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Porkbusters

Porkbusters was an effort led by mostly conservative and libertarian bloggers to cut pork barrel spending by the U.S. Congress used to help pay for projects.

The effort was launched on September 18, 2005, after the massive scale of the reconstruction effort necessary for the areas devastated by Hurricane Katrina had become apparent. It quickly picked up steam as blogger Glenn Reynolds (aka "Instapundit") began promoting the idea and the influential-though-anonymous blogger NZ Bear set up a website showing which members of the U.S. Congress had committed to cutting projects in their own districts to help offset the disaster recovery effort.

Reynolds encouraged his readers to send him copies of pork-cutting letters they send to their representatives and Senators, along with the responses from the elected officials. He then posted them on his website under the heading "Porkbusters Update".

In operation for less than six weeks, as of October 13, 2005 the project managed to garner $84,000,000 in specific budget cut commitments out of various Representatives and non-specific agreements out of many more. In addition, those Representatives who had been contacted and had negative responses are highlighted and their contact information was made available for their constituents.

Coburn Amendment
The Porkbusters project endorsed the Coburn Amendment. Officially titled the Coburn Amendment to the Transportation, Housing, and Urban Development appropriations bill (HR 3058 ), the Coburn Amendment was a bill proposed by Senator Tom Coburn that would divert money from the transportation bill, specifically the $220 million for the Gravina Island Bridge in Alaska to the reconstruction of the "Twin Spans" bridge in Louisiana. The amendment was defeated 82–15.

Next phase
On October 30, 2005, N.Z. Bear posted an entry to his blog entitled The Next Phase of Porkbusters. In it he said:

"Porkbusters is shifting its focus from raising awareness of pork to calling attention to specific legislation that actually starts eliminating pork. The first bill that we are focusing on is sponsored by seven Senators who have styled themselves the "Fiscal Responsibility Team": Tom Coburn, Sam Brownback, Jim DeMint, John Ensign, Lindsey Graham, John McCain, and John Sununu."

In December 2005, Senator Coburn had the Porkbuster logo on his site, along with a separate page listing his Porkbuster efforts, though Porkbusters had a few setback when Senator Sununu lost his Senate seat in 2008 and when Senator McCain voted on the highly controversial Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which is thought to have worsened their fight against pork.

In August 2006, Porkbusters, Talking Points Memo and other blogs from across the political spectrum worked together to support the proposed Obama-Coburn Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (S. 2590). "Secret holds" placed on the bill were eventually tracked down to Senators Ted Stevens and Robert Byrd. The bill became law in September 2006.

title: Porkbusters


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Muschelkalk

The Muschelkalk (German for "shell-bearing limestone"; calcaire coquillier) is a sequence of sedimentary rock strata (a lithostratigraphic unit) in the geology of central and western Europe. It has a Middle Triassic (240 to 230 million years) age and forms the middle part of the three-part Germanic Trias (that gives the Triassic its name) lying above the older Buntsandstein and below the younger Keuper. The Muschelkalk ("mussel-chalk") consists of a sequence of limestone and dolomite beds.

In the past, the time span in which the Muschelkalk was deposited could also be called "Muschelkalk". In modern stratigraphy, however, the name only applies to the layers of rock.

Occurrence
The name Muschelkalk was first used by German geologist Georg Christian Füchsel (1722-1773). In 1834, Friedrich August von Alberti included it into the Triassic system. The name indicates a characteristic feature of the unit, namely the frequent occurrence of lenticular banks composed of fossil shells. The Muschelkalk is restricted to the subsurface in most of Germany and adjacent regions as the Low Countries, the North Sea and parts of Silesia, Poland and Denmark. Outcrops are found in Thuringia, the Harz, Franconia, Hesse, Swabia, and the Saarland and in Alsace.

The Muschelkalk was deposited in a land-locked sea which, in the earlier part of its existence, had only imperfect communications with the more open waters of the Tethys Ocean to the south. The basin in which the Muschelkalk was deposited is called the Germanic Basin.

Sometimes stratigraphic units with the same age from the Alps, southern Europe and even Asia are called Muschelkalk too. Of course these rocks have little history in common with the central European Muschelkalk except for similarities in fossil content. Closer at hand, the Alpine Muschelkalk differs in many respects from that of Central Europe, and in its characteristic fossil fauna has a closer affinity with the Triassic Tethys realm.

Stratigraphy
The Muschelkalk can be up to 100 meters thick; it is divisible into three subdivisions, of which the upper and lower are pale thin-bedded limestones with greenish-grey marls, the middle group being composed of gypsiferous and saliniferous marls with dolomite. Stylolites are common in all the Muschelkalk limestones.

The lithostratigraphic status of the Muschelkalk differs regionally. In Germany it is considered a group, in the Netherlands a formation.

Germany
The German Muschelkalk Group is subdivided into three subgroups: Upper, Middle and Lower Muschelkalk. The Lower Muschelkalk consists mainly of limestone, calcareous marls and clayey marls. Some beds are composed of porous cellular limestone, the so-called Schaumkalk, there are also oolite beds. The Lower Muschelkalk is divided into six formations: Jena Formation, Rüdersdorf Formation, Udelfangen Formation, Freudenstadt Formation and Eschenbach Formation. The Lower Muschelkalk is sometimes called Wellenkalk, Welle the "wave" chalk, so called on account of the buckled wavy character the bedding has received. In the Saarland and Alsace and northern Eifel, the Lower Muschelkalk has more sandy beds, the Muschelsandstein., "mussel sandstone"

The Middle Muschelkalk or Anbydnite Group consists mainly of evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite and halite) and is divided into three formations: Karlstadt Formation, Heilbronn Formation and Diemel Formation. The sedimentary facies at the margins of the Germanic Basin is different and these deposits are classified as a separate formation, the Grafenwöhr Formation, which continues into the Upper Muschelkalk. In the Middle Muschelkalk, weathering can form characteristic cellular dolomite (Zellendolomit).

The Upper Muschelkalk (Hauptmuschelkalk) is similar to the Lower Muschelkalk and consists of regular beds of shelly limestone, marl and dolomite. It is divided into six formations: Trochitenkalk, Meißner Formation, Irrel Formation, Gilsdorf Formation and Warburg Formation. The lower portion or Trochitenkalk is often composed entirely of the fragmentary stems of the crinoid Encrinus liliiformis; higher up come beds with a series of ammonites, Ceratites compressus, Ceratites nodosus, and Ceratites semipartitus in ascending order. In Swabia and Franconia the highest beds are platy dolomites with Tringonodus sandergensis and the crustacean Bairdia.

Fossil content
In addition to the fossils mentioned above, the following are Muschelkalk forms: Coenothyris vulgaris, Mentzelia mentzeli and Spiriferina hirsuta, Myophoria vulgaris, Rhynchotites hirundo, Ceratites munsteri, Ptychites studeri, Balatonites balatonicus, Aspidura scutellata, Daonella lommeli, and in the Alpine region several rock-forming algae (for example, Baciryllium, Gyroporella, and Diplopora).

Exploration
The salt beds are worked at Halle (Saale), Bad Friedrichshall, Heilbronn, Szczecin and Erfurt. It is from this division that many of the mineral springs of Thuringia and south Germany obtain their saline contents.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Muschelkalk


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Don Kerr

Don Kerr is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist and record producer. He is the drummer, lead singer and front man of Toronto band, Communism. He plays in Ron Sexsmith's band, and sometimes with The Kelele Brothers and Dan Mangan.

Early life
Kerr studied guitar as a child; he experimented with a number of instruments as a teenager, and later studied drumming with Jim Blackley.

Career
Kerr was a member of Rheostatics from 1995 to 2001; he recorded on several of their albums, and performed on a number of instruments, including cello and bass.

He and Sexsmith released an album together, Destination Unknown, in 2005; the album, which features their vocal harmonies, was produced by Kerr.

He has also played with and mixed for The Hidden Cameras, Minotaurs, BidiniBand and Bahamas.

Kerr also acted in the Canadian independent film, Amy George (2011), alongside his wife, Claudia Dey.

Kerr was producer for Karyn Ellis' 2010 album Even Though The Sky Was Falling. He set up a recording studio, "Rooster", in his home; In 2012 he produced the album Letters Home for Amy Campbell.

In 2014, along with guitarist Paul Linklater and bassist Kevin Lacroix, Kerr founded the Toronto-based band Communism. Their debut album, Get Down Get Together, was released in 2016. The band has performed at the Hillside Festival, Fuji Rock Festival, Atlin Arts & Music Festival and Farms for Change Festival.

In 2016 Kerr produced Toronto songwriter Charlotte Cornfield's second album, Future Snowbird, and later Shawna Caspi's album Forest Fire.

In 2017 Kerr drummed for Tamara Lindeman's album The Weather Station.

Personal
Kerr and Canadian writer Claudia Dey married in 2005. They live in Toronto and have two children.

Bahamas

 * Sad Hunk (2020)

BidiniBand

 * The Land Is Wild (2009)
 * In The Rock Hall (2012)
 * The Motherland (2014)

Communism

 * Get Down Get Together (2016)
 * Lovespeech (2023)

Minotaurs

 * The Thing (2010)

Rheostatics

 * Music Inspired by the Group of Seven (1995)
 * The Blue Hysteria (1996)
 * Double Live (1997)
 * The Nightlines Sessions (1998)
 * The Story of Harmelodia (1999)
 * Night of the Shooting Stars (2001)

Sexsmith & Kerr

 * Destination Unknown (2005)

The Hidden Cameras

 * Mississauga Goddam (2004)
 * Awoo (2006)
 * Origin:Orphan (2009)

Solo

 * The Sniffing Princess (1999)
 * Carny Soundtrack (2008)

title: Don Kerr


text:
Category:Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)

Related to Great Northern Railway (Great Britain).


