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Critique of the Kantian philosophy

"Critique of the Kantian philosophy" (German: "Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie") is a criticism Arthur Schopenhauer appended to the first volume of his The World as Will and Representation (1818). He wanted to show Immanuel Kant's errors so that Kant's merits would be appreciated and his achievements furthered.

At the time he wrote his criticism, Schopenhauer was acquainted only with the second (1787) edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. When he later read the first (1781) edition, he said that many of Kant's contradictions were not evident.

Kant's merits
According to Schopenhauer's essay, Kant's three main merits are as follows:
 * 1) The distinction of the phenomenon from the thing-in-itself (Ding an sich)
 * 2) * The intellect mediates between things and knowledge
 * 3) * Locke's primary qualities result from the mind's activity, just as his secondary qualities result from receptivity at any of the five senses
 * 4) * A priori knowledge is separate from a posteriori knowledge
 * 5) * The ideal and the real are diverse from each other
 * 6) * Transcendental philosophy goes beyond dogmatic philosophy's "eternal truths", such as the principle of contradiction and the principle of sufficient reason. It shows that those "truths" are based on necessary forms of thought that exist in the mind.
 * 7) The explanation of how the moral significance of human conduct is different from the laws that are concerned with phenomena
 * 8) * The significance is directly related to the thing-in-itself, the innermost nature of the world
 * 9) Religious scholastic philosophy is completely overthrown by the demonstration of the impossibility of proofs for speculative theology and also for rational psychology, or reasoned study of the soul

Schopenhauer also said that Kant's discussion, on pages A534 to A550, of the contrast between empirical and intelligible characters is one of Kant's most profound ideas. Schopenhauer asserted that it is among the most admirable things ever said by a human.
 * The empirical character of a phenomenon is completely determined
 * The intelligible character of a phenomenon is free. It is the thing-in-itself which is experienced as a phenomenon.

Perceptions and concepts
Kant wanted to make the table of judgments the key to all knowledge. In so doing, he was concerned with making a system and did not think of defining terms such as perception and conception, as well as reason, understanding, subject, object, and others.

Fundamental error: Kant did not distinguish between the concrete, intuitive, perceptual knowledge of objects and the abstract, discursive, conceptual, knowledge of thoughts.
 * Kant began his investigation into knowledge of perceived objects by considering indirect, reflective knowledge of concepts instead of direct, intuitive knowledge of perceptions.
 * For Kant, there is absolutely no knowledge of an object unless there is thought which employs abstract concepts. For him, perception is not knowledge because it is not thought. In general, Kant claimed that perception is mere sensation.
 * In accordance with Kant's claim, non-human animals would not be able to know objects. Animals would only know impressions on their sense organs, which Kant mistakenly called perception. Kant had erroneously asserted that full, perceived objects, not mere sensations, were given to the mind by the sense organs. Perception, however, according to Schopenhauer, is intellectual and is a product of the Understanding. Perception of an object does not result from the mere data of the senses. It requires the Understanding. Therefore, if animals do not have Understanding, in accordance with Kant, then they have only Sensation, which, Schopenhauer claimed, gives only raw sense data, not perceived objects.
 * Schopenhauer considered the following sentences on page A253 of the Critique of Pure Reason to encapsulate all of Kant's errors:
 * If all thought (by means of categories) is taken away from empirical knowledge, no knowledge of any object remains, because nothing can be thought by mere intuition or perception. The simple fact that there is within me an affection of my sensibility, establishes in no way any relation of such a representation to any object.
 * On page A253, Kant stated that no knowledge of any object would remain if all thought by means of categories were removed from empirical knowledge.
 * Schopenhauer claimed that perception occurs without conceptual thought.
 * On page A253, Kant stated that a concept without an intuition is not empty. It still has the form of thought.
 * Schopenhauer claimed that perceived representations are the content of a concept. Without them, the concept is empty.

Transcendental analytic

 * Kant asserted that metaphysics is knowledge a priori, or before experience. As a result, he concluded that the source of metaphysics cannot be inner or outer experience.
 * Schopenhauer claimed that metaphysics must understand inner and outer experience in order to know the world and not empty forms. Kant did not prove that the material for knowing the world is outside of the experience of the world and merely in the forms of knowledge.
 * Kant's writing was obscure.
 * Kant took the Greek word noumena, which meant "that which is thought," and used it to mean "things-in-themselves." (See Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Book I, Chapter 13: "Anaxagoras opposed what is thought (noumena) to what appears or is perceived (phenomena).")
 * Kant tried to create a logical, overly-symmetrical system without reflecting on its contents.
 * He didn't clearly explain the meaning of and relationships between represented objects, representing subjects, existence, truth, illusion, error, sensations, judgments, words, concepts, perceptions, understanding, and reason.

Concepts

 * Kant didn't clearly explain concepts in general:
 * Concepts of the understanding (common concepts and categories).
 * Concepts of Reason (Ideas of God, Freedom, and Immortality).
 * He divided reason into theoretical and practical, making practical reason the source of virtuous conduct.

Idealism

 * Kant altered his first edition to:
 * suppress the idealistic assertion that objects are conditioned by the knowing subject;

Object-in-itself and thing-in-itself
According to Schopenhauer, there is a difference between an object-in-itself and a thing-in-itself. There is no object-in-itself. An object is always an object for a subject. An object is really a representation of an object. On the other hand, a thing-in-itself, for Kant, is completely unknown. It cannot be spoken of at all without employing categories (pure concepts of the understanding). A thing-in-itself is that which appears to an observer when the observer experiences a representation.

 * Kant altered his first edition to:
 * claim that the spatially external thing-in-itself causes sensations in the sense organs of the knowing subject.
 * Kant tried to explain how:
 * a perceived object, not mere raw sensation, is given to the mind by sensibility (sensation, space, and time), and
 * how the human understanding produces an experienced object by thinking twelve categories.
 * Kant doesn't explain how something external causes sensation in a sense organ.
 * He didn't explain whether the object of experience (the object of knowledge which is the result of the application of the categories) is a perceptual representation or an abstract concept. He mixed up the perceptible and the abstract so that an absurd hybrid of the two resulted.
 * There is a contradiction between the object experienced by the senses and the object experienced by the understanding.
 * Kant claims that representation of an object occurs both
 * through reception of one or more of the five senses, and
 * through the activity of the understanding's twelve categories.
 * Sensation and understanding are separate and distinct abilities. Yet, for Kant, an object is known through each of them.
 * This contradiction is the source of the obscurity of the Transcendental Logic.
 * Kant's incorrect triple distinction:
 * Representation (given to one or more of the 5 senses, and to the sensibilities of space and time)
 * Object that is represented (thought through the 12 categories)
 * Thing-in-itself (cannot be known).
 * Schopenhauer claimed that Kant's represented object is false. The true distinction is only between the representation and the thing-in-itself.
 * For Schopenhauer, the law of causality, which relates only to the representation and not to the thing-in-itself, is the real and only form of the understanding. The other 11 categories are therefore unnecessary because there is no represented object to be thought through them.
 * Kant sometimes spoke of the thing-in-itself as though it was an object that caused changes in a subject's senses. Schopenhauer affirmed that the thing-in-itself was totally different from phenomena and therefore had nothing to do with causality or being an object for a subject.
 * Excessive fondness for symmetry:
 * Origin of Kant's Transcendental Logic:
 * As pure intuitions (in the Transcendental Aesthetic) were the basis of empirical intuitions,
 * pure concepts (in the Transcendental Logic) were made the basis of empirical concepts.
 * As the Transcendental Aesthetic was the a priori basis of mathematics,
 * the Transcendental Logic was made the a priori basis of logic.
 * After discovering empirical perception is based on two forms of a priori perception (space and time), Kant tried to demonstrate that empirical knowledge is based on an analogous a priori knowledge (categories).

Schemata

 * He went too far when he claimed that the schemata of the pure concepts of the understanding (the categories) are analogous to a schema of empirically acquired concepts.
 * A schema of empirical perception is a sketchy, imagined perception. Thus, a schema is the mere imagined form or outline, so to speak, of a real perception. It is related to an empirical abstract concept to show that the concept is not mere word-play but has indeed been based on real perceptions. These perceptions are the actual, material content of the empirical abstract concept.
 * A schema of pure concepts is supposed to be a pure perception. There is supposed to be a schema for each of the pure concepts (categories). Kant overlooked the fact that these pure concepts, being pure, have no perceptual content. They gain this content from empirical perception. Kant's schemata of pure concepts are entirely undemonstrable and are a merely arbitrary assumption.
 * This demonstrates Kant's purposeful intention to find a pure, a priori analogical basis for every empirical, a posteriori mental activity.

