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San Giorgio a Cremano

San Giorgio a Cremano is a primarily residential town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, in Italy. It is located on the foothills of Mount Vesuvius to the west of the volcano, and is five kilometres to the south east of the centre of Naples. Most parts of the municipality command views of Mount Vesuvius, Mount Somma and the Bay of Naples.

San Giorgio a Cremano was first settled in the 10th and 11th centuries, and has since been fairly regularly affected by the eruptions of Mount Vesuvius. Along with Portici, Ercolano, Torre del Greco, and Torre Annunziata, San Giorgio a Cremano is one of the five traditional towns that were to be found heading south from Naples on the coastal road along the Bay of Naples. In the 18th century the comune had become a popular tourist resort, and attracted wealthier residents and the aristocracy from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, before going into decline following Italian unification, although primary industries and agriculture have persisted within the comune from its foundation to the modern day.

By the 19th century San Giorgio a Cremano had been absorbed by the expanding urban conglomeration of Naples, and it is now one of the most densely populated areas in the whole of the European Union. San Giorgio a Cremano is served by the Circumvesuviana metropolitan railway which connects it with central Naples, and is easily accessible by a number of major roads.

A comune of the Somma-Vesuvio National Park, San Giorgio a Cremano is known for hosting a huge number of so-called Ville Vesuviane (Vesuvian Villas), built between 18th and 19th centuries century for the nobility of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. These are a part of the Miglio d'Oro (the Golden Mile), an urbanistic and artistic complex which in 1997 have been included in the World Biosphere Network list of UNESCO (Somma-Vesuvius and Golden Mile).

It is also known for having a strong theatre tradition, whose highest representative was the actor and producer Massimo Troisi, which was one of only seven actors to be posthumously nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie Il Postino.

Geography
San Giorgio a Cremano is located on the foothills to the west of the Vesuvius. With a total area of 4.11 km2, it is a fairly small, cramped comune which runs in a narrow corridor from the slopes of the volcano down toward the Bay of Naples. The highest point in the comune is 107 metres above sea level, and the lowest point is eight metres above sea level, giving an altimetric difference of 97 metres from the coastward side of the comune (west) to the inland side (east). The average height within the comune is 56 metres above sea level.

San Giorgio is also geographically surrounded by major roads on all sides. The coastal road of Corso San Giovanni follows the shoreline to the west of San Giorgio, and the Autostrada (motorway) Napoli-Salerno (E45, which also becomes the A3) runs to the north-east of San Giorgio.

Adjacent communes
To the east, San Giorgio a Cremano faces Vesuvius, which dominates the view in that direction. As the commune climbs uphill from west to east, many houses within San Giorgio have views over the Bay of Naples to the west. The main centre of Naples is located 6 kilometres to the north-west of San Giorgio. The town is bordered by Barra to the north, San Giovanni a Teduccio to the north-west, the Bay of Naples to the west, Ercolano and Portici to the south, and San Sebastiano al Vesuvio to the east. Nearby to the south is Ercolano, which is home to the famous archaeological site of Herculaneum, Pompeii's neighbouring Roman town, that was also destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79CE.

Climate
San Giorgio a Cremano, as with the rest of Naples is located at 40°N facing the Bay of Naples on the west side of the Italian peninsula. This location gives the region a typical Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters caused by the outer edges of polar fronts, and warm to hot, dry summers, due to the domination of the subtropical high pressure systems, according to the Köppen classification (Csa/Csb). The west coast tends to be slightly wetter than the east coast, with the southern 'Sirocco' wind bringing higher humidity and precipitation.

The proximity of the Bay of Naples sometimes moderates high summer temperatures with off-shore breezes, although temperatures in excess of 30°C are common in summer months, and July tends on average, to be the hottest month of the year. The warm temperatures and moderate to low precipitation led to the area's popularity as a tourist resort during the Renaissance and in early modern times. Whilst Mount Vesuvius is susceptible to snow covers in winter that cause the temperature in the commune to drop into the low single digit figures, winters do tend to be quite mild, with sunny days commonly experienced.

Etymology
The name "San Giorgio a Cremano" (literally "Saint George of the Cremated"), is a reference to the reverence with which the residents of the area in the 10th century held for the Vesuvius. The superstitious and devoutly religious locals saw an analogy between the eruptions of Vesuvius, and a dragon breathing fire, and quickly adopted Saint George as their patron saint, due to the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slays the Dragon. The residents believed by adopting Saint George as their patron saint he would protect them from the 'dragon' or the eruptions of Vesuvius.

The term "Cremano" is an ancient name for a strip of land between Portici and San Giorgio (the site is referred to as the Cupa di Cremano and Pozzo di Cremano). It derives directly from the Latin word crematum which refers to the earth having been cremated by the lava flows of Vesuvius. Others believe though, that the name actually refers to Cambrano, a shortening of Cambarus who was a Roman landowner of the area in ancient times. Another theory also believes it simply refers to the Latin word "crambe", which means "Cabbage", speculating that cabbage crops may once have been grown in the area.

Residents of San Giorgio a Cremano are referred to as Sangiorgesi.

Early history
The landscape of the region in which San Giorgio a Cremano is located has been drastically altered over time by the continuing eruptions of Vesuvius. As a result, it is difficult to find evidence of pre-historic occupation in the area. It is known that from Roman times, nearby Herculaneum and Pompeii were well populated settlements, and it is likely that some parts of the region were utilised for agriculture. There are suggestions that wine growing may have been common on the hills of the area.

However the eruption of 79CE in which Pompeii and Herculaneum was destroyed, made much of the region in which San Giorgio is now located, and neighbouring regions, completely uninhabitable and no longer of any use for agriculture. This remained the situation until the 10th century CE. Until its reoccupation, the region was usually referred to as Foris Flubeum, indicating that it was separated from Naples by the legendary ancient Sebeto River, which has now disappeared.

Middle Ages
The earliest post-Roman references to the region indicate that by the mid-8th century weavers had begun production in and around the area, and industry that persists to the modern era. The shirts and cloths produced in the Province of Naples soon gained an excellent reputation, and were often sought after by nobles throughout Europe.

In 993 CE a small votive chapel named the Capitiniano was erected on a hill in the area, and dedicated to Saint George. It is believed that it is from around this time that the legend of the locals adopting Saint George as their patron saint to protect them from the 'dragon' of Vesuvius' eruptions was born. By the end of the 11th century, a church had been erected over the previous site of the chapel, and the first Casale, or houses, were built nearby to the church. It is believed there was also a monastery, however no trace remains if this was the case. Very soon a cemetery was also consecrated next to the church, and it is from around this time that records indicate the name San Giorgio a Capitiniano was first used to refer to the area.

It has been suggested that around 1200 is one of the likeliest dates for the beginning of the origin of the local religious procession. Held on 23 April (or the first Sunday after), the patron saint's day of Saint George, the procession involves the carrying of a statue of the saint, hoisted onto the shoulders of a group of the devotees, accompanied by loud music, songs, folk dancing, competitions of all kinds, and stalls with sweets and toys. The statue itself is a carved wooden depiction of the saint, originally mounted but the current one is without horse, and it is placed upon a pedestal which is surrounded by garlands of local flowers, and illuminated by candles. The statue was once also plated in silver, but repeated attempts at theft (the most recent in 1981) resulted in the metal being removed.

The statue of a saint was carried in procession for many reasons, such as to fertilise the ground for crops and harvests, to protect from natural disasters such as the risks of drought, floods and further eruptions, and to defend the commune from fatal dangers such as enemies, wars, and plagues. The original route of the procession is not known, but is believed to have begun near the Capitiniano, with the trip not clearly defined, and amended according to the demands and needs of devotees participating.

Some local scholars believe the procession may even have dated from as early as the 8th century, but the wooden statue of Saint George that is carried, depicts him mounted on a horse, in the armour of a crusader. The crusader image cannot date before 1200, and such imagery of Saint George as a crusading knight is thought to only date from the 15th century. It is believed that the wooden statue used in the procession cannot be earlier than 1600, although it is indeed possible the current statue may have replaced an earlier one that had been used in processions before this time.

