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Talk:Gold Flex

Untitled
GoldFlex is not a fiber. It is non-woven material made of aramid fibers. from Honeywell site --Mikev-en 16:07, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Unclear Claim
"Gold Flex is lighter then Kevlar, Twaron and other Ballistic material, yet offers the most bullet proof protection." What does that mean? Does that mean that the same thickness of Gold Flex offers more protection that Kevlar? Or does it mean that a 10 X 12" patch of Gold Flex gives more protection than a 10 X 12" patch of Kevlar when both patches weigh the same? In other words, are we speaking of equal volumes or equal weights? (EnochBethany (talk) 05:33, 11 February 2014 (UTC))

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title: Talk:Gold Flex


text:
Wikipedia talk:Files for deletion/2005 September 25

Deleted a few. a few have been speedied against the rules by others. 1 was on commons (nominator notified). Secretlondon 09:48, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Meccano Magazine

Meccano Magazine was an English monthly hobby magazine published by Meccano Ltd between 1916 and 1963, and by other publishers between 1963 and 1981. The magazine was initially created for Meccano builders, but it soon became a general hobby magazine aimed at "boys of all ages".

History
The magazine was launched by Frank Hornby, the inventor of Meccano, as a bi-monthly publication in 1916 in the United States as "Meccano Engineer", and was a month ahead of the UK issue. The first copies were given away free but in 1918 readers had to pay two pence for postage for four issues.

In 1917 and again in 1932 Hornby published a history of Meccano, its manufacture, and marketing in the magazine. In 1919 it doubled its size to eight pages and now cost one penny. New Meccano parts were advertised for the first time in 1920 and in 1922 the magazine became a monthly publication. From 1921, the magazine was edited by Ellison Hawks who worked at Meccano as an advertising manager. From the May 1924 issue, the magazine had full-colour covers, and the December 1924 issue was 96 pages, costing six pence. By the 1930s Meccano Magazine had a circulation of 70,000.

During the Second World War the content and quality of the magazine was reduced greatly, and the size decreased from approximately A4 to A5. The A5 pocket-size format remained until 1961 when it was increased again to A4.

In 1963 the magazine started reporting a loss and Meccano Ltd handed its publishing over to its printers, Thomas Skinner. In August 1967 Thomas Skinner terminated production of the magazine and passed the magazine on to Model & Allied Publications (MAP) of Hemel Hempstead in 1968. At the end of 1972 publication stopped due to a decline in popularity.

In April 1973 it was resurrected again, this time as a quarterly magazine, and from 1977 it incorporated Meccano Engineer and the Meccanoman's Journal. Meccano Magazine's last issue was Spring 1981.

Content
Meccano Magazine was originally aimed at Meccano builders and featured articles on Meccano construction and new Meccano developments. When Frank Hornby launched the Meccano Guild in 1919, the magazine carried regular Guild news to keep Meccano clubs informed of each other's activities. But over time Meccano Magazine became a general hobby magazine aimed at "boys of all ages". Aside from Meccano related articles, it also featured Hornby trains, Dinky Toys and other products of Meccano Ltd, plus a wide variety of general interest articles, including, engineering, aircraft, trains, modelling, camping, photography and philately. Commonwealth countries always featured strongly in articles as Meccano Ltd exported its products to these countries.

The magazines today are an excellent source of historic information and an invaluable aid to collectors of toys from those years. They have also become collector's items and there is a healthy trade in them at auctions.

title: Meccano Magazine


text:
Monknewtown

Monknewtown, historically called Rathenskin, is a townland 3 km east of Slane in County Meath, Ireland. It stands on the right bank of the Mattock River, which feeds several historic watermills nearby and which forms approximately the townland's eastern boundary with Keerhan and Sheepgrange townlands in County Louth. Neighbouring townlands to the south are Balfeddock, Knowth, and Crewbane, to the west Cashel, Mooretown, and Knockmooney. The northern boundary of Monknewtown with Kellystown is formed by a tributary of the Mattock River, while the southern boundary is formed by the N51 road. Other than the latter, only minor roads traverse the townland, among them L5606 from west to east. The townland is in a civil parish of the same name.

A ford crosses the Mattock River in the northeastern part of the townland, connecting Monknewtown with Keerhan.

Monknewtown also stands on the northern edge of the Neolithic monument complex and World Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne which includes the famous site of Newgrange.

Two Neolithic sites connected with Monknewtown are the nearby "ritual pond" and a henge.

The pond probably dates to the later Neolithic, being a later addition to the complex, and consists of a 2 meter high earth bank that creates a 30-meter diameter enclosure that is filled with water.

The site may have played a preliminary or final role in prehistoric activities connected with the tombs and other ritual sites to the south.

title: Monknewtown


text:
Talk:Luqman (sūrah)

Is it a Makkan sura or a Madinan sura?

 * The NL page claims it's a Makkan one. (Remember to sign your posts with ~ ) gren グレン 12:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luqman (sūrah)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Murphyism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 23:59, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Murphyism
No Google hits for Murphyism -wikipedia "dylan murphy". No relevant Google hits for "dylan murphy" -wikipedia protestant. Unless it's astonishingly successful at being a secretive sect, I spy a hoax. OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 09:53, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - assume hoax, unless any sources identified. CLW 12:08, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per CLW   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   22:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I found two sources, see article for details. DirkNiblick 16:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment With all due respect to DirkNiblick this is his only edit and the one online source he references doesn't contain the word Murphyism. I wouldn't dream of suggesting he's a sock-puppet though.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   21:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Prince Nico Mbarga

Nico Mbarga (1 January 1950 – 23 June 1997), better known as Prince Nico Mbarga, was a Cameroonian-Nigerian highlife musician, born to a Nigerian mother and a Cameroonian father in Abakaliki, Nigeria. He is renowned for his hit song "Sweet Mother", recorded with his band Rocafil Jazz, which has been described as the best-selling song in history by an African recording artist.

Personal life
Mbarga was survived by 10 surviving children; Nico, Descrow, Estelle, Slimphilz, Pauline, Joan, Lillian, Lucy, Lionel, and Nicoline. In 2011, Pauline, one of his children passed on following  a brief illness making nine remaining children. Among the nine Mbarga's surviving children, only Nico, Descrow, Estelle and Slimphilz are actively involved in music and working to promote their late father's ‘panco' style of music. Joan, Lillian, Lucy, Lionel, and Nicoline are said to be either currently engaged in doing business or working white collar jobs at the Nigerian civil service commission.

Music
He played the xylophone, conga, drums, bass guitar and electric guitar. He first started playing in school bands and he made his professional debut as a member of a hotel band, the Melody Orchestra, in 1970.

Early years
Although he only recorded one significant hit, "Sweet Mother," in 1976, which sold more than 13 million copies, Mbarga played an important role in the evolution of African popular music. With his soulful vocals set to the light melodies of his acoustic guitar, Mbarga created a unique hybrid of Nigerian and Congolese guitar playing and uplifting highlife rhythms. He formed his own group, Rocafil Jazz, to perform regularly at the Plaza Hotel in the eastern Nigerian city of Onitsha.

After releasing a disappointing single in 1973, Mbarga and Rocafil Jazz had their first success with their second single, "I No Go Marry My Papa", a regional hit. The band's inability to break past their local following resulted in their recording contract being dropped by EMI, a decision that proved ill-fortuned when the band signed with Rogers All Stars, a Nigerian recording company based in Onitsha, and recorded "Sweet Mother".

Sung in Pidgin, "Sweet Mother" became one of the top sellers in the history of Nigerian music. In the six years that Mbarga and Rocafil Jazz remained with Rogers All Stars, 1975 to 1981, they recorded nine albums.

Later years
On a repeat tour to England in 1982, Mbarga became known for his flamboyant, 1970s glam rock-inspired performances. While he continued to appear with Rocafil Jazz, Mbarga also performed with London-based highlife band the Ivory Coasters and former Rocafil Jazz member, Cameroonian vocalist Louisiana Tilda. Despite Mbarga launching his own Polydor-distributed record label, upon his return to Nigeria, he and the original members of Rocafil Jazz separated after some disagreements. Although he later formed the New Rocafil Jazz Band, Mbarga failed to match his early success. Leaving music, he turned his attention to managing the four-star hotel that he owned, the Sweet Mother Hotel, located in the town of Ikom in Cross River State Nigeria, just minutes away from the Cameroon-Nigeria border.

