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Kingdom of Iraq

The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq (المملكة العراقية الهاشمية, lit. 'Iraqi Hashemite Kingdom') was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958.

It was founded on 23 August 1921 as the Kingdom of Iraq, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Mesopotamian campaign of the First World War. Although a League of Nations mandate was awarded to the United Kingdom in 1920, the 1920 Iraqi revolt resulted in the scrapping of the original mandate plan in favour of a formally sovereign Iraqi kingdom, but one that was under effective British administration. The plan was formally established by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty.

The role of the United Kingdom in the formal administration of the Kingdom of Iraq was ended in 1932, following the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930). Now officially a fully independent kingdom, officially named the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, it underwent a period of turbulence under its Hashemite rulers throughout its entire existence. Establishment of Sunni religious domination in Iraq was followed by Assyrian, Yazidi and Shi'a unrests, which were all brutally suppressed. In 1936, the first military coup took place in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, as Bakr Sidqi succeeded in replacing the acting Prime Minister with his associate. Multiple coups followed in a period of political instability, peaking in 1941.

During the Second World War, the Iraqi government of the Prince-Regent, Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, was overthrown in 1941 by the Golden Square officers, headed by Rashid Ali. The short-lived pro-Nazi government of Iraq was defeated in May 1941 by the Allied forces in the Anglo-Iraqi War. Iraq was later used as a base for Allied attacks on the Vichy-French-held Mandate of Syria and support for the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. At the same time, the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led a rebellion against the central government in Baghdad. After the failure of the uprising, Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union.

In 1945, during the final stages of World War II, Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League. In 1948, massive violent protests, known as the Al-Wathbah uprising, broke out across Baghdad as a popular demand against the government treaty with the British, and with support from the communists. More protests continued in the spring, but were interrupted in May, when martial law was imposed after Iraq entered the 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other members of the Arab League.

In February 1958, King Hussein of Jordan and Prince `Abd al-Ilāh proposed a union of Hāshimite monarchies to counter the recently formed Egyptian–Syrian union. The resulting Arab Federation, formed on 14 February 1958, was short-lived and ended the same year with a military coup led by Abd al-Karim Qasim deposing the monarchy.

Kingdom of Iraq under de facto British administration
The territory of Iraq was under Ottoman dominance until the end of the First World War, becoming an occupied territory under the British military from 1918. In order to transform the region to civil rule, Mandatory Mesopotamia was proposed as a League of Nations Class A mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, when the former territories of that Ottoman Empire were divided in August 1920 by the Treaty of Sèvres. However, the 1920 Iraqi revolt resulted in the scrapping of the original mandate plan. Instead, the Kingdom of Iraq was recognised as a sovereign country under King Faisal I of Iraq. Not withstanding the formal sovereignty of the Iraqi king, a treaty of alliance was concluded between the Kingdom of Iraq and the United Kingdom in 1922 called the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. It provided the United Kingdom with a role in the administration and governance of Iraq. King Faisal had previously been proclaimed King of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920 but was ejected by the French in July of the same year. The British RAF retained certain military control. In this manner, Iraq remained under de facto British administration until 1932.

Under King Faisal of Iraq, the civil government of postwar Iraq was led by the High Commissioner, Sir Percy Cox, and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson. British reprisals after the murder of a British officer in Najaf failed to restore order. British administration had yet to be established in the mountains of north Iraq. The most striking problem facing the British was the growing anger of the nationalists in the Iraqi kingdom.

Independence
With the signing in Baghdad of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty on 30 June 1930 and the settling of the Mosul Question, Iraqi politics took on a new dynamic. The treaty came into force on 3 October 1932, when the Kingdom of Iraq officially became fully independent as the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq. The emerging class of Sunni and Shia landowning tribal sheikhs vied for positions of power with wealthy and prestigious urban-based Sunni families and with Ottoman-trained army officers and bureaucrats. Because Iraq's newly established political institutions were the creation of a foreign power, and because the concept of democratic government had no precedent in Iraqi history, the politicians in Baghdad lacked legitimacy and never developed deeply rooted constituencies. Thus, despite a constitution and an elected assembly, Iraqi politics was more a shifting alliance of important personalities and cliques than a democracy in the Western sense. The absence of broadly based political institutions inhibited the early nationalist movement's ability to make deep inroads into Iraq's diverse social structure.

The new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty was signed in June 1930. It provided for a "close alliance," for "full and frank consultations between the two countries in all matters of foreign policy," and for mutual assistance in case of war. Iraq granted the British the use of air bases near Basra and at Al Habbaniyah and the right to move troops across the country. The treaty, of twenty-five years' duration, was to come into force upon Iraq's admission to the League of Nations. This occurred on October 3, 1932.

In 1932, the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was granted full independence under King Faisal I. However, the British retained military bases in the country. Iraq was granted official independence on 3 October 1932 in accordance with an agreement signed by the United Kingdom in June 1930, whereby the United Kingdom would end its effective mandate on the condition that the Iraqi government would allow British advisers to take part in government affairs, allow British military bases to remain, and a requirement that Iraq assist the United Kingdom in wartime. Strong political tensions existed between Iraq and the United Kingdom even upon gaining independence. After gaining independence in 1932, the Iraqi government immediately declared that Kuwait was rightfully a territory of Iraq. Kuwait had loosely been under the authority of the Ottoman vilâyet of Basra for centuries until the British had formally severed it from the Ottoman influence after the First World War. It was on this basis the Iraqi government stated that Kuwait was a British imperialist invention.

Political instability and army coups, 1933–1941
After Faisal died in September 1933, King Ghazi reigned as a figurehead from 1933 to 1939, when he was killed in a motor accident. Pressure from Arab nationalists and Iraqi nationalists demanded that the British leave Iraq, but their demands were ignored by the United Kingdom.

Upon achieving official independence in October 1932, political tensions arose over the continued British presence in the new Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, with Iraq's government and politicians split between those considered pro-British politicians, such as Nuri as-Said, who did not oppose a continued British presence, and anti-British politicians, such as Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, who demanded that remaining British influence in the country be removed.

Various ethnic and religious factions tried to gain political accomplishments during this period, often resulting in violent revolts and a brutal suppression by the Iraqi military, led by Bakr Sidqi. In 1933, thousands of Assyrians were killed in Simele massacre, in 1935–1936 a series of Shi'a uprisings were brutally suppressed in mid-Euphrates region of Iraq, and in parallel an anti-conscription Kurdish uprising in the north and a Yazidi revolt in Jabal Sinjar were crushed in 1935. Throughout the period political instability led to an exchange of numerous governments. Bakr Sidqi himself ascended to power in 1936, following a successful coup d'état against prime minister Yasin al-Hashimi but was later assassinated in 1937 during a visit to Mosul, followed by the death of King Ghazi in a car crash in 1939 suspected to have been planned by the British, causing a regency under Prince 'Abd al-Ilah over the 4 year old king Faisal II of Iraq lasting until 1953.

From 1917 to 1946, five coups by the Iraqi Army occurred, led by the chief officers of the army against the government to pressure the government to concede to army demands.

