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Sulley Muntari

Suleyman Ali "Sulley" Muntari (born 27 August 1984) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent most of his career in Italy, playing for clubs such as Udinese, Inter Milan, and AC Milan.

Spoken about as a talented footballer at a young age, Muntari started his youth career in Ghana with Liberty Professionals before joining Udinese where he progressed from their academy into becoming a first team player. He featured in over 150 matches for Udinese and scored 9 goals before securing a move to join English team Portsmouth then English Premier League. He spent only a season with the Pompey and was also part of the team that won the FA Cup in 2007–08.

His performance in the Premier League and the FA Cup earned him a move to join Inter Milan in 2008. During his time with Inter Milan, he helped the team win the Champions League in 2009–10 and the Serie A title in 2008–09 and 2009–10 among other trophies.

After becoming a full international in 2002, Muntari earned over 80 caps for the Ghana national team and was selected for two Africa Cup of Nations tournaments and three FIFA World Cups. He was also a member of the Ghana U20 team that placed second in the African Youth Championship and FIFA U-20 World Cup both in 2001.

He is the elder brother of former Tambov player Sulley Muniru.

Early career
Muntari's abilities first came to light in youth tournaments, while he was playing for Liberty Professionals youth team. He became a regular member of Ghana under-20 team at the age of 16 as they finished runners-up at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina, losing out to the hosts in the final. Despite impressing during a trial with Manchester United after the tournament, he ended up joining Italian club Udinese.

Udinese
He joined Udinese in 2001, where his first season was spent in the reserves. He made his first-team debut on 6 November 2002, against Milan.

In his second full season, he made 23 appearances, and increased his standing to 33 appearances the following season, although indiscipline saw him sent off three times in 16 matches in the 2006–07 season. He left Udinese for Portsmouth after five seasons in Italy.

Portsmouth
Muntari had already indicated a desire to move to the English Premier League, when in early 2007 transfer bids were received from Portsmouth. He eventually opted for Portsmouth and transferred on 30 May 2007, for a new club record fee, believed to be around £7.1 million, signing a five-year contract.

He was a regular member of the first XI throughout the 2007–08 season, playing 29 League matches and scoring four goals. He made his Premier league debut on the opening match-day on 11 August 2007 in Pompey's 2–2 away draw against Derby County. On 29 September, Muntari scored his first goal and provided an assist in a thrilling 7–4 victory over Reading. Muntari scored the seventh goal of the match from the penalty spot in stoppage time after Kranjcar was fouled by Rosenior. The scoreline set a record as the highest scoring match in Premier League history. His skill, tenacity and football ability were praised for his performance in this match. On 24 November, Muntari scored his second league goal against Birmingham help Portsmouth to a 2–0 victory. He scored against his Ghanaian compatriot Richard Kingson, who was making his Premier League debut in goal for the Blues.

His performance of note was away at Aston Villa where he scored two spectacular long-range goals. He also played four FA Cup matches, scoring the winner from the penalty spot in a 1–0 victory over Manchester United at Old Trafford in the Sixth round of the FA Cup. His winner led to their progress into the semi-finals. He was in the starting XI that won the 2008 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium over Cardiff City. He left Fratton Park after one season to join Internazionale.

Inter Milan
On 2 March 2007, it was reported in the Italian press that Inter Milan were preparing a summer offer for the midfielder. Injuries to Esteban Cambiasso and Patrick Vieira underlined just how short of ball-winning midfielders the Nerazzurri were, and they would be looking to remedy the problem in June 2007. Transfer consultants Marco Branca and Gabriele Oriali were looking around Europe for possible options and Muntari seemed to be their man at the insistence of coach Roberto Mancini, although Muntari ultimately went to Portsmouth in the summer of 2007. On 21 July 2008, however, Italian newspaper La Repubblica reported that with the probable failure of new Inter coach José Mourinho to land his former Chelsea midfielder Frank Lampard, Muntari was now his top target central midfield target. The reports gathered pace in the Italian press in the next few days that Muntari had already agreed a four-year contract with Inter. In an interview in 2022, he revealed that he agreed to sign after Mourinho called him and asked if he wanted to play for him, to which he replied yes.

But Portsmouth manager Harry Redknapp told Sky Sports News, "I don't want to sell him. He is one of my best players and is a terrific young talent" when quizzed about Inter's supposed interest in Muntari. On 24 July 2008, the BBC and Gazzetta dello Sport reported that Muntari would complete a €14 million plus bonuses move to Inter. He finally completed his move to Inter on 28 July 2008 and wore the number 20 jersey, previously worn by Álvaro Recoba for many years.

2008–09 season
On 24 August, Muntari made his competitive debut for Inter Milan in the club's victory over Roma in the Italian Super Cup. He scored the first goal with the match ending in a 2–2 draw after extra time before Inter won the trophy on penalties.

On 22 November 2008, Muntari scored the winner, redirecting a wayward Zlatan Ibrahimović shot, in the Derby d'Italia against rivals Juventus. The victory was Inter's first victory over Juventus at San Siro after four years. Two weeks later, Muntari scored a backheel goal against Napoli at the San Siro after a great cross from Maicon, a match that ended 2–1 for Inter. In the very last Serie A match of the season, on 31 May 2009 against Atalanta, he opened the scoring for Inter after blasting in a Luís Figo cross from outside the penalty box. Later, his shot on goal was parried by the goalkeeper, but Esteban Cambiasso scored from the rebound to make the score 3–3. Inter eventually won 4–3 and Muntari won his first Scudetto after his first season with the club.

2009–10 season
Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Muntari was assigned the number 11 jersey. On 2 August 2009, Muntari featured for 84 minutes in the 2–1 2009 Supercoppa Italiana loss to Lazio. On 23 August, on the opening match day of the season, he came on to play 29 minutes of their 1–1 draw to Bari. He started his first Serie A match of the season, in their 2–1 victory over his former club Udinese on 3 October 2009. On 24 October, Muntari scored his first goal of the season to help Inter Milan to a 2–1 victory over Catania.

On 16 April 2010, in their match against Juventus, he came on in the 89th minute for Wesley Sneijder, and three minutes later he assisted Samuel Eto'o to score Inter Milan's second goal, securing a 2–0 victory. The following match day, Muntari played the full 90 minutes and scored his second goal of the season after a shot from Moussa Marega deflected off him, to help Inter Milan to a 3–1 win over Atalanta. At the end of the season, Inter Milan retained the Serie A title with Muntari playing a key role, playing 27 out of 38 matches, scoring 2 goals and providing two assists. He played in all of Inter Milan's Coppa Italia matches that season, as the club won the competition for the sixth time in its history. He came on as a late substitute in the final, which Inter Milan won 1–0 over AS Roma. During Inter Milan's first Champions League match of the season, Muntari started and played 62 minutes before taken off for Dejan Stanković in their goalless draw against Barcelona. Further on, in total, he played 9 matches out of 12 in their European berth as Inter Milan secured their third Champions League title after 45 years, since their second title in 1965. The title secured Inter Milan the first ever Italian treble (Serie A, the Coppa Italia, and the UEFA Champions League). In the final, Muntari came on as a second-half substitute, after Diego Milito had secured the title with two goals against Bayern Munich at the Santiago Bernabeu. He became the fourth Ghanaian to win the Champions League. Across all competitions that season, Muntari made 42 appearances and played a significant role in securing the treble.

2010–11 season
After José Mourinho's departure, in the 2010–11 season, Muntari fell down the pecking order and was considered a fringe player by new manager Rafael Benitez. He came on as a substitute in four of their first five games of the season. There were multiple reports most notably from Sky Sports that Muntari wanted to leave for another team where he would be a first-team regular after missing out on the match-day squad for their match against Juventus on 5 October. He refused to sit in the stands to watch the game and instead went home after learning he had not been selected for the match-day squad. In a counter-interview, Benitez stated that he would meet with him to discuss the matter. The following match-day, Muntari came on as a late substitute for Wesley Sneijder, to play the final four minutes of their 1–0 victory over Cagliari Calcio. On 29 October, he came on in the 19th minute for injured Esteban Cambiasso to score 25-yard long range goal to secure a 1–0 away win against Genoa. Muntari won the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup with Inter after they defeated TP Mazembe 3–0 in the final. He was an unused substitute in the final however, he played 13 minutes of the 3–0 semi-final victory over Seongnam FC.

On 15 January 2011, Inter Technical Director Marco Branca confirmed Muntari had handed in an official transfer request. A number of Premier League clubs were speculated to be interested in Muntari.

Loan to Sunderland
On 26 January 2011, Premier League club Sunderland were given permission to hold talks with Muntari, and on 29 January, he signed for Sunderland on loan from Inter until the end of the 2010–11 season. On 7 May 2011, he was initially credited with his first and only goal in a 2–1 win over Bolton Wanderers, but this was subsequently recorded as a Zat Knight own goal.

On 13 May 2011, Sunderland opted not to sign Muntari on a permanent basis, and he returned to Inter. He played the first half of the 2011–12 season for Inter Milan and played four league matches before going on loan to AC Milan.

2011–12 season
On 31 January 2012, Muntari joined AC Milan on loan. On 19 February 2012, Muntari scored his first goal as a Milan player on his debut, in a Serie A away match against Cesena, which Milan won 3–1. On 25 February 2012, with Milan leading 1–0 against Juventus, Muntari appeared to have doubled Milan's lead with a header from a cross by Urby Emanuelson, however the goal was not given by referee Paolo Tagliavento despite the ball crossing the line while being saved by Gianluigi Buffon; the match ended 1–1. On 2 May 2012, Muntari scored a goal against Atalanta in a game that ended 2–0, bringing Milan one point behind leaders Juventus. Juventus eventually went on to win the Serie A title that year, beating Milan to the Scudetto by four points.