Death
Prince Nico Mbarga was killed in a motorcycle accident on 23 June 1997 in Calabar while trying to buy spare parts for his car  along the ever busy Mayne Avenue Road, leaving behind "Sweet Mother" as the most popular song among Nigerians. "Sweet Mother" is sometimes called "Africa's anthem" and has been voted Africa's favourite song by BBC readers and listeners.

title: Prince Nico Mbarga


text:
Transport triggered architecture

In computer architecture, a transport triggered architecture (TTA) is a kind of processor design in which programs directly control the internal transport buses of a processor. Computation happens as a side effect of data transports: writing data into a triggering port of a functional unit triggers the functional unit to start a computation. This is similar to what happens in a systolic array. Due to its modular structure, TTA is an ideal processor template for application-specific instruction set processors (ASIP) with customized datapath but without the inflexibility and design cost of fixed function hardware accelerators.

Typically a transport triggered processor has multiple transport buses and multiple functional units connected to the buses, which provides opportunities for instruction level parallelism. The parallelism is statically defined by the programmer. In this respect (and obviously due to the large instruction word width), the TTA architecture resembles the very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture. A TTA instruction word is composed of multiple slots, one slot per bus, and each slot determines the data transport that takes place on the corresponding bus. The fine-grained control allows some optimizations that are not possible in a conventional processor. For example, software can transfer data directly between functional units without using registers.

Transport triggering exposes some microarchitectural details that are normally hidden from programmers. This greatly simplifies the control logic of a processor, because many decisions normally done at run time are fixed at compile time. However, it also means that a binary compiled for one TTA processor will not run on another one without recompilation if there is even a small difference in the architecture between the two. The binary incompatibility problem, in addition to the complexity of implementing a full context switch, makes TTAs more suitable for embedded systems than for general purpose computing.

Of all the one-instruction set computer architectures, the TTA architecture is one of the few that has had processors based on it built, and the only one that has processors based on it sold commercially.

Benefits in comparison to VLIW architectures
TTAs can be seen as "exposed datapath" VLIW architectures. While VLIW is programmed using operations, TTA splits the operation execution to multiple move operations. The low level programming model enables several benefits in comparison to the standard VLIW. For example, a TTA architecture can provide more parallelism with simpler register files than with VLIW. As the programmer is in control of the timing of the operand and result data transports, the complexity (the number of input and output ports) of the register file (RF) need not be scaled according to the worst case issue/completion scenario of the multiple parallel instructions.

An important unique software optimization enabled by the transport programming is called software bypassing. In case of software bypassing, the programmer bypasses the register file write back by moving data directly to the next functional unit's operand ports. When this optimization is applied aggressively, the original move that transports the result to the register file can be eliminated completely, thus reducing both the register file port pressure and freeing a general purpose register for other temporary variables. The reduced register pressure, in addition to simplifying the required complexity of the RF hardware, can lead to significant CPU energy savings, an important benefit especially in mobile embedded systems.

Structure
TTA processors are built of independent function units and register files, which are connected with transport buses and sockets.

Function unit
Each function unit implements one or more operations, which implement functionality ranging from a simple addition of integers to a complex and arbitrary user-defined application-specific computation. Operands for operations are transferred through function unit ports.

Each function unit may have an independent pipeline. In case a function unit is fully pipelined, a new operation that takes multiple clock cycles to finish can be started in every clock cycle. On the other hand, a pipeline can be such that it does not always accept new operation start requests while an old one is still executing.

Data memory access and communication to outside of the processor is handled by using special function units. Function units that implement memory accessing operations and connect to a memory module are often called load/store units.

Control unit
Control unit is a special case of function units which controls execution of programs. Control unit has access to the instruction memory in order to fetch the instructions to be executed. In order to allow the executed programs to transfer the execution (jump) to an arbitrary position in the executed program, control unit provides control flow operations. A control unit usually has an instruction pipeline, which consists of stages for fetching, decoding and executing program instructions.

Register files
Register files contain general purpose registers, which are used to store variables in programs. Like function units, also register files have input and output ports. The number of read and write ports, that is, the capability of being able to read and write multiple registers in a same clock cycle, can vary in each register file.

Transport buses and sockets
Interconnect architecture consists of transport buses which are connected to function unit ports by means of sockets. Due to expense of connectivity, it is usual to reduce the number of connections between units (function units and register files). A TTA is said to be fully connected in case there is a path from each unit output port to every unit's input ports.

Sockets provide means for programming TTA processors by allowing to select which bus-to-port connections of the socket are enabled at any time instant. Thus, data transports taking place in a clock cycle can be programmed by defining the source and destination socket/port connection to be enabled for each bus.

Conditional execution
Some TTA implementations support conditional execution.

Conditional execution is implemented with the aid of guards. Each data transport can be conditionalized by a guard, which is connected to a register (often a 1-bit conditional register) and to a bus. In case the value of the guarded register evaluates to false (zero), the data transport programmed for the bus the guard is connected to is squashed, that is, not written to its destination. Unconditional data transports are not connected to any guard and are always executed.

Branches
All processors, including TTA processors, include control flow instructions that alter the program counter, which are used to implement subroutines, if-then-else, for-loop, etc. The assembly language for TTA processors typically includes control flow instructions such as unconditional branches (JUMP), conditional relative branches (BNZ), subroutine call (CALL), conditional return (RETNZ), etc. that look the same as the corresponding assembly language instructions for other processors.

Like all other operations on a TTA machine, these instructions are implemented as "move" instructions to a special function unit.

TTA implementations that support conditional execution, such as the sTTAck and the first MOVE prototype, can implement most of these control flow instructions as a conditional move to the program counter.

TTA implementations that only support unconditional data transports, such as the Maxim Integrated MAXQ, typically have a special function unit tightly connected to the program counter that responds to a variety of destination addresses. Each such address, when used as the destination of a "move", has a different effect on the program counter—each "relative branch <condition>" instruction has a different destination address for each condition; and other destination addresses are used CALL, RETNZ, etc.

Programming
In more traditional processor architectures, a processor is usually programmed by defining the executed operations and their operands. For example, an addition instruction in a RISC architecture could look like the following. add r3, r1, r2

This example operation adds the values of general-purpose registers r1 and r2 and stores the result in register r3. Coarsely, the execution of the instruction in the processor probably results in translating the instruction to control signals which control the interconnection network connections and function units. The interconnection network is used to transfer the current values of registers r1 and r2 to the function unit that is capable of executing the add operation, often called ALU as in Arithmetic-Logic Unit. Finally, a control signal selects and triggers the addition operation in ALU, of which result is transferred back to the register r3.

TTA programs do not define the operations, but only the data transports needed to write and read the operand values. Operation itself is triggered by writing data to a triggering operand of an operation. Thus, an operation is executed as a side effect of the triggering data transport. Therefore, executing an addition operation in TTA requires three data transport definitions, also called moves. A move defines endpoints for a data transport taking place in a transport bus. For instance, a move can state that a data transport from function unit F, port 1, to register file R, register index 2, should take place in bus B1. In case there are multiple buses in the target processor, each bus can be utilized in parallel in the same clock cycle. Thus, it is possible to exploit data transport level parallelism by scheduling several data transports in the same instruction.

An addition operation can be executed in a TTA processor as follows: r1 -> ALU.operand1 r2 -> ALU.add.trigger ALU.result -> r3

The second move, a write to the second operand of the function unit called ALU, triggers the addition operation. This makes the result of addition available in the output port 'result' after the execution latency of the 'add'.

The ports associated with the ALU may act as an accumulator, allowing creation of macro instructions that abstract away the underlying TTA:

Programmer visible operation latency
The leading philosophy of TTAs is to move complexity from hardware to software. Due to this, several additional hazards are introduced to the programmer. One of them is delay slots, the programmer visible operation latency of the function units. Timing is completely the responsibility of the programmer. The programmer has to schedule the instructions such that the result is neither read too early nor too late. There is no hardware detection to lock up the processor in case a result is read too early. Consider, for example, an architecture that has an operation add with latency of 1, and operation mul with latency of 3. When triggering the add operation, it is possible to read the result in the next instruction (next clock cycle), but in case of mul, one has to wait for two instructions before the result can be read. The result is ready for the 3rd instruction after the triggering instruction.

Reading a result too early results in reading the result of a previously triggered operation, or in case no operation was triggered previously in the function unit, the read value is undefined. On the other hand, result must be read early enough to make sure the next operation result does not overwrite the yet unread result in the output port.

Due to the abundance of programmer-visible processor context which practically includes, in addition to register file contents, also function unit pipeline register contents and/or function unit input and output ports, context saves required for external interrupt support can become complex and expensive to implement in a TTA processor. Therefore, interrupts are usually not supported by TTA processors, but their task is delegated to an external hardware (e.g., an I/O processor) or their need is avoided by using an alternative synchronization/communication mechanism such as polling.

