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Pseudolus

Pseudolus is a play by the ancient Roman playwright Titus Maccius Plautus. It is one of the earliest examples of Roman literature. Pseudolus was first shown in 191 B.C. during the Megalesian Festival, which was a celebration for the Greek Goddess Cybele. The temple for worship of Cybele in Rome was completed during the same year in time for the festival.

Pseudolus was written in Plautus's old age (he was probably over 60 at the time): Cicero mentions it in his book on Old Age as an example of a work written by older men. It proved to be very popular and was frequently revived. Cicero records that in his day the famous actor Roscius frequently took the part of Ballio.

M. M. Willcock calls this play "Plautus' masterpiece". He adds: "For the special qualities of Plautus – vigour, wit, invention, the charm of low class humanity – this play is supreme."

Characters
Simo - An Athenian gentleman

Calidorus - Simo's son

Pseudolus - Simo's chief slave

Callipho - a neighbor and friend of Simo

Charinus - a friend of Calidorus

Ballio - a pimp

Phoenicium - (mute) a girl in the possession of Ballio and loved by Calidorus

Harpax - a soldier's slave

Slave boy, belonging to Ballio

A cook, hired by Ballio

Simia - a cunning slave belonging to Charinus

Plot synopsis
The play starts with a two-line prologue (incomplete and probably not by Plautus), which is a warning to the audience that the play is long and now is the time to stretch their legs because they are about to be sitting for a long time.

Act 1 Once the play starts Calidorus and Pseudolus enter the stage, Calidorus is visibly upset. After Pseudolus pushes his master's son to tell him what is wrong, Calidorus shows him a letter he received. Pseudolus first mocks the poor handwriting it is written in then reads the letter, which says that Calidorus' lover Phoenicium, a prostitute, has been sold and the man who is supposed to come with the last of the money to pay for her and pick her up for her new master is coming very soon. Calidorus obviously wants to save her but he has no money of his own and his father won't lend him any to help save her. He turns to Pseudolus, who is his father's chief slave, for help. Pseudolus doesn't have the money they require to buy her, but thinks he can improvise a plan to get it and to save Phoenicium. At this time, Calidorus tells Pseudolus to be quiet, saying he hears the pimp Ballio, Phoenicium's master, leaving his house. Ballio enters the stage addressing his slaves, telling them that they aren't worth their keep and that they don't know how to behave. He claims beating them hurts him more than it hurts them and that they will steal anything if given the chance.

Ballio begins organizing his slaves and making preparations for his own birthday celebration, and says he will be off to the market to strike a deal with the fishmonger. After he organizes his slaves and assigns them all specific tasks for the day, he calls his four courtesans out of the house. He orders them to make themselves the most desirable companions for the day, and to earn him supplies based on their status with men in different markets—specifically, grain, meat, oil, and farm produce. Ballio threatens to whip them and send them to work in a brothel if his demands are not met.

Calidorus and Pseudolus have been watching Ballio throughout this entire speech from a hidden corner, making comments about his corruption and tyranny, and generally loathing his entire existence. Calidorus is deeply concerned about the future of Phoenicium and asks Pseudolus what he should do in order to keep Ballio from putting her on the streets. Pseudolus tells Calidorus not to worry about it, and that he will take care of it by delivering Ballio "a nice fat packet of trouble." This uncertain prospect is torturous to Calidorus, who claims that it's only natural that a lover must behave like a fool.

Ballio departs from his house to go to the market, with one of his slaves leading. Pseudolus calls out to him from their hiding place, and asks him to come and talk. Ballio is dismissive of Pseudolus, and tries to avoid him several times. Pseudolus finally successfully intercepts him, but Ballio still refuses to truly listen. He hints that there must be a promise of money in order for him to open his ears to Pseudolus and Calidorus' pleas.

Having appealed to his business side to pull him into conversation, Pseudolus and Calidorus try to play nice, apologizing for the fact that Calidorus does not have the money to buy his love's freedom. Ballio insists that Calidorus could have found a way to get the money and says that he must care more for duty than for love. Pseudolus begs him to give them more time to find the money when Ballio informs them that Phoenicium has already been sold for 20 minae (2000 drachmae) to the Macedonian officer, Polymachaeroplagides. Pseudolus and Calidorus then call Ballio all the dirty names and curses they can think of. Untouched by their words, Ballio says that if Calidorus can bring him the money before the officer pays the final amount owed, 5 minae, the deal with the officer will be off and Calidorus can take his love. Ballio then goes to town for his birthday preparations and Pseudolus beseeches Calidorus to find a sharp-witted friend to assist in taking Phoenicium from Ballio.

Uncertain as to how to get the girl, Pseudolus hatches a plan to obtain the 20 minae by stealing it from Simo, the father of Calidorus. Pseudolus sees Simo coming with his neighbor Callipho, and hides and listens to their conversation. The two are discussing Simo's son, Calidorus, and the rumor that he wants to buy his true love's freedom. Simo doesn't think that it is proper for his son to be in love with a prostitute and doesn't want to believe the rumor. Callipho is trying to convince Simo to at least listen to his son to see if what they are hearing is true and to take pity on him because he is a man in love just as Simo was when he was young. Pseudolus decides to appear and greets them.

Simo asks Pseudolus about getting the money out of him by performing a "crafty and underhand trick." Pseudolus admits to wanting to get the money from him. Simo refuses to give Pseudolus the 20 minae. Pseudolus retorts, "You'll give it to me. I'm only telling you, so that you can be on your guard." Pseudolus also promises that he will wage war on Ballio and get the girl from him on that very day. He asks Simo to give him money so that he can give it to Ballio should he succeed in winning the girl from the pimp. At long last Simo agrees to the bet: the flour mill for Pseudolous if he fails to get the girl by day's end and 20 minae from Simo if he succeeds. Callipho promises Pseudolus that if he gets the girl and if Simo does not give him the money, he will himself because he does not want to see his plan fail. While Pseudolus goes away to think up a plan, there is a musical interlude.

Act 2 Pseudolus sees a stranger approaching and figures that this is his chance. Realising that this is the messenger sent by the Macedonian soldier to pay the balance for Phoenicium, Pseudolus tricks Harpax into thinking he is Surus (Syrus), a slave of Ballio, and tries to get the 5 minae from Harpax by telling him that his master Ballio is working on a court case and can't meet with him at this time. Pseudolus says he can receive the money on his behalf. Harpax refuses to give the money up to anyone but Ballio. Harpax says he will leave with the money and come back at a different time. He leaves Pseudolus with a sealed letter from his master, the Macedonian general. Harpax tells Pseudolus he is staying in town in a certain tavern and asks Pseudolus to send for him when Ballio is ready to meet. Harpax leaves and Calidorus arrives with his friend Charinus.

Right away Pseudolus and Charinus begin talking. Pseudolus is describing how he has pulled the wool over the Macedonian soldier's eyes, and boasts that the girl Calidorus loves will be in his arms today. The only problem is that Pseudolus requires a few things: a clever young man, a soldier's cloak, sword, and hat, and 5 minae. Charinus offers him the 500. Charinus and Calidorus say they know of just the clever slave who can help them. They then depart to go and collect the things that Pseudolus requires.

Act 3 As they depart a slave boy creeps out of Ballio's house and speaks to the audience. He says that he needs to find money to give Ballio, his boss, a present before the day is over or he will be tortured. Since he is small and ugly and cannot find a lover, he does not know what to do. Meanwhile, Ballio returns to his house with a cook. The two are arguing about how much the cook charges people for his services. Ballio is quite angry that he has to pay two drachmae instead of one to be able to have a cook for his birthday celebration. The cook is insulted and asks why he hired him. Ballio replies that he had to, because he was the only cook left. The cook immediately starts to make his own case, explaining in great detail why he is the best cook and that he doesn't even stand up for less than two drachmae. Ballio remains unconvinced and waits to see for himself what the cook can really do when the time for dinner comes.

Act 4 Charinus and Calidorus have gotten the clever boy Pseudolus is in need of: Simia, another clever slave. Pseudolus and Simia discuss plans for getting Phoenicium from Ballio. Pseudolus is a bit anxious about Simia succeeding in duping Ballio. Simia is confident to the point of arrogance and is annoyed by Pseudolus' anxieties. Pseudolus takes Simia to meet Ballio and the scene switches between their interaction and Pseudolus' commentary as he watches the events unfold. The plan threatens to come unraveled when Ballio asks Simia the name of his master (which Simia does not know). Simia turns the question around by demanding that Ballio inspect the letter's seal and tell him the name of the sender so that he knows that Ballio is who he claims to be. Ballio consents and gives the name, Polymachaeroplagides. Ballio breaks the seal and reads the letter. Simia hands over the money gotten by Pseudolus from Charinus. Ballio and Simia go inside to retrieve Phoenicium. Pseudolus frets as he waits for them to come out. Eventually they do. As they exit the house, Simia consoles Phoenicium, who thinks she is being led to the Macedonian general, Polymachaeroplagides, by telling her that he is in fact taking her to her boyfriend Calidorus. Pseudolus is triumphant.

Ballio is also triumphant, boasting to Simo that they have won the bet because he has finally and successfully sold Phoenicium to the Macedonian general and placed her safely in the hands of his soldier Harpax. He promises to give Simo 20 minae if he is found to be lying. As the two discuss the matter the real Harpax arrives. The two think that he is an impersonator hired by Pseudolus.

Ballio and Simo ridicule and poke fun at Harpax in the hopes that he will admit that he is an imposter sent by Pseudolus to steal Phoenicium from Ballio. Ballio indecently suggests that the soldier rapes him at night; and he asks how much it cost to hire his cloak and hat. Finally Ballio asks him how much Pseudolus has paid him. Harpax, of course, denies even knowing a Pseudolus and tells Ballio he delivered the letter with the seal to Ballio's servant earlier that day. Simo begins to realize that Pseudolus has been there first and has already tricked Harpax. He asks Harpax what the servant he gave the letter to looked like. As Harpax describes the slave, Ballio and Simo realize that Pseudolus has tricked them. Harpax and Simo then demand the money that is owed to them from Ballio. Ballio heads to the Forum to get the money to pay Harpax back and tells Simo he will pay him tomorrow. Simo admits that he has lost the bet he made with Pseudolus and goes to get the money from his house.

Act 5 Pseudolus celebrates his victory, returning to the home of his master drunk. He is so drunk that he constantly belches in Simo's face. Eventually Simo hands him the money, asking if Pseudolus will cut the debt down any. Pseudolus refuses. Pseudolus then tells Simo to follow him. Simo believes that Pseudolus is attempting to embarrass him and tries to refuse; but Pseudolus insists. Pseudolus then reveals that he plans to go drinking with Simo and has no intent of embarrassing him. The play ends when Simo asks if Pseudolus would like to invite the audience. Pseudolus declines because he believes they wouldn't invite him, but does invite them to applaud.

Metrical structure
Plautus's plays were divided up into 5 acts, probably in Renaissance times. However, it is not thought that these divisions go back to Plautus's time, since no manuscript contains them before the 15th century. Also, the acts themselves do not always match the structure of the plays, which is more clearly shown by the variation in metres.

In Plautus's plays the usual pattern is to begin each section with iambic senarii (which were spoken without music), then a scene of music in various metres, and finally a scene in trochaic septenarii, which were apparently recited to the accompaniment of tibiae (a pair of reed pipes). Moore calls this the "ABC succession", where A = iambic senarii, B = other metres, C = trochaic septenarii. Pseudolus follows this scheme, except for the final canticum, the overall pattern being:
 * ABC, ABC, ABC, ABC, B

The Pseudolus is unusual in having no fewer than five polymetric cantica or song-passages, taking up a quarter of the play. (Only one play, the Casina, has a greater proportion.) The cantica in the Pseudolus are in a complex medley of metres: anapaestic, cretic, bacchiac, trochaic, iambic, and others, frequently changing from line to line. The analysis of these metres is difficult, and not always agreed on.

In the play as a whole (of 1699 lines), the commonest metres are the iambic senarius (649 lines) and trochaic septenarius (640 lines). Other metres are less commonly used: anapaests 127 lines, cretics 77 lines, bacchiacs 49 lines, trochaic octonarii 31 lines, iambic octonarii 22 lines, other iambic metres 42 lines, other trochaic metres 32 lines.

Calidorus's despair

 * 1.1 (lines 1–132): iambic senarii (130 lines)
 * Pseudolus asks his young master Calidorus why he is so sad. Calidorus shows him a letter from his mistress Phoenicium, in which she says that she has been sold against her will to a certain soldier. Calidorus, who has no money to buy her freedom, says he wants to hang himself.

 * 1.2–1.3 (133–264): polymetric canticum (132 lines)
 * Ballio, the pimp, brings out his slaves and chides them for their laziness, while whipping them. He orders them to prepare everything for his birthday party. Then he sets off for the market to buy fish and find a cook. Changing his mind, he calls out his four prostitutes, addressing by name: Hedyllium, Aeschrodora, Xystilis, and Phoenicium herself. He gives them orders to go to work, insisting that they persuade their lovers to provide presents (corn, meat, oil, and farm produce respectively). Then he sets off for the market again. Calidorus, who is listening, despairs, but Pseudolus says he has a plan. Pseudolus calls to Ballio and tries to stop him. When Ballio doesn't listen, Calidorus despairs again. Pseudolus at last stops Ballio by mentioning a deal.

 * 1.3 (265–393): trochaic septenarii (129 lines)
 * Pseudolus pleads that Ballio has agreed to sell Phoenicium to Calidorus. Ballio taunts him and says Calidorus's promises are worthless. Then he reveals that in any case he has sold Phoenicium to a Macedonian officer and has already received part of the money. Pseudolus and Calidorus heap him with insults. Ballio eventually agrees to change his mind if Calidorus can bring the money quicker than the soldier. He leaves. Pseudolus tells Calidorus he has a plan and asks him to go and fetch a clever friend.

Pseudolus warns Simo and tricks Harpax

 * 1.4–1.5 (394–573): iambic senarii (182 lines)
 * In a soliloquy, Pseudolus tells himself how he must find a plan; he had already tried to get the money from Calidorus's father Simo, but Simo had become suspicious and the plan had failed. Simo enters with his friend Callipho, telling him that he knows all about Calidorus's affair. Callipho tries to persuade Simo to be lenient with his son. Pseudolus addresses Simo and, when questioned, feely admits that the story is true. He boldly warns Simo that he will get the 20 minae out of him by the end of the day. He persuades Simo to promise to pay him 20 minae if he manages to get the girl free before then. Callipho promises to guarantee the wager and says he will stay to watch the fun. Simo and Callipho then leave, and Pseudolus confides to the audience that he doesn't actually have a plan as yet. He goes off to think one up, and while the stage is empty, the piper entertains the audience with music.

 * 2.1–2.2 (574–603): polymetric canticum (32 lines)
 * Pseudolus comes back singing jubilantly that he has found a plan. He reminds himself that he must be bold if he is to succeed in defeating Ballio. Suddenly he sees Harpax arriving, sent by the soldier to collect Phoenicium. Pseudolus overhears him talking to himself, and realises that he must change his plan.

 * 2.2–2.4 (604–766): trochaic septenarii (163 lines)
 * Pretending to be Ballio's butler, Surus (Syrus), Pseudolus tries to persuade Harpax to hand over the money. He fails in this but Harpax rather naively hands him the letter which the soldier had sent to Ballio. When Harpax has gone to rest in an inn, Pseudolus congratulates himself on his good fortune. Calidorus now enters with his friend Charinus. Pseudolus exuberantly greets his master in a mock-tragic style. He asks Charinus if he can find him a clever slave to help him with his trick. Charinus says he knows just the one; and he also promises to lend Pseudolus 5 minae which he needs for his trick.

Simia disguised as Harpax

 * 3.1–3.2 (767–904): iambic senarii (137 lines)
 * A young slave boy comes out of Ballio's house. He bewails the fact that he will be punished if he does not bring money for his master's birthday, but that he is too young and too ugly to get a lover.

 * – Now Ballio returns from the market bringing a cook. He grumbles at the price charged by the cook; but the cook boasts that his cooking is exceptionally good. Ballio warns the boy to keep a sharp watch on the cook and his assistants to make sure they don't steal anything from the house. He then reveals that his neighbour Simo has warned him that he must be on his guard against Pseudolus, who is planning to abduct Phoenicium.

 * 4.1 (905–950): polymetric canticum (58 lines)
 * Pseudolus enters saying that Simia (the slave he has dressed up as Harpax) is as much as a rascal as he is himself. But suddenly he is alarmed when he realises that Simia is not with him – he has dawdled behind. Simia catches him up and reassures him that he will play the part well.

 * 4.1–4.2 (951–997): trochaic septenarii (45 lines)
 * Simia asks Pseudolus to point out Ballio's house. Ballio comes out, and Simia accosts him rudely. He hands over the letter. He is almost caught out when he realises he doesn't know the soldier's name, but tricks Ballio into revealing it.

Ballio is defeated

 * 4.2–4.6 (998–1102): iambic senarii (102 lines)
 * Ballio reads the soldier's letter aloud. Satisfied, he takes Simia inside the house. Left behind, Pseudolus is frantic with anxiety in case something goes wrong. He is afraid Simia may trick him, or that his master Simo or the real Harpax may arrive at any moment. At last Simia comes out with Phoenicium, telling her not to weep. They go off with Pseudolus to find Calidorus. Ballio comes out laughing triumphantly at having got the better of Pseudolus. Simo arrives and Ballio congratulates him that Pseudolus hasn't won. He even pledges to give Simo 20 minae if he is found to be lying.

 * 4.7 (1103–1134): polymetric canticum (34 lines)
 * The real Harpax enters, complaining that Ballio's slave Surus never came to fetch him from the inn where he is staying. Ballio tells Simo that he is sure the stranger is a potential customer.

 * 4.7–4.8 (1135–1245): trochaic septenarii (109 lines)
 * Harpax knocks on Ballio's door and says he is looking for Ballio. He informs Ballio that he has come for Phoenicium and hands over 5 minae. At first Ballio and Simo are convinced he is an imposter sent by Pseudolus. They question him rudely, making indecent insinuations, to which Harpax protests angrily. They accuse him of having been coached by Pseudolus. But gradually it dawns on them that they have been tricked, especially when Harpax describes the slave "Surus" to whom he gave the letter as "A certain red-haired fellow, pot-bellied, with thick calves, swarthy, with a big head, sharp eyes, red face, and very large feet", clearly a description of Pseudolus. Simo and Harpax both insist that Ballio pays them the money that he owes them. Ballio in defeat goes off to the forum with Harpax to raise the cash. Simo, remaining alone, also admits defeat and resolves to pay Pseudolus the 20 minae he promised.

Pseudolus celebrates

 * 5.1–5.2 (1246–1335): polymetric canticum (90 lines)
 * Pseudolus enters drunk and singing; he has been enjoying a wild party with Calidorus and a girlfriend. He knocks on Simo's door. Simo comes to the door with the promised money, while Pseudolus belches rudely in his master's face. Simo hands over the money and asks if Pseudolus will share it with him, but he refuses. Finally Pseudolus invites Simo to the party, promising him half the money if he agrees to come. The two go off together.

Themes
The clever slave: Pseudolus and Simia are both slaves in this play and are both the smartest characters. Pseudolus comes up with a plan to get Phoenicium for Calidorus, and Simia helps carry out the plan. Pseudolus's plan is successful, and as a result of wagers made along the way, he gains 2,000 drachmae in the process. Pseudolus's machinations show that wisdom and ability are blind to strictures of class. The theme of the clever slave is one that transcends time and place because even though slaves are the lowest on the class system they still are intelligent and successful. The theme of the clever slave is essentially an underdog story. The clever slave character is one whose origins lie in stories told among members of the slave class; Plautus has here adopted this stock character for his own story.

The contemptible pimp: As in many other comedies of both Plautus and Terence, the leno (trafficker in courtesans) is a character universally held in contempt. This is evident not only from Ballio's behaviour towards his slaves but also from the insults which Pseudolus and Calidorus pile on his head ("shameless! criminal! deserving a whipping! tomb-robber! sacrilegious! perjurer!" and so on), Simia's insulting description ("I am looking for a man who is law-breaking, impure, a perjurer, and impious"), and the insulting addition to the soldier's letter ("if I thought you deserving of greetings, I would send them").

Class does not equal intelligence: With the stock character, the clever slave (played by Pseudolus), the audience gets a glimpse that, despite the assumptions that Pseudolus, a slave, cannot possibly outwit the upperclass citizens, Ballio and Simo, this indeed does occur. Pseudolus is able to prove just how clever he is by fooling multiple others in order to help his owner's son, Calidorus. This play, a part of Roman popular culture, would have wide appeal in a society where there was much discrepancy of wealth. Those of the less wealthy would be happy to see Pseudolus the slave outwit his monied owners.

True love crossing boundaries: True love has the ability to cross boundaries, meaning that money, poverty, and class cannot restrict the feelings one person has for another. Throughout this play, Pseudolus does everything he can to rescue his master's son's true love, the prostitute Phoenicium, so that they can be together. Calidorus is of the upper classes, while Phoenicium is a slave and prostitute and is owned by the pimp Ballio. At play's end the two are united, showing that true love indeed can cross all boundaries. (Plautus, The Pot of Gold and Other Plays, Pseudolus)

Objectification of Women: Objectification of women in Pseudolus is represented mainly through the pimp Ballio's treatment of his slave and prostitute, Phoenicium. Ballio sells her, though he has promised to sell her to her true love, like an object of property, to the Macedonian soldier, Polymachaeroplagides, in exchange for 2000 drachmae. His treatment of her and of his other slave prostitutes whom he threatens to whip and send to a brothel if they do not provide enough goods show the abuse of his power and authority over them. Certainly slavery is legal at this time. But Ballio could still show some consideration and care for his charges as fellow human beings. Such is not the case. His abuse would most likely have resonated with other women in his audience. (Nathan Johnston).

The evils of greed: Ballio, the local pimp, exemplifies the concept of greed manifested in man. He constantly asserts that anything not involving the exchange of money is not worth his time, even insisting that he will halt in the process of offering a sacrifice to Jove if he comes across a proposition worth his time. This greed has stained his reputation, his personal relationships, and even his view of himself, considering that he revels in his own wickedness. An example of his far-reaching greed makes its appearance at the beginning of the play when he agrees to sell Phoenicium to the Macedonian officer, Polymachaeroplagides. Although he has a previous arrangement with Calidorus, a promise that Calidorus can buy Phoenicium when he saves enough money, in the face of another offer, Ballio shows no loyalty or consideration for Calidorus, the person who truly loves the girl. Later when Ballio finds out that Pseudolus plans on winning the girl and his bet with Simo that he will indeed do so that very day, Ballio also agrees to a wager with Pseudolus with very little thought. His arrogance and greed make him willing to make a bet without giving it any consideration. He has ears for the money and greed has made him deaf.

Companionship as salvation: Phoenicium is a slave girl who is owned by Ballio. Calidorus, the son of Simo, a power individual, is in love with Phoenicium. The hero, Calidorus, does not have the money to save Phoenicium. A cunning slave, Pseudolus, finds out Calidorus's problem and convinces the two to unite. This unification is necessary for the hero Calidorus to be successful. Pseudolus uses his cunning and crafty brains to not only get the money from Simo, where Calidorus had failed, but furthermore to trick Ballio into freeing Phoenicium. Therefore, without Pseudolus Calidorus is not able to achieve the salvation of getting Phoenicium. Their unification and forthcoming companionship lead to the hero's happiness.

Quotes

 * 1) Pseudolus: "Suppose I promise to get your girl back for you today or give you two thousand drachmas--how will that do?"
 * 2) Ballio: "Your girl is not for sale any more."
 * 3) Pseudolus: "Before the end of this day, you'll be giving me money with those very hands."
 * 4) Pseudolus: "You're going to have your girl free and in your arms today."
 * 5) Pseudolus: "Well then? Aren't you going to give me some money?"

Adaptations

 * A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum shares basic plot, with a protagonist named Pseudolus

title: Pseudolus


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text:
User talk:Joaquin Murietta

Please feel free to place your comments at the end of the page. Sometimes I am online, sometimes I am not. I'll respond when I can.
 * Old talk items will be moved to User:Joaquin Murietta/archive1 Archive 1

Feliz Año Nuevo
Hello, Bandit. I hope you had a good New Year and holiday season. Thanks for the props on the Estela Ruiz article. I just rounded it out a bit more, adding notes like in your Teatro Campesino article. I hope you don't mind if I used the example--I am still just figuring those things out. I'd also like to add the footnotes into the Ricardo Cruz article, but I'm still struggling on how. I got a lot of the info from primary sources, info that makes up entire paragraphs. I'm thinking, maybe I should at least just cite references on the quotes?

And about the Teatro Campesino article. I've been wanting to start digging in the archives for more info (because there is a lot) to fill it out more, like on Carlos Almaraz and Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional, but they are closed, and I don't want to get in trouble. I hear LV is kinda touchy about people writing about him. So maybe we could just try to expand it from the Yolanda Broyles-Gonzalez book. She probably deserves an article of her own--I hear she is in Arizona now, maybe Antonio can get a photo?

So anyways, what do you think about the way the project is going? I think it is ok, but it seems to me to be highly focused on biographies, and not so big on objects, phenomena, and "bigger picture" type questions. I am also a little disappointed that we have left a lot of stubs floating around, but as an ongoing project, we still have time to fill them out. But other than those concerns, I think it is going pretty well. Was there any part of the Chicano Movement article in particular that you wanted to write?

I just wanted to touch base with you and ask you some of these questions. Espero que todo esté bien contigo. Sale, pues, Rockero 07:13, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Feliz Día de Reyes

''' I would like to wish you a "Happy Dia de Reyes", a celebration that we still celebrate in Puerto Rico every January 6. The night before the children of the island fill a little box with grass for the kings camel and place it under the Christmas tree. When they wake up the following day, they find the box empty and gifts left by the kings Joaquin thanks for the Barnstar, you made my day, your friend Tony the Marine 06:20, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Mexifornia
If I didn't take the bus every day, I don't know when I'd find the time to do my "pleasure" reading. Not that I don't derive pleasure from the reading I do for the project, but I take those reads a bit more seriously since I'll eventually be held responsible for any errors or faults in they articles that come from them. But I'm actually enjoying Mexifornia. It is a very critical look at illegal immigration, but it refrains from descending into the "invasionist" rhetoric that you see so much of on the ALIPAC, VDARE, and SOS websites (and in my opinion, makes them unpalatable). I also appreciate that its examination is nuanced enough to account for the complexity of the problems associated with illegal immigration. And it goes into pretty much all aspects of the debate--the political, economic, cultural, historic, educational, social, health issues, etc., which is one of the big reasons that I am fascinated by the debate--the issue is all-encompassing and provides windows into larger problems in American and global society.

It is written by a man named Victor Davis Hanson, a classics professor at CSU Fresno. He is a third-generation resident of the San Joaquín Valley (Selma, to be precise), and has been personally involved in agriculture and farm labor there. He has seen and been involved in the changes to his community, so the story he tells is personal. I appreciate his openness and the way it bridges the gap between author and subject, rather than the distance from which most academics. It is not a scholarly work, but there are scholarly aspects to it. I'm about halfway through, so I haven't formed a complete opinion yet. But I think everyone who is interested in the illegal immigration question should read it, regardless of which side of the fence they're on.--Rockero 17:54, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Yo Joaquin!
Hey Joaquin! I just wnated to thank you for your friendship with my dad, and let you know Im involved in the election here as a candidate.

Well, Drop me a line! Thanks, and God bless you!

Your friend always, Antonio Latino Vaquero Mertin

E=mc2
Why did you put this link in the E=mc2 -article? Hogne 01:06, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom
I want to thank everyone who took the time to vote on my ArbCom candidacy. I have placed some thoughts on this matter on my user page and would welcome your thoughts. --Edivorce 02:14, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as List of Wall Street Journal's 50 women to watch in 2005, but we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing! ddlamb 05:31, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Help
Here goes another anon who has no knowlege of how Wiki works and has posted a good article for deletion. It's about Norma Candal, please vote here: [] and help fight this injustice. Thank you Tony the Marine 04:52, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Mex-Am/Chicano template
Hey Bandit, ¿Cómo está todo? I see you added the Userbox....nice!

I have been thinking about the template for our Chicano articles, and as I see it, it suffers from two problems:
 * 1) It competes for space on the right hand side of the article with images, and
 * 2) It often causes an article's page to be far longer than is necessary, creating a lot of blank space

These problems are just aesthetic, but they affect the quality of the articles composing the project.

My proposed solution is a footer to go at the end of each article. I copied and adapted it, but since I'm still a novice with these tables, etc., there is plenty of room for improvement.

Would you take a look at it and tell me what you think? It's at User:Rockero/Mex-Am-Chicano-Template.

BTW, my latest article, Mario Arturo Moreno Ivanova, is up for deletion. He is Cantinflas' son, and I wrote the article as part of the effort to get Cantinflas to FA status. Apparently, some editors don't think he's notable enough. Would you read it and see if you agree, and then vote accordingly? I think it's been mostly Anglos voting, so far.

Gracias, compa, y que te vaya bien.--Rockero 03:03, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks and USMC Portal info
Thanks for the barnstar. There is so much that needs to be done with the portal I don't even no where to start at times. What I am doing now is standardizing everything we have so far as far as layout and infoboxes are concerned, then move on to create articles for all generals and active units down to the Bn/Sqn level, then go after the deactivated units and then start working on units and HQs in Washington D.C. The big Daddy of them all though will be a "History of the USMC". After that will be MOH winners, also trying to update from www.usmc.mil for individual units when able, etc...... As you can see, everytime you clear one thing off the plate 3 more get created. Any help you can give is more than appreciated. Thanks again for the award. It may sound corny but it's a pretty good feeling to open a message and see one of them. Cheers--Looper5920 04:55, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Changes in DYK updation process
Hi, thanks for your message on my talkpage. There have been some changes in the DYK updation process, as can be seen here. Sorry about that. However, I know and most other DYK aficionados know that you are a DYK hero, so the surprise in the form of the medal. --Gurubrahma 16:47, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Hello again
Hello again Joaquin, long time no see. It's nice to hear from you as well :-) I am disappointed to hear that you consider my remarks were racist, because they were not, and that was never my intention, so I am sorry if they were able to be misconstrued. I am not a racist, but I was genuinely confused by the cryptic nature of your first messages to me and trying to establish some understanding. Well done for helping create WikiProject Mexican-Americans/Chicanos, but I really don't think I deserve any credit for spurring you on to do this.

As I said to you on many occasions in the past, I was merely trying to resolve the dispute that you seemed to have with Geo Swan. At the time I commended you for your contributions and the work you were doing in creating new articles. I am pleased to see that this has continued. I also made the observation that WP is a large enough place that we can all co-exist amicably and contribute in our own areas productively.

Bizarrely, it can also be a small world here: check out this link (I nearly choked on my porridge to find you in the history immediately preceding my addition of the image...) I have still never figured out your comment to me regarding Scottish fiddlers, perhaps you could enlighten me after all this time? I sincerely hope that this "coming together" of us 3 parties does not rekindle more negative disagreement which is long in the past. We have all been on "new pages" for some time.

Anyway, as I said to Geo, if you need any administrative assistance I would be delighted to help out, just let me know. Best wishes. -- Cactus.man  ✍  15:25, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Tempate --->Template
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed undone by an automated bot. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. If you feel you have received this notice in error, please contact the bot owner  // Tawkerbot2 12:05, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * For the record: Bot warning when I tried to delete "Tempate" I had started instead of a Template". The page was deleted by an admin Joaquin Murietta 12:14, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Tempate:Chicano2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Revision history Jump to: navigation, search (Latest | Earliest) View (previous 50) (next 50) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500). Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, m = minor edit

 * (cur) (last) 12:09, 18 March 2006 Zzuuzz m ({d})
 * (cur) (last) 12:06, 18 March 2006 Joaquin Murietta
 * (cur) (last) 12:05, 18 March 2006 Tawkerbot2 m (vandalism from User talk:Joaquin Murietta (44345592) - reverted to User talk:Joaquin Murietta (44345236))
 * (cur) (last) 12:05, 18 March 2006 Joaquin Murietta
 * (cur) (last) 12:00, 18 March 2006 Joaquin Murietta

Carolyn Wood
Hi Joaquin, how you been? I received your message and this is what I posted '''"*I would like to express my opinion and my sincere intentions are not to offend anyone (especially GeoSwan whom I consider a very talented editor) because I recognize the effort made in this article. I agree with JM's point of view in that this article does not meet the standards of a bio.  The article is supposed to be about the life of Carolyn Wood and not only about one part of her life.  The fact that it doesn't contain any information about her early life nor about what became of her after the trails, leads me to believe that there is a political agenda to it.  It is a well researched article and the sources stated seem to be reliable, however we must remember that there are many newspaper articles which are biased (with the exception of official records).  It seems to me that the research is focused only on the accusations against her and not on her life in general. Wheather the article sould be renamed or not, I don't know, however from my observations on this talk page and realizing that the topic is a little heated, I suggest that the topic be taken up with the arbitration committee. Just my two cents, Tony the Marine 16:08, 20 March 2006 (UTC)"'''. I hope that the issue does not become a war.  Anyway take care, Tony the Marine 16:08, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

DYK

 * Hello Joaquin, thanks for making the changes to this one, very nice. Congrats on making it to the main page! Johntex\talk 15:05, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Chat
Joaquin, how you doing? If you are interested in having an arbritator look at the Carolyn Woods case, I would like to recommend two honest and open mined members of the Arb Comm. These are User:Mindspillage and User:Linuxbeak. Let them know about the situation and follow their recommendations. Your friend, Tony the Marine 04:09, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Uriah Levy
Thanks for the star. ALways nice to log on to one of those. Just some notes on the Uriah Levy page. I saw you put it up to get looked at. My intitial thoughts were that some interesting topics were broached but not explained. What form did the anti-semitism take on? What/who were the causes of the 6 court martials? Any more info on his time as a POW? The intro mostly explains the great things he did during his military career but the body of the article concentrates on his civilian life and just touches on the wavetops of his military career. The two should marry up. If you really go digging in the navy archives you can find alot of junk. Just my thoughts I am sure other editors could be a lot more specific. Again, thanks for the barnstar.--Looper5920 07:29, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

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Re: Barnstar
Hey, thanks a lot! I had no clue the White House had set up that program and it was a very informative article. :-) Thanks again! --ZsinjTalk 17:31, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Bautista Rael
Nice. I did a quick copyedit and fixed the captions. I'm not sure if his name belongs on the list of notable Chicanos, though. A lot of NM Hispanos are descendents of Spanish and New Spanish settlers and therefore don't identify as Chicanos. That's why I put him in Category:Hispanic Americans as opposed to some other one. I was just thinking that I should add Spanish-Americans (another term NM Hispanos like to use) to the project page, since they make up such a big part of Chicano history. Of course if he has identified himself as a Chicano, then by all means leave him. Just a suggestion, --Rockero 00:51, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Chicano template on Latino
Hi, Joaquin Murietta. It appears that a few questions have been asked concerning your implementation of the Chicano2 template on Latino. Please see Talk:Latino for the questions. Thanks. CowmanTalk 19:08, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Carolyn Wood Request for Mediation
Hello Joaquin, yes I was aware of the RfM. I haven't had time yet to determine whether or not your request has enough merit to allow me to agree to mediation or not. However, I will post a decision either way before the 14 day limit expires. -- Cactus.man  ✍  20:35, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Thx
Hey there bandit. Thanks for voting in my favor. If there's ever anything I can do to help, you know where to get me. Boycott May 1, --Rockero 00:18, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Don Pedro Dimas
No, thank you for starting the article. I am not Tarascan. The reason I am interested in el maestro is because I got to meet him. I danced folklórico for seven or eight years, and one year, he and his group were playing a festival/workshop/conference I was at with my group. He has a booth where he was selling his music, so I went up to him and talked to him, telling him that I had heard about him and I loved the way the music sounds. When I asked him if he was Don Pedro Dimas, he answered, "A sus órdenes". It was amazing. The guest folklorico group was from Patzcuaro, too, and their maestro had written a pamphlet about the dance that I was able to get my hands on, but I couldn't afford a CD of the music 8(. It was still a really cool experience. ¿Boicot mañana?--Rockero 10:06, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Juan Bautista Rael
Hello Joaquin. I just read your article on Rael, and wanted to just say "good article." My focus on wiki so far has been on Northern New Mexico, and I've noticed several good contributions from you. In the future, I hope you don't mind if I give you a heads up when I write a new one. Hasta la victoria siempre. . . Murcielago 20:16, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Help! "Grito de Lares"
We now have somebody who wishes to change the name of The Grito de Lares to Lares Outcry. Please express your opinion here: Talk:Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares). Thank you. Tony the Marine 00:14, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

De Nada
Also, in case you're interested, Padre Martinez and Manuel Armijo are up. I mention Padre Martinez because the "priest he drew into his orbit" was from Arroyo Hondo, Rael's hometown. - Murcielago 05:27, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Historic "Chicanos"
Órale, JM. I was thinking there should be a list/category/template/something about proto-Chicanos, like your namesake Joaquin Murietta, Padre Martinez, Gregorio Cortez, Manuel Chaves, etc. If you go to the "Notable Hispanic" lists, it redirects to "Famous Hispanics", which in my opinion is a little different (is Padre Martinez famous at all outside of New Mexico?). Nevertheless, their rhetoric and actions have inspired Chicanos for over a century now. What are your thoughts? `` Murcielago 06:06, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Hey Vato
...glad to see you're back. I think you're right about needing some new templates. We could use a little bit more organization. We definitely need to discuss some ideas. For one, there is the new Latino, which JuanMuslim really wants to implement. I think it would actually be better to have a more comprehensive template for all Latinos for the broad topics like African American topics sidebar. Then we could have more specialized templates like pre-Movement figures, movement figures, art figures, etc., or whatever we decide. With you away, it's just been me and the Bat holding it down, with a few small contributions from other users here and there. PAZ Bandit, --Rockero 06:54, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Peralta
The article of Medal of Honor candidate, Rafael Peralta has been posted for deletion. Please express your opinion here:Articles for deletion/Rafael Peralta. If you wish, you may also let others know. Tony the Marine 02:02, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject name commentary
Can you comment on this Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Mexican-Americans/Chicanos? Thanks --evrik 18:52, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Chicano Article, Line 17
Hey noticed you deleted the writing from ip 69.160.145.133 on line 17, it was back on there again, i removed it. The information doesn't seem very valid, it seems more like useless information. ChicanoJ 08:03, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Requesting your opinion
I wrote the article Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa Post Office Building Designation Act, the first bill in history that contains an article from Wikipedia. It appeared on DYK and right away somebody "tags" it for deletion. I inviteyou to express yourself here:Articles for deletion/Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa Post Office Building Designation Act. Thank you Tony the Marine 16:18, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

1493
Spanish mission start? On a couple of the Mission pages, I believe that you are the original editor to write "Since 1493, the Kingdom of Spain had maintained a number of missions throughout Nueva España..." Isn't 1493 a very early date for this? BruceHallman 20:28, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Historical Association/Temp
This replicated page has now been deleted. Regards, (aeropa gitica) 09:35, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Carolyn Wood
See my reply on WP:BLPN. I didn't really see any violations, probably due to the work you have been doing there. "Keep it up" is all I can tell you. Crockspot 23:20, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

HMV
Hey Bandit, I just wanted you to have a look at the latest version of the Helena María Viramontes article. I think you may like it. Hope everything is cool with you. PAZ, --Rockero 21:43, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Help Needed
Your help is needed in getting the Elvira Arellano article deleted as non-notable. Please click on the article, and then click on the link at the top to vote. Thanks. –Chicaneo 16:58, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oops, I don't mean to solicit you input one way or the other, only to bring your attention to the matter. Chicaneo 13:31, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Joaquin
Que pasa? I thought that I would drop you a note to let you know that I've dedicated the last two weeks to writing the bios of every Mexican-American Medal of Honor recipient in the List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients. Take a look at these guys and feel the pride: David M. Gonzales, Alejandro R. Ruiz, Rodolfo P. Hernandez, Louis R. Rocco, plus much more. Tu hermano Boricua, Tony the Marine 19:46, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Copyright issue with Image:Rael1.gif}}}
Hello. Concerning your contribution,, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a direct copy from. As a copyright violation, appears to qualify for speedy deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If the source is a credible one, please consider rewriting the content and citing the source.

If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GFDL, you can comment to that effect on Talk:. If the article has already been deleted, but you have a proper release, you can reenter the content at, after describing the release on the talk page. However, you may want to consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you, and please feel free to continue contributing to Wikipedia. MECU ≈ talk 19:48, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Latino stuff
Would you mind commenting on this?
 * Talk:National Council of La Raza

Thanks,

--evrik (talk) 22:47, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Que Pasa?
Where were you? Tell me what have you been doing? Well, brother it's good to see you back. Let's keep in touch. Tony the Marine 22:40, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Talmudic aramean wikipedia
Shalom Rav,

Y a-t-il eu à votre connaissance une proposition de créer une wikipédia en araméen talmudique, où seraient développés des sougyot, des halakhot, etc. ?

Bien à vous--Inyan 17:50, 21 March 2007 (UTC) P.S : comment se fait-il que le modèle:Tmr n'existe pas en français ?

Busy
Teaching, taking classes, and of course, community activism. I'm looking forward to some wiki time this summer though. Maybe even over spring break. Gusto en ver que sigues vivo. 8)--Rockero 21:25, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

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This newsletter was automatically delivered because you are a member of one or more Judaism related WikiProjects. If you would like to opt out of future mailings, please remove your name from this list. As always, please direct all questions, comments, requests, barnstars, offers of help, and angry all-caps anti-semitic rants to my talk page. Thanks, and have a great month. L'Aquatique [ approves | this | message  ] 20:31, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

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WikiProject Mexican Americans Tagged As Inactive
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Help with assessing an article
I came across an article concerning a Mexican man accused of crimes he was never tried for or found guilty. I am uncertain if it should be deleted or not. Can you let me know what your thoughts are on this: Mario Alberto Sulú Canché
 *  Bfpage |leave a message 13:29, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Joaquin Murietta


text:
User talk:Knave75

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 * Tell us about you

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 19:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

You still editing?
Hi, I ran into you a while back at the Ian Bush article. Noticed you haven't been contributing much lately. If you're still interested in contributing, but don't know where to start, you can look around the wikiprojects to see if one of them is related to something you're interested in. Sancho 18:55, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Knave75


text:
User talk:Serenome

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers such as yourself:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 19:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * ''Replied at User talk:Spinboy/Archive 3 (Thanks Spin)

Mtnbox information
My information for the Mtnboxes mostly comes from a spreadsheet I compiled some years ago, but that's derived from publicly available information. For the translations, I use my own (very limited) knowledge of Welsh, and a pretty good online dictionary (I like the fact that it's listed under /fun/ !). The relative heights can be deduced from the OS maps, but it's a bit time-consuming; I think the data's online somewhere (TACiT press, for instance). I always use the OS Getamap (click on a grid ref in any other infobox to get there) for the local information: where paths go to and from, nearby towns and villages, presence of hill forts, etc.. This can also be used to get a grid reference. Strangely, the OS gives spot heights in feet for scales above 1:50000, so you can even do the conversion from metres to feet using Getamap. I think you know the rest already; "listings" have to be deduced manually, or by seeing "What links here" (since there are lists of Hewitts and Marilyns for England and Wales, and lists of Corbetts, Munros and Marilyns for Scotland). There are plenty of other add-ins available to the Mtnbox, but which we don't use on the British hills much, like the "first ascent", "last eruption" and so on, but there could be possibilities for geology, lat/long coordinates and so on. I hope this helps you (and perhaps inspires you to continue south to the hills around Llangollen). If you think it would be helpful, I can send you my spreadsheet if you send me an email with your address. It includes all the relative heights, for instance. Another source would be the Yahoo! group mentioned at topographic prominence, although you have to join to get access to the data. --Stemonitis 08:11, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ''Replied at User talk:Stemonitis

 * Just to add, I get my info from [TACit tables http://bubl.ac.uk/org/tacit/tables/]. Grinner 10:42, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ''Replied at User talk:Grinner

 * Some of my info comes from --Mark J 16:46, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Penycloddiau

The article Penycloddiau has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Does not satisfy the inclusion criteria for a stand-alone article. WP:N

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You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Quable (talk) 21:02, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Penycloddiau for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Penycloddiau, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

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You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Quable (talk) 19:15, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Serenome


text:
Y-homeomorphism

In mathematics, the y-homeomorphism, or crosscap slide, is a special type of auto-homeomorphism in non-orientable surfaces.

It can be constructed by sliding a Möbius band included on the surface around an essential 1-sided closed curve until the original position; thus it is necessary that the surfaces have genus greater than one. The projective plane $${\mathbb RP}^2$$ has no y-homeomorphism.

title: Y-homeomorphism


text:
Issay Dobrowen

Issay Alexandrovich Dobrowen (Исай Александрович Добровейн; 27 February 1891 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire – 9 December 1953, Oslo, Norway), born Itschok Zorachovitch Barabeitchik, was a Russian/Soviet-Norwegian pianist, composer and conductor. He left the Soviet Union in 1922 and became a Norwegian citizen in 1929.

Biography
He studied at the Moscow Conservatory, his teachers including Konstantin Igumnov and Sergei Taneyev, graduating with a gold medal. He taught from 1917–1921 at the Moscow Philharmonic Conservatory. He once played Beethoven's Sonata Appassionata for Vladimir Lenin, this sonata being the revolutionary's favorite piece of music. Dobrowen directed the first German performance of Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov (Dresden, 1922). Dobrowen went on to conduct the Oslo Philharmonic orchestra (1928–31), at the Sofia Opera (1927–28), and the San Francisco Symphony (1931–34) and the Gothenburg Symphony (1941–53) orchestras.

Dobrowen worked with both Nikolai Medtner and Artur Schnabel, among other well-known musicians. He was also a close friend of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky, and the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen. He conducted his last concert with the Oslo Philharmonic in December 1952. His last concert was held on 19 January 1953, when he conducted the Stuttgart Orchestra. He died 9 December 1953 in Oslo at the age of 62.

Compositions
He wrote piano music reminiscent of Sergei Rachmaninoff. Interest in Dobrowen as a composer has started to increase, thanks to a small number of new recording projects, involving the editing and collation of orchestral parts for his Piano Concerto in C♯ minor, Op. 20, which he himself played in a number of countries. As well as the concerto, whose style and orchestration recall Medtner, Rachmaninoff and Alexander Scriabin, three of his piano sonatas and a violin sonata have also appeared on disc in recent times.

title: Issay Dobrowen


text:
Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)

Sergei Rachmaninoff composed his Piano Concerto No. 1 in F♯ minor, Op. 1, in 1891, at age 17-18 (the first two movements were completed while he was still 17; the third movement and the orchestration were completed shortly after he had turned 18). He dedicated the work to Alexander Siloti. He revised the work thoroughly in 1917.

Instrumentation

 * 2 flutes
 * 2 oboes
 * 2 clarinets
 * 2 bassoons
 * 4 french horns
 * 2 trumpets
 * 3 trombones
 * Percussions
 * String instruments
 * Solo piano

Structure
The work is in three movements:

1. Vivace (F♯ minor)
 * This contrast with the later works can be heard from the opening bars, where a brass fanfare precedes a flourish of double octaves and chords on the piano – a musical gesture similar to the Schumann and Grieg piano concertos. This flourish occurs later in the movement, as well, an important factor in the symmetry of the movement. The main theme (like the other themes in this work common to both versions) is short by Rachmaninoff's standards but already shows the sequential devices and arch-like design inherent in his later works.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

2. Andante cantabile (D major) [1917 version: andante]
 * This reflective nocturne is only 74 bars long. The texture is less cumbersome in the revised version; the harmonies remain the same but are enlivened by occasional chromatic notes.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

3. Allegro scherzando (F♯ minor → F♯ major) [1917 version: allegro vivace]
 * Rachmaninoff replaced an initially drab opening with a fortissimo passage alternating between time signatures of and . This movement is in sonata-rondo form, in which the development is a lengthy section in E-flat major. A maestoso reemergence of the concerto's main theme was eliminated. In the original version he had attempted to use this theme in an upward sequential treatment similar to what he would do later in the Second and Third Concertos. The problem here was that the theme did not lend itself so easily to this treatment, thus sounding contrived. It also came too late in the movement to have the right expansive effort prevalent in the other concertos.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

First version
This was actually Rachmaninoff's second attempt at a piano concerto. In 1889 he had begun but abandoned a concerto in C minor (the same key, incidentally, in which he would later write his Second Piano Concerto). He wrote Natalya Skalon on 26 March 1891, "I am now composing a piano concerto. Two movements are already written; the last movement is not written, but is composed; I shall probably finish the whole concerto by the summer, and then in the summer orchestrate it" He finished composing and scoring the piece on July 6 and was satisfied with what he had written. The first movement was premiered on 17 March 1892 at the Moscow Conservatoire, with the composer as soloist and Vasily Safonov conducting. This may have been the only time the composer played the concerto in its original form, although Siloti, to whom it is dedicated, programmed it to play himself on several occasions.

Composition students were usually advised to base their efforts on a specific model for their first exercises in new forms. In Rachmaninoff's case this was the Grieg Piano Concerto, which was a favorite work of his and one with which he had been familiar from Siloti practicing it at the Rachmaninoff household during the spring and summer of 1890 for future concerts. Rachmaninoff adapted the entire musical structure of the outer movements to the Grieg concerto, literally building his music into it. With all his other concertos, Rachmaninoff would prove more enterprising.

Revision and current structure
The public was already familiar with the Second and Third Concertos before Rachmaninoff revised the First in 1917. The First is very different from his later works; in exchange for less memorable melodies, this concerto incorporates elements of youthful vivacity and impetuosity.

The differences between the 1890–1891 original and the 1917 revision reveal a tremendous amount about the composer's development in the intervening years. There is a considerable thinning of texture in the orchestral and piano parts and much material that made the original version diffuse and episodic is removed.

Of all the revisions Rachmaninoff made to various works, this one was perhaps the most successful. Using an acquired knowledge of harmony, orchestration, piano technique and musical form, he transformed the early composition into a concise, spirited work. Nevertheless, he was perturbed that the revised work did not become popular with the public. He said to Alfred Swan, "I have rewritten my First Concerto; it is really good now. All the youthful freshness is there, and yet it plays itself so much more easily. And nobody pays any attention. When I tell them in America that I will play the First Concerto, they do not protest, but I can see by their faces that they would prefer the Second or Third."

Manuscript version

 * Alexandre Ghindin, pianist, with Vladimir Ashkenazy conducting the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 2001 (first recording)

1917 version

 * Sergei Rachmaninoff, pianist, with Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra, recorded in 1941.
 * Byron Janis, pianist, with Fritz Reiner conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1957.
 * Philippe Entremont, pianist, with Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra, recorded in 1958.
 * Sviatoslav Richter, pianist, with Kurt Sanderling conducting the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 1959.
 * Byron Janis, pianist, with Kirill Kondrashin conducting the Moscow Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1962.
 * Earl Wild, pianist, with Jascha Horenstein conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 1965.
 * Tamás Vásáry, pianist, with Yuri Ahronovitch conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1975.
 * Peter Rösel, pianist, with Kurt Sanderling conducting the Berliner Sinfonie-Orchester, recorded in 1982.
 * Zoltán Kocsis, pianist, with Edo de Waart conducting the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1983.
 * Vladimir Ashkenazy, with Bernard Haitink conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra, recorded in 1986.
 * Mikhail Rudy, with Mariss Jansons conducting the St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 1993.
 * Krystian Zimerman, pianist, with Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1997.
 * Nikolai Lugansky, pianist, with Sakari Oramo and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 2003.
 * Stephen Hough, pianist, with Andrew Litton conducting the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 2004.
 * Leif Ove Andsnes, pianist, with Antonio Pappano conducting the Berliner Philharmoniker, recorded in 2005.
 * Boris Berezovsky, pianist, with Dmitri Liss conducting the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 2006.
 * Simon Trpčeski, pianist, with Vasily Petrenko conducting the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 2010.
 * Yuja Wang, pianist, with Gustavo Dudamel conducting the Los Angeles Philharmonic, recorded in 2023.

title: Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)


text:
SFPA

SFPA may stand for

 * the Science Fiction Poetry Association
 * the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency
 * the Student Free Press Association
 * Saint Francis University, located in Pennsylvania; abbreviation used to distinguish it from Saint Francis College, located in New York.

title: SFPA


text:
Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangement

In the jurisdiction of England and Wales, a Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangement (MAPPA) is an arrangement, set up in 2001, for the "responsible authorities" tasked with the management of registered sex offenders, violent and other types of sexual offenders, and offenders who pose a serious risk of harm to the public. The "responsible authorities" of the MAPPA include the National Probation Service, HM Prison Service and England and Wales Police Forces. MAPPA is coordinated and supported nationally by the Public Protection Unit within the National Offender Management Service. MAPPA was introduced by the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 and was strengthened under the Criminal Justice Act 2003.

Following the Criminal Justice Act 2003, Lay Advisors have been introduced to sit on Strategic Management Boards (SMBs) who have the strategic oversight of MAPPA. These are members of the public who have been selected to help with the development and monitoring of Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements and aim to boost public confidence in the arrangements. There should be two Lay Advisers on each SMB in England and Wales, a total of 84 nationally.

Assessment of offenders
The legislation requires a three-stage process for managing dangerous offenders. First, these three agencies in conjunction with partner agencies, such as social services and health agencies, need to identify three types of offender living in their area:

 * Category 1: Registered Sex Offenders (RSOs),
 * Category 2: All offenders who have received a custodial sentence of 12 months or more in prison for a sexual or violent offence and whilst they remain under Probation supervision.
 * Category 3: Anyone else who poses a "risk of serious harm to the public" who has received a conviction and whose risk would be better managed in a multi-agency setting.

An offender cannot be in more than one MAPPA Category, and if multiple offences are committed, they will default to the lowest number category. For instance, if an offender committed an attempted murder, but also committed a sexual assault, they would be a Category 1 offender rather than a Category 2 for the duration of their Sex Offender Registration. Following the completion of their registration, if they were still under Probation supervision/licence then they would become a Category 2 offender. If the supervision/licence had expired, then it would be up to the local area MAPPA if they qualify for Category 3 status.

The legislation then requires that the agencies conduct a formal risk assessment of each offender and allocate them to a tier of multi-agency management — known as level one, two or three.

 * Level One represents the normal inter-agency management of the offender in the community by one agency, with some liaison.
 * Level Two means that Multi Agency Public Protection meetings (MAPPs) will be held where the offender's management will be discussed between various parties involved in their case.
 * Level Three is essentially the same as Level Two, except that senior management representatives will be in attendance and greater resources are expected to be used in the management of the offender.

Level Three are sometimes called the "critical few". These are offenders posing the highest possible level of risk to the public and normally necessitates a specific case conference to pool unusual agency resources and ensure a strategically coordinated risk management plan. These might be predatory sex offenders, recidivist arsonists, extremely violent offenders, dangerously mentally ill offenders, domestic terrorists or people with dangerous personality disorders. At each MAPP meeting agencies have to share often confidential information, and will in many cases adopt a press strategy.

Risk assessment
Before a management plan is put in place a detailed risk assessment will take place to identify the circumstances and opportunities that are most likely to lead to a further serious offence in this particular offender and the steps that can help reduce this risk. This will study the offender's previous offending history, life circumstances, include psychological assessments (where relevant) and any work in prison that the offender has completed. The Police and the National Probation Service use a risk assessment tool called Risk Matrix 2000 which assesses the statistical likelihood of re-offending by adult male convicted sex offenders only. The Probation Service use a nationally validated risk assessment tool called OASys which help predict the likelihood and circumstances of future offending behaviour. For young offenders, the Youth Justice Board uses a system called ASSET which is specifically designed to understand the behaviours of offenders under the age of eighteen.

Management plan
A management plan is thus highly specific to each offender and their offending history, but might include any of the following:
 * Accommodation at an Approved Premises (AP) where the offender can be monitored.
 * A set of licence conditions such as having contact with children, or going within an exclusion zone in a town/city.
 * A Civil Order such as a Sex Offender Prevention Order (SOPO) to prevent the offender doing certain activities, such as not entering a town where a victim resides, not to have unsupervised contact with children.
 * A duty to report to an Offender Manager every week to undertake offending reduction counseling and work as part of their licence.
 * In some very extreme cases there may be covert monitoring of offenders to protect the public.
 * A disclosure of information to a member of the public for their protection.

The MAPPA system cannot guarantee the protection of the public as such, but can only "manage" the risks through the limited powers of each agency as effectively as possible. This means that all steps that can be legitimately taken by the agencies should be taken. MAPPA decision making is frequently fraught with dilemmas. For example, it is not uncommon for a MAPPA meeting to decide to disclose to a member of the public about an offender's risk to protect that individual or somebody else. However each time that a disclosure is made the Panel loses control of the way that information is used. Some sex offenders have been attacked and killed as a result of public animosity, and others "driven underground" where agencies cannot manage them at all.

Criticism of the MAPPA
Points of criticism of the MAPPA include:
 * Research has highlighted MAPPA arrangements are not uniformly applied and that standards, practice and procedure varies considerably between local areas.
 * Apart from a one-off payment two years ago, there has been no extra funding for police, probation or prisons, or indeed other agencies for dedicated resourcing of MAPPA work.
 * The law on information sharing is complex and confusing, and includes a meshing of human rights, data protection, common law and defamation legislation.
 * Evaluation mechanisms of MAPPA are in most agencies immature and still in process of development. It is therefore hard to know how much these measures are tangibly adding to public protection.
 * The focus has been on level three cases, but level two cases can be extremely dangerous as well, and there has often been little or no evaluation of the management of these cases in reporting mechanisms.
 * Recent research indicates that there is inadequate training and professional support for staff working in Public Protection Arrangements across many parts of the country.

Scotland
MAPPA in Scotland is based on the systems in place in England and Wales, with a few minor differences. The most noticeable of these is that in England and Wales the "responsible authority" is made up of the Probation Service, the Police Service and HM Prison Services; whereas in Scotland they are made up of the Police Service, Social Work Scotland, Scottish Prison Service and NHS Scotland.

The arrangements are much newer than in England and Wales and while they have the policy in place to take Category 2 offenders, they do not yet do so. It is anticipated that Category 2 offenders will not be under Scottish MAPPA until after 2009.

On 31 March 2009, there were a total of 2967 registered sex offenders (RSOs) resident in Scotland's communities (equating to 57.4 RSOs per 100,000 of the Scottish population), which whilst generally consistent with the previous year’s figures indicates a slight decrease from 31 March 2008, when the recorded figure was 3131.

Northern Ireland
The Multi-Agency Sex Offender Risk Assessment and Management (MASRAM) Arrangements were used in Northern Ireland. They were originally launched on 1 September 2001, but not to the same statutory footing as MAPPA in England and Wales. Following an inspection by Criminal Justice Inspection NI and a review of the circumstances around the re-offending by Trevor Hamilton and the death of Attracta Harron, it was announced that the MASRAM arrangements would be placed on a statutory footing and based on the MAPPA in England and Wales with the view to extend MASRAM to also cover what MAPPA calls Category 2 and 3.

Following the Criminal Justice (NI) Order 2008, from October 6, 2008, the MASRAM arrangements were placed on a statutory footing under a new name of the Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland (PPANI). PPANI is very similar to the England and Wales MAPPA with the only minor differences being that certain names are different. For instance, for what the England and Wales MAPPA calls a Multi-Agency Public Protection (MAPP) meeting, PPANI calls it a Local Area Public Protection Panel (LAPPP). Unlike MAPPA in Scotland, PPANI also has in place two members of the public as Lay Members on their Senior Management Boards.