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Talk:Rebecca Lee Crumpler

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2019 and 12 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tdiscioglu.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 10 March 2020 and 4 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kmpittman. Peer reviewers: LillianPittman, Macenzie77, Abryhiaaa.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2020 and 7 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): VOBY Sloane.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Source for NIH Proof?
Is there a link or source to prove that? Would like to see that source to confirm. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tdiscioglu (talk • contribs) 20:58, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

 * , I am not understanding your question. What needs to be checked? I have made a lot of edits to the article, checking sources to content, improving sources, etc. so I am not sure that there is still an issue, but I wanted to check in with you so I don't miss something.–CaroleHenson (talk) 22:46, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Recent edits
There are some recent edits to:
 * Remove content from infoboxes... I am not sure why, these are standard fields for infoboxes
 * The place of birth somewhere along the line had been changed to Christina, Delaware, but the source says that she was born in Delaware. To add a town or city, a source is needed.
 * There are also some unhelpful edits that are acts of vandalism.–CaroleHenson (talk) 02:09, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I found a source for her birth place.–CaroleHenson (talk) 22:47, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I also removed the image requests - there are no known photographs of Rebecca Crumpler.–CaroleHenson (talk) 22:50, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

People who have researched Dr. Crumpler know there are no known photos or images of her. The foreign language translations of this article don’t seem to know that. Is there a way to fix this? If you know how to delete photos from the translated articles please do so! Lee Price (talk) 20:18, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi ,

 * I am just seeing this. Yes, there are 12 articles in other languages. The approach would be similar to what is in the article now. See with a statement and a source.

 * Are you interested in splitting up the articles. My intention would be to translate the sentence Although no photographs or other images of Crumpler survive,[35][36] a Boston Globe article described her as "a very pleasant and intellectual woman and an indefatigable church worker. Dr. Crumpler is 59 or 60 years of age, tall and straight, with light brown skin and gray hair."[37] to the target language (and then I usually translate back again to English to see what happened / if it makes sense). Interested in dividing and conquering?–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:15, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I went to make changes in the Arabic item (first of the 12 languages) - couldn't figure out how to add citations for the content and remove the image.

 * But, I put in a request to rename the file [:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rebecca-Lee-Crumpler.jpg here]. Hopefully that will take care of it.–CaroleHenson (talk) 20:02, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I removed the file from all the pages that it was posted on.–CaroleHenson (talk) 20:41, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Atlanta
An IP user added some content that Crumpler also taught in Atlanta. I am not finding a reliable source for that. It cannot be added to other cited content where that's not covered, so I rolled back the edit here.

If anyone finds a source, I am happy to double check it is reliable and properly format the citation and language. Just leave a note here.–CaroleHenson (talk) 02:01, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

Comment about the article
This article is well written. It is informative but does not focus enough on Crumpler's life as a physician. Why is basically the same information that is in the lead restated in the body of the article? Kmpittman (talk) 22:04, 7 April 2020 (UTC)Kmpittman

 * , I am hoping to better understand you. There are four paragraphs about her career:
 * Career
 * Nursing and medical school
 * Doctor
 * Educator
 * A Book of Medical Discourses

 * Are you saying the "Doctor" section needs more info? Other? Do you have reliable secondary sources for greater detail?

 * I am confused by your comment about the Intro, which is supposed to summarize the article. What were you expecting to see there that you are not seeing - or vice versa?–CaroleHenson (talk) 23:12, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

Images
I was able to find images of Rebecca Lee Crumpler but noticed this article says none survived. Not sure what to make of that or know how to add a graphic image to a wiki article, but it bothered me that there is a picture of her husband but the article says none exist of Dr Lee Wikikatzed (talk) 19:32, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

 * I am seeing that removed the photo in the article and stated that there is not a verified photo of Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
 * In the article, there is a sentence that states that there is no surviving photo of Crumpler and this is the source, which explains who the images are believed to truly depict. See also this New York Times article. I will add that as a source to the article.–CaroleHenson (talk) 23:44, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * In the article, there is a sentence that states that there is no surviving photo of Crumpler and this is the source, which explains who the images are believed to truly depict. See also this New York Times article. I will add that as a source to the article.–CaroleHenson (talk) 23:44, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

 * See also more recent replies at .–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:16, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

homeopathy
I can find no evidence that Dr. Crumpler was trained in or practiced homeopathy. The Directory of Deceased American Physicians lists her as an “Allopath”. Homeopathy at B.U. came later. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.69.123.20 (talk) 15:16, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * There's nothing in the article that says that she practiced homeopathic medicine, just that she was influenced by it.

 * The sentence in the article is Although her primary focus was on the health of women and children, which seemed to be influenced by homeopathy, Crumpler recommended courses of treatment without stating that the treatment was homeopathic.

