text:
List of football clubs in Switzerland

This is a list of association football clubs based in Switzerland, sorted by league and division within the Swiss football league system, as of the 2024–25 season. A total of 152 clubs compete in the top five tiers of the Swiss football pyramid, divided as follows:

 * Super League (top level with 12 clubs, fully professional)
 * Challenge League (second level with 10 clubs, fully professional)
 * Promotion League (third level with 18 clubs, mixed semi-professional and amateur)
 * 1st League Classic (fourth level with 48 clubs, comprising three regional groups with 16 clubs each, mixed semi-professional and amateur)
 * 2nd League Interregional (fifth level with 64 clubs, comprising four regional groups with 16 clubs, amateur)

The Swiss football league system also includes clubs based in Liechtenstein. As of 2022, Liechtenstein has only seven clubs and no domestic league, though a domestic cup is organised annually. All clubs based in Liechtenstein therefore play in the Swiss league pyramid. Of those, only FC Vaduz competes in the fully professional levels of the Swiss league system, presently at the second level.

1. Liga Classic
Fourth level, called 1. Liga Classic, consists of three regional groups with 16 clubs. Group 1 contains teams from western Switzerland, the area called Romandy, which is generally French-speaking. Group 2 contains teams from central Switzerland, which is mostly German-speaking. Group 3 contains teams from eastern Switzerland and Liechtenstein which contains German- and Italian-speaking regions.

2. Liga Interregional
Fifth level, called 2. Liga Interregional, consists of four regional groups with 16 clubs. Group 1 contains teams from southwestern Switzerland, Group 2 contains teams from western Switzerland, Group 3 contains teams from west-central and southern Switzerland and Group 4 contains teams from northern and eastern Switzerland along with teams from Liechtenstein.

A

 * FC Aarau - Challenge League
 * FC Alle - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Arbon 1905 - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Amicitia Riehen - (2.Liga)

B

 * FC Baden - Promotion League
 * Black Stars Basel - (2. Liga)
 * Concordia Basel - Challenge League
 * Excelsior Basel - (-)
 * FC Basel - Super League
 * Fortuna Basel - (-)
 * FC Nordstern Basel - (2. Liga IR)
 * BSC Old Boys Basel - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Baulmes - 1. Liga
 * FC Bavois - Promotion League
 * FC Bazenheid - (2. Liga IR)
 * ES Belfaux - (2. Liga IR)
 * AC Bellinzona - Challenge League
 * FC Bern 1894 - (2. Liga IR)
 * Weissenbühl Bern - (-)
 * Young Boys - Super League
 * FC Bex - (2. Liga IR)
 * GC Biaschesi - 1. Liga
 * FC Biel-Bienne - Promotion League
 * Floria Biel - (-)
 * SC Binningen - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Balzers - (2. Liga IR)
 * Breitenrain - Promotion League
 * FC Brugg - (2. Liga IR)
 * SC Brühl - Promotion League
 * FC Buelach - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Bulle - Promotion League
 * SC Bümpliz78 - (2. Liga IR)
 * SC Buochs - (2. Liga IR)

C

 * Étoile Carouge FC - Challenge League
 * SC Cham - Promotion League
 * CS Chênois - 1. Liga
 * FC Chiasso - Dissolved
 * FC Chur 97 - 1. Liga
 * FC Colombier - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Cortaillod - (2. Liga IR)

D

 * SR Delémont - Promotion League
 * FC Diepoldsau Schmitter - (2. Liga IR)
 * SC Dornach - (2. Liga IR)
 * SC Düdingen - 1. Liga
 * FC Dürrenast - (2. Liga IR)

E

 * FC Echallens - 1. Liga
 * FC Emmenbrücke - 1. Liga
 * USV Eschen/Mauren - 1. Liga

F

 * FC Frauenfeld - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Freienbach - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Fribourg - 1. Liga

G

 * Le Château de Lancy Geneva - (-)
 * La Châtelaine Geneva - (-)
 * FC Geneva - (-)
 * Racing Club Genève - (-)
 * Geneva United - (-)
 * Urania Genève Sport - 1. Liga
 * FC Gingins - (3. Liga)
 * SC Goldau - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Grand Lancy - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Grand-Saconnex - Promotion League
 * FC Grenchen - 1. Liga
 * FC Gumefens Sorens - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Gspon - (-)

H

 * FC Hakoah - (5. Liga)
 * FC Herisau - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Herzogenbuchsee - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Hochdorf (-)
 * SV Höngg - 1. Liga

I

 * FC Ibach - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Iliac - (-)

K

 * SC Kriens - Promotion League
 * FC Kreuzlingen - 1. Liga
 * FC Küsnacht - (2. Liga IR)

L

 * Etoile Sporting La Chaux-de-Fonds - (3. Liga)
 * FC La Chaux-de-Fonds - 1st League Classic
 * FC Langenthal - (2. Liga IR)
 * Lausanne Football and Cricket Club - (-)
 * Montriond Lausanne - (-)
 * Racing Lausanne - (-)
 * FC Le Mont Lausanne - 1. Liga
 * Lausanne Sport - Super League
 * La Villa Longchamp Lausanne - (-)
 * Villa d'Ouchy Lausanne - (-)
 * FC Liestal - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Linth 04 - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Locarno - (2.liga IR)
 * Losone Sportiva - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Lugano - Super League
 * FC Luzern - Super League
 * FC Kickers Lucerne - (2. Liga IR)

M

 * AC Malcantone - (2. Liga IR)
 * Etoile Sportive FC Malley - 1. Liga
 * FC Martigny Sports - 1. Liga
 * FC Massongex - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Mendrisio Stabio - 1. Liga
 * FC Meyrin - 1. Liga
 * FC Monthey - 1st League Classic
 * Montreux Narcisse - (-)
 * Montreux Sports - (2. Liga)
 * FC Moutier - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Münsingen - 1. Liga
 * SV Muttenz - 1. Liga

N

 * FC Naters - 1. Liga
 * Cantonal Neuchâtel - (-)
 * FC Neuchâtel - (-)
 * Neuchâtel Xamax - Challenge League

O

 * FC Olten - 1. Liga

P

 * FC Paradiso - Promotion League
 * FC Perly Certoux - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Plan Les Ouates - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Portalban Gletterens - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Porrentruy - (2. Liga IR)

R

 * FC Rapperswil-Jona - Promotion League
 * FC Raron - (2. Liga IR)
 * SAR Rivera - (2. Liga IR)
 * CS Romontois - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Küssnacht am Rigi - (2. Liga IR)

S

 * FC Sarnen - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Savièse - (2. Liga IR)
 * Stade Lausanne Ouchy - Challenge League
 * Blue Stars St. Gallen - (-)
 * Brühl St. Gallen - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC St. Gallen - Super League
 * Servette FC - Super League
 * FC Schaffhausen - Challenge League
 * SC Schöftland - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Schötz - 1. Liga
 * Signal FC - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Sion - Super League
 * FC Solothurn - 1st League Classic
 * FC Stäfa - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Sursee - (2. Liga IR)

T

 * FC Thun - Challenge League
 * FC Thalwil - (2. Liga IR)
 * FC Tuggen - 1st League Classic
 * FC Turgi - (4. Liga)

U

 * Union Sportive Terre Sainte - (2. Liga IR)

V

 * Maison Neuve Vevey - (-)
 * Vevey-Sports - Promotion League
 * Veyrier Sports - (2. Liga IR)

W

 * FC Wädenswil - (2. Liga)
 * FC Wangen bei Olten - (-)
 * FC Wettingen - (2. Liga)
 * FC Wil - Challenge League
 * FC Winterthur - Super League
 * VFC Winterthur-Veltheim - (see FC Winterthur)
 * SC Veltheim - (-)
 * FC Töss - (2. Liga)
 * FC Wohlen - 1st League Classic

Y

 * Concordia Yverdon - (-)
 * Yverdon Sport - Super League

Z

 * SC Zofingen - 1st League Classic
 * SC Zug - 1st League Classic
 * American Wanderers Zürich - (-)
 * Anglo-American Club Zürich - (-)
 * FC Blue Stars Zürich (2. Liga)
 * FC Zürich - Super League
 * Fire Flies Zürich - (-)
 * Fortuna Zürich (-)
 * Grasshopper Club Zürich - Super League
 * FC International Zürich - (2. Liga)
 * Kickers Zürich - (-)
 * Neumünster Zürich - (4. Liga)
 * FC Seefeld Zürich - 1. Liga
 * SC Young Fellows Juventus Zürich - 1st League Classic

title: List of football clubs in Switzerland


text:
Talk:Spöl

Akua Granda/Aqua Granda
I searched the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World for the ancient name of the Spöl but no name was given for this river. I do not know where the name "Akua Granda" or "Aqua Granda" came from but this information is uncited so I will remove it.-Schnurrbart (talk) 16:43, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Spöl


text:
Talk:Fallen (Stargate SG-1)

Jonas is famed for his photographic memory. Yet he calls SIler "Tyler" and has to be corrected. Admittedly he was in a rush though.

