders are to be carefully matched to the underlying synaptopathic phenotype."

Diabetes
Diabetes is a peculiar case because it is influenced by glutamate receptors present outside of the central nervous system, and it also influences glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.

Diabetes mellitus, an endocrine disorder, induces cognitive impairment and defects of long-term potential in the hippocampus, interfering with synaptic plasticity. Defects of long-term potential in the hippocampus are due to abnormal glutamate receptors, to be specific the malfunctioning NMDA glutamate receptors during early stages of the disease.

Research is being done to address the possibility of using hyperglycemia and insulin to regulate these receptors and restore cognitive functions. Pancreatic islets regulating insulin and glucagon levels also express glutamate receptors. Treating diabetes via glutamate receptor antagonists is possible, but not much research has been done. The difficulty of modifying peripheral GluR without having detrimental effects on the central nervous system, which is saturated with GluR, may be the cause of this.

Huntington's disease
In 2004, a specific genotype of human GluR6 was discovered to have a slight influence on the age of onset of Huntington's disease.

In addition to similar mechanisms causing Parkinson's disease with respect to NMDA or AMPA receptors, Huntington's disease was also proposed to exhibit metabolic and mitochondrial deficiency, which exposes striatal neurons to the over activation of NMDA receptors. Using folic acid has been proposed as a possible treatment for Huntington's due to the inhibition it exhibits on homocysteine, which increases vulnerability of nerve cells to glutamate. This could decrease the effect glutamate has on glutamate receptors and reduce cell response to a safer level, not reaching excitotoxicity.

Ischemia
During ischemia, the brain has been observed to have an unnaturally high concentration of extracellular glutamate. This is linked to an inadequate supply of ATP, which drives the glutamate transport levels that keep the concentrations of glutamate in balance. This usually leads to an excessive activation of glutamate receptors, which may lead to neuronal injury. After this overexposure, the postsynaptic terminals tend to keep glutamate around for long periods of time, which results in a difficulty in depolarization. Antagonists for NMDA and AMPA receptors seem to have a large benefit, with more aid the sooner it is administered after onset of the neural ischemia.

Multiple sclerosis
Inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in animals as a model for multiple sclerosis(MS) has targeted some glutamate receptors as a pathway for potential therapeutic applications. This research has found that a group of drugs interact with the NMDA, AMPA, and kainate glutamate receptor to control neurovascular permeability, inflammatory mediator synthesis, and resident glial cell functions including CNS myelination. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS myelinate axons; the myelination dysfunction in MS is partly due to the excitotoxicity of those cells. By regulating the drugs which interact with those glutamate receptors, regulating glutamate binding may be possible, and thereby reduce the levels of Ca2+ influx. The experiments showed improved oligodendrocyte survival, and remyelination increased. Furthermore, CNS inflammation, apoptosis, and axonal damage were reduced.

Parkinson's disease (Parkinsonism)
Late onset neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, may be partially due to glutamate binding NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. In vitro spinal cord cultures with glutamate transport inhibitors led to degeneration of motor neurons, which was counteracted by some AMPA receptor antagonists such as GYKI 52466. Research also suggests that the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu4 is directly involved in movement disorders associated with the basal ganglia through selectively modulating glutamate in the striatum.

Rasmussen's encephalitis
In 1994, GluR3 was shown to act as an autoantigen in Rasmussen's encephalitis, leading to speculation that autoimmune activity might underlie the condition.

Schizophrenia
In schizophrenia, the expression of the mRNA for the NR2A subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor was found to be decreased in a subset of inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex. This is suggested by upregulation of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In schizophrenia, the expression of the NR2A subunit of NDMA receptors in mRNA was experimentally undetectable in 49-73% in GABA neurons that usually express it. These are mainly in GABA cells expressing the calcium-buffering protein parvalbumin (PV), which exhibits fast-spiking firing properties and target the perisomatic (basket cells) and axo-axonic (chandelier cells) compartments of pyramidal neurons. The study found the density of NR2A mRNA-expressing PV neurons was decreased by as much as 50% in subjects with schizophrenia.

