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Belmont Report

The Belmont Report is a 1978 report created by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Its full title is the Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, Report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

The Belmont Report summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for human subject research. Three core principles are identified: respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice. The three primary areas of application were stated as informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and selection of human subjects in research.

It was named the Belmont Report, for the Belmont Conference Center, where the National Commission met when first drafting the report. According to Vollmer and Howard, the Belmont Report allows for a positive solution, which at times may be difficult to find, to future subjects who are not capable to make independent decisions.

Etymology
The Belmont report took its name from the Belmont Conference Center in Elkridge, Maryland, 10 miles south of Baltimore where the document was drafted in part. The Belmont Conference Center, once a part of the Smithsonian Institution, was operated by Howard Community College until the end of 2010.

History
In 1974, prompted in part by the ethical problems emerging from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972), the National Research Act was signed into law. This created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1974–1978). It consisted of altogether 11 physicians, lawyers and scientists, 8 of them were men and three women, namely Kenneth John Ryan, Joseph V. Brady, Robert E. Cooke, Dorothy I. Height (the only African-American), Albert R. Jonsen, Patricia King, Karen Lebacqz, David W. Louisell, Donald W. Seldin, Eliot Stellar and Robert H. Turtle.

It was divided into a series of work groups. Several people worked on issues of autonomy, others worked on issues of beneficence, or non-maleficence, or justice. The commission developed the Belmont Report over a four-year period from 1974 to 1978, including an intensive four-day period of discussions in February 1976 at the Belmont Conference Center.

On September 30, 1978, the commission's report, Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, was released. It was published in the Federal Register on April 18, 1979.

The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) revised and expanded its regulations for the protection of human subjects 45 CFR part 46 in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Ethical principles
The Belmont Report explains the unifying ethical principles for using any human subjects for research which have formed the basis for the National Commission's topic-specific reports and regulations. The three ethical principles are:
 * 1) Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception (integrity);
 * 2) Beneficence: the philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects; and
 * 3) Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly — the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants — and equally.

These principles remain the basis for the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) human subject protection regulations. The Belmont Report continues as an essential reference for institutional review boards (IRBs) that review HHS-conducted or -supported human subjects research proposals involving human subjects, in order to ensure that the research meets the ethical foundations of the regulations.

Applications of these principles to conduct research requires careful consideration of i) informed consent, ii) assessment of risks and benefits, and  iii) selection of human subjects in research.

Summary
The summary, from the top of the Report:

"On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles. In carrying out the above, the Commission was directed to consider: (i) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine, (ii) the role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, (iii) appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and (iv) the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings.

The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the Commission in the course of its deliberations. It is the outgrowth of an intensive four-day period of discussions that were held in February 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution's Belmont Conference Center supplemented by the monthly deliberations of the Commission that were held over a period of nearly four years. It is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects. By publishing the Report in the Federal Register, and providing reprints upon request, the Secretary intends that it may be made readily available to scientists, members of Institutional Review Boards, and Federal employees. The two-volume Appendix, containing the lengthy reports of experts and specialists who assisted the Commission in fulfilling this part of its charge, is available as DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78-0013 and No. (OS) 78-0014, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

Unlike most other reports of the Commission, the Belmont Report does not make specific recommendations for administrative action by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Rather, the Commission recommended that the Belmont Report be adopted in its entirety, as a statement of the Department's policy. The Department requests public comment on this recommendation."

The Belmont report itself consists of 3 clauses: A. Boundaries between Practice and Research, B. Basic Ethical Principles, C. Applications.

Boundaries Between Practice and Research
This clause establishes the differences between biomedical and behavioral research, and that the different areas of research, require different protections for human participants. Examining the differences between "practice" and "research", practice is dealing with bettering the wellbeing of an individual or group, while research is testing a theory and potentially has an unknown ending. This difference, establishes that they require different protections for human participants, and when any amount of research is occurring, it should be reviewed for the protection those involved.

Basic Ethical Principles
This clause covers, three ethical principles; Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice.

Respect for Persons
This ethical principle describes individuals as autonomous agents. Stating that an autonomous agent is an individual capable of deliberation regarding their personal goals, and who is able to be guided by that deliberation. It acknowledges that while most individuals are capable of making the decision, some groups of people require more protections. Some lose their capacity for self-determination due to illness, mental disabilities, or other circumstances. Children, and the groups just mentioned, are to be granted protections, either temporarily or permanently, until the individual is capable of self-determination. These protections range from ensuring that the individual understands and is freely participating in the research, to excluding the individual from harm.

Beneficence
This principle, in short, emphasizes the maximization of benefits, and minimization of potential harms. Especially when dealing with those who require further protections, from the Respect for Persons principle. Scientific researchers are urged to consider, not just the immediate consequences, but also the long term consequences of their research.

Justice
This principle deals with the distribution of benefits and burdens of research. It puts forward 5 different formulations, on how to base the distribution, 1, all given an equal share, 2, based on need, 3, based on individual effort, 4, based on societal contribution, 5, based on merit. This principle described the circumstances of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and explains the importance of the participants getting recognition and the possible benefits of research. It also mentions the exploitation of unwilling prisoners, as research participants, in the Nazi concentration camps.

Applications
This clause is broken down into three parts, informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and selection of human subjects in research.

Informed Consent
This section is further broken down into three parts, information, comprehension, and voluntariness.

Information: Ensuring that the participants, are not only given all the relevant information, but that the information is presented in an understandable and researchable way.

Comprehension: The participants should be capable of understanding the information; if they aren't, the third party in-charge of their safety (part of the protections from the Basic Ethical Principles, the Beneficence section) should be given the information regarding the research, and presented it in an understandable manner.

Voluntariness: Participants shouldn't be under any unjustifiable pressures to participate in research. This can include coercion, undue influence by excessive or inappropriate reward, influence by a close relative, threatening to withdraw health services, and other comparable situations. Individuals should make the decision to participate without being pressured by any unwarranted sources.

Assessment of Risk and Benefits
It should be correctly assessed that the benefits should overweigh the risks.

Selection of Subjects
It should be of two types that are as follows :

1) Individual justice

2) Social justice Burdens & benefits are equally shared irrespective of a person's dignity, ability, rich, poor.

Application
The Belmont Report allows for the protection of participants in clinical trials and research studies. Seven things nurses, as primary caregivers for individuals participating in a study, must do to ensure the rights of the participant are met are.
 * 1) Ensure the study is approved by an IRB
 * 2) Get informed consent from the patient
 * 3) Ensure that the patient understands the full extent of the experiment, and if not, will contact the study coordinator
 * 4) Ensure the patient wasn't coerced into doing the experiment by means of threatening or bullying
 * 5) Be careful of other effects of the clinical trial that were not mentioned, and report it to the proper study coordinator
 * 6) Support the privacy of the patient's identity, their motivation to join or refuse the experiment.
 * 7) Ensure that all patients at least get the minimal care needed for their condition

Researchers must share the findings of their procedures regardless of them being good or bad results. Also in the case someone did not want to participate in research but would like treatment they cannot be turned away and must be treated with the same standard care.