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William Haile (New Hampshire politician)

William Haile (May 1807 –July 22, 1876) was an American merchant, manufacturer and politician who served as the 26th governor of New Hampshire.

Biography
Haile was born in Putney, Vermont in May 1807. He was educated in the local schools of Putney, and as a teenager he moved to Chesterfield, New Hampshire to work in a store and learn the mercantile business.

Haile's later operated his own store, which he later moved to Hinsdale, and he established Haile, Frost and Company, a business that produced flannel cloth and clothing items.

Originally a Democrat with nativist and antislavery views, Haile served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1846 to 1850, and in 1853 and 1856. He was a member of the New Hampshire State Senate from 1854 to 1856, and was senate president in 1855.

Haile became a Republican when the party was founded in 1854, and was the party's successful nominee for governor in 1857. He was reelected in 1858, and served from June 4, 1857, to June 2, 1859.

In 1873 Haile moved to Keene, New Hampshire. He died in Keene on July 22, 1876, and was buried at Pine Grove Cemetery in Hinsdale.

His son, William H. Haile, served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1890 to 1893.


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Guiseley A.F.C.

Guiseley Association Football Club is a football club based in Guiseley, West Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of and play at Nethermoor Park.

History
The club was established in 1909 and initially played in the Wharfedale League. They were league champions in 1912–13, and after World War I the club transferred to the Leeds League. In 1924 they moved leagues again, this time joining the West Riding County Amateur League. They went on to win three consecutive league titles between 1932–33 and 1934–35, before finishing as runners-up in 1937–38 and then winning the league again in 1938–39.

When the league was split into two divisions in 1953, Guiseley became members of Section A. They were runners-up in 1954–55 and won the division in 1955–56. In 1960 they switched back to the Leeds League, joining Division One of the league, now known as the West Yorkshire League. They were Division One champions in their first season, and after finishing as runners-up in 1963–64, they won the league again in 1964–65.

In 1968 Guiseley joined Division Two of the Yorkshire League. League restructuring saw them demoted to Division Three in 1970, but a fourth-place finish in 1970–71 resulted in an immediate promotion back to Division Two. Another fourth-place finish in 1973–74 earned the club promotion to Division One. Although they were relegated at the end of the following season, they won Division Two in 1975–76, earning an immediate promotion back to Division One. The club went on to finish as Division One runners-up in 1979–80 and 1980–81. In 1981 the league merged with the Midland League to form the Northern Counties East League, with Guiseley placed in the Premier Division.

The late 1980s and early 1990s was another successful period for Guiseley. In 1989–90 they reached the semi-finals of the FA Vase for the first time, losing 4–0 on aggregate to Bridlington Town. They reached the final the following season, beating Gresley Rovers 3–1 in a replay at Bramall Lane after the first match at Wembley had ended in a 4–4 draw. They also won the Northern Counties East League Premier Division, earning promotion to Division One of the Northern Premier League. They had the opportunity to retain the FA Vase in 1991–92 when they reached the final again, but lost 5–3 to Wimborne Town. The season also saw them reach the first round of the FA Cup for the first time, losing 1–0 to Third Division Chester City.

In 1993–94 Guiseley won Division One of the Northern Premier League, earning promotion to the Premier Division. They also reached the semi-finals of the FA Trophy, losing 2–1 on aggregate to Runcorn, as well as becoming the first Division One team to win the league's President's Cup. They reached the first round of the FA Cup again in 1994–95 and lost 4–1 at home to Carlisle United in a match that was moved to Valley Parade in Bradford; the attendance of 6,548 remains a club record. After a third-place finish in 1998–99, the club were relegated to Division One the following season, although they did reach the first round of the FA Cup again, losing 6–0 at Forest Green Rovers. In 2002–03 another first round FA Cup appearance ended with a 4–0 defeat at Luton Town. A ninth-place finish in 2003–04 was enough to earn a return to the Premier Division due to league restructuring caused by the creation of the Conference North and South. In 2008–09 the club won the league's Challenge Cup and finished fourth in the Premier Division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. However, they were beaten 2–1 by Nantwich Town in the semi-finals. The following season saw the club win the Premier Division, earning promotion to the Conference North.

The next five seasons saw Guiseley qualify for the promotion play-offs on each occasion; in 2010–11 they defeated Boston United on penalties in the semi-finals after a 1–0 win in the home leg was cancelled out by losing 3–2 away, but were then beaten 3–2 by AFC Telford United in the final on 15 May; they also reached the FA Cup first round again, losing 5–0 at home to Crawley Town. They lost 2–1 on aggregate to Nuneaton Town in the play-off semi-finals in 2011–12 and 3–1 on aggregate to Halifax in the 2012–13 semi-finals, a season that also saw another FA Cup first round appearance, losing 1–0 in a replay to Barrow. In 2013–14 they reached the final after beating North Ferriby United 3–0 on aggregate in the semi-finals, but lost 2–1 to Altrincham in the final. In 2014–15 the club defeated AFC Fylde 3–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals before winning 3–2 against Chorley in the final to finally earn promotion to the Conference National, which was subsequently renamed the National League.

Guiseley reached the second round of the FA Cup for the first time in 2017–18 after defeating Accrington Stanley 4–3 on penalties in a first round replay, before losing 3–0 to Mansfield Town in the second round. They were relegated back to the (renamed) National League North at the end of the season, having finished bottom of the National League. In 2018–19 the club reached the second round of the FA Cup again after beating Cambridge United 4–3 in the first round. They finished bottom of the National League North in 2021–22 and were relegated to the Premier Division of the Northern Premier League.

Ground
The club has played at Nethermoor Park since its establishment. It currently has a capacity of 4,000.

Honours

 * Northern Premier League
 * Premier Division champions 2009–10
 * Division One champions 1993–94
 * Challenge Cup winners 2008–09
 * President's Cup winners 1993–94
 * FA Vase
 * Winners 1990–91
 * Northern Counties East League
 * Premier Division champions 1990–91
 * Yorkshire League
 * Division Two champions 1975–76
 * West Riding County Amateur League
 * Champions 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1938–39, 1955–56
 * West Yorkshire League
 * Division One champions 1960–61, 1964–65
 * Wharfedale League
 * Champions 1912–13
 * West Riding County Cup
 * Winners 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1993–94, 1995–96, 2004–05, 2010–11, 2011–12

Records

 * Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 2017–18, 2018–19
 * Best FA Trophy performance: Semi-finals, 1993–94
 * Best FA Vase performance: Winners, 1990–91
 * Record attendance:
 * At Valley Parade: 6,548 vs Carlisle United, 1994–95
 * At Nethermoor Park: 3,000 vs Leeds United, friendly, 8 July 2017

title: Guiseley A.F.C.


text: User talk:82.26.221.7

title: User talk:82.26.221.7


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Talk:System of units of measurement

Units of convenience
This article should discuss units of convenience, which may include units falling into the other categories. Best example I can think of is the "shake", from 2 shakes of a lamb's tail. Used by atomic physicists to represent 10 nanoseconds. Stevetac (talk) 03:09, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Began with metric
Systems of measurement began with the metric system? Rktect 20:41, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, why not? It is, after all, the most widely used system today & the international standard. Gotta start somewhere.

 * Note your use of the past tense there, Rktect. What was the purpose of blanking half the article?  Is it that you just don't like the metric system & thus don't believe that it deserves any mention anywhere?

 * See Talk:Units of measurement if you're wondering why all this stuff you'd deleted is here. Jimp 7Oct05

 * The proper way to address this is historically. If you don't lay the ground work first then much that is valuable to understanding measurement gets eradicated. As to the portions I removed, if you think you can support them with references this is all bull shite diminishing. In some places people have suggested rounding the values to make 25 mm equal an inch. To give a few more examples time and angular divisions are rarely given metrically. Thus we have meters per second, and in many cases feet per second and miles per hour. We have dimensioned plywood and lumber given in feet and inches using board measure. The result is that with globalization parts manufactured in one part of the world may have to be recut to fit with parts from another part of the world. Rktect 13:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Addressing the matter historically has its merits, yes. However, there is also good sense in putting the international standard & world's most widely used system first.  Note: the second most used systems follow second.

 * Oh, but you deny that the metric system is the international standard & world's most widely used system. And I'm supposed to take notice of someone who thinks that "The metric system is actually not widely used anywhere today." ... or by "anywhere" do you mean "anywhere in the USA"?  In the rest of the world it is most definitely widely ... almost exclusively ... used.  Ever been here (to the rest of the world I mean)?

 * Every nation has a "different variation" ... yeah, very, very slightly different ... and this coming from the bloke who claims that the Imperial system is not only identicle to the American system but is the the very same system as used in ancient Rome, Egypt, etc.

 * What bastardisation are you refering to. I've heard the faintest murmurs of redifining the English units in terms nice round metric ones but seems you're suggesting things be the other way around.  I've never heard the suggestion of redifining the metric system in terms of English units nor would it have a snow flakes chance in Hell of being taken seriously by anyone with any power to redifine any metric unit at all.

 * You know what? I think your distaste for the metric system is clouding your vision.  That's fine, though.  Just don't let it cloud the encyclopædia. Jimp 14Oct05

 * Ok let's focus on what we agree on, that adressing the system historically has its merits and allow the metric system clouds my mind so I'm biased and unreasonable enough to want to put it in perspective with what it is replacing and cast a vote for historical preservation.

 * Whats wrong with beginning by noting that over a period of six millenia you have a relatively stable system of measures that incorporate positive reinforcement with mathematical systems like the golden ratio, pi, phi, the orders of architecture, practical solutions to the classical problems of Greek antiguity, cartography, geography, surveying, musical scales, all sorts of things that give measures human scale and proportion.

 * If we can agree to begin there I have no problem having someone present a counterpoint to the position that the metric system is something relatively new that has been forced down peoples throats by French revolutionaries and a couple of supersize me international corporations who want you to "be loving it".

