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Roku, Inc.

Roku, Inc. is an American technology company founded by Anthony Wood in 2002. It distributes various streaming services through Roku-branded streaming players and smart TVs, supporting both advertising and subscription models on its platform. Roku tops U.S. streaming TV distribution, reaching an estimated 120 million people. The company also operates in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the U.K., and several Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.

In its early years, Roku focused on making high-definition video players and launched the first connected TV device to stream Netflix in 2008. Later, in 2014, the company expanded the reach of its streaming platform by partnering with TV manufacturers to license Roku’s technology. This allowed Roku's operating system to be pre-installed on smart TVs. Roku has since added channel subscriptions to its platform, and serves targeted and performance-based ads. In addition, it operates its own ad-supported streaming service and offers consumer electronic products such as smart speakers and smart home devices.

2002–2007: Early years
Roku was founded in October 2002 as a limited liability company (LLC), by ReplayTV founder Anthony Wood. Roku (六) means "six" in the Japanese language, to represent the fact that Roku is the sixth company Wood started. The company was founded as a maker high-definition video players, and was funded by Wood himself with money he had earned from selling other businesses, including ReplayTV.

2008–2013: Funding, product launch
In 2008, Netflix invested $6 million in Roku as part of an equity funding round. Netflix's association with Roku also involved Wood taking a part-time job at Netflix to make a device to stream Netflix while serving as Roku's CEO. Roku launched the first connected TV device to stream Netflix in May 2008, and continued to sell devices that plug into TVs, allowing consumers to access streaming services. In the same year, Roku's headquarters moved to Saratoga, California, further south in Silicon Valley. A round of venture capital funding from Menlo Ventures was announced in October 2008. Another round of about $8.4 million was disclosed in 2009. This year also saw Netflix sell all of its Roku shares, translating to nearly 15% of Roku's equity, to Menlo Ventures to avoid the perception of potentially favoring one streaming distribution manufacturer over another.

2014–2016: Entry in smart TVs, advertising
In 2012, The Verge reported that Roku had launched in the U.K. and Canada. In 2014, Roku expanded its reach by partnering with TV manufacturers as Roku's licensees, to sell Roku's operating system already installed on smart TVs. In 2015, the company launched its products in Australia, France and Mexico. It also announced that it would be sub-leasing the buildings in Los Gatos, California from Netflix. In the same year, towards measuring the success of its advertising efforts success, Roku partnered with Nielsen, a company that specializes in advertising effectiveness. In 2016, Roku partnered with Magna, a media firm that specializes advertising, in order to incorporate targeted advertising on its streaming platform.

2017–2018: Initial public offering
On September 28, 2017, Roku held an initial public offering of stock and began trading on the Nasdaq exchange. Vox said in the same year that the company was transitioning into "taking a cut of advertising and subscription fees" generated by "video programmers" using Roku's devices, while stating that Netflix and YouTube didn't give Roku such a cut. Roku stated in September 2017 that it received a "revenue share" whenever it signed up a new customer for subscription content including Netflix. In 2017 Roku also launched its self-serving advertising product to allow advertisers to serve ads to Roku's users. These include video ads, interactive video ads, audience development promotions and brand sponsorships. This was made possible through Roku allowing advertisers to transition from standard cable TV advertising to Roku's streaming platform. In the same year, Roku was also reported as expanding its international reach by launching its streaming players in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru.

2019–2022: Growth
In July 2019 Roku started moving to a new headquarters in San Jose, with plans to vacate offices subleased from Netflix. In the same month, The Verge cited a "Strategy Analytics" report which showed that Roku was the most popular streaming platform in the United States in 2019, with over 30% share. In November 2019, Roku announced its acquisition of dataxu video advertising platform, for $150 million in cash and stocks. Roku shares rose more than two percent subsequent to the announcement. By January 2020, Roku had launched in Brazil and had a limited footprint in Ireland, according to Variety.

On January 8, 2021, Roku announced it would acquire rights to Quibi's content, for an amount less than $100 million, and that all of Quibi's 75 programs would be available on their streaming platform, The Roku Channel. On March 19, 2021, TZP Growth Partners completed the sale of This Old House Ventures to Roku. All 1,500 episodes of Ask This Old House and This Old House will be made available to owners of Roku streaming products free with ads and through their dedicated 24/7 Streaming TV channel. PBS will still have rights to air episodes on their platforms. In June 2021, CNBC cited Parks Associates data, which indicated that Roku had consistently been the leader among all streaming platforms in the U.S., with Amazon catching up. In August 2021, Roku's streaming players were reported to be available in India. In September 2021, Reuters reported Roku as launching its products in Germany. In October 2021, Mashable cited Roku as the most popular brand in the streaming devices market.

In January 2022, Los Angeles Times called Roku's software the "most popular television operating system in the U.S.", while reporting on Roku's focus on growing its own streaming channel. In April 2022, Roku was said to be launching a new ad program to allow advertisers to serve "targeted ads in real time". In May 2022, CNBC stated that research firm Conviva found Roku to be the market leader in U.S. TV streaming devices, while also reporting a new joint venture between Comcast and Charter.

In January 2023, Variety reported Roku's claim of having more than 70 million customer accounts globally. Another Variety article in the same month cited "TVision data" showing the Roku OS as leading the U.S. smart TV sector with a 36% share. January 2023 also saw Roku's launch of its own smart TVs.

2023–present: Advertising focus
Online publisher "The Drum" reported in April 2023 that Roku was partnering with grocery delivery service Instacart to build tools to measure the effectiveness of brand advertising on the Roku platform. In particular, the partnership involved "linking" of Roku’s proprietary viewership data to Instacart’s sales data, and thereby informing brand advertisers when their streaming ads on Roku yield purchases on Instacart. Roku was also reported to have formed advertising partnerships with Best Buy, Cox Automotive, DoorDash, Kroger, Shopify, Spotify and Walmart. Additionally, Roku had partnered with Adobe, Analytic Partners, Ipsos MMA, IRI, Microsoft and Nielsen to gather insights towards measuring ad effectiveness in the broader internet environment. In November 2023, Roku announced a partnership with app monetization platform Unity to assist performance-based advertising on the Roku platform.

Roku reported over 80 million customer accounts globally by the start of 2024, reaching U.S. households with nearly 120 million people. In April 2024, the company announced new partnerships with "iSpot" and The Trade Desk aimed at measuring and improving ad effectiveness.

Legacy products
Roku's consumer products included:
 * PhotoBridge HD1000, a system for displaying images on a high-definition television, as well as streaming MPEG video. The unit has four card readers on the front and can read from a CompactFlash Card type II, Memory Stick, MultiMediaCard, SD Memory Card, or SmartMedia Card
 * Roku SoundBridge, a network music player
 * SoundBridge Radio, a network music player with built-in speakers and subwoofer, AM‑FM receiver, volume-ramping alarm clock, preset buttons, SD slot, and headphone jack

For retailers, Roku also produced:
 * BrightSign solid-state media player, designed to drive HD displays in a retail environment.

Roku's audio products did not use internal storage but relied on Wi-Fi or Ethernet to stream digital audio over a network, either from Internet radio or a computer attached to the same network. Roku introduced the Radio Roku Internet radio directory in August 2007; Radio Roku provides a directory of Internet stations, accessible from a web browser or from SoundBridge players.

Roku streaming players

Roku produces numerous set-top boxes for delivery of over-the-top content. Content is provided by Roku partners, identified using the "channel" vernacular. Each separate channel supports content from one partner, although some content partners have more than one channel. In May 2011, Roku stated the Streaming Players had over one million viewers and had delivered 15 million channel downloads.

Roku devices support both on-demand content and live streaming. For live TV streams, Roku supports Apple HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) adaptive streaming technology. Both free and paid "channels" are available, as are some games. Roku Streaming Players are open-platform devices with a freely available SDK that enables anyone to create new channels. The channels are written in a Roku-specific language called BrightScript, a scripting language the company calls "similar to Visual Basic".

Roku TVs, Roku OS
Roku's uses its proprietary operating system, the Roku OS, as its software for streaming. It licenses its streaming technology and the Roku OS to set-top box providers such as Sky and Telstra, and television manufacturers such as Aiwa, Daewoo, Element Electronics, Hisense, InFocus, JVC, Magnavox, Philips, RCA, Sansui, Sanyo, Sharp, TCL, Walmart's Onn, and Westinghouse. It also offers a "Roku Channel Store" running on its streaming platform to distribute channels such as Netflix.

Roku announced its first branded smart TV in early 2014 and it was released in late 2014. These TVs are manufactured by companies other than Roku, and use the Roku user interface as the "brain" of the TV. Roku TVs are updated in the same way as Roku's streaming devices, though on a slightly modified schedule due to the extra features and picture/audio adjustment options the Roku TV menu interface must support. Several manufacturers offer added features for over-the-air reception for added cord-cutter value, including extended electronic program guides which provide more information than regularly sent by the PSIP protocol, and over-the-air program search integrated into the Roku search system. Also offered are program buffers and pausing with the use of a 16GB+ USB flash drive.

Roku Channel
Roku launched its own free, ad-supported streaming channel on its devices in 2017. At launch it included licensed content from studios such as Lionsgate, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Warner Bros., Disney, and Universal Pictures, as well as from The Roku Channel content publishers American Classics, FilmRise, Nosey, OVGuide, Popcornflix, Vidmark, and YuYu. It implemented an ad revenue sharing model with content providers. On August 8, 2018, The Roku Channel became available on web as well. Roku also added the "Featured Free" section as the top section of its main menu from where users can get access to direct streaming of shows and movies from its partners. On April 7, 2020, The Roku Channel launched in the UK, with a different selection of movies and TV shows. The Roku Channel is also available on other smart TV platforms such as Fire TV, Apple TV with AirPlay, Google TV, and Samsung TV.

Roku Speakers, Roku Smart Home
In January 2018, Roku launched a licensing program allowing other manufacturers to use its soundbar and speaker designs, as well as the Roku operating system. According to Variety in September 2019, Roku was introducing soundbar and subwoofer products to "marry TV streaming with smart sound". In January 2023, CNN reported that Roku was introducing its "Roku Smart Home" line that included light strips, bulbs, security cameras and a video doorbell. In May 2023, it was reported that home monitoring devices that could be accessed using a Roku device were added to Roku's Smart Home line.

title: Roku, Inc.


text: User talk:70.23.234.39

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.23.234.39


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Wikipedia:WikiProject United States governors

Welcome to WikiProject United States governors on the English Wikipedia! We are a group dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to US Governor History.

Goals

 * To provide guidelines and recommendations for articles that discuss all the Governors in US History.
 * To improve Wikipedia's coverage of ALL US Governors by creating, expanding, and maintaining such articles.
 * To serve as the central point of discussion of all US Governors in Wikipedia and to help the US.

Scope
The project generally considers any article related to the Governors of the US, to be a valid topic. We will have pages for every governor in US History. Adding information about governors that already have their own pages, and continue to make new articles. Here is a scope of what we plan to do:

 * Discuus what they pursued as governor.
 * Talk About how the state did under the governor
 * The Governors Policies
 * Party Affiliation, (especially during the old days)

Structure
Internally, the project has developed several structural features to help in managing its extensive work:

 * Coordinators, who are responsible for maintaining the administrative aspects of the project.
 * Task forces, which are more informal groups for collaboration on specific areas of US Governor history, such as particular periods of the Governors time in office.

Project banner

 * The template should be placed on the talk pages of relevant articles to put them under the project's scope. It looks like this:

Assessment
Here are the current assessments for Wikipedia's governor articles. This list doesn't imply ownership or authorship by this project—it's just a guide for expanding and improving governor articles based on existing work.

Articles to improve
Current articles to improve are as listed below:

State governors

 * 1) Keith Harvey Miller – Alaska
 * 2) Bill Sheffield – Alaska
 * 3) James Sevier Conway - Arkansas
 * 4) Thomas Stevenson Drew - Arkansas
 * 5) Henry Massey Rector - Arkansas
 * 6) Frederick Low - California
 * 7) Henry Huntly Haight - California
 * 8) Newton Booth - California
 * 9) William Irwin (California politician) - California
 * 10) George Clement Perkins - California
 * 11) Washington Bartlett - California
 * 12) Henry Markham - California
 * 13) Albert Washington McIntire - Colorado
 * 14) Charles Spalding Thomas - Colorado
 * 15) James Bradley Orman - Colorado
 * 16) Oliver Wolcott - Connecticut
 * 17) Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. - Connecticut
 * 18) Charles Roberts Ingersoll - Connecticut
 * 19) John Milton (Florida politician) - Florida
 * 20) Abraham K. Allison - Florida
 * 21) Ossian B. Hart - Florida
 * 22) Sidney Johnston Catts - Florida
 * 23) James Pinckney Henderson - Texas
 * 24) George Tyler Wood - Texas
 * 25) Peter Hansborough Bell - Texas
 * 26) J. W. Henderson - Texas
 * 27) Dan Moody - Texas
 * 28) Beauford H. Jester - Texas
 * 29) Thomas Chittenden - Vermont
 * 30) Paul Brigham - Vermont
 * 31) Beverley Randolph - Virginia
 * 32) Robert Brooke (Virginia governor) - Virginia
 * 33) James Wood (governor) - Virginia
 * 34) William H. Cabell - Virginia
 * 35) Albertis S. Harrison, Jr. - Virginia
 * 36) John N. Dalton - Virginia
 * 37) Elisha Peyre Ferry - Washington

Territorial and other governors

 * 1) Harvey A. Allen – Alaska Department
 * 2) M. D. Ball – Alaska Department
 * 3) Lester A. Beardslee – Alaska Department
 * 4) Montgomery P. Berry – Alaska Department
 * 5) Joseph B. Campbell – Alaska Department
 * 6) Joseph Coghlan – Alaska Department
 * 7) H.C. DeAhna – Alaska Department
 * 8) Edward P. Lull – Alaska Department
 * 9) Edgar C. Merriman – Alaska Department
 * 10) Arthur Morris (Alaska) – Alaska Department
 * 11) Henry E. Nichols – Alaska Department
 * 12) Frederick Pearson (Alaska) – Alaska Department
 * 13) George B. Rodney, Jr. – Alaska Department
 * 14) Alfred P. Swineford – Alaska District
 * 15) Scott Cordelle Bone – Alaska Territory
 * 16) Waino Hendrickson – Alaska Territory
 * 17) John Weir Troy – Alaska Territory
 * 18) John Morse Haydon - American Samoa
 * 19) Earl B. Ruth - American Samoa
 * 20) Ford Quint Elvidge - Guam
 * 21) William T. Corbett - Guam
 * 22) Marcellus G. Boss - Guam
 * 23) William Patlov Daniel - Guam
 * 24) Paul McDonald Calvo - Guam
 * 25) William Henson Wallace - Idaho Territory, also Washington Territory
 * 26) Henry Smith (Texas Governor) - Mexican Texas Territory
 * 27) Benjamin F. Potts - Montana Territory
 * 28) John Schuyler Crosby - Montana Territory
 * 29) B. Platt Carpenter - Montana Territory
 * 30) Samuel Thomas Hauser - Montana Territory
 * 31) Benjamin F. White (Montana politician) - Montana Territory
 * 32) James S. Calhoun - New Mexico Territory
 * 33) Henry Connelly - New Mexico Territory
 * 34) William Anderson Pile - New Mexico Territory
 * 35) Marsh Giddings - New Mexico Territory
 * 36) Lionel Allen Sheldon - New Mexico Territory
 * 37) L. Bradford Prince - New Mexico Territory
 * 38) William Taylor Thornton - New Mexico Territory
 * 39) Herbert James Hagerman - New Mexico Territory
 * 40) William J. Mills - New Mexico Territory
 * 41) Carlos S. Camacho - Northern Mariana Islands
 * 42) Pedro P. Tenorio - Northern Mariana Islands
 * 43) Lorenzo I. De Leon Guerrero - Northern Mariana Islands
 * 44) Robert Martin (Oklahoma) - Oklahoma Territory
 * 45) Thompson Benton Ferguson - Oklahoma Territory
 * 46) Roy Lester Schneider - U.S. Virgin Islands
 * 47) George E. Cole - Washington Territory
 * 48) Marshall F. Moore - Washington Territory
 * 49) Alvan Flanders - Washington Territory
 * 50) Miles Conway Moore - Washington Territory
 * 51) Fayette McMullen - Washington Territory
 * 52) Richard D. Gholson - Washington Territory
 * 53) John Allen Campbell - Wyoming Territory
 * 54) John Wesley Hoyt - Wyoming Territory
 * 55) Elliot S.N. Morgan - Wyoming Territory
 * 56) George White Baxter - Wyoming Territory


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Urban fiction

Urban fiction, also known as street lit or street fiction, is a literary genre set in a city landscape; however, the genre is as much defined by the socio-economic realities and culture of its characters as the urban setting. The tone for urban fiction is usually dark, focusing on the underside of city living. Profanity, sex, and violence are usually explicit, with the writer not shying away from or watering-down the material. Most authors of this genre draw upon their past experiences to depict their storylines.

Genesis and historical forces
Much of contemporary urban fiction is written by African Americans, due to the current demographics of inner cities. In his famous essay The Souls of Black Folk, W. E. B. Du Bois discussed how a veil separated the African American community from the outside world. By extension, fiction written by people outside the African American culture could not (at least with any degree of verisimilitude) depict the people, settings, and events experienced by people in that culture. Try as some might, those who grew up outside the veil (i.e., outside the urban culture) may find it difficult to write fiction grounded in inner-city and African American life.

In a broader sense, urban fiction can be traced back to the 19th century as realist and modern authors began writing literature that reflected a changing urban society. City novels of yesteryear that depict the low-income survivalist realities of city living can also be considered urban fiction or street lit. In her book The Readers' Advisory Guide to Street Literature (2011), Vanessa Irvin Morris points out that titles considered canonical or "classic" today, could be considered the urban fiction or "street lit" of its day.

Some of the most notable examples of urban fiction from this time period include Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, called the "greatest of all American urban novels," and Ulysses by James Joyce. Titles that depict historical inner-city realities include Stephen Crane's Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893), Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist (1838), and Paul Laurence Dunbar's The Sport of the Gods (1902). In this vein, urban fiction is not just an African American or Latino phenomenon, but, rather, the genre exists along a historical continuum that includes stories from diverse cultural and ethnic experiences.

Early 20th century urban fiction
In tandem with the modernist movement that sought to challenge traditional modes of literary representation, so came a new wave of urban fiction. According to Katherine Mullin, "the alienated modernist self is a product of the big city rather than the countryside or small town." According to Elizabeth Young in the essay anthology Shopping in Space, "the city offers unparalleled opportunities to the creative artist," ranging from "greed and deviancy, crime, bohemianism, sexual excess, nightlife and narcotics." Some of the most prevalent cities in 20th century urban fiction are New York City, especially the neighborhoods Greenwich Village, Time Square, and Harlem, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.

The Beat Generation was a counterculture literary movement concentrated in New York City that contributed much to urban fiction. Author William S. Burroughs' novel Junky is a semi-autobiographical chronicle of heroin addiction on the fringes of society in New York, New Orleans, and Mexico City and a seminal text of New York urban fiction. The book is notable for its use of time period contextual slang, something characteristic of urban literature. Regarding the accounts of drug use, Will Self writes that Burroughs' "descriptions of the 'junk territories' his alter ego inhabits are, in fact, depictions of urban alienation itself. And just as in these areas junk is 'a ghost in daylight on a crowded street', so his junkie characters who are invariably described as 'invisible', 'dematerialized' and "boneless" - are, like the pseudonymous 'William Lee' himself, the sentient residue left behind when the soul has been cooked up and injected into space." Accounts of drug addiction and social alienation are also common in modern and contemporary urban fiction."

The Harlem Renaissance was an importance precursor to contemporary urban fiction that depicts the experience of African Americans. Langston Hughes was an influential author of early urban literature and his "The Ballad of the Landlord" is regarded as an early text of urban poetry. The poem "grew out of conditions in New York City’s Harlem in the 1930’s. In graphic terms it describes the escalation of anger and frustration that tenants experienced trying to get landlords to make basic repairs. It is structured like an old time blues song until the final verse where the rhythm changes." According to Sabrina Nixon, "instead of being swallowed by the depression of living in the ghetto, Hughes made it work for him."

Emergence of contemporary urban fiction
As the demographics of urban cities shifted, so did that of urban fiction. Contemporary urban fiction was (and largely still is) a genre written by African Americans. In the research paper "Urban Underworlds: A geography of twentieth-century American literature and culture," Thomas Heise explores how urban settings in literature reflect "pathologized identities and lurid fears" and why American cities have been selectively targeted as "urban underworlds" in representations of urban fiction.

In the 1970s, during the culmination of the Black Power movement, a jailed Black man named Robert Beck took the pen name Iceberg Slim and wrote Pimp, a dark, gritty tale of life in the inner-city underworld. While the book contained elements of the Black Power agenda, it was most notable for its unsparing depiction of street life. Iceberg Slim wrote many other novels and attained an international following. Some of the terminology he used in his books crossed over into the lexicon of Black English.

Hip hop
During the 1980s and early 1990s, urban fiction in print experienced a decline. However, one could make a cogent argument that urban tales simply moved from print to music, as hip hop music exploded in popularity. Of course, for every emcee who signed a recording contract and made the airwaves, ten more amateurs plied the streets and local clubs, much like urban bards, griots or troubadours telling urban fiction in an informal, oral manner rather than in a neat, written form.

One of the most famous emcees, Tupac Shakur, is sometimes called a ghetto prophet and an author of urban fiction in lyrical form. Shakur's early poetry was posthumously compiled into a volume entitled The Rose That Grew from Concrete in 1999.

Modern hip-hop literature in print form is a thriving and popular genre. Many non-fiction publications from figures in the hip-hop realm such as Russell Simmons, Kevin Liles, LL Cool J, and FUBU founder Daymond John feature prominently in this genre. Karrine Steffans and shock jock Wendy Williams have written blockbuster books for this audience. Both Steffans and emcee 50 Cent have had such success with their books that they were given their own imprints to usher in similar authors, such as for 50 Cent's G-Unit Books.

1990s
Toward the end of the 1990s, urban fiction experienced a revival, as demand for novels authentically conveying the urban experience increased, and new business models enabled fledgling writers to more easily bring a manuscript to market and to libraries. The first writer in this new cycle of urban fiction was Omar Tyree, who published the novel Flyy Girl in 1996, which was reissued as a reprint in 1999.

The genre gained significant momentum in 1999 with Sister Souljah's bestseller The Coldest Winter Ever. Teri Woods's True to the Game was also published in 1999, and became the standard from which the entrepreneurial publishing and distribution of contemporary urban fiction took note. The simultaneous publishing of these three novels created a momentum of readership for urban fiction and carried that wave for years. Thus The Coldest Winter Ever, True to the Game, and Flyy Girl are considered classics in the renaissance of the genre.

Sister Souljah describes the untapped market for urban fiction and the stereotypes that held it back in its early years: The publishing industry did not realize that there was a huge market of Black readers. A lot of people in publishing fell into the same stereotypes that people in the mainstream fall victim to: that Black people either can't read or can't write, or don't read and don't write [...] When The Coldest Winter Ever came out... it took to task those stereotypes and showed that, yes, Black people love great stories like every other people from every other culture.A notable example of urban fiction that entered the mainstream American consciousness, Push by Sapphire, follows the story of a 16-year-old teen mother tackling incest, abuse, and poverty. It has since sold hundreds of thousands of copies, and thirteen years after its release it became an award-winning film called Precious. William Penn describes Sapphire's reaction to the book's success in an interview:

2000–present
In less than a decade, urban fiction has experienced a renaissance that boasts thousands of titles. The newest wave of street fiction is urban Latino fiction novels such as Devil's Mambo by Jerry Rodriguez, Chained by Deborah Cardona (a.k.a. Sexy) and Jeff Rivera's Forever My Lady.

Major writers of contemporary urban fiction include Wahida Clark, Kole Black, Vickie Stringer, Nikki Turner, K'wan Foye, Toy Styles, Roy Glenn, Kwame Teague, who many believed penned Teri Woods' Dutch, and the writing duo Meesha Mink & De'Nesha Diamond.

There is also an unexpected literary wave of hip-hop fiction and street lit, which was sparked by Sister Souljah. Authors with a book or books in this offering include Saul Williams, Abiola Abrams, and Felicia Pride. These are hip hop lit or street lit books that take a more literary approach using metaphor, signifying and other literary devices. These books may also be used in socially redeeming or classroom capacities, while maintaining love and positivity for the music and hip hop culture.

With this new wave of renaissance, "street lit" was breaking new ground when it came to promotion and exposure. Aside from hand-to-hand sales, which seems to work best in a genre where word-of-mouth has proven to be worth more than any large ad campaign, the Internet has increased the authors' and publishers' ability to reach out to the genre's readers.

With Internet savvy, many self-published authors who once had no shot of recognition are now household names, such as author Rasheed Clark, who went from relatively unknown, to being honored with fourteen Infini Literary Award nominations for his first two novels, Stories I Wouldn't Tell Nobody But God and Cold Summer Afternoon, both of which became instant bestsellers and proved that Clark was a fresh voice in African American fiction, and a leading African-American writer.

Authors in this genre such as K'wan Foye, Nikki Turner, and Toy Styles are known for bringing street teams and other musical promotion efforts to the book scene. In recent years, some of these authors have joined with hip hop artists such as 50 Cent to further promote the genre by penning the musicians' real-life stories.

In 2010, the hip hop music label Cash Money Records established a publishing branch, Cash Money Content. However, Cash Money Content's last book, Animal 3, was published in November 2014.

Vickie Stringer is an urban lit author, as well as founder and CEO of her own publishing company, Triple Crown Publications, a publisher of 45 novels and 35 writers as of 2008.

Forums like AALBC are often used to keep track of the progressive urban fiction genre as it grows tremendously daily.

Criticism
Early criticism of street lit was that books were badly edited due to lack of copy editing by independent publishers. However, in recent years the mainstream publishing industry recognized the genre's potential and signed many street lit authors to contracts, thus producing better packaged product. One such author was Treasure E. Blue, according to Kirkus Reviews Magazine, a self-published sensation—it has reportedly sold 65,000 copies before getting signed to a major six-figure deal with Random House Publishing.

The reach of urban fiction into a large youth readership is undeniable today. Researchers have turned their attention to its influence on urban literacy, particularly among adolescent girls. Despite misgivings about editing quality issues, secondary school teachers in suburban settings have included urban literature in curricula, referring to it as "multicultural young adult literature" to expose students to "authentic" voices representing urban life.

Notable authors of contemporary urban fiction

 * Red Jordan Arobateau
 * Tracy Brown
 * JaQuavis Coleman
 * Ashley Antoinette
 * Nina Foxx
 * K'wan Foye
 * Travis Hunter
 * Styles P
 * Eric Pete
 * Sapphire
 * Sister Souljah
 * Vickie Stringer
 * Toy Styles
 * Kole Black
 * Nikki Turner
 * Teri Woods
 * Donald Goines

Research articles

 * Morris, V. I. (2011). The Street Lit Author and the Inner-City Teen. Journal of Young Adult Library Service 10(1), 21–24.
 * Morris, V.I. (2010). Street Lit: Before you recommend it, you have to understand it. In Urban Teens in the Library: Research and Practice. (pp. 53–66). Chicago: American Library Association.
 * Brooks, W. & Savage, L. (2009). Critiques and Controversies of Street Literature: A Formidable Genre. The ALAN Review, 37(3), 48–55.
 * Hill, M.L., Perez, B., & Irby, D. (2008). Street fiction: What is it and what does it mean for English teachers ? English Journal, 97(3), 76–81.
 * Morris, V. I., Hughes-Hassell, S., Agosto, D. E., & Cottman, D. T. (2006). Street Lit: Flying off teen fiction bookshelves in Philadelphia public libraries. Young Adult Library Services, 5(1), 16–23.
 * Triplett, L. (2018) Urban Fiction Novels: Az We Ride We Die Series. (1) Grant Street, (2) The Search Continues, (3) Friends to the End. FREE Read online on Amazon.

Books

 * Morris, Vanessa Irvin (2011). The Readers' Advisory Guide to Street Literature. American Library Association. ISBN 0838911102.
 * Honig, Megan (2010). Urban Grit: A Guide to Street Lit. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 159158857X.
 * Ratner, Andrew. (2009). Street Lit: Teaching and Reading Fiction in Urban Schools. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0073378437.

Reading lists
Because this genre is very popular with urban teenagers, the following reading lists should prove to be helpful for teachers and librarians.
 * Resources for Street Lit: Books, Blogs, & Lists by Vanessa Irvin Morris, Drexel Univ., Phila, PA
 * SpeakEasy: Articles About and/or Related to Street Lit by Vanessa Irvin Morris, Drexel Univ., Phila, PA
 * Urban/Street Fiction Title/Author List by Miranda Doyle, San Francisco Public Library
 * African American Book Club Urban/Street Fiction List
 * Crazy Quilts Blog with Urban Lit for School Library Collections by Edith Campbell, Arlington High School, Indianapolis, IN
 * Library Journal. Library Journal

title: Urban fiction


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Red plague

Red plague can refer to the following diseases:

 * Smallpox
 * Erysipelas
 * Vibriosis, a systemic bacterial infection of marine and estuarine fishes, caused by the Vibrio genus. Also known as red pest, red boil, or saltwater furunculosis.

It can also have the following meanings:

 * Red plague (corrosion), the corrosion of silver-plated copper

 * Red plague, an epithet referring to communism. In this context it has been used in Józef Szczepański's 1944 poem "Czerwona Zaraza (Polish for "Red Plague") and in the German marching song "Teufelslied.
 * "Red plague" (Ciuma Roșie), an epithet referring to Social Democratic Party (Romania) used by the anti-corruption protesters supporting the independence of the judiciary in the context of 2017-2019 Romanian protests, alongside other complaints and accusations brought to the government.
 * The Scarlet Plague, a novel written by Jack London

title: Red plague


text:
User:Quiddity

"Very few things happen at the right time, and the rest do not happen at all. The conscientious historian will correct these defects." – Mark Twain Herodotus [1]

See also, Exformation as brilliantly explained by Ze Frank. Our discussions (throughout Wikipedia, and throughout life) are overflowing with exformation; It's a useful thing to understand. The newcomers don't have any, and the regulars have too much!

title: User:Quiddity


text:
User talk:SusanRoy

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -Walter Siegmund 00:13, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Editing tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Encouragement
Hi Susan,

I see you have been inactive for several weeks. Don't stay away too long. Walter Siegmund 21:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome (above)
Since my first message, I learned how to welcome newcomers so I did so above. You will probably notice that your addition of the high school content to the Baulkham Hills article was deleted by another editor. This may be because that editor didn't deem the content notable enough for inclusion. I think I've seen somewhere a comment that a high school should only be included if it was exceptional in some way, e.g., some famous person or persons attended it, but I can't locate it now. Anyhow, you might take a look at the discussion of notability for an idea of what editors think belongs in Wikipedea. Also, the list of bad article ideas may be helpful in that it gives examples. Good luck on your future contributions. -Walter Siegmund 00:13, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Mac Park
Hmmm...you're right in a way. Macquarie Park is born out of North Ryde but really is a separate suburb. Sometimes people get localities confused with suburbs. For example, North Carlingford is a locality and not a suburb but Oatlands is actually a separate suburb. Subset suburbs - I know what you mean but they don't really exist.

I probably did get too worked up about the issue but I do that when people revert work and are not willing to compromise in an any way. I live in Brisbane and up here we have the Place Names Act which actually makes it illegal to identify yourself in the wrong suburb - perfect for anal people like me! :-p Dankru 07:47, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Sydney edit-a-thon invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a classical music edit-a-thon Saturday week (13 October) in Sydney. The theme will be Music of France, to coincide with the ABC Classic FM countdown between 8-14 October. If you are unable to attend in person, we will also be collaborating online during the countdown. Details an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/October 2012. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 09:46, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

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Sydney edit-a-thon invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a disability edit-a-thon Saturday week (10 November) in Sydney. If you are unable to attend in person, we will also be collaborating online before, during and after the meetup. Details an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/November 2012. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 15:26, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

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Sydney meetup invitation: January 2013
Hi there! You are cordially invited to attend a meetup being held on Thursday 10 January 2013. Details an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/January 2013. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 10:05, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

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Sydney September 2013 edit-a-thon invite
Hi there! You are cordially invited to an edit-a-thon this Saturday (21 September) in Sydney at the State Library of New South Wales (SLNSW), where you can collaborate with other Wikipedians throughout the day. Andy Carr, a senior librarian at SLNSW will also be helping out. The theme of the edit-a-thon is paralympics sports, but you are free to come along to meet other wiki contributors, and edit other topics.

If you are unable to attend in person, we will also be collaborating online. Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/September 2013. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 09:49, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: User talk:SusanRoy


text:
1950 in art

Events from the year 1950 in art.

Events

 * Austrian painter Arnulf Rainer founds the Hundsgruppe ("dog pack") with Arik Brauer, Ernst Fuchs and Josef Mikl.
 * Paint by number kits introduced by Max S. Klein, an engineer and owner of the Palmer Paint Company of Detroit, and Dan Robbins.
 * Ernst Gombrich's The Story of Art is published by Phaidon Press.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: William Dargie – Sir Leslie McConnan
 * Audubon Artists Gold Medal – Richmond Barthé

Works

 * Jean Arp – Evocation of a Form: Human, Lunar, Spectral (model for bronze)
 * Francis Bacon – Fragment of a Crucifixion
 * Max Beckmann – Falling Man
 * Marc Chagall – La Mariée
 * Salvador Dalí – The Madonna of Port Lligat (second version, Fukuoka Art Museum)
 * Max Desfor – Flight of Refugees Across Wrecked Bridge in Korea (photograph)
 * Robert Doisneau – Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville (The Kiss) (photograph)
 * Alberto Giacometti – The Chariot
 * E. Chambré Hardman – The Birth of the Ark Royal (photograph)
 * Maruki Iri and Maruki Toshi – Ghosts, Fire and Water (Yūrei, Hi and Mizu), first of The Hiroshima Panels (原爆の図, Genbaku no zu)
 * Oskar Kokoschka – The Myth of Prometheus (triptych)
 * L. S. Lowry – The Pond
 * Henri Matisse – Beasts of the Sea (paper collage)
 * Joan Mitchell - Figure and the City'
 * Jackson Pollock – Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)
 * William Scott – Bowl, Eggs and Lemons
 * Vladimir Tretchikoff – Chinese Girl, popularly known as "The Green Lady"
 * Keith Vaughan – Theseus and the Minotaur (Tate Britain)

Births

 * April 22 – Thierry Zéno, Belgian filmmaker (d. 2017)
 * June 24 – Bob Carlos Clarke, Irish photographer (d. 2006)
 * July 28 – Neville Garrick, Jamaican graphic artist and photographer (d. 2023)
 * July 29 – Jenny Holzer, American neo-conceptual artist
 * August 30
 * Konrad Bernheimer, Venezuelan-born German art dealer and collector
 * Antony Gormley, English sculptor
 * September 4 – Kobe (Jacques Saelens), Belgian visual artist and sculptor
 * November 10 – Jonathan Janson, American painter and art historian
 * December 11 – Aleksandr Tatarskiy, Russian animator, artist and film director (d. 2007)
 * David Ruben Piqtoukun, Canadian Inuit sculptor

Deaths

 * February 12 – Boris Vladimirski, Soviet painter of the Socialist Realism school (b. 1878)
 * February 15 – Albert Herter, American painter (b. 1871)
 * April 5 – Hiroshi Yoshida, Japanese painter and woodblock printmaker (b. 1876)
 * September 26 – Pierre Roy, French-born painter, illustrator and designer (b. 1880)
 * December 7 – Wojciech Weiss, Polish painter and draughtsman (b. 1875)
 * December 28 – Max Beckmann, German painter (b. 1884)
 * James Sleator, Irish painter (b. 1889)

title: 1950 in art


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Jesse Stuart

Jesse Hilton Stuart (August 8, 1906 – February 17, 1984) was an American writer, school teacher, and school administrator who is known for his short stories, poetry, and novels as well as non-fiction autobiographical works set in central Appalachia. Born and raised in Greenup County, Kentucky, Stuart relied heavily on the rural locale of northeastern Kentucky for his writings. Stuart was named the poet laureate of Kentucky in 1954.

Early life
Jesse Stuart was born near Riverton, Greenup County, Kentucky, to Mitchell and Martha (Hilton) Stuart on August 8, 1906. Stuart served in the US Navy during World War II but did not see combat as his mission in his life.

Naomi Deane Norris
In 1939, Stuart married Naomi Deane Norris, a school teacher. They settled in W Hollow and had one daughter, Jessica Jane. In Stuart's memoir, The Thread That Runs So True, he explains how he met Norris at Lonesome Valley. He was in college while she was still in high school; in fact, Stuart taught Norris in her last year of school.

Education
After being denied admission at three colleges, Stuart was finally accepted at and attended Lincoln Memorial University, located in Harrogate, Tennessee. After graduating he returned to his home area and taught at Warnock High School in Greenup, Kentucky. Later he was appointed principal at McKell High School, but resigned after one year to attend graduate school at Vanderbilt University, where Edwin Mims was one of his professors. He then served as superintendent of the Greenup County Schools before ending his career as an English teacher at Portsmouth High School in Portsmouth, Ohio.

Poetry
One day while Stuart was plowing in the field, he stopped and wrote the first line of a sonnet: "I am a farmer singing at the plow," the first line of the 703 sonnets he would collect in Man with a Bull-Tongue Plow (1934). The book was described by Irish poet George William Russell (who wrote poetry under the name of AE) as the greatest work of poetry to come out of America since Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass. Stuart was named poet laureate for the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1954, and in 1961 he received the annual award from the American Academy of Poets.

Novels
Stuart's first novel was Trees of Heaven (1940). Set in rural Kentucky, the novel tells the story of Anse Bushman, who loves working the land and wants more land. Stuart's style is simple and sparse. Taps for Private Tussie (1943) is perhaps his most popular novel, selling more than a million copies in only two years. The novel also received critical praise and won the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Award for the best Southern book of the year. In 1974, Gale Research (in American Fiction, 1900-1950) identified Jesse Stuart as one of the forty-four novelists in the first half of the 20th century with high critical acclaim. Jesse Stuart was the second youngest of that group (William Saroyan was one year younger).

Short stories
Stuart published about 460 short stories. He wrote his first short story "Nest Egg" when he was a sophomore in high school in 1923. The story is of a rooster at his farm, whose behavior was so dominant that it began attracting hens from other farms, leading to conflict with the neighbors. Twenty years later, he submitted the story unchanged to the Atlantic Monthly, which accepted the story and published it in February 1943; it was later collected in Tales from Plum Grove Hills.

One of his most anthologized stories is "Split Cherry Tree," first published in Esquire, January 1939. In this story, a high school teacher in a one-room schoolhouse keeps a boy after school to work and pay for damage he did to a cherry tree. The boy's uneducated father comes to school to argue with the teacher, but comes to appreciate the value of higher education.

Enduring classic autobiography
The theme of education appears often in Stuart's books. He described the role that teaching played in his life in The Thread that Runs So True (1949), though he changed the names of places and people. He first taught school in rural Kentucky at the age of 16 at Cane Creek Elementary School, which became Lonesome Valley in his book. The Thread that Runs So True (1949) has become a classic of American education. Ruel Foster, a professor at West Virginia University, noted in 1968 that the book had good sales in its first year. At the time, he wrote, sales for the book had gone up in each successive year, an astonishing feat for any book. The book has remained continuously in print for more than 50 years.

Death
In May 1982, Jesse Stuart suffered a stroke that left him comatose. Stuart died on February 17, 1984, at Jo-Lin Nursing Home, near his boyhood home, in Ironton, Ohio. He was 77 years old.

Jesse Stuart State Nature Preserve
The natural settings of W Hollow were prominent throughout Stuart's writings. Prior to his death he donated 714 acre of woodlands in W Hollow to the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves. The Jesse Stuart State Nature Preserve is dedicated to protecting the legacy of Stuart, and ensures that a significant portion of W Hollow will remain undeveloped in perpetuity. The trail system is open to the public from dawn to dusk all year long.

Poetry

 * Man with a Bull-Tongue Plow, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1934
 * Album of Destiny, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1944
 * Kentucky is My Land, Dutton, 1952
 * Hold April, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1962

Autobiographical

 * Beyond Dark Hills, E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc., 1938; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1996, ISBN 978-0-945084-53-2
 * Dramatic Publishing, 1958, ISBN 978-0-87129-677-1
 * The Year of My Rebirth 1956; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1991, ISBN 978-0-945084-17-4
 * To Teach, To Love, World Pub. Co., 1970; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1987, ISBN 978-0-945084-02-0

Novels

 * Daughter of the Legend, McGraw-Hill, 1965; J. Stuart Foundation, 1994, ISBN 978-0-945084-42-6
 * University Press of Kentucky, 1980, ISBN 978-0-8131-0150-7
 * Taps for Private Tussie, E.P. Dutton, 1943; World Pub. Co., 1969
 * University Press of Kentucky, 1986, ISBN 978-0-8131-0170-5
 * Hie to the Hunters Whittlesey House, 1950; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1996, ISBN 978-0-945084-59-4
 * Mr. Gallion's School, McGraw-Hill, 1967
 * The Land Beyond the River, McGraw-Hill, 1973, ISBN 9780070622418
 * ”The Kingdom Within:A Spiritual Autobiography”, McGraw Hill, 1979. ISBN 978-0070622241
 * Cradle of the Copperheads, McGraw-Hill, 1988, ISBN 0-07-062366-X
 * Cradle of the Copperheads, McGraw-Hill, 1988, ISBN 0-07-062366-X

For Young Readers

 * The thread that runs so true, C. Scribner's Sons, 1950; Scribner, 1977, ISBN 978-0-684-15160-1
 * The Beatinest Boy Whittlesey House, 1953; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1989, ISBN 978-0-945084-12-9
 * A Penny's Worth of Character, Whittlesey House, 1954; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1993, ISBN 978-0-945084-32-7
 * Red Mule 1955; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1993, ISBN 978-0-945084-33-4
 * A Ride with Huey, the Engineer 1966; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1988, ISBN 978-0-945084-10-5
 * Old Ben 1970; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1992, ISBN 978-0-945084-22-8

Short story collections

 * Head o' W-Hollow, E. P. Dutton & co., inc., 1936; Books for Libraries Press, 1971, ISBN 978-0-8369-4065-7
 * University Press of Kentucky, 1979, ISBN 978-0-8131-0143-9
 * Tales from the Plum Grove Hills E. P. Dutton & Company, inc., 1946; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 1997, ISBN 978-0-945084-62-4
 * Plowshares in Heaven, McGraw-Hill, 1958
 * Save Every Lamb, McGraw-Hill, 1964
 * Dawn of the Remembered Spring, McGraw Hill 1972
 * Come Gentle Spring McGraw-Hill, 1969; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2008, ISBN 978-1-931672-47-4
 * A Jesse Stuart Harvest 1965; Mockingbird Books, 1976, ISBN 978-0-89176-010-8
 * My Land Has a Voice, McGraw-Hill, 1966
 * Come Back to the Farm McGraw-Hill, 1971; Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2001, ISBN 978-0-945084-94-5
 * 32 Votes Before Breakfast, McGraw-Hill, 1974
 * New Harvest: Forgotten Stories of Kentucky's Jesse Stuart, Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2003, ISBN 978-1-931672-17-7

Books about Jesse Stuart

 * Jesse Stuart: His Life and Works, by Everetta Love Blair (University of South Carolina Press, 1967)
 * Jesse Stuart, by Ruel E. Foster (Twayne, 1968)
 * Jesse Stuart: An Extraordinary Life, by James M. Gifford and Erin R. Kazee (Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2010)
 * Jesse: The Biography of an American Writer, Jesse Hilton Stuart, by H. Edward Richardson (McGraw-Hill, 1984)
 * New Harvest: Forgotten Stories of Kentucky's Jesse Stuart, by David R. Palmore (Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2003)

title: Jesse Stuart


text:
Talk:Pat McCarran

No Mention of Silver?
There appears to be no mention of McCarran's unflagging support for silver... which just incidently was a major Nevada output. DEddy (talk) 02:07, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Yes, he started political life as a Silver Democrat - amazing, not that long ago, really. 2A00:23C3:E284:900:954:67F3:61B7:A910 (talk) 15:06, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Anti-Semitism
Where did that charge come from? Did the politicians making it explain at all? 2A00:23C3:E284:900:954:67F3:61B7:A910 (talk) 15:07, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * This is a good question. The article certainly does nothing to explain it.  The article is good at explaining his opposition to FDR, and his opposition to communsim, but it does nothing to explain how these two oppositions make the jump to racism, anti-semitism, and xenophobia.  I'd love to see some rational explaination of this in the article.Sf46 (talk) 01:26, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, while there are multiple mentions of McCarran being considered a racist and an anti-semite by other people in the present day, bafflingly there are no actual examples of racist or anti-semitic views he may have held or actions he may have taken that demonstrate why others consider him to be worthy of these labels. Surely there must be concrete examples of him making racist or anti-semitic statements that can be included in the article to explain why people consider him to be such? In its present state the article says less about what McCarran himself believed and more about what other people believe about him, which is not particularly encyclopaedic. 2A00:23C5:6D1A:3401:1D22:28BE:D3AB:72C (talk) 03:37, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

I would also like to know more about the racism charge. The only example of his thinking mentioned is in the ‘immigration’ section. It disclaims racial motivation for limiting immigration. An outright racist like Theodore Bilbo would have just come out and talked about ‘inferior bloodlines’ and whatnot. Of course, this might be a hypocritical cover for racist beliefs, but there is nothing else cited. He was certainly not above playing footsie with southern segregationists, but neither was FDR. Summary: more information needed. 2A00:23EE:1CE8:34A8:2178:A906:483E:35EF (talk) 17:00, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pat McCarran


text:
Maria Bamford

Maria Bamford (born September 3, 1970) is an American actress and stand-up comedian. Her work often uses self-deprecating and dark topics, including her dysfunctional family, depression, anxiety, suicide, and mental illness.

Her first comedy album and tour was The Burning Bridges Tour (2003), followed by eight more albums and specials. One of her first feature films is Lucky Numbers (2000), and she voiced characters on many animated shows, including Shriek on CatDog, and many more on American Dad!, Ugly Americans, Adventure Time, and BoJack Horseman. Her film work includes Stuart Little 2 (2002), Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure (2003), Barnyard (2006), Heckler (2007), and Hell and Back (2015). She voiced Talking Ginger and Talking Becca in the Talking Tom & Friends web series. Her live television work began in Louie (2012), Arrested Development (2013–2019), WordGirl (2007–2015), Big Mouth (2017–present), Flatbush Misdemeanors (2021-2022), and Human Resources (2022–2023). In 2014, she won the American Comedy Award for Best Club Comic.

The 2016 Netflix original series Lady Dynamite, in which she plays the lead role, is based on her life. She voiced Tito, the Anxiety Mosquito, in Big Mouth.

In 2023 she released a memoir, Sure, I'll Join Your Cult.

Early life
Bamford's father, Joel Bamford, was serving as a Navy doctor. She grew up in Duluth, Minnesota, attending Chester Park Elementary and Duluth Marshall School. She has stated that when she was younger, she was often troubled with her anxiety, depression, and what she has called "Unwanted Thoughts Syndrome", a subset of obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Upon graduating from high school, she attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. In 1992, she transferred to the University of Edinburgh in Scotland at the start of her junior year. She became the first female member of the college's improvised comedy group, The Improverts. After a year in Scotland, she transferred back to her home state and enrolled at the University of Minnesota, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English. She began stand-up comedy in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at age 19, at Stevie Ray's Comedy Cabaret.

Comedy beginnings: 1998–2008
Bamford has been in many movies and television shows, including cartoon voices. She was the voice of Shriek DuBois in Nickelodeon's CatDog, a wide selection of secondary characters in Cartoon Network's Adventure Time, and Mrs. Botsford, Violet, and Leslie on the PBS educational series WordGirl. She does impersonations, including her mother and her agent. Her stand-up comedy often takes the form of vignettes rather than the standard setup-and-punchline format.

Bamford was featured in the documentary series The Comedians of Comedy on Comedy Central and Showtime, and appears in short skits titled The Maria Bamford Show, broadcast on the website Super Deluxe. She appears on the comedy compilation CD Comedy Death-Ray.

Rise to prominence: 2008–2014
Her album Unwanted Thoughts Syndrome, produced by Comedy Central Records, was released in April 2009 and includes a DVD containing The Maria Bamford Show episodes. During the Christmas 2009–2010 shopping seasons, she was featured in a series of Target commercials, portraying an overachieving shopper determined to be first in line. For Christmas 2009, she released a free stand-up special online as a gift to her fans.

While working in voice-over shows and advertisements in Los Angeles, she was hospitalized three times over the course of 18 months for nervous breakdowns. She commented on the hospital visits by saying "it was the responsible thing to do" after she felt "suicidal" and "dispirited".

In 2012 she released The Special Special Special for download through Chill.com. The special was recorded at her own home in Los Angeles with only her parents present as the audience.

In 2013, she created and starred in a web series called Ask My Mom. She plays both herself and her mother, who answers questions sent in by fans. Also in 2013, she appeared as herself in one episode of the interview web series All Growz Up with Melinda Hill. She voiced Pema in Nickelodeon cartoon The Legend of Korra.

In 2013, she appeared in season four of Arrested Development as Debrie Bardeaux, Tobias Fünke's love interest. The series creator noted her as a comical "genius" and said that "real artists [like Maria] talk about things that nobody else talks about, and talk about them candidly." She remained on the series until it concluded in 2019.

Lady Dynamite and critical acclaim: 2014–present
She appeared in Season 3 of Louis C.K.'s Louie. In 2014, she co-created, wrote, and starred in The Program with Melinda Hill, produced by Funny or Die. In 2014, she won the American Comedy Award for Best Club Comic. In January 2016, she was a guest on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, where host Stephen Colbert called her his "favorite comedian on planet Earth".

In early 2016, Netflix announced an original series based on her life, called Lady Dynamite, starring her, released in May 2016. She was invited to the writing process. She did not write any episodes, but was often in the writers' room, discussing ideas and "hanging out". The writers had freedom to modify her experiences for creative purposes.

In May 2017, she was the commencement speaker for the University of Minnesota's College of Liberal Arts. During the speech, she gave a check made out to Sallie Mae for $5,000, her net speaking fee, to a graduate in the audience who had student loans.

In April 2018, she appeared on season 13 of Worst Cooks in America. She was eliminated in the fourth episode.

On September 5, 2023, her book, Sure, I’ll Join Your Cult: A Memoir of Mental Illness and the Quest to Belong Anywhere, was released from Gallery Books. On September 24, 2023, the book entered the New York Times Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction best seller list at #11.

Comedy style
Bamford's unique comedic style has drawn praise from many in the comedy world. She is best known for her portrayal of her dysfunctional family and self-deprecating comedy involving jokes about depression and anxiety. Her comedy style is surreal and incorporates voice impressions of various character types. Zach Freeman of the Chicago Tribune has noted her content and comedic style as "comically erratic" with "seemingly unrelated tangents and constantly varying vocal inflections". David Sims of The Atlantic noted her roles and voice work as having themes of "serial passivity" stemming from her "polite upbringing and own internal anxieties". Film producer Judd Apatow has described her comedic style as "complex" and "bizarre", later calling her "the funniest woman in the world". Variety described Bamford's performance in Lady Dynamite, saying that "the actress and comedian, whose presence has rarely been used as well as it is here, manages the neat trick of being both believably guileless and winningly sharp." A 2014 New York Times profile of Bamford noted her comedic style by saying: "Much of Bamford's work examines the relationship between 'people' — generally well-intentioned friends and family — and those who grapple with depression or anxiety or any other challenge to the psyche. Her act is a series of monologues and mini skits performed rapid fire and often without regard for transition. Deploying a range of deadpan voices, she mimics the faux enlightened who hover around the afflicted, offering toothless platitudes, bootstrapping pep talks, or concern warped by self-interest. The humor of any given moment relies not so much on punch lines as it does on the impeccably timed swerves of her tone, the interplay between Bamford's persona and those of all the people who don't get her."

Personal life
Bamford stated in an interview with The Salt Lake Tribune that she has been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). In stand-up, she describes bipolar as "the new gladiator sandal".

On December 11, 2014, during her show at the Neptune Theater in Seattle, she announced that she was engaged to artist Scott Marvel Cassidy. They were married at a private ceremony in 2015. She has one sister, Sarah Seidelmann, who is a physician, life coach and Shamanic healer. She has a private residence in Los Angeles, California, and a home in Altadena, California. She loves pugs, and typically owns at least one senior pug at any given time.

Discography

 * The Burning Bridges Tour (2003) [CD]
 * How to WIN! (2007) [CD]
 * Unwanted Thoughts Syndrome (2009) [CD]
 * Plan B (2010) [DVD]
 * The Special Special Special! (2012) [video download]
 * Ask Me About My New God! (2013) [CD]
 * 20% (2016) [CD]
 * Maria Bamford: Old Baby (2017) [Netflix]
 * Weakness Is the Brand (2020) [album/video]
 * CROWD-PLEASER! (2023) [album]
 * Local Act (2023) [video download]

Podcasts

 * Bonanas for Bonanza (2020)
 * Conan O'Brien Needs A Friend (2023)
 * Planet Money - Maria Bamford gets personal (about) finance (Oct 13, 2023)

title: Maria Bamford


text:
User talk:Shadypalm88

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 01:07, 16 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

title: User talk:Shadypalm88


text:
User talk:Finavon

Archive 1 2007 Archive 2 2008 Archive 3 2009 Archive 4 2010 Archive 5 2011 Archive 6 2012

TUSC token 3c365c4e2cad71cd86de79933e90ccdd
I am now proud owner of a TUSC account!

Wikipedian in Residence at the National Library of Scotland
I'm just dropping you a quick note about a new Wikipedian in Residence job that's opened up at the National Library of Scotland. There're more details at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scotland. Richard Symonds (WMUK) (talk) 15:35, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

August 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=567816118 your edit] to MV Loch Seaforth (1947) may have broken the syntax by modifying 2 "[]"s and 2 "{}"s likely mistaking one for another. If you have, don't worry, just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
 * List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:

Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 13:29, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * replacement ferry for the Stornoway to Ullapool crossing, ordered in June 2012, had been named MV Loch Seaforth (2013)|Loch Seaforth , the name of which won a competition run by CMAL, and thus reviving the name of the MacBrayne's
 * Already fixed! Finavon (talk) 13:40, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=570438950 your edit] to SS Douglas (1858) may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 ""s. If you have, don't worry, just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
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 * | Ship original cost      = £17,500,  plus an allowance of £5,000 from Napier's for King Orry (I)

RV Falkor
Thank you! `a5b (talk) 17:57, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Moving pictures to Commons
Greetings. I know virtually nothing about the mechanism for moving images from English Wikipedia to Commons. Two pictures I uploaded to WP some time ago, File:Mccormick_Hall_MIT.jpg and File:Burton House MIT.jpg, received notices they they were candidates to be moved to commons, and would I please verify that they are unencumbered and may be so moved. I followed the directions and gave my permission as best I knew how, but did nothing else. It now appears that one of them, Burton house, has been moved to Commons, apparently by you, but McCormick has not. If you are indeed the person who moved Burton, I wonder if you could do the same for McCormick. They are both fully released by me. Thank you. William Ackerman (talk) 23:05, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ Finavon (talk) 08:13, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

Loch Line
Well spotted, sir! I looked back and forth for various strings, including "the Glasgow Shipping Company" (which I still can't find). I'm becoming very fond of this type of source because it's reader-friendly as well as free--but the search facility can be inexplicably unhelpful, though it sometimes works. Maybe I just haven't got the trick of how it works! Cheers, Bjenks (talk) 08:53, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

September 2013
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 * with Bishop Thomas Wilson's establishment of the Douglas Grammar School. Alderman William Dixon a native of Douglas, but resident in Dublin since at least the 1680s {{cite book| author=N.G.

Jameson Cell
The Jameson Cell is related to flotation, but not smelting. Thus, the smelting category is incorrect. Sorry I didn't notice that before. ChrisFountain (talk) 13:04, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Island fever
I fear I am boring you but I have finished the analysis of RL's tables and the main issues are all in the last headings on the talk page, especially 'Unresolved issues' and 'Comments...'. Ben  Mac  Dui  08:27, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Not at all. I am away for the week-end and will have a proper look next week. In response to the suggestion to use RL as the definitive list, I suppose it has benefits over H-S. The latter is more widely known and I have a certain affection for his work. Both have limitations and errors, which we should find a way round. I feel I have not contributed much recently, especially in the discussion over the infobox. Your work is very much appreciated. Finavon (talk) 15:44, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Cheers! The beauty of using RL as a basis is - that it changes nothing at all. All we really need do is change the description at the top of the project page and maybe a short note at the foot (plus may be an explicit 'ref name=H-Smith' where that applies. As RL lists every island bar about three there is no need for any kind of 'modified for bridged and tidal islands' malarky, which is easy to say but potentially quite hard to explain in practice as you need a s/sheet to keep track of the differences. Its simply 'modified for more reliable island area estimates' or similar, which I think is pretty straightforward. I'll have a go at the table again over the next day or three with any luck and hope to catch up with you next week. Enjoy the weekend.  Ben   Mac  Dui  18:05, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

Ship registry flags
These flags are permitted. Please don't remove any more of them. If you wish to discuss the issue, WT:SHIPS is the best place. Mjroots (talk) 12:14, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

June 2014
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August 2014
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 * decay in Tampa Bay, Florida, moored alongside the idled Chandris liner RHMS Britanis ex-SS Monterey.  Marine Bluenose was towed from Tampa Bay to Tuxpan, [[

Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
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infobox ship image size
At Template:Infobox ship begin/Usage guide the preferred image size for parameter Ship image size or image size is 300px. Because it seems silly to me to make editors set that size in every single ship infobox, I have changed the template to specify 300px as the default value. Editors are of course, free to override that setting it they decide to do so. For you, this means that you no longer need to add 300px to the vast majority of templates.

—Trappist the monk (talk) 11:06, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Kent-wildlife-trust.gif
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Orphaned non-free image File:Kent-wildlife-trust.gif
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Glims Holm or Glimps Holm
Greetings! I see you are perhaps not regularly active on here any more, but if you see this I would welcome your comment here:

 * Talk:Glims Holm

Best wishes, --Deskford (talk) 11:03, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:GC Rieber Logo.png
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The cropping of the Atlas of the World Battle Fronts you did in 2011
Could you tell me your view as to the cropping of the Atlas of the World Battle Fronts you did in 2011?--Adûnâi (talk) 22:27, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

RMS Columba
Hello there - i see that back in 2011, you created the above article. Hopefully you can answer a few questions which may help improve WP...
 * I found this pic - do you know if it is indeed Columba?
 * Do you know if she was ever converted to screw propulsion? There doesn't appear to be any paddle in the linked pic.
 * The facebook pic suggests a connection between the Sydney paddler PS Brighton...do you know anything about this?

regards, --Merbabu (talk) 21:00, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

 * appears a reliable source confirming the identity.
 * no evidence of conversion - just re-boilered in 1900.
 * no idea about a connection with PS Brighton.

Finavon (talk) 19:24, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Pentland logo.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:48, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

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Categories
Can't say I really agree with it but it is the established and I believe correct procedure but if a ship article is moved to a new name then the categories on the article should reflect the whole life of it's service under all names and not just the appropriate ones for that name ie the redirect categories are insufficient Lyndaship (talk) 14:16, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Is there another way to show the appropriate name in the category?: eg Saturn in Category:Caledonian MacBrayne rather than Orcadia. She never operated for CalMac under the latter name. Finavon (talk) 14:24, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Not that I know of! That's the reason I don't agree with the policy. The counter argument is that somebody alighting on the Orcadia page from a Saturn link or directly will find the Caledonian MacBrayne category below to search for further ships of the company Lyndaship (talk) 14:29, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I conceed you know more about ship articles, but is this not an exception covered by "Sometimes a redirect is placed in an article category because the form of the redirected title is more appropriate to the context of that category" (from Redirect)? The ship name at the time is appropriate to the operator/owner category. I used the Kilbrannan categoryisation as justification, but now see I put it there in 2012! In this case, the lists in Template:Caledonian_MacBrayne_ships allow someone to find further company ships. Finavon (talk) 14:54, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with what you have done but I thought it best to point out that I believed it's not iaw policy. I recall having this discussion before and my POV which accords with yours was shot down in flames. This convention is supported by the example of USS Bang in WP:SHIPS-CAT. The policy you quote at Redirect could be interpreted as when categories should (also) be added to a redirect. However WP:INCOMPATIBLE suggests to me that the category should only appear on the redirect in these cases. Having said that I'm not going to change what you've done or open a more general discussion Lyndaship (talk) 15:32, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Happy with that. Finavon (talk) 08:20, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Finavon


text:
Clare Calbraith

Clare Michelle Calbraith (born 1 January 1974) is an English actress, born in Winsford, Cheshire, and raised in Liverpool and Cheshire, whose appearances include roles in the ITV period drama series Home Fires and Downton Abbey, together with the BBC2 drama The Shadow Line.

