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Talk:John Muir National Historic Site

Untitled
You know the irony of this location? There are several oil refineries along the coast of Contra Costa County, including one just off California State Route 4 a few miles down in Franklin Canyon outside Hercules and Rodeo. Now isn't that a contrast?--Geopgeop 09:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Even without an itinerant naturalist, there is an obvious contrast between any residential home nestled in a fruit orchard, and an oil refinery (but it isn't irony). I have some comments further below about the seemingly dichotomous juxtaposition (the odd couple neighbours) of the naturalist and the oil industry. Not all [about John Muir] is as it seems!

 * The Conoco Phillips oil refinery in Rodeo (confusingly called the San Francisco Oil Refinery) is just over ten miles from Muir's house. It is on San Pablo Avenue, well past the western end of Highway 4. The same company owns an industrial facility that is in Franklin Canyon, close to Highway 4, but the Contra Costa Carbon Plant takes solid petcoke (a coal-like by-product of an oil refinery) and heats it in kilns to get rid of volatile constituents by decomposition, conveniently generating electricity in the process. Both facilities opened in 1896, half-way through John Muir's ten-year tenure (sic) managing his father-in-law's fruit orchard business.

 * I agree that northern and western Contra Costa County is oil-refinery country. Much nearer to the Muir house, Martinez has two oil refineries today (Shell and Tesoro). John Muir saw the construction of the Shell refinery in the two years before his death and he lived for a decade with a previous oil refinery for a neighbour (built by Bull's Head Oil Company in 1904). Associated Oil (Avon) opened their facilities (not a refinery) in 1913, just as the California Gasoline Company started building a major shipping terminal in town. Since 1905, Mountain Copper company had operated a giant smelter that ran all day every day, and employed 400 people. In summary, Martinez was not a quaint little rural village in the last decade of John Muir's life.

 * I recited that litany, because Muir was not against this emergence of an industrial side to his home town (the industry was needed, and it wasn't being built in Yosemite). It spurred major growth in the local economy, and a succession of building booms was underway; the population almost doubled in the first decade of the 20th century. That approval wasn't just by tacit silence. Just a short walk up the hill to the east of his house alongside the Santa Fe trestle and railway tracks is the site of a former railway station, with its attendant noise, steam, and coal associated with the Industrial Age. That station was commissioned at the suggestion of John Muir, who funded it, and donated the land for the station as well as a branch spur into the Strentzel-Muir orchards to facilitate loading the fruit for shipment. The road is now called Muir Station Road.

 * John Muir had always had this "irony" (actually dichotomy) entirely within himself. He was generally in favour of Industry and Commerce in their proper place (which was Martinez, apparently). He had always displayed a strong technical and scientific inclination, submitting several inventions to competition, and being noted for his ability to make a multitude of industrial machinery more effective or efficient. It is this picture of John Muir, inventor, accomplished scientific and progressive modern man of the time, who initially supported, and always recognized the need for industrial growth, it is the man, living in the most modern house in Martinez (running hot water in every room, etc.) that seemed so strangely incompatible with my original perception of John Muir the naturalist.

 * From the preface of Son of the Wilderness:
 * In addition, John Muir was a writer, a lecturer, a geologist, a botanist, a glacier expert, an explorer, a school teacher, a Sunday School teacher, an efficiency expert, and inventor. He was a complicated, multi-talented man. Wanda Muir Hanna, elder daughter of John Muir, explained her father to one of his biographers (Linnie March Wolfe), "If you had known him, you would have seen only one side of him, and he had many sides. No two people -- even his closest friends ever had quite the same idea of him."
 * With thanks from ChrisJBenson (talk) 04:46, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:John Muir National Historic Site


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Sir Thomas Mauleverer, 1st Baronet

Sir Thomas Mauleverer, 1st Baronet (9 April 1599 – c. June 1655) was an English politician and prominent Roundhead during the English Civil War.

Sir Thomas Mauleverer was born into a family with large estates in Yorkshire. His father, Sir Richard Mauleverer (c.1528-1603), had been High Sheriff of Yorkshire and Mauleverer served as a justice of the peace in the West Riding. In 1630, he was knighted by King Charles – but was obliged to pay for the privilege under the King's policy of distraint of knighthood. He was elected to the Long Parliament in November 1640 as MP for Boroughbridge. The King created him a baronet in August 1641, hoping to gain his support, but Mauleverer supported Parliament during the English Civil War and raised a regiment of foot and a troop of horse for Parliament out of his own pocket – for which he later claimed £15,000 reimbursement.

Mauleverer's troops became notorious for pillaging and defiling churches. He was with the Fairfaxes when they were routed at the Battle of Adwalton Moor in June 1643, then escaped to Hull with Lord Fairfax. When the Royalists marched to besiege Hull, Fairfax commissioned Mauleverer to seek out spies and traitors in the town. He accompanied Sir Thomas Fairfax to the relief of Nantwich in January 1644, but while he was on campaign, his ancestral estate at Allerton Mauleverer was plundered by Royalists.

Mauleverer was appointed a commissioner of the High Court of Justice in January 1649, and was a signatory of the King's death warrant. During the Commonwealth, Mauleverer was active as a justice of the peace in Yorkshire. He died in June 1655. His son and heir Sir Richard Mauleverer had fought for the Royalists, so was allowed to succeed to the baronetcy after the Restoration.

title: Sir Thomas Mauleverer, 1st Baronet


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User talk:Ithoughtnypdwasatshirtcompany

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Just a few quick tips:
 * Our Tutorial explains how to edit; you can experiment in the test area.
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Anyway, have fun improving this encyclopedia! Lupo 09:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Info on images, please
Please go to Image:Scindiabuilding.jpg and edit that image description page to give the source (URL, if online; ISBN, if scanned from a book; and if you've taken the image yourself, just say so) and the licensing status (the list of image copyright tags might be useful) of this image. All our images should have this information. Thank you. Lupo 09:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC) (Also for the other images you have uploaded: Image:Scindialogo.gif, Image:Doga.jpg. Images without source or license info will be deleted after seven days.)

