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Aarón Sáenz Garza

Aarón Sáenz Garza (1 June 1891 – 26 February 1983) was a Mexican politician.

Biography
He was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León.

Sáenz Garza served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs during Calles' time as president. During his tenure, he continuously defended the Calles Administration's decision to cut oil to the United States when US Secretary of State Frank Kellog tried to bargain for a deal. He soon became Governor of Nuevo León and maintained close ties with Calles; as governor, he even sat with Calles when he questioned the assassin of President-elect Alvaro Obregon in 1928. It was also announced that Calles had plans to nominate him as the Chairman of the National Revolutionary Party. President Pascual Ortiz Rubio appointed him Secretary of Public Education in February 1930. By 1934, Saenz had been dubbed as the "Shadow of Calles" and was named Governor of Mexico's Federal District by Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas. Cardenas and the Mexican Congress, however, soon turned on both Calles and Saenz and condemned their continued persecution against Catholics in the country.

After leaving office in 1935, Saenz established a sugar corporation and quickly revolutionized sugar production in the country. He was also known as the "king of Mexican sugar", founding a dynasty which survives until this date, led by his son Aaron Saenz Couret and grandson Aaron Saenz Hirschfeld, at the head of the leading sugar company in Mexico. At one point, he held a virtual monopoly of Mexico's sugar industry. His monopoly, however, was brought down during the administration of Mexican president Adolfo Ruiz Cortines by 1953. Saenz was married to Margarita Couret, with whom he had eight sons.

He died on 26 February 1983 at the age of 91.

Businesses
For some time they all managed varied branches of the family's businesses, most of which have ceased to exist or passed into others' ownership. Most notable among these were:

 * Mexicana de Aviación (Now bankrupt)
 * Sugar mills
 * Seguros Atlas—merged with Seguros Comercial America in the 90's and afterwards sold to France's AXA
 * Banca Confía—nationalized in 1982, only to be re privatized by Carlos Salinas de Gortari's administration and passing into the hands of Jorge Lankenau's insurance group, later to be merged with Banamex and acquired by Citibank during President Ernesto Zedillo's administration.

Legacy
Aarón Sáenz was related to Raul Saenz, a prominent Mexican businessman in Chihuahua state, as well as Moises Saenz, a prominent Mexican educator and diplomat.

title: Aarón Sáenz Garza


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Value Added Cost Variance

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 16:07, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Value Added Cost Variance
Original research / meaningless proprietary jargon from. See above Afd as well.

 * D Fawcett5 18:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:NOT a promotional tool.  Friday (talk) 18:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Kjl 21:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It would need a lot more in the way of explanation and examples to give any idea of what it's talking about and why it's significant. *Dan T.* 01:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Reads like a pitch. --hydnjo talk 03:46, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete junk --Rogerd 04:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless junk. Martyman 05:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
William of Sherwood

William of Sherwood or William Sherwood (Latin: Guillielmus de Shireswode; c. 1200), with numerous variant spellings, was a medieval English scholastic philosopher, logician, and teacher. Little is known of his life, but he is thought to have studied in Paris, was a master at Oxford in 1252, treasurer of Lincoln from 1254/1258 onwards, and a rector of Aylesbury.

He was the author of two books which were an important influence on the development of scholastic logic: Introductiones in Logicam (Introduction to Logic), and Syncategoremata. These are the first known works to deal in a systematic way with what is now called supposition theory, known in William's time as the logica moderna.

Life
William was probably born in Nottinghamshire, between 1200 and 1210. In common with many educated English men of that time, he may have studied at Oxford University or the University of Paris, or both. There are examples in his logical work which suggest he was a master at Paris. (For example, No man lectures at Paris unless he is a smart person and Whatever runs has feet, the Seine runs, ergo the Seine has feet). Further evidence that he lectured in Paris is that those logicians who were influenced by his work also worked there, including Peter of Spain (c. 1245) and Lambert of Auxerre (c. 1250). During the years 1235 and 1250, he was possibly a lecturer on logic at Paris.

He is thought to have become treasurer of Lincoln Cathedral some time in the 1250s. The treasurer was one of the four principal officers of the English cathedrals whose duty was to keep the treasures of the church – the gold and silver vessels, ornaments, relics, jewels, and altar cloths. He would have had a personal residence in the Cathedral close, would have employed a deputy and a large staff, and therefore could be absent as long as he performed those duties that could not be delegated. He probably died there in or before 1272.

He is mentioned by Roger Bacon, who had also been a Master at Paris, as among "the more famous wise men of Christendom" one of whom named is Albertus Magnus, another of whom is master William of Sherwood, "the treasurer of the church of Lincoln in England, who is much wiser than Albert".

The Introduction to Logic
William's main work is a small logic manual titled Introductiones in logicam. It survives in a single manuscript probably written in the late thirteenth century, headed Introductiones Magistri Guilli de Shyreswode in Logicam. It did not appear fully in print until 1937, in Grabman's Latin edition, and was not translated into English until 1966, by Kretzmann. No other works that are definitely by him have ever been printed.

The book consists of six chapters; five of these are expositions of Aristotle's main logical works, as follows: Chapter 5, "Properties of Terms", contains material that is not in Aristotle, but is a distinctively medieval development called Supposition theory, which deals with the semantics of statements. The theory attempts to explain how the truth of simple sentences, expressed schematically, depend on how the terms "supposit" or stand for certain extra-linguistic items, and tries to address the problem of sentential forms, like "I promise you a horse", which do not appear to fit the standard syllogistic forms.

In this chapter William introduces what was to become a standard division of supposition into material, formal, and personal. In material supposition, a term stands for itself, as when we say that "Socrates" is a name (note that medieval Latin did not use quotation marks as in modern English). In formal supposition, the word signifies its meaning, as in man is a species. Formal supposition is similar to what is indicated in modern philosophical logic by italicising a common noun, as when we refer to the concept horse. Personal supposition is approximately the relation we now call "satisfied by", or "denotes", as in the term "man" denotes Socrates, Aristotle, etc..

He discusses a number of problem cases. For example, the sentence "every man sees a man" is true when there is a single man that every man sees (for example if "every man sees Socrates" is true). But the sentence is also true when every man sees a different man, or when some men see a single man (such as Socrates), other men see another man, and innumerable cases in between. This is called confused supposition. This instance of the problem of multiple generality is now thought to be insoluble using the fixed schema of Aristotle's semantics.

William's work spurred a development of logic in the thirteenth century under the general designation De Proprietibus Terminorum. Those who engaged in this part of logic were called the Moderni, or Terministae. Its most detailed treatment is found in Ockham, and in the works of those who followed him.

Legacy
Now, William is perhaps best known for a mnemonic poem to help students remember the names of the valid syllogistic forms:

BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque prioris; CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO secundae; tertia DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet; quarta insuper addit: BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON;

This verse might not have originated with him, but it is the oldest known surviving version. Peter of Spain later gives an account of the verses which is more detailed, and also one which lacks mistakes in William's version. According to Kretzmann, this strongly suggests their source is a single earlier version, now lost.

Works

 * Introductiones in logicam (Introduction to Logic), edited by Martin Grabmann, Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1937
 * William of Sherwood, Introductiones in logicam, Critical edition edited by Charles H. Lohr with P. Kunze and B. Mussler, Traditio 39, 1983: 219–99.
 * William of Sherwood. Introductiones in logicam: Einfuhrung in die Logik, edited and translated in German by H. Brands and C. Kann Hamburg: Meiner, 1995 (this critical edition supersedes the two earlier editions).
 * Syncategoremata (Treatise on Categorization Words), edited by R. O'Donnell, Medieval Studies, 3, 1941: 46–93.
 * William of Sherwood. Syncategoremata, edited and translated in German by C. Kann and R. Kirchhoff.  Hamburg: Meiner, 2012 (this critical edition supersedes the previous edition).
 * Insolubilia (Insolubles), edited by Marie Louise Roure in 'La problématique des propositions insolubles du XIIIe siècle et du début du XIVe, suivie de l'édition des traités de William Shyreswood, Walter Burleigh et Thomas Bradwardine', Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen Age 37, 1970: 205–326.

English translations

 * William of Sherwood's Introduction to Logic, translated (from the edition of Grabmann) by Norman Kretzmann, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1966.
 * Treatise on Syncategorematic Words, translated by Norman Kretzmann, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

title: William of Sherwood


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Pic du Midi d'Ossau

The Pic du Midi d'Ossau (Pic de Mieidia d'Aussau; 2,884 m) is a mountain rising above the Ossau Valley in the French Pyrenees. Despite possessing neither a glacier nor, in the context of the range, a particularly high summit, its distinctive shape makes it a symbol of the French side of the Pyrenees. This familiar shape also makes it easily recognisable from afar, and it is particularly distinctive from the Boulevard des Pyrénées in Pau, some 55 km to the north.

Appearance
As normally seen from the north, the mountain presents itself as having two distinct peaks, although from the south two other summits are also visible. It stands separate from any surrounding peaks, being largely surrounded by the valleys of the Gave de Bious, to the west, and the Gave du Brousset, to the east. These two mountain streams come together in the hamlet of Gabas at the foot of the mountain's northern slopes, to form the Gave d'Ossau.

The Pic du Midi d'Ossau was reputedly first climbed in 1552 by an expedition led by François de Foix-Candale, later to become the Bishop of Aire. Although the success of this first climb is disputed, it is known that the mountain had been successfully climbed by 1787 when a military surveyor noted that a triangulation cairn had been built on the summit. The first fully recorded climb was by Guillaume Delfau accompanied by Mathieu (an Eaux-Bonnes shepherd) on October 2, 1797.

The mountain offers many routes of ascent; the voie normale is a serious scramble and rock climb with a grading of PD, II+, 550 m. It approaches the summit via the Refuge de Pombie, a Club Alpin Francais owned mountain hut situated at 2031 m, and requires most of a day to execute.

