text:
The Dwarf (Lagerkvist novel)

The Dwarf (Dvärgen) is a 1944 novel by Pär Lagerkvist. It is considered his most important and artistically innovative novel. It was translated into English by Alexandra Dick in 1945. The main setting is a fictionalized version of Milan. The character Bernardo of the novel is a fictionalized version of Leonardo da Vinci, who served as a court artist and military architect in Milan from 1482 to 1499. The novel depicts the Italian Renaissance through the eyes of a misanthropic assassin.

Plot
The main character is a dwarf, 26 inch tall, at the court of an Italian City-state in the Renaissance. The exact time and location are unclear, but the presence of the character named Bernardo, who is unmistakably modeled on Leonardo da Vinci, suggests that the story takes place in a fictional version of Milan around the time of Leonardo's stay at the court of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, from 1482 to 1499. There is a reference to Santa Croce being in the immediate surroundings, but this is possibly mixed up with the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, so the story could actually be set in Florence. At the same time, Lagerkvist includes Bernardo/Leonardo's creation of The Last Supper and Mona Lisa in the plot, which were done in Milan and Florence, respectively. Further, the prince that inspired Niccolò Machiavelli to write The Prince has been assumed to be Cesare Borgia, who also employed Leonardo da Vinci as a military architect, a role he (as Bernardo) plays alongside his painting work in The Dwarf. In this way aspects of all these historical places and people are mixed into the background of the novel.

The dwarf is the narrator, obviously obsessed with writing down his experiences in a form of diary. Everything in the novel is described from his viewpoint, mostly in retrospect, ranging from a few hours or minutes to several weeks or months after the actual events.

The dwarf is a profound misanthrope and generally embodies all things evil. He hates almost every person at the court except for the prince (who is the ruler of the city-state, rather king than prince), or rather aspects of him. He loves war, brutality and fixed positions. While almost all other characters of the novel develop during the chain of events, the dwarf does not change. He is still exactly the same character from the first to the last page. He is deeply religious, but his take on Christianity includes the belief in a non-forgiving God. He is impressed with Bernardo's science but soon repelled by its relentless search for truth.

When the dwarf is ordered to assassinate a number of enemies of the prince using poisoned wine, he takes this opportunity to assassinate one of the prince's rivals, simply because the dwarf dislikes the rival and the rival is having an affair with the prince's wife.

The novel ends with the dwarf being strapped in chains at the bottom of the royal castle, never to be released again. He is seemingly convicted for flogging the prince's wife to death in anger over her sins. However he takes this sentence lightly, since, as he says, "soon the prince will need his dwarf again".

Interpretations
The Dwarf has been interpreted in several ways, but is generally believed to be Lagerkvist's attempt at creating a genuinely evil character illustrating the evil sides of man. The image of a dwarf may have been chosen to compare a person without empathy (such as the psychopathic and misanthropic Dwarf of the novel) to an "emotional dwarf".

At some points in the novel, especially towards the end, it appears that the dwarf could be the embodiment of the dark sides of the prince himself, and not a real, separate person.

In a broader sense, The Dwarf is a brilliant parable outlining major evils of humanity, as told by the dwarf, an outsider and completely evil himself. Each character demonstrates various vices and foibles: The prince, devious, murderous, and hypocritical, The princess is self-centered, adulterous, naive, and foolishly religious. Bernardo (a Da Vinci type), a sycophant who shows the dark side of science, diverting his art and skill for killing. The prince's daughter and her lover are also naive and foolish. Don Ricardo is insouciant, treacherous, a deceiver, glutton, and lover of the princess. The mercenary soldier-captain Boccarossa is also an example of a common human weaknesses, doing evil for money. This is chronicled by the Dwarf, who is amoral and joyless (He is disgusted by Don Ricardo's joie de vivre and has a "Hitlerian" set of values regarding food and sex). All of this is set so we can see clearly our own propensity to vice and foibles.

title: The Dwarf (Lagerkvist novel)


text:
File:PhilOchs-MilleniumCollection.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Phil Ochs album 20th Century Masters.

Licensing
Source: https://www.amazon.com/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:PhilOchs-MilleniumCollection.jpg


text:
Clayton Park

Clayton Park may refer to:

 * Clayton Park, Nova Scotia, a suburb of Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * Clayton Park (album), a 1999 album by Canadian rock band Thrush Hermit

title: Clayton Park


text:
Vsetín

Vsetín is a town in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 25,000 inhabitants. Originally a small town, Vsetín has become an important centre of industrial, economic, cultural and sports life during the 20th century.

Administrative parts
The villages of Horní Jasenka and Rokytnice are administrative parts of Vsetín.

Etymology
The name Vsetín was derived from the personal Slavic name Vsata, Seta, Sěntoslav or Svatoslav. It was probably the name of a man who was tasked with deforesting the area and establishing the first fields. The first name used was Setteinz, the name Wssetin was used since 1396.

Geography
Vsetín is located about 25 km northeast of Zlín and 54 km west of Žilina in Slovakia. It lies in a hilly landscape of the Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains. The highest point of the municipal territory is the Cáb mountain with an elevation of 841 m, which is located on the eastern border of the territory.

Vsetín is situated in the valley of the Vsetínská Bečva river. The village of Rokytnice lies on the Rokytenka River, which flows into the Vsetínská Bečva in the centre of the town. Overall, the landscape is rich in small watercourses.

14th–16th centuries
The first written mention of the area around the Bečva river is from 1297, when Vsetín did not yet exist. The first written mention of Vsetín is from 1308, when it was owned by Knights Templar who rented it to Lord Vok of Kravaře. It was described as a small town with a church, a mill and the Freudsberg Castle, and further colonization of the area was described. In following decades, Vsetín was held by many noble families. The most significant were lords of Cimburk, lords of Svätý Jur and Pezinok, lords of Kunštát, lords of Šelmberk, and the Pernštejn family. A fortress was built in what is today the Horní Square in the first half of the 15th century.

17th–18th centuries
In 1609, Vsetín was acquired by marriage by Albrecht von Wallenstein. He brought Jesuits to the Vsetín dominion and initiated a strict re-Catholicisation among serfs. Religious and economic oppression led to resistance and long-term rebellions of the serfs during the Thirty Years' War. The serfs joined the Swedish army in the war and Vsetín became their centre. In 1627, Vsetín was burned down and many people were executed, but the rebels weren't defeated until 1644. About 200 participants of the rebellion were executed in Vsetín and it remains one of the most dreadful in the nation's history. Vsetín and villages in a wide surrounding area were burned.

During the Thirty Years' War, Vsetín extended from the original so-called Upper Town to the pastures spread out on the left bank of the Bečva river, where a manor mill already stood since the 15th century. Families of refugees from surrounding towns, mainly from Valašské Meziříčí, dramatically affected by war, settled there and founded a settlement called Lower Town. In 1647, Lower Town became an autonomous municipality, having only the advocatus in common with the current Vsetín. The Upper and Lower Towns often argued about things like taxes, land and markets.

Between 1663 and 1683, Vsetín was devastated by the Turkish and Tartarish raids, followed by Hungarian rebels. In 1708 the town was most affected as Hungarian rebels burned it almost to the ground, including the castle. It took decades for Vsetín to recover from that damage.

In 1653, Vsetín became the property of a Hungarian noble family, the Counts of Illésházy, who owned it for almost 180 years and had the most profound impact on its development. During the era of Jan of Illésházy in the second half of the 18th century, bloody rebellions of the Protestants repeated. It was not until the Patent of Toleration issued in 1781 when the situation cooled down.

19th century
In 1849, the Upper and Lower Towns merged. In the first half of 19th century, Vsetín and the surrounding area were influenced by the Industrial Revolution, bringing into use the vast stock of wood in the surrounding beech and fir forests. A sugar factory, a steam saw mill, a factory producing matches and a glassworks were founded in 1868 and were the first factories in Vsetín. In the late 19th century, Vsetín became an important centre of industrial production of bent-wood furniture in the factories of Jacob & Josef Kohn and Gebrüder Thonet, which belonged to the top companies of the world for this type of furniture.

In 1885, the town was linked to an inland railway system, followed by the construction of schools, a hospital, a power plant, water mains and other public facilities. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who was a representative of East Moravian towns in the Imperial Council at that time, also contributed to the construction of some of these constructions.

20th century
In 1909, Vsetín became a district town and its importance grew in parallel with its economic boom. The furniture industry declined during the world economic crisis in the 1930s, followed by the limitation of production in other industrial companies. That situation resulted in a high level of unemployment in the area. This changed in 1937 with the construction of a new factory of the firearm producer Zbrojovka Brno. However, at that time Vsetín was already known for its production of electric engines in the Josef Sousedík factory.

During World War II, mainly due to military production, the number of inhabitants doubled, reaching 14,000. New inhabitants were mainly represented by employees from Zbrojovka who came from Brno. During the war, several resistance groups were successively established, out of which J. Sousedík was one of the most significant. Its members initiated collaboration with the Clay group connected with the exiled government in London and later with the 1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka which crossed the Moravian border at times of the Slovak National Uprising. Vsetín was liberated on 4 May 1945 by forces of the 1st Czechoslovak Army led by General Karel Klapálek.

Post-war development of the town was influenced for many years by its fast growth during the war. The town experienced a considerable shortage of flats, shops, school premises and medical centres. Its orientation on the development of heavy industry and military production resulted in the closing down of a series of smaller industrial companies. In connection with communist political development after February 1948, private trade successively declined. The problems connected with the growth of the town are reflected mainly in the area of the construction of housing estates and the school system. The 1960 initiation of massive construction of panel housing estates in the outlying parts of the town only represented a partial solution to the problem. Between 1960 and 1990 the number of inhabitants in the town almost doubled. The peak was reached in 1991, when Vsetín had almost 30,000 inhabitants.

