text:
Talk:Award or decoration

"New York firm Society Awards"
Pretty transparent advertising on this page. The list just happens to consist mostly of awards they make, and is the manufacturer really the most relevant bit of information? Also, feels redundant reading the same sentence over and over. At least compress it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.41.145.210 (talk) 03:24, 26 March 2018 (UTC)

Can someone please tell me
whats the difference between an academy award, Oscar and an Emmy?

And are there any other types of awards?

Pece Kocovski 11:49, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * "Oscar" is the nickname commonly used for the Academy Award, which is from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; the Emmy Award comes from the equivalent organization for television. So the first is for movies — though some of the movies, such as documentaries, may be shown on TV — and the second is for television programs, which could include films made for TV. There's a little overlap in theory, but they're separate awards from distinct organizations. The best way to understand the difference is to read the two articles, of course.Lawikitejana 12:42, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

categorization discussion
Hi -- I proposed to merge the categories Category:Awards, Category:Prizes together; and further to merge Category:Award winners, Category:Prize winners, and Category:Recipients of formal honors. Discussion at Categories for discussion/Log/2007 January 9 and Categories for discussion/Log/2007 January 9. I know there are technical distinctions (prizes usually used for awards with money, but occasionally just for money rewards), but as a category, the distinctions seem hard to maintain and not very useful. --lquilter 15:53, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

SAG Lifetime Achievement Award
The Screen Actors Guild gave a Lifetime Achievement Award to Julie Andrews in January 2007, but the SAG and Awards pages in Wiki don't reflect the existence of the award, much less her receipt of it. I propose that SAG be added on this page to the list of organizations giving a Lifetime Achievement Award. I made the suggestion at the SAG talk page that the SAG Lifetime Achievement Award, and the fact that Ms Andrews received it for 2006, be shown there. Pnoble805 09:43, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion
In "Irrationality: The Enemy Within", Stuart Sutherland argues that awards are harmful to society. You might like to think about including that. James500 (talk) 11:53, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

Etymology
Award has its roots in the word esguarder, to be thoroughly guarded. A Ward. I think that some mention of this meaning could be added, especially since this page has too much info from a single source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stayhomegal (talk • contribs) 19:52, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:31, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Award or decoration


text:
ASD Victor San Marino

Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Victor San Marino, better known as Victor San Marino, is a Sammarinese professional football club based in the city of Acquaviva, that competes in the Serie D, the fourth tier of Italian football, since being promoted in 2023.

The original club was founded in 1960 as S.S. Serenissima (Società Sportiva Serenissima), before merging with S.S. Juvenes in 1973, changing its name to A.C. San Marino (Associazione Calcio San Marino), after which it changed its name to, San Marino Calcio in 1988, and again in 2021 to its current name, A.S.D. Victor San Marino (Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Victor San Marino). It is the only football club based in the Republic of San Marino authorized by the FIGC to compete in the Italian football league The club colours are sky blue and white, reminiscent of the Sammarinese flag.

Historically, the highest level reached by the club was the Italian third tier, with a highest finish of tenth place. This makes it therefore the only Sanmarinese football team to have played in a professional league, as the national tournament of San Marino is amateur-level. Since the club is a full member of the Italian league system, it would hypothetically represent Italy in continental competitions, rather than its home country.

On 4 July 2019 the sports title of the San Marino Calcio is transferred to the Cattolica Calcio, which takes the name of "Cattolica Calcio San Marino" and which is admitted to the Serie D championship. The company retained its legal and administrative headquarters in the Republic of San Marino, but sporting activity took place in Cattolica and the colors become yellow and red. In 2021, the team was refounded to represent San Marino in the Italian league system. After which, they got promoted to Serie D, which they will be competing in the 2023–24 season.

History
The club was founded as Società Sportiva Serenissima in 1960 by the San Marino Football Federation, in order to have a team representing the Republic of San Marino in the Italian league. The club was later purchased by Sammarinese and Italian entrepreneurs.

The foundation year is still disputed, mainly due to another team sponsored (but not owned) by the San Marino Football Federation, called Libertas-Tre Penne, having taken part in the Italian championship in 1959. The crest of Tre Penne is still visible on that of San Marino Calcio. Serenissima also inherited Libertas-Tre Penne's colors.

San Marino Calcio is the only professional football team in the Republic of San Marino that is allowed to play exclusively in the Italian football league system. Since the San Marino Football League is completely amateur, the club is also the only professional team in the Republic. Another team from San Marino, A.C. Juvenes/Dogana, competed in both the amateur levels of Italian football and in the Sammarinese league in the past, but has since withdrawn from the FIGC.

Early years
A.C. San Marino began playing in 1960 in the Seconda Categoria, since the Terza Categoria did not exist in the Italian football league system at that time. After being promoted from the Seconda and Prima Categoria, the team began playing in the higher level, the Promozione before being relegated to the Prima Categoria in the 1976–77 season. They continued to play in the Prima Categoria for the next four seasons until they won the championship and were promoted to the Promozione again in the 1979–80 season. A.C. San Marino's stay in the Promozione was short lived, however; within two seasons they were relegated to the Prima Categoria.

The team established themselves as a yo-yo club as they were once again promoted to the Promozione as champions in the 1984–85 season. The team then saw back-to-back championships as they won the Promozione the following season, and were promoted for the first time to the Serie D, the highest amateur league in Italy. San Marino's success continued as they finished in second place in Serie D in the 1986–87 season, a championship they went on to win in the following year. In the 1988–89 season, the team appeared in the lowest level of the Italian professional league (Serie C2) for the first time.

In 1988 A.C. San Marino became a joint stock company and changed its name from A.C. San Marino to San Marino Calcio. The renamed team was relegated to Serie D in the 1989–90 season after finishing second-last in Serie C2. After finishing 17th in the 1991–92 season San Marino Calcio were relegated again, this time to the Eccellenza, but were again promoted to Serie D in the 1992–93 season. In the 1995–96 season San Marino Calcio were relegated to the Eccellenza again after a three-year stay in Serie D, but they were again promoted in the 1996–97 season.

The club's success was due in part to the appointment of the San Marino national football team manager Giampaolo Mazza, who led them to two non-consecutive Eccellenza championships. In the 1999–2000 season San Marino Calcio were promoted to the Serie C2 as champions of Serie D.

Post millennium
San Marino Calcio began the new millennium in the fourth level of Italian professional football, receiving a major boost with the arrival of the legendary San Marino international Andy Selva. Napoli (old Napoli which bankrupted in 2004) also takeover the club as investor in 2000 but re-sold in November 2002. San Marino Calcio consolidated their place in Serie C2 by finishing in the top half of the league standings for the next three seasons. The team was able to reach the 2003–04 play-off final, but was defeated, and remained in Serie C2 after finishing fourth in the league. San Marino Calcio's 2004–05 season was more successful: they were victorious in the play-off final, and thus reached Lega Pro Prima Divisione (formerly Serie C1) for the first time. The team was relegated again to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione during the 2006–07 season.

In December 2006 Werther Cornieti, the chairman of the club, left due to controversial allegations and criticism during a sports broadcast. Daniele De Luigi was later confirmed as the new chairman of San Marino Calcio.

In the season 2011–12 it was promoted from Lega Pro Seconda Divisione to Lega Pro Prima Divisione. The club stayed at that level for three seasons, but got relegated to Serie D after a last place finish in the 2014–15 season. In 2023, the club was promoted back to Serie D after finishing at the top of the Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna Group B.

Colours and badge
The club's home kit consists of a light blue shirt with white and black inserts, black shorts, and black socks. Their away kit consists of a white shirt with dark blue inserts, white shorts, and black socks. San Marino Calcio released a third kit for merchandising, which consists of a red shirt with dark blue inserts, red shorts, and red socks.

The golden frame of their badge contains the team name and the phrase "Titanus aggressurus Olympum", which refers to the Titans in Greek mythology. Pictured in the center of the badge is a Titan. In Italian, the word "Titan" signifies both the race of mythological gods and Monte Titano, the highest point in San Marino. The left-hand circle represents the badge of Tre Penne, one of San Marino Calcio's two founding teams, and the right-hand circle represents the old San Marino Calcio badge.

