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Hurricane Vince

Hurricane Vince was an unusual hurricane that developed in the northeastern Atlantic basin. Forming in October during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, it strengthened over waters thought to be too cold for tropical development. Vince was the twentieth named tropical cyclone and twelfth hurricane of the extremely active season.

Vince developed from an extratropical system on 8 October, becoming a subtropical storm southeast of the Azores. The United States National Hurricane Center (NHC) did not officially name the storm until the next day, shortly before Vince became a hurricane. The storm weakened at sea and made an extremely rare landfall on the Iberian Peninsula as a tropical depression on 11 October. Vince was one of only three tropical or subtropical cyclones to do so, alongside the 1842 Spanish hurricane and Subtropical Storm Alpha of 2020. It dissipated over Spain, bringing much-needed rain to the region, and its remnants passed into the Mediterranean Sea.

Meteorological history
On 5 October, an operationally unnamed subtropical storm which had gone unnoticed by the NHC was absorbed by a temperate frontal low, which was moving to the southeast over the Azores. The low pressure system gained a more concentrated circulation and lost its frontal structure after absorbing the subtropical storm. The developing system became a subtropical storm itself early on 8 October, 930 km southeast of Lajes in the Azores. However, the NHC decided not to name the system Vince at the time, because the water temperature was too low for normal development for a tropical cyclone. The storm gradually gained the tropical characteristics of symmetry and a warm inner core and became a tropical storm the next day. Its transformation to a tropical system occurred over water cooler than 24 °C, much colder than the 26.5 °C usually required for tropical development.

Soon after it became a tropical storm on 9 October near Madeira, with a ragged eye already present, the NHC officially named it Tropical Storm Vince and began to issue advisories. At the time there was some uncertainty as to whether Vince was tropical or subtropical but, in his post-season analysis, forecaster James L. Franklin of the NHC conceded that Vince had formed as a subtropical storm and had evolved into a tropical storm before it was named. The storm's ragged eye quickly solidified and contracted into a "bona fide" eye with a diameter of 25 km. This increase in organization was accompanied by strengthening, and Vince reached its peak strength as a hurricane with 120 km/h winds later that day. The NHC forecasters decided that "if it looks like a hurricane, it probably is, despite its environment and unusual location".

Hurricane Vince's impressive organization was very short lived as westerly wind shear began to erode the eye within hours. In response, the storm weakened to a tropical storm shortly thereafter. A broad low-level trough approached the storm from the northwest, pulling the convection northward as the storm's low-level center accelerated eastward. On 10 October, two brief bursts of convection surprised forecasters, but with the sea surface temperature as low as 22 °C, the flares were not sustained. Vince continued to weaken as it approached the Iberian Peninsula and became a tropical depression on 11 October, shortly before it made landfall near Huelva, Spain. The fast-moving tropical depression quickly dissipated over land. Its remnants moved across southern Spain, dumping rain on the drought-ridden region, and moved into the Mediterranean Sea south of Alicante in the early hours of 12 October.

Preparations and impact
The Spanish Center for Emergency Coordination declared a rain pre-emergency for the province of Castellón in the anticipation that Hurricane Vince would bring rains capable of flooding. The Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM) issued a bulletin that warned of a 40% chance of flooding. Four Spanish autonomous communities (Asturias, Catalonia, Castile and León, and Galicia) issued flood warnings, and Canarias issued a wind warning. Spanish fishing fleets off the Andalusian coast returned to port and weathered the storm on their moorings rather than in the open ocean.

Spain's population, which had been battling fires after a record breaking summer drought, welcomed the rains brought by Vince's remnants. In two days the storm brought more rain to the province of A Coruña than had fallen all summer, easing the sinking water levels in provincial reservoirs, but also causing traffic jams and minor floods. In Córdoba province, the A-303, A-306 and CO-293 roads were partially flooded but "passable with caution". Municipal roadworks on La Ronda de Poniente, a major traffic artery connecting the city to nearby motorways, were flooded and partially destroyed. The entrance of the University of A Coruña was temporarily blocked by flood waters on 11 October, and a nearby roundabout was submerged. These damages were minor, and no fatalities were reported. The highest winds reported on land were 77 km/h at Jerez, Spain, although some ships recorded stronger. Vince was comparable to normal rain events from temperate systems, with only 25 to 50 mm of rain falling. Through a play on words of a song in the musical My Fair Lady, National Hurricane Center forecaster James Franklin in the Tropical Cyclone Report for Vince wrote, "the rain in Spain was mainly less than 2 in, although 3.30 in fell in the plain at Córdoba."

Records and naming
Subtropical Storm Vince formed in an unusual location in the far-eastern Atlantic, and developed into a hurricane farther east than any other known storm at the time, at 18.9° W. This record was broken by Hurricane Pablo in 2019, at 18.3° W. The National Hurricane Center declared that Vince was the first tropical cyclone on record to have made landfall on the Iberian Peninsula. Historical documents, however, suggest that a possibly stronger tropical storm or hurricane struck the Iberian Peninsula on 29 October 1842.

When Vince formed on 8 October it marked the first time in recorded history that a 21st tropical or subtropical storm had ever developed within a single Atlantic hurricane season. The previous record of 20 storms was set by the 1933 season. Hurricane Vince was also the first named "V" storm in the Atlantic since naming began in 1950. It would be 15 years until another season would have a V-named storm – Tropical Storm Vicky in 2020 and also Tropical Storm Victor in 2021. Tropical Storm Wilfred bested Vince as the earliest 21st named storm in a season, forming 20 days earlier.

title: Hurricane Vince


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Talk:Proedriki Froura

Merge Evzones / Proedriki Froura
Given that Evzones and Proedriki Froura refer to the same entity, at different times, and the articles a short enough to merge, I think they could fit well in a single article. Unless it is expected that both will shortly grow substantially. Nabla 22:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. They should be merged.--Astavrou 14:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support.Agreed they should be merged soon
 * Support. Also, thanks to Astavrou for his corrections.  --Jpbrenna 18:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Keep the united article under the name "Evzones"--Jsone 22:07, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, also agree with Jsone, regarding the name. Michalis Famelis 15:09, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge was performed with Evzones.--FocalPoint 16:52, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Fez is wrong etymology. The cap is named Phareon.
Having served the presidential guards myself this is the first thing that a new recruit has to know. The fez was adopted by the Ottomans which were the main enemies of the evzones. It is not allowed to anyone to call the evzones' cap as a fez in the guard. It is totally inapropriate. A new recruit would receive severe punishment for calling the phareo as a muslim fez. Please correct soonest. (by Astavrou 2005-10-06 15:06:33)
 * I used most of your text here in the Uniform section. Please check. Nabla 14:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Proedriki Froura


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Ghormley

 Ghormley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * N. Rex Ghormley (1941–2009), American optometrist
 * Robert L. Ghormley (1883–1958), US Navy Admiral
 * Timothy F. Ghormley, US Marine Corps Major General

title: Ghormley


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Talk:Coupure

Counterscarp or Coupure
http://www.angelfire.com/wy/svenskildbiter/madict.html has counterscarp defined as:
 * Counterscarp: The outer side of a ditch of a fortification, in some permanent fortifications it was faced with stone to make entering and retreating from the ditch more hazardous.

This is my understanding of the term. Is there more than one meaning, or is the present entry wrong? --Shoka 22:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Read the article on the siege of Limerick.

 * Coupure: (1) An entrenchment made by the besieged behind a breach in the defences. (2) A passage through the glacis to allow the defenders to sally forth to attack an approaching enemy force. (Fr. couper, to cut).

would seem to describe the situation more accurately. Where did the description of the works as a counterscarp come from?--Shoka 23:19, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

I wrote this article after comming across the term for the palasade built at the siege of Limerick. I can not find the web page where I saw it, but here is another reference which uses the term for the siege of Clonmel
 * Cromwell ordered up the battering guns, breached the wall, and made it assaultable for horse and foot. O'Neill, however, lost no time in causing a counterscarp and a ditch to he made right opposite the breach, and he also threw a strong body of musketeers into the houses lying near the wall, who opened a galling fire on the enemy as they advanced. The assault now began in right earnest, the Cromwellians never thinking of the ditch and counterscarp which barred their progress, and so valiantly did the Irish behave on that awful night that they three several times beat back their assailants with terrible carnage. Resolved, however, to win or lose all, Cromwell poured his masses pell-mell into the breach, the hind ranks pushing those that went before them into the ditch, where they were slaughtered without mercy for fully four hours.