I was under the impression that it looked more like A New Hope. LD 20:18, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed the article to reflect this. It's definitely an ANH reference. The Battle of Yavin was in ANH and the whole trench run. 87.194.96.168 23:01, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fallen (Stargate SG-1).jpg
Image:Fallen (Stargate SG-1).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:17, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fallen (Stargate SG-1)


title: User:Tfine80/Barnstars


text:
Talk:Citigroup Center

Comments
There seem to be some instances where opinion is presented instead of a NPOV. For example (highlighted in bold):

- That same year, Chase Manhattan Bank, First National's chief rival, opened its mammoth new headquarters, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, downtown, forever changing, for the worse, Lower Manhattan's romantic skyline.

- The Chase tower, however, was far better architecturally than 399 Park Avenue because of its great plaza with its sculptural tree by Dubuffet and its sunken rock garden and fountain by Isamu Noguchi and its overall, piered design.

- At first glance, the form and texture of the church appears a bit ungainly and perhaps it might have been more attractive if it had been clad in the same material as the tower, or even better, a chrome-colored surface.

I think the article would be improved if sentences such as these were either removed, or modified to represent a neutral point of view. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WJS (talk • contribs) 20:19, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Article text taken word for word from an outside Website
I did a Google search on the text of this article, and found that most of it is taken word for word from the following site:

http://www.thecityreview.com/citicorp.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by WJS (talk • contribs) 20:44, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I deleted the stuff that was stolen from http://www.thecityreview.com/citicorp.html, which also had major NPOV problems (since it was written for a totally different purpose). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.40.43.141 (talk) 01:30, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Article taken turn for worse
It is too bad that this article has gone down, although not as bad as when the City Review stuff was added. The photos of the ground floor are gone, and the general tone of the article still has a "point of view" in it. Too bad.(Gary Joseph 18:38, 19 February 2006 (UTC))

Dinosnake 01:55, 8 May 2006 (UTC) Added details of chevron functionality, clarified failure mode of building and specified construction changes were cause of problem, not LeMessurier's original design - Dinosnake, 7 May 2006

Lipstick building?
I don't think that this building is nicknamed the lipstick building. I believe that someone has confused the facts - the lipstick building, to my knowledge, is the lower, stacked, oval-shaped, red-granite building seen in the foreground of the Citi-corp picture (designed by architect Phillip Johnson)... perhaps someone could verify this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.193.167.51 (talk) 15:31, 18 March 2007 (UTC).

LeMessurier's name
Where is LeMussurier's Name? The Citicorp tower is almost synonymous with his name because he designed it and blew the whistle on himself the moment he saw it to be failing. Disaster is also known about the citicorp tower. No mention in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.76.183.42 (talk) 19:25, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Damper
'it is a concrete block that slides on a thick layer of oil and converts the kinetic energy of the building into friction' - I think this might be a bit of a misleading description, it is certainly not how I understand a tuned mass damper to work but I have no specific knowledge of this building, can anybody shed light? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.14.96 (talk) 11:25, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Citation needed
The line in the last paragraph discussing the engineering crisis, specifically the part about it being one of the most structurally sound buildings inthe world, can be found in The New Yorker article The 59 Story Crisis that is linked at the bottom of the page. The quote can be found at the end of the fifth-to-last paragraph of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.112.146.199 (talk) 22:23, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Ramones
The Ramones song references 53rd and 3rd, not 53rd and 4th where this building is situated. Though, I can imagine that one block may not make much of a difference and "53rd and 3rd" may have been chosen for lyrical reasons (to the extent that the Ramones could be considered "lyrical").63.111.32.66 (talk) 19:05, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

I don't think that being mentioned in a song really qualifies as a "notable feature" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.9.50.89 (talk) 23:24, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

New Yorker article
In the section about the engineering crisis, I question the comment that New Yorker article criticized LeMessurier. Having read the article many times, it does nothing but praise LeMessurier for his actions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.74.87.105 (talk) 13:03, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Correct address
the address is 153 E 53rd St, btw 3rd Ave and Lex. The address given on the main page would put it in the East Village, which would be overwhelmed by such a tall building ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.152.208.246 (talk) 04:12, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Church
Is that church still there, underneath the cantilevered part of the building? If not, what's there now? — howcheng  {chat} 20:33, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no move. Rough consensus that the request is premature.Cúchullain t/ c 14:38, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

Citigroup Center → 601 Lexington Ave. – Because the official name of the building is now 601 Lexington, it is a good idea to rename the article to the suggested name above as per WP:COMMONNAME. Boston Properties as even changed the URL to 601lexington.com. If you have any questions, feel free to buzz me at my talk page. Thank you! relisting Andrewa (talk) 12:57, 4 June 2012 (UTC) Fairly OddParents Freak (Fairlyoddparents1234) 21:28, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment where per commonname? WP:OFFICIALNAME just because the official name has changed doesn't mean the common name has. Can you show that the common name has changed? 70.24.251.208 (talk) 04:08, 26 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Check this out then! and this  Fairly OddParents Freak (Fairlyoddparents1234) 02:05, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
 * That doesn't show the common name changed, only that things located in the building use its street address, exactly what you would think if you were to send them a letter. See also WP:OFFICIALNAME . 70.24.251.208 (talk) 03:40, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to agree we should leave it. Even if the name changed the common name that people know it by is Citigroup center so I think it should stay with that. I would recommend creating a redirect for 601 Lexington Ave. though if it doesn't already exist. Kumioko (talk) 14:07, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Three points:
 * According to the article, the address of the building is not 601 Lexington Avenue as 70.24.251.208 asserts. —  AjaxSmack   02:07, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The Sears Tower article was moved only a few days after its renaming and this was upheld in a discussion here.
 * If this move is conducted, the target should be 601 Lexington Avenue per WP:TITLEFORMAT. The two extra characters won't strain the servers too much.
 * —  AjaxSmack  02:07, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Google Maps: 601 Lexington, NYC, street address -- This is the CitiCorp building. -- as described by its street address 601 Lexington. 70.24.251.208 (talk) 13:16, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment: The Sears Tower seems a significantly different case, this is not quite so prominent a building. But no case has been made above for or against the move IMO, and there seem a number of unresolved issues. Relisting. Andrewa (talk) 12:57, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Premature at least. The owners are negotiating naming rights, and this interim name, which isn't even the street address, is unlikely to ever gain much currency. No evidence it has. Revisit a reasonable period after the building is renamed again, if and when that happens, or in say twelve months if it doesn't (which is unlikely). Andrewa (talk) 20:13, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

I was wondering if there was any new input on the proposed title move. I think it should be the new name, 601 Lexington Avenue (Formerly Citigroup Center). I understand the above discussion (I only came here after reading this article that has no mention of the new name: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/france-s-trains-are-too-wide-6-notorious-engineering-oversights-1.2649413 ) but think the title should reflect the name of the building -perhaps with a redirect from Citigroup Center. ACanadianToker (talk) 19:56, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Roof slope
The article states "The roof of Citigroup Center slopes at a 45-degree angle because it was originally intended to contain solar panels to provide energy. However, this idea was eventually dropped because the positioning of the angled roof meant that the solar panels would not face the sun directly."

My recollection (and, alas, I've been unable to verify) is that the roof was originally intended to slope in another direction and was just an artistic feature but that the Greenie Weenies convinced Citicorp to reorient it during construction. Hence it now slopes towards the sun (not quite exactly, but about as good as you'd get in a NYC building block).

Also, the original concept wasn't for electricity generation solar cells (which were pretty rare, expensive, and less efficient back then than they are today) but for assistance with air conditioning.

Ah, a 1977 MIT study titled: "SOLAR ENERGY DEHUMIDIFICATION EXPERIMENT on the CITICORP CENTER BUILDING"

can be found at (watch for line wrap):

http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/31243/MIT-EL-77-005-03660453.pdf

I know they were considering adding these more recently but haven't been able to confirm the current status.