Judgments/categories

 * Derived all philosophical knowledge from the table of judgments.
 * Made the table of categories the basis for every assertion about the physical and the metaphysical.
 * Derived pure concepts of the understanding (categories) from reason. But the Transcendental Analytic was supposed to reference only the sensibility of the sense organs and also the mind's way of understanding objects. It was not supposed to be concerned with reason.
 * Categories of quantity were based on judgments of quantity. But these judgments relate to reason, not understanding. They involve logical inclusion or exclusion of concepts with each other, as follows:
 * Universal judgment: All A are x; Particular judgment: Some A are x; Singular judgment: This one A is x.
 * Note: The word "quantity" was poorly chosen to designate mutual relations between abstract concepts.
 * Categories of quality were based on judgments of quality. But these judgments also are related only to reason, not to understanding. Affirmation and denial are relations between concepts in a verbal judgment. They have nothing to do with perceptual reality for the understanding. Kant also included infinite judgments, but only for the sake of architectonic symmetry. They have no meaning in Kant's context.
 * The term "quality" was chosen because it has usually been opposed to "quantity." But here it means only affirmation and denial in a judgment.
 * The categorical relation (A is x) is simply the general connection of a subject concept with a predicate concept in a statement. It includes the hypothetical and disjunctive sub-relations. It also includes the judgments of quality (affirmation, negation) and judgments of quantity (inclusional relationships between concepts). Kant made separate categories from these sub-relations. He used indirect, abstract knowledge to analyze direct, perceptual knowledge.
 * Our certain knowledge of the physical persistence of substance, or the conservation of matter, is derived, by Kant, from the category of subsistence and inherence. But this is merely based on the connection of a linguistic subject with its predicate.
 * With judgments of relation, the hypothetical judgment (if A, then B) does not correspond only to the law of causality. This judgment is also associated with three other roots of the principle of sufficient reason. Abstract reasoning does not disclose the distinction between these four kinds of ground. Knowledge from perception is required.
 * reason of knowing (logical inference);
 * reason of acting (law of motivation);
 * reason of being (spatial and temporal relations, including the arithmetical sequences of numbers and the geometrical positions of points, lines, and surfaces).
 * Disjunctive judgments derive from the logical law of thought of the excluded middle (A is either A or not-A). This relates to reason, not to the understanding. For the purpose of symmetry, Kant asserted that the physical analog of this logical law was the category of community or reciprocal effect. However, it is the opposite, since the logical law refers to mutually exclusive predicates, not inclusive.
 * Schopenhauer asserted that there is no reciprocal effect. It is only a superfluous synonym for causality. For architectonic symmetry, Kant created a separate a priori function in the understanding for reciprocal effect. Actually, there is only an alternating succession of states, a chain of causes and effects.
 * Modal categories of possible, actual, and necessary are not special, original cognized forms. They are derived from the principle of sufficient reason (ground).
 * Possibility is a general, mental abstraction. It refers to abstract concepts, which are solely related to the ability to reason or logically infer.
 * There is no difference between actuality (existence) and necessity.
 * Necessity is a consequence from a given ground (reason).

Reason

 * Kant defined reason as the faculty or power of principles. He claimed that principles provide us with synthetical knowledge from mere concepts (A 301; B 358). However, knowledge from mere concepts, without perception, is analytical, not synthetical. Synthetical knowledge requires the combination of two concepts, plus a third thing. This third thing is pure intuition or perception, if it is a priori, and empirical perception, if it is a posteriori.
 * According to Kant's principle of reason, everything that is conditioned is part of a total series of conditions. The essential nature of reason tries to find something unconditioned that functions as a beginning of the series.
 * But Schopenhauer claimed that the demand is only for a sufficient reason or ground. It extends merely to the completeness of the determinations of the nearest or next cause, not to an absolute first cause.
 * Kant claimed that everyone's reason leads them to assume three unconditioned absolutes. These are God, the soul, and the total world. The unconditioned absolutes are symmetrically derived by Kant from three kinds of syllogism as the result of three categories of relation.
 * Schopenhauer stated that the soul and the total world are not unconditioned because they are supposed, by believers, to be conditioned by God.
 * Schopenhauer also stated that everyone's reason does not lead to these three unconditioned absolutes. Buddhists are nontheists. Only Judaism and its derivatives, Christianity and Islam, are monotheistic. Exhaustive and extensive historical research would be needed to validate Kant's claim about the universality of reason's three unconditioned absolutes.

Ideas of reason

 * Kant called God, soul, and total world (cosmos) Ideas of Reason. In doing so, he appropriated Plato's word "Idea" and ambiguously changed its settled meaning. Plato's Ideas are models or standards from which copies are generated. The copies are visible objects of perception. Kant's Ideas of Reason are not accessible to knowledge of perception. They are barely understandable through abstract knowledge of concepts.
 * Fondness for symmetry led Kant to derive, as necessary, the concept of the soul from the paralogisms of rational psychology. He did so by applying the demand for the unconditional to the concept of substance, which is the first category of relation.
 * Kant claimed that the concept of the soul arose from the concept of the final, unconditioned subject of all predicates of a thing. This was taken from the logical form of the categorical syllogism.
 * Schopenhauer asserted that subjects and predicates are logical. They are concerned only with the relation of abstract concepts in a judgment. They are not concerned with a substance, such as a soul, that contains no material basis.
 * The Idea of the total world, cosmos, or universe was said, by Kant, to originate from the hypothetical syllogism (If A is x, then B is y; A is x; Therefore, B is y).
 * Schopenhauer said that all three Ideas (God, soul, and universe) might be derived from the hypothetical syllogism. This is because all of these Ideas are concerned with the dependence of one object on another. When no more dependencies can be imagined, then the unconditioned has been reached.
 * Relating the Cosmological Ideas to the Table of Categories
 * Kant stated that the cosmological Ideas, with regard to the limits of the world in time and space, are determined through the category of quantity.
 * Schopenhauer asserted that those Ideas are not related to that category. Quantity is only concerned with the mutual inclusion of exclusion of concepts with each other (All A are x; Some A are x; This A is x).
 * Kant said that the divisibility of matter occurred according to the category of quality. But quality is merely the affirmation or negation in a judgment. Schopenhauer wrote that the mechanical divisibility of matter is associated with the quantity of matter, not quality.
 * All of the cosmological ideas should derive from the hypothetical form of syllogism and therefore from the principle of sufficient reason. Kant asserted that divisibility of a whole into ultimate parts was based on the principle of sufficient reason. This is because the ultimate parts are supposed to be the ground conditions and the whole is supposed to be the consequent. However, Schopenhauer claimed that divisibility is instead based on the principle of contradiction. For him, the parts and the whole are actually one. If the ultimate parts are thought away, then the whole is also thought away.
 * According to Schopenhauer, the fourth antinomy is redundant. It is an unnecessary repetition of the third antinomy. This arrangement was formed for the purpose of maintaining the architectonic symmetry of the category table.
 * The thesis of the third antinomy asserts the existence of the causality of freedom. This is the same as the primary cause of the world.
 * The thesis of the fourth antinomy asserts the existence of an absolutely necessary Being that is the cause of the world. Kant associated this with modality because through the first cause, the contingent becomes necessary.
 * Schopenhauer calls the whole antinomy of cosmology a mere sham fight. He said that Kant only pretended that there is a necessary antinomy in reason.
 * In all four antinomies, the proof of the thesis is a sophism.
 * The proof of each antithesis, however, is an inevitable conclusion from premisses that are derived from the absolutely certain laws of the phenomenal world.
 * The theses are sophisms, according to Schopenhauer.
 * First Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
 * Purports to discuss beginning of time but instead discusses end or completion of series of times.
 * Arbitrarily presupposes that the world is given as a whole and is therefore limited.
 * Second Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
 * Begs the question by presupposing that a compound is an accumulation of simple parts.
 * Arbitrarily assumes that all matter is compound instead of an infinitely divisible total.
 * Third Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
 * Kant appeals to his principle of pure reason (reason seeks the unconditioned in a series) in order to support causality through freedom. But, according to Schopenhauer, reason seeks the latest, most recent, sufficient cause. It does not seek the most remote first cause.
 * Kant said that the practical concept of freedom is based on the transcendent Idea of freedom, which is an unconditioned cause. Schopenhauer argued that the recognition of freedom comes from the consciousness that the inner essence or thing-in-itself is free will.
 * Fourth Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
 * The fourth antinomy is a redundant repetition of the third antinomy. Every conditioned does not presuppose a complete series of conditions which ends with the unconditioned. Instead, every conditioned presupposes only its most recent condition.
 * As a solution to the cosmological antinomy, Kant stated:
 * Both sides assumed that the world exists in itself. Therefore, both sides are wrong in the first and second antinomies.
 * Both sides assumed that reason assumes an unconditioned first cause of a series of conditions. Therefore, both sides are correct in the third and fourth antinomies.
 * Schopenhauer disagreed. He said that the solution was that the antitheses are correct in all four antinomies.
 * Kant stated that the Transcendental Ideal is a necessary idea of human reason. It is the most real, perfect, powerful entity.
 * Schopenhauer disagreed. He said that his own reason found this idea to be impossible. He was unable to think of any definite object that corresponds to the description.
 * The three main objects of scholastic philosophy were the soul, the world, and God. Kant tried to show how they were taken from the three possible major premisses of syllogisms.
 * The soul was derived from the categorical judgment (A is x) and the world was taken from the hypothetical judgment (If A is x, then B is y).
 * For architectonic symmetry, God had to be derived from the remaining disjunctive judgment (A is either x or not-x).
 * Schopenhauer said that the antique philosophers did not mention this derivation, so it can't be necessary to all human reason. Their gods were limited. World-creating gods merely gave form to pre-existing matter. Reason, according to ancient philosophers, did not obtain an idea of a perfect God or Ideal from the disjunctive syllogism.
 * Kant stated that knowledge of particular things results from a continuous process of the limitation of general or universal concepts. The most universal concept would then have contained all reality in itself.
 * According to Schopenhauer, the reverse is true. Knowledge starts from the particular and is extended to the general. General concepts result from abstraction from particulars, retaining only their common element. The most universal concept would thus have the least particular content and be the emptiest.
 * Kant alleged that the three transcendent ideas are useful as regulative principles. As such, he claimed, they aid in the advancement of the knowledge of nature.
 * Schopenhauer asserted that Kant was diametrically wrong. The ideas of soul, finite world, and God are hindrances. For example, the search for a simple, immaterial, thinking soul would not be scientifically useful.

