text:
Homer's Triple Bypass

"Homer's Triple Bypass" is the eleventh episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 17, 1992. In this episode, Homer suffers a heart attack due to his very poor health and diet. Dr. Hibbert tells Homer that he needs a triple bypass, but the Simpson family resorts to discount surgeon Dr. Nick after learning how expensive the operation would be in a regular hospital.

The episode was written by Gary Apple and Michael Carrington and directed by David Silverman.

Plot
One evening while eating dinner in bed, Homer seems to be having heart problems but is not concerned. The next morning, Marge makes him oatmeal for breakfast but he rejects it in favor of bacon and eggs, despite the chest pains he has been feeling. Driving to work, he hears an irregular thumping noise, and is relieved when a gas station mechanic tells him the noise is coming from his heart, not his car.

At work, Mr. Burns observes Homer eating and sleeping on the job, so he berates and threatens to fire him for his gross incompetence. The stress is too much for Homer who eventually has a heart attack. Homer is then taken to the hospital, where Dr. Hibbert informs him and Marge that Homer needs a coronary artery bypass surgery, which will cost $30,000. Hearing this, Homer has another heart attack, and the fee rises to $40,000. Marge and Homer both worry they will not be able to afford the operation. Homer manages to obtain an insurance policy, but has another heart attack as he is signing the contract, which causes it to be immediately revoked. He then approaches leaders of various religious communities, hoping they will give him money, without success.

Finally, he decides to be treated by Dr. Nick Riviera, who will perform any operation for $129.95. Dr. Nick rents a tape to learn how to perform this operation, but another program has been recorded over parts of the tape. In the operating theater, Dr. Nick does not know how to operate on Homer, but Lisa, who has been studying cardiology, calls down instructions from her place in the viewing gallery. The operation is a complete success.

Production
The idea for "Homer's Triple Bypass" was pitched by James L. Brooks. However, the writers disagreed with the choice of such a heavy topic. The episode was not written by a member of the show's regular staff due to the show suffering from a depleted writing team after the third season ended. It was scripted by freelance writers Gary Apple and Michael Carrington, who were hired by Brooks. Carrington would provide voice work for later episodes, such as "I Love Lisa" (as Sideshow Raheem), "Homer and Apu" (as a comedian), and "Simpson Tide" (as Homer's drill instructor). Apple and Carrington decided to have a scene where Lisa and Bart visit Homer before his surgery and were unsure of how to do it, so they approached Brooks, who made up the entire scene on the spot. Originally, the surgery was supposed to be performed by Dr. Hibbert, but it was later changed to Dr. Nick.

The episode's production staff decided that David Silverman would be able to make the episode funny, so he was selected to direct it. He went "all out" and did his best to make Homer's grimaces as humorous as possible, to keep the episode at least somewhat lighter in tone. Silverman added some special touches: for example, when Homer has an out of body experience, his foot was still touching his body to signify that he was not dead. A doctor acted as a medical consultant for the episode.

The episode was to have concluded with Homer eating a pizza in his hospital bed following the operation, and with Marge asking a nurse where the pizza had come from. This reflects the earlier flashback scene where Grampa Simpson watches Homer as an infant, chewing on a slice of pizza in the hospital. Out of concern that it was making light of the unhealthy lifestyle that had caused the infarction, the episode instead concluded with the family visiting Homer while he is recuperating in intensive care.

Cultural references
The opening sequence of the episode is a parody of American reality show Cops; it was not in the original animatic and added later because the episode was too short to fit in its required 22-minute length. When Homer is performing a sock-puppet show to Lisa and Bart, he uses Akbar and Jeff, characters from Matt Groening's weekly comic strip Life in Hell. Homer follows behind the house that was the birthplace of Edgar Allan Poe, which was placed in the episode by David Silverman. During this scene Homer starts to hear a heartbeat, a reference to Poe's "The Telltale Heart". The scene where Homer sings "O Holy Night" in a church as a boy is based on the film Empire of the Sun.

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Homer's Triple Bypass" finished 16th in ratings for the week of December 14–20, 1992, with a Nielsen rating of 14.3, equivalent to approximately 13.2 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating Married... with Children.

Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, authors of I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, called it "a cautionary tale that gives Dr Nick his biggest chance to shine." They also praised the "cloud goes up, cloud goes down" line. IGN noted that the episode "introduced fans to one of the show's more endearing background players, Dr. Nick." Krusty's line "this ain't make-up" is one of Matt Groening's favorite lines from the show.

Nathan Rabin writes "A crisis brings out the best in everyone in 'Homer’s Triple Bypass', especially Homer. The episode’s superb writing, voice acting, and animation don’t just make an animated sitcom about a man on the brink of death palatable; the make it consistently hilarious and ultimately quite moving."

title: Homer's Triple Bypass


text:
Beinn an Lochain

Beinn an Lochain is a mountain in the Arrochar Alps on the Cowal Peninsula, in western Scotland and is a Corbett at 901.7 m. Beinn an Lochain is situated within the Argyll Forest Park which is itself within the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park.

Although included in Sir Hugh Munro's original list of Scottish mountains over 3000 ft, subsequent surveys showed it to be significantly shorter than the 914.4 m cut-off limit required to count as a Munro. Nonetheless, it remains a popular mountain, and is often quoted as an example of an interesting mountain below 3000 ft to show that there is more to mountaineering in Scotland than just Munro-bagging.

Beinn an Lochain is usually climbed from the car park at Butter Bridge, on the A83, in Glen Kinglas. From there, the summit is reached after a 2.5 km walk along the mountain's north-east ridge, climbing over 700 m. The mountain trail offers views of Loch Restil and the pass between Glen Croe and Glen Kinglas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beinn an Lochain


text:
Talk:Grodno

Belarusian language was forbidden
What do understand as "forbidden"? When? Lack of b. schools isn't the same, there are no b. schools in the USA. Is the language forbidden there? Xx236 14:45, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Of course not. It's one of the two official languages of the country.

This information about "firbidden" language is invalid, and I will remove (or change) this sentence in future unless anyone points me to some source document confirming that (which won't be Belarusian's propaganda but reliable historical source). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.3.73.98 (talk) 09:48, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Grodno or Hrodna--Greg.loutsenko 23:40, 9 August 2006 (UTC) in the text?
There are rules (see Danzig), not applied here. Xx236 14:15, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Should we move Hrodna to Grodno? Hrodna isn't as awkward-looking as "Mahilyow" and seems more established, but Grodno gets ten times more hits on Google (1.6 million to 100+ thousand) and is used for the government's website. Kazak 04:35, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

While German name is indeed not useful, Lithuanian one is quite useful, as the city was considered to be part of Lithuania until 1939 (Soviets recognised it to Lithuania in 1920 by the Soviet-Lithuanian peace treaty), was on the border of Lithuanian and Belarussian inhabitted territories in the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (and as back then there was no official information about exact ethnicities, it is unclear how many Lithuanians and how many Belarussians were in Hrodna at the time), the name "Gardinas" derives from word "Gardas" and is an original name, it as well differs enough from "Hrodna" for it to be hard for someone who does not know it is the same city to understand that; Lithuanian names are mentioned for northwest Belarus cities, while Belarusian names are mentioned for eastern Lithuanian cities (such as Vilnius). Regehani tara bahera! Dara Fryram hani tahreha! 09:12, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * i want to say, WTF. why isnt this article titles Grodna?  i russian word's first letter is G, and it sounds like english G......this article need to be re titled.  i want to this through this, what do you think?

--Greg.loutsenko 23:41, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Grodno is Russian, but the city is in Belarus, so the Belarusian name Hrodna should be used. Hrodna is found on all modern maps in English and German speaking countries. Best regards, Juhan, German Wikipedia

 * I think the historical names (Polish, Russian, Lithuanian) should be stated, becaused they were used at some time (while city was in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth and Russian empire, interwar republic of Lithuania (by 1920 Moscow treaty), interwar republic of Poland (after polish-soviet war). They are useful when talking about cities history. Furthermore, belarussianising lithuanian names (Vytautas to Vitaut) is a nonsense. We don't lithuanise names of rulers of Kievan Rus (state which was ruled by ancestors of belarussians), the Skaryna's name isn't lithuanised too (even if he lived mos't of his life in Lithuania). Talking about belarussianising lithuanian cities names (Vilnius to Wilnia) is other thing. You can list belarussian name to it (We lived in one state for many years

and we still have large belarussian minority) even if there are almost none english articles with this name, but we have a right to write lithuanian names to belarussian towns too (mostly to ones which influenced Lithuania most and has lithuanian minority). Continue discussion or i will move the Lithuanian, Polish and Yiddish names back even without discussion. Karolis-lt 17:23, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I dissagree. In principle it sounds good, but in reality it opens a can of worms allowing ultra-nationalist POV pushers to run rampant on Wikipedia. If you want to know what a geographical entity is called in a foreign language there is usually an article, that can be accessed. Links and redirects are also helpful, and can be employed to acquire information too. It just gets too messy. Taken to a logical extreme, the Polish name for New York or Chicago, should then be included in the lead due to the large Polish populations found there. The Polish article tells you the Polish name is Nowy Jork, and there you have it. A mouse click away. Dr. Dan (talk) 15:46, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Of course we should avoid ultranationalistic POV. That is why article should be edited by peoples of various nations. Now i see many articles written in only belarussian POV. Somebody could think that there was no lithanians or poles in Hrodna. Listing names in other languages only shows it's diversity and respect for other nations living in the city. That is why article of Vilnius has the names listed in languages in which local minorities called it. Adding the Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages for most diverse cities which has common history and culture for many nations would be great thing to avoid nationalistic POV and help to understand the history. Of course we shouldn't write lithuanian name for Chicago or arab name for Paris only because of large minorities living there. Historical names should only be added to cities which belonged to other country before or had large HISTORICAL minority. Karolis-lt 21:43, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

There should be polish name

Grodno.Grodno before II WW was mostly polish city. Poles 60%, Jewish 37% Belorussians and Lithuanians 3%

please, read this article. in 2013,in Belarus was adopted a new system of tranliteration en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script

Pitchers?
Can someone explain what the term built-in pitchers refers to in the paragraph "Medieval"? I was not able to locate a specialty definition pertaining to architecture, that explains it. I would also like to remove the various "foreign" (non-Belarusian names), from the lead. There are links in all of the other non-English Wikipedias with their own articles in Lithuanian, Polish and Russian WK. Dr. Dan 13:29, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Pitchers, jugs or ewers were built into the walls of pre-Mongol Orthodox churches in order to improve acoustics. They were commonly built into the vaults, to alleviate their pressure on the walls. As their round apertures opened into the interior, multiple layers of built-in pitchers were used in Hrodna purely for decorative purposes. You are welcome to improve my phrasing to make the meaning clear. As for the second part of your question, I really don't know. Probably we should move all these names down into the text. We should keep in mind that many (if not most) people google for this town as "Grodno", because this had been its familiar name for centuries and because Russian is kind of official in Belarus now. -- Ghirla -трёп-  15:06, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Polish name of Grodno
Why someone remove Polish name of the city ? It was a Polish city in the past. Before II World war there wasn/t any Russians or Russian language. It was russificated like all Białoruś by Soviets. Polish population of Grodno or all polish voivodeship of Białystok was expelled by to communist poland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.21.61.57 (talk) 19:11, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Confusion
"The town was scored to be dominated by the Old Castle ...."

