text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JTorae

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -- Phroziac ( talk ) 18:30, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

JTorae
Bandcruft. Linkspam too. RoySmith 02:11, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete unencyclopedic/bandity/advertisement/spam. — brighterorange  (talk) 03:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Looks like a cut-and-paste job from the band's PR website... --Yggdrasil 04:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Walter Siegmund 04:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete very unencyclopedic --Blue520 11:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Nuke it. --PhilipO 19:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JTorae


text:
Treadle

A treadle (from, "to tread") is a foot-powered lever mechanism; it is operated by treading on it repeatedly. A treadle, unlike some other types of pedals, is not directly mounted on the crank (see treadle bicycle for a clear example).

Most treadle machines convert reciprocating motion into rotating motion, using a mechanical linkage to indirectly connect one or two treadles to a crank. The treadle then turns the crank, which powers the machine. Other machines use treadles directly, to generate reciprocating motion. For instance, in a treadle loom, the reciprocating motion is used directly to lift and lower the harnesses or heddles; a common treadle pump uses the reciprocating motion to raise and lower pistons.

Before the widespread availability of electric power, treadles were the most common way to power a range of machines. They are still widely used as a matter of preference and necessity. A human-powered machine gives the human operator close, instinctive control over the rate at which energy is fed into the machine; this lets them easily vary the rate at which they work. Treadle-operated machines are also used in environments where electric power is not available to power electric machinery.

Other, similar mechanisms for allowing human and animal muscle to power machines are cranks, treadmills, treadwheels, and kick wheels like a potter's kick wheel.

Operation and uses
A treadle is operated by pressing down on it repeatedly with one or both feet, causing a rocking motion. This movement can then be stored as rotational motion via a crankshaft driving a flywheel. Alternatively, energy can be stored in a spring, as in the pole lathe.

Treadles were once used extensively to power most machines including lathes, rotating or reciprocating saws, spinning wheels, looms, and sewing machines.

Today the use of treadle-powered machines is common in areas of the developing world where other forms of power are unavailable. It is also common among artisans, hobbyists and historical re-enactors.

Some treadle looms in Africa and South Asia use toggles on a string as treadles. The toggles are held between the weaver's toes.

title: Treadle


text:
David Grant USAF Medical Center

The David Grant USAF Medical Center (DGMC) at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, California, is the United States Air Force's largest medical center in the continental United States and serves military beneficiaries throughout eight western states. It is a fully accredited hospital with a National Quality Approval gold seal by the Joint Commission, and serves more than 500,000 Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System eligible beneficiaries in the immediate San Francisco–Sacramento vicinity from 17 counties covering 40,000 square miles. Originally known as Travis Air Force Base Hospital, DGMC was renamed in 1966 in honor of David Norvell Walker Grant, the first Surgeon General of the United States Army Air Corps and United States Army Air Forces.

1943–1949
The medical center first opened its doors to patients on 1 July 1943 as the 4167th Station Hospital at Fairfield-Suisun Army Air Field. Hospital buildings were of cantonment-type construction, housing seven wards with a total capacity of 125 beds. Two wards were allocated for medical service, one for convalescent patients and one for a crash ward temporarily doubling as a redistribution point of supply. The remaining ward was used for examinations, briefings and medical clearance.

The first minor operation was performed in the hospital on 26 July 1943. Prior to this, all surgery was performed at Hamilton Field near San Francisco. The first major operation for acute appendicitis was successfully performed on 6 August 1943.

In 1945 Congress approved the construction of a 670-bed Aerial Debarkation Hospital and the reconstruction of the 150-bed Station Hospital, and the project was immediately begun in June. The designs for the Aerial Debarkation Hospital called for seven wards, six of 100 beds. The seventh, for 70 beds, would be for mental health patients. The wards would accommodate eight patients in each room. A two-story Base Hospital would consist of four wards with a capacity of 150 beds.

After V-J Day, the primary mission of Fairfield-Suisun became the processing of returned troops for redeployment and transfer to separation centers. The mission of the AAF Station Hospital was to provide medical care for the station complement and transient personnel, and to perform routine examinations prior to the transfer to separation centers. With the cessation of hostilities with Japan, the construction of the holding station and hospital ceased. The floor of the tunnel and 80 percent of the footings had been poured. One long wall and several wing walls of concrete had been poured to first floor level and the area had been rough graded. Whatever work had been completed on the foundation was subsequently torn out.

The mission needs of Fairfield-Suisun Army Air Field had to be reevaluated as the west coast base from which the Air Transportation Command would conduct its foreign commitment. When this was completed in favor of maintaining the base, additional funds were allocated on 25 March 1946 to complete construction of projects at the base, among which was the hospital.

Excavation work for the 150-bed Station Hospital was started on 17 March 1947 after many revisions of plans. To allow the temporary hospital to continue its functions and, at the same time to clear the site for the new Air Freight Terminal and apron, a few of the existing hospital buildings were salvaged. Services continued in cramped quarters. The Stolte Incorporated had the contract for erecting the hospital building and Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc., handled the landscaping and roads around the hospital.

As the transition to separate the Air Force from the U.S. Army began in 1947, all Station Hospital personnel were assigned to the newly designated 8th Medical Group (provisional). It consisted of two squadrons: the 81st Medical Squadron (provisional), composed of all medical department duty personnel, and the 82nd Medical Squadron (provisional), composed entirely of hospital patients.

On 1 Jun 1948 at the recently redesignated Fairfield Suisun AFB, the 8th Medical Group was redesignated 530th Medical Services Squadron, 530th Air Transport Wing. Just a few months later on 1 Oct 1948, the 530th Medical Services Squadron was redesignated 1501st Medical Services Squadron.

On 2 May 1949, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) took over the jurisdiction of Fairfield-Suisun AFB, with the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing activated. One of its components was the 9th Medical Group, whose mission was to run the hospital. In addition to providing the usual care for base and attached personnel, the hospital serviced personnel passing through the separation center and took care of air evacuation patients.

On 20 May 1949, the hospital moved into its new permanent installation, known to the locals as "The Hospital on the Hill." A total of 148 people were assigned: 24 officers, 10 nurses, 72 enlisted men, and 42 civilian personnel.

On 5 Nov 1949, the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing was attached to the 9th Wing. The hospital functioned under two medical groups: the 9th and the 5th—but was under the command jurisdiction of the 9th.

1950–1959
A Physical Evaluation Board was established on 1 June 1950, and the hospital was designated as a center for Air Force patients requiring general surgical and medical care. As the only aerial debarkation hospital on the west coast, the facility was modified during the 1950s as the newly renamed Travis AFB. As a result of the Korean War, all patients evacuated by air from Pacific bases debarked at Travis. Facilities had to be expanded to meet new needs. In August 1950, the hospital airmen's barracks were converted into a hospital annex, with 118 additional beds. The total number of patients evacuated by air during the month was 1304, in comparison to 514 for the previous month. Just four months later in December 1950, the hospital reached a peak of 5,475 patients received by air evacuation.

When the 9th Bombardment Wing, including the 9th Medical Group, moved from Travis AFB to Mountain Home AFB, Idaho on 1 May 1953, the 5th Medical Group took over the hospital at Travis.

After the Armistice in Korea became effective, the first group of American prisoners of war, from the mass exchange of prisoners with the Communists, arrived at Travis on 12 August 1953. On 12 Feb 1954, the 5th Medical Group was inactivated. The 5th Tactical Hospital and the 4167th USAF Hospital were activated and both assigned to the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. Their mission to staff the hospital remained unchanged until 1 Apr 1954, when the 4167th was relieved from assignment to the 5th Wing and reassigned directly to the 14th Air Division (5th Air Base Group, 14th Air Division, Fifteenth Air Force, Strategic Air Command).

On 30 Jun 1954, the first planeload from war in Indo-China, consisting of 16 litters and 31 ambulatory French patients, arrived at the Travis hospital. The French Naval attaché of the West Coast, the manager of the French newspaper, and the French consul general visited the French patients.

On 1 July 1958, the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) resumed command of Travis AFB from Strategic Air Command (later redesignated as Military Airlift Command on 1 January 1966).

1960–1969

Additional construction to USAF Hospital Travis was completed in 1961, which included conversion of the former nurses’ quarters to a casualty staging facility. Temporary conversion of a transient airmen's dormitory in 1965 enabled the hospital to reach 650 beds. With the growing conflict in Southeast Asia after the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1965, USAF Hospital Travis became the central receiving medical facility for aeromedical evacuation of soldiers, sailors, marines and airmen wounded during the Vietnam War.

