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Centre for Environment Education

The Centre for Environment Education (CEE) in India was established in August 1984 as a Centre of Excellence supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The organisation works towards developing programmes and materials to increase awareness about the environment and sustainable development. The head office is located in Ahmedabad. The centre has 41 offices across India including regional cells in Bangalore (South), Guwahati (North East), Lucknow (North), Ahmedabad (West) and Pune (Central); state offices in Delhi, Hyderabad, Raipur, Goa, Coimbatore; and several field offices. It has international offices in Australia and Sri Lanka.

History
The Centre for Environment Education was created in recognition of the importance of environmental education in India's overall environment and development strategy. The CEE was established as a Centre of Excellence in 1984, supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India. Mr. Kartikeya Sarabhai is the director of CEE.

CEE has inherited the rich multi-disciplinary resource base and varied experience of Nehru Foundation for Development, its parent organisation, which has been promoting educational efforts since 1966 in the areas of science, nature study, health, development, and environment.

At the time it began its activities, CEE was perhaps the only organization actively engaged in environmental education in the country. While carrying out programmes in different parts of the country, it was located only in Ahmedabad. Within five years of activities, it was realized that for a country as vast and diverse as India, physical presence was important for effective implementation. Based on this, the first regional office was opened for the Southern region in 1988–89. Since then it has been a conscious effort to have an office or presence in the geographical area of work.

After completing a decade of activities in 1994, it was decided to move more from environmental education to environmental action. This was an outcome of the learnings and experiences in the first ten years. CEE began more pilot, field-level and demonstration projects towards sustainable development which could be scaled-up and replicated. Within the next ten years, these projects formed a major chunk of the centre's activities.

Today, CEE works for a wide range of sectors, target groups and geographical areas. CEE sees a major opportunity in the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD-2005-14) to further contribute towards sustainable development. CEE is the nodal agency for the implementation of DESD activities in India under the Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India.

CEE's programmes in the Decade will focus on Training and Capacity Building, Internships and Youth Programmes, Consultancy Services, Knowledge Centre for ESD, and Journal on Education for Sustainable Development.

Mandate
CEE's primary objective is to improve public awareness and understanding of the environment to promote the conservation and sustainable use of nature and natural resources, leading to a better environment and a better quality of life. To this end, CEE develops innovative programmes and educational material and builds capacity in the field of Education and Sustainable Development (ESD). It undertakes demonstration projects in education, communication and development that endorse attitudes, strategies and technologies which are environmentally sustainable. CEE is committed to ensuring that due recognition is given to the role of education in the promotion of sustainable development.

International presence
The expanding scope and geographical coverage of the centre's projects and programmes have led to the development of an emerging institutional profile in the South Asian and Asia Pacific region.

CEE Australia
Incorporated in July 2001, CEE Australia is dedicated to raising awareness and supporting an informed approach to environment and development issues in Australia and the Asia Pacific region.

CEE Sri Lanka
Registered in September 2004, CEE Sri Lanka has the mandate to promote environmental education and communication in Sri Lanka, strengthen EE programmes and respond to local/regional needs. It will facilitate synergies and collaborations based on the learnings and experiences of EE in India and Sri Lanka.

CEE Bangladesh
BCEE, a partnership with the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, contributes to meeting the Environment Education and Communication needs in Bangladesh.

title: Centre for Environment Education


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Jeanette (Spanish singer)

Janette Anne Dimech (born 10 October 1951), known professionally as Jeanette, is a Spanish English-born singer and songwriter. She first rose to prominence as the lead singer of Pic-Nic, a teenage folk-pop band that found success in 1968 with her song "Cállate, niña". Jeanette returned as a solo artist in 1971 with the Hispavox single "Soy rebelde", which redefined her career as a romantic balladist and was a hit across the Spanish-speaking world, becoming a generational anthem.

In 1976, Carlos Saura included Jeanette's 1974 song "Porque te vas" in his film Cría cuervos, which propelled it to become a major hit and one of the most famous Spanish pop songs of all time. After the international success of "Porque te vas", Jeanette worked in France and Germany until she returned to the Spanish market with the 1981 album Corazón de poeta, which includes several of her most famous songs. The commercial reception of Corazón de poeta allowed her to record two more albums with RCA Victor—Reluz in 1983 and Ojos en el sol in 1984—which were unsuccessful. Her last studio album, Loca por la música, was released in 1989 on independent record label Twins and sought to reinvent her style with techno-pop influences.

The figure of Jeanette has been revalued in the 21st century and she is now considered a cult artist and an influence on Spanish-language indie pop. In 2010, 20 minutos described Jeanette as "a legend of Spanish music and muse of independent pop".

Biography
Dimech's father is of Maltese descent who lived in the Belgian Congo and a Spanish mother originally from the Canary Islands. Because of her grandparents' import-export business, she was born in the London suburb of Willesden, and grew up in Chicago and La Habra, California. After her parents' separation when she was 12, she moved to Barcelona with her mother and younger brother and sister. Having grown up in the United States, she spoke only English when she first moved to Spain. She was placed in an American school at first, but later befriended some local Spanish children who helped her learn Spanish.

After her band, Pic-Nic split up at the end of the 1960s, Jeanette moved to Vienna with her husband, Hungarian football player László Kristof, and lived quietly as a homemaker and the mother of their only child, Blythe.

Pic-Nic
During the 1960s Jeanette learned to play guitar and began to write her own songs. She styled her music after American folk music, and her idols included Bob Dylan, Donovan, and the Byrds. Later she joined the student band Pic-Nic as a singer, and in 1967 they had a measure of success with a folk version of the Spanish children's song "Cállate, niña" (in which Jeanette had co-written). Other notable songs of theirs included "Amanecer" and "No digas nada". However, constant disagreements among members, such as whether or not to record English versions of their songs, ended with the dissolution of the group.

Palabras, promesas
After the dissolution of Pic-Nic, Jeanette resumed her course, but overnight received a call from her former record label Hispavox, the same label she was on during her tenure with Pic-Nic. This time the label said that they had a project for a singer and Jeanette must be it. She came back to Spain and to the music. Jeanette settled in Barcelona in 1971 to start her solo career. At the start of the 1970s, she began her solo career with her hit first single, "Soy Rebelde" ("I am a rebel"). On the single, the record label misspelt her name as "Jeanette" (her correct spelling is Janette without the first "e".) Ever since then, her stage name has been spelt with the additional "e". The single first enjoyed success in Spanish-speaking countries and later broadened its influence with French ("L'inconnu qui m'aimera"), Japanese ("あまのじゃく") and English versions. This song and others penned by Manuel Alejandro, such as "Estoy triste" and "Oye mamá, oye papá" ("Listen mama, listen papa"), established her as an artist in Spain. Palabras, promesas ("Words, promises"), written by José Luis Perales was released in 1973. In this LP were released all the singles and recorded from 1971 to 1973.

"Porque te vas"
Her greatest success, "Porque te vas" (Because you are leaving), written by José Luis Perales, became an international hit when the song was used in Carlos Saura's 1976 film Cría Cuervos (Raise Ravens). In Austria it reached number 13, in Switzerland number 4, and in Germany reached number 1. On 12 February 1977, Jeanette sang the song in the popular German program Musikladen (programme 31). The song also enjoyed popularity in Russia; still often heard on Retro FM, a nationwide Russian station. It was, and still is, often heard on the national radio in Poland. The song had been released in Spain two years prior to the movie with moderate success. It was its inclusion in the movie that made it a success.

Todo es nuevo
Jeanette worked with famous French composer André Popp for the production of her album Todo es nuevo (Everything is new) in 1977. There were two versions: Spanish and French. The album received a lukewarm reception, but the song "¿Por qué voy a cambiar?" (Why Should I Change?) (Tzeinerlin' in French) also appeared in the German programme Musikladen (programme 35, 8 October 1977). This song ("¿Por qué voy a cambiar?" ) was a cover version of Years may come, years may go by Herman's Hermits.

Corazón de poeta
In 1981 she recorded her best-selling album to date, Corazón de poeta, which was composed, arranged and conducted by Manuel Alejandro, and gave her three hit singles: "Corazón de poeta" (literally "Heart of a Poet" but translated as "A heart so warm and so tender"), "Frente a Frente" (literally "Face to Face" but translated as "Sorrow") and "El muchacho de los ojos tristes" ("The Young Man With The Sad Eyes"). Especially as a vintage album, it sold millions worldwide, triumphing across borders, in several Latin American countries. In Spain it was the number-one album for a week; of the singles, "Frente a frente" reached #4 during a 20 weeks run on the charts, and "Corazón de poeta" reached #13 during its 10 weeks on the charts.

In the next several years she released the albums Reluz (1983), Ojos en el Sol (1984), and Loca por la Música (1989), along with a string of singles. Her sales then declined, though she herself remained popular and her back catalogue was re-packaged into a continual stream of greatest-hits collections.