Ethics

 * Kant claimed that virtue results from practical reason.
 * Schopenhauer claimed that, to the contrary, virtuous conduct has nothing to do with a rational life and may even be opposed to it, as with Machiavellian rational expediency.

Categorical Imperative

 * According to Schopenhauer, Kant's Categorical Imperative:
 * Redundantly repeats the ancient command: "don't do to another what you don't want done to you."
 * Is egoistic because its universality includes the person who both gives and obeys the command.
 * Is cold and dead because it is to be followed without love, feeling, or inclination, but merely out of a sense of duty.

Power of judgment

 * In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant claimed that the understanding was the ability to judge. The forms of judgments were said to be the basis of the categories and all philosophy. But in his Critique of Judgment, he called a new, different ability the faculty of judgment. That now resulted in four faculties: sensation, understanding, judging, and reason. Judgment was located between understanding and reason, and contained elements of both.
 * Kant's interest in the concept of suitability or expediency resulted in his investigation regarding knowledge of beauty and knowledge of natural purposiveness.

Aesthetics

 * As usual, he started from abstract concepts in order to know concrete perceptions. Kant started from the abstract judgment of taste in order to investigate knowledge of beautiful objects of perception.
 * Kant was not concerned with beauty itself. His interest was in the question of how a subjective statement or judgment about beauty could be universally valid, as though it concerned an actual quality of an object.

Teleology

 * Kant asserted that the subjective statement that nature seems to have been created with a premeditated purpose does not necessarily have objective validity or truth.
 * Kant claimed that the apparently purposive, deliberate constitution of organic bodies cannot be explained from merely mechanical causes. ("...it is absurd for man even to entertain any thought ... that maybe another Newton may some day arise to make intelligible to us even the genesis of but a blade of grass from natural laws that no design has ordered [i.e., from mechanical principles].") (Critique of Judgment, §75).
 * Schopenhauer said that Kant didn't go far enough. Schopenhauer stated that one province of nature cannot be explained from laws of any other province of nature. He listed examples of separate provinces of nature as being mechanics, chemistry, electricity, magnetism, crystallization, and organics. Kant had only asserted this regarding the organic and the mechanical.

Paul Guyer
In The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer (1999), the philosopher Paul Guyer wrote an article titled "Schopenhauer, Kant, and the Methods of Philosophy." In it, he compared the methods of the two philosophers and in so doing, discussed Schopenhauer's Criticism.

In explaining how objects are experienced, Kant used transcendental arguments. He tried to prove and explain the fundamental principles of knowledge. In so doing, he started by indirectly conceptually reflecting on the conditions that exist in the observing subject that make possible verbal judgments about objective experience.

In contrast, Schopenhauer's method was to start by a direct examination of perceived objects in experience, not of abstract concepts.

The fundamental principles of knowledge cannot be transcendentally explained or proved, they can only be immediately, directly known. Such principles are, for example, the permanence of substance, the law of causality, and the mutual interactive relationships between all objects in space. Abstract concepts, for Schopenhauer, are not the starting point of knowledge. They are derived from perceptions, which are the source of all knowledge of the objective world. The world is experienced in two ways: (1.) mental representations that involve space, time, and causality; (2.) our will which is known to control our body.

Guyer stated that Schopenhauer raised important questions regarding the possibility of Kant's transcendental arguments and proofs. However, even though Schopenhauer objected to Kant's method, he accepted many of Kant's conclusions. For example, Kant's description of experience and its relation to space, time, and causality was accepted. Also, the distinction between logical and real relations, as well as the difference between phenomena and things-in-themselves, played an important role in Schopenhauer's philosophy.

In general, the article tries to show how Schopenhauer misunderstood Kant as a result of the disparity between their methods. Where Kant was analyzing the conceptual conditions that resulted in the making of verbal judgments, Schopenhauer was phenomenologically scrutinizing intuitive experience. In one case, though, it is claimed that Schopenhauer raised a very important criticism: his objection to Kant's assertion that a particular event can be known as being successive only if its particular cause is known. Otherwise, almost all of Schopenhauer's criticisms are attributed to his opposite way of philosophizing which starts with the examination of perceptions instead of concepts.

Derek Parfit
In philosopher Derek Parfit's 2011 book On What Matters, Volume 1, Parfit presents an argument against psychological egoism that centers around an apparent equivocation between different senses of the word "want":

 * The word desire often refers to our sensual desires or appetites, or to our being attracted to something, by finding the thought of it appealing. I shall use desire in a wider sense, which refers to any state of being motivated, or of wanting something to happen and being to some degree disposed to make it happen, if we can. The word want already has both these senses.

 * Some people think: Whenever people act voluntarily, they are doing what they want to do. Doing what we want is selfish. So everyone always acts selfishly. This argument for Psychological Egoism fails, because it uses the word want first in the wide sense and then in the narrow sense. If I voluntarily gave up my life to save the lives of several strangers, my act would not be selfish, though I would be doing what in the wide sense I wanted to do.

Michael Kelly
Michael Kelly, in the preface to his 1910 book Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism, stated: "Of Kant it may be said that what is good and true in his philosophy would have been buried with him, were it not for Schopenhauer...."

Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant himself predicted a response to Schopenhauer's argument that he redundantly repeated the ancient command: "don't do to another what you don't want done to you", that is, the Golden Rule, and famously criticized it for not being sensitive to differences of situation, noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him, pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison, so he should not do so to others. Kant's Categorical Imperative, introduced in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, is often confused with the Golden Rule. Also, it is exactly for being cold and dead because it is to be followed without love, feeling, or inclination, but merely out of a sense of duty, both in the theory and in its practice, that the Categorical Imperative is absolute, metaphysical and moral.

title: Critique of the Kantian philosophy


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Arsenal F.C.