Implementations

 * MAXQ from Maxim Integrated, the only commercially available microcontroller built upon transport triggered architecture, is an OISC or "one-instruction set computer". It offers a single though flexible MOVE instruction, which can then function as various virtual instructions by moving values directly to the program counter.
 * The "move project" has designed and fabricated several experimental TTA microprocessors.
 * OpenASIP is an open source application-specific instruction set toolset utilizing TTA as the processor template.
 * The architecture of the Amiga Copper has all the basic features of a transport triggered architecture.
 * The Able processor developed by New England Digital.
 * The WireWorld based computer.
 * Dr. Dobb's published One-Der, a 32-bit TTA in Verilog with a matching cross assembler and Forth compiler.

 * Mali (200/400) vertex processor, uses a 128-bit instruction word single precision floating-point scalar TTA.

title: Transport triggered architecture


text:
Talk:Mater lectionis

Etymology and pronunciation
Can we get an etymology and pronunciation with this article. Would be very helpful. Also - I am unclear as to whether the system is historical or current. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.152.27.146 (talk • contribs) 04:54, 4 October 2005

 * Supplied translation of the Latin. The English-language pronunciation of "Mater Lectionis" can be variable.  The system is currently used, but it's no longer the ONLY method of indicating vowels (as it was before the invention of the diacritic "points").   However, it's still the most frequently used method for writing vowels in Hebrew and Arabic. AnonMoos 16:25, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

2017
The etymology of the words themselves is useful, but has anyone got references with its history of usage? Was the term actually used by romans? Was there a previous term it replaced? Josephholsten (talk) 15:12, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

 * the term came into use in the early modern period (probably 16th century) among Christian Hebraists, at a time when the international language of scholarship in Western Europe was Latin... AnonMoos (talk) 10:41, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Examples, "מלא millō"
Where is מלא ever vocalized millō? It's typically male, although it is occasionally mlō. In any case, מלא is not an example of א as "mostly ā." This example should be deleted. -- חנינא — Preceding undated comment added 00:17, 30 August 2006

"Middle Kingdom"?
What is "middle kingdom" supposed to mean in the article? It sure doesn't mean the Egyptian middle kingdom (which is the most common meaning of the phrase "Middle Kingdom" in English). AnonMoos 16:25, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, the most common meaning of the phrase "Middle Kingdom" in English is China, but I'm pretty sure that the article is not referring to China either. —Lowellian (reply) 00:30, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, in a scholarly ancient near east context, the most common meaning is the Egyptian middle kingdom... AnonMoos (talk) 02:36, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

"y"
is the letter "y" in english considered a Mater lectionis given it's usage as an effective vowel in words like sky? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.215.158.240 (talk) 00:21, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The concept is only related to Abjad scripts. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 19:20, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
 * And in any case the use of y as a vowel precedes its use as a consonant. --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) (talk) 11:52, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

ǣ
At the section Usage in Hebrew, I see the character ǣ used for י, but, what does it stand for? Is it meant to transcribe ? --Mahmudmasri (talk) 19:14, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I assume it's meant to be a transcription of segol-yod, as in אבותיך "your fathers, ancestors", which in fact probably was not pronounced ǣ... AnonMoos (talk) 22:39, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

Short vowels
"In some words in Hebrew there is a choice of whether to use a mater lectionis or not, and in modern printed texts matres lectionis are sometimes used even for short vowels, which is considered to be grammatically incorrect,"

I think this needs further explanation. As far as I know, in Modern Hebrew vowel length is not phonemic. Presumably, "short vowel" here refers to biblical/classical phonology, and the modern spelling is still based on it. But it's not clear. Rcaetano (talk) 05:30, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

 * It's used for vowels which would be short in classical/historical terms, particularly in the Pu'al and Hoph'al (Huf'al) verb stems, where the u/o vowel marks passive. The modern spelling actually uses a ו (waw/vav) letter in cases where it wouldn't have ordinarily been used in Biblical spelling.  Not sure about "grammatically incorrect", though -- it's fine as modern (not Biblical) Hebrew... AnonMoos (talk) 06:18, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Another example is in the name of the Likud party -- it would be spelled לכוד in traditional/classicizing orthography, since the "k" consonant was originally doubled, but ליכוד in full modern orthography. Wikipedia article is Ktiv hasar niqqud, but I'm not sure how helpful it is... AnonMoos (talk) 06:26, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

Construct- and absolute-state
These terms should be explained (or have links to explanations). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.96.79.118 (talk) 22:57, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I linked to the Construct state article (but not sure how much good it will do people who don't have any direct experience with relevant languages)... AnonMoos (talk) 03:52, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

use of the article "a" with a plural noun
This comment is based upon this ("02:18, 31 July 2015") version of the article.

In the Hebrew sub-section of (the "History" section of) the article, the sentence that begins "Around the 9th century CE, it was decided [...]" ends with a part that says -- with one (parenthesized) portion elided --"[...] so a supplemental vowel pointing systems (niqqud) [...] joined matres lectionis as part of the Hebrew writing system."

I think this should be changed. [ IMHO ], either [a] the plural noun "systems" should be changed to the singular, by deleting the suffix "s", or else -- if for some reason it must remain plural -- then [b] the article "a" does not belong in that phrase.

Personally I think that it is likely that the original intent was: to say [or, write] that only one "vowel pointing system" -- (namely, niqqud) -- "joined matres lectionis [...]". (See [a].) (right?)

I plan to update the article accordingly. (But this explanation might not fit in an edit comment). --Mike Schwartz (talk) 21:11, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Either the singular or plural could be used (there were multiple variant systems), but there was certainly an inconsistency. AnonMoos (talk) 08:48, 20 May 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 10 June 2019

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Not moved. After extended time for discussion, there is insufficient consensus to move the page. Note that I am counting AnonMoos as not supporting a move, and giving little weight to the IP !vote due to its short period of activity on Wikipedia. bd2412 T 17:47, 29 June 2019 (UTC)

Mater lectionis → Matres lectionis – The article is about signs, not a sign, so it should be in plural. Qbli2mHd (talk) 16:24, 10 June 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. DannyS712 (talk) 10:38, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink) requested by Qbli2mHd. Steel1943  (talk) 18:32, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:SINGULAR. Steel1943  (talk) 18:32, 10 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I really don't see any need for this move. It often occurs in the singular form in English philological usage... AnonMoos (talk) 10:06, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Support move. This isn't an article about "matres lectionis" in general, in which case WP:SINGULAR indeed would apply and the article should be called "mater lectionis". This is about a specific set of "matres lectionis", so the plural should be used. Debresser (talk) 10:44, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * It kind of is an article about matres lectionis in general, considering that the concept is only relevant to languages that were originally written with consonantal alphabets... AnonMoos (talk) 14:18, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * ...Is this a claim that WP:COMMONNAME should supersede WP:SINGULAR? And if so, can the WP:COMMONNAME claim be backed up somehow (references, etc.)? Steel1943  (talk) 16:57, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose this move 2601:541:4500:1760:A89A:65D6:E57B:36CE (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:46, 17 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

"waw ו ", not "vav"? Why?
Why is the Hebrew letter "ו" referred to in the article with name of its Aramaic analog, "waw", instead of "vav"? I have seen this a number times in books and articles (usually when written by non-Jewish nor non-native Hebrew learners) and yet have never heard it referred to as "waw" by ethnic Sephardic nor Ashkenazi speakers. Jyg (talk) 21:21, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Both spellings are correct. In the German-Ashkenazi dialect of Hebrew, there is no "w" sound, as in the English word "water." In German, all words written with a "w" are pronounced as the English "v" (as in "waser", "Was ist das?", "Warum bist do so gut?"). The Hebrew spoken by native Ashkenazi Jews is the same as the old German --- with no English-sounding "w". However, in the Hebrew language, which is akin to all Semitic languages, the Hebrew letter (ו) is pronounced as the Arabic letter "waw", equivalent to the English "w".Davidbena (talk) 03:49, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Jyg -- The "v" pronunciation is post-Biblical (belonging to the A.D. period), and so would be anachronistic for most of the time period covered by this article. (It's also harder to see how "v" comes to write "u" and "o" vowels than how "w" does...)  Yemeni Jews traditionally use a [w] pronunciation for the letter. AnonMoos (talk) 22:00, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Are mater lectionis phenomena?
First, I'm not a linguist, just a reader. In the article overview section the usage of mater lectionis is referred to as a phenomenon. This feels like not the best choice of word to me, as it is evocative of unusual and notable events without a known/understood cause. But since the article is about the history, development, and usage of mater lectionis, it argues against labeling the usage a phenomenon. I'm open to the possibility that "phenomenon" is used differently in linguistics than in ordinary English. However, if it isn't, I would propose substituting "usage" or "this interesting development". MxBuster (talk) 18:36, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Phenomenon is an extremely vague word in English, except maybe in a show-biz or sporting context... AnonMoos (talk) 22:10, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mater lectionis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George Zimmer

