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Sabagadis Woldu

Sabagadis Woldu (ሳባጋዲስ ዎልዱ; horse name: Abba Garray; baptismal name: Za-Manfas Qedus; 1780 – 1831) was a governor of Tigray Province of the Ethiopian Empire from 1822 to 1831. Sabagadis gained some notoriety in the first decade of the 19th century for rebelling a number of times against his overlord, Ras Wolde Selassie. But just before the death of Wolde Selassie it seems that he made up with his master and became one of his loyal lieutenants. Following Wolde Selassie's death in 1816, he defied the authority of Wolde Selassie's son, and became the most powerful warlord in Tigray. Making Adigrat his capital, he ruled Tigray and a small strip of the coastal plains of Eritrea by 1818. His rule also extended to the Eritrean highlands (Hamasien, Akele Guzay, and Seraye).

Early life
Of Tigrayan & Irob descent, Dejazmatch Sabagadis was the son of Shum Agame Woldu Kumanit who ruled Agame from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries. Shum Agame Woldu's legacy was the ascendany of Saho speaking local Irob rulers over Tigrinya speaking Agame in the 18th century. Following his father's death in 1802, Sabagadis and his four brothers clashed over their respective fiefs. Sabagadis remained a dissident contender for most of the 1800s and 1810s. He consolidated his power in Agame by foiling a series of punitive expeditions by Ras Wolde Selassie. In 1811, Sabagadis even rallied several Tigrinya-speaking vassals of Adwa, Shire and Hamasien against the ras. By the mid-1810s, Sabagadis de facto placed the whole of Agame under his authority. Ras Wolde Selassie then confirmed Sabagadis authority in return and recognition of the ras 's overlordship.

Rise to Power
After the death of Wolde Selassie, Sabagadis was one of the strongest chiefs seeking to succeed the Ras. He fought a series of devastating wars with regional contenders and finally acquired the Tigrayan overlordship in 1822. Sabagadis governed Tigray for a decade by appointed loyalist chiefs and members of his family.

Assuming the title of Dejazmatch, he followed the ambitions of his predecessors to remove Yejju Were Sheik dynasty(Were Sheik Wollo) political supremacy from Gondar. This was particularly the case after the death of Ras Gugsa Mersa in 1825. To this end, he requested British recognition as well as the supply of military trainers, experts in various fields, and more firearms to boost his army.

Dejazmach Sabagadis believed that firearms were vital to neutralize the power of the Wollo cavalry, so he devoted much time and effort to both collecting them, and seeking Eu ropean help in buying them; this included seeking British help—or at least permission—to capture the port of Massawa. As a consequence, Sabagadis was one of the first Ethiopians to attempt building peaceful relationships with other countries in modern times. As a result of these things, by the 1820s he was seen both in Europe—and in Ethiopia—as the champion of Christianity.

Sabagadis also masterminded strong political and military alliances with some prominent regional chiefs in northern Ethiopia, especially Dejazmatch Wube Hailemariam of Semien (at times his son-in-law), Wag Shum Kanfu of Lasta and Dejazmatch Goshu Zewde of Gojjam against the Yejju ruler in Gondar, Ras Maruye Gugsa. He presented himself as a protector of Christianity, accusing the Yejju lords of being Muslim agents. He aspired to become the Ras Bitwoded and protector of the weak kings in Gondar.

Three of his letters have survived. One to the Patriarch of Alexandria Peter complains of the behavior of Abuna Qerellos, sarcastically asking, "Was it because you hated Ethiopia that you sent him? Did you not know his conduct before, [and] so you sent him?" Another one is addressed to King George IV of Great Britain, asking for "one hundred cavalrymen, a carpenter, [and] a church builder who will build the way [you do] in your country". Sabagadis maintained constant communication with the most important Christian lords in Ethiopia. Building upon his reputation, he formed a coalition with the lords of Gojjam, Lasta and Semien against Ras Marye of Yejju, the Enderase or regent of the Emperor. Marye defeated Dejazmach Goshu in Gojjam, marched the bulk of his army to Lasta, then quickly turned to Semien Province and attacked Wube Haile Maryam. Subagadis watched the battle on the border of Lasta, and subsequently did not come to the aid of Wube. Wube preferred to submit to Marye rather than have to face him alone. Marye decided to put an end to the Tigrean threat. At the head of contingents from Wollo, Yejju, Begemder and Amhara, and now (forcibly) supported by the armies of Wube and Goshu, Marye advanced beyond the Tekezé River into Tigray.

Neither Sabagadis foreign contacts nor his military pact with Wube Hailemariam bore fruit. He was soon overtaken by a fresh outbreak of extensive fighting engulfing the whole of northern Ethiopia. Maruya won Wube to his side after initial military encounters led to the rampaging of his province of Semien. In 1830, Sabagadis ravaged Semien, having defeated and even chased Wube out of his fortress called "Amba Tazzan" and "Amba Hay". Sabagadis then retired to Agame in Tigray after appointing Wube's rival and half-brother, Dejazmatch Merso Hailemariam, as his representative to Semien.

Demise
However, this victory triggered Maruye, in collaboration with the fugitive Wube, to launch a vigorous campaign against Tigray. Three Tigrayan vassals of Sabagadis, including his own sons-in-law Dejazmatch Sahlu of Haramat, Dejazmatch Gebre Mikael of Dera, and Wedaj of Shire were also said to have defected. They conspired against Sabagadis with Wube and Maruye Gugsa. According to informants, Sabagadis did not accept the advice to wait near Adigrat for the enemy to march into Tigray where Sabagadis' army would have had plenty of advantages. The two forces met for the showdown in western Tigray near the Tekezé and the Tigrayans were overwhelmed, losing the bloodiest battle they had ever faced during the Zemene Mesafint. The armies of Dejazmach Sabagadis and Ras Marye met on the 14 February 1831 and the Battle of Debre Abbay began. Although the Tigrayans had by far the greater number of firearms, the matchlockmen were poorly employed and the Yejju cavalry won the field after a bloody fight. The battle of Debre Abbay concluded with Sabagadis' capture and subsequent execution at the hands of the Oromo soldiers who wanted to revenge the death of their leader Maruye. Dori Gugsa succeeded his brother Maruye and appointed Wube over Tigray. Ras Sabagadis would surrender only to Ras Wube, his son-in-law. Wube dutifully handed him over to Marye's followers. On the 15th of February they beat Dejazmach Hagos Subagadis to death, and executed Sabagadis in retaliation for Marye's death. His remains reportedly were later interred at the monastery of Gunda Gunde.

Legacy
Sabagadis also established new churches such as Atsbi Selassie in Atsbi and Enda Medhanie Alem in Adwa and was closely connected to the monastery of Gunda Gunde, who patron he was. His descendants ruled over Agame until the 1974 Revolution.

Nearly a year after his death, although he was a Tigrayan, people all over the Amhara provinces lamented the loss of Sabagadis:

"Alas! Sabagadis, the friend of all, Has fallen at Daga Shaha, by the hand of Aubeshat [i.e. Wube]! Alas! Sabagadis, the pillar of the poor, Has fallen at Daga Shaha, weltering in his blood! The people of this country, will they find it a good thing To eat ears of corn which have grown in the blood? Who will remember [St] Michael of November [to give alms]? Mariam, with five thousand Gallas, had killed him [him, i.e., who remembered to give alms]: For the half of a loaf, for a cup of wine,

The friend of the Christians has fallen at Daga Shaha."

Family
Sabagadis' sons were Wolde Mikael, Hagos, Kahsay, Sebhat and Shum Agame Aragawi. The later was actively involved in power struggles in Agame. A number of other children are claimed for him: Kassa, Balgada-Ar'aya (who rebelled against Wube and his older brother Wolde Mikael in 1838, and was defeated by them), and several daughters including Dinqinash, who was married by her father to Ras Wube three years before the Battle of Debre Abbay, and run away from ras wube for Gebre Egziabher the son of wolde silasse of Enderta.

title: Sabagadis Woldu


text:
Sherway Gardens

Sherway Gardens (corporately known as CF Sherway Gardens) is a large retail shopping mall in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The mall is located 17 km west of Downtown Toronto, near the interchange of Highway 427 with the Queen Elizabeth Way and Gardiner Expressway.

Opened in 1971, the mall originally covered 850000 sqft in an S-shaped configuration and contained 127 stores. It was expanded in 1975, 1987, 1989, 2015, and 2017 to its current size of 1182000 sqft and 215 stores. It is the eighth largest mall in the Greater Toronto Area, and is the 18th largest mall in Canada. As the mall has grown, it has changed its mix of stores from a general mix of stores to add more fashion-conscious and luxury brand stores.

History
Sherway Gardens, a CA$21.5 million project, was revealed to the public by Sherway Gardens Limited on February 24, 1971. The mall was laid out in an "S" shape design. Community events and promotional activities took place at the centre of the mall in the central court with its 31 ft high skylight. Like other shopping centres, Sherway Gardens contains fountains, indoor greenery, benches and couches for the enjoyment of shoppers. Unlike the designs of other malls, such as the Toronto Eaton Centre, Sherway Gardens was built with "intimate low ceilings".

In 1975, to accommodate for 75 new retail spaces, the "S" layout was altered to resemble a figure eight. In 1987, Holt Renfrew (one of Sherway Gardens anchor retailers) was moved to a location (33,670 square foot) in a newly built wing on the north side of the mall The expansion allowed for 20 additional stores and was later referred to as the "fashion wing", as it housed clothing stores.