If one uses the term "scarp" (as in "scarp slope", the leading edge of escarpment) to mean the wall of a fortress then I suppose one can have a counterscarp either side of the wall. I would agree with you that usually they are placed on the outside for obvious reasons. I think we should move this article to Coupure, although it is not very often used as an expression on the net for such a defensive construction. --Philip Baird Shearer 13:58, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

I guess that makes a concensus of two... Thanks --Shoka 21:51, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coupure


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Talk:Evzones

Merge Evzones / Proedriki Froura
Please see: Talk:Proedriki Froura. Nabla 22:57, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Unit Badge/Emblem
Does anyone have a graphic of the Presidential Guard unit patch? Dragases 06:28, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Tsoliades
I recall someone mentioning to me that the term "Tsoliades" comes from the word "Tsolia" (Τσόλια), meaning "rags" (probably in reference to the ragged appearance of the klephts during the Greek War of Independence). The origin of this word doesn't sound Greek - possibly Albanian or Turkish? I haven't been able to find a reference to it anywhere. Dragases

 * I removed the link to Tsoliades as it just redirects back here. 71.253.50.70 (talk) 22:51, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

I would really like you guys to see a Greek documentary called "1821 Skai" in you tube, then you can add a word or two about the Albanian origin of Fustanela that was wore by the Arvanites during the War of Independence. This would most likely bring the truth out, and serve as recognition of Albanian culture contribution in the modern Greek state... thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.106.109.89 (talk) 17:10, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm all for recognizing Arvanite cultural influences on Greece (extremely so). But the documentary you mention has become infamous for the political/ideological leanings of its producers and the people they used as sources. Please don't rely on it here as some kind of definitive account of history. In answer to the original question, I see that there is some disagreement in the Greek Wikipedia page about the word tsoliades. One editor explains what I've always believed to be true: that tsolia comes from the Turkish çul and means "rags". According to that editor, this was the slang that the Turks called the klephts because of the tatters of their clothes. The othe etymology given (and one that I've never heard before) is that tsoliades comes from stoliades, meaning "people wearing a uniform". Supposedly this was the name given to the soldiers who wore the uniforms that King Otto imported. 69.196.154.93 (talk) 01:00, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for confirming the "rags" origin of the word - I'm inclined to believe this etymology. As far as the Albanian origin of the fustanella goes, recent research reveals it goes further back in time than the appearance/rise/arrival of the Albanian people in the region. In my opinion, the Tosk settlers in Greece played a big part in popularising it on the peninsula during the Ottoman period, but there is evidence (as outlined in the foustanella article) that it was in common use amongst the Greeks long before the Albanians "introduced" it.Dragases (talk) 15:21, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Height requirements
It's well known they only take into their ranks the tallest people, 1.90m and above or something.  f s  14:39, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * In 1994, the minimum height requirement was 1.86 meters; not sure if this has changed since then. Another misconception is that the Evzones are just ceremonial troops. The Presidential Guard is a primarily ceremonial unit, but all Evzones are infantrymen who must have at least 6-8 months deployment with an operational (i.e. combat) unit before being allowed to join.Dragases (talk) 04:48, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Marching
It is not correct to say that the Evzones always march in slow time. Their movements when on guard are performed in slow time, but they march at normal infantry pace.

Ben.hastings (talk) 17:07, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

 * That's not actually true. Their normal march is slower than normal infantry pace, which is why they are generally placed at the beginning or end of a parade. I think they've modified their pace at times, but generally it's a slow one. I can't find a reference with the number just now. 69.196.154.93 (talk) 01:05, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Evzones


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Borderlands line

The Borderlands line (Llinell y Gororau or Lein y Gororau), also known as the Bidston–Wrexham or Wrexham–Bidston line, is a railway line between Bidston on the Wirral Peninsula in England and Wrexham Central in the north-east of Wales. Passenger train services are part of the Wales & Borders franchise and are operated by Transport for Wales Rail. The line connects to the Merseyrail network at Bidston, the North Wales Coast Line at Shotton and the Shrewsbury–Chester line at Wrexham General. Parts of the line in Wales are used by freight trains, serving Deeside Industrial Park and the Hanson Cement works to the south of Buckley.

The line is part of Transport for Wales' North Wales Metro improvement programme and is also referred to in England as the Mid Wirral line as part of the line runs in the middle of the Wirral peninsula.

The line is operated by the Class 230 and the Class 197.

There have been various proposed strategies for the line to be fully or partially integrated with the electrified Merseyrail network to increase services towards Liverpool. Past proposals for electrification on the line were deemed unfeasible due to costs. The potential introduction of Merseyrail's Class 777 on the line, could potentially expand services on the line, into Liverpool.

Freight services
The line is used by freight trains at its southern end in Wales, serving Deeside Industrial Park and the Hanson Cement works south of Buckley. Amongst the biggest users of freight was the Shotton steelworks which received imported iron ore from Birkenhead's Bidston Dock, until the closure of the steelworks in 1980.

Passenger rail franchise
Upon privatisation, passenger services were transferred from Regional Railways to North West Trains, later known as First North Western. In 2003, a review led to the creation of the All-Wales Franchise, meaning services were transferred to Wales & Borders Trains. Arriva Trains Wales succeeded Wales & Borders on 8 December 2003, and operated all passenger services on the line until October 2018. From then on KeolisAmey Wales (trading as Transport for Wales) began its franchise until February 2021, when publicly-owned Transport for Wales Rail took over. Potential electrification plans could see the line transfer to Merseyrail.

Passenger services
Transport for Wales is currently the only passenger train operator on the line. There are proposals for Merseyrail to fully or partly operate on the line.

In their December 2021 to May 2022 timetable, Transport for Wales operated 1 train per hour (tph) Monday to Saturday, and on Sundays services were mainly hourly with some every 1 hour and 30 minutes. Not all services terminated at Wrexham Central, some terminated at Wrexham General to enable cab cleaning, service turnaround time, or recovering delays. In the May to December 2022 timetable, the frequency remained at mainly 1tph, with all but the first morning and last evening service on weekdays, and two morning and two evening services on Sundays, stopping at Wrexham Central.

There are three interchange stations on the line, connecting to other railway lines and services, they are (north to south):
 * Bidston, for Merseyrail services to West Kirby, and Liverpool Central.
 * Shotton, for services along the North Wales Coast Line between Chester and stations in north-west Wales such as Llandudno Junction and Holyhead.
 * Wrexham General, for services along the Shrewsbury–Chester line from Chester southwards to Shrewsbury.

Holders of the Concessionary Travel Pass resident in Wrexham and Flintshire can travel free along part of the line, from Wrexham Central to Hawarden Bridge. Holders of the Merseytravel Concessionary Travel Pass can travel free along the section of the line that runs through Merseyside, from Heswall to Bidston.

In December 2021, more than 500 people signed a Change.org petition calling for a direct service between Heswall and Liverpool.

The line is designated as a community rail partnership.

In June 2023, following a deterioration of services on the line in Spring 2023, which led to some services being suspended after Transport for Wales removed trains on the line to use them on other parts of their network. Transport for Wales committed to improve services on the line, with Lee Waters, Welsh minister responsible for transport, apologising for the issues. The Class 230s were introduced in April 2023, however they were not running on-time and experiencing "teething" problems.

Recent service developments
It was initially proposed in 2018, that Transport for Wales would double the line's frequency to 2tph, starting from December 2021, using the newly-introduced Class 230 trains. However in September 2021, this was delayed to May 2022. In May 2022, the planned timetable with the increased service was revised with the additional services removed, therefore any increase in frequency was scrapped for May 2022 and remained largely unchanged from the existing timetable remaining at roughly 1tph until December 2022.

