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Peter Worthington

Peter John Vickers Worthington (February 16, 1927 – May 12, 2013) was a Canadian journalist. A foreign correspondent with the Toronto Telegram newspaper from 1956, Worthington was an eyewitness to the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963, and can be seen in photographs of the event. He remained with the Telegram until it folded in 1971. Worthington was the founding editor of the Toronto Sun newspaper, which was created by former Telegram employees upon that newspaper's demise.

In 1996 Worthington was inducted into the Canadian News Hall of Fame.

Early life
Born in Winnipeg, Worthington was son of Major General F. F. Worthington, Peter Worthington was a veteran of both the Second World War and the Korean War. He joined the Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR) in 1944, at the age of 17, and served as an air gunner in the Fleet Air Arm, and briefly in the United Kingdom, until his discharge in 1946 with the rank of Sub-Lieutenant.

From there he went to the University of British Columbia. Worthington left the university before completing his degree and joined Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry as a Lieutenant in 1950.

In the Korean War he was a platoon commander, then battalion intelligence officer in the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) in Korea, and ended the war with the U.S. Air Force, 6147 Mosquito Squadron, directing air strikes at enemy targets.

After his discharge, he returned to the University of British Columbia, completing his B.A., and proceeded to earn a Bachelor's in journalism from what is now Carleton University in Ottawa.

Toronto Telegram
In 1956, he joined the staff at the Toronto Telegram newspaper. One of early assignments was to cover the Canadian troops stationed in the Gaza Strip. Canadian forces were sent under the directions of the United Nations. From that beginning, he would go on to interview King Hussein of Jordan in 1958, Thomas Anthony Dooley III in 1959, and Albert Schweitzer in 1960.

In April 1961, Worthington was in Algiers, and on May 15, 1961, Worthington was in Luanda, Angola, covering the Portuguese Colonial War. In 1962 he was in Netherlands New Guinea, covering the invasion of the country by Indonesia. He was also in the North East frontier of India and China when Chinese forces invaded in that same year.

On assignment for the Telegram, Worthington was in Dallas on November 25, 1963, where he was an eyewitness to the killing of Lee Harvey Oswald. He covered the trial of Jack Ruby in February 1964.

Starting in January 1965, Worthington was posted in Moscow. In 1967 he was assigned to Cairo, where he covered the Six-Day War. On August 21, 1968, he was in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

Worthington covered the Nigerian Civil War of 1967 to 1970 in a series of reports that resulted in his second of four National Newspaper Awards and a National Newspaper Citation.

Editor of the Toronto Sun
On Saturday September 18, 1971 the Telegram announced it was closing. Joining former employees of the Telegram, a new tabloid was started (the Toronto Sun newspaper), the first edition appearing Monday, November 1, 1971, a day after the last edition of the Telegram. Worthington was the new paper's founding editor. He assumed the title editor-in-chief in 1976 when former Toronto Telegram editor-in-chief J.D. MacFarlane was hired in order to make clear that he didn't answer to MacFarlane, who was forced to take the title "editorial director" instead.

A conservative, Worthington led the brash new tabloid throughout the 1970s as it campaigned against the government of Pierre Trudeau. In 1978 he became the first Canadian journalist to be charged under the Official Secrets Act for a column in the Sun identifying 16 Canadians who had been recruited by the KGB into treasonous acts on behalf of the Soviet Union. After a year of preliminary hearings, the case was thrown out of court.

Worthington resigned from the Sun's board of directors and as editor in 1982 after the board voted to accept an offer by Maclean-Hunter to purchase the Sun chain; fearing that the newspaper would lose its independence, he cast the sole dissenting vote against the sale.

Political career
Following the newspaper's sale, Worthington took a leave of absence from the Sun in 1982 in order to seek the nomination of the Progressive Conservative Party for a by-election in Toronto's Broadview—Greenwood riding; Worthington's nomination was opposed by the party leadership and he was defeated by Bill Fastis, who was supported by the riding's Greek-Canadian community, in a hotly contested campaign in which the six candidates for the Tory nomination sold thousands of party memberships. Worthington then ran in the by-election as an independent candidate, and placed a strong second to the winner, New Democrat Lynn McDonald, and ahead of the official Tory candidate. He succeeded in becoming the official Progressive Conservative nominee for the riding in the 1984 general election, but was again defeated by McDonald.

Son-in-law and political analyst David Frum credits Worthington's 1982 nomination battle and his subsequent battle with the Tory leadership as "set[ting] in motion the train of events that brought down Conservative Party leader Joe Clark and opened the way for Brian Mulroney to win the landslide Conservative victory of 1984."

Worthington was a committed conservative and anti-Communist. In the mid-1980s, he collaborated with Craig Williamson, a former South African Police officer responsible for bombing anti-apartheid activists, to produce a propaganda film The ANC method - violence which was distributed by the far-right group Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform throughout Canada in 1988. Less well known is his support for animal welfare and animal rights and long-time involvement with the Toronto Humane Society.

FBI informant allegations
Worthington was accused by the Ottawa Citizen of being an informant for the American Federal Bureau of Investigation about the suspected political sympathies of a number of his friends, including June Callwood. Worthington filed a complaint against the Ottawa Citizen with the Ontario Press Council and won an apology for its error.

Return to the Sun
After his political defeats, Worthington returned as a columnist for the Toronto Sun and its sister newspapers. In 1989, he was fired by publisher Doug Creighton after being quoted in a rival newspaper saying that the Sun was not a serious newspaper. He was re-hired soon after to be founding editor of the Ottawa Sun for a year, when that paper was relaunched as a daily, and returned to the Toronto Sun and the Sun chain as a columnist. He continued up until his death as a columnist for Sun Media's parent, QMI.

Personal life
Worthington was married to Yvonne Crittenden and is stepfather of conservative writer Danielle Crittenden, wife of writer and political advisor David Frum.

Death
Worthington died in Toronto on May 12, 2013, after spending four days in Toronto General Hospital with a serious staph infection that compromised his heart, kidneys and other organs. His last published article was his own obituary which began with the line: "If you are reading this, I am dead. How's that for a lead?"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter Worthington


text:
Category:Cathedrals in Argentina

 * List of Cathedrals in Argentina by Giga-Catholic Information

title: Category:Cathedrals in Argentina


text:
Category:Books by Michael Crichton

- for non-fiction books by the author.

title: Category:Books by Michael Crichton


text: Category:Soviet expellees

title: Category:Soviet expellees


text:
Hipster PDA

The Hipster PDA is a paper-based personal organizer, popularized by Merlin Mann in 2004. Originally a tongue-in-cheek reaction to the increasing expense and complexity of personal digital assistants (PDA), the Hipster PDA (said to stand for "Parietal Disgorgement Aid" and often abbreviated to "hPDA") comprises a sheaf of index cards held together with a binder clip. Following widespread coverage in the media and blogs, the hPDA became a popular personal management tool, particularly with followers of David Allen's Getting Things Done methodology.

Although it began as a joke, or perhaps a statement about technology fetishism, the Hipster PDA rapidly gained popularity with serious users, with hundreds posting pictures of their customized hPDAs on photo sharing sites and exchanging tips on Internet mailing lists. Advocates of the hPDA claim that it is a cheap, lightweight, freeform organizer that does not need batteries and is unlikely to be stolen. Enthusiasts also design and share index-card-size printable templates for storing contacts, to-do lists, calendars, notes, project plans, and so on.

A Hipster Nano PDA uses business cards with blank backs and one that has a calendar on the back.

title: Hipster PDA


text: Category:Venezuelan bodybuilders

title: Category:Venezuelan bodybuilders


text: User talk:69.153.85.6

title: User talk:69.153.85.6


text:
Judge Alex

Judge Alex is an American arbitration-based reality court show presided over by retired police officer, lawyer, and Florida Judge Alex Ferrer. The series premiered on September 12, 2005, replacing Texas Justice on most of its stations, and ended on May 21, 2014. The show aired in syndication.

On January 17, 2014, the series was canceled after nine seasons. The final episode aired on May 21, 2014, With reruns continuing until August of that year.

Reruns would briefly air during the September 2016-17 season.

Judge Alex Ferrer
Ferrer handled cases that ranged from armed robberies to kidnappings and first-degree murders as a Florida circuit court judge. Every three weeks, he taped ten cases a day over three days previously in Houston where the show was based (In the 2010-2011 season the show moved to Sunset Bronson Studios in Los Angeles); he then flew back home to Miami, where he lives with his wife and two children.

Using his sense of humor, Ferrer was not overly harsh or given to mouthing off like some of his judicial counterparts, though he did keep a firm control over his courtroom and did not allow misconduct or disrespect. Ferrer's rulings were often prefaced by his explanation of the law at hand to his audience.

title: Judge Alex


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scandal Sheet!

