text:
Charlotta Bass

Charlotta Amanda Spears Bass (February 14, 1874 – April 12, 1969) was an American educator, newspaper publisher-editor, and civil rights activist. She also focused on various other issues such as housing rights, voting rights, and labor rights, as well as police brutality and harassment. Bass is believed to be the first African-American woman to own and operate a newspaper in the United States; she published the California Eagle from 1912 until 1951. In 1952, Bass became the first African-American woman nominated for Vice President, as a candidate of the Progressive Party.

Due to her activities, Bass was repeatedly accused of being part of the Communist Party, for which there was no evidence and which Bass herself repeatedly denied. She was monitored by the FBI, who continued to view her as a potential security threat until she was in her nineties.

Background
Charlotta Amanda Spears was born on February 14, 1874, to Hiram and Kate Spears. Some sources give her birthplace as in Sumter, South Carolina, while other sources suggest she was born in Little Compton, Rhode Island. She was the sixth child of eleven. Her sister was Victorine Spears Kinloch. She received an education from public schools and one semester at Pembroke College in Brown University. When she was twenty years old, she moved to live with her brother Ellis in Providence, Rhode Island, where she worked selling subscriptions for the Providence Watchman, a local Black newspaper. Spears worked for the Providence Watchman for about ten years.

She moved to California at age 36 for her health and ended up working at the California Eagle. Her first job at the California Eagle consisted of selling subscriptions. When its founder John Neimore died, she assumed the role of editor for the paper. She later became the owner of the California Eagle after purchasing it in auction for fifty dollars. At this time she took courses at Columbia University and University of California. In 1912, a new editor, Joseph Bass joined the Eagle. Bass had been one of the founders of the Topeka Plaindealer. He shared his concern with Spears about the injustice and racial discrimination in society.

Marriage and family
In Los Angeles Charlotta Spears married Joseph Bass. They ran the Eagle together. She had no children.

California Eagle

The Eagle, as it was first called, developed a large black readership. By 1925, the Eagle employed a staff of twelve and published twenty pages a week. The Eagle's circulation of 60,000 made it the largest African-American newspaper on the West Coast.

When the editor John J. Neimore became ill, he turned the operations of the Eagle over to Spears. After Neimore's death, "it turned out, this Black-founded newspaper was owned by a white man, who offered his support only if [Spears] would become his 'sweetheart.' 'Get out, you dirty dog!' she told him. She borrowed $50 from a local store owner to purchase the deed." She renamed the newspaper company to the California Eagle due to increasing social and political issues.

Her purpose for the California Eagle was to write about the wrongs of society. The newspaper served as a source of both information and inspiration for the black community, which was often ignored or negatively portrayed by the predominant white press. As publisher, Bass was committed to producing a quality periodical. In her weekly column "On the Sidewalk", begun in 1927, she drew attention to unjust social and political conditions for all Los Angeles minority communities and campaigned vigorously for reform.

The Eagle is credited as pioneering multi-ethnic politics, advocating Asian-American and Mexican-American civil rights in the 1940s, especially during World War II. Most Japanese Americans were relocated from the West Coast to interior detention camps after the attack on Pearl Harbor and fears about security. The California Eagle, along with other African-American presses, were under investigation by the Office of the Secretary of War, who viewed it as a threat to national security. The Department of Justice interrogated Bass in 1942 over claims that the paper was funded by Japan and Germany, fearing that criticism of the US was motivated by enemy alliances.

Bass published the California Eagle from 1912 until 1951. Bass and her husband combated such issues as the derogatory images of African Americans in D. W. Griffith's film, The Birth of a Nation (released in 1915); Los Angeles' discriminatory hiring practices; the revival of the Ku Klux Klan; police brutality; and restrictive housing covenants. As she exposed the KKK, Bass received threatening phone calls. At one point she was confronted by eight men robed in white, whom she scared off after displaying a firearm. She was unsuccessfully sued for libel by Klan leader G.W. Price after Bass published a letter from the Klan which detailed its plans to exterminate black leaders.

The Basses championed the black soldiers of the Twenty-Fourth Infantry who were unjustly convicted and sentenced in the 1917 Houston race riot. They also later covered the case and supported the "Scottsboro Boys," nine young men who were framed and convicted of rape in Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931.

In 1934, Joseph Bass died and Charlotta Bass assumed control of the paper. During this time period the California Eagle, along with other African-American presses, were under investigation by the Office of the Secretary of War, who viewed it as a threat to national security. They were suspicious of the Communist Party's attempts to build an alliance with African Americans by supporting their activism in civil rights.

Following US entry into World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Department of Justice interrogated Bass in 1942 over claims that the paper was funded by the Axis nations of Japan and Germany. The FBI continued to monitor Bass, as they deemed her actions as demonstrationf advocating the Communist Party despite a lack of evidence and Bass herself denying any assertions of the kind. In 1943, the Department of Justice was asked by the Post Office Department to revoke her mailing permit. The Post Office Department argued that the newspaper could not be mailed due to sensitive and illegal material within the paper. Bass again won the case, and the Department of Justice said her mailing permit would not be revoked.

Bass continued to use the paper as a way of raising awareness of various issues facing African-Americans and other minorities. For example, she wrote about restrictive covenants in housing. The nited States Supreme Court found these to be unconstitutional in 1948.

Bass had no children, and she intended to pass on the paper to her nephew, John Kinloch, son of her sister Victorine Spears Kinloch. He lived with Bass in Los Angeles and worked as a reporter and editor for the California Eagle. He joined the military to serve in World War II; he was killed in Germany on April 3, 1945, in the last weeks of the war. His mother was his life insurance beneficiary, and when she died, the policy passed to Bass.

Bass continued to run the California Eagle on her own until selling it in 1951 and moving to New York City. There she focused on politics. In the postwar period, with the beginning of the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union, her activism and political activities continued to arouse FBI and other official suspicions that she was a communist. She continued to deny this assertion.

Political activities
During the 1920s, Bass became co-president of the Los Angeles chapter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, founded by Marcus Garvey. Bass formed the Home Protective Association to defeat housing covenants in all-white neighborhoods. She helped found the Industrial Business Council, which fought discrimination in employment practices and encouraged black people to go into business. As editor and publisher of the California Eagle, the oldest black newspaper on the West Coast, Bass fought against restrictive covenants in housing and segregated schools in Los Angeles. She campaigned to end job discrimination at the Los Angeles General Hospital, the Los Angeles Rapid Transit Company, the Southern Telephone Company, and the Boulder Canyon Project.

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, she continued to encourage black businesses with the campaign known as "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work". A longtime Republican, she voted for President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, in 1936.

As a leader of both the NAACP and the UNIA, Bass spanned the divide between integrationist and separatist black politics. She was the director of the Youth Movement of the NAACP. It had 200 members, including some actors and actresses, such as Lena Horne, Hattie McDaniel, and Louise Beavers.

In 1940, the Republican Party chose Bass as western regional director for Wendell Willkie's presidential campaign. Three years later, she became the first African-American grand jury member for the Los Angeles County Court. Also in 1943, Bass led a group of black leaders to the office of the Mayor of Los Angeles, Fletcher Bowron's office. They demanded an expansion of the Mayor's Committee on American Unity, more public mass meetings to promote interracial unity, and an end to the discriminatory hiring practices of the privately owned Los Angeles Railway Company. The mayor listened, but agreed to do no more than to expand his committee. Then later in the 1940s, Bass left the Republican Party and joined the Progressive Party because she believed neither of the major parties was committed to civil rights.

Bass also ran for the Los Angeles City Council in the 1940s using the song-title slogan “Don't Fence Me In” to highlight her condemnation of housing discrimination.

Bass served in 1952 as the National Chairman of the Sojourners for Truth and Justice, an organization of black women set up to protest racial violence in the South. That year, she was nominated for vice president of the United States by the Progressive Party. She was the running mate of lawyer Vincent Hallinan. Bass became the first African-American woman to run for vice president of the United States. Her platform called for civil rights, women's rights, an end to the Korean War, and peace with the Soviet Union. Bass's slogan during the vice presidential campaign was, "Win or lose, we win by raising the issues." She was endorsed by Paul Robeson, W.E.B. DuBois and Ada B. Jackson in campaign material during her run. She began the campaign on her own as Hallinan served out a six-month contempt of court sentence arising from his legal defense of union leader Harry Bridges.

Bass worked on issues that also attracted Luisa Moreno, who was active in Afro-Chicano politics in Los Angeles during the 1930s-1950. No record shows that the two women ever met, but in 1943 both served on the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, a multiracial group that fought for the release of several Chicanos convicted of murder by an all-white jury making Bass and Moreno part of the same "constellation" of struggle. Bass wrote her last column for the California Eagle on April 26, 1951, and sold the paper soon after. Considering the sum of her career as she was completing her autobiography, Forty Years (1960), Bass wrote:

""

In 1966, Bass had a stroke and afterwards retired to a Los Angeles nursing home. In 1967, at age ninety-one the FBI still classified Charlotta Bass as a potential security threat.

During her years of retirement, she maintained a library in her garage for the young people in her neighborhood. It was a continuation of her long fight to give all people opportunities and education. She died in Los Angeles on April 12, 1969, from a cerebral hemorrhage. She is buried alongside her husband in Evergreen Cemetery, Boyle Heights, East Los Angeles, California. The grave marker only names her husband.

Inter-racial political activities
Gaye Johnson's essay Constellations of Struggle (2008) examines Charlotta Bass and Luisa Moreno's significance on political activism and how it relates to the history of struggle communities of color have faced. Both Bass and Moreno shared a "mutual struggle" and were active in fighting for civil rights through organizations together and through their own pursuits. Bass primarily focused on the African American community and Luisa Moreno on the Chicano community but both supported a variety of civil rights. Both women were active in the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, labor rights, and civil rights throughout their lives. Both women also used a technique of influencing one community at a time, employing antiracist activism, and bringing awareness.