Singles
Brenner's Folk
 * 1966: "Daurat Oest/Ho se/Clara Lluna/Amor Perdut"

Pic-Nic:
 * 1967: "Cállate, niña/Negra estrella"
 * 1968: "Amanecer/No digas nada"
 * 1968: "Me olvidarás/Él es distinto a ti"
 * 1968: "Hush, Little Baby/Blamin's Not Hard To Do/You Heard My Voice"

Jeanette:
 * 1971: "Soy rebelde/Oye papá, oye mamá"
 * 1972: "Estoy triste/No digas nada"
 * 1973: "Palabras, promesas/Debajo del platanero"
 * 1974: "Porque te vas/Seguiré amando"
 * 1975: "Hoy nos hemos dicho adiós/El mundo con amor"
 * 1977: "Todo es nuevo/Pequeña preciosa"
 * 1978: "No digas buenas noches/Heaven, please, don't let it rain tonight"
 * 1978: "Voy a tener un niño/De mujer a mujer"
 * 1981: "Frente a frente/Cuando estoy con él"
 * 1981: "Corazón de poeta/Comiénzame a vivir"
 * 1981: "Sorrow/A Heart so warm and so tender"
 * 1982: "El muchacho de los ojos tristes/Toda la noche oliendo a ti"
 * 1983: "Reluz/Más de cien sentidos"
 * 1983: "Con qué derecho/No me fio más"
 * 1984: "Amiga mía/Baila conmigo"
 * 1984: "Ojos en el sol/Buenas noches"
 * 1989: "China/Por nada del mundo"
 * 1989: "Loca por la música/Sinceridad"

Albums
Pic-Nic
 * 1968: Pic-Nic
 * 1969: Cállate niña (international reissue)

Jeanette
 * 1973: Palabras, promesas
 * 1976: Porque te vas
 * 1977: Todo es nuevo
 * 1981: Corazón de poeta
 * 1983: Reluz
 * 1984: Ojos en el sol
 * 1988: Loca por la música

Compilations

 * 1995: Sus Más Lindas Canciones
 * 1996: Sigo rebelde
 * 1998: Coleccion Original
 * 2002: Soy Rebelde
 * 2003: 15 Canciones Favoritas
 * 2004: 15 de Colección
 * 2005: 20 Éxitos Originales
 * 2008: Lo Esencial
 * 2015: De Cerca: 20 Canciones Esenciales

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jeanette (Spanish singer)


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Unearned income

Unearned income is a term coined by Henry George to refer to income gained through ownership of land and other monopoly. Today the term often refers to income received by virtue of owning property (known as property income), inheritance, pensions and payments received from public welfare. The three major forms of unearned income based on property ownership are rent, received from the ownership of natural resources; interest, received by virtue of owning financial assets; and profit, received from the ownership of capital equipment. As such, unearned income is often categorized as "passive income".

Unearned income can be discussed from either an economic or accounting perspective, but is more commonly used in economics.

Economics
'Unearned income' is a term coined by Henry George to popularize the economic concept of land rent and 'rent' generally. George modified John Stuart Mill's term 'unearned increment of land' to broaden the concept to include all land rent, not just increases in land price.

In economics 'unearned income' has different meanings and implications depending on the theoretical framework used. To classical economists, with their emphasis on dynamic competition, income not subject to competition, mainly income from land titles, are 'rents' or unearned income. According to certain conceptions of the Labor Theory of Value, it may refer to all income that is not an immediate result of labor. In a neoclassical frame, it may mean income not attributed to the normal or expected returns to a factor of production. Generally it may refer to windfall profits, such as when population growth increases the value of a plot of land.

Classical political economists, like Adam Smith and John Locke, viewed land as different from other forms of property, since it was not produced by humans. Land ownership, in the sense of political economy, could refer to ownership over any natural phenomena, including air rights, water rights, drilling rights, or spectrum rights. Classicals like John Stuart Mill were also concerned about monopolies, both natural monopolies and artificial monopolies, and didn't consider their incomes to be entirely earned.

In Marxian economics and related schools, unearned income originates from the surplus value produced by an economy, where "surplus value" refers to value beyond what is needed for subsistence. As such, individuals and groups who subsist on unearned income are characterized as being in an exploitative relationship because the unearned income they receive is not generated by their effort or contribution (hence why their income is "unearned"). The existence of unearned income received on the basis of property ownership forms the basis for the Marxist class analysis of capitalism, where unearned income and exploitation are viewed as inherent to capitalist production.

United States
As defined by the American Social Security Administration, unearned income is all income that is not earned from one's job or from one's business. Some common types of unearned income are:
 * The value of food or shelter received from someone, or the amount of money received to help pay for them;
 * Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits;
 * Railroad retirement and railroad unemployment benefits;
 * Annuities, pensions from any government or private source, workers' compensation, unemployment insurance benefits, black lung benefits and Social Security benefits;
 * Prizes, lottery winnings, settlements and awards, including court-ordered awards;
 * Proceeds of life insurance policies;
 * Gifts and contributions;
 * Support and alimony payments;
 * Inheritances in cash or property;
 * Rental income;
 * Dividends and interest; and
 * Strike pay and other benefits from unions.

Taxation
Unearned income has often been treated differently for tax purposes than earned income, in order to redistribute income or to recognize its qualitative difference from income derived from productive work. Such a tax structure is often associated with a progressive income tax structure. Supporters argue that extraordinarily high incomes are unearned incomes, with the example of the United Kingdom, where income taxes on the highest brackets reached 98% in 1979. In recent times the pendulum has swung the other way, and most Western countries tax unearned income more favourably than income from productive work for a number of reasons, including an expectation that much of this income ends up being recirculated into the economy, through things like spending or reinvestment.

Capital gains are a form of passive income some argue are unearned, though this is a great point of contention between all the various economic schools of thought. In the United States, long term capital gains (generally assets held more than 12 months) are taxed at the rate of 15%. Another contentious subject is patents and other forms of exclusive production rights, especially in regards to biology and software.

While classical free market economists were generally skeptical towards unearned incomes, more recent economists, like Ronald Coase, claim that capital markets facilitate allocation of resources to those enterprises which will provide the best economic benefit, and that extra taxes on unearned income can interfere with these mechanisms. Progressives assert that the purpose of taxes themselves is to allocate resources to where they are most needed, and to prevent a system whereby capital is shifted upward at the expense of the lower tax brackets.

title: Unearned income


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List of current foreign ministers

This is a list of current foreign ministers of the 193 United Nations member states as well as the Holy See (Vatican City) and the State of Palestine.

Foreign ministers of sovereign countries with limited recognition, some alternative governments, some dependent territories and some autonomous administrative divisions are included in separate tables.

Other states
The following states control their territory and are recognized by at least one UN member state.

The following states/governments control their territory, but are not recognized by any UN member states.

Other governments
These alternative governments are recognized as a sovereign state by at least one UN member.

The alternative governments are not recognized by any UN member states.

title: List of current foreign ministers


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Edgar Kain

Edgar James Kain, DFC (27 June 1918 – 7 June 1940) was a New Zealand fighter pilot and flying ace who flew in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.

Born in Hastings, New Zealand, Kain developed an early interest in aviation and joined the RAF in 1936. He completed his flight training the following year and was posted to the RAF's No. 73 Squadron, flying the Gloster Gladiator and then the Hawker Hurricane. On the outbreak of the Second World War the squadron was dispatched to France. Kain began flying operational sorties during the Phoney War and gained his first aerial victory, a German bomber, in November 1939. He claimed his fifth aerial victory in March 1940, becoming the RAF's first flying ace of the Second World War as well as its first recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross. His success early in the war and consequent media reports made him well known in Britain and the Dominions.

The Phoney War ended on 10 May 1940, when the German invasion of France and the Low Countries began. Within 17 days, Kain had claimed a further 9 aerial victories. By early June, he was physically exhausted and ordered to return to England. On 7 June 1940, having bid farewell to his squadron and in a gesture to his comrades, he took off in a Hurricane to perform a series of low-level aerobatics over Échemines airfield. While performing one of these manoeuvres, he crashed at high speed and was killed instantly. At the time of his death he was ranked flying officer and was officially credited with 14 aerial victories. Subsequent research suggests he destroyed 16 enemy aircraft. Originally buried in Troyes Cemetery, his remains were relocated to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Choloy War Cemetery, near Nancy, after the war.

Early life
Edgar James Kain was born in Hastings, New Zealand, on 27 June 1918, the third of four children of George Kain, a warehouseman, and his wife Nellie Keen. His family moved to Wellington, where his father set up a warehousing business. Kain was educated at Croydon School and, from 1932, at Christ's College, Christchurch, where he boarded. At school he played rugby, participated in rowing and excelled at athletics. He was seen as a natural leader, but unmotivated academically.

In Christchurch, Kain's school was near Wigram Aerodrome and he would often see aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force approaching and taking off. He was passionate about aviation from an early age and eager to fly. After three years at Christ's College, with a poor academic record, he left school in 1935 without graduating. He worked as a clerk in his father's warehousing business and also became a member of the Wellington Aero Club. His intention was to obtain a pilot's licence and then join the Royal Air Force (RAF).

Kain's flying lessons commenced in early 1936 and he soon soloed in a Tiger Moth, having accumulated just over seven hours of flying time. He also received tuition in mathematics from Professor George William von Zedlitz of the Victoria University of Wellington; this was necessary after his failure to graduate from secondary school as such academic qualifications were prerequisites enter the RAF as a pilot. Later that year he transferred to Wigram for further flight training and he soon secured his pilot's licence. He was then able to meet the requirements for a short-service commission in the RAF; under this scheme, entrants would serve a four-year period and then, if suitable, transfer to a permanent commission. Applicants needed to apply to the Air Ministry in London. Accordingly, having convinced his parents to support his endeavours, Kain departed New Zealand in November 1936, accompanying his father on a business trip to England aboard the RMS Orford.

Early military career
Once in London, Kain formally applied to the Air Ministry for a short-service commission in the RAF but failed his medical due to high blood pressure. He was told to reapply once he had acclimatised; the lengthy voyage from New Zealand had taken its toll on his fitness. He spent two weeks labouring on a farm to improve his condition and passed the subsequent medical. Having been accepted, Kain was sent to a civilian flying school in Brough, near Hull, for elementary flight training. The use of a civilian facility was to help filter out unsuitable entrants before entering the RAF flight training system. Kain commenced his training at the school on 21 December 1936, and was soon flying a Blackburn B-2 trainer solo. Towards the end of the ten-week course, he was asked for his preference for further training: bombers or fighters. He opted for fighters, seeing it as a more exciting prospect. On completion of the elementary course on 5 March 1937, Kain was accepted for a short-service commission with the rank of acting pilot officer and the service number 39534. His probationary period of 12 months began on 8 March 1937, calculated from the commencement of his elementary training. He proceeded to RAF Uxbridge for basic military training and then went onto No. 5 Flying Training School at RAF Sealand in Cheshire. He gained his wings on 25 June 1937 and was sent to RAF Ternhill a few months later for advanced training on fighters, flying the Hawker Fury. By this time, Kain had become proficient in aerobatics, but he had also been disciplined for performing stunts at too low an altitude.

