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Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility

The Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility is a military fuel storage facility in Hawaii. Operated by the United States Navy, Red Hill supports U.S. military operations in the Pacific.

As of March 7, 2022, the Department of Defense announced the planned closure of the Red Hill facility, due to reduced military need and water contamination issues.

Description
Unlike any other facility in the United States, the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility can store up to 250 million gallons of fuel. It consists of 20 steel-lined underground storage tanks encased in concrete, and built into cavities that were mined inside of Red Hill. Each tank has a storage capacity of approximately 12.5 million gallons.

The Red Hill tanks are connected to three gravity-fed pipelines that run 2.5 miles inside a tunnel to fueling piers at Pearl Harbor. Each of the 20 tanks at Red Hill measures 100 feet in diameter and is 250 feet in height.

The Joint Task Force Red Hill was established on September 30, 2022, for the purpose of "safely and expeditiously" defueling the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage facility. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said: "Defueling and closing Red Hill is the right thing to do – for our service members, our families, the people of Hawaii, the environment, and our nation." The commander of the Joint Task Force is Vice. Adm. John F.G. Wade.

Red Hill is located under a volcanic mountain ridge near Honolulu. It was declared a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1995.

History

Before the United States entered World War II, the Roosevelt Administration became concerned about the vulnerability of the many above-ground fuel storage tanks at Pearl Harbor. In 1940 it decided to build a new underground facility that would store more fuel and be safe from an enemy aerial attack.

The Red Hill site would provide unprecedented flow rates of fuel due to its elevation. In addition, the site's unique geological characteristics, including basalt rock, could support such large tanks. Federal, local government and contracted engineers and geologists performed many surveys of the Koolau Range and eventually reached a consensus on Red Hill as the best choice because it is mostly homogeneous basalt.

Their original plan was to build four large underground tanks. These would be horizontal, as all underground tanks were at the time. However, during the planning process, the engineers decided to build the tanks vertically because construction and excavation could occur simultaneously. This was possible because a vertical shaft drilled through the centerline of the tank would allow excavated rock to funnel down onto a series of conveyor belts in the lower access tunnel.

Planners and engineers began the process by acquiring the real estate, staging equipment and materials, and building a work camp. The 3,900 workers worked around the clock, seven days a week, to complete the project. Construction started by excavating the vertical shafts for all 20 tanks concurrently with mining of the upper access and lower access tunnels. The tunnels were aligned directly in the middle of the parallel rows of shafts. Once perpendicular to the shafts, cross tunnels were mined to connect the shafts to the main access tunnels. For constructability and safety reasons (cave-ins), the upper domes needed to be built first, so the miners excavated individual ring tunnels around the circumference of each of the future upper dome bases. They then scoped out the area of the domes and proceeded to construct the steel framing, steel liner and rebar. Workers continuously poured concrete that ranged in thickness from two feet at the crown to eight feet at the base. Once the concrete cured, it was pre-stressed by pressure grouting the area between the concrete and the basalt.

Upon completion of the excavation, workers erected a steel tower in the center to the full height of 250 feet. The tower served to support concrete chutes, pipes, booms, and other equipment necessary to install the piping, concrete, and steel linings. Workers then began to erect the steel liner and rebar incrementally so that they could pour concrete in stages. Concrete was poured continually and workers had to remove wooden shoring as concrete filled. They injected pressurized grout to pre-stress the concrete by filling void space between the concrete and the gunite. When finished, the tanks were tested by slowly filling them with water while laborers in boats inspected the entire surface area of the steel liner.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor took place during the construction of Red Hill, and eight construction workers were killed by strafing aircraft. A portion of the site was used to bury hundreds of bodies of Navy personnel killed in the attack. Those not claimed by families were moved to the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific when it opened after the war.

2014 fuel spill
In December 2013, contractors completed a three-year, scheduled, routine maintenance upgrade on tank 5 at Red Hill. This work included cleaning, inspecting, and repairing anomalies. At the conclusion of the overhaul in January 2014, the Navy initiated a Return to Service evolution, refilling the tank with jet fuel (JP-8). During this process, the inventory management alarms sounded. Red Hill operators first assumed the alarm system was malfunctioning or producing false positives because the tank was recently overhauled and should not have been leaking. Eventually, the U.S. Navy determined the alarms were not false and reported a 27,000 gallon jet fuel loss to the Hawaii Department of Health and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Subsequent analysis indicated that the leak was the result of faulty work and poor quality control by the Navy's contractor, compounded by a lack of quality assurance oversight by the Navy, as well as operator error. As a consequence, the Navy, in accordance with the Administrative Order on Consent, significantly improved the tank inspection, repair, and maintenance processes in their report submitted on October 11, 2016.

Regarding the 27,000 gallons of fuel, the Navy's first concern was the possibility of fuel entering the drinking water supply. The nearest drinking water shaft (operated by the Navy) is 3,000 feet away and is one source that provides water to the military families at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. The next closest drinking water shaft, Halawa shaft, which is located approximately one mile away, provides drinking water to the city of Honolulu.

While all test results for contamination at the Navy drinking water shaft have come back well within safe drinking water standards and results from the Halawa shaft have shown no jet fuel related contaminants, the Navy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Hawaii Department of Health conducted studies to evaluate groundwater conditions and any potential impacts to groundwater resources in the area. Results taken in and around Tank 5 indicated a spike in levels of hydrocarbons in soil vapor and groundwater. Drinking water monitoring results confirmed compliance with federal and state safety standards for drinking water both before and after the January 2014 release.

Following the tank 5 release in 2014, the Navy increased the testing frequency for drinking water and groundwater wells. The Navy now sends drinking water samples every quarter to certified independent laboratories that use EPA methods to analyze for contamination.

The newest groundwater monitoring well was scheduled to come on line by the end of April 2017. Commander Navy Region Hawaii and Naval Surface Group Middle Pacific, Admiral Fuller noted, "there are have been detects of trace amounts of fuel constituents near the Navy drinking water shaft." This is in the groundwater, not the drinking water. "We're talking 17 parts per billion, as opposed to zero. The misperception is that there's a spike, but the numbers were small enough that the testing facility had to estimate the amount because the numbers were so low. The 17 parts per billion is below the threshold of something we should be concerned about, which is 100 parts per billion."

2021 water contamination
On November 20, 2021, another jet fuel leak at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility contaminated the Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam water system, which supplies about 10,000 civilian and military households and schools. In December 2021, more than 1,000 military families stationed in Hawaii had been forced from their homes after apparent jet fuel contamination in the water supply at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. About 2,700 homes in 10 communities were in the affected area. Residents had complained about foul-smelling tap water bearing an oily sheen, as well as symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea and intense headaches. Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro told residents, “I deeply apologize to each and every one of you and to the people of Hawaii that this incident may have been destructive to your lives." It was not until May 2022, that the CDC published a study of self-reported symptoms which lasted more than a month.

Creation of Joint Task Force Red Hill

On September 30, 2022, Joint Task Force Red Hill was officially stood up for the purpose of safely and expeditiously defueling the facility through coordination with State and Federal stakeholders in order to set conditions for closure while continuing to rebuild trust with the State of Hawaii and the local community of Oahu. The Joint Task Force has participated and created numerous community forums (such as the defueling information sharing forum) in order to keep the public and key stakeholders informed of the repair progress that is required to defuel the facility. The commander of the Joint Task Force is Vice. Adm. John F.G. Wade.

Groundwater Protection Plan
Between 2006 and 2017, the Department of Defense had spent more than $200 million on continual technological modernization and environmental testing at Red Hill. The facility monitors the fuel level in each tank to one sixteenth of an inch and controls the movement of fuel throughout the facility. If a tank level decreases by as little as half an inch, alarms will sound in Red Hill's control room, which is continuously staffed.

Many entities, including the U.S. Navy, University of Hawaii, and U.S. Geological Survey, study the movement of groundwater in and around Red Hill. Navy modeling to date indicates any fuel constituents in the groundwater are “not likely” to reach any of Oahu's drinking water sources.

Timeline of actions taken by the U.S. Navy: It included the following provisions:
 * 2005: Quarterly groundwater monitoring and sampling at the Red Hill Facility.
 * 2007: Environmental investigation to collect additional data for groundwater and contaminant fate (how and where it disperses) and transport modeling in order to provide better understanding and forecasting of potential impacts; contingency plan to protect drinking water well located closest to Red Hill.
 * 2008: The Groundwater Protection Plan (subsequently updated in 2009 and 2014) to mitigate risk associated with inadvertent fuel releases from the tanks.
 * A tank inspection and maintenance program
 * A soil vapor monitoring program to support primary leak detection processes
 * A groundwater sampling and risk assessment reporting program
 * A long-term groundwater monitoring program that provides warning of potential risk to human health
 * Responsibilities and response actions that will be performed should groundwater data exceed Hawaii Department of Health environmental action levels.
 * Periodic market surveys to evaluate best available leak detection technologies for large, field-constructed fuel storage facilities.

Administrative Order on Consent
The Administrative Order on Consent is a binding legal agreement administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. The order mandates the corrective actions to be taken in the wake of an environmental violation. Representatives from the Environmental Protection Agency, Hawaii Department of Health, U.S. Navy, and Defense Logistics Agency signed the order for Red Hill in September 2015. It acknowledges the shared responsibility to protect Oahu's drinking water supply and maintain Red Hill as a strategically vital resource.

