text:
SEK (Germany)

Spezialeinsatzkommando (SEK, "Special Task Force") are police tactical units of each of the 16 German State Police forces. Along with the Mobiles Einsatzkommando (MEK), Personenschutzkommando (bodyguards), and the Verhandlungsgruppe (negotiation teams in some states), they are part of the police Spezialeinheiten of each state.

Mainly unrecognized by the media and public, the main missions of SEK units are to serve high-risk arrest warrants and to deal with barricaded suspects. Hostage sieges, kidnappings, and raids also belong to their missions as well as other scenarios like personal security details for VIPs or witnesses. Since the 1970s, each SEK has handled several thousand deployments. The front-runner is the SEK of the Berlin Police with up to 500 deployments a year, an average of 1.4 deployments a day.

The comparable unit of the German Federal Police is the GSG 9.

History

In 1974, the first SEK unit was raised in police forces of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

After West and East Germany were unified in 1990, some ex-officers of the Diensteinheit IX in the Volkspolizei were merged into the SEKs after thorough political evaluation procedures, such as with SEK units in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and in Sachsen-Anhalt.

The SEK received a name change from Sondereinsatzkommando to Spezialeinsatzkommando, announced in 2013, because the former is usually associated with Sondereinsatzkommando Eichmann, a unit in the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS) tasked with overseeing the deportation of Hungary's Jewish residents.

In 2015, the SEK was called in to intervene in Erfurt, Thuringia after a 48-year-old man barricaded himself in his apartment and acted violently towards emergency medical personnel. An SEK operator was wounded during the raid.

In 2015, the SEK Cologne has been accused of harassment while performing an initiation ritual on a new member. These charges were later dropped. Meanwhile, Ex-GSG9 commander Ulrich Wegener accused the SEK of being badly disciplined since the officers were not punished.

A Reichsbürgerbewegung supporter was confronted by the police in 2016 in Bavaria with the SEK deployed. One operator was shot dead after they were ordered to seize the man's weapons due to him being mentally unfit to handle them.

On June 10, 2021, Interior Minister for the state of Hesse Peter Beuth announced that its SEK unit in Frankfurt will be disbanded since some of its operators were reported to be sharing alt-right messages.

Organization
The organization of special police forces varies from state to state. Whilst most states have created one SEK which is based in their capital city, others have more than one. North Rhine-Westphalia Police or Rheinland-Pfalz State Police have established SEKs in other major cities as needed. The Bavarian State Police and Hessen State Police both have two SEKs – one each for the north and the south.

Most SEKs would have 40 to 70 operators attached, depending on the state.

A SEK unit can be attached to the Bereitschaftspolizei riot police or to big regional police headquarters. However, the common trend is to put the SEK units under control of the Landeskriminalamt (LKA). Many LKA have special divisions which consist of the SEK, MEK and crisis negotiation teams.

The internal organisation of SEKs rests with the units and therefore differs as well.

The SEK of South Bavaria has an alpine component and the SEK units of Bremen and Hamburg have elements trained for maritime tasks. Some SEKs also have specialized negotiation groups (Verhandlungsgruppen, commonly abbreviated as VGs) for cases like hostage situations or suicide attempts.

Eligibility and training
Any state police officer is eligible to apply for service in a SEK unit, but it is common only to consider applications from officers with at least three years of duty experience. The age limit is mostly between 23 and 35 years, whilst operatives have to leave the entry teams when they reach the age of 42 (or 45 in some states). Both sexes are eligible to apply.

At the moment, only the SEK units of Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, and central Hesse have women in their ranks.

The requirements demand physical and mental strength, discernment, and capacity for teamwork. About 30 percent of all candidates pass the tests. The length of the training necessary to become an operative in a SEK unit differs but is generally five to eight months long and covers a wide range of required skills. Some of their training requires SEK operators to train with other police forces in Europe and North America.

All applications made to join the SEK are made online. SEK operators usually get a stipend between 150 and 400 Euros, depending on the state police force where they work in.

Equipment
While firearms are still issued by the forces, SEK officers can order equipment they feel suit best for the missions. The following weapons are used by SEK:
 * Glock 17 - seen in use with Berlin SEK
 * Heckler & Koch VP9, used by Saxony SEK.
 * Heckler & Koch P30 used by Hesse State Police and Federal Police MFE (covert commando)
 * SIG P226
 * SIG P228
 * Korth-type revolvers
 * Heckler & Koch USP pistols are utilized by some states.
 * Walther PDP 9mm - Northrhine-Westphalia SEK (seen holstered during response to Wuppertal school stabbing)
 * Smith & Wesson Model 625, modified to be suppressed for Northrhine-Westphalia SEK operators.
 * Heckler & Koch MP5
 * Heckler & Koch MP7
 * Heckler & Koch UMP
 * Heckler & Koch G36, used by Brandenburg SEK.
 * FN SCAR Mk 16
 * FN SCAR Mk 17
 * Steyr AUG, only used by Bavaria SEK.
 * Haenel CR223 carbine, only used by Hamburg SEKs/MEKs and Saxony SEKs.
 * SIG Sauer MCX
 * Heckler & Koch PSG1

The North Rhine-Westphalia SEK use Ford F-550 pickups modified to use MARS tactical ladders for raids on hard to reach places. The Saxony Police use the RMMV Survivor R and the Toyota Land Cruiser equipped with V8 engines as a first response vehicle. The Brandenburg State Police and the Hamburg State Police use the PMV Survivor I for its SEK units. The SEK of the Bavarian State Police uses the LAPV Enok.

Uniforms
SEK members do not always operate in uniform but do wear masks to protect their identities, as well as to protect their bodies from burns. If cited in a trial they are only referred to by numbers.

When off-duty SEK officers are called to a crime scene, they may appear plain-clothed, only wearing their special protective gear and carrying their weapons.

MEK

Mobile Einsatzkommandos (MEK) operate hand-in-hand with the SEKs.

These plain-clothed units specialize in surveillance, quick arrests and mobile hostage sieges. They are used in investigations against organized crime, blackmailers or other serious offenses.

MEKs also provide close protection for a state's senior leaders, including the state's minister president or interior minister. Requirements for duty as a MEK officer are similar but partially less strict than the requirements for the SEK.

title: SEK (Germany)


text:
User:Leptictidium/The Cenozoic Smilodon

Smilodon is one of the Cenozoic companions of Leptictidium. He lived during the Pliocene period, but just like Leptictidium, he's the last of his species alive.

Now, helping his friend Leptictidium on Wikipedia, Smilodon is mainly dedicated to destroying vandalism (that is, reverting edits made in bad faith and nominating articles created by vandals for deletion). Smilodon would love to lead a relaxed life, but there are childish people who have nothing better to do than to write nonsense on Wikipedia. They are not too clever; in under five minutes, their stupid changes will be reverted, while they may be banned indefinitely.

Smilodon is one of the alter egos of User:Leptictidium on Wikipedia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Leptictidium/The Cenozoic Smilodon


text: User talk:209.242.130.182

title: User talk:209.242.130.182


text:
Eleazar Lipsky

Eleazar Lipsky (September 6, 1911 – February 14, 1993) was a prosecutor, lawyer, novelist and playwright born in the Bronx, New York, United States. He wrote the novels that formed the basis of two very successful films, Kiss of Death (based on a 100-page manuscript) and The People Against O'Hara (based on his detective novel). Other novels include Lincoln McKeever (1953), The Devil's Daughter (Meredith Press, 1969, based on the legal troubles of William Sharon) and The Scientists (1959), a Book-of-the-Month Club selection.

Lipsky, who practiced law until three weeks before his death, was an assistant district attorney for Manhattan in the 1940s and later had a diversified law practice in Manhattan and served as legal counsel to the Mystery Writers of America. Lipsky was active in many Jewish organizations. In the 1960s, he was the president of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency.

title: Eleazar Lipsky


text:
1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons

Hurricane One
August 10–18. A minimal hurricane that passed through the Leeward Islands on August 10 moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico to strike southeast Louisiana on August 18.

Hurricane Two
August 27–28. A hurricane struck Exuma in the Bahamas during August 27 and 28.

Hurricane Three
September 9–10. A hurricane impacted Bermuda during September 9 and 10. The storm dismasted the brig Eliza sailing from Savannah to New York, causing the loss of two lives from those swept overboard.

Hurricane Four
October 2–5. A hurricane lingered over South Carolina during October 2 to the 5th. Twelve ships foundered at Charleston. The cyclone spawned a tornado which moved across the northwest section of the city. Its storm surge swept across much of Sullivan's Island. One died in Charleston.

Hurricane Five
October 9. The ship, Galgo, was sunk during a hurricane on October 9 over the southwest Atlantic. All 25 crew members were rescued.

Hurricane Six
October 31-November 5. On October 31, a hurricane struck Jamaica before moving onward to Cuba and the southwest Atlantic. During November 4 and November 5, Bermuda experienced this hurricane. A lighthouse begun in 1795 on Wreck Hill was abandoned after this storm, as it was then determined to be an unsuitable site (from Beware the Hurricane.)

Hurricane One
July 22–25. Nassau, Bahamas experienced a hurricane on July 22. 120 sails were wrecked onshore. The system moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.

Hurricane Two
August 15–16. This hurricane made landfall near Mobile, Alabama during August 15 and 16,.

Hurricane One
A hurricane was spotted west of Jamaica between October 6 and October 10.

Hurricane Two
A hurricane was reported in Jackson, (Adams) New Hampshire. There were so many trees blown down, the town could not perform survey. Recorded in Vol 7 page 185 of NH legislature.

Hurricane One
In August, a hurricane hit the West Indies. It continued through Jamaica, moved northward, and eventually hit England later in the month. It caused 121 deaths.

Hurricane Two
August 29. A hurricane hit near the Chesapeake Bay on August 29, causing at least one death.

Hurricane Three
The Carolina Hurricane of 1803 August 31-September 1. A minimal hurricane right on its heels of the prior one hit near New Bern, North Carolina on August 31 and September 1. This type of tropical cyclone succession up the coast is similar to the Connie/Diane East coast landfalls of 1955.

Hurricane Four
The Norfolk Storm of 1803 October 2–3. A hurricane reportedly impacted Norfolk, Virginia during October 2 and 3.

Hurricane One
August 18–19. During August 18 and 19, a hurricane was noted east of Bermuda, sinking the ship Alexander.