 * I am not able to see into the cited source, but I found, "It may be these considerations that led some to assert that important pioneers like Mary Thompson and Rebecca Crumpler, who graduated from NEFMC, were 'homeopathically trained'" here. See also "The New England Female Medical College supported the homeopathic approach to medicine here.

 * I also thought back to her aunt when reading that statement.

 * Do you have a suggested way to reword that? It would be really good to know the passage in the cited source.–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:09, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Recent edits (July 2023)
I made several edits to the article here, so I thought I would summarize where I am coming from.
 * Fairview Cemetery is actually a disambiguation page, so I changed the link to Fairview Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts). There were a lot of links to that article, I think I removed 1 or 2 links.
 * In general, there are a lot of links in the page (See MOS:OVERLINK). A lot. There still are. So, I trimmed down the multiple instances of the same links and links to common words. Perhaps the number of links could be trimmed down by only linking to the first instance (e.g., American Civil War, Boston - especially where they are relatively common words/phrases)?
 * African American does not need to be hyphenated, that's actually dated usage. See CJR style guide for race. (Even though the main article is African Americans, there are still some subordinate articles and categories with the hyphen. Perhaps a discussion for another day.)
 * This may be more of a personal preference, particularly for pages that already have a lot of links, but I find it is easier to read articles without red links... again "particularly" where there may not be sufficient notability for separate articles. For instance, I don't think there is much information published by reliable sources for articles about her husbands. See MOS:REDLINK
 * Changed freed slaves to freedmen and freedwomen, my thought process is similar to slaves-->enslaved people.
 * Edit "intense racism" to "intense racism"
 * Language for the link similar to what a reader will find: "...to a predominantly African-American community street to "... to a predominantly African American community
 * When I saw the link for "street", I thought the link would go to Street, which seems silly to link to.–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:20, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Edit "Friends of the Hyde Park Library" to "Friends of the Hyde Park Library (Hyde Park Library)" - this may be a style thing, but it looks awkward to link part of a name of something. This is my best thought at the moment to handle that. There may be another, better option.

If I have made some changes that you may think are incorrect, it would be good to know and come up with a good alternative.–CaroleHenson (talk) 18:42, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Inserted MOS:REDLINK and MOS:OVERLINK to the original post.–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:29, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and trimmed a few more links.–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:40, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Poetry
, I am so sorry that I reverted your edit. I did it accidentally and didn't know it until I went to my watchlist and saw that I made a change to this article. I have put it back in.–CaroleHenson (talk) 02:03, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

 * No worries, @CaroleHenson—thank you for catching and fixing the error, and letting me know! Jcejhay (talk) 11:10, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rebecca Lee Crumpler


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Wayne Laryea

Wayne Laryea (born 11 April 1952) is a British musician and television actor. Laryea is best known to American audiences for his role as the bumblebee Harmony in The Bugaloos (1970), and to British viewers as Johnny in Pipkins (1973). In 1978, Laryea featured in the BBC's first black drama series, Empire Road, and in Crown Court the same year as Bryon Whittaker.

Early life
Laryea's father Nathanal was from Ghana and after seasons with the international dance group 'Ballet Negro' had copied his own theatre show as Chief Odongo called 'African Frenzy Show' touring the UK and Scandinavia. During his retirement, he took the fire eating and snake charming part of his show, created a famous cabaret act and worked in films. His daughter Vilma also went on to have a varied show and TV career.

The Bugaloos
American television producers Sid and Marty Krofft sorted through 5,000 British applicants in 1970 to choose four young adult musicians for their new show The Bugaloos about an "all-insect rock group". 18 years old at the time, Laryea was chosen to play keyboards as the bumblebee character Harmony living with the other band members I.Q (a grasshopper guitarist), Joy (a singing butterfly) and Courage (a male ladybug who played drums) in the fictional Tranquillity Forest, "the last colony of the British empire." The Kroffts chose Laryea despite his black race, even though the state of Mississippi had recently banned Sesame Street for its portrayal of white and black children playing together. The Kroffts did not bring attention to the racial diversity on their show. Laryea was received well by the viewers who responded to his use of cockney-style rhyming slang and his physical comedy.

The Bugaloos premiered on 12 September 1970 in the Saturday-morning cartoon programming of American TV, aimed at a demographic of children 6 to 11 years old. Laryea and the other Bugaloos were brought to Hollywood to live together in a large house. For the show, they sang and played music, and they acted out the script along with other actors featuring Martha Raye as the villainous witch, and Billy Barty as a friendly firefly. An LP record of the Bugaloos music was released, but it was not a best-seller. The show struggled against other competitions in its time slot: Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp and Sabrina the Teenage Witch. The final episode aired on 2 January 1971; a total of 17 episodes had been taped.

