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CBC-MAC

In cryptography, a cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a technique for constructing a message authentication code (MAC) from a block cipher. The message is encrypted with some block cipher algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) mode to create a chain of blocks such that each block depends on the proper encryption of the previous block. This interdependence ensures that a change to any of the plaintext bits will cause the final encrypted block to change in a way that cannot be predicted or counteracted without knowing the key to the block cipher. To calculate the CBC-MAC of message $m$, one encrypts $m$ in CBC mode with zero initialization vector and keeps the last block. The following figure sketches the computation of the CBC-MAC of a message comprising blocks $$m_1\|m_2\|\cdots\|m_x$$ using a secret key $k$ and a block cipher $E$: CBC-MAC on its own is not secure for variable-length messages (see the discussion below) and is currently used to construct a pseudorandom function family and as a component of the CCM mode.

Use in standards
The CBC-MAC construct is used as part of the CCM mode utilized in IEEE 802.11i and NIST SP 800-97 (as CCMP, the CCM encryption protocol for WPA2), IPsec, and TLS 1.2, as well as Bluetooth Low Energy (as of Bluetooth 4.0, see NIST SP 800-121 Rev2). It is available for TLS 1.3, but not enabled by default in OpenSSL.

CBC-MAC is also used as a "conditioning component" (a.k.a. randomness extractor, a method to generate bitstrings with full entropy) in NIST SP 800-90B.

Standards that define the algorithm
FIPS PUB 113 Computer Data Authentication is a (now obsolete) U.S. government standard that specified the CBC-MAC algorithm using DES as the block cipher.

The CBC-MAC algorithm is also included into ANSI X9.9, ANSI X9.19, ISO 8731-1, and ISO/IEC 9797-1 MAC (Algorithm 1).

Security with fixed and variable-length messages
If the block cipher used is secure (meaning that it is a pseudorandom permutation), then CBC-MAC is secure for fixed-length messages. However, by itself, it is not secure for variable-length messages. Thus, any single key must only be used for messages of a fixed and known length. This is because an attacker who knows the correct authentication tag (i.e. CBC-MAC) pairs for two messages $$(m, t)$$ and $$(m', t')$$ can generate a third message $$m''$$ whose CBC-MAC will also be $$t'$$. This is simply done by XORing the first block of $$m'$$ with $t$ and then concatenating $m$ with this modified $$m'$$; i.e., by making $$m'' = m \| [(m_1' \oplus t) \| m_2' \| \dots \| m_x']$$. When computing the MAC for the message $$m''$$, it follows that we compute the MAC for $m$ in the usual manner as $t$, but when this value is chained forwards to the stage computing $$E_{K_\text{MAC}}(m_1' \oplus t)$$ we will perform an exclusive OR operation with the value derived for the MAC of the first message. The presence of that tag in the new message means it will cancel, leaving no contribution to the MAC from the blocks of plain text in the first message $m$: $$E_{K_\text{MAC}}(m_1' \oplus t \oplus t) = E_{K_\text{MAC}}(m_1')$$ and thus the tag for $$m''$$ is $$t'$$.

This problem cannot be solved by adding a message-size block to the end. There are three main ways of modifying CBC-MAC so that it is secure for variable length messages: 1) Input-length key separation; 2) Length-prepending; 3) Encrypt last block. In such a case, it may also be recommended to use a different mode of operation, for example, CMAC or HMAC to protect the integrity of variable-length messages.

Length prepending
One solution is to include the length of the message in the first block; in fact CBC-MAC has been proven secure as long as no two messages that are prefixes of each other are ever used and prepending the length is a special case of this. This can be problematic if the message length may not be known when processing begins.

Encrypt-last-block
Encrypt-last-block CBC-MAC (ECBC-MAC) is defined as $CBC-MAC-ELB( m, ( k _{1}, k _{2})) = E ( k _{2}, CBC-MAC( k _{1}, m ))$. Compared to the other discussed methods of extending CBC-MAC to variable-length messages, encrypt-last-block has the advantage of not needing to know the length of the message until the end of the computation.

Attack methods against incorrect use
As with many cryptographic schemes, naïve use of ciphers and other protocols may lead to attacks being possible, reducing the effectiveness of the cryptographic protection (or even rendering it useless). We present attacks which are possible due to using the CBC-MAC incorrectly.

Using the same key for encryption and authentication
One common mistake is to reuse the same key $k$ for CBC encryption and CBC-MAC. Although a reuse of a key for different purposes is a bad practice in general, in this particular case the mistake leads to a spectacular attack:

Suppose Alice has sent to Bob the cipher text blocks $$C = C_1 \| C_2 \| \dots \| C_n$$. During the transmission process, Eve can tamper with any of the $$C_1, \dots , C_{n-1}$$ cipher-text blocks and adjust any of the bits therein as she chooses, provided that the final block, $$C_n$$, remains the same. We assume, for the purposes of this example and without loss of generality, that the initialization vector used for the encryption process is a vector of zeroes.

When Bob receives the message, he will first decrypt the message by reversing the encryption process which Alice applied, using the cipher text blocks $$C=C_1 \| C_2 \| \cdots \| C_n$$. The tampered message, delivered to Bob in replacement of Alice's original, is $$C'=C_1' \| \dots \| C_{n-1}' \| C_n$$.

Bob first decrypts the message received using the shared secret key $K$ to obtain corresponding plain text. Note that all plain text produced will be different from that which Alice originally sent, because Eve has modified all but the last cipher text block. In particular, the final plain text, $$P_n'$$, differs from the original, $$P_n$$, which Alice sent; although $$C_n$$ is the same, $$C_{n-1}' \not = C_{n-1}$$, so a different plain text $$P_n'$$ is produced when chaining the previous cipher text block into the exclusive-OR after decryption of $$C_n$$: $$P_n' = C_{n-1}' \oplus E_K^{-1}(C_n)$$.

It follows that Bob will now compute the authentication tag using CBC-MAC over all the values of plain text which he decoded. The tag for the new message, $$t'$$, is given by:

 * $$t' = E_K(P_n' \oplus E_K(P_{n-1}' \oplus E_K( \dots \oplus E_K(P_1'))))$$

Notice that this expression is equal to

 * $$t' = E_K(P_n' \oplus C_{n-1}')$$

which is exactly $$C_n$$:

 * $$t' = E_K(C_{n-1}' \oplus E_K^{-1}(C_n) \oplus C_{n-1}') = E_K(E_K^{-1}(C_n)) = C_n$$

and it follows that $$t' = C_n = t$$.

Therefore, Eve was able to modify the cipher text in transit (without necessarily knowing what plain text it corresponds to) such that an entirely different message, $$P'$$, was produced, but the tag for this message matched the tag of the original, and Bob was unaware that the contents had been modified in transit. By definition, a Message Authentication Code is broken if we can find a different message (a sequence of plain-text pairs $$P'$$) which produces the same tag as the previous message, $P$, with $$P \not = P'$$. It follows that the message authentication protocol, in this usage scenario, has been broken, and Bob has been deceived into believing Alice sent him a message which she did not produce.

If, instead, we use different keys for the encryption and authentication stages, say $$K_1$$ and $$K_2$$, respectively, this attack is foiled. The decryption of the modified cipher-text blocks $$C_i'$$ obtains some plain text string $$P_i'$$. However, due to the MAC's usage of a different key $$K_2$$, we cannot "undo" the decryption process in the forward step of the computation of the message authentication code so as to produce the same tag; each modified $$P_i'$$ will now be encrypted by $$K_2$$ in the CBC-MAC process to some value $$\mathrm{MAC}_i \not = C_i'$$.

This example also shows that a CBC-MAC cannot be used as a collision-resistant one-way function: given a key it is trivial to create a different message which "hashes" to the same tag.

Allowing the initialization vector to vary in value
When encrypting data using a block cipher in cipher block chaining (or another) mode, it is common to introduce an initialization vector to the first stage of the encryption process. It is typically required that this vector be chosen randomly (a nonce) and that it is not repeated for any given secret key under which the block cipher operates. This provides semantic security, by means of ensuring the same plain text is not encrypted to the same cipher text, allowing an attacker to infer a relationship exists.

When computing a message authentication code, such as by CBC-MAC, the use of an initialization vector is a possible attack vector.

In the operation of a ciphertext block chaining cipher, the first block of plain text is mixed with the initialization vector using an exclusive OR ($$P_1 \oplus IV$$). The result of this operation is the input to the block cipher for encryption.

However, when performing encryption and decryption, we are required to send the initialization vector in plain text - typically as the block immediately preceding the first block of cipher text - such that the first block of plain text can be decrypted and recovered successfully. If computing a MAC, we will also need to transmit the initialization vector to the other party in plain text so that they can verify the tag on the message matches the value they have computed.

If we allow the initialization vector to be selected arbitrarily, it follows that the first block of plain text can potentially be modified (transmitting a different message) while producing the same message tag.

Consider a message $$M_1 = P_1 | P_2 | \dots$$. In particular, when computing the message tag for CBC-MAC, suppose we choose an initialization vector $$IV_1$$ such that computation of the MAC begins with $$E_K(IV_1 \oplus P_1)$$. This produces a (message, tag) pair $$(M_1, T_1)$$.

Now produce the message $$M_2 = P_1' | P_2 | \dots$$. For each bit modified in $$P_1'$$, flip the corresponding bit in the initialization vector to produce the initialization vector $$IV_1'$$. It follows that to compute the MAC for this message, we begin the computation by $$E_K(P_1' \oplus IV_1')$$. As bits in both the plain text and initialization vector have been flipped in the same places, the modification is cancelled in this first stage, meaning the input to the block cipher is identical to that for $$M_1$$. If no further changes are made to the plain text, the same tag will be derived despite a different message being transmitted.

If the freedom to select an initialization vector is removed and all implementations of CBC-MAC fix themselves on a particular initialization vector (often the vector of zeroes, but in theory, it could be anything provided all implementations agree), this attack cannot proceed.

To sum up, if the attacker is able to set the IV that will be used for MAC verification, he can perform arbitrary modification of the first data block without invalidating the MAC.