Over the course of the next few hundred years, houses were increasingly being built down the gentle slope of the hill towards the seaside Cambrano, and the growing town was often being referred to as San Giorgio a Cambrano by the 14th century, which is confirmed in references from 1334, during the reign of Charles of Anjou. In this time, a better road, connecting San Giorgio with Naples in the northwest was completed.

By the late 14th century San Giorgio had grown into a town, and had two main residential zones, above and below the church. These were referred to as di sopra (above), and di bascio (below). At the same time, San Giorgio grew large enough to absorb the nearby town of San Aniello a Cambrano, and the centre of the new larger town remained the hilltop church venerated to Saint George. By the 15th century, this church had once again been renovated, this time in high Gothic architecture, and incorporated three new naves. Despite the improvements to the hilltop church, in 1570 the religious centre of San Giorgio was moved further downhill with the opening of the newly built church of Santa Maria del Principio, around which a prosperous new town centre soon grew. Following the opening of the new church, the procession route was altered to begin at Santa Maria del Principio and run a more regular course through the streets to the hills and back down to the lower end of the commune, giving greater access to the residents to the processional route.

Renaissance
Between 1140 and 1631 Mount Vesuvius had remained dormant for nearly 500 years, but a violent and sudden eruption in December 1631 was particularly devastating for San Giorgio a Cremano, destroying the new town centre and the sixty-year-old church of Santa Maria del Principio. The 1631 eruption was particularly violent, with several lava flows pouring down different faces of the volcano accompanied by torrents of boiling water, as well as throwing pumice and hot ash into the sky.

Many historical documents, manuscripts and archives from the old church had been moved to the new church of Santa Maria del Principio, and were also lost in the destruction caused by the eruption. Ironically the hilltop church was not as badly damaged. However very few buildings in the town were spared, including another church, San Giorgio Vecchio and the Torre Ummarino – a newly constructed tower. It is not known how many people from San Giorgio, if any, were killed in the 1631 eruption, but records indicate the population was decimated. Whether this was from loss of live, or evacuation is unclear. It has been estimated though, that more than 3,000 people were killed throughout the region in the December 1631 eruption, and from the physical destruction within San Giorgio a Cremano, it can be surmised that many of the dead may have lived there.

The 1631 eruption seems to have led to a re-invigoration of the locals' devotion to their patron saint, Saint George, and the tradition of the local procession is thought to have begun at this time. Saint George had originally been chosen for his reputation as the heroic fighter, an attribute that the devastated locals needed in their protector. The procession was definitely resumed soon after the eruption, and has continued uninterrupted into modern times. Following the destruction of the new church of Santa Maria del Principio, the route of the procession was again altered. The original statue was destroyed in the eruption, but they received as a gift from Emmanuela Caracciolo Pignatelli, Duchess of Montecalvo, a new statue of St. George, in half bust, and that is the statue still venerated today.

By 1670, the church of Santa Maria del Principio had been rebuilt upon the ruins of its second incarnation, in time for the centennial of its original consecration. Once again the Church Casale and town houses had been repopulated, and the new town centre restored. The town experienced an economically prosperous period under the Spanish Kingdom of Naples. The economic prosperity continued under the Bourbon rulers, who had replaced the Habsburgs as the dynastic rulers of the Kingdom of Naples by the 18th century as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession. The rule of Charles III of Spain (1735–59) was a particularly successful period for the whole Province of Naples, including San Giorgio, as he invested heavily in the economy of the region.

It was during this time that the town started to become a holiday resort for Neapolitan noble families. San Giorgio soon developed a reputation as a desirable town to live or holiday in, and became home to many wealthy residents who constructed many of the ornate villas in and around the town, some of which survive to this day. Some of these villas had elaborate walled gardens, such as Villa Bruno.

The Habsburg Spanish King Ferdinand II of Aragon gained control of the Kingdom of Naples in 1559 under the terms of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, and Spanish migrants began to arrive in the south of Italy. During his rule in the late 16th century, the Camorra first made their presence felt in the Campania region. Originally members primarily consisted of strong family clans that were closely related to Spanish Garduna criminals.

Under the Bourbon rulers that the Camorra truly started to flourish throughout Campania. By the 19th century the Bourbon monarchy were using Camorra clans as police, as soldiers in the army, and as members of the civil service throughout Naples, including in San Giorgio a Cremano.

In 1800 the parish priest Don Domenico de Somma announced there would be a double procession from that year onwards. The first was to take place in April, accompanied by music and detachments of cavalry and infantry. During this procession, the statue was kept for a week in the church of San Giorgio Vecchio to allow it to be venerated by as many people who wished to. Then on the first Sunday in May, the statue was to be once again paraded throughout the commune, riding on a wagon, and accompanied by choir boys dressed as angels, who sang holy praises along with music; however the custom of two processions was abandoned in 1867.

The rule of the House of Bourbon was generally popular throughout Naples, but especially so amongst the strongly religious and royalist residents of San Giorgio a Cremano. However the French Revolution reached the Kingdom of Naples during the rule of Ferdinand IV of Naples, who provoked by his opposition. Horatio Nelson arrived in Naples to warn Ferdinand of the dangers of the revolution, but the Neapolitan King attacked Rome following its fall into French hands. When he was defeated by French forces in Rome, he fled back to Naples, and took the offer from the British there to take refuge in Sicily, leaving Naples in anarchy.

Despite efforts by some revolutionary thinkers, there was not much support for the French Revolution amongst the residents of San Giorgio a Cremano, as even the poorest families, such as the Lazzaroni lived comparatively comfortable lives by the standards of the time. The Bourbon monarchy was popular, and received little opposition. Despite this, the fall of the French monarchy, the successes of the revolution in other parts of Europe, and the absence of King Ferdinand led to the creation of the Parthenopaean Republic in 1799, which incorporated San Giorgio a Cremano.

19th century
Very soon all of Europe was in revolutionary turmoil, and not long after the declaration of the Parthenopaean Republic, the Carbonari, a secret society of revolutionaries moved into Naples, and San Giorgio a Cremano as well. Primarily opposed to the pro-Napoleonic policies of Joachim Murat, the Carbonari soon focused their attention on the gaining of political freedoms and the granting of constitutional rights and powers.

After the fall of Napoleon, King Ferdinand IV of Naples resumed control of the Province of Naples and soon after the Congress of Vienna allowed him to re-unify the Kingdom with that of the Kingdom of Sicily, and he became King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. Although popular with artisans and merchants, most of the population of San Giorgio a Cremano were wealthier aristocrats, and welcomed the return of the King rather than siding with the Carbonari.

In 1848 the revolutionary fervour within the kingdom became widespread, and soon the Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 broke out, although this affected the residents of San Giorgio very little. Although unaffected by the revolutions of 1848, the area suffered badly from the Italian unification twelve years later. The creation of the Kingdom of Italy saw many of the area's wealthier residents moving north to be closer to the seat of national power, and although San Giorgio a Cremano remained a resort destination, the commune went into a long period of economic decline.

With the northern Liberals in power, the north was increasingly developed in areas of industry and agriculture, with the south (Mezzogiorno) increasingly excluded from development and investment. Many of the fine houses and resorts of the region, some occupied for centuries, soon went without maintenance and fell into terminal decline.

Mount Vesuvius again exploded spectacularly on both 1 May and 6 May in 1855. The lava began flowing towards San Giorgio a Cremano, but at a slow pace. The local parish priest at the time, pastor Don Domenico Baldari allowed the locals to seek sanctuary within Santa Maria del Principio. According to locals, the statue was placed between the comune and the slowly approaching lava, and the locals invoked the protection of Saint George, and Mary the Immaculate, and the lava approached to the outskirts of the town and then stopped. In honour of their being saved, the parishioners of Santa Maria del Principio held another procession in the presence of the Cardinal of Naples Sisto Riario Sforza. This tradition remains alive nowadays, since on May 19 of every year - the day when traditionally lava was stopped - the statue of the Saint is brought in procession to the place of the event, thus celebrating the "Festa della Lava".

