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Mitsubishi i

The Mitsubishi i (三菱・i) is a kei car from automaker Mitsubishi Motors, first released in January 2006, twenty eight months after its debut at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. It is the first four-door automobile since the 1960s to employ a "rear midship" setup with the engine behind the passengers, in an attempt to improve safety and interior space without enlarging the overall exterior.

The innovative layout and styling of the i proved an immediate critical and commercial success, exceeding Mitsubishi's initial sales targets by 20 percent and winning thirteen awards in its first year. Although designed with the Japanese keijidōsha light automobile class in mind, the attention it generated led to its subsequent introduction in right hand drive markets in Asia, Oceania and Europe. It is also used as a basis of the 2009 i-MiEV battery electric vehicle.

Concepts: i, Se-Ro
Two prototypes were exhibited during the car's development. The first was the "i" Concept, which debuted at the 60th Frankfurt Motor Show in 2003, and previewed the car's striking exterior. Motoring journalists were quick to seize on the distinctive silhouette, calling it "a very good egg", and a "crystal ball" with which to see the future of Mitsubishi. One reviewer even speculated it to be an allusion by the vehicle's French-born designer Olivier Boulay to the Renault 4CV, France's popular post-war "people's car" with which the i shared its four-seat, rear-engined layout. Its styling was formally lauded when the i won the Grand Prize at the 50th anniversary Good Design Awards from the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in October 2006, the first kei car to win the award.

Explaining the choice of name, the company claimed that "i" could represent the owner (I, the nominative personal pronoun) as an encouragement to personal expression, or innovation, intelligence and imagination, keywords in the car's development. It was also a play on the Japanese word for love, 愛.

The "i" Concept was powered by a 999 cc powerplant with the company's Mitsubishi Smart Idling (MSI) system, which turns off the engine automatically when the vehicle is stationary, and can restart it within 0.2 seconds. So equipped, Mitsubishi claimed the car was capable of fuel consumption of no more than 3.8 L/100 km.

The second prototype, called the Se-Ro and exhibited at the 2003 Tokyo Motor Show, previewed the production model's more conventional mechanical underpinnings, despite having a more radical appearance which bore little resemblance to the final design. Instead, its polished aluminium body was styled to resemble a zeppelin or airship, which Se-Ro design head Shuji Yamada described as a realization of his fantasies of the future from childhood. The aviation theme continued with the name; Se-Ro, short for "secret room", was a veiled reference to the Mitsubishi Zero fighter aircraft of World War II.

Body and dimensions
A lightweight steel (not aluminium) structure and a rear-engined layout allowed Mitsubishi to incorporate a larger front crumple zone, in order to meet current safety legislation requirements without compromising interior space. With no powertrain in front of the driver, the designers were able to shorten the front overhang and lengthen the wheelbase to 2550 mm, giving greater legroom for passengers than many comparable kei cars whose wheelbase is typically 130 - 190 mm less. The downside of this design was a reduction in cargo-carrying capacity, which was necessarily compromised by the engine's location in the rear.

Drivetrain
The i has a "rear-midship" engine mounted just ahead of the rear axle, a highly unusual configuration in a small car where front-engine design has dominated since the 1970s. The 3B20 three-cylinder powerplant has an aluminium cylinder block, a displacement of 659 cubic centimetres, and incorporates double overhead camshafts with MIVEC variable valve timing in the cylinder head. Initially only an intercooled and turbocharged engine was offered, until a naturally aspirated version was introduced for 2007. A four-speed automatic gearbox transmits power to the rear or all four wheels, depending on specification.

Suspension, brakes and tires
MacPherson struts are used in the front suspension, and an unusual three-link De Dion tube/Watt's linkage is used in the rear. Front discs with anti-lock braking (ABS) and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) are standard across the range. In common with many other mid- or rear-engined vehicles its fifteen-inch wheels have uneven-sized tires, 145/65 on the fronts and wider 175/55 on the rears, in an effort to minimise the chances of oversteer caused by the rear-biased weight distribution.

Specifications
Three individual models, or grades, were available on the car's release in 2006; S, M, and G, in ascending order of price. They all shared the same five-door hatchback body style and turbocharged engine, but offered differing levels of options and standard equipment. In 2007 the base S model was given the new naturally aspirated powerplant, and was positioned below the two new grades, L and LX, whose engine it shared.

Domestic and international markets
Mass production began at the company's Mizushima plant in Kurashiki, Okayama, in December 2005, before it was released for sale on January 24, 2006. Priced from ¥1,281,000 to ¥1,617,000, Mitsubishi initially aimed for 5,000 cars per month within the domestic market, and managed to exceed its target in its first month by over 1,000. By the end of 2006, approximately 37,000 had been sold. The company has already exported the i to Singapore, Brunei, Hong Kong, and New Zealand, where like Japan they drive on the left, and introduced it to the United Kingdom on July 1, 2007, with a price of GBP£9,000 and a target of 300 sales per year.

Annual production and sales
(source: Facts & Figures 2012, Mitsubishi Motors website)

Special editions
From July 25 to 31, 2006 the company displayed a unique Mitsubishi i Hello Kitty edition at the Mitsukoshi department store in Tokyo's Nihonbashi district. Based on the two-wheel drive G model, it had a pink paint scheme with co-ordinated interior, "Princess Kitty" decals on the doors and windows, a ribbon decal on the roof, and themed headrests with small, feline ears. The car, which was described as "the most quintessentially Japanese car...ever" for fusing two of the country's cultural icons—Hello Kitty and keijidōsha —was eventually sold in a charity auction on behalf of UNICEF.

Other limited production models include the i Play edition, a run of 3,000 cars only available in white or black, and featuring a dashboard-mounted slot for an iPod nano,

Also 100 of the i Kurashiki edition with faux denim upholstery, to be sold at a single Mitsubishi dealership in Kurashiki, Okayama, the prefecture where the bulk of Japan's domestic blue jeans manufacturers are located.

1st Anniversary special editions based on the L and M grades were also introduced in early 2007 to commemorate the car's first year on sale.

Electric car version
Mitsubishi has given the i a prominent role in the company's alternative propulsion research projects, developing a version using their MiEV (Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle) technology in 2006 and exhibited at the 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exposition in Yokohama. MMC provided three power companies with vehicles in 2006 and 2007 in order to evaluate how a "fast-charge" infrastructure might be developed for electric vehicles. Fleet testing by five power companies was conducted later in 2007, with a view to future public sales between 2008 and 2010.

The Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009 and for the general public in April 2010. Sales to the public in Hong Kong began in May 2010, and a trial began in Australia in September 2010. Sales in several European countries began in late 2010 and between December 2011 and March 2012 for the United States west and east coasts, respectively.

Awards
The i won the 2007 Car of the Year award from the Japanese Automotive Researchers and Journalists Conference (RJC), and two other "Car of the Year" awards, from the Carview Corporation website and the Consumer's Choice. It also won the "Most Advanced Technology" Special Achievement Award at the 2006–07 Japan Car of the Year awards, where it was nominated unsuccessfully in the overall Car of the Year category, and ranked first in the Japan Mini-Car APEAL Study published by J.D. Power Asia Pacific in October 2006, with a higher score than any previous winner.

Aside from the 2006 Good Design Grand Prix, its style won Design Awards from the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame (JAHFA), and the magazines Popeye and Car Styling.

title: Mitsubishi i


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Talk:Galaxy Angel

SPOILER WARNING AHEAD
Changed all SPOILER WARNING AHEAD to the appropriate template. Someone familiar with the series needs to clean it up to use less spoilers in this fashion. -James A. Calwell III 18:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Manga release date
When was the first Galaxy Angel manga released? The reason I ask is that the Video Game section states that the character personalities were altered for the Anime version. However, the article lists the anime as being released in 2001 while the video game was released in 2003. Would this not indicate that the anime character personalities were altered for the video game instead of the other way around? 24.48.159.136 02:32, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

"In addition to the storyline differences, the personalities of the characters were also altered significantly for the anime, and the video games offer a much more in-depth look into the Galaxy Angel universe. Due to this, many fans treat the video games as the actual canonical universe for Galaxy Angel." This was pulled from the video game section of the article. Should this be here since the games were released in 2003 while the anime appeared in 2001? Also, should we have some references or at least bulletin board posts referencing why the above statement is true? 24.48.159.136 02:39, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Ok, I did a little more digging and went to animenfo.com The Anime ran from 2001-04-07 to 2001-09-29 The Manga ran in 2001-12 This page also lists the Manga as being an adaptation of the TV series, not the other way around. Since the video game arrived in 2003, it seems that the Anime is the original character source. I think the above quote needs to be deleted as we have information that counters it. Palehorse864 02:46, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The game was the first concept and the manga was based off that. The manga was based off the game with the same characters and same personalities which differ from the anime. Delays in the game pushed it well past the release of the anime. So yes, while the anime was seen by the public before the game, it was developed based off of and later than the game concept. Checking my copy of the Japanese Manga vol 1 reveals a publishing date of Dec 1, 2001, which is after the release of the anime and is why a Normadesque stuffed animal appears in it. The book Galaxy Angel Complete has a timeline in it and probably explains all this much better (and more correctly) than I have.  Gront 03:55, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, do you have any references I can look at? I imagine both anime and games were in production and character design stages long before either was released.  Also, any extra references that you have whether in Japanese or English would really add to my understanding of Galaxy Angel, especially if they are web resources I can reference and look at quickly. 24.48.159.136 12:29, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, found this,  It's from Broccoli USA but it does reference the Galaxy Angel Party as a manga anthology and calls it a parody book of the anime.  I will have to look some more and scour websites for further information.  Please provide anything helpful that you have. Palehorse864 12:38, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Not exactly sure what you are asking.... Check out Galaxy Angel Complete (which is in Japanese) for a timeline of the G.A. Project. The Broccoli website (Clicky) I think has an overall description of GA including sections on the game, manga, and anime. There are also staff interviews (all in Japanese) in some of the guide books (like "Super Guide Galaxy Angel") which may have the type of info you are looking for. GA Wiki (the just started and lacking very much info GA wiki) prolly wouldnt help you much.
 * The other thing you brought up: The "Galaxy Angel Party" a.k.a "Galaxy Angel Attack of the Parody/Galaxy Angel Parody Parade/Galaxy Angel Explosion of the Parody" books are GA manga drawn by lots of artists including Kanan (author of the "official" GA manga) in a general parody style. 3 volumes, not sure if all are translated yet. Gront 18:49, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Tact
Not much is explained about the game character "Tact". Who is he? -James A. Calwell III 21:46, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Takuto pronounced in English would be Tact. Added "a.k.a." in the description. MythSearcher 05:21, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