In November 1937, his training complete, Kain was posted to No. 73 Fighter Squadron, which was equipped with the Gloster Gladiator biplane fighter and based at RAF Digby. While serving with the squadron he became known as Cobber, New Zealand slang for a friend. This was partly to distinguish him from one of his fellow pilots, Derek Kain, also a New Zealander and a distant relative. The nickname was also a reflection of his friendly and outgoing nature. Kain's probationary period ended on 21 December 1937, and his rank of pilot officer was confirmed. He continued to develop his aerobatic skills with the Gladiator and in May 1938 took part in the Empire Air Day, giving flying demonstrations to the public. Two months later, the squadron began converting to the new monoplane Hawker Hurricane and Kain began to find its limits, causing light damage to his aircraft after putting it into a high-speed dive, an action for which he was reprimanded. In mid-September 1938, during the Sudetenland crisis, the squadron was placed on standby, although its pilots were not yet fully proficient on the Hurricane. The Munich Agreement that was concluded at the end of the month reduced tensions, and familiarisation training on the Hurricane resumed. In June 1939, Kain crashed during a night flying exercise, when he forgot to lock the undercarriage while landing. A loose panel affected the aircraft's handling, distracting Kain during his landing procedure. He was officially admonished despite the extenuating circumstances. He had a further accident in late July while landing on another night time flying exercise; this time the issue was the surface of the aerodrome and no blame was attached to Kain. He had been promoted to flying officer earlier in the month.

Second World War
On 24 August 1939, as tensions escalated between Britain and Germany, No. 73 Squadron was mobilised for war. It was intended to send the squadron to France as the Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), designated as part of No. 60 Mobile Wing along with No. 1 Squadron. On 8 September 1939, the Second World War now underway, it deployed to France, initially to Le Havre-Octeville aerodrome in Normandy. On 10 September 1939, Kain flew his first operational patrols, covering ships disembarking the BEF at Cherbourg, without making contact with the enemy. The weather prevented flying for much of the next two weeks and his squadron moved to an airfield near St. Omer towards the end of the month. From there it moved to Rouvres, near Verdun.

Phoney War
No. 73 Squadron's new base was close to the border between France and Germany, and No. 60 Mobile Wing was attached to the Advanced Air Striking Force (AASF), comprising several squadrons of Fairey Battles of Bomber Command. The following months saw little offensive activity in the air; this stage of the conflict was known as the Phoney War. Despite the squadron's proximity to the German border, there was little contact with the enemy and few successful interceptions.

By this point, Kain was a section leader in No. 73 Squadron, with responsibility for two wingmen. On 8 November, while on patrol, he spotted a Dornier Do 17 bomber above and ahead of him. As the Do 17 began to climb to 27000 ft, Kain pursued, made two attacks, and observed several strikes by his machine guns. With his Hurricane showing signs of strain, he attacked again and the Do 17 dived steeply. Kain followed but pulled out when he saw fabric peeling off his wings. The bomber crashed into the small village of Lubey, northwest of Metz, exploding on impact and killing the crew. It was the first aerial victory of the war for No. 73 Squadron and also for a pilot from one of the Dominions. The event was widely reported although, due to the RAF prohibition of the naming of its personnel in the media, Kain was not identified as the successful pilot in British newspapers. Instead he was simply referred to as a 21-year-old New Zealander.

Weather conditions affected the flight operations of the wing, now re-designated as No. 67 Wing, for several days, but Kain had a successful encounter on 23 November, near Conflans, when he shot down another Do 17. It was one of four German bomber and reconnaissance aircraft claimed as destroyed by No. 73 Squadron pilots that day. There was little flying from December to February due to the weather. Kain spent some of this period in England on leave with Joyce Phillips, a theatre actress he had met while completing his flight training in 1937. He had been corresponding with her for some time. On returning to the squadron, he temporarily took command of one of its flights. The weather still permitted occasional patrols; in late January his flight encountered a Heinkel He 111 medium bomber but Kain's guns failed to fire. This was later put down to them being affected by the extreme cold. His aircraft received damage from the He 111's defensive armament, and on landing was found to be irreparable. Kain relinquished command of the flight at the end of January, when its regular leader returned from leave.

By early February 1940 the thaw was well underway, but this affected the runway of the aerodrome which was prone to bogging, impacting flight operations for the next few weeks. Kain was mentioned in dispatches on 20 February 1940 for his efforts pursuing the He 111 that he sighted late the previous month. Weather conditions improved on 1 March 1940, and the following day Kain became involved in a dogfight with two Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters while in pursuit of some He 111s. He destroyed the first Bf 109 but the second damaged his engine with cannon fire before departing. Over the German lines when the attack took place, Kain glided 30 mi from 20000 ft to reach French territory. When his damaged engine caught fire, Kain prepared to bail out but had to re-enter the cockpit when he realised his parachute strap was not in position. The flames went out and Kain glided on to a forced-landing at Metz. His Hurricane was a wreck and he had to be flown back to Rouvres by a Bristol Blenheim in the evening. The encounter was reported by the BBC in its main radio bulletin later that day; Kain was not named and only referred to as a New Zealander. A few days later, identified as Cobber, he completed a BBC Radio interview that was broadcast on 9 March 1940. Reporters from the United States were not so restricted and his identity was becoming known in his home country. Kain was soon back on operations and, at the same time, the squadron was re-equipping with updated Hurricanes. In mid-March he was informed of his impending award of the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), in recognition of the action earlier in the month when he had shot down his first Bf 109. It was to be the first such award to a pilot of Fighter Command. He promptly took ill with German measles and was hospitalised for several days. He did not return to operational duty until 26 March. That day, in the early afternoon he led a section on a defensive patrol over the German lines and encountered a group of Bf 109s. He managed to destroy one Bf 109 and then a second, but shortly afterwards his Hurricane's engine was damaged by a cannon strike from another Bf 109. With his aircraft on fire, he bailed out with shell splinters to his left leg, a bullet-grazed left hand and burns to the face. Landing in no man's land, he made his way to a nearby village. He soon encountered French soldiers and after satisfying them as to his nationality, he was treated by a doctor and driven back to Rouvres in the evening. Shooting down the two Bf 109s in this action made him the RAF's first flying ace of the Second World War. He remained relatively anonymous to the British public, his identity continuing to be simply Cobber when his exploits were reported. The wounds from his latest encounter forced him off flying duties for a few days. During his convalescence the citation for his DFC was published in the London Gazette. It read:"In March, 1940, while on patrol with another aircraft, Flying Officer Kain sighted seven enemy bombers about 5,000 feet above him, and while giving chase well into Germany, he was attacked from behind by an enemy fighter. Showing the finest fighting spirit this officer out-manoeuvred the enemy and although his own aircraft was badly damaged he succeeded in bringing the hostile aircraft down. Thick smoke and oil fumes had filled his cockpit and although unable to see his compass, he skilfully piloted his aircraft inside allied lines in spite of being choked and blinded by the smoke."

- London Gazette, No. 34820, 29 March 1940.

With the announcement of his DFC, the anonymity he had previously been afforded was no longer possible. There was significant public interest in Kain, his endeavours being widely reported in the United Kingdom and in the Dominions; one newspaper correspondent described Kain as "carrying the Dominion banner across the German frontiers in grand style". Kain went on leave to England on 2 April, intending to spend time with Phillips. Much to his irritation, the couple had to deal with intense media interest during his leave. While in England, he and Phillips announced their engagement, and tentatively set a date in July for the wedding.

Kain returned on 14 April to his squadron, which was now based with the rest of No. 67 Wing at Reims and tasked with the protection of the AASF headquarters. Tensions were high as a result of the German invasions of Norway and Denmark, and the Luftwaffe had increased its presence along the French border with Germany. The squadron was shortly back at Rouvres when the expected fighting in France did not occur. Kain was initially stood down from flight operations so did not undertake his first patrol until 21 April. Two days later he and his flight encountered a Messerschmitt Bf 110, which Kain damaged, but was surprised by three Bf 109s which shot down two Hurricanes in return. Kain saw little flying duty for the rest of the month, due to poor weather.

Battle of France
On 10 May 1940, the German forces launched the blitzkrieg through the Low Countries and France. No. 73 Squadron was immediately involved, as several Hurricanes scrambled to deal with a number of German bombers. At around 6:00am, Kain engaged and shot down a Dornier Do 215, one of nine that he sighted near Metz. He encountered another seven on his return to Rouvres but had exhausted his ammunition in the earlier action. The squadron was ordered back to Reims later in the morning, and assembled there by 2:00pm. Despite the airfield being bombed later in the afternoon, the squadron flew several defensive patrols that day, Kain flying two of them. He flew a defensive patrol the next morning, then a mission escorting bombers of the AASF to a target at Wiltz. On the last patrol of the day he shot down a Do 215; cannon shells from a Bf 110 damaged the fuselage of his Hurricane.