Empire Road
Empire Road (1978–9) was the first soap opera to feature black and Asian performers. Laryea played Marcus Bennett, one of the three main characters. The character Marcus was the son of Everton Bennett (Norman Beaton) and his wife Hortense (Corinne Skinner-Carter) who had come from Guyana to live in the UK. Marcus was born to them 20 years earlier in Birmingham; the show was set in the racially diverse Birmingham suburb of Handsworth. Another recurring character was Marcus's girlfriend Ranjanaa Kapoor, played by Guyanese beauty contestant Nalini Moonasar.

Michael Abbensetts was the main writer of the show. Empire Road initially aired at 6:50 pm on BBC 2. For its second season, BBC moved the show to the prime time slot of 8 pm. After 15 episodes and two years of broadcast, the show was cancelled.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wayne Laryea


text: User talk:69.197.209.94

title: User talk:69.197.209.94


text:
Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Augustus William (August Wilhelm; 8 March 1662 – 23 March 1731), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1714 until his death.

Life
Augustus William was the third, but eldest surviving son of Duke Anthony Ulrich and his consort Elizabeth Juliane, a daughter of Duke Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg. Unlike his father, the young prince was not interested in politics; he studied at the University of Geneva from 1677 to 1678 and afterwards went on a Grand Tour from Switzerland to France and the Netherlands.

Nevertheless, in 1681 his uncle, the ruling Prince Rudolph Augustus of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, who himself had no male heirs, adopted him as crown prince. The agreement annoyed Augustus William's father and led to a growing estrangement between them. Moreover, his right of succession was contested by Rudolph Augustus' son-in-law Duke John Adolphus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön. The prince temporarily retired to Langeleben in the Elm hill range, where he had a hunting lodge erected, probably according to plans designed by Hermann Korb. Meanwhile, he also acted as a Wolfenbüttel envoy to the Brandenburg-Prussian, Swedish, and Danish courts. In 1690 he gave his consent to cede the Brunswick County of Blankenburg to his younger brother Louis Rudolph, thus violating the Welf primogeniture principle.

Augustus William succeeded his father as Prince of Wolfenbüttel in 1714. He had his Wolfenbüttel residence extended, but left political decisions to corrupt ministers. His splendid court severely burdened the public budget.

Even though he was married three times, he died childless in 1731 and was succeeded by his brother Louis Rudolph. Despite his marriages, he claimed to have been introduced to the "art" of homosexuality in Venice; later falling in love with Raugrave Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz, half-brother of Princess Elizabeth Charlotte.

Family

 * 1) In 1681, he married Christine Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1654–1695), daughter of Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
 * 2) In 1695, he married Sophie Amalie of Holstein-Gottorp (1670–1710), daughter of Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
 * 3) In 1710, he married Elisabeth Sophie Marie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg (1683–1767), daughter of Prince Rudolph Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg (he was the son of Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg).


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Vientiane International School

Vientiane International School (VIS) is an international school in Vientiane, Laos, that offers the International Baccalaureate Programme for grades K - 12. VIS is the only school in Laos accredited by WASC, CIS, and the IB.

Profile
Vientiane International School (VIS) is an International Baccalaureate World School in Vientiane, Laos, established in 1991. VIS now has an enrollment of approximately 495 students from Preschool through to Grade 12. VIS offers all three IB programmes, the PYP for ages 4–10, and MYP for ages 11 – 15, along with the IB Diploma in Grades 11 and 12 for ages 16 – 18. Classes have a maximum size of 22 students. All primary classes have a full-time teacher assistant to support learning programmes. VIS has students from close to 46 different countries with no nationality being greater than 21% of the total. Families within the VIS community come from embassy and diplomatic staff, non-government development and aid agencies and the rapidly expanding international business area.

Students who graduate from VIS attend university in countries such as Australia, United States, Canada, Singapore, Thailand, Great Britain, The Netherlands and New Zealand. The school is governed by an elected Board of Trustees. This group of nine parents set policy, oversee financial decisions and identify strategic direction. The school administration consists of the Director, Elsa Donohue, who operates as the head of school, a primary principal who is responsible for all educational matters from three-year-olds to grade five, and the secondary principal, Tina Santilli, who oversees the grade six to twelve educational Programme.

As of 2001, VIS is a member of the Mekong River International School Association (MRISA) which enables students to compete in sporting tournaments and cultural exchanges with other international schools in Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.

Since 2006 the school is also a member of the East Asia Regional Council of Overseas Schools (EARCOS) which supports accredited schools through provision of world class professional development for faculty. The school has full accreditation from the Council of International Schools, the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and the International Baccalaureate. VIS is the only school in Laos that is a member of these associations.

Facilities
VIS moved to a new facility in August 2008, allowing the school to accept more students and provide them with a newer environment to heighten learning opportunities. The school has also recently built a swimming pool and a fitness centre that is usable by students and other parts of the school community.