Done!! longusernameverypainfultotype

 * No, not done. You can't just claim "free use" on comic images ripped off from an arbitrary web site, or on images taken from a school site. The school web page even says explicitly "all rights reserved". Even if no © sign were present, you cannot just assume you could copy arbitrary things into Wikipedia. It is not necessary to show a © sign for something to be copyrighted. Unless a web page explicitly states that their stuff was free to use in any way, assume it's copyrighted and must not be re-published here. Lupo 10:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Doh! um... then should i get a mail from school saying that its ok? what do i do? dunno abt the comic page tho... so i'll delete that. longusernameverypainfultotype

um.. how do i delete the image? longusernameverypainfultotype

 * You can't. Only "trusted" users that have been here for some time and shown not to fool around (so-called "janitors" or "admins") can delete stuff permanently here. Don't worry, they'll be deleted in due course. Lupo 10:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

thanks. but i still dont know what to do abt the school images tho. they wont have a problem with the page. i'm an alumnus and used to edit the school webpage. even if i do get explicit permission to use the images how do i get it to work for wiki? longusernameverypainfultotype

 * Ask them to release the image under the GFDL, or put a statement saying "free use for any purpose allowed" on their gallery page. See also Boilerplate requests for permission. Note: just a permission to use the image on Wikipedia is not good enough; the permission must allow third-party re-uses (even commercial ones), re-distribution rights (even of modified versions). In short: no strings attached. Maybe asking for a GFDL release is easier. Explain to them that the GFDL requires attribution, and any re-distributed copy of the image must be accompagnied by a copa of the text of the GFDL, which in reality seems to thwart most serious attempts at commercial re-use. Lupo 10:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

alright. thank you. i'll get em to do that. i guess it'll be smart to delete the images until they do tho. longusernameverypainfultotype

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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 21:50, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Raj Comics

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Articles for deletion nomination of Raj Comics
I have nominated Raj Comics, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Raj Comics. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. JamesBWatson (talk) 12:40, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ithoughtnypdwasatshirtcompany


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Talk:V model

hi

Merge two V-model articles
I found two articles in english, unrelated to each other describing the V-Model:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Modell

and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_model

Shouldn't these be merged + the links to the articles in other languages (german/french) be adapted?

80.108.97.237 20:11, 19 January 2006 (UTC) Ray

Different V Model
The V Model is widely used in several industries as an enhancement of the waterfall model. I'm doing a thesis on software development, so may update this article soon...

--PaulHurleyuk 21:25, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:V model


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Renegades of funk

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 17:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Renegades of funk
complete nonsense by a reknown vandal
 * Delete - complete nonsense Aldux 09:45, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you mean renowned. :) - Mgm|(talk) 10:02, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete fake lyrics are unverifiable. Real lyrics are copyrighted. Neither makes a good article. - Mgm|(talk) 10:02, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Should be deleted as copyvio but article could be written about this song. Originally performed by Afrika Bambaataa and covered by Rage Against the Machine. Capitalistroadster 11:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio--if someone wants to write an article about the song, he can do so at Renegades of Funk. Nateji77 13:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as copyvio. In fact, shouldn't the article be blanked and taken to Copyright Violations rather than AfD? --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:49, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. My impression is that what is on that page is, um, "inspired by" the song "Renegades of Funk".  Jkelly 21:48, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--Rogerd 01:39, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Pepofilia

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Just a few quick tips:
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Anyway, have fun improving this encyclopedia! Lupo 09:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Article about yourself
It's considered very bad style and vanity to add an article about oneself in the encyclopedia. The correct place to present something about you is on your user page at User:Pepofilia, which is where I've moved the Enrique... article. Lupo 09:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Bumer.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 12:06, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

User page blanking...
I have blanked your user page as it was questionable if the content was an attack page. If you return, it can be reverted and a rational provided.--Jordan 1972 (talk) 22:07, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Image:Pepo.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Pepo.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Jordan 1972 (talk) 22:39, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Image:Bumer.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Bumer.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Jordan 1972 (talk) 22:40, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pepofilia


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Goose Lake (Oregon–California)

Goose Lake is a large alkaline lake in the Goose Lake Valley on the Oregon–California border in the United States. Like many other lakes in the Great Basin, it is a pluvial lake that formed from precipitation and melting glaciers during the Pleistocene epoch. The north portion of the lake is in Lake County, Oregon, and the south portion is in Modoc County, California. The mountains at the north end of the lake are part of the Fremont National Forest, and the south end of the lake is adjacent to Modoc National Forest lands. Most of the valley property around the lake is privately owned agricultural land, though Goose Lake State Recreation Area is on the Oregon side of the lake.

Goose Lake is the center of a semi-closed drainage basin. Its watershed is normally endorheic, but sometimes flows into the Pit River, part of the Sacramento River watershed, during periods of high water following heavy rainfall or snowmelt. During the 1970s and 1980s, the USGS defined Goose Lake as part of the Sacramento's watershed, but has redefined Goose Lake's watershed as a closed basin.

Background

Goose Lake is part of a geological trough which runs from Oregon southward past Death Valley, the Walker Lane.

Goose Lake State Recreation Area includes a campground with various amenities. The park attracts wildlife watchers, campers, and boaters. The campground is open mid-April to mid-October. It is habitat to many flora and fauna including western grebe, long-billed curlew, and a large herd of mule deer which spend much of the time in the 48-site campground.

Recreational activities on or around the lake include kayaking, canoeing, and hunting, but not fishing. When the lake is full, it has a maximum depth of 24 ft.

The lake is located near the historic Fandango Pass route that 19th century settlers used to enter California. In the mid-19th century, particularly during the California Gold Rush, the Applegate-Lassen Cut-Off of the California Trail left the main route of that Trail near present-day Rye Patch Reservoir, and crossed the Black Rock Desert, on the way to Goose Lake and the California gold fields. The Lassen Cut-Off continued down the Pit River into California's Central Valley, while the Applegate Cut-Off went into southern Oregon along the Lost River.

The lake completely dried up in the years 1851, 1852, 1926, 1929–1934, 1992, 2009, and 2013-2015. Goose Lake overflowed into the Pit River watershed in 1868. Formerly, Goose Lake was the regular source of the Pit River, but water diversion has caused the lake level to drop below its outlet. The Pit River's source is now south of Goose Lake, and the lake's salinity is increasing, threatening fish populations. During rare high water levels, Goose Lake still spills into the Pit River.

title: Goose Lake (Oregon–California)


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Department of Education and Skills

Department of Education and Skills may refer to:

 * Department of Education (Ireland), a government department in Ireland, formerly called the Department of Education and Skills.
 * Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom), a government department in the United Kingdom from 2001 to 2007.

title: Department of Education and Skills


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William Cowan

William Cowan may refer to:

 * William Cowan (footballer) (1900–1979), English footballer
 * William Cowan (fur trader) (1818–1902), of the Hudson's Bay Company
 * William Cowan (politician) (1825–1899), reeve of North Gower Township, Ontario
 * William Henry Cowan (1862–1932), Scottish politician
 * W. Maxwell Cowan (William Maxwell Cowan, 1931–2002), South African neuroscientist
 * Mo Cowan (William Maurice Cowan, born 1969), U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
 * William Cowan (engineer) (1823–1898)
 * Bill Cowan (born 1943), security expert
 * Bill Cowan (tennis) (born 1959), Canadian tennis player
 * Billy Cowan (born 1938), retired baseball player
 * Billy Cowan (footballer) (1896–?), Scottish footballer

title: William Cowan


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Damansara Jaya

Damansara Jaya is a township in Petaling Jaya, Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia, situated in the Sungai Buloh mukim. Consisting of Section SS22 and SS22A, it covers an estimated area of 1.21 km2 and has an estimated population of 12,000 residents. In 2001, its recorded population was 8,450 residents.