 * Since the metric system is really covered elsewhere on its own page (where the bastardization issues are discussed) I don't see any good reason to focus on it here to the exclusion of other systems of measurement that preceeded it. Rktect 14:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Stability over 6000 years? Where?  Stability of name or anatomical basis, perhaps, but there's no shortage of variation in just how long a "foot" or an "ell" is, even within a single country.

 * As for the non-use of metric in industry or everyday use, I worked in a testing lab that did work for the automotive industry for a few years, and other than the one request for a pressure reading in "pounds per square millimeter", the only odd metric units were a couple of customers who wanted kilograms force rather than newtons. --Carnildo 18:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The point that stability in the system of measures makes for economic stability in empires can be illustrated by the connection between empire and standards of measure in antiquity, and the effect on empire of the metric system and its competition the British Imnperial system. Federal Street 09:56, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rktect (a.k.a. Federal Street?),

 * You do have a way with words, I'll give you that. "... allow the metric system clouds my mind ...": it was your distaste for it that I was refering to ... but no matter.  You "cast a vote for historical preservation." If by this you mean "cast a vote to give the article an antimetric slant" (as I have good reason to think you mean), then you're in the wrong place.  This encyclopædia is not the place for this kind of "historical preservation".

 * "Whats wrong with beginning by noting that over a period of six millenia you have a relatively stable system of measures ..."? How about this: "It isn't true."? Even in the last six centuries English units have diverged enough that the volume of a gallon depends not only on where you're measuring it but also on what you're measuring.

 * So, if we can agree to begin where you want to begin, you'll have no problem having someone present you a counterpoint? And if we can't agree on where to begin?  Here's your counterpoint anyway.  The metric system is something relatively new. Yes, what's wrong with that? The Internet is relatively new but here you are.  The metric system "... has been forced down peoples throats ..." you say.  It was never forced down mine: I simply grew up with it.  It was forced down our throats "... by French revolutionaries ..." you claim.  Would it have been okay if they had been American revolutionaries?  The French revolution is over.  Not only the French but "a couple of supersize me international corporations who want you to 'be loving it'." Okay, a metre is a supersized yard, is it? This sounds more like paranoia than anything substantial.  Inernational corporations, ay, you know it's not only they who may stand to gain by the adoption of an easy-to-use, internationally recognised, decimal, unambiguous system of measurement.

 * "Since the metric system is really covered elsewhere on its own page ..." you know what? Every system mentioned on this page is covered covered elsewhere in greater detail. Should we delete this page? "... I don't see any good reason to focus on it here to the exclusion of other systems of measurement that preceeded it."  No, nor do I, nor is this what the article is doing.  The article in no way focuses on the metric system and certainly not "to the exclusion of other systems".  The metric system is simply put first; other systems also enjoy a decent mention.

 * Jimp 19Oct05

 * Most people are used to reading Newspapers as above the fold and below the fold. By placing the important part of the content below the fold its not immediately obvious that there is any discussion of ancient measures on the page. The page should begin by listing systtems of measurement starting with the first and working forwards in time as any other encyclopedia would. A lot of your discussion above seems to reflect personal points of view. We should begin with the metric system because that is what you grew up with as a kid and what you are familiar with.Federal Street 10:03, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Federal Rktect Street,

 * Is not your argument similar? We should begin with traditional measures because they are what you grew up with and are familiar with? You are refering to ancient measures as the "important part of the content".  Thereby don't you claim that modern systems of measures (the metric system in particluar) are unimportant?  My point is that the metric system is the most widely used system and the international standard thus is is very important and it's fair to put it first. Jimp 21Oct05
 * All argument is similar. What I was hoping was that we might agree on some things. The point is that you need to do things in the right sequence for them to be orderly. This was originally an article on ancient weights and measures. The reason for splitting the article was to discuss the units and history separately. Most people don't think of the metric system as an ancient system. Even if you wish to consider it ancient you should still allow us to encounter it in its proper place Federal Street 10:28, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm going to wade in here and see if we can't sort out a sensible solution here. This article aims to summarise (no more than that - there are separate articles for other details) all the various systems of measurement that have existed. I think we can all agree on that, but there seem to be two ways to present the information.

We could sort it in order of how widely the systems are used, which is broadly what's happening now. It is effectivley reverse chronological order. The advantage of this would be that it puts information about the most widely used system at the top where it's most accessible. It also makes information about which systems are most widely used today immediately obvious.

The other method would be to sort it in chronological order, with regard to when the system was used. It would also allow us to better present information as to how these systems were linked to each other. It's difficult to say of the English system that it developed from the Roman system when the Roman system has not yet been discussed.

My opinion tends towards the latter - we would gain far more in clarity of how the systems interrelate than we would lose in information about how widely they are used today, which could be incorporated into the relevent section (and the introduction?) and still be just as useful.

I won't do anything about it yet until other people have had a chance to comment (not vote on it) but if there's been no objections in a few days I'll try to re-organise the article along those lines.

--Cherry blossom tree 15:25, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You're missing a two critical points here:
 * Every time User:Rktect/User:Federal Street re-arranges the article into rough chronological order, he also adds a great deal of original research and speculation. This is why he keeps getting reverted.
 * User:Rktect/User:Federal Street has an ArbCom case open against him, which is likely to result in him being banned from editing measurement-related articles.
 * That said, the problem with a simple chronological listing is that non-standard units like the elephant, the ton of TNT, and the Library of Congress don't have any place in such a listing. --Carnildo 19:07, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I decided to ignore that whole issue. I'm not too bothered about Rktect - the extra stuff he/she keeps adding obviously has no place here and regardless of the ArbCom case the article still needs work.

 * I hadn't considered the non-standard units. As far as a time period goes, it presumably extends as far back as human speech (although obviously rather less for the Library of Congress and so on.) But on the other hand, if we used the 'most common first' system then how do we decide where to position the Chinese units in relation to the Ancient Greek weights and measures considering that they are both obsolete? (As a sidepoint, we probably need a naming convention for these articles too.) I can't think of any system that would include everything, but I'm open to ideas.

 * --Cherry blossom tree 20:19, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just an update: Rktect/Federal Street has been banned from editing measurement-related articles. You've only got to look at the rewrites of this article that he's done to get an idea why.  Not only does he add "a great deal of original research and speculation" but also adds an antimetric POV and a whole lot of nonsense and untruth. Jimp 25Oct05

 * Federal Rktect Street,

 * "All argument is similar." That's a beauty.

 * I'm sure we could agree on some things. As I've written, I'm not completely against doing things in chronological order. I don't, however, agree that this is "the right sequence for them to be orderly".  There is no right or wrong sequence.  Both ways have their merits and faults.   As Carnildo points out above, there's no chronological place for the non-standard units.

 * "This was originally an article on ancient weights and measures." you point out. I put it to you that this is neither true nor relevant.  There was once an article Historical weights and measures which was split into Ancient weights and measures and Medieval weights and measures then further split into seperate articles for the various systems but leaving these two main articles.  Then they were remerged.

 * One reason for splitting Historical weights and measures the second time, as you mention, was to discuss the units and history separately. Now we have this article, Systems of measurement, and we have History of measurement. The other reason was to sort out Units of measurement.

 * "Most people don't think of the metric system as an ancient system." you write. Anyone who knows what they are talking about knows that the metric system is not an ancient system. However, whether it is an ancient system or not is of absolutely no consequence.  This article is Systems of measurement not Ancient weights and measures.

 * "... you should still allow us to encounter it in its proper place" you insist. The point is that there is no "proper place".  It could go last, being the most recent system, or it could go first, being the most widely used system and the international standard. Remember, we do now have History of measurement to talk about the history of measurement.

 * Jimp 25Oct05

 * There is no right or wrong sequence, but I've already explained why I think ordering it chronologically is a better way than the one we are using at the moment. I'll admit that there is no logical place in such a sequence for non-standard units, but equally there is no place in the current sequence for about 25 other systems that aren't used anymore. If someone can convince me that another sequence is better then I'll cheerfully withdraw that opinion. --Cherry blossom tree 13:21, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Redirect from Feudal measurement
Feudal measurement now redirects here however, if you're wondering what happened to the information that once lived there see English unit. The explanation now lives at Talk:English unit which was once at the Feudal measurement talk page. Jimp 16Dec05

Islamic Measures
I propose that this section be renamed "Middle Eastern Measures". It is inconsistent with teh rest of this group of headers, which are generally grouped by region rather than religion, and this header title explictly excludes any system from before ~700 AD or so, as well as excluding those systems which were based off the one system listed, but are not used in Islamic countries. I am thinking specifically of Maltese units for this second group. Rhialto 06:57, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge of Customary measurement systems
This is a good idea, the more well-defined is a better umbrella to have it under, and currently that article doesn't have much anyway. It needs to be vetted for POV though. —Centrx→talk • 21:34, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I've already added a few details about the Avoirdupois, the Troy and the Apothecaries' systems of mass and weight to this article. Vet the POV from that article, cut out the flowery prose and I don't think that there's anything really over there that isn't covered better here.  The two articles have much the same idea behind them just that this one has a broader scope. Jimp 16:24, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The following is the introduction from Customary measurement systems.

Traditional or customary systems of measure date back to antiquity, many to the Roman Empire in Europe, Cultures formerly in the British Empire, and around the rim of the Mediterranean Sea. Used by merchants and peasants, though slowly being supplanted by the more rationale metric system, in many lands, these systems are commonly used still in everyday life, (e.g. Measuring cup) as they are common units, everyday units, sized for the kitchen and garden and household tasks imbedded deeply in the history and culture of whole peoples as a good foundation is in bedrock. As such, they linger stubbornly on in day to day life, usually without sanction or favor from law, as countries move to the metric system in trade and industry, they are part of their cultural identity. As such, they may never fade from everyday use as they are perennially renewed as new generations must master the arcana of cookbooks and running a household.