Arsenal F.C.
Self-nom. One of the leading football (soccer) clubs in England. Article is fairly stable and covers a wide range of aspects of the club. Has previously been peer reviewed. Qwghlm 12:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The references to Liverpool and Man Utd in the lead section ((only Liverpool and Manchester United have won more), and 10 FA Cups (second only to Manchester United)) sounds a bit like fancruft when included in the lead. Perhaps it would be better to include this information later on. TreveXtalk 13:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have removed the bracketed terms (which were an attempt to justify the "one of the most successful" claim), the reference is now included in the #Achievements section. Qwghlm 14:16, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, looks well-written and comprehensive. I probably would have included Lee Dixon in the Famous Players section as well, though. Leithp 13:13, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As a further thought, how about including something on any Arsenal fanzines? I don't know what it's like for Premiership teams, but in Scotland the fanzines play a large part in unifying supporters as well as being hugely entertaining. This could also tie in with the requests below for more on supporter culture.Leithp 09:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: what about a section about the supporters like the IFK Goteborg article has? It would be nice for the article to have more about Arsenal's fans.Kevin M Marshall 14:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It was decided by consensus that a "famous supporters" section would be too long and inherently unuseful. See Talk:Arsenal F.C. for details. -- howcheng  [ talk • contribs • web ] 15:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That is not relevant to Kevin's proposal. Take a look at IFK Göteborg and you'll see what he means, which is a section about the supporter culture around the club, not a list of famous supporters. -- Elisson • Talk 16:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Unlike IFK Goteborg, Arsenal's fanbase is pretty heterogeneous, it crosses both class and racial divides. It would be quite hard to do an article that could sum them all up like the IFK article does. Qwghlm 17:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't insist that you create a section like that, but your "objection" does really not mean much. The IFK Göteborg section has one paragraph about the fanbase structure, and four paragraphs about the supporter culture, supporter organizations, rivalries, attendance numbers, and so on, of the club. I do believe that Arsenal is such a big club that you could write a whole book about the Arsenal supporters. :) I will read the article later on and vote, but missing a supporter section won't make me object. -- Elisson • Talk 19:44, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A subpage about Arsenal's supporters' clubs would be nice, but I think even a section would suffice. Just name any major fan clubs and discuss how Arsenal has attracted fans in the London area, in the UK, and across the world. It has quite a broad fanbase and I think that needs to be better reflected in the article.Kevin M Marshall 22:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for all your ideas - I've now added a Supporters section, feel free to comment on it - though perhaps it would be best to start a new thread below. Qwghlm 12:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object 1) subheading =Players out on loan= is unnecessary. Either merge with parent or promote to a higher level. 2) Do not fragment ==External links==. Use the semicolon  to create a bold heading. =Arsenal Ladies= needs to be expanded to at least twice its current size of not more.  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have done (2) and (3). I disagree with (1) - the players are registered to the club, so they should be in that section, but they are not in the playing squad (and hence have no number), so they should be kept separate from the main group. I could if you like prefix that header with ; instead of === so that it does not appear in the table of contents. Qwghlm 17:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Use ; for that section. No, you'd need another paragraph on Arsenal ladies, before I withdraw my objection. ==Achievements== should be converted into prose. Also unbold the text. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Right:
 * Have converted the === to ;
 * The main article on Arsenal Ladies itself is little more than two paragraphs long at the moment, to further expand would basically mean duplicating the entire thing. I could just add to the top of that section instead, to emphasise that it is only a summary.
 * The History section, and the History of Arsenal F.C. article both double as prose versions of the Achievements section. It is meant to be a quick at-a-glance list of honours - to turn it into prose would add clutter IMHO. I'm not keen on unbolding either - it's the standard format across all football club pages, and demarcates the name of the trophy clearly. Qwghlm 18:19, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll review later, but you'll have to expand that paragraph. Most likely I'll get to review only by sat. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  19:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have expanded Arsenal Ladies section a little further, but it really is hard to make a decent-sized section given how women's football is dwarfed by the men's game in the UK. Also do note that the two clubs are technically separate entities; the content on Arsenal F.C. should only be a brief summary of Arsenal L.F.C. Qwghlm 20:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Question for Nichalp: are you objecting to the article having a short section in it (which I've seen you object to before) or to there not being enough info on the ladies' team in the article? If it's just the section length, which looks like a reasonable enough objection to me,  it should be easy to merge it into another section.  I don't think it would be fair to say that the article needs more on the ladies' team than it has now: they aren't even remotely as notable as the men's team (wouldn't be surprised if average attendances for the men's team were 100 times higher, for example) and they've got their own article which is linked to in the text.  One sentence mentioning them would be satisfactory imo.  CTOAGN 00:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Qwghlm, its fine now, and I've answered CTOAGN's query on his talk page. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  05:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. I admit the following comment nit-picking, but I have no problems otherwise with this article. (I'd be more likely to vote "support" if I knew more about soccer to know what I should learn from this article; Arsenal is one of a very few professional teams I have heard of.) The thing is this: in the section "Arsenal in popular culture", we read that "the film is centred on a friendly between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned whilst playing." While I assume that this is proper British English idion, without the noun, I am not entirely sure what "friendly" refers to; I presume "game". Unless it is unidiomatic, could the appropriate noun be added? -- llywrch 17:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have turned it into "friendly match", as that is what it means. In footballing vernacular the word "friendly" alone suffices as a description, but obviously the article should cater for all. Qwghlm 17:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Would "non-competitive match" be acceptable as a replacement? It's not a phrase that's often used  when talking about football, but should be understandable by everyone. CTOAGN 00:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just make it friendly match. Kevin M Marshall 02:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Comment: I'll get round to having a proper look at this tomorrow, but I don't like the way that there are a few sections of prose, then some lists, then some more prose. I'd prefer to have all of the prose together and the lists at the end. Also, don't external links normally go after references and footnotes? CTOAGN 00:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. David.Monniaux 08:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've moved the links to the bottom, and the prose about Arsenal Ladies to join the rest. I am not sure what to do with the records/statistics section, as it is a few very short paragraphs of prose that summarise an article that is a series of lists. I would rather have it stay where it is as I feel it's more natural belonging there, following on from the list of honours. Qwghlm 10:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: About the crest issue, I would have thought that it had to do with trademark and not copyright, but I may be mistaken. David.Monniaux 08:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The club explicitly mentioned copyright in the press release announcing the new crest . In 2002, the club lost a court case against a street trader who reproduced the old logo after suing him under trademark law, as the defendant successfully claimed he was using it as a "badge of allegiance", not a guarantee about the origin of the product. So I can understand why the club might have turned to copyright, not trademark, law to protect its crest instead. Qwghlm 10:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: From the first paragraph: "Arsenal Football Club are a football club . . ." and "the team has yet to achieve . . ." And in the third paragraph "The club was then known . . ." I'm not a BrE speaker, but the subject verb agreement seems askew. —Wayward 11:01, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have converted to use the plural in all cases (which is how football teams are usually referred by). Qwghlm 11:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Six-goal Support Neutral: Still a few things:
 * but after hostilities ended, Arsenal won another two titles and an FA Cup. - in which years?
 * Crest - a link to a news article about the changes would be good, but not essential.
 * Kit - in which year did Forest make this donation?
 * Kit - last sentence - minus sign should be replaced by ndash or mdash, but can't remember which :-)
 * There are a lot of long sentences separated by with commas, especially at the start of the article, e.g. By then, Arsenal had been relegated to the Second Division, but despite only finishing fifth, Arsenal were elected to rejoin the First Division in 1919 at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, by reportedly dubious means. I'd really prefer it if these were edited - they make the article come across as kind of choppy. CTOAGN 21:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Added those years in.
 * Added in a link in.
 * Unknown, it was very early in the club's history, soon after the club's first match in 1886 (but probably 1887). Thus I have put in "soon after" into the article...
 * I've used ndashes (the unicode version, not HTML entities) throughout, including that section. The Manual of Style doesn't care as long as it's consistent.
 * I have shortened some longer sentences, I could really do with a neutral party to do a few tweaks, though - it's hard copyediting your own prose. Qwghlm 22:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think anyone would call me a neutral party, but I've done a copyedit. Unfortunately, I've done it at 3am for some reason so I hope it hasn't introduced a load of mistakes - would be a little counterproductive.  All my reservations have been dealt with now, so I'm changing my vote.  CTOAGN 02:51, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You put in a couple of mistakes but I've sorted them out now. Thanks a lot for doing this. Qwghlm 10:35, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - great. And we need more soccer FA! igordebraga ≠ 01:33, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - better than it was when it was nominated. Good enough to get my vote now. Kevin M Marshall 04:06, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Whole-hearted Gooner support - Not that I'm biased or anything. :) --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 01:23, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Joseph Arnold

Joseph Arnold (28 December 1782 – 26 July 1818 in Padang, Sumatra, Netherlands East Indies) was a naval surgeon and naturalist. He was the first to bring to notice to English botany, the parasitic plant with one of the world's largest flowers, Rafflesia arnoldii, which was named after him posthumously. His specimen collection is in the museum of the Linnean Society.

Born in Beccles, Suffolk, the fourth son of Edward Arnold, a tanner and Hannah (d. 1786). He was schooled at John Leman's Free School and at the age of sixteen apprenticed to apothecary William Crowfoot. Arnold learned surgery in Edinburgh and received an MD in 1806. with a thesis on De Hydrothorace also known as dropsy of the chest. He joined the Royal Navy and was posted assistant surgeon on HMS Victory from April 1808 to February 1809. After recovering from typhus at Portsmouth, he was posted as surgeon on HMS Hindostan. This sailed to Sydney via the Cape of Good Hope and returned Cape Horn and Rio de Janeiro, commanded by William Bligh who offered to introduce Arnold to Sir Joseph Banks in London. In 1811, he was posted to Haslar Hospital in Portsmouth to handle patients with malignant fever. He then served aboard HMS Alcmene, HMS Hibernia, and HMS America around the Mediterranean, during which period he made a visit to the crater of Vesuvius. A meeting with Alexander Macleay made him interested in South American insects and he chose an appointment in 1814 as surgeon superintendent aboard the female convict vessel HMS Northumberland and went collecting insects on reaching Rio de Janeiro. He reached Sydney in 1815. After 1815, he unsuccessfully tried to work as surgeon in Sydney, and upon his return trip to England aboard the Indefatigable he was stranded in Batavia and the ship caught fire with Arnold losing most of his possessions. He was aided by Charles Assey, also from Beccles, and stayed at Bogor and collected some specimens. He returned to England in May 1816 during which time he met Dawson Turner. In 1818, he worked with Sir Stamford Raffles sailing with him in November 1817 from Falmouth aboard the Lady Raffles and assisted Lady Raffles en route in giving birth to her first child. They reached Benkulen on 19 March 1818. Arnold then travelled on to Passemah Ulu Manna. It is thought that he may have contracted malaria on this journey. Despite being ill, he helped the wife of Captain Thomas Otho Travers and then returned to Benkulen on 8 July 1818. He then recovered and set out to the Menangkabau highlands. It was only when Stamford Raffles visited Padang on 30 July that they learned of Arnold's death four days earlier. His burial site was never documented and has never been located.

The largest flowering plant, Rafflesia arnoldii, was discovered by an Indonesian guide working for him and later named in Arnold's honour. Arnold found the plant at Pulao Lebar on 19 May 1818 and wrote a letter to Raffles on 9 July 1818. The scientific name was assigned to it by Robert Brown two years later. Dawson Turner commissioned a memorial by Francis Chantrey to Arnold at the Beccles Parish Church.

The memorial includes the inscription (with errors in the dates): In Memory of Joseph Arnold M.D. Surgeon in the Royal Navy, And Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, and of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, Who, after having, in the Pursuit of Science and His Profession, Circumnavigated the Globe, And Suffered Numerous Privations and been Exposed to Many Dangers by Sea and Land, Fell a Victim to the Pestilential Climate of Sumatra, at the moment of Entering upon the Career Most Congenial to his Wishes, Having been Appointed Naturalist in that Island to the Honourable East India Company. He was born at Beccles A.D. 1784 and died in Sumatra July 19th 1818.

