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Hildesheim Cathedral

Hildesheim Cathedral (German: Hildesheimer Dom), officially the Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary (German: Hohe Domkirche St. Mariä Himmelfahrt) or simply St. Mary's Cathedral (German: Mariendom), is a medieval Roman Catholic cathedral in the city centre of Hildesheim in Lower Saxony, Germany, that serves as the seat of the Diocese of Hildesheim. The cathedral has been on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list since 1985, together with the nearby St. Michael's Church because of its unique art and outstanding Romanesque architecture.

The cathedral church was built between 1010 and 1020 in the Romanesque style. It follows a symmetrical plan with two apses, that is characteristic of Ottonian Romanesque architecture in Old Saxony. The cathedral's treasures include world-famous artworks, bronze works from the time of Bishop Bernward, Bernward Doors and Bernward Column, as well as two of the four notable Romanesque wheel chandeliers: the Hezilo chandelier and the Azelin chandelier.

After renovations and extensions in the 11th, 12th and 14th centuries, the cathedral was completely destroyed during an air raid on 22 March 1945 and rebuilt from 1950 to 1960. A thorough renovation of the cathedral began in 2010, including technical and conservation measures. Some of the cathedral's treasures have been shown further afield, including at an exhibition at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The cathedral was reopened on 15 August 2014.

Construction
After the establishment of the Diocese of Hildesheim in 815 by Louis the Pious, a Chapel of St. Mary was built on the locations of the modern apse. Bishop Gunthar of Hildesheim, who was in office from 815 to 834, had a small basilica with two round towers built immediately to the south of the chapel, which he dedicated to Saint Cecilia. This served as the original cathedral and Stift church. The first four bishops were buried there. Only traces of the foundations of these two buildings remain. An older Hildesheim parish church probably once stood on the site of the Chapel of Saint Stephen next to the gatehouse at the eastern entrance to the chapel of St. Hellweg, which might date back to Hildegrim of Châlons and his expedition to East Saxony.

The cathedral was built in 872 under Bishop Altfrid as a cruciform three-aisled basilica with a two-story westwork. It is an example of Ottonian architecture, with alternating column support and semi circular apses completing the naves. The building suffered severe fire damage in 1046. Bishop Azelin planned to erect a new, larger building further to the west and to extend the nave. His successor, Hezilo of Hildesheim, abandoned this plan and instead built on the old foundations, incorporating the surviving walls into the new building. Further important renovations occurred up to the end of the fourteenth century but did not deviate from the ground plan of Bishop Altfrid's basilica. The northern paradise and the north and south side chapels date from the gothic period and the tower above the crossing from the baroque period. In the nineteenth century, the original westwork was replaced by a Neo-Romanesque two-tower facade, which stood until 1945.

School and library
Hildesheim Cathedral School (Hildesheimer Domschule), which had rooms in the cloisters, was one of the most significant educational institutions of the Ottonian and Salian periods. Its library has served as the cathedral's library (German: Dombibliothek Hildesheim) since 815; it is the oldest library in Northern Germany.

Destruction in the Second World War
During the aerial bombardment of Hildesheim by the RAF and RCAF in World War II, the main building was almost entirely destroyed; only the westwork and the outer walls survived. Of the ancillary buildings, only the Gothic Anne's chapel (Annenkapelle), erected in 1321 in the middle of the cathedral's courtyard, was mostly undamaged. It was the only cathedral in Germany that had to be newly consecrated after its reconstruction, on 27 March 1960 by Bishop Heinrich Maria Janssen.

The building was rebuilt between 1950 and 1960 in a simplified form. The baroque elements were abandoned in favour of a form which took its cue from the early Romanesque style. The most visible aspect of this on the exterior was that upper stories, and side towers added to the westwork in 1840, were not restored. The westwork was reconstructed closer to its earlier state based on the model of the westwork of Minden Cathedral, which had also been severely damaged by wartime bombing. In addition, the gatehouse in front of the westwork was reduced by about half. Otherwise, the exterior appeared as it had done before the destruction – in particular, the baroque crossing-tower was rebuilt.

The reconstruction was carried out under tight constraints. Because of the lack of sandstone tiles, the floor was relaid in marble. The roofs of the nave, transept, and cloisters were cast in concrete and covered with wooden boards on the inside to recall the appearance of ceiling beams. The interior walls, as well as the walls of the nave, were rebuilt in brick and limestone, hidden from view by a dimension stone coating on the outside and by a coat of smooth plaster on the inside. The ground level was raised by 60 cm, which resulted in the rooms having a squat appearance, especially in the transepts. The columns of the nave were cast in concrete, and the pilasters were coated in sandstone.

The reconsecration took until 1960 to complete because of various problems, chiefly the "Hildesheim Cathedral construction dispute" (Hildesheimer Dombaustreit), an argument between the Diocese of Hildesheim and the Land of Lower Saxony about the cost of the reconstruction and particularly about whether Lower Saxony was one of the legal successors of the Free State of Prussia which had undertaken to cover the cathedral's building expenses in 1803 (when it was still the Kingdom of Prussia) during the process of German mediatization. The parties reached a settlement in 1957.

Renovations 2010–2014
After many years of planning, a thorough renovation of the cathedral began in January 2010, the first since 1960. Along with technical and conservation measures, there were alterations to the design. The floor was lowered to the original level, the Hezilo and Azelin chandeliers were restored to their places in the nave and the high choir, and Bernward Doors were again mounted facing outwards, behind an antechamber, as originally intended. In addition, a bishop's crypt was created.

On 10 January 2010, the cathedral was closed for the work to begin. During the reconstruction, the basilica of St. Godehard served as the bishop's church (cathedra), as it had in the postwar years. The cathedral renovation was the largest church construction project in Germany. The solemn reopening of the cathedral was on 15 August 2014, coinciding with the beginning of the Diocese's 1200 year jubilee.

Thousand-year Rose
The cathedral building is widely known for the "Thousand-year Rose" (Tausendjähriger Rosenstock) which grows outside the building on the outer wall of the apse in the courtyard of the cloisters. The exact age of the rose is no longer precisely known, but the legend of the rose bush claims that it dates to 815. It is an important symbol of Hildesheim – according to folklore, as long as the bush flourishes, Hildesheim will prosper.

According to the story, Emperor Louis the Pious had to hold a Mass while out hunting in the middle of the forest. For this purpose, a reliquary of St. Mary which he had with him was hung from the branch of a wild rose. After the mass, the reliquary could not be removed from the branch. The Emperor considered this a sign that the new bishopric should be established here (not in Elze as he had planned) and he should dedicate it to St. Mary, whose symbol is the rose.

The existence of the rose bush has been attested for at least four hundred years. The aerial bombardment of 22 March 1945 which damaged the cathedral and the apse also killed the main growth of the rose bush above the ground; under the rubble, only the charred stump of the rose remained. It was thought that the end of the famous rose had come, but the roots were largely intact, and in the spring of 1945 it put out 25 new shoots. The first sparse flowers bloomed in 1947, and by 1948 there were 122 flowers. Since then, the new branches of the "Thousand-year Rose" (as it was already known before the bombing) have been marked with little metal signs with the year in which they first appeared. It is believed to be the oldest living rose in the world.

Archaeological finds
In excavations during the 2010–2014 renovations of the cathedral, ninth-century foundations of the St. Mary's chapel were found. The first cathedral building was a small church measuring 6 × 6 m with an apse to the east. The remains of the first altar were found in the apse. The foundations of this first cathedral building consist of sandstone and are extraordinarily thick.

An even older cemetery was found to the west and south. Twenty graves were uncovered, including, in August 2012, the skeleton of a young woman who died around 800, with glass beads (the remnants of a necklace) and a little knife as grave goods. This is the oldest complete burial ever found in Hildesheim cathedral.

Interior decoration, art, and treasures

The cathedral houses numerous works of art. These include the world-famous cast-bronze doors, depicting scenes from the Gospels and the Book of Genesis; and a cast-bronze column depicting scenes from the life of Christ. These bronzeworks date from the early 11th century and were commissioned by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim. (The column was originally in St Michael's, where Bernward was buried, and has been moved there again during the restoration of the cathedral, possibly to stay.)

There are also four notable Romanesque wheel chandeliers, also called corona or circular chandeliers, the larger Hezilo chandelier (Heziloleuchter),  and the older Azelin chandelier (Azelinleuchter). The Ringelheim Crucifix was made c. 1000 from linden wood for the body and oak for the arms.

Other treasures include:

During the 2010–2014 renovations, many religious items from the cathedral were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, until 5 January 2014.
 * The shrine of St. Epiphanius of Pavia and Cathedral patrons over a chapel in the northeast, first half of the twelfth century
 * The shrine of St. Godehard in the crypt, around 1140
 * The Reliquary of Mary, the Crosses of Bernward and further magnificent reliquaries and liturgical implements displayed in Hildesheim Cathedral Museum (Dommuseum Hildesheim) in the south transept
 * The eagle lectern, c. 1220, in liturgical use up until the recent renovations
 * The late Romanesque bronze baptismal font (Bronzetaufe), 1225
 * The gothic Inkpot Madonna (Tintenfassmadonna)
 * The central table of the Wrisberg epitaph (in the south transept until the recent renovations))
 * An apse cross standing in the apse, the pedestal of which, legend has it, was made from the core of the Irminsul.
 * the Tomb of Priest Bruno (de) on the southern exterior wall of the choir
 * The Bernward Monument (de) of from 1893 stands in front of the north paradise entrance
 * Hildesheim rood screen (Hildesheimer Domlettner, de) in the Cathedral Museum

Organs
The history of the organ at Hildesheim Cathedral dates back to the fourteenth century. In 1378, there was an organ in the north aisle, above the chapel of the Three Kings. This instrument was relocated to the Godehard choir during the fifteenth century and eventually sold in 1713.

The first large organ was built by Conrad Abtt (Minden) c. 1616/17. The instrument had 31 stops on two manuals and pedal. During the 17th and 18th century, the instrument was rebuilt and expanded. In 1909, Furtwängler & Hammer (Hannover) built a new organ with 54 stops (three manuals and pedal), re-using the organ case from 1617. On March 22, 1945, the organ was destroyed during an air raid.