 * Paragraph one is somewhat Eurocentric and grossly over-simplifies matters. Does the Imperial system date back to antiquity?  Not as such but it is in part based on Roman units.  However, as with many other systems, Rome is only part of the story.

 * Why are we singling "merchants and peasants" out? Why even use such terms this way in a modern encyclopædia article?  "the more rationale metric system," I assume the author meant "rational" in which case this would be POV.  "in many lands" which section of this long and winding one-sentence paragraph does this flowery phrase belong to? "they are common units ... as a good foundation is in bedrock." so artfully written but POV nonetheless.

 * Paragraph two, once vetted, will say nothing more than that customary units are still in use but metrication is in progress. These two facts are mentioned in this article.  Paragraph three has little more to add.

 * Saying that they linger on (stubbornly or otherwise) is just another way of saying that they are still in use. "countries move to the metric system in trade and industry," metrication has a wider scope than trade and industry alone.  This is repetition anyway as metrication had been mentioned in paragraph two.

 * "they are part of their cultural identity." this is just more of the same POV. "they are perennially renewed as new generations must master the arcana of cookbooks and running a household." nonsense, new generations simply buy new cookbooks, you can run a metric household (it's been proven a few million times).

 * I don't enjoy being so negative. All I want to do is explain why none of this will be finding its way into this article if I merge them as I intend to do.

 * --Jimp 18:22, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That's Rktect's original research; please do cut it out. Septentrionalis 15:26, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Still around is he? Yes, it does seem a bit Rktectesque.  Thanks for your vote of confidence, Septentrionalis.
 * No, I think he is gone; but his work lingers. Septentrionalis 19:41, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The article continues as follows.

French Derived Systems These systems are ancestral to the above British Empire Derived Systems
 * Troy System - Jewlers weight, the Troy Oz is larger than the Avoirupois ounce
 * Apothecaries' system - Traditional Pharmacological system, share same pound and ounce, but lesser units differ.
 * British customary units - also known as The English Unit or English system, about half-obsolete, half in use. Being supplanted by the Imperial system and metric systems. Essentially the same age as other systems of Medieval origin.
 * U.K. customary units - also known as the Avoirdupois system, the use of ounces and pounds, ancestor of the Imperial and US customary systems
 * US customary units — The system of Weights and Measures in everyday (common) use in the United States.
 * Imperial customary units — British and Commonwealth of Nations system of Weights and measures established 1824. Currently being supplanted in the U.K. by law, but also still in common use.

 * All of this is covered in this article. It is, however, not split into "French" vs "British Empire".  On the other hand, how accurate is this after all?  Many English units predate the Empire.  The Avoirdupois system is just as French as the Troy system (the name's a dead give away).  What do we mean by "derived" anyway?  How far are we going back?

 * "These systems are ancestral to the above" what above?

 * I would argue that Imperial units are a form of British customary units and so you can't speak of the former's replacing the latter. "Essentially the same age as other systems of Medieval origin." This is less than helpful when you don't mention these other systems.

 * The claim is that the Avoirdupois system is the ancestor of the Imperial and US customary systems. This is a little misleading.  The former forms a part (albeit somewhat modified in the long version) of the latter two.

 * Strongly misleading; the British and US systems are statutory formalizations of Avoirdupois. Septentrionalis 19:41, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The remainder of the article's body consists of empty sections which are as follow.

 * African measurement systems
 * Balkans and South Central Europe measurement systems
 * Eastern Europe measurement systems
 * Far Eastern measurement systems
 * Oceanic and Pacific Rim measurement systems

 * We don't have all of these sections here. It would be nice if we did.  However, I just don't really get the point of having these section with nothing in them.

 * All that really seems worth adding to this article are a couple of links from the "See also" section. I'll go and add these now.

 * --Jimp 16:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

--

Moved from Talk:Customary measurement systems
At it's inception, this was concieved as a disambig page, so i left that template. It's evolved into more of a directory, which i guess is consistant.

 * It's key purpose is to gather dissimilar terms of more or less equivilent meaning as are both in customary english useage and common to discussions about measures in articles that contrast older and newer systems.

 * As it's developed, I think it should be populated with references to other customary systems so that anyone can easily browse between regions and nations, etc. in domestic voyeuristic bliss garnering knowledge and marveling at the simularities and differences between different cultures. i.e. It will make a great 'See Also' Link from many pages.
 * FrankB 05:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Regarding your query on Customary_measurement_systems
This is a cross-post of message on user_talk:Ambuj.Saxena for further clarification FrankB

Hi!
 * You left me a question in your edit summary. See: This for a quick refresher. I put the stub on it to attract editor attention. I probably should have place a clean on it as well for the same purpose. I don't like to cause doubt in users minds, distinct from editors, as that is not good for our WikiReputation!
 * There is a lot to fill in because most cultures have their own 'peoples measures like the cup (unit) artilce indicates clearly. e.g. United States customary units. I placed in line comments within to indicate this cultural input' was what was needed. Those are visible in the link view as well.
 * Hope this clears it up as I have no idea what the customary units may be for Java, Turkey, Italy nor Pakistan!

 * I'll cross post this to the talk and add a clean tag there. I was rushed that night—most likely 5 to seven edit pages deep that I had to back out of and save as I went. :) I eventually got to bed, but it wasn;t early! :(
 * FrankB 03:37, 27 March 2006 (UTC) (emphasis added)

<--- see that the above concern is fullfilled before removing thankyou user:fabartus --> --

Cleaning up history section
I cleaned up the history section. I consolidated the links to various customary units into three categories based on region and removed some excess text that added little to the section (these edits were made under my IP-address, 64.247.89.117 as I forgot to log in...)Dpf90 (talk) 10:45, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Verification
Systems of measurement 57600 sqft, 7140 m2, 8540 sqyd Peter Horn User talk 01:58, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * 7140 m2. Peter Horn User talk 02:01, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

History
Why does the "history" section begin with metric units? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.69.71.55 (talk) 23:13, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Units of measure has five content sections:
 * 1) "History" duplicates the "History" section of this article, and should be merged here.
 * 2) "Systems of units" summarizes this article, and should be merged here.
 * 3) "Base and derived units" is talking about systems of measurement, and should be merged here or fundamental unit.
 * 4) "Calculations with units of measurements" duplicates dimensional analysis and should be merged there and perhaps summarized here.
 * 5) "Real-world implications" could just as easily be talking about confusion between systems of measurement, and should be merged here.

-- Beland (talk) 23:11, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Unit of measure is a very universal term. It is widely used in accounting and economics. Money is a monetary unit of measure. Money is also a concept. Money is also a physical unit. Non-physical units of measure like Celsius and Ohm and Fahrenheit are also units of measure. All of these need to appear in one article and properly organized. The articles that maybe have to be merged are 1. Unit of account. 2. Units of measurement. 3. System of measurement. The most widely used term in all the above is "unit of measure". Homni (talk) 12:01, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Unit of account and unit of measure are used as synonyms in economics and accounting. However, unit of account has a very specific definition in accounting - at international accounting standards level - that is not a nominal monetary unit of measure; not money or a fiat currency. In IFRS and US GAAP a unit of account is not a unit of measure. At that level, a unit of account are the words used to describe an asset unit of liability unit for accounting purposes.Homni (talk) 12:07, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

I hope this is the place to discuss not merging with dimensional analysis. Seems to me that dimensional analysis different from calculating with units. Dimensional analysis is using consistent units to attempt to discover the relationship (formula) between quantities quickly, though possibly not so accurately. There is a story (maybe I can find a refernce) to Fermi dropping pieces of paper as the shock wave at the Alamogordo test, and then using dimensional analysis to compute the bomb yield. It is usually done by assuming that the unknown constants are close to unity, and can be ignored. "Calculations with units of measurements", on the other hand, is used when you know the appropriate relation ship, but need to find, or verify, the units of the result, or to avoid simple mistakes. Gah4 (talk) 07:40, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

Systems of Measure

 * Systems of measure should address systems.(The units here given in English were originally developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Persia,for International trade and systematized to standards in the middle bronze age as reported in classical times by Herodotus, Vitruvus, Ptolemy, Marinus of Tyre and others and are addressed by Wikipedia in their respective sections)

 * Systems with common and different or modified histories, bases and units derived by calculation or proportion, or conversion from sexigesimal to septenary, octal, decimal, pentagonal variations for convenience in working with systems of unit fractions or proportions used in architecture, agriculture, navigation, manufacturing process, volumetric capacity of crates, bins, barrels, where a length is the standard for the side determining the area or volume need to be looked at internationally and historically with reference to purpose as the legal definition which defined property, contract, treaty, inheritance over long periods in which political governance changed.

 * The system of body measures uses as units fingers, palms, hands, spans, feet, cubits, paces, etc; things related to the human body.

 * The system of agricultural measures uses as units feet, remen, yards, paces, rods, poles, knotted cords,links,chains, furlongs,etc; things related to the establishment of fields, which might discriminate between unimproved land, garden plots, plowed fields, building lots, roads, parks, forests or wood lots, mines, waterways, slopes, orchards according to definitions of property which qualified land owners to vote or determined their proportion of taxes, tithes, inheritance, feudal obligations of service in return for sustenance, levies for public works or warfare,rewards for military service; often with units of length as the sides of units of area developed into varying multiples according to the method of plowing fields with oxen or later horses and machines.

 * The system of inscription grids uses body measures as relative proportions for pleasing harmonies of scale.

 * The system of architectural proportion uses body measures and in larger works agricultural measures as a scale for relative proportions of pleasing harmonies in geometric units such as the rectangles, squares, diagonals, diameters, circumferences of the Greek orders of architecture. Each succeeding historical culture refined the systems of its predecessors into canons of proportion such as the golden section, various forms of curve which could be described mathematically, relations of distance to units of time such that there were definitions of an hours sail or a days march in multiples of body and agricultural measures such as stadia and degrees.

