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Talk:Vestal Virgin

Earlier Problems

 * Virgins and other classical period priestesses etc on the Women as theological figures page (or equivalent page if title updated).

Jackiespeel 21:05, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Whoever had their filthy hand in writing this page should not "put a few details of the vestal virgins and other classical period priestesses etc on the .... page" as Jackiespeel requested above.

I read what is on this article and I have become nauseaus. Absolutely disgusting. Awfull. There is an inference that the Roman Mob created vestal Virgins as their toys. This page is so gruesome, but true only because thats what the Romans Empirerers did when they roamed around and smashed up antiquity.

Everything that is there right now needs to be put into brackets of how the Romans treated Anciently Established Centers of Culture and Wisdom. This needs to be fixed quick. As it is, it is as though the Emporer of Rome created the Senate and then closed down the Senate: Huh?

'''So, if some one gets to this space nauseaus as I have and things aren't straightened out yet: Mothers, young women, wives, grandmothers were all keepers of the Flame and they came and went as they felt called. They didn't have to be 'sexual-virgins'. If the Emporers were sadists fine, but that is going to have to be boxed into a 'destruction of the order of devotees of The Virgin, the keepers of the Holy Fire of The Virgin' section.'''

I would fix this now, but I am made woozy from what I have seen while reading that. *excuse me for my strong reaction: I do not want to offend whoever put the page up, I am not impugning your efforts, and the material is all verifiable as it comes out of Smith's, and so on... kylconnors@yahoo.com 2,11,06

 * Kylconners - I don't really understand what you're saying. First and foremost, which article are you talking about? Vestal Virgin? Or Women as theological figures?

 * What are the "Anciently Established Centers of Culture and Wisdom?" The Vestal Virgins? Is that your own terminology?

 * What do you mean "put in brackets?" To denote that it's unsure?

 * Who is Smith? A classicist of some kind?

 * More importantly, I believe you're mistaken when you say that "Mothers, young women, wives, grandmothers were all keepers of the Flame and they came and went as they felt called." The code of the Vestal Virgins was extremely strict - Plutarch, I believe, in one of the early Roman lives (I bet Romulus, but I haven't read it recently enough to be able to tell you for sure) says that if a Vestal broke her vow of chastity before her thirty-year term was up, she could be buried alive, and there's an example there too. If you can give ancient sources that say otherwise - i.e. that there were given some kind of sexual license - I'm sure we'd be happy to hear.

 * Also, note that Augustus - arguably the first emperor - died in 14 B.C., and the flame was put out in 391 A.D. That's more than 400 years, longer than the amount of time from the founding of Jamestown to the present day. The Emperors were not exactly running around helter-skelter trying to ruin antiquity, as you seem to imply. Or at least not all of them.

 * A few spelling notes: nauseous, awful, and Emperor(s).

--Dd42 05:44, 15 March 2006 (UTC) - - "Some speculate" That's sounds POV. How about some references. Indeed, the Catholic Church would say that ritual celibacy was already known to the Jewish people before the birth of Christ- that the Virgin Mary may have even been one herself. Hardly a Roman invention then.
 * "Roman Catholic practise of celibate nuns stems from Rome's Vestal Virgins." This seems a pat and naive oversimplification. Can this sentence be made more useful? --Wetman 02:12, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Several of the privileges listed in the privileges section are direct quotes from http://www.angelfire.com/va2/vestalvirgins. I don't feel qualified to fix this, since my first instinct would be to reword them, but I doubt the credibility of the source enough that I fear rewording them would make it seem as if they were verifiably true. Help, please? VanillaCreem 14:53, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The only course I can see is to remove the offending sentences. Does anyone have another idea? (I must say I find it disturbing that blatant plagirism can go unnoticed for so long...) Jim whitson

Problem with sources in History section
There are currently some citations in the History section do not have sources in the References section. The edit goes back to olid 12064349 (See http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vestal_Virgin&direction=next&oldid=12064088), "Vestal Virgin" Revision as of 21:18, 8 April 2005 by Ccson (talk | contribs). CcSon removed the added the following website http://www.suppressedhistories.net/secret_history/patriapotestas.html. The edit after that one, removed this source.

When you match the side by side, you can tell it is plagerism. In the original source, the full citations are not given. This is not even verifiable plagerism. I will also mark the History section of the page dubious until this matter is resolved. I find bad that this has remained in the article for this long without being detected. -- MicahDCochran 20:37, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Speculation
On a 2005 BBC documentary about life in ancient Rome, they stated that "Vestal Virgins" were considered to be joined to the family of Rome by marriage and that sex with them was considered incest. They also claimed that the emperor was considered the high priest of the Cult of Vesta. Upon hearing I started to think about the similarities between vestal virgins and Roman Catholic nuns. Just a bit of speculation on my part. --Neilrieck 15:44, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Consecrated, not "married". The Pontifex Maximus was their appointed guardian: the emperors assumed that title, as did the Bishops of Rome. --Wetman 01:00, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that clarification. Still, some of the similarities between ancient Rome and the modern Roman Catholic church seem more than accidental. --Neilrieck 12:22, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, clues in the name, I suppose- the Roman Catholic Church did evolve, more or less directly, from pre-existing Roman religious system. Its not a stretch of the imagination to assume that the new Catholic Church's founders were influenced, in terms of structure, by what they already had and did. Patch86 22:31, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

That is absolutely correct. Religions, in general, borrow from each other. That is why some central beliefs are so similar or the same. Where do you think the concept of a cross comes from? Egypt. There should not be speculation over the matter of the Vestal Virgins. As it is, we are often left in the end of the Vestal was brought upon by the rise of Christianity. (Jen) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.44.248.160 (talk) 15:16, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Rome is particularly known for taking religious 'borrowing'/subsumation to somewhat extreme levels, too. Both with their own native religion and later with Christianity...deliberately and systematically in both cases, but in the case of paganism this was nothing scandalous - the various polytheistic cultures had no religious contention with one another, and it was nearly universal in the polytheistic world to view the different cultures as merely having variable names and traditions for the same gods...

 * The case of Christianity was very different...but like you all have correctly noted, the existing religious infrastructure was kept in tact - but with a radical revision of the narrative and doctrines, etc.. if I'm not mistaken, in Athens they even kept the same statues of the great goddess Athena as Virgin Mary statues, after they turned her temple into a church (before it was later turned into a mosque). Firejuggler86 (talk) 06:51, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

Human Sacrifice
An article on Human Sacrifice says that Vestal Virgin's were sacrificed, but this article clearly says that they were just punished for not staying a virgin, which is not the same at all... Which article is right? were they punished, or really sacrificed in the name of gods? Bojan Grgurov (talk) 01:26, 28 May 2008
 * Well the later Romans rejected the ritual of human sacrifice, though killing them as a result of punishment would of been used. I guess maybe what denotes as "human sacrifice" could be debated. I think they meant human sacrifice in a ritualistic manner. Just my thoughts.JanderVK (talk) 15:01, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Under the Care of the Pontifex Maximus
Wow! Sounds like best example I've ever heard of letting the fox guard the henhouse, short of actually letting a fox guard a henhouse. I mean, wasn't this one of the rolls of the emperor? It sounds fishy to me. Is there any scholarship on whether this was actually a successfull way of keeping them virgins? And we should be careful that this notion of being married to the state doesn't somehow end up meaning that sex with the emperor doesn't count. Amulekii (talk) 00:36, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Voting Vestals
In the "Privileges" section of the article, it is stated that Vestals had the right to vote. NO woman in Rome had the right to vote. ```` —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.190.129.118 (talk) 02:29, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