The township consists of almost 2000 residential dwellings consisting of 1538 units of terraced houses, 179 semi-detached housing units, and 42 bungalows, alongside a main commercial area. Atria Shopping Gallery, originally called the Gardenia Town Centre for a brief period of time, is a shopping mall located in the centre of this commercial area.

The demographic profile of Damansara Jaya is characterized as predominantly Malaysian Chinese, with a significant number of upper middle-class property owners. Notable educational institutions within the township include Nobel International School (located on the former site of KDU College), SMK Damansara Jaya, and SK Damansara Jaya.

History
Damansara Jaya underwent development in the mid-1970s under the purview of Paramount Garden, a subsidiary of See Hoy Chan Sdn Bhd Group. Initially, it comprised Section SS22 of Petaling Jaya. Subsequently, in the latter part of the decade, Section SS22A was incorporated into Damansara Jaya, primarily consisting of bungalows and semi-detached homes. Construction activities commenced in 1975, and by 1978, the first occupants of Damansara Jaya settled into their newly completed double-storey terraced houses.

The Atria, a shopping complex in Damansara Jaya, was originally built in the mid-1980s and featured departmental stores like Kimisawa and Printemps. However, by the late 1980s, the complex went into decline due to recession. Ownership of the Atria changed hands several times throughout the years. In the early 2000s, the complex struggled to compete with newer and bigger malls nearby. Lien Hoe Corporation, the then-owner, decided to redevelop the space but faced challenges in retaining tenants. In 2007, OSK Property Holdings Bhd acquired the Atria and began a major redevelopment project. The original plan involved building a 33-storey office tower with a retail podium. This plan was later revised to a four-storey podium with two office towers. The existing complex was demolished in 2011 and the new development, known as Atria Shopping Gallery, reopened in 2015 with significantly more retail space and parking bays.

In 2007, a residential expansion took place with the addition of 14 units of three-storey semi-detached houses. Originally known as Aman Residency, the development was subsequently renamed Damansara Residensi upon completion. Genting Citra carried out the construction on leasehold land from 2005 to 2006. The area earmarked for this development was previously covered by secondary jungle. This development is a gated community situated behind SK Damansara Jaya, a national-type primary school.

In terms of recent residential property additions, OCR Land Holdings constructed four units of three-storey bungalows named Cloverton between 2012 and 2014, representing the latest housing development in Damansara Jaya.

Government
Damansara Jaya is governed by the Petaling Jaya City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya, MBPJ). It falls within the city's Zone 5 administrative area, and is represented by a city councillor.

Damansara Jaya is also represented at both the national and state levels of government as part of larger federal and state constituencies. In the Parliament of Malaysia, the township is represented as part of the Damansara (P.106) federal constituency and is currently served by Member of Parliament Gobind Singh Deo. In the Selangor State Legislative Assembly, the township is represented by the state constituency of Bandar Utama (N.36) and is served by State Legislative Assemblyperson Jamaliah Jamaluddin, who was re-elected during the 2023 Malaysian state elections.

Commerce
In Damansara Jaya, commercial activity is primarily concentrated in two distinct areas - the Atria shopping complex and shop-lots located both around the Atria and beyond it. The Atria features a four-level shopping complex and accompanying parking buildings. The shop-lots serve as a local commercial hub, offering a range of shops, eateries, and services to the community.

The Atria
The primary commercial development in Damansara Jaya is the Atria, encompassing a freehold land area of 236806 sqft. The complex consisted of a four-level shopping complex and two parking buildings with three levels each. Originally intended to accommodate a cinema, Atria began its operations in the mid-1980s with the opening of the Kimisawa and Printemps departmental stores. During the period between 1984 and 1985, traffic congestion became a common occurrence in Damansara Jaya, particularly on weekends when both the Japanese and French stores held sales promotions. These shopping complexes were highly regarded as "must-visit" destinations in Petaling Jaya, with other options such as Asia Jaya, Thrifty Supermarket, or Jaya Shopping Complex considered less appealing. The Piccadilly Disco, situated within Atria, was a social spot for teenagers and college students. The disco was known for its afternoon tea dances, as well as frequent police raids on the premises. However, the late 1980s recession led to the eventual closure of these three establishments. The discothèque, which had its main entrance on the side of the building, has since been replaced by other businesses. As of 2008, it now houses a language centre. Following the economic downturn, ownership of the complex was transferred to the Lion Group. Consequently, the former Kimisawa location was rebranded as the Parkson Grand departmental store, while Printemps underwent a transformation into the Atria Shopping Centre.

In the early 2000s, Lien Hoe Corporation assumed control of Atria. The supermarket within Parkson was successively taken over by Tops and then Giant in 2005. Subsequently, Parkson Grand ceased its operations and relocated to 1 Utama. The new owners made a decision to allocate additional space for redevelopment, resulting in the displacement of numerous longstanding tenants occupying mini shop-lots near the supermarket, such as Sweet Florist. These tenants were required to find alternative locations. In September 2007, Sweet Florist reopened on the Ground Floor of Atria near the information counter.

By 2005, the Atria was noticeably lagging behind the newer and larger neighbouring complexes such as 1 Utama, Ikano Power Centre, and The Curve. The primary anchor tenant on Level 3, Popular Bookstore, made the decision to end its presence at Atria. Popular Bookstore had already established its flagship store at the recently opened Ikano Power Centre, along with a smaller branch at 1 Utama. The Level 3 space vacated by Popular Bookstore was promptly occupied by the Big Bookshop. Furthermore, the Big Bookshop operated a permanent book warehouse on Level 1, which had previously been occupied by the Parkson Grand departmental store. However, by 2011, the Big Bookshop had also vacated Level 3 and consolidated its store operations together with the book warehouse on Level 1.

Despite other commercial developments in the vicinity, the Atria complex has managed to maintain its local popularity. This can be attributed to its convenient accessibility and the availability of ample parking spaces, which have been key attractions. Particularly on weekends, the Atria has consistently remained an appealing option, as it offers a more hassle-free experience compared to the larger complexes in Bandar Utama and Mutiara Damansara, where traffic congestion and parking difficulties are common. The opening of Tropicana City Mall (now renamed to 3 Damansara) in nearby Damansara Utama, as well as The Starling Mall, has introduced significant competition to the Atria's business operations.

In March 2007, Lien Hoe Corporation sold the Atria at MYR75000000 to OSK Property Holdings Bhd. At the time, the ground floor stores at Atria remained operational, with its courtyard continued to house various traders offering a range of merchandise, including books and clothing. The Atria was redeveloped and reopened to the public in 2015.

