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Charlotte Auerbach

Charlotte "Lotte" Auerbach FRS FRSE (14 May 1899 – 17 March 1994) was a German geneticist who contributed to founding the science of mutagenesis. She became well known after 1942 when she discovered, with A. J. Clark and J. M. Robson, that mustard gas could cause mutations in fruit flies. She wrote 91 scientific papers, and was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Royal Society of London.

In 1976, she was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal. Aside her scientific contributions and love of science, she was remarkable in many other ways, including her wide interests, independence, modesty, and transparent honesty.

Early life and education
Charlotte Auerbach was born in Krefeld in Germany, the daughter of Selma Sachs and Friedrich Auerbach. She may have been influenced by the scientists in her family: her father Friedrich Auerbach (1870–1925) was a chemist, her uncle a physicist, and her grandfather, the anatomist Leopold Auerbach.

She studied biology and chemistry at the universities of Würzburg, Freiburg and Berlin. She was taught and inspired by Karl Michael Haider and Max Hartmann in Berlin, and later in Würzburg by Hans Kniep. After very good examinations in biology, chemistry, and physics, she initially decided to become a secondary-school teacher of science, passing the exams for that, with distinction in 1924.

She taught in Heidelberg (1924–1925) and briefly at the University of Frankfurt, from which she was dismissed – probably because she was Jewish. In 1928 she started postgraduate research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology (Berlin-Dahlem) in Developmental Physiology under Otto Mangold. In 1929 she abandoned her work with Mangold: he would later join the Nazi party, and Auerbach found his dictatorial manner unpleasant. In reply to her suggestion to change the direction of her project, he replied "You are my student, you do as I say. What you think is of no consequence!"

She again taught biology in several schools in Berlin – until the Nazi party ended this by law as she was Jewish. Following her mother's advice, she left the country in 1933 and fled to Edinburgh where she got her PhD in 1935 at the Institute of Animal Genetics in the University of Edinburgh. She would stay affiliated to this Institute throughout her whole career.

Research career: Edinburgh
Auerbach's PhD dissertation was on the development of legs in Drosophila. After her dissertation she became a personal assistant to Francis Albert Eley Crew, who connected her to the lively group of scientists he had assembled, and to invited scientists including Julian Huxley, J.B.S. Haldane, and most importantly to Lotte, to Hermann Joseph Muller. The famous geneticist and mutation researcher stayed in Edinburgh 1938–1940 and introduced her to mutation research.

Initially, she refused to work with Muller when Crew told her to do so. Muller, however, who was present when she opposed her boss, assured her that he would only want to work with people who are interested in the projects. But since she was interested in how genes operate, Muller noted that to understand this it would be important to understand what happens if the genes are mutated – this convinced her. She said herself "His enthusiasm for mutation research was infectious and from that day on I switched to mutation research. I have never regretted it."

Auerbach's genetic mutation research remained unpublished for many years because the work with mustard gas was considered classified by the government. She was finally able to publish in 1947.

After being an assistant instructor in animal genetics, Auerbach became a lecturer in 1947, Professor of Genetics in 1967 and ended her professional career as a Professor Emeritus in 1969.

Teaching
While she found teaching at the schools sometimes difficult, she enjoyed teaching at the University and her lectures were models of clarity, usually delivered without any notes. She spoke with authority, but she did not mind questions, and allowed time for discussions.

She wrote several books to teach genetics, several of them were translated in other languages. Her book, Genetics in the Atomic Age (1956) was praised by The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists for her excellent explanations of "an inherently technical matter."

Positions
She supported the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), was a fierce opponent of apartheid, and a confirmed liberal. In 1947, she published a book of fairy stories titled Adventures with Rosalind under the pen-name of Charlotte Austen.

Personal life
Charlotte was an only child, born into a third-generation Jewish family who had lived for several generations in Breslau. Having fled Nazi Germany in 1933, she became a naturalised British citizen in 1939.

Auerbach never married and had no children of her own. She unofficially 'adopted' two boys. One, Michael Avern, was the child of a German-speaking companion to her own elderly mother, who had escaped to Britain as well. She helped to raise Michael. The other, Angelo Alecci, came from a poor Sicilian family and the Save the Children Fund connected Charlotte with him.

She was Jewish.

Later life and death
In 1989, aged 90, she gave her house in Edinburgh to Michael Avern and moved into the Abbeyfield Home in Polwarth Terrace, Edinburgh, which was operated by the church. She died there five years later, in 1994. She was cremated at Mortonhall Crematorium.

Awards, honors, and distinctions

 * Keith Prize, Royal Society of Edinburgh (1947)
 * Fellow of Royal Society of Edinburgh (1949)
 * Fellow of the Royal Society (1957)
 * Foreign Member, Danish Academy of Science (1968)
 * Foreign Member, National Academy of Sciences (1970)
 * Honorary degrees, Leiden University (1975), Trinity College, Dublin (1976), University of Cambridge (1976), Indiana University (1984)
 * Darwin Medal, Royal Society (1976)
 * Fellow, United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (1978)
 * Prix de d'Institut de la Vie (Fond, Electricité de France) (1982)
 * Gregor Mendel Preis, German Genetical Society (1984)

The greatest reward for herself however was the telegram her hero Hermann Joseph Muller sent after their first striking mutant results in June 1941, which read: "We are thrilled by your major discovery opening great theoretical and practical field. Congratulations."

A room in the Royal Society of Edinburgh's building on George Street, Edinburgh is named for her.

There is a street named Charlotte-Auerbach-Straße in Stuhr-Brinkum. One of the streets in the Kings Buildings university complex in Edinburgh is named Charlotte Auerbach Road in her honour.

Books

 * Auerbach C., 1956. Genetics in the Atomic Age. Oliver and Boyd.
 * Auerbach C., 1961, 1964. The Science of Genetics. New Yoerk, Harper & Row.
 * Auerbach C., 1965. Notes for Introductory Courses in Genetics. Edinburgh: Kallman.
 * Auerbach C., 1976. Mutation Research: Problems, Results and Perspectives. London: Chapman & Hall.

Selected publications

 * Auerbach C., 1961. Chemicals and their effects. In: Symposium on Mutation and Plant Breeding, National Research Council Publication 891, 120–144. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences.
 * Auerbach C., 1962. Mutation: An introduction to research on Mutagenesis. Part I. Methods. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
 * Auerbach C., 1963. Stages in the cell cycle and germ cell development. In: Radiation effects in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, edited by Ebert, M. & A. Howard, 152–168. Chicago Year Book Medical.
 * Auerbach C., 1961. Chemicals and their effects. In: Symposium on Mutation and Plant Breeding, National Research Council Publication 891, 120–144. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences.
 * Auerbach C., 1962. Mutation: An introduction to research on Mutagenesis. Part I. Methods. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
 * Auerbach C., 1963. Stages in the cell cycle and germ cell development. In: Radiation effects in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, edited by Ebert, M. & A. Howard, 152–168. Chicago Year Book Medical.
 * Auerbach C., 1963. Stages in the cell cycle and germ cell development. In: Radiation effects in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, edited by Ebert, M. & A. Howard, 152–168. Chicago Year Book Medical.
 * Auerbach C., 1963. Stages in the cell cycle and germ cell development. In: Radiation effects in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, edited by Ebert, M. & A. Howard, 152–168. Chicago Year Book Medical.

title: Charlotte Auerbach


text:
User talk:Tintin1107/Archive2

Janmashtami
In the South, it is on 26th, I think. For me in Chennai, the holiday is tomorrow. Tintin 06:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, there are regional differences ? Thanks for letting me know. Dates are not mentioned on the Janmashtami page. Since you know what this holy day is about, would you mind sharing what you know and add to that wikiarticle, please ? Much appreciated. -- PFHLai 06:58, 2005 August 25 (UTC)

 * And its 27 in Mah and Guj. I've asked PFH to add it on both days. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  07:09, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've posted "Janmashtami in Hinduism (2005)" on the MainPage template for both the 26th and the 27th. Could you add the dates to the Janmashtami page, please ? I wouldn't know which place celebrate this day on what day. Thanks. -- PFHLai 07:17, 2005 August 25 (UTC)

 * I think north / south would be fine. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  07:32, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * So simple ? Okay. Maybe I'll revise the MainPage templates accordingly. Thanks a lot. :-) -- PFHLai 07:35, 2005 August 25 (UTC)

Should Krishna Janmaashtami and Janmashtami be merged ? -- PFHLai 07:45, 2005 August 25 (UTC)

 * Yes, I'm very much confused..... :-( -- PFHLai 07:56, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * Okay. Thanks for your help. Have a nice evening. -- PFHLai 08:08, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll merge their histories. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  08:20, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Acetic Acid - Choice
Well, it dates back to when I was a user on Neopets. There are millions of accounts. I hated using numbers in my name. Acetic_acid was one of the few actual names I could think of that wasn't already taken. Plus, I had been taking Chemistry all year. :P I've quit Neo, but still use this user name when I sign up for new things. Acetic Acid 08:54, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Just curious. What is Tintin1107? :)

 * Don't feel too bad. I didn't know it was a condom either. When I think of condoms, I think of Trojan and Magnum. :P Good idea to go with Tintin though. Acetic Acid 07:23, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Khan
I'm afraid I don't know. How long did he spend in England? Could he have been admitted to the Bar after he took his doctorate? I would replace "PhD" with "doctorate", though. "Doctorate" is easier to understand, jguk 15:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Cricket Articles
Tintin1107 said: Just wanted to drop a 'thank you' note for the cleanup that you do in cricket articles these days. Tintin 04:51, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Aw, thank you. I just found a bunch of cricketers with only partially filled biographies and thought that at least the basic information could be filled in. I'll go back to them later and see what information can be written about the rest of them, particularly those for whom information is particularly sparse (I have previously worked on soccer players in this regard too).