In English, scored doesn't really make sense in this context. Was some other word meant? Sca (talk) 16:16, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Category
Category:Grodno should probably be renamed to Category:Hrodna. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:46, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Nazi-era ghetto
According to this archival photo of a memorial monument, Nazi-occupied Grodno had a ghetto with 29,000 Jews. This doesn't appear in the page's section on Grodno's history during WWII. -- Deborahjay (talk) 13:30, 8 June 2010 (UTC) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Beginning of new post Title Grodno as Jewish center —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.185.87.155 (talk) 23:57, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

It seems to me that the article is woefully inadequate in a basic respect. One need only Google "Grodno" and pull up the Jewish Encyclopedia article on same. It is like two different cities--no "indeed they were" necessary here. The Wiki article in fact notes that "like other Eurpean cities (!), grodno had a significant Jewish population." Significant?? It was, according to the Wiki piece 48%. Do we understand what 48% Jewish meant? It was in fact considered a Jewish city, and the hitory with the garnts from various Polish and Lithuanian nobility makes that clear--see the Jewish Encyclopedia piece. So my issue with the article is not as to any incorrect statements or facts, but rather the total misimpression one would have aif this were the only readong on subject. There is absolutely no separate section on Grodno as a Jewish center, which it obviously was. According to my mom, who grew up there, given the concentration of Jews in the center, and the concentration of Jews in the urban type of activities--commerce and trades--this during the two centuries to and past WWI, the Judeo-centric nature of the Jewish Encyclopedia piece is in fact a more accurate depiction (picture) of Grodno.76.185.87.155 (talk) 23:51, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Grodno as Jewish center--200+ years
First posting but I failed to put in a category. The posting above starts with the article being inadequate, and should have been separated from the comment before noting Nazi ghetto. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.185.87.155 (talk) 23:55, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Jafeluv (talk) 00:14, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Hrodna → Grodno — There are multiples reason for changing the name of this article: Kostja (talk) 18:22, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) By far the more used term in English, as evidenced by both regular and Google books search results:
 * 2) *Regular: Grodno - over a million, Hrodna - about 130 thousand.
 * 3) *Google books searches: Grodno - about 90 thousand, Hrodna - about two thousand.
 * 4) It is the English name preferred by both the local: and the national authorities in Belarus:
 * 5) The name of the region is at Grodno region, it's rather inconsistent to have its capital at Hrodna.
 * 6) All other regional centers in Belarus have been moved to their Russian names.

 * Support, since Grodno is more widespread in English-language sources. --Glebchik (talk) 04:02, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Support. Grodno is much more used in English-language texts. Google Ngram Viewer comparison --DonaldDuck (talk) 06:50, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Support. As long as Lukashenko is in charge, Belarusian names have no place here.  "Grodno" also has a historical pedigree.  —   AjaxSmack   03:41, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Garten
The article claims that during World War II, the Germans renamed the city to Garten in 1942 after they conquered it from the Soviets the year before. I can't find any reliable source that this ever happened. The furthest I got was a webpage citing a single source that states it was a name used by the Teutonic Order for a while, along with other variations such as Garton and Gartena. Also, every German map from the period that I've seen always clearly show the name as Grodno, even post-1942 ones. For that reason, I'm deleting this bit from the page, which has been unreferenced since it was added in 2008. I'd be interested if anyone can find any reliable sources to shed more light on this.--Morgan Hauser (talk) 08:40, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

 * In this map Grodno is renamed as Garten: http://www.mapywig.org/m/German_maps/various/Small_scale_maps_nazi/POSTLEIT-GEBIETSKARTE_1.5M_VII_1944.jpg I took it from here: http://igrek.amzp.pl/mapindex.php?cat=GERGENERALNAZI --151.41.182.37 (talk) 21:55, 23 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Also this one: http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/agdm/id/6554/rec/43 --93.144.98.207 (talk) 06:19, 30 June 2017 (UTC)
 * And this one: http://www.chronicles-of-the-luftwaffe.de/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Gea-%C3%9Cbersichtskarte-Mitteleuropa-1.5M-Reduced.jpg --188.152.159.54 (talk) 16:04, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

Changing the name
Hello!

There is an official Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script. Could You kindly change the name of the article from Grodno to correct Hrodna? --Belarus2578 (talk) 23:08, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

Baltic or Baltic-Slavic?
Slavic has been removed without quoting sources and explaining.Xx236 (talk) 07:39, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Grodno. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140811093843/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Stories/eMagazine4-1-2/Witold2/GrodnoEng.html to http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Stories/eMagazine4-1-2/Witold2/GrodnoEng.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:06, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Confusing sentence in WWII section
Would someone please clarify this sentence in the article, World War II section: "The part of Poles were expelled or fled to Poland 1944–1946 and 1955–1959." Please add a note here when resolved. Thanks. 5Q5 (talk) 15:33, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I have rephrased this sentence along with its paragraph. Double sharp (talk) 10:10, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Lithuanian settlement in 12th century
Could someone check what the provided source (Greenbaum's The Jews of Lithuania: A History of a Remarkable Community 1316-1945) says exactly? I've added a better source needed tag as the book is about a different period than the one the passage is about (12th century). Alaexis¿question? 13:23, 12 January 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:53, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Grodno Regional Drama Theatre.jpg

English name of the city
On all UN maps the name of the city is written as "Hrodna", it’s time to correct this misunderstanding on Wikipedia. In any case, "Grodno" will redirect here. Belarusian volunteer (talk) 23:15, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * The current title is due to WP:COMMONNAME. Undoubtedly, "Grodno" is used more often in English than "Hrodna". For other settlements where there is no such common name, we follow BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian as per WP:BELARUSIANNAMES. In any case, the procedure is WP:RM. Mellk (talk) 02:45, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Mellk "Grodno" is a historical mistake caused initially by the polonization and then the russification of Belarus. Why can't this romanization system be used for all Belarusian names? Belarusian volunteer (talk) 08:38, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I am afraid that "historical mistake" is not a valid reason for changing this. This system is used when there is no common name, the common name is used because this is the policy. Mellk (talk) 00:27, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hate to revive this discussion but there is a level of using specifically Belarusian names in the west after the 2020 protests, but at a much more limited scale than say, "Kiev" to Kyiv. 🤓 WeaponizingArchitecture  |  scream at me  🤓 17:35, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I do not really see this. For example, Google Scholar returns about 1,000 results for Hrodna and about 15,300 for Grodno since 2020. If we include all years, then it returns about 2,700 results for Hrodna and about 59,000 for Grodno. So about 1:15 for results since 2020 and 1:22 for all years. For results since the year 2000, it is about 1:7. If anything, there is an opposite effect. Google Ngram also does not show a sustained increase for the alternate name such as in the case with Kiev/Kyiv. Mellk (talk) 02:48, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grodno


text:
Cook's Illustrated

Cook's Illustrated is an American cooking magazine published every two months by America's Test Kitchen Limited Partnership (ATK) in Brookline, Massachusetts. On February 2, 2023, Cook's Illustrated was one of ATK's brands included in the sale of its controlling interest to Marquee Brands.

It accepts no advertising and is characterized by extensive recipe testing and detailed instructions. The magazine also conducts thorough evaluations of kitchen equipment and branded foods and ingredients.

History
Founder and former editor Christopher Kimball launched Cook's magazine in 1980 with money raised from investors. Kimball eventually sold Cook's to Condé Nast Publications, which discontinued the magazine in 1989. Kimball later reacquired rights to the name, hired several former Cook's staff members, and launched a rebranded Cook's Illustrated in 1993.

Circulation grew from an initial 25,000 to 600,000 in 2004 and one million subscribers in 2007, maintaining a growth rate substantially higher than the general category of cooking magazines. In 2009, Cook's Illustrated magazine had 1.2 million subscribers, a figure that grew by 11% on average over the previous nine years. The 78% renewal rate is twice the 35–40% rate for all consumer magazines. The website enjoys 300,000 paid subscribers, about half of whom also subscribe to one of the magazines.

The magazine's staff also produces the PBS cooking shows America's Test Kitchen and Cook's Country, and publishes cookbooks including The Best Recipe and America's Test Kitchen series. A sister magazine, Cook's Country, which emphasizes home-style cooking and reader submissions, launched in October 2004; the two magazines come out in alternate months. Though the company is still officially known as Boston Common Press, most of its publishing activity is done under the America's Test Kitchen brand.

On November 16, 2015, a news release from Boston Commons Press announced the departure of Kimball over a contract dispute. The 2016 TV programs had already been filmed and Kimball appeared as host, but his direct participation in the company was ended immediately. He remains a minority stockholder in the closely held company. There had been signs of a dispute between the corporate leadership and Kimball ever since September 2015 when David Nussbaum was appointed from outside the company as CEO, above Kimball.