Hurricane Two
August 18–19. During August 18 and August 19, a hurricane struck Jamaica

Hurricane Three
August 29. A violent hurricane was noted in Jamaica on August 29.

Hurricane Four
1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane, The Great Charleston Gale of 1804, or Hurricane Santa Rosalía of 1804

September 3–12. A hurricane was first spotted near the Leeward Islands on September 3. Most ships at harbor in St. Kitts, Antigua, St. Bartholomew, and Dominica were destroyed. Reported strongest hurricane to hit St. Kitts since 1772 one. It moved west-northwestward across western Puerto Rico and Turks Island on September 4. The storm turned northwest, negatively impacting September 6–7. It then moved northwest to hit Georgia as a major hurricane on September 7. It continued slowly through South Carolina and North Carolina, leaving the mainland on September 9 before striking New England on September 12. Reported strongest hurricane to hit Charleston since 1752 one. The hurricane caused 500 deaths. Damages to crops on St. Simons Island totaled $100,000 (1804 USD). Overall damages from Savannah totaled $500,000 (1804 USD), while Charleston incurred $1,000,000 in damages (1804 USD). Part of cluster of hurricanes struck Charleston area in 1804, 1811, 1813, 1820, and 1822.

Tropical Storm Five
September 22–24. A tropical storm tracked from Cuba northward to South Carolina during September 22 and September 24.

Hurricane Six
The Snow Hurricane of 1804

October 4–10. Later in the season, a major hurricane moved northwestward across the Western Atlantic to the north of Puerto Rico. It hit near Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 9, and turned northeastward. As it crossed New England, cool air was entrained in the circulation, and it became extratropical. The storm brought heavy snow across the Northeast, in some areas up to 2–3 feet, and killed 8 people. This was the first observation of snow from a landfalling hurricane, but not the last.

Hurricane One
Between July 27 and August 1, a hurricane tracked through the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda.

Hurricane Two
On September 30, a hurricane struck Mantanzas, Cuba then moved northward into Maine by October 3.

Hurricane One
The Great Coastal Hurricane of 1806

August 17–24. tropical cyclone was noted near the northeastern Lesser Antilles on August 17. Moving west-northwest, the cyclone strengthened into a major hurricane. As it moved offshore Georgia, coastal flooding occurred on Jekyll Island on August 22. The schooner L. T. was wrecked offshore St. Mary's, Georgia. Charleston, South Carolina experienced heavy rains and high winds which uprooted trees. Georgetown, South Carolina's lighthouse was leveled during the storm. The hurricane hit the southern North Carolina coast on August 23 and led to 42 deaths. It moved out to sea, disrupting British and French ships involved in the Napoleonic Wars. After struggling against the storm offshore the Mid-Atlantic coastline, the Rose in Bloom capsized offshore New Jersey on August 24, with a loss of 23 passengers.

Hurricane Two
A hurricane moved through the Mona Passage on August 26 before moving just offshore the East Coast of the United States through September 3.

Tropical Storm Three
A tropical storm caused damage in Vera Cruz, Mexico on September 8.

Hurricane Four
Hurricane San Vicente of 1806 September 8–18. A hurricane hit Dominica on September 9, resulting in 457 casualties. The hurricane subsequently moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, striking New Orleans on September 17 and Mississippi by September 18.

Hurricane Five
On September 15, a hurricane hit northeast Florida, destroying several houses but leading to no deaths.

Hurricane Six
On September 20, another hurricane hit Dominica, causing an additional 165 deaths.

Hurricane Seven
Between September 27–29, a minimal hurricane hit South Carolina, the Outer Banks of North Carolina destroying one ship on the 28th, and Virginia.

Tropical Storm Eight
During October 2, a tropical storm was witnessed at Jamaica. Moving northward, it struck South Carolina by October 9.

Tropical Storm One
A tropical storm moved through the Lesser Antilles on July 25.

Hurricane Two
Hurricane San Jacinto of 1807 impacted Puerto Rico from August 17 to 19. It was a slow moving hurricane, affecting the island for 50 hours. The excessive rain caused all rivers to overflow causing great floods that destroyed crops. Many lives and livestock were lost. It crossed Puerto Rico from Humacao in the east to Aguadilla in the west and later continued to the Dominican Republic and Cuba.

Tropical Storm Three
On September 1, another tropical storm moved through the Lesser Antilles, striking Trinidad de Cuba on September 5.

Hurricane Four
Between October 16 and October 20, this hurricane moved from the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea near Tobago and Curacaoto the west of Jamaica.

Tropical Storm One
A tropical storm struck Puerto Rico this year.

Hurricane Two
A minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks on September 12, damaging the lighthouse there.

Tropical Storm One
A tropical storm struck Dominica, Guadeloupe, Tortola, and Montserrat between August 1 and August 3, killing 62 people.

Tropical Storm Two
A tropical storm affected the northern Leeward Islands between October 9 and October 13.

title: 1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons


text:
Mutual Film

Mutual Film Corporation was an early American film conglomerate that produced some of Charlie Chaplin's greatest comedies. Founded in 1912, it was absorbed by Film Booking Offices of America, which evolved into RKO Pictures.

Founding
Mutual's predecessor film businesses began with the partnership behind the Western Film Exchange, founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in July 1906. The partnership included Harry E. Aitken, Roy Aitken, and John R. Freuler. In 1910, Freuler also formed a partnership with Chicago film distributor Samuel S. Hutchinson, establishing a production entity known as the American Film Manufacturing Company.

In early 1912 the Shallenberger brothers (Wilbert E. and William Edgar), Crawford Livingston, and others as investors including Charles J. Hite, the President & CEO of Thanhouser Film Corporation, joined Freuler and Harry E. Aitken in the formation of Mutual Film. Mutual Film Corporation was formed in 1912 by a group of American businessmen including Harry E. Aitken.

A releasing and distribution company, Mutual also had numerous subsidiary production units, including Keystone Studios, famed producer of comedies. Mutual is celebrated for signing Charlie Chaplin in 1916; he produced some of his best comedies while working for the company., although he felt that the company's tight production schedules led to the films becoming increasingly formulaic. As a result of this concern, Chaplin went with First National Pictures to have a contract that allowed him more flexibile production schedules so he could focus on making better films.

As 1912 progressed, the company included auxiliary units such as Keystone Studios, the Majestic Studios (which would later become the Reliance-Majestic Studios through Harry Aitken's partnership with D. W. Griffith), and the New York Motion Picture Company.

In 1915, the workers of Keystone Studios, Kay-Bee Studios (a subsidiary of the New York Motion Picture Company) and Reliance-Majestic Studio left Mutual, along with the Aitken brothers, to form the Triangle Film Corporation. Now as complete owners of the former Reliance-Majestic Studio, by 1917 the conglomerate operated as the distributor for four subsidiary studios in California, three of which were in the Los Angeles area and the other in Santa Barbara. They were Signal Film Corporation, Vogue Films, Inc., Lone Star Film Company and American Film Company. Vogue Films, Inc. operated a studio at Santa Monica Boulevard and Gower street in Los Angeles producing two-reel comedy films exclusively. Among the other subsidiaries of the New York Motion Picture Company were: 101-Bison Company, Broncho Film Company, & Domino Film Company.

Legal cases
In 1915, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio that motion pictures were a form of business, not an art form, and therefore not covered by the First Amendment. Shortly after this decision, cities began to pass ordinances banning the public exhibition of "immoral" films, concerning the major studios that state or federal regulations would soon follow. This ruling remained in effect until Joseph Burstyn, Inc v. Wilson in 1952 which declared that film was a legitimate artistic medium with free speech protections.

Productions
In 1916, Charlie Chaplin became the highest paid entertainer in the world when he signed a contract with Mutual for a salary of $670,000 per year. Mutual built Chaplin his very own studio and allowed him total freedom to make twelve two-reel films during this fruitful twelve-month period. Chaplin subsequently recognised this period of film-making as the most inventive and liberating of his career, although he also had concerns that the films produced were increasingly formulaic during the length of his contract.

During 1916 and 1917, the Lone Star Film Company had Charlie Chaplin working at their studio at 1025 Lillian Way, in Hollywood. Charlie Chaplin moved on to found United Artists in 1919 with Mary Pickford, D. W. Griffith, and Douglas Fairbanks. In 1918, Mutual Film Corporation ceased production. Like many other companies established at this time, Mutual was eventually absorbed by larger corporations, in this case Film Booking Offices of America and later RKO Radio Pictures.

With the exception of the Chaplin films, most of the Mutual shorts and feature dramas are lost to time and decomposition.

title: Mutual Film


text:
Chaneins

Chaneins (Chanens) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

title: Chaneins


text:
User talk:Jb05-rjo

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --DannyWilde 02:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image Tagging Image:Yomiurichart.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Yomiurichart.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Gerrit CUTEDH 16:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Project
This is about the page Electronic Japanese dictionary, but for any other page as well, if you want to put a tag about it saying it's part of your project, you should put that tag on the "talk" page rather than the main page. Hope this helps. Thank you for your contributions. --DannyWilde 02:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Copyright status of Researching Japanese Names
I observe that your article Researching Japanese Names is currently a largely verbatim copy of Columbia's bibliography at. As you're actually a member of the Japanese Bibliography seminar at Columbia, I presume you are authorised to relicense this material under the GFDL?

The reason I ask is that the copyright notice on the bibliography page itself reads ''These materials have been prepared for private circulation among the members of the class and those who assisted them in the Starr East Asian Library. Please do not reproduce or circulate any of these materials without the consent of the authors'', which on the face of it would explicitly prohibit its use on Wikipedia.

As such, I would normally be wiping the page and listing it on Copyright problems, but as it seems highly likely you have permission, I thought I'd check here first. Ideally, it would be good if you could get the page linked above to explicitly state that the material may be used under the GFDL, so that everyone can verify that there is no violation of copyright going on, but I personally won't take this any further if you can assure me you are acting with appropriate authorisation. Haeleth 19:46, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Yomiuri.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Yomiuri.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 20:22, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Researching Japanese names
Researching Japanese names, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Researching Japanese names satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Researching Japanese names and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Researching Japanese names during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. J- ſtan TalkContribs 03:35, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jb05-rjo


text:
Talk:Saginaw River

Flows North
"The river flows north, something that only a few dozen rivers in North America do."