The Environmental Protection Agency and Hawaii Department of Health negotiated the administrative order with the U.S. Navy and the Defense Logistics Agency in response to the January 2014 fuel release from the facility. The order required the Navy and Defense Logistics Agency to take actions, subject to approval by the Department of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency, to address fuel releases and implement infrastructure improvements to protect human health and the environment. The order requires the Navy to evaluate and improve procedures and practices to maintain the integrity of the tanks, evaluate and implement structural upgrades to the tanks, and to use the best technology available to detect leaks. The order also requires the Navy to determine the overall risk the facility poses to the surrounding environment.

The document prescribes actions the U.S. Navy must take, along with deadlines for completing each task. There are eight sections: The Hawaii Department of Health hosted a second meeting to address the document in May 2016. Participants included the Defense Logistics Agency and Environmental Protection Agency as well as subject matter experts from the University of Hawaii, the Honolulu Board of Water Supply and their consultants, the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The Environmental Protection Agency and Hawaii Department of Health hired a team of world renowned subject matter experts to assess the entire Red Hill facility and went on record to say that all aspects—to include infrastructure, security measures, and operation practices—currently meet or exceed industry standards.
 * 1) Overall project maintenance guidance
 * 2) Tank inspection, repair, and maintenance
 * 3) Potential tank upgrade review procedures
 * 4) Leak detection and testing
 * 5) Current and future corrosion and metal fatigue
 * 6) Investigating and remediating past fuel releases
 * 7) Development of future groundwater protection and evaluation
 * 8) Risk and vulnerability assessment of Red Hill

Investigation and remediation
The Administrative Order on Consent required the Navy to develop a plan addressing the January 2014 fuel release from Tank #5 as well as plans to address any future releases of fuel. The Navy will evaluate various investigative techniques to determine which are most suitable for determining the extent of contamination in the ground around Red Hill. Each technique will be evaluated in terms of feasibility of implementation and effectiveness in detecting light non-aqueous phase liquid, which refers to fuel floating on top of the groundwater. The Navy will also investigate a number of remediation methods for use in the Red Hill area. The Navy will evaluate methods based on their feasibility of implementation, suitableness for use in fractured basalt geology, and effectiveness in reducing contamination.

In May 2016 the Navy submitted a scope of work to address the investigation and remediation of contamination, modeling and the groundwater monitoring network. On September 15, 2016, the regulatory agencies disapproved this scope of work and requested that the Navy revise the document (review and disapproval letter is available in the additional documents page, see link above). The Navy submitted a revised scope of work on November 5, 2016, which was conditionally approved by the regulatory agencies on December 2, 2016, subject to changes as detailed in the conditional approval letter (letter is available for viewing below). On January 5, 2017, the Navy submitted a new version of the Section 6 & 7 Scope of Work, available below, that addressed all of the issues noted in the Conditional Approval letter.

Other reactions
In 2020, the Honolulu Civil Beat reported that even though Navy and state health officials have known about the groundwater contamination since the late 1990s — and generated thousands of pages of reports on the topic — officials from Honolulu's Board of Water Supply say they were never informed about the problems until after this most recent spill. The Honolulu Board of Water Supply is responsible for purveying the county's drinking water.

"I'm very concerned about the situation," said Ernest Lau, manager and chief engineer for the Honolulu Board of Water Supply. He stressed that the nearby aquifers are critical to Oahu's drinking water supply.

The Environmental Protection Agency says millions of gallons of fuel stored in a military facility under Red Hill is unlikely to reach the water supply. "It's very unlikely that that contamination, that mass we're seeing under the tanks, gets anywhere near the Board of Water Supply wells," Steven Linder, of the Environmental Protection Agency, told the state Health Department's Underground Fuel Tank Advisory Committee.

The Sierra Club of Hawaii launched a "Fix it up or shut it down" petition and has also demanded that the Hawaii Department of Health, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Navy: According to military contracting announcements, Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam has contracted with two corporations to address environmental problems at Red Hill: AECOM has been in charge of investigating and remediating releases, as well as protecting and evaluating groundwater,  while APTIM (known as CB&I prior to 2017) has been in charge cleaning, inspecting, and repairing fuel storage tanks.
 * Install sufficient "sentinel" monitoring wells to guard public drinking water sources from possible contamination currently in the aquifer,
 * Locate the fuel that has already leaked from the storage facility and clean it up,
 * Install genuine leak prevention systems, not only leak detection systems, that will guarantee there will be no future leaks from this facility.


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Talk:Anglia Ruskin University

Anglia Ruskin University notable alumni
(Moved from my talk page to the correct venue)

Re: Anglia Ruskin University (edit) Revision as of 15:38, 2 August 2019 263 BYTES ADDED, 1 DAY AGO Reverted good faith edits by Melroross (talk): Seems notable has own article please discuss on talk page before removing again (TW)

 * Kafeel Ahmed, Islamic terrorist who was one of the perpetrators of the 2007 London car bombs plot and the 2007 Glasgow Airport attack
 * Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, English investor, billionaire and former Conservative vice chairman
 * Eddie Ballard, former English cricketer for Cambridge UCCE and Hertfordshire

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Placing this terrorist’s name right at the top of this or any university defies all logic and looks biased. I have reverted this in good faith and sadly other users keep on reverting. If such a sinister reference must be kept on Wikipedia because it had a newspaper article, the least an Administrator should do is to reorder this whole list of ‘notables’ in some logical manner- date, alphabetically or by notability (not always quantifiable)? Thank you Melroross (talk) 18:40, 3 August 2019 (UTC)
 * He is notable in Wikipedia terms. Wikipedia may contain content that some readers consider objectionable or offensive—even exceedingly so. Attempting to ensure that articles and images will be acceptable to all readers, or will adhere to general social or religious norms, is incompatible with the purposes of an encyclopedia. SeeWP:NOTCENSORED. The list is already alphabetical. Theroadislong (talk) 18:55, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:23, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Anglia Ruskin University new logo.svg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:38, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Queen Elizabeth II - Inauguration of the Queen's Building at Anglia Ruskin University Chelmsford in 1995.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:07, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II inaugurated the Queen's Building at Anglia Ruskin University Chelmsford in 1995.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Anglia Ruskin University


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Talk:Overseas political parties and movements with Japanese support

Too many red links! Blargh! KingTT 22:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I removed to red links. س (talk) 14:29, 13 February 2008 (UTC)


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An Emotional Fish

An Emotional Fish are an alternative rock band from Dublin, Ireland. An Emotional Fish were formed in 1988, and consisted of Gerard Whelan (founding member, lead vocals, percussion), Enda Wyatt (founding member, songwriter, bass, vocals, keyboards), Martin Murphy (drums, percussion) and David Frew (guitars, vocals).

Their musical influences include The Clash, The Doors, David Bowie, Iggy Pop, and T. Rex.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, An Emotional Fish were signed to Mother Records in Ireland, Warner Bros Records in Europe, and Atlantic Records in America. They were personally signed to Atlantic by Ahmet Ertegun, after seeing them play a sold-out concert at the Baggot Inn. An Emotional Fish supported U2 and Simple Minds on tours of Europe, also supporting Blondie, Depeche Mode and others.

Career
The vocalist Gerard Whelan met bassist Enda Wyatt in a band that Whelan was auditioning for. Whelan joined the band, but it broke up soon after. After the break-up, Whelan and Wyatt formed their own band. They originally performed alone, and recorded their works on a four-track tape recorder. After a year, Whelan brought his friend David Frew into the band. Whelan and David Frew had attended the same school and lived in the same housing estate. In 1988, they decided to name the band An Emotional Fish. For a few months, they performed with a drum machine, but soon added drummer Martin Murphy as the final member of the group.

In 1989, they signed to independent Mother Records to release their first single "Cry Like a Baby/Grey Matter". It was followed by "Celebrate", which hit the top 10 in the Irish chart. It also peaked at No. 46 in the UK Singles Chart in June 1990, where it remained in that listing for five weeks. College radio stations began to pick up the song. It received significant airplay, and eventually reached the Top 5 in the US Modern Rock Tracks chart. Atlantic Records signed the band, re-released "Grey Matter" in the US, and released their debut album internationally.

"Celebrate" was covered in Italian by the singer-songwriter Vasco Rossi in his 1993 album Gli Spari Sopra which went platinum 10 times. The song lyrics are largely a phonetic translation of the original (prominently the chorus verse "this party's over" is changed into the eponym "gli spari sopra", which means "the shots above" and is entirely unrelated to the original lyrics).

After a tour to support the debut album, An Emotional Fish returned to the studio to record Junk Puppets. The songs were recorded over eight months, and four of the songs were produced by David A. Stewart. In 1993, the album was released, and An Emotional Fish opened for U2 on the Zoo TV Tour. In 1994, the band were signed to German label ZYX Records and their third album Sloper was released in Europe. The album was released in the US two years later.

Break up
In 1999, after a few years of relative inactivity, the band played a short tour of the Netherlands in spring, and a single date in Dublin in December. Their final show was in the following December in Dublin' Isaac Butt's with the band breaking up soon after.

In 2002, Whelan formed a new band, Jerry Fish & The Mudbug Club, with a new style and musical presence, in which he continued to work with Enda Wyatt. They co-write the first album Be Yourself and three songs on the second album The Beautiful Untrue. The band has a rotating line-up of collaborators and plays gigs around Ireland regularly.

David Frew performed on The Marigolds Abbey Street EP which was released in 1998. More recently he has been playing with former Marigolds frontman Paul Woodward. David performed a series of low key gigs in Scotland at the end of 2011.

