text:
User talk:Cruft

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title: User talk:Cruft


text:
Talk:Tokugawa Yoshinobu

death dates
Two different dates for his death are given.

Reworking
This article needs serious reworking; there are major errors and chronological inconsistencies throughout. For my part, I'll attempt to make some degree of corrections, and add sources.-Tadakuni 22:59, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Done for now. Anyone care to review? -Tadakuni 02:43, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Request:Elaborate on Edo Castle
It says on Tokugawa_Yoshinobu "he would never set foot in Edo Castle as shogun". Does that mean he couldn't, wouldn't or never had a chance to? Is there a special signifigance between Yoshinobu and Edo Castle or is there some special signifigance between shogun and Edo Castle (such traditional ceremonies or is Edo Castle the traditional place where the shogun would spend most of his life)? Was his tenure so short that he never really had time to visit the castle as shogun or did he decide himself that he should not visit the castle as shogun? ~ R . T . G  16:50, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Aw ~ R . T . G  04:53, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Edo castle was the seat of the shogunate. i can't vouch for the truthfulness of the statement offhand, but if he actually never was in edo castle during his rather brief tenure as shogun, the irony is considerable.  Lx 121 (talk) 07:47, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Succession box
An interested editor "tweaked" the succession boxes in articles about the 15 Tokugawa shoguns; and the change became a thread topic at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Japan. Although a corollary thread topic was posted at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Royalty, no comments or suggestions were elicited.

Aumnamahashiva substituted "regnal" succession boxes; and an plausible rationale for those edits was offered, focusing primarily on the functional sense in which the Tokugawas were hereditary autocrats. In contrast was an argument that the regnal succession box is, by definition, misapplied. Although the terms "reign" and "rule" are conventionally used by scholars, neither the Tokugawa, the Ashikaga, the Hōjō nor the Minamoto shoguns were "royalty" as that term is defined in Japanese history and culture.

Participation in this thread was limited, but I construed it as sufficient justification to restore the previous (non-regnal) succession box. This explanation and the links to soon-to-be-archived threads may prove to be helpful in the future? --Tenmei (talk) 14:50, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Conflicting accounts in Boshin War and Tokugawa Yoshinobu articles
There is a need to clear up conflicting accounts of the start of the war in the Boshin War and Tokugawa Yoshinobu articles. The Boshin War article states three times that Yoshinobu planned to attack or seize the emperor's court at Kyoto, and that his forces attacked the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma. The Tokugawa Yoshinobu article states that his troops were only sent to ensure that Chōshū and Satsuma forces did not prevent his message of protest being delivered to the emperor, and that his forces were refused entry and then attacked by Satsuma and Chōshū troops. Unless one of these versions is purely an eccentric fringe theory, then both versions need to appear in both articles, due to WP:NPOV. If one of them is fringe (something which I'm in no position to decide), then the non-fringe version needs to appear in both articles. Tlhslobus (talk) 11:31, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tokugawa Yoshinobu


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User talk:Coleman2k4

Senpai systems
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Francs2000 10:28, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coleman2k4


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Harjol

Primary Consort Minhui (1609 – 22 October 1641), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, personal name Harjol("Jade" in the Manchu language), was a consort of Hong Taiji. She was 17 years his junior.

Family background

 * Father: Zhaisang (寨桑), held the title of a first rank prince (親王)
 * Paternal grandfather: Manggusi (莽古思), held the title of a first rank prince (親王)
 * Paternal aunt: Empress Xiaoduanwen (1599–1649)
 * Mother: Boli (博禮; d. 1654)
 * Four elder brothers
 * One younger sister
 * Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688), the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661)

Tiancong era
In 1634, Lady Borjigit travelled to Mukden Palace in present-day Shenyang, Liaoning, in order to become one of Hong Taiji's multiple wives. Their marriage took place on 6 December 1634. Prior to this, the Khorchin Mongols had sent Hong Taiji two other women, Jerjer, the future Empress Xiaoduanwen, and Bumbutai, the future Empress Xiaozhuangwen, on 28 May 1614 and in March or April 1625 respectively, to strengthen the relationship between the Qing dynasty and the Khorchin. Lady Borjigit was 26 years old when she married Hong Taiji, placing her out of the typical age women married during that time period, which was between 13–17 years. There are no documents that conclusively prove why Lady Borjigit did not marry while she was younger, but some claims state that she had previously married a Khorchin warrior, Zhuolin (桌林), and that she married Hong Taiji after her first husband's death.

Chongde era
Lady Borjigit was deeply favoured by Hong Taiji although she did not seem to reciprocate these feelings in the early years of their marriage. Hong Taiji so favoured Lady Borjigit that when he conferred titles on his five primary spouses in August 1636, he named her "Consort Chen" of Guanju Palace (關睢宮) and gave her the position as the head of the concubines, a high ranking position that placed her just below her aunt, the Empress Jerjer. The following year, on 27 August 1637, Lady Borjigit gave birth to Hong Taiji's eighth son, who did not live long and died on 13 March 1638. Lady Borjigit was left in weak health and became seriously ill three years later. Upon hearing the news that Lady Borjigit was on her deathbed, Hong Taiji reportedly left an active battlefield to be by her side. Lady Borjigit died on 22 October 1641 and was interred in the Zhao Mausoleum. Her death devastated Hong Taiji, who spent much of his time mourning her, to the detriment of his rapidly deteriorating health, and he granted her the posthumous title "primary consort Minhui".

Titles

 * During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
 * Lady Borjigit (from 1609)
 * During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643):
 * Secondary consort (側福晉; from 6 December 1634 )
 * Consort Chen (宸妃; from August 1636 ), fourth rank consort (same level with the typical Imperial Noble Consort, which ranks second just below the Empress)
 * Primary consort Minhui (敏惠元妃; from November/December 1641 )

Issue

 * As Consort Chen:
 * Hong Taiji's eighth son (27 August 1637 – 13 March 1638)

In fiction and popular culture

 * Portrayed by Yuen Yi-ling in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1987)
 * Portrayed by He Saifei in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003)
 * Portrayed by Chen Jianyue in Da Qing Fengyun (2006)
 * Portrayed by Zhang Meng in In Love with Power (2012)
 * Portrayed by He Hua in The Legend of Xiao Zhuang (2015)
 * Portrayed by Tang Yixin in Rule the World (2017)

title: Harjol


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User talk:Bryant500

Senpai systems
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Francs2000 10:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bryant500


text:
User talk:Jedikv

Senpai systems
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Francs2000 10:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jedikv


text:
Isthmus Nahuatl

Isthmus Nahuatl (Isthmus Nahuat; native name: melatájto̱l) is a Nahuatl dialect cluster spoken by about 30,000 people in Veracruz, Mexico. According to Ethnologue 16, the Cosoleacaque dialect is 84% intelligible with Pajapan, and 83% intelligible with Mecayapan.

Communities
It is spoken in the following Veracruzan communities:
 * Municipality of Cosoleacaque (settlements of Arroyo el Limón, Bajo Grande, Barrancas (Buenos Aires), Cajiapan, Calzadas (Kilómetro Catorce), Canticas, Cascajal II, Cerro Blanco, Coacotla, Cocal, Colonia Luis Donaldo Colosio, Cosoleacaque, Desviación a San Antonio, Ejido la Bomba, Ejido la Colmena, El Rincón de la Colmena (Sección Carrizal), El Arenal, El Bejarito, El Cascajal, El Colorado, El Conejo, El Coyote, El Gavilán, El Kilómetro Diecisiete, El Limón, El Manguito, El Nacaste, El Nanchital, El Naranjito, El Naranjo, El Oasis, El Palmar, El Piñal, El Potrerillo, El Soriano, El Zapote, Entrada a Zapotal, Estero del Pantano, Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios, Fortín de las Flores, Hermenegildo J. Aldana, José F. Gutiérrez, La Capilla, La Ceiba, La Colmena, La Encantada, La Esperanza, La Lagunita, La Magdalena, Las Carmelitas, Las Palmas, Las Palomas, Lázaro Cárdenas, Loma Bella, Loma de Achota, Lomas de Camalotal, Los Dos Hermanos, Los Mangos, Martín Lancero, Mata las Cañas, Minatitlán, Monte Alto, Monte Grande, Mozapan, Mulato, Nacaste (Las Trancas), Nuevo Cantica (Los Cocos), Ojo de Agua, Paso la Lajilla, Potrero Hermoso, Progreso, Quinta Santa Teresita (Sector Flor de Mayo), Rancho Alegre, Rancho las 3 M, Rincón Sabroso, Rincón de las Palmas, San Antonio, San Judas Tadeo, San Pedro Mártir, Santuario, Tacojalpa, Temoloapan, Tlalixcoya, Tulapan, Zacatal Victoria, and Zapote Negro)
 * Municipality of Mecayapan (settlements of Arroyo Texizapan, Cerro de la Palma, El Chaparral, El Diamante (Francisco Méndez Vázquez), El Naranjo, El Palmar (Antonio Sánchez Zarate), El Rubí, Encino Amarillo, Guasinapa, Huazuntlán, Ixhuapan, Juan Morales, La Bocana (Dos Bocas), La Ceiba, La Curva, La Lajilla, La Línea, La Perla del Golfo, Los Arrecifes, Los Cedros, Los Tulipanes, Mario Bautista Luis, Mecayapan, Mecayapan Dos, Omar, Plan Agrario, Rancho Ihueras, San Andrés Chamilpa, and Tonalapa)
 * Municipality of Pajapan (settlements of 2 Huasteca, Batajapan, Benito Juárez, El Crucero, El Escobar, El Guayabal (Clara Olivera Cruz), El Manantial, El Mangal, El Paraíso (Luis Alberto Yañez), El Pescador (El Moral), El Tulipán (Vicente Matías), El Venado, Familia Cruz, Gustavo Pineda Romero, Jicacal, José María Morelos (Morelos), Las Mangas, Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (Lázaro Cárdenas), Lorenzo Azua Torres, Los Bencomo (San Miguel), Los Martínez, Minzapan, Nanchital, Nancinta, Nuevo Mangal, Pajapan, Palma Real, Playa Linda, San Juan Volador, San Miguel Temoloapan (Nuevo San Miguel), Santa Úrsula (Cesar Ocaña Rueda), Sayultepec, Tecolapa, and Toronjal)
 * Municipality of Zaragoza (settlements of Bajo Grande, Campo Nuevo, Carrizal, Cascajal, Colonia Marco Antonio Muñoz, El Laurel, El Roble, El Trébol, Mango Jumuapan, Mangos Salinas, Mangotal, Predio Tapalam, San Martín (Estribillal), San Miguel, Rancho Viejo, Tarcoalolla, Zaragoza)