Through the California Eagle, Bass was able to have readers recognize the struggles of communities of color. Even when Bass was faced with her own struggles with United States officials she used it as opportunities to further the influence of her paper. This can be seen after her detainment by United States officials caused her to miss her flight to China for a conference, where afterwards she continued to work on the next issue of the paper. Charlotta Bass was able to strengthen the community by pointing out the issues in Los Angeles, bringing the African American community together. With the strategy of one community at a time she was able to publicize the unequal treatment in a majority of issues from housing to police brutality. Through the newspaper she was able reverse the long used tactic of blaming people of color to shift the blame onto white officials who were responsible for the unequal treatment continued to be perpetuated in various areas such as housing and police brutality.

Gaye Johnson's book Spaces of Conflict, Sounds of Solidarity (2013) furthers this concept of "constellations of struggle" by looking at the "history of resistance" where communities have fought back and how they have reclaimed space. The work of Charlotta Bass and Luisa Moreno represents an interracial struggle and moments of solidarity. These moments of solidarity between African Americans and Mexicans was a way of reclaiming space through not only political means but through leisure spaces like music. When communities of color were violently attacked by whites it brought these communities together to further resist by unifying their forces together.

The California Eagle was utilized as a tool to change the communities ideology by challenging the police even comparing their tactics to Hitler's tactics, challenging the assumption criminal behavior was biological in people of color, and linked fascism to racism. The California Eagle was a way of reaching global attention to the issues of people of color. Charlotta Bass was able to promote the creation of "spatial entitlement" by bringing communities together through her work with organizations and the newspaper.

Legacy
Charlotta Bass is known for her work as owner and editor of the California Eagle from the 1912 to 1951. The California Eagle was used as a platform for publicizing the issues of the African American community and later included the issues of a variety of civil rights. She worked to improve the conditions of people of color through a multitude of civil rights such as housing rights, labor rights, voting rights, and police brutality. She was the first African American woman to be a jury member in the Los Angeles County Court and to run for Vice President of the United States.

title: Charlotta Bass


text:
Inkspell

Inkspell (German title: Tintenblut) is a 2005 young adult fantasy novel by Cornelia Funke, translated by Anthea Bell. It was named the 2006 Book Sense Book of the Year in the Children's Literature category.

Inkspell is the second novel in Cornelia Funke's Inkheart series. The first novel, Inkheart (2003), was critically acclaimed and was made into a major motion picture released in January 2009. The third novel, Inkdeath, was published on 28 September 2007 in Germany. Funke acknowledged in a 2006 interview that Inkspell, as the middle book in the trilogy, was darker than the other two volumes, and ended on a cliffhanger.

While the English title is "Inkspell", the direct German translation would be "Inkblood". In Inkdeath, the books' names are directly addressed, translating the three regarding words directly (heart, blood, death).

Plot summary
A year has passed, and Meggie now lives with Elinor, Darius and her parents, Mortimer and Resa. Life is peaceful, but she often thinks of Inkheart and its characters, who came to life. Meanwhile, Dustfinger still seeks to return to his home world. After meeting Orpheus, a crooked storyteller who, like Mortimer, has the ability to read and write stories to life, he asks to be read back. Orpheus obliges, but does not send Dustfinger's apprentice, Farid, back into the book as they arranged. Instead, Orpheus steals the book and hands it over to Basta, who seeks revenge for the death of his master Capricorn. Distraught, Farid goes in search of Meggie, but both are caught inside the book.

Soon after, Mortola, Basta, Orpheus, and a "man built like a wardrobe" barge into Elinor's house and capture Mortimer, Resa, Elinor, and Darius. As per Mortola's orders, Orpheus reads Basta, Mortola, and Mo into Inkheart, but accidentally brings Resa with him. Upon entry, Mortola shoots Mortimer with a shotgun that he brought from our world, and Resa discovers that her voice has returned as she prays for his survival. As he recovers, he and Resa hide in a secret cave with the strolling players, or the Motley Folk. They assume that Mortimer is the mysterious gentleman-robber, the "Bluejay", a fictitious hero from a song created by Fenoglio's words. Fenoglio has been living within his own story since the events of Inkheart, working as a court scribe in Lombrica's capital city of Ombra. After reuniting with Meggie, Fenoglio asks her to read Cosimo the Fair back into the story, since he died when he did not plan for him to. Meggie is reluctant to interfere with the story, but Fenoglio convinces her that it will be 'a double' of Cosimo - not Cosimo himself. Meggie reads Cosmio in, only for the Adderhead's soldiers to attack the fair, injuring and killing many people. Cosimo has none of his memories and seemingly does not love his wife and child anymore. Cosimo's return upsets the Adderhead, ruler of the neighboring region of Argenta, who planned to take over Lombrica after the Laughing Prince's death. With the rightful heir to the throne of Ombra mysteriously resurrected, but with no memories of his life, war is imminent.

The Adderhead's men capture Mortimer and Resa along with many other strolling players in the cave, having been sold out by one of their own. Meggie joins Dustfinger and Farid in searching for her parents and the strolling players. Along with the Black Prince, the leader of the Motley Folk, they launch a successful rescue mission, but Mortimer is unable to escape because of his wound and Resa stays behind with him. Meanwhile, Cosimo's double is killed in battle along with most of Ombra's men. Meggie goes to the Adderhead's Castle of Night and, fulfilling a prophecy she and Fenoglio dreamed up and "read" into reality, offers him a bargain: Mortimer, will bind the Adderhead a book of immortality if he releases Meggie, Resa, Mortimer, and the other prisoners. However, they do not tell them that if the words "Heart", "Spell", and "Death" are written in the book, the person who signed their name in the book to gain immortality will die. In disbelief, his lieutenant Firefox, is chosen to test it. Firefox is made immortal, as he survives a fatal stabbing, but Taddeo, the Adderhead's librarian, kills him by writing the three words in the book. The words are then erased and replaced by the Adderhead's name, consequently making him invincible. Mortimer takes Firefox's sword, feeling a strange coldness within him; he believes his anger and sadness are changing him into a different person.

The Adderhead decides, as celebration for his wife giving birth to a healthy son, that the prisoners will be released from his cells, but the Black Prince suspects that he instead plans to sell the prisoners into slavery. Together, the robbers plan to free the prisoners. Mortimer learns to fight during the raid led by Basta. Basta kills Farid by throwing a knife at his back, the death Fenoglio had originally planned for Dustfinger, only for Mortimer to kill him.

Later, while mourning Farid's death, Dustfinger asks Meggie if she would like to have Farid back. When Meggie agrees, he sends her to Roxanne to tell her "he will always find his way back to her". Roxanne realizes Dustfinger's plan, but is too late and watches as the White Women, the Inkworld's Angels of Death, take Dustfinger. Farid is resurrected in Dustfinger's place as Meggie reads Orpheus to the Inkworld to resurrect Dustfinger. Orpheus convinces Farid to become his servant, claiming that it will help him resurrect Dustfinger.

Adaptations
The audiobook, published by Random House Listening Library, is read by Brendan Fraser, who played Mortimer in the movie adaptation. It is approximately 18 hours and 50 minutes long across 16 disks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Inkspell


text:
Tyrone Berry

Tyrone Michael Berry (born 20 February 1987) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Three Bridges.

He has previously appeared for the likes of Notts County, York City and Forest Green Rovers in his career.

Early life
Born in Brixton, London, Berry went to primary school at Corpus Christi Catholic Primary school on Brixton Hill, and attended St. Thomas the Apostle College on the border between Nunhead and Peckham.

Career
Berry started his career at Crystal Palace in the youth and reserve teams, making his first team debut as a 78th minute substitute in a 3–0 victory over Walsall in the League Cup first round on 23 August 2005. He joined Notts County on one-month loan in September 2005, and later Rushden & Diamonds on 13 January 2006. On 31 January 2006, the last day of the transfer window, Berry signed for Rushden permanently on a contract until June 2007.

In January 2007 he was told he could leave Rushden and was sent out on loan to Conference South team Lewes. He scored two goals on his debut and finished the loan with four appearances. He joined Crawley Town until the end of the 2006–07 season in February.

Berry joined Stevenage Borough on 5 December 2007, making his debut after coming off the bench three days later during a home league match against Salisbury City. He was released at the end of the 2007–08 season.

He signed for Gillingham on a month-long contract shortly before the start of the 2008–09 season. He made his debut away to AFC Bournemouth on 9 August 2008, but the contract was not renewed, and he was released after just five appearances. He had a trial at Hereford United in October 2008, before signing for Grays Athletic on 23 January 2009 on non-contract terms. He signed for Conference Premier side York City on non-contract terms on 13 November.

He was released on 28 December after failing to make any appearances. Berry signed for Forest Green Rovers on 31 December. He made his debut for Forest Green in the closing minutes of a 2–1 defeat to Notts County in the third round of the FA Cup in January 2010. He went on to make his league debut later that month in a 4–1 home defeat to Mansfield Town. He was released from his contract at Forest Green in February 2010 after making three appearances. He had a trial with Championship club Sheffield United in March, playing for the reserves in a 2–0 victory over Macclesfield Town. He trialled with Kettering Town in July 2010, playing in a pre-season friendly against Northampton Town.

After a brief spell with Burgess Hill Town, Berry joined Hayes & Yeading United in January 2012. Just two months later however, Berry left Hayes & Yeading. In September 2012, Berry signed for Tooting & Mitcham United. In August 2013, he signed for Farnborough. After making 12 appearances, scoring two goals, Berry left the club in February 2014 and signed for Cray Wanderers.

He began the 2014–15 season with Kingstonian, followed by another short spell with Cray. In July 2015 he joined Walton Casuals, Whyteleafe in February 2016 and Three Bridges in June 2017. He made his Three Bridges debut on 26 August, in a league game against Eastbourne Borough.