On 1 July 1966, the USAF Hospital at Travis AFB was designated David Grant USAF Medical Center in honor of the late Major General (Dr.) David Norvell Walker Grant, USAAF, MC (1891–1964), the first Surgeon General of the Army Air Corps and U.S. Army Air Forces. The medical center was a wing-equivalent as well as a tenant on Travis AFB.

Postgraduate educational programs were implemented at DGMC in 1966 when planning began for five residency programs. The Air Force and Medical Service Accreditation Committee for Graduate Medical Education gave provisional approval to start the General Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrical/Gynecological, Internal Medicine, and Radiology residency programs with a start date of 1 July 1967. Other programs offered at DGMC included Physician Assistant in Orthopedics, Pharmacy Practice, Nurse Anesthesia, and Administrative Residency.

Residency programs with the local communities: In addition to training active duty officers, DGMC partners with the local community and reserve forces to provide training. DGMC has active affiliations with UC Davis School of Medicine, UC San Francisco, University of the Pacific, Solano Community College and a number of the other local training institutions. General Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery postgraduate education programs were added in 1969.

On 1 July 1969, USAF implemented a new medical system dividing CONUS into six geographical areas, each composed of one large AF medical facility designated as a Medical Center and smaller referral hospitals designated regional hospitals. DGMC became the Medical Center for 24 other active AF installations, including three regional hospitals in a nine-state area. DGMC also received referral patients from the Pacific area and cared for transient patients at the Second Aeromedical Staging Flight, an assigned unit.

1970–1979
In 1978, the Family Practice postgraduate educational program and Transitional Year Residency programs were initiated. It has long been one of the premier Family Practice residency programs in the Air Force and the nation. Today the accredited program trains 42 residents a year (14-14-14) in a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings. Residents train both in the Family Practice Clinic and on other specialty rotations, as well as other designated training sites. Consultation services are available with board certified individuals in all departments. In the first year of training, the program emphasizes inpatient management of medical problems, largely through rotations on a variety of specialty services. In the second year, inpatient skills are refined and greater exposure to outpatient clinics is provided. During the third year, the emphasis is within the model family practice unit, integrating acquired knowledge into the total primary health care of families.

The transitional internship at DGMC is a 12-month program with four interns selected per year from a very competitive group of applicants for a flexible and broad-based clinical experience. It is fully accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The transitional internship is designed to fulfill the educational goals of medical school graduates.

1980–1989
On 21 October 1988, the medical center moved from “the Hospital on the Hill” to its current location, a state-of-the-art, modern medical center, located on the northwest portion of the base with a separate gate entrance. The former “Hospital on the Hill” is now known as Building 381, home to the Fifteenth Air Force Headquarters and the 60th Mission Support Squadron.

1990–1999
In late 1989, DGMC saw the opening of a Hyperbaric Medicine department. One of the largest clinical hyperbaric chambers in North America, it can hold 18 patients and three inside observers in the main chamber, and up to five patients in either of the other two chambers respectively. Constantly staffed, maintained and fully operational 24 hours a day, seven days a week and 365 days a year basis since 1990, it cost approximately $12 million to build.

In 1991, the medical center deployed 750 physicians, dentists, nurses, MSCs, BSCs, and enlisted personnel to Nocton Hall, England to activate the 310th Contingency Hospital to receive casualties during Operation DESERT STORM.

Headquarters, Military Airlift Command redesignates the wing as the 60th Airlift Wing on 1 Nov 1991. Just seven months later on 1 Jun 1992, Military Airlift Command (MAC) becomes Air Mobility Command (AMC)

1992-1993 saw many humanitarian operations supported by the 60th AMW, including Operation Provide Comfort in Iraq, Operation Provide Hope in the former Soviet Union, Operation Provide Promise in Bosnia, and Operation Provide Relief and Operation Restore Hope in Somalia.

In January 1994, the Travis Fisher House open its doors and has to date served over 2,800 guests. Co-located on the grounds of DGMC within a short walking distance, this 5000 sqft house has two single bedrooms, three double rooms, and two double room suites. It accommodates up to seven families or 16 people at a time. The average occupancy rate during 2007 was 91% on a first-come, first-served basis for those meeting the eligibility criteria. The only primary criterion is a need to provide a family environment close to the patient.

The Fisher House Foundation provides humanitarian support to members United States Armed Forces and their families.

July-Sept 1994—Operation Support Hope: Rwanda, multinational relief effort

On 1 July 1994 the medical center was re-designated the David Grant Medical Center, dropping the “USAF” reference. AMC redesignated the 60th Airlift Wing as 60th Air Mobility Wing, while the 60th Medical Group came into existence on 1 Oct 1994. Four new squadrons were then activated under the 60th Medical Group: 60th Aerospace Medicine Squadron (60 AMDS), 60th Dental Squadron (60 DS), 60th Medical Operations Squadron (60 MDOS) and 60th Medical Support Squadron (60 MDSS).

On 15 Sept 1994, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the United States Air Force signed a construction permit reflecting an interagency agreement to allow the VA to build a VA outpatient clinic as an addition to David Grant Medical Center. The combined facility would be a joint venture to be operated by both VA and the Air Force in what will be one of the more fully integrated medical sharing arrangements between federal departments. The project would result in considerable cost savings through the sharing of resources and joint operation of the facility.

Sept 1994—Operation Phoenix Shark: U.S. response to Haitian power struggle

Oct 1994—Operation Restore Democracy: Haiti and Operation Phoenix Jackal: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait (Iraq military advances on Kuwait border)

Late 1994—Operations Panama/Phoenix/Safe Haven (repatriation of Cuban refugees in Panama)

From February 1995 to August 1995, 145 members of the 60th Medical Group deployed to Zagreb, Croatia in support of the United Nations peacekeeping mission in the former Yugoslavia. The 60th Medical Group Forward at Camp Pleso provided comprehensive medical and surgical care to U.N. members from dozens of countries. The medical center has also deployed individual members throughout the world to support military and humanitarian efforts of the Air Force.

21 Jan 1995—Operation Phoenix Onyx: Spain (redeployment of troops out of Somalia)

10 Feb 1995—Bosnia-Croatia war: Members of the 60th Medical Group deployed to Zagreb, Croatia, for six months and served as the UN hospital team in that war-torn region.

Medical technicians assigned to the 60th Aerospace Medicine Squadron received notification on 31 Mar 1995 that the unit's flight physical team earned highest honors in the Rochester Institute of Technology and USA Today Quality Cup Award competition. This marked the first time a military organization earned the top honor in any of the competition's six categories.

5 Dec 1995—Operation Joint Endeavor/Phoenix Moat: Bosnia-Herzegovina (a NATO peace mission in the Balkans)

Effective 1 Oct 1999, the “USAF” moniker was reinstituted back into the current name of David Grant USAF Medical Center.

2000–present
In February 2000, the medical "campus" grew in size as a new Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic opened for business. It was to augment services lost at the VA Martinez Medical Center as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Simplicity and structural expression characterize the architecture of the VA Northern California Health Care System's (VANCHCS) Fairfield Outpatient Clinic at Travis Air Force Base; it provides health services to veterans in Northern California. Located next to DGMC, the clinic complements services provided at other Department of Veterans Affairs facilities in the San Francisco and Sacramento Valley region.

The single-story, 38000 sqft structure blends icons of aviation into three volumes of space, resulting in clear wayfinding between the central lobby and the clinical and ancillary wings. The design provides an easily accessible central lobby with well-defined circulation and naturally lit, acoustically softened waiting areas. Exterior massing evokes aeronautic imagery while screening public spaces from the sun. Inside, exposed steel bracing reflects the form of lightweight aircraft, while simultaneously framing directional signage to key primary and ancillary care services.

Planning concepts express the building's structural system, while preserving functional flexibility. Clinical spaces are grouped as flexible modules to allow changes of use without changes in construction. For example, administrative departments can be easily converted to exam and treatment space and, similarly, individual offices can easily convert to clinical treatment rooms.

The building footprint consists of three distinct zones: an open entrance lobby; a modular clinical block, which anticipates future conversion from primary care to specialty use; and an ancillary support block, which allows for future conversion to soft space for enhanced diagnostic and treatment functions. A lobby with a clerestory links interior and exterior spaces through a gradual progression of inviting materials and finishes.