The airfield at Reims was bombed again on 12 May, but this did not affect the squadron's operations, and it flew several missions in the afternoon. While escorting some Fairey Battles on a raid north of Sedan, Kain spotted a Henschel Hs 126 reconnaissance aircraft that he pursued and destroyed over Bouillon. Over the next two days, Luftwaffe activity around Sedan increased in support of the tanks of Panzer Group Kleist crossing the Meuse. The squadron encountered several flights of bombers during operations. Kain had no successful engagements on 13 May to add to his official tally of destroyed aircraft but the same day a newspaper reported that he may have destroyed as many as eleven enemy aircraft, and Kain himself had "lost count". Officially he shot down his tenth enemy aircraft, a Bf 109, the next day. On 15 May, Kain's section encountered a Do 17 and began to initiate an attack. Without firing his guns, Kain saw the crew of the bomber promptly bail out to leave the now pilotless bomber to fly on deeper into France. Casualties in the squadron were now mounting, with four pilots missing or killed in action and a fifth invalided from flying. This saw Kain given command of one of the squadron's flights. The next day, the squadron moved to Villeneuve while Kain led his flight in a covering patrol to help protect the shift to the new base. Despite flying several patrols, there were no encounters with the enemy until the afternoon of 17 May, when Kain came across a group of Bf 110s; he damaged one and later destroyed a Bf 109 that disrupted his attempt to attack a Junkers Ju 88. It was a particularly busy day; the end of it, he had accumulated thirteen hours in the air.

The pace of the German advance saw another move by No. 73 Squadron, this time to Gaye, east of Paris, on 18 May. The next day, the entire squadron took part in a defensive patrol during which it met a group of German bombers, He 111s and Ju 88s, with an escort of Bf 110 fighters. The British fighters attacked and Kain shot down a Ju 88 and then a Bf 110. Towards the end of the engagement, he destroyed a He 111. Seven German aircraft had been destroyed for the loss of three Hurricanes, whose pilots all survived to return to the squadron. By now, No. 73 Squadron's pilots were extremely fatigued from extensive operations and minimal rest. Several fresh pilots soon arrived and Kain helped with their introduction to operational flying. On 22 May he received orders to return to England with several other pilots to take on instructional duties.

On arrival in Le Bourget on 23 May, from where the group of pilots were to travel to England, Kain and another pilot were ordered to immediately report back to No. 73 Squadron. Once back at Gaye, the two pilots were put on administrative duties and Kain did not fly again until 25 May. That day he led a section in a morning patrol, during which he destroyed a Do 17 but had to then make an emergency landing back at Gaye due to damage inflicted on his Hurricane by machine-gun fire from the bomber's rear gunner. The next day, in a replacement Hurricane, he shot down a Hs 126 near Bouillon. The situation in France was now deteriorating; the French army was defending the line along the Somme and Aisne with the fighter squadrons of the AASF operating in support, while the BEF was being evacuated from Dunkirk. Kain's focus for 26 May was introducing new pilots to operational duties. The following day, the squadron was operating from a forward base at Boos-Rouen, alongside No. 501 Squadron. It was the subject of a bombing raid during which Kain met Ginger Lacey, who later became one of the RAF's highest scoring flying aces of the war. According to Lacey's biographer, the two were sheltering in what turned out to be a petrol dump. Later in the day, while on a patrol over Boos-Rouen, Kain shot down a Do 17.

By this time Kain was very fatigued. Many of his fellow pilots had become casualties or been sent back to the United Kingdom, leaving him as one of the few still remaining of the squadron's original flying roster. Other pilots noted he was increasingly preoccupied and nervous. Although he flew patrols on 28 May, Kain saw little action and for the next two days he was grounded by No. 73 Squadron's commander. He resumed flying on 31 May, leading a section in an uneventful mission providing cover for Fairey Battle bombers targeting German forces southeast of Reims. The first two days of June were quiet, but then the squadron received orders to move to Le Mans and operate from an advanced airfield at Échemines. Kain led a flight of Hurricanes there early in the morning of 3 June; they then covered the move of the ground crew and administrative staff to Le Mans. He did not fly the next day and flew a single patrol on 5 June, protecting the airfield. He sighted a Bf 109 and pursued it to near Reims, where he shot it down.

Final flight
On 6 June, suffering nervous exhaustion and fatigue, Kain and another long-serving pilot of No. 73 Squadron received orders to return to England as soon as replacement personnel arrived. A group of pilots arrived the next day for allocation to units of the AASF; four were assigned to Kain's squadron, freeing him to return to England. In front of a group of his squadron mates who gathered at the airfield at Échemines to bid him farewell, he took off in his Hurricane to fly to Le Mans to collect his kit. He then began to perform some low-level aerobatics. On the third of a series of "flick" rolls, he misjudged his altitude and hit the ground heavily. He was thrown from the Hurricane's cockpit and died when he struck the ground some distance away from his crashed aircraft.

Kain was originally buried in Troyes Cemetery on 8 June but after the war, his remains were moved to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Choloy War Cemetery, near Nancy. His parents were advised by telegram within two days of his death; his mother and younger sister, Judy Kain, were in transit to England at the time to attend his wedding to Phillips; Judy was to be a bridesmaid. The BBC reported that he was "killed in action" on 10 May. Later in the month, when the RAF published its casualty lists, Kain was recorded as being killed on active service, rather than in action. As the RAF's first recipient of the DFC and its first flying ace of the war, Kain had a high profile in Britain and the Dominions and his death was widely covered in newspapers. King George VI presented Kain's mother and sister, Judy Kain, who had just joined the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, with his DFC in a private ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 4 September 1940.

Legacy
At the time of Kain's death, he was officially credited with the destruction of 14 enemy aircraft. His fellow pilots believed his score to be higher, ranging from 15 to 20 aircraft destroyed. Kain himself, in late May 1940, believed he had shot down 17 aircraft. Inaccurate media reports credited him with even higher tallies; the Evening Post in New Zealand reported him as having shot down over 40 enemy aircraft. Aviation historians Christopher Shores and Clive Williams credit Kain with 16 aircraft destroyed and 1 damaged, as does author Mike Spick.

Kain Place in his home town of Hastings, New Zealand, was named in his honour in 2008. Kain Avenue in Matraville, in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia, is also named for him, as is Kain Avenue, Rotorua.

title: Edgar Kain


text: User talk:82.171.157.248

title: User talk:82.171.157.248


text:
William McCallin

William McCallin (August 8, 1842 – September 4, 1904) was Mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1887 to 1890.

Early life
Mayor McCallin was born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania north of Pittsburgh in 1842 into a livery family.

Pittsburgh politics
He was successful in elections to County Coroner and Allegheny County Sheriff in 1881. After his service as Sheriff he ran successfully for Pittsburgh mayor. During his term in office he led the charge for prolific construction of critical infrastructure that the rapidly developing city required to be successful. He oversaw the opening of Schenley Park in 1889. Pittsburgh's industrial might was displayed for the world during McCallin's reign as mayor when the first mold of aluminum was cast in the city.

McCallin died in 1904 of dropsy and was buried in Homewood Cemetery.

title: William McCallin


text: User talk:69.141.157.32

title: User talk:69.141.157.32


text:
Azodicarbonamide

Azodicarbonamide, ADCA, ACA, ADA, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4. It is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder. It is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics. It was first described by John Bryden in 1959.

Synthesis
It is prepared in two steps via treatment of urea with hydrazine to form biurea, as described in this idealized equation:
 * 2 O\dC(NH2)2 + H2N\sNH2 → H2N\sC(\dO)\sNH\sNH\sC(\dO)\sNH2 + 2 NH3

Oxidation with chlorine or chromic acid yields azodicarbonamide:
 * H2N\sC(\dO)\sNH\sNH\sC(\dO)\sNH2 + Cl2 → H2N\sC(\dO)\sN\dN\sC(\dO)\sNH2 + 2 HCl

Blowing agent
The principal use of azodicarbonamide is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent. The thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide produces nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.

Azodicarbonamide is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified. Modification affects the reaction temperatures. Pure azodicarbonamide generally reacts around 200 °C. In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified azodicarbonamide (average decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.

An example of the use of azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent is found in the manufacture of vinyl (PVC) and EVA-PE foams, where it forms bubbles upon breaking down into gas at high temperature. Vinyl foam is springy and does not slip on smooth surfaces. It is useful for carpet underlay and floor mats. Commercial yoga mats made of vinyl foam have been available since the 1980s; the first mats were cut from carpet underlay.

Food additive
As a food additive, azodicarbonamide is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner. It reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent. The main reaction product is biurea, which is stable during baking. Secondary reaction products include semicarbazide and ethyl carbamate. It is known by the E number E927. Many restaurants in the US fast food industry removed the additive in response to negative publicity.

Occupational (inhalation)
In a 1999 report, the World Health Organization has linked exposure to azodicarbonamide at workplaces where it is manufactured or handled in raw form to "respiratory issues, allergies and asthma". The available data are restricted to these occupational environments. Exposure of the general public to azodicarbonamide could not be evaluated because of the lack of available data. The WHO concluded, "The level of risk is uncertain; hence, exposure levels should be reduced as much as possible".

In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive has identified azodicarbonamide as a respiratory sensitizer (a possible cause of asthma) in workplace settings and determined that containers of it should be labeled with "May cause sensitisation by inhalation." Azodicarbonamide was added to the REACH Regulation candidate Substances of Very High Concern list in 2012, for its respiratory sensitizing properties.

Food (ingestion)
In some jurisdictions, the use of azodicarbonamide as a flour bleaching agent has been phased out. For example, it is no longer authorized for use in Australia and the European Union as a food additive. Azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent in plastics has been banned in the European Union since August 2005 for the manufacture of plastic articles that are intended to come into direct contact with food. In the United States, azodicarbonamide has a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status and is allowed to be added to flour at levels up to 45 ppm. However, use in products intended for human consumption is in decline under pressure of the public opinion. In 2014, amid public discomfort with the dual uses of azodicarbonamide, the sandwich franchise Subway and hamburger franchise Wendy's announced that they would no longer use it as a dough conditioner. As of February 2014, the Center for Science in the Public Interest stated azodicarbonamide "has been poorly tested" and advocates for reducing the amount of azodicarbonamide that is allowed to be used in food.