I'm going to complete the job sometime soon, at least for the stub articles. If there is any information we can add to the articles other than that, we can continue doing so after the information has been added. Bobo192 | Edits 04:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Tool
Alas, Kate's tool is the only tool I know of for counting edits. [Trivia: she's a developer and she was responsible for correcting the links which pointed to cricket (sport), correcting them to point to cricket, after we moved the article there last year.] Keep in mind that such tools are database intensive and I don't suppose we'll have more specific tools in a hurry. The only way out is the manual way. PS Thanks for supporting me in RFB. :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  05:37, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Marayoor - Peer review
Dear Tinin1107, Thank you so much for the peer review, there won't be any copyright issues because marayoor.com is my website, if you highlight the homepage, you will find my name at the bottom of the page, I use a light font colour for my name, and yes, all the pictures in the site are mine too. Oh, by the way, Marayoor is not my hometown I am only a tourist to Marayoor. My hometown is Kottayam. Thanks for the post. --Cyril Thomas 20:28, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

ML translation wanted
Since you identify yourself as a native Malayalam speaker, might you be able to tell use what this is about? Dragons flight 18:19, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

Ravi Shastri
I'm sorry, but I don't have that lucky friends. :/ UNICEF has a srilanka_22704.html photo, but it is copyrighted. Perhaps you could explain them the cicumstances. If that's not possible you can get some fair use images under the following criteria:
 * If you can find a TV screenshot on the web use: screenshot
 * If he is featured on the cover of Sportstar or a similar magazine use Magazinecover.

 * Some fair use topics are well given in Image copyright tags.

I'll review WICT later. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  08:51, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi Tintin:

Thanks for support in my recent RFB nomination. I'm now WP's newest bureaucrat. :) Regards, =Nichalp   «Talk»=  19:03, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Test cricket
Thanks for the pointer, what's the rationale? Is "Test" someone's name? --MarSch 15:25, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

RE: Doug Walters
Thanks for that Tintin. I got all my info from the cricinfo player profile, and it definately says: Crowds relaxed and related to his instinctive and aggressive Test batting that three times brought up centuries in a session... but it only says when two of them were. Thanks for pointing this out. Raven4x4x 23:59, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Ravi Shastri
Hi Tintin, got you a scoop for your RS article: Enjoy: Image:Ravi-shastri.ogg. Its RS's commentary. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  13:19, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure myself. The India (lead) and Goa (a video) page have some embedded media. Maybe the syntax there could help.

copyright expiration
If one died in 1938, one's work becomes public domain on the next 1st of January in 70 years time, i.e. 1 January 2009. Nearly there, but not quite. Dunc|☺ 00:23, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Er, 3+7=10, 30+70 = 100, 38+70 = 108, 1938+70=2008 and wait until next January, so 2009. It is of course, okay to include a couple of lines, but not the whole thing.  And I shouldn't have deleted your text, sorry. Dunc|☺ 00:34, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

A C Bannerman
Perhaps you're right about either "Alick" or "Alec". I was brought up to believe the former, and Jack Pollard uses that. However Johnny Moyes and Christopher Martin-Jenkins both use "Alec", as does CricInfo. Perhaps we need to go back to contemporary sources - newspapers, George Giffen, etc, to see what they called him. I'm happy if you want to change his page back. MulgaBill 03:51, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Bharathan
Dear Tintin,

Thank you very much for your kind appreciation. (For some reason, I did not notice your message until today, which is the reason for the rather late response...)

I am working on a complete article on Bharathan, but do not yet have one which I feel is satisfactory.

Nice to get to know a Malayali. I notice you have contributed excellently to cricket related articles. I happen to be no fan of cricket, unfortunately. But it is very nice to see you working so hard on the topic.

Do keep in touch.

Italo 22:56, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

C O Karunakaran
please check http://www.keralauniversity.edu/govmeditvm.htm for C O karunakaran

The other entries of 3 TVM doctors which you have deleted are correct and may be restored back

Surprise!

Hope this might hasten your return ;) Well deserved! Sam Vimes 10:27, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Hello, I thank you for your support to my adminship, and I am sure that we shall be around contributing and building the encyclopedia. --Bhadani 09:19, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Ravi Shastri
Hi Tintin. You've uploaded a Very High Resolution of the magazine covers, that is viewed as a copyvio. You'd need to provide a low res image. (Its mentioned on the magazine template). =Nichalp  «Talk»=  05:41, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Scan at 100 dpi or so. Use an image editing software to change the resolution to about 400px max (width); and compress it (.jpg) so that the file size < 50kb. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  08:15, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a little less kb; see Image:Discovery of india.jpg. Resize it instead of scanning it over again. I thought you'd be away till the end of Sep; I guess that you'll be away for a longer time now. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  08:36, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Cool, enjoy yourself. So won't have you editing at IST anymore :( Put up Ravi Shastri in peer review once you finish editing. I'll review there. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  08:52, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Blofeld
I didn't write that actually. Ernst Stavro Blofeld used to be merged with SPECTRE. I merely seperated the two. I'm honestly not sure where the name Blofeld comes from for certain. I've heard the whole Henry Blofeld thing before, but I've never seen a source. Best bet for a definitive answer would be The Life of Ian Fleming by John Pearson. He did character backgrounds in the book and knew where most of the characters came from considering his close friendship with Fleming. Next time I get my hands on that book I'll look it up and confirm this. K1Bond007 17:26, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

List of Test cricket triple centuries
Many thanks for your corrections - as you may have guessed, I wrote the match reports from the scorecards, and much of the format was copied and pasted, so there may be other errors lurking. Did you get the chance to review all of them? -- ALoan (Talk) 21:37, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Excellent additions - thanks again, and thanks for the note too. Feel free to vote at WP:FLC, by the way. -- ALoan (Talk) 09:49, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Conrad Hunte
Hi Tintin,

I see you just made an edit to Conrad Hunte. Just to warn you that I'm still busy writing about the rest of his career. I just wouldn't want to find we were duplicating each other's effort.

Stephen Turner 11:17, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

IL Bula
I thought someone had written an article about a Norwegian sports team (IL = "Idrettslag", which is Norwegian for "Sports team") or something! I'll see what I can do - not a lot of net presence, though, so I fear the article will consist of "He is a member of the Fijian Sport Hall of Fame and toured New Zealand twice in 1947-48 and 1953-54". Sam Vimes 21:11, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * IL Bula now has an article. Reckon it's worth it to put a dab notice on Bula? Sam Vimes 11:21, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I actually meant one of the small dablinks~on top of the page - like For the Fijian cricketer called Bula, see IL Bula - I wasn't going to make the whole page a disambig, the Philippine municipality is quite clearly more notable. Not sure whether anyone would search for Bula, tho... Sam Vimes 17:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nope, that wasn't me. I hope you didn't confuse the bloke with talk about cricket. ;) Sam Vimes 19:21, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Edits & AFD

 * You had asked me earlier about tools to see your edit counts. Well, I've got good news. User:Durin has been making nice charts of edits. See mine: Image:Nichalp-edits.png. You can request him for your statistics.
 * I notice you have been pretty active in AFD. Those pages are too large for me to monitor. Would you be willing add India related AFD's to WikiProject Deletion sorting/India. Thanks  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  09:12, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the sort. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:15, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Chart available
I went ahead and did the chart. You can view it here: Image:Tintin1107-edits.png. I beg of you; I do this really only for admin nominees with less than 2,000 edits. This is now the 5th chart in as many days I've been asked to do that were not for that purpose. Please do not pass word around that I do this; I really don't :-) I also saw that you're using edit summaries 74.6% of the time over your last 500 edits. Overall, you used them much less than that so you are improving. Please keep it up (and move it up over 90%! :-)). All the best, --Durin 16:01, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tintin1107/Archive2


text:
122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)

122 mm corps gun M1931/37 (A-19) (122-мм корпусная пушка обр. 1931/1937 гг. (А-19)) was a Soviet field gun developed in late 1930s by combining the barrel of the 122 mm gun M1931 (A-19) and the carriage of the 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20). The gun was in production from 1939 until 1946. It saw action in World War II (primarily with corps and RVGK artillery of the Red Army) and remained in service for a long time after the end of the war. Vehicle-mounted variants of the gun were fitted to the IS-2 and IS-3 tanks of the Iosif Stalin series of tanks and the ISU-122 self-propelled gun.

Development history
In 1936 the Red Army adopted the 122 mm gun M1931, also known as A-19. Unlike earlier ordnance pieces used by the Red Army, it had split trail carriage with suspension, and consequently improved mobility and traverse. The carriage of M1931 had a number of shortcomings though. The elevation mechanism was slow and unreliable; solid-tired wheels hindered mobility to some extent; there were technological problems in carriage production.

Soon after the M1931, the Red Army received another artillery piece in form of the 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), developed at the No. 172 Plant, under F. F. Petrov. This led to an upgrade of the M1931, handled also by Petrov's design bureau. The barrel of the M1931 was placed on the carriage of a ML-20. The improved gun successfully underwent trials in September–October 1938 and on 29 April 1939 was adopted as 122 mm corps gun M1931/37. Unusually, the new variant, like the old one, was referred to as A-19.

Production history
The M1931/37 was manufactured by the Barrikady Plant in Stalingrad (1939–41), No. 172 Plant (1941–46). The number of M1931/37s manufactured can be estimated at about 2,450, not including those mounted on vehicles.

Description
Like barrel of late production M1931, the barrel of the M1931/37 was of loose liner construction, and consisted of liner, jacket and screwed-upon breech. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, similar in construction to that of the 152 mm howitzer M1910/37. Recoil system consisted of hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator, both located inside the cradle under the barrel.

The gun had split trail carriage adapted from the 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20). The carriage was fitted with leaf spring suspension and metal wheels with pneumatic tires. The carriage also featured an equilibrator. The shield gave the crew some protection from small arms and shell fragments.

