text:
User talk:DylanThomas

Confused
G'day, Ted,
 * I must confess to some confusion as to your reversion of my attempt at dealing with a rather silly addition to the indentured servant stream. You admit, nay, proudly boast to vandalising articles you do not like, yet display a typically Seppo lack of humor at others. My point was simply that the paragraph about very well paid(cf: qld health web site) doctors has absolutely no place in an article about 19th century employment practices. If you are such a pedant, why didn't you remove the entire ridiculous stream?
 * Regards, DylanThomas.

 * Hmm, I suppose I overlooked the "rather silly addition" that you are talking about. I am not a pedant, but the article was on my watch page. I couldn't help to notice that somebody posted an edit to that article, and I found that you added a witty comment about so-called "indentured servants" earning $100,000 annually. I actually laughed at that. At the same time, being such a Pedant (with a capital P), I know that Wikipedia is supposed to be (in theory), a open-knowledge, Non-Point-Of-View depository of information.
 * You claim that I "boast" to vandalizing articles that I do not like. As far as I know, I haven't vandalized any articles on Wikipedia. I thought about putting some time into making some humorous witty edits to some controversial articles, but I would know that those edits would be reversed quickly, and would seem to be counter-productive in the end.
 * To be honest, I did not notice the addition you were talking about in respect to well-paid doctors being out of place in the Indentured Servitude article. But thank you for pointing it out. I shall remove the entire ridiculous stream, because my common sense tells me that it has no place in that article. Further, I shall find out who made that ridiculous addition and chastise them for doing that, just like what I did to Gene Mosher for his suggestion that the French Fry Girl was invited to incriminate against herself for possessing drugs.
 * But anywho, it was nice reading your post to my talk page. I speak American English and you almost lost me with some of those words (e.g. pedant, Seppo). I still haven't figured out what Seppo means. Oh well. (Ted 16:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC))

title: User talk:DylanThomas


text:
Rolls-Royce Trent 800

The Rolls-Royce Trent 800 is a high-bypass turbofan produced by Rolls-Royce plc, one of the engine options for the early Boeing 777 variants.

Launched in September 1991, it first ran in September 1993, was granted EASA certification on 27 January 1995, and entered service in 1996. It reached a 40% market share, ahead of the competing PW4000 and GE90, and the last Trent 800-powered 777 was delivered in 2010.

The Trent 800 has the Trent family three shaft architecture, with a 280 cm fan. With a 6.4:1 bypass ratio and an overall pressure ratio reaching 40.7:1, it generates up to 413.4 kN (92,940 lbf) of thrust.

Development

By 1990, as Boeing was studying the enlarged 767-X, Rolls-Royce was proposing its Trent engine with a larger 110 in fan driven by a new, bigger LP turbine, a modified IP compressor and no exhaust mixer. It would attain 75,000 to 85,000 lbf, to be certified in early 1995 for a mid-1995 introduction, with growth potential to 90,000-95,000 lbf with a new HP core. After being rebuffed by British Airways, Rolls-Royce launched the Trent 800 in September 1991 with a £250 million ($432.5 million) order from Thai Airways to power 15 Boeing 777s, certification was then planned for 1995 and first deliveries for January 1996.

Certification was applied for on 2 April 1992. By September 1992, its fan was to be tested in December and a full test was planned for September 1993. Certification was granted by the EASA on 27 January 1995. The first Boeing 777 with Trent 800 engines flew on 26 May 1995 and ETOPS approval was granted by the FAA on 10 October 1996. The Trent 800 entered service on the Boeing 777 in 1996, with Thai Airways on 31 March.

In 1995, the Trent 800 won a large order from Singapore Airlines, a traditional Pratt & Whitney customer. In 1996, Rolls-Royce had a 32% market share, above GE but behind PW. By June 1998, the 33 aircraft fleet had a Trent 800 dispatch reliability over 99.96%. By July 1999, Rolls had won 45% of all engine orders for the 777.

The Trent 800 later reached a 40% share of the engine market on the 777 variants for which it is available. The Singapore order was followed by large orders from American Airlines and Delta Air Lines. British Airways announced in September 1998 that it was returning to Rolls-Royce for its second batch of 777s, and did so again in April 2007. Other major operators include Air New Zealand and Kenya Airways.

The last Trent 800-powered 777 was delivered in 2010. The later -300ER, -200LR, 777F, Boeing 777X-8 and -9 are powered exclusively by GE Aviation engines.

As of 2014, Rolls-Royce is offering an upgraded version of the engine, known as the Trent 800EP. It incorporates technology from Trent 1000 and Trent XWB engines including elliptical leading edges on intermediate- and high-pressure compressor blades. Rolls-Royce claims that it provides a 0.7% fuel-burn benefit.

Design

The Trent 800 is an axial flow, high bypass turbofan with three coaxial shafts. The fan is driven by a 5-stage axial LP turbine (3300 rpm), the 8-stage IP compressor (7000 rpm) and the 6-stage HP compressor (10611 rpm) are each powered by a single stage turbine. It has an annular combustor with 24 fuel nozzles and is controlled by an EEC. The engine has a 6.4:1 bypass ratio in cruise and an overall pressure ratio of 33.9 to 40.7:1 at sea level, for a 340.6–413.4 kN (76,580–92,940 lbf) take-off thrust. The 280 cm fan has 26 diffusion bonded, wide chord titanium fan blades.

Rolls-Royce claims it is the lightest Boeing 777 engine, citing a 8000 lb weight saving over the GE90 and 5,400-6,500 lb over the PW4000. The Trent 800 weighs 6.078 t (13,400 lb) dry, while the GE90 is 17400 lb, and the PW4000 is 16,260 lb.

Japanese KHI and Marubeni Corporation are risk and revenue sharing partners on the Trent 800.

Incidents
On 17 January 2008, a British Airways Boeing 777-236ER, operating as BA038 from Beijing to London, crash-landed at Heathrow after both Trent 800 engines lost power during the aircraft's final approach. The subsequent investigation found that ice released from the fuel system had accumulated on the fuel-oil heat exchanger, leading to a restriction of fuel flow to the engines. On 26 November 2008, Delta Air Lines Flight 18 from Shanghai to Atlanta, a Trent 895-powered Boeing 777, experienced an "uncommanded rollback" of one engine while in cruise at 39,000 feet (12,000 m). The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded the cause of both incidents was the same - ice clogging the inlet side of the fuel-oil heat exchanger (FOHE) of the affected engines.

These incidents, along with a similar incident in May of 2009 involving an Airbus A330 with Rolls Royce Trent-700 engines, resulted in Airworthiness Directives mandating the replacement of the fuel-oil heat exchangers in similar Rolls Royce Trent series engines. Rolls-Royce developed a modification to prevent the problem recurring that involved replacing a face plate that had many small protruding tubes with one that is flat.

Engines on display
A Trent 800 is on display at the Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust Collection, Derby.

A Trent 800 is on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, in the first hall.

Variants

 * RB211 Trent 875-17 (Trent 875-17):Certified 27 January 1995, pressure ratio of 33.9, takeoff thrust of 76,580 lbf.
 * RB211 Trent 877-17 (Trent 877-17):Certified 27 January 1995, pressure ratio of 34.7, takeoff thrust of 78,910 lbf.
 * RB211 Trent 884-17 (Trent 884-17):Certified 27 January 1995, pressure ratio of 37.5, takeoff thrust of 85,430 lbf.
 * RB211 Trent 884B-17 (Trent 884B-17):Certified 26 November 1999, pressure ratio of 37.5, takeoff thrust of 85,430 lbf.
 * RB211 Trent 892-17 (Trent 892-17):Certified 13 November 1996, pressure ratio of 39.6, takeoff thrust of 91,450 lbf.
 * RB211 Trent 892B-17 (Trent 892B-17):Certified 16 April 1997, pressure ratio of 39.6, takeoff thrust of 91,450 lbf.
 * RB211 Trent 895-17 (Trent 895-17):Certified 22 June 1999, pressure ratio of 40.7, takeoff thrust of 92,940 lbf.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rolls-Royce Trent 800


text:
Rolls-Royce Trent 900

The Rolls-Royce Trent 900 is a high-bypass turbofan produced by Rolls-Royce plc to power the Airbus A380, competing with the Engine Alliance GP7000.

Initially proposed for the Boeing 747-500/600X in July 1996, this first application was later abandoned but it was offered for the A3XX, launched as the A380 in December 2000. It first ran on 18 March 2003, made its maiden flight on 17 May 2004 on an A340 testbed, and was certified by the EASA on 29 October 2004.

Producing up to 374 kN (84,000 lbf), the Trent 900 has the three shaft architecture of the Rolls-Royce Trent family with a 2.95 m fan. It has a 8.5–8.7:1 bypass ratio and a 37–39:1 overall pressure ratio.

Development

In July 1996, Rolls-Royce offered the Trent 900 for the proposed Boeing 747-500/600X, targeting a 2000 service entry and competing with the General Electric/Pratt & Whitney Engine Alliance. With a scaled-down Trent 800 core and a similar 2.8 m fan, increasing bypass ratio from 6.5 to 8.5, the 345-365 kN engine could also power the Airbus A3XX. The $450 million development aimed for a December 1999 certification but the 747X was later abandoned, leaving the A3XX, its Airbus competitor, as a possible application from 2003.

By July 2000, the Trent 900 was the first engine to be ordered for the A3XX, by then with a swept fan. By September, its design was not frozen and the fan diameter could increase by up to 13 cm for a 68,000 to 80,000 lbf thrust. The A3XX was launched as the A380 on 19 December 2000. It was then selected by Singapore Airlines and Virgin Atlantic over the competing GP7200. The Trent 900 ran for the first time on 18 March 2003, achieving its certification thrust of 81,000 lbf on 2 April and attaining 88,000 lbf a week later, with growth room to 94,000 lbf. Its 300 cm fan comes from the Trent 8104 demonstrator, and a contra-rotating HP spool is used for the first time, for up to 2% better efficiency.

