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N. Katherine Hayles

Nancy Katherine Hayles (born December 16, 1943) is an American postmodern literary critic, most notable for her contribution to the fields of literature and science, electronic literature, and American literature. She is the James B. Duke Distinguished Professor Emerita of Literature, Literature, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences at Duke University.

Background
Hayles was born in Saint Louis, Missouri to Edward and Thelma Bruns. She received her B.S. in chemistry from the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1966, and her M.S. in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology in 1969. She worked as a research chemist in 1966 at Xerox Corporation and as a chemical research consultant Beckman Instrument Company from 1968 to 1970. Hayles then switched fields and received her M.A. in English literature from Michigan State University in 1970, and her Ph.D. in English literature from the University of Rochester in 1977. She is a social and literary critic.

Career
Her scholarship primarily focuses on the "relations between science, literature, and technology." Hayles has taught at UCLA, University of Iowa, University of Missouri–Rolla, the California Institute of Technology, and Dartmouth College. She was the faculty director of the Electronic Literature Organization from 2001 to 2006.

From 2008 to 2018, she was a professor of English and Literature at Duke University. As of 2018, Hayles was the James B. Duke Distinguished Professor Emerita of Literature, Literature, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences at Duke University.

Human and Posthuman
Hayles understands "human" and "posthuman" as constructions that emerge from historically specific understandings of technology, culture and embodiment; "human and "posthuman" views each produce unique models of subjectivity. Within this framework "human" is aligned with Enlightenment notions of liberal humanism, including its emphasis on the "natural self" and the freedom of the individual. Conversely, posthuman does away with the notion of a "natural" self and emerges when human intelligence is conceptualized as being co-produced with intelligent machines. According to Hayles the posthuman view privileges information over materiality, considers consciousness as an epiphenomenon and imagines the body as a prosthesis for the mind. Specifically Hayles suggests that in the posthuman view "there are no essential differences or absolute demarcations between bodily existence and computer simulation..." The posthuman thus emerges as a deconstruction of the liberal humanist notion of "human." Hayles disregards the idea of a form of immortality created through the preservation of human knowledge with computers, instead opting for a specification within the definition of posthuman that one embraces the possibilities of information technology without the imagined concepts of infinite power and immortality, tropes often associated with technology and dissociated with traditional humanity. This idea of the posthuman also ties in with cybernetics in the creation of the feedback loop that allows humans to interact with technology through a blackbox, linking the human and the machine as one. Thus, Hayles links this to an overall cultural perception of virtuality and a priority on information rather than materiality.

Embodiment and materiality
Despite drawing out the differences between "human" and "posthuman", Hayles is careful to note that both perspectives engage in the erasure of embodiment from subjectivity. In the liberal humanist view, cognition takes precedence over the body, which is narrated as an object to possess and master. Meanwhile, popular conceptions of the cybernetic posthuman imagine the body as merely a container for information and code. Noting the alignment between these two perspectives, Hayles uses How We Became Posthuman to investigate the social and cultural processes and practices that led to the conceptualization of information as separate from the material that instantiates it. Drawing on diverse examples, such as Turing's imitation game, Gibson's Neuromancer and cybernetic theory, Hayles traces the history of what she calls "the cultural perception that information and materiality are conceptually distinct and that information is in some sense more essential, more important and more fundamental than materiality." By tracing the emergence of such thinking, and by looking at the manner in which literary and scientific texts came to imagine, for example, the possibility of downloading human consciousness into a computer, Hayles attempts to trouble the information/material separation and in her words, "...put back into the picture the flesh that continues to be erased in contemporary discussions about cybernetic subjects.” In this regard, the posthuman subject under the condition of virtuality is an "amalgam, a collection of heterogeneous components, a material-informational entity whose boundaries undergo continuous construction and reconstruction." Hayles differentiates "embodiment" from the concept of "the body" because "in contrast to the body, embodiment is contextual, enmeshed within the specifics of place, time, physiology, and culture, which together compose enactment." Hayles specifically examines how various science fiction novels portray a shift in the conception of information, particularly in the dialectics of presence/absence toward pattern/randomness. She diagrams these shifts to show how ideas about abstraction and information actually have a "local habitation" and are "embodied" within the narratives. Although ideas about "information" taken out of context creates abstractions about the human "body", reading science fiction situates these same ideas in "embodied" narrative."

Nonconscious Cognition
According to Hayles, most human cognition happens outside of consciousness/unconsciousness; cognition extends through the entire biological spectrum, including animals and plants; technical devices cognize, and in doing so profoundly influence human complex systems. Hayles makes a distinction between thinking and cognition. In Unthought: the power of the cognitive nonconscious, she describes thinking: "'Thinking, as I use the term, refers to high-level mental operations such as reasoning abstractly, creating and using verbal languages, constructing mathematical theorems, composing music, and the like, operations associated with higher consciousness.'" She describes cognition: "'Cognition is a much broader capacity that extends far beyond consciousness into other neurological brain processes; it is also pervasive in other life forms and complex technical systems. Although the cognitive capacity that exists beyond consciousness goes by various names, I call it nonconscious cognition.'"

Scholarly Reception
Within the field of Posthuman Studies, Hayles' How We Became Posthuman is considered "the key text which brought posthumanism to broad international attention". In the years since this book was published, it has been both praised and critiqued by scholars who have viewed her work through a variety of lenses; including those of cybernetic history, feminism, postmodernism, cultural and literary criticism, and conversations in the popular press about humans' changing relationships to technology.

Writing Style, Organization, and Scope
Reactions to Hayles' writing style, general organization, and scope of the book have been mixed. The book is generally praised for displaying depth and scope in its combining of scientific ideas and literary criticism. Linda Brigham of Kansas State University claims that Hayles manages to lead the text "across diverse, historically contentious terrain by means of a carefully crafted and deliberate organizational structure." Some scholars found her prose difficult to read or over-complicated. Andrew Pickering describes the book as "hard going" and lacking of "straightforward presentation." Dennis Weiss of York College of Pennsylvania accuses Hayles of "unnecessarily complicat[ing] her framework for thinking about the body", for example by using terms such as "body" and "embodiment" ambiguously. Weiss however acknowledges as convincing her use of science fiction in order to reveal how "the narrowly focused, abstract constellation of ideas" of cybernetics circulate through a broader cultural context. Craig Keating of Langara College on the contrary argues that the obscurity of some texts questions their ability to function as the conduit for scientific ideas.

Reception of Feminist Ideas
Several scholars reviewing How We Became Posthuman highlighted the strengths and shortcomings of her book vis a vis its relationship to feminism. Amelia Jones of University of Southern California describes Hayles' work as reacting to the misogynistic discourse of the field of cybernetics. As Pickering wrote, Hayles' promotion of an "embodied posthumanism" challenges cybernetics' "equation of human-ness with disembodied information" for being "another male trick to feminists tired of the devaluation of women's bodily labor." Stephanie Turner of Purdue University also described Hayles' work as an opportunity to challenge prevailing concepts of the human subject which assumed the body was white, male, and European, but suggested Hayles' dialectic method may have taken too many interpretive risks, leaving some questions open about "which interventions promise the best directions to take."

Reception of Hayles' Construction of the Posthuman Subject
Reviewers were mixed about Hayles' construction of the posthuman subject. Weiss describes Hayles' work as challenging the simplistic dichotomy of human and post-human subjects in order to "rethink the relationship between human beings and intelligent machines," however suggests that in her attempt to set her vision of the posthuman apart from the "realist, objectivist epistemology characteristic of first-wave cybernetics", she too, falls back on universalist discourse, premised this time on how cognitive science is able to reveal the "true nature of the self." Jones similarly described Hayles' work as reacting to cybernetics' disembodiment of the human subject by swinging too far towards an insistence on a "physical reality" of the body apart from discourse. Jones argued that reality is rather "determined in and through the way we view, articulate, and understand the world".

Materiality of Information
In terms of the strength of Hayles' arguments regarding the return of materiality to information, several scholars expressed doubt on the validity of the provided grounds, notably evolutionary psychology. Keating claims that while Hayles is following evolutionary psychological arguments in order to argue for the overcoming of the disembodiment of knowledge, she provides "no good reason to support this proposition." Brigham describes Hayles' attempt to connect autopoietic circularity to "an inadequacy in Maturana's attempt to account for evolutionary change" as unjustified. Weiss suggests that she makes the mistake of "adhering too closely to the realist, objectivist discourse of the sciences," the same mistake she criticizes Weiner and Maturana for committing.

Selected awards
Hayles has received many fellowships, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, two NEH Fellowships, a Rockefeller Residential Fellowship at Bellagio, a fellowship at the National Humanities Center and two Presidential Research Fellowships from the University of California.
 * Electronic Literature Organization's Marjorie Luesbrink's Career Achievement Award in 2018
 * Writing Machines: Susanne Langer Award for Outstanding Scholarship
 * How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics: René Wellek Prize for the best book in literary theory for 1998–1999
 * Eby Award for Distinction in Undergraduate Teaching, UCLA, 1999
 * Luckman Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA, 1999
 * Bellagio Residential Fellowship, Rockefeller Foundation, 1999
 * Distinguished Scholar Award, University of Rochester, 1998
 * Medal of Honor, University of Helsinki, 1997
 * Distinguished Scholar Award, International Association of Fantastic in the Arts, 1997

Electronic Literature Community
Hayles has been active in the electronic literature community. Her keynote at the 2002 Electronic Literature State of the Arts Symposium at UCLA introduced the concept of providing a history of electronic literature. Her summer seminars from 1995 -1998 impacted the field and shaped many writers paths for hypertext.