I've seen sentences like this on numerous river pages. So I began to compile a list of rivers that flow north, that have wikipedia pages. So far there are over 100 for North America alone. If I get around to it, I'll make it a page to link to from pages with sentences like this (and there are a lot of them!). Pfly 04:39, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saginaw River


text:
User talk:Katie Hamlin

Born: October 6, 1986 Kennestone Hospital Marietta, GA

Died: July 2, 2002 Cherokee County, GA

Age: 15

title: User talk:Katie Hamlin


text:
Talk:Harry's Game

Cover art
http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B0009YVDB2.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

has the DVD cover.

http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B00004CJ72.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg has the video cover.

I prefer the former. [unsigned comment]

title: Talk:Harry's Game


text:
Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

The Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH) is a research unit of the University of Virginia, USA. Its goal is to explore and develop information technology as a tool for scholarly humanities research. To that end, IATH provides Fellows with consulting, technical support, applications development, and networked publishing facilities. It cultivates partnerships and participates in humanities computing initiatives with libraries, publishers, information technology companies, scholarly organizations, and other groups residing at the intersection of computers and cultural heritage.

IATH's research projects, essays, and documentation are the products of collaboration between humanities and computer science research faculty, computer professionals, student assistants and project managers, and library faculty and staff. In many cases, this work is supported by private or federal funding agencies. In all cases, it is supported by the Fellows’ home departments; the College or School to which those departments belong; the University of Virginia Library; the Vice President for Research and Public Service; the Vice President and Chief Information Officer; the Provost; and the President of the University of Virginia.

History
The Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities was established at the University of Virginia in 1992, with a major grant from IBM and a multi-year commitment of support from the University.

IATH's founders are in humanities computing, digital scholarship, and academic administration. Beginning in 1992 a steering committee of scholars, including Edward Ayers, Alan Batson, Jerome McGann, Kendon Stubbs and William Wulf managed IATH. A search committee commissioned by the steering committee carried out the search for the first director of the institute, selecting John Unsworth, who served from September 1, 1993 to 2003. In April 2016, Unsworth was appointed Dean of Libraries and University Librarian, and IATH has been a division of the UVA library since 2022.

IATH has generated over $10.7 million in grant funding and gifts in kind since it began operations. Much of this funding has come from Federal agencies and private foundations, and has gone to support faculty research and teaching across the University.


text:
Talk:N-Trance

N-Trance is a singular noun and the use of the phrase "N-Trance are..." is inappropriate and grammatically inaccurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:B180:2A01:8CB2:E921:1396:C4D9 (talk) 01:23, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Copyvio
This page has been marked as a possible copyright violation, I'm the owner/webmaster of Dance Artist Info and it was I who added the page to Wikipedia, so it's not a copyright violation. DX = Niad = Niklas Adolfsson = Owner/Webmaster of Dance Artist Info.

DX 16:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please confirm by emailing permissions@wikimedia.org. BillyH 17:49, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * E-mail has been sent. DX 17:43, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

bias / conjecture
Generally the article gives a positive image of the music, not very objective. Especially the following quote:

"The variation of styles continues on the album, but all tracks have the common theme of being great songs" I'm not in a position to edit, but the comment should be more based on public perception than any definitive comment about the quality of the music.

 * Agree, it reads like it was written by someone from N-Trance. -81.131.7.145 19:06, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Shaw & Crompton
Please can editors be mindful that Shaw and Crompton is in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, not the town of Oldham (they are two different locations with their own wikipedia entries!). Whilst one may write an address as Shaw and Crompton, Oldham, this is an encyclopedia - not an address label, where the information is required to be presented in a more specific and factual way. My apologies for being so precise about this, but I have the articles best interests at heart, and would hope that if a researcher/student required this information, they would have the right infomation presented to them! Thanks for your co-opertaion. Jhamez84 23:32, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

New Edits
I've edited this page slightly, hope it's o.k.! I won't claim to be massively knowledgable on the group, although I do own a few CD's by them. DShamen 11:46, 04 July 2006 (UTC)

Kelly Llorenna
Kelly Llorenna is referred to as being 16 some time in the period from 1990 to 1993. However the page specific to her claims she was born in 1971, which would mean her 19th birthday was in 1990. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.79.35.151 (talk) 12:47, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Now her page says she was born in 1965, making the discrepancy even worse (10 years). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.94.129.34 (talk) 20:09, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:N-Trance


text:
Coenus (general)

Coenus (Greek: Koῖνος; died 326 BC), a son of Polemocrates and son-in-law of Parmenion, was one of the ablest and most faithful of Alexander the Great's generals during his eastern expedition.

General of Alexander
In the autumn of 334 BC, while Alexander was in Caria, he sent those of his soldiers who had been recently married in Macedonia to spend the ensuing winter with their wives. Coenus was one of the commanders who led them back to Europe.

In the spring of the following year (333 BC), Coenus returned with the Macedonians and joined Alexander at Gordium.

After the conquest of Drangiana, in the latter part of 330 BC, Coenus joined others in accusing his wife's brother, Philotas, of treason for conspiring against Alexander. This led to the execution of Philotas, and the assassination of Coenus' father-in-law, Parmenion.

Coenus commanded a taxeis (unit of 1500 Phalangites) of Alexander's army, and distinguished himself on various occasions. In all of Alexander's major battles, Coenus commanded the right-most battalion of infantry in the massive Macedonian phalanx. In the Macedonian battle tradition, the most favoured soldiers were positioned on the right. In this regard, Coenus's distinction as commander of the "best" infantry of the phalanx indicates he was tactically reliable, probably extremely intelligent in warfare, and brave in battle; he was probably the epitome of the highly respected "lead-by-example" Macedonian general.

Death
When Alexander had arrived at the river Hyphasis, he was anxious to push his conquests still further. Coenus was the first of his commanders who had the boldness to urge the necessity of returning home, and the king was obliged to follow his advice.

But a short time afterwards, when the Macedonian army had actually commenced its return, Coenus died of an illness (326 BC), and was honoured by the king with a splendid burial. Alexander lamented his death, but is reported to have said that Coenus had urged the necessity of returning so strongly, as if he alone had been destined to see his native country again.

title: Coenus (general)


text:
William Ware

William Ware (August 3, 1797 – February 19, 1852) was an American writer and minister.

Biography
Ware was born in Hingham, Massachusetts on August 3, 1797. He graduated from Harvard University in 1816, studied for the Unitarian ministry, and preached mainly in New York, and later in Massachusetts.

He achieved literary recognition chiefly from his authorship of two historical romances, Zenobia, or the Fall of Palmyra (first published as Letters from Palmyra, 1836 and 1837) and Aurelian (first published as Probus, 1838).

He contributed the Life of Nathaniel Bacon to Jared Sparks's The Library of American Biography. His Lectures on the works and genius of Washington Allston appeared in print in 1852. His Writings were published in 1904.

He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on February 19, 1852.

title: William Ware


text: Talk:Flint River (Michigan)

title: Talk:Flint River (Michigan)


text: Talk:Two Hearted River

title: Talk:Two Hearted River


text:
Diazald

Diazald (N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide) is used as a relatively safe and easily handled precursor to diazomethane, which is toxic and unstable. Diazald has become the favored commercially available precursor for the synthesis of diazomethane, compared to reagents like N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N '-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, which are less thermally stable and more toxic and mutagenic, respectively.

Upon the addition of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and mild heating (65–70 °C) in a mixture of water, diethyl ether, and a high boiling polar cosolvent (e.g., diethylene glycol monomethyl ether ), the N-nitrososulfonamide undergoes successive elimination reactions to produce diazomethane (which is codistilled as an ethereal solution) as well as a p-toluenesulfonate salt as a byproduct, according to the following mechanism: Like other nitroso compounds, it is thermally sensitive, as a result of its weak N–NO bond whose bond dissociation energy was measured to be 33.4 kcal/mol.

title: Diazald


text:
User:Nickptar

I am a former admin and occasional editor, meatspace name Nick Tarleton.

title: User:Nickptar


text:
Meena Kumari

Meena Kumari (born Mahjabeen Bano; 1 August 1933 – 31 March 1972) was an Indian actress and poet, who worked in Hindi films. Popularly known as The Tragedy Queen, she is regarded among the finest and greatest actresses in the history of Indian cinema. In a career spanning 33 years, from child actress to adult, Kumari starred in over 90 films.

Kumari won four Filmfare Awards in the Best Actress category. She was the recipient of the inaugural Filmfare Best Actress Award for Baiju Bawra in 1954 and had a consecutive win in the second Filmfare Awards (1955) for Parineeta. Kumari made history at the 10th Filmfare Awards (1963) by receiving all three of the Best Actress nominations, and won for her performance in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam. In the 13th Filmfare Awards (1966), she won her last Best Actress award for Kaajal. Critics have noted that her character in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam is similar to her life. She also went onto appear in other successful films such as - Do Bigha Zamin (1953), Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960), Aarti (1962), Main Chup Rahungi (1962), Dil Ek Mandir (1963), Phool Aur Patthar (1966) and Mere Apne (1971).

By late 1960s, Kumari got addicted to alcohol, the effect of which was visible in her subsequent films. Kumari was also a poet and a playback singer. She sang in some of her early films as a child artist and to her poems which came out in an album, I Write, I Recite (1971). She also designed the costumes in Pakeezah. On 31 March 1972, Kumari died at the age of 38, from cirrhosis of the liver, which has been associated with her alcoholism.

Birth and childhood
Meena Kumari was born with the name Mahjabeen to Ali Bux and Iqbal Begum on 1 August 1933. This was a great disappointment to Ali Bux as he wanted a son. She was the second daughter and had two sisters; the elder named Khursheed Jr. and the younger named Mahliqa (known as Madhu, a former child artist married to actor Mehmood) Her father could not afford to pay the doctor for her delivery, so he left her at an orphanage, but he changed his mind a few hours later and took her back home.

As a child, Kumari was not keen on having a film career, and would rather attend school. Despite this, her parents started taking her to film studios for work opportunities. Director Vijay Bhatt cast Mahjabeen in the film Leatherface and on her first day of work, she was paid Rs. 25.

Leatherface was released in 1939. She became the breadwinner in the Bux family at a very young age. In an interview given in 1962, Kumari explained that the fact that she had supported her parents from the age of four gave her immense satisfaction. She was admitted into a regular school, but the demands of work frequently interrupted her curriculum. She did not attend school in any meaningful sense, therefore her education was the result of private tuition and self-education.