Phonology
The following description is that of Mecayapan dialect.

Writing system
H is used at the beginnings of words before u, and has no value of its own. C is used to represent before the vowels a and o, while qu is used before i and e.

A macron under the letter (a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱) is used to mark long vowels.

Stress on the second-last syllable of a word that does not end in l or r, and stress on the last syllable of a word that does end in l or r, is unmarked. All other stress patterns are marked with an acute accent on the stressed vowel (á, é, í, ó).

The letters f, k, v and z occur only in loanwords.

Grammar
This variety of Nahuatl has developed a distinction between inclusive and exclusive "we", which Classical Nahuatl and other modern forms of Nahuatl lack. The exclusive form is regularly derived from the first person singular ("I"), while the inclusive continues the suppletive first person plural of Classical Nahuatl.

title: Isthmus Nahuatl


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Zephyranthes

Zephyranthes is a genus of temperate and tropical bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Americas and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which now includes the genera Habranthus and Sprekelia, there are about 200 recognized species, as well as numerous hybrids and cultivars. Common names for species in this genus include fairy lily, rainflower, zephyr lily, magic lily, Atamasco lily, and rain lily.

The name is derived from Ζέφυρος (Zephyrus), the Greek god of the west wind, and ἄνθος (anthos), meaning flower, referring to the slender stalks.

Description
Species in the genus vary in morphology. Along with floral morphology, characteristics such as bulb size, bulb tunic color, and leaf morphology help identify individual species.

Foliage in the wild is often ephemeral, but under cultivation becomes more persistent. Leaf color ranges from the bright grassy green of Z. candida to rather broad glaucous colored foliage such as found in Z. drummondii. A few of the species have distinct bronze tints in the foliage when grown in bright light. Leaf types range from dark green and tiny grassy leaves in species like Z. jonesi or Z. longifolia, to broader, glaucous leaves in species like Z. drummondii. Perhaps the largest leaves of all are found on Z. lindleyana from Mexico, usually distributed as a cultivar called 'Horsetail Falls'; this species has handsome broad leaves almost like a Hippeastrum.

Flower color in the species ranges from white to yellow (various tints of this color from lemon to sulfur) and pink. Zephyranthes have erect flower stalks which support a flower that may be upward facing or slightly nodding. The funnel-shaped flowers with six petals can be crocus shaped, but may also open flat such as in Z. jonesii or even reflex slightly.

The flowers of some species have a sweet, pleasant fragrance. Fragrance appears to be recessive in crosses, but there are a few species or hybrids, Z. drummondii (white), Z. morrisclintae (pink) and Z. jonesii (light yellow), that all carry the trait. At least two of these open their flowers at night and are attractive to nocturnal insects. The flowers typically last only for a day or two; but new flowers may appear in a succession of blooms, especially during humid or rainy weather.

Various members of the genus may bloom spring only or repeat and continue into autumn, often a few days after rainstorms (thus one of the common names, rain lilies). Periods of synchronous bloom, which breeders have dubbed "blitzes", are part of their ornamental value, but also times breeders exploit for the purpose of producing new hybrids.

Most species under cultivation will bloom without the naturally imposed drought and wet that occurs in nature. Greenhouse grown plants bloom very freely but cycle through periods of bloom. One of the longest blooming of all the species is Z. primulina which blooms from April until October. Although it is apomictic, it is a choice parent for crosses because of its rapid repeat flowering trait and long bloom season. Some other species such as Z. morrisclintae appear to bloom only in the spring season. Most of these species are easily propagated vegetatively via offsets or twin scaling. A few of them such as Z. clintae are slow to produce increase.

Unusual phenotypes can be preserved vegetatively. Sexual reproduction is via seed. The apomictic species freely set seed and faithfully reproduce the maternal phenotype.

Taxonomy
The genus Zephyranthes was first described by William Herbert in 1821. The type is Zephyranthes atamasca, a conserved type under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Zephyranthes is placed in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae, which some specialists prefer to treat as the family Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto. The division of the genera of the subfamily into tribes has varied, but from the 1980s onwards, Zephyranthes has usually been placed in the tribe Hippeastreae. Molecular phylogenetic studies from 2000 onwards showed that although Hippeastreae was monophyletic, many of the genera placed in the tribe were not; in particular, Habranthus, Zephyranthes and Sprekelia formed a complex in which traditionally placed species were intermingled. Accordingly, in 2019, a broad circumscription of Zephyranthes was proposed, including the former genera Habranthus and Sprekelia as well as some smaller genera. This proposal has been accepted by Plants of the World Online, among other taxonomic databases.

Under this system of classification, Zephyranthes Herb. , together with Hippeastrum, is one of two genera in Hippeastrae, subtribe Hippeastrinae, and is treated as consisting of 5 subgenera (number of species):
 * Eithea (Ravenna) Nic.García (2)
 * Zephyranthes (~150)
 * Habranthus (Herb.) Nic.García (3)
 * Neorhodophiala Nic.García & Meerow (1)
 * Myostemma (Salisb.) Nic.García (17)

Species
There are about 170 species, nearly all of which are in subgenus Zephyranthes.

Named hybrids and cultivars

 * annotated where possible

• 'Ajax' – Z. candida × Z. citrina

• 'Apricot Queen' – apricot color hybridized by T. Howard

• 'Aquarius' – Z. candida × 'Ajax'

• 'Bali Beauty' – Fadjar Marta hybrid

• 'Bangkok yellow'  – Z. candida × Z. citrina

• 'Batik' – Fadjar Marta hybrid offered by Plant Delights Nursery (PDN) in North Carolina

• 'Bayberry Bells'

• 'Becky Sellars' – cherry red

• 'Benidama' – pink

• 'Best Pink' – trihybrid (Z. candida × Z. citrina × Z. macrosiphon) pink

• 'Big Shot' – Z. traubii hybrid, ivory white

• 'Big Dude'

• 'Bronze Beauty'

• 'Capricorn' – hybridized by T. Howard, orange

• 'Carmen Jones' – red

• 'Cherry Fireball' – red, fades to pink

• 'Confection'

• 'Cookie'Cutter Moon' – Yucca Do release, white (excellent parent)

• 'Copper Mine' – Marta hybrid, orange, Plants Delight Nursery (PDN) release

• 'Dark Pink Spider' – F1 fertile Z. carinata hybrid

• 'El Cielo'

• 'Ellen Korsakoff'

• 'Fadjar's Pink' – Marta hybrid

• 'Fadjar's Pink' × Z. primulina – excellent Frechette hybrid

• 'Fadjar's Pink' × Z. regina – very fast growing Frechette hybrid

• 'Fantasy Island' – Marta hybrid, PDN release

• 'Fireball' – swirly orange and red (fades to white)

• 'Goliath' – PDN release – fertile Z. carinata hybrid

• 'Grand Canyon'

• 'Grandjax'

• 'Horsetail Falls' – usually distributed as a cultivar, this species originally a collected plant (Z. lindleyana), large leaves & bulb

• 'Ivory Star' – ivory (apomictic)

• 'Jacala Crimson' – bred from Z. katherinae

• 'Jakarta Jewel' – Marta hybrid, double, center petals reduced in size

• 'Java' – Marta hybrid PDN release, bright orange, yellow throat hold color well