The Trent 900 made its maiden flight on 17 May 2004 on Airbus' A340-300 testbed, replacing the port inner CFM56 engine. Its final certification was granted by the EASA on 29 October 2004, and the FAA on 4 December 2006. After a twelve-month suspension caused by delays to the A380, Rolls-Royce announced in October 2007 that production of the Trent 900 had been restarted. On 27 September 2007, British Airways announced the selection of the Trent 900 to power 12 A380 aircraft, helping to take the engine's share of the A380 engine market to 52% at the end of February 2009.

Design
The Trent 900 is an axial flow, high bypass turbofan with the three coaxial shafts of the Rolls-Royce Trent family. The 2.95 m fan with swept blades is driven by a 5-stage LP turbine, the 8-stage IP compressor and the 6-stage HP compressor are both powered by a single stage turbine, with the HP spool rotating in the opposite direction of the others. It has a single annular combustor and is controlled by an EEC. It is certified for thrusts between 334.29 and 374.09 kN (75,152 to 84,098 lbf).

Its swept-back fan is inherited from the Trent 8104 demonstrator and a contra-rotating HP spool is used for the first time. It features a scaled-down Trent 800 core. It can be transported on a Boeing 747 freighter whole, the only A380 engine capable of being transported this way. The swept-back fan is 15% lighter than previous wide-chord blades.

Rolls-Royce has seven risk and revenue sharing partners on the Trent 900: Industria de Turbo Propulsores (low-pressure turbine), Hamilton Sundstrand (electronic engine controls), Avio S.p.A. (gearbox module), Marubeni Corporation (engine components), Volvo Aero (intermediate compressor case), Goodrich Corporation (fan casings and sensors) and Honeywell (pneumatic systems). In addition, Samsung Techwin, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) are programme associates.

Upgrades
The Trent 900 family of engines had their first set of upgrades marketed as the Trent 900EP; these were available for delivery from 2012. This package delivered a 1% saving on fuel burn compared to non EP engines. Rolls-Royce told Aviation Week and Space Technology that the upgrades were intended in most cases for both new engines and as retrofits. This upgrade is based on advancements made during the development of the Trent XWB for the Airbus A350 XWB and matches improvements made for the Trent 700 called the Trent 700EP. Block 1 includes elliptical leading edges in the compressor, smaller low-pressure turbine tip clearances, and new coating for the high-pressure compressor drum, as well as an upgrade to the engine control (FADEC) software.

The EP2 package entered testing in May 2013 and was scheduled to be available for delivery in mid 2014. This package aims to provide a further 0.8% reduction in fuel burn on top of the improvements offered by the EP package. Changes include better sealing of the low-pressure turbine, improvements to fan blade tip clearances, and other changes derived from the engines developed for the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350. EP2 passed a type certificate test by European Aviation Safety Agency on 27 November 2013 and an update type certificate was issued on 11 December 2013.

Another modernization was introduced in 2016 with the EP3 package.

Applications

 * Airbus A380

Cost
In 2000 Qantas were quoted a price of US$12.85 million per Trent 900. In 2015 Emirates Airlines signed a contract for 200 Trent 900s including long-term service support at a cost of US$9.2 billion or US$ million per engine. In 2016 ANA bought engines for three new Airbus A380 aircraft for $300m: $m per Trent 900. A new set of LLPs is worth $7 million and an overhaul costs slightly more.

Engines on display
Trent 900s are on display at LeBourget Air Museum (Paris, France), Seville University (Seville, Spain), and the Málaga Aeronautical Museum (Málaga, Spain).

title: Rolls-Royce Trent 900


text:
Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

The Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 is a high-bypass turbofan engine produced by Rolls-Royce, one of the two engine options for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, competing with the General Electric GEnx. It first ran on 14 February 2006 and first flew on 18 June 2007 before a joint EASA/FAA certification on 7 August 2007 and entered service on 26 October 2011. Corrosion-related fatigue cracking of intermediate pressure (IP) turbine blades was discovered in early 2016, grounding up to 44 aircraft and costing Rolls-Royce at least £1.3 billion.

The 62,264-81,028 lbf engine has a bypass ratio over 10:1, a 2.85 m fan and keeps the characteristic three-spool layout of the Trent series.

The updated Trent 1000 TEN with technology from the Trent XWB and the Advance3 aims for up to 3% better fuel burn. It first ran in mid-2014, was EASA certified in July 2016, first flew on a 787 on 7 December 2016 and was introduced on 23 November 2017.

By early 2018 it had a % market share of the decided order book. The Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 is a version with bleed air used for the Airbus A330neo.

Development
In 2003, Rolls-Royce was offering a scaled derivative of the Trent 900 for the proposed Boeing 7E7, which could incorporate ANTLE technologies. On 6 April 2004 Boeing announced that it had selected two engine partners for its new 787: Rolls-Royce and General Electric (GE). In June 2004, Air New Zealand chose the Trent 1000 for its two firm orders. On 13 October 2004, All Nippon Airways selected Rolls-Royce to power 30 787-3s and 20 787-8s, a $1 billion (£560 million) deal.

The first run of the Trent 1000 was on 14 February 2006. On 18 June 2007, it made its first flight from TSTC Waco Airport in Texas, on Rolls-Royce's flying testbed, a modified Boeing 747-200. On 7 July 2007, aircraft lessor International Lease Finance Corporation placed an order worth $1.3 billion at list prices for Trent 1000s to power 40 of the 787s which it has on order, $ m per engine. The engine received joint certification from the FAA and EASA on 7 August 2007, or 7/8/7 in Europe. The Trent 1000 is the launch engine on both initial 787 variants, the -8 with ANA and the -9 with Air New Zealand. On 27 September 2007, British Airways announced the selection of the Trent 1000 to power 24 Boeing 787.

On 2 August 2010, a Trent 1000 suffered an uncontained engine failure of the intermediate turbine on a test stand. It was reported as being due to a fire in the engine oil system.

Trent 1000 TEN
Rolls-Royce designed an improved version targeting at least 2% better fuel burn than the current Trent 1000 Package C. The company claims to offer up to 3% lower fuel burn than the competition. By May 2015, Rolls claims it helps reduce the GEnx dominance of the Boeing 787 engine market, with 42% of newly declared engine orders going to the Trent. In early 2018, of 1277 orders, 681 selected GE (%), 420 Rolls-Royce (%) and 176 were undecided (%).

It features a scaled version of the Airbus A350's Trent XWB-84 compressor, and Advance3 core technology. Fuel burn is reduced through its improved intermediate pressure compressor where the rear stages spin at higher speeds. Three blisk stages were introduced in the new compressor and 75% of its parts are new or changed from the 1000.

The engine first ran in mid-2014. Rolls-Royce initially hoped to certify the Trent TEN before the end of 2015, and to enter service in late 2016. Revising a weight-saving feature called 'banded stators' and other design issues delayed FAA Part 33 engine certification. It was certified by the EASA in July 2016.

It first flew on a Boeing 787 on 7 December 2016. Rolls-Royce will provide the TEN as its engine option for the 787 from 2017. Meeting smoke-emissions limits at landing and takeoff mode points but not at certain thrusts, in August 2017 Rolls-Royce asked the FAA for a temporary exemption through 2019 to develop a modification. Smoke-emissions limits are met per EASA standards but not at all thrusts as required by FAA. European LCC Norwegian Air, Singaporean carrier Scoot and Air New Zealand took delivery of Trent 1000 TEN-powered 787s in November 2017, with the first commercial service on the 23rd.

Design
The Trent 1000 is a high bypass turbofan with three independent, coaxial shafts and a single annular combustor with 18 spray nozzles. The Low Pressure shaft with a swept-bladed, 2.85 m fan is powered by six axial turbines. The Intermediate Pressure spool with 8 axial compressors is turned by a single turbine stage. The six-stage High Pressure Compressor is driven by a single turbine stage, turning in the opposite direction of the two others shafts. The engine is controlled by an EEC.

Initially, Boeing toyed with the idea of sole sourcing the powerplant for the 787, with GE Aviation being the most likely candidate. However, potential customers demanded choices and Boeing relented.

For the first time in commercial aviation, both engine types will have a standard interface with the aircraft, allowing any 787 to be fitted with either a GE or Rolls-Royce engine at any time as long as the pylon is also modified. Engine interchangeability makes the 787 a more flexible asset to airlines, allowing them to change from one manufacturer's engine to the other's in light of any future engine developments which conform more closely to their operating profile. The cost of such a change would require a significant operating cost difference between the two engine types to make it economical - a difference that does not exist with the engines today.

As with earlier variants of the Trent family, Rolls partnered with risk and revenue sharing partners on the Trent 1000 program. This time there were six partners: Kawasaki Heavy Industries (intermediate compressor module), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (combustor and low pressure turbine blades), Industria de Turbo Propulsores (low pressure turbine), Carlton Forge Works (fan case), Hamilton Sundstrand (gearbox) and Goodrich Corporation (engine control system). Altogether, these partners have a 35 percent stake in the programme.

The Trent 1000 family makes extensive use of technology derived from the Trent 8104 demonstrator. In order to fulfill Boeing's requirement for a "more-electric" engine, the Trent 1000 is a bleedless design, with power take-off from the intermediate-pressure (IP) spool instead of the high-pressure (HP) spool found in other members of the Trent family. A 2.8 m diameter swept-back fan, with a smaller diameter hub to help maximize airflow, was specified. The bypass ratio has been increased over previous variants by suitable adjustments to the core flow.