VIS consists of six main buildings: the office, a 2-floor primary building and a 3-floor secondary building, the library, the cafe / canteen, and the newly built fitness centre. It also has other facilities such as two football pitches, two basketball courts, a black box theater (within the secondary building), and a swimming pool next to the fitness centre.

title: Vientiane International School


text: User talk:70.20.213.81

title: User talk:70.20.213.81


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Hawker Hotspur

The Hawker Hotspur was a fighter aircraft used principally by the Royal Air Force. It was designed in response to Air Ministry Specification F.9/35, which required a powered turret as the main armament to replace the Hawker Demon. It was developed from the Hawker Henley, which was redesigned to take a Boulton-Paul semi-powered four gun turret.

Design and development
The Air Ministry released Specification F.9/35, which required a two-seater day and night "turret fighter" capable of 290 mph (470 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) to British manufacturers in 1935. The aircraft was to have its armament (four machine guns) concentrated in a power-operated turret, and performance was to be only slightly less than that of other fighter designs being developed at that time. It was also to have enough fuel capacity to perform standing patrols.

There were seven responses to the tender: Armstrong Whitworth (twin-engines, based on the AW.34), Boulton and Paul (P.82), Bristol (Type 147), Fairey, Gloster, Hawker, and Supermarine (Type 305). An eighth company, Vickers, did start on a design but did not provide it to the Air Ministry. As Hawker were already engaged in building the Henley prototype, their submission was based on that with a turret to be provided by Nash & Thompson. The Hawker, Boulton Paul and Armstrong Whitworth designs were judged the most promising and two prototypes of each were ordered though the Armstrong Whitworth design was not in the end built.

In the same fashion as the Henley, the Hotspur used standard Hawker Hurricane outer wing panels. One prototype aircraft, K8309, was built in 1937, fitted with armament of four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in a Boulton Paul dorsal turret plus one .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun mounted in the front fuselage.

In 1937, the competing Boulton Paul received an order for 87 Defiants and Hawker for 389 Hotspurs (tp be built at Avro). For naval use the Blackburn Roc turret fighter was also ordered though the 136 aircraft were to be built by Boulton Paul. In January 1938 an official opinion was that the Defiant and Hotspur would be equal in performance but Hawker had shown insufficient enthusiasm in the project. The Hotspur production order was cancelled, more Defiants ordered in their place. A second Hotspur prototype was cancelled.

The completion of the prototype was delayed until 1938, by which time the rival Boulton Paul Defiant had already flown. The Hotspur first flew, at Brooklands, on 14 June 1938 with only a wooden mock-up of the turret and with ballast equivalent to the weight of armament. It was then tested at Martlesham Heath.

Testing and evaluation
As Hawker was committed to the production of Hurricanes and sister company Gloster to Henley production, there was insufficient capacity to introduce another type and production was abandoned. The mock-up turret was removed and a cockpit fairing installed. Planned production by Avro to Specification 17/36 was abandoned and the prototype, less turret, was used at the RAE Farnborough from 1939 to test flap and dive brake configurations alongside the Hawker Henley until 1942. On 12 February following an engine problem during a gliding test the pilot was forced to make a gear up belly landing; while the damage was judged to be repairable the Hotspur was scrapped rather than incur the cost.

title: Hawker Hotspur


text: Category:Schools in Laos

title: Category:Schools in Laos


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gressled

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Outcome of the vote was gressle delete. DS 18:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Gressled
Hoax and/or neologism. The history shows that the "origin" of the word has changed since the article was first written, which makes me doubt its veracity. Joyous (talk) 02:08, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete One google hit for me . --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 02:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I've done as many google searches as I could think of, I couldn't find anything relevant. And yeah, the change from "Zach Gressler" to "Walmor Gressler" was a bad sign.  --Interiot 02:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: lame nn neolo. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 20:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Yastreb

Yastreb (Ястреб, hawk) is a Russian space suit that was specially developed for early Soyuz space vehicle missions and for extra-vehicular activity. This model of space suit allowed the cosmonaut to spacewalk from the orbital module of Soyuz.

Design and development of the suit took place in 1966 by the Zvezda Company with input from Alexei Leonov. The Berkut suit that Leonov had used on the Voskhod 2 space walk had ballooned at the joints making movement very difficult. The Yastreb design was a much more stable in sizes using a system of pulleys and lines to regulate movement. The backpack containing life support was mounted in a metal box that could be attached to the chest or to the leg to ease access through the small Soyuz hatch. The suit was to be worn only in the Orbital module of the Soyuz spacecraft and needed two people to put it on. The suit's mobility performance was limited, so during the planned Soviet Moon landing the movements of the cosmonauts would be restricted.

The Yastreb suit was only used once, this was during the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 docking and crew exchange. The suit was not worn during launch or reentry. During the mission both cosmonauts experienced problems with the suit.