The M1931/37 was transported as a single piece, with barrel pulled back. It was permitted to tow the gun with barrel in its normal position, but for short distances only and with speed of no more than 4–5 km/h. Several types of artillery tractors were used: S-2 Stalinets-2, Komintern and, from 1943, Ya-12.

Organization and employment
Both variants, M1931 and M1931/37, had the same place in army organizations, were often used alongside each other and combat reports rarely differentiate between them; consequently, the data in this section is for M1931 and M1931/37 together, unless specified otherwise.

Red Army

The A-19 was originally intended for corps artillery. Together with ML-20 it formed a so-called "corps duplex". In 1940–41 there were three types of corps artillery regiments: Soon after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War the corps artillery was eliminated (as rifle corps themselves were eliminated) and was only reintroduced late in the war. Those new artillery regiments were issued 122 mm guns along with other pieces, mainly 107 mm guns and 152 mm howitzers, in total 16-20 pieces per regiment. On 1 June 1944, RKKA corps artillery possessed 387 A-19s (along with some 750 107 mm and 152 mm pieces), and on 1 May 1945—289 A-19s (again along with some 750 100 mm, 107 mm and 152 mm pieces).
 * With two battalions of ML-20 and one of either A-19 or 107-mm guns (a total of 24 ML-20s).
 * With two battalions of ML-20 and two of either A-19 or 107-mm guns (a total of 24 ML-20s).
 * With three battalions of ML-20 (a total of 36 ML-20s).

The gun was also used by artillery units of the Reserve of the Main Command (RVGK). In mid-1941 a cannon regiment of the RVGK had 48 A-19; in autumn 1941 these regiments were reorganized, a new, smaller, regiment had 18 A-19s. From 1942 cannon brigades were introduced, with 36 A-19s each. Such brigade could be a part of an artillery division—a huge formation, with up to four brigades of A-19 or ML-20 (meaning up to 144 pieces).

The first combat use of the A-19 was in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. It also saw combat in the Winter War. On 1 March 1940 there were 130 A-19 guns at the frontline. Three pieces were lost.

By June 1941 the RKKA possessed, according to different sources, 1257 (1236 in the Army and 21 in the Navy) or 1300 A-19s. The gun proceeded to be used throughout the Great Patriotic War.

The A-19 was primarily used for indirect fire against enemy personnel, fortifications and key objects in the near rear. It was also equipped with armour-piercing shells for direct fire against armoured targets. Although not an ideal anti-tank gun because of its large size, slow traverse and relatively slow rate of fire, in 1943 the A-19 was one of only a few Soviet guns effective against the new German tanks, such as the Tiger and Elefant. The Tank gun variant, the D-25 was even able to penetrate the upper frontal plate of the Tiger II at a range of 500-600 metres although it did require multiple rounds to be fired to do so.

An A-19 No. 501 was the first gun to open fire on 20 April 1945 at the Battle of Berlin.

Other operators

In the early stage of the Great Patriotic War hundreds of A-19s fell into the hands of Wehrmacht. Both variants were adopted - M1931 as 12,2 cm K.390/1(r) and M1931/37 as 12,2 cm K.390/2(r). Germans used a total of 424 of these guns in field and coastal artillery and manufactured ammunition for them.

Germany sold 150 of the captured A-19s to Spain in 1943. This transaction was part of the "Bär Program", a program to complete and modernize the equipment of the Spanish Armed Forces using armament delivered by Germany. Most of these A-19 were assigned to the Corps Field Artillery Regiments of the Spanish Army, each regiment receiving 12 pieces to equip a group. The model was well liked in Spain, and 32 additional pieces were ordered by the Army and produced – with neither documentation nor licenses – by the Trubia Arms Factory. After acquisition of more modern American artillery, the Spanish A-19s were relegated to the artillery regiments of territorial defense units. 173 of the Spanish A-19s were modernized in the 1970s, and the guns remained in service with the Spanish Army until the 1990s.

The Finnish Army captured 25 pieces in 1941 and also pressed them into service. The same designation 122 K/31 was applied to both variants. Because of shortage in heavy tractors, the gun was mostly used in coastal artillery. Four pieces were lost; the rest remained in service after the war. In 1980s some pieces had their barrels replaced with 152 mm barrels of ML-20; the resulting pieces were designated 152 H 37-31. In late 1980s both 152 H 37-31 and the remaining 122 K/31 received new 152 mm L/32 barrels manufactured by Vammas, to become 152 H 88-31.

The Kingdom of Romania captured in 1941 a number of 477 various types of 122 mm howitzers and guns including M1931/37 and the modern ones were used as divisional artillery for units rebuilt after 1941 campaign. Some guns captured by the Romanians were modified and fitted on the initial prototypes of the Mareșal tank destroyer.

The A-19s were used by Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1944-45 and remained in Polish service after the war. In 1952 the Polish Army possessed 63 pieces. In 1980s, in order to improve their mobility, the Polish guns were fitted with wheels from KrAZ-255B truck, resulting in '''122 mm armata wz. 1931/37/85'''.

Yugoslavia received 78 122 mm guns. The People's Army of Vietnam also received A-19s and used them during the Vietnam War.

Other recipients of the M1931/37 were Syria (at least 100 pieces in storage ) and Egypt. China also purchased a number of the M1931/37 during early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Variants

 * A-19S – Slightly modified variant of A-19 for use in ISU-122 self-propelled gun.
 * D-25 – In 1943 a tank gun based on the A-19 was developed for the new Iosif Stalin tank, in particular because the existing 85 mm tank gun utilized in the early prototypes was deemed insufficient; the resulting prototype was the IS-122. There were, however, safety concerns as the muzzle brake on the gun exploded, nearly killing the attending Marshal Kliment Voroshilov. The fact caused some initial resistance to the adoption of the gun, but Stalin supported the decision to arm the tank named after him with a 122 mm gun. The gun was redesigned to address the safety issue and the resulting weapon was named D-25, analogous to the earlier D-5T 85mm gun.
 * D-25T – tank gun variant (T stands for tankovaya, 'tank' adj.). In the last days of November 1943, Fyodor Petrov's artillery design team tried the D-25 122 mm corps gun on a mounting used for the D-5T 85 mm tank gun against a captured German Panther tank. Tests took place in the Kubinka proving grounds (about 60 km west of Moscow). Firing from a distance of 1200 m, the round pierced the front glacis, made its way through the engine block and penetrated the rear plate too. After the overwhelming success of this trial, necessary adaptations were made during the following weeks, and the model was accepted as the D-25T on 31 December 1943. Production started immediately, to equip the IS-2 tank.
 * D-25S – variant for use in late production ISU-122 self-propelled gun (S for samokhodnaya, 'self-propelled'). The variant of ISU-122 armed with this gun was designated ISU-122S.
 * 152 H 88-31 – A Finnish modernization, involving the upgrading of the caliber to 152 mm.
 * 122 mm armata wz. 1931/37/85 – A Polish modernization.

Ammunition
The gun fired separate loading, cased charge ammunition, with one of four possible propellant charges - the full, no. 1, no. 2 and no. 3 (the smallest). In addition to 122 mm gun shells, the A-19 could fire 122 mm howitzer shells; however because of lesser durability of those shells they could not be used with full charge.

Surviving pieces
The M1931/37 can be seen, among other places:
 * In the Central Armed Forces Museum, Moscow, Russia.
 * In the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
 * In Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol, Ukraine.
 * In the Poznań Citadel, Poland.
 * In the US Army Ordnance Museum in Aberdeen, Maryland, United States.
 * In the Fort Sill Artillery Museum grounds in Lawton, Oklahoma, United States.
 * In the Military Museum, Dej, Romania.
 * In the El Goloso Armor Museum, Madrid.
 * In the Historical Military Museum of Cartagena (Spain)
 * In a video is possible to see an M1931/37 used by Syrian Army against IS and Al-Nursa in September 2016.

title: 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)


text:
Category:Films directed by Anthony Mann

Films directed by Anthony Mann.

title: Category:Films directed by Anthony Mann


text:
Andrea Lowe

Andrea Lowe (born 1 May 1975) is an English actress.

Career
She started her theatre career at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre in the play The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter.

In 1993 she had her first film role, alongside Samantha Morton, in the musical comedy drama called The Token King, set in a high school in Nottingham. Among her extensive work since then, Lowe guest starred in two episodes of the second season of The Tudors in which she played Lady Eleanor Luke, a fictional noblewoman who was briefly the mistress of Henry VIII, played Vicky in the 2009 TV film, The Unloved, and she played the role of Annie Cabbot in the British television network ITV series DCI Banks (2011–2016), having also played in its pilot, DCI Banks: Aftermath (2010).

She starred in Alan Ayckbourn's play How the Other Half Loves alongside Jenny Seagrove and Jason Merrells at the Duke of York's Theatre, the West End theatre, on St Martin's Lane, London in 2016.