The Picture
The picture description says " modern vestals'. But there are no mention about modern vestals anywhere in the article! And there is no need to use nude pictures to describe virgin priestesses. Basically the picture have no relevance to article. Salbazier (talk) 14:48, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Selection
It says in Suetonius, 12 Caesars, chapter on Augustus, part XXXI, that the vestal virgins were elected, not drawn by lots. And that it was apparently not very popular to be elected one, as people tried to have their daughters removed from the list of candidates. Staffansvensson (talk) 01:15, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Use of upper case
The term "vestal virgin" should be lower case; see, for example, http://www.onelook.com/?w=vestal+virgin&ls=a WolfmanSF (talk) 20:01, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Although I've seen it lower case, I wonder why. In English, it's a proper adjective from the proper noun "Vesta", like "Italian" from "Italy," or "Augustan" from "Augustus." Here's a general search of Google Books, where you'll see it both ways in a broad range of source; but here are also the search results from my personalized Google library, which has about 300 hundred volumes mostly dealing with ancient Rome, nearly all of them capitalizing "Vestal." See in particular two scholarly books from the last coupla decades that focus largely on the Vestals here and here. Perhaps if the term "vestal virgin' is used in some general sense (like in "A Whiter Shade of Pale"), without specific reference to the ancient Roman priestesses, lowercase would do. But Vestalis mean "of Vesta."Cynwolfe (talk) 18:06, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

G&R Project rating
Feeling perhaps uncharacteristically generous, I rated this article a B on behalf of the Classical Greece and Rome Project. I may be unduly influenced by the fact that it's pleasantly readable, decently copyedited, and not burdened with defensive pedantry; a reasonably motivated 15-year-old could read it and grasp the subject. So a more dedicated G&R project member should feel free to challenge this. Cynwolfe (talk) 13:36, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

To scourge or not to scourge?
It's contradictory in this article to say that Vestal Virgins were scourged if the Sacred Fire went out but that injuring them was punishable by death. It says that even when they were convicted of immorality, they were taken to a place to die and clearly not actively harmed. Can anyone clarify this because either than they were not whipped or it was allowable in some instances to do them harm. 64.134.103.56 (talk) 19:14, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Added an image
I added an image of the hearth at the Temple of Vesta to the section on punishments. Frankcjones (talk) 02:50, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

Ancient Thracian and Troyan families connection with Vesta and Vesta virgins cult.
At the time Roma was founded by its "mythical" founders, there were a strong Thracian influence over all East Mediterranean countries. In Present Bulgaria (Moesia, Thracia, Macedonia) and Romania (Dacia) the centuries old cultures were spread over the present Greece. It is known that the Roma was founded by Troyan royals after the war of Troy. - That is enough strong path to follow if one need to know the Truth. More: "Vesta" in present Bulgarian (the "old Bulgarians were that time the "Thracian people" - Moesians, Getae etc.), means simple "News" or a "News-bearer". "Vesta virgins" in present Bulgarian is called "vestalki", that means simple - "News-telling-girls". There are any sources and evidences for these connections, and if some one needs to have them, we may help. Here is the simplest one: http://kbedic.sourceforge.net/online/index_en.html --79.100.49.49 (talk) 20:09, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

College?
Is there any evidence that the Vestals were referred to as a collegium, as this article frequently calls them (with the English "college", though linked to collegium, which conspicuously does not include the Vestals)? I don't find any. Unless there is, I suggest we remove the term. - Eponymous-Archon (talk) 16:34, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

Use of language in the body of the text
Is it best practice to use language like “paramour” and “expiation” and “…Helvia, a virgin girl of equestrian family…”?

It comes across as a bit pompous and intimidating language that’ll put non-academics off the subject matter. TTFTAKM (talk) 08:59, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Vestal Virgin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Validate

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to validation. — J I P | Talk 05:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

validate
Dicdef, has been transwikied. Ingoolemo  talk  21:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete while this is a dictionary def, I know that this term is used for testing whether surveys (or other measurement instruments) are accurate at measuring the phenomenon of interest. I don't know enough to write the article about this, but it might be worth writing.  --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That would be validation, which we already have an article on. Uncle G 03:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, okay, my laziness shows through... I shamefully vote Redirect to validation. --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 15:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As per our naming conventions (verbs), redirect to validation. Uncle G 03:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to validation. --Angr/undefined 05:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Son Goku360

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User talk:Zach eastling

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User talk:Crimosnrain

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Husarz

Husarz may refer to:
 * Hussar
 * Towarzysz husarski
 * Third-generation Siemens EuroSprinter locomotives operated by PKP Intercity, officially classed as EU44

title: Husarz


text:
Mølen

Mølen is a coastal geopark in the Brunlanes area of Larvik Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The park is Norway's largest beach made up of rolling stones. It is a part of Vestfoldraet, the terrain left behind after the end of the most recent ice age around 10,000 years ago. Mølen is one of Larvik's most popular tourist attractions. It is home to over a hundred types of rock, including Norway's national stone, Larvikite, which is named from the area.

The wind and sea have lashed the landscape of Mølen for thousands of years, and the place takes its name from the Old Norse word "mol", meaning a stone mound or bank of stones.

Mølen first received protected status in 1939 due to its ancient burial mounds. Mølen is home to over 230 cairns, some exceeding 35 m in diameter. Excavations have dated the cairns to the Bronze Age 900-600 BCE. The cairns have been purchased and acquired by the University Museum of National Antiquities.

Mølen received a new protection status in 1970 due its rich and unusual avifauna. Mølen is a habitat for a variety of rare bird species. Between 316 and 320 species of birds have been recorded at Mølen, more species than at any other site in Norway.

It became the first UNESCO Global Geopark in the Nordics in 2008.

Cultural history
The cultural landscape of Mølen, with its total of 230 cairns, is one of the most notable in Norway. The area has 16 large cairns, many up to 35 m in diameter, with almost 200 small cairns in rows parallel to the shoreline. In one of the cairns, burnt stones were found; this could be the result of a cremation dating back to the 5th century A.D. The small cairns may symbolize warriors who fell in battle or were shipwrecked together with their captain.

The first archeological records of Mølen date to 1838 when twelve cairns were mentioned. Historians and archeologists have debated whether Eysteinn Hálfdansson, former king of Vestfold, is buried at Mølen.

The cairns, which were clearly visible to shipping, not only signaled prosperity but probably also served as "sea markers" along the shipping lanes between different trading centres. Mølen and its bay could have been one of several transit sites in Eastern Norway, with goods from here being exchanged and conveyed to the surrounding settlements.

It is not clear why some graves are mounded, while others are of simpler form. It is unknown what ceremonies were linked to the burials, but it is likely that the most powerful members of society were given the most impressive grave sites, while ordinary people received simpler types of graves or were buried without any mound, cairn or bauta stones as grave markers.

Plundering
The cairns closest to the sea are from the late Iron Age and Viking times, while those on higher ground are probably older; theoretically, they could be from the late Bronze Age, as was previously assumed. However, recent research shows that all the cairns of Mølen are probably from the Iron Age. Almost all the cairns have one or more depressions from plundering or so-called "haugbrot". "Haugbrot" refers to ritual removal of the dead; the reason why this was done is not clear. The low boat-shaped stone setting was excavated in the 1970s. It is a grave where a ship had probably been burnt. Iron nails and carbon were found, and these have been dated to approximately 250 A.D.

Geology
There are traces of volcanic activity from the Brunlanes volcano on Saltstein, a southerly headland with a beach composed almost entirely of pebbles. The volcano itself (~280 Ma) has eroded, but the dark types of rock on Saltstein (called larvikites, unique syenite location of this type in the world, but for a minor occurrence in central Canada. ) are remnants of the defunct shield volcano. Relics have also been found on Oddane Fort, on the skerries between Oddane, and other places further south.

Volcanic activity
The long headland of Saltstein comprises alternating layers of lava and volcanic ash. The lava is in the form of dark types of rock with white flecks. The white flecks were originally gas-filled bubbles. Volcanic ash can be seen in layers between individual layers of lava; it is often very stratified and green or brownish in colour. The ash resulted from volcanic eruptions. In the far west of Saltstein, there is an approximately 4 m thick layer of fragments of rock of various sizes. This layer was created in a massive volcanic eruption. Molten basalt and rhomb porphyry forced its way up through the volcano after the lava had overflowed. These substances can be seen as east-west corridors on Saltstein.