International career
Berry made seven appearances for the England under-16 in 2002, scoring once. He featured in the Victory Shield, Walkers International Tournament and in the Tournoi de Montaigu. He made four appearances for the England under-17 side in 2003, playing in the Nordic Cup.

title: Tyrone Berry


text:
Talk:Charlotta Bass

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2018 and 11 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): ErikaO28.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:15, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Dear editors, please come and make this page complete. Many many thanks.--MissingLinks 13:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Importance
Possibly if Bass was the "first African-American woman to run for national office" her importance is then greater than low, though it's certainly hard to judge on the basis of a stub. Шизомби 18:34, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Birth Information
The birthdate of 1874 does not appear to be correct. According to the 1900 US Census, her birthdate is listed as October 1880. In the 1880 Census (conducted in June 1880), she is listed as one year old, which suggests a birthyear of 1879 or 1880. In the latter census, a brother is listed as six years old, unless she was a twin, it seems very unlikely that she was born in 1874. Igbo (talk) 18:24, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Founded Progressive Party
This is incorrect and should be changed to "joined" the Progressive Party, which was founded by Henry A. Wallace. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_1948_%28United_States%29#Foundation — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doobie61 (talk • contribs) 18:32, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

New images
Please note the archive images now linked to.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 05:00, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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CNN article
I saw this today, but I do not have the time currently to weave it into the article. There may be others forthcoming in the wake of Biden's choice of Kamala Harris as his running mate. Peaceray (talk) 15:57, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Some unclarity on early life details, education, even birthplace
The NYTimes today had an article about Bass, stating she attended Pembroke College in Brown University after moving to Providence. The Wikipedia article linked Pembroke to University of North Carolina at Pembroke, citing Streitmatter's book, but that source only says "Charlotta attended Pemboke College for one semester", it doesn't specify which Pembroke. There is very little written about her early life, even her memoir "Forty Years: Memoirs from the Pages of a Newspaper" says nothing about Pembroke or Providence. I have to assume the UNC link is an error, so I changed it to Pembroke College (the Women's College of Brown University).

While doing research, I found a brief entry for her at the Online Archive of California, which holds her papers and should be reliable. That link not only explicitly states she attended Brown, but also Columbia and UCLA. Further, it says she was born in Little Compton, Rhode Island. The Little Compton birthplace claim is not supported by any other source I could find, so I added that as a note. But it makes a certain sense that, if she was born in Rhode Island, her brother might be in Providence, and she would take classes at Brown's Pembroke College.

In the 1930 United States Census for Los Angeles, she lists her birthplace as Rhode Island (and her age as only 40!). -Kzirkel (talk) 19:12, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

Ah, found this brief article in the Boston Globe, 31 August 1952: "Born in Little Compton, R.I., now of New York City ... she has taken courses at Brown University, Columbia University, and University of California at Los Angeles" - Kzirkel (talk) 20:31, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charlotta Bass


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works/archive1

Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works
self nom. This article has been through peer review where the only comments related to bold and link formatting. I've tried to include enough information on the company's history to give a thorough overview. slambo 13:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object 1) Too much bold text in the lead 2) Metric equivalents absent. 3) "Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History" An inline external link should not be linked that way in the text. 4)Kennesaw, GA --> Please expand GA. 4) =Notes= should be a heading, not a subheading. 5)  Matthias W. Baldwin and William Norris etc. who were they? Prefix the name with their occupation. 6) ...including nearly every railroad... Needs to be rephrased.  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the input. I've addressed the objections as follows:
 * 1) Unbolded all but the first mention of the company name, which is in the first sentence.
 * 2) Added metric conversions where appropriate using Google's unit converter.
 * 3) Removed inline external link.
 * first 4) Expanded "GA" to "Georgia".
 * second 4) Promoted "Notes" header to a level 2 header, the same level as "References".
 * 5) Noted the significance of Baldwin and Norris as "fellow locomotive builders" and noted the companies each founded.
 * Your last objection is the only one that I'm not sure about. I'm open to suggestions for alternate wording. slambo 18:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There's an attempt at rewording that sentence. Please review the changes.  Thanks.  slambo 19:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * including nearly every railroad reads more like a weasel term. I won't be free to review it till saturday.) I'll edit the text then if I'm not satisfied.) One more thing: those footnotes are pretty useless, it conveys no real information. Would you consider using inotes instead? I'll withdraw my objection for time being.  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  19:19, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Moshein & Rothfus reference cited in the article includes a complete build list for all of the company's products, so exact numbers are available on what the company actually built, but I haven't seen a reference that lists every railroad that existed during that time. Yeah, it sounds a little weasely, but that's also how (IIRC) White described Rogers' industry penetration (I'll verify which reference I saw it in again tonight).  On the footnotes, I used notation that I'd seen in other journals that mention the original references' authors and a page number (which is why it was originally a subheading of References).  I thought that listing them immediately after the complete citations would be enough, but since it was unclear to you, it's likely unclear to others as well.  I'll look through my MLA handbook for further suggestions on footnote citations; I was hoping to avoid reprinting the entire reference citation in the note.  I'll also take a look at inote tonight. slambo 19:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've taken some time to review inote and my MLA guide. The way I've presented the notes in this article is MLA style (in my 1999 copy, it's on page 305) listing the last name and enough information to identify the work being cited with the specifics for the note such as the page number where the information appears; the only real difference is that my first citation to each reference is in the References section immediately above the note texts rather than in the first note text.  I've reviewed inote, but I'd rather not make this information invisible.  So, my conclusion on the notes is to leave them as they are. slambo 10:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rather a lot of broken links. Tony 13:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm filling in data to clear out the red links as I find the information. slambo 14:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * After filling in a couple more red links, I did a quick count. There are 7 unique red links in the article text, four unique red links in the preservation table, and four in the footer navigation template.  Considering the large number of blue links throughout the article (I didn't count the blue links yet), I don't think this number is excessive.  If you've got information to fill in behind any of the other red links, I would welcome your input into those articles.  slambo 16:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

=Nichalp  «Talk»=  19:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:
 * I've copyedited and simplified the lead, please see if it reads better.
 * use of dashes and special symbols are not recommended in the MoS.
 * Some areas need a copyedit.
 * Swinburne left Rogers, John Cooke, who later went on to form Danforth, Cooke & Company, also worked at the Rogers plan ordering of events.
 * Please use &nbsp; between a unit and a number. 39&nbsp;km/hr, 24&nbsp;miles etc.
 * Hughes led the company until his own death in 1900. A year later, Jacob Rogers closed the Rogers Locomotive Company plant. In 1901, the year that Jacob Rogers died and the same year that the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) Check the flow & why did it close down?
 *  Unfortunately for Rogers, does the article empathize with Rogers?
 *  ALCO and Baldwin were too good at building --> too good? a more encyclopedic tone? Instead of wikifying, please specify the company.
 * Whoops, didn't see the comments mentioned in all the other updates on my watch list. I'm not sure if I'd say the lead was better, but a couple of ambiguities in the wording are now resolved.  On the other comments...
 * I've reworded Cooke's departure from Rogers into its own sentence at the end of the paragraph: "After Swinburne left Rogers, John Cooke also worked at the Rogers plant. Like Swinburne, Cooke later went on to form his own locomotive manufacturing firm, Danforth, Cooke & Company,"
 * I've added &nbsp; where appropriate when stating measurements (this is a habit I'm trying to get into for my other editing).
 * As to why the company was closed in 1900, my references don't give a reason. I suspect that it may have been solely to avoid absorption into ALCO, and there's a passing reference to that in my resources, but nothing definite.  Moshein and Rothfus state: "In December 1900... Jacob Rogers closedthe works. After six months of rumors about new ownership, a notice appeared in the May 17, 1901, issue of Railroad Gazette announcing that the plant had been sold and would reopen as the Rogers Locomotive Works (RLW) with Reuben Wells as plant superintendent...."  I don't have access right now to that issue of Railroad Gazette, but I'd be interested in seeing it.
 * I've reworded the "Unfortunately..." phrase as "But Rogers was at a competitive disadvantage."
 * The sentence is now a little long, but I've reworded the "too good" sentence to use "... held too much of a lead in manufacturing and selling ..."
 * I think that's all for now. slambo 17:02, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Support =Nichalp   «Talk»=  10:44, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, looks good. JYolkowski // talk 01:43, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Object Some paragraphs in "1831 to 1856: Thomas Rogers era" too short Ryan Norton T 02:57, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you clarify that? Which ones specifically?  Do you have any suggestions for improvement?  The shortest that I see is the last paragraph which still wraps around to three lines on my 1024x768 screen; other than that, the shortest that I see is still three sentences that wrap to at least three lines.  AdThanksVance.  slambo 14:53, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support-- Pamri • Talk 07:33, 26 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:RunningWithScissors

Welcome
Hello ,

Welcome and enjoy Wikipedia. Your edits are much appreciated.

These links might help you with your contributions:
 * Tutorial
 * Manual of Style
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For Wikipedia-wide involvement, visit the Community Portal and the Village Pump.

Be sure to check out Australian resources, like The Australia Wikiportal, Australian Wikipedians' Notice Board, Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles. You can list yourself at Australian Wikipedians.

By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Preferably, use four tildes (~~~~), which produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page.

