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South Slavs

South Slavs are Slavic people who speak South Slavic languages and inhabit a contiguous region of Southeast Europe comprising the eastern Alps and the Balkan Peninsula. Geographically separated from the West Slavs and East Slavs by Austria, Hungary, Romania, and the Black Sea, the South Slavs today include Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes.

In the 20th century, the country of Yugoslavia (from Serbo-Croatian, literally meaning "South Slavia" or "South Slavdom") united a majority of the South Slavic peoples and lands—with the exception of Bulgarians and Bulgaria—into a single state. The Pan-Slavic concept of Yugoslavia emerged in late 17th-century Croatia, at the time part of the Habsburg monarchy, and gained prominence through the 19th-century Illyrian movement. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, was proclaimed on 1 December 1918, following the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro. With the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, several independent sovereign states were formed.

The term "Yugoslavs" was and sometimes is still used as a synonym for "South Slavs", but it never includes Bulgarians, and sometimes only refers to the citizens or inhabitants of former Yugoslavia, or only to those who officially registered themselves as ethnic Yugoslavs.

Terminology
The South Slavs are known in Serbian, Macedonian, and Montenegrin as Južni Sloveni ; in Bulgarian as Yuzhni Slavyani ; in Croatian and Bosnian as Južni Slaveni; and in Slovene as Južni Slovani. The Slavic root *jug- means 'south'. The Slavic ethnonym itself was used by 6th-century writers to describe the southern group of Early Slavs (the Sclaveni); West Slavs were called Veneti and East Slavs Antes. The South Slavs are also called Balkan Slavs.

Another name popular in the early modern period was Illyrians, using the name of a pre-Slavic Balkan people, a name first adopted by Dalmatian intellectuals in the late 15th century to refer to South Slavic lands and population. It was then used by the Habsburg monarchy and France, and notably adopted by the 19th-century Croatian Illyrian movement. Eventually, the idea of Yugoslavism appeared, aimed at uniting all South Slav-populated territories into a common state. From this idea emerged Yugoslavia—which, however, did not include Bulgaria.

Early South Slavs
The Proto-Slavic homeland is the postulated area of Slavic settlement in Central and Eastern Europe during the first millennium AD, with its precise location debated by archaeologists, ethnographers and historians. None of the proposed homelands reaches the Volga River in the east, over the Dinaric Alps in the southwest or the Balkan Mountains in the south, or past Bohemia in the west. Traditionally, scholars place it in the marshes of Ukraine, or alternatively between the Bug and the Dnieper; however, according to F. Curta, the homeland of the southern Slavs mentioned by 6th-century writers was just north of the Lower Danube. Little is known about the Slavs before the 5th century, when they began to spread out in all directions.

Jordanes, Procopius (c. 500 - c. 565) and other late Roman authors provide the probable earliest references to southern Slavs in the second half of the 6th century. Procopius described the Sclaveni and Antes as two barbarian peoples with the same institutions and customs since ancient times, not ruled by a single leader but living under democracy, while Pseudo-Maurice called them a numerous people, undisciplined, unorganized and leaderless, who did not allow enslavement and conquest, and resistant to hardship, bearing all weathers. They were portrayed by Procopius as unusually tall and strong, of dark skin and "reddish" hair (neither blond nor black), leading a primitive life and living in scattered huts, often changing their residence. Procopius said they were henotheistic, believing in the god of lightning (Perun), the ruler of all, to whom they sacrificed cattle. They went into battle on foot, charging straight at their enemy, armed with spears and small shields, but they did not wear armour.

While archaeological evidence for a large-scale migration is lacking, most present-day historians claim that Slavs invaded and settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. According to this dominant narrative, up until the late 560s their main activity southward across the Danube was raiding, though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine colonies of foederati. The Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century. What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical Byzantine province, through which the Via Militaris crossed. This area was frequently intruded upon by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries. From the Danube, the Slavs commenced raiding the Byzantine Empire on an annual basis from the 520s, spreading destruction, taking loot and herds of cattle, seizing prisoners and capturing fortresses. Often, the Byzantine Empire was stretched, defending its rich Asian provinces from Arabs, Persians and others. This meant that even numerically small, disorganised early Slavic raids were capable of causing much disruption, but could not capture the larger, fortified cities. The first Slavic raid south of the Danube was recorded by Procopius, who mentions an attack of the Antes, "who dwell close to the Sclaveni", probably in 518. Sclaveni are first mentioned in the context of the military policy on the Danube frontier of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565). Throughout the 6th century, Slavs raided and plundered deep into the Balkans, from Dalmatia to Greece and Thrace, and were also at times recruited as Byzantine mercenaries, fighting the Ostrogoths. Justinian seems to have used the strategy of 'divide and conquer', and the Sclaveni and Antes are mentioned as fighting each other. The Antes are last mentioned as anti-Byzantine belligerents in 545, and the Sclaveni continued to raid the Balkans. In 558 the Avars arrived at the Black Sea steppe, and defeated the Antes between the Dnieper and Dniester. The Avars subsequently allied themselves with the Sclaveni, although there was an episode in which the Sclavene Daurentius (fl. 577–579), the first Slavic chieftain recorded by name, dismissed Avar suzerainty and retorted that "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs [...] so it shall always be for us", and had the Avar envoys slain. By the 580s, as the Slav communities on the Danube became larger and more organized, and as the Avars exerted their influence, raids became larger and resulted in permanent settlement. Most scholars consider the period of 581–584 as the beginning of large-scale Slavic settlement in the Balkans. F. Curta points out that evidence of substantial Slavic presence does not appear before the 7th century and remains qualitatively different from the "Slavic culture" found north of the Danube. In the mid-6th century, the Byzantines re-asserted their control of the Danube frontier, thereby reducing the economic value of Slavic raiding. This growing economic isolation, combined with external threats from the Avars and Byzantines, led to political and military mobilisation. Meanwhile, the itinerant form of agriculture (lacking crop rotation) may have encouraged micro-regional mobility. Seventh-century archaeological sites show earlier hamlet-collections evolving into larger communities with differentiated zones for public feasts, craftmanship, etc. It has been suggested that the Sclaveni were the ancestors of the Serbo-Croatian group while the Antes were those of the Bulgarian Slavs, with much mixture in the contact zones. The diminished pre-Slavic inhabitants, also including Romanized native peoples, fled from the barbarian invasions and sought refuge inside fortified cities and islands, whilst others fled to remote mountains and forests and adopted a transhumant lifestyle. The Romance-speakers within the fortified Dalmatian city-states managed to retain their culture and language for a long time. Meanwhile, the numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population.

Subsequent information about Slavs' interaction with the Greeks and early Slavic states comes from the 10th-century text De Administrando Imperio (DAI) written by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, from the 7th-century compilations of the Miracles of Saint Demetrius (MSD) and from the History by Theophylact Simocatta (c. 630). DAI mentions the beginnings of the Croatian, Serbian and Bulgarian states from the early 7th to the mid-10th century. MSD and Theophylact Simocatta mention the Slavic tribes in Thessaly and Macedonia at the beginning of the 7th century. The 9th-century Royal Frankish Annals (RFA) also mention Slavic tribes in contact with the Franks.

Middle Ages
By 700 AD, Slavs had settled in most of Central and Southeast Europe, from Austria even down to the Peloponnese of Greece, and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea, with the exception of the coastal areas and certain mountainous regions of the Greek peninsula. The Avars, who arrived in Europe in the late 550s and had a great impact in the Balkans, had from their base in the Carpathian plain, west of main Slavic settlements, asserted control over Slavic tribes with whom they besieged Roman cities. Their influence in the Balkans however diminished by the early 7th century and they were finally defeated and disappeared as a power at the turn of the 9th century by Bulgaria and the Frankish Empire. The first South Slavic polity and regional power was Bulgaria, a state formed in 681 as a union between the much numerous Slavic tribes and the bulgars of Khan Asparuh. The scattered Slavs in Greece, the Sklavinia, were Hellenized. Romance-speakers lived within the fortified Dalmatian city-states. Traditional historiography, based on DAI, holds that the migration of Serbs and Croats to the Balkans was part of a second Slavic wave, placed during Heraclius' reign. Inhabiting the territory between the Franks in the north and Byzantium in the south, the Slavs were exposed to competing influences. In 863 to Christianized Great Moravia were sent two Byzantine brothers monks Saints Cyril and Methodius, Slavs from Thessaloniki on missionary work. They created the Glagolitic script and the first Slavic written language, Old Church Slavonic, which they used to translate Biblical works. At the time, the West and South Slavs still spoke a similar language. The script used, Glagolitic, was capable of representing all Slavic sounds, however, it was gradually replaced in Bulgaria in the 9th century, in Russia by the 11th century Glagolitic survived into the 16th century in Croatia, used by Benedictines and Franciscans, but lost importance during the Counter-Reformation when Latin replaced it on the Dalmatian coast. Cyril and Methodius' disciples found refuge in already Christian Bulgaria, where the Old Church Slavonic became the ecclesiastical language. Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in Bulgaria. The earliest Slavic literary works were composed in Bulgaria, Duklja and Dalmatia. The religious works were almost exclusively translations, from Latin (Croatia, Slovenia) and especially Greek (Bulgaria, Serbia). In the 10th and 11th centuries the Old Church Slavonic led to the creation of various regional forms like Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian Economic, religious and political centres of Ohrid and Preslav contributed to the important literary production in the Bulgarian Empire. The Bogomil sect, derived from Manichaeism, was deemed heretical, but managed to spread from Bulgaria to Bosnia (where it gained a foothold), and France (Cathars).