Selected bibliography
Hayle's work is collected in The NEXT Museum, a digital preservation space.

Books

 * Postprint: Books And Becoming Computational (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020. ISBN 9780231198240)
 * Unthought: The Power Of The Cognitive Nonconscious (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0226447889)
 * How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2012. ISBN 9780226321424)
 * Electronic Literature: New Horizons for the Literary, (South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008. ISBN 9780268030858)
 * My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005. ISBN 9780226321479)
 * Nanoculture: Implications of the New Technoscience (ed.), 2004
 * Writing Machines, (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2002. ISBN 9780262582155)
 * How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. ISBN 9780226321462)
 * Technocriticism and Hypernarrative. A special issue of Modern Fiction Studies  43, no. 3, Fall 1997 (guest editor)
 * Chaos and Order: Complex Dynamics in Literature and Science. (ed.), (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991. ISBN 9780226321448)
 * Chaos Bound: Orderly Disorder in Contemporary Literature and Science, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 9780801497018)
 * The Cosmic Web: Scientific Field Models and Literary Strategies in the Twentieth Century, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984. ISBN 9780801492907)

Book chapters

 * 'The Time of Digital Poetry: From Object to Event,' in New Media Poetics: Contexts, Technotexts, and Theories, Morris, Adalaide, and Thomas Swiss, eds. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.
 * 'The life cycle of cyborgs: writing the posthuman.' In The Cyborg Handbook, Gray, Chris Hables (ed.) New York: Routledge, 1996.  Also available in Cybersexualities, Wolmark, Jenny (ed.) Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2000.

Essays

 * Flesh and Metal: Reconfiguring the Mindbody in Virtual Environments in Configurations, Volume 10, Number 2, Spring 2002, pp. 297–320
 * Virtual Bodies and Flickering Signifiers

Electronic

 * Narrating Bits: Encounters between Humans and Intelligent Machines, Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Evidence).

title: N. Katherine Hayles


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Talk:Red River of the North

Conversions to Imperial needed
The Metric distances need to have Imperial equivalents. clariosophic (talk) 13:28, 13 December 2007 (UTC) I have put in the ones I found in the Time Almanac 2003, but there are more. clariosophic (talk) 13:39, 13 December 2007 (UTC) Also it would be helful to have a breakdown of the distances in the US and in Canada. It appears that the distance in the US is more than half of the total length. clariosophic (talk) 13:51, 13 December 2007 (UTC) According to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the length the US is 394 miles. clariosophic (talk) 14:00, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * According to that site the river's total length is 550 miles. And there are excellent maps of the US part there too, with river miles labeled. The source is marked as mile 550 and the US-Canada border as river mile 155. This would make the US portion 395 miles long and the Canada portion 155 miles long. River length measurements often differ from source to source, especially for meandering rivers like the Red, so it's not surprising to see one site say 545 miles and another 550. The Red River, The Columbia Gazetteer of North America] puts the length at only 533 miles. Since the MN DNR source seems particularly good (check out those maps), perhaps we can use it for total length and US-Canada lengths. If I get the chance I'll make the edits. Also for metric-imperial equivalents I'll use the convert template to keep things matched up nicely, time permitting.. Pfly (talk) 17:33, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

There is no reason to use Imperial measure. Metric measure is appropriate for any Wikipedia article, and also appropriate for an article about Canada. U.S. Customary measure is appropriate for an article about the U.S. Imperial measure is irrelevant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.68.134.1 (talk) 14:30, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * For length/distance, Imperial and U.S. Customary units are one and the same. An English mile is the same length an American mile. Firejuggler86 (talk) 21:45, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

Proper Name
What's the correct name, just "Red River" or "Red River of the North" 63.26.74.103 (talk) 06:18, 5 December 2008 (UTC)eric
 * The current lead has it correct, the name is just "Red River" (at least according to USGS), but "Red River of the North" is commonly used in the U.S. to distinguish it from the larger Red River in the southern U.S. Kmusser (talk) 16:23, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

the local news up here just calls it the Red River, Red River Valley, ect. i think the of the north bit is just used to tell which red river is being talked about —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.17.201.80 (talk) 03:43, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Map
The map of the Red River is entirely inaccurate. The Red River does NOT start in Fargo and flow north, it starts further south. Someone needs to update this map —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.21.234.190 (talk) 14:03, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * If you look closely at the map, you can see that the river starts south of Fargo, and the location where the shading begins is in fact the location of the confluence of its source streams. It is a little confusing given the scale, as the Wild Rice River (shown approaching the border from the west) does not join the Red at its source, but closely parallels it and joins further north. (You may be able to make that out if you look closely.) The Bois de Sioux (a source stream) comes from the south but is the border and therefore is obscured and overwritten by the black line representing the border. The first river shown south of Fargo east of the border is the other source stream, the Otter Tail.  The shading identifying the Red starts where the Otter Tail meets the border, which is correct.  Kablammo (talk) 15:08, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Image
Would anyone mind if I exchange the image in the infobox of the page with this one: ? TRBP  talk  19:42, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 8 October 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved per consensus. Tiggerjay (talk) 22:56, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

– The WP:COMMONNAME of both rivers is simply "Red River." Most locals of both rivers probably don't even know there's another river with the same name. Most maps (if not, all the maps I've looked at) simply use "Red River" when labeling them. The only time these rivers are referred to as such is when there might be confusion, but even then, that's rare. -- Tavix ( talk ) 23:34, 8 October 2015 (UTC) Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 08:38, 19 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Red River of the North → Red River (Lake Winnipeg)
 * Red River of the South → Red River (Mississippi River)

 * These rivers have similar names, similar histories, and both have a 'Red River Valley.' There also appears to be some speculation and personal interpretation as to the appropriate history and notoriety that applies to them. Both involve European expansion, traders and bandits, Native Americans, Cowboys, lost loves, etc. The legend, myth, and romanticism of both rivers is often difficult to define, so attempts at providing separate and accurate histories that will satisfy everyone may be difficult, if not impossible. Renaming these articles to anything other than 'Red River of the North' and 'Red River of the South' opens the possibility of further confusion and degradation of respect for both, so it seems that these names do provide the best and most objective descriptions. Though I don't prefer it personally, the only rational caveat that I can see, would be the inclusion of '...-(North America)' on both articles. Curley Wolf (talk) 00:57, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

Oppose: There are 24 officially named "Red River"s in the US. Both the Red River of the North and Red River of the South have Britannica articles under these names. Other RS also use these names. The USGS Geonames database officially names the "Red River of the North" with Red River a variant.  No reason to think these titles will confuse anyone. --Mike Cline (talk) 00:20, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * But in Wikipedia, we use the WP:COMMONNAME, which may not line up with what some people consider the "official" name. The number of rivers in this case is irrelevant (FWIW, Red River lists 18 rivers). What matters is using a disambiguator that is unambiguous (in this case, these are the only rivers that flow into Lake Winnipeg and the Mississippi River respectively). -- Tavix  ( talk ) 01:57, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Some evidence for Red River of the North as COMMONNAME
 * Red River of the North State Water Trail
 * Britannica
 * Fishing the Red River of the North
 * Red River of the North flood at Fargo, April, 1897.
 * Red River of the North NWF
 * Red River of the North at Fargo NOAA
 * Bridge Hunter,.com
 * Red River of the North Watershed Map
 * Google Scholar returns 3450 hits for "Red River of the North" in quotes

 * Additionally, using Red River of the North is unambiguous and requires no disambiguation. However the disambiguation suggest doesn't make much sence as the river is not in Lake Winnipeg but in Minnesota, North Dakota and the province of Manitoba. --Mike Cline (talk) 22:19, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Although less common, but no less ambiguous than Red River of the North, Red River of the South does have some evidence of COMMONNAME
 * 124 Google Scholar hits with "Red River of the South"
 * Google Books
 * Additionally the suggested disambiguation is incorrect as the Red River of the South is technically not a tributary of the Mississippi River but of the Atchafalaya River which is a distributary river of the Mississippi. --Mike Cline (talk) 10:29, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Support these moves 73.154.175.89 (talk) 21:48, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose for Red River of the North, Support for Red River of the South, deferring largely to USGS. For the northern river both Red River and Red River of the North are common names in wide usage, so I'd lean towards using the USGS name which is the closest we have to an official name.  In contrast Red River of the South has never gained as wide of usage, used mainly in academic works that are discussing both rivers.  There the USGS name is simply Red River, Red River of the South isn't even listed in the long list of variant names.  I'm ok with Red River (Mississippi River) even if Red River (Atchafalaya River) would be more correct, the hydrology at the mouth there is complex and if you wanted to be real technical it should be Red River (Old River Control Structure) but that just get unwieldy and I think using Mississippi River would let users know they have the intended river without confusing them. Kmusser (talk) 18:07, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your explanation and would like to endorse it. I currently live in Oklahoma, and I've literally never heard of the Red River being referred to as the "Red River of the South." I also just assumed it was the same way for the northern river by doing a cursory search and assuming it was a "both or nothing" deal. After looking over Mike Cline's links, I can see that "Red River of the North" can be considered a common name for that river, but it clearly isn't the case for the Mississippi River tributary. -- Tavix ( talk ) 21:12, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose for Red River of the North, Support for Red River of the South per User:Kmusser, i.e. per WP:UCN (use [relatively] common names). —  AjaxSmack   23:57, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment WP:NATURALDIS favours Second-most-common name over Most-common name (foo) jnestorius(talk) 13:23, 20 October 2015 (UTC)
 * For the southern river I think we're choosing between Obscure, but unambiguous name and Most-common name (foo). Kmusser (talk) 16:44, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Comment: I would argue that "Red River of the South" is far more common than the clearly ambiguous "Red River" which requires uncommon disambiguation.