Film work

 * 2013 The Arbiter as Kate
 * 2010 Route Irish (Sixteen Films)
 * 2002 Club Le Monde as Sarah (Screen Production Associates)
 * 2000 Pandaemonium as Edith Southey (Mariner Films)
 * 2000 Threesome as Melanie (Sugar & Water Films)
 * Repeat After Me (Channel 4 Dogma Series; Ideal World)
 * The Rover’s Return (Short End Films)
 * The Perfect G (London Guildhall)
 * The Token King (Channel 4)
 * Snorted (Goldsmiths College)

TV work

 * Endeavour, Series 8, Episode 2, Pauline Lund, 2022
 * Agatha Raisin - “The Wizard of Evesham” (Eve Pemberton) 2018
 * Trust Me - TV Series, 2 episodes (Ally Sutton) 2017
 * Midsomer Murders Series 16, Episode 2 "Let Us Prey" (Ava Gould) 2014
 * Lewis Series 8, "The Lions of Nemea" (Philippa Garwood) 2014
 * Inspector George Gently Series 6, "Blue For Bluebird" (Cherry Stretch) 2014
 * Love Life (mini series, 3 episodes) (Lucy) 2012
 * DCI Banks (series) (DS Annie Cabbot) 2011–2016
 * DCI Banks: Aftermath (DS Annie Cabbot) 2010
 * Accused Series One, Episode 4, "Kenny's Story" (Donna Armstrong) 2010
 * The Unloved (movie) (Vicki) 2009
 * Coronation Street three episodes (Naomi) 2009
 * The Tudors Series Two, episodes 3 & 4 (Lady Eleonor Luke) 2008
 * No Heroics Series One, episode 1 "Supergroupie" (Vicci) 2008
 * Silent Witness Episode "Terror" Parts 1&2 (Emily Wright) 2008
 * Torchwood Series Two, episode "Fragments" (Katie) 2008
 * Agatha Christie's Marple "Ordeal By Innocence" (Maureen) 2007
 * Murphy's Law (Series 5)'' (Kim Goodall) 2007
 * New Tricks Series 4, Episode 6, "Buried Treasure" (Tina Murphy) 2007
 * Where the Heart Is – TV Series, 9 episodes, (Zoë Phelps) 2006
 * Cracker (Elaine) 2006
 * Murder City – "Death of a Ladies' Man" (Helen Osborn) 2006
 * The Bill – Episodes 400 and 401 (Leigh Bevan) 2006
 * Love Soup – "The Reflecting Pool" (Tina) 2005
 * A Thing Called Love (Liz Leech) 2004
 * No Angels – Episode No. 1.9 (Julia) 2004
 * Fields of Gold (W.P.C.) 2002
 * Rescue Me (Melanie Woods)
 * Peak Practice – Suffer the Little Children (Zoë Thomson) 2001
 * The Sleeper (Donna) 2000
 * Nature Boy (Claire Whitaker) 2000
 * Night and Day (BBC)
 * Doctors – Episode "Second Chance" (Jackie Dean)

Selected theatre work

 * How The Other Half Loves (Duke of York's Theatre, West End, London)
 * Bash (Citizens Theatre Glasgow)
 * A Day in Dull Armour (Royal Court Theatre Upstairs)
 * The Birthday Party (Crucible Theatre Sheffield)
 * Lost and Found (River House Barn)
 * Gong Donkeys (The Bush Theatre)

title: Andrea Lowe


text:
Birstall, West Yorkshire

Birstall is a market and mill town in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It is part of the Birstall and Birkenshaw ward, which had a population of 16,298 at the 2011 census. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and part of the Heavy Woollen District, Birstall is approximately 6 mi south-west of Leeds and situated close to the M62 motorway. The town is situated between Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield and Wakefield.

History
Birstall's name is derived from the Old English byrh and stall meaning a fortified site. The town is not mentioned in the Domesday Book but is alluded to as one of two settlements in Gomersal. Pigot's National Commercial Directory for 1828–29 listed it as one of the four villages which make up the township of Gomersal.

The hill fort itself would have been situated high above the town, to one side of the present-day Raikes Lane, which heads towards Gildersome, and onto Leeds. In prehistoric days, trackways ran in various directions from one British settlement to another, one such settlement being on the top of Birstall Hill. This site was chosen for its central location amongst the nearby waterways and its accessibility to and from other nearby hill forts, such as Castle Hill at Almondbury in Huddersfield and Barwick-in-Elmet, in Leeds. Following the course of Fieldhead Lane towards Drighlington is the Roman road of Tong Street. This location would give Birstall a great geographical advantage, making it within easy reach of the main thoroughfares of ancient Yorkshire.

A Roman tiled mosaic was unearthed at Birstall Smithies, a former early industrial slag smelting site, during excavations in 1965. This and a hoard of Roman coins discovered at the foot of Carr Lane, on what was then Birstall Recreation Ground indicate quite succinctly as to the prehistoric origins of Birstall. These coins, which were discovered in the 18th century, dated from 192 to 268 AD.

A quarter of a mile up the hill from Birstall on Leeds Road, there was once a Roman watch tower. This observation point was built on the ridge or "brae" of the hill. One side overlooked the Birstall area, while the other looked downwards from Howden Clough and the valley towards upland Morley. This watchtower was known in the early 20th century to the local inhabitants as the Brass Castle, a corruption of Brae Castle. It followed the line of other such structures built in West Yorkshire, atop prominent projecting ridges.

Birstall is the birthplace of Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen. Priestley was tutored extensively by the then Vicar of Birstall, an Edinburgh man with a keen interest in science. He was also a pupil at Batley Grammar School for Boys, founded in 1612 by the Rev. William Lee. The school still remains on Carlinghow Hill, approximately one mile from Birstall.

Also born in Birtsall was John Nelson, a stonemason who was converted by John Wesley to Methodism whilst working in London and who returned to Birstall and became one of Wesley's most important preachers.

Birstall was prosperous before the Industrial Revolution, being within a small area that was a centre for the English white cloth industry. However, the Industrial Revolution saw extensive growth, and the architecture of the period still dominates today. The wider area became known as the Heavy Woollen District, although the decline in textile production has led to a decline in its usage; it is still used in local sport, however. Of this period is the cobbled marketplace with a statue of Priestley, which was erected in 1912 by public subscription and sculpted by Frances Darlington.

Before 1937, Birstall had its own urban district council before a merger with the UDC of neighbouring Batley. Just over 30 years later, this, in turn, was merged into Kirklees when the metropolitan councils were formed.

On 16 June 2016, the local member of parliament Jo Cox was shot and stabbed in Birstall outside the library where she was due to hold a surgery for local constituents. She later died of her injuries.

Community

The town has two retail parks adjacent to Junction 27 of the M62, Birstall Shopping Park (also referred to as West Yorkshire Retail Park) and Junction 27 Retail Park.

Birstall contains a triangular-shaped Victorian marketplace, which replaced an earlier market on High Street in the Georgian area of the village. Market day is Thursday.

Birstall's community groups and traders organise the "Birstall in Bloom" project, which started in 2010. The local 'Chamber of Trade' promotes local businesses. Shops and outlets include a florist, baker's, butcher's, travel agent, pet shop, hair dresser's, nail bar, fish shop, Cafes and hot sandwich shops.

The Chamber of Trade organise the annual Christmas lights with a big switch on event on the last Tuesday in November.

Town centre improvements
In mid-2008, the local council's area committee invested £900,000 in refurbishing the Birstall marketplace and regenerating the town after a campaign by locals. The refurbishments were completed in December 2008 with most of the original cobbles being taken away and replaced with a level stone surface with randomly cobbled stripes.

Landmarks
Birstall's St Peter's Church dates to the time of Henry VIII, although the original tower is much earlier and may have been part of the original "Burgh Stall" or "Fortified Place". A family reconstitution of the parish registers of St Peter's, Birstall (1595–1812) was undertaken by Harvey Thwaite, and is one of the group of twenty-six family reconstitution studies that have been extensively used by the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure.

Close to Birstall is Oakwell Hall, an Elizabethan manor house romanticised by Charlotte Brontë as 'Fieldhead' in her novel Shirley.

An 18th-century windmill stands in the grounds of Windmill Church of England Primary School (formerly St Saviour's Junior School) and has provided local names such as 'Windmill Estate' and 'Miller's Croft'.

The Black Bull Inn is situated behind St Peter's Church on Kirkgate. Its upstairs room was once used as a magistrate's court for Birstall and Gomersal, and is now Grade 2 listed.

title: Birstall, West Yorkshire


text:
Ghazi Kanaan

Ghazi Kanaan (غازي كنعان; 1942 – 12 October 2005), also known as Abu Yo'roub, was Syria's interior minister from 2004 to 2005, and long-time head of Syria's security apparatus in Lebanon from 1982 to 2002.

Employing tactics such as endorsing pro-Syrian candidates and employing intimidation, Kanaan had a considerable influence over Lebanese politics, ensuring Lebanon is aligned with Syria's agenda. Kanaan was questioned during the investigation into Rafic Hariri's assassination in 2005. His violent death later that year, officially declared a suicide, was met with skepticism by some, drawing international attention.

Early life and education
Ghazi Kanaan was born in 1942 in Bhamra, near Qardaha, the home town of former Syrian president Hafez al-Assad. This region, centered on the coastal town of Latakia, is in heartland Syria's Alawite minority, of which both men were part. Kanaan was a member of the Kalbiyya tribe and a distant relative of Bashar's mother, Anisa Makhlouf. Kanaan graduated from the Homs Military Academy in 1965.

Career and activities
Kanaan, as a young military officer, pledged allegiance to Hafez al-Assad, who seized power in 1970. Kanaan participated in the fight against the Israelis on the Golan Heights in the 1970s. He rose in rank to colonel and served as the director of intelligence in of Central Syria (Homs) from 1981 to 1982.

After the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, parts of which were already under Syrian military domination, he was assigned to head the Syrian intelligence in Lebanon in 1982. His term lasted for twenty years until 2002. However, Kanaan did not leave Lebanon until a ceremony was held by then Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri at the prime ministry on 9 October 2003, and when Hariri symbolically gave him the key of the city of Beirut.

During his tenure in Lebanon, Kanaan gained a decisive Syrian influence over Lebanese affairs, and gradually subdued the warring Lebanese militias through a combination of diplomacy, bribery and force. During the 1980s, he developed collaborators with the predominantly Christian and previously Lebanese Forces – Executive Command (LFEC) militia which was run by Elie Hobeika, but it was only about 2,000 soldiers. He also became a close confidant of Rafik Hariri. After Israel's withdrawal from its occupation of southern Lebanon in 2000, Kanaan extended Syria's influence there, and backed the Hezbollah movement's takeover of the area.