In March 2021, Transport for Wales pledged to Flintshire councillors that the line's services would increase to 4tph and extend into Liverpool. The line's ageing track and signalling would also be replaced to allow for faster and more frequent trains. TfW also pledged to upgrade the facilities at the "fairly basic" stations on the line.

GB Railfreight (GBRf) operate freight trains to Hanson Cement near Penyffordd. GBRf formally objected to the increase in passenger train services on the line as it would conflict with the freight operator's new daytime freight traffic to and from Padeswood. The operator claimed that the new freight service would block the northbound line between Penyffordd and Buckley for 30 minutes due to the splitting of trains into and out of the short sidings.

Both TfW and GBRf have applied to the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) for use of capacity on the line. Transport for Wales Rail was seeking for the additional firm rights to operate a 2tph service on the line. Analysis by Network Rail taken in June 2020 concluded that a 2tph service could not be operated regularly in conjunction with freight services, therefore they would not support the awarding of Access Rights to TfW. Local councillors in Wrexham and the Wrexham-Bidston Rail Users' Association have voiced concerns that the conflicting applications could jeopardise the planned increase in frequency to 2tph.

On 30 November 2022, the ORR approved TfW's 2tph passenger service increase.

Infrastructure history
The southern part of the line was built by the Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway (WMCQR) in 1864 and the northern part by the North Wales and Liverpool Railway, a joint committee of the WMCQR and the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway in 1896. The North Wales and Liverpool Railway northern terminus was at Bidston with the southern terminus at Hawarden Bridge Both railways were acquired by the Great Central Railway on 1 January 1905.

Two Wirral stations on the line closed in the 1950s; Storeton in 1951 and Burton Point in 1955. No trace of the station at Storeton remains, yet Burton Point station is still almost entirely intact, the station buildings currently forming part of a garden centre. Further south, the high level platforms of Hope Exchange closed in 1958.

The northern terminal of the Borderlands Line has been at four different stations at various times: Bidston, Birkenhead North, Birkenhead Park (briefly in the late 60s), New Brighton and Seacombe.

Development
The doubling of the journey frequency on the line is one of the aims of the Growth Track 360 group, a consortium of business, politicians and public sector leaders. The group aims to improve transport and create jobs in the North Wales, Merseyside and Cheshire area over the next 20 years. During the 2017 Autumn budget, Chancellor Philip Hammond stated that part of the additional £1.2 billion funding Wales was receiving would be used to look into proposals to improve journey times on the line and developing a business case.

In October 2019, Transport for Wales announced £280,000 have been allocated to revamp stations along the line in north Wales and Merseyside, as part of TfW's £194 million station improvement programme.

Proposed new stations
New stations at Deeside Industrial Park, Woodchurch and Beechwood have been proposed. The route was mentioned in Merseytravel's proposed 30-year plan of 2014.
 * "New stations at Beechwood and Woodchurch in Birkenhead (the latter "would be around junction 3 of the M53, the Prenton/Oxton side") and Deeside Industrial Park. These changes would "Incorporate the line into the Merseyrail Wirral line to provide direct connectivity with Liverpool city centre."

The draft of the Network Rail Welsh Route Study in March 2015 contained several suggestions for improving services on the line, including:.
 * Replacing the High and Low levels at Shotton station with a dedicated interchange station, improving connectivity between the North Wales Coast Main Line & the Borderlands line
 * The removal of level crossings to improve line speed.

Proposed electrification
There have been proposals for the full or partial electrification of the line since 1999 with participation of Merseytravel and the devolved institutions in Wales. Such electrification is usually intertwined with proposals for the full incorporation of the line into the electrified Merseyrail network, allowing for services from either Wrexham Central or partway along the line to travel all the way to Birkenhead and Liverpool Central.

In 2008, a Network Rail study estimated the cost for third-rail electrification of the entire line to be £207 million. To lower costs, Merseytravel suggested overhead-wire electrification as an alternative, bringing estimates down to £66 million. However, this would mean trains running between Wrexham and Liverpool would have to be compatible with both electric systems, therefore incompatible with the third-rail only trains in use at the time.

There is political support to electrify the line from both Welsh and Merseyside authorities, however the responsibility of rail infrastructure lies with the UK Government's Department for Transport. The Welsh Government aims to increase services between North Wales and Merseyside, in particular Wrexham and Deeside with Liverpool and Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Whereas Merseyside authorities would like to increase services to stations on the line on the Wirral Peninsula in particular, as well as the rest of the line.

In 2016, a working group had been set up to examine improving the line, including proposals to increase the frequency of trains on the line. It is hoped that an increase in the number of passengers would improve the case for electrification.

Alternatives to electrification
In 2017, Merseyside councillor Liam Robinson, stated that passenger use on the line had increased 75% over the previous decade but electrification was still a long-term aspiration. He also stated that the new Class 777 rolling stock, which can operate on overhead wires, third rail or batteries was being procured for Merseyrail, which could be utilised to run on the line. The Class 777 trains could extend the line into the Liverpool and Birkenhead tunnels and stations.

Welsh Government minister, Lee Waters, revealed in April 2023 that Transport for Wales have a Memorandum of Understanding with the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority to work collaboratively to increase connectivity between the two regions.

Rolling stock
The line is traditionally operated with Class 150 DMUs. Bi-modal battery electric diesel Class 230s for Transport for Wales entered passenger service on the line on 3 April 2023. They were originally set to enter service in May 2022 in conjunction with a possible increase in service frequency. On 24 May 2022, Class 197s were tested on the line, despite being initially excluded. On 1 July 2022, TfW announced that the Class 197s would be used on the line. The long-delayed 230s had its staff training suspended following a battery-related incident in April 2022, TfW stated they had targeted a late 2022 introduction as they aimed to restart the 230s' staff training programme in August 2022.

Battery trains
It had been proposed to use trains that receive energy from batteries and an electric pick-up on both unelectrified and electrified sections of the track. This would reduce the need for full line electrification.

A trial of a converted Electrostar train using energy from overhead wires and batteries when on non-electrified sections of track was undertaken in January and February 2015 on the Mayflower line. The train travelled up to 60 miles on energy stored in the batteries also recharging the batteries via the overhead wires when on electrified track, at stations and via brake regeneration. A month later in March 2015, the introduction of battery powered trains was proposed for the Borderlands line by Network Rail.

The Network Rail document suggested that consideration had been given to electrification and to extending the terminus from Bidston further into Birkenhead for greater connectivity. However these options were expressed as offering low value for money. The document proposes that using battery powered rolling stock precluding full electrification of the line, provides a cheaper method of increasing connectivity and extending the service into the electrified Birkenhead and Liverpool sections of the Wirral line. From the document:
 * "In the longer term, potential deployment of rolling stock with the ability to operate on battery power for part of their journey may provide the ability in an affordable manner to improve the service offering between the Wrexham – Bidston route and Liverpool."

Class 230
It was announced in June 2018 that refurbished Class 230 trains, which use former London Underground D78 Stock train bogies and aluminium bodyshells with battery power plants and a diesel engine as a failsafe, were to be introduced between Wrexham and Bidston. Initially hoped for a mid-2019, then a December 2019 introduction, the trains were delivered by Vivarail to Transport for Wales in July 2020. The trains were later passed for passenger use for a 2020 introduction, but delayed initially to May 2022. In July 2021, one unit caught fire near Wrexham Central. In April 2022, Transport for Wales stated it continued to aim for a May 2022 introduction, but by mid-May, no Class 230 trains were introduced and the extra services planned to use Class 230s were later removed from the May 2022 timetable. Transport for Wales states that earlier delays to the introduction of the new trains were due to (aside the COVID-19 pandemic) "technical issues" such as fires on some of the tested trains and battery-related issues (such as a battery-related "thermal" issue in April 2022) impacting staff training, with the sheer length of a pause in training meant staff would have to re-do training. A social media interaction on Twitter resulted in Transport for Wales' Twitter manager stating that the trains are set to be introduced "in the next year" (2023). Deeside.com and Wrexham.com, local news websites, stated there is speculation that Transport for Wales have bought or leased Class 150s from another train operating company for the planned increase in services on the line.

