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Atuatuci

The Atuatuci (or Aduatuci) were a Gallic-Germanic tribe, dwelling in the eastern part of modern-day Belgium during the Iron Age.

They fought the Roman armies of Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC). In the Battle of the Sabis (57 BC), the Atuatuci sent troops to assist their Belgic neighbours, the Nervii, Atrebates and Viromandui, but were too late to avoid an eventual Roman victory. After they withdrew to their oppidum (fortress), the Atuatuci were later defeated by the Romans during the siege of the Atuatuci (57 BC). According to Caesar, 4,000 of the Atuatici perished in the seizure of their stronghold, and 53,000 of them were reduced to slavery. Several years later in 54 BC the Atuatuci suffered further retribution when they were involved with their neighbours in a failed rebellion against the Romans. Following the devastation of the tribe, which left only a number of small groups, the Atuatuci disappeared from historical records and likely assimilated into neighbouring tribes.

Attestations
Whether Atuatuci or Aduatuci is the original form of the ethnic name remains uncertain. The place name Atuatuca is first mentioned by Caesar in The Gallic War. In the earliest surviving manuscript of the text, dated to the early 9th c. AD, the name is given as Aduatuca. The tribal name also appears three times as Aduatuco- in the manuscript, although they are also named Atouatikoí (Ἀτουατικοί) by Cassius Dio (ca. 230 AD).

The reason for this spelling variation has been debated. Maurits Gysseling has proposed that Atuatuca was the original form, which later gave way to Aduatuca under the influence of Romance languages. Lauran Toorians argues on the contrary that the original Gaulish prefix ad- was changed to at- as the result of a hypercorrection by medieval copyists, who may have thought that the ad- form had emerged under the influence of the Old French phonology during the first millennium AD.

Etymology
If most scholars agree that the names Atuatuci and Aduatuca are of Gaulish origin, their actual meaning is still unclear. According to Xavier Delamarre, the latter may be formed with the Gaulish suffix ad- ('towards') attached to the root uātu- ('Vātis, soothsayer, seer, prophet') and the suffix -cā (feminine of -āco-, denoting the provenance or localization). An original Gaulish form *ad-uātu-cā ('place of the soothsayer, where one goes to prophesy') has thus been proposed. Accordingly, the ethnic name Atuatuci could mean 'those pertaining to the soothsayer', perhaps 'following the soothsayer'.

The meaning 'the fortress', with Atuatuci as 'the fortress people', has also been postulated by Alfred Holder in 1896, by reconstructing the name in Gaulish as *ad-uatucā and comparing the second element to the Old Irish faidche ('the free place, the field near a dún [fortress]' < *uaticiā), although this has been debated as linguistically untenable in more recent scholarship.

Geography
The Atuatuci lived near the Germani Cisrhenani without being described by Caesar as part of them. Their territory was located between that of the Belgic Nervii and the Celtic-Germanic Eburones. According to Caesar, the Eburones were paying tribute to the Atuatuci, who were holding hostages in chains and slavery, including the son and nephew of the Eburonean king Ambiorix. Willy Vanvinckenroye has argued that the Eburones did not have their own strongholds and used instead the fortress of the Atuatuci to house troops since they were tributary to them.

Following the disappearance of the Atuatuci and Eburones from written records after the mid-first century BC (Caesar), the area was settled by the Tungri, who were mentioned one century later by Pliny the Elder.

Settlement
During the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), the Atuatuci held a fortress, besieged by Caesar in 57 BC, which has not yet been identified with certainty by archaeologists. In his account of the siege of the Atuatuci, Caesar mentions that their stronghold was fortified by "stones of great weight", sharpened beams, and walls built with manned stations. The settlement was also described as "admirably fortified by Nature", surrounded by cliffs on both sides, and accessible only by a narrow route. According to Caesar, it was large enough to shelter at least 57,000 people.

Edith Wightman notes that "many attempts have been made to identify [the fortress], especially the one in which Caesar besieged them in 57; most candidates are close to the Meuse, which Caesar does not mention". "From the description, it was a promontory fort or epéron barré, but the lack of any reference to a major river argues against the citadel at Namur, and the Mont Falhize near Huy, both of them washed by the Meuse. Reoccupation of the earlier fort of Hastedon (St. Servais, just north of Namur) is a possibility. Other candidates are not lacking, but they lie mostly in the Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse area, which probably belonged to the Nervii."

Apart from Mont Falize and Hastedon, Nico Roymans has more recently proposed in 2012 the "Bois du Grand Bon Dieu", a forested hill south of the city of Thuin between Charleroi and the French border, in the Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse area, as "a serious contender" for the location of the stronghold. The arguments for this location have been summarized as follows:
 * 1) This "was an important Late Iron Age fortification which was situated in the territory of the Aduatuci and that did not survive into Roman times",
 * 2) It is argued that the topography matches that described by Caesar,
 * 3) The authors dated gold hoards to the early 50s BC, "which seems to reflect a single event",
 * 4) Finally, "and very importantly, the concentrations of Roman lead sling bullets which indicate a siege by the Roman army".

History
The Atuatuci are mentioned in two classical sources: Caesar's Gallic War (mid-1st c. BC) and Cassius Dio's Historia Romana (early-3rd c. AD).

Origin
According to Caesar, the Atuatuci descended from some 6,000 wandering Cimbri and Teutoni who had stayed behind in the north when the two peoples invaded Gaul in the 2nd century BC. Following this tradition, Cassius Dio (ca. 230) likewise mentioned the Atuatuci as "[belonging] to the Cimbri by race and temperament". "The tribe was descended from the Cimbri and Teutoni, who, upon their march into our Province and Italy, set down such of their stock and stuff as they could not drive or carry with them on the near (i.e. west) side of the Rhine, and left six thousand men of their company therewith as guard and garrison. This party, after the destruction of the others, were harassed for many years by their neighbours, and fought sometimes on the offensive, sometimes on the defensive; then by general agreement among them peace was made, and they chose this place to be their habitation."

However, Wightman noted in 1985 that "no late incomers have been archaeologically identified (unless the use of caves as refuges, and the massacre in the Trou de l'Ambre, are connected)." Furthermore, Caesar himself appears to contrast the Atuatuci with the Germanic peoples, grouping them instead with the Belgic Nervii and Menapii in a list of enemies: "Caesar had report of this, and saw preparations for war on every hand: the Nervii, Aduatuci, and Menapii, and all the Germani on this side of the Rhine with them, were in arms; (...)."

