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Talk:Bisection method

Number of iterations for certain Tolerance
I think a little more should be added to this page about the number of iterations of the Bisection Method is needed to get the function within a certain Tolerance. By modeifying Theorem 2.1 from Numerical Analysis 8th edition, a quick bound approximation to the error can be found. Even know the actual error can be much smaller, it gives a good estimate of how long a function will take to converge by the Bisection Method. I would like to add info about this Sc920505 (talk) 13:07, 30 September 2008 (UTC) Hmm, my textbook give the formula for the absolute error as (b-a)/2^n. Whereas the one here is (b-a)/2^(n+1). I don't know which one is correct... can someone clarify for me?

 * Its (b-a)/2^(n+1). Think about it... Let n=0. then if it was (b-a)/2^n then the error would be b-a, which would extend beyond the limits of b and a, a domain in which we know MUST contain the target. Strange though, that a textbook had it wrong....

 * Also, I would like to tell readers of this article that bisection can break down if f is non-continous or is not monotonic or not a function. It is too much of an unnecessary complication for the article, but worth mentioning.

 * I don't think that f needs to be monotone (why do you think so?), but it indeed needs to be a continuous function. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 12:11, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * just put a note that the function must be differentiable along the section wanting to be root searched. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mikefadock (talk • contribs).

 * Please explain why you think it needs to be differentiable. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 02:20, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The error is |b-a|/2^n. His text had it right.  After 1 subdivision (n=1), the error is at most half the original interval, not 1/4.  |b-a| doesn't extend beyond the domain in which we know must contain the target -- it's exactly equal to it.  I also added the missing absolute value. 165.189.91.148 20:46, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It depends on what you take to be the approximation to the root. If you use the midpoint of the interval, the error is |b-a|/2^(n+1); if you use either endpoint, the error is |b-a|/2^n. Which formula is used, is not very important, in my opinion. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 02:26, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, and I've edited the section to reflect the "controversy". The problem arises because the method doesn't give a single estimate for the root's location, and the concepts of "absolute error" and "length of the interval" are easily confused.  The actual formula indeed isn't important, save in Calculus 1 classes where it's fairly often an exam question. Majromax (talk) 22:38, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Pseudo Code completion
The Pseudo Code presented in this article needs to be made more accurate. As of right now, it does not account for the possibility of encoutering the 0 exactily on xL or xR. A theird condition needs to be added.

 * No. Bisection method will happily converge to a root even if it occurs at the endpoint.  It will just converge to the endpoint with the root.  The given pseudocde is proper in that it will consider an interval beginning or ending at 0 to have a sign change.  Admittedly, this isn't exactly an efficient approach, but it certainly gives clear code without extraneous conditions. Majromax (talk) 22:38, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Incorrect. The code checks if it is < 0, and if the left, right, or midpoint is exactly zero, an infinite loop would have occurred. Added a simple else - no performance hit compare dto the normal function. It could still be efficientized though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.161.134.144 (talk) 18:25, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Visual Basic Code
state which version. Visual Basic.net is not backward compatible with previous versions anymore —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.197.54.27 (talk) 14:10, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Although in general the two are not compatible, this code runs in both VB.net and the older VisualBasic. CRGreathouse (t | c) 21:32, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Anyway, Visual Basic isn't free, it would be wiser to write the pseudocode in Python or Java. -- PhDP (talk) 01:30, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * As long as the section header states 'pseudo-code', I find both Visual Basic, Python and Java inappropriate. Either change the header, or change the code into something that is more or less language-independent. Also keep in mind that source code is not particularly encourared in Wikipedia (WP:NOT). --Berland (talk) 11:35, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

enumeration

 * If f has several roots in the interval [a, b], then the bisection method finds the odd-numbered roots with equal, non-zero probability and the even-numbered roots with zero probability (Corliss 1977).

with respect to which enumeration??? --Philtime (talk) 08:28, 11 May 2008 (UTC) PS: what if there are is an infinite and/or uncountable amount of roots? --Philtime (talk) 08:28, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I think by even-numbered it means double etc. So looking at something like
 * $$f(x)=x^5+2x^4+x^3$$
 * which has a double root at -1 and a triple root at 0, it is saying that 0 would almost always be found rather than -1. --Rumping (talk) 17:44, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I looked through Corliss' article and added some details to the article. The roots are enumerated according to their order. I don't know what happens if there are infinitely many roots; it makes sense to assume they all have probability zero, but perhaps the axioms of probability theory do not work in this case. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:51, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Corliss' paper is rather poorly worded. He takes a probability space of functions with the property that the distribution of zeros is the same as the distribution of an odd number of independent random variables with uniform distribution. (This implies, for example, that multiple zeros don't happen.) Applying bisection to a random function in that probability space, the probability that the i-th smallest zero is found is 0 if i is even (but this is always true for functions with only simple zeros), and independent of i if i is odd. Corliss' result says nothing at all about the behaviour of bisection on particular functions. Also, I don't know any real-life class of functions which satisfies Corliss' assumptions, so the practical significance is uncertain. I hope my new version of the text is clear enough. McKay (talk) 02:16, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Convergence
Hi, I have a question on the "convergence linearly". Since the absolute error of bisection convergence is |b-a|/2^n, so the rate of convergence is O(1/2^n) which means the growth of error is exponential. I think it is more precise to use this information instead of the phrase "convergence linearly"! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.235.37.166 (talk) 13:24, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * This is called linear convergence in numerical analysis because the number of digits in the answer grows at a linear rate. Equivalently, the running time is linear in log(eps). McKay (talk) 06:13, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

I don’t agree with the statement that the bisection method has a linear convergence or, in other words, a 1st order convergence. The classification of a 1st order method has to do with the error along the sequence (distance between the successive values and the root) and not with the estimation of the absolute maximal error, incidentally quite imprecise in the bisection method. In the 1st order methods the observation of the sequence of values converging to the root reveals a steady increase in the number of correct figures. On the contrary, through the bisection method it is possible for the distance to the root to increase in two consecutive iterations. It follows that the bisection method is just a method that narrows the interval that contains the root, halving it on each iteration. It doesn’t guarantee the same happens with the distance to the root, therefore it is not a 1st order method. User: Ana Maria Faustino 20 March 2013 (FEUP) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.22.50.11 (talk) 02:46, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

Computation of the midpoint
In section 'Practical consideration', 2. point, the passage
 * Another method relies on the assumption that (right+left)/2 exactly equals left or right if left and right are adjacent non-equal floating-point values. This is true for most hardware, including IEEE arithmetic in the absence of overflow, but can be violated if intermediate expressions are calculated to greater precision than stored variables (depending on computer optimization).

is totally dubious to me. What does this other method do about? Is that what's implemented in the code below i.e. use left+(right-left)/2 instead of (left+right)/2? And if so, does it take care of the case when the assumption is true (it sounds like that) or when the assumption is violated (makes more sense in my opinion)? Furthermore, when is the assumption violated-any example? Final question: if I know that IEEE arithmethic is used: is there any advantage of preferring left+(right-left)/2 over (left+right)/2? I can't see any, whether left and right are very close to each other or not... Ezander (talk) 08:48, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Ahh, now I see, it was about the stopping criterion, not the computation of the midpoint. Then it makes sense. However, still the simpler (hi+lo)/2 has been changed to lo+(hi-lo)/2. Any reason for this? Ezander (talk) 08:53, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

Language of Code examples
I don't think it is very sensible that both code examples are in different languages. One in VB and the other one (it states in the source tag that it's C, which it clearly isn't) in some hodgepodge of languages (I've seen all that notation in different languages, but never together in one language: assignment (:=) from Pascal-like languages, comments (//) from C++, loop constructs (endwhile, endif) from PHP(?), very strange...

I'm not a friend of VB. However the code looks quite clear, nearly like pseudo-code... Maybe the second example should be changed also to VB? Ezander (talk) 09:03, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

History
Does anyone know when the bisection method was first used? The method seems quite obvious but that doesn't necessarily mean it came before other methods, like secant for example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.222.44.210 (talk) 12:36, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Examples
This page could probably benefit from showing a couple examples. I will give a shot at creating one. Whlitt (talk) 18:24, 10 September 2012 (UTC) It may be laid out something like this:

(New Header within Wikipedia page titled: Examples)

Finding the root of a polynomial
Find a root of following polynomial using the bisection method
 * $$ f(x) = x^3 - x - 2 \,.$$

Find two numbers a and b s.t. $$f(a)$$ and $$f(b)$$ have opposite signs.
 * Let $$a = 1$$ and $$b = 2$$. Then
 * $$ f(1) = (1)^3 - (1) - 2 = -2 $$ and
 * $$ f(2) = (2)^3 - (2) - 2 = +4 \,.$$

Because the function is continuous, there must be a root within the interval [1, 2].

In the first iteration, we have $$ a_1 = 1 $$, $$ b_1 = 2 $$,
 * $$ p_1 = 1 + \frac{2-1}{2} = 1.5 $$, and
 * $$ f(p_1) = (1.5)^3 - (1.5) - 2 = -0.125 .$$

Because $$ f(p_1) $$ is negative, $$ a = 1 $$ is replaced with $$ a = 1.5 $$ for the next iteration to ensure that f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs. As this continues, the interval between a and b will become increasingly smaller, converging on the root of the function. See this happen in the table below.

After 15 iterations, it becomes apparent that there is a convergence to about 1.521: a root for the polynomial. Whlitt (talk) 00:42, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Your Flow needed some work; there were formulas not in the sentence structure.
 * Math formatting was inconsistent.
 * Mjmohio (talk) 20:01, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

The disadvantage of bisection method
I think the bisection method mentioned above can be only used for finding only one root case and it is not effective for multiple roots case. If I assume that the function has multiple roots on [a, b] and f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs,then by using the method above, I can find the midpoint c between a and b. If f(c) and f(b) have opposite sign, then I can use the new interval [c, b] and keep going to find a smaller interval until I find one root on that interval,but in this way, I neglect the possible roots on [a, c].Since f(a) and f(c) have the same sign,I can not apply bisection method to find roots on [a, c]. It seems to be difficult to find all the roots of the function on the interval using bisection method because it is hard to know each interval which includes only one root of the function.