 * JSTOR search returns 40 citations, mostly unique for "Red River of the South" and ZERO citations for "Red River (Mississippi River).--Mike Cline (talk) 17:22, 20 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Name (foo) is a Wikipedia convention, I wouldn't expect to see that in the literature. What you should be comparing is the 40 "Red River of the South" citations to "Red River" Mississippi which has 7,947 - a few false positives in there, but most of them are referring to the southern river, or ever "Red River" Atchafalaya, which has 278. I stand by calling Red River of the South obscure, sure it has been used, but it's very rare outside of the academic press. Kmusser (talk) 14:19, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
 * As a P.S. I also disagree with arguing for using the Geonames database for Red River of the North, and then arguing that we ignore it for the Red River of the South. Kmusser (talk) 14:24, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Both are common enough to serve as WP:NATURALDISAMBIGUATION. I'm getting 20k hits on Google Books, which suggests it's not so obscure that it should be avoided.--Cúchullain t/ c 16:44, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per, and . The names used in the scholarly literature and in Britannica (and thus far here on Wikipedia also) provide a natural disambiguation that's more immediately apprehensible than the proposed alternatives. — GrammarFascist   contribs talk 21:09, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Native name
what is Native name? Kaiyr (talk) 04:24, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Red River of the North


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Tunas, Missouri

Tunas is an unincorporated rural hamlet in northern Dallas County, Missouri, United States. It lies fourteen miles north of Buffalo on Route 73 and approximately seven miles east of Urbana on Route D. The town is located on Route 73, just southwest of the Little Niangua River. There is a post office at Tunas, and no other businesses or services. Tunas is part of the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.

A post office at Tunas has been in operation since 1893. The etymology of the name Tunas is obscure. The ZIP Code for Tunas is 65764.

title: Tunas, Missouri


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Thomas W. Hayes

Thomas W. Hayes was the 28th California State Treasurer and a Republican. He was nominated by Governor George Deukmejian to fill the vacancy that was created on August 4th, 1987, after the death of the then Democrat, Jesse M. Unruh. He took office in 1989, upon confirmation by both houses of the California Legislature. He was Governor Deukmejian's second nominee. The first nominee, Congressman Dan Lungren, was refused confirmation by the State Senate. In 1990, he won the Republican nomination election to a term as state treasurer in his own right, defeating former Treasurer of the United States Angela "Bay" Buchanan (sister of Patrick J. Buchanan), but was defeated in the general election by Democrat Kathleen Brown.

Prior to his service as state treasurer, he had served as Auditor General of the State of California from 1979 to 1989. After leaving office as state treasurer in January 1991, he joined the administration of newly elected Governor Pete Wilson as the Director of Finance, serving from 1991 to 1993. Since then, he has worked in the private sector, with occasional forays into public service, most notably assisting Orange County with its finances after its notorious 1994 bankruptcy triggered by derivatives investments that went awry.

title: Thomas W. Hayes


text:
Bowman (brand)

Bowman is a brand of trading cards owned by Topps.

The Bowman Gum Company was a Philadelphia-based manufacturer of bubble gum and trading cards. It was founded by Jacob Warren Bowman in 1927.

Bowman produced a line of baseball cards, which were highly popular in the 1940s. Bowman also produced American football and basketball cards. The company was acquired by Topps in 1956, and the brand was discontinued.

Topps resurrected the "Bowman" brand in 1989.

History
Jacob Warren Bowman, an American chewing gum salesman, started his own company, Gum, Inc. in Philadelphia in 1927. Gum, Inc. started producing Blony bubble gum which immediately became the top selling penny bubble gum in the United States in 1929.

The Blony trademark was registered by Bowman on January 13, 1931 (filed June 30, 1930). In 1937, Blony had 60 percent of the sales of bubble gum sold in the U.S., largely due to the fact that, weighing 210 grains, it was the largest piece of bubble gum sold for a penny. With the advertisement "Three Big BITES for a penny", Blony made Gum, Inc. "the biggest firm in the U. S. catering exclusively to the penny gum trade" according to a 1937 Time magazine article. By then, Gum, Inc. occupied five floors and the basement of a building on Woodland Avenue in Philadelphia.

Blony gum came with color trading cards on various topics. A non-sports example, the 1938 series, Horrors of War featured 288 cards detailing various contemporary conflicts. The motto "To know the HORRORS OF WAR is to want PEACE" appeared on each card, but children nicknamed the series "War Gum".

Franklin V. Canning became a partner with Bowman in 1930. Canning, a New York druggist who supplied the pink bubble gum base material to Gum, Inc., also provided working capital in return for 250 shares, half of the company stock. A subsidiary of the Wrigley Company developed a better gum base in 1932, which sold for less than Canning's base. President Bowman demanded that Canning reduce the price of the gum base, which resulted in altercations between the two, and ended in Bowman being ousted from the company in 1936.

In July 1937, Bowman returned to the company after a long, bitter legal battle which ended in the Pennsylvania State Supreme Court upholding his reinstatement as president of the company. Gum, Inc. had earnings of $49,000 on sales estimated at $800,000 in the first six months of 1937. In September 1937, Bowman's estranged second wife, Ruth, filed a suit against Bowman for part ownership of Gum, Inc., claiming a verbal agreement to a half-interest in his holdings.

Bowman expanded its business when the company started to produce trading cards in the 1930s. The first releases by Bowman were non-sports topics, but the company soon entered to the sports market with its baseball cards of 1939. The company produced a series of cards known as the "Play Ball" sets each year from 1939 to 1941. Production halted after the United States as wartime paper rations were enacted and the company did not return to making trading cards until 1948, then under the Bowman name.

After the World War II Bowman emerged with its 1948 baseball card set, which became highly popular. That same year, Bowman also released its first American football card set of 108 cards, and its first basketball cards set.

By then, Bowman was competing against Leaf Candy Company, which left the marketplace in 1950; that year Bowman sales of baseball cards alone was $1 million. For a few years, Bowman was the leading producer of baseball cards, but was soon overtaken by rival company Topps Chewing Gum. Bowman produced baseball cards until 1955.

After a period in which the two fought to sign players to exclusive contracts for their cards, Topps bought out Bowman in 1956 for $200,000. ($2,281,276.12 in 2023 dollars)

In 1989, the Bowman brand name was resurrected by Topps to use on some of its subsidiary sports card sets. In recent years, the Bowman company has become known as the top brand for rookie cards.

Bowman Chrome
Another popular trading card set produced by Bowman is the Chrome set. After the success of the Chrome set by Topps, Topps created a Bowman Chrome set in 1997. This was initially fueled by rookie cards of José Cruz Jr. and Travis Lee, but top rookie cards from the set now are of Roy Halladay, Miguel Tejada, Eric Chavez, Kerry Wood, and Lance Berkman. The set continued to be a mainstay, and got a major jump in 2001 following the inclusion of autographed cards. One of the rookies that autographed cards for Bowman Chrome in 2001 was St. Louis Cardinals star Albert Pujols. This card continues to skyrocket in value, worth about $2,500 not graded. In 2002, autographed cards of Major League Baseball (MLB) rising stars such as David Wright of the New York Mets, Joe Mauer of the Minnesota Twins and Bobby Jenks of the Chicago White Sox were inserted into the set.

Bowman Draft Picks and Prospects
Bowman also creates a set called Bowman Draft Picks and Prospects. This set is like regular Bowman, but shows cards of MLB Draft Picks, participating players from the MLB All-Star Futures Game and MLB rookies that have had previous issues (veteran cards). Usually relic cards featuring swatches from jerseys of All-Star Futures Game players, other memorabilia cards and non-rookie autographs called Signs Of The Future. Bowman "Draft" also has two chrome cards per pack, and the chrome subset has autographed rookie cards and all the parallels from regular bowman chrome.

Many stars have had rookie cards in Bowman Draft Picks. 2002 Bowman Draft has rookie cards of Florida Marlins prospect Jeremy Hermida, Oakland Athletics outfielder Nick Swisher, Atlanta Braves outfielder Jeff Francoeur, Tampa Bay Devil Rays shortstop B.J. Upton, San Diego Padres shortstop Khalil Greene and Florida Marlins pitcher Dontrelle Willis. 2003 Bowman Draft Picks has rookie cards of Boston Red Sox pitcher Jonathan Papelbon, New York Yankees second baseman Robinson Canó, Philadelphia Phillies first baseman Ryan Howard, Milwaukee Brewers second baseman Rickie Weeks, Tampa Bay Devil Rays outfielder Delmon Young and Los Angeles Angels shortstop prospect Brandon Wood. This set also includes Grady Sizemore, Mark Buehrle, Ichiro, Chase Utley, J J Hardy, Huston Street, Dontrelle Willis, Josh Johnson, Jay Bruce, Jorge Cantu, Albert Pujols, and Jose Reyes.