On February 2, 2023, Marquee Brands became a majority owner of America's Test Kitchen Limited Partnership and its associated brands, including Cook's Illustrated and Cook's Country. Also David Nussbaum was replaced by Dan Suratt as CEO of ATK.

Format
Each issue of Cook's Illustrated is 32 pages in length. While formerly printed almost entirely in black-and-white, the magazine received full color photos and illustrations in 2018, aligning with 25th anniversary of the magazine. The front and back covers contain color illustrations of various foods and ingredients, and the inside of the back cover contains color photographs of the recipes featured in the issue.

Founder Kimball's philosophy, which his magazine reflects, is that there is a "single best way to make a dish" that leads to "nearly bulletproof" results. About 10,000 "friends of Cook's'" provide feedback that help the magazine choose recipes. Approximately ten recipes are presented in each issue, taking the form of a narrative in which the author discusses the recipe's evolution. The author of each article usually begins by relating the reason why they decided to create the recipe. For instance, they might have enjoyed the dish from their childhood, wanted to simplify a typically time-consuming recipe, or tried a dish in a restaurant that they wanted to recreate. The article then follows the recipe's development, which invariably begins with numerous problems in its original incarnation. The author then describes iteratively modifying the recipe's ingredients and cooking method, each time presenting the recipe to a panel of tasters who provide feedback. At the end of the article, the author reaches a final recipe and lists the ingredients and preparation instructions, often with minor variants. Recipes typically include hand-drawn illustrations of any difficult cuts or other uncommon preparation.

Recipes in the magazine often utilize unorthodox, but easy, inexpensive, and commonplace ingredients and instructions. For instance, a recipe for Chinese barbecued pork substitutes ketchup for the traditional red bean curd, which can be difficult to find in the United States; a method for improving inexpensive beef roasts suggests turning off the oven during the final hour of cooking to improve the beef's texture; and a recipe for low-fat cookies includes pureed dates, an unorthodox ingredient that the author preferred over more traditional low-fat alternatives.

Each magazine also includes a detailed taste test, in which a panel of tasters evaluates different brands of ingredients such as ketchup, dark chocolate or balsamic vinegar. In addition to testing each ingredient by itself, tasters also try the ingredient in several recipes, such as pots de crème and brownies in the case of dark chocolate. Often, a category is sub-organized into purposes, such as "best teas plain" and "best teas with milk". The magazine also applies this process of testing and evaluating to kitchen tools and products.

Every issue includes a detailed equipment test, where a panel of users tries a variety of items such as knives, cutting boards or baking sheets. In the case of more expensive pieces of equipment, an overall winner as well as a "best buy" are selected. Both types of tests sort their results into four categories: Highly Recommended, Recommended, Recommended with Reservations, and Not Recommended. As with recipes, much space is devoted to explaining the selection and testing process, and any exceptions to the general conclusions.

In addition to the featured test, most issues test a few other products with less detail, where the best and worst brands in each category are presented with a brief description of the products' highlights and drawbacks. The magazine also features a "Kitchen Notes" section, providing tips on completing common cooking chores, often relevant to the recipes in the issue; a "Recipe Update", in which the magazine provides variations on recipes from previous issues; "Quick Tips" submitted by readers; and "Notes from Readers", in which the magazine's editors respond to reader questions. Many issues also include a two-page spread illustrating details on a general method or task, such as "Mastering the Art of Stew" or "Stocking a Baking Pantry".

title: Cook's Illustrated


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mike Sajecki

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:01, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Mike Sajecki
Non-notable director, no IMDb entry, 29 unique Google results. His two films, Delusions of Grandeur and Something/Anything, are also not on IMDb. -- Kjkolb 09:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC) Do not Delete I checked with the Novim Production company which is involved with Mike Sajecki. Something Anything in fact is available for public sale if you go to the website. It has licensed music and does not violate any copyright issue. Delusions of Grandeur was shown in independent theatres and colleges in the northeast US. However there was difficulty releasing for public sale on home video because of a problem with a licensed song from Peter Frampton. They are working with the artists lawyers to negotiate terms. They do wish to have the DVD available, even if it means omitting that song. On the issue of Imdb.com, they immediately submitted credits for their production. However, they say it will take a few weeks to be processed. Mike Sajecki is a relevant director following in the footsteps of Vincent Gallo. Mike has established a local celebrity in his native Buffalo, as well as pockets of interest in Toronto, New England any many of the college towns of the Northeast. The 2006 film from him will be submitted at several national festivals. He hasn't submitted at the elite festivals yet because he hasnt had the popularity then that he does now. -Rich 3 October 2005 (UTC) (preceding comment by )
 * Delete. Delusions of Grandeur is right - the films aren't listed on IMDB because you can't buy them - they are amateur films with copyrighted music, so delete the film articles as well. Average Earthman 21:07, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not the right place to create notability. - C HAIRBOY (☎) 22:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

AfD Tag Deleted? It appears that the IP address that has been editing this article has removed the AfD tag, see comparison between revisions. I didn't want to add it again on my own, as I am new and something benign may have happened to it. Cpaliga 03:04, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * User is definitely deleting AfDCpaliga 03:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Under most (I can't think of any exceptions) circumstances, if an AfD tag has been removed from a page without the AfD itself having been flagged as closed by an administrator (usually after five days) this is a form of vandalism, usually in a desperate attempt by the page creator to defend the page. Such AfD tags should be replaced. Usrnme h8er 07:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete Vanity page. The praise is unsourced etc. (I've reverted the vandalism of the AfD page). KeithD (talk) 07:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Usrnme h8er 07:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the film-maker is currently non-notable and the article is advertorial in tone Anetode 08:01, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. utcursch | talk 11:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn CLW 12:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete him and his movies. This sure looks like an attempt to use Wikipedia to gain legitimacy.  Friday (talk) 16:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn-bio. There are lots of movies available for public sale, but that doesn't make them or their writers/directors/producers/actors notable.  Film is a hard thing to break into and achieve any real measure of success and Mr. Sajecki may be following in Vincent Gallo's footsteps, but until he makes his Buffalo 66 he doesn't deserve an article here.--Isotope23 18:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Dinner for Five

Dinner for Five is a television program in which actor and film director Jon Favreau and a revolving guest list of celebrities eat, drink and talk. The program aired on the Independent Film Channel with Favreau the co-executive producer with Peter Billingsley.

Format
The show format was a spontaneous, open forum for people in the entertainment community. The idea, originally conceived by Favreau, originated from a time when he went out to dinner with colleagues on a film location and exchanged filming anecdotes. Favreau said, "I thought it would be interesting to show people that side of the business". He did not want to present them in a "sensationalized way [that] they're presented in the press, but as normal people". The format featured Favreau and four guests from the entertainment industry in a restaurant with no other diners. They ordered actual food from real menus and were served by authentic waiters. There were no cue cards or previous research on the participants that would have allowed him to orchestrate the conversation and the guests were allowed to talk about whatever they wanted. The show used five cameras with the operators using long lenses so that they could be at least ten feet away from the table and not intrude on the conversation or make the guests self-conscious. The conversations lasted until the film ran out. A 25-minutes episode would be edited from the two-hour dinner. The one exception to the standard format was Favreau having a conversation with Martin Scorsese, done in a more traditional interview style.

The show was canceled by IFC in favor of The Henry Rollins Show because the network felt that "four years in, we needed to make a change, and we needed to make a bold statement."

Netflix and the Independent Film Channel produced a special 50th episode of Dinner for Five, which premiered on IFC February 1, 2008 and became available on Netflix starting February 4, 2008. The 50th episode featured Favreau and Vaughn, as well as Peter Billingsley, Justin Long and Keir O'Donnell, who appear in Vince Vaughn's Wild West Comedy Show.

A DVD was released by Fox Lorber in 2004 of the complete first season. Subsequent DVDs were released by Fairview Entertainment in 2007 as "manufactured on demand when ordered from Amazon" discs. The Fairview DVDs aren't programmed as complete season, but under the aegis of "Jon Favreau presents his 10 most memorable moments/segments" from the series. These bear the titles "Favreau's Favorites", "Best Directors", "On The Road" and "Producer's Picks".

Guests
• J. J. Abrams

• Joey Lauren Adams

• Ben Affleck

• Danny Aiello

• Judd Apatow

• Rosanna Arquette

• Edward Asner

• Sean Astin

• Philip Baker Hall

• Alec Baldwin

• Jason Bateman

• Jennifer Beals

• Ed Begley, Jr.

• Peter Berg ×3

• Jason Biggs

• Buzz Bissinger

• Peter Bogdanovich

• Saffron Burrows

• David Byrne

• James Caan

• Bruce Campbell

• Neve Campbell

• George Carlin

• Michael Chiklis

• Louis C.K.