So my opinion is to find one of the roots on the interval first by bisection method and then we can apply other methods ,for example Newton's method to find other roots of the function. In fact, we can at first find the monotonicity of the function on the given interval. If the function has monotonicity on interval[a, b] and f(a),f(b) have opposite signs, then we can apply bisection method to find the only one root of that function, otherwise we can not only use bisection method to find all roots of the function unless we know all the local maximal and minimal points of that function by solving the first and second derivative.After that I can split the original interval into some small intervals which include one maximum and one minimum and check if the maximum and the minimum have the opposite sign. If they are not, then skip that interval and continue checking the neighbor interval until you can see the opposite sign of those two values.So we can use bisection method in that interval to find one root and keep going the steps above until we find all the roots of the given function.

YangOu (talk) 01:50, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

==The algorithm == Given a continuous function f(x), Hh687711 (talk) 05:42, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Find points $$a_0$$ and $$b_0$$ such that $$a_0 < b_0$$ and $$f (a_0)$$ and $$f (b_0)$$have opposite signs, that is, $$f(a_0) \times f(b_0) < 0$$.
 * Find the midpoint $$c_0 = (b_0+a_0)/2$$ and find $$f(c_0)$$.
 * If $$f (c_0) > 0$$, set $$ a_1 = c_0$$ and $$b_1 = b_0$$, i.e. $$[c_0, b_0]$$ is the new interval. If $$f (c_0) > 0$$, set $$a_1 = a_0$$ and $$b_1 = c_0$$. (If $$f (c_0) = 0$$, the root is found.)
 * Keep doing the similar computation, you'll get an approximation solution.
 * Step 3 is incorrect; the choice depends on the sign of $$f(a_0)$$ too.
 * Step 4 is vague. Could the whole thing be expressed as a loop?
 * Could this be combined with the pseudocode already there?
 * Mjmohio (talk) 19:28, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

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Mathematical formula
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Rubber Factory

Rubber Factory is the third studio album by American rock duo the Black Keys. It was self-produced by the band and was released on September 7, 2004, on Fat Possum Records. The album was recorded in an abandoned tire-manufacturing factory in the group's hometown of Akron, Ohio. Rubber Factory received positive reviews and was the band's first album to chart on the Billboard 200 in the United States, reaching number 143.

Recording and production
The Black Keys recorded their first two studio albums in drummer Patrick Carney's basement. The building was sold by its landlord, forcing them to find a new location for their third album. They decided to set up a makeshift studio in a dilapidated factory in their hometown of Akron, Ohio. Built by General Tire to manufacture rubber tires, the factory stood on the corner of S Seiberling Street and Little Cuyahoga River in the East Akron neighborhood. General Tire closed the factory in 1982, though space in the building was being leased out. The band rented the entire second floor of the building for $500 per month, and dubbed their workspace "Sentient Sound".

Carney said of the experience:"We were looking for a place and we saw the 'for rent' sign and it's just this giant building and the first floor is where all the big storage rooms are, the big kind of cavernous rooms, and then the second floor is where they had all the offices and laboratories, and that's where we rented our space... we just kind of rented one room, but there was no one around us in that corner of the building so we had cables running out the door and across the hallway and into other rooms and stuff and it was basically just like this kind of deserted old building and we had free reign [sic] of it."

Carney called the factory "not really ideal in any way. It's too far away. It's on the second story. It's hot as hell. You can't open the windows. The acoustics are horrible." For recording, the group used a mixing console that Carney purchased on eBay from a former sound technician for Canadian rock band Loverboy. Frequent malfunctions with the console stretched the sessions nearly five months; the group ultimately left the console behind in the factory after completing Rubber Factory. The album was recorded on recycled tape provided by the band's record label Fat Possum from its studios in Mississippi.

In 2009, Carney said the factory was to be removed, and it was demolished in 2010. The vacant lot in which the factory used to stand appears on the cover of the band's 2011 single "Lonely Boy".

Packaging
The sleeve artwork for Rubber Factory was designed by the group's creative director, Michael Carney, the brother of Patrick Carney. The artwork is a collage of local features, mainly from the desolate east side of Akron: abandoned storefronts, tire piles, the Goodyear blimp, and even the Cathedral of Tomorrow's unfinished tower restaurant depicted as a smoke stack on the front of the album.

Promotion
The song "When the Lights Go Out" was used in the film Black Snake Moan. The song "10 A.M. Automatic" was used in an American Express commercial, in the movie Live Free or Die, in the soundtrack for MLB '06: The Show, and in the movie The Go-Getter; this motion picture also features "Keep Me". Their version of "Grown So Ugly" can be heard during the party scene in the movie Cloverfield. "Girl Is on My Mind" was used on a commercial for Sony Ericsson mobile phones, as well as a Victoria's Secret commercial. "Stack Shot Billy" was performed on Late Show with David Letterman.

Reception
Rubber Factory was met with critical acclaim. According to review aggregator website Metacritic, the album received an average critic score of 81 out of 100. James Hunter of The Washington Post said that the album "capitalizes richly on whatever it exactly was that caused the rock- and-roll commentariat to adopt [the band] in the first place as college-dropout makers of new indie-rock blues". In an enthusiastic article, David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album an "A" and wrote six variations of a review for the album. He called it a "lo-fi version of classic-rock boogie—done by utterly earnest indie-rock nerds, and done the right way" and said that "the Keys had bested not only themselves but just about everyone else in rock this year". In a three-star review, Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone described the album as "high-impact scuzz-blues that aims for prime Hendrix and almost gets there, thanks mostly to Dan Auerbach's thick-ass guitar lines", but said that it was missing fully formed songs. Jonathan Zwickel of Pitchfork gave the record an 8.3/10, writing that, "There's more of an album feel to Rubber Factory, a conscious song-by-song progression rather than the visceral, overwhelming vibe that forged their debut, The Big Come Up, into a seething wrecking ball."

The album was the group's first to chart on the Billboard 200, reaching number 143. After the commercial success of their 2011 studio album El Camino, Rubber Factory re-entered the chart in May 2012, peaking at number 131.

Personnel

 * The Black Keys
 * Dan Auerbach – guitars, fiddle, lap steel, vocals, hand claps
 * Patrick Carney – drums, percussion, hand claps

 * Technical
 * Patrick Carney – recording
 * The Black Keys – production, mixing
 * Greg Calbi – mastering

title: Rubber Factory


text:
Rocky Balboa (film)

Rocky Balboa is a 2006 American sports drama film starring, written and directed by Sylvester Stallone in his first film as director since 1985. It is the sequel to Rocky V (1990) and the sixth installment in the Rocky film series. The film co-stars Burt Young and Antonio Tarver in his only acting role. In the film, Rocky Balboa (Stallone), now an aging small restaurant owner, is challenged to an exhibition fight by hothead young boxer Mason Dixon (Tarver).

Development for a sixth Rocky film began after Stallone expressed regret of the outcome of Rocky V, which was viewed as a disappointing conclusion to the end of the franchise. Rocky Balboa includes references to characters and objects from previous installments, and Stallone was inspired by recent personal struggles and triumphs when writing the film. It is Stallone's first directorial effort since Rocky IV (1985) and is Tarver's only feature film appearance. Principal photography began in December 2005 and lasted until January 2006, with filming locations including Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. In contrast to previous entries in the franchise, the fight choreography in Rocky Balboa was less scripted, featuring real punches thrown by Stallone and Tarver.

Rocky Balboa was theatrically released by MGM Distribution Co. in North America and 20th Century Fox internationally on December 20, 2006, thirty years after the release of the first film. Rocky Balboa received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its screenplay, Stallone's performance, and heartfelt exploration of Balboa's character, with many critics calling it a significant improvement over its predecessor, and many labelling the film one of the best entries in the franchise. It grossed over $156 million worldwide, surpassing expectations to rebound from the box office performance of its predecessor. A spin-off,  Creed, was released in 2015 and kickstarted its own series, while a seventh mainline Rocky film is in development.

Plot
Rocky Balboa, now 60 years old, is retired from boxing and lives a quiet life as a widower, having lost his wife Adrianna Pennino to cancer four years prior. He now runs a small, but successful, Italian restaurant named after her, where he regales patrons with tales from his past. He also battles personal demons involving his grief over Adrianna's death and his eroding relationship with his son Robert, now a moderately successful young corporate accountant. Paulie, Rocky's best friend and brother-in-law, continues to support him whenever he can, but is guilt-ridden over his past poor treatment toward his late sister and accuses Rocky of living in the past.

Late one night, Rocky meets a woman named Marie, who was once a troublesome young girl Rocky had escorted home 30 years ago. Marie now is a single parent of a teenage son named Stephenson and nicknamed "Steps", born out of wedlock. Rocky's relationship with Marie quickly blossoms over the following weeks and he meets and bonds with Steps, providing him with a much-needed buffer for his anguish.

Meanwhile, on the professional boxing circuit, Mason "The Line" Dixon reigns as the undefeated yet unpopular heavyweight world champion, often ridiculed for having never fought a true contender. This leads to tension with the public and his promoters and encourages him to return to his roots: the small gym he first trained in and his old trainer, who sagely tells him that, inevitably, he will earn back his respect through a true opponent that will test him. ESPN later broadcasts a computer simulation of a fight between a younger Rocky and Mason – likened to a modern-day version of The Super Fight – that ends in a disputed KO victory for Balboa, further riling the champ. In contrast, the simulation inspires Rocky to take up boxing again, an intention that goes public when he successfully renews his boxing license. Dixon's promoters pitch the idea of holding a charity exhibition bout at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas to bolster Dixon's floundering popularity. In the midst of this chaos, Paulie is laid off from his job.