The trains were scheduled to start operating on the line in May 2022, however, on 24 May 2022, the new Class 197s were spotted for compatibility testing on the line. Class 197s were not announced to be on the Borderlands line prior to the missed May 2022 introduction of the Class 230s. Class 197s were intended to only run long-distance services on the whole Wales & Borders network, which the Borderlands line does not interact with.

On 4 July 2022, TfW admitted battery-related "thermal issues" were the cause of the train's delayed introduction. TfW stated they have largely rectified the problem. The pausing of the staff training programme for a prolonged period of time, due to the incident, has led to staff being required to redo training. The class 230 trains were introduced in fare paying service in April 2023.

Following their introduction, the trains by June 2023, were still not running to their timetabled times, experiencing "minor technical issues" and "teething" problems. This was later stated to be due to pollen blocking engine filters. Following the issues with the services, Mark Isherwood, North Wales MS, had called for an operator other than Transport for Wales to operate the line, criticising TfW's management of services on the line.

There are aspirations to extend services from Bidston onto the Merseyrail Wirral Line taking trains into the Birkenhead and Liverpool underground sections.

Class 197s
On 1 July 2022, Transport for Wales announced that the Class 197s, would be operating on the line when they are eventually introduced to the wider Wales and Borders rail network. The class were not initially announced to be operating on the line when they first entered testing in late 2021, with Transport for Wales stating, at the time, that the 230s would be the line's main rolling stock. The Class 197s were spotted for testing on the line on 24 May 2022, after the initial deadline for the 230s' May introduction had passed when the May–December 2022 timetable commenced.

Merseyrail trains
The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority announced that trials of the seven battery electric multiple unit (BEMU) versions of their new Class 777 had shown that they were capable of travelling up to 20 mi without a charge. Further trials by Stadler reached a range of 84 mi. This would allow the line to be served without the full electrification.

title: Borderlands line


text:
Battle of Bad Axe

The Bad Axe Massacre was a massacre of Sauk (Sac) and Meskwaki (Fox) Native Americans by United States Army regulars and militia that occurred on August 1–2, 1832. This final scene of the Black Hawk War took place near present-day Victory, Wisconsin, in the United States. It marked the end of the war between white settlers and militia in Illinois and Michigan Territory, and the Sauk and Fox tribes under warrior Black Hawk.

The massacre occurred in the aftermath of the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, as Black Hawk's band fled the pursuing militia. The militia caught up with them on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River. Historians have called it a massacre since the 1850s. The fighting took place over two days, with the steamboat Warrior present on both days. By the second day, Black Hawk and most of the Native American leaders had fled, though many of the band stayed behind. The victory for the United States was brutal and decisive and the end of the war allowed much of Illinois and present-day Wisconsin to be opened for further settlement.

Background
In an 1804 treaty between the governor of Indiana Territory and a council of leaders from the Sauk and Fox, Native American tribes ceded 50 e6acre of their land to the United States for $2,234.50 and an annual annuity of $1,000. The treaty also allowed the Sauk and Fox to remain on their land until it was sold. The treaty was controversial; Sauk war leader Black Hawk, and others disputed its validity because they said that the full tribal councils were not consulted and the council that negotiated the treaty did not have the authority to cede land. After the discovery of lead in and around Galena, Illinois, during the 1820s, miners began moving into the area ceded in the 1804 treaty. When the Sauk and Fox returned from the winter hunt in 1829, they found their land occupied by white settlers and were forced to return west of the Mississippi River.

Angered by the loss of his birthplace, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River into Illinois between 1830 and 1831, but each time was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called "British Band" of around 1,000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return across the Mississippi to present-day Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois Militia's actions led to Black Hawk's surprising victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the militia of Michigan Territory and the state of Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.

The period between the Battle of Stillman's Run in May and the raid at Sinsinawa Mound in late June was filled with war-related activity. A series of attacks at Buffalo Grove, the Plum River settlement, Fort Blue Mounds, and the war's most famous incident, the Indian Creek massacre, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832. Two key battles, one at Horseshoe Bend on June 16 and the other at Waddams Grove on June 18, played a role in changing public perception about the militia after its defeat at Stillman's Run. The Battle of Apple River Fort on June 24 marked the end of a week that was an important turning point for the settlers. The fight was a 45-minute gun battle between defenders garrisoned inside Apple River Fort and Sauk and Fox warriors led by Chief Black Hawk.

The next day, after an inconclusive skirmish at Kellogg's Grove, Black Hawk and his band fled the approaching militia through modern-day Wisconsin. The Sinsinawa Mound raid occurred on June 29, five days after the Battle of Apple River Fort. As the band fled the pursuing militia, they passed through what are now Beloit and Janesville, then followed the Rock River toward Horicon Marsh, where they headed west toward the Four Lakes region, near modern-day Madison. On July 21, 1832, the militia caught up with Black Hawk's band as they attempted to cross the Wisconsin River, near the present-day Town of Roxbury, in Dane County, Wisconsin, resulting in the Battle of Wisconsin Heights.

Prelude
A few hours after midnight on July 22, with Black Hawk's band resting on a knoll on the Wisconsin Heights Battlefield, Neapope, one of the key leaders accompanying Black Hawk, attempted to explain to the nearby militia officers that his group wanted only to end the fighting and go back across the Mississippi River. In a "loud shrill voice" he delivered a conciliatory speech in his native Ho-Chunk language, assuming Pauquette and his band of Ho-Chunk guides were still with the militia at Wisconsin Heights. However, the U.S. troops did not understand him, because their Sauk allies had already departed the battlefield. Following this failed attempt at peace, Neapope abandoned the cause and returned to a nearby Ho-Chunk village. The British Band had slowly disintegrated over the months of conflict; most of the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi that had joined were gone by the Battle of Bad Axe. Others, especially children and the elderly, had died of starvation while the band fled the pursuing militia through the swamps around Lake Koshkonong.

Following the engagement at Wisconsin Heights, the militia decided to wait until the following day to pursue Black Hawk. They heard, but did not understand, Neapope's speech during the night, and to their surprise, when morning arrived their enemy had disappeared. The battle, though militarily devastating for the British Band, had allowed much of the group to escape to temporary safety across the Wisconsin River. The reprieve was short-lived for many – a group of Fox women and children who attempted to escape down the Wisconsin following the battle were captured by U.S.-allied tribes or shot by soldiers further downstream. During the night, while the non-combatants escaped in canoes, Black Hawk and the remaining warriors crossed the river near present-day Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin. The band fled west over rugged terrain toward the banks of the Mississippi River, with a week's head start on the militia.

While the band fled west, Commanding General Henry Atkinson trimmed his force to a few hundred men and set out to join militia commanders Henry Dodge and James D. Henry to regroup and resupply at Fort Blue Mounds. Under the command of Atkinson, around 1,300 men from the commands of Henry, Dodge, Alexander Posey and Milton Alexander crossed the Wisconsin River between July 27–28 near present day Helena, Wisconsin. The well-fed and rested militia force picked up Black Hawk's trail again on July 28 near present-day Spring Green, Wisconsin, and relatively quickly closed the gap on the famished and battle-weary band of Native Americans. On August 1, Black Hawk and about 500 men, women, and children arrived at the eastern bank of the Mississippi, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River. On arrival, the leaders of the band, including Black Hawk, called a council meeting to discuss their next move.

First day
Near the mouth of the Bad Axe River, on August 1, 1832, Black Hawk and Winnebago prophet and fellow British Band leader White Cloud advised the band against wasting time building rafts to cross the Mississippi River, because the U.S. forces were closing in, urging them instead to flee northward and seek refuge among the Ho-Chunk. However, most of the band chose to try to cross the river.