Specifications
Name: Yastreb Spacesuit

Manufacturer: NPP Zvezda

Missions: Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5

Function: Orbital Extra-vehicular activity (EVA)

Operating Pressure: 400 hPa

Suit Weight: 20 kg

Backpack Weight: 21 kg

Total Weight: 41 kg

Primary Life Support: 2.5 hours (150 minutes)

title: Yastreb


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PAST (Poland)

PAST (Polska Akcyjna Spółka Telefoniczna; Polish Telephone Joint-stock Company), less often known as PASTa, was a Polish telephone operator in the period between World War I and World War II.

It is notable for its main headquarters in the North Downtown (Śródmieście Północne) neighbourhood in Warsaw, which at the time of its completion was the first skyscraper in Poland and the tallest building in Europe. The fight for the building during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 also added to the legend of the place.

History
The Swedish-owned company Cedergren won a tender in 1900 to expand the Warsaw telephone network. For that purpose, two buildings were built at Zielna Street in downtown Warsaw, holding the telephone exchange and the company's headquarters.

The building was built between 1904 and 1910 and was constructed in two phases. The lower part, designed by L. Wahlman, I.G. Clason and B. Brochowicz-Rogoyski, was completed in 1904-1905; the upper part was added in 1907-1910. The building was one of the first reinforced concrete constructions of its magnitude in Europe.

The Cedergren licence expired in 1922 and the building was consequently taken over by the PAST company. This is why it was referred to by Varsovians either by the name of Cedergren or PAST, or, colloquially, "Pasta" (Paste). During the German occupation of Poland, it was the regional telephone centre for General Government. During the Warsaw Uprising, on August 20, 1944, the building was captured by Polish insurgents of AK battalion "Kiliński” after 20 days of bloody fighting. The building was severely damaged. It was rebuilt in a simplified architectural form after World War II. The company was not recreated after the war, and its assets were nationalised by the Polish communist authorities.

The historic Próżna Street is right around the corner of the building.

In 2003, Kotwica, a World War II emblem of the Polish Underground State and Armia Krajowa, was placed on top of the company's former headquarters.

title: PAST (Poland)


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Wright Flyer II

The Wright Flyer II was the second powered aircraft built by Wilbur and Orville Wright. During 1904 they used it to make a total of 105 flights, ultimately achieving flights lasting five minutes and also making full circles, which was accomplished by Wilbur for the first time on September 20.

Design and development
The design of the Flyer II was very similar to the original 1903 Wright Flyer, but with a slightly more powerful engine and construction using white pine instead of the spruce they used in the 1903 machine and the gliders of 1900–1902. An important change was reducing the wing camber to 1-in-25 from the 1-in-20 used in 1903. The brothers thought that reducing the camber would reduce drag, though less lift was actually achieved. With these alterations Flyer II was heavier by some 200 lb than the 1903 machine.

Operational history
The Wrights tested the new aircraft at Huffman Prairie, a cow pasture outside of Dayton, Ohio, which is now part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park and also part of the present-day Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The owner of the land, banker Torrance Huffman, allowed them to use the land rent-free, his only requirement being that they were to shepherd the livestock to safety before experimenting. The Wrights began erecting a shed to house their aircraft during April and by the end of May were ready to begin trials, and an announcement was made to the press that trials would begin on Monday, May 23.

A crowd of around forty people, made up of family and friends and a dozen reporters, assembled on the Monday but rain kept the aircraft in its shed all morning, and when the rain cleared the wind had died away. There was little chance of a successful takeoff from the 100 ft launching rail with no headwind. The Wrights decided to attempt a short flight to satisfy the press, but the motor did not develop its full power and the aircraft reached the end of the rail without taking off.

Work on the engine and poor weather delayed further attempts until the Thursday afternoon, when despite ignition problems a takeoff was attempted, and a flight of around 25 ft was made, ending in a heavy landing which damaged the aircraft. Press reports were mixed: the Chicago Tribune ran its story under the headline "Test of flying machine is judged a success", while The New York Times headline was "Fall wrecks airship".

Repairs took two weeks, but the next flight attempt also ended in a crash, necessitating a further two weeks of repair work. On June 21 three flights without any breakages were achieved, but four days later the aircraft crashed again. These accidents were caused by the aircraft's pitch instability. Suspecting that this was caused by the centre of gravity being too far forward, they moved the engine and pilot position back, but this made matters worse. The machine would undulate unless the front elevator was depressed, but this created additional drag, and so they added 70 lb of iron bars as ballast under the elevators, which were also enlarged. So modified, 24 flights were made in August, including two on August 22 of a quarter of a mile, the greatest distance that they could fly without having to make a turn.