Battle of the Sabis (57 BC)
The Battle of the Sabis took place in 57 BC between the Romans and the Belgic Nervians, Atrebates and Viromandui. Though the Roman forces of Julius Caesar eventually managed to overcome the Nervians, they were almost defeated. The Atuatuci were initially coming with troops to assist, but hearing of the Nervian defeat, they abandoned all their towns and forts and retreated to an oppidum.

Siege of the Atuatuci (57 BC)
The Romans followed the Atuatuci while they fled and besieged their oppidum. Upon the first arrival of the Roman army, the Atuatuci made frequent sallies from the stronghold, and engaged in petty encounters with Roman troops. According to Caesar, the inhabitants initially laughed at the Roman work, since their siege towers, mantlets, and ramparts were being erected far from the oppidum and, Caesar follows, the Atuatuci remarked the incongruity of such a large device being constructed by such small men. As they saw the Roman troops approaching the settlement with siege weapons, however, the Atuatuci offered to surrender. Caesar accepted, and they opened the gates of their fortress.

In fear of looting and violence from his own men against the inhabitants, Caesar reportedly ordered the Roman troops out of the fortress. The Atuatuci seized the opportunity to engage the Romans in a surprise attack, using improvised shields and weapons they had concealed within the settlement, but they were eventually defeated. According to Caesar, 4,000 of them were killed, and the entire surviving population of 53,000 were sold into slavery.

Alliance with the Eburones and Treveri (54 BC)
In 54 BC, under encouragement from the Treverian king Indutiomarus, the Eburonean king Ambiorix attacked and defeated a Roman force who had been stationed with him. He then went directly to the Atuatuci and then the Nervii, to encourage them to join in an uprising against Rome. The Menapii, Senones and Carnuti also joined in this uprising and prepared for war, but Caesar and his forces killed Indutomarius, then succeeded in repressing the rebellion and to punish his allies, ordering his men to lay waste to the region which adjoins the Aduatuci.

Roman period
The Atuatuci disappeared from written records after Caesar's mention in the mid-first century BC. Although the Roman era capital of the Tungri, Atuatuca Tungrorum (modern Tongeren), shares a close linguistic relation with the Atuatuci, it cannot be linked to the tribe with certainty. The ancient name of the settlement is rendered as Atuatuca Tungrorum on the basis of written sources from the beginning of the Common Era. According to Edith Wightman, "changes which took place after Caesar, involving new folk from across the Rhine and reorganization of existing peoples, make localization difficult." Alain Vanderhoeven also notes that there is no evidence of human settlement in Tongeren during the Iron Age.

Small survivor groups of the Atuatuci may have contributed to the ethnic composition of the Tungri, a Germanic tribe attested in the region by the 1st century AD.

title: Atuatuci


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User talk:Mscolass

Welcome from Privat e Butcher
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Privat e Butcher 17:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mscolass


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Picrophilaceae

In taxonomy, the Picrophilaceae are a family of microbes within Thermoplasmatales.

Morphology and ecology
The cells are round in shape, thermophilic, heterotrophic, and obligately aerobic. This species is hyperacidophilic, with an optimal pH of 0.7. Its optimal temperature is 60 °C. It has been isolated from fumaroles, acidic sediments, dry solfataric fields, and hot springs in Hokkaidō, Japan.

Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

title: Picrophilaceae


text: File:Blink-182 - Man Overboard cover.jpg


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User:Ybouane~enwiki

http://ybouane.oldiblog.com

title: User:Ybouane~enwiki


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It's Magic

"It's Magic" is a popular song written by Jule Styne, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn, published in 1947. They wrote the song for Doris Day in her Warner Brothers film debut, Romance on the High Seas (retitled It's Magic in the United Kingdom, after the song). In the autumn of 1948 Vic Damone, Tony Martin, Dick Haymes, Gordon MacRae and Sarah Vaughan all charted on Billboard magazine charts with versions of the song, but none as successfully as Day's recording. "It's Magic" received an Academy Award nomination for Best Song, but in March 1949 lost to "Buttons and Bows" by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans.

In 1952, Day made the song the theme of her Hollywood radio series, The Doris Day Show.

Recordings

 * The Doris Day recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38188. In September 1948 the single peaked at no. 2 on Billboard's Retail Record Sales chart during a 21-week run.
 * The Tony Martin recording was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-2862. The recording spent 13 weeks on the Billboard chart, peaking at position no. 11.
 * The Dick Haymes recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 23826. The recording spent 18 weeks on the Billboard chart, peaking at position no. 9.
 * The Gordon MacRae recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 15072. The recording spent 17 weeks on the Billboard chart, peaking at position no. 9.
 * The Sarah Vaughan recording was released by Musicraft Records as catalog number 557. The recording spent two weeks on the Billboard chart, peaking at position no. 29. It appeared on the EP The Divine Sarah Sings (1954).
 * In 1949, the song was featured on a selection of songs from the film It's Magic (the UK title for Romance on the High Seas) recorded by Peter Yorke and his Concert Orchestra, with vocals by Steve Conway, and issued by Columbia. The same year, a version of the song by Geraldo and his Orchestra, with vocals by Denny Vaughan, was released by Parlophone.
 * Beverly Kenney recorded the song in 1958 for her album Beverly Kenney Sings for Playboys.
 * Dinah Washington recorded the song in 1959 for her album What a Diff'rence a Day Makes!.
 * Keely Smith recorded it in 1959 for her Capitol album, Swingin' Pretty, arranged and conducted by Nelson Riddle.
 * Shirley Bassey recorded the song in 1963 for her EP In Other Words....
 * In 2010, Australian singer Melinda Schneider recorded the song for her Doris Day tribute album Melinda Does Doris.
 * Barbara Lewis recorded the song in 1965, and it was included in her album of the same name.
 * In 1962, The Platters, with Sonny Turner singing lead, released it as a single. It reached 95 on the Billboard chart. It was also featured on their 1961 album Song for the Lonely.
 * Eddi Reader recorded the song for her 2009 album Love Is the Way.
 * It's also the title cut of the 2013 album It's Magic - The songs of Sammy Cahn recorded by Steve Tyrell, featuring a saxophone solo by David Mann.
 * To celebrate the one hundredth birthday of Sammy Cahn, a 2013 album was released featuring an ensemble of vocalists and jazz combo for the CD, It's Magic.
 * Frank Sinatra has at least one well-known version of the song recorded. Curiously, it should appear in the List of songs recorded by Frank Sinatra, but it doesn't.
 * Eric Dolphy recorded an instrumental version of the song in December 1960, for his album Far Cry which was released in 1962.