While some of the band managed to escape across the Mississippi River that afternoon, the steamboat Warrior, commanded by Captain Joseph Throckmorton, appeared on the scene and halted the band's attempt to cross to safety. Waving a white flag, Black Hawk tried to surrender, but as had happened in the past the soldiers failed to understand and the scene deteriorated into battle. The warriors who survived the initial volley found cover and returned fire and a two-hour firefight ensued. The Warrior eventually withdrew from battle because of lack of fuel, and returned to Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.

At the time, newspaper reports stated that 23 Native Americans were killed, including one woman estimated to be 19 years old; she was shot through her child's upper arm as she stood holding the child watching the battle. Her child was retrieved by Lieutenant Anderson after the battle, and taken to the surgical tent, where the baby's arm was amputated. The child was then taken to Prairie du Chien, where he is believed to have recovered. The fight convinced Black Hawk that refuge lay to the north, not west across the Mississippi. In one of his last actions as commander of the British Band, Black Hawk implored his followers to flee with him, to the north. Many did not listen, and late on August 1, Black Hawk, White Cloud and about three dozen other followers left the British Band and fled northward. Most of the remaining warriors and non-combatants remained on the eastern bank of the Mississippi. Forces on the Warrior suffered only one casualty – a retired soldier from Fort Snelling was wounded in the knee during the fight.

Second day

At 2 a.m. on August 2, Atkinson's forces awoke and began to break camp, setting out before sunrise. They had moved only a few miles when they ran into the rear scout element of the remaining Sauk and Fox forces. The Sauk scouts attempted to lead the enemy away from the main camp and were initially successful. The combined U.S. forces fell into formation for battle: Generals Alexander and Posey formed the right wing, Henry the left wing, and Dodge and the regulars the center element. As the Native Americans retreated toward the river, the militia's left wing were left in the rear without orders. When a regiment stumbled across the main trail to the camp, the scouts could only fight in retreat and hope that they had given their comrades a chance to escape the militia, while the Sauk and Fox kept retreating to the river. However, Warrior returned after obtaining more wood in Prairie du Chien, leaving the refueling point about midnight and arriving at Bad Axe about 10 a.m. The slaughter that followed continued for the next eight hours.

Henry's men, the entire left wing, descended a bluff into the midst of several hundred Sauk and Fox warriors, and a desperate bayonet and musket battle followed. Women and children fled the fight into the river, where many drowned immediately. The battle continued for 30 minutes before Atkinson came up with Dodge's center element, cutting off escape for many of the remaining Native warriors. Some warriors managed to escape the fight to a willow island, which was being peppered with canister shot and gunfire by Warrior.

The soldiers killed everyone who tried to run for cover or cross the river; men, women and children alike were shot dead. More than 150 people were killed outright at the scene of the battle, which many combatants later termed a massacre. The soldiers then scalped most of the dead, and cut long strips of flesh from others for use as razor strops. U.S. forces captured an additional 75 Native Americans. Of the total 400–500 Sauk and Fox at Bad Axe on August 2, most were killed at the scene, others escaped across the river. Those who escaped across the river found only temporary reprieve as many were captured and killed by Sioux warriors acting in support of the U.S. Army. Sioux brought 68 scalps and 22 prisoners to the U.S. Indian agent Joseph M. Street in the weeks following the battle. The United States suffered five killed in action and 19 wounded.

Context

On August 3, 1832, the day after the battle, Indian Agent Street wrote to William Clark describing the scene at Bad Axe and the events that occurred there. He stated that most of the Sauk and Fox were shot in the water or drowned trying to cross the Mississippi to safety. Major John Allen Wakefield published an account of the war in 1834, which included a description of the battle. His description characterized the killing of women and children as a mistake:

"During the engagement we killed some of the squaws through mistake. It was a great misfortune to those miserable squaws and children, that they did not carry into execution [the plan] they had formed on the morning of the battle -- that was, to come and meet us, and surrender themselves prisoners of war. It was a horrid sight to witness little children, wounded and suffering the most excruciating pain, although they were of the savage enemy, and the common enemy of the country.'"

Black Hawk's own account, though he was not present at the battle's second day, termed the incident a massacre. Later histories continued to assail the actions of the whites at Bad Axe. The 1887 Perry A. Armstrong book, The Sauks and the Black Hawk War, called Throckmorton's actions "inhuman and dastardly" and went on to call him a "second Nero or Calligula [sic]". In 1898, during events honoring the 66th anniversary of the battle, Reuben Gold Thwaites termed the fight a "massacre" during a speech at the battle site. He emphasized this theme again in a 1903 collection of essays.

Modern-day historians have continued to characterize the battle as a wholesale massacre. Mark Grimsley, a history professor at Ohio State University, concluded in 2005, based on other modern accounts, that the Battle of Bad Axe would be better termed a massacre. Kerry A. Trask's 2007 work, Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America, points to the writings of Wakefield as evidence that delusional beliefs about doing brave deeds and magnifying manliness spurred the U.S. forces to revel in and pursue massacring and exterminating the Sauk and Fox. Trask concluded that Wakefield's statement "I must confess, that it filled my heart with gratitude and joy, to think that I had been instrumental, with many others, in delivering my country of those merciless savages, and restoring those people again to their peaceful homes and firesides," was a viewpoint held by nearly all militia members.

Aftermath
The Black Hawk War of 1832 resulted in the deaths of at least 70 settlers and soldiers, and hundreds of Black Hawk's band. As well as the combat casualties of the war, a relief force under General Winfield Scott suffered hundreds deserted and dead, many from cholera. The end of the war at Bad Axe ended the large-scale threat of Native American attacks in northwest Illinois, and allowed further settlement of Illinois and what became Iowa and Wisconsin.

The members of the British Band, and the Fox, Kickapoo, Sauk, Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi that later joined them, suffered unknown numbers of dead during the war. While some died fighting, others were tracked down and killed by Sioux, Menominee, Ho-Chunk, and other native tribes. Still others died of starvation or drowned during the Band's long trek up the Rock River toward the mouth of the Bad Axe. The entire British Band was not wiped out at Bad Axe; some survivors drifted back home to their villages. This was relatively simple for the Potawatomi and Ho-Chunk of the band. Many Sauk and Fox found return to their homes more difficult, and while some returned safely, others were held in custody by the army. Prisoners, some taken at the Battle of Bad Axe, and others taken by U.S.-aligned Native American tribes in the following weeks, were taken to Fort Armstrong at modern Rock Island, Illinois. About 120 prisoners – men, women, and children – waited until the end of August to be released by General Winfield Scott.

Black Hawk and most of the leaders of the British Band were not immediately captured following the conclusion of hostilities. On August 20, Sauk and Fox under Keokuk turned over Neapope and several other British Band chiefs to Winfield Scott at Fort Armstrong. Black Hawk, however, remained elusive. After fleeing the battle scene with White Cloud and a small group of warriors, Black Hawk had moved northeast toward the headwaters of the La Crosse River. The group camped for a few days and was eventually counseled by a group of Ho-Chunk, which included White Cloud's brother, to surrender. Though they initially resisted the pleas for surrender, the group eventually traveled to the Ho-Chunk village at La Crosse and prepared to surrender. On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk, White Cloud and the remnants of the British Band surrendered to Joseph M. Street at Prairie du Chien.

title: Battle of Bad Axe


text: Category:Companies of Albania

title: Category:Companies of Albania


text:
Berwind, West Virginia

Berwind is a town on the Dry Fork in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population is 278. The town is named for Edward Julius Berwind, owner of the Berwind Company, and was originally a company town. It was later incorporated in 1905. Berwind is the hometown of Vern Bickford, a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played with the Braves in Boston (1948-1952) and Milwaukee (1953), and for the Baltimore Orioles (1954). Berwind is also encompassed by the Berwind census designated place.

Berwind is on the Norfolk Southern Railway(former Norfolk and Western) network and the Tug Fork river.

title: Berwind, West Virginia


text:
Talk:Karimnagar

Untitled
Bold textsir, in google Earth map karimnagar has been shown in westbengal just opposit of haldia, and it uses wikipedia article. please correct it. Sharmistha1 20:26, 24 March 2007 (UTC)–Sharmistha1 20:26, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

File:Karimnagar Satellite Image.jpg Nominated for Deletion

 * need update on this as the image is still located on the page.