Reader! If Entire Devotion to the Cause of Science, Unbiassed by Interest, Unchecked by Perils, Unappalled by Disease, If Genuine Simplicity of Character, and if the kindest Disposition, Joined to the Most Steady Attachment, Can Excite Thy Respect, Thy Admiration, And Thy Regret, Those Feelings are due to him for whose Name This Marble Strives to Ensure a Short Existence: His Virtues are Happily Recorded in the Everlasting Tablets of God.

title: Joseph Arnold


text: User talk:193.62.47.31

title: User talk:193.62.47.31


text:
Old Museum Building, Brisbane

The Old Museum Building is a heritage-listed former exhibition building, former museum and now performance venue in Bowen Hills, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is made from 1.3 million red bricks and bordered by Gregory Terrace and the Exhibition Grounds.

History
The Old Museum was originally called the Exhibition Building and Concert Hall. It was built in 1891 for the Queensland National Agricultural and Industrial Association after Brisbane's first exhibition building, which had occupied the land, was destroyed by fire on 13 June 1888. At the time of the fire the building was being used as a skating rink.

On 25 April 1891, the laying of the foundation stone ceremony was held. Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, acting Governor of Queensland, was given the honour of laying the foundation stone. Buried beneath the foundation stone is a bottle containing each of Brisbane's leading journals. The construction of the Old Museum was completed in August 1891

The land had been used by the Queensland Acclimatisation Society from 1863-1875.

The new exhibition building was designed by the architect George Henry Male Addison (1857–1922). The style of the building may best be described as progressive eclecticism or Indo-Saracenic. The edifice was built over a period of 12 months by over 300 workers. It is entered in the Queensland Heritage Register.

The Queensland Government took over control of the building and grounds when the National Association was forced into liquidation by the economic depression in 1897.

In 1899, the Exhibition Hall became home to the Queensland Museum, with the museum remaining in the building until the museum's relocation to the Queensland Cultural Centre in 1986. During the Queensland Museum's 86 years in the building, other parts of the building were used as a Concert Hall and an Art Gallery. Because of the Queensland Museum's long occupancy of the building, the building is now known as the Old Museum.

In 2016, the building was taken back for Ekka and has since been used for the flower and garden displays.

Performance venue
The Old Museum building is home to the Queensland Youth Orchestras, who use the building as a rehearsal, performance and office space. The building is also home for the Brisbane Symphony Orchestra, Brisbane Philharmonic Orchestra, Queensland Youth Choir, Queensland Wind and Brass, Brisbane River City Clippers Barbershop Chorus, Queensland Rhythmic Gymnastics Organisation, Queensland Police Pipes and Drums and the Zen Zen Zo Physical Theatre Company.

The play Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare, was also presented in the Old Museum building in 1989. Members of the cast included Geoffrey Rush, Jane Menelaus and Russell Dykstra.

The Old Museum building was also used as one of the sites for the 1980s Australian series of Mission: Impossible.

Heritage listing
The building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Old Museum Building was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "structure and engineering feat".

title: Old Museum Building, Brisbane


text:
Talk:Diana Krall

Vandalism
Hi,

I was wondering about the filmography entry for 1967 The good, the bad and the ugly as Clint Eastwood's wife.

As Diana's date of birth is given as 1964 she would be 2-3 years old in 1967.

Perhaps whoever entered these details meant daughter?

Mark bonner (talk) 13:39, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I think it was vandalism and I have removed it on this basis. Thank you. --John (talk) 14:02, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ Eruditess (talk) 16:15, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

She also sing in Melrose Place — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.147.115.168 (talk) 01:15, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

Krall Is A TENOR
I don't know what tone-deaf biographer listed Krall as a "contralto" when she clearly sings as a tenor.

Satchmo Sings (talk) 21:12, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

 * According to the extensive details in Voice classification in non-classical music, contralto is the lowest *classification* used to refer to female singers, even for the rare females whose *range* is such that they "sing as a tenor". Similarly, the highest classification for male opera singers is countertenor, even if they in fact sing in the range of an alto or soprano. Petershank (talk) 21:58, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

FACE!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.166.157 (talk) 05:41, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

missing album?
was this, no longer avail in america, album intentionally omitted? http://www.amazon.com/Have-Yourself-Merry-Little-Christmas/dp/B00000JA65 thanks. mcm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.247.151.166 (talk) 02:29, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

Diana Krall Trio
Her first albums were instrumentals recorded with the Diana Krall Trio. Why is that not mentioned?

secret life wha????
she is a ninja a gamer loves crime fighting — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.186.77.218 (talk) 18:35, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

Oscar Peterson
Hi, I'm just wondering why Oscar Peterson is mentioned in the 'Diana Krall Box' at the end of the article in the 'related' section? Nowhere in this article Oscar is mentioned and also nowhere in Oscar's article Diana is mentioned. So what's the catch here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8109:AB8F:7800:6D72:ADE7:DD7C:9045 (talk) 17:04, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diana Krall


text:
North Mount Lyell Railway

The North Mount Lyell Railway was built to operate between the North Mount Lyell mine in West Coast Tasmania and Pillinger in the Kelly Basin of Macquarie Harbour.

History
At the start of the Twentieth century it was constructed to take ore from Gormanston east of the West Coast Range to the Crotty smelters. From there it was shipped out at Kelly Basin.

The North Mount Lyell Railway had exceptionally easy grades compared to its competitor the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company which ran its Abt rack system railway through very steep grades from Queenstown to Regatta Point.

Design challenge
The railway route ran across a belt of karst terrain in the area near the current Darwin Dam – and the engineers of the 1890s were possibly the first in Australia to have designed for the possibility of sinkholes when planning the route.

Operation
The line was opened for passengers 15 December 1900, and was taken over by the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company on 16 July 1903.

In December 1900, when J.F. Anderson was Chief Superintendent, timetabling had:

 * Kelly Basin to Linda leaving 8.30 a.m. and 1.45 p.m.
 * Linda to Kelly Basin leaving at 11.00 a.m. and 4.15 p.m.

Stopping points were Gormanston junction, King River and Ten Mile.

In August 1901, when J.J. Ware was the traffic manager, timetabling for passengers was restricted to one train a day from each end of the line.

 * Linda -       departure 10 a.m.
 * Kelly Basin - departure 9.20 a.m.

The two trains met at Smelters Junction, with the Linda train leaving at 1.30 p.m. and the Kelly Basin train leaving at 2.45 p.m.

The later years of operation of the line a small rail motor was utilised, similar to that on the Lake Margaret Tram in the last years of operation. Due to failure of the Crotty smelters and the North Mount Lyell operations in general, and the amalgamation of the Mount Lyell and North Mount Lyell mines and companies, the railway had a short operational life. It closed to passengers in July 1924 and closed in 1929.

Locomotives

The railway utilised three Avonside Engines:
 * J.Crotty (No.1)(AE 1392/1899),
 * JP Lonergan (No.2)(AE 1393/1899)
 * DJ Mackay (No.3)(AE 1394/1899).

It also had three Shay engines:
 * Number 4 (Lima 698/1902) – 3 cylinder two truck
 * Number 5 (Lima 697/1902)
 * Number 6 (Lima 704/1902)

Shipping
The company also had its own ship (the SS North Lyell) in its service which transported rolling stock to Kelly Basin

After closure
The railway bridge at the King River and the old rail formation were utilised right up to the damming of the River and the creation of Lake Burbury by the Hydro Electric Commission in the 1980s. The railway formation between the Linda Valley and the old locality of Darwin is now under water.

The railway formation between Mount Owen and Mount Jukes was known as the Kelly Basin Road during the No Dams campaign of December 1982 – and was a location of interaction between members of the Tasmanian Police and protesters.

Access
Considerable parts of the old railway line alignment are now under Lake Burbury or destroyed by the related works.

Kelly Basin Road is accessed from Jukes Highway, at one point on the left (gated and locked) a track to one of the sites related to the Franklin Dam is located. Kelly Basin Road (the old formation) reaches a bridge, where access is by foot is needed to complete the journey to Kelly Basin. Walking time is 3 to 4 hours one way, but an easy grade.

Stopping Places

 * Gormanston (branch from Linda 1900–1903 only)
 * Linda (also known as North Lyell)
 * Crotty — previous name King River until 1902
 * Crotty Smelters (siding)
 * Darwin
 * Ten Mile
 * Pillinger (Kelly Basin)

title: North Mount Lyell Railway


text:
Resuscitation (album)

Resuscitation is a 2001 album released by American electronic music duo ADULT. Before this release, ADULT.'s output had consisted of various EPs and 12 inch singles released independently; this is actually a compilation album of many of their earlier singles. A bulk of the songs are presented on Resuscitation in remixed or re-recorded forms.

ADULT.'s members, Adam Lee Miller (music) and Nicola Kuperus (vocals and music) distributed the album on their own label, Ersatz Audio. Kuperus, a visual artist, is also responsible for the album's cover art photography.

