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Talk:Racer's hurricane

Merge?
I propose this to be merged with the 1830-1839 Atlantic hurricane seasons page. There is too little information on this storm, and it isn't notable enough to be its own page. Hurricanehink 00:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed with you. Information is scarce on most historic storms, except for the most legendary of those (i.e. the 1900 Galveston hurricane). CrazyC83 04:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree; it's quite a bit more than a stub. Jdorje 07:16, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Todo
Borderline B-class at the moment. The writing is mediocre but the content and organization are solid. Needs references. Jdorje 07:16, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/txearly19hur.php
 * In 1837 Racer's Storm on 2011-05-25 02:04:40, 404 Not Found
 * In 1837 Racer's Storm on 2011-06-01 22:47:19, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 22:47, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/laerly19hu.php
 * In 1837 Racer's Storm on 2011-05-25 02:04:40, 404 Not Found
 * In 1837 Racer's Storm on 2011-06-01 22:47:26, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 22:47, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Pre-FAC review/A-class review
Per your request Julian, here is my review of the article.

 * Lede
 * Any reason no infobox?
 * The storm first affected Jamaica with flooding rainfall and strong winds on September 26 and 27, before entering the Gulf of Mexico by October 1. As the hurricane approached northern Tamaulipas and southern Texas, it slowed to a crawl and turned sharply eastward. - love the article up to this point. I recommend ending the first sentence after 27, or removing the date for when it entered the GoM. Yea, the storm entered a body of water, that's relatively important, but I think you should mention the date for its 2nd major land interaction.
 * The storm battered the Gulf Coast from Texas to the Florida Panhandle between October 3 and 7, and after crossing the Southeastern United States, it emerged into the Atlantic shipping lanes off the Carolinas. - you might've lost half your readers' interest with this sentence being so long. Simply split in two.
 * For most of the storm's duration, the strongest winds and heaviest rains were confined to the northern side of its track.  - this feels odd at the end of the first lead paragraph. Call me crazy, but I'd recommend splitting the first paragraph, ending it at Caribbean Sea, then having the second paragraph describe the track, which makes the third paragraph describe the effects. Just an idea, but I think there could be better organization within the lead.
 * Many towns along the Texas shoreline were inundated by the storm surge, which flooded the coastal plains for miles inland.  - I suggest you rewrite this in active voice. Starting with The storm surge inundated is more engaging to the reader.
 * To the east, a water level rise of 8 ft (2.4 m) on Lake Pontchartrain submerged low-lying areas of New Orleans, where strong winds also unroofed houses. Many buildings along the shores of the lake were swept away, and steamboats were wrecked.  - I feel like this could be written simpler, like - In New Orleans, strong winds and high water levels wrecked steamboats and swept away houses in New Orleans. I get the need for specificity and clarity, so your call if you want to leave as is or change it to your liking.
 * MH
 * Can you link something for dismasted and re-righting?
 * Since the ship was apparently the first to detect the cyclone at sea, writers and historians have commonly referred to the system as Racer's storm or Racer's hurricane - I suggest starting the sentence with "Writers and historians", and have the "since" part at the end. I'm not a fan of seeing "apparently" in articles, and maybe I'm just nitpicking, but it feels less wrong having it at the end of the sentence. Your call, minor
 * Both ships recorded easterly winds for several days as they traversed the Yucatán Channel, indicating that the storm center remained to their south. - great detail
 * The lede mentions the storm entering the GOM on 10/1, but you technically didn't mention the date in the MH. You say "The hurricane crossed the northern Yucatán Peninsula and moved west-northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico, nearing the mouth of the Rio Grande by early on October 3." I suggest splitting this up into two sentences so you can add another date.
 * The storm is estimated to have peaked as the equivalence of a Category 4 or stronger on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. - can you go into a bit more detail here? Who estimated that, and why?
 * while its center was near the southern Republic of Texas coast - I love this detail, but I feel like the writing could be stronger, like "while its center was near the coast of the Republic..." nope, I see why you emphasized southern where you did... that's a tough one. You could probably remove "Republic of", because it was still Texas. And I don't know how relevant it was that it was an independent country as opposed to a state. Something like "while its center was near the southern Texas coast, then the Republic of Texas"? You might need to split up the sentence, since it's wordy at that point.
 * Extensive damage to forests in interior Louisiana and Mississippi indicated that the strongest winds occurred away from the coast, on the northern side of the hurricane's circulation. This was likely the result of a tight pressure gradient between the storm and the expansive high pressure area centered over the Ohio Valley. According to weather historian David Ludlum, the storm likely moved ashore between Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola, Florida. - this might be slightly too detailed, and could be tightened a bit. Maybe part of the bit about the forests could be in the final paragraph, which discusses how the track was determined
 * Impact
 * Of the 30 vessels present in the harbor at Galveston when the storm began, only one remained moored following its passage. - link for "moored"? Or perhaps a more common synonym?
 * At Houston, the surf action, accompanied by a 4 ft (1.2 m) surge, altered the coastline. - so foolish me, I didn't know Houston even had a coastline, I thought it was inland a bit. Perhaps specify the coastline along Galveston Bay?
 * only two people are known to have died, including one in Galveston  --> ''one of them in Galveston." ? ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
 * One of the passengers of the SS Home has an article - Oliver H. Prince
 * Following the disaster, Congress passed a law requiring commercial vessels to carry enough life preservers for all passengers. - so according to USA Today, the law got passed in 1852, which is located here.

The article is in good shape, it reads well, and it captivates the reader about a disaster from 183 years ago. (going for 200 year TFA? :P ) ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 23:26, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

Misuse of the term “cyclone”.
In the second paragraph this tropical storm is referred to a “tropical cyclone”. This is incorrect. Tropical storms are only referred to as cyclones when they occur in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean. Hurricanes occur in the Atlantic Ocean and the northeast Pacific Ocean. Thus the phrase “tropical cyclone” should be changed to “hurricane” since this storm was entirely contained within the Caribbean and the Atlantic. Gregory McCoy (talk) 21:13, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Tropical Cyclone is also a general term Builder900 (talk) 21:25, 9 March 2022 (UTC)
 * See Tropical cyclone. The term is used correctly. Tropical cyclone is the correct general term of such a storm (encompassing hurricane, tropical storm, typhoon, etc.), whereas "hurricane" is a region-specific term. TornadoLGS (talk) 21:29, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Racer's hurricane


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User talk:216

Please do not replace Wikipedia pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikipedia because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. Thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! --Ragib 01:39, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

You have been warned before for blanking the article Acharya S. You have been blocked for 24 hours. Despite the warning, you have continued to blank the page. Please settle your differences in the talk page. Thanks. --Ragib 05:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:216


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Independent candidates in the 1999 Manitoba provincial election

There were several independent candidates in the 1999 Manitoba provincial election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found on this page.

Don Jessiman (Brandon East)
Jessiman was born in Wellwood, Manitoba, and has lived in Brandon for all of his adult life. He worked as a Western Regional Manager for the provincial government's Driver and Vehicle Licensing, and is now retired. He was a city councillor, having represented Brandon's Green Acres Ward (Ward 10) from 1995 until 2010 when he lost to Jan Chaboyer. Jessiman has also been a director for the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.

In 1998, he supported the construction of a new Maple Leaf Hog Plant in the area. In 1999, he participated in a federal task force on project funding in western Canada.

Jessiman was a member of the New Democratic Party when he was first elected in 1995. His participation in the 1999 provincial election was a surprise to most political observers. He filed his nomination papers minutes before the deadline, saying that none of the parties were sufficiently focused on seniors or housing for young people. He was 67 years old during the election.

Peter Juba (Point Douglas)
Juba ran for Mayor of Winnipeg in 1986 and finished third in a field of ten candidates, behind frontrunners William Norrie and Russell Doern. Juba's relatively strong showing may have been partly the result of voters confusing him with Stephen Juba, who served as Winnipeg's mayor from 1957 to 1977. Peter Juba supported lower property taxes and a wage reduction for senior government officials and claimed not to know if he was related to Stephen Juba.