 * The system of navigational measure first used units of agricultural measure as lengths for which relations of distance to units of time were applied to include expected distances traveled on water out of sight of land by astronomical observations of the sun, moon, planets and stars, adjusted for currents and changes of course such that there were definitions of an hours sail or a days march in multiples of body and agricultural measures standardized as miles, knots, leagues, stadia and degrees by actual measures of these distances on land.

 * Because this is a very large and complex topic, writings which have compiled or discussed historic standards of mensuration and the changes to them are often subject to different perspectives and biases. Changes to what Wikipedia says about any aspect of the systematic nature of measurement should be very careful to include any source material which expresses opinion with a discussion of the opinion by historically contemporary peers and modern scholars.142.0.102.230 (talk) 10:58, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

 * "Although we might suggest that the Egyptians had discovered the art of measurement, it is only with the Greeks that the science of measurement begins to appear. The Greek's knowledge of geometry, and their early experimentation with weights and measures, soon began to place their measurement system on a more scientific basis. By comparison, Roman science, which came later, was not as advanced...[1]"

 * This quotation from the front page, while referenced to a legitimate source, is an example of a source expressing an opinion

with a number of very poorly written and misleading comments.
 * "Although we might suggest that the Egyptians had discovered the art of measurement, it is only with the Greeks that the science of measurement begins to appear."

 * This s a statement which ignores the first written standardization of measure in the time of Sargon with the letter of Nance. http://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_of_Akkad/ "Sargon also standardized weights and measures for use in trade and daily commerce, initiated a system of taxation which was fair to all social classes" http://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria2.pdf Page 169-271 as reference to standardized systematic body and agricultural measures of tipku, cubit, great cubit and cord to measure building improvements and site planning.

 * It is only with the Greeks that the science of measurement begins to appear." This ignores both Mesopotamia on whose sexigesimal systems Greek measures were based and the Egyptian fractions orUnit_fractions which remained in common use up through medieval times and whose algorithms are still being studied http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_fraction

 * "The Greek's knowledge of geometry, and their early experimentation with weights and measures, soon began to place their measurement system on a more scientific basis. By comparison, Roman science, which came later, was not as advanced"

 * The Romans knew everything the Greeks knew, their science, mathematics, architecture, cartography and navigation were based on the same standards and particularly as regards those items was advanced over Greek Theory, by practical application to confirm the theory.

142.0.102.230 (talk) 10:58, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

Systems of Measure

 * Systems of measure should address systems.(The units here given in English were originally developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Persia,for International trade and systematized to standards in the middle bronze age as reported in classical times by Herodotus, Vitruvus, Ptolemy, Marinus of Tyre and others and are addressed by Wikipedia in their respective sections)

 * Systems with common and different or modified histories, bases and units derived by calculation or proportion, or conversion from sexigesimal to septenary, octal, decimal, pentagonal variations for convenience in working with systems of unit fractions or proportions used in architecture, agriculture, navigation, manufacturing process, volumetric capacity of crates, bins, barrels, where a length is the standard for the side determining the area or volume need to be looked at internationally and historically with reference to purpose

as the legal definition which defined property, contract, treaty, inheritance over long periods in which political governance changed.

 * The system of body measures uses as units fingers, palms, hands, spans, feet, cubits, paces, etc; things related to the human body.

 * The system of agricultural measures uses as units feet, remen, yards, paces, rods, poles, knotted cords,links,chains, furlongs,etc; things related to the establishment of fields, which might discriminate between unimproved land, garden plots, plowed fields, building lots, roads, parks, forests or wood lots, mines, waterways, slopes, orchards according to definitions of property which qualified land owners to vote or determined their proportion of taxes, tithes, inheritance, feudal obligations of service in return for sustenance, levies for public works or warfare,rewards for military service; often with units of length as the sides of units of area developed into varying multiples according to the method of plowing fields with oxen or later horses and machines.

 * The system of inscription grids uses body measures as relative proportions for pleasing harmonies of scale.

 * The system of architectural proportion uses body measures and in larger works agricultural measures as a scale for relative proportions of pleasing harmonies in geometric units such as the rectangles, squares, diagonals, diameters, circumferences of the Greek orders of architecture. Each succeeding historical culture refined the systems of its predecessors into canons of proportion such as the golden section, various forms of curve which could be described mathematically, relations of distance to units of time such that there were definitions of an hours sail or a days march in multiples of body and agricultural measures such as stadia and degrees.

 * The system of navigational measure first used units of agricultural measure as lengths for which relations of distance to units of time were applied to include expected distances traveled on water out of sight of land by astronomical observations of the sun, moon, planets and stars, adjusted for currents and changes of course such that there were definitions of an hours sail or a days march in multiples of body and agricultural measures standardized as miles, knots, leagues, stadia and degrees by actual measures of these distances on land.

 * Because this is a very large and complex topic, writings which have compiled or discussed historic standards of mensuration and the changes to them are often subject to different perspectives and biases. Changes to what Wikipedia says about any aspect of the systematic nature of measurement should be very careful to include any source material which expresses opinion with a discussion of the opinion by historically contemporary peers and modern scholars.142.0.102.230 (talk) 10:27, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

Myanmar units of measurement
Myanmar units of measurement is not mentioned on this page, being one of the last too not convert to the metric system. It should at least get a mention. Doremon764 (talk) 16:32, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

History section lacks sources
There's not a single source cited for the history section. "different units might be defined independently according to the length of a king's thumb or the size of his foot, the length of stride, the length of arm" may just be commonly believed myth. 129.187.154.196 (talk) 12:23, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:System of units of measurement


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Freestyle parkour

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 06:41, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Freestyle parkour
This term gets 309 google hits, and is probably non-notable. Thue | talk 20:41, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Added merge notification with Fspk, so that when this article is deleted, the other can be deleted as well. -- ReyBrujo 14:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: According to Fspk, Fresstyle parkour and Fspk are the same as Yamakasi, so maybe it is better to delete and redirect to it (even if it is a stub). -- ReyBrujo 17:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:London and North Eastern Railway


text:
Michael Urbano

Michael Urbano (born March 19, 1960, in Sacramento, California, US) is an American musician, programmer, and record producer.

Career
One of Urbano's first gigs was as a member of Bourgeois Tagg, a 1980s band that was fronted by Brent Bourgeois and Larry Tagg and included Lyle Workman as the guitarist. They had moderate success with their second album, Yo-Yo, which was produced by Todd Rundgren, and featured the Top 40 hit, "I Don't Mind At All." When Bourgeois Tagg split, Michael, Larry, and Lyle recorded and toured with Todd Rundgren for his Nearly Human Tour.

While with John Hiatt (1995–1999), Urbano toured extensively as one of Hiatt's "Nashville Queens" that included bassist Davey Faragher (Elvis Costello) and guitarist David Immergluck (Counting Crows). The Nashville Queens also worked with Hiatt in the studio, recording Walk On, Little Head and Crossing Muddy Waters.

Urbano is perhaps best known today for being drummer for pop rock group Smash Mouth. He originally joined the band briefly in mid-1999, replacing original drummer Kevin Coleman, and performed during the first portion of their Astro Lounge tour, though was soon replaced by touring drummer Mitch Marine. When Marine departed, he joined Smash Mouth permanently in early 2000. He stayed for six years and departed on February 14, 2006. Before Smash Mouth, Urbano had played drums with The Spent Poets, The Kinetics, Deathray, Third Eye Blind, John Hiatt, Black Lab, Cracker, Paul Westerberg, Red House Painters, Willy DeVille, Camper Van Beethoven, and Sheryl Crow.

In 2006 Urbano left Smash Mouth due to creative differences. He recorded with Fischerspooner and played live with Cake as well as leading Artist Development at fuzz.com. In July 2007, he worked with Luciano Ligabue for recording a new song, "Niente paura". In early 2008 he became a band member with Luciano Ligabue, playing drums for the European Tour, and through mid-2008 in the main stadiums of Italy for the ElleSette tour. He was also in the band for the seven dates at Verona Arena in September and October 2008 with the Arena's orchestra, and during the same months of 2009 for ten concerts.

Urbano rejoined Smash Mouth in June 2009, but was replaced by Randy Cooke in 2010.

Urbano reportedly will be playing at least one show with newly formed XEB on Dec 31, 2016. XEB is formed from ousted original members from Third Eye Blind. XEB consists of Kevin Cadogan, Arion Salazar and Tony Fredianelli.

As of 2022, Urbano is the touring drummer for Lindsey Buckingham.

title: Michael Urbano


text: User talk:81.98.144.226

title: User talk:81.98.144.226


text: User talk:66.32.51.105

title: User talk:66.32.51.105


text:
City Airport & Manchester Heliport

Barton Aerodrome is an airport in Barton-upon-Irwell, Greater Manchester, England, 5 NM west of Manchester. Formerly known as City Airport and City Airport Manchester, It is known by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as Manchester/Barton and rebranded as Manchester Barton Aerodrome on 3rd April 2023.

The United Kingdom's first purpose-built municipal airport, it has four grass runways. The airfield operates Tuesday - Sunday, from 9 am BST until 6 p.m. or sunset (whichever earlier) for fixed-wing aircraft. Commercial, private, military, police and air ambulance helicopters can operate in the hours of darkness by arrangement.

The airport is also used as a refuelling stop for light aircraft and helicopters. It lies on the edge of Chat Moss and the aircraft movements area suffers from occasional periods of waterlogging, restricting fixed wing operations. Works to improve drainage on the airfield have seen some success in reducing the number of closures. It has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P886) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee, City Airport Limited. The aerodrome is not licensed for night use.