Other film versions

 * As it was part of the Warner studio music catalog, Bugs Bunny parodied the song in the 1951 Looney Tunes cartoon Rabbit Every Monday, with several verses beginning with "Carrots are divine...You get a dozen for a dime. It's magic." In his 1953 Warner Brothers cartoon Robot Rabbit, Bugs reprised this parody with a shorter version. In a later short, 1963's Transylvania 6-5000, Bugs hums/sings the melody, inserting magic words that he acquired from a book and unknowingly causing troublesome transformations in the short's antagonist, Count Bloodcount.
 * The 1967 motion picture The Cool Ones featured Mrs. Miller doing a rock-flavored version of the song.

title: It's Magic


text: Template:User arc-3

title: Template:User arc-3


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Jussi Awards

The Jussi Awards are Finland's premier film industry prizes, awarded annually to recognize the achievements of directors, actors, and writers.

History
The first Jussi Awards ceremony was held on 16 November 1944 at the Restaurant Adlon in Helsinki. The award is one of the oldest films awards in Europe.

The original planned name for the prize was Aino, but Jussi won in the end. The name comes from a character in the 1924 and 1936 Pohjalaisia films.

The awards were originally organized by the Elokuvajournalistit organization, but the task was transferred in the early 1960s to the Filmiaura organization, composed of around 300 members working in the Finnish film industry. Because of the controversy surrounding the transfer, no awards were handed out in 1960 and 1961.

Description
The award trophy is a gypsum statuette depicting a standing man with a hat, based on the character of Jussi in the aforementioned films. It was designed by sculptor Ben Renvall. They are now hand-made by Renvall's son Seppo Renvall.

Categories
All winners except in the public favorite category are chosen in a closed vote by Filmiaura, an association of roughly 260 film professionals. The categories are:

 * Best Film
 * Best Director
 * Best Leading Performance
 * Best Supporting Performance
 * Best Screenplay
 * Best Cinematography
 * Best Original Score
 * Best Editing
 * Best Sound Design
 * Best Production Design
 * Best Costume Design
 * Best Documentary
 * Best Makeup
 * Best Short Film

Retired categories

 * Best Actor (1944–2022)
 * Best Actress (1944–2022)
 * Best Supporting Actor (1944–1965, 1981–2022)
 * Best Supporting Actress (1944–1965, 1981–2022)

title: Jussi Awards


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Talk:Title IX

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 October 2019 and 19 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wjenna234.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Notice of proposed changes to Title IX - public comments accepted through January 28, 2019
The Secretary of Education proposes to amend regulations implementing Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX). The proposed regulations would clarify and modify Title IX regulatory requirements pertaining to the availability of remedies for violations, the effect of Constitutional protections, the designation of a coordinator to address sex discrimination issues, the dissemination of a nondiscrimination policy, the adoption of grievance procedures, and the process to claim a religious exemption. The proposed regulations would also specify how recipient schools and institutions covered by Title IX (hereinafter collectively referred to as recipients or schools) must respond to incidents of sexual harassment consistent with Title IX's prohibition against sex discrimination. The proposed regulations are intended to promote the purpose of Title IX by requiring recipients to address sexual harassment, assisting and protecting victims of sexual harassment and ensuring that due process protections are in place for individuals accused of sexual harassment.

About the Changes The proposed regulations are summarized as follows:

“The proposed regulations would clarify and modify Title IX regulatory requirements pertaining to the availability of remedies for violations, the effect of Constitutional protections, the designation of a coordinator to address sex discrimination issues, the dissemination of a nondiscrimination policy, the adoption of grievance procedures, and the process to claim a religious exemption. The proposed regulations would also specify how recipient schools and institutions covered by Title IX (hereinafter collectively referred to as recipients or schools) must respond to incidents of sexual harassment consistent with Title IX’s prohibition against sex discrimination. The proposed regulations are intended to promote the purpose of Title IX by requiring recipients to address sexual harassment, assisting and protecting victims of sexual harassment and ensuring that due process protections are in place for individuals accused of sexual harassment.” (Proposed Rulemaking, www.regulations.gov)

== You have the right to provide public comment on the proposed regulations as a private citizen during the public comment phase. As part of the rulemaking process, the proposed regulations are open for public comment through January 28, 2019. ==

title: Talk:Title IX


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Simon S. Lam

Simon S. Lam is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He retired in 2018 from The University of Texas at Austin as Professor Emeritus and Regents' Chair Emeritus in Computer Science #1. He made seminal and important contributions to transport layer security, packet network verification, as well as network protocol design, verification, and performance analysis.

Simon Lam pioneered security for Internet applications - for example, one result of his work that is visible to most users as the "s" in https, signifying a secure connection. He invented secure sockets in 1991. In 1993, he invented the Secure Network Programming (SNP) application programming interface (API) which explored the approach of having a secure transport layer API closely resembling Berkeley sockets, to facilitate retrofitting pre-existing network applications with security measures. This work was done when WWW was still in its infancy. SNP was published and presented on June 8, 1994 at the USENIX Summer Technical Conference. Subsequent secure sockets layers (SSL and TLS) re-implemented several years later using the architecture and key ideas first presented in SNP, enabled secure e-commerce on WWW (e.g., banking, shopping). TLS is also widely used to secure email and many other Internet applications.

For this contribution, Professor Lam and three graduate students in his research project won the 2004 ACM Software System Award. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Engineering in 2007. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame in 2023.

Early life and education
Simon S. Lam was born in Macau (when it was a Portuguese colony) in 1947 with the family name 林 (Lam) and the given name 善成 (Sin Sing or Shin Sing). His family moved to Hong Kong in 1959. He received his secondary education from La Salle College, Kowloon, Hong Kong. He left Hong Kong in 1966 to study Electrical Engineering at Washington State University on a scholarship. He received the BSEE degree with Distinction in 1969 from Washington State University and was honored by the College of Engineering as the 1969 Outstanding Senior in Electrical Engineering.

Beginning Fall 1969, he attended graduate school at the UCLA School of Engineering on a 4-year Chancellor’s Teaching Fellowship. His doctoral dissertation on packet switching in a multi-access broadcast channel was supervised by Professor Leonard Kleinrock. From 1971 to 1974, he was a Postgraduate Research Engineer and later a Postdoctoral Scholar at the ARPA Network Measurement Center, UCLA, where he worked on the packet satellite project of ARPANET.