--RichardMills65 (talk) 01:29, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

copyediting
After reading a section of this article, it seems that the author and past editors have worked in sections of opinion statements that are not based in fact. this requires copyediting to correct. --RichardMills65 (talk) 01:31, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Karimnagar


text: Category:Telemundo original programming

title: Category:Telemundo original programming


text:
Senepol

The Senepol breed of beef cattle was developed on the Caribbean Island of St. Croix. It has long been thought that Senepol originated from just crosses between N'Dama cattle, imported in the late 19th century, and Red Poll cattle, but it is actually an admixed breed that consists of Red Poll, N'Dama, Criola and a trace amount of Zebu. The Senepol breed combines characteristics of heat tolerance and insect resistance with the docile nature, good meat, and high milk production of the Red Poll. They are polled, short haired, and colored red, black or brown.

Breed history
Being better suited to the island's climatic conditions than European breeds, it was reported that 60 heifers and two bulls of the N'Dama Petite breed were imported to St. Croix from Senegal in 1860 by George Elliot. This became the nucleus of the N'Dama cattle herd on St. Croix and by 1889, Henry C. Nelthropp, at the Granard Estates, was one of the largest N'Dama breeders with 250 purebred cattle. In 1918 Henry's son, Bromley, bought a Red Poll bull from Trinidad (which originated in England) to improve the cows' milking ability and remove their long horns. Two of this bull's sons were used as herd sires. In 1942 another Red Poll bull was purchased, this time from St. Thomas, and two locally raised purebred Red Poll cows were added to the herd.

The admixed cattle were selected for solid red color, natural polling and heat tolerance. These offspring were dispersed to four main herds on the island. The name Senepol was adopted in 1954 and a breed registry was established in the late 1960s. Aided by the United States Department of Agriculture the College of the Virgin Islands Extension Service began on farm performance testing in 1976. In 1977 22 cows were taken to the United States and the breed has since spread across the southern states. There are now more than 500 breeders with more than 14,000 registered cattle. They are also found in Australia, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Venezuela, Mexico, Paraguay, Philippines, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic.

Genetic characterization
However, genetic characterization using high throughput SNP genotyping recently demonstrated that the Senepol genome contains crosses between European taurine (such as Red Poll) with some Zebu influence. The study showed that genetic samples of Senepol DNA collected from four different regions of Venezuela contained an average of 89% European taurine ancestry (ranging from 66–95%), 10.4% Zebu ancestry (ranging from 4–33%) and 0.6% African taurine ancestry (ranging from 0–4.1%). Among the African taurine breeds is the N'Dama breed from West Africa.

Disease and insect resistance
USDA research indicates that Senepol have greater immune response when compared to other beef breeds. This is likely due to the Bos indicus influence in Senepol, and is also aided by generations of natural selection being applied on the island of St. Croix.

In the 1950s, with sugar cane becoming less economic, the United States Department of Agriculture put resources into the application of scientific breeding to Nelthropp Senepol under Richard Marshall Bond.

title: Senepol


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 October 6

Guide to deletion


text:
User talk:Belgian guru

Image:Chagos_Islands.gif
This image has no information on its source. Unless adequate source and copyright information is provided, it will be deleted on December 13. Ingoolemo talk 05:37, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Batwa People.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Batwa People.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Renata 05:44, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Belgian guru


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 October 6

Category:Acoustic guitarists

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 07:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

This category is unuseful since it is impossible to differentiate between acoustic and electric guitarists since (almost) all guitarists can lay both and often play both. There are no articles in this category, which is also uncategorized.--Carabinieri 22:15, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * moved from wrong CFD day ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  01:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not uncategorized; it has two parent cats and it has contained a couple of articles for a couple of weeks. The more specific parent is Category:Guitarists by style and its other subcats are reasonably well populated. My feeling is we should keep and populate with those who are primarily known for their acoustic play. I'm persuadable though, especially since Category:Electric guitarists is redlinked (and an alarming name). -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Siafu's reasoning is much better than mine, so Delete, per siafu. -Splash talk 00:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It seems that "style" as indicated by Category:Guitarists by style is not informed by the instrument.  Intuitively, Category:Classical guitarists would be a subcat of Acoustic, and Category:Jazz guitarists would have to be split up to fit into this or the potential Category:Electric guitarists. I'm guessing that Category:Flamenco guitarists would suffer one or the other of those fates, as well (though I have no idea if there are any Flamenco guitarists who "play the guitar electric"). siafu 04:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Motor racing circuits to Category:Motor racing venues

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 07:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

To match the terminology agreed to for its subcats (see Categories for deletion/Log/2005 September 25). -- Rick Block (talk) 14:36, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Bhoeble 19:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 20:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom and previous. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Presidents of the U.S. to Category:President of the United States

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename per Hiding. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 07:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Category is about the Position/Office/Job. It should include specific individuals (i.e. specific presidents, past & present). It also includes, however, info about the presidency. Markles 13:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Perhaps then we should create a Category:Presidential office in the United States to hold this category and remove info about the presidency from Category:Presidents of the U.S., which could then be renamed Category:Presidents of the United States. Hiding talk 18:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Hiding. -- Reinyday, 20:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What Hiding said. We should certainly have the presidents in a cat of their own. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per Hiding. - TexasAndroid 11:30, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per Hiding. Bhoeble 12:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per Hiding, though shouldn't Category:Presidential office in the United States be Category:Executive office in the United States? Or should Presidential (and VP, and Cabinet) be a subcat of Executive, Senatorial and Congressional Representative under Legislative, Supreme Court and Appelate Court under Judicial?  --Kgf0 22:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: to use the usual term, the new category should be Category:Presidency of the United States. Christopher Parham (talk) 03:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Russian fortresses to Category:Fortresses in Russia

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY RENAME per new rule #4. Splash talk 16:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to the "in" form which is standard for categories for buildings. CalJW 12:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. Hiding talk 19:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 20:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy per the new #4, I believe. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I disapprove of rule 4 and will never use it. CalJW 05:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Korean history to Category:History of Korea

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY RENAME per new rule #4. Splash talk 16:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

The content is currently at "Korean history" but I can find no previous discussion. It is true that Korea is split into two states at present (see the nominations below) but this is still more the history of a nation than of an ethnic group. I've moved it to category:History by country and I think it should use the standard format for subcategories of that category. There are only 5 other categories in Category:History by ethnic group and the groups in question are all less closely aligned with particular states than the Koreans are. The main article is History of Korea. So merge into category:History of Korea. CalJW 11:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy per the new #4. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:North Korean history to Category:History of North Korea

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY RENAME per new rule #4. Splash talk 16:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to the standard form category:History of North Korea. CalJW 10:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. Hiding talk 19:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 20:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy per the new #4. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:South Korean history to Category:History of South Korea

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY RENAME per new rule #4. Splash talk 16:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to the standard form category:History of South Korea. CalJW 10:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. Hiding talk 19:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 20:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy per the new #4. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Municipalities in the Philippines to Category:Municipalities of the Philippines

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

These are actually subdivisions, not settlements, and should therefore take the "of" form. Indeed they cover those parts of the Philippines which are not cities, so I suspect that the majority of them are rural. Having looking at many countries now, I can say that this usage of "municipality" is the usual one. In the English speaking world "municipality" is little used as an official designation, but the word is associated with urbanism. However, in the rest of the world, where the term, or its local equivalent, is widely used, there is no connection with urbanism whatsoever. Rename. CalJW 09:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. Hiding talk 19:08, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 20:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Pakistan freedom fighters

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Inherently POV. It's often said one man's freedom fighter is another's terrorist and that is the problem with this category. Not nearly objective enough to be encyclopedic. gren グレン 08:15, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Oh dear, no. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hopelessly POV. - TexasAndroid 12:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No argument. siafu 04:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Members of the U.S. House from Minnesota to Category:U.S. Representatives from Minnesota
see below