Redevelopment
In early 2008, OSK Property Holdings Bhd proposed to redevelop the Atria into a 33-storey office tower with a 4-level retail podium and a $3 1/2$ level basement car park. In January 2009, OSK proposed to redevelop the property into a more upmarket retail and commercial destination for residents of Petaling Jaya. The redeveloped modern shopping mall has gross lettable area of 1300000 sqft and also some low-rise shop offices. The development order was obtained in 2008 and the project began in the later part of 2010, with a potential gross development value of around RM 1 billion projected at the time to be realised by 2012.

On 14 April 2010, OSK Property announced at a company shareholders meeting that the development order had been endorsed and that the redeveloped Atria would feature a four-storey podium, two 18-storey towers, and an increase in parking facilities with over 2,000 bays available. The redevelopment was carried out by Atria Damansara Sdn Bhd and consisted of a four-storey podium and two 16-storey towers. On 26 April 2011, OSK gave three months notice to all the Atria tenants to vacate the shopping complex by 26 July 2011. OSK had apparently obtained updated approval from MBPJ to demolish the existing development and to construct in its place two 15-storey office blocks, a 4-storey podium incorporating a shopping mall, 2 levels of underground car park, and 4 levels of multi-storey car park. On 26 July, the Language House remained operating at the Atria due to a dispute involving the tenancy agreement between the Language House and OSK. The Language House departed from its Atria premises on 22 October, and subsequently re-commenced operations at Damansara Intan on 8 November.

Development signage put up in August 2011 indicated that the Atria would be demolished over a 6-months period. By then, the Atria complex, except for small section as access to the Language House, had been enclosed by metal hoardings. The initial loss of use of both the Atria multi-storey car parks had a significant impact on the availability of street parking bays. The car park building at the Atria main entrance was demolished by early September, followed by the demolition of the other car park building by mid-October. The demolition of the shopping complex proper begun after the departure of the Language House. By the end of 2011, the majority of the Atria complex had been demolished, including the façade of the old Parkson entrance, which disappeared within the following two weeks. On 6 July 2012, OSK Property further announced that the company had appointed Beijing Urban Construction Group (M) Sdn Bhd as the main contractor for the project. The first phase to be completed was the four-storey podium shopping mall, while the remaining developments were targeted for completion by the end of 2013. This Atria redevelopment faced protests from Damansara Jaya residents.

On 28 May 2015, the Atria was reopened. The redevelopment created 450000 sqft of retail space for lease and 1,830 parking bays housed in two levels of underground parking and five levels of multi-storey parking. The final phase of the Atria's redevelopment commenced during the third quarter of 2016, involving the redevelopment of two food stall complexes at Jalan SS22/19 and Jalan SS22/25. For this phase, metal hoardings were placed almost in the middle of the road along a section of Jalan SS22/25.

Shoplots
Shoplots in Damansara Jaya can found in either the 4-storey shops surrounding the Atria or the older 2-storey Mewah shops behind Sri Nobel International School. More upmarket establishments such as banks (Maybank, RHB Bank, and Public Bank), restaurants, pharmacies and clubs are found at the former. Conversely, the latter is home to more traditional businesses including coffee shops, sundry shops, and hardware stores.

Hair care services are provided by various saloons located at the external Atria or Mewah shop-lots or within the Atria itself. Tyre, car repair, and car air-conditioning shops shops can be found at both the Mewah and Atria shop-lot areas. Betting shops such as Toto, Magnum, and Da Ma Cai also operate in Damansara Jaya.

Healthcare
The Damansara Jaya township contains various healthcare services. These include general practitioners such as Dr. Lim at Toh & Lim, child specialist Dr. Chan, and dental care services like Au & Kooi Dental Surgery. The late Dr. Kwan Poh Woh, a long-established child specialist in Damansara Jaya, passed away in December 2018 due to cancer.

Nearby healthcare facilities include Thomson Hospital (formerly Tropicana Medical Centre) in Kota Damansara, Damansara Specialist Hospital in adjacent Damansara Utama, and BP Specialist Centre Taman Megah (formerly known as Sime Darby Specialist Center, and earlier as Megah Medical Specialist Group or MMSG) in nearby Taman SEA.

Pharmacies such as ALLin and Sibu are located at the Atria shop-lots, while Caring, Watsons, and AEON Wellness pharmacies are situated within the Atria complex. Foh Peng, a Chinese medical shop, is located adjacent to Public Bank on Jalan SS22/23 and offers a range of Chinese medicinal products along with sundry goods. Pet healthcare services are available at veterinary clinics located in both the Atria and Mewah shop-lots.

Education
Damansara Jaya contains various educational establishments, including kindergartens, primary and secondary schools, tuition centres, art schools, and music schools.

The township is home to SK Damansara Jaya, a national-type primary school, and SMK Damansara Jaya, a government co-ed secondary school. The school's debate team has, to date, won ten national inter-school debating titles in recent years. These tournaments include the national Tan Sri Datuk Wira Abdul Rahman Arshad Cup (2001, 2003, 2008), Taylor's College Annual Inter-School Debate Competition (2000, 2002, 2005, 2006) and HELP University College's Tan Sri Paduka Dr Saleha Debate Cup (2004, 2006, 2008). In early 2007, the Itqan Integrated Islamic School commenced operations at a bungalow within the township to provide tuition and Islamic education in English and Arabic. Prior to that, the bungalow housed the Aladdin Kindergarten, which ceased operations and left behind a dilapidated building which was renovated to house the Islamic school. In November 2013, Itqan ceased operations at Damansara Jaya and relocated to Sungai Penchala. The old Itqan building has since remained unoccupied.

In the early 2020s, Nobel International School opened on the former site of KDU College.

Public transport
, public bus services are provided by RapidKL which operates several paid bus routes, and the Petaling Jaya City Council which operates the PJ City Bus, a free bus service. RapidKL bus route numbers ',, and , as well as PJ City Bus route number ' serve Damansara Jaya.

These bus routes connect Damansara Jaya to the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System, stopping at the Kelana Jaya LRT line stations of Taman Bahagia and  Kelana Jaya, and at the Sungai Buloh-Kajang MRT line station of  Taman Tun Dr Ismail.

All public transport in Damansara Jaya accept smart cards.

Roads
Damansara Jaya has excellent access to expressways. It is surrounded by the Damansara–Puchong Expressway (LDP) on its east, the Sprint Expressway (SPRINT) on its north and North Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE) on its west. Most roads in Damansara Jaya are single-lane two-way roads.

Resident associations
The Damansara Jaya Residents and Owners Association (DJROA), formed in 1994, represents the interests of a majority of residents in this township. The DJROA had its beginnings in October 1993, when residents grouped together to successfully address local authority plans to have a night market at the then dead-end road of Jalan SS22/43. The association operates a community centre located on Jalan SS22/30. This community centre was officially opened on 15 December 2005 by Dato' Seri Ong Ka Ting, then the Malaysian Minister of Housing and Local Government. Activities such as line dancing and Wai Dan Gong are regularly conducted at the DJROA Community Centre.