He received 360 votes (5.75%) in the 1999 election, finishing last in a field of four candidates. The winner was George Hickes of the New Democratic Party.

Juba later contested the Mynarski ward in the 2002 Winnipeg municipal elections and placed third against Harry Lazarenko with 1,138 votes.


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First Racing

First Racing (sometimes written as FIRST Racing) was an Italian motor racing team founded by Lamberto Leoni, which competed in International Formula 3000 from 1987 to 1991 and the Italian Formula 3 Championship in 1990. The team also made an unsuccessful attempt to enter Formula One in 1989.

Formula 3000
In 1987 former Formula One racing driver Lamberto Leoni returned to competitive racing by founding his own Formula 3000 team. First Racing debuted in Silverstone with two cars, one for Leoni and another one for Gabriele Tarquini. Although Leoni was the first of the two drivers to score points, with a sixth place at the Pau Grand Prix, Tarquini was able to finish on the podium twice, with a third place at Pergusa and a second place at Imola. Over the course of the season, the team occasionally fielded a third car, with Aldo Bertuzzi, Beppe Gabbiani, Claudio Langes and Alain Ferté alternating at the wheel. For the following season, Leoni decided to limit his involvement to management, and hired Pierluigi Martini and Marco Apicella, with Martini scoring the team's first win at Pergusa and finishing fourth in the championship. In 1989, First set off to a promising start when Fabrizio Giovanardi won the second round of the championship at Vallelunga. Apicella, in the second car, proved to be a regular points-scorer, and finished fourth in the final standing podium finishes at Pau, Jerez, Birmingham and Spa. With the line-up of Giovanardi and Apicella confirmed, the team entered the 1990 season full of expectations, but the two drivers, despite scoring points on a regular basis, were not able to win any races. 1991 proved to be First's final season in Formula 3000. Financial difficulties prompted Leoni to hire two pay drivers, Michael Bartels and Jean-Denis Délétraz. The car, however, was uncompetitive, and following a string of poor results, Leoni decided to retire the team and concentrate on managing the career of Apicella.

Formula One
Buoyed by the promising results accomplished during his first Formula 3000 season, Leoni commissioned Richard Divila to design a car for entry into the 1989 Formula One championship. The team opted to use a Judd V8 engine. Gabriele Tarquini was signed to drive. After a run at the 1989 Attilio Bettega Memorial event in Bologna and the Formula One Indoor Trophy, the team realized that the chassis was poorly manufactured due to a temperature mistake in the autoclave, with the result that a second chassis had to be re-commissioned. Having concluded that the delay would cost the team a penalty for missing the first two races of the season, Divila and his engineers tried to reinforce the chassis with injections of a material called Redus 410 NA. Although the car passed the mandatory FIA pre-season crash test in Cranfield, it was now significantly overweight. Divila himself claimed that the car as it was, was good for nothing but being "an interesting flowerpot". Faced with the perspective of racing an uncompetitive car in a packed field (the 1989 Formula One World Championship counted over forty participants with pre-qualifying sessions), Leoni decided to withdraw before the opening Brazilian Grand Prix and concentrate his efforts on the Formula 3000 season.

The second chassis commissioned by Leoni would be later purchased by Ernesto Vita and used in the 1990 Formula One World Championship for his Life L190.

Complete Formula 3000 results
† Éric Hélary finished season with Cobra Racing

title: First Racing


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Geoff Bergman

Geoff Bergman is a metal rock musician.

Bergman played bass guitar for both Curl Up and Die and Poison the Well.

title: Geoff Bergman


text: User:Shanes/Countries

title: User:Shanes/Countries


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Category:United States senators from Maryland

Members, past and present, who represented the State of Maryland in the United States Senate.


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Jiao Bingzhen

Jiao Bingzhen (, active 1689–1726) was a native of Jining, Shandong who became a noted painter and astronomer. He is one of the first Qing dynasty painters to blend traditional Chinese painting with western culture. He is also among the more significant portrait and miniature painters in the early Qing. He was skilled in painting people, landscapes, and buildings.

The Western influence in his art came from his exposure to the Jesuits at the Directorate of Astronomy. Their influence also exposed him to new ideas on astronomy and religion. At some point Jiao became a Roman Catholic and played a role on the Jesuit side of the Chinese Rites controversy.

title: Jiao Bingzhen


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Talk:Lóðurr

Requested move
Lóðurr → Lodur – Use English. Jonathunder 10:35, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Oppose. There is no standard English form so we should use the native form as per Use English. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 06:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, strongly, and agree with what Haukurth says below and above...
 * Oppose, and for Heavens sake, follow Haukurth's suggestion below: discuss the naming convention, instead of proposing a move to some arbitrary "get rid of the funny dots" version. --Salleman 12:38, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose ... --Cessator 13:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * oppose, this is taking on BC(E) proportions, with anti-diacritics-squads moving articles to score points without any involvement, or knowledge of the matter. This is unwikilike behaviour. As per Haukur, we need a solid policy for Old Norse names. dab (ᛏ) 14:42, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose. Firstly, this is a decision to made by the page's regular editors, not some outsiders looking to tidy up loose ends. At the very least we should wait their is a policy before we start ignoring the voices of those who are knowledgable. Secondly, the page is more professional as it is, we need only ensure that all synonymous terms redirect here, or to a disambig linking here. Sam Spade 20:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose as per Haukurth. Uppland 12:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Mark 06:52, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support using the modern English alphabet. Quintusdecimus 21:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it be moved. Dragons flight 00:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
Please let's discuss the naming standard for names from Norse mythology rather than each individual case. It's far too resource consuming this way. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 06:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree. Sam Spade 20:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Anglicised names
This gives the wrong impression that all the names listed are anglicised, and needs changing. Something saying "The name Lóðurr can be represented as Lóður, Lódurr, Lódur, Lóthurr, Lóthur, Lódhurr, Lódhur, Loðurr or Loður. Its anglicised representations are Lodurr, Lodur, Lothurr, Lothur, Lodhurr and Lodhur." This would remove the impression in the current sentence, that some of the names that use the non-English characters "ó" and "ð" are anglicised, which they are not. Mark 12:23, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes they are. The form 'Lódur', for example, is used as an anglicized form in John Lindow's Handbook on Norse Mythology. But in any case "represented or anglicized" surely covers all bases. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 14:35, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No they are not!! That is John's version, but they still aren't fully anglicised. Mark 04:14, 1 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I should have mentioned that I recently discussed precisely this issue with Philip at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Norse mythology). - Haukur Þorgeirsson 18:28, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Other sources for Loke=Lodr
Þrymlur (Am 604 g, 4º) ca. 1300-1400. Same story as Þrymskviða who also survives in Scandinavia as Tor af havsgård, and Torekall. Þrymlur uses both Loke, loptr, & Lodr about the same person.

Relevant parts from the kvæde: 18. "Loki er jafnan leitum uanur, leikr hann þratt um beima, hann skal fara sem fugllinn suanr ok flivga j under heima."