Politically, the mountain lies within the commune of Laruns, in the département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and the Aquitaine region of France. It lies within the fully protected area of the Pyrenees National Park.

title: Pic du Midi d'Ossau


text:
Talk:The Trials of Nikki Hill

Summary
I've added a new summary ;), Rhetoricalwater 18:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Trials of Nikki Hill


text:
Talk:Sandbox (computer security)

(no header)
Sandbox é uma caixa ou uma área da memória do computador que alguns dispositivos de segurança, como antivirus por exemplo usam para executar com a autorização do administrador , aqueles programas desconhecidos ou que acabaram de ser baixados da internet evitando assim que ocorram corrupção ou instalação de programas maliciosos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.76.83.175 (talk) 07:16, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Xxx 83.123.235.65 (talk) 20:35, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * 83.123.235.65 (talk) 20:39, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Where is sandbox??????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.2.175.188 (talk • contribs) 18:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you mean the Wiki sandbox? It's here: Sandbox —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.163.51.139 (talk • contribs) 22:15, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Links to a few software sandboxes and maybe a few reviews wouldn't have been a bad idea. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.100.129.221 (talk • contribs) 17:55, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I found a nice simple one here http://www.sandboxie.com/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.111.68.156 (talk • contribs) 08:32, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * If you are looking for a good, objective review of various products, I would suggest that you consult:
 * http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/151706-1/sandbox_security_versus_the_evil_web.html
 * You may also wish to add in an interesting Info World article that discusses and summarizes Roger Grimes' documented problems with the sandbox theory - http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/06/09/24TC-sandbox-security-fs_1.html Driver Eight77 (talk) 16:12, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Paragraph about exceptions
''Rule-based Execution gives users full control over what processes are started, spawned (by other applications), or allowed to inject code into other apps and have access to the net. It also can control file/registry security (What programs can read and write to the file system/registry) As such, viruses and trojans will have a less likely chance of infecting your PC. The SELinux and Apparmor security frameworks are two such implementations for Linux.''

This paragraph is rather hard to understand for people who are not skilled in IT. It is also not obvious why this should be an example for a sandbox. Can somebody clarify that please?

--84.56.144.99 (talk) 13:36, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

If this article is limited to information that can be understood by IT newbies it would be of little use. The topic is inherently complicated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.20.238 (talk) 21:39, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
 * There are some very informative articles on Wikipedia about other highly technical subjects. If you already know the subject, then you don't need to be reading Wikipedia about it. Wikipedia is specifically FOR newbies to topics which people are unfamiliar with. If it wasn't then there wouldn't be any reason to have Wikipedia in the first place. QuintBy (talk) 02:14, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

Difference between a "sandbox" and a "container"
AFAIK, a sandbox is always for one single application, while a container is for multiple applications. Any other input? User:ScotXW t@lk 22:04, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, they're similar yet different... "Sandbox" comes from the "old shool" days and it's pretty much associated with chrooting a process, for example.  On the other hand, "container" is a newer term, usually associated with operating system–level virtualization.  Setups created as sandboxes usually aren't meant to be moved between different hosts, while containers are pretty much made to be easily moved around.
 * Also, I wouldn't say that sandbox is for one application while a container is for multiple applications. You usually want one application per sandbox or container, as isolating one application is the key; however, nothing puts such restrictions.  Though, it also depends what's taken as a single application; for example, a LAMP stack can be treated as one or as many applications. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 07:53, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

One external link which could be used as a source
http://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/sandbox and its subpages, especially the FAQ. --Jerome Potts (talk) 20:33, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

Other technologies to mention
There are a couple of technologies similar to seccomp. An example is capsicum on FreeBSD and pledge on OpenBSD. CloudABI appears to be a similar system. Maybe someone with more insight can add them to the article?--Athaba (talk) 14:09, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Defenition
What exactly sandbox meaning? and where it come from?At Last ... (talk) 12:56, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

Storage is the correct terminology, not disc.
I revised the third sentence in the first paragraph to "A sandbox typically provides a tightly controlled set of resources for guest programs to run in, such as storage and memory scratch space."

The original sentence referred to disc rather than storage, but disc is only one of many types of storage, all of which apply in the statement. That is, neither the type of memory nor the type of storage is relevant - whatever their type, a sandbox typically creates isolated (scratch) memory and storage space for the subject process to utilize.

Also my sense is in general "scratch" memory or storage space can be either isolated or not, depending upon how it's implemented. If so it can, and I suspect often has, been configured to allow access by multiple processes or entire systems with limited or no functional isolation. So perhaps "separate and fully isolated" is more accurate terminology than "scratch" for that sentence as well, such as, including other refinements:

"A sandbox typically provides a tightly controlled set of resources for a guest process to run within, such as separate and fully isolated storage and memory space."

Nonetheless I didn't implement that revision yet, but do support it. So if there are no objections I might study the term "Scratch" and if my current sense is reasonably confirmed invoke the revision later. Or another Wikipedian is welcome to do so as far as I'm concerned.

Please advise if I've erred, composed poorly, or caused any discomfort. Cheers, --H Bruce Campbell (talk) 09:35, 15 January 2020 (UTC).

Added Android as an example of sandbox implementations
I noticed that Android's app sandboxes aren't listed as example, which seems like a pretty large hole since I think they were the first implementation of extensive app sandboxes in a commercial OS (and arguably set the standard for what is now expected security on mobile operating systems).

I am however clearly not unbiased on this, since I work on Android. Just want to make sure others agree this is a reasonable addition. --Dianne Hackborn (talk) 17:04, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Logic Pro X is Apple the best?
 // — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.227.99.193 (talk) 05:44, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandbox (computer security)


text: Template:Information

title: Template:Information


text:
User talk:Dallasdavid

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! KHM03 18:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Dallasdavid


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Tirian

King Tirian (born between 2530 and 2535, Narnian time ) is a fictional character from C. S. Lewis's fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia. He is the protagonist of The Last Battle, in which he is the last King of Narnia, who has to defend his kingdom against subversion and invasion. He is well respected by the Narnians and a skilled swordsman. He is descended from Prince Caspian, and is the son of King Erlian. His closest friend is Jewel the Unicorn.

Troubles in Narnia cause King Tirian to doubt the purported return of Aslan. Enraged at Calormene treatment of a talking beast, he and Jewel slay the men but are then filled with guilt at this act and surrender to the Calormene enclave and Shift. There Tirian witnesses the fraudulent exhibition of 'Aslan' and is sentenced to death by Shift. He prays for Aslan or the friends of Narnia to come to save Narnia, and Eustace and Jill come to his rescue.

He leads an assault upon the Calormenes at the stable and, on the verge of defeat, wrestles their leader Rishda Tarkaan into the stable to meet Tash. There he finds himself in Aslan's Country, meets High King Peter, King Edmund, Lord Digory, Lady Polly and Queen Lucy, and bears witness to the end of Narnia.

title: Tirian


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Talk:Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!

NPOV
"Let it Snow, Let it Snow, Let it Snow" is supposedly a traditional Christmas song, but this article is written almost as if it was an original recording by Simpson. Extraordinary Machine 18:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This has now been fixed by spinning off the Simpson version to its own article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Snowspinner (talk • contribs) 20:07, 12 November 2005.

 * I don't think it's a good idea to have separate articles on different versions of the same song, especially if one or more versions aren't notable, or if the main article for the song is very short. So I've merged it back, but I've expanded this article slightly to include information about the cover versions by other artists, so that it doesn't imply that Simpson's cover is the only one in existence. Extraordinary Machine 17:41, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Traditional? Christmas song? As the article has stated, the song does not even mention Christmas, only snowing. While it is sung by many during Christmas, this so is by no means a traditional Christmas song, because it is neither traditional nor a Christmas song.--Steven 05:08, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Why do you call it a Christmas song? Isn't it just a winter song?

I removed the Jessica Simpson template and infobox. It has no place in this article and makes it look like its hers. That was the impression I got when I first accessed the article and was surprised to see it was "her" song, written in 2004. A separate article can be made for her cover if it is notable, which it appears not.--Metallurgist (talk) 18:14, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Lyrics
I'm not sure if this song is old enough for the copyright on its lyrics to have expired, so I'm removing them. Extraordinary Machine 15:16, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Song title is wrong
Two points: One, the song's official title is "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" despite what others have called it over the years (and despite the "Let It Snow" title of this article). Second, the well-known Boyz II Men song "Let It Snow" is a completely different song and ought to be spun off into its own entry. Cheemo 07:10, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Part 1 of this has been done. Cheemo 11:42, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:01, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow! → Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow – All sources show the song title as “Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow” without the exclamation marks. 0vittal (talk) 19:53, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. I agree with 0vittal – the majority of reliable sources use commas, not exclamation marks. Jenks24 (talk) 07:40, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm curious what these reliable sources are; there are none in this article at all. Powers T 20:34, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Allmusic uses the current title in its biography of Styne. A Google book search reveals plenty of books that use the exclamation marks, including Christmas's Most Wanted, that uses the title "Let It Snow" and continues "...the official title being 'Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!'." Jafeluv (talk) 10:15, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose - In this case the original sheet music (1945) uses Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Even though primary, they have to be viewed as RS in this. --Mike Cline (talk) 11:53, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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Dean Martin
Why is Dean Martin mentioned only in the categories?--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 04:40, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Probably because he was removed as a WP:COVERSONG sweep and the cat wasn't removed. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:53, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

Frank Sinatra
Can someone please add the info for the Frank Sinatra recording? It's probably the most famous recording of this song. Golbez81 (talk) 15:48, 14 December 2018 (UTC)
 * What info exactly? Where did it chart? What position did it reach? WP:COVERSONG requires that. Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:52, 14 December 2018 (UTC)


text:
Ostrogothic Kingdom

The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Regnum Italiae), existed under the control of the Germanic Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas from 493 to 553.