Using predictable initialization vector
Sometimes IV is used as a counter to prevent message replay attacks. However, if the attacker can predict what IV will be used for MAC verification, he or she can replay previously observed message by modifying the first data block to compensate for the change in the IV that will be used for the verification. For example, if the attacker has observed message $$M_1 = P_1 | P_2 | \dots$$ with $$IV_1$$ and knows $$IV_2$$, he can produce $$M_1' = (P_1 \oplus IV_1 \oplus IV_2)| P_2 | \dots$$ that will pass MAC verification with $$IV_2$$.

The simplest countermeasure is to encrypt the IV before using it (i.e., prepending IV to the data). Alternatively MAC in CFB mode can be used, because in CFB mode the IV is encrypted before it is XORed with the data.

Another solution (in case protection against message replay attacks is not required) is to always use a zero vector IV. Note that the above formula for $$M_1'$$ becomes $$M_1' = (P_1 \oplus 0 \oplus 0)| P_2 | \dots = P_1 | P_2 | \dots = M_1$$. So since $$M_1$$ and $$M_1'$$ are the same message, by definition they will have the same tag. This is not a forgery, rather the intended use of CBC-MAC.

title: CBC-MAC


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Nikita Koshkin

Nikita Arnoldovich Koshkin (Никита Арнольдович Кошкин; born 28 February 1956) is a classical guitarist-composer born in Moscow USSR.

His early influences included Stravinsky, Shostakovich and Prokofiev, as well as rock music. Koshkin first came to prominence with his suite The Prince's Toys, completed in 1980 and first performed by the Czech-born guitarist Vladimir Mikulka.

Koshkin's best-known guitar work is Usher-Waltz (1984), a piece inspired by the Edgar Allan Poe story The Fall of the House of Usher, written for the guitarist Vladislav Blaha. It was made famous by John Williams' performance in the Seville Concert CD in 1993. Other famous performers of Koshkin's work include the Assad Duo and the Zagreb and Amsterdam Trios. His other important works include the set of variations The Porcelain Tower and the Andante quasi Passacaglia e Toccata: The Fall of Birds (1978). Besides writing works for solo guitar, Koshkin has composed guitar-ensemble music as well; in addition to numerous pieces for guitar duo, he has written two works for guitar quartet, Changing the Guard (1994) and Suite for Four Guitars (composed for the Georgia Guitar Quartet, 2007).

Early life
Koshkin received his first guitar from his grandfather, along with a recording of Segovia's, which inspired him to become a guitarist, despite his parents intending a diplomatic career for him. Koshkin studied classical guitar at the Moscow College of Music under Georgi Emanov and later at the Gnessin Institute under Alexander Frauchi, with compositional teaching from Victor Egorov.

As performer

 * The Prince's Toys: Koshkin Plays Koshkin. SR 1011. Soundset Recordings, 1998.
 * The Well-Tempered Koshkin. SR 1015. Soundset Recordings, 2001.
 * Oratorium. kr10052. Kreuzberg Records, Germany.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nikita Koshkin


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Walter Taylor (archaeologist)

Walter Willard Taylor Jr. (1913 – April 14, 1997) was an American anthropologist and archaeologist most famous for his work at Coahuila in Mexico and his "Conjunctive archaeology", a method of studying the past combining elements of both the traditional archaeology of the period and the allied field of anthropology. This was exemplified by his work A Study of Archeology.

Life
Taylor was born in Chicago, but he grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut, and attended The Hotchkiss School. Although studying geology, while at Yale University Taylor became interested in anthropology and archaeology. He graduated in 1935, and that summer began working for the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, where he was influenced by the holistic environmental philosophy of Lyndon Hargrave.

After three years in the field, he enrolled for a Ph.D. in anthropology at Harvard in 1938. When World War II broke out, Taylor enlisted in the U.S. Marines, serving in Europe and being parachuted into enemy territory to assist local resistance groups. He was badly wounded by a grenade and captured in southern France in 1944 and was not released from a German prisoner-of-war camp until the end of the war in Europe. During his imprisonment, he began teaching anthropology to his fellow prisoners. He earned a Purple Heart and Bronze Star and remained a captain until 1955.

After the war Taylor moved around the United States until settling in Carbondale, Illinois, in 1958, where he began working at Southern Illinois University's Department of Anthropology.

He also taught at the University of Texas, the University of Washington, Mexico City College, and Mexico's National School of Anthropology and History. He carried out investigations at sites in Arizona, New Mexico, Georgia, Mexico, and Spain, before retiring in 1974.

Ideas
Taylor saw archaeology as an integrated discipline, combining the study of diet, settlement patterns, tools and other elements to provide a holistic view of the past. His conjunctive approach attempted to determine cultural context by connecting the correlated patterns in the archaeological record to patterns of culture. This approach, along with his open and specific criticism of leading archaeologists of his day, caused dismay among many archaeologists at the time but is now a standard practice in the discipline. Taylor was one of the first to loudly decry the descriptive, historical approaches in the field. However, Patty Jo Watson said that Taylor's purpose "was not to generate ill will but rather to stimulate examination...of aims, goals and purposes by American archaeologists."

Taylor's work anticipated by many years the efforts of the "New Archaeologists" of the 1960s, and A Study of Archeology remains in print.

title: Walter Taylor (archaeologist)


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Alon Cohen

Alon Cohen ((אלון כהן); born in Israel, 1962) is the co-founder of VocalTec Inc. (1989) and the co-inventor of the Audio Transceiver that enabled the creation of Voice Over Networks products and eventually the VoIP industry. Cohen holds four US patents on different communications technologies. He is currently Executive VP and CTO at Phone.com.

Biography
Alon Cohen received an MBA and a BSC.EE from Tel Aviv University, both magna cum laude. He served in the Israel Defense Forces as part of the telecommunications wing.

Cohen resides in New Jersey with his wife and two sons.

Business career
In 1989, Cohen and Lior Haramaty founded VocalTec Communications Inc. in Herzliya, Israel. The tech company is the pioneer of the VoIP industry. They released the first internet phone in February 1995. He is also the inventor of the Audio Transceiver (U.S. Patent 5,825,771) that enabled the creation of Voice Over Networks products and eventually the VoIP industry. Cohen holds five US patents on communications technologies. VocalTec is the first company to provide Internet voice technology worldwide, and in 1996 was one of the earliest Internet IPOs (NASDAQ: vocl).

After leaving VocalTec, Cohen founded and managed a series of business ventures, including BitWine and RemoteAbility. He currently serves as Executive Vice President and CTO at Phone.com.

Cohen is a frequent speaker at industry conferences, serves on technical advisory boards or as a mentor of a number of companies, and has also served as an expert witness in VoIP patent litigation trials.

Cohen has an active blog where he writes about technology and innovations.

Awards and recognition
Cohen received the “VoIP Visionary Award” (2005) from Jeff Pulver's Pulvermedia and the VoIP Hall of Fame Award by TMCNET in 2015. Cohen was also named, by “The Marker”, the leading Israeli business newspaper, as one of the “100 Most Influential Israelis” in Israel's High Technology history in September 2005.

Cohen represented the State of Israel in the United Nations negotiations of the ITU Study Group 16 for the development and ratification of global VoIP standards.

Cohen holds five US patents on different communications technologies, and co-authored more as part of VocalTec.

title: Alon Cohen


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Denby

Denby is a village in the English county of Derbyshire that is notable as the birthplace of John Flamsteed, England's first Astronomer Royal, and the location of the Denby Pottery Company. Denby is 3 mi east from Belper and 8 mi north of Derby. Denby is home to a secondary school which is named after John Flamsteed. The village was once served by Denby railway station on the Midland Railway Ripley Branch. The population at the 2001 Census was 1,827, increasing to 2,190 at the 2011 Census.

Other settlements in Denby parish

 * Denby Common is a hamlet 1 mile to the north east of Denby village, on the outskirts of Loscoe.
 * Codnor Breach, another hamlet, merges into Denby Common.
 * Denby Bottles is half a mile to the west of Denby Village.
 * Smithy Houses lies north west of Denby Village, along the B6179 road.

All four of these, along with a small southern area of Marehay in Ripley, and a small portion of Openwoodgate near Belper, lie within Denby parish.

History
The settlement was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Denebi. By 1334, it was a market town and held an annual fair in September. For over two centuries, ironstone and clay were being mined; coal mining started in the 1200s. Royal astronomer John Flamsteed (1646–1719) was born in Denby.

In 1806, William Bourne leased the clay bed that had been discovered while a road was being built. Three years later, the family began manufacturing salt-glazed pottery under the Bourne name, with son Joseph running the operation. By the Second World War Denby had switched to producing tableware as well as industrial parts. Brown was the primary colour but the company shifted toward more attractive colours after the war. Ownership of the company remained with the family until 1942; after several owners, Denby was acquired by a consortium that was funded by Valco Capital Partners. The enterprise continues today as the Denby Pottery Company.

The Stellarsphere
There is a memorial garden for John Flamsteed, opposite St Mary the Virgin's Church, which features the stellarsphere which shows the position of the stars and planets overhead at the current time.

The village is commemorated in the hymn tune Denby, composed in 1904 by Charles J. Dale.

Cricket
Denby Cricket Club was officially founded in 1865, but recent research has revealed records of activity as far back as 1850. The club is based on The Copper Yard, off High Bank. Denby field 5 Senior XI teams in the Derbyshire County Cricket League and a long established Junior training section that play competitive cricket in the Notts & Derby Border Youth Cricket League.

The Denby Dash
The Denby Dash is an annual 5 mile race around the village countryside in late summer.

Notable people
In addition to John Flamsteed:
 * Henry Draycott (ca.1510 – 1572), a highly successful judge in Ireland.
 * Harry Wingfield (1910–2002), an illustrator
 * Paul Copley (born 1944), an actor and voiceover artist.
 * Daniel Kitson (born 1977), comedian and writer.