Syria established an absolute power in Lebanese elections of 1992, 1996 and 2000 through Kanaan. After the Taif agreement in 1989, it was Kanaan who determined fourteen electoral districts of Lebanon. On behalf of Syrian government, he vetoed the anti-Syrian candidates, urged the political leaders to include pro-Syrian candidates in their candidate lists, and balanced the number of religious candidates with secular ones in some districts. In addition, Syria exerted influence on security and judicial appointments in the country through Kanaan. On the other hand, the head of Lebanon's Sureté Générale (General Security Directorate), Jamil Al Sayyed, reported directly to Kanaan, often bypassing the civilian leadership of the Lebanese government. Kannan became the most feared man in the Lebanon during his term, since he had the power to order the arrest and indefinite detention of anyone.

In 2000, the widow and children of Ira Weinstein who was killed in a February 1996 Hamas suicide bombing, filed a lawsuit against him as the head of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon and then Syrian Defense Minister Mustafa Tlass charging that they were responsible for providing the perpetrators with material resources and training.

After being an early backer of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad as a successor to his father, Kanaan was summoned back to Damascus in October 2002 to become the head of Syria's political security directorate, replacing Adnan Badr Hassan in the post. He was succeeded in Lebanon by Rustum Ghazali, his deputy. In 2004, after a string of bombings targeting leading Hamas members given sanctuary in Syria, claimed by Syria to have been the work of Israeli intelligence, Kanaan was assigned by president al-Assad to the cabinet post of interior minister in October 2004 in a cabinet rehuffle. The cabinet was headed by Muhammad Naji al-Otari. On the internal Syrian political scene, Kanaan was considered close to the president, although at the same time part of the "old guard" of Syrian politics.

On 30 June 2005, the United States, which had been pressuring Syria over the Hariri bombing and to end Syrian occupation, declared that it would freeze all assets belonging to Kanaan and Ghazali, due to their involvement with the occupation of Lebanon, and also due to suspicions of "corrupt activities".

Kanaan was not regarded as a member of Bashar al-Assad's inner circle. He was known to have close links with the former vice president, Abdul Halim Khaddam who had resigned in the summer of 2005. Some believed that they both might have developed a challenging powerbase within the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party against Bashar al-Assad in future.

Business activities
Ghazi Kanaan was one of the shareholders of LibanCell, a cellular phone company. The company was awarded a ten-year contract in 1994.

Personal life
Kanaan was married and had six children, four sons and two daughters. One of his sons, Yaroob, is married to daughter of Jamil al-Assad.

Kanaan provided financial support to build the Jaafar Tayar mosque, established a library with seven computers and built a community center named for his father, Mohammed Ali in Bhamra. In short, he provided personal funding for community projects in Bhamra and nearby region.

Death
Kanaan was interviewed in September 2005 by a United Nations team led by Detlev Mehlis, as a "witness", probing the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. Kanaan however denied any involvement in the assassination. In the phone interview he gave to the Lebanese radio station Voice of Lebanon on the day of his death, he said, "I think this is the last statement I might give."

Syrian interior ministry and other officials reported that Kanaan died in a Damascus hospital of a gunshot wound to the head on 12 October 2005. After a one-day examination, Syrian authorities closed the case, Prosecutor Muhammad al-Luaji stating:

"Examination of the body and fingerprints as well as testimony from employees, including senior aide General Walid Abaza, indicated that it was a suicide by gunshot".

It was suggested that he was in fact murdered by the Syrian government, and various theories explaining the possible motives for this have been put forth. For instance, Kanaan's death is seen as a move to cut a key connection to the alleged Syrian participation in the assassination of Rafik Hariri. Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, who had been variously allied and hostile to Kanaan during his stay in Lebanon, commented by saying that if Ghazi Kanaan was in fact linked to the Hariri assassination, then he was a "brave man" who "did well, if I may say, by committing suicide". There was another argument: Kanaan was in touch with Abdel Halim Khaddam and Hikmat Shihabi and they were planning a coup against Bashar al-Assad.

It is argued that his death was widely blamed on the al-Assad government among the Alawite community. This belief led to further dissolution of Alawite ‘asabiyya'. At his funeral, mourners shouted, "Why did you kill him?".

In November 2006, Kanaan's brother also committed suicide.

title: Ghazi Kanaan


text:
Talk:122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)

Guns built

 * '' "2,926 guns eventually made"

But there were more IS tanks than this built. Does this figure only represent field guns? —Michael Z. 2005-12-27 08:32 Z

Eliminated http://www.freeweb.hu/gva/weapons/soviet_guns9.html from References and External Links section

 * Armor penetration table

Deleted link from References and External Links section. Reason: page no longer exists.

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. Referencing and appropriate inline citation guidelines not met. --dashiellx (talk) 18:27, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

A-19 in Cuban service
The A-19 122mm gun was also exported to Cuba and it was used with great success to repel the Bay of Pigs invasion on 1961.

http://www.combatreform.org/BOPImage161.jpg

http://www.combatreform.org/airbornebayofpigs.htm

Miguel.A.Lopez.Regalado (talk) 13:32, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Possibly was operated by Iraq in combat in the 80s
https://x.com/ChungTzuW/status/1775901217194938449 D1d2d3d29 (talk) 22:54, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)


text:
Talk:Samudra Manthana

Chronology issue
This article indicates that the Asura king at the time of the Kurma avatar was Bali, the grandson of Prahalad, the son of Hiranyakashipu. Hiranyakashipu was the Asura king killed by Vishnu as Narasimha avatar, which is two avatars after Kurma avatar - Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha... We know that the second sentence is factually correct. Therefore, the first sentence cannot, because of the chronological conflict. Please correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rokytsyntyst (talk • contribs) 05:45, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

Copyright issue
I have added the "Symbolism of Samudra Manthan" section. However the material in this section has been taken from the page hinduwebsite.com/churning.htm. Although I have tried to modify and shorten it, it still resembles the original and I am not sure if this constitutes a copyright violation. Please advise or do the needful. Thanks. Rohitbd 12:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

It surely is a copyright violation because I have writeen it for Hinduwebsite.com and you will not find a similar interpreation anywhere else. Author Jayaram V. And thanks for taking it out.

 * While the symbolism is indeed beautiful, it is the first time I have come across it (i.e. the symbolism, not the story of the churning). Was the symbolism written by a renowded sage, or is it an opinion piece on the website? If it is indeed part of a famous bhashyam, then it may not hurt to keep the section. If not, removing it might be a good idea. Adityan 21:05, 25 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The symbolism has been taken from the page above (hinduwebsite.com/churning.htm) which is a Hinduism related site and it seems logical - by the same reasoning for the Symbolism of Ganesha. Rohitbd 11:32, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Definitely merge, the two articles are about the same subject, one with English name, the other with Indian. --BostonMA 18:25, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose, Ocean of milk or Kshirasagara is a separate entity, where Vishnu reclines over the Shesha Naga, with his consort Lakshmi. On the other hand Samudra manthan or Churning of the Ocean of Milk was only a episode that took place there! --Ekabhishek (talk) 09:58, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 19:41, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved per request. - GTBacchus(talk) 04:11, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Samudra mathanam → Samudra manthan – Restore to old name. The article name "Samudra mathanam" currently uses the nominative singular form of the root "samudra-mathan", which is not the convention of naming Hinduism-related articles. Ganesha, Shiva, Vishnu, Krishna, Rama, Surya, Indra etc. are all root forms, not nominative singulars like "Ganeshah" et al. Nominative singular are used for Brahma, Iravan where the root Brahman (masuline the personal god; neuter the Spirit Brahman) or Iravat (masuline: Iravan; feminine: Iravati) do not sinularly identify the article subject. Also, Ganesha, Shiva, Vishnu, Krishna, Rama, Surya, Indra, Brahma have become part of other Indian languages in this form. The same applies to Samudra manthan. Though the original root word is "mathan" in Sanskrit, the vernacular corruption "manthan" has become much other popular. "Samudra mathan" gives 3 results with "Did you mean: "samudra manthan" v/s "Samudra manthan" 972 . On wikipedia, nothing links to the words "Samudra mathan"  or "Samudra mathanam"  v/s "Samudra manthan". Redtigerxyz Talk 16:55, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Merge with Kurma
Kurma is only small part of the Samudra manthan legend. Discussing the list of ratnas, Mohini, Kumbha Mela in detail is WP:UNDUE in Kurma. Also discussing Kurma as the supporter of the earth is UNDUE in this article. -- Redtigerxyz Talk 11:59, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

The meaning of the story
I know this is original research, but I want to tell you the real meaning of this story, which is not a myth but a mythological guise of an astronomical event. Even B.G. Sidharth recognized the meaning of the churning of the milk ocean as the rotation of the earth ("The celestial key to the Vedas" page 110).

The serpent Vasuki is the constellation Draco. The gods and Asuras changed the respective sides of Vasuki and the mountain Mandara (the Northpole) was first located on the sea (the ice of the North Pole is located on the sea) before it was situated on the shield of Kurma (the ice cap of the South Pole, which lies on Antarctica, which then became the North Pole).

This means undubitable a shifting of the petrosphere over the asthenosphere of the earth, because Vasuki (the constellation Draco) was still lying around the pole (the mountain Mandara) and serving as churning rope. So the earth can not have been tilted over because then its axis would have changed its direction in the sky and Draco no more would have been located around the pole.