Anyway, I'm just wondering if the "slope change", so to speak, jogs anyone's memory. Thanks wiki-ny-2007 (talk) 16:42, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

Sentence not making sense
-Sentence doesn't make sense (under heading Sale) "Despite previously Citicorp, acquired several low-and mid-rise buildings in the area, probably just because then Chairman Walter B. Wriston surveyed the view from his windows and told someone to “get rid of those massage parlors”" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.67.138.43 (talk) 19:39, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

"Sale" section is gibberish
I've been reading, writing and speaking English for most of my life, but after reading and re-reading the "Sale" section of the article, I can't make anything of it. It appears to have been written by someone with barely any English skills, or may have been machine translated from another language. It needs severe work, or a complete re-write. However, since I can't comprehend what's written, at present I feel unable to fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hydrargyrum (talk • contribs) 06:39, 21 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't see much of an issue in that section. Can you elaborate? ACanadianToker (talk) 19:58, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Move (2)
It seems to me the article ought to be moved now to 601 Lexington Avenue; see http://rew-online.com/2016/07/28/boston-properties-to-rename-rebrand-601-lexington-avenue/, http://newyorkyimby.com/2016/05/landmarks-calendars-seven-midtown-east-buildings-for-designation.html, and more. Also, Citigroup is no longer at 399 Park Avenue and that article needs to reflect that; see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject New York City and others. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 10:45, 20 September 2016
 * PS: 399 Park Avenue has since been changed. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 10:15, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Citigroup Center. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120615204426/http://skyscrapercenter.com:80/new-york-city/citigroup-center to http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/citigroup-center/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120615204426/http://skyscrapercenter.com:80/new-york-city/citigroup-center to http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/citigroup-center/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:15, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Citigroup Center. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/citigroup-center/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110810194615/http://www.observer.com/2008/real-estate/mort-rename-citigroup-center-much-more-boring-601-lexington-ave to http://www.observer.com/2008/real-estate/mort-rename-citigroup-center-much-more-boring-601-lexington-ave
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101019232658/http://bostonproperties.com/site/properties/showproperty.aspx?sid=19&pid=43 to http://www.bostonproperties.com/site/properties/showproperty.aspx?sid=19&pid=43
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/citigroup-center

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:00, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

Diane Hartley
There should be a Wiki page about this woman: Diane Hartley. It was she who had discovered the design loads design fatality, and communicated it to the design firm (who had no choice but to act since she was capable of escalation awareness of the problem that she found. 99.42.89.21 (talk) 10:51, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I've added her name to the article body as the student whose inquiry averted a potential massive disaster. The previous version of the article claimed that "The identity of the student has been debated." However no source is provided for any current debate on the matter. A long footnote pointed out that The New Yorker in first breaking the story identified the student as male, but the author based this on LeMessurier recounting and, as the footnote points out, he later admitted he never talked to the student. Failing to acknowledge Ms. Hartley's role, which is attested to by her contemporaneous 1978 thesis and several more recent reliable sources (including the AIA Trust), without strong reliable source that there is active debate, is a violation of WP:BLP. I have also reorganized the footnote to make her role and the nature of The New Yorker's gender claim clear.--agr (talk) 16:27, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I should clarify the situation, as the person who added the sentence "The identity of the student has been debated." LeMessurier originally referred to the student as a male, and Hartley didn't come out as the student until later. In that intervening time, there was debate, which is what the footnote was referring to.
 * I do not think it's a violation of BLP to not mention Hartley's name in the prose. Usually it's the other way around - people try to add names in violation of BLP - but Hartley was also mentioned in the footnote, rather than being ignored completely. As recently as two weeks ago, someone was adding information to dispute Hartley's role in the crisis. In either case, Hartley's involvement is relatively minor in the greater context of Citigroup Center's history (despite being a major event in the engineering crisis), which was why I found it better to explain that as a footnote. Epicgenius (talk) 05:36, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for giving your reasons of the previous state of the article, but I have to disagree with your interpretation. By all accounts Hartley submitted her thesis in 1978 and it contains her calculations of higher than specified stresses in the quartering wind situation and describes her informing LeMessurier's firm and their response. She had no way of knowing the significance of her actions until many years later when the story became public. The situation in most of the the interim can hardly be called a debate; the story was a closely guarded secret until 1995 and even The New Yorker article that appeared then contained no debate, only relaying LeMessurier's statement that the student was a young man and saying that his "name has been lost in the swirl of subsequent events." The footnote discuss that and LeMessurier's later denying he actually spoke to the student. Reliable sources now credit Hartley as the student. Implying that that credit is currently in doubt without a strong reliable source is a BLP issue. I also have to take exception to the notion that her role is minor in the history of the building. Her work averted what could have been one of the worse disasters in history. Estimates at the time say a collapse of the building could have caused up to 200,0000 deaths. This is compatible to the death toll in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Her story, including her treatment, is significant well beyond the history of this one building, and I hope to add more to the article itself.--agr (talk) 23:47, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I understand your viewpoint. From this discussion, I think we should consider splitting the Citicorp Center engineering crisis to its own article. The reason why I mentioned Hartley's role was minor in the building's history was because, paradoxically, nothing happened as a result of her work. Her role was certainly important, especially in regard to the entire engineering crisis, which itself was a major event in the building's history. However, this page is also already pretty long, at 40K prose characters (of which 40% each is devoted to design and history at the moment), and I'm working to keep the page relatively balanced per the good article criteria. I'm thinking the crisis itself merits its own article, as there is a lot of detail that may be important for the crisis, yet excessive for this article. Epicgenius (talk) 00:03, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

 * That's an excellent suggestion. I still think her name should be mentioned here, but the crisis warrants a separate article and that would be the place to include her story. I'd be happy to help.--agr (talk) 01:05, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I've started a draft at Draft:Citicorp Center engineering crisis. Feel free to add on - I just took what was already in this page and added some minor details. Epicgenius (talk) 15:33, 21 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, looks good so far. I'll direct any future comments to the talk page there.--agr (talk) 14:30, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

16 years
"...the load from a 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) hurricane force quartering wind would exceed the strength of the bolted-joint chevrons. The bolts could shear and the building could collapse. Wind tunnel tests with models of Citigroup Center revealed that the wind speed required to bring down the building would occur every 16 years on average." "... the building has a tuned mass damper, which also negates much of the wind load. The damper is electrically activated, so if power failed, for example during a hurricane, the damper might not turn on,[15] and a much lower-speed wind would suffice; wind of this speed occurs on average once in 16 years."

As written, these seem to be describing two different situations: the frequency of a wind load that would sheer the bolts in general and the frequency of a load that would sheer the bolts if the damper failed. But both are given as 16 years. Either one of the figures is wrong or the section should be rewritten to make clear that the two paragraphs are actually talking about the same thing. 82.6.51.57 (talk) 19:42, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I haven't vetted the text in question yet, but the answer is in The New Yorker article cited (May 29, 1995): With the TMD operating, destructive wind speeds occur every 55 years on average.  The 16 year figure is for the TMD not operating.  BMJ-pdx (talk) 14:51, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I see that the fix has already been incorporated. BMJ-pdx (talk) 14:53, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

Is "Project SERENE" paper available?
The cited article in The New Yorker (May 29, 1995) mentions a 30-page technical document by LeMessurier on the design problems, entitled "Project SERENE", the latter being an acronym for Special Engineering Review of Events Nobody Envisioned. It was made public in 1995 (it was the source for the article in TNYer). Does anyone know of an online copy? It would make an excellent reverence. BMJ-pdx (talk) 15:35, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Done a bit of searching, and I have failed to find a copy in Google searches, Baidu searches, Jstor, Worldcat, the Wikipedia Library, the Imperial College London library, WikiBooks, and WikiSource. I suspect the physical document may exist in archives somewhere, perhaps with LeMessurier Consultants, but I'm not sure if they would be willing to upload a public copy. Liu1126 (talk) 14:37, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Citigroup Center


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ninth Day of Creation

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Consensus. I'm calling it 5-3 in favor of Deletion, which in my judgement is not consensus. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 04:09, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Ninth Day of Creation
Vanity page for book

 * Delete per nomination. - Daemon8666 20:19, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This one is close for me, but I don't think its notable enough (yet). A web search turns up about 500 hits, its Amazon sales rank is 206,000+ , and it has no google news results. --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:27, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteI think this is inappropriate for wikipedia. If this sort of shameless self-promotion disguised as information isn't nipped severely and immediately in the bud, the wikipedia will be about as informative as FOX news.
 * Don't Delete- It gives a good plot summary of the book
 * Don't Delete- It gives a good idea of the what the book is all about more so that it inferences a historical event of world history, sanitized the article so that it doesn't do any promotional thing. - xmagix (10-7-05)

 * Do not delete - state run internet police should not be allowed to censor free societies media. There is nothing wrong with the posting it is accurate and informative.  This is cutting edge SF topic with the combination of both emerging economic shifts and biotech advancements.  It is deserving of its placement not because of its demand but because of its relevancy, no different than the copy of "The Coming Plague by Laurie Garrett" has a place in the public library though it has only been signed out once.  It is precisely this kind of self promotion that makes WIKI so powerful.  Detailed essays criticizing the book can be posted and linked.  Thus creating a much more informative reading choice than you would get by simply browsing to Amazon or even the public Library.   Again large state run internet police organizations, posing as students, should not be allowed to censor or even make suggestions as to what is or is not appropriate material for WIKI. (preceding unsigned comment by  )

 * Do not delete -- the 1918 flu pandemic needs to be remembered, before it is repeated.  Very topical with the threat of new bird flus crossing over and is being linked to from news sites already.  Attention to this issue may help focus research dollars in the near future.