Career and professional service
From 1974 to 1977, he was a Research Staff Member at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York. In August 1977, he joined The University of Texas at Austin as an Assistant Professor of Computer Science. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1979, to Full Professor in 1983, appointed to the endowed David Bruton Jr. Centennial Professorship in 1985, and the Regents Chair in Computer Science #1 in 2001. He served as Department Chair from 1992 to 1994.

Professor Lam was active in professional service for the networking research communities of ACM SIGCOMM, IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Communications Society, and National Science Foundation. His most notable professional service contributions include the following: He co-founded the influential ACM SIGCOMM Conference and, as its first Technical Program Chair, promoted and hosted the inaugural conference in 1983 on the campus of The University of Texas at Austin. The conference was a huge success attended by ARPANET, CSNET, and European packet network researchers as well as many other computer scientists and engineers interested in the emergent packet switched networking techniques, protocols, and architectures. Ten years later, in 1993, Professor Lam co-founded the International Conference on Network Protocols sponsored by IEEE Computer Society. From 1994 to 1998, he was Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking which was the first journal jointly published by ACM and IEEE.

ACM SIGCOMM Award
Simon Lam received the 2004 ACM SIGCOMM Award for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks with the citation "in recognition of his vision, breadth, and rigor in contributing to, among other areas: secure network communication, the analysis of network and multiaccess protocols, the analysis of queueing networks, and the design of mechanisms for quality of service."

National Academy of Engineering
In 2007, Simon Lam was elected to the United States National Academy of Engineering, widely considered among the highest honors to be earned in the engineering and technology professions, for "contributions to computer network protocols and network security services.”

ACM Software System Award for Secure Network Programming
Simon Lam conceived a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack in 1990. He wrote a grant proposal to the NSA INFOSEC University Research Program entitled, “Applying a Theory of Modules and Interfaces to Security Verification.” The project was funded from June 1991 to June 1993. Lam, with the help of three graduate students, invented secure sockets for securing Internet applications (providing end-point authentication, data confidentiality, and data integrity, etc.). In 1993, they implemented the first secure sockets layer, named Secure Network Programming (SNP), with the goal of achieving “secure network programming for the masses.” They demonstrated SNP to the project's NSA program manager. They presented the case for secure sockets and SNP performance results at the USENIX Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994.

SNP was designed as an application sublayer on top of transport-layer sockets. It provides to Internet applications a secure sockets API that closely resembles the sockets API. The SNP approach was novel and created a paradigm shift away from contemporary research on security for distributed applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). This approach enabled secure e-commerce a few years later. SNP won the 2004 ACM Software System Award. Subsequent secure sockets layers (SSL and TLS), re-implemented years later using the architecture and key ideas in SNP, are widely used for securing transactions between Web browsers and servers for e-commerce, as well as other Internet applications including email, instant messaging, and VoIP.

W. Wallace McDowell Award
He was awarded the 2004 W. Wallace McDowell Award with the citation “For outstanding fundamental contributions in network protocols and security services.”

title: Simon S. Lam


text: User talk:61.246.200.13

title: User talk:61.246.200.13


text:
Talk:Morelos

Untitled
Should this be moved to Morelos (state), or should a redirection stub be at that address pointing to here? Most Mexican states seem to be Statename (state).--Lavintzin 17:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and moved the article. I'm amazed it took two years for anyone to do anything about it. --clpo13(talk) 05:21, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

'The spiritual conquest of Morelos began shortly after the military one and is no less impressive.'

Does the source cited provide evidence of what sounds like mere conjecture? The language used conveys a point of view where the aim of articles should be neutrality. The warriors that defeated the Aztecs were comprised primarily of local indigenous enemies, not Europeans. A lack of immunity to Old World diseases then wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population, not warfare. It ultimately resembled a biological genocide that opportunistic foreign invaders took advantage of more than a conventional 'conquest' like those that took place in Europe where neither of the two warring sides were having to deal with pandemics killing their soldiers. Calling forced conversions ‘impressive’ under these sort of circumstances is not entirely accurate or appropriate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.59.117.190 (talk) 14:53, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Some deatails
Morelos has five kinds of climate: cold, semi-cold with summer rains, cool with summer rains, semi-warm with summer rains and hot with summer rains. As it gets very cold at night as they carry warm clothes such as sweaters and jackets. As Morelos was named after José María Morelos, one of the leaders of the Mexican War of Independence. As the state of Morelos is one of the 32 federal organizations of Mexico and locates to the center of the territory. With a population of approximately 900,000, Morelos is one of the smallest states in Mexico. As Morelos farmers grow an extensive variety of vegetables all around the year. The chief products of Morelos fields are bananas, melons, and tomatoes. In the Morelos sierras, the vegetation consists mainly of pine, torch pine, fir, cedar, oak, and madrone, ferns, and willow. Flowers such as nards, (marigolds), violets, carnations and lilies, are also cultivated. The vegetation of the region includes cactus, mesquite and other. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.167.85.84 (talk) 01:50, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The 17:48, 9 April 2010 Mikheil 88 version of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia to expand a stub.--Wing (talk) 14:28, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

near plaguarism
This is about 90% a direct translation from the SEP source.Thelmadatter (talk) 18:09, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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New municipalities
There are three new municipalities in the state:
 * 1) Coatetelco http://morelos.gob.mx/?q=prensa/nota/publica-el-periodico-oficial-tierra-y-libertad-decreto-por-el-que-se-crea-el-municipio

 * 1) Xoxocotla http://morelos.gob.mx/?q=prensa/nota/es-xoxocotla-segundo-municipio-indigena-de-morelos

 * 1) Hueyapan http://morelos.gob.mx/?q=prensa/nota/de-manera-oficial-hueyapan-se-convierte-en-municipio-indigena

A fourth one, Tetelcingo, is being created, but nothing official yet.

Mistah B (talk) 17:12, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Actually, the creation of all four indigenous municipalities has been decreed, but they will only come into effect on January 1, 2019. At the moment Morelos remains at 33 municipalities. Cobblet (talk) 17:07, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * There are enough sources for including this information, noting that they are not in effect until 2019.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 19:32, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Effects of earthquake in September
We should note the consequences of the September Earthquake - for example most of the ex-conventos were destroyed, and Agua Hedionda dried out. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 19:36, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Infobox flag RFC
Should this article have a flag inside the infobox? There is a discussion about it at WikiProject Mexico, where you can join and discuss it. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 20:33, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morelos


text:
Madain

Madain (Arabic for "cities") may refer to:

 * Madain Saleh, an ancient Arabian city
 * Al-Mada'in, the ancient capital of the Parthian Empire
 * Al-Mada'in District, in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq
 * Madain Sari, a fictional ancient city of summoners in the Final Fantasy IX universe.

title: Madain


text: Category:User arc-3

title: Category:User arc-3


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User talk:ErnChmE

Welcome from Privat e Butcher
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Privat e Butcher 17:08, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:ErnChmE


text:
Keihin region

The Keihin region (京浜地方) consists of the Japanese cities Tokyo, Kawasaki, and Yokohama. The term is mostly used to describe these cities as one industrial region. Keihin is derived from the second character of Tōkyō,, which can be read kyō or kei, and the second character of Yokohama, , which can be read hin or hama.