Organ 1960–2010
In 1960, Franz Breil (Dorsten) built a new organ with 52 stops on four manuals and pedal. In 1989, it was partially rebuilt and expanded to 66 stops by Klais (Bonn).

Seifert Organs (2014)
In 2014, Orgelbau Romanus Seifert & Sohn (Kevelaer) built a new organ with 77 stops on four manuals and pedal, re-using windchests and 56 stops from the previous instrument.

In addition, a new antiphonal organ (Chororgel) with 16 stops was built. It is located in the left isle of the cathedral. Both organs can be played from two identical four-manual consoles: the console of the great organ, and a movable console in the nave.

Bells

Until the Second World War, the cathedral contained over sixteen ringing and quarter bells. The basis of the pre-war peal was five great bells with the tones F-sharp0, A0, C-sharp1, F-sharp1, G-sharp1. Nine bells of the pre-war peal survived the war; the great Godehard bell in the west tower was so severely damaged in an air raid that it could no longer be rung. The Bernard bell is in the Bell cemetery in Hamburg and was irreparably damaged during transport there. Two bells were capable of being reused: the historical Apostolica bell of bellfounder Johann Martin Roth of Mainz (1765), which could be integrated into the new peal, and another historic bell of Johann Martin Roth, the Nikolaus bell, which was originally hung in the crossing tower and was moved to the Nordparadies in 2010.

Refounding of 1960
After the Second World War it was planned to create a 12-toned peal, with six great bells in the west tower and six smaller bells in the crossing tower (the planned tones: G1, B♭1, C2, E♭2, F2 and G2). At first only a six tone peal was produced. In 1960 the bellfounder (Heidelberg) cast five new bells, which were installed in the west tower together with the Apostolica bell. In the lower belfry of the tower hung the three deepest bells (1–3), while the three smaller bells (4–6) were in the upper belfry. The new peal (co-ordinated with the bells of the surrounding churches) was a semitone deeper than the original, so the Apostolica bell had to be tuned a semitone lower to fit with the new bells.

Since the quarter bells had also been destroyed in the Second World War, the quarter-hour chimes were now struck by bell No. 5, the chime on the hour by bell No.4 and the chime at noon by bell No. 1. Bell No. 6 was used for the call to worship (the Angelusglocke).

Renovation 2013/2014
In the course of the 2010–14 renovation, the peal is being expanded by six bells to the 12-tone peal which had originally been planned in the 1960s, though, the tone sequence will be slightly different. The new cathedral bells will be named after witnesses of the faith, who enjoy particular veneration in the Diocese of Hildesheim. Thus bell No. 8 will be named for Bishop Altfrid, one of the most important bishops of Hildesheim, who secured large contributions for the construction of the cathedral. Bell No. 9 will be named after Hedwig of Schlesien (or of Andechs), patron of refugees – since many refugees came to Hildesheim after the Second World War and were crucial in shaping it.

In 2013 the old yoke in the upper belfry was taken apart and replaced by a new yoke of oak. It will hold the six new bells and some of the old ones. In the lower belfry the deepest bells will remain in place.

On 16 November 2013 the new bells were cast by (Karlsruhe).

The Cantabona bell is the second biggest of Lower-Saxony after the Christus- und Friedensglocke (Bell of Christ and Peace) in the Marktkirche, Hanover.

Key Events
Throughout the course of history, the Cathedral has been a witness to numerous significant historical events. One such event occurred in 1146 when Saint Bernard of Clairvaux made a visit to Speyer with the intention of convincing King Conrad III to embark on a crusade. Several years later, in 1193, the English monarch Richard the Lionheart was handed over to Emperor Henry VI as a captive of Duke Leopold of Austria right in front of the cathedral.

Moving forward to the spring of 1529, a total of six princes and fourteen free imperial cities voiced their protest against the decision made by the second Diet of Speyer to suspend the progressive reforms. This act of dissent took place within the vicinity of the cathedral.

The Cathedral also holds significance in the life of Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein), as it was where she received her first communion. Within the Cathedral, there exists a bust of her in the baptistery.

In more recent times, during the 1980s and 1990s, the Cathedral regained its international prominence. German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, accompanied by numerous heads of state such as Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and George Bush Sr., paid a visit to the Romanesque Cathedral. The Requiem for Helmut Kohl, which was attended by Bill Clinton as well, was witnessed by a staggering 2.5 million people through television broadcasts.

World Heritage Site
Hildesheim Cathedral was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985, along with St. Michael's Church.

Reopening
On 15 August 2014, the cathedral was reopened after restoration. Bishop Norbert Trelle opened the Bernward doors and entered the cathedral, followed by 30 other bishops and guests including the Protestant bishop, Robert Zollitsch, Stephan Weil and Christian Wulff. Trelle said in his sermon: "Die Kirche muss auf die Zukunft hin leben, so wie sie aus der Vergangenheit heraus lebt." (The church has to live towards a future, as it lives from by the past). He added, regarding the situation in Syria: "Während wir hier einen Dom wiedereröffnen, brennen dort die Kirchen." (While we reopen a cathedral here, churches are burnt there). The cathedral was restored to an appearance closer to the original building from the medieval age, for example a ceiling inserted after World War II was removed, and the original floor level restored. A new altar was created by Ulrich Rückriem.

Location

Hildesheim Cathedral is situated at the southern middle of the city centre of Hildesheim, on the so-called Domhügel ("Cathedral's Hill"). The main entrances to the cathedral are on the south and north sides. The Roemer- and Pelizaeus-Museum, is very close to the cathedral in the west. Around the hill is the wall of the Domburg. From the north of the Hill is the Michaelishügel ("St. Michael's Hill"), from the northeast is the downtown of Hildesheim and to the west is the River Mühlengraben, a tributary of the Innerste River. On the north of the cathedral is the former government building of the city, on the west the Episcopal Vicariate General of the Diocese, in the south the Gymnasium Josephinum school and on the east the Labour Court of the city.

title: Hildesheim Cathedral


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Pox party

Pox parties, also known as flu parties, are social activities in which children are deliberately exposed to infectious diseases such as chickenpox. Such parties originated to "get it over with" before vaccines were available for a particular illness or because childhood infection might be less severe than infection during adulthood, according to proponents. For example, measles is more dangerous to adults than to children over five years old. Deliberately exposing people to diseases has since been discouraged by public health officials in favor of vaccination, which has caused a decline in the practice of pox parties, although flu parties saw a resurgence in the early 2010s.

Another, more modern, method of intentional contagion involves shipping infectious material. In many parts of the world, shipping infectious items is illegal or tightly regulated.

Effectiveness and risk
Parents who expose their children to varicella zoster virus in this manner often do so out of the belief that acquiring immunity to chickenpox via infection is safer and more effective than receiving a vaccination. Similar ideas have been applied to other diseases such as measles. Pediatricians have warned against holding pox parties, however, citing dangers arising from possible complications associated with chickenpox, such as encephalitis, chickenpox-associated pneumonia, and invasive group A strep. These serious complications (e.g., brain damage or death) are vastly more likely than vaccine adverse events. Before the chickenpox vaccine became available, 100 to 150 children in the U.S. died from chickenpox annually. In the UK, chickenpox vaccinations are not routine, and around 25 people die a year from the disease, with 80% of victims being adults, in the late 1990s. The chickenpox vaccine is now recommended by health officials, citing vastly superior safety when compared with infection.

Some parents have attempted to collect infectious materials, such as saliva, licked lollipops, or other infected items from people who claimed to have children infected with chickenpox. Others use social networking services to make contact with these strangers. The unknown person then mails the potentially infectious matter to the parent, who would then give it to their child in the hope that the child will become infected.

These practices are unlikely to reliably transmit the chickenpox virus because varicella zoster cannot survive for long on the surface of such items. The virus can, however, transmit other diseases, including hepatitis B, group A streptococcal infection, and staphylococcal infections — dangerous diseases to which the parents never intended to expose their children. Additionally, in the United States, deliberately sending infectious matter through the U.S. Postal Service is illegal.

While chickenpox parties are still held today, they are far less common than before the chickenpox vaccine was introduced.

History
In the United States, chickenpox parties were popularized before the introduction of the varicella vaccine in 1995. Children were also sometimes intentionally exposed to other common childhood illnesses, such as mumps and measles. Before vaccines for these infections became available, parents regarded these diseases as almost inevitable.

Flu parties
During the 2009 swine flu pandemic in Canada, doctors noted an increase in what was termed flu parties or flu flings. These gatherings, as with the pox parties, were designed explicitly to allow a parent's children to contract the "swine flu" influenza virus. Researchers such as Dr. Michael Gardam noted that because the pandemic was caused by a flu subtype to which very few people were previously exposed, parents would be just as likely to contract the disease and further its spread. Although these events were heavily discussed in the media, very few were confirmed to have happened.

COVID-19 party
A COVID-19 party (also called coronavirus party, corona party, and lockdown party) is a gathering held with the intention of catching or spreading COVID-19. It is a type of pox party where the intentional spread of disease is chosen to build up post-infection immunity. Parties have been reported to occur during the omicron wave, due to the belief that omicron causes only mild infection. Experts caution that infection with COVID runs the risk of hospitalization, and increasingly common side effects such as MIS-C and long COVID.

A number of news reports in the United States have suggested that parties have occurred with this intention early in the pandemic. However, such reports appear to involve sensational and unsubstantiated media coverage or misleading headlines which misrepresent the content of an article. Such stories have been compared to urban legends.

In the Netherlands,   the term "coronavirus party" and other similar terms may refer to a party that is organized during the COVID-19 pandemic but without any intention of spreading the virus. As the party occurs during the COVID-19 pandemic, it may involve breaking existing regulations and restrictions to prevent COVID-19 infections (i.e., on people gatherings).