Anglo-Iraqi War and second British occupation
The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état overthrew the pro-British Prime minister Taha al-Hashimi and placed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as prime minister of a pro-Nazi government called "the National defense government", the Regent 'Abd al-Ilah fled the royal palace after learning of this and with British support went to Habbaniyah then to Basra, he would spend the rest of the following months in Jordan and the Mandate of Palestine. His fleeing caused a constitutional crisis upon the new government. Rashid Ali did not abolish the monarchy, but installed ٍSharif Sharaf bin Rajeh as a more compliant Regent instead, and attempted to restrict the rights of the British under the treaty from 1930. Rashid Ali attempted to secure control over Iraq asking assistance of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan.

On April 20 the Royal Iraqi Army established itself on the high ground to the south of the Habbaniyah air force base. An Iraqi envoy was sent to demand that no movements, either ground or air, were to take place from the base. The British refused the demand and then themselves demanded that the Iraqi army leave the area at once. After a further ultimatum given in the early hours of May 2 expired, at 0500 hours the British began bombing the Iraqi troops threatening the base, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Iraqi War.

Hostilities lasted from May 2 to May 31, 1941, between Iraqis and the British and their indigenous Assyrian Levies. The British would continue to occupy Iraq for many years afterwards.

In the aftermath of the Iraqi defeat, a bloody Farhud massacre broke out in Baghdad on June 2, initiated by the Futuwwa youth and Rashid Ali's supporters, resulting in deaths of some 180 Jews and heavy damage to the Jewish community.

Following the end of the 1941 coup
After the Anglo-Iraqi War ended, Abd al-ilah returned as Regent with Jameel Al-Madfaai as Prime minister and dominated the politics of Iraq until the overthrow of the monarchy and the royal family's assassination in 1958. the Government pursued a largely pro-western policy during this period.

al-Midfaai's government declared martial law in Baghdad and its surroundings, started a purge in government of Pro-Gaylani elements, banned the listening of axis-aligned radio, and various other procedures aimed at keeping security and order in the country. Despite all these security procedures, this did not satisfy the British who demanded the disbanding of the Iraqi army and arresting any who supported, joined, or was sympathetic to the 1941 coup.

Midfaai's government was split over the usage of force to cleanse the country of Pro-Gaylani elements, and some ministers were not amused of having to ally with Britain, neither did the Prime minister Himself entertain the idea of creating so many arrests. This policy outraged both the British and the regent, who saw his policy of empathy as indirectly supporting opposition and radical movements. The minister of Finance, Ibrahim Kamal al-Ghuthunfiri [ar], was at the top of the politicians who wanted a change to al-Midfaai's policy, and believed in the usage of harsher measures to keep security in the country, he submitted his resignation on 2 September 1941.

The resignation of Ibrahim Kamal weakened Midfaai's government, and the retired minister began calling for some politician to prepare the formation of a new government, and paved the way for Nuri al-Said to become the head of a new government. Jameel al-Midfaai's government retired and Abd al-Ilah ordered Nuri to form a new government in 9 October.

In 1943, the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led a rebellion against the central government in Baghdad. After the failure of the uprising Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union.

The end of the British occupation until the end of the monarchy
In 1945, during the final stages of World War II, Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League.

The period following the end of the occupation was a time of the creation of various political parties opposed to or supportive of the government including the National Democratic Party led by Kamil Chadirji, the Constitutional Union Party led by Nuri Al-Said, and the Iraqi Independence Party led by Muhammad Mahdi Kubba.

In 1948, massive violent protests, known as the Al-Wathbah uprising, broke out across Baghdad as a popular demand against the government treaty with the British, and with communist party support. More protests continued in spring, but were interrupted in May, with the martial law, when Iraq entered the 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other members of the Arab League. Various other protests against the government appeared, including the 1952 Iraqi Intifada which ended just before the 1953 Iraqi parliamentary election.

King Faisal II reached his majority on 2 May 1953, ending the regency of Abd al-Ilah, who continued however to be influential in politics due to his influence on the young king.

In 1955, to counter the influence of the Soviet Union on the Middle East, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom signed the Baghdad Pact, with the United States being heavily involved in the negotiations to form it. Major protest and opposition followed the pact, as many did not approve of an alliance led by the west.

In September 1956, a planned coup was discussed during spring training by a military faction known as the free officers (inspired by the Egyptian Free Officers Movement) which planned to launch the coup after training by controlling strategic sites in Baghdad and arresting the Regent and King. The coup failed however, as the training was suddenly stopped.

In February 1958, King Hussein of Jordan and `Abd al-Ilāh proposed a union of Hāshimite monarchies to counter the recently formed Egyptian–Syrian union. The resulting Arab Federation was formed on 14 February 1958.

14 July Revolution and the end of the monarchy
The Hashemite monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a coup d'état by the Iraqi Army, known as the 14 July Revolution. King Faisal II along with members of the Royal Family were executed in the courtyard of the Rihab Palace in central Baghdad (the young King had not yet moved into the newly completed Royal Palace). The coup brought Abd al-Karim Qasim to power. He withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union.

"Iraq under the monarchy faced two bare alternatives: either the country would have plunged into chaos or its population should become universally the clients and dependents of an omnipotent but capricious and unstable government. To these two alternatives the overthrow of the monarchy has not added a third."

The task of the subsequent governments was to find that third alternative, mainly to establish a modern state that is stable but also politically integrated.

Demographics
The population estimate in 1920 was 3 million, with the largest ethnic groups being Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, and Turkmens, with minorities of Persians, Yezidis, Jews, Mandaeans, Shabaks, Armenians, and Kawliyah. During the Iraqi Hashemite rule, Arab population began to expand at the expense of other ethnic groups both due to higher birth rates and government policies which preferred Arab Sunni minority over other ethnic and religious groups.

In 1955, Iraqi population reached 6.5 million people. This was after the Iraqi Kingdom lost the most of its Jewish population following Operation Ezra and Nehemiah (some 130 thousand people) in 1951–1952.

title: Kingdom of Iraq


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CJAR

CJAR, known as CJ1240, is a commercial AM radio station located in The Pas, Manitoba. CJAR operates at 1240 kHz. It is part of the Arctic Radio Network (Arctic Radio (1982) Limited), with sister stations in Flin Flon (CFAR) and Thompson (CHTM). The station plays primarily adult contemporary music and broadcasts OCN Blizzard hockey games.

History
In 1974, CJAR began broadcasting at 1240 kHz on the AM dial with 1,000 watts day and 500 watts night.

In 1985, CJAR was given approval by the CRTC to increase night-time power from 500 watts to 1,000 watts. That same year, CJAR disaffiliated from the CBC Radio Network. CBC service was now available in the region via CBWJ-FM.

On March 12, 2013, the CRTC approved CJAR's application to convert to the FM band at 102.9 MHz, with an effective radiated power of 250 watts, non-directional antenna with an effective HAAT of 37.7 metres. The applicant also requested permission to maintain its AM transmitter as a repeater at the current specifications in order to rebroadcast the new FM station's programming, which was granted.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CJAR


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User talk:Mustafa h

Salaam, Shalom, Peace

title: User talk:Mustafa h


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Štefánik's Observatory

Štefánik's Observatory (Štefánikova hvězdárna, obs. code: 541) is an astronomical observatory on Petřín hill in the center of Prague founded 1928 and named after Slovak astronomer Milan Rastislav Štefánik. Nowadays the observatory specializes above all in popularization of astronomy and related natural sciences.