Carinthia came under Germanic rule in the 10th century and came permanently under Western (Roman) Christian sphere of influence. What is today Croatia came under Eastern Roman (Byzantine) rule after the Barbarian age, and while most of the territory was Slavicized, a handful of fortified towns, with mixed population, remained under Byzantine authority and continued to use Latin. Dalmatia, now applied to the narrow strip with Byzantine towns, came under the Patriarchate of Constantinople, while the Croatian state remained pagan until Christianization during the reign of Charlemagne, after which religious allegiance was to Rome. Croats threw off Frankish rule in the 9th century and took over the Byzantine Dalmatian towns, after which Hungarian conquest led to Hungarian suzerainty, although retaining an army and institutions. Croatia lost much of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice which held it until the 18th century. Hungary governed Croatia through a duke, and the coastal towns through a ban. A feudal class emerged in the Croatian hinterland in the late 13th century, among whom were the Kurjaković, Kačić and most notably the Šubić. Dalmatian fortified towns meanwhile maintained autonomy, with a Roman patrician class and Slavic lower class, first under Hungary and then Venice after centuries of struggle.

Ibn al-Faqih described two kinds of South Slavic people, the first of swarthy complexion and dark hair, living near the Adriatic coast, and the other as light, living in the hinterland.

Early modern period
Through Islamization, communities of Slavic Muslims emerged, which survive until today in Bosnia, south Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria.

While Pan-Slavism has its origins in the 17th-century Slavic Catholic clergymen in the Republic of Venice and Republic of Ragusa, it crystallized only in the mid-19th century amidst rise of nationalism in the Ottoman and Habsburg empires.

Languages
The South Slavic languages, one of three branches of the Slavic languages family (the other being West Slavic and East Slavic), form a dialect continuum. It comprises, from west to east, the official languages of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria. The South Slavic languages are geographically divided from the rest of the Slavic languages by areas where Germanic (Austria), Hungarian and Romanian languages prevail.

South Slavic standard languages are:

West: Serbo-Croatian (pluricentric) (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) Slovene

East: Bulgarian Macedonian

The Serbo-Croatian varieties have strong structural unity and are regarded by most linguists as constituting one language. Today, language secessionism has led to the codification of several distinct standards: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin. These Serbo-Croatian standards are all based on the Shtokavian dialect group. Other dialect groups, which have lower intelligibility with Shtokavian, are Chakavian in Dalmatia and Kajkavian in Croatia proper. The dominance of Shtokavian across Serbo-Croatian speaking lands is due to historical westward migration during the Ottoman period. Slovene is South Slavic but has many features shared with West Slavic languages. The Prekmurje Slovene and Kajkavian are especially close, and there is no sharp delineation between them. In southeastern Serbia, dialects enter a transitional zone with Bulgarian and Macedonian, with features of both groups, and are commonly called Torlakian. The Eastern South Slavic languages are Bulgarian and Macedonian. Bulgarian has retained more archaic Slavic features in relation to the other languages. Bulgarian has two main yat splits. Macedonian was codified in Communist Yugoslavia in 1945. The northern and eastern Macedonian dialects are regarded as transitional to Serbian and Bulgarian, respectively. Furthermore, in Greece there is a notable Slavic-speaking population in Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace. Slavic dialects in western Greek Macedonia (Kastoria, Florina) are usually classified as Macedonian, those in eastern Greek Macedonia (Serres, Drama) and Western Thrace as Bulgarian and the central ones (Edessa, Kilkis) as either Macedonian or transitional between Macedonian and Bulgarian. Balkan Slavic languages are part of a "Balkan sprachbund" with areal features shared with other non-Slavic languages in the Balkans.

Genetics

According to the 2013 autosomal IBD survey "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", the speakers of Serbo-Croatian language share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the migration period approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulgaria cluster among others in Eastern Europe. It is concluded to be caused by the Hunnic and Slavic expansion, which was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large geographic area", particularly "the expansion of the Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in the sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages". According to Kushniarevich et al. 2015, the Hellenthal et al. 2014 IBD analysis also found "multi-directional admixture events among East Europeans (both Slavic and non-Slavic), dated to around 1,000–1,600 YBP" which coincides with "the proposed time-frame for the Slavic expansion". The Slavic influence is "dated to 500-900 CE or a bit later with over 40-50% among Bulgarians, Romanians, and Hungarians". The 2015 IBD analysis found that the South Slavs have lower proximity to Greeks than with East and West Slavs and that there's an "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs–'inter-Slavic' populations (Hungarians, Romanians and Gagauz)–and South Slavs, i.e. across an area of assumed historic movements of people including Slavs". The slight peak of shared IBD segments between South and East-West Slavs suggests a shared "Slavonic-time ancestry". The 2014 IBD analysis comparison of Western Balkan and Middle Eastern populations also found negligible gene flow between 16th and 19th century during the Islamization of the Balkans.

According to a 2014 admixture analysis of Western Balkan, the South Slavs show a genetic uniformity. Bosnians and Croatians were closer to East European populations and largely overlapped with Hungarians from Central Europe. In the 2015 analysis, Bosnians and Croatians formed a western South Slavic cluster together with Slovenians, in opposition to an eastern cluster formed by Macedonians and Bulgarians, with Serbians in between the two. The western cluster has an inclination toward Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks, while the eastern ones lean toward Romanians and, to some extent, to Greeks. The modeled ancestral genetic component of Balto-Slavs among South Slavs was between 55 and 70%. In the 2018 analysis of Slovenian population, the Slovenian population clustered with Croatians, Hungarians and was close to Czech.

The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis that places the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper". According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs are in correlation with the spreading of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland.

title: South Slavs


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Leadtek

Leadtek Research, Inc. is a Taiwanese company, founded in 1986, which focuses on research and development that is specialized in the design and manufacture of graphics cards.

Products
Products in Leadtek's Computer Group include 3D graphics accelerators (of the NVIDIA GeForce line, mainstream and workstation-class). Currently, Leadtek's product lines are covering computer gaming graphics cards, workstation graphics cards, AI software and hardware, AI cloud supercomputing workstations, desktop virtualization Zero Client/Thin Client, smart medical/health care, school research and big data.

For smart medical, amor H2 health band won the 2019 Taiwan Excellence Award and the 2018 APICTA Asia-Pacific Information and Communication Technology Alliance Awards

Key dates
Pioneer of GPS products since 1997 (one of Taiwan’s earliest). Leadtek GPS module became “de facto” Smart Antenna. module (9531) SiRF Star I GPS module (9520). Mini size GPS antenna for PDA application. 9532 Smart Antenna. 9540/9542/9543 SS-2 module. 9543LP module/ 9546 SiRFXtrac module. 9546 SiRFXtrac module. 9534 CF card receiver. 9551 SD card receiver. 9547 SiRFLoc/ SiRFXtrac module. 9800 2t host-based module. First Bluetooth GPS Receiver 9537-SiRF Star II. First GPS receiver (9553)-SiRF Star III chipset. First SMD module (9548)-SiRF Star III chipset. First tiny Bluetooth GPS Receiver 9553. SiRF Star II SMD module (9805). First GPS receiver with RDS/TMC function (9815) to European market. All-in-one GPS Navigator (9700)-Win CE4.0 platform. 9101LP/9548SLP/9552LP module (SiRF Star III). 9805ST/9540G/9121/9122 module (SiRF Star II). 9500EVK evaluation kit. 9559X Bluetooth GPS receiver. 9450 GPS Smart Antenna. 9569 Bluetooth GPS receiver. 9750/9752 PND (Personal Navigation Device). LR 8M03 LBS Tracker. Cooperated with the Canadian Nano Research company to develop “NewClean long effect nano-spray”. Leadtek became a certified partner of NVIDIA DLI (Deep Learning Institute) and started AI talent training course. Leadtek was awarded " Taiwan i sports (Certificate of Corporate Wellness) " by Sports Administration, Ministry of Education H2 Plus Wearable ECG Recorder won the 29th Taiwan Excellence Award (2021) Leadtek workstations have been validated by NVIDIA as NVIDIA-Certified Systems Leadtek has been certified by three international management systems: SGS ISO 27001 (information security), ISO 27017 (cloud service information security) and ISO 27701 (privacy information), providing customers with system information security, cloud security and personal information security.
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leadtek


text: Category:Puebla

title: Category:Puebla


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Free Piano Lessons

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 14:24, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Free Piano Lessons
Advertisment for nn website. Delete. Owen× ☎  02:32, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete per nomination. EWS23 | (Leave me a message!) 02:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity (notability isn't a criteria for deletion) --Interiot 02:44, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   07:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertisement. --Qirex 08:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. - Mgm|(talk) 08:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. utcursch | talk 11:28, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I also added two other largly similar artciles by the same author under Articles for deletion/Online piano lessons. --GraemeL (talk) 12:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ad. --Optichan 14:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. advertiserLevarro 17:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. Advertisement. *drew 11:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:The Game (1997 film)

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

Screensaver?
I recall as part of the promotion of the movie, there was a screensaver download on its official site. The screensaver installed some (Windows) software that did some tricky things like pop up notepad with strange messages, put strange icons in different places on the computer, etc... to pull the user into a type of game. I'd like to add this info to the article but after a quick search online haven't found any information on it. Does anybody else remember this? -plexitox

 * The actual tie-in game you're thinking of was called "Majestic" and it folded without completing.