The ban on ADA in food is mostly motivated by the weak carcinogenic property of semicarbazide, a side product of ADA use. The EU banned ADA in food containers despite an EFSA report considering such exposure "not a concern" due to low levels produced. The FDA's review maintains that ADA is safe at amounts allowed.

As of February, 2021, in contrast to direct competitors like Wendy's that have phased out the ingredient, A&W continues to use azodicarbonamide in an unspecified quantity ("under 2 %") in their standard hamburger buns.

title: Azodicarbonamide


text:
Arroyo Seco, Santa Fe

Arroyo Seco is a city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It has about 20,000 inhabitants according to the. Its name (literally "dry stream") is the same as a neighbouring creek. The city is located on the western shore of the Paraná River and can be reached also by National Route 9 (Argentina), Provincial Route 21, and the Nuevo Central Argentino railway line.

The town was founded in 1889 by Liberato Aguirre, who donated part of his lands to the provincial government in order to allow the train to pass through (it was a part of the Buenos Aires–Rosario line, the latter being only 30 km away). The original name, "Pueblo Aguirre", was soon replaced by "Pueblo Arroyo Seco".

Arroyo Seco became a city on 12 April 1962.

title: Arroyo Seco, Santa Fe


text:
Tommy McCarthy (ice hockey)

Thomas Edward McCarthy (April 12, 1893 – December 28, 1959) was a professional ice hockey player who played two seasons in the National Hockey League for the Quebec Bulldogs and Hamilton Tigers. After several years as an amateur player with teams in New York, McCarthy joined the amateur Hamilton Tigers in 1918–19 and helped them win the Allan Cup as the best amateur team in Canada. He turned professional in 1919 when he joined the Bulldogs and played one season with the team before they moved and became the professional Tigers. McCarthy played an additional season there before joining the Saskatoon/Moose Jaw Crescents of the Western Canada Hockey League, and played one final season with the Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association before retiring in 1923.

Playing career
He played one season for the Quebec Bulldogs (1919–20) and one for the Hamilton Tigers (1920–21) of the NHL and one season for the Seattle Metropolitans (1922–23) of the PCHA. In 35 NHL games, he scored 22 goals and added 7 assists for 29 points. In 16 PCHA games, he scored two goals and one assist.

title: Tommy McCarthy (ice hockey)


text:
Nash Mill

Nash Mill was a paper mill near Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. The local residential area (Nash Mills) takes its name from the mill.

Early records
There was originally a corn-mill recorded in the Domesday Book.

Paper mill
The mill was converted to papermaking by Anne Blackwell at the end of the eighteenth century. It was purchased by John Dickinson in 1811. It was a half mile south from Dickinson's original Apsley Mill at Apsley on the Grand Junction Canal. The mill-house, called Nash House, became the family home for Dickinson and his new wife Ann (née Grover) whose father Harry Grover supported this business development through his Grover's Bank. In a very few years Nash Mill was renowned for its production of tough thin paper for Samuel Bagster's "Pocket Reference Bible".

A major fire in 1813 was a setback, but, being covered by insurance, enabled redevelopment towards large scale production and by 1825 steam power had been installed, powered by coal delivered by canal. John Dickinson & Co. had their Engineering Department at Nash Mills until 1888 (managed by Leonard Stephenson), when it was transferred to Apsley Mill. The production of fine rag paper on electrically driven machines was a successful innovation at Nash.

There was unrest amongst the workers in 1821 when pay was cut in response to declining trade. Local leaders of the Original Society of Papermakers were dismissed and replaced by recruits from Abbots Langley. The dismissed workers and their families, living in tied cottages, suffered distress and some "went on the parish". After some disruption and even sabotage, the situation calmed.

In 1823 and in 1826, there were repeated mechanical problems. The mill maintained its own fire brigade with a steam fire engine.

Closure and redevelopment
In 1990, Nash Mill was sold to the international Sappi Group and continued to make paper until 2006. The mill was closed and subsequently sold; the warehouse business was relocated to Dunstable. Housing redevelopment plans were publicised in September 2009. By late 2010, the site had been largely cleared, retaining Nash House, Stephenson's Cottage and a war memorial.

title: Nash Mill


text:
User:Sirzulkharnain

Assalam alikum May Allah bless you with ISLAM ....................................

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I AM NOT APPRECIATING MYSELF BUT THE FACT IS I HAVE INVENTED A

NEW OUTDOOR GAME AND SUBMITTED THE DRAWINGS AND DETAILS TO THE

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INVENTIVE GAME WILL BE PLAYED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN "NEW YORK USA" ITSELF AS

A UNIQUE LAUNCHPAD, IF YOUR VALUABLE SIDE WILL EXTEND YOUR FINANCIAL

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USAID FOR THE WORLD OF SPORTS AND INTERNATIONAL SPECTATATORS WILL

ENJOY THE OVERALL SENSATION OF THE NEW GAME.

JUST THINK ABOUT YOURSELF THAT YOU HAVE THE EMINENCE, RESPECT, AND

OPULANCE THROUGH YOUR SKILLS OF WORKING    AS A CHIEF

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UNIQUELY FOR OUR HUMAN WORLD.

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AS A MATTER OF FACT I HAVE BEEN PERFORMING CREATIVELY SINCE LAST FIVE

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DONE A JOB IN DUBAI RECENTLY BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY I HAVE DONE MY CREATIVE JOB

AS WELL THAT HOLDS A GUINNESS WORLD RECORD FOR  WRITING THE HIGHEST

NUMBER OF GOLDEN VALUABLE THOUGHTS WRITTEN BY A WRITER IN ENGLISH,

YOU CAN INVITE ME AS A SPORT PERSON OR CREATIVE  WRITER OR PROFESSIONAL

TO WORK TOGETHER AND PERFORM THROUGH YOUR COMPANY'S SPONSORSHIP OR

SOMEHTING LIKE THAT.

SO YOU CAN BLESS ME FINANCIAL BENEFITS FOR MY SKILLS AND  SELF DEVELOPMENT

THROUGH YOUR OVERALL DESIGNATION'S AUTHORITY THAT HOLDS MANY MORE

$ IN MILLIONS OR BILLIONS , ITS  NOT A HIDDEN FACT ABOUT  YOUR SIDE

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ITS GOOD TO WRITE YOU

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SYEDISHTYAQ URRAHMAN ZULKHARNAIN

INVENTOR /AND WRITER OF COSMIC PRIMACY A GOLDEN COLLECTION OF GOLEN VALAUBLE THOUGHTS IN ENGLISH THAT HOLDS A GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS MEMBERSHIP AND ID 32001

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zulkharnain@gmail.com

title: User:Sirzulkharnain


text: Template:Swallows and Amazons

title: Template:Swallows and Amazons


text: Talk:Tommy McCarthy (ice hockey)

title: Talk:Tommy McCarthy (ice hockey)


text: User talk:82.110.216.127

title: User talk:82.110.216.127


text:
Category:Japanese militarism

This category collects articles about Japanese militarism, its organizations, its leaders, and its political actions.

title: Category:Japanese militarism


text:
The Levels

The Levels may refer to:

 * One of several areas of flat, low-lying land in England:
 * The Somerset Levels
 * The North Somerset Levels or Avon Levels
 * The Minsmere Levels
 * A former name for the suburb of Mawson Lakes, South Australia

title: The Levels


text:
Araroba powder

Araroba powder, also known as Bahia powder and Goa powder, is a drug occurring in the form of a yellowish-brown powder, varying considerably in tint, from the Portuguese colony of Goa, where it appears to have been introduced about the year 1852.

The tree which yields it is the Andira araroba of the family Fabaceae. It is abundant in certain forests in the province of Bahia in Brazil as well as imported into India, preferring as a rule low and humid spots. The tree ranges from 80 to 100 ft. high and has large imparipinnate, or feather shaped, leaves, the leaflets of which are oblong, about 12 in. long and 1 in. broad, and somewhat truncate at the apex. The flowers are papilionaceous, of a purple color and arranged in panicles.

The Goa powder or araroba is contained in the trunk, filling crevices in the heartwood. It is a morbid product in the tree, and yields to hot chloroform 50% of a substance known officially as chrysarobin. It occurs as a microcrystalline, odorless, tasteless powder, very slightly soluble in either water or alcohol; it also occurs in rhubarb root. This complex mixture contains pure chrysarobin, di-chrysarobin, and di-chrysarobin methylether. Chrysarobin is a methyl trioxyanthracene and exists as a glucoside in the plant, but is gradually oxidized to chrysophanic acid (a dioxy-methyl anthraquinone) and glucose. This strikes a blood-red color in alkaline solutions, and may therefore cause much alarm if administered to a patient whose urine is alkaline.

Medicinal uses
Dithranol and chrysophanic acid are therapeutic substances in araroba powder that are responsible for success in treatment of psoriasis and chronic eczema. It has been used as a treatment of ringworm. Generally, when used for skin conditions, the powder is mixed into a zinc or petrolatum ointment, paste, or cream base to contain it to the treatment area. The British Pharmacopoeia lists an ointment containing one part of chrysarobin and 24 parts of benzoated lard. The drug is a weak antiparasitic.

Adverse effects
Araroba powder stains skin, hair, and clothing a deep yellow or brown, a coloration which may be removed by caustic alkali in weak solution. Both internally and externally the drug is a powerful irritant. Reported adverse effects include inflammation of the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Contact allergy has also been reported.

Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action of araroba powder is not yet confirmed, but is believed to effect cell turnover. Anti-inflammatory properties are also present by neutrophil and monocyte function inhibition.

title: Araroba powder


text:
Talk:Mauro Giuliani

Word Change
Changed the word "virtuosos" to "virtuosi," which is the grammatically correct and proper usage of the plural for the Italian term. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.41.55.88 (talk) 19:33, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Formatting
I'm glad to see an article about Giuliani, and such a detailed one too. But surely an article should not consist of a giant single paragraph?