History
Barton Aerodrome has changed little since its opening, and is considered a good example of the airfields of the 1930s. There are several historical items of note at Barton. The control tower is protected by its grade II listed building status, along with the original terminal building and hangar.
 * Autumn 1928: Construction of Manchester's new municipal aerodrome at Barton, near Eccles started, to replace the temporary Manchester (Wythenshawe) Aerodrome.
 * January 1930: The grass airfield and large hangar were completed. The first passenger charter flight occurred. Barton was managed until 1933 by Northern Air Lines, who based several Avro 504s and other types for training, club and charter flights.
 * Summer 1930: Imperial Airways operated a thrice-weekly scheduled service to London's Croydon Airport via Castle Bromwich Aerodrome, Birmingham, subsidised by the councils of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. This service was timed to fly north from Croydon in the evening and to return south next morning, in order to provide connections to and from European airports from Croydon.
 * Spring 1933: A control tower and associated wireless station were completed, the first at a municipal airport outside London, and able to communicate with aircraft in flight and give pilots bearings from the airfield. The tower is still operational and is believed to be the oldest in Europe still in use for its original purpose.
 * August 1934: Scheduled services resumed. Croydon-based Railway Air Services commenced a Croydon-Barton-Belfast-Glasgow route.
 * Spring 1935: Linking services to Liverpool, Blackpool and the Isle of Man were introduced. Other smaller airlines, including Isle of Man Air Services operated services from Barton.
 * June 1938: All schedules were transferred to the newly completed larger Ringway Airport (which between 1940 and 1957 also accommodated RAF Ringway).
 * World War II: Barton was requisitioned and used for military aircraft repair and overhaul, carried out by civilian firms including Air Taxis Ltd and David Rosenfield Ltd. Aircraft types involved were Avro Ansons, Dominies, Fairey Battles, Fairey Fulmars, Hawker Hurricanes and F4U Corsairs, followed by the scrapping of Fairey Swordfish. Over 700 Percival Proctor training and communications aircraft were assembled and tested at Barton by F. Hills & Sons of Trafford Park. There is a wartime concrete air raid bunker still at the site hidden under overgrown vegetation near the main road (A57).
 * 1940–1942: The sole wartime scheduled air service from Ireland to the UK occasionally used Barton from 1940 to 1942, operated from Dublin by Aer Lingus and West Coast Air Services. Aer Lingus often used their Douglas DC-3, the heaviest airliner type to serve Barton on a timetabled route. This was the last scheduled service though the airfield.
 * 1946: Lancashire Aero Club moved from Woodford Aerodrome to Barton and remain based there until 2007.
 * 1946 to 1953: Manchester University Air Squadron (MUAS) was based in one of the wartime-built western hangars. In 1953 the unit moved to RAF Woodvale near Southport, Lancashire. MUAS had flown Tiger Moth and Chipmunk trainers.
 * 1 October 1948 to 31 March 1953: No.2 Reserve Flying School, also flying Tiger Moths and Chipmunks, was based at Barton and gave primary flight training to volunteers, who would later serve in the Royal Air Force. The unit used the same facilities as MUAS. On 31 March 1953 the unit closed.
 * 21 July 1996: The last known airworthy de Havilland Mosquito, a Trainer Mk III built by de Havilland at Leavesden in early 1945 (serial number RR299), crashed with the loss of both crew after suffering engine power loss when performing a wing-over manoeuvre during the Barton Aerodrome air show.
 * 2003: Manchester Ship Canal Developments, (of which Peel Holdings Group is the majority shareholder), bought the land, hangars and other buildings from Manchester City Council.
 * November 2003 : Peel Investments (North) Limited submit an initial planning application, requesting permission to build the Western Gateway Infrastructure Scheme (WGIS) to the south of the A57 road, opposite the airfield (see Port Salford). One feature of the proposal is a new rail spur running along the eastern boundary of the airfield.
 * May 2004 : Initial consultations with parties likely to be affected by WGIS.
 * 2006: The control tower underwent a major programme of rebuilding and refurbishment.
 * 2007: Lancashire Aero Club left the airfield after a dispute with Peel Holdings.
 * 2010: City Airport Ltd no longer part of Peel Airports. Airfield Management Company now fully part of Peel Holdings.
 * 2010: The Original Hangar (known as The Pemberton Hangar), a Grade II listed building, long used as a warehouse for timber and sheet walling materials, underwent a full refurbishment.
 * 2011: Former University of Manchester building converted into a new Helicopter facility, branded as City Heliport. Peel established Cardinal Helicopter Services, a premium Helicopter Charter company operating from the Heliport with a Sikorski S.76C++ Helicopter.
 * 2011: The 'Clubhouse' building which houses the Airfield Cafe/Bar is fully refurbished and relaunched as 'The Airfield Lodge' with new management and longer opening hours.
 * Jan 2015: The Airfield Cafe/Bar is taken over by City Airport Ltd and renamed as 'Runway 26' with the aim of re-developing the facility to cater for the wider requirements of pilots, visitors and the general public.
 * Dec 2020: Former University of Manchester (Fluid Dynamics Research Laboratory) building, by the main entrance, is completely refurbished internally to be used as a bespoke Ambulance operations base by Mersey Medical Services Ltd, a private medical company, who now operate from this base 24hrs a day. The building has been named Harrison House in honour of Dr. Reginald Harrison credited with being the founder of the modern day Ambulance service in the U.K.
 * April 2023: The airport rebrands from City Airport to Manchester Barton Aerodrome, reflecting its historical links and common aviation name.

The airfield is regularly used as a setting for films and TV programmes, amongst them "Brass" (where Barton masqueraded as Croydon Airport), Mersey Beat, GBH and Island at War. The distinctive control tower often features prominently in the making of such programmes and films.

Use of Barton Aerodrome by heavier aircraft is hampered by the soft peaty nature of the area, being at the edge of Chat Moss, and by the low-lying land and areas of nearby standing water encouraging fog. It would have needed much heavy work consolidating the ground (compare the struggle building the Liverpool and Manchester Railway across Chat Moss in 1826). During 2010–11, additional drainage was added to improve surface water draining, due to the original clay pipes deteriorating and no longer functioning.

Emergency Services
Both the National Police Air Service and the North West Air Ambulance base helicopters at the airfield.

NPAS is active 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. It operates an EC135.

North West Air Ambulance is a registered charity providing a Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) covering Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Cheshire, Merseyside and Cumbria. The NWAA has two EC135 helicopters based primarily to serve Greater Manchester, South Lancashire, Cheshire and Merseyside. They operate during daylight hours only. The charity also has a third helicopter based in Blackpool.

A recent tenant is the private medical company, Mersey Medical Services Ltd, who base their fleet of Ambulances and bespoke vehicles from the recently refurbished Harrison House, one of the former Manchester University buildings. The company provide services to local authorities and private organisers of events across Europe.?ref

Manchester Heliport
In 2011, the airport opened its new 'Manchester Heliport' facility, aimed at the commercial helicopter charter market, expanding and complementing the existing services provided at the Airport. The heliport features a dedicated jet A1 fuel facility, conference room, small office units and a dedicated passenger lounge. City Heliport (which is not licensed) can accept helicopters during the hours of darkness by arrangement. This facility is used particularly during football matches at nearby Old Trafford, (Manchester United) and City of Manchester Stadium (Manchester City). The airport is also an operating base for the North West Air Ambulance, and the Greater Manchester Police Helicopter also uses the Airport 24 hrs, using portable lighting which is placed on the runway during hours of darkness.

Rescue and fire fighting
City Airport operates a Category 1 Rescue and Fire Fighting service with a Landrover Defender 130 fire tender equipped to CAA Category 2 standard, and a Toyota Hilux Double Cab as a fire tender equipped with 80 impgal of foam/water mix.

Events
In recent years, City Airport has re-commenced an annual 'Aviation Family Fun Day and Aircraft Fly-In' Event, raising money for charity. The event is featured on its own website www.visitcityairport.co.uk. City Airport also began to host an annual Fireworks Spectacular event starting in 2013.

 * July 2014: City Airport hosted its annual Family Fun Day, including 6 Flying Displays. £5000 is raised for the North West Air Ambulance Charity. Attendance was approx 8000.

Following on from the success of the annual Family Fun Day, the Airport brought back The Manchester Airshow www.manchesterairshow.co.uk, the only full Airshow in the Greater Manchester area.

title: City Airport & Manchester Heliport


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Othello (Satomi Ikezawa manga)

Othello (オセロ) is a shōjo manga series by Satomi Ikezawa. It was originally serialized by Kodansha in Bessatsu Friend and collected in seven tankōbon volumes. It is distributed by Del Rey Manga in North America. The story is about a shy, naive Japanese teenager with a split personality.

The manga is titled after the board game Othello, and not the Shakespearian play. The game involves a lot of switching back and forth between black and white pieces, representing Yaya and Nana's constant flip-flop.

Plot
Yaya is a shy, quiet teen with a passion for singing, Japanese rock music, Gothic Lolita, cosplay and music in general. But she has a secret: When she looks in a mirror or hits her head, Yaya's second personality, aptly named Nana, takes over her body and puts the wrong-doers in their places, shouting her catchphrase "Heavenly Punishment!" and once the damage is dealt, "Justice is done!"

The series chronicles Yaya and Nana's somewhat episodic adventures against bullies, perverts, and generally mean people. The manga also has a lot to do with music, as several of the characters have connections to the music industry or play in a band.

Though this is a different manga, Pon-chan (another manga, Guru-Guru Pon Chan, by the same author) shows up.