Stadio Olimpico
The Olympic Stadium was the home of San Marino Calcio (currently Victor San Marino) until 2019. The stadium is located in Serravalle and was constructed in 1969. It is also home to the San Marino national football team and, in the past, to the Serravalle-based football club A.C. Juvenes/Dogana. The Olympic Stadium is an all-seater stadium and has a capacity of 6,664.

Honours

 * Updated 8 May 2012.

Serie C2
 * Champions:
 * Runner-up: 2011–12
 * Promoted by Play–offs 1: 2004–05 (it)

Lega Pro Seconda Divisione
 * Champions:
 * Runners-up 1: 2011–12 (promoted)
 * Promoted by Play–offs:

Serie D
 * Champions 2: 1987–88 (it), 1999–2000 (it)
 * Runners-up 1: 1986–87 (it)

Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna
 * Champions 2: 1992–93 (it), 1996–1997, 2022-23(it)

Promozione Emilia-Romagna
 * Champions 1: 1985–86 (it)

Prima Categoria
 * Champions 2: 1979–80, 1984–85

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ASD Victor San Marino


text:
Predictive Model Markup Language

The Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) is an XML-based predictive model interchange format conceived by Robert Lee Grossman, then the director of the National Center for Data Mining at the University of Illinois at Chicago. PMML provides a way for analytic applications to describe and exchange predictive models produced by data mining and machine learning algorithms. It supports common models such as logistic regression and  other feedforward neural networks. Version 0.9 was published in 1998. Subsequent versions have been developed by the Data Mining Group.

Since PMML is an XML-based standard, the specification comes in the form of an XML schema. PMML itself is a mature standard with over 30 organizations having announced products supporting PMML.

PMML components
A PMML file can be described by the following components:

 * Header: contains general information about the PMML document, such as copyright information for the model, its description, and information about the application used to generate the model such as name and version. It also contains an attribute for a timestamp which can be used to specify the date of model creation.
 * Data Dictionary: contains definitions for all the possible fields used by the model. It is here that a field is defined as continuous, categorical, or ordinal (attribute optype). Depending on this definition, the appropriate value ranges are then defined as well as the data type (such as, string or double).
 * Data Transformations: transformations allow for the mapping of user data into a more desirable form to be used by the mining model. PMML defines several kinds of simple data transformations.
 * Normalization: map values to numbers, the input can be continuous or discrete.
 * Discretization: map continuous values to discrete values.
 * Value mapping: map discrete values to discrete values.
 * Functions (custom and built-in): derive a value by applying a function to one or more parameters.
 * Aggregation: used to summarize or collect groups of values.
 * Model: contains the definition of the data mining model. E.g., A multi-layered feedforward neural network is represented in PMML by a "NeuralNetwork" element which contains attributes such as:
 * Model Name (attribute modelName)
 * Function Name (attribute functionName)
 * Algorithm Name (attribute algorithmName)
 * Activation Function (attribute activationFunction)
 * Number of Layers (attribute numberOfLayers)
 * This information is then followed by three kinds of neural layers which specify the architecture of the neural network model being represented in the PMML document. These attributes are NeuralInputs, NeuralLayer, and NeuralOutputs. Besides neural networks, PMML allows for the representation of many other types of models including support vector machines, association rules, Naive Bayes classifier, clustering models, text models, decision trees, and different regression models.

 * Mining Schema: a list of all fields used in the model. This can be a subset of the fields as defined in the data dictionary. It contains specific information about each field, such as:
 * Name (attribute name): must refer to a field in the data dictionary
 * Usage type (attribute usageType): defines the way a field is to be used in the model. Typical values are: active, predicted, and supplementary. Predicted fields are those whose values are predicted by the model.
 * Outlier Treatment (attribute outliers): defines the outlier treatment to be use. In PMML, outliers can be treated as missing values, as extreme values (based on the definition of high and low values for a particular field), or as is.
 * Missing Value Replacement Policy (attribute missingValueReplacement): if this attribute is specified then a missing value is automatically replaced by the given values.
 * Missing Value Treatment (attribute missingValueTreatment): indicates how the missing value replacement was derived (e.g. as value, mean or median).
 * Targets: allows for post-processing of the predicted value in the format of scaling if the output of the model is continuous. Targets can also be used for classification tasks. In this case, the attribute priorProbability specifies a default probability for the corresponding target category. It is used if the prediction logic itself did not produce a result. This can happen, e.g., if an input value is missing and there is no other method for treating missing values.
 * Output: this element can be used to name all the desired output fields expected from the model. These are features of the predicted field and so are typically the predicted value itself, the probability, cluster affinity (for clustering models), standard error, etc. The latest release of PMML, PMML 4.1, extended Output to allow for generic post-processing of model outputs. In PMML 4.1, all the built-in and custom functions that were originally available only for pre-processing became available for post-processing too.

PMML 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3
PMML 4.0 was released on June 16, 2009.

Examples of new features included:

 * Improved Pre-Processing Capabilities: Additions to built-in functions include a range of Boolean operations and an If-Then-Else function.
 * Time Series Models: New exponential Smoothing models; also place holders for ARIMA, Seasonal Trend Decomposition, and Spectral density estimation, which are to be supported in the near future.
 * Model Explanation: Saving of evaluation and model performance measures to the PMML file itself.
 * Multiple Models: Capabilities for model composition, ensembles, and segmentation (e.g., combining of regression and decision trees).
 * Extensions of Existing Elements: Addition of multi-class classification for Support Vector Machines, improved representation for Association Rules, and the addition of Cox Regression Models.

PMML 4.1 was released on December 31, 2011.

New features included:

 * New model elements for representing Scorecards, k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Baseline Models.
 * Simplification of multiple models. In PMML 4.1, the same element is used to represent model segmentation, ensemble, and chaining.
 * Overall definition of field scope and field names.
 * A new attribute that identifies for each model element if the model is ready or not for production deployment.
 * Enhanced post-processing capabilities (via the Output element).

PMML 4.2 was released on February 28, 2014.

New features include:

 * Transformations: New elements for implementing text mining
 * New built-in functions for implementing regular expressions: matches, concat, and replace
 * Simplified outputs for post-processing
 * Enhancements to Scorecard and Naive Bayes model elements

PMML 4.3 was released on August 23, 2016.

New features include:

 * New Model Types:
 * Gaussian Process
 * Bayesian Network
 * New built-in functions
 * Usage clarifications
 * Documentation improvements

Version 4.4 was released in November 2019.

Data Mining Group
The Data Mining Group is a consortium managed by the Center for Computational Science Research, Inc., a nonprofit founded in 2008. The Data Mining Group also developed a standard called Portable Format for Analytics, or PFA, which is complementary to PMML.

title: Predictive Model Markup Language


text:
Mio, My Son

Mio, My Son is a children's book by Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren. It was first published in 1954 in Sweden with the Swedish title Mio, min Mio (literally "Mio, my Mio"). The writing is stylised and the story strongly reminiscent of traditional fairy tales and folklore. It received a German Youth Literature Prize (Deutschen Jugendbuchpreis) in 1956. The book is 204 pages long.

Plot
Mio, My Son starts by introducing Bo Vilhelm Olsson (nicknamed Bosse), a nine-year-old boy who has been taken in by an elderly couple who dislike boys. They harass him and tell him to stay out of their way. Bosse's mother had died during childbirth and he has never known his father. His only friend is a boy his age, Benke. One day he receives an apple from the kindly shopkeeper, Mrs. Lundin, who asks him to mail a postcard for her. Before doing so, he takes a look at the postcard and sees it is addressed to a king, saying that his son will soon be coming home, recognised by his possession of a golden apple. Bosse looks at his apple and suddenly it turns into gold.

Soon after, Bosse finds a bottle with a spirit trapped inside. Upon freeing it, the spirit recognises the apple and takes Bosse to another world, far, far away.