Technology
The main telescopes of the observatory are a double refractor by Zeiss after the Viennese selenographer König placed in the main dome (bought in 1928) and a Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope installed in the western dome in 1976. The eastern dome of the observatory is equipped with a 40 cm mirror telescope by Meade.

title: Štefánik's Observatory


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Talk:Southside (Virginia)

This is a link that may have use in this article to describe the demographics of southside Virginia. Other links here MPS 21:13, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Map
We need a map of this area. Does anyone have one to post? CsikosLo (talk) 03:28, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Inserted Billhpike (talk) 02:46, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Needs more sources
Depending on only one source does not even establish if this limited definition is accepted, rather than the historical one which was based on coastal, colonial development. It leaves out all the development of major cities and defense bases in the coastal areas, starting in the colonial era and important during the Revolution and the Civil War. This seems very strange. Is that covered as a region elsewhere? Parkwells (talk) 15:51, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southside (Virginia)


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Talk:Klystron tube

Picture
in the "Two Cavity Klystron" section shows the anode right next to the electron gun. Should't it be down by the collector at the end of the drift tube, or at least to the right of the seccond cavity?

I also wander what on earth they need a klystron for at a deep space listening station. The one pictured at the bottom on the article would easily be the biggest klystron I have ever seen, and useless at a station that is intended only for listening. Is it possible that it is in fact some other piece of equipment?

Request for expansion
Klystron tube needs more (or at least more comprehensible) details to differentiate it from the other types of klystron already well-writen on that page. --Kgf0 21:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Developed by?
I was under the impression that almost all German WWII radars were Klystron based. If this is true, then the history section of this article appears to be wrong. Maury 15:10, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Diagram text
Collector is spelled wrongly--Light current 21:29, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Varian???
Does anybody know if the Varian Associates mentioned in the article is the same company as Varian Medical Systems? -- RoySmith (talk) 00:04, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it probably is (or at least stems from the same origins) but I have no proof. 8-(--Light current 00:06, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * See . 121a0012 01:16, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Tuning a klystron
Somebody else wrote that passage; all I did was edit. As for beryllium, I can verify that it's toxic, but I doubt that these days people use beryllium alloys for working in high mag fields. I know that service tools for MRI machines with superconducting magnets have mostly gone to titanium alloys. Before that, aluminum and copper alloys were popular. I can't imagine beryllium. Must be one of those zillion dollar military thingies.

As for giving advice, that whole section is advice-giving. The difference between advice and encylopedia writing is merely style. "This is how you do X" is advice. "This is how many people do X" is encyclopedic. Many people do wash hands after handling beryllium. :). Steve 23:56, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

RE: Tuning
Actually the US Air Force uses beryllium tools to tune thier klystrons for thier aging TRITAC microwave and SATCOM equipment systems. Even with the Air Force being safety concious, beryllium tools are still in use to-date.

As far as that TRC-170 shown in the link, I have to say they are rugged and dated machines, but they are still in use. The beryllium tools were included in the equipment's "Kit n' Kaboodle", might as well use what came with it. These systems, by the way, are listed in FEDLOG for approximately 1 million USD.

Thanks though for your advice on in article advice :P, I will apply this methodology to future article additions. M jurrens 19:06, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Perhaps use of beryllium is an aircraft weight thing from the bad old cost-plus days of SAC. By the way, the name is not capitalized. Names of elements are lowercase when written out (carbon, oxygen, iron, beryllium), and only capitalized when in chem symbol (C, O, Fe, Be). S B Harris 19:30, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Funny you should mention SAC(Strategic Air Command), I happen to be assigned under ACC(Air Combat Command) which is the same thing in present day terms ;0. M jurrens 21:00, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

What are the oscillation frequencies attainable
for a given power level for various designs? Little discussion of that in current article except about one type in 3GHz range. Thanks,Rich 15:30, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Klystron tube


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St Conleth's Park

Cedral St Conleth's Park (Páirc Naoimh Conlaith) is a GAA stadium in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland. It is the county ground of Kildare's Gaelic football and hurling teams. It also served as the town's greyhound racing track from 1948 until 1968.

The park is named for Conleth (Conláed; c. AD 450–519), the parish's patron saint.

In May 2023, following a naming-rights agreement, the venue was branded as "Cedral St Conleth's Park", Formally known as Tegral, Cedral are part of the global building materials group Etex.

Ground
The ground formerly had a capacity of 13,000, but following a health and safety audit in 2011, this was reduced to 8,000 and subsequently to 6,200.

Greyhound racing
Greyhound racing at St Conleth's Park started on 30 April 1948. After only one year the GAA governing body banned racing around all of their pitches which meant the greyhound racing was suspended. However it restarted on 21 June 1950 with racing taking place over race distances of 310, 350, 525 and 550 yards and 350 yards hurdles. The racing lasted a further eighteen years up until 1968, when it was decided that the greyhound operation would be better suited outside of the town at venue where racing could take place on a purpose built stadium. That stadium was Newbridge Greyhound Stadium which opened in 1972.

title: St Conleth's Park


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Union of Conscientiously Work-Shy Elements

The Union of Conscientiously Work-Shy Elements (Sammenslutning af Bevidst Arbejdssky Elementer) was an unusually successful frivolous political party in Denmark. It was founded in Aarhus in 1979 by a comedian, Jacob Haugaard (born 1952), and a few friends. Haugaard stood as an independent candidate in Aarhus County in each parliamentary election, until September 1994 when he was very unexpectedly elected to the Folketing with 23,253 personal votes, thereby winning a constituency seat (a locally based seat in parliament).

He made the following promises in the 1994 election:

 * Tail winds on all cycle paths
 * Better weather
 * Better Christmas presents
 * Less sex in school staff rooms (withdrawn during the campaign – he said it had been brought to his attention that sex in the staff room was a long-established privilege for teachers and as such could not be abolished)
 * More whales in the fjord of Randers
 * The right to impotency
 * More Renaissance furniture in IKEA
 * 8 hours of spare time, 8 hours of rest, 8 hours of sleep (a parody of a popular slogan of the eight-hour day movement: "Eight hours' labour, Eight hours' recreation, Eight hours' rest")
 * Nutella in army field rations
 * The placing of a public toilet in the park in Aarhus where he spent his state party funding on serving beer and sausages to his voters after each election.
 * More bread for the ducks in parks

The last three promises were actually fulfilled during his term in office.

While the party had been intended as a joke, he found himself often having the deciding vote in a hung parliament, and took his duties seriously until the parliamentary election in March 1998. He then announced his retirement from politics.

Quotes

 * "If work is so healthy, then why not give it to the sick?"
 * "Work? We can't be bothered. That's what we have the Germans for." (from a song)


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World of Glass (album)

World of Glass is the third full-length album by Norwegian band Tristania. The album was released on 25 September 2001 by Napalm Records. As a result of Morten Veland leaving the band, the harsh vocals were sung by Ronny Thorsen, vocalist of Trail of Tears.