How about his surname? I see both "Myer" and "Mayers" in the article... Recalling from my memory the correct one should be "Mayers" but I don't have any official content on hand right now to confirm it... 220.111.135.166 12:09, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * http://www.broccoli.co.jp/ga/materials/character/chara_tact.html
 * http://www.galaxyangel.net/profile.htm
 * So, technically it was spelled "Mayers", but the English official site states "Meyers"
 * Therefore, "Myers" is definitely wrong.
 * MythSearcher 14:20, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever the name is, please update his article so it has the correct names as well. You'll also need to move the article from Takuto Meyers to the new name, update the link to the new name and update Template: Galaxy Angel Characters. Please don't half do the job. - Squilibob 00:20, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Whoever you are, why don't YOU update the article if you have so much time saying others only half done the job? MythSearcher 03:14, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know which name is correct. Someone changed the link to the article Takuto Meyers to Takuto Mayers and then didn't move Takuto Meyers to the new name. The article also uses Tact throughout it instead of Takuto. If someone can verify the correct name then I'll gladly move the page and make the changes to that article and this one. The problem was we had three different names and I couldn't make the changes myself because there is a good chance that I'd get the information wrong. - Squilibob 06:28, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The name Mayers is the official Japanese name. Meyers is the official English name. Technically, wiki prefers official English naming for article topics.  Tact or Takuto, I have no idea what the official English naming is anymore, because the official site is gone. MythSearcher 10:08, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In the English manga released by Broccoli, his first name is spelled Takuto. I hope that helps.--Tally Solleni 16:17, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Reducing the size of the article
To reduce the size of this page which was over 40kb, several things were moved to their own pages, Characters in depth synopisis and the List of angel frames. This makes room for more information, since the article was basically just a list of characters and a list of spacecraft. - Squilibob 09:31, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I want to see the game and anime information separated. It would help keep the information more contiguous. -70.160.215.126 23:49, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Separated, the information would become two separated articles like a few other anime/game series. Not a bad idea but a lot of work needed. --Squilibob 03:03, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I decided to do this as suggested. --Squilibob 01:49, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Kuromie/Chromier
Does anyone know where I can find a little picture of Kuromie (sometimes spelled Chromier) Quark, in the style of the other character pictures on the page? (Note: As far as I know, Kuromie only appeared in the manga, but he might have appeared in the games as well.)--Tally Solleni 02:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You mean the picture from the |official Japanese website? He/She originally appeared in the Game. His/Her gender is still unknown. (It is stated in the GA michi short comic) MythSearcher 06:51, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Go to http://www.broccoli.co.jp/ga/materials/ and find the images there. You can also add them for Eonia, Noah, Creta, Kela, and from http://www.broccoli.co.jp/ga/game/eternal/chara/index.html add them for Lushati and Wein, please.

Americanization
The Hell Hounds were recently added to this page, and their names are in the Japanicized versions rather than the Westernized ones like everyone else's. (Milfeulle, Vanilla, Lester, Tact, versus Mirufeiyu, Banira, Resta and Takuto.) Could we switch them, or is there a good reason not to? (If memory serves, their names are Vermouth, Riserva, Guinness, Red Eye and Camus... I'll have to check for their last names though.)

... ack! Nevermind, the names are listed in the summaries. But would it be possible to rename the summary titles? It took me a whole half-minute to realize that "Liselpha" was "Riserva"... hehe. (And I could have sworn that he actually IS male.)
 * Put the western names first, the japanese second and the Japanicized versions after them in italics. Use template Nihongo if you like, for example: Milfeulle Sakuraba (ミルフィーユ 桜葉) I have no idea about these sorts of things so I'll leave it for you to decide --Squilibob 15:40, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Well, in the English manga, I think the Val-Fasc are called "Val-Fasq". I'd have to check to be sure.

Noah's ties to Val Fasq
It is explained in the second game that the White and Black Moons are weapon systems designed to fight the Val Fasq. Noah being the Black Moon's Administrator, is unlikely to be a member of the Val Fasq.

Also, Noah's core and interface are two different people, it might be worth a better explaination.

Galaxy Angel Wiki
I've started a Wiki specifically devoted to Galaxy Angel. It doesn't have much content (yet) but is located at www.feesh.net/galaxyangel. Feel free to stop by and add some articles, but please don't just copy the Wikipedia entries over. Gront 19:05, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Updates on the English-subtitled GA video game releases?
It's been about 7-9 months since the announcement of the delay for the English version of the Galaxy Angel video game(s). Anybody have any clue if there were new updates that they came across somehow? Or did they just cancel the whole project, entirely? I'm not hoping it would be the latter, though...

Randomly noticed thing.
Well, I was watching episode 18 of season 1 of the anime, and I noticed something. The sound of a door opening in Doom is used for the sound of a door closing. It's not some similar sounding door type sound, it's the exact same sound. I popped open XWE to verify this. However, I'm pretty sure that this isn't something that deserves to be commented on the main article without asking others their opinions on it. So I'm putting it out there, and if someone feels that it deserves to be put into the article, they can do so. --Strongbad9405 08:06, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I noticed that too, but I'm fairly sure it's a sound effect in the public domain (possibly put into public domain by id software?), as I've heard it on many other obscure things. It's so common, I doubt it's worth mentioning. Well spotted though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.175.228.227 (talk) 08:00, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

recent edits of the so called shooter version
There seems to be no such game with a simple google search. It looks like pure vandalism to me. The article claims a IGN vote, which does not exist, claims the game having dozens of crafts from series by different companies and music from different series, sounds very much impossible. I know I should assume good faith, but the persistent editing of adding that info into so many articles makes me extremely mad right now. Either it is a fan made game with no notability to be place here are pure vandalism act of faking a non-existing game, either way, it cannot stay. MythSearchertalk 06:57, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The game does exist. I do have it. However, if we can't find anyway to verify it beyond what I or anyone else says, it should be removed until such time as it can be.Jinnai (talk) 03:03, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Merge Galaxy Angel Eternal Lovers
The sock puppeteer and hoaxer was blocked, and the page created by him/her got basically no content after the hoaxes are removed. I tried to add in some content but it still looks like a stub due to lack of sources, and since there is not much editors on these pages, it seems like it will take very long before it would be improved. I'd say merge it back to this page and forget about separate game pages. MythSearchertalk 07:32, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Merge, as above. Bridies (talk) 09:01, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge done. -- P 1 9 9 • TALK 15:13, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

CR Galaxy Angel?
I was just searching up Galaxy Angel games online and came across this. Apparently, it's being released on the PS2 on October 2nd, but is there any other info about it besides on Gamespot? If not, then I guess it's not really worth mentioning, but just thought I'd bring this up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.177.8.15 (talk) 07:41, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * CR Galaxy Angel is a simulation of pachinko. Basically is a simulation of 3 different Galaxy Angel themed pachinko machines built by Taiyo-Electrics (ATX, LTZ, and MTZ). The difference between the three machines is the probability of winning, number of bonuses, etc. If you know how to play pachinko, you would have a good idea of how to play this game. I can't find good credible sources for this game so I can't put informtion.Starcity ai (talk) 08:43, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

phrasing
The text for the seasons reads like an advertisement brochure. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a place to advertise. Those sections should be cleaned up so they read like an actual article.Jinnai (talk) 03:06, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Galaxy Angel


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Kocher

The Kocher is a 169 km-long right tributary of the Neckar in the north-eastern part of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The name "Kocher" originates from its Celtic name "cochan" and probably means winding, meandering river. Its total drainage area is 1,960 km2. The Kocher rises in the eastern foothills of the Swabian Alb from two karst springs, the Schwarzer (black) Kocher and the Weißer (white) Kocher, that join in Unterkochen near Aalen. The Schwarzer Kocher is approximately 8 km long. Its source discharge varies between 50 L/s and 4,000 L/s with an average of 680 L/s. The 3.3 km long Weißer Kocher has an average discharge of 400 L/s.

Course
The Schwarzer Kocher rises south of Oberkochen. The second source, the Weißer Kocher rises west of Unterkochen village, located in district Ostalbkreis, municipality in Baden-Wuerttemberg state, from many small sources. The name Weißer Kocher comes from the white foam on the water when it quickly rushes over the stones. In contrast, the Schwarzer Kocher flows rather slowly and the covered ground gives the water a dark color. Both headwaters join in Unterkochen and flow north through the city of Aalen and Wasseralfingen until Hüttlingen, where the Kocher turns west in the direction of Abtsgmünd. Here the Lein river discharges into the Kocher. The Kocher then winds further north-west to Unterrot, where it receives the river Rot and continues to the cities Gaildorf and Schwäbisch Hall. Near Geislingen the Bühler river flows into the Kocher. In a wide curve the Kocher then turns west again, cutting into the plain of Hohenlohe and flowing through Künzelsau. It continues further to Neuenstadt am Kocher where it receives the Brettach river. Near Bad Friedrichshall the Kocher flows into the Neckar, a few Kilometers upstream from the mouth of the river Jagst, that flows more or less parallel north-east to the Kocher.

Water quality and pollution
Many industrial sites in the upper Kocher valley and poor sewage plants led to heavy pollution of the Kocher. In 1984, the Kocher was declared the most polluted river in the administrative district of Stuttgart. After only a six years remediation project, the water quality significantly improved and today the Kocher is only moderately polluted. The mostly brown color of the Kocher comes from mud in the water and does not mean bad water quality.

Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the Kocher (from source to mouth):

 * Left: Black Kocher (Schwarzer Kocher), Aal, Lein, Rot (Fichtenberger Rot), Bibers, Kupfer, Sall, Ohrn, Brettach

 * Right: White Kocher (Weißer Kocher), Blinde Rot, Rötenbach, Eisbach, Adelbach, Bühler, Orlacher Bach, Reichenbach, Ernsbach

title: Kocher


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Pelhřimov

Pelhřimov (Pilgrams) is a town in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 16,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation.

Administrative parts
The following 26 villages are administrative parts of Pelhřimov:

 * Benátky
 * Bitětice
 * Čakovice
 * Chvojnov
 * Hodějovice
 * Houserovka
 * Janovice
 * Jelcovy Lhotky
 * Kocourovy Lhotky
 * Lešov
 * Lipice
 * Myslotín
 * Nemojov
 * Ostrovec
 * Pejškov
 * Pobistrýce
 * Radětín
 * Radňov
 * Rybníček
 * Skrýšov
 * Služátky
 * Starý Pelhřimov
 * Strměchy
 * Útěchovičky
 * Vlásenice
 * Vlásenice-Drbohlavy

Benátky, Houserovka, Janovice and Ostrovec, Lešov, Nemojov and Radňov, and Vlásenice-Drbohlavy form three exclaves of the municipal territory.