• 'Jim Frechette' – F1 fertile Z. carinata, fast offset, blooms 1 year from seed

• 'JoAnn Trial' – hybridized by Marta

• 'Krakatau' – Marta hybrid, red orange

• 'La Siberica'

• La Bufa Rosa Group, formerly 'La Bufa Rosa' (frequently incorrectly spelt, e.g. "Labuffarosa")

• 'Laredo Yellow'

• 'Libra'

• 'Lily Pies' – selection from La Bufa Rosa Group

• 'Lydia Luckman' – Marta hybrid, pink yellow blend

• 'Manning's Hybrid' – parent includes Z. robusta

• 'Michelle Casillas' – neon yellow hybrid

• 'Moulin Rouge' – PDN release (double) pink and yellow blend

• 'Norma Pearl' – intergeneric cross – white

• 'Orange Big Shot × Pink Big Shot' – ('Big Shot' × Z. macrosiphon)

• 'Orange Big Shot' – orange

• 'Panama Pink' – Zephyranthes × flaggii

• 'Paul Niemi' – Marta hybrid, orange (apomictic)

• 'Pink Spider' – Fertile F1 Z. carinata × 'El Cielo'

• 'Pink Panther' – selection from La Bufa Rosa Group

• 'Prairie Sunset' – apricot-fades white, also sold as "copper rain lily"

• 'Redneck Romance' – hybridized by Tony Avent

• 'Rosea'

• 'Ruth Page'

• 'Salinas' - refers to collection site in Ecuador. White flowers (not Z candida)

• 'Salmon Big Shot' – salmon pink, 'Big Shot' parentage

• 'San Carlos' – exceptionally fragrant, white

• 'Shannon Hill' – wine-pink hybrid of Z. clintae, non-fading

• 'Shannon Hill × South Pacific' – Marta hybrid, introduced by PDN

• 'Starfrost'

• 'Summer's Chill'

• 'Sunset Strain' – yellow w/red stripes (apomictic)

• 'Tall Pink' – fertile F1 Z. carinata hybrid

• 'Teddy Buhler'

• 'Tenexico' – may be a natural hybrid? Yucca Do release – small flowered apricot

• 'Tenexio Apricot'

• 'Trihybrid' – [(Z. candida × Z. citrina) × Z. macrosiphon] marginally fertile

• 'Twinkle'

• 'Twisted Sister' – Yucca Do release, pastel apricot fades to ivory-white

• 'Valles Yellow' – this is the original name of Z. reginae and is not a hybrid or cultivar

• 'White Swan'

• 'XZB-H21' – Fellers hybrid not in commerce – white

• 'Yellow Big Shot' – ('Big Shot' × Z. citrina)

Distribution and habitat
According to Meerow et al., cladistics suggests that the genus is native to the Americas. Several species have become naturalized (sometimes unintentionally) in other places like Hawaii, Indonesia, and Thailand. These perennial bulbs (geophytes) tolerate many ecological niches (periodically wet soil to desert conditions).

Cultivation
Currently these plants are commonly cultivated in US Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 7–10. Rain lily breeders may develop cultivars with greater cold hardness.

Generally rain lilies are sold in nurseries already potted up. This is of benefit since the growth cycle is not interrupted. Rarely (and not ideally), dried bulbs are marketed. Such dried bulbs usually become established after one to two growing seasons and will regain bloom vigor.

Although many of the common names include "lily", these plants are actually in the Amaryllis family. Elizabeth Lawrence, in her classic A Southern Garden (1942), writes with enthusiasm about pink rain lily, Z. grandiflora (=Z. carinata):

It is one of the hardiest species and is said to winter safely in Philadelphia. As a child I thought of the little rose-colored lilies as the sign and seal of summer. My grandmother in Georgia grew them in her garden, and my grandmother in West Virginia grew them in little pots on the front porch.

...

Those in my garden [in Raleigh] came from Georgia. They have been with me so long and have increased so much that their bloom makes a sea of pink. The season is in June but there is scattered bloom in the late summer and even to the end of September. The flowers are large, to over 3 in long, on 10 in stems. They open out flat at midday and close in the afternoon; this is a characteristic of the genus. The shimmering leaves are grass green.

Breeding
Breeding with these species has some inherent difficulties summarized by Roy Chowdhury (2006) as ranging from pseudogamy and apomixis, differences in chromosome number and varying times of flowering. In spite of these drawbacks breeding work is being done to enhance the value of the plants as ornamentals. Because of the nature of botanical restriction, breeding programs often encounter impediments. Reciprocal crosses may be difficult because the apomictic parent cannot be used as female parents. However interspecific crosses are well documented. There are tri-hybrids and quad-hybrids being produced (crossing 3 or 4 distinct species). Such work indicates that complex hybrids should be possible. One constraint remains that seedlings may still carry the apomictic trait, and it is necessary to have progeny from a test cross to determine this.

Toxicity
Many parts of the plant including the leaves and bulbs are considered to be toxic. The genus has been evaluated for possible medicinal properties, and the biochemically toxic compounds are classed as alkaloids.

Uses
Parts of Zephyranthes, such as bulbs and leaves, are used in traditional medicine. In Peru, Z. andina (syn. Z. parvula) was used for tumors. In China, Z. rosea was used for breast cancer and in Africa the leaves of Z. candida were used for diabetes mellitus. It was used for simple problems from head ache, cough, cold, and boils to very complicated diseases such as breast cancer, tuberculosis, rheumatism, tumors.

title: Zephyranthes


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William Pinnock

William Pinnock (3 February 1782 in Alton, Hampshire – 21 October 1843 in London) was a British publisher and educational writer.

He was at first a schoolmaster, then a bookseller. In 1817 he went to London and, in partnership with Samuel Maunder, began to publish cheap educational works. The firm's first productions were a series of Catechisms, planned by Pinnock, consisting of short popular manuals, arranged in the form of question and answer, of the different departments of knowledge. This style was later copied by Fanny Umphelby. The dialogues were followed by abridged editions of Goldsmith's histories of England, Greece and Rome, and a series of county histories which were no less profitable. Pinnock lost nearly all his money in outside speculation.

Pinnock is mentioned, as a depressing set of texts, in contrast to Washington Irving's stories, in George Eliot's novel The Mill on the Floss (1860): Maggie, speaking about her 'gloomy fancy' to her cousin Lucy says:

"Perhaps it comes from the school diet – watery rice-pudding spiced with Pinnock. Let us hope it will give way before my mother's custards and this charming Geoffrey Crayon."

Pinnock's son, William Henry Pinnock (1813–1885), a clergyman, was the editor and author of several elementary textbooks and scriptural manuals, and of various works on ecclesiastical law and usage.

title: William Pinnock


text:
User:Comedy

Comedy was brutally murdered in the Pauly Shore movie Jury Duty. :P

title: User:Comedy


text:
Talk:Kronstadt

kotlin.ru - more information about Kronshtadt on English and Russian
 * wheres the english version or section on that site? -max rspct 13:51, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

POV wording
I realize that the words were originally there, but they seem to have been removed with good intent and I think it was a good idea. However, this change was reverted, but I don't see why. Making articles NPOV is always a good thing. Can we keep the version without the POV adjectives please? -- Rediahs 08:36, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * As you please. I just think the epithets in question reflect certain hard facts rather than somebody's point of view. I don't see how anyone can argue that suppression of the rebellion was not ruthless and destruction of one of the major Neoclassical cathedrals was not barbarous. --Ghirla | talk 08:46, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe so, but do they contribute anything to the article either? Just because they are nearly universally true doesn't mean there's a good reason for them to be there, when they could be considered POV.  I will go ahead and remove them again if that's all right.  -- Rediahs 08:51, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The traditional way to handle POV issues is to add quotes by leading participants and historians that reflect these differences of opinion. For example, Emma Goldman called the Bolsheviks' actions "a frightful massacre", while Leon Trotsky defended them as "necessary". Ahasuerus 15:20, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Just a passer by here, but after reading this article I could not help but notice the language included an unsettling amount pride and is expressed with a too heavily slanted POV. Examples: “... St Andrew Cathedral (1817), formerly Kronstadt's pride and beauty, was ...”  “pride and beauty” is unnecessary. “...barbarously destroyed by the Communists...” “barbarously” is most definitely unnecessary. “...one of the most venerated Russian saints...” I think his status in the Rus Orth Church could somehow be expressed more objectively. It can, at times, read like a tourism pamphlet. Eebmore 14:43, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Max Rspct Vandalism
I would also like to add the line, "The older St Andrew Cathedral (1817), formerly Kronstadt's pride and beauty, was barbarously destroyed by the Communists in 1932" is outrageiously subjective. "barbarously destroyed"? How about, just plainly: was destoryed, while we are at it, make the statment a bit more accurate: Was destoried in the civil war.

Ah, what a surprise, another page on Kronstadt where Max rspct constantly vandalises other people's posts and reverses them.