 * No, Majestic is unrelated to what the previous poster is talking about. I remember the game too... it was very unique when it came out.  I remember it installing things on my computer, and basically acting like a virus.  It would have come out right after the film, in 1997.

Yeah, there was a screen saver. I installed it too, and remember that it asked a couple of questions. Back then, i didn't qualify for the game, maybe things would be different now :D Anyway, you can read more about it at http://adage.com/article/news/polygram-intrigue-tease-game-debut-multimedia-blitz-includes-web-site-tv-roadblocks-outdoor-ads/70992/ or here http://discjunkie.se/index.php?page=viewdetails&id=292 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.171.190.241 (talk) 18:59, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

BBC
Am I the only one who remembers the BBC miniseries called "The One Game" of which the Michael Douglas film seems like a complete ripoff? -- Nick
 * At the time (1997) Empire magazine had an interview with the writer of that series. He seemed OK that they took his idea - he just wished they'd asked him. In any case, it could just be co-incidence since the film was based on the idea of real-life “Games”. Scott197827 26th November 2005
 * The One Game was an ITV series, not BBC. The similarities do seem interesting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.74.79.201 (talk) 11:04, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

Trivia
That whole trivia section is just copied from IMDB. Isn't that redundant, seeing there's a link there anyway? Oh yeah, and the whole copyright thing. -joseph blue

Might be worth noting that the Smallville Episode "Roulette" (s09e05) was a direct homage to this movie. DanWaigand —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.238.3.233 (talk) 01:49, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Alternate ending
It seems there's an alternative ending to the lame revelation that it was really a game. It got shipped on DVD. Does anyone know what that one was about? It would probably give the storyline a deeper meaning. 136.199.212.221 22:50, 12 March 2006 (UTC)GK

Is there any reason why this is in Category:Films based on games? It doesn't seem to be. --Trevor Burnham 03:04, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheGame poster323.jpg
Image:TheGame poster323.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 17:11, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * added what I feel is adequate reasoning. -Fearfulsymmetry 02:22, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheGame poster323.jpg
Image:TheGame poster323.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:06, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Balding game employee
The last third of the film focuses on Douglas threatening a balding Game employee...not sure if this dude needs more info on him in the plot section. Lots42 (talk) 17:04, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Alternate Reality Games?
Due to the influence the Beast exerted over the form of later ARGs and the willingness of its creators to talk about its development, its sources of inspiration are both particularly relevant to the evolution of the modern ARG and somewhat more verifiable than other possible antecedents. Elan Lee, one of its creative principals, cites the 1997 movie The Game as an inspiration, as well as the Beatles' "Paul Is Dead" phenomenon. The above quote from the Alternate reality game article states that this movie was an inspiration for alternate reality games. I think a link to that article belongs in the See also section. 68.76.102.247 (talk) 05:04, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Articles
--to use with this article.--J.D. (talk) 17:58, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Game Boy
 * Unger Strikes

The very last moment
There seems to be some doubt whether the Douglas character himself has doubt if the game is over. If it can be confirmed the character, in the last moments of the film, has doubts if The Game is over, this should be added. Lots42 (talk) 13:26, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

"Nicholas wakes up to find himself entombed alive in a cemetery in Mexico. He sells his gold watch to return to San Francisco"
This makes no sense. --Dweller (talk) Become old fashioned! 08:21, 15 March 2016 (UTC)
 * They must have taken all his money when they buried him, so selling his watch was his only option. But seriously, you're right— HUGE hole in the plot. Koro Neil (talk) 04:34, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

the opening paragraph
The opening paragraph contains the (uncited) line

The scene in which protagonist Van Orton finds a life-size clown doll in his driveway was ranked #44 on Bravo's list of The 100 Funniest Movie Moments

Surely this must be vandalism. There is nothing even remotely funny about that moment. I deleted the line. If anyone can give it a citation, they may of course put it back.203.220.186.11 (talk) 17:23, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 July 2019
Add the missing final paragraph of the plot section that was deleted during the last few edits: Nicholas's life passes before his eyes as he falls. He smashes through a glass roof and lands on a giant air bag. Emergency medical technicians carefully remove him, and he finds himself in a ballroom full of his friends, family, and every figure involved in his Game; it had been just a game all along. Conrad is alive and well, and explains that he initiated the game to get his brother to embrace life and not to end up like their father. Nicholas bursts into tears, relaxes, and begins to enjoy the party once his shock has dissipated. When he sees that Christine has left the party, he follows her outside to her cab. He asks her to dinner, and she offers to share a coffee with him before her flight takes her to her next game assignment in Australia. Sketch12345 (talk) 13:28, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Full-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. MadGuy7023 (talk) 10:35, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 6 May 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (non-admin closure)  ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 12:21, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

The Game (1997 film) → The Game (film) – I think this film is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Sorry if the reason is invalid. If it is. Maybe move this to The Game. ErceÇamurOfficial (talk) 11:25, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose First, there's far too many "The Game" titles to consider even this work as the primary topic. As for "The Game (film)", while this may be the most well known of the 4-5 there, its not a very popular film and thus I don't think it qualifies for the primary topic of "The Game (film)" --M asem (t) 14:31, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Once an article has a disambiguator like '1997 film', there is no benefit to giving it a more generic disambiguator like 'film' over other film articles. For example, see Gettysburg (1993 film), which is a well-known film, versus Gettysburg (2011 film), which is a made-for-TV documentary. Gettysburg (film) still redirects to the 'Entertainment' section of the disambiguation page Gettysburg. As for moving to The Game, I agree with Masem that there are too many other options, and the 1997 film is not particularly popular anyway. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 15:56, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:NCFILM. 162 etc. (talk) 16:16, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:DISAMBIGUATION and speedy close In ictu oculi (talk) 18:25, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * can next editor please close. In ictu oculi (talk) 17:58, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose the nominator clearly doesn't think this is the primary topic, since the requested title is not a primary topic location. If it was a primary topic, the requestor would want "The Game", the alternative proposal. The nominator fails to demonstrate that this old film would be a primary topic. I see no reason why this forgettable film would be a primary topic -- 64.229.90.172 (talk) 07:05, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Game (1997 film)


text: User talk:208.249.105.221

title: User talk:208.249.105.221


text: Category:Querétaro

title: Category:Querétaro


text:
Papal fanon

The fanon (old Germanic for cloth) is a vestment that around the 10th or 12th century became exclusively reserved for use by the pope during pontifical Mass. The Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon has the same privilege.

Description and use
It consists of a doubled shoulder-cape (somewhat like a mozzetta) of white silk ornamented with narrow woven golden stripes, so that the colors alternate white and gold. The first layer of the fanon is placed under the stole and the second over the chasuble, under the white pallium. The two pieces of the fanon are nearly circular in shape but somewhat unequal in size and the smaller is laid over and fastened to the larger one. To allow the head to pass through, there is a round opening in the middle with a vertical slit running down the neckline at the back. The front part of the fanon is ornamented with a small cross embroidered in gold.

The fanon is similar to an amice; it is, however, put on not under the alb, but above it. Previously, the pope wore it only when celebrating a solemn pontifical Mass, that is, only when all the pontifical vestments were used. The manner of putting on the fanon recalled the method of assuming the amice universal in the Middle Ages and that continued to be observed by some of the older religious orders. After the deacon vests the pope with the usual amice, alb, the cingulum and sub-cinctorium, and the pectoral cross, he places the fanon on the pope by means of the opening (with the embroidered cross in front), and then pulls the back half of the upper piece over the pope's head. Then he vests the pope with the stole, tunicle, dalmatic, and chasuble, after which he turns down that part of the fanon which had been placed over the head of the pope, draws the front half of the upper piece up from under the chasuble, and finally arranges the whole upper piece of the fanon so that it covers the shoulders of the pope like a collar. The pallium is placed over the fanon.

Use
The fanon was regularly used until the Second Vatican Council but then fell into disuse, with Pope John Paul II wearing it once in the early 1980s during a visit to Roman convent.

On 21 October 2012, Pope Benedict XVI wore the fanon during a canonisation Mass, and again on 25 December 2012, and 6 January 2013. Pope Francis since his election in 2013, has yet to use it, ; one source considers that it “has ceased being commonly used.”

History
The fanon was mentioned in the oldest known Roman Ordinal, consequently its use in the eighth century can be proved. It was then called anabolagium (anagolagium), and was not yet at that period a vestment reserved for the use of the pope. This limitation of its use did not appear until the other ecclesiastics at Rome began to put the vestment on under the alb instead of over it, that is, when it became customary among the clergy to use the fanon as an ordinary amice. This happened, apparently in imitation of the usage outside of Rome, between the tenth and twelfth centuries; however, the exact date cannot be given.

But it is certain that as early as the end of the twelfth century the fanon was worn solely by the pope, as is evident from the express statement of Innocent III (1198–1216). The vestment was then called an orale; the name of fanon, from the late Latin fano, derived from pannus (penos), cloth, woven fabric, was not used until a subsequent age. Even as early as the eighth century the pope wore the fanon only at solemn high Mass. The usage according to which the pope was vested, in addition to the fanon, with an amice under the alb, did not appear, at the earliest, until the close of the Middle Ages.