Reunions
On 30 March 2012. the band played in the Olympia Theatre in Dublin at a concert in aid of Barretstown alongside such other Irish bands as Engine Alley and Republic of Loose.

The band played a five-song set at the Féile Classical festival on September 22, 2018, and dedicated their song "Julian" to their late drummer Martin Murphy. Two of the songs from this performance were later released on Feile Classical: The Live Album.

Martin Murphy died in January 2017.

Enda Wyatt died on 26 November 2022, in Dublin.

Albums

 * An Emotional Fish, 1990 - UK No. 40
 * Junk Puppets, 1993
 * Sloper, 1994 (UK), 1996 (US)

Live albums

 * Celebration Live, 1991
 * Live Bait, 1991

Videos

 * An Emotional Fish, 1990 (VHS edition)

title: An Emotional Fish


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nomoreroominhell

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 19:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Nomoreroominhell
Not notable Half-life mod, maybe a redirect to something or merge? feydey 22:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Justin Bacon 01:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Don't see a need to redirect or merge - there's v. little content.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  05:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Bridgetown

title: Category:Bridgetown


text: Template:GWR King Class

title: Template:GWR King Class


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Interferon beta-1b

Interferon beta-1b is a cytokine in the interferon family used to treat the relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is approved for use after the first MS event. Closely related is interferon beta 1a, also indicated for MS, with a very similar drug profile.

Mechanism of action
Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the blood brain barrier. Overall, therapy with interferon beta leads to a reduction of neuron inflammation. Moreover, it is also thought to increase the production of nerve growth factor and consequently improve neuronal survival.

Side effects

Interferon beta-1b is available only in injectable forms, and can cause skin reactions at the injection site that may include cutaneous necrosis. Skin reactions vary greatly in their clinical presentation. They usually appear within the first month of treatment albeit their frequence and importance diminish after six months of treatment. Skin reactions are more prevalent in women. Mild skin reactions usually do not impede treatment whereas necroses appear in around 5% of patients and lead to the discontinuation of the therapy. Also over time, a visible dent at the injection site due to the local destruction of fat tissue, known as lipoatrophy, may develop.

Interferons, a subclass of cytokines, are produced in the body during illnesses such as influenza in order to help fight the infection. They are responsible for many of the symptoms of influenza infections, including fever, muscle aches, fatigue, and headaches. Many patients report influenza-like symptoms hours after taking interferon beta that usually improve within 24 hours, being such symptoms related to the temporary increase of cytokines. This reaction tends to disappear after 3 months of treatment and its symptoms can be treated with over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, that reduce fever and pain. Another common transient secondary effect with interferon-beta is a functional deterioration of already existing symptoms of the disease. Such deterioration is similar to the one produced in MS patients due to heat, fever or stress (Uhthoff's phenomenon), usually appears within 24 hours of treatment, is more common in the initial months of treatment, and may last several days. A symptom specially sensitive to worsening is spasticity. Interferon-beta can also reduce numbers of white blood cells (leukopenia), lymphocytes (lymphopenia) and neutrophils (neutropenia), as well as affect liver function. In most cases these effects are non-dangerous and reversible after cessation or reduction of treatment. Nevertheless, recommendation is that all patients should be monitored through laboratory blood analyses, including liver function tests, to ensure safe use of interferons.

The injection-site reactions can be mitigated by rotating injection sites or by using one of the medications that requires less frequent injections. Side effects are often onerous enough that many patients ultimately discontinue taking Interferons (or glatiramer acetate, a comparable disease-modifying therapies requiring regular injections).

Clinically isolated syndrome
The earliest clinical presentation of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is the clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), that is, a single attack of a single symptom. During a CIS, there is a subacute attack suggestive of demyelination but the patient does not fulfill the criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Treatment with interferons after an initial attack decreases the risk of developing clinical definite MS.

Relapsing-remitting MS
Medications are modestly effective at decreasing the number of attacks in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in reducing the accumulation of brain lesions, which is measured using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Interferons reduce relapses by approximately 30% and their safe profile make them the first-line treatments. Nevertheless, not all the patients are responsive to these therapies. It is known that 30% of MS patients are non-responsive to Beta interferon. They can be classified in genetic, pharmacological and pathogenetic non-responders. One of the factors related to non-respondance is the presence of high levels of interferon beta neutralizing antibodies. Interferon therapy, and specially interferon beta-1b, induces the production of neutralizing  antibodies, usually in the second 6 months of treatment, in 5 to 30% of treated patients. Moreover, a subset of RRMS patients with specially active MS, sometimes called "rapidly worsening MS" are normally non-responders to interferon beta-1b.

While more studies of the long-term effects of the drugs are needed,  some data on the effects of interferons indicate that early-initiated long-term therapy is safe and it is related to better outcomes. More recent data suggest that interferon betas does not hasten disability.

Interferon-β exacerbates Th17-mediated inflammatory disease.

Commercial formulations
Betaferon/Betaseron is marketed today by Bayer Pharma. The originator was Schering AG (Berlex in North America), now part of Bayer Pharma. Novartis has also introduced Extavia, a new brand of interferon beta-1b, in 2009.

title: Interferon beta-1b


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Fight the Power (Public Enemy song)

"Fight the Power" is a song by American hip hop group Public Enemy, released as a single in the summer of 1989 on Motown Records. It was conceived at the request of film director Spike Lee, who sought a musical theme for his 1989 film Do the Right Thing. First issued on the film's 1989 soundtrack, the extended version (edited by Terrence Smith and Shayne Sealy) was featured on Public Enemy's third studio album Fear of a Black Planet (1990).

"Fight the Power" incorporates various samples and allusions to African-American culture, including civil rights exhortations, black church services, and the music of James Brown. Spike Lee also directed a music video in Brooklyn featuring a political rally of "a thousand" black youth, with appearances by Lee and the Public Enemy members (Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Terminator X), uniformed Fruit of Islam men, and signs of historic black figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

As a single, "Fight the Power" reached number one on Hot Rap Singles and number 20 on the Hot R&B Singles. It was named the best single of 1989 by The Village Voice in their Pazz & Jop critics' poll. It has become Public Enemy's best-known song and has received accolades as one of the greatest songs of all time by critics and publications. In 2001, the song was ranked number 288 in the "Songs of the Century" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. In 2021, the song was ranked number two in Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list.

Background
In 1988, shortly after the release of their second album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Public Enemy were preparing for the European leg of the Run's House tour with Run–D.M.C. Before embarking on the tour, film director Spike Lee approached Public Enemy with the proposition of making a song for one of his movies. Lee, who was directing Do the Right Thing, sought to use the song as a leitmotif in the film about racial tension in a Brooklyn, New York neighborhood. He said of his decision in a subsequent interview for Time, "I wanted it to be defiant, I wanted it to be angry, I wanted it to be very rhythmic. I thought right away of Public Enemy". At a meeting in Lower Manhattan, Lee told lead MC Chuck D, producer Hank Shocklee of the Bomb Squad, and executive producer Bill Stephney that he needed an anthemic song for the film.

While flying over Italy on the tour, Chuck D was inspired to write most of the song. He recalled his idea, "I wanted to have sorta like the same theme as the original 'Fight the Power' by the Isley Brothers and fill it in with some kind of modernist views of what our surroundings were at that particular time." The group's bass player Brian Hardgroove has said of the song's message, "Law enforcement is necessary. As a species we haven't evolved past needing that. Fight the Power is not about fighting authority—it's not that at all. It's about fighting abuse of power."

Recording and production
The Bomb Squad, Public Enemy's production team, constructed the music for "Fight the Power", through the looping, layering, and transfiguring of numerous samples. The track features only two live instrumentalists: saxophone, played by Branford Marsalis, and scratches provided by Terminator X, the group's DJ and turntabilist —Marsalis also played a saxophone solo for the extended soundtrack version of the song.

In contrast to Marsalis' school of thought, Bomb Squad members such as Hank Shocklee wanted to eschew melodic clarity and harmonic coherence in favor of a specific mood in the composition. Shocklee explained that their musicianship was dependent on different tools, exercised in a different medium, and was inspired by different cultural priorities, different from the "virtuosity" valued in jazz and classical music. Marsalis later remarked on the group's unconventional musicality:

"They're not musicians, and don't claim to be—which makes it easier to be around them. Like, the song's in A minor or something, then it goes to D7, and I think, if I remember, they put some of the A minor solo on the D7, or some of the D7 stuff on the A minor chord at the end. So it sounds really different. And the more unconventional it sounds, the more they like it."

As with other Public Enemy songs, the Bomb Squad recontextualized various samples, and used them to complement the vocals and mood of "Fight the Power". The percussive sounds were placed either ahead of or behind the beat, to create a feeling of either easiness or tension. Particular elements, such as Marsalis' solo, were reworked by Shocklee so that they would signify something different from harmonic coherence. The Bomb Squad layered parts of Marsalis' D minor improvisations over the song's B♭7 groove, and vice versa. Regarding the production of the song, Robert Walser, an American musicologist, wrote that the solo "has been carefully reworked into something that Marsalis would never think to play, because Schocklee's goals and premises are different from his."

On August 24, 2014, Chuck D posted a photo on his Twitter profile of a cassette tape from the Green St. studio. The tape's label is branded with the studio's branding and a hand-written title suggests that the studio was used for the recording of the song.