Category:Members of the U.S. House from Maryland to Category:U.S. Representatives from Maryland
see below

Category:Members of the U.S. House from Kansas to Category:U.S. Representatives from Kansas
see below

Category:U.S. Congressmen from Wisconsin to Category:U.S. Representatives from Wisconsin

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Defer to discussion. See closure note. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 21:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

These three changes are to conform to the naming convention used for the subcategories of Category:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives. If you would like to propose renaming all of the subcategories, please contribute to the discussion at Category talk:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives. Please do not propose renaming all subcategories here. Third time's the charm! -- Reinyday, 01:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I've contributed on the other page to say that they should all be expanded, and I wasn't the first to do so. I hope we can move on to expand them all shortly. CalJW 10:15, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

U.S. Representatives from _____ is the format used for nearly every state (see Category:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives by state). I created the latter not realizing the former existed, since it is not a subcategory of Category:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives. Merge Category:U.S. Congressmen from Wisconsin into Category:U.S. Representatives from Wisconsin and delete. -- Reinyday, 00:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * For all categories nominated for renaming above: shouldn't U.S. be unabbreviated? Aecis 07:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Unabbreviate all CalJW 10:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Unabbreviation is a good idea.  However, a "Member of the United States House of Representatives" is not the same thing as a "United States Representative."  A United States Representative can be someone, for example, who represents the US in foreign negotiations.  I understand that "Member of the United States House of Representatives from Foo" is clumsy, but "United States Representative from Foo" is incorrect.  Can we find a better rename? (Markles 13:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Oppose per Markles. Support renaming to Category:Foo Representatives to the United States House of Representatives It may be clunky, but it seems the shortest grammatically correct term that avoids abbreviations. I am unsure on the use of from foo as I am unsure of the possibility that a representative may be from one state but represent another. Hiding  talk 19:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose since we don't keep acronyms no matter how many times we are told the others can't be renamed (since they can and should be) and for the reasons that Markles gives. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

To continue this discussion on renaming all 50 states, please see Category talk:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives. To vote for or against making these 4 categories match the existing 46 categories, please vote below: -- Reinyday, 20:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename these 4 per nom to conform to current naming scheme. The other discussion may later yield a different rename for all the categories, but no reason why these 4 need to be different now. HollyAm 23:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Expand the acronyms and oppose and rename that does not do so. Or, alternatively, ditch this CfD, the earlier ones too and just do the job properly! Nominate all 50 in an umbrella and expand the acronyms in one fell swoop. We have bots that can deal with the outcome in a matter of an hour or two. -Splash talk 02:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This has been tried twice before, both resulting in no consensus. Hence I have proposed people discuss this issue on the talk page.  Please feel free to see the deletion logs for 06 September 2005 and  27 September 2005.  Please allow these four categories to conform to the other 46 while the other discussion is occurring. -- Reinyday, 23:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Defer as per Splash. Let's do this properly. Hiding talk 12:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Closing note Although there was a consensus to unabbrv, it would be pointless to do these now, whilest the others remains U.S. There is no consensus to change to any specific format. Please contribute to the discussion given to form a consensus, and bring back to cfd. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  21:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:History of the District of Columbia to Category:Washington, D.C. history

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

These two categories should be merged together. I don't particularly care which one is merged into the other, although Category:District of Columbia is much less populated, and was created very recently. dbenbenn | talk 00:14, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Much of the history of the city of Washington is not relevant to the history of the District of Columbia. The separate category allows inclusion of parts of Virginia in the District category without confusion with the otherwise unrelated city of Washington.  (SEWilco 02:36, 6 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Oppose: I agree with User:SEWilco's reason. As a side note, residents of DC prefer to stress the District of Columbia part of their home's name over the Washington part. Although their opinion isn't binding here (their opinion isn't even binding on their own government, but that's a different article), it should be considered. (Markles 13:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Oppose. I agree with the above reasons. Vegaswikian 01:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * OPPOSE because the history of DC is much greater than the history of Washington. We could just delete the history of Washington and merge it into the District's history cat, if you think that having two categories is too much for you.132.205.93.89 22:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Tourism in Albania

title: Category:Tourism in Albania


text:
User talk:Waynegrills

Welcome to the Wikipedia

I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

For more information click  here . You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: Sherool (talk) 11:33, 8 April 2006 (UTC). Be bold! User:Sam Spade
 * Foundation issues
 * Tutorial
 * Cleanup resources
 * Help desk
 * Five pillars

Image copyright problem with Image:Jonathon ross.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jonathon ross.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 11:33, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Julian Brazil

The article Julian Brazil has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Uncle Roy (talk) 14:27, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Waynegrills


text:
User:TranquilChaos

TranquilChaos, also known as Mars Army Propoganda Machina is the creator of the [Trueborn Project]

title: User:TranquilChaos


text: Category:Telemundo

title: Category:Telemundo


text:
User:Newbie222/Jesus Introduction

Jesus, also known as Jesus of Nazareth, also known as Jesus Christ, is Christianity's central figure, both as Messiah, and for most Christians, as God incarnate.In Islam he is regarded as one of God's most important prophets. Jesus is believed to have been born between 8 BC and 4 BC. According to the Gospels, Jesus's birth was recognized by four wise men from various places in the Middle East. Little is known about his until 33 AD and events until his death in 36 AD. This period of his life was marked by his moral teaching, parables and miracles(according to the New Testemant). According to the Biblical story of Gethsemane where Jesus prayed to God the Father knowing that he was to be crucified the next day. He sweated to the point of blood coming out which some have paralled to the known but rare medical condidition Hematidrosis. That night the Saduccees sent a small band of Roman or Jewish solidiers(its unclear which) to arrest Jesus. He was then tried in a Saducee court where it was decided he would be tried by the Roman general.

The earlier dating agrees with Tertullian (died 230) who, in Adversus Marcionem xv, expresses a Roman tradition that placed the crucifixion in the twelfth year of Tiberius Caesar. A faulty 6th-century attempt to calculate the year of his birth (which, based upon a story in the Gospel of Matthew involving Herod the Great, is now estimated from 8 BC to 4 BC) became the basis for the Anno Domini system of reckoning years (and also the chronologically equivalent Common Era system).

The primary sources about Jesus are the four canonical Gospel accounts, which depict him as a Galilean Jewish preacher and healer often at odds with Jewish authorities — who was crucified in Jerusalem during the rule of the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate. In addition to the four Gospels, a dozen or so non-canonical texts also exist, among which the Gospel of Thomas is believed by some textual critics to predate the Gospels of the traditional canon. The historicity, teachings and nature of Jesus are subject to debate. The earliest New Testament texts which refer to him are Paul's letters, which are usually dated from the mid-1st century. Paul saw Jesus only in visions, but he claimed they were divine revelations and hence authoritative. Some modern scholars hold that the works describing Jesus (primarily the Gospel accounts) were initially communicated by oral tradition and were committed to writing as soon as several decades after the Crucifixion. Some believe that these texts may not have retained the same level of historical accuracy as direct firsthand accounts written during or soon after the life of Jesus. However, some scholars argue for a high degree of historical reliability of the key New Testament events, and some also for early dates of the entire New Testament. Although the exact level of the historical accuracy contained in these texts is debated, the vast majority of scholars agree that Jesus did exist. It should also be noted that the New Testemant is believed to be written by some archaelogists, and historians by 90 A.D. while others place the completion at a later date in the 2nd century. This largely explains the differing views on the historicity because the earlier dates would bring more validity to the works than would the later date. Either way the earliest New Testement texts are closer to the supposed dates of the events than that other historical figures such as Plato.