• Patricia Clarkson

• Rory Cochrane

• Sean Combs

• Roger Corman

• Brian Cox

• David Cross ×2

• Alan Cumming ×2

• Beverly D'Angelo

• Ted Danson

• Frank Darabont

• Michael De Luca

• Dom DeLuise ×2

• Laura Dern

• Zooey Deschanel

• Andy Dick

• Peter Dinklage

• Richard Donner

• Stephen Dorff

• Illeana Douglas ×2

• Fran Drescher

• Steven Drozd

• David Duchovny

• Charles Durning

• Dave Eggers

• Ron Eldard

• Hector Elizondo

• Jennifer Esposito

• Peter Falk ×2

• Dennis Farina

• Colin Farrell

• Will Ferrell ×2

• Carrie Fisher ×2

• Dave Foley

• Jeff Garlin ×2

• Jennifer Garner

• Janeane Garofalo

• Gina Gershon

• Adam Goldberg ×2

• Jeff Goldblum

• Brian Grazer

• Seth Green

• David Alan Grier

• Luis Guzmán ×2

• Maggie Gyllenhaal

• Mark Hamill

• Daryl Hannah

• Cole Hauser

• Tony Hawk

• Sean Hayes

• Jon Heder

• John Herzfeld

• George Hickenlooper

• Katie Holmes

• Ernie Hudson

• Bonnie Hunt ×2

• Amy Irving

• Eddie Izzard

• Kevin James ×3

• Famke Janssen ×2

• Catherine Kellner

• Laura Kightlinger

• John Landis

• Denis Leary

• Stan Lee

• Jason Lee

• Juliette Lewis

• Richard Lewis ×2

• Delroy Lindo

• Ron Livingston ×2

• Faizon Love ×4

• Seth MacFarlane

• Michael Madsen

• Bill Maher

• Marilyn Manson

• Joe Mantegna

• Michael McKean

• David Milch

• Larry Miller

• Penelope Ann Miller

• Isaac Mizrahi

• Jay Mohr

• Tracy Morgan

• Cathy Moriarty

• Alanis Morissette

• Tim Blake Nelson

• Bob Odenkirk ×2

• Timothy Olyphant

• Leland Orser

• Cheri Oteri

• Joe Pantoliano

• Barry Pepper

• Stacy Peralta

• Rosie Perez

• Oliver Platt

• Martha Plimpton

• Kevin Pollak ×2

• Colin Quinn

• Michael Rapaport ×2 & missed 1 due to Ted Demme's death

• Charles Nelson Reilly

• Burt Reynolds ×2

• Giovanni Ribisi

• Christina Ricci

• Henry Rollins

• Ray Romano ×2

• Stephen Root ×2

• Jeffrey Ross

• Paul Rudd

• John Sayles

• Liev Schreiber

• Martin Scorsese

• Tony Shalhoub

• Garry Shandling

• Molly Shannon

• Harry Shearer

• Dax Shepard

• Sarah Silverman ×2

• Christian Slater

• Kevin Smith ×2 & 1 as guest host

• Mary Steenburgen ×2

• Rod Steiger

• Jeffrey Tambor

• Lili Taylor

• Billy Bob Thornton

• Jeanne Tripplehorn

• Tracey Ullman

• Blair Underwood

• Vince Vaughn ×3

• John Waters

• Fred Willard ×2

• Henry Winkler

• Dwight Yoakam

• Rob Zombie

title: Dinner for Five


text:
Talk:Galungan

Kuningan
Yes, Kuningan needs a disambig... — Davenbelle 09:21, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe we should combine this article w/ Hari Raya article because galungan is also one of the celebration festival (Hari Raya)141.213.240.242 15:12, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Galungan is a Balinese holiday that occurs every 210 days and lasts for 10 days. Kuningan is the last day of the holiday. Galungan means "When the Dharma is winning." During this holiday the Balinese gods visit the Earth and leave on Kuningan. just as the article says, it's not an Islam celebration festival, and it's totally unrelated. So combining this article with Hari Raya is out of question. Aldnonymous (talk) 04:25, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Copyvio?
This edit appears to be copied directly from this blog entry. Jpatokal (talk) 18:18, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Read his comment "All materials compiled from: Wikipedia and BaliBagus.com" Aldnonymous (talk) 17:49, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Galungan and Diwali have the same roots and it should be referenced to in the wiki article
A reference to the similarities with Diwali and other forms of Hinduism should be made to make it easier for others to see the relationship. I am an Indonesian Hindu working at the Embassy of Indonesia abroad, so I speak with some authority when I tell you that Kuningan Day (Galungan) and Diwali have the same roots and are hence similar. They are both based on the idea of the victory of good over evil - any differences are cultural and not religious.

The format of the festival is the exact same, the differences are part of the local cultural adaptations (be it calendar or the way the celebration occurs) much like Sri Lankan Deepavali is different from Nepali tihar or Gujarati Diwali - which are all based on the same idea and principles that Galungan is. I don't see why you keep disputing this fact.

At no point in the article is it being stated that they are the same festival, only rightly that they are similar and related.

title: Talk:Galungan


text:
Talk:Endless Love (1994 single)

Merge
Yes, it's an excellent idea to merge this. Any reason not to do so? -- Hoary 09:22, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Endless Love (1994 single)


text:
In Touch Weekly

In Touch Weekly is an American celebrity gossip magazine. The magazine is focused on celebrity news, fashion, beauty, relationships and lifestyle, and is geared towards a younger readership, billing itself as "fast and fun", along with making claims about their lower cover price on their front cover to encourage buyers to purchase their magazine rather than the other titles on a supermarket checkout rack. It usually targets younger women and teenage girls.

History and profile
The magazine was launched in 2002 by Bauer Publishing; Richard Spencer was editor from its launch until 2010. American Media, Inc. acquired Bauer's US celebrity magazines in 2018.

The magazine shares a publisher with its sister magazine Life & Style Weekly, a similar weekly gossip magazine. Whereas In Touch is focused more on celebrity gossip, Life & Style bills itself on giving readers lifestyle tips on how to incorporate celebrity beauty and fashion into their lives.

On September 18, 2006, after the death of Daniel Wayne Smith, son of Anna Nicole Smith, Getty Images sold the last photos taken of Daniel alive at his mother's bedside to In Touch Weekly and Entertainment Tonight for a reported $650,000.

On May 21, 2015, the magazine controversially released a police investigation of Josh Duggar from the 19 Kids and Counting reality TV show, from an investigation carried out in 2006, when Josh was 18 years of age, about events occurring in 2002, when Josh was 14 and still a minor, when he was accused of molesting his sisters and several other girls. No charges were ever filed. Although the magazine was criticized for releasing the report, the Springdale, Arkansas, city attorney and several legal experts said that since Josh was 18 at the time of the investigation and all minors' names were redacted, the release was permitted under Arkansas' Freedom of Information Act.

title: In Touch Weekly


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Methods of Teaching Tennis Groundstrokes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 17:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Methods of Teaching Tennis Groundstrokes
A how-to guide for teaching tennis. Transwiki if anything can be salvaged, delete otherwise. -- Kjkolb 09:23, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete here and move to sister project if material is not already there. Qaz  ( talk ) 14:08, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Kjkolb and Qaz. --SoothingR 07:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. --Woohookitty 11:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Template:Robert-Taschereau-court

title: Template:Robert-Taschereau-court


text:
Bad Hat Harry

Bad Hat Harry Productions, Inc. is an American film and television production company founded in 1994 by director Bryan Singer. It has produced such films as The Usual Suspects and the X-Men film series, as well as the television series House. The name is an homage to Steven Spielberg and comes from a line uttered by Roy Scheider in the 1975 feature Jaws: an elderly swimmer in a bathing cap teases police chief Martin Brody about not going in the water; Brody replies, "That's some bad hat, Harry." The original 2004 logo paid animated homage to this scene. The current logo, introduced in 2011, is taken from the police lineup scene of the companies' first film,The Usual Suspects.

title: Bad Hat Harry


text:
HNN extension

In mathematics, the HNN extension is an important construction of combinatorial group theory.

Introduced in a 1949 paper Embedding Theorems for Groups by Graham Higman, Bernhard Neumann, and Hanna Neumann, it embeds a given group G into another group G' , in such a way that two given isomorphic subgroups of G are conjugate (through a given isomorphism) in G' .

Construction
Let G be a group with presentation $$G = \langle S \mid R\rangle $$, and let $$\alpha\colon H \to K$$ be an isomorphism between two subgroups of G. Let t be a new symbol not in S, and define

 * $$G*_{\alpha} = \left \langle S,t \mid R, tht^{-1}=\alpha(h), \forall h\in H \right \rangle. $$

The group $$G*_{\alpha}$$ is called the HNN extension of G relative to α. The original group G is called the base group for the construction, while the subgroups H and K are the associated subgroups. The new generator t is called the stable letter.

Key properties
Since the presentation for $$G*_{\alpha}$$ contains all the generators and relations from the presentation for G, there is a natural homomorphism, induced by the identification of generators, which takes G to $$G*_{\alpha}$$. Higman, Neumann, and Neumann proved that this morphism is injective, that is, an embedding of G into $$G*_{\alpha}$$. A consequence is that two isomorphic subgroups of a given group are always conjugate in some overgroup; the desire to show this was the original motivation for the construction.

Britton's Lemma
A key property of HNN-extensions is a normal form theorem known as Britton's Lemma. Let $$G*_{\alpha}$$ be as above and let w be the following product in $$G*_{\alpha}$$:

 * $$w=g_0 t^{\varepsilon_1} g_1 t^{\varepsilon_2} \cdots g_{n-1} t^{\varepsilon_n}g_n, \qquad g_i \in G, \varepsilon_i = \pm 1.$$

Then Britton's Lemma can be stated as follows:

Britton's Lemma. If w = 1 in G∗α then
 * either $$n = 0$$ and g0 = 1 in G
 * or $$n > 0$$ and for some i ∈ {1, ..., n−1} one of the following holds:
 * 1) εi = 1, εi+1 = −1, gi ∈ H,
 * 2) εi = −1, εi+1 = 1, gi ∈ K.

In contrapositive terms, Britton's Lemma takes the following form:

Britton's Lemma (alternate form). If w is such that then $$w\ne 1$$ in $$G*_{\alpha}$$.
 * either $$n = 0$$ and g0 ≠ 1 ∈ G,
 * or $$n > 0$$ and the product w does not contain substrings of the form tht−1, where h ∈ H and of the form t−1kt where k ∈ K,

Consequences of Britton's Lemma
Most basic properties of HNN-extensions follow from Britton's Lemma. These consequences include the following facts:

 * The natural homomorphism from G to $$G*_{\alpha}$$ is injective, so that we can think of $$G*_{\alpha}$$ as containing G as a subgroup.
 * Every element of finite order in $$G*_{\alpha}$$ is conjugate to an element of G.
 * Every finite subgroup of $$G*_{\alpha}$$ is conjugate to a finite subgroup of G.
 * If $$ G$$ contains an element $$g$$ such that $$g^k$$ is contained in neither $$H$$ nor $$K$$ for any integer $$k$$, then $$G*_{\alpha}$$ contains a subgroup isomorphic to a free group of rank two.