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  22:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Scandal Sheet!
A webcomic hosted on keenspace, and can be found here. The Alexa report shows no mention of Scandal Sheet on its report for keenspace, and its forums is a ghosttown. A google search shows up nothing which would lift this website above all the other more popular websites out there. A webcomic is no more notable than any other website, and just because it has surpassed one hundred strips does not make it notable, no matter what WP:COMIC says. - Hahnchen 03:03, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The Scandal Sheet! forums are a ghost town because they moved to Livejournal. Keep - what do you think WP:COMIC is for, anyway? And they had a crossover with Something Positive, which helps too. DS 05:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The main purpose of WP:COMIC seems to be to give non-notable web comics a reason to stay on Wikipedia when they would have been deleted if they were a non-notable anything else. Delete on general principles. - Andre Engels 11:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- the primary question here is of notability/vanity -- this webcomic appears to fall short of sufficient notability to merit an article in the encyclopedia. --Mysidia (talk) 03:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. WP:COMIC is just plain silly and I do not plan to use those criteria in my decisions.  I see no reason not to judge any website by the same standards, regardless of whether they contain comics or not. Friday (talk) 15:11, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am in agreement with the above.  Dottore So 15:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Likewise... perhaps there need to be some skeptics participating in WP:COMIC. -- SCZenz 22:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the Comixpedia Webcomic Wiki and delete. --Carnildo 23:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn CLW 06:46, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Jay1957

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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--JAranda'' | yeah 03:04, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jay1957


text: Category:Ukrainian bodybuilders

title: Category:Ukrainian bodybuilders


text:
Divorce Court

Divorce Court is an American court show that revolves around settling the disputes of couples going through divorces. The show has had four separate runs, all in first-run syndication. Since the debut of the original series in 1957, it is one of the longest-running syndicated television programs of all time. Divorce Court also holds the record for the longest-running court show of all time, leading the second-place show The People's Court by two years.

Due to the recasting of the judge role, however, Divorce Court does not boast the longest individual series run or longest arbitrator in the court show genre; those records are held by Judge Judy and The People's Court. The first two runs of Divorce Court, the original version that aired for five seasons from 1957 to 1962 and the first revival that ran for two seasons from 1967 to 1969, featured Voltaire Perkins as the jurist. The second revival ran for nine seasons from 1984 to 1993, with retired Supreme Court of California judge William B. Keene as the presiding jurist.

The current incarnation of Divorce Court premiered on August 30, 1999, and has transitioned between multiple judges: former Los Angeles prosecuting attorney, Mablean Ephriam (1999–2006); former Cleveland Heights municipal court judge, Lynn Toler (2006–2020); former New York City prosecutor, Faith Jenkins (2020–2022); and former New York City prosecutor, district attorney, and former View co-host Star Jones (2022–present).

Series overview
Prior to the premiere of the currently running version, all of the previous incarnations of Divorce Court were presented in the form of reenactments of real-life divorce cases. When the series was revived, it took the form of a reality arbitration based format. The 16th season, which began the show's fourth and present incarnation of the series, debuted in September 1999. By that time, court shows across the board had made a transition to a format involving former judges or attorneys legitimately arbitrating over actual small claims cases, a trend first introduced by The People's Court and heavily popularized by the ratings success of Judge Judy. Following the lead of its counterparts, Divorce Court was reformatted accordingly.

1957–62, 1967–69 and 1984–93 incarnations
While touted as presenting real cases to television audiences, the stories from earlier versions of Divorce Court were actually dramatized, scripted reenactments of divorce cases presented by actors. Actors portrayed the lawsuit included the plaintiff, who initiated the divorce proceedings; the defendant, who either sought a conflict resolution or sought a divorce decree of his/her own; and a number of witnesses, who testified on behalf of one of the litigants. Meanwhile, student attorneys would argue the cases.

Each episode followed a basic formula, as follows:
 * Each attorney giving opening statements.
 * The litigants, along with one or two supporting witnesses, giving their side of the story and enduring cross-examination. Frequently, rebuttal witnesses would testify, either to refute or support one of the spouses.
 * Closing arguments.
 * If children were involved, they would (sometimes, but not always) be interviewed by the judge in his chambers.
 * The judge's decision, followed by appropriate reactions by each side.

Voltaire Perkins eras (1957–1962, 1967–1969)
The first Divorce Court incarnation began airing in 1957 and ran for five seasons until 1962, to be revived in 1967 for an additional two-season run. The first two versions starred actor Voltaire Perkins in the role of the jurist, with Colin Male as the court reporter. In its first year, Divorce Court aired locally in Los Angeles on independent station KTTV as a weekly, live, one-hour program. In 1958, KTTV began recording Divorce Court on Ampex videotape and syndicated the program nationally. Production resumed in the fall of 1967 following a five-year hiatus, this time as a half-hour daily series recorded in color. This second series of Divorce Court ended in 1969, though reruns continued to be offered to some stations throughout the early 1970s.

William B. Keene era (1984–1993)
A revival began in 1984 and featured retired Supreme Court of California judge William B. Keene as the presiding jurist and former game show host Jim Peck as court reporter (replaced in 1989 by former Scarecrow and Mrs. King star Martha Smith). This edition ran until 1992 for a total of nine seasons, with reruns airing on the USA Network during the early 1990s.

Format
The fourth installment and current edition of Divorce Court which premiered in the fall of 1999 has a very different setup from its predecessor editions. Real couples–who had previously filed for divorce–argue their cases before the court, with one case presented in each episode. After both sides present their arguments, the judge rules in favor of one side. The judge's decision includes finding in favor of one of the litigants (or, more often than not, declaring a joint decree) and resolving issues such as alimony and asset division. The judge's decisions are legally binding. As such, the modern version of Divorce Court is essentially a form of binding-arbitration in the manner of many modern day courtroom programs. In some instances, the judge may withhold a decision to give the couple ample time to consider a reconciliation. Occasionally, the show revisits a case from a past episode where time to explore reconciliation was offered in order to determine if the delay either remedied or worsened the marriage. Social media segments involving viewer reactions and polls have also been incorporated this installment of the series.

Mablean Ephriam era (1999–2006)
When the current version of Divorce Court was resurrected for a 17th season in the fall of 1999, former Los Angeles Prosecuting Attorney Mablean Ephriam was featured as the show's presiding judge. Notable in her judgeship over the series, Ephriam was the show's first African American and first female jurist.

Ephriam presided over this life of Divorce Court for seven years, from the 1999–00 season through the 2005–06 season, her tenure coming to an abrupt and unexpected end over a failure to come to terms in contract negotiations for an eighth season of the current installment. As part of the terms of the contract, Ephriam stated that she was forbidden from changing her hairstyle for the entirety of that following season, that the network reasoned that her hairstyles were too time-consuming for their hair and makeup team. In a press release statement over the matters, Ephriam stated, "When will FOX and the rest of America accept our cultural differences as African Americans and embrace us with all of our different hairstyles, hair textures, hair color."

During her seven-year judgeship over the program, Mablean was known for her quirky voice and expressions, and reactions of amusement, shock and appall over the accounts of outrageous behavior by the litigants.

Lynn Toler era (2006–2020)
Lynn Toler, a former judge in Cleveland Heights, Ohio (also former judge of previously cancelled series Power of Attorney in the series' last half season) took over the Divorce Court bench for its 24th season (or eighth season of the show's current installment), which premiered September 11, 2006. Toler would eventually become Divorce Court's longest reigning judge—not only over the current edition of the program—but the overall 40-year-old series as a whole, presiding over the broadcast for 14 seasons. In her judgeship over the series, Toler was noted for her strident tone. Toler imparted counsel, words of wisdom, logical reasoning, and an effort to talk sense into the show's litigants and took to humorous scolding of the litigants where necessary.

Toler's final season hosting the program was in the present edition's 21st season, during the 2019–20 television year. It was during that season that Toler took objection to what she described as a hostile, unfriendly atmosphere coming from the network and production. In addition, Toler cited discontentment with an assortment of management decisions brought on her and the program by production. Among those decisions were in the show's set design, the program no longer taking the appearance of an average American courtroom by the show's 21st season and Toler citing physical discomfort in presiding from the judge's bench. In an October 19, 2021, episode of Bailiff Byrd's Bonding with Byrd web series, Toler also explained that producers attempted to move the series into a more farcical, comedic direction following the viral "Rolling Ray" case in November 2019. Toler added that behind-the-scenes altercations between her and Divorce Court producers over production moves were commonplace throughout her final season with the program. For these reasons, Toler left the series at the end of that season (which ended up being shortened due to the COVID-19 pandemic). During the Bonding with Byrd interview, Toler noted that she did not miss the show as she had left it in her final season (taped from Atlanta), but did miss the show that it was previous to her final season (taped from Los Angeles).

Faith Jenkins era (2020–2022)
For the 2020–21 television year and current edition's 22nd season, former New York City prosecutor and former arbitrator over her own court show for four years, Faith Jenkins appeared as judge over the series, replacing Toler. In November 2020, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, through the 2022–23 season.

Star Jones era (2022–present)
It was announced on January 10, 2022, that former Brooklyn, New York, Prosecutor and District Attorney Star Jones (best known for her 9-year stint as one of the first co-hosts of ABC's The View) would succeed Jenkins as Divorce Court's next arbitrator in the court show's 40th season September 19, 2022. She began presiding on August 22, 2022. The series will see Jones preside over cases ranging from divorce court proceedings to a whole realm of domestic disputes.