Upon arriving, Bosse is told that his real name is Mio, and that he is the son of the king and thus a prince of the land. He finds a new best friend, Jum-Jum, and receives the horse Miramis from his father. As he explores his father's kingdom, he meets and befriends other children, but also learns that not everything in this world is as wonderful as it first seemed. In the lands beyond that of the king lives an evil, stone-hearted knight named Kato, whose hatred is so strong that the land around his castle is barren and singed. He has kidnapped several children from the nearby villages, and he poses a constant threat to the people living there.

Mio is told that his destiny is to fight Kato, even though he is only a child. Together with Jum-Jum and Miramis, Mio sets out on a perilous journey into the land of Kato, as the stories have foretold for thousands and thousands of years.

In the American version, Mio is first called Karl Anders Nilsson, nicknamed Andy, and Jum-Jum's name is Pompoo.

Themes
Central themes in the story focus on friendship granting strength to endure hardships, that it is sometimes necessary to leave a safe situation and put oneself at risk for a greater cause, and that evil often coincides with unhappiness.

Literary significance and reception
Mio, My Son is Lindgren's first high fantasy novel. Her subsequent contributions to this genre include The Brothers Lionheart (1973) and Ronja, the Robber's Daughter (1981).

Film version
In 1987, the book was adapted for film as Mio in the Land of Faraway. Filmed in English and dubbed in Swedish and Russian, the film starred Nicholas Pickard as Mio, Christian Bale as Jum-Jum, Christopher Lee as Kato, and Timothy Bottoms as the King. The film's director was Vladimir Grammatikov.

title: Mio, My Son


text: User talk:84.109.85.68

title: User talk:84.109.85.68


text: User talk:24.13.227.175

title: User talk:24.13.227.175


text:
They Would Never Hurt a Fly

They Would Never Hurt a Fly (Oni ne bi ni mrava zgazili) is a 2004 historical non-fiction novel by Slavenka Drakulić discussing the personalities of the war criminals on trial in The Hague that destroyed the former Yugoslavia (see International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia). Drakulić uses certain trials of alleged criminals with subordinate power to further examine and understand the reasoning behind their misconducts. Most of those discussed are already convicted. In her book, Drakulić does not cover Radovan Karadžić, however, Slobodan Milošević and his wife each rate their own chapter, and Ratko Mladić is portrayed as a Greek tragic figure. There are no pictures, although the physical appearances of the characters are continuously mentioned.

Synopsis
They Would Never Hurt a Fly begins with an introductory section explaining Drakulić's purpose in the book as well as her choice in characters. She explains that she wants to learn more about their personalities in order to justify how the Yugoslavian war arose. Drakulić describes the war as an unexpected tragedy that embarked on innocent civilians within the boundaries of Yugoslavia - specifically Bosnia. As the book begins to unravel descriptive profiles of different war criminals, Drakulić elucidates that these criminals were not completely monsters, but ordinary people who committed crimes due to the circumstances they were in. She takes this stance not to sympathize with them, but because "the war itself turned ordinary men [...] into criminals because of opportunism, fear and, not least, conviction." By treating such people as criminals without understanding their background, she argues, put them in a different class of people that they could never be a part of. As a result, they refuse to believe that themselves, their neighbours or their co-workers could commit such acts. Many of the perpetrators actually regard themselves as heroes rather than criminals and only regret "that they have been stupid enough to get caught or being tricked into surrendering." This argument is mirrored with political theorist Hannah Arendt's thesis on the Banality of Evil.

The book ends noting the strange coexistence that the accused war criminals have together in the Scheveningen prison in The Hague. Despite containing people who had committed atrocities at all levels, there was only one incident that occurred when Slobodan Milošević was first brought to the "detention unit". Despite this, most of those convicted put aside their nationality and their ethnic backgrounds, and formed alliances based on brotherhood and friendship. As Irish director of the "unit", Timothy McFadden argues the accused are held as innocent until proven guilty, and thus are treated to better living conditions than any other prison in Europe, and possibly the world. They can watch television shows in their own language (via satellite) enclosed in their fairly spacious cells, have visitors as frequently as they would like, take a variety of classes, and so on. Drakulić notes the disparity between their living conditions and the crimes they are accused of, then ends by questioning the aim of the war if the greatest architects of it can get along with no animosity or patriotic feelings behind closed doors. The answer, she concludes, is that it was ultimately for nothing.

Reception
Drakulić received the 2005 Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding for this work.

Popular Reviews
Melissa Benn of The Guardian commends Drakulić for how she "demonstrates no little moral courage" in revisiting these historical events so soon after "the horrors of war" ended. Benn speaks positively of Drakulić's high level of detail and handling of moral ambiguity.

Academic Reviews
Jens Becker highlights Drakulic's personal history as a Yugoslavian as a means by which Drakulic adds necessary context to her book's discussions in his review for the Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe. Becker applauds in particular how Drakulic can explore why the war began, how nationalism developed in a generation seemingly born into an integrated environment, and why individuals charged as war criminals are still seen as heroes in their home countries. By exploring detailed backgrounds and wartime accounts, Drakulic can better understand the perpetrators on a human level. In particular, in Drakulic's exploration of Milosevic, she "deprives him of his demonic aura by forming an intelligent portrait," thereby providing a fuller account than one possible with use of just his political or wartime life.

People covered

 * Rahim Ademi
 * Milan Čanić
 * Dražen Erdemović
 * Stjepan Grandić
 * Goran Jelisić
 * Radovan Karadžić
 * Radomir Kovač
 * Radislav Krstić
 * Dragoljub Kunarac
 * Milan Levar
 * Mirjana Marković
 * Slobodan Milošević
 * Ratko Mladić
 * Mirko Norac
 * Dragan Obrenović
 * Tihomir Orešković
 * Biljana Plavšić
 * Ivica Rožić
 * Zoran Vuković

title: They Would Never Hurt a Fly


text:
Department of the Pacific

The Department of the Pacific or Pacific Department was a major command (Department) of the United States Army from 1853 to 1858. It replaced the Pacific Division, and was itself replaced by the Department of California and the Department of Oregon.

Formation
The Department of the Pacific was created on October 31, 1853, at San Francisco, California, replacing the older Pacific Division, (1848–53) and abolishing the existing 10th (California) and 11th (Oregon) Departments, consolidating them within the new department. The department reported directly to the headquarters of the Army in Washington, D.C. It oversaw the military affairs in the country west of the Rocky Mountains (California, Oregon Territory, and Washington Territory), except for the Utah Territory and the Territory of New Mexico east of the 110th meridian west, (thus including most of modern Arizona and southern Nevada).

On September 2, 1854, the headquarters was moved to Benicia Barracks, in Benicia, California.

From 1855 to 1857 the Puget Sound District was organized.

In January 1857, the headquarters again returned to San Francisco.

On January 14, 1858, the Utah Territory was placed within the department but soon removed into the Department of Utah, in 1858, that remained until 1861.

Commanders

 * Brevet Brigadier General Ethan A. Hitchcock 1853–1854
 * Brevet Major General John E. Wool 1854–1857
 * Brevet Brigadier General Newman S. Clarke 1857–1858

Posts

 * Post of Alcatraz Island or Fort Alcatraz, California 1853–1907
 * Fort Bellingham, Washington Territory 1855–1860
 * Benicia Arsenal, Benicia, California 1851–1964
 * Benicia Barracks, California 1852–1866
 * Fort Boise, Idaho, 1863–1912
 * Fort Bragg, California 1857–1864.
 * Fort Churchill, Nevada, 1860–1869
 * Fort Colville, Washington Territory, 1825–1870
 * Fort Dalles, Oregon, 1850–1867
 * Fort Klamath, Oregon, 1863–1890
 * Roop's Fort, Fort Defiance, Susanville, California 1853–1863
 * Fort Douglas, Utah Territory, 1862–1991
 * Drum Barracks, California, 1862–1870
 * Fort Gaston, California 1859–1892
 * Fort Humboldt, California 1853–1867
 * Fort Jones, California, 1852–1858
 * Fort Mohave, Arizona Territory 1859–1890
 * Fort Point San José, San Francisco, California, 1853–1882
 * Fort Point, San Francisco, California 1853–1886
 * New San Diego Depot, San Diego, California 1851–1866.
 * Fort Steilacoom, Washington Territory, 1849–1868
 * Fort Yuma, California 1851–1883
 * Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory 1853–1879
 * Fort Tejon, California 1854–1861, 1863–1864.
 * Camp Burton, California 1855
 * Fort Cascades, Washington Territory 1855–1861
 * Fort Yamhill, Oregon (1856–1866)
 * Fort Simcoe, Washington Territory, 1856–1859
 * Fort Townsend, Washington Territory 1856–1861
 * Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory 1856–1911
 * Fort Crook, California 1857–1869
 * Fort Hoskins, Oregon, 1857–1865
 * Fort Ter-Waw, California 1857–1862
 * Camp at Pardee's Ranch, California 1858–1865

Disbandment
On September 13, 1858, the Department of the Pacific was disbanded, replaced by two new departments: the Department of California and the Department of Oregon. The Department of California included the territory west of the Rockies, the Umpqua and Rogue River districts in Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. The Department of Oregon included the Oregon and Washington Territories.