Sampling and loops
Although it samples many different works, the total length of each sample fragment is fairly short, as most span less than a second, and the primary technique used to construct them into the track was looping by Bomb Squad-producers Hank and Keith Shocklee. In looping, a recorded passage—typically an instrumental solo or break—could be repeated by switching back and forth between two turntables playing the same record. The looping in "Fight the Power", and hip hop music in general, directly arose from the hip hop DJs of the 1970s, and both Shocklees began their careers as DJs. Although the looping for "Fight the Power" was not created on turntables, it has a central connection to DJing. Author Mark Katz writes in his Capturing Sound: How Technology Has Changed Music, "Many hip-hop producers were once DJs, and skill in selecting and assembling beats is required of both. ... Moreover, the DJ is a central, founding figure in hip-hop music and a constant point of reference in its discourse; producers who stray too far from the practices and aesthetics of DJing may risk compromising their hip-hop credentials".

Chuck D recalled the track's extravagant looping and production, saying that "we put loops on top of loops on top of loops". Katz comments in an analysis of the track, "The effect created by Public Enemy's production team is dizzying, exhilarating, and tantalizing—clearly one cannot take it all in at once". He continues by discussing the connection of the production to the work as a whole, stating:

"When Public Enemy's rapper and spokesman Chuck D. explains, 'Our music is all about samples,' he reveals the centrality of recording technology to the group's work. Simply put, 'Fight the Power,' and likely Public Enemy itself, could not exist without it. 'Fight the Power' is a complex and subtle testament to the influence and possibilities of sound recording; but at the same time, it reveals how the aesthetic, cultural, and political priorities of musicians shape how the technology is understood and used. A look at Public Enemy's use of looping and performative quotation in 'Fight the Power' illuminates the mutual influences between musician and machine."

Musical structure
"Fight the Power" begins with a vocal sample of civil rights attorney and activist Thomas "TNT" Todd, speechifying in a resonant, agitated voice, "Yet our best trained, best educated, best equipped, best prepared troops refuse to fight. Matter of fact, it's safe to say that they would rather switch than fight". This 16-second passage is the longest of the numerous samples incorporated to the track. It is followed by a brief three-measure section (0:17–0:24) that is carried by the dotted rhythm of a vocal sample repeated six times; the line "pump me up" from Trouble Funk's 1982 song of the same name played backwards indistinctly. The rhythmic measure-section also features a melodic line, Branford Marsalis' saxophone playing in triplets that is buried in the mix, eight snare drum hits in the second measure, and vocal exclamations in the third measure. One of the exclamations, a nonsemantic "chuck chuck" taken from the 1972 song "Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get" by the Dramatics, serves as a reference to Chuck D. The "let me hear you say" exclamation originates from "Sing a Simple Song" by Sly and the Family Stone.

The three-measure section crescendos into the following section (0:24–0:44), which leads to the entrance of the rappers and features more complex production. In the first four seconds of the section, no less than 10 distinct samples are looped into a whole texture, which is then repeated four more times as a meta-loop. The whole section contains samples of guitar, synthesizer, bass, including that of James Brown's 1971 recording "Hot Pants", four fragmented vocal samples, including those of Brown's famous grunts in his recordings, and various percussion samples. Although it is obscured by the other samples, Clyde Stubblefield's drum break from James Brown's 1970 song "Funky Drummer", one of the most frequently sampled rhythmic breaks in hip hop, makes an appearance, with only the break's first two eighth notes in the bass drum and the snare hit in clarity. This section has a sharp, funky guitar riff playing over staccato rhythms, as a course voice exhorts the line "Come on, get down". Other samples include "I Know You Got Soul", "Planet Rock" and "Teddy's Jam".

Lyrics

The song's lyrics features revolutionary rhetoric calling to fight the "powers that be". They are delivered by Chuck D, who raps in a confrontational, unapologetic tone. David Stubbs of The Quietus writes that the song "shimmies and seethes with all the controlled, incendiary rage and intent of Public Enemy at their height. It's set in the immediate future tense, a condition of permanently impending insurrection".

"Fight the Power" opens with Chuck D roaring "1989!" His lyrics declare an African-American perspective in the first verse, as he addresses the "brothers and sisters" who are "swingin' while I'm singin' / Givin' whatcha gettin'". He also clarifies his group's platform as a musical artist: "Now that you've realized the pride's arrived / We've got to pump the stuff to make us tough / From the heart / It's a start, a work of art / To revolutionize". In addressing race, the lyrics dismiss the liberal notion of racial equality and the dynamic of transcending one's circumstances as it pertains to his group of people: "'People, people we are the same' / No, we're not the same / 'Cause we don't know the game". Chuck D goes on to call from the power structure to "give us what we want/ Gotta give us what we need", and intelligent activism and organization from his African-American community: "What we need is awareness / We can't get careless ... Let's get down to business / Mental self-defensive fitness". In the line, Chuck D references his audience as "my beloved", an allusion to Martin Luther King Jr.'s vision of the "beloved community".

The samples incorporated to "Fight the Power" largely draw from African-American culture, with their original recording artists being mostly important figures in the development of late 20th-century African-American popular music. Vocal elements characteristic of this are various exhortations common in African-American music and church services, including the lines "Let me hear you say", "Come on and get down", and "Brothers and sisters", as well as James Brown's grunts and Afrika Bambaataa's electronically processed exclamations, taken from his 1982 song "Planet Rock". The samples are reinforced by textual allusions to such music, quoted by Chuck D in his lyrics, including "sound of the funky drummer" (James Brown and Clyde Stubblefield), "I know you got soul" (Bobby Byrd), "freedom or death" (Stetsasonic), "people, people" (Brown's "Funky President"), and "I'm black and I'm proud" (Brown's "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"). The track's title itself invokes the Isley Brothers' song of the same name.

Third verse
The song's third verse contains disparaging lyrics about iconic American entertainers Elvis Presley and John Wayne, as Chuck D raps, "Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight up racist, the sucker was / Simple and plain", with Flavor Flav following, "Mothafuck him AND John Wayne!". Chuck D was inspired to write the lines after hearing proto-rap artist Clarence "Blowfly" Reid's "Blowfly Rapp" (1980), in which Reid engages in a battle of insults with a fictitious Klansman who makes a similarly phrased, racist insult against him and boxer Muhammad Ali.

The third verse expresses the identification of Presley with racism—either personally or symbolically—and the fact that Presley, whose musical and visual performances owed much to African-American sources, unfairly achieved the cultural acknowledgment and commercial success largely denied to his black peers in rock and roll.

Chuck D later clarified his lyric associating Elvis Presley with racism. In an interview with Newsday timed with the 25th anniversary of Presley's death, Chuck D acknowledged that Elvis was held in high esteem by black musicians, and that Elvis himself admired black musical performers. Chuck D stated that the target of his line about Elvis was the white culture that hailed Elvis as a "King" without acknowledging the black artists that came before him.

The line disparaging John Wayne is a reference to his controversial personal views, including racist remarks made in his 1971 interview for Playboy, in which Wayne stated, "I believe in white supremacy until the blacks are educated to a point of responsibility. I don't believe in giving authority and positions of leadership and judgment to irresponsible people."

Chuck D clarifies previous remarks in the verse's subsequent lines: "Cause I'm black and I'm proud / I'm ready and hyped, plus I'm amped / Most of my heroes don't appear on no stamps / Sample a look back you look and find / Nothing but rednecks for 400 years if you check". Laura K. Warrell of Salon interprets the verse as an attack on embodiments of the white American ideal in Presley and Wayne, as well as its discriminative culture.

Release and reception
On May 22, 1989, Professor Griff, the group's "Minister of Information", was interviewed by The Washington Times and made anti-Semitic comments, calling Jews "wicked" and blaming them for "the majority of wickedness that goes on across the globe", including financing the Atlantic slave trade and being responsible for South African apartheid. The comments drew attention from the Jewish Defense Organization (JDO), which announced a boycott of Public Enemy and publicized the issue to record executives and retailers. Consequently, the song's inclusion in Do the Right Thing led to pickets at the film's screenings from the JDO. Griff's interview was also decried by media outlets. In response, Chuck D sent mixed messages to the media for a month, including reports of the group disbanding, not disbanding, boycotting the music industry, and dismissing Griff from the group. In June, Griff was dismissed from the group, and "Fight the Power" was released on a one-off deal with Motown Records. Public Enemy subsequently went on a self-imposed break from the public in order to take pressure off of Lee and his film. Their next single for Fear of a Black Planet, "Welcome to the Terrordome", featured lyrics defending the group and attacking their critics during the controversy, and stirred more controversy for them over race and antisemitism.

During their self-imposed inactivity, "Fight the Power" climbed the Billboard charts. It was released as a 7-inch single in the United States and the United Kingdom, while an extended (but censored) version was released on a 12-inch and a CD maxi single. The original uncensored "Soundtrack Version" was featured on Do the Right Thing's soundtrack album and eventually on the Deluxe Editions of both It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back and Fear of a Black Planet.

"Fight the Power" was well-received by music critics upon its release. Greg Sandow of Entertainment Weekly wrote that it is "perhaps the strongest pop single of 1989". "Fight the Power" was voted the best single of 1989 in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll. Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it as the sixth best on his own list. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance at the 1990 Grammy Awards.

The lyrics disparaging Elvis Presley and John Wayne were shocking and offensive to many listeners at the time. Chuck D reflected on the controversy surrounding these lyrics by stating that "I think it was the first time that every word in a rap song was being scrutinized word for word, and line for line."

Music video
The song's music video was filmed in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn on April 22, 1989, and presented Public Enemy in part political rally, part live performance. Public Enemy biographer Russell Myrie wrote that the video "accurately [brought] to life ... the emotion and anger of a political rally".