Characters

 * Yaya Higuchi
 * Yaya is an innocent and timid teenager who, because of her personality, is constantly attacked and ridiculed by people who claim to be her friends. She likes to wear Gothic Lolita on Sundays, and likes Japanese rock groups, but no one knows about it and she considers it her "true self". As a result of her being unable to do anything but go along with people who treat her badly, she develops an alter-ego named Nana. Yaya becomes fearful that she may be going insane, because she is not aware of her Nana personality, and doesn't remember large chunks of time because of it. Nana often appears if Yaya looks in a mirror, hits her head or falls asleep, but also comes out if Yaya really needs help. When she finds out about her alter-ego, Yaya gets scared and locks herself up inside, so Nana is always out. She comes to terms with it later, though, and the two girls are able to happily share one body, and even change on command. Eventually, as Yaya becomes stronger, Nana's interventions are no longer needed and she apparently fades away for good. However, it is later revealed that the two personalities have merely come together, with both Yaya and Nana's personality traits present within one conscious body.
 * Yaya has an interest in a visual kei band called Juliet and looks up to the lead singer of Juliet, even though the make-up band disappeared a while ago.

 * Nana
 * Unlike the very shy Yaya, Nana is tough, cunning, sarcastic, and bold. She comes out whenever Yaya needs help because of her inability to stand up for herself. Nana kicks butt throughout the series, and reveals several people as fakes. Her phrase, whenever she accomplishes her goal, is "Justice is done!" Nana becomes a guest singer for the group "Black Dog" a few times, and later has Yaya sing with them. She gets to be out for a long while when Yaya locks herself up. Nana eventually goes away when Yaya no longer needs her to fix her messes.

 * Moriyama
 * Yaya's handsome classmate and talented guitarist who begins a tentative romantic relationship with her. At the beginning of the series, Yaya feels that he is somewhat unkind, but in time she realizes that he is a caring person. He is one of the few people who are genuinely kind to Yaya, and helps her when Nana's existence becomes more than she can handle. He is the lead singer of the popular rock group, Black Dog. He lets Yaya become the Black dog's manager. He then also realizes that he loves Yaya as much as she loves him.

 * Seri and Moe
 * Yaya's classmates and alleged friends who actually take pleasure in tormenting her. They call her names and treat her like their servant. They are the first ones to discover Yaya is into Gothic Lolita but fail to actually reveal it to anyone, as Nana stops them.

 * Shōhei Shinyoji
 * Moriyama's adult friend who has taken an interest in Nana's voice and may also be trying to pursue a more intimate relationship with her. Yaya idolizes him because he is the former singer of the band 'Juliet', a rock band created by the music industry. Shōhei says that he is done with Juliet.

 * Megumi Hano (Hano-chan)
 * A bright and optimistic transfer student who turns out to be a sadistic, jealous, and selfish manipulator and fangirl of Moriyama's. She sets her sights on Yaya when she discovers how close she is to Moriyama. Hano pressures Yaya into signing a contract that would supposedly get her into the music industry and meet Shōhei. But, in actuality, Hano nearly forces Yaya into prostitution to profit off her. Nana "defeats" her during a sky diving challenge Hano instigates. Megumi has an older brother, Keisuke, who was the drummer for Juliet. Keisuke holds a grudge against Shōhei for leaving the band, which caused the band to fall apart.

 * Shūko
 * Moriyama's strong-willed ex-girlfriend, who suddenly appears and tries to take Moriyama back, just as he is getting closer with Yaya. Shūko reveals to Yaya her alter-ego when she records her becoming Nana on her phone's camera. When Shūko realizes how much Moriyama cares for Yaya, she backs off and leaves them to develop their relationship.

 * Black Dog
 * Moriyama's band, of which he is the lead singer and lead guitarist. The other three members, Furuta, Ukon and Awane, are all college age. Their name comes from the Led Zeppelin song "Black Dog".

Release
Written and illustrated by Satomi Ikezawa, the chapters of Othello were serialized in the Japanese magazine Bessatsu Friend and collected into seven tankōbon volumes by Kodansha. The volumes were published from August 6, 2001 to September 13, 2004.

Del Rey licensed Othello for an English-language release in North America and published the seven volumes from October 12, 2004 to February 28, 2006. In the United Kingdom, Tanoshimi published Othello from May 3, 2007 to November 1, 2007. The series is also licensed in Germany by Egmont Manga & Anime, and in France by Pika Édition.

title: Othello (Satomi Ikezawa manga)


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RAF Foulsham

Royal Air Force Foulsham, more commonly known as RAF Foulsham is a former Royal Air Force station, a military airfield, located 15 miles North-West of Norwich, in the English county of Norfolk, East Anglia, from 1942 to 1945.

History
RAF Foulsham at Foulsham in Norfolk was built between 1941 and 1942 for No. 2 Group RAF Bomber Command and opened in May 1942 and declared operational on 26 June 1942. Foulsham was one of the few airfields to be fitted with FIDO in 1944, a fog dispersal system which used fires at the sides of the runways.

The airfield was equipped with three tarmac and woodchip runways and 37 hardstandings. It also had 9 hangars, five of which were built for storing Airspeed Horsa glider aircraft ready for D Day.

The first residents were No. 98 Squadron RAF and No. 180 Squadron RAF, flying North American Mitchell bombers. The station was then used by No. 3 Group RAF who used Short Stirling and Avro Lancaster bombers. No. 514 Squadron RAF was formed at Foulsham, flying Lancasters.

The station then became the home of No. 192 Squadron RAF, which was part of No. 100 Group RAF, an electronic warfare unit which had its headquarters at Bylaugh Hall. 192 Squadron was later joined by another 100 Group squadron, No. 462 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, which operated Handley Page Halifax aircraft.

During the Second World War, 45 aircraft based at RAF Foulsham were lost. Many aircraft made emergency landings at Foulsham, including USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress F "Ruthie II", which made an emergency landing there in 1943 after an epic return flight for which co-pilot John C. Morgan was awarded the highest U.S. medal, the Medal of Honor. The airfield remained the property of the Ministry of Defence until the 1980s.

Based units
• No. 12 Heavy Glider Maintenance Section

• No. 16 Maintenance Unit RAF

• No. 98 Squadron RAF

• No. 99 Maintenance Unit RAF

• No. 180 Squadron RAF

• No. 192 Squadron RAF

• No. 462 Squadron RAAF

• No. 514 Squadron RAF

• No. 1473 (Radio Countermeasures) Flight RAF

• No. 1508 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF

• No. 1678 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF

• No. 4261 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment

• Bomber Support Development Unit RAF

title: RAF Foulsham


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caito's Rule

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 06:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Caito's Rule

 * Delete - Not notable Vanity/advert with no encyclopedic value - Tεx τ  urε  20:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  21:36, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism, vanity and not notable. --GraemeL (talk) 12:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete - Widely accepted nomenclature through long-standing internet community - BobM59 User:BobM59 13:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete - Widely accepted nomenclature through long-standing internet community. Has value as new language of pop culture. -antagonist77

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Bicorn and Chichevache

Bicorn and Chichevache are fabulous beasts that appear in European satirical works of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Bicorn is a creature—part panther, part cow, with a human-like face —that devours kind-hearted and devoted husbands and (because of their abundance) is plump and well fed. Chichevache, on the other hand, devours obedient wives and (because of their scarcity) is thin and starving.

Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer mentions Chichevache in the envoy of the Clerk's Tale in his Canterbury Tales, ironically warning wives against the patience and obedience shown by Griselda in the story:

"O noble wyves, ful of heigh prudence, Lat noon humylitee youre tonge naille, Ne lat no clerk have cause or diligence To write of yow a storie of swich mervaille As of Grisildis pacient and kynde, Lest Chichevache yow swelwe in hire entraille! (ll. 1183–1188)"

Chaucer may have borrowed the French term chichifache ("thin face") and blended it with vache ("cow") to make the similar term chichevache ("thin or meagre cow"). D. Laing Purves notes that "The origin of the fable was French; but Lydgate has a ballad on the subject. 'Chichevache' literally means 'niggardly' or 'greedy cow'."

Lydgate
In the early fifteenth century John Lydgate wrote "Bycorne and Chychevache", a 133-line poem in 7-line stanzas, probably from a French original. Written "at the request of a worthy citizen of London" to accompany a tapestry or painted wall-hanging, the poem is accompanied by instructions for pictorial representations. Lydgate describes the two beasts as husband and wife.

In popular culture

 * A Bicorn is mentioned in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Its powdered horn is used as an ingredient in Polyjuice Potion.
 * The science fiction manga Battle Angel Alita: Last Order features giant, bioengineered monsters named Bicorne and Chichevache.
 * Bicorns are a recurring creature in the Megami Tensei video game franchise.
 * A Bicorn is featured in the Overlord light-novel and anime series.
 * A Bicorn is featured in a chapter of the fantasy manga Delicious in Dungeon, appearing as a black horse with two horns. In the manga, the bicorn devours devoted husbands and is attracted to corrupt individuals.
 * A Bicorn is mentioned in an episode of the show Schitt's Creek when Moira is speaking to her husband.

title: Bicorn and Chichevache


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Lawson P. Ramage

Lawson Paterson "Red" Ramage (19 January 1909 – 15 April 1990) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy and a noted submarine commander during World War II. Ramage was decorated with the Medal of Honor and several other combat decorations during the war. He also served during the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

Early life and career
Taking his nickname from his hair color, Ramage was born on 19 January 1909, in Monroe, Massachusetts.

He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1931, having injured his right eye while wrestling, and was subsequently commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Navy. From 1931 to 1935, he served aboard several surface ships. He was the navigator of the destroyer USS Dickerson (DD-157), the engineering officer of the destroyer USS Lawrence (DD-250), and the radio officer of the heavy cruiser USS Louisville (CA-28). Ramage was unable to pass the submarine physical examination because of his eye injury, and is quoted by Stephen Moore as having said, "I took the opportunity to memorize the eye chart so that when I returned I had no problem reading off the eye chart" and getting his approval. Confronted with a subsequent eye examination, Ramage related that he passed the eye examination "by just exchanging the card before my right eye and reading with my left eye in both instances." In January 1936, Lieutenant (jg) Ramage reported to the submarine USS S-29 (SS-134); he subsequently spent most of his career on submarines.