19. Gumnum þotti granda fæst garpnum bragda drivga; fiadrham hafdi Loptr læst, Loke tok hatt at fliuga.

20. Flygr hann ut yfir aasa gard ein ueg lad sem geima; karlli jllt j kryppv vard, hann kemr j jotnna heima.

21. Fiolnes þion kom furdu dæll fram at landa bavgi; ute stod firi Odens þræll jotunin Þrymr aa havgi.

22. Liotr talar j lynde veill, leidadj ordum slettum: "Lodr kom þu hingat heill, huad hefr karll j frettum?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fylgi (talk • contribs) 07:07, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/%C3%9Erymlur_%28R%C3%ADmnasafn%29 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fylgi (talk • contribs) 06:58, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I, in fact, agree - the rímur evidence is important and overlooked. I've been meaning to write something about that. But until something is published pointing this out we can unfortunately not include it in the article due to the WP:OR policy. Haukur (talk) 11:30, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Etymology of Lördag (Saturday)
Bryonmorrigan reverted my deletion of the etymology of "Lördag" in Swedish with a reference to "my opinion". That lördag is a contraction of "lögardag" meaning "bathing day" is not my opinion. It is the etymology stated on the page for Saturday, albeit with a "citation needed" tag. On the Swedish page for "Lördag", there is a reference to the Swedish national encyclopedia (Nationalencyklopedin). Unless there are any references to another etymology added to this article I will remove the sentence again. PikeWake (talk) 11:00, 19 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Here's an article where one of Sweden's most esteemed archaeologists (Gad Rausing) opines about the other entymological origins. . I'd add it to the article now, but I'm in a bit of a hurry.  --01:26, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Very interesting article! If I may make a suggestion: Since Rausing himself states that the mainstream etymology "...may be the correct interpretation..." it would probably be better to say that the Lóðurr origin of the word is an alternative explanation, and not state it as the only one, as it does now. PikeWake (talk) 08:34, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I know it needs working, which is why I added the "citation needed" tag.  But it was only because of the previous editor's addition of the material that I actually did some digging and found the Gad Rausing article.  I was hoping someone (who can read Swedish!) would add some more cites!  -- Bryon Morrigan --   Talk  13:25, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm Swedish and I have tried to find references, but none of the good sources for etymology in Swedish mention the Lóðurr theory. I'll try to ask some people who work with Swedish archaeology if they know if someone has continued Rausing's work. PikeWake (talk) 07:35, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lóðurr


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Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi

Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (literal meaning: 'Such is Life') is a sitcom that aired on DD National in 1984. It was written by comedy writer Sharad Joshi and directed by Kundan Shah, S. S. Oberoi and Raman Kumar.

Plot
The episodes revolved around funny happenings in the lives of Ranjit Verma and Renu Verma, who play a married couple along with Renu's unmarried and unemployed younger brother Raja and then Chachi's daughter who plays the character of Rashmi. Other characters were Ranjit's boss, his Bengali neighbours etc.

Main

 * Shafi Inamdar as Ranjit Verma, the husband
 * Swaroop Sampat as Renu Verma, Ranjit's wife
 * Rakesh Bedi as Raja, Renu's brother
 * Satish Shah as different character in each episode.
 * Sulbha Arya as Mandira Bhattacharya, Bengali neighbour
 * Vijay Kashyap as Tarun Bhattacharya, Bengali neighbour (season1–2);

Recurring

 * Aanjjan Srivastav as Various characters
 * Jatin Kanakia as Rekha's Uncle
 * Pavan Malhotra as Various characters
 * Kishori Ballal as Groom's Mother
 * Avtar Gill as Various characters
 * Salim Ghouse as Mr Venkat
 * Rekha Sabnis as Mrs Venkat
 * Ravi, Raja's Brother-in-law (season 3)
 * Tiku Talsania as Raghuwan Kailash Gupta a.k.a. R.K. Gupta, Ranjit's boss and later Raja's father in law.
 * Farida Jalal as Ranjit's aunt (season 2)
 * Javed Khan Amrohi as Jhumru the servant (season 2)
 * Reena Wadhwa as Rashmi, the daughter of Ranjit's Aunt (season 2)
 * Nivedita Joshi-Saraf as Rekha, Raja's Wife (season 3)
 * Kiran Juneja as Ranjana, Ravi's Girlfriend (season 3)

Production
The first 24 episodes of the show has focus on Ranjit, Renu and Raja and their neighbours Mr. Bhattacharya and Mandira, with various characters played by Satish Shah.

Shafi Inamdar (who played Ranjit) left after Episode 24 due to his film commitments. Episode 25 to 44 had focus on Raja, his aunt and her servant.

Ranjit and Renu return from Episode 45 onwards and act till Episode 55 of Raja s marriage with Rekha. The characters played by Satish Shah were constant factor from Episode 1 to 55. The second season retained the fame of the first season. Raja's love life and affair with Rekha (Nivedita) was the new center of activity. The third innings had a reasonably shorter run from episode 55 to 67. It focused on the household life of Mr Gupta, Raja and Rekha after marriage.

The alumni of this show went on to have chequered careers in Indian and other cinema over the years. In few episodes from 40, Anjan Srivastav, Avtaar Gill, Pawan Malhotra, Ashok Pandit played different characters.

Reception
In a retrosepctive review, Chandrima Pal of Scroll.in wrote, "Long before comedy shows on Indian television became an excuse to pimp slap-stick and bawdy humour, Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi gave millions of Doordarshan viewers a taste of a truly indigenous sitcom that was decidedly middle class, replete with generic tomfoolery and yet retained an irreverent and gentle heart."

title: Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi


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Jack Gallagher (comedian)

Jack Gallagher (born August 15, 1953) is an American comedian, actor, and writer with a recurring role on the HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm. As a television host, he has won Emmy Awards for his work on the PBS series Money Moves, Off-Limits, and Kids, Cash and Common Sense. He was the host of the California Lottery's The Big Spin game show from 1996 to 1998.

Not to be confused with the comedian who goes by the single name Gallagher, nor the Dave Chappelle Gallagher parody character, Black Gallagher, Jack Gallagher does not use props in his comedy. He is the author and performer of eight critically acclaimed one-man shows: Letters to Declan (1993), Just the Guy (2002), What He Left (2006), A Different Kind of Cool (2010), Complete and Unfinished (2013) "5 Songs" (2015, "Concussed: Four Days In The Dark" (2017) and "A Stand-up Guy" (2019)

Gallagher became a regular at the Improv in Los Angeles and appeared on The Tonight Show with both Johnny Carson and Jay Leno, as well as appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien before launching an acting career in the movie Shakes the Clown with Bobcat Goldthwait. His other films include Heartbreak Ridge with Clint Eastwood and the made-for-television Incident at Ruby Ridge.

Gallagher briefly starred in his own sitcom, Bringing up Jack on ABC. He can now be seen as the co-host of the syndicated Public Television series MoneyTrack. Gallagher grew up and graduated from high school in West Bridgewater, Massachusetts and now lives in Sacramento, California with his wife Jean Ellen and two sons, Declan and Liam.

title: Jack Gallagher (comedian)


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Garokk

Garokk (also known as the Petrified Man) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history
Garokk first appeared in Astonishing Tales #2 (Nov. 1970) and was created by Roy Thomas and Jack Kirby.

Creation
Roy Thomas explained in an interview the creation of the character stating,

"So, the Petrified Man clearly is similar to elements in the later Burroughs Tarzan novels where he'd have some kind of weird character that Tarzan would encounter. And Tongah was like a combination of Tarzan's native buddies that he would occasionally have. And it was also reference to one of my favorite series from Gold Key Comics Turok, Son of Stone. And so, Turok... Tongah... there was an element of that."

Fictional character biography
Garokk was originally a sailor from Great Britain, whose ship, the H.M.S. Drake, crashed on the shores of Antarctica during the 15th century. The sailor was swept overboard and taken by a warm stream to the Savage Land. Wandering the Savage Land, the sailor entered the lands of the Sun People, who worshipped the Sun god Garokk. The sailor found a statue of Garokk with a cup beneath it. Thirsty, the sailor drank from the cup, but was chased off by the Sun People. The sailor escaped to the Kingdom of England, but found that he had become immortal after drinking the potion. Over time, the sailor's body became a living, organic, stone-like substance until he looked identical to the statue of Garokk. Nearly five centuries after he had left, the sailor returned to the Savage Land and discovered that the Sun People believed that their god would return and their high priestess Zaladane waged war as a form of worship to him. The sailor, now known as the Petrified Man, encountered Ka-Zar and related his story to Ka-Zar. The Petrified Man allied himself with Ka-Zar and journeyed with him to the Savage Land to prevent his worshippers from waging war there. The Petrified Man gained energy powers, and transformed into pure energy. The Petrified Man managed to stop Zaladane and her people by dissolving their weapons, and then returned to his physical form. However, the Petrified Man then went mad and believed himself to be Garokk himself. Garokk sought to destroy all life on Earth to bring about peace, and he and Ka-Zar fought each other. On Zaladane's instructions, Ka-Zar lured him inside an underground pool that turned Garokk human and mortal again. His age caught up with him rapidly and he died shortly afterwards. As he died of extreme old age, he recovered his sanity and then his corpse turned to ash.