 * Delete. And remind people that keep votes from no-contribution anons should be deleted as well.  Bushytails 06:48, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's an informative and legitimate article on the book, therefore there is absolutely no reason to delete the page whatsoever. -- OldRight 11:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clear vanity, probably written by Leonard Crane, the book's author. Quale 23:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, Connection Books, the publisher, seems to have published only this single novel and no other books at all. This seems suspiciously like a vanity publisher as well. Quale 23:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Totally a vanity page, or otherwise a desperate marketing effort by the book's publishers/author Bwithh 23:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are various descriptions of books in this encyclopedia and this one is very detailed, which is the reason it especially should stay. -- Radicalsubversiv2 03:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The accusation that this article is a vanity page is one of the silliest things I've ever read. As mentioned above, there are many book description in Wikipedia. -- AndrewBartlett 17:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - My argument is not that no book articles belong on Wikipedia, or that all book articles on here are vanity. This particular article is the only target of my ire at all, particularly for the reasons that it is a NON-NOTABLE book, by a NON-NOTABLE publisher, and the user who created it decided to link from articles with scientific validity to this non-notable work of Fiction

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Direct stiffness method

As one of the methods of structural analysis, the direct stiffness method, also known as the matrix stiffness method, is particularly suited for computer-automated analysis of complex structures including the statically indeterminate type. It is a matrix method that makes use of the members' stiffness relations for computing member forces and displacements in structures. The direct stiffness method is the most common implementation of the finite element method (FEM). In applying the method, the system must be modeled as a set of simpler, idealized elements interconnected at the nodes. The material stiffness properties of these elements are then, through matrix mathematics, compiled into a single matrix equation which governs the behaviour of the entire idealized structure. The structure’s unknown displacements and forces can then be determined by solving this equation. The direct stiffness method forms the basis for most commercial and free source finite element software.

The direct stiffness method originated in the field of aerospace. Researchers looked at various approaches for analysis of complex airplane frames. These included elasticity theory, energy principles in structural mechanics, flexibility method and matrix stiffness method. It was through analysis of these methods that the direct stiffness method emerged as an efficient method ideally suited for computer implementation.

History
Between 1934 and 1938 A. R. Collar and W. J. Duncan published the first papers with the representation and terminology for matrix systems that are used today. Aeroelastic research continued through World War II but publication restrictions from 1938 to 1947 make this work difficult to trace. The second major breakthrough in matrix structural analysis occurred through 1954 and 1955 when professor John H. Argyris systemized the concept of assembling elemental components of a structure into a system of equations. Finally, on Nov. 6 1959, M. J. Turner, head of Boeing’s Structural Dynamics Unit, published a paper outlining the direct stiffness method as an efficient model for computer implementation.

Member stiffness relations
A typical member stiffness relation has the following general form:

where
 * m = member number m.
 * $$\mathbf{Q}^m $$ = vector of member's characteristic forces, which are unknown internal forces.
 * $$\mathbf{k}^m $$ = member stiffness matrix which characterizes the member's resistance against deformations.
 * $$\mathbf{q}^m $$ = vector of member's characteristic displacements or deformations.
 * $$\mathbf{Q}^{om} $$ = vector of member's characteristic forces caused by external effects (such as known forces and temperature changes) applied to the member while $$\mathbf{q}^m = 0 $$.

If $$\mathbf{q}^m $$ are member deformations rather than absolute displacements, then $$\mathbf{Q}^m $$ are independent member forces, and in such case (1) can be inverted to yield the so-called member flexibility matrix, which is used in the flexibility method.

System stiffness relation
For a system with many members interconnected at points called nodes, the members' stiffness relations such as Eq.(1) can be integrated by making use of the following observations:
 * The member deformations $$\mathbf{q}^m $$ can be expressed in terms of system nodal displacements r in order to ensure compatibility between members. This implies that r will be the primary unknowns.
 * The member forces $$\mathbf{Q}^m $$ help to the keep the nodes in equilibrium under the nodal forces R. This implies that the right-hand-side of (1) will be integrated into the right-hand-side of the following nodal equilibrium equations for the entire system:

where
 * $$\mathbf{R} $$ = vector of nodal forces, representing external forces applied to the system's nodes.
 * $$\mathbf{K} $$ = system stiffness matrix, which is established by assembling the members' stiffness matrices $$\mathbf{k}^m $$.
 * $$\mathbf{r} $$ = vector of system's nodal displacements that can define all possible deformed configurations of the system subject to arbitrary nodal forces R.
 * $$\mathbf{R}^o $$ = vector of equivalent nodal forces, representing all external effects other than the nodal forces which are already included in the preceding nodal force vector R. This vector is established by assembling the members' $$\mathbf{Q}^{om} $$.

Solution
The system stiffness matrix K is square since the vectors R and r have the same size. In addition, it is symmetric because $$\mathbf{k}^m $$ is symmetric. Once the supports' constraints are accounted for in (2), the nodal displacements are found by solving the system of linear equations (2), symbolically:
 * $$\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{K}^{-1} (\mathbf{R}-\mathbf{R}^o ) \qquad \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(3)}$$

Subsequently, the members' characteristic forces may be found from Eq.(1) where $$\mathbf{q}^m $$ can be found from r by compatibility consideration.

The direct stiffness method
It is common to have Eq.(1) in a form where $$\mathbf{q}^m $$ and $$\mathbf{Q}^{om} $$ are, respectively, the member-end displacements and forces matching in direction with r and R. In such case, $$\mathbf{K} $$ and $$\mathbf{R}^o $$ can be obtained by direct summation of the members' matrices $$\mathbf{k}^m $$ and $$\mathbf{Q}^{om} $$. The method is then known as the direct stiffness method.

The advantages and disadvantages of the matrix stiffness method are compared and discussed in the flexibility method article.

Breakdown
The first step when using the direct stiffness method is to identify the individual elements which make up the structure.

Once the elements are identified, the structure is disconnected at the nodes, the points which connect the different elements together.

Each element is then analyzed individually to develop member stiffness equations. The forces and displacements are related through the element stiffness matrix which depends on the geometry and properties of the element.

A truss element can only transmit forces in compression or tension. This means that in two dimensions, each node has two degrees of freedom (DOF): horizontal and vertical displacement. The resulting equation contains a four by four stiffness matrix.

$$ \begin{bmatrix} f_{x1} \\ f_{y1} \\ f_{x2} \\ f_{y2} \\ \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} k_{11} & k_{12} & k_{13} & k_{14} \\ k_{21} & k_{22} & k_{23} & k_{24} \\ k_{31} & k_{32} & k_{33} & k_{34} \\ k_{41} & k_{42} & k_{43} & k_{44} \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} u_{x1} \\ u_{y1} \\ u_{x2} \\ u_{y2} \\ \end{bmatrix} $$

A frame element is able to withstand bending moments in addition to compression and tension. This results in three degrees of freedom: horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and in-plane rotation. The stiffness matrix in this case is six by six.

$$ \begin{bmatrix} f_{x1} \\ f_{y1} \\ m_{z1} \\ f_{x2} \\ f_{y2} \\ m_{z2} \\ \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} k_{11} & k_{12} & k_{13} & k_{14} & k_{15} & k_{16} \\ k_{21} & k_{22} & k_{23} & k_{24} & k_{25} & k_{26} \\ k_{31} & k_{32} & k_{33} & k_{34} & k_{35} & k_{36} \\ k_{41} & k_{42} & k_{43} & k_{44} & k_{45} & k_{46} \\ k_{51} & k_{52} & k_{53} & k_{54} & k_{55} & k_{56} \\ k_{61} & k_{62} & k_{63} & k_{64} & k_{65} & k_{66} \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} u_{x1} \\ u_{y1} \\ \theta_{z1} \\ u_{x2} \\ u_{y2} \\ \theta_{z2} \\ \end{bmatrix} $$

Other elements such as plates and shells can also be incorporated into the direct stiffness method and similar equations must be developed.