Whilst we are 'discussing' things, you have the presumption to 'correct' someone's post mentioning a riot by sneering that it was a 'rebellion' or 'uprising' - typical POV stuff from you of course, since in almost every History it is known as the Kronstadt MUTINY, just like the Spithead Mutiny, or the Kiel Mutiny, or any other uprising by a Navy against it's command.

You rail against authoritarianism with your Anarchist POV, and yet you are a consistant authoritarian on here, constantly editing out or reversing the posts of others.

 * A quick search at http://print.google.com finds 172 pages that refer to "Kronstadt uprising", 211 pages that mention "Kronstadt rebellion", 129 pages that use "Kronstadt revolt" and 108 pages that reference "Kronstadt mutiny". All four terms seem to be used more or less interchangeably by non-anarchist authors. Ahasuerus 21:48, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

I removed the reference to the rebellion being led by White Guards, as the source that was linked to was blatantly POV (Trotskyist) and the "Kronstadt rebellion" article has information to the opposite effect. Everyone agrees that the sailors rebelled, not everyone agrees who their leaders may or may not have been... XbenX 02:37, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't agree to that.

-G

I replaced "until the fall of communism in 1989" with "until the fall of Communism in 1989" to denote that this must be a reference to the state party rather than communism in general. Further editing to this end may be necessary --Dean Sayers 01:57, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Removed Military History tag as article is out of scope. --dashiellx (talk) 18:16, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

History
The article states "Pushkin's great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, oversaw its construction" and cites a recent biography. However, according to the Wikipedia article on Gannibal, he was in Constantinople in that year. More importantly, he was also 7 years old. Could someone doublecheck the biography or some other source? The Wikipedia article does state that he was a miltary engineer, so perhaps he contributed to the fortress at some later date. Norm mit (talk) 18:03, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Name to Kronshtadt ?
Has the name to be changed to Kronshtadt, because it is in Russian Кронштадт ? Although the name come from German language, it is a place in Russia like imeni Karla Libknekhta, имени Карла Либкнехта named after German Karl Liebknecht. --85.76.152.252 (talk) 17:15, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Finrus, why hide behind an IP to ask a question? And is this a move request (in which case you need to format it accordingly), or just curiosity?  Yes, the page needs to be moved to "Kronshtadt", for the reasons outlined in WP:RUS and per the Tolyatti precedent.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 1, 2010; 17:32 (UTC)

 * Where the move will stay? Afraid something? Friendly, --85.76.152.252 (talk) 18:26, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, the more you comment, the less I understand you. What does "where the move will stay" mean?  Why should I be "afraid" of something?  How's that even relevant to this article?—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 1, 2010; 21:07 (UTC)

 * So, what is the correct name to this article (and place): Kronstadt or Kronshtadt ? If Kronshtadt, why You don't move it to that name, if "it would take only a few seconds to move the page"? Perhaps You afraid that Your move will be abolished? --85.77.77.31 (talk) 21:22, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Both versions are "correct". There are other "correct" names as well (such as, for example, "Cronstadt").  The spelling choice depends solely on the romanization system one selects.  Since Wikipedia's standard is WP:RUS, the article should ultimately be moved to "Kronshtadt".  It's not hard to do, but the corresponding cleanup takes time.  I've put this task on my to-do list and will do the move when I get to it.  Thank you for bringing attention to this issue.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 4, 2010; 14:04 (UTC)

 * It is very good to know, that e.g. Helylä is a correct name as well to Хелюля, Lahdenpohja to Лахденпохья, Ägläjärvi to Ягляярви and so on, like Kronstadt to Кронштадт. Respectively, --Finrus (talk) 16:52, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I told you exactly that on at least four previous occasions. The part you keep missing is that while there might be several possible spellings for any given place, there can only be one which we can use as an article title.  WP:RUS was established exactly for that purpose—to determine how the title should be spelled.  Best,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 4, 2010; 16:57 (UTC)

 * However, if the place on Russia can carry its original German name Kronstadt also in English (You have not make the move at least yet), why should not the places in Russia can carry their original Finnish names, like Helylä, Lahdenpohja, Ägläjärvi and so on also in English? Respectively, --Finrus (talk) 18:44, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Please refer to our previous discussions about this. I have nothing new to add to what I said about this before.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 4, 2010; 20:05 (UTC)

 * Dear PatGallacher and Ëzhiki (Igels etc.), the point is that places of Russia, which carry non-Russian names, should naturally and consistently be written in English language similarly as in the other Latin-alphabet-based language, from which the names are: Kronstadt (German: Kron(e) for crown and Stadt for city), Schlüsselburg (German: Schlüssel for key and Burg for castle), Lahdenpohja (Finnish: lahden for bay's and pohja for bottom) and so on. As You see, inter alia German and Finnish are written in Latin alphabet just like English: the Russian Cyrillic transcription is as if 'a loan' in these names.
 * Such names as "Kronshtadt", "Shlisselburg", "Lakhdenpokhya" etc. transcribed straight from Cyrillic to Latin alphabet are peculiar.
 * Respectively, --Finrus (talk) 23:17, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * So, You think also that names as "Kronshtadt", "Shlisselburg", "Lakhdenpokhya" etc. transcribed straight from Cyrillic to Latin alphabet are peculiar, unnatural?
 * --Finrus (talk) 10:35, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Finrus, this page is for the discussions of the article about the city, not for general policy rants. You are more than welcome to comment on this particular case here, but please take your other grievances to an appropriate page.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 5, 2010; 14:07 (UTC)

 * Yes, but where here is some kind of a "coffee bar", in which everybody can discuss generally about practices, language planning etc? --Finrus (talk) 00:17, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:RfC is your friend.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 6, 2010; 14:04 (UTC)

 * Many thanks to You! Friendly, --Finrus (talk) 19:47, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

WP:RUS applicability
Ah, but WP:RUS also states that if a place has a well-established name in English we use it e.g. Moscow, Saint Petersburg. I would argue that Kronstadt is well-established in English, mainly because of the controversial Kronstadt Rebellion. PatGallacher (talk) 19:12, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi, Pat. I see you are new to this argument.  Finrus and me have been at it forever :)  Anyway, what you've missed is that WP:RUS not only states that we should use a well-established name in English when there is one, it also gives a very precise definition of what is considered a well-established English name.  Namely, it refers us to what the dictionaries and other reference materials use, and those favor "Kronshtadt" heavily (although, of course, they occasionally give the alternative names as secondary as well).  See, for example, Britannica, which not only has the article about the location under Kronshtadt, but also titles the article about the rebellion Kronshtadt Rebellion.  Hope this helps.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 4, 2010; 20:05 (UTC)
 * If so, WP:RUS could itself be in breach of WP:PLACE, by putting forward an unduly rigid definition of what we should regard as a common English name. This place is mainly known in English because of the rebellion, and having seen quite a bit of controversy over the incident, I believe this is the normal spelling, the Britannica may be using an unconventional one. PatGallacher (talk) 21:00, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but how's using established academic reference sources (of which Britannica is only one example, by the way) in breach of our guidelines? I don't understand your point.  Could you, please, clarify?  What do you propose we should be using instead, google hits?  :)—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 4, 2010; 21:03 (UTC)

Look at the lengthy list of external links and sources at the foot of the Kronstadt rebellion article. This is the spelling they all use. PatGallacher (talk) 23:50, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Pat, just to clarify—no one is suggesting that the article about the rebellion should be moved. WP:RUS does not even have a section dealing with the concepts other than people and place names.  The article in question is this one, the one about the city itself.
 * With that (hopefully) clear, I would like to address your statement that WP:RUS is somehow at odds with WP:PLACE. In fact, that is not at all so.  Let me demonstrate.  WP:PLACE, in its Widely accepted name section, provides a list of methods one should apply to determine what the commonly used name is.  While the list is in no particular order, item 1 explicitly refers us to the English-language encyclopedias to establish what the spelling should be.  I've already shown above that Britannica uses "Kronshtadt".  So does Columbia.  Dictionaries are on board as well—see, for example, Merriam-Webster.  This is not an aberration (and even if it were, it is not up to us Wikipedians to decide; the important thing is that the source is reliable); this is what the modern academia uses.
 * On the other hand, if we apply all six criteria of WP:PLACE (one of which is looking at sources; it's under #2) to both "Kronshtadt" and "Kronstadt", we'll see that each spelling would meet some of them and fail the others. That is unsurprising—in fact, that's exactly what I stated at the very start of this discussion—that both spellings are acceptable and used in English.  Our problem, of course, is choosing the one to use as the article title.  WP:PLACE recognizes that such situations occur, which is why it channels these cases through the country-specific guidelines.  For Russia, WP:RUS is specifically listed as the next step.  So, while you are right that WP:RUS criteria are more restrictive than those of WP:PLACE, they are this way by design; to be applied to cases which WP:PLACE can't positively resolve.
 * Additionally, WP:RUS is based on the BGN/PCGN conventions, which are also mentioned by WP:PLACE as something that needs to be considered when making a decision.
 * All in all, this city's name isn't even in the dreadful gray area where our guidelines are insufficient to make a confident choice—if you apply our guidelines methodically, you'll arrive to one spelling, which happens to be "Kronshtadt".—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 5, 2010; 14:07 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid all conclusions at which you arrive are seriously flawed. Frankly, I'd run a bot to undo a number of moves you have done recently. The damage they have done to the English WP is enormous. --Ghirla-трёп- 08:15, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
 * That's a pretty sweeping conclusion, Ghirla. Would you care to provide specifics?  Or evidence (especially that of the "damage")?  Perhaps enlighten us as to how the guidelines should be applied?  Please?  My talk's page fine, unless this is related to Kronshtadt directly.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); October 6, 2010; 14:02 (UTC)

Name
Why does it have a German name? Sca (talk) 21:45, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

Gannibal oversaw construction?
The second sentence of the History section says (or said, until I removed it):
 * Pushkin's great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, oversaw its construction.

and there's a ref given for this and a "dubious-discuss" tag, with the reason given being "He was 7 years old at the time", and a date of 2010 which is six years ago now.