Track listing

 * 1) "Lost Love" (originally released in 1999)
 * 2) "Hand to Phone (Cordless Mix)" (originally released in 2000)
 * 3) "Minors at Night (Still Sick)" (originally released in 2000)
 * 4) "New Object (edit)" (originally released in 2000)
 * 5) "Contagious" (originally released in 2000)
 * 6) "Mouth to Mouth"
 * 7) "Nausea (Restructured)" (originally released in 2000)
 * 8) "Pressure Suit" (originally released in 1999)
 * 9) "Dispassionate Furniture (Reupholstered)" (originally released in 1998)
 * 10) "Human Wreck (radio edit)" (originally released in 1999)
 * 11) "Side-Swiped (extended mix)" (originally released in 2000)
 * 12) "Your Lies" (originally released in 2000)
 * 13) "Skinlike (Equation mix)" (originally released in 2000)
 * 14) "Private Conversations" (originally released in 1998, as "Plasma Co.")

title: Resuscitation (album)


text:
Willie Tann

Willie Tann is an English professional poker player. Tann was born in Singapore and moved to England to study law in the 1960s.

Tann made one appearance on the original televised poker show Late Night Poker, finishing 3rd in his heat behind Padraig Parkinson and Ken Lennaárd. In later years he would also play in the European Poker Tour.

Tann mentored Zac Goldsmith (editor of The Ecologist) in poker, leading Goldsmith to his 3rd-place finish in the 2004 Poker Million.

Tann made a final table at the $1,500 Pot Limit Omaha event of the 2000 World Series of Poker (WSOP), receiving $26,910 for his 4th-place finish behind Johnny Chan. In 2005 he won a WSOP bracelet in the $1,000 No Limit Hold'em event, to take home a prize of $188,335. In the 2007 World Series of Poker Tann cashed in the money for the first time in the $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Main Event coming in 77th place out of a field of 6,358 players, winning $106,382

At one time Tann was a spokesman for Betfairpoker. He qualified for the 2005 WSOP Main Event via an online tournament on the site, eliminating the site founder Andrew Black in the process.

As of 2015, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,900,000.

Tann has numerous nicknames on the poker circuit. Although usually called "The Dice Man", he also goes by the monikers '"The Governor" and "Mister Miyagi".

Tann lives in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire. He is married and has one son.

title: Willie Tann


text:
User:Flandi77

I'm a high school student from Duval High School, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. Real name Andrew Despi, birthday 17/12/1987. Leave me a note and ill get back to you. Specialties: Extension 2 Maths and Latin Literature.

title: User:Flandi77


text:
Meridian altitude

Meridian altitude is a method of celestial navigation to calculate an observer's latitude. It notes the altitude angle of an astronomical object above the horizon at culmination.

Principle
Meridian altitude is the simplest calculation of celestial navigation, in which an observer determines his latitude by measuring the altitude of an astronomical object at the time of its meridian contact. A meridian contact is the moment when the object contacts the observer's meridian, i.e. the imaginary line running north–south and through the zenith, nadir, and celestial poles. This is usually done with the equinox Sun at solar noon to determine the observer's latitude, but can be done with any celestial object. Solar noon is the time when the Sun contacts the meridian.

Imagine that the equinox Sun is overhead (at the zenith) at a point on the Equator (latitude 0°), and Observer A is standing at this point – the subsolar point. If he were to measure the height of the Sun above the horizon with a sextant, he would find that the altitude of the Sun was 90°. By subtracting this figure from 90°, he would find that the zenith distance of the Sun is 0°, which is the same as his latitude. If Observer B is standing at one of the geographical poles (latitude 90°N or 90°S), he would see the Sun on the horizon at an altitude of 0°. By subtracting this from 90°, he would find that the zenith distance is 90°, which is his latitude. Observer C at the same time is at latitude 20°N on the same meridian, i.e. on the same longitude as Observer A. His measured altitude would be 70°, and subtracting this from 90° gives a 20° zenith distance, which in turn is his latitude. In short, the zenith distance of a celestial object at meridian altitude is the difference in latitude between it and the observer.

Methodology
The estimated time of meridian altitude of the heavenly object is extracted from the nautical almanac. A few minutes before this time the observer starts observing the altitude of the object with a sextant. The altitude of the object will be increasing and the observer will continually adjust the sextant to keep the reflected image of the object on the horizon. As the object passes the meridian a maximum altitude will be observed. The time in UTC of this is observed.

The altitude obtained is corrected for dip (the error caused by the observers height above the sea) and refraction to obtain the true altitude of the object above the horizon. This is then subtracted from 90° to obtain the angular distance from the position directly above to obtain the zenith distance.

A further correction must then be taken into account to counter the "wobble" of the earth's spin and rotation relative to the sun and planets. This is given in the declination for the body on a particular day in the year (also taken from the nautical almanac). If the declination of the body is in the opposite hemisphere (ie if you are in the northern hemisphere and the declination is in the southern hemisphere) then the declination must be subtracted from your true zenith distance, otherwise the declination is added.

title: Meridian altitude


text: User talk:80.65.103.110

title: User talk:80.65.103.110


text:
Kuwait University

Kuwait University (جامعة الكويت, abbreviated as Kuniv) is a public university located in Kuwait City, Kuwait.

History
Kuwait University (KU), (in Arabic: جامعة الكويت), was established in October 1966 under Act N. 29/1966. The university was officially inaugurated on 27 November 1966 to include the College of Science, the College of Arts, the College of Education and the College for Women. The university is the state's first public institution of higher education and research.

The university aims to preserve and transmit knowledge through scholarship, and encourage innovation and development in the arts and the sciences. It comprises 17 colleges offering 76 undergraduate, 71 graduate programs. The university facilities are spread over six campuses, offering programs in the sciences, engineering, humanities, medical and social sciences. Students are awarded Bachelor, Master and Doctoral degrees.

In November 2015, the university organised the Kuwait Global Technopreneurship Challenge (KGTC).

Campus
The six campuses that comprise the university are Adailiya, Shuwaikh, Keifan, Khaldiya, Fintas, and Jabriya. They are minutes away from downtown Kuwait City. The main access to the Shuwaikh campus, Jamal Abdul Nassar Street, overlooks the Arabian Gulf.

In 2019, the new 490-hectare (1,211-acre) Sabah Alsalem University City located in Shadadiyah was established for Kuwait University. It consolidate six different campuses currently dispersed throughout Kuwait City.

Organization and development
The university has seen its enrollment grow from about 418 to 40,000 students, faculty from 31 to 1,565, colleges from 4 to 17, and administrative and academic support personnel from 200 to more than 5,000. Kuwait University has more than 100,000 alumni serving the country and the region and some have attained prominent positions. The strategic plan of the university is set by the government. Its executive powers are vested in the President, who heads the university, and is responsible for its scientific, intellectual, technical, administrative and financial affairs. The President oversees implementation of KU laws, bylaws and the University Council's decisions, and sustenance of institutional development through policies, plans and strategies geared to advancement.

The sphere of Presidential responsibilities finds expression in five core offices - Academics, Research, Health Sciences, Planning, and Academic Support Services, each headed by a vice president. Another executive office is the KU General Secretariat, an arm of the institutional administrative affairs, headed by the Secretary General, which together with the five Vice Presidents, constitute Kuwait University's senior leadership and executive authority.

Academic system
Kuwait University follows the Credit Hour System (approved hours), with teaching arranged on semester basis, except in the Faculty of Law, which follows the yearly system of continuous teaching, and the Health Sciences Center's faculties. Academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning mid-September and finishing at the end of May. Each semester lasts about 15 to 17 weeks. The fall semester commences the second week of September and lasts until the end of December. The spring semester commences at the end of January and lasts until the end of May. Enrollment in the summer program is optional. It lasts eight weeks including the examination period, as approved by the university.

Kuwait University Libraries (KUL) information resources contain 526,000 titles/651,000 volumes of Arabic and non-Arabic monographs, reference materials, dissertations and reports. KUL subscribes to 76 databases and E-Books - contain 10,000 titles in various fields - 1645 printed journals (Arabic, non-Arabic) and 783 online journals (Arabic, non-Arabic). In addition, the audio-visual collection consists of approximately 20,000 items including 9800 scientific films, manuscripts collection consists of 1300 original and 22,000 copy. The library catalog (OPAC) includes bibliographic records for the Arabic and foreign books and periodicals of all disciplines.
 * Information resources

The Admissions and Registration Deanship regulates the admission process, and is responsible for reviewing students’ applications and determining their admission, based on each program's requirements as established by the faculties and the University Council. The admissions decision is based on an aptitude test administered by the university 3 times a year. The Deanship oversees admitting students from other countries, and whether cultural scholarships will be awarded to them by the university; similarly, the Deanship also determines whether a degree will be awarded by the university.
 * Students admission process

Admission is open to students who have successfully completed their secondary education and meet the requirements set forth by the university's admission policy. All admitted students choose the degree program they wish to join and the courses they wish to attend on a full-time basis. Students admitted to the College of Graduate Studies pursue their studies either on full- or part-time basis. Admission requirements may require students to take an aptitude test prior to being accepted to a faculty; in such instances, admission is determined using the equivalent average system (combining the student's high school grade point average (GPA) with the results of the aptitude test) as a prerequisite for admission to the College of Engineering and Petroleum, Allied Health Sciences, Administrative Sciences, Health Science Center, Life Sciences, and Computing Science and Engineering, or through personalized interviews, as determined by the College of Law, and the College of Education.
 * Admission requirements