Date Error for Mauro Giuliani
The date of death is listed at the top as 1828, but as 1829 at the end of the article.
 * Changed it.

Composer project review
I've reviewed this article as part of the Composers project review of its B-class articles. This article is clearly B-class, but it is full of peacock language that needs elaboration or citation. It is also deficient in his early years (or the deficiency should be cited with reference to one the listed biographical sources). I have more comments; read the full review on the comments page. Questions or comments can be left here or on my talk page.  Magic ♪piano 15:39, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Images of Mauro Giuliani
—Preceding unsigned comment added by Sal;fkjl (talk • contribs) 22:03, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

this is a weak article.
Sorry for the irrascible tone in my comments, I don't want to make this sound like YouTube, but really i'm losing patience with the quality of some articles. I am not the Giuliani expert, and I'm glad that someone is interested in providing info. But please do a thorough job. There are so many throwaway lines, and a lack of solid info. "He had a remarkable ability to weave a melody into a passage with musical effect while remaining true to the idiom of the instrument." What exactly is that supposed to mean? Or is it another way of saying he was a composer? Of course if we remove it then we're left with one lonely little sentence: "he was fond of the theme and variatios form." How very nice. The problem is that i don't trust Wikipedia, except for overview or introduction to a subject.PJinBoston (talk) 20:11, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

"In 1819 Giuliani left Vienna, mainly for financial reasons: his property and bank accounts were confiscated to pay his creditors."
There is not a single source to verify the claim that "his property and bank accounts were confiscated to pay his creditors." This is pure hogwash. He owed his tailor 660 gulden, but this guy sued countless other people, from whom he never got his money.--2001:62A:6:1:0:0:0:17 (talk) 14:40, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 23:29, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Giuliani's Teacher
Biographer Nicola Giuliani states that Giuliani's first teacher was his brother in law and Neapolitan Cellist & Singer Gaetano Stefano Raffaele Lucci. Source is Nicola Giuliani, Viaggio a Vienna: Giuliani Racconta Giuliani, (Genova: De Ferrari, 2022), 22 2001:56A:70E8:6200:7CE5:1601:177A:337C (talk) 19:18, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mauro Giuliani


text:
Morikami Park

Morikami Park is a park in Palm Beach County, Florida. The park is named for George Morikami, a Japanese immigrant to Florida who donated the land for the park to the county. It is the site of the Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens and includes picnic areas and playgrounds. The American Orchid Society Visitor Center and Botanical Garden also used to be located in the park, but the orchid collection was moved to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in 2011, and the visitor center was sold.

title: Morikami Park


text:
Andrew Fulton (mayor)

Andrew Fulton (December 21, 1850 – February 7, 1925) was Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1884 to 1887.

Early life
The son of Samuel Magee and Agnes Rebecca (Smith) Fulton, he was born in 1850 into a foundry family (the Fulton's cast the bell for the old City Hall in Pittsburgh). He was extremely outgoing and affable and preferred the less formal "Andy Fulton", this charismatic charm as well as his tall stature served him well in a career of politics.

Pittsburgh politics
In 1879, Fulton was elected to the City Council followed soon by his election to the mayor's office in 1887. Mayor Fulton oversaw the completion of the Western Penitentiary during his term. After leaving office he continued to stay active in Pittsburgh politics working on both the city and county levels, with the exception of an absence to Colorado to raise horses for a number of years.

Scandal turned hoax
In 1888, Fulton was the victim of a hoax. Initially reported to have been fatally injured 20 miles outside of Denver, Colorado at the end of October 1888 when his wife shot him "at the cattle ranch of Emma Johnson, a noted sporting woman of Pittsburg" during a domestic dispute which allegedly arose from Fulton's longtime adulterous relationship with Johnson, during which Fulton allegedly fathered two children with Johnson (two girls, born circa 1865 and 1867), Fulton's reputation was restored somewhat when newspapers printed retractions several days later stating that the reports of Fulton's having been shot were false, citing as proof the fact that Fulton's wife had "not been out of the city [Pittsburgh] for some time" and could not, in fact, have traveled to Denver to shoot her husband.

By 1890, Fulton had parted ways with Johnson, and had relocated to New York; however, their alleged relationship continued to make headlines. In February of that year, Fulton again refuted accounts of his alleged relationship with Johnson. Although newspapers were reporting that Johnson was seeking a divorce from Fulton that year, in order to enable her to remarry, Fulton denied that he had ever married Johnson.

Death and interment
In 1925, Fulton contracted pneumonia. He died on February 7 of that year, and was buried in the Allegheny Cemetery.

title: Andrew Fulton (mayor)


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Chillingham cattle

Chillingham cattle, also known as Chillingham wild cattle, is a breed of cattle that live in a large enclosed park at Chillingham Castle, Northumberland, England. In summer 2022 the cattle number 138 animals with approximately equal numbers of males and females The herd has remained remarkably genetically isolated for hundreds of years, surviving despite inbreeding depression due to the small population. There is also a small reserve herd of about 20 animals located on Crown Estate land near Fochabers, North East Scotland.

Description of cattle
The Chillingham cattle are related to White Park cattle, in the sense that the Chillingham herd has contributed to the White Park, though there has been no gene flow the other way. Chillingham cattle are small, with upright horns in both males and females. Bulls weigh around 300 kg, cows about 280 kg. They are white with coloured ears (they may also have some colour on feet, nose and around the eyes). In the case of Chillingham cattle, the ear-colour is red – in most White Park animals the ears are black (which is genetically dominant over red in cattle). Chillingham cattle are of generally primitive conformation while White Parks are of classical British beef conformation. A brief review of academic studies on the Chillingham cattle is available.

Description of the Northumberland habitat
To many visitors, the most striking element of the historic habitat at Chillingham is the widespread occurrence of large oak trees amongst grassland (wood pasture), providing a glimpse of Britain as many think it appeared in medieval times. However, most of these trees were only planted in the 1780s - early 19th century, and the truly ancient trees of the park are the streamside alder trees, which were probably coppiced in the mid-18th century. They were probably hundreds of years old even then and the stems now growing are themselves around 250 years old. A diversity of plants and animals find a habitat here, due to the absence of the intensive farming found in most other places in Britain.

The Northumberland site is also home to a variety of other species including red squirrel, fox, and badger, as well as roe deer and fallow deer. There are approximately 55 bird species, including common buzzards, European green woodpeckers, and the Eurasian nuthatch which claims this latitude as its northernmost range in the United Kingdom.

An on-site warden at the park leads small groups on foot to find the Chillingham cattle herd; on some days they are evident in one of the easily accessible meadows, while on rare occasions they can be difficult to find without a fair bit of walking, given the tangled woodlands and the amount of space they have for roaming. Just to the east of the park is the summit of Ros Hill. The cattle are not visible from this viewpoint, which does however give an impressive view over much of north Northumberland.

Ancestry and history of the Chillingham cattle

According to earlier publicity material produced by the Chillingham Wild Cattle Association, Chillingham cattle bear some similarities to the extinct ancestral species aurochs, Bos primigenius primigenius, based upon cranial geometrics and the positioning of their horns relative to the skull formation. They further claim that Chillingham cattle may be direct descendants of the primordial ox "which roamed these islands before the dawn of history";. It is now considered much more likely that they are descended from medieval husbanded cattle that were impounded when Chillingham Park was enclosed and bones from the present-day herd have been used for comparative purposes by archaeologists. But much remains unknown about their origin. However, the traditional view that these cattle have an unbroken line of descent, without intervening domestication, from the wild-living aurochs was already being called into question in the 1800s. Over the years a large popular literature has built up relating to the herd, which has been analyzed in relation to prevalent concepts of ownership and attitudes of people towards big, charismatic animals. Simon Schama described the famous contemporary woodcut by Thomas Bewick as "an image of massive power ... the great, perhaps the greatest icon of British natural history, and one loaded with moral, national and historical sentiment as well as purely zoological fascination".

The first written record of the herd dates from 1645, but the Chillingham herd is claimed by some to have been in this site for at least seven centuries. Before the 13th century, this breed is claimed to have "roamed the great forest which extended from the North Sea coast to the Clyde estuary" according to the Countess of Tankerville. During the 13th century, the King of England licensed Chillingham Castle to become "castellated and crenellated" and a drystone wall may well have been built then to enclose the herd. At that time, there was particular concern about Scottish marauders, which explains also the massive build-up of fortification of the nearby Dunstanburgh Castle at the same time.

The wall that visitors see at Chillingham was built in the early 19th century to enclose the 1500 acre of Chillingham Park. As of 2022, the cattle have 330 acre to roam and the rest of the ground is woodland or farmland.

Genetics
Chillingham bulls contributed genetically to White Park herds in the early 20th century, but the Chillingham herd has remained pure. Some degree of genetic affinity between Chillingham and White Park cattle would therefore be predicted and is supported by genetic studies. Some kinship with Scandinavian cattle has been suggested. On historical grounds they are probably particularly closely related to the Vaynol cattle breed. In Victorian times, the idea that Chillingham cattle had connection with Roman imports was quite widely held but modern genetic studies support earlier archaeological work in rebutting this proposal.

The first genetic work was conducted from the early 1960s when, in connection with the development of blood typing techniques for cattle parentage testing, Dr J.G. Hall of the Animal Breeding Research Organisation (Edinburgh) studied the blood groups of the Chillingham herd. The herd was found to be remarkably homozygous, and this is what would be expected from their long history of inbreeding. This homozygosity is also evident at the level of microsatellite DNA and of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Mitochondrial DNA is of the same T3 sub-haplogroup as most European cattle though Chillingham cattle do possess certain rare variants; it is not yet clear what the implications are for understanding the history and continuing survival of the breed. In Chillingham cattle there is remarkably little genetic variation in genes understood to be concerned with disease resistance.