Zaladane later captured an adventurer called Kirk Marston and magically resurrected Garokk in the body of Kirk Marston using the ashes of the deceased previous Petrified Man. Marston's body quickly transformed into a duplicate of Garokk's own. With Zaladane, Garokk attempted to unite the Savage Land tribes by forcing them to erect a colossal city for them. Garokk and Zaladane fought the X-Men and Ka-Zar; Garokk was defeated by Cyclops and fell down into the city's thermal shaft. The X-Men believed Garokk to be dead. The X-Men's enemy Magneto later found Garokk, who had transformed: he was larger and half his body had turned into crystal while the other half became like molten rock, and his intelligence was dulled. Magneto forced Garokk to serve as the guardian of his Antarctic base. In this role, he fought the X-Man Storm, but again fell in a deep pit.

Again Garokk survived and he returned to his normal size and appearance. When the Savage Land was destroyed by the alien Terminus, Terminus was defeated by the Avengers, his armor ruptured and Terminus himself left to die. However, this Terminus was just an impostor. Garokk found a suit of Terminus armor and under mental control (presumably by the real Terminus) entered it and started destroying the remainder of the Savage Land. The X-Men fought this "Terminus" and destroyed the armor to reveal Garokk. Garokk regained his free will and together with a machine made by the High Evolutionary, he restored the tropical environment to the Savage Land. This process infused Garokk's essence into the land, causing him to cease to exist as an individual entity.

Garokk returned years later as an enemy of Ka-Zar, but Ka-Zar defeated him.

Garokk later appeared in the Savage Land, observing as the High Evolutionary took a number of newly mutated Zebra People children. He then led the Avengers to the High Evolutionary's hidden base.

Powers and abilities
A human is transformed into a manifestation of Garokk by the mutagenic effects of liquid from the fiery underground pool in the Savage Land. Garokk's skin and much, perhaps all, of his body tissue are transformed into organic, stone-like substances, giving him gray skin that seems rock-like and "petrified" in appearance. He has superhuman stamina and his petrified body also makes him difficult to injure. Garokk has the ability to project tremendous amounts of heat, light, and concussive force from his eyes. He can tap into other energy sources to replenish his own powers. Garokk has the ability to create dimensional warps with the energy projected from his eyes, and is capable of transporting an entire city through one of these dimensional portals. He has the ability to change his size and transform into a being of pure energy, and then back into his stone-like physical form at will. Garokk can also manipulate matter on a sub-atomic scale; he could rearrange the very fabric of the Savage Land. He has a limited telepathic ability which allows him to learn of the activities of his worshippers through his dreams and his mental connection to his followers.

Garokk is immortal; he does not age, and even when his body is destroyed, he can be brought back to life. Immersion in the pool that gave him his powers will cause Garokk to revert to human form. He can be magically forced by Zaladane to respond to her summons or else suffer intense pain.

2099: World of Tomorrow
Garokk appears beneath the Savage Land during the 2099: World of Tomorrow series, which ended the Earth-928 imprint of Marvel 2099. Mlle. Strange, the new Sorceress Supreme, battles Garokk, who transfers his petrified form into her body, returning to flesh and blood and claiming the title of Sorcerer Supreme. The series was cancelled, and the plotline was not resolved.

In other media
Garokk appears in the X-Men: The Animated Series two-part episode "Savage Land, Strange Heart". This version was previously defeated by the High Evolutionary and imprisoned in the Earth. He worked with Zaladane in an effort to be free again, manipulating Sauron into hypnotizing Storm and empowering him. However, Sauron tried to absorb Garokk's energy causing an explosion that reverts Sauron to his human form and re-imprisons Garokk.

Garokk appears in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Dwight Schultz. The X-Men find him looking for Destiny in the Savage Land. With the help of Mystique, the X-Men defeated him. He is later seen in a stasis cell in Avalon where he states that Mikhail Rasputin hired him to hunt Destiny in exchange for becoming ruler of the Savage Land.

title: Garokk


text:
Marvel Mangaverse

The Marvel Mangaverse is a series of comic books published by Marvel Comics from 2000 to 2002, with a sequel "New Mangaverse" released in 2006.

The series depicts an alternate (or possibly two alternates, see below) Marvel universe, where its characters are drawn and portrayed in a manga-like style. Four volumes were published for the series, two of which were connected by a continuing story arc with multiple Marvel characters, while the third and fourth series each started a new story and focused on a single character, which were Spider-Man Mangaverse and Jean Grey of an alternate version (apparently) of Spiderverse.

Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes 2005 has given the numerical designation of "Marvel Mangaverse" as Earth-2301. The majority of the artwork in the first volume was shared between different artists, each of whom delivered one issue, with book-ends by Ben Dunn, whose work is best known on the comic series Ninja High School. Dunn also did the entirety of the artwork for volume 2 of Mangaverse. The artwork for the five issue miniseries New Mangaverse: The Rings of Fate was done by Tom Hanks.

Volume 1
Plot: Three years prior to the story Dr. Banner discovered the Negative Zone, a dimension which contains vast amounts of energy, and was tricked by the terrorist organization HYDRA into building "the Energy Well", a means of harvesting this energy, to power their weapon of mass destruction. However, when the weapon was fired it created a massive EMP which caused a global blackout for twenty-four hours, killing thousands. During this time of crisis, Prince Namor of Atlantis led an invasion of the surface but was stopped by Iron Man, who disappeared soon after. Tony Stark rescued the now insane Dr. Banner and suppressed any memory of his involvement from his mind with a Cerebral Driver. Various forces conspire to create a second Energy Well, which leads to the emergence of Dormammu into Earth's dimension, who is defeated by the combined power of Thor and the willpower and strength of the heroes assembled to battle him. Serving Dormammu is a massive, Godzilla-esque incarnation of the Hulk- separate from Banner, who is destroyed by Thor quickly after Thor incarnates using Banner as a focus.

Tony Stark reappears during the first volume, reduced to a head, in an advisory role to the Mangaverse incarnation of the Avengers. Iron Man also appears in the form of a number of large robots that resemble famous Super Robot anime mechas. These machines combine into a still larger mecha, which he calls Ultimate Ironman. This Mecha would reappear in Volume 2, destroyed in combat with T'Channa, sister of the Black Panther and the second Mangaverse character to be known as Dr. Doom.

Characters
Iron Maiden (Antoinette "Toni" Stark) - A former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, the sister of Tony Stark, and current owner of Stark Industries. Unlike her brother, Toni has made her identity public and opened defense contracts with the U.S. military. She is referred to as "ironbitch" by the Wasp in the first issue of the series when she is nearly clipped by Stark as she returns from an unrevealed location/mission (this was changed when the book was printed for children to "ironpest"). Revealed in the final issue of the first volume to share a loving bond with Bruce Banner. Ascends to another plane of existence at the conclusion with Bruce. She also appears with a large mecha attachment to her suit which design is attributed to the RX-78GP03 Gundam Dendrobium from the anime Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory.

Bruce Banner - Currently reconstructing "the Energy Well" for Stark Industries. Gained the ability to summon gods after being exposed to gamma radiation when the well malfunctioned. Has a love for Toni Stark, which she returns. Ascends to another plane of existence at the conclusion alongside her.

Wasp - Janet Van Dyne is an employee of Stark Industries and the creator of W.A.S.P. (Winged Amplification Surge Plasma) which allows her to fly. Differs from the original Wasp whose powers came from experimentation by Hank Pym, and also could change size via a serum.

Hank Pym - A boy genius/rock star, called to Stark Island to help Banner construct "the Energy Well". Can control ants with his guitar like Ant-Man did with his helmet, but like the Wasp is unable to change size.