Because wind strength and direction were less reliable than at Kitty Hawk, the men sometimes had to laboriously re-lay the 160 ft of "Junction Railroad" launch rail to suit conditions. On 7 September the men began using a catapult to accelerate the aircraft to the speed necessary for takeoff. They used a falling weight of 800 lb, later increased to 1600 lb, suspended from a 16 ft high derrick, with a block and tackle to multiply the distance that the aircraft was pulled. Launched by the apparatus, Wilbur made his first turn in the air on September 15, and on September 20 he succeeded in flying a complete circle—the first ever by an airplane—covering 4080 ft in 1 minute 16 seconds. This flight was witnessed by Amos Root, who wrote an account in the January 1, 1905 issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture, a trade magazine he published.

On October 14 Orville made his first circular flight and the following day Octave Chanute arrived to view the Wright brother's progress. Unfortunately Orville, attempting another circular fight, was unable to straighten out and was forced to land the aircraft at high speed after only 30 seconds in the air, damaging the skids and propellers. A series of flights ending in damage to the aircraft followed, but the run of bad luck ended on November 9, when Wilbur flew four circuits of Huffman Prairie, staying in the air for five minutes and only landing because the engine was beginning to overheat. On December 1 Orville made a similar flight, and on December 9 they stopped flying for the year.

Harry Combs summarized the flights, "There were 105 flights made in 1904, almost all short flights, but the longest, on December 1, lasted for five minutes and eight seconds and covered a distance of 4515 meters, or about three miles. During this flight Orville circles Huffman Prairie two and a quarter times."

On January 18, 1905, the brothers wrote to congressman Robert M. Nevin, "The series of aeronautical experiments upon which we have been engaged for the past five years has ended in the production of a flying-machine of the type fitted for practical use. The numerous flights in straight lines, in circles, and over S-shaped courses, in calms and in winds, have made it quite certain that flying has been brought to a point where it can be made of great practical use in various ways, one of which is that of scouting and carrying messages in time of war."

The Wrights disassembled the airframe of the Flyer II during the winter of 1904–05. They salvaged the propeller chain drive, its mounts, and the engine. The tattered fabric, wing ribs, uprights and related wooden parts were burned (according to Orville) in the early months of 1905. The salvaged propeller parts and the engine went into the new airframe of the Wright Flyer III.

title: Wright Flyer II


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Dobra Voda (mountain)

Dobra Voda (Macedonian Cyrillic: Добра Вода, Albanian Ujmir) is a mountain near the town of Kičevo in North Macedonia. It is the highest peak of the Čeloica mountain range, at 2062 metres above the sea level. Due to tectonic movements, the height of this peak and surrounding mountains continues to rise. This is actually why North Macedonia experiences moderate earthquakes around this region. The name translated literally means good water.

From the top of this peak it is possible to view many surrounding towns - Gostivar, Kičevo, Tetovo - and nearby villages. The main sources of the Treska river are placed within the Čeloica mountain range.

title: Dobra Voda (mountain)


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Winged tank

Winged tanks were the subject of several unsuccessful experiments in the 20th century. It was intended that these could be towed behind, or carried under, an airplane, to glide into a battlefield, in support of infantry forces.

In war, airborne forces use parachutes to drop soldiers behind enemy lines to capture and hold important objectives until more heavily equipped friendly troops can arrive. Military planners have always sought ways to provide airborne troops with combat support equipment in the form of light armored vehicles or artillery which can be dropped by parachute or military glider.

The problem with air-dropping vehicles is that their crews drop separately, and may be delayed or prevented from bringing them into action. Military gliders allow crews to arrive at the drop zone along with their vehicles. They also minimize exposure of the valuable towing aircraft, which need not appear over the battlefield. An improvement would be a tank which could glide into the battlefield, drop its wings, and be ready to fight within minutes. This would allow the crew to immediately begin operation.

United States
In the early 1930s, American engineer J. Walter Christie experimented with the concept of a self-powered flying tank. Christie's design had a detachable set of wings attached to the roof of a lightly armoured tank and a propeller driven by the tank's engine. A prototype without wings was constructed, but the concept was never developed further.

Soviet experiments

In 1930, the Grokhovskiy Special Design Bureau experimented with dropping "air buses" full of troops: the bicycle-wheeled G-45 onto land, and the amphibious "hydro bus" into water. When the hydro bus disintegrated on landing, the chief designer and his assistant were strapped into the G-45 for a test drop; they survived, but the project was cancelled.

Later, the Soviets used heavy bombers to land on the battlefield carrying T-27 tankettes and T-37 tank light tanks, and experimented with air-dropping light tanks (both with and without parachutes). In 1941, airborne units were issued T-40 amphibious tanks.

None of these were completely satisfactory, so in 1942 the Soviet Air Force ordered Oleg Antonov to design a glider for landing tanks. Antonov was more ambitious, and instead added a detachable cradle to a lightened T-60 light tank, bearing large wood and fabric biplane wings and twin tail. Although one semi-successful test flight was completed, due to the lack of sufficiently powerful aircraft to tow it at the required 160 km/h, the project was abandoned.