Upgrade since 1979
The Belmont Report both serves as a historical document and provides the moral framework for understanding regulations in the United States on the use of humans in experimental methods.

In 1991, 14 other Federal departments and agencies joined HHS in adopting a uniform set of rules for the protection of human subjects, identical to subpart A of 45 CFR part 46 of the HHS regulations. This uniform set of regulations is the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, informally known as the "Common Rule". The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) was also established within HHS.

On January 19, 2017, the 'Revised Common Rule' was issued as a Final Rule, which came into effect on January 21, 2019, and included two changes, instituting the Belmont Report as part of the Protection of Human Subjects federal policy.

Firstly, a Department/Agency head waiver clause, which previously allowed federal department or agency heads to waive parts or all of the Common Rule without restrictions, has since been restricted by the contours of the Belmont Report. The Revised Common Rule states: "Unless otherwise required by law, department or agency heads may waive the applicability of some or all of the provisions of this policy to specific research activities or classes of research activities otherwise covered by this policy, provided the alternative procedures to be followed are consistent with the principles of the Belmont Report." [Revised Common Rule at 45 CFR 46.101(i)] Secondly, a Department/Agency head determinations clause, which previously provided Department/Agency heads with the power and discretion to decide, whether an activity qualifies as human research which is subject to the federal policy, has since required that "this judgment [determination] shall be exercised consistent with the ethical principles of the Belmont Report." [Revised Common Rule at 45 CFR 46.101(c)]

Psychology
In the field of psychology, the Belmont Report has been supplemented by the American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. As of 2018, the APA's guidelines include the basics provided in the originally published Belmont Report, but also enhance and reinforce those established principles. Just as the Belmont Report details the principles of beneficence, respect for persons, and justice, the APA details them further and expands the three initial guidelines into five: (1) beneficence, (2) respect for persons, (3) justice, with the addition of (4) fidelity and responsibility, as well as (5) integrity. The principle of fidelity and responsibility ensures that researchers establish trust and a sense of responsibility for their study and its possible repercussions. The principle of integrity furthers this concept into honesty and accuracy throughout all professional psychological endeavors.

Another area where APA guidelines move beyond the Belmont report is in the setting of standards. The APA establishes standards for all reputable members of the psychology community (particularly those members of the American Psychological Association). The association sets a code of conduct for all APA individuals, which, when violated, can result in termination of professional licensure or membership.

One of the most important standards detailed in the APA manual is the one that requires the induction of an institutional review board (IRB), which serves the same purpose as outlined in the Belmont Report. An IRB is responsible for interpreting the established principles and ensuring the ethicality of research done on humans. Other standards are completely beyond the scope of the Belmont Report but have since been added to the APA manual. One such standard is the ethical treatment of animals (the report's full title being 'Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research'), something that has become a resurgent topic in recent years.

The APA Guidelines have evolved into a more modern approach to ethics in research, and are frequently updated (with nearly nine revisions since its original publication), building on the Belmont Report's foundation as new information becomes available and changes occur in opinion and societal acceptance.

Critique
In a 2006 study by Nancy Shore, community-based participatory researchers were interviewed for their interpretation and critique of the Belmont Report. Interviewees expressed concerns regarding the Belmont Report's ethical principles and interpretations as being one size fits all and advocated researchers to resist the tendency to rely on those principles systematically. It argues that the ethical analysis should be extended to take into account more appropriate factors, such as cultural, gender, ethnic and geographical considerations.

Debate continues over the ethics and regulations of research involving human subjects because of discrepancies over the meaning and priority of the Belmont Report's basic ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Notably, the Belmont Report does not specify how its three ethical principles should be weighted or prioritized. According to Albert R. Jonsen, a member of the National Commission that composed the report, the Institutional Review Board is charged with weighing these principles and deciding how they should be applied. Matters become controversial when deciding if the principles should be interpreted as more or less weighty depending upon the particular circumstances of the research in question, if the principles should be viewed as an obligation that society must undertake on behalf of its members, or if it should be viewed as giving absolute priority to respect for persons' autonomy over the general good of society.

title: Belmont Report


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Talk:Routing Information Protocol

ARPANET
I didn't add the mention of the ARPANET, merely corrected] the erroneous reference that was already there, from "RIP was first developed in 1969 as part of ARPANET" to "The algorithm used in RIP, the Bellman-Ford algorithm, was first deployed in 1969 as part of the ARPANET." Noel (talk) 01:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Could a list of entry level Products which support RIP be added, so others can learn by 'doing'?

"above the network layer" ???
 I really didn't liked this phrase: "It runs above the network layer of the Internet protocol suite, using UDP port 520 to carry its data." Isn't it from the network layer? What does it mean as "above"? application layer? Heaven? Please, someone specify it. ♠ Saturday, 2006-06-10, 06:23 (UTC)
 * It is a layer management protocol for the network layer, and thus a network layer protocol even though it runs over UDP (Port 520).Hcberkowitz 20:01, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree here, it's not implimented in the base stack, can be interchanged with any number of other protocols, and is dependant directly on the transport control layer, thus it's an application layer protocol. (In that it is implimented at that layer.)

 * Sorry, but this is not true architecturally either from the full OSI (i.e., beyond seven simple layers) or the IETF perspectives. If you are going to cite OSI layering, then please consider the Management Annex (ISO 7498/4) to the basic OSI Reference Model, and the OSI Routeing Framework. Additional ISO work on the user, control, and management planes, under the ATM architectural work, made very clear that there are parallel stacks, not a "base stack".  Routing protocols are in a parallel management stack. OSI routing and management documents are quite explicit that it is the nature of the payload, not the means of encapsulation, that determines what protocol is being managed. As you point out, basic ISIS does not run over a network layer protocol, but its total purpose is a set of functions invisible to the end user, or what I assume you  mean by "base stack."

 * Since RIP, in any event, is not used in any OSI stack, how it is characterized by a simplified version of OSI architecture is irrelevant. The authoritative reference is IETF, and the Routing Area of the IETF, with responsibility for all IP-related routing protocols, simply does not use the OSI terminology. I challenge you to find one standards-track RFC that puts a routing protocol into the application layer. SNMP is an application-layer management protocol that does affect routing, but it does not exchange information about routes (e.g., network layer reachability information).Howard C. Berkowitz 14:11, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

It manages a lower layer, so it does have to reach back down, but all routing protocols have to do this and many are not listed as network layer ptotocols. (At least one, IS-IS, doesn't use IP for their own communications at all.)
 * 206.192.18.14 13:29, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * First,

convergence time
I dont see why one says that convergence time is bad in RIP As long as prefixes are not "withdrawn", RIP works just as well as say BGP. The metric /hops is a good discriminator to choose the correct path. the older versions of RIP had something similar to Origin identifier at a time, which was used to cut out loops —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 220.227.114.98 (talk) 09:24, 11 December 2006 (UTC).

