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Nikon F-mount

The Nikon F-mount is a type of interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its 35mm format single-lens reflex cameras. The F-mount was first introduced on the Nikon F camera in 1959, and features a three-lug bayonet mount with a 44mm throat and a flange to focal plane distance of 46.5mm. The company continues, with the 2020 D6 model, to use variations of the same lens mount specification for its film and digital SLR cameras.

The Nikon F-mount successor is the Nikon Z-mount.

History
The Nikon F-mount is one of only two SLR lens mounts (the other being the Pentax K-mount) which were not abandoned by their associated manufacturer upon the introduction of autofocus, but rather extended to meet new requirements related to metering, autofocus, and aperture control. The large variety of F-mount compatible lenses makes it the largest system of interchangeable flange-mount photographic lenses in history. Over 400 different Nikkor lenses are compatible with the system. The F-mount is also popular in scientific and industrial applications, most notably machine vision. The F-mount has been in production for over 60 years, the only SLR lens mount with such longevity.

System of lenses
In addition to Nikon's own range of "Nikkor" lenses, brands of F-mount photographic lenses include Zeiss, Voigtländer, Schneider, Angénieux, Samyang, Sigma, Tokina, Tamron, Hartblei, Kiev-Arsenal, Lensbaby, and Vivitar. F-mount cameras include current models from Nikon, Fujifilm, Sinar, JVC, Kenko and Horseman. Numerous other manufacturers employ the F-mount in non-photographic imaging applications.

Compatibility
The F-mount has a significant degree of both backward and forward compatibility. Many current autofocus F-mount lenses can be used on the original Nikon F, and the earliest manual-focus F-mount lenses of the 1960s and early 1970s can, with some modification, still be used to their fullest on all professional-class Nikon cameras. Incompatibilities do exist, however, and adventurous F-mount users should consult product documentation in order to avoid problems. For example, many electronic camera bodies cannot meter without a CPU enabled lens; the aperture of G designated lenses cannot be controlled without an electronic camera body; non-AI lenses (manufactured prior to 1977) can cause mechanical damage to later model bodies unless they are modified to meet the AI specification; and AF-P lenses (introduced in 2016) will not focus, even manually, on cameras introduced before roughly 2013. Many manual focus lenses can be converted to allow metering with consumer Nikon bodies by adding a Dandelion chip to the lens.

Image circle
Most Nikon F-mount lenses cover a minimum of the standard 36×24mm area of 35mm format and the Nikon FX format, while DX designated lenses cover the 24×16mm area of the Nikon DX format, and industrial F-mount lenses have varying coverage. DX lenses may produce vignetting when used on film and FX cameras. However, Nikon lenses designed for film cameras will work on Nikon digital system cameras with the limitations noted above.

Mounting and control rings
F-mount lenses lock by turning counter-clockwise (when looking at the front of lens) and unlock clockwise. Nearly all F-mount lenses have zoom and focus controls that rotate in the clockwise direction (as viewed from behind the camera) to increase focal length and focus distance respectively. This convention is also used in Pentax K-mount and Sony A-mount lenses but is opposite of the direction normally used by Canon. F-mount lenses also typically have aperture rings that turn clockwise to close. The aperture rings have two sets of f-stop numbers. On cameras equipped with Nikon's Aperture Direct Readout (ADR) system, a small window under the pentaprism reads the smaller scale and displays the selected f-stop in the viewfinder.

Designations
Nikon has introduced many proprietary designations for F-mount Nikkor lenses, reflecting design variations and developments both in lenses and the F-mount itself. There are also "unofficial" designations used by collectors and dealers to differentiate similar lenses.

Pre-autofocus

Mounting a non-AI lens can damage many modern Nikon camera bodies. AI-cameras that still may use non-AI lenses includes the Nikon F2A/F2AS with Photomic A (DP-11) or AS (DP-12) finder, Nikon (Nikkormat) EL2, as well as Nikon FM and FE. In addition, the Nikon Df, a DSLR introduced in late 2013, can use non-AI lenses. The A lenses can be converted to the AI specification; see AI'd below.
 * A — Auto Nikkor (also unofficially F, Pre-AI, Non-AI or NAI) — Designation for the first generation of F-mount lenses, introduced in 1959. These were all single-coated, and meter coupling was provided by a prong (known as the Meter Coupling Prong) fixed to the lens's aperture ring. The Photomic T through-the-lens light meter introduced in 1965 worked at full aperture, so the maximum aperture of the lens had to be communicated to the meter via a manual setting on the ASA dial. The Nikkormat FTn and FTn metered finder for the Nikon F introduced semi-automatic aperture indexing which was achieved by mounting the lens with the aperture ring set to 5.6, and then turning the ring to first the minimum and then the maximum apertures. (The need for this step was eliminated by the AI system below.) Early versions are marked "Nippon Kogaku Japan" and have their focal lengths stated in centimetres, but models produced after about 1965 have focal lengths stated in millimetres. The "Nippon Kogaku Japan" engraving was replaced by "Nikon" from 1971 onwards.
 * T, Q, P, H, S, O, N, UD, QD, PD — Appears immediately before or after the "Nikkor" name on F-type lenses (see above), designating the number of optical elements in the design. Short for Tres (3), Quattuor (4), Penta (5), Hex (6), Septem (7), Octo (8), Novem (9), UnDecim (11), QuattuorDecim (14) and Penta-Decem (15). The terms Unus (1) and Bini (2) were also apparently designated, but never used. Terms P=Penta, H=Hexa, and PD=Penta-Decem (Greek root) were used (instead of Quinque, Sex, and QuinDecim) to avoid ambiguity with Quattuor, Septem and QuattuorDecim. This designation scheme was dropped with the introduction of "Modern" (K-type) Nikkors in 1974.
 * Auto — Designation for F-type lenses indicating an automatic diaphragm (aperture). Not to be confused with automatic exposure or auto focus, the designation fell out of use in the early 1970s and was not carried onto K-type lenses.
 * C — Indicates a multicoated F-type lens. Appears with an interpunct after the number of optical elements (in the form "Nikkor-X·C"). This designation was introduced in 1971 and discontinued in 1974 with the introduction of "Modern" (K-type) Nikkors, when multicoating had become standard practice.
 * K — "Modern" or "New" Nikkors introduced in 1974. While Pre-AI for compatibility purposes, K-type lenses introduced the new cosmetics that would be used from 1977 onwards for AI-type lenses (see below). The scalloped-metal focus rings were replaced with rubber grip insets, and the use of element number and coating designations was discontinued. The 'K' designation itself is believed to be derived from the Japanese "konnichi-teki", loosely translatable as "modern" or "contemporary".
 * AI — Manual focus with "Automatic Maximum-Aperture Indexing," introduced in 1977. The AI standard adds a Meter Coupling Ridge to the aperture ring, which encodes the current aperture setting relative to the maximum, and a Lens Speed Indexing Post on the mounting flange, which encodes the maximum aperture itself. The Ridge and Post couple to the camera's light meter. Lenses designated AI-S, Series E, and AF all include these features of AI. Current professional Nikon camera bodies link with the Meter Coupling Ridge, but the Lens Speed Indexing Post is ignored and the maximum aperture value is set electronically by the operator instead. AI-designated lenses also improved on the original Meter Coupling Prong, adding cutaways which allow more ambient light to fall on the aperture ring, increasing visibility on cameras which optically projected the setting inside the viewfinder.
 * AI'd — An unofficial designation for lenses converted partially (Meter Coupling Ridge only) or completely from non-AI to AI. This is accomplished by replacing the aperture ring and the metering prong (using a long-discontinued kit procured from Nikon) or by modifying the original part. Some independent camera repair technicians continue to offer such conversions.
 * AI-S — The successor to AI, the AI-S specification added two mechanical enhancements — standardized aperture control, and the Focal Length Indexing Ridge — required for the shutter priority and other auto-aperture exposure modes of the Nikon FA, F-301/N2000, and F-501/N2020 cameras (although the FA will operate correctly in shutter priority and program modes with any AI lens ). Later cameras did not require these features, and interoperate with AI and AI-S lenses identically. The term AI-S is now commonly used to refer to manual focus lenses, and Nikon continues to produce eight prime lens models in its AI-S line. All Nikon AF lenses with aperture rings (non-G) also meet the AI-S specification, except for their lack of a Meter Coupling Prong (which can be added). Visually, AI-S lenses can quickly be identified by the smallest aperture setting (usually f/22) being marked in orange,
 * Standardized aperture control. AI-S lens apertures move in a standardized fashion in relation to their stop-down levers. The levers of AI and pre-AI lenses were intended only to close the aperture to its manual setting. The advance of aperture control by the camera body itself, by partial actuation of the stop-down lever, meant more precision was required for consistent exposure. This feature is indicated by a Lens Type Signal notch in the lens mount. Note that despite popular misconception, the F4 is NOT capable of engaging P and S auto-exposure modes with non-CPU lenses
 * Focal Length Indexing Ridge. AI-S lenses with a focal length of 135mm or longer are indicated by a ridge on the lens mount, used by FA and F-501 to engage high-speed-biased Program Autoexposure.