The Keihin region is part of the larger Kantō region.

title: Keihin region


text:
Talk:Pneumonia/to do

 * Find a nice lead image
 * Complications and differential need fleshing out
 * Epidemiology needs numbers
 * Sorting out references
 * Make all red links blue
 * Complications section: convert list to text
 * Expand history section
 * Expand epidemiology section
 * Fix prognosis section

title: Talk:Pneumonia/to do


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MHL

MHL may refer to:
 * Marshall Islands, ISO, IOC and FIFA country code
 * Marshall station (Texas), US, Amtrak code
 * Mennonite Historical Library, at Goshen College in Indiana, US
 * Mobile High-Definition Link, for connecting portable devices to displays
 * Michael Harris-Love, PhD, Researcher and Physical Therapy Program Director

Ice hockey leagues

 * Maritime Junior Hockey League, in Canada
 * Minor Hockey League or Molodezhnaya Khokkeinaya Liga, Russia
 * Manitoba Hockey League, Canada

Field hockey leagues

 * Malaysia Hockey League

Other uses

 * Manual handling of loads

title: MHL


text:
Bee Movie

Bee Movie is a 2007 American animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and Columbus 81 Productions, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Directed by Simon J. Smith and Steve Hickner (in the former's feature directorial debut) from a screenplay by the writing team of Jerry Seinfeld, Spike Feresten, Barry Marder and Andy Robin, it stars the voices of Seinfeld, Renée Zellweger, Matthew Broderick, John Goodman, Patrick Warburton, and Chris Rock. The film centers on Barry B. Benson (Seinfeld), a honey bee who tries to sue the human race for exploiting bees after learning from his new florist friend Vanessa Bloome (Zellweger) that humans sell and consume honey.

Bee Movie debuted in New York City on October 25, 2007, and was released in theaters in the United States on November 2. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its humor and voice cast but criticized its plot and lack of originality. Despite this, it was a box-office disappointment, grossing $293.5 million worldwide on a budget of $150 million. Nevertheless, it has since gathered a cult following, partly driven by memes of the film shared on social media, which most often lampoon the film's premise, script and celebrity cameos.

Plot
Barry B. Benson, an idealistic honey bee who has the ability to talk to humans, has recently graduated from college and is about to enter the hive's honey-making workforce, Honex Industries, with his best friend, Adam Flayman. Barry is initially excited, but his ambitious, insubordinate attitude emerges upon discovering that his choice of job will never change once picked. Later, the two bees run into a group of pollen jocks, bees who collect pollen from flowers outside the hive, and they offer to take Barry with them if he is "bee enough". While on his first pollen-gathering expedition in New York City, Barry gets lost in the rain, and ends up on the windowsill of a human florist named Vanessa Bloome. Upon noticing Barry, Vanessa's boyfriend Ken attempts to squash him, but Vanessa gently catches and releases Barry outside, saving his life.

Barry later returns to express his gratitude to Vanessa, breaking the sacred law that bees are not to communicate with humans. Barry and Vanessa develop a close friendship, bordering on attraction, and spend time together. When he and Vanessa are in a grocery store, Barry discovers that the humans have been stealing and eating the bees' honey for centuries. He decides to journey to Honey Farms, which supplies the grocery store with its honey. Incredulous at the poor treatment of the bees in the hives, including the use of bee smokers to incapacitate colonies, Barry decides to sue the human race to put an end to exploitation of the bees, with Vanessa agreeing to help.

Barry's mission attracts wide attention from bees and humans alike, with countless spectators attending the trial. Although Barry is up against tough defense attorney Layton T. Montgomery, the trial's first day goes well. That evening, Barry is having dinner with Vanessa when Ken shows up. Vanessa leaves the room, and Ken expresses to Barry that he hates the pair spending time together. When Barry leaves to use the restroom, Ken ambushes and attempts to kill him, only for Vanessa to intervene and break up with Ken. The second day at the trial, Montgomery unleashes an unrepentant character assassination against the bees, leading a deeply offended Adam to sting him. Montgomery immediately exaggerates the stinging to make himself seem the victim of an assault while simultaneously tarnishing Adam. Adam's actions jeopardize the bees' credibility and his life, though he recovers. The third day, Barry wins the trial by exposing the jury to the torturous treatment of bees, particularly use of the smoker, and prevents humans from stealing honey from bees ever again. Having lost the trial, Montgomery cryptically warns Barry that a negative shift of nature is imminent.

Sure enough, with Honex stopping honey production and all bees, including the vitally important pollen jocks put out of a job, all the world's flowers begin to die out without any pollination. Before long, the last remaining flowers on earth are being stockpiled in Pasadena, California, intended for the last Tournament of Roses Parade. Barry and Vanessa travel to the parade and steal a float, which they load onto a plane. They hope to bring the flowers to the bees so they can re-pollinate the world's last remaining flowers. When the plane's captain explains that the flight will be delayed due to bad weather, Barry attempts to talk to the pilots, only for them to knock each other out while attempting to kill Barry. With help from Barry and the bees from Barry's hive, Vanessa is able to land the plane safely.

Barry becomes a member of the pollen jocks, and they fly off to a flower patch. Armed with the pollen of the last flowers, Barry and the Pollen Jocks reverse the damage and save the world's plants, restarting the bees' honey production. Later on, Barry runs a law firm at Vanessa's flower shop titled "Insects at Law", which handles disputes between animals and humans. While selling flowers to customers, Vanessa offers certain brands of honey that are "bee-approved".