With some hesitation, both men agree to the match, creating a media buzz that stabs at Rocky's age and Dixon's credibility. Robert later makes an effort to discourage Rocky from fighting, blaming his own personal failings on his father's celebrity shadow, but Rocky rebukes him with a profound, rousing speech: in order to succeed in life, "it ain't about how hard you hit – it's about how hard you can get hit and keep moving forward!"; blaming others is the coward's way. The next day, father and son meet over Adrianna Pennino Balboa's grave and reconcile; Robert has quit his job to be at Rocky's side.

Rocky sets straight to training with Apollo Creed's old trainer, Duke, who quickly surmises that the aging Rocky can only compete by building his strength and punching power as much as possible. On the day of the match, Dixon easily dominates the first round, only to injure his left hand on Rocky's hip in the second. Rocky then makes a dramatic comeback, knocking Mason down, and surprising the audience with his prowess and chin despite his age. The two combatants beat each other severely throughout the full 10 rounds, ending with both men still standing, although Rocky gets the last punch. Rocky thanks an appreciative Dixon for the match and tells him that he is a great champion, while the audience applauds the two fighters. The result is announced as Rocky exits the ring with his family and friends: a win for Dixon by a close split decision, but Rocky does not mind the outcome, and the crowd gives him a final standing ovation. Rocky returns home and visits Adrianna Pennino's grave again, thanking her for helping him in spirit; "Yo Adrian, we did it. We did it."

As the credits roll, an inset features people running up the Rocky Steps at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in response to a call from the director to do so for the film.

Cast
Talia Shire reappears as Adrianna Pennino Balboa, Rocky's deceased wife, through the use of archive footage. Bert Sugar, a well known boxing historian, appears as himself, credited as Ring Magazine reporter. Michael Buffer also appears as himself, as the announcer for the match between Rocky and Mason.
 * Sylvester Stallone as Robert "Rocky" Balboa, retired boxer and former two-time heavyweight champion.
 * Burt Young as Paulie Pennino, Rocky's brother-in-law and best friend.
 * Antonio Tarver as Mason "The Line" Dixon, Rocky's opponent. Dixon is shown as the current heavyweight champion of the world, but a fighter who is not shown the same respect as Rocky was when he was the world champion.
 * Milo Ventimiglia as Robert Balboa, Jr., Rocky's only son.
 * Geraldine Hughes as Marie, a woman whom Rocky originally met over 30 years ago.
 * James Francis Kelly III as Stephenson ("Steps"), Marie's son, whom Rocky befriends.
 * Tony Burton as Tony "Duke" Evers, Rocky's trainer who has been his head cornerman since Balboa's second fight with Clubber Lang in Rocky III (1982). Duke previously trained Apollo Creed, who was Rocky's nemesis in Rocky (1976) and Rocky II (1979); Duke trained Rocky with Apollo's help in the third film, and he becomes much closer to Rocky after Apollo's death in Rocky IV (1985).
 * Pedro Lovell as Spider Rico, Rocky's former opponent and current employee at Adrian's. Lovell reprises his role from the first film.
 * Jacob "Stitch" Duran as himself, Mason's cutman.

Development
A plot element from Rocky V (1990) is not addressed in Rocky Balboa's plot. In the previous film, Rocky Balboa was diagnosed with brain damage and advised never to fight again. Stallone clarified this apparent inconsistency in an interview, remarking:

"When Rocky was diagnosed with brain damage, it must be noted that many athletes have a form of brain damage including football players, soccer players, and other individuals in contact sports such as rugby, etc. Rocky never went for a second opinion and yielded to his wife's wishes to stop. So with the advent of new research techniques into brain damage, Rocky was found to be normal among fighters, and he was suffering the results of a severe concussion. By today's standards Rocky Balboa would be given a clean bill of health for fighters."

Pre-production
Rocky Balboa gives nods to previous installments via the casting. The most obvious is the return of Stallone, Young, and Burton—the only actors to portray the same characters in all six installments. Tarver's appearance in the film marks the sixth time an active professional boxer has appeared in the series; previous appearances include Joe Frazier and Pedro Lovell in Rocky (1976), Roberto Durán in Rocky II (1979), and Tommy Morrison and Michael Williams in Rocky V (1990). Stallone initially wanted Roy Jones, Jr. to portray Dixon, but after Jones did not return Stallone's phone calls, he tapped Antonio Tarver to fill the role. Tarver accidentally knocked out Stallone during the filming of one of the segments of the fight.

The character Marie appeared in the original Rocky; she was portrayed by Jodi Letizia. For the final film, Marie is portrayed by Geraldine Hughes. Although Letizia did reprise the role for Rocky V, the sole scene in which she appeared was deleted. In it, Marie was homeless on the streets of Philadelphia. Another recognizable character who appeared in the previous five films, sportscaster Stu Nahan, provided the commentary for the computer-generated fight between Dixon and Balboa. Nahan was part of the ringside commentary team during all the bouts in the first three films and the Apollo Creed-Ivan Drago fight in Rocky IV. He was diagnosed with lymphoma during the Rocky Balboa filming, though, and died on December 26, 2007. Finally, Pedro Lovell, who portrayed Spider Rico in the original film, returns to the role in Rocky Balboa as a guest and later employee at Rocky's restaurant.

A number of sports personalities portray themselves. Jim Lampley, Larry Merchant, and Max Kellerman comprise the ringside broadcast team (all three are commentators for HBO Boxing). Sportswriters such as Bert Sugar, Bernard Fernandez and Steve Springer also appear. As for actual boxers, Mike Tyson (who had retired by the film's release) makes a cameo appearance, taunting Dixon as the fighter enters the ring. Lou DiBella, a real-life boxing promoter, portrays himself as Dixon's promoter. Several of ESPN's personalities also portray themselves. SportsCenter anchor Brian Kenny is the host of the fictional Then and Now series, while Cold Pizza and 1st and 10 hosts Jay Crawford, Dana Jacobson, Skip Bayless and Woody Paige also appear. Ring announcer Michael Buffer appeared as himself, as did referee Joe Cortez.

Regarding his decision not to have Talia Shire reprise her role as Adrian Pennino, Stallone told USA Today that, "in the original script, she was alive. But it just didn't have the same dramatic punch. I thought, 'What if she's gone?' That would cut Rocky's heart out and drop him down to ground zero." Shire herself said that, in her view, "The film has great regard for the process of mourning. Sly utilizes mourning to empower Rocky, and Adrian is made very mythical."

Filming
Principal photography began in December 2005 in Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2006, it moved to Los Angeles, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Scenes in Philadelphia were set in staples such as the Rocky Steps at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and South Philadelphia, while Center City was featured more prominently due to Rocky Jr.'s job as an attorney. The scene where Rocky and his son were talking while walking down a quiet block was filmed between 20th–21st Streets on Walnut, just after dawn on a Sunday morning. The production budget on the 38-day shoot was projected to be $23.5 million.

Cinematography and fight choreography
While the dramatic portions of the movie are shot in an obviously cinematic style, the bout between Balboa and Dixon is shot in a number of different ways. The lead-in to the bout, as well as the first two rounds, are shot in a style similar to a major pay-per-view broadcast. Clips from fights in previous Rocky movies are used during the introductory teaser to introduce Balboa, while stock footage from actual Tarver fights, as well as footage from Dixon's previous fight (shown at the beginning of the film) are used as clips for Dixon's part of the teaser. The fight itself was shot in High Definition to further enhance the TV-style look of the fight.

After the first two rounds, the bout is shot in a more "cinematic" style, reminiscent of the way the fights in the other Rocky films were shot. However, unlike the other films in the series, the fight is less choreographed and more improvised than previous installments and is closer to an actual boxing match than a choreographed fight. This is a departure from the previous films, where every punch, feint, and step was carefully scripted and practiced.

According to the behind-the-scenes documentary portions of the film's DVD, there were slight continuity problems during the filming of the fight. This was said to have been due to the fact that real punches were thrown by both Stallone and Tarver, resulting in some swelling and nosebleeds earlier than scripted. The DVD release features an alternate ending in which Rocky wins the fight.

Music
Composed by Bill Conti, the Rocky Balboa film score is both an updated composition of Rocky music and a tribute to the music that has been featured in previous Rocky films. Conti, who has acted as composer on every Rocky film except Rocky IV, chose to compose the score almost entirely from musical themes used in the previous movies. Only one original theme was written specifically for Rocky Balboa and that is the theme written to represent the character of Marie.

The roughly 40-minute score was recorded in the summer of 2006 at Capitol Studios in Hollywood, California. Conti chose to pre-record the string, brass and piano tracks and then have those tracks mixed with the work of a 44 piece orchestra which he conducted. He also performed all of the piano work himself which is something he has done with each movie for which he has composed the score. Stallone also was involved in every part of the process and attended several of the recording sessions.

In addition to the score, the film features original tracks performed by Natasha Bedingfield, Three 6 Mafia, and Frank Stallone as well as classic tracks such as Frank Sinatra's "High Hopes" and The Miracles' "Ooh Baby Baby". Of the original tracks the most significant is the Diane Warren song "Still Here", performed by Bedingfield, which was reported to be the film's theme in early articles. Though it is still listed in the credits the song was dropped from the film.

Soundtrack
Whether the film Rocky Balboa has a soundtrack is subject to some debate. On December 26, 2006, Capitol Records released a CD titled Rocky Balboa: The Best of Rocky which had a logo and cover art that was identical to the film's theatrical poster.

The CD itself contains short dialogue clips and musical tracks, some of which are remixes, from all the Rocky films. Notable though is that only three of its nineteen total tracks are from the Rocky Balboa film: two dialogue tracks and the Three 6 Mafia song "It's a Fight" (the UK version contains the additional track "Still Here" by Natasha Bedingfield). This has led some to categorize the CD as a compilation while others suggest that it is a soundtrack and that the use of past material simply reflects the film's extensive use of flashbacks.

Relevant to this debate is the absence of any compositions by Rocky IV composer Vince DiCola, except for the song "Hearts on Fire", co-written by DiCola, Ed Fruge and Joe Esposito. DiCola is the only person, other than Bill Conti, to act as composer on a Rocky film and his work was used extensively on the 1991 compilation CD The Rocky Story: Songs from the Rocky Movies. The missing DiCola tracks are the only tracks on the 1991 CD that are not present on the new CD which indicates an effort to use only Rocky Balboa composer Conti's tracks.