Electromechanical and data communication
Fully AF-P compatible without any firmware update are the Nikon D850, D500, D7500, D5600, D3400, D3500, Nikon-1 series with FT1 adapter and newer DSLR cameras. The Nikon Z-mount cameras with FTZ adapter are also fully compatible. Fully AF-P compatible after update are the Nikon D5, D5500 and D5300. After update the following cameras lack a software VR-switch: D4S, D4, D810, D810A, D800, D800E, D750, D610, D600, Df, D7200, D7100 and D3300 – if the lens includes no physical VR-switch, VR is always on. Additionally they lack "Manual focus ring in AF mode", the manual override of autofocus. The Nikon D3X, D3S, D3, D700, D300, D300S, D7000 and D2XS operate only AF-P FX lenses with additionally restrictions that after a reactivation from the standby mode a (quick) automatic or manual refocusing must take place as the focus is reset to infinity as they wake up. To avoid this, the standby time may be set in the camera for a longer time or "Unlimited". The D5200 works with DX and FX lenses, but additionally displays a "Lens not attached" message if a lens lock switch was activated when the camera is turned on. The AF-P focus motor will not work with all Nikon film cameras and D1 to other D2 series, D200, D100, D5100, D5000, D90, D80, D70 series, D3200, D3100, D3000, D60, D50, D40 and D40X. Standard is VR = on and focus to infinity with all cameras only supporting E-type lenses. Not to be confused with old AI-P "Program" (CPU) lenses.
 * AF — The original autofocus designation, indicating focus driven by a motor inside the camera body. All AF lenses have an integrated CPU (microprocessor). Used in the form "AF Nikkor", this should not be confused with the original autofocus lenses for the F3AF camera, which were designated "AF-Nikkor" and are considered predecessors to AF-I lenses.
 * AF-N — Indicates the "New" version of an AF lens. The change from plastic focus rings on early AF lenses to the a new "rubber inset focus ring" (RIFR) is often indicated by the AF-N designation. Introduced in 1990.
 * AF-I — Autofocus-Internal. Driven by a coreless DC motor. Used only in long telephoto lenses (300 mm 2.8 through 600 mm 4.0). Introduced in 1992.
 * AF-D — Designation for an AF lens (as above) with "D" functionality (see "D" below). Introduced in 1992.
 * AF-S — Autofocus-Silent. Uses a "Silent Wave Motor" (SWM) (ultrasonic motor) to focus quietly and quickly. Similar to Canon's "USM" technology. Introduced in 1996.
 * AF-P — Autofocus using a stepper motor. First F-Mount lens in 2015 after being introduced 2011 in the Nikon 1-mount. All DX AF-P lenses omit the physical AF/MF switch — those with Vibration Reduction (VR) omit the VR-switch.
 * CPU — Central Processing Unit. The lens is fitted with electrical contacts for digital communication with the camera. All AF and AI-P lenses are CPU lenses. Some non-professional Nikon cameras require CPU lenses for metered operation. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names.
 * D — Distance. Indicated after the f-number in the name, and also occasionally designated AF-D. The integrated CPU electronically communicates focus distance information, which is incorporated into the camera's exposure calculations in 3D Matrix Metering mode, and also D-TTL and I-TTL flash autoexposure. All AF-I, AF-S, G-type and E-type lenses are also D-type.
 * E — Electromagnetic diaphragm. The aperture diaphragm of an E lens is controlled digitally by the camera, and actuated electromagnetically by a system housed within the lens, rather than employing the F-mount's traditional mechanical diaphragm linkage. This system first appeared in certain Perspective Control lenses, designated PC-E (with designs that preclude a mechanical linkage). E-type lenses aperture control is only supported by all DSLRs with CMOS image sensor except the Nikon D90. The Nikon Z-mount cameras with FTZ adapter are also fully compatible. For all other cameras the lens aperture stays maximum open with normal autofocus and metering. E Lenses with manual aperture control like PC-E lenses allow manual diaphragm operation on all cameras, with possible unreliable metering on DSLRs without E-type support. Otherwise E lenses are similar to G lenses. Not to be confused with old AI Series E lenses.
 * G — Designation for lenses without an aperture ring, indicated after the f-number in the name. G lenses retain the mechanical diaphragm coupling of other Nikkors, but the aperture setting can only be controlled by the camera body. All Nikon DSLRs and the film autofocus bodies with command dials are capable of controlling G lenses. Older film autofocus bodies will work with G lenses in shutter priority and program modes with full opened aperture. Some recent G lenses feature a weatherproofing gasket around the mounting flange. G lenses otherwise have the same characteristics as D lenses.
 * P or AI-P — "AI with Program." CPU-enabled variation of AI-S. Includes only the 45/2.8P, 500/4P and 1200-1700/5.6-8P Nikkor lenses. Zeiss ZF.2 and Voigtländer SL II lenses are also AI-P designs, although they are not designated as such. Not to be confused with early lenses marked "Nikkor-P" meaning a 5-element lens (see pre-autofocus designations above).

Optical design

 * Aspherical — Aspheric lens elements. Also Hybrid used: Thin molded aspheric elements coupled to a conventional glass element. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names.
 * CRC — Close Range Correction. Improved performance at close focus distances. Achieved by internal focus movements that move differently relative to the movement of the other focusing elements. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names.
 * DC — Defocus Control. DC lenses have a separate control ring for spherical aberration, which affects primarily the appearance of out-of-focus areas, also known as bokeh. At extreme settings, DC lenses can generate an overall soft-focus effect. Includes only the AF DC-Nikkor 105mm 2D and AF DC-Nikkor 135mm 2D.
 * ED — "Extra-low Dispersion" glass incorporated to reduce chromatic aberration. Lenses using ED elements usually carry a gold ring around the barrel to indicate the fact (although on some low-end lenses gold foil is used instead), and older lenses were also marked "NIKKOR✻ED". In addition to normal ED glass, "Super ED" glass is used in some lenses.
 * FL — Fluorite. Designates a lens which includes one or more elements constructed of fluorite instead of glass. Currently includes the AF-S 800mm f/5.6E FL ED VR, available since 2013, the AF-S 400mm f/2.8E FL ED VR, available since 2014, the AF-S 500mm f/4E FL ED VR and AF-S 600mm f/4E FL ED VR, available since 2015, and the AF-S 70-200mm f/2.8E FL ED VR, available since 2016.
 * GN — Guide Number. Assists in flash exposure on cameras without automatic flash metering. The flash's guide number is set on the lens, and the aperture is accordingly coupled to the lens's focus ring for correct exposure. The only GN lens, the supercompact GN Auto Nikkor (it was the second smallest Nikon F-mount lens ever made), was built during the late 1960s and early 1970s. An updated variant with a lens hood was made through the 1990's alongside the FM3a.
 * HRI — High refractive index elements. Contains elements with a refractive index >2. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names.
 * IF — Internal Focus. Focusing is accomplished through the movement of internal lens groups, eliminating extension and rotation of the front lens element, allowing focus to be driven quickly by a small motor. IF lenses also allow the use of a polarizing filter without the need to readjust it after focus.
 * Micro — Micro-Nikkor lenses are capable of high reproduction ratios, typically 1:2 or 1:1, for macro photography. Industrial Nikkor lenses designed for greater than 1:1 reproduction are, in contrast, labeled Macro-Nikkor. The first Micro-Nikkor lenses were created for producing microforms of Kanji text.
 * N — Indicates the Nano Crystal Coat, a relatively new type of lens coating that originated in Nikon's semiconductor division. Lenses with this coating feature the logo of an "N" inside an elongated hexagon on the name plate.
 * NIC — Nikon Integrated Coating, a proprietary multicoating. Appears in specifications but not lens names.
 * PC — Perspective Control. Lens features shift movements (and also tilt movements on some models) to control perspective and depth-of-field. Newer PC lenses are designated PC-E (see designation E above). Not to be confused with early lenses marked "Nikkor-P·C" meaning a five-element coated lens (see pre-autofocus designations above).
 * PF — Phase Fresnel. To counteract chromatic aberration.  It replaces several lens elements, thus reducing the size and weight of a lens.
 * Reflex — Designates a catadioptric (mirror) lens.
 * RF — Rear Focusing. Quite similar to internal focusing. Focusing is accomplished through the movement of rear lens groups, eliminating extension and rotation of the front lens element, allowing focus to be driven quickly by a small motor. RF lenses also allow the use of a polarizing filter without the need to readjust it after focus.
 * SIC — Super Integrated Coating, a proprietary multicoating. Appears in specifications but not lens names.
 * UV — Lenses designed for imaging ultraviolet light.
 * VR — Vibration Reduction. Uses a moving optical group to reduce the photographic effects of camera shake. Some VR lenses also support a panning mode, detecting horizontal movement of the lens and minimizing only vertical vibration. The second generation of VR is called VR II, which is designed to offer another 1-stop advantage over original VR, but lenses with this feature are still designated simply "VR."

Alternate product lines

 * DX — Lens designed for the smaller Nikon DX format. All Nikon FX format (35mm full-frame) cameras detect DX lenses and automatically use a cropped DX compatible image sensor area. Vignetting may occur if used on a 35mm format film camera or a manually selected DSLR full-frame mode, although some DX lenses cover the full 135 frame at longer focal lengths.
 * IX — Lenses designed for use with the now-defunct Pronea APS SLR. These are all autofocus zoom lenses. They are not compatible with cameras outside of the Pronea system unless mirror lock-up is used
 * Series E — A line of eight lower-cost lenses manufactured during the 1980s for Nikon's amateur SLRs. They sacrificed some construction quality and employed simpler but often surprisingly good optical designs. Early Series E lenses were built to the AI specification. Later Series E lenses were upgraded to the AI-S specification, and are identifiable by a metal ring on the barrel. None of this family of lenses were branded Nikkor, instead carrying the text "Nikon Lens Series E." Not to be confused with E - type autofocus and electromagnetic diaphragm lenses.

Esoteric

 * Bellows — Lens designed exclusively for use on a bellows unit, primarily for macro photography. Also called short mount. Since some Nikon bellows allow for a front rise, they allow a limited variety of lenses to be used similarly to a PC lens (see Optical design above).
 * Fisheye-Nikkor — Lenses producing either a circular image on the film plane/imager or a partially circular image. Can be as wide as 220° or typically 180°.  Fisheye lenses are based upon an equidistant projection formula, or an orthographic projection (OP).
 * LW — Amphibian lens.  Produced for Nikonos system, featuring a Nikonos lens mount, waterproof, but not designed for underwater use.  Ideal for surfers, speleologists.
 * Medical — Nikkor designation for a macro lens with a built-in ring light strobe system, designed for clinical and scientific applications.
 * Noct — "Night." Specialty low-light lens designed for maximum sharpness at the widest aperture setting. The name has been applied to the Noct-Nikkor 58mm 1.2 and the Nikkor Z 58mm 0.95 S Noct.
 * OP — Orthographic Projection. A fisheye lens that produces an orthographic rather than the equidistant image used on other fisheye lenses. This is useful for measuring the amount of sky blocked by a building or object. This maintains the same brightness in the image as in the object, with no falloff at the edges.
 * UW — Underwater lenses. Produced for the Nikonos systems.

Manual-focus prime lenses

 * 6mm 2.8 Circular Fisheye (220°)
 * 6mm 5.6 Circular Fisheye (220°) (requires MLU)
 * 7.5mm 5.6 Circular Fisheye (requires MLU)
 * 8mm 2.8 Circular Fisheye
 * 8mm 8.0 Circular Fisheye (requires MLU)
 * 10mm 5.6 OP Circular Fisheye (requires MLU)
 * 13mm 5.6
 * 15mm 3.5
 * 15mm 5.6
 * 16mm 2.8 Full Frame Fisheye (180°)
 * 16mm 3.5 Full Frame Fisheye (170°)
 * 18mm 4.0
 * 18mm 3.5
 * 20mm 1.8
 * 20mm 2.8
 * 20mm 3.5 UD
 * 20mm 3.5
 * 20mm 4.0
 * 21mm 4.0 (requires MLU)
 * 24mm 2.0
 * 24mm 2.8
 * 28mm 2.0
 * 28mm 2.8
 * 28mm 3.5
 * 35mm 1.4
 * 35mm 2.0
 * 35mm 2.8
 * 45mm 2.8 GN
 * 45mm 2.8 P
 * 50mm 1.2
 * 50mm 1.4
 * 50mm 1.8
 * 50mm 2.0
 * 55mm 1.2
 * 58mm 1.2 Noct
 * 58mm 1.4
 * 85mm 1.4
 * 85mm 1.8
 * 85mm 2.0
 * 105mm 1.8
 * 105mm 2.5
 * 105mm 4.0 (pre-set)
 * 120mm 4.0 IF Medical
 * 135mm 2.0
 * 135mm 2.8
 * 135mm 3.5
 * 180mm 2.8 ED
 * 200mm 2.0 ED-IF
 * 200mm 4.0 Q
 * 200mm 4.0
 * 200mm 5.6 Medical
 * 300mm 2.0 ED-IF
 * 300mm 2.8 ED (pre-set)
 * 300mm 2.8 ED-IF
 * 300mm 4.5 P
 * 300mm 4.5 H
 * 300mm 4.5 ED
 * 300mm 4.5 ED-IF
 * 400mm 2.8 ED-IF
 * 400mm 3.5 ED-IF
 * 400mm 4.5 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit)
 * 400mm 5.6 ED
 * 400mm 5.6 ED-IF
 * 500mm 4.0 P ED-IF
 * 500mm 5.0 Reflex
 * 500mm 8.0 Reflex
 * 600mm 4.0 ED-IF
 * 600mm 5.6 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit)
 * 600mm 5.6 ED (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit)
 * 600mm 5.6 ED-IF
 * 800mm 5.6 ED-IF
 * 800mm 8.0 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit)
 * 800mm 8.0 ED (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit)
 * 800mm 8.0 ED-IF
 * 1000mm 6.3 Reflex
 * 1000mm 11.0 Reflex
 * 1200mm 11.0 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit)
 * 1200mm 11.0 ED (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit)
 * 1200mm 11.0 ED-IF
 * 2000mm 11.0 Reflex