Applications and generalizations
Applied to algebraic topology, the HNN extension constructs the fundamental group of a topological space X that has been 'glued back' on itself by a mapping f : X → X (see e.g. Surface bundle over the circle). Thus, HNN extensions describe the fundamental group of a self-glued space in the same way that free products with amalgamation do for two spaces X and Y glued along a connected common subspace, as in the Seifert-van Kampen theorem. These two constructions allow the description of the fundamental group of any reasonable geometric gluing. This is generalized into the Bass–Serre theory of groups acting on trees, constructing fundamental groups of graphs of groups.

HNN-extensions play a key role in Higman's proof of the Higman embedding theorem which states that every finitely generated recursively presented group can be homomorphically embedded in a finitely presented group. Most modern proofs of the Novikov–Boone theorem about the existence of a finitely presented group with algorithmically undecidable word problem also substantially use HNN-extensions.

The idea of HNN extension has been extended to other parts of abstract algebra, including Lie algebra theory.

title: HNN extension


text: Category:Eritrea geography stubs

title: Category:Eritrea geography stubs


text:
New Zealand Natural

New Zealand Natural Premium Ice Cream is a global franchise network based in Auckland, New Zealand. It operates as an international franchisor of ice cream, frozen yoghurt, smoothie, juice parlours and mini-parlours, which can be found in shopping centres in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and other countries. The ice cream is also available at supermarkets throughout New Zealand and Australia.

Company history
New Zealand Natural began as a small ice creamery in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1984 that specialized in ice cream with no artificial colours or flavours. Then by chance, Rael Polivnick, who founded the company, met the owner on a flight crossing the Tasman Sea. Polivnick, seeing the potential, purchased the rights to open a New Zealand Natural store at Bondi Beach in Sydney in 1985.

Recognition
New Zealand Natural has won the Export Award at the Westpac New Zealand Franchise Awards and the SIAL D'Or Award in France.

The company's Gold Pure Vanilla was named best in Category at the 14th New Zealand Ice Cream Awards in 2010.

title: New Zealand Natural


text:
Reed Homestead

The Reed Homestead (circa 1809) is a historic home currently operated as a historic house museum in Townsend Harbor, Massachusetts.

Overview
The house is notable mainly for its well-preserved murals on the second floor, attributed to Rufus Porter, founder of Scientific American magazine. The murals date from around 1800 to 1835, and are among the best-preserved examples anywhere of Porter's work. Although it is believed that about 160 Porter murals once existed in homes throughout New England, most have subsequently been destroyed by wallpapering or fading due to sunlight.

The two-story, federal-style house was built circa 1809 for Oliver Reed Jr., and inhabited by four generations of the Reed family. In 1973 it was purchased by the Townsend Historical Society. Nearly everything inside is original, from the wide pine floors to the crown glass windows to the mammy bench in the kitchen. Some modernization has taken place (e.g. electricity was installed in the 1920s) but the house retains much of its nineteenth century flavor.

In addition to the murals, the house contains a clothing collection and many original furnishings.

Today, the home is a nonprofit house museum operated by the Townsend Historical Society. It is located at 72 Main Street (Route 119) and open Tuesday through Friday, 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.

title: Reed Homestead


text:
FEP

FEP may refer to

 * Features, events, and processes, in radioactive waste management
 * Federação Escotista de Portugal, the Scouting Federation of Portugal
 * Federation of European Professional Photographers
 * Federation of European Publishers
 * FEP Sports, a paintball equipment manufacturer
 * Fluorinated ethylene propylene
 * Filaments evaluation protocol, a 3D printing methodology
 * Foreign education provider, in India
 * Fort Edmonton Park, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
 * Forum for European Philosophy
 * Franklin Electronic Publishers, an American electronics manufacturer
 * Free energy perturbation
 * Free Egyptians Party, a political party in Egypt
 * Free erythrocyte porphyrin
 * Front endpaper
 * Front-end processor
 * Full electric propulsion
 * Tuen Mun Ferry Pier stop, Hong Kong (MTR station code)

title: FEP


text:
Talk:Mr. Nice Guy (1997 film)

Misplaced continuity
I removed he line about "misplaced continuity". The only thing missing from the American version (such as is the case with nearly all of Jackie's movies) was the original theme song.

Legal dispute
Is there´s any truth to the rumors that the movie was followed by a legal dispute because the production didn´t pay for all the damage that had been caused during the filming in Melbourne? --Lennier1 (talk) 14:32, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:12, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Mr. Nice Guy Still.jpg

title: Talk:Mr. Nice Guy (1997 film)


text:
User:Superyak

This is Superyak's page.

I live in Johannesburg, South Africa, and I am fanatically devoted to cricket. I am Lubavich, as well as being involved in Bnei Akiva. I blame my Multiple Personality Disorder.

In fact, I'm not Superyak, but a friend of his writing in his name. I wonder how long it will take for him to realize? And does this constitute vandalism? And who cares?

Nah, all the stuff I said about Superyak is true. I promise. Well, except for the MPD stuff. And he can't speak Ancient Greek very well, as far as I know.

title: User:Superyak


text:
Borrowdale, Westmorland

Borrowdale is a valley in the English Lake District. It is located in the county of Westmorland, and is sometimes referred to as Westmorland Borrowdale in order to distinguish it from a more famous Borrowdale located in Cumberland.

The valley straddles the eastern border of the Lake District National Park, and is part of Westmorland and Furness.

The valley carries Borrow Beck for 11 km, from Borrowdale Hole, through Borrowdale Moss to End of Borrowdale, crossing the A6 road at High Borrow Bridge and reaching the River Lune at Low Borrow Bridge, site of a Roman fort, and where the original bridge has been supplemented by a new bridge for the A685 road, and by twin viaducts for the M6 motorway, and for the West Coast Main Line railway.

The upper segment, above High Borrow Bridge, is very remote; the lower segment carries a bridleway along its length, and has easy parking at the eastern end just off the A685, but remains quiet even in the high season.

title: Borrowdale, Westmorland


text:
The Death of Grass

The Death of Grass (US title No Blade of Grass) is a 1956 post-apocalyptic science fiction novel written by the English author Sam Youd under the pen name John Christopher. The plot concerns a virus that kills off grass species, including rice and wheat. The Death of Grass was the first of several post-apocalyptic novels written by Youd. The novel was written in a matter of weeks and liberated him from his day job.

It was published in the United States both in book form and serialized in The Saturday Evening Post, as No Blade of Grass; supposedly the US publisher thought the original title "sounded like something out of a gardening catalogue". Its publication in The Saturday Evening Post provoked considerable reaction amongst its readers on account of its portrayal of government's response to the unfolding worldwide crisis. The film rights were sold to MGM; the 1970 film, No Blade of Grass, was produced and directed by Cornel Wilde.

Plot
A new virus strain has infected rice crops in East Asia causing massive famine; the virus is also revealed to be found in the UK but because of its selectivity does not affect the country's agriculture. After the introduction of a new pesticide, developed in preference to breeding resistant crops, a mutated virus appears and infects the staple crops of West Asia and Europe such as wheat and barley—all of the grasses (thus the novel's title). It threatens a famine engulfing the whole of the Old World, while Australasia and the Americas attempt to impose rigorous quarantine to keep the virus out.

The novel follows the struggles of engineer John Custance and his friend, civil servant Roger Buckley, as, along with their families, they make their way across an England which is rapidly descending into anarchy, hoping to reach the safety of John's brother's potato farm in an isolated Westmorland valley. Buckley, having advance warning of the government's plot to hydrogen bomb major cities, alerts Custance to evacuate. Picking up a travelling companion, a gun shop owner named Pirrie, after an attempt to procure arms, they find that they must sacrifice many of the aspects of the morality they held before the famine in order to stay alive. At one point, when their food supply runs out, they kill a family to take their bread, John justifying it with the belief that "it was them or us."

Before reaching the valley, John takes in a large group of peaceful survivors. The group later survives encounters with a violent biker gang and soldiers attacking a farmhouse. After arriving at the valley, they find that John's brother is unable to let them all in to the heavily defended valley. Pirrie prevents John from taking only his immediate family into the valley; instead, the group takes the valley by force. Pirrie and John's brother are killed; John takes possession of the valley.

Adaptations
A dramatised version was broadcast on BBC radio in 1957. Another adaptation for the BBC World Service was broadcast in 1986.

A film adaptation, No Blade of Grass (1970), was produced and directed by Cornel Wilde.

In 2009, as part of a BBC Radio 4 science fiction season, the station broadcast a drama in five episodes, based on the novel and narrated by David Mitchell.

In popular culture
In the 2017 television series Feud, Joan Crawford (played by Jessica Lange) is portrayed rejecting the book as a possible movie source.

title: The Death of Grass


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tennis Progressions for Teaching Groundstrokes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Transwiki. Rx StrangeLove 19:09, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Tennis Progressions for Teaching Groundstrokes
How-to article, transwiki if possible. -- Kjkolb 09:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks Sam Vimes 17:29, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Morton and Hanthorpe

Morton and Hanthorpe is a civil parish, formerly known as Morton by Bourne in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 2 mi north from Bourne, and 14 mi south-east from Grantham. According to the 2011 Census the parish had a population of 2,406.

History
The village is in two parts, one each side of the fen-edge road, the A15. To the fenward side is Morton and to the upland side is Hanthorpe. The earlier name is that of Morton which will come from the acid peat land which the Anglian settlers found in the fen in around the year 500. The name therefore indicates that the fen was to a significant extent better called the bog in modern terminology. They were Germanic speakers so they called it a moor. Hanthorpe is a name indicating a subsidiary settlement established in the period of the Danish settlements, probably in the tenth century.

The church and the later signs of the manorial centre are in Morton. The church is built in the Early English and Perpendicular styles, and was restored in 1860 and 1951. A baptist chapel was built in 1875, and still serves the village today.

In the late 19th century Morton Road railway station opened in 1872 and finally closed in 1964.