Voice cast

 * Jerry Seinfeld as Barry B. Benson
 * Renée Zellweger as Vanessa Bloome
 * Matthew Broderick as Adam Flayman
 * John Goodman as Layton T. Montgomery
 * Patrick Warburton as Ken
 * Chris Rock as Mooseblood the Mosquito
 * Kathy Bates as Janet B. Benson
 * Barry Levinson as Martin B. Benson
 * Megan Mullally as Trudy, Honex Tour Guide
 * Rip Torn as Pollen Jocks General Lou Lo Duca
 * Oprah Winfrey as Judge Bumbleton
 * Michael Richards as Bud Ditchwater
 * Larry King as Bee Larry King, a fictionalized bee version of himself
 * Larry Miller as Dean Buzzwell
 * Jim Cummings as Title Narrator and Graduation Announcer
 * David Moses Pimentel as Hector
 * Chuck Martin as Andy
 * Brian Hopkins as Sandy Shrimpkin and TSA Agent
 * John DiMaggio as Bailiff and Janitor
 * Tress MacNeille as Jeanette Chung, Mother and Cow
 * Simon J. Smith as Truck Driver and Chet
 * Ray Liotta as Himself
 * Sting as Himself
 * Robert Jayne as Bee (uncredited)
 * Carl Kasell as Himself (uncredited)

Production
The development of Bee Movie began in 2003, when Steven Spielberg approached DreamWorks Animation CEO and co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg after Jerry Seinfeld asked him to make an animated film featuring insects. Seinfeld spent a week in Los Angeles working on it. Teleconferencing system HP Halo was installed in Seinfeld's office in New York, enabling him to work on the film and interact between coasts. Seinfeld said he set the film in New York because it was "the Tigris and Euphrates of comedy", and Katzenberg was the main reason for making the film. The budget was approximately $150million. Spielberg was in two live-action trailers of this film in November 2006 and early 2007 where he interacted with Seinfeld, who wore a bee costume.

Release
The 91-minute film Bee Movie debuted in New York City on October 25, 2007, followed by a premiere on October 28, in Los Angeles. It was released in the United States on November 2. The film was produced by DreamWorks Animation and Columbus 81 Productions, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Bee Movie Game was released in October 2007 for multiple platforms.

Paramount Home Entertainment released Bee Movie on DVD (single- and double-disc) on March 11, 2008, and on Blu-ray on May 20. The DVD extras include the "Inside the Hive: The Cast of Bee Movie" and "Tech of Bee Movie" featurettes, "We Got the Bee" music video, "Meet Barry B. Benson" feature, interactive games, a filmmaker commentary, alternate endings, lost scenes, the live-action trailers, and Jerry's Flight Over Cannes. An HD DVD version of the film was canceled after the discontinuation of that format.

Box office
Bee Movie earned $126.6million in the United States and Canada and $166.9million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $293.5million. DreamWorks Animation reported that the film made $27.3million in home media revenues. The film was released with American Gangster and Martian Child on November 2, 2007. Bee Movie earned $10.2million on its first day. The film debuted at second earning $39.1million from 3,928 theaters. Its second weekend earnings dropped by 32 percent to $26million, and followed by another $14.3million the third weekend. Bee Movie completed its theatrical run in the United States and Canada on February 14, 2008.

Critical reception
Bee Movie has an approval rating of based on  professional reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of. Its critical consensus reads, "Bee Movie has humorous moments, but its awkward premise and tame delivery render it mostly forgettable." Metacritic (which uses a weighted average) assigned Bee Movie a score of 54 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "It's on the easygoing level of Surf's Up, and a full tick up from, say, Over the Hedge or The Ant Bully. But given the Seinfeld pedigree it's something of a disappointment." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars, saying "At its relaxed best, when it's about, well, nothing, the slyly comic Bee Movie is truly beguiling." Desson Thomson of The Washington Post said, "Bee Movie feels phoned in on every level. The images, usually computer animation's biggest draw, are disappointingly average. And as for the funny stuff, well, that's where you were supposed to come in."

A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "The most genuinely apian aspect of Bee Movie is that it spends a lot of its running time buzzing happily around, sniffing out fresh jokes wherever they may bloom." Claudia Puig gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Bee Movie is certainly not low-budget, but it has all the staying power and creative value of a B-movie. The secret life of bees, as told by Seinfeld, is a bore with a capital B." Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three stars out of four, saying "Bee Movie is not Shrek, and it is not Ratatouille either (by far the standout computer-animated feature of the year). But it has enough buzzing wit and eye-popping animation to win over the kids—and probably more than a few parents, too." Richard Roeper gave the film a positive review, saying "This is a beautifully animated, cleverly executed, warm and funny adventure."

Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, saying "All of this material, written by Seinfeld and writers associated with his television series, tries hard, but never really takes off. We learn at the outset of the movie that bees theoretically cannot fly. Unfortunately, in the movie, that applies only to the screenplay. It is really, really, really hard to care much about a platonic romantic relationship between Renee Zellweger and a bee, although if anyone could pull it off, she could." Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The vibe is loose-limbed and fluky, and the gags have an extra snap that's recognizably Seinfeldian. If I believed in a sitcom afterlife, I'd swear the whole thing was cooked up by Kramer and George's dad."

Accolades
Bee Movie led the 35th Annie Awards season with five nominations (including Best Animated Feature). At the 65th Golden Globe Awards, it was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film. The 13th Critics' Choice Awards nominated the film for Best Animated Feature.

Lawsuits
Two lawsuits involving Bee Movie were filed. Multiple Swedish animation students, who were represented by an American attorney, sued because their developed concept in 2000, titled Beebylon, had similarities to Bee Movie. A separate suit was brought by Florida-based cosmetics company Beeceuticals over the use of their trademarked phrase "Give Bees a Chance". Both of these lawsuits were rejected.

Legacy
Years after the film's release, Bee Movie has seen an unexpected rise in popularity as an ironic Internet meme. In 2015, posts of the film's dialog transcript (erroneously called the screenplay) spread across Facebook. In November 2016, YouTube user "Avoid at All Costs" uploaded the video "The entire bee movie but every time they say bee it gets faster" where the entire film is sped up every time the word "bee" is spoken, condensing the film to only 7 minutes; this video amassed over 15 million views across several reuploads and has been credited for spawning a popular format of shitposting that involves speeding up movies everytime a reoccurring inside joke happens. The film gained more traction as a meme when edits of a speech made by Donald Trump were made to appear as if he plagarized lines said by Bee Movie protagonist Barry B. Benson, though these claims were quickly proven false.

Vanity Fair later characterized the film's sudden popularity as "totally bizarre", and later identified Jason Richards as one of the meme's larger promoters through his @Seinfeld2000 Twitter account. Inverse felt the film's ironic internet popularity has helped the movie become critically reevaluated by millennial critics who now view the film as an unironic, genuinely well-made film.