There's been no discussion that I can see in any of that time. I can't read the ref, which is a book I don't have. It is true that Gannibal was born in 1696 (according to his article) and the construction began in 1704 (not only that, he was born in Africa and didn't even enter Russia until 1704.)

And it says the fortifications were "constructed very quickly". It's hard to imagine anyone, even a member of the imperial household (which Gannibal was), running such a large project before, say, age 18, which he attained in 1714. And he was in France 1717-1723.

So even if "constructed very quickly" means "it took 13 years or more to construct", Gannibal would only have been in charge for about three years. He might have been Chief Engineer of Kronstatd for a few years, responsible for maintenance and improvements. That's different from "oversaw its construction".

So ref or no, the statement's been under challange for a long time, hasn't been defended, and seems unlikely, so I removed it. --Herostratus (talk) 03:47, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

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Mary Theresa Vidal

Mary Theresa Vidal (née Johnson) (23 June 1815 – 19 November 1873) was a British–Australian writer described as Australia's first female novelist.

Life
Mary was born in Devon, England, the daughter of Britton William Johnson and his wife, Mary Theresa, daughter of P. W. Furse. The poet William Johnson, who took the name of Cory in 1872, was a younger brother. In 1840 she married the Rev. Francis Vidal and came with him to Australia. Her husband had an extensive parish to the south-west of Sydney, at Penrith.

In 1845, Vidal's first book, Tales for the Bush, was published in Sydney, apparently intended as an instructive work for her servants. Soon afterwards she returned with her husband to England. Ten other volumes of tales and novels were published between 1846 and 1866. She sometimes made use of her experiences in Australia, especially in Bengala, or Some Time Ago (1860). Some of these books ran into more than one edition. She died in 1873 and was survived by her husband, six sons (including George William Vidal) and a daughter.

Works

 * Tales for the Bush. Sydney: D. L. Welch, 1845
 * Winterton: A Tale. London: Rivington, 1846.
 * Esther Merle and Other Tales. London: J. Hughes, 1847
 * Cabramatta and Woodleigh Farm. London: Rivington, 1850.
 * Home Trials. London: Masters, 1858.
 * Ellen Raymond. London: Smith, Elder, 1859. Volume I Volume II Volume III
 * Bengala, or Some Time Ago. London: Parker, 1860.
 * Florence Temple. London: Smith, Elder, 1862.
 * Lucy Helmore. London: J. Morgan, 1863.
 * Trials of Rachel Charlcote. London: J. Morgan, 1864.
 * Deb Clinton, The Smugglers Daughter. London: MacIntosh, 1866.

title: Mary Theresa Vidal


text:
Talk:Combe

Untitled
what do you call the slope of a ceiling ?

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South of England v Cumbria
The same word is used in both areas to refer to two different features. In the former we are considering small valleys in hilly districts, in the latter we find 'combe' used to name mountainside hollows of glacial origin which would be rendered corries in Scotland, cirques in France or cwms in Wales. Might be worth splitting them out. cheers Geopersona (talk) 20:25, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Combe


text: User talk:85.254.130.208

title: User talk:85.254.130.208


text:
George Routledge

George Routledge (23 September 1812 – 13 December 1888) was a British book publisher and the founder of the publishing house Routledge.

Early life
He was born in Brampton, Cumberland on 23 September 1812.

Career
Routledge gained his early experience of business with Thurnam & Sons, booksellers, at Carlisle. Moving to London in 1833, he started in business for himself as a bookseller in 1836, and as a publisher in 1843. He made his first serious success by reprinting the Biblical commentaries of an American writer, Albert Barnes. Routledge's fame as a publisher, however, rests mainly on popular books. A series of shilling volumes, the "Railway Library",  was an immense success, including as it did Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, and he also published in cheap form some of the writings of Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Bulwer-Lytton and Benjamin Disraeli. He also brought out a number of shilling books in "Routledge's Universal Library" (also known as "Morley's Universal Library", the series being edited by Henry Morley).

Once styled Routledge, Warne & Routledge, his firm changed its name to that of George Routledge & Sons in 1865. A branch of the business was established in New York in 1854. An illustrated children's book, Wide Awake Stories, was published by George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.

Personal life
Routledge married Maria Elizabeth Warne, who died on 25 March 1855, aged 40. He married, secondly, on 11 May 1858, Mary Grace Bell, the eldest daughter of Alderman Bell of Newcastle upon Tyne. There were children from each marriage.

His son Robert Warne Routledge became a partner on 9 November 1858, and the firm became Routledge, Warne, & Routledge.

His son Edmund Routledge became a partner in July 1865, and the firm became George Routledge & Sons.

He died on 13 December 1888, at 50 Russell Square, London.

title: George Routledge


text:
Finning techniques

Finning techniques are the skills and methods used by swimmers and underwater divers to propel themselves through the water and to maneuver when wearing swimfins. There are several styles used for propulsion, some of which are more suited to particular swimfin configurations. There are also techniques for positional maneuvering, such as rotation on the spot, which may not involve significant locational change. Use of the most appropriate finning style for the circumstances can increase propulsive efficiency, reduce fatigue, improve precision of maneuvering and control of the diver's position in the water, and thereby increase the task effectiveness of the diver and reduce the impact on the environment. Propulsion through water requires much more work than through air due to higher density and viscosity. Diving equipment which is bulky usually increases drag, and reduction of drag can significantly reduce the effort of finning. This can be done to some extent by streamlining diving equipment, and by swimming along the axis of least drag, which requires correct diver trim. Efficient production of thrust also reduces the effort required, but there are also situations where efficiency must be traded off against practical necessity related to the environment or task in hand, such as the ability to maneuver effectively and resistance to damage of the equipment.

Good buoyancy control and trim combined with appropriate finning techniques and situational awareness can minimise the environmental impact of recreational diving.

Use of swimfins
The basic diving skills of finning, buoyancy control, trim and breathing style work in combination for effective diving performance. Swimfins are far more effective and efficient for diver propulsion than arm and hand movement in the water. Swimfins are used to provide propulsion and maneuvering for divers, and may be designed and chosen specifically to emphasise one of these functions. Optimisation for one generally implies degradation of capabilities in the other, and other factors such as durability and cost also influence manufacture and selection.

The effectiveness of finning techniques is to partly dependent on the fins used, and partly on the skill and fitness of the diver. Development of effective and efficient finning ability takes practice, and is helped by training, as efficient technique is not always intuitive or obvious.

Fins that are too heavy or buoyant affect the diver's trim. Neutral or slightly negative fins are considered most generally suitable. Ankle weights tend to hold the fins down when there is no excess air in the boots, and the mass of the fin and ankle weight must be accelerated for every fin stroke, which does not add to propulsive force, as only the accelerated water provides thrust, and only when accelerated in a useful direction. Reducing the available volume in the lower leg of the suit limits air volume without adding significant mass, and gaiters can also streamline the fastest moving part of the diver.

A good fit of the foot pocket helps with efficiency and is important for comfort. Closed heel fins are more effective at transferring the power of the leg to the fin than open heel foot pockets, but are less adaptable to foot and boot size, and may be more difficult to put on.

Simple stiff paddle fins are effective for the widest range of strokes, but are not as efficient for thrust production as long fins and monofins, and may be more demanding on the muscles and joints of the legs than more flexible styles.

Split fins, hinged fins and other attempts to lower the muscular and joint load on parts of the legs are not completely effective at eliminating cramps, there is necessarily a muscular work input required to produce thrust.

Monofins are relatively efficient at thrust production for linear motion, but are incompatible with most finning techniques, and when optimised for speed or acceleration, are generally relatively bulky and fragile, and are incompatible with most finning maneuvering techniques, which involve simultaneous different motions for each foot.

Propulsion
Finning for propulsion involves methods of producing thrust with the intention of linear motion through the water on the long axis of the body.