The DJROA has participated in the United Nations-sponsored Local Agenda 21 programme under the auspices of the Petaling Jaya City Council. In November 2009, the DJROA won first prize for the Best Neighbourhood Award from the Petaling Jaya City Council, having previously also won first prize in 2001 and placed second in 2004. The DJROA has won the Petaling Jaya Sustainable Community Premier Award multiple times, including in 2011.

The Damansara Residency Residents Association looks after the interest of residents of the development on Jalan SS22/47A. In 2014, the residents of Jalan SS22/39, Jalan SS22/39A and Jalan SS22/39B established their own independent resident association.

On 5 December 2009, Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (then-Seri Setia State Assemblyman and political secretary to the Chief Minister) represented the Menteri Besar of Selangor, Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim, to officially launch Community Policing in Damansara Jaya.

Places of worship
Buddhist Wisdom Centre (Theravada) is located at 14, Jalan SS 22/27a, and it has classes about the Dharma and meditation.

A Sword of the Spirit Charismatic Church is located on the first floor at 11 Jalan SS22/23. An Evangelical Bible Presbyterian Church is located on the ground floor at 26 Jalan SS22/21. The Gospel Lighthouse Pentecostal Church is located on the second floor of at 44 Jalan SS22/25. On 1 November 2009, the New Covenant Church commenced services on the 3rd Floor of the Atria in the space which used to be the rear portion of the Big Bookshop. This church relocated elsewhere at the end of its 12-month tenancy.

Petaling Jaya's only Hindu cemetery is situated in Damansara Jaya, next to Nobel International School.

Prominent business offices
Gamuda Engineering Sdn Bhd has its corporate office located on Jalan SS22/21 in Damansara Jaya. Gamuda is principally involved in engineering and construction, infrastructure and township developments. The adjacent Damansara-Puchong Expressway (LDP), was constructed by Gamuda in a joint venture with Irama Duta. , Gamuda Berhad, a KLSE First Board listed company, has their corporate office currently located in PJ Trade Centre, Damansara Perdana.

Notable people

 * Datuk Yew Cheng Hoe - former Malaysian men's badminton player (1963–1967), former DJROA president
 * Tan Sri Bakri Omar - former Malaysian Inspector-General of Police (2003–2006)
 * Tan Sri Dato' Sri Ong Ka Ting - former Malaysian Minister of Housing and Local Government (1997–2008), former Malaysian Chinese Association president (May 2003–October 2008)
 * Heidy Quah - Malaysian social rights advocate

title: Damansara Jaya


text:
Limestone Way

The Limestone Way is a waymarked long-distance footpath in Derbyshire, England. It runs for 46 miles through the White Peak of the Peak District National Park, from Castleton south to Rocester over the county boundary into Staffordshire. The trail is named for the limestone scenery along its route. It was devised by Brian Spencer of Matlock Rotary Club and developed and opened in 1986 by the West Derbyshire District Council (which became Derbyshire Dales District Council in 1987). It originally ran to Matlock, but was extended to its current, longer route in 1992 to join up with the Staffordshire Way.

The route
From Castleton, the route runs up Cave Dale, past the village of Peak Forest, down Hay Dale (shared with the Peak District Boundary Walk) and along Peter Dale. It then runs parallel to Monk's Dale and through the village of Millers Dale (passing under the viaduct which carries the Monsal Trail and crossing the River Wye).

It then crosses the A6 near the Waterloo Inn and over Taddington Moor. The trail follows old miners' tracks through the villages of Flagg and Monyash, across Cales Dale and past Youlgreave along the River Bradford through Bradford Dale. The route then continues across Harthill Moor (past the rock outcrops of Robin Hood's Stride and Cratcliffe Rocks), following the ancient Portway track past the village of Elton, around Winster and Bonsall and through Grangemill (across the Via Gellia road), after which it crosses the Midshires Way and the High Peak Trail. The trail then passes north of Brassington, past Rainster Rocks and runs through the ancient hamlet of Ballidon. The route goes into the village of Parwich and then crosses the Tissington Trail before running through Tissington itself and onto Thorpe.

The trail crosses into Staffordshire over the River Dove at Coldwall Bridge and then down into Dovedale at Ellastone on its approach to the Roman settlement of Rocester.

Sights
The Limestone Way passes through a historic landscape with prehistoric monuments, Roman sites and centuries of industrial heritage:

 * Peveril Castle ruins at Castleton
 * Route of Batham Gate Roman road
 * Hay Dale, part of Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve
 * Twin railway viaducts at Millers Dale railway station
 * Wye Valley SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest)
 * Five Wells chambered tomb on Taddington Moor
 * One Ash Grange, established by the Roche Abbey monks in 1147
 * Lomberdale Hall at Youlgreave, home of local Victorian antiquarian Thomas Bateman
 * Nine Stones Close, Bronze Age stone circle
 * Robin Hood's Stride gristone outcrop and pinnacles
 * Cratcliffe Rocks with its hermit cave
 * View of Carsington Water
 * Medieval settlement and field system of Ballidon, with its Norman chapel
 * Tissington Hall, historic Jacobean home of the FitzHerbert family
 * Civil War redoubt (military earthwork defence) at Tissington
 * Coldwall Bridge over the River Dove
 * Ellastone Bridge over the River Dove

Access
Train stations: Matlock, Cromford.

Spurs link to Bonsall and onto Matlock (along the old route of the path) and from Thorpe to Ashbourne.

Details of connecting routes may be found on the Limestone Way page of the Long Distance Walkers' Association website.

The official guidebook is the Limestone Way Walker's Guide, published by Derbyshire Dales District Council.

The route is marked on Ordance Survey maps and is covered by three OS Explorer maps:

 * OL1 – The Peak District (Dark Peak)
 * OL24 – The Peak District (White Peak)
 * 259 – Derby

title: Limestone Way


text:
Talk:Hoban Washburne

Untitled
Oh, man. I haven't watch Serenity yet, and I already spoiled! HoneyBee

Alan Tudyk's speculation on Wash during the War
It really should be noted that Alan Tudyk's speculation that Wash participated in the Unification War is not substantiated in anyway. There is nothing in the canon of the series that mentions whether or not Wash participated in the war or the nature of it if he did. So including it as fact based on commentary seems a bit premature if nothing else. I think more of an effort should be made to label that as Alan Tudyk's own interpertation, not something established by the creator or on-screen information. - AM2783 9:18, 29 March 2006

Was it speculation or was it a planned story line for Season 2 that was scrapped when FOX axed the show?Pinkfloydfan 03:47, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Speculation. Listen to the commentary track with Nathan Fillion and Alan Tudyk on War Stories. Much of the commentary about things like "shadow puppets" was mentioned jokingly. - Anonymous Coward, 25 June 2006