Distribution
Rocky Balboa represents a partnership between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, Columbia Pictures (Columbia's corporate parent Sony Pictures Entertainment held a 20% stake in MGM), Revolution Studios, and Chartoff-Winkler Productions. Since the Rocky series was originally produced and distributed by United Artists (now MGM's subsidiary studio), the partners jointly decided that the film could and should take advantage of MGM's newly reinvigorated domestic distribution apparatus. 20th Century Fox handles its theatrical and DVD distributions outside of the United States and Canada, while Sony Pictures Home Entertainment handled its American and Canadian video distributions. In the Philippines and Switzerland, Fox released the film through joint ventures with Warner Bros. Pictures. In Japan, the film was promoted by Fox as Rocky The Final. It opened across Japan on April 20, 2007.

Marketing
In late March 2006, the first movie teaser was released on the Internet. The full-length trailer accompanied the theatrical release of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest on July 7 in select theaters.

Theatrical
The film was scheduled for release during the Presidents' Day holiday in 2007, but was moved up to right before Christmas 2006.

Home media
Rocky Balboa is available in three formats: Blu-ray Disc, DVD and UMD. It was released in Region 1 on March 20 and Region 2 on May 21, 2007. The film has made $35,622,998 in DVD sales. Features on the Blu-ray Disc and DVD include deleted scenes along with an alternate ending (where Rocky wins the split decision), bloopers, a commentary and several featurettes. In addition, the Blu-ray version features all of the DVD's content in 1080p high definition video.

Box office
The film was an unexpected box office success and exceeded studio expectations grossing over three times the opening night estimates of (at best) $2,000,000 and doing so despite a harsh spell of winter weather. The film not only finished third in its opening weekend, grossing $12,540,000, but eventually became Stallone's most successful starring role since 1993's Cliffhanger and the sixth highest grossing boxing film of all time, topped only by the first Rocky through Rocky IV and Clint Eastwood's Million Dollar Baby, and was nominated for an MTV award for best on screen duo. Total U.S. box office gross receipts were $70,269,899 while the international gross stands at $85,959,151 making for a total worldwide gross of $156,229,050.

Critical response
As of November 2023, the film had a score of 78% on Rotten Tomatoes based on a sample of 183 reviews, with an average score of 6.5/10. The site's consensus read, "Implausible but entertaining and poignant, Rocky Balboa finds the champ in fighting form for the first time in years." On Metacritic as of August 2020, it had a weighted average score of 63 out of 100 based on 36 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on a scale of "A+" to "F".

On the television show Ebert & Roeper, both Richard Roeper and guest reviewer Aisha Tyler gave the film a "thumbs up" rating. Among other positive reviews were from Variety, David Edelstien of New York Magazine, Ethan Alter of Premiere Magazine, Victoria Alexander of Filmsinreview.com, Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Weekly, Brett Buckalew of Filmstew.com, The Hollywood Reporter, and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly.

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times criticized the film's premise as implausible and derivative, and the plot development as cursory, while Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film "captures the look and feel of the first Rocky but becomes too much of a sentimental homage" and overall "there is little point in joining Stallone on this ultimately dull nostalgia trip".

Stallone was quoted as having told reporters that he would rather "do something that he enjoyed badly, than feel bad about not doing something he enjoyed."

The film was greeted warmly by the majority of the boxing community, with many experts believing the Rocky character is still a key symbol of the sport and that the boxing scenes were the most realistic of any film. On the DVD, Stallone attributes this to the fact that he used realistic sound-effects (the previous installments had become notorious for their unrealistic and loud sounds of punches landing) and the fact that both Stallone and Tarver threw real punches at each other.

Possible sequel
In May 2019 at the Cannes Film Festival, Sylvester Stallone said that he had another story about Rocky Balboa. By July, Stallone confirmed that a sequel/follow-up to the current film series is in development. The project will be a joint-production venture between Winkler Films Production and MGM. Stallone will serve as writer in addition to starring in the film.

Conceptualized as an epilogue story, the film is said to be about Rocky befriending a young fighter who is a foreigner, stuck illegally in the United States. Stallone states: "Rocky meets a young, angry person who got stuck in this country when he comes to see his sister. He takes him into his life, and unbelievable adventures begin, and they wind up south of the border. It's very, very timely". By May 2020, Stallone said that he is still working on the film, though it has not yet been officially green-lit by the studio. However in a November 2021 Instagram post, Stallone expressed doubt about the film being greenlit, due to his increasingly sour relationship with Irwin Winkler. In November 2022, Stallone confirmed that the studio wants another Rocky film, but that negotiations to attain part of the rights to the character from the producers stalled development. He further stated that he is writing the script and that if the studio likes his work, the film will be made.

Spin-off
In 2015, Rocky Balboa was followed by a spin-off/follow-up titled Creed, taking place nine years after the events in Rocky Balboa.

Video game
On December 13, 2006, it was officially announced by Ubisoft and MGM that a new Rocky video game, titled Rocky Balboa, was to be made exclusively for the PlayStation Portable handheld console. It was released on March 20, 2007, to coincide with the Blu-ray and DVD release.

title: Rocky Balboa (film)


text: User talk:68.90.224.30

title: User talk:68.90.224.30


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skychurch

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied Wikibofh 14:31, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Skychurch
Was requested as a speedy, doesn't quite meet the patent nonsense rule, but it's not far off RoySmith 01:31, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Rogerd 01:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Deserves a speedy tad due to its status as an ad for something that will occur before the 5 days expires, but alas, that is not a criteria. --CastAStone 02:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Walter Siegmund 04:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:WorkChoice

Merge
This article, like the one called WorkChoices should be merged into Australian industrial relations legislation%2C 2005

Neutrality disputed: language could be more neutral and less biased against the government. Enochlau 01:31, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Modified
Now that the legislation is available to read I have deleted the misleading and irrelevant portions of this article.

Biased article
I agree with the sentiment but this kind of article has no real place in Wikipedia. I turned to this article because I wanted the facts - just the facts. What is workchoices, its history, different points of view etc

title: Talk:WorkChoice


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Aquae Cutiliae

Aquae Cutiliae is an ancient Roman site situated on mineral springs known today as Terme di Cotilia or Terme di Vespasiano, near the modern Cittaducale, 9 miles east of Rieti in the Sabina region.

It took its name from the nearby village (vicus) of Cutiliae or Cutilium whose exact location is unknown.

Emperors Vespasian and his son Titus both died there.

History
Cutiliae is mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus as an important centre of ancient peoples who inhabited Sabina before the arrival of the Sabines.

The nearby Lake of Cutilia was supposed by classical writers such as Pliny, Seneca and Varro to be the centre of Italy, and was renowned for its floating islands, which, as in other cases, were formed from the partial petrification of plants by the mineral substances contained in the water. The lake itself was sacred to the Sabine goddess Vacuna and for this reason made inaccessible with fences.

The baths were built at the settlement to benefit from the perceived healing waters.

According to Suetonius, Roman Emperor Vespasian had a villa at Cutiliae: "he left for Cutiliae and the fields of Reate, where he spent the summer every year", while of his son, emperor Titus, he said that: "he retired to the same villa as his father" and both died there. Vespasian suffered increasingly severe intestinal problems and died in 79 AD at Aquae Cutiliae perhaps due to excessive bathing in the cold waters.

Its name appears on the Peutinger Table as Aqve cvtillie on the Via Salaria.

Excavations
The first excavations of the baths were done after the discovery of remains in 1890. The excavations carried out in the years 1969-1984 brought to light more of the "Terme di Cotilia", as known in the archaeological literature (or the baths of Vespasian).

Recent archaeological excavations (2007-2012) revealed a section of the ancient road at the first terrace level of the baths, just outside the enclosure walls.

The site
The well-preserved monumental buildings of the so-called Baths of Vespasian lie about 2 km west of lake Cutilia and extend for 400 m and on four terraces. The site was probably originally a sanctuary to the goddess Vacuna similar to many others built in Latium in the late Republican age. On the 2nd terrace, a large natatio (swimming pool) was excavated from the solid rock, measuring 60 by 24 m, and was accessed by swimmers by steps on the longer sides of the basin. It was extended in several periods and used up to the 4th c. AD, and was probably fed by an underground spring. There is also a series of niches and rooms around an apse on the north side that formed a monumental nymphaeum. The west side lies beneath a later church and mill and dates to the Flavian era, showing rooms that heated the spring water for the baths. The baths were used until the 4th-5th century.

On the 3rd terrace 5 pillars are visible, probably belonging to the portico near the corridor. It is possible that this part collapsed around the III/IV century AD, perhaps due to an earthquake or to the Lombard conquest, and was never rebuilt.

A wide section of the ancient road a few hundred metres long has been revealed on the first terrace level of the baths, just outside the enclosure walls.The architectural majesty of the baths, unique for rural Sabina of the late republican and early imperial period, can be explained by their prominent position near the major road.

Nearby site

On the east side of Lake Cutilia are the monumental remains of the so-called "Baths of Titus", more likely to be a large villa and dating from the 1st c. BC to 1st c. AD. The massive retaining wall of 60 m length and 11 m high lies in front of several rectangular rooms.