Biography
Calbraith has appeared in many other television series including DCI Banks, Silent Witness, Casualty, Holby City, The Bill, 55 Degrees North and as Dr Tricia Summerbee in Heartbeat. She joined Coronation Street in 2005 for a short time to play Robyn, girlfriend of Martin Platt. In 2007, she guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio dramas Urban Myths and Son of the Dragon. In 2008, she guest-starred in the Sapphire and Steel audio drama Second Sight and Doctors. In 2011, she played Laura Gabriel in the BBC TV series, The Shadow Line. From 2012 to 2014, she played Shep in the ITV series Vera.

title: Clare Calbraith


text:
Shattered Union

Shattered Union is a turn-based tactics video game developed by PopTop Software and published by 2K in October 2005.

Plot

The narration of the game, including its backstory and its cutscenes, is provided by Sara Kestelman.

In 2008, David Jefferson Adams becomes the 44th President of the United States following a disputed election and a tie vote in the Electoral College (and subsequent tie-breaker by the United States House of Representatives), becoming the most hated and unpopular president in U.S. history.

A combination of foreign terrorist attacks and poor economic conditions contributes to civil unrest. As a result, rioting springs up all throughout the United States, with domestic terrorism becoming an increasing threat. In response, President Adams uses the Homeland Security Act and declares martial law on many areas of the country, but it is particularly concentrated on the West Coast.

Four years later, during the 2012 United States presidential election, the Supreme Court of the United States disqualifies all the popular presidential candidates from several states, effectively handing Adams his reelection. The public reacts violently when incumbent Adams accepts a second term.

During the Inauguration Ball in Washington, D.C., on the night of January 20, 2013, a low-yield tactical nuclear weapon is detonated in an apparent groundburst, presumably having been concealed there in advance. The yield is sufficient to destroy most of the city, killing Adams, his cabinet, and most of the U.S. Congress, effectively wiping out the presidential line of succession and thrusting the already unstable United States into total chaos.

The European Parliament meets in an emergency session, and votes to send peacekeepers to the Washington Metropolitan Area to secure international interests and protection of European citizens in the United States. As secessionist sentiment rises in America, the governor of California declares home rule, and California secedes from the Union on April 15, 2013. Texas follows a few days later, on April 17, 2013, taking neighboring states with it and re-forming the Republic of Texas. The Confederated States of America is reborn shortly afterwards, declaring independance, as does the Pacific Northwest following attempts by Californian militias to march into Oregon. At some point Hawaii also becomes independent.The Great Plains are the last to breakaway, leaving the remainder of the original government operating as a loose confederation in New England. By 2014, all hopes for a peaceful resolution are gone, and the Second American Civil War begins.

Early in the war, Russia invades and occupies Alaska, using the expanded military operations of the European Union as an excuse. The invasion is personally led by President Nicholai Vladekov, an ex-general and former Soviet hardliner, who claims that Alaska was never really part of the United States and that Russia is merely reclaiming its former territory. What little resistance does occur is confused and disorganized, making the invasion largely unopposed.

Later, Interpol reveals the results of its investigation regarding the Inauguration Day bombing. President Vladekov had been dealing weapons on the black market for more than thirty years and masterminded the D.C. bombing as part of his goal to disrupt the world economy so that Russia could regain its military dominance, and more easily control Europe. Protests throughout Russia force Vladekov to declare martial law in Moscow.

After the former contiguous United States is unified under one faction, the independent Commonwealth of Hawaii agrees to join the new government. Vladekov refuses to cede control of Alaska, so the faction's forces prepare to invade the state and drive the Russians out of North America. A closing cinematic depicts the aftermath of the war.

If the invasion fails, the reunified U.S. is still suffering unrest and faces an uncertain future. If the invasion succeeds and the player faction's reputation is very good, the troubled American states are "united again under uncommon greatness" – a leader whose merciful acts and strategic and tactical brilliance will be spoken of for centuries to come. If the player faction's reputation is very bad, the U.S. transforms into a new fascist state, "one that will never again feel the sting of dissent".

Factions
The factions in the game include the entirety or portions of the following states:

 * California Commonwealth: Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah
 * Commonwealth of Hawaii: Hawaii (non-playable faction)
 * Confederacy: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
 * European Union Occupation: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia
 * Great Plains Federation: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin
 * New England Alliance: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia, Vermont
 * Pacifica: Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming
 * Republic of Texas: Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
 * Russia: Alaska (only multiplayer)

Gameplay
The game is based on a hex grid system. The various factions wage warfare in numerous territories. The player's income is based on how many territories they control. When attacking a territory, the player selects which of their units to deploy on the deployment screen. Units deployed to one area cannot be redeployed to another until that round of attacks is over. Each side can choose to either manually place their units on the battlefield or have the computer do it for them automatically.

In each area, there are various forms of terrain, each with a unique effect on how units move. Roads enable much faster movement but decrease the unit's defense. Forests, mountains, swamps, and other such terrain greatly decrease unit movement, but most increase defense. Cities have little effect on a unit's movement unless a road runs through it, but they increase units' defense. If not crossed at a bridge, rivers heavily hinder or block unit movement. Two units, enemy or allied, can never occupy the same hex at once.

During combat, one unit directly engages another, without outside interference from any other units. The attacking unit always fires first. If the defending unit is still alive, it retaliates. Without special abilities, each unit can only attack and retaliate once per turn. Anti-air units always retaliate against air units as long as they survive the opening attack.

Each unit type has an effectiveness rating against infantry (EI), vehicles (EV), and air units (EA). If the attacker's effectiveness rating is higher than the defender's, damage is done according to subtracting the values. Otherwise, no damage or extremely low damage is done. Some units are specialized to only be able to attack a single type of unit. If enough damage is done to a unit, it is destroyed.

The objective of the battle is either to destroy all the enemy's units or capture enough objective towns to control the battlefield. Objective towns each have a point value. Special abilities, known as "sidebar powers", recharge over time and are gained based on the game is played – for example, by causing collateral damage.

Reception
Shattered Union received "average" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The gameplay was praised as being "simple but deep", and the concept was well liked, while criticisms included unbalanced AI and a total lack of any diplomacy features.

Film adaptation
In 2009, Variety and Gamasutra reported that Jerry Bruckheimer was creating a movie adaptation of the video game to be distributed by Touchstone Pictures. J. Michael Straczynski was set to write the script.

title: Shattered Union


text: User talk:69.237.78.205

title: User talk:69.237.78.205


text:
Talk:Influx of disease in the Caribbean

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 August 2019 and 13 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jmucks.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:30, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Capitalization
I looked it up in the UPI Stylebook: malaria and yellow fever aren't capitalized except as first word of a sentence. RJFJR 21:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposed additions and changes to the article
I plan contribute to the article by changing the format into sections based on the two sides to the influx of disease, the first European contact and the later influence of the transatlantic slave trade. I'll be bringing in several new sources and adding verification to the uncited information already in the article.

title: Talk:Influx of disease in the Caribbean


text:
Static line

A static line is a fixed cord attached to a large, stable object. It is used to open parachutes automatically for paratroopers and novice parachutists.

Design and use
A static line is a cord attached at one end to the aircraft and at the other end to the top of the jumper's "D-Bag" (deployment bag, into which the canopy is packed). The parachutist's fall from the aircraft causes the static line to become taut, this then pulls the D-Bag out of the container on the jumper's back. The static line and D-Bag stay with the aircraft as the jumper leaves, and are pulled back into the aircraft by the dispatcher. Now free of its D-Bag, the canopy is allowed to inflate as the jumper continues to fall. Effectively, the jumper drags the parachute behind him, causing the upward-rushing wind to force open and inflate the canopy. The canopy should inflate and begin supporting the jumper within four seconds. In the unlikely event of a malfunction, students are taught how to cut away the main canopy and deploy the reserve chute. The aim of static line progression is to train students to maintain the correct, stable body position upon exiting the aircraft, and to teach how to deploy the canopy via the pilot chute mechanism.

As mentioned above the parachutist must adopt and maintain a stable body position throughout deployment to minimize the chances of a parachute malfunction. This method of parachute deployment is commonly used in several ways:

 * Training student skydivers, e.g. in the Ram Air Progression System
 * BASE jumping
 * Military paratroopers jumping from very low altitudes (400 ft)

Static line jumping carries risk of injury that, according to one study, doubles when performed in combat.

For training students in civilian operations, modifications to existing static line equipment may be made to simplify operations. One such modification is to attach the deployment bag to the parachute instead of the static line, which also requires some modification to allow the static line to detach, typically a Velcro fastener. This leaves much less material "in the wind" behind the plane after the jumper has left. Aerodynamic drag from these materials are not a problem for larger cargo aircraft used in military jumping, but presents a major issue for smaller aircraft used in civilian operations. This modification also results in a somewhat slower opening, which softens the opening shock at the cost of altitude, a minor concern for jumpers exiting at 2800 ft.

In popular culture
The popular American military song "Blood on the Risers" is a cautionary tale about a rookie paratrooper falling to his death, because he failed to hook in his static line before jumping from the plane ("He jumped into the icy blast, his static line unhooked").

title: Static line