Students may transfer internally from one department or faculty to another; students not currently enrolled may formally apply to transfer from another university to Kuwait University.
 * Transfer of students

With the exception of the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Faculty of Dentistry, the university follows the credit system, which makes it mandatory for each student to complete a minimum number of credits to qualify for the award of a degree. Students have the option of selecting courses to fulfill their major sheet requirements.
 * Credit system

An academic major consists of a group of courses necessary for specialization in a given discipline. An academic minor consists of a number of courses that usually constitute a less demanding specialization, taken in addition to the major.
 * Academic majors and minors

Normally it takes eight semesters for students to successfully complete their programs, and to qualify for graduation. However, for the Engineering and Petroleum program, the courses normally last for nine semesters, and for the Architecture program, 10 semesters. The Medical and Dentistry programs require seven years of study to qualify for graduation. The pharmacy program requires 5 years of study. Students are awarded their university degrees upon successfully completing the required credit units.
 * Graduation time and requirements

Each faculty maintains a list of its honors students who achieve a grade point average of 3.5 and above. Students who finish their program's requirements within the prescribed period and graduate with a grade point average of 3.67 are awarded an honors degree in recognition of their academic excellence.
 * Honors system

Colleges
The university has 16 colleges housing academic departments in addition to the College of Graduate Studies which oversees the graduate programs. The colleges and departments are as follows:

 * Architecture
 * Department of Architecture
 * Department of Visual Communication and Interiors

 * Arts
 * Department of Arabic Language and Literature
 * Department of English Language and Literature
 * Department of French Language and Literature
 * Department of History
 * Department of Mass Communication
 * Department of Philosophy

 * Business Administration
 * Department of Accounting
 * Department of Economics
 * Department of Finance and Financial Institutions
 * Department of Management and Marketing
 * Department of Public Administration
 * Department of Information Systems and Operation Management

 * Dentistry
 * Department of Bioclinical Sciences
 * Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences
 * Department of Diagnostic Sciences
 * Department of General Dentistry
 * Department of Restorative Sciences
 * Department of Surgical Science

 * Education
 * Department of Curriculum and Teaching Methods
 * Department of Educational Administration and Planning
 * Department of Educational Psychology
 * Department of Foundations of Education

 * Law
 * Department of International Law
 * Department of Penal Law
 * Department of Private Law
 * Department of Public Law

 * Life Sciences
 * Department of Communication Science and Languages
 * Department of Environmental Technology Management
 * Department of Food Science and Nutrition
 * Department of Information Science

 * Medicine
 * Department of Anatomy
 * Department of Community Medicine and Behavioral Science
 * Department of Medicine
 * Department of Microbiology
 * Department of Nuclear Medicine
 * Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
 * Department of Pathology
 * Department of Pediatrics
 * Department of Pharmacology
 * Department of Physiology
 * Department of Psychiatry
 * Department of Radiology
 * Department of Surgery

 * Pharmacy
 * Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
 * Department of Pharmaceutics
 * Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
 * Department of Pharmacy Practice

 * Public Health
 * Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
 * Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
 * Department of Health Policy and Management
 * Department of Public Health Practice
 * Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences

 * Science
 * Department of Biological Sciences
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
 * Department of Marine Sciences
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Physics
 * Department of Statistics and Operations Research
 * Department of Computer Science

 * Sharia and Islamic Studies
 * Department of Belief, Invocation and Preaching Islam
 * Department of Comparative Jurisprudence and Legitimate Policy
 * Department of Jurisprudence and Rules
 * Department of Qur'anic Interpretation and Prophetic Tradition (Hadith)

 * Social Sciences
 * Department of Geography
 * Department of Information Studies
 * Department of Political Science
 * Department of Psychology
 * Department of Sociology and Social Work

 * College of Graduate Studies

title: Kuwait University


text:
Custodian bank

A custodian bank, or simply custodian, is a specialized financial institution responsible for providing securities services. It provides post-trade services and solutions for asset owners (e.g. sovereign wealth funds, central banks, insurance companies), asset managers, banks and broker-dealers. It is not engaged in "traditional" commercial or consumer/retail banking like lending.

In the past, the custodian bank purely focused on custody, safekeeping, settlement, and administration of securities as well as asset servicing such as income collection and corporate actions. Yet, in the modern financial world, custodian banks have started providing a wider range of value-adding or cost-saving financial services, ranging from fund administration to transfer agency, from securities lending to trustee services.

Definition
Custodian banks are often referred to as global custodians if they safe keep assets for their clients in multiple jurisdictions around the world, using their own local branches or other local custodian banks ("sub-custodian" or "agent banks") with which they contract to be in their "global network" in each market to hold accounts for their respective clients. Assets held in such a manner are typically owned by larger institutional firms with a considerable number of investments such as banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, hedge funds and pension funds.

Early history
In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy established a Committee on Corporate Pension Plans. 2 years later, Studebaker Auto Manufacturer shuttered its business and operations, and it failed to provide pensions to the approximately 7,000 employees affected. Hence, in 1974, U.S. President Gerald Ford proposed an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA Act), protecting the employee benefit plans' standards.

Since the Act has become effective, employers could not hold and keep their pension fund assets. Instead, they are obligated to appoint external custodians to safekeep the assets. Also, they are required to appoint trustees and depositories to ensure the pension funds are operated in the best interest of the pension holders and aligned to the investment mandates.

Further Developments
Currently, more banks have developed a wide range of custody and related services (securities services), and have been keen on developing new technologies (e.g. blockchain, API, distributed ledger) and aligning with the fast-moving regulatory requirement, such as digital assets.

Client Segments & Products
The securities services industry mainly serves two types of clients: 1) Asset Owners & Managers and 2) Banks, Brokers & Dealers.

Asset Owners & Managers
The client segment of Asset Owners & Managers includes asset management companies, alternative asset managers, insurance companies, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, central banks, family offices and prime brokers.

The bank may offer the following products & services:

Banks, Brokers & Dealers
The client segment of Banks, Brokers & Dealers includes global custodians, banks, brokers and dealers.

The bank may offer the following products & services:

Importance of Custodian
Using US definitions, a person who owns street name securities and who is not a member of an exchange holds the securities through a registration chain which involves one or more custodians. This is due to the perceived impracticality of registering traded securities in the name of each individual holder; instead, the custodian or custodians are registered as the holders and hold the securities in a fiduciary arrangement for the ultimate security holders. However, the ultimate security holders are still the legal owners of the securities. They are not merely beneficiaries of the custodian as a trustee. The custodian does not become at any point the owner of the securities, but is only a part of the registration chain linking the owners to the securities. Global securities safekeeping practices vary substantially, with markets such as the UK, Australia and South Africa encouraging designated securities accounts in order to permit shareholder identification by companies.

The definition of "shareholder" is generally upheld by corporate law rather than securities law. One role of custodians (which may or may not be enforced by securities regulation) is to facilitate the exercise of share ownership rights, for example and processing dividends and other payments, corporate actions, the proceeds of a stock split or a reverse stock split, the ability to vote in the company's annual general meeting (AGM), information and reports sent from the company and so forth. The extent to which such services are offered are a function of the client agreement together with relevant market rules, regulations and laws.

Industry Size
As of end-2023, the market size (as measured by worldwide client assets under custody and/or administration) amounted to some $230 trillion. The market share of the largest global custodians has varied quite dramatically over the past 25 years

As of 2022, the market size (as measured by revenue) of the Custody, Asset & Securities Services industry in the US is $32.5bn, with a YoY 2.9% growth between 2017 and 2022.

Industry Players
Many investment banks and banks offer securities services. Generally, the division of securities services is either grouped with Global Markets to form a larger umbrella of Markets & Securities Services (MSS) or falls under the umbrella of Corporate Banking or Transaction Banking.

For instance, Citi and HSBC restructured and combined their Global Markets and Securities Services divisions in 2019 and 2020 respectively.

Players include (in alphabetical order):

 * 🇫🇷 BNP Paribas: Securities Services
 * 🇺🇸 BNY: Securities Services
 * 🇺🇸 Citi: Markets & Securities Services
 * 🇫🇷🇪🇸 Crédit Agricole/Santander: CACEIS Investor Services
 * 🇩🇪 Deutsche Bank: Corporate Banking
 * HSBC: Markets & Securities Services
 * 🇺🇸 J.P. Morgan: Markets & Securities Services
 * 🇯🇵 Mizuho: Institutional Services
 * 🇯🇵 MUFG: Investor Services
 * 🇺🇸 Northern Trust: Asset Servicing
 * 🇨🇦 Royal Bank of Canada: Investor & Treasury Services
 * 🇯🇵 SMBC: Custody and Securities Services
 * 🇫🇷 Société Générale: Global Markets and Investor Services
 * Standard Chartered: Financial Markets
 * 🇺🇸 State Street: Asset Servicing

Global
According to the Asset under Custody League Table by Global Custodian, custodian banks' assets under custody and/or administration (AUC/AUA) are:

′ Assets under custody only

Data on Assets under Custody and Assets under Administration have been collected by globalcustody.net and fundservices.net since 1999, running to 50+ service providers. Performance of 19 service providers against service benchmarks is reported at ServiceMatrix.