Later in the carbon time series, there was basaltic volcanic activity near Skien, Holmestrand, Jeløya, and on Krokskogen and Kolsås, south of Oslo. This was the earliest volcanic activity in the Oslo area. The lava flows were similar to those on basal volcanoes such as on Iceland, Mount Etna and Hawaii. The Brunlanes volcano has a very particular composition found today in eastern Congo near the town of Goma.

Glaciation
The smooth, sloping rock of Saltstein was ground by the glacier during the last ice age. Abraded strips show that the glacier moved from north to south. The North Sea Trail from Nevlunghavn or Helgeroa passes through the area. It is part of a 5000 km coastal walk in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, England and Scotland.

Flora and fauna
310 bird species were observed at Mølen from 1976-1990. As of 1995, 320 bird species have been observed at Mølen. 1.5 million birds pass through Mølen every year on their way south for the winter. Some of the rare species that have been observed here are the Magnificent frigatebird, Booted eagle, Olive-backed pipit, Scaly thrush, Black-winged pratincole, Pine bunting, Western black-eared wheatear, Red-tailed shrike, Marsh sandpiper, Pallas's gull, Franklin's gull, and Ring-billed gull. The Mølen Bird Sanctuary (Mølen fuglefredningsområde) was established in 1981 and stretches from Oddane towards Store Arøya, and further to Lamøya and to Rogn outside Omlidstranda.

A number of rare plant species have been recorded at Mølen. Some common species here are the Common juniper, Sloe, Common cotoneaster, Nordic currant, Black crowberry, Goldmoss stonecrop, Bird's-foot trefoil, Common kidneyvetch, Bloody crane's-bill, Common milkwort, Lady's bedstraw, Calluna, and Sheep's-fescue.

Environmental disasters
In the summer of 2009, Mølen was covered in oil by the Full City oil spill. A subsequent study found that the marine and fish life suffered no significant changes.

title: Mølen


text: User talk:84.13.76.121

title: User talk:84.13.76.121


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Subdural space

The subdural space (or subdural cavity) is a potential space that can be opened by the separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater as the result of trauma, pathologic process, or the absence of cerebrospinal fluid as seen in a cadaver. In the cadaver, due to the absence of cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, the arachnoid mater falls away from the dura mater. It may also be the site of trauma, such as a subdural hematoma, causing abnormal separation of dura and arachnoid mater. Hence, the subdural space is referred to as "potential" or "artificial" space.

title: Subdural space


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Chris Costner Sizemore

Christine Costner Sizemore (April 4, 1927 – July 24, 2016) was an American woman who, in the 1950s, was diagnosed with multiple personality disorder, now known as dissociative identity disorder. Her case was depicted in the 1950s book The Three Faces of Eve, written by her psychiatrists, Corbett H. Thigpen and Hervey M. Cleckley, upon which the film of the same name, starring Joanne Woodward, was based. She went public with her identity in the 1970s.

Background
Sizemore was born Christine Costner on April 4, 1927, to Asa "Acie" Costner and Eunice Zueline Hastings in Edgefield, South Carolina.

In accordance with then-current modes of thought on the disorder, Thigpen reported that Sizemore had developed multiple personalities as a result of her witnessing two deaths and a horrifying accident within three months as a small child. However, in Sizemore's own report, these traumatic incidents only triggered the evidencing of selves which were already present: "Despite authorities' claims to the contrary, my former alters were not fragments of my birth personality. They were entities, whole in their own rights, who coexisted with my birth personality before I was born. They were not me, but they remain intrinsically related to what it means to be me."In her book, I'm Eve (1977), Christine describes many phases of her life; the first she titles the separation labelled the years 1927 to 1946, wherein she identifies a selection of the selves or alters and their memories. The first alter she calls from her memory is the red haired stranger who witnesses these very first traumatic events with Christine, whereby she can recollect this girl (alter) in her memories. These memories contain the very same Thigpen had attributed to her development of multiple personalities.

 * The earliest, at 10-months-old, was a funeral of a five-month-old cousin, she writes of Christine's fear of the white casket, her aunts mourning and her father closing the casket lid (where she thought he might be scared of the dark, alluding to her own fears of the dark and death- she, later in the book describes her guilt about still being alive when her cousin could not).
 * Thigpen's sequence of events occurred at age 2, the first she recalls is the fetching of a drunken old man, who had died in a water-filled ditch, by her uncle and father wherein she describes his decomposition and soon a scolding by her mother for having witnessed this.
 * The second, Christine is being scolded by her mother again for sitting under her legs. Christine's mother is churning milk and the glass jar breaks unexpectedly and she presses the shards to her body to save Christine being injured. Christine observes in horror as her mother's arm is slashed, too paralysed to get the aid her mother requests.
 * The final, an incident at the saw mill her father worked at. Her mother is alerted to a whistle that indicates an accident at the mill, she brings a young Christine along with her where they witness the dismemberment of a worker. Following these incidents, Christine has an intense worry and many ruminations about death and illness towards her family and loved ones.

Diagnosis and The Three Faces of Eve
Thigpen and Cleckley diagnosed Sizemore and treated her at no cost for several years. In 1956, while still under their care, she signed the rights to her life story to 20th Century Fox, although it was later alleged that she had signed this without legal representation and using the names of her alternate personalities.

The Three Faces of Eve became a bestseller when it was published in 1957. This was written by Thigpen and Cleckley with limited input from Sizemore.

In 1958, she co-wrote (with James Poling) Strangers in My Body: The Final Face of Eve, using the pseudonym of Evelyn Lancaster. She wrote two later follow-ups: I'm Eve (1977), written with Elen Sain Pittillo; and A Mind of My Own (1989).

In 1970, she started treatment with Tony Tsitos, whom she credited with making the greatest progress in integrating the divergent personalities over the next four years. According to both Sizemore and psychiatrists who worked with her after her treatment with Thigpen and Cleckley, it was not until she was in Tsitos' care that she became aware that she experienced not three selves, but more than 20 personalities that eventually were unified. It was reported that her selves were presented in groups of three at a time.

Sizemore reported feeling exploited and objectified by the media blitz surrounding the book and film of Three Faces of Eve. Upon discovering in 1988 that her legal rights to her own life story had been signed away to 20th Century Fox by Thigpen, Sizemore went to Manhattan's Federal District Court to contest the contract. She accepted an out-of-court settlement, and no further films were made.

Sizemore's papers, covering 1952 through 1989, have been acquired by the Duke University Library. An overview of the collection and a summary of Sizemore's story are included on its website.

Sizemore was interviewed on the BBC News series Hardtalk on March 25, 2009.

Death
Sizemore died of a heart attack in hospice care on July 24, 2016, in Ocala, Florida. She was 89 years old.

title: Chris Costner Sizemore


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-10-10/Features and admins

The declining pace of new featured articles was a focus of considerable attention this week, prompting debate and activity in other projects and on the wikien-l mailing list about how to address the situation.

Six articles were promoted to Featured status this week: Mercantilism, French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools, W. Mark Felt, Richard O'Connor, Peterborough Chronicle, and Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me). The pace of new featured articles has fallen just under one per day; while a significant backlog of featured articles has not appeared on the Main Page yet, the decreased production has given cause for concern.

Earlier, Featured Article Director Raul654 had noted that the ratio of featured articles to other articles in English Wikipedia was about to fall below 1:1000, or 0.1%. Toothpaste called this event "a sad day in Wikiland."

This led to an extended discussion about the causes of the problem, including debate about the value of the featured article process itself. Tony Sidaway expressed the opinion that many featured articles had managed to get through the process in spite of being badly written. The criticism also ties in with the complaint of a business journalist who commented on the poor writing in two other (non-featured) articles (see related story).

In an effort to compensate for the problems with both quality and quantity, several projects are underway. The Collaboration of the Week project and the Peer review process are two efforts that have been particularly productive in generating successful featured article candidates. Talrias expressed concern that the activity level on the Collaboration of the Week "has fallen quite considerably" in recent months, and called for ideas on how to reinvigorate the project. Also, the Featured Article Drive, designed specifically to help guide articles through the process, was re-launched this week by Rob Church.