As to the form of the fanon and the material from which it was made in early times, no positive information exists. Late in the Middle Ages it was made of white silk, as is shown by the inventory of the year 1295 of the papal treasure, as well as by numerous works of art; the favourite ornamentation was one of narrow stripes of gold and of some colour, especially red, woven into the silk. Up into the fifteenth century the fanon was square in shape; the later collar-like form seems to have appeared about the sixteenth century or even later.

title: Papal fanon


text: Category:Quintana Roo

title: Category:Quintana Roo


text:
Category:San Luis Potosí

 * State of San Luis Potosí — in North-Central Mexico, on the Mexican Plateau and in the Sierra Madre Oriental.

title: Category:San Luis Potosí


text:
File:Clear and Present Danger film.jpg

Rationale of fair use for Clear and Present Danger (film)

 * 1) The image is being used to illustrate the film in question.
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this purpose.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster.
 * 4) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the film in any way.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The image is being used for informational purposes only.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Clear and Present Danger film.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pianopoli

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Wikibofh 14:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Pianopoli
Pianopoli exists and is a village in Calabria. The rest is patent, unverified nonsense. Delete this to have a clean slate when someone gets arount to write a real entry on the place. Pilatus 02:35, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep AFD is not the right tag for this. I think you need a request for expansion. Borisblue 02:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and tag for cleanup and expansion as per Borisbleu. --CastAStone 05:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per everyone else and everyone else bound to follow. [ edit ] 05:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as real place with real communities of interest. I have created a small stub on this town and it is now listed in the Italian stubs area. I have also added a couple of references. Capitalistroadster 05:42, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Capitalistroadster's new stub, which is now listed in the Italian geography stubs area, where it should be! Grutness...  wha?  07:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A little too small for my liking, but the stub is verifiable and true, and I don't see why we can't have a verifiable article on an Italian village. Keep. - Mgm|(talk) 08:54, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. utcursch | talk 11:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, also perhaps there should be a project for foreign cities as I find some pretty bad ones in the Wikify category. Some have to be completely rewritten as they are incoherent. I try to clean up or rewrite them as best as I can, as I think they should be included. However, Google is usually useless for small foreign cities, especially in the Middle East and India, and I don't have any books or knowledge about them. -- Kjkolb 02:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I found an example, though this is better than some. -- Kjkolb 10:54, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please as we always do when it is about a village or town or city Yuckfoo 02:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as valid stub. But really, I think instead of nominating this type of article, just fix it, add a stub tag, and if someone wants to write a real entry, they will be pointed to the stub already. MCB 00:47, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Atoms in molecules

In quantum chemistry, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), sometimes referred to as atoms in molecules (AIM), is a model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems (such as crystals) in which the principal objects of molecular structure - atoms and bonds - are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function. An electron density distribution of a molecule is a probability distribution that describes the average manner in which the electronic charge is distributed throughout real space in the attractive field exerted by the nuclei. According to QTAIM, molecular structure is revealed by the stationary points of the electron density together with the gradient paths of the electron density that originate and terminate at these points.

QTAIM was primarily developed by Professor Richard Bader and his research group at McMaster University over the course of decades, beginning with analyses of theoretically calculated electron densities of simple molecules in the early 1960s and culminating with analyses of both theoretically and experimentally measured electron densities of crystals in the 90s. The development of QTAIM was driven by the assumption that, since the concepts of atoms and bonds have been and continue to be so ubiquitously useful in interpreting, classifying, predicting and communicating chemistry, they should have a well-defined physical basis.

QTAIM recovers the central operational concepts of the molecular structure hypothesis, that of a functional grouping of atoms with an additive and characteristic set of properties, together with a definition of the bonds that link the atoms and impart the structure. QTAIM defines chemical bonding and structure of a chemical system based on the topology of the electron density. In addition to bonding, QTAIM allows the calculation of certain physical properties on a per-atom basis, by dividing space up into atomic volumes containing exactly one nucleus, which acts as a local attractor of the electron density. In QTAIM an atom is defined as a proper open system, i.e. a system that can share energy and electron density which is localized in the 3D space. The mathematical study of these features is usually referred to in the literature as charge density topology.

QTAIM rests on the fact that the dominant topological property of the vast majority of electron density distributions is the presence of strong maxima that occur exclusively at the nuclei, certain pairs of which are linked together by ridges of electron density. In terms of an electron density distribution's gradient vector field, this corresponds to a complete, non-overlapping partitioning of a molecule into three-dimensional basins (atoms) that are linked together by shared two-dimensional separatrices (interatomic surfaces). Within each interatomic surface, the electron density is a maximum at the corresponding internuclear saddle point, which also lies at the minimum of the ridge between corresponding pair of nuclei, the ridge being defined by the pair of gradient trajectories (bond path) originating at the saddle point and terminating at the nuclei. Because QTAIM atoms are always bounded by surfaces having zero flux in the gradient vector field of the electron density, they have some unique quantum mechanical properties compared to other subsystem definitions, including unique electronic kinetic energy the satisfaction of an electronic virial theorem analogous to the molecular electronic virial theorem and some interesting variational properties. QTAIM has gradually become a method for addressing possible questions regarding chemical systems, in a variety of situations hardly handled before by any other model or theory in chemistry.

Applications
QTAIM is applied to the description of certain organic crystals with unusually short distances between neighboring molecules as observed by X-ray diffraction. For example, in the crystal structure of molecular chlorine the experimental Cl...Cl distance between two molecules is 327 picometres which is less than the sum of the van der Waals radii of 350 picometres. In one QTAIM result 12 bond paths start from each chlorine atom to other chlorine atoms including the other chlorine atom in the molecule. The theory also aims to explain the metallic properties of metallic hydrogen in much the same way. The theory is also applied to so-called s as they occur in molecules such as phenanthrene and chrysene. In these compounds the distance between two ortho hydrogen atoms again is shorter than their van der Waals radii and according to in silico experiments based on this theory, a bond path is identified between them. Both hydrogen atoms have identical electron density and are closed shell and therefore they are very different from the so-called dihydrogen bonds which are postulated for compounds such as (CH3)2NHBH3 and also different from so-called agostic interactions. In mainstream chemistry close proximity of two nonbonding atoms leads to destabilizing steric repulsion but in QTAIM the observed hydrogen hydrogen interactions are in fact stabilizing. It is well known that both kinked phenanthrene and chrysene are around 6 kcal/mol (25 kJ/mol) more stable than their linear isomers anthracene and tetracene. One traditional explanation is given by Clar's rule. QTAIM shows that a calculated stabilization for phenanthrene by 8 kcal/mol (33 kJ/mol) is the result of destabilization of the compound by 8 kcal/mol (33 kJ/mol) originating from electron transfer from carbon to hydrogen, offset by 12.1 kcal (51 kJ/mol) of stabilization due to a H..H bond path. The electron density at the critical point between the two hydrogen atoms is low, 0.012 e for phenanthrene. Another property of the bond path is its curvature. Another molecule studied in QTAIM is biphenyl. Its two phenyl rings are oriented at a 38° angle with respect to each other with the planar molecular geometry (encountered in a rotation around the central C-C bond) destabilized by 2.1 kcal/mol (8.8 kJ/mol) and the perpendicular one destabilized by 2.5 kcal/mol (10.5 kJ/mol). The classic explanations for this rotation barrier are steric repulsion between the ortho-hydrogen atoms (planar) and breaking of delocalization of pi density over both rings (perpendicular).

QTAIM has also been applied to study the electron topology of solvated post-translational modifications to protein. For example, covalently bonded force constants in a set of lysine-arginine derived advanced glycation end-products were derived using the electronic structure calculations and then bond paths were used to illustrate differences in each of the applied computational chemistry functionals. Furthermore, QTAIM had been used to identify a bond path network of hydrogen bonds between glucosepane and nearby water molecules.

In QTAIM the energy increase on decreasing the dihedral angle from 38° to 0° is a summation of several factors. Destabilizing factors are the increase in bond length between the connecting carbon atoms (because they have to accommodate the approaching hydrogen atoms) and transfer of electronic charge from carbon to hydrogen. Stabilizing factors are increased delocalization of pi-electrons from one ring to the other and the one that tips the balance is a hydrogen - hydrogen bond between the ortho hydrogens. The hydrogen bond is not without its critics. According to one, the relative stability of phenanthrene compared to its isomers can be adequately explained by comparing resonance stabilizations. Another critic argues that the stability of phenanthrene can be attributed to more effective pi-pi overlap in the central double bond; the existence of bond paths are not questioned but the stabilizing energy derived from it is.

title: Atoms in molecules


text: File:Despero.JPG

title: File:Despero.JPG


text: Category:Sinaloa

title: Category:Sinaloa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sawmill Camp

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 14:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Sawmill_Camp
Vanity page. Speedy. Gary 02:36, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertisement    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   07:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertisement. --Qirex 08:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad, no real info.--Woggly 08:18, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. utcursch | talk 11:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertising.--Alhutch 15:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as advertising.-- Qaz  ( talk ) 05:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I went to Philmont so I may be biased but these should be kept. Here's why: more than 700,000 Scouts and leaders have backpacked through Philmont since 1938. These camps are familar to many people. With some additional work, the articles could be useful. I tried merging them into a Camps of Philmont article but if quality information is added to each subheading, that article will be enormous. The information could be valuable but the only way to share it is to keep all the individual articles.--L1AM 10:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment- As far as being advertising, its not really. Please take a look at these related AFDs. All these AFDs should be merged.--L1AM 10:33, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The notability of the camp is not clear from reading the article alone. In fact, it is not clear what this camp is, who it belongs to ("Philmont" is not linked or mentioned in the article"), where it is (it is traditional to name a state and country, not latitude and longitude!)Instead we have such ad-copy as: "a great place to get a hot shower and a great program", "magnificent views", "a small but friendly staff", "a great advisor's coffee in the evenings". This is non-informative and non encyclopedic. If you think the article is worth keeping, you should take the time to write a clear lead, and cleanup, because no one who has NOT gone to this camp will be able to do so. --Woggly 07:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC) If and only if rewritten, I'd support a merge to Philmont Scout Ranch --Woggly 07:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Government of Kazakhstan

title: Category:Government of Kazakhstan


text:
1965 in Australia

The following lists events that happened during 1965 in Australia.