Spike Lee produced and directed it and opened the video with film from the 1963 March on Washington and transitioned to a staged, massive political rally in New York City's Brooklyn called the "Young People's March to End Racial Violence". Extras wearing T-shirts that said "Fight the Power" carried signs featuring Paul Robeson, Marcus Garvey, Angela Davis, Frederick Douglass, Muhammad Ali, and other black icons. The Fruit of Islam, which is the security detail of the Nation of Islam, provided security throughout the rally and plainly appear in the video.

It was actually the second music video of the song: the lesser-known first video, also directed and produced by Lee, featured clips of various scenes from Do the Right Thing.

Appearances
"Fight the Power" plays through Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing. It plays in the opening credits as Rosie Perez's character Tina dances to the song, shadowboxing and demonstrating her personality's animus. The song is most prevalent in scenes with Bill Nunn's imposing character Radio Raheem, who carries a boombox around the film's neighborhood with the song playing loudly and represents Black consciousness.

Additionally, "Fight the Power" was also featured in the opening credits of the PBS documentary Style Wars about inner-city youth using graffiti as an artistic form of social resistance.

"Fight the Power" also appears in a season three episode of The King of Queens, while Arthur, Doug, and Deacon are walking the streets to kill time while on strike.

In 1989, "Fight the Power" was played in the streets of Overtown, Miami, in celebration of the guilty verdict of police officer William Lozano, whose shooting of a black motorist led to two fatalities and a three-day riot in Miami that heightened tensions between African Americans and Hispanics. That year, the song was also played at the African-American fraternity party Greekfest in Virginia Beach, where tensions had grown between a predominantly White police force and festival-attending African Americans. According to attendees, the Greekfest riots were precipitated by a frenzied crowd that had heard the song as it was played from a black van.

Legacy and influence
"Fight the Power" became an anthemic song for politicized youth when it was released in 1989. Janice C. Simpson of Time wrote in a 1990 article, "The song not only whipped the movie to a fiery pitch but sold nearly 500,000 singles and became an anthem for millions of youths, many of them black and living in inner-city ghetto's [sic]." Laura K. Warrell of Salon writes that the song was released "at a crucial period in America's struggle with race", crediting the song with "capturing both the psychological and social conflicts of the time." She interprets it as a reaction to "the frustrations of the Me Decade", including the crack epidemic in the inner cities, AIDS pandemic, racism, and the effects of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush's presidencies on struggling urban communities. Warrell cites "Fight the Power" as Public Enemy's "most accessible hit", noting its "uncompromising cultural critique, its invigoratingly danceable sound and its rallying", and comments that it "acted as the perfect summation of [the group's] ideology and sound." It became Public Enemy's best-known song among music listeners. The group closes all their concerts with the song. Spike Lee and the group collaborated again in 1998 on the soundtrack album to Lee's film He Got Game, also the group's sixth studio album.

Chuck D acknowledged that "Fight the Power" is "the most important record that Public Enemy have done". Critics and publications have also praised "Fight the Power" as one of the greatest songs of all time. In 2001, the song was ranked number 288 in the "Songs of the Century" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. In 2004, it was ranked number 40 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, a list of the top 100 songs in American cinema. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song number 322 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song was ranked number 2 in Rolling Stone 2021 list. In 2008, it was ranked number one on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop. In 2011, Time included the song on its list of the All-Time 100 Songs. "Fight the Power" is also one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. In September 2011 it topped Time Out list of the 100 Songs That Changed History, with Matthew Collin, author of This Is Serbia Calling, citing its use by the rebel radio station B92 during the 1991 protests in Belgrade as the reason for its inclusion. Collin explained that, when B92 were banned from broadcasting news of the protests on their station, they circumvented the ban by instead playing "Fight the Power" on heavy rotation to motivate the protestors.

In 2022, it was revealed that the BBC and PBS had acquired a four-part music documentary series, fronted and executive produced by Chuck D, titled Fight the Power: How Hip Hop Changed the World, for broadcast in January 2023 on BBC Two in the UK and PBS in the US. Named after "Fight the Power", the series explores the relationship between hip hop and American politics, with appearances from Eminem, Ice-T, Killer Mike, LL Cool J, Monie Love, Will.i.am and more.

Cover versions
In 1996, the song was covered by D.C.K. for the electro-industrial various artists compilation Operation Beatbox.

In 1991, an abbreviated version of the song was released by Barenaked Ladies on The Yellow Tape, with a longer version on the 1993 Coneheads film soundtrack.

In 2011, American mathcore band the Dillinger Escape Plan covered the song with Chuck D. on the album Homefront: Songs for the Resistance; a promo for the video game Homefront.

In July 2020, Public Enemy did a live performance of "Fight the Power" at the 2020 BET Awards, alongside YG, Nas, Black Thought, and Rapsody, among others.

title: Fight the Power (Public Enemy song)


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Talk:Coxeter group

Let's define "Coxeter group" properly
The article defines Coxeter group as follows:

"Formally, a Coxeter group can be defined as a group with the presentation

''〈 r_1, r_2,. . ., r_n |  (r_i r_j)^m_ij 〉''

where m_ii = 1 and m_ij >= 2 for i ≠ j. The condition m_ij = ∞ means no relation of the form (r_i r_j)^m should be imposed."

The exact meaning of this definition can probably be guessed from reading further down the page. But why should anyone have to do that when a few more statements would make this definition clear, instead of unclear???

For one thing, no quantifier is applied to the subscripts of m_ij in the presentation, nor to the subscripts of m_ii in the next clause: Why not? And why not state *somewhere* that m_ij belongs to ℤ ∪ {∞} ???

Also: the last statement is mysterious, since it is unclear how "the condition m_ij = ∞" can be part of the presentation of the group (and there is nowhere else for this condition to be imposed). Probably this is backwards: what is intended is likely "If no relation of the form (r_i r_j)^m_ij appears in the presentation, then the number m_ij is taken to be ∞." If so, this should be stated clearly.Daqu (talk) 16:41, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

I think Daqu is exactly right --- and if not, could somebody please explain why not?

That is, why not say: "An involution is an element of order 2. A Coxeter group is any group generated by finitely many involutions."??

If true, that lets somebody know exactly what a Coxeter group is without knowing what the word "presentation" means, or (worse) having to know or accept on faith any theorems about presentations.

Then the stuff about m_ij and so on could be presented as consequences of the definition. And those who know about presentations could then say "Ah, yes, and in fact the class of Coxeter groups can be defined via presentations".

I think in general definitions should involve just as little apparatus as possible, and only involve extra machinery when that significantly shortens and simplifies what is being defined.

An easier definition should never depend on a harder definition.

Of course, if i'm wrong and this is not what a Coxeter group is, somebody please explain and give a counterexample, and thanks in advance. Son of eugene (talk) 20:11, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

 * There are many groups which are generated by involutions and which are not Coxeter groups. For example, (almost?) all non-abelian finite simple groups are generated by involutions. So your suggestion does not work. One really needs to define Coxeter groups using the m_ij. BlackFingolfin (talk) 20:44, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Why Infinity?
Is there a reason why this page used $$m_{ij} = \infty$$ to mean "there is no relation between $$r_i$$ and $$r_j$$. Surely it would be more logical and less scary to write $$m_{ij} = 0$$ (the relation $$(r_ir_j)^{m_{ij}} = 1$$ would just reduce to $$(r_ir_j)^0 = 1 = 1$$), or have I missed something? 129.11.105.213 (talk) 16:23, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I guess $$m_{ij} = 0$$ is technically correct, but it doesn't sound helpful. The question is - what is the order of the group element $$(r_ir_j)$$? or, how many times do we have to multiply the identity by (r_ir_j) to get back to the identity? In this case we will never get back to the identity, so "infinity" seems to me a more helpful answer than "0". Maproom (talk) 20:38, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * No, the exponent 0 does not add any additional information. The reason mij is assigned the "value" ∞ (for those products rirj that do not appear among the relators in the presentation) is solely for convenience. For when an element g of a group G has no power gn that is equal to the identity 1G (for any positive integer n), then as a shorthand, g is said to have "order infinity".  This should not be interpreted to mean that "g∞ = 1G". (Which would be considered a meaningless expression.)Daqu (talk) 18:26, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Naming scheme of Coxeter graphs diagrams
Any one care to explain the reasoning for the naming scheme of the graphs? Jka02 (talk) 15:26, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Relationship between Coxeter group and diagram
If it's known, it might be nice to put up the relationship between the graph and the corresponding classification by finite simple groups? If not, I think GAP might be able to do this? Jka02 (talk) 15:26, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Connection between bilinear form and Cartan matrix
At some point in time a little discussion about the connection between the Cartan matrix and the bilinear form would be worth adding. Jka02 (talk) 15:26, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Finitely generated?
We are told all finitely generated Coxeter groups are automatic. Sure, but why specify finitely generated - that's in the definition as given. Is this not assuming a more general convention? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.38.193.168 (talk) 01:55, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

--

I've almost always seen Coxeter groups and Coxeter systems presented as finitely generated, this does not mean that someone has not done any research on non-finitely generated Coxeter groups - it just means that it isn't very popular. Jka02 (talk) 15:22, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

B3 cartan matrix??
In the example in the table the Cartan matrix for B3 has sqrt(2) in it!!! --surely it should be non symmetric and have integral entries? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.109.1.18 (talk) 17:27, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Coxeter groups are undirected, so the Cartan entries are symmetric. Tom Ruen (talk) 19:53, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Cartan Matrices
In the table of Coxeter matrices and Cartan Matrices, and nowhere else in the article, the Cartan matrices are called "Schlaefli" matrices. Ericlord (talk) 07:10, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I changed it to Schläfli matrix which redirects to a section at Coxeter-Dynkin diagram. Tom Ruen (talk) 20:06, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

All finitely generated Coxeter groups have a faithful reflection representation. This article suggests there exist Coxeter groups which do not. Since such a group must necessarily be infinitely generated, I'm curious if there's an example that can be given? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.131.246.101 (talk) 09:53, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

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Bad Links
Table has:

Script error: No such module "CDD".