The VA Fairfield Outpatient Clinic offers a wide range of services including primary care, hemodialysis, laboratory, mental health, neurology, neurosurgery, nutrition counseling, otolaryngology (ENT), pharmacy, and physical therapy. Radiology, radiation therapy, emergency and inpatient care are available at DGMC through a unique VA/DOD Sharing Agreement.

DGMC currently operates the second-largest readiness platform in the Air Force Medical Service and largest in Air Mobility Command, with over 1,000 of 2,000 60th Medical Group personnel assigned to mobility positions. DGMC is routinely called upon to support sustainment and surge operations, providing medical capability throughout the world. Hospital personnel continue to deploy in support of contingency and humanitarian missions.

On 25 Jan 2002 DGMC opened the $1.5 million Warfighter Photorefractive keratectomy Center (PRK), one of only five in the Air Force Medical Service. The center includes an upgraded $50,000 laser-eye treatment system.

Work began in January 2003 on four new labor and delivery suites in the OB ward.

“Gulf War II” began in March and June 2003. More than 200 60th Medical Group personnel deployed to Middle East, Southwest Asia and other worldwide locations at any given time.

In 2004, the Air Force decided to expand the Family Medicine Residency Program and to close the Obstetrics & Gynecology, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Residency programs, effective 30 June 2006. In addition, the General Surgery Residency Program merged with the University of California Davis program effective 1 July 2006. In 2008, the Air Force Surgeon General approved a plan to train Air Force Internal Medicine Residents in an innovative program conducted at University of California Davis, with a military track at DGMC. This new program, benefitting both the future Air Force mission and current patient population, was initiated in July 2009.

Medical incident
On July 9, 2009, a serious medical incident occurred at DGMC. According to various published media reports, a resident physician operating under the supervision of a staff surgeon punctured the aorta of an active duty patient, Colton Read, during a laparoscopic gallbladder surgical procedure. In an effort to repair the aorta quickly enough to save Read's life, the surgeon sutured his aorta shut, cutting off all blood flow to his legs. The patient was eventually transferred to UC Davis Medical Center, but not in time for a cardiovascular surgeon to save his legs which had to be amputated.

Medical centers and the Air Force immediately investigate any major incident at a military treatment facility (MTF). The Joint Commission, DGMC's accrediting organization, was notified of the incident, and multiple medical investigations — both internal and external — were immediately initiated. These investigations are designed to not only prevent incident recurrence and improve the safety and quality of healthcare at the facility in question, but also throughout the medical profession. To encourage candor from witnesses, the information gained is confidential. A command-directed investigation by Air Force officials was completed in March 2010; it recommended no formal criminal action against the doctors involved in the surgery. No decisions regarding medical separation or retirement will be made until the patient in question is through the recovery and rehabilitation phase of his treatment.

DGMC in the 21st century
DGMC is the largest inpatient military treatment facility in Air Mobility Command and the second largest in the United States Air Force, providing a full spectrum of care to a prime service area population of nearly 106,000 TRICARE beneficiaries in the immediate San Francisco-Sacramento vicinity and 500,000 in the Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System. It operates with an annual budget of $315 million and is staffed by more than 2,500 personnel, which includes 646 active duty officers, 933 enlisted personnel, 70 Individual Mobilization Augmentee reservists, 311 civil service civilians, 270 contractors, 100 Veterans Affairs personnel, 70 American Red Cross workers and 200 highly dedicated military retiree volunteers.

Based on Fiscal Year 2013 data, total patient encounters numbered more than 1.7 million. An "average day" at DGMC consists of more than 1,586 outpatient visits, 61 Emergency Room (ER) visits, 13 ER admissions, 156 dental appointments, 2,230 prescriptions filled, two babies delivered, 1,655 meals served, 550 radiographs (X-rays) taken, 20 patients admitted, nine hyperbaric treatments, 55 unique surgical procedures, 16 operations, 65 daily inpatients and 1,903 lab tests conducted. DGMC is also one of two inpatient mental health AFMS facilities and has a modern 12-bed medical/surgical intensive care unit.

The present medical center opened its doors on 19 December 1988 at a cost of $193 million, through a design-build contract. The project was completed ahead of schedule and $8 million below original budget projections. DGMC is divided into three separate patient zones: inpatient nursing units, diagnostic and treatment areas, and outpatient clinics, placed around five large courtyards.

DGMC encompasses 808,475 net square feet with 3,662 rooms. It is staffed to operate 84 inpatient beds (expandable to 176), 16 aeromedical staging facility beds (expandable to 40) and 52 dental treatment rooms in the adjacent Arthur J. Sachsel Dental Clinic. The “footprint” measures greater than two football fields in width and almost four football fields in length. It received five national awards for design and construction. Built to withstand major earthquakes, it can operate for up to a week using integral utility capabilities. Additionally, integral structural components and foundations are sized for future vertical expansion.

DGMC has supported many operations in the 21st century. Medics from DGMC have served in the Afghanistan war, Iraq war, Syrian civil war, and various counterterrorism operations throughout the world.

In 2021, DGMC deployed 87 medics in support of Operation Allies Refuge within 24 hours notification. Members of DGMC were the last remaining medics at Bagram AB military treatment facility. 13 medics were in country during the collapse of Afghanistan and retreated to Hamid Karzi International Airport. The medics of DGMC played a vital lifesaving role in the Afghan withdrawal. The humanitarian non-combatant evacuation operation became the largest airlift in U.S. Air Force history resulting in 123 thousand Afghans evacuated.

Aeromedical Staging Facility
The Aeromedical Staging Facility is one of only three in the United States; it provides care on a worldwide basis for Wounded Warriors traveling in the aeromedical evacuation system. It is the sole Air Force-bedded ASF on the west coast, serving as the “jumping off” point for the Pacific theater. From FY05 to date, over 3,600 patients from Operations IRAQI FREEDOM and ENDURING FREEDOM have passed through the ASF. The monthly average is 30 patients; more than 40 Veterans Affairs patients have transferred to VA Palo Alto for treatment.

Graduate Medical Education
DGMC operates the second-largest Graduate Medical Education program in the Air Force, consisting of seven Medical, two Dental, and six Allied Health Sciences, with 131 residents per year. A certified registered nurse anesthetist class, in conjunction with the U.S. Army's Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing at Ft. Sam Houston / Baylor College, is ranked number one out of 112 programs in the United States. DGMC's Family Medicine program, with 42 residents in surgical, radiological, and transitional courses, is the largest in the Air Force. The General Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine Residency programs treat civilian and military patients in partnership with the University of California at Davis. Diagnostic Radiology, Transitional Year, Advanced Education in General Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Pharmacy Practice, Physician Assistants, Orthopedic Physician Assistant Fellowship, Mental Health and Social Work Residency programs round out the suite of GME programs. Additionally, DGMC offers six Phase II training programs for enlisted medical technicians and four Nurse Transition Program for 310 students annually.

VA/DoD Sharing – Joint Incentive Fund
DGMC has become a specialty care referral hub for Northern California Veterans Health Administration patients with inpatient/outpatient care and facility sharing agreements. VA/DoD Joint Venture programs include the $1.6 million Hemodialysis unit. A $5.5 million Joint Spine and Neurosurgery service was added in 2007. A $5.9 million Joint Inpatient Mental Health Unit and a $5.7 million Joint Radiation Oncology Center were upgraded to state-of-the-art services in 2009. Meanwhile, a $4.4 million robotically assisted Cardiovascular Operating Room (CVOR) -- one of only five in the nation—opened in October 2010 as part of a Heart, Lung and Cardiovascular Care Center. Additionally, DGMC provides Hyperbaric Medicine support for VA San Francisco and VA Palo Alto Medical Centers.

Readiness Platform
DGMC personnel have performed expeditionary medical missions for both combat support and humanitarian missions, ranging from Iraq, Afghanistan and the Indonesian tsunami to Hurricane Rita and California wildfire relief efforts stateside. DGMC also fulfills a key role in the National Response Plan as the Sacramento-region Federal Coordinating Center for the National Disaster Medical System.

As one of the USAF Constant Deployer Model sites, DGMC has over 730 mobility positions in 45 different standard Unit Type Codes filled by 150 different Air Force Specialty Codes. DGMC currently provides the lead support to the Craig Joint Theater Hospital in Bagram, Afghanistan and surgical support to the Joint Theater Hospital in Balad, Iraq. The current steady state has approximately 150 medical personnel deployed in support of Aerospace Expeditionary Force rotations and humanitarian missions (such as the Indonesian Tsunami and Hurricane Rita relief efforts.

