text:
Talk:David Brin

Missing book
There's also a "non-fiction" book by Brin, or at least about the Uplift Universe (with input from Brin), about the various alien life forms of the setting, called something along the lines of "Contacting Aliens". --Peter Knutsen 03:10, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Contacting Aliens : An Illustrated Guide to David Brin's Uplift Universe, by David Brin, Kevin Lenagh. --Maru (talk) 03:54, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Libertarian cat
Hi, I removed the Libertarian cat from this article. There is no assertion in the article about any of Brin's political leanings. Of course, if anyone has a link to back this up please feel free to add it. --Deville (Talk) 23:39, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is because of his speech to the Libertarian Party, where he says in the intro to the web version, "In this particular case, well, I admit and avow to supporting many general concepts of libertarianism -- especially the empowerment of individual citizens to hold all elites accountable. (Like many groups, libertarians tend to define "elites" too narrowly.) Moreover, I've voted for a number of LP candidates over the years... while also supporting one of the major parties, when the chips are down. As a believer in agility and progress (see below) I see no point in limiting my range of tools. I'll listen to anybody with goodwill and interesting ideas about how to make a better world." --maru  (talk)  contribs 23:57, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I wanted to say that I remembered him saying he was a Libertarian, but I know that's not good enough for Wikipedia, so I found a ink to a quote: http://www.theadvocates.org/celebrities/david-brin.html. "That's how he described himself in the Prometheus Libertarian Sf newsletter (July 2000). He wrote: "The name I give my own brand of libertarianism [is] cheerful libertarianism!"" Put the cat back in, I guess.FlaviaR 07:46, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Picture
His picture says that it is "recent". Recent when? Please give a date. Strait 03:10, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It can;t be that recent, since this one, from 2006, shows distinctly whiter hair (& less). http://www.futureinreview.com/gallery2006/displayimage.php?pos=-120FlaviaR 07:41, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Themes in the "Uplift" stories
The section "Concerns and themes of his work" says "...the story of the (Uplift) series is Humanity's re-ordering and reconception of the universe through the genetic engineering of dolphins and chimpanzees to sentience" and is therefore an example of how "his primary focus is the impact on human society of technology man develops for himself". I think that's a misleading attempt to shoehorn the "Uplift" stories into a pattern that appears in some of Brin's other works - in particular the uplift of chimps and dolphins started before FTL travel and contact with galactic civilization but after the human race had committed itself to "repairing the world". There's much more evidence that the "Uplift" stories focus on themes which are conspicuous in Brin's Web site: the dangers of contact with more advanced races (his reservations about SETI); his dislike of stories which glorify elitist and backward-looking cultures (Star Wars and Lord of the Rings); the necessity and difficulty of holding the powerful to account for their actions; the dangers of the "rising mass frenzy of self-righteousness" (a good description of the Jophur). On the other hand I agree about the importance in the "Uplift" stories of "repairing the world" (humans share this with the "good" aliens and this converts the Thennanin from enemies to allies) and of law.

If I don't see well-founded objections within a month I'll edit "Concerns and themes of his work" accordingly.Philcha 00:10, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Why the Jophur hate Humans?
Could it be the Fisher-Price Rock-a-Stack toy? http://www.fisher-price.com/fp.aspx?st=2341&e=detail&pcat=bubrilliant&pid=23 The one I had way back when had a white center cone with a rounded point rather than the yellow center with flared top, and all the rings were solid color. The flared top (somewhat resembling a Jophur sensory cluster), yellow color (similar to their favorite somewhat non-lethal weapon, toporgic), and clear ring with beads (like a synth ring) would only irritate the stacks of fatty/waxy rings all the more. ;) It's obviously a tool used to indoctrinate Human infants to fight and dismember Jophur ring stacks! But seriously, I wonder if this toy had any role in Brin's concept of the Jophur aliens? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bizzybody (talk • contribs) 02:51, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yep. And the Tandu hate us for our genocidal demonization of arthropods, all the way from Beelzebub to Men in Black (even our few supporters accept that the number of arthropods killed by human inventions from the fly-swatter to Roach Motel exceeds by orders of magnitude the victims of Tandu wars of extermination). And the Soro blame the asteroid impact that  killed the dinosaurs on human guerillas (should that be "gorillas" since it was 65M years ago?), and are petitioning the Galactic Institute of Migration to declare a war of extermination against us as punishment for the environmental catastrophe caused by the impact. Philcha (talk) 21:08, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

bold
Why is the 'northern' in 'northern California' boldified? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.126.196.7 (talk) 04:05, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Removed links
I added two links at this page, one to brin-l.com which is the website for Brin-L, a mailing list nominally dedicated to discussing the works of David Brin, and one to the Alliance for Progress Encyclopedia, which is a fan-created encyclopedia for David Brin's Uplift Universe. All third-party information on both sites is there with permission from the owner (in this case: David Brin himself), and there really isn't any reason why these links were removed by the XLinkBot. So why did it happen anyway? I don't believe this should have happened.

Oddly enough, I've also added these links to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uplift_universe but they haven't (yet) been removed from that page.

Wiki Jeroen (talk) 19:56, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Mailing lists are not appropriate for an encyclopedia. Clarityfiend (talk) 03:40, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Out of Time
Oddly enough, there doesn't seem to be any information on David Brin's "Out of Time" series on this page. I would write it up, but I don't know much about it myself. 69.11.4.75 (talk) 04:53, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

More biographical info?
Brin's parents' names? How did they get to Glendale?

 * His father was Herb Brin, a publisher of Jewish newspapers in Los Angeles see http://www.davidbrin.com/herbbrin.htmlPedantrician (talk) 01:09, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Did he begat the children single-handledly or was there a human female involved?

Non-fiction section (and contributions to physics) need to be expanded.

Wasn't he employed somewhere at some time? It's odd to have him be an "American scientist" and not have any scientific employment mentioned up top.--LeValley 03:45, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Tikkun Olam
The article says:
 * Tikkun Olam ("repairing the world", i.e. people have a duty to make the world a better place) is originally a religious concept but Brin, like many non-orthodox Jews, has adapted this into a secular notion of working to improve the human condition.

That seems to imply that orthodox Jews do not believe in "working to improve the human condition." That is not true. Those actions fall under the concepts of Tzedakah, G'milut Chasadim, Kovod HaBriut, and many more. Religious and practical concepts have never been separated in Judaism. What is true is that Tikkun Olam does not technically mean what you say non-orthodox Jews are using it to mean. The literal translation would appear otherwise, but that is not how the term is used in the Talmud.Pedantrician (talk) 01:23, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

New novel: Existence
I just read an interview with Brin (http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/security-threats/2011/09/19/david-brin-state-secrecy-and-science-fiction-40093955/2/) where he says "The new novel Existence is out in June 2012." Is this worthy of mention on the page? Chris Dolan (talk) 14:57, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

It's noted that there is a connection between existence and the uplift novels. However, that is rather tenuous. Existence is a reworking of many of Brins short stories with minor changes and some seguways between them. The part where they touch upon the uplift of dolphins is for the most part the same story as "Aficianado". Similarly, other stories such as "Stones Of Significance" are included as well. (I personally found the lack of transition between the part based on Stones Of Significance" and the last part of the book jarring and lacking of necessary detail such that the reader was left with a feeling that part of the story was left out) I've never felt "Aficianado" was necessarily an uplift story as it's not clear whether this was Galactic Civilization earth or simply a story using similar themes. It does seem to postdate the Uplift books though so perhaps.

It's sometimes mentioned that the aliens mentioned in Stones Of Significance (and thus in Existence) appear to be Galactic races. This seems to simply be the author reusing the concepts of these races. The stories are quite different and seem rather incompatible. (In whichever works post dated the other) Thus existence is unlikely to be intended to take place in the Uplift continuity. That would imply perhaps that Aficianado is also not intended to take place in that continuity, otherwise, it makes little sense to include it as part of Existence as that novel appears to be a vehicle for weaving a collection of his former short stories into a larger narrative. (which does not appear reconcilable with the uplift stories)

Unused parameters
In the use of template Infobox writer there are 2 parameters that are no longer supported, they should be "move cited/citable instances into prose". influences = Aldous Huxley, James Joyce, Pericles influenced = James Wesley Rawles

Aisteco (talk) 23:09, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

Criticism
I would like to see some criticism of Brin's work, his methods, and his assertions.

-- Unsigned comment by User:72.225.170.9

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David.daileyatsrudotedu (talk) 03:40, 15 October 2015 (UTC) Would it be worth adding http://www.sigchi.org/chi2002/apPlenaries.html as one of his addresses somewhere? I contribute to Wikipedia so irregularly that I don't know the social protocol.