History
In March 2020 Andy Beshear, the governor of Kentucky, reported that young people were taking part in parties and later testing positive for COVID-19. "The partygoers intentionally got together 'thinking they were invincible' and purposely defying state guidance to practice social distancing," he said. A CNN headline on 25 March 2020 stated, "A group of young adults held a coronavirus party in Kentucky to defy orders to socially distance. Now one of them has coronavirus." On the same day NPR published the headline "Kentucky Has 39 New Cases; 1 Person Attended A 'Coronavirus Party. Both headlines misrepresented the content of the article and the quotes they used from Beshear who did not mention intentional parties for catching COVID-19, but rather that young people were attending parties and becoming sick with COVID-19.

On 6 May, The Seattle Times reported that Meghan DeBold, director of the Department of Community Health in Walla Walla, Washington, said that contact tracing had revealed people wanting to get sick with COVID-19 and get it over with had attended COVID parties. DeBold is quoted as saying "We ask about contacts, and there are 25 people because: 'We were at a COVID party. An opinion piece for The New York Times by epidemiologist Greta Bauer on 8 April 2020 said she had heard "rumblings about people ... hosting a version of 'chickenpox parties'... to catch the virus". Rolling Stone states that Bauer did not cite "direct evidence of the existence of these parties." The New York Times reported on 6 May 2020 that stories such as the Walla Walla Covid Party "may have been more innocent gatherings" and county health officials retracted their statements.

On 23 June, Carsyn Leigh Davis was said to have died from COVID-19 at the age of 17 after her mother took her to a COVID party at her church, despite Carsyn having a history of health issues, including cancer. However, according to the coroner's report, there is no mention of a COVID party but rather a church function with 100 children where she did not wear a mask and where social distancing protocols were not followed. According to David Gorski, writing for Science-Based Medicine, the church party was called a "Release Party" and there is no evidence that the party was held so that people could intentionally catch COVID-19.

Response
Some news agencies consider COVID-19 parties to be a myth. Rolling Stone called "shaming people on the internet for not properly socially distancing" the favorite new American pastime. They state that these headlines are meant to be virally shared, and they considered the reality to be that young people had simply attended parties where they caught COVID-19, rather than deliberately attending them to contract COVID-19. Rolling Stone attributed the popularity of the stories to "generational animosity" and said that the coronavirus party stories "gives people cooped up in their homes a reason to pat themselves on the back and congratulate themselves for their own sacrifices". The Seattle Times article from Walla Walla backtracked the day after publishing their COVID-19 party story by stating they may not have been accurate.

Wired criticized reports on CNN and others of supposed college students in Tuscaloosa, Alabama throwing parties with infected guests then betting on the contagion that ensues. "They put money in a pot and they try to get Covid," said City Council member Sonya McKinstry, who was the story's lone source. "Whoever gets Covid-19 first gets the pot. It makes no sense." Wired says that these stories spread like a game of telephone with "loose talk from public officials and disgracefully sloppy journalism". "It is, of course, technically impossible to rule out the existence of Covid-19 parties. Maybe somewhere in this vast and complex nation, some foolish people are getting infected on purpose. It is also possible that the miasma of media coverage will coalesce into a vector of its own, inspiring Covid parties that otherwise would not have happened. But so far there's no hard evidence that even a single one has taken place—just a recurring cycle of breathless, unsubstantiated media coverage."

Investigator Benjamin Radford researched the claims from the media and stated that there was nothing new to these stories, and that the folklore world has seen stories of people believing that being inoculated against smallpox may turn people into cows. These stories cycle through social media, and include "poisoned Halloween candy, suicide-inducing online games, Satanists, caravans of diseased migrants, evil clowns, and many others." Other childhood diseases such as chickenpox and measles in years before vaccines to prevent these illnesses, some parents would hold 'pox parties' which Radford claims are still "often promoted by anti-vaccination groups". "Assuming you have a willing and potentially infectious patient (who's not bedridden or in a hospital)" holding a COVID-19 party would be problematic for many reasons, including not knowing if someone has COVID-19 or the flu as well as not knowing a person's viral load, according to Radford. He described the entire premise of the parties as "dubious".

All stories reported in the media had "all the typical ingredients of unfounded moral panic rumors", according to Radford. This includes teachers, police, school districts, governors "who publicize the information out of an abundance of caution. Journalists eagerly run with a sensational story, and there's little if any sober or skeptical follow-up". On 10 July 2020, a WOAI-TV station from San Antonio, Texas ran a story interviewing the Chief Medical Officer of Methodist Healthcare, Dr. Jane Appleby, who according to WOAI said she had heard from someone that a patient told their nurse right before dying that they had attended a COVID party to see if the virus was real or not, and now they regretted attending the party. Radford considers the stories "classic folklore (a friend-of-a-friend or FOAF) tale presented in news media as fact", noting that they were often anonymous third-hand story with no verifiable names or other details. He described the "deathbed conversation" ending to the story as being a "classic legend trope".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pox party


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Alec Musser

Alec Musser (April 11, 1973 – January 12, 2024) was an American actor and fitness model. Musser was best known for appearances in the shows I Wanna Be a Soap Star and All My Children.

Early life and education
Musser was raised on the East Coast in New Jersey and Connecticut, and attended the Westminster School before moving to San Diego where he attended the University of San Diego.

Career
After college, Musser moved to California and held jobs as a ski patrolman and lifeguard before he was approached by an agent who sent photos to Bruce Weber, who was casting the new Abercrombie & Fitch (A&F) campaign. Musser soon found himself in Miami then shortly after on the shopping bags and billboards for A&F. Alec had traveled to places such as Paris, Greece, South Africa, Australia, and Hawaii, modelling for clients such as Gianfranco Ferré, GQ, Cosmopolitan, Men's Health, Speedo, RIPS Underwear, and Target.

In August 2005, Musser won the reality TV contest I Wanna Be a Soap Star to get the part on the popular soap All My Children. He took over the role of Del Henry for Winsor Harmon after a long absence since 1995. Although the show stated the role was a 13-week contract, head writer Megan McTavish extended his contract.

Musser was signed to Silver Model Management in New York City. He was with Nous Model Management in Los Angeles until 2008. He had a bit part in the 2010 film Grown Ups. In 2012, he appeared in the television series Desperate Housewives as a masseur.

Death
Musser died by suicide in his Del Mar, California, home on January 12, 2024, after shooting himself in the chest with a shotgun. He was 50 years old.

Television

 * I Wanna Be a Soap Star as himself (2005 winner)
 * All My Children as Del Henry #2 (2005–07)
 * Rita Rocks as Plumber (2009)
 * Desperate Housewives as Friedrich (2012, episode "Watch While I Revise the World")

Films

 * Road to the Altar as Camera Guy
 * Grown Ups as Guy in the Water Park

title: Alec Musser


text: Category:Hong Kong cinematographers

title: Category:Hong Kong cinematographers


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Talk:U ime ljubavi

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title: Talk:U ime ljubavi


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The Punisher War Zone

The Punisher War Zone or Punisher War Zone is a comic book spin-off title featuring the Punisher, a fictional character published by Marvel Comics. The 2008 Marvel film, Punisher: War Zone was loosely based on the series.

Publication history
The first installment of the series ran for 41 issues and two 64-page annuals. Multiple writers contributed to this series during its three-year run from 1992 to 1995. The series served mainly as a vehicle for longtime Marvel artist John Romita Jr., who had returned to Marvel after a lengthy hiatus from drawing a monthly title. In 2009, Marvel published a 6-issue limited series under the same title. The storyline was called "The Resurrection of Ma Gnucci".

Volume 1
The first series was the third different Punisher title published and the second spin-off based on the character.

Volume 2
This series was written by long-time Punisher writer Garth Ennis and drawn by long-time Punisher artist Steve Dillon. The series is a follow-up to Ennis's other Marvel Knights Punisher series.

Volume 3
This series was written by Greg Rucka and is a follow-up of Rucka's previous Punisher series from 2011. It was written to complete the story which Rucka did not get to do in the main title due to its cancellation.

Collected editions

 * The Punisher: War Zone, Vol. 1 (collects The Punisher War Zone #1-6), September 2002,
 * The Punisher: Barbarian with a Gun (collects The Punisher War Zone #26-30), November 2008,
 * The Punisher: River of Blood (collects The Punisher War Zone #31-36), December 2005,
 * Punisher: War Zone - The Resurrection of Ma Gnucci (collects Punisher: War Zone vol. 2, #1-6), April 2009, (HC), August 2009,  (TPB)
 * Punisher: Enter the War Zone (Collects ''Punisher: War Zone Vol. 3 #1-5), June 2013,

title: The Punisher War Zone


text:
Alfred Kennerley

Alfred Kennerley (10 October 1810 – 15 November 1897) was an Australian politician and Premier of Tasmania from 4 August 1873 until 20 July 1876.

Kennerley was born in Islington. He was a man of means who came from England to Australia when young and settled in New South Wales. On 18 February 1834 at Windsor he married Jane, daughter of Richard Rouse of Rouse Hill House. When his father died Kennerley leased his land and sold his livestock, planning to return to England. He sailed with his wife for London in March 1842 and returned to Sydney in January 1845. He resumed farming at Bringelly, became a magistrate and, in trust for his wife, acquired from Rouse more property in Parramatta. Kennerley was not robust and found the climate very trying. In 1853 he returned to England with his wife.

In June 1857 the Kennerleys arrived at Hobart in the Gloucester and named their new home Rouseville. He became an alderman about 1860, and was mayor in 1862, 1863, 1871 and 1872. He was elected to Parliament and on 4 August 1873 became premier without office.

On 15 August 1873, William Lodewyk Crowther threatened Kennerley with violence when Kennerley mentioned Crowther's theft of Aboriginal Tasmanian remains: "A fracas occurred outside the Council chamber, Hobart Town, a few nights ago. Mr. Crowther, member for Hobart Town, threatened his colleague, Mr. Kennerley, with personal violence, because of the latter's allusion to Mr. Crowther's alleged abstraction of the last aboriginal's head. Mr. Kennerley called the attention of the House to the circumstance, and Mr. Crowther was reprimanded."