 * In real networks, prefixes are frequently withdrawn, as routers or links go down. One of the main reasons to have a routing protocol is to facilitate failover, and RIP, depending on timer settings, can take 90-180 seconds to declare a route down and reconverge. With timer tuning, modern OSPF implementations can reconverge sometimes in less than a second, and often in low seconds. Hcberkowitz 20:00, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

RIP-2B / RIP-2M
my router has these two options but the instruction manual is not that detailed. does anyone know what are the differences? it should be mentionned in the article too. Louis R14 18:16, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

They're probably RIPv2 over broadcast and RIPv2 over multicast. Use multicast if your network is fully RIPv2, broadcast if you still have RIPv1 routers. Jec 00:47, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

well, they can be identified even by the name. My Netgear JNDR3000 also have 2 options, I looked at them for a while and learned that the reason adding Rip_2M/2B is to show the difference between Rip_2M(ulticast) and Rip_2B(roadcast). Not so important for a router running inside a home network, I guess.--218.71.183.131 (talk) 07:26, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

question
is it useful to deactivate RIP function in a single router network? Louis R14 18:18, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Not always, if the hosts passively listen for RIP updates to learn the address of the default router. This is common with UNIX hosts, especially which run the routeD package in passive mode.Hcberkowitz 20:01, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Question from 144.162.97.135
144.162.97.135 asks (via a question inserted into the article that I've just removed) whether RIP is dynamic or static. --Northernhenge (talk) 16:28, 8 November 2008 (UTC) RIP is dynamic--[[User talk:R.srinivaas ]] (talk) 06:08, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

I challenge the claim that "mostly RIP networks are flat". Routing protocols have nothing to do with flat networks. Generally, a flat network has no routing, which makes routing protocols unnecessary as well. RIP is a method by which routers, which serve to segment networks communicate their segments to each-other. I'd argue that by very definition routing protocols don't exist on a flat network. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doll-haus (talk • contribs) 01:47, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Limitations of RIP
can i introduce a new section in this article ?

There are several disadvantages of using RIP, 1) Hop count can not exceed 15, in case if it exceeds it will be considered invalid 2) Mostly RIP networks are flat, there are no concepts of areas or boundaries in networks 3) Variable Length Subnet Masks is not supported by RIP 1, which is considered as a flaw 4) RIP has slow convergence or count to infinity problem 5) RIP does not have mechanism to detect Routing Loops

--[[User talk:R.srinivaas ]] (talk) 06:09, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Technical details sentence issue
Near the end of the 'technical details' there is a sentence which doesn't sound right, but I'm not sure how to fix it: 'RIP is a UDP-base breaks the often defended encapsulation hierarchy of OSI.' Maybe it should be 'RIP is a UDP-based protocol and breaks ...'?

78.108.141.145 (talk) 08:37, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

What is RIP MTI
Can somebody clarify which RFC specifies RIP MTI

This is nothing the one type of feature which is used to prevent loop back or propogate to wested network. and to speedup the convergence

-- unsigned

http://uni-koblenz.de/~vnuml/docs/rip/Diplomarbeit_TKoch.pdf (german, 2005).

there should be another paper (more like a spec, the above concentrates a bit on performance research): "Andreas J. Schmid. RIP-MTI: Minimum-effort loop-free distance vector routing algorithm. Diplomarbeit, Universität Koblenz-Landau, 1999." but i wasn't able to find this online.

according to the 2005 paper, there should be a rip-mti implementation for quagga. but i wasn't able to find that either. iirc the paper should be sufficient to easily produce a patch, so there is a chance to easily build a working implementation.

i think the title should be "where is rip mti"? i didn't find it in the (english, i.e. this) article - and that's a shame if you ask me...

it should be noted that rip-mti isn't a different protocol. it is used with ripv2, and "just" changes how the routing daemon behaves.

--212.18.18.20 (talk) 12:23, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

Technical Details should be based on the latest protocol version.
Is it within the realm of this discussion to modify the RIP Techical details to use the latest up to date information for RIPv2 as the basis for information, and not the original protocol values?

Stating that RIP uses a hop count of 15 in the summary, while correct for RIPv1, it is not correct for today's use. The majority of RIP users will be using the latest version in the devices they purchase. (ripv2) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.146.43.6 (talk) 07:05, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Wow I really don't think so. While we might be using Rip_v2 or some more advanced routing protocols(like IS-IS or OSPF), a brief intro for those obsolete protocols are still required. Also, some devices, though we might be able to announce Rip_v1 being "deprecated", it's still being used in some networks.--218.71.183.131 (talk) 07:33, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Discuss links here
Editors regularly clean out undiscussed links from this article. Please discuss here if you want a link not to be cleaned out regularly. (You can help!) — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 03:49, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Johnuniq undid an edit we added to the External Links section. I'm not sure I understand the rationale. I read the WP:EL content and it seemed the external link we submitted met the goal of "...or other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article for reasons unrelated to its accuracy...".

The link we attempted to add is a detailed HOWTO configure RIP. It provides step-by-step instructions on how to configure RIP in both Linux and Windows 2012/2016. The HOWTO describes building a RIP installation using Quagga which is the definitive open-source implementation of RIP.

The article also included explanations of Route Selection, Route Types and Administrative Distance. All three of which are fundamental to understanding routing protocols on all modern RIP installations but is rarely if ever documented. Most documentation assumes the reader is already familiar with these topics which leaves a gap for learners to grasp.

The article we linked to is http://carroll.net/blog/dynamic-routing-with-redhat/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamercee (talk • contribs) 17:13, 7 April 2019 (UTC)

Sentence copied from Cisco?
Now, I know there are only so many ways to word it, but the first sentence The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocol, which employs the hop count as a routing metric. I suspiciously similar to the first sentence on Cisco's page The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol that uses hop count as its metric. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.138.41.45 (talk) 19:46, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Timers in RIP Standard
These "Hold Down" and "Flush Timer" etc, are from Cisco, which has been taken from a link, and "in that link" that person has made notes to pass in CCNA,CCNP (cisco exams). There are different timers in Actual Standard. (Such as "timeout" and "garbage-collection time") I think those timeouts should be included. Should we include those timers ? Shrivastava Dinesh (talk) 12:59, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * whereas Juniper implementation has different definitions for hold-down ( However, the expired route is retained in the routing table for a specified period so that neighbors can be notified that the route has been dropped. This time period is set by configuring the hold-down timer. Upon expiration of the hold-down timer, the route is removed from the routing table.) Shrivastava Dinesh (talk) 12:59, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

RIP Metric / Hop count
RFC2453 states on page 13, that a network direct connected to a router has the metric 1 in that router's routing table:

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2453#page-13

In this article it says:

"The hop count 0 denotes a network that is directly connected to the router"

can anybody explain those differences?