In 1989, the mall continued to expand leading to the construction of a new south wing. The new south wing has a large 'tent-like' roof structure on its upper level. The million-dollar canopy, designed by Zeidler Roberts Partnership Architects, won the Canadian Consulting Engineering Award of Merit. In 2000, the Cadillac Fairview Corporation bought Sherway Gardens. Eaton's went bankrupt in 1999 and the mall space was taken over by Sears Canada.

Expansions and renovations
In 2013, Cadillac Fairview announced a CA$335 million renovation and expansion that added 210,000 square feet to the existing 988,000 square foot mall. The project took over three and a half years and added new department store anchors like Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue. This added retail space for 50 stores, a food court with a capacity of over 1,000 patrons, and a parking structure for 1,200 vehicles. The expansion used limestone obtained from the same quarry that was used in the mall's initial construction.

Sears Canada vacated its space in 2014, which was subsequently occupied by Saks Fifth Avenue (announced on January 27, 2014), Sport Chek and Atmosphere. On September 22, 2015, the 210000 sqft north expansion was opened, including relocated spaces for Holt Renfrew (consisting of a 29,440 square foot ground floor, a 60,425 square foot second floor, and a 12,000 square foot mezzanine level) and Sporting Life (42,0000-square-foot).

In 2016, Holt Renfrew closed its store just a year after being relocated within Sherway Gardens, in favour of a much larger 130,000+ square foot space at Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga, as part of the chain's changing strategy to operate stores over 120,000 square feet to keep pace with Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue. The former Sporting Life store and the old food court were demolished to make way for Nordstrom, which opened its store on September 15, 2017. However, it was permanently closed on June 13, 2023 as Nordstrom exited Canada.

On November 2, 2023, an Eataly store opened that took over the former Forever 21 and The Pickle Barrel spaces.

Retailers
The mall's largest anchor is Hudson's Bay, at 223447 ft2. Another largest anchor is the Saks Fifth Avenue at 150000 ft2 (occupying a portion of the previous site that housed Eaton's and then Sears Canada). The mall has a seasonal farmers' market, located in the north parking lot, every Friday 8 a.m.-2 p.m..

Transportation access
Sherway Gardens is the only major mall in Toronto not served by the Toronto subway. Kipling is the nearest subway station and can be reached by the 123 Sherway bus. Sherway is accessible by private automobile and local transit. Major roads in the area serving the mall include the Queen Elizabeth Way/Gardiner Expressway, The Queensway and Highway 427. The mall is surrounded by large surface parking lots with a ring road surrounding the mall. The Toronto Transit Commission and MiWay bus routes connect at special bus platforms located on either side of Sherway Gardens Road, southwest of the mall.

Incidents
On August 13, 2021, a fight between two groups in the mall escalated into shots being fired. In response, Sherway Gardens entered into lockdown.

In media
Parts of the movies F/X (1986), Mean Girls (2004), and The Sentinel (2006) were filmed in Sherway Gardens. In Mean Girls, Sherway Gardens stood in as Westfield Old Orchard (in the film mentioned as Old Orchard Mall), a large shopping centre in suburban Chicago where the film takes place.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sherway Gardens


text: Category:Mopeds

title: Category:Mopeds


text:
Pitcher (disambiguation)

A pitcher is a playing position in the game of baseball or softball.

Pitcher or pitchers may also refer to:

General

 * Pitcher (container), a container for fluids
 * Pitcher (surname), a surname
 * Pitchers (ceramic material), scrap ceramic material
 * Pitcher plant, one of a type of carnivorous plants
 * a slang term for an individual who takes the dominant or penetrative role in sexual intercourse, especially between two men

Places

 * Pitcher, New York, a town
 * Pitcher Township, Cherokee County, Iowa
 * Pitcher Mountain, a summit in New Hampshire

Other

 * TVF Pitchers, a web-series created by The Viral Fever.

title: Pitcher (disambiguation)


text: Category talk:U.S. Highways in New Jersey


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Dnata Singapore

dnata Singapore Pte Ltd is a ground handling provider at Singapore Changi Airport, providing ground, passenger and cargo handling services, in-flight catering and security services to 69 scheduled and 45 non-scheduled airlines.

Ground handling operations began in Singapore in December 1977 with the incorporation of Changi International Airport Services (CIAS) as a joint venture between the Port of Singapore Authority and five airlines, namely Air France, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, KLM and Lufthansa.

In September 2004, CIAS was acquired by the dnata Group, a company based in Dubai with Temasek Holdings retaining shareholding. It was subsequently rebranded as dnata in August 2011.

title: Dnata Singapore


text:
Steed Records

Steed Records was a record label founded by songwriter-record producer Jeff Barry in 1967 in New York City. The label was active until 1971. It was first distributed by Dot Records, then by Gulf+Western's Famous Music Group after it absorbed Dot.

Steed's main artist was singer-songwriter Andy Kim, whose biggest hit for the label was "Baby, I Love You" (co-written and produced by Barry) in 1969. Other artists on the label included Robin McNamara ("Lay a Little Lovin' On Me") and The Illusion ("Did You See Her Eyes"). Other Steed acts included Louis St. Louis and Jacqueline Carol (St. Louis would later produce the "Grease" and "Grease II" soundtracks), The Playhouse, Hank Shifter, Keepers of the Light featuring Alzo Fronte (who also recorded as Alzo + Uddin) and The Rich Kids featuring Danny Belline. Most of Steed's recording sessions took place at Century Sound Studios in NYC. Jeff Barry and Andy Kim's songwriting partnership was a cornerstone of the label's fortunes. Steed Records rode the wave of bubblegum pop in the late Sixties and early Seventies (although many of its releases were not bubblegum). When musical trends changed, Steed's sales fell off. Paramount Records took over the label with Famous Music taking over distribution.

Jeff Barry discontinued Steed Records when he relocated to California in 1971. Kim's last two hits, "Rock Me Gently" and "Fire, Baby, I'm on Fire", appeared on Capitol Records in 1974. The Steed catalogue is today controlled by Universal Music Group.

title: Steed Records


text:
User:EliezerYudkowsky

This is the user account of Eliezer Yudkowsky.

title: User:EliezerYudkowsky


text:
User:Kenny56

Favorite quotes...
From an English professor:

 *  "That which is written without pain, is read without pleasure."

From my Dentist:

 * "You only need to floss...the ones you want to keep."

From someone who has experienced life:

 * "Opinions are like wristwatches: Everybody has one, and they think it's right."

title: User:Kenny56


text:
Saginaw River

The Saginaw River is a 22.4 mi river in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is formed by the confluence of the Tittabawassee and Shiawassee rivers southwest of Saginaw. It flows northward into the Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron, passing through the cities of Saginaw and Bay City, both of which developed around it in the 19th century. The watershed area is 8595 sqmi. At its mouth, the river's estimated average discharge is 4,827 cuft/s.

The river is an important shipping route for Mid-Michigan, passing through the cities of Saginaw and Bay City. It is one of Michigan's few inland navigable rivers. The Saginaw River Rear Range Light, one of a pair of lighthouses built in 1876 to improve navigation, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Since the turn of the 21st century, it is being renovated.

History

The Saginaw River was used for fishing and as a transportation route by canoe by indigenous peoples for thousands of years prior to European colonization. From the 18th century, fur traders and trappers rendezvoused at a post at the mouth or traveled along the river and its tributaries to trade with the Ojibwe tribes of the region for European and American manufactured goods.

As towns developed along the river, it supported additional travel inland, as well as powering the operation of sawmills and later factories. The first lighthouse was completed in 1841, and a pair of lighthouses were built in range configuration in 1876. They were converted to electricity in 1915. The Saginaw River Rear Range Light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Since the turn of the 21st century, it is being renovated. In the late 19th century, steamers like the Wellington R. Burt carried passengers between the major cities of Saginaw and Bay City, as well as to other ports along the Great Lakes. The Saginaw River has continued to be used as a major route for trade, carrying shipping into and out of the region. According to Saginaw Future, the river carries 4.6 million tons of commerce annually.

Other industries developed, with both General Motors and Dow Chemical Company basing major operations from the early 20th century at sites along the river. These generated many industrial jobs for the area economy but both companies have gone through restructuring. New industries in the region have included advanced manufacturing such as Nexteer, medical technology, professional services, renewable energy, and agribusiness.

Recreational activities
For decades, the Saginaw River has been reclaimed for recreational use and the cities have been re-establishing ties to the river for residents. A three-mile, hard-surfaced RiverWalk, great for hiking, biking or easy strolls, was built along the riverbanks in downtown Saginaw and Bay City. The Saginaw Bay Yacht Club, established in 1894, is located near the mouth of the Saginaw River and supports regular sailing races and related events. The river is also popular with boaters who use motors.

Sports fishermen are active and many enjoy the annual Shiver on the River walleye ice fishing contest. Each winter, trophy-sized fish are taken by fishing through holes in the river ice. Another fishing season is held in early spring.

Hundreds of thousands of attendees flock to the riverbanks for annual festivals such as the River Roar speed boat races, Tall Ship Celebrations and two of the largest fireworks displays in the Midwest. In 2012, the largest-ever fireworks display in Michigan was hosted on the Saginaw River in Bay City, with 50,000 mortars, and lasting 50 minutes. It celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Bay City Fireworks Festival.