Kumari's father was a Sunni Muslim named Master Ali Bux who had migrated from Bhera (now in Pakistan). He was a veteran of Parsi theater, played harmonium, wrote Urdu poetry, composed music and also played small roles in a few films. Kumari's mother Iqbal Begum, whose original name was Prabhavati Devi, was a Christian, who converted to Islam after her marriage. Iqbal Begum was the second wife of Ali Bux. Before meeting and marrying Ali Bux, she was a stage actress and was said to be related to the Tagore family of Bengal.

Connection with Tagore family
Kumari's grandmother, Hem Sundari Tagore, was either the daughter or a widow of Rabindranath Tagore's distant cousin. After the death of her husband, she was forced by his family to leave for Meerut, where she became a nurse, married a Christian named Pyare Lal Shakir Meeruti (1880–1956) who was an Urdu journalist and embraced Christianity. She had two daughters; one of whom was Prabhavati, Kumari's mother.

Early work as Baby Meena (1939–45)
Kumari began acting when she was four. She initially worked mostly in Vijay Bhatt productions; Leather Face (1939), Adhuri Kahani (1939), Pooja (1940) and Ek Hi Bhool (1940). Bhatt rechristened Mahjabeen as "Baby Meena" during the filming of Ek Hi Bhool (1940).

More films followed, namely Nai Roshni (1941), Bahen (1941), Kasauti (1941), Vijay (1942), Garib (1942), Pratiggya (1943) and Lal Haveli (1944).

Early career (1946–52)
She was cast under the name Meena Kumari in Ramnik Production's Bachchon Ka Khel (1946). One of the major setbacks in Kumari's life was the death of her mother who died on 25 March 1947. Duniya Ek Sarai (1946), Piya Ghar Aaja (earlier titled Jalan) (1948) and Bichchade Balam (1948) were some of her early films in which she not only acted but also sang songs. By the late 1940s, she shifted her focus to mythology or fantasy films. Veer Ghatotkach (1949), Shri Ganesh Mahima (1950), Laxmi Narayan (1951), Hanuman Patal Vijay (1951) and Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (1952) were films in which she is credited. Other films, such as Magroor (1950), Hamara Ghar (1950), Sanam (1951), Madhosh (1951), and Tamasha (1952), mostly had an ensemble cast. Kumari's rise came with her mentor Vijay Bhatt's musical, Baiju Bawra (1952).

Rising star (1952–56)

 * 1952: Baiju Bawra – Kumari played the female lead in the film. Following its success, she featured as a model for Hindustan Lever products and on the calendar of a popular beauty soap.
 * 1953: Parineeta – Directed by Bimal Roy, (featuring Ashok Kumar and Kumari in lead) won Kumari her second Filmfare Best Actress Award. It was based on the 1914 Bengali novel by Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay. Do Bigha Zamin, another Bimal Roy directorial, won the International Prize at Cannes in 1954, the first Indian film to do so. This film also marks the only guest appearance of Kumari. Foot Path – directed by Zia Sarhadi, was Kumari's first film with Dilip Kumar. This movie was featured in Avijit Ghosh's book, 40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed. Daaera – was written and directed by Kamal Amrohi, starring Kumari, Nasir Khan and Nana Palsikar in lead roles. Other films included Naulakha Haar and Daana Paani.

 * 1954: Chandni Chowk – directed by B. R. Chopra in 1954, a classic Muslim social drama film, was a success at the box office. Baadbaan - directed by Phani Majumdar, included a star cast of Kumari, Dev Anand, Ashok Kumar and Usha Kiran. Ilzaam – directed by R C Talwar, starring Kumari and Kishore Kumar, also premiered.
 * 1955: In Azaad, directed by Sriramulu Naidu S.M., Kumari performed with Dilip Kumar in this comedy. It was the second highest-grossing Hindi film of that year and included the song "Aplam Chaplam", sung by Lata Mangeshkar and Usha Mangeshkar. Adl-e-Jehangir – was a Hindi language historical drama film directed by G.P. Sippy. It became a commercial success at the box office. Bandish - directed by Satyen Bose starring Kumari, Ashok Kumar, and Daisy Irani was a box office hit. Rukhsana - was directed by R.C. Talwar and starred Kumari and Kishore Kumar.
 * 1956: Mem Sahib – directed by R.C. Talwar, featured Kumari for the first time with Shammi Kapoor. The modern avatar of Kumari was well received by audiences and the film became a box office hit. Ek Hi Raasta – was a film based on the issue of widow remarriage, directed and produced by B. R. Chopra. It starred Kumari with newcomer Sunil Dutt, Ashok Kumar and Daisy Irani. The film proved to be successful at the box office and was screened for more than 25 weeks, which was a "Jubilee Hit". Bandhan - directed by Hemchandra Chunder, based on the popular Bengali novel Mantra Shakti, starred Kumari and Pradeep Kumar as leads. It was awarded with a Certificate of Merit in the National Film Awards. Naya Andaz – directed by K. Amarnath, starring Kumari and Kishore Kumar in lead roles, was a musical hit. Halaku – a historical, was directed by D.D. Kashyap which included Kumari, Pran, Minoo Mumtaz, Raj Mehra and Helen. It was a box office hit and celebrated a silver jubilee.

Tragedy queen of Indian cinema (1957)

 * 1957: Sharada – directed by L.V. Prasad, was Kumari's first venture with Raj Kapoor. She won best actress at Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for her work. The film gained great critical success and was the ninth highest grossing film at the Indian Box Office in 1957. Miss Mary – a comedy film directed by L.V. Prasad, starred Kumari and Gemini Ganesan. The film was one of the biggest hits of that year.
 * 1958: For Sahara – directed by Lekhraj Bhakri, Kumari received a Filmfare nomination. Yahudi, directed by Bimal Roy starred Kumari, Dilip Kumar, Sohrab Modi, Nazir Hussain and Nigar Sultana. It was based on the play Yahudi Ki Ladki by Agha Hashar Kashmiri, a classic in Parsi – Urdu theatre, about the persecution of Jews in the Roman Empire. The film was a box office hit with the song "Yeh Mera Diwanapan Hai" sung by Mukesh. Farishta  and Savera (directed by Satyen Bose) had Ashok Kumar and Kumari as protagonists. The films were rated as above average.
 * 1959: Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan, directed and produced by Devendra Goel, stars Kumari with Rajendra Kumar and Honey Irani. The film was a huge hit at the box office and Kumari received a Filmfare nomination for her performance in the Best Actress category. Char Dil Char Rahen – was directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, with a star cast including Kumari, Raj Kapoor, Shammi Kapoor, Kumkum and Nimmi. The film received warm reviews from critics. Shararat – was a 1959 romantic drama film written and directed by Harnam Singh Rawail, starring Kumari, Kishore Kumar, Raaj Kumar and Kumkum in lead roles, with "Hum Matwaley Naujawan" sung by Kishore Kumar. Film Chand directed by Lekhraj Bhakri focused on the effects of polygamy prior to The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The film stars Kumari with Balraj Sahni, Pandari Bai and newcomer Manoj Kumar in lead roles. Her other films released in 1959 were Ardhangini, Satta Bazaar, Madhu and Jagir.
 * 1960: Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai was a Hindi romantic drama written and directed by Kishore Sahu. The film starred Kumari, Raaj Kumar and Nadira as leads. The film narrates the story of a surgeon who is obligated to marry the daughter of a family friend, while he is in love with a colleague nurse, played by Kumari. It is one of her noted acting performances. The film's music is by Shankar Jaikishan, and features the Hawaiian-themed "Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh" sung by Lata Mangeshkar.  Bahana – directed by Kumar, had a star cast including Kumari, Sajjan, Mehmood, Helen, Pramila, Sulochana Latkar and Sheela Vaz. Kohinoor – directed by S. U. Sunny featured Kumari, Dilip Kumar, Leela Chitnis and Kumkum. A film of lighter tone like Azaad, it lacked the intense characterisations of earlier films of both Dilip Kumar and Kumari.
 * 1961: Bhabhi Ki Chudiyan was a family drama directed by Sadashiv J. Row Kavi with Kumari and Balraj Sahni in the lead roles. The film was one of the highest-grossing films of the year. Zindagi aur Khwab – directed S. Bannerjee, starring Kumari and Rajendra Kumar, was a hit at the Indian box office. Pyaar Ka Saagar – was directed by Devendra Goel with Kumari and Rajendra Kumar.

Critical acclaim (1962)

 * Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam

Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, a film produced by Guru Dutt and directed by Abrar Alvi featured Kumari in the role of Chhoti Bahu. It is based on the Bengali novel "Saheb Bibi Golam" by Bimal Mitra. The film stars Kumari, Guru Dutt, Rehman and Waheeda Rehman. Its music is by Hemant Kumar and the lyrics are by Shakeel Badayuni. The film is also noted for its cinematography by V. K. Murthy and the songs "Na Jao Saiyaan Chhuda Ke Baiyan" and "Piya Aiso Jiya Mein", both sung by Geeta Dutt.

For Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, to give the heavy appearance associated with excessive consumption of alcohol, she applied concentrated Eau de Cologne under her nose. The irritation helped her to achieve the visual appearance of an alcoholic.

The film won four Filmfare Awards, including the Best Actress award and was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival, where Kumari was selected as a delegate. It was chosen as India's official entry to the Oscars.