Assembly
Once the individual element stiffness relations have been developed they must be assembled into the original structure. The first step in this process is to convert the stiffness relations for the individual elements into a global system for the entire structure. In the case of a truss element, the global form of the stiffness method depends on the angle of the element with respect to the global coordinate system (This system is usually the traditional Cartesian coordinate system).

$$ \begin{bmatrix} f_{x1} \\ f_{y1} \\ f_{x2} \\ f_{y2} \\ \end{bmatrix} = \frac{EA}{L} \begin{bmatrix} c^2 & sc & -c^2 & -sc \\ sc & s^2 & -sc & -s^2 \\ -c^2 & -sc & c^2 & sc \\ -sc & -s^2 & sc & s^2 \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} u_{x1} \\ u_{y1} \\ u_{x2} \\ u_{y2} \\ \end{bmatrix}

\begin{array}{ r } s = \sin\beta \\ c = \cos\beta \\ \end{array} $$  (for a truss element at angle β) Equivalently, $$ \begin{bmatrix} f_{x1} \\ f_{y1} \\ \hline f_{x2} \\ f_{y2} \end{bmatrix} =\frac{EA}{L} \left[ \begin{array}{c c|c c} c_x c_x & c_x c_y & -c_x c_x & -c_x c_y\\ c_y c_x & c_y c_y & -c_y c_x & -c_y c_y\\ \hline -c_x c_x & -c_x c_y & c_x c_x & c_x c_y \\ -c_y c_x & -c_y c_y & c_y c_x & c_y c_y\\ \end{array} \right] \begin{bmatrix} u_{x1} \\ u_{y1} \\ \hline u_{x2} \\ u_{y2} \end{bmatrix} $$

where $$c_x$$ and $$c_y$$ are the direction cosines of the truss element (i.e., they are components of a unit vector aligned with the member). This form reveals how to generalize the element stiffness to 3-D space trusses by simply extending the pattern that is evident in this formulation.

After developing the element stiffness matrix in the global coordinate system, they must be merged into a single “master” or “global” stiffness matrix. When merging these matrices together there are two rules that must be followed: compatibility of displacements and force equilibrium at each node. These rules are upheld by relating the element nodal displacements to the global nodal displacements.

The global displacement and force vectors each contain one entry for each degree of freedom in the structure. The element stiffness matrices are merged by augmenting or expanding each matrix in conformation to the global displacement and load vectors.

$$ k^{(1)} = \frac{EA}{L} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow K^{(1)} = \frac{EA}{L} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} $$ (for element (1) of the above structure)

Finally, the global stiffness matrix is constructed by adding the individual expanded element matrices together.

Solution
Once the global stiffness matrix, displacement vector, and force vector have been constructed, the system can be expressed as a single matrix equation.

For each degree of freedom in the structure, either the displacement or the force is known.

After inserting the known value for each degree of freedom, the master stiffness equation is complete and ready to be evaluated. There are several different methods available for evaluating a matrix equation including but not limited to Cholesky decomposition and the brute force evaluation of systems of equations. If a structure isn’t properly restrained, the application of a force will cause it to move rigidly and additional support conditions must be added.

The method described in this section is meant as an overview of the direct stiffness method. Additional sources should be consulted for more details on the process as well as the assumptions about material properties inherent in the process.

Applications
The direct stiffness method was developed specifically to effectively and easily implement into computer software to evaluate complicated structures that contain a large number of elements. Today, nearly every finite element solver available is based on the direct stiffness method. While each program utilizes the same process, many have been streamlined to reduce computation time and reduce the required memory. In order to achieve this, shortcuts have been developed.

One of the largest areas to utilize the direct stiffness method is the field of structural analysis where this method has been incorporated into modeling software. The software allows users to model a structure and, after the user defines the material properties of the elements, the program automatically generates element and global stiffness relationships. When various loading conditions are applied the software evaluates the structure and generates the deflections for the user.

title: Direct stiffness method


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Wittgenstein

A
John Addison - K. Adjukiewicz - Rogers Albritton - Samuel Alexander - Edwin Allaire - Alice Ambrose - M. Lazerowitz - Erich Ammereller - R. R. Ammerman - Alan Ross Anderson - G. E. M. Anscombe - R. Arbini - David Armstrong - B. Aune - R. Avenarius

B
N. Bachtin - G. P. Baker - T. Baldwin - Renford Bambrough - H. B. Barlow - Cyril Barrett - F. Bartlett - R. W. Beard - Robert Beard - D. Beardslee - R. A. Becher - A. C. Benjamin - J. F. Bennett - D. Berggren - Gustav Bergmann - P. Bernays - E. W. Beth - Simon Blackburn - Kenneth Blackwell - Ned Block - L. Bloomfield - E. G. Boring - O. K. Bouwsma - R. B. Braithwaite - P. W. Bridgeman - K. Britton - M. Broadbeck - R. C. Buck - J. Burnheim - J. Butler - R. J. Butler

C
E. Caird - K. Campbell - J. D. Carney - E. F. Carritt - Peter Carruthers - T. Case - Hector-Neri Castañeda - V. C. Chappell - M. J. Charlesworth - Charles S. Chihara - R. Chisholm - A. Church - Thompson Clarke - Morris Cohen - M. R. Cohen - R. S. Cohen - J. Collins - John W. Cook - J. Cook Wilson - Christopher Coope - David Cooper - Jack Copeland - Irving Copi - M. Cornforth - Joseph L. Cowan - H. M. Cox - B. Croce - H. J. Cronbach - Gregory Currie

D
C. B. Daly - I. Davie - J. Dewey - Cora Diamond - M. Dick - Alan Donagan - Keith Donnellan - W. Dray - B. Dreben - M. O'C. Drury - W. Dubislav - P. Duhem - M. A. E. Dummett - A. Duncan-Jones - J. Dupré - G. D. Duthie - R. Dworkin

E
Paul Engelmann - B. Erdmann - P. Ernst - Gareth Evans

f
M. J. Fairbanks - K. T. Fann - B. A. Farrell - David Favrholdt - H. Feigl - Frederick Ferré - J. N. Findlay - J. A. Fodor - Robert Fogelin - P. Foot - M. B. Foster - P. Frank - O. Franks - Frieda Fromm-Reichmann

G
W. B. Gallie - P. Gardiner - Newton Garver - D. Gasking - D. A. T. Gasking - P. T. Geach - Peter Geach - G. Gentile - B. Gert - Carl Ginet - H.-J. Glock - L. Goldstein - H. Gomperz - Heinrich Gomperz - N. Goodman - R. L. Goodstein - R. T. Grant - W. Grassl - R. L. Gregory - K. Grelling - H. P. Grice - James Griffin - D. Gruender - D. F. Gustafson - Samuel Guttenplan

H
P. M. S. Hacker - Peter Hacker - H. Hahn - O. Hahn - P. P. Hallie - R. Hamilton - W. Hamilton - Stuart Hampshire - S. N. Hampshire - O. Hanfling - W. F. R. Hardie - C. L. Hardin - R. M. Hare - Gilbert Harman - R. Harré - L. Harrington - J. Hartnack - D. Hawkins - P. L. Heath - D. O. Hebb - F. H. Heinemann - O. Helmer - L. J. Henderson - L. Henkin - Ewald Hering - H. Hertz - H. Hervey - A. Herzberg - A. Heyting - W. N. Hohfeld - A. M. Honoré - I. Horgby - J. Hosiasson-Lindenbaum - J. Hospers - D. H. Hubel - C. L. Hull - J. F. M. Hunter - E. H. Hutton - P. Hylton

I
D. Isaacson - Hide Ishiguro

J
A. C. Jackson - Cristopher Janaway - J. Jarvis - H. Jeffreys - O. Jesperson - H. H. Joachim - O. R. Jones - W. E. Johnson - P. N. Johnson-Laird - J. Jörgensen - H. W. B. Joseph - B. von Juhos

K
E. Kaila - A. Kastil - F. Kaufmann - Jerold Katz - J. Kemeny - N. Kemp Smith - A. J. P. Kenny - F. Kerr - Haig Khatchadourian - M. Kneale - W. Kneale - W. C. Kneale - Wolfgang Köhler - K. Kolenda - D. Koppelberg - V. Kraft - G. Kreisel - N. Kretzmann - W. T. Krug - P. W. Kurtz

L
M. E. Lean - Desmond Lee - E. J. Lemmon - V. F. Lenzen - A. W. Levi - A. B. Levison - C. I. Lewis - C. J. Lewis - David Lewis - C. Lewy - G. C. Lichtenberg - I. C. Lieb - A. Lindenbaum - L. Linsky - J. E. Llewellyn - Brian Loar - Peter Long - T. A. Long - Paul Lorenzen - H. Lotze