There is a trade-off between speed and energy efficiency for all styles of finning, as drag is proportional to the square of the speed, the drag coefficient, which is affected by streamlining, and the frontal area, which depends largely on trim.

For a given value of drag, diver effort can be minimised by using the kick stroke and fin configuration that has the most efficient conversion of muscular work into thrust. Speed records show that monofins and dolphin kick are the most efficient, followed by long, thin and highly elastic-bladed bifins with close-fitting foot pockets. These fins are efficient for propulsion, but ineffective for maneuvering, and divers who need to maneuver with precision must use fins which sacrifice efficiency for the ability to perform the maneuvering strokes.

Flutter kick
Flutter kick is the alternating up and down motion of the legs, either from the hips or as the more restricted movement of the modified flutter kick, and is the most frequently used finning technique. Flutter kick is easy to learn and is the technique most commonly taught to learner divers, but is often applied badly, where the fin is moved in a "pedalling motion", which reduces the effort required to move the feet, at the cost of making the effort largely ineffective for propulsion. Almost all types of fin are at least reasonably effective for flutter kick, with the exception of the monofin.

For maximum power from the flutter kick the full length of the leg from the hip is used, as kicking from the hips uses the largest muscle groups Having one stronger or leading leg tends to propel the diver in a curve, particularly if there is no visual feedback.

Flutter kick is effective for acceleration and sustained speed, particularly over moderate to long distances. It is a strong technique and can produce high thrust, so it is effective when swimming against a current. Sustained moderate to high speeds increase gas consumption due to high energy output.

Forward movement through the water has been used as a substitute for neutral buoyancy, particularly before buoyancy compensators became available, and still is used for this purpose. The flutter kick has a tendency to kick up silt from the bottom from downwash, but is good for avoiding contact with a nearby vertical surface, as when swimming along a wall.

Modified flutter kick
Modified flutter kick, or high flutter kick, is an adaptation where the knees are bent, so that the fins point slightly upwards, and is suitable for confined spaces and silty conditions, as the thrust is not directed downwards.

Dolphin kick
Dolphin kick is the technique where both legs are moved up and down together, and may be done with paired fins or a monofin, which has foot pockets for both feet attached to a single wide blade. Monofins are used almost exclusively by competitive freedivers and finswimmers as they provide greater propulsive thrust for a given energy input, but are relatively poor for maneuvering. Maximum transfer of power from the swimmer to the fin requires a close fit which prevents relative movement between foot and fin. This is less critical for divers with a breathing gas supply. The dolphin kick is the only technique that applies to the monofin. Dolphin kick can also be used with paired fins (bifins), but does not reach the same level of efficiency. Nevertheless, it is a powerful technique and capable of producing high thrust, but this high thrust has a high energy cost when applied by sub-optimal fins and to high-drag scuba diving equipment, so it is often only used for short bursts by scuba divers. The muscle groups used for high efficiency dolphin kick technique are different from those used for other finning techniques. Efficient dolphin kick relies to a large extent on abdominal and back muscles, which are not used much in the other kicks. The efficiency of this style is also improved by extending the arms in front of the swimmer and tucking the head down for reduced drag.

Frog kick
The frog kick is a propulsion kick used particularly by cave divers, wreck divers, and those who practice the Doing It Right philosophy. It is similar to the swimming action of a frog or the leg action in the breaststroke style of swimming.

Frog kick involves the simultaneous and laterally mirrored motion of both legs together, approximately parallel to the frontal plane. The description assumes that the diver is trimmed horizontal and intends to swim horizontally.
 * The power stroke starts with the feet drawn up with knees bent and fins approximately horizontal. The fins are rotated outwards with the soles facing backwards, and toes outwards, then the legs are extended so the fins push water backwards, while extending the ankles to close the gap between the fins, to push backwards a bit more. Incomplete ankle rotation will cause thrust to be exerted partly upwards which would tend to push the feet down.
 * The power stroke is followed by a glide, while the diver is in the most streamlined position with the legs nearly straight and the fins feathered. This takes advantage of the momentum produced by the power stroke to gain some distance and rest before starting the next kick, as the recovery stroke will increase drag.
 * The recovery stroke pulls the feathered fins towards the centre of mass by flexing the hips, knees and ankles, while rotating the fin blades horizontally to minimize drag. The recovery stroke causes drag by bending the lower legs across and against the flow, so should be delayed until the speed drops and forward motion has slowed. Forward speed varies more during the stages of a frog kick than the relatively constant speed of the flutter kick.

The frog kick pushes water backwards, and to a lesser degree upwards, rather than backwards with alternating up and down component, as with the flutter kick and dolphin kick also used by divers. The dolphin and flutter kicks can be efficiently performed without interruption, but the frog kick must allow a low drag glide period or energy will be wasted.

Modified frog kick
Modified frog kick, also known as high frog kick, short frog kick, and bent knee cave diver kick, uses smaller movements, mostly of the lower leg and foot, which makes it suitable for use in confined spaces, as it is less likely to damage the environment, but it produces limited thrust It is economical on air consumption over time due to a low energy requirement, and is suitable for relaxed cruising at low speeds and over silt. It is a preferred technique in cave diving. The modified frog kick arches the back and retains slightly bent knees during the power stroke, which keeps the thrust further away from the bottom when swimming above silt.

Application
Because of the direction of thrust is mostly in line with the diver, or slightly upwards, it is suitable for situations where disturbing the silt on the bottom can cause dramatic loss in visibility, such as inside wrecks and caves, and at any other time when the diver needs to swim close to a silty substrate. Some divers will use it as their standard kick even in more forgiving environments, as the resting position is identical for other kicks that increase underwater mobility, such as the backwards kick and the helicopter turn.

The glide part of the stroke is essential for reasonable efficiency, so to be efficient frog kick requires good buoyancy control, and it is not efficient against a current. Basic frog kick is a stroke with wide action, and is unsuitable for use close to a wall or in narrow spaces. Use of frog kick can reduce gas consumption if speed is not critical.

The muscle combinations used are different from those used for flutter kick, and alternating between the two can reduce the chances of leg cramps.

Most styles of fin can be used with the frog-kick. Only monofins are totally unsuitable. Frog kick is also usefully effective when used without fins. One of the advantages of the frog kick is that it can be used effectively with short, stiff fins, with little blade angle offset, which are also effective for the backward kick and helicopter turns and general maneuvering in confined spaces, but less efficient for the flutter kick and continuous moderate to high speed finning.

Frog kick allows the diver to flare the fins at any time during the stroke to slow down, and can be converted to a backward kick or helicopter turn from some points of the stroke, which can allow more precise maneuvering at close quarters. Frog kick is suitable for relaxed cruising at low speeds

Scissor kick
This is an asymmetrical stroke also known as split kick, and when rotated 90° at the surface, as side kick. It combines characteristics of the flutter kick, in that the stroke is up and down, and the frog kick, in that most of the power is generated in the closing part of the stroke. At the surface the diver can use the same action rotated 90° as a side kick. It is a powerful thruster, but not very fast. When used as a side kick, one leg performs the upper part of the kick, and the other does the lower part. On the preparatory stroke the upper leg is bent forward at the hip and the lower leg backwards at the hip and the knee. On the power stroke the legs are straightened and brought together with the fins coming together with straight legs at the end of the stroke. It is not convenient to alternate every stroke, but legs can be changed after a few strokes if preferred. The same leg action is used underwater with the body trimmed face down. As for the frog kick, a glide phase may be inserted before the next preparatory stroke.

Backward kick
Also known as reverse kick, back kick, back finning, reverse fin and reverse frog kick. The backward kick is used for holding position or backing away when too close while taking photos or approaching a reef or other divers, backing out of confined spaces, maintaining distance from the shotline during decompression stops and similar maneuvers. It requires fairly stiff paddle fins to be reasonably effective. It is a relatively difficult technique to master, and many divers cannot do it at all, and rely on sculling with the arms for these maneuvers. The movements are larger than those of the modified frog and flutter kicks, and the fins are more likely to contact the surroundings in a confined space.

Maneuvering
Maneuvering with fins generally involves production of thrust at an angle to the centre-line for forward motion, and usually a relatively small and controlled thrust for a short period. Fatigue or musculo-skeletal stress is seldom an issue with maneuvering.

Helicopter turns
Sometimes also called sculling kick, the helicopter turn is useful for turning around and adjusting position in the water without using the hands.

The technique has been described as half frog kick and half reverse kick, using one leg for each. Thrust should be balanced in the axial direction and maximised in the transverse direction for best efficiency. A helicopter turn should rotate the diver about a vertical axis without moving away from the initial position.

Rolls
Rotation about the longitudinal horizontal axis is called rolling, and is can be performed by using opposed leg motions similar to those used for flutter kick, but with the fins spread a bit wider apart and with the fins held straighter, to concentrate thrust vertically on the power stroke, and feathered for the return stroke.

Backward and forward rolls
It is not often necessary to do a full backward or forward somersault underwater, but when it is necessary, it is often easier to do by coordinated arm movements, which allow a tighter rotation than finning for most people. Nevertheless, it is possible to loop forwards or backwards using only the fins for propulsion. The tightness of the loop when finning depends to a large extent on how tightly the diver can arch over forwards or backwards an how well they can direct fin thrust to provide the turning moment. Changes in attitude from vertical to horizontal, and vice versa, are more common, and involve similar techniques.

Surface sculling
This is a fin stroke for maintaining position and attitude at the surface, particularly while waiting for a pickup or taking a compass bearing. The fins are sculled from side to side using opening and closing motions of the legs, and the ankles rotated as best suited to the thrust needed to turn or hold the diver steady. It is similar to treading water, but without needing to bend and straighten the legs. Fine control and steadying of which way the diver faces can be achieved.

Hovering and stabilising attitude
It is sometimes useful or necessary to compensate for instability due to misaligned centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy or slight negative buoyancy. A well-trimmed diver should be stable in some attitudes, but may require dynamic compensation to retain an attitude which is temporarily desirable for some transient reason, such as focusing a camera on a specific subject, maneuvering in restricted spaces or performing some other task. This can often be done by a technique similar to surface sculling, using small leg and ankle movements.

title: Finning techniques


text:
Zagam

Zagam may refer to:
 * Zagan (demon), a demon
 * Zagam (drug), a brand name for the medication sparfloxacin
 * Zəyəm Cırdaxan, Azerbaijan
 * Zəyəm, Qakh, Azerbaijan
 * Zəyəm, Shamkir, Azerbaijan
 * Zəyəm, Zaqatala, Azerbaijan
 * Zagem, a former town in the Caucasus

title: Zagam


text:
User talk:Guruparan18

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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-- Sundar \talk \contribs 10:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

P.S. You might also be interested in the following links and to contribute to Tamil Wikipedia.

Concrete Mathematics
Abstract concepts, such as...? How can it be both abstract and concrete? Gazpacho 08:08, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

PSG CAS and PSG Tech
At the time I placed the merge templates on the two articles, they were duplicates. Now that they are different, a merge is no longer necessary. Khatru2 18:09, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

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G.V. Loganathan
I saw your vote in G. V Loganathan page, (what a sad story to go through all that to get killed by a mad man) and decided to say hi, how are you and my cousins went to university in Coimbatore area in the 90's. Anyway, I see you are having some problems with image loading. Any help ask me, I have been around for a year. Keep up the good work. RaveenS 23:10, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Department of Mathematics and Computer Applications (PSG Tech)
A "" template has been added to the article Department of Mathematics and Computer Applications (PSG Tech), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached.

Proposed deletion-- a math department in an engineering school--just a service dept., not a major dept in the college --priorities are wrong, both in terms of this university & of math departments.
 * I recognize your interest, but this just does not make sense. DGG 03:12, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

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A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Login (DOMCA), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Meeting held by a student club

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of National Conference on Mathematical and Computational Models

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. —David Eppstein (talk) 19:34, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Guruparan18


text:
Red Anderson (ice hockey)

William "Red" Anderson (December 13, 1910 — June 16, 1991) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played one game with the Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League, appearing in a playoff game on March 27, 1943, against the Montreal Canadiens. He was born in Tillsonburg, Ontario.

title: Red Anderson (ice hockey)


text:
Talk:Gestalt effect

Yes, a merge between Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Effect would be good. The main heading should be Gestalt Psychology (or Gestalt Theory), and Gestalt Effect should be linked to it. (The term "Gestalt Effect" is not really a common term in its own right, only the word "Gestalt" gives it meaning) Slehar 10:37, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Merge - they both cover the same ground. 203.208.80.13 00:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gestalt effect


text:
User talk:Didi47

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Instantnood 10:39, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
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HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hello fellow Hong Kong wikipedian. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 10:39, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Establishment of The Wikimedia Hong Kong
encyclopedist 17:07, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

First Anniversary Celebrations of Wikimedia Hong Kong
Invitied by Sith lord darth vader (talk), 15:21, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Celebrations for 2nd Anniversary of Wikimedia Hong Kong

Dear:  ：

Wikimedia Hong Kong has been founded two year ago. Today, we would like to invite you to a great event for our second anniversary celebrations, that is co-host by us - Digital Content Jam 1.0, which is belongs to The 3C Digital Creativity Dialogue Series -- Creativity, Content, Community.

This is the information of the event：

 * Date: 31, July, 2009 (Friday)
 * Time: From 7:00pm to 9:30pm
 * Venue: eTech Centre Meeting Room M2 &3, 4/F Opulent Building, 402-406 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai（Google map）
 * '''Language: Cantonese
 * Free snacks and drinks will be served!

'''Please register via the link below to tell us if you would like to join the event. Registration Form'''

Regards, Hong Kong Wikimedian Tango Chan 13:49, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 58
SusanLai (talk) 05:32, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 83
SusanLai (talk) 09:52, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 84
SusanLai (talk) 06:54, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 86
SusanLai (talk) 06:34, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 87
SusanLai (talk) 04:57, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 87
SusanLai (talk) 05:03, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 89
SusanLai (talk) 01:47, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 90
SusanLai (talk) 04:25, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Didi47


text:
1450s in architecture

Events

 * 1452 – Leon Battista Alberti completes writing De Re Aedificatoria

Buildings

 * 1450
 * Reconstruction of Sforza Castle in Milan as a palace begun
 * Tomb of Ahi Evren in Kırşehir, Anatolia, is begun
 * 1451–1457 – Villa Medici in Fiesole, Tuscany, designed by Michelozzo or Leon Battista Alberti, built
 * c. 1451
 * Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, probably designed by Leon Battista Alberti and executed, at least in part, by Bernardo Rossellino, substantially completed
 * Earliest date for start of construction of Jahaz Mahal in the Delhi Sultanate
 * 1452 – Hospices de Beaune in France, probably designed by Jacques Wiscrère, opened
 * 1456 – Ospedale Maggiore in Milan begun by Filarete.
 * 1457 – Edo Castle in Japan first fortified by Ōta Dōkan
 * 1458 – Pitti Palace in Florence begun by Bartolommeo Ammanati and perhaps Brunelleschi
 * 1459 – Sixty Dome Mosque (Shaṭ Gombuj Moshjid) in Khalifatabad (modern-day Bagerhat District of Bangladesh) completed
 * Approximate date – Palazzo Pisani Moretta on the Grand Canal (Venice) built

Births

 * 1450: Bartolomeo Montagna, Italian painter and architect (died 1523)
 * 1452: April 15 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian polymath (died 1519)
 * c. 1456: Bramantino, born Bartolomeo Suardi, Milanese painter and architect (died c. 1530)

Deaths

 * 1459: c. October 25 – Khan Jahan Ali, Muslim Sufi saint, local ruler and architectural patron

title: 1450s in architecture


text:
Freddy Moore

Frederick George Moore (July 19, 1950 – August 25, 2022) was an American musician best known for his 1980 song "It's Not a Rumour", which he co-wrote with his ex-wife Demi Moore, and recorded with his band The Nu-Kats. The song was not a chart hit, but the video did receive airplay on MTV in the early 1980s. Moore's career spanned decades and included teaching himself to play guitar, writing the lyrics to 1,000 original songs, forming multiple bands, and even starring in a few film roles. Moore's bands performed at legendary Los Angeles clubs, including Whisky a Go Go, The Troubadour, and Starwood, and headlined alongside The Police, The Knack, and The Motels. His memoir, It's Not a Rumour, published in 2021, chronicles his unorthodox story of making it big in music and life without ever making any money.

Early life, career beginnings
Moore was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and aside from his family's brief move to San Francisco, California, in 1966/67, grew up in the Twin Cities area. "I didn't have any friends and really didn't want any. I just sat in my room and played Beatles songs and wrote my own," he claims. At this point, he was known as Rick Moore.

His family moved back to Richfield, Minnesota at the start of Freddy's Junior year in high school, his third high school in as many years. Right before the family's move, Freddy and his cousin, Danny Wick, had started a band called The Royal Cumquats. Moore graduated from Richfield, Minnesota High School in 1968. Fearful that he would be drafted to serve in the Vietnam War, he enrolled at the University of Minnesota to study Music Theory and Composition under composer Dominick Argento.

After performances with his band An English Sky, Moore started performing as Skogie, c. 1970.

The name Skogie took hold in PE class his senior year when Moore purchased a used official school PE t-shirt that had the name "Skogie" written on it. Being new to the school, Moore's classmates took to calling him by the name on his shirt. It stuck and became part of the inspiration for Moore's third and most successful Minneapolis band, Skogie and the Flaming Pachucos. Later, the band name reverted to Skogie. Moore wore his Skogie PE shirt to every gig and soon, he was referred to as Skogie. The name "Flaming Pachucos" was a nod to Moore's favorite composer, Frank Zappa, and his deep appreciation of the Pachuco culture of East Los Angeles.