Micro

 * 45mm 2.8 ED PC-E Micro
 * 55mm 2.8 Micro
 * 55mm 3.5 Micro
 * 55mm 4.0 UV Micro (prototype only)
 * 85mm 2.8D PC Micro
 * 85mm 2.8D PC-E Micro
 * 105mm 4.5 UV Micro
 * 105mm 4.0 (bellows lens)
 * 105mm 4.0 Micro
 * 105mm 2.8 Micro
 * 135mm 4.0 (bellows lens)
 * 200mm 4.0 IF Micro

Manual-focus zoom lenses

 * 25–50mm 4.0
 * 28–45mm 4.5
 * 28–50mm 3.5 Macro
 * 28–85mm 3.5-4.5 Macro
 * 35–70mm 3.5
 * 35–70mm 3.5 Macro
 * 35–70mm 3.3-4.5
 * 35–70mm 3.5-4.8
 * 35–85mm 2.8-4.0 (prototype only)
 * 35–105mm 3.5-4.5 Macro
 * 35–135mm 3.5-4.5
 * 35–200mm 3.5-4.5 Macro
 * 43–86mm 3.5
 * 50–135mm 3.5 Macro
 * 50–300mm 4.5
 * 50–300mm 4.5 ED
 * 70–210 mm 4.5-5.6
 * 80–200 mm 2.8 ED
 * 80–200 mm 4.0
 * 80–200 mm 4.5
 * 85–250mm 4.0-4.5
 * 100–300mm 5.6 Macro
 * 180–600mm 8.0 ED
 * 200–400mm 4.0 ED
 * 200–600mm 9.5
 * 360–1200mm 11.0 ED
 * 1200–1700mm 5.6-8.0 P ED-IF

Series E lenses

 * 28mm 2.8
 * 35mm 2.5
 * 50mm 1.8
 * 100mm 2.8
 * 135mm 2.8
 * 36–72mm 3.5
 * 70–210 mm 4.0
 * 75–150mm 3.5

Perspective control (PC) lenses
Nikon PC lenses, like other perspective control lenses, offer adjustments that duplicate certain view camera movements. The 28mm and 35mm PC lenses support shifting the lens in relation to the film or sensor plane, while Nikon's 19mm, 24mm, 45mm, and 85mm PC-E lenses also support tilting.

Nikon currently offers four different PC lenses for sale: the four PC-E Nikkors (2008 and 2016), and the 85mm PC-Nikkor (1999). The 45mm and 85mm "Micro" lenses offer close focus (0.5 magnification) for macrophotography. The PC-E lenses (the "E" designates an electromagnetic diaphragm) offer automatic aperture control with all DSLRs with CMOS image sensor except the Nikon D90. With earlier DSLRs and all "analog" film camera models, a PC-E lens operates like a PC lens. The PC Micro-Nikkor 85mm 2.8D lens offers only preset aperture control, actuated mechanically by pressing a plunger.

History
In July 1962, Nikon released the first interchangeable perspective-control lens available for a single-lens reflex camera, the 35mm 3.5 PC-Nikkor. This was followed in 1968 by a redesigned 35mm 2.8 PC-Nikkor in which the shifting portion of the lens was further from the camera's body, in order to clear the new "Photomic" meters. The last optical redesign of this 35mm lens was released in 1980.

The 35mm PC-Nikkor did not meet the need of photographers for a wider-angle lens, so in July 1975 Nikon released the 28mm 4 PC-Nikkor. In February 1981 Nikon released an improved version of this lens, the 28mm 3.5 PC-Nikkor, with a new optical design. This was the last of the completely manual PC-Nikkors to be offered.

Specifications

 * Notes

FX format primes

 * 14mm 2.8D ED AF
 * 16mm 2.8D AF Full Frame Fisheye
 * 18mm 2.8D AF
 * 20mm 1.8G ED AF-S N
 * 20mm 2.8 AF
 * 20mm 2.8D AF
 * 24mm 1.4G ED AF-S N
 * 24mm 1.8G ED AF-S N
 * 24mm 2.8 AF
 * 24mm 2.8D AF
 * 28mm 1.4D AF Aspherical
 * 28mm 1.4E ED N
 * 28mm 1.8G AF-S N
 * 28mm 2.8 AF
 * 28mm 2.8D AF
 * 35mm 1.4G AF-S N
 * 35mm 1.8G ED AF-S
 * 35mm 2.0 AF
 * 35mm 2.0D AF
 * 50mm 1.4 AF
 * 50mm 1.4D AF
 * 50mm 1.8 AF
 * 50 mm 1.8D AF
 * 50mm 1.4G AF-S
 * 50mm 1.8G AF-S
 * 58mm 1.4G AF-S N
 * 80mm 2.8 AF (F3AF dedicated)
 * 85mm 1.4D AF
 * 85mm 1.4G AF-S N
 * 85mm 1.8 AF
 * 85mm 1.8D AF
 * 85mm 1.8G AF-S
 * 105mm 1.4E AF-S ED
 * 105mm 2.0D AF DC
 * 135mm 2.0 AF DC
 * 135mm 2.0D AF DC
 * 180mm 2.8 ED-IF AF
 * 180mm 2.8D ED-IF AF
 * 200mm 3.5 ED-IF AF (F3AF dedicated)
 * 300mm 4 ED-IF AF
 * 300mm 4D ED-IF AF-S
 * 300mm 2.8 ED-IF AF
 * 300mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-I
 * 300mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S
 * 300mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S II
 * 400mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-I
 * 400mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S
 * 400mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S II
 * 500mm 4D ED-IF AF-I
 * 500mm 4D ED-IF AF-S
 * 500mm 4D ED-IF AF-S II
 * 500mm 5.6E PF ED AF-S VR
 * 600mm 4D ED-IF AF-I
 * 600mm 4D ED-IF AF-S
 * 600mm 4D ED-IF AF-S II
 * 55mm 2.8 AF Micro
 * 60mm 2.8 AF Micro
 * 60mm 2.8D AF Micro
 * 60mm 2.8D AF-S G Micro N
 * 105mm 2.8D AF Micro
 * 200mm 4D ED-IF AF Micro
 * 105 mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR Micro N
 * 200mm 2G ED-IF AF-S VR
 * 200mm 2G ED-IF AF-S VR II N
 * 200–400mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR
 * 200–400mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR II N
 * 300mm 4E PF ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 300mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR
 * 300mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR II N
 * 400mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 400mm 2.8E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 500mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 500mm 4E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 600mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 600mm 4E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 800mm 5.6E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N
 * 800mm 5.6E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N

DX format primes

 * 10.5 mm 2.8G ED AF DX Fisheye
 * 35 mm 1.8G AF-S DX
 * 40mm 2.8G AF-S DX Micro-Nikkor
 * 85mm Micro-Nikkor 3.5G ED AF-S VR DX

FX format zooms

 * 14–24mm 2.8G ED AF-S N
 * 17–35 mm 2.8 ED-IF AF-S
 * 18–35mm 3.5-4.5D ED-IF AF
 * 18–35mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S
 * 20–35mm 2.8D IF
 * 24–50mm 3.3-4.5 AF
 * 24–50mm 3.3-4.5D AF
 * 24–70mm 2.8G ED AF-S N
 * 24–85mm 2.8-4D IF AF
 * 24–85mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S
 * 24–120mm 3.5-5.6D AF
 * 28–70mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S
 * 28–70mm 3.5-4.5D AF
 * 28-80 mm 3.5-5.6D AF
 * 28–80 mm 3.3-5.6G AF
 * 28–85mm 3.5-4.5 AF
 * 28–100mm 3.5-5.6G AF
 * 28–105mm 3.5-4.5D AF
 * 28–200mm 3.5-5.6D IF AF
 * 28–200mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF
 * 35–70mm 2.8 AF
 * 35–70mm 2.8D AF
 * 35–70 mm 3.3-4.5 AF
 * 35–80mm 4-5.6D AF
 * 35–105mm 3.5-4.5 AF
 * 35–105mm 3.5-4.5D IF AF
 * 35–135mm 3.5-4.5 AF
 * 55–200mm f/4-5.6G IF-ED Lens
 * 70–210 mm 4 AF
 * 70–210 mm 4-5.6 AF
 * 70–210 mm 4-5.6D AF
 * 70–300 mm 4-5.6D AF
 * 70–300 mm 4-5.6D ED AF
 * 70–300 mm 4-5.6G AF
 * 75–240mm 4.5-5.6D AF
 * 75–300mm 4.5-5.6 AF
 * 80–200mm 2.8 ED AF
 * 80–200mm 2.8D ED AF II
 * 80–200 mm 2.8D ED AF III
 * 80–200 mm 2.8D ED AF-S
 * 80–200mm 4.5-5.6D AF
 * 70–180mm 4.5-5.6 ED AF-D Micro (the only macro zoom lens for 35mm format)

 * 16–35mm 4G ED AF-S VR N
 * 24–70mm 2.8E ED AF-S VR N
 * 24–85mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S VR
 * 24–120mm 3.5-5.6G AF-S VR
 * 24–120mm 4G ED AF-S VR
 * 28–300mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR
 * 70–200mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR
 * 70–200 mm f/2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR II
 * 70–200 mm f/2.8E FL ED VR
 * 70–200mm 4G ED AF-S VR
 * 70–300 mm 4.5-5.6G IF-ED AF-S VR
 * 80–400mm 4.5-5.6D ED AF VR
 * 80–400mm 4.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR N
 * 120–300 mm 2.8E FL ED SR AF-S VR
 * 180–400 mm 4E TC1.4 FL ED AF-S VR
 * 200–400 mm 4G IF-ED VR
 * 200–400 mm 4G ED VR II
 * 200–500mm 5.6E AF-S ED VR

DX format zooms

 * 10–20 mm f/4.5–5.6G AF-P VR DX
 * 10–24mm 3.5-4.5 ED AF-S DX
 * 12–24 mm 4G ED-IF AF-S DX
 * 16–85 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S DX
 * 17–55mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S DX
 * 18–55 mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S DX
 * 18–55 mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S II DX
 * 18–70 mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S DX
 * 18–135mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S DX
 * 55–200 mm 4-5.6G ED AF-S DX
 * 70-300mm f/4.5-6.3G ED AF-P DX
 * 16–80 mm 2.8–4E AF-S VR DX
 * 16–85mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR DX
 * 18–55 mm 3.5-5.6G AF-S VR DX
 * 18–55mm 3.5-5.6G AF-S VR DX II
 * 18-105mm 3.5-5.6G ED VR
 * 18-140mm 3.5-5.6G ED VR
 * 18–200 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S VR DX
 * 18–200 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S VR DX II
 * 18-300 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S VR DX
 * 18–300mm 3.5-6.3G ED AF-S VR DX
 * 55–200 mm 4-5.6G ED AF-S VR DX
 * 55–300mm 4.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR DX
 * 70-300mm f/4.5-6.3G ED AF-P VR DX

Lenses with integrated autofocus motors
Nikkor lenses designated AF-S, AF-I and AF-P have integrated autofocus motors, but other manufacturers included in the list do not designate it as clearly. These lenses are needed for autofocus on certain newer low-end Nikon cameras which lack an autofocus motor. Without autofocus motor are the Nikon D40, D40X, D60, D3xxx (most recent: D3500), D5xxx (most recent: D5600), the Nikon 1 series with FT1 adapter and the Nikon Z-mount cameras with FTZ adapter.