After the fall of communism in 1989, many of the large previously state-owned factories in Vsetín ran into difficulties as they struggled to compete as part of the wider European economy. These outdated industries were largely split up to form smaller, more efficient, new private companies, or were bought by foreign investors who were able to provide the capital necessary to modernise production. Although this resulted in high levels of unemployment never seen under communism, a gradual recovery took place during the following decades.

Economy
Vsetín is an industrial town with several large companies. The largest industrial employer based in the town is Kayaku Safety Systems Europe (part of the Nippon Kayaku Group), producer of safety systems for automotive industry.

Other significant industrial companies are Austin Detonator (part of Austin Powder Company), one of the largest world manufacturers of detonators founded in 1953 in the premises of the former Zbrojovka factory, and WOCO STV, manufacturer of parts for the automotive industry founded in 1956.

Transport
Vsetín lies on a railway line of regional importance to Přerov, and on railway lines of local importance to Velké Karlovice and Valašské Klobouky.

Culture
Vsetín lies in the cultural region of Moravian Wallachia. The folk culture has been kept alive by Wallachian song and dance groups for many decades.

In the summer of 1949, Wallachian towns and municipalities organized an important local exhibition called Wallachia at Work. Since 1999, that exhibition has been commemorated by organizing a week-long multi-genre festival called Valašské záření ("Wallachian Shining").

Sport
The town is home to VHK Vsetín, throughout the 1990s the most successful ice hockey team in the country, winning the National League six times. However, as of 2022, the club plays in the second tier of the Czech ice hockey competition.

Sights
The historical centre is formed by Horní Square and its surroundings. On the square is located several monuments, including Vsetín Castle, Old Town Hall and New Town Hall.

The Vsetín Castle with its high tower is the main landmark of the town and the oldest historical building. The Renaissance castle was built between 1600 and 1610 on the site of the old fortress. In 1708, it was destroyed by a fire and was rebuilt several times. The current Neoclassical appearance of the castle is from the reconstruction in 1833–1834. In the 20th century, the castle served as the seat of various institutions and was damaged. After repairs, it was opened to the public in 1975 and still serves as a major regional cultural and social centre. It houses the Regional Museum of Moravian Wallachia, which was founded in 1924.

The Old Town Hall was built in 1720–1721. It was rebuilt in 1850 and the tower was added. Today the house serves as a gallery and ceremonial hall. The New Town Hall was built in the Neorenaissance style in 1898–1899 and today houses a hotel.

The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is an atypical Baroque church building from the end of the 17th century. It was originally built as a castle for Count Jiří Illésházy, who dedicated the unfinished construction to the Catholic Church, after the old wooden church was burned down in 1683. It was consecrated in 1689. During alterations in the 19th century, the church tower was finished with an onion-shaped dome with three new bells.

Notable people

 * Josef Sousedík (1894–1944), inventor, industrialist and resistance fighter
 * Jarmila Šuláková (1929–2017), folk singer
 * Miroslav Tetter (1938–2021), politician and academic
 * Eliška Balzerová (born 1949), actress
 * Mirek Topolánek (born 1956), former Prime Minister and President of the European Council
 * Roman Vojtek (born 1972), actor
 * Václav Varaďa (born 1976), ice hockey player
 * Roman Hubník (born 1984), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Vsetín is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Bytom, Poland
 * 🇦🇹 Mödling, Austria
 * 🇸🇰 Stará Ľubovňa, Slovakia
 * 🇸🇰 Trenčianske Teplice, Slovakia
 * Vrgorac, Croatia

title: Vsetín


text: User talk:68.48.199.187

title: User talk:68.48.199.187


text: User talk:83.250.196.61

title: User talk:83.250.196.61


text:
Talk:Pascagoula, Mississippi

Image
What's up with the weird image? Surely something better exists? Turnstep 19:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Answer to Turnstep: The image is aerial footage of damage to an aircraft carrier at Ingalls Shipbuilding after Hurricane Katrina. Unfortunately there isn't much of the city to show right now. P.S. - Sorry if I'm not doing this right, it's my first time on the site.

Thanks, Kelli from Pascagoula, MS

Answer to Kelli: The ship is not an aircraft carrier, it is LPD 17, an amphibious assault ship, and was not damaged in the hurricane. Dave from Pascagoula, MS

 * 08-September-2006: I linked/uploaded 2 NOAA Katrina photos: flooded acreage of Chevron plant, and arial view of leveled/gutted houses. The weird ships photo is still there. -Wikid77 17:23, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
This article has major POV issues, since it's written more like a sympathetic promo piece than an encyclopedia article. It's got a lot of colorful language and subjective adjectives thrown in that don't correspond to facts or citations. Night Gyr 21:06, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I tried to clean it out a bit. Hope I didn't miss anything important. --Staecker 18:18, 24 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 08-September-2006: Changed colorful wording "industrial heart" to "Pascagoula is a major industrial city of Mississippi, along the Gulf Coast" to be more neutral. Other cities might have disputed the claim as "industrial heart" of the Gulf Coast: which was the most POV statement in the article. -Wikid77 16:55, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Pascagoula, Mississippi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161634/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090623201815/http://www.paslodge419.org/LodgeHistory.htm to http://www.paslodge419.org/LodgeHistory.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080117203934/http://www.gulflive.com/news/mississippipress/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1197199083132970.xml to http://www.gulflive.com/news/mississippipress/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1197199083132970.xml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080216205240/http://www.missingkids.com/missingkids/servlet/PubCaseSearchServlet?act=viewChildDetail&caseNum=400053&orgPrefix=NCMU&seqNum=1&caseLang=en_US&searchLang=en_US to http://www.missingkids.com/missingkids/servlet/PubCaseSearchServlet?act=viewChildDetail&caseNum=400053&orgPrefix=NCMU&seqNum=1&caseLang=en_US&searchLang=en_US
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091123082022/http://www.picayuneitem.com/local/local_story_341150430.html to http://www.picayuneitem.com/local/local_story_341150430.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071031143618/http://www.ala.org/ala/cro/katrina/MSPL_Katrina_Damage.pdf to http://www.ala.org/ala/cro/katrina/MSPL_Katrina_Damage.pdf
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:32, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pascagoula, Mississippi


text:
Wikipedia:Leftist Parties and Movements Collaboration of the Week/History

The following are the past articles chosen for Leftist Parties and Movements Collaboration of the Week.

Socialist Party USA
Could use some expansion, very important socialist party, arguably the most important socialist party in the U.S. --Revolución (talk) 21:27, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) DJ Silverfish 17:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) — Sesel  wa  18:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
Definately needs an article. --Soman 21:35, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Palmiro | Talk 12:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) — Sesel  wa  18:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) --Revolución (talk) 05:12, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Is there enough information on this group to boost a PFLO article to featured status? — Sesel wa  23:23, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think so. There is lots on material in print. Also, there is material, albeit not abundant, on the web. Search google on "PFLO+Oman", "People's Liberation Front of Oman", PFLOAG, Dhofar Liberation Front, etc. --Soman 08:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, a highly significant movement. I have now created an article as a stub; it needs work (particularly as I did it under a massive hangover). Palmiro | Talk 12:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Archeon Tarot

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:05, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Archeon Tarot
This user created a series of advertising pages in a short time. Some of these are copyvio, some are close to spam, some probably wouldn't draw much comment as they are less blatantly promotional. I'd appreciate an Admin looking at the whole set of them. Dl yo ns 493  Ta lk  19:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable and since the primary part of the article consists of a quote taken from the linked website, I think it might count as copyright infringement too. --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:56, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above - Ravedave 06:19, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Lecture series

title: Category:Lecture series


text:
File:Auburn high crest.png

Summary
Crest of Auburn High School, Auburn, Alabama.

Image generated by Lissoy, October 1, 2005.

Fair use in Auburn High School
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates an educational article about the entity that the logo represents.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) It is a bitmap image, and thus not scalable and suitable for production of counterfeit goods.
 * 4) The logo is not used in such a way that a reader would be confused into believing that the article is written or authorized by the owner of the logo.
 * 5) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Auburn high crest.png


text:
User talk:Malek1

I have blocked you for 24 hours due to a three-revert-rule violation on Rules of war in Islam. Don't do it again. -Splash talk 19:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Malek1


text:
William Bruce Mumford

William Bruce Mumford (December 5, 1819 – June 7, 1862) was a North Carolina native and resident of New Orleans, who tore down the U.S. flag raised over Confederate New Orleans after the city was captured by Union troops during the American Civil War. In response, Union Army Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler, the commander of the Union ground forces, had Mumford court-martialed and executed for treason.

Early life
Mumford's life leading up to the incident which resulted in his execution was relatively insignificant. A native of North Carolina, he owned no slaves, nor much of anything else, and had not volunteered to fight. As an adult, Mumford was a gambler. He was married to Mary Mumford; after his death she never remarried.

Flag incident
On April 25, 1862, as Union Navy ships approached Confederate New Orleans, Commodore David Farragut ordered two officers to send a message to Mayor John T. Monroe requesting removal of Confederate flags from the United States Custom House (New Orleans), New Orleans Mint, and New Orleans City Hall at the Gallier Hall building, and the replacement of Confederate flags with U.S. flags. Monroe refused, claiming it was beyond his jurisdiction. On April 26, Capt. Henry W. Morris sent ashore Marines from the USS Pocahontas (1852) to raise the U.S. flag over the mint. Morris did so without any order from Farragut, who was still trying to receive an official surrender from the mayor.

As the Marines raised the flag, a number of locals gathered around in anger. The Marines told them that the Pocahontas would fire on anyone attempting to remove the flag. However, a group of seven individuals, including Mumford, decided to remove the flag from the mint. The Pocahontas fired and Mumford was injured by a flying piece of brick. With cheers from local onlookers, he carried the flag to the mayor at city hall, but onlookers tore at it as he walked, reducing it to a stub.

Trial and execution
Three days later Union Army Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler, the commander of the Union ground forces, heard about the incident and decided to arrest and punish Mumford. He said he spotted Mumford wearing a piece of the flag during a speech by Monroe at the St. Charles Hotel. Butler decided that Mumford had to be punished.