Again, welcome. And don't run with scissors! ;-)--Cyberjunkie | Talk 13:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks like the poke I've needed to force me into finally make a user page... then again maybe not... RunningWithScissors 14:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

National Broad Left
A "" template has been added to the article National Broad Left, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but yours may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. WikiTownsvillian 14:26, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:RunningWithScissors


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The Haunting

The Haunting or Haunting may refer to:

Film and television

 * The Haunting (1963 film), a horror film directed by Robert Wise
 * The Haunting (1999 film), a loose remake of the 1963 film, directed by Jan de Bont
 * The Haunting (2009 film), a Spanish film by Elio Quiroga
 * A Haunting, a 2002–2007 and 2012–present American paranormal drama anthology TV series
 * The Haunting (TV series), a 2018–2020 American anthology series
 * "The Haunting" (Back at the Barnyard), a 2008 TV episode
 * "Haunting" (The Watcher), a 2022 TV episode

Literature

 * The Haunting (Mahy novel), a 1982 children's book by Margaret Mahy
 * The Haunting (Nixon novel), a 1998 young adult's novel by Joan Lowery Nixon

Music

 * The Haunting (Clandestine album) or the title song, 1997
 * The Haunting (Theatre of Ice album), 1982
 * "Haunting" / "Workout", a single by Andy C, 2013
 * "The Haunting", a song by Anberlin from Godspeed, 2006
 * "The Haunting", a song by Avantasia from Ghostlights, 2016
 * "The Haunting", a song by Symphony X from The Damnation Game, 1995
 * "The Haunting (Somewhere in Time)", a song by Kamelot from The Black Halo, 2005
 * "Haunting", a song by Halsey from Badlands, 2015

Video games

 * The Haunting (video game), a 1993 comedy-horror game

title: The Haunting


text:
Talk:Photoelasticity

Commonly used technique in glassblowing
this effect is used all the time in the field of scientific glassblowing, we stick a piece in between the polarizers to check for strain... if strain lines exist it calls for a better anneal, perhaps this is worth mention? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scikris (talk • contribs) 13:48, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

2 different articles?
I've taken 2 pictures using photoelasticimetry, i placed them in the french wikipedia (there). It might be a good idea to place them here. But I wonder if there should be 2 different articles called photoelasticity and photoelasticimetry, as it is not exactly the same thing (in french at least).

objection
I consider photoelasticity to be an effect, not a method, this affect can be used to do stress analysis but it is used to do a lot of things (like making an AOM). I think this article focuses to much on the stress analysis method and not that much on the physics of the effect, as in where it comes from, how it behaves in different materials etc etc. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.225.102.1 (talk) 16:39, 24 April 2007 (UTC).

title: Talk:Photoelasticity


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Tribrachidium

Tribrachidium heraldicum is a tri-radially symmetric fossil animal that lived in the late Ediacaran (Vendian) seas. In life, it was hemispherical in form. T. heraldicum is the best known member of the extinct group Trilobozoa.

Etymology
The generic name Tribrachidium is derived from combination of the τρία (, "three") + brachium ("arm") + diminutive suffix -idium. The specific name T. heraldicum references the similarity of the pattern of this fossil with the well-known heraldic triskelion design, such as the coat of arms of the Isle of Man.

Occurrence
Tribrachidium fossils were first discovered in the Ediacara Member of the Rawnslay Quartzite, Flinders Ranges in South Australia. This fossil is also known from the Mogilev Formation in the Dniester River Basin, Podolia, Ukraine and from the Verkhovka, Zimnegory and Yorga formations in the White Sea area of the Arkhangelsk Region, Russia. This fossil is also known from the Sonia Formation of Marwar Supergroup near Jodhpur, India.

Description
T. heraldicum is preserved as negative impressions on the base of sandstone beds. These fossils have a circular, three-lobe form, with straight or trefoil-like edges; they are usually covered by numerous radial branched furrows. The central part of the fossil has three hooked ridges ("arms"). The lobes are twisted into weak spirals.

The diameter of specimens ranges from 3 to 40 mm. Its meter-scale distribution was found to be variable occurring both as solitary individuals and in groups.

Feeding Method
In a 2015 study, Rahman et al. proposed that Tribrachidium heraldicum used a rare 'gravity settling' mode of suspension feeding based on computational fluid dynamics simulations, which showed that water flow was directed passively by the arms, funneling it towards three depressions (‘apical pits’) where water flow slowed down so that food particles would fall out of suspension.

Reconstruction and affinity
Tribrachidium was originally described by Martin Glaessner as a problematic organism, one that is excluded from all known major groups of animals by its tri-radial symmetry. However, Tribrachidium's superficial resemblance to edrioasteroid echinoderms was well known to researchers and discussed. Later, Glaessner rejected any putative affinities of this animal with any known phyla, leaving the status of its taxonomy uncertain. Originally, the various structures on the poorly preserved Australian specimens were interpreted as tentacles, peculiar arms and mouth, but later this interpretation was rejected. Its mode of locomotion in life also remains unknown. With the discovery of the closely related Albumares and Anfesta, along with the discoveries of much better-preserved Russian specimens, Mikhail Fedonkin proposed for these animals the new taxon, Trilobozoa – an extinct group of tri-radially symmetrical coelenterate-grade animals. Originally, Trilobozoa was erected as a separate class in the phylum Coelenterata, but after Coelenterata was divided into separate phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora, the Trilobozoa was transferred to the rank of phylum.

M. Fedonkin has shown that the fossil of Tribrachidium is an imprint of the upper side of the animal's body, with some elements of its external and internal anatomy. The radial furrows on the fossil are radial grooves on the surface of the living animal, while the three hooked ridges in central part of the fossil are imprints of cavities within the body. Tribrachidium was a soft-bodied benthic organism that temporarily attached (but did not accrete) to the substrate of its habitat (microbial mats).

title: Tribrachidium


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Arcos de la Frontera

Arcos de la Frontera is a town and municipality in the Sierra de Cádiz comarca, province of Cádiz, in Andalusia, Spain. It is located on the northern, western and southern banks of the Guadalete river, which flows around three sides of the city under towering vertical cliffs, to Jerez and on to the Bay of Cádiz. The town commands a fine vista atop a sandstone ridge, from which the peak of San Cristóbal and the Guadalete Valley can be seen. The town gained its name by being the frontier of Spain's 13th-century battle with the Moors.

History
There is local evidence that Stone Age cave-dwellers used rocks to form living chambers. Roman ruins also exist in the area.

Arcos became an independent Moorish taifa in 1011 during the protracted collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. Arcos was associated with the Jerez by 'Abdun ibn Muhammad who ruled from c. 1029/1030 to 1053. The region was overtaken by the Almoravid dynasty in 1091. From 1145 to 1147 the region of Arcos and Jerez was briefly a taifa under dependency of Granada, led by Abu'l-Qasim Ahyal.

The town was a bulwark of Christianity after king Alfonso X of Castile 'the Wise' (1252–1284) expelled the Moors. He constructed a Gothic cathedral which remains on its high ridge.

It is famed for its ten bells, which tolled throughout the war with the Moors. Several Moorish banners were taken in the nearby battle of Zahara and have been on display in a church in Arcos since 1483.

Main sights

 * Castillo de Arcos (11th–15th-century castle), a medieval castle of Moorish origin, rebuilt almost entirely in the first half of the 15th century. Currently it is private property, not open to the public. It has a quadrangular plan with four towers at the corners. It was a military alcázar in the Muslim period. On the outside, the shields of the Dukes of Arcos are observed.
 * Iglesia de la Caridad (church built between the 16th and 17th centuries)
 * Basílica Menor de Santa María de la Asunción, erected after the Reconquista on a Visigothic temple and the remains of a 13th and 14th century mosque. The main facade is of Plateresque-Gothic style and the facade that faces Plaza del Cabildo is mostly Renaissance. Its unfinished tower, repaired after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, has a Baroque air. Since 1931 it has been an Artistic-Historic Monument.

 * Iglesia de San Pedro is a 15th–17th century church built on the site of a 14th-century Al-Andalusian fortress or watchtower. Different styles: Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque, can be observed in its tower and facade.
 * Iglesia de San Agustín, founded in 1539 as Convento de San Juan de Letrán. It was subsequently occupied by the convent the Order of St. Augustine of the Observance. With the Confiscation the last Augustinians were expelled and the convent was abandoned. Today, the church remains.
 * Iglesia de San Miguel, formerly a Moorish fortress, in the 15th century was converted into a hermitage, and was rebuilt in the 18th century. It was also a hospice for orphaned girls. Currently it is used for exhibitions and lectures.
 * Iglesia de San Francisco (church built between the 16th and 17th centuries)
 * Convento de la Encarnación, a convent founded in the first half of the 16th century. Its main portal is Plateresque and the adjacent one is of late-Gothic style. Currently it is a parish hall.
 * Capilla de la Misericordia, a chapel founded in 1490 to house the abandoned children, and to serve as a house and hospital for women. Its facade is Gothic. It is now a conference and exhibition hall.
 * Convento de las Mercedarias Descalzas, the only remaining cloistered convent in Arcos, dating from 1642. Its nuns make sweets sold there and in some candy shops in Arcos. Formerly the nuns mended every type of clothing, except men's pants.
 * Hospital de San Juan de Dios, a 16th-century hospital, formerly called Hospital de San Sebastián, attached to a hermitage. There were at that time 14 charitable hospitals in Arcos, and reunified in 1596 in San Sebastián.
 * Palacio de los Condes del Águila, a 15th-century late Gothic-Mudéjar palace.

 * Palacio del Mayorazgo, an Herrerian style house-palace built in the 17th century. It is now a municipal building.
 * Asilo de la Caridad, late-16th century.
 * Edificio del Pósito (granary building) with a stone facade of 1738; it was a wheat store in the 18th century, whence its takes its name. Years later it was a public school. Today it is a health center.
 * Birth house of the poet Julio Mariscal, on whose facade can be seen a commemorative azulejo.
 * Ayuntamiento viejo, (former City Hall), with a 17th-century stone portal. The City Council moved to the building that is in front to the castle due to stones falling from the promontory.
 * The Historic center, declared a Historic-Artistic Monument in 1962.
 * Remains of the Roman and Moorish City walls, although very ruined and largely demolished. This walled enclosure comprises only the upper neighborhood of the city. The remains of these walls, which can still be recognized on the ground itself, have a detailed description of by Miguel Mancheño y Olivares in his book "Apuntes para una historia de Arcos de la Frontera (chapt. V)". Of these walls, the part between the Torre de la Esquina and San Anton have little foundation remaining, and those of the City Gates Puerta de Jerez and Puerta de Carmona have completely disappeared. The city gate Puerta de Matrera is preserved, although modified.