Japanese projects
The Imperial Japanese Army's experimental Special No. 3 Flying Tank So-Ra or Ku-Ro, was developed in 1943. Like the Soviet models, it had detachable wings, but it could also be transported by heavy gliders, namely the Kokusai Ku-7 "Buzzard" and Kokusai Ku-8 I "Gander". These could be towed by aircraft such as the Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally" heavy bomber. However, the Japanese Flying Tank project was abandoned before it went into production. The tank transport gliders were deployed to the Philippines during 1944. Another prototype was Maeda Ku-6 Flying Tank, but it also did not advance to experimental phases.

United Kingdom
In 1941, L.E. Baynes produced a design for a 100 ft wingspan "Carrier Wing Glider", a large tailless wing to carry a tank. A reduced scale experimental glider – the Baynes Bat – was tested. It was satisfactory but the project was dropped and work on gliders that could carry vehicles internally was taken up. This led to the Airspeed Horsa and General Aircraft Hamilcar that could carry a Jeep and a light tank respectively.

After World War II
The Soviet Union continued to develop methods to efficiently deploy airborne vehicles, but focusing on parachute deployment from large fixed-wing aircraft instead, in an effort to render their "winged infantry" fully mechanized as well. By the mid-1970s, they were able to drop BMD-1s with crew members aboard, using a combination of a parachute and retrorocket.

title: Winged tank


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Peter II of Sicily

Peter II (,Pietro II,Pietru; 1304 – 8 August 1342) was the King of Sicily from 1337 until his death, although he was associated with his father as co-ruler from 1321. Peter's father was Frederick III of Sicily and his mother was Eleanor, a daughter of Charles II of Naples. His reign was marked by strife between the throne and the nobility, especially the old families of Ventimiglia, Palizzi and Chiaramonte, and by war between Sicily and Naples.

Contemporaries regarded Peter as feeble-minded. Giovanni Villani, in his Nuova Cronica, calls him "almost an imbecile" (Italianate Latin: quasi un mentacatto) and Nicola Speciale, in his Historia Sicula, calls him "pure and simple" (purus et simplex).

Under Peter, the Neapolitans conquered the Lipari Islands and took the cities of Milazzo and Termini in Sicily itself. He died after a short illness on 8 August 1342 in Calascibetta and was buried in the cathedral of Palermo. He was succeeded by Louis, his eldest son, who was only four years old.

Marriage and children
He married Elisabeth of Carinthia, with whom he had nine children:

 * Constance (1324 – October 1355), regent of Sicily from 1352 to 1354, unmarried
 * Eleanor (1325–1375), married Peter IV of Aragon, mother of Martin II of Sicily
 * Beatrice (1326–1365), married Rupert II, Elector Palatine, mother of Rupert of Germany.
 * Euphemia (1330–1359), regent from 1355 to 1357, unmarried
 * Louis of Sicily (1338 - 1355), succeeded his father
 * Frederick IV (1341 - 1377), successor of Louis
 * Violante (born 1334), died young
 * John (1342 – 22 June 1353), died young
 * Blanche (1342–1373), married Count John I of Empúries, but had no issue

title: Peter II of Sicily


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User talk:Ozziegal226

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Ozziegal226


text:
Talk:Mission San Fernando Rey de España

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 February 2019 and 12 June 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rachmejia.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Why the prehistory of the native American peoples?
This discussion has been moved to Talk:Spanish missions in California. Mdhennessey (talk) 06:39, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Extreme bias
My comments: THIS PARAGRAPH REPRESENTS EXTREME BIAS AND NEEDS TO BE REMOVED AND REPLACED. The source is from a Franciscan monk from the early 20th century when European cultural superiority was widely accepted. Englehardt's writings were intended to memorialize the great works of the Spanish mission fathers who came to California in the late 17th century. Though his histories are extensive and revealing, they have to be read in that context of his bias toward the missionaries and his bias against the indigenous peoples of California. The sentences - Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, bush, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. - suggests an inferiority of Indian culture - that they were primitive. The indigenous culture dates back to 9,000 or even 15,000 BCE - and the entire time they were SELF-SUPPORTING. The tools that the native peoples made - flint knives for cutting, steatite bowls for cooking, bows and arrows to settle disputes and hunt were sufficient to maintain their culture and supplied them with what was required without enslaving people unlike the Spanish invaders who came and exploited both the land and the people for the service of their ideologies and their King. Indian men and women lived in sovereign tribes and were unused to working for others in foreign systems that served others. The natives did not have to learn manual trades to be self-supporting, they had to learn manual trades to support the missionaries, the soldiers, the colonists, and the Court of a far distant King in a land that they would never visit. It is no wonder they were reluctant to work when these agrarian systems imposed upon them denied them access to their own land, culture and sovereignty. Missionaries, soldiers, gold miners, government bureaucrats and later anthropologists came with a European bias against cultures that hunted and gathered - the Europeans and Americans lacked understanding of the complexities of hunting wild animals and tending the wild for cultivation and reduced it - in their minds- to "primitive" activity. We now know better. In the early years, the mission efforts were supported by their hunting and gathering. Later on, it became harder and harder to hunt and gather because the missions took the best coastal lands and enslaved many Indians - tribes without a critical mass of hunters and leaders could no longer support successful hunts. Criticism aside, the last statement is a good one - the neophyte population supported all of California's economy - the Mission fathers, the soldiers, the bureaucrats, and the European colonists until the Gold Rush years - even after, the economy was built on their largely uncompensated labor - an unacknowledged debt we still own the Indians to this day. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pamela.nagler (talk • contribs) 17:33, December 30, 2012