Seinfeld has commented on the film's reemergence as a meme as "kinda weird but pretty welcoming" and said "you just can't predict what the internet will do next, but you gotta love it," but expressed no interest in making a sequel to Bee Movie despite its online popularity.

title: Bee Movie


text: Category:User arc

title: Category:User arc


text: Talk:History IQ

title: Talk:History IQ


text:
Neuritis

Neuritis, from the Greek νεῦρον), is inflammation of a nerve or the general inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. Inflammation, and frequently concomitant demyelination, cause impaired transmission of neural signals and leads to aberrant nerve function. Neuritis is often conflated with neuropathy, a broad term describing any disease process which affects the peripheral nervous system. However, neuropathies may be due to either inflammatory or non-inflammatory causes, and the term encompasses any form of damage, degeneration, or dysfunction, while neuritis refers specifically to the inflammatory process.

As inflammation is a common reaction to biological insult, many conditions may present with features of neuritis. Common causes include autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis; infection, either bacterial, such as leprosy, or viral, such as varicella zoster; post-infectious immune reactions, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome; or a response to physical injury, as frequently seen in sciatica.

While any nerve in the body may undergo inflammation, specific etiologies may preferentially affect specific nerves. The nature of symptoms depends on the specific nerves involved, neuritis in a sensory nerve may cause pain, paresthesia (pins-and-needles), hypoesthesia (numbness), and anesthesia, and neuritis in a motor nerve may cause paresis (weakness), fasiculation, paralysis, or muscle wasting.

Treatment of neuritis centers around removing or managing any inciting cause of inflammation, followed by supportive care and anti-inflammatory or immune modulatory treatments as well as symptomatic management.

Infectious
Both active infections and post-infectious autoimmune processes cause neuritis. Rapid identification of an infectious cause of neuritis dictates treatment approach and often has a much more positive long term prognosis than other etiologies. Bacterial, viral, and spirochete infections all have been associated with inflammatory neural responses. Some of the bacterial agents most associated with neuritis are leprosy, lyme disease, and diphtheria. Viral causes of neuritis include herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and HIV.

Leprosy is frequently characterized by direct neural infection by the causative organism, mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy presents with a heterogeneous clinical picture dictated by bacterial titer and inborn host resistance. Tuberculoid leprosy, seen in cases where host immunity is high, is not commonly associated with neuritis. It presents with a low number of anesthetic, anhydrotic skin plaques with few bacilli, the result of a granulomatous process which destroys cutaneous nerves. Lepromatous leprosy, seen when the host lacks resistance to the organism, presents with widespread skin lesions and palpably enlarged nerves. Disease involvement in this form of leprosy characteristically progresses from cooler regions of the body, such as the tip of the nose and ear lobes, towards warmer regions of the body eventually resulting in extensive loss of sensation and destructive skin lesions. Rapid treatment is a critical component of care in patients affected with leprosy, delayed care results in permanent loss of sensation and tissue damage which requires an extensive treatment regime.

Lyme disease, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is a tick-borne illness with both peripheral and central neurological manifestations. The first stage of Lyme disease frequently presents with a pathognomonic "bull's eye" rash, erythema migrans, as well as fever, malaise, and arthralgias. Roughly 15% of untreated patients will then develop neurological manifestations, classically characterized by cranial neuropathy, radiculoneuritis, and a lymphocytic meningitis. The nerve inflammation seen in neurological lyme disease is associated with a lymphoctyic infiltrate without evidence of direct infection of peripheral nerves. While commonly self-limiting, treatment with antibiotics may hasten resolution of symptoms.

Diphtheria, a once common childhood respiratory infection, produces a neurotoxin which can result in a biphasic neuropathy. This neuropathy begins with paralysis and numbness of the soft palate and pharynx as well as bulbar weakness several days to weeks after the initial upper respiratory infection, followed by an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by an acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy after several more weeks. While antibiotics are effective at eradicating the bacterium, neurological sequelae of infection must be treated with diphtheria antitoxin.

Herpes simplex virus is a common virus which latently resides in neuronal ganglia between active infections. HSV-1 commonly resides in cranial nerve ganglia, particularly the trigeminal ganglia, and may cause painful neuralgias during active periods. It has also been associated with Bell's palsy, and vestibular neuritis. HSV-2 frequently lies within lumbosacral ganglia and is associated with radiculopathies during active infection. Herpes reactivation is often treated with acyclovir, although evidence for its efficacy in controlling peripheral neurological manifestation of disease remain poor.

Varicella zoster virus, the cause of chickenpox, can be found dormant throughout the nervous system after an initial infection. Reactivation of the virus cause herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is seen in a dermatomal or cranial nerve distribution corresponding to the ganglion in which the latent virus resided. After the herpetic rash resolves, an additional period of postherpetic neuralgia may persist for weeks to months. Antiviral medications, including acyclovir, are effective at controlling viral reactivation. Management of ensuing neuropathic often requires further management possibly including gabapentin, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, or topical lidocaine.

HIV is associated with a broad range of neurological manifestations, both during acute infection and during the progression of the disease. During acute infection, both direct peripheral nervous involvement, most commonly bilateral facial palsy, and an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillian-Barré syndrome) have been reported. As the disease process progresses, diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome may include a lymphocytic inflammation of peripheral nerves which results in a painful symmetric polyneuropathy. Immune dysfunction over the course of infection may also result in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy or vasculitis induced mononeuritis multiplex. Identifying HIV-associated neuropathy is confounded by the neurotoxic nature of many of the antiretrovirals used to manage the disease, as a general rule HIV-associated neuropathy will improve with continued antiretroviral therapy while medicated associated neuropathy will worsen.

Autoimmune
Multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis optica are autoimmune diseases which both frequently present with optic neuritis, an inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy of the optic nerve. Multiple sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology which is characterized by neurological lesions "disseminated in time and space". Neuromyelitis optica, once considered a subtype of multiple sclerosis, is characterized by neuromyelitis optica IgG antibodies which selectively bind to aquaporin-4. Optic neuritis is associated monocular vision loss, often initially characterized by a defect in color perception (dyschromatopsia) followed by blurring of vision and loss of acuity. Optic neuritis is also commonly associated with periocular pain, phosphenes, and other visual disturbances. Treatment of acute optic neuritis involves corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and IV immunoglobulins in additions to disease modifying immunotherapies to manage the underlying neuropathology associated with the acute inflammatory episode.