AFLAC Redemption Set
Making its debut in 2004, was Bowman's idea of redemption cards for a set of cards from the AFLAC High School All American game. Players included were Cameron Maybin, Andrew McCutchen, Chris Volstad, C. J. Henry, and Justin Upton. The sets were delayed and not shipped until 2006, and the Gold Refractor cards - originally intended to be 50 redemption sets - "accidentally" had over 50 redemption cards slip into packs, which caused them to be delayed even more. Topps sent out a letter asking customers if they wanted a three-card auto set consisting of C. J. Henry, Andrew McCutchen, and Cameron Maybin. (Justin Upton was later added as a fourth person in the set) or the Gold Refractor set. The Gold Refractor set was shipped before the Auto Set. Here are the final print runs (Base and Base Chrome sets not numbered)

2004 Bowman Draft Picks and Prospects AFLAC Chrome Parallel and Auto Set Print Runs
 * 2004 AFLAC Bowman Chrome Refractor Set (#'d to 500) – 315 in circulation
 * 2004 AFLAC Bowman Chrome X-Fractor Set (#'d to 125) – 107 in circulation
 * 2004 AFLAC Bowman Chrome Gold Refractor Set (#'d to 50) – 34 in circulation
 * 2004 AFLAC Bowman Chrome Autograph Set (#'d to 125) – 90 in circulation

Bowman's Best
Bowman's Best started in 1994 and was the first Bowman product to have refractors. 1994 Bowman's Best key rookie cards were Jorge Posada, Billy Wagner, and Édgar Rentería. Next years Bowman's Best would be one of the best Bowman sets ever. It had rookie cards of Vladimir Guerrero, Bobby Abreu, Andruw Jones, Hideo Nomo and Scott Rolen. The 1997 Bowman's Best set gave something new to the Bowman's Best brand that would stay with the Bowman's Best brand for a while. This set had rookie cards of Miguel Tejada, Kerry Wood and Roy Halladay, and the refractor parallels, but this time they had inserted autographed cards. Tony Gwynn and Derek Jeter were among the signers in this set, and there were refractor and atomic refractor parallels of the autographed cards. In 1999, Bowman's Best had autographed cards with two autographs on one card. In 2002, Bowman's Best had autographed and memorabilia rookie cards inside the base set.

Bowman Sterling
Bowman Sterling was introduced in 2004. It was a higher end and probably Bowman’s top of the line offering to date. This set was an immediate hit. Collectors enjoyed the offerings of the set along with the refractor parallels. The base set is made up of rookie cards, veteran game-used cards, autographed game-used cards featuring a jersey swatch from the players jersey alongside an autograph and autographed rookie cards. This set was released again in 2005 and was a hit again. Regular refractor cards are limited to 199 copies and are in regular packs. Black refractors (limited to 25 copies), red refractors (limited to 1 copy) and buyback cards (purchased by Topps and signed by players before returned to packs), are inserted into the box loader packs. Box Loader packs are one per box and encased in a special Topps holder.

Bowman Heritage
Bowman Heritage is a set that puts today's players on the design of early Bowman cards. These cards have autographed inserts called Signs of Greatness and game used jersey/bat relic cards called Pieces of Greatness.

title: Bowman (brand)


text:
Talk:KXXR

I've edited the first sentence of the last paragraph in this article from, "When 93.7 FM first signed on as The Edge…" to, "When 93.7 FM last signed on as the Edge…" because the original statement didn't make sense in context, and while I suppose it's possible 93X played the song all its first day, that certainly isn't my memory. DTM 02:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * On the contrary. 93.7 played the R.E.M. song (the same one that KJ104 played repeatedly prior to their format change) for three days. I remember listening, and I found exact documentation in the archives at Northpine.com, a regional broadcasting resource. --Fightingirish 20:10, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

List of DJs
I really hate seeing these on radio station entries. They look ugly, serve no real purpose, and just take up space. Also a violation of WP:NOT (Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information). If nobody has any objection, I will remove these. --Fightingirish 01:36, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

KQRS buys KRXX, flips it to "The Edge"
the dates in this paragraph and perhaps the rest of the article need to be clearer. All you can tell from this is that something happened in 1994, then a bunch more stuff happened. the next paragraph reveals that these events must have happened before 1997.

Fair use rationale for Image:Kege.gif
Image:Kege.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 15:36, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:KXXR


text:
Charley Lau

Charles Richard Lau (April 12, 1933 – March 18, 1984) was an American professional baseball player and a highly influential hitting coach. During his playing career in Major League Baseball, Lau appeared in 527 games as a catcher and pinch hitter over all or portions of 11 seasons for four clubs. Then, beginning in 1969, he spent 15 years as a coach for five American League teams, most notably the Kansas City Royals. He was the incumbent hitting coach of the Chicago White Sox when he died, aged 50, from colorectal cancer in 1984.

As a player
Lau batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and was listed as 6 ft tall and 190 lb. Born in Metro Detroit, in Romulus, Michigan, he was signed by the nearby Tigers as an amateur free agent after graduating from high school. He began his playing career in the Tigers' farm system in 1952, missing 1953 and 1954 due to military service, and was called up for his first major league audition in September 1956. However, Lau could not nail down a regular job with Detroit; he got into only 35 total games over parts of three seasons (, –), and collected 13 total hits, batting .157.

In October 1959, former Tiger executive John McHale, now general manager of the Milwaukee Braves, acquired Lau and pitcher Don Lee from Detroit for infielder Casey Wise, pitcher Don Kaiser and catcher Mike Roarke. Lau spent all of with the Braves as the primary backup catcher to veteran Del Crandall, but he hit only .189 in 21 games. In, with Crandall sidelined by a sore shoulder, Lau appeared in 28 early-season games, 24 as starting catcher, into June. On April 28, he caught the second of Warren Spahn's two career no-hitters. But again he struggled offensively, batting .207, was sent to Triple-A Vancouver, then sold to the Baltimore Orioles on August 21. His offensive problems continued, though, with Lau batting only .170 in limited duty for Baltimore.

Lau had shown flashes of power in the Tigers' farm system, reaching double figures in home runs three times between 1955 and 1959. But, in, he adopted a contact hitter's batting stance: feet wide apart, his bat held almost parallel to the ground. The result was a dramatic upturn in his major-league fortunes. He played in 81 games and posted a .294 batting average, with 58 hits, six home runs and 37 runs batted in. He hit .367 (11 for 30) in pinch-hitting roles. In, Lau started slowly, and after hitting .194 in 23 games, the Orioles sold his contract to the Kansas City Athletics on July 1. Given more playing time as a left-handed-hitting platoon catcher, starting 49 games over the 1963 season's final three months, he batted .294 in a Kansas City uniform.

On June 15,, the pennant-contending Orioles reacquired Lau in exchange for relief pitcher Wes Stock. Splitting receiving duties with right-handed-hitting Dick Brown and John Orsino, Lau appeared in 62 games (starting 42) as Baltimore finished two games behind the New York Yankees in the American League race. He batted .259 as an Oriole, and .264 overall.

In, Lau began the transition to full-time pinch hitter, working in 35 games as a catcher, and collecting eight hits and seven bases on balls in 36 appearances as an emergency batsman; he batted a career-best .295. Then, in, he underwent right elbow surgery and missed almost four full months of the regular season. Appearing in only 18 games, all in the pinch, he collected six hits and four bases on balls as Baltimore won its first pennant and World Series championship. Lau did not play in the Fall Classic; the Orioles used no pinch hitters in their four-game sweep over the Los Angeles Dodgers. He spent one more season in the majors as a pinch hitter in ; after only one hit in eight at-bats with the Orioles, he was sold back to the Braves, now in Atlanta, where he closed his MLB career with nine hits and four walks in 49 plate appearances. On November 27, 1967, the Braves released him, but appointed him manager of their Double-A Shreveport affiliate in the Texas League.

As a major leaguer, Lau batted .255 over the course of his career. His 298 career hits included 63 doubles, nine triples, 16 home runs and 140 runs batted in. He had 47 pinch hits.

As a hitting coach
Lau spent only the 1968 season as a minor-league skipper before returning to the majors as a coach. He began as bullpen coach on Earl Weaver's staff in Baltimore, then became the first-base coach of the Oakland Athletics, gradually assuming the extra duties of hitting coach during his early coaching career.

In, Lau became the hitting coach (often doubling as first-base coach) for the Kansas City Royals. He held the post through, with the exception of the early part of the season, when he was the team's roving minor-league hitting instructor after his temporary ouster from the Royals' staff by then-skipper Jack McKeon. He worked with Hal McRae, Amos Otis, Willie Wilson and George Brett. He is also credited for reviving Cookie Rojas' career. Lou Piniella, who played for the Royals from 1969 to 1973, called Lau "the greatest batting instructor of them all." After spending three seasons (1979–1981) with the New York Yankees, reunited with Piniella, Lau became the Chicago White Sox' hitting instructor in, where his pupils included Greg Luzinski, Carlton Fisk, Steve Kemp, Harold Baines and Ron Kittle.