Dannori (talk) 20:24, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Routing Information Protocol


text:
Abura-Dunkwa

Abura-Dunkwa is a small town and the capital of Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese District, a district in the Central Region of south Ghana.

Topography
Abura-Dunkwa is low-lying with loose quaternary sands and it rises up to 80 metres above sea level. The town is drained by a number of rivers and streams, including the Offin River, Birim River and small streams.

Education
Abura-Dunkwa is known for the Aburaman Senior High Sch, and Samtet Oxford Snr High School.

Transport
Abura-Dunkwa is a junction station on the narrow gauge Ghana Railway system.

title: Abura-Dunkwa


text:
Agona

Agona is a small town in Ghana. It is the capital of Sekyere South District. It is located about 40 km from Kumasi.

title: Agona


text: Talk:Auburndale Elementary School

title: Talk:Auburndale Elementary School


text:
User:Binkeh

Binkeh is a female living in Melbourne, Australia, currently attending school(as most people her age do).

For more information, look at User_talk:Binkeh.

title: User:Binkeh


text:
Donkorkrom

Donkorkrom is a town in south Ghana and is the capital of Kwahu Afram Plains North district, a district in the Eastern Region of Ghana.

Religion
Its Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier is the see of the Latin Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Donkorkrom, which was founded in 2007 as an apostolic prefecture.

Education
There are a few senior high schools in the District. Which are

 * Donkorkrom Agric Senior High School, DASHS, is a secondary school in Donkorkrom. Hamilton Grammar School,
 * St. Mary's Vocational/Technical School
 * Amankwa Fisheries/Agricultural Institute

Transportation
Donkorkrom has had its red road concreted, making travel to and from the ferry crossing easier.

Twin towns and cities
List of sister cities of Donkorkrom, designated by Sister Cities International:
 * Donkorkrom and Hamilton, Scotland are twinned.

title: Donkorkrom


text:
Agona Swedru

Agona Swedru is a town and the capital of Agona West Municipal District, a district in the Central Region of south Ghana. Agona Swedru has a 2013 settlement population of about 70,000 people.

Akwambo is the main festival celebrated by the people of Agona Swedru.

title: Agona Swedru


text:
Maryland School for the Deaf

The Maryland School for the Deaf (MSD) offers public education at no cost to deaf and hard-of-hearing Maryland residents between the ages of zero and 21. It has two campuses located in Frederick and Columbia, Maryland. There is a substantial deaf community in Frederick County, Maryland.

History
Prior to the opening of this school, the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb and later the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb housed Maryland deaf children.

The school was established in Frederick, Maryland, on 1868 (Chapter 247, Acts of 1867; Chapter 409, Acts of 1868). The original buildings for the school were the Hessian Barracks, used during the Revolutionary War to detain Hessian mercenaries who were hired by the British. The buildings were later used by Lewis and Clark to store supplies before the beginning of their expedition. The Maryland School for the Deaf and Dumb was established on January 1, 1893, following an act of the General Assembly of Maryland. State delegate Henry Baker of Frederick County wrote the bill.

The film Audible chronicles the school.

Philosophy
The academic and life-based education offered at the Frederick campus is comparable to a Maryland high school diploma or an MSD diploma. The curriculum includes communication skills in English and American Sign Language (ASL), such as speech and speech reading, fingerspelling, auditory training, and the use of hearing aids. Additionally, the campus provides a program for athletics, physical education, social activities, and recreational activities.

The curriculum at MSD includes a range of academic subjects, with several Advanced Placement and Honors courses taught in American Sign Language. Students can take courses in American Government, History, Spanish, English, Biology, Algebra, and Chemistry, as well as a variety of electives. In 2007, MSD students had a higher pass rate on state exams (High School Assessments) than their hearing peers. The school has a record of success in academic competitions, including the Academic Bowl, where MSD was the 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012 Regional Champions. The school frequently places in the top five in math and science competitions.

Residency
The Maryland School for the Deaf provides residential programs and dormitories for male and female students who cannot travel by bus and stay from Monday to Friday. The residential programs also offer after-school activities for its students.

Athletics
The athletic facilities at both campuses include regulation-sized basketball and volleyball courts, as well as athletic fields. Additionally, one of the buildings at the school features an indoor swimming pool.

Organized leagues are available to middle and high school students who compete against other public, private, and schools for deaf and hard of hearing students. MSD teams compete in national tournaments in various sports. MSD students are frequent competitors in the Deaflympics, and MSD coaches are often invited to coach the US teams. Current MSD sports include:

 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Cheerleading
 * Cross Country
 * Football
 * Powerlifting
 * Soccer (elementary only)
 * Softball
 * Track and field
 * Volleyball
 * Wrestling

Frederick
Established in 1868, the Frederick Campus of the Maryland School for the Deaf enrolls deaf and hard-of-hearing students in pre-kindergarten through grade 12 (Chapter 247, Acts of 1867; Chapter 409, Acts of 1868). For young children (from birth to age five) and their families, the campus also provides language skill development.

The Frederick campus provides a residential program for approximately thirty percent of its enrolled students from Monday to Friday during the school year, spanning from late August to early June. The dormitories are managed by student life counsellors, who oversee students and organize after-school activities, including intramural games, field trips, swimming, and hiking.

Located on the Frederick campus, Underground is a 1950s style diner that is operated by students, providing a venue for middle and high school students to socialize, enjoy snacks, and engage in recreational activities such as pool and foosball. The diner is decorated in red, black, and white, reminiscent of checkers and 1950s diner colors, with sparkly red booths that contribute to its nostalgic ambiance. In addition to offering a variety of sweets, chips, and beverages, the snack bar also serves hot foods, including french fries, hot dogs, and mozzarella cheese sticks. By working as a cashier or cook at Underground, students gain work experience.

Upon completion of their education, each graduating senior at Maryland School for the Deaf is awarded either the Maryland State High School diploma or the Maryland School for the Deaf diploma. Many MSD graduates continue their education by pursuing higher education degrees. For those who choose not to continue with college, vocational or technical training, as well as vocational rehabilitation services, are available to help them secure employment.

 * Ely Building (1972–present): middle school and high school grades 6-12
 * Veditz Building (1974–present): CTE, Study Work and LBE High School
 * New elementary building (2009–present): grades Toddler-5
 * New cafeteria (2011–present)

Columbia
The Maryland School for the Deaf's Columbia campus is situated on a section of land that was once part of the Otten Slave Farm Property, located in the former Pfeffer's Corner neighborhood. George Herman Otten combined two parcels of land in 1853, totaling 91 acres and 132 acres, to create the Otten Farm. After his passing, his estate bequeathed the farm to the regents of the University of Maryland, which used it as an agricultural research center named the "Horse Farm," where they studied race horse breeds. In 1979, a historical survey deemed the property to be of significant historical value. However, a 1992 update indicated that it was not worth preserving since the university could relocate its operations. The property has since undergone several government projects that have reduced its size and changed its appearance. The state purchased some parcels for the Route 100 project, and the county bought some for Waterloo Elementary. The University sold the remaining 68 acres to the Maryland State Department of Health and Mental Hygiene in 1968 to construct the School for the Deaf campus, leaving only 60 acres for university use.