A high pressure ratio along with contra-rotating the IP and HP spools improves efficiency. The use of more legacy components reduces the parts count to minimise maintenance costs. A tiled combustor is featured.

Operational history
On 26 October 2011, the 787 flew its first commercial flight from Tokyo Narita Airport to Hong Kong International Airport on All Nippon Airways. It was powered by Trent 1000 engines.

The 787 was introduced in September 2011 with Package A with 1% worse thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) than the initial Boeing specification, which was matched by Package B certified in December 2011, then improved by Package C offering 1% better fuel burn than specified and EASA certified in September 2013. From early operations, GE claimed a 2% fuel burn advantage and 1% better performance retention.

In March 2014, of the 787 firm orderbook, Rolls-Royce had 321 (31%), GE 564 (55%) and 146 were undecided (14%). The performance improvement packages rectified fuel burn and reliability issues, but problems in the active fleet persist and durability problems with certain components remain for 400 to 500 engines in 2017. In early 2018, of 1277 orders, 681 selected the GEnx (%), 420 the Trent 1000 (%) and 176 were undecided (%).

Blade cracking
Corrosion-related fatigue cracking of intermediate-pressure turbine (IPT) blades was discovered at All Nippon Airways in early 2016. Engines showing excessive corrosion were pulled from service and repaired in a shop visit, more corrosion-resistant blades were developed and rolled-out. HPT blades fatigue was checked and IPC rotor seals inspected but several airlines had to ground 787s. Rolls-Royce had to spend $35 million on unexpected "technical provisions" for its in-service Trent 1000 fleet in 2017.

In April 2018, the inspection interval for 380 Package C Trent 1000s was reduced from every 200 flights to every 80 to address durability problems, as the EASA should be followed by the US FAA, reducing ETOPS from 330 to 140 minutes and impacting trans-Pacific flights. On 17 April the US FAA confirmed this ETOPS reduction. On 19 April, the EASA issued an Airworthiness Directive stating "occurrences were reported on RR Trent 1000 'Pack C' engines, where some IPC Rotor 1 and Rotor 2 blades were found cracked. This condition, if not detected and corrected, could lead to in-flight blade release, possibly resulting in reduced control of the aeroplane." EASA inspection rates are increased but ETOPS are maintained.

On 26 April 2018, the FAA limited ETOPS for package C engines. This affected Air Europa, Air New Zealand, Avianca, British Airways, Ethiopian, LATAM, LOT Polish, Norwegian Air, Royal Brunei, Scoot, Thai Airways and Virgin Atlantic.

Boeing dispatched 737 MAX head VP Keith Leverkuhn to help Rolls-Royce overcome the problems, showing their importance as 34 aircraft are grounded and this number could rise in coming months as the 383 affected engines power a quarter of the 787 fleet. The Boeing 787 production rise to 14 monthly by mid-2019 should not be affected as 70% have GE Aircraft Engines, but seven new airliners are assembled awaiting engines.

As FAA and EASA airworthiness directives mandated inspections by 9 June, grounded airliners should rise to a peak of 50: after 80% of the engines were checked, 29% of them failed inspection and remain grounded. Rolls-Royce assigned 200 people to solve the issue and installs a revised IP compressor blade for early June testing, accelerating a permanent fix development to have parts available for overhaul from late 2018. To cover these problems, Rolls budgets £340 million ($450 million) in 2018 and less in 2019, compared to an around £450 million ($643 million) 2018 free cash flow. In early June, a redesigned blade was flight tested on Rolls-Royce's 747-200 as 35 were grounded, and easing ETOPS restrictions would need convincing regulatory agencies that disrupting a single-engine diversion is improbable enough.

A similar IP Compressor durability issue was identified on some Package B engines, the 166 Package B engines will be inspected on-wing as an EASA AD will be published in June 2018. A precautionary redesign of the Package B part was started, as for the Trent 1000 TEN, while its young fleet did not show reduced IPC durability. The Package B in service fleet is currently at 61 while eight are in storage. A compressor blade stocks shortfall led to up to three days longer than planned fixes as grounded jets reach 43, while Rolls dedicated almost £1 billion ($1.3 billion) to address the issues.

Aircraft-on-ground peaked at 44 before falling, less than the 50 expected, and turbine blade capacity, a limiting factor, increased by 50% since 2018 started. The problems should not spread to the Trent XWB, as there is no evidence of similar issues and it was developed with more modern tools and a different design flow – while not enough engines were visited yet to rule it out, or to the Trent 7000 which will include Trent 1000 improvements. A £554 million ($725 million) exceptional expense was taken for 2018, 40% of the total cash cost to 2022, before £450 million in 2019 and £100 million less in 2020.

Mitigation
Exposing the base material to low-cycle fatigue, the thermal barrier coating on the IP turbine blades was eroded prematurely by "hot corrosion" caused by high atmospheric sulfur due to polluting industries around large Asia-Pacific cities. The initial fix, a revised base material and coating to counter IP turbine corrosion, was installed by September 2018 in over 62% of the affected fleet. Laboratory testing of the newer turbine is satisfactory and the turbine lifetime should be proved by in-service inspections, with some engines already having completed 1,000–1,500 cycles. A materials test programme was verified with UK and European universities: low-cycle fatigue tests showed the agent diffusion into the main material was prevented, avoiding microcrack formation. A model predicts the corrosive agents exposure to avoid inspections and to sequence the retrofits.

The failure mechanism was not clearly understood when the issue was discovered in March, after four compressor blades on the first IP rotor and one on the second failed in a high-time engine. Vibration surveys revealed a fan wake affecting the compressor blade, with a 100 Hz frequency difference between the IP and LP spools setting up an eigenmode synchronised vibration in the first two compressor rotors. This caused wear and tear leading to microcracks in the blades roots, growing to proper cracks failing after around 1,000 cycles and resulting in an inflight shutdown. To avoid eigenmodes, Rolls shifts the blade mass from the center towards the periphery. Testing showed no damaging vibration and certification should be approved by year-end, the new blade begun production in anticipation. While it has a different Trent XWB-style IP rotor design with no eigenmode, the same stages were also redesigned for the Trent 1000 TEN, as well as the Trent 7000.

In March 2018, Rolls conservatively limited single engine operating at maximum continuous power to 140 min, leading regulators to restrict ETOPS. Only one engine failed among over 100 showing small cracks, one-third of the suspect population of 366 engines, as crack develops slowly. On the ground at Derby, an instrumented Trent 1000 with cracked rotors ran 10 h at maximum continuous power with no crack propagation, and was then mounted to Rolls' 747 testbed aircraft in mid-September to confirm it is not a high-cycle fatigue problem to ease ETOPS restrictions. Flights should begin at the end of September off the California coast, it will be run at FL120 and maximum power like a single engine ETOPS diversion, to be followed by cold weather tests in Alaska. By December, the number of grounded engines were still high, and was to improve significantly over the first half of 2019. Following EASA and FAA approval from, a redesigned IP compressor blade design was installed on the Package C Trent 1000 from January 2019.

By November 2019, Rolls-Royce aimed for below ten aircraft-on-ground by mid-2020. After a HP turbine design intended for early 2020 was evaluated, a redesigned Trent 1000 TEN HP blade was not as durable as expected and its introduction was delayed until the first half of 2021, the last required modification. Rolls-Royce expects to take a £1.4 billion ($1.8 billion) charge in 2019, nearly doubling from the £790 million absorbed in 2018, as all costs spread across 2017–2023 are increasing to £2.4 billion, up from £1.6 billion estimated by mid-2019.

Reliability
Up to March 2016, it has a dispatch reliability of 99.9 percent and four in-flight shutdown (IFSD) gave a rate of 2 IFSD per million flight hours.

On 10 August 2019, a Norwegian Long Haul Boeing 787-8 departing Rome had an engine failure, and the crew managed an event-less emergency landing. Parts damaged the plane's left wing, horizontal stabiliser, fuselage and main landing gear tyres, and fell over urban areas. A turbine blade broke and may have caused others to disintegrate. The engine suffered other less publicised in-flight shutdowns.

Applications

 * Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Variants
Variants were certified by the EASA
 * on 7 August 2007
 * Trent 1000‐A, Trent 1000‐C, Trent 1000‐D, Trent 1000‐E, Trent 1000‐G, Trent 1000‐H

 * on 10 September 2013
 * Trent 1000‐A2, Trent 1000‐C2, Trent 1000‐D2, Trent 1000‐E2, Trent 1000‐G2, Trent 1000‐H2, Trent 1000‐J2, Trent 1000‐K2, Trent 1000‐L2

 * on 6 May 2015
 * Trent 1000‐AE, Trent 1000‐CE, Trent 1000‐AE2, Trent 1000‐CE2

 * on 11 July 2016
 * Trent 1000‐AE3, Trent 1000‐CE3, Trent 1000‐D3, Trent 1000‐G3, Trent 1000‐H3, Trent 1000‐J3, Trent 1000‐K3, Trent 1000‐L3, Trent 1000‐M3, Trent 1000‐N3, Trent 1000‐P3, Trent 1000‐Q3, Trent  1000‐R3

Engines on display
A Trent 1000 is on display at the Museum of Making, Derby.

title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000


text:
User:Motmajor

I have been away as an editor for quite some time, but recently (November 2015) decided to come back and see what I could contribute. I have a diverse background of educational knowledge and perspective that I bring to editing here including the following college degrees: I have extensive background working with the MediaWiki software (on the server side). I helped maintain the server of Theopedia.com when it was running MediaWiki. This work included installing new extensions, updating the software, making modifications to the database, and helping to direct the overall policy of the Wiki.
 * Associate of Applied Science, Computer Network Technology
 * Bachelor of Science, Bible Exposition and Theology, Ancient Greek
 * Bachelor of Science, Accounting, Business Administration

Words that describe who I am:
Complementarian, but not Hyper-Headship;

Five Point Calvinist, but not a Hyper-Calvinist;

Monergist, not a Synergist;

Old-Earth Skeptic;

Conservative Protestant Evangelical Reformed Christian;

Believer's Baptism, but not a Baptist;

Plymouth Brethren, but not of the Closed/Exclusive variety;

Trinitarian;

Accountant

title: User:Motmajor


text:
Dipterocarpus

Dipterocarpus is a genus of flowering plants and the type genus of family Dipterocarpaceae.