Healing properties
Aquae Cutiliae has sulphurous and mineral springs, which was frequently enjoyed by the Flavian emperors and was dedicated to the goddess Vacuna. These sources of intensely cold water were especially renowned for their healing properties, which Pliny and Celsus praised for their effectiveness in curing stomach disorders.

title: Aquae Cutiliae


text:
Talk:Daniel Carroll

one of only two Catholic founders?
The death date of June 5, 1796 is incorrect. Daniel Carroll died on May 7, 1796. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Compmary (talk • contribs) 18:02, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

http://www.prisoners.com/mythff.html

Adapted?
The article may say that it was "adapted" from the US military site, but it appears to be more or less the same thing. You might as well go to the original site. I should add this to my list of stuff to do, I have a report on him somewhere... BunnyFlying (talk) 19:29, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Apparent Cousins?
I never cease to be amused by the sloppiness with which Wiki deals with kinship. What does it mean to say Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Eleanor Carroll were "apparently first cousins"? That they probably were but perhaps they weren't? Given the prominence of the Carroll family in Maryland, it is unlikely that nobody knows. After all, first cousins are pretty easy to check. I would first see if their fathers were brothers and indeed they were. According to wikiTree, his father was Charles Carroll of Annapolis, her father was Daniel Carroll of Duddington, the sons of Charles Carroll the Settler aka the Immigrant. This is confirmed by a tree on the site Charles Carroll House of Annapolis (charlescarrollhouse.org). 2601:18E:C501:5FE2:7ACA:39FF:FEB2:EFCB (talk) 03:27, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

As an amateur genealogist I investigated this claim a bit. I do not think things are as simple as that 2016 Wiki editor implies. Instead some websites that show Eleanor as grand-daughter of Charles the Settler show Daniel as NOT the grandson of that Settler. There seem to have been two different Carroll lines (themselves very distant cousins), intermarrying with each other. Jamesdowallen (talk) 08:03, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

External links modified
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Category:American slave owners
No mention of slave-owning. I feel that this category should be restricted to people whose slave-owning history was notable in itself. Valetude (talk) 21:03, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Carroll


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Ningi, Queensland

Ningi is a town and locality in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Ningi had a population of 5,349 people. It is near Caboolture.

Geography
The northern boundary is aligned with Ningi Creek. Ningi Island is located in the north east where the Creek enters Pumicestone Passage. Ningi Creek Conservation Park has been established in the west of Ningi.

The main township of Ningi is located on Caboolture–Bribie Island Road. At the northern area of Ningi is a housing estate called Bribie Pines, with larger parcels of land and already established houses. There is a growing younger population of residents. Specifically younger families with school aged children who have relocated from built up areas. There are two other housing estates in the area: Grey Gums Estate located on the road out to Godwin Beach, and the newly developed Sandstone Lakes. It is surrounded by developments ranging from acreage to half acre blocks many of which are classified as rural residential as well as rural properties and state forests.

History
The origin of the suburb's name is from the Aboriginal Undanbi clan, the Ningi Ningi, whose name meant oysters.

In 1998 a vacuum sewerage system was installed by the Caboolture Shire Council (now a part of the Moreton Bay City Council) to replace the septic systems originally used.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Ningi had a population of 3,687 people, 50.2% female and 49.8% male. The median age of the Ningi population was 37 years, the same as the national median. 76.4% of people living in Ningi were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 5.7%, New Zealand 4.2%, Scotland 0.8%, Germany 0.6%, Papua New Guinea 0.5%. 90.9% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.3% Italian, 0.2% Afrikaans, 0.2% Dutch, 0.2% Mandarin, 0.2% Spanish.

In the, the locality of Ningi had a population of 4,675 people.

In the, the locality of Ningi had a population of 5,349 people.

Education
There are no schools in Ningi. The nearest government primary schools are Caboolture East State School in neighbouring Caboolture to the west, Beachmere State School in neighbouring Beachmere to the south, and Bribie Island State School in Banksia Beach on Bribie Island to the east. The nearest government secondary schools are Caboolture State High School in neighbouring Caboolture to the west and Bribie Island State High School in Bongaree on Bribie Island to the east.

Amenities
Theo Greene Park is at 1320 Bribie Island Road (-27.0664°N, 153.0995°W). It features barbecue and picnic facilities, playground equipment, and a half basketball court.

Ningi Community Hall is adjacent to Theo Greene Park (-27.0662°N, 153.0989°W). It is available for rental from the Ningi Community Hall Association on behalf of the council.

Attractions
Ningi has a medieval festival, WWII bunkers and an Aboriginal Bora ring.

title: Ningi, Queensland


text:
User:SPUI/CSX shite

Going through STB reports searching for CSX, first one with actual text is 11-7-1996 20650

title: User:SPUI/CSX shite


text:
Wishbone (computer bus)

The Wishbone Bus is an open source hardware computer bus intended to let the parts of an integrated circuit communicate with each other. The aim is to allow the connection of differing cores to each other inside of a chip. The Wishbone Bus is used by many designs in the OpenCores project.

Wishbone is intended as a "logic bus". It does not specify electrical information or the bus topology. Instead, the specification is written in terms of "signals", clock cycles, and high and low levels.

This ambiguity is intentional. Wishbone is made to let designers combine several designs written in Verilog, VHDL or some other logic-description language for electronic design automation (EDA). Wishbone provides a standard way for designers to combine these hardware logic designs (called "cores"). Wishbone is defined to have 8, 16, 32, and 64-bit buses. All signals are synchronous to a single clock but some slave responses must be generated combinatorially for maximum performance. Wishbone permits addition of a "tag bus" to describe the data. But reset, simple addressed reads and writes, movement of blocks of data, and indivisible bus cycles all work without tags. Wishbone is open source. To prevent preemption of its technologies by aggressive patenting, the Wishbone specification includes examples of prior art, to prove its concepts are in the public domain.

A device does not conform to the Wishbone specification unless it includes a data sheet that describes what it does, bus width, utilization, etc. Promoting reuse of a design requires the data sheet. Making a design reusable in turn makes it easier to share with others.

The Simple Bus Architecture is a simplified version of the Wishbone specification.

Wishbone topologies
Wishbone adapts well to common topologies such as point-to-point, many-to-many (i.e. the classic bus system), hierarchical, or even switched fabrics such as crossbar switches. In the more exotic topologies, Wishbone requires a bus controller or arbiter, but devices still maintain the same interface.

Comparisons
Wishbone control signals compared to other system on a chip (SoC) bus standards:

title: Wishbone (computer bus)


text: Template:User gb-0

title: Template:User gb-0


text: User talk:70.249.45.237

title: User talk:70.249.45.237


text:
Kent Tong

Kenneth Tong Chun-yip (born 29 September 1958) is a Hong Kong actor. He was a popular TVB actor during the 1980s, nicknamed "Prince" and one of the "Five Tiger Generals" of TVB.

Early life
Kent Tong was born to and grew up in a poor family in Hong Kong. His father was a fisherman who always caught seafood to feed his family. All 12 members of his family lived in a small-sized living room that was only 30 square meters. After graduating from high school, he worked on a salary of around 500 Hong Kong dollars per month.

Career
In 1979, Kent Tong received actor training from the TVB Artist Training Class, and proceeded to act for TVB. Although he has appeared in over a dozen movies, he is mostly known for his work in TVB television series, such as Duen Yu in Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (1982) and Yin Ching in The Unyielding Master Lim (1986). Tong often undertook roles of princes and villains in TVB dramas.

During the 1980s, Kent Tong, along with Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, Andy Lau, Michael Miu and Felix Wong became known as the Five Tiger Generals of TVB. They were widely considered the most popular and best looking leading male actors in TVB at the time. Everyone called him a nickname "Prince" – the most handsome guy in the group. In 1985, Tong was blamed by the public for the suicide of his then girlfriend, actress Barbara Yung, suffering a nervous breakdown as a result. At the end of 1985, he left TVB to avoid more negativity.

In 1993, he married former ATV actress Jiang Kun from China, who bore him a daughter and twin sons. However, while he and Jiang Kun were in the midst of their divorce, Kent was in a relationship with another woman from Guangzhou, their son was born in 2000. The couple officially divorced in 2001. In 2008, he married Qingdao native Zou Wenjing, who is 25 years his junior. Their twin girls were born in 2008.

From between the 1990s and now, Tong had switched to develop his food business and also shoot films in China. Tong is appointed as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference representing Guangdong Province since December 2007. In 2015, Tong made a comeback to TVB after 30 years with big success of the blockbuster Lord of Shanghai. Besides, he was nominated for Best Actor of the year.

Films

 * Once Upon a Rainbow (1982)
 * Hell Has No Boundary (1982)
 * Nomad (1982)
 * Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (1982)
 * Red Spell Spells Red (1983)
 * Maybe It's Love (1984)
 * The Surgeon (1984)
 * Police Story (1985)
 * The Story of Dr. Sun Yat Sen (1986)
 * Eastern Condors (1987)
 * You OK, I'm OK (1987)
 * Call Girl '88 (1988)
 * The Dragon Family (1988)
 * Bitter Taste of Blood (1988)
 * City Cops (1989)
 * The Tigers (1991) – Best Supporting Actor Nomination for The Tigers (11th Hong Kong Film Awards)
 * Pretty Woman (1991)
 * Take Me (1991)
 * Fox Legend (1991)
 * The Days of Being Dumb (1992)
 * The Pearl of Oriental (1992)
 * Royal Tramp II (1992)
 * Sex And Curse (1992)
 * Sisters in Law (1992)
 * A Matter of Life or Death (1992)
 * Hero of Hong Kong 1949 (1993)
 * Lord of the East China Sea (1993)
 * Hero – Beyond The Boundary of Time (1993)
 * The Tale of a Heroine (1993)
 * Bogus Cops (1993)
 * Hot Desire (1993)
 * Dancing Boy in Underworld Street (1993)
 * Pink Panther (1993)
 * Battle of No Truce (1993)
 * A Man and a Woman (1993)
 * Naked Rose (1994)
 * Bloody Beast (1994)
 * Possessed (1994)
 * Reunion (2002)
 * Eternal Flame of Fatal Attraction (2003)
 * My Jail Story (2003)
 * Moving Targets (2004)
 * Love is a Many Stupid Thing (2004)
 * Dragon Squad (2005)
 * My Mother is a Belly Dancer (2006)
 * Brothers (2007)
 * The Scroll of Wing Chun White Crane (2014)
 * Silently Love (2015)
 * Doomed Disaster (2015)
 * Out of Ordinary (2016)
 * Xuan Zang (2016)
 * Chasing the Dragon (2017)
 * Agent Mr Chan (2018)
 * Our Time (2018)
 * Dragon Action Secret Code (2019)

title: Kent Tong


text:
California State Route 132

State Route 132 (SR 132) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that connects the Central Valley with the Sierra Nevada foothills and the California Gold Country. Its western segment also connects the city of Modesto with the San Francisco Bay Area via I-580, although this route is discouraged due to it being a two-lane road between Modesto and Interstate 5 (motorists are instead encouraged to take SR 120 in Manteca to I-5 and I-205 to I-580). East of Modesto, the road climbs the foothills and eventually ends at SR 49 at Coulterville.