Most Christians believe in one God that is a trinity composed of three persons, that Jesus is the second person of that trinity, and also that he is the Messiah (Greek: Christos) prophesied in the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible). Most Christians also believe that Jesus died on the cross and rose from the dead, and that through him they can be saved. Muslims believe that he was one of God's most important prophets and also the Messiah, though they attach a different meaning to this than Christians, as they do not share the Christian belief in the divinity of Jesus.

title: User:Newbie222/Jesus Introduction


text:
Diggs, Virginia

Diggs is an unincorporated community in Mathews County, in the U. S. state of Virginia.

title: Diggs, Virginia


text:
Holly White

Holly White may refer to:

 * Holly White (sociologist) (1917–1999), American sociologist and author
 * Holly White (Metal Gear), character in the video game Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
 * Holly White (Breaking Bad), character in the TV series Breaking Bad

title: Holly White


text: Template:PD-USGov-Military-Army-USACMH

title: Template:PD-USGov-Military-Army-USACMH


text: Category:Communications in Albania

title: Category:Communications in Albania


text:
Michael Smith (basketball, born 1965)

Michael John Smith (born May 19, 1965) is an American former basketball player and television commentator. During his college years, he played for Brigham Young University, where he was a consensus second team All-American. As a professional player, he spent two seasons in the NBA with the Boston Celtics and part of one season with the Los Angeles Clippers. He also spent several years playing in Liga ACB and Lega Basket. After retiring from professional basketball, he worked for several years as the television color analyst for the Los Angeles Clippers.

College career
After attending Los Altos High School in Hacienda Heights, California, Smith was a standout basketball player at Brigham Young University. He excelled in both football and volleyball before concentrating on basketball exclusively. Smith served two years (1984–86) as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in Argentina before returning to BYU to finish his collegiate basketball career. He won the WAC Player of the Year in 1988 leading the team with 679 points and 248 rebounds. He finished his collegiate career as BYU's all-time leader in rebounds (922) and second to Danny Ainge in career points (2319).

Boston Celtics (1989–1991)
Smith was selected 13th overall in the first round of the 1989 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics. He was one of the oldest players in the draft at 24 years old. At the time the Celtics were a playoff contending team. They were championship contenders a few years prior to the 1989 offseason, however the team was declining due to the age growth and injury of star player Larry Bird and the roster had been rapidly changing. The team still made the playoffs in both of the seasons that Smith played for them. In the 1990 playoffs the Celtics faced the New York Knicks. While the Celtics put up a tough fight, they eventually fell in the series-deciding game 5 and lost 3-2.

On February 4, 1990, Smith had a career high 8 assists in a 121-89 win to the Sacramento Kings.

On February 24, 1990, Smith dropped a career high 24 points in a 115-107 win over the Denver Nuggets.

On March 2, 1990, Smith had a career high 10 rebounds in a 122-110 win over the Miami Heat.

In the following season the Celtics returned to the playoffs and played the Indiana Pacers. The Celtics won the series in 5 games and faced the Detroit Pistons in the second round who beat them 4-2. Smith never made the NBA Playoffs in his career ever again.

On October 30, 1991, Smith was waived by the Celtics.

Brescia (1991–1992)
Smith moved to Italy following his departure from the Celtics. He played the following season with Brescia in Lega Basket.

Milwaukee Bucks (1992)
Smith returned to the USA and returned to the NBA briefly. On October 8, 1992, Smith signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. Smith stayed with the team for 18 days, however before the season began he was waived on October 26.

CBA (1992–1993)
Smith played in the CBA for the upcoming season, first for the Capital Region Pontiacs and later, the Oklahoma City Cavalry.

Valencia (1993–1995)
The next season, 1993–94, Smith played for Valencia Basket. He continued in Spain, playing the first part of the following season for Estudiantes.

Los Angeles Clippers (1995)
Smith left Estudiantes and the following month on February 20, 1995, he found his way back to the NBA and signed with the Los Angeles Clippers, a club he remained under contract with until September. The 30 year old played 29 games for the 1994–1995 season. The Clippers had an atrocious 17-65 season and missed the playoffs.

Gijón (1995–1996)
Smith joined ACB club Gijón Baloncesto for the following season.

Retirement
Shortly after his tenure ended with the Spanish team, Smith retired from professional basketball. He would later on pursue a career in basketball analysis/commentating.

Smith was the color analyst for the Clippers on Prime Ticket/Fox Sports West with longtime Clipper play-by-play announcer Ralph Lawler until 2017. On September 28, 2018, the Utah Jazz announced that Smith would be a studio broadcast analyst on select games.

title: Michael Smith (basketball, born 1965)


text:
Indian Navy ranks and insignia

The Indian Navy (IN), the naval component of the Indian Armed Forces follows a certain hierarchy of rank designations and insignia derived from the erstwhile Royal Indian Navy (RIN).

1947-2023
Upon the establishment of establishment of India's independence in 1947, the country became a dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations; nevertheless, the armed forces, namely, the British Indian Army (BIA), the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) and the Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) - under the helm of King George VI as the Commander-in-Chief, retained their respective pre-independence ranks and corresponding insignia.

In May 1949, Lord Mountbatten, the inaugural Governor-General of India and himself a naval officer, dispatched a note to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, titled Names and Insignia of Indian Armed Forces, containing a list of suggestions regarding the nomenclature of the armed forces that were to be enforced upon the dominion's conversion to a republic. In the note, Mountbatten proposed that the future IN should retain its predecessor's nomenclature as much as possible - advocating the retention of the RIN's ranks, insignia and uniforms; the only exemption to these retentions was the force's naval ensign, which was modified to feature the Indian tricolor as a substitute for the Union Jack. In September 1949, Nehru forwarded the proposals to the country's minister of defence, Baldev Singh, recommending Mountbatten's suggestions, which were consequently enforced upon India's emergence as a republic on 26 January 1950.

2023 modifications
In December 2022, Admiral R. Hari Kumar, the IN's Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS), proposed several alterations to the force's rank structure, namely, a proposal to drop the rank of Petty Officer and to integrate IN ranks with that of the IA and the IAF, reasoning the present rank nomenclature reflected of what was termed by several as a colonial mindset.

Following a review of the IN rank structure in October 2023, the IN announced that the rank nomenclature of the Personnel Below Officer Rank (PBOR) cadre would be revised to reflect a gender-neutral perspective. Multiple sources indicated that the seven ranks of the PBOR cadre, namely, Master Chief Petty Officer Ist Class, Master Chief Petty Officer IInd Class, Chief Petty Officer, Petty Officer, Leading Seaman, Seaman Ist Class and Seaman IInd Class, would be allotted Indian-origin names.

Consequently, the revision plan was publicized during the IN's 2023 Navy Day celebrations, when prime minister Narendra Modi announced that the rank structure's designations would be retitled with domestic names to reflect Indian-origin traditions, while the shoulder board epaulettes worn by flag officers would be altered to bear the octagonal-shaped naval crest, which had been adopted by the IN the previous year. Accordingly, the alterations to the flag officer insignia were revealed later that month; notably, other observable emendations in the new insignia included the introduction of an Indian sword-cum-telescope design in lieu of the older sword-cum-baton design and a gold button embossed with a clear anchor in lieu of a fouled anchor.

Structure
Presently, the IN's rank hierarchy is divided into three broad categories:
 * Commissioned Officers (CO)
 * Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO)
 * Non-Commissioned Officers (NCO)

Commissioned officers
(Note: Rank insignia to be altered according to IN specifications.)

Command flags
The highest rank in the IN's CO cadre is Admiral, a four-star rank, which is held exclusively by the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS). The rank was first awarded to then-Vice Admiral A. K. Chatterji in March 1968, following his appointment to the post of CNS; prior to him, CNS appointees belonged to the three-star rank of Vice Admiral. However, unlike the IA and the IAF, which both bear the honorary five-star ranks of Field Marshal (FM) and Marshal of the Indian Air Force (MIAF) respectively, the IN does not have a correspondingly recognized equivalent, as no four-star admirals were deemed for promotion to five-star rank.

Junior commissioned officer and non-commissioned ranks
Since 1950, the designation of Chief Petty Officer was the highest non-commissioned rank in IN's rank hierarchy until December 1968, when the designations of Master Chief Petty Officer I and Master Chief Petty Officer II were introduced.

title: Indian Navy ranks and insignia