text:
User talk:Dkocan

Image Tagging Image:Robert-baer.jpg
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Please don't add copyrighted text to Wikipedia
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Image:DianeRehm.jpg
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AfD nomination of Glenn Renwick
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Duplicate images uploaded
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File permission problem with File:Grito.ogg
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title: User talk:Dkocan


text:
File:March-st.jpg

Summary
Photo taken by me at Donny Car Show, Doncaster, England. April 2005.

Originally posted on the Micra Sports Club, can be re-used with permission.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:March-st.jpg


text:
I'm Not Dead

I'm Not Dead is the fourth studio album by American singer and songwriter Pink. It was released on April 4, 2006, through LaFace Records. Following the commercial underperformance of her third studio album Try This (2003), Pink parted ways with Arista Records and began experimenting with new sounds and collaborating with new producers, and stated she named the album after having an epiphany about adult responsibilities and the realities of everyday life. Pink served as the executive producer of the project and contributions to the album's production came from several producers including Billy Mann, Butch Walker, Dr. Luke and Max Martin.

Commercially, I'm Not Dead peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States, and reached number one in several territories including Australia, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, and Switzerland. I'm Not Dead has since been certified double platinum in the United States and certified gold in Finland, Denmark, and Sweden. The album received positive reviews from music critics, many of whom complimented the risks Pink took on the record as well as her experimentation with rock music.

"Stupid Girls" was released as the lead single from I'm Not Dead ahead of the album's release, which generated controversy for its lyrical content and music video, for which Pink received the MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video and a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Five additional singles were released from the album, with "Who Knew" and "U + Ur Hand" reaching the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States. Pink promoted the album through radio and television interviews, media appearances, and the I'm Not Dead Tour.

Background
Following the release of her third studio album Try This (2003), which underperformed commercially and would later become her lowest-selling record, Pink parted ways with Arista Records, the label who released Try This and her second studio album Missundaztood (2001). In 2006, she stated that she was unhappy with the way the label wanted her to produce music after the success of Missundaztood, saying: "I was kind of rebelling against the label on that one. I was going: 'You want a record? Fine, I'll write 10 songs in a week for your fuckin' record and you can press it up and put it out.'" She described the promotional campaign for Try This as "an awful time", stating she walked out of several interviews crying and she felt they were "putting a quarter in the slot to watch the monkey dance." Pink described the decision to name her fourth studio album I'm Not Dead in several interviews, telling CBS News that "it's about being alive and feisty and not sitting down and shutting up even though people would like you to." In other interviews, she stated that the title came from an "awakening", telling The Independent that she was influenced by her father having a heart attack and turning 25, saying she "started caring less about [her] drama and more about the world around [her]." Pink also described the album's title as being inspired by an epiphany where she "just kind of woke up and realized" she had a lot to learn about adult responsibilities and the realities of everyday life. Whereas she described the recording process for Try This as draining, she stated that she was "forced to be almost emotionally involved" by her collaborators on I'm Not Dead, saying: "I guess I was just kind of at that place where I felt like I kind of had something to add to the world. I feel like there's a hole and I know how to fill it, people aren't talking trash anymore. I was just feeling really creative and really emotionally available again, and it came out great." According to Pink, she wrote more than forty songs for the album on "everything [she] could possibly think of."

Musical styles and themes
Primarily a pop album, I'm Not Dead also includes acoustic, folk rock, hard rock, power pop, pop rock, folk pop, new wave, dance and hip hop elements.

Pink was inspired to write opening track "Stupid Girls", in which she deplores the lack of good role models for young girls while encouraging them to cultivate independence, after she noticed many such girls aspire to be like female pop icons, particularly those near her Los Angeles home. "There's a certain thing the world is being fed, and my point is there should be a choice", Pink said. She stated that "Who Knew" is about "the death of friendship", as well as friends of hers who died as a result of drug overdoses. The song is about several people. The third song, "Long Way to Happy", is based on a poem about sexual abuse Pink wrote when she was thirteen years old. "I know a lot of people that have been abused and/or molested and/or fucked over by someone close to them. And I'm no exception. And that's that song", she said. The ballad "Nobody Knows" describes feelings that one can have but not show to the outside world, and Pink has named it the most vulnerable track on the album. "Dear Mr. President" is an open letter to then president of the United States, George W. Bush; the song's format is a series of rhetorical questions for the President, specifically pertaining to how he really feels about issues such as war, homosexuality, homelessness and drug abuse.

According to Pink, the sixth and title track, "I'm Not Dead", is her first "subtle" and "poetic" self-written song: "Usually it's very much more cartoon-y and blunt, the way I write songs. I don't really know diplomacy or subtlety." The song was inspired by how Pink and producer Billy Mann felt about the end of their working relationship: "We were scared to move on from each other, after seeing how much that little bit of time together changed us, and how scary change is." In "'Cuz I Can", Pink says she plays by her own rules boasts about her "bling", a contrast to the anti-consumerist content of "Stupid Girls". Referring to the song, she called herself "a walking contradiction" and "a hypocrite sometimes." This theme is echoed in "Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)", which deals with contradictory feelings about a relationship; Pink said "That's how I live my life. I'm a walking conflict." She called the song "a funny take on 'I love you' ... I get really cramped ... But, every girl needs her space". "U + Ur Hand", the ninth track, is a kiss-off song addressed to a man who is trying to seduce Pink; it became a fan favorite before the release of the album, when it was leaked to the internet. Pink said of song such as "Runaway" that "It's been especially hard for [my parents] hearing me write about things they never knew about ... My mom's like, 'Were you really that angry? Was I really that in denial? Was I really that bad a parent?' 'No, Mom - you were great. You didn't try to run me over with your car. I made it up.' But by writing all of it down and sharing it with the world, I've broken with most of it." "The One That Got Away" is, as Pink puts it, "the classic 'Is this the one? Or is the grass really greener?'" Pink described track thirteen, "Conversations with My 13 Year Old Self", as a "huge therapy session" that addresses her "pissed-off, complicated" younger self. She said of writing the song, "I needed a hug, and I get it ... now. If I tried to hug my 13-year-old self, she'd try to kick my ass, and then she'd collapse and cry." "Fingers" is about her videotaping herself masturbating. She said she probably didn't need to add to the number of songs about masturbation, but she couldn't help herself. The final song on the album, the hidden track "I Have Seen the Rain," was written by and features Pink's father, James T. Moore. He wrote it when he was a soldier in the Vietnam War, but according to Pink "it's still relevant today. It's a soldier's cry." She had always wanted to record it with him and learnt to harmonize with it. She said of its recording, "He was so nervous, it was the most adorable experience for a father and daughter to share."

Singles
Before "Stupid Girls" was chosen as the album's lead single, videos were shot for it and "U + Ur Hand", which became the third single.

Released in February – March 2006, "Stupid Girls" reached number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100—becoming Pink's biggest hit since 2002—and the top five in the UK and Australia. It was the subject of considerable discussion, with Pink attending The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss what she called the "stupid girl epidemic"; in the song, she deplores the lack of good role models for girls while encouraging them to cultivate independence. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance (see Grammy Awards of 2007). Its music video, directed by Dave Meyers, received an MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video.

"Who Knew" was released as the second single in May 2006 and initially failed to chart on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, but it later debuted on the chart in March 2007 after it was used in promotion for the ABC television show October Road. It was re-released in the U.S. in June 2007, and had peaked at number nine by mid September. It reached the top ten in other countries, including Australia and the UK.

The third single, "U + Ur Hand", initially took three months to chart on the Hot 100, but it went on to peak at number nine in April 2007. It reached the top 20 across most of Europe and Australia through August – September 2006.

The fourth single, "Nobody Knows", was released outside the U.S. in November and reached the top 40 in the UK and Australia.

The song "Dear Mr. President" attracted publicity, and there was belief among fans that it would be released as a single, but Pink said she would not release "Dear Mr. President" as a single because she did not want people to think it was a publicity stunt. In Belgium, an acoustic version of the song was released as a download single in late 2006, and it reached number one on the Ultratop chart. In the UK, "Dear Mr. President" was released as a download-only single with "Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)". It reached the UK top 40, also charting in the top five in Australia, where it became the fifth top five hit from I'm Not Dead.