When the Union Army occupied the city on May 1, Mumford was arrested and charged with "high crimes and misdemeanors against the laws of the United States, and the peace and dignity thereof and the Law Martial." On May 30, he was tried before a military tribunal and convicted, even though there was no clear attempt to determine whether the city was actually occupied when the event occurred.

On June 5, Butler issued the following Special Order No. 70: "William B. Mumford, a citizen of New Orleans, having been convicted before a military commission of treason and an overt act thereof, tearing down the United States flag from a public building of the United States, after said flag was placed there by Commodore Farragut, of the United States Navy: It is ordered that he be executed according to sentence of said military commission on Saturday, June 7, inst., between the hours of 8 a.m. and 12 a.m. under the directions of the provost-marshal of the District of New Orleans, and for so doing this shall be his sufficient warrant."

On June 7, just before noon, Mumford was taken to be hanged in the courtyard of the mint itself, a place that Butler had decided "according to the Spanish custom" would be the ideal place. Many people came to the spot, and Mumford was allowed to give a final speech in which he spoke of his patriotism for the Confederacy and his love for what he considered the true meaning of the U.S. flag, a symbol he had fought under in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War.

Aftermath
After he was hanged, on June 18, Confederate Governor of Louisiana Thomas Overton Moore issued a statement declaring Mumford a hero and a model. Robert E. Lee demanded that Union General Henry Wager Halleck explain how execution could have occurred for a crime committed before New Orleans was occupied. Confederate President Jefferson Davis issued a proclamation stating that Benjamin Butler should be considered a criminal and worthy of hanging. Later on Butler assisted Mumford's wife and helped her find a job in Washington.

Mumford was originally buried in a vault in Cypress Grove Cemetery, New Orleans. In 1950, the Ladies' Memorial Association moved Mumford's remains to the base of the Confederate monument at Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans. The Association placed a small stone there that reads "William B. Mumford, Martyr to the Cause of the Confederacy, June 7, 1862, Aged 42 years."

Legacy
Mumford's name has been mentioned alongside figures such as Abraham Lincoln, Elmer E. Ellsworth, John Pelham and Stonewall Jackson, which represent "martyred heroes and violent villains for both the North and South." In the South, Mumford was praised as a hero and a martyr, while conversely in the North, he was condemned as a coward and a treasonous thug. After his wife's death in 1912, the South Carolinian newspaper The Times and Democrat noted that just hearing the name Mumford in the South could still "stir the hearts of the older people with bitter memories of General Butler’s brutality and revengefulness."

At the Confederate Memorial Hall Museum, a piece of the flag that Mumford tore, the rope that he was hanged with, and a large image of him are on display.

title: William Bruce Mumford


text: Category:Public speaking

title: Category:Public speaking


text:
File:Rainbow-MilleniumCollection.jpg

summary
Cover of the Rainbow album 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Rainbow.

licensing
Source: http://universalchronicles.com/browse_album.asp?productid=3307

Fair use in 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Rainbow
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Rainbow-MilleniumCollection.jpg


text:
Episcopal Church in North Texas

The Episcopal Church in North Texas was a diocese of the Episcopal Church from 1982 to its merger with the Diocese of Texas in 2022. The diocese included a geographic area of 24 counties in the north central part of Texas. As of 2021, it includes 13 churches, including a number of other congregations in the process of reorganization. The jurisdiction was the site of a major schism in 2008. This schism was the result of the diocese's bishop, Jack Iker, leading the majority of clergy and parishes to join the Anglican Church of North America as the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth. The Episcopal Church diocese is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It announced on April 22, 2022, that it would seek reunion with the Episcopal Diocese of Texas. The merger was finalized by the 80th General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on July 11, 2022.

History
The diocese came into being in 1983 with the administrative division of the increasingly large Episcopal Diocese of Dallas. Along with its parent Diocese of Dallas, the Diocese of Fort Worth was one of the originators of a strong conservative movement within the Episcopal Church. Fort Worth and Dallas clergy and parishes have both had a long history of leadership in the Anglo-Catholic faction within American Anglicanism.

After the consecration of an openly gay New Hampshire bishop, Gene Robinson, most of the parishes in the diocese affiliated with the Anglican Communion Network, an association of dioceses, parishes, and clergy opposing what its members considered a liberal shift in doctrine and practice that abandoned traditional teaching and discipline. There were also, however, some parishes and individuals who took a moderate or progressive position.

Following the election of Katharine Jefferts Schori as the 26th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church on June 18, 2006, Bishop Jack Iker petitioned Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to place the diocese under the jurisdiction of another primate. This appeal was joined by several other conservative dioceses but Archbishop Williams did not indicate any willingness to grant the request.

At the 26th annual convention of the diocese, on November 15, 2008, delegates voted by over 80% to have the diocese become part of the Anglican Province of the Southern Cone instead of being part of the Episcopal Church, even though there was no provision in the constitution and canons of the Province of the Southern Cone for admitting extraterritorial dioceses.

Bishop Jefferts Schori declared on November 21, 2008, that Bishop Jack Iker was inhibited from exercising his office as a bishop in the Episcopal Church because by supporting the resolution to leave the Episcopal Church he had violated Title IV, Canon 9, and abandoned "the Doctrine, Discipline or Worship of the Church". In turn, Iker rejected the authority of the Presiding Bishop. Thus, the Presiding Bishop, on December 5, with the advice and consent of the church's advisory council (bishops who are the presidents or vice-presidents of each province), accepted Iker's deemed renunciation and declared the Fort Worth diocese without a bishop. The Standing Committee of the diocese, which in the absence of a bishop would then be the highest ecclesiastical authority of the diocese, regarded the inhibition of Iker as an "illegal, unconstitutional, and uncanonical attempt to interfere with the rights and ministry of a diocese of another province of the Anglican Communion", thus affirming their unanimous decision to leave the Episcopal Church and realign with the Southern Cone. The Presiding Bishop then declared the diocesan leadership vacant and called a Special Convention in response to the wishes of the roughly 8,000 members of the diocese in 17 parishes who wished to remain in the Episcopal Church and had therefore been "heartened" by the inhibition of Bishop Iker.

The Special Convention was held in Fort Worth, at Trinity Episcopal Church, on February 7, 2009. The Right Reverend Edwin "Ted" Gulick, Jr., Bishop of Kentucky, was chosen as provisional bishop and other vacant diocesan offices were filled. Although one of the last dioceses in the Episcopal Church to refuse to ordain women, the first woman was ordained in November 2009 and a new provisional bishop, C. Wallis Ohl, was named.

Ever since the 2008 schism, a legal battle has been under way between the ACNA-affiliated diocese and the Episcopal Church-affiliated diocese. The main point of contention has been control over parish and diocesan property. On April 5, 2018, the Texas Court of Appeals, Second District, affirmed a trial court's ruling that "the Corporation of the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth holds legal title to all properties." The court summed up the dispute as being about "who has the right to control the Corporation and EDFW as legal entities." The opinion concluded that the ACNA-affiliated group's "actions, as corporate trustees, were invalid under Texas law after disaffiliation in 2008." Further, "Under Texas Corporations Law, the articles of incorporation and bylaws . . . means that the TEC-affiliated EDFW controls appointment to the Corporation’s board." The Appeals Court remanded the case to the trial court for further proceedings. The ACNA-affiliated group indicated that they would appeal the decision to the Texas Supreme Court.

On May 22, 2020, the Supreme Court of Texas issued its decision holding that "(1) resolution of this property dispute does not require consideration of an ecclesiastical question, (2) under the governing documents, the withdrawing faction is the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth, and (3) the trial court properly granted summary judgment in the withdrawing faction's favor. We therefore reverse the court of appeals' contrary decision." The Texas Supreme Court also reinstated the judgment of the trial court, which, among other things, "permanently enjoined TEC's clergy and leaders from acting as 'The Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth.'"

Bishop Scott Mayer, who supported the TEC faction, in a letter to his followers, wrote "This decision is a disappointment to us all, but as followers of Jesus Christ, we live in hope. Presiding Bishop Michael B. Curry joins me in acknowledging our disappointment and urging all of us to be gentle with one another during this trying time, with the important goal of continuing our worship of God and our ministries in this diocese in as uninterrupted [a] manner as possible. Now I, other diocesan leaders, and our legal team have to make decisions about our next steps.” On February 22, 2021, the United States Supreme Court declined to review the Texas Supreme Court's decision.

Bishops

 * 1) A. Donald Davies 1975-1985
 * 2) Clarence Cullam Pope 1986-1994
 * 3) Jack Leo Iker 1995-2009
 * Ted Gulick (Provisional) 2009-2009
 * C. Wallis Ohl, Jr. (Provisional) 2009-2012
 * Rayford B. High, Jr. (Provisional) 2012-2015
 * James Scott Mayer (Provisional) 2015–2022

title: Episcopal Church in North Texas


text:
Wikipedia:Leftist Parties and Movements Collaboration of the Week/Removed

Here are listed articles nominated for LPMCOTW, but which were not selected.


text:
User talk:Klschmidt

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Dave C.talk 19:55, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Klschmidt


text:
Category:English guitarists

Guitarists from England, a constituent country of the United Kingdom.

title: Category:English guitarists


text:
World Gold Council

The World Gold Council is an international trade association for the gold industry. It is headquartered in London and has offices in India, China, Singapore, the UAE and the United States. The organization's members are gold mining companies. David Harquail is its president and David Tait is the CEO. Its aim is stimulating and sustaining demand for gold through market development.

World Gold Council was founded in 1987 in a merger with South African company Intergold, inheriting its international offices. At the time imports of the South African Krugerrand had been banned in multiple countries to protest South Africa's apartheid.