The later part of the 19th century saw San Giorgio a Cremano revert to a subsistence agriculture economy, with much of the commune's needs being supplied locally. Although many of the villas were abandoned, or even if still occupied, went un-maintained, many of them did remain well looked after, and as a result survive to this day. Although on a much smaller scale than in the 18th century, the natural environment and climate of San Giorgio a Cremano were such that tourism persisted to a lesser degree, and some of the resorts survived.

20th century
Little changed for the residents of San Giorgio a Cremano during the first half of the 20th century. The population had stagnated, but the localised agrarian and weaving economies persisted.

During the dark days of World War II, Mount Vesuvius erupted on 22 March 1944. Santa Maria del Principio's parish priest Don Giorgio Tarallo, repeated the offer of refuge within the church, and as in 1855 the statue of Saint George was used to protect the commune from the approaching lava. The lava reached virtually all the way to the steps of the church before stopping (at zone via Amendola). Another procession was added ten years later in honour of the 'miracle'. In 1968 under the parish priest Don Francesco Sannino the two processions of the first and second Sunday of May were reduced to one on the second Sunday of May. In 1972, with the parish priest Don Pasquale Ascione changed the main procession to the fourth Sunday of May.

By the second half of the 20th century, the central part of Naples could no longer withstand the post-war population growth, and residents began to increasingly move into neighbouring communes to the south, such as Portici or San Giorgio a Cremano. The large derelict residential areas of the former stately homes and apartments were ripe for development, and many fine homes were knocked down, often illegally, to make way for new housing developments. From 1951 to 1981 the population of San Giorgio a Cremano more than tripled.

According to the Commerce Office of the Municipality of San Giorgio a Cremano, in 1970 there still existed 58 weavers within the commune but at the present time are all definitely closed.

The Camorra were once again at the forefront of the illegal building and development industry. The authorities soon realised what was happening, and the saw the risk to existing cultural heritage, and stamped down upon the illegal constructions, which the Camorra simply moved their developments from previously occupied land into either the red zones (areas where the government had banned development due to the dangers posed by an eruption) on the slopes of Vesuvius, or they developed housing on land which they had used previously for illegal waste dumping, often making the ground unstable, and unusable for development in connection with local mayors and bureaucrats used to take money to close all two eyes. Undercutting the tenders of other contractors, the Camorra would first excavate and sell the volcanic pozzuolana, used in the construction industry, and then refill the cavities with tons of refuse and toxic waste, often imported from northern Italy, before recovering the waste and selling the land illegally for housing construction and residential development. It has been estimated that this industry was worth upwards of 11 billion euro a year to the Camorra. Anyway, it is impossible to trace a clear line of demarcation between local government and criminal associations for the simple reason that sometimes they work together for the same strike.

This has led to an unfortunate situation in San Giorgio a Cremano, where some of the illegal developments have been left half built, leaving unsightly concrete skeletons, or land that had been cleared for development has been left unused, leaving open spaces in an increasingly crowded commune.

Despite the illegal developments, many new legal apartment buildings were also constructed, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. The sometimes quite fine apartments of five or six stories were constructed along tree-lined widened avenues such as Via Guglielmo Marconi and Via San Martino, and the area soon became known affectionately amongst local residents as Piccola Parigi ('Little Paris').

21st century
San Giorgio a Cremano is primarily a residential commune; however, despite the large area of the commune that is occupied by high-density apartment buildings, small scale agriculture still prevails upon sections of private land.

Like many parts of Naples, the commune of San Giorgio a Cremano has suffered badly in the years around 2008 from the crippling garbage crisis that has affected the whole city. Particularly during festive seasons such as Easter and Christmas, large piles of uncollected garbage have regularly been allowed to build up in the streets, creating an unsightly image and a serious health concern. As with other parts of the city, the frustration of local residents has sometimes boiled over in the form of them setting fire to the piles, which often contain chemicals and plastics that give off toxic fumes, creating a further health hazard, and posing a serious threat to firemen called to tackle the dangerous blazes.

After having suffered for some months, San Giorgio a Cremano was one of the first communes of the Province of Naples to engage population in an extensive campaign of garbage differentiation. Traditional indifferentiate garbage collecting boxes were removed from the streets, and it was started up a new system, according to which different materials are collected door-to-door in different days. The new approach was so efficacious that San Giorgio was awarded a €480,000 prize by the Campania Region for being a benchmark for the whole area, with a differentiated garbage collection quota reaching a value of 65% in 2012, thus topping the ranking of the Province of Naples.

In July 2008, San Giorgio a Cremano was selected by Poste Italiane to be one of several communes around Italy to participate in an experimental pilot scheme in which citizens are able to apply for official certificates and documents using a 'digital stamp' system.

Main sights
San Giorgio a Cremano is a primarily residential commune, meaning much of the cityscape is dominated by apartment buildings. There are some notable features of the commune.

San Giorgio is home to five churches Church of San Giorgio Vecchio, Church of Santa Maria del Principio, Church of Saint Anne, Church of St. Anthony of Padua and the Ill Tempio della Madonna (Temple of the Madonna, Queen of the Lilies).

There are a number of nearby villas (as listed below), the so-called Vesuvian Villas, the most notable of which are Villa Bruno, Villa Vannucchi and Villa Pignatelli all of which were built by architect Ferdinando Sanfelice.

Various architectural types can be found throughout San Giorgio a Cremano, and the commune certainly represents a harmonic blend of several different eras of construction. Many new (sometimes incomplete and abandoned) structures sit alongside apartment blocks from the 19th century or earlier. Stark fascist era modernist architecture is less common than within Naples, but can be seen.

Other Villas in San Giorgio a Cremano include:

Demographics
San Giorgio a Cremano has a population of 50,763 as of 2008, 24,415 males, and 26,248 females. There are 15,840 families. 6,103 people from San Giorgio a Cremano are in full-time work within the commune, which is a total of 12.02%, and the most common form of employment is within the service industry, which makes up 30.43% of all work within the commune. The comune has a land area of 4.11 km2, resulting in a population density of 12351 /km2, the third most densely populated commune in Italy (after Portici and Casavatore), and one of the most densely populated local government areas within the whole European Union.

Politics
As a comune within the Province of Naples, San Giorgio a Cremano is run by a local council (Consiglio Comunale) that consists of a Mayor (Sindaco) and a committee of aldermen (Assessore comunale). The current Mayor is Giorgio Zinno of the Democratic Party. The council meets at San Giorgio a Cremano City Hall which is located facing Piazza Carlo di Borbone, formerly Piazza Vittorio Emanuele, at the end of Corso Roma, one of the main central streets of San Giorgio a Cremano.

Crime
Like all comunes of Italy, San Giorgio a Cremano is home to a Carabinieri base. They are responsible for national security within the region. Crime prevention and detection duties are shared between the Polizia di Stato (State Police), and the ''Polizia Municipale di San Giorgio a Cremano'.

Minor crime is quite unusual in San Giorgio a Cremano and major crimes like homicides are very rare. The residents of San Giorgio are very family and community oriented in general, and it remains quite a safe comune in which to live.

Economy
Although primarily a residential area, the commune of San Giorgio a Cremano has maintained a local textiles industry since the Middle Ages, possibly as early as the 8th century. Threatened in recent times by cheap imported textiles from Asia, the local industry has managed to survive through the local economic support that can be found amongst Italian communities. Hand-weaving and industrial textile industries are both still found in the commune, and shirts and ties of a high quality which are exported internationally are manufactured there.

Likewise, small scale agriculture has resisted the pressure from high-density apartment developments, and small orchards and farms can be occasionally seem dotted throughout the commune. One of the few remaining heavier industries is canning, and there are several canning factories within the commune.

San Giorgio also has a strong retail sector, located primarily along the Via Manzoni and Via De Lauzieres, and in the streets around one of the main squares, Piazza Massimo Troisi and the Circumvesuviana station, many small retail outlets and fashion stores can be found. Streetside news stands, open-air fish-mongers and old-fashioned green-grocers are still a common sight mixed in with modern convenience stores and supermarkets. Many residents prefer to do their shopping locally, rather than take the rail link into central Naples.