Describing her judicial approach, Jones referred to herself as "Judge Star" and stated while finger snapping, "Honey, Divorce Court is lit this season". Jones has communicated her intentions to bring legitimate solutions and resources to troubled relationships, along with deep empathy as well as her dynamic personality. Bringing an extensive law background to the bench, Jones served for years as a New York prosecutor, and later, as senior assistant district attorney. She has appeared on Today, NBC Nightly News, MSNBC, CNN, Court TV, TruTV, and Inside Edition as a legal correspondent. A previous member of the court show genre, Jones presided over her own courtroom series Jones & Jury. Although the show was canceled after only one season (1994–95), the series made Jones the first Black person to preside over a court show and first female to serve as a television arbitrator, as well as second television arbitrator ever, preceded only by Joseph Wapner.

Broadcast production
Divorce Court is currently produced by Lincolnwood Drive and distributed by the Fox First Run division of Fox Television Stations, with Sonja Solomun serving as Executive Producer.

The current edition of the series has had four announcers during its run. The first announcer was Jimmy Hodson, who served from the beginning of the current run in 1999 until 2011 when Hodson was replaced by Inger Tutor for one season (2011–2012). Tutor was succeeded by Talon Beeson in 2012, who lasted two seasons (2012–2014). Rolonda Watts (who was formerly with Judge Joe Brown from 2005 until 2013) succeeded Beeson as the show's announcer starting in the 2014–15 season.

The show was previously recorded at Sunset Bronson Studios in Los Angeles. Currently, it is taped in Studio C at the studios of Georgia Public Broadcasting complex in Atlanta in exchange for film industry incentives in Georgia. Recently, they taped at Tyler Perry Studios in Atlanta. Following the completion of the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in March 2019, distribution of Divorce Court transferred to a new division of Fox Television Stations known as Fox First Run with ad sales handled by CBS Television Distribution.

title: Divorce Court


text:
Tony Butler (musician)

Anthony Earle Peter Butler (born 13 February 1957) is a British bassist, best known for his work with Scottish rock band Big Country. He has also worked with On the Air, The Pretenders, Roger Daltrey, and Pete Townshend, among others.

Early life
Butler was born at Hammersmith Hospital in White City, London, England. His parents had emigrated to England from the Caribbean island of Dominica.

Career
In the late 1970s Butler joined the short-lived band On the Air which also included drummer Mark Brzezicki and Simon Townshend (the younger brother of The Who's guitarist Pete Townshend). On the Air released two singles in 1980 and toured with the Scottish band The Skids, which was where Butler met Stuart Adamson. In 1982 Butler joined Adamson's new band Big Country with his drumming partner Mark Brzezicki, which went on to enjoy success internationally during the 1980s and 1990s, he remained in the band until the end of 2000.

He also did session work with other artists including Pete Townshend, Roger Daltrey and The Pretenders among others, and declined an invitation by Chrissie Hynde to join The Pretenders. A warm-up bass riff Butler used was incorporated into The Pretenders' "My City Was Gone" and was also co-opted by The Rush Limbaugh Show as its opening theme.

In 2007, to celebrate 25 years of Big Country, Butler reunited with founder members Bruce Watson and Mark Brzezicki to embark on a tour of the UK. He became lead vocalist for the first time, taking over from the deceased Stuart Adamson. The band toured during 2010–11 with Mike Peters of The Alarm on vocals. Butler left Big Country again in 2012, citing differences with his bandmates, to be replaced by former Simple Minds bassist Derek Forbes.

Butler moved to Cornwall with his family in the 1980s and became a further education teacher in the 2000s. As of 2017, Butler ran courses in music at Petroc College in Devon.

While Butler did not join The Pretenders permanently, he did a couple of sessions with them, out of which came the 1982 singles "My City Was Gone" and "Back on the Chain Gang".

In 2018, Butler released an autobiography and a solo album, My Time.

Solo albums
Tony Butler has released three solo albums:
 * The Great Unknown (1997)
 * Life Goes On (2005)
 * My Time (2018)

title: Tony Butler (musician)


text:
Talk:CRC Press

CRC Math tables
Is CRC Math tables related to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics?

--It is. Long ago, math tables contained within the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics were extracted and turned into a separate book. Refined, updated and expanded many times since then, the book you refer to is titled CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 31st Edition, edited by Daniel Zwillinger, ISBN: 9781584882916.

--Geronimo2k (talk) 21:04, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Unpaid royalties?
Apparently, when a boilerplate contract is signed by an author, CRC does not need to pay royalties to the author when it is bought from CRC's website?

--Heero Kirashami (talk) 21:45, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

CRC chemicals?
Is the manufacturing company CRC split off in 1973 the same one that sells a variety of spray chemicals under the CRC name - lubricants, penetrants, etc.? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.72.8.83 (talk) 23:48, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

online physics handbooks
This article needs much more! This seems to be the major WP article for "Rubber Handbook" and generic "Physics Handbook", even though it now has a very strange title for those purposes. What physics handbooks have existed and been most used over the last centuries? Now? What are the most complete online physics handbooks? What old expired-copyright versions are available online, where? -71.174.182.182 (talk) 14:31, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

small pages to large pages
When did the format/size of the pages change, from small pages to large pages? How did WWI/WWII effect the printing -- type of paper? Paper not available, small print run, editions skipped?

--There were some editions skipped becase of the war. First edition was 1913, 90th in 2009.

When was a CD-ROM version first issued, and has such a version been issued for every edition since then? -96.237.10.106 (talk) 18:02, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

--The first edition on CD-ROM was in 1999. Back then it was called the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics CRCnetBASE. There has been a CD version every year since, though the "CRCnetBASE" was dropped.

title: Talk:CRC Press


text:
User:Lunatinker

Lunatinker is a musician and is finding it useful to develop story-telling fiction as a basis for his songs. The words are private, the music is public (Creative Commons NCSA 2.5 ( see www.creativecommons.org ). LunætinkeRx.com Website

title: User:Lunatinker


text: Category:Brazilian bodybuilders

title: Category:Brazilian bodybuilders


text:
Talk:Juana Briones de Miranda

Things to do
What in this article needs to be cleaned up? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.227.158.111 (talk) 03:08, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, since you ask, it looks pretty clean to me. It needs an infobox and a few images.  A picture of her would be good, if there is one, or of some of the places mentioned, especially the adobe.--Hjal 00:06, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

The part about "like many hispanic women...overlooked by traditional histories" has little value and sounds subjective and biased. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.1.167 (talk) 14:54, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Juana Briones de Miranda house named to list of America's 11 most endangered historic places
On May 19th, 2010 the National Trust for Historic Preservation named the Juana Briones House to its list of America's 11 Most Endangered Places. KAkatiff (talk) 18:14, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Juana Briones de Miranda


text: Category:Mass media in Argentina

title: Category:Mass media in Argentina


text:
User talk:Schol-R-LEA

Welcome!

'''Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
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 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! Redux 03:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Timestamp
Hi! By the way, I notice you used timestamp in your signature. Please don't do that, since the timestamp template will keep auto-updating, making it useless, and it will tax the servers because the page needs to be updated over and over. Instead, I suggest omitting that portion and using four tildes ( ~ ) instead of three. Thanks! --AySz88^ - ^ 01:34, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

==== Hi! You might be interested in the discussion at .TJRC (talk) 20:00, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of El Goonish Shive
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is El Goonish Shive. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/El Goonish Shive (2nd nomination). Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

TRMC
Hi, concerning your edit, why did you remove all that stuff that you previously added there? You called it "bad" and "confusing", but why? There's nothing in talk page history around that date, so there wasn't any discussion, at least there. I think it's actually good and valuable; thinking of re-instating it somehow. -- WillNess (talk) 09:48, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of David Silver (roboticist)

The article David Silver (roboticist) has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Boleyn (talk) 17:47, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

Category:Transgender computer programmers has been nominated for deletion
Category:Transgender computer programmers has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Marcocapelle (talk) 06:11, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Schol-R-LEA


text:
Josh Rushing

Josh Rushing is an American broadcast journalist and photographer. He is a correspondent for the Emmy-winning documentary series, Fault Lines, on Al Jazeera English. He is also a former officer of the United States Marine Corps (USMC).

Early life
Rushing was born in Lewisville, Texas in 1972.

Military service
Rushing enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1990 and completed basic training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California.

He was selected for Public Affairs and attended the Defense Information School (DINFOS) in 1991. He was selected for the Marine Enlisted Commissioning Education Program (MECEP) and studied at the University of Texas at Austin where he received a dual degree in Ancient History and Classic Civilization in 1999. Rushing became a Mustang upon his graduation from UT and moved to Quantico, Virginia, to further his military officer training at The Basic School (TBS). Though slated to be a Marine Corps aviator at TBS, hearing loss prevented Rushing from completing flight school. Instead, he returned to Public Affairs and reported to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in San Diego, California. Rushing moved to Los Angeles in 2002 where he represented the Marine Corps in Hollywood in the Marine Corps Motion Picture and Television Liaison Office.

Aware of future military operations in the Middle East, Rushing volunteered to deploy with forward units before the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Rushing was assigned to United States Central Command (CENTCOM) in Doha, Qatar, during Operation Iraqi Freedom where he served as a spokesperson to General Tommy Franks. Unbeknownst to him, an independent film, Control Room, captured his efforts to communicate the American message on Al Jazeera Arabic. The documentary debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in 2004 and enjoyed theatrical release across the world. After the Pentagon ordered him not to comment on the film, he left the Marine Corps after 14 years of active duty service in October 2004 and later helped start Al Jazeera English in 2005.