I'm Not Dead Tour
Pink began her North American I'm Not Dead Tour on June 24, 2006, in Chicago and it ended in Dallas after twenty shows. She started her European tour on September 8 of the same year in Istanbul; it ran for 52 shows and was scheduled to end in Milan on December 21. A DVD of a concert on this leg of the tour, Pink: Live from Wembley Arena, was released in April 2007. In 2007, Pink returned to the U.S. to accompany Justin Timberlake on his FutureSex/LoveShow tour. She began her sold-out Australian tour in April 2007. The Australian leg of the tour was set at a record-breaking 35 arena shows, selling around 307,000 tickets — it became the most successful arena tour in Australian history by a female artist in Australia. Sony BMG Australia released a special tour edition of I'm Not Dead on March 17, 2007—it contains the original album including two bonus tracks and a DVD that features live performances and music videos. That December, the Special Edition was released in the U.S. under the title Platinum Edition. It featured additional DVD content not featured on the Australian version.

Critical reception
I'm Not Dead had a highly positive critical reception, receiving a 70 out of 100 score on Metacritic. In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that P!nk "sounds liberated, making music that's far riskier and stranger than anything else in mainstream pop in 2006". Rolling Stone's review was also complimentary, stating that the album "swaggers with a cockiness that most dudes in bands can't match. Whether she sings rock, pop, R&B or her usual combination of all three, the twenty-six-year-old Doylestown, Pennsylvania, native is belting more urgently and taking more risks than her pop-radio contemporaries."

Pink received the 2006 Glamour Magazine award for International Solo Artist of the Year, and in 2007, she won the MTV Australia Video Music Award for Best Female Artist and the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award (in Australia) for Favourite International. The same year, the album won in the Best International Album category at the Rockbjörnen Awards.

Commercial performance
The album sold 126,000 copies in its first week in the U.S. and debuted at number six, a higher debut position than those of Pink's last two albums, Missundaztood (2001) and Try This (2003); however, first-week sales for I'm Not Dead were lower. I'm Not Dead spent a total of 88 non-consecutive weeks on the chart, its last being in December 2009. I'm Not Dead debuted at number three in the United Kingdom selling 39,892 copies and was the ninth best-selling album of 2006 in the UK, with over 848,000 copies sold in the year. In October 2007, it re-entered the UK top 100 album chart at 99.

In Australia, after 26 weeks of release, I'm Not Dead ascended to number one to become Pink's first number-one album; it returned to number one in its 61st week on the Australian ARIA chart. The album spent a record 62 consecutive weeks in the top ten. It was the second best selling album of both 2006 and 2007, and the number-one selling album by an American or a female artist in each year. It also became one of two Pink albums on the ARIA Chart's top 100 selling albums of the 2000 to 2009 decade, positioned at number 3 behind her 11× Platinum album Funhouse. In Canada, the album debuted at number two with 13,000 copies sold in its first week, and the CRIA certified it platinum for shipments of more than 100,000 copies. In Germany, it became Pink's first number-one album.

Track listing
Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of I'm Not Dead.

 * Pink – producer, vocals, backing vocals, keyboard, piano
 * Adem Hawkins – song mixing
 * Al Clay – song mixing
 * Amy Ray – backing vocals
 * Andy Timmons – guitars
 * Beth Cohen – backing vocals
 * Billy Mann – backing vocals, guitars, piano, orchestra arranged, drums
 * Butch Walker – backing vocals, additional programming, guitars, bass guitar
 * Christopher Rojas – mixing, keyboard programming, violins, drum programming, guitars, bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Dan Chase – keyboard programming, drum programming
 * Dan Warner – electric guitars
 * Emily Saliers – backing vocals, guitars
 * Fermio Hernandez – assistant mix engineer
 * Geoff Zanelli – guitars, bass guitar, synthesizer
 * Jeff Phillips – guitars
 * Joey Waronker – drums
 * John Hanes – additional Pro Tools engineer
 * Justin Meldal-Johnsen – bass guitar
 * Lasse Mårtén – drums
 * Lee Levin – drums
 * Leon Pendarvis – orchestra arrangements, conductor
 * Lukasz Gottwald – guitar programming, drum programming
 * Max Martin – keyboard programming, guitar programming, drum programming
 * Mike Elizondo – additional programming, keyboard programming, keyboard, guitars
 * Niklas Olovson – drum programming, bass guitar
 * Molecules – guest MC
 * Mylious Johnson – drums
 * Pete Wallace – keyboard programming, drum programming, guitars, piano, percussion
 * Rafael Moreira – guitars
 * Robin Lynch – guitars
 * Roc Raida – DJ
 * Serban Ghenea – song mixing
 * Shawn Pelton – drums
 * Steven Wolf – additional programming, tambourine
 * Tim Roberts – assistant mix engineer
 * Tom Lord-Alge – song mixing
 * Tom Talomaa – assistant mix engineer
 * Tom Coyne – mastering
 * Thom Cadley – 5.1 mixing
 * Mark Rinaldi – assistant 5.1 mixing
 * Mark Wilder – 5.1 mastering

The Remixes
The Remixes is the first extended play and the first remix album by Pink. It was released on February 20, 2007 for digital download only and contains the remixes of each of the first three singles from I'm Not Dead.

title: I'm Not Dead


text:
The Strange One

The Strange One is a 1957 American film noir about students faced with an ethical dilemma in a military college in the Southern United States. It was directed by Jack Garfein, produced by Sam Spiegel, and was adapted from a novel and stage play by Calder Willingham called End as a Man. It marked the film debut of Ben Gazzara, George Peppard and Julie Wilson. Gazzara, Pat Hingle, Mark Richman and Arthur Storch reprised their roles, after starring in the stage version. The film is noteworthy, due to the entire acting and technical staff being from the Actors Studio. It focuses on the dehumanization associated with the tradition of hazing within the college and is noteworthy for its portrayal of homoerotic themes – and at least one gay character – at a time when the Hays Code prohibited such expression.

Plot
Cadet Staff Sergeant Jocko De Paris is a senior at the fictional Southern Military College. Using the authority of his own rank, his father's connections with the school, and the college's tradition of allowing upperclassmen to bully new cadets, De Paris effectively does what he pleases. Everyone at the school is either afraid of him or believes he is a normal or even exemplary cadet.

One night, he frames George Avery, the son of a staff member, making it appear that he got drunk and fell unconscious on the quadrangle all by himself. Cadet Avery is expelled, and De Paris sees to it that every cadet who took part in the incident lies during the investigation to conceal his own involvement. Two freshmen, along with the roommates of De Paris and the regimental commander, eventually decide to end De Paris' manipulation of them and the school. By the time De Paris is cornered in a restaurant in the nearby town, a great many cadets have banded together against him.

Laurie Corger, the regimental commander, orders him to sign a statement confessing to engineering Avery's expulsion and going to great lengths to conceal the truth from investigators. Initially reacting with smug confidence and indignant anger at being accused, De Paris finally folds and signs the statement, asking that he be allowed to leave quietly. The cadets then take him away from the restaurant and start dragging an increasingly frantic and blindfolded De Paris towards a railroad track. Instead of throwing him in front of the approaching train as he expects, they put him on board once it stops. As the train begins to move again, De Paris, having removed his blindfold, runs to the last car and rails at the watching cadets, shouting furiously, "I'll be back! I'll get you guys! You can't do this to Jocko De Paris!"

Cast
and introducing
 * Ben Gazzara as Cadet Sgt. Jocko De Paris*
 * Pat Hingle as Cadet Harold Koble
 * Mark Richman as Cadet Col. Laurie Corger
 * Arthur Storch as Cadet Simmons**
 * Paul E. Richards as Cadet Perrin "Cockroach" McKee ***
 * Larry Gates as Maj. George Avery Sr.
 * Clifton James as Col. M.N. Ramsey
 * Geoffrey Horne as Cadet George Avery Jr.
 * James Olson as Cadet Roger Gatt
 * Julie Wilson as Peonie aka "Rosebud"****
 * George Peppard as Cadet Robert Marquales

Character Notes

* Thomas K. Schwabacher of The Harvard Crimson described Jocko as a "sadist".