 * 1962: Aarti, directed by Phani Majumdar, stars Kumari in the title role of Aarti, with Ashok Kumar, Pradeep Kumar and Shashikala appearing in pivotal roles. Kumari won a Best Actress award for this film from the Bengal Film Journalists' Association. Main Chup Rahungi – directed by A. Bhimsingh with Kumari and Sunil Dutt in lead roles was one of the biggest hits of the year and Kumari received a Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her performance.
 * 1963: Dil Ek Mandir, directed by C. V. Sridhar, starring Kumari, Rajendra Kumar, Raaj Kumar and Mehmood, was a commercial success. Akeli Mat Jaiyo – directed by Nandlal Jaswantlal, is a romantic comedy with Kumari and Rajendra Kumar. Kinare Kinare was directed by Chetan Anand with Kumari, Dev Anand and Chetan Anand in lead roles.
 * 1964: Sanjh Aur Savera – is a romantic drama film directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee, starring Kumari, Guru Dutt and Mehmood. Benazir – is a Muslim social film directed by S. Khalil, starring Kumari, Ashok Kumar, Shashi Kapoor and Tanuja. Chitralekha directed by Kidar Sharma, starring Kumari, Ashok Kumar and Pradeep Kumar, is based on the 1934 Hindi novel by the same name by Bhagwati Charan Verma. Gazal featuring Kumari and Sunil Dutt, is a Muslim social film about the right of young generation to the marriage of their choice. Main Bhi Ladki Hoon was directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar. The film stars Kumari with newcomer Dharmendra.
 * 1965: Kaajal directed by Ram Maheshwari, stars Kumari, Dharmendra, Raaj Kumar, Padmini, Helen, Mehmood and Mumtaz. The film was listed in the Top 20 films of 1965. Kumari won her fourth Filmfare award for Kaajal. The film was originally based on the novel "Maadhavi" by Gulshan Nanda. Bheegi Raat, directed by Kalidas, with Kumari, Ashok Kumar and Pradeep Kumar in lead roles, was one of the biggest hits of the year. The film Purnima, directed by Narendra Suri, features Kumari and Dharmendra in lead roles.
 * 1966: Phool Aur Patthar, directed by O. P. Ralhan, stars Kumari and Dharmendra in lead roles. This film became a golden jubilee hit, catapulting Dharmendra to stardom and was the highest-grossing movie of the year. Kumari's performance in the film earned her a nomination in the Best Actress category in the Filmfare awards for that year. The film Pinjre Ke Panchhi was directed by Salil Choudhury, with Kumari, Balraj Sahni and Mehmood in main roles.
 * 1967: Majhli Didi was directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and stars Kumari along with Dharmendra. The film was India's entry to the 41st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. The film Bahu Begum was directed by M. Sadiq, starring Kumari, Pradeep Kumar and Ashok Kumar. The film features music by Roshan and lyrics by Sahir Ludhianvi. Noor Jehan, directed by Mohammed Sadiq, is a historical film starring Kumari and Pradeep Kumar, with Helen and Johnny Walker in minor roles. It dramatises the epic love story of Empress Nur Jehan and her husband, the Mughal Emperor Jehangir. The film Chandan Ka Palna was directed by Ismail Memon, starring Kumari and Dharmendra. After the Eclipse, a 37 minutes color documentary directed by S. Sukhdev and shot in the suburbs of Varanasi features Kumari's voice along with the voice of actor Shashi Kapoor.
 * 1968: Baharon Ki Manzil a suspense thriller, directed by Yakub Hassan Rizvi, stars Kumari, Dharmendra, Rehman and Farida Jalal. The film was one of the major hits of the year. The film Abhilasha was directed by Amit Bose. The cast includes Kumari, Sanjay Khan and Nanda.

Career slump and final works
By the early 1970s, Kumari eventually shifted her focus to more 'acting oriented' or character roles.
 * 1970: Jawab was directed by Ramanna, starring Kumari, Jeetendra, Leena Chandavarkar and Ashok Kumar. Saat Phere was directed by Sundar Dhar, with Kumari, Pradeep Kumar and Mukri in pivotal roles.
 * 1971: Mere Apne written and directed by Gulzar, was his first directorial venture. The film stars Kumari, Vinod Khanna and Shatrughan Sinha in lead roles along with Deven Verma, Paintal, Asit Sen, Asrani, Danny Denzongpa, Keshto Mukherjee, A. K. Hangal, Dinesh Thakur, Mehmood and Yogeeta Bali. Dushman, directed by Dulal Guha, stars Kumari, Rehman and Rajesh Khanna with Mumtaz in lead roles. The film became a "super-hit" at the box office.
 * 1972: Gomti Ke Kinare directed by Saawan Kumar Tak in his directorial debut, stars Kumari, Sanjay Khan and Mumtaz. Gomti Ke Kinare was released on 22 November 1972, after Kumari's death and was a tribute to her.

Completion of Pakeezah (1956–72)
The idea for Pakeezah came into existence in 1954, followed by its muhrat in 1956. Kumari was determined to complete the film and, aware of having limited time left to live, went out of her way to complete it early. Despite the rapid deterioration of her health, she made the finishing touches to her performance.

Pakeezah had a grand premiere on 3 February 1972 at Maratha Mandir theatre in central Bombay, and the prints were carried on a decked-up palanquin. The film was finally released on the following day, 4 February 1972. Pakeezah enjoyed a successful run of 33 weeks and even celebrated its silver jubilee. Kumari posthumously received her twelfth and last Filmfare nomination for Pakeezah. Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards bestowed the Special Award to Kumari for Pakeezah in 1973.

Career as a playback singer
Kumari was also a playback singer. She sang as a child artist for films like Bahen until 1945. As a heroine, she sang for films like Duniya Ek Sarai (1946), Piya Ghar Aaja (1948), Bichchade Balam (1948) and Pinjre Ke Panchhi (1966). She also sang for Pakeezah (1972), however, the song was not used in the film and was later released in the album Pakeezah-Rang Ba Rang (1977).

Marriage to Kamal Amrohi (1952)
Kamal Amrohi met Kumari in 1938, while searching for a child actor for the film Jailor. Years later, on the sets of Tamasha, Ashok Kumar introduced him to Kumari, who later offered her a lead role in his upcoming film Anarkali. The contract was signed on 13 March 1951 but on 21 May 1951, Kumari was involved in a car accident while returning from Mahabaleshwar to Bombay. She was admitted to Sassoon Hospital in Poona for an injury to the left hand and Amrohi visited her regularly.

This hospital love affair continued for four months. The accident left Kumari with a banded left little finger for life. She covered her left hand with a dupatta or saree during shoots. The film Anarkali was eventually shelved. On 14 February 1952, Kumari and Amrohi secretly married in a simple "Niqah" ceremony in the presence of a Qadi and Kumari's younger sister, Mahliqa (Madhu). After the ceremony, the newlyweds parted. Amrohi left for Sion and Kumari and Madhu returned home. The marriage was kept secret from the family and media, although Amrohi was already married and had three children from his previous wife. After several months, the marriage was leaked and Ali Bux recommended a divorce. Kumari remained adamant on her decision, but stayed in her father's house. Meanwhile, Amrohi planned a film called Daaera in 1953 and decided to cast Kumari, now his wife. She unsuccessfully asked for her father's permission, then left for her husband's residence at Sion.

Separation from husband and addiction to alcohol (1964)
After their marriage, Amrohi allowed Kumari to continue her acting career on certain conditions. She agreed, but with passing time she kept breaking them. Abrar Alvi, director of Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, recounts how Amrohi would have his spy and right-hand man Baqar Ali present even in the makeup room while his wife's makeup was being done.

According to Vinod Mehta, writer of her biography, Kumari was subjected to physical abuse in her marriage. He points out that although Amrohi repeatedly denied any such allegations, he learned from six different sources that she suffered. Events shared by actress Nargis pointed to the same. Such rumours found their base on the mahurat of Pinjre Ke Panchhi where Amrohi's assistant, Baqar Ali had a violent argument with Kumari. She immediately called for Amrohi who instead insisted that she return home. An enraged Kumari went to her sister, Madhu's home and never returned to Amrohi's.

Kumari had chronic insomnia. Upon her physician's advice, she started taking a small peg of brandy as a sleeping pill alternative. This prescribed peg of brandy turned into heavy drinking after her separation from her husband in 1964. After that, Kumari's name was associated with Gulzar, Dharmendra and Sawan Kumar Tak.

Deteriorating health and treatment in London (1968)
In 1968, Kumari was diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver and received treatments in London and Switzerland in June 1968.

Upon recovery, Kumari returned to India in September 1968 and resumed work. She temporarily recovered but was now frail. After returning from London, Kumari for the first time purchased her own home, which was on the eleventh floor of a building called "Landmark", situated at Carter Road, Bandra.

Final days and death

Three weeks after the release of Pakeezah, Kumari became seriously ill. On 28 March 1972, she was admitted to St Elizabeth's Nursing Home.

She slipped into a coma two days later and died shortly afterwards on 31 March 1972. She was 38 years old. The cause of her death was determined to be liver cirrhosis. As per her husband's wish, she was buried at Rehmatabad Cemetery, located at Narialwadi, Mazagaon, Bombay. Kumari requested the following prose for her tombstone: "She ended life with a broken fiddle, with a broken song, with a broken heart, but not a single regret." As per his wish, upon his death on 11 February 1993 in Bombay, her husband was buried next to her.

The poet Naaz
Kumari was an Urdu poet under the pseudonym Naaz. Historian Philip Bounds and researcher Daisy Hasan wrote of Kumari's poetry: "Poetry was the medium through which Kumari distanced herself from her public image and criticized the industry that had brought her to public attention in the first place. In that sense, her poems tell us as much about Bollywood as they do about herself."

 * I write, I recite – an album consisting of Kumari's poems under the label of LP Vinyl Record was released in 1971, for which Mohammed Zahur Khayyam gave music. The poetry in the album (nazms) has been written, recited and sung by the poet herself. The album was re-released on 19 September 2006.
 * Tanha Chand (Lonely Moon), a collection of Kumari's poems, was compiled by Gulzar and published after her death in 1972.
 * Meena Kumari, the Poet: A Life Beyond Cinema consisting of the late actress's poems and nazms was also published in 2014.

Public image
Kumari set fashion trends which are still in high demand. Javed Akhtar points out that women in the 1950s used to follow her sober and dignified fashion trends ranging from the hair bun to the traditional bindi. Director Sanjay Leela Bhansali has said that he appreciates the aesthetics of Pakeezah and the way Kumari played the role with grace and beauty. Her floral or traditional Banarasi silk and Kanjeevaram saris have never gone out of fashion and continue to be a favourite of designers like Sabyasachi Mukherjee. Tajdar Amrohi said: "When the shooting of Pakeezah started again in 1969, the first song shot was "Mausam Hai Ashiqaana". With this song, Kumari set a new fashion trend of girls wearing Lungi.

On 24 February 2016, Kumari's original publicity material and memorabilia, including paintings and portraits of her films, were displayed at the Womanhood Festival at Osianama Liberty, Mumbai, India. Due to the contrast between her stardom and troubled private life, Kumari is closely linked to broader discussions about modern phenomena such as mass media, fame, and consumer culture. Every year, on her birthday, numerous articles are printed and television programmes aired to commemorate her, and modern magazines continue to publish stories on her personal life and career.