DGMC also fulfills a key role in the National Response Plan as the Sacramento region Federal Coordinating Center for the National Disaster Medical System.

Medical Research
DGMC operates one of six Air Force Clinical Investigation Facilities, working on medical innovation to improve care for the warfighter and the nation. Summaries from the DGMC research focus on critical care, trauma resuscitation, long-term health after combat and the cardiac effects of energy drinks are posted for viewing by the Air Force Medical Service. DGMC's medical research has been widely publicized for advances in understanding how combat injury leads to disease later in life and for insight into the cardiac effects of caffeinated energy beverage consumption as well as leading to the development of numerous patents.

Available services

 * Addiction Care (Outpatient)
 * Alcohol & Drug Rehabilitation (Outpatient)
 * Allergy (Outpatient)
 * Audiology (Outpatient)
 * Behavioral Health (Non 24 Hour Care - Adult/Child/Youth) (24-hour Acute Care/Crisis Stabilization - Adult)
 * Bone marrow transplant (Inpatient)
 * Cancer Center/Oncology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Cardiac Catheterization Lab (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Cardiac Unit/Cardiology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Chemical dependency (Non 24 Hour Care - Adult)
 * CT Scanner (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Dentistry (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Dermatology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Dialysis (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * EEG/EKG/EMG Lab (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Emergency Room (Outpatient)
 * Endocrinology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Family Practice (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Gastroenterology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * General medical services (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * General Surgery (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Gastro Intestinal or Endoscopy Lab (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Gynecology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Hematology/Blood Treatment (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Imaging/Radiology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Infectious Diseases (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Infusion Services (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Inpatient Intake (Inpatient)
 * Intensive Care Unit (Inpatient)
 * Internal Medicine (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Labor and Delivery (Inpatient)
 * Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Medical Detoxification (Inpatient)
 * Mental Health (Inpatient, Outpatient, 24-hour Acute Care/Crisis Stabilization)
 * Nephrology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Neurology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Neurosurgery (Inpatient)
 * Nuclear Medicine (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Nursery (Inpatient)
 * Obstetrics (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Occupational Health (Outpatient)
 * Operating Room (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Ophthalmology/Eye Surgery (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Orthopedic Surgery (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Otolaryngology/Ear, Nose, and Throat (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Outpatient Surgery (Outpatient)
 * Pediatric Care (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Plastic Surgery (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Podiatry (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Pulmonary Function Lab (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Radiation Oncology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Respiratory care (Ventilator) (Inpatient)
 * Rheumatology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Sleep Center (Outpatient)
 * Telemetry (Inpatient)
 * Thoracic Surgery (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Ultrasound (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Urgent care/Emergency Medicine (Outpatient)
 * Urology (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Vascular Surgery (Inpatient, Outpatient)
 * Wound Care (Inpatient, Outpatient)

title: David Grant USAF Medical Center


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Benjamin bechtolsheim

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete (deleted by Moriori). Greg Asche (talk) 02:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Benjamin bechtolsheim
I believe this page to be a vanity article. The sole contributor to this article is a non-registered user - User:67.176.246.3, whose contributions, bar one, are all to this artice. I have googled "Benjamin bechtolsheim", and have only found a few online newsletters relating to a Jewish community in Chicago, America. Saberwyn 02:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination Saberwyn 02:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Russell Drysdale

Untitled
OK, this is generally some very nice work; it's a shame that we're unlikely to get any pictures to illustrate it for another 60 years...

Some comments:

 * As a stylistic point, if you can work the quotations into the article itself to make the points you want to make, that would possibly be better. If the quotations don't illustrate a point, maybe they would be better placed at Wikiquote instead.
 * The "assessment" section needs to be written in such a way as to comply with the Neutral point of view policy. It would be better to attribute assessments to specific people or groups of people; for instance, what has Robert Hughes had to say on Drysdale?  What about other significant art critics and historians?
 * More references are always good. I added a link to a 1999 Drysdale exhibition at the NGV, but if you know of any biographies they would be a most useful addition.

But overall this is very good work. Thank you!--Robert Merkel 02:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Robert. I'll revise the article in light of your comments. For an illustration, I'd like to get a photo of Drysdale - do you have any idea if this will be possible? And is it not possible to get a jpg of a painting when so many are already in the hands of public galleries, and therefore presumably in the public domain?
 * I think you might be able to put a picture up that you take yourself of a painting (if the gallery allows photography), but most of the images on the web would be copyrighted Cfitzart 03:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it seems like the prevailing view on using low-res reproductions of copyrighted artwork on Wikipedia has changed. Have a look at Image use policy, Copyrights, and Image copyright tags.  Notably, under US copyright law (which is really what we are concerned with given that the Wikipedia is hosted in the US), fair use applies if you upload reduced-quality images for the purposes of criticism of the specific artwork, the artists, or a genre of art.  Using a low-res image of a Drysdale on an article which contains critical commentary about Drysdale would seem to qualify to me.  A secondary question is whether such images can be downloaded from art gallery websites and used for this purpose: the short answer to this is nobody's really sure, but there are court rulings to suggest that there's no separate copyright in a photograph exclusively of an artwork, particularly a two-dimensional artwork.  So we might be able to get an image from the NGV website and use it to illustrate our Drysdale article.   --Robert Merkel 05:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that putting up a low res shot would be acceptable, but the question is where you get the image from - the NGV site says that No image or documentation displayed on this site may be reproduced, communicated or copied (other than for the purposes of research or study; criticism or review, or reporting the news) without the Gallery’s permission. It would probably be better to go to an art gallery (somewhere which allows photography - the AGNSW or NGA, but not the NGV) and take a photo ourselves, eg the one in the Blue poles article. Cfitzart 11:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Galleries routinely claim far more rights under copyright than they're actually clearly entitled to. As far as the law is concerned, there's considerable doubt that separate copyright subsists in a photograph that is a faithful reproduction of a 2-d artwork.  See Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Corporation, the only on-point decision in the English-speaking world.  It supports the view that there is no separate copyright subsisting in photos of paintings.  There is an interesting thread on the topic on the wikien-l mailing list in August 2004. --Robert Merkel 04:10, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Isnt that case going the other way round, trying to claim copyright on a photo of something which is public domain, rather than what were wanting to do.. make fair use a photo of something which is copyright? Anyway I think that the template was created just for this.. and it would be ok to load 200 pixel size photos for articles which is larger than a standard thumb size anyway, as I've just done with Image:Nolan painting of ned kelly on trial.JPG and Image:Margaret preston painting flapper 1925.JPG Cfitzart 05:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Cfitzart - I shall follow your example. One thing abt the Nolan/Kelly image: it's not square; can you tweak it in Photoshop?

Tried to make the assessment more npov, so far as I understand the policy. Unfortunately I have no idea what Robert Hughes might have had to say, so I've quoted Lou Klepac. The difficulty is that if you do nothing but quote the assessments of critics, no matter how eminant, the piece becomes wooden. (X says this, Y says that, etc). Anyway, the second para of the assessment is now the Klepac quote. The first is a distillation of my reading on Drysdale - my own words, but what I believe would be generally accepted (and after all, Drysdale isn't a controversial figure, just a largely ignored one).PiCo 03:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Drysdale.JPG
Image:Drysdale.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:35, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Russell Drysdale. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121230092401/http://www.evabreuerartdealer.com.au/drysdale.html to http://www.evabreuerartdealer.com.au/drysdale.html
 * Added tag to http://www.griffithreview.com/images/stories/edition_articles/ed19_pdfs/wallace_ed19.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:41, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russell Drysdale


text:
User talk:Dukakis1988

Just starting out: will put more here soon. note from Jjjsixsix: the talk page is where others contact you with questions and stuff - the user page is where you put information about yourself!