Regional
According to the Global Custody Survey 2020 by Global Investor Group, the top custody regional players are:

2000 to 2010
In November 2002, State Street announced that it had acquired global custody business with assets under custody of approximately €2.2 trillion of Deutsche Bank's Global Securities Services (GSS) business for $1.5 billion, subject to adjustment.

In July 2003, HSBC announced the agreement to acquire 82.19% of Korean fund administrator Asset Management Technology (AM TeK) for $12.47 million in cash, which was the biggest fund administrator in South Korea, with $24 billion of assets under administration.

In August 2003, U.S. Bancorp acquired corporate trust business of State Street for $725 million.

In October 2004, Citi acquired ABN AMRO's direct custody, securities clearing, and fund services businesses in selected European and Asian markets for around $50 million.

In November 2005, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was purchasing the corporate trust and institutional custody businesses of Wachovia Corporation.

In July 2006, HSBC announced that it was acquiring Westpac sub-custody operations in Australia and New Zealand for $112.5 million, making the British bank the leading sub-custody and clearing player in Australia and New Zealand.

In July 2007, the merger between Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation had been finalised to create BNY Mellon, which is the largest custodian and asset servicer with more than $18trn in assets under custody and administration at that time.

In July 2007, State Street confirmed that it was acquiring Investors Financial Services for $4.2 billion.

Also in July 2007, the French bank BNP Paribas announced an acquisition of a minority stake of 33.4% in the capital of SLIB, which had been a 100% subsidiary of Natixis prior to the acquisition.

In November 2009, J.P. Morgan Chase acquired ANZ's custodian services business, including access to more than 100 clients and US$90.71 billion in assets under custody.

In April 2010, Standard Chartered acquired Barclays African custody business, which had assets under custody of $3.8 billion.

One month later, in May 2010, State Street announced the completion of its acquisition of Intesa Sanpaolo's Securities Services business (ISPSS) for €1.28 billion in cash.

Since 2011
In April 2013, Citi announced that it was acquiring ING Group's Custody and Securities Services Business in Central and Eastern Europe with €110 Billion in assets under custody. In the same month, Standard Chartered acquired custody business in South Africa from Absa Bank.

In February 2018, Butterfield Bank announced that it was purchasing Deutsche Bank's Global Trust Solutions business in the Cayman Islands, Jersey and Guernsey.

In March 2020, Citi announced that it was buying Royal Bank of Canada's custody business in Australia.

In January 2021, U.S. Bancorp acquired the debt servicing and securities custody services client portfolio of MUFG Union Bank, with approximately 600 client relationships and $320 billion in assets under custody and administration.

In September 2021, State Street announced that it was acquiring Brown Brothers Harriman's Investor Services business, including its custody, accounting, fund administration, global markets and technology services, for $3.5 billion in cash. However, in November 2022, State Street and BBH announced the termination of this transaction.

In January 2022, Standard Chartered announced an agreement to acquire 100% ownership of RBC Investor Services Trust Hong Kong Limited from RBC Investor & Treasury Services, expanding its custodian business to MPF and ORSO schemes trusteeship business in Hong Kong.

Self-Directed Retirement Account Custodians (US)
According to the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in the US, various retirement accounts such as: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRA, SEP IRA, or 401k plan accounts require that a qualified trustee, or custodian, hold IRA assets on behalf of the IRA owner. The trustee/custodian provides custody of the assets, processes all transactions, maintains other records pertaining to them, files the required IRS reports, issues client statements, helps clients understand the rules and regulations pertaining to certain prohibited transactions, and performs other administrative duties on behalf of the self-directed retirement account owner.

Self-directed retirement account custodians (also known as "self-directed IRA custodians" or "self-directed 401k custodians") should not be confused with a custodian bank, which strictly provides safekeeping for securities. While a self-directed retirement account custodian can provide custody for securities, typically it will specialize in non-security assets, or alternative investments. Examples of alternative investments would be: Real Estate, precious metals, private mortgages, private company stock, oil and gas LPs, horses, and intellectual property. These types of assets require a specialization on the part of the custodian due to the complexity of the documentation required to keep the alternative investments in compliance with the IRC.

Mutual Fund Custodian
A Mutual Fund Custodian refers typically to a custodian bank or trust company (a special type of financial institution regulated like a "bank"), or similar financial institution responsible for holding and safeguarding the securities owned by a mutual fund. A mutual fund's custodian may also act as one or more service agents for the mutual fund such as being the fund accountant, administrator and/or transfer agent which maintains shareholder records and disburses periodic dividends or capital gains, if any, distributed by the fund. The vast majority of funds use a third party custodian as required by SEC regulation to avoid complex rules and requirements about self-custody.

A mutual fund retirement account (IRA, SEP etc.) custodian, however, refers to the plan administrator and recordkeeper such as noted above, which may not necessarily be the same institution providing custody services to the investments of the overall fund.

title: Custodian bank


text:
Izumi-Chūō Station

Izumi-Chūō Station is the name of three train stations in Japan.

 * Izumi-Chūō Station (Miyagi) (泉中央駅) in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture
 * Izumi-chūō Station (Kanagawa) (いずみ中央駅) in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture
 * Izumi-Chūō Station (Osaka) (和泉中央駅) in Izumi, Osaka Prefecture

title: Izumi-Chūō Station


text:
Appin

Appin (An Apainn) is a coastal district of the Scottish West Highlands bounded to the west by Loch Linnhe, to the south by Loch Creran, to the east by the districts of Benderloch and Lorne, and to the north by Loch Leven. It lies northeast to southwest, and measures 14 by. The name, meaning "abbey land", in reference to Lismore Abbey, is derived from the Middle Irish apdaine.

The district is mainly in Argyll and Bute, with a coastal strip to the north, along Loch Leven, within the Highland council area.

The scenery of the district is a combination of seascapes with rugged and mountainous country inland. Appin forms part of the Lynn of Lorn National Scenic Area, one of 40 in Scotland. The principal hills are double peaks of Beinn a' Bheithir – 3362 and 3284 ft, respectively – and Creag Ghorm – 2372 ft – in the north, and Fraochaidh 2883 ft, Meall Bàn 2148 ft and Beinn Mhic na Cèisich 2093 ft near the western flank of Glen Creran. The chief rivers are the Coe and Laroch, flowing into Loch Leven, the Duror and Salachan flowing into Loch Linnhe, and the Iola and Creran flowing into Loch Creran.

The leading industries are forestry and tourism, with lead mining and slate quarrying being of former importance, but the Glensanda superquarry, in Morvern on the opposite bank of Loch Linnhe also provides local employment. Ballachulish, Duror, Portnacroish, Appin Village and Port Appin are the principal villages.

Appin was the country of a distinct local branch of Clan Stewart.

The A828 road runs along the coast of Appin. A passenger-only ferry to the island of Lismore runs from Port Appin. The district formerly had a railway, but the Caledonian Railway company's branch line from Connel to Ballachulish was closed in 1966.

Appin is where the Appin Murder took place in 1752.

Notable residents

 * Elizabeth Macquarie (née Campbell), wife of the fifth governor of New South Wales, was born in the area. During his term the governor named the towns of Appin and Airds after his wife's birthplace and her family's estate respectively. The Female Orphan School in Parramatta is said to have been modelled on the estate's main house.

title: Appin


text:
Appraiser

An appraiser (from Latin appretiare, "to value") is a person that develops an opinion of the market value or other value of a product, most notably real estate.

The current definition of "appraiser" according to the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) is: "One who is expected to perform valuation services competently and in a manner that is independent, impartial and objective." USPAP further comments on this definition: "Such expectation occurs when individuals, either by choice or by requirement  placed upon them or upon the service they provide by law, regulation, or agreement with the client or intended users, represent that they comply."

To be a real property appraiser in the United States, an individual must be licensed as an appraiser by the state in which they practice. This real property appraisal license is based on a background investigation, an understanding of USPAP and compliance of all associated state laws and regulations. Appraisers of other assets, such as personal property appraisers or business appraisers, have no state licensing requirements.

The actual valuation service provided by appraisers typically involves development of an opinion of value based on one or more of three common methods for arriving at value:

 * sales comparison approach (SCA)
 * cost approach (CA)
 * income approach (IA)

Usage
In the United States, the most common usage relates to real estate and personal property appraisals, while the term is often used to describe a person specially appointed by a judicial or quasi-judicial authority to put a valuation on property, e.g. on the items of an inventory of the Tangible Property of an Estate (IRS law) of a deceased person or on land taken for public purposes by the right of eminent domain. Appraisers of imported goods and boards of general appraisers have extensive functions in administering the customs laws of the United States. Merchant appraisers are sometimes appointed temporarily under the revenue laws to value where there is no resident appraiser without holding the office of appraiser (U.S. Rev. Stats. § 2609).

title: Appraiser


text:
User:Richardsenior

Born in '69 to Kath and Brian at Bishop Auckland general infirmary. Still not dead.

I am
Monist, Atheist, Utilitarian, Contemporary Socialist, Polemicist, Geek, Logical Positivist

I like
Rock Music, Wintel, Yorkshire

title: User:Richardsenior