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep Jtkiefer  T - 03:19, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

George Zimmer
Roodog2k (Hello there!) 18:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * i think it should stay. the public needs to know. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mynameisjoe (talk • contribs) 09:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Removing this would be slicing the head off your own generation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.107.252.186 (talk • contribs) 09:54, 4 October 2005  (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Delete, CEO of a company that don't even have its own article. —Cryptic (talk) 15:57, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This guy is in his own commercials so he appears on TV alot. His company really should have an article. Still, this is just lousy. It need cleanup bad. Probably could be merged with Men's Warehouse, whenever it gets an article. -R. fiend 16:47, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it should be Men's Wearhouse, though that doesn't seem to have an article either. -R. fiend 16:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite. I added a sentence too. -R. fiend 21:13, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Let's slice the head off whoever's generation he is. Merge if anyone is sartorially conscious enough.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   17:27, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep as article has now been rewritten wrt Wiki standards. Eddie.willers 17:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite -- that was quick!!!  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   17:58, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * strong keep He's certainly notable enough. Rewrite looks good.
 * Keep the rewrite. I'm amazed we don't have an article on the guy's stores, btw. Meelar (talk) 18:18, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable business man and thanks to Eddie Willers who did the rewrite. I will add Men's Wearhouse to the list of requested articles as it would appear to meet WP:CORP. Capitalistroadster 19:46, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the article, but delete the commercials... --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk ·· · 20:58, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite. He is notable enough and so is the company. ManekiNeko | Talk 23:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep article is in good format, and articles far less notable than this one are found all around Wikipedia - all one has to do is keep clicking this link to find silly articles at one point or another. [[Image:Smilie.gif|20px]]Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]]  23:26, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Limit of a sequence

Really like this page
The intro really helped me understand the definition since in my book it states that for some n>=N dependent on epsilon if d(p sub n, p) 0, then p is the limit of {s sub n}. Really unclear. Thanks wikipedia. Sorry if I put this comment in the wrong place.

Here is an exercise from my book: 1) Prove if {s sub n} converges then {|s sub n|} converges. Is the converse true?

No, if you consider the sequence sn=1 if n is even and sn=−1 if n is odd, then the absolute value has a limit but not the original sequence. Thenub314 (talk) 13:59, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

So the converse isn't true, but what about the proof part? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.92.23.234 (talk) 19:06, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Exercises.
Some exercises, resolution of exercises and stuff like that could be interesting... and helpful for college homeworks :)

Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, not a textbook. There are probably a lot of textbooks in your college library full of exercises with solutions, or you could try WikiBooks - http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits/Exercises Unnachamois (talk) 17:53, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

How?
ok, i'm still a little confused. How do you take the limit of a sequence? when you do a function you more or less plug it in. but in a sequence what do you do? for instance, if the sequence is (n-1)/n...i can loically look at it and say "well, it will irst be 1/2, then 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6...etc. which increasing but never getting to one. so the limit is 1. but is there now "way" to do it as with the function? is it merely thinking about it logically?--Jaysscholar 09:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC) (yes, i am sort of asking for help of my hw, but i also think the article should be expanded to include that stuff.)

using merely logic can throw u off. for instance (2n+1)2/(3n-1)2 converges to 4/9. why? the bottom is getting bigger faster so shouldnt it go to 0? Im sure my logic is wring but some one sould make it clear in the article and then tell me so i wont be confused.--Jaysscholar 10:08, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Excuse the unprettiness of the following, I don't know how to format this to make it look pretty, but anyhow... I think the article should have included that limit as n goes to infinity of (1/np)=0 for p>0. That property is very key for finding the limit of a sequence when the sequence can be written as polynomials.  The article maybe should also include the obvious property that the limit of a sequence that is constant is that constant. i.e. let c be any constant, then the limit as n goes to infinity (or goes any number for that matter) of c is c.  The basic idea is to get rid of any variable raised to a power, and leave yourself with just constant terms along with terms of the form 1/np p>0. In your first example above if you take (n-1)/n and multiply by (1/n)/(1/n), which is the same as mutliply by one so as not to change the expression, you get (1-1/n)/(1).  From this form you can use the division and addition properties listed in the article to say that Lim [(1-1/n)/1] = Lim (1-1/n) / Lim(1) = [Lim (1) - Lim (1/n)] / [Lim (1)] = (1-0)/1 =1.  The second example you gave would be very similiar, but first you would have to rewrite the numerator and denominator through expansion, and then multiply the expression by (1/n2)/(1/n2).  If you do this you'll see that it converges to 4/9.--EK711 06:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Here's a shorter explanation: n^2 grows so much faster than n or any constant that you can just ignore those terms. Then the function basically looks like (4n^2)/(9n^2) in the long run, which is clearly = 4/9. 198.59.188.232 20:59, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * When you "do" a function, you DON'T plug in the value. The definition of the limit of a function at a point x is independent of the value of the function at x, if the function is defined at x at all. As for finding the limit of a sequence given in closed-form, one can use some standard limits like those on the talk page below, and some inequalities (for example if one convergent sequence is less than or equal to another convergent sequence term-by-term, then the limit of the first is less than or equal to the limit of the second). --Kprateek88 ( Talk |  Contribs ) 14:34, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Basic Examples to help calculate limits more readily?
The more I think on it the more I'm unsure if these should be considered properties of limits, but I wouldn't mind seeing a couple of other simple examples being thrown into the article to help people calculate limits of sequences more readily. Namely:

 * The limit as n goes to infinity of 1/np=0 for p>0.
 * The limit as n goes to infinity of an=0 if |a|<1.
 * The limit as n goes to infinity of n(1/n)=1.
 * The limit as n goes to infinity of a(1/n)=1 for a>0.

I would try to edit it myself, but I'm still pretty new here at the Wikipedia and wouldn't be able to make it look nice. At least they can be here for anyone that may need them for now.--EK711 06:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

I might add a couple of these, but first I want to point out that in the last one, your restriction isn't required. Since it's a limit to infinity, nothing that happensless than zero affects that limit. In fact, restriction of that form are never required in limits, (to the best of my knowledge), because those restricted valuess either change the limit, which simply changes the limit, of do not contain the limiting point, in which case they do not affect the limit. He Who Is 22:43, 25 May 2006 (UTC) (Nevermind. I sisn't realize the restrictions were on the constants, not the variable being limited.)

Cesaro Limit
It would be nice to add also the notion of cesaro limit.

Wikipedia sucks for math
Topological space? Limits of sequences are taught to beginning (FIRST YEAR) calculus students! What are you doing including this here? -Iopq 14:23, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It is necessary to have a fully general definition, as this page is not just for first year calculus students. I have added a comment that two of the definitions are the same as the usual one for sequences of real or complex numbers, for those who wouldn't find this obvious. Elroch 18:43, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Everyone knows what a limit is after their first semester of calculus. This page IS just for first year calculus students. Or maybe high school students that are curious. Give me a calculus textbook that doesn't cover limits. YOU CAN'T, THERE ISN'T ONE. Nobody who knows what a topological space needs to know what a limit is. And if they do for some reason like memory loss, then a first-year calculus definition is sufficient. -Iopq 00:26, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

You realize that essentially what you're saying is that this article is useless because there are other ways to attain the information. How does that logic work? And as for first-year college students and curious highschool students, two problems. First of all, Calculus is available at most (U.S.) high schools. Secondly, I'm in middle school. Does that mean I have no interest in anything above the information fed to me by a condescending educational system so clearly based in it's creators' fascist desire to console their own inferiority complex? Wikipedia is a source of knowledge. To remove some of that knowledge because Wikipedia is not the only source of knowledge seems to me to be somewhat counter-intuitive considering that your statement advocates a formal educational system, which is arguably one of the least effective methods of distributing information. He Who Is 22:36, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

The epsilon definition of a limit for me at least didn't come until Analysis in my 2nd or 3rd year of college. Definitions are crucial. And the topological definition is very useful to, perhaps, a student of calculus who knows a regular limit, but not a generalized limit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.66.240.51 (talk) 14:13, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Just wanted to mention that, as someone who has studied analysis but not much topology, I found the definition of a limit on a topological space very helpful. Rckrone (talk) 07:34, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Maths is a subject that doesn't lend itself well to a "one size fits all" article about a specific subject, as inevitably it is too complex for some and too simple for others. For most articles, Wikipedia can be a both a learning resource and a reference resource, but unfortunately, when it comes to maths, it is quite hard to please learners at different levels, as what is obvious to some is too advanced for others. But whatever level you're at, there are loads of resources out there to help you learn - just not necessarily Wikipedia, which is for reference as opposed to learning. Unnachamois (talk) 18:00, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

Encyclopedia should be accessible to laymen, this article is not.
Encyclopedia should be accessible to laymen, this article is not.

If I hadn't had a solid secondary school education, I would not understand a word of this explanation. This is not the place for specialized lingo, this is the free encyclopedia that should help especially those who were not blessed with, or could not afford to build, a strong math background.

Please re-write for the mainstream.

Umberto Torresan

''I agree it should be worded more for the layperson, though it begs the question of whether all technical articles should follow this format. It is rather tedious to go through the basics sometimes.''

Piepants 02:55, 8 April 2006 (UTC)Piepants

 * In response to reader requirements, I have added an intuitive description of what a limit of a sequence is at the start of the article. I have also simplified and re-ordered the formal definition section in a way which better complies with wikipedia guidance on the structure of mathematical articles, and which should be more accessible. Elroch 23:09, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Infinitely Small
Consider the following:

$$0.9999999999... = N$$

$$9.9999999999... = 10N$$

$$9 = 9N$$

$$N = \frac{9}{9}$$

$$N = 1$$

0.999999999... = 1, which someone looking at the limiting value of it's expansion can find easily. And yet it is clear that it is i fact less than one. The largest possible number less than 1. Therefore 1 - 0.999... Is the smallest number greater that zero, although its decimal expansion converges to zero. Therefore, arguably, there is no way to find the exact limiting value of any sequence by analyzing its members, since that technique could give that a sequence limited by 5 could pe limited by 5, 6-0.999..., or 4+0.999..., whose values are also limited by five. Anyone wish to comment on the subject?He Who Is 22:52, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no real number which is the " largest possible number less than 1", since for any real number x less than 1, x + (1-x)/2 is greater than x but less than 1. Paul August ☎ 23:18, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

And when x = 1? Then the ouput is 1, which is neigher greater than x, nor less than one. Also, your claim that there is no largest possible number less than one, is untrue. See Infintesimal. He Who Is 19:37, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Infinitesimals are not real numbers. See non-standard analysis and hyperreals. —Tobias Bergemann 07:36, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Ah. sorry. I missed the "real" part and thought you just said number. He Who Is 11:11, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Sequences with finite elements
Does “limit of a sequence” have any meaning when the sequence in question has only a finite number of elements? Morris K. 02:21, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

p > 0, or p > 1?
Does anyone have a categorical source, or at least a proof, on the lower bound for p, in the example in the article? I've gone back and forth between the two bounds, but can't decide on anything. This talk page has p > 0, and some edits have changed it to p > 1. — metaprimer (talk) 05:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Informal language?
I understand that limit is very basic concept, but isn't it better to reference an aricle about formal language rather than let unprepared reader get sunk in those lengthy informal "descriptions"? Also, where is Cauchy criterion? Lex aver (talk) 09:55, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Limit "in the space"
Under "Comments" it says: "The condition that the elements become arbitrarily close to all of the following elements does not, in general, imply the sequence has a limit. See Cauchy sequence". Does the phrase "has a limit" always mean "has a limit in the space itself"? Sometimes this qualification is spelt out, as for example later in the same section of the present article, but other times it seems to be implied, for example under Complete metric space where it says that a certain sequence converges when "considered as a sequence of real numbers", instead of saying more simply that the sequence of rationals converges to an irrational. Under Cauchy sequence, which is the article referenced by the present one, the equivalent example is phrased in the simpler form, but a different example again says "If one considers this as a sequence of real numbers, however, ..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by G Colyer (talk • contribs) 17:51, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

examples
is it obvious that n^(1/n) = 1? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slakov (talk • contribs) 17:16, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * If you take the log it is clear the ratio tends to zero. Katzmik (talk) 17:22, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Limit of a number sequence
I think the article mast be renemed to «Limit of a number sequence». But I could not see the rename button. :( --OZH (talk) 07:33, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Jafeluv (talk) 14:27, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Limit of a sequence → Limit of a number sequence — This article is concerned with a number. The aricle «Limit of a sequence» may propose a general aproach to some different types of limits for merical, topological and functional spaces. So, the article «Sequence» may be split onto two articles: «Sequence» (general) and «Number sequence». OZH (talk) 07:54, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This seems to be more of a split request than a rename request, and it doesn't seem appropriate to me.  As you can see, it includes limit of a sequence in topological spaces.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 09:14, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment At the moment, the article talks about limits of sequences in any topological space. I've made a small change to the lead to make this more clear. Paul August ☎ 14:39, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested cleanup/clarification
Hello. I am not adequately comfortable with the notation or the mathematics, so I do not want to perform this cleanup myself. I am therefore requesting that someone better qualified do it.

In the first section, "Formal Definition," under the very first bullet point, the symbol " xn " seems to function first as the name of a sequence (x1, x2 ...) and later as the name of a generic element of that sequence. Here is the confusing language:

A real number L is said to be the limit of the sequence xn, written

 * $$\lim_{n \to \infty} x_n=L, $$

 * if and only if for every real number ε > 0, there exists a natural number N such that for every n > N we have | xn−L | < ε.

Note that the definition of a limit given mentions subtracting a number L from "xn". This latter term refers to the nth member of the sequence rather than the sequence itself. Correct? Also the nested uses of the subscript "n" are rather confusing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.232.15.46 (talk) 22:09, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Correct, x_n in the definition is the nth term, not the sequence. I'm going to edit the article and use the sequence notation used in the article about sequences to differentiate the sequence itself from the nth term. Sunny642 (talk) 13:23, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

Convergence, Divergence and No limit
I thought a convergent sequence is a sequence with a finite limit, a divergent sequence is a sequence with an infinite limit, and all the rest are said to have no limit, in which case this article contains a few mistakes. (Oscillation (mathematics) is not behaviour of a divergent sequences for example. Brad7777 (talk) 17:54, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

 * That does not match the usage of the terms "convergent seqence" and "divergent sequence" that I am aware of. All sources I know define "divergent sequence" to mean "a sequence that does not converge". This includes bounded sequences with convergent subsequences that converge to different limits.
 * And to define the notion of an "infinite limit" would probably require some extra care, even if we only talk about sequences of real numbers. What about a sequence like 1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6, ...? Does this sequence have one or two "infinite limits"? See also extended real number line and real projective line. — Tobias Bergemann (talk) 11:04, 7 November 2011 (UTC)
 * sorry the link should have been Oscillation (mathematics). A bounded sequence with subsequences that converge to different limits, is a way to tell a sequence has no limit, (for example the sequence -1,1,-1,1,-1,1.. has no limit)

 * the sequence 1,-2,3,-4,5,-6,... is said to have no limit
 * the sequence 1,2,3,4,5,6,... is said to diverge (to infinity)
 * the sequence -1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,... is said to diverge (to minus infinity)
 * A sequence that is a map from the natural numbers to the reals, can only have upto one limit, but a sequence from the integers to the reals may have two, (...-3,-2,-1,0,-1,2,3,...) or so i believed...
 * I think however all Series (mathematics) either converge or diverge, but sequences can have no limits Brad7777 (talk) 16:42, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that's one interpretation, but
 * the sequence 1,-2,3,-4,5,-6 converges to infinity on the projective line, but diverges (has no limit, in your notation) when considered on the extended real line.
 * And I've never heard of a potential difference between a series diverging and the sequence of partial sums diverging.
 * — Arthur Rubin (talk) 19:49, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Brad7777 (talk) 22:10, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
 * A series diverging and a sequence of partial sums diverging is the same. My maths text book say thats a sequence can converge, diverge or have no limit (the same for a series too) thats all (Guide to Analysis (Mathematical Guides) by Mary Hart) Brad7777 (talk) 22:10, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Weierstrass in the 1770s
The last line of the History section states that:

The modern definition of a limit (for any ε there exists an index N so that ...) was given by Bernhard Bolzano (Der binomische Lehrsatz, Prague 1816, little noticed at the time) and by Weierstrass in the 1770s.

Weierstrass was not alive in 1770s (according to Karl Weierstrass); probably a typo (should have been 1870s?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.235.33.45 (talk) 14:16, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

Restructuring
I heavily modified the structure of this article, splitting it into sections for sequences in the reals, metric spaces and topological spaces. It is not highly polished, but might be a better skeleton to hang things off. I didn't copy across everything from before that could reasonably be included, so there could be things in the previous version that people want to salvage. xnn (talk) 22:30, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Miscaptioned graphics are not helpful
In the graphic that appears to be a rescaled and discretized version of a graph of y = x2 sin(x), the first sentence of its caption reads

"The plot of a Cauchy sequence (xn), shown in blue, as xn versus n."

This statement is self-contradictory. A Cauchy sequence is a different thing from its graph as a function of its index. So, there is no such thing as the plot of a sequence as the sequence versus its index.

The purpose of this section of the article should be to educate people who don't know what a Cauchy sequence is, or at least to remind them without their having to read the entire Cauchy sequence article. So a statement like this one in that section:

"A Cauchy sequence is a sequence whose terms become arbitrarily close together as n gets very large."

is extremely unhelpful, since it also makes no sense: What does "terms become arbitrarily close together" mean in the context of "n gets very large" ??? The index n is one index. The word "terms" is plural. So how is someone supposed to interpret the phrase "as n gets very large".

If the only references to a subject (in a larger article) are misleading, it's far better to just omit that section. But far better yet is to include a correct and clear explanation of the subject, even if it does not go into great detail.Daqu (talk) 01:38, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

"Failed to parse..." error
I did not change anything in the article. Just adding this note: The page was rendering with a big slab of red error-message-text in the middle of the "Examples" section: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "/mathoid/local/v1/":): {\displaystyle x_n = \frac1{n^2}} This error text did not appear when rendering the same wiki-markup source in "Preview" mode, so I "purged" the page according to https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Purge. ("Purging forces MediaWiki to clear the cached version of a given page, forcing the page to be redisplayed from its source"). Purging cleared the error text. --Dennis J au (talk) 01:44, 18 March 2017 (UTC)

More Common Limes Definition
I made an edit in section "Formal definition". Although N in |R and n > N also works, its more common to use N in |N and n>=N and it is less circular what the construction of reals concerns. This is also more consistent with the section "Infinite limits" and what is also found in the German wiki. See also here for this use: http://spot.colorado.edu/~baggett/chap2.pdf Jan Burse (talk) 08:12, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

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"Limit of a sequence"
The article, in my opinion, should explain right at the start that "limit of a sequence" is very different from "limit of a series" (see Series (mathematics) and Sequence). The limit of a sequence is the value that successive terms of a list of numbers created by an algorithm* converges to, if it does indeed converge to a single value (it may not, in which case the limit of the sequence does not exist).

The "limit of a series" is very different. It is the sum of the first n numbers in a sequence, considered as n approaches infinity from below or minus infinity from above.

For example, in the sequence 1,1,1,1,1,..., the limit of this sequence is 1, a constant. But in the corresponding series (infinite limit), the partial sums are 1,2,3,4,5,..., which is actually a definition of infinity, and therefore the series diverges. The limit of the partial sums does not exist except as the abstraction "infinity" (Cantor's countable infinity).

This shows clearly that even if a sequence converges to a value, the corresponding infinite series (sum of the numbers added so far) may easily diverge. And this shows that the two terms "limit of a sequence" and "limit of a series" are very different. They should be explained first, so newcomers to sequences and series can understand their different infinite limits free of confusion.

 * Technical Note: an algorithm must complete in a finite number of steps, by definition (see Algorithm). When, in our imagination, we compute an infinite sequence, it is possible that the algorithm may take more steps with each term in the sequence. In such a case, the algorithm will take increasing numbers of steps, and increasing time to compute, as the sequence approaches infinity. But since infinity cannot (by definition) be reached, the algorithm is guaranteed to complete in a finite number of steps for each term. Hence, "algorithm" is the correct description of how each number in the sequence is created (even when such creation is impractical).

David Spector (talk) 14:15, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

Introduction to Real Numbers section and use of notation
The introduction to the Real Numbers section states that a number is the limit of a sequence if the numbers of the sequence get closer to it and not any other number. I believe this is incorrect; consider the sequence {3/2, 5/4, 9/8, 17/16...}. While the limit of this sequence is 1, the numbers are also getting closer to, and will keep getting closer to, say, 0.99999 (or 0.5, or -17).

I propose the paragraph be rewritten like this:

"A number L is the limit of a sequence if one can provide a term x_n in the sequence such that their difference is within a specified neighbourhood of L, for all neighbourhoods of L."

I also propose the article use the notation used in article about sequences to denote a sequence instead of x_n to differentiate the sequence itself from the nth term, as the article currently uses x_n to denote the sequence itself sometimes and x_n to denote the nth term other times, such as in the mathematical definition. The aforementioned article uses (x_n)_n∈N to denote the sequence (x_1, x_2, ..., x_n), which I think is better than denoting the sequence (x_n) since it is used to denote the nth term at times in this article.

Please let me know what you think. Sunny642 (talk) 22:26, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Limit of a sequence


text:
User talk:Uneum

Blocked indefinitely as sockpuppet of blocked User:Crankshuick 2. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Uneum


text:
CISPR

The Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR; International Special Committee on Radio Interference) was founded in 1934 to set standards for controlling electromagnetic interference in electrical and electronic devices and is a part of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

Organization
CISPR is composed of six technical and one management subcommittees, each responsible for a different area, defined as:
 * AA - Radio-interference measurements and statistical methods
 * B - Interference relating to industrial, scientific, and medical radio-frequency apparatus, to other (heavy) industrial equipment, overhead power lines, high voltage equipment, and electric traction
 * D - Electromagnetic disturbances related to electric/electronic equipment on vehicles and internal combustion engine-powered devices
 * F - Interference relating to household appliances tools, lighting equipment, and similar apparatus
 * H - Limits for the protection of radio frequencies
 * I - Electromagnetic compatibility of information technology equipment, multimedia equipment, and receivers
 * S - Steering Committee

The IEC describes the structure, officers, work programme, and other relevant details of CISPR on the CISPR Dashboard.

Technical standards
CISPR's standards cover the measurement of radiated and conducted interference and immunity for some products.

CISPR standards include:
 * CISPR 11 - Industrial, scientific, and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
 * CISPR 12 - Vehicles, boats, and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers
 * CISPR 14-1 - Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric tools, and similar apparatus - Part 1:
 * CISPR 14-2 - Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric tools, and similar apparatus - Part 2: Immunity - Product family standard
 * CISPR 15 - Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment
 * CISPR 16 - Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods (in multiple parts and sub-parts)
 * CISPR 17 - Methods of measurement of the suppression characteristics of passive radio interference filters and suppression components
 * CISPR 18-1 - Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high voltage equipment. Part 1: Description of phenomena
 * CISPR 18-2 - Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high voltage equipment. Part 2: Methods of measurement and procedures for determining limits
 * CISPR 18-3 - Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high-voltage equipment - Part 3: Code of practice for minimizing the generation of radio noise
 * CISPR 25 - Vehicles, boats, and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers
 * CISPR/TR 28 - Industrial, scientific, and medical equipment (ISM) - Guidelines for emission levels within the bands designated by the ITU
 * CISPR/TR 29 - Television broadcast receivers and associated equipment - Immunity characteristics - Methods of objective picture assessment
 * CISPR/TR 30-1 - Test method on electromagnetic emissions- Part 1: Electronic control gear for single- and double-capped fluorescent lamps
 * CISPR/TR 30-2 - Test method on electromagnetic emissions - Part 2: Electronic control gear for discharge lamps, excluding fluorescent lamps
 * CISPR 31 - Database on the characteristics of radio services
 * CISPR 32 - Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment - Emission requirements. This replaced CISPR 13 and CISPR 22.
 * CISPR 35 - Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment - Immunity requirements This will replace CISPR 20 and CISPR 24
 * CISPR 36 - Electric and hybrid electric road vehicles - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers below 30 MHz
 * IEC 61000-6-3 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-3: Generic standards - Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
 * IEC 61000-6-4 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-4: Generic standards - Emission standard for industrial environments

Application
Depending on the market, CISPR's standards are a benchmark or goal for suppliers to meet OEM requirements or as a product feature. CISPR has prepared a guide for applying its standards which is available on the EMC zone of the IEC website.

CISPR 25 is an increasingly popular benchmark and requirement for body electronics in the automotive electronics market. Electronic suppliers have become increasingly focused on proving that their devices can meet CISPR 25; for example, Texas Instruments has been releasing reference designs that prove one or more devices can meet the standard if used in a design correctly.

title: CISPR


text:
QCS

QCS may refer to:

 * Queen's Colour Squadron, a unit of the British Royal Air Force
 * Queensland Core Skills Test, a former year-12 standardised test in Queensland, Australia
 * Queensland Corrective Services, a Queensland Government department, Australia

title: QCS


text:
User talk:Mllhy

Blocked indefinitely as sockpuppet of blocked User:Crankshuick 2. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mllhy


text:
User:EncycloPetey

I can't believe you're bothering to read this...

Name : B. R. Speer

Location : California

Profession : Teacher

Hobbies : Central European names and heraldry, Cladistics, Botany, Paleobiology, Latin, Galician, Analytic geometry, Sudoku, Science-fiction, Greek drama, Latin pop music, Drawing and painting, Weightlifting, and I'm game for almost any other academic subject.