Guillian-Barré Syndrome is a class of acute polyneuropathies that present with flaccid paralysis, they include acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), acute ataxia, and Miller-Fisher syndrome. These disorders are post-infectious syndromes in which symptoms often present several weeks after the resolution of an acute infection, commonly an upper respiratory infection or gastroenteritis, due to molecular mimicry between peripheral nerve and microbial antigens. AIDP, which represents the vast majority of Guillain-Barré cases, classically presents with an acute onset, ascending paralysis which begins in the distal extremities. This paralysis may progress rapidly over the course of several days and lead to ventilatory failure requiring intubation. Symptoms will commonly spontaneously resolve after several weeks. Thus, management of Guillain-Barré relies upon supportive care to manage ventilation and feeding until symptoms remit. Adjunctive immunomodulation with plasmapharesis and IV immunoglobulin have both been shown to increase the rate of recovery.

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an inflammatory neuropathy, which while pathophysiologically similar to AIDP, progresses over a much more protracted time scale. CIDP has an insidious onset and progresses over months to years, but is otherwise similar to AIDP in serological, CSF, and electrodiagnostic studies. Treatment consists of corticosteroids, with IV immunoglobulon or plasmapheresis as a bridge treatment until symptoms respond to corticosteroids.

Paraneoplastic
Several different malignancies, particularly small-cell lung cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma, are associated with a paraneoplastic neuritis. This carcinomatous polyneuropathy is associated with the presence of antibodies against onconeural antigen, Hu, Yo, amphiphysin, or CV2/CRMP5, which recognize and bind to both tumor cells and peripheral nervous system neurons. This paraneoplastic syndrome may present as either a sensory neuropathy, affecting primarily the dorsal root ganglion, resulting in a progressive sensory loss associated with painful paresthesias of the upper limbs, or a mixed sensorimotor neuropathy which is also characterized by progressive weakness. Treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes aim for both elimination of tumor tissue via conventional oncologic approach as well as immunotherapy options such as steroids, plasmapheresis or IVIG.

Metabolic
Metabolic abnormalities and deficiencies in certain vitamin, particularly B vitamins, are associated with inflammatory degeneration of peripheral nerves. Deficiency of vitamin B1, thiamine, causes beriberi which can be associated with a painful sensory neuropathy with muscle weakness and atrophy. Deficiency of niacine, vitamin B3, causes pellagra which can present with various peripheral neuropathies in addition to keratotic skin lesions. Vitamin B6, pyridoxine, has been associated with peripheral nerve damage both in cases of deficiency and excess. Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes subacute combined degeneration, a disease classically associated with a central demyelinating process; however, it also presents with a painful peripheral neuropathy. Treatment of vitamin deficiencies focuses around repletion of specific deficiencies, recovery is often prolonged and some of the damage is often permanent.

Toxic
Many classes of medication may have toxic effects on peripheral nerves, these iatrogenic neuropathies are an increasingly common form of neuritis. Broad categories of medications associated with toxic effects on nerves include: antineoplastic agents, antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and cardiac medications. Management of these medication induced neuropathies center around discontinuation of the offending agents, although patients will frequently continue to worsen for several weeks after cessation of administration.

Diagnosis
The accurate diagnosis and characterization of a neuritis begins with a thorough physical exam to characterize and localize any symptoms to a specific nerve or distribution of nerves. An exam will assess the time course, distribution, and severity and nerve dysfunction as well as whether the disease process involves sensory, motor, or both sensorimotor nerves. After the lesion has been localized, a more focused investigation may use specific techniques appropriate for the involved nerves. Blood tests should be performed to evaluate blood glucose and serum B12 levels with metabolites, additional measurement of specific vitamins or toxins may be performed as indicated if the history and physical exam are consistent. Medical tests which are often useful include: nerve biopsy, MRI, electromography, nerve conduction studies. fundoscopy, and lumbar punctures. However, the diagnosis of many of the disorders associated with neuritis is a clinical one which does not rely upon any particular diagnostic test.

title: Neuritis


text: User talk:69.223.133.168

title: User talk:69.223.133.168


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Tharavad

Tharavad, also spelled as Tharavadu (തറവാട്), is the Malayalam word for the ancestral home of  aristocratic Nair families  ,in Kerala, which usually served as the common residence for the matrilineal joint family under the Marumakkathayam system practiced in the state,. German linguist Hermann Gundert, in his Malayalam—English dictionary published in 1872, defines a Tharavadu as, "An ancestral residence of land-owners and kings", and also as, "A house, chiefly of noblemen". By extension, the word refers not just to the family's house but to the extended family that shares that house. It was classically the residence of Jenmimar, but contemporary usage of the word is now more generic to all social classes and religions in Kerala. Heads of tharavadus - usually the eldest living male - were known as Karnavars, and junior members as Anandravans.

Architecture
Inseparable from the traditional concept of a tharavad is, historically, Kerala's distinctive Nālukettu architectural tradition. A classic Nalukettu tharavad would be built with four halls, each with a defined purpose, and collectively enclosing a Nadumuttam, or open-air courtyard. Wealthier and more prominent tharavads would construct mansions with multiple such atria, such as the eight-halled Ettukettu, with two nadumuttams, or Pathinarukettu, sixteen-halled with four nadumuttams, and the preserve of royal families and tharavads of similar rank. Rarely, twelve-halled Pathrandukettu were constructed. with three courtyards, and there is a record of a 32-halled Muppathirandukettu being erected, although it was lost to a fire soon after construction.

title: Tharavad


text: File:Blink-182 - Adam's Song cover.jpg

title: File:Blink-182 - Adam's Song cover.jpg


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WCHC

WCHC (88.1 FM) is the student-run radio station of College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, its city of license, and broadcasts at a frequency of 88.1 MHz.

The station is operated by mainly student DJs who play a wide variety of music, from rock to classical and modern, including talk shows about sports, politics, and modern events.

Sports
All home games and a handful of away games of Holy Cross' Crusader sporting events, namely football, basketball, and ice hockey, are broadcast live on WCHC.

History
WCHC began operation on December 6, 1948, as a closed-circuit station, limited to the Holy Cross campus, available at 640 AM. The college started the station as a student activity under the guidance of (Rev.) John Kelly, S.J., who often broadcast from the studios himself as "Father Pseudo".

By the 1970s WCHC had begun broadcasting as a 10-watt FM station at the frequency 89.1.

In 1988, after many years awaiting approval from the FCC, the station was granted approval to increase its output from 10 watts to 100 watts allowing it to reach most of the city of Worcester, but in order to accommodate the increased power, the station had to move to the 88.1 frequency to avoid interference with other stations in New England, particularly, the 4,000-watt WERS (Emerson College) at 88.9 in Boston.

title: WCHC