Portions between I-580 and I-5 are a four-lane freeway, and there are plans to upgrade the portion between I-5 and SR 99 in Modesto to an expressway, with 3 mi west of SR 99 currently open. Route 132 is a two-lane road important to recreational travelers en route to Modesto Reservoir, Turlock Reservoir, Don Pedro Reservoir and the Sierra Nevada foothills.

Route description
The route begins in San Joaquin County at Interstate 580, heading eastward as a freeway. After an interchange with Interstate 5, the freeway segment ends and continues as a two-lane highway. After passing SR 33 at an interchange, it enters Stanislaus County, where it intersects CR J3. It then heads eastward, then turns north on Dakota Avenue for a short length before turning east onto a two-lane expressway through the city of Modesto, where it intersects SR 99 and SR 108. At the east side of the city, it has a very short concurrency with CR J7 as it exits Modesto and enters Empire. As it exits Empire, it intersects numerous county roads as it exits Stanislaus County and enters Tuolumne County. After several miles, it exits Tuolumne County and enters Mariposa County, California, reaching its east end at SR 49 in Coulterville.

SR 132 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and west of the eastern Modesto city limits is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

History
The route was established in 1934 from modern day SR 33 to SR 49; in 1959 it was extended west to I-5, and in 1963 to the present-day western terminus at I-580.

A major accident occurred on March 5, 1983, when a collision involving a patrol car and another car with three Secret Service agents inside occurred, killing all three Secret Service agents. This was due to the unusual curve that the road takes on near the end of its course in Mariposa County, created in order to support the hills of the Sierra Nevada. The patrol car was hired for a visit that Queen Elizabeth II was planning to Yosemite National Park in March 1983.

The city-built "Kansas-Needham Overhead", connecting Kansas Avenue and Needham Street over the Union Pacific Railroad's Fresno Subdivision in Modesto, was aligned for a future connection to a SR 132 expressway west of Modesto. Construction of the first phase of the expressway project began in 2019 and was completed in September 2022. The new alignment starts at the intersection of Maze Boulevard (SR 132) and Dakota Avenue where SR 132 travels north on Dakota for a short distance and then turns east onto a newly-built two-lane expressway to SR 99 and Needham Street, where SR 132 then travels southeast on new one-way auxiliary roadways of 5th and 6th Streets alongside SR 99 (though it is not co-routed) to the interchange of Maze Boulevard, meeting up with SR 108 and SR 132's present day alignment.

Future
A second phase of the SR 132 expressway project west of Modesto is in the proposal stage. It is planned to connect to the recently completed expressway at Dakota Avenue to an approximate location near the intersection of Maze Boulevard (SR 132) and Gates Road / Paradise Road.

title: California State Route 132


text:
Binzhou

Binzhou (滨州, ), formerly Putai, is a prefecture-level city in northern Shandong Province in the People's Republic of China. The city proper sits on the northern bank of the Yellow River, while its administrative area straddles both sides of its lower course before its present delta. As of the 2020 Chinese census, its population was 3,928,568 inhabitants (3,748,474 in 2010), and its built-up (or metro) area made of Bincheng and Zhanhua urban Districts was home to 1,188,597 inhabitants.

History
Human settlement dates to at least the Chinese Neolithic. During the Shang, the area around Binzhou was held by the Pugu, who were counted among the "Eastern Barbarians" or Dongyi. Pugu joined the Shang prince Wu Geng's failed rebellion against the Zhou and was destroyed c. 1039, with its lands given to the minister Jiang Ziya as the march of Qi. The Bamboo Annals suggest the Pugu continued to trouble the Zhou for another decade and state they were again destroyed c. 1026. Qi became one of the most powerful of China's Warring States but was ruled from Yingqiu (modern Zibo), except for a brief hiatus under Duke Hu. He relocated to Bogu but was overcome by the revolting people of Yingqiu; his successor restored the former capital.

The name Binzhou arose under the Five Dynasties period because its land then bordered the Bay of Bohai. The deposition of silt from the Yellow River—which assumed its present course after the disastrous floods of the 1850s—has since moved the site well inland. The city itself was known as Putai into the 20th century, but Putai County was abolished in March 1956 and the name now survives only as the town's Pucheng Subdistrict.

Public works have reduced the destructiveness of the river, permitting Binzhou and neighboring Dongying to be developed into cities. The former Huimin Prefecture (惠民地区) was renamed Binzhou in 1984. It was given city status in 1992. At the end of 2022, the city had a resident population of 3,918,600 people. The major Industries are based on oil (Shengli Oil Field), chemicals, and textiles.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Binzhou administers seven county-level divisions, including two districts, one county-level city and four counties.

 * Bincheng District (滨城区)
 * Zhanhua District (沾化区)
 * Zouping city (邹平市)
 * Boxing County (博兴县)
 * Huimin County (惠民县)
 * Yangxin County (阳信县)
 * Wudi County (无棣县)

Geography
Binzhou lies on the alluvial plain formed by the Yellow River. The entire length of countryside around the river from Pucheng Subdistrict to the Bay of Bohai has been created by deposition of sediment since the Qin Dynasty. The present prefecture borders (counterclockwise from due west) Dezhou, Jinan, Zibo, Dongying, the Bay of Bohai, and Hebei.

Climate
Binzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with four well-defined seasons. Binzhou is one of the warmest cities in the world with a continental climate, with summers reaching as high as 31 °C, and the average temperature in the city being 13.0 °C. Conditions are warm and nearly rainless in spring, hot and humid in summer, crisp in autumn and cold and dry in winter. More than half of the annual precipitation occurs in July and August alone; snow occasionally falls during winter, though heavy falls are very rare.

Transportation

 * China National Highway 220
 * China National Highway 205

Education

 * Binzhou Medical University
 * Binzhou University

Notable people

 * Sun Tzu, Spring and Autumn period military general and strategist, author of the Art of War.
 * Xu Yan, kickboxer
 * Zhang Shiping, businessman

Economy
Binzhou, and neighboring Dongying, has historically had an agrarian economy. Binzhou is known regionally for its "dongzao" (literally, "winter dates"). After the Shengli Field was discovered, most of the field was incorporated into newly created Dongying, although Binzhou maintain some oil operations. Binzhou has been diversifying its economy away from agriculture by attracting manufacturing and foreign direct investment into the city. Among Binzhou's large businesses are Weiqiao, a textile company, and Binzhou Pride, an automobile company that only lived 2006 until 2008.

The Binzhou local government has also plowed resources into a new economic development zone on the outskirts of the new city, complete with a human-made lake.

Binzhou's role in pet food crisis
In April 2007, Binzhou made international headlines when Binzhou Futian Biology Technology, in Wudi County, was identified by US officials as one of two sources of contaminated wheat gluten in the 2007 pet food recalls. Shortly after, the company was shuttered by Chinese authorities, who also detained its general manager.

Reform
In 2004, the Binzhou government implemented Democratic Political Discussion Day, held on the 5th of each month. Under this scheme, every village-level government on this day is required to hold "open debate" and conference for villagers (essentially a town hall). At these meetings, a monthly financial report is presented, highlighting past and planned expenditure, investment performance and such other financial information. In theory, this is supposed to open village finances to greater public scrutiny and debate. Also released at these meetings are reports on the past performance of the government and governmental officials, and future actions and decisions planned, and just like the financial reports, these are also under the public scrutiny and debate. The resulting event is a secret ballot for every villager to vote for everything discussed at these meetings and governments cannot proceed on any issues unless they are passed with a majority vote. The issues passed by popular vote would then be carried out, and at the same time, the government would also make improvement and adjustment on the policies and issues that did not pass, and then present the revisions for the public scrutiny and debate at the next meeting.

Result of the political reform
Ever since the implementation of the political reform at Binzhou, the policy and performance have become transparent and obvious, corruption was checked, cadres' performance and popular support increased, and economy has steadily developed. The letters of petition from villagers to the government reduced more than 30%, and more importantly, in comparison to the era prior to the implementation of the political reform where over 90% of the petitions were criticism and complaints, over 90% of the petition after the implementation of the political reform was suggestions for improvement and requests for assistance.

The obvious achievement of the political reform of Binzhou is widely reported in the domestic Chinese media, as well as many overseas Chinese media, such as Zhong Guo Daily News in Southern California, or its more commonly known Chinese name among local Chinese readers, China Daily (Not to be confused China Daily, the official English publication of Chinese government), and is termed by both domestic and overseas scholars as a good example for governments in other parts of China to follow, and along with Chinese media, they have urged authorities to slowly but steadily expand the reform to a greater scale.

title: Binzhou


text: User talk:68.74.151.98

title: User talk:68.74.151.98


text:
Caribou Lou

Caribou Lou may refer to:

 * "Caribou Lou", a song by Tech N9ne from his 2006 album Everready (The Religion)
 * Caribou Lou, a cocktail made with 151 proof rum, pineapple juice, and Malibu rum

title: Caribou Lou


text:
Baron Wake of Liddell

Baron Wake of Liddell is an abeyant title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1295 for John Wake. It has been in abeyance since 1408.

John Wake
John Wake was born in 1268, the son of Baldwin Wake and Hawise de Quincy.

He campaigned in Gascony between 1288 and 1297. He campaigned against the Scots between 1297 and 1300. To this he was appointed Joint Captain of March of Scotland in Cumberland and Westmoreland in 1297. He fought at the Battle of Falkirk (1298).

He was to married Joan de Fenes by 24 September 1291. She was allegedly daughter of Sir John FitzBernard, of Kingsdown, Kent or William de Fenes/Fiennes, a Spanish count, and Blanche de Brienne, Dame de La Loupelande. Joan de Fenes was possibly a relative of Edward I. She died just prior to 26 October 1309.

John Wake, 1st Lord Wake, was created baron by writ of summons to Parliament on 24 June 1295. He died circa 10 April 1300.

Through his mother, John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell was a great-great-grandson of King John of England. He was great-grandfather of Richard II of England.

The family claimed descent from Hereward the Wake's daughter by his second wife, Alftruda.

Children of John Wake, 1st Lord Wake and Joan de Fiennes: In 1408 after the death of Edmund Holland, 8th Baron Wake of Liddell and 4th Earl of Kent, the title went into abeyance, which has never been terminated. Edmund had six sisters, the youngest Bridget was nun, the oldest predeceased him and the second had no children.
 * 1) John Wake – died between 1320 and 1349
 * 2) Thomas Wake, 2nd Lord Wake born c.  20 Mar 1297/98, d. 30/31 May 1349
 * 3) Margaret Wake, born c. 1300, d. 29 September 1349

Barons Wake of Liddell (1295)

 * John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell (1268 – c. 4 October 1300)
 * Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell (1297–1349)
 * Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell (c. 1300 –1349)
 * John, 4th Baron Wake of Liddell and 3rd Earl of Kent (1330–1352)
 * Joan, 5th Baroness Wake of Liddell and Countess of Kent (1328–1385)
 * Thomas Holland, 6th Baron Wake of Liddell and 2nd Earl of Kent (1350–1397)
 * Thomas Holland, 7th Baron Wake of Liddell, 3rd Earl of Kent, and 1st Duke of Surrey (1374–1400)
 * Edmund Holland, 8th Baron Wake of Liddell and 4th Earl of Kent (1384–1408) (abeyance)
 * 1/6 Share in the Barony to each surviving sister and the eldest's only son:
 * Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, share eventually split into a third to Edward IV, likely subject to merging in the crown, and the other two going to the daughters of Edward Charlton, 5th Baron Charlton.
 * Joan Holland, married four times, but was childless, share divided equally among the other lines
 * Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence, share eventually passed to Henry VIII, likely subject to merging in the crown
 * Elizabeth Holland, Lady Neville, share eventually passed to Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland and then not exactly known; Charles had 1/4 Share (or 3/8 if the Clarence share are discounted due to merging in the crown) and was survived by four daughters, of which two had no children and none had no sons.
 * Eleanor Holland, Countess of Salisbury, share eventually passed to Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu. Through his two daughters it split between the Earls of Huntingdon and the Barrington baronets, each line taking 1/8 Share (or 3/16 if the Clarence share are discounted due to merging in the crown)
 * Bridget Holland, never married as she was a nun, share divided equally among the other lines

title: Baron Wake of Liddell


text:
Jarring Effects

Jarring Effects is a French musical label based in Lyon, south-east of France. Jarring Effects encourages musicians to be independent, produce the music themselves, be creative and to make music they enjoy rather than trying to make it commercially viable. It was created on an associative basis and remains an association.

Jarring Effects is often associated with High Tone and Ez3kiel, electro-dub bands from France, but a lot of underground audio-activists have had albums or songs released on the label. Jarring Effects Label is a cooperative since 2007.

Bands

 * High Tone
 * La Phaze
 * Interlope
 * Meï Teï Shô
 * L'Œuf raide
 * Monsieur orange
 * Ez3kiel
 * Reverse Engineering
 * Brain Damage
 * Twelve
 * R-zatz
 * Fumuj
 * Playdoe
 * Brigadier JC
 * B r oad way
 * Revo
 * Grosso Gadgetto
 * Von Magnet
 * Vuneny
 * Idem
 * Ben Sharpa
 * Sibot
 * Cape Town Beats
 * Oddateee

title: Jarring Effects


text:
Arapgir

Arapgir (Արաբկիր; Erebgir ) is a municipality and district of Malatya Province, Turkey. Its area is 987 km2, and its population is 9,964 (2022).

It is situated at the confluence of the eastern and western Euphrates, but some miles from the right bank of the combined streams. Arapgir is connected with Sivas by a chaussée, prolonged to the Euphrates river. The present town was built in the mid-19th century, but about 2 miles north-east is the old town, now called Eskişehir ("old city" in Turkish).

History
This territory is a part of historical Lesser Armenia. The old town of Arapgir was founded by the Armenian King Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni in 1021, who had exchanged his kingdom of Vaspurakan for estates in the central lands of the Byzantine Empire.

Composition
There are 63 neighbourhoods in Arapgir District:

 * Aktaş
 * Alıçlı
 * Aşağıçörenge
 * Aşağıulupınar
 * Aşağıyenice
 * Berenge
 * Boğazlı
 * Bostancık
 * Budak
 * Çakırsu
 * Çarşı
 * Çaybaşı
 * Çiğnir
 * Çimen
 * Çobanlı
 * Cömertli
 * Deregezen
 * Düzce
 * Esikli
 * Eskiarapkir
 * Eynir
 * Gebeli
 * Göz
 * Gözeli
 * Günyüzü
 * Hezenek
 * Hocaali
 * Kayakesen
 * Kaynak
 * Kazanç
 * Kılıçlı
 * Konducak
 * Koru
 * Köseoğlu
 * Mehmet Akif
 * Meşeli
 * Onar
 * Ormansırtı
 * Osmanpaşa
 * Pacalı
 * Pirali
 * Şağıluşağı
 * Sekizsu
 * Selamlı
 * Serge
 * Şıhlar
 * Sinikli
 * Sipahiuşağı
 * Suçeyin
 * Sugeçti
 * Tarhan
 * Taşdelen
 * Taşdibek
 * Ulaçlı
 * Yaylacık
 * Yazılı
 * Yeni
 * Yeşilyayla
 * Yukarı Ulupınar
 * Yukarı Yenice
 * Yukarıçörenge
 * Yukarıyabanlı
 * Zohrap

Climate
Arapgir has a dry-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dsa), transitioning to a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with hot, dry summers and cold, frequently snowy winters.

Demographics
Arapgir town is populated by Kurds. In descending order of population, the district is populated by Turks, Kurds, and Armenians. Armenians used to be the second largest ethnic group after Turks, constituting one third of the population, but most of the population was wiped out during the Armenian genocide.

Ethnic composition of the villages in Arapgir District:
 * Turkish: Aktaş, Alıçlı, Boğazlı, Budak, Çiğnir, Çimen, Düzce, Eski Arapgir, Eynir, Gözeli, Günyüzü, Kayakesen, Koruköy, Onar, Ormansırtı, Selamlı, Yeşilyayla, Yukarı Yabanlı
 * Kurdish: Bostancık, Çakırsu, Deregezen, Esikli, Gebeli, Kaynak, Kazanç, Kılıçlı, Konducak, Pacalı, Pirali, Şağıluşağı, Sinikli, Sipahiuşağı, Sugeçti, Tarhan, Ulaçlı, Yaylacık, Yazılı
 * Kurdish and Turkish: Suçeyin, Taşdelen

History
According to Donald Quataert, Arapgir in the 1880s was made up of 4,802 Muslim and 1,200 Armenian households, with a total population of about 29,000 persons. According to a METU study citing Nejat Göyünç, the city population was about 20,000 in 1911, of which more than half of the population was Armenian Christians and the rest were Muslim. Differing sources present differing pictures for the respective shares of ethnicities within the weavers' community. The Armenian population is reported to have suffered severely during the Hamidian massacres of 1895, although, in this regard, Donald Quataert notes, with textile exports back to normal levels a year after the turmoil, in 1896, either all weavers were Muslims after all, or few Armenian weavers were killed, displaced or disrupted during the troubles.

On the eve of World War I, there were about 9,523 Armenians (1,300 houses) and 6,774 Turks living in Arapgir. After the 1915 Armenian genocide, most of the Armenian population of Arapgir was killed or deported.

Churches, mosques and other buildings

Before the Armenian genocide Arapgir had seven Armenian Apostolic churches: Surp Astvadzadzin (Holy Mother of God) Church, not to be confused with the cathedral, Grigor Lusavorich (Gregory the Illuminator) Church, Surp Kevork Church, Surp Hagob Church, Surp Nshan Church, Surp Pilibos Arakel (St. Philip the Apostle) Church, Surp Sarkis Church, There were, also, one Catholic Surp Prgich (Holy Saviors) Church and one Protestant Cuğran Church. There were also more than 10 schools in the town. Little is left of pre-war Arapgir, but there are still some old houses that have survived, which are Armenian origin. The town also contains the ruins of a castle, several Seljuk mosques, old cemetery and silver mines.

People from Arapgir

 * Abdullah Cevdet
 * Aram Achekbashian (1867–1915), Hnchak politician
 * Cemal Azmi (1868–1922), Ottoman politician
 * Vahagn Davtyan, (1922–1996), an Armenian writer
 * Khajag Barsamian, born 1951, the primate of Diocese of Armenian Church of Eastern America
 * Zehra Bilir (1913–2007), born Eliz Surhantakyan, Turkish folk singer of Armenian origin, known as "Türkü Ana" (Mother of Folk Songs)

title: Arapgir


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Expatriate De Debonaire

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied. android 79  03:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Expatriate De Debonaire
Non-notable, vanity, bandcruft, crystal ball. Badly written too. RoySmith 01:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I tried to AfD this and had an edit conflict with RoySmith.  Based on Google I'm not convinced there is such a person (no hits for either real name or stage name given), and if there were he wouldn't meet the criteria of WP:MUSIC. Chick Bowen 01:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as not meeting WP:music. Apparent hopeful with album being released in 2006. Capitalistroadster 01:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 01:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Actually it's worse than band vanity. It seems to be about just one person, and makes no claim of notability.  It just talks of a future 2006 release.  The article heaps praise on him, but doesn't even claim he had success.  A article talking of a nice professor who hadn't published yet, would be speedied, so should this.   --rob 03:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:EricBright

I work on philosophy, biology of religion, and supply chain management (of all things, I know!) and am developing a method of studying religions that I call Religovirology, which is explained in my book Religovirology: Meme Mechanics, Virology of Religion, and Refutation of Supernaturalism. You can read more about the book on my website.