In addition, density of immunohistochemically labeled glutamatergic terminals with an antibody against the vesicular glutamate transporter vGluT1 also exhibited a reduction that paralleled the reduction in the NR2A-expressing PV neurons. Together, these observations suggest glutamatergic innervation of PV-containing inhibitory neurons appears to be deficient in schizophrenia. Expression of NR2A mRNA has also been found to be altered in the inhibitory neurons that contain another calcium buffer, calbindin, targeting the dendrites of pyramidal neurons, and the expression of the mRNA for the GluR5 kainate receptor in GABA neurons has also been found to be changed in people with schizophrenia.

Current research is targeting glutamate receptor antagonists as potential treatments for schizophrenia. Memantine, a weak, nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, was used as an add-on to clozapine therapy in a clinical trial. Refractory schizophrenia patients showed associated improvements in both negative and positive symptoms, underscoring the potential uses of GluR antagonists as antipsychotics. Furthermore, administration of noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists have been tested on rat models. Scientists have proposed that specific antagonists can act on GABAergic interneurons, enhancing cortical inhibition and preventing excessive glutamatergic transmission associated with schizophrenia. These and other atypical antipsychotic drugs can be used together to inhibit excessive excitability in pyramidal cells, decreasing the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Seizures
Glutamate receptors have been discovered to have a role in the onset of epilepsy. NMDA and metabotropic types have been found to induce epileptic convulsions. Using rodent models, labs have found that the introduction of antagonists to these glutamate receptors helps counteract the epileptic symptoms. Since glutamate is a ligand for ligand-gated ion channels, the binding of this neurotransmitter will open gates and increase sodium and calcium conductance. These ions play an integral part in the causes of seizures. Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5) are the primary cause of seizing, so applying an antagonist to these receptors helps in preventing convulsions.

Neurodegenerative diseases with a suspected excitotoxicity link
Neurodegenerative diseases suspected to have a link mediated (at least in part) through stimulation of glutamate receptors:
 * AIDS dementia complex
 * Alzheimer's disease
 * Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
 * Combined systems disease (vitamin B12 deficiency)
 * Depression/anxiety
 * Drug addiction, tolerance, and dependency
 * Essential tremor
 * Glaucoma
 * Hepatic encephalopathy
 * Hydroxybutyric aminoaciduria
 * Hyperhomocysteinemia and homocysteinuria
 * Hyperprolinemia
 * Lead encephalopathy
 * Leber's disease
 * MELAS syndrome
 * MERRF
 * Mitochondrial abnormalities (and other inherited or acquired biochemical disorders)
 * Neuropathic pain syndromes (e.g. causalgia or painful peripheral neuropathies)
 * Nonketotic hyperglycinemia
 * Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (some recessive forms)
 * Rett syndrome
 * Sulfite oxidase deficiency
 * Wernicke's encephalopathy

title: Glutamate receptor


text:
Forest Lawn

Forest Lawn may refer to:

California

 * Forest Lawn Memorial-Parks & Mortuaries, a chain of cemeteries in southern California
 * Forest Lawn Cemetery (Cathedral City), California
 * Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale), California
 * Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), California
 * Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Long Beach), California

Elsewhere

 * Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens, South (Plantation, Florida)
 * Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Erlanger, Kentucky)
 * Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Omaha), Nebraska
 * Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo), New York
 * Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens, Goodlettsville, Tennessee
 * Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Beaumont), Texas
 * Forest Lawn Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)

Other places

 * Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Burnaby), British Columbia, Canada
 * Forest Lawn, Calgary, a former Canadian town annexed by Calgary in 1961
 * Calgary Forest Lawn, a federal electoral district
 * Forest Lawn Scout Reservation, a group of Boy Scout camps in Cedar Glen, California, see Los Angeles Area Council: Camps

title: Forest Lawn


text:
Category:Mountain passes of Austria

Mountain passes in Austria.