Broadcasting work
Rushing has been with Al Jazeera English since the run-up to its launch. As an international correspondent, Rushing has hosted and produced programs all over the world. So far in 2011 Rushing has filmed two Fault Lines episodes in Mexico - "Mexico: Impunity and Profits", and "Mexico's Hidden War" - plus a third in Colombia. He has also traveled to Iraq, for the eighth time, to provide special news coverage marking the 6-month milestone before the planned withdrawal of the U.S. military.

Writings
Rushing's book, Mission Al Jazeera: Build a Bridge, Seek the Truth, Change the World, was published by Palgrave-MacMillan in 2007. The book blends his personal story with a unique behind-the-scenes look into the controversial AlJazeera broadcast networks. Rushing is also published in Reader's Digest's 10th Anniversary of 9/11 special edition.

Rushing blogged regularly for AJE and the Huffington Post before beginning his own online journal.

Personal life
He is married, with a daughter and four sons.

title: Josh Rushing


text:
Asano Nagamasa

Asano Nagamasa (浅野 長政) was the brother-in-law of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and one of his chief advisors. Asano also fought for Oda Nobunaga and Hideyoshi in a number of campaigns during the Sengoku period of the 16th century in Japan. He was sent to Korea as one of the Three Bureaucrats with Ishida Mitsunari and Mashita Nagamori.

Biography
He was the son of Yasui Shigetsugu, Lord of Miyago castle (Owari province), a descendant of Hatakeyama Iekuni, Shugo (Governor) of Kawachi province, descending from Ashikaga Yoshikane (1154-1199). Yoshikane was the third son of Minamoto no Yoshiyasu, also called Ashikaga Yoshiyasu (1127-1157), founder of the Ashikaga clan, grandson of the Chinjufu-shōgun (Commander-in-chief of the defense of the North) Minamoto no Yoshiie (1039-1106), and a descendant of the Emperor Seiwa (850-881), the 56th Emperor of Japan.

He was adopted by his maternal uncle, Asano Nagakatsu, Lord of Asano castle, his mother's younger brother. He succeeded him as the fourteenth head of the Asano clan.

Until Nagakatsu, the Asano descended directly from the Toki clan and Minamoto no Yorimitsu (948-1021). After Nagamasa, the Asano are direct descendants of the Hatakeyama clan and the Ashikaga clan.

Since O-Ne, who was born Sugihara Yasuko, daughter of Sugihara Sadatoshi, a descendant of Taira no Sadamori, and the Emperor Kammu (735-806), and was adopted by her maternal uncle Asano Nagakatsu, a descendant of Minamoto no Yorimitsu (944-1021), and the Emperor Seiwa (850-881), married Kinoshita Tokichiro (later Toyotomi Hideyoshi), despite her mother Asahidono opposition to this marriage because of the difference in social status with her husband, Nagamasa became a brother-in-law to Hideyoshi.

In 1581, he fought in the Second Tenshō Iga War under Oda Nobunaga against inhabitants of Iga, at Iga province.

In 1582, Nagamasa also accompanied Hideyoshi in his campaign against the Mōri clan, at Siege of Takamatsu.

In 1583, he distinguished himself in the Battle of Shizugatake and was given 20,000 koku in Otsu (Omi Province).

In 1587, he served in the campaign to suppress Kyushu and received Obama Domain (80,000 koku) (Wakasa province).

In 1590, He fought for Hideyoshi against the Hōjō clan at Siege of Odawara, he captured Iwatsuki and Edo castles, also fought against the Kunohe Rebellion in 1591.

In 1593, made a great contribution to the dispatch of troops for the Invasion of Korea and was given 215,000 koku of Fuchu (Kai province).

Asano was also appointed by Hideyoshi to a Commission of Five (Go-Bugyō) along with Ishida Mitsunari, Maeda Gen'i, Mashita Nagamori and Natsuka Masaie. Asano held seniority over the Commissioners, who were charged with governing the capital of Kyoto and the Home Provinces or Kinai. A close advisor to Hideyoshi, Asano devised the land survey and a number of other policies enacted under his rule.

In 1598, Hideyoshi's invasions were coming to an end, and Asano was sent to Korea with his fellow Commissioner Ishida Mitsunari to arrange for Japanese withdrawal. Asano was assured by the generals that the war was going well, and that they were on the verge of victory. Ishida disagreed, however, and supported withdrawal from Korea. Returning to Japan, daimyō (feudal lords) from across the country became involved in the debate, and the disagreement grew into a major governmental rift. The Go-Bugyō disbanded soon afterwards, having already been replaced by the Council of Five Elders (Tairō) by Hideyoshi before his death.

Retired
In 1599, he transferred the family estate to his son Asano Yoshinaga and retired.

In 1606, he was given the Makabe estate, in Hitachi Province (50,000 koku) as retirement stipend.

Family

 * Father: Yasui Shigetsugu, Lord of Miyago castle, descendant of Hatakeyama Iekuni, Shugo (Governor) of Kawachi province, descending from Ashikaga Yoshikane (1154-1199).
 * Mother: daughter of Asano Nagaaki
 * Foster Father: Asano Nagakatsu (d.1575), younger brother of his mother; Lord of Yasui castle, then Lord of Asano castle, a descendant of the Toki clan and of Minamoto no Yorimitsu (944-1021)
 * Foster Mother: Nanamagari-dono (d.1603), daughter of Sugihara Ietoshi, a descendant of Taira no Sadamori
 * Wife: Cho-Sei-in (d.1616), adopted daughter of Asano Nagakatsu, daughter of Sugihara Sadatoshi and Asahidono
 * Children:
 * Asano Yoshinaga by Cho-Sei-in
 * Asano Nagaakira by Cho-Sei-in
 * Asano Nagashige (1588-1632) by Cho-Sei-in
 * daughter married Sugihara Nagafusa
 * daughter married Hori Chikayoshi
 * daughter married Matsudaira Sadatsuna
 * daughter married Sadao Mitsusada

title: Asano Nagamasa


text: Category:Indonesian actors

title: Category:Indonesian actors


text: Category:Spirochaetes

title: Category:Spirochaetes


text:
Waterloo Airport

Waterloo Airport may refer to:

 * Region of Waterloo International Airport in Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada (IATA: YKF)
 * Waterloo Regional Airport in Waterloo, Iowa, United States (FAA: ALO)
 * Walker/Rowe Waterloo Airport in Waterloo, Indiana, United States (FAA: 4C2)

title: Waterloo Airport


text:
User:Mar ryan

'ah ehem ehem c mar ryan po ay isa lng simpleng tao. Mabait makulet masayahin at palakaibigan ngunit khit anong gwin nyang pakikipag kaibigan ay marami syang kaaway.ewan ko b kung bket ganun.Palakaigan sya pero tila ang mga kaaway ang nag hahanap s kanya.

Ang alam ko si mar ay: pinanganak noong june 23, 1985 at cute cia....sobra isa syang matalino at masipag n anak...(totoo po yan) nag aral s mababang paaralang dr. albert elem. school. Pinag patuloy nya ang kanyang pag aaral sa mataas n paaralang esteban abada high school at talagang matalino sya sapagkat cia ay isang consistent honor student from 1-4yr. AHHHHMMM ang alam ko 5th honorable mention cia nun oh b ang lupet(d daw halata) ngaun nag aaral sya s Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila oh db sosyal mahirap daw makapasok jan eh!! ang maganda p jan 4th yr n cia at BSIT ang course nya khit d daw cla pinapagamit ng mga computer dun ok lng kc tlgang sariling sikap daw s PLM man takin mo ung nag poprogram s papel san kp db!!!

yan c mar malupet yan ang alam ko sa kanya pag ang kaibigan nya na agrabyado d cia papayag ganyan mag mahal ng kaibigan c mar d nya pinababayaan d nya iniiwan at sobrang love nya...sna ganyan din kau sa kanya'''...]]

title: User:Mar ryan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Laverne & Shirley

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy keep as a patently invalid nomination. FCYTravis 05:07, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Laverne & Shirley
No educational value. Not everyone in the whole wide world is familiar to it.205.188.116.11 03:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep article is good. -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 03:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. The article claims to be a stub but is fairly detailed. The show is a clearly notable popular TV show and obviously meets our criteria for an article. Another obvious keep nominated by an anonymous user btw. Capitalistroadster 03:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As this guys says, stubs are not a problem that require deletion. --SuperDude 03:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. Bogus nomination. --SuperDude 03:26, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and give the anony a smack in the head with a WP:POINTy stick. Lord Bob 03:28, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. Obviously a nuisance nomination along with the one for Taxi (TV series) 23skidoo 03:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously. I think this is the same anonymous user (different IP though) who nominated WKRP in Cincinnati and 21 Jump Street last Thursday, both of which were kept. Probably a nuisance nomination. ♠DanMS 03:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. We also went through this last week with Articles for deletion/The Dukes of Hazzard.  Bad faith nomination. --Metropolitan90 03:56, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 03:59, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 'speedy keep this please and get it off of this page it does not belong here Yuckfoo 04:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep and let's end anon nominations. This is absurd.  It's happened to often.  There's nothing to stop somebody from nominating every show on (or off) TV they don't (or didn't) like.  --rob 04:42, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep --Mysidia (talk) 04:56, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Geographical profiling

This Geographical profiling article isn't quite an accurate description, nor the proper term. Geographic profiling is the correct term. I don't see anything useful here that adds to the Geographic profiling article. I recommend deleting this Geographical profiling article or making it a redirect to Geographic profiling. --Aude 03:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geographical profiling


text:
Uranium(IV) sulfate

Uranium(IV) sulfate (U(SO4)2) is a water-soluble salt of uranium. It is a very toxic compound. Uranium sulfate minerals commonly are widespread around uranium bearing mine sites, where they usually form during the evaporation of acid sulfate-rich mine tailings which have been leached by oxygen-bearing waters. Uranium sulfate is a transitional compound in the production of uranium hexafluoride. It was also used to fuel aqueous homogeneous reactors.