In 2010, Filmfare included Kumari's performances in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam and Pakeezah in its list of Bollywood's "80 Iconic Performances". Two of her films, namely Baiju Bawra and Do Bigha Zameen, have been considered among the greatest films in a poll by the British Film Institute. On the occasion of the centenary of Indian cinema, in a poll conducted by News18 her films Pakeezah, Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam and Do Bigha Zameen featured in the list of 100 best films ever made. She was featured in Box Office India's "Top Actresses" list from 1952 to 1961. Various publications including Hindustan Times mentioned her among the topmost sex symbols of Bollywood. In 2011, Rediff listed her as the fourth-greatest Indian actress of all time, noting, "Her performance Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, is one of the finest by any leading lady in any motion picture, one where the craft is so perfect that it becomes impossible to draw a line between actress and character." In 2012, Kumari was placed at No. 3 by NDTV in the listing of "The most popular Bollywood actresses of all time". In 2021, Time Out placed her 3rd in its "The ten best Bollywood actresses" list. In 2022, she was placed in Outlook India's "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list. In 2023, Rajeev Masand listed her in a similar list.

Acting style and reception
Kumari was credited for never using products like glycerin to shed tears, but always shed genuine tears while acting. At the peak of her career, she was the highest-paid actress of her generation, and was the first to buy an Impala car. Indian Film Critic Bhawana Somaaya said: "There was a time when top heroes were not willing to work with Meena Kumari, because she played the powerful roles". Vinod Mehta said: "Meena Kumari became so powerful that she would make or break stars, Kumari adopted an attitude of guardian, artistic mentor towards the newcomers who worked opposite her like Rajendra Kumar in Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan and with Sunil Dutt in Ek Hi Raasta." Another critic Afeefa Banu described her as "an object of fantasy and a motif of melancholy". Kumari helped Dharmendra enormously in the initial stages of his career, and established his acting career in Indian Cinema. The Kathak master Pandit Lachhu Maharaj praised Kumari's dancing skills. He said, "The way in which she would turn, the angles of her shoulders, come naturally to her and cannot be taught." Ashok Kumar said: "Meena was a natural actress. She was very choosy, but once she accepted a role, she put her heart into it and it's not surprising that she's still remembered for her sensitive portrayals. Sometimes when saying a dialogue I'd add a line not in the script and even as I worried about how Meena would react, she'd surprise me with just the right response." In 1953, soon after the success of Baiju Bawra, Kumari appeared in Dream House, an advertisement by Dunlopillo UK along with Ashok Kumar. According to Indian Film Critic Bhawana Somaaya: "Pakeezah is just like poetry on celluloid, I cannot imagine anybody else in this movie except Meena Kumari." Vinod Mehta (writer of Meena Kumari – The Classic Biography) was told by a director: "Even Dilip Kumar (the tragedy king) found it difficult to keep his calm in front of her". Raaj Kumar would often forget his dialogues while working with Kumari on set. Madhubala was also a fan of Kumari and said: "She has the most unique voice. No other heroine has it." Satyajit Ray described her as "undoubtedly an actress of the highest calibre". Amitabh Bachchan said "No one, not any one, ever spoke dialogues the way Meena Kumari did .. no one .. not anyone to date.. and perhaps never will". Music Director Naushad said "Hindi film industry may produce great actresses but there would never be another Meena Kumari". During the filming of Heeramandi, a webseries which chronicles the life of courtesans of Lahore, filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali and actress Richa Chadha clearly cited Kumari and her film Pakeezah as their inspiration. Actress Alia Bhatt also mentioned watching Kumari's films for preparing for the role of a brothel madame in Gangubai Kathiawadi. Kumari empathized greatly with Marilyn Monroe, and the fact that Marilyn's husband, Arthur Miller, had some passing similarities to her husband Kamal Amrohi, made the identification closer.

Legacy
The greatest hallmark of Kumari is her ability to depict the struggle of Indian women existing especially in the 1950s and 1960s. Her onscreen persona is described as a perfect example of an "ideal Indian woman" by the Indian film fraternity, such as Mohammed Zahur Khayyam and Javed Akhtar. Her portrayal of "Sahibjaan", a nautch girl with a golden heart in Pakeezah under Amrohi's direction became a historical document.

Filmfare Award for Best Actress

 * Records

 * 1) In 69 editions of the Filmfare Awards, Kumari's unusual feat of garnering all nominations in the Best Actress category remains unaccomplished by any other actress. She reached this pinnacle 61 years, 32 days ago at the 10th Filmfare Awards in 1963.
 * 2) Kumari's record for the highest number of Filmfare Award for Best Actress remained unbroken for 13 years (1966–1979) until it was finally broken by Nutan at the 26th Filmfare Awards, 1979.
 * 3) Her record for the highest number of nominations in the Best Actress category (12) was eventually broken after 35 years by Madhuri Dixit at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, 2008.
 * 4) She is the only actress to be nominated posthumously. Kumari got a posthumous nomination for Pakeezah at the 20th Filmfare Awards in 1973.
 * 5) Kumari not winning an award for her performance in Pakeezah stirred controversy at the 20th Filmfare Awards. Filmfare, however, defended their decision by stating that according to their rules, posthumous awards were not allowed then; Filmfare editor B. K. Karanjia said both Ghulam Mohammad (the music director of Pakeezah) and Josef Wirsching (cinematographer) lost for the same reason.

Tributes and honors

On the day that Kumari died, her 1952 film Baiju Bawra was re-released at Bombay's Super cinema, drawing a full audience, which wept copiously while remembering the actress. Shortly after her death, fellow actress Nargis wrote a personal essay in an Urdu magazine – Shama, titled "Meena – Maut Mubarak Ho" (Congratulations on your death Meena). In October 1973, she also established the Meena Kumari Memorial for the Blind in her memory and was the chairman of this trust. In 1979, Meena Kumari Ki Amar Kahaani (The immortal story of Meena Kumari), a film dedicated to the late actress was released. It was directed by Sohrab Modi and featured exclusive interviews of various film personalities, such as Raj Kapoor and Rajendra Kumar. The music for the film was composed by Khayyam. The following year, Shaira (alternatively titled Sahira) (Poetess) was released. It was a short documentary about Kumari and was directed by S Sukh Dev along with Gulzar. This documentary was produced by Kanta Sukhdev. A postal stamp of face value 500 paise was issued in her honour on 13 February 2011 by India Post.

In 2012, Walk of the Stars, a section of the Bandstand Promenade in Bandra, Mumbai was opened to honour film artists from Hindi film industry. Kumari's autograph was also featured along with statues, handprints and autographs of other artists. Walk of the Stars was however, dissolved in 2014. In May 2018, Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh, a play depicting her life was staged at Rangayan auditorium of Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur. On 1 August 2018, search engine Google commemorated Kumari with a Doodle on her 85th birth anniversary. Google commented: "Kumari captivated audiences with her beautiful, expressive eyes and portrayed strong yet vulnerable women who made their own way through life, often devastated by romance. Today, her screen appearances are studied for flawless moments and the complex emotions she could evoke without uttering a word". In 2023, an exhibition at Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, named "Sitaare Zameen Par", had portraits of Suraiya that were captured by JH Thakkar. Her souvenirs were auctioned online, along with that of other actresses, in the same year.

Biographies

 * One of the first biographies of Kumari was written just after her death by Vinod Mehta in October 1972. The official biography of Kumari was titled Meena Kumari: The Classic Biography. The biography was re-published in May 2013.
 * Simply Scandalous authored by Mohan Deep was an unofficial biography published in 1998. It was serialized in Mumbai's Hindi daily Dopahar Ka Saamna.
 * Another biography about Kumari, Aakhri Adhai Din was written in Hindi by Madhup Sharma. The book was published in 2006.

In film
Meena Kumari ki Amar Kahani, one of the earliest biopics ever made on any cine artist in India came out in 1981. Dedicated to Meena Kumari, this docu-drama featured interviews of various artists who worked with her. The film featured Dolly playing Meena Kumari and Sona Mirza playing her contemporary, Madhubala It was directed by Sohrab Modi and had the music composed by Khayyam. Kumari has always been a subject of interest among present day filmmakers. In 2004, a modern-day adaption of her film Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam was to be made by Pritish Nandy Communications in which Aishwarya Rai and later Priyanka Chopra were to portray her role of Chhoti Bahu. However, the film got shelved and paved the way for a TV series helmed by director Rituparno Ghosh in which actress Raveena Tandon took this role.

In 2007, Priyanka Chopra parodied Kumari, Nargis and Madhubala in the film Salaam-e-Ishq. In 2015, it was reported that Tigmanshu Dhulia was to make a film on her, which was to be a screen adaptation of Vinod Mehta's book, "Meena Kumari – The Classic Biography". Actress Kangana Ranaut was approached to portray Kumari but the film was shelved yet again due to lack of authentic facts and after a strong protest by Kumari's stepson Tajdar Amrohi.

In 2017, director Karan Razdan also decided to direct an official biopic on Kumari. For this, he approached Madhuri Dixit and Vidya Balan to portray her onscreen but due to a variety of reasons, both of them declined the offer. He later turned to actress Sunny Leone who showed great interest. Various other actresses including Richa Chadha, Jaya Prada, Janhvi Kapoor, Karishma Sharma, Anupriya Goenka, Bhumi Pednekar, Divya Dutta, Kriti Sanon, Nithya Menon and Tripti Dimri have also expressed their wish to be cast as Kumari in her biopic.

In 2018, producer and former child artist Kutty Padmini announced a biopic on Kumari in the form of a web series along with singer Mohammed Rafi and actor-director J.P. Chandrababu. Padmini worked with Kumari in the film Dil Ek Mandir and wanted to honour the late actress with this biopic.

In 2019, Sanjay Leela Bhansali announced the remake of Kumari's 1952 classic Baiju Bawra with Alia Bhatt reprising Gauri's character, a role which was originally played by Kumari. Actress Deepika Padukone also expressed her desire to essay Kumari's role in the same film. The shooting of the film however hasn't started, as of January 2024

In 2020, Almighty Motion Pictures announced a web series on Kumari's life which is to be based on the book Starring..Mahjabeen as Meena Kumari written by journalist Ashwini Bhatnagar. This was followed by Tajdar Amrohi's objection who accused the journalist of not only writing the late actress' biography without his consent but also portraying Kamal Amrohi as a tormentor. Bhatnagar later clarified that the book never portrayed Amrohi in a negative light and primarily focused on Kumari's professional career. He later argued that Kumari was a public figure and no one has the right to grant permission for creating a work of art. The series which will be followed by a feature film will be helmed by producer Prabhleen Kaur Sandhu.