The story is a part of the story of the flood, given in the Puranas. In that event Vishu first rescued Manu as Matsya-Avatar, then lifted the earth out of the water as Varaha and after that supported the Mandara mountain as Kurma. All this are astronomical descriptions wrapped in mythological pictures and NOT fairy tales.--87.178.208.82 (talk) 21:10, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Title Change
Title sound be samudra manthana, not manthan. can someone please change? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.44.177.134 (talk) 06:35, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

Removal of Wikiproject Cambodia
I could not find a reason this is part of Wikiproject Cambodia, there for I've removed it from said project, please tell me if you objectHelloimahumanbeing (talk) 21:26, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

About the meaning
As already B.G. Sidharth had shown (The Celestial Key to the Veda) this "myth" shows an increasing of the speed of the spin of the earth. Mount Meru is the northpole (according to the Hindu tradition once located in India) the serpent Vasuki the constellation Draco. The turquois symbolizes the southpole on which the earth lies. The Gods are located in the east, the Asuras in the west. That's the meaning of this image. There is another indian tradition in different sources which confirms the above interpretation: according to several sources (f.e. Bhavishia Purana 1.2.88) a day once consisted of 30 Muhurtas while it are now 24 hours. The earth rotates 360°/day. 360 : 30 = 12°/hour. 360 : 24 = 15°/hour. So this in fact evidently shows an increasing of the speed of the rotation of the earth. 2003:F5:F741:6900:C838:44E8:CCF1:9918 (talk) 11:12, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samudra Manthana


text:
User talk:Lbandler

Welcome!
Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to Layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
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Happy editing! --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Medical history
Why did you remove the alternative names (which are, so far as I can discover, accurate)? (Incidentally, ~ doesn't work in edit summaries; you don't have to sign them anyway). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Dear Mel Etitis 1  You're right of course, the term anamnesis is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as "...patient's account of his medical history". However it is worth noting that I have to look in the dictionary to confirm it. I removed them because the definition of medical history given here is "... information gained by a physician ..." As a doctor who takes medical histories every working day, talking with doctors who do likewise, reading articles by doctors who do the same, I have never used or even heard of the terms anamnesis and heteroanamnesis before reading this article. Therefore I don't believe that the terms are correct in this particular context. They make an otherwise excellent and useful summary (I'm not sure who wrote it) somewhat clumsy. 2  My apologies for the misuse of tildes. I am still trying to get used to the complex navigation system that is Wikipedia. I sign them because I think I should "own up" to anything I write. Where DO I put the tildes? Here? Lbandler 02:53, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) It's possible that the term's use is geographically limited (where do you practise?).
 * 2) Nothing to apologise for; I just thought that I'd let you know, though, to save you time when writing edit summaries. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:40, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Sorry ... slow to repond ... you're right it may be geographically limited. I work in Australia and only read English language journals (mainly UK and USA). Lbandler 07:44, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lbandler


text:
User talk:Newsquestpaul

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Dunc|☺ 12:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
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Newspaper Links
Hi, I see another user is removing your links as spam. I've raised the issue for debate at Village_pump_%28policy%29. You may like to visit to put your point of view. --Cavrdg 19:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Newsquestpaul


text:
Bilstein

Bilstein may refer to:

People

 * Counts of Bilstein, Frankish noble family
 * Barons of Bilstein, Westphalian noble family

Inhabited places

 * Bilstein (Kürten), village near Kürten, county of Rheinisch-Bergischer-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Bilstein (Kreuzau), village near Kreuzau, county of Düren, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Bilstein (Lennestadt), town quarter of Lennestadt, county of Olpe, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Bilstein (Limbourg) or Bilstain, town quarter of Limbourg, Province of Liege, Region of Wallonia, Belgium
 * Amt Bilstein, former administrative district in Westphalia
 * Barony of Bilstein, medieval comital lordship in the area of Eschwege, North Hesse
 * Villa Bilstein, Ennepetal, county of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia

Castles

 * Bilstein Castle (Lennestadt), castle in Lennestadt, Landkreis county of Olpe, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Bilstein Castle (Eschwege), ruined castle near Eschwege, county of Werra-Meißner-Kreis, North Hesse
 * Bilstein Castle (Bas-Rhin), ruined castle near Urbeis in the Alsace, department of Bas-Rhin
 * Château de Bilstein, ruined castle near Riquewihr in the Alsace, department of Haut-Rhin

Geological formations

 * Am Bilstein (Hückeswagen) (284,7 m), near Dürhagen, county of Oberbergischer Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Bilstein (Brilon Plateau) (620,1 m), on the Brilon Plateau, Hochsauerlandkreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Bilstein (Kaufungen Forest) (641,2 m), in the Kaufungen Forest, county of Werra-Meißner, North Hesse
 * Bilstein (Langenberge) (ca. 460 m), in the Langenberge, Schwalm-Eder Kreis, North Hesse
 * Bilstein (Vogelsberg) (665,5 m), in the Vogelsberg, Vogelsbergkreis, Middle Hesse
 * Bilstein Cave, in the municipality of Warstein, county of Soest, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Bilstein (Wolfhagen) (405,1 m), on the Isthaberg near Wolfhagen-Istha, county of Kassel, North Hesse

Other uses

 * Bilstein & Siekermann, component manufacturer with head office in Hillesheim
 * Ferdinand Bilstein, car supplier with head office in Ennepetal
 * ThyssenKrupp Bilstein, shock absorber manufacturer with head office in Ennepetal
 * Bilstein-Gruppe, international steel company with head office in Hagen-Hohenlimburg

title: Bilstein


text: User talk:194.242.159.218

title: User talk:194.242.159.218


text:
Bang-Bang Club

The Bang-Bang Club was a group of four conflict photographers, Kevin Carter, Greg Marinovich, Ken Oosterbroek, and João Silva, active within the townships of South Africa between 1990 and 1994 during the transition from the apartheid system to democracy. This period included much factional violence, particularly fighting between African National Congress and Inkatha Freedom Party supporters, after the lifting of the bans on both political parties. The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging and other groups were also involved in the violence.

A film about the group, also titled The Bang Bang Club, directed by Steven Silver premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010.

History
The name "The Bang Bang Club" was born out of an article published in the South African magazine Living. Originally named The Bang Bang Paparazzi, it was changed to "Club" because the members felt the word paparazzi misrepresented their work. The name comes from the culture itself; township residents spoke to the photographers about the "bang-bang" in reference to violence occurring within their communities, but more literally, "bang-bang" refers to the sound of gunfire and is a colloquialism used by conflict photographers.

On 18 April 1994, during a firefight between the National Peacekeeping Force and African National Congress supporters in the Thokoza township, friendly fire killed Oosterbroek and seriously injured Marinovich. An inquest into Oosterbroek's death began in 1995. The magistrate ruled that no party should be blamed for the death. In 1999, peacekeeper Brian Mkhize told Marinovich and Silva that he believed that the bullet that killed Oosterbroek had come from the National Peacekeeping Force.

In July 1994, Carter committed suicide.

On 23 October 2010, Silva stepped on a land mine while on patrol with U.S. soldiers in Kandahar, Afghanistan and lost both legs below the knee.

Book
In 2000, Marinovich and Silva published The Bang-Bang Club: Snapshots from a Hidden War (2000), a book documenting their experiences. Marinovich said that the group did not see themselves as a club in the way outside observers regarded them, writing in the preface "The name gives a mental image of a group of hard-living men who worked, played and hung out together pretty much all of the time. Let us set the record straight: there never was such a creature, there never was a club, and there never were just the four of us in some kind of silver halide cult – dozens of journalists covered the violence during the period from Nelson Mandela's release from jail to the first fully democratic election.

Marinovich said of the key members of the Bang-Bang Club "We discovered that one of the strongest links among us was questions about the morality of what we do: when do you press the shutter release and when do you cease being a photographer?"

Films
A film adaptation of Marinovich and Silva's book, The Bang Bang Club (2010), was shot on location in Thokoza township by South African documentary film-maker Steven Silver. Marinovich worked as a consultant on the film which starred Ryan Phillippe as Greg Marinovich, Taylor Kitsch as Kevin Carter, Neels Van Jaarsveld as João Silva and Frank Rautenbach as Ken Oosterbroek.

A documentary entitled The Death of Kevin Carter: Casualty of the Bang Bang Club (2004) was nominated for an Academy Award in 2006.

A documentary entitled When Under Fire: Shoot Back! premiered at the Denver Film Festival in November 2014.

In popular culture
The Bang-Bang Club are referenced in the 1996 Manic Street Preachers song "Kevin Carter" from their fourth album Everything Must Go. The song was inspired by Carter's life and suicide and features the lyric "Bang-Bang Club, AK-47 Hour." The album "Poets and Madmen" by Savatage is inspired by the life of Kevin Carter.

Reception
The work by the members of the Bang-Bang Club between 1990 and 1994 was well known in South Africa. The fight against apartheid on the way to democracy was becoming a bloodbath at this time and Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, South Africa wrote in the foreword of the book The Bang-bang Club: Snapshots From A Hidden War, 2000. The story of this fight needed to be told to the world, Tutu wrote.

We were greatly blessed to have some of the most gifted journalists and brilliant photographers. They helped to tell the story. They captured some riveting moments on film, such as a gruesome necklacing (Kevin Carter), and the barbaric turning on a helpless victim by a baying crowd from one or other side of the conflict (Greg Marinovich).

Tutu remarked that the work by the Bang-Bang Club was affecting the life of the photographers too: "And we know a little about the cost of being traumatized that drove some to suicide, that, yes, these people were human beings operating under the most demanding of conditions."

Awards
Two members won Pulitzer Prizes for their photography. Greg Marinovich won the Pulitzer for Spot News Photography in 1991 for his coverage of the killing of Lindsaye Tshabalala in 1990. Kevin Carter won the Pulitzer for Featured Photography in 1994 for his 1993 photograph of a vulture that appeared to be stalking a starving child in southern Sudan.

Ken Oosterbroek won 2nd Prize in the 1993 World Press Photo Photo Contest for the Stories, General News category. Oosterbroek was also nominated for Ilford Press Photographer of the Year in 1989 and 1994 and nominated for the South African Press Photographer of The Year three times.