Reborn in the Civil War
During the American Civil War the army again reorganized, and on January 15, 1861, the independent Pacific Department was reconstituted by consolidating the Departments of California and Oregon. The first commander of the new Department of the Pacific was Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Albert Sidney Johnston who was later to become a prominent General in the Confederate Army.

Civil War commanders

 * Albert Sidney Johnston, 1861 (resigned to join the Confederacy)
 * Edwin Vose Sumner, 1861
 * George Wright, 1861–1864
 * Irvin McDowell, 1864–1865

Districts
The Department of the Pacific had six subordinate military districts during the Civil War:
 * District of Oregon (headquarters at Fort Vancouver) January 15, 1861 – July 27, 1865
 * District of California (headquarters at San Francisco, co-located with Department of the Pacific). Independent command from Department from July 1, 1864 – July 27, 1865
 * District of Southern California (headquarters at Drum Barracks) September 25, 1861 – July 27, 1865
 * District of Humboldt (headquarters at Fort Humboldt) December 12, 1861 – July 27, 1865
 * District of Utah (headquarters at Fort Douglas). August 6, 1862 – July 27, 1865
 * District of Arizona (headquarters at Prescott) March 7, 1865 – July 27, 1865

Reorganized out of existence
On July 27, 1865, the Military Division of the Pacific was created under Major General Henry W. Halleck, replacing the Department of the Pacific, consisting of the Department of the Columbia that now consisted of the state of Oregon and the territories of Washington and Idaho and the expanded Department of California that now consisted of the states of California and Nevada and the Territory of New Mexico and Territory of Arizona.

Philippine Expedition
On 30 May 1898, Gen. Wesley Merritt established in San Francisco the Headquarters, US Expeditionary Forces and Department of the Pacific for the campaign to support Adm. Dewey's forces in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War.

At the end of March 1900, the complexities involved in dealing with the guerrillas and governing the islands led to the transformation of what had been the Department of the Pacific into the Philippine Department with four geographical departments, each of which was, in turn, divided into military districts. This step also brought an end to the Eighth Corps.

title: Department of the Pacific


text:
Erc of Dalriada

Erc was king of Irish Dál Riata from 439 until 474, succeeding Eochaid Muinremuir. He was the father of three sons: Fergus Mór, Loarn and Oengus. He also may have been the great-grandfather of Muirchertach mac Muiredaig. Confusion arises from the latter's matronym, Macc Ercae, said to come from his legendary mother Erc ingen Loarn, daughter of Loarn mac Eirc. She married Muiredach mac Eógain. According to the Duan Albanach and the Senchus Fer n-Alban, Erc of Dál Riata's father was Eochaid Muinremuir, son of Áengus Fert, son of Fedlimid, son of Oengus, son of another Fedlimid, son of Senchormaich, son of Cruitlinde, son of Findfece, son of Archircir, son of Eochaid Antoit, son of Fiacha Cathmail, son of Cairbre Riata, son of Conaire Cóem and Saraid ingen Chuinn.

Suggestions that he was identical with Muiredach mac Eógain and thus belonged to the Uí Néill are based on late sources, such as the Annals of the Four Masters. In fact the Dál Riata are considered Érainn or Darini and claimed to be descendants of the famous Érainn king Conaire Mór. It is typical in late genealogies for unrelated peoples or those only related through marriage to be worked into a single genealogical scheme and all be made descendants of the same legendary founder.

Erc is significant as he has been traditionally regarded as the ancestor, through his son Fergus Mor, of the kings of Dalriada, and through them the Kings of Scotland, but more recently much of this tradition has been questioned.

title: Erc of Dalriada


text:
Talk:Spectral class

Untitled
I concur with the proposal to merge (or merely delete and redirect) this page into spectral classification. The latter is already a strong article that says everything that's said here, and more. BSVulturis 16:05, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spectral class


text:
User talk:Heather B

Welcome!

Hello there Heather B and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line absolutely anytime. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us.  Ban e  s  16:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Heather B


text: User talk:82.2.175.188

title: User talk:82.2.175.188


text:
Talk:Red River of the South

Name
The current title uses 'watershed' in the disambig in a US-specific sense, which isn't ideal given the stance of the MOS on such things. What about "(Mississippi basin)", or "(Mississippi tributary)"? Alai (talk) 19:36, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I think (Mississippi tributary) sounds best.Narthring (talk • contribs) 04:39, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Based on WP:RIVERS it ought to be Red River (Mississippi River). Kmusser (talk) 13:22, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * What about renaming the page "Red River of the South"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.55.180.51 (talk) 15:49, 8 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Red River of the South? Very few people in the US even know there is another Red River. Why not call them Red River (Canada) and Red River (US). Don't make up names that no one uses. WCCasey (talk) 08:20, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The northern one is commonly referred to as the Red River of the North, this one probably should be Red River (Mississippi River). Red River of the South is not its most common name. Kmusser (talk) 16:29, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

Red River Compact
Maybe this would be a good place to explain the Red River Compact, associated commission, etc. -- Beland (talk) 20:40, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

Article classification
The quality of this article meets the requirements of C class. I have made this change for WP:Oklahoma. Bruin2 (talk) 15:57, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Red River of the North which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:44, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

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Requested move 31 December 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. If someone wants to start a new RM for the alternative title, they can. TonyBallioni (talk) 23:27, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Red River of the South → Red River (Mississippi River) – See, above. LaundryPizza03 (talk) 21:23, 31 December 2017 (UTC) --Relisting. wbm1058 (talk) 02:48, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

History

 * At 21:20, 6 June 2012 moved page Red River (Mississippi River) to Red River of the South: Naming conventions (geographic names) - where this article title is given as an example of natural disambiguation over brackets:
 * When there are conventional means of disambiguation in standard English, use them, as in Red River of the North and Red River of the South, and in New York City (to distinguish from the state of New York).
 * Added to Naming conventions (geographic names) guideline by on 4 February 2009.
 * At the time of the naming convention addition, this page was titled Red River (Mississippi watershed).
 * At 21:09, 16 December 2009 moved Red River (Mississippi watershed) to Red River (Mississippi River): make title consistent with WP:RIVERS guidelines
 * See
 * At 04:20, 26 March 2007 Janitor moved Red River of the South to Red River (Mississippi watershed) over redirect: No such river as the Red River of the South in the US per United States Geological Survey
 * At 10:52, 23 March 2007 moved page Red River (Mississippi watershed) to Red River of the South over redirect (America has two Red Rivers, and they should not be explained in parentheses.)
 * Talk:Red River of the North: Not moved per consensus.