Contrary to popular belief, Lau did not emphasize releasing the top hand after making contact with the pitch and following through with only the lower hand on the bat. He did, however, suggest this measure to hitters who—for whatever reason—could not fully extend their arms during their swings.

Lau developed a list of "Absolutes" about hitting, which included:
 * A balanced, workable stance
 * Rhythm and movement in the stance (as opposed to standing still)
 * A good weight shift from a firm rigid backside to a firm rigid frontside
 * Striding with the front toe closed
 * Having the bat in the launching position as soon as the front foot touches down
 * Making the stride a positive, aggressive motion toward the pitcher
 * A tension-free swing
 * Hitting through the ball
 * Hitting the ball where it is pitched, rather than trying to direct it

While still serving as the White Sox' hitting coach, Lau died in 1984 in Key Colony Beach, Florida at the age of 50 after a year-long bout with cancer. Since his death, only one White Sox player or coach — Lau's friend and disciple Walt Hriniak, the Chisox' hitting coach from 1989 to 1995 — has worn his number 6 jersey, although it has not been officially retired. The baseball field at his alma mater, Romulus Senior High School, is named the Charley Lau Baseball Field.

Off the field
Lau also appeared in the film Max Dugan Returns as himself. The title character (played by Jason Robards) pays Lau to teach his grandson (Matthew Broderick's character) how to hit.

title: Charley Lau


text:
Brad Brown

Bradley Lorne Brown (born December 27, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman.

Playing career
As a youth, Brown played in the 1989 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Mississauga.

Brown played junior hockey with the North Bay Centennials and Barrie Colts in the Ontario Hockey League. He received the OHL Humanitarian of the Year in 1994–95. Brown was drafted in the first round, 18th overall, by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. he made his professional debut in the 1995–96 season, finishing out the year with the Fredericton Canadiens of the AHL.

A defensive defenseman, Brown made his NHL debut the following year in the 1996–97 season with the Montreal Canadiens on November 1, 1996, against the Boston Bruins. Playing mostly for the Fredericton in the next two years Brown's career was established after he was traded by the Canadiens, along with Jocelyn Thibault and Dave Manson, to the Chicago Blackhawks for Jeff Hackett, Eric Weinrich, and Alain Nasreddine on November 16, 1998.

Brown played the next two seasons as a fixture on the Blackhawks defense. Prior to the 2000–01 season, Brown was traded by the Blackhawks along with Michal Grosek to the New York Rangers on October 5, 2000.

On July 31, 2001, Brown was signed as a free agent by the Minnesota Wild. Brown was an integral part of the Wild's defense until the end of the 2003–04 season when he was traded to the Buffalo Sabres of a fourth round pick on March 8, 2004.

After the 2004 NHL Lockout, Brown was signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs on September 10, 2005. Brown however struggled with form and never played for the Leafs, expect for preseason games. Rather playing through his contract with Leafs affiliate, the Toronto Marlies.

On September 18, 2008, Brown was invited to the Philadelphia Flyers training camp but was later released on September 30, 2008. Brown instead started the 2008–09 season in the ECHL with the Fresno Falcons. He was given a tryout with the Quad City Flames of the AHL before he was signed by the Flames for the rest of the year on December 26, 2008.

Personal life
After hockey, Brown became an account executive in the consulting services department of Ottawa-based IT company Maplesoft. He is also president of the Maplesoft Hawks Hockey Organization. The program consists of boys and girls' spring AAA hockey teams as well as unique skill development camps and clinics that operate year-round.

title: Brad Brown


text:
Ilia Vekua

Ilia Vekua (ილია ვეკუა; Илья́ Не́сторович Ве́куа; 23 April 1907 in the village of Shesheleti, Kutais Governorate, Russian Empire (modern day Gali District, Abkhazia, Republic of Georgia – 2 December 1977 in Tbilisi, USSR) was a distinguished Georgian mathematician and engineer, specializing in partial differential equations, singular integral equations, generalized analytic functions and the mathematical theory of elastic shells.

Ilia Vekua was born in 1907 in the Georgian village Sheshelety. After finishing school in Zugdidi, he entered Physics and Mathematics Department at Tbilisi State University. Vekua graduated in 1930 and was made a professor there in 1940. He was also deputy-director of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics (1954–1959), the first rector of Novosibirsk State University (1959–1964), and vice-president (1964–1965) and president (1972–1977) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. In 1969 he became the Hero of Socialist Labour. Vekua was awarded the Stalin Prize (1950), Lenin Prize (1963), USSR State Prize (1984), three Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Badge of Honor. The Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology, formerly near Sukhumi (Abkhazia), now in Tbilisi/Georgia, which was involved in the nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union, is also named after him.

title: Ilia Vekua


text: User talk:70.241.28.119

title: User talk:70.241.28.119


text:
Garrett Burnett

Garrett "Rocky" Burnett (September 23, 1975 – April 11, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim of the National Hockey League in the 2003–04 season.

Playing career
Undrafted, Burnett played primarily in the then-named East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) before signing as a free agent with the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL) on June 2, 1998. Used solely as an enforcer, Burnett was largely a journeyman. In Burnett's minor league career, he amassed 2,562 penalty minutes for 13 different teams. In the 1999–2000 season, in only 58 games with the Kentucky Thoroughblades of the American Hockey League (AHL), he had 506 penalty minutes.

After signing with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim on July 25, 2003, Burnett made his NHL debut in the 2003–04 season. Burnett's first career NHL goal came against Brent Johnson of the Phoenix Coyotes on March 17, 2004. The enforcer played 39 games and registered 184 penalty minutes while scoring one goal and adding two assists. Burnett participated in 22 fights in his sole NHL season with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. His reputation for having a "face of stone" was solidified in his March 19, 2004, fight against San Jose's Scott Parker, who sustained a broken hand from fighting Burnett.

Burnett signed an NHL one-way contract for the 2004–05 season plus a one-year option, but due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout only played briefly as the player-assistant coach for the Danbury Trashers of the United Hockey League (UHL) in 2004. Burnett became a free agent and was signed by the Dallas Stars for the 2005–06 season, in which he played for Dallas' minor league affiliates the Iowa Stars and Phoenix RoadRunners.

His last game played was in the Quebec-based Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH) on December 17, 2006, playing for the Summum Chiefs. The league suspended him for throwing a net at an opposing player.

Two-sport athlete
Burnett also tried his hand at lacrosse, signing with the Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) in 2006, landing on their practice roster. He had not played an NLL game as of the 2006 season. During the 2006 season he played lacrosse for the New Westminster Salmonbellies of the Western Lacrosse Association Vancouver.

Victim of assault
Burnett was assaulted in the early hours of December 26, 2006, inside and outside of a nightclub in North Delta, British Columbia. He was in a coma in a Vancouver hospital. According to family, he was on life support and in a coma for three weeks and doing much better, yet he was also recovering/rehabilitating and being treated regularly as an outpatient four years later. As of 2010, no charges had been laid in the incident.

In December 2008, Burnett sued the Delta Police Department and Corporation of Delta among others as well as the owners of the nightclub Cheers, and bouncers in relation to the 2006 incident. In November 2011 Burnett lost his negligence lawsuit.

Death
Burnett died on April 11, 2022, at the age of 46.

title: Garrett Burnett


text:
South Branch Mountain

South Branch Mountain is a mountain ridge that runs southwest to northeast through Hampshire and Hardy counties in the Eastern Panhandle of the U.S. state of West Virginia, rising to its greatest elevation of 3,028 feet (923 m) above sea-level in the Nathaniel Mountain Wildlife Management Area. South Branch Mountain is among the largest and most prominent of the mountains in the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians of the Eastern Panhandle region. It forms the eastern edge of the South Branch Potomac River Valley from Springfield to Moorefield. The mountain was originally named Jersey Mountain by colonial settlers in the eighteenth century after Jersey.

The Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) climbs South Branch Mountain between Shanks and Romney in an area known as Sunrise Summit. The forested wetlands that were once located here on the mountain's top were destroyed by the expansive commercial and residential developments in the Sunrise Summit area along US 50. Further south near Moorefield, the construction of Corridor H has caused increased disruption to South Branch Mountain's forests, habitats, and topography.

title: South Branch Mountain


text:
Brent Burns

 Brent Burns (born March 9, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). Drafted as a right wing (20th overall) at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Minnesota Wild, he was converted into a defenceman upon turning professional. Burns is known as a dynamic offensive player, and though he mostly plays defence, he has been utilized as a forward on several occasions during his career.

During the shortened 2012–13 season and continuing through the 2013–14 season, the Sharks used Burns as a forward. Starting with the 2014–15 season, he was returned to defence. At the end of the 2015–16 season, Burns finished third in voting for the James Norris Memorial Trophy (awarded to the NHL's best defenceman); one year later, at the end of the 2016–17 season, Burns won the award for the first time in his career.

Amateur
Burns was drafted by the Minnesota Wild in the first round, 20th overall, in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He spent most of his minor hockey career playing for the Barrie Icemen and Ajax Knights of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA). He spent two years playing in the Metropolitan Toronto Hockey league (MTHL), now called the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), for the North York Canadiens, along with fellow NHL draftees Anthony Stewart and Geoff Platt. Burns then played his Ontario Hockey League (OHL) career as a right winger with the Brampton Battalion in the 2002–03 season. He led the team in playoff scoring that season with five goals and six assists in 11 games. Burns was runner-up for Most Improved Player in the OHL as voted on by Leagues coaches.