It publishes research advocating for gold, various products such as SPDR Gold Shares and gold accumulation plans in India and China, and films promoting its corporate activity.

title: World Gold Council


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Hot/C7/Coh-Col

Coh-Cok

 * 1) Coherence Function
 * 2) Coherent Backscattering
 * 3) Coherent Scattering
 * 4) Cohesion (physics)
 * 5) Cohesion Hypothesis
 * 6) Cohoes
 * 7) Cohong
 * 8) Cohosh
 * 9) Cohune Oil
 * 10) Coiba Island
 * 11) Coiffure
 * 12) Coihaique
 * 13) Coin Glass
 * 14) Coining
 * 15) Coix lachryma
 * 16) Coking (petroleum)
 * 17) Cokwe

Cola-Coli

 * 1) Cola Dynasty
 * 2) Cold backup
 * 3) Cold boot
 * 4) Cold fusing
 * 5) Cold hardiness (plant)
 * 6) Cold site
 * 7) Cold sore
 * 8) Cold start
 * 9) Cold storage
 * 10) COLD
 * 11) ColdFire
 * 12) Cole Younger
 * 13) Cole's Law
 * 14) Colebrook-Cameron Commission
 * 15) Coleoptera
 * 16) Coliiformes
 * 17) Colin Campbell
 * 18) Colin Johnson
 * 19) Colin MacInnes
 * 20) Coliphage

Coll

 * 1) Collaboration products
 * 2) Collaboration software
 * 3) Collaborative browsing
 * 4) Collaborative CRM
 * 5) Collagen disease
 * 6) Collapsed backbone
 * 7) Collating sequence
 * 8) Collator
 * 9) Collect
 * 10) Collective farm
 * 11) Collective Model
 * 12) Collector
 * 13) College of Physicians and Surgeons
 * 14) College of William and Mary in Virginia
 * 15) Colleges and universities
 * 16) Collegia Pietatis
 * 17) Colletia
 * 18) Collimated
 * 19) Collision Coefficient
 * 20) Collision Integral
 * 21) Collisionless Atmosphere
 * 22) Colloidal crystals
 * 23) Colloidal plant substance gum
 * 24) Collomia
 * 25) Collotype

Coloc-Colon

 * 1) Colocation
 * 2) Colomb-Béchar
 * 3) Colombian Abyssal Plain
 * 4) Colonel John Sartoris
 * 5) Colonel W. de Basil
 * 6) Colonial architecture
 * 7) Colonial Development Acts
 * 8) Colonial preference
 * 9) Colonna

Color

 * 1) Color (quantum mechanics)

Color b-Color m

 * 1) Color bits
 * 2) Color calibration
 * 3) Color centers
 * 4) Color correction
 * 5) Color cycling
 * 6) Color difference
 * 7) Color Excess
 * 8) Color filter
 * 9) Color Force
 * 10) Color gamut
 * 11) Color graphics
 * 12) Color key
 * 13) Color laser printer
 * 14) Color lookup table animation
 * 15) Color lookup table
 * 16) Color management system
 * 17) Color map
 * 18) Color mode
 * 19) Color monitor

Color p..

 * 1) Color palette
 * 2) Color plasma
 * 3) Color printer
 * 4) Color resolution
 * 5) Color sampling
 * 6) Color separation
 * 7) Color space conversion
 * 8) Color space
 * 9) Color table
 * 10) Color-field painting

Colora-Colors

 * 1) Colorado River storage project
 * 2) Coloration
 * 3) ColorSpan

Colos-Colou

 * 1) Colossal Order
 * 2) Colossians
 * 3) Colotomic Structure
 * 4) Colour Centre
 * 5) Colour Index (petrology)
 * 6) Colour Music
 * 7) Colour-Magnitude Diagram

Colt-Coly

 * 1) Colt's-foot
 * 2) Colter
 * 3) Colton
 * 4) Columbia College
 * 5) Columbia Plateau
 * 6) Columbia River (Canada and the United States)
 * 7) Columbia sheep
 * 8) Columbiad
 * 9) Columbian Exposition
 * 10) Columbine (botany)
 * 11) Columbine (the commedia dell'arte)
 * 12) Columbus O'd Iselin
 * 13) Column Density
 * 14) Column Mass Density
 * 15) Column move
 * 16) Column Number Density
 * 17) Colutea arborescens
 * 18) Colville River (United States)
 * 19) Coly


text:
User:Teddymicro

teddymicrois a online writer. He favors in history articles.

title: User:Teddymicro


text:
Olivier Basselin

Olivier Basselin ; c. 1400; was a French poet.

Life
He was born in the Val-de-Vire in Normandy about the end of the 14th century. He was by occupation a fuller, and tradition still points out the site of his mill. His drinking songs became famous under the name of Vaux-de-Vire, corrupted in modern times into "vaudeville." From various traditions, it may be gathered that Basselin was killed in the English wars about the middle of the century, possibly at the Battle of Formigny (1450).

Literary legacy
At the beginning of the 17th century a collection of songs was published by a Norman lawyer, Jean Le Houx, purporting to be the work of Olivier Basselin. There seems to be very little doubt that Le Houx was himself the author of the songs attributed to Basselin, as well as of those he acknowledged as his own.

It has been suggested that Basselin's name may be safely connected with some songs preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, and published at Caen in 1866 by M. Armand Gasté. The question is discussed in M.V. Patard's La Vérité dans la question Olivier Basselin et Jean le Houx à propos du Vau-de-Vire (1897). Gasté's edition (1875) of the Vaux-de-Vire was translated (1885) by James Patrick Muirhead.

A poem by Henry Longfellow entitled "Oliver Basselin", first published in 1858 along with "The Courtship of Miles Standish", memorializes Basselin and his songs as outliving the baron, knights and abbot of his time since, quoting from the poem, "the poets memory here, of the landscape makes a part: Like the river swift and clear flows through many a heart:..."

title: Olivier Basselin


text:
Wikipedia:Leftist Parties and Movements Collaboration of the Week/Featured

Here will be listed past LPMCOTWs, which evolved into Featured articles.


text: Template:UK-mil-stub

title: Template:UK-mil-stub


text:
Ruth Underwood

Ruth Underwood (born Ruth Komanoff; May 23, 1946) is an American musician best known for playing xylophone, marimba, vibraphone, and other percussion instruments in Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention. She collaborated with the Mothers of Invention from 1968 to 1977.

Life and career
Underwood began her music training in the classical tradition, studying both at Ithaca College under Warren Benson and at Juilliard under Saul Goodman (timpani) and Morris Goldenberg (percussion). Throughout 1967, she kept a regular attendance at the Garrick Theater in New York City when Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention were the resident band. This resulted in her association with Zappa, beginning in December 1967.

Oh, I was probably one of those rather stiff people from the suburbs – I think some of us did understand, and we kept coming back for more, and more, and more. I remember being very upset when they finally finished their stint at the Garrick Theatre and went back to L.A. I felt as if the real heart had gone out of New York City, and I had to get back on with my conservatory music training life, which seemed very dull after this.

In May 1969 she married keyboardist/saxophonist Ian Underwood, a fellow Zappa musician. They divorced in 1986. Professionally she used both her birth name, Ruth Komanoff, and her married name.

Underwood performed in more than 30 recordings with Zappa or Mothers. Examples of her virtuosity can be heard on tracks including the "Rollo Interior interlude" from "St. Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast" on the Apostrophe (') album (1974). Other work is documented on Roxy & Elsewhere (1974) and on "Inca Roads", the opening track on One Size Fits All (1975). Underwood can be heard (though not seen) in the soundtrack of the Zappa movie 200 Motels (1971), and the Dub Room Special DVD (1982), which includes performances from the KCET Special A Token Of His Extreme. She also features in the film of the Roxy performances (2015).

During the 1970s, Underwood collaborated in recording sessions for a small number of other performers, most notably with the band Ambrosia, composer Jasun Martz, and jazz keyboardist George Duke, the last also a veteran of Zappa's bands. Underwood was the drummer with a rock group named the Hamilton Face Band during 1969, appearing on their recordings released by Philips Records and Bell Records.

By some accounts, she retired from performing by 1982, concentrating instead on her family.

In a 1993 interview she revealed that she played on one final session for Zappa shortly before his death from cancer in December of that year.

A couple of years ago, when I heard that Frank was ill, I called him up. For 14 years we had no contact at all. He invited me to the house and we enjoyed some really nice visits with each other. Last June ('93) he called and asked if he could sample some of my stuff. I was shocked because I hadn't touched a pair of mallets since March of '77. I ended up practicing for 14 hours, which was all the time I could get together in the context of my life now. I spent four days at Frank's house sampling. This was really a miracle for me – that I could be reunited with him and still have something to offer.

In 2008, she commissioned Gordon Stout to write a work for the percussion ensemble Nexus.

She also features in the DVD - DC Collection: Vol. 1 - The Drummers Of Frank Zappa (2009) with Terry Bozzio, Ralph Humphrey, Chester Thompson and Chad Wackerman.

She is the mother of two children, both musicians. She resides in Los Angeles.