M
J. D. Mabbott - M. Macdonald - C. A. Mace - R. MacKenzie - J. L. Mackie - W. G. Maclagan - William Gauld Maclagan - D. G. C. MacNabb - E. H. Madden - Norman Malcolm - M. Mandelbaum - H. L. Mansell - Haim Marantz - A. Margalit - Alexander Maslow - M. Masterman - B. Mates - V. O. McBrien - Richard McDonough - John McDowell - Colin McGinn - Brian McGuinness - D. McKinnon - P. M. Meehl - V. Mehta - A. I. Melden - Richard Miller - R. Monk - A. C. Montefiore - J. F. Mora - C. Morris - Thomas Morris - H. O. Mounce - J. H. Muirhead - S. Mulhall - Anselm Müller - A. A. Mullin - C. W. K. Mundle - T. N. Munson - I. Murdoch

N
A. Naess - G. Nakhnikian - M. Nedo - Edward J. Nell - J. Nicod - Harold Noonan - P. H. Nowell-Smith - H. A. Nielson

O
G. D. O'Brien - D. J. O'Connor - P. J. Olscamp - P. Oppenheim - Ostwald

P
E. Panofsky - A. Pap - J. Passmore - H. J. Paton - G. A. Paul - M. Paul - R. Paul - Bernard Peach - D. F. Pears - David Pears - M. Perkins - John Perry - A. Petzäll - Ake Petzall - C. G. Phillips - D. Z. Phillips - George Pitcher - E. Pivcevic - U. T. Place - David Pole - Timothy Potts - H. H. Price - H. A. Prichard - A. N. Prior - H. Putnam

R
F. P. Ramsey - M. Ranchetti - Michele Ranchetti - K. W. Rankin - Dan Rashid - J. Raz - F. B. Reeve - Rush Rhees - R. J. Richman - Philip Rieff - R. Robinson - C. D. Rollins - W. D. Ross - B. Rundle - G. Ryle

S
Mark Sainsbury - Nathan Salmon - J. Schulte - John Scotus Eriugena - M. Scriven - A. Seth (Pringle-Patterson) - K. J. Shah - S. G. Shanker - H. M. Sheffer - Sidney Shoemaker - J. M. Shorter - David Shwayder - F. A. Siegler - J. Silver - F. Skinner - T. Skolem - Hans Sluga - H. R. Smart - J. J. C. Smart - A. D. Smith - A. H. Smith - J. A. Smith - Yorick Smithies - E. K. Specht - Robert Stalnaker - S. Stebbing - Erik Stenius - K. Stern - S. S. Stevens - C. Stevenson - C. L. Stevenson - D. Stewart - A. Stigen - J. H. Stirling - M. A. Stocker - J. L. Stocks - G. F. Stout - P. F. Strawson - Barry Stroud - R. Suter - J. W. Swanson - P. Swiggart

T
N. P. Tanburn - C. Taylor - James Taylor - J. Thomson - J. F. Thomson - Judith Jarvis Thomson - W. Todd - E. C. Tolman - J. H. Tooke - S. E. Toulmin - Ernst Tugendhat

U
J. O. Urmson

V
R. L. Vaught

W
Friedrich Waismann - M. Wajsberg - W. Wallace - S. M. Walters - Hao Wang - J. Ward - G. J. Warnock - A. G. D. Watson - J. B. Watson - T. D. Weldon - C. Wellman - M. Wertheimer - J. Wheatley - A. R. White - M. White - Roger White - C. H. Whiteley - T. N. Wiesel - D. Wiggins - N. Wilkinson - B. A. O. Williams - Bernard Williams - Tim Williamson - D. Windham - A. J. T. D. Wisdom - John Wisdom - E. H. Wolgast - R. Wollheim - A. B. Wolter - O. P. Wood - J. H. Woodger - A. D. Woozley - A. J. Workman - D. M. Wrench - G. H. von Wright

Y
J. Z. Young

Z
S. Zeki - Paul Ziff - E. Zilsel - W. F. Zuurdeeg

title: User:Charles Matthews/Wittgenstein


text:
The Monkey and the Cat

The Monkey and the Cat is best known as a fable adapted by Jean de La Fontaine under the title Le Singe et le Chat that appeared in the second collection of his Fables in 1679 (IX.17). It is the source of popular idioms in both English and French, with the general meaning of being the dupe (or tool) of another (e.g., a cat's-paw).

In the fable, a monkey persuades a cat to retrieve chestnuts from the embers of a fire for the two to share, but the monkey quickly eats each chestnut as it is retrieved, and the cat burns its paw in the process. Although there is no evidence that the story existed before the 15th century, it began to appear in collections of Aesop's Fables from the 17th century but is not included in the Perry Index. Usage of the "cat's paw" idiom and reference to the fable have been particularly employed in (although not limited to) political contexts.

The fable
In La Fontaine's telling, Bertrand the monkey persuades Raton the cat to pull chestnuts from the embers amongst which they are roasting, promising him a share. As the cat scoops them from the fire one by one, burning his paw in the process, the monkey gobbles them up. They are disturbed by a maid entering and the cat gets nothing for its pains.

As a source of modern idiom
It is from this fable that the French get their idiom Tirer les marrons du feu, meaning to act as someone's dupe or, deriving from that, to benefit from the dirty work of others. It is also the source of the English idiom 'a cat's paw', defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as 'one used by another as a tool'.

History
There are earlier idiomatic allusions in 15th century Burgundian sources. Jean Miélot records the saying c'est un bon jeu de chat et singe (it's a cat and monkey game) in his Proverbes (1456) and there is another apparent reference to the story in a poem in Jean Molinet's Faictz et dictz. In the following century, Jean-Antoine de Baïf has the version faire comme le singe, tirer les marrons du feu avec la patte du chat in his Mimes, enseignements et proverbes (1575) and John Florio includes the saying in his collection of idioms Second Frutes (1591).

However, the earliest surviving texts relating the story date from the mid-16th century and some of these have a puppy in place of a cat as the monkey's victim. Johannes Sambucus reports it as happening recently in the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom in his Emblemata (1564). The Latin poem there continues, 'A small monkey gave us an example noteworthy and amusing for its cunning. For, when he saw the chestnuts buried in the hearth, he began to brush the ash aside but, afraid of the burning coals, he suddenly seized the foot of a sleeping puppy and stole it out.' The same story involving a sleeping dog appeared in other emblem books, including the Choice of Emblemes by the English poet Geoffrey Whitney (1586), who draws a political lesson from it in common with the other emblematists:
 * Which shewes, when as ambition fowle doth prick
 * The hartes of kinges, then there is no remorce,
 * But oftentimes, to aunswere theire desire,
 * The subjectes feele both famine, sworde and fire.

A version in which a cat figures is in Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder's illustrated book of fables, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (True animal fables, Bruges, 1567), with Flemish verse provided by the foremost Netherlandic emblematist Edewaerd de Dene. A French version of the Fabulen was published in 1578 under the title Esbatement moral des animaux. Gheeraert's figure had a number of adaptations in the following century. The Dutch poet Joost van den Vondel published an emblematic collection based on his prints, Vorstelijke Warande der Dieren (Princely pleasure-ground of beasts, Amsterdam 1617), in which the poem Den aap en de katte appears. In England the scene was reused as one of twelve circular engravings, intended for trenchers, made in 1630–36. The text around the edge of the picture reads: "The Monkey seing nuts in fire Doth force the Cat to plucke them neir; Which showeth the Envious doth not care, Whose House do burne so they have share". In Germany it was incorporated into a view of the Schloss Johannisberg wine estate in Daniel Meisner's Thesaurus Philopoliticus (later known as the Sciographia Cosmica) of 1623. In this combination of the Emblem book and collection of town plans, the scene of the fable takes place on the lower right and is accompanied by verses illustrating the Latin moral, Alterius Damno Quaeris Lucrum (Another is duped to benefit the greedy).

Elsewhere in Europe, the monkey and cat version appears in Simone Majoli's Latin work Dies caniculares (1588), where it is told of the antics of the pet monkey of Pope Julius II at the start of the century; a little later the story appeared as Un Singe et un Chat in Philippe Deprez's collection of a hundred verse fables, Le Théâtre des animaux (Paris, 1595). It is from one or other of these last two that La Fontaine is said to have adapted his story. Even before he popularised it, the earlier version had been used by two artists: the Roman painter Tommaso Salini and the Dutch animal painter Abraham Hondius. Both of these illustrate the detail that La Fontaine chose to modify, in which the monkey uses the cat's paw to poke out the chestnuts against its will. A third version of the story, yet again quoted as happening recently, was contained in Gemelli Careri's Voyage round the world (1695) and related by 'the admiral of the Portuguese fleet in India' as witnessed by him.