In Italy, the Ostrogoths led by Theodoric the Great killed and replaced Odoacer, a Germanic soldier, erstwhile-leader of the foederati in Northern Italy, and the de facto ruler of Italy, who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, Romulus Augustulus, in 476. Under Theodoric, its first king, the Ostrogothic kingdom reached its zenith, stretching from modern southern France in the west to the modern western Serbia in the southeast. Most of the social institutions of the late Western Roman Empire were preserved during his rule. Theodoric called himself Gothorum Romanorumque rex ("King of the Goths and Romans"), demonstrating his desire to be a leader for both peoples.

Starting in 535, the Byzantine Empire invaded Italy under Justinian I. The Ostrogothic ruler at that time, Witiges, could not defend the kingdom successfully and was finally captured when the capital Ravenna fell. The Ostrogoths rallied around a new leader, Totila, and largely managed to reverse the conquest, but were eventually defeated. The last king of the Ostrogothic Kingdom was Teia.

Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths were the eastern branch of the Goths. They settled and established a powerful state in Dacia, but during the late 4th century, they came under the dominion of the Huns. After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Emperor Marcian in the Roman province of Pannonia as foederati. Unlike most other foederati formations, the Goths were not absorbed into the structure and traditions of the Roman military but retained a strong identity and cohesion of their own. In 460, during the reign of Leo I, because the payment of annual sums had ceased, they ravaged Illyricum. Peace was concluded in 461, whereby the young Theodoric Amal, son of Theodemir of the Amals, was sent as a hostage to Constantinople, where he received a Roman education.

In previous years, a large number of Goths, first under Aspar and then under Theodoric Strabo, had entered service in the Roman army and were a significant political and military power in the court of Constantinople. The period 477-483 saw a complex three-way struggle among Theodoric the Amal, who had succeeded his father in 474, Theodoric Strabo, and the new Eastern Emperor Zeno. In this conflict, alliances shifted regularly, and large parts of the Balkans were devastated by it.

In the end, after Strabo's death in 481, Zeno came to terms with Theodoric. Parts of Moesia and Dacia ripensis were ceded to the Goths, and Theodoric was named magister militum praesentalis and consul for 484. Barely a year later, Theodoric and Zeno fell out, and again Theodoric's Goths ravaged Thrace. It was then that the thought occurred to Zeno and his advisors to direct Theodoric against another troublesome neighbour of the Empire - the Italian kingdom of Odoacer.

Odoacer's kingdom (476–493)
In 476, Odoacer, leader of the foederati in the West, had staged a coup against the rebellious magister militum Orestes, who was seeking to have his son Romulus Augustulus recognized as Western Emperor in place of Emperor Julius Nepos. Orestes had reneged on the promise of land in Italy for Odoacer's troops, a pledge made to ensure their neutrality in his attack on Nepos. After executing Orestes and putting the teenage usurper in internal exile, Odoacer paid nominal allegiance to Nepos (now in Dalmatia) while effectively operating autonomously, having been raised to the rank of patrician by Zeno. Odoacer retained the Roman administrative system, cooperated actively with the Roman Senate, and his rule was efficient and successful. He evicted the Vandals from Sicily in 477, and in 480 he occupied Dalmatia after the murder of Julius Nepos.

Conquest of Italy by the Goths (488–493)
An agreement was reached between Zeno and Theodoric, stipulating that Theodoric, if victorious, was to rule in Italy as the emperor's representative. Theodoric with his people set out from Moesia in the autumn of 488, passed through Dalmatia and crossed the Julian Alps into Italy in late August 489. The first confrontation with the army of Odoacer was at the river Isonzo (the battle of Isonzo) on August 28. Odoacer was defeated and withdrew towards Verona, where a month later another battle was fought, resulting in a bloody, but crushing, Gothic victory.

Odoacer fled to his capital at Ravenna, while the larger part of his army under Tufa surrendered to the Goths. Theodoric then sent Tufa and his men against Odoacer, but he changed his allegiance again and returned to Odoacer. In 490, Odoacer was thus able to campaign against Theodoric, take Milan and Cremona and besiege the main Gothic base at Ticinum (Pavia). At that point, however, the Visigoths intervened, the siege of Ticinum was lifted, and Odoacer was decisively defeated at the river Adda on 11 August 490. Odoacer fled again to Ravenna, while the Senate and many Italian cities declared themselves for Theodoric.

Theodoric kills Odoacer (493)
The Goths now turned to besiege Ravenna, but since they lacked a fleet and the city could be resupplied by sea, the siege could be endured almost indefinitely, despite privations. It was not until 492 that Theodoric was able to procure a fleet and capture Ravenna's harbours, thus entirely cutting off communication with the outside world. The effects of this appeared six months later, when, with the mediation of the city's bishop, negotiations started between the two parties.

An agreement was reached on 25 February 493, whereby the two should divide Italy between them. A banquet was organised in order to celebrate this treaty. It was at this banquet, on March 15, that Theodoric, after making a toast, killed Odoacer with his own hands. A general massacre of Odoacer's soldiers and supporters followed. Theodoric and his Goths were now masters of Italy.

Theodoric's rule
Like Odoacer, Theodoric was ostensibly a patricius and subject of the emperor in Constantinople, acting as his viceroy for Italy, a position recognized by the new Emperor Anastasius in 497. At the same time, he was the king of his own people, who were not Roman citizens. In reality, he acted as an independent ruler, although unlike Odoacer, he meticulously preserved the outward forms of his subordinate position.

The administrative machinery of Odoacer's kingdom, in essence that of the former Empire, was more or less retained by the Ostrogoths. According to the analysis of Jonathan J. Arnold, Theodoric presented himself - and was more or less accepted as - a Roman Emperor. But despite this rhetoric, Italy had undergone significant structural changes in the fifth century, which required that Roman administrative traditions had to be adapted by Theodoric's court. The Senate continued to function normally and was consulted on civil appointments, and the laws of the Empire were still recognized as ruling the Roman population, though Goths were ruled under their own traditional laws. Indeed, as a subordinate ruler, Theodoric did not possess the right to issue his own laws (leges) in the system of Roman law, but merely edicts (edicta), or clarifications on certain details.

The continuity in administration is illustrated by the fact that several senior ministers of Odoacer, like Liberius and Cassiodorus the Elder, were retained in the new kingdom's top positions. The close cooperation between Theodoric and the Roman elite began to break down in later years, especially after the healing of the ecclesiastical rift between Rome and Constantinople (see below), as leading senators conspired with the Emperor. This resulted in the arrest and execution of the magister officiorum Boethius and his father-in-law, Symmachus, in 524.

On the other hand, the army and all military offices remained the exclusive preserve of the Goths. The Goths were settled mostly in northern Italy, and kept themselves largely apart from the Roman population, a tendency reinforced by their different faiths: the Goths were mostly Homoian Christians (Arians"), while the people they ruled over were adherents of Chalcedonian Christianity. Despite this fact, Theoderic enjoyed good relations with the Roman church, although questions of relative jurisdiction, especially in controversies involving clerics, remained potentially fraught. Jews in Theoderic's kingdom were both disadvantaged and protected as they had been under Roman law, which among other things, provided legal protections for their places of worship. Theodoric's view was clearly expressed in his letters to the Jews of Genoa: "The true mark of civilitas'' is the observance of law. It is this which makes life in communities possible, and which separates man from the brutes. We therefore gladly accede to your request that all the privileges which the foresight of antiquity conferred upon the Jewish customs shall be renewed to you..." and "We cannot order a religion, because no one can be forced to believe against his will."

Relations with the Germanic states of the West
It is in his foreign policy rather than domestic affairs that Theodoric appeared and acted as an independent ruler. By means of marriage alliances, he sought to establish a central position among the barbarian states of the West. As Jordanes states: "...there was no race left in the western realms which Theodoric had not befriended or brought into subjection during his lifetime." This was in part meant as a defensive measure, and in part as a counterbalance to the influence of the Empire. His daughters were wedded to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund, his sister Amalfrida married the Vandal king Thrasamund, while he himself married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king Clovis I.

These policies were not always successful in maintaining peace: Theodoric found himself at war with Clovis when the latter attacked the Visigoth dominions in Gaul in 506. The Franks were rapidly successful, killing Alaric in the Battle of Vouillé and subduing Aquitania by 507. However, starting in 508, Theodoric's generals campaigned in Gaul, and were successful in saving Septimania for the Visigoths, as well as extending Ostrogothic rule into southern Gaul (Provence) at the expense of the Burgundians. There in 510 Theodoric reestablished the defunct praetorian prefecture of Gaul. Now Theodoric had a common border with the Visigothic kingdom, where, after Alaric's death, he also ruled as regent of his infant grandson Amalaric.

Family bonds also served little with Sigismund, who as a staunch Chalcedonian Christian cultivated close ties to Constantinople. Theodoric perceived this as a threat and intended to campaign against him, but the Franks acted first and invaded Burgundy in 523, quickly subduing it. Theodoric could only react by expanding his domains in the Provence north of the river Durance up to the Isère.

The peace with the Vandals, secured in 500 with the marriage alliance with Thrasamund, and their common interests as Arian powers against Constantinople, collapsed after Thrasamund's death in 523. His successor Hilderic showed favour to the Nicaean Christians, and when Amalfrida protested, he had her and her entourage murdered. Theodoric was preparing an expedition against him when he died.

Relations with the Empire
Theodoric's relations with his nominal suzerain, the Eastern Roman Emperor, were always strained, for political as well as for religious reasons. Especially during the reign of Anastasius, these led to several collisions, none of which however escalated into general warfare. In 504-505, Theodoric's forces launched a campaign to recover Pannonia and the strategically important town of Sirmium, formerly parts of the praetorian prefecture of Italy, which were now occupied by the Gepids.