** Storch used artificial buckteeth to portray his character as ugly. He did not do this in play versions.

*** According to TCM, Perrin has an attraction to Jocko.

**** Peonie is an original character to the film.

title: The Strange One


text:
Luke Rooney

Luke Rooney (born 16 January 1983) is an Australian former professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He played rugby league, becoming an Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative winger while playing his club football in the NRL for the Penrith Panthers, with whom he won the 2003 NRL Premiership. From 2009, Rooney played rugby union for Toulon, as well as a stint with the Melbourne Rebels in the Super Rugby competition. He ended his career playing for RC Toulonnais in the Top 14 competition.

Background
Born in Penrith, New South Wales on 16 January 1983, Luke Rooney was a junior player of Emu Plains JRLFC. He completed his final year of high school at St Dominic's College, Penrith in 2000.

Rugby league
Rooney made his Penrith Panthers' debut on 21 April for Round 10 of the 2001 NRL season. In the 2003 NRL Grand Final Rooney played on the wing and scored two tries in the Panthers' victory over the Sydney Roosters. As 2003 NRL premiers, the Panthers travelled to England to face Super League VIII champions, the Bradford Bulls in the 2004 World Club Challenge. Rooney played on the wing in the Panthers' 22–4 loss.

Rooney was selected to make his debut for New South Wales in the 2003 State of Origin series, playing in all three games. At the end of the season he played for Australia in the 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations and was the tournament's top try-scorer.

Rooney was selected to play on the wing in the first two games of the 2005 State of Origin series.

Before his departure from the Panthers and the NRL at the end of 2008, Rooney was part of City Origin, New South Wales and Australian rugby league squads.

Rugby union
At the end of 2008, Rooney switched to rugby union to play for RC Toulon in the French Top 14 competition. In the 2008–09 Top 14 season he played 16 games and scored 5 tries and also played 6 games in the 2009–10 Amlin Challenge Cup, primarily as a fullback.

In June 2010, Rooney signed a two-year deal with the Melbourne Rebels. At Rebels' arrangement Rooney traveled to New Zealand in July to gain experience with Hawkes Bay in the NZ national provincial competition. However, he played only two games before being sidelined with a groin injury.

Rooney's parents are English and he holds a British passport. In March 2010, while in negotiations with English club Worcester Warriors, he expressed ambitions to play for England in the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He said he wants to play his very best rugby for the Rebels, but, "After that, who knows?" He added: "Of course it would be great to play for the Wallabies but I've got so much work to do before I can think of getting there." In 2011 he rejoined Toulon.

title: Luke Rooney


text:
Mather Byles

Mather Byles (born 26 March 1706 – 5 July 1788) was an American clergyman active in British North America.

Byles was descended, on his mother's side, from John Cotton and Richard Mather, and was a grandson of Increase Mather and nephew of Cotton Mather. As a young man, he corresponded with Alexander Pope and Isaac Watts.

He graduated at Harvard University in 1725, received his A.M. degree there in 1728 and in 1733 he became pastor of the Hollis Street Church (Congregational), Boston. In 1765 he received a degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Aberdeen.

Byles held a high rank among the clergy of the province and was noted for his scholarly and well-written sermons, as well as his ready wit. He often exchanged poetic satires and parodies with another Boston wit of that time, Joseph Green. At state funerals, he was often a picked to give the sermon.

He published a book of verse, Poems on Various Occasions in 1744. In 1773, he was chosen to be one of the eminent Boston literary intellectuals to examine Phillis Wheatley in order to determine if the black woman was actually the author of a proposed book of poems. (He and the rest of the panel determined that she was.)

At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Byles was outspoken in his advocacy of the royal cause, and after the British evacuation of Boston his connection with his church was dissolved.

Byles remained in Boston, however, and subsequently (1777) was arrested, tried and sentenced to deportation. This sentence was later changed to imprisonment in his own house. (He called the sentry stationed outside the house his "Observe-a-Tory". ) He was soon released, but never resumed his pastorate.

He is known for saying "Which is better - to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away or by three thousand tyrants one mile away?" A variation of the quote is spoken by Mel Gibson in The Patriot.

Byles died in Boston on 5 July 1788, aged 82.

Besides many sermons Byles published A Poem on the Death of George I (1727).

Personal life
Married twice:
 * 1) February 14, 1733 Anna [Noyes] Gale (April 17, 1704 – April 27, 1744); she was a niece of Governor Jonathan Belcher
 * 2) June 11, 1747 Rebecca (died July 23, 1779), daughter of Massachusetts acting Governor William Tailer

By first marriage-he had six children of whom only three lived:
 * 1) Mather Byles (January 12, 1734/1735 – March 12, 1814), married 1st to cousin Rebecca Walter daughter of Rev Nathaniel Walter; 2nd Sarah Lyde; 3rd Mrs Susanna Reid [Widow].
 * 2) Elizabeth (March 22, 1737 – June 6, 1763), married to Gwan Brown; parents of Mather Brown (October 7, 1761 – May 25, 1831), a portrait painter who studied under Benjamin West (Gwan Brown married as his third wife Susannah Hill-the widow of Dr. Joseph Adams (a brother of Samuel Adams).
 * 3) Dr Samuel (1743 – June 16, 1764)

By second marriage-three children of whom only two lived: Both Mary and Catherine remained spinsters; they became renowned for maintaining themselves as loyalists in Boston for nearly sixty years after the American Revolution.
 * 1) Joseph – died young
 * 2) Mary (1750 – October 1, 1832)
 * 3) Catherine (1753 – July 19, 1837)

title: Mather Byles


text:
Talk:Bibeltemplet

POV
He was not convicted to prison for the guest's statements. I believe this is an attempt to promote the Bibeltemplet website. This was barely news in Sweden.--Ezeu 01:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

You must be misinformed, Ezeu. This is what Göteborgs-Posten wrote:

"Vidare fällde tingsrätten Liljeström för brott mot lagen om elektroniska anslagstavlor för att ha gett utrymme åt andra att sprida åsikter som uttrycker missaktning..."

You are also wrong in that it was "barely news in Sweden". The case was followed and reported by Swedish state TV, Radio, and by all the news papers.

Furthermore, there is no promotion here, only a fair presentation of facts, just as they are, as everyone who knows Swedish can check through the search links provided.
 * Fair enough. I made some edits and removed the tags.--Ezeu 02:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Jailed for 'Holding' a view?
It says that the guy was sentenced for holding and expressing an opinion. Is it accurate to say he was sentenced for *holding* an opinion that surely would have been internal to his own mind.

Iæfai (talk) 18:00, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bibeltemplet


text:
User:Porthugh

I live in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. Born and bred on The North Antrim coast of Northern Ireland, I've not walked the East Strand nor rounded the Curran to the White Rocks for an age.

title: User:Porthugh


text:
A1 Mine Settlement

A1 Mine Settlement is a town in Victoria, Australia, located north of Woods Point on the Mansfield - Woods Point Road, in the Shire of Mansfield. The town has also been known as Castle Reef, Castle Point, and Raspberry Creek.

The town began after gold was discovered at Raspberry Creek in 1862. The name "A1" indicated that the quality of the gold mined here was 'First Class'. During the late 1860s the town known as Castle Reef had a population of around 300, a Post Office under that name opening on 11 January 1868 (closing 1875). It included two hotels, a general store, a school, a church, and possibly a restaurant. The town's industry was centred on a crushing machine which worked the three gold reefs in the area. These sites and others were amalgamated into the A1 Mine, which continued operation until 1992.

A receiving office opened here on 1 July 1910; it was later upgraded to a non-official post office and closed on 9 March 1967.

The A1 Mine has historically produced in excess of 450,000 ounces of gold and was one of Australia's longest operating mines having been worked from 1861 through to 1992.