Sport

 * Joseph Cresswell (1865–1932), a cricketer who played 15 first-class cricket games for Warwickshire from 1895 to 1899.
 * William Wilmot (1869—1957), a cricketer who played 10 first class games and for Derbyshire between 1897 and 1901.
 * Tommy Allott (1908-1975), a motorcycle speedway rider

title: Denby


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Corn construction

Corn construction refers to the use of corn (maize) in construction. The tassel, leaf, silk, cob in husks, and the stalk are the parts of corn. According to the Michigan Department of Agriculture, "corn can be made into fuel, abrasives, solvents, charcoal, animal feed, bedding for animals, insulation, adhesives, and more. The kernel is used as oil, bran, starch, glutamates, animal feed, and solvents. The silk is combined with other parts of the corn plant to be used as part of animal feed, silage, and fuels. Husks are made into dolls and used as filling materials. The stalk is used to make paper, wallboard, silage, syrup, and rayon (artificial silk)."

History
Corn has long been used in manufacturing. There were a number innovations in the United States in the early 1900s. For example, Henry Ford's conceptual Model U car featured tires with corn-based filler and a corn-based fabric roof.

The Corn Palace, a building in Mitchell, South Dakota, is decorated with murals and designs made from corn and other grains.

Husks
The outer husk of corn can be used to make corn husk dolls, txalaparta musical instruments, and other crafts. Husks are used as the wrapper for tamales. The husk is also used in South American countries as a cigarette rolling paper.

Corncobs
Corncobs, the core of corn ears, are very absorbent. They have been used to make inexpensive smoking pipes, and to transport various materials. Ground corn cobs make an effective blasting media, are friendly to the environment, and delicate while maintaining abrasive capacity.

Corncobs are increasingly being used as a low-cost, environmentally friendly insulation material for houses.

Cornstarch
Goodyear BioTRED tires are made using a biologic polymer derived from cornstarch as the filler.

Corn kernels
Corn kernel burning stoves have found increasing popularity following the rise in natural gas and fuel oil prices. Large corn furnaces are capable of heating any size building, and fueling generators to produce electricity. Corn kernels are a natural pellet, which makes corn less expensive and more readily available than wood byproduct pellets. Manufactured pellets sold out in 2005, while corn is readily available for a much better price. Heat savings go up to 75% over natural gas or fuel oil.

Plastics
Recently, corn has been used to make biodegradable containers. Corn can be used to create non-petroleum plastic, which is often compostable.

title: Corn construction


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Joe Messina

Joseph Lucian Messina (December 13, 1928 – April 4, 2022) was an American guitarist. Dubbed the "white brother with soul", he was one of the most prolific guitarists in Motown Records' in-house studio band, the Funk Brothers.

Early life
Messina was born in Detroit on December 13, 1928. He started playing the guitar when he was thirteen, after his father purchased one for him. Messina initially attended Central High School in his hometown, before studying music at Cass Technical High School. He eventually dropped out to focus on becoming a professional musician.

Career
Messina first played in jazz clubs in Detroit starting in the late 1940s. By his mid-twenties, he was playing in the ABC Television studio band, accompanying such guests as Sonny Stitt, Charlie Parker, Stan Getz, Jack Teagarden, Lee Konitz, Jimmy Giuffre, Pepper Adams, Donald Byrd, Frank Rosolino, and Dizzy Gillespie. Also while at ABC, Messina played on The Soupy Sales Show, alongside guests such as Miles Davis and Charlie Parker.

In 1958, Motown Records founder Berry Gordy recruited Messina for his Hitsville U.S.A. studio musicians group, known as The Funk Brothers. In the 1960s and early 1970s, they recorded the instrumentals for hundreds of Motown hit records. During this time, Messina worked with performers such as Diana Ross & the Supremes, the Temptations, Marvin Gaye, the Four Tops, Stevie Wonder, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles. Among the many Motown hits Messina played on are "Dancing in the Street" (Martha & the Vandellas, 1964), "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" (Four Tops, 1965), and "Your Precious Love" (Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell, 1967). Messina stopped playing guitar for 30 years after Berry Gordy took his Motown operation to Los Angeles in 1972, explaining how he "just had no interest".

Messina was the creator of an alternative music technique known as the Interval Study Method, which uses the chromatic and diatonic scales to create music. He continued to reside in Detroit until his death, where he performed as a jazz musician for a number of years. On March 21, 2013, The Funk Brothers were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame. The Funk Brothers were also the subject of the 2002 documentary Standing in the Shadows of Motown, in which Messina appeared extensively.

Personal life
Messina was married to wife Josie who died in 2009. The couple had two children: Joel and Janice.

Messina died on April 4, 2022, at age 93 at his son's home in Northville, Michigan. He suffered from kidney disease during the last twelve years of his life.

title: Joe Messina


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USS Cimarron

USS Cimarron may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Cimarron (1862) was a gunboat launched in 1862.
 * USS Cimarron (AO-22) was an oiler, launched in 1939 and decommissioned in 1968
 * USS Cimarron (AO-177) was an oiler, launched in 1979 and decommissioned in 1999

title: USS Cimarron


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List of archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches

List of archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches in northern Europe. The list is still not complete, and will be continually revised as traces of churches are found all the time.

Iceland
 * Þórarinsstaðir archaeological excavation in Seyðisfjörður, east Iceland (post church which predates stave church).

Norway
 * Atrå stave church
 * Aurland Stave church (Parts of it on display at Bergen Museum.)
 * Austad stave church
 * Bagn stave church, Sør-Aurdal municipality, Norway (Portal on display at (?) in Copenhagen. There are still two stave churches left in the municipality; Reinli stave church and Hedal stave church)
 * Bjølstad stave church
 * Bødal stave church
 * Dal stave church
 * Dovre stave church
 * Flå stave church
 * Fåberg stave church
 * Gårå stave church
 * Gaupne stave church, parts of which are incorporated into Old Gaupne Church
 * Gausdal stave church
 * Gransherad stave church
 * Grindaker stave church
 * Hafslo stave church
 * Hakastein Church, Skien, archaeological excavation of post church constructed between 1010 and 1040.
 * Hemsedal stave church
 * Hof stave church
 * Hylestad Stave Church, Setesdal. (Demolished and the portal on display at University Museum of Antiquities in Oslo Universitetets Oldsaksamling, Historisk Museum, Oslo)
 * Imshaug stave church
 * Kvie stave church
 * Liseherad stave church
 * Mæl stave church
 * Nesland stave church
 * Nes stave church, Nes municipality, Norway (The church is painted by I. C. Dahl)
 * Øyfjell stave church
 * Rennebu stave church
 * Rinde stave church
 * Fystro stave church
 * Øyar Stave church
 * St. Thomas Church, Filefjell (Filefjell stave church) at Filefjell, Norway (Well known church in Norwegian folklore)
 * Sannidal stave church Lardal stave church
 * Sauland stave church
 * Stedje stave church (Parts of it on display at Bergen Museum, painted by J.C. Dahl, on display at Bergen Kunstmuseum.)
 * Tonjum stave church (Parts of it on display at Bergen Museum.)
 * Tuddal stave church
 * Tuft stave church
 * Ulvik stave church (Parts of it on display at Bergen Museum.)
 * Vågå stave church is sometimes referred to as a stave church, but is the result of extensive reconstruction with reuse of materials from the demolished stave church. Original stave church was constructed in 1150, and was converted to a cruciform church in 1626–28.
 * Vangsnes stave church
 * Veggeli stave church
 * Vegusdal stave church
 * Veum stave church
 * Vinje stave church
 * Ål stave church, Ål, Hallingdal, dismantled in 1880. (Wood roof in the quire with paintings from the 13th century are now at display at Universitetets Oldsaksamling, Historisk Museum in Oslo)
 * Årdal stave church (Parts of it on display at Bergen Museum.)

Sweden
 * Maria Minor church in Lund built around 1060
 * Drotten church in Lund
 * Clemens church in Lund
 * Hemse stave church (Gotland)
 * Kalhyttans stave church by Filipstad
 * Vänga stave church near Borås, dendrochronologically dated to 1063–1065.


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User:Doncram/List of industrial parks

This is a list of notable industrial parks, sorted by land area:
 * 1) Kizad Khalifa Industrial Zone, Abu Dhabi (Kizad), United Arab Emirates. When completed, the 418 km2 Kizad site will become one of the Middle East's largest industrial free-trade and non-free trade zones
 * 2) Alberta's Industrial Heartland, Edmonton Capital Region, AB, Canada – 78,550 acre (planned use)
 * 3) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Industrial city,Chittagong,Bangladesh {30,000 acres} [under construction]
 * 4) Rotterdam Harbour, Netherlands. It stretches for 40 km, and is 105 km2 large.
 * 5) KAEC Industrial Valley, King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC), Saudi Arabia. The new logistics and manufacturing hub on the Red Sea and the new gateway to the GCC and East Africa, spreads over 55 km2.
 * 6) Nisku Industrial Park, Leduc County, AB, Canada. 2044 ha (over 400 businesses and more than 6,000 workers)
 * 7) Cedar Crossing Industrial Park 15,000 acre, in Houston, TX.
 * 8) Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center 15,000 acre, in Reno, NV.
 * 9) TexAmericas Center, 12,000 acres, Texarkana MSA, Unincorporated Bowie County, Texas. Foreign Trade Zone #258 & HUB Zone. 36 miles of rail. 3msf of existing industrial space. 28 companies and 1000 employees.
 * 10) Que Vo III Industrial Zone, 521 hectares, Bac Ninh province, Vietnam. Website=http://www.tniholdings.vn/industrial_area/que-vo-iii-303ha
 * 11) Bim Son North Zone A Industrial Zone, 163 hectares, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Website=http://www.tniholdings.vn/industrial_area/bim-son-163ha
 * 12) Minh Quang Industrial Zone, 153 hectares, Hung Yen province, Vietnam. Website=http://www.tniholdings.vn/industrial_area/minh-quang-153ha/
 * 13) Deep C Industrial Zones, 10,000 acres, Haiphong and Quang Ninh, Vietnam. Website=www.deepc.vn
 * 14) MidAmerica Industrial Park 9,000 acre, near Tusla, OK, located near Tulsa, OK.
 * 15) Sri City Integrated Business City 7,500 acres, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 * 16) Great Southwest Industrial Park 7,000 acre, in Arlington, TX and Grand Prairie, TX
 * 17) Butibori,Nagpur - 5,714 acre Five star industrial area(MIDC),  Butibori,Nagpur,Maharastra(Largest in Asia in terms of area 23.12 km^2)
 * 18) East Port Said Industrial Zone - EP - Egypt - 1600 ha (16 km2)
 * 19) Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, NS, Canada – 3,500 acre
 * 20) North West Industrial SDA, Saskatoon, SK, Canada – 3,350 acre
 * 21) Fort Custer Industrial Park, Battle Creek, MI, USA - 3,000 acre
 * 22) Pureland Industrial Complex, Logan Township, NJ, United States – 3,000 acre
 * 23) Trafford Park, Trafford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom - 3,000 acre
 * 24) CenterPoint Intermodal Center, Elwood, IL, USA – 2,050 acre
 * 25) Wrexham Industrial Estate, Wrexham, United Kingdom – 1,359 acre
 * 26) Eastman Business Park, Rochester, NY, USA - 1,200 acre.
 * 27) Ploiesti West Park, Ariceștii Rahtivani, Romania - 3 km2, largest industrial park in South East Europe
 * 28) Caracol Industrial Park, Caracol, Haiti – 600 acre
 * 29) Slough Trading Estate, Slough, United Kingdom – 600 acre
 * 30) Green Valley Industrial Park, Naco, Santa Barbara, Honduras – 500 acre
 * 31) Chittagong Export Processing Zone, Chittagong, Bangladesh - 453 acre
 * 32) Electronics City, Bangalore, India (1978) – 330 acre
 * 33) Korangi Creek Industrial Park, Karachi, Pakistan – 300 acre
 * 34) Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone, Chittagong, Bangladesh - 222.42 acre
 * 35) Technopark Kerala, Trivandrum, India – 180 acre