Other places of interest

 * Calle Nueva, a main street because it was the castle moat. With the 1755 Lisbon earthquake a stretch of wall collapsed, blocking the moat and giving rise to this street. It is decorated with pots, and the old small 'Bar Alcaraván' is located within a cave.
 * A Roman altar, located in the alley Callejón de las Monjas.
 * The Guardacantones, a common feature in streets of this town, is a reinforcement of the corners with old columns in which there are capitals of many periods.
 * Alley Callejón de las Monjas. The flying buttresses crossing this alley were built in 1699, to hold the walls of the church that began to bend under the weight of the vaults. These buttresses join Santa María and the Convento de la Encarnación.
 * Plaza del Cabildo, a main square, one of whose sides is occupied by the lateral facade of Santa María, with its tower; the other side is occupied by the Parador, another side the Castillo Ducal (Ducal Castle) and the other side is the famous "Mirador de la Peña" (a viewpoint) overlooking the whole area of countryside and orchards. In this square is also a car-parking space occupying most part of the square.
 * Plaza Botica, a square where diners can eat outside. The Convento de las Mercedarias Descalzas and the Convento de los Jesuitas are located here.
 * Convento de los Jesuitas (Convent of the Jesuits), whose building began in 1759 but was stopped a few years later because of their expulsion from Spain; thus it is unfinished. Currently it hosts a supply market.
 * Calle Maldonado, one of the town's most painted streets by artists.
 * Calle Cuna, a narrow street so named because it was the entrance to a shelter for foundling children. A reproduction of this street is located in the Poble Espanyol of Barcelona.
 * Calle Bóvedas, another typical street of Arcos. Here the slopes are no longer upward and begin to descend the hill of the promontory.
 * Typical sights in Arcos are the so-called ventanas con orejeras (windows with earmuffs), holes in the sides of the window, in various styles, to observe from inside what happens outside.
 * Plaza de Toros de Arcos de la Frontera, a bullring.
 * The Oficina de Turismo y el Centro de Interpretación de la Ciudad de Arcos (the Tourist Office and Interpretation Center of the City of Arcos), located in a typical old house.

Cortijos, haciendas and mills
The cortijos are traditional big farmhouses. Mostly are old, and currently many serve as hotels. This list also includes haciendas and mills.
 * Cortijo de San Rafael
 * Cortijo de la Fuensanta
 * Cortijo Casablanca
 * Cortijo Casa Blanquilla
 * Cortijo Albardén
 * Cortijo del Rey
 * Cortijo el Jadublón
 * Cortijo Barranco
 * Cortijo Faín
 * Cortijo las Posadas
 * Cortijo Nuevo or el Guijo
 * Cortijo or Hacienda el Peral
 * Cortijo Soto del Almirante
 * Hacienda el Santiscal
 * Hacienda de San Andrés Nuevo
 * Molino del Bachiller Viejo, (mill).
 * Molino Nuestra Señora de la Luz or Barrancos, (mill).
 * Molino de San Antón, (mill).

Former monuments
In Cuesta of Belén, in the entrance to the historic center, was one of the three city gates in medieval times, called Puerta de Jerez, which was torn down in 1852. An architect built a replica on his own initiative. This is the only replica of old monuments in Arcos.

Natural sites

 * The cliffs, and the promontory called "la Peña".
 * The Guadalete river, and reservoir.

Gastronomy

 * Native cuisine: Sausages. Ajo a la molinera. Sopa de Clausura. Gazpacho serrano. Sopa de espárragos. Sopa de tomate. Berza (chickpea stew). Garbanzos con tomillo. Revueltos de espárragos, Alboronía, Abajao, Poleá. Dishes cooked with game meat, pork and lamb.
 * Sweets: Bollos de Semana Santa. Pestiños. Empanadillas. Compota regada con miel serrana. Also sweets made by nuns of Convento de las Mercedarias Descalzas.

Besides the Bar Alcaraván, there is also, in the historic center, bars for tapas like 'Bar la Cárcel', 'Mesón La Rebotica', 'Mesón Los Murales', 'Casa Rural la Campana'. There also an Italian food restaurant the 'Mamma Tina'.

Fiestas

 * Festividad de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves (Feast of Our Lady of the Snows -town's Patron Saint-)
 * Semana Santa de Arcos (Holy Week of Arcos), declared a National Tourist Interest, every April.
 * Toro del Aleluya (Bull of the Hallelujah), a running of the bulls based. Every Easter Sunday. First held in 1784.
 * Zambombas of Arcos, declared of Intangible Cultural interest.
 * Día del Caballo (Day of the Horse)
 * Carnaval de Arcos (Carnival of Arcos), every second week of February.
 * Cruz de Mayo (May Cross), in 2016 was held on April 30 and May 1.
 * Velada del Barrio Bajo (Night fair of the Bajo neighbourhood), every May.
 * Feria y Fiestas de San Miguel Patrón de Arcos (Fair and Festivals of Archangel Saint Michael Patron of Arcos)
 * Belén Viviente (Living Bethlehem), declared of Tourist Interest of Andalusia.
 * Romería del Santísimo Cristo del Romeral (Pilgrimage of the Holy Christ of El Romeral), every September.

Other towns within the municipality

 * La Perdiz
 * Los Barrancos
 * El Santiscal
 * Concejo
 * El Drago
 * Descansadero del Drago
 * La Pedrosa
 * Fuensanta
 * La Garrapata
 * Jadramil
 * El Güijo
 * Junta de los Ríos
 * La Misericordia
 * Jédula
 * La Sierpe
 * Las Abiertas
 * Toronjil
 * El Yugo
 * Pequeña Holanda
 * Vallejas

title: Arcos de la Frontera


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Talk:Charlotta Amanda Bass

 * dear all, page stand redirected. ok thanks. --MissingLinks 13:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charlotta Amanda Bass


text:
David C. Turnley

David Carl Turnley (born June 22, 1955) is an American and French photographer, winner of the Pulitzer Prize, two World Press Photos of the Year, and the Robert Capa Award for Courage.

His twin brother Peter Turnley is also a photographer.

Life and career
David and Peter Turnley were born June 22, 1955, born to William Loyd Turnley and Elizabeth Ann Turnley (née Protsman) in Fort Wayne, Indiana. David Turnley studied French literature at the University of Michigan, where he earned a B.A. in 1977. A fluent speaker of French and Spanish, he also has studied at the Sorbonne and Harvard University.

Turnley won the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for photography for images of the political uprisings in China and Eastern Europe, the World Press Photo Picture of the Year in 1988 for a photo taken in Leninakan after the devastating Spitak earthquake and again in 1991 for a picture of a U.S. Sergeant mourning the death of a fellow soldier during the Gulf War, as well as the Overseas Press Club Robert Capa Gold Medal. He has been a runner-up for the Pulitzer Prize in photography four times.

From 1985 to 1997, Turnley covered the struggle to end Apartheid, revolutions in Eastern Europe, the student uprising in China, the Bosnian War and the Gulf War, and the fall of the Soviet Union. In addition to publishing numerous books, he has directed an Emmy-nominated documentary for CNN on the Dalai Lama, and a feature-length documentary set in Cuban dance hall, La Tropical. He directed the documentary Shenandoah, released in 2012, about the 2008 murder and attempted cover up of an immigrant from Mexico by a group of local high school football stars from Shenandoah, Pennsylvania.

Turnley was one of the few photographers who were at the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, and who went into the rubble with the very first firemen.

Turnley is father of two children and lives with his wife Rachel in Paris, France.

Books

 * Jim Harbaugh, David Turnley: "Rise Again." Self-Published: Enthusiasm Productions LLC, 2017.
 * Jim Harbaugh, David Turnley: "Enthusiasm Unknown to Mankind." Foster Park Publishing, 2016.
 * David C. Turnley: Why Are They Weeping: South Africans Under Apartheid. Stewart, Tabori & Chang Inc, 1988, ISBN 978-1556700446
 * David Turnley, Peter Turnley, Melinda Liu: Beijing Spring. Stewart, Tabori & Chang Inc, 1989, ISBN 978-1556701306
 * David Turnley, Peter Turnley: Moments of Revolution: Eastern Europe. Stewart, Tabori & Chang Inc, 1990, ISBN 978-1556701689
 * David C. Turnley, William Keller: The Russian Heart: Days of Crisis and Hope. Phaidon Press Ltd, 1992, ISBN 978-0714828411
 * Howard Chapnick, David C. Turnley, Peter Turnley: In Times of War and Peace. Abbeville Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0789202994
 * David Turnley: Baghdad Blues: A War Diary. Vendome Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0865652354
 * John G. Morris, David Turnley, Peter Turnley: McClellan Street. Indiana Univ Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0253349675
 * David Turnley: Mandela!: Struggle & Triumph: Struggle and Triumph. Harry N. Abrams, 2008, ISBN 978-0810970922

title: David C. Turnley


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Balakot Tehsil

Balakot Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Mansehra District in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Balakot is the main city of this area. It was one of the towns that was devastated in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake with around 80% of the buildings there destroyed. Villages were badly affected and landslides cut off thousands of people from Balakot where relief workers had been helping the survivors.

Its population as of 2017 was. The major spoken language of the tehsil is Hindko.

Administration
Balakot Tehsil consists of 12 Union Councils:

 * Balakot
 * Garhi Habibullah Khan
 * Garlat
 * Ghanool
 * Hangrai
 * Kaghan
 * Karnol
 * Kiwai
 * Mahandri
 * Satbani
 * Shohal Mazullah
 * Talhataa
 * Attershisha

Notables

 * Jageerdar Wasil Khan Swati(Khan of Balakot during Sikh rule who helped Syed Ahmed Shaheed)
 * Jageerdar Lal Khan Swati (Khan of Balakot during British Rule)
 * Syed Qasim Shah (MNA)
 * Syed Ahmed Hussain Shah(MPA)
 * Mian Wali Ur Rehman (MPA)
 * Munir Lughmani Swati (MPA, Advocate Supreme Court)
 * Mian Zia Ur Rehman (MPA)
 * Wajid Hamayun Khan Swati(Politician)

title: Balakot Tehsil


text:
Marco Reich

Marco Reich (born 30 December 1977) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder or winger.