Reworking the A1 Mine

 * August 2009Heron Resources purchased an Option to acquire and reopen the A1 Gold Mine. During the Option period (two years) a feasibility study will be completed using the results from the evaluation program.
 * November 2009Department of Primary Industry Victoria and Mansfield Shire approvals have been received to commence site works required as part of the evaluation program for the A1 Gold Mine. Initial works will involve the setting up of a site office, workshops and ancillary buildings to support mining activities. Community consultation meetings were commenced in 9 September, these are an ongoing part of the evaluation and will continue through the life of the operation. Establishment of the decline portal is expected during November, while dewatering and underground drilling are expected to commence in the New Year when final approvals are received.
 * February 2011Heron Resources sold the A1 Cold Mine to A1 Consolidated Gold who have more than 20 years experience at the A1 Gold Mine. Heron then became a foundation shareholder in A1 Consolidated Gold, by obtaining 19% interest in the company.
 * June 2012A1 Consolidated Gold listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX Code AYC). Some 5000 t of development ore has already been mined. The IPO price has dropped below 10 cents per share.

Fire problems
In 2006, A1 Mine Settlement was threatened by bushfires. Not much of the town remains anymore except a couple of houses which survived. The whole area was burnt including Gaffneys Creek and Ten Mile.

title: A1 Mine Settlement


text:
File:March-st-engine-bay.jpg

Summary
The engine bay of a modified Nissan March Super Turbo, ~180bhp.

Image taken at the Japanese Automobile Extravaganza (JAE), Peterborough, UK in July 2005 by me.

Image can be freely disdributed with my permission.

title: File:March-st-engine-bay.jpg


text: User:TheArcher

title: User:TheArcher


text:
Haji Faiz Mohammed

Haji Faiz Mohammed (محمد حجي فز; born c. 1932) is an elderly Afghan national who was held in extrajudicial detention and interrogated by the United States military in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. Mohammed spent about eight months in Guantanamo and was repatriated on October 28, 2002.

Detention in Guantanamo
Mohammed was flown to the U.S. military detention camp in Guantanamo in 2002 after being swept up in a raid by troops in Afghanistan. An assessment written by the Joint Task Force Guantanamo says. "There is no reason on the record for detainee being transferred to Guantánamo Bay detention facility,"

Faiz was released in October 2002 after being held for eight months, and was put in the Medical Scientific Academy Hospital in Kabul.

Mohammed's age
Mohammed, who American intelligence analysts estimate was approximately 72 years old at the time, said the Americans had initially seized him during a hospital visit in Uruzgan. He says he was blindfolded and bound, then flown to Kandahar in a helicopter.

Reports suggest that he bordered on senile and initially claimed that he was over a hundred years old. The New York Times said that he was "babbling at times like a child...struggled to complete sentences and strained to hear words that were shouted at him."

title: Haji Faiz Mohammed


text:
All I Really Want to Do

"All I Really Want to Do" is a song written by Bob Dylan and featured on his Tom Wilson-produced 1964 album, Another Side of Bob Dylan. It is arguably one of the most popular songs that Dylan wrote in the period immediately after he abandoned topical songwriting. Within a year of its release on Another Side of Bob Dylan, it had also become one of Dylan's most familiar songs to pop and rock audiences, due to hit cover versions by Cher and the Byrds.

Song information
"All I Really Want to Do" was first released on Dylan's 1964 album Another Side of Bob Dylan. The song was also included on the Dylan compilations Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II in 1971 and the 3-disc edition of Dylan in 2007. In addition, two live versions of the song have been released: one, recorded in 1978, on Bob Dylan at Budokan and the other, recorded in 1964, on The Bootleg Series Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall.

Dylan wrote the song in 1964 and recorded it in one take on June 9, 1964. Like other songs on Another Side of Bob Dylan, "All I Really Want to Do" was inspired by Dylan's breakup with Suze Rotolo. "All I Really Want to Do" opens the album with a different attitude than Dylan's previous album, The Times They Are a-Changin'; a playful song about a relationship rather than a finger-pointing political song. Musically simple, though playful, "All I Really Want to Do" is essentially a list of things, physical and psychological, that Dylan does not want to do or be to the listener (perhaps a woman, but just as likely his audience as a whole). Dylan laughs at some of his own jokes in the song, as he parodies typical "boy meets girl" love songs. One interpretation of the song is that it is a parody of male responses to early feminist conversations. Along with another Another Side of Bob Dylan song, "It Ain't Me, Babe," "All I Really Want to Do" questioned the usual assumptions of relationships between men and women, rejecting possessiveness and machismo. The song's chorus features Dylan singing in a high, keening yodel, likely inspired by Hank Williams or Ramblin' Jack Elliott, while disingenuously claiming that all he wants to do is to be friends. "All I Really Want to Do" sees Dylan experimenting with the conventions of the romantic pop song by constructing rhymes within lines and also rhyming the end of every line with the end of the following line.

The first known live concert performance of "All I Really Want to Do" was at the Newport Folk Festival on July 26, 1964. It remained part of Dylan's concert set list for his all acoustic shows in 1965. It returned to Dylan's concert sets in 1978, when Dylan sang it at the end of most shows to the melody of Simon and Garfunkel's "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)". For those shows, he often revised the lyrics, incorporating mischievous verses such as:

Cher version
"All I Really Want to Do" is Cher's debut single. Released in May 1965, it reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 9 on Record Retailer magazine's singles chart. Cher's recording of the song also charted in several other countries during 1965. Cher's version was involved in a chart battle with the Byrds' recording of "All I Really Want to Do" when both versions entered the Billboard Hot 100 during the same week.

Background and release
The initial idea to cover the song came when Cher heard the Byrds perform it during their pre-fame residency at Ciro's nightclub on the Sunset Strip in March 1965. This caused a minor controversy when it was alleged by the Byrds and their management that Cher and her husband, Sonny Bono, had taped one of the Byrds' appearances at Ciro's without permission, in order to utilize some of the band's material for their own releases. However, Cher's version is, in fact, quite different from the Byrds' recording and lacks the Beatlesque bridge that remained unique to their version. In her version, Cher imitates Sonny on alternating lines of the song, to make it sound like a Sonny and Cher song. Ultimately, Cher's cover was the more successful in the U.S., reaching the Billboard top 20, while the Byrds' single faltered at number 40. The reverse was true in the UK, where the Byrds' single reached number 4.

The Byrds' version
"All I Really Want to Do" was the second single by the American folk rock band the Byrds, and was released on June 14, 1965, by Columbia Records. The song was also included on the band's debut album, Mr. Tambourine Man, which was released on June 21, 1965. The version of the song released as a single is a different vocal take to the version found on the Mr. Tambourine Man album, as evidenced by the slight lyrical variations in the song's first verse and the different running times the two versions have; the single is 2:02 minutes in length while the album version is slightly longer at 2:04. The single reached #40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #4 on the Record Retailer chart.

The single was rush-released by the band's record label, Columbia Records, when it transpired that Cher was about to issue a rival cover version of the song on the Imperial label (see above). However, the Byrds and their management were largely unconcerned about Cher's imminent release, feeling that there was sufficient room in the charts for both versions. In fact, the Byrds were reluctant to release another Dylan-penned single at all, feeling that it was somewhat formulaic. However, Columbia was insistent, believing that in the wake of the Byrds' debut single, "Mr. Tambourine Man", another Dylan cover equaled an instant hit. A chart battle ensued, largely instigated by the music press and Columbia (who were determined to bury Cher's release), but ultimately the single stalled at #40 on the U.S. charts, while Cher's cover reached #15. The reverse was true in the UK, however, where the Byrds' version became the fastest selling single in CBS Records' history, finally reaching #4 while Cher's recording peaked at #9.

The Byrds' version of the song is noticeably different in structure to Dylan's. It begins with Jim McGuinn's jangling guitar introduction (played on a 12-string Rickenbacker guitar) and features a substantially changed, ascending melody progression in the chorus, made more attractive by the band's angelic harmonies. In addition, the band completely changed the melody to one of the song's verses, in order to turn it into a Beatlesque, minor-key bridge. Although McGuinn sang lead on most of the song, rhythm guitarist David Crosby sang lead on the middle eight.