No further details are available. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.4.201.47 (talk) 03:39, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Caused by a name change, seems to fix on refresh. Tom Ruen (talk) 10:06, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coxeter group


text: Talk:Laura Pausini

title: Talk:Laura Pausini


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Helton (footballer)

Helton da Silva Arruda (born 18 May 1978), known simply as Helton, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

After starting out at Vasco da Gama he went on to spend his professional career in Portugal, representing União de Leiria and Porto and winning 18 major titles for the latter club. Over 14 seasons, he appeared in 299 Primeira Liga games.

Helton appeared for Brazil at the 2007 Copa América.

Vasco
Born in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Helton emerged through CR Vasco da Gama's youth system. He first attracted attention after winning the Série A and the Copa Mercosur with the club in 2000.

União de Leiria
In 2002, Helton's contract with Vasco expired and he signed with Portuguese club U.D. Leiria in January of the following year. He made his official debut on 9 March 2003 in a 3–1 home win against Académica de Coimbra for the Taça de Portugal, and backed up Paulo Costinha in his first season.

At the end of the 2004–05 campaign, after being first-choice in his last two years, Helton signed with FC Porto.

Porto
It seemed that Helton was destined to spend a long time bench-warming, as Porto legend Vítor Baía barred his way into the first team. However, he got his chance sooner than expected when Dutch coach Co Adriaanse summarily dropped Baía after a mistake against C.F. Estrela da Amadora cost the team a goal and a 1–2 away defeat, on 15 January 2006.

After initial criticism, Helton gained the number one spot with several solid performances. He celebrated his first season at the club with the domestic double (Primeira Liga and cup).

Helton continued to be an undisputed starter for Porto in the following years, as Porto won four consecutive league championships. In 2008–09's Portuguese Cup, however, he stayed on the bench as Nuno Espírito Santo was the starter for the eventual winners.

Helton was again first-choice in the following two seasons, appearing in a combined 49 league games as his team won six major titles. On 18 May 2011 he celebrated his 33rd birthday by keeping a clean sheet in the UEFA Europa League final, in a 1–0 win against fellow league side S.C. Braga; following the departure of Lucho González for Olympique de Marseille in summer 2009, he was also appointed team captain. Because of his long career with the Portuguese club, he acquired Portuguese citizenship in 2010.

Helton played 30 league matches in the 2012–13 campaign, for his seventh league conquest. On 16 March 2014, however, the 35-year-old suffered an achilles tendon injury to his right leg during a 0–1 loss at Sporting CP, being sidelined for several months.

On 17 February 2014, Helton was condemned to pay a €60,000 fine for assaulting two stewards at the Estádio da Luz, following a tunnel brawl during the 0–1 away league loss against S.L. Benfica on 20 December 2009. After returning to action he played second-fiddle, to both Fabiano and Iker Casillas.

After terminating his contract on 12 October 2016 at the age of 38, Helton announced his retirement the following year, but returned shortly after to play as a forward for the veteran side of amateurs SC Canidelo. He started his coaching career in January 2018, being appointed at Portuguese third division club S.C. Freamunde.

Helton came out of retirement in October 2020, returning to União Leiria who now competed in the third tier.

International career
After competing at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, Helton was a member of the Brazilian team at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He appeared in all four matches, before the nation was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Cameroon.

Helton received his first callup to the full side in October 2006, starting in an unofficial exhibition game against Kuwait club Al Kuwait Kaifan on 7 October 2006. His official debut came on 15 November of the same year when he started in a friendly with Switzerland, and he was also featured against England in June 2007, in what was the first international to be played at the new Wembley Stadium.

Helton was a member of the national squad who won the 2007 Copa América, but did not make one single appearance in the tournament as he was second choice to A.S. Roma's Doni.

Honours
Vasco da Gama
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2000
 * Campeonato Carioca: 1998
 * Copa Mercosur: 2000
 * Taça Guanabara: 2000
 * Taça Rio: 2001

Porto
 * Primeira Liga: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
 * Taça de Portugal: 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
 * UEFA Europa League: 2010–11

Brazil
 * Copa América: 2007

Individual
 * Primeira Liga Goalkeeper of the Year: 2010–11, 2012–13

title: Helton (footballer)


text:
User:Mtiffany

I am a polite  technology  executive in New York City.

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User talk:Rjanson

Rob Janson http://robjobsblog.blogspot.com --Rjanson 22:56, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion of ZENNergy drive-train
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If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Richmeistertalk 07:34, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Editor
Regarding this, you may consider writing a topic to cover the material Tedickey (talk) 12:18, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles. Advertising and using Wikipedia as a "soapbox" is strongly discouraged. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about Wikipedia. Tedickey (talk) 12:23, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Tedickey - Do you work for Microsoft?

 * The question is irrelevant. Read the guidelines for WP:EL (also WP:COI)  Tedickey (talk) 12:34, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rjanson


text:
Ghaggar-Hakra River

The Ghaggar-Hakra River is an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the monsoon season. The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage at 29.4875°N, 74.8925°W, and as Hakra downstream of the barrage in the Thar Desert. In pre-Harappan times the Ghaggar was a tributary of the Sutlej. It is still connected to this paleochannel of the Sutlej, and possibly the Yamuna, which ended in the Nara River, presently a delta channel of the Indus River joining the sea via Sir Creek.

The Sutlej changed its course about 8,000-10,000 years ago, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers terminating in the Thar Desert. The Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago, and a large number of sites from the Mature Indus Valley Civilisation (2600-1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan. Around 4,000 years ago, the Indus Valley Civilisation declined when the monsoons further diminished, and the Ghaggar-Hakra dried up, becoming a small seasonal river.

Nineteenth and early 20th century scholars, but also some more recent authors, have suggested that the Ghaggar-Hakra might be the defunct remains of the Sarasvati River mentioned in the Rig Veda, fed by Himalayan-fed rivers, despite the fact that the Ghaggar-Hakra had dried up by that time.

River course
The basin consists of two parts, Khadir and Bangar. Bangar are the higher banks that are not flooded in rainy season, while khadar refers to the lower flood-prone area.

Ghaggar River
The Ghaggar is an intermittent river in India, flowing during the monsoon rains. It originates in the village of Dagshai in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh at an elevation of 1927 m above mean sea level and flows through Punjab and Haryana states into Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa, Haryana and by the side of Talwara Lake in Rajasthan.

Dammed at Ottu barrage near Sirsa, Ghaggar feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.

Tributaries of the Ghaggar
The main tributaries of the Ghaggar are the Kaushalya river, Markanda, Sarsuti, Tangri and Chautang.

The Kaushalya river is a tributary of Ghaggar river on the left side of Ghaggar-Hakra, it flows in the Panchkula district of Haryana state of India and converges with Ghaggar river near Pinjore just downstream of Kaushalya Dam.

Hakra River
The Hakra is the dried-out channel of a river near Fort Abbas City in Pakistan that is the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India. The Hakra-channel is connected to paleochannels of the Sutlej and the Yamuna, which ended in the Nara River, a delta channel of the Indus River joining the sea via Sir Creek. The Sutlej changed its course about 8,000-10,000 years ago, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers terminating in the Thar Desert.

This Sutlej/Yamuna paleochannel streamed through Sindh, and its sign can be found in Sindh areas such as Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sanghar and Tharparkar.

A large number of sites from the Mature Indus Valley Civilisation (2600-1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan. IVC-sites have not been found further south than the middle of Bahawalpur district, and it has been assumed that the Hakra ended there in a series of terminal lakes.

Paleography
While there is general agreement that the river courses in the Indus Basin have frequently changed course, the exact sequence of these changes and their dating have been problematic.

Older publications have suggested that the Sutlej and the Yamuna drained into the Hakra well into Mature Harappan times, providing ample volume to the supply provided by the monsoon-fed Ghaggar. The Sutlej and Yamuna then changed course between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE, due to either tectonic events or "slightly altered gradients on the extremely flat plains," resulting in the drying-up of the Hakra in the Thar Desert. More recent publications have shown that the Sutlej and the Yamuna shifted course well before Harappan times, leaving the monsoon-fed Ghaggar-Hakra which dried-up during late Harappan times.

Pre-Holocene
The paleo-channel of the Sutlej was active until the end of the Ice Age, some 10,000-8,000 years ago, emptying into the Rann of Kutch via the Nara river.

Clift et al. (2012), using dating of zircon sand grains, have shown that subsurface river channels near the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in Cholistan immediately below the dry Ghaggar-Hakra bed show sediment affinity with the Beas River in the western sites and the Sutlej and the Yamuna in the eastern ones, suggesting that the Yamuna itself, or a channel of the Yamuna, along with a channel of the Sutlej may have flowed west some time between 47,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE, well before the beginnings of Indus Civilization.