title: Category:Mountain passes of Austria


text:
Talk:Faisal Faisal

Is he still aiming at Turin?
Has anyone found any recent articles about Faisal? Andjam 04:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, it isn't the best of news, but he hasn't given up yet... "Iraqi Olympics Hopeful Appeals for Rogge's Help" By Anthony Stavrion, Sydney, Australia, October 22, 2005 in source "Around the Rings". ATR also has a more recent article as well. Andjam 08:50, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Faisal Faisal


text: User talk:Spaya

title: User talk:Spaya


text:
Freeman Junction, California

Freeman Junction, a ghost town in Kern County, California, USA, was first homesteaded in the early 1870s. Freeman S. Raymond built a stage coach station here to accommodate travelers between the desert mines and Los Angeles. A group of Native Americans who were defending their homes and families in 1909 killed off the homesteaders and burned the stage station, after which the property lay dormant for several years. It was re-homesteaded in the 1920s by Clare C. Miley, who was born in 1900, and his wife. By the 1930s their small stone cabin became a gas station/car repair and later, a restaurant and some mining activities dominated the site. In 1953 a post office was planned, but never materialized and residents had to travel seven miles to Inyokern to collect their mail. By June, 1978, the town had died once again and the remains of the town have since been removed by passersby. Today, the site has reverted to its natural state and nothing remains.

History
Bedrock mortars near the original spring indicate that this area was regularly used as a camp by Native Americans.

In 1834 explorer Joseph R. Walker passed this junction of Indian trails after crossing the Sierra Nevada via Walker Pass. In the winter of 1849–50, forty-niner parties, en route to the California gold fields, passed through here after escaping Death Valley.

In 1873 or early 1874, Freeman S. Raymond, a member of the original forty-niners, built his stagecoach station here, at the junction of the Walker Pass road (the route of modern California 178) and the road to Los Angeles (now California State Route 14). Both roads carried traffic to and from the mines then in the area. The Walker Pass road led to the Kern River mines, and the Los Angeles road continued further north and east to the mines at Cerro Gordo, the Panamints, and later Darwin and Bodie, California.

On February 25, 1874, Tiburcio Vasquez and his band of outlaws robbed several freight wagon crews at Raymond's station (then called Coyote Holes). They had apparently scouted the location from a nearby rock formation, now known as Robber's Roost. Vasquez's group ambushed and robbed an arriving stagecoach before making their escape. One of the robbery victims was shot in the leg.

Raymond continued operating the stagecoach stop, which after 1889 or 1890 included a post office, until his death in August, 1909. The station burned down a few years later. The Los Angeles Aqueduct now passes through the site. California Historical Landmark #766 is located nearby, beside California 178 within sight of the junction with California 14.

California Historical Landmark reads:

 * NO. 766 FREEMAN JUNCTION - Explorer Joseph R. Walker passed this junction of Indian trails in 1834 after discovering nearby Walker Pass. After their escape from Death Valley, '49er parties split here to go west and south to the California gold fields. Here the bandit Tiburcio Vásquez preyed on stages and freighters traveling between the Kern River mines and Los Angeles and the mines of Bodie and the Panamints.

title: Freeman Junction, California


text: Talk:List of storms named Eileen

title: Talk:List of storms named Eileen


text: Talk:List of storms named Eleanor

title: Talk:List of storms named Eleanor


text: Template:US DOS Background Notes

title: Template:US DOS Background Notes


text: Talk:List of storms named Elida

title: Talk:List of storms named Elida


text: Talk:List of storms named Emilia

title: Talk:List of storms named Emilia


text: Talk:List of storms named Enrique

title: Talk:List of storms named Enrique


text:
Talk:List of storms named Erick

No
It's windy here. I passed the wind. Ironballz (talk) 05:04, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Erick


text: Talk:List of storms named Estelle

title: Talk:List of storms named Estelle


text: Talk:List of storms named Eugene

title: Talk:List of storms named Eugene


text: Talk:List of storms named Fabio

title: Talk:List of storms named Fabio


text: Talk:List of storms named Fausto

title: Talk:List of storms named Fausto


text:
User talk:Jaxxp123

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Jaxxp123


text:
Talk:Hurricane Fefa

B class
I upped it to B. íslenskur fel lib ylur #12 (samtal) 22:30, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

GA!
As you hurricane guys/gals always do, you've created an excellent article. This one, in particular, certainly meets all of the requirements of WP:WIAGA. My only suggestions would be to explain the path shown in Image:Fefa 1991 track.png- that is, which direction was the hurricane travelling (even if this seems obvious) and what the different colors mean- and, as should always be done for every article, do another copyedit. Otherwise, the article is superb. -- Kicking222 19:55, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