Around this time, Moore was married from 1971 to 1980 to his first wife Lucy.

Skogie released a single in June 1972 with the help of producer/manager David Zimmerman (Bob Dylan's brother), and self-released a follow-up album in 1974. Creem magazine later named Skogie one of the first power pop bands.

Move to Los Angeles
In 1976, after national touring and recording experience at three Minneapolis studios, Moore decided to head to Los Angeles along with his wife and the rest of the band. While undergoing some personnel changes, the band changed their name to The Kats, and Moore invented a new on-stage persona for the act—a cat named Freddy.

That persona was formed from Moore's desire to write a rock opera about "a guy who was always on the wrong side of where he wanted to be. A domestic cat who longed to be an alley cat but was too scared. Not an underdog, but an undercut. An underKat." That's how Skogie became Freddy Moore and his band became The Kats, just like the "cool cats" of the 1950s. Moore took his on-stage persona very seriously and often pantomimed being a cat.

The Kats signed a recording contract with Infinity Records in 1979, and recorded an album with Tom Petty's production team. However, just as final mixes were being completed Infinity Records was dissolved by its parent company MCA Records. The album was never released, and the master tapes remain locked in the Shelter Studios vault.

Also in 1979, Moore (then 29) met 16-year-old Demi Guynes at a nightclub. Almost immediately, despite Moore's existing marriage, the two became a couple. The two moved in together while Guynes was still 16, and married a few months later in February, after Moore's divorce from Lucy was finalized and Guynes was 17. Demi Guynes thus took his name to become Demi Moore, a name she continues to use to this day.

Meanwhile, Freddy's music career continued. Shortly after Infinity Records went under, lead guitarist Pete McRae departed The Kats, and the four remaining band members renamed themselves The Nu-Kats. They also promptly fired their management, and signed with Rhino Records. In 1980, the Nu-Kats recorded the EP Plastic Facts, featuring the track "It's Not A Rumour", which was written by Demi and Freddy Moore. Demi Moore—not yet a star—also had a prominent role in the song's video. "It's Not A Rumour" never charted, but the video would receive occasional play on MTV, especially once Demi Moore became a well-known figure after her appearances on General Hospital starting in 1982.

The Nu Kats dissolved in 1981. Moore briefly moved to the Upper West Side of Manhattan and joined local NYC band The Dates, who never recorded. After an illness in the family brought him back to Los Angeles, Moore remained in LA and formed a new pop-influenced band called Boy. Boy released an EP on Radioactive Records and Moore received a Screen Actors Guild/AFTRA card while portraying the small role of 'Arn' in the 1982 film Parasite, a 3-D movie which starred his wife Demi. The music of Boy can be heard on the soundtrack.

Boy disbanded in 1983. Moore and his brother Bobby continued writing, arranging and recording new material for approximately another year. They played a few industry showcases under the name BFM (Bobbyzio and Freddy Moore).

Though receiving multiple recording contracts, Moore refused them all, not wanting to relinquish the rights to his work. Instead, he recorded under his label, General Records.

Demi Moore filed for divorce from Freddy in September 1984; the divorce became final in 1985. Freddy Moore quit the music business at around this time, although after a long layoff from performing, in 1997 he and several ex-bandmates began recording and self-releasing CDs of new material under the name The Kat Club.

Moore met his future wife, Renee, in 1981. Renee was thirteen and a budding musician. She took guitar lessons from Moore and was at every Kats/Nu Kats gig, frequently functioning as a part of the crew. They two formed a friendship that shifted to romance a decade later.

Moore and Renee, his third wife, were married in 2005.

Alzheimer's diagnosis and memoir
His wife Renee noticed Moore's failing memory long before receiving his diagnosis in late 2014.

'"Music flows in his bloodstream, and every song he wrote was one of his children. He knew them like no one else did. I sensed something was wrong when he'd forget lyrics or wasn't able to play a song all the way through," Renee explained of her suspicion of Moore's declining heath.

Content writer Shannon Guyton interviewed Freddy for over a year, compiling the stories of his life as a singer/songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s.

Recalling his life and sharing his stories with Guyton significantly slowed the hold Alzheimer's had on his memory, but a brain bleed in 2016 resulted in an abrupt decline in Moore's health that halted their collaboration. Guyton finished the book by interviewing band members, friends, family, and Renee. After keeping Moore's diagnosis a secret for years, It's Not a Rumour: A Rock and Roll Journey Through Life and Alzheimer's offers complete transparency of his journey through life and with his battle against Alzheimer's.

Written by Frederick Moore and Shannon Guyton, It's Not a Rumour was published by Rare Bird Books and released September 19, 2021, seven years after Moore's official diagnosis at age 64.

Moore lived in a care facility in Los Angeles until his death on August 25, 2022, at age 72.

Singles

 * Skogie and the Flaming Pachucos: Call Me Crazy - North Country Music – 1972
 * Skogie: The Butler Did It - Mill City Records – 1973

Albums and EPs

 * Skogie: There's A String Attached... - General Records – 1974
 * The Nu Kats: Plastic Facts EP - Rhino Records – 1980
 * Boy: Next Door EP - Radioactive Records – 1983
 * The Kat Club: House Combinations - General Records – 1997
 * The Kat Club: Source Mississippi - General Records – 2001
 * The Kat Club: los Angelenos - General Records – 2007
 * The Kats: Get Modern - General Records – 2012

Compilation and soundtrack appearances

 * Various: L.A. In - Rhino Records featuring The Kats – 1979
 * Various: Yes Nukes - (compilation) Rhino Records with The Nu Kats – 1981
 * Film soundtrack: Parasite - featuring Boy – 1982
 * Film soundtrack: Scarred - featuring Boy, The Nu Kats – 1984
 * Film soundtrack: Spring Fever - featuring The Nu Kats – 1985
 * Film soundtrack: Loose Screws - featuring The Nu Kats – 1985

Filmography

 * I'm A Kat (1979), United Artists Pictures – Using an experimental 70mm 3D filming technique.
 * It's Not A Rumor (1981), Director: Philip Brewin Cheney, Cinematographer: Jan de Bont
 * Parasite (1982), Director: Charles Band, Cinematographer: Mac Ahlberg

Videography

 * "Lost My TV Guide" on Hollywood Heartbeat, the syndicated music video television series

title: Freddy Moore


text:
Kohistan District, Pakistan

Kohistan ( "Land of Mountains"), also called Indus Kohistan, was an administrative district within the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In 2014, it was bifurcated into two districts: Upper Kohistan and Lower Kohistan. In 2017, the Lower Kohistan District was further bifurcated and a district Kolai-Palas was established. It covered an area of 7,492 km2 and had a population of 472,570 according to the 1998 Census. Geographically, Kohistan stretched from Gilgit-Baltistan in the north to the Mansehra District in the east to the Battagram District and Shangla and Swat districts in the west.

Geography
The district lies between 34° 54′ and 35° 52′ north latitudes and 72° 43′ and 73° 57′ east longitudes. It was bounded by the Diamer District of Gilgit-Baltistan in the north, Manshera District in the southeast, Kaghan Valley of the Mansehra District in the southeast, Battagram District  in the south and Shangla and Swat Districts in the west. Kohistan is the point of convergence for the Hindukush, Karakorum, and Himalayan mountain ranges, acting as a natural boundary delineating distinct environmental regions within the expanse of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain chains. This uniqueness of the mountain system also results in rich flora and fauna, thus providing a habitat for unique species such as the Western Tragopan pheasant and the snow leopard.

Education
The literacy rate of the district among the population aged 10 years and older is 11.1%: male 17.23% and female 2.95%. The proportion of the working or employed population to the population aged 10 years and older is 26.47%, which is 70.53% of the total labour force. Out of the total employed population, 71.60% are self-employed, 10.68% work as employees, and 17.32% are unpaid family helpers.

Kohistan's literacy rate is among the lowest in Pakistan and hovers around 20%. It has the lowest Human Development Index of all districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Demographics
At the time of the 2017 census the district had a population of 784,711, of which 424,643 were males and 360,055 females. The rural population was 706,433 (97.95%) while the urban population was 72,654 (2.05%). The literacy rate was 76.20% - the male literacy rate was 86.40% while the female literacy rate was 65.76%. 3,172 (0.24%) people in the district were from religious minorities, mainly Christians.

At the time of the 2017 census, 91.96 of the population spoke Kohistani, 7.09% Pashto, 0.36% Urdu and 0.63% Punjabi as their first language. 2.07% of the population spoke languages classified as 'Others', mainly Kohistani languages.

The major language of the area is Kohistani, which in the 1981 census, was the mother tongue of % of households. The variety spoken in the District of Kohistan has formed the basis of a literary language. It is very close to the Dardic Language of Kohistan: the two share 86% of their basic vocabulary.

Other languages, such as Pashto, Urdu and Punjabi, are found more in urban than rural areas.

title: Kohistan District, Pakistan