João Silva won the South African Press Photographer of the Year Award in 1992 and received an honorable mention in the 2007 World Press Photo Photo Contest in the Stories, Spot News category.

title: Bang-Bang Club


text:
User talk:Emveekay

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions to the schizophrenia article. I understand that your edit was well intentioned, but I have removed it. I do not want you to take offence at this; I did it for the following reasons. You submitted text all in capitals. English is written in a mixture of capital letters (like ABC) and small letters (like abc). It is very important not to write all in capital letters, and to understand how the two types of letters are use in English. On the internet, writing in all capital letters is considered to signify shouting, and others will think it very rude indeed. Also, your contribution was personal and conversational in style. Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, and its articles should be neutral and objective (see Simplified ruleset). Lastly, there are particular ways in which you can mark section headings and other things in Wikipedia (see How to edit a page), which are important to master if you are going to contribute. Also, you might be interested in the Kannada Wikipedia and Hindi Wikipedia. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

--Gareth Hughes 12:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emveekay


text:
William Astbury

William Thomas Astbury FRS (25 February 1898 – 4 June 1961) was an English physicist and molecular biologist who made pioneering X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin provided the foundation for Linus Pauling's discovery of the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in the elucidation of its structure.

Early life
Astbury was the fourth child of seven, born in Longton, Stoke-on-Trent. His father, William Edwin Astbury, was a potter and provided comfortably for his family. Astbury also had a younger brother, Norman, with whom he shared a love of music.

Astbury might well have become a potter but, luckily, won a scholarship to Longton High School, where his interests were shaped by the Headmaster and second master, both chemists. After becoming head boy and winning the Duke of Sutherland's gold medal, Astbury won the only local scholarship available and went up to Jesus College, Cambridge.

After two terms at Cambridge, his studies were interrupted by service during the First World War. A poor medical rating following appendectomy resulted in his posting in 1917 to Cork, Ireland with the Royal Army Medical Corps. He later returned to Cambridge and finished his last year with a specialization in physics.

Academic career
After graduating from Cambridge, Astbury worked with William Bragg, first at University College London and then, in 1923, at the Davy-Faraday Laboratory at the Royal Institution in London. Fellow students included many eminent scientists, including Kathleen Lonsdale and J. D. Bernal and others. Astbury showed great enthusiasm for his studies and published papers in the journal Classic Crystallography, such as on the structure of tartaric acid.

In 1928, Astbury was appointed Lecturer in Textile Physics at the University of Leeds. He remained at Leeds for the remainder of his career, being appointed Reader in Textile Physics in 1937 and Professor of Biomolecular Structure in 1946. He held the chair until his death in 1961. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1940. He is commemorated by the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology at Leeds.

In later life he was given many awards and honorary degrees.

X-ray diffraction studies of fibrous proteins
At Leeds Astbury studied the properties of fibrous substances such as keratin and collagen with funding from the textile industry. (Wool consists of keratin.) These substances did not produce sharp patterns of spots like crystals, but the patterns provided physical limits on any proposed structures. In the early 1930s, Astbury showed that there were drastic changes in the diffraction of moist wool or hair fibres as they are stretched significantly (100%). The data suggested that the unstretched fibres had a coiled molecular structure with a characteristic repeat of 5.1 Å (=0.51 nm). Astbury proposed that (1) the unstretched protein molecules formed a helix (which he called the α-form); and (2) the stretching caused the helix to uncoil, forming an extended state (which he called the β-form). Although incorrect in their details, Astbury's models were correct in essence and correspond to modern elements of secondary structure, the α-helix and the β-strand (Astbury's nomenclature was kept), which were developed twenty years later by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951. Hans Neurath was the first to show that Astbury's models could not be correct in detail, because they involved clashes of atoms. Neurath's paper and Astbury's data inspired H. S. Taylor (1941,1942) and Maurice Huggins (1943) to propose models of keratin that are very close to the modern α-helix.

In 1931, Astbury was also the first to propose that mainchain-mainchain hydrogen bonds (i.e., hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide groups) contributed to stabilizing protein structures. His initial insight was taken up enthusiastically by several researchers, including Linus Pauling.

Astbury's work moved on to include X-ray studies of many proteins (including myosin, epidermin and fibrin) and he was able to deduce from their diffraction patterns that the molecules of these substances were coiled and folded. This work led him to the conviction that the best way to understand the complexity of living systems was through studying the shape of the giant macromolecules from which they are made – an approach which he popularised with passion as 'molecular biology'. His other great passion was classical music and once said that protein fibres such as keratin in wool were 'the chosen instruments on which nature has played so many incomparable themes, and countless variations and harmonies' These two passions converged when in 1960 he presented an X-ray image taken by his research assistant Elwyn Beighton of a fibre of keratin protein in a lock of hair that was said to have come from Mozart – who was one of Astbury's favourite composers.

But proteins were not the only biological fibre that Astbury studied. In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern indicated that it also had a regular structure and it might be feasible to deduce it. Astbury was able to obtain some external funding and he employed the crystallographer Florence Bell. She recognised that the "beginnings of life [were] clearly associated with the interaction of proteins and nucleic acids". Bell and Astbury published an X-ray study on DNA in 1938, describing the nucleotides as a "Pile of Pennies".

Astbury and Bell reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart. At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains. (The currently accepted value for the spacing of the bases in B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.)

In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another, and one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids." He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".

Astbury and Bell's work was significant for two reasons. Firstly they showed that X-ray crystallography could be used to reveal the regular, ordered structure of DNA – an insight which laid the foundations for the later work of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, after which the structure of DNA was identified by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in 1953. Secondly, they did this work at a time when most scientists thought that proteins were the carrier of hereditary information and that DNA was a dull monotonous molecule of little interest other than perhaps as a structural component. In 1944, Astbury was one of the few scientists to recognise the importance of work done by the microbiologist Oswald Avery and his Rockefeller colleagues Maclyn McCarty and Colin Macleod. Avery and his team had shown that nucleic acid could pass on the property of virulence in pneumococcus and thus offered the first strong evidence that DNA might be the hereditary material.

Astbury described Avery's work as 'one of the most remarkable discoveries of our time' and it inspired him with the vision that, in the aftermath of World War 2, he would established a new department at Leeds that would become a national centre to blaze the trail for the new science of molecular biology. Writing to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds in 1945 he declared that 'all biology, is now passing over into the molecular structural phase...In all branches of biology and all universities this thing must come to pass and I suggest that Leeds should be bold and help to lead the way.'

Sadly, not everyone shared his dream. The University Senate allowed him to establish a new department but would not allow him to use the phrase 'molecular biology' in the title due to opposition from senior biologists who felt that, as a physicist, Astbury was encroaching without invitation on intellectual territory that they rightfully considered to be their own. The Senate also granted him premises but these were a far cry from what he had hoped for. His new department was housed in a Victorian terraced house that required substantial conversion, with uneven floors that made delicate scientific equipment wobble, a faulty electrical supply and unreliable plumbing that sometimes led to flooding. To add to his woes, the Medical Research Council rejected his application for funding.

Despite these set-backs, two important developments took place in Astbury's new department. The first was the elucidation of the mechanism by which thrombin acts as a protease to catalyse the formation of the major component of blood clots, the insoluble protein fibrin, from its soluble precursor fibrinogen by Laszlo Lorand, a young PhD student who had fled his native Hungary to join Astbury. Lorand's work was a major discovery in our understanding of the process by which blood clots form.

The second development was a series of new X-ray photographs of B-form DNA taken in 1951 by Astbury's research assistant Elwyn Beighton which the historian of science, Professor Robert Olby has since said was 'clearly the famous B-pattern found by Rosalind Franklin and R. Gosling'. Olby was referring to an X-ray image of B-form DNA that was taken a year later by Rosalind Franklin and her PhD student Raymond Gosling at King's College a year later which came to be known as 'Photo 51' Despite its modest name this image was to play an important role in the story of DNA and a plaque on the wall outside King's College, London hails it as 'one of the most important photographs in the world'. This is because the image shows a striking cross-shaped pattern of black spots made by X-rays as they are scattered by the DNA fibre and when James Watson was first shown Franklin and Gosling's picture, this cross-shaped pattern made him so excited that he said 'my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race', because he knew that only a molecule coiled into a helical shape could scatter X-rays to give this particular pattern.

Franklin and Gosling's 'Photo 51' provided one of several important clues to Watson and Crick -but Astbury's response to Beighton's very similar X-ray images of DNA could not have been more different. He never published them in a journal or presented them at a scientific meeting. Given that Astbury was such a renowned expert in X-ray studies of biological molecules this apparent neglect of such an important clue may seem surprising. One explanation is that, although Astbury recognised the importance of DNA, he did not understand that biological information was carried in the one-dimensional sequence of bases within the molecule but rather, that it resided in subtle and elaborate variations in its three-dimensional structure. Far from making his jaw drop and his pulse race, the revelation that DNA was a simple a twisting helix would therefore have been a disappointment but it is intriguing to speculate on how differently history might have unfolded had Astbury shown Beighton's image to his friend and colleague the eminent US chemist and Nobel Laureate, Linus Pauling when he visited Astbury at his home in Headingley, Leeds in 1952. Pauling was, at that time, Watson and Crick's greatest rival in trying to solve the structure of DNA and was desperate to obtain a good quality X-ray diffraction image of DNA. In 1952, he had already proposed an incorrect model of DNA based on Astbury and Bell's early work but had Astbury shown Pauling these new images taken by Beighton, it might well have been Caltech, Pasadena and not Cambridge, UK that is today remembered for the discovery of the double-helix. Despite this missed opportunity, Astbury, together with Florence Bell, had made a major contribution by showing that the methods of X-ray crystallography could be used to reveal the regular, ordered structure of DNA.