Dipterocarpus is the third-largest and most diverse genus among the Dipterocarpaceae. The species are well known for timber, but less acknowledged for use in traditional herbal medicine. The genus has about 70 species, occurring in South Asia and Southeast Asia, from Sri Lanka and India to the Philippines. It is an important component of dipterocarp forests. Its generic name comes from Greek and means "two-winged fruits".

The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpus species occurs on Borneo, with many endemic to the island. The oldest fossil of the genus, and Dipterocarpaceae, is from the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Intertrappean Beds of India.

Uses
The genus is of considerable importance as timber trees and for producing resinous oil. The oil is sold under the trade names gurjun oil, kanyin oil, wood oil, and Keruing oil. D. turbinatus, gurjan, is a major commercial timber species found in the Andaman islands. Gurjan wood is very important for making plywood.

Accepted species
There are 65 accepted species:

 * Dipterocarpus acutangulus Vesque – Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don – northeastern India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, and Philippines
 * Dipterocarpus applanatus Slooten – Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus baudii Korth. – Bangladesh, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra
 * Dipterocarpus borneensis Sooten – Borneo and Sumatra
 * Dipterocarpus bourdillonii Brandis – southwestern India
 * Dipterocarpus caudiferus Merr. – Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus chartaceus Symington – Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia
 * Dipterocarpus cinereus Slooten – central Sumatra
 * Dipterocarpus concavus Foxw. – Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra
 * Dipterocarpus condorensis Pierre – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, and Vietnam
 * Dipterocarpus condorensis subsp. condorensis – Vietnam (Con Dao) and Philippines (Luzon and Mindanao)
 * Dipterocarpus condorensis subsp. penangianus (Foxw.) P.S.Ashton & Luu – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus confertus Slooten – Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus conformis Slooten – northern Sumatra
 * Dipterocarpus coriaceus Slooten – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus costatus C.F.Gaertn. – Bangladesh, Indochina, and Peninsular Malaysia
 * Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus crinitus Dyer – Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus cuspidatus P.S.Ashton – Borneo (northeastern Sarawak)
 * Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre ex Laness. – Indochina, northern Peninsular Malaysia, and northwestern Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth. – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus eurhynchus Miq. – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, southern Philippines
 * Dipterocarpus fagineus Vesque – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus fusiformis P.S.Ashton – northeastern Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus geniculatus Vesque – Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus P.S.Ashton – Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus glandulosus Thwaites – southwestern Sri Lanka
 * Dipterocarpus globosus Vesque – Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume – Assam to western Malesia and the Philippines
 * Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco – Bangladesh to Indochina, western Malesia, and the Philippines. The wood is sold as keruing timber
 * Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume – Indochina, western Malesia, Philippines, and Lesser Sunda Islands
 * Dipterocarpus hispidus Thwaites – Sri Lanka
 * Dipterocarpus humeratus Slooten – Sumatra and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. – southwestern India
 * Dipterocarpus insignis Thwaites – Sri Lanka
 * Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer – Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam
 * Dipterocarpus kerrii King – Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines. The wood is sold as keruing timber
 * Dipterocarpus kunstleri King – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines
 * Dipterocarpus lamellatus Hook.f. – Borneo (southwestern Sabah)
 * Dipterocarpus littoralis Blume – southern Java
 * Dipterocarpus lowii Hook.f. – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus mundus Slooten – central Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus nudus Vesque – northwestern Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Blume – southern Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. – Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia
 * Dipterocarpus ochraceus Meijer – northern Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus orbicularis Foxw. – Philippines (Luzon)
 * Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus Meijer – northern and northwestern Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus palembanicus Slooten – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus perakensis P.S.Ashton – Peninsular Malaysia
 * Dipterocarpud pseudocornutus P.S.Ashton – Philippines
 * Dipterocarpus retusus Blume – Assam and Tibet to China (Yunnan), Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Islands
 * Dipterocarpus rigidus Ridl. – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Foxw. – Peninsular Malaysia
 * Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Slooten – eastern Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Locally called the Sarawak keruing
 * Dipterocarpus scaber Buch.-Ham. – Bangladesh
 * Dipterocarpus semivestitus Slooten – Peninsular Malaysia (Perak) and southeastern Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus stellatus Vesque – western Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw. – Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus tempehes Slooten – Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. – Bangladesh to Indochina
 * Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F.Gaertn. – eastern India to Indochina. The wood is sold as keruing timber
 * Dipterocarpus validus Blume – northern and eastern Borneo to the Philippines
 * Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw. ex Slooten – Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo
 * Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Thwaites – Sri Lanka

title: Dipterocarpus


text:
User talk:Howard Tuttleman

HOWARD TUTTLEMAN Reviewer, Magician, Word-smith, Adventurer

Howard Tuttleman has been reviewing things his whole life. Since he was young he knew some things were better than others. In mid 2004 he found Amazon.com and was introduced to a Five Star Rating System and a way to share his thoughts with others on the internet. So started Howard Tuttleman.

What sets Howard apart from other reviewers is his "Experience-Based-Focused-Review" style. Instead of saying things you could most likely assume about products Howard takes you with him and relates his actual experience with products. Anyone can tell you that blender worked or didn't work and how quickly it mixed that drink. Howard takes you through all the steps. If a pair of stilts don't work with a home-made super-suit with extended arms and legs, Howard will be sure to let you know.

As his popularity on the internet started growing he branched out into art and video to quench his fan-bases constant thirst for more Howard. Talks of a radio show are on the way as this is written and syndication for the reviews is growing.

For more information on Howard Tuttleman his website is howardtuttleman.com

title: User talk:Howard Tuttleman


text:
Talk:Bhimsen Joshi

Untitled
The Bharat Ratna Award to Pandit Bhimsen, announced just now, 4 Nov 2008,is a most befitting tribute to this giant of Hindustani Sangeet, overdue by over two decades. Bhimsen combines an eclectic musical approach with unparalled sonic genius and a colourful personality, Ajitvasant (talk) 17:51, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Name
Since Panditji has a major contribution towards Marathi music & has spent most of his life in Pune, I think its important to write his name in Marathi too. And there are many instances of biographies where names are written in more than one native languages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nachiketdeo (talk • contribs) 06:56, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Please don't add marathi name. it will be removed. see Lata Mangeshkar, Aishwarya Rai, A. R. Rahman ...etc, only native language are added there. you can't add hindi or marathi script just because bhimsenji has sung in those languages.  C 21 K talk  23:08, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Read the discussion properly on rajnikanth page... it says "The language scripts of their mother tongue and their main career industry is only displayed.". I have just done the same thing... I feel both of us have better ways to pass our time than coming on this page everyday and writing/removing name in Marathi. Dont just tell me to read the discussion there...read carefully what it says. Rajnikanth, Bhimsen are the rarest of the people who have made huge contributions to the language other than there mother tongue and that has to be taken into account. Other similarity being the place where they live. Rajnikanth lives in Chennai not Maharashtra and similarly Bhimsenji has spent most of his life in Pune, not Karnataka. I am ready to discuss the issue with you... And if it were only a few songs in Marathi, I would not have done this. His contribution to Marathi sangeet is huge. See also Kishor Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Adi Shankara for the same type of example. Nachiket 05:59, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

My replies to your POV

 * Rajnikanth, Bhimsen are the rarest of the people who have made huge contributions to the language other than there mother tongue

 * rarest??? what about the Bollywood and Kollywood actors?? most of the peoples who have made their mark in those fields are not native speaker of Hindi or Tamil. I don't see any point in your argument.

 * Bhimsenji has spent most of his life in Pune, not Karnataka

 * so what??? living in pune doesn't make him as a marathi.

 * I am ready to discuss the issue with you....

 * carry on....

--

 * currently, article Adi Shankara is in mediation. don't give such article as an example.

 * In recent hogenakkal strike, rajanikanth referred himself as tamilian. and the name rajanikanth is a pure Tamil name. so tamil script is added there. similarly, did bhimsen referred himself as marathi anywhere? show your enthusiasm in marathi related articles not here.  C 21 K talk  06:44, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Stop this nonsense! I can give you countless examples...Morarji Desai,Sonia Gandhi, Manmohan Singh, Ashok Kumar, Rekha, Hema Malini, Dharmendra, Sunny Deol, Esha Deol etc. etc. How many more examples you want? And if you are still not convinced, read http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Bhimsen-Joshi . It clearly states that Panditji was born to Marathi parents. So by this logic, I should remove Kannada script! Don't worry... I am not doing it :D. First answer why these references referred above have their names in Hindi... and give me references where they have referred themselves as Hindi. And whats the logic behind this? If tomorrow you say you are Japanese, does that make you Japanese? And I again quote line from discussion on Rajini's page "The language scripts of their mother tongue and their main career industry is only displayed".