Behaviour
The Chillingham cattle herd are not tamed in any way, and behave as wild animals. Their behaviour may therefore give some insight into the behaviour of ancestral wild cattle. In the past there has been conflation of the terms "tamed" and "domesticated" and while these cattle are descendants of domesticated animals, there is no handling or taming of individuals. The term "wild" as applied to the Chillingham cattle reflects this conflation but is firmly established historically.

They breed all year round and this has clear effects on the detailed structure of their behaviour and bulls occupy and share "home territories" with other members of the herd, and with two or three, or more, other bulls. Home ranges overlap, and are not thought of as defended territories although bulls participate in sparring matches with their home range partners. Studies during winter hay feeding showed that at this time when the cattle were forced into close proximity, cows had a complex social structure apparently based on individual pairwise relationships, while bulls had a linear hierarchy or "peck order". Those studies were made many years ago and the feeding system now in operation does not bring the cattle into such close proximity. The cattle are extremely vocal with characteristic calls which echo around the area, especially when the bulls are excited by the discovery that a cow is coming into season.

Traditionally, the herd has been regarded as having a "king bull" system whereby one bull sires all calves during the period of his "reign" which lasts maybe 2–3 years until he is deposed, usually violently, by a challenger. While this may well have been the case when herd numbers were low, it is less likely to have been in effect when the herd has been numerous. Such a system has been claimed to have retarded inbreeding by preventing a bull from mating with his daughters but such an effect would have been very slight over the 67 generations which is the minimum duration over which inbreeding is likely to have taken place. There is evidence of testicular hypoplasia which might suggest male subfertility.

Inbreeding
It is suggested that by a stochastic process of continual mild inbreeding, lethal recessives have been removed from the herd by genetic purging. A classic example reports how of 20 lines of lab mice subjected to 20 generations of inbreeding, all but one died out. It is presumed that in that surviving line, all lethal alleles had been purged and inbreeding was 99%. The Chillingham situation appears analogous; in other studies the persistence of runs of SNP heterozygosity has been taken to imply balancing selection at some loci.

Modern history
In 1939, the Chillingham Wild Cattle Association Limited was formed to study and protect these special creatures; in 1963 it became a registered charity. However the herd's population decreased, and reached a minimum in the unusually hard winter of 1946-1947, which only 13 animals survived. Upon the death of Lord Tankerville in 1971 the Chillingham herd was bequeathed to the Association; however, when the estate was sold in 1980, with the help of Duke of Northumberland the park was purchased by the Sir James Knott Trust (a philanthropic organisation dedicated to protecting Northumberland for the benefit of all). It was then managed by the Knott Trust's agents: College Valley Estates (CVE). CVE granted a 999-year lease of the park to the association. In 2005, after a fund-raising campaign, the association purchased the park and surrounding woodlands. Thus, the herd and the park were reunited under the same ownership. Soon after, the association was able to purchase the sheep grazing rights, which were owned by a neighbour. The flock was removed, and this means a programme of remediation of the pasture and trees can be put into effect.

These cattle have a rather unusual status, being of a husbanded species but living as a wild animal. As being of the bovine species, they would be culled if they contracted foot-and-mouth disease. Special considerations apply to health monitoring and maintenance of biosecurity is a matter of the highest priority.

In March 2015, the herd numbers about 100 animals, approximately equal numbers of males and females. As a result of the absence of sheep since 2005, pasture is abundant in summer and fertility rates and body weights are increasing. Under such conditions, the tendency for better male survival is as predicted (work in preparation). There is also a small reserve herd of about 20 head located on Crown Estates land near Fochabers in north-east Scotland. News about the herd, and further information, is posted at the website of the Chillingham Wild Cattle Association.

Other herds of white cattle
The first list of herds of park cattle was compiled by Thomas Bewick in his A General History of Quadrupeds of 1790; Chartley, Chillingham, Gisburne, Lyme Park and Wollaton. Cadzow (Chatelherault) was not included. There is much vagueness over the history of many, perhaps most, of these and of the other herds of white park type. A detailed review of the situation was conducted in 1887 by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, but the best known general account is still Whitehead's The Ancient White Cattle of Britain and their Descendants. In 1759 the Earl of Eglinton formed a herd of the ancient breed of white or Chillingham cattle at Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, probably using stock from the Cadzow Castle herd. The numbers dropped and in 1820 the remaining animals were dispersed. All the animals in this herd were hornless.

title: Chillingham cattle


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Polonezköy

Polonezköy or Adampol is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beykoz, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 346 (2022). It is on the Asian side of Istanbul, about 30 km from the historic city centre. It was inspired and funded by Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and settled in 1842 by a small group of Polish emigrės, after the failed November Uprising. There is still a Polish community there with its own church and cemetery.

History of Polonezköy
Polonezköy (from French polonaise "Polish" and Turkish köy "village"), known in Polish as 'Adampol', was founded in 1842, from an idea of Adam Czartoryski. At the time he was Chairman of the Polish National Uprising Government and the leader of a political émigré party. The settlement was first named Adampol (that is, a Polish transcription of the Turkish Adamköy) in his honour.

Prince Czartoryski wanted to create a second emigration centre in Turkey after the first in Paris. He sent his representative, Michał Czajkowski, there and purchased the forest area which encompasses present-day Adampol from the missionary order of Lazarists. Plans were made to establish a future settlement on this spot. At the beginning, the village was inhabited by just 12 people; there were never more than 220 Poles even at the peak of its population. Over time, Adampol developed and was expanded by emigrants from the 1848 revolutions, the Crimean War in 1853, and by runaways from Siberia and from captivity in Circassia. The first inhabitants busied themselves with agriculture, cattle raising and forestry. Michał Czajkowski converted to Islam in 1850 and became known as Mehmed Sadyk Pasza (Mehmet Sadık Paşa).

After Polish independence in 1918, many returned to Poland and the remaining inhabitants took Turkish citizenship in 1938. Already before World War II, the first tourists started arriving in the village. Adampol's village chronicles record the visits of famous people such as Franz Liszt (1847), French writer, Gustave Flaubert (1850), Czech writer, Karel Droz (1904), the first President of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1937), Pope Nuncio Angelo Roncalli - the future Pope John XXIII. During his visit in 1941 he gave religious confirmation to local children. The first Polish politician to visit after the Second World War was Adam Rapacki, then the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Republic, accompanied by Turkish dignitaries (1961).

In 1985 the village was visited by Kenan Evren, the head of the temporary military dictatorship during that period in Turkey, and in 1994 by Lech Wałęsa. The next President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, came twice to Adampol in 1996 and 2000, when he visited the Memorial House of Zofia Ryży. In 2002 Adampol celebrated the 160th anniversary of its founding.

Polish descendants of the founders of Adampol often visit the settlement of their forebears. Today, there are about 1,000 people in Adampol of whom around 40 speak fluent Polish. There is an annual summer festival in Adampol/Polonezköy which invites folk bands from Poland to play and help maintain the cultural ties between it and Poland. Famous Turks with Polish ancestry include the poet and playwright Nazım Hikmet and the soprano opera singer Leyla Gencer.

Monuments and places of interest

 * Memorial House of 'Zofia Rizi', housing souvenirs, photographs, books and documents, and historic interior decoration.
 * Our Lady of Częstochowa Church.
 * The Polish Cemetery, with graves of interest, especially that of Ludwika Śniadecka, a lover of the poet Juliusz Słowacki. There are 92 other graves, which have been renovated by the 'Fight and Martyrdom Memory Protection Council'.

International relations
Polonezköy is twinned with:

 * 🇵🇱 Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Zakopane, Poland

title: Polonezköy


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Vat dye

Vat dyes are a class of dyes that are classified as such because of the method by which they are applied. Vat dyeing is a process that refers to dyeing that takes place in a bucket or vat. The original vat dye is indigo, once obtained only from plants but now often produced synthetically.

Materials suited for vat dyeing
Although almost all dyeing can be done in a vat, the term vat dye is used to describe a chemical class of dyes that are applied to cellulosic fibre (i.e., cotton) using a redox reaction as described below. Because of the use of caustic soda, and the very high pH of the dye bath in the dyeing process, wool cannot be dyed using vat dyestuffs. This is because wool is soluble in caustic soda solutions. Instead, it is possible to dye wool at room temperatures with indigo (vat blue 1) and other low substantive vat dyes using soda ash as the alkali source with very little strength loss. Vat red 10, vat violet 13 and vat orange 1 can be applied in this manner as well.

Dyeing process
Vat dyes characteristically require a reducing agent to solubilize them. The most common reducing agent is sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), which converts the dye to its "leuco" form that is soluble. Once attached to the fabric, the leuco dye is then oxidized to the insoluble state which is intensely colored. Chemical reactions such as oxidation, reduction, pH control are often necessary; even the dissolution process necessitates measuring out appropriate quantities of caustic soda and sodium hydrosulphite in order to achieve reduction. The dye is soluble only in its reduced form. The fiber is immersed repeatedly in this oxygen-free dyebath, then exposed to the air, whereupon the water-soluble reduced form changes color as oxygen turns it to the water-insoluble form. For these reasons, vat dyes are less suitable than fiber-reactive dyes for amateur use.

Indigo is an example of this dye class: it changes from yellow, in the dyebath, to green and then blue as the air hits it.

Not all vat dyeing is done with vat dyes.

Properties
The vat dyes have high color fastness, which is uncommon in other dye classes. On the other hand, vat dyes tend to have poor rubbing fastness, but this can be mitigated with special treatments to the fabric. Indigo is subject to major crocking (i.e., rubbing the dye off onto other items) unless it is applied carefully. This means that dipping many times in a weaker dye-bath is more preferred than to dip once in a stronger dye-bath.