His ministry initiated a policy of public works, but though there was really little difference between the parties, there was a good deal of political strife, and it was difficult to get anything constructive done. Kennerley became discouraged and resigned on 20 July 1876. This was the only time he was in office, but he was well known for the remainder of his long life as a staunch supporter of the Church of England, and as one of the most philanthropic and high-principled citizens of Hobart. He died in his eighty-eighth year on 15 November 1897. His wife died many years before him and he had no children.

title: Alfred Kennerley


text:
Talk:List of international cricketers called for throwing

Move to []
I don't understand why this page exists in its own right. It should be included in the Throwing (cricket) page instead, so as to have a comprehensive article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.130.63.102 (talk) 22:12, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Comments
1. It may be a good idea to seperate it out into players who have been called in international matches and otherwise.

2. The list in Tests can be found at In ODIs has there been anyone other than Murali ?

3. contains some interesting stuff, but the list at the end has some errors.

4. I think Lawson and Harby were never called but only 'reported'.

5. The next step could be to expand the list of chuckers in Test crickters' into one like the one for scorers of triple hundreds, with notes/trivia added.

Tintin 14:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Chuckers
I know this is a "List of ...." article. However, I think, for non-cricket enthusiasts, something should be said about the nature of being called a chucker. It not like a soccer player being off-side, a rugby player dropping a pass or a tennis player double faulting, it's seen as morally reprehensible. To the cricketing public its an accusation of cheating. Avalon 10:49, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. I added a bit -- —Moondyne 13:47, 26 January 2006 (UTC)


text:
Diastema (disambiguation)

A diastema is a gap between two adjacent teeth.

Diastema may refer to:
 * Diastema (moth), a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae
 * Diastema (plant), a flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae

title: Diastema (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Hannibal Roy Bean

This Article on Hannibal Roy Bean has been writen by me.It is one of the canidates for speedy deletion.the reason it should not be deleted is because theres not enough information out that I could create nice long article.When more information comes out(maybe in about a week or so) I could go back and make it better.Please do not delete it.

This article should not be deleted but simply moved to the character page

Huh?
Does Bean have "Heylin Magic"?

Fate?
And just what happens to Hannibal Roy Bean in the end? --KnowledgeLord 09:29, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Hannibal Lector = Hannibal Bean?
Is it me, or is Hannibal Bean kinda based on Lector? (They even look kinda alike!)

title: Talk:Hannibal Roy Bean


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NHS Dentistry - What's Happening 2006

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was already deleted. — J I P | Talk 19:05, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

NHS Dentistry - What's Happening 2006
Very clearly unencyclopaedic, an FAQ or something into dentistry. Feels like a copyvio, but I can't find where from. [[Sam Korn ]] 14:18, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Finally found it. Copied from here --inks T 21:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom --NeilN 14:28, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi, this entry was copied from my website www.simonjenkins.co.uk and is an attempt to explain to people what is actually happening in the real world. We are all familiar with government spin and dentists know that government is forcing them into private practice and then accusing them of going into private practice. For the full detail please see my website above, if you decide this is not an appropriate entry into Wikipedia then so be it, but it is the truth.

regards Simon Jenkins www.simonjenkins.co.uk

 * Comment. I can't find the text on www.simonjenkins.co.uk - but is it a copyvio if the author posts it? (and thus inherently gives permission?)--inks 00:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't. If he posts it with an incomplete understanding of the GDFL, and complains later, he'll have no defense. Xoloz 09:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:NOT a soapbox Pilatus 02:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As per the above from, it is clear that this is original research. Delete. Uncle G 03:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete While the author's concerns may be real, WP:NOT a crystal ball. It is also not a place for discussion on the pros and cons of government funding decisions. Denni ☯ 03:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete classic example of unencyclopedic content. Xoloz 09:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this is a personal opinion of a political situation written for the direct purpose of explaining to patients why dentists are leaving the NHS and was never intended as an encyclopedic material by the author, ie me. Simon Jenkins
 * In that case, it's a copyvio, and I'm going to Speedy it under CSD:A8--inks T 21:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done.--inks T 21:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of bishops of Sion

List of bishops of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion:

Late Antiquity

 * Bishops of Agaunum (Octodurum)

Western Schism

 * loyal to Avignon

 * loyal to Rome

title: List of bishops of Sion


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Swedish Budget

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus. But may I suggest this is relisted or Transwiki'd anyway? R e  dwolf24  (talk—How's my driving?) 23:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Swedish Budget
The Swedish federal budget for 2004-2006. WP:NOT an indiscriminate collection of information. DS 14:19, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, encyclopedic. Kappa 14:31, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Swedish cruft, I mean federal cruft. I agree with DragonflySixtyseven that Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. While this is useful to some people, it is not appropriate for a general-purpose encyclopedia. At the most, merge significant figures into Sweden. — J I P | Talk 14:37, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, merge this page with Economy of Sweden under a (the) budget section. -weatherguy1033
 * Certainly not worth keeping as its own entry. Merge per weatherguy1033.  Dottore So 19:29, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm split between merging and deleting this. No way does a federal budget deserve its own entry.  That said, I can't decide if this would be a useful (in which case merge) or detrimental (in which case Delete) addition to any keepworthy article.  The Literate Engineer 23:22, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource then delete. Sjakkalle, thanks for proposing a good solution.  The Literate Engineer 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think national budgets might belong in Wikisource. The raw numbers are not truly encyclopedic material, but the info might be useful. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource per Sjakkalle. Xoloz 09:06, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource as per Sjakkalle. I would welcome a more descriptive article a la Canadian federal budget, 2005. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-10-5 T 01:56:19 Z
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Frederick Innes

Frederick Maitland Innes (11 August 1816 – 11 May 1882) was Premier of Tasmania from 4 November 1872 to 4 August 1873.

The son of Francis Innes, army officer, and his wife Prudence, née Edgerleyan, Innes was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Innes was educated at Heriot's, Edinburgh, and Kelso Grammar School in Kelso. On leaving school he was employed by his uncle, manager of estates for his relation, the Duke of Roxburghe. In 1836, Innes emigrated to Tasmania where he arrived in Hobart in 1837, joining the Hobart Town Courier. A few years later he returned to Great Britain, and contributed to the press in London, and to the Penny Cyclopaedia.

Innes again went to Tasmania in 1843 and was associated with the Observer and other papers at Hobart. In about the year 1846 he was working as a journalist at Launceston and later took up farming. With the introduction of responsible government he was elected in September 1856 as the member for Morven in the Tasmanian House of Assembly. He was colonial treasurer in four successive ministries, the first William Weston, the Francis Smith, the second Weston, and the Thomas Chapman, from 25 April 1857 to 1 November 1862, and colonial secretary from 1 November 1862 to 20 January 1863. He had now become a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council, in 1864 was elected chairman of committees, and from 1868 to 1872 president of the council. He then resigned his seat and re-entered the house of assembly.

On 4 November 1872, allying himself with some members he had previously opposed, Innes became premier and colonial secretary until 4 August 1873, when the Alfred Kennerley ministry came in and Innes found himself isolated. In March 1875 rather to the surprise of his former friends he joined this ministry as colonial treasurer, and held this position until July 1876. He then retired from the house of assembly, was elected to the legislative council in September 1877, and in 1880 was again made president of the council. He died at Launceston on 11 May 1882. In 1838, he married a Miss Sarah Elizabeth (‘Lysbeth’) Grey—the daughter of free settlers—who survived him with sons and daughters.

Innes, an able man of moderate views, was an excellent treasurer. When he first took office the finances of the colony were in a very serious condition, and he carried a heavy burden during his five and a half years of office.

title: Frederick Innes


text:
User talk:Istojkovski~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Istojkovski. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Istojkovski~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:44, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Istojkovski~enwiki


text:
Dakota Zoo

The Dakota Zoo is a zoo in Bismarck, North Dakota located on the banks of the Missouri River. It is the third zoo built in North Dakota. The Dakota Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).

History
The Dakota Zoo began on a 67 acre farm owned by Marc and Betty Christianson on the northern edge of Bismarck. At first, the farm boarded domestic animals such as dogs, cats, and horses. At one point, the farm was used to raise mink for profit. Over time, people who knew of the Christiansons' love for animals began dropping off strays and injured animals, knowing that they would be well taken care of. As the number of animals increased, word got out and more and more people came to see them.

After some publicity from a local TV station, petitions were signed by 780 people supporting the idea of a community zoo in Bismarck. Marc Christianson took these to the Bismarck Park Board to present the concept of a self-supporting community zoo. In 1958, the Park Board made 88 acre of Park District land in Sertoma Park available to the zoo.

The majority of construction was initially done by Marc and his crew with donated materials. The zoo opened on June 3, 1961, with 75 mammals, 23 birds, and about 15 acre of developed land. In the first year, 40,000 people paid ten cents each to visit the zoo. By 2007, there were about 3,400 zoo members, and more than 100,000 visitors per year to view 125 species of animals and birds. By 2020, the zoo had grown to over 90 acres in size and averaged over 150,000 annual visitors.

The Dakota Zoo has been accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) since 1991. It is unlike many nationwide zoos in that it is self-supportive and operates solely on funds raised through admissions, concession sales, adopt an animal programs, memberships, and donations. The zoo is supported by its visitors and community sponsors and is not tax supported.

Animals
Ungulates are mostly housed in the southern part of the zoo in large, open enclosures. Animals in this area include goats, pigs, miniature horses, miniature donkeys, Highland cattle, bison, pronghorn, Przewalski's horse, Bactrian camel, Dall sheep, bighorn sheep, mountain goats, moose, reindeer, longhorn cattle, Clydesdale horses, and elk. Llama, mouflon, and aoudad are in the northeast section of the zoo.

Predators are housed in the northern part of the zoo, and include tigers, snow leopards, wolves, bears, Canada lynx, bobcats, cougars, coyotes, foxes, badgers, and servals.

Birds are housed in a variety of smaller enclosures and aviaries, mostly in the center of the zoo, and include eagles, emus, many South American birds, turkey vultures, wild turkeys, owls, penguins, and various water birds.