Analysis of sand grains using optically stimulated luminescence by Ajit Singh and others in 2017 indicated that the suggested paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra is actually a former course of the Sutlej, which diverted to its present course before the development of the Harappan Civilisation. The abandonment of this older course by the Sutlej started 15,000 years ago, and was complete by 8,000 years ago. Ajit Singh et al. conclude that the urban populations settled not along a perennial river, but a monsoon-fed seasonal river that was not subject to devastating floods.

Khonde et al. (2017) confirm that the Great Rann of Kutch received sediments from a different source than the Indus, but this source stopped supplying sediments after ca. 10,000 years ago. Likewise, Dave et al. (2019) state that "[o]ur results disprove the proposed link between ancient settlements and large rivers from the Himalayas and indicate that the major palaeo-fluvial system traversing through this region ceased long before the establishment of the Harappan civilisation."

Mature IVC
During the IVC, the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system was not a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, but a monsoonal-fed river. The Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago, and a large number of sites from the Mature Indus Valley Civilisation (2600-1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan. Around 4,000 the Indus Valley Civilisation declined when the monsoons further diminished, and the Ghaggar-Hakra dried-up, becoming a small seasonal river.

According to archaeologist Rita Wright, the large number of documented sites may be due to the ephemeral nature of the settlements, with the inhabitants frequently moving around in pursuit of water. According to archaeologist Shereen Ratnagar, many Ghaggar-Hakra sites in India are actually those of local cultures; some sites display contact with Harappan civilisation, but only a few are fully developed Harappan ones. Hetalben Sidhav notes that claims of a large number of Ghaggar-Hakra sites are politically motivated and exaggerated. While the Indus remained an active river, the Ghaggar-Hakra dried up, leaving many sites undisturbed, which explains why such a large number of sites has been found.

Drying-up of the Hakra and decline of the IVC
Late in the 2nd millennium BCE the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system dried up, becoming the small seasonal river it is today, which affected the Harappan civilisation. Paleobotanical information documents the aridity that developed after the drying up of the river. The diminishing of the monsoons particular affected the Ghaggar-Hakra system, which became ephemeral and was largely abandoned, with the IVC reorganizing in local settlements some 4000 years ago. In the late Harappan period the number of late Harappan sites in the middle Ghaggar-Hakra channel and in the Indus valley diminished, while it expanded in the upper Ghaggar-Sutlej channels and in Saurashtra. The IVC-people migrated east toward the more humid regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the decentralised late Harappan phase took place.

The same widespread aridification in the third millennium BCE also led to water shortages and ecological changes in the Eurasian steppes, leading to a change of vegetation, triggering "higher mobility and transition to nomadic cattle breeding," These migrations eventually resulted in the Indo-Aryan migrations into South Asia.

Most of the Harappan sites along the Ghaggar-Hakra are presently found in desert country, and have remained undisturbed since the end of the Indus Civilization. This contrasts with the heavy alluvium of the Indus and other large Panjab rivers that have obscured Harappan sites, including part of Mohenjo Daro. Painted Grey Ware sites (c. 1000–600 BCE) have been found at former IVC-sites at the middle and upper Ghaggar-Hakra channel, and have also been found in the bed and not on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, which suggests that river was certainly dried up by this period. The sparse distribution of the Painted Gray Ware sites in the Ghaggar river valley indicates that during this period the Ghaggar river had already dried up.

Identification with the Rigvedic Sarasvati River
Since the 19th century, proposals have been made to identify the mythological Sarasvati River with the Ghaggar-Hakra River. The Sarasvati is often mentioned in the Rig Veda, which describes it as a mighty river located between the Indus and the Ganges, while later Vedic texts describe it as disappearing in the desert. Arguments have been made that the Ghaggar-Hakra was such a mighty river, due to tributaries which were supposed to receive snow melt waters from the Himalayas. Yet, more recent research shows that the Ghaggar-Hakra was monsoon-fed during Harappan times, and had already dried-up during Vedic times.

Rig Veda
The Sarasvati River is mentioned in all books of the Rigveda except the fourth. It is the only river with hymns entirely dedicated to it: RV 6.61, RV 7.95 and RV 7.96. It is mentioned as a divine and large river, which flows "from the mountains to the samudra," which some take as the Indian Ocean. The Rig Veda was composed during the latter part of the late Harappan period, and according to Shaffer, the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the Rig Veda is the late Harappan (1900–1300 BCE) population shift eastwards to Haryana.

The identification with the Sarasvati River is based on the mentions in Vedic texts, e.g. in the enumeration of the rivers in Rigveda 10.75.05; the order is Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Sutudri, Parusni. Later Vedic texts record the river as disappearing at Vinasana (literally, "the disappearing") or Upamajjana, and in post-Vedic texts as joining both the Yamuna and Ganges as an invisible river at Prayaga (Allahabad). Some claim that the sanctity of the modern Ganges is directly related to its assumption of the holy, life-giving waters of the ancient Saraswati River. The Mahabharata says that the Sarasvati River dried up in a desert (at a place named Vinasana or Adarsana).

Identification
Nineteenth and early 20th century scholars, such as orientalist Christian Lassen (1800–1876), philologist and Indologist Max Müller (1823–1900), archaeologist Aurel Stein (1862–1943), and geologist R. D. Oldham (1858–1936), had considered that the Ghaggar-Hakra might be the defunct remains of a river, the Sarasvati, invoked in the orally transmitted collection of ancient Sanskrit hymns, the Rig Veda composed c. 1500 BCE to 1200 BCE.

More recently, but writing before Giosan's 2012 publication and supposing a late Harappan diversion of the Sutlej and the Yamuna, several scholars have identified the old Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Vedic Sarasvati River and the Chautang with the Drishadvati River. Gregory Possehl and Jane McIntosh refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River as "Sarasvati" throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation, and Gregory Possehl states "Linguistic, archaeological, and historical data show that the Sarasvati of the Vedas is the modern Ghaggar or Hakra."

Because most of the Indus Valley sites known so far are actually located on the Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries and not on the Indus river, some Indian archaeologists, such as S.P. Gupta, have proposed to use the term "Indus Sarasvati Civilization" to refer to the Harappan culture which is named, as is common in archaeology, after the first place where the culture was discovered.

Objections
Romila Thapar terms the identification "controversial" and dismisses it, noticing that the descriptions of Sarasvati flowing through the "high mountains" does not tally with Ghaggar's course and suggests that Sarasvati is Haraxvati of Afghanistan which is also known as the Helmand river. Wilke suggests that the identification is problematic since the Ghaggar-Hakra river was already dried up at the time of the composition of the Vedas, let alone the migration of the Vedic people into northern India.

The idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra was fed by Himalayan sources has also been contradicted by recent geophysical research, which shows that the Ghaggar-Hakra system, although having greater discharge in Harappan times which was enough to sustain human habitation, was not sourced by the glaciers and snows of the Himalayas, but rather by a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers. In contrast to all Himalayan rivers in the region that dug out wide valleys in their own sediments as the monsoon declined, no such valley exists between the Sutlej and the Yamuna, demonstrating that neither the Ghaggar-Hakra nor any other Sarasvati candidate in that region had a Himalayan source.

Rajesh Kocchar further notes that, even if the Sutlej and the Yamuna had drained into the Ghaggar during Vedic period, it still would not fit the Rig Vedic descriptions because "the snow-fed Satluj and Yamuna would strengthen [only the] lower Ghaggar. [The] upper Ghaggar would still be as puny as it is today." According to Rajesh Kocchar there are two Sarasvati rivers mentioned in the Rigveda. The older one described in the family books of the Rigveda, which he calls Naditama Sarasvati, drains into a samudra. The newer one described in the tenth book of Rigveda as well as later Vedic texts, which he calls Vinasana Sarasvati, disappears in the sands. The Vinasana Sarasvati has been "accepted by all" to be the same as the Ghaggar-Hakra river. The description of the Naditama Sarasvati in the Rigveda matches the physical features of the Helmand River in Afghanistan, more precisely its tributary the Harut River, whose older name was Haraxvatī in Avestan. Ganga and Yamuna, he takes to be small streams in its vicinity. When the Vedic people moved east into Punjab, they named the new rivers they encountered after the old rivers they knew from Helmand.

title: Ghaggar-Hakra River


text:
Ian Anderson Plays the Orchestral Jethro Tull

Ian Anderson Plays the Orchestral Jethro Tull is a live album and DVD by Jethro Tull frontman Ian Anderson, featuring the Neue Philharmonie Frankfurt, conducted by John O'Hara. The DVD was recorded at the Rosengarten in Mannheim on 8 December 2004.

The concert was part of a series of the same name. Anderson, O'Hara, and the orchestra toured Europe and the United States throughout 2004 and 2006.

Track listing

 * Note: track layout and timings for the double CD. The DVD contains the same songs in the same order, however the durations vary slightly.