Teleconverters

 * TC-1 (2.0x)
 * TC-2 (2.0x)
 * TC-200 (2.0x)
 * TC-300 (2.0x)
 * TC-201 (2.0x)
 * TC-301 (2.0x)
 * TC-14 (1.4x)
 * TC-14A (1.4x)
 * TC-14B (1.4x)
 * TC-14C (1.4x) (supplied exclusively with Nikkor 300mm f/2 Ai-S IF-ED)
 * TC-16 (1.6x) (F3AF only)
 * TC-16A (1.6x)
 * TC-20E (2.0x)
 * TC-14E (1.4x)
 * TC-14E II (1.4x)
 * TC-14E III (1.4x)
 * TC-17E II (1.7x)
 * TC-20E II (2.0x)
 * TC-20E III (2.0x)
 * TC800-1.25E ED (1.25x) (supplied exclusively with Nikkor AF-S 800mm f/5.6 FL ED-IF VR N)

Zeiss ZF
Zeiss ZF series lenses are manual-focus designs Nikon AI-S type aperture indexing. They are manufactured by Cosina to Zeiss specifications.

Four design variations are designated ZF, ZF.2, ZF-I, and ZF-IR.

ZF is the original product line. ZF.2 lenses are CPU-enabled (similar to Nikon AI-P lenses) offering full metering compatibility with the full range of AF Nikon SLR cameras. ZF-I lenses add mechanical locks for focus and aperture, and additional environmental sealing, for industrial applications. ZF-IR lenses are adapted to infrared imaging, with coatings that transmit wavelengths up to 1100 nm, and focus scales marked for infrared.

Zeiss CP.2
CP.2 lenses are a series of Zeiss "CompactPrime" cinema lenses which present F-mount as one of three mounting options. The lenses cover the 36×24 mm area of the 35mm format or Nikon FX format, and lenses 28 mm and longer share a common T-stop (T/) of 2.1.

Kiev-Arsenal

 * MC TS Arsat 35mm 2.8 Tilt Shift
 * MC Peleng 8mm 3.5
 * MC Peleng 17mm 2,8
 * MC Arsat-H 50mm 1,4
 * MC ZOOM Arsat-M 80-200mm 4,5
 * MC Kalejnar-5H 100mm 2.8
 * APO Arsat-H 300mm 2,8

Angénieux

 * 28–70 mm 2.6 AF
 * 35–70 mm 2.5-3.3
 * 70–210 mm 3.5
 * 180 mm 2.3 DEM APO
 * 200 mm 2.8 DEM ED

Schneider Kreuznach

 * PC Super-Angulon 28 mm 2.8
 * PC-TS Super-Angulon 50 mm 2.8 HM
 * PC-TS Makro-Symmar 90 mm 4.0 HM

Compatible cameras

 * Nikon "F", "N", and "D" series SLR cameras.
 * Nikkormat (Nikomat in Japan) "F" and "EL" series SLR cameras.
 * Nikon 1 series with FT1 adapter
 * Nikon Z series with FTZ adapter
 * Fujifilm SLRs based on Nikon bodies, including:
 * FinePix S1 Pro
 * FinePix S2 Pro
 * FinePix S3 Pro
 * FinePix S5 Pro
 * Canon M15P-CL Industrial Camera
 * Kodak SLRs DCS series based on Nikon bodies, including:
 * Kodak DCS-100
 * Kodak DCS-200
 * Kodak NC2000 / NC2000e
 * Kodak DCS 315 / 330
 * Kodak DCS-410
 * Kodak DCS-420
 * Kodak DCS-460
 * Kodak DCS 620 / 620x
 * Kodak DCS 660 / 660M
 * Kodak DCS 720x
 * Kodak DCS 760
 * Kodak DCS Pro 14n
 * Kodak DCS Pro 14nx
 * Kodak DCS Pro SLR/n
 * Medium-format systems
 * Horseman DigiWide camera
 * Sinar "m" system (using 35mm Mirror Module)
 * OpenReflex
 * Video cameras
 * edgertronic SC1 high speed video camera
 * JVC JY-HMQ30 (4K resolution)
 * Red One digital video camera (using Red F-mount)
 * Camera-like "adapters"
 * Redrock M2
 * Letus Extreme
 * Shoot35 SGpro
 * P+S Technik Mini35
 * Movietube
 * Kiev Arsenal
 * Kiev 17
 * Kiev 19
 * Kiev 19M
 * Kiev 20
 * Ricoh Singlex (a.k.a. Sears SLII)

title: Nikon F-mount


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Quinn (disambiguation)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980My RfA 22:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

David Quinn (disambiguation)
David Quinn is now a redirect to Quinn, where most (all?) Wikipedia's Quinns are listed alphabetically, including both of these names Wetman 10:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * David Quinn should, and does, redirect to here. (For the relationship between disambiguations for the family name and individual disambiguations for specific family+given names, see Johnson and its relationship with Bob Johnson, David Johnson, Jack Johnson, and so forth.) This is a quite normal disambiguation article for two articles that each, if the other did not exist, would have the title David Quinn. Keep. Uncle G 21:44, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, disambiguation page. Hall Monitor 20:36, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per above --New Progressive 20:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Images of castles

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Consensus, Kept. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 17:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Images of castles, Images of Crystal Palace
From WP:NOT: Wikipedia articles are not collections of photographs or media files with no text to go with the articles. Coffee 10:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for both, perhaps one or two of the best Crystal Palace images should be merged into The Crystal Palace Keithlard 15:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Images of castles. I once had a picture of a castle in my mind but no other information.  I was able to use this page to find it, identify the name, and go to the page for more information.  It worked out really well and without this page I would have had a hard time finding the name.  Think of the pictoral listing as a visual index which has a great deal power in terms of locating the appropriate wikipedia page when the name is not known.  Also, I do not see the lack of text in the article as a problem since the raw list of images serves the purpose very well.  Hilmar 17:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Are these all already located at Wikimedia Commons? It seems a shame to waste them, but clearly they aren't in accord with Wikipedia policy.  Delete, with regrets.--Scimitar parley 18:18, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the problem identified by the nominator is not that the creator of the article put the castle pictures in Wikipedia, but that the article contains only pictures, no text. Crypticfirefly 04:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the pages: Wikipedia is not an image gallery. Any images that are under a free license should be moved to Commons. --Carnildo 21:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Some very well-known castles here, and some excellent pictures. This is a nice resource, and serves Wikipedia far better than pages and pages of nonsensical school articles. Denni ☯ 01:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I disagree that this is a "collection of photographs or media files" as contemplated by WP:NOT.  It is a visual index of castles as Hilmar noted, and it is catagorized by country. Crypticfirefly 04:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)  I should add, my vote for Keep particularly applies to the Images of Castles article. The Images of Crystal Palace do seem to fall more into the "collection of photographs" description.  They should be moved to Commons as suggested by Carnildo.  These articles really are very different and it only causes confusion to vote on both of them in the same vote. Crypticfirefly 04:10, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I contributed several of the photos of castles and would have no regrets if this were moved to Commons. Provided the licenses are appropriate, Commons is the best place for collections like these, and has an article, commons:Castle, that is very similar. Castle already links to it. Fg2 05:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Commons is a Wikimedia project, just as Wikipedia is, and Wikimedia has identified Commons as the place to put photos and galleries. WP can link to Commons and Commons can link to WP. Additionally, Commons can have captions in multiple languages. So, an article like this can serve a wider audience than the English Wikipedia's article. Fg2 05:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no one is suggesting deleting the images, but a page that just contains images clearly falls into WP:NOT, make Category:Images of Castles and tag all the images like that if need be.--nixie 05:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Indeed, I think there's little doubt that these article are clearly contradictory to the guidelines in WP:NOT. If anyone wants these to serve as a "visual index", they could include pictures in List of castles. Coffee 05:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment; One issue in moving/adding images to the List of castles is page load time. If someone has slow Internet access they will not want all those images embedded with the list of names so there is some utility in maintaining two separate pages. Both pages serve as pointers to the individual castle pages each of which employ a different search strategy to find the information you need. Hilmar 10:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or move The pages are useful as they are. I'm against losing the images.  I'd support a sensible renaming to List or Category. --Johntex\talk 09:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, moving anything that needs it to the Commons. Tuf-Kat 16:41, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep, the commons cannot deal with things that are 'fair use' (not applicable here, but applicable in some cases) so it isn't an end all and be all. As well, articles like this are useful for people wanting to research castles instead of having to comb though the commons. --ShaunMacPherson 12:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Since, as you said, 'fair use' is not an issue in this case, I wonder what advantage this Wikipedia article has over commons:Castle, which has more photos in one article than this one does. Commons also has commons:Category:Castles. Fg2 12:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Eventually a caption under each image can be produced, such as the general architecture, location, age etc. Wikicommons is a dump of GFDL files, it provides no organized context or interpretation. Useful, but I think not a replacement for a list or gallery article such at these. As addition, I do not see the harm in having an article like this on *Wikipedia* even though one maybe on Wikicommons, Wikipedia is not paper. Contact me if you want me to vote to save a visual or list gallery, I will happily cast my vote in favor. --ShaunMacPherson 11:22, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep a visual list. Klonimus 08:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both, smacks of an inability to choose a good image and put it in the relevant article. -- red stucco 08:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Tan Chin Nam

Dato' Tan Chin Nam (18 March 1926 – 21 October 2018) was a Malaysian entrepreneur and developer. His family is the majority shareholder of IGB Corporation Berhad.

Tan was reportedly one of the richest men in Malaysia and had several companies and businesses. He is famous as a property developer and was involved in various projects such as Shangri-La Hotel in Malaysia, Four Seasons Hotel Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, shopping centres in Singapore and Malaysia, including one of the largest shopping malls in the world, Mid Valley Megamall. In Australia, he is responsible for the renovation of Queen Victoria Building (QVB) and Capitol Theatre in Sydney. He also owns a number of Australian-based Thoroughbred racehorses.