Etymology
The name Pelhřimov is derived from the personal name Pelhřim (in Latin Peregrinus), meaning "Pelhřim's (court)". In Latin, the word peregrinus literally means "stranger". According to legend, Pelhřimov was founded by Bishop Pelhřim (Peregrinus) of Wartenberg around 1225.

Geography
Pelhřimov's municipal territory of about 95 km2 is one of the largest for a town in the Czech Republic. The town is located about 37 km west of Jihlava, approximately halfway between Prague and Brno.

Pelhřimov lies in the Křemešník Highlands. The highest point of the municipal territory is a contour line in the southeastern part, at 700 m above sea level. The municipal territory is located in the valley of the small river Bělá, which flows through the built-up area. Typical for the territory is a large number of small fishponds.

History
The earliest settlement was probably founded in first half of the 13th century near the Church of Saint Vitus. The first written mention of Pelhřimov is from 1289, when it was raided by Vítek of Hluboká. In 1290, King Wenceslaus II granted Bishop Tobiáš of Bechyně a concession to renovate the town and fortify it. The town was first settled mainly by German colonists. Gradually Czechs established themselves as the majority.

In the Hussite Wars, Pelhřimov sided with the Hussites. The favourable position of the town, on the borderline of the domain of the Rosenberg family and of the lords of Kunštát, was important after the upheavals ended and the reconciliation of the lords began. In 1446–1450, Pelhřimov was chosen as the venue of land diets (parliaments or deliberative councils), attended in person even by King George of Poděbrady. Silver mining in the vicinity of Křemešník helped the expansion of Pelhřimov. The crafts flourished in the town. In 1434 the town was acquired by the Lords Trčka of Lípa. They sold the estate in 1550 to Adam Říčanský of Říčany, who had built a castle adjacent to the town walls. The lords of Říčany resided in the castle until 1572, when the town bought its freedom.

In 1596, Emperor Rudolf II promoted Pelhřimov to a royal town. The repressions that followed the Bohemian Revolt interrupted the promising expansion of the town. The town was then severely damaged by a large fire in 1646, which destroyed most of the town's buildings. Another devastating fire ravaged the town in 1766. The burgher houses were uniformly reconstructed in the Renaissance-Baroque style and so the fires helped the town to maintain its homogeneity.

During the 19th century, the town has experienced cultural development as a result of the national revival. Patriotic associations, theatre and singing ensembles were founded. The salt house from 1707 was reconstructed as the National House and is today the Pelhřimov Theatre. In the second half of the 19th century, the industrialization occurred. It was represented especially by brush-making, hosiery and the production of agricultural implements.

Economy
Pelhřimov is an industrial centre represented by the food industry, engineering and consumer goods manufacture.

Food processing — especially crops grown and produced in the district — is common. Škrobárny Pelhřimov is a potato starch factory that was founded in 1871. A production plant of MADETA a.s., the largest dairy company in the country, is located here since 1942. The branch is focused on box milk.

The largest employer based in the town is Agrostroj, an engineering company which manufactures farm machinery. It was founded in 1896 and employs more than 2,000 people. Other notable industrial companies include Spojené kartáčovny (SPOKAR), a major producer of brushes and toothbrushes, RIMOWA CZ, a manufacturer of luggages, and FIA ProTeam, a manufacturer of painting tools. The largest non-industrial employer is the hospital.

Transport
Pelhřimov lies at the intersection of two primary roads: the I/19, which connects Pelhřimov with Plzeň, and the I/34 from České Budějovice to Svitavy.

Pelhřimov is located on the Jihlava–Tábor railway line. There are two railway stations: Pelhřimov and Vlásenice.

Culture
Pelhřimov is nationwide known as "the town of records". Since 1991, the town hosts an annual international festival of records and curiosities.

The Dobrý den Agency is based in Pelhřimov. It is an organisation that maintains the Czech Database of Records and publishes Czech Book of Records, a national equivalent of Guinness World Records. It also operates the Museum of Records and Curiosities Pelhřimov and the Golden Czech Hands exposition.

Sport
There is a large sports complex with an ice stadium, athletic track, football pitch, tennis courts and swimming pools (including indoor).

Education
There are four primary schools, a special school, a grammar school (founded in 1871), a business academy, a hotel school, vocational secondary schools with a boarding houses, and other secondary schools.

Sights
The historic centre is formed by Masarykovo Square with adjacent streets. It was delimited by town walls, which remnants are preserved to this day.

Masarykovo Square
The town square is lined by well-preserved valuable Baroque and Renaissance houses with arcades and decorated gables, and contains also Art Nouveau buildings. The Šrejnar's House was built in the Renaissance style in 1614. It houses a tourist information centre and the Memorial Hall of the Lipský Family, whose members are one of the most famous natives. The Fára's House with Baroque façade and a mansard roof was rebuilt under a project by the architect Pavel Janák in the Cubist style in 1913–1914.

The Burgrave's House No. 17 was reconstructed after the fire in 1561. contains Renaissance, Neo-Classical and Empire elements. The façade is decorated with sgraffiti. In its premises there is a gallery and the Museum of Bugaboos.

In the middle of the square is a fountain with the statue of St. James the Great. The fountain was first mentioned in 1546 and the present-day appearance is from 1828.

Town fortification
The Renaissance castle from 1550 replaced an old manor house. Its oldest part is a Gothic bastion, incorporated into the castle after the fire in 1561. One of the three preserved town gates is also part of the castle. Significant reconstructions were made after the castle was damaged by fires in 1682 and 1766. Since then, the castle has undergone only minor decorative alterations. Since 1908, it houses the Vysočina Museum Pelhřimov. Its exhibitions focuses on regional history and ethnography, town jail and torture instruments, and work of local natives Josef Šejnosta (sculptor and medalist) and his son Zdeněk Šejnosta (sculptor and restorer).

The Lower (Jihlava) Gatehouse and the Upper (Rynárec) Gatehouse were built in the 16th century as parts of the fortification system. The Lower Gatehouse is a 36 m-high five-storeyed construction that today houses part of the Museum of Records and Curiosities.

Ecclesiastical buildings
The Gothic Church of Saint Bartholomew is one of the landmarks of the town. It was founded in the late 13th or the early 14th century. Since 1589 the church exterior shell has been adorned with sgraffiti. The main Baroque altar and depiction of Calvary, designed by František Bílek, is inside the church. A lookout tower with a viewing gallery at a height of 30 m was added to the church in 1576. It is open to the public.

The Church of Saint Vitus is documented in 1325 and is the oldest sacral building in Pelhřimov. The former parish church was originally built in the Gothic style, which is still evident in the presbytery. After many reconstructions, it contains Gothic, Renaissance and mainly Baroque elements. Nowadays the church is used as an exhibition and concert hall.

The Chapel of the Holy Cross was originally built in 1671 as a small replica of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It was extended to a church in 1750 and a tower was added. In 1865 the town council decided to demolish the structure and build a new church. The new chapel was built in the Neo-Gothic style in 1883–1886.

The originally pilgrimage Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows was built in the Baroque style in 1710–1714, after several seemingly miraculous healings happenned here. The crypt of the chapel used to be a burial place for members of burgher families. The town cemetery was transferred here from the Church of St. Vitus in 1787 and until 1906, it served as a cemetery chapel.

Notable people

 * Mikuláš of Pelhřimov (c. 1385 – c. 1459), Hussite priest and theologian
 * Vojtěch Benedikt Juhn (1779–1843), painter
 * Václav Fresl (1868–1915), politician
 * Otomar Krejča (1921–2003), theatre director and dissident
 * Lubomír Lipský (1923–2015), actor
 * Oldřich Lipský (1924–1986), film director and screenwriter
 * Joseph Veverka (born 1941), American astronomer
 * František Vyskočil (born 1941), neurophysiologist
 * Jan Kůrka (born 1943), sports shooter, Olympic winner
 * Jiří Novotný (born 1983), ice hockey player
 * Tomáš Sivok (born 1983), footballer
 * Milan Kopic (born 1985), footballer
 * Martin Frk (born 1993), ice hockey player
 * Libor Šulák (born 1994), ice hockey player
 * Kristýna Napoleaová (born 1996), golfer

Twin towns – sister cities
Pelhřimov is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇰 Dolný Kubín, Slovakia
 * 🇺🇦 Mukachevo, Ukraine
 * 🇦🇹 St. Valentin, Austria

title: Pelhřimov


text: User:Elius

title: User:Elius


text:
Andrews Arboretum

Andrews Arboretum is a small arboretum located on the east side of Broadway between Grandview and Marine Streets in Boulder, Colorado, United States. It is open every day free of charge.

The arboretum was established in 1948 by Miss Maud Reed, a former botany teacher at Boulder High School. At her request, the arboretum was named after Darwin M. Andrews, a horticulturist from Boulder. In 1989 the arboretum was acquired by Boulder's Parks and Recreation Department, and is now managed by its Forestry Division. It contains native evergreens, cultivated shrubs, groundcovers, and exotic trees.

title: Andrews Arboretum


text: User talk:24.99.114.166

title: User talk:24.99.114.166


text:
Newmarket Saints

The Newmarket Saints were a minor league hockey team in Newmarket, Ontario. It played in the American Hockey League from 1986 to 1991 as the farm team of the Toronto Maple Leafs at the Ray Twinney Complex.

After the 1985–86 season, the Toronto Maple Leafs moved their top affiliate from St. Catharines to the Ray Twinney Complex, a recently built arena in Newmarket, north of Toronto.

However, the Ray Twinney Complex was nowhere near adequate for an AHL team, and Newmarket itself was too small at the time for the team to be viable. These factors, combined with the team being barely competitive (only one winning season), led the Leafs to move the Saints to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador for the 1991–92 season where they became the St. John's Maple Leafs. The void in Newmarket would be filled by the Newmarket Royals, of the OHL.