Disc one

 * 1) "Eurology" ( Instrumental) – 3:30
 * 2) "Calliandra Shade (The Cappuccino Song)" – 5:42
 * 3) "Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day" – 4:03
 * 4) "Up the Pool" – 3:22
 * 5) "We Five Kings" (Instrumental) – 3:32
 * 6) "Life Is a Long Song" – 3:34
 * 7) "In the Grip of Stronger Stuff" (Instrumental) – 3:02
 * 8) "Wond'ring Aloud" – 2:11
 * 9) "Griminelli's Lament" (Instrumental) – 3:10
 * 10) "Cheap Day Return" – 1:27
 * 11) "Mother Goose" – 5:46
 * 12) "Bourée" (Instrumental) (J. S. Bach arr. Jethro Tull)" – 5:17
 * 13) "Boris Dancing" (Instrumental) – 3:31
 * 14) "Living in the Past" – 4:48

Disc two

 * 1) "Pavane" (Instrumental) – 4:37
 * 2) "Aqualung" – 10:24
 * 3) "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" (Instrumental) – 4:58
 * 4) "My God" – 8:52
 * 5) "Budapest" – 14:04
 * 6) "Locomotive Breath" – 6:42

DVD only

 * Interview Ian Anderson - 48:00
 * Interview Fritz Rau - 7:00
 * Interview participants - 9:00

Credits

 * Ian Anderson - flute, bamboo flute, acoustic guitar, vocals
 * Florian Opahle - acoustic and electric guitar
 * David Goodier - bass guitar, glockenspiel
 * John O'Hara - keyboards, accordion
 * James Duncan - drums, percussion

 * Neue Philharmonie Frankfurt : Conducted by John O'Hara

Solo

 * Kathrin Troester - flute
 * Astrid Cienia - oboe
 * Sibylle Wähnert - bassoon


text:
California State Route 242

State Route 242 (SR 242) is a three-mile (5 km) state highway in the U.S. state of California that links Interstate 680 north of Pleasant Hill to State Route 4 in Concord in Contra Costa County. Along with Interstate 580, State Route 24, Interstate 680 and State Route 4, it serves as the most direct route between the San Francisco Bay Area and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta region.

In 2000, State Route 242 was widened to six through-traffic lanes for the entire route. Ramp metering is present at all onramps, and is used southbound in the morning and northbound in the evening. It was signed as part of State Route 24 until ca. 1987.

Route description
The route begins as a freeway at Interstate 680 in Concord. It then heads north, meeting Clayton Road, Concord Avenue, Grant Street, and Olivera Road before meeting its north end at State Route 4 just west of the former Concord Naval Weapons Station.

SR 242 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

title: California State Route 242


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Baby Names

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 19:28, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Baby Names
consists only of an interwiki link Flapdragon 22:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as quickly as possible Justin Bacon 01:44, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: couldn't it be speedied as it has essentially no content. -- Kjkolb 04:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as effectively . I'd say, in this type of case, either speedy or turn into redirect if the link is within Wikipedia and is otherwise appropriate (which in this case it is not).
 * Delete Wasting Wikipedia servers on blank pages.Rhetoricalwater 23:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Bwithh 23:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as all above is fair, plus the page it redirects to is also up for deletion with a most likely transwiki outcome. Budgiekiller 11:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.21.199.232

title: User talk:69.21.199.232


text:
Borrell II, Count of Barcelona

Borrell II (died 993) was Count of Barcelona, Girona and Ausona from 945 and Count of Urgell from 948.

Borrell was first seen acting as Count during the reign of his father Sunyer II in 945 at the consecration of the nunnery church of Sant Pere de les Puelles in Barcelona. In 947, Sunyer retired to monastic life and ceded the government of his realms jointly to his sons Borrell and Miro I. In 948, Borrell inherited Urgell from his uncle Sunifred II. Sunyer died in 950, and Miro died in 966, leaving Borrell sole ruler of more than half of Old Catalonia, a status which led outsiders and flatterers to refer to him as dux Gothiae, "Duke of Gothia". His own documents almost all refer to him merely as comes et marchio, "Count and Marquis".

History
Borrell was the son of Sunyer. In 967 he married Letgarda, who is speculated to have been daughter of a Count of Toulouse or Rouergue based on the names given to her children. By her Borrell had two sons and two daughters: Ramon Borrell (972–1017), Ermengol (974–1010), Ermengarda and Richilda. After Letgarda's death circa 986, he married Eimeruda, perhaps of Auvergne in 987.

Borrell's military career seems to have been undistinguished—he is recorded as fighting only two battles and seems to have lost both—and it was under his rule that Barcelona was sacked in 985 by the Muslim leader Almanzor. On the other hand, he had far greater success as a diplomat. Before the attacks of the 980s, and discounting a single raid by the Caliph al-Hakam II soon after his succession in 961, he maintained cordial relations with the Muslim rulers of Córdoba and also sent emissaries to the kings of the Franks. Furthermore, in 970, he voyaged to Rome to meet with both Pope John XIII and Emperor Otto I.

Borrell was also a patron of learning and culture. In 967, Borrell visited the monastery of Aurillac and the Abbot asked the count to take Gerbert of Aurillac (the future Pope Sylvester II) with him so that the boy could study mathematics in Spain. In the following years, Gerbert studied under the direction of Bishop Atto of Vic, some 60 km north of Barcelona, and probably also at the nearby monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. He was also taken on the 970 embassy to Rome, during which the Pope persuaded Otto to employ Gerbert as a tutor for his young son, the future emperor Otto II.

In 985 the Hispanic March was attacked by the Muslim general Almanzor, who managed to take Barcelona, which was pillaged and sacked. Many citizens were taken prisoner by the Muslim forces. Borrell sent a request for help to King Lothar III, the current King of the Western Franks, but although documents of Borrell's refer to royal orders that must have come from this embassy, actual military assistance was beyond Lothar's power. What appears to have been a similar plea to Hugh Capet resulted in a letter from Hugh to Borrell promising aid if the count preferred "to obey us rather than the Ishmaelites", but in any event Hugh could not persuade his nobles to support a southern expedition. No answer to Hugh's letter is known from Borrell, and the connection between the March and France was effectively broken. Nationalist Catalan historians consider this the point at which "Catalonia" became a sovereign power, and the millennium of their independence was celebrated in 1987 with conferences and numerous publications; but it appears that other "Catalan" counties, other than Borrell's, retained links with the Frankish crown for a little longer.

From 988, Borrell's sons Ramon Borrell and Ermengol appear as rulers in a divided territory, with Ramon Borrell being count of Barcelona, Girona, and Osona and Ermengol being count of Urgell. Borrell II continued to issue documents and tour his domains, however, and when he was taken ill in 993 in Castellciutat near la Seu d'Urgell, the will that he made provided for him outliving his executors. It was not to be, however, and his death followed soon afterwards.

title: Borrell II, Count of Barcelona


text:
Category:House of Anjou

The Houses of Anjou or Houses of Angevin or the Angevin dynasties are four historical and separate noble houses, whose powerbase originated in the French province of Anjou.

 * the House of Anjou, the first Angevin dynasty that started from Ingelger, Count of Anjou to Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou. Geoffrey III, sororal nephew of Geoffrey II, inherited the title.
 * the House of Anjou [[Image:Arms of Geoffrey of Anjou.svg|30px]], the second Angevin dynasty that started from Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou to John of England, and, to mark the collapse of the Angevin empire under John, is later referred to as the Plantagenet dynasty (from Henry II of England to Richard III of England). The male line descendants were split into two warring factions during the Wars of the Roses:
 * the House of Lancaster or the descendants of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.
 * the House of York or the descendants of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York:
 * the Capetian House of Anjou [[Image:Image-Blason Sicile Péninsulaire.svg|30px]], the third Angevin dynasty that started from Charles I of Naples which ruled parts of France, Hungary, Croatia, Jerusalem, Italy and Poland. The family previously had held Anjou (as Robertians) briefly (861–898) under Robert the Strong and Odo. It had three branches:
 * the House of Anjou-Hungary, that started from Charles Martel of Anjou which ruled Hungary-Croatia (1308–1385, 1386–1395) and Poland (1370–1399).
 * the House of Anjou-Naples, that started from Charles, Duke of Calabria.
 * the House of Anjou-Taranto, that started from Philip I of Taranto and which ruled the remnants of the Latin Empire (1313–1374).
 * the House of Anjou-Durazzo, that started from John, Duke of Durazzo and which ruled Naples (1382–1435) and Hungary (1385–1386).
 * the Valois House of Anjou [[Image:Blason comte fr Valois.svg|30px]], the fourth Angevin dynasty that started from Louis I of Naples which ruled parts of France and Italy.

title: Category:House of Anjou


text:
Talk:Expectation (epistemic)

Some thoughts
Expectation may differ from person to person. Everybody in the world has some expectations. Expectations increases creativeness of a person. An Expectation may or may not be realistic. Expectation has its own merits and demerits. If something expected happened it is a surprise else it is a disappointment. Always, try to expect more to get things done. An expectation is something we look forward to happening. Example, "I expect you to graduate from high school on time." This is saying that I look forward to seeing you graduate on time. Example, "I expect you to find a job and support yourself." This means I look forward to seeing you get a job and start supporting yourself.

By Trichur Ganesh. Chennai.

Anyone care about this article?
My expectation was that this would redirect to expected value. The value of THIS article is, as I see it, very little. A redirect would be better. Graft | talk 20:21, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, the 'see also' section is very useful if you want to look something up related to expectations, but you don't know the name of what you're looking for. You need somewhere to start searching, and this page is one of those good starting points. VDZ (talk) 20:17, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

"See also" list
While I do support the existence of this article, I don't really see the point of at least half of the "see also" links. (I mean, seriously, "Charm"? "Evil eye"??) How about a big cleanup of these? Nieske 09:02, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Undue weight
Struck a strangely lengthy (double the size of all other prose) section dedicated to coverage of some likely non-notable 1991 scholarly text. No harm in revisiting the topic in a less bulky format after expanding the article as a whole, but please do not rv - Would be little different from spamming. MrZaius talk  17:12, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Expectation (epistemic)