But perhaps Astbury's greatest scientific legacy was his rather unusual overcoat. In the late 1930s Astbury and his collaborators A.C. Chibnall and Kennet Bailey showed that by chemical treatment, the molecular chains of soluble seed proteins could be refolded to make them into insoluble fibres. The company ICI was so interested in this idea that they built a pilot production plant in Scotland to a new textile fibre called 'Ardil' that was produced by deliberately altering the molecular structure of the main soluble protein component of monkeynuts to refold it into an insoluble fibre in the hope of using this as a cheap and abundant substitute for wool as a raw material in the textile industry. To demonstrate the feasibility of this idea, ICI made an entire overcoat from Ardil which Astbury regularly sported to lectures and in the end, although Ardil did not prove to be the salvation of the British textile industry, it did serve as a powerful illustration of Astbury's conviction that not only could we solve the structure of giant biomolecules such as proteins and DNA using X-rays, but that we might also then deliberately manipulate these structures for our own practical purposes.

This was an idea which truly came of age in the mid- to late 1970s with the rise of recombinant DNA technology by which time Astbury was dead but as his friend and colleague, J.D.Bernal wrote in an obituary to him, 'His monument will be found in the whole of molecular biology'.

Personal qualities and history
Astbury was known for his unfailing cheerfulness, idealism, imagination and enthusiasm. He foresaw correctly the tremendous impact of molecular biology and transmitted his vision to his students, "his euphoric evangelizing zeal transforming laboratory routine into a great adventure". Astbury's enthusiasm may also account for an occasional lack of scientific caution observable in his work; Astbury could make speculative interpretations sound plausible.

Astbury was an excellent writer and lecturer; his works are characterized by remarkable clarity and an easy-going, natural manner. He also enjoyed music, playing both piano and violin.

Astbury met Frances Gould when he was stationed in Cork, Ireland with the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I. They married in 1922 and had a son, Bill, and a daughter, Maureen.

title: William Astbury


text:
File:AnotherLateNight HowieB.jpg

Summary
http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B00005MKVL.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

This image is of the CD cover for the Late Night Tales album mixed by Howie B entitled Another Late Night: Howie B. It is used in the article about the album, Another Late Night: Howie B. The image is therefore illustrative of, and directly relevant to, the article's content. The justification / rationale for using this image is:

 * The image is directly relevant to, or is representative of, the article in which it appears.
 * The presence of the image improves and/or gives clarity to the article in which it appears.
 * The image is of low size and quality.
 * The image depicts, or is used to promote, a product. Use of the image in an encyclopedic article relevant to that product does not harm or diminish the product, its creators, the original artist / designer of the image, the record company, publishers or studios that market the product, or any other personnel involved in its production in any way.
 * The image was taken from the website that is sourced above. On the source website, the image was used to advertise or review the product. Use of the image in a relevant encyclopedic article does not harm or diminish the source website's continued use of the image for their intended purposes.
 * The image is unlikely to have been edited. However, there are two circumstances where it may have been edited by the uploader:
 * 1) If the original image was large, the uploader may have reduced the size prior to uploading to Wikipedia.
 * 2) If borders, shadows or other effects had been added to the image on the source website, these may have been removed by the uploader purely for the purpose of returning the exact likeness of the original product.
 * Neither of these forms of editing affect the other points listed here.

Gram123 (talk) 11:18, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

title: File:AnotherLateNight HowieB.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2L 2005

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 23:04, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

2L 2005
Another page about a school class-- JoanneB 12:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Will not affect anyone out there. I Personally believe that consent has been sought from each individual on his identity-post here. It is a way for these young men and women to remember the classes by. Will not be any trouble to the wikipedia community. These children would have a good memory when they revisit this page. - Will Smith
 * Will not affect the internet community in any adverse way, we should just leave it and make people happy as it seems that the class is an interesting and vibrant one - Zhi 1 8:12, 12 October 2005 (RI)
 * Delete, nn vanity nonsense -- Ferkelparade π 12:26, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Near Speedy as attack. The one with the horny desire and more recently, tong tong flong or titty flick!   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   13:08, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Article is irrelevant and indiscriminate use of profane language-- Zph 21:10, 12 October 2005 (RI) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.255.68.45 (talk • contribs)
 * Wow, we should keep this. The boys would have this as a memory to their good times together as a class. Please do not delete this! -Rob — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.156.6.59 (talk • contribs)
 * Ok I changed my mind. We can have this on our own homepages. Delete. -202.156.6.59 20:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:NOT... whatever that is. Memorial? Vanity? Although high school classes may achieve automatic WP notability soon, thankfully they haven't yet. --Last Malthusian 13:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, restored votes deleted by 202.156.6.59 (talk • contribs) — Lomn | Talk / RfC 14:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obviously. Attack page, and no notability either.  I'd speedy it as an attack, but I'm not sure whether the CSD requires a single subject, as this article attacks several people.  Excerpts: "Has an inclination to being horny." and "Everyone avoids him. Cos we all hate class fund.".  Parts of it are near nonsense too.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:26, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What about privacy of the students included? And the teachers? Not necessary as school does not have a database for classes to showcase their students each year (logically.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.21.154.115 (talk • contribs)
 * Hi. I am a member of the class who did this. This is a way to remember our class, and it is widdely held that our class is the most interesting one in Raffles Insitution. We wrote the comments about ourselves, so there is no attack. We sincerely hope that this will not be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.156.6.61 (talk • contribs)
 * I changed my mind. (please see above) - 202.156.6.59 20:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article is basically a bunch of inside jokes which are only meaningful to the classmates involved and people who know them personally.  Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not the humor page of a high school yearbook. --Metropolitan90 06:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic vanity nonsense. If the class wants "a way to remember" themselves, they should get a free website on Yahoo or some such service. - DocSigma 16:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is exactly the same as . The article cites no sources, and I can find no sources to back up anything at all in the article, even the very existence of its subject.  This article is unverifiable.  Presuming that such a class actually exists nonetheless, Wikipedia requires that knowledge about it (such as a breakdown of its membership like the one given here) be published elsewhere, other than Wikipedia, first, and be subject to peer review and acceptance by others.  The place for this article is the school's own web site or the author's own web site.  I think that Last Malthusian is looking for Wikipedia is not a primary source, nor is it a free wiki host. Delete. Uncle G 19:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. I wonder why a particular class ought to be included in Wikipedia. The content is nonsense and vanity. *drew 10:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense, although not patently so. — Phil Welch 00:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete I hate to vote against Will Smith but this does not belong on wikipedia, which is not a school reunion website. I would also draw attention to a related page sidn which was apparently created to promote the slang used by the class 2L of the Raffles institution. it is also up for deletion.Bwithh 04:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Masterhatch 10:46, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nonsense, not NPOV, and not notable in any way. bjelleklang 17:37, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity. Cool3 20:05, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The members of the class themselves seem to be requesting deletion. However, the article still has to go through the normal AfD process. — J I P | Talk 10:25, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above - Bwfc 15:36, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2L 2005


text:
Ruhinda of Ankole

Ruhinda was the first Omugabe of Nkore, a king-like position, in Nkore, a kingdom in present-day Uganda that was renamed Ankole in colonial times. His approximate reign dates are c. 1430 to 1446.

He is descended from the Bachwezi Dynasty of the Empire of Kitara. Ruhinda was a son of Ndahura, the last Chwezi king.

title: Ruhinda of Ankole


text:
Talk:Post-industrial society

Untitled
I think the concept of post-industrial society is interesting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.146.32.170 (talk • contribs) 12 October 2005

 * I'm glad. Jeshmir

Oxymoron?
"Theoretical knowledge"? Midlandstoday 15:36, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Is this article for real?
This article states that the transition to a post-industrial society is marked by the shift to providing services "such as selling hamburgers." Is this truly the mark of a post-industrial society or just an example of vandalism, particularly as the next paragraph states that in a post-industrial society the "importance of blue-collar, manual work (e.g., assembly line workers) declines." Slinging hamburgers or selling freshly slung ones would appear to be prime examplsingwork. The writer of this article is either an idiot or someone who is just screwing around. Jmdeur (talk) 07:53, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The decline of blue-collar work seems to be a reference to de-industralization in the Western world, which makes sense. I think the author's example of "selling hamburgers" refers to service sector employment, which has risen in the West in comparison to say, cooking or preparing hamburgers which has partly been replaced by factory production instead of human labour. I have never heard of this example, though, and I might also reccomend using a different term for "blue collar work"..

A bit informal
The use of exclamation marks in the Critique section seems somewhat informal (and biased?). The critique does not read like an objective description of existing critiques, but rather like the the writer feels these critiques himself/herself.76.126.208.20 (talk) 03:16, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Poor Picture
Could this be replaced with a better image/photo, or else removed? 78.146.235.22 (talk) 16:47, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Why are the only sources for this article talentless hacks?
--122.106.251.190 (talk) 13:17, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Because all the relevant professionals like "economists" and "sociologists" have essentially lost their way, as there being no way and direction to interpret modern societies. Probably all this talk about services, research etc. justs hides the fact that a huge amount of money and power is and will continually be transferred into the hands of fewer and fewer powerful and rich. Most people worldwide, as is happening in the USA and JAPAN, will just get poorer and poorer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.211.20.5 (talk) 09:26, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Clark's sector model
Is this model even right? The article mentions literally nothing about this model. Why is it even in the article? I found no information within the article to confirm whether or not this model is right. This model includes the year 1850 -2009. By now, we should know whether or not it is correct. If it is right, it should be mentioned briefly, if not at length, in the article. If it is wrong then it should be removed from the article immediately. 14.169.206.102 (talk) 06:29, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

Jargon and definitions
This article uses the terms "primary" "secondary" "tertiary" and "quaternary" industries, but does not define them. What is a quaternary industry as opposed to a secondary one? Perhaps this calls for a different article defining those terms, or perhaps there's already such an article out there, but the article is vague because it does not provide some basic definition of what is meant by these terms. Flowernerd (talk) 20:45, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Post-industrial society