In February 2022, music label Saregama and actor Bilal Amrohi (grandson of Kamal Amrohi) announced a web series about the love story of Kumari and her filmmaker husband Kamal Amrohi against the backdrop of making the film Pakeezah. The series which will be helmed by Yoodlee films is expected to go on floors in 2023. The following month, it was reported that Kriti Sanon has been approached to play Kumari in a biopic planned by T–Series. By April 2022, the makers chose Hansal Mehta to be the director of the film, who was later replaced by designer Manish Malhotra in July 2023.

In 2023, a Pakistani remake of the film Pakeezah was also announced in which actress Meera Jee was confirmed to play the central character, which was portrayed by Kumari in the original.

title: Meena Kumari


text:
Antje Buschschulte

Antje Buschschulte (born 27 December 1978 in Berlin) is a former German swimmer. Her best disciplines were the short distance backstroke and freestyle races. Buschschulte swam for the sporting club SC Magdeburg. She participated in Olympic Games 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and won 5 Olympic bronze medals. She was World Champion in 100m backstroke 2003 in Barcelona. In total Antje won 57 international medals (Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships). She is the only German swimmer who participated for 14 years in a row (1995–2008) in every major longcourse championship (Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships).

Antje holds a diploma in neurobiology from the Otto-von-Guericke-University in Magdeburg and currently works as head of the office for State Minister Rainer Robra in the State Chancellery of Saxony-Anhalt.

She lives with her husband Helge Meeuw and her daughters in Magdeburg.

title: Antje Buschschulte


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/W. Mark Felt/archive1

W. Mark Felt (aka Watergate's Deep Throat)
Self nom. Previously a FAC (the old nomination is here), but defeated apparently on the grounds the article was too new. So after letting it age three months, I'm trying it again. It is well researched, has a sea of footnotes, has photographs. I would appreciate specific explanations for why it does not qualify as a FA. PedanticallySpeaking 16:49, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I wasn't prepared to support this last time because it was too soon after the revelation, but this is a great article. My one concern is that the fair use images need more detailed explanations of why they can be used in this article. I personally doubt ones like Image:Carl bernstein.jpg and Image:Bobwoodward.jpg do qualify. - SimonP 16:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose because of the image status. The first image, Image:W Mark Felt screenshot.jpg, is a screenshot which as I understand it can only be fair use if it's used to comment on the TV programme, not on the person pictured. Image:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg has no source or copyright information. I'm not sure on what grounds Image:Bobwoodward.jpg and Image:Carl_bernstein.jpg are claimed to be fair use. And Image:Tv MarkFelt 1jun05 150.jpg claims to be PD, but I'm not sure why (does it count as federal government?) Stephen Turner 17:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Then you have a poor understanding of fair use. I suggest you reread the article - this is a totally inaccurate comment. If the image has a transformative usage then it sits quite well under fair use. - Ta bu shi da yu 23:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course there's an objection with pictures! I didn't upload any of these pictures so I can't answer your questions.  I don't know what you're talking about with Hoover.  I just clicked there and it's marked public domain from the Library of Congress.  Do you have any comments about the article itself?  If I deleted every photo would that be acceptable?  PedanticallySpeaking 17:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please note: Not all things on the LoC site are PD. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've corrected the tag on Image:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg -- it's not a work of the federal government, but the LOC lists no known restrictions on reproduction. --Carnildo 21:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object please convert those ref notes to inote. They are a major hinderance to reading the text. Use the {ref} only to mark text which really needs quick referencing, ie contentious phrases, disputed numbers etc. One of the problems of having the {ref} style is, as the numbers increase, maintainence becomes harder. See for example [83] leads to [84].  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this a valid reason for objecting or just a personal preference? I haven't seen anything saying that this is an official policy, or that having more than a certain number of fn3s should in itself prevent an article from being featured.  Incidentally, I am starting to agree with you on this point a little more than I did before, it's just that I'm not convinced that it's enough on its own to justify an oppose vote.  CTOAGN 18:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * With all due respect to Nichalp, no, it's not a valid reason for objecting. The standard is that an article has inline citations -- the choice of style is left up to the author (so long as the article is consistent). This objection is invalid. →Raul654 08:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really. My Windows 2000 article got to FA status and it has an absolute heap of them. And if you don't like the text, you can modify your stylesheet to hide the numbers. - Ta bu shi da yu 23:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh heh. Beat you. :-) I'm in favour of them as well.  I think you may have misunderstood - I was just pointing out that I didn't think the objection was a valid one.  CTOAGN 00:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. not sure by why he thinks it's harder to maintain them. It's really not that hard. - Ta bu shi da yu 23:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe commonsense should dictate the use of footnotes. Why would you need to reference every second statement, which points to a useless ibid? If the text needs to be modified later, care should be taken that the refs are linked properly after modifications. With such a large amt of {refs} it becomes harder to locate and fix. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  19:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The reason is that you may not always be around the project. Any editor might challenge any fact not referenced: after all, what fact may seem obvious that you may not feel requires an ibid may in fact be very difficult to locate later on (another editor may not realise you used the same source for a different fact or opinion). I'm of the opinion that all facts should be referenced to stop challenges. It could happen (I've done it before - if the text had been referenced then I would not have had a problem with it). - Ta bu shi da yu 02:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Felt was born in Twin Falls, Idaho. Is there a need to bookmark where he was born? A google search will give you ample results. Using inotes does not mean that it is in any way less referenced. Use explain-inote to notify users that inotes are used. One of the articles I've worked on is Economy of India. Using normal footnotes soon became a logistical and stylistic nightmare, so we settled for inotes, with footnotes for essential points. Another article was Nepal. I've added a phrase that "women are sold to brothels". Now this statement would need to have a reference that definately calls for easy access, so I've used the footnote style to quote my reference. I'm not asking the authors to abandon the footnote style, only just that it should be used sparingly. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Neutral, great article, extremely well researched, but I feel it needs a longer intro, summarising his whole life. I'd have thought 3 paragraphs would be necessary for an article this size.  I'll change to support if this is done.  One minor nitpick: it'd look better if all the footnotes at the end of sentences went after the full stop (Like this. Not like this.)  I'd still vote support without that changing, though, and might do it myself if I get bored.  CTOAGN 19:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The intro's still a bit light (I know, ), but I've changed my vote to Support.  If an article this well written and researched can't make it to an FA, there's no point submitting anything.  CTOAGN 00:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object
 * The image Image:W Mark Felt screenshot.jpg is claimed as "fair use", but there does not appear to be anything significant about that particular TV appearance. A fair use claim is doubtful, and the image should probably be removed.
 * The image Image:Bobwoodward.jpg is claimed as "fair use", but since Bob Woodward is only periperally related to the subject of the article, any fair use claim is doubtful.
 * The image Image:Carl bernstein.jpg has no source information, and may be deleted at any time.
 * I suggest replacing the images of Woodward and Bernstein with the presumably-public-domain image from
 * --Carnildo 21:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As a bit of a follow up to the above, I think the article suffers from a horrible disease known as picture-overloaditis. By a wonderful twist of coincidence, the cure for picture-overloaditis is also the cure for the copyright problems listed above -- delete the problematic images :) →Raul654 08:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Very well written, researched and sourced. - Jord 00:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Support of the strongest sort! VERY Well told story, extensively researched and supported. Everything an FA should be and a bit more.--R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 10:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support (forgot to do this). - Ta bu shi da yu 02:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object because the number of references in the text is overwhelming - it seriously harms the readability of the text when every second sentence has a reference at the end. Also, I think the lead neads to be longer, and summarise more of the article content - three paragraphs would be nice. Worldtraveller 11:54, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree - I don't see how having a superscripted number at the end of a sentence is particularly intrusive. The FAC criteria certainly make no mention of such a problem. →Raul654 19:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * To me, citing a reference for where he was born and what his parents were called seems to be overdoing things. Citing his birth certificate when saying what his name is would not be too dissimilar.  Many of the citations are necessary but I feel they could be trimmed somewhat.  Links to references give the reader constant reasons to break away from reading the article, and I don't think that's a good thing. Worldtraveller 20:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I consider this a model of a well-cited article. Jokestress 23:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * support: Overdue.  Ombudsman 19:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Sigh.  The arguments above are so very frustrating.  One tries to do good work but people won't say anything positive.  It's always negativity, usually about trivialities.  Before, someone objected because there weren't footnotes.  Now that I have them, someone else objects to their presence.  It's easy to see why many Wikipedians, even Administrators, just throw up their hands and walk out on the project all together.  I know I've been contributing a lot less lately because of the tenor of debates here.  Is it just me that gets so frustrated?  PedanticallySpeaking 19:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think anyone's saying there should be no footnotes. You can have too few but you can also have too many.  I'm saying negative things because I want to help to improve the article - please don't take objections to FACs as attacks on the nominator, no serious editor would ever intend them as such. Worldtraveller 20:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't just you. I recently put an FAC through for the first time and when it passed I just felt relief that it was finally off the FAC page.  Seeing somebody object to X being missing, putting X in and then seeing someone else object to X is extremely frustrating.  It's given me a few ideas on how we could improve the process; I'll post them on the FAC talk page when I get round to it.  CTOAGN 19:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, FAC is a quality control process and yes, it is an exacting process. We aren't attacking the nominatior, all what we're doing is suggesting ways in which the article can be improved. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Very substantive article, very well written and VERY VERY well referenced. I think the delay did help, especially with the revelations about Felt's family and their motivations. --JohnDBuell | Talk 20:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support When this article was first nominated, PedanticallySpeaking encouraged me to vote. At the time I opposed it being a featured article, but the article is much improved now.  Most of the dust has settled and it is no longer constantly changing.  The time has also allowed the Wikipedia community the time to address all the delicate subtleties present with a controversial figure like Mr. Felt.  While it isn't perfect, it certainly fits the bill as a shining example of what this community can build when they work together. Badammcqueen 21:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support but only on the grounds that we find a way to shrink the references/notes down somehow, I agree that we need these... but they do consume an awful lot of the page, perhaps spin them to an article specifically for references? Other than that this article is an excellent example of what wiki is about.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 21:54, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, having references on another page is a strict no-no =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support in a FA, claims need to be well cited, don't see why some people think there are too many. -Greg Asche (talk) 23:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment – look at this from another angle. If you were writing about a person, say Gandhi, would you add all possible books available (including clones of each other) under =references=? Would that really make the article more referenced? I really don't think converting from ref to inote takes too much time since I've done it in the past. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support – the article and the dedicated effort that produced it. --Ian Pitchford 13:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)


text: Talk:Tiffin River

title: Talk:Tiffin River


text:
User:Dudeness10

Hi, I'm a Wikipedian from the Boston, Massachusetts area, and have been using Wikipedia for a long time, though I've just become active as of June, 2005.