GA Sweeps Review: Pass
As part of the WikiProject Good Articles, we're doing sweeps to go over all of the current GAs and see if they still meet the GA criteria. I'm specifically going over all of the "Meteorology and atmospheric sciences" articles. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. I have made several minor corrections throughout the article. Altogether the article is well-written and is still in great shape after its passing in 2006. Continue to improve the article making sure all new information is properly sourced and neutral. It would also be beneficial to update the access dates of the website sources. If you have any questions, let me know on my talk page and I'll get back to you as soon as I can. I have updated the article history to reflect this review. Happy editing! --Nehrams2020 (talk) 09:53, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Moved back to Hurricane Fefa
I know it appears that NHC simply replaced and it seems only speculation that the name Fefa was retired. I have moved the article from Hurricane Fefa (1991) back to "Hurricane Fefa", because now there is proof that the name Fefa was retired, and not simply replaced. See here for the list of retired Atlantic and East Pacific names.--12george1 (talk) 17:16, 27 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't consider that list proof of anything. It also includes Knut, which was a fish storm and didn't do anything (appears to have been simply replaced). --Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:23, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Hurricane Fefa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120205060537/http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=STS043-74-005 to http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=STS043-74-005
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP30_Edition2012.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:49, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hurricane Fefa


text: Talk:List of storms named Fefa

title: Talk:List of storms named Fefa


text: Talk:List of storms named Felicia

title: Talk:List of storms named Felicia


text: Talk:List of storms named Fernanda

title: Talk:List of storms named Fernanda


text: Talk:List of storms named Francene

title: Talk:List of storms named Francene


text: Talk:List of storms named Francesca

title: Talk:List of storms named Francesca


text: Talk:List of storms named Frank

title: Talk:List of storms named Frank


text: Category:Hotels in Michigan

title: Category:Hotels in Michigan


text: Category:Economy of North Korea

title: Category:Economy of North Korea


text: Category:Mountain passes of the Alps

title: Category:Mountain passes of the Alps


text:
Talk:Fiend (Dungeons & Dragons)

Asmodeus vs. Lucifer
I reverted the Asmodeus/Lucifer edit because as far as I'm aware, Asmodeus has always been the overlord of the Nine Hells in D&D. The earliest sourcebook for devils I can find is 1st edition Monster Manual, which names Asmodeus as ruler. Is there an earlier reference for Lucifer? Muchness 04:56, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've heard of, but not read, sourcebooks referring to previous Overlords of Hell. However, it is commonly believed that these are all aspects of the same entity. Noneofyourbusiness 14:46, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Lucifer is only mentioned once in any edition of DnD, as a bit of an inside joke by Monte Cook in the BoVD that refers to a non-canon article 'The Politics of Hell' from a very very early issue of Dragon magazine. But beyond that joke, there is no actual lore in any sourcebooks that name any Lord of the 9 previous to Asmodeus. The timeline of the lower planes in 'Hellbound: The Blood War' does give a point before which the Lords of the 9 didn't exist, and has their original members appearing shortly after the Baatezu conquest of the plane (but it doesn't name those original members). 'Guide to Hell' presents a radically different version of things (many of its claims conflict with the established Planescape histories and the 3e lore on the topic), and claims that Asmodeus is an alternate name of Ahriman who was a primal LN being who was corrupted by the expanding influence of evil in the early planes. 14:43, 28 September 2006

I believe Lucifer is mentioned as a previous ruler in the novel "Elminster In Hell" and the novels are considered canon. It makes no mention of when this would have been.

 * Lucifer is mentioned in passing in Elminster in Hell, but it's an alternate name for the (very much dead) former archdevil Beherit, who ruled Maladomini prior to Baalzebul. Beherit, his consort, and his son Lucifuge were stripped of rank and executed by Asmodeus for violation of the Baatorian rules regarding the procreation of noble baatezu. While Elminster in Hell in general is a shoddy source of detail on Baator, the mention of Beherit/Lucifer is solid (Greenwood has mentioned on Candlekeep that he relied on his original notion of the plane from way back in 1e and largely ignored the gobs of detail from the 2e and 3e evolution of the plane when he wrote El in Hell).72.37.171.52 19:46, 23 March 2007 (UTC)AnonymousNeverForgives

Merge from Demons
Shouldn't Demons (Dungeons & Dragons) be merged into this article, since, as the intro to this article states, the term Fiend encompasses the various races of demons, devils and other malicious otherworldly creatures of D&D? So since Devil doesn't have a separate article, shouldn’t Demons be placed in this article as well? mwazzap 04:17, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There seems to be enough information in the Demon article to justify its existence, as "Fiend" is already pretty large. If anything, rather than merging Demon back into its parent article simply because Devil doesn't have its own, it would seem to make more sense to me to create a Devil article as well.