Black Panther/Falcon - T'Challa came to Stark Island as a representative of the African nation of Wakanda, and uses mystic arts to become the half human/half panther hero. He can also change his totemic power and become this reality's Falcon. The Mangaverse version of Tigra found herself romantically attracted to him. In New Mangaverse: The Rings of Fate Panther is implied to have been killed by the villains in the story.

Storm - Ororo Munroe was a member of a witch coven where she learned how to summon the elements of weather and now leads the X-Men. Villainous mutant Amanda Sefton was a friend of Ororo but tried to bring back the evil spirit Magnus. In X-Men: Ronin she is neither the group's leader nor a witch, but is once again a mutant and, as in the mainstream series, forms a very brief relationship with Forge, who dies at the hands of Jean Grey. In New Mangaverse: The Rings of Fate Storm and all other mutants except Wolverine are said to be neutralized, which implies that they, like most of the other Mangaverse heroes, were killed.

Doctor Strange - The Mangaverse Doctor Strange is much younger than his mainstream counterpart, appearing to be roughly in his 20s. It is hinted at that he is trained as a medical doctor like the Earth-616 Stephen Strange. He is the Master of the Mystic Arts, has a rivalry with Baron Mordo, continually researches new spells, and watches over the world. His assistant is Tigra. He is vaporized in the first pages of issue one of New Mangaverse: The Rings of Fate.

Tigra - Tigra works as Doctor Strange's assistant and "sidekick". In this incarnation, she was cursed into her were-tiger form, and must accomplish 1000 good deeds for the curse to be broken. She had romantic feelings towards the Mangaverse Black Panther in volumes one and two of Mangaverse. In New Mangaverse: The Rings of Fate she is encased in ice and dismembered. Up until this point, Tigra and Dr. Strange were the only two characters outside of the X-Men, the Scarlet Witch, and Spider-Man to have survived through the entirety of the Mangaverse series.

The Incredible Hulk - not, as in other incarnations, an alternate form of Bruce Banner, the Mangaverse Hulk is merely summoned into existence by Banner. More than 70 ft tall, and drawing heavily from Godzilla, this Hulk serves Dormammu.

Daimon Hellstrom and Johnny Blaze - The Ghost Riders, Sons of Satan. Two brothers that become monster-hunters and battle their evil sister Satana.

Omar Medina - Omar was a creation by Dr. Doom whose primary purpose was to assassinate and take the body of Doctor Strange back to the Alpha Labs where Dr. Doom could finally claim him.

Volume 2
The second Mangaverse graphic novel continued storylines produced in the original series which was later collected as the first graphic novel. This series, at the start, brought back the Mangaverse version of the Fantastic Four, although slightly modified in appearance from the initial look they had in the mid-part of the first volume (though in the final issue they look as they do in volume 2). The story also introduced Mangaverse versions of Galactus (as a parasitic life form created by the Skrulls), The Watcher (who appears to be closest in characterization to his respective counterpart than any other Mangaverse character), a 13-year-old Captain Marvel, gigantic versions of four heralds of Galactus, and the Inhumans. An armored individual resembling Doctor Doom made a cameo in these first few issues, who then became the primary villain for the remainder of the series. Revealed to be the sister of Black Panther, this version of Doom decimates the Avengers, and it is only through the combined efforts of the Fantastic Four, Doctor Strange, Tigra, and the Scarlet Witch (the lone surviving member of the Mangaverse Avengers) that the heroes are able to defeat this version of Doom and restore some resemblance of order after the mayhem caused by Doom.

Volume 2 is notable for borrowing plot elements and style from the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion.

X-Men Mangaverse
The X-Men first appeared in the first series of one-shots which were later compiled into volume one of Marvel Mangaverse. Wolverine, Cyclops, Storm, Mirage and Jean Grey form the core of this group. Rogue doesn't appear to be an actual member of the group, though she does live with them. In this version of the X-Men, it is Wolverine, not Xavier, who has put the team together. He has one set of metal claws, most likely adamantium, on his right hand, and another set on his left composed of energy. He has white hair and a strange tattoo on his face, possibly meant to be the Greek symbol Omega. In this story, Wolverine and Cyclops are brothers. Wolverine cost Cyclops one of his eyes, while it is hinted that Cyclops cost Wolverine one of his hands. (This seems to be why one of Wolverine's sets of claws is energy while the other is metal. Throughout this story with the exception of a pair of panels, Wolverine was depicted with two flesh and blood hands, the flesh and blood appearance of both hands continued in the final issue of the first arc of Mangaverse). He is also hinted to have had a relationship with Jean Grey, who had begun to favor Cyclops. Several other characters (both good and evil in the mainstream universe) appear in this story, most of whom are forces for evil, including The Beast, Amanda Sefton, Mystique and Nightcrawler.

X-Men: Ronin
This storyline centered around The X-Men and the Hellfire Club, who were battling on-and-off during the entirety of the story arc, due to the Hellfire Club's continued attempts to abduct Jean Grey and bring her into their group. During this storyline, Storm, who is not a witch in this storyline, but simply a mutant with power over the weather like the mainstream Marvel Universe, develops an attraction to Forge. The Phoenix Force, which was briefly glimpsed when Rogue tapped into it in the first volume of Mangaverse, has a much more important role here as Jean begins to either develop the Phoenix powers, or else is possessed by them. The X-Men's physical appearances are the same except Wolverine now has black hair, no tattoo on his face, and a mechanical right hand with energy claws (rather than the energy claws being on his left hand as in the first volume). Although not implicitly stated, it seems that the concept of Logan and Scott as brothers who each cost the other a part of his body connected to his offensive capabilities remains. Charles Xavier is depicted as the leader of the Hellfire Club, putting him into direct opposition to the X-Men. He has two daughters, Sage and Emma Frost. The Sentinels are Mecha, piloted by humans, (one of whom is Forge), who are killed in battle with both the X-Men and Hellfire Club, and are more or less obliterated by Jean Grey's newly developing Phoenix powers. The X-Men are advised by Toad, who is a very wise and Yoda-like person. As a former close friend of Xavier, Toad is determined to destroy the Hellfire Club and bring Charles back to the X-Men.

The Punisher Mangaverse
In this self-contained storyline (written by Peter David and pencilled and inked by Lea Hernandez), The Punisher is a woman named Sosumi Brown who is the principal of an unnamed private school. In the story (set in Tokyo), the Punisher fights against the Korean Skang Kee crime family, led by Skang Kee Ho. The Skang Kee family uses an Oni (Japanese demon) named Oni Yew to try and stop her, but her sister (Hashi Brown) finds out about her secret, and in the process obtains a cursed weapon which she uses to slay the Oni and save her sister. (In the story, it is explained they are orphans due to the death of their parents in "a tragic pogo stick accident".)

Unlike Frank Castle, Mangaverse Punisher does not use firearms, but martial art skills and a whip, which she uses to punish evildoers into submission. She also has a predisposition for bizarre forms of "punishment", including tickling a crime lord's feet with feathers, or spanking someone on the bottom. Because of this, she is referred to as "Tokyo's kinkiest superhero". Also, she uses a costume which makes her resemble a geisha, and wears facial makeup which gives the illusion of her face being a skull. Her base of operations is located within the school where she works; the entrance opens by moving a small skull inside her office.

The Punisher of Marvel Mangaverse was part of the stories collected into volume 1 of the Marvel Mangaverse graphic novels, and has not been seen since the first run of stories.

New Mangaverse: The Rings of Fate
New Mangaverse: The Rings of Fate is the third sequel series to volumes one and two of Marvel Mangaverse, and starts some time after the events of Volume Two, Legend of the Spider-Clan  and X-Men: Ronin. Direct references are made to both Legend of the Spider-Clan and Mangaverse Volume Two. Meaning it completely ignores Spider-Man Family Featuring the Spider-Clan making it a sort of sort reboot of the universe. The continuity of this story is then ignored later in Spiderverse #2 which picks up after the events of the aforementioned single issue making it appear as though currently this series exists as its own universe adjacent to the original Mangaverse series, or at least to the Mangaverse Spider-Man series of books.