Administrators
This week, thirteen users gained administrator status: Gyrofrog (nom), Durin (nom), Kwamikagami (nom), OwenX (nom), NicholasTurnbull (nom), Nabla (nom), 23skidoo (nom), Graft (nom), Brian_Kendig (nom), Mairi (nom), DragonflySixtyseven (nom), RoySmith (nom) and BillyH (nom).

Other featured content
One list gained featured status: Northwest Territories general elections

One photo gained featured status, while Image:Mark 48 Torpedo testing.jpg was demoted.


text:
Club Sol de América

Club Sol de América is a Paraguayan sports club, mostly known for its football team. The club is located in Barrio Obrero, Asunción, and was founded in 1909. The stadium Sol de America uses for most of its games is located in the suburb city of Villa Elisa on the border of the capital city, Asunción. Sol de America have won the Paraguayan First Division title on two occasions, in 1986 and then again in 1991. They also have a strong basketball team and an athletics department.

Honours

 * Paraguayan First Division: 2
 * 1986, 1991

 * Paraguayan Second Division: 4
 * 1965, 1977, 2006, 2023

Performance in CONMEBOL competitions

 * Copa Libertadores: 6 appearances
 * Best: Quarter-finals in 1989
 * 1989: Quarter-finals

Current squad
As of 24 January, 2024

Notable players

 * To appear in this section a player must have either:

 * Played at least 125 games for the club.
 * Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club.
 * Been part of a national team at any time.
 * Played in the first division of any other football association (outside of Paraguay).
 * Played in a continental and/or intercontinental competition.

1970s 1990s 2000s 2010s Non-CONMEBOL players
 * 🇵🇾 Secundino Aifuch (1971–75)
 * 🇵🇾 Teresio Centurión (1976-1980 and 1981-1989)
 * 🇵🇾 Gustavo Neffa (1996–98)
 * 🇵🇾 Enrique Vera (2000–02)
 * 🇦🇷 Fabián Caballero (2000)
 * 🇵🇾 Cristian Bogado (2004)
 * 🇵🇾 Pablo Zeballos (2005–07)
 * 🇵🇾 Miguel Ángel Cuéllar (2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Josías Paulo Cardoso Júnior (2009–2011)
 * 🇧🇷 Glacinei Martins (2010–2011)
 * 🇺🇾 Sebastian Abreu (2016–)
 * 🇨🇦 Abraham Francois (2001)
 * 🇮🇹 Massimiliano Ammendola (2013–14)

Managers

 * 🇭🇺 Ferenc Puskás (1985–86)
 * 🇺🇾 Sergio Markarián (1987–89)
 * 🇵🇾 Ever Hugo Almeida (Jan 1, 1997 – Jan 1, 1999), (Jan 1, 2000 – Jan 1, 2001)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Dabrowski (2011–2013)
 * 🇵🇾 Gualberto Jara (2013)
 * 🇺🇾 Mauricio Larriera (2013)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Pompei (2013–2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Daniel Garnero (2015–2016)
 * 🇦🇷 Fernando Ortiz (2017)
 * 🇦🇷 Fernando Ortiz (2018)
 * 🇧🇴 Pablo Daniel Escobar (2019–2020)
 * 🇦🇷 Luis Islas (2020)
 * 🇵🇾 Celso Ayala (2020–2021)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Pablo Pumpido (2021–2022)
 * 🇵🇾 Celso Ayala (2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Guiñazú (2022)
 * 🇵🇾 Gustavo Bobadilla (2022–2023)
 * 🇵🇾 Cesar Castro (2023)

Athletics

Sol de América also has an athletics department affiliated with the Federación Paraguaya de Atletismo. Physical preparers of the club are Edgar Torres and 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics javelin thrower Leryn Franco.

Basketball
Sol de América also has a basketball team participating in the Paraguayan Metropolitan Basketball League.

 * Paraguayan Championship: 9
 * 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2007, 2010, 2011

title: Club Sol de América


text:
ISO/IEC 10967

ISO/IEC 10967, Language independent arithmetic (LIA), is a series of standards on computer arithmetic. It is compatible with ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011, more known as IEEE 754-2008, and much of the specifications are for IEEE 754 special values (though such values are not required by LIA itself, unless the parameter iec559 is true). It was developed by the working group ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG11, which was disbanded in 2011.

LIA consists of three parts:
 * Part 1: Integer and floating point arithmetic, second edition published 2012.
 * Part 2: Elementary numerical functions, first edition published 2001.
 * Part 3: Complex integer and floating point arithmetic and complex elementary numerical functions, first edition published 2006.

Part 1
Part 1 deals with the basic integer and floating point datatypes (for multiple radices, including 2 and 10), but unlike IEEE 754-2008 not the representation of the values. Part 1 also deals with basic arithmetic, including comparisons, on values of such datatypes. The parameter iec559 is expected to be true for most implementations of LIA-1.

Part 1 was revised, to the second edition, to become more in line with the specifications in parts 2 and 3.

Part 2
Part 2 deals with some additional "basic" operations on integer and floating point datatype values, but focuses primarily on specifying requirements on numerical versions of elementary functions. Much of the specifications in LIA-2 are inspired by the specifications in Ada for elementary functions.

Part 3
Part 3 generalizes parts 1 and 2 to deal with imaginary and complex datatypes and arithmetic and elementary functions on such values. Much of the specifications in LIA-3 are inspired by the specifications for imaginary and complex datatypes and operations in C, Ada and Common Lisp.

Bindings
Each of the parts provide suggested bindings for a number of programming languages. These are not part of the LIA standards, just suggestions, and are not complete. Authors of a programming language standard may wish to alter the suggestions before any incorporation in the programming language standard.

The C99, C11 and C17 standards for C, and in 2013, the standards for C++ and Modula-2, have partial bindings to LIA-1.

title: ISO/IEC 10967


text:
Bela Pratt

Bela Lyon Pratt (December 11, 1867 – May 18, 1917) was an American sculptor from Connecticut.

Life
Pratt was born in Norwich, Connecticut, to Sarah (Whittlesey) and George Pratt, a Yale-educated lawyer. His maternal grandfather, Oramel Whittlesey, was a pianoforte maker and founder in 1835 of Music Vale Seminary in Salem, Connecticut, the first music school in the country authorized to confer degrees to teach music. At 16, Pratt began studying at the Yale University School of Fine Arts, where his teachers included John Henry Niemeyer (1839–1932) and John Ferguson Weir (1841–1926).

After graduating from Yale, he enrolled at the Art Students League of New York where he took classes from William Merritt Chase (1849–1916), Kenyon Cox (1859–1919), Francis Edwin Elwell (1858–1922), and most important, Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848–1907), who became his mentor. After a short stint in Saint-Gaudens' private studio, Pratt traveled to Paris, where he trained with sculptors Henri-Michel-Antoine Chapu (1833–1891) and Alexandre Falguière (1831–1900) at the École des Beaux-Arts.

In 1892, he returned to the United States to create two large sculptural groups representing The Genius of Navigation for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. He also produced sculptures for the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901. In 1893, he began a 25-year career as an influential teacher of modeling in the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. One of Pratt's most famous students at the School was John A. Wilson. During this time, Pratt sculpted a series of busts of Boston's intellectual community, including Episcopal minister Phillips Brooks (1899, Brooks House, Harvard University), Colonel Henry Lee (1902, Memorial Hall, Harvard University), and Boston Symphony Orchestra founder Henry Lee Higginson (1909, Symphony Hall, Boston). He became an associate of the National Academy in 1900. (1) When Saint-Gaudens' uncompleted group for the entrance to the Boston Public Library was rejected, Pratt was awarded a commission for personifications of Art and Science. Pratt continued Saint-Gaudens' influence in coin design after 1907. His gold Indian Head half ($5) and quarter ($2.50) eagle gold U.S. coins are known as the "Pratt coins" and feature an unusual intaglio Indian head, the U.S. mint's only recessed design in circulation. A memorial exhibition of 125 of his sculptures was held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in the spring of 1918.