Frank Zappa

 * Uncle Meat  (1969)
 * 200 Motels (1971)
 * Over-Nite Sensation  (1973)
 * Apostrophe (')  (1974)
 * Roxy & Elsewhere (1974)
 * One Size Fits All  (1975)
 * Zoot Allures  (1976)
 * Zappa in New York  (1978)
 * Studio Tan  (1978)
 * Sleep Dirt  (1979)
 * Thing-Fish  (1984)
 * You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore Sampler  (1988)
 * You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1  (1988)
 * You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2  (1988)
 * You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 3  (1989)
 * You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4  (1991)
 * You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 6  (1992)
 * The Lost Episodes  (1996)
 * Läther  (1996)
 * Frank Zappa Plays the Music of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute  (1996)
 * Have I Offended Someone?  (1997)
 * The Dub Room Special (2007)
 * Wazoo (2007)
 * One Shot Deal  (2008)
 * Understanding America  (2012)
 * Road Tapes, Venue #2 (2013)
 * A Token of His Extreme Soundtrack (2013)
 * Roxy by Proxy  (2014)
 * Roxy the Soundtrack  (2015)
 * The Crux of the Biscuit  (2016)
 * Meat Light  (2016)
 * The Roxy Performances  (2018)
 * Halloween 73  (2019)
 * Zappa (2020)

The Hamilton Face Band

 * The Hamilton Face Band  (1969)
 * Ain't Got No Time  (1970)

Jasun Murtz and the Neoteric Orchestra

 * The Pillory (1978)

George Duke

 * I Love The Blues She Heard My Cry  (1975)
 * Liberated Fantasies  (1976)
 * My Soul: The Complete MPS Fusion Recordings  (2008)

Billy Cobham

 * Inner Conflicts  (1978)

Ambrosia

 * Somewhere I've Never Travelled  (1976)

Alphonso Johnson

 * Yesterday's Dreams (1976)

Eye to Eye

 * Eye to Eye  (1982)

Jasun Martz/The Neoteric Orchestra

 * The Pillory  (1981)

Malcolm McNab

 * Exquisite  (2006)

Movie appearances

 * Zappa
 * Roxy: The Movie
 * 200 Motels
 * Baby Snakes
 * The Dub Room Special
 * The Amazing Mr. Bickford
 * Video From Hell
 * The True Story of Frank Zappa's 200 Motels
 * A Token of His Extreme

title: Ruth Underwood


text:
1957 in art

Events from the year 1957 in art.

Events

 * April 19 – Picasso is introduced by American photographer David Douglas Duncan to his dachshund Lump who becomes Picasso's companion and subject in paintings.
 * May 17 – First known instance of a chimpanzee (Congo) painting. His mentor Desmond Morris organises an exhibition of chimpanzee art at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London.
 * Hungarian National Gallery opens in Buda Castle, Budapest.
 * Gruppe SPUR, an artistic collaboration, is founded in Germany.
 * Chicago's Lithuanian community opens the Čiurlionis Art Gallery.
 * John Lennon enrols at Liverpool College of Art where he will meet Stuart Sutcliffe.
 * Man Ray's Object to Be Destroyed (1923) is destroyed
 * Three new neo-grotesque sans-serif typefaces are released: Folio (designed by Konrad Bauer and Walter Baum), Neue Haas Grotesk (designed by Max Miedinger) and Univers (designed by Adrian Frutiger); all will be influential in the International Typographic Style of graphic design.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: Ivor Hele – Self Portrait
 * John Moores Painting Prize: Jack Smith – Creation and Crucifixion

Exhibitions

 * January – Yves Klein – Proposte Monochrome, Epoca Blu ("Proposition Monochrome; Blue Epoch"), Gallery Apollinaire, Milan.

Works

 * Jean Arp – Evocation of a Form: Human, Lunar, Spectral (cast bronze)
 * Maurice Boitel – The Hens
 * Paul-Émile Borduas – Étoile noire
 * Arthur Boyd – Dreaming Bridegroom 1
 * Yves Klein – Aerostatic Sculpture (Paris).
 * L. S. Lowry – Man Lying on a Wall; Portrait of Ann
 * Isamu Noguchi – Endless Coupling
 * Pablo Picasso – Las Meninas
 * Charles Sheeler – Red Against White
 * Clyfford Still – 1957-D No. 1

Births

 * January 27 – Frank Miller, American comic-book artist
 * April 3 – Yves Chaland, French cartoonist (d. 1990)
 * May 4 – John Akomfrah, Ghanaian-born British filmmaker
 * July 31 – Martin Jennings, English figurative sculpture
 * August 7 – Mark Bagley, American comic-book artist
 * August 9 – Rick Leonardi, American comic-book illustrator
 * August 28 – Ai Weiwei, Chinese installation artist
 * October 16 – Jim Hodges, American installation artist
 * November 18 – Ernst Billgren, Swedish sculptor
 * November 26 – Félix González-Torres, Cuban artist (d. 1996)
 * undated
 * Bill Barker, American Schwa conceptual artist
 * Mike Bernard, English painter and multi-media artist
 * Wang Jiujiang, Chinese neo-shan shui artist

Deaths

 * January 1 – Óscar Domínguez, Spanish painter (b. 1906)
 * January 13? – Saishū Onoe, Japanese poet and calligrapher (b. 1876)
 * January 17 – Jože Plečnik, Slovene architect (b. 1872)
 * January 20 – John Minton, English painter and illustrator (suicide) (b. 1917)
 * February 4 – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican painter and caricaturist (b. 1904)
 * February 11 – Gwen Raverat, English wood engraver (b. 1885)
 * February 14 – Emanuel Hahn, German Canadian sculptor (b. 1881)
 * March 16 – Constantin Brâncuși, Romanian-born sculptor (b. 1876)
 * March 28 – Jack Butler Yeats, Irish painter and illustrator (b. 1871)
 * March 23 – Andrzej Wróblewski, Polish figurative painter (mountaineering accident) (b. 1927)
 * May 14 – Marie Vassilieff, Russian-born painter (b. 1884)
 * May 18 – Bruce Rogers, American book designer and typographer (b. 1870)
 * June 12 – Mario Urteaga Alvarado, Peruvian painter (b. 1875)
 * July 7 – Kiyoshi Koishi, Japanese photographer (b. 1908)
 * August 2 – Lasar Segall, Lithuanian-born Brazilian Jewish painter (b. 1891)
 * August 15 – C. T. Loo, Chinese-born art dealer (b. 1880)
 * August 19 – David Bomberg, English painter (b. 1890)
 * September 13 – Adam Emory Albright, American painter of figures in landscapes (b. 1862)
 * September 26 – Pompeo Coppini, Italian American sculptor (b. 1870)
 * October 11 – René Auberjonois, Swiss Post-Impressionist painter (b. 1872)
 * October 15 – Henry van de Velde, Belgian-born painter, architect and designer, a founder of the Art Nouveau movement (b. 1863)
 * October 24 – Christian Dior, French fashion designer (b. 1905)
 * November 2 – Mahonri Young, American sculptor (d. 1877)
 * November 20 – Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, Russian-born graphic artist (b. 1875)
 * November 24 – Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (b. 1886)
 * November 30 – Paja Jovanović, a leading Serbian Realist painter (along with Đorđe Krstić and Uroš Predić) (b. 1859)
 * December 14 – Josef Lada, Czech illustrator and painter (b. 1887)
 * December 15 – Heinrich Hoffmann, German propaganda photographer (b. 1885)

title: 1957 in art


text:
And the Glass Handed Kites

And the Glass Handed Kites is the fourth studio album by Danish band Mew, released in the United Kingdom on 19 September 2005, and in the United States on 25 July 2006.

Overview
And the Glass Handed Kites was composed as a single continuous suite. Critics have likened the album to one long song due to the tracks' unnoticed transitions.

And the Glass Handed Kites' sound has been compared to Sigur Rós, Dinosaur Jr., Ride, and progressive rock.

And the Glass Handed Kites peaked at number 2 on Denmark's Tracklisten. Four singles were released for the album: "Apocalypso", "Special", "Why Are You Looking Grave?" and "The Zookeeper's Boy". Despite originally not having been released as a single, the track "The Zookeeper's Boy" gained massive popularity with the biggest radio station in Denmark, P3, reaching number 1 on the radio's Tjeklisten charts from 9 October 2005 through 6 November 2005. The track was voted "Hit of the Year" by Gaffa readers, with another Mew song ("Special") coming in second. "The Zookeeper's Boy" was later released as a single in 2006.

The Japanese bonus track, "Shiroi Kuchibiruno Izanai" is an alternate version of "White Lips Kissed" with the lyrics and title translated into Japanese.

Reception
And the Glass Handed Kites has been well received by critics. James Christopher Monger of AllMusic gave the album a positive review, writing "Fans of OK Computer-era Radiohead, My Bloody Valentine, and Disintegration-era Cure will find And the Glass Handed Kites one of the most breathtaking things to come along since the dawn of the dream pop/post-punk genres themselves." Drowned in Sound's Jordan Dowling also gave And the Glass Handed Kites a positive review, writing "If you are looking for an album that you can put on for a couple minutes to fill time then you'd do better to look elsewhere, but if you want to be transported to an ethereal demi-world stuck between real life and dreams then ensure you purchase this. A masterpiece of overstated proportions, which is the greatest concept of all." Pitchfork reviewer Nitsuh Abebe praised the album's epic feel and called the album "a terrific accomplishment". The same website also criticized the album cover, naming it one of the worst album covers of 2006.

In a more mixed review, Conrad Amenta of Cokemachineglow.com wrote "The real shame is that on this album... the songs become secondary to the gesture. They are denied a sense of finality or, in And the Glass Handed Kite's case, are sometimes deprived of an ending altogether." Amenta concluded: "The band does have the musical ability, their songs are reasonably well constructed, and the melodies are there. It’s only the ridiculous costume of importance they wear so self-consciously that’ll keep them from ever joining the party."

The album has won several music prizes in Denmark, including four Danish Music Awards. Gaffa named And the Glass Handed Kites the best Danish album of 2005. The album also helped Mew win awards outside of Denmark, with the band winning the 2005 MTV Europe Music Award for Best Danish Act. Pitchfork Media ranked the song "The Zookeeper's Boy" #92 on its list of the top 100 tracks of 2006.