Preparation
Uranyl sulfate in solution is readily photochemically reduced to uranium(IV) sulfate. The photoreduction is carried out in the sun and requires the addition of ethanol as a reducing agent. Uranium(IV) crystallizes or is precipitated by ethanol in excess. It can be obtained with different degrees of hydration. U(SO4)2 can also be prepared through electrochemical reduction of U(VI) and the addition of sulfates. Reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) occurs naturally through a variety of means, including through the actions of microorganisms. Formation of U(SO4)2 is an entropically and thermodynamically favorable reaction.

Mining and presence in the environment
In-situ leaching (ISL), a widespread technique used to mine uranium, is implicated in the artificial increase of uranium sulfate compounds. ISL was the most widely used method to mine uranium in the United States during the 1990s. The method involves pumping an extraction liquid (either sulfuric acid or an alkaline carbonate solution) into an ore deposit, where it complexes with the uranium, removing the liquid and purifying the uranium. This synthetic addition of sulfuric acid unnaturally raises the abundance of uranium sulfate complexes at the site. The lower pH caused by the introduction of acid increases the solubility of U(IV), which is typically relatively insoluble and precipitates out of solution at neutral pH. Oxidation states for uranium range from U3+ to U6+, U(III) and U(V) are rarely found, while U(VI) and U(IV) predominate. U(VI) forms stable aqueous complexes and is thus fairly mobile. Preventing the spread of toxic uranium compounds from mining sites often involves reduction of U(VI) to the far less soluble U(IV). The presence of sulfuric acid and sulfates prevents this sequestration, however, by both lowering the pH and through the formation of uranium salts. U(SO4)2 is soluble in water, and thus far more mobile. Uranium sulfate complexes also form quite readily.

Environmental and health effects
U(IV) is much less soluble, and thus less environmentally mobile, than U(VI), which also forms sulfate compounds such as UO2(SO4). Bacteria which are able to reduce uranium have been proposed as a means of eliminating U(VI) from contaminated areas, such as mine tailings and nuclear weapons manufacture sites. Contamination of groundwater by uranium is considered a serious health risk, and can be damaging to the environment as well. Several species of sulfate reducing bacteria also have the ability to reduce uranium. The ability to clear the environment of both sulfate (which solubilizes reduced uranium) and mobile U(VI) makes bioremediation of ISL mining sites a possibility.

Related compounds
U(SO4)2 is a semi-soluble compound and exists in a variety of hydration states, with up to nine coordinating waters. U(IV) can have up to five coordinating sulfates, although nothing above U(SO4)2 has been significantly described. Kinetics data for U(SO4)2+ and U(SO4)2 reveal that the bidentate complex is strongly favored thermodynamically, with a reported K0 of 10.51, as compared to K0=6.58 for the monodentate complex. U(IV) is much more stable as a sulfate compound, particularly as U(SO4)2. Běhounekite is a recently (2011) described U(IV) mineral with the chemical composition U(SO4)2 (H2O)4. The uranium center has eight oxygen ligands, four provided by the sulfate groups and four from the water ligands. U(SO4)2 (H2O)4 forms short, green crystals. Běhounekite is the first naturally occurring U(IV) sulfate to be described.

title: Uranium(IV) sulfate


text:
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)

The China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) is a public university in Wuhan, Hubei, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and co-funded by the Ministry of Education and the Hubei Provincial People's Government. The university is part of the Double First-Class Construction and Project 211.

The China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) and the China University of Geosciences (Beijing) are considered separate entities, although these two universities shared common history until 2005. CUG Wuhan and CUG Beijing have different constitutions, presidents, and governing boards, as well as separate legal entity registration, admission procedures, financial systems, Internet domains, and logos.

Main Campus (Nanwangshan Mountain Campus)
The Main Campus of CUG is referred to as Nanwangshan Mountain Campus, because the campus was located at the foot of Nanwangshan mountain and it also has a tunnel which connect west campus and north campus running through the mountain. It has a large annual enrollment and has a wide range of courses other than geosciences. Its Yifu Museum (donated by Sir Run Run Shaw) is known for housing China's top ranked displays of dinosaur fossils, mineral and rock specimens.

New Campus (Future City Campus)
The New Campus of CUG was built in the Future technology city of Wuhan.

1952–1970: Beijing Institute of Geology
The history of China University of Geosciences dates back to Beijing Institute of Geology (BIG; ) which was a merger of the geology departments of Tsinghua University, Peking University, Tianjin University and Tangshan Railway College in 1952. It was among China's first 16 key universities back in the 1950s. The university suspended operations from 1966 to 1970 due to the Cultural Revolution.

1970–1975: Hubei College of Geology
In 1970, the school reopened in Jiangling County, Hubei Province as Hubei College of Geology.

1975–1987: Wuhan College of Geology
In 1975 the campus was moved to Wuhan, and the school was renamed Wuhan College of Geology (WCG; ). In 1978 BIG reopened in Beijing with the help of Deng Xiaoping. In 1986 the Chinese Government ratified the foundation of the Beijing Graduate School of WCG. It was ranked as one of the first 33 Graduate Schools nationwide.

1987–present: China University of Geosciences
Later in 1987, WCG was renamed China University of Geosciences, and its branch campus in Beijing was renamed the Beijing Graduate School of China University of Geosciences. In 2005, the two campuses in Wuhan and Beijing were separated into two individual entities and renamed China University of Geosciences (CUG) and China University of Geosciences (Beijing) (CUGB), respectively. CUG is included in the Chinese state Double First Class University Plan.

National-level laboratories

 * State Key Laboratory of geological processes and mineral resources (GPMR)
 * State key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology (BGEG)
 * National Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information System

Provincial or ministerial-level laboratories

 * Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education
 * Three Gorges Research Center for Geohazards, Ministry of Education
 * Key Laboratory of legal evaluation engineering of Ministry of land and resources
 * Engineering Research Center for nano mineral materials and applications, Ministry of Education

Field Training Centers

 * Zhoukoudian Field Training Center, located in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.
 * Beidaihe Field Training Center, located in Qinhuangdao, Hebei.
 * Zigui Field Training Center, located in Zigui County, Hubei.

Journals

 * Earth Science (in Chinese, ; Ei Compendex)
 * Journal of Earth Science (in English, ; SCIE)

Notable alumni

 * Wen Jiabao (graduated 1965, 1968), former premier of China
 * Ouyang Ziyuan (graduated 1956), chief scientist of Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
 * Zhang Hongren (graduated 1954), former president of International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
 * Wang Anshun (graduated 1983), mayor of Beijing (2012–2016)
 * Wang Fuzhou (graduated 1958), Chinese mountain climber
 * Wang Yongfeng (graduated 1984), Chinese mountain climber
 * Li Zhixin (graduated 1985), Chinese mountaineer
 * Zhang Wenyue (graduated 1967), governor of Liaoning Province
 * Sun Jinlong (graduated 1982, 1986), governor of Anhui Province
 * Hua-Wei Zhou (graduated 1980), American geophysicist
 * Gao Ling (graduated 2004), badminton player

title: China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)


text:
NOX2

NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), also known as cytochrome b(558) subunit beta or Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOX2 gene (also called CYBB gene). The protein is a superoxide generating enzyme which forms reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Function
The CYBB gene encode cytochrome b-245, beta chain. This protein is subunit of a group of proteins that forms an enzyme complex called NADPH oxidase, which plays an essential role in the immune system. Within this complex, the cytochrome b-245, beta chain has an alpha chain partner (produced from the CYBA gene). Both alpha and beta chains are required for either to function and the NADPH oxidase complex requires both chains in order to be functional. It has been proposed as a primary component of the microbicidal oxidase system of phagocytes.

Nox2 is the catalytic, membrane-bound subunit of NADPH oxidase. It is inactive until it binds to the membrane-anchored p22phox, forming the heterodimer known as flavocytochrome b558. After activation, the regulatory subunits p67phox, p47phox, p40phox and a GTPase, typically Rac, are recruited to the complex to form NADPH oxidase on the plasma membrane or phagosomal membrane. Nox2 itself is composed of an N-terminal transmembrane domain that binds two heme groups, and a C-terminal domain that is able to bind to FAD and NADPH.

Evidence has shown that it plays an important role in atherosclerotic lesion development in the aortic arch, thoracic, and abdominal aorta.