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Jjjsixsix (t)/(c) @ 06:47, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

As they say in the movies, "oh be-have". Seriously, though, we are trying to write an encyclopedia here, so don't make joke edits. Some readers looking for a serious article might not find them amusing. Remember, millions of people read Wikipedia, so we have to take what we do a bit seriously here. If you'd like to experiment with editing, try the sandbox, where you can write whatever you want (as long as it's not offensive). Yanksox 22:13, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

You are correct, I retract myself. However, I still question the validity of having his page. Yanksox 22:16, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Do Not Remove AfD Notices
Please do not remove Articles for deletion notices from articles or remove other people's comments in Articles for deletion pages. The notices and comments are needed to establish community consensus about the status of an article, and removing them is considered vandalism. If you oppose the deletion of an article, you may comment at the respective page instead. Thank you. Yanksox 23:10, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Please do not make personal attacks on other people. Wikipedia has a policy against personal attacks. In some cases, users who engage in personal attacks may be blocked from editing by admins or banned by the arbitration committee. Comment on content, not on other contributors or people. Please resolve disputes appropriately. Thank you. --InShaneee 02:50, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Diez2 05:56, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing Wikipedia  as a result of your . You are free to make constructive edits after the block has expired, but please note that vandalism (including page blanking or addition of random text), spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy will not be tolerated. Melchoir 06:04, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Gdo01 21:44, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Gdo01 21:52, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

It's over. You've been blocked indefinitely. alphachimp 22:01, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Lowell_Weicker.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lowell_Weicker.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 07:07, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Mcnallyaa.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Mcnallyaa.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 03:44, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Mrsmcstagger.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Mrsmcstagger.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 16:18, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dukakis1988


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cassiopean

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -- Phroziac ( talk ) 18:31, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Cassiopean

 * Delete per nomination. This is a pure vanity page written by someone who appears to be a self-published author. It contains the author's own points of view, in the same sense that one would expect to see on a personal webpage. It does not belong on Wikipedia, IMO. - Sensor 02:13, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - this might be a valid subject and not simply vanity, if the article was edited down to remove the lengthy POV rambling, and stuck strictly to objective description of the movement AND if this esoteric movement or cult or countercultural group and the history it claims on the website can be proved to actually exist, AND if it can be shown that this group or this set of beliefs have some cultural status. Otherwise, delete. Bwithh 04:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Unverifiable. Sources are not convincing. Walter Siegmund 05:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as OR. This does not appear to be an account of parapsychological research or ufology, but simply the author's own research or opinion. MCB 05:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, OR personal ramblings. the wub  "?!"  19:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I don't even think the information in this article is acurate. I also agree with all the above.  Tobyk777 00:41, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The article is a mess, but more importantly, while the term has some usage in the mythological lore of of Ufology, it doesn't have as wide of a dispersal in that community as concepts like Reticulan, Lyrian, Reptoid, and Andromedans. Some of those terms are fairly common among alien race "true believers" and Cassiopean appears to fall below the notability threshhold of those terms.--Isotope23 13:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity and unverified. *drew 06:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Kamburupitiya

Kamburupitiya is a town in the Matara District, Southern Province, Sri Lanka. It is located 19 km north of Matara at the intersection of the B356 (Kamburupitiya-Kirinda Road) and the B415 (Thihagoda-Kotapola Road).

The town is situated in a wet, hilly zone, some of the world's best cinnamon, tea with high tannin are grown. Traditional employment is growing rubber and working on the rice paddy fields in the low-lying lands.

title: Kamburupitiya


text:
User talk:TheVillagePumpIsOkay,ButImNot

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Kirill Lokshin 02:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheVillagePumpIsOkay,ButImNot


text:
The Sheaf

The Sheaf is a student-run newspaper serving the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan since 1912. A new issue comes out every Thursday with approximately 3,000 copies per issue.

The Sheaf is a student-run non-profit organization. It receives part of its operating budget from U of S students in the form of a direct-levy; the remainder of the revenue is generated through advertising. The financial affairs are governed by a board of directors, most of whom are students.

Mission
The mission of The Sheaf is to inform and entertain students by addressing those issues that are relevant to life on campus, in the city, or in the province. The newspaper is also meant to be a forum for discussion on a wide range of issues that concern students.

The paper is written for students by students. Most of the staff (editors, photographers, artists) are student-journalists. With this composition, The Sheaf tries to stay in touch with students on this campus. It offers unique insight to university issues through a student perspective.

Contents
The Sheaf is divided into four main sections: news, opinions, culture, and sports & health — especially focusing on the University of Saskatchewan Huskies. Feature articles and special sections sometimes fall outside the main sections. The Sheaf's website has had a fifth section — technology — since 2011.

Editorial policy
The Editor-in-Chief has the right to veto any submission deemed unfit for the Society newspaper. In determining this the editor will decide if the article or artwork would be of interest to a significant portion of the society and benefit the welfare of the readers. The Sheaf will not publish any racist, sexist, homophobic, or libelous material.

All undergraduate students at the University of Saskatchewan are members of The Sheaf Publishing Society. Students are encouraged to contribute content to the newspaper.

Organizational structure
All University of Saskatchewan undergraduate students are considered members of The Sheaf Publishing Society, giving each the right to have a say in the operation of the newspaper, which includes standing for (or voting for) the board of directors.

The board of directors is the executive arm of the Society. It is the legal representative for the organization. It sets and administers the budget, determines employee contracts, the acquisition and liquidation of assets, and sets goals for the Society.

Under the board, there are the Business and Advertising Manager, Editor-in-Chief, Section Editors, and other staff members. The Business Manager is the Board's liaison in the office and is responsible for all accounting records, inventory, public relations, and office administration.

The Business and Advertising Manager is responsible for marketing, sales (revenue) generation, and is the representative of the newspaper to the business community.

The Editor-in-Chief oversees the publication of the paper and gives the editorial side its direction and focus. He/she will write, assign, and edit articles. This managing editor also runs meetings, develops new writers, and coordinates the paper with the Section Editors.

Section Editors also write, assign and edit articles, but they are more refined in their focus. Each one has a specific area of coverage: news, sports, entertainment, and features.

Also on staff are the Photography Editor, Production Manager, Graphics Editor, Copy Editor, Web Editor, and Delivery Coordinator.

Notable Sheaf alumni

 * Nelson Clarke, editor
 * William Deverell, novelist and lawyer
 * John G. Diefenbaker 13th Prime Minister of Canada
 * Sylvia Fedoruk, 17th Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan
 * Shauna Rempel, editor
 * Brian Gable, The Globe and Mail editorial cartoonist
 * Lucas Oleniuk, photographer
 * Len Taylor, Saskatchewan politician at the municipal, provincial and federal levels of government

title: The Sheaf


text:
Transition to the New Order

Indonesia's transition to the New Order in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president, Sukarno, after 22 years in the position. One of the most tumultuous periods in the country's modern history, it was the commencement of Suharto's 31-year presidency.

Described as the great dhalang ("puppet master" or "puppeteer"), Sukarno drew power from balancing the opposing and increasingly antagonistic forces of the Army and Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). By 1965, the PKI extensively penetrated all levels of government and gained influence at the expense of the army.

On 30 September 1965, six of the military's most senior officers were tortured and killed (generally labelled an "attempted coup") by the so-called 30 September Movement, a group of (allegedly) PKI members and/or sympathizers. Within a few hours, Major General Suharto mobilised forces under his command and took control of Jakarta. Anti-communists, initially following the army's lead, went on a violent purge of communists throughout the country, which killed an estimated half a million people and led to the banning and dissolution of the PKI, which was officially blamed for the attempted coup and crisis.

The politically weakened Sukarno was forced to transfer key political and military powers to General Suharto, who had become head of the armed forces. In March 1967, the Indonesian parliament (MPRS) named General Suharto acting president. He was formally appointed president one year later. Sukarno lived under virtual house arrest until his death in 1970.

Background
The nationalist leader Sukarno had declared Indonesian independence in 1945 and was appointed president. After an internal national revolution and struggle against the former Dutch colonial government, Sukarno had managed to hold together the diverse country; however, his administration had not been able to provide a viable economic system to lift its citizens out of severe poverty. He stressed socialist policies domestically and an avidly anti-imperialist international policy, underpinned by an authoritarian style of rule dependent upon his charismatic personality. Pursuing an independent Indonesian foreign policy, Sukarno developed friendly ties with the Eastern Bloc and the People's Republic of China but courted friendly relations with the United States at the same time in his efforts to maximise Indonesian bargaining power in its foreign policy. Sukarno was also a pioneering figure in developing the Non-Aligned Movement by playing a lead role in hosting the Bandung Conference in 1955. In Indonesia's domestic politics, Sukarno also carefully balanced Indonesia's various political parties, including the PKI.

From the late 1950s, political conflict and economic deterioration worsened. By the mid-1960s, the cash-strapped government had to scrap critical public sector subsidies, estimates put annual inflation at 500–1,000%, export revenues were shrinking, infrastructure crumbling, and factories were operating at minimal capacity with negligible investment. Severe poverty and hunger were widespread, and Sukarno led his country in a military confrontation with Malaysia while stepping up revolutionary and anti-western rhetoric.