Minnesota Wild (2003–2011)
Upon turning professional with the Wild in 2003, Burns was converted to defence by defensively-minded Minnesota Head Coach Jacques Lemaire. He made his NHL debut with the Wild on October 8, 2003, against the Chicago Blackhawks, and scored his first NHL goal in his third game, against the Sharks. Burns played in 36 games with Minnesota in the 2003–04 season, showing flashes of natural ability in rushing from the blueline.

After spending the 2004–05 NHL lock-out in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Houston Aeros, Burns adapted as a defenceman and earned a regular spot on the Wild roster for the 2005–06 season, contributing 16 points in 72 games.

In the 2006–07 season, Burns eclipsed his previous season's points total with 25 and became a significant force for the Wild in the latter months of the season, scoring back-to-back overtime winners in March and engaging in two fights during the 2007 Stanley Cup playoffs.

On October 25, 2007, during the 2007–08 season, Burns signed a four-year contract extension with the Wild. He emerged as one of the Wild's top defencemen, scoring a career-high 15 goals and 43 points.

In the 2008–09 season, Burns was regularly shifted between forward and defence with mild success before he was eventually hampered by a concussion that caused him to miss the final 19 games of the regular season. Burns's concussion was later a point of scrutiny when his agent, Ron Salcer, stipulated that Wild staff had misdiagnosed his symptoms for six weeks with sinusitis, putting Burns at an increased health risk. Burns then had shoulder surgery upon the completion of the Wild season. He finished the injury-marred season with 27 points.

Burns suffered another concussion briefly into his 2009–10 season, beginning to skate again only on January 14. He finished another injury-filled season with 20 points in 47 games. On November 12, 2010, Burns was suspended for two games for hitting Florida Panthers forward Steve Bernier. Burns hit Bernier on the chin with the knob of the stick, causing Bernier to bleed profusely.

San Jose Sharks (2011–2022)
During the 2011 NHL Entry Draft, Burns, along with a second-round draft pick in 2012, was traded to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Devin Setoguchi, Charlie Coyle and a first-round pick in 2011. With a year still left in his contract with the Wild, Burns signed a five-year contract extension on August 1, 2011, with the Sharks; the deal would pay him $28.8 million over five years, with an average salary cap figure of $5.76 million.

In 2013, after rookie defenceman Matt Irwin's acquisition by the Sharks, in March, Burns was moved to forward, where he scored 20 points in 23 regular season games.

In the 2013–14 season, Burns played the first eight games of the season, but missed 13 games after October 21 due to sore gums. On November 21, Burns returned to the Sharks' line-up and scored a goal against the Tampa Bay Lightning in a 5–1 winning effort. On November 29, against the St. Louis Blues, Burns recorded his first career hat-trick in a 6–3 victory.

In August 2014, the Sharks announced that Burns would move back to defence where he scored 17 goals and finished tied for second among NHL defencemen with 60 points. Burns also won the NHL Foundation Player Award for outstanding charitable and community work.

He had a breakout season in 2015–16, finishing with 75 points (27 goals, 48 assists), then had 24 points (seven goals, 17 assists) in 24 Stanley Cup Playoff games to help the Sharks reach the Final for the first time since entering the NHL in 1991.

On November 22, 2016, Burns signed an eight-year $64 million contract extension with the Sharks through 2024–25, with an average annual value of $8 million per year.

In 2017, Burns won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the league's best defenceman. He was also nominated for the Ted Lindsay Award, awarded annually to the league's best player as voted by the National Hockey League Players Association.

He played in his 1,000th career game on December 27, 2018, in a 4–2 win over the Anaheim Ducks.

Carolina Hurricanes (2022–present)
On July 13, 2022, the Sharks traded Burns and Lane Pederson to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for forward Steven Lorentz, goaltending prospect Eetu Mäkiniemi, and a third-round selection in the 2023 NHL Entry Draft. On January 29, 2023, Burns played his 1,300th NHL game.

International play
Burns was named the best defenceman at the 2008 World Championships as he helped Canada to a silver medal finish as the host country. Two years later, at the 2010 World Championships, Burns led all Canadian defencemen in ice time at 18:29 minutes per game as Canada finished in seventh place. He was also part of the summer camp roster for Canada in the 2010 Winter Olympics, though he did not make the final roster cut. At the 2015 World Championships Burns was again named the best defenceman, and a member of the all-star team, as part of Canada's gold medal-winning team.

Personal life
Burns and his wife, Susan Holder, married in July 2009 and have three children.

Off the ice, Burns spends his summers in Barrie, Ontario, and Lake Elmo, Minnesota, and is a noted animal enthusiast. His suburban Saint Paul home is nicknamed "Burns Zoo" due to his collection of dogs, cats and dozens of reptiles, mainly snakes. Burns Zoo was subject of a CBC Hockey Night in Canada feature with Elliotte Friedman and on After Hours. Starting in the 2009 season, Burns purchased a suite at the Xcel Energy Center for members of the military and their families to attend Minnesota Wild home games.

Burns also owns and operates a ranch in Texas where he raises and maintains many species of exotic animals, including wildebeest, fallow deer, and more. For his 1000th game, his fellow San Jose Sharks teammates bought him two antelopes to add to his animal collection.

Burns made his acting debut with a 2-episodes role in season 6 of Vikings as an ambitious raider named Skane.

title: Brent Burns


text:
Talk:Ralph Bunche

Untitled
Is he the first ethnically African or Black individual to receive the Nobel Peace Prize? If so, this may want to be mentioned in the article. --Dpr 03:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This shows "Bunche was the first person of color to receive the Nobel Peace Prize" --Ancheta Wis 21:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Awesome! Thanks for your help. This man was a amazing American and a prominent world citizen. He deserves to be recognized...other than solely a conference/student center named after him at Howard University (yes I know there are some things in NYC and at UCLA also) --Dpr 21:43, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Walk thru the eucalyptus trees, under Bunche Hall, and you will be in the Sculpture Garden at UCLA — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ancheta Wis (talk • contribs) 01:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Stable version now
Let's begin the discussion per the protocol. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ancheta Wis (talk • contribs) — Preceding undated comment added 04:57, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose -- the references section is hardly robust. There are few direct links to sources throughout the article.  The press paints a bull's eye on Wikipedia by pointing out factual inaccuracies.  It seems like media suicide to even discuss "stabilizing" an article that has so few reliable references.  Which is worse, "Wikipedia inaccurate for six minutes" (as per the recent Ken Lay flap), or "Wikipedia makes permanent version riddled with unsourced inaccuracies"?  "Stabilizing" this article in its current form would be the tip of the spear for hearing a lot of the latter.  JDoorj a m     Talk 21:42, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * To contain the forest fire that has this discussion spread across nine pages, I'd suggest discussion continue at the proposal talk page. JDoorj a m    Talk 20:44, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose due to the protocol you refer to not existing yet. Cynical 20:35, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * One factual inaccuracy seems to be that "Ralph Bunche along with Eleanor Roosevelt were considered instrumental in the creation and adoption of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights". He is not mentioned in this capacity in any of the recent scholarly works on the Universal Declaration (ex. Natalie Kaufmann; Mary Ann Glendon; Paul Gordon Lauren; Carole Anderson; Rowland Brucken; and others). — Preceding unsigned comment added by August1974 (talk • contribs) 11:08, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Source and Zip for article
It is itself a secondary source, but the nomination of the Ralph Johnson Bunche House for National Historic Landmark status, linked at that page, contains an extensive discussion of Ralph Bunche's life and contributions. It seems to have zip that might be reflected in a good way in this article. I don't want to directly edit this article myself, right now, as i am working on historic places.... Hope this helps. doncram 18:20, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Year of Birth
Virtually all major sources give Ralph Bunche's year of birth as "1904," including the UN website. Using the SSDI is ORIGINAL RESEARCH and is thus not allowed. Remember, the Wikipedia rules stress "verifiability," not "truth."