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title: Talk:David Brin


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Talk:Collinwood school fire

Doors and other Details
I found conflicting information on the doors. Some sites state that all doors opened inward, other noted that exterior doors opened outward while interior doors opened inward. Whatever the case, the fire was horrific and the outcome was better fire safety for schools Stu I attended the second school in the late 1960's. We were taught the history of the school and told that all the doors opened inward. Thus no one could get out.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Samiamh (talk • contribs) 04:52, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

Source of ignition
I simply can't believe that a fractured steam pipe could have caused this fire. The wood fuel article has a reference suggesting that the minimum ignition temperature is 300C. This would be superheated & therefore high pressure steam -not likely in a simple domestic heating application. I'm not familiar with US building regulations & comments would be appreciated. JRPG (talk) 17:10, 20 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I note Comfr has made a similar point. JRPG (talk) 17:17, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

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text:
One (Neal Morse album)

One is a Christian progressive rock concept album by multi-instrumentalist Neal Morse and his fourth studio album. Released in 2004, this was released as both a single-CD album and a special edition double-CD with deleted tracks and cover songs. The album is based on the Parable of the Prodigal Son.

The band is Neal, Mike Portnoy (Dream Theater), and Randy George (Ajalon) with guest Phil Keaggy.

Track listing
Credits adapted from CD booklet.

Restored track list
This is the track list as described by Neal Morse with bonus tracks in their original place.

Critical reception
In 2018, One was ranked number 3 all time in the Neal Morse discography behind Sola Scriptura and The Similitude of a Dream.

Personnel

 * Neal Morse – lead vocals, Keyboards, Guitars
 * Mike Portnoy – drums
 * Randy George – bass guitar

Technical personnel
 * Rich Mouser - mixing

Additional musicians and special guests

 * Phil Keaggy – Electric guitar solo in "The Creation" at 8:25, Acoustic guitar solo in "The Man's Gone (Reprise)", 2nd Lead Vocals on Cradle to the Grave.
 * Chris Carmichael – Violin, Viola, and Background Vocals
 * Gene Miller – Additional Vocals
 * Rick Altizer – Additional Vocals
 * Michael Thurman – French Horn
 * Rachel Rigdon – Violin
 * Hannah Vanderpool – Cello
 * Dave Jacques – String Bass
 * Jim Hoke – Saxophone
 * Neil Rosengarden – Trumpet
 * Bill Huber – Trombone
 * Glenn Caruba – Percussion
 * Aaron Marshall – Background Vocals
 * Missy Hale – Background Vocals

Release details

 * 2004, UK, Inside Out Music/Spv ?, Release Date 8 November 2004, CD
 * 2004, UK, Inside Out Music/Spv 6-93723-01182-0, Release Date 8 November 2004, CD (Special Edition 2-CD set)
 * 2004, USA, Radiant Records/Metal Blade ?, Release Date 2 November 2004, CD

title: One (Neal Morse album)


text:
Pe (text editor)

Pe, short for Programmer's Editor, is an open source text editor for the Be Operating System (BeOS), Haiku and other BeOS-like operating systems, targeted towards source-code editing. It is conceptually based on the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop and BBEdit, both of which are editing programs for the Mac OS.

It can work as a basic source-level HTML editor, with some HTML auto-completion support, automatic updating of files included within other files, and direct FTP integration.

Pe was written by the Dutch programmer Maarten Hekkelman, who also wrote BDB, the source-level debugger for the BeOS, and the spreadsheet Sum-It!, first for classic Mac OS and later BeOS where it was packaged by Beatware as half of BeBasics. Originally it was a commercial product sold on BeDepot for $50. Later after being open sourced, it came preloaded with the first alpha release of Haiku in 2009. Hekkelman also ported Pe to Macintosh under the name Pepper, until he ended development in 2002.

Pe was used to write the BeOS Bible, as well as In the Beginning... Was the Command Line by Neal Stephenson, both of which mention it.

title: Pe (text editor)


text: User talk:218.101.117.208

title: User talk:218.101.117.208


text:
Plaza del Sol (Mexico)

Plaza del Sol is one of the largest shopping malls in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, Mexico, located in the municipality of Zapopan. Built at the end of the sixties by the architect Alejandro Zohn, it was the first mall in Latin America. It is the largest outdoor mall in the city, located next to the Plaza Milenium and future Torrena. Current anchors are Suburbia, Soriana supermarket and Mundara (a branch of El Nuevo Mundo department store with specific branding).

The mall was anchored by an 8,255-square-meter Fábricas de Francia department store, opened in 1969 and rebranded briefly in 2018-9 as Liverpool before Liverpool closed it in September 2021 as it opened a new store at nearby Distrito La Perla, and reopened the building a month later on October 7, 2021, as a branch of Suburbia, also owned by the El Puerto de Liverpool group.

It is located a few blocks away from the Expo Guadalajara and the Guadalajara World Trade Center on one of the highest commercial areas of the city and rivals in importance with La Gran Plaza, Plaza Pabellón, Centro Magno and Galerías Guadalajara. A more recent competitor is Distrito La Perla which opened in 2021 only 1 km to the west.

title: Plaza del Sol (Mexico)


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Frog City Software

Frog City Software, Inc. was an American video game developer based in San Francisco, California. The company was founded in 1994 by Rachel Bernstein, Bill Spieth and Ted Spieth, acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 2003, became part of the 2K label in 2005, and was closed down in 2006.

History
Frog City Software was founded by Rachel Bernstein, Bill Spieth and Ted Spieth in 1994. In 2003, following the release of Tropico 2: Pirate Cove, Frog City Software was acquired by Take-Two Interactive. On January 25, 2005, Take-Two Interactive announced the opening of publishing label 2K, which would henceforth manage their development studios, including Frog City Software.

On June 6, 2006, Snow, a game about drug trafficking in development at Frog City Software at the time, was canceled. It was presumed that the move occurred as an immediate consequence of the 2005 Hot Coffee controversy. Frog City Software shut down later that year. Veterans of the studio established Sidecar Studios as a successor but disbanded a year later to pursue other interests.

Cancelled

 * Pantheon
 * Snow

title: Frog City Software


text: User talk:69.158.142.182

title: User talk:69.158.142.182


text: User talk:70.191.80.191

title: User talk:70.191.80.191


text:
World Series (disambiguation)

The World Series is the championship series of Major League Baseball. It may also refer to:

Professional baseball

 * Triple-A World Series, a contest in Minor League Baseball
 * Junior World Series, a former championship in Minor League Baseball, played from 1904–1975
 * Caribbean World Series
 * Negro World Series, a post-season baseball tournament which was held from 1924–1927 and from 1942–1948 between the champions of the Negro leagues, matching the mid-western winners against their east coast counterparts

Amateur baseball and softball

 * Men's College World Series, an annual baseball tournament held in Omaha, Nebraska that is the culmination of the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship, which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion
 * Women's College World Series, the final portion of the NCAA Division I Softball Championship for college softball in the United States
 * Pony League World Series, a baseball tournament for children aged 14 and under
 * Little League World Series, a baseball tournament for children aged 11 to 12 years old
 * Little League Softball World Series
 * Intermediate League World Series
 * Junior League World Series
 * Junior League World Series (softball), a softball tournament for girls aged between 13 and 14
 * Senior League World Series
 * Big League World Series

Baseball video games

 * World Series Baseball (video game) for the Sega Genesis
 * World Series Baseball 2K2 for the Xbox
 * Intellivision World Series Baseball, a baseball sports game (1983), designed by Don Daglow and Eddie Dombrower and published by Mattel for the Intellivision Entertainment Computer System

Aquatic sports

 * FINA Diving World Series
 * FINA Marathon Swim World Series
 * FINA Artistic Swimming World Series (for synchronised swimming)

Auto racing

 * Champ Car World Series
 * World Series by Renault, formerly called the World Series by Nissan

Card games

 * World Series of Blackjack, a televised blackjack tournament created and produced by the cable network GSN
 * World Series of Poker, a world-renowned series of poker tournaments held annually in Las Vegas and, since 2005, sponsored by Harrah's Entertainment

Cricket

 * World Series Cricket, held from 1977–1979
 * World Series Cup, held from 1979–1996

Indoor sports

 * Heavyweight World Series, a series of professional boxing matches held in 1986 and 1987
 * World Netball Series, an international netball competition that was contested for the first time in October 2009
 * World Series of Darts (2006 tournament), a Professional Darts Corporation event in 2006
 * World Series of Darts, a Professional Darts Corporation series starting in 2013
 * World Series of Beer Pong, the largest Beer pong tournament in the world in number of participants and cash prizes offered
 * World Series of Boxing (WSB) is an international boxing competition for amateur boxers
 * World Series of Snooker, an international snooker tournament series