Described as the great dhalang ("puppet master"), President Sukarno's position came to depend on balancing the opposing and increasingly hostile forces of the army and the PKI. His anti-imperial ideology saw Indonesia increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union and China. By 1965, at the height of the Cold War, the PKI penetrated all levels of government extensively. With the support of Sukarno and the air force, the party gained increasing influence at the expense of the army, thus ensuring the army's enmity. By late 1965, the army was divided between a left-wing faction allied with the PKI and a right-wing faction that was being courted by the United States.

Military split
The same policies, however, won Sukarno few friends and many enemies in the Western world, especially including the United States and the United Kingdom, whose investors were increasingly angered by Sukarno's nationalisation of mineral, agricultural, and energy assets. In need of Indonesian allies in the Cold War against the Soviet Union, the United States cultivated a number of ties with officers of the military through exchanges and arms deals. That fostered a split in the military's ranks, with the United States and others backing a right-wing faction against a left-wing faction overlapping with the PKI.

When Sukarno rejected food aid from United States Agency for International Development, thereby exacerbating famine conditions, the right wing of the military adopted a regional command structure through which it could smuggle staple commodities to win the loyalty of the rural population. In an attempt to curtail the increasing power of the right, the PKI and the left wing of the military formed several peasant and other mass organisations.

Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
In 1963, a policy of Konfrontasi (Confrontation) against the newly-formed Federation of Malaysia was announced by the Sukarno regime. This further exacerbated the split between the left-wing and right-wing military factions, with the left-wing faction and the Communist Party taking part in guerrilla raids on the border with Malaysia, while the right-wing faction was mostly absent from the conflict (whether by choice or orders of Sukarno is not clear).

The Confrontation further encouraged the West to seek ways to topple Sukarno, who was viewed as a growing threat to Southeast Asian regional stability (as with North Vietnam under the domino theory). The deepening of the armed conflict came close to all-out warfare by 1965, increased the widespread dissatisfaction with the Sukarno regime, and strengthened the hand of the right-wing generals whose forces were still close to the centre of power in Jakarta.

30 September Movement
On the night of 30 September – 1 October 1965, six senior army generals were kidnapped and executed in Jakarta by a battalion of soldiers from the Tjakrabirawa Regiment (Presidential Guard) in an "attempted coup". The right faction among the top generals was wiped out, including the powerful Chief of Staff of the Army, Ahmad Yani, but the Minister of Defence, Abdul Haris Nasution, escaped. Around 2,000 troops from coup groups occupied three sides of Merdeka Square, and commanded the Presidential Palace, radio station, and telecommunications centre, but did not occupy the east side, site of Kostrad headquarters. Calling themselves the "30 September Movement", the group announced on radio around 7am that they were trying to stop a military coup backed by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that was planned to remove Sukarno from power.

They claimed to have arrested several generals belonging to a conspiracy, the "Council of Generals", that had plotted a military coup against the government of President Sukarno. They further alleged that this coup was to take place on Armed Forces Day (5 October) with the backing of the CIA and that the Council would then install themselves as a military junta. Furthermore, the soldiers proclaimed the establishment of a "Revolutionary Council" consisting of various well-known military officers and civilian leaders that would be the highest authority in Indonesia. Additionally, they declared President Sukarno's Dwikora Cabinet as invalid ("demisioner").

According to one chief conspirator, Lt. Col. Latief, the Palace Guards had not attempted to kill or capture Major General Suharto, commander of Kostrad (Komando Strategi dan Cadangan TNI Angkatan Darat – the Army Strategic Reserve Command), because he was considered a Sukarno loyalist. Suharto, along with the surviving General Nasution, made the counter-allegation that the G30S was a rebellious movement that sought to replace President Sukarno's government with a Communist government under the PKI, whose leaders were cabinet ministers without portfolio. Upon hearing of the radio announcement, Suharto and Nasution began consolidating their forces, successfully gaining the loyalty of Jakarta Garrison Commander Maj. Gen. Umar Wirahadikusumah and Colonel Sarwo Edhie Wibowo, the commander of army special forces RPKAD (Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat – the Army's Para-Commando Regiment).

During the evening of 1 October, RPKAD soldiers recaptured RRI and Telecommunications Building without any resistance as the rebel soldiers had retreated to Halim Air Force Base. RPKAD forces proceeded to attack Halim Perdanakusumah AF Base on the morning of 2 October but was stopped by the rebel soldiers in a fierce gunbattle in which several fatalities were inflicted on both sides. A direct order from President Sukarno managed to secure the surrender of the rebel soldiers by noon, after which Suhartoist forces occupied the base. On 4 October, the generals' bodies were discovered at Halim, and on 5 October (Armed Forces Day) a large public funeral was held.

Internal military power-struggle
The killing of the generals saw influence in the Army fall to those more willing to stand up to Sukarno and the Army's enemies on the left. After the assassinations of those generals, the highest-ranking officer in the Indonesian military, and third-highest in the overall chain-of-command, was the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Chief-of-Staff Gen. Abdul Haris Nasution, a member of the right-wing camp. On 2 October, Suharto accepted Sukarno's order for him to take control of the army, but on the condition that Suharto personally have authority to restore order and security. The 1 November formation of Kopkamtib (Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban, or Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order), formalised this authority and Suharto was appointed its first commanding general. However, on 5 October Sukarno moved to appoint Maj. Gen. Pranoto Reksosamudro, considered a Sukarno loyalist, to the office of Chief of Staff of the Army to fill the vacancy caused by Yani's death.

After the promotion, The New York Times reported that an unnamed Western "diplomatic report" alleged that Pranoto was a former member of the PKI. Pranoto's alleged communism, as well as his timely promotion, led them to promote the view that the PKI and Sukarno conspired to assassinate the generals to consolidate their grip on power.

In the aftermath of the assassinations, however, Suharto and his KOSTRAD (Army Strategic Reserve Command) units were closest to Jakarta. By default, Suharto became the field general in charge of the prosecution of the G30S. Later, at the insistence of Gen. Nasution, Pranoto was relieved of his post, and Suharto was in his stead appointed the new Army Chief-of-Staff on 14 October 1965.

Anti-communist purge
In early October, a military propaganda campaign began to sweep the country, successfully convincing both Indonesian and international audiences that it was a Communist coup and that the murders were cowardly atrocities against Indonesian heroes. 30 September Movement was called Gestapu (from Gerakan September Tigapuluh, "30 September Movement"). The Army, acting on orders by Suharto and supervised by Minister of Defense Nasution, began a campaign of agitation and incitement to violence among Indonesian civilians aimed at the Communist community and toward President Sukarno himself. PKI's denials of involvement had little effect. The regime was quickly destabilised, with the Army the only force left to maintain order.

At the funeral of Nasution's daughter Irma, Chief of Staff of the Navy Admiral Eddy Martadinata gave Muslim leaders the signal to attack Communists and their allies, who then responded with calls for Holy War against the PKI and its member and affiliate organisations in Indonesia, a general obligation upon the Muslim community. On 8 October, the PKI head office was ransacked and burned to the ground while firefighters stood by idly. They then marched demanding the dissolution of the Communist Party. The homes of senior party figures, including PKI chairman D. N. Aidit, M. H. Lukman and Nyoto were also torched. The army led an armed forces campaign to purge Indonesian society, government, the armed forces and law enforcement of the influence and power of the communist party and other leftist organisations allied to it (but not the Murba Party that was against the PKI and had been banned by the government because of its opposition to it). Leading PKI members were immediately arrested, some summarily executed.

On 18 October, a declaration was read over armed forces-controlled radio stations, banning the PKI and organizations affiated to the party. The ban included the party itself, and its youth and women's wings, peasant associations, intellectual and student groups, and the SOBSI trade union. At the time, it was not clear whether this ban applied only to Jakarta (by then controlled by the Army), or the whole Republic of Indonesia. However, the ban was soon used as a pretext for the Indonesian Army to go throughout the country carrying out extrajudicial punishments, including mass arrest and summary executions, against Sukarno loyalists and suspected leftists linked to the PKI and its allied organizations. As the violence spread, Sukarno issued orders to try to stop it, but he was ignored. He also refused to blame the PKI for the coup, let alone ban it as the Army demanded. However, although Suharto and Nasution were increasingly suspicious about Sukarno's role in the affair, the Army was reluctant to confront the president directly because of his still widespread popularity.