Clean-up projects
The region around the Saginaw Bay and River encompasses the largest contiguous freshwater coastal wetland in America. Because of industrialization and development of population since the 19th century, the Saginaw River and its watershed have been polluted with various wastes discharged into the river and its tributaries. Since the 1970s, federal and state laws have been passed to regulate waste and establish preventive programs. Historically the Dow Chemical Company, with a plant at Midland, Michigan; General Motors, and the cities of Bay City, and the Saginaw have contributed to the release of dioxins into the Saginaw River.

In 1994 the state and federal governments and the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe sued General Motors and the cities of Saginaw and Bay City for allegedly dumping tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), into the Saginaw River. General Motors and the cities of Bay City and Saginaw agreed to a $28.22 million settlement on November 23, 1998, in what resulted from Michigan's largest natural resources lawsuit. At the time, it was considered possibly the second-largest environmental settlement in United States history. Dredging of contaminated silt from the Saginaw River was expected to start in summer of 1999.

Environmental clean-up work has continued on the Saginaw River, its tributary Tittabawassee River, and Saginaw Bay. On January 23, 2010, the US Environmental Protection Agency and Dow Chemical reached an administrative settlement for interim control measures, reimbursement of some federal work, and cleanup of floodplain soils in these areas, in association with work to be directed by EPA.

title: Saginaw River


text:
User:Nitewalker

Yo...

title: User:Nitewalker


text:
File:Stella film.jpg

Fair Use Rationale for Stella (1955 film)

 * 1) The image is being used to illustrate the film in question.
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this purpose.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster.
 * 4) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the film in any way.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The image is being used for informational purposes only.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Stella film.jpg


text:
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KOMR

KOMR (106.3 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Sun City, Arizona, and serving the Phoenix metropolitan area. It is owned by Univision and it airs a Spanish Adult Contemporary radio format, calling itself "Amor 106.3". The studios are on South 30th Street in Phoenix.

KOMR is a Class C2 station with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 23,000 watts. The transmitter is off North Castle Hot Springs Road in Peoria.

KTPM
The first attempt of a radio station on 106.3 FM in Sun City was KTPM. It was on the air for less than seven months after signing on the air on. It was co-owned with Wickenburg's KAKA by Lowell Beer and Paul Mullenix. In that era, many radio listeners didn't have FM receivers and they were mostly unavailable in cars.

KTPM was one of the quickest failures in Arizona radio history. It went silent on January 2, 1963. It never returned to the air. The Beer-Mullenix licenses were placed into receivership in June. They never reemerged from bankruptcy.

KWAO, KMZK, KONC, KEDJ
The current KOMR signed on the air on. Its call sign was KWAO. It began broadcasting with a new license but still used the same the tower as the defunct KTPM. KWAO targeted listeners in Sun City (a retirement community near Phoenix) with an easy listening format. The station was sold in 1983 to Larry Mazursky's Canyon Communications Corporation, relaunching as contemporary KMZK "Muzik 106". A couple of years later, the station flipped to classical music.

In late 1985, Mazursky sold KLFF, an adult standards station, to Affiliated Broadcasting. Affiliated was the new owner of KONC, the primary classical station in Phoenix. A condition of the sale required low-rated KMZK to vacate the classical format, and KMZK became a country music station. That would prove short-lived when, in March 1986, Affiliated flipped KONC to adult contemporary music as KAMJ. While Affiliated's acquisition of KFLR for classical music languished, Mazursky announced plans to revert KMZK to classical music, prompting Affiliated to ditch its own classical plans. In addition, KMZK became KONC. Throughout the 1980s, KONC was used on an electronic program guide on United Cable.

KONC dropped classical music at 6 p.m. on January 15, 1993, when it flipped to a modern rock/alternative format as KEDJ, known as "The Edge." That left Phoenix without a classical station for three months, when KBAQ signed on the air as a public station. KEDJ upgraded to Class C2 status after another station was moved from 106.3 in Arizona City to 106.5 in the late 1990s.

Recuerdo and Amor
In 2001, Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation (a predecessor to Univision Radio) acquired the station. The company flipped 106.3 FM to a Spanish-language adult contemporary format called "Amor." FM 106.3 began simulcasting with 106.5 KKMR and 100.3 KQMR. Moments after the format change, the owners of 103.9 FM, which was then Rhythmic Contemporary KPTY, purchased the rights to the KEDJ Alternative Rock format. But the company did not continue the contract to carry the syndicated Howard Stern Show, which had been on 106.3 and 100.3. The deal also included transferring the call letters and "The Edge" moniker to 103.9 FM. Three call sign changes in 15 days followed until 106.3 became KOMR.

In October 2005, Univision made adjustments to the "Amor" format, making it more oldies-driven, and changed the name to "Recuerdo".

On February 6, 2018, Univision dropped the "Más Variedad" Spanish Adult Hits format and switched it to Spanish AC as Amor 106.3. Some of the music and radio shows are carried from KBRG in San Jose and KRDA in Fresno. Those two stations also carry the "Amor" format. The “Amor” stations are similar to 107.5 KLVE in Los Angeles, which is one of the most listened Spanish language radio stations in the United States.

title: KOMR


text:
The Warden

The Warden is a novel by English author Anthony Trollope published by Longman in 1855. It is the first book in the Chronicles of Barsetshire series, followed by Barchester Towers.

Synopsis
Mr Septimus Harding is the meek, widowed and elderly warden of Hiram's Hospital and precentor of Barchester Cathedral, in the fictional county of Barsetshire.

Hiram's Hospital is an almshouse supported by a medieval charitable bequest to the Diocese of Barchester. The income maintains the almshouse itself, supports its twelve bedesmen, and provides a comfortable abode and living for its warden. Mr Harding was appointed to this position through the patronage of his old friend the Bishop of Barchester, who is also the father of Archdeacon Grantly, to whom Harding's older daughter, Susan, is married. The warden, who lives with his other child, his unmarried younger daughter Eleanor, performs his duties conscientiously.

The story concerns the impact upon Harding and his circle when a zealous young reformer, John Bold, launches a campaign to expose the disparity in the apportionment of the charity's income between its object, the bedesmen, and its warden, Mr Harding. John Bold embarks on this campaign in a spirit of public duty despite his romantic involvement with Eleanor and previously cordial relations with Mr Harding. Bold starts a lawsuit and Mr Harding is advised by Dr Grantly to stand his ground.

Bold attempts to enlist the support of the press and engages the interest of The Jupiter (a fictitious newspaper modelled on The Times) whose editor, Tom Towers, pens editorials supporting reform of the charity, and presenting a portrait of Mr Harding as selfish and derelict in his conduct of his office. This image is taken up by commentators Dr Pessimist Anticant, and Mr Popular Sentiment, who have been seen as caricatures of Thomas Carlyle and Charles Dickens respectively.

Ultimately, despite much browbeating by the Archdeacon and the favourable legal opinion solicited from the barrister Sir Abraham Haphazard, Mr Harding concludes that he cannot in good conscience continue to accept such generous remuneration, and resigns the office of warden. John Bold, who has appealed in vain to Tom Towers to lessen personal criticism of Mr Harding, returns to Barchester where he marries Eleanor after halting legal proceedings.

Those of the bedesmen of the hospital who have allowed their appetite for greater income to estrange them from the warden are reproved by their senior member, Bunce, who has been constantly loyal to Harding, whose good care and understanding heart are now lost to them. At the end of the novel the bishop decides that the wardenship of Hiram's Hospital be left vacant, and none of the bedesmen are offered any extra money. Mr Harding becomes Rector of St Cuthbert's, a small parish near the Cathedral Close, drawing a much smaller income than before.

Characters

 * Septimus Harding, the quiet, music-loving Warden of Hiram's Hospital, a widower who has two daughters and is also the precentor of Barchester Cathedral. He becomes the centre of a dispute concerning his substantial income as the hospital's warden.
 * Archdeacon Theophilus Grantly, Mr Harding's indefatigable son-in-law, married to Susan Grantley, originally Susan Harding. The archdeacon's father is the Bishop of Barchester. He does not agree with John Bold and is opposed to his father-in-law relinquishing his office.
 * Mrs Susan Grantly, Mr Harding's elder daughter and the Archdeacon's wife.
 * John Bold, a young surgeon, a zealous church reformer. He is romantically interested in Eleanor Harding, and later drops the lawsuit.
 * Mary Bold, John Bold's sister and friend of Eleanor.
 * Eleanor Harding, Mr Harding's younger daughter and the romantic interest of John Bold.
 * Sir Abraham Haphazard, a renowned London barrister and Attorney General.
 * Tom Towers, the editor of the influential newspaper, The Jupiter. He writes an editorial deploring Harding as a greedy clergyman who receives more than he deserves from a sinecure post.
 * Bunce, the senior bedesman at Hiram's Hospital, who supports Mr Harding retaining his position.
 * Abel Handy, a scheming old bedesman, who is the originator of the conspiracy to acquire more money.

Historical inspiration
Trollope's tale seems to have taken inspiration from the 1849 enquiries by the Rev. Henry Holloway, a Church reformer and vicar of St Faith's Church, Winchester, into the finances of the Hospital of St Cross, Winchester, and the income derived by the institution's Master, Francis North, 6th Earl of Guilford. Guilford's income, however, was conjectured to be in excess of £2,000 a year (£271,010 in 2020), much greater than the £800 (£108,404 in 2020) of the fictional Warden Harding. Trollope makes allusion to the Guilford case and also to the case of Rochester Cathedral Grammar School where in 1849 the headmaster, Robert Whiston, brought a case in the Court of Chancery claiming that the Church of England was misapplying the revenues of many such charitable bequests, including the one funding his own school.