Tristania

 * Vibeke Stene – vocals, choir
 * Anders Høyvik Hidle – guitars, harsh vocals on "The Shining Path" and "Tender Trip on Earth"
 * Rune Østerhus – bass
 * Einar Moen – synth/programming
 * Kenneth Olsson – drums

Session musicians

 * Østen Bergøy – clean vocals
 * Ronny Thorsen – harsh vocals
 * Pete Johansen – violin
 * Jan Kenneth Barkved – clean vocals on "Selling Out" and "Crushed Dreams"
 * Sandrine Lachapelle, Emilie Lesbros, Johanna Giraud, Damien Surian, Hubert Piazzola – choir

title: World of Glass (album)


text: User talk:80.0.32.48

title: User talk:80.0.32.48


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Fana (Sufism)

Fanaa (فناء ) in Sufism is the "passing away" or "annihilation" (of the self). Fana means "to die before one dies", a concept highlighted by famous notable Persian mystics such as Rumi. There is controversy around what Fana exactly is, with some Sufis defining it as the absolute annihilation of the human ego before God, whereby the self becomes an instrument of God's plan in the world (Baqaa).

Other Sufis also interpret it as breaking down of the individual ego and a recognition of the fundamental unity of God, creation, and the individual self. However, persons having entered this enlightened state are said to obtain absolute awareness of an intrinsic unity (Tawhid) between Allah and all that exists, including the individual themselves. This second interpretation is condemned as heretical by many orthodox Muslims.

Views
Similar to other Sufi doctrines, Fana is also based on first-party Islamic teachings. Specifically, the Quran says:

Fana as Vision
Mystics such as Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi, Al-Ghazali and Al-Sarraj maintained that this ultimate goal of Sufism was the vision (mushahadah) of the divine.

Fana was defined by Abu Nasr as-Sarraj thus: "The passing away of the attributes of the lower self (nafs) and the passing away of the repugnance to, and reliance upon, anything that may happen."

Al-Hujwiri states the following: "One may speak, however, of an annihiliation that is independent of annihiliation: in that case annihilation (fana) means 'annihilation of all remembrance of other' and subsistance (baqa) means 'subsistence of the remembrance of God' (baqa al-dhikhr al-haqq)"

So according to these early Sufis, Fana was interpreted as a recognition of the will of God, or the abandonment of being conscious of ones self, replacing this with contemplation on God alone.

However, according to Al-Hujwiri, vision of the divine can not occur without hard work on the part of the seeker. Such vision is combined with "ilm al-yaqin" or knowledge of certainty. This station leads to "ayn al-yaqin" (vision of certainty) and then the station of "ma'rifah" (gnosis), until it one arrives at haqq al-yaqin (reality of certainty), the stage of the friends of God (Wali Allah). This stage of Haqq al-Yaqin is what Al-Ghazali expressed as fana' kulli and fana fi al-tawhid. For Al-Ghazali, as with Al-Junayd before him, this meant recognition of God as the sole agent of the Universe. However Fana fi al-Tawhid does not mean 'fusion', 'identification', 'incarnation' etc. Rather, for Al-Ghazali, God could not be known through speculation in the manner of the philosophers, nor through the claims of union brought by al-Bistami and al-Hallaj, rather God could be known through his self-unveiling (khasf) through the personal process of observation (mushahadah).

Al-Sarraj condemned the idea of incarnation and fusion (the unionist interpretation below): "Some mystics of Baghdad have erred in their doctrine that when they passed away from their qualities they enter into the qualities of God. This involves incarnation or leads to the Christian belief concerning Jesus. The doctrine in question has been attributed to some of the ancients, but its true meaning is that when a man goes forth from his own qualities and enters into the qualities of God, he goes forth from his own will, which is a gift to him from God, and enters into the will of God, knowing that his will is given to him by God and by virtue of this gift he is served from regarding himself and becomes entirely devoted to God and this is one of the stages of the unitarians. Those who have erred this doctrine have failed to observe that the qualities of God are not God. To make identical with his qualities is to be guilty of infidelity, because God does not descend into the soul, but that which descends into the soul is faith in God and belief in his unity (tawhid) and reverence for the thought of him."

This visionary interpretation has been qualified by some thinkers as a "moderate form of Islamic mysticism", whereas the next interpretation is considered an "extravagant form of mysticism".

Fana as Union
Another interpretation is that of Fana as being united with the One or the Truth. The two famous exponents of this who contended that fana is total union (ittihad) were Al-Bistami and Al-Hallaj.

The interpretation of Fana ascribed to Jallaluddin Rumi is as follows:

In his book, Ain-ul-Faqr, Sultan Bahoo gives his interpretation of Fana:

Hossein Nasr insists that this interpretation is the highest spiritual truth.

This view is criticized as heretical by some orthodox Muslims.

Similar concept in Eastern Religions
The idea of fanāʾ in Sufism has been compared to Samadhi in Hinduism and Buddhism.

Others compared fanāʾ to the Buddhistic concept of Śūnyatā "emptiness of all things" beyond reality. In contrast, according to Sufism, the reality behind the world is not emptiness, but God.

title: Fana (Sufism)


text: User talk:71.240.64.236

title: User talk:71.240.64.236


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Porkbusters

What, so any campaign or activist project needs to meet your personal stamp of approval in order to be worth providing information on? Whether or not Wikipedia has an entry on it, the Porkbusters campaign is the collaborative effort of a huge number of people, writing to their congressmen and putting up the legislation that brings money to their localities. It exists and I can't see any justifiable reason for there not to be an entry here about it. As always, those within the wikipedia community are well within their rights to edit the content; if they believe the campaign is irrelevant or has had no influence or never will, they can say so, preferably adding further sources to the article when they do. Of course, those who believe otherwise are also within their rights to try and check them, and that is how I have been led to believe the system works here. Calling for the deletion of this simply because you don't like the sound of it demonstrates a stunning lack of comprehension of just what it is that Wikipedia is all about.--Amargo Scribe 21:17, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

As a Reagan Democrat I think the Bush Adm has grown the Fed Govt way too much. In my mind there are tons of unnecessary programs and projects being done with my tax$. Pork busters is great! If we cut *all* the pork the budget will be smaller in 07 than it was in 01 (FYs)

Jo macDougal


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Saxophonics

Saxophonics is the creation of sounds (both musical and non-musical) through the use of a saxophone and one or more electronic effects units, often altering the acoustic sound of the horn beyond recognition. Additionally, saxophonics often entails the use of altissimo, overtones, growling, and other extended techniques. The electronic effects may include distortion, doublers, loops, wah-wah, and tone generators.

Saxophonics is a recent term for techniques developed by saxophonists such as Eddie Harris and Sonny Stitt, who both began using the Varitone system to electrically amplify their saxophones during the late 1960s. In addition to playing the Varitone, Eddie Harris had experimented with looping techniques on his 1968 album Silver Cycles. David Sanborn and Traffic member Chris Wood employed effects such as wah-wah and delay on various recordings during the 1970s.

Rahsaan Roland Kirk often played several saxophones at once (though this technique has earlier roots in Wilbur Sweatman's vaudeville performances. ), Kirk was also a notable practitioner of circular breathing, allowing him to play lengthy passages without pause.

Recent practitioners of saxophonics include Dana Colley (of Morphine) who, like Kirk, plays multiple saxophones simultaneously (tenor and baritone saxophone in Colley's case) and Skerik (Critters Buggin', et al.) who employs numerous effects with tenor and baritone saxophone; Ben Ellman, who plays tenor and baritone saxophone in Galactic; and Cochemea Gastelum, who plays alto saxophone with Robert Walter's 20th Congress.

Saxophonics is also the name of at least one saxophone ensemble, such as one based in Wiltshire, and another in Newcastle upon Tyne.

title: Saxophonics


text:
Sweet Dreams (La Bouche song)

"Sweet Dreams (Ola Ola E)" is a song recorded by German Eurodance duo La Bouche. It was originally released in April 1994 by RCA Records as the lead single from the duo's debut album of the same name (1995). In North America, the song was released in November 1995. It was written by Melanie Thornton with Robert Haynes and Mehmet Sönmez, and produced by Frank Farian, Ulli Brenner and Gerd Amir Saraf.

"Sweet Dreams" received favorable reviews from music critics and was a global commercial success, reaching number one in both Italy and on the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart. In the United States, it reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, number three on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and number eight on the Cash Box Top 100, while in Australia, it also peaked at number eight. Two different music videos were produced to promote the single, directed by Nigel Simpkiss and Zack Ove.

In 2017, BuzzFeed ranked "Sweet Dreams" at number 53 in their list of the "101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s".

Background and recording
American singer and songwriter Melanie Thornton began pursuing her dream of being a professional singer while singing in a band called Danger Zone. After two years with the band, she was looking to move on. Her sister then urged Thornton to come overseas, where the sister's family had contacts in the music industry. Thornton arrived in Germany in 1992 with $15 in her pocket and found work with some small-time record producers who needed a vocalist for demo tracks. She then discovered she could make more money in studio sessions than performing live gigs.

Thornton came to German producer Frank Farian's attention just accidentally. She was working as a studio session vocalist, recording "Sweet Dreams", a song she had co-written. It was recorded as her fifth or sixth song, when Farian heard it. Thornton told in an interview, "I wasn't actually looking for a record deal. He (Farian) loved it and wanted to release it on his label." Farian liked the song but wanted a rapper to perform on it also. Thornton then suggested American rapper Lane McCray, which she had met three weeks earlier, while working with a cover band when he filled in as a replacement vocalist. McCray, a North Carolina native, was stationed in Germany while in the U.S. Air Force. Thornton told in the same interview, "He was still in the Air Force at the time, but he agreed to do it. The next thing you know we're released and shooting up the charts in Italy."

Composition
"Sweet Dreams" was written by Gerd Amir Saraf, Mehmet Sönmez, Melanie Thornton and Robert Haynes, and produced by Ulli Brenner, Saraf and Frank Farian. The song has a tempo of 134 beats per minute and is written in the key of B minor. It follows a chord progression of Bm7 – G – A, and the vocals span from A3 to B4.

The song's bridge samples American funk band Ripple's 1973 song "I Don't Know What It Is, but It Sure Is Funky".

Critical response
An editor from The Atlanta Journal-Constitution named "Sweet Dreams" a "high-energy hit". Michael Saunders from The Boston Globe praised the song as "glorious" and "effervescent". Gil L. Robertson IV from Cash Box magazine named it a standout track of the Sweet Dreams album. A Los Angeles Daily News reviewer considered it "energetic". Simon Price from Melody Maker felt the "scarily consistent" La Bouche "rok da house once again in reliably techno-tronic style." Pan-European magazine Music & Media remarked that the added value of this "throbbing piece of Euro dance is Melanie Thornton's massive vocals, which definitely set the track apart from most of her competition." Music & Media editor María Jímenez described it as "a high energy track with a pumped up familiar German techno sound and a little club hysteria," adding that it is "a prime candidate for crossing over."

Alan Jones from Music Week declared the song as "pulsating pop/hi-NRG with some refreshing bursts of guitar" and "yet another Euro-invader that is sure to score here." On the 1996 UK re-release, he added that its "throbbing, melodic Eurodance not too far removed from some of Snap's early work, it is hugely commercial. You have been warned." David Quantick from NME said, "Eurotrash but very nice with it. Better than Suede. No really. Well, the lyrics are, anyway." James Hamilton from Record Mirror deemed it a "routine Snap/Culture Beat-type (and Eurythmics influenced) Euro hit". People magazine noted that the track "underscore buoyant vocals with dark minor-key arrangements". A reviewer from Richmond Times-Dispatch commented, "I am insanely jealous of the lead female vocal, Melanie Thornton. She has a wonderful, flexible voice."

Airplay
"Sweet Dreams" entered the European airplay chart Border Breakers by Music & Media at number 19 on 25 June 1994 due to crossover airplay in Southern Europe. It peaked at number five on 3 September 1994.

Commercial performance
"Sweet Dreams" was a major hit single in several markets across the globe. In Europe, it peaked at number one in Italy in July 1994, as well as on the European Dance Radio Chart in September 1994. In the European Dance Radio year-end chart, the single also ended up as number one. It was also a top-10 hit in Austria (#3), Switzerland (#5), Spain (#6) and Germany (#8), a top-20 hit in Finland (#15), Iceland (#15), Ireland (#16) and on the Eurochart Hot 100 (#17). In the United Kingdom, "Sweet Dreams" had two runs on the UK Singles Chart, in 1994 and 1996. Its best position was at number 44 on 1 September 1996. Elsewhere, it reached number three in Israel, number five in Japan and number eight in Australia, being awarded a Gold certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for sales of 35,000 copies.

It was also successful in North America. In the United States, "Sweet Dreams" peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, number three on the Hot Dance Club Play chart and number eight the Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles chart. In Canada, the single reached number one on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in 1994, and peaked at number 28 on the RPM Top Singles chart in 1996.

Music videos
Two different music videos were made for "Sweet Dreams", one for the European market and one for the North American. The North American version was directed by Zack Ove and was released at the beginning of the year, in 1996. The European version was directed by Nigel Simpkiss and features Thornton and McCray performing the song in a surrounding of candlelights, candelabrums, red curtains, a bonfire and several back-up dancers. Soap bubbles appears in the air. Some scenes shows Thornton singing while lying in an iron bed with bedding in leopard and cow print. Other scenes sees her sitting in a golden chair. Throughout the video, McCray performs dancing with the other dancers. Towards the end, the duo performs in front of a fountain. It was released on August 22 and A-listed on Germany's VIVA TV channel in October 1994. The video was later made available by Vevo on YouTube in 2016 and had generated more than 23 million views as of October 2023.

Legacy and impact
In 2017, American entertainment company BuzzFeed ranked "Sweet Dreams" at number 53 in their list of the "101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s". Matt Stopera and Brian Galindo stated that "the "hola, hola, eh" makes this a multilingual smash!" James Arena, writer of Stars of '90s Dance Pop: 29 Hitmakers Discuss Their Careers said that the song and its follow-up, "Be My Lover", "are widely regarded today as indispensable classics of the decade."

Track listing and formats

 * 12-inch vinyl single
 * A1. "Sweet Dreams" (Club Mix) – 4:55
 * A2. "Sweet Dreams" (House Mix) – 6:38
 * B1. "Sweet Dreams" (Oriental Mix) – 5:17
 * B2. "Sweet Dreams" (Hola Mix) – 5:10

 * CD single
 * 1) "Sweet Dreams" (Radio Version) – 3:23
 * 2) "Sweet Dreams" (House Mix) – 6:38

 * CD maxi-single
 * 1) "Sweet Dreams" (Radio Version) – 3:23
 * 2) "Sweet Dreams" (Club Mix) – 4:55
 * 3) "Sweet Dreams" (House Mix) – 6:38
 * 4) "Sweet Dreams" (Oriental Mix) – 5:17
 * 5) "Sweet Dreams" (Hola Mix) – 5:10

 * CD maxi-single (Remixes)
 * 1) "Sweet Dreams" (Airplay Edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Sweet Dreams" (Loveland UK Mix) – 7:00
 * 3) "Sweet Dreams" (Italian No. 1 Mix) – 5:09
 * 4) "Sweet Dreams" (French 'hit des clubs' Mix) – 5:35
 * 5) "Sweet Dreams" (House Mix) – 6:38

title: Sweet Dreams (La Bouche song)


text: User talk:70.24.65.29

title: User talk:70.24.65.29


text:
Template talk:WikiProject Numismatics

Placement
Glad to see the numismatics project up and running again, but templates like this, with meta-information, should go on the talk pages, not the articles themselves. –Hajor 21:18, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
I accidentally hit Enter before finishing my edit summary on this edit. I'd meant to write: "Add 'please' text back in". jareha (comments) 08:27, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Cryptocurrency task force
Can someone add a cryptocurrency task force to this template? TheMagikCow (talk) 10:04, 28 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Have a look at . You may want to alter the image and the categories. Also, if you don't want the class assessments to be picked up by the Cryptocurrency task force, remove the line yes and if you don't want a separate importance assessment, remove the line tf 1 importance If you remove both, you can also remove the line Cryptocurrency articles. -- Red rose64 (talk) 14:42, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

American currency task force
Could someone add the American currency task force to the template? Thanks - ZLEA  T \ C 16:16, 2 April 2019 (UTC)
 * do you know how to do this? - ZLEA  T \ C 16:32, 3 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Which template? Forgive me, it's been a while since I've given much attention to the WikiProject.--Wehwalt (talk) 16:40, 3 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Template:WikiProject Numismatics - ZLEA  T \ C 16:44, 3 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I've made the proposed changes at Template:WikiProject Numismatics/sandbox 2. - ZLEA  T \ C 20:53, 3 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Why there? The template doesn't provide useful links to that; but it does provide links to Template:WikiProject Numismatics/sandbox, a page which I created some years ago for this precise purpose. I have  for you. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 06:24, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I've merged the two — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 07:58, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: is it intentional to remove the large switch for the image? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 07:56, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: as well as the above, there are other major changes such as changing the quality scale. Please synchronise with the live template and make your changes again. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 07:57, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Done - ZLEA  T \ C 15:09, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done although you should really have got half a dozen editors on board before starting this new task force — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 16:44, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

US-centric images
As well as the cent image on the project portal, I note that 8-9 of the 16 images included in the template are from US numismatic history. A further 2-3 are from North America. This is not a representative selection from the project - or, at least, should not be. Can we please have a rethink? One or two should be plenty. The rest could be replaced by Greek/Roman/Medieval coins. —Brigade Piron (talk) 07:57, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:WikiProject Numismatics


text:
Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias

Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias  (21 December 1918 – 11 June 2019) was a Peruvian philosopher, journalist and politician.

In his works he discusses the belief in "human nature" on the basis that any collective assumption about such a nature will be frustrating, and will have negative public results. He was interested in so-called "unorthodox logics". The term "paraconsistent logic" was coined in 1976 by him.

He was the first person of the Americas to hold the position of president of the International Federation of Philosophy Societies, elected in Moscow in 1990.

Biography
He was the son of journalist Óscar Miró Quesada de la Guerra and María Josefina Cantuarias Dañino. His father, a renowned social researcher, was director of the newspaper El Comercio belonging to his family.

He completed his school studies, first, at the Pensionnat du Sacré-Coeur de Passy, in Paris, and then at the schools of the Sacred Hearts of Belén and Recoleta, and at the Antonio Raimondi Italian school in Lima. He completed his studies at the Faculty of Arts of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, where he graduated from Bachelor of Philosophy with the thesis Crítica de la prueba ontológica a través de San Anselmo, Descartes, Spinoza y Leibniz (Critique of the ontological argument through Anselm, Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz) in 1938, and he continued at the National University of San Marcos, where he studied Philosophy and Mathematics, opting for the degree of doctor with the thesis ''Algunos estudios sobre las categorías. Ensayo de una crítica de la vida sicológica en general (Some studies on the categories. Essay of a critique of psychological life in general'') in 1939. Subsequently, he obtained the bachelors in Mathematics and Law (1953) in the latter university and the title of lawyer.

He made his debut in 1941 with Sentido del movimiento fenomenológico (Meaning of the phenomenological movement). The term paraconsistent logic was coined by Miró Quesada at the Third Latin America Conference on Mathematical Logic in 1976.

After Miró Quesada graduated from the University of San Marcos with a doctorate in Philosophy, he began teaching there as a professor of Contemporary Philosophy. Later, in 1952, he was granted a scholarship by UNESCO to go to France, Italy, and England to study the formation of the secondary teaching staff. In 1953, he published the Sunday Supplement (el Suplemento Dominical).

In July 1963, during the first Popular Action government, President Fernando Belaúnde Terry appointed him Minister of Public Education of Peru. As such, he made several innovations, among which highlight the creation of an office dedicated to serving parents, another oriented to the attention of the members of the teachers' union; the massive construction of classrooms using the methods of Popular Cooperation – one of the principles inspired by the acciopopulist ideology; the application, for the first time, of bilingual education methods in Peru; and the incorporation of a high percentage of the primary school population into the education system. In October 1964, he was questioned by the appropriate majority of the National Parliament and censured for leaving the floor without the debate over the alleged illegal transfer of several million soles from his office.

During the government of Francisco Morales Bermúdez, he was an ideologist summoned for this management and worked as a professor at Cayetano Heredia University and Lima University. Upon reaching seventy years of age, he was dismissed at the University of Lima; and went on to work at the Ricardo Palma University. He continues publishing in the newspaper of his family, El Comercio de Lima.

From 2003 to September 2008, he served as the journalistic director of the newspaper El Comercio.

Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias received on 9 December 2008 the Medal of Honor of the Congress of the Republic, in the degree of Grand Officer for his outstanding philosophical work, journalism, political thought and scientific dissemination.

title: Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2011 Cricket World Cup

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to keep the article. Denelson83 03:39, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

2011 Cricket World Cup
Textbook crystalballery. Right now, it's unsourced speculation about a future dispute (which has yet to arise, as far as I can tell) over the location of an event six years in the future. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 21:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just to make it perfectly unambiguous: Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Why isn't this a criteria for a speedy? / Peter Isotalo 21:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the development of this debate shows exactly why it isn't, and should never be, a speedy. Xoloz 17:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep As the article makes clear, it's just become a very important dispute in the world of cricket politics. See for example. I should add that since we were both on IRC at the time, and I explicitly mentioned this article as one that did have substance, I'm surprised you did not discuss the matter with me rather than list this article for deletion. I'd have happily explained the point, jguk 21:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't see any comments to that effect in IRC; granted, I was busy quibbling over the merits of assault rifles at the time. If this is the only relevant fact and preparation won't begin for years yet, why is this not a minor mention in Cricket World Cup? Why is even documented speculation about a future dispute meritorious of a standalone article? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 21:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I have pruned the most speculative parts of the article. What remains would be hard to source, as it is undoubtedly common knowledge in cricketing circles. I would recommend the addition of a source for "it came to the media's attention that the Asian nations, led by India may put in a bid that almost certainly would be able to outvote Australia's claim instead". While this is certainly true, it would help to have a source. [[Sam Korn ]] 21:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Arg, Jguk (and now Sam!), you beat me to it! Here's my site .  Of the latest news when I looked at this site 4 of the lead stories (out of 15) where about the 2011 World cup.  It seems like a big deal.  --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * weak transwiki to Wikinews? Seems like it MAY be appropriate there... Roodog2k  (Hello there!) 21:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball is not relevant here, since it is clear that this event is going to take place and much of the palnning and jockeying for votes has already started. It's fairly big news in several parts of the world already, and Cricinfo regularly has quite a bit of news and information about it. Grutness...  wha?  00:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's an event that will certainly happen, and is currently big news because of the political wrangling taking place over it. -dmmaus 00:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as per Grutness. Carioca 01:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: we have Football World Cup 2010, so the fact that it's a number of years away falls down. And as others have said, this is an argument of considerable importance in cricket politics, since the increasing influence of the subcontinental countries is in itself a story - enough so that anyone who reads Cricinfo (ie most cricket followers) will be reading a good deal about it. Loganberry (Talk) 01:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Grutness. This event really will happen, which means it's not just blind prognosticating. PacknCanes 03:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, see 2016 Summer Olympics (venue to decided). The 2011 Cricket World Cup will happen, it's only a question of where. -- Ian ≡ talk 03:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep an event that is likely to happen, so it isn't a crystal ball thing. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  05:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; controversy is real, sourced, and a matter of some international interest. "Crystal ball" would be if the article attempted to assert or predict the actual outcome. MCB 06:42, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep: real event, real row going on, no crystal ball required. Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Nuff sed. ---Peripatetic 08:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Tintin 13:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per points made above.--Vivenot 16:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Grutness. Xoloz 17:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above arguments. -- Cactus.man  ✍  10:01, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete 2011 is just a wee bit too far in the future. I mean, really, 2011? that is half a dozen years from now. One or two years is perfectly fine, but 6? Again, very strong delete. Masterhatch 10:39, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Masterhatch, your point is undermined by the fact that there are articles for the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics.--Vivenot 17:54, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge into a broader article on cricket politics. Cool3 04:08, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - it's going to happen, just like other upcoming major sporting events. --A bit iffy 12:09, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - the content of the article should be changed, but the article itself should still exist, as qualification has already begun --DavidEdwards 15:43, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - Lots of good information for Cricket & Sport lovers. Bwfc 23:17, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - It doesn't matter how far it is in the future. If it is being discussed about now, then an article is written about it now  Da Gizza  Chat (c) 11:03, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Conneff Park

Conneff Park is a GAA stadium in Clane, County Kildare, Ireland. It is the home of Clane GAA and one of the main grounds of Kildare's hurling team. The ground is named after Tommy Conneff, an Irish athlete.

title: Conneff Park


text:
Pons Fabricius

The Pons Fabricius (Ponte Fabricio, "Fabrician Bridge") or Ponte dei Quattro Capi, is the oldest extant bridge in Rome, Italy. Built in 62 BC, it spans half of the Tiber River, from the Campus Martius on the east side to Tiber Island in the middle (the Pons Cestius is west of the island). Quattro Capi ("four heads") refers to the two marble pillars of the two-faced Janus herms on the parapet, which were moved here from the nearby Church of St Gregory (Monte Savello) in the 14th century.

Bridge
According to Dio Cassius, the bridge was built in 62 BC, the year after Cicero was consul, to replace an earlier wooden bridge destroyed by fire. It was commissioned by Lucius Fabricius, the curator of the roads and a member of the gens Fabricia of Rome. Completely intact from Roman antiquity, it has been in continuous use ever since.

The Pons Fabricius has a length of 62 m, and is 5.5 m wide. It is constructed from two wide arches spanning 80 feet, supported by a central pillar in the middle of the stream. The arches of this bridge are the first ones on any Roman bridge that were not semi-circular. This is possibly caused by the semi-circle being located below the water line. Its core is constructed of tuff. Its outer facing today is made of bricks and travertine. A relief is located 20 feet above the pier. During times of flood, this relief served as an additional waterway.

Inscription
An original inscription on the travertine commemorates its builder in Latin: L. FABRICIVS. C. F. CVR. VIAR | FACIVNDVM. COERAVIT | IDEMQVE | PROBAVIT ("Lucius Fabricius, son of Gaius, superintendent of the roads, took care and likewise approved that it be built"). It is repeated four times, once on each side of each arch.

A later inscription, in smaller lettering, records that the bridge was restored under Pope Innocent XI, probably in 1679.

title: Pons Fabricius


text:
Annafest

The Annafest is a Franconian folk festival held yearly about 26 July (St. Anna's day) in the Kellerwald ("Cellar Woods") in the town of Forchheim. It started in 1840.

The area is known for Bierkellers, or beer cellars, that showcase their food and drinks during the festival. The festival also offers carnival rides and live musical performances.

The festival's food stands sell German sausages, barbecued food, platters and fried fish as well as non-consumables. The Annafest contains seating for about 30,000, and the Kellerwald provides enough space for the 45,000 – 50,000 visitors who come each day, and up to 600,000 during the 10 days festival period.

Annafest's history
The local breweries Hebendanz, Greif, Eichhorn and Neder all brew a strong Bock beer specially for this festival, the so-called Annafestbier. This is stored for several weeks before the festival begins.

Dates

 * 2006: July 22 – July 31
 * 2007: July 21 – July 30
 * 2008: July 26 – August 4
 * 2009: July 25 – August 3
 * 2010: July 24 – August 2
 * 2011: July 23 – August 1
 * 2012: July 21 – July 30
 * 2013: July 20 – July 29
 * 2014: July 25 – August 4
 * 2015: July 24 – August 3
 * 2016: July 22 – August 1
 * 2017: July 21 – July 31
 * 2018: July 20 – July 30
 * 2019: July 26 – August 5
 * 2020: July 24 – August 3 (cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic)
 * 2021: July 23 – August 2 (cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic)
 * 2022: July 22 – August 1
 * 2023: July 21 – July 31
 * 2024: July 26 – August 5
 * 2025: July 25 – August 4

The beer and the cellars
At the Forchheimer Annafest, beer is served in 23 cellars, which are divided into "upper" and "lower" cellars due to their location on the slope of the Kellerberg.

The 13 lower cellars and their beers are:

Schindlerkeller (Brauerei Greif), Greif-Keller (Brauerei Greif), Schäffbräu Keller* (Schanzenbräu), Hebendanz-Keller (Brauerei Hebendanz), Mahrs-Bräu-Keller* (formberly Kronen-Keller, Mahrsbräu), Fritz-Schneider-Keller* (Brauerei Simon), Winterbauer-Keller (Brauerei Först), Brauerei Hofmann (St.-Georgen-Bräu), Schaufel-Keller, Kaiser-Keller* (Veldensteiner Kaiser-Bräu), Brauwastl-Keller* (Brauwastl), Nürnberger-Tor-Keller* (Brauerei Nikl), Fäßla-Keller* (Veldensteiner Kaiser-Bräu).

The 10 upper cellars are:

Schlößla-Keller (Brauerei Hebendanz), Glocken-Keller (Brauerei Rittmayer), Stäffala-Keller (Veldensteiner Kaiser-Bräu), Eichhorn-Keller (Eichhorn), Weiß-Tauben-Keller* (Täubla), Hoffmanns Keller (Brauerei Greif), Schwanen-Keller* (Zirndorfer Landbier), Neder-Keller (Neder-Brauerei), Schützenkeller  (all Forchheimer beers), Blümleins-Keller* (Eichhorn).