title: User:Doncram/List of industrial parks


text:
Alta de Lisboa

Alta de Lisboa (in English, uptown Lisbon) is a Portuguese community on the northern edge of Lisbon. The community covers an area of roughly 3 square kilometres (740 acres).

Urban renewal
The community is the result of one of the largest urban renewal projects in Europe, encompassing an area of 300 hectares and with an original target population of close to 60,000 inhabitants. It is being developed by an international consortium known as Sociedade Gestora da Alta de Lisboa, or SGAL, in accordance with a public-private partnership agreement with the Municipality of Lisbon. The project, which involves an investment of approximately 200 million euros each year, was set for completion in 2015, but development has been hindered by periods of economic recession. Despite this, most of the street network is in place, as are a number of social facilities, and the promoter is expecting faster development in the coming years.

title: Alta de Lisboa


text: User talk:62.147.37.194

title: User talk:62.147.37.194


text:
User:Eaglizard

''This is a test of the Ordinary Wikipedia Editor System. This is only a test. Had this been an actual Ordinary Wikipedia Editor, you would have been informed where to take shelter in your area.''

I, a perfectly ordinary wikipedia editor, consider it my curse in life to be inexplicably irked by typographical and grammatical errors in text that I read. I have a very sharp eye for this, and an almost reptilian patience for the activity. I also consider myself a mildly skilled copy-editor.

I also really like the original edit counter, and this link to my personal stats therein.

To Do
These are articles I need (or want) to work on:

Hans van Meegeren, WP:Naming conflict, Andrea Yates, Patrice Pike

Faves
These are a few of the articles I have put some effort into, and of which I am no doubt inordinately proud:

 * SS City of Everett
 * Committee to End Pay Toilets In America
 * The Nervebreakers
 * Kenny And The Kasuals

 * National Lampoon's Vacation, Bugsy Malone
 * Apollo Pavilion
 * Lou Pearlman, Nicole Brown Simpson, S. W. Erdnase
 * Jewish Humour, Exploding whale
 * Omaha Beach
 * Germs (band)

Really, quite an odd lot, don't you think?

Biographical crap
I'm not a big fan of homepages and such, but I can't stand my name appearing in red everywhere, so...

A few salient, if utterly non-notable facts:

 * Nearing 47 years old, I live in or around Dallas, TX, and my first name is Greg.

 * My primary 'skill' (in the context of Wikipedia at least) is a (to me) disturbing ability (perhaps 'curse') to spot roughly 97.5% of the grammatical and typographical errors in a text on a casual reading. All my life, reading a newspaper has been an exercise in frustration; I want so bad to fix those mistakes. I don't know why. Guess why I'm attracted to Wikipedia... go on, guess! ;^)

 * I'm bold, and won't hesitate to rewrite entire sections of text in line with my own conceptions of clarity and brevity. Confident in my voice, I hope my redactions will be found beneficial for the 'pedia. OTH, I rarely (if ever) "monitor" my edits. Once done, I release them; they are no longer mine. (Not that I don't monitor articles, mind you.)

 * I love feedback.

 * Though I'm far from being a kid any more, I still would love to belong to the Civilian Authority for the Protection of Everybody, Regardless!

Achtung, Baby!
User: Eaglizard has been purported to have made the following statement:

Notice of Copyleft

Any and all of the potentially numiferous edits, edit summaries or other changes to the Wikipedia database made by me under this user name User: Eaglizard, on the content of any article, or on any talk page or other namespace page (unless specifically noted otherwise therein, published elsewhere, and specifically released by me to Wikipedia per convention), are covered under the terms of the GFDL, and are in addition hereby by myself released with utter and unrestrained liberté into the infinite bounds of the Lumineferous Aether, for any and all use, mis-use, or other unforseen noetic approach. (Mi noesis es su noema, bebe!!)

Dept. of Funny Crap Dept.
Unbelievably, the article on the porn 'classic' World's Biggest Gang Bang contains

a spoiler warning!!!!

Hilarious. (BTW, it would seem the "spoiler" is that, though she promises to do 300, she is forced to stop at 251. Sorry if I've spoiled it for you...

- updated years later: remember spoiler alerts?? *sigh* Eaglizard (talk) 10:16, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Something Important I've Realized
Conflict is vacuous. It sucks me in every time. I'm going to stay away from AfD, for one thing. Conflict sucks.

Something Else Important
If you find yourself accusing someone of "always wanting to get in the last word", it's a Very Bad Sign. Think about it. There's only one way to know this about someone, Mr. WP:POT-head.

Nomination of Robert Muller for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Robert Muller is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Robert Muller until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article.  Phantom Steve / talk | contribs \ 20:11, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User:Eaglizard


text: User talk:201.0.28.32

title: User talk:201.0.28.32


text:
File:EurofruitCover.jpg

Summary
Eurofruit Magazine, September 2005 front cover

title: File:EurofruitCover.jpg


text:
User talk:Banneduser96

Your previous user name User:Großhauptsturmführer
I'm quite happy having a POV against the SS. I don't quite see how V. Molotov is comparable to your previous name, but you're welcome to place a note at Requests for comment/User names to ask for other people's opinions. Cheers, SlimVirgin (talk) 18:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Banneduser96


text:
Talk:Lockport Powerhouse

Lockport Lock & Dam
Attached to this facility is the Lockport Lock & Dam, for which I would eventually like to create a separate article. Here are some links with more information. Squideshi (talk) 22:59, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

http://www.waterwayscouncil.org/Fact%20Sheets/Lockport.pdf http://www.wes.army.mil/REMR/pdf/cs/mr-8-6.pdf http://www2.mvr.usace.army.mil/NIC2/Documents/chart114.pdf Where was it built???

title: Talk:Lockport Powerhouse


text:
Tamil Nadu Forward Bloc

Tamil Nadu Forward Bloc was a political party in Tamil Nadu, India. The party was founded in 1981 through the merger of National Forward Bloc (NFB) and Pasumpon Forward Bloc of Ayyanan Ambalam, following a split from the NFB.

In 1983, the party suffered a severe split. One section of the party rallied around P.K. Muthuramalinga Thevar and formed the Democratic Forward Bloc. Another group, led by K. Kandasamy broke away and formed the All India Forward Bloc (Kandasamy). The rump TNFB was led by Ayyanan Ambalam.

title: Tamil Nadu Forward Bloc


text: User talk:70.184.29.2

title: User talk:70.184.29.2


text:
User talk:Apayne

Please do not change dates such as "21 July" to "July 21". Martin 18:57, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Okay, why not? apayne

title: User talk:Apayne


text: User talk:204.184.214.65

title: User talk:204.184.214.65


text: File:Marudubshinkidurinchart.JPG

title: File:Marudubshinkidurinchart.JPG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chilimi

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Chilimi
Unverifiable. 202.156.6.54 18:59, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. a google didn't produce much of value that I could see.  Friday (talk) 19:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. There may be some transliteration issue from Russian (users other articles refer to Georgia) but still I can't find anything.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   20:53, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. *drew 06:22, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chilimi


text:
User talk:JoseJump

I was drawn to Wiki to fight against a meathead that was scared to allow the truth out... Since I am here I will have some fun.

title: User talk:JoseJump


text:
Leicester Guildhall

The Guildhall in Leicester, England, is a timber framed building, with the earliest part dating from c. 1390. The Guildhall once acted as the town hall for the city until the current one was commissioned in 1876. It is located in the old walled city, on a street now known as Guildhall Lane. It was used first as the meeting place for the Guild of Corpus Christi and then later for the more formal Corporation of Leicester. The hall was used for many purposes, including council meetings, feasts, as a courtroom, and for theatrical performances; the ultimatum given to the city during English Civil War was discussed here. It is a Grade I listed building, and the surrounding area, also including the Cathedral of St Martin's, is a conservation area, one of three in Leicester.

History
The Great Hall was built around 1390 as the meeting place of the Guild of Corpus Christi; the guild was a group of businessmen and gentry who had religious connections. The Guildhall was used for banquets, festivals, and as a home for a priest who prayed for the souls of Guild members in the nearby St Martin's Church. The Corporation of Leicester bought the Guildhall by the end of the 14th century.

It is reputed that William Shakespeare appeared here in the late 16th century. In recognition of this, the television company, Maya Vision, brought the Royal Shakespeare Company to perform at the Guildhall as part of its 2003 series for the BBC, In Search of Shakespeare, written and narrated by the historian, Michael Wood. Part of the Shakespeare legend is that Shakespeare first came across the tale of King Leir whilst appearing at the Guildhall and this inspired him to write his own play King Lear. There is, however, no actual evidence to support this, although the legend of King Leir is associated with Leicester.