1. FC Kaiserslautern
Reich made his professional debut in October 1996 with 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the 2. Bundesliga and subsequently played five seasons for the club, four of them in the Bundesliga after they were promoted there in 1997. He also won the Bundesliga champions title with Kaiserslautern in 1998.

1. FC Köln and Werder Bremen
In the summer of 2001, Reich moved to league rivals 1. FC Köln for a transfer fee of €3 million. He spent one season with the club, making 24 Bundesliga appearances without scoring a goal.

He then moved to another Bundesliga club, Werder Bremen, for a transfer fee of €250,000, subsequently spending one season and a half with the club, but only making 17 league appearances – 16 as a substitute – with no goals scored. He left the Werder Bremen in the 2003–04 winter transfer window while the club went on to win both the league and cup titles.

In England: Derby County and Crystal Palace
In January 2004, Reich moved to Derby County of then Football League First Division after trialling with the club. On 1 May 2004, he helped secure the club's survival in the league with a free-kick goal.

On 14 August 2004, he contributed a brace to Derby County's 3–2 defeat of Ipswich Town, their first win of the 2004–05 season. On 18 September, he scored once in 2–0 win away to Cardiff City. Four days later, he netted again in a 3–1 loss away to Millwall. By mid-November, he had amassed five goals and eight assists in 16 matches and interest from Tottenham was reported. In early February 2005, the club's captain Ian Taylor mentioned Reich's signing as one of manager George Burley's "really good foreign free transfers". On 3 May 2005, Reich scored an injury-time equaliser for 3–3 having been brought on late as a substitute in a league match against Wolverhampton Wanderers. At the end of the 2004–05 season Derby County missed out on promotion to the Premier League and Reich was one of four players to be released from work duties and declared free to join a club.

In summer 2005, it was erroneously reported that Reich had joined Red Star Belgrade on a two-year contract. In September 2005, he joined Crystal Palace. On 20 September, he scored the match's only goal in his club's 1–0 win against Coventry City. In early October, he scored a brace against Queens Park Rangers. Having initially signed on a short-term, three-month contract, Reich was later rewarded with a long-term contract for his performances. The highlight of his time at Palace was arguably when he scored the winning goal to reach the last 16 of the 2005–06 Football League Cup at the expense of European champions Liverpool.

Offenbach, Walsall, and Jagiellonia Białystok
In January 2007, Reich returned to Germany, signing a $1 1/2$-year with 2. Bundesliga side Kickers Offenbach on a free transfer. He was released by Offenbach following their relegation from the second tier of German football.

He trialled with Walsall before joining on a free transfer in August 2008 signing a six-month contract. He scored the equalising goal in Walsall's 2–1 win against Scunthorpe on 16 August 2008. He was released in January 2009.

On 2 May 2009, he signed a contract with Jagiellonia Białystok. He was later critical of the standard of football in the Ekstraklasa, comparing it to the lower divisions of the German League, although he did speak favourably about teams like Wisła Kraków and Lech Poznań.

In Austria: WAC St. Andrä and SK Austria Klagenfurt
In January 2010, Reich signed for Austrian club WAC St. Andrä whom he helped to promotion to the second-tier Austrian Football First League in his first half-season. In the 2010–11 season he scored ten goals and gave nine assists in 29 matches contributing to a fourth-place finish. Nevertheless, he was told by coach and former teammate at 1. FC Kaiserslautern Nenad Bjelica to look for a new club with one year left on his contract.

In the 2011–12 season he scored eight goals in 24 matches for SK Austria Klagenfurt, reaching sixth place in Austria's third tier.

In summer 2012, he signed for Villacher SV.

International career
Having previously represented the Germany U-21 team, Reich made his debut for the senior side, playing 78 minutes in their 3–3 draw with Colombia in a friendly match played in Miami, Florida on 9 February 1999. The match in the Southern United States remained his only cap for the full national team.

Honours
1. FC Kaiserslautern
 * Bundesliga: 1997–98
 * DFB-Pokal: 1995–96

Werder Bremen
 * Bundesliga: 2003–04

Jagiellonia Białystok
 * Polish Cup: 2009–10

title: Marco Reich


text:
Arcosolium

An arcosolium, plural arcosolia, is an arched recess used as a place of entombment. The word is from Latin arcus, "arch", and, "throne" (literally "place of state") or post-classical "sarcophagus".

Early arcosolia were carved out of the living rock in catacombs. In the very earliest of these, the arched recess was cut to ground level. Then a low wall would be built in the front, leaving a trough (the cubiculum, "chamber") in which to place the body. A flat stone slab would then cover the chamber containing the body, thus sealing it. The stone slab occasionally also served as an altar, especially for Christians, who celebrated Mass on them. In the later arcosolia, the arched recess was carved out to about waist height. Then the masons cut downwards to make the chamber into which the corpse would be placed. In effect, the trough was then a sarcophagus with living rock on five of its six faces. As before, a flat stone slab would then seal the cubiculum.

From the 13th century onwards, and continuing into the Renaissance, arcosolia were built above ground, particularly in the walls of churches. In these post-Roman era recesses, which were built of brick and marble, the sarcophagi are usually separate from the arch. These tombs are highly ornamented in the styles of those periods; the Flamboyant Gothic, Plateresque, and High Renaissance styles are all represented.

References and bibliography

 * Leclercq, H. (1907) in: Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie; v. 1,i, coll. 2774–87
 * Schulte, A.J. (1907). Altar (in Liturgy). In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01346a.htm

title: Arcosolium


text: User talk:64.253.118.251

title: User talk:64.253.118.251


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User:Mlouns

My real name is Michael. I live near Seattle, Washington in the US.

I began editing Wikipedia in the summer of 2005. Although I mostly just do vandal patrol and minor edits, I do get excited about some articles and really take them on. I sometimes add my own images to articles. I have a strong allergy to popular culture sections that infest many articles, and I have deleted a few.

Some idea of my interests may be seen from the sections below.

Some pages I have started, or brought from stubs to real articles
300 Club --- Aqua Marcia --- Aqua Virgo --- Dives in Misericordia --- Ineffabilis Deus --- Latin War --- List of aqueducts in the city of Rome --- Meta Sudans --- Misenum --- Montargis --- Munificentissimus Deus --- Norchia --- Palazzo Venezia --- Pons Fabricius --- Porta Maggiore --- Redemptor Hominis --- Roman aqueduct --- Sacerdotalis Caelibatus --- Sandettie Light Vessel Automatic --- Veritatis Splendor --- Via Ostiensis --- Westminster Abbey (British Columbia)

Some pages where I have contributed
Albertus Magnus --- Anacortes, Washington --- Apostolic constitution --- Arbutus --- Aurelian Walls --- Ave verum corpus --- Beatific vision --- Bertie Wooster --- Blake Island --- Bremerton, Washington --- Campus Martius --- Castel Sant'Angelo --- Cody, Wyoming --- Colosseum --- Coriolanus (play) --- Così fan tutte --- Cosmatesque --- Cow tipping --- Criticisms of The Da Vinci Code --- Dante Alighieri --- De revolutionibus orbium coelestium --- Der Rosenkavalier --- Dies Irae --- Divine Mercy Sunday --- Don Giovanni --- Francis Beaufort --- Fraser River --- G. K. Chesterton --- George Weigel --- Georges Bernanos --- Gianna Beretta Molla --- Harlan Mills --- HMS Assurance (1646) --- HMS Namur (1756) --- HMS Rupert (1666) --- Humanae Vitae --- Just a Minute --- Lapland War --- Legio X Fretensis --- Lincolnshire Poacher (folk song) --- Lockheed U-2 --- Manchester, Washington --- Marsala --- Mary (mother of Jesus) --- Michael (archangel) --- Mike Goff --- Monessen, Pennsylvania --- Mortal sin --- Mount Vesuvius --- Olympic Mountains --- Orte --- P. G. Wodehouse --- Pacific Madrone --- Palestrina --- Paul Bunyan Statue --- Pigna (rione of Rome) --- Pitchers who have struck out three batters on nine pitches --- Pope Benedict XVI --- Pope Clement IX --- Pope John Paul II --- Pope John XXII --- Pope Paul VI --- Port Orchard, Washington --- Puget Sound Naval Shipyard --- Roman Navy --- Ronald Knox --- Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri --- Santa Maria sopra Minerva --- Santa Sabina --- ScanEagle --- Scrabble --- Scott Hahn --- Servian Wall --- Shipping Forecast --- String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven) --- Suetonius --- Tacoma Narrows Bridge --- Temple of Venus and Roma --- Tessera --- The Magic Flute --- The Marriage of Figaro --- Theology of the Body --- Tuff --- USS Great Sitkin (AE-17) --- USS Turner Joy (DD-951) --- Veii --- Villa Giulia --- Volsci --- War of the Worlds (radio) --- Winterreise

title: User:Mlouns


text:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (S/RES/1325), on women, peace, and security, was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on 31 October 2000, after recalling resolutions 1261 (1999), 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), and 1314 (2000). The resolution acknowledged the disproportionate and unique impact of armed conflict on women and girls. It calls for the adoption of a gender perspective to consider the special needs of women and girls during conflict, repatriation and resettlement, rehabilitation, reintegration, and post-conflict reconstruction.

Resolution 1325 was the first formal and legal document from the Security Council that required parties in a conflict to prevent violations of women's rights, to support women's participation in peace negotiations and in post-conflict reconstruction, and to protect women and girls from wartime sexual violence. It was also the first United Nations Security Council resolution to specifically mention the impact of conflict on women. The resolution has since become an organizing framework for the women, peace, and security agenda, which focuses on advancing the components of Resolution 1325.

Observations
The observations highlight how the Council considers the issue of women and armed conflict important to international peace and security. They express the Council's concern about civilians in armed conflict, particularly women and children, who constitute most of the victims of conflict and who are increasingly targeted by armed groups. Attacks against civilians, particularly women and children, negatively impact peace and reconciliation.