The franchise was replaced by:
 * OHL Newmarket Royals (1991–1994) - moved from Cornwall, now Sarnia Sting
 * OHA Junior A Newmarket Hurricanes

Alumni
Former players include:
 * Tim Bernhardt
 * Allan Bester
 * Tie Domi
 * John Kordic
 * Garry Lariviere
 * Bob McGill
 * Chris McRae
 * Barry Melrose
 * Jim Ralph
 * Jeff Reese

Single Season

 * Goals: Marty Dallman 50
 * Assists: Daniel Reame 63
 * Points: Daniel Reame 110
 * Penalty Minutes: Tie Domi 187
 * GAA: Allan Bester 2.87
 * SV%: Serafin Fernandez .927

Career

 * Career Goals:
 * Career Assists:
 * Career Points:
 * Career Penalty Minutes:
 * Career Goaltending Wins:
 * Career Shutouts:
 * Career Games:

title: Newmarket Saints


text:
KFSH-FM

KFSH-FM (95.9 MHz, "95.9 The Fish") is a commercial radio station that is licensed to La Mirada, California, and serves Orange County and southern Los Angeles County. The station is owned by Salem Media Group and has broadcast a contemporary Christian music (CCM) format since 2000. The station has studios in Glendale, with the transmitter based in the city of Orange. The branding refers to the ichthys, the ancient fish icon used by the Christian church since its birth during the time of the Roman Empire; the ichthys itself is part of the station logo.

Early years
The station at 95.9 FM in Orange County, California has its origins in KEZY, which first signed on in 1959 at 1190 AM from its studios at the Disneyland Hotel in Anaheim with a 1,000-watt signal. The first voice heard on KEZY was that of canine TV star Lassie. Lassie's owner, Rudd Weatherwax, was an investor in the station and the hotel. It was first known as "K-Easy" as it broadcast an easy listening music format. In the late 1960s, KEZY moved its studios and offices off the Disneyland campus to a larger complex located (coincidentally) at 1190 East Ball Road in Anaheim. Accompanying the relocation was a switch to a top 40 pop/rock format.

KEZY-FM ("96 FM KEZY") signed on April 17, 1961 with an 870-watt signal and simulcast its AM sister station. Originally, its city of license was Anaheim and its transmitter was located in Villa Park. Since its inception, the station has hosted a number of formats, including a successful top 40 format throughout the 1980s. In 1989, Anaheim Broadcasting Corporation sold KEZY-FM and its AM counterpart, then known as KORG, to M.L. Media Partners L.P.; the new owners soon switched the format to adult contemporary. From 1993 to 1996, it was the flagship station for National Hockey League expansion team the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. In the mid-1990s, KEZY advertised with the slogan "Hits of the '80s and '90s with no rap or hard rock, 95.9 The All New KEZY"; this was intended to attract listeners uninterested in hip hop music during its rise in popularity. Air staff during this time included John Fox (previously at KFMB-FM in San Diego), Liz Pennington, April Whitney, Carolyn Hogenrad, and music director Scott Free.

Starting in 1998, KEZY-FM went through a series of ownership changes. First, Jacor Communications bought the station and its AM counterpart KORG in September for $30.1 million. Then in October, Clear Channel Communications, then the largest U.S. radio broadcasting group, purchased Jacor in a $4.4 billion deal. During this time, the station changed its call letters to KXMX, completed the construction permit for a power increase, and branded the station with its corporate "Mix" format. New on-air personalities included Angel and Randy "Ranman" DeWitt (formerly of KHTS-FM in San Diego). The Mix briefly maintained a remote studio at The Block at Orange shopping center. This format lasted only a year; it was also the last format as a secular station.

KFSH — "95.9 The Fish" (2000–present)
In 2000, as part of conditions set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to approve its merger with AMFM Inc., Clear Channel sold KXMX and seven other stations to Salem Communications Corporation, a commercial radio company specializing in Christian programming. Salem changed the call letters to KFSH and flipped the station to contemporary Christian music (CCM) with the branding "The Fish" on August 25, 2000 at 6 a.m. This format has since been replicated at other Salem radio stations nationwide. KFSH relocated to the Salem Los Angeles studios in Glendale, about ten miles north of Downtown Los Angeles, sharing facilities with then-sister stations KXMX, KKLA-FM, KRLA, and KTIE. The Ball Road studios of the former KEZY in Anaheim, often referred to as "the dumpy little building on Ball Road" by morning DJ John Fox, were demolished in 2008; the land was absorbed into the neighboring Ganahl Lumber Yard. KFSH's city of license, however, remained Anaheim until November 2008, when it was changed to La Mirada, approximately five to six miles northwest, near the Los Angeles—Orange county line.

On January 16, 2012, KFSH-FM began airing the nationally syndicated program Delilah each weeknight. This marked the return of the request-and-dedication show to the Los Angeles area since it was last broadcast on KBIG. It also launched the CCM version of Delilah; the mainstream version of the program is delivered to affiliate stations in a secular adult contemporary music format. KFSH-FM dropped the show on April 16, 2020 and replaced it with Keep the Faith with Penny, originating from sister station WFSH-FM in Atlanta.

In early 2018, KFSH-FM began RDS broadcasting, providing song artists and titles on capable devices.

Transmission issues
KFSH-FM is classified as being in the Los Angeles radio market and previously was marketed as such ("The Fish LA"). However, the station's 6,000-watt signal can be heard clearly only in Orange County, its primary service area for most of its history, and south of Downtown Los Angeles. Generally, the stereo signal is unable to be received in northern Los Angeles County, including the San Fernando Valley. This is due to interference from KCAQ, a Class B1 station in Camarillo that operates on the same frequency and to which KFSH-FM is short spaced. The cities that both stations are licensed to serve are 63 miles apart, but under FCC rules, the minimum distance between Class A and Class B1 stations operating on the same channel is 89 miles. The station changed its domain to thefishoc.com to better reflect its primary broadcast area.

FishFest
Since 2002, KFSH-FM has hosted FishFest, an annual contemporary Christian music festival held in early summer. Through 2016, the concert was held at the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre in Irvine, California. With the closure of the venue in October 2016, the 2017 edition of FishFest was relocated to Honda Center.

title: KFSH-FM


text: User talk:68.170.66.15

title: User talk:68.170.66.15


text:
User talk:Gitaroo Man

Seth: math is so fuckin awesome when your stoned Seth: NOW AINT THAT THE FUCKINS SHITS DAMIN FUCKS!? Seth: i mean damn man, its like a fuckin quilt made of lamb skin right? Seth: but three/fourths of the way there it fucking merges with lizard skin Seth: damn man Seth: that blew my mind Gitaroo Man XXX: you are stoned as fuck

title: User talk:Gitaroo Man


text:
Talk:A-0 System

A-0 (i.e. zero) is alphabetized in the main index as A-O (i.e. capital o)

What did this language look like? I can't seem to find much information about this language on Google -- in fact most hits are pages that seem to just be copies of this article. What did A-0 source code "look" like? Or has A-0 code never ever been released, collecting dust somewhere in the vaults of the Pentagon's basements?? --I am not good at running 18:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Corrections and Changes
This entry is taken almost verbatim from FOLDOC. The research I've been doing indicates a number of errors:
 * 1) A-0 was not the name of a language but the compiler
 * 2) The A-0 compiler was only used on Univac I
 * 3) The A-0 compiler was written by Grace Hopper
 * 4) The A-0 compiler did not use a three-address code convention

Any feedback or corrections are welcomed.A B Carter (talk) 14:17, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

A-o
I too would be interested in seeing what the A-o (compiler) language looked like, and what the name of the language was. Article kind of hints it was COBOL but not really. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.84.231.3 (talk) 20:04, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

See this: http://web.archive.org/web/20210114010137/http://www.cbi.umn.edu/graphics/iter-aocompiler.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.84.231.3 (talk) 20:08, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:A-0 System


text: Talk:Lang Hancock

title: Talk:Lang Hancock


text:
User talk:VolcanoOfLove

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Dominick 18:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:VolcanoOfLove


text:
Rgn

RGN or Rgn may refer to:

 * RGN, a human gene which codes for the protein regucalcin
 * RGN hand grenade, a Soviet weapon
 * Registered General Nurse, in the United Kingdom
 * rgn, ISO 639-3 language code for the Romagnol language
 * RGN, IATA code for Yangon International Airport in Myanmar

title: Rgn


text:
Club Atlético 3 de Febrero

Club Atlético 3 de Febrero, also known as Atlético 3 de Febrero or simply 3 de Febrero, is a professional Paraguayan football club from Ciudad del Este, the capital city of the department of Alto Paraná. The club was founded in 1970, and named after St. Blaise Day, February 3, a national holiday throughout many Hispanic countries. Atlético 3 de Febrero have played 9 seasons in the Primera División. At present plays in División Intermedia, the second division in the Paraguayan football league system.

History
The team started playing in the Liga Paranaense and finally made their way to the second division of the Paraguayan League in 2000.

In 2004 the club won the second division title and got promoted to the first division.

In 2011, the club was relegated to the Paraguayan 2nd division, but won the title again in 2013, once again being promoted to the first division.

Stadium
3 de Febrero's stadium is the Estadio Antonio Aranda, also known as Estadio 3 de Febrero. It is located next to Ciudad del Este's bus terminal. The stadium is on the Avenue General Bernardino Caballero, and was opened in 1973. The capacity of the stadium, is 28,000. It has a grass surface and was renovated in 1999, for which it was utilized as one of the venues of the 1999 Copa América. Fixtures of the 2004 South American U-16 Championship and the 2007 South American U-20 Championship were also disputed at the stadium. The stadium is Paraguay's third largest, according to its seating capacity. The stadium was the venue which saw Paraguayan footballers, Roque Santa Cruz score his first international goal for the Albirroja on 17 June 1999 in a friendly match against Uruguay, and Nelson Haedo score his first international goal for the Albirroja on 17 August 2005 in a friendly match against El Salvador.

Honours

 * División Intermedia: 2
 * 2004, 2013

 * Primera División B Nacional: 1
 * 2000

 * Regional Titles (Alto Paraná League): 6
 * 1973, 1975, 1977, 1986, 1992, 1997

Notable players

 * To appear in this section a player must have either:

 * Played at least 125 games for the club.
 * Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club.
 * Been part of a national team at any time.
 * Played in the first division of any other football association (outside of Paraguay).
 * Played in a continental and/or intercontinental competition.