It has also been shown to play a part in determining the size of a myocardial infarction due to its connection to ROS, which play a role in myocardial reperfusion injury. This was a result of the relation between Nox2 and signaling necessary for neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, it increases global post-reperfusion oxidative stress, likely due to decreased STAT3 and Erk phosphorylation.

In addition, it appears that hippocampal oxidative stress is increased in septic animals due to the actions of Nox2. This connection also came about through the actions of the chemically active ROS, which work as one of the main components that help in the development of neuroinflammation associated with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Endothelial Nox2 limits NF-κB activation and TLR4 expression, which in turn attenuates the severity of hypotension and systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

It seems that Nox2 also plays an important role in angiotensin II-mediated inward remodelling in cerebral arterioles due to the emittance of superoxides from Nox2-containing NADPH oxidases.

Clinical significance
CYBB deficiency is one of five described biochemical defects associated with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). CGD is characterized by recurrent, severe infections to pathogens that are normally harmless to humans, such as the common mold Aspergillus niger, and can result from point mutations in the gene encoding Nox2. In this disorder, there is decreased activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase; neutrophils are able to phagocytize bacteria but cannot kill them in the phagocytic vacuoles. The cause of the killing defect is an inability to increase the cell's respiration and consequent failure to deliver activated oxygen into the phagocytic vacuole. At least 34 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.

Since Nox2 was shown to play an essential role in determining the size of a myocardial infarction, the protein can be a potential target for drug medication due to its negative effect on myocardial reperfusion.

Recent evidence highly suggests that Nox2 generates ROS which contribute to reduce flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with periphery artery disease (PAD). Scientists have gone to conclude that administering an antioxidant helps with inhibiting Nox2 activity and allowing in the improvement of arterial dilation.

Lastly, targeting Nox2 in the bone marrow could be a great therapeutic attempt at treating vascular injury during diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina), because the Nox2-generated ROS which are produced by the bone-marrow derived cells & local retinal cells are accumulating the vascular injury in the diabetic retina area.

CYBB transcript levels are upregulated in the lung parenchyma of smokers.

Interactions
Nox2 has been shown to interact directly with podocyte TRPC6 channels.

title: NOX2


text:
Java Business Integration

Java Business Integration (JBI) is a specification developed under the Java Community Process (JCP) for an approach to implementing a service-oriented architecture (SOA). The JCP reference is JSR 208 for JBI 1.0 and JSR 312 for JBI 2.0. JSR 312 was removed from the JCP balloting process on 17 Dec, 2010 by the submitters without being accepted.

JBI is built on a Web Services model and provides a pluggable architecture for a container that hosts service producer and consumer components. Services connect to the container via binding components (BC) or can be hosted inside the container as part of a service engine (SE). The services model used is Web Services Description Language 2.0. The central message delivery mechanism, the normalized message router (NMR), delivers normalized messages via one of four Message Exchange Patterns (MEPs), taken from WSDL 2.0:
 * 1) In-Only: A standard one-way messaging exchange where the consumer sends a message to the provider that provides only a status response.
 * 2) Robust In-Only: This pattern is for reliable one-way message exchanges. The consumer initiates with a message to which the provider responds with status. If the response is a status, the exchange is complete, but if the response is a fault, the consumer must respond with a status.
 * 3) In-Out: A standard two-way message exchange where the consumer initiates with a message, the provider responds with a message or fault and the consumer responds with a status.
 * 4) In Optional-Out: A standard two-way message exchange where the provider's response is optional.

To handle functionality that deals with installation, deployment, monitoring and lifecycle concerns amongst BCs and SEs, Java Management Extensions (JMX) is used. JBI defines standardized packaging for BCs and SEs, allowing components to be portable to any JBI implementation without modification.

JBI defines standard packaging for composite applications: applications that are composed of service consumers and providers. Individual service units are deployable to components; groups of service units are gathered together into a service assembly. The service assembly includes metadata for "wiring" the service units together (associating service providers and consumers), as well as wiring service units to external services. This provides a simple mechanism for performing composite application assembly using services.

JBI implementations
The following open-source software JBI based ESB implementations are available:
 * Open ESB
 * Petals ESB
 * Apache ServiceMix
 * FUSE ESB (enterprise ServiceMix) - compliant JSR 208
 * Mule. Though not a JBI compliant container by itself, Mule provides interoperability with JBI containers. There is a separate Mule-JBI project that is to address this JBI compliance issue.

The following ESBs are certified by the JBI/JSR 208 TCK: Open ESB and Petals ESB.

In addition, the Project GlassFish open-source Java EE application server comes with the JBI runtime from the Open ESB project.

Java EE SDK also includes the JBI runtime and a BPEL orchestration engine.

Oracle claims its Fusion Middleware comes with JBI implementation.

TIBCO ActiveMatrix Service Grid provides a service container framework, based on the JSR 208 and SCA specifications (Service Component Architecture), allowing service containers (Java, Java EE, .net, BPEL) to be added as needed, as composite applications on a common foundation.

Existing JBI Components
Open JBI Components project on java.net is an incubator project started to foster community-based development of JBI components that conform to the Java Business Integration specification (JSR 208).

Books

 * Binildas A. Christudas, "Service-Oriented Java Business Integration" (Packt Publishing: Feb 2008, ISBN 1-84719-440-0; ISBN 978-1-84719-440-4), http://www.packtpub.com/service-oriented-java-business-integration

title: Java Business Integration


text:
YBB

YBB or ybb may refer to:

 * YBB, the IATA code for Kugaaruk Airport, Nunavut, Canada
 * ybb, the ISO 639-3 code for Yemba language, Cameroon

title: YBB


text:
Gary Mar

Gary Glen Mar, (born July 26, 1962) is a Canadian businessman and former politician in Alberta. He is currently the President and CEO of the Canada West Foundation.

Mar served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1993 to 2007 and prior to his diplomatic postings held several Cabinet portfolios – Community Development; Health and Wellness; Education; Environment; and International and Intergovernmental Relations. On December 3, 2007, he was appointed the Official Representative for Alberta in Washington, D.C., and worked in the Canadian Embassy with the official title of Minister-Counsellor of the Province of Alberta to the United States. In March 2011, he resigned his post in order to seek the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta in its 2011 leadership election which he ultimately lost.

Gary Mar was appointed as the Province of Alberta's Representative in Asia on October 14, 2011. He led the province's strategic outreach efforts from his post in Hong Kong, from where he oversaw the province's five other Asia offices in Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, Seoul and Taiwan.

After more than 20 years as an Alberta politician and government official, Gary Mar's public sector career came to an end on June 30, 2015, when his contract as Alberta's representative in Asia expired, amid criticism of the former provincial Progressive Conservative administration's payout of $140,000 as part of a contract it signed with Mar in December 2011.

Early life
Mar was born in Calgary, Alberta as the grandson of Chinese immigrants who came to what is now Alberta before it became a province. He was named after actor Gary Cooper and astronaut John Glenn. The son and grandson of entrepreneurs, Mar spent his early years working in his family's restaurants and other businesses. He graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce (Finance) at the University of Calgary (1984) and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Alberta (1987).

Before serving Albertans as an elected Member of the Alberta Legislature, Mar practiced general law in Calgary, Alberta. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1994, an honorary designation conferred by the Crown in Commonwealth countries and recognized by the courts. He was the youngest person in the Commonwealth to be appointed Queen's Counsel. From 1987 to 1990 Mar worked at the law firm MacKimmie Matthews, Barristers and Solicitors in Calgary and corporate, commercial, and real estate law at Code Hunter, Barristers and Solicitors from 1990 to 1992.

Political career
At the age of 30, Mar was first elected the Alberta Legislature in the 1993 general election. He won the electoral district of Calgary Nose Creek defeating incumbent Liberal MLA Yolande Gagnon. He served for 14 years as an MLA, winning four consecutive elections in Calgary, Alberta and has held several Cabinet portfolios. Premier Ralph Klein had campaigned on a debt-reduction platform, and in his first years as a Cabinet Minister in Klein's government he developed and reinforced his fiscal management and commitment to balanced budgeting. During his 14 years as MLA, he has had well-rounded experience serving as Minister of Community Development; Health and Wellness; Education; Environment; and International and Intergovernmental Relations, which has covered responsibility for the arts, amateur sport, seniors, education, environment, provincial parks, health care, Alberta's centennial celebrations, Alberta's international offices and international relations, and Alberta's relations with other governments within Canada. He was a member of the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund Committee, the Members’ Services Committee and the Cabinet Policy Committee on Managing Growth Pressures.

Cabinet Minister
As Minister of Environment, he served as co-chair of Climate Change Central, a public/private partnership formed in response to the international agreement on climate change. He led efforts to create a new provincial park in the Spray Valley to protect this unique and vulnerable area of Alberta's Rocky Mountains.

As Minister of Education, Mar introduced First Things First...Our Children, an initiative that focused on school children of all ages. It made a commitment to ensuring children can read well by grade 3, and focused on high standards for junior and senior high school students, keeping them in school and ensuring they have the skills they need when they graduate.