Further comments: Overall good edit. I would remove "great" and just make it "manual training school". The Franciscans viewed indian resistance to their new status as farmhands and cattle herders in simple terms - that the male Indians saw farm work as an affront to their masculinity, when actually it was much more complex than that. Both male and female Indians lost their autonomy when they entered the mission system either by coercion or their own supposed 'free will"  They lost their homeland, their connection with their community, their freedom, their way of life, their identity.  (There are so many reasons why they converted - hunger (a big reason) after their lands had been encroached upon), curiosity; efforts to cope with new diseases that they could not cure with their time-honored practices; hoping to avoid rape, etc.  Indian lands were seized without consent, areas that had been tended by natives were plowed under and sown with European mono-crops, livestock was allowed to range free - which destroyed both hunting and gathering areas; Indian villages were raided and Indians rounded up and brought to the missions where they converted so that they could be with their family members who were also rounded up, Indian women were habitually raped and the Indian men who defended them were killed. Once in the mission system, runaways were roundly punished, girl children were separated and kept under lock and key, and always their were guns, cannons and endless rounds of lashings for even small digressions.)

Anyway, yes, the Indians who hunted and tended the wild pre-invasion were unaccustomed to laboring in the fields and working with domesticated animals, so the Franciscan fathers and their displaced Baja Christianized Indian servants did have to teach the local Indians how to raise and caring for the livestock, along with other European agricultural and mechanical processes. They were a conquered people - even Engelhardt talks about the Spanish invasion in terms of the Conquest - so the issue of subjugation has to enter in here. How much of the mission effort was really about training in the "manual training schools" and how much was just out and out labor is a topic for discussion. After picking the fields one day under the supervision of a Franciscan father or Indian arcade with a whip, how much is training and how much is just back-breaking work?

An interesting account of time spent as an incarcerated farmhand and carpenter at MSF around 1816 and thereafter can be read in Vassili Petrovitch Tarakanoff"s Statement of My Captivity Among the Californians. Labor as an affront to masculinity or as pure enslavement?

Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources [Paperback] M. Kat Anderson (Author) is a good resource for the complexities of Native American food gathering.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Pamela.nagler (talk • contribs) 19:59, December 30, 2012

 * I agree that the bias against native industry should be removed or countered. I know that a number of authors have discussed how the Native American agriculture system was unidentified by the Spanish who had no idea that a carefully thought-out and well-implemented agriculture program could be so wild looking, without plowed or furrowed fields, without granaries to store food. Check out the text and sources we have at the following articles: History of California, History of California to 1899, Indigenous peoples of California. Basically, the natives...
 * were advanced hunter-gatherers
 * who carried out extensive forest gardening
 * and implemented a low-impact fire ecology
 * and fire-stick farming
 * to establish a sustainable agriculture.
 * The Spanish did not recognize any of this because it looked nothing like European farming. In fact, this conclusion about low impact native agriculture did not become part of California scholarship until the 1990s when Kat Anderson and Tom Blackburne published Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians. You are right to be concerned. Binksternet (talk) 21:26, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Nice analysis. I think the entry on Mission Industry at Mission San Fernando would still be better if "great" was deleted from the description "great manual training school". It was a manual training school of sorts, but not great. Some of the "training" was just largely uncompensated labor undertaken in less than favorable conditions that bordered on slavery, if not in fact, pure slavery. Even though the Spanish government initially intended the neophytes to inherit the land and industries where they labored, this never materialized. In the 1830s, Mexico secularized the missions and very few neophytes inherited the land they worked. By the time California became a state in 1850, very few Indians laid claim to any mission land.Pamela.nagler (talk) 02:04, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I went farther than that and reworded much of the paragraph. I think it is free of overstatement and bias now. Take a look and see if you agree. Binksternet (talk) 02:47, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Hello follow me

title: Talk:Mission San Fernando Rey de España


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Land of me

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Land of me
Advertising for a blog. Wikipedia not a repository of links. Jkelly 02:13, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not an indiscriminant collection of information. --Mysidia (talk) 02:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Speedy if possible (vanity/advertising, seems speedyable...) -- Antaeus Feldspar 03:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.