Tan's biography, released in 2006 and published by MPH Malaysia, is called Never Say I Assume!.

Early life
Tan Chin Nam was born on March 18, 1926 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He was the sixth of twelve children.

Thoroughbred horse racing
The principal owner for one of Australia's most successful horse trainers, Bart Cummings, Tan had a successful working relationship with Cummings for more than thirty years until the latter's death in 2015.

He owned at least a share in most of Cummings' well-known horses, including Think Big (co-owned with Queensland property developer Rick O'Sullivan and then joined by Tunku Abdul Rahman), winner of back-to-back Melbourne Cups in 1974 and 1975, as well as the multiple Group One winner, Saintly. He was the owner of the 2008 Melbourne Cup winner Viewed, and is one of four thoroughbred owners to win the Melbourne Cup four Times. He also owned 2009 and 2010 Cox Plate winner So You Think, and the winner of the 2009 Crown Oaks, Faint Perfume.

Tan owned a stud farm located along the Wingecarribee River at Burradoo, New South Wales that he named Think Big Stud.

Chess
In 1975, Tan decided that there was great potential in expanding the game of chess in China. For the first eight years of the Cultural Revolution, chess had been prohibited, but in 1974 there was an easing of the ban and, together with some leading Chinese officials, Tan set-up the "Big Dragon Project", with the aim of having China dominate the chess world by 2010. In 1982 he became the first FIDE Deputy President for Asia. Tan was also president of the Malaysian chess federation for many decades.

Tan sponsored the annual chess tournament Dato' Arthur Tan Malaysian Open, which takes place in Kuala Lumpur since 2004.

Honours

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia :
 * MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1978)
 * Terengganu :
 * MY-TER Order of the Crown of Terengganu - SPMT - SMT - AMT.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SPMT) - Dato' (1996)

Death
Having retired from the corporate world in the 1990s, he died on October 21, 2018, aged 92, in Kuala Lumpur. The Dato Tan Chin Nam Stakes at Moonee Valley Racecourse in Melbourne is named in his honour.

title: Tan Chin Nam


text:
User:Eskimbot

I am an interwiki bot used by Eskimo, adding links to fr: and to other Wikipedias.

I also fix double redirects.

br:Implijer:Eskimbot de:Benutzer:Eskimbot es:Usuario:Eskimbot eo:Vikipediisto:Eskimbot fr:Utilisateur:Eskimbot os:Архайæг:Eskimbot it:Utente:Eskimbot nl:Gebruiker:Eskimbot ja:利用者:Eskimbot no:Bruker:Eskimbot pl:Wikipedysta:Eskimbot sv:Användare:Eskimbot

title: User:Eskimbot


text:
Talk:Power-assisted cycle

LET THE DEBATE BEGIN!
--CyclePat 12:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

This article may be misleading readers into believing "Ebike" and "Pedelec" is trully a vehicle classification when in fact they are tradmarks.

Paradoxilaly this article presents a Neologism. The primary reason is because "e-bikes" is a trademark of EV Global. . For example, "Rollerblade," was one of the first companies to produce "in-line skates," and is a widelly used term for such activity. "Pedelec" also appears to be a trademark.

Secondly, the sources in this article are questionable. "Pedelec" is a term that appears on an electric bicycle retailers web site called NYCEWheels. The retailer website even has information that may lead some people to believe that "pedelec" is trully a vehicle classification yet they do not provide their sources.

Both "E-bike" and "Pedelec" are trademarks that are currently being coined by society to define an electric bicycle. Under, Wikepedia rules and regulations No original research ('What is excluded from articles?') this violates the Original research rule.

Sugestions
Changes to this article to a stub occured Oct 5th. This article must also be updated. Perhaps a reputable source such as law proceeding or news paper articles would be more appropriate. I would like to see sources on the definition of "power-assisted cycle" What laws in the UK define them as such a vehicle, etc...  One reason behind this is because in Canada a "power assisted bicycle" electric bicycle can only have an electric motor. According to the statements withing this article a "power-assisted cycle" may instal "a small petrol engine or electric motor." There appears to be a grave error or a purposelly well placed error by someone. This error may may mislead the unkowlegable into believing an electric bicycle can have a gas powered engine in Canada. It may also be a marketing skeem. --CyclePat 12:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Merging
I went ahead and merged this into the electric bicycle article. No reason for 2 articles here. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 08:27, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

new merge suggestion
Would it be appropriate to merge this article, electric bicycle, and power-assisted bicycle? If so, would the name power-assisted cycle or power assisted bicycle be more correct? All the others could remain as redirects to the merged article. --Alynna 19:11, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

The bulk of discussion on this is happening over at Talk:Electric bicycle. --Alynna 04:38, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

64.230.77.128 05:16, 28 October 2005 (UTC)Perhaps motorized bicycle is the best title here?

Is this page even still necessary?

== I don't like the smell of ICE powered bicycles and the ugly green box on the article about power assiste bicycles. I would not bother avout the use of the term pedelec - ist used in diploma thesis' and I think also in legislation at least in Germany. --Gerfriedc 17:03, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

external links to engine types
Are these the best links we can find for this? Are they appropriate? It was not obvious to me where on those pages I would find a petrol/electric motor... --Alynna 04:55, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

64.230.77.128 05:16, 28 October 2005 (UTC)I agree - these aren't particularly good links.

title: Talk:Power-assisted cycle


text:
Mathai Manjooran

Mathai Manjooran (13 October 1912 – 14 January 1970) was an Indian independence activist from Kerala, socialist revolutionary, founder of the Kerala Socialist Party, Member of Parliament, Minister of Labour (economics)  in the second E.M.S. Namboodiripad communist ministry, and above all a proponent for the formation of the Kerala State.

Manjooran was a graduate of Madras University. He was alumni of St Thomas College, Thrissur

title: Mathai Manjooran


text:
Bath School of Art and Design

Bath School of Art and Design is an art college in Bath, England, now known separately as the Bath School of Art and the Bath School of Design. It forms part of the Bath Spa University whose main campus is located a few miles from the City at Newton Park, between Newton St Loe and Corston, in North Somerset, just outside the city of Bath. Bath School of Art is based at the new, award-winning Locksbrook Campus, on the river Avon, in the west of the city. Bath School of Design is spread across Locksbrook and Sion Hill Campuses. The present Heads of School are Dan Allen (School of Art) and Kerry Curtis (School of Design).

History
The school was founded as Bath School of Art in 1852 following The Great Exhibition of 1851. The Bath Directory for 1856 shows its location at Weymouth House (roughly the rear of the present Marks and Spencers store) and its Master as Anthony Carey Stannus, an Irish painter noted for marine scenes and who later helped establish a society which evolved into the Royal Ulster Academy. By the 1858 edition he had been succeeded by John J. Drummond, who by 1860 had set up his own Mr Drummond's School of Art at 3 Bladud Buildings, and later (1862) at 5 Princes Buildings almost opposite.

The original School moved to Hetling House, Westgate Buildings, an ancient building which George Newenham Wright in his Historic Guide to Bath (1864) says had been garrisoned for the Royalists in the Civil War, adding that "the School of Design now occupies the principal and older part". The Master for a few years was John Hill, who later continued as a private tutor and artist at his home in Combe Down until about 1884. The School's syllabus was "in connection with Marlborough House", which meant the Government School of Design and Practical Art.

By 1866 the School was at 33 Paragon, opposite The Star Inn, and the Master was Robert Campbell Puckett, PhD, whose 1871 work "Sciography, or radial projection of shadows" was published by Chapman & Hall of London. The tuition fee was one guinea per quarter according to the school's prospectus published as a one-page advertisement in the annual Directories. Courses were "in connection with the Science and Art Department, South Kensington". A branch was opened at The Corridor for evening classes. Later Head Masters were William Harbutt (1874), the inventor of Plasticine, John Charles Swallow (1878), and Charles M. Hodges (1880). By 1884 William Harbutt was teaching at The Paragon Art Studio, 15 Bladud Buildings.

By 1894 the School had come under the umbrella of the Bath Technical Schools and in April 1896 these occupied the new north extension of the Guildhall, including the retitled School of Art, Art Crafts and Design. The new Head Art Master was Frank Griffin ARCA who had won bronze and silver medals, replaced by Nathaniel Heard ARCA by 1906. By 1912 the Master was Henry Wilkinson ARCA who had been taught by Ruskin and whose son (also Henry) became a well-known engraver. Successors were D.S. (probably Douglas) Andrews ARCA (1920) and Arthur Payne ARCA (1922).

The Technical Schools evolved into the Municipal Bath Technical College which moved to the building in Beau Street vacated by the Royal United Hospital when it moved to Combe Park. The process was overseen by the new head art master, the artist Paul Fripp (1934–37). Then came the important appointment of the long serving Clifford Ellis (1937–1972). The School of Art moved to 7 and 8 Green Park early in World War II, when the Beau Street building was taken over by the Admiralty. This new home was totally destroyed by bombs in April 1942, and temporary refuge was found at the home of the artist Walter Sickert at Bathampton. Sickert had been a part-time teacher at the School but had died in January 1942. Clifford Ellis is said to have cut the lettering on Sickert's headstone. In November 1942 the School began its association with 99 Sydney Place. A note in the local history section of Bath Central Library records the opening of the new premises by Sir Kenneth Clark, then Director of the National Gallery and Surveyor of the King's Pictures. However, in 1946, following extensive wartime bomb damage to the original premises, the School (then called Bath Academy of Art) was transferred to the historic mansion Corsham Court in Corsham, the home of the artist Lord Methuen. At that time, there was a post-war emphasis on training teachers of art. For the next 26 years, the Principal of the Academy was Clifford Ellis, who installed the artist William Scott as head of painting and Kenneth Armitage as head of sculpture.

The nascent City of Bath Training College was first based in another house at Sydney Place before its move to Newton Park, meaning that by 1947 (along with Bath College of Domestic Science then still at Brougham Hayes) all the major components of the future Bath Spa University were now in existence.

The 1983/4 prospectus contained a short history stating that from 1946 the Academy ran two courses at Corsham, one for teacher training and the other a National Diploma in Design with a small intake, with interaction between the two being seen as a particular asset. The Robbins report of 1963 led to more standardised teacher training provision, and the Academy's course was phased out by 1968. The introduction of Art Foundation courses from 1963 onwards led the Academy to begin such a course, based at the Sydney Place site which had been retained for part-time classes for the general public. In 1974 control of the institution passed to the new Avon County Council and from 1 September 1983 the Academy became part of Bath College of Higher Education.

In 1985/6 the Art and Design courses, now of bachelor's degree status, began the process of moving from Corsham to newly converted premises at Sion Hill, Bath, largely vacated by the switch of Home Economics and related courses to new premises at Newton Park.

Locksbrook campus
In 2016 Bath Spa University purchased the former Herman Miller factory in Locksbrook, on the River Avon in the west of Bath, a 1970s listed building designed by Farrell & Grimshaw, to become the main home for an expanded and consolidated Bath School of Art and Design. The School and its courses are to be based across just two buildings, Sion Hill and at Locksbrook, rather than up to seven.