As Minister of Health and Wellness, he was instrumental in a number of changes to the system with long-lasting results, introducing a series of reforms to Alberta's health care system that focused on patients and delivered improved care at lower costs, including a province-wide electronic health record system, an innovative pilot project to reduce wait times for hip and knee surgeries, and the creation of 500 new training spaces for doctors, nurses and technicians. He ensured primary care networks, in which physicians lead a team of health care professionals. This interdisciplinary, community-accessible approach became the focus of the health system. He reduced the number of health regions; took steps with electronic health records, negotiated for different funding from the federal government of Canada, and worked with the physicians union to create a controversial model for their pay.

As Minister of International and Intergovernmental Relations, Mar led the Alberta at the Smithsonian project in 2006 which included Alberta as the first Canadian province ever featured at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Leading up to the Folklife Festival, Alberta Week in Washington included forums and meetings between Alberta leaders and U.S. decision makers and policy makers in Washington, D.C.

Official Representative for Alberta in Washington, D.C.
On September 27, 2007, Mar was named Alberta Envoy in Washington, D.C. Over four years, he led U.S. senators, congressmen and industry members to tour Alberta's oil sands, and promoted Alberta energy, agriculture and other products and opportunities in Washington and across the United States, speaking at conferences and symposiums, and representing Alberta at meetings and discussions. During his time in Washington, Mar was focused on raising awareness and knowledge among American political leaders about Alberta's economic strengths and its emergence as a world leader in the supply of reliable, clean, safe energy. He traveled and spoke to a number of state legislatures to inform them about the responsible development of the oil sands.

2011 PC leadership election
On March 16, 2011, after resigning his post in Washington, Mar announced he was seeking the leadership of the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party. As a leadership candidate, he was the front-runner and caucus favourite. Although he received the most votes on the first and second ballots - achieving 40.76% of the votes on the first ballot and 42.51% of the votes on the second ballot - because he did not receive more than 50% of the vote, under the rules at the time voters' second preference votes were added and Alison Redford was declared the winner, with Mar losing the race.

Alberta's Representative in Asia
Mar was named Alberta's trade envoy to Asia on October 14, 2011.

For the 2014 Winter Olympics, Mar, together with B.C.'s representative in Asia, Ben Stewart, asked the Canadian consulate in Hong Kong to allow CBC with a live-feed of men's gold medal hockey game, for the more than 300,000 Canadians in Hong Kong. "I miss home," said Mar, adding his mom lives in Calgary and his mother-in-law is in Edmonton. "That's the hardest part of the transition but in terms of being familiar with Hong Kong and the area here, I'm comfortable with that. Nancy is comfortable here."

Controversies
As Minister of Health and Wellness, Mar hired his former executive assistant, Kelley Charlebois, through his consulting firm, to provide advice and support to him and the department. Over 3 years, the dollar value of the advice and travel added up to $389,000 No contract was required or awarded. During question period in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Dr. Kevin Taft, Leader of the Official Opposition, asked what reports were provided by Charlebois Consulting had produced for the government, Mar responded that "there are no reports as such."

title: Gary Mar


text:
1987 Maryland train collision

On January 4, 1987, two trains collided on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor main line near Chase, Maryland, United States, at Gunpow Interlocking. Amtrak train 94, the Colonial, (now part of the Northeast Regional) traveling north from Washington, D.C., to Boston, crashed at over 100 mph into a set of Conrail locomotives running light (without freight cars) which had fouled the mainline. Fourteen passengers on the Amtrak train died, as well as the Amtrak engineer and lounge car attendant.

The Conrail locomotive crew failed to stop at the signals before Gunpow Interlocking, and it was determined that the accident would have been avoided had they done so. Additionally, they tested positive for cannabis. The engineer served four years in a Maryland prison for his role in the crash. In the aftermath, drug and alcohol procedures for train crews were overhauled by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), which is charged with rail safety. In 1991, prompted in large part by this crash, the United States Congress took even broader action and authorized mandatory random drug-testing for all employees in "safety-sensitive" jobs in all industries regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) including trucking, bus carriers and rail systems. Additionally, all trains operating on the high-speed Northeast Corridor are now equipped with automatic cab signaling with an automatic train stop feature. Several safety issues were identified with Amfleet cars as well.

At the time, the wreck was the deadliest in Amtrak's history. It was surpassed in 1993 by the Big Bayou Canot rail accident in Alabama where 47 died and another 103 were injured.

Amtrak Train 94
Amtrak Train 94 (the Colonial) left Washington Union Station at 12:30 pm (Eastern time) for Boston South Station. The train had 12 cars and was filled with travelers returning from the holiday season to their homes and schools for the second semester of the year. Two AEM-7 locomotives, numbered 900 and 903, led the train; #903 was the lead locomotive. The engineer was 35-year-old Jerome Evans.

After leaving Baltimore Penn Station, the train's next stop was Wilmington, Delaware. Just north of Baltimore, while still in Baltimore County, the four-track Northeast Corridor narrows to two tracks at Gunpow Interlocking just before crossing over the Gunpowder River. The train accelerated north toward that location.

Conrail light engine move
Ricky Lynn Gates, a Penn Central and Conrail engineer since 1973, was operating a trio of Conrail GE B36-7 locomotives light (with no freight cars) from Conrail's Bayview Yard just east of Baltimore bound for Enola Yard near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Gates was later determined to have violated several signal and operating rules, including a failure to properly test his cab signals as required before departure from Bayview. It was later discovered that someone had disabled the cab signal alerter whistle on lead unit #5044 with duct tape, muting it almost completely. Also, one of the light bulbs in the PRR-style cab signal display had been removed. Investigators believed these conditions probably existed prior to departure from Bayview and that they would have been revealed by a properly performed departure test.

Gates and his brakeman, Edward "Butch" Cromwell, were also smoking cannabis cigarettes. Cannabis can alter one's sense of time and impair the ability to perform tasks that require concentration. Cromwell was responsible for calling out the signals if Gates missed them, but failed to do so.

The collision
Amtrak train #94 was north-bound on track #2 of the electrified main line leading to Gunpow Interlocking. As Amtrak was approaching the interlocking, a “light” Conrail consist of three diesel-electric freight locomotives was running north-bound on parallel track #1 in a ferrying move (see photo to right for track identification). Gunpow Interlocking is fully signaled to govern train movements, with all signals mounted on signal bridges straddling the tracks, placing them in clear view of oncoming trains.

Shortly before reaching the Gunpowder River bridge, track #1 merges left into track #2 through a number 20 turnout that is controlled by the interlocking. Home signals govern the approach legs of the turnout, with their most restrictive aspect being STOP. Unlike some interlocking arrangements, Gunpow had no provisions for derailing and stopping a car or locomotive that is about to foul a turnout that is aligned against it.

At the time, track #1 was limited to a maximum speed of 80 mph for passenger trains, and a maximum of 50 mph for freight. As the Conrail freight consist was running light, it was authorized to travel at up to 60 mph. On the other hand, passenger train speeds as high as 125 mph were permitted on track #2.

NTSB investigators determined that immediately prior to the collision, the interlocking had been properly configured for through movement on track #2. It was also determined the distant and home signals governing the track #2 approach to the interlocking were both indicating CLEAR, thus permitting Amtrak #94 to proceed through the interlocking at maximum authorized speed. At the same time, the distant and home signals governing track #1 leading to the interlocking were determined to be indicating APPROACH and STOP, respectively, thus requiring that Conrail reduce speed and come to a full stop before reaching the home signal.

Furthermore, it was found that the in-cab signal in the Conrail lead locomotive indicated the STOP aspect being displayed by the home signal as it was approached, but could not indicate an APPROACH aspect, due to the APPROACH indicator lamp not being present in the in-cab signal’s housing. The in-cab signal’s alerter whistle, which would have audibly warned the engineer that the signal aspect had become more restrictive, was found to have been muffled by being wrapped with duct tape. NTSB investigators determined that the whistle was not audible over the noises emitted by the locomotive, even when idling. None of the three Conrail locomotives was equipped with an automatic train stop feature that would have involuntarily cut power and applied the brakes (a so-called “penalty” brake application) should the engineer not acknowledge the in-cab signal when it changed to a more restrictive aspect.

Event recording devices on the Conrail locomotives indicated that the consist was moving at approximately 60 mph when an emergency brake application was made by engineer Gates. The brake application occurred after passing the distant signal, which as previously noted, was indicating APPROACH, requiring an immediate speed reduction. Gates later claimed he made the brake application when he realized that he didn’t have authorization to proceed through the interlocking. At that point, his consist was moving too fast to stop before passing the home signal. Examination of the interlocking system's computerized event recorder revealed that the Conrail consist forced its way through the turnout and onto track #2 approximately 15 seconds before the collision. Had Gates obeyed the signals—also, had brakeman Cromwell, riding in the cab with Gates, called out the signals as he was required to do, it is likely the Conrail consist could have been stopped before running past the home signal.

Upon entering track #2, the Conrail locomotives caused the interlocking home signal for that track to immediately change to a STOP aspect, after which they came to a halt. At that time, Amtrak #94 was approximately 3000 feet from the stopped Conrail units. With his train approaching Gunpow at more than 120 mph, engineer Evans had little time to react to the sudden signal change and the presence of the Conrail locomotives in his path. However, he managed to initiate an emergency brake application seconds before the impact occurred at 1:30 pm.