My Contributions

My interests are:

Heraldry

Peerage

History of the United Kingdom

I'm also quite interested in the Royal Houses of Europe over the ages, especially the House of Stuart and  The Hanoverians, and the  Jacobite movement. Another interest as well is the Coat of Arms of these royal houses of Europe.

Also interested in the Royal Standards of British Sovereigns and their consorts.

title: User:Dudeness10


text:
User:WwJd

I'm here to ask the tough questions

title: User:WwJd


text:
Talk:Salmon Trout River

The statements included on the main page give the appearance of bias against the proposed mining operations. How can we reword this to keep a neutral point of view? Imzadi1979 17:57, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see a POV issue here. Sulfide mining can cause the type of polution described, and Kennecott is proposing to build a mine in the region and use the river for drainage.  It seems pretty straightforward to me.StudierMalMarburg 22:00, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I have fixed the POV issue, the old POV was very pointed and NOT neutral. Djoeyd114 23:21, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salmon Trout River


text: Talk:Sandy Creek (Michigan)

title: Talk:Sandy Creek (Michigan)


text:
Mark Fernando

Mark Damien Hugh Fernando, PC (27 February 1941 – 20 January 2009) was a jurist and former judge of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. He died after a long bout with cancer on 20 January 2009. He was known as a Judge who stood up for judicial independence and the integrity of the profession.

Justice Mark Fernando helped groom a generation of capable and honourable lawyers. During the early 1990s, when he was a member of the Council of Legal Education, Justice Fernando initiated the Legal Internship Scheme to assist law students awaiting the results of the final examination to qualify as attorneys-at-law. He believed that in order to provide sound legal advice an attorney must have a working knowledge of other disciplines besides law: for instance, he would point out that a lawyer asked by a client to advise on setting up a company must have some knowledge of finance, accountancy, human resource management, etc., in addition to being familiar with the provisions of the Companies Act. Since it was not possible to provide all that knowledge within the structure of education that existed at the Law College at the time, the Internship Scheme sought to place law students for a period of six months in the private sector, and with senior practitioners specialising in various aspects of law.

Following his elevation to the Supreme Court in 1988 he became a firm defender of the rights and liberties guaranteed by the fundamental rights chapter of the Constitution. His judgments on the right to free speech, its relationship to the right to information, and his strong defence of the right of citizens to criticize and peacefully protest against their government are cited often.

Justice Mark Fernando was posthumously conferred a ‘Special Award of Excellence for a Lifetime of Integrity’ at Transparency International Sri Lanka's annual National Integrity Awards.

Education and early career
Fernando was born in a family with a long judicial tradition on 27 February 1941. His father was former Chief Justice H. N. G. Fernando and his grandfather, Judge V. M. Fernando also sat on the Supreme Court. He schooled at St. Joseph's College, Colombo 10, and attended the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya. He took his oaths as an advocate of the Supreme Court in July 1963. Fernando first worked in the chambers of H. W. Jayawardene, QC. He shone as an advocate and was conferred Silk in January 1985. He was known to have been one of the lawyers who drafted the 1978 Constitution of President J.R Jayawardene.

Family
Fernando and his wife Pam had three children, a daughter Tanya, and two sons Sohan and Suren.

Human rights defender
Fernando was responsible for delivering many judgments during his career, that upheld the rights of citizens in respect of the right to vote, the right to freedom of speech and the right to freedom against torture and arbitrary arrest and detention.

At the passing away of Justice Mark Fernando, the Alumni Association of the Faculty of Law (AAFL) issuing a special message stated that "No other judge has perhaps contributed as much towards the progress of legal jurisprudence in this country as Justice Fernando. From Public Law to Fundamental Rights, from Property to Criminal Law, his razor-sharp intellect has produced judgments that are masterprices of contemporary critical legal thinking".

Resignation
In 2005, Fernando opted to take premature retirement from the Supreme Court, two and half years before his term ended. He was then the longest serving judge on the bench.

Towards the end of his career, Chief Justice Sarath N. Silva had excluded him from hearings relating to the constitutionality of bills before the Parliament. A massive signature campaign was launched to persuade Fernando to stay on to complete his term. Signatories covered a wide range of the political spectrum, lawyers and law students as well as the ecclesiastical heads of the Buddhist, Catholic, Anglican and Methodist denominations.

The Asian Human Rights Commission, issuing a statement on the resignation of Justice Mark Fernando, warned that a senior judge of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, retiring two and half years earlier before his stipulated date of retirement, indicates a dangerous phenomena beginning to emerge, which is a sure sign of the erosion of independent judiciary and the Rule of Law in the country.

title: Mark Fernando


text:
Union of Councils for Soviet Jews

Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union (UCSJ) is a non-governmental organization that reports on the human rights conditions in countries throughout Eastern Europe and Central Asia, exposing hate crimes and assisting communities in need. UCSJ uses grassroots-based monitoring and advocacy, as well as humanitarian aid, to protect the political and physical safety of Jewish people and other minorities in the region. UCSJ is based in Washington, D.C., and is linked to other organizations such as the Moscow Helsinki Group. It has offices in Russia and Ukraine and has a collegial relationship with human rights groups that were founded by the UCSJ in the countries of the former Soviet Union.

The UCSJ was formed in 1970 as part of the Movement to Free Soviet Jewry, a response to the oppression of Jews in the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet bloc.

Leadership
The founding president of the UCSJ was Louis Rosenblum. Other former presidents include Hal Light, Si Frumkin, Irene Manekofsky, Bob Gordon, Lynn Singer, Pamela Braun Cohen, and Morey Schapira. Leadership after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 includes Yosef Abramowitz and Larry Lerner, Leonid Stonov as Director, and Meylakh Shekhet as Director of the Lviv Bureau. Leonid Stonov has been involved with the UCSJ since before his emigration to the U.S. in 1990, when he was a prominent Refusenik and author of the first emigration law in Soviet history, which was presented to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in 1989. David Waksberg served as National Vice President during the 1980s.

Activities
Activities of the UCSJ after 1991 include reporting on the human rights situation in countries of the former Soviet Union, assisting communities in need, providing support for asylum seekers and migrants, and exposing human rights violations and hate crimes, whether directed against Jews or other minorities in the region, such as Romani or Muslims. According to a UCSJ report in 2013 approximately 1.71 million Jews remained in the post-Soviet states at that time. The reports it produces on the situation in various countries are often presented to the US State Department.

The Lviv office of UCSJ, in addition to running a soup kitchen for the poor of Lviv and running Jewish services for the Jews of Lviv, he has taken on the task of working to protect Jewish historical sites and to fight for human rights. He has been successful in lawsuits against the authorities in Lviv to preserve cemetery sites and destroyed synagogues from commercialization. He has also been successful in pursuing actions against officials who violated the human rights of individuals.

In 2006, the UCSJ spoke against the members of the State Duma from Motherland and the Communist party who have signed a letter demanding Jewish organizations be banned in Russia.

In 2007, the UCSJ condemned the conviction of journalist Boris Stomakhin, who was accused of hate speech.

The UCSJ alerted the public to the revival of the cult of Russian Orthodox Church child saint Gavriil Belostoksky and related blood libel accusations in Belarus, after the Belarusian state TV showed a film alleging that his ritual murder was a true story. Subsequently, a branch of the UCSJ was closed by the government of Belarus as part of what many observers saw as a wider crackdown on political dissent in the region.

In 2012, the USCJ supported the Magnitsky Act, a legislation adopted by the US Congress directed against Russian officials suspected of human rights violations.

Other Jewish organizations in the former Soviet Union

 * Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS
 * Russian Jewish Congress
 * The Congress of Jewish Religious Communities of Russia (KEROOR) headed by Adolf Shaievich
 * The World Congress of Russian Jewry
 * Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia (FEOR)
 * Vaad (Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Russia)
 * Moscow Jewish Community
 * Jewish Association of St. Petersburg (JASP).
 * Chabad Lubavitch movement
 * Jewish University in Moscow
 * Petersburg Institute for Jewish Studies
 * Foundation for Jewish Campus Life (Hillel)

title: Union of Councils for Soviet Jews


text:
Euroroma

Euroroma (Евророма) is the biggest political party representing the interests of the Romani people in Bulgaria.

Established on 12 December 1998, Euroroma is not strictly an ethnic party, as it is open to everybody who shares its ideas and goals. In accordance with the stability pact, over 30% of the leadership of the political party are ethnic Bulgarians. Similarly, members of Euroroma's municipal and regional structures are not only Romani people, but also Bulgarians and Turks.

Main goals of Euroroma

 * Education for all children from low income families, regardless of their ethnicity.
 * Access to medical treatment
 * Increased employment opportunities

title: Euroroma


text: Talk:Rogue River (Michigan)

title: Talk:Rogue River (Michigan)


text:
Valērijs Ivanovs

Valērijs Ivanovs (Валерий Иванович Иванов; born 23 February 1970 in Riga) is a former football midfielder from Latvia. He played 69 international matches and scored 1 goal for the Latvia national team between 1992 and 2001. His clubs include FC Skonto (1995–1997), Helsingborgs IF, Uralan Elista, Shinnik Yaroslavl and Volgar GazProm Astrakhan.

Honours

 * RAF Jelgava
 * Latvian Higher League runner-up: 1992, 1993
 * Latvian Football Cup winner: 1993

 * Skonto
 * Latvian Higher League champion: 1995, 1996, 1997
 * Latvian Football Cup winner: 1995, 1997
 * Latvian Football Cup runner-up: 1996

 * Helsingborgs
 * Svenska Cupen runner-up: 1993–94

 * Latvia
 * Baltic Cup winner: 1993, 1995

title: Valērijs Ivanovs


text: User talk:80.58.10.172

title: User talk:80.58.10.172