Curriculum
Courses at the School include Graphic Communication, Creative Art, Fine Art, Digital Design, Fashion and Textile Design, Ceramics and MA Design (Interaction Design, Ceramics, Brand Development or Textiles), Master of Fine Art.

The new facilities planned from academic year 2019-20 include spaces specifically to encourage such inter-disciplinary creation.

Personalities
Visiting artists and tutors have included Kenneth Armitage, William Scott, Terry Frost, Peter Lanyon, Sir Herbert Read, Adrian Heath, Bernard Meadows, Howard Hodgkin, Anthony Fry, Martin Froy, John Colbeck, John Furnival, Gillian Ayres, Peter Potworowski, Claes Oldenburg, James Greaves, Peter Kinley, James Tower, John Hoskin, Mark Lancaster, Michael Craig-Martin, John Ernest, Anthony Hill, Richard Hamilton, Roger Clarke, Jim Dine, Tom Phillips, Jeremy Gardiner and Morton Feldman.

Notable alumni

 * Paul Bird, artist and teacher
 * Hubert Dalwood, sculptor
 * Roger Deakins, cinematographer
 * Laura Ford, artist
 * Katherine Gili, artist
 * William Harbutt, artist
 * Salima Hashmi, artist
 * John Hitchens, artist
 * Howard Hodgkin, artist
 * Donald Locke, artist
 * Leila Locke, artist
 * Sevan Malikyan
 * John O'Neill, video game designer
 * Edward Piper, painter
 * Peter Randall-Page, artist
 * Nigel Rolfe, performance artist
 * Axel Scheffler, illustrator
 * Jean Spencer, abstract artist
 * Judith Trim, English studio potter

title: Bath School of Art and Design


text:
John Grundy (television presenter)

John Grundy (born 1946 ) is a television presenter and author. His work mainly features North East England.

Biography
Grundy was born in 1946 in Carlisle, Cumberland. He taught in north-east schools from 1970. He became a lecturer in English Literature at South Tyneside College.

He was strongly influenced by reading Nikolaus Pevsner's Buildings of England series of architectural guides. In the late 1980s he worked for the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, before beginning a more public career as a writer and television presenter on architecture, especially that of Northern England.

He does live commentaries aboard the Shields Ferry, which cruises up and down the River Tyne from South Shields to Newcastle during the Summer. He is also chairman of the Friends of Beamish.

Books
In the late 1990s Grundy edited and expanded the new edition of Pevsner's Northumberland, in the Buildings of England series.

In 2003 he published Northern Pride, which featured "the very best of northern architecture from cathedrals to chip shops".

Television
Between 1987 and 1996, Grundy appeared as a presenter on the BBC North East series, 'Townscape'. He presented the popular Town Portraits which were later transmitted by BBC Two, and were amongst the first films transmitted on BBC International Satellite Television.

Grundy Goes... (1996–99) broadcast on Tyne Tees partly involved Grundy becoming the interesting historical characters found in the histories of the buildings he visited.

Townscape was on BBC One North East & Cumbria. Grundy's Wonders another, longer-running Tyne Tees series, Grundy explored architecture in the north-east, as well as Cumbria and Yorkshire. Grundy's Northern Pride has been broadcast since 2007 in the Tyne Tees and Granada Television regions and covers the same area as Grundy's Wonders plus North West England. Steve Robins, who produced all of Grundy's TV programmes from 1999, left Tyne Tees in 2005 to found the production company Working Wonders TV, which produced the last series of Grundy's Wonders, and Grundy's Northern Pride.

One episode of BBC Four's Travels with Pevsner series featured Grundy visiting sites previously visited by Nikolaus Pevsner in the 1950s and 1960s.

Since 2010 Grundy has presented a regular series for BBC Look North called Grundy's North, aired from BBC North East and Cumbria.

title: John Grundy (television presenter)


text:
User:Mgarcia-val

My name is Miguel García-Valdecasas, I am currently at the University of Oxford, where I am doing research with a postdoctoral scholarship from the Spanish Government. I have a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Navarra (Spain). I did part of my PhD in the University of Cologne (Germany), where I still keep contact with some good friends. My philosophical interests are Philosophy of mind and Wittgenstein. I like books, blogging and playing football.

Attitudes
I believe that articles should contain the necessary information and avoid too much specialisation. Users should also ensure that their additions leave the page well-organised and that the article is not overdone. My impression is that, among very good pages, there are others far too long and unduly specialised. Some people think that this is better than the opposite, but one should try to strike a balance.

Apart from that, I like to see that articles are the result of many people's work. That is what is great of Wikipedia.

title: User:Mgarcia-val


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simon Leamy

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Discussion consolidated into Articles for deletion/J. P. McManus Scholarship Award winnners 2 --Allen3 talk 12:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Simon Leamy
I have heard of this award, but not of this person (I follow Limerick news). Lots of people get awards, and the only claim to notability appears to be the granting of this award. A bit iffy 11:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
William Cowan (politician)

William Cowan (October 25, 1825 – January 7, 1899) was a farmer and reeve of North Gower Township, Ontario.

He was born in County Leitrim, Ireland in 1825, the son of Patrick Cowan, and was educated there, earning a teaching certificate. He emigrated to North America and arrived in Bytown around 1845. He taught school in North Gower for five years. In 1850, he married Caroline McCrea; he also purchased a farm in the township around that time. Cowan was reeve for the township from 1865 to 1869. In 1866, he served as warden for Carleton County. Cowan also served as justice of the peace, was clerk in the division court for 21 years and became a captain in the local militia. In 1870, he was named secretary for the county and, in 1873, was named county treasurer. With these postings, Cowan sold his farm and moved to Ottawa, where he served on the board of Water Commissioners.

Obituary

(condensed) On Saturday morning, at 8:30, Co. Treasurer Wm. Cowan and Son, Holmes Cowan, proprietor of the Gilpin House, were being driven to Ottawa East to attend the funeral of the late Chas. O'Gara, when their spirited horses took fright and ran away. The Parry Sound train was just rounding the curve at the head of the deep cut, and into this the horses dashed, striking between the tender and the baggage car ............. Mr. Cowan and his son met death instantly. .............. Mr. Cowan made his last will on Friday. Owing to the approaching marriage of his daughter Miss Maggie Cowan, he found it necessary to add a codicil .......... Wm. Cowan was born in the county Leitrim, Ireland, December 17, 1825. He came to Bytown in 1845. He taught school for five years in North Gower and then settled upon a farm which he had purchased. He married in 1850, Caroline, daughter of Capt. Thomas McCrea of Montague, a veteran of the war of 1812. About the same time he was appointed clerk of the Division Court, including North Gower and Marlboro. He held that position for 21 years. He was township councillor for eight years and reeve for five years. In 1870 he was appointed county clerk and in 1873 county treasurer, a position he held till his death.

title: William Cowan (politician)


text:
San Francisco Foghorn

The San Francisco Foghorn is the official student newspaper of the University of San Francisco.

History
The newspaper was founded in 1903 as The Saint Ignatius. It changed its name to the San Francisco Foghorn in August 1928, and is one of the oldest collegiate newspapers on the West Coast. The Foghorn has continuously run weekly issues every semester. It has a readership of 5,000 and is distributed free on campus. In 2004 it was ranked 14th in collegiate newspapers in the nation by The Princeton Review. The Foghorn Online Edition was started in 1995.

Among the notable USF alumni who wrote for the Foghorn were Pierre Salinger, former press secretary for President John F. Kennedy; Warren Hinckle, publisher of Ramparts Magazine; cartoonist Dan O'Neill; president of Bleacher Report Rory Brown; Kevin Starr, author, professor, and California state librarian emeritus.

title: San Francisco Foghorn


text:
I. L. Bula

Ilikena Lasarusa Talebulamainavaleniveivakabulaimainakulalakebalau (born 15 November 1921, date of death unknown) was a Fijian cricketer who played nine first-class matches for Fiji between 1947–48 and 1953–54. He was more commonly known by the shortened version of his name, I. L. Bula, derived from his initials and the third and fourth syllable of his name – his official surname is, however, the longest of any man who has played first-class cricket. His name literally means "returned alive from Nankula hospital at Lakeba island in the Lau group".

As Fiji was not a Test nation during his time, his first-class matches were limited to two tours of New Zealand. Bula was a hard hitter of the ball, and was said to have scored a century in an hour against Canterbury on his second tour in 1953–54. He also hit 22 sixes in a club match at Suva in 1958 in which he scored 246, the highest total in domestic Fijian cricket. In 2005, Bula became the first cricketer inducted into Fiji's Hall of Fame.

First New Zealand tour
Bula made his first-class debut at the age of 26 against Auckland in February 1948, batting at number three and top-scoring with 44 before he was caught off part-time bowler Verdun Scott. He shared an 80-run partnership with George Cakobau as Fiji moved to 98 for 3, but they were quickly bowled out for 143, trailing Auckland by 197. Auckland opted to bat again instead of enforcing the follow on, and added 154 before declaring, which left Fiji to chase 332 for the victory. Bula once again made it into double figures, but was bowled by spinner Francis Hemmingson, and Fiji lost by 168 runs.

The next match became Fiji's first first-class victory on tour, against Wellington, and Bula's efforts were one of the keys to the victory. Fiji had taken a 47-run lead on first innings, despite Bula scoring 1 – one of only two single-figure scores in his career. Three Wellington batsmen hit half-centuries, however, leaving Fiji 247 for the victory in a little less than a day – and after losing opener Patrick Raddock for 0, it looked difficult. Bula added 88, however, lifting Fiji to 161 for 2 before they lost three wickets for no run. However, 25 from Maurice Fenn took them over the line.

The third match, against Canterbury, saw Bula hit a career highest score – in a high-scoring match, 1224 runs were hit in three days, and Bula made 183 of those, split over two innings. Fiji were set a target of 354 to win after Canterbury had amassed 421/9d and 209/8d in their two innings, and Bula hit 120 as Fiji set about chasing that target – however, three wickets from Jack Booker set them back, and they lost by 36 runs. A loss against Otago followed, where Bula made insignificant scores, before a full-strength Auckland team were defeated by 115 runs in a good come-back – Fiji had trailed by 52 runs on first innings after Auckland declared on 181 for 8, but Bula and Harry Apted added 135 for the second wicket as Fiji posted 351/7. Set 300 to win, Auckland were bowled out by Fenn (6–94) and Isoa Logavatu (4–46).

Second New Zealand tour
Fiji returned for four games in the New Zealand summer of 1954, but only won one. The first game, against Otago, went down to the wire as Otago eked out a two-wicket win despite a second-innings five-for from Fenn, but it was a personal disappointment for Bula, who only managed 5 and 26 in his two innings. Then came the one-hour century against Canterbury with eight sixes and five fours, as Fiji plundered 344 from 65.3 overs in the second innings to set Canterbury a challenging 217 – which they managed for the loss of eight wickets. This was Bula's last century, and indeed his last score above 30 – as he was pushed down the order to No. 6 against Wellington, he made 23 and 26, but Wellington still forced a 117-run win, before Bula rounded off his first-class career with a seven-wicket win over Auckland – in a match that was shortened from three days to one due to rain. However, a two-innings game was still played, as the first three innings were all declared closed. Fiji were set 79 to win in a relatively short time, but after falling to 51 for 3 Bula hit 23 not out to guide Fiji to their fourth – and so far last – first class victory.