During the English Civil War the Mayor and corporation received a demand from Prince Rupert for £2,000. The decision was made at the Guildhall to offer a loan of £500 and made an appeal to King Charles I. In May 1645 the King in attempt to divert attention away from Oxford positioned an army of 6,000 men outside the city walls on 29 May 1645. Again important decisions regarding the fate of the city were to be decided in the Guildhall. On 30 May 1645 the Royalist Army made demand after demand to the city, who played for time. In the end Prince Rupert attacked at 3:00 pm. The City walls were breached, and the last stand made by the defenders outside the Guildhall and St Martins. The Royalists then entered the Guildhall looting the town's archives, and mace and seal. The Royalist victory was reversed a couple of weeks later with the defeat at Naseby.

Records also show that entertainment expenses were paid for such items as wine, beer for Oliver Cromwell. Although this does not prove Oliver Cromwell stayed at the Guildhall, it is highly probable that he visited several times. The coat of arms of King Charles I can be seen today inside the Mayor's Parlour.

The Guildhall library in England, which includes the New Testament in Greek from the 15th century, was established in 1632, when the town library was moved into the east wing of the building. Leicester's first police force had its station in the Guildhall from 1836.

The Corporation moved to the new Leicester Town Hall in 1876. Apart from the police station, it was later used as a school. However, the building was becoming increasingly dilapidated, and by the 1920s there were plans to demolish the building. After the intervention of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, the council began restoration work on the building, finishing it in 1926, when the Guildhall was opened as a museum.

At a press conference in the Guildhall on 4 February 2013, it was confirmed that archaeologists had discovered Richard III's remain in the nearby Greyfriars 'Car Park'. The former Alderman Newton's Greencoat School building, close to the grave site, opened as a permanent Richard III museum, on 24 July 2014.

Present day
The Guildhall is used as a performance venue as well as a museum.

Ghosts
With five reported ghosts, the Guildhall is reputedly Leicester's most haunted building. Because of its reported hauntings, it has appeared on various TV programmes, including being investigated on the television show Most Haunted.

title: Leicester Guildhall


text:
Susan Blow

Susan Elizabeth Blow (June 7, 1843 – March 27, 1916) was an American educator who opened the first successful public kindergarten in the United States. She was known as the "Mother of the Kindergarten."

Early life
Susan Blow was the eldest of nine children. She was the daughter of Henry Taylor Blow and Minerva Grimsley Blow. Henry owned various lead-mining operations. He was the president of the Iron Mountain Railroad. He was a state senator, and he was a minister to Brazil and Venezuela. Minerva was the daughter of a prominent manufacturer and local politician. The Blow children grew up in a deeply religious family. They were surrounded by comfort, wealth, and high German culture. Henry Blow founded a Presbyterian church in St. Louis. Her grandfather was Captain Peter Blow, the owner of the slave Dred Scott, who later challenged the slavery issue in court.

Blow received her education from her parents, various governesses, private tutors, and schools, due to her family's social status. Her parents highly valued education for their daughters, although this was uncommon for Victorian families. Henry Blow contributed funds to build a public school which was named after him. At age eight, Susan was enrolled at the William McCartney School in New Orleans, Louisiana. She attended classes there for the next two years. Blow and her sister Nellie enrolled in the New York school of Henrietta Haynes at age sixteen. They were forced to return home due to the outbreak of the Civil War. Blow tutored her younger brothers and sister, and she taught Sunday school at Carleton Presbyterian Church during this time.

Blow met and fell in love with a soldier named Colonel William Cole, at age twenty, but her parents found him to be unsuitable. Cole eventually was discharged for medical reasons. Blow's father took her to Washington, D.C., and introduced her to another military man who was more to his liking. Blow never married. She was considered a member of the St. Louis School, a literary, philosophical, and educational movement.

President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Henry Blow to be the minister to Brazil in 1869, and Susan went with him as his secretary. She quickly learned Portuguese during the next fifteen months. Her bilingual ability helped to ease trade communications between Brazil and the United States.

Blow went abroad to Europe in 1870, along with her mother and siblings. Susan began studying the philosophies of Hegel and the American Transcendentalists while in Europe. Susan came across the kindergarten teaching methods of German idealist and philosopher Friedrich Fröbel. Fröbel believed in "learning-through-play" and cognitive development. Susan was inspired to bring these ideas to St. Louis, and her father offered to set up a kindergarten as a private school. Susan felt that she was going to be able to serve the children better through the public school system.

Career
In 1871 Blow traveled to New York, where she spent a year being trained at the New York Normal Training Kindergarten, operated by Fröbel devotee Maria Kraus-Boelté. Blow returned to St. Louis in 1873 and opened the nation's first public kindergarten in Des Peres School in Carondelet, which by then had been annexed by the City of St. Louis. With the help of her two assistants, Mary Timberlake and Cynthia Dozier, Blow directed and taught a kindergarten class consisting of forty-two students. Not only did she pay all expenses to keep the kindergarten running that first year, she was not compensated for her hard work and dedication. About 150 women also volunteered to work at Blow's kindergartens between 1876 and 1877.

In the kindergarten class, students learned from games and songs that Susan translated from Fröbel's original German. Students played with different shaped blocks, papers and clay, and tried weaving and modeling to improve dexterity. Children also grew seeds in an outdoor garden. Blow would tell stories from the Bible or myths and legends. The classroom was much more cheerful than upper grades. The experimental class was a success and quickly grew. Within three years, her kindergarten system had fifty teachers and over one thousand students, and by 1883 every public school in St. Louis had a kindergarten.

In 1875, the school board attempted to close the kindergartens in order to save money, but 1,500 signed a petition to keep them open. In 1876, the United States Centennial Commission in Philadelphia gave St. Louis and Blow an award for excellence of kindergarten in public schools.

Blow was able to open her school, in part, thanks to the support she received from William Torrey Harris, the superintendent of schools in St. Louis. Harris believed the greatest educational concern of the time was the number of young children who dropped out of school. Blow believed a kindergarten system would improve the dropout rate, for children would be starting school at an earlier age. Although he originally resisted the idea of a public program, he was persuaded by the school board's support of Blow, her background, and her proposal to direct the program herself.

In 1874 Blow opened a training school to accommodate the in-demand kindergarten teachers. Those in training spent mornings volunteering in the kindergarten classes and afternoons and weekends studying Fröbel's ideas. Through her work, Blow played a significant role in the history and development of early childhood education.

Susan Blow was recognized with a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame, for her pioneering work.

Later life and death
Only ten years after opening her training school Blow withdrew from teaching due to Graves' disease, which is a form of hyperthyroidism. She retired in 1884 and moved to Boston with Laura Fischer, who moved there to direct the kindergarten program at Boston Public Schools. Blow wrote a book on Dante in 1890, and five books on Fröbel's theories, in her retirement. She also helped to found the International Kindergarten Union, and she held a three-year appointment to the Teachers College of Columbia University.

Blow moved to Cazenovia, New York, in 1895, in order to be near one of her sisters. She lectured on early childhood education all over the county, only stopping about a month before her death.

She died in March 1916 in New York City. Most references state she died on March 26, but her tombstone at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis declares that she died on March 27. The St. Louis Globe-Democrat wrote at the time of her death, “A great commander is gone, but the soldiers will go marching on.”  St. Louis celebrated Susan in April of 1916 with a meeting of the Susan E. Blow Froebel League. A memorial fund was set up in her name in order to sponsor lectures. The organization did not last long, as many of Blow's ideas were German in origin and the United States entered World War I the following year. An early public elementary school in the Carondolet neighborhood of St. Louis was named for her father. It used to be known as Blow Elementary. It is known today as the Lyon Academy at Blow.

Blow Street, which runs through South St. Louis city, from the Mississippi River at S. Broadway to the St. Louis Hills neighborhood, also bears her family name.

Writings
Blow served on the advisory committee for the International Kindergarten Union and Committee of Nineteen and translated two volumes of Fröbel's Mother Play in 1895. She also wrote articles in the ‘’Kindergarten Magazine’’. Below is a list of Blow's published works:

 * 1894: Symbolic Education
 * 1899: Letters to a Mother on the Philosophy of Froebel
 * 1900: Kindergarten Education
 * 1908: Educational Issues in the Kindergarten

title: Susan Blow


text:
Bryan–Chamorro Treaty

The Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed between Nicaragua and the United States on August 5, 1914. It gave the United States full rights over any future canal built through Nicaragua. The Wilson administration changed the treaty by adding a provision similar in language to that of the Platt Amendment, which would have authorized military intervention in Nicaragua. The United States Senate opposed the new provision; in response, it was dropped and the treaty was formally ratified on June 19, 1916.

History
The democratically elected and reform-minded Liberal Party president José Santos Zelaya López had incurred the wrath of the United States by negotiating with France, Germany, and Japan to resurrect the proposed Nicaragua Canal, which might constitute potential future foreign competition with the newly built, U.S.-owned Panama Canal. After supporting an insurgency against the government led by Conservative Party insurgents Emiliano Chamorro and Juan José Estrada with arms, funds, troops, warships, and economic measures, the United States eventually forced the popular liberal Presidents José Zelaya and then Jose Madriz to flee the country. It then installed the conservative governments of first Juan José Estrada (soon deposed by the powerful Secretary of War Luis Mena) and then former Vice President Adolfo Díaz. When General Luis Mena convinced the National Assembly to name him successor to the unpopular pro-U.S. Adolfo Díaz, the United States invaded and occupied Nicaragua militarily from 1912 to 1933, wrote a new constitution for the country, changed the National Assembly, and propped up successive conservative regimes under the presidents Adolfo Díaz, Emiliano Chamorro, and Diego Manuel Chamorro. Luis Mena fled into the countryside to start a rebellion, which continued under various leaders for the next 60 years. In exchange for political concessions from Adolfo Díaz, the United States provided the military strength to suppress popular revolt and ensure the conservative regime maintained control over the Nicaraguan government. For much of the 20th century, Nicaragua remained controlled under the hereditary dictatorship of the Chamorro and after 1936 the Somoza dynasties until widespread rebellions forced them out of power in the 1970s.