Massimiliano Allegri said to Milan Channel in May 2012 that Muntari would play with Milan for a further two years until June 2014. Muntari officially signed for Milan on a free transfer after his Inter contract expired on 1 July 2012.

2012–13 season
While on holiday in the off-season, Muntari picked up a knee injury playing beach football that could keep him out for the entire first half of the 2012–13 season. On 20 February 2013, Muntari scored a goal to give Milan a two-goal lead against Barcelona ahead of the second leg in the last 16 tie in the UEFA Champions League. However, it was not enough as Barcelona knocked Milan out in the return leg at the Camp Nou, 4–0 and 4–2 on aggregate. On 8 May 2013, Muntari scored his first goal in 2012–13 season in a match against Pescara, which Milan won 4–0. Later that month, he was fined €10,000 and suspended for two matches after being sent off during a game against Roma for manhandling referee Gianluca Rocchi whilst protesting a call.

2013–14 season
On 6 October, Muntari put on an impressive performance for Milan as he scored two goals against Juventus, though Juventus went on to win the game 3–2. On 16 December Muntari scored a late goal against Roma to salvage a 2–2 draw. He was then sent off the following match against former club Inter when he hit Zdravko Kuzmanović, receiving a three-match ban. On 18 May, Muntari helped Milan win the three points against Sassuolo when Muntari scored a goal and helped Milan win the match 2–1.

2014–15 season
On 18 June 2014, Muntari signed a new two-year contract with Milan. On 31 August 2014, Muntari scored in Milan's opening game in the 2014–15 Serie A as Milan beat Lazio 3–1. On 4 October, Muntari contributed to Milan's 2–0 win against Chievo by scoring the opening goal of the game. He was released by mutual consent on 30 June 2015.

Ittihad FC
On 27 July 2015, Muntari joined Saudi league team Ittihad FC on a two-year deal. He made his league debut for the Jeddah-based club on 20 August, in their first match of the season, playing the full 90 minutes as they defeated Najran SC 2–1. On 17 October, Muntari provided two assists to two of the three goals scored by Gelmin Rivas in a 3–1 victory over Al-Qadsiah. On 25 February 2016, he scored his first goal for the club, helping his side to a 1–0 home league victory against Najran SC. He scored his second goal for the club the following game week in their 6–2 victory over Al-Raed.

Muntari played in the 2016 AFC Champions League, he made his debut in the competition against Lokomotiv Tashkent in their 1–1 draw on 23 February. The following month, in their second leg against Lokomotiv Tashkent, he scored his third goal for the club, a long range effort which helped Ittihad to another 1–1 draw. At the end of the season, Muntari played 29 matches in all competitions and scored three goals. Muntari's contract with Ittihad was terminated at the end of the season due to financial constraints from the club. In 2017, FIFA ordered the team to pay him $5.3 million due protracted contract dispute.

Pescara
In January 2017 he returned to Italy by signing a six-month contract with Pescara. Muntari made his debut 5 February 2017, in a 6–2 loss to Lazio. On 12 March, he scored his first goal for Pescara in their 3–2 loss to his former club Udinese Calcio. On 30 April 2017, Muntari left a Serie A match at Cagliari after his complaints of racist abuse were met with a yellow card. After that incident, Muntari did not feature for the club again and was benched for the remaining four matches of the season. That match against Cagliari extended Muntari's Serie A appearance record for an African Player to 270 matches. The record was later broken by fellow Ghanaian player Kwadwo Asamoah in 2021.

Deportivo La Coruña
On 22 February 2018, Muntari joined Spanish club Deportivo de La Coruña until the end of the 2017–18 season. The manager, Clarence Seedorf, with whom he played in the 2011–12 season at AC Milan, influenced him to sign with the club. He was given the number 21 jersey which was previously won by the club's legend Juan Carlos Valerón. A day after his announcement, he made his debut for the club, coming on in the 82nd minute for Pedro Mosquera in their goalless draw against Espanyol.

Albacete
On 31 January 2019, after six months of inactivity Muntari signed with Albacete until the end of the season. Due to his lack of fitness, Muntari did not make a mach day squad for Albacete until 2 March 2019, when he was named on the bench and was unused substitute in their 1–0 loss to Cádiz CF. The following match day, he came on in the 84th minute for Mickaël Malsa to make his debut in their 1–0 loss to Gimnàstic. On 7 April 2019, he started his match for the club, assisting Aleix Febas to score the game-winning goal against AD Alcorcón to grant them a 1–0 away win.

Accra Hearts of Oak
After two-years without a contract, Muntari returned to active football and joined Ghana Premier League giants Hearts of Oak on a six-month deal. He revealed that he signed with the Accra-based team because his son asked him to do so, so that he could come to the stadium and watch him play. Muntari was given the number 10 jersey after Hearts petitioned the Ghana Football Association after Emmanuel Nettey has worn that jersey number in the first half of the season, prior to his transfer. On 6 February 2022, he made his debut as a substitute in a 1–0 loss to rivals Accra Great Olympics, coming on in the 79th minute for William Dankyi. The following match day, he made his first start for the club in their goalless draw against Real Tamale United at the Aliu Mahama Stadium. When Muntari was taken off in the 80th minute, he was given a standing ovation and received applause from both RTU and Hearts supporters.

He won the President Cup on 4 March, his first trophy at the club, playing 80 minutes of a 2–1 victory over arch-rivals Asante Kotoko. His performance earned him praise. On 9 March 2022, he scored his first goal, a winner in a 2–1 Ghana Premier League match against West African Football Academy. He scored from the penalty spot after Patrick Razak was fouled in the box.

On 27 June 2022, Muntari came on as a late substitute in the 2023 Ghana FA Cup final as Hearts won the cup via a 2–1 victory over Bechem United.

The FA Cup final was also his final professional career match, after turning down a contract renewal proposal from the club and announcing his retirement in November. At the end of his short-stint with Hearts, he made 15 matches in all competitions, scored 1 goal, provided two assists and won two trophies.

On 28 November 2022, Muntari announced his retirement in an interview with Sky Sports stating that – “I just did a few months with the local side-Hearts of Oak. My son wanted me to play. I didn’t play for almost three years, then my son decided to ask me to go and play. I did that but now I’m done”, bringing an end to his 18 years professional career.

Youth
Muntari represented Black Starlets at the 2001 Meridian Cup, including a 1–1 draw with Portugal and losing to Italy 0–1. Muntari then was chosen for the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship as Ghana took second place.

Senior
He won his first senior cap against Slovenia on 17 May 2002, and became a regular fixture in the team as The Black Stars opened their 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign. He was selected for the Olympic side at Athens 2004, but was sent home for disciplinary reasons. This started a dispute between Muntari and the Ghana Football Association (GFA), and he said that he would refuse to play for his country again, setting the "record" for the youngest international retirement. He retracted, making a public apology to the Association, and was selected for the 2006 World Cup squad. He played in the first two matches, a 2–0 defeat by Italy and a 2–0 win over the Czech Republic, in which he scored, but having received a yellow cards in each game. He was suspended for the game against the United States, but returned for the second round match against Brazil, in which Ghana was eliminated.

He remained a regular member of the team, and appeared in the 2008 African Cup of Nations side, scoring the winner in the first group match against Guinea and the second goal in the last group match against Morocco. He scored his third goal of the tournament when he scored a free-kick against Ivory Coast in the third-place play-off. His goal against Guinea, a 25-metre left-footed pile-driver in the 89th minute, was voted one of the Best Goals of the Tournament. He was voted as an All-Star Player during the 2008 African Cup of Nations Tournament in Ghana. The Team of the Tournament was decided by the Technical Study Group (TSG) after careful observations of all the tournament's matches.

Although expected to play for Ghana in the 2010 African Cup of Nations in Angola, Muntari was excluded from the national team due to disciplinary problems. After purposefully missing an international friendly against Angola, he also snubbed a meeting with coach Milovan Rajevac. Muntari later issued a full apology to his country and coach.

Muntari was selected for Ghana's 2010 World Cup squad. After not being included in the starting line-up for the team's first two matches, Muntari was reportedly expelled from the squad for insulting Rajevac and his teammates. However, after an intervention by former captain Stephen Appiah, he was reinstated and went on to make two further substitute appearances against Germany and the United States before starting the quarter-final against Uruguay in place of the suspended André Ayew. During the match, Muntari scored a long-range effort in first half stoppage time, putting Ghana ahead 1–0 at half-time.

On 2 June 2014, Muntari was named in Ghana's squad for the 2014 World Cup. In the team's opening match, he was in the starting line-up for the Black Stars against the United States in a 2–1 defeat.

Muntari and Kevin-Prince Boateng were sent home from the Black Stars camp in Brazil and suspended from the Ghana squad on 26 June 2014 for disciplinary reasons, only hours before the final Group match against Portugal. Muntari reportedly assaulted Moses Armah, a member of former manager James Kwesi Appiah's coaching staff.

Style of play
A former left-back, Muntari later developed into a powerful, experienced, hard-working, and tenacious midfielder; although he is primarily known for his physical strength and combative playing style, he was also able to make notable improvements to his technical skills throughout his career. He also possesses a good left-foot, a powerful shot from outside the area, and is a solid passer of the ball. He primarily excels as a ball-winner, due to his energy, tactical intelligence, and ability to break down the opposition's play; a versatile footballer, although he is usually deployed as a defensive, central, or box-to-box midfielder, he is also capable of playing as a left winger or even as an attacking midfielder. Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling style of play, however, he has also been criticised for his tendency to pick up cards.