Personnel
The following people contributed to And the Glass Handed Kites:

Mew

 * Jonas Bjerre – electric guitar, piano, harmonium, synthesizers, vocals
 * Bo Madsen – electric guitar
 * Johan Wohlert – bass, guitar
 * Silas Utke Graae Jørgensen – drums, percussion

Additional personnel

 * Lasse Mauritzen – french horn on tracks 2, 3, 14
 * J Mascis – additional vocals on track 3, additional background vocals on track 10
 * Bo Rande – flugelhorn (tracks 2, 3), trumpet (tracks 13, 14)
 * Rebecca Stark – soprano vocals on tracks 2, 8
 * Damon Tutunjian – additional guitar on track 5
 * Boys' choir on track 13
 * Mathias Aagaard Christensen
 * Frederik Peter Jakobsen
 * Niklas Emil De Fries
 * Frederik Stadager Larsen
 * Gaël Amzalag – photography
 * Kevin Bacon – mixing
 * Michael Beinhorn – engineer, producer
 * Jonnie Blackburn – A&R
 * Frank Filipetti – engineer
 * Pete Jackson – management
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Alan McGee – management
 * M/M Paris – art direction and design
 * Mads Nørgård – engineer
 * Jonathan Quarmby – mixing
 * Felipe Tichauer – engineer

title: And the Glass Handed Kites


text:
Talk:Fuchs

Descriptions in German
Two thirds of the names here have explanations in German, hardly any of them has their own article. Are they worth translating and keeping?   20:01, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Still uncertain
Lots of questions occur to me whenever I have a look at this page. Why is there a Werner Fuchs disambiguation page if there isn't a single Werner Fuchs? Why should a funeral director (Josef Fuchs) have his own article? What the hell is a "kurbayerischer Kriegskommissär" (Matthias Ägydius Fuchs)? And which Thomas Fuchs wrote The Mechanization of the Heart: Harvey and Descartes (2001), which was obviously translated by Marjorie Grene? < K F >  12:10, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

from German-English translation requests

 * Worth doing because:
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 04:10, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Status:
 * Comments: I don't understand what's being requested here. de:Fuchs is a disambiguation page, which corresponds to Fuchs. Are you asking for Fox to be expanded on the basis of a translation of de:Fuchs (Säugetier)? Or for Red Fox to be expanded on the basis of a translation of de:Rotfuchs? Or what? Angr/ talk 19:34, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, some of the short descriptions were in German. They are all in English now, so I guess this job has been completed. < K  F >  00:09, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fuchs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Selakovic

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Stefan Selakovic. Jitse Niesen (talk) 00:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Selakovic
Moved from Pages needing translation into English:
 * Probably Serbian, but in Roman alphabet. Apparently an article about a last name, has a link to a genealogy page, so probably not worth keeping, but I'm listing it here to get input from someone who can actually read it. --Angr/undefined 21:00, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is indeed Serbian. I agree it's not worth keeping; it discusses the origins of the family name Selakovic and it's frequency in Serbia. Denis Kasak 23:26, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

End moved text
 * Delete -- Jmabel | Talk 20:01, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Normally I would make a disambiguaion, but Wikipedia only has one person named Selakovic (Stefan Selakovic). Punkmorten 21:58, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; thanks Denis! --Angr/undefined 05:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Stefan Selakovic. No-brainer. —Cryptic (talk) 07:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Textbook/to do

 * Textbooks in Canada
 * Textbooks as tools of propaganda and racism
 * Textbooks in China
 * Textbook in Japan
 * Textbooks in Europe
 * Japanese history textbook controversies

title: Talk:Textbook/to do


text:
1974 Arab League summit

The 1974 Arab League summit was a meeting of the Arab League held in Rabat, Morocco, in October 1974. Leaders of twenty Arab countries were present, including King Hussein of Jordan and Anwar Sadat of Egypt, together with representatives of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

A unanimous resolution was passed, which, for the first time, declared the PLO to be the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". Furthermore, the Arab League resolved that the "oil-rich Arab states ... [provide] multi-annual financial aid to the [states in confrontation with Israel] and the PLO."

The summit shaped the future of the conflict in several ways. First, it forced King Hussein of Jordan to relinquish his claim to be able to speak for the Palestinians and to acknowledge that a future Palestinian state would have to be independent of Jordan. Second, it weakened the position of the United States, whose secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, preferred Hussein over the PLO.

A Fatah plot to assassinate Hussein upon his arrival to the summit was uncovered by Moroccan Authorities.

title: 1974 Arab League summit


text: Template:Possible LPMCOTW

title: Template:Possible LPMCOTW


text:
Westley

Westley may refer to:

People

 * Westley Allan Dodd (1961–1993), American serial killer
 * Westley Sissel Unseld (1946–2020), American professional basketball player, coach and executive
 * William Westley Guth (1871–1929), American attorney, Methodist minister, and academic
 * William Westley Richards (1789–1865), British firearms manufacturer
 * David Westley (born 1974), former professional rugby league footballer
 * Tom Westley (born 1989), English professional cricketer
 * Westley Moore (born 1978), American politician, banker, and author

Places

 * Westley Waterless, a small village and civil parish in East Cambridgeshire, England
 * Westley, California, a census-designated place in Stanislaus County, California
 * Westley, Suffolk, a village and civil parish in the St Edmundsbury district of Suffolk in eastern England

Fictional characters

 * Westley, a character from the 1973 fantasy romance novel The Princess Bride by William Goldman and the 1987 film adaptation

title: Westley


text: Category:Leftist Parties and Movements COTW candidates


text:
Talk:Celtic cross

Re old stuff, now gone
I would like some precisions about 2 affirmations : << Though other explanations of the Christian combination of circle and cross have been made, it should be noted that the "Celtic" cross is rare outside the former extent of Odin's cult. >>
 * It should be precised the extent of Odin's cult ! In Ireland ? Certainly not in Britanny (despite Vikings' raids), where there are numerous Celtic crosses. And numerous "sun crosses" can be found in south of France and Hiberia.

<< A form of this symbol [sun cross] – with the arms of the cross extended beyond the perimeter of the circle – was adopted by Christians who often extended the lower arm in the manner of a Christian cross. >>
 * Is it any proof of this "adoption" ? Or is it stated because a close representation ? Such a simple symbol may have different origins, no connected. When the Christian cross was held in Ireland, it was the Latin cross (lower arm extended). In an other way, we can say there are crosses in circles before the Christian era, but can we state a link ? In my opinion, the Christian cross come from the cross where Jesus died, and then adapted to various representations, which was easy with such an elementary symbol. Gwalarn 20:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Navigational Use
I moved the following text to this page. It looks like OR unsupported by any other researcher, and there are a number of missing facts: which instrument?, how was is it used?, was it actually used?

 * According to a theory by Crichton Miller, a Scottish researcher, the celtic cross, or rather the instrument that bears remarkable resemblance to celtic cross could have been used by Egyptian and European civilizations for nautical navigation. Depending on the size of the cross, it could allow to determine the geographical position on Earth to within 3 miles.

BillC 09:00, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

The celtic cross is present in Romania in popular art from a very long time.Radys 11:35, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

cross/rood
Is this bit about the word 'cross' coming from vikings definite, only i thought i remembered reading somewhere that it had come from irish..? I remember the book in question saying that the two words were both used for a while and i think it was cited as one of the few irish/celtic? words to be adopted into english... I may be wrong it was a long time ago and I cant even remember the book title!

I was always under the impression that the word cross came from Norse 'Kors', meaning cross. 91.105.157.243 (talk) 15:45, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Pre-Christian
I added a reference to the pre-Christian origins (or symbolism of the celtic cross) as an example the Callanish Stones on the isle of Lewis. It was constructed 3000BC and is celtic cross shaped. If anyone knows of another example please feel free to add. .Celtic Harper 10:10, 25th July 2006 (UTC)

Should it perhaps also be noted that the general design of the temple at newgrange is essentially a celtic cross (which dates to 3200BC)?

 * I don't think you can call the design of a temple as a celtic cross, it has to do more with the knot work and the portrayal of a symbol on objects.... I don't know, Find a source that calls it one.SADADS (talk) 02:32, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Celtic cross and high cross
What are the differences between the Celtic cross and the High cross? Should both article be merged? If not, why? Thank you David Latapie (✒ | @) 10:23, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The Celtic cross may originate in the High cross, but it may not, and is clearly not always high now. The High cross may not be entirely Celtic, having been crafted on occasion (in the Isle of Man and elsewhere) by Christianised Vikings and others. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Celtic Lion
Hey just wondering about the celtic lion compared with the english lions... if any....

thanks!

 * Not as obvious, clearly, for starters. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Origins
I recently heard a contemporary historian of the Iona Community alleging that the Celtic cross originates there, and that the addition of the circle had a technical role in strengthening crosses of unprecedented stature (see High cross). The theory is plausible, but perhaps we also shouldn't lose sight of the fact that the Celtic cross also resembles a crosshair, a skeletal horoscope, as well as an archaic theta, perhaps therefore evocative of theos - as well as the eternal circle symbolism (and the design of a helmet with reinforcing crosspieces which proved decisive in ancient battle). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Cross nowy
In heraldry the celtic cross is known as the cross nowy (from the old French for 'knotted').
 * "noué", knotted Gwalarn (talk) 15:26, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Political symbol
Too much is uncited. In my opinion, it is nonsense as well. If cites can be found, it can stand, otherwise it goes. Google "Celtic cross nationalist" and this article turns up first. patsw (talk) 22:15, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

the article that had been linked explicitly said that the celtic cros WAS NOT banned in Germany despite it's extremist use, because it was too commonplace.

You are correct (see p. 179 in the linked pdf of the reference). Thus I changed it.RoastDack (talk) 02:03, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Ankh???????
While the conjecture that the Celtic Cross may have its origins in the Ankh of the Coptic chursh is interesting, it is wrong to overlook the more obvious connection to the Sun Cross, a symbol long associated with the Celts. The obvious fusion of traditions of the Christian Cross and the fact that the ancient Irish were sun worshipers with common religious themes of death and resurection are a much more plausible explanation then the leap of intellect to associate the Celtic Cross with the Ankh. Usually the simplest explanation is right, and I wouldn't ascribe too much to a similarity or accident of geometry.