One of the channels through which the fable was taken to be Aesop's was its inclusion among the hydraulic statues in the labyrinth of Versailles in 1669. These were accompanied by quatrains by Isaac de Benserade, which subsequently appeared in Les fables d'Ésope, mises en françois, avec le sens moral en quatre vers, & des figures à chaque fable (Aesop's fables in French, with a verse commentary and illustrations, 1709). Here the initial quatrain refers to the version where force is used ('The monkey looks sprightly/ but the cat doesn't take lightly/ having its paw acquired/ to pull chestnuts from the fire') while the prose telling which follows is of La Fontaine's version. The statue accompanied by De Benserade's verse is described in Daniel Bellamy's 18th century description of the labyrinth: 'Upon a shell composed of brass, and supported by a column erected in the antique taste with the same metal, the spectator is amused with the resemblance of a large fire, from whence issues a torrent of water. Here a monkey appears with a smiling countenance, grasping a cat's paw with his own, whilst the latter is seemingly struggling to get loose.'

It was a version in which the monkey uses force that was painted by Edwin Landseer in 1824 and by his 19th century imitator (see the gallery below). When the former painting was put up for auction in January 2011, U.S. Christie's recorded that 'The subject of the present painting is taken from the ancient fable traditionally ascribed to Aesop'. While this is far from true, the fable had been appearing in collections of Aesop's Fables since the 17th century. Where the story is ascribed to Aesop, it is in the version where the monkey forcibly uses the cat's paw. La Fontaine's modified version of 1679 can only be regarded as original for the detail of persuasion rather than compulsion. It was translated by neither of La Fontaine's main 18th century English translators, Bernard de Mandeville (1704) and Charles Denis (1754), but was ascribed to him in the verse Flowers of Fable in 1832. Charles H. Bennett also included the story in his The Fables of Aesop and Others, translated into Human Nature (1857) under the title of "The Cat's Paw". Referring back to the plot of Oliver Twist, Bennett's cat acts as thief's apprentice to the monkey.

Idiom meaning and use

La Fontaine applies the fable itself directly to statecraft:
 * No more are the princes, by flattery paid
 * For furnishing help in a different trade,
 * And burning their fingers to bring
 * More power to some mightier king,

This was followed by political cartoonists exploiting the imagery, and metaphor. One English example, dating from 1766 and titled "The Cat's Paw", satirises a political alliance of the time and represents the Earl of Bute as a monkey, using the paw of the feline Earl of Chatham as a tool to extract chestnuts from a fire. Use of the idiom at this date is one of the earliest examples in English. The satirist Peter Pindar (John Wolcot) continued the political use of the fable by including a lengthy reference to it in his ode "To the Chancellor of the Exchequer" (1801), in the context of the argument over Catholic Emancipation. Soon after, the same issue was illustrated in a caricature from 1804 titled "The monkey and the cat's paw, a fable from Esop".

The cat's paw title was to be used once again in a cartoon relating to the political maneuvering that preceded the passing of the English Reform Act in 1832. In this King William IV is the cat, being coaxed by the bewigged Lord Chancellor Henry Brougham, depicted as a monkey seated at his side, to pull the hot iron of reform from a blazing fire. In this case the reference is to La Fontaine's version of the story. Another contemporary source to draw a parallel between the passing of the bill and the fable was the satirical paper Figaro in London. There the claim is made that the Irish members of Parliament halted agitations for wider representation while the Reform Bill was being passed and were now cheated of a similar reward. The political leader Daniel O'Connell is likened to the cat in the fable and the report is followed by the poem, "The grey monkey and the Irish cat", concluding with the lines "And thus 'twill always be, whoever lingers/ About the grate is sure to burn his fingers". The idiom of getting one's fingers burned alludes, according to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, "to taking chestnuts from the fire".

In France the fable was often used to satirise the ambitious sacrificing the life of others for their own ends. The cartoon Bertrand avec Raton s'amusent à tirer les marrons du feu, dating from Napoleonic times, pictures a red uniformed monkey marshall guiding a blue-uniformed infantryman in the task. The theme reappeared in the broadside La Caricature with the title "The monkey and the cat: a military pastime". Another cartoon has a marquis urging a barefoot patriotic workman to take his place on a republican barricade, while chuckling to himself that soon the artistocratic exiles will return with their allies to impose a renewed feudalism. This too is titled "Bertrand et Raton".

The French dramatist Eugène Scribe gave the same title to his social comedy of 1833. Subtitled l'art de conspirer (the art of conspiracy), it has also been translated as 'The school for politicians' and is a reworking of a play of the same name by Louis-Benoît Picard (1805). It is ostensibly based on an episode of Danish history and concerns a bourgeois dupe caught up in political intrigue. In reality it satirises the July Revolution of 1830.

In the Netherlands the words of Vondel's Den aap en de katte were set for a cappella male chorus by Sem Dresden to celebrate the centenary of the Royal Dutch Choir in 1953. In the aftermath of World War II, the closing moral that rulers are careless of the suffering of others in fulfilling their ambition had special resonance.

title: The Monkey and the Cat


text:
New England Anime Society

The New England Anime Society, Inc. is a Massachusetts-based 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to furthering American understanding of Japanese language and culture through written and visual media. Founded in 2001, The New England Anime Society, Inc. is the parent organization of Anime Boston, one of the largest anime conventions in North America. In 2011, the Boston Phoenix selected Anime Boston as the city's "Best Nerd Gathering", beating out contenders such as New England Comic Con and PAX East. The convention won the award again in 2012.

At Anime Boston 2007, the New England Anime Society announced that they would be starting Providence Anime Conference in the fall of 2008. It was the first anime convention for attendees 21 and older and the first anime convention with a minimum age limit that did not focus on the "adult" aspect of anime and manga.

In addition to anime conventions, The New England Anime Society has also provided assistance with other events such as running anime screenings at First Night Boston, costume contests at Tokyo Kid in Harvard Square, and anime screenings at the Belmont Film Festival in Belmont, Massachusetts and Sudbury Day in Sudbury, Massachusetts.

Trademark dispute
In late 2017, the New England Anime Society sued Interactive Meet and Greet Entertainment, LLC (IMAGE) and Fantastic Gatherings, Inc. (FG) for infringing on its Anime Boston trademark with an event called "Boston AnimeFest". On Thursday, December 7, the New England Anime Society was successful at receiving a preliminary injunction which required IMAGE and FG to change their use of "Boston AnimeFest" in promotional materials before their event on December 9.

Event history
The New England Anime Society has produced the following events:

 * Anime Boston (2003–present) Annual event with attendance greater than 20,000 since 2012.
 * Anime Screenings at First Night Boston (2004–2015)

title: New England Anime Society


text:
Pete Rock & CL Smooth

Pete Rock & CL Smooth were an American hip hop duo from Mount Vernon, New York. They made their debut with their 1991 EP, All Souled Out and followed that with their 1992 LP Mecca and the Soul Brother.

1991–1994: The Golden Age
As a producer, DJ Pete Rock (Peter Phillips) gained notoriety for his use of obscure soul and jazz records, frequently making use of horn-driven hooks. Lead vocalist CL Smooth (Corey Penn) delivered more conscious style of rap which contrasted with the popular gangsta rap records of the time, and he mostly avoided profanity, similar in style and delivery to positive East Coast rappers like those associated with the Native Tongues Crew. Their signature hit was "They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.)", a requiem for fallen friends — namely Troy "Trouble T-Roy" Dixon, a member of Heavy D & The Boyz, who died in 1990. They were first signed to Elektra Records, managed, and executive produced by Eddie F of Heavy D and The Boyz and Untouchables Entertainment who also then managed Pete Rock as a producer. Pete Rock was one of the original three "Untouchables" producers along with Eddie F himself and Nevelle Hodge.

In 1994 the duo followed up with The Main Ingredient, and they appeared as frequent guest artists collaborating on remixes, soundtracks, and other works. Public Enemy, EPMD, Heavy D and Johnny Gill were among the artists they collaborated with, and they can also claim credit for producing (and performing on) Run–D.M.C.'s 1993 comeback single "Down with the King".

1995–2009: Creative differences
The group broke up in 1995 (shortly after a Sprite TV commercial), however they have collaborated several times since on a handful of cuts from Pete Rock's solo recordings: Soul Survivor (1998), PeteStrumentals (2001) and Soul Survivor II (2004). The duo also went on a brief reunion tour as a warm up for their then-anticipated new album, which ended with a show at London's famous Jazz Cafe. Despite these intermittent collaborations, the pair has exchanged dismissive comments toward each other in separate interviews, disavowing plans for a full-fledged reunion.

Their best-of compilation, Good Life, was released on Elektra/WEA in 2003.