Monkeys are mostly housed in the Monkey Barn near the center of the zoo and include cotton-top tamarins, Goeldi’s monkey, golden-headed lion tamarin, pygmy marmoset, red ruffed lemurs, squirrel monkeys, white-fronted marmosets, and spider monkeys.

The zoo also includes an exhibit of reptiles and small mammals, a butterfly house, a prairie dog town, and a monkey barn.

Facilities
The Bismarck Tribune Discovery Center is inside the zoo from the entrance gate, and contains reptiles, small mammals, fish, a honeybee colony, and educational areas for children. The zoo also features a gift shop, concession stand, ice cream parlor, two playgrounds, and a petting zoo. Two trains are used to provide tours of the zoo.

Conservation
The zoo participates in the AZA Species Survival Plan (SSP).

In 2013, the Dakota Zoo created a Conservation Fund, with 50¢ from each admission and $5 from each membership being added to the fund. The Fund has contributed over $250,000 to various conservation efforts, including 16 Species Survival Plans, 9 Population Management Plans, and the AZA Conservation Grants Fund.

The Zoo operates a Raptor Rehabilitation program, assisting an average of 40 to 60 injured and orphaned birds of prey each year.

Clyde the Bear
The Dakota Zoo was home to Clyde, the largest captive Kodiak brown bear ever recorded. Clyde was believed to have been born in January 1965. The Federal government originally studied Clyde as a research animal to determine the effect of the radioactive isotope Strontium-90 on wildlife. He was 180 pounds (81 kilograms), still a cub, when brought to Bismarck later that year. He grew to weigh in excess of 2,130 pounds (960 kilograms), stood over 9 feet tall (2.7 meters), and lived until 1987.

The Bismarck Tribune Discovery Center features a 1:1 scale wood carving of Clyde, created by artist Dave Ely.

The future
In 1987, the Bismarck Tribune challenged the zoo to develop a master plan to outline the future course of the zoo. The zoo board developed a plan which is reviewed and updated regularly, with the last review having been in 2005. There have been three major capital campaigns since the master plan was initiated, to raise money for the zoo.

The "Beyond the Bear Necessities" capital campaign started in 1988 and raised money for exhibits such as the bear habitat, river otter exhibit, canine, and small animal exhibits. The second campaign, called "Discovery 2000 - Turning Dollars Into Senses," raised $1.5 million for exhibits including moose, mountain goat, mountain lion, bobcat, lynx and the Discovery Zoo. in 2002, "Make the Big Cats Roar" was launched to raise $1.9 million. This goal was reached in late 2005, and an extended goal of $2.3 million was added.

title: Dakota Zoo


text:
Talk:Perdicas

Stub?
Would it be terribly offensive if I were to suggest this is a reasonably complete article about Perdicus, rather than a stub? Andjam 14:21, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge
Proposed merge, leave your comments.--NeilEvans 23:33, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perdicas


text:
Jimbaran

Jimbaran is an Indonesian fishing village and tourist resort in southern Bali, administered under South Kuta District of Badung Regency. Located south of Ngurah Rai International Airport at the "neck" of the Bukit Peninsula, the village is renowned as a culinary destination, with stalls selling seafood saturating the area. Diners select the live seafood that they wish to eat, and it is immediately prepared, generally grilled over a fire of coconut husks rather than charcoal.

Tourism in Jimbaran has increased in recent years which has boosted the local economy. The 2005 Bali bombings occurred when suicide bombers struck at two popular warungs (restaurants) along the beach. However, the tourism industry has since recovered. Jimbaran is home to numerous five-star resorts, including Belmond Jimbaran Puri, Four Seasons Resort Bali at Jimbaran Bay, InterContinental Bali Resort, Le Méridien Bali Jimbaran, Mövenpick Resort & Spa Jimbaran Bali, and Raffles Bali.

Villages

 * Cengiling

title: Jimbaran


text:
Andrea Rocca

Andrea Rocca (born 9 June 1969, in Rome) is an Italian musician, guitarist and film composer.

Rocca moved to London in 1988 where he trained with John White and graduated in ethnomusicology at the School of Oriental and African Studies in 1997. He studied classical guitar as a child but eventually lost interest and by his late teens was planning to become a reporter and war photographer. Discovering the electric guitar reignited his interest in music and he was soon composing and recording pieces inspired by musicians including Frank Zappa, Bill Harkleroad, Marc Moreland and Derek Bailey. He quickly developed an interest in punk and alternative rock, and the music of avant-garde bands such as the Residents together with the work of classical and jazz composers like Edgar Varese, John White, Ornette Coleman, Charles Mingus and Sun Ra. He began scoring feature-length films in 1995, with Kaprice Kea's The Hurting.

His work alternates between scoring, dance and theatre commissions, and live performance. He is involved with several bands in London's avant-garde music scene.

Selected filmography

 * La Città Ideale (English: The Ideal City) (2012)
 * Liberi (English: Break Free) (2003)
 * Tre mogli (English: Three Wives) (2001)
 * Branchie (1999)
 * L'Ultimo capodanno dell'umanita' (English: Humanity's Last New Year's Eve) (1998)
 * The Hurting (1995)

title: Andrea Rocca


text:
Ace Radio

Ace Radio Broadcasters is an Australian media company. Formed in 1984, it operates 21 commercial radio stations in Victoria and southern New South Wales, as well as the digital marketing agency Ace Digital and The Weekly Advertiser, a free newspaper distributed across the Wimmera region.

History
Ace Radio Broadcasters was founded in 1984, following the acquisition of radio station 3HA in Hamilton, Victoria by Associated Communication Enterprises, owners of the Melbourne newspaper Truth. The group acquired 3CS Colac in 1985 and, by 1986, had control of 3SH Swan Hill and 3WM Horsham. As of 1994, the company was in the joint control of Geoff and Helen Handbury and Rowly and Judy Paterson, and had additional interests in radio stations in Wollongong, Shepparton and Geelong.

The company continued to expand in the late 1990s and into the 2000s. Divesting itself of 3SR and Sun FM Shepparton and Bay FM Geelong, in 1995 the company acquired 3TR Traralgon and 3YB Warrnambool. In 1996, Ace Radio commenced the roll-out of FM radio in its markets, launching Mixx FM branded stations in Horsham, Swan Hill and Colac, with Mixx FM Hamilton and Coast FM Warrnambool launching in 2002. Also in 2002, 3TR converted to the FM band as TRFM, with 3GV launched on the former AM frequency.

In September 2005, Ace Radio purchased 2AY from Macquarie Regional RadioWorks, which the latter was forced to divest following its acquisition of DMG Regional Radio.

In June 2016, Ace Radio's stations were added to the iHeartRadio platform in Australia, with the iHeartRadio Thumbs Up Countdown launched across the network's six 'Hit Music' FM stations.

In August 2017, it was announced that Ace Radio would acquire 2QN and Edge FM Deniliquin, New South Wales from Rich Rivers Radio, and 3NE and Edge FM Wangaratta from North East Broadcasters.

In June 2018, Ace Radio ceased operation of the Radio Training Institute. Launched in 1984 as the Melbourne Radio School, the institute had been operated by Ace in South Melbourne since 2003.

From 14 January 2022, Ace Radio took over the operations of three metropolitan stations from Nine Entertainment, under a lease arrangement.

From 16 January 2023, Ace Radio will supply Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network programs, including the Carrie & Tommy Drive show, 2Day FM's Hughesy, Ed & Erin catch up show, Hot Nights with Abbie Chatfield and Jimmy & Nath to over six radio stations.

Radio stations
, Ace Radio Broadcasters operates 21 radio stations.

Nine of these stations form their 'Heritage' network, featuring local news, music and syndicated talkback programming targeted at a 40+ audience:
 * 2AY 1494 Albury/Wodonga
 * 2QN 1521 Deniliquin/Echuca
 * 3CS 1134 Colac
 * 3HA 981 Hamilton
 * 3NE 1566 Wangaratta
 * 3SH 1332 Swan Hill
 * 3WM 1089 Horsham
 * 3YB FM 94.5 Warrnambool
 * Gold 1242 Traralgon

Eight stations form the 'Hit Music' network, targeting an 18-39 audience with hot adult contemporary music and syndicated programming:
 * Coast FM 95.3 Warrnambool
 * Edge FM 102.1 Wangaratta
 * Edge FM 102.5 Deniliquin
 * Mixx FM 88.9 Hamilton
 * Mixx FM 101.3 Horsham
 * Mixx FM 106.3 Colac
 * Mixx FM 107.7 Swan Hill
 * TRFM 99.5 Traralgon

Two stations form the 'Easy Music' network, targeting a 55+ audience:
 * 3MP 1377 Melbourne
 * 2UE 954 Sydney (leased from Nine Entertainment)

Two stations are positioned as 'Classic Hits', targeting a 55+ audience:
 * Magic 1278 Melbourne (leased from Nine Entertainment)
 * 4BH 1116 Brisbane (leased from Nine Entertainment)

Programming
While programming varies in each market, both AM and FM stations broadcast a variety of locally produced, as well as nationally networked, programmes.

AM/Hertiage stations
 * The Morning Rush with Sean Cullen, Matthew Monk & Niamh McMahon (excludes 2AY Albury and 3NE Wangaratta)
 * Country Today
 * Mornings with Tom Elliott (Nine Radio syndication)
 * Drive with Jacqueline Felgate (Nine Radio syndication) (2AY & 3SH only)
 * Sportsday (Sports Entertainment Network)
 * Nights with Denis Walter (Nine Radio syndication) (excludes 3YB & GOLD)
 * Australia Overnight (Nine Radio syndication) (excludes 3YB & GOLD)
 * Reel Adventures (Sports Entertainment Network)
 * Off The Bench (Sports Entertainment Network)

FM stations
 * The Morning Crew with Gabi and Dan (excludes Mixx FM Colac)
 * Carrie & Tommy (Southern Cross Austereo syndication)
 * Jimmy & Nath (Southern Cross Austereo syndication)

title: Ace Radio


text:
Viva Pink

Viva Pink is a Viva bus rapid transit line in York Region, north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by Tok Transit under contract from the Region of York.