— Relisted. Please review the above before commenting. – wbm1058 (talk) 02:48, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose – The linked 2008–2013 discussion is not a rationale for moving to an obsolete style. If the current name is not correct, we need to hear why, and if a new name is needed, it would likely be Red River (Atchafalaya River tributary). Dicklyon (talk) 02:51, 8 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Mostly per Dicklyon, no rationale for renaming is given. Parenthetical disambiguation is Wikipedia's internal disambiguation method (WP:D), I wouldn't expect to see it outside Wikipedia, and Dickylon is correct in that WP:RIVERS has changed its guidelines, so if Red River of the South is rejected than Red River (Atchafalaya River tributary) would be the WP:RIVERS recommended replacement. Kmusser (talk) 15:32, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * "Red River of the South" is a term used by several reliable sources: Britannica, World Atlas, New Mexico Historical Review, Images of the Plains, Old Man River: The Mississippi River in North American History, American Expansionism, 1783-1860, etc. I'm not finding much with "Red River (Mississippi River)", except Wikipedia mirrors, though there is this. SilkTork (talk) 10:02, 8 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Britannica actually makes this the primary topic for Red River, although they have a different system for disambiguation (the River in Asia shares the same title) – wbm1058 (talk) 13:23, 8 January 2018 (UTC)
 * https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-River Red River RIVER, UNITED STATES Alternative Title: Red River of the South
 * https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-River-Asia Red River RIVER, ASIA Alternative Titles: Song Hong, Yüan Chiang
 * https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-River-of-the-North Red River of the North RIVER, NORTH AMERICA Alternative Title: Red River

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The version that ['allegedly'] contains an error
The comments below are based on (and hence they are about) the "07:02, 30 July 2019" version of the article, (which was the latest / most current / "up-to-date" version of the article when this "Talk:" page section was first created).

What it says now
In the second paragraph of the lede, it says:"The south bank of the Red River formed part of the US–Mexico border from the Adams–Onís Treaty (in force 1821) until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo."and -- technically, at least -- that does not sound right to me.

What's wrong with that sentence?
[According to many reliable sources], in 1836 Texas -- (that is, what was then called "Texas") -- became an independent country (and it remained a separate country until it became a state of the US in 1845). (right?)

So, since Texas was no longer part of Mexico, at least some parts of that border there changed, in 1836, (from a US–Mexico border to a "US-Texas border").

So, therefore, the sentence quoted above (in the "What it says now" sub-section) should probably be '''re-worded! (right?)'''

Some possible solutions
One way of re-wording that sentence would be: [1]: change [the endpoint of] the time interval. (Maybe to about 1836 instead of [what it says now, which is, like ...] the mid- to late 1840s).

Another idea would be: [2]: say something like "formed part of the southern border of the US" instead of saying "formed part of the US–Mexico border".

Any comments?
There might be other ideas, not [yet] listed here. Any comments? --Mike Schwartz (talk) 04:32, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Another option would be to list both Mexico and Texas, i.e. "formed part of the US–Mexico and US-Texas border from . . ." though I think your option #2 would be fine as well and just sidestep the matter. Kmusser (talk) 15:39, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

Source coordinates seem incorrect
The source coordinates of 34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W seem incorrect.

As mapped on OpenStreetMap, the Red River begins at the confluence of the Prairie Dog Town Fork and the North Fork, and the coordinates are 34.3343, -99.2097.

I don't see anything notable at 34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W – it's just a nondescript point in the middle of the Prairie Dog Town Fork. 2601:281:D47F:B960:24BB:7969:EAD:8A83 (talk) 23:06, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Source
Article may need to be changed?

According to USGS, the Red River proper begins where Prairie Dog Town Fork meets the intermittent Buck Creek, half mile downstream of Oklahoma state line.

>U.S. Geological Survey, 1985, USGS 1:24000-scale Quadrangle for Hollis SW, OK 1985: U.S. Geological Survey.https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5a8a481ee4b00f54eb3fad49

If accurate, article needs to be changed.

Fredlesaltique (talk) 09:12, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red River of the South


text:
Laser Hawk

Laser Hawk is a horizontally scrolling shooter published for Atari 8-bit computers by UK-based Red Rat Software. It was created in Dunedin, New Zealand by programmer Andrew Bradfield and artist Harvey A. Kong Tin.

A sequel, HawkQuest, also from Bradfield and Kong Tin, was released in 1989. Andrew Bradfield died in 2001 at age 35.

Development

Work on Laser Hawk started in 1985 and took about a year to complete. Laser Hawk was originally called Hot Copter by Bradfield. Red Rat Software came up with the name Laser Hawk.

Reception
A review of Laser Hawk in the January 1987 issue of Atari User concluded, "While the game concept is perhaps getting a little long in the tooth, Red Rat has tweaked it nicely, treating it in a thoughtful and refreshing way. What it may lack in originality it makes up for in finesse." The overall score was 8 out of 10.

Legacy
Laser Hawk was later included in the 4 Star Compilation, Volume 1 published by Red Rat, along with Escape from Doomworld, Domain of the Undead, and Panic Express.

The same team created the sequel, HawkQuest, released in 1989. Harvey Kong Tin was responsible for the overall design. Development started in 1986 with the finished game using four floppy disk sides at 90K apiece.

title: Laser Hawk


text:
Talk:Chubby Checker

Missing word, or something?
One sentence reads, in part:

 * was so popular that his private often did not allow him to sing any other style of music.

His private what? Or is this some meaning of the word I'm missing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Davidhorman (talk • contribs) 23:10, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

DOB
================================ Indicates that he was born "October 3, 1941 (age 70) Spring Gulley, South Carolina" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.92.160.235 (talk) 02:33, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Place of birth
The current article states that Checker was born in Spring Gulley, South Carolina and Andrews, South Carolina. Which is correct ?

Derek R Bullamore (talk) 14:10, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Judge says Chubby Checker can pursue lawsuit against HP
http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/08/judge-says-chubby-checker-can-pursue-lawsuit-against-hp-over-penis-measuring-app/ 46.243.85.153 (talk) 11:28, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

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ETHNICITY ?
what is his ethnicity ?

he does look like white and black — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:191:5FA0:718A:BA1F:5056:FF09 (talk) 13:14, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

Projects?
'He lived in the projects of South Philadelphia'. What does this mean ? It seems to be an American useage to denote public housing, maybe of the high-rise type. Yes? 2001:44B8:3102:BB00:B8E0:91E5:15AF:8876 (talk) 07:37, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

Rock and Roll hall of fame
I cant chubby listed in the r&r hall  of fame. What gives! 2600:1004:B23B:107C:38CE:E97F:B46A:CE6C (talk) 15:43, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chubby Checker


text:
Mail plane

A mail plane is an aircraft used for carrying mail.

Aircraft that were purely mail planes existed almost exclusively prior to World War II. Because early aircraft were too underpowered to carry cargoes and too costly to run any "economy class" passenger-carrying service, the main civilian role for aircraft was to carry letters faster than previously possible. In 1934, some mail services in the USA were operated by the United States Army Air Corps, soon ending in the Air Mail scandal.

In the past, mail-carrying aircraft had to carry a special official emblem on the fuselages; in case of British-registered aircraft, a special Royal Air Mail pennant (a blue triangular flag with a crowned bugle emblem in yellow and the letters "ROYAL AIR MAIL" in white) would sometimes be flown as well.

From the late 1940s, mail planes became increasingly rare, as the increasing size of aircraft and economics dictated a move towards bulk carriage of mail onboard airline flights, and this remains the primary method today. Parcel mail, overnight mail and priority mail, however, are still carried aboard what may be considered the spiritual successors of classic, pre-war mail planes; small, general aviation aircraft that have been adapted to the role, with the Cessna 208 and Piper PA-31 Navajo being among the most popular. Cargo airline operators, such as UPS and FedEx, also carry mail along with bulk cargo, aboard converted airliners.

title: Mail plane


text:
Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework

The Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) framework is a general framework to model the evolution of interest rate curves – instantaneous forward rate curves in particular (as opposed to simple forward rates). When the volatility and drift of the instantaneous forward rate are assumed to be deterministic, this is known as the Gaussian Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) model of forward rates. For direct modeling of simple forward rates the Brace–Gatarek–Musiela model represents an example.

The HJM framework originates from the work of David Heath, Robert A. Jarrow, and Andrew Morton in the late 1980s, especially Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology (1987) – working paper, Cornell University, and Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology (1989) – working paper (revised ed.), Cornell University. It has its critics, however, with Paul Wilmott describing it as "...actually just a big rug for [mistakes] to be swept under".