The Treaty was named after the principal negotiators: William Jennings Bryan, U.S. Secretary of State; and the then General Emiliano Chamorro, representing the Nicaraguan government. By the terms of the treaty, the United States acquired the rights to any canal built in Nicaragua in perpetuity, a renewable 99year option to establish a naval base in the Gulf of Fonseca, and a renewable 99-year lease to the Great and Little Corn Islands in the Caribbean. For those concessions, Nicaragua received $3 million.

Most of the $3 million was paid back to U.S. creditors by U.S. officials in charge of Nicaraguan financial affairs, which allowed the Nicaraguan government to continue to collect internal revenue. The debt had been quickly amassed in a two-year period by the Nicaraguan government of Juan José Estrada under the American "dollars for bullets" scheme to retard infrastructure development funding from rival powers and lingering debts from earlier indemnities Nicaragua was forced to pay the foreign occupying powers of the United States and Great Britain, and repairing the devastation inflicted from the war with Great Britain, war with the United States and the civil war of Luis Mena's Rebellion.

At the request of Nicaragua, the United States under Richard Nixon and Nicaragua under Anastasio Somoza Debayle held a convention, on July 14, 1970, that officially abolished the treaty and all its provisions.

Intended impact
At various times since the Panama Canal opened in 1914, the Nicaragua route has been reconsidered. Its construction would shorten the water distance between New York and San Francisco by nearly 800 km. The Bryan–Chamorro Treaty kept Nicaragua from—and stopped any potential European powers from—competing with the Panama Canal.

Unintended impact
The provision of the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty granting rights to United States to build a naval base in the Gulf of Fonseca was contested by El Salvador and Costa Rica. The Central American Court of Justice saw in the favor of the two countries. The United States ignored the decision, contributing significantly to the court's collapse in 1918.

title: Bryan–Chamorro Treaty


text:
Andreas Jakobsson

Bo Janne Andreas Jakobsson (born 6 October 1972) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender and defensive midfielder. Starting off his professional career with Landskrona BoIS in 1990, he went on to also represent Helsingborgs IF, Hansa Rostock, Brøndby IF, and Southampton before retiring at Helsingborg in 2007. He played 36 international matches for the Sweden national team, and was a squad player at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2004.

Club career
Born in Lund and raised in Teckomatorp, Jakobsson started his senior career as a central defender for nearby club Landskrona BoIS in 1990. He helped Landskrona win promotion for the top-flight Swedish Allsvenskan championship in 1993. Landskrona were relegated again following the 1994 Allsvenskan season, and Jakobsson moved on to Allsvenskan club Helsingborgs IF. He instantly commanded a place in Helsingborg's starting line-up, and made his debut for the Swedish national team in February 1996. Together with Ola Nilsson, he formed the strongest central defence in Allsvenskan for several years and in 1999, HIF was finally able to win Allsvenskan after 58 years of waiting. Without the solid defence controlled by Jakobsson, many doubt it would have been possible.

After winning the 1999 Allsvenskan championship with HIF, he moved abroad to play for Hansa Rostock in the Bundesliga in the summer 2000. He played three seasons at Rostock, missing only three of 102 league games for the club. In July 2003, Jakobsson left Rostock to play for Brøndby IF in the Danish Superliga.

He played five games in the 2004–05 Superliga, which Brøndby would go on to win, before moving to English club Southampton F.C. in the FA Premier League, scoring twice against Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough. At the end of the season, Southampton were relegated, and Jakobsson returned to play for Helsingborgs IF. After the 2007 season, he retired from professional football.

International career
Jakobsson was called up for the Swedish squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and played full-time in all four games for Sweden, replacing the injured captain Patrik Andersson. He was selected to represent Sweden at the 2004 European Championship, and played full-time in the tournament, as Sweden reached the quarter-finals. He was a designated penalty taker in the penalty shoot out against the Netherlands, but refused to take his penalty. Instead, Olof Mellberg took a penalty which Dutch keeper Edwin van der Sar saved and Sweden were consequently eliminated. Jakobsson announced his retirement from international football after the tournament.

International

 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jakobsson goal.

Honours
Landskrona BoIS
 * Division 1 Södra: 1993

Helsingborgs IF
 * Allsvenskan: 1999
 * Svenska Cupen: 1997–98, 2006

Brøndby IF
 * Danish Superliga: 2004–05

title: Andreas Jakobsson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sandpunk

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 18:23, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Sandpunk
Neologism, in the vein of Cyberpunk and Steampunk, only not actually in use. This article doesn't provide any citations of the term in use (or even much of a definition, as far as I can tell), Whatlinkshere is a wasteland, and Google turns up 46 unique uses of the term, most of which seem to be someone using "Sandpunk" as a user name. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 19:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 19:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. I'm at least a mild fan of this stuff, and I subscribe to Locus, and have never seen or heard the term used. MCB 00:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Me too, but I didn't want to nominate it with the exceedingly lame reason of "I've never heard of it." Bonus lack of notability note: Steampunk, which includes such silly "subgenres" as sandalpunk and stonepunk doesn't mention this. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 00:35, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

As the author of the article, I thought I should step up to the plate on this. The term is a neologism and in very small usage, but it still exists. It was coined in order to discuss a certain genre of fiction during classes in English at Memorial University of Newfoundland. I'm not sure if being in very small circulation is included in the criteria for deletion. There is no substitute word to describe the particular genre. It's not just a rewording of steam/cyberpunk and is more closely related to post-apocalyptic fiction, but isn't that either.

What may lead the article to deletion is the fact that it is simply a definition, and for this I apologise. I was intending on adding an exploration of the history of sandpunk, as well as a list of properties and stories that fall under term, but thought I'd start with a simple definition and see how people took it, particularly in discussion on the somewhat related steampunk entry. Whether the article should be expanded upon or moved to wiktionary, I don't know. --Spectre general 23:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The term is a neologism and in very small usage, but it still exists. Wikipedia is not the place for original research or neologisms. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 11:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, unused neologism. -Sean Curtin 19:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:68.82.21.220

title: User talk:68.82.21.220


text:
User:JoseJump

Most would say this guy is a sharp dressed, successful fellow, with a high intellect. The remainder don't know.

In the immortal words of Patrick Star, "My mind, is an enigma."

title: User:JoseJump


text:
Wallachian Plain

The Romanian Plain (Câmpia Română) is located in southern Romania and the easternmost tip of Serbia, where it is known as the Wallachian Plain (Влашка низија). It is part of the larger Eurasian Steppe. It is located in the historical region of Wallachia, and bordered by the Danube River in the east, south and west, and by the Getic Plateau in the north. Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is located in the central part of the Romanian Plain. It is contiguous to the south with the Danubian Plain (Дунавска равнина), in Bulgaria. This area is also sometimes referred to as the Danubian Plain (Câmpia Dunării) in Romanian, though this designation is not specific, because the Danube flows through a number of plains along its course, such as the Hungarian Plain (which is called the Danubian Plain in Slovakia and Serbia), as well as the Bavarian Lowland, also called the Danubian Plain.

Subdivisions
In Romania, the plain is divided into five subdivisions and the Danube Valley, which are, from West to East:
 * A. Oltenia Plain, located in southern Oltenia:
 * Blahnița Plain
 * Băilești Plain
 * Romanați Plain
 * B. Olt-Argeș Plain (between the Olt River in the west and the Argeș River in the east):
 * Pitești Plain
 * Boianul Plain
 * Câmpia Găvanu-Burdea
 * Burnaz Plain
 * C. București Plain:
 * Târgoviște Plain
 * Ploiești Plain
 * Mizil Plain
 * Titu Plain
 * Gherghița Plain
 * Vlăsia Plain
 * Câlnău Plain
 * D. Bărăgan Plain:
 * Bărăgan of Călmățui Plain
 * Bărăgan of Ialomița Plain
 * Mostiștea Plain
 * Hagieni Plain
 * E. The Eastern Plain:
 * Râmnic Plain
 * Buzău Plain
 * Brăila Plain
 * Lower Siret Plain
 * Tecuci Plain
 * Covurlui Plain
 * Danube Valley:
 * The Danube valley floodplain
 * Flooded marshy islands:
 * Insula Mare a Brăilei
 * Insula Mică a Brăilei
 * Balta Ialomiței

Rivers

 * Neajlov
 * Jiu
 * Olt
 * Vedea
 * Argeș
 * Dâmbovița
 * Mostiștea
 * Ialomița
 * Buzău

title: Wallachian Plain


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Falconar

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete. DES (talk) 03:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Falconar
Ad. nn site. possible copyvio. 202.156.6.54 19:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio from . Delete.  --Quintin3265 19:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted per CSD A8. DES (talk) 03:08, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:151.199.192.101

title: User talk:151.199.192.101


text:
Benjamin Zymler

Benjamin Zymler (born 25 March 1956) is a Brazilian engineer and official in the Government of Brazil.

Zymler is the Controller General in the General Audit and Control Court, the Federal body responsible for the oversight of all Brazilian public accounts.

Zymler is based in Brasília. He is a graduate of the Military Institute of Engineering and of Law. He has written extensively on the subject of audit and public oversight in government.

title: Benjamin Zymler


text:
Talk:GDDR3 SDRAM

From the article
From the article (emphasis mine):

DDR3 memory for systems is not expected to reach the market until 2006 or thereabouts, said Dean McCarron, principal analyst at Mercury Research, in an interview earlier this week.

No link has been provided, to corroborate the assertion, and a date for this quote isn't included.

A quick search revealed this.