A gazetteer of the 19th century said: "MORTON, a village and a parish in Bourne district, Lincoln. The village stands near Car dyke; 2½ miles N by E of Bourn r. station, and has a post office under. Bourn. The parish contains also the hamlet of Hanthorpe. Acres, 3,390. Real property, £9,382. Pop. in 1851,938; in 1861,1,008. Houses, 203. The manor belongs to the Marquis of Exeter. Hanthorpe House is the seat of W. Parker, Esq. The living is a vicarage, united with the vicarage of Hacconby, in the diocese of Lincoln. Value, £400.* Patron, the Bishop of Lincoln. The church is ancient; was restored in 1861; and consists of nave, aisles, and chancel, with a tower. There are a Baptist chapel, a free school, and charities £33."

George Hussey Packe, the 19th-century South Lincolnshire Member of Parliament and chairman of the Great Northern Railway, was born at Hanthorpe Hall in 1796.

On 27 August 2003 the parish was renamed from "Morton" to "Morton & Hanthorpe".

Geography
Morton lies on the western margin of The Fens on three sorts of land, the upland, the fen edge and the fen. The parish was laid out in an elongated form so as to provide access to each of these. At the highest edge, in the west, the geology is chalky till (boulder clay) but most of the upland is Jurassic, including a little Oxford Clay but mostly Kellaways Sand and some Cornbrash and Kellaways Clay. The fen edge consists of First Terrace Gravel with a little Glacial Gravel. The landward part of the fen was black soil, composed largely of peat. Over the two and half centuries since the land was drained, this has largely oxidized away leaving the underlying First Terrace gravel and the mainly clays of the Barroway Drove Beds. These beds form the central part of the fen as well, as they do at the eastern end of the parish. However, there, there is a broad ridge of the Terrington Beds, the remains of a huge marine creek which was not laid down until the Bronze Age and was still active when the Romans diverted Bourne Eau into it by means of what is called by archaeologists 'the Bourne-Morton Canal'. Our medieval ancestors knew it as the Old Ea.

Community
The parish has 921 households in Morton and 74 in Hanthorpe.

Morton Grade I listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St John the Baptist. The ecclesiastical parish is Morton (Bourne), part of the Ringstone in Aveland group of the Deanery of Beltisloe, Diocese of Lincoln. The vicar was the Revd Dr Lynda Pugh between 2012 and 2018. The incumbent is the Revd Neil Bullen.

title: Morton and Hanthorpe


text:
Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II

The Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II was part of an effort by the Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) to strike at the United Kingdom by attacking those parts of the British Empire in the Middle East.

Background
On 10 June 1940, the Kingdom of Italy declared war on the French Republic and the United Kingdom. The Italian invasion of France was short-lived and the French signed an armistice with the Italians on 25 June, three days after France's armistice with Germany. This left the British and the forces of the Commonwealth of Nations for the Italians to contend with in the Middle East.

Successively on 19 October 1940, four Italian SM.82s bombers attacked American-operated oil refineries in the British Protectorate of Bahrain, damaging the local refineries. The raid also struck Dhahran in Saudi Arabia, but caused little damage.

Bombing campaign
Starting in July 1940, the Italian bombing of the British Mandate of Palestine was primarily centered on Tel Aviv and Haifa. However, many other coastal towns such as Acre and Jaffa also suffered.

The last Italian bombing on the territories of the British Mandate of Palestine occurred in June 1941. Haifa and Tel Aviv were hit, but with little damage and few casualties.

Bombing of Haifa
Haifa was hit many times by the Italians, targeting the port and refinery, starting in June 1940. The 29 July 1940 issue of Time reported a bombing at Haifa by SM82 bombers during the previous week, with a dozen casualties. The Italians claimed a huge success which the British did not deny.

Where the British oil pipeline from Mosul reaches tidewater, "Ten big Italian bombers, flying at great altitude from the Dodecanese Islands, giving the British bases at Cyprus a wide berth, dropped 50 bombs on the Haifa oil terminal and refinery." The bombing started fires which burned for many days afterwards, and the refinery's production was blocked for nearly one month. British fighters from a base on Mount Carmel were too late to overtake the Italians returning to their base in Italian Dodecanese.

Bombing of Tel Aviv
On 9 September 1940, a bombing raid on Tel Aviv caused 137 deaths. There was another raid on Tel Aviv on 12 June 1941 with 13 deaths, done by the Italians or by the French, based in Syria.

Historian Alberto Rosselli pinpointed that the bombing of Tel Aviv that killed 137 people was because the Italian bombers were on their way to the strategic port and refineries of Haifa, but were intercepted by British aircraft. Forced to go back, the Italians received orders to drop their bombs on the port of Tel Aviv, but in attempting to avoid the attacking British planes they dropped the bombs by mistake on a civilian area near the port.


text:
Talk:Stellar engine

should this article
should this article include explanation/hypothesis of why it would ever be necesary to move a star? user:vroman

 * Maybe in a short paragraph at the end... I can only think of exploration and moving out of dangerous areas of space. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 10:37, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the stars are being moved for aesthetic reasons? Thomas Purnell 15:27, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Stellar husbandry, perhaps—moving stars into or out of nebulae could be used to control the rate of formation of new stars within them. Or, on a larger scale, to move whole galaxies.  Andromeda may collide with our own galaxy in a few billion years.  That could cause much inconvenience to a developed galactic civilization. — Xaonon (Talk) 21:08, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Generally this sort of thing is suggested as a means to either shift an inhabited star system out of the path of a potential danger or to move the danger itself, for instance a large star which might go supernova is arguably easier to move, since acceleration is force divided by mass. The force provided by this engine is linear to its brightness, but more massive stars produce much more light relative to their mass. Usually the relation between luminosity and mass is given as M=L^3.5, so double the mass and you need double the force to get the same acceleration, but that same star produces 11 times the light, rather than simply double the light. A star that might go supernova, at 20 times the sun's mass, has more than 20,000x the light to push itself even though it only needs 20x to produce the same acceleration. Plus it is usually assumed anyone in a position to be building these has likely already spread out to some other nearby stars and thus would rather eject the supernova threatening multiple of them rather than move their own stars. Caasi560 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Caasi560 (talk • contribs) 21:18, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Caasi560's comment reasons well based on the Mass–luminosity relation, but his formula reverses the relation.Elias (talk) 13:53, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Direction of thrust
It took me a while to understand why the star moves in the direction of the mirror. It seems necessary to utilize the fact that absorbed radiation is emitted omnidirectionally in order to explain this. If so, could someone please add this fact to the explanation. Taken from page on radiation pressure: "If the blackbody absorbs 1,080 watts on its sun-facing surface, it must also emit all 1,080 watts omnidirectionally. The omnidirectional emission is self-cancelling". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.0.86 (talk) 21:58, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * If radiation was emitted from the satellite omnidirectionally, it would feel no net radiation pressure, & fall towards the star. It has to be a mirror for this kind of engine to work Stutheboo22 (talk) 15:46, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

Can somebody explain why the direction of acceleration is towards the mirror? Without the mirror, there is no net force exerted on the star. With the mirror, wouldn't the net force be away from the mirror since the photons are being sent back to the star? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.60.119.198 (talk) 21:17, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

I think I understand this. The mirror should not send the photons back to the star, but back past it. Then there will be a net flux of photons (from the combination of star and mirror) in the opposite direction of the mirror. If one instead of a mirror in front of the star has a black sheet "behind" the star, the black sheet will, according to the first comment in this section, absorb some backward radiation and emit it equally forwards and backwards, which should also give a slight net propulsion of the star, I think. Elias (talk) 14:06, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The way this satélite works is it has a gravitational attraction towards the star, but a radiation pressure away from the star. The star feels the same gravitational attraction, but no net radiation. What actually moves the star is the gravitational attraction to the satellite. Given the system as a whole (star & satélite), the net radiation pushes the system. I feel like this could be clarified. The satellite should be a parabolic mirror, which the sun at the focus so radiation from the star is emitted backwards & parallel. Stutheboo22 (talk) 15:44, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

Magnetic Satellites
I've heard a theory that if you could somehow manipulate magnetic fields with a series of large satellites, you could cause, say, a star and a planet to repel each other. Is that feasible? I slighly doubt the veracity of that claim, but I'm no physicist. Does anything know anything about that? Scourgeofsmallishinsects 15:45, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Speed?
So how fast would a star move under the influence of a stellar engine? Anyone have a guess? --Brasswatchman 05:18, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The article contains an answer to that now. ··gracefool☺ 04:46, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * in the calculations the speed goes from 20 m/s to 20km/s in 999 milion years so a factor of 1000. should it not be a factor of 31 ($$\sqrt{1000}$$), according to $$e=\frac{mv^2}{2}$$ .130.240.109.53 (talk) 16:47, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Laser Stars
Lasers Stars can be qualified as class B stellar engines?

ake a look:

 * I'm not sure ... I think a good argument can be made both for and against that. A class B stellar engine extracts energy for a usable purpose, and a laser star does indeed do that. At one end of the spectrum you have something as small and insignificant as a solar panel, and at the other end a Matrioshka Brain. Both harness the output of the star for a purpose. The later is clearly a Stellar engine; I think few people would label the former that way. Laser stars fall somewhere in the middle. Where the "dividing line" is, is a matter of interpretation. - Vedexent (talk) - 05:23, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

"After one billion years, the speed would be 20 km/s and the displacement 34,000 light-years, a little over a third of the estimated width of the Milky Way galaxy."
Perhaps this can be contrasted to the fact that the solar system would orbit around the centre of the Milky Way a little over four times? - The "voluntary displacement" is still only middling compared to the natural gravitational motion, which will automatically bring several interesting systems within just a few LY over that sort of time span. If you have a billion years to spare, you might just as well take nature take its course... 2A01:CB0C:1704:9A00:94A5:1263:7E15:7E81 (talk) 09:04, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

"in principle (assuming perfect efficiency), accelerate the Sun to ~27% the speed of light (after burning enough of the Sun's mass to transition it to a brown dwarf)"
Perhaps add the remark that slowing down is no small feat at relativistic speeds and takes up a hefty portion of the energy budget before the Sun is burned up? This is assuming that the goal is to get to a planet around another star and colonise that planet. (If the goal were to merely live among the stars using the Sun as our energy source - we have always been doing that!) (If we expect to be able to make the planet that we find out there "work" for our biology, we must first dispose of the requisite mega-eco-engineering skills, and a good place to start developing such skills is to put a near-optimal planet in order - you are sitting on one such planet right now.) 2A01:CB0C:1704:9A00:94A5:1263:7E15:7E81 (talk) 09:11, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stellar engine


text:
Townsend Harbor, Massachusetts

Townsend Harbor is a village in Townsend, Massachusetts, containing Harbor Pond dammed from the Squannacook River. At this location Jonas Spaulding and his brother Waldo started a mill in 1873 that made leatherboard (composed of leather scraps and wood pulp). They did business as Spaulding Brothers. Their family business expanded to locations in New Hampshire and western New York.