Culture
The commune of San Giorgio a Cremano has a typical Italian culture, similar to the rest of Naples. The commune is very community oriented, with the local football team well supported despite playing in a lower division. As with much of Italy, the residents of San Giorgio tend to be quite religious, and attendances at all of the commune's major Roman Catholic churches are quite high.

For festive occasions such as Easter, and Christmas residents can often be seen engaging in religious processions with great pageantry, the loud playing traditional music, songs, and folk dances. Dating back to at least the 16th or 17th century, but possibly much earlier, the procession forms and integral part of the religious lives of local residents.

A statue of Saint George is carried throughout the comune to bring good fortune, and ward of evils, but primarily to protect the comune from future eruptions of Mount Vesuvius. The processions are normally accompanied by local devotees of the Christian 'sect' of Saint George carrying the large statue of Saint George aloft at the head of the procession. It is said by locals that in the 1630s, the church of St. Maria del Principle received as a gift from Emmanuela Caracciolo Pignatelli, Duchess of Montecalvo, a new statue of St. George, half bust, and that is what they venerate today. However the statue depicts Saint George in crusader costume, so must date post-13th century. Whether the procession dates from the 8th century, or the 16th, it is now part of a long, well entrenched tradition embraced by local Sangiorgesi.

Festive seasons form an important element of the calendar throughout Italy, and especially so for the locals of San Giorgio a Cremano. New Year's Eve is greeted with displays of often high powered fireworks, and almost all residents engage is creating personal shows.

The commune has a vibrant nightlife, if slightly less subdued that downtown Naples. In San Giorgio a Cremano there are one major cinema, the Cinema Flaminio, and three theatres, Sonora Centro Musica, Associazione Teatrale Spazio Uno Per il Teatro, and Associazione Culturale Teatro Sanacore. There are also numerous live music venues, often in located in bars. There are many bars, restaurants and cafes which open very late, and driving around the commune in the evening to visit friends and check out bars is a common pastime with young residents. This often has the effect that the central streets of San Giorgio are normally crowded and heavy with traffic in the late evening.

Sports

There is very little room for sporting facilities within the crowded commune of San Giorgio a Cremano, although some facilities do exist. A small stadium with a running track and grass field exists on Via Picenna. There is an artificial turf 5-a-side pitch located on Via Guglielmo Marconi. Next door to this pitch is a gymnasium. In Villa Bruno there is also a dedicated Bocce pitch, which is used by the older men of the commune.

The commune only has one major football team, known as Polisportiva San Giorgio a Cremano, who currently play in the Eccellenza Campania league, equivalent to the sixth highest division in Italian football, or the second highest amateur league. The club was founded in 1926, and play their home matches in the local "R. Paudice stadium" on Via Sandriana known affectionately as "The Den", which has a gravel pitch, and grandstands on one side and one end of the pitch with a total capacity of 1,200. Attendances for home matches are quite reasonable for the level of competition. San Giorgio play in all-maroon shirts, shorts and socks, and the club crest is a vertical oval shape with a maroon circle in the centre. Inside the circle is a depiction of Saint George on horseback, above the circle is the name "San Giorgio" and underneath, the year of the club's foundation, "1926".

Media
San Giorgio a Cremano receives all the major Italian television channels as well as all of the major Italian radio stations. Quite often English language television signals that are broadcast from the nearby NATO base can be picked up throughout the comune. All of the major Italian daily newspapers are available regularly in San Giorgio a Cremano. Some International newspapers such as International Herald Tribune and the Daily Mail (English), Bild and Die Welt (German), and Le Monde (French), as well as some English magazines can often be found as well.

Film is an important part of the local culture, and the celebrated Italian comic actor Massimo Troisi, originally from San Giorgio a Cremano, is commemorated in the first week of July when the Massimo Troisi Prize, a comic film festival is held locally in his honour. San Giorgio a Cremano is also home to the Nick La Rocca European Jazz Festival.

Local folk music has long been a part of the local traditions. Neapolitan music is distinctive, a very popular throughout the province, including within San Giorgio a Cremano.

Famous citizens

 * Luca Giordano (1635–1705), Baroque artist. His house, and a chapel dedicated to him are located in San Giorgio a Cremano.
 * Bernardo Tanucci (1698–1783), politician and statesman of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.
 * E. A. Mario (1884–1961), poet and songwriter.
 * Guglielmo Massaia (1809–1889), missionary who became a Catholic cardinal.
 * Filippo Botta; engineer and architect.
 * Giovanni Coppola (1948–1987), Catholic priest and scholar of local history.
 * Alighiero Noschese (1932–1979), theatre and television actor.
 * Massimo Troisi (1953–1994), actor, director and screenwriter.
 * Giovanni Alagi, also a Catholic priest and scholar of local history.
 * Giacinto Fioretti, local historian.
 * Maria Grazia Tarallo (1866–1912), a local Catholic nun who became Beatified in 2006.
 * Saverio Russo, journalist.
 * Luigi Petrazzuolo, film actor.
 * Davide Nicosia, musician and actor.
 * Antonio Grimaldi, (1942–2016), professor and author.
 * Ferdinando Scala, (1969-), military historian

Housing

San Giorgio a Cremano is one of the most densely populated areas in Europe, and therefore space for housing is at a premium. As of 2008, there was 17,017 housing units within the commune's area of 4.11 km2. Most residents of San Giorgio live in high density apartment buildings, usually within complexes that may consist of up to 50 apartments.

Transportation

The main public transportation in San Giorgio a Cremano is by bus routes 156 Piazza Garibaldi – Via Manzoni (San Giorgio a Cremano); 159 Piazza Municipio (Cercola) – Via Alveo (Ercolano); 175 Palazza IACP (Pollena) – Via Brin; and trolleybus route 256 Piazza Garibaldi – P.tta Della Pace (San Giorgio A Cremano); as well as the Circumvesuviana rail lines 3 and 6, for which there is a stop in San Giorgio a Cremano. The neighbouring stations are Santa Maria del Pozzo to the northwest, and Cavalli di Bronzo to the south. Services between San Giorgio and Naples are regular and quite reliable, and with many residents commuting to Naples for work the station is often busy. Despite this, more residents prefer to travel by car than utilise either the rail or bus networks. The neighbouring stations are Circumvesuviana Cavalli di Bronzo-Villa Bruno to the south, and Circumvesuviana Santa Maria del Pozzo to the north-west.

San Giorgio a Cremano Station was opened on the original Naples – Poggiomarino line, but was unpopular and soon neglected. The station was soon after becoming very dilapidated, and in major need of renovation. However it was improved with the electrification of the network, and again in the 1990s when major renovations were undertaken. The track area was widened, and a platform on Line 3 was added, with an overpass for access. Despite the improvements, the station is regularly the target for local graffiti artists, whose work on the station ranges from simple tags to elaborate murals.

The station is built over two levels, with street level access and ticket hall, and a lower waiting room and platform access.

Utilities
There are no local utilities providers in San Giorgio a Cremano, or indeed Naples. The major utility suppliers in Italy have now officially all been privatised, but the majority of supply still comes from the old formerly state-run monopolies. Italians tend to be conservative in choosing suppliers, and so the old government suppliers still tend to be preferred by consumers unwilling to switch to alternative providers.

The major telecommunications provider throughout Italy is Telecom Italia, which although now privatised, is protected from competition by regulation allowing it to continue to monopolise the provision of such service. Telecom Italia is also a popular provider of mobile service under the brand banner of Telecom Italia Mobile, more commonly referred to as TIM, and also provides internet services under the brand Alice. TIM is also the primary holder of three Italian television stations, La7, MTV Italy, and QOOB.

The major electricity supplier is Ente Nazionale per l'energia ELettrica (ENEL), which although also privatised, is subject to strict governmental controls. It has an annual revenue of €38.153 billion, making it the third largest energy provider in the world. Electricity supply can be unpredictable in the Naples region, although has been more regular in recent years. Residential power supply generally provided between 1.5 kW and 6 kW, although commercial premised and industries are supplied at higher wattages. Most Italian homes run at 3 kW, which often results in blown fuses if too much demand is placed on the supply. Gas provision has slightly more choice for the consumer than electricity, but surprisingly tends to be more expensive. SIG and Italgas are the major suppliers, and most properties in San Giorgio a Cremano are connected to mains supply, although bomboli, or small portable gas canisters are still used by some residents.