Faster?
Why does the one line say, "To improve bandwidth, GDDR3 memory transfers 4 bits of data per pin in 2 clock cycles."? Doesn't DDR1 memory also do this via the double data rate? Geekosaurus
 * If I remember the GDDR3 specifications correctly, it's something a bit different than what the article intends; a "DDR" interface, also known as a "double-pumped" interface, uses a technique to send data twice in the same clock signal. Meanwhile, GDDR3 ALSO sends out two signals per internal clock cycle; hence, it works out to four data segments per clock cycle. Nottheking (talk) 01:35, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

"Upcoming" Playstation 3?
PS3 is already out, someone should update this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.121.252.138 (talk) 18:42, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Designed by ATI?
I don't know that much on this subject, but the first time I ever saw GDDR3 RAM it was on an nVidia product. Is the first line of this article a mistake or did ATI actually share its technology with its chief competitor? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.38.174.232 (talk) 06:19, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * To clarify, it's not an outright "technology;" unlike the GPU, it wasn't as if ATi specifically designed a chip; rather, it was a standard, that one of the cited sources stated ATi promoted the use of. As it happened, yes, nVidia was the first company to actually use it for graphics cards. (specifically, the GeForce FX 5700, I believe) So no, the first line was NOT a mistake, and it wasn't that ATi "shared" it, so much as that it really wasn't theirs to hold. Nottheking (talk) 01:35, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Why a separate page ?
Why does GDDR3 rate a separate page when GDDR2 is redirected to the DDR2 topic ? 24.17.110.63 (talk) 17:48, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * This is because there actually is no such memory as GDDR2; it's a misnomer; any time it's spoken of, the writer is actually referring to DDR2. However, GDDR3 is a separate type of memory that is NOT the same as DDR3, and should never be confused with it.

 * On the same subject, a more recent edit has made a good-faith mistake and included the term "GDDR2" in the article, which I will promptly correct. Nottheking (talk) 01:35, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I reverted your GDDR2 to DDR2 change, GDDR2 was actually a variant of DDR used on a very limited amount of graphics cards (FX5800, FX5700U rev 1, Radeon 9800 GDDR2-edition). The current usage of GDDR is a misnomer though but not all manufacturers use it. --Denniss (talk) 07:11, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Is it possible for you to cite this? Actually, looking over some of the articles, I'm seeing a LOT that suddenly needs citations badly. There is no article (or sub-section of DDR SDRAM) to mention even the existence of "GDDR2," let alone any cited links; my own searching for the cards you mention do not name GDDR2; according to the articles I can find, the 9800 series uses plain DDR, the non-GDDR3 version of the FX 5700 Ultra uses DDR2, and the FX 5800 Ultra uses DDR2, as well. The links provided are merely an example of the number of ones I was able to readily dig up with Google; on them, I couldn't find any reference to a "GDDR2." In fact, the on a Google search for "GDDR2," with the exception of the #1 search result, (which is Wikipedia's own [DDR2 SDRAM] page) every single result I find... Was an example of the aforementioned misnomer. So if you have asource to cite, please put it, otherwise all the references will be liable for a lot of tags. Nottheking (talk) 15:50, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

The wii also has GDDR3 memory.
As per all available sources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.211.40.150 (talk) 22:29, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

sDDR3 versus gDDR3
I've come across mention of something called sddr3. "S" appears to mean standard or system. This is essentially chips of DDR3 ram meant for use in motherboards but are used instead on video card. The net result is a cheaper but slightly slower video card. Maybe we should include this in the article. Vmaldia (talk) 13:40, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * There's nothingl like sDDR3, newer low end cards use either standard DDR3 chips (or slower standard DDR2-chips) while medium range cards often use GDDR3 (DDR2-based, optimized for use on Graphics cards) and high-end cards use GDDR5. --Denniss (talk) 17:04, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Perhaps 'sDDR3' is being used as a retronym for what is properly simply called 'DDR3'. As far as I know, like what Denniss says, no video card manufacturer has ever used this term. If you can find an example where you saw this (be it a tech site, company site, online store, etc.) please provide a link. Historically, since the first introduction of DDR-SDRAM for use in video cards, they've used six different types of memory from three "families;" DDR being the first, with DDR2, GDDR3, and GDDR4 all being one "family" (in that GDDR3/4 are variants of DDR2) and finally DDR3 and GDDR5 as a third "family." (with the last being a variant/modification of DDR3) Each progressive increment in performance costs more than the grade below, (on a per-cell basis) so even as of 2010, some manufacturers still produce new cards that use even ordinary DDR, where reduced production (and hence sale) prices are more important than performance. There have been a few cases of DDR3 showing up in ATI Radeon cards, as evidenced by Anandtech discussing this change, as well as AMD's own specifications. To date, I've found no verifiable cases of 'ordinary' DDR3 showing up in NVIDIA GeForce cards. Nottheking (talk) 11:12, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Synchronous dynamic random-access memory which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:15, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:GDDR3 SDRAM


text:
Talk:Gregory Gymnasium

Pictures on the way
Next time I am down on that end of campus, I will be sure to take some pictures of the gym. Or I may get a fellow wikipedian from Jester to do so. -Scm83x 19:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gregory Gymnasium


text: User talk:70.179.117.128

title: User talk:70.179.117.128


text:
Desh Sevak Party

The Desh Sevak Party was a political party in India. It was led by veteran leaders of the Indian National Army, General Mohan Singh and Col. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon. In October 1949 it merged with the All India Forward Bloc. Singh became the Forward Bloc chairman of AIFB and Dhillon the general secretary.

title: Desh Sevak Party


text: Template:Strategic bombing during World War II


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arnold Park

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Arnold Park
Delete. Non-notable park, not even mentioned in the article Arnold, Maryland. No other article links to it. — Fingers-of-Pyrex 19:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. There isn't anything worth merging.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   20:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Livigno Alps

Untitled

 * mmm. where is the Rom river???--Adriano 19:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * in Val Müstair, see Rom River. Markussep 21:27, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * and can it be considered to be part of Livigno range? Looks a bit too far away to me, I daresay... Unless Pass dal Fuorn is considered to be part of Livigno range... --Adriano 21:58, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Hmm, that's a tricky point. Is the range south of Val Müstair part of the Livigno range or the Ortler range. The map on Southern Limestone Alps suggests the latter (Ortler). I'll have to look into that. Markussep 07:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * From the administrative point of view, Pass dal Fuorn is in Switzerland, thus not part of the municipality of Livigno, which is in Italy. Geographically it could be considered as such... The best thing could be having a map, just like for Southern Limestone Alps. Have you got any? --Adriano 08:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There is the map at Central Eastern Alps, if you look closely you see that the south-eastern tip of Switzerland is not included in area 20 (the Livigno range). The range is not limited to the municipality of Livigno, the mountains west of the village Livigno (incl. Piz Chaschauna), partly in Switzerland, are also included I think. We should find out what range the disputed peaks (Piz Murtaröl, Piz Schumbraida) are generally considered part of. Markussep 10:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

And you are right, there is a corner, between zones 20 and 16, which is not included in any area... For the records, Piz Caschauna (or Pizzo Cassana) IS part of the municipality of Livigno, at the border with Switzerland... --Adriano 13:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * From that map you linked, it seems that Livigno's range goes as far as Pass dal Fuorn...

title: Talk:Livigno Alps


text:
Talk:Jim Gray (terrorist)

This page is causing controversy and IMO would be better off deleted rather than being a redirect (it can still be watched), SqueakBox 19:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Gray (terrorist)


text:
Moshe Breslover

Moshe Breslover was the nickname given to Rabbi Moshe Lubarski (c. 1825 – 1890?), one of the closest disciples of Nathan of Breslov ("Reb Noson"), who in turn was the closest disciple of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. After Reb Noson's death in 1844, Lubarski became a leading figure in the Breslover community and taught many people, including Rabbi Shimshon Barski and Rabbi Yisroel Halpern.

Biography
According to Breslover tradition, Lubarski and his brother, Reb Zanvil, were born as a result of a blessing that Reb Noson gave to their childless mother. She & her husband took care of one of the mikvahs in the town of Breslov, Ukraine. They often provided warm water and towels for Reb Noson to use each night when he arose for Tikkun Chatzot (the Midnight Lament). During the 1830s, when opposition against Reb Noson flared in the town of Breslov, Reb Noson's opponents tried to stop the caretakers from assisting him. They refused, which led to a boycott of their mikvah and resultant financial loss. Lubarski's mother appealed for relief to Reb Noson. Unable to help her with money, Reb Noson offered her a blessing instead. When he heard that she & her husband were childless, he blessed them with children. Reb Moshe and Reb Zanvil were born thereafter.

Lubarski's faith in his mentor was so strong that he followed Reb Noson's guidance and teachings in all cases. Once his house was robbed, but instead of going out to find the thief, he repaired to the study hall, opened a copy of Reb Noson's Likutey Halachot, and began to study the laws and discourses on stealing. Soon afterward, his possessions were returned to him.

Lubarski settled in Tcherin, a small town in eastern Ukraine, after his marriage, where he conversed daily with Reb Avraham Ber, the grandson of Rebbe Nachman and a follower of Reb Noson. Once, Reb Avraham Ber's father-in-law asked to speak with Lubarski as well. Awestruck, Lubarski protested, "What can I say to you about serving God? You knew the Rebbe!" Reb Avraham Ber's father-in-law replied, "Believe me, you learned more about Rebbe Nachman through Reb Noson than I know even from Rebbe Nachman himself!"

title: Moshe Breslover


text:
European Patent Institute

The Institute of Professional Representatives before the European Patent Office, also known as European Patent Institute (epi), is a professional association of European patent attorneys and an international non-governmental public law corporation. It was founded on 21 October 1977 by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation by adopting the Regulation on the establishment of an institute of professional representatives before the European Patent Office. All European patent attorneys, i.e. all persons entitled to act as professional representatives before the EPO (by virtue of either the European qualifying examination or the provisions of ), are members of the institute. As of 2023, the institute has about 13,800 members across 39 member states.