Works include

 * Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by number of edits

Because I have so many varied interests, I have to set personal limits on which areas I'll seriously work on. Right now, I'm focussed on bryophytes and core plant articles. That doesn't mean I won't occasionally foray into other pages to add links, or won't add a new article on an interesting topic, but if I don't stay focussed my quality of work will suffer. I don't want that to happen.

I do really like the green template at right. When I first put it in, I had carried only one article through to GA status. It was so nice to know I'd written one whole good article. It was so self-deprecating.

 * Core topics - 1,000

Botanical taxa
Marchantiophyta about 50% of the content and much of the subsidiary pages. Marsileaceae (DYK? 4 Jan 2007) Nearly 100% of the page content. Buxbaumia (DYK? 1 Apr 2010) Most content, beginning from stub. Takakia (DYK? 22 Aug 2007) major overhaul and 5-fold expansion. Haplomitriopsida (DYK? 24 Oct 2007) Created the page. Monosolenium (DYK? 10 Nov 2007) Complete page overhaul. Euryale ferox (DYK? 2 Mar 2008) Page overhaul and expansion. Magnoliidae (DYK? 13 Jul 2008) Complete page overhaul. Macrocystis pyrifera (DYK? 16 Jul 2009) Created the page. Metzgeriales (DYK? 12 Jan 2010) Page overhaul and expansion from stub. Cryptothallus mirabilis (DYK? 18 Jan 2010) Created the page. Ptilidium (DYK? 17 May 2010) Created the page. Riella (DYK? 2 July 2011) Created the page.
 * Hornworts about 70% of the page.
 * Started: Anthocerotaceae, Dendrocerotaceae, Notothyladaceae
 * Started: Anthoceros, Dendroceros, Folioceros, Leiosporoceros, Megaceros, Nothoceros, Notothylas, Phaeoceros, Phaeomegaceros, Phymatoceros, Sphaerosporoceros
 * Started the articles on Hymenaea and Protosalvinia.

Plant biology
International Association for Plant Taxonomy expansion from stub. (DYK? 19 Dec 2007) Started the article on Plant morphology. (DYK? 17 Aug 2007) Five-fold expansion of Plant physiology. (DYK? 26 Sep 2007) Started the article on Betalain pigments. (DYK? 30 Sep 2007) Started the List of herbaria. (DYK? 27 Jun 2008) Started the article on Franz Stephani. (DYK? 9 Jul 2008)
 * Started the articles on Elaters, Epidermis (botany) & Vascular tissue.
 * Created the Botany navigation template.

Other biology
Archaea (FAC co-nominator) Added section and significantly rewrote much of article (with help).
 * Muscle - complete restructure and expansion.
 * Muscle tissue - converted redirect into article.

Heraldry

 * Under heraldic charges, I created the articles on the chief, goutte, and pale.
 * Added an heraldic section to the page on the roundel.
 * Heavily formatted the articles on tinctures and split out rule of tincture with new images.
 * Created tincture series, re-establishing and expanding argent, azure, gules, or, purpure, sable, vert.

Other

 * Culture Made Stupid started article on the book
 * Twelve Prophets of Aleijadinho started article (transl. from pt Wikipedia)

WP:1.0

 * Main project talk page
 * Assessment talk page
 * Nominations talk page
 * Technical talk page
 * Wikipedia_talk:Release_Version

title: User:EncycloPetey


text:
Amenemnisu

Neferkare Amenemnisu was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the second king of the 21st Dynasty.

Reign
Amenemnisu's existence was only confirmed in 1940 when the Tanite tomb of his successor Psusennes I was discovered by Pierre Montet: a gold bow cap inscribed with both Amenemnisu's royal name, Neferkare, and that of his successor Psusennes I was found within the tomb. Previously, his existence had been doubted as no objects naming him had been discovered. However, the memory of his short rule as the second pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty was preserved in Manetho's Epitome as a king Nephercheres who is assigned a short reign of four years.

Pardon of rebellions
While his reign is generally obscure, the then High Priest of Amun at Thebes, Menkheperre, is known to have pardoned several leaders of a rebellion against the High Priest's authority during Amenemnisu's reign. These rebels had previously been exiled to the Western Oasis of Egypt in Year 25 of Smendes. These events are reported on the so-called Banishment Stela (Louvre C. 256), likely made during the brief reign of Amenemnisu.

title: Amenemnisu


text:
Dong Qichang

Dong Qichang (courtesy name Xuanzai (玄宰); 1555–1636), was a Chinese art theorist, calligrapher, painter, and politician of the later period of the Ming dynasty.

Life as a scholar and calligrapher
Dong Qichang was a native of Hua Ting (located in modern-day Shanghai), the son of a teacher and somewhat precocious as a child. At 12, he passed the prefectural Civil service entrance examination and won a coveted spot at the prefectural Government school. He first took the imperial civil service exam at seventeen, but placed second to a cousin because his calligraphy was clumsy. This led him to train until he became a noted calligrapher. Once this occurred, he rose up the ranks of the imperial service passing the highest level at the age of 35. He rose to an official position with the Ministry of Rites. Qichang's calligraphy drew inspiration from prominent calligraphers Wen Zhengming and Zhao Mengfu and of the masters of the Jin and Tang dynasties. His positions in the bureaucracy were not without controversy. In 1605 he was giving the exam when the candidates demonstrated against him causing his temporary retirement. In other cases he insulted and beat women who came to his home with grievances. That led to his house being burned down by an angry mob. He also had the tense relations with the eunuchs common to the scholar bureaucracy. Dong's tomb in Songjiang District was vandalized during the Cultural Revolution, and his body dressed in official Ming court robes, was desecrated by Red Guards.

Painter
His work favored expression over formal likeness. He also avoided anything he deemed to be slick or sentimental. This led him to create landscapes with intentionally distorted spatial features. Still his work was in no way abstract as it took elements from earlier Yuan masters, specifically, the Four Masters of the Yuan Dynasty. His views on expression had importance to later "individualist" painters.

Art theory
In his art theoretical writings, Dong developed the theory that Chinese painting could be divided into two schools: the "Northern" school, characterized by fine lines and colors, and the "Southern", school noted for its quick calligraphic strokes, as first suggested to him by his friend and older contemporary Mo Shilong. These names are misleading as they refer to Northern and Southern schools of Chan Buddhism thought rather than geographic areas (hence a Northern painter could be geographically from the south and a Southern painter geographically from the north). He strongly favored the Southern school and dismissed the Northern school as superficial or merely decorative. Maintaining that the Northern school realized truth gradually, while the Southern school intuitively brought the actualization of such insight.

His ideal of Southern school painting was one where the artist forms a new style of individualistic painting by building on and transforming the style of traditional masters. This was to correspond with sudden enlightenment, as favored by Southern Chan Buddhism. He was a great admirer of Mi Fu and Ni Zan. By relating to the ancient masters' style, artists are to create a place for themselves within the tradition, not by mere imitation, but by extending and even surpassing the art of the past. Dong's theories, combining veneration of past masters with a creative forward looking spark, would be very influential on Qing dynasty artists as well as collectors, "especially some of the newly rich collectors of Sungchiang, Huichou in Southern Anhui, Yangchou, and other places where wealth was concentrated in this period". Together with other early self-appointed arbiters of taste known as the Nine Friends, he helped determine which painters were to be considered collectible (or not). As Cahill points out, such men were the forerunners of today's art historians. His classifications were quite perceptive and he is credited with being "the first art historian to do more than list and grade artists."

title: Dong Qichang


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jennifer wiss

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 12:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Jennifer wiss
Not notable person. Ashenai 10:03, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why? It is about the main person in the UK dealing with this type of litigation, no less notable than you surely?
 * I am also non-notable, which is why there's no article on me. :)
 * You claim she is "well known", and "the main person in the UK dealing with this type of litigation", yet Google is very silent on her. +
 * Please understand that this isn't meant to be any sort of personal criticism; just trying to keep Wikipedia encyclopedic. I mean no harm, and no offense. Cheers. :) --Ashenai 10:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Ha! I couldn't work out how to fix the capital afterwards (sarcasm??). Thanks for the message Ashenai, have made my user page now! So delete away!
 * Delete. Non-notable. utcursch | talk 10:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - just like Daddy's page: nn, vanity. Is she even less notable than her papa, seeing as she doesn't have a capital W in her surname? CLW 12:07, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do I take it this is the author's comment above? Could go Speedy as author's request then.--Isotope23 21:01, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Same IP, in any case. The comment came just after I left her a note welcoming her and explaining user pages on her talk page, so I'm pretty sure it'd be OK to speedy, yep. --Ashenai (talk) 21:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. nn. -- DS1953 03:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn. "Associate Law Lecturer" would not meet the professor test of WP:PROF, and being a lawyer specializing in a particular tye of case is, well, not notable. MCB 22:44, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as all above, plus the Ms Wiss now has indeed copied this to her user page, as Baby Jenga. No harm done, methinks. Budgiekiller 18:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
High table

The high table is a table for the use of fellows (members of the Senior Common Room) and their guests in large university dining halls in some universities, where the students eat in the main space of the hall at the same time. They remain the norm at Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin and Durham universities, which are all organized into colleges. Other academic institutions (such as University of London; University of St Andrews, University of Manchester, University of Bristol and St. David's University College in the UK, Queen's University, the University of Notre Dame in the United States, The University of Trinity College and Massey College at the University of Toronto, the University of Hong Kong and St Paul's College, University of Sydney) also have high tables. The table is normally at the end of the dining hall on a raised platform, although this is not always the case. Typically, the high table is set across the breadth of the hall, and is thus at right angles to the tables in use by the main body of diners, which stretch along the hall's length. On more formal evening occasions, dinner jackets are worn. It is also still common to wear academic gowns, at least for dinner.