During this period, CL Smooth went on to release two solo albums - American Me in 2006 and The Outsider in 2007. Pete Rock would produce tracks for numerous artists, including CL Smooth's It's a Love Thing and Love is a Battlefield from each of his solo albums. Pete Rock had confirmed that among his promised new slew of releases in 2011, that one of the albums would be the third album between himself and CL Smooth.

2010–2018: Reunion
A deluxe CD box set of Mecca and the Soul Brother was released on September 14, 2010 by Traffic Entertainment Group. The package includes a remastered CD of the original album, a second disc of remixes, instrumentals and a cappellas, a fold-out poster and a detailed booklet with interviews and insights from Rock and Smooth by Brian Coleman.

In late 2010, the two finally ended their creative differences after 15 years of being at odds with each other. The death of hip-hop pioneer Guru earlier in the year was a major catalyst to inspire their reunion. They wanted to avoid the fate which befell Gang Starr, in which lead rapper Guru had not been on speaking terms with DJ Premier for roughly seven years and could not resolve their differences before his untimely death from cancer.

While touring in London with CL Smooth in early December 2011, Pete Rock stated that a new album was already in the works and would be released by year's end, or as soon as it was completed. The album will be the duo's third album, and the first album since 1994's The Main Ingredient. The album was still in the works in 2016, but as of 2018, it has been stated that there won't be any third album by the group, due to resurfacing tensions between Rock and Smooth.

As of June 1, 2024, on an interview with Drink Champs, Rock addresses the spilt up between him and his partner CL Smooth: "“It should never be like this. Ever. We should still be together but some things, you know, that I can’t tell the whole public. But certain things happen in a partnership that just can’t be… and people won’t understand. I don’t want to be the only one speaking on someone who’s not here, but I wish him the best in life.'"Rock continued in a Instagram post about the breakup:

"'This goes for anybody once in a group with a partner or partners. When things go left, take the high road. You have people who rejoice separation! When I make my business my business people start making up their own story cuz it’s nobody’s business but mine plain & simple like it or don’t. You have people who tell their stories no problem and be on dem podcast talkin bout personal problems, thats not me mayne! F**k drama. That sh*t happened thats my business. Let people say and think what they want. Ignorance is bliss and real ones know this but dont believe groups stay 4ever. That only happens when 2 men really respect one another and their boundaries and has had similar experiences happen to them and it gives each individual great understanding. Thats the important part! But i wish no ill will on CL Smooth but i kept telling yall for years i have moved on with all due respect . i can accept it.'"

Soundtracks

 * April 1993: Who's the Man?: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, track 3, 	"What's Next on the Menu?"
 * May 1993: Menace II Society: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, track 10, “Death Becomes You”
 * June 1993: Poetic Justice: Music from the Motion Picture, track 6, “One in a Million”

Compilations

 * 2003: Good Life: The Best of Pete Rock & CL Smooth

title: Pete Rock & CL Smooth


text:
Fornax Cluster

The Fornax Cluster is a cluster of galaxies lying at a distance of 19 megaparsecs (62 million light-years). It has an estimated mass of $7$ solar masses, making it the second richest galaxy cluster within 100 million light-years, after the considerably larger Virgo Cluster. It may be associated with the nearby Eridanus Group. It lies primarily in the constellation Fornax, with its southern boundaries partially crossing into the constellation of Eridanus, and covers an area of sky about 6° across or about 28 sq degrees.

The Fornax Cluster is a particularly valuable source of information about the evolution of such clusters due to its relatively close proximity to the Sun. It also shows the gravitational effects of a merger of a galaxy subgroup with the main galaxy group, which in turn lends clues about the associated galactic superstructure. At the centre of the cluster lies NGC 1399. Other cluster members include NGC 1316 (the group's brightest galaxy), NGC 1365, NGC 1427A, NGC 1427 and NGC 1404.

Structure
Fornax can be divided into two subclusters: the main cluster, centered on NGC 1399, and a subgroup 3 degrees to the southwest centered on the lenticular galaxy NGC 1316 that is currently in the process of infalling with the largest subcluster to merge with it, and whose galaxies are experiencing relatively strong star formation activity.

Intracluster medium
As with many other galaxy clusters, Fornax intracluster medium is filled with a hot, rarefied gas that emits X-rays. and contains a number of intergalactic stars, some of which have produced novae.

List of cluster members
(*) - Membership is uncertain

title: Fornax Cluster


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fielding House

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 04:12, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Fielding House

 * Delete - vanity page, original research, Wikipedia is not a free host or webspace provider. --Brumburger 20:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As above, plus non-notable.  --A D Monroe III 01:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.163.34.32

title: User talk:69.163.34.32


text: User talk:207.195.51.68

title: User talk:207.195.51.68


text:
Hess: A Biography

Hess: A Biography is a 1971 biography of Rudolf Hess by Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, published by MacGibbon and Kee (London) in 1971 as a 256-page hardcover. Drake Publishers (New York) republished it in 1973.

In the introduction, the authors state their aim to "be as objective as possible" about Hess, discuss the politics of his incarceration at Spandau, and state their belief that the "time for mere hot-blooded vengeance has long passed, and that for simple, human justice came long ago. Hess should be released."

title: Hess: A Biography


text:
Viglius

Viglius (October 19, 1507, Swichum – May 5, 1577) was the name taken by Wigle Aytta van Zwichem, a Dutch statesman and jurist, a Frisian by birth.

Biography
Viglis studied at various universities—Louvain, Dole and Bourges among others—devoting himself mainly to the study of jurisprudence, and afterwards visited many of the principal seats of learning in Europe. His great abilities attracted the notice of Erasmus and other celebrated men, and his renown was soon wide and general.

Having lectured on law at the universities of Bourges and Padua, he accepted a judicial position under the bishop of Münster which he resigned in 1535 to become assessor of the imperial court of justice (Reichskammergericht). He would not, however, undertake the post of tutor to Philip, son of Emperor Charles V. Nor would he accept any of the many lucrative and honorable positions offered him by various European princes, preferring instead to remain at the University of Ingolstadt, where for five years he occupied a professorial chair.

In 1542 the official connection of Viglius with the Netherlands began. At the emperor's invitation he became a member of the council of Mechlin, and some years later president of that body. Other responsible positions were entrusted to him, and he was soon one of the most trusted of the ministers of Charles V, whom he accompanied during the War of the League of Schmalkalden in 1546. His rapid rise in the emperor's favor was probably due to his immense store of learning, which was useful in asserting the imperial rights where disputes arose between the empire and the estates. He was generally regarded as the author of the edict against toleration issued in 1550. A charge which he denied, maintaining, on the contrary, that he had vainly tried to induce Charles to modify its rigour. When the emperor abdicated in 1555 Viglius was anxious to retire also, but at the instance of King Philip II he remained at his post and was rewarded by being made coadjutor abbot of St. Bavon, and in other ways. In 1559, when Margaret, Duchess of Parma became regent of the Netherlands, Viglius was an important member of the small circle who assisted her in the work of government. He was president of the privy council, member, and subsequently president, of the state council, and a member of the committee of the state council called the consulta. But his desire to resign soon returned. In 1565 he was allowed to give up the presidency of the state council, but was persuaded to retain his other posts. However, he had lost favor with Margaret, who accused him to Philip of dishonesty and simony, while his orthodoxy was suspected. When the Duke of Alva arrived in the Netherlands Viglius at first assisted him; but he subsequently opposed the duke's scheme of extortion, and sought to induce Philip himself to visit the Low Countries. His health was now impaired and his work was nearly over. Having suffered a short imprisonment with the other members of the state council in 1576, he died at Brussels on the May 5, 1577, and was buried in the abbey of St. Bavon.

Viglius was an advocate of peace and moderation, and as such could not expect support or sympathy from hardliners from either side of the dispute and his moderate position became untenable. He was undoubtedly avaricious, and accumulated great wealth, part of which he left to found a hospital at his native place, Swichum, and a college at the University of Louvain. He married a rich lady, Jacqueline Damant, but had no children.

List of works

 * Commentaria in decem titulos Institutionum juris civilis (Basel, 1534)
 * Epistolae politicae et historicae ad Joach. Hopperum (Leeuwarden, 1661)
 * Tagebuch des Schmalkaldischen Donaukriegs (ed. by A. von Drullel, Munich, 1877)
 * Mémoires de Viglius et d'Hopper sur le commencement des troubles des Pays-Bas (ed. by A. Wauters, 1858)
 * Vita et opera historica are given in the Analecta Belgica of C. P. Hoynck van Papend recht (The Hague, 1743)

title: Viglius


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Club Xanadu

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE User:Premeditated Chaos 04:47, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Club Xanadu
non notable club. 202.156.6.59 20:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Particularly since there are about 50 clubs with the same name...Delete.--Isotope23 20:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN club, agree with Isotope23. -feydey 22:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.