Framework
The key to these techniques is the recognition that the drifts of the no-arbitrage evolution of certain variables can be expressed as functions of their volatilities and the correlations among themselves. In other words, no drift estimation is needed.

Models developed according to the HJM framework are different from the so-called short-rate models in the sense that HJM-type models capture the full dynamics of the entire forward rate curve, while the short-rate models only capture the dynamics of a point on the curve (the short rate).

However, models developed according to the general HJM framework are often non-Markovian and can even have infinite dimensions. A number of researchers have made great contributions to tackle this problem. They show that if the volatility structure of the forward rates satisfy certain conditions, then an HJM model can be expressed entirely by a finite state Markovian system, making it computationally feasible. Examples include a one-factor, two state model (O. Cheyette, "Term Structure Dynamics and Mortgage Valuation", Journal of Fixed Income, 1, 1992; P. Ritchken and L. Sankarasubramanian in "Volatility Structures of Forward Rates and the Dynamics of Term Structure", Mathematical Finance, 5, No. 1, Jan 1995), and later multi-factor versions.

Mathematical formulation
The class of models developed by Heath, Jarrow and Morton (1992) is based on modelling the forward rates.

The model begins by introducing the instantaneous forward rate $$\textstyle f(t,T)$$, $$\textstyle t \leq T$$, which is defined as the continuous compounding rate available at time $$\textstyle T$$ as seen from time $$\textstyle t$$. The relation between bond prices and the forward rate is also provided in the following way:

 * $$P(t,T) = e^{-\int_t^T f(t,s) ds}$$

Here $$\textstyle P(t,T)$$ is the price at time $$\textstyle t$$ of a zero-coupon bond paying $1 at maturity $$\textstyle T\geq t$$. The risk-free money market account is also defined as

 * $$\beta(t) = e^{\int_0^t f(u,u)du}$$

This last equation lets us define $$\textstyle f(t,t) \triangleq r(t)$$, the risk free short rate. The HJM framework assumes that the dynamics of $$\textstyle f(t,s)$$ under a risk-neutral pricing measure $$\textstyle \mathbb Q$$ are the following:

 * $$df(t,s) = \mu(t,s)dt + \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s) dW_t$$

Where $$\textstyle W_t$$ is a $$\textstyle d$$-dimensional Wiener process and $$\textstyle \mu(u,s)$$, $$\textstyle \boldsymbol \sigma(u,s)$$ are $$\textstyle \mathcal F_u$$ adapted processes. Now based on these dynamics for $$\textstyle f$$, we'll attempt to find the dynamics for $$\textstyle P(t,s)$$ and find the conditions that need to be satisfied under risk-neutral pricing rules. Let's define the following process:

 * $$Y_t \triangleq \log P(t,s) = -\int_t^s f(t,u) du$$

The dynamics of $$\textstyle Y_t$$ can be obtained through Leibniz's rule:

 * $$\begin{align} dY_t &= f(t,t) dt - \int_t^s df(t,u) du \\ &= r_t dt - \int_t^s \mu(t,u) dt du - \int_t^s \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) dW_t du \end{align}$$

If we define $$\textstyle \mu(t,s)^* = \int_t^s \mu(t,u) du$$, $$\textstyle \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* = \int_t^s \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) du$$ and assume that the conditions for Fubini's Theorem are satisfied in the formula for the dynamics of $$\textstyle Y_t$$, we get:

 * $$ dY_t = \left( r_t - \mu(t,s)^* \right)dt - \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* dW_t $$

By Itō's lemma, the dynamics of $$\textstyle P(t,T)$$ are then:

 * $$\frac{dP(t,s)}{P(t,s)} = \left( r_t - \mu(t,s)^* + \frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{*T} \right)dt - \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* dW_t$$

But $$\textstyle \frac{P(t,s)}{\beta(t)}$$ must be a martingale under the pricing measure $$\textstyle \mathbb Q$$, so we require that $$\textstyle \mu(t,s)^* = \frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{*T} $$. Differentiating this with respect to $$\textstyle s$$ we get:

 * $$\mu(t,u) = \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) \int_t^u \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{T} ds$$

Which finally tells us that the dynamics of $$\textstyle f$$ must be of the following form:

 * $$df(t,u) = \left( \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) \int_t^u \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{T} ds \right) dt + \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) dW_t$$

Which allows us to price bonds and interest rate derivatives based on our choice of $$\textstyle \boldsymbol \sigma $$.

title: Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework


text: User:Lordb

title: User:Lordb


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Clutchbone

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Tito xd (?!?) 02:01, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

The Clutchbone
Here are a couple of messages I posted to the discussion area of this article, requesting sources for the claims regarding the "Clutchbone". The authors have not replied.

Read them - I think they're pretty self explanatory as to why I think this article may be fraudulent.

/.../

Talk:The Clutchbone From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

To whoever wrote this article...

I am very interested in both folklore and cryptozoology/forteana, and the subject of the Clutchbone is completely new to me. I am curious about this, and I would greatly appreciate if you let me know what source(s) you have used for the article, plus any additional material that provides information on the subject. I am especially keen on learning more about this because of the statement that there have been alleged sightings in my native Sweden.

Kind regards,

Jonas Liljeström, Gothenburg, Sweden [edit]

--

Monika Zetterlund??? Sources please!

Again I must ask that whoever has written and/or edited this article provides some sources for it. I am particularly surprised by the claim that "some insisted" that the recent demise of Monika Zetterlund was caused by the Clutchbone. Who has made these claims?

I am a Swede and fairly well versed in folkloric matters (including postgraduate studies at Gothenburg University), so I'm quite surprised that I have never heard of this creature before.

I'm starting to suspect that this entire article might be an elaborate hoax and I'm considering the possibility of reporting it, so please respond and answer my questions! Normally I wouldn't take this matter seriously enough to ponder the possibility of requesting the deletion of the article - but when a hoax/joke begins to involve spurious claims about authentic deceased persons, it has gone far beyond decency.

Jonas Liljeström

--

Hi Jonas, I have no idea if this is a hoax or not, but I removed the claim about Monika Zetterlund. Wikipedia is not the place for speculations, and my personal opinion is that this is a rather distasteful one. If you consider it to be a hoax, please feel free to list it at Articles for Deletion. If you'd like some help with that, I'd be happy to help you. Regards, JoanneB 12:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

/.../ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.241.57.48 (talk • contribs) 16:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 14:10, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * weak Delete - google clutchbone to the end (page 14) has practically only web-edited sources (wikis, public dicts, etc.) Can anyone find a real source for this?  ∴ here…♠ 21:46, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * del nonverifiable. mikka (t) 00:06, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Template:Islands and provinces of the Canary Islands


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User talk:Lordb

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Your recent edit to Sajid Javid
Your recent addition to the article has been reverted because it was cited by Daily Mail, which has a bad reputation and is not accepted on Wikipedia. Thanks, Knightrises10 (talk) 20:14, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

Sajid Javid
You reverted my edit to Sajid Javid with the edit comment "Valid as there are no other source, as per community discussion." Can you point me to the community discussion that supports this, please? -- The Anome (talk) 07:50, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Lordb


text:
Samuel W. Hale

Samuel Whitney Hale (April 2, 1823 – October 16, 1891) was an American manufacturer and Republican politician in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. He served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and as the 39th governor of New Hampshire.

Early life and career
Hale was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, the son of Samuel and Saloma Hale. He attended public schools in Fitchburg before moving to Dublin, New Hampshire in 1845 to work in furniture manufacturing. Hale moved to Keene, New Hampshire around 1859 to continue working in the furniture making business, eventually becoming head of the South Keene Chair Manufacturing Company and the Ashuelot Furniture Company. His success in the furniture manufacturing business enabled him to expand his interests, which grew to include banks, railroads and several other ventures.

In 1866, he was elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives where he served until 1867. He served on the Governor's Council from 1869 to 1871. In 1880, he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. Hale was elected as the 39th Governor of New Hampshire in 1883. After serving one term, he retired from his political career and returned to his business ventures.