In 1938, Ramage returned to the Naval Academy for postgraduate education. In September 1939, Ramage became executive officer of the destroyer USS Sands (DD-243), serving until February, 1941. Subsequent duty took him to Hawaii as the force communications and sound officer on the staff of Commander, Submarines Pacific Fleet (ComSubPac).

Early service
Ramage was highly decorated for heroism during World War II – the Medal of Honor, two Navy Crosses, and the Silver Star. Ramage was stationed at Pearl Harbor on the staff of the Commander, Submarines, Pacific during the surprise Japanese attack on 7 December 1941.

In early 1942, he served on his first patrol of the war as the navigator of the submarine USS Grenadier (SS-210). He was awarded the Silver Star as a member of the Grenadier's crew for "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity" while patrolling enemy waters. The citation reads:

"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy while serving as Navigator aboard the Submarine U.S.S. GRENADIER (SS-210) during a War Patrol of that Vessel in enemy-controlled waters from 12 April to 10 June 1942. Exhibiting outstanding skill and efficiency in the performance of his duties, Commander Ramage rendered valuable assistance to his Commanding Officer during attacks which resulted in the sinking of two enemy ships totaling 24,000 tons and, in addition, contributed materially to the success of his vessel in evading enemy countermeasures. His leadership, courage and devotion to duty were an inspiration to the officers and men and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."

USS Trout
In June 1942, Lieutenant Commander Ramage assumed his first command, the submarine USS Trout (SS-202). Under his command, Trout conducted four war patrols and sank three Japanese ships. He was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism while in command of Trout at Midway, Truk, the Solomons, and the South China Sea. During his first patrol, Trout's fifth, on 28 August 1942, he made the first attack that actually scored a hit on a Japanese aircraft carrier, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Taiyō. Ramage found a virtue in his eye injury:"I didn't have to fool around with the focus knob on the periscope. Before I raised it, I turned the knob all the way to the stop [extreme focus]. When the scope came up, I put my bad eye to the periscope and could see perfectly."

Promoted to commander before his second patrol, Ramage and Trout intercepted the Imperial Japanese Navy battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kirishima on 12 November 1942. Though he fired five torpedoes, all missed.

On his third patrol, Trout damaged Kyokuyo Maru and Nisshin Maru, and sank Hirotama Maru. The Hirotama Maru battle was both a torpedo and deck gun engagement. Of the fourteen torpedoes Ramage fired, five were duds. He joined other submarine commanders in his criticism of the Mark 14 torpedo.

Ramage's last Trout patrol, her eighth, in March 1943 was a washout: 15 torpedoes fired, with only one low-order detonation. It was Admiral Ralph W. Christie's view that, "Red had a miss last patrol—many chances and many failures. He is due for a relief and will be sent back to the U.S. for a new boat and rest at the same time.". He was awarded the Navy Cross as a commanding officer of Trout. The citation reads:

"For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. TROUT (SS-202), on the FIFTH, SIXTH and SEVENTH War Patrols of that submarine during the period 27 August 1942 to 25 February 1943, in enemy controlled waters of the Pacific War Area. During this period of intense activity, Lieutenant Commander Ramage distinguished himself by his brilliant tactical knowledge and sound judgment in maneuvering his vessel into advantageous striking position so skillfully and aggressively as to destroy and damage an important amount of enemy shipping. Through his excellent direction of these hazardous operations he enabled the TROUT to complete her vital missions successfully. Lieutenant Commander Ramage's inspiring leadership and the valiant devotion to duty of his command contributed immeasurably to the efforts of our forces against a determined and desperate enemy and reflect great credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service."

USS Parche
In May 1943, Ramage assumed command of the new Balao-class submarine USS Parche (SS-384). Commissioned in November 1943 at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, Parche sailed to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Parche's first patrol, in March 1944, was as part of a U.S. submarine wolfpack with USS Bang and USS Tinosa (SS-283). The wolfpack sank seven enemy ships for 35,000 tons; Ramage was credited with two of them for 11,700 tons.

In June 1944, Parche's second patrol was also as part of a wolfpack. This was the patrol that established Ramage's reputation. On 30 July 1944, the wolfpack made contact with an enemy convoy. In the dark hours before dawn on 31 July, for 48 minutes ("among the wildest of the submarine war" ) "Ramage cleared the bridge of all personnel except himself and steamed right into the enemy convoy on the surface, maneuvering among the ships and firing nineteen torpedoes. Japanese ships fired back with deck guns and tried to ram his submarine. With consummate seamanship and coolness under fire, Ramage dodged and twisted, returning torpedo fire for gunfire.... the attack on the Japanese convoy by Red Ramage was the talk of the U.S. submarine force. In terms of close-in, furious torpedo shooting, there had never been anything like it before."

While the description from Clay Blair describes Ramage as being alone, by his own account Ramage retained a quartermaster on the bridge to keep a lookout aft.

Parche sank two enemy ships and badly damaged three others. For this action, Commander Ramage became the first living submariner Medal of Honor recipient since Henry Breault. It was formally presented to him by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 10 January 1945.

Parche's third patrol, and Ramage's last, was comparatively uneventful, with no enemy ships sunk. He was also awarded a second Navy Cross. The citation reads:

"For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. PARCHE (SS-384), on the FIRST War Patrol of that submarine during the period 29 March 1944 to 23 May 1944, in enemy controlled waters of the Luzon Strait in the Philippine Islands. Despite strong enemy escorts which included air support, Commander Ramage skillfully penetrated the escort screens and through his daring and aggressive determination, delivered smashing torpedo attacks against enemy ships. As a result of these well planned and brilliantly executed attacks, he successfully sank four enemy ships totaling over 30,000 tons. In spite of strong enemy counterattacks and active air opposition, his skillful evasive tactics enabled him to escape and bring his ship to port. His conduct throughout was an inspiration to his officers and men and in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."

Medal of Honor citation
"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of the U.S.S. Parche in a predawn attack on a Japanese convoy, 31 July 1944. Boldly penetrating the screen of a heavily escorted convoy, Comdr. Ramage launched a perilous surface attack by delivering a crippling stern shot into a freighter and quickly following up with a series of bow and stern torpedoes to sink the leading tanker and damage the second one. Exposed by the light of bursting flares and bravely defiant of terrific shellfire passing close overhead, he struck again, sinking a transport by two forward reloads. In the mounting fury of fire from the damaged and sinking tanker, he calmly ordered his men below, remaining on the bridge to fight it out with an enemy now disorganized and confused. Swift to act as a fast transport closed in to ram, Comdr. Ramage daringly swung the stern of the speeding Parche as she crossed the bow of the onrushing ship, clearing by less than 50 feet but placing his submarine in a deadly crossfire from escorts on all sides and with the transport dead ahead. Undaunted, he sent 3 smashing 'down the throat' bow shots to stop the target, then scored a killing hit as a climax to 46 minutes of violent action with the Parche and her valiant fighting company retiring victorious and unscathed."

Following the presentation, Commander Ramage created a certificate for each sailor in his command. The certificate read: "The Captain wishes to emphasize the fact that the Medal of Honor was accepted from the President of the United States as the Nation's tribute to a fighting ship and her courageous crew. He feels that every officer and man whose loyal cooperation and able assistance contributed to the success of the USS Parche has an equal share in this award which he holds in trust for you. With great pride and respect. Sincerely, L. P. Ramage" Parche was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation.

Post-war navy career
After the war, he continued to serve in command of submarines, being commander of Submarine Division Two and then Commander of Submarine Squadron Six. From 1953–1954, he was commanding officer of the amphibious cargo ship USS Rankin (AKA-103). Following ascent to flag rank in July 1956, Admiral Ramage was on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations, and then commander of Cruiser Division Two. In 1963, serving as Deputy Commander of Submarine Forces, Atlantic Fleet, Admiral Ramage led the search operations for the nuclear submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593) that sank in the Atlantic Ocean near Boston, Massachusetts. That same year he was promoted to vice admiral, and became Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for fleet operations and readiness. Vice Admiral Ramage was Commander, First Fleet, from 1964 to 1966 during the buildup to the Vietnam War. In 1967, he became Commander, Military Sea Transportation Service. He retired from the Navy in 1969. He received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. The citation reads:

"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Vice Admiral Lawson Paterson 'Red' Ramage, United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States as Commander FIRST Fleet, from July 1964 to July 1966. During this period of ever-increasing tension in Southeast Asia, Vice Admiral Ramage exercised outstanding leadership, sound judgment and keen foresight in increasing the readiness posture of forces assigned to the FIRST Fleet, ensuring that units deploying to Southeast Asia were ready for any contingency. This he accomplished by conducting training and fleet exercised under conditions closely simulating those that would be encountered in Southeast Asia. Lessons learned in the combat environment of Southeast Asia were widely disseminated and, from these lessons, new tactics were developed and incorporated in fleet exercises, and requirements for improved and new equipment were brought forth. Through his professional knowledge and dedicated and tireless devotion to duty, Vice Admiral Ramage has made an outstanding contribution to the efforts of the Pacific Fleet in accomplishing its vital mission. His distinguished achievements reflect great credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service."

Personal life
On 2 November 1935, Ramage married Barbara Alice Pine, the daughter of U.S. Coast Guard Vice Admiral James Pine. They had two sons and two daughters.

Ramage died of cancer in his home at Bethesda, Maryland, in 1990. He and his wife Barbara Alice (1913–2002) are buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Posthumous honors
The guided missile destroyer USS Ramage (DDG-61) was named for him in 1994. Several submarine-related facilities were also named after him including the administrative building (Ramage Hall) of the Submarine Training Facility in Norfolk, Virginia and the headquarters building at Naval Submarine Base New London on 20 August 2010.

title: Lawson P. Ramage