The school opened in September 1973. It serves 120 students with a 2015 budget of approximately $10 million and a staff of 109.

Notable alumni

 * George W. Veditz (1878), Founded Maryland School for the Deaf Alumni Association, President of National Association of the Deaf, Preservation of the Sign Language
 * Leah Katz-Hernandez (2005), first deaf Receptionist of the United States (ROTUS) in the White House for President Barack Obama
 * Rodney Burford (2017), actor, known for portrayal of Tony Hughes in the Netflix drama Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story
 * Nyle DiMarco (2007), model, actor, winner of reality television shows (America's Next Top Model and Dancing with the Stars)

title: Maryland School for the Deaf


text: Category:Companies of Jordan

title: Category:Companies of Jordan


text:
Tepa, Ghana

Tepa is the capital of Ahafo Ano North, a municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The old town of Tepa is known as Kelebim. Kelebim can be found in Tepa Ward 1 (Banieh Krom) and the new town is also known as Restco. The major occupation of the people there is farming and trading

The Ahafo Ano North Municipal is among the 43 Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in the Ashanti region of Ghana, and it is also part of the 260 Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in Ghana as a whole. In the year 1988, a legislative instrument (LI1402) was introduced by an Act of Parliament to create the Ahafo Ano North district and now it has been upgraded to a municipal, with Tepa as the capital.

Tepa is the district's capital and is located 70 kilometers from Kumasi. Manfo, Akwasiase, Mabang, Anyinasuso, Asuhyiae, and Betiako are prominent towns in the area.

Agriculture
Rice farming in Tepa, Ghana, is vital for local food security. Farmers use traditional and modern methods, facing challenges like weather fluctuations and limited access to resources. Government and NGO support helps improve cultivation and access to markets, contributing to the local economy and livelihoods. Tepa is widely known for rice production.

title: Tepa, Ghana


text: Category:Economy of Jordan

title: Category:Economy of Jordan


text:
Mankranso

Mankranso is a small town and is the capital of Ahafo Ano South- West, a district in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

title: Mankranso


text:
New Edubiase

New Edubiase is a small town and is the capital of Adansi South, a district in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. it was formerly called the Adansi East district in the Ashanti Region. It shares boundaries on the north with Adansi North and the northeast with the Amansie East District and on the east side shares boundary with Birim East in the Eastern Region, share boundary with Obuasi Municipal from the west and the south with Assin North in the Central Region.

Referenceshttp://ghanadistricts.gov.gh/District

title: New Edubiase


text:
User talk:Ryan.lapcev

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

--JAranda'' | yeah 01:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryan.lapcev


text:
Agona Nkwanta

Agona Nkwanta is the capital of Ahanta West District in Ghana.

Details
Agona, also known as Agona Junction or Agona Nkwanta, is 7 km inland and along the Takoradi and Tarkwa road, with a branch road off to Dixcove (and Achowa, Akwidaa) and Busua. According to the Ghana Statistical Service's 2010 Population and Housing Census, the population of Agona Nkwanta was 14,104.

The only Senior High school in Agona is Baidoo Bonsoe Senior High Technical School. Agona is one of the fasted growing towns in the Western Region according to studies.

title: Agona Nkwanta


text:
User:ED qta

Eduardo: Chilean, 28 years old, Civil Engineer in Electronics :)

Articles I've created

 * SiRF
 * Cucalón
 * Themo Lobos
 * TTB
 * Carlos Sotomayor

title: User:ED qta


text: User talk:63.18.241.109

title: User talk:63.18.241.109


text: User talk:212.203.107.122

title: User talk:212.203.107.122


text: User talk:69.175.247.100

title: User talk:69.175.247.100


text:
Talk:Diane Pozefsky

Articles for Deletion debate
This article survived an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 01:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diane Pozefsky


text:
Michał Rosa

Michał Rosa (born 27 September 1963 in Zabrze) is a Polish movie director. He is a graduate from the Krzysztof Kieślowski Film School in Katowice.

Filmography

 * Piłsudski (2019)
 * "Szczęście Świata" (2016)
 * Scratch (2008)
 * "Co słonko widziało" (2006)
 * Cisza (2001)
 * "Farba" (1998)
 * "Gorący czwartek" (1994)

title: Michał Rosa


text: User talk:165.121.147.29

title: User talk:165.121.147.29


text: Talk:Madie Ives Elementary School

title: Talk:Madie Ives Elementary School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Dragonrock Episodes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 14:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

List of Dragonrock Episodes
Complete nonsense. The show does not exist. The user who created this also modified -- [[User:RattleMan|RattleMan] 01:08, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Rattleman seems to have gotten confused in trying to complete this AfD, so I tidied it up for him. --GraemeL (talk) 01:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-existent show. The only hits I got for "Dragonrock" were for some Counter-Strike playing group. Andrew pmk | Talk 03:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable, probably because it doesn't exist. --Aquillion 04:16, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 08:21, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax. Not even funny enough for BJAODN. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 09:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax or nonsense. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:59, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Avalon School (Minnesota)

What needs to be done?
Anyone who knows about Avalon can help add/remove/expand the following things (and anything else they see fit, of course):
 * Edit list of teachers - Add new ones, point out ones that have left.
 * Change Math program information.
 * Change project process information.
 * List organizations and activities?
 * Mission/Vision?
 * History of Avalon (Congressional Hat Revolution, anyone?)
 * Expand 'Seminars'
 * Add senior project information?

Or would getting actual Avalonians to help be a 'temporal undoablitity'?

DuctapeDaredevil 01:14, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, and the middle school needs a bit more. DuctapeDaredevil 01:23, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Maybe include some stuff about Project Foundry? 67.190.197.116 18:39, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * All that must be said about Project Foundry is that everyone hates it.67.190.197.116 00:22, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Maybe post that we arent a drugy-dropout-slacker school? but most of the kids from your school post pics of themselves on facebook with dope in their mouths and partying. That might be a good place for you to start75.72.222.117 (talk) 23:10, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

More info is needed about the student organizations, trips, and senior project/retreat. Info about the different events, like the plays and chili night could be useful, too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.245.5.244 (talk) 08:31, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

disambiguation page
This page will eventually need to be made a disambiguation page, because there is also a K-8 school, Avalon School, in Avalon, California that is part of the Long Beach Unified School District. Blank Verse 15:53, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ...Well, ok. I don't know anything about that one, anyone care to write an article about it?  DuctapeDaredevil 16:28, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Avalon School (Minnesota)


text:
Manso Nkwanta

Manso Nkwanta is a small town and is the capital of Amansie West, a district in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

title: Manso Nkwanta


text:
Enchi

Enchi is a town in Ghana. It is the capital of the Aowin Municipality. Other main towns in the Aowin District include Old and New Yakasi, Achimfo, Boinso, Jema, Omanpe, Sewum, Jensue, Yiwabra, Yiwabra Nkwanta, Nyankomam, Kwawu, Abochia, and Jomoro. The largest river in the district is the Tano whose tributary, the Desue (Disue), flows in the middle of Enchi.