More specifically, the observations:
 * Reaffirm the important role that women play in conflict prevention, conflict resolution, and peace-building.
 * Emphasize the importance of women's equal involvement in peace and security and the need for women's increased participation in conflict prevention and peace-building.
 * Reaffirm the importance of international humanitarian and human rights law in the protection of women and their rights.
 * Recognize the need to adopt a gender perspective in peacekeeping operations and training of peacekeeping personnel on the special needs of women and children in conflict and humanitarian settings.
 * Recognizes that the protection of women and girls and their participation in peace processes is important to international peace and security.

Acts
The operational items in Resolution 1325 broadly call upon member states to address the needs of women and girls in armed conflict and support their participation in peace negotiations. The key components and recommendations of the resolution are:
 * Preventing sexual and gender-based violence in armed conflict: Resolution 1325 calls upon all parties to conflict to take special measures to protect women and girls from violence in armed conflict, particularly sexual and gender-based violence. It also calls for states to end impunity for crimes against humanity, particularly sexual violence, and prosecute offenders.
 * Peace negotiations: The resolution calls for including a gender perspective in peace negotiations and increasing women's participation in peace negotiation, with particular attention to supporting local women's peace initiatives.
 * Protection of women and girls in refugee settings: The resolution calls upon parties to conflict to consider the special needs of women in girls in designing and administering refugee camps.
 * Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR): It also calls for considering gender in DDR, particularly the different needs of male and female ex-combatants.
 * Women's political participation: The resolution calls upon member states to increase women's participation at all levels of decision-making in national, regional, and international institutions.
 * Incorporate a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations, consider gender in Security Council missions, and consult with international and local women's organizations.
 * Provide training for the UN and member states on the protection, rights, and needs of women; gender sensitivity; and the importance of involving women in peacekeeping and peace-building measures.
 * Gender balancing in the UN: Increase women's representation as Special Representatives and envoys, and in field operations, particularly among military observers, police, and human rights and humanitarian personnel.
 * Reporting: The resolution requests that the UN Secretary-General conduct a study on the impact of armed conflict on women and girls, the role of women in peace-building, the gender dimensions of peace processes and conflict resolution, and on gender mainstreaming in UN peacekeeping missions. It also invites the Secretary-General to report the findings of these studies to the Security Council.

The resolution also calls upon all countries to fully respect international law applicable to the rights and protection of women and girls, in particular the obligation under the Geneva Convention of 1949 and Additional Protocol thereto of 1977, the 1951 Refugee Convention and the Protocol thereto of 1967, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and its Optional Protocol, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child and both its Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and its Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, and finally to bear in mind the provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

History
The resolution was passed unanimously in October 2000 after extensive lobbying by the NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security (NGO WG) and United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM; now succeeded by UN Women). Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, then Minister of Women's Affairs in Namibia, initiated the resolution when the country took its turn chairing the Security Council. Ambassador Anwarul Chowdhury, representing Bangladesh at the Council, also made significant contributions by using Bangladesh's role as Council President to bring attention to women's contributions to peace and security. Chowdhury has remained a vocal and active advocate for full implementation of Resolution 1325. The NGO Working Group played a critical role in successfully lobbying the Council to hold open sessions on women, peace, and security, consulting with Council members on the resolution, and providing them with applicable information.

The 1995 Beijing Platform for Action contained an entire chapter focused on women, peace, and security. During the 1990s, the NGO community was increasingly concerned about the negative impacts of war on women, particularly widespread sexual violence seen in civil wars in Bosnia, West Africa, and Rwanda. Activists were also upset that women faced significant barriers to entering peace talks and the negative impacts that women experienced post-conflict. The Beijing Conference's 5th anniversary (Beijing+5) provided critical momentum for progress on women, peace, and security issues at the UN.

The resolution's history and passage is notable for the level of involvement by NGOs and civil society, who helped draft the resolution. The two-day debate on the resolution was also the first time the Council dedicated a discussion to women.

United Nations
The two main components of Resolution 1325 are addressing sexual violence in armed conflict and increasing women's participation in peace processes and political institutions. Within the United Nations, the resolution has led to an increased attention to gender mainstreaming, or assessing a policy's different impacts for women and men. The main programs implementing the resolution are UN Women and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, although many other programs also apply it to their work.

Four pillars of implementation
In 2009, Resolution 1889 called on the Secretary-General to develop a set of indicators to track the implementation of Resolution 1325. The indicators are used for UN programming, but have also been adopted by member states and NGOs. The indicators developed are the four pillars of prevention, protection, participation, and relief and recovery.
 * Prevention focuses on preventing sexual and gender-based violence, as well as gender awareness in conflict prevention and early warning systems. This includes preventing sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeeping forces.
 * Protection involves improving women and girls' safety, physical and mental health, economic security, and overall well-being. It also focuses on improving the rights of women and girls and their legal protections.
 * Participation refers to promoting women's participation in peace processes, increasing the numbers of women at all levels of decision-making institutions, and increasing partnerships with local women's organizations. Participation also includes increasing women's participation in the UN in senior positions, as Special Representatives and in peacekeeping missions and operations.
 * Relief and recovery efforts should ensure the equal distribution of aid to women and girls and incorporate gender perspectives into relief and recovery efforts.

Specific indicators include tracking numbers related to outcomes, such as the number of women in peace negotiations, the number of military manuals that include measures on women's protection, or the number of cases investigated on violence against women.

National Action Plans
Two years after Resolution 1325 launched, the Security Council began encouraging the development of National Action Plans (NAPs) as a tool that member states could use to detail steps that they will take to fulfill the resolution's objectives. As of September 2016, 63 countries have adopted such plans. NAPs address political, social, and human security policies and often require interagency coordination. Many donor country NAPs tend to be externally focused, outlining and documenting their commitments to promoting Resolution 1325's principles in focal countries; developing and conflict-affected countries generally use NAPs to support women's internal participation in politics and peace processes, as well as outline internal commitments on protection from sexual and gender-based violence. Currently, Europe (27) and Africa (19) are the regions with the highest number of National Action Plans. While the number of NAP countries rapidly increased in the lead up to both the 10th (in 2010) and 15th (in 2015) anniversaries of Resolution 1325, only 32% of UN member states have implemented NAPs in 2016, and 101 countries as of early 2024. A major gap is in troop contributing countries (TCC) and police contributing countries (PCC) to peacekeeping missions—the top four countries providing police, military experts, and troops do not yet have national action plans.

Challenges to implementation
In order to hold implementers accountable, Resolution 1325 NAPs ought to contain a monitoring and evaluation framework that outlines specific progress indicators and assigns clear roles and responsibilities for monitoring and reporting activities. Also, few NAPs have actual allocated funding for development or implementation: a 2014 survey of NAPs revealed that funding most commonly went to addressing sexual and gender-based violence and increasing women's involvement in peace processes, while the most common funding gap was security sector reform and access to justice.

Local Action Plans and Regional Action Plans
Local Action Plans (LAPs) are a way to operationalize the resolution at the local and community levels. Countries such as Serbia, Sierra Leone, and the Philippines have implemented local level mechanisms for implementing the resolution and NAPs. Several regional organizations have adopted Regional Action Plans (RAPs), including the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Pacific Islands Forum. RAPs coordinate regional priorities on women, peace, and security and help direct and prioritize regional organizations' programming and funding on the topic. NATO has used Resolution 1325 to increase the levels of women in the military and has influenced seven NATO member states to have increasing women's participation in the military as a goal in implementing the resolution.

Non-governmental organizations
NGOs play an important role in implementing Resolution 1325. NGOs have lobbied their national governments to develop National Action Plans and many NAPs have a NGO oversight body to hold governments accountable to their commitments. Grassroots NGOs, particularly women's organizations, also use UNSCR 1325 in conflict-affected countries to lobby their governments to comply with the resolution on the issues of including women in conflict negotiations or holding peacekeeping missions accountable for sexual abuse and exploitation. Established international NGOs play an important role in disseminating information on the resolution to grassroots organizations and training local actors on the resolution and how to use it.

Recognition and scope
Resolution 1325 is used around the world as a policy tool to implement gender-sensitive conflict-related policies. It is also used as an organizing framework for actors outside of the United Nations, such as states, NGOs, and researchers, in a way that no other Security Council resolution has been used. For example, it is the only resolution to have its anniversary celebrated with reports, conferences, and special sessions of the Security Council, as well as the only resolution with NGOs dedicated to its implementation. Since 2000, women, peace, and security has become an important topic in international politics, undoubtedly fueled by the resolution's passage and subsequent advocacy for its implementation, as well as increased attention to sexual violence in armed conflict. Another major landmark was the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, awarded to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, and Tawakkol Karman "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work". As the topic of women and war became more prominent, more policy-making bodies turned to the resolution and supported it.

Within the UN, the resolution precipitated increased attention to the issue of women and conflict. Prior to Resolution 1325, the Security Council rarely considered women apart from the occasional passing reference to women and children as vulnerable groups in conflict in need of protection. Since its passage, the Security Council has passed six more resolutions related to the topic of women and armed conflict. Furthermore, there has been a significant change in rhetoric, with more and more UN agencies, representatives, and member states discussing how gender inequality impacts peace and security. However, it has been suggested that these changes have been limited, with only 33 out of 225 Security Council resolutions passed in the three years after the passage of Resolution 1325 mentioning the words "gender" or "women".