 * By the way even if the name Rajinikanth is purely Tamil, thats not his original name..His name is Shivajirao Gaekwad...which is purely Marathi. Nachiket 08:27, 11 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nachiketdeo (talk • contribs)

 * even i can list out thousand of articles, where only native language script is added. C 21 K talk  08:39, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Who is making nonsense here?? nationmaster website is just a mirror of wiki. bhimsenji is born to a kannadiga parents. There is a enough sources added in the article. C 21 K talk  08:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Sir, respond to the questions asked. I take back my nation master argument. But what about the point you made reg Rajini being Tamil only because he says so and his taken name (not original) name is Tamil. I don't buy this argument of yours. And what about this statement that is accepeted by all "The language scripts of their mother tongue and their main career industry is only displayed"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nachiketdeo (talk • contribs) 08:40, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Now, please stop comparing the articles. start a discussion in rajnikanth article, concern editors will respond for your questions. C 21 K talk  08:58, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Do meaningful discussion...respond to the points I have mentioned. Dont shy away from answering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nachiketdeo (talk • contribs) 09:00, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I will only answer to the questions which is about bhimsenji. not about rajanikanth. C 21 K talk  09:03, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Panditji has been an integral part of the Marathi "sahitya". His name must be there in marathi too. 202.63.253.30 (talk) 11:32, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

 * OMG, atleast tell me what you know about Bhimsenji. Marathi sahitya?? how many books he published in marathi?? LOL, he is hindustani singer not a writer. well, he sings Kannada,Marathi,Hindi,Urdu,Bengali etc...so it doesn't mean to add each and every scripts. only native language script is allowed. C 21 K talk  11:37, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

C21K, what is your problem with adding marathi script? Why are you against it?

May not be knowing much about him, but I know that he has been staying in Maharashtra for majority of his life. He has given many contributions to Marathi, let the script be there. Swapnils2106 (talk) 13:20, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * You can't add marathi script just because he is living in maharashtra. C 21 K talk  13:23, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

You cannot have two standards for the same issue. Refer Rajnikant Swapnils2106 (talk) 13:36, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Regarding rajnikanth article it has been discussed several times. see the talkpage. Rajnikant called him self as Tamilian, but bhimsen didn't called him self as Marathi. C 21 K talk  14:16, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not the place for worship people. add your marathi scripts to Marathi peoples not for Kannada peoples. C 21 K talk  14:17, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

If Rajanikant called himself a tamiliean then why is Kannad script present there? Shall I remove the kannad script from Bhimsen Joshi. Cause people living in Maharashtra are called Marathi. Swapnils2106 (talk) 18:55, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Again you cannot have two standards for the same issue. Swapnils2106 (talk) 18:56, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

I am again and again telling you to refer to the discussion on Rajinikanth page : "The language scripts of their mother tongue and their main career industry is only displayed". I think this has been an agreed principle everywhere. On whichever pages there are no more than one language, its mainly because noone has raised this issue over there. And look, we are not REPLACING Kn script... we are just ADDING Mr script...that too after Kn since we have been taught to respect all languages. Nachiket 20:09, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

I completely agree with the above view, I guess we are now reaching a consensus on this issue. The Marathi script stays. What say? Swapnils2106 (talk) 13:43, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Mentioning Caste
Dear Editors! There has been a discussion on India Portal related to mentioning of caste of subjects. The point is that mentioning caste of people, who have nothing to do with their caste, is found to be unnecessary by few editors. Hence the caste of the subject person needs to be deleted from the biography. I am not deleting the caste as of now but am only posting this here so that the regular editors of this article are well aware of it beforehand and no edit-wars take place. For details of discussion held on the portal please refer Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics. Your views if any are welcome there or even here. And.... as the reasons of exclusion of caste pointed out were "irrelavant to notability of subject person", "privacy of the subject person", "inclusion of caste is like branding individuals", etc. other information included in the article which also fall under these cases will also be removed after discussions. Examples of it included religion, non-notable spouse's and children's and parents' information, previous occupation, lived in places, non-notability related educational qualification, etc. Your views on this are also welcome here or at the India portal. -Animeshkulkarni (talk) 17:20, 1 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Not here, please. There is a community discussion taking place at WT:INB and I would advise people to read the entire discussion before forming an opinion because the above summary is incorrect. Nothing more need be said here. - Sitush (talk) 02:13, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Birthplace
User 38.98.221.138 has been for some time now repeatedly changing the birthplace (erroneously) to Pune, Maharashtra. Bhimsen did spend a considerable time of his latter part the life in Pune, but was born in Gadag in Karnataka to a Kannada speaking family. Bmurthy (talk) 16:48, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi,
 * Since we seem to have a bit of an edit war going on over Bhimsen's birthplace, I think it is relevant to point out that every link in the References section to this article that mentions where he was born says that it was Gadag. Not a single link to back up the contention that his birthplace was Pune. So maybe, before reverting those changes again, could we have some references to back up your claim that Bhimsen was born in Pune? - Kunal (Talk) 18:35, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * TOI also says that he was born in in Gadag, Karnataka. Here is the source. Maybe the birth place in the article is right?  Tolly  4  bolly  18:51, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I reported the IP at Requests for page protection. The IP removed my report and was reverted on that. The IP also removed this discussion section and I reverted. It shouldn't be long now before the IP is taken care of. The IP is engaging in WP:VANDALISM, not simply misguided editing, and therefore WP:Edit warring does not apply when reverting the IP. Flyer22 (talk) 18:53, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Here is an update for those who don't know what happened after the above statements. Flyer22 (talk) 20:13, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * (e/c) You are correct, Flyer22. I've semiprotected the article for 2 months, and the IP has been blocked by User:GorillaWarfare — only for 31 hours, though, since it's their first block. I'd rather not protect this talkpage, but if they should continue disrupting it after the block expires, please let me or GorillaWarfare know. Bishonen | talk 20:18, 17 June 2013 (UTC).
 * Yes, I read your latest message there. Thank you again. Flyer22 (talk) 21:39, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Bhimsen Joshi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm to http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090803162620/http://www.screenindia.com:80/old/20001117/tnews.htm to http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001117/tnews.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110728032751/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808272140.htm to http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808272140.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101225144552/http://filmsdivision.org/view_video.php?movId=ODU4 to http://www.filmsdivision.org/view_video.php?movId=ODU4

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:29, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

who was changing the pundit bhimsen joshi birth
who was changing the pundit bhimsen joshi birth place again and again ,seriously the place of birth place is RON the city that cames in gadag dist and state of Karnataka so please don't change the birth place in the future — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.204.5.243 (talk) 07:49, 7 January 2017 (UTC) You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:23, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

Personal martial problems
All hail the Goddess See lord demands Please have courtesy for me and shower your blessings upon me. I need your help for brushing and healing. Date of : April 1961 Tuesday 9:15am Autumn Aries Name: Ganesan Marimuthu Chetty (Jaya). Telugu speaking. I'm working for Metro roads and storm water, city areas. I'm doing this job which is dangerous. I left Clairwood, Cherry Road, I was troubled by the goons I do housekeeping and take care of my wife for 4 years and 6 years. I do everything in the house. I go to bed at midnight and I wake up at 3am. After cleaning the house, bathing my wife, Jagadhambal I only go to work at 10am. My wife had a stroke. I left my house in Clairwood Cherry Road on 3 July 2022 and came to my younger sister's house.I'm staying with my younger sister since then who is taking care of me. Please hear my prayer at your pedestal and lotus feet Lord Muruga Sikandya. I need your help and your grace to help me make the right decisions to move forward in life. Living with my wife and her family is making me lose my mental balance. Since I moved to my younger sister's house I'm going for neurological assistance and treatments and this has shown improvements in my life and behaviour. I'm at work on time and my eating habits are now becoming normal. I'm now becoming a normal person compared the mentally unbalanced person I was when I was with my wife and her family. Please help me decide where to stay in the future. 197.101.169.194 (talk) 18:27, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bhimsen Joshi


text:
Bjarne Berntsen

Bjarne Berntsen (born 21 December 1956) is a Norwegian football coach and former player who is the manager of Sandnes Ulf. He is the elder brother of fellow football coach Alf Ingve Berntsen.

Playing career
Bjarne Berntsen began his football career at local club Figgjo IL. He signed for Norwegian top division club Viking in 1977, and stayed there until 1982. During this period he played 33 matches for the Norway national team, including the famous September 1981 win over England where he played at the right back position.

Despite being only 25 years old, Berntsen chose to step away from top-level football at the end of the 1982 season, and returned to his former club Figgjo which at the time played in the fourth tier of the league pyramid.

Early manager years
After retiring as a player, Berntsen coached Figgjo, Bryne and Viking. Between 1986 and 1987, Berntsen was also the assistant coach of the Norwegian national team. He won the Norwegian cup with Bryne in 1987, still only 30 years old.

Viking club director
Between 1999 and 2004, Berntsen was the Director of Viking. After Viking manager Kjell Inge Olsen resigned on 13 April 2004, he took over as caretaker manager until 12 July 2004, when the club signed Roy Hodgson as their new manager. Berntsen then resumed his role as club Director. In late 2004 he was surprisingly offered the job as head coach of the Norway women's national football team from 1 January 2005 on, which he accepted.

Women's national team coaching career
Berntsen's first tournament with the national women's team was the 2005 UEFA Women's Championship which took place in June 2005 in England. He courted controversy by including 16 year old Isabell Herlovsen, the daughter of one of his former teammates on the Norway national team, in the squad. However, she scored two vital goals to keep Norway in the tournament. After mixed fortunes in the group stage, Norway played a memorable semifinal against Sweden which they won by 3–2 after extra time with a goal from Solveig Gulbrandsen. In the final against Germany, Norway lost 3–1.

Berntsen led the national women's team through qualification to the FIFA Women's World Cup 2007 tournament in China, where they won their group by beating Canada and Ghana and drawing against Australia. In the quarter final against the hosts China, in front of 50,000 spectators, Norway won 1–0, the only goal being scored by Herlovsen. In the semifinal, the team lost to Germany by 3–0, and they then lost the third-place playoff 4–1 against the US to finish in fourth place. By virtue of their performance at the World Cup, Norway qualified for the 2008 Olympics.