The current leaders include the Paramount chief Nana Beyeman Tanor Kwaw Benbui III of Aowin. The incumbent Municipal Chief Executive is Samuel Adu Gyamfi, while the member of Parliament Oscar Ofori Larbi.

Religions
The area includes Christian, Muslim, and traditional religions. Christian denominations include Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian, Anglican, Seventh Day Adventist, Church of Pentecost, Assemblies of God, New Covenant Family Church (West Africa), Higher Grounds Chapel, and the Apostolic Church of Ghana.

Notable natives
Several natives recently named as exemplary for the youth to emulate include:

 * John Kwekucher Ackah, Former Member of Parliament, Richard Cudjoe and
 * Ackah Essuman of the University of Cape Coast,
 * Joseph Quainoo, first to be consecrated to the episcopate,
 * Susana Esi Quainoo, Assistant Director I (G.E.S);
 * Cobbinah, Rtd., Commissioner of Police;
 * Mercy Nuamah,
 * Victoria Aidoo-Afo, Principal of Enchi College of Education;
 * Alex Quainoo, Assistant Commissioner of Police A I/C Budget,
 * S. B. Arthur

Education
Higher education schools include Brentu Senior High/Tech. and Enchi College of Education.

Health
Enchi is the home of the district hospital, Enchi Government Hospital. There is also a sizable Presbyterian Health Center.

Economy
Cocoa bean farming is a large contributor to the local economy.

title: Enchi


text:
Bekwai

Bekwai is a town and the capital of the Bekwai Municipal, a municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Bekwai is the seventy-ninth most populous settlement in Ghana, with a population of 7,267 people. Bekwai and Bekwai Municipal are south of the Ashanti regional capital of Kumasi, north of Obuasi.

Telecommunication
There are 37 public payphones from a total of 5,000 telephone lines that are installed throughout the Bekwai Municipal District. Also, a post office has been established.

Healthcare and sanitation
There is also the state Bekwai Hospital. Bekwai is one of six municipalities in the Bekwai Municipal District in which tap water is generally available.

Education
Seventh Day Adventist Secondary School Wesley High Senior Secondary School College Of Accountancy St. John Senior High School, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II International School Bekwai, Victory International School Bekwai, Central International School Bekwai, Jehova Nissi Preparatory and JHS, Milli-Isaac Preparatory Academy Bekwai, Adventist Preparatory School Bekwai Tunsuom, Nana Kodom Educational Complex Senfi.

Train station
In Bekwai there is a train station.

title: Bekwai


text:
Juaso

Juaso is a town and is the capital of Asante Akim South, a district in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

Transport
The town is served by a station on the central line of Ghana Railway Corporation.

title: Juaso


text: Talk:W. J. Bryan Elementary School

title: Talk:W. J. Bryan Elementary School


text:
User:Mwanner/Other Images

Images I have uploaded for use in Wikipedia articles:

Wikipedia photos I have taken

title: User:Mwanner/Other Images


text:
Waikerie, South Australia

Waikerie is a rural town in the Riverland region of South Australia on the south bank of the Murray River. At the, Waikerie had a population of 2,684. The Sturt Highway passes to the south of the town at the top of the cliffs. There is a cable ferry crossing the river to provide vehicle access from the north side of the river. Waikerie is known for citrus growing, along with stone fruit and grapes.

Background
The Ngawait people have inhabited the area for millennia. The river and surrounding land provided everything they needed - fish, shellfish, birds, kangaroos, and native fruits.

The town of Waikerie derives its name from Weikari, which is claimed to mean 'the rising'. However some linguistic anthropologists argue that the name refers to the spider creator god from local creation myths. These myths may originate in the emergence of many ghost moths (especially the giant swift moth Trictena argentata : Hepialidae) from the ground among the river red gums Eucalyptus camaldulensis after heavy rain.

Waikerie is in the District Council of Loxton Waikerie, the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Chaffey and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Barker. The historic former Irrigation Pumping Station Chimney in Scenic Lookout Reserve is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.

Media
The main newspaper of the region is The River News, first published in July 1956 and founded as a direct result of the 1956 Murray River floods.

Transport
The Sturt Highway passes to the south of the town at the top of the cliffs. Waikerie was once the terminus of the Waikerie railway line from 1914 until 1990.

Waikerie Airport
Waikerie Airport is near Waikerie. It is home to the Waikerie Gliding Club. It has two runways 08/26 and 02/20. The flat dry terrain provides good thermals for gliding. Waikerie hosted the 14th World Gliding Championships in 1974.

Silo Art
In March 2019, the Waikerie silo art project was completed. South Australian artist Garry Duncan painted one silo with a semi-abstract river landscape and characterised native river creatures such as pelicans, ducks, frogs and rain moths. On the other silo, Jimmy Dvate from Melbourne painted a regent parrot, a yabby and the endangered Murray hardyhead fish.

Sport
Waikerie is home to the Waikerie Football Club, who currently play in the (Australian Rules) Riverland Football League. Former Adelaide Crows captain Mark Ricciuto is from Waikerie and played junior football with the club.

Waikerie is also home to the 360 m Sunline Speedway. The speedway has been home to Super Sedan drivers Wally Francombe (supercharged EH Holden), Robert Gwynne (Chevrolet Camaro), Noel Reichstein (Chevrolet Corvette) and twice (and inaugural) Australian Street Stock Champion, Neil Hoffman and his Chrysler Centura. Other classes that race at the Speedway include Modified Sedans, Formula 500s, 360 Sprintcars, AMCA Nationals and Late Models.