The high table preserves what was the normal style of eating in large houses in the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, when the whole household ate together in one hall, but in segregated and sharply differentiated styles. Traditionally the high table had chairs and the other tables benches, but today many halls have all-chair seating. The food is generally different, often completely so.

Other bastions of this dining layout include some boarding schools (including the fictional Hogwarts) and the Inns of Court in London.

"High table" is sometimes used figuratively in a variety of ways to suggest things thought to be characteristic of Oxbridge fellows.

title: High table


text:
Roy J. Glauber

Roy Jay Glauber (September 1, 1925 – December 26, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist. He was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. Born in New York City, he was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch. In this work, published in 1963, he created a model for photodetection and explained the fundamental characteristics of different types of light, such as laser light (see coherent state) and light from light bulbs (see blackbody). His theories are widely used in the field of quantum optics. In statistical physics he pioneered the study of the dynamics of first-order phase transitions, since he first defined and investigated the stochastic dynamics of an Ising model in a paper published in 1963. He served on the National Advisory Board of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, the research arms of Council for a Livable World.

Education
Glauber was born in 1925 in New York City the son of Felicia (Fox) and Emanuel B. Glauber. He was a member of the 1941 graduating class of the Bronx High School of Science, the first graduating class from that school. He then went on to do his undergraduate work at Harvard University. After his sophomore year he was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where (at the age of 18) he was one of the youngest scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory. His work involved calculating the critical mass for the atom bomb. After two years at Los Alamos, he returned to Harvard, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1946 and his PhD in 1949.

Research
Glauber's recent research dealt with problems in a number of areas of quantum optics, a field which, broadly speaking, studies the quantum electrodynamical interactions of light and matter. He also continued work on several topics in high-energy collision theory, including the analysis of hadron collisions, and the statistical correlation of particles produced in high-energy reactions.

Specific topics of his research included: the quantum mechanical behavior of trapped wave packets; interactions of light with trapped ions; atom counting-the statistical properties of free atom beams and their measurement; algebraic methods for dealing with fermion statistics; coherence and correlations of bosonic atoms near the Bose–Einstein condensation; the theory of continuously monitored photon counting-and its reaction on quantum sources; the fundamental nature of "quantum jumps"; resonant transport of particles produced multiply in high-energy collisions; the multiple diffraction model of proton-proton and proton-antiproton scattering.

Awards and honors
Glauber received the Albert A. Michelson Medal from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1985), the Max Born Award from the Optical Society of America (1985), the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics from the American Physical Society (1996), and the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics Glauber was awarded the 'Medalla de Oro del CSIC' ('CSIC's Gold Medal') in a ceremony held in Madrid, Spain. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1997.

After Glauber was selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005, a University of Texas at Austin Physics Professor, George Sudarshan, claimed that he had been overlooked by the Nobel Prize Committee for the award, having published some of the earliest papers on quantum optics. Glauber, a theorist, was awarded half the prize, along with physics experimenters John Hall and Theodor Hänsch, recognized for their work on precision spectroscopy.

Ig Nobel
For many years before winning his Nobel Prize, Glauber took part in the Ig Nobel Prize ceremonies, where he appeared each year as "Keeper of the Broom," sweeping the stage clean of the paper airplanes that have traditionally been thrown during the event. He missed the 2005 event as he was being awarded his real Nobel Prize for Physics.

Personal life
Glauber lived in Arlington, Massachusetts. He was a guest scientist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1967, during a sabbatical. In 1951, he became a temporary lecturer at the California Institute of Technology, where he replaced Richard Feynman.

Glauber had a son and a daughter, and five grandchildren. He died on December 26, 2018, in Newton, Massachusetts. He was one of the last surviving witness to the Trinity nuclear test. He was buried in Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, New York.

title: Roy J. Glauber


text:
User:Lfwum

Blocked indefinitely; created by blocked user in order to vandalise. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Lfwum


text:
Cryptogam

A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) or a plant-like organism that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds.

Former group
The name Cryptogamae means "hidden reproduction", meaning non-seed bearing plants. Other names, such as "thallophytes", "lower plants", and "spore plants" have occasionally been used. As a group, Cryptogamae are paired with the Phanerogamae or Spermatophyta, the seed plants. At one time, the cryptogams were formally recognised as a group within the plant kingdom. In his system for classification of all known plants and animals, Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) divided the plant kingdom into 24 classes, one of which was the "Cryptogamia". This included all plants with concealed reproductive organs. He divided Cryptogamia into four orders: Algae, Musci (bryophytes), Filices (ferns), and fungi but it had also traditionally included slime molds, and Cyanophyta. The classification is now deprecated in Linnaean taxonomy. Cryptogams have been classified into three sub-kingdoms: Thallophyta, bryophytes, and Pteridophyta.

Not all cryptogams are treated as part of the plant kingdom today; the fungi, in particular, are a separate kingdom, more closely related to animals than plants, while blue-green algae are a phylum of bacteria. Therefore, in contemporary plant systematics, "Cryptogamae" is not a taxonomically coherent group, but is polyphyletic. However, the names of all cryptogams are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

In human culture
An apocryphal story: it is said that during World War II, the British Government Code and Cypher School recruited Geoffrey Tandy, a marine biologist expert in cryptogams, to Station X, Bletchley Park, when someone confused these with cryptograms. However, the story is a myth; though Tandy did indeed work at Bletchley, he was not recruited by mistake. At the time the field of cryptography was very new, and so it was typical to hire those with education and expertise in other fields.

title: Cryptogam


text:
Talk:Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital

earlier comments
some notes should also be made about the QE 2 Medical Centre and associated trust.

photo added
Photo taken Gnangarra 01:21, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

copyvio
Most of the article prior to Miracle Pen's edit reads like a copyvio from the website... SatuSuro 04:00, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital


text:
Narwee railway station

Narwee railway station is on the East Hills line, serving the Sydney suburb of Narwee. It is served by Sydney Trains T8 Airport & South line services.

History
Narwee station opened on 21 December 1931 when the line was extended from Kingsgrove to East Hills. The line was through the station was duplicated in 1948.

In 2013, as part of the quadruplication of the line from Kingsgrove to Revesby, through lines were added on either side of the existing pair.

Upgrades
In September 2011, the bus stops and car park around the station were upgraded. In November 2014, scoping began for a further upgrade. The upgrade, which includes a new wheelchair-accessible lift and a new family-accessible toilet, was completed in December 2017.

Transport links
U-Go Mobility operates three bus routes via Narwee station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 940: Hurstville station to Bankstown station
 * 941: Hurstville station to Bankstown station
 * 944: Mortdale station to Bankstown station

Narwee station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N20: Riverwood station to Town Hall station

title: Narwee railway station


text:
User talk:Chamarty

Welcome! to Wikipedia!
Hello, this is Gurubrahma, and I hope that you are having fun with Wikipedia. First of all, welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that any one can edit! Find something that can be improved, either in content, grammar or formatting, then fix it. Don't be afraid. Be bold!. If you do something wrong, there is always someone who will clean up the mess.

Here are some links that you may find helpful:
 * Be bold!
 * Introduction
 * Contributing to Wikipedia
 * The Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style
 * Community Portal to get some work
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia, the Simplified Ruleset, and What Wikipedia is not
 * Wikiquette, the Wikipedian etiquette

Here are also some tips that you might find useful:
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ )
 * Create a User page so that others can know you
 * Add yourself to the New user log and the list of Wikipedians
 * Go to the Village Pump or the Help Desk if you need Wikipedia related help, or the Reference Desk for general questions.

India related links
All the best! Enjoy your stay on Wikipedia!! --Gurubrahma 10:08, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chamarty