After the UEFA Women's Euro 2009, Berntsen resigned as coach of the women's national team.

Later years
On 11 February 2010, Viking announced that Berntsen was again hired as the Director of the club, nearly five and a half years after he resigned from the same position. Two years later, Berntsen was nominated and elected vice president of the Football Association of Norway which meant that he had to quit his position at Viking.

After Viking's relegation from the Eliteserien and manager Ian Burchnall's dismissal from the club in December 2017, Berntsen made a surprising return to Viking, leaving his role as vice president of the Norwegian FA to take on the manager role at the club. He led Viking to a first place in the 2018 1. divisjon and were promoted back to Eliteserien after one season's absence. On 20 June 2019, Viking announced that Berntsen's contract had been extended with two more years, till the end of the 2021 season.

In the Norwegian local elections, 2019 he was elected to a seat in Sandnes municipal council, representing the Labour Party.

On 26 November 2020, it was announced that Berntsen would be relieved of his duties as manager of Viking FK after the 2020 season. This was controversial as Berntsen himself was not contacted before the decision was made, and was well loved by the majority of fans. The leadership of Viking received a lot of criticism for their actions, and publicly apologised afterwards. In June 2021 he was hired as managing director of Bryne FK. He resigned in August 2021, amid rumours that he would take over the vacant manager job at Sandnes Ulf.

title: Bjarne Berntsen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Councilism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 21:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Councilism
OR/essay. DS 16:05, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete total OR. — brighterorange  (talk) 17:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research. "Man creates the ultimate mistakes" indeed. --Jacquelyn Marie 19:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete deep thoughts. Gazpacho 23:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Rafael (Yu-Gi-Oh!)

Yami Yugi, a.k.a. Dark Yugi, a.k.a. Yu-Gi-Oh

Okay, WHO ACTUALLY CALLS HIM "YU-GI-OH"???

"Yu-Gi-Oh" is simply "King of Games". It's a title, not a name, and it is not used in the dub. The dub actually uses the translated "King of Games".

Whoever is going around putting "Yu-Gi-Oh" on his AKAs, stop.

But the VIZ manga uses "Yu-Gi-Oh!", so I won't stop. WhisperToMe 06:04, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

In the early episodes of the dub, "Normal" Yugi says "Yu-Gi-Oh" to summon his darker self (or switch minds). So Yugi calls Yami "Yu-Gi-Oh" ;p Hogtree 15:13, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Protect?
Since it is very unlikely that there will be any more information on this character, in order to prevent further vandalism and false claims such as the one that I just removed, is there a good reason to not protect the page. I can't see any major or minor updating being necessary. Setokaiba✌≝ 08:24, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rafael (Yu-Gi-Oh!)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Funeral (album)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Linuxbeak | Talk 23:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

The Funeral (album)
Pointless. The article is based on rumors. --Shawn88 16:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Note: Although the template had been added to the article this discussion had not been listed on afd on 6th October: this is why I've just done it today. -- Francs2000 06:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable.  There is no reason to redirect it to Curtain Call (which is now what it does), which should also be deleted. Jkelly 00:27, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's still the same page, it was moved to Curtain Call. I'll re-add the afd tag. -- Francs2000 [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 07:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The album has now been officially announced. There is absolutely no reason to delete Curtain Call. --Shawn88 12:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Does that mean you wish to withdraw your earlier nomination? -- Francs2000 [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 19:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. I nominated The Funeral (album) for deletion, but that was before an album with a similar concept (Curtain Call) was officially announced.--Shawn88 17:47, 12 October 2005 (UTC).
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


title: User:Rian46


text:
San Salvador (volcano)

The San Salvador Volcano (also known as Quezaltepeque or El Boquerón) is a stratovolcano situated northwest to the city of San Salvador. The crater has been nearly filled with a relatively newer edifice, the Boquerón volcano. San Salvador is adjacent to the volcano and the western section of the city actually lies among its slopes. Due to this close proximity, any geological activity of the volcano, whether eruptive or not, has the potential to result in catastrophic destruction and death to the city. Despite this, the volcano is iconic of the city, and several TV and radio antennas are situated on the El Picacho peaks and the crater of Boqueron. El Picacho, the prominent peak is the highest elevation (1,960 meters altitude).

Boquerón edifice

The main edifice, known as the Boquerón edifice, formed between 700 and 1,000 years ago, filling up a former caldera. The crescent-shaped ridge on the northeast side of the volcano is a remnant of the caldera rim. The lavas of the Boquerón edifice contain more alkali elements and iron oxide than the lavas of the older edifice. Around 800 years ago, the present day crater was formed in a violent explosion. The crater, which gives it the present name (Boquerón means "big mouth" in Spanish) is 1.5 km in diameter and 500m deep. Within the crater around the upper walls, crops are cultivated by the locals who live on the volcano.

The magma chamber which the volcano sits upon contains a number of fissures which protrude along the flanks and sides of the volcano. The northwest (N40W) fissure has been the most active recently, with such significant eruptive events, such as the Loma Caldera eruption which buried the ancient village of Ceren and the eruption of El Playon (1658–71) which buried the town of Nexapa. The citizens relocated to Nejapa and nowadays the eruption is celebrated annually.

The most recent eruption in 1917 caused a flank eruption on the volcano along the N40W fissure. During this eruption, the crater lake inside the Boquerón evaporated and a cinder cone appeared, christened 'Boqueroncito'.

title: San Salvador (volcano)


text:
And Having Writ...

And Having Writ... is a 1978 science fiction/alternate history novel by American writer Donald R. Bensen. Nominated for the 1979 John W. Campbell Award, it tells the story of aliens who crash-land on Earth in 1908 and then journey around the planet, trying to jump-start World War I. Even though they fail to do this, they succeed in creating the circumstances for their ultimate departure from Earth after a period of suspended animation.

Plot summary
According to the novel, the Siberian explosion was originally caused by the crash landing of the spacecraft named The Wanderer. In this alternate reality, however, the alien astronauts are able to commandeer their failing vessel so that it lands in the Pacific Ocean, just outside San Francisco.

Shortly after landing, the quartet of spacemen are rescued from the sea by an American ship and taken to California. The Wanderer sinks into the ocean, and the team reasons that they must find a way to accelerate Earth's technological advances so that they can get back home. The eventual conclusion at which they arrive is that they must provoke the planet into what Ari claims is an inevitable global conflict, one that will (through weaponry innovations) result in a boom of new science and industry.

The astronauts and their roles
The four astronauts never identify their home world, merely saying that they are a team of Explorers sent to gather information about foreign planets.

 * Raf: The main character of the book, Raf tells the story in first person. He is a Recorder, and is responsible for ensuring that every detail of the expedition is written down. Raf is quite detached in his observations and seems to be fairly optimistic. While on Earth, he develops a strong taste for alcoholic beverages.
 * Ari: Ari is a Metahistorian, which seems to signify a study of universal historical trends among people of different galaxies and solar systems. His has a tendency to be very long-winded and often clashes with Dark.
 * Valmis: Valmis is an Integrator. This is a rather obscure occupation that somehow involves interpreting the "Patterns" of the universe, of civilizations, of individual people, of anything and everything. Valmis is very mystical and often frustrates his crew-mates, particularly Dark.
 * Dark: Dark is the Captain of The Wanderer and as such is an expert in all things mechanical. He is practical to a fault and is ceaselessly annoyed by what he sees as the meaningless ramblings of Valmis and Ari.

Historical characters
The astronauts interact with a number of important global personages during their stay on Earth.