Pratt's students included Frederick Warren Allen, Daisy Blanche King., Bashka Paeff, and Richard Henry Recchia, as well as his son Dudley Pratt.

Selected works

 * 1892 The Genius of Navigation – World's Columbian Exposition
 * 1892 The Genius of Discovery – World's Columbian Exposition
 * 1893 Clara and Lizzie, Daughters of Frederick and Elizabeth Shattuck (plaque) – National Gallery of Art
 * 1895 Literature, Science, Art (Spandrel figures) Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
 * 1896 The Four Seasons (plaques) – 2nd floor pavilions, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress
 * 1896 Figure of Victory - #1 turret U.S.S. Massachusetts, (Sculpture now housed at the US Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland).
 * 1897 Dr. Henry Augustus Coit – St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire
 * 1902 General Benjamin Franklin Butler Monument - Hildreth Cemetery, Lowell, Massachusetts
 * 1906 Young Soldier – St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire
 * 1907 Andersonville Boy – State Capitol Grounds, Hartford, Connecticut
 * 1908 Abraham Lincoln Monument – Lowell, Massachusetts
 * 1910 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Bell Rock Memorial Park, Malden, Massachusetts
 * 1910 Nathaniel Hawthorne – Salem, Massachusetts
 * 1910 Art w/palette right, Science w/sphere left, Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts
 * 1911 Army Nurses Memorial, Massachusetts State House, Boston
 * 1913 Whaleman's Monument – New Bedford, Massachusetts
 * 1913 Edward Everett Hale – Boston Public Garden, Boston, Massachusetts
 * 1913 Schoolboy of 1850 – Ashburnham, Massachusetts
 * 1914 Grieving Mother - Washington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania
 * 1914 Nathan Hale – Yale University
 * Cast at the Central Intelligence Agency, Quantico, Virginia
 * Cast at the Department of Justice Building, Washington, D.C.
 * Cast at the Chicago Tribune, Chicago, Illinois
 * Cast at Fort Nathan Hale, New Haven, Connecticut
 * 1916 Reverend Phillips Brooks, Old Common, North Andover, Massachusetts

title: Bela Pratt


text:
Enid Yandell

Enid Yandell (October 6, 1869 – June 12, 1934) was an American sculptor from Louisville, Kentucky, who studied with Auguste Rodin in Paris, Philip Martiny in New York City, and Frederick William MacMonnies.

Yandell specialized in portrait busts and monuments. She created numerous portraits, garden pieces and small works as well as public monuments. The sculpture collection at the Speed Art Museum in her hometown includes a large number of her works in plaster. She contributed to The Woman's Building at the Chicago World's Fair.

Artistic training

Yandell was the eldest daughter of Dr. Lunsford Pitts Yandell Jr. and Louise Elliston Yandell of Louisville, Kentucky. Her sister Maud Yandell (1871–1962) also never married; Elsie Yandell (1874–1939) married the American architect Donn Barber and moved to New York; and, their younger brother, Lunsford P. Yandell III (1878–1927) married Elizabeth Hosford of Connecticut and lived in Kentucky. Enid Yandell completed degrees in chemistry and art at Hampton College, a school for girls in Louisville. She then attended the Art Academy of Cincinnati, where she completed a four-year program in two years, winning a first-prize medal upon graduation in 1889. Yandell also took advantage of apprenticeships with noted sculptors of the day. These included Lorado Taft, Philip Martiny and Karl Bitter.

Yandell was one of a group of women sculptors known as the White Rabbits, who were organized by sculptor Lorado Taft to complete the numerous statues and other architectural embellishments for the Horticultural Building at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. She also designed and carved the caryatid that supported the roof garden of The Woman's Building. Yandell co-wrote a semi-autobiographical account of her involvement in planning the fair, Three Girls in a Flat (1892). (This book is not to be confused with a British one of the same title by Ethel F. Heddle, published in 1896, a roman a clef featuring Ménie Muriel Dowie, Lillias Campbell Davidson, and Alice Werner, describing 'the ambivalent experience when the freedom of living alone collides with “the sordid, matter-of-fact worries incident on having very little money.”' )

In 1894, Yandell went to Paris, where she studied with Frederick William MacMonnies and other instructors at the Académie Vitti in Montparnasse. Yandell also worked with Auguste Rodin. She returned to Paris frequently, maintaining a studio there and exhibiting at the Paris Salon.

In 1898 Yandell became the first woman member to join the National Sculpture Society. In 1899 her sister Elsie married the architect Donn Barber. Yandell died on June 12, 1934, in Boston, Massachusetts, and is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky, Section O, Lot 396.

Daniel Boone sculpture

Sculptures by Yandell include a nine-foot statue of Daniel Boone, which was commissioned by the Filson Club of Louisville and exhibited outside the Kentucky Building at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Yandell completed a plaster cast which was shown at several exhibitions before C. C. Bickel finally arranged to have the work cast in bronze for the city of Louisville in 1906. The Daniel Boone sculpture survived the Super Outbreak of tornadoes on April 3, 1974, and is now located in Cherokee Park, Louisville, Kentucky. Another casting of the Boone statue was made in 1967 and placed on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Kentucky.

Tennessee Centennial International Exposition
At age 27, Yandell was commissioned to create a monumental sculpture of Pallas Athena for the 1897 Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition. The Greek sculpture was in keeping with Nashville's nickname as "The Athens of the South."

Yandell created the statue in her studio in Paris. She based the design on the Pallas de Velletri, found near Rome, Italy, in the eighteenth century, which was itself a copy of an ancient Greek statue. It depicted Athena with one arm raised victoriously and the other arm with upturned palm in a gesture of welcome. The 40-foot sculpture was shipped to Nashville in sections by ship. The statue was assembled in Nashville and stood before the exposition's Fine Arts Building, which was built as a full-size replica of the Parthenon in Athens.

Like other statues in the exhibition, Yandell's Athena was made from staff, a non-permanent building material. The sculpture was never cast in bronze and within a year it deteriorated to pieces. The Nashville Parthenon was rebuilt in permanent materials, and still stands today. An entirely different Athena statue by Alan LeQuire, unveiled in 1990, stands inside the Nashville Parthenon.

The Wheelmen's Bench

The Wheelmen's Bench is another significant sculpture by Yandell. Also in Louisville, it is located at the intersection of Third Street and Southern Parkway. The sculpture was part of an 1890s civic event dedicating a new bicycle path from downtown Louisville to Iroquois Park. A historical marker formerly located at the site read as follows:

 * Erected 1897 by Ky. Div. of League of American Wheelmen to honor cycling pioneer A. D. Ruff (1827–96) of Owingsville, Ky. The League's oldest member, he had bicycled to Yellowstone National Park in 1893. Marble fountain and stone bench, known to generations of cyclists as "Wheelmen's Bench," designed by famed sculptor Enid Yandell.
 * Cycle Carnival, 1897 – On October 8, 1897, a parade of 10,000 cyclists passed here to celebrate a new cinder bicycling path along Southern Parkway. Viewed by 50,000 spectators, parade began at Third and Broadway and ended at Iroquois Cycle Club. Many cyclists were in costume; ladies wore bloomers. Bugles and cannon fire marked the parade's progress. Presented by The Louisville Bicycle Club – 1997.

Struggle of Life
Enid Yandell's sculpture the "Struggle of life" was commissioned by Italian diplomat Paul Bajnotti, of Turin, Italy, in memory of his wife Carrie Brown. Dedicated in 1899, the Carrie Brown Memorial (also referred to as the Bajnotti Fountain) is located in Burnside Park in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. She exhibited a plaster version of the fountain - then named "Struggle of Existence" - for the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. The group of five figures was described in a contemporary journal article as "the struggle of the Spirit of Life to escape from the hampering influence of Duty, Avarice, and Passion." Yandell described the sculpture as representing "the attempt of the immortal soul within us to free itself from the handicaps and entanglements of its earthly environments."