The European Patent Institute publishes a quarterly journal, the epi Information.

title: European Patent Institute


text: User talk:164.116.12.11

title: User talk:164.116.12.11


text:
Aird

Aird may refer to:

People

 * Aird (surname), shared by several people

Northern Ireland

 * Aird, County Antrim, a townland

Scotland

 * Aird, Dumfries and Galloway
 * Aird, Inverness, a district of the county of Inverness
 * Aird, Lewis (Aird An Rubha) in the Outer Hebrides
 * Aird Asaig, Harris in the Outer Hebrides
 * Aird of Kinloch, Mull in the Inner Hebrides
 * Aird of Sleat, Skye in the Inner Hebrides
 * An Aird, an area of Fort William, Scotland, and a shinty park

title: Aird


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen John Sutton 2

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Stephen John Sutton
an article on thsi subject was previously deleted (see Articles for deletion/Stephen John Sutton), but this version seems noticeably different. It isn't as obvious of an attempt to plead this guy's case, but that's still what it is. R. fiend 19:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment You may wish to read User_talk:Andrevan prior to voting.
 * Delete sad but not notable.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   21:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please - it is not said that he was arrested. Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 23:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable (rather than on the appeal from Kate Gibbons on User_talk:Andrevan; if the subject were in fact notable, I would vote to keep and protect). MCB 00:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep if a more independent source of information can be provided within the article for the purposes of neutrality. Hall Monitor 20:41, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Sutton is notable for several reasons. It appears he was taken advantage of by drug traffickers due to his mental impairment. It's always remarkable when a person is arrested for trafficking drugs but has no drugs in their possession at the time of arrest. This nomination for deletion is coming from some people who are trying to bully and harass Cluse and Gibbons into using a particular foreign prisoner advocacy service, that being Foreign Prisoner Support Service. This is the same outfit which has been spamming their URL (http://foreignprisoners.com) all over the List of Australians in international prisons entry. It should also be noted that the person posting defamatory material about Kate Gibbons, while using the pseudonym "Robert Frost," and who claims to be from a UK based prisoner advocacy organisation, is posting from 144.131.198.139 (see http://www.dnsstuff.com/tools/whois.ch?ip=144.131.198.139). This IP is in a block assigned to Telstra in Brisbane, Australia, which unremarkably is the location of Kay Danes & Tony Fox of FPSS. FPSS are a fully unethical mob who will do anything to smear and defame prisoners and their families. The mere fact that anyone is trying to have this article pulled off of Wikipedia on any basis other than the facts related to Sutton's case should tell you that there's very good cause to keep it. --Diana Elgar 00:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep has (as pointed out elsewhere) had media attention and although maybe minor is notable. CambridgeBayWeather 00:40, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability. --fvw *  01:10, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * fvw, What is the Wikipedia standard for notability? --Diana Elgar 02:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See Notability and he would seem to fit under these rules. CambridgeBayWeather 06:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Hi CambridgeBayWeather, thanks for that. If notabilty in Wikipedia is synonymous with newsworthy then it appears that the issue at very least meets that test. Thanks, --Diana Elgar 08:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment Before voting, please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Stephen_John_Sutton for background information on why this article has been nominated for deletion so many times. --Diana Elgar 04:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please this person seems notable it reminds me of that movie maria full of grace Yuckfoo 04:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Needs work, but deletion is an over-reaction. Andjam 05:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that the article as I have written it is very thin. How much detail should be included? The main source of information available at this moment is http://stephensutton.com which was put online by Stephen's sister, Ann Cluse. Admittedly, it will be hard to get NPOV info from such a site, but at least the basic facts as they are known are covered in that site. Thanks, --Diana Elgar 08:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Should this article be labelled as a stub in its current form? --Diana Elgar 10:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Current article does not establish encyclopedic notability. Gamaliel 08:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Someone appealed to me on my talk page about this, but I have nothing to do with it and I have not taken a stance either way. Andre ( talk ) 05:24, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Would prefer year of birth instead of 41 year old, for obvious reasons. Alf melmac 10:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep one could argue that this article/bio is just as notable as Schapelle Corby, Michelle Leslie or all those other dumb asses who brought drugs in another country and expect to get away scat - free. Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 23:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Aird, Lewis

Aird (Àird an Rubha) is a village in the Scottish council area of Eileanan Siar (Western Isles). It is located on the Eye Peninsula on the east coast of the Isle of Lewis. Aird is within the parish of Stornoway, and is situated on the A866 near the northern end of the road.

There is a shop/post office. Until it closed in 2011, superseded by Point primary school, Aird Primary School served the local area including the villages of Portvoller, Portnaguran, Broker and Flesherin.

Aird is also the location of the annual Point Show, held in July each year.

title: Aird, Lewis


text:
Schrock

Schrock or Schröck is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Richard R. Schrock (born 1945), American professor at MIT and winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005
 * Schrock carbene, a chemical group named after the above
 * Ed Schrock (born 1941), American politician from Virginia
 * Ed Schrock (Nebraska politician) (born 1943), American politician from Nebraska
 * Max Schrock (born 1994), American baseball player
 * Raymond L. Schrock (1892–1950), American screenwriter
 * Stephan Schröck (born 1986), German-Filipino footballer

title: Schrock


text:
File:Throwmommafromthetrain.jpg

Fair use in Throw Momma from the Train
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Throwmommafromthetrain.jpg


text:
Miredo

Miredo is a Teredo tunneling client designed to allow full IPv6 connectivity to computer systems which are on the IPv4-based Internet but which have no direct native connection to an IPv6 network.

Miredo is included in many Linux and BSD  distributions and is also available for recent versions of Mac OS X. (Discontinued)

It includes working implementations of:

 * a Teredo client
 * a Teredo relay
 * a Teredo server

Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Miredo is free software.

title: Miredo


text: User talk:209.7.29.2

title: User talk:209.7.29.2


text:
User talk:Silensor/200510

Please leave a message at the end of the page.

Schoolwatch Association of Photographers
Hello Silensor. First allow me to thank you for all of the time and effort you have vested in creating and maintaining school related articles on Wikipedia. I am currently in the process of assembling a Schoolwatch photographers organization, and was wondering if you would be interested in joining by capturing schools within your area. Would you happen to have access to a digital camera? Bahn Mi 01:28, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the School VfD E-Mail
Thank you for spending so much time in keeping the school-related articles in Wikipedia, and for calling this user in wiki-break about the Maryville Middle School VfD. --Poli 13:12, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

New school articles
Great job on re-starting the new school articles list at schoolwatch. I just don't have time to keep the whole schoolwatch pages up to date. It really is as much as I can manage to keep the VfD portion current.--Nicodemus75 00:39, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi Tony. It appears that Special:Newpages has a backlog limit of 30 days. An astounding 53,233 new pages were created during that time. The reason I am contacting you is I wanted to validate your earlier work at Watch/schoolwatch/New, and ensure that nothing was overlooked. It was interesting to learn that between 2.0-3.5% of all new articles are school-specific articles, based upon the sample data accumulated so far. Are you aware of any sort of way to check all the pages created beyond the past 30 days? I am hashing out some shell and regex scripts to assist me in the processing of this data and wanted to give the September figures a double pass, if possible. Silensor 07:34, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't really think of a way of circumventing that limit. You can of course verify that the listed articles were started on the days in question, but it would be difficult to locate any other articles created at that time, without running a database query. I have the database skills, but wikisign seems to only allow queries on non-English wikipedias.

 * I think it's great that you're taking the trouble to do this work. Seeing the figures was one thing that convinced me that exclusionism on Wikipedia was unworkable, and that the unscaleable AfD is becoming irrelevant with the growth of Wikipedia. --Tony Sidaway Talk  11:54, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Dvyost RfA Thanks
Thanks for your support and very kind words on my RfA! Rest assured that I'll do my best to wield the mop with honor and righteousness. Cheers! --Dave 14:45, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Toko school
Unlocked, deleted and ready to rock. :) - Lucky 6.9 04:23, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Maybe I'm just hungry, but "Calf and Lamb Day" sounds like a good excuse to fire up the barbecue. Some corn on the cob, a couple of cold brewskis...yowzah! - Lucky 6.9 06:35, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Silensor/200510


text:
Talk:Bernard B. Fall

Untitled
Holy christ why are words like doctorate, 1952, citizenship, professor etc hyperlinked in tis article? There's so much blue it's unreadable.

 * It needs some rewriting to break it up into more readable sections - then the linking won't be quite so bad.  On the other hand, it does read quite well already (just not broken into sections) - possible copyvio? -- Medains 16:06, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, it's November 2022 ! I just removed a bunch of that retarded linkage, then came here to see the same complaint :) All good things take time ? We should have a vocabulary superior to that of a five-year-old, I'd think ... 2601:642:4200:E460:E54D:1C44:9D60:8575 (talk) 23:39, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Since it's October 2022, you shouldn't be using the "r" word as an all-purpose insult, IP! Gildir (talk) 04:30, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

On Vietnam
For scholars studying on Vietnam, books written by Paul Mus and Bernard B. Fall are unavoidable, Mus as orientalist and sociologist, while Fall worked as a political scientist.

Takima (talk) 19:10, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Austrian writer?
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discuter:Bernard_B._Fall#Pauvret.C3.A9_intellectuelle_affligeante

French Wikipedia is somehow quite poor with such categorization for a French citizen and French Army officer, even all Fall's work is in American English and published in the US.

Takima (talk) 15:08, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Early Life lack of citations
I am a fan of Fall, and I don't doubt that the section is more or less true, but there are zero citations for some fairly extraordinary claims. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.55.102.178 (talk) 04:07, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Death section inaccuracies?
Hello, I don't think Fall could have been accompanying the 1/9th Marines when he was killed - according to the 1/9th Wikipedia page, they were on Operation Prairie II in Quang Tri, not Thua Thien province, at the time Fall was killed. Another link said it was the 1/4th Marines that he was with, but I will keep reading and confirm. Rliu10304 (talk) 03:04, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * It was 1/9 Marines, look at the photo caption on the death photo. The fact the operation dates overlapped doesn't mean that one unit couldn't have participated in various phases of each of them. Mztourist (talk) 04:01, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, given the way the Marines in particular would parcel out companies from one battalion to another in the course of operations it's quite possible the majority of 1/9 Marines could have been involved in one operation with one (or more) of their companies serving elsewhere. And since the original comment's from 2015, it would appear further reading wasn't productive... Intothatdarkness 16:51, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

Trigger warning on photo of Fall being wounded
The picture is grisly! It should have a trigger warning! Hesweeney (talk) 23:16, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The English Wikipedia doesn't include trigger warnings or content warnings. See WP:TRIGGER and WP:DISCLAIM. Gildir (talk) 06:26, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernard B. Fall


text:
User talk:Eurofruit

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Eurofruit