“If I hadn’t promised not to run again...by George, I’d cut my hand off to here!” Roosevelt helps the aliens to escape house arrest in New York in 1909. In 1925, while he is attending a demonstration of an experimental Moon rocket, Roosevelt is killed when the device's engines explode and destroy the platform he was on. In 1909, Edison has the aliens placed under house arrest in New York so that he can pry technological secrets from them. They escape (thanks to former president Roosevelt), however, and head to Europe, and Edison is obliged to dispatch Marines to go after them. When he finally has them in his clutches again, President Edison realizes that the amount of technology the aliens possess would, if widely distributed, cause widespread upheaval. "Nearly free power for everyone, available tomorrow, ain’t that grand? No need to buy coal, gasoline, oil, wood, anything like that. And no need to pay the coal miners, oil people, filling stations, anybody like that. I calculate it’d take about six weeks for the country to turn into a howling wilderness of starving mobs...We’re an industrious and inventive people, and I don’t see any easy gifts you could let us have be worth losing that." In 1912, Edison decides not to run for reelection, and rather goes back to inventing. Raf, in wondering why the King of England should be in France, notes, "The King, it appeared, made a habit of leaving his country for substantial periods of time, especially during the uncertain weather of late winter and early spring, which he spent in France, but also in summer and autumn. His subjects, far from resenting this, were gratified, as most of them would themselves have preferred to be elsewhere much of the time, and so took a prideful vicarious pleasure in their monarch’s travels." In meeting with Edward, the Explorers demonstrate their stunning lack of tact, having not yet become accustomed to human social norms. When he hears of the widespread destruction and misery that World War I will bring, Edward is upset. "'If it must be, so it must. God grant I do not live to see it.' "'That’s about an even chance,' Ari said, looking at him appraisingly. 'If you were to get at it pretty quickly...you’d probably see it pretty well launched. If you and your fellow kings just let things drag on another couple of years or so, why, I’d have to agree you’d probably be pretty well out of it.'" Edward nearly dies right in front of the Explorers, and they are obliged to revive him using their highly advanced medical technology, thus restoring him to full health as he has not enjoyed since young manhood. Out of gratitude, Edward shields them from the U.S. Marines seeking to arrest them and sees to it that they make it safely to Berlin. The Kaiser's left arm had been pulled from its socket at birth as a result of his Breech birth that caused Erb's palsy, the topic was an extremely sensitive one for him. As a child, he was forced by cruel tutors to learn to ride horseback without any assistance whatsoever. They would watch callously as the young crown prince fell from his steed, never once making a move to come to his aid. Wilhelm consequently developed an extremely bellicose personality, one that, in the real world, contributed to the outbreak of World War I. When the Kaiser hears Dark's remark regarding his arm, he is so furious that he attempts to attack the alien with his ceremonial sword. This merely results in Wilhelm falling to the ground and being unable to get up. Dark, completely oblivious to the fact that he is responsible for the episode, extends his arm towards the emperor, saying compassionately, "'Here, let me give you a hand, as you've only got one that's of any use to you.'" The Kaiser forgives Dark's insolence, however, when the spaceman repairs his shriveled limb so that it is in good working order. When the Explorers leave Berlin, their human companions are shocked to see Kaiser Wilhelm waving at them with two healthy arms. The Kaiser gets the troupe on a train to St. Petersburg first thing, so that they might conference with his cousin, Czar Nicholas II. When the Czar's son, five-year-old Czarevitch Alexei, walks right into the room, Nicholas softly objects, "Alexei, you know you're not supposed to come in here while Papa is doing business." Nicholas is just about to dismiss his visitors when Alexei falls and strikes his head on the desk. Nicholas immediately leaps up, cradling his son and screaming frantically for "Grigori!" The Czar tearfully lays his son on the couch until the filthy monk Grigori Rasputin enters the room, chants over the suffering child, and leaves. Alexei is calm after this, and is taken back to the children's quarters. The Czar is deeply shaken by the incident, and begins to discuss the czarevitch's illness with the Explorers. Valmis, usually withdrawn and ethereal, says that the only thing afflicting the boy is a bad set of Patterns. Valmis analyses some of Alexei's blood and finds that a certain protein is missing. He then views the Czar's blood, finds the necessary protein, and is able to reproduce it using machinery of Dark's. A sample of this new blood is injected into the czarevitch, who is completely cured within three days. There is nationwide rejoicing at this news in Russia, and, the very day of Alexei's recovery, Rasputin is dragged from the Palace by Imperial soldiers. Czar Nicholas is so boundlessly thankful that he arranges safe passage to Spain for the Explorers, who are still being pursued by Marines. In addition, the Czar promises to seriously consider everything that Ari has told him about the possibility of a World War. Nicholas II would remain the Russian Czar until his death between 1918 and 1933 and would be succeeded by his son Alexi.
 * Theodore Roosevelt: In the book, Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th President of the United States in 1901 after William McKinley is assassinated. He is elected to a full term in 1904. He is elected as the 28th President in 1912 and reelected in 1916 and serves until 1921. Roosevelt was the first major world leader with whom the spacemen acquaint themselves, and acts as a benevolent and friendly presence. In the book, he is quoted as saying that if he could only take back his promise not to run for reelection in 1908, he would cut off his right hand.
 * J.P. Morgan: Mr. Morgan, the industrial titan of the Gilded Age, makes a brief appearance at the very beginning of the book, in 1908. He is concerned that the revelation that aliens exist will turn the U.S. financial markets asunder, and he works with President Roosevelt through the U.S. Treasury Department to ensure that the economy is unshaken by the news.
 * William Howard Taft: Secretary of War William Howard Taft, who in reality served as the 27th President from 1909 to 1913 and then became a Supreme Court Justice, appears very briefly at the beginning of the book. His one and only cameo comes in 1908, when he and Theodore Roosevelt are discussing the effects that the presence of extraterrestrials could have on the election. He is asked by the Republican National Committee to relinquish their nomination for President, news that overjoys President Roosevelt, who assumes that he will be the new nominee. It is Taft who delivers the startling news that the Committee plans to nominate Thomas Alva Edison.
 * Thomas Alva Edison: In the book, Thomas Edison also arrives at the White House in 1908, chiefly to interview the aliens and learn about their technology, which fascinates him. The aliens are able to create an effective hearing aid for Edison to help him with his poor hearing. When word of the spacemen goes public, the Republican Party bounces William Howard Taft as their 1908 nominee, reasoning that only a man as brilliant as Edison would be able to steer America through such incredible new times.
 * H. G. Wells: The famous science fiction writer acts as an escort for the extraterrestrials, summoned to learn about their culture and distribute the news of their coming. He becomes one of their closest companions.
 * George M. Cohan: The aliens befriend the famous songwriter and performer during their stay in New York.
 * King Edward VII: King of the United Kingdom since 1901. After escaping the United States, the aliens head to France in 1909, where they are to have an audience with King Edward VII regarding the inevitability of a coming world war.
 * Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany: Emperor of Germany. After leaving France, the Explorers head to the Imperial Palace in Berlin, where they are received by Wilhelm II. When the team tries to tell him about the coming World War, he is incredulous, insisting that such a conflict is impossible due to the sheer military might of his empire. He, like his uncle Edward VII, is humbled by the alien visitors’ complete and uninhibited honesty. After Wilhelm states that Germans believe a healthy body houses a healthy mind, Dark questions, "'Look here. That healthy body business—how does that square with that arm of yours?'"
 * Czar Nicholas II of Russia: When the Explorers first meet Czar Nicholas at Tsarskoe Selo, the Imperial palace outside of St. Petersburg, he is timid and unwilling to accept the reality of what they are telling him. He protests that he already has enough trouble on his hands without this new burden, and that "it's all too much for me."
 * Grigori Rasputin: With the Czarevitch cured, Rasputin has no further use at the Imperial court and was thrown out of the palace by Imperial soldiers. He eventually makes his way to New York and becomes successful in the advertising and film industries.
 * Czarevitch Alexei Nicholaevitch Romanov: In the book, young Czarevitch Alexei of Russia is cured of his Haemophilia by the visiting aliens in 1909. Following his father's death between 1918 and 1933, he became the Czar of Russia. During their 1933 tour of Earth, which they undertake just prior to their departure from the planet, the Explorers are received by Alexei, who is now the Czar of Russia. During the encounter, Raf describes him as a "strapping young lad." In reality, of course, Czarevitch Alexei was murdered, along with the rest of his family, by Bolshevik revolutionaries in 1918, when he was only thirteen years old.

Literary significance and criticism
"a smoothly humorous sf novel set in an alternate world engendered by the survival of the aliens whose crash-landing caused the Siberian Tunguska explosion of 1908. Thomas Alva Edison and H.G. Wells make appearances (John Clute/Encyclopedia of SF).

Background
The actual Tunguska Event was a massive explosion in Siberia, in June 1908. The explosion, unexplained even today, felled sixty million trees and produced shockwaves that could be felt four hundred miles away. A popular explanation is that a small comet disintegrated just before impact; conspiracy theorists have more fanciful explanations.

Release details

 * 1978, USA, Bobbs-Merrill (ISBN 0-672-52078-8), Pub date ? ? 1978, hardback (First edition)
 * 1979, USA, Ace Books (ISBN 044102274X), Pub date ? March 1979, paperback

title: And Having Writ...


text:
Talk:Craig Dobbin

Untitled
I am Craig Dobbin's name sake and am proud of it. He is a long time friend of my fathers and I had the opportunity to meet him on 3 occasions and I would like to say hello again. I met him for the second time in 2004 at the Terra Nova golf course (NL), along with his brother. It was good to see him again and remake acquaintances.

Craig Dunn

title: Talk:Craig Dobbin


text:
Talk:Thin basement membrane disease

note
have just got started in this...will gradually build it upHswapnil 16:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

ICD-10 Code
Hi, What is the rationale behind assigning N05.8 as the ICD-10 code for this condition? In the UK 5th edition, indexing the alternative names for this condition gives the following options:

Benign familial hematuria Haematuria -benign (familial) N02.-

Thin basement membrane nephropathy Nephropathy N28.9 -membranous (diffuse) N02.2

Is this because haematuria (blood loss) places this as a nephritic syndrome, and the N05.8 is the only place to put an other/specified nephritic syndrome?

Tattycakes (talk) 11:01, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thin basement membrane disease


text:
User:Interiot/Wikipedia/Notability

See also: Category:Wikipedia notability criteria

Examples of articles that are sometimes used to bolster inclusionist arguments. Eg. Sort of the worst-of-the-breed examples to drag out if all else fails.

 * Magic: The Gathering sets — they each have their own subpage
 * Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches — again, a ton more subpages that one normally finds on wikipedia
 * Toilet-related injury — hahahahaha (hahaha haha)

title: User:Interiot/Wikipedia/Notability


text:
Repeal of Prohibition in the United States

In the United States, the nationwide ban on alcoholic beverages, was repealed by the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 5, 1933.

Background
In 1919, the requisite number of state legislatures ratified the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, enabling national prohibition one year later. Many women, notably members of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, were pivotal in bringing about national Prohibition in the United States, believing it would protect families, women, and children from the effects of alcohol abuse. Around 1820, "the typical adult white American male consumed nearly a half pint of whiskey a day". Historian W. J. Rorabaugh, writing on the factors that brought about the start of the temperance movement, and later, Prohibition in the United States, states:

The proponents of National Prohibition believed that banning alcoholic beverages would reduce or even eliminate many social problems, particularly drunkenness, domestic violence, crime, mental illness, and secondary poverty.