Service on the Viva Pink route was suspended during the COVID-19 outbreak, and has not resumed as of September 2023.

Route description
Viva Pink runs on Yonge Street from Finch to Richmond Hill Centre and then turns east to run along Highway 7 towards Unionville GO Station. Service began on January 2, 2006, and the entire line offers service during peak times only. The route runs parallel to Viva Blue on Yonge Street, Viva Purple on Highway 7 and both Viva Purple and Viva Green along Enterprise Boulevard.

Stations
There are 21 stations on the Viva Pink line. From southwest to northeast, the stations are:

Rapidway
Viva Pink operates on the Highway 7 Rapidway between Richmond Hill Centre and Post Road stops. The rapidway is expected to be extended to Unionville GO Station in 2021.

A rapidway was proposed to serve the remainder of the route however this project was abandoned in favour of the potential Yonge North subway extension between and Richmond Hill Centre.

title: Viva Pink


text: User talk:212.17.51.9

title: User talk:212.17.51.9


text:
Talk:FL (programming language)

Untitled
Regarding the content deletion, I noticed that a fair portion of the article was word-for-word copied from a PS file it linked to (except that, IIIRC, a couple of examples were changed). I didn't have time to thoroughly check it, and thought (perhaps mistakenly) that if I put it on the potential copyvios page, someone else would before they deleted the article. I then forgot about it. I really didn't expect the entire article to disappear of the face of the planet. If what I did was wrong, then I apologise for it. Is the original article still in the database for admins only or something? A good portion of it was still (I think) okay. Of course, maybe it wasn't, and it was honestly all copied. —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 14:23, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's quite possible that the issue here was an over-eager admin. Also note that the (perhaps redundant) external links I tacked onto this stub article might have the original content.  The answers.com link, for example, credits wikipedia.org as its source.  The postscript file might be the one you had noticed earlier.

 * I doubt that copyright is an issue if the postscript file in question is the one I linked to and/or if the original material was much like what I see in the other external links. Mathematics gets special mention in international copyright law, and judging from the other external entries there wasn't enough copied material to be much of an issue.  That said, it is a good idea to give credit where credit is due. RaulMiller 14:55, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah well. I think that PS file was the one I saw, that or I saw them at once. Sorry bout all this—I suppose you live and learn. I would volunteer to try and re-create the article, given it was partly my fault it was deleted, but um ... I don't really know all that much about it and I really ought to be busy with Uni work... If there's nothing there in a month or two tho, I'll certainly try and fix it :) —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 15:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

I've nominated the original article for undeletion; you may wish to vote. —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 14:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've restored the one revision I said I would. It's a perfectly decent stub that can be expanded with a little effort. -Splash talk 16:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

restored some content which is clearly not copyright violation
I've restored content which appeared at answers.com and which was creditted there as originally coming from wikipedia.org, and which does not appear in the postscript document. I searched for each sentence individually by looking for the major terms in the sentence as well as obvious variations. However, please note that I do not have a working implementation of FL, and so I cannot be certain that the bits of code I posted are syntactically correct. RaulMiller 20:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That site, like hundreds of others, copies Wikipedia's content quickly after it is posted. That is part of the reason we blank pages when they have copyright problems. That it credits Wikipedia doesn't mean anything about originality in this case. What it does mean is that it is verbatim identical to the previously deleted article, apart from some bits of wikimarkup. This means it has the same copyright problems as before.

 * I have removed the revisions again, and restored the article to its state after my last edit earlier today. If you can write a good article on this, it'd be great if you did so. It'd be great too if you can expand it just a little. But please don't restore the original text again. Thanks. -Splash talk 21:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * What is wrong with that text? The text which was deleted earlier was deleted because of copyright violation.  The text I restored does not violate any copyrights, and furthermore is factual.  Please state the reason why this text is unsuitable.  Are the facts recorded in that text forbidden for some reason?  RaulMiller 23:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As I already said, the text you added was identical (apart from the wikimarkup) to the text already deleted as a copyright violation. You said yourself that you took it from answers.com which automatically copies our content directly, without amendment of content, right down to the images and templates and categories if there are any. -Splash talk 23:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify: I can see the deleted article, since I'm an admin. -Splash talk 23:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Which brings us back to the question of why this text has been declared to be a copyright violation. I've asked before (during the vote for undelete) for some evidence that the text was violating copyright.  None was presented, but it was strongly implied that the original text was a literal copy of the postscript document by Aiken.  The text I restored I very carefully checked to make sure that it was not a literal copy of the postscript document by Aiken -- and, to the greatest of my ability to discern, factual.  (Facts are not protected by copyright -- only a specific expression of facts can be protected by copyright.)

 * I don't know if the material I did not restore is the copyright violation. I don't have reason to believe that it violated copyright.  If it does violate copyright I don't know whose copyrights are being violated.  Perhaps there never any copyright violation in the first place.  I do know that I've never seen any evidence any copyright violation -- as near as I can tell, the initial deletion was a mistake.  But this might mean that I'm just ignorant.  If you can point me at the copyrighted material the previous wikipedia entry is in violation of, I'd appreciate it.  However, as I spent well over an hour making sure that I did not restore any sentences which were in Aiken's postscript document, I have a hard time believing that the restored material violates Aiken's copyrights.

 * If I had a working copy of the FL language, I would not hesitate to write new material on the language. However, I do not have a working implementation, so I feel the work of others is more approriate.  You seem to feel that this is not the case, and you might be right.  If so, could you present your reasons? (But, "this was in the previous wikipedia entry" does not constitute a reason -- see above for why).

 * Thanks. RaulMiller 00:13, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It does constitute the reason, and it is the reason. The material you added was an exact copy of the one already deleted as a copyright violation, a fact you do not have to agree with. You said yourself you copied it directly from a Wikipedia mirror, and I can verify for myself that it was precisely identical. I am not going to restore it. Case closed, I'm afraid. The material is not coming back. You are free to add your own words at any moment, and it would take far less time than you have spent arguing here to do so. -Splash talk 00:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My own words would not be adequate until I obtain access to a working implementation of the FL language. I do not know what kind of effort would be involved there.

 * For this material to be a copyright violation, it must be a copy of something which is not GFDLed. There never was any proper identification of any such copyright violation.  There are assertions of copyright violation, but not on the part of any copyright holder and there has been no identification of relevant copyrighted material for the text in question.  The original deletion was made without using any of the proper procedures. This case cannot be closed as it was never properly opened. RaulMiller 03:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Requested move
FL programming language → FL (programming language) – Conformance with WP naming conventions Cybercobra 02:04, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:FL (programming language)


text:
Viva Blue

Viva Blue, also known as the Finch/Richmond Hill/Newmarket line or route 601, is a line on the Viva bus rapid transit system in York Region, located north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by Tok Transit, under contract from York Region Transit. This is the busiest bus route in the York Region Transit network, and one of the busiest in the Greater Toronto Area.

List of stations
There are 27 stops/terminals on Viva Blue. From north to south they are:

History
Service from Finch station to Bernard began on September 4, 2005. Service north of Bernard to Newmarket Terminal began November 20, 2005.

There is a Viva Blue Short Turn route operating from Finch station to Bernard. According to the original environmental assessments, it is also known as the Finch–Richmond Hill line.

Previously there was a Viva Blue 'A' branch which operated between Newmarket Terminal, and Finch Terminal while bypassing Richmond Hill Centre. This was a rush hour branch only. The 'A' branch was suspended in April 2020, due to low ridership, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2023, York Region Transit announced that the 'A' branch will not be returning to service.

Future
In the future, Viva Blue will have its own dedicated rapidway for most of the route between Newmarket Bus Terminal and Richmond Hill Centre Terminal. The first phase of the Yonge Street Rapidway opened in January 2020 and the second phase in December 2020. There are also plans to extend the bus route north to East Gwillimbury GO Station along Yonge Street and Green Lane. Eventually, the entire portion of rapidway could also be upgraded to allow light rail transit on this corridor.

Originally, the southern portion of the Yonge Street rapidway was to be implemented from 19th Avenue to Finch station, but since the announcement of MoveOntario 2020 by the Ontario provincial government, proposals of the portion of rapidway from Richmond Hill Centre to Finch station have been shelved for the proposed north extension of Line 1 Yonge–University.

While ridership on the Richmond Hill portion of Viva Blue is high for a suburban transit system, capacity constraints on the existing Toronto subway system prevents the Yonge Subway line from being extended into York Region. Alternatively (or concurrently), GO Transit plans to run express trains between Union Station in downtown Toronto, and its Langstaff train station adjacent to YRT's Richmond Hill Centre terminal daily.

title: Viva Blue


text: User talk:213.176.78.6

title: User talk:213.176.78.6


text:
Talk:Alphonsus (crater)

Untitled
What does "cinder-shaped" mean? Eroica 14:25, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Never mind. I changed "cinder-shaped" to "cinder cone-shaped". Eroica 11:47, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That works. Thanks. — RJH 20:59, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Geological era of Alphonsus; updated research
This is a request for discussion on integrating the following research into the Alphonsus article re; the age of the crater, specifically from a dating of Nectarian ("post-nectarian") to the (late) Pre-Nectarian era. The reconsideration of the dating of this crater is based upon the following published work:

http://moon.scopesandscapes.com/tlo_back/tlo200606.pdf (2006) "..in accordance with the principle of superposition, the location of one of these Nectaris basin secondaries (Alphonsus B) on the rim of the crater Alphonsus would necessarily limit it's age to that era preceding the Nectaris impact event, the Pre-Nectarian."