Notable people from Waikerie
Notable people born, went to school or lived in Waikerie include:

 * Sir Donald (Don) George Anderson, CBE (1917–1975) – Director-General of Civil Aviation and later chairman of Qantas Airways Ltd.
 * John Neil (Neil) Andrew, AO, FTSE (1944- ) – Speaker of the House of Representatives, Federal Parliament of Australia. Chair, Murray–Darling Basin Authority
 * Meredith Arnold, AO – Awarded AO in 2013 for her involvement with the local historical society, the Waikerie District Community Committee and her volunteer work at the Waikerie High School and hospital.
 * Warwick (Rick) Maxwell Darling (1957- ) – Cricketer, played for South Australia and Australia
 * Anne Fulwood (1959- ) – Reporter, journalist and writer
 * Ken I'Anson – Motor cycle racer – Australian Sidecar Champion, Australian Pairs Champion, SA Champion, multiple Australian Track Champion, Australian speedway champion
 * John Percival Jennings, AO, ISM, RDA (1923–2003) – Senior Horticultural Adviser and fruit grower. John P Jennings Park in Waikerie named after him.
 * John T. Jennings, BSc(Hons), PhD (1950-) – Entomologist, The University of Adelaide. President of the Royal Society of South Australia (2008–2010). Editor Natural history of the Riverland and Murraylands, Occasional publications of the Royal Society of South Australia; no. 9 (2009).
 * Kym Vincent Lehmann (1946-) – Australian Rules Football player, North Adelaide Football Club,
 * Bruce Malcolm Light (1949–2018) – Australian Rules Football player, Port Adelaide Football Club
 * Geoffrey (Geoff) Haydon Manning (1926–2018) – Unionist, author and historian
 * Mark Ricciuto (1975-) – Australian Rules Football player, West Adelaide and Adelaide Crows football clubs. Joint winner 2003 Brownlow Medal
 * Brian Webber BSc(Hons), MSc, PhD – Australian Rules Football player, West Adelaide Football Club. Headmaster of Prince Alfred College, Adelaide (1988–1999)
 * Chris Western (1974–) Off Road Racer BAJA 1000 Ironman in 2014

title: Waikerie, South Australia


text:
Goaso

Goaso is a town and the capital of the Asunafo North Municipal District and the Ahafo Region of Ghana. It has population of 21,146 according to the 2010 census. The town is run by a traditional council, with Nana Akwasi Bosompra I having the title of Omanhene.

History
According to oral traditions, Goaso (then known as Goaso Krodadaamu) was originally settled near Goa River. Due to occurring issues living near the river, the residents resettled uphill to the town's current location.

Economy
Agriculture dominates most of the town's economy, with it employing about 60% of the population. Some cash crops grown include cocoa, cassavas, maize, and plantains.

Health
The only major hospital in Goaso is the Ahafo Regional Hospital, which serves the entire region. Establish in 1950 and converted into a municipal hospital in 1987, the 118-bed facility serves about 60,000 patients annually.

Topography
Goaso is described by gently undulating lowlands which is drain by three major rivers: Tano, Anum and Go. The town is located in a dense forest area, which is important for the hunting and charcoal production sectors of its economy. Although, the exploitation of its resources have increase the risk of forest fires in the area (including Goaso).

Climate
The town's climate is hot and humid and receives an annual rainfall of between 1500 mm and 1750 mm. The average temperatures range between 26 and 29°C. There are two rainfall seasons: the major season occurs from April to July while the minor season begins in September and ends in October. The two dry seasons occurs between December and March and one in August.

Culture
The town helds the bi-annual Abetiase festival to celebrated their traditions and their roles for the Golden Stool.

Education
There are several educational institutions in Goaso. Notable ones include Goaso Nursing and Midwifery Training College and Ahafoman Senior High.

title: Goaso


text:
The Cider House Rules (film)

The Cider House Rules is a 1999 American drama film directed by Lasse Hallström from a screenplay by John Irving, based on Irving's 1985 novel of the same name. Its story follows Homer Wells, who lives in a World War II–era Maine orphanage run by a doctor who trained him, and his journey after leaving the orphanage. The film stars Tobey Maguire, Charlize Theron, Delroy Lindo, Paul Rudd, Michael Caine, Jane Alexander, Kathy Baker, Kieran Culkin, Heavy D, Kate Nelligan, and Erykah Badu.

The film was produced by Miramax Films and FilmColony, and it had its world premiere at the 56th Venice International Film Festival. It was given a limited release by Miramax Films in the United States on December 10, 1999, followed by a wide release on January 7, 2000. It grossed $110,098 in its opening weekend and $88.5 million worldwide against a budget of $24 million. It was positively reviewed and has a 71% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

The film won two Academy Awards: Irving won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and Michael Caine won his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, along with four other nominations at the 72nd Academy Awards. Irving documented his involvement in bringing the novel to the screen in his book My Movie Business.

Plot
Homer Wells grows up at St. Cloud's, a Maine orphanage directed by avuncular Dr. Wilbur Larch. Homer is returned to St. Cloud's twice by foster parents. The first family felt Homer was too quiet (due to orphanage babies soon learning that crying is pointless). The second beat him. Dr. Larch is addicted to ether, and he secretly performs abortions. Conditions at the orphanage are sparse, but the children have love and respect, and they are like an extended family. Older children, such as Buster, look out for the younger children, and in particular care for those who are sickly, including Fuzzy Stone, who was born prematurely to an alcoholic mother. Fuzzy suffers from respiratory disease and thus spends most of his time beneath a plastic tent ventilated with a breathing apparatus. Each night before sleeping, Dr. Larch says to children "Good night, you Princes of Maine! You Kings of New England!" as both an encouragement and a kind of blessing.

Homer, the oldest of the orphans, is very bright, helpful and even-tempered, so Larch trains him in obstetrics and abortions as an apprentice despite Homer's never having attended high school. Homer disapproves of abortions, and although Larch has trained him, Homer refuses to perform them. After several years, Homer is very skillful and confident in performing obstetrical duties. Larch wants Homer to take over after Larch retires, but Homer feels it's impossible, as he lacks formal medical education and he wants to see the outside world beyond the orphanage. Dr. Larch performs an abortion on Candy Kendall, who came to the clinic with her boyfriend, Wally Worthington, for an abortion. Wally is a pilot on leave from the service. Wally's mother, Olive, owns the Worthington family apple orchard where Homer settles as a worker. He lives on the Worthington estate in Cider House, the bunkhouse. Wally returns to World War II. Homer is exempt from this as Dr. Larch has diagnosed him with a heart condition.

While Wally is away, Candy starts flirting with Homer, and they have an affair. Homer picks apples with Arthur Rose's team of migrant workers whom the Worthingtons employ seasonally at the orchard. A list of rules for its occupants is posted in the Cider House, but as the migrant workers are illiterate, they have never known what the rules are. When Homer reads them the list, the workers observe the rules have been made without the occupants' consent by people who do not live there and do not share their problems. Consequently, they feel they can ignore the rules. Homer and Candy become much closer during harvest and spend more time together while Wally is fighting in Burma.

At St. Cloud's, Fuzzy Stone succumbs to his illness while watching a private screening of King Kong with Dr. Larch. Larch, Buster and the staff conceal Fuzzy's death from the other orphans by telling them that Fuzzy was adopted. Even so, the loss hits everyone hard, Larch most of all.

After Arthur and his team return to the orchard the following season, Homer discovers that Rose, Arthur's daughter, is pregnant. Candy learns that the baby's father is Arthur. Homer decides to abort Rose's baby with Arthur's assistance. A few days later, Rose tries to run away. When Arthur tries to say goodbye to her, she stabs him and flees. He then makes the injury worse, and as a last request, asks Homer and another worker to tell the police his death was a suicide.