Outcomes
Assessments of Resolution 1325 include annual Secretary-General reports in 2013 and 2014 and a conducted ten-year review of Resolution 1325 implementation conducted by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations looking at twelve UN peacekeeping missions and reported outcomes across the components of the resolution. Findings include:
 * Women's political participation has had largely positive outcomes, with host countries seeing higher rates of female voters and politicians, as well as increased legal provisions to support gender equality.
 * There continued to be low levels of women in peace negotiations, with women comprising less than 10% of those formally involved across all missions.
 * Academic research found that women were significantly more likely to be mentioned in peace processes and agreements after Resolution 1325.
 * The majority of UN-supported peace processes in 2011–2013 held regular consultations with women's organizations, and, in 2012 and 2013, all UN support teams included women.
 * Security sector institutions saw limited gains in female uniformed personnel, despite increases in the number of uniformed women in peacekeeping missions.
 * More peacekeeping operations missions have gender advisors—as of 2014, nine of the sixteen missions have gender advisors.
 * There are mixed results in gender mainstreaming in DDR—some missions increased the numbers of women demobilized, but these gains were uneven across missions and reintegration remains a challenge.
 * Sexual and gender-based violence continues to be widespread with impunity for those who commit it, despite increases in training and legislation.
 * Reports of sexual abuse and exploitation by peacekeeping forces continue to rise, despite increased attention to this problem within the UN.
 * Furthermore, women peace-builders and activists are regularly victims of violence and lack protection.
 * Missions made a greater effort to protect women in refugee and internally displaced person settings through increased patrols and escorts, but resources for these protections were limited.

The 2014 Secretary-General's report on implementation of Resolution 1325 found that, while gender seems to be increasingly integrated into United Nations operations, challenges remain in fully implementing the resolution at the operational level. Within the UN, women, peace, and security is part of the rhetoric on peace and security: Security Council resolutions increasingly mention gender, UN Mission reports frequently mention women, peace, and security, and there is increased reporting on these issues in UN bodies. However, there continued to be widespread reports of sexual abuse and exploitation by peacekeeping operations, despite increased attention to the issue within the UN.

In honor of the resolution's 15th anniversary in 2015, the United Nations held a High-level Review of Resolution 1325 "to assess progress and accelerate action" at the Security Council's Open Debate on Women, Peace, and Security on 13 October 2015. Following the debate, UN Women published Preventing Conflict, Transforming Justice, Securing the Peace: A Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. The report covers progress and challenges, and makes recommendations for advancing the goals of the resolution across societal sectors.

In April 2016, UN Women and the Inclusive Peace and Transition Initiative, led by peace process expert Thania Paffenholz, issued a report initially prepared as an input for the High-Level Review, assessing women's inclusion and influence on peace negotiations.

Gender essentialism
Some feminists criticize Resolution 1325 for relying on essentialist portrayals of women, rendering women as perpetual victims, and ignoring women's agency to bring about both violence and peace. For example, reports of violence against civilians tend to emphasize "women and children" as victims to illustrate the brutal nature of violence. Conversely, this framing also implies that men are not victims, despite male victims of sexual violence or the gender-based violence of killing men because they are men.

Gender essentialism also assumes that women are innately peaceful, usually due to their experience as mothers, which is one of the main reasons that people use to argue for including women in peace processes. Another frequently cited gender essentialist argument is that women are natural coalition builders and are more likely to work with members of other groups. Resolution 1325 incorporates these assumptions and they are frequently cited in the Secretary-General Reports, advocacy movements, and National Action Plans. The result is that women often feel the need to conform to certain stereotypes and that women who do not fit these ideals are marginalized in politics and policy.

Exclusive focus on women
A related criticism to that of gender essentialism is that by focusing exclusively on women the role of men is overlooked. According to this line of criticism, the values and attitudes among both men and women are more important than biological sex for violence and peace. Both men and women who hold feminist values, and thus are positive to gender equality, tend to be less warlike and intolerant. Since gender does not equal biological sex it is more relevant to focus on masculinities and femininities. For example, a study of political activists in Thailand found that men who identify with ideals of manhood emphasizing male superiority over women and the need for real men to be fierce and tough are more likely to participate in political violence.

Gender mainstreaming
Resolution 1325 supports gender mainstreaming, or the incorporation of a gender perspective into all policies and programs, in peacekeeping missions and other UN programs related to peace and security. Critics argue that other parts of the resolutions, such as having a Senior Gender Advisor, lead to the segregation of women's rights from all other peace and security issues, with women's issues thus becoming sidelined in a "gender ghetto" and remaining outside of the mainstream. By limiting women's issues to Gender Advisers or offices, security institutions continue to view gender issues as a niche topic and the institutions remain male-dominated systems. Germany initially did not implement a 1325 National Action Plan for this reason, arguing that it had mainstreamed gender concerns into its government agencies and policies, although it later implemented one in 2012.

Impacts
Despite the attention to implementing Resolution 1325 and developing indicators, there is little evidence of impacts in conflict-affected countries. The UN's own evaluations show limited progress only in a few areas, most notably women's political participation. Furthermore, the resolution depends on many unproven assumptions, such as the potential for women's participation to have a transformational effect on peace and security. However, recent initiatives have emphasized the need for more data to track results, including the upcoming High-Level Review of the resolution, which will likely provide more thorough analysis of its implementation and effects.

Related groups
The NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security is a coalition of eighteen NGOs, which collectively advocate for the equal and full participation of women in all efforts to create and maintain international peace and security. Formed in 2000 to call for a Security Council resolution on women, peace, and security, original members were:
 * Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)
 * Amnesty International (AI)
 * International Alert (IA)
 * Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children (WCRWC)
 * Hague Appeal for Peace (HAP)

The NGO Working Group now focuses on implementation of all Security Council resolutions that address women, peace, and security. The group is still active, producing a monthly action points on the women, peace, and security issues affecting countries on Council's agenda.

PeaceWomen—one of the founding members of the NGO Working Group—is a project sponsored by the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom to promote the implementation of Resolution 1325, through providing a centralized hub of information on information related to women, peace, and security.

The Friends of 1325 is an informal or ad hoc group of UN member states who formed to advocate for the implementation of Resolution 1325; it is organized by Canada.

October 2020 saw the publication of a glossary entitled "Glossary of terms used in Resolution 1325 of the United Nations Security Council and its related resolutions on the Women, Peace and Security Agenda ", translated from the original (French) into English by Claire Mazuhelli, edited by Tove Ivergård and Lina Hjärtström of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) Sweden, by author Annie Matundu Mbambi, gender and development consultant, Africa Regional Representative of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and former President of the Board of Directors of the same organization in the Democratic Republic of Congo (WILPF DRC).

Related resolutions
Resolution 1325 is related to several other resolutions related to the topic of women, peace, and security, passed since 2000. These include:
 * Resolution 1820 (2008), which condemns sexual violence as a weapon of war and declares rape and other forms of sexual violence as war crimes.
 * Resolution 1888 (2009), which mandates that peacekeeping missions prevent and respond to sexual violence and which led to the creation of The Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict.
 * Resolution 1889 (2009) on increasing women's participation in peace processes. This requests that the Secretary-General develop indicators to track the implementation of 1325, and establishes Women Protection Advisors to be deployed with peacekeeping missions.
 * Resolution 1960 (2010) focuses on ending impunity for sexual violence in armed conflict by calling on the Secretary-General to "name and shame" armed groups that perpetrate sexual violence and for sanctions to deter conflict-related sexual violence.
 * Resolution 2106 (2013) to address impunity on sexual violence in armed conflict and operationalize past resolutions. It also recognizes that sexual violence in conflict can also affect men and boys, as well as the community-wide trauma that sexual violence can inflict.
 * Resolution 2122 (2013) reaffirms the Council's commitment to combating sexual violence in armed conflict and the full implementation of Resolution 1325 and other resolutions on women, peace, and security.
 * Resolution 2242 (2015) establishes the Security Council's Informal Experts Group on Women, Peace and Security and focuses on greater integration of the agendas on women, peace and security with the UN's work on counter-terrorism and countering violent extremism.
 * Resolution 2467 (2019) positions conflict-related sexual violence as firmly rooted in the broader women, peace and security agenda, calls for support and protection to women’s civil society organizations, and calls for attention to the issue of children born of rape.
 * Resolution 2493 (2019) calls for full implementation of all previous resolutions on women, peace and security and requests the UN to develop context-specific approaches for women's participation in all UN-supported peace processes.


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Dicus

Dicus is one of several spellings of a surname that has also been used to represent several apparently unrelated surnames. Other most common spellings of the surname Dicus with the same pronunciation as Dicus are Dycus and Dicas.

Notable people with the name include:

 * Chuck Dicus (born 1948), American football wide receiver
 * Richard Earl Dicus (1910–1996), suffragan bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of West Texas
 * Stephen Dycus (born 1941), American professor of law.

title: Dicus


text: User talk:84.160.197.186

title: User talk:84.160.197.186


text: User talk:82.243.6.60

title: User talk:82.243.6.60


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Ardres

Ardres (Aarden; Arde) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

Geography
Ardres is located 10.1 mi by rail (station is at Pont-d'Ardres, a few kilometers from Ardres) S.S.E. of Calais, with which it is also connected by a canal (with limited turning space). It is one of three towns that make up Les Trois Pays, or "Three Countries", the other two being Guînes and Licques.

History
Ardes was located next to the Pale of Calais, held by the English from 1346 to 1558, and as a result was an important trading and military post. The 1520 meeting between Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France known as the Field of the Cloth of Gold was held just over the border at the English-controlled town of Balinghem. The town has been an important market for cattle. In June 1546, it was the location of the Treaty of Ardres, an agreement between Henry and Francis that ended the 1542-1546 Anglo-French War.

Population
The inhabitants are called Ardrésiens.

Sights
Major tourist attractions at Ardres include the Chapelle des Carmes and the Eglise Notre Dame de Grâce.

There are also some lakes (created when peat was removed) which provide fishing and sailing.

Personalities

 * Jean-Marie Dorsenne (1773–1812), a French military commander of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, was born in Ardres

Transport
The Chemin de fer d'Anvin à Calais opened a railway station at Ardres in 1881. In 1902, the Tramway à vapeur d'Ardres à Pont d'Ardres opened a line from Ardres station to Pont d'Ardres. The railways were closed in 1955.

title: Ardres


text: User talk:84.92.195.42

title: User talk:84.92.195.42