Incumbents

 * Monarch – Elizabeth II
 * Governor-General – Viscount De L'Isle (until 7 May), then Lord Casey
 * Prime Minister – Sir Robert Menzies
 * Opposition Leader – Arthur Calwell
 * Chief Justice – Sir Garfield Barwick

State and territory leaders

 * Premier of New South Wales – Jack Renshaw (until 13 May), then Robert Askin
 * Opposition Leader – Robert Askin (until 13 May), then Jack Renshaw
 * Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin
 * Opposition Leader – Jack Duggan
 * Premier of South Australia – Sir Thomas Playford IV (until 10 March), then Frank Walsh
 * Opposition Leader – Frank Walsh (until 10 March), then Sir Thomas Playford IV
 * Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece
 * Opposition Leader – Angus Bethune
 * Premier of Victoria – Henry Bolte
 * Opposition Leader – Clive Stoneham
 * Premier of Western Australia – David Brand
 * Opposition Leader – Albert Hawke

Governors and administrators

 * Governor of New South Wales – Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward (until 31 July)
 * Governor of Queensland – Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith
 * Governor of South Australia – Lieutenant General Sir Edric Bastyan
 * Governor of Tasmania – General Sir Charles Gairdner
 * Governor of Victoria – Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe
 * Governor of Western Australia – Major General Sir Douglas Kendrew
 * Administrator of Nauru – Reginald Leydin
 * Administrator of Norfolk Island – Roger Nott
 * Administrator of the Northern Territory – Roger Dean
 * Administrator of Papua and New Guinea – Sir Donald Cleland

January

 * The Kinks and The Rolling Stones tour Australia
 * 7 January – The first hydrofoil service begins on Sydney Harbour.
 * 10 January – Evonne Goolagong wins the NSW junior hard-court title.
 * 11 January – The bodies of two 15-year-old girls, Christine Sharrock and Marianne Schmidt, are found at Wanda Beach in southern Sydney. Despite the offer of an unprecedented £10,000 reward, the murders are never solved.
 * 16 January – The vehicular ferry Empress of Australia begins operating between Sydney and Hobart.
 * 27 January – Queensland Police are given the power to arrest without warrant and ban anyone aiding the striking Mount Isa Mines workers. Union leader Pat Mackie is banned from the site.

February

 * Judge Aaron Levine overturns the obscenity conviction of the editors of Oz magazine
 * Charles Perkins leads The Freedom Ride, which travels through country NSW, protesting the racial discrimination against Aboriginal people.
 * Margaret Court wins the Australian women's tennis singles title for the sixth consecutive year
 * 11 February – Mt Isa Mines suspends all operations.
 * 18 February – Esso-BHP strikes gas at the Barracouta well in Bass Strait.
 * 20 February – Freedom Ride participants including Charles Perkins are ejected from the Moree municipal swimming baths after protesting against its policy of not admitting Aborigines.
 * 20 to 26 February – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh tours Australia.
 * 22 February – Prince Philip opens the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra.
 * Talbot Duckmanton succeeds Sir Charles Moses as chairman of The Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)
 * The Seekers' single "I'll Never Find Another You" reaches No. 1 in the UK charts. It becomes the first recording by an Australian act to sell more than 1 million copies and eventually sells more than 1.75 million

March

 * 1 March – The Amateur Swimming Union of Australia stuns the nation with its decision that Olympic champion and 1964 Australian of the Year Dawn Fraser will be banned from all amateur competition for ten years. The decision follows an inquiry into Fraser's alleged misbehaviour during the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
 * 1 March – Echuca, Victoria is gazetted as a city.
 * 6 March – The Australian Labor Party wins the South Australian election, taking government for the first time in 32 years. Labor leader Frank Walsh becomes Premier, replacing LCL leader Sir Thomas Playford, Australia's longest-serving premier, who had held office for 26 years, 4 months.
 * 10 March – The first drawing of the national service conscription lottery.
 * 12 March – Swan Hill, Victoria is gazetted as a city.
 * 17 March – The Queensland government legislates to ban picketing and restricting pamphlets and banners at the Mount Isa mine. The strikers workers return to work later in the month.
 * 20 March to 26 April – The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester visit Australia.
 * 24 March – Prime Minister Menzies announces a new concept in tertiary education as recommended by the Martin Committee on the Future of Tertiary Education in Australia.
 * 31 March – Merle Thorton and Rosalie Bogner chained their ankles to the front bar of the Regatta Hotel in Brisbane in protest against the Queensland liquor laws that banned women from pubs.
 * George Johnston wins the Miles Franklin Award for his novel My Brother Jack

April

 * 27 April – Police raid Melbourne's Austral Bookshop and seize copies of The Trial of Lady Chatterley, a banned book which recounts of the British obscenity trial of author D. H. Lawrence.
 * 29 April – Prime Minister Robert Menzies announces that an Australian combat force will be sent to South Vietnam in response to a request for military aid from the South Vietnamese government.

May

 * 1 May – The Australian Labor Party (ALP) is defeated in the NSW state election after 24 years in government and the Liberal Party, led by Robin Askin takes power.
 * 7 May – Richard Casey, Baron Casey succeeds William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle as Governor-General of Australia.
 * 27 May – The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment leaves for Vietnam on HMAS Sydney.
 * 29 May – The official opening of the Captain Cook Bridge, which spans the Georges River

June

 * TV variety show In Melbourne Tonight celebrates its 2000th performance. Since its premiere in 1957 the show had earned the Nine Network over £AU4 million in advertising revenue and it attracted more viewers per capita than any other television show in the world, with the network rumoured to be paying host Graham Kennedy more than £AU20,000 per year (14 June)
 * 21 June – The Premier of Tasmania, Eric Reece, announces the Gordon Power scheme will "result in some modification to the Lake Pedder National Park", but it was still in development and no further details were revealed.
 * 30 June – At a speech to the Australian Club in London, PM Sir Robert Menzies declares that Australia is in a state of war in Vietnam.

July

 * 2 July – Secondary school teachers in Victoria stage a strike, the first teachers' strike in Australia since 1920.
 * 18 to 20 July - Snow is recorded as far north as the Clark Range in Queensland, killing drought-weakened livestock. At the same time, extremely heavy rainfall in the North Coast turns drought into flood, with Brisbane having its wettest-ever July day with 193.2 mm.

August

 * 13 August – A limited free-trade agreement is negotiated between Australia and New Zealand.
 * 21 August – A report of the Vernon Committee of Economic Inquiry is tabled in federal parliament; the principal recommendations are rejected by government.

September

 * 23 September – Roma Mitchell is appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia, the first woman to become a judge in Australia.

October

 * 7 October – Sir Robert Menzies appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.
 * 30 October – English model Jean Shrimpton wears a controversially short white shift dress to the Victoria Derby at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Australia – a pivotal moment of the introduction of the miniskirt to women's fashion.

November

 * Churchill Fellowships are awarded for the first time.
 * 5 November – The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, is deployed in Operation Hump in Vietnam.
 * 7 November – An underground fire occurs at the Bulli Colliery in New South Wales; four miners are killed.
 * 13 November – Kevin Arthur Wheatley dies in Vietnam while defending a wounded comrade. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry.
 * 16 November – Australia imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia following that country's unilateral declaration of independence.

December

 * The first section of the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway is opened.
 * 15 December – Harry Chan becomes the first elected president of the NT Legislative Council.

Date unknown

 * the Australian Conservation Foundation is formed
 * the Australian Council of National Trusts (ACNT) is formed
 * Northern Territory patrol officers forcibly round up the last groups of the Pintubi Aboriginal people still living an independent traditional lifestyle, and resettle them on the Papunya and Yuendumu missions

Science and technology

 * The Siding Spring Observatory opens

Arts and literature

 * Clifton Pugh's portrait of R.A. Henderson wins the Archibald Prize for portraiture
 * Larry Sitsky's opera The Fall of the House of Usher
 * Peter Sculthorpe's Sun Music I
 * Joan Sutherland returns to perform in Australia after 14 years overseas
 * the Canberra School of Music is established
 * Ballet in a Nutshell (later the Sydney Dance Company) and the Australian Dance Theatre form
 * The South Australian Theatre Company is formed
 * Sydney's Philip St Theatre stages its famous comedy revue A Cup of Tea, a Bex and a Good Lie Down. The production runs for twelve months, and the title passes into common usage.
 * The Ambassador (Morris West)
 * The Merry-Go-Round in the Sea (Randolph Stow)
 * The Slow Natives by Thea Astley is awarded the Miles Franklin Literary Award

Film

 * Faces in the Sun wins the AFI Award for Best Film

Television

 * Jimmy Hannan wins the Gold Logie Award

Sport
Light Fingers won the Melbourne Cup.