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/1019.pdf (2008) "Alphonsus B, a teardrop-shaped crater west of Abulfeda D, overlaps ejecta on the east margin of Alphonsus, suggesting that Alphonsus may be Pre-Nectarian, older than previously interpreted [8, 10]."

http://www.beg.utexas.edu/abs/ambrose_lp1_40_pdf1015.pdf (2009) "Chronostratigraphy: Asymmetric secondaries associated with lunar basins are unique morphological features that can be used to constrain estimated ages of overlapped, extrabasinal landforms, such as other cra-ters, scarps, and ejecta from other basins. For example, Alphonsus B, a teardrop-shaped crater west of Abulfeda D, overlaps the outer, east rim of Alphonsus (Fig. 3), suggesting that Alphonsus may be Pre-Nectarian, older than previously interpreted [9, 10]. The long axis of Alphonsus B is oriented radially (azi-muth 002º) toward the center of the Nectaris Basin, consistent with an origin as a secondary crater."

As the validity of the interpretation of the origin of Alphonsus B is critical to re-dating the crater based upon superposition, the continued research results in the area of basin formation secondary craters and other topographical features becomes germane:

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/1061.pdf (2010) ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY OF ASYMMETRIC SECONDARY CRATERS AND EJECTA COMPLEXES IN THE CRISIUM BASIN

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1035.pdf (2011) DISTRIBUTION AND CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY OF EJECTA COMPLEXES IN THE HUMORUM BASIN MAPPED FROM LROC AND LIDAR DATA

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/1048.pdf (2012) EJECTA DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE AGES OF THE IMBRIUM, SERENITATIS, AND CRISIUM BASINS

As the author of the 2006 article first referenced, I cannot dismiss the possibility of bias--however, based upon the subsequent research of Ambrose (2008-2012) I feel that there is sufficient confidence in the data to at least call into question the Nectarian era dating of Alphonsus and at best justify a Pre-Nectarian age for this crater.

I look forward to comments.

Mardina Clark

131.191.114.226 (talk) 20:59, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Alphonsus (crater)


text:
Richard Dry

Sir Richard Dry, KCMG (20 September 1815 – 1 August 1869) was an Australian politician, the son of United Irish convict, who was Premier of Tasmania from 24 November 1866 until 1 August 1869 when he died in office. Dry was the first Tasmanian-born premier, and the first Tasmanian to be knighted.

Early life
Dry was born in Launceston, Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), the son of Richard Dry, an officer and pastoralist, and his wife Anne, née Maughan. The elder Dry had been transported from Ireland in advance of the 1798 rebellion. Although a Protestant and a Dublin woollen-draper, he had been a senior figure in the largely Catholic and agrarian Defender movement as well as being a senior United Irishmen.

Dry was educated at a Kirkland's private school in Campbell Town. Dry was a close friend of the diarist Anna Baxter who was the wife of the recently arrived British Lieutenant Andrew Baxter in the 1830s. In 1835 Dry voyaged to Mauritius and the British ports in India, on his return to Tasmania he managed his father's 30,000-acre Quamby Estate near Hagley which he inherited on this death in 1843. Encounters with the native Palawa people and reports of Europeans shooting them feature in the area's history and mythology. Stephen Dry, was reportedly speared by an aboriginal on a hill near Hagley. Quamby was the name of the Palawa (William Lyttleton Quamby) who had led the local native resistance.

Colonial politics
In 1837, Dry was made a magistrate and, in 1844, Lieutenant-Governor Sir John Eardley-Wilmot nominated Dry a non-official member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council. He resigned his seat with five others, who together became known as the "patriotic six", after a conflict with Governor Wilmot over the Wilmont's refusal acknowledge the cost to the colony of the convict system which caused free labour to leave and his use of casting vote in the Council to block inquiries and secure his budget. In 1848 the six resigning members were re-nominated to the Council, and when the Council was reconstituted in 1851 Dry, who was then a leading member of the Anti-transportation League, was elected as a member for Launceston, defeating Adye Douglas.

When the Council met in 1851, Dry was unanimously appointed its Speaker and remained so for four years before resigning his seat in July 1855. Dry then took a long trip to Europe for health reasons. Dry returned to Tasmania in 1860, was elected to the Legislative Council in 1862, and on 24 November 1866 became premier and colonial secretary. During his time as Premier, Quamby Estate's Homestead became known as the "Government House of the North". Dry had been much interested in the introduction of railways, was chairman of the Launceston and Deloraine Railway Association, and president of the Northern Railway League. His government succeeded in making some economies, introduced the Torrens real property act, and pushed the sale of crown lands.

In 1869 Dry's government established telegraphic communication with Victoria by laying a cable under Bass Strait.

Personal life
On 1 August 1869 Dry died in Hobart, Tasmania after a short illness. In 1853 he had married Clara Meredith, daughter of George Meredith, who survived him. They had no children. He was buried at St Mary's Anglican church in Hagley, which he had endowed. The church's tower is dedicated to his wife. He was knighted in 1858, the first Tasmanian to be granted that honour.

Legacy
Dry was the first native of Tasmania to enter its parliament. He was barely 30 when his fight for political freedom made him extremely popular, and he retained this popularity all his life. He declared a wish that he might be buried at Hagley church near Quamby; a church he had himself built and endowed. At Hobart all business was suspended on the morning of his funeral, and during the four days' journey to the church the residents of every township on the route joined in the procession. His modest kindliness (it was said of him that he never condescended because he never thought of anyone being inferior to himself), his public and private charities, his honourable character, earned the respect and affection of the whole colony. A chancel was added to Hagley church by public subscription as a memorial to him, and there his body was laid. The "Dry Scholarship" was also founded by public subscription in connexion with the Tasmanian scholarships.

title: Richard Dry


text:
Blue Orchids

Blue Orchids are an English post-punk band formed in Manchester in 1979, when Martin Bramah left the Fall, after playing on the band's debut album Live at the Witch Trials. Christened by Salford-based punk poet John Cooper Clarke the band recorded for Rough Trade and acted as backing band for the Velvet Underground's Nico before a 25-year period of intermittent activity and fluctuating line-ups.

Career
Having left the Fall, Bramah teamed up with another two former Fall members, keyboardist Una Baines, and guitarist Rick Goldstraw, as well as bassist Steve Toyne and drummer Ian Rogers (AKA Joe Kin). John Cooper Clarke suggested the name 'The Blessed Orchids' but according to Bramah, Goldstraw mis-remembered it as 'The Blue Orchids' and the name stuck.

The band signed to Rough Trade Records and in November 1980 released its debut single, a double A-side, "The Flood"/"Disney Boys". After this release Steve Toyne left the band and Rick Goldstraw took over the bass. In February 1981 the group released its second single "Work".

"Work" was much liked by BBC DJ John Peel who played it regularly and the group was invited to record a Peel session for his show. The band's music came to the attention of Echo & the Bunnymen, who subsequently invited Blue Orchids to be the support act for its 1981 UK tour. Alastair "Baz" Murphy was recruited to play keyboards on the tour as Baines was ill.

Phillip Toby Toman, an ex-member of The Durutti Column, joined on drums when Ian Rogers left the group after the Echo & the Bunnymen tour (he later went on to play for Primal Scream under the name Toby Tomanov). This new line-up recorded a debut album called The Greatest Hit (Money Mountain), which sold 10,000 copies.

The group toured with Nico, serving as both backing group and support act. Goldstraw decided to leave Blue Orchids to continue touring with Nico, so a new bassist, Mark Hellyer, replaced him. During the time the band were working with Nico, Steve Garvey (formerly with Buzzcocks, The Teardrops and Bok Bok, then with Motivation), also played bass with them, shortly before he migrated to the United States.

The group's next record was the Agents of Change EP in 1982. After parting company with Rough Trade at the end of the year, the group split up, and Baines formed The Fates.

Bramah and Baines briefly reconvened the Blue Orchids in 1985 with the single "Sleepy Town", after which the group split up again. Bramah then formed a new group with ex-Fall drummer Karl Burns called Thirst. The group only released one record, the Riding the Times EP, in 1987.

In 1989, Bramah briefly returned to The Fall and appeared on the Extricate album. He was sacked from the group during its tour of Australia the following year.

In 1991, Bramah returned with a new incarnation of Blue Orchids which featured ex-Smiths guitarist Craig Gannon on guitar, Martin Hennin on bass and Dick Harrison on drums. Their first release was a single called "Diamond Age", followed in 1991 by a compilation album called A View from the City. In 1992 they released the Secret City EP and a second album was recorded in 1993, but would remain unreleased for ten years. Bramah decided to split the group again in 1995.

In 2002, a compilation album called A Darker Bloom was released on the Cherry Red label. This release had sleeve notes written by Bramah's former colleague in The Fall, BBC DJ Marc Riley who said of them: ″Think Tom Verlaine guesting with The Doors ... one of the most engaging and intriguing bands of the 80s″

2003 saw the group reissue three albums on the LTM label. The shelved album from 1993 was finally released with the title The Sleeper. Released almost simultaneously was a compilation album called From Severe to Serene, which featured the group's two Peel Sessions, live tracks and the contents of Thirst's Riding the Times EP. At the end of the year the group's debut album The Greatest Hit (Money Mountain) was reissued on CD.

In 2004, LTM also released a brand new Blue Orchids album called Mystic Bud. It contained a cover version of Sugar, Sugar by The Archies alongside nine Bramah originals. Founder member Rick Goldstraw returned for the Slum-Cavern-Jest! EP in 2005. This release featured a cover version of the Fred Neil song "Green Rocky Road".

In January 2008, Martin Bramah released his debut solo album The Battle of Twisted Heel.

December 2008 saw the formation of Bramah's new group Factory Star, featuring Tim Lyons and Brian Benson (from The Sandells). They were replaced in April 2009 by fellow ex-Fall members Steve Hanley on bass, Paul Hanley on drums and John Paul Moran (aka Hop Man Jr) of Gnod and Rapid Pig on keyboards. The line-up of Factory Star as of June 2010 was Martin Bramah, Hop Man Jr, Chris Dutton (bass) and Tom Tom Lewis (drums). In January 2012, ex-The Passage drummer Joe Mckechnie replaced Lewis.