Hale died at his brother's home in Brooklyn on October 16, 1891, and is interred in the Greenlawn Cemetery in Keene.

Personal life
Hale married Emelia M. Hay on June 13, 1850. They had two children, William Samuel Hale and Mary Louise Hale.

title: Samuel W. Hale


text:
Derrick Rostagno

Derrick John Rostagno (born October 25, 1965) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.

Career
Rostagno turned professional in 1986. He won one top-level singles title (at New Haven in 1990) and one tour doubles title (at Tampa in 1993).

Rostagno's best performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1988 US Open, where he reached the quarterfinals by beating Yahiya Doumbia, Martin Davis, Tim Mayotte and Ronald Agénor before being defeated by Ivan Lendl. At several other Grand Slam events, he defeated or almost defeated several tennis hall of famers. At Wimbledon in 1988, Rostagno lost a five-set third round match to Jimmy Connors, who at the time was ranked World No. 5. At the 1989 US Open, Rostagno had two straight match points in his second round encounter with Boris Becker, who won the second of those on a lucky net cord passing shot and eventually the match 1–6, 6–7, 6–3, 7–6, 6–3, en route to his lone US Open title. At Wimbledon in 1990, Rostagno defeated John McEnroe in straight sets in the first round. At Wimbledon in 1991, Rostagno defeated ninth ranked Pete Sampras in four sets in the second round and Connors in straight sets in the third round.

Rostagno finished his career with a 3–2 win–loss record versus McEnroe, winning their last three matches, and a 2–3 record versus Connors, winning their last two matches. Against other top players, Rostagno was 2–1 versus Sampras, 1–0 versus Yannick Noah, 1–1 versus Mats Wilander, 2–3 versus Lendl, 1–2 versus Becker, 3–6 versus Jim Courier, 0–1 versus Michael Chang, 0–1 versus Todd Martin, 0–2 versus Andre Agassi, and 0–4 versus Stefan Edberg.

Rostagno's career-high singles ranking was World No. 13, which he reached in 1991. His career prize-money earnings totaled US$1,621,535. He retired from the professional tour in 1996.

After retiring from the tour, Rostagno completed his undergraduate studies at Stanford University, obtained his MBA from UCLA and his law degree from Loyola University. He is now a practicing lawyer in Los Angeles, California, actively engaged in civil litigation in the firm that bears his name.

title: Derrick Rostagno


text:
User talk:Irishpeeps

Welcome!

Hi there Irishpeeps and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line whenever you want. Again, welcome! Its good to have you with us.  Ban e  s  16:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Irishpeeps


text:
User talk:Siddheshbijlani

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Pamri • Talk 16:22, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siddheshbijlani


text:
User talk:Lpfan444

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.  Voice of  All  @ ''' 16:22, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia, as you did to Great Wall of China. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 17:57, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

please keep vandelizing

title: User talk:Lpfan444


text:
Talk:Pi/Archive 1

Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe
The article says:

It was shown that the existence of the above mentioned Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe formula and similar formulas imply that the normality in base 2 of and various other constants can be reduced to a plausible conjecture of chaos theory.

What is the conjecture? Who showed this reduction? Can you give a reference for the papers involved? Or their websites? Even a few keywords suitable for web searching would be very much appreciated!

Bailey and Crandal
I see you've added "Bailey and Crandal in 2000". That's great. It would be good to add a link to their paper (or it's abstract) if it exists somewhere on the web. I've tried searching for it, and haven't had any luck.

But the article does give an URL, and you can find the paper there, in both PDF and PostScript. (The PDF is very badly done, however.) -- Zundark, 2001-08-21

You're right. My mistake. I'd missed the URL in the earlier section.

not OK to link to the image
I deleted the image at http://www.nersc.gov/~dhbailey/dhb-form.gif from the article. It might be OK to swipe the image and put it on the Wikipedia server, but it's not OK to link to the image itself on the government server. We don't own their bandwidth... --LMS

See bandwidth theft. --Theaterfreak64 23:28, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

I removed ...
I removed the following badly garbled sentence:

 * The PiHex Project have 1000000000000000, 1^15 bits of pi. (1^30 digits of PI) PiHex,PiHex Site

—Herbee 2004-02-13

particularly long value of pi
I've got no problem with showing a particularly long value of pi, assuming it's accurate as far as it goes. It may be curious and totally useless, but it's not vandalism. Eclecticology
 * I called it vandalism because it's merely part of a days long pattern from this character. Rgamble

= Why approximate pi? =

Is there any point in computing many digits of pi?
Is this true?

 * pi to 40 places is sufficient to measure the circumference of the known universe with an error less than the width of a hydrogen atom.

If so, what is the purpose of calculating pi to large numbers of digits?Ortolan88

 * What is the purpose of climbing the Everest? It is there. Same with pi.--AN

But is the statement true? If so, it, or some variant, should be in the article to give some proportion to this quest. I would also like to know what is so hard about calculating that number of digits. Is it anything more than long, long, long division? In what way does this advance the art of mathematics? These are serious questions by an uninformed member of the encyclopedia-reading public. Ortolan88

IIRC, this BBC programme mentions facts relating to this. Mr. Jones 14:23, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Computing many digits of pi is trivial and not mathematically interesting. It is often done to test (super-)computer hardware. I don't know if the statement about the universe is true, but something close to it is probably correct. You don't need more than a couple dozen digits in real word applications. AxelBoldt 21:07 Nov 23, 2002 (UTC)

The specific knowledge of KNOWING the digits of pi is trivial, but the mathematics used to GET more digits is mathematically interesting and not trivial. For instance, many of the advances made in calculating more digits of pi in a shorter amount of time came not from faster computers, but from better identities for pi, i.e. either sums, products, or continued fraction expansions with faster rates of convergence. Coming up with these identities with faster rates of convergence is NOT easy; nor is it a trivial and uninteresting math problem. In fact, PROVING that many of these algorithms for getting more digits of pi are true, will give more (correct) digits, and will give them faster (i.e. proving the rate of convergence), all of these are very interesting questions, and this is not just to get more digits of pi. Often, the ideas behinds these proofs of the identities are related to other problems in math, i.e. an IDEA used to prove an identity used to get more digits of pi might be used to prove another result, which does have other "real-world" applications, or at the very least, other applications within other areas of pure math. Revolver

According to the article on pi, "The most pressing open question about π is whether it is normal, i.e. whether any digit block occurs in the expansion of π just as often as one would statistically expect if the digits had been produced completely randomly." This can only be answered by a mathematical study of the digit sequence. Obviously one wouldn't study it by looking it up in an encyclopaedia, but even so, people at home might want to do a bit of a check for themselves, to see if it sounds plausible. :) -- Oliver Pereira 00:20 Nov 24, 2002 (UTC)

 * Good luck. Even looking at the first 10,000 or 100,000 digits isn't enough to give some kind of statistical assurance.  The short-term random luck factor is just too high.  Anyone who has played poker for any length of time will understand what I mean by this.  Revolver

Evidence for or against the normality of pi can obviously never be produced by looking at a finite initial segment of the digit sequence. That's why I said above that computing digits of pi is mathematically uninteresting.

But people should definitely be encouraged to experiment with the digits. So we should tell them how to generate the digits for themselves, so that they have them in a format which allows all sorts of statistical tests. Right now, using our data to find out how often the digit sequence "33" occurs among the first 10,000 digits would require a perl program that's not much simpler than directly generating the digits from scratch. AxelBoldt 20:42 Nov 24, 2002 (UTC)

 * Axel is absolutely right here -- if we want to know something for an infinite number of cases, (all natural numbers, all digits of pi, etc.) just because we only have a finite # of cases, doesn't mean it's worthless. Looking at the known finite # of cases allows one to make reasonable conjectures.  It doesn't prove anything, of course, but it keeps us from wasting our time going down alleys that (almost certainly) dead-ends. Revolver

 * Yep, I agree - except about the simplicity of writing a perl script to compute the value of pi! :) Since we are writing an encyclopaedia for general use, most people referring to it will just be ordinary people without any programming ability. Some of whom genuinely believe that pi is exactly 22/7! Such people might want to see a concrete demonstration of just how random the digits of pi are. Plotting bar charts of the frequencies of digits might be an amusing mini-project for a schoolchild who is starting to learn about statistics. Well, maybe not, but I expect there are many more plausible suggestions that people could come up with. I just mean that members of the public might be curious to see the digits of pi and play with them, even if they don't have the ability to do anything serious with them. I'm thinking of a past version of me when I was at school, for example. -- Oliver Pereira 21:38 Nov 24, 2002 (UTC)

 * The problem with plotting frequency of digits to test normality is it's not just single digits, it's all finite sequences of digits, and the distribution of these, the more digits you get, becomes much more susceptible to short-term luck. Revolver

width of a hydrogen atom
I removed this:
 * It is said that pi to 40 places is sufficient to measure the circumference of the known universe with an error less than the width of a hydrogen atom.