Where Slaadi come from
To my knowledge, AD&D 2nd Edition/Planescape says that Slaadi are natives of Limbo. Can anybody tell me a source that verifies the entry in this article, that they are natives of Pandemonium? If they are from Limbo and mainly chaotic neutral, are they fiends at all? Daranios (talk) 12:37, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * They've never been fiends before 4e. You're correct that they were CN natives of Limbo through all of 1e/2e/3e, with the sole exception of occasionally having CE Death Slaad in 3e and a single, -exiled- CE minor slaad lord, but they were explicit as being corrupted from their base CN nature. That said, we probably need a source that they're actually called fiends in 4e.Shemeska (talk) 00:40, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Fiend (Dungeons & Dragons). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090106044607/http://montecook.com/arch_ptolus1.html to http://montecook.com/arch_ptolus1.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:36, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fiend (Dungeons & Dragons)


text: User talk:69.204.183.170

title: User talk:69.204.183.170


text:
John Skandalis

John Skandalis (born 16 June 1976) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.

He played for the Western Suburbs Magpies and for the Wests Tigers in two separate spells in the National Rugby League (NRL). Skandalis also played for the Huddersfield Giants in the Super League and City Origin between 2002 and 2006.

Background
Skandalis was born in Sydney, New South Wales. The Skandalis family home in Lightning Ridge burnt down when John was six, causing the family to move to Ashfield, and later Minto. Skandalis' mother died when he was in his teens, leaving his father to raise Skandalis and his sisters. He was "taken in" by Josie McGuinness, the mother of Kevin and Ken McGuinness, who, he says, "treated him like [a] son."

Playing career
Skandalis was the last original Western Suburbs player remaining at the Wests Tigers club after the merger in 2000. He signed on for the Magpies in the early 1990s after playing out his junior years with the Minto Cobras, and attending Sarah Redfern High School. His first grade début came in round 9 of the 1996 season against the Penrith Panthers on 17 May. He made 10 appearances that season, including the Magpies last ever finals appearance against Cronulla on 6 September.

A regular in the starting team in 1997, Skandalis scored 3 tries from his 20 appearances. He scored his first in the 24 May match against the Gold Coast Titans, as they won 26–10. With the decline of the Magpies, Skandalis played in 34 games in the next 2 seasons, with only 5 being victories.

He scored the first try for the Wests Tigers in 2000.

Skandalis was known for his workhorse attitude and his never say die approach to rugby league and as the years progressed his performances gradually caught the attention of representative selectors. This was seen in both the 2002 and 2004 seasons where Skandalis was dually awarded with his first representative call up for City team in the annual City v. Country fixture. Skandalis was named the Wests Tigers' player of the year in 2002. Skandalis was a member of the Wests Tigers team which won the 2005 NRL Grand Final against the Cowboys. He was named in the Big League team of the year for the 2005 NRL season. As NRL Premiers Wests faced Super League champions Bradford Bulls in the 2006 World Club Challenge. Skandalis played as a prop forward in the Tigers' 30–10 loss. Skandalis held the record for the most first grade games for the Wests Tigers with 185 appearances. In 2012 the record was surpassed by Chris Heighington, though Skandalis had previously played 64 games for Wests Magpies before the club merged.

On 14 June 2006, Skandalis signed a two-year contract to play in the Super League with the Huddersfield Giants, starting from the 2007 season. In 2008, Skandalis was made vice-captain of the squad, alongside Ryan Hudson. He led the team out against Wigan when regular captain Chris Thorman was injured.

Skandalis returned to Australia at the end of the 2008 season following a knee injury, picked up early in the season, which prevented him from participating further. Skandalis took up a post with Wests Tigers Youth Development.