Wally returns from Burma a paraplegic. Although Candy loves Homer, she decides to take care of Wally. Immediately after this, Homer learns Dr. Larch has died from an accidental overdose of ether. Homer decides he is most needed back at the orphanage. When he returns, he is greeted joyously by both the children and staff. He learns that not only did Larch fake Homer's medical record to keep him out of the war, but he also faked college credentials and used reverse psychology to convince the orphanage board to appoint Homer as the next director. Homer fills the paternal role that Larch previously held for the children of the orphanage, telling them, "Good night, you Princes of Maine! You Kings of New England!"

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 71% approval rating, based on 112 reviews with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads "The Cider House Rules derives affecting drama from wonderful performances, lovely visuals, and an old-fashioned feel." It also has a weighted average rating of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare four-star rating. By contrast, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded it just two stars, stating the film "is often absorbing or enchanting in its parts. Michael Caine's performance is one of his best, and Charlize Theron is sweet and direct as the girl...The story touches many themes, lingers with some of them, moves on and arrives at nowhere in particular."

Certificate
In the United States, the film was given a PG-13 certificate by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), and in the United Kingdom, it was given a 12 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), which meant that anyone aged 12 or over could see it. However, in Ireland, the film was given the strictest possible rating, 18. According to Ireland's Film Censor, Sheamus Smith, this was because of its themes of abortion, incest and drugs. At the time, Ireland had a constitutional ban on abortion, which would not be lifted until after a referendum in 2018.

title: The Cider House Rules (film)


text:
Atimpoku

Atimpoku is a small town in the Eastern Region of Ghana and located along the Volta River. It is the capital of the Asuogyaman District, a district in the Eastern Region of Ghana.

Geography
The town of Atimpoku is located on the banks of the Volta River, which drains south to the Gulf of Guinea, and is the location of the Adomi Bridge (originally the Volta Bridge), Ghana's longest suspension bridge and the first permanent bridge to span the Volta River. The town is about 2.5 miles downstream from Lake Volta and the Akosombo Dam, a hydroelectric facility which supplies electricity to Ghana and an electricity exporter to neighboring countries of Ghana.

Atimpoku is about 87 km northeast of Accra, the capital of Ghana, and about 75 km north of the port of Tema.

title: Atimpoku


text:
Heffer Wolfe

Heffer Steer-Wolfe is a fictional character on the animated television series Rocko's Modern Life and the comic book series of the same name. Tom Kenny provided the voice of the anthropomorphic steer. Heffer is best friends with the title character, Rocko.

Conception and development
Joe Murray, creator of Rocko's Modern Life, partially based Heffer on an adopted friend who enjoyed bologna sandwiches and "had an interesting take on life". Heffer first appeared on an ID spot aired on MTV in 1989; the ID spot depicts Heffer as flying out of a television with the MTV logo branded on his buttocks. Murray originally wrote "Sucker for the Suck-O-Matic" as the pilot episode; the executives decided that Heffer would be "a little too weird for test audiences". Murray, instead of removing Heffer from "Sucker for the Suck-O-Matic", decided to write "Trash-O-Madness", an episode without Heffer, as the pilot episode. Originally, Murray did not include any information about Heffer's origins in his pitch to Nickelodeon. Vince Calandra wrote the Heffer's origin plotline in Season 1.

Murray auditioned Tom Kenny in a large casting call in Los Angeles and chose him as the voice actor for Heffer. Kenny based Heffer's voice on the voice of a nephew of his. Kenny said that the voice was "[n]ot dead on, but some of his quirks I incorporated into the Heffer audition".

Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, a storyboard writer, says that Heffer's right eye and left nostril are "notched at the bottom" due to Murray's design style. Marsh added that the animators found keeping the sides straight "a little tricky at first" and that they referred to the design as "Tombstone-shaped".

Character
Best friend of Rocko, Heffer was raised by wolves in O-Town who fattened him up to eat him. Eventually the family grew to love Heffer, so they instead raised him, not letting him know that he was adopted until Rocko accidentally revealed the truth when the Wolfe family invited him for dinner. The mark which Heffer believed to be a "birthmark" on his buttocks is actually the plotting lines showing where the wolves were going to divide him.

The Nickelodeon UK page describes Heffer as a "devoted friend" who "loves life". Heffer's lack of fear mostly stems from stupidity instead of genuine bravery. The Nickelodeon South East Asia website describes him as an "overgrown slob". Despite being obese, he can drive; unlike Rocko he does not wear seat belts, mostly because the seat belts do not extend enough for him to wear them comfortably. Also he seems to be a hopeless romantic at times as mentioned in "Sugar Frosted Frights", where he asks Filburt's shell while in an eight-ball mode if he will ever find true love.

Heffer holds several jobs: tree farmer, greenskeeper at a golf course, mail carrier, security guard, waiter at a café, and cashier. Despite his size, he can be very nimble at times, most notably when he is roller-skating. At the local skating rink, he is known as "The King", and performs his own skating routine at the request of the patrons.

Heffer's biological father lives with a girl cow named Joyce in a trailer in the Canoga Park section of the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles. A shaved and elderly version of Heffer makes a cameo appearance in the series finale of Murray's other show, Camp Lazlo, as the real scoutmaster.

title: Heffer Wolfe


text: Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/October-2005


text:
Talk:List of companies of Haiti

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title: Talk:List of companies of Haiti


text: User talk:128.54.50.16

title: User talk:128.54.50.16


text:
Greatest Hits (NSYNC album)

Greatest Hits is the second compilation album by American boy band NSYNC. Released on October 25, 2005, the album debuted at number 47 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. It did not chart in the UK on release, but debuted at number 96 on the UK Albums Chart dated September 7, 2013, in the wake of NSYNC's brief reunion performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. It features hits like "Bye Bye Bye", "It's Gonna Be Me", "I Want You Back", "Tearin' Up My Heart" and "Pop". The album is the group's third and final release under Jive Records.

According to Nielsen SoundScan, it has sold 528,000 copies in the US alone as of February 2018. Greatest Hits was certified Silver in United Kingdom in 2018. The album has sold over 600,000 copies worldwide.

Personnel

 * Compilation mastered by Chaz Harper at Battery Mastering, NYC
 * Art direction: Jackie Murphy & Jeff Gilligan
 * Design: Jeff Gilligan
 * Photography: Mark Seliger

title: Greatest Hits (NSYNC album)


text:
Read Between the Lies

Read Between the Lies is the first novel by Emmy-winning author, Lori Bryant-Woolridge. Read Between the Lies combines chick lit and "beach book" styles with themes of racial diversity and adult illiteracy.

title: Read Between the Lies


text: User talk:69.132.179.236

title: User talk:69.132.179.236