Personal life
His younger brother is Sulley Muniru, who plays in the Russian Liga I.

In December 2010, Muntari married Ghanaian businesswoman Menaye Donkor and they have a son. On 20 June 2015, it was reported that Donkor had given birth to the couple's first child. On 16 September 2020, Donkor confirmed the arrival of their second child, in an interview on GhOne TV.

Muntari is a devout Muslim.

International

 * Scores and results list the Ghana's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Muntari goal.

Honours
Portsmouth
 * FA Cup: 2007–08

Inter Milan
 * Serie A: 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Coppa Italia: 2009–10
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2008, 2010
 * UEFA Champions League: 2009–10
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2010

Hearts of Oak Ghana U20 Ghana
 * President's Cup: 2022
 * Ghanaian FA Cup: 2022
 * African Youth Championship runner-up: 2001
 * FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up: 2001

 * Africa Cup of Nations third place: 2008

Individual
 * CAF Team of the Year: 2008
 * Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2008
 * Calcio Trade Ball Lifetime Achievement Award: 2022

title: Sulley Muntari


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Category:Birding and ornithology by year

Birds, birdwatching and ornithology, by year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Caretta, West Virginia

Caretta is an unincorporated community located in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. Caretta was named for the transposed syllables in the name of Mrs. Etta Carter, the wife of George Lafayette Carter. It is the only place in the United States with this name.

This coal town was originally owned first by The Virginia Pocahontas Coal Company, then by the Carter Coal Company, and the final operators in Caretta were the Consolidation Coal Company.

Caretta is home to the Big Creek People in Action, an organization founded in 1990 by citizens of McDowell County in order to improve the local quality of life. The organization also boasts partnerships with numerous colleges, churches, and other groups who volunteer in the area.

Caretta's coal mine was connected to the mine in nearby Coalwood, made famous in the book Rocket Boys.

The Carter Coal Company Store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

title: Caretta, West Virginia


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Rules of Decision Act

The Rules of Decision Act mandates the application of substantive state law in cases heard in U.S. federal courts sitting in diversity, except where state law is preempted by federal law. The U.S. Supreme Court in Swift v. Tyson (1842) originally read this Act of Congress as limited to state statutory law, but later overturned Swift in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938) and instead held that the Rules of Decision Act requires the application of state law including case law originating from state courts.

The Act originated as Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789. It is now codified, in slightly different form, in, as follows:

"The laws of the several states, except where the Constitution or treaties of the United States or Acts of Congress otherwise require or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in civil actions in the courts of the United States, in cases where they apply."

The interpretation of this language, especially the meaning of the phrase "the laws of the several states", was the central issue in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins.

Foreign influence
The Australian Judiciary Act 1903 borrowed verbiage from the Rules of Decision Act.

title: Rules of Decision Act


text:
User:Richardmasoner

Who am I
Somebody credits me with popularizing the term "Idaho Stop."

Links
Cyclelicio.us is my blog about bicycling.

title: User:Richardmasoner


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User:Draconarius

Hello folks, I have chosen the nickname Draconarius in remembrance of a nickname I once had in primary school. It was very well chosen! Before you think I am an irascible person, the very opposite is true: I am quite peaceful and introvert.

I hope to work on and to publish articles on

 * art
 * history, in particular medieval history
 * cities

I live and work in the Netherlands, and this explains why I pay attention also to articles related to my country.

Apart from contributing on specific topics, I also like to make articles more readible by better ordening and changing sloppy writing and circumlocution into something more clear and understandable. In doing this I will scrupulously care to maintain the necessary neutrality for which I admire and like Wikipedia.

title: User:Draconarius


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Talk:Vietnamese alphabet

Letter names and pronunciation
The first table lacks some explanation: 6 columns are labeled 1 Letter, 2 Name (pronounced), 3 Hanoi IPA, 4 Saigon IPA, 5 Name (spelling), 6 IPA My first guess is that 6 is the pronunciation of 5, but how does that relate to 2? Sparafucil (talk) 21:52, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Insertion of the name "Vietnam"
Hello, could you please explain to me why you inserted the term "Vietnam" so often in this edit? Isn't that already assumed? Especially since the contemporary name of the country at the time was Đại Nam and the Nguyễn Dynasty didn't control French Cochinchina at the time meaning that the readers could confusingly read that the Emperors ruled all of what is today called "Vietnam". --Donald Trung (talk) 23:11, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

"Uses the Latin script based on Romance languages"
This is a non-sensical construction. The Latin alphabet was developed to write the Latin language by the Romans... From Latin, several neo-Latin or Latinesque languages evolved, which are collectively called Romance languages. So it isn't that the Latin script is based in Romance languages, it's that Romance languages (collective name for all the languages that emerged from Latin) used and use the Roman alphabet, also called the Latin alphabet, since the people were called the Romans, after Rome, and the language is called Latin after Latium.

So what the Portuguese missionary did is adapt the Latin script to the Vietnamese sounds by creating notations, macrons and the like, to indicate different sounds for the letters specific to Vietnamese phonology and morphology. Historiaantiqua (talk) 01:07, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vietnamese alphabet


text:
Talk:Smith v. Doe

why do only sex offenders register
 * (Question by 128.138.7.162 moved from main page)

title: Talk:Smith v. Doe


text: User talk:85.164.161.140

title: User talk:85.164.161.140


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Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa

Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa (バイオミラクル　ぼくってウパ) is a Konami video game that was first released for a Japan-exclusive market in 1988 for the Family Computer Disk System. It was later released as a cartridge in 1993 for the Family Computer itself.

It was released on the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008, for Japan and North America in June, and in Europe on August 29. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS's and Wii U's Virtual Console in Japan in February 2014 and July 2015, respectively. The Wii Virtual Console release was the only official release of the game outside Japan.

Story
"Upa is the prince of a magical kingdom and the most recent in a line of brave fighters. One day, though, he broke an urn containing the spirit of Zai, an incredibly evil goatish demon who takes the life force of the kingdom's adults and kidnaps all the babies - except for Upa, who is given a magical rattle by a fairy who was trapped in the urn along with Zai. And so, in order to save his kingdom, Upa crawls into action..."

Gameplay
Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa's main character is a baby called Upa that uses a rattle to attack his enemies. When injured by the rattle, the enemy inflates and floats away. These inflated enemies can then be used as temporary floating platforms to climb to higher places or they can also be used as weapons if pushed in any direction. If used as a platform, Upa must not stay on top for too long or otherwise it will explode. But if used as a weapon, Upa has to pounce or use his rattle on the inflated enemy to cause it to careen. The enemy will then ricochet off objects and potentially cause damage to both the protagonist and other enemies if it comes in contact with them.

The game uses a health meter to monitor the player's remaining life which can be replenished by obtaining bottles of milk scattered throughout the levels. A heart icon can also be obtained, increasing the maximum health by one unit for the duration of the current world.

Most items, including the milk bottles and hearts, can be collected by striking special blocks which feature Upa's face. Other items include: Apples, which increase the player's score; hourglasses, which temporarily freeze enemies in place; bells, which give Upa temporary invincibility and the ability to run; and scorpion blocks, which kill all enemies on-screen when they are pushed off a platform and hit the ground.

Cartridge version
In 1993, it was released as a cartridge for the Famicom itself. While it is practically identical to the Disk System version of the game, there are a few differences.

The most notable difference is the game's sound. The Family Computer Disk System contained an extra audio channel not available in the Family Computer/NES games. To compensate for the missing audio channel, the music in the Family Computer cartridge version had to be remixed.

Additionally, the player is given a choice between an "Easy" mode, where enemy damage is reduced and the player starts with more lives, and a "Normal" mode, which is the same difficulty as the original FDS version.

Finally, among the smallest of alterations to the game is the title screen, which no longer contains a large image of Upa when it is first displayed.

Chinese version
An unlicensed version for the Famicom was released in China under the name Crayon Xiao xin (蠟筆小新 Làbǐ xiǎo xīn, Crayon Shin-chan's Chinese title), in which the playable character is replaced with Shinnosuke Nohara, the star of the series.

Mobile phone version
In 2006, Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa was released for mobile phones.

Virtual Console
The Family Computer Disk System version was released on the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008, for Japan and North America in June and in Europe on August 29. The Wii Virtual Console release was the only official release of the game outside Japan.

The game was released for the Nintendo 3DS's and Wii U's Virtual Console in Japan in February 2014 and July 2015, respectively.

Other appearances
Upa has many guest appearances in other Konami games:

Upa appears as a possible transformation of the main character, the robot Rickle, and plays similarly to how he did in his home game.
 * Wai Wai World 2: SOS!! Parsley Jō (Famicom)
 * Parodius series
 * Fantastic Parodius - Pursue the Glory of the Past (Super Famicom only)

Konami's Parodius series is a cartoonish scrolling shooter with bizarre and nonsensical enemies and theme. In the Super Famicom release of the third title of the Parodius series, a flying version of Upa and his sister Rupa (a pink, palette swapped second player character) appear as space ships with milk bottle missiles. In addition, one level features burrowing through a candy-filled cake similar to the one in Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa.
 * Jikkyō Oshaberi Parodius

Upa and Rupa appeared again as playable "space ships" in Konami's surrealist shooter series. As of pop'n music 9, Upa appears as a character in the song Bokutte Upa?, a rearrangement of music from his home game. Rupa appears as a palette swap of Upa. Rupa previously appeared as the character for the song TwinBee ~Generation X~, a rearrangement of music from TwinBee, until pop'n music 17 THE MOVIE, where the song received a dedicated TwinBee character. In the mobile version that was released in 2006, due to copyright issues, The Goonies's Mikey's behalf as a character, has appeared with the cake-conscious stage of this work. This version also features S! Applications and BREW versions later. The main theme has been included in the creation mode to fight songs of the sample songs and cheering Purosupi Power Pro.
 * pop'n music series (Arcade, PlayStation 2)
 * Konami Wai Wai World (mobile phone)
 * Baseball Spirits Series Pro Series Powerful Pro Baseball
 * In episode #44 of GameCenter CX (known as Retro Game Master outside Japan), Shinya Arino, the host of the show, played through the Famicom Disk System version of the game and successfully cleared it.
 * Pixel Puzzle Collection

title: Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa


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User:Dylanfay

Dylan Fay- Dylan Fay is an extremely cool individual who is very smart and writing an encyclopedia at fourteen. This page may get deleted, but I at the very least can say that my name has in fact appeared in an encyclopedia, thus, I am now a published writer and can rub that in other people's faces in a snotty way. (lol I'm joking.) If you can read this, I warn you it is a waste of time, but don't delete it anyway.

DISCLAIMER- If this article violates any Wikipedia rules, I'm sorry. Delete it, but don't impose any sanctions or punishments upon my user name.

Sincerely, Dylan Fay, Bored 14 Year Old

title: User:Dylanfay


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User talk:CCPwrestler08

Wallet Slap- When you whip out you phatty bi-fold and slap that bitch across the face.

The practice of wallet slapping started on Oct 5 2005. It originates from this one kid hitting this one other kid in the face with his phatty bi-fold and yelled "You just got wallet slapped BITCH!"

The proper technique for a good wallet slap is really quite simple. All you do is take your bi-fold, open it and grasp one end firmly in one hand. Then you take it and you slap that mother fucker across the face with the free end. This technique will get you the best slappage
 * A tri-fold will work just fine but to get the best slap a phatty bifold is   recommended. NO not a regular bi-fold but a PHATTY bi-fold

Now little kids go and steal your daddy’s wallet and go around wallet slapping those mother fucking bullies up side their heads

title: User talk:CCPwrestler08


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Foulsham

Foulsham is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is located 7.40 mi north-east of Dereham and 16 mi north-west of Norwich. Foulsham is renowned in the local area for its unspoilt nature and the number of Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century buildings.

History
Foulsham name is of Anglo-Saxon origin and derives from the Old English for Fugol's homestead or village.

Foulsham has been the site of major Bronze Age discoveries including a golden torc ploughed-up in 1846 and a hoard of 141 copper-socketed axeheads, discovered in 1953 and now in the care of Norwich Castle Museum.

In the Domesday Book, Foulsham is listed as a settlement of 103 households in the hundred of Eynesford. In 1086, the village was part of the East Anglian estates of King William I. The worth of Foulsham is recorded as two churches, a mill, twelve cattle, four hundred pigs, fifty goats and 13 sesters of honey.

Old Hall Farm was built in the parish in the Sixteenth Century and was at one time the residence of Maj-Gen. Philip Skippon, a Parliamentarian commander at the Battle of Naseby.

In the Seventeenth Century, Foulsham was a thriving market place until a store of gunpowder exploded on the 15 June 1770 which led to a fire that consumed the whole market place.

RAF Foulsham opened in 1942 as an air-base for various squadrons of No. 3 Group and No. 100 Group RAF throughout the Second World War. On 28 July 1943, RAF Foulsham was the site of a forced landing by a B-17 Flying Fortress piloted by John C. Morgan after a strategic bombing raid of Hanover. For his actions, Morgan was awarded the Medal of Honor. The airbase was retired in 1945 and the Ministry of Defence eventually sold the land in the 1980s.

Geography
According to the 2011 Census, Foulsham has a population of 1,021 residents living in 444 households. Furthermore, the parish has a total area of 12.56 km2.

Foulsham falls within the constituency of Broadland and is represented at Parliament by Jerome Mayhew MP of the Conservative Party. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Broadland.

Church of the Holy Innocents
The chancel of Foulsham's parish church dates largely from the Fourteenth Century with the rest of the church being constructed in the Fifteenth Century, the church was restored in the Nineteenth Century. The church roof has been recently restored and the font is likely a Nineteenth Century copy of a Sixteenth Century original.

Amenities
Foulsham still has a public house, known as the Queen's Head, which has operated on its current site since the mid-Nineteenth Century.

The majority of local children attend Foulsham Primary School, which was rated as 'Good' by Ofsted in 2020.

Puritan emigration
The village gave its name to a family of Puritan dissidents, who fled England for the town of Hingham, Massachusetts (and later Exeter, New Hampshire) and whose spelling of the name was slightly changed to Folsom. Today, these American descendants of Foulsham have given rise to Folsom, California, Folsom Street in San Francisco, Folsom Prison (all named for California pioneer and New Hampshire native Joseph Libbey Folsom), as well as General Nathaniel Folsom, who represented New Hampshire in the Continental Congress.

Transport
Foulsham railway station opened in 1882 as a stop on the Great Eastern Railway line between Aylsham South and County School. The station closed in 1964 as part of the Beeching cuts, with Foulsham's closest railway station today being Sheringham for Bittern Line services to Cromer and Norwich.

The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport.

Notable residents

 * Maj-Gen. Philip Skippon (1600–1660)- Parliamentarian officer
 * John Astley (1735–1803)- British clergyman and Rector of Foulsham, 1771-1803

War memorial
Foulsham's war memorial takes the form of a stone obelisk above an octagonal plinth, located in an island in Foulsham High Street. The memorial lists the following names for the First World War:

 * SSG Percy Arnold (d.1919), Royal Engineers
 * Pvt. Albert Budrey (d.1917), 2nd Bn., Bedfordshire Regiment
 * Pvt. H. William Hipkin (1885–1917), 1st Bn., Royal Fusiliers
 * Pvt. Robin H. Stroulger (1884–1917), 11th Bn., Middlesex Regiment
 * Pvt. Donald E. Scarfe (1893–1915), 7th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Pvt. Alfred W. Stroulger (1886–1917), 7th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regt.
 * Pvt. Charles Calver (1890–1917), 9th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regt.
 * Pvt. Charles Amiss (1889–1917), 7th Bn., York and Lancaster Regiment
 * Rfn. Edgar Hendry (1887–1917), 18th Bn., King's Royal Rifle Corps
 * Alfred Barber
 * Albert Brown
 * Stanley Everitt
 * Bertrand Fowler
 * William Hendry
 * George Hill
 * Charles Jarvis
 * George Laing
 * Harry Massingham
 * Herbert Massingham
 * Samuel Mitchell
 * John Prior
 * Victor Russell
 * George Lane
 * George Seaman

And, the following for the Second World War:

 * Cpl. Frederick S. Girling (1912–1943), 5th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Cpl E. Reginald Margetson (1916–1943), 5th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regt.
 * Pvt. Alan Blake (1925–1945), 13th (South Lancashire) Bn., Parachute Regiment
 * Ronald Allen
 * Arthur Cole
 * George Farrow
 * Gordon Fletcher
 * Arthur Frost
 * Victor George
 * Leonard Gray

title: Foulsham


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Spy-fi (subgenre)

Spy-fi is a subgenre of spy fiction that includes elements of science fiction, and is often associated with the Cold War. Features of spy-fi include the effects of technology on the espionage trade and the technological gadgets used by the characters, even though the technologies and gadgets portrayed are well beyond contemporary scientific reality.

Definition and characteristics
Spy-fi can be defined as media that centers around the adventures of a protagonist (or protagonists) working as a secret agent or a spy. Usually, these adventures will revolve around defeating a rival superpower or singular enemy from achieving a nefarious aim. Content may include themes such as world domination, world destruction, futuristic weapons, and gadgets. Settings vary from outright fantasy, such as outer space or under the sea, to real but exotic locations. Spy-fi does not necessarily present espionage as it is practiced in reality but rather glamorizes spy-craft through its focus on high-tech equipment, agencies, and organizations with nearly limitless resources and incredibly high-stakes adventures.

The spy protagonist may discover in his or her investigation that a mad scientist or evil genius and his secret organization are using futuristic technology to further their schemes. Examples of these include the James Bond film series, the use of advanced scientific technologies for global influence or domination in The Baroness spy novels, using space travel technology to destroy the world as in Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die, weather control in Our Man Flint, using a sonic weapon in Dick Barton Strikes Back, a death ray in Dick Barton at Bay, or replacing world leaders with evil twins in In Like Flint.

Films and television

 * Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (TV series)
 * James Bond (film series)
 * Mission: Impossible (TV series)
 * Austin Powers (film series)
 * The Avengers (TV series)
 * Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? (TV series)
 * Spy Kids
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (TV series)
 * Danger Man (TV series)
 * Get Smart (TV series)
 * The Prisoner (TV series)
 * Matt Helm (film series)
 * Face/Off
 * Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow
 * Tenet

Games

 * Global Agenda
 * Perfect Dark
 * No One Lives Forever
 * Invisible Inc.
 * I Expect You to Die

title: Spy-fi (subgenre)


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Niederegger

J. G. Niederegger GmbH & Co. KG is a producer of marzipan and sweets which is based in Lübeck, Germany.

Niederegger was founded in Lübeck on 1 March 1806 by Johann Georg Niederegger (1777–1856). The company is a family-owned limited private partnership.

Niederegger marzipan made by "canditors" since the days of the Hanseatic League is classed as 100% marzipan. By the 19th century, marzipan, traditionally the choice of kings and queens, was becoming popular with the ordinary people of Lübeck. The tradition that Niederegger marzipan contains much less sugar than that produced by other marzipan makers began with Johann Georg, who was apprentice to Maret, another confectioner. Johann Georg left in 1806 to set up his own shop, and the products he produced were of such high quality that they were sought out by kings and emperors.

In the town center of Lübeck, opposite the Town Hall, the always-crowded Café Niederegger, known as the "harem confectionery", offers a café, a shop for Niederegger sweets, and a marzipan museum on its upper floors. It is possible to trace the sale of the almond product on the premises back to the 12th century.

Niederegger's many customers have included the writer, and son of Lübeck, Thomas Mann.

title: Niederegger


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Brompton Bicycle

Brompton Bicycle Limited, trading as Brompton, is a British manufacturer of folding bicycles based in Greenford, London.

The Brompton folding bicycle and accessories are the company's core product, noted for its self-supporting compact size when stored. All available models of the folding bicycle are based on the same hinged frame and 16-inch (35×349 mm) tyre size. Components are added, removed, or replaced by titanium parts to form the many variations. The modular design has remained fundamentally unchanged since the original patent was filed by Andrew Ritchie in 1979, with small details being refined by continual improvement. Ritchie was awarded the 2009 Prince Philip Designers Prize for work on the bicycle.

Brompton is the largest volume bicycle manufacturer in Britain, producing approximately 50,000 bicycles each year. The company's bicycles are also available for hire.

Design

All Brompton folding bicycle models share the same curved frame, consisting of a hinged main tube, pivoting rear triangle, fork, and hinged handle-bar stem. The main tube and stem are made of steel in most models. The rear triangle and fork are either steel or titanium, depending on model. The T line introduced in 2022 has an all-titanium frame and other lightweight components. Steel sections are joined by brazing rather than welding. Wheel rim size is 349 mm, carrying tyres with 16″ tread diameter. The handlebars and some peripheral components are aluminium.

A Brompton bicycle uses over 1,200 individual pieces, many of which are specific to Brompton.

the combinations allow one-, two-, three-, four-(P and T line versions), six-speed or twelve gearing options to be factory-fitted, with higher or lower gearing available as an option.

The Brompton uses a combined rear fold and suspension design. During riding, the main frame and the rear triangle intersect at a rubber block which provides suspension. The suspension block is kept in compression by the rider's weight. There is no suspension for the front wheel, although the titanium forks of the Superlight versions provide a small amount of spring.

Company

In 1976 Andrew Ritchie founded the company, named after the Brompton Oratory, a landmark visible from his bedroom workshop where the first prototypes were built. At the time he was working as a gardener. Ritchie obtained backing from friends and sought to license the design, but after five years began manufacturing the bicycle design himself. Production ground to a halt in 1982 after which Ritchie continued to explore possibilities for continued manufacturing whilst undertaking other jobs.

Finally in 1986, again with backing from friends and former customers, enough was raised to resume production on a larger scale. With a bank loan underwritten by Julian Vereker (founder of Naim Audio), production was restarted in a railway arch in Brentford. By early 1988, mass-production Brompton bicycles were once again in circulation.

From 2002, when Will Butler-Adams joined the firm (he became Managing Director in 2008), to 2013, production increased from 6,000 to approximately 40,000 bikes per year. The workforce increased from 24 to 190.

In March 2009, Brompton Bicycle achieved a record monthly turnover of just under £1 million; the employees were rewarded with fish and chips. In the same month, the company stated that it was hoping to continue a 25% rate of growth; partially enabled by switching to just-in-time stocking for some of the parts being sourced from suppliers, and by having those suppliers hold the stock until it is needed rather than parts living for periods at the Brompton factory.

The company was awarded The Queen's Award for Export in 1995.

In the Queen's Birthday Honours of 21 April 2010, the company was awarded two Queen's Awards for Enterprise, in the Innovation and International Trade categories. This was the second time Brompton had won the International Trade Award, they first received it in 1995. It is very rare for a company to receive two of these awards in one year.

Will Butler-Adams, Managing Director, was awarded Order of the British Empire in 2015. In July 2015 a plan to move the company from Brentford to nearby Greenford was reported. In February 2022 another move, from Greenford to Ashford, Kent was announced.

Clones and licensing
In 1992, Brompton agreed with Euro-Tai in Taiwan to allow the manufacture of a licensed copy of the Brompton bicycle for distribution in Eastern Asia. A joint venture company called Neobike was then established to manufacture them. Brompton Bicycle in the United Kingdom would loan tools and drawings, and be paid on a per-unit royalty basis.

By mid-1992, Neobike had recruited three senior research and development employees from Dahon, another folding bicycle company, and had started to produce other designs and copies in addition to the official Brompton design. Brompton's licensing contract with Euro-Tai/Neobike lasted approximately ten years until it expired on 31 December 2002. By this time, five senior Neobike employees had been convicted and jailed for stealing trade secrets from Dahon and Ritchie had previously stated that the franchise contract had been "under review", there having been quality issues with the Asian-built Brompton bicycles. Euro-Tai and Neobike failed to return the Brompton-specific tooling loaned by Brompton Bicycle. One week later after the expiration of the official licensing agreement Euro-Tai sold its controlling stake in Neobike to YTE Manufacturing, an aluminium supplier that was already involved with producing frames for Neobike.

At the 2003 Eurobike trade show, Neobike exhibited their—now unsanctioned—clone of the Brompton, offering it to potential dealers within Europe. Neobike-produced copies of the Brompton bicycle were then imported into The Netherlands branded as the "Scoop One" and "Astra Flex V3". Later, Neobike's interests in its copy-bicycle business were transferred to an entity called Grace Gallant Enterprises, for sale under the brand "Flamingo". Between 2004 and 2010, several batches of copies were imported into the European market: into the United Kingdom under the name "Merc", into Belgium, and into Spain as the "Nishiki Oxford". Taiwanese-manufactured clones bear the model numbers FL-BP01-3/FL-BP01-7 standing for Flamingo, "Best Persuader", 3-speed/7-speed. As of 2014, Grace-Galant continue to make clones for the East Asia market under the Flamingo and MIT brand names. Later iterations of the clones had their frames made of aluminium, rather than the steel frame of the originals.

Court cases
Following the expiry of the Brompton patent, Brompton Bicycle's legal actions against Neobike/Grace Gallant have all been brought on the basis of copyright- and industrial design-law.

A court case was held at the Groningen civil court in the Netherlands on 24 May 2006, which ruled that the industrial design of the Brompton folding bicycle was protected by copyright. Additionally, the Neobike-provided manual had included direct copies of those drawings found in the Brompton user manual. The Brompton Bicycle Limited v Rijwielbedrijf Vincent Van Ellen BV ruling held that there was creative flexibility in the design for a bicycle beyond those choices made purely for functional reasons; in the Brompton case this included the M-style handlebars, curved main frame tube and the cable-placement. Each of these were noted to be distinctive design decisions that another manufacturer could change without compromising the ability to create a functional folding bicycle. Such a level of perceived similarity was therefore likely to cause "confusion in the market" under the Dutch copyright law, Article 13. Neobike did not choose to appeal and Brompton Bicycle was granted the right to have all of the imported bicycles destroyed with an injunction against future imports by Neobike's distributors.

In June 2010, Brompton Bicycle gained a further injunction against the import of the unlicensed copy Brompton models into Spain, this time under the name "Nishiki Oxford Bicycle". The case was decided on the basis that Grace Gallant predecessors' had not returned all of Brompton Bicycle Ltd's drawing and toolings upon the termination of the earlier Eurotai/Neobike franchise agreement.

Reception
Many reviews of Brompton folding bicycles are favourable.

title: Brompton Bicycle


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Joseph O'Doherty

Joseph O'Doherty (24 December 1891 – 10 August 1979) was an Irish teacher, barrister, revolutionary, politician, county manager, member of the First Dáil and of the Irish Free State Seanad.

Family
Joseph O'Doherty's father Michael O'Doherty was a prosperous entrepreneur from Gortyarrigan in the parish of Desertegney at the side of Raghin Beg mountain on the Inishowen peninsula, County Donegal. When he got married, Michael moved from Gortyarrigan to the town of Derry where he owned a hansom cab business and a chain of butcher shops, kept racing horses, traded in cattle, and supplied meat until 1916 for the British Royal Navy fort at Dunree.

Joseph's mother Rose O'Doherty (née McLaughlin) inspired him to become a revolutionary. O'Doherty was born at his parents' home at 14 Little Diamond in the Bogside district of Derry on Christmas Eve 1891. His brother, Séamus, was also a member of the IRB and took part in the events of the Easter Rising.

Education
He was first educated at St Columb's College grammar school in Derry. He then studied at St Patrick's College, Drumcondra, (Dublin) where he qualified as a primary school teacher in 1912. When he qualified as a teacher, Ireland was in the middle of the renewed expectations of Home Rule and the opposing activities of Sir Edward Carson, the leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance and of the Ulster Unionist Party. The young Joseph became well-soaked in revolutionary literature – partly through his interest in education which led him to read the articles and poetry of Pádraic Pearse – and he became a subscriber to the Indian revolutionary newspaper Bande Mataram.

By 1913/14, he was completely disillusioned with the Irish Parliamentary Party of John Redmond. With his teacher-training completed, O'Doherty taught for six months. He loved teaching and wanted to continue in this field, but was soon reluctantly persuaded by his elder brother Séamus O'Doherty to join the republican movement. He then joined the firm of Lawlor Ltd., of Ormonde Quay, Dublin, one of whose directors was Cathal Brugha, who subsequently became the first chairman and President of Dáil Éireann and the first Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army (the Old IRA).

He later studied at Trinity College Dublin and was enrolled at King's Inns where he qualified as a Barrister-at-Law.

Irish Volunteers
In 1913 O'Doherty joined the Irish Volunteers when the organisation met at the Rotunda in Dublin. He was a member of the Volunteers 'B' Company, 3d Battalion, Dublin.

At the start of World War I, over 90% of the Irish Volunteers joined the National Volunteers and thus enlisted in the 10th (Irish) Division and 16th (Irish) Division of the British Army to fight in Europe. This left the Irish Volunteers with a rump estimated at 10–14,000 members.

The Volunteers fought for Irish independence in 1916's Easter Rising, and were joined by the Irish Citizen Army, Cumann na mBan and Fianna Éireann to form the Irish Republican Army a.k.a. the Old IRA.

O'Doherty founded branches of the Volunteers from Crossmaglen to Malin Head. He was given command of the Derry Volunteers in the buildup to 1916 Easter Rising and remained a member of the Executive until 1921.

Irish Republican Brotherhood
Shortly after joining the Volunteers, Joseph's elder brother Seamus informed him of the existence of the secret revolutionary party called the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) of which he was a member. When Seamus asked Joseph for his opinion of secret organisations, Joseph replied that he thought secrecy was necessary to safeguard plans. Until then, he had no idea that the IRB existed and that his brother was a member. He was asked to join and was initiated into it by a close friend of the O'Doherty family, Seán Mac Diarmada who was the manager of the radical newspaper Irish Freedom. O'Doherty remained a member of the IRB until after the 1916 Easter Rising, and was specially mobilised by the IRB for the Howth Road and Killcoole gun-runnings.

Gun-running
In 1914, O'Doherty took part in the two audacious gun-running events at Howth and Kilcoole. The first landing took place on 26 July 1914 at Howth, when Erskine Childers and his wife Molly Childers smuggled 1,500 single-shot Mauser 71 rifles from Hamburg, Germany for the Irish Volunteers aboard their 51 ft gaff yacht, the Asgard. The guns, dating from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 were still functioning. They were later used in the attack on the General Post Office (GPO) in Dublin during the 1916 Easter Rising.

O'Doherty unloaded the first consignment of around 900 Mausers and 29,000 bullets off the Asgard along with Bulmer Hobson, Douglas Hyde, Darrell Figgis, Peadar Kearney, Thomas MacDonagh and others. This happened in public view in broad daylight and quickly led to police and military intervention. While accompanying the weapons convoy on the road from Howth to Dublin, O'Doherty broke the butt of his gun in a skirmish with the security forces, but successfully evaded them. As the King's Own Scottish Borderers infantry regiment returned to barracks, they were accosted at Bachelors Walk by civilians who threw stones and exchanged insults with the regulars. The soldiers bayoneted one man and shot into the unarmed crowd, resulting in four dead and 38 wounded civilians in what became known as the Bachelor's Walk massacre.

O'Doherty was also involved in the second gun-running the following week, around midnight on 1 August 1914, when the volunteers landed 600 more German-made Mauser 71 single-shot rifles and 20,000 rounds of ammunition off the Chotah at the much more discretely located beach at Kilkoole, County Wicklow, and spirited them away under cover of darkness. O'Doherty was in the lorry that delivered that consignment to a cache at St. Enda's School (which Padraic Pearse had founded in 1908) and which was now located at The Hermitage at Rathfarnam in the foothills of the Dublin Mountains where Pearse was waiting for them on the steps.

Other operations
In 1914 O'Doherty was one of a special group of IRB men mobilised under William Conway to frustrate a British Army recruiting meeting that was to be held at the Mansion House in Dublin. They were mobilised in Parnell Square with about 24 hours' rations and with arms, but the word came that a large group of British soldiers were in Dublin Castle and had taken over control of the area so that it would be impossible to get in, and the operation was called off.

In 1914, O'Doherty took part in a little-known operation in which the Irish Volunteers seized part of the 216 tonnes of guns and ammunition that had been delivered to the loyalist paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force from the German Empire, in the Larne gun-running incident on 24 and 25 April of that year.

Soon afterwards, while attending a play at a theatre in Dublin with another member of the Volunteer Executive, O'Doherty was arrested in the lobby during the intermission. As they were about to be marched up to Dublin Castle, O'Doherty realised that they would both be tortured to reveal the location of the weapons caches and other information. Taking advantage of the soldiers being distracted by the crowd of onlookers who had gathered outside the theatre, O'Doherty ducked under the soldiers’ bayonets, leapt onto a passing tram, and escaped into the night. Days later, his friend's body was found, dismembered, at the Featherbed in the nearby Dublin mountains.

O'Doherty remained in Dublin until 1915 when his father asked him to return to Derry to manage the chain of butchers' shops business which he had recently bought there. After moving back to Derry, he joined the Derry branch of the Volunteers with Patrick McCartan who had previously edited the journal Irish Freedom in Pennsylvania, USA, and who was now in control of the IRB in the North. At McCartan's request in January 1916, O'Doherty took a delivery of arms via a trader named Edmiston & Scotts. The Derry Volunteer group also obtained quantities of .303 rifle ammunition which were delivered to Dublin, frequently by O'Doherty and members of his family.

1916 Easter Rising
O'Doherty was charged by the Irish Volunteers Executive to co-ordinate the Easter Rising in Derry, and to wait for the signal to begin the planned operation. But to his great dismay on Easter Sunday morning, the Sunday Independent newspaper published a last-minute countermanding order by the Volunteers Chief of Staff, Eoin MacNeill advising the Volunteers not to take part. Although the rising did take place in Dublin, the Derry Volunteers did not participate due to confusion over this countermanding order and a subsequent breakdown in communications with Dublin.

The rising took place mainly in Dublin where it caused considerable damage. Although volunteer groups also took action in Kerry, Cork, Wexford, Kildare, Donegal, and Galway, a considerable section of the Volunteers did not participate – partly as a result of MacNeill's cancellation.

A total of 3,430 men and 79 women were arrested. 187 were tried under a series of court-martials, and 90 were sentenced to death. 14 of them including all seven signatories of the Proclamation and were executed by firing squad at Kilmainham Gaol between 3 and 12 May. The most prominent leader to escape execution was the Commandant of the 3rd Battalion, Éamon de Valera, partly because of his American birth. He subsequently became President of the Irish Republic.

Capture and prison
O'Doherty and his brother Seamus were arrested a few days after the Easter Rising and taken in handcuffs to Dublin where they were imprisoned in Richmond Barracks in Dublin. O'Doherty was sent soon afterwards to the Abercorn Barracks at Ballykinlar in County Down. He spent time at Belfast gaol, Derry gaol, and was subsequently moved to Wakefield Prison in West Yorkshire (England), Wormwood Scrubs in London and the Frongoch internment camp in Wales, where he was sent as an Irish prisoner of war along with 1,800 others including Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith. Although he was not imprisoned in Mountjoy Gaol, he was one of the last people to speak to Pádraig Pearse (1879–1916) there (either as a visitor or through a window) before the latter was executed by firing squad.

In a filmed interview decades later, O'Doherty said "Those of us who were arrested were transferred in handcuffs to Richmond Barracks in Dublin, and subsequently transferred to England. Our crowd were marched between the files of a British regiment through the streets of Dublin, and several sections were stoned." [Quoted from a statement by him used (but not with his own voice) in the TG4 documentary film, "Internment Camp Frongoch".

Although the failure of the Rising was a major disappointment for the Volunteers, the Frongoch internment camp became known as the "University of Revolution", where the inmates planned their successful strategy to establish the First Dail in 1919. Among those interned there, 30 would become TDs (including O'Doherty, Richard Mulcahy, Michael Collins, Seán T. O'Kelly) and Éamon de Valera, two of whom later became Presidents of Ireland. After a few weeks, however, their prisoner of war status and privileges were withdrawn, and O'Doherty was released in early August 1916

O'Doherty went back to Derry and helped his father re-open the head office of his family business, and then in December he was contacted and asked to come up and manage the first republican paper that was published in 1916, called "The Phoenix".

German Plot
On the night of 16–17 May 1918, O'Doherty was arrested along with 150 Sinn Féin leaders concerning the so-called German Plot. This was disinformation campaign of black propaganda organised by the Dublin Castle administration to discredit Sinn Féin by falsely accusing it of conspiring with the German Empire to start an armed insurrection and invade in Ireland during World War I. This alleged conspiracy which would have diverted the British war effort, was used to justify the internment of Sinn Féin leaders, who were actively opposing attempts to introduce conscription in Ireland. O'Doherty was put in Arbour Hill gaol, but was released in 1917. He became a member of the executive of the Irish Volunteers that year.

1918 general election
In the aftermath of the Easter Rising of 1916, the Sinn Féin party (founded by Arthur Griffith in 1905), was reorganised and grew into a nation-wide movement, calling for the establishment of an Irish Republic with elected members abstaining from Westminster and instead establishing a separate and independent Irish parliament. The party contested the 14 December 1918 general election, called following the dissolution of the United Kingdom Parliament, and swept the country winning 73 of the 105 Irish seats.

O'Doherty, now aged 26, was elected as Sinn Féin Member of the UK Parliament for Donegal North, defeating his only opponent (from the Irish Parliamentary Party). Acting on their pledge not to sit in the Westminster parliament, but instead to set up an Irish legislative assembly, 28 of the newly elected Sinn Féin representatives met and constituted themselves as the first Dáil Éireann, describing themselves not as a MPs but as Teachtaí Dála (TDs). The remaining Sinn Féin TDs were either in prison or unable to attend for other reasons. The establishment of the First Dáil co-incidentally occurred on the same day as the outbreak of what came to be known as the Irish War of Independence between the Irish Republican Army and the British state's security forces. Although Sinn Féin candidates had not stood for election on an explicit platform of armed conflict with British state and the initial military actions were taken without the authority of the Dáil, the background of almost all TDs as revolutionary militants saw the escalation of the Irish revolutionary period into warfare.

First Dáil
The first Dáil met in the Round Room of the Mansion House in Dublin on 21 January 1919. The Dáil asserted the exclusive right of the elected representatives of the Irish people to legislate for the country. The Members present adopted a Provisional Constitution and approved the Declaration of Independence. The Dáil also approved a Democratic Programme, based on the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic, and read and adopted a Message to the Free Nations of the World.

Following the simultaneous outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in January 1919, the British government decided to suppress the Dáil, and on 10 September 1919 Dáil Éireann was declared a dangerous association and was prohibited. Defying the law, however, the Dáil continued to meet in secret.

O'Doherty was re-elected at the 1921 general election and opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty which led to the partition of Ireland. In a Dáil meeting, he made the following statement:

"I know that the people in North Donegal at the present moment would accept this Treaty, and I think it is fair to the people of North Donegal that I should make that known; but they are accepting it under duress and at the point of the bayonet, and as a stop to terrible and immediate war. Like my co-Deputy from Tír Chonaill I came to this Session of Dáil Éireann with a mind that was open to conviction against these prejudices that I had; no argument that has been produced by those who are for this Treaty has made any influence on me; I see in it the giving away of the whole case of Irish independence; I am prepared to admit that the mandate I got from the constituents of North Donegal was one of self-determination; and it is a terrible thing and a terrible trial to have men in this Dáil interpreting that sacred principle here against the interests of the people. It is not peace they are getting; it is not the liberty they are getting which they are told they are getting, and they know it; and I will tell them honestly if I go to North Donegal again what they are getting."

He was subsequently re-elected as Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin and as an abstentionist republican in 1922 and 1923 respectively.

Civil War
Following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Irish Civil War broke out between the pro-treaty Provisional Government led by Michael Collins (which became the Free State in December 1922) and the anti-treaty opposition (which was supported by O'Doherty) and which rejected the treaty as a betrayal of the Irish Republic. This war lasted from 28 June 1922 to 24 May 1923. Many of those who fought on both sides in the conflict had been members of the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence, including family members who fought each other, with atrocities and revenge killings on both sides. The war came to an end a year and a month after it began, when the Free State forces defeated those who opposed the Treaty.

In the US
In 1922–1924 and 1925–1926, Éamon de Valera sent him on two Republican missions to the US with Seán T. O'Kelly and Frank Aiken to lobby and raise funds for the civil war. He crossed the Atlantic aboard a luxury liner, where during a dinner party hosted by the ship's captain, another guest who was a world-famous boxer challenged him to a fight to entertain the passengers, but O'Doherty had to decline in order to avoid drawing attention to himself. Travelling under a false passport as a Presbyterian minister to Canada, he entered the US by crossing the border with help from Irish whiskey smugglers (this was during the Prohibition era when alcohol was illegal in the USA). He visited every capitol in all 48 contiguous US states, dropped thousands of fundraising leaflets from a biplane flying between Manhattan skyscrapers in New York, and lived there with his wife Margaret O'Doherty in her flat at Columbus Circle, while she practised medicine at St. Vincent's hospital in Greenwich Village. He had an office at 8 East 41st. Street in Manhattan, New York. On 17 October 1924 the British Consulate General in New York issued him with a new British Passport under his own name. His related adventures included descending the Grand Canyon on horseback, being invited to join a police raid on an opium den in San Francisco's Chinatown.

Co-founding Fianna Fáil
In 1926 O'Doherty he left the Sinn Féin party's Ardfheis with Éamon de Valera and became a founder member of the new Fianna Fáil party. He lost his seat at the June 1927 general election but was re-elected again to the Dáil in the 1933 general election.

He was elected to the Seanad Éireann in 1928, serving as one of Fianna Fáil's first six elected Senators under the leadership of Joseph Connolly.

From 1929 to 1933 served as the county manager of Carlow and Kildare, where he used his knowledge of dowsing to find water supplies for local towns.

In 1936 O'Doherty successfully sued Ernie O'Malley for libel. The incident in question involved a raid Michael Collins had proposed to take place on 1 October 1919 at Moville, County Donegal. O'Malley, in his book On Another Man's Wound, had implied that O'Doherty had refused to go. In fact, it had been agreed, without O'Doherty's intervention, that it would be inappropriate for a member of the Dáil to be involved.

Personal life
In 1918, O'Doherty married Margaret (Mairéad) Claire Susan Irvine (1893–1986), the same year she graduated as a medical doctor. She was born in Maguiresbridge, County Fermanagh. She studied medicine [where?] and after marrying O'Doherty, was appointed Chief Medical Officer of Derry, a post she occupied from 1919 to 1921, during the last year working without pay because she refused to take the Oath of Allegiance Oath of Allegiance to the King George V.

O'Doherty and his wife had five children: Brid O'Doherty (1919–2018), a member of the Saint Louis order of nuns; Fíona O'Callaghan (1921–2003); Roisín McCallum (1924–2018); Deirdre O'Doherty (a nun with the Poor Clare order (1927–2007) in Newry; and David O'Doherty (1935–2010) a painter and traditional Irish musician.

He died in 1979, the third last surviving member of the First Dáil, and is buried along with his wife in the Republican plot in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.

title: Joseph O'Doherty


text:
Cucumber, West Virginia

Cucumber is a census-designated place (CDP) in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. Its population was 74 at the 2020 census. The community is centered on mining. Named either for nearby Cucumber Creek or for the cucumber trees in the area, it is the only community in the United States with this name. Its post office was still active as of October 2011 (see image).

Mine collapse
On January 13, 2007, a tunnel collapse at a Brooks Run Mining Company coal mine in town killed two miners. Between 2005 and 2008, the Brooks Mining Company extracted 2,093,165 tons of coal.

title: Cucumber, West Virginia


text:
Caborrojeños Pro Salud y Ambiente

Caborrojeños Pro Salud y Ambiente, Inc. (CPSA, Caborrojeños for Health and Environment) is a non-profit environmentalist organization based in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico.

The organization was founded in 1990 by a group of concerned residents who wanted to improve the livings standards of Cabo Rojo and Puerto Rico in general, and was incorporated as a non-profit in 1991. The organization's first president and main driving force was Efrén Pérez Rivera, an ecologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. The organization partnered with the US Fish & Wildlife Service to preserve and manage the Cabo Rojo Salt Flats.

CPSA promotes efforts to preserve the indigenous flora and fauna of the Cabo Rojo area. The organization created and manages the Centro Interpretativo, a visitors' center in the Salinas area, near the Los Morrillos Lighthouse. Volunteers at the Centro Interpretativo provide guided walking tours that allow visitors to experience the local wildlife and fauna. CPSA collaborated with Walmart on the Sowing the Development of the Country (SDE) Project before withdrawing in 2008.

The group was also actively involved in the preservation of Isla de Ratones (Mice Island), a small island off the coast of Cabo Rojo. The island has been suffering from significant erosion during the past decades. Caborrojeños Pro Salud y Ambiente, with the help of the local government, planted mangroves and launched a project to repopulate the local coral population in order to stop the erosion.

The group was part of the alliance of environmental groups that fought the installation the carbon power station Cogentrix.

Caborrojeños Pro Salud y Ambiente was actively involved in the reconstruction effort of the Los Morrillos Lighthouse, achieving a grant from the U.S. Federal government to restore the historic building. However, political moves and the inactivity of Cabo Rojo mayor Santos Padilla doomed the plan and the federal grant was lost.

In 1999, the group received the Urban Community Award, presented by the Puerto Rico Forestry Conference Annual Convention. In 2003, the organization was awarded the Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Quality Award The group was also recognized by the Miranda Foundation.

The current president is retired college professor Dr. Pedro Valle Carlo.

title: Caborrojeños Pro Salud y Ambiente


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simson Garfinkel

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Tito xd (?!?) 23:29, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Simson Garfinkel
There are plenty of journalist graduates from Columbia and MIT. If there is something important about this person, please add it, else Delete. Nationalparks 22:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article is referenced in others and the person is notable enough. Bryce 04:09, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 08:20, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, he appears to be notable, although you wouldn't know it looking at the article. -- Kjkolb 10:22, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep He wrote the standard book for Internet Security (http://www.simson.net/bio.php), one of the first books on NeXT-Step programming, and many more. Article could use some more info, but the subject is valid.  Neier 13:42, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Garfinkel is a major contributor to Wired and Popular Science as well as publications.  Jtmichcock 23:16, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete notability is not established by this article, article is of very poor quality --Isolani 23:25, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the article quite clearly establishes that the subject satisfies the published author notability criterion of our criteria for inclusion of biographies. Uncle G 02:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now that it has content. Nationalparks 01:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, whatlinkshere establishes its notability. Fixing the article should be easy. No need to delete it. - Mgm|(talk) 09:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. What the heck is the bias against writers and academics.  A porn actor or indy band with 1/100th the influence gets kept, while important (semi-)academics get AfD'd. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 17:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The bias is not against writers and academics. We have large numbers of properly written articles about writers and academics that editors would not even consider nominating for deletion.  The bias is against articles that tell us practically nothing of importance about the subject.  I suggest a look at the state of this article at the time of nomination.  For all that the article told readers, Garfinkel could have been just some random web logger.  The way to avoid nomination for articles about book authors is to have at least the beginnings of a bibliography in the article (and indeed to mention that they are authors in the first place). Uncle G 12:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess. But I wouldn't put an article on AfD without at least a basic investigation of whether the subject itself was notable, even if the article failed to show it yet.  A basic google test would show a huge number of hits for Garfinkel (myself, I knew well of him without even doing that; but sure some folks would not).  But even for an area where I knew nothing, I wouldn't just assume the lack of current content meant lack of worthwhile possible content. (but it's for people that are minimally indicated as academics/writers where nominators ignore even the google test; for an indy band or porn actor, they at least do that basic test). Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 13:51, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * They do the research because the articles on such subjects that come up for deletion generally do tell us about the subjects, unlike this one, and thus the initial question of who the article is even talking about, and thus a context for any Google searches, is firmly established. An article about a pornographic actress that told us as little about its subject as this one told us about Garfinkel (e.g. "Jane Doe is an actress who got a Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 2004.") would very probably receive the same treatment as this article did.  Once again: The claim that there is bias against writers and academics has no basis in reality.  The bias is against bad biography articles that say almost nothing of importance about their subjects.  Uncle G 15:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep as this figure is quite notable.   This biography is incomplete; as I recall, he also used to write for the pioneering and now defunct Internet Underground magazine until they were bought out by Ziff Davis in mid 1996 and subsequently cancelled.  Hall Monitor 17:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, though I don't quite see enough bad faith to warrant speedy keep. Notable tech journalist and writer. Haikupoet 00:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please because this journalist/writer is notable in technology Yuckfoo 03:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Saihtam

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 22:06, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Saihtam


text:
Franciszek Trześniewski

Franciszek Trześniewski (died 1939) was an early 20th-century Polish gourmand and cook. Born in Kraków, at that time belonging to Western Galicia (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy), he is notable for the restaurant-bar he opened in Vienna in 1902, shortly before World War I. His spécialité de la maison were open sandwiches made of fresh, local dark bread cut into the typical rectangle-form with various spreads. After his death the bar was run by his daughter, Maria Trześniewska, who sold it in 1978.

Nowadays the Trześniewski restaurant at Dorotheergasse 1, in Vienna, is considered one of the best in town and is one of only three restaurants of the city centre advertised by the official municipal website. In all, there are 8 outlets in the city, each selling more than 20 various types of sandwiches, along with a Pfiff of Beer (a small glass, 1/8L) or Vodka. The official motto of the company is Unspeakably good sandwiches, a reference to the Polish name of the founder, which is said to be unpronounceable to most German speakers.

title: Franciszek Trześniewski


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anti-Authority

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 12:05, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Anti-Authority
Not notable group, no info in allmusic. Could not find anything with google eighter. Releases? feydey 22:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, self-admitted failing WP:MUSIC "never properly released", "not many shows were played". Mallocks 22:32, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per the nomination. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.225.62.250

title: User talk:69.225.62.250


text: User talk:157.160.49.192

title: User talk:157.160.49.192


text:
Myositis ossificans

Myositis ossificans comprises two syndromes characterized by heterotopic ossification (calcification) of muscle. The World Health Organization, 2020, has grouped myositis ossificans together with fibro-osseous pseudotumor of digits as a single specific entity in the category of fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors.

Classification

 * In the first, and by far most common type, nonhereditary myositis ossificans (commonly referred to simply as "myositis ossificans", as in the remainder of this article), calcifications occur at the site of injured muscle, most commonly in the arms or in the quadriceps of the thighs.
 * The term myositis ossificans traumatica is sometimes used when the condition is due to trauma. Also myositis ossificans circumscripta is another  synonym of myositis ossificans traumatica refers to the new extraosseous bone that appears after trauma.
 * The second condition, myositis ossificans progressiva (also referred to as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva) is an inherited affliction, autosomal dominant pattern, in which the ossification can occur without injury, and typically grows in a predictable pattern. Although this disorder can be passed to offspring by those afflicted with FOP, it is also classified as nonhereditary, as it is most often attributed to a spontaneous genetic mutation upon conception.

Most (i.e. 80%) ossifications arise in the thigh or arm, and are caused by a premature return to activity after an injury. Other sites include intercostal spaces, erector spinae, pectoralis muscles, glutei, and the chest. On planar x-ray, hazy densities are sometimes noted approximately one month after injury, while the denser opacities eventually seen may not be apparent until two months have passed.

Pathophysiology
The exact mechanism of myositis ossificans is not clear. Inappropriate response of stem cells in the bone against the injury or inflammation causes inappropriate differentiation of fibroblasts into osteogenic cells. When a skeletal muscle is injured, inflammatory cytokines (Bone morphogenetic protein 2, Bone morphogenetic protein 4, and Transforming growth factor) are released. These cytokines stimulate the endothelial cells of the blood vessels to transform into mesenchymal stem cells. These mesenchymal stem cells then differentiate into chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, resulting in bone formation in soft tissues.

The process of myositis ossificans can be divided into three stages: early, intermediate, and mature. The early phase occurs in the first four weeks of injury with inflammatory phase of bone formation. This is followed by intermediate phase of bone formation (four to eight weeks following injury) where calcification started to occur and is visible on X-rays. During the maturation phase, mature bone started to form. As the maturation continues, the bone will consolidate in the coming months and subsequently bone regression occurs.

Sonographic diagnosis
Calcification is typically depicted 2 weeks earlier by ultrasound (US) when compared to radiographs. The lesion develops in two distinct stages with different presentations at US. In the early stage, termed immature, it depicts a non-specific soft tissue mass that ranges from a hypoechoic area with an outer sheet-like hyperechoic peripheral rim to a highly echogenic area with variable shadowing. In the late stage, termed mature, myositis ossificans is depicted as an elongated calcific deposit that is aligned with the long-axis of the muscle, exhibits acoustic shadowing, and has no soft tissue mass associated. US may suggest the diagnosis at early stage, but imaging features need to evolve with successive maturation of the lesion and formation of the characteristic late stage changes before they become pathognomonic.

The differential diagnosis includes many tumoral and nontumoral pathologies. A main concern is to differentiate early myositis ossificans from malignant soft-tissue tumors, and the latter is suggested by a fast-growing process. If clinical or sonographic findings are dubious and extraosseous sarcoma is suspected, biopsy should be performed. At histology, detection of the typical zonal phenomenon is diagnostic of myositis ossificans, though microscopic findings may be misleading during the early stage.

Radiologic diagnosis
The radiological features of myositis ossificans are ‘faint soft tissue calcification within 2–6 weeks, (may have well-defined bony margins by 8 weeks) separated from periosteum by lucent zone and on CT, the characteristic feature is peripheral ossification’.

Management
Since myositis ossificians is more common in those with bleeding disorders, the formation of bone in soft tissue is thought to be associated with haematoma formation. As the calcifications will typically resolve after a period of time, non-surgical treatment is encouraged to minimize the unpleasant symptoms and maximize the function of the affected limb.

Following a skeletal muscle injury, the affected limb should be immobilized with bed rest, ice therapy, compression, and elevation of the affected limb. Crutches can be used for ambulation while providing adequate rest for the affected limb and minimizing the haematoma formation. Ice therapy for 15 to 20 minutes every 30 to 60 minutes is useful to reduce the skeletal muscle blood flow by 50%. Aggressive limb physiotherapy is not recommended at this stage to prevent the worsening of symptoms. After 48 to 72 hours, range of motion exercise can be introduced as long as the range of motion is not painful. If the lesion becomes more mature, active range of motion and resistance strengthening exercises are useful in maintaining joint function.

Surgical excision is reserved for those who failed the non-surgical treatment, those with intolerable pain, compression of the neurovascular structures, or limitation of the range of motion of the joint which affects the activities of daily living. Surgery is only performed after 6 to 18 months following injury because surgery does not alter the bone maturation process. If a surgery is performed too early, it may predispose to recurrence. However, the optimum timing for surgery and the rate of recurrence following early surgery is controversial because some studies have shown that early surgery does reduce the rate of recurrence.

For those who had total hip replacement or total hip arthroplasty, postoperative single low-dose radiation with three weeks of oral indomethacin regimen will be preventive for heterotopic ossification. Radiation therapy is also effective in preventing recurrence in those who had done operative excision of heterotopic ossification of the elbow.

title: Myositis ossificans


text:
CRHS

CRHS is a four-letter acronym that may refer to a high school or health care system:
 * Canyon Ridge High School in Twin Falls, Idaho, United States
 * Centennial Regional High School in Greenfield Park, Quebec, Canada
 * Central Regional High School in Berkeley Township, New Jersey, United States
 * Charlottetown Rural High School in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * Cinco Ranch High School in Katy, Texas, United States
 * Cedar Ridge High school in Round Rock, Texas, United States
 * Coginchaug Regional High School in Durham, Connecticut, United States
 * Columbia River High School in Vancouver, Washington, United States
 * Coon Rapids High School in Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
 * Coral Reef High School in Richmond Heights, Florida, United States
 * Cossatot River High School in Polk County, Arkansas
 * Crystal River High School in Crystal River, Florida, United States
 * Cumberland Regional High School in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States
 * Columbus Regional Healthcare System in Muscogee County, Georgia, United States

title: CRHS