Criticism
In a 2 November 1944 review in the Manchester Evening News, George Orwell called the novel "probably the most successful" of Trollope's "clerical series" and "one of his best works," but noted that Trollope was "a shrewd critic, but no reformer." "A time-honoured abuse, he held, is frequently less bad than its remedy. He builds Archdeacon Grantly up into a thoroughly odious character, and is well aware of his odiousness, but he still prefers him to John Bold ... and the book contains a scarcely veiled attack on Charles Dickens, whose reforming zeal he found it hard to sympathise with."

Adaptations
It was adapted as a BBC television mini-series titled The Warden (1951), which was broadcast live and apparently never recorded.

The BBC adapted The Warden and its sequel, Barchester Towers, into the miniseries The Barchester Chronicles (1982). The first two of the seven one-hour episodes are drawn from The Warden and the rest from the much longer Barchester Towers.

title: The Warden


text: User talk:139.147.186.249

title: User talk:139.147.186.249


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User:Fvw/POPBot/archive/from-the-blocklist-http-proxies2-2005-10-04

Whee, I'm an open proxy, and my lucky number is 23061128401945!


text:
Female hysteria

Female hysteria was once a common medical diagnosis for women. It was described as exhibiting a wide array of symptoms, including anxiety, shortness of breath, fainting, nervousness, sexual desire, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in the abdomen, irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex, even sexually forward behavior, and a "tendency to cause trouble for others". It is no longer recognized by medical authorities as a medical disorder. Its diagnosis and treatment were routine for hundreds of years in Western Europe.

In Western medicine, hysteria was considered both common and chronic among women. Even though it was categorized as a disease, hysteria's symptoms were synonymous with normal functioning female sexuality. In the context of hysteria, every symptom and negative thought was linked to sex. In extreme cases, the woman may have been forced to enter an insane asylum or to undergo surgical hysterectomy.

Early history
The history of hysteria can be traced to ancient times. Dating back to 1900 BC in ancient Egypt, the first descriptions of hysteria within the female body were found recorded on the Kahun Papyri. In this culture, the womb was thought capable of affecting much of the rest of the body, but "there is no warrant for the fanciful view that the ancient Egyptians believed that a variety of bodily complaints were due to an animate, wandering womb". In this time, the medical issue of uterine prolapse was also known.

In ancient Greece, wandering womb was described in the gynecological treatise of the Hippocratic Corpus, "Diseases of Women", which dates back to the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Plato's dialogue Timaeus compares a woman's uterus to a living creature that wanders throughout a woman's body, "blocking passages, obstructing breathing, and causing disease". Aretaeus of Cappadocia described the uterus as "an animal within an animal" (less emotively, "a living thing inside a living thing"), which causes symptoms by wandering around a woman's body putting pressure on other organs. Timaeus also argued that the uterus is "sad and unfortunate" when it does not join with a male or bear a child. The standard cure for this "hysterical suffocation" was scent therapy, in which good smells were placed under a woman's genitals and bad odors at the nose, while sneezing could be also induced to drive the uterus back to its correct place. The concept of a pathological "wandering womb" was later viewed as the source of the term hysteria, which stems from the Greek cognate of uterus, ὑστέρα (hystera), although the word hysteria does not feature in ancient Greek medicine: 'the noun is not used in this period'.

While in the Hippocratic texts a wide range of women were susceptible – including in particular the childless – Galen in the 2nd century omitted the childless and saw the most vulnerable group as "widows, and particularly those who previously menstruated regularly, had been pregnant and were eager to have intercourse, but were now deprived of all this" (On the Affected Parts, 6.5). He also denied that the womb could "move from one place to another like a wandering animal". His treatments included scent therapy and sexual intercourse, but also rubbing in ointments to the external genitalia; this was to be performed by midwives, not physicians.

While most Hippocratic writers saw the retention of menstrual blood in the womb as a key problem, for Galen even more serious was the retention of "female seed". This was believed to be thinner than male seed and could be retained in the womb. Hysteria was referred to as "the widow's disease", because the female semen was believed to turn venomous if not released through regular climax or intercourse. If the patient was married, this could be completed by intercourse with their spouse. Other than participating in sexual intercourse, it was thought that fumigating the body with special fragrances would supposedly draw the uterus back to its natural spot in the female body. Foul smells applied to the nose would drive it down, and pleasant scents at the vulva would attract it.

Middle Ages, Renaissance, and the early modern period
Through the Middle Ages, another cause of dramatic symptoms could be found: demonic possession. It was thought that demoniacal forces were attracted to those who were prone to melancholy, particularly to single women and the elderly. When a patient could not be diagnosed or cured of a disease, it was thought that the symptoms of what would now be diagnosed as mental illness, were actually those of someone possessed by the devil. After the 17th century, the correlation of demonic possession and hysteria were gradually discarded and instead was described as behavioral deviance, a medical issue.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, hysteria was still believed to be due to the retention of humour or fluids in the uterus, sexual deprivation, or by the tendency of the uterus to wander around the female body causing irritability and suffocation. Self treatment such as masturbation, was not recommended and was also considered taboo. Marriage, and regular sexual encounters with her husband, was still the most highly recommended long-term course of treatment for a woman with hysteria. It was thought to purge the uterus of any built-up fluid, and semen was thought to have healing properties, In this model, ejaculation outside the vagina was conducive to uterine disease since the female genitalia did not receive the health benefits of male emission. Some physicians regarded all contraceptive practices as injurious to women for this reason. Giovanni Matteo Ferrari da Gradi cited marriage and childbearing as a cure for the disease. If pleasure was obtained from them, then hysteria could be cured. If a woman was unmarried, or widowed, manual stimulation by a midwife involving certain oils and scents was recommended to purge the uterus of any fluid retention. Lack of marriage was also thought to be the cause of most melancholy in single women, such as nuns or widows. Studies of the causes and effects of hysteria were continued in the 16th and 17th century by medical professionals such as Ambroise Pare, Thomas Sydenham, and Abraham Zacuto, who published their findings furthering medical knowledge of the disease, and informing treatment. Physician Abraham Zacuto writes in his Praxis Medica Admiranda from 1637,

"'Because of retention of the sexual fluid, the heart and surrounding areas are enveloped in a morbid and moist exudation: this is especially true of the more lascivious females, inclined to venery, passionate women who are most eager to experience physical pleasure; if she is of this type she cannot ever be relieved by any aid except that of her parents who are advised to find her a husband. Having done so the man's strong and vigorous intercourse alleviated the frenzy.'"

There was continued debate about whether it was morally acceptable for a physician to remove excess female seed through genital manipulation of the female patient; Pieter van Foreest (Forestus) and Giovanni Matteo da Grado (Gradus) insisted on using midwives as intermediaries, and regarded the treatment as the last resort.

Salem Witch Trials
The concept of female hysteria contributed to the idea that women were more likely to be afflicted by witchcraft or to engage in witchcraft themselves. In her book, The Devil in Massachusetts, Marion L. Starkey explains how the trials began with teenage girls in the village exhibiting odd symptoms. Samuel Parris’, (a puritan minister in Salem), daughter, Betty, displayed symptoms ranging from forgetfulness, motionlessness, starring, and rigidity, to screaming, babbling, and making choking sounds, “sometimes almost like the barking of a dog.”Amateur historian Ernest Caulfield argued that the girls suffered from hysteria. Behavioral psychologist, Linnda Caporael disgarded the claim of hysteria during the witch trials and attributed the odd behavior to ergot poisoning.

18th century
In the 18th century, hysteria slowly became associated with mechanisms in the brain rather than the uterus. This is also when it was noted both men and women could contract hysteria. French physician Philippe Pinel freed hysteria patients detained in Paris' Salpêtrière sanatorium on the basis that kindness and sensitivity were needed to formulate good care. Another French physician, Francois de Sauvages de La Croix believed some common signs of female hysteria were "tears and laughter, oscitation [yawning], pandiculation (stretching and yawning), suffocating angina (chest pain) or dyspnea (shortness of breath), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), delirium, a close and driving pulse, a swollen abdomen, cold extremities, and abundant and clear urine."

Anton Mesmer, a German physician, came up with the theory of “animal magnetism”, later referred to as mesmerism. Mesmer saw “animal magnetism” as energy that flowed through the nervous system. He would try to manipulate that “energy” to relieve his patients of hysteria. One of the methods he used was having his patients hold onto metal rods that were electrically charged. Mesmer’s findings on "animal magnetism" were later discredited.

19th century
Jean-Martin Charcot argued that hysteria derived from a neurological disorder and showed that it was more common in men than women. Charcot's theories of hysteria being a physical condition of the mind and not of the body led to a more scientific and analytical approach to hysteria in the 19th century. He dispelled the beliefs that hysteria had anything to do with the supernatural and attempted to define it medically. Charcot's use of photography, and the resulting concretization of women's expressions of health and distress, continued to influence women's experiences of seeking healthcare. Though older ideas persisted during this era, over time female hysteria began to be thought of less as a physical ailment and more of a psychological one.

George Beard, a physician who cataloged an incomplete list including 75 pages of possible symptoms of hysteria, claimed that almost any ailment could fit the diagnosis. Physicians thought that the stress associated with the typical female life at the time caused civilized women to be both more susceptible to nervous disorders and to develop faulty reproductive tracts. One American physician expressed pleasure in the fact that the country was "catching up" to Europe in the prevalence of hysteria.

In 1875, Edward Hammond Clarke wrote “Sex in Education”, a book discussing his views on men and women’s education. Clarke believed that if women were educated, the energy in their bodies would go to the brain instead of the reproductive organs, hindering childbirth. He attributed clothing, food, exercise, and education for causing “Leucorrhoea, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, chronic and acute ovaritis, prolapsis utari, hysteria, neuralgia”. Clarke believed that men came into the world fully developed, while women were not. He stated that by imposing men’s education on women, their problem would worsen. His views were condemned by many women’s organizations.

According to Pierre Roussel and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, femininity was a natural and essential desire for women: "Femininity is for both authors an essential nature, with defined functions, and the disease is explained by the non-fulfillment of natural desire." It was during the industrial revolution and the major development of cities and modern lifestyles that disruption of this natural appetite was thought to cause lethargy or melancholy, leading to hysteria. At the time female patients sought medical practitioners for the massage treatment of hysteria. The rate of hysteria was so great in the socially restrictive industrial period that women were prone to carry smelling salts about their person in case they swooned, reminiscent of Hippocrates' theory of using odors to coerce the uterus back into place. For physicians, manual massage treatment was becoming laborious and time-consuming, and they were seeking a way to increase productivity.

Rachel Maines hypothesized that physicians from the classical era until the early 20th century commonly treated hysteria by manually stimulating the genitals of female patients to the point of orgasm, which was denominated "hysterical paroxysm", and that the inconvenience of this may have motivated the original development of and market for the vibrator. Other hysteria treatments included pregnancy, marriage, heterosexual sex, and the application of smelling oils on female genitals. Although Maines's theory that hysteria was treated by manually stimulating female patients' genitalia to orgasm is widely repeated in the literature on female anatomy and sexuality, some historians dispute Maines's claims regarding the prevalence of this treatment for hysteria and its relevance to the invention of the vibrator, describing them as a distortion of the evidence or that they are only relevant to a very small group. In 2018, Hallie Lieberman and Eric Schatzberg of Georgia Institute of Technology challenged Maines's claims for the use of electromechanical vibrators to treat hysteria in the 19th century. Maines stated that her theory of the prevalence of masturbation for hysteria and its relevance to the invention of the vibrator is a hypothesis and not proven fact.

Frederick Hollick was a firm believer that a main cause of hysteria was licentiousness present in women.

20th century
In the 1910s, psychiatrist L. E. Emerson was heavily involved in treating patients of hysteria at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital. Emerson published case studies on his patients, who were often "young, single, native-born, and white" and either had been raped or had a lack of healthy sexual relationships. One of his more famous works was a case study of a woman called "Miss A". In the study, Emerson summarized the patient's experience with sexual violence, which he said that most women with hysteria had encountered. Miss A would practise self harm, and Emerson deduced that this practice was a release for the sexual assault she had previously experienced, and substituted for a form of masturbation. Another case study was of Sally Hollis, a woman who often viewed her experience with sexual assault by the terms of her own failing actions and female aggression. Believing the roots of hysteria lay in sexual conflict, Emerson paid attention to the theme of lack of sexual knowledge amongst these women, viewing them as repressed. The lack of sexual knowledge ranged from not knowing what menstruation was, how conception began or what the process of giving birth was.

Some women purposefully sought out the "hysteric" diagnosis because they believed it could provide an answer to what they were experiencing. Most of the patients that Emerson saw were single because they were either young or have purposefully avoided men. Author Elizabeth Lunbeck noted that these women typically fell into three categories. They either withdrew from the heterosexual sphere entirely, despite wanting to participate; they experienced something that was sexually unwanted but would experience guilt over what happened like Sally Hollis; or they were haunted by their sexual traumas in the past. As hysteria was growing into a more prominent diagnosis amongst women, it had led to the police treating any report for sexual assault or rape with skepticism, with the common belief at the time being that "sexual assault is physically impossible without consent".

Freud and decline of diagnosis
During the early 20th century, the number of women diagnosed with female hysteria sharply declined. Some medical authors claim that the decline was due to gaining a greater understanding of the psychology behind conversion disorders such as hysteria. The understanding of the field of psychiatry was becoming more nuanced at the time, with Sigmund Freud introducing the theory of psychoanalysis, and his other ideas surrounding women and their sexuality.

With so many possible symptoms, historically hysteria was considered a catch-all diagnosis where any unidentifiable ailment could be assigned. As diagnostic techniques improved, the number of ambiguous cases that might have been attributed to hysteria declined. For instance, before the introduction of electroencephalography, epilepsy was frequently confused with hysteria.

Sigmund Freud claimed that hysteria was not anything physical at all but an emotional, internal condition that could affect both males and females, which was caused by previous trauma that led to the affected being unable to enjoy sex in the normal way. This would later lead to Freud's development of the Oedipus complex, which connotes femininity as a failure, or lack of masculinity. Although these earlier studies had shown that men were also prone to have hysteria, over time, the condition was related mainly to issues of femininity as the continued study of hysteria took place only in women.

Many cases that had previously been labeled hysteria were reclassified by Freud as anxiety neuroses. It was Freud's theory that hysteria may have been related to the unconscious mind and separate from the conscious mind or the ego. He was convinced that deep conflicts in the mind, some concerning instinctual drives for sex and aggression, were driving the behavior of those with hysteria. The illness of hysteria is a "expression of the impossibility of the fulfillment of the sexual drive because of reminiscence of the Oedipal conflict". This hypothesis is a driving force behind the psychological theory of psychoanalysis, as a way to help patients that had been diagnosed with hysteria reduce internal conflicts causing physical and emotional suffering.

New theories relating to hysteria came from pure speculation; doctors and physicians could not connect symptoms to the disorder, causing it to decline rapidly as a diagnosis. Hysteria was officially taken out of the DSM in 1980.

Today, female hysteria is no longer a recognized illness, but different manifestations of hysteria are recognized in other conditions such as schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, conversion disorder, and anxiety attacks.

Relationship with women's rights and feminism
In the 1980s, feminists began to reclaim hysteria, using it as a symbol of the systematic oppression of women and reclaiming the term for themselves. The idea of hysteria became an embodiment of the oppressions against women, especially among sex-positive feminists, who believe sexual repression and having it called hysteria is a form of oppression. The idea stemmed from the belief that hysteria was a kind of pre-feminist rebellion against the oppressive defined social roles placed upon women. Feminist writers such as Catherine Clément and Hélène Cixous wrote in The Newly Born Woman from a place of opposition to the theories proposed in psychoanalytical works. Clément, Cixous and other feminist writers pushed back against the notion that socially constructed femininities and hysteria are natural to being female. Feminist social historians of both sexes argue that hysteria is caused by women's oppressed social roles, rather than by their bodies or psyches.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman
"The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a short story that demonstrates the mistreatment of hysteria and illuminates the deep-rooted misogynistic systems that existed at the time. Published in 1892, this piece is an example of how media around feminist medical care has existed far before modern day. Throughout the story, the female protagonist is confined to an upstairs room at the instruction of her husband who is a physician. Throughout her confinement, the protagonist becomes entranced with the yellow wallpaper. At one point she says there is a woman in it, which is a reflection of her mental state and unreliability as a narrator. The full meaning of the story is up to reader interpretation, but the ending is the outcome of a woman labeled and diagnosed with “hysteria” and not taken seriously by her male husband and male doctors. Through "The Yellow Wallpaper" Perkins shows the lack of care for women's mental health and the condition of hysteria in the late 19th century.

Safe
The 1995 film Safe explores the harmful effects of sexism in healthcare on the psychological and physical health of women and girls. It explores the connections between mental illness, the misdiagnosis of mental illness when physical conditions proved difficult to diagnose, feminism, and healthcare disparities that result from deep-rooted sexism in the medical industry. Both Safe and Gilman's short story, The Yellow Wallpaper explore the differences between the way that men and women experience and view mental illness and healthcare. Similarly, in Fairchild's article “Feminism is now”, she discusses modern misogyny and current examples of sexism in the modern world. The author argues against the idea that feminist goals have already been reached and uncovers how misogyny exists and is visible in many aspects of the lives of women and girls.

title: Female hysteria


text:
I Feel for You (album)

I Feel for You is the fifth solo studio album by American R&B/funk singer Chaka Khan, released on the Warner Bros. Records label in 1984.

Background
After having balanced her two simultaneous careers as a member of the band Rufus and a solo performer during the years 1978 to 1983, which culminated with the release of the final Rufus & Chaka Khan album Stompin' at the Savoy – Live, after which the band dissolved, Khan recorded the album that was to make her a pop star with mainstream chart success: 1984's I Feel for You.

Promotion
The title track, "I Feel for You", was a cover of a 1979 Prince track, featuring Grandmaster Melle Mel on the classic "Ch-ch-ch-chaka-chaka-chaka Khan" rap intro and Stevie Wonder on chromatic harmonica (and also a sample from one of his first hits, "Fingertips"). The song saw Khan embracing high-tech funk, rap and hip hop, and stands as one of her best known songs and her biggest commercial hit, reaching number 3 on the Billboard chart in the US (and becoming the number 5 best-selling song of the year in 1985) and topping the US R&B, Dance, and UK Singles Chart. The song earned her a second Grammy Award in 1985 for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female.

Additional hit singles were "This Is My Night" (US No. 60, R&B No. 11, Dance No. 1, UK No. 14), "Eye to Eye" (UK No. 16) and the ballad "Through the Fire", which crossed over to the adult contemporary chart (No. 16) and charted at No. 77 in the UK. The album's second ballad, "Stronger Than Before", co-written by Burt Bacharach, Bruce Roberts and Carole Bayer Sager, was released as the fifth single in certain markets.

"I Feel for You", "This Is My Night" and "Eye to Eye" were released as extended 12" remixes in 1984, and other mixes were created for the 1989 remix compilation Life is a Dance - The Remix Project. The 1984 mixes by Arif Mardin and Russ Titelman remain unreleased on CD.

1985 saw two other songs by Khan released on other albums: "(Krush Groove) Can't Stop the Street" from the Krush Groove soundtrack (US R&B No. 18, UK No. 80), and "Own the Night", from the Miami Vice soundtrack (US Pop No. 57, US R&B No. 66).

Critical reception
In a review of I Feel for You, Billboard deemed it a "fine new work" from Khan, finding her at "the peak of her powers" while covering "sharp techno-pop" and "a gutsy kind of adult contemporary." Don Snowden from The Boston Phoenix wrote that the singer had become "entranced with her electro-boogie wonderland" and even embraced "the latest street beats". He credited producer Arif Mardin for unifying the album with "a glistening metallic edifice of sound, true metal-machine music for life and love in highrise apartments where silk sheets and polished chrome dominate the décor", although he felt the drawback of such densely melodic arrangements was the constraint they placed on Khan's singing, likening the effect to "the desperate air of someone trapped in a penthouse prison of her own device".

People said apart from the title track's inventive music, the record had a "nondescript nature"; apart from Khan's modicum of feeling on "Through the Fire", "one can listen to this album for a long time and still not feel she is making any impact." Slant Magazine's Eric Henderson considered I Feel for You a landmark pop and post-disco release, as well as Khan's "most grandly sustained moment of pop craft". According to AllMusic's Alex Henderson, it found Khan successfully adapting to the stylistic changes R&B had undergone since her 1970s music with Rufus, as "horn-powered funk bands, strings-laden Philadelphia soul, and orchestral disco were out of vogue, and the urban contemporary audiences of 1984 were into a more high-tech, heavily electronic style of R&B." Henderson called the record "excellent from start to finish" and exemplary of "the urban contemporary scene of 1984". Robert Christgau was more critical in The Village Voice, accusing Khan of "coasting" on her "splendid" voice while singling out the title track and John Robie's contribution on "My Love Is Alive" for possessing the majority of I Feel for You's "musical interest (as opposed to attraction)".

Commercial performance
I Feel for You debuted at number 163 on the US Billboard 200 in the week of October 20, 1984 and eventually peaked at number 15 in the week ending December 1, 1984. It became Khan's highest-charting album since Chaka (1978) as well as her biggest-selling album yet. On December 13, 1984, I Feel for You was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It reached Platinum status five days later.

Personnel
Performers and musicians

 * Chaka Khan – lead vocals, backing vocals
 * David Frank – keyboards, synthesizer track: 1, keyboards, synthesizer, programming track: 6
 * Mic Murphy – backing vocals track: 1
 * Steve Ferrone – drums tracks: 1, 4
 * Paul Pesco – guitar track: 1
 * Philippe Saisse – additional keyboards track: 1, keyboards, synthesizer, programming track: 5, 6, 10
 * Steve Lukather – guitar track: 7
 * Nathan East – bass guitar track: 2, 8
 * John Robinson – drums track: 2, 7, 8
 * Dann Huff – guitar track: 2
 * Robbie Buchanan – keyboards, synthesizer track: 2, keyboards, synthesizer, programming track: 6
 * Craig Siegel – Fairlight programming track: 2
 * John Robie – keyboards, synthesizer, programming track: 3
 * Cruz Sembello – backing vocals track: 4
 * Tony Maiden – rhythm guitar track: 4
 * Michael Sembello – guitar solo, backing vocals track: 4
 * Danny Sembello – keyboards, synthesizer track: 4
 * Don Freeman – keyboards, synthesizer track: 4
 * Rob Mounsey – Synclavier track: 4
 * Hamish Stuart – backing vocals track: 5
 * Mark Stevens – backing vocals track: 5
 * Reggie Griffin – guitar, bass, keyboards, synthesizer, programming track: 6
 * Stevie Wonder – chromatic harmonica track: 6
 * Grandmaster Melle Mel – vocals track: 6
 * Steve Porcaro – keyboards track: 7
 * Hawk – bass, keyboards track: 7
 * James Newton Howard – keyboards track: 7
 * Michael Landau – guitar track: 8
 * David Foster – keyboards, synthesizer track: 8
 * Marcus Ryle – programming track: 8
 * Alec Milstein – backing vocals track: 9
 * Vadim Zilberstein – guitar track: 9
 * Keith "Plex" Barnhart – keyboards, synthesizer track: 9
 * Joe Mardin – drums track: 9

Technical

 * Arif Mardin – record producer tracks: 1–3, 5–7, 9, 10
 * Lew Hahn – audio mixing tracks: 1, 2, 5–7, 10
 * Robbie Buchanan – producer track: 2
 * John Robie – producer, audio mixing track: 3
 * Russ Titelman – producer track: 4
 * Elliot Scheiner – audio mixing track: 4
 * David "Hawk" Wolinski – producer track 7
 * James Newton Howard – producer track: 7
 * David Foster – producer, musical arranger track: 8
 * Humberto Gatica – producer, audio mixing track: 8
 * Joe Mardin – producer, audio mixing track: 9
 * Bill Dooley – audio mixing track: 9
 * Michael O'Reilly – audio mixing track: 9

title: I Feel for You (album)


text:
October 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

October 3 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 5

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on October 17 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on September 21.

Saints

 * Hieromartyr Hierotheus of Athens, first Bishop of Athens (1st century)
 * Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker, Bishop of Tamassos, Cyprus (2nd century)
 * Martyrs Gaius, Faustus, Eusebius, and Chaeremon, Deacons, of Alexandria (3rd century)  (see also: October 3)
 * Martyrs Domnina and her daughters Berenice (Bernice) and Prosdoce, of Syria (302)
 * Martyr Adauctus (c. 312) and his daughter St. Callisthene (c. 318), of Ephesus.
 * Venerable Paul the Simple (c. 339) and Venerable Ammon (350),  of Egypt, disciples of St. Anthony the Great.
 * Hieromartyr Peter of Capitolia, Bishop of Bostra in Arabia (715)
 * Venerable John (Lampadistes) of Cyprus (10th century)
 * Saint Vladimir Yaroslavich, prince of Novgorod (1052), and his mother St. Anna of Novgorod (Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden) (1050)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saint Petronius of Bologna, Bishop of Bologna (c. 450)
 * Saint Quintius of Tours (Quentin), a citizen of Tours, martyred at L'Indrois near Montrésor (6th century)
 * Saint Aurea, a Syrian who moved to France and became Abbess of St Martial in Paris, where she remained for thirty-three years (666)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Saints Helladius and Onesimus of the Near Caves in Kiev (12th-13th centuries)
 * Saint Ammon, recluse, of the Far Caves in Kiev (13th century)
 * Saint Stephen Stiljanovic, despot of Srem, Serbia (1540), and his wife St. Elena (Elizabeth in monasticism) (c. 1543)
 * Saints Jonah and Nectarius, monks, of Kazan (16th century)
 * Hieromartyr Evdemoz I, Catholicos of Georgia (1642)
 * Saint Peter (Michurin) of Kuznetsk, Siberia (1820)

New Martys and Confessors

 * New Hieromartyr Demetrius Voznesensky, Priest (1918)
 * New Hieromartyrs Nicholas Vereschagin, Michael Tverdovsky, Jacob Bobirev and Tikhon Archangelsky, Priests (1937)
 * New Hieromartyr Basil (Tsvetkov), Archimandrite, of Stary Kelets, Ryazan (1937)
 * Saint Khionia Archangelsky, Confessor (1945)
 * New Hiero-confessor Barsanuphius (Yurchenko) of Kherson (1954)

Other commemorations

 * Uncovering of the relics (1595) of St. Gurias (1563), first Archbishop of Kazan, and St. Barsanuphius, Bishop of Tver (1576)
 * Synaxis of the Saints of Kazan.
 * Synaxis of the Icon of the Theotokos "Kitrinopetritissa" ("Yellow-stone") in Australia.

title: October 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
Adam Clark Vroman

Adam Clark Vroman (April 15, 1856, La Salle, Illinois - July 24, 1916, Altadena, California) was an American portrait photographer, known primarily for his portraits of indigenous peoples of the Southwestern United States. He was the founder and proprietor of Vroman's Bookstore - the oldest and largest independent bookshop in Southern California.

He originally worked for the railways in various positions. In 1892 he began taking landscape photographs, then opened a bookstore in Pasadena together with J.S. Glassock. From 1895, he visited the villages of the Hopi Native Americans for ten years, which he painted. In addition, he photographed the Navajo tribe. Later he also lectured on Indigenous Americans

In his photographs, he showed their facial features, but also realistic images of their dwellings and arranged simple genre scenes of their way of life. In the portrait, he combined documentary requirements with a cultivated rendering.

Vroman's Bookstore
Vroman's Bookstore was founded by Adam Clark Vroman in 1894. It was then called Vroman's Book and Photographic Supply and was located at 60 E. Colorado St in Pasadena, California. Vroman was an avid photographer of the Southwest and Native American culture, and his interest in photographic equipment began a long-standing portfolio tradition in his bookstore.

title: Adam Clark Vroman


text:
Harold Washington Library

The Harold Washington Library Center is the central library for the Chicago Public Library System. It is located just south of the Loop 'L', at 400 S. State Street in Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a full-service library and is ADA compliant. As with all libraries in the Chicago Public Library system, it has free Wi-Fi internet service. Opened in 1991, it functionally replaced (after more than a decade) the city's 19th-century central library. The building contains approximately 756000 sqft of work space. The total square footage is approximately 972000 sqft including the rooftop winter-garden event space. It is named in honor of Mayor Harold Washington.

History

With the conversion of Chicago's former central library into the Chicago Cultural Center in 1977, a long-term temporary central library was opened in the Mandel Building at 425 North Michigan Avenue and much of the library's collection was put into storage. A debate on a new central library ensued and continued throughout most of the 1980s, frustrated by a lack of funding. Upon his election in 1983, Mayor Harold Washington supported the construction of a new central library. After the turmoil of four mayoral administrations in a seven-year period, finally, in 1986 during Washington's tenure, the city and the Library Board picked a location and floated a $175 million bond issue to provide funds for the new building, as well as the entire citywide library branch system. In 1987, a design competition was held by the city to decide on the architecture of the library. Five prominent entries were chosen from design-build coalitions of architects and contractors, representing designs by VOA Associates in collaboration with Arthur Erickson; Hammond, Beeby & Babka; Murphy/Jahn, Lohan Associates, and SOM. The entries were narrowed down to two finalists: The Chicago Library Team with Helmut Jahn's glassy, modern design, and the SEBUS coalition, whose postmodern design by Hammond, Beeby and Babka took elements from nearby historic buildings. Notably, Jahn's design was to have arched over Van Buren Street onto the area that is now occupied by Pritzker Park, incorporating a new elevated station on Chicago's Loop. These elements were deemed too expensive, along with the rest of Jahn's design, so the Hammond, Beeby and Babka design won the competition. The architectural models that the entrant teams created are located on the eighth floor of the Harold Washington Library Center, except the SEBUS entry, which is located in the ninth floor Special Collections.

With the support of Harold Washington and Chicago's wealthy Pritzker family, ground was broken at the chosen site at Congress Parkway and State Street, covering an entire block. Upon the building's completion in 1991, the new mayor, Richard M. Daley, named the building in honor of the now-deceased former mayor Harold Washington, an advocate of reading and education among Chicagoans as well as an advocate of the library's construction. Before 1872, Chicago had mainly private libraries. England responded to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 by donating over 8,000 books to the city, which became the foundation of the first public library. This collection was housed in a variety of locations, until the Central Library was built in 1891. The Harold Washington Library opened on October 7, 1991. Since completion, the library has appeared in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest public library building in the world. In 2013 the architect and chairman of Hammond, Beeby and Babka, Thomas H. Beeby, won the prestigious Driehaus Architecture Prize for this and other projects.

Exterior
The exterior evokes the design of the Rookery, Auditorium and the Monadnock buildings. The bottom portion is made of large granite blocks. Red brick makes up the majority of the exterior. These two portions draw on the Beaux-Art style.

The pediments and most of the west side facing Plymouth Court are glass, steel and aluminum with ornamentation hearkening to the Mannerist style.

In 1993, the roof was ornamented with seven large, painted aluminum acroteria designed by Kent Bloomer with owl figures by Raymond Kaskey. The acroterium on the State Street side depicts an owl, a symbol of knowledge due to its association with the Greek goddess Athena. The acroteria on the Congress Parkway (now Ida. B. Wells Drive) and on the Van Buren sides contain seed pods, which represent the natural bounty of the Midwest. The acroteria angularia each contain an owl perched in foliage.

On the divide between the granite blocks and the brick portions are wall medallions that have the face of Ceres and ears of corn.

On the north, east and south sides of the build are five story tall arched windows. Between the windows are rope friezes.

Interior
All public doors lead to the lobby. The north public entrance on Van Buren is just east of the CTA's Harold Washington Library–State/Van Buren station, served by the Brown, Orange, Pink and Purple Lines. The corridor goes east, then south, then west, and opens south to the lobby.

The east and south public entrances open directly to the lobby. The west public entrance opens to the offices. The west corridor goes east then south to open at the lobby.

 * The lower level houses the Cindy Pritzker Auditorium, Multi-Purpose Room and Exhibit Hall.
 * The central lobby is two stories tall and includes both the circulation and information desks. On the east side, the Popular Library is housed and on the West side there is a YouMedia space for teens.
 * The second floor houses the Thomas Hughes Children’s library.
 * The third floor includes computers for public use, periodicals, and interlibrary loan and general information services departments along with a library makerspace. The Maker Lab includes multiple 3D printers, CNC machines and Laser Cutters. Use of these machines is available for a nominal fee.
 * The fourth floor holds the business, general sciences, and technology items.
 * The fifth floor holds government publications, Chicago municipal references, maps, and an assistive resources and talking book center for the blind, visually impaired and physically disabled.
 * The sixth floor holds social sciences and history resources.
 * The seventh floor holds literature and language resources as well as a work by acclaimed Polish sculptor Jerzy Kenar.
 * The eighth floor holds visual and performing arts resources, music practice rooms, and audio/visual rooms.
 * The ninth floor holds the Winter Garden, which may serve as a reading room or be rented for social functions. Also on this floor are exhibit halls, Special Collections, and the Harold Washington Archives and Collections.
 * The tenth floor is not open to the public. It houses library offices and technical services.

title: Harold Washington Library


text:
Superior thoracic aperture

The superior thoracic aperture, also known as the thoracic outlet, or thoracic inlet refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity. It is also clinically referred to as the thoracic outlet, in the case of thoracic outlet syndrome. A lower thoracic opening is the inferior thoracic aperture.

Structure
The superior thoracic aperture is essentially a hole surrounded by a bony ring, through which several vital structures pass. It is bounded by: the first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly; the first pair of ribs laterally, forming lateral C-shaped curves posterior to anterior; and the costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.

Dimensions
The adult thoracic outlet is around 6.5 cm antero-posteriorly and 11 cm transversely. Because of the obliquity of the first pair of ribs, the aperture slopes antero-inferiorly.

Relations
The clavicle articulates with the manubrium to form the anterior border of the thoracic outlet. Above the superior thoracic outlet is the root of the neck, and the superior mediastinum is inferiorly related. The brachial plexus is a superolateral relation of the thoracic outlet. The brachial plexus emerges between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, superior to the first rib, and passes obliquely and inferiorly, underneath the clavicle, into the shoulder and then the arm. Impingement of the plexus in the region of the scalenes, ribs, and clavicles is responsible for thoracic outlet syndrome.

Function
Structures that pass through the thoracic inlet include:
 * trachea
 * oesophagus
 * thoracic duct
 * apices of the lungs
 * nerves
 * phrenic nerve
 * vagus nerve
 * recurrent laryngeal nerves
 * sympathetic trunks
 * vessels
 * arteries
 * left and right common carotid arteries
 * left subclavian arteries
 * veins
 * internal jugular veins
 * brachiocephalic veins
 * subclavian veins
 * lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels

This is not an exhaustive list. There are several other minor, but important, vessels and nerves passing through, and an abnormally large thyroid gland may extend inferiorly through the thoracic inlet into the superior mediastinum.

The oesophagus lies against the body of the T1 vertebra, separated from it by the prevertebral fascia, and the trachea lies in front of the oesophagus, in the midline, and may touch the manubrium. The apices of the lungs lie to either side of the oesophagus and trachea, and is separated from them by the other vessels and nerves listed above. Furthermore, they extend slightly superior past the level of the inlet (e.g. the horizontal plane of the first rib).

title: Superior thoracic aperture


text:
User:Interiot/Sandbox

Subpages:

title: User:Interiot/Sandbox


text: User talk:82.146.247.166

title: User talk:82.146.247.166


text:
Soverel 33

The Soverel 33 is a high performance racing yacht, launched in 1983 by renowned racing sailor and designer Mark Soverel. It was primarily intended as a one-design fleet but, although approximately 90 boats were built, that never quite happened. The boat was a success as a racer and a forerunner to the modern sports boat with its light displacement (5,300-5,900 lbs depending on builder), large sail area and open transom.

The boats were built by four different builders. The first 69 boats were built at Bill Soverel's plant in Florida. Five (with flush decks) were produced at Republic Boats in California in 1984. 19 were built by George Olson's Pacific Yachts in 1985 and the balance (about 10) were built by Tartan Yachts in North Carolina and later Grand River, Ohio.

title: Soverel 33


text:
User talk:Amzolt

UserName::AMZolt also amzolt

Resident: FL, Earth, SolSystem, "MilkyWay", 5N2cj::m0

Interests: Poetry, Religion, Global Unity

ProFession: Poet

Vocations: Astrology, Tarot, I Ching

04:07, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!
Welcome to the Wikipedia Community and thanks for using the Bootcamp! CQ 16:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Response
Don't know if I'm doing this right, responding to you here, CQ, but you have no e-mail connection in Wiki-land...

Thanks for the welcome. Hope I find the time to concentrate on Bootcamp...

What's next?

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Dave C.talk 02:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thanks !
Thanks for the informative welcome! amzolt 16:59, 6 October 2005 (UTC)amzolt

Removing Links
MrOllie I'm new to Wikipedia editing. I added an external link to "Peace" and you removed it. Are you an administrator or can any one remove edits? I'm not complaining, just want to understand you action... --amzolt (talk) 18:47, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Anyone may remove material from an article. In general personal blogs are not linked to from wikipedia articles, see the external links guideline for more details. - MrOllie (talk) 18:51, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amzolt


text:
Wikipedia:Templates with red links

This page lists templates with red links (which lead to non-existent internal pages). Certain links are not checked, including Parameterized links, links to images, category membership links, interwiki links, and Special: links.

How can I help?
Visit each template and get a sense of what's going on.
 * Some red links are the result of typos, spelling errors, or formatting errors, which can be fixed easily. Many of these will have already been fixed in the templates, and need only be removed from the list.
 * If the article referenced by a red link deserves to exist, you can start it and then mark it as a stub. It may also be effective to ask the editor who added that link to the template to make the article, as they may have more knowledge of the subject.
 * If you think an existing article will fit the bill, you can edit the link in the template to point to it directly, and create a redirect from the original target of the red link, so future linkers can benefit from your work.
 * If you think no article with that title should ever, ever exist (or if the article has been deleted), you can remove the link. It's fine to leave red links to useful potential articles, as a signal to other editors that the article needs to be created, but editors are always encouraged to write the article first, before adding excessive redlinks to a template. (See also Most wanted articles).
 * If you come across an entire template that you think should not exist, please review the applicable standards at Templates for discussion, and, if appropriate, nominate that template for deletion.

When all the red links in a template have been resolved (fixed, removed, or articles have been made), the listing should be removed from the project subpage, and the count updated on this page.

In order to help people find this project, consider using an edit summary like the following:  Template red link repair (You can help! )

Updating
This list is as of the March 2009 database dump.

Origins
Requested by User:BD2412.

Listings
(These are split up because they are very long.)

Progress (2011 Database Dump)
rpt = red-links per template

Special sections

 * User:Certes/Template redlinks - 2022 update of sections

Older listings
Listings were previously separated by date of the database dump from which the information was generated.

Note: Although this is a very old database dump, it still includes a large number of unresolved redlinks, and a large number of templates which contain them. Therefore, the links below are no less important than those found in more recent database dumps (and may even be more important, as they have existed for a longer time).

September, 2005

 * /2005-09-09

title: Wikipedia:Templates with red links


text:
State Bar of Texas

The State Bar of Texas (the Texas Bar) is an agency of the judiciary under the administrative control of the Texas Supreme Court. It is responsible for assisting the Texas Supreme Court in overseeing all attorneys licensed to practice law in Texas. With more than 100,000 active members, the State Bar of Texas is one of the largest state bars in the United States. Unlike the American Bar Association (ABA), the State Bar of Texas (SBOT) is a mandatory bar. The State Bar is headquartered in the Texas Law Center at 1414 Colorado Street in Austin.

Membership
The State Bar of Texas is composed of those persons licensed to practice law in Texas and is an "integrated" or "mandatory" bar. The State Bar Act, adopted by the Legislature in 1939, mandates that all attorneys licensed to practice law in Texas be members of the State Bar. As of 2018, membership in the Texas Bar stood at 103,342.

Purpose
The purposes of the State Bar of Texas, as documented in the State Bar Act legislation that created it, are:
 * 1) to aid the courts in carrying on and improving the administration of justice;
 * 2) to advance the quality of legal services to the public and to foster the role of the legal profession in serving the public;
 * 3) to foster and maintain, on the part of those engaged in the practice of law, high ideals and integrity, learning, competence in public service, and high standards of conduct;
 * 4) to provide proper professional services to the members of the state bar;
 * 5) to encourage the formation of and activities of local bar associations;
 * 6) to provide forums for the discussion of subjects pertaining to the practice of law, the science of jurisprudence and law reform, and the relationship of the state bar to the public; and
 * 7) to publish information relating the practice of law, the science of jurisprudence and law reform, and the relationship of the state bar to the public.

The organization provides continuing legal education, courses for attorneys, and processes complaints against Texas attorneys by clients and other members of the public.

The State Bar publishes the Texas Bar Journal, which serves not only as a trade publication, but also is also the official organ through which all Texas attorneys are advised of rule changes by the Texas Supreme Court and other official matters.

Mission
"The mission of the State Bar of Texas is to support the administration of the legal system, assure all persons equal access to justice, foster high standards of ethical conduct for lawyers, enable its members to better serve their clients and the public, educate the public about the rule of law, and promote diversity in the administration of justice and the practice of law."

Governance
On a day-to-day basis, the State Bar is run by an executive director, currently E.A. "Trey" Apffel III. The operations of the Bar are overseen by an elected board of directors made up of volunteers. State Bar members also elect as the president, who serves a one-year term as president-elect before taking office. The current president of the State Bar of Texas (2020-2021) is Sylvia Borunda Firth, a solo practitioner from El Paso. In addition to electing their Bar leaders, Texas attorneys have voting rights on some policy matters through the instrument of referendum.

Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct
The Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct are promulgated by the Texas Supreme Court. These rules "set forth principles to which attorneys should aspire and rules to which they must conform". Along with the court rules and Texas Code of Judicial Conduct, the most current version of the disciplinary rules is posted on the Texas Judiciary's website.

The attorney disciplinary rules are enforced by the Commission for Lawyer Discipline (CLD), which prosecutes attorney misconduct in district courts and/or through 17 district grievance committees throughout the state, consisting of appointed volunteers.

The Commission is composed of 12 members: six attorneys appointed by the president of the State Bar and six public members appointed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Prosecutions are handled by the Commission's Chief Disciplinary Counsel.

The most severe disciplinary penalty is disbarment. Lesser sanctions are time-limited suspensions, which may be probated or probated in part. Appeals may be taken to the Board of Disciplinary Appeals (BODA) and ultimately to the Texas Supreme Court. Sanctions decisions are published in the Texas Bar Journal. Conviction of a serious crime will entail mandatory discipline.

In Fiscal Year 2018-19 the Commission for Lawyer Discipline successfully resolved 589 complaints through the imposition of 414 sanctions and collected $430,598 in attorneys’ fees.

A Texas attorney's public disciplinary history (if any) and current license status can be looked up on the SBOT website through a search by name or license number (Texas Bar Number), which must appear on all court filings by an attorney.

History
Although lawyers have had statewide organizations in Texas since the 19th century, the State Bar of Texas began its formal existence on April 19, 1939, when Governor W. Lee O'Daniel signed House Bill No. 74, titled the State Bar Act of 1939. From that point onward, membership in the State Bar of Texas was a prerequisite for the practice of law in Texas.

In July 1963, Gene Cavin was hired as the first full-time Continuing Legal Education (CLE) Director, greatly expanding the course material for professional development.

In 1976 the Texas Law Center, located at Fifteenth and Colorado Streets in Austin, TX, became the permanent headquarters for the Texas State Bar.

Sections of the State Bar of Texas
Administrative & Public Law; African-American Lawyers; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Animal Law; Antitrust and Business Litigation; Appellate; Asian-Pacific Interest; Aviation Law; Bankruptcy Law; Business Law; Child Protection Law; Civil Liberties & Civil Rights; Collaborative Law; Computer & Technology; Construction Law; Consumer and Commercial Law; Corporate Counsel; Criminal Justice; Entertainment and Sports Law; Environmental and Natural Resources; Family Law; General Practice, Solo, and Small Firm; Government Law; Health Law; Hispanic Issues; Immigration and Nationality Law; Individual Rights and Responsibilities; Insurance Law; Intellectual Property Law; International Law; James C. Watson Inn of Former Officers and Directors; Judicial; Justice of the Peace Courts; Juvenile Law; Labor and Employment Law; Law Student Division; Legislative and Campaign Law; LGBT Law; Litigation; Litigation - Sustaining; Military and Veterans Law; Municipal Judges; Native American Law; Oil, Gas, and Energy Resources Law; Paralegal Division; Poverty Law; Public Utility Law; Real Estate, Probate & Trust; School Law; Taxation; Women and the Law; Workers' Compensation

title: State Bar of Texas


text:
Hornblower

Hornblower may refer to:

 * Hornblower (surname)
 * Horn (instrument) blower

In fiction

 * Horatio Hornblower, a fictional officer of the British Royal Navy created by C. S. Forester
 * Hornblower (TV series), a series of television programmes based on Forester's novels.
 * Captain Horatio Hornblower, a 1951 movie starring Gregory Peck & Virginia Mayo.
 * Hornblower, the pre-Crisis superhero name of Mal Duncan, a DC Comics character

Other uses

 * Hornblower Cruises, San Francisco–based charter yacht, dining cruise and ferry service company
 * Hornblower Hybrid, the first known multi-hulled hybrid ferry boat (class) in the United States
 * Edward Hornblower House and Barn, Arlington, Massachusetts, USA

title: Hornblower