I have been working on those topics for years and have published a few books on them (Defining “GOD”, and Atheists’ Common Errors, Free Will and other Head Games, and Packaging and Material Handling).

I am currently teaching Supply Chain Management in a Toronto college in Canada.

title: User:EricBright


text: User talk:68.84.134.220

title: User talk:68.84.134.220


text:
User talk:ODiV

You were listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Canada page as living in or being associated with Canada. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians somewhere undetermined in Canada for instructions.--Rmky87 01:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ODiV


text:
User:Shanghaiedjustin

Please refer to me now as justintheman instead of Shanghaiedjustin

title: User:Shanghaiedjustin


text:
Araeostyle

Araeostyle (Latin: araeostylos, from ἀραιόστυλος, from αραιος, "weak" or "widely spaced", and στυλος, "column") is one of five categories of intercolumniation (the spacing between the columns of a colonnade) described by the Roman architect Vitruvius. Of all the ancient architectural categories, the araeostyle has the widest spacing of columns, with an intercolumniation equal to four column diameters. Because of the wide span, timber rather than stone architraves were used. Vitruvius names three examples of araeostyle temples: the Temple of Ceres, Pompey's Temple of Hercules, and the Temple on the Capitoline Hill.

title: Araeostyle


text:
User:Kriegman

For information about me, you can check out the article on me that I started in 2003 as a "young" Wikipedian, i.e., before I knew that it was considered inappropriate to write about yourself :-) A more commercially oriented self description (originally developed to promote my private practice), can be found here. Here is a summary of some of the relevant areas of my interest/expertise.

Psychology
I am a clinical psychologist with a a lot of experience working with "difficult" patients.

Sex Offenders

For almost half a century, I have treated and evaluated (as an "expert witness") sex offenders. Sex offenders, contrary to popular opinion, have the lowest rate of recidivism of criminal offenders, according to the US Department of Justice statistics. In general, they can be treated successfully IF they want help and IF they see the treater as their agent, not as an agent of the criminal justice system. Unfortunately, the dominant treatment models run by folks trying to keep them incarcerated (not trying to treat and then release them) are built upon asking the patient to trust people who are working, despite claims to the contrary, to keep them incarcerated as long as possible.

A very small percentage of truly compulsive/repetitive sex offenders pose a terrible danger to society and should be locked up indefinitely. Unfortunately, we have only a very limited ability to differentiate these horrific offenders from the huge number of men who cross the legal line sexually. Politicians trying to outdo each other by claiming to be protecting us from "sexual predators," now have more and more states locking up as many sex offenders as they can for indefinite commitments. These commitments average 20 years or more (!) and begin AFTER the offender has completed serving the criminal sentences for their crimes.

That is, AFTER serving the sentences that a court considered appropriate for ("punishment that fit") the crime—even though in the vast majority of cases we cannot predict the future (a la Minority Report)—20 years of incarceration are "tacked on" via civil commitment so that politicians can each claim to be doing more than their opponents to protect you from sex offenders. In Massachusetts, these commitments are based on the testimony of "experts" who have no expertise whatsoever (often little or no experience prior to being recruited to evaluate and testify that sex offenders are dangerous) and who distort the empirical findings to claim an ability to reliably predict who will reoffend and cause serious harm. Since the empirical evidence so overwhelmingly supports our inability to make highly accurate predictions about human behavior, most (not all) of these commitments are based on bogus science.

These laws will be overturned and these commitments will end not because they, more often than not, are based on testimony of the same caliber as the Salem Witch Trials (which I prove scientifically in this two part article: Part I and Part II) and not because they are unconstitutional (which due to the use of bogus science to deprive individuals of their liberty, they are). Rather, these laws will be repealed when the staggering cost of incarcerating a small but significant part of the male population becomes overwhelming. (The current estimates run around $3,000,000.00 or more per commitment.)

"Psychoses"

In a completely separate area of clinical work, I believe in the treatment of "psychotic conditions" by good social support and psychotherapy, not by drugs (though drugs can be useful in a crisis for short periods and may have appropriate long term use in a small number of situations). There are mountains of evidence that we are destroying millions of lives with our Western paradigm of care for those who have suffered major emotional/psychological breakdowns. Outside of this treatment paradigm, the recovery from "schizophrenia" is around 60% (after one or two breakdowns). With better supports, I believe the recovery rate could be at least 75%, maybe more.

Within the Western paradigm, however, the recovery rate is "officially" zero! That is, the patient and their families are told that schizophrenia is a biological condition that will require lifelong treatment with drugs. The drugs have terrible long term side effects that destroy the quality of life (tardive dyskinesia, diabetes, tardive dementia, mental dimming, and many other ailments, etc.) and/or cause early death (from diabetes, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a heightened rate of suicide, etc.) of most patients who take them for many years. Yet, the psychiatric drugs have been the major product that moved a tenth rate industry of no economic significance (in the 1930's) to the third largest and most profitable industry in the world (after military and energy industries).

So, 60% or more of the young people who experience "psychosis" would have recovered from emotional breakdowns without medication. Yet, our standard treatment for what is called "schizophrenia" locks almost everyone who enters the mental health system into lifelong treatment with lucrative drugs that will destroy most of their lives. At least for those 60% or so who would have recovered without medication and whose lives are, at best, slowly (but eventually, massively) diminished by these toxins, "treatment" based on this mindset is … murder. For profit. (What else would you call it?)

Evolutionary Biologist
As an evolutionary biologist, I co-created the psychoanalytic paradigm of evolutionary psychoanalyis and have written extensively about the evolution of the human psyche and behavior.

I have a particular interest in the overlap between religion and intergroup violence (war, genocide, etc.). My theory is that humans evolved into religious, meme system group identifying animals specifically because of the adaptive advantage provided for effective violence in intergroup conflicts. The thesis is deceptively simple: Those strongly identified groups held together by religious and pseudo-religious "false-kin ideologies" were more effective at killing off outsiders (and stealing their possessions/land) and preventing other groups from doing the same to them. Thus, humans evolved a powerful religious propensity.

Yoism
One response to the horror of what religion has wrought is to eschew religion and promote atheism. There are several problems with that solution. The major problem is that it leaves our world in the control of those deluded folk who actively harness religious or pseudo-religious ideologies in the pursuit of power. It is in response to this problem that I joined together with others to form Yoism: The World's First Open Source Religion (which is also the first religion inspired by Wikipedia, see Open source religion). The notion is that sanely harnessing the human propensity to form religious groupings is the only way to effectively compete for power with those currently controlling our world and leading us headlong into disaster.

And besides that, Yoism is … true :-)

title: User:Kriegman


text:
Divination (disambiguation)

Divination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual.

Divination may also refer to:

 * Divination (album), a 2012 by In Hearts Wake
 * "Bu Ju", a poem in the Chu Ci
 * "Divination", a 2006 episode of QI
 * "Divinations", a song by Mastodon from the 2009 album Crack the Skye

title: Divination (disambiguation)


text:
Sunovion

On July 1, 2023, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. became part of Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on delivering therapeutic and scientific breakthroughs in areas of critical patient need spanning psychiatry and neurology, oncology, urology, women's health, rare disease, and cell and gene therapies.

Sunovion was founded as Sepracor, Inc. in 1984 by Timothy J. Barberich, Steve Matson, and Bob Bratzler. Sepracor completed its initial public offering in 1991, trading on NASDAQ under the ticker SEPR. On October 12, 2010, Sepracor, Inc. was acquired by and became a standalone subsidiary of Sumitomo Pharma of Japan (then known as Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma). In April 2023, Sumitomo Pharma announced the combination of its U.S. subsidiaries, including Sunovion, to form Sumitomo Pharma America (SMPA).

Company history
Sepracor completed its initial public offering in 1991 at a market cap of $160M. The company's initial focus was on the separation and purification of isomers and active metabolites. The strategy was to present larger pharmaceuticals with patented, purified active ingredients for expiring products. In 1993, Marion Merrell Dow, now a part of Sanofi, partnered with Sepracor to develop a purified version of its antihistamine, Seldane, after the latter was required to carry a warning about potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia. This purified compound would later be marketed as Allegra, but Sepracor would not profit significantly from its launch, a result of less-than favorable partnership terms.

Sepracor's subsequent products were focused on the treatment of central nervous system and respiratory disorders, under the direction of Gunnar Aberg and John McCullough. The primary source of its revenue in the late 1990s - early 2000s was the approximately $600 million annually from its Xopenex franchise of drugs. The insomnia drug Lunesta (eszopiclone) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2004 and launched in April 2005. In 2006, the FDA approved Sepracor's drug Brovana to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

In 2008, Bial agreed with the company to produce and market its antiepileptic drug Aptiom at Sepracor's facilities and supervised by Bial. Aptiom subsequently received FDA approval in 2013 to treat partial onset seizures.

In 2010, Latuda, an atypical antipsychotic drug, received FDA approval for the treatment of schizophrenia and in 2013, received a secondary approval for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder.

Acquisition by Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma
Sepracor was acquired by then-Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma in 2010 for $2.6B. Sepracor would become an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma and renamed to Sunovion.

Combination to form Sumitomo Pharma America
On April 3, 2023, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd, announced that it will combine with Sumitomo Pharma’s other affiliate companies Sumitomo Pharma America Holdings, Inc., Sumitovant Biopharma Ltd., Myovant Sciences, Inc., Urovant Sciences, Inc., Enzyvant Therapeutics, Inc., and Sumitomo Pharma Oncology, Inc. to form Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc. (SMPA), effective July 1, 2023.

Products Under Development

 * Ulotaront (SEP-856) – phase III
 * Aramisulpride:esamisulpride (85:15 ratio) (SEP-4199) – phase III

List of mergers and acquisitions
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:

 * Sunovion (Previously-known as Sepracor)
 * IBF Biotechnics (Acq 1991)
 * New England Pharmaceuticals (Acq 1995)
 * Oryx Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2008)
 * Elevation Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2012)
 * Cynapsus Therapeutics (Acq 2016)

title: Sunovion