Reaction to the single in the press was generally positive, with Billboard magazine commenting "another hot pop, folk-flavoured Bob Dylan tune is offered by the dynamic group." Cash Box said that "the rousing, rhythmic Bob Dylan-penned romancer is given a funky soulful sendoff" and that it should become a hit similar to "Mr. Tambourine Man." Record World felt it was a "fitting and proper sequel to 'Mr. Tambourine Man.'" In the UK, Penny Valentine, writing in Disc, opined "I think this is a marvelous song, but, Byrds fan though I have always been, I prefer the Sonny & Cher  [sic] recording." In the NME, Derek Johnson also praised the single, predicting it would be a UK number one, and commenting "The pattern is much the same as before, with those familiar high-register harmonies – clearly influenced by the West Coast surf sound...coupled with strident twangs throughout, rattling tambourines, and crashing cymbals."

In addition to appearing on the Byrds' debut album, the song is included on several Byrds' compilation albums, including The Byrds' Greatest Hits; The Original Singles: 1965–1967, Volume 1; The Byrds; The Essential Byrds; The Byrds Play Dylan; and There Is a Season.

title: All I Really Want to Do


text:
Jefferies Group

Jefferies Group LLC is an American multinational independent investment bank and financial services company that is headquartered in New York City. The firm provides clients with capital markets and financial advisory services, institutional brokerage, securities research, and asset management. This includes mergers and acquisitions, restructuring, and other financial advisory services. The Capital Markets segment also includes its securities trading (including the results of its indirectly partially owned subsidiary, Jefferies High Yield Trading, LLC) and investment banking activities.

On November 12, 2012, Jefferies announced its merger with Leucadia National Corporation, its largest shareholder. At that time, Leucadia common shares were trading at $21.14 per share. As of December 31, 2015, Leucadia shares were trading at $17.39 per share. Jefferies remains independent and is the largest operating company within the Jefferies Financial Group, as Leucadia was renamed in May 2018.

On March 1, 2013, along with the closing of the merger, Jefferies & Company, Inc. was converted to a limited liability company and re-branded as Jefferies LLC. It is a subsidiary of Jefferies Group LLC, which itself is a subsidiary of Jefferies Financial Group, formerly Leucadia.

1962–1987
Jefferies was founded by Boyd Jefferies in 1962. The firm started with $30,000 in borrowed capital, which Boyd Jefferies used to purchase a seat on the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange. In the early years, the firm was a successful trader and pioneer in what would be called the "third market", which allowed for the trading of listed stocks directly between institutional investors in an over-the-counter style, providing liquidity and anonymity to buyers. In addition to its third market niche, Jefferies pioneered use of the split commissions in 1964. By 1965, Jefferies had joined the Detroit, Midwest, Boston, and Philadelphia stock exchanges. In 1967, the company joined the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), opening a five-person office in New York. The growing third market helped Jefferies become the seventh largest firm in size and trading on the NYSE during those years.

Jefferies was acquired in 1969 by Minneapolis-based Investors Diversified Services (IDS), the second largest U.S. financial services company at the time, and resigned all its stock exchange memberships. Jefferies saw the acquisition as a means to increase the size of its institutional business with additional capital. However, because IDS did not derive at least 50 percent of its gross income from broker-dealer operations, Jefferies had to quit the New York exchange under Exchange Rule 318. In 1971, IDS and Jefferies filed an antitrust lawsuit against the exchange, seeking $6 million in damages. Jefferies and its parent company claimed that the NYSE Big Board was an illegal monopoly and that exclusion had placed the company at a competitive disadvantage. In 1973 the presiding judge informed the NYSE that he planned to rule in Jefferies' favour. Membership was opened to brokerage firms owned by other kinds of companies, so long as 80 percent of brokerage was conducted with the public. Jefferies rejoined the exchange in March 1973.

The period during which IDS owned Jefferies was tumultuous and ultimately in September 1973 Boyd Jefferies bought back the company, then based in Los Angeles. By 1977, Jefferies had expanded with offices in Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Dallas, Boston, and Atlanta.

Jefferies went public on October 13, 1983, with an initial offering of 1.75 million shares at $13 per share. By 1984, according to Business Week, Jefferies was among the ten most profitable publicly held brokerages. International expansion led the company to develop a new overseas office in London, headed by Frank Baxter. In 1986, Baxter became president and chief operating officer, returning to New York to manage the company.

In 1987, Boyd Jefferies was charged by the government and the Securities and Exchange Commission with two securities violations: "parking" stock for a customer Ivan Boesky and a customer margin violation. Jefferies, who had also earlier testified against Boesky, pleaded guilty; receiving a fine and a probation barring him from the securities industry for five years. The company itself was not charged but its brokerage unit was censured by the SEC. Boyd Jefferies resigned from the company in 1987.

1988–1999
Frank Baxter took over as CEO in 1987 and under his leadership the company focused on diversification, moving beyond its third market niche. In 1990, Jefferies derived approximately 80 percent of its revenues from equity block trades. In that year, following the collapse of Los Angeles-based Drexel Burnham Lambert, the fifth largest investment bank at the time, Jefferies hired 60 of its bankers and traders, including Jefferies' current chairman and CEO, Richard B. Handler. The hires marked the firm's entry into the high yield markets and investment banking. Three years later Jefferies launched its first sector-focused investment banking effort by hiring a group of bankers from Howard Weil, an oil and gas specialty boutique. In March 1994, Jefferies acquired a 25% stake in BBY, an Australian stockbroking and corporate advisory firm.

Baxter's expansion plans also included global expansion in electronic trading, corporate finance, international convertible sales and derivative sales. Jefferies also moved quickly into the fourth market: off-exchange, computer-based (electronic) trading. In the fourth market the broker's position was eliminated by the Portfolio System for Institutional Trading (POSIT) that traded portfolios and matched buyers and sellers automatically. The company created a wholly owned subsidiary, Investment Technology Group in 1987 to run POSIT. Investment Technology Group was eventually spun off as a separate public company in 1999.

2000–2010
In January 2000 Frank Baxter stepped down as president of Jefferies and relinquished the CEO title later that year. In January 2001, Handler became chairman and CEO; and John Shaw became sole president and COO. Handler and Shaw set out to build a fully integrated investment bank and to develop a merchant bank. The new leadership proposed to give equity to every employee and diversify the firm's revenue with asset management, a more aggressive buildup of investment banking and merchant banking. In September 2001, the firm moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to New York. During this period, Jefferies built its investment banking division primarily by acquiring boutique advisory firms with specific sector expertise, most notably Randall & Dewey (energy) and Broadview (technology). Significant acquisitions during this period included:

 * FS Private Investments, renamed Jefferies Capital Partners, 2001
 * Lawrence Helfant, a NYSE Floor Broker Unit, August 2001
 * Quarterdeck Investment Partners, an aerospace and defense advisory firm, December 2002
 * Broadview International, a technology-focused advisory firm, December 2003
 * Randall & Dewey, an energy-focused advisory firm, February 2005
 * Helix, a private equity fund placement firm, May 2005
 * LongAcre Partners, a media advisory firm, May 2007
 * Putnam Lovell, a financial services advisory firm, July 2007
 * Depfa First Albany Securities, municipal securities, March 2009
 * Bache & Co., FX, commodities and options trading, July 2011
 * Hoare Govett, corporate broking, February 2012

Beginning in 2008, Jefferies took advantage of the dislocation created during the credit crisis to enter several new business segments, including mortgage-backed securities and municipal bonds. On June 17, 2009, after several primary dealers, including Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, and Merrill Lynch, either collapsed or were acquired by other firms, Jefferies was named one of just 17 primary dealers participating in the New York Fed's open-market buying and selling of securities and Treasury auctions and providing market information to the New York Fed.

Beginning in 2009 the firm expanded its European businesses. Its new European Rates unit, based in London, became an official member of the Federal Republic of Germany's bidding group in October 2009, a Gilt-Edged Market Maker (GEMM) appointed jointly by the UK Debt Management Office and London Stock Exchange, and was recognized as a Dutch Primary Dealer by the Dutch State Treasury, both in December 2009. Additionally, in February 2010 Jefferies was appointed as an EBT (Especialistas em Bilhetes do Tesouro) for Treasury Bills and as an OMP (Operadores de Mercado Primário) for long-term bonds by the Portuguese Treasury and Government Debt Agency (Instituto de Gestão da Tesouraria e do Crédito Público, IGCP). Jefferies is also providing liquidity across the whole spectrum of other European government bonds.