At the point of impact, Amtrak #94 had decelerated to 107 mph (speed determined from the locomotives’ event recorders). The Conrail consist was stationary with its brakes applied. On impact, the fuel tank of the trailing Conrail locomotive, GE B36-7 #5045, was ruptured, dumping a large quantity of fuel, which ignited and resulted in the locomotive being burned to the frame—the unit was subsequently scrapped. The middle unit, #5052, sustained significant damage to its front end, while lead unit #5044 suffered only minor damage. The force of the impact was so severe unit #5044 was driven forward some 900 feet from the point where the consist had stopped.

Amtrak’s lead locomotive, AEM-7 #903, ended up among some trees on the west side of the right-of-way, with the forward cab crushed. AEM-7 #900, which was the trailing unit, was buried under wreckage. Both locomotives were completely demolished. Cars were jackknifed and piled up on each other, with some cars crushed.

Brakeman Cromwell, who was on the lead Conrail locomotive, suffered a broken leg in the collision. Engineer Gates was uninjured. Amtrak engineer Evans, the lounge car’s Lead Service Attendant and 14 passengers died. Many surviving passengers were injured by flying objects hurled from the luggage racks. The front cars on Amtrak #94 suffered the greatest amount of damage and were almost completely crushed. However, those cars were nearly empty, awaiting passengers who would have boarded the train at stations further north. According to the NTSB, had these cars been fully occupied at the time, the death toll would have been at least 100. There were relatively few passengers on those cars, however, and so the death toll was much less. Most of the fatalities were on Amtrak car #21236.

Although track #2 was rated for 125 mph passenger service, it was noted that the Amtrak train was being operated at an excessive speed due to the presence of a Heritage-style coach in the consist, Heritage cars being limited to 105 mph maximum. Train #94’s conductor later testified that he did inform the Amtrak engineer of the Heritage car being in the train. However, it was subsequently learned the Amtrak dispatcher responsible for #94 did not know there was a restricted-speed car in the train. NTSB investigators later concluded the Amtrak train’s speed wasn’t a significant factor in the events leading to the wreck.

Post-collision response and cleanup
With a total passenger load of about 600 people, there was a great deal of confusion after the collision. Witnesses and neighbors ran to the smoking train and helped remove injured and dazed passengers, even before the first emergency vehicles could arrive at the location.

While many of the injured passengers were aided by nearby residents, some of the uninjured passengers wandered away, making it difficult for Amtrak to know the complete story.

Emergency personnel worked for many hours in the frigid cold to extricate trapped passengers from the wreckage, impeded by the stainless-steel Amfleet cars' skin resistance to ordinary hydraulic rescue tools. Helicopters and ambulances transported injured people to hospitals and trauma centers. It was over 10 hours after the collision before the final trapped people were freed from the wreckage.

It was several days before the wrecked equipment was removed and the track and electrical propulsion system were returned to service.

Conrail diesel, GE B36-7 #5045 was completely destroyed while #5044 and #5052 were repaired and returned to service. Both Amtrak's AEM-7s and a few Amfleet cars were also destroyed in the collision.

Investigation, charges and conviction
Gates and Cromwell initially denied smoking cannabis. However, they later tested positive for the substance. A National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation revealed that had Gates slowed down at the signals as required, he would have stopped in time. It also determined that Gates and Cromwell's cannabis use was the "probable cause" of the accident. Gates and Cromwell were immediately suspended by Conrail pending an internal investigation, but resigned rather than face certain termination.

Gates was eventually charged with manslaughter by locomotive; under Maryland law a locomotive is considered a motor vehicle. Prosecutors cut a deal with Cromwell in which he agreed to testify against Gates in return for immunity. Gates was sentenced to five years in state prison and one year's probation, and was later sentenced to an additional three years on federal charges of lying to the NTSB. Gates' history of DWI (driving while intoxicated) convictions as well as his admission that the crew had been using cannabis while on duty led for a call to certify locomotive engineers as to their qualifications and history.

Toxicology tests on the Amtrak engineer's body returned negative. In a 3-2 decision, the NTSB report stated that the speed of train #94 at the time the brakes were applied, between 120 and 125 mph, was an unauthorized excessive speed, since the maximum for an Amtrak train carrying Heritage cars was 105 mph. The excessive speed was determined to have been a contributing factor to the amount of damage to both trains at the point of impact. The two dissenters to the report believed that it was unreasonable to assign contributory blame to the Amtrak engineer based solely on the premise of the Heritage car lowering its speed limit.

Gates was released from prison in 1992 after serving four years (two years of a state sentence, then two more years of a federal sentence), and then worked as an abuse counselor at a treatment center. In a 1993 interview with The Baltimore Sun, Gates said the accident would have never happened if not for the cannabis, saying that it had thrown off his "perception of speed and distance and time." He admitted that in his rush to get back to Baltimore and get high, he skipped critical safety checks; he believed that had he performed those checks, "I wouldn't have been in front of that train." He also revealed he had smoked cannabis on the job several times.

Additionally, it was never determined whether the alerter whistle was muted while the locomotives were at Bayview yard. The alerter whistle on these locomotives were notorious for being irritating and loud, which was pointed out in a 1979 accident of a Union Pacific train in Wyoming which involved muting the whistle with a rag. The whistle was easily accessible by removing a cover on the back of the control stand that was sealed with latches, so it was possible for the Conrail crew to have muted the whistle before they left or before the units arrived at Bayview yard (which would have been done by other crews), but Gates reported that the whistle was relatively faint when it was tested, which meant that it could not be heard over the sound of the trailing units. The whistle was so well muted, that when it was sent to the FBI, they were not able to determine when and who muted it, due to the lack of fingerprints.

When Conrail unit 5044 was tested after the accident, it was found that all light bulbs (including a replacement for the missing one) were working, and it was undetermined whether the light bulb was removed while Conrail and Amtrak left the units unattended. Gates recalled having tested the cab signaling and seeing all the aspects, but he might have not looked at all the lights. The deadman's pedal was also found to have been disabled, when Gates was trying to reactivate the cab signaling system by switching it off in the nose of the locomotive (this was despite the cab signaling and deadman's pedal levers being different in aspect). The data recorder found that the reverser was put into the reverse position two hours after the accident, and the locomotive's fuses, battery and engine switched off.

Changes for future prevention
As a result of the wreck, all locomotives operating on the Northeast Corridor are now required to have automatic cab signaling with an automatic train stop feature. Although common on passenger trains up until that time, cab signals combined with train stop and speed control had never been installed on freight locomotives due to potential train handling issues at high speed. Conrail subsequently developed a device called a locomotive speed limiter (LSL), a computerized device that is designed to monitor and control the rate of deceleration for restrictive signals in conjunction with cab signals. All freight locomotives which operate on the Northeast Corridor must now be equipped with an operating LSL which also limits top speed to 50 mph. Previously, freight locomotives were only required to have automatic cab signals without an automatic train stop feature.

Also as a direct result of this collision, federal legislation was enacted that required the FRA to develop a system of federal certification for locomotive engineers. These regulations went into effect in January 1990. Since then, railroads are required by law to certify that their engineers are properly trained and qualified, and that they have no drug or alcohol impairment motor vehicle convictions for the five-year period prior to certification. Another effect was that age-old Rule G (The use of intoxicants or narcotics by employees subject to duty, or their possession or use while in duty, is prohibited. — UCOR, 1962) was revamped to:

Employees are prohibited from engaging in the following activities while on duty or reporting for duty:

1. Using alcoholic beverages or intoxicants, having them in their possession, or being under the influence.

2. Using or being under the influence of any drug, medication, or other controlled substance - including prescribed medication - that will in any way adversely affect their alertness, coordination, reaction, response or safety. Employees having questions about possible adverse effects of prescribed medication must consult a Company medical officer before reporting for duty.

3. Illegally possessing or selling a drug, narcotic or other controlled substance.

An employee may be required to take a breath test and/or provide a urine sample if the Company reasonably suspects violation of this rule. Refusal to comply with this requirement will be considered a violation of this rule and the employee will be promptly removed from service. Source: NORAC operating rules 6th edition effective January 1, 1997

A form of Rule G has existed in many railroad operating manuals for decades. However, the federal codification of this rule was deemed necessary to assure that any violator would be dealt with in a consistent and harsh manner. Also, anyone who passes a stop signal loses their FRA certification for a period not less than 30 days for a first offense. This is per 49 CFR part 240.

In 1991—prompted in large part by the Chase crash—Congress authorized mandatory random drug-testing for all employees in "safety-sensitive" jobs in industries regulated by DOT.

Memorials
Ten years after the collision, the McDonogh School of Owings Mills, Maryland, decided to build a 448-seat theater in memory of one of the crash's victims and alumna, 16-year-old Ceres Millicent Horn, daughter of American mathematicians Roger and Susan Horn. Ceres Horn graduated from McDonogh at age 15 and enrolled and was accepted at Princeton University at age 16 where she majored in astrophysics.

On January 4, 2007, the 20th anniversary of the crash, her family visited the theatre for the first time and attended a ceremony at the McDonogh School held in honor of their daughter.

The Baltimore County Fire Department's medical commander at the scene 20 years earlier told the newspaper that the Amtrak crash is still being used as a case study in effective disaster response. "The reason is how the members of the professional and volunteer fire departments and the community people got together." It was, he said, "a very sad but a very proud moment" in his career.

title: 1987 Maryland train collision


text:
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