Cricket: Australia lose a five test series away to the West Indies 2–1. The West Indies side includes greats such as Garry Sobers and Rohan Kanhai, while Australia featured opening batsmen Bill Lawry and Bobby Simpson.

Cricinfo series page

Rugby league: 1965 NSWRFL season St. George win the tenth of a record eleven consecutive premierships in the NSWRL, defeating South Sydney 12–8 in the Grand Final. Eastern Suburbs finish in last position, claiming the wooden spoon.

Golf: The Australian Veteran Golfers Association. (A.V.G.A.) was formed on 7 July 1965 by four businessmen, Messrs. A Hall, W.Foulsham J.Barkel and H.Hattersley.

Births

 * 25 January – Luke Woolmer, politician
 * 17 March – Tarnya Smith, politician
 * 6 April – Tim Nicholls, politician
 * 18 April – Fiona Simpson, politician
 * 24 April – Lucinda Cowden, actress
 * 10 May
 * Greg Fasala, swimmer
 * Paul Langmack, rugby league player and coach
 * 13 May – John McVeigh, politician
 * 15 May – Glenn Seton, racing driver
 * 23 May – Paul Sironen, rugby league player
 * 31 May – Todd McKenney, entertainer
 * 2 June – Steve Waugh, Mark Waugh, cricketers
 * 4 June – Michael Doohan, motorcycle racer
 * 25 June – Stan Longinidis, heavyweight kickboxer
 * 1 July – Simon Youl, tennis player
 * 7 July – Irina Berezina, Ukrainian-born international chess Master and trainer
 * 9 July – Steve Minnikin, politician
 * 12 July – Jennifer Howard, politician
 * 25 July – Dale Shearer, rugby league footballer
 * 2 August
 * Andrew Blackman, actor and theatre director
 * Joe Hockey, politician
 * 9 August – Darren Millane, Australian rules football player (d. 1991)
 * 28 August – Steve Walters, rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s.
 * 1 September – Craig McLachlan, actor and singer
 * 19 September – Antonella Gambotto-Burke, author and journalist
 * 21 September – David Wenham, actor
 * 26 October – Steve Davies, politician
 * 29 October – Andrew Ettingshausen, rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s
 * 1 November – Michael Daley, politician
 * 5 December – Simon Finn, politician
 * 7 December – Deborah Bassett, rower
 * 11 December – Glenn Lazarus, rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s.

Deaths

 * 20 February – Lex Davison, racing driver (born 1923)
 * 7 May – Joe Abbott, politician (born 1891)
 * 15 June – Florence Sulman, author and educationalist (born 1876 in England)
 * 2 November – H. V. Evatt, politician and diplomat (born 1894)

title: 1965 in Australia


text:
User talk:J2kiddj

hey boris, a little slow this time!

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. CanadianCaesar The Republic Restored 23:59, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Stop_hand.png|left|30px]] This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.  Tito xd (?!? - help us) 23:59, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:J2kiddj


text: Category:Tabasco

title: Category:Tabasco


text:
Victor Riesel

Victor Riesel (March 26, 1913 – January 4, 1995) was an American newspaper journalist and columnist who specialized in news related to labor unions. At the height of his career, his column on labor union issues was syndicated to 356 newspapers in the United States. In an incident which made national headlines for almost a year, a gangster threw sulfuric acid in his face on a public street in New York City on April 5, 1956, causing his permanent blindness.

Background
Victor Riesel was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City to Nathan and Sophie Riesel. The family lived in a cold water flat near the elevated railroad tracks. The Riesels were Jewish, and their neighbors were primarily Jewish and Italian American. Victor's father, Nathan, had helped organize the Bonnaz, Singer, and Hand Embroiderers' Union, Local 66, of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in 1913, and held the Card No. 1 in the local union. In time, Nathan Riesel was appointed a staff member of the union and elected secretary-treasurer and then president of the local union. Victor attended elementary school at P.S. 19 (now the Judith K. Weiss School).

When Victor was three years old, his father taught him to make pro-union speeches and would take his son to rallies and union meetings and have the boy recite the speeches for onlookers. Attending union meetings, indoor and outdoor rallies, and standing on street corners promoting the union formed many of Victor Riesel's childhood and teenage memories. In the 1920s and 1930s, Nathan Riesel successfully opposed Communist Party USA attempts to infiltrate activists into the local union and turning its purpose to promotion of the party (a strategy known as "boring from within"). Throughout his childhood and teenage years, he saw his father come home bleeding many times after fistfights with communist activists or gangsters. This conflict left a deep impression on Victor.

The family moved to the Bronx when Riesel was 13 years old. Academically gifted, Victor Riesel graduated from Morris High School at the age of 15. While in high school, Riesel began typing stories about the American labor movement and sending them to English language newspapers around the world, charging $1 for publication rights. He typed the same story over and over (sometimes as many as 15 times) to make it look like an original (his goal being to sell the same story to many newspapers rather than many stories to a single newspaper), and earned a significant income from this work.

He enrolled in City College of New York (CCNY) in 1928, taking classes at night in human resource management and industrial relations.

Career
Riesel worked several different jobs to support himself, and found employment in a hat factory, lace plant, steel mill, and saw mill. He was appointed director of undergraduate publications at the college, working as an editor, columnist, and literature and theatre critic. He earned his Bachelor of Business Administration from CCNY in 1940.

During his undergraduate years at CCNY, Riesel began working as a gofer at The New Leader. After graduation in 1940, he became the magazine's managing editor.

Two additional events in Riesel's life led him to a career as a labor reporter. The first occurred on March 6, 1930, during a visit to his father's union offices. Riesel saw a man weeping on the stairs because he had no job and his family had no food to eat. The second occurred in 1942. Nathan Riesel was now fighting organized crime influence in his union, and despaired of keeping his local out of criminal hands. Nathan Riesel was severely beaten by gangsters in 1942, and ultimately died from his injuries five years later.

Journalism
Victor Riesel's labor journalism career formally began in 1937 when he started writing a regular column on labor union issues.

He was hired by The New York Post in 1941. His column became nationally syndicated in 1942. He left the Post in 1948 after a change in management, and joined William Randolph Hearst's New York Daily Mirror. Within eight years, his column was syndicated in 193 newspapers.

His investigation of Communist Party infiltration of the National Maritime Union led Representative Louis B. Heller to introduce legislation in 1951 to investigate the charges. In 1951 and 1952, Riesel provided Senator Pat McCarran with information that led to a Senate investigation into communist influence in the United Public Workers of America. In 1952, he publicly alleged before the Subcommittee on Internal Security (led at the time by Sen. McCarran) that Local 65 of the Distributive, Processing and Office Workers of America was controlled by the Communist Party. The same year, he denounced Gambino crime family member Anthony "Tough Tony" Anastasio for engaging in labor racketeering. Anastasio sued Riesel for $1 million for libel, but the suit was thrown out of court.

On February 6, 1953, Riesel spoke with New York University philosophy professor Sidney Hook and others on "The Threat to Academic Freedom" in the evening on WEVD radio.

In 1956, Riesel began working with United States Attorney Paul Williams to rein in labor racketeering in the New York City garment and trucking industries.

Acid attack
On April 5, 1956, an assailant threw sulphuric acid into Riesel's face as he was leaving Lindy's (a famous restaurant in Manhattan). Riesel had been reporting on corruption in the International Union of Operating Engineers and its then-President, William C. DeKoning Jr. He had recently alleged that DeKoning was conspiring with Joseph S. Fay (a convicted labor racketeer and extortionist) to re-establish his father, William C. DeKoning Sr. (who had recently been freed from prison after serving a sentence for extortion) as president of the union. Although Riesel had received numerous death and other threats over the past few months, he had dismissed them as the work of "cranks."

The attack occurred shortly after a Riesel radio broadcast. Barry Gray, radio station WMCA's overnight talk radio host, had asked Riesel to substitute for him. Riesel invited two IUOE Local 138 leaders who were challenging the DeKonings for control of the local union to join him for the broadcast. The broadcast originated from Hutton's Restaurant at 47th Street and Lexington Avenue shortly after midnight on April 5, and concluded at 2 AM. Afterward, Riesel and his secretary went to Lindy's restaurant, located on Broadway between 49th Street and 50th Street. They had coffee, and departed Lindy's at 3 AM to walk to the secretary's automobile. Riesel removed his eyeglasses, which he did by habit when in public. A slender, black-haired man in blue and white jacket stepped out of the shadows of the entrance to the Mark Hellinger Theatre and threw a vial of sulphuric acid into Riesel's eyes. Riesel shouted, "My gosh! My gosh!", and clutched at his face. While the secretary and others rendered assistance and dragged Riesel into Lindy's, the assailant walked calmly away.

The acid struck Riesel's right eye more than the left. Riesel's eyes were flushed with water inside Lindy's, but patrons stopped administering aid for fear of doing further damage. Riesel was taken to St. Clare's Hospital on East 71st Street, where doctors worked to save his vision. Measures to counteract the acid were not taken until Riesel arrived at St. Clare's, 40 minutes after the attack. On May 4, doctors said that Riesel had completely lost his sight (see the right photograph in the infobox, above). In December 1956, Riesel described the amount of acid as a "deluge" which covered most of his cheeks, eyes, and forehead. Portions of Riesel's face (see right photo, above, compared to left photo, particularly the left cheek, jaw line, and jowls; the eyebrows; and the forehead) were permanently scarred as well. Riesel wore dark glasses for the rest of his life to hide his damaged eyes, which many people found difficult to look at.

The Daily Mirror immediately offered a $10,000 reward for information identifying the assailant and leading to his conviction. The Newspaper Guild of New York, New York Press Photographers Association, Overseas Press Club, New York Newspaper Reporters Association, and the Society of Silurians (an organization of veteran New York City journalists) immediately raised the reward to $15,000. By week's end, donations from labor unions, radio station WMCA, and other groups had increased the reward to $41,000.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) identified Abraham Telvi as the assailant in August 1956, but Telvi had been murdered on July 28, 1956, by mobsters for demanding an additional $50,000 on top of the $500 he had already received for the crime. On August 29, 1956, Genovese crime family underboss Johnny Dio was arrested for conspiracy in the Riesel attack, pleaded not guilty, and was released on $100,000 bond even though prosecutors later publicly linked him to the Telvi murder.

Joseph Carlino, a Dio associate who had hired Telvi to attack Riesel, pleaded guilty on October 22, and prosecutors severed Dio's trial from the others. Carlino later testified that Dio had ordered Genovese mob associate Gandolfo Miranti to find a hitman and identify Riesel, and that Miranti had contacted Dominick Bando to assist him in finding the hitman (Bando contacting Carlino, who sought out Telvi). Miranti and Bando were then found guilty (Bando pleading guilty at the last moment). Conspiracy charges against Dio were later dropped despite the convictions. Dio's attorney delayed the trial for nearly five months with motions. When the trial finally began, Carlino and Miranti recanted their pre-trial statements and courtroom testimony, claiming they did not know who had ordered the attack on Riesel. By September 1957, the government no longer sought to prosecute Dio for the attack. Miranti received 8 to 16 years in prison and Bando 2 to 5 years in prison for the acid attack and another five years for contempt of court. Carlino received a suspended sentence for cooperating with the prosecution, and three other co-conspirators were freed after the judge in their case declared a mistrial. The Daily Mirror paid one witness $5,000 in 1961 for information leading to the identification of Abraham Telvi as the assailant.

The attack on Riesel had significant implications for national American labor policy. President Dwight Eisenhower (who had seen Riesel on Meet the Press) told AFL-CIO President George Meany that he was so incensed by the attack on Riesel that he intended to introduce legislation designed to root out corruption in labor unions. Clark R. Mollenhoff, editor of the Des Moines Register, was so alarmed by the attack on Riesel that he ordered extensive investigations into trade union corruption. Mollenhoff's investigative efforts unearthed much evidence that Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa was engaged in labor racketeering. The attack also convinced Robert F. Kennedy, then chief legal counsel for the Senate Committee on Government Operations, to lead an investigation into labor racketeering. Kennedy's investigations (as well as subsequent labor scandals) led to the establishment of the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management. This committee's investigations led directly to the passage of the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, which imposed financial reporting requirements on labor unions, limited the power of trusteeships, established many member and employer rights.

The acid attack vastly boosted Riesel's national popularity. He began a regular television program on WRCA-TV, and a regular weekly radio program on WEVD. He continued to write his column, typing it himself while his wife read newspapers and wire service articles to him.

Anti-communist views
Riesel was a militant anti-communist. Initially, his views focused on both fascism and communism. As early as 1939, he joined John Dewey's newly formed Committee for Cultural Freedom, which was opposed to totalitarianism in all its forms. In 1941, he told the Union for Democratic Action that Rep. Martin Dies Jr. was intent on establishing a national fascist police force to suppress freedom of speech in the United States.

Riesel's attacks on fascism lessened after victory in World War II, and he focused almost exclusively on communism after 1950. Riesel's attacks on communism extended beyond labor unions. He attacked folk musician Vern Partlow for promoting communism and undermining American national security with his 1945 talking blues song "Atomic Talking Blues" (also known as "Talking Atom" and "Old Man Atom"). In 1949, he was named a director of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding Anti-Communist China, a part of the China Lobby. At least one author alleges that Riesel even cooperated with the Central Intelligence Agency beginning in the early 1950s, providing information on liberal politicians and union leaders. In the early 1950s, he supported a movement to stop the importation of goods from the Soviet Union into the United States, and for a time longshoremen on the East Coast refused to unload Soviet ships due to Riesel's campaign. During the height of McCarthyism in the early 1950s, he also became interested in purging homosexuals from federal civil service. He publicly called for a "preventive war" with the Soviet Union in 1951, and demanded that President Harry S. Truman drop the atomic bomb on Russia and China. He strongly criticized Malcolm X for meeting with Shirley Graham Du Bois and Julian Mayfield in the mid-1960s, and accused Malcolm X of fomenting communist conspiracies. In the early 1970s, Riesel became an unofficial advisor to President Richard Nixon. He supported Nixon in his column, discussed labor union issues and outreach to working-class voters with him personally over the phone, and occasionally met with Cabinet members. Even as late as 1973, Riesel was defending COINTELPRO, a series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by the FBI aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations in the U.S. suspected of disloyalty.

Riesel was intimately involved in the Hollywood blacklist of the late 1940s and 1950s. He strongly criticized Samuel Fuller's 1951 Korean War film The Steel Helmet for promoting communism and portraying American soldiers as murderers. He also attacked the 1954 pro-union film Salt of the Earth as communistic, and implied that the production's on-location proximity to Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Nevada Test Site was a cover for Soviet spying on the American nuclear weapons program. Riesel saw it as his patriotic duty to publicize allegations of communist influence made against actors, directors, producers, and others (especially those claims made by conservative actors Adolphe Menjou and Ward Bond). As the blacklist lifted, Riesel agreed to allow his column to become a means for blacklisted individuals to admit their offenses, denounce communism, and become active in the motion picture industry again. Along with Hedda Hopper and Walter Winchell, he would meet privately with these individuals, assess the sincerity of their penance, and then work with them to help rehabilitate their careers if he believed they were being honest with him.

Later life
After the Daily Mirror ceased publication in October, 1963, Riesel continued to publish his syndicated column. Three men who leased coin-operated pool tables to establishments in California sued Riesel for libel in 1965, alleging that his column on racketeering in the vending industry defamed them.

Riesel was elected a director of the Overseas Press Club in 1962, and the organization's president in 1966 (he served a single one-year term).

Riesel retired his column in 1990.

Personal life and death
Riesel married the former Evelyn Lobelson after graduating from college. The couple had a son in 1942 and a daughter in 1949.

Riesel died of cardiac arrest at his apartment in Manhattan aged 81. His wife, son, and daughter survived him.

Publications

 * "A Precedent in Arrogance in Set." Los Angeles Times (April 1, 1965), pt. II, p. 5.
 * "Probers Believe Ruby Convinced Oswald to Kill JFK." Rome News-Tribune (October 5, 1978), p. 4.

title: Victor Riesel


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BFG Technologies

BFG Technologies was a privately held U.S.-based supplier of power supplies and video cards based on Nvidia graphics technology and a manufacturer of high-end gaming/home theater computer systems. BFG Technologies branded products were available in North America and Europe at retailers and e-tailers. The company's main headquarters were located in Lake County, Illinois, near Lake Forest.

Graphics cards
BFG manufactured graphics cards for mainstream to enthusiast level computers. They were known for their Asylum brand; however, the Nvidia 5 series of graphics accelerators were the last to use that name. They were best known by computer enthusiasts for the overclocked (OC) versions of their graphics cards, lifetime warranty and 24/7/365 U.S.-based technical support. BFG was among the first graphics card companies to offer cards that were already overclocked from manufacturer recommended speeds. Since then, many other manufacturers have copied BFG's model.

Their most recent flagship graphics cards were the BFG Nvidia GeForce GTX 285 OCX as an air-cooled solution and the BFG Nvidia GeForce GTX 295 H2OC as a water-cooled solution. While they also manufactured an air-cooled version of the Nvidia GeForce GTX 295, it was not overclocked.

On May 18, 2010, John Slevin the chairman of BFG Technologies, announced that they would no longer be developing graphics cards, as it was not profitable for them.

In August 2010, BFG began the process of liquidation, initially only for the GPU business but eventually expanding to include the entire company. As a result of this, BFG ceased to honor RMA (Return Merchandise Authorization) requests for warranty service, repair, or replacement, instead returning the product to the customer with a short letter explaining the situation. However, PNY Technologies announced that "PNY has stepped up and will be working to give BFG customers the ability to exchange their video cards for a coupon to purchase a PNY Video card at a discounted price". This exchange program ended on December 31, 2010, and PNY is no longer accepting requests for BFG cards. The BFG brand name of the company was subsequently acquired by Best Data, who also owns the Diamond Multimedia brand.

Desktop computers
January 5, 2009, BFG Technologies launched its desktop computer line called Phobos that features a touch panel LCD with performance control, BFG Tech graphic cards, liquid cooling solutions from CoolIT and Intel processors.

Power supplies
BFG Technologies manufactured a full range of power supply units for ATX compatible PCs. BFG's power supply line up had consisted of 530 W, 550 W, 600 W, 650 W, 800 W and 1000 W in the past, but since was refined to separate categories for separate markets.

The GS Series consisted of the GS-450, GS-550 and GS-650, 450 W, 550 W and 650 W power supplies respectively, and were sold as mainstream units, rated at peak power and at room temperature and were sold almost exclusively at retail stores like Best Buy. The LS Series was BFG Technologies mainstream series, consisting of the LS-450 450 W power supply, LS-550 550 W power supply and LS-680 680 W power supply. These were rated at continuous power and at a more realistic 40 °C. The flagship of BFG Technologies' power supply offerings was the ES Series, which only consisted of one model: The ES-800. This unit was not only rated at continuous and 40 °C, but featured a technology marketed as "Frequency Conversion" which is a term used to define a method of changing the switching frequency of the power supply to coincide with load. This allowed the unit to be as efficient as possible even at very low loads while conventional designs might have been significantly less efficient at loads below 10%. The ES Series was later replaced by the EX-Series; essentially an ES Series with a modular interface for removal of unused cables.

PhysX cards
BFG Technologies offered a 128MB PPU that uses Ageia's PhysX processing chip and libraries. The card was only available in a PCI version in retail packages.

title: BFG Technologies


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Category:Airports in Moldova

This category is for airports in Moldova.

title: Category:Airports in Moldova


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Kuleli Military High School

Kuleli Military High School was the oldest military high school in Turkey, located in Çengelköy, Istanbul, on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus strait. It was founded on 21 September 1845, by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I.

After the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Kuleli Military High School along with other Military High Schools was closed and turned into a museum.

Ottoman Period (1845–1923)
Kuleli Military High School was established on 21 September 1845, under the name of "Mekteb-i Fünun-ı İdadiye" at the Maçka Barracks in Istanbul, now used by the Istanbul Technical University. Due to the building's renewal, the school completed its first year at the Tiled Kiosk (Çinili Köşk) building, which housed the "Mızıka-i Hümayün" (Imperial Music Band) and "Zülüflü Baltacılar Ocağı" (Logistics and Communications Unit) in that period. Following the renewal of the Maçka Barracks, "Mekteb-i Fünun-ı İdadîye" started its second education year with a ceremony at the presence of Sultan Abdülmecid I on 10 October 1846.

The Kuleli Military High School building, originally the Kuleli Cavalry Barracks, was designed by Ottoman Armenian architect Garabet Balyan and its construction was completed in 1843.

In 1868, all military high schools were decided to be combined. At that time, four military high schools, including Kuleli, were combined under the name of "Umum Mekteb-i İdadî Şahane" and transferred to the Galatasaray Barracks. When the combination of military high schools turned out to be a failure, it was decided that the schools should go on their own education system separately. For this reason, “Mekteb-i Fünun-ı İdadîye” and “Deniz İdadîsi” (Naval High School) moved to the Kuleli Barracks in 1872. Afterwards, the school came to be known as the "Kuleli İdadîsi" (Kuleli Military High School).

During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, the school was transformed into a hospital. Therefore, the students and academic staff of Kuleli moved to the Turkish Military Academy building in Pangaltı, Istanbul. When the war ended, the school returned to its building in Çengelköy with the "Askeri Tıbbiye İdadisi" (Military Medical High School) in 1879. The hospital on the ridge outside the school was evacuated and sent to the Military Medical School, because the building had become too crowded. The hospital later moved to the Beylerbeyi quarter. The "Askeri Tıbbiye İdadisi" (Military Medical High School) was transferred to the Haydarpaşa quarter in 1910.

During the Balkan Wars in 1912–1913 (First Balkan War), Kuleli Barracks was converted into a hospital again. Some of the students were sent to the Kandilli High School for Girls (Adile Sultan Palace) and some others to the buildings next to the Beylerbeyi Palace. At the end of 1913, the school moved back to its own building. During World War I, the school temporarily moved to the Prinkipo Greek Orthodox Orphanage in Büyükada Island near Istanbul for some time. At the end of World War I, the building was abandoned due to the British request in the Armistice of Mudros and allocated as a dormitory for the Armenian orphans and refugees who were deported during World War I.

Kuleli Military High School first moved to a military camp, consisting of tents only, near Sünnet Bridge in Kağıthane, then one month later, to a police station in Maçka. Because of the British interest there, it was transferred to the old Gendarmerie School near Beylerbeyi Palace (26 December 1920).

Turkish Republic Period (1923–2016)
The Kuleli Barracks were returned to the Turkish army at the end of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) as a result of the Turkish victory in the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). The British evacuated the Kuleli Barracks on 6 October 1923 after controlling it for a 3-year period.

The school became a civilian high school by the "Tevhid-i Tedrisat" bill (a law that regulated education) passed in 1924 and was renamed as "Kuleli Lisesi" (Kuleli High School). At the end of the same year, it became a military high school again. Also, it took its present name in 1925 as "Kuleli Military High School".

In World War II, Kuleli was transferred to Konya in May 1941 according to the mobilization plans. Kuleli Barracks was converted into a 1,000-bed military hospital and the Bosphorus Transportation Command moved there as well.

After World War II, the school moved back to Istanbul on 18 August 1947 into its historical home. Kuleli Military High School applied the curriculum of the Ministry of National Education for science courses until the 1975–76 academic year. Afterwards, it began to apply the college system and the education period was increased from three to four years, with the addition of a Prep Class.

After the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Kuleli Military High School and the other military high schools were closed on 31 July 2016 with a decree.

Notable alumni

 * İlker Başbuğ, 26th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey
 * Hulusi Behçet, dermatologist and scientist
 * Yaşar Büyükanıt, 25th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey
 * Cemal Paşa, officer and mayor of Istanbul
 * Abdullah Çevrim, football player
 * Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, poet
 * Fevzi Çakmak, Turkish Field Marshal, politician
 * Ragıp Gümüşpala, 11th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey
 * Cemal Gürsel, fourth President of Turkey
 * Remzi Aydın Jöntürk, film director, producer, actor and painter
 * Musa Kâzım Karabekir, commander of the Eastern Army in the Ottoman Empire, politician
 * Tahir Tamer Kumkale, writer
 * Aziz Nesin, writer and humorist
 * Irfan Orga, fighter pilot, diplomat, writer
 * Gazi Osman Paşa, Ottoman Turkish Field Marshal
 * Ibrahim Fehmi Pasha (1838—1896), Ottoman statesman
 * Ömer Seyfettin, writer
 * Cevdet Sunay, fifth President of Turkey
 * İrfan Tansel, Commander-in-Chief of the Turkish Air Force
 * Cengiz Topel, fighter pilot
 * Alparslan Türkeş, politician
 * Tayyar Yalaz, sport wrestler
 * Şerif Yenen, travel specialist, travel writer and tourist guide

Notable faculty

 * Ali Ferit Gören (1913-1987), Austrian-Turkish Olympic sprinter

title: Kuleli Military High School


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PyObjC

PyObjC is a bidirectional bridge between the Python and Objective-C programming languages, allowing programmers to use and extend existing Objective-C libraries, such as Apple's Cocoa framework, using Python.

PyObjC is used to develop macOS applications in pure Python.

There is also limited support for GNUstep, an open source, cross-platform implementation of Cocoa.

For Python programmers
The most important usage of PyObjC is enabling programmers to create GUI applications using Cocoa libraries in pure Python. Moreover, as an effect of Objective-C's close relationship with the C programming language (it is a pure superset), developers are also able to incorporate any C-based API by wrapping it with an Objective-C wrapper and then using the wrapped code over the PyObjC bridge. Using Objective-C++, the same can be done with C%2B%2B libraries.

For Objective-C programmers
Cocoa developers may also benefit, as tasks written in Python generally take fewer lines than the Objective-C equivalent. This can be used to their advantage as it enables faster prototyping.

History
PyObjC's origins date back to 1996, when Lele Gaifax built the original module in September of that year. Among the credited contributors were Guido van Rossum, creator of the Python programming language.

PyObjC was rewritten in 2002. Notable additions include the ability to directly subclass Objective-C classes from Python and nearly complete support for the Foundation, App Kit and Address Book frameworks.

Later the same year, support was added for non-framework Python builds, as well as subsequent support for the Python distribution included with Mac OS X. Along with these changes came project templates for standalone Cocoa applications for use with Project Builder, the predecessor to the current Apple platform IDE, Xcode.

Apple incorporated PyObjC into Mac OS X in 2007, with the release of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.

Messages and methods
In Objective-C, objects communicate with each other by sending messages, which is analogous to method calls in other object-oriented languages. When an object receives a message, it looks up the message's name, or selector, and matches it up with a method designated the same selector, which it then invokes.

The syntax for these message expressions is inherited from Smalltalk, and appears as an object, called the receiver, placed to the left of the name of the message, or selector, and both are enclosed within a pair of square brackets (the square bracket syntax is not inherited from Smalltalk). Colons within a selector indicate that it accepts one or more arguments, one for each colon. Intended to improve code readability, colons are placed within the selector such that when the required arguments are in place, the expression's intent is unambiguous:

This is distinct from the syntax used in Python, and in many other languages, where an equivalent expression would read:

Translating Objective-C selectors to Python method names is accomplished by replacing each colon with a single underscore and listing the arguments within a pair of parentheses at the end, as demonstrated above.

Classes
Objective-C classes are subclassed in the same manner as a normal Python class:

title: PyObjC


text: Category:Veracruz

title: Category:Veracruz