In June 2009 the firm hired more than 35 healthcare-focused investment banking professionals from UBS. UBS's health care group, then led by Benjamin Lorello, was a major moneymaker for the firm. The group had closed more than $567 billion in transactions since 2005, generating in excess of $1 billion in revenues for UBS. Since moving to Jefferies, the healthcare group has been ranked the #1 bookrunner in number of healthcare follow-on equity transactions and the #1 ranked financial advisor in number of healthcare M&A transactions.

2010 onward
In November 2011, Jefferies was accused by Egan-Jones of having 77% of its shareholder's equity tied up in the same illiquid sovereign debt securities that just toppled MF Global. This was accompanied by a concurrent large-scale short seller attack and a campaign of what turned out to be misinformation. Handler and the management team responded with unprecedented immediacy and transparency, collapsed 75% of the position to prove the bonds were hedged and highly liquid, sharply reduced the rest of Jefferies balance sheet and publicly addressed every false accusation. This aggressive and unconventional response resulted in an eventual 100% increase in Jefferies share price from the November lows. Leucadia, a 29% shareholder, later called this event Jefferies' "finest hour."

On April 16, 2012, Jefferies CEO Richard Handler and Chairman of the Executive Committee Brian Friedman formed the Jefferies Global Senior Advisory Board which includes James D Robinson III, Lord Hollick, Michael Goldstein, Bernard Bourigeaud, Dennis Archer, Gilles Pélisson and Sir David Reid.

On August 1, 2012, Knight Capital took a pre-tax loss of $440m due to a trading glitch. On Sunday Aug 5 the company managed to raise around $400 million from six investors led by Jefferies in an attempt to stay in business after the trading error. Jefferies CEO Richard Handler and Executive Committee Chair Brian Friedman structured and led the rescue and Jefferies purchased $125 million of the $400 million investment and became Knight's largest shareholder.

On November 12, 2012, Jefferies announced its merger with Leucadia, its largest (28%) shareholder. Leucadia is often referred to as a Baby Berkshire because of its similarities to Berkshire Hathaway. Jefferies was valued at $3.8 billion and at the time of the acquisition the newly combined company had $9.4 billion of shareholder's equity, over $5 billion of cash, and $4 billion of net operating loss ("NOL") tax credits. Jefferies remains independent and is the largest operating company within Leucadia. Richard Handler became CEO of Leucadia while retaining his position as CEO of Jefferies. Brian Friedman became President of Leucadia while retaining his duties at Jefferies. Ian Cumming retired as CEO of Leucadia and remains a Board Member and Joe Steinberg became Chairman of Leucadia.

In September 2014, Jefferies announced a $500 million deal with CircleBack Lending, which was the largest of its kind at the time. They aimed to leverage their experience with securitization markets to structure securities upheld by CircleBack Lending assets, which could then be rated and sold to an array of investors. In June 2015, the first securitization from this deal took place, totaling $106 million.

The Jefferies Group's 2019 third-quarter financial report indicated a fall in the net revenue and net income numbers, a potential consequence from the $146 million non-cash charge the company took to reflect its fair value reduction of its holdings in the We Company.

On December 9, 2019, the United States Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) ordered Jefferies to pay close to $4 million, for their inappropriate handling of American depositary receipts (ADR).

On April 5, 2021, it was announced that Jefferies Group would be coordinating the GameStop Corporation at the market sale associated with their Securities and Exchange Commission filing that it will raise up to $1 billion by selling as many as 3.5 million new shares of common stock.

Operations
Jefferies has coverage groups spanning across all industries including Aerospace & Defense, Business Services, CleanTech, Consumer & Retail, Energy, Financial Institutions Group, Financial Sponsors, Gaming & Leisure, Healthcare, Industrials, Maritime, Media, Public Finance, Real Estate & Lodging, Technology, and Telecommunications.

The firm also provides investors fundamental research and trade execution in equity, equity-linked, and fixed income securities, including corporate bonds, United States government and agency securities, repo finance, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, municipal bonds, whole loans, and emerging market debt, as well as commodities and derivatives. In addition, Jefferies provides asset management services and products to institutions and other investors.

The Group Global Headquarters is located in New York City, the European and Asian Headquarters are in London and Hong Kong, respectively. Jefferies has over 30 offices worldwide including Boston, Charlotte, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago as well as in leading financial centers around the world that include Frankfurt, Zürich, Amsterdam, Singapore, Shanghai, Tokyo, and Mumbai.

title: Jefferies Group


text:
Bailey v. Alabama

Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911), was a United States Supreme Court case that overturned the peonage laws of Alabama.

The Supreme Court considered the validity of the Alabama state court's ruling that Alabama statute (§ 4730 of the Code of Alabama of 1896, as amended in 1903 and 1907) was constitutional. The law read:

"Any person who, with intent to injure or defraud his employer, enters into a contract in writing for the performance of any act of service, and thereby obtains money or other property from such employer, and with like intent, and without just cause, and without refunding such money, or paying for such property, refuses or fails to perform such act or service, must on conviction be punished...."

Alonzo Bailey was an African American from Alabama who agreed to work for The Riverside Company for one year at $12 per month. He received an advance of $15. After working for a little over a month he stopped work but did not refund any money. According to Alabama law such refusal to work and refund the money was prima facie evidence of intent to defraud. The evidence presented against Bailey at trial was testimony that he stopped working, without cause, failed to repay the $15 advanced to him and that he was a Black man.

The United States Supreme Court found that holding a person criminally liable for taking money for work not performed was akin to indentured servitude, outlawed by the Thirteenth Amendment, as it required that person to work rather than be found guilty of a crime.

Opinion
The Supreme Court began its majority analysis, written by Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes, by dismissing any importance of fact that the plaintiff was a Black man. The Court then analyzed the statute at issue using the Alabama Supreme Court's decision in Ex Parte Riley, 94 Ala. 82 (1892) and stated, "To justify conviction, it was necessary that this intent should be established by competent evidence, aided only by such inferences as might logically be derived from the facts proved, and should not be the subject of mere surmise or arbitrary assumption." However, after the 1903 amendment to the Alabama law at issue here, the prosecution no longer had to prove intent to injure or defraud. The Court took issue with that change stating: "Whatever the reason for leaving the service, if, judged by the terms of the contract, it is insufficient in law, it is not 'just cause.' The money received and repayable, nothing more being shown, constitutes a mere debt. The asserted difficulty of proving the intent to injure or defraud is thus made the occasion for dispensing with such proof, so far as the prima facie case is concerned."

The Court continued by stating that without the inference created by statute in this case, Bailey would not have been convicted. The Court then turned to the constitutionality of compulsory service as required by the law.

"[A]lthought the statute in terms is to punish fraud, still its natural and inevitable effect is to expose to conviction for crime those who simply fail or refuse to perform contracts for personal service in liquidation of a debt; and judging its purpose by its effect, that it seeks in this way to provide the means of compulsion through which performance of such service may be secured."

The Court continued by discussing the meaning of the Thirteenth Amendment and the broad reading of involuntary servitude. Further, in discussing peonage, stated, "The essence of the thing is compulsory service in payment of a debt. A peon is one who is compelled to work for his creditor until his debt is paid." The Court again discussed the broad interpretation of the Thirteenth Amendment, "in this explicit and comprehensive enactment, Congress was not concerned with mere names or manner of description.... It was concerned with a fact, wherever it might exist; with a condition, however named and wherever it might be established, maintained, or enforced."

Analyzing the law by its effects rather than its pretense, the Court held that a contract may expose a debtor to the responsibility for his debt but not enforced labor.

Finally, the Court states, "what the state may not do directly, it may not do indirectly." Thus, the creation of a statutory presumption to facilitate convictions for failure to pay a debt that could not be otherwise prosecuted was found to be invalid. Further, the peonage laws of Alabama were found to be contrary to the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and therefore unconstitutional.