In September 2012 the Blue Orchids reformed once again, playing gigs in Liverpool, Manchester and London. The line-up consisted of the Factory Star members Martin Bramah, John Paul Moran, Chris Dutton and Joe McKechnie, with the addition of Ann Matthews (Fflaps/Ectogram) on guitar/vocals. In January 2013 Chris Connolly, formerly of V2 and Ed Banger and long-serving The Glitter Band member, joined on drums. In 2015 Vince Hunt of A Witness and Inca Babies replaced Chris Dutton on bass and the band returned to regular live appearances. In 2017 Chis Connolly was replaced by Howard Jones, formally of Last Harbour, Kin, Calvin Party.

In 2016 Blue Orchids released a new album The Once and Future Thing, a retrospective compilation of the Rough Trade years called Awefull, with artwork from celebrated artists Aleksandar Mladenović and Aleksandra Keković Mladenović, plus Bramah's own long-lost solo album The Battle of Twisted Heel on the label Tiny Global Productions, re-shaped the line-up and recorded new songs including a track for the Stewart Lee-compiled tribute to Birmingham cult band The Nightingales. The band continue to tour and record through 2016.

Blue Orchids have been critically acclaimed by some notable music writers. The NME's Barney Hoskyns said of them "There is an economy of love and yearning in every chord, vocal or instrumental that breaks from the aching heart of the Blue Orchids' sound" while the writer Paul Morley, reviewing their second single "Work" said "They rave but they are not mad."

Personnel

 * Martin Bramah – vocals, guitar (1979–)
 * Una Baines – keyboards, vocals (1979–85)
 * Rick Goldstraw – guitar & bass guitar (1979–82, 2004–2007)
 * Steve Toyne – bass (1979–80)
 * Ian Rogers A.K.A. Joe Kin – drums (1979–81)
 * Phillip Toby Toman – drums (1981–82)
 * Steve Garvey – bass (c.1981 – c.1983)
 * Mark Hellyer – bass (1982)
 * Nick Marshall – drums (1985)
 * Chris Rickard – backing vocals (1985)
 * Steve Rickard – guitar (1985)
 * Craig Gannon – guitar (1990–91)
 * Martin Hennin – bass (1990–92)
 * Richard Harrison – drums (1990–92)
 * Mick Routledge – keyboards (1991–92)
 * Adrian White – drums (1993–95)
 * Stuart Kennedy – bass (1993–95, 2004)
 * Alastair "Baz" Murphy – organ, keyboards (1981–95, 2004)
 * Charlotte Bill – flute (2004)
 * Bud Umu – drums (2004)
 * Steph – drums (2005)
 * John Paul Moran – keyboards (2012–)
 * Chris Dutton – bass (2012–2015)
 * Joe Mckechnie – drums (2012)
 * Ann Matthews – guitar, vocals (2012)
 * Chris Connolly – drums (2013–2017)
 * Vince Hunt – bass (2015–2021)
 * Howard Jones – drums (2017 -)
 * Tansy McNally – electric ukulele (2020–)
 * De Selby Lewis – bass (2022 -)

Discography
Chart placings shown are from the UK Indie Chart.

Albums

 * The Greatest Hit (Money Mountain) (LP, Rough Trade, 1982) (no. 5) - CD reissued, LTM, 2003, appending all Rough Trade non-lp tracks, plus an unrelated live track by Nico.)
 * The Sleeper (CD, LTM, 2003 – contains a "missing" 90s album and tracks from contemporaneous singles.)
 * Mystic Bud (CD, 2004 – largely a Martin Bramah solo effort, though credited to Blue Orchids.)
 * The Battle of Twisted Heel (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2016 – credited to Martin Bramah, legitimate reissue of a privately-pressed recording.)
 * The Once And Future Thing (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2016.)
 * Righteous Harmony Fist (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2018.)
 * The Magical Record of Blue Orchids (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2019.)
 * Speed The Day (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2021.)
 * Angus Tempus Memoir (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2022.)
 * Magpie Heights (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2023.)

Compilation albums

 * A View From The City (CD, Playtime, 1992 – an incomplete selection of tracks from the Rough Trade era.)
 * A Darker Bloom (CD, Cherry Red, 2002 – an incomplete selection of tracks from the Rough Trade era, with a few later singles appended.)
 * From Severe To Serene (CD, LTM, 2003) – the complete Peel sessions, Thirst's 12" EP recorded for Rough Trade and various live tracks.)
 * Awefull (LP / CD, Tiny Global Productions, 2016 – the complete Rough Trade singles, plus rarities.)

Live albums

 * Blue Orchids Bomb Manchester! / Bomb Hamburg! (2xCD, Tiny Global Productions, 2016 – two complete live shows, from 1981 and 1985 respectively.)

Singles and EPs

 * "The Flood" / "Disney Boys" (7", Rough Trade, 1980, no. 36)
 * "Work" / "The House That Faded Out" (7", Rough Trade, 1980, no. 21)
 * "Agents of Change EP" (12" EP, Rough Trade, 1982, no. 12)
 * "Sleepy Town" / "Thirst" (12" EP, Racket Records, 1985, no. 22)
 * "Riding The Times EP" (by Thirst) (12" EP, Rough Trade, 1987)
 * "Diamond Age" / "Moth" (12" 45, As/Is, 1991)
 * "Secret City EP" (CD EP, Authentic Records, 1992)
 * "Slum-Cavern-Jest! EP" (CD EP, Blind Eye, 2005 – privately pressed EP, now mostly available as part of "The Battle of Twisted Heel" and credited to Martin Bramah.)
 * "Skull Jam EP" (Limited Edition 10" EP, Tiny Global Productions, 2017)
 * "Overreactor / Music Of A Werewolf" (Download single, Tiny Global Productions, 2024)

Performances with Nico

 * 18 January 1982	The Venue	London
 * 25 February 1982 Vera, Groningen Netherlands
 * 4 October 1982	Stakladen	Aarhus, Denmark
 * 5 October 1982	Saltagertet	Copenhagen, Denmark
 * 6 October 1982	Club Paramount	Roskilde, Denmark
 * 8 October 1982	Kamraspalatset	Stockholm, Sweden
 * ? October 1982   Turku, Toimiupseerikerho, Finland
 * 5 December 1982	Cologne	Germany
 * 12 December 1982	Paris	France

title: Blue Orchids


text: Category:Age of Discovery

title: Category:Age of Discovery


text:
Warped Passages

Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions is the debut non-fiction book by Lisa Randall, published in 2005, about particle physics in general and additional dimensions of space (cf. Kaluza–Klein theory) in particular. The book has made it to top 50 at amazon.com, making it the world's first successful book on theoretical physics by a female author. She herself characterizes the book as being about physics and the multi-dimensional universe. The book describes, at a non-technical level, theoretical models Professor Randall developed with the physicist Raman Sundrum, in which various aspects of particle physics (e.g. supersymmetry) are explained in a higher-dimensional braneworld scenario. These models have since generated thousands of citations.

Overview
She comments that her motivation for writing this book was her "thinking that there were people who wanted a more complete and balanced vision of the current state of physics." She has noticed there is a large audience that thinks physics is about the bizarre or exotic. She observes that when people develop an understanding of the science of particle physics and the experiments that produce the science, people get excited. "The upcoming experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva will test many ideas, including some of the warped extra-dimensional theories I talk about." Another motivation was that she "gambled that there are people who really want to understand the physics and how the many ideas connect."

Background
Randall is currently a professor at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, focusing on particle physics and cosmology. She stays current through her research into the nature of matter's most basic elements, and the forces that govern these most basic elements. Randall's experiences, which qualify her as an authority on the subject of the book, are her original "contributions in a wide variety of physics studies, including cosmological inflation, supersymmetry, grand unified theories, and aspects of string theory". "As of last autumn, she was the most cited theoretical physicist in the world during the previous five years." In addition her most recent work involved extra dimensions.

Her background research for the book, on the theories and experiments of extra dimensions and warped geometries, was published in the peer-reviewed Science magazine in 2002.

Similar books on dimensions

 * Flatland, a book by Edwin A. Abbott about two- and three-dimensional spaces, to understand the concept of four dimensions
 * Sphereland, an unofficial sequel to Flatland
 * Hiding in the Mirror by Lawrence Krauss

title: Warped Passages


text:
User:Mike1024/gallery

Photos
Newest to oldest, or maybe the opposite...

Not Photos
Image:Sunday times front cover scanned low resolution.png - The Sunday Times (UK) (note: funny copyright)

Image:MS excel 97 on windows xp screenshot.png - Excel 97 screenshot.

Image:MATLAB screenshot showing sobel filtering of bitmap graphics.png - MATLAB (Note: screenshots may have funny copyright situations)

Image:MATLAB_Simulink_screenshot_showing_thermostat_demo_simulation.png Simulink (Note: screenshots may have funny copyright situations)

Image:ImageReady_CS2_screenshot.png - Adobe ImageReady (Note: screenshots may have funny copyright situations)

Image:Freenet screenshot the freedom engine jan06.png - Freenet web page screenshot.

Geneva Mechanism - Now a Featured Picture. W00t!

title: User:Mike1024/gallery


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lee Stone (porn star)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. – Rich Farmbrough 19:42, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Lee Stone (porn star)
Not a encyclopedia article --Mosesofmason 14:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rewrite. The current contents read like an advertisement. Was this written by Lee Stone himself? — J I P | Talk 14:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. advertising. may also be copyvio --Inteloutside 15:03, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio. I've marked it as such. Pburka 17:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite and Keep as there are plenty of other porn stars on Wikipedia why delete just this one? CambridgeBayWeather 05:47, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As this article currently stands, it's a mess -- but a fixable mess. This version is the copyright violation -- which should be promptly handled with a delete & replace by a later version. (Let's get that information out of the history logs.) However, this later version is nothing more than a list of Stone's vital statistics & some of the movies he's appeared in -- although the photo may be a copyvio, that's another topic. Assuming this vote concerns the later version, I believe it should be labelled, & the information put into grammatical sentences. -- llywrch 23:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per llywrch. Copyvio problems appear to be resolved.  Article is now legit and just needs to be cleaned up and wikified.  Psy guy (talk) 03:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per llywrch. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-10-5 T 01:20:50 Z
 * Keep per Llywrch. C HAIRBOY (☎) 21:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.