The Hand make their first appearance in the Mangaverse. They are responsible for the deaths of roughly 99% of the superhuman population in the Mangaverse. They are also armed with the rings of Iron Man's long time nemesis The Mandarin. Elektra and Daredevil also make appearances; Elektra kills Daredevil and is herself cleaved in half by Carol Danvers in combat near the end of the series. Danvers then takes possession of a costume and shield which once belonged to Captain America, nearly identical to his costume from the mainstream universe (altered for a female body, making Danvers look similar to Shannon Carter, the MC2 heroine known as The American Dream). The shield, however, is identical entirely to the 616 version in appearance (though whether or not it is made of the same composition, is completely unknown).

Tony Stark returns, and once again becomes Iron Man. Together, the remaining heroes; Spider-Man, Spider-Woman, Black Cat, Wolverine, Iron Man, the Human Torch, and the new Captain America form a new group of Avengers and battle and defeat the Hand, along with a mind controlled Sharon Carter.

Several characters introduced in the previous volumes of the series were redesigned in appearance and/or personality for New Mangaverse. The Black Cat, who was introduced in Legend of the Spider-Clan, bears a striking facial resemblance to Rei Ayanami, a character from Evangelion in New Mangaverse. Spider-Man, briefly unmasked near the end of the series, bears a resemblance to Shinji Ikari. Wolverine is redesigned in New Mangaverse as well, becoming taller, wearing gear resembling the armor worn by Vegeta of Dragon Ball, with a more muscular build, a facial structure intended to be based on that of Vegeta, and a redesign of his bionic hand and energy claws. The Human Torch, whose personality, rather than looks, have been based on that of Asuka Soryu of Evangelion since volume one of the series, underwent a radical change. Her hairstyle and facial structure as well as physique are altered. Her hair is now done in pigtails, somewhat more closely resembling the hairstyle of Asuka, rather than a combination of straight hair with ringlets. Her half sister Sioux Storm, originally patterned after Rei Ayanami in physical appearance (despite her hair being blonde rather than blue) as well as personality, changed in personality between volumes 1 and 2 of the Mangaverse collections, and by the time of New Mangaverse was much more emotional and sported longer hair, no longer bearing any resemblance whatsoever to Rei, and was slain shortly after her appearance in the second issue of New Mangaverse.

At the end of the series, the Black Cat is revealed to have been working alongside Nick Fury, who is implied to have orchestrated the decimation of the super-powered population. Whether or not she is truly loyal to Fury, if indeed this is actually Fury, who is himself believed to be dead, has yet to be revealed.

New Mangaverse, though left open ended, appears to have been intended as the finale for the Marvel Mangaverse, as the near entirety of its superhuman population was decimated. It is therefore likely that the Black Cat's genuine loyalties will remain unknown due to New Mangaverse being the swan song for this particular universe.

In the Hulk: Broken Worlds anthology there's a short story, telling one of mangaverse's Hulk adventures in Norse Cosmological Zone, which happens before the first volume.

The Scarlet Witch did not appear in the New Mangaverse storyline (perhaps slain as were 99% of the world's other heroes). Tigra and Doctor Strange appeared in the first few pages of the New Mangaverse comic to be brutally murdered by the Hand ninja.

title: Marvel Mangaverse


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Talk:1919 Florida Keys hurricane

Texas landfall
The impact section says it hit as a major hurricane but the Best Track says it was only a Category 1 at final landfall. Something's messed up here. -- § Hurricane E  RIC  archive 22:13, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Not really sure why the best track says Cat. 1 at final landfall, but Hurdat says Texas had Cat. 4 winds, and I'm more inclined to believe that since it is more recent. Additionally, a re-analyzed track map from 2007 has it making landfall as a Cat. 4. Additionally, I put it back down to stub, since it has very little information. --♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 01:18, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Todo
This article has basically no content. Jdorje 07:24, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * agree, ether someone puts more info in this article or this gets merged. Storm05 18:57, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The storm is very notable, we just need more info. I don't know if it's out there. -- §  Hurricane  E  RIC  §Damages archive 23:26, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree Eric. I'm sure there's enough out there somewhere. — jdorje (talk) 23:30, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Someone wrote up a section for it for Catastrophic Florida Hurricanes: 1900-1960 but I moved it to the talk page because it wasn't catastrophic in Florida. I recall it being well written. Also try the Monthly Weather Review; I've read its report on the storm and remember it being something like one and a half pdf pages long. Good info. We could use that. -- §  Hurricane  E  RIC  §Damages archive 01:07, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I found a MWR report on the storm that supposedly pegs this as the first hurricane where sounding observations were used to monitor the system. It also provides a plausible origin for it: ITCZ (if the "doldrums" referred to in the document mean our ITCZ). Either way, we could use this document for some storm history. Hurricane Angel Saki My own personal NHC 01:45, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

They updated the Best Track on HURDAT, showing at 130 kt peak over the Keys (even though I believe it was a Cat 5 after clearing the Keys - that is not official). CrazyC83 (talk) 01:13, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Another thing that needs to be done ASAP is to correct the statement that this was the most intense to strike Key West until the 1935 hurricane. That storm did NOT make a direct hit on Key West. It struck Islamorada Derek Ortt (talk) 20:45, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Name
Given how much impact was in Texas, shouldn't the article be re-titled to something like "1919 Florida-Texas hurricane"? ♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:17, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * What about 1919 Gulf of Mexico hurricane, which covers both Florida and Texas? – Juliancolton  | Talk 20:20, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I like it, but it seems kinda generic. And, (un)fortunately, the HRD backs it up being called the Florida Keys hurricane. Maybe it shouldn't be moved after all. ♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 21:28, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://tampa.about.com/cs/history/l/bl1919.htm
 * In 1919 Florida Keys hurricane on 2011-05-25 02:46:33, 404 Not Found
 * In 1919 Florida Keys hurricane on 2011-06-02 02:54:44, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 02:55, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.srh.noaa.gov/crp/docs/research/hurrhistory/1919/
 * In 1919 Florida Keys hurricane on 2011-05-25 02:46:33, 404 Not Found
 * In 1919 Florida Keys hurricane on 2011-06-02 02:54:53, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 02:55, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=CCMS&t=institution
 * In 1919 Florida Keys hurricane on 2011-05-25 02:46:33, 404 Not Found
 * In 1919 Florida Keys hurricane on 2011-06-02 02:55:07, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 02:55, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:1919 Florida Keys hurricane


text:
Talk:List of abbreviations for market segments

Requested move
Acronyms for Market Segments → Acronyms for market segments – to follow naming conventions Marcelo Bello 14:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support Philip Baird Shearer 01:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Done it Philip Baird Shearer 01:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

These aren't market segments, they're industries (or similar).Ianhowlett 16:55, 4 February 2007 (UTC) i would like to have some marketing in use of stage

 * We should probably require a citation for each proposed market segment - some seem made up. Others are dubious.  Wikidemo (talk) 01:36, 22 August 2008 (UTC)


text:
Robert Irsay

Robert Irsay (March 5, 1923 – January 14, 1997) was an American professional football team owner. He owned the National Football League (NFL)'s Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts franchise from 1972 until his death in 1997. He was the father of current Colts owner Jim Irsay.

Early life and education
Robert Irsay was born Robert Israel on March 5, 1923, in Chicago, the son of Charles Israel and the former Elaine Nyitrai, Jewish immigrants from Hungary. The family name was changed to Irsay in 1931, when Bob was eight years old. He attended Lane Tech High School in Chicago. According to his estranged younger brother, Ronald, the family wasn't wealthy, "but my dad owned several buildings in Chicago and at one time was one of the largest tin knockers [sheet metal contractors] in the city.

The Irsay children were raised as Jews. In 1940, Irsay enrolled at the University of Illinois, joining Sigma Alpha Mu, a Jewish fraternity.