Other contests

 * ATP World Series, original name for the ATP International Series in men's tennis
 * World Club Series, annual rugby league test series between clubs from the Australasian National Rugby League and Super League
 * World Rugby Sevens Series, a series of men's rugby tournaments
 * World Rugby Women's Sevens Series, a series of women's rugby tournaments
 * World Series of Football (1902–1903), a series of football games played indoors at New York's Madison Square Garden in 1902 and 1903
 * World Series of Football (1950), the unified championship of the National Football League and All-America Football Conference
 * NEC World Series of Golf, a former PGA Tour event
 * World Series of Golf (unofficial event), an annual golf competition
 * The World Series of Pop Culture, a VH1 game show tournament program sponsored by Alltel Wireless, based on Entertainment Weekly's Pop Culture Quiz
 * World Series of Soccer, initially a series of senior international soccer matches held by USSF between 1991 and 1994
 * World Series Wrestling

Miscellaneous

 * World Series of Rock, a concert series
 * World Series of Country Music Proudly Presents Stock Car Racing's Entertainers of the Year, a 1985 concept album featuring 22 NASCAR drivers

title: World Series (disambiguation)


text: User talk:194.46.230.53

title: User talk:194.46.230.53


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/STILL REFUSES TO SAY SORRY

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 11:45, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

STILL REFUSES TO SAY SORRY
non encyclopaedic Xtra 03:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV rant against John Howard. Zach (Sound Off) 03:18, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as attack page? Ashibaka (tock) 03:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Not encyclopedic at all, as well as biased and POV. NickBush24 03:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Edit: Forgot to mention this, but the very fact that the article name is in all caps doesn't exactly indicate scholarliness, if you ask me. NickBush24 09:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as an attack page.  [ edit ] 03:33, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is not a speedy candidate, because it's not "short". Compare with the example given ""OMFG! Joe Random is a l0ser n00bface lolol!!!11")." A page like this could easily contain material worth merging or keep. 03:42, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Our Stolen Generation discusses this issue at length and with sources. Our National Sorry Day while a stub covers the same ground. There is nothing in this article worth merging and a redirect is pointless because noone is going to search for an article with that title especially in All Caps. Capitalistroadster 03:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Capitalistroadster. Qaz  ( talk ) 06:05, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, personal attack. — J I P | Talk 06:51, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although I'm not a fan of my nation's leader, this article attacking John Howard is pointless, unencyclopedic, and a waste of space. Saberwyn 08:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As per Capitalistroadster, Delete. Uncle G 12:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Capitalistroadster.--Isotope23 15:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

The result of the debate was Speedied as an attack page. android 79  00:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kappa correctly pointed out that the attack-page criterion applies to short articles, which this was not. I've undeleted and reopened the AfD. Oh, and Delete, POV rant. android  79  01:25, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So if I write an article in which I call a person every euphamism for "penis" imaginable (and there are thousands) it doesn't get speedied because it's not short??? Come on. Kappa should find a better use for his time. I'm gonna go get high. Don't be surprised if I speedy this when I get back. -R. fiend 01:41, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If it had no potentially useful content, it wouldn't meet the criteria, but I wouldn't nag people about it... Kappa 02:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't be surprised if I don't complain if you do. Enjoy your plant-based recreation. android  79  02:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * IMO the speedy was appropriate. This is an attack page, and as pointed out above, useful content already exists elsewhere.  Speedy delete, or do it slowly if we must.  Friday (talk) 01:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is a POV rant, but it doesn't really qualify as an attack page. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV rant. Perhaps mention event briefly in Stolen generation if any of it can be verified (I doubt if the nosepicking detail is true, for example), and then delete this. -- The Anome 09:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV rant, detracting from this resource as a reputable encyclopedia. Perhaps something can be salvaged to merge into Stolen Generation. MulgaBill 11:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, otherwise move to elsewhere such as Talk:Stolen Generation -- Zondor 15:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey guys, i wrote this page. would it be ok if it was merged to part of stolen generation pages. I believe that the issue of the howard government's refusal to say sorry has not been sufficiently cataloged by this encyclopedia. It is quite important to this aboriginal history of australia, just as important truganini and namatjira. that's why i placed it here. (posted by user:130.194.13.102 talk)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Romanian nouns

Romanian nouns, under the rules of Romanian grammar, are declined, varying by gender, number, and case.

Gender
An intrinsic property of Romanian nouns, as in all Romance languages, is their gender. However, while most Romance languages have only two genders, masculine and feminine, Romanian also has neuter gender. In Latin, the neuter is a separate gender, requiring all determiners to have three distinct forms, such as the adjective bona, bonus, bonum (meaning good). Comparatively, Romanian neuter is a combination of the other two genders. More specifically, in Romanian, neuter nouns behave in the singular as masculine nouns and in the plural as feminine nouns. As such, all noun determiners and all pronouns only have two possible gender-specific forms instead of three. From this perspective, it's possible to say that in Romanian there are really just two genders, masculine and feminine, and the category labeled as neuter contains nouns whose gender switches with the number. This class of neuter nouns are also known as eterogene or 'heterogenous', as ambigene meaning 'ambigenous' or 'of both kinds ,' or mixed nouns.

Depending on gender, otherwise similar nouns will inflect differently. For example, the nouns "câine" (dog, compare Latin canis) and "pâine" (bread, compare Latin panis) have phonetically identical endings in the main form (nominative singular), but the former is a masculine noun, while the latter is feminine. For this reason, when inflected they behave in very different manners:

 * definite article: "câinele" (the dog) - "pâinea" (the bread);
 * plural, with definite article: "câinii" (the dogs) - "pâinile" (the loaves of bread);
 * genitive/dative: "câinelui" (of/to the dog) - "pâinii" (of/to the bread).

Also, the gender of a noun determines the morphology of most determiners, such as articles, adjectives, demonstratives, numerals. The two nouns taken as examples above will give:

 * indefinite article: "un câine" (a dog) - "o pâine" (a loaf of bread);
 * adjective: "câine alb" (white dog) - "pâine albă" (white bread);
 * determinative demonstrative: "acest câine" (this dog) - "această pâine" (this bread);
 * determinative possessive pronoun: "câinele meu" (my dog) - "pâinea mea" (my bread);
 * cardinal numeral: "doi câini" (two dogs) - "două pâini" (two loaves of bread), etc.

While in many cases assigning the correct gender may be facilitated by the noun ending or meaning, the distinction is usually difficult for those learning Romanian as a second language. For natives, the one-two test is practically infallible: Saying "un câine - doi câini" makes it clear, by the form of the determining numerals, that "câine" is masculine. When the numerals take the forms "o ... - două ..." the noun in question is feminine, and finally the forms "un ... - două ..." are indicative of a neuter noun.

Gender assignment: phonetic
The following phonetic rules can be used, to some degree, to infer the grammatical gender for nouns when these are in their nominative singular form, and without any determiner that could help in recognizing the gender.

 * Nouns ending in a consonant or in vowel or semivowel u are almost always masculine or neuter:
 * masculine: "om" (man, human being), "copil" (child), "bou" (ox, bull);
 * neuter: "ac" (needle), "drum" (road), "ou" (egg), "lucru" (thing, job);
 * feminine proper nouns of foreign origin or diminutives: "Carmen", "Corinuș" (diminutive from "Corina"), "Catrinel", "Lulu."
 * Nouns ending in ă are feminine with very few exceptions:
 * feminine: "fată" (girl), "piatră" (stone), "haină" (coat);
 * masculine: "tată" (father), "popă" (priest);
 * Nouns ending in stressed a (including those ending in stressed ea or ia) are feminine:
 * "sofa" (sofa), "cafea" (coffee), "nuia" (wicker).
 * Nouns ending in e are generally feminine, but many masculine and a few neuter exceptions exist:
 * feminine: "carte" (book), "femeie" (woman), "mare" (sea), "cheie" (key);
 * masculine: "frate" (brother), "iepure" (hare, rabbit), "perete" (wall);
 * neuter: "nume" (name).
 * Nouns ending in i are mostly masculine or neuter, with some feminine exceptions:
 * masculine: "ochi" (eye), "pui" (chicken), "unchi" (uncle);
 * neuter: "unghi" (angle), "ceai" (tea), "cui" (nail), "nai" (Pan's pipe);
 * feminine: "zi" (day), "tanti" (aunt).

These rules can be further refined when the noun is recognized as being derived from other words by use of specific endings, as follows:

 * Masculine nouns:
 * -ist: "chimist" (chemist), "jurnalist" (journalist);
 * -an, -ian: "american" (American), "fizician" (physicist);
 * -or, -tor: "profesor" (teacher, professor), "muncitor" (worker);
 * -ez: "englez" (Englishman), "chinez" (Chinese);
 * -ar: "demnitar" (statesman), "fierar" (blacksmith);
 * others: "geamgiu" (glazier), "paznic" (guard), "frizer" (hairdresser), "român" (Romanian), etc.
 * Neuter nouns:
 * -ism: "capitalism" (capitalism), "arhaism" (archaism);
 * -ment, -mânt: "amuzament" (amusement), "abonament" (subscription), "învățământ" (education) - but "ferment" (ferment) is masculine;
 * -ut, -it, -at, derived from the past participle of verbs: "început" (beginning), "trecut" (past), "sfârșit" (end), "morărit" (milling), "uscat" (land), "oftat" (sigh);
 * -aj: "sondaj" (poll), "garaj" (garage), "afișaj" (display).
 * Feminine nouns:
 * -oare, -toare: "onoare" (honor), "înotătoare" (swimmer) - but "soare" is masculine;
 * -are, -ere, -ire, -âre, derived from the long infinitive of verbs: "salvare" (ambulance), "plăcere" (pleasure), "amintire" (recollection), "hotărâre" (decision);
 * -siune/tiune, abstract nouns: "emisiune" (broadcast, TV show), "versiune" (version), "dimensiune" (dimension), "chestiune" (question);
 * -tate, abstract nouns: "libertate" (liberty, freedom), "greutate" (difficulty), "calitate" (quality), "rapiditate" (quickness);
 * -tudine, abstract nouns: "longitudine" (longitude),"latitudine" (latitude);
 * others: "bucurie" (joy), etc.

Gender assignment: semantic
Rules other than phonetic can be used when the meaning of the noun is known or at least its semantic group is recognized. In this category obvious examples are proper names of people, or nouns designating nationality, profession, etc. Nouns referring to animals and birds are always specific to their biological gender, and often occur in pairs the same way as we have cow and bull in English. Less obvious situations are described below.

 * Masculine nouns:
 * most tree names: "brad" (fir), "stejar" (oak), "mesteacăn" (birch), but some are feminine: "salcie" (willow), "magnolie" (magnolia);
 * mountains and mountain chains, often in the plural: "Carpați" (Carpathians), "Bucegi," "Retezat," "Făgăraș". (Because mountains are naturally referred to as, e.g., "the Carpathian mountains", and "mountain" is masculine, its gender "bleeds" to the proper noun, as if it were an adjective; it is possible to construct feminine versions of these names, though they are not used. This often happens for other notable reliefs.)
 * others: months of the year, letters of the alphabet, musical notes, figures, etc.
 * Feminine nouns:
 * names of countries and continents when they end in a: "Franța" (France), "Japonia" (Japan), "America" (America), otherwise they are neuter: "Mexic" (Mexico), "Vietnam" (Vietnam);
 * the seasons of the year: "vară" (summer), "iarnă" (winter);
 * the days of the week: "luni" (Monday), "duminică" (Sunday). (The word for day is feminine, "zi".)

Number
Like all Indo-European languages, Romanian differentiates morphologically the singular and the plural number of nouns. Within the Romance languages, regarding the plural formation, Romanian falls in the group East from the La Spezia–Rimini Line together with Italian. As such, the plural is formed by the addition or change of the final vowel of the singular noun, very often accompanied by other vocalic and/or consonantic shifts in the noun stem, consonant deletion, and/or the interposition of other phonemes. Occasionally, the plural noun has the same form as the singular. A few nouns are defective by missing either the singular or the plural. Finally, some nouns can form the plural in several ways, depending on the meaning. To illustrate, here are just a few examples:

 * simple vocalic addition: "elev" - "elevi" (school student);
 * simple vocalic replacement: "mamă" - "mame" (mother);
 * vocalic shift in the stem: "măr" - "mere" (apple);
 * consonantic shift in the stem: "perete" - "pereți" (wall);
 * consonant deletion in the stem: "cal" - "cai" (horse);
 * interposition of other phonemes: "cap" - "capete" (head);
 * unchanged plural: "unchi" - "unchi" (uncle);
 * singular only: "rouă" (dew);
 * plural only: "grâne" (grain/crops)
 * multiple plural forms: "cap" - "capete" / "capi" / "capuri" (head / leader / cape);

Most Romanian plural nouns, in their nominative non-articulated forms, end in "i" with another large category ending in "e". Only some recent borrowings make up the very few exceptions to this rule, which seems to be a very stable feature of the language. Among the old Romanian nouns the only exception is "ou" (egg), which makes the plural "ouă".

Morphologically, the plural is built by using one of the following four endings: -i, -uri, -e, and -(e)le. Of these, the last one used to have few representatives, such as "stea" - "stele" (star) and "nuia" - "nuiele" (wicker). Subsequent borrowings enlarged this group, in particular a series of nouns from Turkish ending in stressed "a" which were assigned to the feminine gender (although Turkish nouns do not have gender).

Plural formation
Like the gender, the plural formation is an intrinsic property of the noun, and is acquired by native speakers one by one together with the respective noun. The tables below show the plural formation modes for nouns according to their gender, in the non-articulated nominative/accusative case. The asterisk (*) indicates irregular plural formation, requiring the insertion of consonants belonging neither to the stem nor to the plural ending, the deletion of stem consonants, or some unusual vocalic shifts.

Pronunciation of plural endings
In writing, all masculine nouns and part of the feminine and neuter nouns end in letter "i" in the plural. However, this letter can correspond phonetically to either vowel, semivowel , or non-syllabic (see Romanian phonology). The exact pronunciation depends on the preceding phonemes:

 * after a vowel, it is pronounced as semivowel, as in
 * "lei" (lions),
 * "văi" (valleys),
 * "exerciții" (exercises);
 * after a consonant or consonant group, it is pronounced as non-syllabic, as in
 * "frați" (brothers),
 * "bărci" (boats),
 * "locuri" (places);
 * after a consonant group, in nouns that require an additional syllable, it is pronounced as vowel . The need of an additional syllable is phonetic, and is indicated in the masculine singular by the presence of vowel . Examples:
 * "codru" - "codri"  (forest),
 * "zimbru" - "zimbri"  (wisent),
 * but "tanti" (both pl. and sg., aunt).

The plural ending "e" is always a vowel and does not represent a pronunciation problem.

Despite many plural endings changing the number of syllables in the nouns, the word stress does not generally shift. The only exceptions are a few irregular nouns such as: "soră" - "surori"  (sister) and, "noră"  - "nurori"  (daughter-in-law).

Case
Syntactically, Romanian nouns can be in any of five grammatical cases:

 * nominative, when the noun is the subject;
 * accusative, when the noun is the direct object, often also required by prepositions;
 * genitive, when the noun shows the possessor;
 * dative, when the noun shows the receiver of an action;
 * vocative, when the noun shows the (usually animate) addressee of what is said.

The short definitions above are only an approximate indication of the actual usage. Here are some examples with the noun "băiat" (boy) in the various cases:

Indefinite article (a, an, some)

Morphologically, the five cases are expressed by giving the nouns three different forms. The nominative and the accusative share the same form, the distinction being made from the context, word order, or by the use of particular prepositions. Similarly, the genitive and the dative share the same form, distinguished syntactically or by the presence of possession articles when the nouns are in the genitive case. The vocative is less used than the other four, because it is limited to people, animals, or other things that can be addressed.

Comparatively, other Romance languages, although maintaining a syntactic distinction between cases, have reduced them to a single form and replaced morphological variation with the use of specific prepositions. Latin used to have up to seven cases, the Romanian five plus the ablative and the locative.

The case mark is always applied to the article, definite or indefinite, that determines the noun, and sometimes also to the noun itself. The indefinite article, like its English counterpart, is placed before the noun as a separate word, and has in Romanian different forms for the nominative/accusative and for the genitive/dative (the vocative cannot be determined by an indefinite article). On the other hand, the Romanian definite article is always appended as an ending (see enclitic). As the plural mark and the case mark are attached also at the end of the word, the declension becomes a complex process of combining all three endings: The definite article has special forms for the various cases and numbers, and is placed after the plural mark with possible phonetic changes to make the word easily pronounceable.

The table below gives the complete paradigm of the masculine noun "bou" (ox).

Declension with the indefinite article
The general rule for the declension of nouns when they are accompanied by the indefinite article is that the article changes form and the noun keeps its main (nominative) form at all cases. The only exception is the singular of feminine nouns in the genitive/dative forms: they use their respective plural nominative forms in addition to inflecting the indefinite article. The tables below give a few examples. Three nouns from each gender were chosen as representatives:
 * masculine "pom" (tree), "frate" (brother), "tată" (father);
 * neuter "loc" (place), "scaun" (chair), "exercițiu" (exercise);
 * feminine "casă" (house), "floare" (flower), "cafea" (coffee).

Declension with the definite article
In the singular, in the nominative/accusative case, the definite article is -(u)l or -le for masculine and neuter nouns and (u)a for feminine nouns. When these forms are changed for the genitive/dative case, the definite article becomes -lui for masculine and neuter nouns and -i for feminine. To obtain these forms, the definite article for masculine and neuter simply affix the ending -ui after consonant l (after removing vowel e where it exists). In the case of feminine nouns, the genitive/dative is derived not from the singular but from the plural non-articulated forms, by adding a semivocalic -i at the end.

In the plural, in the nominative/accusative case, the definite article is -ii for masculine nouns, and -le for neuter and feminine nouns. To put these forms into genitive/dative the masculine definite article is changed into -ilor, and the neuter and feminine definite article is changed into -lor.

Nouns with definite article can also be in the vocative case. In the singular, nouns are either left in their nominative/accusative forms, or given the endings specific to gender: -le for masculine and neuter nouns, and -o for feminine nouns.

The tables below show examples using the same nouns as previously.

For the vocative, the square brackets are used where the respective forms can be imagined, but are not normally used. Additionally, some nouns can have two versions of vocative which can express slightly different attitudes toward the person (animal, thing, etc.) that is being addressed. For example, "iubit" (lover) has two vocative forms: "iubite" and "iubitule". The first sounds more direct and might be found in poems and song lyrics (Oh, my darling!), while the second sounds more natural in everyday life (Honey!) (Compare "my dear" in English which normally expresses close intimacy but is reduced to a mere formality when followed by the person's name: 'My dear Mr Smith').

The genitive/dative forms require a special mention in the case of proper nouns representing people's names. For men's names, the inflection is replaced by placing the article lui before the noun, as a separate word.

 * Am citit poeziile lui Eminescu de nenumărate ori. (I've read Eminescu's poems countless times.)
 * I-am dat lui Mihai prăjitura ta. (I gave your cake to Mihai.)

The same construction is sometimes applied to women's names, but the practice is considered by prescriptive grammar as incorrect, with the exception of feminine proper nouns that have a masculine-like ending:

 * fusta Mariei / *fusta lui Maria (Mary's skirt)
 * fusta lui Carmen / *fusta Carmenei (Carmen's skirt)

For proper nouns other than those referring to people, the genitive is constructed by inflection, like the common nouns.

Case usage
The following subsections describe the usage of each case.

Nominative
Nominative is the case of the subject and of the predicate nominal. Here are some examples:

 * Subject:
 * Apa trece, pietrele rămân. (Water passes, rocks remain .)
 * Poștașul sună întotdeauna de două ori. (The postman always rings twice.)
 * Mă doare capul. (I have a headache. - lit. The head hurts me.)
 * Îmi plac merele. (I like apples - lit. Apples please me.)
 * Predicate nominal:
 * Fotografia este o artă. (Photography is an art.)
 * Ochii sunt oglinda sufletului. (The eyes are the soul's mirror.)
 * Roma a devenit un imperiu. (Rome became an empire.)

Genitive
Genitive usually indicates possession or belonging, but is also used to show origin and others kinds of relationship. Additionally, while most prepositions require the noun they determine to take the accusative, there are some exceptions in which the genitive (or the dative) is required.

The genitive is most often used in the pattern noun for possessed + noun for possessor, with the noun denoting the possessor in the genitive case, like for example "balonul copilului" means child's balloon (lit. the balloon of the child). In such a construction, if the possessed ("balonul", the balloon) has the definite article attached to it—the most usual situation—and the possessor ("copilului", of the child) comes immediately after, no other words are necessary to express the genitival relationship.

 * Ochii bunicului sunt albaștri. (Grandfather's eyes are blue.)
 * Fiul vecinilor intră mereu în bucluc. (The neighbors' son always gets into trouble.)

In any other construction involving the genitive, a possessive article must be used, corresponding roughly to the English "of the". This can happen (1) when the possessed has the indefinite article, (2) when other words intervene between the two parts, or (3) when the possessed and possessor switch order in the sentence. The possessive article must agree in number and gender with the possessed, and has the forms below.

 * Indefinite article:
 * Era un mare iubitor al artelor. (He was a great art lover. - lit. lover of the arts)
 * Au participat și reprezentanți ai guvernului. (Government representatives also took part. - lit. representatives of the government)
 * Intervening words:
 * Diametrul apparent al Lunii este egal cu al Soarelui. (The Moon's apparent diameter is equal to the Sun's.)
 * Așa scrie în lecția 10 a manualului. (This is what lesson 10 in the textbook says. - lit. lesson 10 of the textbook)
 * Reversal of possessed and possessor, especially in poetry:
 * Al vieții vis de aur ca un fulger, ca o clipă-i. (Eminescu: Life's golden dream is like a flash, like a blink.)

Prepositions requiring the genitive
Some prepositions and preposition compounds require the noun they determine to be in the genitive case. Examples:

 * asupra (regarding): o discuție asupra fluxului de lucru (a discussion regarding the workflow, - lit. regarding the flow of the work);
 * împotriva (against): voturi împotriva creșterii impozitului (votes against tax increase, - lit. against the increase of the tax);
 * deasupra (above), înapoia (behind), înaintea (before), înăuntrul (inside);
 * în fața (in front of), în timpul (during), în jurul (around);
 * la începutul (at the beginning of), la mijlocul (in the middle of), la sfârșitul (at the end of);
 * din cauza (because of), cu ocazia (on the occasion of), în numele (on behalf of).

Nouns in the genitive can occur in series, as in "culoarea jucăriei copilului prietenului meu" (my friend's child's toy's color), but as in English more than three successive nouns become difficult to understand and are considered bad use of the language.

Dative
The dative is used for the indirect object, that is, the noun representing the person/object that receives the action indicated by the verb. The dative is required by a particular series of verbs, many of which express the general idea of giving, hence the name. Examples:

 * a da (to give): I-am dat câinelui sandvișul meu. (I gave my sandwich to the dog.);
 * a spune (to tell): Le spui colegilor să nu vină mâine? (Will you tell your workmates not to come tomorrow?);
 * a cere (to ask for), a explica (to explain), a oferi (to offer), a arăta (to show), etc.;
 * Not related to the idea of giving: a folosi (to be useful to), a dăuna (to harm).

Clitic doubling
As in the examples above, the dative noun in such constructions is almost always doubled by a personal pronoun, itself in the dative case, which is placed near the verb no matter where the noun is in the sentence. Although not including this logically redundant pronoun does not affect the meaning and still produces grammatically correct sentences, native speakers seldom fail to include it. Depending on the verb mood, tense, and initial phoneme, the doubling personal pronoun will change in several regards: (1) which form, full or clitic, of the pronoun is used, (2) the position relative to the verb or verb parts, and (3) whether it is a true clitic attached phonetically to the verb or it is a separate word.

The table below shows these patterns on two verb examples—one starting with a consonant and the other with a vowel—, "a da" (to give) and "a arăta" (to show). For personal moods only the first person in the singular is shown, as the other forms behave identically. In each table cell, the upper example is for the singular of the personal pronoun, and the lower one for the plural. In all situations the pronoun has the same form for all genders and only changes with number.

As the examples show, when the verb is simple (not compound), the doubling pronoun is placed before the verb and has its full form. Exception to this rule make the imperative and the gerund, which require the clitic form bound at the end of the verb. Also, the past participle and the supine do not require the clitic doubling at all. When the verb is compound and includes the conjunction "să" (approximately equivalent to English to) or the infinitive preposition "a", the doubling pronoun is placed immediately after "să" / "a" and takes the clitic form in the singular ("să-i" and "a-i") and the full form in the plural ("să le" and "a le"). In all remaining situations the pronoun is placed before the first element of the compound verb and takes the clitic form, as in "i-am dat" and "le-am dat".

When the verb starts with a vowel and the doubling pronoun comes right before it the use of the full or clitic is optional. In such cases the shorter (clitic) version one is more frequent in speech and informal writing.

The gerund deserves a special mention, as not only is the doubling pronoun placed after the verb, but the verb itself receives an epenthetic "u". This "u" can be alikened to the vowels that take this position in the Latin gerund, and has become the Italian "o" as in "sto facendo" (I am doing).

When the full doubling pronoun "îi" is placed before the verb (all parts of the verb, if compound), it can turn into its clitic form if it binds through elision to the word before it, as in "nu-i dau" (I don't give him), "că-i dau" (that I give him), "și-i dau" (and I give him).

The imperative mood builds its affirmative and negative forms on different patterns, so that the position of the doubling pronoun is different. Compare "dă-i" → "nu-i da", "dă-le" → "nu le da".

In poetry, archaic or regional speech, or invectives, the order of the compound verb elements can switch, and with them the position of the doubling pronoun will change. Compare: "i-am dat" → "datu-i-am", "le-am dat" → "datu-le-am", "le-aș da" → "da-le-aș". Note also the use of the epenthetic "u" again where otherwise a consonant would come just before the pronoun.

Things are further complicated if another pronoun is present which claims a position near the verb, such as the pronoun that replaces or doubles the direct object. Here are some examples of how such situations are handled.

Depending on the gender of the direct object, the pronoun position can be different in certain cases:

If two pronouns having identical forms meet, the pronoun doubling the indirect object drops, as it is optional:

Words requiring the dative
Although most prepositions require the noun they determine to be in the accusative case, a few must be followed by a noun in the dative. Similarly, the dative is required by some adjectives, many of which conveying the general idea of being (or not) beneficial, or having derived from verbs that themselves require the dative. A few adverbs showing comparison fall into the same category. Examples:

 * Prepositions:
 * datorită (owing to): Am reușit datorită ajutorului tău. (I succeeded owing to your help.);
 * mulțumită, grație (thanks to).
 * Adjectives:
 * favorabil (favorable): Am primit numai mesaje favorabile proiectului noastru. (We received only messages in favor of our project.);
 * folositor, util (useful), propice (propitious), recunoscător (grateful), dăunător (harmful).
 * Adverbs:
 * asemenea (like): De atâta fericire fața ei strălucea asemenea soarelui. (With so much happiness her face was shining like the sun.);
 * similar (similarly), conform (according to), contrar (contrary to).

Depending on the sentence syntax, the adverbs above can also work as adjectives, nevertheless requiring the dative.

Accusative
The accusative is mainly the case of the direct object, but other nouns can take the accusative form: those indirect objects which aren't in the dative case, as well as most circumstantials and attributes built with prepositions. Examples:

 * Direct object:
 * Am spart o farfurie. (I broke a plate.)
 * Cunoști un profesor de chitară? (Do you know a guitar instructor?)

 * Indirect object:
 * Fiul meu vorbește tot timpul despre avioane. (My son always talks about airplanes.)
 * Mă gândesc adesea la copilăria mea. (I often think about my childhood.)

 * Circumstantial:
 * Am ajuns în sfârșit la gară. (We finally arrived at the station.)
 * Ne ducem la mare cu trenul. (We're going to the sea by train.)

 * Attribute:
 * Am găsit numărul ei în cartea de telefon. (I found her number in the phonebook.)
 * Oamenii de la munte sunt duri. (Mountain people are tough.)

A particularity of Romanian is that the direct object is marked in certain situations by the preposition pe, which in such constructions loses its original meaning (on, above). The usage rules for this marker are complex and insufficiently codified; both semantics and morphology comes into play. Examples of direct object with marker "pe" are given below.

 * When the noun designates a person or a personified animal/object:
 * L-am văzut ieri pe Mihai. (I saw Mihai [person's name: Michael] yesterday.)
 * L-a împușcat pe lup în cap. (He shot the wolf in the head.)

 * When the noun designates an inanimate object, if the subject and the direct object are the same noun and they precede the verb:
 * Cui pe cui se scoate. (Proverb: A nail takes out a nail.)

 * When the noun is preceded by the comparative adverb ca (like):
 * M-a privit ca pe un străin. (He looked at me as if I were a stranger.)

The same preposition pe is used not only with nouns in accusative, but also with other words having the role of the direct object: pronouns (personal, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, indefinite or negative), numerals acting as pronouns, etc.

Vocative
As the vocative case gives the noun a distinct charge of familiarity, directness, and immediateness, nouns in the vocative are rarely used alone, except when addressing or calling someone. Most of the time, and particularly in writing, such nouns are used together with specific adjectives such as drag (dear) and stimat (respected, dear). Also, such adjective+noun constructions often include a possessive pronoun. Examples:

 * Vocative alone:
 * Băiete! (You, boy! or Waiter!)
 * Măi, Ioane, unde ești? (Hey, Ion, where are you?) - măi is one of a series of interjections used to address someone
 * Bleguților! (You, little silly buggers!)
 * Eleno! (Elena, dear!)
 * Doamnelor! (Ladies!)
 * Vocative with adjective:
 * Dragă bunico, (Dear Grandma)
 * Stimate domnule director, (used to formally address in writing the manager of an institution)
 * Vocative with possessive pronoun and adjective:
 * Dragul meu Radu, (My dear Radu)
 * Scumpii noștri prieteni, (Our beloved friends)

title: Romanian nouns


text:
William E. Smith (politician)

William E. Smith (June 18, 1824 – February 13, 1883) was an American merchant and politician who served as the 14th Governor of Wisconsin, the 5th State Treasurer of Wisconsin, and the 21st Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly. He also served four years in the Wisconsin State Senate, representing Dodge County. In business, he was the co-founder of Smith, Roundy & Co., which became the supermarket chain Roundy's.

Early life
Smith was born in Inverness, Scotland, in 1824, the son of Alexander and Sarah (Grant) Smith. He immigrated to the United States with his family as a child, and lived with his family in New York City and Michigan. He attended the common schools before working as a store clerk when he was 17. In 1846 he went to work for Lord & Taylor, and the following year he went to work for a wholesale company. In 1849 he moved to Fox Lake, Wisconsin, to become a partner in a mercantile firm.

Political career
He held several political position in Wisconsin and served two terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly beginning in 1851, including serving as speaker during the second term. Originally a Whig, he helped organize the new Republican Party in 1854. He served two terms in the Wisconsin State Senate from 1858 to 1865. Smith was Wisconsin state treasurer from 1866 to 1870. He was again elected to the State Assembly in 1871. He was a member of the board of regents of normal schools from 1858 to 1876, and director of the state prison from 1874 to 1878.

In 1872, Smith moved to Milwaukee and co-founded the Roundy's supermarket chain. He was elected governor in 1877 and served two terms from 1878 to 1882.

He died on February 13, 1883, in Milwaukee and is interred at Forest Home Cemetery in Milwaukee.

Family life
Smith and his wife Mary Booth were married in Michigan in 1849. They had four children.

title: William E. Smith (politician)


text:
Japan National Route 1

National Route 1 (国道1号) is a major highway on the island of Honshū in Japan. It connects Chūō, Tokyo in the Kantō region with the city of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture in the Kansai region, passing through the Chūbu region en route. It follows the old Tōkaidō westward from Tokyo to Kyoto, and the old Kyo Kaidō from there to Osaka. Between Tokyo and Aichi Prefecture it parallels the Tomei Expressway; from there to Mie Prefecture, the Higashi-Meihan Expressway, and from Shiga Prefecture to Osaka, the Meishin Expressway. It has a total length of 760.9 km. At its eastern terminus in Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, it meets National Routes 4, 6, 14, 15, 17, and 20. At its western terminus in Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka, it links with Routes 2, 25, 26 and other highways.

National Route 1 links Tokyo to the important prefectural capitals of Yokohama (Kanagawa Prefecture), Shizuoka, Nagoya (Aichi Prefecture), Otsu (Shiga Prefecture), Kyoto, and Osaka. It is the modern incarnation of the pre-modern Tōkaidō.

Route description
The main line of National Route 1 has a length of 638.4 km. When bypasses signed as National Route 1 are included, its total distance increases to 777.9 km. Out of all of the national highways in Japan, it is the second longest land-based route after National Route 4, though National Route 58 is the longest route when seabound routes are factored in.

The highway's origin and eastern terminus lie at Nihonbashi in Tokyo's Chūō ward. At Nihonbashi it meets national routes 4, 6, 14, 15, 17, and 20. The highway passes through the cities of Kawasaki, Yokohama, Odawara, Numazu, Shizuoka, Hamamatsu, Nagoya, Yokkaichi, Ōtsu, and Kyoto. Its endpoint and western terminus lie in the Umeda district of Osaka's Kita ward. In Umeda, it has a junction with national routes 2, 26, 163, 165, 25, and 176.

Overlapping sections

 * In Chuo: Route 15
 * From the origin to Chiyoda (Sakuradamon intersection): Route 20
 * In Yokohama City, from Takashima-cho intersection to Hamamatsucho intersection: Route 16
 * From Odawara City to Hakone Town (Miyanoshita intersection): Route 138
 * From Hamamatsu City (Shinohara intersection) to Kosai City (Okurado IC): Route 42

History
National Route 1 was preceded by the Tōkaidō between Tokyo and Kyoto and the old Kyo Kaidō from Kyoto to Osaka. The road's construction was ordered by the first shōgun of the Edo period, Tokugawa Ieyasu. It served to link the old capital of Japan, Kyoto, to Tokugawa's new capital, Edo. The Tōkaidō's post stations, known in Japanese as shukuba, were captured by the printmaker Utagawa Hiroshige in his ukiyo-e prints, The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō.

In 1919, the first Road Act was passed, establishing a highway also called National Route 1 between Tokyo and the city of Shingū in Wakayama Prefecture partially along the current route. On 4 December 1952 the route was designated by the Cabinet of Japan as Primary National Highway 1 between Tokyo and Osaka, establishing the highway almost entirely along its current routing. On 1 April 1965 the route was redesignated as General National Route 1.

Junction list
All junctions listed are at-grade intersections unless noted otherwise.

title: Japan National Route 1


text:
Nishi-Koizumi Station

Nishi-Koizumi Station (西小泉駅) is a passenger railway station in the town of Ōizumi, Gunma, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway. It is numbered "TI-46".

Lines
Nishi-Koizumi Station is a terminal station of the Tōbu Koizumi Line, and is located 13.2 kilometers from the opposing terminus of the line at Tatebayashi.

Station layout
The station consists of a single dead-headed island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge.

History
The first station was originally opened to serve the Koizumi plant of Nakajima Aircraft Company as a station of Sengoku-Kashi Freight Line operated by Tōbu Railway company on December 1, 1941. There were 32 services of a day between Nishi-Koizumi station and Ōta Station.

From March 17, 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tōbu lines, with Nishi-Koizumi Station becoming "TI-46".

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 1523 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area

 * Sanyo Electric factory
 * Subaru Ōizumi factory
 * Ōizumi Town Hall
 * Oizumi College of Social Workers

title: Nishi-Koizumi Station


text: User talk:84.148.71.122

title: User talk:84.148.71.122


text:
1936–37 Yugoslav Football Championship

The 1936–37 Yugoslav Football Championship (Serbo-Croato-Slovenian: Državno prvenstvo 1936/37 / Државно првенство 1936/37) was the 14th season of Kingdom of Yugoslavia's premier football competition. It was won by Croatian side Građanski Zagreb.

Winning squad
Champions:

Građanski Zagreb (coach: Marton Bukovi)

 * Emil Urch
 * Ivan Jazbinšek
 * Bernard Hügl
 * Jozo Kovačević
 * Mirko Kokotović
 * Svetozar Đanić
 * August Lešnik
 * Milan Antolković
 * Branko Pleše
 * Ivan Medarić

Top scorers
Final goalscoring position, number of goals, player/players and club.
 * 1 – 21 goals – Blagoje Marjanović (BSK Belgrade)
 * 2 – 14 goals – August Lešnik (Građanski Zagreb)
 * 3 – 13 goals – Aleksandar Petrović (Jugoslavija)

title: 1936–37 Yugoslav Football Championship


text: User talk:81.110.86.44

title: User talk:81.110.86.44


text:
Super Pit gold mine

The Fimiston Open Pit, colloquially known as the Super Pit, is an open-pit mine in Australia. It was Australia's largest open cut gold mine until 2016, when it was surpassed by the Newmont Boddington gold mine, also in Western Australia. The Super Pit is located off the Goldfields Highway on the south-east edge of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. The pit is oblong in plan view and is approximately 3.5 kilometres long, 1.5 kilometres wide and over 600 metres deep.

The Fimiston Open Pit is owned by Northern Star Resources. The mine produced 456000 ozt of gold in 2019, and employs around 1,100 employees and contractors directly on site.

Earlier stages
Originally consisting of a large number of underground mines, including the Paringa, Oroya, Brown Hill, Chaffers, and Hainault mines, consolidation into a single open pit mine was first attempted by Alan Bond, but he was unable to complete the task. The Fimiston Open Pit was eventually created in 1989 by Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines, a 50:50 corporate joint venture between Homestake Gold of Australia and Gold Mines of Kalgoorlie (a Normandy Mining subsidiary).

Barrick Gold acquired its share of the mine in December 2001, when it took over Homestake Mining Company. Newmont became part-owner of the mine three months later, when it acquired Normandy Mining in February 2002. Saracen Mineral Holdings Limited acquired its share of the mine on 28 November 2019, when it purchased Barrick Gold's 50% stake. Northern Star Resources acquired its share of the mine on 3 January 2020, when it purchased Newmont's 50% stake.

Geology
Most of the gold mined in the Fimiston Open Pit occurs within ore lodes formed by ancient shears in a rock unit called the Golden Mile Dolerite. The gold mining area of Kalgoorlie-Boulder-Fimiston has long been called the Golden Mile because of the geographical concentration of rich mines in that area, even though the lodes occur in an area over 2 km in length and 1 km in depth.

Production
Mining is via conventional drill and blast mining via face shovels and dump trucks. Around 15 million tonnes of rock are moved in any given year, consisting primarily of waste rock.

Gold within the Golden Mile lode system is unusual in that it is present as telluride minerals within pyrite. In order to recover the gold, the ore must be crushed, passed through a gravity circuit to recover the free gold present in some of the higher-grade lodes, and then subjected to flotation to produce an auriferous pyrite-telluride concentrate. The concentrate is then treated at an IsaMill Ultra Fine Grinding (UFG) mill at Fimiston and then cyanidised, or trucked to the Gidji Processing Plant, 20 kilometres north of Kalgoorlie. At Gidji, the concentrate is treated in ultrafine grinding (UFG) mills, and then subjected to cyanide extraction of gold.

Prior to the installation of the UFG mills, concentrate was treated at Gidji in two circulating fluid bed roasters. Roasting ceased in 2015.

Figures
Past production figures were:

title: Super Pit gold mine


text:
W. M. Kiplinger

Willard Monroe Kiplinger (January 8, 1891 – August 6, 1967) was best known as the founder of Kiplinger, a publishing company located in Washington, D.C.

Kiplinger was born in Bellefontaine, Ohio, to parents Clarence E. and Cora Miller Kiplinger. He grew up on the north side of Columbus, Ohio. As a high school upperclassman he was editor of the school newspaper where one of the illustrators was Dudley Fisher. He attended Ohio State University from 1908 until 1912 and was a member of Sigma Pi Fraternity. He and Ray Evans recruited Fisher into the fraternity. While at OSU he was editor of the school newspaper, The Lantern. When he graduated he was one of the first two journalism graduates from the school. His first job after graduation in 1913 was with the Ohio State Journal.

On June 20, 1914, he married his first wife, Irene Austin of Toledo, in Lucas County, Ohio. She introduced him to Unitarianism and he was a member of the church for the rest of his life. Their first child, a daughter named Jane Austin, died shortly after birth in 1916. They had a son named Austin and a daughter named Jane Ann before divorcing. He married his second wife, Lillian "LaVerne" Colwell, in Harrisonburg, Virginia on May 18, 1936. They had a daughter named Bonnie.

He moved to Washington, D.C. in 1916 where he worked for the Associated Press. He and his family attended All Souls Unitarian Church, which was the same church William Taft attended. He started the company Kiplinger in 1920 as an "intelligence bureau" for out-of-town banks and businesses. He started The Kiplinger Letter in 1923 and in 1947 began publishing Kiplinger Magazine. He also donated his time as a contributing editor to The Emerald of Sigma Pi magazine.

In 1942 he published a book titled Washington Is Like That which focused on the inner organization of the federal government.

In 1952 he played a large role in soliciting funds and local business support to help educational television station WETA-TV begin operations.

Kiplinger's son Austin H. Kiplinger succeeded him as head of the publishing company.

Kiplinger Distinguished Contributions to Journalism is an award given by the National Press Foundation in his honor. Laverne & Willard's daughter Bonnie had 2 children with her husband Eugene Watts, Kevin Watts in 1961, and Keith Watts 1963.

title: W. M. Kiplinger


text:
Tancrède Vallerey

Tancrède Vallerey (born 1892, date of death unknown) was a French writer. He was born in Dunkirk, Nord.

title: Tancrède Vallerey


text:
Talk:Creep (deformation)

"no grain size dependance"?
"Therefore, dislocation creep has a strong dependence on the applied stress and no grain size dependence" - does this not disagree with say the Hall-Petch effect? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.167.219.26 (talk) 01:41, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Rate of deform : function of time??
The article says "The rate of this damage is a function of the material properties and the exposure time, exposure temperature and...". What catches my eye is that the rate of deformation is supposed to be dependent upon exposure time. That sounds strange to me. Obviously, the amount of deformation increases with time, but is the rate affected? If anybody could shed some light on this, that'd be great. Or, if someone with enough education to know agrees with me, just edit it. 85.224.198.251 10:43, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the wording could be improved, but creep rate is not constant with time. as the article explains, the classical picture is that strainrate first decreases with time (primary), then plateaus to a constant minimum (secondary), and then increases with time (tertiary). --Karnesky 16:37, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Creep and flow
I am confused after reading this article. If creep occurs below the yield point, then the deformation should not be permanet? What am I missing?

Also, what is the difference between creep and flow? Is it that you need to enter a nonlinear regime to achieve creep?
 * Good questions. They should get answered by the article, but they aren't at the moment. Creep is plastic flow that occurs below the yield point over a long period of exposure to high stress. It only happens to some materials and usually only happens when they are above half their absolute melting temperature. —BenFrantzDale 04:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

you must take in your mind the definition of creep,we define creep az time dependent plastic deformation which occur mostly at hich temperature but unfortunatly i do not know mechanism of creep to explain why creep is occure at high temperature. you must know that creep can occure at plastic region too not only below the yield point

 * Creep is thermally activated (occurs at higher temperatures) because it is dictated by processes with thermally dependent rates. Dislocations and atoms can move faster at higher temperatures. --75.0.148.22 13:59, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Creep (failure mode)->Creep (deformation mode)
The text of the article is correct--creep isn't really a failure mode, but a deformation or damage mode. Any objections to moving the article? -- Karnesky 00:18, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism?
I removed the recently-added statement "One of the founders of creep is sir matthew ferns and prof ashley combes who conducted a series of breakthrough creep tests on gas turbine engine blades that revolutionised the gas turbine engine industry". In addition to being borderline nonsense, a Google search for both "matthew ferns creep" and "ashley combes creep" revealed nothing. I do not know if there is any validity to this sentence or not, but if so, let's please have somebody with a better grasp of English edit it back in. Egomaniac 20:21, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Ashby?
The overview section of the article seems to follow lines very close to the creep and creep fracture chapter (20) by Ashby and Jones. Its not a word-for-word job, but the article's examples and layout is eerily similar. Perhaps some more examples and other texts may be used? Unfortunately I am no expert on this topic User A1 08:40, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Temperature
"Generally 30-40% of the melting point for metals and 40-50% of melting point for ceramics is required before creep can occur." I would assume this is in K (or absolute temperature, anyway) - perhaps the sentence should be edited? Muad 09:51, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

it'll be 30-40% regardless of the temperature unit used in that case so that's not super important... what is important is the "thousand" degrees mentioned early in the article in reference to when Tungsten begins to creep, as 1000F is very different than 1000C or 1000K... and while I doubt he means rankine, he could, as we don't know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.137.174.111 (talk) 07:11, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but Muad is right; 30% of the melting Temperature of e.g. Gallium will be two very different temperatures when taken in °C or in K. Either about 10°C or about 100 K. Really saying "30%" of a temperature doesn't make sense unless an absolute scale (such as Kelvin) is used. So the sentence should IMHO be edited. -- 92.229.164.108 (talk) 22:55, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

I agree that the fact that the temperature must be on a thermodynamic scale should be mentioned. I feel that it's an important distinction that might not be obvious to the general wikipedia readership or someone new to science or engineering. Maybe I'll just go ahead and add the comment. --LikeFunYouAre (talk) 19:05, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Are 'tired' clock springs an example of creep?
Was wondering if the well-known phenomonon (1) of clock and watch mainsprings losing some of their torque and becoming 'tired' or 'set' after decades of use was an example of creep? I'm rewriting the Mainspring article, and I can't find any info on this failure mode. Thanks -- Chetvorno TALK 14:34, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that is more likely due to metal fatigue or to repetetive "overloading" of the spring, causing plastic deformation. The deformed spring will be deformed in such a way as to minimize stress, hence reducing torque. Creep really occurs at really elevated temperatures, a couple of hundred degrees (C) for most metals Veddan (talk) 17:20, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot for the info. I had actually mentioned creep in the mainspring article; I'll take it out.  I'd appreciate any further info or references anyone has on the cause of 'tired' mainsprings, you can leave a note on my talk page.  -- Chetvorno TALK 01:35, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

While it's likely not creep, the creep rate is non-zero at low temperatures... for instance if you leave those plastic bands on the boxes for years, they'll loosen some. We're talking about decades of time here AND small components, so even a little bit of creep could result in a large effect over the time scale's we're talking about. Much more likely explanation *is* slight overwinding, with time, increase the length of the spring, reducing it's "spring constant" which results in a lower applied force (which in this case is a torque). The basic equation for creep (from "materials science and engineering an introduction" by william callister) is strain rate = K2 * (stress)^n * e^(-Qc/RT), where Qc is the "activation energy" for creep, n and K2 are constant fitting parameters for the material in question, R is our favorite gas constant and T is temperature. so even if we're talking about T = 300K vs T = 1300K there is still a non-zero strain rate (slow, but still there). If the springs are set so that at max wind they do not experience any plastic deformation (not just below yield stress, but such that no dislocation motion actually occurs) only then would I suspect creep might be playing a significant role.

Introduction- Too detailed!
The introduction of any wikipedia article should be no longer than 10 lines in my opinion. Including examples of creep in the introduction is certainly bad practice: suggest restructuring of the entire article. Its all good stuff, but don't throw it out right at the start 131.111.243.37 (talk) 00:42, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Re-organisation of this page needed? and a possible split??
There is a lot of good material on this page, but it needs sorting out (IMHO) and some gaps filling. Also, there are many valid questions on this talk page that have not been answered.

I am happy to have a go at this (but it will take a while and I will definitiely make my suggestions in a sandbox first).

Before starting, I would like everyone's views on the scope we should address here. Creep is important in:
 * metals (my main field)
 * polymers (I know something about this)
 * ceramics and concrete (not my area)
 * rocks and ice (not my area)

Should we have an introductory article with four subsidiary ones, or try and cover everything in one? John M Brear (talk) 21:19, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Definition of Creep
The definition of creep in the opening sentence is not entirely accurate, in that it does not distinguish creep from Hookean behavior or other deformation modes. A better and simpler definition of creep is, time-dependent quantifiable strain at constant stress. The inverse of creep, time-dependent stress at constant strain, is stress relaxation. Creep is usually associated with a homologous temperature Th ≥ 0.5, but varies with alloy family. For titanium alloys, elevated-temperature behavior begins at Th ≈ 0.3, for creep-resistant superalloys, Th ≈ 0.56. Failure by creep can occur at or below room temperature in some solids. Creep is an important form of anelastic behavior. His Manliness (talk) 21:23, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Creep (deformation). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20050910220804/http://www.nist.gov:80/public_affairs/releases/wtc_briefing_april0505.htm to http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc_briefing_april0505.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:49, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Style or Content: Sections 4.1 - 4.7
I'm particularly interested in the kinds of creep: 4.1 - 4.7. But I enjoyed the article till I got there, then it turned into gibberish. Each is more of a list/jumble of (presumably) truisms and facts than any whole explanations or definitions. IOW; a "D-". …also seems needlessly stilted, student-like. I doubt if it can be repaired, I think it needs a rewrite (or deletion) by somebody with a gut feeling for this. Cheers!  --2602:306:CFCE:1EE0:78A4:7E16:C27D:29EB (talk) 03:21, 23 July 2018 (UTC)Doug Bashford

Ratcheting
It is my understanding that ratcheting is an important aspect of creep, and that article links here... but this article doesn't mention ratcheting. Am I missing something?

Yaris678 (talk) 16:31, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

Solder
What type and at what rate for each? I'm seriously doubting that electronics solder or even plumbers solder will creep at room temp. For if it did, old electronics would be failing constantly and there would be leaking water or gas problems in piping 'everywhere' in old buildings. I think the source (number two which does not mention solder) is over extremely over-estimating creep flow in soft alloys. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.119.100.37 (talk) 13:55, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Creep (deformation)


text:
Hollywood Senior High School

Hollywood Senior High School was a public co-educational high day school, located in the suburb of Nedlands in Perth, Western Australia. It was opened in 1958, replacing the earlier Clarement High School. It was closed in 2000 and amalgamated with another similar school, Swanbourne Senior High School, to form a new school, Shenton College at a new but nearby location.

Notable alumni

 * Adam Bandt – politician
 * Kim Beazley – former Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, former Ambassador to USA, former Governor of Western Australia
 * Stuart Leach – musician
 * Erik Locke – political figure
 * Alsy MacDonald – musician
 * Graham Moss – AFL footballer
 * David Parker – politician
 * Louise Sauvage – paralympic wheelchair racer
 * Joel Quartermain – musician
 * Tracy Vo – television journalist

title: Hollywood Senior High School


text:
User:Martyman/My Images/Photos

This is a list of the images I have uploaded to Wikipedia (or wikimedia commons), most are of Canberra or the surounding area. All images are either owned by me or User:nyctopterus and are licensed under the GFDL

Please feel free to re-use these images on any other relevant articles on Wikipedia.

Photos
Unless otherwise noted all photos are taken in Canberra.

title: User:Martyman/My Images/Photos


text: User talk:160.39.169.12

title: User talk:160.39.169.12


text:
Talk:Autosegmental phonology

[Untitled]
why does generative phonology link to generating electricity? Stettlerj 03:27, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It shouldn't. It seemed that somebody wanted to include an explanation what "generative" actually means. But of course in this context the link is of no help, so it is better to remove it. For these minor things it is better to just go ahead and change them. Hirzel 06:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Autosegmental phonology


text:
Tawanda Mupariwa

Tawanda Mupariwa (born 16 April 1985) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He is a right arm fast-medium seam bowler who was brought into the international side after the record low 35 all out in the third One Day International (ODI) against Sri Lanka. He became the fastest player for Zimbabwe to take 50 wickets in ODIs, achieving it in 28 games. He also played in one Test match in 2004.

title: Tawanda Mupariwa