Water is supplied through Azienda Comunale Energia e Ambiente (ACEA), and prices are fixed locally by the comune. Most residents in San Giorgio a Cremano have metered water supply.

Education

There are 22 schools in San Giorgio a Cremano catering for the high population density. Of these there are 14 State, or government schools, and 8 are privates schools, most of which have religious affiliations to the Catholic faith.

Further Education facilities include the Scuola di Lingue ('British' Language School), L'Arcobaleno primary school, Istituto A. Manzoni Srl, Istituto Regina Mundi Suore Di Maria Ss. Addolorata, Istituto Tecnico Industriale, Liceo Scientifico Statale San Giorgio A Cremano, Pia Unione A.M.I., Scuola Materna, Scuola Materna I Cuccioli, Scuola Media Statale G. D Orso Presidenza, Scuola Media Statale Marconi, Scuole Pubbliche, Suore Di Carita' Materna Beatrice D'Amato, Scuola Auto Moto Nautica Di Manda Carla, Comune Di San Giorgio A Cremano Scuola Elementare, and Scuola Delta Di Vitiello Giulia & C. S.A.S.

San Giorgio a Cremano is not directly served by a university within the comune, but many students from within the comune attend one of the four major universities located within Naples itself. These universities are: University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II), Second University of Naples (Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli), Naples Eastern University (Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale), Parthenope University of Naples (Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope"), and Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples (Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa – Napoli).

title: San Giorgio a Cremano


text:
User talk:Spigot the Bear

Spigot the Bear will be back after these messages.

Cupcakes (moist) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.68.194.70 (talk) 02:25, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Spigot the Bear


text:
Merchant Mariner's Document

Under the Seafarers' Identity Documents Convention, 1958, countries with a merchant navy (also called a merchant marine) require identifying credentials for their mariners. The Merchant Mariner's Document (MMD) or Z-card in the United States, and the Ordinary Seaman's Certificate in the United Kingdom are examples of these credentials.

United Kingdom
An Ordinary Seaman Certificate is a required certification to obtain a job as an Ordinary Seaman, a rating in a merchant ship's deck department. It consists mostly of proof of identity, proof of some minimal health (possibly including a drug test) and some minimal age, and the standards defined under Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW).

United States
The Merchant Mariner's Document (MMD), previously called a Z-Card, is a kind of Merchant Mariner Credential previously issued by the United States Coast Guard in accordance with the STCW guidelines, and, until completely phased out, remains one of the standard documents required for all crewmembers of U.S. ships with a Gross Tonnage of over 100. An entry-level MMD allows a mariner to work on the deck as an Ordinary Seaman (OS), in the engine department as a Wiper, or in the steward's department as a Food Handler (FH). With experience and testing, qualified ratings such as Able Seaman (AB) or Qualified Member of the Engine Department (QMED) can be obtained. The document is about the size of a passport, and contains the sailor's information regarding date of birth, the location of issue, nationality, and the shipboard duties he or she is qualified for.

The document was created shortly after World War II ended in 1945 in order to maintain security in ports around the world when sabotage was still a major concern. Today, the document still serves this purpose, and is regarded as a proof of identity and a passport when a sailor is in a foreign country. The document has to be renewed every five years.

Prior to the early 1990s, Z-Cards were obtained free of charge and were good for life, but increased safety standards in the maritime industry sought to require all active mariners to renew these documents and constantly train to stay abreast of any advancements in their field. All applicants for a Z-Card are required to apply, take a drug test, and wait for a criminal background check to complete before receiving their documents, which can take from a few weeks to several years.

The name Z-Card comes from its early days, when a sailor's ID number always started with the letter 'Z'.

The Coast Guard has begun replacing the Merchant Mariner's Document, STCW Certificate, and Certificate of Registry with a new credential, a passport-style Merchant Mariner Credential. Mariners receive the new credential when they apply for a new document or renew their current one. Current MMDs remain valid until their expiration date.

title: Merchant Mariner's Document


text:
Talk:U.S. Route 113

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified
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I have just modified 18 external links on U.S. Route 113. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:U.S. Route 113


text: Category:Tasmania geography stubs

title: Category:Tasmania geography stubs


text: Category:South Australia geography stubs


text: User talk:84.9.167.30

title: User talk:84.9.167.30


text:
User talk:Spiderboy

You were listed on the Wikipedians/Denmark page as living in or being associated with Denmark. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Danish Wikipedians for instructions.--Rmky87 18:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Your userpage was briefly delisted by a rogue admin
You have a userbox Template:User UN which links your userpage to United Nations Wikipedians. There is currently a movement to ban userboxes from Wikipedia which are shared and which create List of Wikipedians. Certain admins have taken it upon themselves to preemptively sabotage and/or delete such categories and template. Here is the incident report which reported damage to yours, in which hundreds of userpages were delinked from categories without the users' knowledge. They have been stopped, barely, and the damage reverted— for now.

There is a Userbox policy poll, which if passed, will make required by policy the damage done to categories and templates such as User UN/United Nations Wikipedians. If you do not want this to happen, I urge you to vote Oppose. in the poll. Support is currently running at about 66%, and your vote could make the difference. It is said to require 75%-80% to be deemed reflective of consensus.

Thank you,

StrangerInParadise 23:18, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikimania 2010 could be coming to Stockholm!
I'm leaving you a note as you may be interested in this opportunity.

People from all six Nordic Wiki-communities (sv, no, nn, fi, da and is) are coordinating a bid for Wikimania 2010 in Stockholm. I'm sending you a message to let you know that this is occurring, and over the next few months we're looking for community support to make sure this happens! See the bid page on meta and if you like such an idea, please sign the "supporters" list at the bottom. Tack (or takk), and have a wonderful day! Mike H. Fierce! 10:20, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Via Prudensiae
An article that you have been involved in editing, Via Prudensiae, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Via Prudensiae. Thank you. B. Wolterding (talk) 14:18, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:ViaPrudensiae.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:ViaPrudensiae.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Hej!
Jeg kan se at du er aktiv på den engelske Wikipedia, og at du er fra Danmark. I skrivende stund, diskuterer vi på landsbybrønden et nyt forslag, om at starte en national afdeling, der vil blive kaldet Wikimedia Danmark. Hvis du er interesseret i at bidrage med noget tid til at få startet afdelingen, kan du skrive dit navn på denne side hos meta. Tak for din tid! Mike H. Fierce! 08:31, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Revision to Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri articles
I noticed that you have revised either Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri or Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire.

I intend to revise those articles following the WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. There are more details on the discussion pages of those articles. I'd be interested in any comments you have. It would be best if your comments were on the discussion pages of the two articles.

Thank you.

Vyeh (talk) 03:33, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spiderboy


text: Template:SouthAustralia-geo-stub

title: Template:SouthAustralia-geo-stub


text:
User talk:Grujic.marko

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 4 July 2005 09:47 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Brega2.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Brega2.gif. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image source/licensing for Image:Brega2.gif
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Crno-belo MGrujic.jpg)
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Explanation for addition of message from Arniep dated October 2005
Hi, I found the page User talk:Grujic.Marko, but there was no such user. There was one message on it, from Arniep. It was dated Ocbober 2005. I deleted this page, moved the other page here, then restored the deleted edits for this page, and deleted the other one. That means that all messages which have been sent to you are now found in the history of this page. Hope that's not too confusing. Cheers. Musical Linguist 00:03, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Image:G_Marko.jpg listed for deletion
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Image:PosterMG.jpg listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Grujic.marko


text: Template:Tasmania-geo-stub

title: Template:Tasmania-geo-stub


text: User talk:84.65.143.139

title: User talk:84.65.143.139


text:
Talk:U.S. Route 15

Route description does not flow
Is it me, or does the route description not flow right? I mean it starts off in SC, but the paragraph begins begins at the border of SC/NC and then goes south to the end of route 15. Then in the next paragraph it starts with the border of NC/VA and goes south towards the NC/SC border. I think within the paragraphs the direction needs to be switched. Start in SC with the beginning (or end, however you look at it) of route 15 and go north, paragraph by paragraph. If this suits everyone, I will start working of it in the morning. Rocketmaniac (talk) 06:12, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, go ahead - the sections were probably flipped to conform to standards (which call for south to north progression) but the text within them wasn't. -- T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 12:50, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've completed the re-wording for the SC, NC, VA and MD sections. I still have to do the PA and NY sections. Please review my work and see how it sounds. A fresh mind may help with all of the "it goes here and then it goes here" etc. I'm going cross-eyed looking at maps for so long. I'll work on the 2 remaining sections after a mind break. Rocketmaniac (talk) 15:59, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Hwy. 15 in New York state
You need to add that Hwy. 15 ends in Avon, New York not in Corning, New York. 71.210.42.183 (talk) 06:34, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:U.S. Route 15