Who says that? If somebody has done the calculation, we can simply omit the qualifying "it is said that" which essentially renders the whole paragraph pointless. AxelBoldt 20:00 Nov 25, 2002 (UTC)

 * I'm confused about it myself. Surely the accuracy of the result is dependent on the accuracy of the figure we have for the diameter of the universe, as well as the accuracy of pi. -- Tarquin 20:07 Nov 25, 2002 (UTC)

 * It isn't pointless. It gives a sense of proportion to the whole thing.  22/7 is sufficiently accurate for pi to get the circumference of a can of corn.  With a circle of one mile diameter 3.14 yields 16572.2 feet circumferences, 3.142 gives 16589.76, 3.1416 gives 16587.648, and 3.14159 yields 16587.595, which is where my calculator poops out, but, obviously, the more digits of pi are adding accuracy.  If one of you cosmo brains would do the same arithmetic for some galactic measure or other (instead of silently deleting my interesting, if unproven statement about hydrogen molecules) using, say 40 places for pi, then maybe we could put this million digits of pi business into some kind of proportion.  What is confusing or pointless about that?  This is an encyclopedia.  My whole intent is to give readers some idea of the value of the additional digits of pi.Ortolan88
 * Okay, i'll have a go... for a universe 12 billion light-years across, that's about 1.135e26 m. An atom of hydrogen is about 1e-10 m across, meaning you'd need about 36 decimal places in pi to get error levels below the diameter of hydrogen. So 40 does it admirably. Graft

 * The observable universe currently has a radius of about 50 billion lightyears, because of the past expansion, but your estimates still work. Of course, if you want the volume of the observable universe precise to the volume of a helium atom, you need about 270 digits of pi. AxelBoldt 23:17 Nov 30, 2002 (UTC)

 * Cool, so I assume you'll add this to the article? Ortolan88 05:57 Nov 29, 2002 (UTC)

 * PS - OK, no takers, some time this weekend I'll add it to the article. It isn't just whim, folks, it is something the average encyclopedia reader deserves and will only get from the Wikipedia. I may move one of the more interesting paragraphs up a bit too.  And, mathematicians, I read in a rival encyclopedia, that Euler came up with a connection between pi and natural logarithms that isn't mentioned in our article. Ortolan88 15:40 Dec 7, 2002 (UTC)

 * Sure it is -- take Euler's identity, take the log of both sides, you get pi = (-i)(log (-1)), where we take principal branch of log function. At least, I assume that's the relation they had in mind. Revolver

 * This just in, pi to 1.24 trillion digits. How about an article listing them all? Ortolan88 22:12 Dec 7, 2002 (UTC)

Thats goign to take more than 1 Terabyte of memeory!!! :-S

 * Regarading the rival encyclopedia article: it says "the famous formula ei 1, where i 1 ." now unless that's my browser skipping characters, they've made a complete pig's ear of Euler's identity... oh yes, by the way... we have a full article on that equation. nananana! ;-) -- Tarquin 22:22 Dec 7, 2002 (UTC)

these approximations

 * These approximations were once useful to the applied sciences; the more recent approximations have so many digits that they are no longer of any practical use, except for testing new supercomputers.

I don't understand the above sentence.
 * Of what use were "these approximations"?
 * Why aren't they useful any more?
 * Are the recent approximations entirely useless, or just the extra digits?

Without answers to all the above questions, I'm inclined to delete the quoted sentence. But I hope someone who knows a lot more about math than I do (like Axelboldt) can help out here. --Ed Poor

 * it means this: newer approximations have more digits. They don't make the old ones obsolete. An old approximation of, say 50 digits is useful. A 10,000 digit is pointless; the extra accuracy is irrelevant because we never need it. It's hust the extra digits that are irrelevant. The 50th digit (for example) has not changed since it was first determined -- that's something for an article on approximations to explain: it is normally possible to know how good an approximation is: we don't just calculate 50 digits, we know that those 50 digits are right, and even if we went further, we'd still get them. hope that helps -- Tarquin

This entire debate is patently ridiculous and should be deleted. The children with their pocket calculators should go off and let the rest of us work in peace.

First, using pi calculations to calibrate supercomputer speeds is absolutely meaningless. Supercomputers are meant for real work, not moronic games. Calibrate speed with real work.

 * I don't know where you got the idea that pi calculations are used to "calibrate supercomputer speeds" nor do I know what that even means. Pi calculations (and prime number calculations) are often used to test new supercomputers. You let them compute digits of pi for a week with two different methods and then compare the results, to check for hardware bugs. AxelBoldt 05:13 Nov 26, 2002 (UTC)

Second, nobody needs to know pi to more than five digits. Period. End of discussion. Anything more than that is simply compensation. Something so delicate as to need outrageous values of pi is a toy, that's all.

Whatever. Revolver

Third, every resource spent analysing pi is a resource wasted. Spending time on pi is exactly as fruitful as spending time with the human genome.

 * Every resource spent writing symphonies is a resource wasted. Every resource spent pondering the meaning of existence is a resource wasted.  In short, every activity YOU think is a waste of time is a resource wasted. Revolver

 * Some people think the human genome will someday in the future produce a useful medicine or treatment. Some people also think that pi may have a similar surprising usage. Psi 12:37 Dec 2, 2002 (UTC)

 * Who cares? Investigating properties of the expansion is an interesting question, even if nothing "useful" comes from it. Revolver

 * Every resource spent whining that every resource spent analysing pi is a resource wasted is a resource wasted. If you don't get that, don't read math articles.  ;-)
 * —Herbee 22:36, 2004 Mar 5 (UTC)

 * If mathematics were only ever pursued solely for its 'practical' purposes, much of modern thought would not exist. Mathematics is a remarkable science in that it sometimes can take centuries to find an application for a theorem.  We, therefore, can make no judgement as to the usefulness of a mathematical pursuit.  Calibrating usually entails using a benchmark - that's why a mathematical constant with sufficient computing time involved is used.  But you don't uderstand - they don't calibrate speed.  Speed is calibrated by architecture of the processor.  They calibrate, or test, the logic of these computers.  If an error is committed in so many trillion instructions, the processor is canned.  Take into account that these supercomputers put people on the moon and coordinate defense networks, and then you might understand why you don't want to be calibrating your supercomputer with 'real work'.  I'd also like to add that there has been a lot of math created as a result of efforts to calculate pi.  It is not 'patently ridiculous' to attempt to calculate pi - and it takes far more than a pocket calculator.

title: Talk:Pi/Archive 1


text:
Mons Huygens

Mons Huygens is the tallest mountain in the Moon's Montes Apenninus range. Adjacent to the west is Mons Ampère. The Montes Apenninus were formed by the impact that created Mare Imbrium. Mons Huygens rises 5,300 m (17,380 ft) from its Mare Imbrium base, per altimetry data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. The mountain was named after the Dutch astronomer, mathematician and physician Christiaan Huygens. He is known for discovering Saturn's largest moon or Titan.

Mons Huygens has often been mistakenly cited as the Moon's tallest mountain and compared with Mount Everest, giving the incorrect impression that the Moon's tallest mountain is only a little more than half the height of Earth's tallest above sea level.

Surroundings

title: Mons Huygens