The beer cellars marked with * are only open during the Annafest. The others are open in the summer season (usually from May 1 to the end of September). A few are also open in winter.

The local breweries Brauerei Hebendanz, Brauerei Greif, Eichhorn and Brauerei Neder brew a strong beer especially for this festival, the Annafestbier, which is stored in the beer cellars in the Kellerwald for several weeks before the start of the festival. For the first time in 2011, the Rittmayer brewery in nearby Hallerndorf brewed a special Annafestbier, which was served in the Weiß-Tauben-Keller.

title: Annafest


text:
User talk:Davehard

Rush songs
So what do you suggest? Rename the heading "Song articles"? Deckiller 23:46, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Hey
Solid work reshaping the Rush Instrumentals page. Deckiller 13:57, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Merry Christmas to you too ^_^ Deckiller 15:22, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Happy holidays!

Deckiller 03:16, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Getting Rush featured
Hey, I think we're getting close to FA status. I can only see one major issue: citations and references. Deckiller 18:14, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, basically. We can put the links in the articles themselves, or do it footnote style and maybe have a second section for general references. Xenosaga and Majora's Mask have decent examples. Deckiller 19:00, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Proper use of "'s" (as edited in Pink Floyd)
The "dangling apostrophe" is rarely approprate. It is only (usually, with rare exceptions) used when using the possesive tense on a plural form of a noun which ends in "S".

The confusion is often related to a singular form of a noun which ends in the letter "S". For example, "Roger Waters's solo work," is the correct form, as it is a singular noun which appends the "'s" to indicate the possesive.

To give a common example, the word "parent" is singular. "Parents" is the plural form of the noun. If your parents are together in their house, it is the proper form to use the dangling apostrophe and write "I went to dinner at my parents' house," as you are indicating the possesive of a plural noun. If one of your parents is gone and only one lives at the house, "I went to dinner at my parent's house," would be the right form.

I've been dealing with this all my life as my name ends in "S". If you want to research a relatively recent debate about the subject which many major media outlets made mistakes in, there was a big argument about it a few years back when Bridget Jones's Diary was released, as many media outlets were incorrectly printing the title as Bridget Jones' Diary. - dharmabum 12:08, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:The jam the gift.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:The jam the gift.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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undid Liza Goddard
Undid revision 111559469 by Nick Roche - why?

Message from User:Nick Roche 13:20, 2 March 2007 (GMT)

Revision was on Hannah Murray page!

Message from User:Nick Roche 16:55, 4 March 2007 (GMT)

By all means do your own research but consider that

1 Hannah Murray's resemblance to Liza Goddard is uncanny and the possible relationship is therefore worth exploring. It would at least add a human dimension to what currently appears to be an identity construct created by E4. 2 There appear to be no biographical details anywhere for Hannah Murray leading me to suspect that they are being deliberately withheld (i.e. not promoted) probably because of her age and possibly because acting is not currently her main career goal and/or Hannah Murray is not her real name. 3 A single part in an ephemeral, albeit heavily promoted, UK TV series does not qualify an actress for an encyclopedia entry. 4 You do not offer any triangulated references to confirm that "Hannah Murray" is any less a fictional character than "Cassie" but you have created an encyclopedia entry for her anyway (with virtually no content). All you have done is to act as a volunteer for the Skins marketing campaign which really isn't pushing very hard against the boundaries of human knowledge.

Nice to hear from you :-)

Message from User:Nick Roche 10.10, 5 March 2007 (GMT)

LOL also Daveh789 - see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Davehard&oldid=45424702 Message from User:Nick Roche 15.00, 6 March 2007 (GMT)

Fair use rationale for Image:Blinx2front.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davehard


text:
Talk:Ricky Ricardo

Worst. Wikipedia article. EVER.

--

Let's add meaningful content or delete -- 20 October 2005

 * agreed. also, I think the popular culture section should make mention of his punch-line phrase: "Lucy, you got some 'splainin' to do!", which has entered western vernacular. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.27.105.92 (talk) 15:19, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. This is, by far, one of the worst articles on WIkipedia and I've read the pro-wrestling articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.31.155.94 (talk) 17:16, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

Issues
This article has serious issues aside from lacking citations.
 * The tone is like a personal reflection or essay:
 * "All seem to know him and deal with him as sort of an old friend."
 * "That eternity was (perhaps) cut short as Ricardo disappears into television black space on April 1, 1960."

 * It's at times excessively detailed:
 * "Only the Duffs (Ida Lupino and her husband Howard Duff) seem to not know him during their stay in a cabin in 'Lucy Takes A Vacation' on the Comedy Hour program."
 * "Their move coincides with the release of the very popular movie and Sloan Wilson novel 'The Man In The Gray Flannel Suit' in the public domain."

 * It's often written in an in-universe style:
 * "Ricardo is fairly unique for someone in his position and era."
 * "Even when Ricardo catches on his wife she finds some way to get around him."

The grammar often has issues too, as the above quotes also illustrate. The article has some good information but it needs serious work. It probably has the largest number of distinct, serious issues of any article I've read on Wikipedia. 24.220.188.43 (talk) 14:09, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Merge to Lucy and Ricky Ricardo
With the recent WP:RM at Talk:Lucy Ricardo resolving by renaming  to , I have now edited this article '' to redirect to 'Lucy and Ricky Ricardo'. The old material is still in the history if anyone feel the need to move any more over from here. -- →gab  24 dot  grab← 21:38, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ricky Ricardo


text:
User:Cintia ceitec

Hi,

Welcome to Wikipedia. I noticed you uploaded a Ceitec logo. FYI, we have a policy against writing articles about yourself; see Vanity. Usually these "vanity" articles are deleted.

Regards,

Tempshill 21:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Cintia ceitec


text: User talk:81.179.102.68

title: User talk:81.179.102.68


text: User talk:85.250.172.177

title: User talk:85.250.172.177


text:
GER Class S56

The  GER Class S56 was a class of steams designed by James Holden for the Great Eastern Railway. Together with some rebuilt examples of GER Class R24, they passed to the London and North Eastern Railway at the grouping in 1923, and received the LNER classification J69.

History
The Class S56 were a development of the Class R24, being almost identical, apart from higher boiler pressure and larger water tanks. Twenty were built in 1904 at Stratford Works. All twenty passed to the LNER in 1923. Thirteen class J69 locomotives were lent to the War Department in October 1939, of which five had been built as Class S56. They were sold to the War Department in October 1940, where they were used on the Melbourne and Longmoor Military Railways. The remaining locomotives were renumbered 8617–8636 in order of construction; however gaps were left where the locomotives sold to the War Department would have been. At nationalisation in 1948, the remainder passed to British Railways, who added 60000 to their number. Post-war withdrawals started in 1958, and by 1962 all had been retired.

Preservation
GER no. 87 (LNER 7087, 8633, BR 68633) has been preserved, initially at the Clapham Transport Museum, and now at the National Railway Museum. It is currently on display at Bressingham Steam Museum.

title: GER Class S56


text: User talk:62.6.161.161

title: User talk:62.6.161.161


text: User talk:71.38.227.189

title: User talk:71.38.227.189