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IMAGNiSM

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Cel e stianpower háblame 21:35, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

IMAGNiSM
Using wikipedia as a soapbox to advertise for an artist, self promotion, advertising, derivitive work from NiGHTS into dreams possible copyright violation (Unsigned vote by 83.167.250.38, whose only contributions have been adding this to AfD.)

 * I oppose this. It's merely trying to inform, not advertise; it's hardly self-promotion given that it was not made by Lynne, and no copyrighted material from NiGHTS has been used without due credit. (Copyright doesn't really apply in a dream, does it? Even so, it's recognised that NiGHTS as a concept is Sega's work; Lynne merely built up a character from the base in her dreams.) ThomasWinwood 00:28, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 16:03, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Where to begin? fancruft, original research, nn personal game character, unencyclopedic nonsense, advertising? MCB 21:18, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Where to begin? Neologism? Vanity? tin foil hattery? The mind boggles. Denni ☯ 02:49, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'll repeat what I said on the article's talk page: As big a fan I am of the game and of the artwork of some of the people involved, this really isn't notable enough to have a Wikipedia page all to itself. Suggest adding some of the information from this page to the "Reaction" section of NiGHTS Into Dreams, to give a brief outline of the fan community. --Nick R 14:45, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Hotels in Israel

title: Category:Hotels in Israel


text:
Talk:Tim Gallwey

I will convert this to a full article so that we can remove the stubs. ≈ jossi fresco ≈ 18:08, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tim Gallwey


text: File:Shaznay Lewis Open Front.jpg

title: File:Shaznay Lewis Open Front.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Mel Etitis

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY KEPT, by someone else. -Splash talk 03:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Requests for comment/Mel Etitis
Rfc's existance is a clear-cut case of WP:POINT. -- that's right i'm anon 18:08, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. This Request for Comment was made in good faith. Andrew pmk | Talk 18:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep Deletion at this point in this forum would be horribly out-of-process. Xoloz 22:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hexagonal tiling

In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of ${6,3}$ or $t{3,6}$ (as a truncated triangular tiling).

English mathematician John Conway called it a hextille.

The internal angle of the hexagon is 120 degrees, so three hexagons at a point make a full 360 degrees. It is one of three regular tilings of the plane. The other two are the triangular tiling and the square tiling.

Applications
Hexagonal tiling is the densest way to arrange circles in two dimensions. The honeycomb conjecture states that hexagonal tiling is the best way to divide a surface into regions of equal area with the least total perimeter. The optimal three-dimensional structure for making honeycomb (or rather, soap bubbles) was investigated by Lord Kelvin, who believed that the Kelvin structure (or body-centered cubic lattice) is optimal. However, the less regular Weaire–Phelan structure is slightly better.

This structure exists naturally in the form of graphite, where each sheet of graphene resembles chicken wire, with strong covalent carbon bonds. Tubular graphene sheets have been synthesised, known as carbon nanotubes. They have many potential applications, due to their high tensile strength and electrical properties. Silicene is similar.

Chicken wire consists of a hexagonal lattice (often not regular) of wires.

The hexagonal tiling appears in many crystals. In three dimensions, the face-centered cubic and hexagonal close packing are common crystal structures. They are the densest sphere packings in three dimensions. Structurally, they comprise parallel layers of hexagonal tilings, similar to the structure of graphite. They differ in the way that the layers are staggered from each other, with the face-centered cubic being the more regular of the two. Pure copper, amongst other materials, forms a face-centered cubic lattice.

Uniform colorings
There are three distinct uniform colorings of a hexagonal tiling, all generated from reflective symmetry of Wythoff constructions. The (h,k) represent the periodic repeat of one colored tile, counting hexagonal distances as h first, and k second. The same counting is used in the Goldberg polyhedra, with a notation {p+,3}h,k, and can be applied to hyperbolic tilings for p > 6.

The 3-color tiling is a tessellation generated by the order-3 permutohedrons.

Chamfered hexagonal tiling
A chamfered hexagonal tiling replaces edges with new hexagons and transforms into another hexagonal tiling. In the limit, the original faces disappear, and the new hexagons degenerate into rhombi, and it becomes a rhombic tiling.

Related tilings
The hexagons can be dissected into sets of 6 triangles. This process leads to two 2-uniform tilings, and the triangular tiling:

The hexagonal tiling can be considered an elongated rhombic tiling, where each vertex of the rhombic tiling is stretched into a new edge. This is similar to the relation of the rhombic dodecahedron and the rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron tessellations in 3 dimensions.

It is also possible to subdivide the prototiles of certain hexagonal tilings by two, three, four or nine equal pentagons:

Symmetry mutations
This tiling is topologically related as a part of a sequence of regular tilings with hexagonal faces, starting with the hexagonal tiling, with Schläfli symbol {6,n}, and Coxeter diagram, progressing to infinity.

This tiling is topologically related to regular polyhedra with vertex figure n3, as a part of a sequence that continues into the hyperbolic plane.

It is similarly related to the uniform truncated polyhedra with vertex figure n.6.6.

This tiling is also part of a sequence of truncated rhombic polyhedra and tilings with [n,3] Coxeter group symmetry. The cube can be seen as a rhombic hexahedron where the rhombi are squares. The truncated forms have regular n-gons at the truncated vertices, and nonregular hexagonal faces.

Wythoff constructions from hexagonal and triangular tilings
Like the uniform polyhedra there are eight uniform tilings that can be based on the regular hexagonal tiling (or the dual triangular tiling).

Drawing the tiles colored red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, there are 8 forms, 7 of which are topologically distinct. (The truncated triangular tiling is topologically identical to the hexagonal tiling.)

Monohedral convex hexagonal tilings
There are 3 types of monohedral convex hexagonal tilings. They are all isohedral. Each has parametric variations within a fixed symmetry. Type 2 contains glide reflections, and is 2-isohedral keeping chiral pairs distinct.

Topologically equivalent tilings
Hexagonal tilings can be made with the identical {6,3} topology as the regular tiling (3 hexagons around every vertex). With isohedral faces, there are 13 variations. Symmetry given assumes all faces are the same color. Colors here represent the lattice positions. Single-color (1-tile) lattices are parallelogon hexagons.

Other isohedrally-tiled topological hexagonal tilings are seen as quadrilaterals and pentagons that are not edge-to-edge, but interpreted as colinear adjacent edges:

The 2-uniform and 3-uniform tessellations have a rotational degree of freedom which distorts 2/3 of the hexagons, including a colinear case that can also be seen as a non-edge-to-edge tiling of hexagons and larger triangles.

It can also be distorted into a chiral 4-colored tri-directional weaved pattern, distorting some hexagons into parallelograms. The weaved pattern with 2 colored faces has rotational 632 (p6) symmetry. A chevron pattern has pmg (22*) symmetry, which is lowered to p1 (°) with 3 or 4 colored tiles.