Original version v Christian version
People seem to be confusing the original Celtic cross with the Celtic Christian cross. As the article points out, the Celtic cross is pre-Christian in origin. This is the original version (notice the arms of equal length) and this is the Christian version (notice the bottom arm is longer than the rest). The Christian version was often (but not always) used for high crosses. ~Asarlaí 15:12, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * How common was the pre-Christian circle cross?Rakovsky (talk) 01:11, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * What source do we have that distinguishes? SADADS (talk) 17:47, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, it's an indisputable fact that this symbol is pre-Christian, and this symbol did not appear until Europe was Christianized. The latter is always used in a Christian context. Hence, the former is the 'original' version and the latter is the 'Christian' version. ~Asarlaí 18:09, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Could the Celtic Cross be related to the early Christian "Crown of Thorns Cross", halfway down in http://www.pravmir.ru/article_1347.html Image location: http://www.wco.ru/biblio/books/hist-cr/design/029.gif The one on this "Orthodox World Website" shows the wreath on a Russian 3 bar cross. Of course, Orthodox use regular crosses without the "three bars" too. So maybe you could have a crown of thorns cross without a 3 bar?Rakovsky (talk) 01:11, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * See note 4 etc. That both derive from Early Christian "victor's wreaths" on crosses is accepted by many scholars. Johnbod (talk) 02:36, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

fascist symbol
This usage should be mentioned in the article, I think. I just heard it on NPR. Wikipedia also says so here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_symbolism —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.125.38.175 (talk) 14:20, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I was surprised also that this wasn't listed as a use in the article. I added a ref from the ADL hate symbols handbook and a small line in other usage Ianboggs (talk) 02:29, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The mention should specify where this occurs, & bear WP:UNDUE in mind. For every fascist website using it, there are 100,000 graves & war memorials where it has no such connotation. Johnbod (talk) 04:22, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Your point is entirely moot. The swastika used to be a sacred symbol in many ancient religions and it appears in various works of art (pottery, sculpture, frescoes) from the ancient times of Greece, India & other such countries, but now it is prominently used by fascists. I understand your annoyance, but please do not complain to Wikipedia for documenting the appropriation and use of the Celtic Cross by fascists. Instead, complain to the fascists themselves - but even if the fascists pay heed to your grievance and stop using the Celtic Cross, Wikipedia will still document the usage of this symbol. We merely document things here. Thank you. Moderatelyaverage (talk) 08:07, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Banned in Germany
Quote: "In Germany, the Celtic cross was adopted by a prohibited neo-Nazi party (VSBD/PdA) but its public display was not banned by the German government" This is in strict contrast with the German wikipedia article which explicitly states that the celtic cross is banned in Germany, thereby referring to decision 0209/08 of the Supreme Court of Germany, see. Guidod (talk) 08:56, 8 May 2010 (UTC)
 * You going to find a source and fix it? Sadads (talk) 11:24, 8 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The reference is given. Guidod (talk) 14:16, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Good catch! I was unaware of the Supreme Court ruling. However, I downloaded it, and translated it using Babelfish (my German is not very fluent). Here is what it said:

''"The ambiguity of the Keltenkreuzes, which was not only in representative arrangement emblem of the forbidden VSBD/PdA, but also as harmless symbol, in particular in culturalhistorical or religious being connected although to that extent rather rarely as representative indication - is used, can in the opinion the senate not thereby calculation are carried that the applicability § 86 A of the StGB is limited in cases, in which the representative Keltenkreuz a concrete purchase for the forbidden organization exhibits. A restricting of the criminal offence existence in such a way made would run that far strained protection purpose of the standard contrary and would offer in particular to supporters of the VSBD/PdA various possibilities of establishing the representative Keltenkreuz unpunished again as symbol of the forbidden combination in the public life. This danger can effectively only by a general prohibition of the use of the representative Keltenkreuzes in the public are met.

"Exceptions of this principle are valid however in continuation of the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court to the condition-conformal design § for 86 A of the StGB if the outside circumstances of the use of the symbol clearly devoted that the protection purpose § of the StGB does not affect 86 A, thus the symbol is used obviously in a harmless connection."''

It seems the second paragraph says that it may be OK if it is clearly being used for religious purposes.RoastDack (talk) 15:50, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

If I may ask, what of a person with a Celtic Cross tattoo travels to Germany where the sign is banned. Is the person going to get arrested for it? Norum 06:27, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

One of the worst, poorly researched, misleading wiki posts ever. Any attempt to tie the Celtic Cross to Neo-Nazism demonstrates a complete and absolute ignorance of history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.76.158.47 (talk) 04:17, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

One of the worst, poorly researched, misleading wiki posts ever. Any attempt to tie the Celtic Cross to Neo-Nazism demonstrates a complete and absolute ignorance of history —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.76.158.47 (talk) 04:20, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

There are millions of graves and memorials using the Celtic Cross. It has zero relationship to fascism. The only tie is a deliberate attempt to mislead and turn millions of innocent Christians into something they are not. Ask yourself who would want to do such a thing? btw-Hitler was very much anti-Religion/anti-Christianity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.76.158.47 (talk) 04:28, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Whether you like it or not, Wikipedia documents facts - and it is a fact that neo-nazi groups have taken over several ancient religious symbols. I recommend taking your grievance to them instead of Wikipedia. Then again, it's a lot safer to complain to a bunch of people who try to compose an encyclopedia than confronting racist thugs. Moderatelyaverage (talk) 20:59, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

"British Isles"
I'd like to remind editors and potential editors of this article about WP:NPOV and WP:SOAP when it comes to the term British Isles. As much as some groups (governments included) and individuals may find the term British Isles distasteful when applied to "these islands" - it remains the case that the term has applied to these islands for far longer than have ideas like a united Ireland, or even a United Kingdom. The term itself comes, through Greek and Latin, from the original Celtic name for the islands. I can't say I'm exactly happy with the term, but NPOV and SOAP dictate I keep my views out of the articles and stick to the facts. Obviuously, this is open for discussion and I'm no dictator, but it seems fairly clear-cut to me. Jack of Many (talk) 04:14, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

Celtic cross ?
The expression "Celtic cross" for crosses outside Ireland and a part of Great-Britain is clearly abusive (except those imitated from there). The French examples are not Celtic crosses (and there are less in Brittany than in Normandy or in Limousin) and the Galician crosses too. There are crosses with nimbus, but not Celtic crosses, the Celtic crosses are a kind of crosses with nimbus. They correspond to an evolution of the discoidal slabs we can find everywhere. Just a look on this well-made site http://sgdelestaing.pagesperso-orange.fr/index.htm. Regards Nortmannus (talk) 20:03, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Look at this, everybody is Celtic probably http://www.entrelacs-knots.net/les-formes/les-entrelacs-g%C3%A9om%C3%A9triques/les-4-feuilles-4f/ and this http://www.flickr.com/photos/49792992@N02/4598925871/ Genova Italy. Nortmannus (talk) 20:18, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Or the Saint-Maur cross. Saint Maur was Italian http://www.assomption.org/Presentations/CroixDeSaintMaur.htm RegardsNortmannus (talk) 20:48, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

Hi, very interesting, indeed. As long as I know, and I am speaking of Spain and of the Iberian peninsula, these Galician interlaced crosses are unique, thought I wouldn't be much surprised if they were to be found in Asturias or in northern Castille. On the origin of its use, well, the oldest known are to be found in Romanesque churches, so they can have reached Galicia from beyond the Pirinees (but then, we would expect to find them also in Castille), or even directly from the British isles, maybe with the Britons migrants who established in northern Galicia in the 6th century, or later. Cheers.--Froaringus (talk) 15:09, 17 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree we are probably using the term too widely in the historic sections, especially for crosses without open sections in the quadrants. However in modern English usage these might well be described as "Celtic" in form. We need to distinguish more carefully between similar but maybe not really related, or loosely related, styles. The actual Insular Celtic form has been very widely adopted for monuments over the world since the Celtic Revival, but earlier versions like the one illustrated from Estonia, are probably not really related, except via the Byzantine world, where the motif seems to have originated. Johnbod (talk) 12:05, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi Froaringus and Johnbod, we must be prudent with such "historical" comparisons. Why would have the Britons imported this very specific Galician type of cross in Galicia, where they did not import the Brythonic language and why did they not import it in Britanny where they imported their language (that is to say a bigger influence in Britanny) ? May be is there an influence from monks from the British Isles and Britanny, but we must define it precisely. This type of cross in Galicia is more likely a local development from cross patterns from different countries, different traditions and the result of different influences. There are to many similarities in the sort of flower-shaped design of the Galician crosses with the Basque steles (f.e; itxassou stele) and many decorative elements we can find at the romanesque churches in the southwest of France (see f.e. Esnandes in Saintonge for the interlacings and Marolles further to the north, etc.) and there is one point that should be mentioned : the Celtic crosses are high crosses, that is not the case of the Galician crosses, that are short in the tradition of the southwestern steles, never high crosses. The German article is much better done as far as I can jugde the text.Regards.Nortmannus (talk) 09:53, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Nationalist use
I would be grateful for other editors views on whether or not the section titled "Nationalist use" should be changed. A unregistered IP user with a poor edit warring record has twice changed the sub-head and text to "Neo-Nazi", including a spelling error to "Neo-nazist". I have reverted these edits as I feel the wording Nationalist is more neutral. Would other editors care to comment? David J Johnson (talk) 17:53, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Nationalism is not neutral, it's simply far too broad a term. See List of nationalist organizations. | Celtic crosses are used by 'white' nationalist groups, not nationalists in general. One revert is not edit warring. The fact that I'm "A [ sic ] unregistered IP user" is irrelevant. 79.97.226.247 (talk) 20:42, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
 * White nationalism ? You can't just say "nationalists" without saying which. Who does actually use the symbol, and where? I suspect use is very local and small-scale. Johnbod (talk) 18:59, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

Modern 'Celtic Crosses'
I suggest moving the lower part of this article to a new article named 'Cross and circle symbols', as these are certainly not Celtic Crosses. A Celtic Cross has one of it's four parts longer than the other three - the lower vertical part which holds the cross in the ground. A Celtic Cross also has Christian conotations; the ones at the bottom of the article do not. Llywelyn2000 (talk) 11:34, 6 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Would agree with that - certainly, every cross with a nimbus cannot be referred to as a "Celtic cross". Hohenloh + 15:31, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Tell that to Cadw! Johnbod (talk) 01:51, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Sections on Nationalist Usage and Zodiac Killer Are Inappropriate to this Article
I suggest that the sections entitled "Nationalist Usage" and "Zodiac Killer" should be moved to the article on Sun Crosses. There is no basis, other than the similarity in shape to conflate the main topic of Celtic Crosses discussed in this article with these two topics. White Supremacists groups, like the Nazi's before them, are attempting to tap into the Wagnerian Nordic myth and thus the use of an "Odin's Cross". The image on the flag showing a cross with arms of equal length and proportionate to the circle is not a representation of a Celtic cross. As the article states, no one knows why the Zodiac killer used a circle and cross symbol to sign his letters, so why then should we imply by its inclusion in this article that the killer was attempting to tie in to the image of a Celtic cross? The killer could have just as easily been trying to use the Astronomical symbol for the planet Earth or even Venus.