Ninigret
Yandell produced a sculpture of Ninigret, a 17th-century sachem of the eastern Niantic tribe, which was erected in 1914 in the seaside town of Watch Hill, Rhode Island. The sculpture was commissioned by Frances Canby Griscom (Biddle) in memory of her husband Clement Acton Griscom, a 19th-century shipping magnate. Ninigret is portrayed holding a fish in each hand. The sculpture was originally part of a water fountain for the village horses: water flowed from the mouths of the fishes into a trough.

The statue was moved several times; during the 1950s, it was painted gold and stood in front of the library. In 2016 the statue was moved to the north end of Village Park on Bay Street in Watch Hill, facing the harbor. The fountain was restored with a new pump, and for the first time in 65 years water once again flows out of the mouths of the two fish held by the chief.

Social activism
In addition to her work as an artist, Yandell was committed to improving the lives of others. She contributed to the education of future artists by founding in 1908 the Branstock School in Edgartown on Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts. The art school functioned for several summers until her death in 1934. Yandell also worked with Appui Aux Artists, an organization which provided affordable meals for those involved in the arts and their families.

Yandell was an active supporter of women's suffrage, offering her art in exhibits for fundraising efforts. She also campaigned for Calvin Coolidge in Massachusetts when he ran for office on a pro-woman suffrage platform in the early 1900s.

During World War I, Enid Yandell became involved with the Red Cross, and with a French organization for the care of war orphans, La Société des Orphelins de la Guerre. After returning to the United States, she served as director of the Bureau of Communications for the American Red Cross in New York, and as chair of the Women's Committee for the Council of National Defense. These activities consumed almost all her time; she largely gave up her work as a sculptor to help others.

Death
Enid Yandell died in Boston on June 12, 1934. She was buried in Louisville, Kentucky, at the Cave Hill Cemetery with her family and next to her sister Maud. In 2019 Cave Hill Cemetery is part of a Louisville-wide celebration of the legacy of Enid Yandell as a sculptor, social activist, and suffrage leader. The collaboration, known as Enid Yandell: A Life of Art and Activism, involves an array of Louisville cultural and historical institutions and artists to present a comprehensive study of Yandell on the 150th anniversary of her birth. Plans include Olmstead's Louisville and Celebrating 150 Years of Enid Yandell: A Life of Art and Activism at the Frazier History Museum; Breaking the Mold: Sculptor Enid Yandell's Early Life, an exhibit at the Filson Historical Society; Kentucky Women: Enid Yandell, an exhibit at the Speed Art Museum; ENID: Generations of Women Sculptors, an exhibit at the Louisville Free Public Library and Bellarmine University about a collective of female sculptors formed in 1993 in honor of Yandell; and Interwoven: A Tribute to Enid Yandell, an exhibit of work by members of ENID: Generations of Women Sculptors at Louisville's 21C Museum Hotel.

title: Enid Yandell


text:
Keith Robinson (comedian)

Keith Robinson is an American stand-up comedian and comic actor.

Early life
In his teens, Robinson began cultivating his wit with his "back of the bus funny," subsequently working the comedy circuit in Philadelphia, his hometown. In 1993 he competed on Ed McMahon's Star Search, and was a finalist but did not win. He is also very well known for his time with "Comedy Express" a comedy group in the 1980s.

Stand-up comedy
Robinson performs regularly at the Comedy Cellar in Manhattan, frequently as the emcee. He has had his own half-hour stand-up special on Comedy Central. In 2012, Time Out New York named Robinson as one of the "21 New York comedy scene linchpins " He has several stories about his life in Philadelphia and his run-ins with the police.

Television and film appearances
Robinson was the announcer and sidekick on The Wanda Sykes Show. He gained significant exposure as a regular on Comedy Central's Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn. He has appeared on The Chelsea Lately Show on E!, the Opie and Anthony show and NBC's short-lived The Colin Quinn Show.

Some of Robinson's film credits include Rebound: The Legend of Earl "The Goat" Manigault, Diary of a Tired Black Man, Trainwreck and the stand-up comedy film Kevin Hart: Laugh at My Pain. He has also had appearances on MTV, VH1, HBO's Def Comedy Jam, the series Are We There Yet? and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Robinson has also been credited as a comedic writer, including on the sketch comedy series Chappelle's Show.

In 2014, Robinson released his first one-hour stand-up special Kevin Hart Presents: Keith Robinson - Back of the Bus Funny.

Podcast
Robinson co-hosts the Spotify original podcast Amy Schumer Presents: 3 Girls, 1 Keith with Schumer and her best comedy friends Rachel Feinstein and Bridget Everett which debuted June 21, 2018. They talk about comedy, pop culture, politics and their personal lives.

Personal life
In 2016, Robinson had a stroke which paralyzed one side of his body and slurred his speech yet he continues performing stand-up. He discussed his strokes at length in his 2024 Netflix special Different Strokes.

title: Keith Robinson (comedian)


text:
Talk:Cinema of the Netherlands

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:54, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
 * RutgerHauerEscapeFromSobiborPublicDomain1.jpg

Dutch Hollywood?
Is the Dutch film and television industry mostly decentralized, or is it based primarily in and around Amsterdam, or is there another "not Amsterdam" location in the Netherlands that the industry is centered on or that is known for TV/film production? If someone has a reference, this would be nice information to have in the article. 134.134.137.89 (talk) 06:46, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cinema of the Netherlands


text:
Spaghetti Bowl

Spaghetti bowl may refer to:

 * Spaghetti Bowl (American football), a 1945 American football game in Italy
 * Spaghetti bowl effect, an economic phenomenon
 * Spaghetti junction, a network of highway interconnects (interchange ramps) that look like spaghetti in a bowl when viewed from overhead
 * Spaghetti Bowl (Las Vegas), a freeway interchange near downtown Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
 * Spaghetti Bowl (Salt Lake City), a freeway interchange on the southern edge of Salt Lake City, Utah, United States

title: Spaghetti Bowl


text:
University of Calabar

The University of Calabar is a federal university situated in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. It is one of Nigeria's second-generation federal universities. The University of Calabar was a campus of the University of Nigeria until 1975. The present Vice Chancellor is Dr. Florence B. Obi (Professor). The post of the DVC (Academic) is held by Dr. Angela Oyo Ita (Professor), while Dr. Grace Eno Nta (Professor) is the current DVC (Administration).

The architecture was designed by John Elliott. It was established by decree to fulfill this traditional mandate, its motto "Knowledge for Service".

The University of Calabar was one of the foremost Nigerian Universities to automate students' registration processes through the College Portal, and has taken a step further to automate her alumni relations which includes an online transcript request and processing, being first of its kind in the country.

University Library
The University of Calabar Library is the main academic library of the University of Calabar, located in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Established in 1975, the library has since grown to become one of the largest and most comprehensive academic libraries in Nigeria, serving as a resource for students, faculty, and researchers.

Administration and leadership
The current principal members of the university administration and their positions are as follows:

Faculties
The university has the following faculties:

 * Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences
 * Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
 * Faculty of Dentistry
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences
 * Faculties of Management Sciences
 * Faculty of Education
 * Faculty of Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Clinical Science
 * Faculty of Arts
 * Institute of Public Policy and Administration
 * Faculty of Law
 * College of Medical Sciences
 * Faculty of Biological Sciences
 * Faculty of Physical Sciences
 * Faculty of Engineering and Technology
 * Faculty of Environmental Sciences
 * Faculty of Pharmacy
 * Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science
 * Faculty of Agriculture, forestry and Wildlife Management
 * Institute of Oceanography
 * Bassey Andah Institute for African and Asian Studies
 * Graduate School
 * University of Calabar Consultancy Services

Affiliate institutions
This is a list of affiliate institutions of the University of Calabar approved by the National Universities Commission (NUC).
 * Nigerian Christian Bible Church (NCBC).
 * Reformed Theological Seminary, Mkar (RTSM).
 * Catholic Institute of West Africa, Port-Harcourt (CIWAP).
 * Essien Ukpabio Presbyterian College Itu, Akwa Ibom State (EUPCIAS).
 * College of Education, Katsina-Ala, Benue State (CEKBS).
 * Federal College of Education, Obudu, Cross River State (FCEOCR).