Circle packing
The hexagonal tiling can be used as a circle packing, placing equal-diameter circles at the center of every point. Every circle is in contact with 3 other circles in the packing (kissing number). The gap inside each hexagon allows for one circle, creating the densest packing from the triangular tiling, with each circle in contact with a maximum of 6 circles.
 * 1-uniform-1-circlepack.svg

Related regular complex apeirogons
There are 2 regular complex apeirogons, sharing the vertices of the hexagonal tiling. Regular complex apeirogons have vertices and edges, where edges can contain 2 or more vertices. Regular apeirogons p{q}r are constrained by: 1/p + 2/q + 1/r = 1. Edges have p vertices, and vertex figures are r-gonal.

The first is made of 2-edges, three around every vertex, the second has hexagonal edges, three around every vertex. A third complex apeirogon, sharing the same vertices, is quasiregular, which alternates 2-edges and 6-edges.

title: Hexagonal tiling


text:
User talk:PhatmassRulez

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- ≈ jossi fresco ≈ 18:10, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Jtkiefer T - 18:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * creating an account won't hide the fact that you are engaging in repeatedly blanking huge chunks of Traditionalist Catholic eveb though you are no longer using User:152.163.100.133 directly to edit. Jtkiefer  T - 18:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PhatmassRulez


text:
Talk:Polans (eastern)

Bilgorog vs. Belgorod
Here Belgorod has nothing to do with the city Belgorod in Russia. Now this is the village Bilogorodka near Kyiv. I removed the link. (user:AndriyK fogot to sign)

You probably mean BiloHorodka. That's correct. Please note however, regarding usage of other names that if there is an established English name for something it should be used regardless of whether it is derived from the language this or the other user likes. Drevlyane are even mentioned in Britannica as such. There were several exhaistive discussions about using names in WP when related to Ukraine. If you are interested, I will supply you with links. --Irpen 21:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Wrong citation
The page cites the etymology of these eastern Polans with a book about the origins of Poland, which this page explicitly states not to be their home. Also, please elaborate on the difference between "western" and "eastern" because what is here now makes both tribes out to be two splinters of the same thing. Overall all this seems like some unfounded Russian national martyrology made up to justify subjugating the neighborhood, but whatever; just don't contradict yourselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.14.72.37 (talk) 20:43, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:23, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Паселішча каля в. Тайманава. Фібула з белага металу.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:10, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Паселішча каля в. Тайманава. Фібула з белага металу.jpg

title: Talk:Polans (eastern)


text:
PubChem

PubChem is a database of chemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a component of the National Library of Medicine, which is part of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). PubChem can be accessed for free through a web user interface. Millions of compound structures and descriptive datasets can be freely downloaded via FTP. PubChem contains multiple substance descriptions and small molecules with fewer than 100 atoms and 1,000 bonds. More than 80 database vendors contribute to the growing PubChem database.

History
PubChem was released in 2004 as a component of the Molecular Libraries Program (MLP) of the NIH. As of November 2015, PubChem contains more than 150 million depositor-provided substance descriptions, 60 million unique chemical structures, and 225 million biological activity test results (from over 1 million assay experiments performed on more than 2 million small-molecules covering almost 10,000 unique protein target sequences that correspond to more than 5,000 genes). It also contains RNA interference (RNAi) screening assays that target over 15,000 genes.

As of August 2018, PubChem contains 247.3 million substance descriptions, 96.5 million unique chemical structures, contributed by 629 data sources from 40 countries. It also contains 237 million bioactivity test results from 1.25 million biological assays, covering >10,000 target protein sequences.

As of 2020, with data integration from over 100 new sources, PubChem contains more than 293 million depositor-provided substance descriptions, 111 million unique chemical structures, and 271 million bioactivity data points from 1.2 million biological assays experiments.

Databases
PubChem consists of three dynamically growing primary databases. As of 5 November 2020 (number of BioAssays is unchanged):

 * Compounds, 111 million entries (up from 94 million entries in 2017 ), contains pure and characterized chemical compounds.
 * Substances, 293 million entries (up from 236 million entries in 2017 and 163 million in Sept. 2014 ), contains also mixtures, extracts, complexes and uncharacterized substances.
 * BioAssay, bioactivity results from 1.25 million (up from 6,000 in Sept. 2014 ) high-throughput screening programs with several million values.

Searching
Searching the databases is possible for a broad range of properties including chemical structure, name fragments, chemical formula, molecular weight, XLogP, and hydrogen bond donor and acceptor count.

PubChem contains its own online molecule editor with SMILES/SMARTS and InChI support that allows the import and export of all common chemical file formats to search for structures and fragments.

Each hit provides information about synonyms, chemical properties, chemical structure including SMILES and InChI strings, bioactivity, and links to structurally related compounds and other NCBI databases like PubMed.

In the text search form the database fields can be searched by adding the field name in square brackets to the search term. A numeric range is represented by two numbers separated by a colon. The search terms and field names are case-insensitive. Parentheses and the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT can be used. AND is assumed if no operator is used.

Example (Lipinski's Rule of Five):

0:500[mw] 0:5[hbdc] 0:10[hbac] -5:5[logp]

title: PubChem


text: Category:Tourism in Israel

title: Category:Tourism in Israel


text:
Soviet Zone

Soviet Zone can refer to:
 * Communist-controlled China (1927–1949), area of China controlled by the Communist Party of China prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Referred to by the CPC as the “Soviet Zone”, or “Liberated Zone”.
 * Soviet occupation zone of Germany, area of Nazi Germany occupied by the Soviet Union after World War II

title: Soviet Zone


text: File:ChicagoNADBB.jpg

title: File:ChicagoNADBB.jpg


text:
File:Melanie Blatt See Me Front.jpg

Summary
Self scanned. Single cover in accordance with Fair Usage.

Fair use rationale
It is contended that the use of this album cover in See Me (song) qualifies as fair use for the following reasons:
 * 1) This image illustrates the cover of the album or associated single that is discussed in the article.
 * 2) The image is only a small portion of the overall product.
 * 3) This image can be used to identify the album or associated single that is the subject of this article.
 * 4) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the album in any way.
 * 5) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 6) The image is being used in an informative way and does not detract from sales of the album.
 * 7) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.

title: File:Melanie Blatt See Me Front.jpg


text:
Talk:Shrewsbury Town F.C.

Player articles

 * At the moment there's only two articles for the whole squad, and I think that's pretty lousy. I'm going to start writing stubs based upon soccerbase stats, like the Colin McMenamin one I made earlier.  Any anecdotal contributions to these (or assistance in creating stubs) would be nice.
 * The current squad list doesn't match the recommended template. Once the player articles reach a decent number, it would be good to switch to the new style. See Talk:Arsenal F.C. for the rationale for conversion.
 * Slumgum 03:13, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Better colour for kit
How does one change the kit to look like the real one? I can create a bitmap that looks pretty authentic but I have no idea how to upload or change it.

 * Here's one way, but I haven't ever put it into practice. What you need to do is create a PNG file that matches the current kit's dimensions. Then upload it with the filename Kit body #####.png where ##### is your own choice of word. Then change the kit body filename in the infobox from _yellowvertical to _#####. Make sure you keep a white border. (See also Category:Football kit templates). Slumgum | yap | stalk | 19:40, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your help Slumgum. I have uploaded a new version which I think is quite close. It seems to work ok. Tree shrew 17:50, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it looks much nearer the real thing now. Good work. The new (AC Milan style) away kit should be easy to add, whenever it becomes official. Slumgum | yap | stalk | 00:30, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Maik Taylor?
The list of former players includes Maik Taylor. Should it be Mark Taylor? I don't remember Maik T playing for Salop, and his linked profile makes no mention of it.

Tree shrew 15:08, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd always believed it to be true, but I can't find any evidence, other than all those websites which copy Wikipedia. It's probably best to remove his name.  SLUMGUM   yap    stalk   22:16, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

A note on British English
British English should be used for articles on Britain related topics. Likewise, American English should be used on articles pertaining to American topics. For a clearer example, please visit this sub-section on the differences between their usage. -- S iva1979 Talk to me  05:10, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe it's right but "are" looks cock.  sʟυмɢυм • т • c  21:24, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Official colours
This release from the club shows the official club colours, which are used in the new badge and kit.