A reference source such as Wiki should take great care and be conservative in conflating topics and thereby creating correlations that are not substantiated. Ncosgrov (talk) 16:22, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Agree. Hohenloh + 17:01, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is: there are a number of very good sources supporting the titling of these symbols as a celtic cross (the ADL points this out http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/hate-on-display/c/celtic-cross.html#.U7LOLXWx3UY). I think being more explicit about the difference between the intention and usage by hate groups, and the actual heritage of the symbol (again per http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/hate-on-display/c/celtic-cross.html#.U7LOLXWx3UY ). I have removed the Zodiac killer discussion: its not pertinent. Sadads (talk) 17:12, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

 * There may be many resources but they are incorrect, in fairness there is enough similarity in shape to lead to a misunderstanding for someone who is not familiar with the Celtic Cross. The image on the flag shown is not a Celtic cross: by definition a Celtic cross has a pronounced lower vertical; it is a Latin Cross conjoined with a circle. It is very clear with the red banner, white circle and black symbol that the group using it is trying to make a Germanic, not a Celtic, connection. The symbol on the flag with equal length cross arms is definitely a variant of a sun cross, specifically the Germanic Odin's (or Woton's) Cross, and those would be the proper article to associate it . Ncosgrov (talk) 21:24, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Nevertheless: Verifiability,_not_truth. Its not about whether or not the meaning or assertions are true, its about whether sources say that connection exists. I would rewrite the section about hate groups, with the caveat noted by the ADL, about groups calling them "celtic crosses" but likely having a connection to the other form of cross (here is the quote that I am focused on: "Although usually called a Celtic Cross by white supremacists, its origins date to the pre-Christian "sun cross" or "wheel cross" in ancient Europe. Norwegian Nazis used a version of the symbol in the 1930s and 1940s. After World War II, a variety of white supremacist groups and movements adopted the symbol.") We need to be noting the caveat around the name "celtic cross" even, when its not actually derived from it. Sadads (talk) 21:34, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem I am having here is that you are citing a very credible source but not capturing the great pains of that source, the ADL, is taking to prevent the conflation of a true Celtic Cross with what White Supremacist (not "Nationalists" as you title your paragraph) misidentify as a "celtic cross". The key is the very section you quote "Although usually called a Celtic Cross by white supremacists, its origins date to the pre-Christian "sun cross" or "wheel cross" in ancient Europe." Your source is actually making a strong case for it being in a separate article.  Since, per your own source the symbols have different origins and different meaning they should be in different articles.

I've removed the section. It's completely off-topic and incorrect. The symbol the white nationalists use is a sun cross. Edgespath24 (talk) 14:21, 6 October 2018 (UTC) I've made sun cross the first "see also". Edgespath24 (talk) 14:26, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

Callanish Stones reference
Someone is changing the article to ignore archaeological evidence, here is the source to prove otherwise: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_Stones#/media/File:Plan_of_the_Callanish_Stones.png

Solid evidence that is clear to the eye and sourced trumps artistic emotions and religious convictions. Please stop removing empirical evidence due to personal opinion. You can write a controversy section if you have a problem with it. Your opinion does not change the archaeological site and never will. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.162.96.135 (talk) 20:00, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

 * As I keep telling you, you need references - see WP:OR and WP:V. A stone circle accessed by processional approaches does not make a "Celtic cross" - otherwise why not add Stonehenge, and many other Neolithic sites in Europe? Johnbod (talk) 20:05, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Have to agree. I don't know what these stones have to do with this article.  Hohenloh + 19:09, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

 * There is absolutely no reliable evidence whatsoever for this "Celtic Cross" theory in relation to Callanish Stones. It is purely WP:OR and WP:V and any further contributions, without professional citations, linking this site with a later symbol will be reversed. David J Johnson (talk) 19:46, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

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Is this source credible enough?
I'm referring to "This stems from the use of the Celtic cross by Norwegian Nazis during World War II." I don't know if it's true or not, either way I feel the source is lacking.

"Norwegian Nazis used a version of the symbol in the 1930s and 1940s." This is the only information relating to the statement on the wikipedia page.

Since I'm a novice regarding editing I thought I'd at least let my opinion heard here, and let someone more experience decide.

Wiki  - Source - — Preceding unsigned comment added by Invasivart (talk • contribs) 08:42, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

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Is this source credible enough?
It seems legit, albeit biased in some ways, but I want to make sure. However, the spelling and grammar errors (along with the obvious reference to where images are supposed to be) don't seem to make this credible enough.

The "Celtic" cross is an ancient solar symbol. In Europe it predates Christianity by at least 5000 years. It was first found among Vinca culture symbols in the Balkans which were dated to the 6th and 5th millenium bc. so the common christian explanation can not be true as many believe.

Roots of the Celtic Cross

The ancient Celts were first mentioned by early Roman historians in the fifth century BC. They were warlike tribes who lived in the foothills of the Alps in southern France. They gradually expanded their territory and eventually migrated to Britain and Ireland. When we think of Irish Celtic Art, we tend to associate it with these people to arrived on our shores and brought their visual art with them. In particular, we refer to period of artistic expression after they had been Christianized during the early part of the fifth century. This Celtic art is best expressed in the iconic knotwork found in Irish Celtic crosses. muiredach celtic cross

Celtic Cross of Muiredach, found at the monastery at Monasterboice, County Louth.

The Celts believed themselves to be part of a complex natural system. Central to this system is the concept of a center or cosmic axis, imagined as an oak tree carrying mistletoe, whose branches support the canopy of heaven and the roots joining the underground world. It thus linked together three superimposed worlds: the Heavens (not the same as christian heaven), the Earth of the humans and the Underground world.

The early symbolism of The Cross

Since the fifth century The Celts have used the simplest representation of a cross, a circle and a superimposed cross, to explain the interconnectedness of the world. The cross represents the four major directions, with the circle indicating the limits of territory that surrounds the central point. The cross also suggests the movement of the sun, not only throughout the day from sunrise to sunset, but also its journey through the annual events of solstices and equinoxes.

Dragons and the Celtic Knot

Early Celtic art also incorporates the emblem of the pair of dragons. Intertwining dragons form the basis of the stylized Celtic knot we are so familiar with today. The knotwork was typically used to decorate weapons, especially sword scabbards and shields of Celtic warriors. According to an account of the Welsh Mabinogi, such dragons would have been found on Excalibur, the legendary sword of King Arthur.

Rather than subdue the pagan world the people of Ireland were won over to Christianity by adopting pagan beliefs and traditions to the new faith. Pagan springs became holy wells and pagan festivals became patterns in the Christian calendar. Even Celtic heroes evolved into Saints. Saint Brigid was a goddess of Pre-Christian Ireland, associated with the spring season, fertility, healing and poetry. The ultimate representation of the evolution of early Celtic Art into Celtic Christian art can be found in the example of the Irish Celtic High Cross. The pattern is arranged vertically with Christ figure in the center representing the connection between the heavenly, terrestrial and infernal worlds. The earliest pagan symbolism reused to represent Christianity. Saint Patrick was a clever fellow.

So to say that the Celtic Cross is Christian, seems to be a a bit untrue. but we will give you the christian version as well/ it is as follows.

Neo Nazi symbolism
It seems pretty clear to me from the discussion history on this page that there was once a time when this article documented this symbol's use in Neo Nazi/white supremacist imagery. However, the discussions do not make it clear when or why this was removed. It seems somewhat suspicious that this information was ostensibly removed without consensus. Elijah (talk) 19:13, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

 * An update: I've found the section where the resolution was reached, and I have no major disagreements. Elijah (talk) 19:14, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Where? Uchiha Itachi 25 (talk) 09:52, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:52, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
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"Novgorod cross" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Novgorod cross and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 June 13 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 18:06, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Pre Christian Origins
The Celtic Cross I believe predates Christianity, there is plenty of information online that seems to confirm this. This article clearly shows stone that have and etches cross with a circle before the birth of Christ, there are a lot more. Is there some problem with including this information? I see that this symbol has been appropriated by some nasty people is this the reason? Because you should still include truth. The Irish flag and the St Andrews Cross get appropriated every time there is a soccer tournament. I have never posted here before I was watching an Irish movie so I looked this up and Wikipedia seemed at odds with reality, if I have done something wrong please tell me.

https://irishfireside.com/2015/02/03/history-symbolism-celtic-cross/ Joncurl (talk) 19:57, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

The Celtic cross does not have pre-Christian origins
There is no findings of pagan sun wheels in the ancient Gaelic world. It therefore makes no sense to suggest that the Celtic Christian cross was based on a pre-Christian symbol that never existed.The white supremacistmversion of the symbol is also an incorrect representation as Celtoc crosses are not shaped with equal lengths like it depicts. 84.203.148.201 (talk) 22:21, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

Usage by Norwegian Nazis
"It was used by Nazis in Norway in the 1930s and 1940s" This isn't true. I'm guessing the Nazis are Nasjonal Samling, which used a Sun cross (they called it the Olaf's cross). On the sun cross page, there's even an excerpt that mentions the difference: "The Celtic wheel cross is not a sun symbol though superficially similar". Schlatters (talk) 07:42, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Celtic cross