Justice Oliver Holmes dissented in this case. His analysis stated that adding a criminal sanction to a law with civil liability already in place goes to strengthen the law itself. Also, if a fine may be imposed, there must be punishment for nonpayment, which, in this case, is prison. His logic continued by stating that indentured servitude, as a punishment for a crime, is expressly outside the reach of the Thirteenth Amendment:

"To sum up, I think that obtaining money by fraud may be made a crime as well as murder or theft; that a false representation, expressed or implied, at the time of making a contract of labor, that one intends to perform it, and thereby obtaining an advance, may be declared a case of fraudulently obtaining money as well as any other; that if made a crime it may be punished like any other crime; and that an unjustified departure from the promised service without repayment may be declared a sufficient case to go to the jury for their judgment; all without in any way infringing the Thirteenth Amendment or the statutes of the United States."

title: Bailey v. Alabama


text: User talk:71.208.247.154

title: User talk:71.208.247.154


text:
Frugality

Frugality is the quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent, or economical in the consumption of resources such as food, time or money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or extravagance.

In behavioral science, frugality has been defined as the tendency to acquire goods and services in a restrained manner, and resourceful use of already-owned economic goods and services, to achieve a longer term goal.

Strategies
Common techniques of frugality include reduction of waste, curbing costly habits, suppressing instant gratification by means of fiscal self-restraint, seeking efficiency, avoiding traps, defying expensive social norms, detecting and avoiding manipulative advertising, embracing cost-free options, using barter, and staying well-informed about local circumstances and both market and product/service realities.

Frugality may contribute to health by leading people to avoid products that are both expensive and unhealthy when used to excess. Frugal living is practiced by those who aim to cut expenses, have more money, and get the most they possibly can from their money.

US history
American Colonial Period (17th and 18th centuries): Frugality was intertwined with moral and religious values among the population of Puritan and Quaker settlers in American society. They emphasized the virtues of productive work for the benefit of society and frowned upon unnecessary consumption. Laws were enacted in colonies like Massachusetts and Pennsylvania to regulate extravagant spending, reflecting the religious belief that individuals should not indulge in luxurious living. The Great Awakening religious revival of the 1730s emphasized the virtues of simple living, and further reinforced the importance of frugality. A shift towards consumerism began to emerge as the century progressed. Colonists began acquiring imported luxury goods and amassing debts with the British. This can be considered the start of consumerist desire in America, and lead to the gradual departure from frugality.

Antebellum Period (early 19th century): The United States experienced significant economic growth and social change during the Antebellum Period, which influenced frugality discourses in various ways. Middle-class women played an increasingly active role in making household purchases. Figures like Lyman Beecher preached the conservative and moralistic messages of Christian simplicity which mirrored Puritan ideals of frugality. Concerns about materialism undermining social order were widespread including ministers' sermon's warnings against luxury and excess. Retailers like Alexander Turney Stewart experimented with the concept of department stores and larger-scale merchandising formats began to emerge. Consumer culture started growing as distribution methods improved and advertising became more advanced. The Antebellum Period was a transitional phase in American consumer culture, where traditional values of frugality coexisted with consumerism.

During the Gilded Age (in the late 19th century), a notable critique emerged of excessive consumption and the glaring wealth disparity prevalent in society. In the Gilded Age, characterized by industrialization and urbanization, consumer culture flourished with aggressive advertising and the feminization of shopping spaces. Thorstein Veblen's critique in "Theory of the Leisure Class" highlighted conspicuous consumption as a means of social distinction, while authors like Edith Wharton and Charles Wagner advocated for a simplified life amidst growing materialism. John Wanamaker's embrace of simplicity, despite his wealth, exemplified the paradox of promoting frugality while profiting from consumerism in ornate department stores.

In World War I the ethos of conservation and thrift gained further traction, especially during World War I (Hauerwas, "War and the American Difference: Theological Reflections on Violence and National Identity"). Governments and organizations promoted these values as essential for supporting the war effort and ensuring resources were allocated efficiently. Citizens were encouraged to practice frugality through rationing programs and voluntary austerity measures to conserve supplies for troops abroad. In the early 20th century, frugality gained prominence in the U.S, spurred by events like World War I and the Great Depression. Figures like Stuart Chase promoted thrift as a patriotic duty, leading to the National Thrift Movement. The 1930s saw a populist backlash against excess, with media and advertising promoting controlled consumption amid economic hardship. Despite fears of consumerism's collapse, ingrained habits persisted, reflecting the enduring tension between aspiration and austerity in American society.

During World War II (September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945), the United States government launched poster campaigns which promoted frugality to American consumers, which included advocations for thrifty behavior, recycling, adherence to price controls and rationing laws, and more. Posters promoted conservation efforts such as saving gasoline and automobile tires and encouraged Americans to recycle materials such as tin cans and waste fats for ammunition and explosives. Commercial advertising at this time also incorporated frugality appeals. Companies such as Texaco, the American Gas Association, and the Bell Telephone System encouraged responsible consumption and energy-saving behavior. Newspapers, magazines, and private companies were also promoting frugal consumption, encouraging Americans to practice behaviors to conserve food such as meal planning and home canning. As a result of the promotion of conservation efforts, Americans responded by recycling 538 million pounds of waste fats, 23 million tons of paper, 800 million pounds of tin, and planting 50 million victory gardens. Due to increased military spending, consumers faced shortages and restrictions on goods as a result of resource redirection for raw materials and production. Frugality became a major topic in public discourse during this period of time. Most Americans accepted the limitations placed on private consumption during World War II. Following the war, there was a rapid transition from frugal consumption to consumerism as a result of economic barriers disappearing, leading to economic expansion.

Late 20th century (1970s): The rapid change of technology during this time changed the way consumerism was perceived. With the emergence of new products the realm of luxury items changed from handbags and luxury cars to electronics, computers, the internet and social media. Consumers began to reimagine society through an environmental lens when the National Science and Technology Policy Organization and Priorities Act of 1976 was passed, it pushed for the frugal use of resources for the future development of technologies. Consumers changed the way they searched for products by implementing the concept of thrifting, through this expression environmental movements were able to gain momentum. The economic shift from mainstream items to thrifting gave consumers a place to separate from the pressure of social stratification. The thrift industry during the late 20th century emphasized the need of systemic savings and mutual savings across social classes. In 1987 the concept of thrifting began to slowly decline as the consumer market began too slowly evolve with the creation of new technologies. Frugality within the American society declined as a result, with the concepts of energy frugal and material frugalness being the only to be adapted into society. The reshaping of consumerism was driven by the advancement of technology.

Philosophy
In the context of some belief systems, frugality is a philosophy in which one does not trust (or is deeply wary of) "expert" knowledge from commercial markets or corporate cultures, claiming to know what is in the best economic, material, or spiritual interests of the individual.

Different spiritual communities consider frugality to be a virtue or a spiritual discipline. The Religious Society of Friends and the Puritans are examples of such groups. The philosophy behind this is that people ought to save money to allocate it to more charitable purposes, such as helping others in need.

Benjamin Franklin paired frugality with industry as the key virtues for financial security: "[W]aste neither time nor money, but make the best use of both. Without industry and frugality nothing will do, and with them everything." Cicero agreed, arguing that "men don't understand how great a revenue sparingness is."

There are also environmentalists who consider frugality to be a virtue through which humans can make use of their ancestral skills as hunter-gatherers, carrying little and needing little, and finding meaning in nature instead of man-made conventions or religion. Henry David Thoreau expressed a similar philosophy in Walden, with his zest for self-reliance and minimal possessions while living simply in the woods. Degrowth movement advocates use the term "frugal abundance" to denote the enjoyment of a simple, yet culturally, emotionally and spiritually rich, life through which one's necessities are achieved through collective sufficiency respecting the Earth's limits.

Corporate world
Frugality has been adopted as a strategic imperative by large enterprises as a means of cost reduction through engendering a philosophy of careful spending among the workforce. Cost reduction is often perceived negatively, be it within a corporate organisation or in society, so inviting each employee to embrace frugality transfers the burden of cost reduction from management to the employee. In doing so, corporations introduce a moral obligation to cost cutting, proposing that careful management of costs is in the company, shareholder, and employee's best interests.

title: Frugality


text:
Kevington, Victoria

Kevington is a town in Victoria, Australia, located south of Jamieson on the Mansfield - Woods Point Road, in the Shire of Mansfield. The Goulburn River runs through Kevington.