Jonas Spaulding expanded further into leatherboard manufacturing, founding a second mill at Milton, New Hampshire, around 1893. This allowed Jonas to bring his three grown sons: Leon C., Huntley N., and Rolland H. Spaulding, into the business in a second company organized as J. Spaulding and Sons. The senior Spaulding started construction of a third leatherboard mill at North Rochester, New Hampshire. It began production in 1900 shortly after his death.

The three Spaulding sons were successful and acquired the Spaulding Brothers mill in Townsend Harbor in 1902, making it part of J. Spaulding and Sons. They later moved their corporate offices to Rochester, New Hampshire. The three brothers continued to expand the business, building a vulcanized fibre mill in Tonawanda, New York in 1911, and a fourth leatherboard mill at a second location in Milton in 1913.

They continued the company as J. Spaulding and Sons until about 1924, when they changed its name to the Spaulding Fibre Company to reflect its product. The corporate offices were moved to Tonawanda, New York, as that plant became the biggest operation. It reached its peak of production and employment in the 1960s, after having added product lines in Spauldite (a competitor for Bakelite) and a fiberglass tube.

Operation of the leatherboard mill at Townsend Harbor ceased in 1957, after the last two surviving siblings, Huntley Spaulding and his married sister Marion S. Potter, died. The two siblings had previously created a charitable trust that took over the Spaulding Fibre Company after their deaths and sold off all assets within 15 years.

Points of interest

 * Reed Homestead

title: Townsend Harbor, Massachusetts


text:
Ronald Ray Howard

Ronald Ray Howard (July 22, 1973 – October 6, 2005) was a convicted American murderer executed by lethal injection by the U.S. state of Texas. He was convicted of the shooting death of Texas Highway Patrol Trooper Bill Davidson after Howard was stopped for a broken headlight on April 11, 1992.

Life
Born in Houston, Texas, Howard dropped out of school in the 8th grade. By age 15, he was stealing cars and dealing drugs. He started, but never finished training in electrician, building maintenance, computer data entry, and heavy diesel mechanics. He was married with three daughters and one son.

Howard's prior criminal convictions were burglary of a motor vehicle (6-year probated sentence) and theft for which he received a 45-day jail sentence. At the time of the crime, Howard was 19 years old and on probation.

Crime
On April 11, 1992, Trooper Bill Davidson stopped Howard, originally from the South Park area of Houston, Texas, on U.S. Highway 59 about 5 miles (8 km) south of Edna, Texas in a 1986 GMC Jimmy, as his vehicle had a broken headlight. When Davidson approached the driver-side window of the car, he was shot in the neck. Howard drove off but was apprehended later in the night, with a 9 mm pistol. The car was later found to be stolen. Three days later, Davidson died of his injuries. Drug tests showed that Howard had cocaine and cannabis in his system at the time of the murder.

Howard also said that the rap music that he listened to had conditioned him to hate police officers. He had been listening to 2Pac's "Soulja's Story" when pulled over. The song talks about the harsh life of a young black male being pulled over by a police officer and then shooting him.

Sentencing
On June 8, 1993, Howard was convicted of capital murder and just over a month later sentenced to death. On December 18, 1996, however, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overturned the sentence (but not the conviction) because a prospective juror had been erroneously dismissed. The appeals court ordered a new punishment trial, which took place on January 26, 1999; the new trial again sentenced Howard to death. This new sentence was confirmed by the Court of Criminal Appeals on December 19, 2001. On March 30, 2005, after appealing to the Supreme Court of the United States, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the District Court for the Southern District of Texas his execution date was set as October 6.

According to the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty, Howard continued to regret his actions and worked to stop at-risk youth following his lead.

Death
Howard was executed by lethal injection on October 6, 2005, in Huntsville, Texas.

When asked by the warden if he had a final statement, he looked at the family of Davidson and said: "Yes sir, I do. To the victim's family, I hope it helps a little. I do not know how, but I hope it helps." He then looked at his family and friends and said: "I love you all, all of you. You know I love you. Thank you for bringing my children back to my life. Thank you. I love you all. I love you all very much. Thank you very much."

Howard was pronounced dead at 6:24 p.m.

title: Ronald Ray Howard


text:
Jute cultivation

Jute is one of the most important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. Cultivation is dependent on the climate, season, and soil.

Almost 85% of the world's jute cultivation is concentrated in the Ganges Delta. This fertile geographic region is shared by India (mainly West Bengal) and Bangladesh. China also has a dominant place in jute cultivation. On a smaller scale, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, Nepal, and Bhutan also cultivate jute.

Cultivation
To grow jute, farmers first scatter the seeds on cultivated soil. When the plants are about 15–20 cm tall, they are thinned out. About four months after planting, harvesting begins. The plants are usually harvested after they flower and before the flowers go to seed. The stalks are cut off close to the ground, tied into bundles and soaked in water for about 20 days. This process softens the tissues and breaks the hard pectin bond between the bast and hurd (inner woody fibers) and permits the fibers to be separated. The fibers are then stripped from the stalks in long strands and washed in clear, running water. Then they are hung up or spread on thatched roofs to dry. After 2–3 days of drying, the fibers are tied into bundles. The suitable climate for growing jute is a warm and wet climate, which is offered by the monsoon climate during the fall season, immediately followed by summer. Temperatures ranging to more than 25 °C and relative humidity of 70%–90% are favorable for successful cultivation. Jute requires 160–200 cm of rainfall yearly with extra needed during the sowing period. River basins, alluvial or loamy soils with a pH range between 4.8 and 5.8 are best for jute cultivation. Jute cultivation in red soils may require high dosage of manure. Plain land or gentle slope or low land is ideal for jute cultivation. Since the jute seeds are small in size, land should be finely tilled, which can be done by careful ploughing.

Retting
Retting is the process of extracting fibers from the tough stem or bast of the bast fiber plants. The available retting processes are: mechanical retting (hammering), chemical retting (boiling & applying chemicals), steam/vapor/dew retting, and water or microbial retting. Among them, water or microbial retting is a centuries old, widely popular process of extracting fine bast fibers. However, choice of retting process depends on the availability of water and cost.

The stalks stay submerged in water for 20 days. However, the retting process may require less time if the quality of the jute is better. In most cases, the fiber extraction process of bast fibers in water retting is done by farmers while standing under water.

When the jute stalk is well retted, the stalks are grabbed in bundles and hit with a long wooden hammer to loosen the fibers from the jute hurd or core. After loosening the fibers, the fibers are washed with water and squeezed dry. The extracted fibers are further washed with water and allowed to dry on bamboo poles. Finally, they are tied into small bundles to be sold into the primary market.

Major producers
The Ganges delta contributes more than 80% of the jute production in the world. The Ganges delta can be sub-divided into the following geo-graphical regions in terms of jute cultivation:
 * Jat area (Brahmaputra Alluvium): This comprises the districts of Dhaka, Mymensingh, and Comilla of Bangladesh. The area annually receives fresh deposit of silts carried down by the flood water. Soils are acidic in, the texture varies from sand loam to clay loam. According to commercial quality, the best quality jute, the Jat type, grows in this area.
 * District area (Ganges Alluvium): This comprises part of the districts of Kushtia, Jessore, Khulna, Rajshahi, Pabna, and Dhaka of Bangladesh and major portion of West Bengal of India. This area has soil of slight alkaline clay loam to light loam in gray to dark gray color. The type of jute grown in this area is known as District Jute, which is next to Jat Jute in order of quality. The jute fibre grown in this region is further divided into two major varieties, such as: Hard District Jute and Soft District Jute.
 * Northern area (Teesta Silt): This comprises part of Dinajpur, Rangpur Lalmonirhat, Gaibandha, Kurigram, Nilphamari and Panchagarh districts, East Bogra, and Sirajganj of Bangladesh and some parts of North Bihar Purnea and West Bengal of India. The region has sandy soil with low moisture retention capacity. Soil retention is slightly acidic.

Strengths of major jute producing countries
India is the world’s biggest producer of jute, followed by Bangladesh. Jute is primarily grown in West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Andhra Pradesh.
 * India is the largest producer or cultivator of jute in the world. Its 1987 law mandating the use of jute for certain packaging is one reason it is also the largest consumer of jute in the world.
 * Bangladesh is currently the second largest producer of jute fiber, now overtaken by India. The Jat Area, popular for producing high quality jute fiber, is located in Bangladesh. Therefore, Bangladesh is able to supply the highest quality of jute fiber in the world. However, Bangladesh falls behind its other competitors in applying recent technological advancements. In terms of world export of jute fiber, Bangladesh's share is more than 70%, which makes Bangladesh the largest exporter of jute fiber in the world.

History
In classical antiquity, Pliny recorded that jute plants were used as food in Ancient Egypt.

For centuries, jute has been an integral part of the culture of East Bengal and some parts of West Bengal, precisely in the southwest of Bangladesh. Since the seventeenth century, the British started trading in jute. During the reign of the British Empire jute was also used in the military. British jute barons grew rich processing jute and selling manufactured products made from jute. Dundee Jute Barons and the British East India Company set up many jute mills in Bengal and by 1895 jute industries in Bengal overtook the Scottish jute trade. Many Scots emigrated to Bengal to set up jute factories. More than a billion jute sandbags were exported from Bengal to the trenches during World War I and also exported to the Southern United States region to bag cotton. It was used in the fishing, construction, art and the arms industry. Initially, due to its texture, it could only be processed by hand until it was discovered in Dundee that by treating it with whale oil, it could be treated by machine.

title: Jute cultivation


text:
Lacida

The Lacida, also called LCD, was a Polish rotor cipher machine. It was designed and produced before World War II by Poland's Cipher Bureau for prospective wartime use by Polish military higher commands. Lacida was also known as Crypto Machine during a TNMOC Virtual Talk.