Years later, Irsay later denied his Jewish heritage, asserting without evidence and contrary to his mother's testimony that his father was actually his step-father and that he was, and always had been, Catholic.

Irsay left the University of Illinois after attending just three semesters, plus the summer session of 1942. The United States was by then embroiled in World War II and on October 23, 1942, he joined the United States Marine Corps. Irsay was discharged just 5-1/2 months later, on April 3, 1943, without having served overseas, holding the rank of sergeant. Irsay obfuscated about his military service, improbably stating, "I was in the Army and the Navy and the Marines. The Navy assigned me to the Seabees. I saw minor action. I don't want to talk about it."

Commercial activity
In 1946, he was hired by his father's heating and ventilation business, the Acord Ventilating Company, where he worked as a salesman and bid on projects. He left employment there on the last day of 1951, the instigator of a bitter family feud. As part of his severance package, Irsay was allowed to take a lucrative contract with the Caterpillar Tractor Company and several smaller contracts that he had negotiated, a building used in connection with that account, and several vehicles and sundry shop equipment that allowed him to establish a new rival firm, the Robert Irsay Company, without the need to incur substantial bank debt. Irsay also poached five employees from Acord at the time of his departure.

His brother Ron minced no words when queried about the company split three decades later: "I don't know how else to say this, but my brother tried to run my father out of business. Bob actually worked to try to destroy his own father. Oh, he's a real sweetheart, all right." His mother, then in her 80s, was even more outspoken about her eldest son: "He's a devil on earth, that one. He stole all our money and he said goodbye. He don't care for me. I don't even see him for 35 years.... When my husband got sick and got the heart attack, he took advantage. He was no good. He was a bad boy. I don't want to talk about him."

Despite Ron dropping out of college to attempt to save the family business, Acord Ventilation went into rapid decline immediately after the charismatic salesman Bob's departure, terminating operations less than three years later.

NFL ownership
Irsay assumed ownership of the Baltimore Colts on July 13, 1972, after acquiring the Los Angeles Rams from the estate of Dan Reeves and swapping franchises with Carroll Rosenbloom, all made official on the same day. His last-minute US $19 million bid for the Rams was $2 million more than that of future Tampa Bay Buccaneers owner Hugh Culverhouse. Irsay's majority share in the Colts was initially 51%, with Willard Keland of Racine, Wisconsin, owning the rest. He additionally announced the appointment of Joe Thomas as Baltimore's new general manager, succeeding Don Klosterman who accompanied Rosenbloom to Los Angeles.

Irsay's first controversial act with the Colts was his changing of head coaches from Howard Schnellenberger to general manager Thomas after a 30–10 defeat to the Philadelphia Eagles at Veterans Stadium on September 29, 1974, which extended the team's season-opening losing streak to three. While stalking the Colts sideline during the second half, he voiced his preference for Bert Jones as the starting quarterback over Marty Domres by asking Schnellenberger about when he was going to make such a change. Schnellenberger's sarcastic reply resulted in his postgame dismissal. Irsay had first gone to the press box to inform Thomas that he was the new head coach and then to the locker room to announce his actions to the Colts players before breaking the news to Schnellenberger in a heated discussion in the coaches office. Middle linebacker Mike Curtis voiced the players' displeasure by saying, "This just tears me up. In defense of Irsay, he's a nice guy, an emotional guy. He doesn't know a lot about football but sometimes you lose control in an emotional situation."

Irsay's verbal abuse of his players after a loss in a final preseason match to the Detroit Lions at the Pontiac Silverdome on September 2, 1976, led to head coach Ted Marchibroda's resignation three days later on September 5. Marchibroda was also at odds with Thomas over player personnel decisions. He was rehired two days later on September 7 after offensive and defensive coordinators Whitey Dovell and Maxie Baughan threatened to quit and the players considered boycotting practice, all in support of Marchibroda.

Irsay's dysfunctional relationships with certain players in contract disputes and coaches accelerated the Colts' on-field decline in the ensuing years. He was accused of bad faith bargaining and racial discrimination by running back Lydell Mitchell who was eventually sent to the San Diego Chargers on August 23, 1978. Defensive end John Dutton contended that Irsay had spread "too many lies" about him and sat out the early part of the 1979 campaign while demanding a trade. He added, "I don't think he cares about the team, it's just a toy to him." Dutton was dealt to the Dallas Cowboys on October 9, 1979. Irsay also continually second-guessed Marchibroda.

Moving the Colts
In January 1984 Irsay appeared before the Baltimore media and exclaimed, "This is my team!" He reiterated that, despite problems, the rumors that he was moving the team were untrue. With negotiations over improvements to Memorial Stadium at an impasse, one of the chambers of the Maryland state legislature passed a law on March 27, 1984, allowing the city of Baltimore to seize the Colts under eminent domain, which city and county officials had threatened to do. Irsay claimed the city promised him a new football stadium, something they later denied, citing the team's poor attendance. The next day, fearing a dawn raid on the team's Owings Mills headquarters, Irsay accepted a deal offered by the city of Indianapolis.

Indianapolis Mayor, William H. Hudnut III, contacted John Burnside Smith, then CEO of the Mayflower Transit Company, who arranged for fifteen trucks to pack the team's property hurriedly and transport it to Indianapolis in the early hours of the morning of March 29. An ecstatic crowd in Indianapolis greeted the arrival of its new NFL team, and the team received 143,000 season ticket requests in just two weeks.

Baltimore was without a National Football League team until another controversial move in 1996, when Art Modell brought the personnel of the Cleveland Browns there to become the Baltimore Ravens.

Personal life
He married the former Harriet Pogorzelski on July 12, 1947, at Temple Sholom in Chicago, with Rabbi Louis Binstock officiating. According to Irsay, who is not a reliable narrator for details of his own biography, he had a second Catholic wedding to Pogorzelski, the daughter of Polish immigrants. They raised their children Roman Catholic.

Bob and Harriet Irsay had three children – Thomas, Roberta, and Jim. Roberta was killed at age 14 in a 1971 automobile accident on I-294 outside Chicago. Thomas, who suffered from a severe mental disability, lived in a Florida facility until his death in 1999 at the age of 45.

Irsay, who had divorced from Harriet, married Nancy Clifford on June 17, 1989, at Second Presbyterian Church in Indianapolis; Hudnut officiated the ceremony. Nancy Irsay died November 7, 2015, at the age of 65.

Death and legacy
Irsay suffered a stroke in November 1995 and was in intensive care at St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital for several months. After his release he developed pneumonia, heart and kidney problems, for which he was transferred to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He died in Indianapolis on January 14, 1997. He is interred at Crown Hill Cemetery.

After Irsay's death in Indianapolis on January 14, 1997, the Colts were inherited by his son, Jim. Bill Polian handled the day-to-day operations of the team as vice-chairman until his dismissal after the 2011 season. Polian was succeeded as vice chair by Jim Irsay's three daughters — Carlie Irsay-Gordon, Casey Foyt, and Kalen Jackson — who are each part owners and vice-chairs of the team.

Irsay is was the first person inducted into the Indianapolis Colts Ring of Honor, being so memorialized on September 23, 1996.

title: Robert Irsay


text:
Subalpine Republic

The Subalpine Republic (Repubblica Subalpina) was a short-lived republic that existed between 1800 and 1802 on the territory of Piedmont during its military rule by the French Consulate.

History
Piedmont was the main part of the Kingdom of Sardinia which, despite its name, had its core on the mainland. The kingdom suffered a first French invasion in 1796, which led to the Treaty of Paris and the loss of Savoy and Nice. After a second invasion in 1798, King Charles Emmanuel IV escaped to Rome, but he never agreed to sign a new peace treaty, approving a final arrangement of its continental territories according to international law.