Light-oxidized vat dyes
Inkodye is a type of vat dye that uses light rather than oxygen to "fix" the dye, with a wide variety of possible effects. These dyes, which are chemically similar to vat dyes, are developed by light instead of being applied in an oxygen-free bath and being developed in the fabric by exposure to oxygen. Inkodyes are true dyes, not fabric paints. A dye itself attaches to the fabric; fabric paint includes a glue-like binder, which imparts a stiffer feeling to the fabric.

Chemical structures
For example, vat blue 2 and 3 are halogenated or methylated derivatives and so are several violets. Many other vat dyes are derivatives of anthroquinones.

title: Vat dye


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Timeline of magic

This timeline of magic is a history of the performing art of illusion from B.C. to the present.

Timeline of magic
2700 B.C. - The reputed first known performance of a conjuring effect (balls) was done by the magician Dedi in ancient Egypt. Dedi had done other effects, such as decapitating a bird, then reattaching the head to resurrect it. (This is disputed as there is nothing in reference to Dedi, specifically in the Westcar Papyrus, to indicate that he performed the cups and balls for anyone. The famous drawing of two men seemingly performing the cups and balls, from the tomb of Baqet III at Beni Hasan is believed by most experts to show a game using pots or cups but details of the game are unknown.) (Note: Since there is no indication that Dedi performed the Cups and Balls, and the Beni Hasan tomb painting is considered unlikely to represent the effect, there is no certain evidence for the existence of the cups and balls during this period.)

1300–650 B.C. - References to magic are abundant in the ancient Greek myths among the classical founding pagan cultures of Europe, connected to the neighbouring Egyptian and Persian ones. Often centered around women of divine origin, nymphs and priests, from Ariadne to Calypso, Circe to Medea, Hermes to Hecate, magic, divination and necromancy are widespread and intertwined with chthonic Gods and monsters, oracles and heroes.

50–300 A.D. - The Acetabularii performed the Cups and balls in ancient Rome using stones and small vinegar cups (hence the name Acetabularii). The Acetabularii are a group of magicians specializing on the cups and balls effect.

400–1000 - The Dark Ages; little is known about the history of magic, but much of it was associated with the occult and magic as entertainment is not prominent. Magic as entertainment in fact has been a cornerstone in the entertainment industry, the theater itself started as a place of magic and wonder with children being a primary focus (now more than ever). The influential pasts historic moments in magic has built what we now see in many venues of entertainment.

1000–1500 - The Middle Ages, where much magic was associated with the occult and witchcraft. The growing trading nature of society allowed some street or circus performers to make a living out of old classics such as the cups and balls and in fact more modern ideas such as cheating by short changing via sleights with coins and other small objects.

1584 - Reginald Scot publishes The Discoverie of Witchcraft, a book designed in part to counter the activities of persecutionists, but at the same time revealing many conjuring secrets of the day. Magic and witchcraft were linked, and many copies of Scot's book were burnt in the early 17th century.

1634 - Hocus Pocus Junior: The Anatomie of Legerdemain was published. This book is one of the first to include the "Cups and Balls" effect described as it was originally performed, along with the "patter" which was used during the performance. This book had twelve editions.
 * Steve Burton published a hardcover edition of the 1634 first edition (1997)

1720- Isaac Fawkes, English magician, retires. His performances at fairs left him with a fortune of nearly ten thousand pounds. Among his tricks were a card on the ceiling with any card called for and his bag of many eggs. His booth is featured in Bartholomew Fair by Hogarth with a sign that says "Dexterity of Hand." He also presented impressionists and contortionists as part of his shows.

1750 - Joseph Pinetti, "considered to be the major figure of 18th century magic," is born. Pinetti is said to be the first recorded performer to do the "thumb tie effect" and he also performed second sight, exhibited automata and the orange tree illusion.

1805 - Year of birth of Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin (died 1871). The "father of modern magic", who brought it from the street and circus side shows to an elegant stage or drawing room setting.

1808 - Mayette Magie Moderne opened up in Paris becoming the first magic store.

1874 - Year of birth of Harry Houdini, A.K.A. King of Cards and King of Handcuffs (died 1926 because of a ruptured appendix). Real name Ehrich Weiss, he achieved fame as an escapologist.

1876 - The first publication of Modern Magic. Written by Professor Louis Hoffmann (1839–1919) (real name Angelo John Lewis), it was a definitive work on the state of the art of that time.

1877 - Martinka and Co. was founded by Francis and Antonio Martinka, it was run by Houdini in 1919 and is still in existence.

1886 - Tam Shepherds Trick Shop opened up in Glasgow becoming the oldest magic store in the United Kingdom.

1894 - Year of birth of Dai Vernon (died 1992). A.K.A. "The Professor" and "The Man That Fooled Houdini", he was born as David Frederick Wingfield Verner in Ottawa. One of the most influential 20th-century performing-arts magicians.

1898 - Davenports Ltd. was founded by Lewis Davenport and Davenports Magic has earned the unique distinction of being the oldest family-owned magic shop in the world.

1902 - The Expert at the Card Table is published by The Charles T. Powner Co. Written by S. W. Erdnase, is considered by serious card workers as one of the most important books written on the subject.

1902 - May 10, The Society of American Magicians is founded at Martinka's Magic Shop in New York City, New York. It is the oldest magic society in the world.

1905 - July - The Magic Circle was formed. Its first President was David Devant. This is a prestigious organization for magicians and has strict rules against exposure. (It expelled its founder twice for alleged exposure, something it has done to many famous magicians.)

1907 - Jan 15 - The Australian Society of Magicians the fourth oldest magical society in the world, was founded in Sydney, Australia. Meetings were first held at Queen's Hall, Sydney.

1911 - Our Magic by Nevil Maskelyne and David Devant – arguably one of the most important books of magic theory – is published.

1911 - The Mysto Magic Company incorporated by Gilbert, Gilbert, and Petrie.

1918 - Houdini first performs Morritt's Vanishing Elephant at the Hippodrome on January 7.

1918 - The South African Magical Society (SAMS) was formed. SAMS is also affiliated to the London Magic Circle.

1921 - P.T. Selbit performs the first "Sawing in half", something that is, in the present day, synonymous with the art of stage magic.

1926 - On All Hallows Eve at 1:26 pm, Harry Houdini dies. A statuary bust of Houdini was placed at the grave. Possibly the only one of its kind in a Jewish cemetery.

1930 - Gilbert Genesta died while performing an escape trick.

1934 - Johnny Max Thompson was born in Chicago, Illiois, U.S. ( died 2019). He was awarded one of the highest honors in the magician community, a master fellowship with the academy of magic arts, widely known as a mentor and teacher of magic.

Circa 1940 - Edward M. Massey invents the finger chopper, which becomes many young magicians' first trick.

1955 & 1948 - Penn Jillette and Teller were born. The duo has been featured in the show “ Fool us”.

1949 - The first publication of Royal Road to Card Magic Written by Jean Hugard and Fred Braue, it's still an important first text for card workers today.

1952 - The first publication of Modern Coin Magic Written by JB Bobo, considered by some the "bible" of coin magic, many other works reference this one.

1956 - David Copperfield is born on September 16, as David Seth Kotkin.

1960 - Lance Burton is born on March 10, as William Lance Burton in Louisville, Kentucky.

1963 - The Magic Castle is formed by Bill, Irene, and Milt Larsen in Hollywood USA by converting a 1908 Victorian mansion to a centre of magical excellence. Many leading magicians have performed there. Dai Vernon was a resident magician in the latter part of his life.

1968 - The book Thirteen Steps To Mentalism by Corinda was published and is one of the most famous books on mentalism.

1972 - New York's first magic show spot The Magic Towne House is opened by Ed Davis and taken over by Dorothy Dietrich (then a teenager) and Dick Brookz. It featured such notables as Frank Garcia, Jack London, Harry Blackstone, Jr., etc. Performers who got their start their included Eric DeCamps, Rocco Silano, Johnny Ace Palmer, Jeff McBride and Michael Chaut. Years later Chaut would organize Monday Night Magic after The Magic Towne House closed in the 1980s.

1974 - The musical The Magic Show starring Doug Henning opens on Broadway and ushers in a new "Golden Age" of magic.

1977 - Marco the Magi presents Le Grand David and his own Spectacular Magic Company premieres on February 20 in Beverly, Massachusetts. It runs for 35 years (until Spring of 2012) and becomes the longest running "Resident Magic Show" in history.

1977 - Jeff Sheridan, a street magician in New York's Central Park, publishes STREET MAGIC - An Illustrated History of Wandering Magicians and Their Conjuring Arts. Published by Dolphin Books, an imprint of Doubleday & Company.

1980 - In July, Dorothy Dietrich, in her teens becomes the first, and as of 2019, and the only woman to do the "jinxed" bullet catch in her mouth, often referred to as "the stunt that scared Houdini." It was done under test conditions at the annual International Brother of Magicians Convention at Point State Park in front of hundreds of paying attendees and the general public. It was televised worldwide and got international press.

1988 - The Houdini Museum opens in Scranton, PA. The only building in the world dedicated to Houdini. The exhibit was originally in NYC at The Magic Towne House, NY's first and original Houdini Museum.

1994 - The first WWW magic stores appear following the older text type newsgroups and bulletin boards. Pictorial and information sites soon follow, changing the way magic is learned and distributed.

1997 - The Masked Magician, Val Valentino, provokes much controversy by exposing magic secrets on major Fox TV specials. David Blaine brings "Street Magic" to America.

1998 - World Of Illusion at Madison Square Garden launched the career of Criss Angel, followed by Criss Angel Mindfreak which ran until 2003.

2011 - Dynamo releases a magic series Dynamo: Magician Impossible, and goes on to release 3 more series in the following years.

2011 - Destroyed by vandals, Houdini's gravesite bust returned secretly at cost of $10,000 by Houdini Museum's Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brooks.

title: Timeline of magic