1990's 2000's 2010's Non-CONMEBOL players
 * 🇵🇾 Justo Jacquet (1994)
 * 🇵🇾 Ignacio Paniagua (2000–2001)
 * 🇵🇾 Celso Guerrero (2001)
 * 🇵🇾 Darío Espínola (2001)
 * 🇵🇾 Óscar Cardozo (2003–2004)
 * 🇵🇾 Angel Antar (2003)
 * 🇵🇾 Juan Cardozo (2004–2005)
 * 🇵🇾 Juan Ramón Jara (2005)
 * 🇵🇾 Osvaldo Mendoza (2005)
 * 🇵🇾 Edgar Robles (2005)
 * 🇵🇾 Milton Benítez (2006, 2008–2010)
 * 🇵🇾 Fidencio Oviedo (2006)
 * 🇵🇾 Blas López (2006)
 * 🇵🇾 Miguel Cárdenas (2006)
 * 🇵🇾 Pablo Caballero (2006)
 * 🇵🇾 Jorge Valdez (2007)
 * 🇵🇾 Eric Ramos (2007)
 * 🇵🇾 Richard Salinas (2007)
 * 🇵🇾 Rodrigo Romero (2008)
 * 🇵🇾 José Antonio Franco (2008)
 * 🇵🇾 Gustavo Mencia (2008)
 * 🇵🇾 Felipe Villalba (2008–2012)
 * 🇵🇾 Troadio Duarte (2008, 2009)
 * 🇵🇾 César Llamas (2008–2011, 2013–)
 * 🇧🇷 Rafael Baiano (2009, 2010–2011)
 * 🇵🇾 Miguel Ángel Cuéllar (2010)
 * 🇵🇾 Henry Lapczyk (2010)
 * 🇵🇾 Hugo Santacruz (2010, 2014)
 * 🇵🇾 Carlos Antonio Mereles (2011)
 * 🇵🇾 Osvaldo Moreno (2011)
 * 🇵🇾 Delio Toledo (2011)
 * 🇵🇾 Gilberto Velásquez (2011)
 * 🇵🇾 Derlis Cardozo (2011–2013)
 * 🇵🇾 Joel Zayas (2011–2012)
 * 🇧🇷 Diego Balbinot (2012–2014)
 * 🇵🇾 Derlis Gómez (2012)
 * 🇵🇾 Jorge Salinas (2014)
 * 🇵🇾 Antony Silva (2014)
 * 🇵🇾 Julio Aguilar (2014)
 * 🇵🇾 Rodrigo Burgos (2014)
 * 🇵🇾 Ricardo Mazacotte (2014)
 * 🇺🇾 Leonardo Migliónico (2014–)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Iriarte (2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Pablo Raponi (2014)
 * 🇵🇾 Domingo Salcedo (2014)
 * 🇺🇾 Alejandro Prieto (2018–)
 * 🇧🇷 Bruno Renan (2018–)
 * 🇵🇹 Thiago França (2011)

title: Club Atlético 3 de Febrero


text:
Triplex

Triplex may refer to:

 * Triplex (building), a dwelling composed of three units
 * Triplex (espionage), code name of a British World War II espionage operation
 * Triplex (film), a 1991 French film
 * Triplex (genetics), triple-stranded DNA
 * Triplex (juggling), a three-ball throw
 * Triplex locomotive, a type of locomotive
 * Triplex (typeface)
 * Triplex Safety Glass, a brand of laminated glass
 * D-type Triplex (New York City Subway car), a 3-section articulated New York City Subway Car
 * White Triplex, a 1920s speed record car
 * Triplex, a Concurrency (road), where one road bears three numbers
 * Triplex (mathematics), a type of Hypercomplex number
 * Triplex, a cinema multiplex with three screens
 * Triplex (software), a visual editor for React (software) Three Fiber

Species

 * Triplex, a synonym of the sea snail genus Chicoreus
 * Geastrum triplex, a fungus
 * Givira triplex, a caterpillar and moth
 * Metasia triplex, a caterpillar and moth
 * Micrathetis triplex, a caterpillar and moth
 * Mycobacterium triplex, a bacteria
 * Phyllonorycter triplex, a caterpillar and moth
 * Rinzia triplex, a shrub
 * Terinebrica triplex, a caterpillar and moth

title: Triplex


text:
George Parsons Lathrop

George Parsons Lathrop (August 25, 1851 – April 19, 1898) was an American poet, novelist, and newspaper editor.

Lathrop was known for pioneering copyright laws in the United States and the first international copyright law

Early life
George Lathrop was born August 25, 1851, in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father was the physician George Alfred Lathrop and his mother was Frances Maria (Smith) Lathrop. His brother was the painter Francis Lathrop. George Parsons Lathrop attended Columbia Grammar School in New York City, then in 1867 was sent to study in Dresden in what was then the German Empire. It was in Dresden that he met Rose Hawthorne, the second daughter and youngest child of Nathaniel Hawthorne. After returning to New York in 1879, Lathrop entered Columbia College Law School. Finishing one term at Columbia, Lathrop practiced law in New York for a year. However, the need for more money prompted him to start a literary career. Lathrop soon left for London, marrying Rose in Chelsea on September 11, 1871. The couple then returned to the United States, settling in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Literary career
In 1875, Lathrop became associate editor of the Atlantic Monthly in Washington, D.C, serving there for two years. Their only child, Francis, was born during this period. George Lathrop became editor in 1879 of the Boston Courier in Boston. Lathrop published several books for the publisher Roberts Brothers in Boston, including Afterglow (1877) and Somebody Else (1878). He also edited A Masque of Poets, a book of poetry published in the Roberts Brothers "No Name" series.

In 1879, Lathrop purchased the Hawthorne home, called "The Wayside", in Concord, Massachusetts. In 1881, after the death of Francis, the couple went to Spain so that he could write articles for Harper's Monthly. He produced a work entitled "Spanish Vistas". The Lathrops returned to the United States in 1892. They decided to move to New York City again and sold their house in Concord. He became the literary editor for the New York Star. During this period, Lathrop created the play Elaine, based on the poem "Lancelot and Elaine" from Idylls of the King by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The play was successfully staged at the Madison Square Theater in Manhattan and later toured in other American cities.

In 1883, Lathrop founded the American Copyright League, which assisted in securing an international copyright law. He and Rose moved to New London Connecticut in 1885. They converted to Catholicism in March 1891. He was a founder in 1892 of the Catholic Summer School of America in New London. In 1896, due to George Lathrop's alcohol abuse problem, the couple separated.

Death
George Lathrop died on April 19, 1898, at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan of kidney disease and heart disease with his brother Francis and former wife Rose at his side. After his death, Rose became a nun. Eventually called Mother Mary Alphonsa, she organized a community of Dominican tertiaries, the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne, which operated two cancer hospitals in New York City.

title: George Parsons Lathrop


text:
Tuscaloosa Public Library

The Tuscaloosa Public Library is a city/county agency in the city of Tuscaloosa, serving a population of over 184,035 in Tuscaloosa County in the state of Alabama, United States. The library has 58,037 registered patrons that use the library on a regular basis. There are currently over 225,000 items (books, DVDs, CDs, etc.) cataloged in the system. The library has three service outlets: the Main Library, the Brown Branch and the Weaver-Bolden Branch.

Main library
An 1879 article in The Tuscaloosa Times marks the foundation of a library for Tuscaloosa. J.H. Fitts, Esq., endowed it with a subscription of $50.00 in cash and 100 valuable books. A large number of books belonging to the Young Men's Christian Association were turned over to the library and about 500 books were given by citizens. A "commodious room" housed the library, located over the store formerly occupied by Dr. John Little.

By the early 1900s the library had been moved to a small one-room location in the basement of the County Courthouse. The library soon outgrew the Courthouse rooms and moved to what is now known as the "Old Searcy Home" (at 9th Street and 24th Avenue) in 1926. The library shared space with the County Board of Education. Five of the downstairs rooms were dedicated to the library. The monthly appropriation for the library in 1946 was the "pitifully low sum" of $185.00. This stipend was only a slight increase from the 1921 figure of $100.00 per month.

The 1952-53 report noted a growth in circulation to 47,335 for adults. The report also notes 29,749 books in the collection with an additional 4,373 items to be added in that year.

The main library soon outgrew the five room space in the Searcy House and was relocated to the historic Jemison House in 1958. The house, an Italianate villa, was built in 1860-1862 and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was donated by the Friedman family and the library then became known as the Friedman Library. By 1966, the book stock numbered some 59,853 volumes.

Still the library would outgrow even the Friedman building. Bessie Sasser, then librarian, launched an effort for a new public library building. Located on Jack Warner Parkway (then River Road), the Tuscaloosa Public Library was realized in 1979 after lengthy construction problems and delays. It continues to serve as the main library today.

The library underwent an extensive renovation in 1999–2001, increasing space and modernizing the structure. Under the leadership of library director Nancy Pack, a new branch was added, the Brown Branch and a new home for the Weaver-Bolden Branch library was built in the McKenzie Courts.

Weaver-Bolden branch library
The first branch library, Weaver-Bolden, was established in 1948 under the leadership of Ruth Eaton Cummings Bolden who served as librarian there from its beginning to her retirement in 1975. In 1946, a library opened in three rooms of the community Center, located at 18th Street and 30th Avenue in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The Community Center, site of recreational activities and a radio school, was funded through what was then known as the Community Chest (precursor to the United Way) and the Tuscaloosa Religious Association.

Twice a month, the library carried books to county schools in Holly Springs, Coaling, Romulus, Taylorville, Dry Creek and Holt. There was no other library service to African Americans in Tuscaloosa County except at the Northport Technical School.

Tuscaloosa County assumed financial responsibility for operating all recreational programs and the Community Center building was torn down. The library was moved first to the Lutheran Church School, then to a store owned by Mr. Frank Williams. The county appropriated no funds to the library until 1953, when the Tuscaloosa Public Library assumed responsibility for the library on 18th Street.

Ruth Bolden, the first librarian at the branch, requested that the library board name the library in honor of George Weaver, a former civic leader who opened his personal library to area students. In 1960, the present building at 2937 19th Street was constructed and dedicated on February 12, 1961, as the Weaver Branch. In 1990, Ms. Ruth Bolden's name was added, making it the Weaver-Bolden Branch Library. A Community Block Grant funded renovations in 1991 and 2003.

On November 16, 2010, thanks to a Hope VI grant, Weaver-Bolden was relocated from its original location to a brand new building at 2522 Lanier Avenue. The new location gave additional space for both patron and staff use. As a way to connect with its past, the sign from the original location was brought to the new location.

Brown branch library

The Brown branch library officially opened its doors on Sunday, September 10, 2006, with 4000 sqft within the Bobby Miller Activity Center in Taylorville.

The Brown branch is named after James M. Brown and his sister Marine Brown. James and Marine Brown were the children of Judge James Clinton Brown and Mary Grace Maxwell of Tuscaloosa. James Brown was self-employed as a real estate and property appraiser for most of his career. He was best known for chronicling local news and events as editor for 55 years of the Exchange Club's newsletter, the Unitor.

Library Directors

 * Miss Willie Barnes – 1921–1922
 * Mrs. Lucy Pou – 1922 – October 1941
 * Mrs. R. H. Bruck – October–December 1941
 * Mrs. Venable Lawson – Dec 1941 - June 1942
 * Louise Williams – June–August 1942
 * Mary Evelyn Glass – September 1942 – May 1943
 * Mrs. Mary Lillie Blackmarr – June–August 1943
 * Mary Guy – September–December 1943
 * Winona Nicholson – January–June 1944
 * Mary Guy – July – August 1944
 * Mrs. Inez Sutton – September 1944 – 1945
 * Evelyn Glass Reed – 1946–1948
 * Barbara Davis – 1948–1960
 * Nell Arsic – 1961–1962
 * Bessie Sasser – 1962–1980
 * James Price – 1980–1985
 * Glen Johnson – 1985–1989
 * David Bennan – 1989–1994
 * Dave Davis – 1995–1999
 * Dr. Nancy Pack – 1999–2010
 * Dr. Mary Elizabeth Harper – 2011–2014
 * Rick Freemon- 2015–2021
 * Jennifer Pearson- 2021–present

Readers' Advisory Services
Readers' Advisory Services is in the main fiction area. Patrons can either be directed to explore particular genres or to locate the next book in a series. The librarians there can draw upon various reference works (print and online) to help patrons with their fiction needs.

Youth services' materials

 * Over 60,000 books, 1500 videos and 500 books-on-cassette

Accelerated Reader Lists
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The first bookmobile service began in 1944 and was eventually discontinued in 1958. Bookmobile service resumed again in 1965 only to be discontinued again in 1982. In general, this service waxed and waned with the fortunes of the library. In 2009 the bookmobile service was expanded to two vehicles nicknamed "Dewey" and "Dora".

 * Bookmobile-Dewey.jpg
 * Bookmobile-Dora.jpg

The bookmobiles travel throughout Tuscaloosa County.

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Books by Mail is a free personalized delivery service of library materials to persons confined to their homes due to physical disability, extended illness, or unusual transportation problems. Every two months a catalog is mailed to each Books by Mail patron. The books requested are sent by mail along with return postage. Patrons can also request any other circulating library materials.

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The Local History and Genealogy section holds materials for researchers into history close to home. There are nearly 7,000 books on the shelves, concentrating on the Southeast and Alabama, with a special focus on West Central Alabama, the location of Tuscaloosa County.

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Various newspapers are listed on microfilm going back to the 19th century in Tuscaloosa County:

Friends of the Library
The Friends of the Library is a local volunteer organization whose goal is supporting the Tuscaloosa Public Library in its public mission. On holidays and other special occasions the Friends prepare appreciation snacks and other meals for the staff. Two of its prominent contributions has been operating the Bookstore and Books Sandwiched In.

Bookstore
The Bookstore is where the Friends of the Library sells books and other donated items to the public. The proceeds go to the Tuscaloosa Public Library.

title: Tuscaloosa Public Library


text:
Talk:King of Kings

Cleanup
Jewism? christianism? zionist ambitions? This article seems to need a good cleanup. If nobody else does it, I'll do it within the week. GregChant 18:46, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as the Judeo-christian ~subsection is concerned, I say: please do give it a go, I'm not entirely happy with it as it is! Fastifex 08:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, and what's up with that "jewism" term? That sounds racist to me. --SaulPerdomo 06:14, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

The stuff about "messianistic traditions" and "Zionist ambitions" did not make any sense whatsoever. The reason I said that I clarified it is becuase I was thinking that the main point of that section was to point out that the phrase King of Kings was used in reference to Christ in the New Testatment. The other stuff seemed to detract from that. El Cubano 20:00, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Someone please explain the "messianistic traditions" and "Zionist ambitions" section. It seriously doesn't make any sense.  If it is that important, why is there nothing about Muslims and their "islamist traditions" and th/Users/student/Desktop/Late Antiquity.pageseir own ambitions?  Also, what are the verse references where Jesus says his realm is of this earth.  Where does he a preach a "moral" kingdom?  This section has an anti-Semitic feel to it and I think it may need to be tagged, POV, revised, cited, or removed. El Cubano 10:40, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

One quick note, just for clarification. In many languages (including Hebrew), there is no superlative. That is, there is no grammatical construction that simply means "greatest," "tallest," or, we might say, "kingliest." The way that these ideas are portrayed, then, is "great of the greats," "tall of the tall ones," or "king of kings." Thus, at least in that context (and probably in many other contexts), the origin of the term "king of kings" is not actually a king ruling over vassal states, but simply the Hebrew way of expressing the superlative. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jacobjjohansen (talk • contribs) 20:18, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Emperor?
The article states that King of Kings is "conventionally (usually inaccurately) rendered as Emperor." Well, that would depend greatly on one's specific definition of the word Emperor, and the connotations that go along with it, right? Certainly, in the East Asian context, the terms used to refer to Emperors (皇帝, 天子, 天皇) and Kings (国王) are very important to the hierarchy of diplomatic relations, etc, and referring to a king as emperor or vice versa was a very big deal; the Japanese shogunate had to invent the term taikun (大君) in order to represent the shogun's power while definitively standing outside the Sino-centric system of Emperor-King (lord-tributary/submissive vassal) relationships. Also consider the fact that many Emperors throughout history were not imperialistic and did not maintain empires of the scale or scope of the Roman, Mongol, British, or Spanish ones, and that many European overseas empires, such as the British one, still had a King or Queen, not an Emperor.

In the European context, and more to the point in the global context as a whole, I really don't think it's fair to make this sort of blanket statement about what "Emperor" and "King of Kings" can or cannot denote (or connote) in all situations. Right? LordAmeth 13:09, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Additional citations
Why and where does this article need additional citations for verification? What references does it need and how should they be added? Hyacinth (talk) 01:14, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Reasoning for Minor choices

 * any reason why the first link of the article "genitive case" leads to the page on arabic grammar? It seems like most people wanting to folow that link and learn what "genitive case" means would be better served heading to Genitive case.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnfromtheprarie (talk • contribs) 00:02, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Great point, thanks! Done. -- HafizHanif (talk) 00:12, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

The article
Hey Ichthy thanks for expanding this article. Thought I would help you out a bit;

- Mithridates I of Parthia was the first Arsacid ruler assume the title of shahanshah (take a look at the Coinage and Imperial ideology section). Regular use of the title started under Mithridates II though.

- The Hephthalites also laid claims to the shahanshah title during their zenith, perhaps you could add that as well?

- Just like the Parthians/Arsacids, neither the Buyids nor Ziyarids were Persian, I would personally swap Persian with Iranian in a lot of places to make it more historically accurate.

- The female variant of shahanshah in pre-Islamic Iran was banbishnan banbishn if you wanna add something about that. --HistoryofIran (talk) 15:38, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for helping out! I've added the bit about Mithridates I, the pre-Islamic female variant of the title and fixed Iranian/Persian (I think). I couldn't find any source for the Hephtalites using the title themselves (though I did find one that stated that they sometimes settled Sasanian succession disputes to the title), do you have one? I tried to make the article as thorough and complete as possible, is there anything else missing? Ichthyovenator (talk) 18:32, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Hm nevermind about the Hephthalite thing then. I'll see if I have something else regarding the king of kings title that can be used. EDIT: The Safavids restored the usage of shahanshah, not the Qajars (mentioned in Safavid dynasty as well with citations). --HistoryofIran (talk) 01:59, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks again! I've added it. Do you know if the dynasties between the Safavids and the Qajars (e.g. the Afsharids and the Zand) used "Shahanshah"? I haven't been able to find any references to them doing so but it seems a little bit strange that there would be long periods of time between each of the modern dynasties using it. Ichthyovenator (talk) 09:59, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The Zands didn't it seems (their founder even refused to use the title of king), but surely Nader Shah would have I assume? --HistoryofIran (talk) 19:01, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Yep, looks like Nader Shah adopted it as well, added. Ichthyovenator (talk) 20:51, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

Palmyrene
I suggest adding a section dealing with the Palmyrene usage of the title. Information and sources can be found in the article of Odaenathus.--Attar-Aram syria (talk) 19:50, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I've added a section on Palmyra now, thanks for the heads up! Ichthyovenator (talk) 16:20, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:21, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Houghton 1235 Timarchus.jpg

After the end of the Buyid dynasty in 1062 AD, the title of Shahanshah wouldn't be adopted by another Iranian ruler until Ismail I
I find this statement a bit dubious, considering Alparslan minted coin with the title shahanshah, and Uzun Hasan also uses it. What do you think? Beshogur (talk) 12:51, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * They did indeed. Tbf sources regarding this are hard to come by, I only just found out recently. --HistoryofIran (talk) 13:30, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * If Alp Arslan used the title, Alp Arslan and the Seljuks should be mentioned. I, who wrote much of this, didn't know this so you're of course welcome to change stuff around and add it in. Ichthyovenator (talk) 16:45, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

Lugal
According to Aprender IDIOMA SUMERIO ANTIGUO Vocabulario básico LUGAL (𒈗) y símbolos cuneiformes ortográficos, U+12218 𒈘 LUGAL OVER LUGAL means "king of kings". Should it be included in the article? -- Error (talk) 11:44, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:King of Kings


text:
Jørgen Brønlund Fjord

Jørgen Brønlund Fjord or Bronlund Fjord is a fjord in southern Peary Land, northern Greenland.

It was named after polar explorer Jørgen Brønlund by the Danmark expedition.

Geography
It runs roughly from NW to SE with its mouth located at the western end of Melville Land, between Cape Harald Moltke to the east and Cape Knud Rasmussen to the west. It is about 30 km long and 1 km to 2 km wide, and opens out to Independence Fjord in the south. The Børglum River has its mouth on the left side of the fjord.

Brønlundhus, a former research station, is located on the west side close to the mouth of the fjord, and Kap Harald Moltke, another similar facility, on the east side. Brønlundhus was, until 1950, the northernmost radio outpost in the world.

The northern shore is the type locality of the Buen Formation.

title: Jørgen Brønlund Fjord


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Blindekuh (restaurant)

blindekuh are two restaurants where patrons are served in the dark. The restaurants are located in Basel and Zürich, Switzerland. The name is derived from "Blinde Kuh" (blind cow), the German name for Blind man's bluff.

No lights are allowed inside a blindekuh. Patrons are served by blind and visually impaired people. Both locations offer cultural events such as readings or concerts in the dark.

The dark restaurants are a project of the Blind-Liecht (Swiss German for blind-light) foundation. The foundation works to create employment opportunities for blind and visually impaired people. Their first venture, the blindekuh in Zürich, opened on September 17, 1999 and is claimed to be the world's first dark restaurant. The second location opened in Spring 2005 in Basel.

blindekuh won several awards, among them the Social Innovations Award of the Institute for Social Innovations in London.

The restaurant concept has subsequently been replicated elsewhere, including in London, Paris, Sydney, Amsterdam, Tel Aviv, Beijing, and Vancouver as restaurants and multiple cities in the United States as special events.

title: Blindekuh (restaurant)


text:
South Shetland Trough

The South Shetland Trough is an undersea trough located north of the South Shetland Islands. It is the remnant of a subduction zone where the defunct Phoenix Plate, now part of the Antarctic Plate, subducted under the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands.

title: South Shetland Trough


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Historical Association

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Withdrawn/Keep Marskell 10:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Historical Association
An odd one. The name and the text are generic enough I can't prove it exists. The Royal Historical Society and the American Historical Association both have articles and this refers to neither (its cat'ed as a British Organization). Delete unless someone can prove what it is. Marskell 18:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No context. Pburka 19:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote withdrawn based on new information. Pburka 00:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It appears to be a real association, in Britain, with a focus on secondary education and local history. Historical Association Website Joaquin Murietta 19:21, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In that case, it's a copyvio of the above website. Pburka 19:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not clear on Wiki rules, but did the website have a copyright? or is is public domain? Joaquin Murietta 20:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Every website is specifically copyright protected unless they explicitly release the information to public domain and/or GFDL. With no copyright claim, copyright is assumed.  User:Zoe|(talk) 23:22, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for explaining this. Do you think we should rewrite the page to avoide the copyright problems? Joaquin Murietta 23:56, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Definitely odd. Apparently has H.M. The Queen as patron!!!   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  19:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Osomec 21:31, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * We can't keep copyright violations. Since nobody bothered to list it as such, I have done so.  Case closed.  User:Zoe|(talk) 23:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I rewrote it at: Historical Association/Temp Not sure about the second sentence. Comments por favor? Joaquin Murietta 00:04, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I withdraw based on above. Joaquin, if you'd like to close this please do and place your text in place. Marskell 22:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Česká Lípa

Česká Lípa (Böhmisch Leipa) is a town in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 37,000 inhabitants, which makes it the most populated Czech town without the city status. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Častolovice, Dobranov, Dolní Libchava, Dubice, Heřmaničky, Lada, Manušice, Okřešice, Písečná, Stará Lípa, Vítkov, Vlčí Důl and Žizníkov are administrative parts of Česká Lípa.

Etymology
The word Lípa means 'lime tree'. The settlement was probably founded near some old memorial lime tree. Later it was renamed Lipá (adjective from Lípa). After the German name Böhmisch Leipa ('Bohemian Lipá') appeared, the Czech name Česká Lípa was derived from it.

Geography
Česká Lípa is located about 38 km west of Liberec and 67 km north of Prague. It lies in the Ralsko Uplands. The highest point is the Špičák hill with an altitude of 459 m. The Ploučnice River flows through the town, approximately 40 km from its source. The southeastern part of the municipal territory extends into the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj Protected Landscape Area.

History
The first written mention of the settlement of Lipá is from 1263. It was originally a Slavic settlement on a trade route from Bohemia to Zittau. A town was founded on the site of the settlement probably between 1310 and 1319. The first written mention of the town is from 1337.

The history of the town is associated with Chval of Lipá of the Ronovci family, who founded Lipý Castle, and his son Henry of Lipá (1270–1329), a significant royal aristocrat.

Thus Lipý Castle became another fortified seat in North Bohemia on the contemporary trade routes. There was a Slavic colony near the castle, later renamed as Stará Lípa (now a neighbourhood of the town). There is a reference to Arnold, said to come from Stará Lípa, who was a citizen of Kravaře in 1263. Historians have deduced from the reference to Stará Lípa that Lipý Castle and accompanying settlement were established around that time.

Town walls were constructed at the beginning of the 14th century as well as the parish Church of Saints Paul and Peter, which was destroyed by a fire in 1787. In 1319, Henry of Lipá sold the castle with its surroundings to his cousin Hynek Berka. In 1327, Hynek Berka of the Ronovci family, was the lord of Lipá and its wider surroundings. When he died in 1348, his son Hynek took the title, and after his death his second son Henry succeeded him. His nephew Hynek Berka of Dubá then ruled the area. The oldest town charter, which he issued on 23 March 1381, states that discretions were granted to the town of Lipá and that it was he who contributed the most to the growth of the town and the castle bearing the same name. In the second half of the 14th century, the Veitmile family was significantly involved in the development of the town. Members of this family used to hold the positions of reeve and parson.

Development of the town was paused by the plague epidemic in 1389. At the end of the 14th century, the castle was controlled by other members of lords of Lipá family, including a powerful individual named Hynek Hlaváč who was often mentioned in historical accounts, until the beginning of the Hussite Wars, when in May 1426 it was conquered by Hussites led by Jan Roháč of Dubá. Between 1502 and 1553, a large part of the town and its surroundings belonged to the Wartenbergs. Later, the lords of Dubá / Lipá regained the castle and it remained in their possession for over 100 years. The first evidence of Jewish settlement in the town dates from 1529. The Jewish community began to grow in 1570. Albrecht von Wallenstein reunited the town in 1622–1623. He, and later the Kaunitzs, contributed to another boom in the town by founding a monastery and school. Large parts of the town were destroyed by fires in 1787 and 1820.

In the mid-19th century, the Jewish community reached its peak and formed 12% of the town's population. The community contributed significantly to the industrialization of the town. Following the compromise of 1867, the town became part of Austria-Hungary until 1918, and seat of the Böhmisch Leipa district, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia. In 1918, Česká Lípa became a part of independent Czechoslovakia. The town was ceded to Nazi Germany with the rest of the Sudetenland in October 1938 under the terms of the Munich Agreement and placed under the administration of the Regierungsbezirk Aussig of Reichsgau Sudetenland. Česká Lípa returned to Czechoslovak administration in May 1945 after the liberation of Czechoslovakia.

The modern urban development of the town was influenced by industrial production and uranium mining in the region. Residential neighbourhoods consisting of large amounts of prefabricated housing were built on the outskirts, while the town centre was preserved and declared as an urban monument zone.

Railway
Railways and stations have been built by various companies. The first railway was built in 1867 leading to the town of Bakov nad Jizerou. Another railway was opened in 1872 to the town of Benešov nad Ploučnicí and later extended to the city of Děčín. Another company then built the Česká Lípa město station, the first train route from which went to the town of Litoměřice, followed in 1903 by the railway leading from Česká Lípa to Řetenice (part of Teplice) and in the opposite direction via the town of Zákupy to Liberec.

The railway from Česká Lípa to Česká Kamenice was completed and opened in 1903, and large railway workshops were constructed in the vicinity of the main station. The national Railway Repair and Engineering Workshops (ŽOS) corporation had its headquarters here until 1980. The railway leading to Česká Kamenice was closed in 1979, and its subsoil was used to build of a part of the Varhany Cycling Path. Railways in the town and peripheries were connected. The Česká Lípa město station built in 1898 is now out of service, and put up for sale by Czech Railways. The railway from this station leading to Vlčí důl has been demolished and its subsoil used for construction of cycle path no. 3054.

Economy
There are several large industrial companies based in Česká Lípa, especially producers of automotive parts. The town's industry is concentrated in the Dubice industry zone, which has an area of 200 ha. The major companies based in the industrial zone include Adient Czech Republic, Fehrer Bohemia and Bombardier Inc. The largest employer is the Adient Czech Republic company, which has its headquarters, development centre and one of factories in Česká Lípa. The factory, which focuses on sewing car seat covers, was founded in 1992 and employs about 1,100 people.

The hospital is the largest non-industrial employer.

Rail
Česká Lípa hlavní nádraží (main railway station) is a junction of the Liberec–Děčín, Kolín–Rumburk and Česká Lípa–Louny lines. Three smaller train stops, Česká Lípa-Střelnice, Česká Lípa-Holý vrch and Vlčí důl-Dobranov are located in the suburbs of the town.

Bus transport
Regional and intercity transportation is mainly operated by ČSAD Česká Lípa, based at the town bus station from 1986, and provides connections to Mimoň, Nový Bor and Prague, as well as surrounding villages.

Small transport companies provide transport for commuters to large local companies, or offer alternative transport for Czech Railways in case of lockouts etc. Nevertheless, the municipal transit company BusLine a.s. has taken over most such services. BusLine a.s. is the only transit carrier in Česká Lípa. The municipal transit runs exclusively within the town while further parts of the county are covered by regional bus services.

Česká Lípa municipal transit has been a member of the IDOL regional integrated transport network since July 2009. IDOL is based on the integrated tariff and the OpusCard contactless smartcard as a uniform fare carrier.

Road
The town's main road transport connection is the straight I/9 road, which connects Prague with the Czech-German border via Česká Lípa. From west to east there is also the II/262 road from Děčín to Zákupy.

Education
The Česká Lípa Primary Art School was established in 1927. Since 1990, it has been located in a building called Bílý dům ("White House"), which had housed the Communist Party District Committee until then. The large hall on the ground floor is the home of the DUHA Dancing School, and the facility is also used for exhibitions and by other external music groups.

Buildings
The Crystal House of Culture is a multifunctional building in the town centre built in 1975–1990. It contains a cinema, two halls, a restaurant, a ballet hall and a gallery.

The Homeland Museum and Gallery in Česká Lípa is located in the grounds of a former Augustinian monastery. This museum focuses on the history and nature of the Česká Lípa region, zoology, geology, uranium mining in the region, and others. The museum also manages Šatlava – the archeological museum of the Česká Lípa region, the Víska Magistrate in Kravaře, and the Karel Hynek Mácha Memorial in Doksy.

There is a three-floor municipal library on T. G. Masaryk Square, which has three small branches in the town named Špičák, Lada and Holý vrch.

Cultural events
The town organizes the Town Festivities at the beginning of every summer. This event first took place in the town park in 2000, to celebrate the park's 125th anniversary, moving to T. G. Masaryk Square the following year. After Lipý Castle was renovated in 2003, the festival moved to its grounds, where it has been held since. The festival includes an antique fair, concerts, fireworks and theatre performances, and the Town Awards are presented.

The first annual Lípa Musica international festival was held in 2000, primarily featuring classical music. It is the most important festival of classical music in the North Bohemian region with an overlap to Germany. Concerts are held at several locations throughout the town.

Media
After 1850 the Leipaer Zeitung was released in German for the Česká Lípa area, and its competitor Deutsche Leipaer Zeitung from 1884, both twice a week.

Today, local press includes the Českolipský deník (Česká Lípa Daily), established in 1993 and now part of Vltava Labe Media, and Městské noviny (Municipal Journal) issued by the municipal council.

Sport
Sport Česká Lípa, a contributory organization established by the town, manages local sports facilities including: U Ploučnice municipal stadium, which includes an open football pitch, ''5. května'' football ground, tennis hall and outdoor tennis courts, Old Sports Hall, New Multi-purpose Hall, Sever Swimming Pool, and a sports complex featuring a winter stadium, an indoor pool with water slide, a sauna and fitness centre.

The town is home to Arsenal Česká Lípa, a football team playing in lower amateur tiers. TJ Lokomotiva Česká Lípa is a sports club with football, swimming, handball, volleyball, judo, rock climbing, table tennis and gymnastics sections.

Between the villages of Lada and Písečná, there is a sports airport where Aeroclub Česká Lípa operates.

Ecclesiastical monuments
The Augustinian monastery, located on what is today the Svobody Square, was founded by Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1627. The monastery complex was gradually built until the 1760s. The Loretan chapel dates from 1698, the Church of All Saints ws completed in 1707, and the Chapel of the Holy Trinity dates from 1767. The monastery complex also once contained a school and printhouse. The Homeland Museum and Gallery in Česká Lípa is now located in the premises of the former monastery. The museum was founded in 1900 and has been based in the monastery premises since 1968.

The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary on Palackého Square was built in the Baroque style in 1710–1714, but it has a Gothic core. The tower was added in 1873.

An old church was built in 1253 as part of the monastery hospital, but it was probably destroyed during the Hussite Wars. The Church of Saint Mary Magdalene was then founded on the site next to the former church by Jindřich Berka of Dubá around 1460, and was first documented in 1503. In 1514, it was rebuilt into its current late Gothic appearance. The provost office next to the church, today deanery of the Roman Catholic parish, was completed in 1756.

The Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross was built in the second half of the 14th century and is the oldest church in Česká Lípa. It has a Gothic core. In 1897, the building was adjusted to the neo-Gothic style by Josef Mocker.

The former Evangelic church was built for German Lutherans in 1927–1928. In 1946, it was taken over by the Czechoslovak Hussite Church and was renamed the Church of Master Jan Hus.

A notable monument remarking the Jewish community is the enclosed Old Jewish Cemetery from the 16th century. The site where a synagogue from the 1860s stood until its destruction by the Nazis in 1938 is marked by a historical memorial stone, installed in 2008.

Historic centre
Lipý Castle is a water castle that was built in the 13th century by members of the Ronovci lineage, who later called themselves the Lords of Lipá. The castle was first documented in 1277. The original wooden building was built on an island between the arms of the Ploučnice river. The river was later rerouted. In 1515, part of the castle was rebuilt into a Renaissance palace. In the mid-17th century, Lipý Castle ceased to be the residence of the nobility and began to deteriorate. There was a sugar refinery in the castle in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and after the collapse of part of the castle, the building was demolished in 1957. In 1992, an archaeological survey and reconstruction of remains of the castle was started. Today, the castle ruin offers a sightseeing tour and the premises are also used for cultural purposes. The "Textile Print Centre" historical exhibition is located next to the castle.

The Červený dům ("Red House") near the Lipý Castle was built as a hunting lodge by Jetřich Jiří Berka of Dubá in 1583. It was built in the Renaissance style and decorated with sgraffiti. Currently, the building houses the workplace of the museum.

The town hall was built in 1515. In 1884, the façade was reconstructed in the Neo-Renaissance style. On the ground floor is the town information centre with a portal from 1555.

The Holy Trinity Column in the middle of the T. G. Masaryk Square was created in 1689 after the plague pandemic, which hit the town and surroundings in 1680. The second landmark of the town square is the fountain from 1837.

Technical monuments
The Špičák Observation Tower is a 14-metre tower built on the Špičák hill in 1885. However, it was soon renovated and by 1906 there were 2,500 tourists recorded in its memorial book. It was used for anti-aircraft patrols in World War II. In 1997, it was renovated and converted into a radio and cellular phone networks transmitter. It is normally inaccessible, but it has occasionally been opened to the public.

A technical monument is the former hatch bridge weir on the Ploučnice. It was built in connection with the regulation of the river in 1910. The movement of the hatches suspended on the frames under the bridge automatically regulated the water level and the speed of the current with its pressure. It is now used as a footbridge.

Notable people

 * Hugo Salus (1866–1929), doctor, writer and poet
 * Leopold Moll (1877–1933), Austro-Hungarian paediatrician and court counsellor
 * Erwin Sembach (1879–1919), opera singer
 * Rudolf de la Vigne (1920–2004), footballer
 * Angela Jursitzka (born 1938), Austrian journalist and writer
 * Petr Kellner (1964–2021), businessman
 * Luboš Bartoň (born 1980), basketball player

Twin towns – sister cities
Česká Lípa is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇰 Bardejov, Slovakia
 * 🇵🇱 Bolesławiec, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Mittweida, Germany
 * 🇳🇴 Molde, Norway
 * 🇺🇦 Uzhhorod, Ukraine

title: Česká Lípa


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Lang Hancock/archive1

Lang Hancock
I found this article on "articles for cleanup since 2004", and put a fair amount of research into it over a fair period of time, culminating in what you see there now. I'm pretty pleased with it now, and am hoping to put it up for FA; but I thought I'd better post here first to see if there's any problems I've missed. Cheers, --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 18:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm too tired to attempt to work on your suggestions tonight (hopefully tomorrow, if not, Wednesday), but I figured you deserved a reply now. My comments are interspersed.  Thanks, --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 15:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Not bad - I'll comment on structure - its such a short article, someone else may comment on content: Take care! Ryan Norton T 18:58, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Intro should be one long paragraph, not three short ones
 * I had no idea about this one! I'll see what I can do.
 * 1) Paragraphs in general too short - also some one sentence paragraphs
 * I've had people complain about my paragraph style in the past, actually. Something I need to work on!  Do you have any suggestions for paras that could be run together, or for how to improve the one-sentence paras?
 * 1) You may or may not be asked to axe the further reading section... be prepared!
 * Bring it on :-). 's not that vital to the article, really.
 * 1) The book review external link could use a better description.
 * Cheers.

The article doesn't really mention how much money Hancock was worth, for a time he must have been one of the richest people in Australia - and it would help put the inqeust and events that happened after his death in context since it isn't explicitly clear that the fuss was over the fortune. It'd be good if you could get a Perth Wikipedian to take a photo of the mansion for the article before it gets knocked down (if it hasn't already). Otherwise the points that Ryan has made will help tidy up the article.--nixie 04:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent point (on both counts). I'll flip through my sources, see if I can find anything; if not, do you know where would be a good place to find historical lists of Really Rich Australian People?  Now that you point it out, this is a really glaring ommission.  By the way, I have enlisted the aid (through the power of subtle hints) of two Wikipedians for images (Wikipedians are cool!).  I also lodged a request with the webmaster of Gina Rinehart's company (his was the only public email contact I found) for the use of a picture taken by John Hancock; he passed the request on, but I haven't heard back in three weeks.  What's the general feeling on fair use images when there's no known legal alternative? --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 15:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * When there is no free alterantive you need to write up a fair use rationale on the|image page for the fair use image being used- this page provides some good instructions. Business Review Weelkly has lists of Australia's richest people, I'm not sure how far back they go.--nixie 02:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added a little about his fortune. The most recent BRW article I could find was from 1990, at which point they estimated he was worth whatever $125m was in 1990.  Still working on the photos.  Cheers. --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 15:31, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Good job on the lead. Also see WP:LEAD for the (relative) specifics of leads in featured (and sometimes not featured) articles. In addition - combining paragraphs can be tricky for new people. Try to "sort" the text in a section so that you can combine passages that are more related to each other. Sometimes you can use a connecting phrase like "in addition" if the subject veers a bit from the main subject of the paragraph. Its really something that just takes a bit of practice - it isn't too bad once you get the hang of it. Ryan Norton T 14:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * For one, you will have to split the lead into two paragraphs.
 * Done.

 * (WA) -- unnecessary
 * I use the abbreviation "WA" later in the article, and figured, where better to define it than in the intro? What do you suggest?

 * colourful -- a synonym needed, colourful doesn't really fit in this tone
 * The best I can think of is "interesting", which would be worse. What would you prefer as an alternative to "colourful"?

 * he is best-known today for his third marriage, -- tense problem; he's dead.
 * Ah, but his memory lives on!

 * John Hancock; prefix it with occupation: explorer/prospector etc.
 * Done

 * CSR?
 * Colonial Sugar Refining, only ever known (in Australia) as CSR. (addendum 2005-10-18: I recently discovered (when settling down to write an article about CSR), that Wikipedia already has an article, at CSR Limited. I've linked accordingly.)

 * Would like to know more about his first marriage.
 * As would I! Alas, I have no information – my sources are mostly contemporary news sources, and those articles/references that do mention his marriages at all tend to gloss over them.  Frankly, the only reason I know anything about Hope Hancock (his second wife) is because her daughter is interested in keeping her memory alive.

 * Nunyerry --> wikify (infact wikify all proper nouns)
 * Fair enough. Done, I think.

 * What's the difference between Commonwealth Government and Government of Australia?
 * "Commonwealth Government" is the phrase invariably used in Australia to differentiate between Cth and State govts. The link points to "Government of Australia" because, in other contexts, it may mean different things.

 * At this point a map would me most useful.
 * 'Twould, wouldn't it? I have no talent whatsoever when it comes to drawing, although User:IceKarma recently volunteered to draw a map if he had the opportunity.  I'm not sure if he'll be able, but I'm grateful for the offer.

 * good friend --> rephrase
 * I'm not sure what to rephrase it to?

 * (she introduced a number...''' merge the text in the brackets with the rest of the sentence.
 * Done.

 * ==Third marriage== should be expanded
 * Yes. I'll see what I can do. Done.

 * ==An unexpected death==? The title is isn't suitable. At 82 death is anyways expected. If you mean to quote his daughter then it should be "unexpected" death. But I'd prefer you simplify it to =Death=
 * Okay. I've retitled it "Death and aftermath", since the section deals with more than just his death.

 * (that Porteous was Rose's fourth... same as above; embed
 * Done.

=Nichalp  «Talk»=  07:17, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Complete this first and let me know, more issues pending.

 * Thanks, Nick. I've replied after each point. --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 23:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)