The town began as a small settlement in 1862 when J. S. Garrett opened a beer house on the road between Jamieson and Gaffneys Creek. When gold was discovered at the nearby Lucks All and Star Of The West mines, the settlement grew to include stores, butchers, and private residences. The town was surveyed and named Kevington. Eventually the town died, and the nearby town of Mack's Creek took on the name Kevington. The Post Office at Mack's Creek opened on 1 November 1865 and was renamed Kevington on 1 October 1884 (closing in 1974).

The Kevington Hotel (popularly known as the Kevington Hilton or the Kevy Pub) currently stands on the site of Garrett's original beer house. The Kevington Hotel was refurbished between 2007 and 2017.

title: Kevington, Victoria


text:
Hanna Fenichel Pitkin

Hanna Fenichel Pitkin (July 17, 1931 – May 6, 2023) was an American political theorist. She was best known for her seminal study The Concept of Representation, published in 1967.

Pitkin's diverse interests ranged from the history of European political thought from ancient to modern times, through ordinary language philosophy and textual analysis, to issues of psychoanalysis and gender in political and social theory.

Biography
Pitkin was born on July 17, 1931. She was a professor emeritus of political science at the University of California, Berkeley. Daughter of Otto Fenichel, Pitkin was born in Berlin and emigrated to the United States in 1938; her family had fled Nazi Germany for Oslo and Prague in the interim. She received her Doctor of Philosophy degree from UC Berkeley in 1961. In 1982, she was granted the Distinguished Teaching Award from UC Berkeley.

Pitkin died on May 6, 2023, at the age of 91.

Political representation
In The Concept of Representation Pitkin described four types of representation: formalistic, descriptive, symbolic and substantive.

Books
Pitkin's books were The Concept of Representation (1967), Wittgenstein and Justice (1972, 1984, 1992), and Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccolò Machiavelli (1984, 1999), in addition to numerous articles and edited volumes. In 1998 she published The Attack of the Blob: Hannah Arendt's Concept of "the Social". A wide selection of her writings is collected and thematized in Hanna Fenichel Pitkin: Politics, Justice, Action (2016).

Awards and legacy
In 2003, she was awarded the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science "for her groundbreaking theoretical work, predominantly on the problem of representation". She was married to political theorist John Schaar. Some of her students are noteworthy political scientists such as David Laitin (Stanford University), Dan Avnon (Hebrew University, Jerusalem), Lisa Wedeen (University of Chicago), and Mary G. Dietz (Northwestern University).

title: Hanna Fenichel Pitkin


text:
Robert Collyer

Robert Collyer (December 8, 1823 – November 30, 1912) was an American Unitarian clergyman.

Biography
Collyer was born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England, on December 8, 1823; the family moved to Blubberhouses within a month of his birth. At the age of eight he was compelled to leave school and support himself by work in a linen factory. He was naturally studious, however, and supplemented his scant schooling by night study. At fourteen he was apprenticed to a blacksmith, Jacky Birch—who had taught the trade to Samuel Collyer, Robert's father, in Blubberhouses–and for several years worked at this trade at Ilkley. In 1849 he became a local Methodist minister. In the same year, his wife Harriet died on 1 February, and his infant daughter Jane on 4 February.

In the following year emigrated to the United States, where he obtained employment as a hammer maker at Shoemakersville, Pennsylvania. Here he soon began to preach on Sundays while still employed in the factory on weekdays. His earnest, rugged, simple style of oratory made him extremely popular, and at once secured for him a wide reputation. His advocacy of anti-slavery principles, then frowned upon by the Methodist authorities, aroused opposition, and eventually resulted in his trial for heresy and the revocation of his licence. He continued, however, as an independent preacher and lecturer, and in 1859, having joined the Unitarian Church, became a missionary of that church in Chicago, Illinois working as the first minister-at-large of the First Unitarian Church of Chicago. In 1860 he organized and became pastor of the Unity Church, the second Unitarian church in Chicago. Under his guidance the church grew to be one of the strongest of that denomination in the West, and Collyer himself came to be looked upon as one of the foremost pulpit orators in the country. During the American Civil War, he was active in the work of the Sanitary Commission. In 1870 he served as president of the Chicago-Colorado Colony which founded the city of Longmont, Colorado.

In 1879, he left Chicago and became pastor of the Church of the Messiah (now renamed the Community Church) in New York City. Later he brought his old friend, the popular writer and hymnodist, Minot Judson Savage, to assist him in his ministry. In 1883, when he visited Birmingham in England, he engaged Marie Bethell Beauclerc to report and edit his sermons and prayers which were published during the same year.

Collyer was invited to be a featured speaker at the 14th Annual Convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). There, on the evening of October 10, 1883, he spoke of his wife and his thoughts on the women's rights movement. His speech was summarized in the AWSA's Woman's Journal: "After his honeymoon, he said, he discovered that his wife had a will and a way of her own. When she insisted upon having her way he would quote to her what Paul said about the subjection of women to their husbands, and on one occasion she replied, "O bother Paul! what did he know about it?" At length his wife would so persist in having her way that he would say, "My dear, we will try the matter and see how it works," which she wanted done and he did not. The men are now thinking about the woman question, said Mr. Collyer, and by and by, in every State, and county, and town the men would say, "My dear, we will try woman suffrage," and it will be said that the greatest and best and sweetest of movements in our country was that which gave her the right of suffrage. [Applause.]"

In 1903 Collyer became pastor emeritus. In 1907 a bronze portrait bust of Collyer by Frances Darlington was presented to Ilkley public library, in his former home town, when he visited England and was invited to open the library. He died in New York on November 30, 1912.

Publications
He published:
 * Nature and Life (1867)
 * A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant (1868)
 * The Life That Now Is (1871)
 * The Simple Truth (1877)
 * Talks to Young Men: With Asides to Young Women (1888)
 * Things New and Old (1893)
 * Father Taylor (1906)
 * Ilkley: Ancient and Modern (with Joseph Horsfall Turner, 1885)
 * ''How and What to Read (Texas Chautauqua Assembly)

title: Robert Collyer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guamania

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:43, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Guamania
Tagged as nonsense, but isn't patent nonsense. Sounds pretty well made up, though. Delete some amazing verification notforthcoming. -Splash talk 01:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obvious hoax. --Russ Blau (talk) 02:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Word salad. -- Corvus 03:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN it. It's funny. - Sensor 03:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just Placed it on BJAODN too funny to pass up except the history part. --JAranda | watz sup 04:12, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Lots of this discription fits Canada, including the old school Ontario flag, the population number, and the history. Very strange, however. Delete.--CastAStone 05:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Humor value isn't sufficient to keep this page around.  --Nlu 05:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, speedily if possible; the author apparently gave up on his desire to parody Canada about halfway through the article. --Metropolitan90 06:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong vote: SPEEDY Delete. Obvious Hoax.  And not even funny. --Tedzsee 06:33, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Privat  e   Butcher  21:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax CLW 22:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Optichan 19:47, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:PaulEdwards

Dear Prof. Edwards,

The work was indeed based on your work (a quite admirable work, in my mind), and cites you and it explicitly in the text. However if you feel that it is too derivative, I'm happy to cut it down quite a bit and resynthesize it. It is not Wikipedia policy to mark things as used "with permission" but to re-write them from scratch based on other works, citing them of course as references; this is in part because of our own licensing scheme.

It was not the desire to take anything away from your work, and I'll make a personal attempt to make this something you can be happier with. If there have been explicit overlaps from your work, it is likely from some form of cryptonesia and certainly not an attempt at copyright violation. There is no attempt to take away credit, it is simply an attempt to share some of the factual information which you dutifully researched, and attribute all major conclusions to you.

The goal is to produce an article about the Operation which gives the basic factual information in a condensed and synthesized form with references and citations for people wanting more information to turn to your work. The only purpose here is increasing the available knowledge in the world, and it is not meant to in any way diminish your own work and achievement. I'm sorry this was not to your satisfaction and take this seriously.

I'll give a complete work-over, though. Please feel free to check back in a few days and let me know what you think.

--Fastfission 01:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PaulEdwards


text: User talk:69.111.17.231

title: User talk:69.111.17.231


text: User talk:68.98.149.83

title: User talk:68.98.149.83