Notable alumni
Amongst the alumni of the University of Calabar are:

 * Reuben Abati, Lawyer/writer.
 * Queeneth Agbor, actress
 * Biko Agozino, criminologist
 * Godswill Akpabio, Senate President of Nigeria
 * Anthony Ayine, auditor general for the Federation.
 * Regina Askia-Williams actress -left before graduation
 * Isabella Ayuk, MBGN 2012.
 * Grace Folashade Bent, politician.
 * Omotu Bissong, model/television presenter.
 * Stacey B. Day, Ntufam Ajan of Oban
 * Chile Eboe-Osuji, International Jurist and Current President of the International Criminal Court, The Hague, Netherlands.
 * Dr. Betta Edu, Nigerian public health specialist and politician
 * Kennedy Ekezie, philosopher, former national debate champion, entrepreneur and CEO of Kippa
 * Keppy Ekpenyong, Nigerian actor.
 * Alexx Ekubo, actor/model.
 * Ita Enang, politician
 * Nelson Enwerem, model, television personality and winner of Mr Nigeria 2018
 * Eve Esin, Nigerian actress
 * Eno Essien, technology entrepreneur
 * Aloysius Akpan Etok, politician
 * Kate Henshaw, actress
 * Okezie Ikpeazu, Current Governor of Abia State of Nigeria.
 * Alex Mascot Ikwechegh, politician, businessman and philanthropist
 * Stella Immanuel, Doctor and conspiracy theorist based in Houston, Texas.
 * Iyanya, singer/songwriter/performer.
 * Osita Izunaso, politician
 * Uche Jombo, actress
 * Benjamin Kalu, politician and member of the House of Representatives
 * Yahaya Kuta, Nigerian author
 * Victor Ndoma-Egba, politician
 * Aniebiet Inyang Ntui, EU Ambassador, University Librarian of University of Calabar and Professor of Library and Information Science.
 * Florence Obi, academic, author, professor, and 11th substantive vice-chancellor of University of Calabar
 * John Odey, former minister
 * Stephanie Okereke, actress.
 * Chido Onumah, Nigerian/Canadian journalist, author and activist
 * Wofai Samuel, media personality and communications executive
 * Jewel Taylor, Former first Lady, Senator (2006-2018) and current Vice President of Liberia
 * John James Akpan Udo-Edehe, politician
 * Eteng Jonah Williams, Nigerian Senator
 * Owens Wiwa, human rights activist.
 * Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu, minister.

Notable faculty

 * Eskor Toyo, Professor of Economics and Marxist scholar
 * Eno James Ibanga, Professor of Solid State Physics and Materials Science
 * Akpan Hogan Ekpo, Professor of Economics and Public Policy

title: University of Calabar


text:
The Wretched Spawn

The Wretched Spawn is the ninth studio album by American death metal band Cannibal Corpse. It was released on February 24, 2004 by Metal Blade Records. The cover art is by Vincent Locke. This is the last studio album to feature guitarist Jack Owen, one of the band's founding members, and up to the 2012 album Torture, the last with an album cover depicting violence and gore. The album was distributed with a making-of DVD produced by Nick Sahakian. The Wretched Spawn is Cannibal Corpse's fourth album to be named after one of the tracks on the album, after Butchered at Birth, The Bleeding and Gallery of Suicide.

Song meanings
"For songs like "Nothing Left to Mutilate", and "Decency Defied", I looked to friends for ideas they had. "Decency [Defied]" was based on a friend who had a nightmare that her tattoos were being torn off while she was still alive. "Nothing Left [to Mutilate]" was based on ideas from a friend who was studying pheromones in college, and told me all about how a woman's scent drives men crazy. So if my imagination doesn't kick in, I draw from other things. "Slain" was based on the Eastwood film High Plains Drifter. And "Festering in the Crypt" is my own idea of dealing with the finality of death."- Jack Owen

Credits

 * Cannibal Corpse
 * George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher – vocals
 * Pat O'Brien – lead guitar
 * Jack Owen – rhythm guitar
 * Alex Webster – bass
 * Paul Mazurkiewicz – drums

title: The Wretched Spawn


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Talk:Baylor University

"Baylor University Press" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Baylor University Press and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Marcocapelle (talk) 07:55, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

Black Sororities and Fraternities
Why aren’t the Black Sororities and Fraternities not listed? 2600:1700:84A0:61E0:A8C7:E96C:CD85:CD6F (talk) 17:52, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baylor University


text:
Murray Baker Bridge

The Murray Baker Bridge is a landmark cantilever bridge that carries Interstate 74 (I-74) and Illinois Route 29 (IL 29) over the Illinois River from downtown Peoria to East Peoria in central Illinois. According to the Illinois Department of Transportation, the Murray Baker Bridge was built in 1958, and had an original length of 3216 ft.

The bridge itself is a single cantilever bridge, with two lanes in each direction. Because it has no shoulders, the Baker Bridge is not up to modern Interstate standards.

The bridge is named for Murray M. Baker, who was the first vice president of the company that eventually became Caterpillar. Baker convinced the Holt Manufacturing Company to move to Peoria in 1909. Holt merged with C.L. Best Gas Tractor Co. and became Caterpillar in 1925.

1984
The bridge underwent repairs in 1984.

2005 Reconstruction
As part of the Upgrade 74 reconstruction project in 2005, the span's length was shortened to 3036 ft to make room for new entrance ramps on the west side of the river. On January 3, 2006, the Illinois Department of Transportation and the chief design consultant for the truss shortening, Alfred Benesch & Company, were awarded the 2006 Eminent Conceptor Award by the American Council of Engineering Companies of Illinois (ACEC-IL). The project was picked out of a larger group of Honor Award recipients. The designer was also awarded the 2007 Prize Bridge Award by the National Steel Bridge Alliance (NSBA).

2020 Reconstruction
The bridge was closed for construction on March 29, 2020. By removing traffic from the work zone, the repairs were completed in just one construction season, reducing the overall project cost and eliminating a safety risk to workers and motorists.

Following extensive renovations, the Murray Baker Bridge rehabilitation was completed on schedule and reopened to the public on October 31, 2020. The project, one of the first under Governor Pritzker's historic, bipartisan Rebuild Illinois capital program, improved the critical travel corridor by closing the work zone to all traffic for seven months instead of multiple construction seasons.

The $42.2 million rehabilitation project removed and replaced the existing bridge deck, repaired structural steel, repainted lower portions of the bridge and installed new lighting, resulting in a smoother, safer ride for commuter and freight traffic. As part of a joint effort with the City of Peoria, energy-efficient decorative lighting was added to enhance a community focal point. The Murray Baker Bridge carries almost 68,000 vehicles a day.

title: Murray Baker Bridge


text: User talk:81.105.59.210

title: User talk:81.105.59.210


text:
User talk:William Lovas

'sup buddy
You showed up on my watchlist so I thought I'd deredify your user page, which is good for my erytophobia. Brighterorange 22:20, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can:
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com

Thanks and I hope you join up!  Cbrown1023   talk   04:52, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:William Lovas


text:
User talk:Petr.adamek

Wikics template
Hi Petr! I've just created a new template to indicate English Wikipedia users who also contribute to the Czech Wikipedia.