Personal life
Bula came from the chiefly village Tubou, Lakeba, in the Lau Islands and was the great great-grand nephew of the Tongan prince and conqueror, Enele Ma'afu.

In September 2005, it was announced that Bula would be posthumously inducted into the Fiji Sports Hall of Fame. The Fiji Times have also noted that Bula is deceased.

title: I. L. Bula


text:
Garphyttan

Garphyttan is a locality situated in Örebro Municipality, Örebro County, Sweden with 1,619 inhabitants in 2010. It lies 16 km northwest of Örebro, near Garphyttan National Park.

title: Garphyttan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MuggleNet/2005-10-07

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. — J I P | Talk 07:12, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

I am placing a request to remove the deletion process as my account was hacked into and I have no intention to nominate MuggleNet for deletion. This deletion process is not the fault of the original account holder. Rajdumbledore 07:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Request denied - afd discussions are not to be deleted. --Doc (?) 08:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * However, while we do not delete the discussion record, we do have the option of Unlisting the page, or in my interpretation, closing the debate as "speedy keep", as seems to be the consensus. However, I already voted on the page so I can't take that action. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 15:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Mugglenet
I am correcting a malformatted afd. I vote speedy keep as a bad faith renomination of a page that has passed an afd process already. Usrnme h8er 09:41, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Previously this article was also nominated for removal, which was saved by the MuggleNet fans themselves by voting in favour of keeping the article. Apparantly MuggleNet had posted this link to vote in their favour on CoS forum [MuggleNet's official Forum]. This was a serious bias decision as majority of voters were MuggleNet fans redirected from the Forums and they had no idea what they were voting for or What Wiki is really about. The previous Nomination for Deletion page can be found here.

An Excerpt from previous nomination which proves MN's intentions:

 * Keep - As harry potter fandom is one of the biggest in the world and mugglenet is the most popular fansite within it, Mugglenet should be kept but definitely expanded. It has a rich history in the fandom and it's inclusion in this article would greatly expand it <--- See! They want MuggleNet to expand by including it on Wiki. Now tell me, is it ok for sites to make pages of their own to gain hits for their sites? Isn't this Vandalism?

 * No, it's not. To be vandalism, it has to make a "deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia". If it's simply promotional, it's wrong. But not vandalism.Eaglizard 14:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Also MuggleNet is really cautious of not letting this article to be deleted. If MuggleNet is notable enough and worthy enough to be included in Wiki, why is MuggleNet trying so hard to save this article from deletion? Why are majority of voters from MuggleNet who vote in favour of keeping MuggleNet on Wiki? It is time that this has to stop! And the time is now. Lets make Wiki the best encyclopedia in the world, not a advertising campaign/dictionary.

And now, speaking of whats left of that big article now is this: Emerson made this site [it was a different layout not the current one] when he was 12. So what? There are loads of people who make sites at the age of 12. How will this information justify its existence in an Encyclopedia? Ask majority of the people in the world, take a survey. Do they know MuggleNet? I agreee they know JK Rowling and Harry Potter, but MuggleNet? What is MuggleNet?

2nd point: He met JK Rowling once. So? Many fans met JK Rowling. Its not like they are having telephone conversations everyday. And even if he knows JK Rowling like a friend, so what? If you say include this article because he know JK Rowling then I suggest you also put up articles on JK Rowlings husband, her family, her friends, her children. Is this justified. Surely not. --Raj Dumbledore 05:10, 05 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: Mugglenet seems to be antibritish, well anti-everything-non-american actually. - Richard Myers, richardmyers@hotmailco.uk
 * Would you care to substantiate this allegation? Maybe a note on the talk page would help. —Phil | Talk 11:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Is being anti-British a criterion for deletion? Should we AfD Hitler, Napoleon, Julius Caesar ...? AndyJones 20:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * George Washington, Jomo Kenyata, Mahatma Gandhi ...? AndyJones 22:39, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Mad cow disease, the European Union ...? AndyJones 00:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It was AfD before and survived. I notice too that Rajdumbledore has made multiple (all this morning), and what looks as if they could be questionable, edits to MuggleNet all of which are listed as minor. It's hard to understand how a AfD notice, his last edit, can be minor. Also I notice that on User talk:Rajdumbledore he has created his own Harry Potter sites and that makes it appear as if he has some other motive than a legitimate AfD. In one point he is correct I had not heard of MuggleNet, nor his own sites, however just because I have not heard of a site does not qualify it for obscurity. CambridgeBayWeather 12:26, 5 October 2005 (UTC) --- Your reply has made me again enforce one point. Someone had HACKED in my Wiki account. I had no control over it. I just got back the access yesterday. 2nd thing. I have nothing against MuggleNet. I think its good site too. But its inclusion in Wiki is not called for in my opinion. Lets not make this personal war. I am not Anti-Mugglenet activist for God's sake.

 * Abstain, but consider this. Deletions must be based on the here-and-now, not the past. What is MuggleNet's status right at this moment, never mind the past AFDs? Is it, in fact, an inherently notable site on its own merits (number of users, importance to the fandom, etc). I'd go as far as to suggest that those who voted for and against in the previous AFD abstain from vothing this time, since this sort of thing is biased. Actually, I'm going to go Delete on this out of non-notability. --Agamemnon2 10:30, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I must disagree as to deleting an article just because it's no longer notable. A better requirement (my POV) is that as long as it was notable at any time it should be here. CambridgeBayWeather 04:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Mugglenet is one of the very few Harry Potter websites granted an award by J. K. Rowling herself, and as such is highly notable. The author was one of two people granted an exclusive joint interview with Rowling at the time that Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released: this would not have happened had the website not been so prominent in Harry Potter fandom. —Phil | Talk 11:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep: this is really unclear, and the lengthy spiel above is badly formatted and almost illegible, but it would appear that this is a bad faith nomination by the creator of one or more rival Harry Potter fan-sites: the fact that the nominator has made so many confusing edits to the article, all marked as "minor" but removing apparently-siginificant information, does not help matters. The previous nomination resulted in a resounding keep despite being formatted almost to death.
 * Keep, this is a remarkably notable site. I've never read any of the books, but even I have heard of it.  I heard an interview with Rowling once where she said that she used Mugglenet regularly to check her own continuity.  If that isn't notibility, I'm not sure what is.  Also, in response to this: "Ask majority of the people in the world, take a survey. Do they know MuggleNet?", if that was the standard for deletion, Wikipedia would be very small, not to mention useless. -- Plutor 17:22, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep, I am fed up of these constant votes for deletion, and this is actually the 3rd not the 2nd. Please can the people take a hint that it should NOT be dleeted?  It is worthy of the Wiki article because it is an essential part of Harry Potter fandom. (Jamandell (d69) 18:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete An essential part of Harry Potter fandom? As decided by who and what? The guidelines for Wikipedia, which tend towards the non-notiable classification, or the people who frequent Mugglenet...who have already established a bias towards keeping it even if nobody but their rather small community considers it worthwhile. Wikipedia is not supposed to be about personal biases, that's why their are guidelines and classifications for what does and does not go here. Now, I'm not saying that my recommendation of Delete is automatically correct, or that all others MUST vote for Delete as well. All I ask is that people look through the guidelines for content and make their own decisions rather than be swayed by situations like the LAST time, where Mugglenet forum members swarmed over here to vote for Keep. Nezu Chiza 20:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep While this forum may not be "essential" to anything, it has enough of a fanbase and outreach to make it noteworthy. If this is up for deletion than we should put Fark and Something Awful up with it. Makenji-san 22:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per CambridgeBayWeather and Jamandell's comments --Presnell 00:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. (If Speedy Keep fails.) Esp. if they get the 6 million hits a month they claim. Even if not, it's clearly legit, I checked Rowling's official site, and mugglenet is the 2nd of 4 or 5 fansites listed, and she has this to say: "It's high time I paid homage to the mighty MuggleNet. Where to start? I love the design, (I currently favour the 'Dementor' layout), the polls (I actually voted in the 'Who's the Half-Blood Prince?' one) the pretty-much-exhaustive information on all books and films, the wonderful editorials (more insight there than in several companion volumes I shall not name), 101 Ways to Annoy Lord Voldemort (made me laugh aloud) ". Not that Rowling's praise makes it notable, but it does prove its a well-recognized fansite of an enormously popular series. And no, I'm not a sockpuppet, I've not read a word of those books. Eaglizard 14:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is the top website for Harry Potter fans throughout the world. As to the fans at the site rallying to save the page upon learning it may be deleted, there's no "bad faith" I can see.   Jtmichcock 17:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, already survived VfD attempt, notable website. And yes, rather smells of a bad-faith nomination. H e rmione1980 17:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable website. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 18:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. I know enough people from a diverse social situations who know about Mugglenet. Just the other night Mugglenet came up in a non-Harry Potter related meeting I was at. Oh - and the majority of people in the world don't know about the vast majority of things on Wikipedia.  And if you look at the people voting keep on this page, you'll see we aren't just "fans of the site".  We're regular wikipedians. Cmouse 02:13, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * One thought: isn't it the purpose of an encyclopedia to inform you of things that you don't know about? If all the information on Wikipedia was stuff we knew about, then what would be the point? I run across obscure words, references and URLs all the time.  Where are we going to find out more information if not here? Jtmichcock 02:34, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * But I didn't know about Mugglenet until I saw the AfD. An encyclopedia can't guess what everybody knows. It has to include as much as it can. Insofar as it's of some importance. I'm sure that you would not suggest that we delete Weather even though we all know about it. CambridgeBayWeather 04:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Assuming that the info currently in the article is true, then Mugglenet has several reasonable claims to notability, and judging by the discussion here I'm inclined to accept the veracity of the claims without bothering to research them. Caerwine 04:11, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Jtmichcock. It's... Thelb4! 06:23, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Absolutely a notable and compehensive website that should be mentioned. --Egil530 14:41, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Fijian cricketers

title: Category:Fijian cricketers


text: User talk:70.28.241.141

title: User talk:70.28.241.141


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Hot/C11/Cre-Cry

Cre

 * 1) Crepis
 * 2) Crepuscolarismo
 * 3) Crepuscular Ray
 * 4) Crescens
 * 5) Cress
 * 6) Cressida (medieval romance)
 * 7) Crested swift
 * 8) Cretaceous
 * 9) Cretan bull
 * 10) Creusa

Cria-Cris

 * 1) Criana-Maramure
 * 2) Cricket (zoology)
 * 3) Cricket Frog - genus Acris (family Hylidae)
 * 4) Cricket Presents
 * 5) Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
 * 6) Criminal hacker
 * 7) Criminalistics
 * 8) Crimmitschau
 * 9) Crinoidea
 * 10) Crinozoa
 * 11) Criollismo
 * 12) Crippled version
 * 13) Cris
 * 14) Crispus
 * 15) Cristina Foundation
 * 16) Cristoph Clavius
 * 17) Cristóbal de Acuña
 * 18) Cristóbal