Past Tense?
Due to the deceased nature of the character, wouldn't it make sense to refer to him in the past tense? Kajmal 03:43, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Writing about fictional characters isn't quite the same as writing about real ones. The characters and plots of fictiona are typically presented in the present tense, as if the story is unfolding. Wash is and always will be a character in the TV series Firefly, even if someone watches it in 2106. It can get a little tricky when the person dies during the storyline, but perhaps a good rule of thumb is to only use past tense when talking about events that predate the story (either the entire story, like Wash's early life, or the story being discussed, like an allusion to a earlier episode). There are some other uses of past tense in this article currently, but many of those can and probably should be made present tense. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 04:44, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point. I edited out the uses of past tense.  Kajmal 22:46, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I may be wrong but...
On the section "after the war", it is said that Wash has a big "reputation" and that Zoe dislikes him. However, when i watched that episode, i had the idea they were refering to the first mechanic they got before Kaylee: During this conversation, after Mal says that a lot of people were after him, he tells Zoe "we got ourselves a genious mechanic" to which the mechanic himself replies "Genious mechanic (...) Shiny" or something like that and then Zoe replies to Mal "He simply bothers me". I think the scene was made in a way we all thought they were talking about Wash but we get to discover they were not. Later in episode however, Mal discovers Kaylee and hires her (firing the other mechanic in the process) because she shows she is better. I didn't want to change anything before knowing your opinions however.
 * They're referring to Wash, and then Mal mentions their "genius" mechanic as part of his argument that they shouldn't turn down a genius pilot just cos Zoe's unenthused. Here's the script, which makes it a bit clearer. --Nalvage 17:52, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

"I am a leaf on the wind; watch how I soar"
It was said "Wash apparently does not know what it means". Can anyone shed a light upon the real meaning of this quote (please)? I googled for it but all I found was firefly referenced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.122.57.183 (talk) 23:43, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
 * A leaf in the wind floats freely and in sometimes a wondrous way. It does not have a pattern to its flight, making it unpredictable.  This is what Wash meant.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by PokeHomsar (talk • contribs) 20:24, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

New Reference
I have added a new reference to the article, although I was hoping that someone with more expertise on this matter could better integrate it into the article. However, people are rushing to judgment as if this source doesn't exist just because it isn't mentioned here, so I've added it. I invite people to better integrate the source into the article. --Cheeser1 (talk) 01:08, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hoban Washburne


text:
Talk:Tamsin Greig

Image help
I've created the image for this article, but I don't know the correct copyright license. This is my first time in doing so, so I don't know about this sort of thing too well. I took the image from a magazine article from the Sunday Times Culture Section. It was not the cover, just a photo inside an article which was an interview with her. Please help! - User:ISD.

 * I responded to this at User talk:ISD.--Commander Keane 06:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Commander Keane. I've deleted the old image. Now we have to fine a new one from somewhere. If you have an image, remember the copyright!

Although the image is sufficient, I think a better one could do, as it is only a half-profile. ISD 20:18, 22 April 2006 (UTC).

Black Books
Is there a reason why there's no reference to black books in the Career section? I know its mention at the start and there's a picture, but Green Wing is mention there aswell.Lucas42 23:14, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

I've included some information on, Black Books and I also found an interview on the BBC website that she did on Woman's Hour. ISD 07:37, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Failed GA
Nowhere near GA standard in my opinion. The majority of the article is simply a long list of credits.The citations are all from online sources, many of them promotional, and it is unclear why "Career" and "Significant Roles" merit separate sections rather than single section. The prose is very choppy with hundreds of individual facts listed on separate lines with no attempt to tie them into a readable prose or narrative - it almost reads like a list of trivia rather than a serious encyclopedia entry. The entire article needs a lot more effort in order to make GA status, to be worked into some decent prose. There is little mention of her early career and little coverage of her critical acceptance (it reads more like a promotional fluff-piece). The article meets very few of the GA critera and is not ready for GA nomination at this time. Many thanks - PocklingtonDan (talk) 11:39, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

You're right, and that's the problem with much of Wikipedia, and of the Internet itself -- it's just a load of lists, not proper prose. Whoever wrote this probably originally tried to imply that one episode of Dr Who was her most important credit. I can only presume this is through so many Net users being geeks, fans of science fact as well as science fiction -- they don't like literature, but they do like lists. Heard about the sci-fi fan who reads books that don't have pictures in or an index? No, neither have I.... Dolmance (talk) 20:31, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Birthplace
According to the first reference in this article, "Born in London on 23rd February 1967, she initially worked briefly in town planning." Therefore, I would assume that she is English. ISD (talk) 19:37, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Religion
She converted to Christianity at this time, having been raised an atheist. ref name="Neomne" Nemone, BBC 6 Music, 20 December 2006, radio interview. this isn't the best ref, nor do i think its overly important, the article is part of wikireligion atm and she is in catagories: Jew, Christian, ex-atheist, which seams OTT for one comment. I have removed the wikireligion section from this page but don't know what to do about the comment.--86.15.153.179 (talk) 17:59, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Birthdate
I don't know how reliable Screen Online is, but the note beside the ref says "Birthdate reported incorrect by Tamsin Greig, Radio 5 live, 23/2/2011" and the BBC has her birth year as 1966 -. Does anyone else have a better reference for her birthdate? - JuneGloom    Talk  16:54, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Yes her birthdate is indeed incorrect, her Birth is recorded by the GRO as being Quarter 3 1966, and is reported by several websites as being 12 July 1966. --JKSD93 (talk) 18:04, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

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Comedy roles
"Comedy roles can pose problems for Greig, who has problems with corpsing."

This appears at a pretty prominent place in the lead for the "Career" section. Maybe too prominent for something that's sourced from an interview (now 404?) in which she presumably mentioned it herself. The way it's placed there makes it sound like it consistently affected her career. Is there a better place for this trivia? Is it even noteworthy? --2003:C9:4721:1F00:B583:A729:9C92:4D2 (talk) 18:54, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

Second middle name
What's the source for her second middle name being "Mary"? The cited birth record from FamilySearch simply gives "M." (as is usual when more than an individual has more than one middle name).

title: Talk:Tamsin Greig


text:
Breiðablik

Breiðablik (sometimes anglicised to Breithablik or Breidablik) is the home of the god Baldr in Nordic mythology.

The name can also refer to:

Locations

 * Breidablik Peak, a mountain in Canada
 * Breidablick, Washington, a community in the USA

Sports

 * Breiðablik (sports club), a sports club in Kópavogur, Iceland
 * Breiðablik men's basketball, department of the Breiðablik sports club
 * Breiðablik women's basketball, department of the Breiðablik sports club

title: Breiðablik


text:
Michael Forsyth

Michael Forsyth may refer to:

 * Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean (born 1954), British Conservative politician
 * Michael Forsyth (footballer) (born 1966), English former footballer

title: Michael Forsyth


text:
Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven)

The Piano Sonata No. 31 in A♭ major, Op. 110, by Ludwig van Beethoven was composed in 1821 and published in 1822. It is the middle piano sonata in the group of three (Opp. 109, 110, and 111) that he wrote between 1820 and 1822, and is the penultimate of his piano sonatas. Though the sonata was commissioned in 1820, Beethoven did not begin work on Op. 110 until the latter half of 1821, and final revisions were completed in early 1822. The delay was due to factors such as Beethoven's work on the Missa solemnis and his deteriorating health. The original edition was published by Schlesinger in Paris and Berlin in 1822 without dedication, and an English edition was published by Muzio Clementi in 1823.

The work is in three movements. The Moderato first movement follows a typical sonata form with an expressive and cantabile opening theme. The Allegro second movement begins with a terse but humorous scherzo, which Martin Cooper believes is based on two folk songs, followed by a trio section. The last movement comprises multiple contrasting sections: a slow introductory recitative, an arioso dolente, a fugue, a return of the arioso, and a second fugue that builds to a passionate and heroic conclusion. William Kinderman finds parallels between the last movement's fugue and other late works by Beethoven, such as the fughetta in the Diabelli Variations and sections of the Missa solemnis, and Adolf Bernhard Marx favourably compares the fugue to those of Bach and Handel. The sonata is the subject of musical analyses including studies by Donald Tovey, Denis Matthews, Heinrich Schenker, and Charles Rosen. It has been recorded by pianists such as Artur Schnabel, Glenn Gould, and Alfred Brendel.

Background
In the summer of 1819, Adolf Martin Schlesinger, from the Schlesinger firm of music publishers based in Berlin, sent his son Maurice to meet Beethoven to form business relations with the composer. The two met in Mödling, where Maurice left a favourable impression on the composer. After some negotiation by letter, the elder Schlesinger offered to purchase three piano sonatas for 90 ducats in April 1820, though Beethoven had originally asked for 120 ducats. In May 1820, Beethoven agreed, and he undertook to deliver the sonatas within three months. These three sonatas are the ones now known as Opp. 109, 110, and 111, the last of Beethoven's piano sonatas.

The composer was prevented from completing the promised sonatas on schedule by several factors, including his work on the Missa solemnis (Op. 123), rheumatic attacks in the winter of 1820, and a bout of jaundice in the summer of 1821. Barry Cooper notes that Op. 110 "did not begin to take shape" until the latter half of 1821. Although Op. 109 was published by Schlesinger in November 1821, correspondence shows that Op. 110 was still not ready by the middle of December 1821. The sonata's completed autograph score bears the date 25 December 1821, but Beethoven continued to revise the last movement and did not finish until early 1822. The copyist's score was presumably delivered to Schlesinger around this time, since Beethoven received a payment of 30 ducats for the sonata in January 1822.

Adolf Schlesinger's letters to Beethoven in July 1822 confirm that the sonata, along with Op. 111, was being engraved in Paris. The sonata was published simultaneously in Paris and Berlin that year, and it was announced in the Bibliographie de la France on 14 September. Some copies of the first edition reached Vienna as early as August, and the sonata was announced in the Wiener Zeitung that month. The sonata was published without a dedication, though there is evidence that Beethoven intended to dedicate Opp. 110 and 111 to Antonie Brentano. In February 1823, Beethoven sent a letter to the composer Ferdinand Ries in London, informing him that he had sent manuscripts of Opp. 110 and 111 so that Ries could arrange their publication in Britain. Beethoven noted that while Op. 110 was already available in London, the edition had mistakes that would be corrected in Ries's edition. Ries persuaded Muzio Clementi to acquire the British rights to the two sonatas, and Clementi published them in London that year.

Form
The sonata is in three movements, though Schlesinger's original edition separated the third movement into an Adagio and a Fuga. Alfred Brendel characterises the main themes of the sonata as all derived from the hexachord – the first six notes of the diatonic scale – and the intervals of the third and fourth that divide it. He also points out that contrary motion is a feature in much of the work, and is particularly prominent in the second movement.

The main themes of each movement begin with a phrase covering the range of a sixth. Another point of significance is the note F, which is the sixth degree of the A♭ major scale. F forms the peak of the first phrase of the sonata and acts as the tonic of the second movement. Fs in the right hand also begin the second movement's trio section and the third movement's introduction.

The sonata lasts 19 minutes.

I. Moderato cantabile molto espressivo

The first movement in A♭ major is marked Moderato cantabile molto espressivo ("at a moderate speed, in a singing style, very expressively"). Denis Matthews describes the first movement as "orderly and predictable sonata form", and Charles Rosen calls the movement's structure Haydnesque. Its opening is marked con amabilità (amiably). After a pause on the dominant seventh, the opening is extended in a cantabile theme. This leads to a light arpeggiated demisemiquaver transition passage. The second group of themes in the dominant E♭ includes appoggiatura figures, and a bass which descends in steps from E♭ to G three times while the melody rises by a sixth. The exposition ends with a semiquaver cadential theme.

The development section (which Rosen calls "radically simple") consists of restatements of the movement's initial theme in a falling sequence, with underlying semiquaver figures. Donald Tovey compares the artful simplicity of the development with the entasis of the Parthenon's columns.

The recapitulation begins conventionally with a restatement of the opening theme in the tonic (A♭ major), Beethoven combining it with the arpeggiated transition motif. The cantabile theme gradually modulates via the subdominant to E major (a seemingly remote key which both Matthews and Tovey rationalise by viewing it as a notational convenience for F♭ major). The harmony soon modulates back to the home key of A♭ major. The movement's coda closes with a cadence over a tonic pedal.

II. Allegro molto

The scherzo is marked Allegro molto (very fast). Matthews describes it as "terse", and William Kinderman as "humorous", even though it is in the F minor key. The rhythm is complex with many syncopations and ambiguities. Tovey observes that this ambiguity is deliberate: attempts to characterise the movement as a gavotte are prevented by the short length of the bars implying twice as many accented beats – and had he wanted to, Beethoven could have composed a gavotte.

Beethoven uses antiphonal dynamics (four bars of piano contrasted against four bars of forte), and opens the movement with a six-note falling-scale motif. Martin Cooper finds that Beethoven indulged the rougher side of his humour in the scherzo by using motifs from two folk songs, "Unsa kätz häd kaz'ln g'habt" ("Our cat has had kittens") and "Ich bin lüderlich, du bist lüderlich" ("I am a draggle-tail, you are a draggle-tail"). Tovey earlier decided that such theories of the themes' origins were "unscrupulous", since the first of these folk songs was arranged by Beethoven some time before this work's composition in payment for a publisher's trifling postage charge – the nature of the arrangement making it clear that the folk songs were of little importance to the composer.

The trio in D♭ major juxtaposes "abrupt leaps" and "perilous descents", ending quietly and leading to a modified reprise of the scherzo with repeats, the first repeat written out to allow for an extra ritardando. After a few syncopated chords the movement's short coda comes to rest in F major (a Picardy third) via a long broken arpeggio in the bass.

III. Adagio ma non troppo – Allegro ma non troppo

The third movement's structure alternates two slow arioso sections with two faster fugues. In Brendel's analysis, there are six sections – recitative, arioso, first fugue, arioso, fugue inversion, homophonic conclusion. In contrast, Martin Cooper describes the structure as a "double movement" (an Adagio and a finale).

The scherzo's concluding ritardando F major bass arpeggio resolves to B♭ minor in the third movement's beginning, indicating a departure from the humour of the scherzo. Following three bars of introduction is the unbarred recitative, during which the tempo changes multiple times. This then leads to an A♭ minor arioso dolente, a lament whose initial melodic contour is similar to the opening of the scherzo (although Tovey dismisses this as insignificant). The arioso is marked "Klagender Gesang" (Song of Lamentation) and is supported by repeated chords. Commentators (including Kinderman and Rosen) have seen the initial recitative and arioso as "operatic", and Brendel writes that the lament resembles the aria "Es ist vollbracht" (It is finished) from Bach's St John Passion. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians notes that the term "arioso" is rarely used in instrumental music.

The arioso leads into a three-voice fugue in A♭ major, whose subject is constructed from three parallel rising fourths separated by two falling thirds. The opening theme of the first movement carries within it elements of this fugue subject (the motif A♭–D♭–B♭–E♭), and Matthews sees a foreshadowing of it in the alto part of the first movement's antepenultimate bar. The countersubject moves by smaller intervals. Kinderman finds a parallel between this fugue and the fughetta of the composer's later Diabelli Variations (Op. 120), and also notes similarities with the "Agnus Dei" and "Dona nobis pacem" sections of the contemporaneous Missa solemnis. Gould contrasts this fugue, which is used in a "lyric, idyllic, contemplative" context, with the violent but disciplined fugue from the Hammerklavier sonata (Op. 106) that "revealed the turbulent, forceful Beethoven".

The fugue is broken off by a dominant seventh of A♭ major, which resolves enharmonically onto a G minor chord in second inversion. This leads into a reprise of the arioso dolente in G minor marked ermattet (exhausted). Kinderman contrasts the perceived "earthly pain" of the lament with the "consolation and inward strength" of the fugue – which Tovey points out had not reached a conclusion. Rosen finds that G minor, the tonality of the leading note, gives the arioso a flattened quality befitting exhaustion, and Tovey describes the broken rhythm of this second arioso as being "through sobs".

The arioso ends with repeated G major chords of increasing strength, repeating the sudden minor-to-major device that concluded the scherzo. A second fugue emerges with the subject of the first inverted, marked wieder auflebend (again reviving; poi a poi di nuovo vivente – little by little with renewed vigour – in the traditional Italian); Brendel ascribes an illusory quality to this passage. Some performance instructions in this passage begin poi a poi and nach und nach (little by little). Initially, the pianist is instructed to play una corda (that is to use the soft pedal). The final fugue gradually increases in intensity and volume, initially in the key of G major. After all three voices have entered, the bass introduces a diminution of the first fugue's subject (whose accent is also altered), while the treble augments the same subject with the rhythm across the bars. The bass eventually enters with the augmented version of the fugue subject in C minor, and this ends on E♭. During this statement of the subject in the bass, the pianist is instructed to gradually raise the una corda pedal. Beethoven then relaxes the tempo (marked Meno allegro) and introduces a truncated double-diminution of the fugue subject; after statements of the first fugue subject and its inversion surrounded by what Tovey calls the "flame" motif, the contrapuntal parts lose their identity. Brendel views the section that follows as a off" of the constraints of polyphony; Tovey labels it a "peroration", calling the passage "exultant". It leads to a closing four-bar tonic arpeggio and a final emphatic chord of A♭ major.

Matthews writes that it is not fanciful to see the final movement's second fugue as a "gathering of confidence after illness or despair", a theme which can be discerned in other late works by Beethoven (Brendel compares it with the Cavatina from the String Quartet No. 13). Martin Cooper describes the coda as "passionate" and "heroic", but not out of place after the ariosos' distress or the fugues' "luminous verities". Rosen states that this movement is the first time in the history of music where the academic devices of counterpoint and fugue are integral to a composition's drama, and observes that Beethoven in this work does not "simply symbolize or represent the return to life, but persuades us physically of the process".

Reception
From the 1810s Beethoven's reputation went largely undisputed by contemporary critics, and most of his works received favourable initial reviews. For example, an anonymous reviewer in October 1822 described the Op. 110 sonata as "superb" and offered "repeated thanks to its creator". In 1824, an anonymous critic reviewing the Opp. 109–111 sonatas wrote in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung that contemporary opposition against Beethoven's works "had only small, fleeting success". The critic then commented, "Scarcely had any of [Beethoven]'s artistic productions entered into the world than their fame was forever established."

Adolf Bernhard Marx, in his March 1824 review of the sonata, lauded Beethoven's work and particularly praised the third movement's fugue, adding that the fugue "must be studied along with the richest ones by Sebastian Bach and Händel." In the 1860 edition of his biography of Beethoven, Anton Schindler wrote that the fugue "is not difficult to play but is full of charm and beauty." Likewise, William Kinderman describes the fugue's subject as a "sublime fugal idiom".

When writing about the sonata in 1909, Hermann Wetzel observed, "Not a single note is superfluous, and there is no passage ... that can be treated as you please, no trivial ornament". Martin Cooper claimed in 1970 that Op. 110 was the most frequently played out of the last five Beethoven piano sonatas.

In the program notes for his 2020 online concert of the Opp. 109–111 sonatas, Jonathan Biss writes of Op. 110: "In none of the other 31 piano sonatas does Beethoven cover as much emotional territory: it goes from the absolute depths of despair to utter euphoria ... it is unbelievably compact given its emotional richness, and its philosophical opening idea acts as the work’s thesis statement, permeating the work, and reaching its apotheosis in its final moments."

Recordings
The first known recording of the Op. 110 sonata was made on 14 December 1927 and 8 March 1928 by Frederic Lamond. The Op. 110 sonata was recorded on 21 January 1932 by Artur Schnabel in Abbey Road Studios, London, for the first complete recording of the Beethoven piano sonatas. The piece was the first to be recorded in the set. Myra Hess' recording of the work in 1953 was described by The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians as among her "greatest successes in the recording studio". Op. 110 was included in Glenn Gould's 1956 recording of the last three Beethoven sonatas, and its third movement was discussed and performed by Gould on a 4 March 1963 broadcast. As part of complete recordings of the Beethoven piano sonatas, Op. 110 was recorded by Wilhelm Kempff in 1951, Claudio Arrau in 1965, Alfred Brendel in 1973, Maurizio Pollini in 1975, Daniel Barenboim in 1984, and Igor Levit in 2019.

Other sources

 * Program notes for

title: Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven)


text:
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