Template:User wikics

Feel free to add it to your userboxes if you like it. Happy Easter. Daniel Šebesta (talk • contribs) 08:17, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

hi Petr, could you help us a little?
you created the images:

could you, from the same source, create a PNG just like Image:Sampled.signal.png except that it is Sampled and Held, just as if the dirac sampled signal was passed through a properly scaled Zero-order hold ? it would look alot like Image:Digital.signal.png except the horizontal levels are not quantized. the held level is the same height as the resulting sample impulse. i am using Image:Sampled.signal.png and we could use this or  (whatever you want to call it) image side-by-side with your Image:Sampled.signal.png to illustrate the effect of ZOH and conventional Digital to analog converter.

thanks in advance if you do this. r b-j 01:05, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I will try to do it soon. --Petr.adamek 15:13, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Done, is it OK? --Petr.adamek 15:30, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Sampled.held.signal.png]]
 * excellent! thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you. r b-j 21:07, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

sorry to bother you again, Petr. i use a Mac and i do not have gnuplot or whatever it is that you create these images with. i used your drawings in the Zero-order hold article. i'm feeling pressured to do another article for First-order hold (to replace an article that is not very good) could you do another one, just like Sampled.held.signal.png but with the left corners of the red graph connected with straight lines (replacing the piecewise constant with a piecewise linear function)? in other words, a linear interpolation of the identical sampled signal? i won't bug you for more drawings (i'll try to get someone else to do the ZOH and FOH impulse responses in the same format as your drawings). it's just that, even if i could draw similar graphs, you have the original signal definition (the gray curve in the back).

again, thanks in advance if you do this. r b-j 22:01, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Petr, i just thought of something. if you do create this linear interpolated drawing that i would use for First-order hold, could you offset the red graph (the piecewise linear function) to the right by one sample period (representing a delay of one sample)?  this way, the impulse response of the first-order hold would be causal and realizable and, as a bonus, the gray curve in the background would be more visible since the linear interpolation would obscure nearly all of it.  again, i will not ask you to do another favor like this.  i promise.  again thanks. r b-j 22:30, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Is this and this what do you want? If so, please suggest suitable image names and I will upload them to commons (or you can do it instead of me, I release it as Public Domain). If you need another images, I shall be pleased to create them. Images are created with dia and sources are available here. --Petr.adamek 23:03, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * i can make use of both of those images. one is a regular 1st-order hold response (that has an impulse response that is acausal) and the other is the same thing with a causal impulse response.  thank you!!
 * if you are "pleased to create" 3 new images, using the same image size (but with the y-axis moved right to the center) and the same spacing tick marks on the x-axis, could you create a simple impulse response for the 0th-order hold (0 everywhere but some nice positive value 1/T for 0 < t < T), the standard acausal 1st-order hold (0 everywhere but linearly ramping up to 1/T for -T< t < 0 and ramping back down to 0 for 0 < t < T) and then the causal 1st-order hold (just like the acausal but with the impulse response bumped over to the right by one T unit)?  there would be no gray background signal with these impulse response plots abd perhaps the tick marks need not be the vertical dotted lines but just a little tick on the x-axis.  if all plots are done on the same scale with the same formatting, that will look real "slick" (an American figure of speech) and i think will help quickly transmit the knowledge i want to do with these articles.  Take a look at Zero-order hold and Digital-to-analog converter to see what i did with your other plots.  thank you for your help.  r b-j 02:01, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Petr, how do you get Dia to work. i am running Windows XP and i cannot unpack the bz2 or tar files.  i just do not get how they expect anyone to use these programs.  it's really stupid. r b-j 02:30, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * i finally got a download of Dia to work and was able to download your source, so it looks like i can make drawings with it. thanks for your help Petr.  r b-j 03:18, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Petr, I want to thank you for creating those signal images with their sampled and quantized variants and for your help in showing me how you did it and referring me to the source. I took your work and ran with it, creating (using the same continous-time "gray" signal in the background) a few other similar images for other files. Your simple drawings and the variations on the theme can be used to quickly illustrate the sometimes subtle differences between sampling, quantizing, digitizing, reconstructing, etc. This works so well because we have the very same original signal in gray in the background so the difference in the image is due only to a difference in the content of concept and not confused with a difference in what the original signal was. I also made some impulse response images to correspond with the signal images.

Now I uploaded my variants into Wiki-commons (where your images are) and they told me right away that they prefer SVG. so i re-exported the Dia images to SVG including your original images and uploaded them. i put on my uploaded PNG and your PNG files the tag as had been suggested. I also changed ALL references in the English Wikipedia (including your original contribs) to the PNG images to the SVG counterparts. I plan to have my PNG images quickly deleted in commons. Would you also like your PNG images deleted since they are not referenced anymore and i put the superseded tag on? I did credit you upon upload.

If you do not like what I did to your image files or to the articles that referred to them, please feel free to revert my changes. I just thought I was doing this the way they like it.

Again, thank you for your help in getting me up to speed on this Dia stuff and for providing the original images to base all of these sampling related concepts on. Best regards, r b-j 05:02, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for converting images to svg format, original png versions can be deleted, of course. I wanted to convert them too, but unfortunatly I had no time to do it. BTW, I am very pleased that my images are useful :-). --Petr.adamek 19:11, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * i'm glad they existed and we were able to take the source and make additional images to illustrate a point. did you see what i did at digital-to-analog converter, zero-order hold, first-order hold, and Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem?  i put this to use.  again thanks. (now i'm trying to figure out gnuplot so i can make some frequency response graphs.  do you know how to do that?)r b-j 16:37, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Checkuser
If you believe the person who impersonated you is the same person who previously impersonated -jkb-, you may file a CheckUser request to check whether your suspicions are correct or not. 01:17, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petr.adamek


text: User talk:Jonewer

title: User talk:Jonewer


text:
User talk:ATTLAND

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Doc (?) 21:13, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:ATTLAND


text: User talk:71.131.37.81

title: User talk:71.131.37.81


text:
User talk:Randomnumbers

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Dunc|☺ 21:13, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hello
Hi. It seems you have tried to communicate with me? I'm afraid you left my userpage and talkpage looking rather garbled. If you are just defacing stuff for the sake of it can I ask you to stop, please? Ta,  Morwen - Talk 17:42, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Randomnumbers


text:
Infanta Francisca Josefa of Portugal

Infanta Francisca Josefa Maria Xaviera (Frances Josepha) (30 January 1699 – 15 July 1736) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) and the last of eight children of King Peter II of Portugal and his second wife Marie Sophie of Neuburg.

Francisca Josefa was born and died in Lisbon. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia was proposed as a possible marriage for the infanta in 1720–21, but nothing came of it. She never married nor had issue and she died when she was 37 years old. She is buried at the Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty.

title: Infanta Francisca Josefa of Portugal


text:
Antonello Gagini

Antonello Gagini (1478–1536) was an Italian sculptor of the Renaissance, mainly active in Sicily and Calabria.

Antonello belonged to a family of sculptors and artisans, originally from Northern Italy, but active throughout Italy, including Genoa, Florence, and Rome. The family included his father, Domenico (1449–1492), also a sculptor. Antonello had five sons who were sculptors: Antonio (or Antonino; 1510s-1574), Fazio (1520s-1567), Giacomo (1517–1598), Giandomenico (1503-1560s), and Vicenzo (1527–1595).

Antonello was born, in 1478, in Palermo, where the Gagini family had settled in 1463. Antonello is said to have aided Michelangelo in the sculptural work on the massive tomb of Pope Julius II in San Pietro in Vincoli, a project now known for the statue of Moses.

One of Antonio Gagini's most notable works is the decorated arch in the Capella della Madonna in the Santuario dell'Annunziata in Trapani which he completed in 1537. Antonello also completed decorative ecclesiastical sculpture in the area of Messina. A large collection of his works including an Annunciation, Madonna with Child, Madonna of the Snow and the Appearance of the Cross to Constantine are now in the Palazzo Abatellis in Palermo. In the Chiesa dell’Addolorata in Soverato Superiore, Calabria there is the "Pietà", a representation of Mary and her dead son. He worked also at the Cathedral of Palermo. Other works were destroyed during earthquakes. He helped train Giacomo del Duca.

title: Antonello Gagini


text:
Category:Minor league ice hockey

Professional hockey played in leagues at levels below major league hockey in the National Hockey League (NHL)

title: Category:Minor league ice hockey


text: User talk:204.52.215.97

title: User talk:204.52.215.97