Impact of prohibition
Scholarly literature regarding the effect of prohibition is mixed, with some writers insisting that the popular claim that prohibition was a failure is false. Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, cirrhosis death rates, admissions to state mental hospitals for alcoholic psychosis, arrests for public drunkenness, and rates of absenteeism. Mark H. Moore, a professor at Harvard University Kennedy School of Government, stated, with respect to the effects of prohibition:

Specifically, "rates for cirrhosis of the liver fell by 50 percent early in Prohibition and recovered promptly after Repeal in 1933." Moore also found that contrary to popular opinion, "violent crime did not increase dramatically during Prohibition" and that organized crime "existed before and after" Prohibition. The historian Jack S. Blocker Jr. stated that "Death rates from cirrhosis and alcoholism, alcoholic psychosis hospital admissions, and drunkenness arrests all declined steeply during the latter years of the 1910s, when both the cultural and the legal climate were increasingly inhospitable to drink, and in the early years after National Prohibition went into effect." In addition, "once Prohibition became the law of the land, many citizens decided to obey it". During the Prohibition era, rates of absenteeism decreased from 10% to 3%. In Michigan, the Ford Motor Company documented "a decrease in absenteeism from 2,620 in April 1918 to 1,628 in May 1918."

Journalist H. L. Mencken, writing in 1925, believed the opposite to be true: "Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists. None of the great boons and usufructs that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished." Some supporters of Prohibition, such as Charles Stelzle who wrote Why Prohibition! (1918), believed that prohibition would eventually lead to reductions in taxes, since drinking "produced half the business" for institutions supported by tax dollars such as courts, jails, hospitals, almshouses, and insane asylums. In fact, alcohol consumption and the incidence of alcohol-related domestic violence were decreasing before the Eighteenth Amendment was adopted. Following the imposition of Prohibition, reformers "were dismayed to find that child neglect and violence against children actually increased during the Prohibition era."

Kenneth D. Rose, a professor of history at California State University, says that 'the WONPR claimed that prohibition had nurtured a criminal class, created a "crime wave," corrupted public officials, made drinking fashionable, engendered a contempt for rule of law, and set back the progress of "true temperance."' Rose, however, states that a "prohibition crime wave was rooted in the impressionistic rather than the factual." He writes: "Opponents of prohibition were fond of claiming that the Great Experiment had created a gangster element that had unleashed a 'crime wave' on a hapless America. The WONPR's Mrs. Coffin Van Rensselaer, for instance, insisted in 1932 that 'the alarming crime wave, which had been piling up to unprecedented height' was a legacy of prohibition. But prohibition can hardly be held responsible for inventing crime, and while supplying illegal liquor proved to be lucrative, it was only an additional source of income to the more traditional criminal activities of gambling, loan sharking, racketeering, and prostitution. The notion of the prohibition-induced crime wave, despite its popularity during the 1920s, cannot be substantiated with any accuracy, because of the inadequacy of records kept by local police departments."

Prohibitionists argued that Prohibition would be more effective if enforcement were increased. However, David E. Kyvig claims that increased efforts to enforce Prohibition simply resulted in the government spending more money, rather than less. The economic cost of Prohibition became especially pronounced during the Great Depression. According to two organizations advocating against Prohibition, Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA) and Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR), an estimated $861 million was lost in federal tax revenue from untaxed liquor; $40 million was spent annually on Prohibition enforcement. The AAPA also released a pamphlet claiming that $11 billion was lost in federal liquor-tax revenue and $310 million was spent on Prohibition enforcement from 1920 to 1931. This lack of potential funding during a period of economic strife became a crucial part of the campaign for repeal.

Organized opposition
During this period, support for Prohibition diminished among voters and politicians. John D. Rockefeller Jr., a lifelong nondrinker who had contributed between $350,000 and $700,000 to the Anti-Saloon League, announced his support for repeal because of the widespread problems he believed Prohibition had caused. Influential leaders, such as the du Pont brothers, led the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, whose name clearly asserted its intentions.

The repeal movement also attracted a substantial portion of women, defying the assumption that recently enfranchised female voters would automatically vote as a bloc on this issue. They became pivotal in the effort to repeal, as many "had come to the painful conclusion that the destructiveness of alcohol was now embodied in Prohibition itself." By then, women had become even more politically powerful due to ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in support of women's suffrage. Activist Pauline Sabin argued that repeal would protect families from the corruption, violent crime, and underground drinking that resulted from Prohibition. On May 28, 1929, Sabin founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR), which attracted many former Prohibitionists to its ranks. By the time repeal was finally passed in 1933 the WONPR's membership was estimated at 1.5 million. Originally, Sabin was among the many women who supported the Eighteenth Amendment. Now, however, she viewed Prohibition as both hypocritical and dangerous. She recognized "the apparent decline of temperate drinking" and feared the rise of organized crime that developed around bootlegging.

Additionally, Sabin worried that America's children, witnessing a blatant disregard for dry laws, would cease to recognize the sanctity of the law itself. Finally, Sabin and the WONPR took a libertarian stance that disapproved of federal involvement in a personal matter like drinking. Over time, however, the WONPR modified its argument, playing up the "moral wrongs that threatened the American home" as a result of the corruption of the Prohibition era. As a women's organization during the early 20th century, adopting a political stance that centered around maternalism and home protection appealed to the widest audience and was favored over personal liberty arguments, which ultimately received little attention.

The WONPR was initially composed mainly of upper-class women. However, by the time the Twenty-first Amendment was passed, their membership included the middle and working classes. After a short start-up period, donations from members alone were enough to financially sustain the organization. By 1931, more women belonged to the WONPR than the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU); by 1932, the WONPR had branches in forty-one states.

The WONPR supported repeal on a platform of "true" temperance, claiming that "a trend toward moderation and restraint in the use of intoxicating beverages [was] reversed by prohibition." Though their causes were in direct opposition, the WONPR mirrored the advocacy techniques of the WCTU. They canvassed door-to-door, encouraged politicians on all levels to incorporate repeal into their party platform, created petitions, gave speeches and radio interviews, dispersed persuasive literature, and held chapter meetings. At times, the WONPR also worked in cooperation with other anti-prohibition groups. In 1932 the AAPA, Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, The Crusaders, the American Hotel Organization, and the WONPR formed the United Repeal Council. The United Repeal Council lobbied at both the Republican and Democratic national conventions in 1932 to integrate repeal into their respective presidential election campaigns. Ultimately, the Republicans continued to defend Prohibition. The WONPR, which initially began as a nonpartisan organization, joined with the Democratic campaign and supported Franklin Roosevelt.

The number of repeal organizations and demand for repeal both increased.

Organizations supporting repeal

 * Association Against the Prohibition Amendment
 * Constitutional Liberty League of Massachusetts, a nationwide organization despite its name
 * The Crusaders
 * Labor's National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act
 * Moderation League of New York, a nationwide organization despite its name
 * Molly Pitcher Club
 * Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition
 * United Repeal Council
 * Voluntary Committee of Lawyers
 * Women's Committee for Repeal of the 18th Amendment
 * Women's Moderation Union
 * Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform

Organization leaders

 * Nicholas Murray Butler
 * Joseph H. Choate Jr.
 * Fred Clark
 * Henry Curran
 * Lammot du Pont II
 * Pierre S. du Pont
 * Henry Bourne Joy
 * Colonel Robert McCormick
 * Grayson Murphy
 * Thomas W. Phillips
 * Raymond Pitcairn
 * John J. Raskob
 * Pauline Sabin
 * Jouett Shouse
 * William H. Stayton
 * James Wadsworth
 * Matthew Woll

Organizations opposing repeal

 * Anti-Saloon League (now the American Council on Alcohol Problems)
 * Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America
 * Independent Order of Good Templars (IOGT)
 * Independent Order of Rechabites (IOR)
 * Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals
 * Prohibition Party
 * Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Repeal as a political party issue
In 1932, the Democratic Party's platform included a plank for the repeal of Prohibition, and Democratic candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president of the United States promising repeal of federal Prohibition laws.

A. Mitchell Palmer used his expertise as the Attorney General who first enforced Prohibition to promote a plan to expedite its repeal through state conventions rather than the state legislatures.

Repeal
The Cullen–Harrison Act, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 22, 1933, authorized the sale of 3.2 percent beer (thought to be too low an alcohol concentration to be intoxicating) and wine, which allowed the first legal beer sales since the beginning of Prohibition on January 16, 1920. In 1933 state conventions ratified the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed Prohibition. The Amendment was fully ratified on December 5, 1933. Federal laws enforcing Prohibition were then repealed.

Dry counties
Following repeal some states continued prohibition within their own jurisdictions. Almost two-thirds of the states adopted some form of local option which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition. For a time, 38 percent of Americans lived in areas with Prohibition. By 1966, however, all states had repealed their statewide prohibition laws, with Mississippi the last state to do so.


text:
Template talk:PD-UA-exempt

General government works
Are all government works public domain, or just those specifically ennumerated here? I imagine the latter, but it isn't exactly clear. Thanks.--Pharos 16:10, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:PD-UA-exempt


text:
User talk:Kateyarsenault

Hey this is Katey Arsenault. I'm 14 years old and I'm from N.S., Canada, I just randomly decided to make a page as I was doing my project on K.C. Irving, and John Lennon. This is a good site to find things. If you wanna email me, it's greekgirl_xo@hotmail.com. And my site is http://www.piczo.com/onlywayout

luzz ya, kateyyy!

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place — I sure do — and want to stay. Before getting too in-depth, please read about the simplified ruleset. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. ---

Additional tips
Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes (~). If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the articles for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you believe something you added or created has been unfairly treated, talk to the user or follow the steps in resolving disputes
 * If you're still entirely confused, or would like to get a better grasp of your wikipedia skills, and you have an IRC client (or don't mind getting one), check out the Bootcamp. It's not what it sounds like, but it is fun and can help you with your editing skills.
 * If you're bored and want to find something to do, try the Random page button in the sidebar, or check out the Open Task message in the Community Portal.

Happy Wiki-ing.
- Trevor MacInnis (Talk | Contribs) 16:14, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kateyarsenault