Beginning in later October 1965, and feeding off pent-up communal hatreds, the Indonesian Army and its civilian allies (especially Muslim vigilante groups) began to kill actual and suspected members and associates of the PKI and members of party affiliated organizations. The US government covertly supported the massacres, providing extensive lists of suspected communists to be targeted. The killings started in the capital Jakarta, spread to Central and East Java, and later Bali. Although killings occurred across Indonesia, the worst were in the provinces of Central Java, East Java, Bali, and North Sumatra - all PKI-loyal provinces. The massacres reached their peak over the remainder of the year before subsiding in the early months of 1966. The estimates of the death toll of the violence range from over 100,000 to three million, but most scholars accept a figure of around 500,000. Many others were also imprisoned, and for the next ten years, people were still being imprisoned as suspects. It is thought that as many as 1.5m were imprisoned at one stage or another. As a result of the purge, one of Sukarno's three pillars of support, the PKI, had been effectively eliminated by the other two, the armed forces and political Islam, helped in Bali by proponents of the Balinese caste system who saw the PKI and its allies as a threat to their way of life.

Demonstrations
In October 1965, students in Jakarta formed KAMI (Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia, Indonesian Students Action Front), which called for the banning of the PKI. It was soon joined by a host of similar organisations made up of high school students, workers, artists and labourers and the like. Other targets for the demonstrators were rising prices and government inefficiency. They also demonstrated against Subandrio, the foreign minister and head of the BPI intelligence agency and the number two man in the government.

On 10 January 1966, demonstrators, including KAMI, demonstrated in front of the Provisional legislature and announced what became known as the Three Demands of the People (Tritura):
 * Dissolution of the PKI
 * The expulsion from the cabinet of G30S/PKI elements
 * Lower prices and economic improvements

In February 1966, as anti-communist demonstrations continued, Sukarno tried to placate Suharto by promoting him. On 21 February, he tried to regain the initiative by announcing a new cabinet - the Revised Dwikora Cabinet, which included former Air Force chief AVM Omar Dani, who had issued a statement on 1 October 1965 initially supporting the coup. More provocatively still, Sukarno fired General Nasution as Minister of Defense and was replaced by MG Sarbini, while Suharto remained as Chief of Staff of the Army and a member of the cabinet. The new cabinet immediately became known as the Gestapu cabinet, after the acronym coined by the military for the 30 September Movement.

Two days after the announcement, a huge crowd attempted to storm the presidential palace. The next day, while the new cabinet was being inaugurated, soldiers from the presidential guard opened fire on a crowd in front of the palace, killing student protester Arif Rachman Hakim, who was turned into a martyr and given a hero's funeral the following day.

On 8 March 1966, students managed to ransack the foreign ministry building and held it for five hours. They daubed slogans, one accusing Subandrio of murdering the generals and drew graffiti showing him as a Pekingese dog (a reference to his perceived closeness to communist China) or hanging from gallows.

Sukarno then planned a three-day series of meetings to restore his authority. The first, on 10 March, involved the leaders of political parties. He managed to persuade them to sign a declaration warning against the undermining of presidential authority by student demonstrations. The second stage was a cabinet meeting planned for 11 March. However, as this meeting was underway, word reached Sukarno that unidentified troops were surrounding the palace. Sukarno left the palace in haste for Bogor, where later that night, he signed the Supersemar document transferring authority to restore order to Major General Suharto. Suharto acted quickly. On 12 March, he ordered a nationwide ban on the PKI and its member and affiliate organizations, as well as all party activities. The same day, there was a "show of force" by the Army in the streets of Jakarta, which was watched by cheering crowds. On 18 March, Subandrio and 14 other ministers were arrested, including the third deputy prime minister Chairul Saleh. That night, the radio announced that the ministers were in "protective custody".

Suharto later admitted in his autobiography that he frequently liaised with the student protesters throughout this period and that Sukarno often pleaded with him to stop the demonstrations.

Political manoeuvring
On 27 March, the new cabinet line-up, agreed between Suharto and Sukarno, was announced. The Second Revised Dwikora Cabinet included the key figures of Suharto himself as interim deputy prime minister for defense and security and thus Minister of Defense and Commander of the Armed Forces concurrently, tasked with preventing the resurgence of communism, the Sultan of Yogyakarta Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX as deputy prime minister for economic, financial and development affairs, tasked with solving the nation's economic problems and Adam Malik as deputy prime minister for social and political affairs, whose job it would be to manage foreign policy.

On 24 April 1966, Suharto gave a speech to members of the Indonesian National Party in which he spoke of the "three deviations" that would have to be corrected by the youth of the country in co-operation with the Armed Forces. These were:
 * The extreme-left radicalism of the PKI and its efforts to impose a class struggle on the Indonesian people;
 * Political opportunism motivated by personal gain led and exploited by the "puppet masters" of the Indonesian Central Intelligence Board (BPI), at the time led by Sukarno ally Subandrio;
 * Economic adventurism, resulting in the deliberate creation of economic chaos.

The new cabinet, in defiance of Sukarno's wishes, began moves to end the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and began to pull Indonesia away from China in retaliation for its backing of the Communists and konfrontasi.

Meanwhile, Suharto and his allies continued to purge state institutions of Sukarno loyalists. The now disbanded Tjakrabirawa Regiment was replaced by an Army military police regiment, and following further student demonstrations in front of the legislature building on 2 May, the leadership of the Mutual Cooperation People's Representative Council (DPR-GR) led by Speaker I Gusti Gde Subamia was replaced and Sukarnoist and pro-communist members were stripped of their MP titles from the DPR-GR and the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), the supreme lawmaking body and expelled. Pro-Suharto MPs for both bodies were appointed led by MPRS ad-interim speaker Wiluyo Puspoyudo.

A session of the MPRS was scheduled to open 12 May, but eventually began on 20 June and continued until 5 July. One of its first actions was to appoint General Abdul Haris Nasution as speaker with Achmad Sjaichu serving as speaker of the DPR-GR. It then set about dismantling the apparatus Sukarno had built around himself. It passed several decrees, one of which was the ratification of the Supersemar, thus making revocation of it almost impossible. It also ratified the banning of the PKI and the teaching of Marxist ideology, instructed Suharto to form a new cabinet, called on Sukarno to explain the economic and political situation in the nation and stripped him of the title "president for life". It also passed a decree stating that if the president were unable to carry out his duties, the holder of the Supersemar would assume the presidency. Suharto did not seek Sukarno's outright removal at this MPRS session due to the remaining support for the president amongst elements of the armed forces (particularly the Marines, the navy, and some regional army divisions).

The new cabinet, announced by Sukarno on 20 June, the Ampera Cabinet, was led by a five-person presidium headed by Suharto as de facto prime minister, and including Malik and Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX as deputies. Suharto remained minister of defense and chief of the Army.

On 11 August, against the wishes of Sukarno, a peace treaty was signed, formally ending Konfrontasi. Indonesia announced it would rejoin the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations. It released political prisoners and paid compensation to the British and American governments for the damage caused to their diplomatic buildings during the demonstrations of the Sukarno era.

On 17 August, in his annual independence day speech, Sukarno claimed that Indonesia was not about to recognise Malaysia nor rejoin the UN. He also stated that he had not transferred power to Suharto. This provoked an angry reaction in the form of demonstrations, and Indonesia did indeed rejoin the UN in September, participating in the General Assembly on 28 September. Meanwhile, criticism from demonstrators became increasingly vociferous and personal, and there were calls for him to be put on trial in front of the Special Military Court (Mahmilub).

On 22 June 1966, Sukarno delivered a speech known as Nawaksara (Nine Points) in front of the MPRS, where he seemed to give an account of his appointment as president for life, his plan of work as president, and how the Constitution worked in practice. Nothing about the G30S was mentioned. The MPRS would refuse to ratify this speech and ordered Sukarno to give additional account on the G30S. On 10 January 1967, Sukarno wrote to the MPRS, enclosing a document of the addendum of Nawaksara (Pelengkap Nawaksara) giving his version of the events surrounding the 30 September Movement. In it, he said the kidnappings and murders of the generals had been a "complete surprise" to him, and that he alone was not responsible for the nation's moral and economic problems and describes the role of the PKI and the alleged roles of the neo-colonialist and neo-imperialist and other unwanted elements surrounding the G30S crisis. This led to demonstrators calling for Sukarno to be hanged.

The MPRS leadership met on 21 January and concluded that Sukarno had failed to fulfil his constitutional obligations. In a resolution passed on 9 February, the DPR-GR rejected the  Nawaksara and asked the MPRS to convene a special session.

On 12 March 1967, the special session began. After heated debates, it agreed to strip Sukarno of his power. On 12 March, Suharto was appointed acting president. Sukarno went into de facto house arrest in Bogor. A year later, on 27 March 1968, another session of the MPRS appointed Suharto the second president of Indonesia.

General Nasution was believed to have launched his own bid for power on 16 December 1965, when he won appointment to the Supreme Operations Command and gained a grip over the traditionally civilian-held portion of the military hierarchy. It was reported that Nasution would have preferred forming a military junta to replace Sukarno. (The New York Times, 16 December 1965.)

Anti-Chinese laws
While resentment toward Chinese Indonesians by indigenous Indonesians-descended peoples of the archipelago dated back to the Dutch East Indies era, the New Order instigated anti-Chinese legislation following the quashing of the Communists. Stereotypes of the Chinese as disproportionately affluent and greedy were common throughout the time (both in Indonesia as well as Malaysia), but with the anti-communist hysteria, the association of the Chinese Indonesians with the People's Republic of China caused them also to be viewed as a communist fifth column.

Indonesia's hitherto friendly diplomatic relations with mainland China were severed, and the Chinese Embassy in Jakarta burnt down by a mob. New legislation included the banning of Chinese language signs on shops and other buildings, and the closure of Chinese language schools, adoption of "Indonesian" sounding names, and limits on Buddhist temple construction.

A new political system
The liquidation and banning of the Communist Party (and related organisations) eliminated one of the largest political parties in Indonesia. It was also among the largest Communist Parties in the Comintern, at an estimated three million members. Along with the subsequent efforts by Suharto to wrest power from Sukarno by purging loyalists from the parliament, the civilian government in Indonesia was effectively put to an end by the coup countermeasures.

Strident anti-communism remained a hallmark of the 31-year regime.

The new regime that emerged from the upheavals of the 1960s was dedicated to maintaining political order, promoting economic development, and excluding mass participation from the political process. The military was given a substantial role in politics, political and social organisations throughout the country were bureaucratised and corporatized, and selective but effective and sometimes brutal repression was used against opponents of the regime.

Some seats in the parliament were set-aside for the military as part of the dwifungsi (dual function) doctrine. Under the system, the military took on roles as administrators at all levels of government. The political parties not banned outright were consolidated into a single party, the Party of the Functional Groups (Indonesian: Partai Golongan Karya), more commonly known as Golkar. Though Suharto would allow for the formation of two non-Golkar parties, these were kept weak during his regime.

Rise of Islamism
The purging of two secularist parties, the Nationalists and the Communists, had a notable side effect of giving more space for the development of Islamism in Indonesia. This included liberal, conservative, and extremist groups practising Islam in Indonesia.

Improved ties with the West
The change in regime brought a shift in policy that allowed USAID and other relief agencies to operate within the country. Suharto would open Indonesia's economy by divesting state-owned companies, and Western countries, in particular, were encouraged to invest and take control of many of the mining and construction interests in Indonesia. The result was stabilisation of the economy and the alleviation of absolute poverty and famine conditions that had resulted from shortfalls in the rice supply and Sukarno's refusal to take Western aid.

As a result of his elimination of the communists, Suharto would come to be seen as a pro-Western and anti-Communist. Ongoing military and diplomatic relationships between Indonesia and the Western powers were cemented, leading to US, British, and Australian arms sales and training of military personnel.

US assistance to Suharto
Some experts assert that the United States directly facilitated and encouraged the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of suspected Communists in Indonesia during the mid-1960s. Bradley Simpson, Director of the Indonesia/East Timor Documentation Project at the National Security Archive, says "Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia." According to Simpson, the terror in Indonesia was an "essential building block of the quasi neo-liberal policies the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia in the years to come". Historian John Roosa, commenting on documents released from the US embassy in Jakarta in 2017, says they confirm that "the US was part and parcel of the operation, strategising with the Indonesian army and encouraging them to go after the PKI." Geoffrey B. Robinson, a historian at UCLA, argues that without the support of the U.S. and other powerful Western states, the Indonesian Army's program of mass killings would not have happened.

As early as 1958, the U.S. and its allies backed anti-communist elements within the Indonesian Army with secret assurances, financial and military support, and this support solidified once the mass killing campaigns were underway, demonstrating the "resolve" of the army. During the height of the violence, U.S. embassy official Robert J. Martens provided lists containing roughly 5,000 names of high ranking PKI members to the Indonesian Army, which, according to Robinson, "almost certainly aided in the death or detention of many innocent people". He notes that providing these kill lists "sent a powerful message that the US government agreed with and supported the army's campaign against the PKI, even as that campaign took its terrible toll in human lives."

title: Transition to the New Order


text:
Gwen Margolis

Gwen Margolis (née Liedman; October 4, 1934 – June 9, 2020) was a Democratic politician from Florida. She served three different times in the Florida Senate: from 1980 to 1992, 2002 to 2008, and 2010 to 2016. She served as Senate President for the 1990–92 term, becoming the first woman president and the last president to preside over a majority-Democratic chamber. Prior to her time in the Senate, she serve three terms in the Florida House of Representatives, from 1974 to 1980.

Margolis left state government in 1992, losing to E. Clay Shaw, Jr. in an unsuccessful bid for the United States Congress. Thereafter she became a County Commissioner for Dade (now Miami-Dade) County until she returned to the State Senate.

She was previously married to Allan Margolis.

She was a candidate for the position of Miami-Dade County Property Appraiser in 2008. She received the most votes in the November 4, 2008, general election. However, due to not having received at least fifty percent of the vote plus one, she had to face the next highest vote-getter, Pedro Garcia Jr., in a December 16, 2008 run-off. She filed a lawsuit to avoid the run-off election, arguing that because the appraiser's office is a constitutional position, no runoff should be required under state law. Her lawsuit was unable to prevent the runoff election, which she lost to Garcia.

Margolis again ran for the Florida Senate in 2010. She received the nomination of the Democratic Party on August 24, 2010, defeating Kevin Burns in the primary.

Following a redistricting lawsuit that radically changed the makeup of her senate district, Margolis announced in June 2016 that she was ending her reelection campaign. She retired from politics after the 2016 election.

Gwen Margolis died at the age of 85 on June 9, 2020.

title: Gwen Margolis


text:
Talk:Heterotic string theory

Mass?
?. Mass where did it come from? What did it consist of? What if there was no mass? In M theory it was suggested that two parallel universes collided and created our own. Say this did occur was there a exchange of matter from this collision that makes up what we call our universe? Could instead it be that the force of this collision turned into the mass that is our universe?--71.116.48.20 02:16, 12 October 2005 (UTC)zyromm@verizon.net
 * I think, you are talkink about this part of the article: A heterotic string is embedded in the membrane that creates harmonics on the string which translate into mass and energy through mechanisms discussed above.[clarification needed].
 * Seems that you want to know from where the mass (...translate into mass and energy...) come from. Probably, the editor was talking about Gaugino mass Luizpuodzius (talk) 06:04, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Discovered?
I changed a line that read "Heterotic string theory was discovered in 1985" to "Heterotic string theory was first developed in 1985." I don't think theories are discovered. They are theorized or developed. I'd be happy to hear arguments otherwise.Lamontacranston 14:22, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

What the fuck does this mean?
incomprehensible.

 * Agreed. See my post below.  Spiral5800 (talk) 20:58, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Technical tag
This article is extremely specialized and could use some clarification for users who are not fluent in theoretical physics. I am very interested in theoretical physics, and have read a great deal on string theory, and I still find this article boggling - and I imagine I would have to read half a dozen other articles to make it even half as boggling as it is now. This problem could easily be fixed by someone who already knows their stuff simply adding to this article a couple explanatory sentences for those of us without degrees in physics (Neuroscience here, but I dabble in everything, and as I said I love theoretical physics and am still baffled by this article). Therefore, I added the tag to this article - which I feel sums up my concerns and that of the other user who used more colorful language than I on this talk page. Once this is resolved please feel free to remove the template. Thanks! Spiral5800 (talk) 20:58, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Perhaps adding an intro would be the best option? Spiral5800 (talk) 21:04, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It took 3 years, but I have made and attempt at something readable. The first 4 sentences are close to intelligible. The rest still obviously needs work Bhny (talk) 20:24, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heterotic string theory


text:
User:TheVillagePumpIsOkay,ButImNot

My real name is John and ...the village pump is okay and everything....but I, on the other hand, am not. I will leave the village pump now that I have made my presence known.

title: User:TheVillagePumpIsOkay,ButImNot