However, getting to the "truth" of the matter: Social Security records are often incorrect, because the person applied for a pension early. Claiming to be a year older=retiring a year earlier. Documents issued when someone is in their 50s cannot serve as proof of birth. I'd like to see what the 1910 census says. Ryoung 122 03:22, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

The 1910 census record lists Ralph "Bunch" (as the family spelled the name at the time), the son of Fred Bunch and Olive Bunch (Bunche's parents' given names), as being age 6. If he was age 6 in April 1910, then this supports the evidence that he was born in August 1903 and not August 1904. This is the date used by the Ralph Bunche Centenary. Based on the "verifiability" standard, "reliable" sources support both years.Mrivlin (talk) 16:54, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

I've added the CUNY source as yet another citation for his birthday. I have included both dates in the article. The stuff about the census is interesting and probably true, but wikipedia is not a place for original research or "synthesis". Wlmg (talk) 19:52, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

There is a discussion of the Bunche birth year confusion in a footnote on pages 25-26 of Sir Brian Urquhart's Bunche biogoraphy Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey. Urquhart states that the correct year is 1903 and that the error stemmed from the family bible, which Bunche's aunt to a notary in 1940 to get a substitute birth verification when his birth certificate could not be located. Bunche had used 1903 until that time. I wish Wikipedia's programmers had routine way to list these kind of birth year and date confusions.Mrivlin (talk) 17:41, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

I've added a fifth citation for his birth date. The family bible anecdote makes it all the more problematic because it strongly implies that Bunche himself used both the 1903 & 1904 dates during his lifetime. I'm considering making a section in the article specifically addressing the birth date controversy incorporating all the citations, and let the chips fall where there'll be. I can also contact members of the Bunche family I know personally to see what input they have, but predict their answer will be "huh"? Wlmg (talk) 18:17, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

I clipped this reference here: <:ref name="centenary"> because it doesn't actually state a year of bunche's birth. that leaves four of them, which ought to be enough. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk • contribs) 04:35, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Misleading Statement
"It was typical then for doctoral candidates to start teaching before completion of their dissertations." Graduate students have pretty much always taught, at various levels and in varying ways, for the entire 20th century and in all fields of study. This is news to no one. including it is like saying the sky is blue and the grass is green. you either know it as a fact (because you went to graduate school), or it is completely unimportant. The IMPORTANT part is this: he was a black graduate student teaching a Harvard (think: entitled white male, children of power brokers) undergraduate class in the 1930s. that is important for its sociopolitical implications.68.6.76.31 (talk) 22:53, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

His father abandons him? I can not find a reference.
I see two articles listing Bunches father as having died. I cannot find one the cite abandonment.

http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=89 http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Bunche-Ralph.html#b — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.206.168.217 (talk) 00:00, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Communist or Marxist?
Dr. Bunche's political views should be addressed, and there is evidence, both in what he wrote, and in which venues he wrote, which suggests he subscribed or sympathized with Marxist/Communist theory. This evidence includes his contributions to Science & Society, an avowedly Marxist quarterly founded in 1936 and still published today (link), as well as his words in his book on race, alluding to the Marxist concept of the Class Struggle, and his association with Alger Hiss.

To avoid misunderstandings, I myself agree with certain aspects of the Marxist view--therefore, identifying Dr. Bunche as a Marxist or Communist sympathizer is not a slander. Indeed, during the 1930s (before the evils of Stalinism were widely known, during the dark days of the Great Depression and of Appeasement, when many idealistic people--including HG Wells--were seduced by the Kremlin's blandishments), it would probably have been surprising for an African-American academic NOT TO BE a communist sympathizer, since the American Communist Party was one of the few groups in the United States courageously taking a stand against racism (as in the case of defending the 'Scottsboro Boys.'

Finally, it would be interesting to probe whether the FBI did any surveillance of Dr. Bunche, given his prominence, his association with Hiss, his blackness, and his outspokenness. J Edgar Hoover's virulent racism being rivaled by his virulent anti-communism, Dr. Bunche would have presented the FBI Director's worst nightmare. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guerre1859 (talk • contribs) 04:56, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * He was never a member or sympathizer. See  Rjensen (talk) 23:16, 20 June 2019 (UTC)

UCLA Digital Library link
I just added a link to publicly available digitized materials (lots of photographs, but other documents as well) held in UCLA Library's Special Collections. It's a rich resource that I think others will find meaningful and useful, but I'm mentioning it here because I'm a librarian at UCLA. I had nothing to do with the creation of the project, but I still want to make sure that it's generally agreed by page editors that this doesn't represent a conflict of interest. Nafpaktitism (talk) 00:18, 6 April 2013 (UTC)nafpaktitism

Bunch not Bunche
I added a citation needed tag to the article about a statement made trying to associate the Bunch family name to the Bunche family name. The source given goes into detail about John Punch and the possibility of him giving birth to a John Bunch, but I don't see where the connection is made to the Bunche family name. The way this article reads implies that Bunche is related to John Punch and President Obama but the sources given don't make this connection. I'm hoping someone can provide a source that directly speaks to that connection and that it isn't just the result of original research made by a few editors, not substantiated by reliable sources. Anyone who knows anything or can contribute, please feel free to clarify this for me. Scoobydunk (talk) 00:09, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi, I have qualified the statement - the leap was made by Paul Heinegg, who was given an award for his major work of genealogy, Free African Americans in VA, NC and SC (1995-2005), so I have taken his work as an RS. He noted in the quoted material (which I have inserted in the article) that the connection of Ralph's father Fred Bunche to the Bunches of SC was "not proven," but "likely," as there were several other Bunches from SC in Detroit in the 1900 census at the same time that Fred Bunche was there. (My note: this was the period of the Great Migration from the South to northern and midwestern cities.) (So, yes, my memory was more emphatic than Heinegg's statement - I'll correct it.) He does trace several generations of Bunch males and other descendants from the 17th c. John Bunch in VA, who Ancestry.com connected to John Punch. Bunch descendants eventually moved west to the VA frontier, frontiers of NC and SC, and often west of that. Obama's mother's line of descendants ended up in KS, to Obama. The Ancestry.com material said many of the Bunch descendants were accepted as white as early as mid-18th c. or earlier. Heinegg has updated his material online about the first John Bunch to add the new material from the Ancestry.com articles re: DNA connection to Africa. You can see it if you look at his book online: http://www.freeafricanamericans.com. There is a section on the Bunch Family (The material is organized by family surname). Elsewhere or here in another section I've seen more about the Bunch/Bunche connection; basically, spelling variations arose but the basic name and ancestry is considered to be the same. There was much more spelling variation among surnames until quite late, but the basic name was rare.Parkwells (talk) 23:30, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Excellent work! Thank you for taking the time to clarify this and I'll include the relevant information on the John Punch page once I find some time.Scoobydunk (talk) 03:01, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

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Father's Barber Shop - For Whites Only
I recently was reading a biography of Mr. Bunche and was surprised to learn that as a youngster, he could not enter his own father's barber shop because it was a 'White' barber shop - My edit was reverted. It is as follows: "Little Ralph was not allowed to visit his father's barber shop because it catered to White customers."

I did make an error on the page number, it's actually from page 51. Was this a possible reason for this being reverted? The system doesn't seem to allow comments or remarks for users to explain why a reversion is executed. I've left a message on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Evrik#Thanks_for_Undoing_the_Ralph_Bunche_Addition!!!_How_do_I_Correct?_Please_Reveal_the_Error? editor's talk page]. Any remarks are welcome below. Keep up the good work. I'm very busy and may not have time to respond promptly. בס״ד 172.250.237.36 (talk) 02:13, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

 * It is interesting, but I think it doesn't belong. It says nothing about Ralph, and little about his father except that he lived in times when barbers' shops were segregated. Zerotalk 03:01, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I took out the fact because it was a random fact dropped in with little context. Perhaps a longer paragraph discussing race and his upbringing, or the effects of racism. However, it seems out of context where it was placed. --evrik (talk) 03:53, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The fact that he was the first African American recipient of the Nobel prize is also mentioned; there seems to be an issue there. Thanks for the feedback. Keep up the good work. בס״ד  172.250.237.36 (talk) 16:56, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * That's a different issue. As it is right now, your factoid has no place in the article. --evrik (talk) 19:29, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The Nobel Prize is a significant issue about Ralph Bunche. The barber's shop is not. Zerotalk 02:53, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You suggest the mention of his father's profession is also not significant? Thanks for the comment. Keep up the good work. בס״ד  172.250.237.36 (talk) 15:53, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * His father's profession is admissible (a few words). Zerotalk 02:33, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Zero. The point isn't what his father did for a living, but that because of his skin color, he was not allowed to enter his father's place of business; contextually, for something like that to happen today, would be a clear civil rights issue, as a MINIMUM. So, in that context, it would be a pertinent addition, would it not? Today skin color would not be an issue, but during Dr. Bunche's childhood, and even during most of his adulthood, skin color was of definite importance regarding where a person was allowed to enter. Even as an adult, he may have been barred from that barber shop. Age was not the issue, skin color was.  Thanks for the feedback. Keep up the good work. בס״ד   172.250.237.36 (talk) 17:43, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

May I respectfully suggest that his childhood experience(s) inspired his humanitarian outlook later in life and therefore is significant? 72.130.204.150 (talk) 09:35, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ralph Bunche


text:
February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt

The Venezuelan coup attempt of February 1992 was an attempt to seize control of the government of Venezuela by the Hugo Chávez-led Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200) that took place on 4 February 1992. The coup was directed against President Carlos Andrés Pérez and occurred in a period marked by economic liberalization reforms, which were attempted in order to decrease the country's level of indebtedness and had caused major protests and social unrest. Despite their failure to depose the government of Carlos Andrés, the February coup attempts brought Chávez into the national spotlight. Fighting during the coup resulted in the deaths of at least 143 people and possibly as many as several hundred.

Background
Venezuela had enjoyed democratic stability since 1958, and also a degree of prosperity. This prosperity was greatly enhanced in the 1970s, when oil prices increased substantially, and Venezuela, a large petroleum exporter, received large revenues, which increased per capita income by about 40%. Venezuela experienced modernization and had one of the highest GDP per capita in its history, while also having an exchange rate of 4 bolivares per 1 US dollar.

However, in the 1980s, other oil producers (especially Saudi Arabia) raised their production, and oil prices dropped. Venezuela's oil revenues dropped substantially, and per capita income declined by about 25%. This imperiled economic and social stability in general. The government's overspending on programs caused massive levels of debt with poverty, inflation and unemployment rising while income declined. Corruption was also widespread with crime increasing yearly, making the Venezuelan public, primarily the poor who especially felt neglected, become outraged.