The campaign was successful, but it also led to a brief conflict with imperial troops, where the Goths and their allies were victorious. Domestically, the Acacian schism between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople, caused by imperial support for the Henotikon, as well as Anastasius' Monophysite beliefs, played into Theodoric's hands, since the clergy and the Roman aristocracy of Italy, headed by Pope Symmachus, vigorously opposed them.

Thus, for a time, Theodoric could count on their support. The war between the Franks and Visigoths led to renewed friction between Theodoric and the Emperor, as Clovis successfully portrayed himself as the champion of the Western Church against the "heretical" Arian Goths, gaining the Emperor's support. This even led to the dispatch of a fleet by Anastasius in 508, which ravaged the coasts of Apulia.

With the ascension of Justin I in 518, a more harmonious relationship seemed to be restored. Eutharic, Theodoric's son-in-law and designated successor, was appointed consul for the year 519, while in 522, to celebrate the healing of the Acacian schism, Justin allowed both consuls to be appointed by Theodoric. Soon, however, renewed tension would result from Justin's anti-Arian legislation, and tensions grew between the Goths and the Senate, whose members, as Chalcedonians, now shifted their support to the Emperor.

The suspicions of Theodoric were confirmed by the interception of compromising letters between leading senators and Constantinople, which led to the imprisonment and execution of Boethius in 524. Pope John I was sent to Constantinople to mediate on the Arians' behalf, and, although he achieved his mission, on his return he was imprisoned and died shortly after. These events further stirred popular sentiment against the Goths.

Death of Theodoric and dynastic disputes (526–535)
After the death of Theodoric on 30 August 526, his achievements began to collapse. Since Eutharic had died in 523, Theodoric was succeeded by his infant grandson Athalaric, supervised by his mother, Amalasuntha, as regent. The lack of a strong heir caused the network of alliances that surrounded the Ostrogothic state to disintegrate: the Visigothic kingdom regained its autonomy under Amalaric, the relations with the Vandals turned increasingly hostile, and the Franks embarked again on expansion, subduing the Thuringians and the Burgundians and almost evicting the Visigoths from their last holdings in southern Gaul. The position of predominance which the Ostrogothic Kingdom had enjoyed under Theodoric in the West now passed irrevocably to the Franks.

This dangerous external climate was exacerbated by the regency's weak domestic position. Amalasuntha was Roman-educated and intended to continue her father's policies of conciliation between Goths and Romans. To that end, she actively courted the support of the Senate and the newly ascended Emperor Justinian I, even providing him with bases in Sicily during the Vandalic War. However, these ideas did not find much favour with the Gothic nobles, who in addition resented being ruled by a woman. They protested when she resolved to give her son a Roman education, preferring that Athalaric be raised as a warrior. She was forced to discharge his Roman tutors, but instead Athalaric turned to a life of dissipation and excess, which would send him to a premature death.

Eventually, a conspiracy started among the Goths to overthrow her. Amalasuntha resolved to move against them, but as a precaution, she also made preparations to flee to Constantinople, and even wrote to Justinian asking for protection. In the event she managed to execute the three leading conspirators, and her position remained relatively secure until, in 533, Athalaric's health began to seriously decline.

Amalasuntha then turned for support to her only relative, her cousin Theodahad, while at the same time sending ambassadors to Justinian and proposing to cede Italy to him. Justinian indeed sent an able agent of his, Peter of Thessalonica, to carry out the negotiations, but before he had even crossed into Italy, Athalaric had died (on 2 October 534), Amalasuntha had crowned Theodahad as king in an effort to secure his support, and he had deposed and imprisoned her. Theodahad, who was of a peaceful disposition, immediately sent envoys to announce his ascension to Justinian and to reassure him of Amalasuntha's safety.

Justinian immediately reacted by offering his support to the deposed queen, but in early May 535, she was executed. This crime served as a perfect pretext for Justinian, fresh from his forces' victory over the Vandals, to invade the Gothic realm in retaliation. Theodahad tried to prevent the war, sending his envoys to Constantinople, but Justinian was already resolved to reclaim Italy. Only by renouncing his throne in the Empire's favour could Theodahad hope to avert war.

Gothic War and end of the Ostrogothic Kingdom (535–554)
The Gothic War between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom was fought from 535 until 554 in Italy, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily and Corsica. It is commonly divided into two phases. The first phase lasted from 535 to 540 and ended with the fall of Ravenna and the apparent reconquest of Italy by the Byzantines. With the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the kingdom was brought to Pavia, which it became the last centres of Ostrogothic resistance that continued the war and opposed Eastern Roman rule.

During the second phase (540/541–553), Gothic resistance was reinvigorated under Totila and put down only after a long struggle by Narses, who also repelled the 554 invasion by the Franks and Alamanni. In the same year, Justinian promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction which prescribed Italy's new government. Several cities in northern Italy continued to hold out, however, until the early 560s.

The war had its roots in the ambition of Justinian to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost to invading barbarian tribes in the previous century (the Migration Period). By the end of the conflict Italy was devastated and considerably depopulated. As a consequence, the victorious Byzantines found themselves unable to resist the invasion of the Lombards in 568, which resulted in the loss of large parts of the Italian peninsula.

List of kings

 * Valamir –465
 * Theodemir 470–475
 * Theodoric the Great (Thiudoric) 489–526
 * Athalaric (Atthalaric) 526–534
 * Queen Amalasuintha 534–535
 * Theodahad (Thiudahad) 534–536
 * Witiges (Wittigeis) 536–540
 * Ildibad (Hildibad) 540–541
 * Eraric the Rugian (Heraric, Ariaric) 541
 * Totila (Baduila) 541–552
 * Teia (Theia, Teja) 552–553

Architecture
Because of the kingdom's short history, no fusion of the two peoples and their art was achieved. However, under the patronage of Theodoric and Amalasuntha, large-scale restoration of ancient Roman buildings was undertaken, and the tradition of Roman civic architecture continued. In Ravenna, new churches and monumental buildings were erected, several of which survive.

The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, its baptistry, and the Archiepiscopal Chapel follow the typical late Roman architectural and decorative motifs, but the Mausoleum of Theodoric displays purely Gothic elements, such as its construction not from the usual brick, but of massive slabs of Istrian limestone, or the 300-ton single-piece roof stone.

Literature
Some older works were copied in Greek and Gothic (e.g. the Codex Argenteus), and the literature is solidly in the Greco-Roman tradition. Cassiodorus, hailing from a distinguished background, and himself entrusted with high offices (consul and magister officiorum) represents the Roman ruling class. Like many others of his background, he served Theodoric and his heirs loyally and well, something expressed in the writings of the period.

In his Chronica, used later by Jordanes in his Getica, as well as in the various panegyrics written by him and other prominent Romans of the time for the Gothic kings, Roman literary and historical tradition is put in the service of their Gothic overlords. His privileged position enabled him to compile the Variae Epistolae, a collection of state correspondence, which gives great insight into the inner workings of the Gothic state. Boethius is another prominent figure of the period. Well-educated and also from a distinguished family, he wrote works on mathematics, music and philosophy. His most famous work, Consolatio philosophiae, was written while imprisoned on charges of treason.

In Germanic languages, King Theodoric inspired countless legends of questionable veracity.

Population
The population of the Ostrogothic kingdom was overwhelmingly of those who had lived prior to the Ostrogoths arriving with a minority being Ostrogothic. Little Ostrogothic settlement appears to have happened in Italy south from Rome and Pescara. Picenum and the northern part of Samnium were areas of heavy Ostrogothic settlement while the same was true of places west of Ravenna near Milan and Pavia along with the beginning of Alps. Small amounts of Ostrogothic settlement happened in Dalmatia, west Pannonia and some areas of Tuscia.

Economics and slavery
Villas that existed in the countryside would be abandonded or repurposed. Agriculture also became more diversified with woodland crops and animal husbandry becoming more common. Inland cities during the Ostrogothic period became more cut off from the outside world and became more reliant on local production areas. Cities along the Italian coast still received their trade from North Africa and places on the Eastern Mediterranean.

In the Ostrogothic Kingdom chattel slavery was practiced with it primarily being seen in the rural areas. Slaves had a harsh life enjoying little rights or privileges and "could be transferred at will from one estate to another." A slave could be killed by their owner if they had sexual relations with a widow or caused a fire. They could not legally marry people and were not allowed to be assigned to peasants. Slavery would continue in Italy after the Ostrogoths.

In popular culture

 * The 1876 historical novel A Struggle for Rome by Felix Dahn (and its two-part screen adaptation in 1968 and 1969) focuses on the struggle among the Byzantines, the Ostrogoths and the native Italians over control of Italy after Theodoric's death.
 * The 1938 historical novel Count Belisarius by Robert Graves describes the campaigns of the Byzantine general Belisarius to conquer the Ostrogothic Kingdom during the reign of Justinian.
 * In the 1941 alternate history novel Lest Darkness Fall by L. Sprague de Camp, a modern archaeologist is transported through time to Ostrogothic Italy, helps to stabilise it after Theodoric's death, and averts its conquest by Justinian.
 * Guy Gavriel Kay's Sarantine Mosaic series takes place in a setting based on Ostrogothic Italy and the East Roman Empire, just before the Gothic War.
 * Gary Jennings' 1993 novel Raptor documents the rise of Theodoric the Great and the Ostrogothic Kingdom through the eyes of a fictional hermaphrodite Thorn.

title: Ostrogothic Kingdom


text: Template:Dual license with CC BY 1.0

title: Template:Dual license with CC BY 1.0


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Auguste Brizeux

Julien Auguste Pélage Brizeux (12 September 1803 – 3 May 1858) was a French poet. He was said to belong to a family of Irish origin, but long settled in Brittany. He was educated for the law, but in 1827 he produced at the Théâtre Français a one-act verse comedy, Racine, in collaboration with Philippe Busoni.

His most important works are, first, Marie (1832, 1836, 1840), then, Les Bretons (1845, 1846). He also wrote in Breton literature in his native Cornouaille dialect of the Breton language, most notably Telenn-Arvor and Furnez Breiz.

Life
Brizeux was born at Lorient, Morbihan. Though he was brought up with the Cornouaille dialect of Breton, in his Breton language verse he used the standardised Breton orthography codified by Jean-François Le Gonidec. He became an ardent student of the philology and archaeology of Brittany, and had collected materials for a dictionary of Breton place-names.

A journey to Italy in company with Auguste Barbier made a great impression on him, and a second visit (1834) resulted in 1841 in the publication of a complete French translation of Dante's Divine Comedy in terza rima. In his collection Primel el Nola (1852) he included poems written under Italian influence, entitled Les Ternaires (1841), but in the rustic idyll of Marie (1836) he turned to Breton country life. In Les Bretons (1845) he found his inspiration in the folklore and legends of his native province. In La Chasse du Prince Arthur he created a narrative around the short life of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, murdered by King John of England. His Histoires poétiques (1855) was crowned by membership in the French Academy.

Following his death at Montpellier in 1858, his Œuvres complètes (2 vols., 1860) were edited with an assessment of the author by Saint-René Taillandier. Another edition appeared in 1880–1884 (4 vols.). A long list of articles on his work may be consulted in an exhaustive monograph, ''Brizeux. Sa vie et ses œuvres'' (1898), by the abbé C. Lecigne.

Known as "le prince des bardes bretons", he was credited as the founder of modern Breton literature by later Breton Celticists. Théodore Botrel created a monument to him in Pont-Aven, which is ceremonially adorned each year at the Fête des Fleurs d’Ajonc. His works in Breton, Telenn Arvor (1844), and his collection of proverbs, Furnez Breiz (1845), were republished by Roparz Hemon in the Breton language literary magazine Gwalarn in 1929.

Works

 * Racine, one-act comedy in verse, with Philippe Busoni, Paris, Théâtre-Français, 27 décembre 1827
 * Marie, verse novel, 1832 on line text
 * Les Ternaires, book of lyrics, 1841
 * Les Bretons, narrative poem, 1845
 * Furnez Breiz, 1845 Text in Wikisource
 * Histoires poétiques, suivies d'un Essai sur l'art, ou Poétique nouvelle, 1855 on line text
 * Primel et Nola, 1852
 * Editions and translations
 * Mémoires de Madame de La Vallière, 2 vol., 1829
 * La Divine Comédie de Dante Alighieri, traduction nouvelle par A. Brizeux,.avec une notice et des notes par le même, 1841
 * Posthumous publications
 * Œuvres complètes, 2 vol., 1860 on line text 1 2
 * Œuvres, 1874 on line text
 * Œuvres, 4 vol., 1879-1884 on line texts 1 : Marie. Télen Arvor. Furnez Breiz. 2 : Les Bretons. 3 : Les Fleurs d'or (Les Ternaires). Histoires poétiques I-III 4 : Histoires poétiques IV-V. Cycle. Poétique nouvelle.
 * Marie, poème. Primel et Nola, preface by Saint-René Taillandier, illustrations by Henri Pille, 1882
 * Œuvres choisies, 1910
 * Choix de poésies, 1932
 * Telenn arvor furnez Breiz peurreizet hag embannet gant Roparz Hemo, 1932
 * Un Poète romantique et ses amis : correspondance 1805-1858. Auguste Brizeux, letters, edited by Jean-Louis Debauve, Brest, Centre de recherche bretonne et celtique, 1989

title: Auguste Brizeux


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cambridge College Networks

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:41, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Cambridge College Networks
Please note that a related page Cambridge University Computer Network is also being considered for deletion

I think this is inappropriate for an encyclopedia - this information belongs on the cambridge computer lab website. Wikipedia is not an universal bulletin board (imagine if every university decided to put information about their specific policies on networks, accommodation, catering, discipline etc. on wikipedia). I don't even think this information belongs with the Cambridge University wikipedia entry. Bwithh 18:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This article seems to have been produced by a Cambridge University computing lab assistant, who wanted to provide a guide for new students and visitors to the specific policies and technical details for the computer networks at different Cambridge University colleges.

 * Keep. The information about college networking policies is useful and much of it is not available elsewhere. It is as important to many people, for instance, as the fact that colleges have dining facilities, or that large numbers of people use bicycles for transportation in the city. Without having it mentioned on Wikipedia, however, most of these people wouldn't even realize that there might be anything to be concerned about until they have moved to Cambridge and enrolled in a college or department whose policies they find unacceptable. They will be stuck at this point since there is no way to get DSL in college housing or departmental offices. As I've written it, the page is incomplete, but I think it should be fleshed out and not deleted. I am a prospective student, not a lab assistant. A5 19:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Feel free to create a web site containing the information chowells 19:36, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. This isn't a user manual for the kids from Cambridge. Are we going to see the sherry list at High Table dinners next? Pilatus 19:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

There seems to be a persistant misunderstanding that this information is provided for people already at Cambridge. While it may be useful for students, it is mostly aimed at prospective students who will want to know what they are getting into. Freedom to use the internet, wired or wirelessly, to share it with visiting friends, etc. is a little more important than sherry. A5 19:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Depends on the sherry.--Calton | Talk 00:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Perhaps general information about college network policies is worth an article, but this belongs on a Cambridge site, whether it is for current or prospective students. Pgengler 19:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Completely useless in the context of wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a manual, as well as not being a lot of other things chowells 19:36, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Doesn't Cambridge has a webpage for this information, to be updated by officials? No doubt of the good intention to serve prospective students, but the content isn't appropriate for wikipedia. Please transfer the content to a Cambridge website, and create an external link in University of Cambridge instead. --Vsion 19:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. That the information is useful doesn't make it encyclopedic.  CUDES tried to collect such information a few years ago, it could be reactivated and collect it again, or CUSU could provide such information for prospective students, or both, but in any case an encyclopedia isn't the right host.  Joseph Myers 19:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia isn't a hosting solution. Suggest the author open a MySpace or Blogspot account.--Isotope23 20:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:NOT a webspace provider.  PacknCanes 22:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Creator should speak to CUSU though, they may well be interested and help make this info available. Wikipedia just isn't the place for it. the wub  "?!"  23:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Far too localized info. --Calton | Talk 00:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic information which belongs on University of Cambridge website. Andrew pmk | Talk 01:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unmaintainable detailed techical info that may change at any moment. mikka (t) 00:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.156.136.218

title: User talk:69.156.136.218


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Don Juan (disambiguation)

Don Juan is a legendary fictional libertine.

Don Juan may also refer to:

Persons

 * John, Prince of Asturias (1478–1497), son of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon
 * John, Prince of Girona (1509), son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Germaine of Foix, died in infancy
 * Don Juan Manuel (1282–1348), Castilian writer
 * John of Austria (1547–1578), Don Juan de Austria, European admiral and general
 * John of Austria the Younger (1629–1679), Don Juan de Austria the Younger, Prime Minister of Spain from 1677 to 1679
 * Don "Magic" Juan (born 1950), American rapper
 * Juan Carlos I of Spain (born 1938), king and head of state of Spain
 * Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona (1913–1993), pretender

Places

 * Don Juan, Dominican Republic, a town
 * Don Juan Pond, a lake in Antarctica

Works inspired by Don Juan
See also.

Books

 * El estudiante de Salamanca, a poem by José de Espronceda
 * Don Juan (poem), a satiric narrative poem by Lord Byron
 * Ibong Adarna (mythology), Philippine mythological story
 * Don Juan, a short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann

Plays

 * Don Juan (drama), a 1862 play by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
 * The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest, a ca. 1630 play by Tirso de Molina
 * Don Juan Tenorio, an 1844 play by José Zorilla
 * Dom Juan, a 1665 play by Molière
 * Don Juan (Brecht), an adaptation of the play by Bertolt Brecht
 * Don Juan in Hell, excerpt of George Bernard Shaw's Man and Superman

Films and TV

 * Don Juan (1913 film), a Dutch silent film directed by Léon Boedels
 * Don Juan (1922 film), a German silent film directed by Albert Heine and Robert Land
 * Don Juan (1926 film), an American Vitaphone film starring John Barrymore
 * The Private Life of Don Juan, a 1934 British film starring Douglas Fairbanks, Merle Oberon and Benita Hume
 * Adventures of Don Juan, a 1948 American film starring Errol Flynn
 * Don Juan (1950 film), a Spanish film starring Antonio Vilar. Annabella and María Rosa Salgado
 * Don Juan (1955 film), an Austrian musical film directed by Walter Kolm-Veltée
 * Don Juan (1956 film), a French-Italian-Spanish comedy film directed by John Berry
 * Don Juan (1969 film), a Czechoslovak short film written and directed by Jan Švankmajer
 * Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman, a 1973 French-Italian film with Brigitte Bardot
 * Don Juan (1998 film), a film written and directed by Jacques Weber
 * Don Juan DeMarco, a 1995 American film starring Johnny Depp
 * The Don Juans, a 2013 Czech comedy film directed by Jiří Menzel

Music

 * Don Juan (ballet), a ballet by Ranieri de' Calzabigi, Christoph Willibald Gluck and Gasparo Angiolini
 * Don Juan (musical), a 2004 musical by Félix Gary
 * Don Juan (Strauss), a 1888 tone poem by Richard Strauss
 * Don Juan Triumphant, a fictional opera within Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera
 * Réminiscences de Don Juan, an operatic fantasy by Franz Liszt
 * "Don Juan" (Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich song), 1969
 * "Don Juan" (Fanny Lu song) a song by Fanny Lu from the album Felicidad y Perpetua
 * "Don Juan" (Ernesto Ponzio song)
 * "Don Juan", a song by Pet Shop Boys from the album Alternative
 * "Don Juan", a song by Suburban Legends from their self-titled EP
 * The Don Juans (band), American folk music duo

Other uses

 * Don Juan (horse), an Australian racehorse
 * Donjuan (magazine), a Colombian lads' mag
 * Don Juan Matus, medicine man from Sonora, Mexico, featured in books by Carlos Castaneda
 * Don Juan, another name for a pickup artist, after the character

title: Don Juan (disambiguation)


text: User talk:24.153.226.112

title: User talk:24.153.226.112


text: User talk:24.46.98.172

title: User talk:24.46.98.172


text:
Giant Drag

Giant Drag is an American indie rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 2003 by singer and guitarist Annie Hardy and drummer and keyboardist Micah Calabrese. After releasing their debut EP, Lemona in 2004, the band released their debut studio album, Hearts and Unicorns (2005) through Kickball Records, a subsidiary of Interscope.

Interscope dropped the band from their label after issuing their single, "This Isn't It", in 2006, and Calabrese subsequently left the project. Hardy continued to record material for the band, and their second album, Waking Up is Hard to Do, was self-released in 2013 through their own label, Full Psycho Records.

In 2020, Hardy revealed she had written and recorded a third album with former Klaxons singer Jamie Reynolds in London.

2003–2013
Giant Drag was formed in Los Angeles in May 2003 by singer and guitarist Annie Hardy and drummer Micah Calabrese. The two became acquainted initially in 2001, as Calabrese was a co-worker of Hardy's mother at the internet company she was employed at, though they later formally met in 2003 after two of their mutual friends began dating. The two considered hiring a bassist to join the group, but instead, Calabrese began performing bass using a synthesizer with one hand, while drumming with the other. Performing both roles limited Calabrese's drumming performance, but soon became a stylistic element of the duo's music.

The band released their first EP, Lemona in 2004. Their debut album, Hearts and Unicorns, came out the following year through Kickball Records, a subsidiary of Interscope. The group toured in England in the fall of 2005, opening for Nine Black Alps to support the album. In 2006, they released their single "This Isn't It" before Interscope dropped them from the label. Between 2006 and 2008, the band toured internationally as an opening act for The Jesus and Mary Chain, Scissor Sisters, Pretty Girls Make Graves, Nine Black Alps, The Lemonheads and The Cribs, and were named by the NME as one of the "big things in 2006". They also performed in the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2006. During this time, Hardy performed as a guest vocalist on the track "Pink Cellphone" from the 2006 Deftones album entitled Saturday Night Wrist. In the summer of 2007, the band's cover of Chris Isaak's "Wicked Game" was used in the promos for season 5 of the FX Networks series Nip/Tuck. During this period, Calabrese left and rejoined the band several times. In November 2007, a cover of Madonna's "Oh Father" was released by the band on the tribute album Through the Wilderness.

In December 2008, NME announced that Hardy was suffering from muscle disorder fibromyalgia. According to College News, her condition was later referenced in Paul Avion's song "Fibromyalgia". In January 2010, fellow L.A. musician Paul Avion chose "Kevin is Gay" to kick off a series of articles about Africa for SPIN Earth. The Swan Song EP was released on February 16, 2010. After meeting at a show in Silverlake, Stretch joined the band as a drummer to tour and demo new material following Calabrese's departure. In December 2010, Hardy's Twitter account mentioned a new full-length album had been completed, with no firm date set for release yet.

On February 9, 2012, Giant Drag released the alternative version of the band's song "Drugs" via Hardy's Bandcamp page, and another song called "Firestorm". On February 14, 2012, the band announced a new format of digital releases called "Twosies". This format is between singles and EPs. The first twosie was released on the same day of the announcement and is titled Annie Hardy and The Wallpaper Demos. The titles of the new tracks are "Out At Sea" and "Say What You Will". On March 6, 2012, a new twosie was released, "Hearts and Unicorns Outtakes and Unreleased Rarity". On February 13, 2013, they were named as one of the "unfairly forgotten bands of the 2000s" by NME.

On March 5, 2013, the band's long-awaited second album, Waking Up is Hard to Do was released as a digital download on Giant Drag's Bandcamp music store. It marked the band's first full-length release of original material since Hearts and Unicorns (2005).

2014–present
In March 2014, the band released the EP Band Car, also via Bandcamp.

In 2020, while Hardy was quarantined for COVID-19 restrictions in London prior to shooting the horror film Dashcam, in which starred, she recorded Giant Drag's third studio album at The Libertines' recording studio, The Albion Rooms, alongside another secret project. The material was recorded with Jamie Reynolds, formerly of the English rock group Klaxons. Commenting on the recording, Hardy stated: "I think I was an idiot savant before, or just an idiot – I'm not sure. I could write songs but I wasn't really invested. I was always really sedated, taking a lot of pills and whatnot. Now I'm very present and I know what I'm doing for the first time."

In 2021, the band independently issued the EPs Lemona and Swan Song as a joint release on vinyl for the first time. In June 2022, the band, featuring Hardy and drummer Collin Deatherage, released the track "Devil Inside", which had previously been recorded for their EP Band Car; the track was featured as a promotional single for the horror film Dashcam (2021), in which Hardy starred.

Style
Giant Drag's sound has been described by several music publications as "nü-grunge". The band has also been compared to bands such as My Bloody Valentine, The Breeders, PJ Harvey, and Mazzy Star although the band does not completely agree with some of the comparisons and Hardy has shown herself to be especially confused by Breeders comparisons. It has been suggested by Hardy and another journalist that most articles that have been written about Giant Drag are re-wordings of their press pack (which compared them to such bands). Some music critics, such as Bobby Hankinson of The Boston Globe, likened Hardy's vocals and guitar playing to that of Liz Phair and Courtney Love.

Hardy has named various rock acts as influences, including Babes in Toyland, Hole, The Beatles, The Misfits, the Descendents, and Danzig.

Hardy's lyrics have attracted attention for their blunt and sometimes humorous nature. Hardy commented that this lyrical approach has been her "long-term defensee mechanism. When dealing with something painful and honest and vulnerable you've got to come back and attack that subject with equal amounts of humour and then that kind of then softens the blow." Their song titles are sometimes similarly humorous, such as "Kevin Is Gay," "My Dick Sux," "High Friends in Places," and "YFLMD"—an acronym for "You Fuck Like My Dad". Live performances were often notable for Hardy's monologues in-between songs while Calabrese set up his synthesizer. During performances in 2006 the duo covered Chris Isaak's "Wicked Game." Hardy jokingly introduced the song by telling a variation on the basic story that she wrote the song for Chris Isaak when she was 8, and that he stole it from her after a love affair, and that she saw him years later on MTV singing "her" song "rolling around in the sand with some hooker."

Personnel

 * Annie Hardy – vocals, guitar
 * Collin Deatherage – drums, bass
 * Micah Calabrese – drums, keyboards, synthesizer (2003–2011)
 * Eli Smith – drums, keyboards (2004–2005)
 * Bobby Vega – drums
 * Alvin DeGuzman – bass

Studio albums

 * Hearts and Unicorns (2005)
 * Waking Up Is Hard to Do (2013)

Singles

 * "Kevin Is Gay" (2005)
 * "This Isn't It" (2006)
 * "Wicked Game" (2006)

Extended plays

 * Lemona (2004)
 * Swan Song (2010)
 * Band Car (2014)
 * Devil Inside The Albion Rooms (2023)

Live albums

 * Shredding Leeds Live in England (2013)

Videography

 * "This Isn't It" (directed by G.J. Echternkamp)
 * "Kevin Is Gay" (directed by G.J. Echternkamp)
 * "Stuff to Live For" (directed by G.J. Echternkamp)
 * "Do It" (directed by Lance Arnao lavisuals.com)
 * "90210" (directed by Annie Hardy)
 * "Garbage Heart" (directed by Annie Hardy and Amos Memon)
 * "Sobriety Is A Sobering Experience" (directed by Annie Hardy and Jana Jordan)
 * "We Like the Weather" (directed by Colin Maccubbin)
 * "Won't Come Around" (directed by Annie Hardy and Colin Maccubbin)

title: Giant Drag


text: User talk:69.159.243.138

title: User talk:69.159.243.138


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Hunterz

Hunterz is a British Asian urban musician with Indian pop and Bhangra influences but based in England. His grandmother moved from Kenya to the U.K. after her husband died. She had to sing to feed her six children. With an early training in Indian classical music from the Patiala Gharana, HunterZ has spent a life devoted to music. But born and brought up in the U.K., he joined private music schools to learn the guitar and keyboard. Hunterz raps and sings in English, Hindi and Punjabi in his albums.

After co-producing Slave II Fusion, he made his solo producing debut in 1999 with No Limits. However, he had no part in the singing.

His vocal debut came in 2003 with the bhangra album Most Wanted.

The second album to bear his name was Phat Trax Vol. 1: Blazin, completed in 2004, which had a more urban flavour in comparison to Most Wanted's international style. Most songs contrasted Hunterz' Hindi lyrics with rapping in English. The album also featured Hunterz' brothers Ishers and Vee and his cousin Chan. In December 2004, Hunterz also featured on Streets of Bollywood, an album of remixes of Bollywood songs, with his 'Baby Girl Mix' of "Aap Ka Aana" from the 2000 film Kurukshetra.

In 2005 Hunterz co-wrote and sang a single, "Reasons", with the dub/reggae band UB40. Along with UB40 and The Dhol Blasters he performed this song at the Live 8 London concert in Hyde Park. He also produced four further remixes of Bollywood songs for the album Bollywood Breaks Vol. 1: "Haare Haare", "Tu Cheez", "Dulhe Ka Sehra" and "Pehli Baar".

On 16 June 2008, the album Masterpiece was released featuring Vee.

Hunterz performed at the University of Sheffield on 8 February 2010, along with Imran Khan, Veronica and Dr Zeus. In the promotion for this performance, he gave an interview on BBC Radio Sheffield, where he officially announced that his new upcoming album in 2010 will be in collaboration with Rishi Rich.

Musical style
Huntertz' music has been described as a mixture of funk, soul, rock, hip hop and R&B.

title: Hunterz


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1975 Pacific hurricane season

The 1975 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1975, in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1975, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1975. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean.

The 1975 Pacific hurricane season was slightly above average, with 17 tropical storms forming. Of these, 9 became hurricanes, and 4 became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The only notable storms are Hurricane Olivia, which killed 30 people, caused $30 million (1975 USD) in damage, and left thousands homeless when it made landfall in October; and an unnamed hurricane that developed at very high latitude, but had no effect on land. Hurricane Denise was the strongest storm of the year. Hurricanes Lily and Katrina passed close to Socorro Island and Tropical Storm Eleanor made landfall in Mexico. Hurricane Agatha sank a ship.

Season summary
The season began with the formation of Tropical Depression One on June 2 and ended with the extratropical transition of Tropical Storm Priscilla on November 7. No named systems formed in May, two in June, four in July, six in August, three in September, one in October, and one in November. The total length of the season, from the formation of the first depression to the dissipation of the last, was 158 days.

In the eastern Pacific (east of 140°W), sixteen tropical storms and eight hurricanes formed. Four of the hurricanes became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. These numbers are close to the long-term averages of fifteen tropical storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. There were also four unnamed tropical depressions. The only system to enter or form in the central Pacific (between 140°W and the international dateline) was an unusual high-latitude hurricane (north of 30°N), which went unnamed. This was the first occurrence on record of a mid-Pacific upper tropospheric low developing into a tropical cyclone, and the first hurricane on record within the central Pacific north of Hawaii.

The only systems to make landfall this year were Tropical Storm Eleanor and Hurricane Olivia. Besides these two systems, Hurricane Agatha caused the sinking of a ship carrying millions of dollars worth of cargo. Tropical Storm Eleanor caused no serious impact.

The most devastating storm of the season was Hurricane Olivia. A late-season major hurricane, Olivia came ashore near Mazatlán. The storm killed 30 people, left around 30,000 people homeless, and caused 20 million dollars (1975 USD) in damage.

Hurricane Agatha
An area of disturbed weather about 290 mi southwest of Acapulco formed on June 1. It organized into a tropical depression the next day. After heading southwestward, it turned to the northwest and strengthened into Tropical Storm Agatha on June 2. Agatha maintained its course and steadily intensified. It reached hurricane intensity on June 3 while located about 170 mi southwest of Zihuatanejo. Hurricane Agatha started weakening thereafter, becoming a tropical storm on June 4 and a depression on June 5. It dissipated shortly afterwards. At this time, Agatha was located about 140 mi south of the Tres Marias Islands.

Even though Agatha passed close to Mexico as it weakened, no impact is known to have been caused. Waves caused by Agatha did impact a ship called the Polynesian Diakan. A Greek freighter en route from Pago Pago to Terminal Island, California, the Polynesian Diakan began flooding on June 3, forcing the 32-man crew to abandon the vessel. The exact cause of the initial flooding was unknown, but was speculated to be primarily due to cargo shifting and not the weather. The crew was rescued by the United States Coast Guard. Three members required hospitalization. After being reached on June 6 by a tugboat in a salvage attempt, the vessel capsized and sank near San Clemente Island on June 7, taking its multimillion-dollar cargo of 71 containers of canned tuna with it. The reason for the sinking was unknown.

Tropical Storm Bridget
On June 27, a tropical depression formed about 575 mi south of the tip of the Baja California Peninsula at a location atypical for tropical cyclogenesis. The depression moved generally westward, and intensified into Tropical Storm Bridget on June 28. It started accelerating as it turned towards the northwest, then west, and eventually to the southwest. Bridget weakened into a tropical depression on July 2 and dissipated the next day. It remnant circulation hung about in the area for a few more days. Bridget never came near land and thus, no deaths or damage were recorded.

Hurricane Carlotta
A disturbance 480 mi south of Acapulco organized into a tropical depression on July 2. It headed generally west-northwest and steadily intensified, becoming a tropical storm later on July 2. It became a hurricane on July 3 and ultimately peaked as a Category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Carlotta was first major hurricane, Category 3 or higher, of the season. It began weakening thereafter, and was a tropical storm by July 8. Carlotta became a depression on July 10 and dissipated the next day. The hurricane did not come near land and caused no significant impact.

Hurricane Denise
An unstable area developed a circulation and became a tropical depression on July 4. It headed west- northwest and became a tropical storm on July 7. The next day, it was a hurricane and turned to the west. Continuing to strengthen, it reached Category 4 intensity on July 9. This windspeed was the highest of the season. The hurricane turned to the southwest and gradually weakened. By July 11 it was nearly stationary. It then headed northwestward again and continued weakening, becoming a tropical storm on July 13. It weakened into a depression on July 14 and dissipated immediately thereafter. Denise brought winds of near-gale force to parts of Mexico, but otherwise caused no damage or casualties.

Tropical Storm Eleanor
An area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical depression on July 10, 100 mi south of Acapulco. As its center of circulation became more pronounced and it was upgraded into Tropical Storm Eleanor. The tropical storm moved northwestward, and later curved northward. The system made landfall near Manzanillo on July 12. It quickly dissipated. Eleanor brought 20 mph winds the Manzanillo, but damage from the storm is minor due to the lack of heavy rains.

Tropical Storm Francene
A rapidly moving squally area of disturbed weather that was moving on a northwestward path was upgraded into Tropical Depression Seven on July 27. It intensified into a tropical storm later that day. Francene turned to the west and weakened into a tropical depression on July 28. It slowly weakened and ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone on July 30. Francene's remnants persisted as a tropical disturbance for another twelve hours, before completely dissipating. This tropical cyclone caused no known impact.

Tropical Storm Georgette
An area of disturbed weather about 800 mi south-southwest of Cabo San Lucas organized a tropical depression on August 11. It was upgraded to tropical storm intensity the next day. After heading generally westward and peaking as a weak to moderate tropical storm on August 12, Georgette slowly weakened. It weakened into a depression on August 14 and underwent extratropical transition thereafter. The cyclone dissipated twelve hours later. Tropical Storm Georgette had no impact on land.

Tropical Storm Hilary
A tropical disturbance formed on August 11 and gradually organized. The next day, an atmospheric circulation developed. Based on this, this system was classified as Tropical Depression Nine on August 13. The depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm and was named Hilary. The system gradually accelerated to the northwest and reached its peak strength on August 15 with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Tropical Storm Hilary then started a gradual weakening trend. It became a depression on August 16, turned a little bit more westward, and dissipated on August 17. Hilary never came near land, and as such caused no death or damage.

Hurricane Ilsa
On August 18, a tropical depression formed south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec from a tropical wave that had entered the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean. It strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. The tropical storm moved westward, and became a hurricane on August 21. Ilsa became a Category 2 hurricane on August 22. It maintained that intensity for three days as it moved out to sea. On August 25, Ilsa turned westward and rapidly weakened. It fell to tropical storm intensity on August 26. Later that day, while still maintaining winds of gale-force, Ilsa ceased being a tropical cyclone. Ilsa's remnants continued out over the open Pacific Ocean. The remains of Ilsa eventually interacted with another weather system. That triggered the development of the unnamed hurricane of August 31–September 5

Hurricane Ilsa caused no casualties or damage. As the unnamed hurricane formed from Ilsa's remnants, Ilsa and the latter system are unofficially the same tropical cyclone. Indeed, this year's seasonal report from the Redwood City Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center, in the Monthly Weather Review includes a brief discussion of the unnamed hurricane in the report's section on Hurricane Ilsa. Neither the Central Pacific Hurricane Center nor the official HURDAT "best track" database of tropical cyclone location and intensity data explicitly considers them the same. Hence, as far as official records matter, Ilsa and the unnamed hurricane of August 31 – September 5 are different tropical cyclones.

Hurricane Jewel
On August 24, a tropical depression formed from a tropical disturbance about 250 mi south of Acapulco. It intensified into Tropical Storm Jewel the next day. The tropical cyclone headed generally northwest and paralleled the coast of Mexico. On August 27, Jewel became a hurricane for mere six hours, the minimum possible time in HURDAT. Jewel then turned to the west, and then back to the northwest. Jewel weakened to depression strength on August 31. Tropical Depression Jewel dissipated shortly after that, although its remnants remained distinct until September 3. There was no impact.

Hurricane Katrina
On August 29, an area of weather developed directly into a tropical storm, skipping the tropical depression stage. Katrina steadily intensified as it headed west-northwest, gradually turning to the northwest. It peaked in intensity on September 3 as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mi/h, the second highest of the season. Katrina then headed westward and rapidly weakened. It was downgraded into a tropical storm on September 5 and a depression on September 6. The last advisory was issued on September 7 when Katrina dissipated. Although the hurricane brought Category 3-equivalent winds to Socorro Island on September 2, no damage was reported there or anywhere else.

Unnamed hurricane
The remnants of Hurricane Ilsa interacted with a mid-level trough to produce a new low-level circulation on August 31, about 930 mi northeast of Hawaii. The new system absorbed the remnants of Ilsa as it moved westward. Thunderstorms increased around the low, resembling a subtropical cyclone by September 1. Its track over warmer waters caused the storm to transition into a tropical storm on September 2, by which time the convection organized into rainbands. By that time, the storm was about 685 mi north of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The storm quickly developed a central dense overcast, and by 00:00 UTC on September 3 Dvorak classifications began on the cyclone. An approaching cold front turned the storm to the north and northeast. Around that time, the storm developed an eye in the center of the convection, suggesting that it intensified into a hurricane late on September 3, located about 1170 mi south of Alaska. It was a small system, measuring about 85 mi in diameter. A nearby ship reported sustained winds of 63 mph (102 km/h), while another nearby ship reported a pressure of 1003 mbar, with a 3-hour tendency increase of 13.5 mbar, suggesting a minimum pressure of under 990 mbar. After maintaining hurricane status for about 18 hours, the storm weakened due to strong wind shear from the approaching cold front. Early on September 5, the cyclone became extratropical in the Gulf of Alaska, while located about 315 mi southwest of Juneau, Alaska. On the same day, the circulation was rapidly absorbed by the frontal system, and the remnants quickly reached the coast of British Columbia. The remnants of the storm turned southeastward, and the low was last tracked definitively to a point north of Montana.

Hurricane Lily
Rain and wind reports from the Acapulco weather station suggested that a tropical depression was developing. This was confirmed on September 16 from ship reports. It intensified into a tropical storm and was named Lily. Tropical Storm Lily headed northwest in a nearly straight path. By 0000 UTC September 18, the system was a moderate tropical storm located about 160 mi south of Manzanillo Lily was upgraded to hurricane status on the same day and eventually reached its peak strength. After passing southwest of Socorro Island, Lily weakened, becoming a storm on September 20. Lily weakened into a depression on September 21, turned to the west-southwest, and dissipated. Its remnants remained visible until September 24, when they were no longer distinct via weather satellite. On September 19, the cyclone brought hurricane-force winds to Socorro Island. No damage or casualties were reported.

Tropical Storm Monica
In late September, three tropical disturbances moved westward across the eastern Pacific Ocean. One of them organized into a tropical depression on September 28. The next day the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Monica. The tropical storm initially headed west-northwestward and gradually curved towards the north. It reached its peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h) on September 29. Monica then gradually weakened. It became a tropical depression on October 1. The cyclone dissipated shortly thereafter. No impact was reported in association with Tropical Storm Monica.

Tropical Storm Nanette
On September 28, a system developed into a tropical depression, simultaneously with Tropical Storm Monica.. It headed generally westward and on September 29, 18 hours after Monica did it, strengthened into a tropical storm. Nanette continued out to sea and slowly strengthened. It peaked in windspeed of 50 mph (85 km/h) on October 3 and turned to the southwest. It then slowly weakened. On October 4, it weakened into a tropical depression and then degenerated into a disturbance that same day. No damage or deaths were reported.

Hurricane Olivia
On October 22, Tropical Depression Eighteen formed from a cluster of three thunderstorms south of Mexico and then strengthened into a tropical storm. It moved northwestward initially, followed by a northeast turn. Olivia then intensified steadily. It reached Category 3 intensity and a peak of 115 mph (185 km/h) winds just before landfall. Early on October 25, Olivia moved ashore just south of Mazatlán causing major damage. Olivia destroyed 7,000 houses in the region, leaving 30,000 people homeless, and damage totaled $20 million (1975 USD, $ USD). The hurricane killed 30 people, 20 of them were from drownings in shrimp boats.

Tropical Storm Priscilla
A nearly stationary cloudy area developed a circulation on November 2. The depression drifted north for a while before turning to the west-northwest on November 3. It intensified into a tropical storm on November 4. Priscilla then began turning to the north. However, the system failed to re-curve, instead, the tropical storm turned generally westward. The tropical storm peaked in windspeed as a 65 mph (100 km/h) high-end storm on November 5. It then turned to the northwest on a heading nearly directly at Clarion Island, but it dissipated on November 7 about 115 mi short of landfall.

Other systems
Besides the tropical storms and hurricanes this season, there were four additional tropical depressions within the eastern Pacific. None of them made landfall anywhere or crossed into the central Pacific. Tropical Cyclone Four formed on July 2 and dissipated the next day. Tropical Cyclone Thirteen formed on September 12 and lasted four days. Tropical Cyclone Seventeen formed October 16 and dissipated a day later. Tropical Cyclone Nineteen formed on November 1 and also dissipated the next day.

Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1975. It was the same list used in the 1971 season. No names were retired following the season; however, an overhaul of the naming system in 1978 to include male names resulted in this list being discarded.

The season's unnamed hurricane was the only tropical cyclone reported in the North Pacific between 140°W and the International Date Line in 1975. Had the system been named, it would have been assigned one from the west Pacific's typhoon name list by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center on Guam.

title: 1975 Pacific hurricane season


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Talk:Cross selling

This page is identical to Cross-selling. IanManka 18:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cross selling


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Toyger

The toyger is a breed of domestic cat, the result of breeding domestic shorthaired tabbies (beginning in the 1980s) to make them resemble a "toy tiger", as its striped coat is reminiscent of the tiger's. The breed's creator, Judy Sugden, has stated that the breed was developed in order to inspire people to care about the conservation of tigers in the wild. It was recognized for "registration only" by The International Cat Association in the early 2000s, and advanced through all requirements to be accepted as a full championship breed in 2012. There are about 20 breeders in the United States and another 15 or so in the rest of the world,

In 2020, 469 toygers are registered on the Pawpeds Database.

History
The breed began development in the 1980s in the U.S. when Judy Sugden, a breeder looking to find the difference between the mackerel markings in tabbies, noticed distinctive markings in one of her cats. These tiny spots occurring on the temples of the face (an area normally devoid of distinct pattern) proved genetically that the circular tiger face pattern could be possible in a domestic cat. After importing a tom from the streets of India with noticeable spotting breaking up the usual tabby lines on the top of the head, the quest to develop a toy-tiger began in earnest. About forty domestic cats from various countries were selected over several years as foundation stock, including Bengals, unpedigreed domestic short-haired cats with stripes, and at least one cat imported from India for its ear markings; each provided a specific desired trait or reinforcing ones already chosen (especially the striped appearance).

Judy Sugden was the daughter of Jean Mill (maiden name Jean Sugden). Jean Mill succeeded in creating the Domestic Bengal cat.

In 1993, TICA accepted the Toyger for Registration and in 2000 advanced them to new breed exhibition classes, granting them full recognition as a championship breed in February 2007.

In 2020, TICA recognized Toyger Club as a TICA chartered club.

Breed standards
The following is adapted from the 2008 TICA breed standard for the Toyger:

 * Head shape: Medium-sized, with a dominant deep, skewed, cylindrical muzzle on an oval head.
 * Ears: Small and round. Wide set toward the back of the head and oriented on a 45 degree line towards the center of the eyes. Short but thickly furred temples and ears are preferred. Lynx tipping is undesirable.
 * Eyes: Medium, circular with gentle hooding of upper inside. Set wide apart, back into face, and on a slight bias toward the base of the ear. Rich deep color preferred.
 * Muzzle: Well-defined, long, broad, and deep with rounded muscular contours. Full face view suggests an inverted heart shape. The front muzzle line/plane is skewed forward to produce a more frontal view of nose leather, mouth, and chin than in most small felines.
 * Nose: Muscular, long, broad, and rounded, widening toward the end to at least as wide as the space between the eyes.
 * Torso: Medium to deep, long and muscular with rounded contours; strong and robust but not blocky.
 * Legs and feet: Medium length such that the space between the ground and the body is roughly equal to the depth of the torso. Boning is very large.
 * Tail: Very long and not thick. Taper is slight with blunt, rounded tip. Fur is dense and short.
 * Musculature: Very muscular and athletic looking, especially in young males.
 * Coat length: Coat is uniformly short. Fur may be longer in the temple jowl/ruff; the suggestion of more of a ruff is preferred.
 * Color: Markings shall be virtually black to brown to even tan. Very dark markings are preferred. A bright pumpkin ground color with very dark markings is preferred. Whited ground color shall be as uniformly light to virtually white as possible.
 * Markings pattern: Mackerel tabby. The markings to the ground pattern contrast must be extreme and distinct, giving a clear, sharply edged pattern.
 * Body markings: Body stripes shall generally be vertically aligned with encircling markings on neck, legs, and tail. Bold, braided, and non-uniform stripes are preferred. Belly and inside of legs must be marked. Paw pads and tail tip must be black.
 * Head: Facial stripes and markings shall be circularly aligned around the face. Traditional tabby markings moving radially away from the face for any distance are undesirable and has an "M" marking on its forehead. Lighter to virtually white "thumb marks" on the back of the ears are desirable. Natural "make-up" look is important: eyes must have black mascara-like markings and whited spectacles; desirable for mouth to have black lipstick markings.

title: Toyger


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User talk:Xoloz/Schools

I agree with this. Hipocrite - « Talk » 18:23, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Merging
I've not much experience with school AfDs (I participated in one), but school stubs seem to me to be a natural candidate for merging: schools can naturally be grouped by geography, and doing so might lead to wider issues emerging that don't appear on the school level radar. --- Charles Stewart 15:22, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Some suggestions
Hello! You have a pretty good and interesting essay, but might I make a few suggestions?: I hope that helps! Sincerely, -- Le Grand Roi des Citrouilles  Tally-ho! 20:25, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps cite some arguments you have read elsewhere as support for some of your points. Consider, for example, this argument.
 * Avoid overuse of "However" as the first word in sentences. My reasoning here is based on "Avoid starting a sentence with however when the meaning is 'nevertheless.' The word usually serves better when not in first position. . . . When however comes first, it means 'in whatever way' or 'to whatever extent.'" -William Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White, The Elements of Style, Fourth Edition (New York: Allyn & Bacon, 2000), 48-49.
 * Perhaps also link to some relevant discussions about schools, such as Articles for deletion/Westland High School (Galloway, Ohio) and Articles for deletion/Immanuel Lutheran Primary School.

title: User talk:Xoloz/Schools