I have found the hex codes for the colours and listed them in the table, left.

slυмgυм [ ←→ ] 16:12, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

...and white, of course. slυмgυм [ ←→ ] 22:57, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

2007-09 kit
http://www.shrewsburytown.premiumtv.co.uk/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10443~1014218,00.html slυмgυм [ ←→ ] 16:21, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Away kit has been changed: http://www.shrewsburytown.premiumtv.co.uk/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,10443~1071909,00.html slυмgυм [ ←→ ] 13:50, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Jimmy McLoughlin, Gordon Skeetch, Peter Dolby
I can't believe that noone has mentioned the great Jimmy McLoughlin who ploughed up and down the left wing for Rowley. What happened to Jimmy Mac, managed in Northern Ireland didn't he? I once saw Gordon Skeetch (have I got his name right?) score from the half-way line! There was a howling gale from the Tech end, he thumped an up and under towards the railway goal, the wind caught it and he scored, can't recall who it was against. The stuff of legend! Elegent Peter Dolby and many others from that era.

Arthur Rowley was a good cricketer, a leg-spin bowler. As a kid of 14 I hit him for 4 over mid-wicket on the old Brewery Field at Wem one Sunday. He didn't look too chuffed. Shame. —Preceding unsigned comment added by IhitRowleyfor4 (talk • contribs) 18:58, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Alf Wood
The STFC entry would be gratly inproved by adding the great Alf Wood to the list of former players (most of which seem to come from the 198os and not prior. HenleyDon (talk) 15:00, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Squad Numbers and Table alignment.
Squad numbers for the current season are yet to be announced, please do not add last seasons squad numbers to the list.

The table has slightly dis aligned, please rectify if you know how, thanks.

Squad Numbers and Table alignment.
Squad numbers for the current season are yet to be announced, please do not add last seasons squad numbers to the list.

The table has slightly dis aligned, please rectify if you know how, thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gillea2k8 (talk • contribs) 16:17, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

New or Greenhous Meadow
It seemed to have been decided that New Meadow should be used in the infobox but this has been changed multiple times to the sponsor name of Greenhous Meadow. I have amended the intro to try to show the actual situation but doubt that this will deter some from changing the infobox. The article, however, is a repeat target for vandalism and perhaps it is time the editor status was looked at. Do we have proper consensus about New Meadow or Greenhous Meadow? Personally I am not opposed to Greenhous Meadow or Prostar Stadium since they are actual names in use but if we do not use sponsorship names in Wikipedia articles then the name should be shown as New Meadow and we need to have it stay that way. LenF54 (talk) 18:20, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

Player of the season
Does this club have an official player of the season award? --Dweller (talk) 09:48, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Logo
--Canoe1967 (talk) 17:09, 10 July 2012 (UTC) Someone at a help desk says the logo isn't correct. I haven't edited this article before so someone else may want to look into it.--Canoe1967 (talk) 21:37, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * File:Shrewsbury Town 125th anniversary crest.png and File:STFC 21.png seem to be the choices.--Canoe1967 (talk) 21:43, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I propose a third choice - bringing this across from the German Wikipedia, as it seems to be the one used on the website. Malpass93! (what I've been up to/drop me a ___) 11:50, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

It doesn't matter to me. I don't think you can interlink images between en: and de: though. If it is uploaded to overwrite the en: image will it work? I mean can an .svg overwrite a .png or does it need to be uploaded as a new file?--Canoe1967 (talk) 21:22, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm fairly certain interlinking doesn't work, nor does uploading .svg files on .png files but I can either save a copy and upload it here myself or message the original uploader (he has an account here too) and let him do it in the interest of future queries about the file reaching the right person. Again, just trying to find some degree of consensus here. Malpass93! (what I've been up to/drop me a ___) 22:13, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

I can see how .svg is preferred over .png. I don't think we need consensus to use either of them. The original issue was an out of date logo. Are they only going to use the 125th one for this year and then change it again? If so, it may not be worth replacing for just a short time. If they never use the 125th again, then they should all be deleted as fair use once they team changes to another logo.--Canoe1967 (talk) 22:21, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * From what I can glean from Historical Football Kits they used the 125th anniversary crest for the 2010-11 season only, and the version without the 125 motto device in the 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2011-12 seasons and for this coming season. Malpass93! (what I've been up to/drop me a ___)

Oops. I didn't notice the difference. The one I originally changed File:STFC 21.png was drastically different. I agree that we should use the .svg from de:wp then without the 125th flag. --Canoe1967 (talk) 23:47, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Note to the team
We are confused as to which logo you wish to use in your article here. Your site has the 125th one all over it and other sources say you aren't using it anymore. Please feel free to have us insert the one you wish to use. An editor may wish to email you and ask, but it probably won't be me.--Canoe1967 (talk) 22:54, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

History Section
Hi all, is there any interest in a collaborative effort to overhaul the Club History section of this page? It has already been noted that the section is skewed to more recent events, and in the most part is poorly referenced, badly written and of dubious accuracy! I'm happy to have a crack at this section from 2003 onwards but lack the knowledge/resources to do the clubs history before this justice.

JMoore1987 (talk) 18:19, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

A. Weston
Can anyone help with sources for the article, A. Weston, former manager? Boleyn (talk) 19:09, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Lidl Supermarket.
Why are you supporting a GERMAN Supermarket?? What about Brexit and the Commonwealth ? Remember — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.165.10.189 (talk) 14:42, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

Lidl Supermarket.
Why are you supporting a GERMAN Supermarket?? What about Brexit and the Commonwealth? Remember WW 2. WHY IS BRITISH FOOTBALL MADE UP OF SO MANY FOREIGN PLAYERS ? I NO LONGER ATTEND AS A RESULT. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.165.10.189 (talk) 14:48, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I think there may be a misunderstanding - I don't think Lidl is supported by the club - when did football clubs sponsor private businesses? - but rather that Lidl have bought or rented the site from the owners of the Stadium. In the normal state of affairs it is companies who support football clubs by sponsorships etc.Cloptonson (talk) 17:23, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

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Managerial History - should be referenced
The list detailing the club's managers ought to be referenced if this is based on a list existing in a book such as the club history Breathe On 'Em, Salop or on a website. I am suspicious about the first person named, 'Sir Trevor Brian Evans', described as a former 'olympian' and manager of Castle Blues. There is no wikipedia article on him, no knight of his name has googled up. I have not heard of such a gentleman existing in Shrewsbury or Shropshire in my local history research. W. Adams, appointed manager on 1 May 1905, is upheld in his wiki article as being the first manager, making me suspect Sir T.B.E. is a spurious addition to the list.Cloptonson (talk) 17:11, 21 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I also note it states he took over the side from the "Castle Blues" and was the first manager of the club when they became Shrewsbury Town, which is historically inaccurate as the Castle Blues disbanded, Shrewsbury Town was formed as a separate club shortly after and there is no evidence it was merely a renaming of an extant club, which is what this description applies. As no one has responded to my above comments, I will delete "Sir Trevor's" mention for lack of evidence of existence and inaccuracy.Cloptonson (talk) 09:44, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Shrewsbury F.C: should be a separate article
There was no link between Shrewsbury FC and Shrewsbury Town. There were far closer links with Shropshire Wanderers and Shrewsbury Engineers, both clubs from the 1870s. The section should therefore be carved out to a separate page (and disambiguated) with the details for Shrewsbury FC. It is confusing and unhelpful to have FC mixed in with Town and stops historians from adding more details about what was a totally separate entity.

In Vitrio (talk) 07:46, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Hear what you say, but you may find as I have that this is not the only article on a present-day F.C. to mention a local predecessor and I don't consider it unhelpful if the prior existence of organised football in a given town gets civil acknowledgement. The Shrewsbury F.C. with its claimed foundation date of 1868 was even older than the Shropshire Wanderers, Shrewsbury Engineers and Castle Blues.Cloptonson (talk) 19:54, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

Need need to update wrexham rivalry section
Need to correct wrexham rivalry section as wrexham are now into league 1 - will be playing shrewsbury in the 2024-25 season and actually played and beat shrewsbury 1-0 in the 2023/24 fa cup. 2601:5CF:4080:9FF0:21D7:8795:DEF9:DBAA (talk) 03:15, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shrewsbury Town F.C.