The Piedmontese Republic was declared on 10 September 1798 and it existed until 20 June 1799, when it was conquered by Austro-Russian troops. However, Russian Marshall Alexander Suvorov was the sole political actor showing the will to restore the Kingdom of Sardinia's authority in Piedmont: as the old Republic’s fate was the annexation to France, the Austrian goal was the union of the region to the Holy Empire. More, this dispute was one of the main reasons of the political collapse of the Second Coalition.

In 1800 Napoleon returned to Italy, taking back much of the new republics. The Piedmontese Republic was re-established on 20 June 1800. To mark a difference with the Austrian occupation, the First Consul temporary suspended his annexation desires, and the local government took the name of Piedmontese Nation (Nazione Piemontese).

The republic had its capital at Turin. On 9 July 1800, it adopted a new flag, which consisted of a red-blue-gold triband (based on the flag of the earlier Republic of Alba). Its motto was Liberté, Égalité, which was taken from the French motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité.

The Subalpine Republic was heavily dependent on France and was never really independent as it was under French military occupation. The state was not recognized by the international community. Its government changed a number of times during its brief existence, and was made up of the following people:

Paris introduced French-style reforms within the Subalpine Republic. It used the French franc, and also minted its own coins.

In March 1801, when the Treaty of Lunéville ended the war with Austria, Paris resumed its annexation goals, the Piedmontese Army was incorporated into the French Army, and a few months later the administrative management of the region ended up completely in French hands as the Subalpine Gaul. Scholars in Paris underlined the resemblance of the Piedmontese language, at time the popular speaking while the Italian language was limited to the universities, with the French language. On 4 June 1802, Charles Emmanuel abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I, who was in Cagliari under British naval protection. Napoleon took this opportunity to declare the final forfeiture of the old sovereignty over Piedmont, and plans were made to annex it to France.

The Subalpine Republic ceased to exist on 11 September 1802, when it was divided between the French Republic and the Italian Republic. The French Republic annexed the départements of Doire, Marengo, Pô (briefly named "Éridan", after Eridanos), Sesia, Stura, and Tanaro, while the Italian Republic annexed Novara (as the department of Agogna).

title: Subalpine Republic


text: User talk:68.92.121.122

title: User talk:68.92.121.122


text:
Proteose

A proteose is any of various water-soluble compounds that are produced during in-vitro or in-vivo hydrolytic breakdown of proteins a little before producing amino acids. It forms after breaking down of polypeptides by proteases such as gastric pepsin. In addition to proteoses, peptones are also formed at this stage. The difference between peptones and proteoses is that proteoses are precipitated from solution by half saturation with ammonium sulfate, while peptones don't react even with fully saturated ammonium sulfate.

The proenzyme Pepsinogen, with the exposure to hydrochloric acid gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) provides the acidic pH (pH 1.8) optimal for pepsins.

Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins.

title: Proteose


text: Category:World War II military equipment of Italy


text:
Red and Charline McCombs Field

The Red and Charline McCombs Field is the current home of the University of Texas Longhorn Women's Softball team.

Opening in 1998 at a cost of $4.5 million, the stadium seats 1,254 and is named after university benefactor Red McCombs and his wife Charline. It features a clay infield and a grass outfield. Texas later added a 4,400-square foot training facility along the left-field line, completed in 2009.

Attendance Record
Through Feb 25, 2024

title: Red and Charline McCombs Field


text:
Clonal selection

In immunology, clonal selection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the body. The concept was introduced by Australian doctor Frank Macfarlane Burnet in 1957, in an attempt to explain the great diversity of antibodies formed during initiation of the immune response. The theory has become the widely accepted model for how the human immune system responds to infection and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for destruction of specific antigens.

The theory states that in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (both B and T cells), a specific antigen activates (i.e. selects) only its counter-specific cell, which then induces that particular cell to multiply, producing identical clones for antibody production. This activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes. In short, the theory is an explanation of the mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity. The first experimental evidence came in 1958, when Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody. The idea turned out to be the foundation of molecular immunology, especially in adaptive immunity.

Postulates
The clonal selection theory can be summarised with the following four tenets:
 * Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity (generated by V(D)J recombination).
 * Receptor occupation is required for cell activation.
 * The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte bear receptors of identical specificity as the parent cell.
 * Those lymphocytes bearing receptors for self molecules (i.e., endogenous antigens produced within the body) are destroyed at an early stage.

Early work
In 1900, Paul Ehrlich proposed the so-called "side chain theory" of antibody production. According to it, certain cells exhibit on their surface different "side chains" (i.e. membrane-bound antibodies) able to react with different antigens. When an antigen is present, it binds to a matching side chain. Then the cell stops producing all other side chains and starts intensive synthesis and secretion of the antigen-binding side chain as a soluble antibody. Though distinct from clonal selection, Ehrlich's idea was a selection theory far more accurate than the instructive theories that dominated immunology in the next decades.

In 1955, Danish immunologist Niels Jerne put forward a hypothesis that there is already a vast array of soluble antibodies in the serum prior to any infection. The entrance of an antigen into the body results in the selection of only one type of antibody to match it. This supposedly occurred by certain cells phagocytosing the immune complexes and somehow replicating the antibody structure to produce more of it.

In 1957, David W. Talmage hypothesized that antigens bind to antibodies on the surface of antibody-producing cells and "only those cells are selected for multiplication whose synthesized product has affinity for the antigen". The key difference from Ehrlich's theory was that every cell was presumed to synthesize only one sort of antibody. After antigen binding the cell proliferates, forming clones with identical antibodies.

Burnet's clonal selection theory
Later in 1957, Australian immunologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet published a paper titled "A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection" in the rather obscure Australian Journal of Science. In it Burnet expanded the ideas of Talmage and named the resulting theory the "clonal selection theory". He further formalised the theory in his 1959 book The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity. He explained immunological memory as the cloning of two types of lymphocyte. One clone acts immediately to combat infection whilst the other is longer lasting, remaining in the immune system for a long time and causing immunity to that antigen. According to Burnet's hypothesis, among antibodies are molecules that can probably correspond with varying degrees of precision to all, or virtually all, the antigenic determinants that occur in biological material other than those characteristic of the body itself. Each type of pattern is a specific product of a clone of lymphocytes and it is the essence of the hypothesis that each cell automatically has available on its surface representative reactive sites equivalent to those of the globulin they produce. When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluids it is assumed that it will attach to the surface of any lymphocyte carrying reactive sites that correspond to one of its antigenic determinants. Then the cell is activated and undergoes proliferation to produce a variety of descendants. In this way, preferential proliferation is initiated of all those clones whose reactive sites correspond to the antigenic determinants on the antigens present in the body. The descendants are capable of active liberation of soluble antibody and lymphocytes, the same functions as the parental forms.

In 1958, Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody, which was the first direct evidence supporting the clonal selection theory.

Theories supported by clonal selection
Burnet and Peter Medawar worked together on understanding immunological tolerance, a phenomenon also explained by clonal selection. This is the organism's ability to tolerate the introduction of cells prior to the development of an immune response as long as it occurs early in the organism's development. There are a vast number of lymphocytes occurring in the immune system, ranging from cells that tolerate self tissue to cells that do not. However, only cells tolerant of self tissue survive the embryonic stage. If non-self tissue is introduced, lymphocytes that develop are the ones that include the non-self tissues as self tissue.

In 1959, Burnet proposed that under certain circumstances, tissues could be successfully transplanted into foreign recipients. This work has led to a much greater understanding of the immune system and also great advances in tissue transplantation. Burnet and Medawar shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1960.

In 1974, Niels Kaj Jerne proposed that the immune system functions as a network that is regulated via interactions between the variable parts of lymphocytes and their secreted molecules. Immune network theory is firmly based on the concept of clonal selection. Jerne won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984, largely for his contributions to immune network theory.

title: Clonal selection


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Portfolio management

Portfolio management may refer to:

Finance

 * Portfolio manager
 * Investment management, the professional asset management of various securities

Computing

 * IT portfolio management
 * Application portfolio management

Marketing

 * Product portfolio management

title: Portfolio management


text: User talk:68.85.155.39

title: User talk:68.85.155.39