History
The machine's name derived from the surname initials of Gwido Langer, Maksymilian Ciężki and Ludomir Danilewicz and / or his younger brother, Leonard Danilewicz. It was built in Warsaw, to the Cipher Bureau's specifications, by the AVA Radio Company.

In anticipation of war, before the September 1939 invasion of Poland, two LCDs were sent to France. From spring 1941, an LCD was used by the Polish Team Z at the Polish-, Spanish- and French-manned Cadix radio-intelligence and decryption center at Uzès, near France's Mediterranean coast.

Prior to the machine's production, it had never been subjected to rigorous decryption attempts. Now it was decided to remedy this oversight. In early July 1941, Polish cryptologists Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski received LCD-enciphered messages that had earlier been transmitted to the staff of the Polish Commander-in-Chief, based in London. Breaking the first message, given to the two cryptologists on July 3, took them only a couple of hours. Further tests yielded similar results. Colonel Langer suspended the use of LCD at Cadix.

In 1974, Rejewski explained that the LCD had two serious flaws. It lacked a commutator ("plugboard"), which was one of the strong points of the German military Enigma machine. The LCD's other weakness involved the reflector and wiring. These shortcomings did not imply that the LCD, somewhat larger than the Enigma and more complicated (e.g., it had a switch for resetting to deciphering), was easy to solve. Indeed, the likelihood of its being broken by the German E-Dienst was judged slight. Theoretically it did exist, however.

title: Lacida


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Jacques Chirac/archive1

Jacques Chirac
What do you think? David.Monniaux 09:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks pretty good overall. Some suggestions: It is in need of more references, and could use a few more details on his personal life. (Who was his first wife? Where did he grow up? Mention is made of his "extensive family acquaintances", but no details.) Most of the bulleted lists need to be expanded into prose to give it a polished appearance. The list of ministries can be formatted into tables. There's a few sentences that are dangling their participles. (E.g. "schemes he has been named in." -> "schemes in which he has been named." &c.) Typo: "ofteen". Thanks. :) — RJH 19:40, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, he only married once. I've rephrased it to make it clearer. The article on fr: has more references and more details, I think we should copy from it. David.Monniaux 06:24, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup, that works for me. — RJH 20:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Baby transport

Old talk
Perambulators, more commonly abbreviated to "pram", (known in the US baby carriages) and buggies (US=strollers) are still widely used in the UK, Western Europe and Australasia. All terrain buggies (3 wheelers) are becoming popular in the UK. Traditional pushchairs have not been as prevalent in recent years, apart from from a type of multi-purpose pram that adapts into pushchair as the baby becomes a toddler. A child carrier such as the one pictured fits is more closely to a baby sling, also in Wikipedia, as the baby is held against the body. A baby carriage/pram/pushchair/buggy/stroller is pushed, whereas child carrier, child sling or child pouch is carried.

Need something on "double buggies", on those sporty tricycle types and on the importance of the perambuator in Victorian England. Rich Farmbrough 09:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

In the fun-facts section, the line -- "Its a busy life in Camelot, I have to push the pram a lot" -- has a mistake. It should be it's not its. Metlin 02:26, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's...
 * I'm removing the fun facts section. Besides being unencyclopedic (although I hate that term), it's almost all speculation.  I could just as easily speculate that the line about the pram just means the song's authors needed a god rhyme with "Camelot," and "pram a lot" fit and offered a funny mental image as an unexpected extra.  Fishal 04:44, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Prams still in use
Here in Denmark, prams are very much still in use, so the phrase "Now prams are very rarely used..." is probably a bit of an overstatement. Supermagle 12:47, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Agreed!! In Denmark as well as in many parts of Europe Prams are used quite a bit. Americans also use prams, but usually only for the first months after a baby is born. Prams are more of a luxury in the US. Sarah.henderson 15:17, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

03:37, 13 January 2008 (UTC)~

- How about an explanation of why Brits call baby cribs "cots." In America babies are pushed in strollers, not carriages. That is an outdated term no longer used. Baby joggers are also sold now as one of many types of stroller. I think the Python song should be added back in.

 * Americans understand the term baby carriage, but it isn't often used, stroller is the most commonly used term. I haven't seen in a long time the type where the baby is facing the person pushing the stroller.--RLent (talk) 15:59, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

 * In most of the U.S., stroller seems to be the prevalent term, but in New York City, baby carriage or simply carriage is commonly used. Also, some modern strollers have adjustable handles so that the baby can either face forward or backward.
 * --Wechselstrom (talk) 16:54, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Use of seat belt with cots
How to use the seat belts with cots ?. --HybridBoy 21:20, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Taca tac
Can anyone include information about the taca tac ?.- Found baby walker --Mac (talk) 13:39, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
So, up 'til today, Child carrier had been proposed to be merged with this article, but no discussion had been held. Well, now I'm hoping to start that discussion, as well as include the article Stroller history, which ought to be merged here.

First of all, to Child carrier, there's the name, which is a loose synonym of "Baby transport". The article itself is primarily concerned with "on-the-body" baby carriers and forms a loose bridge between this article and Baby sling. If the content from Child carrier is merged here, I think we would have a much more comprehensive, cohesive discussion of the general concept of baby transport.

Now, as to Stroller history, the article consists entirely of what would form the "history" section of a subsection of this article. There aren't many, if any, references to speak of. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 15:25, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Pram and strollers in buses
What about prams and strollers in buses?.--Nopetro (talk) 20:01, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Carry-cots
From the aritlce: "The term carrycot became more common in the UK after the introduction of lighter units with detachable baby carriers in the 1970s."

This implies that carry-cots only came into use in Britain the 1970s. That is not true see:
 * "The props crew at The Southwick Players are having trouble finding an authentic portable carry-cot from the period for their black comedy, Losing Louis. Sally Diver said: We have one from the ’70s but it just isn’t right and someone is bound to notice."
 * "Members of the Women’s Voluntary Service issued an urgent appeal for the baby-carrying contraptions which were popular in the 1950s and 1960s."

Carry-cots became particularly useful to parents when those parents had cars (and given the role genderization of the 1950 more so when the mother drove herself). So the affluent young parents in Britain used carry-cots for the 1950s onwards. However their usage became more widespread as car ownership became more common among parents perhaps that is why the 1970s are mentioned in this article.

It will be difficult to prove the link between car ownership and carry-cots unless someone has written a specific reliable article on it, but as above there are reliable sources that show that carry cots were "popular in the 1950s and 1960s." -- PBS (talk) 12:06, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Buggies and pushchairs
This is WP:OR: ""Pushchair" is the usual term in the UK, but is becoming increasingly replaced by buggy"

As I said in an edit an edit I made in February 2011: Buggy is shorter than "pushchair" and as it is easier to say is much more common in speech that push chair, which tends to be used in writing. Eg: "do not leave pushchairs in the corridor".

The problem is that it is unlikely that anyone has done a survey of changes in frequency of use, so without such a published survey whether on term is "becoming increasingly replaced by" another is OR, so better to leave it out and just make it clear that both terms are used, and are equally valid. -- PBS (talk) 12:06, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Too big for a stroller? Maximum age
The article says in one place that some of these devices are used up to age 3 and in another place that it is up to age 4. In current practice in the US, parents push much older children around in strollers. There was |a website which was profiled in Salon, which shamed parents for pushing around children who were "too big" such as 5, 6 or older. It got a backlash from moms who said that maybe the child is a tall 3 year old, or that it is too hard to walk 1/2 mile to the park or store with a 4 year old, or that they have a baby and a 4 year old and they want to push them in a stroller rather than take a car,  or that the child might have some disability. The "too big" side notes school age children in strollers, who are obese, and who do not gain endurance and coordination. I see parents pushing "triple strollers" with children aged perhaps 5, 3 and 2. Certainly a 4 year old might get tired walking and want to be picked up, or would require some supervision if able to run around in a store, so pushing him in a stroller may be easier tha holding his hand and walking with him. The article should reflect that some parents choose to push a child who is quite capable of walking, because it is convenient or because the child prefers it, resulting perhaps in sedentary children less able to walk any distance. Edison (talk) 16:28, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

 * That notation about age is pretty useless. The grows-with-them strollers are being made much like the grows-with-them car seats now - designed to allow for transporting kids to a certain size not a certain age. There's even a kind with a sitting section for smaller babies or toddlers and a standing position for your older kids. And I have literally never heard it suggested by anyone in my life, that strollers are intended only for children who cannot yet walk well on their own. The general consensus on when to stop using a stroller is when the child is too big to sit in it comfortably, or when they have no patience for being in it.

 * I also don't think there's any reason to assume that pushing an older child in a stroller results in sedentary children, unless there is adequate research connecting childhood obesity (an 'epidemic' that some studies show is being highly overblown) or similar issues to later stroller usage. Most kids do not get their physical activity in going to the store, a market, a shopping mall or at other venues where you're likely to see a stroller - in those locations they are encouraged to stay put next to their parent/guardian. Their main physical activity is at play, not while their parents are shopping. And there are indications that children of older parents have better outcomes in their health and healthy living - older parents are likely to have an even harder time carrying around a 5 year old if they get too tired to walk.

 * The notation about age should be removed altogether, because it seems to be an entirely arbitrary number. Strollers aren't rated for age, they are rated for weight. Even car seat laws now use age as a general guideline, but go on height and/or weight for the final rulings. It just depends on how far your child deviates, up or down, from the 'standard' measurements for their age group, whether it's appropriate to use such apparatus for them. CleverTitania (talk) 10:14, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:28, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Odessastepsbaby.jpg

title: Talk:Baby transport