In 2009, Skandalis was named in the Wests Magpies NSW Cup side, but was recalled to the Wests Tigers team from round 11, after injuries to other players. He remained in the first grade team for the rest of the season. After the end of the 2009 season, Skandalis announced he would be retiring and taking up the position of strength and conditioning coach with the Wests Tigers NYC team. However, Skandalis returned to play for the Magpies in the middle of the 2010 season, and then, in July, made a shock comeback with the Tigers, coach Tim Sheens saying, "I can't get rid of the guy." Playing another 5 games, he fell just short of making his 250th NRL appearance. He is the oldest player to have played at the club, being 34 years and 73 days old in his last appearance for the club. The inaugural "Philips Sports Dad of the Year" was awarded to Skandalis in late 2009, narrowly defeating Brett Kimmorley. He donated the money to the Starlight Children's Foundation. Skandalis has been made a life member of the Western Suburbs club.

Skandalis' Greek heritage made him eligible to represent Greece, which he did as captain. He played for Greece in the 2009 Australian Mediterranean Shield. Greece won the final 34–14 against Italy.

Post-playing career
Having spent two years with the Wests Tigers' NYC team, in 2012 Skandalis became the club's head conditioner. He was removed from the position with the arrival of new coach Jason Taylor in 2014, but remained in the club in other roles. In 2017, he became an assistant to the Wests Magpies ISP coach, former teammate Brett Hodgson.

Skandalis has been involved in the Macquarie Fields Finding Jobs, Changing Lives program, helping troubled youth from the Macquarie Fields area. He was made an NRL ambassador in 2017.

title: John Skandalis


text: File:Secret-language-of-birds.jpg

title: File:Secret-language-of-birds.jpg


text:
Talk:A. Ross Eckler Jr.

Category: Supercentenarian Researchers
Greetings,

Perhaps we could start a category for 'supercentenarian researchers', including not only A. Ross Eckler Jr but also the likes of Alexander Graham Bell and William Thoms.R Young {yak ł talk } 03:23, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on A. Ross Eckler Jr.. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091201221135/http://wordways.com/meetEcklers.htm to http://wordways.com/meetEcklers.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:24, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:A. Ross Eckler Jr.


text:
Vancouver City Hall

Vancouver City Hall is home to Vancouver City Council in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Located at 453 West 12th Avenue, the building was ordered by the Vancouver Civic Building Committee, designed by architect Fred Townley and Matheson, and built by Carter, Halls, Aldinger and Company. The building has a 12-storey tower (the point is 98 m above sea level) with a clock on the top.

The building is served by Broadway–City Hall station on the SkyTrain's Canada Line.

History
Between 1897 and 1929, the Vancouver City Hall was located on Main Street, just south of the Carnegie Library; that building had previously served as a public market and an auditorium. In 1929, City Hall moved into the Holden Building (built 1911), while the Main Street building became an extension of the Carnegie Library.

After being elected mayor in 1934, Gerry McGeer appointed a three-man committee to select the location for a new city hall; choices included the former Central School site at Victory Square, and Strathcona Park at the corner of Cambie Street and West 12th Avenue (no relation to the current park in the Strathcona neighbourhood). The panel recommended the Strathcona Park site, and City Council approved the selection in 1935, making Vancouver the first major Canadian city to locate its city hall outside its downtown. Construction of the new City Hall began in 1936 (Vancouver's Golden Jubilee) on January 3, and the first cornerstone was laid by McGeer on July 2. A 8 ft statue of Capt. George Vancouver, by Charles Marega, was placed at the front of the building. It was unveiled on August 20 by the visiting Lord Mayor of London, Percy Vincent. Vincent also presented several gifts to the city, including a civic mace, and a sprig "...from a tree in the orchard where a falling apple gave Isaac Newton the idea that led to his theory of gravity". The mace and the statue still reside at city hall. Construction cost $1 million and was completed on December 1, 1936, allowing the building to be opened in the same year as construction began. Each lock plate on the outer doors displays the Vancouver Coat of Arms, and each door knob bears the monogram of the building. The ceiling on the second floor of the rotunda was made of gold leaf from several British Columbia mines.

After winning the civic election on December 9, 1936, George Clark Miller became the first mayor of Vancouver to occupy the then-new city hall, on January 2, 1937.

Construction on a four-storey east wing was begun in 1968 (completed in 1970) and in 2012, city staff gradually started moving out when a study found it would not withstand an earthquake. In 1969, a coat of arms was added, and the original building was declared a Schedule A heritage building in March 1976.

title: Vancouver City Hall