Crit

 * 1) Criteria range
 * 2) Critical Angle
 * 3) Critical Density
 * 4) Critical Level
 * 5) Critical Phenomenon
 * 6) Critical Point Opalescence
 * 7) Critical ratio
 * 8) Critical Rayleigh Number
 * 9) Critical Size
 * 10) Critical upgrade
 * 11) Critical
 * 12) Criticism
 * 13) Critius and Nesiotes
 * 14) Critius
 * 15) Critobulos of Imbros
 * 16) Critolaus

Crl-Crn

 * 1) CRLF
 * 2) CRM
 * 3) Crna Gora

Croa-Croo

 * 1) Croaker
 * 2) Croatoan
 * 3) Crochet work
 * 4) Crocodylia
 * 5) Crofting
 * 6) CromaClear monitor
 * 7) Cromwellian Chair
 * 8) Cron
 * 9) Crontab file
 * 10) Crooked Island

Cross

 * 1) Cross assembler
 * 2) Cross Correlator
 * 3) Cross database
 * 4) Cross media
 * 5) Cross memory services
 * 6) Cross post
 * 7) Cross promotion
 * 8) Cross Section
 * 9) Cross software
 * 10) Cross System Product
 * 11) Cross tabulate
 * 12) Cross-bar switch
 * 13) Cross-eye
 * 14) Cross-fertilization
 * 15) Cross-Florida Waterway
 * 16) Cross-Forest Trust
 * 17) Cross-linked file

Crossf-Crossw

 * 1) Crossfoot
 * 2) Crosshatch
 * 3) Crossing over
 * 4) Crossing the Bar at the Folies-Bergere
 * 5) Crossing-over (genetics)
 * 6) Crossopterygian - any member of the subclass Crossopterygii, a group of primitive, lobe-finned, bony fishes
 * 7) Crossopterygii
 * 8) Crossover cable
 * 9) Crosspoint switch
 * 10) Crossware

Crosw

 * 1) Croswell case

Crot-Crow

 * 1) Croton bug
 * 2) Croton Oil
 * 3) Crotons
 * 4) Crow (zoology)
 * 5) Crowea saligna
 * 6) Crown gall
 * 7) Crown imperials
 * 8) Crowns of Egypt

Crt-Cru

 * 1) CRT
 * 2) Cruces
 * 3) Crucianella stylosa
 * 4) Crucible Furnace
 * 5) Crucible Process
 * 6) Crucifixion Thorn
 * 7) Crudware
 * 8) Cruiser
 * 9) Crusader Tancred
 * 10) Crusca Academy
 * 11) Cruse Lamp
 * 12) Crush Injury
 * 13) Crushing and pulverizing
 * 14) Crusoe processor
 * 15) Crustacean Louse - any of various small aquatic invertebrates of the subphylum Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda) that are parasites of fish.
 * 16) Cruz Alta

Cry

 * 1) Cryoflora
 * 2) Cryptanthus
 * 3) Crypto rage
 * 4) Cryptoblastus
 * 5) Cryptococcosis
 * 6) Cryptogam
 * 7) Cryptographic coprocessor
 * 8) Cryptolithus
 * 9) Cryptology
 * 10) Cryptomonadida
 * 11) Cryptophyceae
 * 12) Cryptostomata
 * 13) Crypts of Lieberkühn
 * 14) Crystal absorption spectra
 * 15) Crystal counter
 * 16) Crystal defects
 * 17) Crystal growth
 * 18) Crystal Lattice Energy
 * 19) Crystal whiskers
 * 20) Crystalline
 * 21) Crystallization
 * 22) Crystallo Ceramie


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Gerhard Waibel (engineer)

Gerhard Waibel (born 3 October 1938) is a designer of gliders who worked for Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co producing many famous designs.

Biography
Waibel was born in Frankfurt. His father Karl Waibel had worked with Wolf Hirth in the 1920s. Gerhard began flying models in 1948. In 1951 he helped with building the SG38. He then studied at Akaflieg Darmstadt. In 1962 Gerhard's father arranged a practical course in a steel plant in Sheffield for him and Wolf Lemke. In the evenings they started designing the D-36 Circe. After much development back in Germany, Waibel flew the D-36 to victory in the Open Class of the German Championships in 1964.

Waibel joined Schleicher in 1964. His first design, the ASW 12, was based on the D36. He then designed almost all the racing gliders for Schleichers up to the ASW 28 which first flew in May 2000. The 'W' in a Schleicher designation shows that it was designed by Waibel. He retired in August 2003 after 39 years service.

title: Gerhard Waibel (engineer)


text:
Emily Harrison

Emily Harrison (born June 13, 1977 in Louisiana, Missouri) is an American actress.

Life
Harrison was born in Louisiana and she is most well known as Jennifer Finnigan's replacement in the role of Bridget Forrester on The Bold and the Beautiful, which she played from January to July 2004. Following a viewer backlash, Harrison's on-screen air time began to diminish, which was speculated to be the reason for her drop to recurring status after just a handful of episodes. Harrison's on-screen love interest, Brian Gaskill (Oscar Marone), was dropped from the show around the same time. By July the same year, Harrison had been dropped completely by the show and in November the character was recast with former The Young and the Restless star Ashley Jones (ex-Megan Dennison Viscardi).

Harrison's other TV appearances include guest stints on Lamb Chop's Play Along, CSI: NY, ER, and 7th Heaven. Notable film roles include Take (2007), Valley of the Heart's Delight (2006), Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star (2003), Ocha Cups for Christmas (2002) and Curse of the Puppet Master (1998).

She has two sons, Jackson Thomas (born in September 2003) and London La Brode (born in December 2006) with her husband Michael.

title: Emily Harrison


text:
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text:
Académie Ranson

The Académie Ranson was founded in Paris by the French painter Paul Ranson (1862–1909), who himself studied at the Académie Julian, in 1908.

History
With the untimely death of Paul Ranson in 1909, the Academy was headed by the wife of its founder, Marie-France Ranson. It was first based in Rue Henri Monnier in the 9th arrondissement and then moved to the Montparnasse district, in the Rue Joseph Bara. Maurice Denis and Paul Sérusier delivered courses and Ker-Xavier Roussel, Félix Vallotton, and Édouard Vuillard also attended, which gave it a good reputation. Concetta, former model of Edgar Degas for Les repasseuses and Auguste Rodin for The Kiss, helped its reputation too. Students attended for periods from a week to a year.

In 1914, its teachers were depleted due to World War I, but the Académie Ranson survived despite declining attendance. After 1918, Maurice Denis and Paul Sérusier were occupied with other activities, and new teachers took over, many of them alumni: Yves Alix, Gustave Jaulmes, Paul Vera, Jules-Émile Zingg, Roger Bissière, Louis Latapie, Dimitrios Galanis, and Amédée de la Patellière.

In 1931, Marie-France Ranson handed over the management of the Academy to Harriet Von Tschudi Cérésole, a student and sculptor, originally from the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland. From 1939 to 1944, during World War II, the Academy remains open for a few students. It opened again in 1951 with new teachers, including Roger Chastel, Marcel Fiorini, Lucien Lautrec, Gustave Singier, and Henri Goetz, but due to lack of funds it finally closed in 1955.

title: Académie Ranson


text: User talk:211.29.123.239

title: User talk:211.29.123.239


text:
Baker valve gear

After about 1910, the Baker valve gear was the main competitor to Walschaerts valve gear for steam locomotives in the United States. Strictly speaking it was not a valve gear but a variable expansion mechanism adapted to the Walschaerts layout replacing the expansion link and sliding die block. The Baker arrangement used more pivot bearings or pin joints, but avoided the die slip inherent to the expansion link, with the aim of lessening wear and the need for service; it could also facilitate longer valve travel.

History
In the early 1900s there were many efforts to create a new valve gear to replace the by-then-standard Walschaerts valve gear. In the United States the Young, Southern, Caprotti and Franklin patterns were used on a few classes, but only the Baker pattern won more than limited acceptance.

The design originated in the A.D. Baker Company, of Swanton, Ohio; a builder of steam traction engines. The idea came from an employee called Gifford but was developed by the Baker company with the first patents being issued in 1903 and with patents issued through at least November, 1912.

The Baker Locomotive Valve Gear was produced by the Pilliod Co. of Swanton, Ohio. Subsequent versions were produced up to the end of steam service. It was particularly popular on the Norfolk and Western Railway, and almost all later N&W engines used it. Other extensive users included the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, the Nickel Plate Road, the New York Central Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. There was always debate about the advantages of Baker gear, the main criticism being the number of pin joints and possible lost motion. While popular with railroads on the east, western states tended to continue with the Walschaerts pattern. In Britain, Baker gear was popular amongst model engineers but in full-size practice the length of the yoke and the width of the assembly may have been difficult to accommodate within the restricted loading gauge.

Other locomotives to use Baker valve gear were the New Zealand Railways J class, Ja class, Jb class, some Ka class, and the South Australian Railways 620 class.

Operation
The Baker valve gear replaces the expansion link of the Walschaerts gear with an assembly of levers and links which produces the same effect of allowing continuous variation valve travel. The remainder of the gear is the same, so that the return crank and combination lever take the same form, although the proportions are usually modified. The Pilliod Co. sold the gear as a single assembly which was mounted on the frame in the location ordinarily occupied by the Walschaerts expansion link.

The Baker mechanism consisted of the following parts:

 * A frame which replaced the mounting for the expansion link. It came in two basic forms, depending upon whether it was attached to the locomotive frame at both ends or only at the front. In either case it had two pivots: one forward and at the top of the frame, and one below and to the rear.
 * A U-shaped reversing yoke which tilted back and forth to control reversing and cutoff. The ends of the yoke's arms pivoted on the rear frame mount, and there was also another pivot mounted near the base of the arm. The yoke was connected at the top to the reach rod leading to the reverser.
 * A pair of swing links which hung from the upper pivot on the yoke.
 * A main link which pivoted in the middle from the lower end of the swing links and whose lower end was connected to the eccentric rod (which in turn connects to the return crank on the driver, as in the Walschaert gear). This link had a characteristic "J"-shape.
 * A bellcrank whose center pivot was the upper, forward mount on the frame, and whose ends were attached to the top of the main link and the radius rod (the connection to the combination arm and thence to the valve).

The parts were arranged so that when the yoke was centered, the connection of the main link to the bellcrank was in a line with the two pivots on the yoke. At this point, the back and forth motion of the lower end of the main link left the top relatively motionless as main link swung back and forth on the swing links.

In forward motion, the yoke was pushed forward, so that its upper pivot was in front of the bell crank-main link connection. Moving the eccentric arm back and forth lowered and raised the top of the main link. This motion was translated by the bellcrank into back and forth motion of the radius rod. The angle of the yoke controlled the relative motion, and therefore the cutoff; tilting the yoke backwards reversed the motion of the radius rod.

title: Baker valve gear