The IMF offered assistance to Venezuela with these debts, but on condition of Venezuela enacting budgetary and fiscal reforms to curtail the deficits. In 1989, President Pérez put these liberalization policies into effect, reducing social spending and many commodity subsidies, and removing longstanding price controls on many goods. These policies bore heavily on Venezuela's working class and lower class majority. The resultant discontent erupted in the "Caracazo" beginning on 27 February 1989.

Origin
Many of the participants in the coups had been members of the Partido de la Revolución Venezolana (PRV) in the 1970s. The PRV was created by ex-Communist and guerrilla fighter Douglas Bravo, who after failing in an armed insurrection, sought to infiltrate the Venezuelan armed forces to reach power. Thus, preparation for the coup began more than ten years before Pérez was re-elected in 1988.

The coup organizers rejected the ruling bipartisanship in Venezuela between the two political parties, Democratic Action and COPEI, which they saw as a corrupt and clientelist establishment.

The Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200 (MBR-200) was founded in 1982 by Lieutenant Colonel Hugo Chávez Frías, who was later joined by Francisco Arias Cárdenas. They used the Venezuelan independence hero Simón Bolívar as their group's symbol. Their main complaint was the corruption of Carlos Andrés Pérez as well as Venezuela's ongoing economic difficulties and social turmoil. In the view of these two men, the entire political system had to be changed in order for social change to occur.

In February 1989 shortly before the Caracazo, Cuban president Fidel Castro allegedly placed sleeper agents in Venezuela to create unrest. With Cuba recently entering its Special Period and experiencing economic difficulties as a result of the Soviet Union's Perestroika, Castro allegedly sought to establish an ally in Venezuela so Cuba could also enjoy funds from oil profits. As the Revolutions of 1989 occurred in Soviet states, Castro had allegedly began to organize a coup in late 1989 that would indirectly use sleeper agents who participated in the Caracazo. Castro, who was allegedly one of the main organizers according to Venezuelan Major Orlando Madriz Benítez, would instead use Chávez as the face of a civil-military action in order to avoid retaliatory actions from the United States.

While officially unconfirmed, Cuban involvement in and facilitation of the coup attempts was alleged by multiple sources. CIA analyst Brian Latell suggested that the Cuban intelligence agency, the Dirección General de Inteligencia (DGI), may have utilized Chávez to fulfill Cuban strategic dominance of Venezuela and its oil reserves. In Latell's view, the DGI may have either hired Chávez as an agent or provided critical aid to his coup plots. Latell claims Cuba had previously engaged in efforts to destabilize Venezuela by aiding guerrillas in the 1960s. According to General Carlos Julio Peñaloza in his book El Delfín de Fidel, both Fidel Castro and the succeeding President of Venezuela, Rafael Caldera, knew of Chávez's coup plot. Castro allegedly provided agents to convince President Pérez that there was no threat of a coup. After the coup, Caldera, manipulated by Castro and Chávez, was then supposed to take power after Pérez was removed from the presidency.

February 1992 coup attempt
After an extended period of popular dissatisfaction and economic decline under administration of Carlos Andrés Pérez, Chávez made extensive preparations for a military-civilian coup d'état. Initially planned for December 1991, Chávez delayed the MBR-200 coup until the early twilight hours of 4 February 1992. Chávez at the time held the loyalty of some 10% of Venezuela's military forces. On that date, five army units under Chávez's command moved into urban Caracas to seize key military and communications installations throughout the city, including the presidential residence (Miraflores Palace), the defense ministry, La Carlota military airport, and the Military Museum. Chávez's ultimate goal was to intercept Pérez, take custody of him and allegedly execute him before he returned to Miraflores from an overseas trip, planning to capture the president at Maiquetía airport.

The coup attempt was originally supposed to be performed by Admiral Hernan Gruber Odreman, the highest-ranking officer among conspirators who was supposed to capture President Pérez when he returned to Venezuela from Davos, Switzerland. However, he refused after discovering that Rafael Caldera was to become head of the governing board following the coup. A second attempt to capture Pérez was then committed hours later by then Army captain, Miguel Rodríguez Torres. Since Pérez had knowledge of the coup, the president was then driven without the car lights on and his vehicle sped onto the highway. Torres, surprised, then ordered those under his command to fire at President Pérez's fleeing vehicle.

The final attempt in the coup attempt occurred 30 minutes later at Miraflores Palace where insurgents attempted to siege the palace and kill President Pérez. Those attempting to attack Miraflores were told that the doors would be opened by the palace guards that were supposedly part of the coup. However, when the attackers approached Miraflores in an armored vehicle, they were attacked by the palace guards who knew about the coup. The firefight then ended Chávez's attack and left 3 of Pérez's bodyguards dead while Pérez hid under an overcoat eluding capture. The president was then able to escape from the palace and then called General Ochoa saying, "No negotiations. Give them bullets. I want to be back in soon". Pérez then used a local TV station to rally the rest of the military against his aggressors. Chávez's allies were also unable to broadcast Chávez's pre-recorded call for a planned mass civilian uprising against Pérez.

The betrayals, defections, errors, and other unforeseen circumstances left Chávez and only a small group of rebels completely cut off in the Military Museum, without any means of conveying orders to their collaborators. Nevertheless, rebel forces in other parts of Venezuela made swift advances and took control of such large cities as Valencia, Maracaibo, and Maracay with the help of spontaneous civilian aid. Chávez's forces, however, had failed to take Caracas since he remained inside the Military Museum. Chávez soon gave himself up to the government. He was then allowed to appear on national television to call for all remaining rebel detachments in Venezuela to cease hostilities. When he did so, Chávez famously quipped on national television that he had only failed "por ahora" ("for now"):

"Comrades: Unfortunately, for the moment, the objectives that we had set for ourselves have not been achieved in the capital. That's to say that those of us here in Caracas have not been able to seize power. Where you are, you have performed well, but now is the time for a rethink; new possibilities will arise again, and the country will be able to move definitively toward a better future." In the ensuing violence, 18 soldiers were killed while 51 soldiers were injured, while the majority of those killed during the coup were civilians, with 49 killed and about 80 injured in the crossfire.

Despite Chávez's military failure, he was immediately catapulted into the national spotlight due to his action, with many poor Venezuelans seeing him as a figure who had stood up against government corruption and kleptocracy. Afterward, Chávez was imprisoned at the San Carlos military stockade.

November 1992 coup attempt
On 27 November 1992, a second coup attempt was launched. It was led by officers from the air force and navy, including pilot. The group had contacts with Chávez in prison and had learned some lessons from the February coup's errors, including launching at 4:30 am instead of midnight, and obtaining communications equipment to ensure they would not be stranded without it.

Government response

In the process of resisting the coup attempts, government agents were reported to have killed 40 people, both civilians and surrendered rebels, either as extrajudicial executions or with disproportionate force. Arbitrary detentions numbered in the hundreds, continued for some time after the events, and included student leaders and other civic leaders not connected with the coup attempts. In addition, freedom of expression was suspended for two months in the February case and three weeks in the November case, with censorship of the media. A series of demonstrations in March/April calling for the resignation of President Pérez and the restoration of constitutional guarantees were met with state violence, including indiscriminate police firing into crowds, with a total of thirteen deaths. A number of members of the press covering the protests were severely injured by police.

Participants in the February coup attempt were tried under the regular military justice system. But in response to the November coup attempt, the government created ad hoc courts based on the 1938 legal code of Eleazar López Contreras, drawn up twenty years before the transition to democracy. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled the courts unconstitutional but not on the due process grounds for which they were criticised. The Court instead found that the President had neglected to suspend the relevant constitutional rights (right to a defense, right to be tried by one's natural judge).

Aftermath
With Pérez's growing unpopularity due to liberalization reforms and the coup attempts, the bipartisanship system in the country weakened. The turmoil and failed coups were used by former president Rafael Caldera, who according to some versions was supposed to take power following the coup. Caldera commented on the gradual deterioration of Venezuelan democracy and the conflation of poverty and corruption in the nation. Subsequent actions by intellectuals associated with Caldera resulted in Pérez's ousting from the presidency on 20 May 1993, on charges of corruption. Swift political maneuvering allowed Caldera to win the 1993 presidential election with a heterogeneous and non-traditional group of small independent political parties, named "National Convergence". As part of his campaign Caldera promised to pardon the coup plotters and later did so, which allowed Hugo Chávez to participate in (and win) the 1998 presidential election.

Some coup leaders later dominated the political scenario in Venezuela, most notable case was the 2000 presidential election, in which Zulia governor and Radical Cause leader, Francisco Arias Cárdenas, commandant in Maracaibo during February 4 coup d'état attempt, was the opposition candidate, challenging president Chávez who sought re-election. Both Cárdenas and Chávez monopolized 97% of all votes cast.

Media
In December 1992, the Los Angeles Times focused on the possible causes of the attempted coups in Venezuela, noting the recession in Latin America and corruption in the government. The Los Angeles Times stated that the coup attempts could also be the efforts of corrupt Venezuelan officers seeking take over the government and make money from drugs.

International reactions
The coup attempts were condemned by the governments of:
 * 🇪🇺 European Community
 * Organization of American States
 * 🇪🇺 European Community
 * Organization of American States
 * Organization of American States

title: February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt