text:
Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)

Ljudevit or Liudewit (Liudewitus), often also Ljudevit Posavski, was the Duke of the Slavs in Lower Pannonia  from 810 to 823. The capital of his realm was in Sisak (today in Croatia). As the ruler of the Pannonian Slavs, he led a resistance to Frankish domination. Having lost the war against Franks, he fled to the south, presumably to Dalmatia, first to an unknown Serb župa (a topic of historical debates), and then to the Croat ruler Ljudemisl, who treacherously killed him.

Rebellions against the Franks
In 818 Ljudevit sent his emissaries to Emperor Louis in Heristal. They described the horrors conducted by Margrave Cadolah of Friuli (800-819) and his men in Pannonia, but the King of Franks refused to make peace. Ljudevit raised a rebellion against his Frankish rulers in 819 after he was seriously accused by the Frankish court. The Emperor Louis the Pious (814-840) sent Cadolah to quell the rebellion. The Frankish Frontier forces led by Cadolah have raided the land and tortured the population, most notably the children. As the Pannonian Slavs were amassing forces, so did the Franks led by Cadolah return in 819. But the Frankish forces were soon defeated; and Cadolah himself had to retreat back to his home Friuli, where soon he died of disease.

In July 819 on the Council in Ingelheim Ljudevit's emissaries offered truce conditions, but Emperor Louis refused; demanding more concessions to him. Ljudevit started to gather allies for his plight. His original ally was Duke Borna (Dux Dalmatiae et Liburniae) - the leader of the Guduscani (Gačani), but the Frankish ruler had promised Borna that he would make him Prince of Pannonia if he helped the Franks to crush Ljudevit's rebellion; so Borna accepted. Ljudevit found assistance among the Carantanian and Carniolan Slavs who, as neighbours of the margravate of Friuli, were jeopardized the same as the Pannonians. The Timočani (living around the valley of Timok) also joined him, because they were jeopardized by the neighbouring Bulgars.

The Franks sent a large army led by the new Margrave of Friuli, duke Baldric of Friuli to meet Ljudevit in autumn, the same year while he was conscripting more Carantanian troops along the Drava river. The Frankish forces had numerical advantage, so they pushed Ljudevit and his men from Carniola across the Drava. Ljudevit had to fall back to central parts of his realm. Baldric didn't chase Ljudevit, since he had to pacify the Carantanians. Borna moved with Ljudevit's father-in-law Dragomuž and their forces from the south-west. At the heat of the Battle of Kupa, his own Guduscani abandoned Borna and crossed to Ljudevit's side; while Dragomuž was killed. Borna escaped from the battlefield with the help of his bodyguards.

Ljudevit seized the opportunity and breached into and raided Dalmatia in December. Borna was too weak, so the Dalmatians defended themselves through sneaky tactics and used attrition as their best ally to exhaust the Pannonian forces. Harsh winter came to the hill areas, forcing Ljudevit to retreat. According to Borna's reports to the Frankish Emperor, Ljudevit suffered heavy casualties: 3,000 soldiers, over 300 horses and much food.

War continues
In January of 820, Borna made an alliance with the Frankish Emperor in Aachen. The plan was to crush Ljudevit's realm with a joint-attack from three sides. As soon as the winter retreated, massive Frankish armies were being amassed in Italia, East Francia, Bavaria, Saxony and Alemannia that were going to simultaneously invade Ljudevit's lands in the spring. The northern Frankish group moved from Bavaria across Pannonia to make an invasion across the river of Drava. Ljudevit's forces successfully stopped this Army at the river. The southern group moved across the Noric Alps, using the road from Aquileia to Emona. Ljudevit was successful again, as he stopped them before crossing the Alps. The central group moved from Tyrol to Carniola. Ljudevit attempted to halt its advance three times, but every single time would the Franks win, using numerical advantage. When this Army reached the Drava, Ljudevit had to fall back to the heart of his realm.

The Franks have opened ways for the southern and northern Armies, so they launched a total invasion. Ljudevit concluded that all resistance would be futile, so he retreated to a stronghold that he built on top of hill that was heavily fortified; while his people took shelter in local forest and swamps. Ljudevit did not negotiate with the Franks. The Franks eventually retreated from his lands, with their ranks thinned by disease which the northern forces caught in the marshes of Drava. The Slavs from Carantania lost their internal independence and were forced to recognize the Friulian margrave Balderic as their ruler, while some remained loyal to Ljudevit. Prince Borna died in 821, and was succeeded by Ljudevit's nephew, Vladislav. Emperor Louis recognized as Prince of Dalmatia and Liburnia in February 821 at the Council of Aachen.

The Emperor discussed again about war plans against Ljudevit on that Council. The Franks decided to repeat the progress, and push towards Ljudevit from three sides again. Ljudevit saw that it was obvious that he couldn't fight the Franks on open field, so he began to construct massive fortifications. He was helped by the Venetian Patriarch Fortunat who sent him architects and masons from Italy.

During the last and final Frankish invasion of 822, the Patriarch from Grado, Fortunat, who was a supporter of Ljudevit, fled to Zadar into exile with the Byzantines.

Flight to Serbs
According to Einhard, the writer of the Royal Frankish Annals, following the final Frankish attack, Ljudevit fled from his seat in Sisak to the Serbs in 822 (Siscia civitate relicta, ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur, fugiendo se contulit.). In the contemporary Vita Hludovici that description of the Serbs is omitted. Ljudevit later killed the local Serbian župan who took him in and temporarily took over the rule in his župa.

The location and nature of these Serbs mentioned in the primary sources has been a topic of interest for historians since the 19th century. Tadija Smičiklas did not attempt to define the area where Ljudevit fled, while Vjekoslav Klaić wrote it was beyond Sava and Bosna. Ferdo Šišić put the ad Sorabos to the southeast of Sava and Vrbas, near the Dalmatian Croats. Vladimir Ćorović mentioned the flight to the Serbs, but didn't expound on it. The 1953 "History of the peoples of Yugoslavia" published by Školska knjiga added apparently fictitious details to the original story. Anto Babić discussed the original text and whether it was a reference to a single fort or a territory. Svetislav M. Prvanović tried to connect Ljudevit and the Guduscani with the Roman city of Guduscum in eastern Serbia, but using only the interpretation of a single comma in Franjo Rački's text and conjecture. Sima Ćirković thought there was a consensus that the place was somewhere in Bosnia, but called the claims of exact locations speculation. Relja Novaković considered that the argumentation about Bosnia is "pointless" and couldn't be related to Bosnia. Nada Klaić thought that the place Ljudevit fled to was actually the medieval county of Srb by the river Una. Ivo Goldstein acknowledged and accepted the theory that it was located in Srb, but advocated against misinterpreting the scarce historical records. Radoslav Katičić argued against the theory, and Tibor Živković concurred with him, concluding such an idea is "misleading" and "not well established", because the source talks about Serbs not Srb, as holding a large part of Dalmatia and not some "small area around the town of Srb" among others, that "much more accurate to understand that Ludovicus escaped from Siscia by the river Sava to the mouth of Vrbas into Sava". According to Mladen Ančić, the mentioning of "Dalmatia" in 822 and 833 as an old geographical term by the authors of Frankish Annals was Pars pro toto with a vague perception of what this geographical term actually referred to.

According to John Van Antwerp Fine Jr., it was hard to find Serbs in this area since the Byzantine sources were limited to the southern coast, but it is possible that among other tribes existed a tribe or group of small tribes of Serbs. Živković's 2011 interpretation of the Latin text says the second-hand accounts given to the Franks by their agents in Siscia and Croatia establish the existence of some sort of a Serbian claim over parts of (Roman) Dalmatia, similar to the analogous Frankish claim, but not necessarily settlement outside of places already known from other sources. According to Neven Budak, it's difficult to pinpoint a place within the former province of Dalmatia, but most probably was in central or eastern Bosnia.

Death
Soon after the incident with the Serbs, Ljudevit sent an envoy to the Frankish court, claiming that he is ready to recognize the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious as his supreme ruler. However, he again fled, now to Ljudemisl, Borna's uncle in Dalmatia which was the time ruled by new duke Vladislav. In the end Ljudemisl treacherously killed him.

title: Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)


text:
Rietavas

Rietavas (Samogitian: Rėitavs; Retów) is a town in Lithuania on the Jūra River. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 3,979. It is the capital of Rietavas municipality.

The town is famous for building the first power station to produce electricity in Lithuania in 1892. The first telephone line in Lithuania was also built here.

History
Rietavas was first mentioned in written sources around 1253. During the Middle Ages it belonged to Ceklis land. Rietavas' eldership was mentioned in 1527. Since 1533 Rietavas was known as a town however the town rights were not granted until 1792. In the 14th and 15th centuries Rietavas was one of the most important defence centres in Samogitia and also a crossing of commercial roads. It was located in the Duchy of Samogitia in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In the 19th century Rietavas was an important educational centre as between 1812 and 1909 it belonged to Ogiński family, who loved culture and education. In 1835 there was established a hospital and four year later a parish school. In 1859 the school of agriculture was established in Rietavas, which was closed in 1863. Lithuanian was the official language of this school (there were any other such schools where Lithuanian would be an official language at that time). In 1873 current Catholic Church reflecting features of Romanesque Revival architecture was built.

Rietavas also became an important centre of progressive technologies of that time. In 1882 the first telephone line in Lithuania was built. It connected Rietavas and Plungė cities. In 1892 started to produce electricity the first power station in Lithuania. On 17 April 1892 in Easter the first street lights were turned on in Rietavas manor, park and church.

In 1915 Rietavas was the centre of the county and later on centre of the eldership. During the Inter-war period there were established a public library in 1928, a cinema in 1931.

During World War II, the town was under Soviet occupation from 1940, and then under German occupation from 1941 to 1944. The Jewish Community was entirely destroyed by the Nazis and their Lithuanian collaborators. The Jews of Rietavas dealt in trade and crafts and provided their labor as plasterers, carpenters and blacksmiths. The first known census of the Jews in Rietavas was in 1662, when they numbered 421. Rietavas reached the zenith of its Jewish population around the end of the 19th century. In the 1897 census the total population numbered 1,750 of which 1,397 were Jewish. In 1882, Tsar Alexander III published legislation that restricted Jewish residence in the Russian Empire to small towns and villages, making farming impossible for the Jews in the rural areas or industry in the cities. This led to Jewish emigration, particularly to South Africa. In 1923, there 868 Jews out of a total population of 1,720. By 1940 there were 500 Jews. During WWII, in 1941, the local Jewish population were subjected to forced labor and then murdered in mass executions In 1959 when the total population had grown to 2,882, there was only one Jew left in the town. After the World War II Rietavas became the centre of district municipality however in 1963 it was merged with Plungė district municipality. Nevertheless, Rietavas retrieved its municipality in 2000.The city is also near regional roads KK164 and KK197.

The coat of arms of Rietavas was approved by the decree of the President in 1996.

Notable people

 * Laurynas Ivinskis - Lithuanian teacher, publisher, translator and lexicographer.
 * Diana Žiliūtė - Lithuanian racing cyclist, olympic medalist.
 * Susman Brothers - businessmen in Rhodesia

Twin towns – sister cities
Rietavas is twinned with:
 * 🇱🇻 Gulbene, Latvia
 * 🇵🇱 Kętrzyn (rural gmina), Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Saerbeck, Germany

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rietavas


text:
Trent Cole

Trent James Cole Jr. (born October 5, 1982) is an American former football defensive end and linebacker who played for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles. Cole played college football for the Cincinnati Bearcats and was selected by the Eagles in the fifth round of the 2005 NFL draft, where he played with them from 2005 until 2014 and was a two-time Pro Bowler. He ended his career after two seasons with the Indianapolis Colts.

Early life
Cole was born in Xenia, Ohio. He starred at Xenia High School, earning league and area Defensive Player of the Year honors after posting 121 tackles and 8 sacks as a senior. He also rushed for 1,241 yards and 10 touchdowns on his way to earning all-state honors, and played in the Ohio North-South all-star game. He lettered in basketball, track and baseball as well as football.

College career
While attending the University of Cincinnati, Cole played for the Cincinnati Bearcats football team. He initially played nose tackle for the Bearcats. He was a two-time first-team All-Conference USA selection. Cole finished his career with 238 tackles, 19 sacks, 48 tackles for a loss, four forced fumbles, and two recovered fumbles. He started every game at weakside defensive end in 2004, totaling 68 tackles, 8.5 sacks, and 22 tackles for a loss (4th in nation). Also registered a safety and two blocked kicks. In 2002, he started nine games at defensive tackle before moving to defensive end and posted 86 tackles, five sacks, and 12 tackles for a loss, en route to Conference USA defensive newcomer of the year honors.

2005
Cole was selected in the fifth round of the 2005 NFL draft by the Philadelphia Eagles with the draft pick acquired from the Washington Redskins for wide receiver James Thrash. He signed a 4-year contract before his rookie season.

Cole worked hard during training camp and his general athletic ability impressed many fans and people within the organization. He used this to forge a promising year, taking over the starting job at right defensive end in week 10. Cole tallied 5 sacks on the year, which was impressive considering he only started 3 games in the year. He added 26 tackles during his time as a starter to bring his total for the year to 38.

2006
With 5 sacks in his first 4 games, he was thought to start at the right end position, but with the signing of Darren Howard, Cole would only play on pass downs during the 2006 season. But this changed in week 2, two weeks after star left end Jevon Kearse went out with a fractured tibia, the Eagles announced that Cole would start for Kearse. Since then, Cole has had 1.5 sacks, 26 tackles, 18 of them solo tackles, helping the Philadelphia Eagles carry themselves to 5 straight wins and an NFC East title. Cole was First-team All-Rookie team honors by NFL.com, Pro Football Weekly after the season.

Cole signed a five-year contract extension on November 6, 2006 worth $26–28 million with a $12 million guarantee, which could keep him with the Eagles until 2013.

On December 17, 2006, against the New York Giants, Cole recorded the first interception and touchdown of his career. This interception gave the Eagles a 14-point lead with under 3 minutes left. The touchdown by Cole sealed the Eagles win 36-22. He ended the season with a career-high 8 sacks. Also led the defensive line with a career-high 84 tackles and his interception.

2007
Cole recorded 12.5 sacks in the 2007 season which broke his personal single-season record. He was the first defensive end since Clyde Simmons in 1986 to make the Pro Bowl as an Eagles draft pick. Cole is already 15th in team history in sacks. As impressive are his tackling numbers, his 70 tackles also put him first among all defensive ends in the NFC. On January 24, 2008 it was announced that he would be replacing Patrick Kerney in the 2008 Pro Bowl.

2008−2012
In 2008 Cole led the team in hurries (22), and TFLs (9), was 2nd in sacks (9.0), and 3rd with 3 FFs while making 98 tackles (59 solo). He was named to the USA Today 2008 All-Joe Team for the 3rd consecutive season, which honors the NFL players whose work does not necessarily garner headlines, but is integral to the success of their football team.

In week 15 of the 2009 NFL season, Cole was disqualified with 8 seconds remaining in a game against the New York Giants for throwing punches at Giants' offensive lineman Shaun O'Hara. Both Cole and O'Hara were fined $15,000 by the NFL. Cole was selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl as a reserve.

In week 1 of the 2011 NFL season, against the St. Louis Rams, Cole had 3 tackles and 1 sack. Over the season, Cole had 44 tackles, 1 force fumble and 11 sacks.

Cole signed a four-year contract extension with the Eagles worth up to $55.25 million on March 14, 2012, extending his contract through the 2017 season. Cole's season was below par for him, as he only recorded 3 sacks and 40 combined tackles, an all-time low in each category.

2013−2014
Under new coach Chip Kelly, who used a base 3-4 formation instead of Reid's 4-3 defense, Cole transitioned from right defensive end to right outside linebacker. Cole's performance improved and he became one of the team's most dominant defenders. Cole led the team in sacks (8.0) and forced fumbles (3), while also recording 56 combined tackles, 3 pass deflections, and his first career safety. He added 5 tackles, 1 pass deflection, and 1 sack in a 26-24 postseason loss against the New Orleans Saints. This season was followed by another productive year, with 52 tackles and 6.5 sacks in 15 games, although the Eagles missed the playoffs that year.

Cole was released by the Eagles on March 4, 2015. He left Philadelphia with the second most sacks in team history, with 85.5 to Reggie White's 124.

2015
On March 10, 2015, Cole signed a 2-year, $16 million contract with the Indianapolis Colts.

Cole played and started all 14 games he played in; however, he was criticized for a lack of production, most notably a career low 32 tackles and an inability to get to the quarterback. Cole began to increase his production towards the end of the season, gaining 3 sacks and a forced fumble in his final 5 games.

2016
Cole restructured his deal on March 8, 2016. On September 27, 2016, he was placed on injured reserve with a back injury. He was activated to the active roster off injured reserve on December 1, 2016.

Retirement
On December 22, 2017, Cole announced that he would retire as an Eagle, and was made an honorary captain for the team's game against the Oakland Raiders on Christmas Day.

Personal life
Due to his off season hobby of hunting game, Cole has been nicknamed "The Hunter." He is the cousin of basketball player Norris Cole.

title: Trent Cole


text:
Socialist Party of Yugoslavia (2002)

Socialist Party of Yugoslavia (Montenegrin: СПЈ - Социјалистичка партија Југославије, SPJ - Socijalistička partija Jugoslavije) is a former socialist political party in Montenegro. It was founded in 2002 with its seat in Podgorica.

In the 2002 elections to the Parliament of Montenegro SPJ contested on the list Socijalistička partija Jugoslavije sa komunistima - za očuvanje Jugoslavije together with League of Communists of Yugoslavia-Communists of Montenegro, New Communist Party of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Communists. The list got 0.66% of votes.

In the 2002 municipal elections (held in 19 municipalities) SPJ contested in Budva (1%, no seats), Danilovgrad (3.86%, 1 seat), Mojkovac (1.19%, no seat) and Tivat (3.84%, 1 seat).

title: Socialist Party of Yugoslavia (2002)


text:
User:82.41.99.219/Stu and the Frets

(article deleted)

title: User:82.41.99.219/Stu and the Frets


text:
Marc Raquil

Marc Raquil (born 2 April 1977 in Créteil) is a French runner of Martiniquais origin who competes in the 400 metres and 4x400m relay. He won the 4x400m relay gold medal and the 400m silver medal at the 2003 World Championships. In 2004, his 4x400m relay team was retroactively awarded gold medals after the United States 4x400m relay team was stripped of its gold medals due to the failed drug tests of two members of the relay (Calvin Harrison and Jerome Young). Since Jerome Young had also finished first in the 400m at the 2003 World Championships, the failed drug test also resulted in Raquil being retroactively awarded a silver medal in the 400m. Raquil has also won three gold medals and one bronze medal at the European Indoor and Outdoor Championships.

Outdoor personal bests

 * 200 metres - 21.03 (2001)
 * 400 metres - 44.79 (2003)
 * 800 metres - 1:50.90 (2003)

Later career
Raquil was prevented by injuries from competing in the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2007 World Championships in Athletics. He subsequently announced his retirement; nonetheless in February 2011 the French Anti-Doping Agency suspended him from competition for one year for failing to submit to periodic anti-doping tests.

title: Marc Raquil


text:
User:RobyWayne/Sandbox Commander Keane

The follow statistics were generated for user Commander_Keane at 20:26 on 29 October, 2005:

Top Ten Edit Days

 * 1) Friday, 07 October, 2005 with 862 edits.
 * 2) Saturday, 08 October, 2005 with 628 edits.
 * 3) Tuesday, 27 September, 2005 with 577 edits.
 * 4) Thursday, 22 September, 2005 with 565 edits.
 * 5) Friday, 26 August, 2005 with 512 edits.
 * 6) Sunday, 02 October, 2005 with 458 edits.
 * 7) Friday, 23 September, 2005 with 387 edits.
 * 8) Saturday, 27 August, 2005 with 340 edits.
 * 9) Wednesday, 28 September, 2005 with 287 edits.
 * 10) Tuesday, 20 September, 2005 with 229 edits.

Top Ten Editted Pages

 * 1) Help desk with 110 edits.
 * 2) Disambiguation pages with links with 86 edits.
 * 3) User:Commander Keane with 80 edits.
 * 4) 2005 Tour de France with 55 edits.
 * 5) Reference desk/Miscellaneous with 45 edits.
 * 6) Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation pages with links with 32 edits.
 * 7) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Disambiguation with 29 edits.
 * 8) Reference desk/Science with 28 edits.
 * 9) General complaints with 18 edits.
 * 10) Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (disambiguation pages) with 16 edits.

Periods without edits (over 7 days)

 * Thursday, 02 June, 2005 through Friday, 17 June, 2005, for 14 days
 * Tuesday, 08 March, 2005 through Sunday, 20 March, 2005, for 11 days
 * Sunday, 19 June, 2005 through Wednesday, 29 June, 2005, for 9 days

title: User:RobyWayne/Sandbox Commander Keane


text:
Artose Pinner

Artose Deonce Pinner (born January 5, 1978) is a former American football running back. He was selected by the Detroit Lions in the fourth round of the 2003 NFL draft. He played college football at Kentucky.

Early life
Pinner attended Hopkinsville High School in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and was a standout in football and track. In track, he was a two-time Regional Champion in the 400 meter dash.

College career
He was a star running back for the University of Kentucky between 1999 and 2002, running for 1414 yards in 2002, second-most in a single season in school history to Moe Williams.

Professional career
Pinner was drafted with the second pick of the fourth round of the 2003 NFL draft by the Lions. He increased his rushing total in each of his first three seasons in the league, going from 99 yards in 2003 to 174 yards in 2004 to 349 yards in 2005. Through the 2005 season, Pinner scored five touchdowns, all rushing.

Pinner was cut by the Detroit Lions in 2006 and was quickly claimed by the Minnesota Vikings. He had his best game statistically, which was his first start in the NFL, on December 10, 2006, when he ran for 125 yards and three touchdowns against his former Detroit Lions. On May 1, 2008, he returned to the Detroit Lions. After the 2008 preseason, he was waived by the Lions during final cuts on August 30, 2008.

Post-retirement
Pinner returned to the University of Kentucky in the summer of 2013 to complete his degree in media studies. He graduated in December 2013.

title: Artose Pinner


text:
Curl Up and Die

Curl Up and Die, formed in late 1998, is an American metalcore band from Las Vegas, Nevada.

History
After demos in 1998 and 1999, Curl Up and Die recorded its first release in early 2000, an album called 1998. An EP, The Only Good Bug Is A Dead Bug, was picked up by Status Recordings in early 2001. Prior to forming Curl Up and Die, vocalist Mike Minnick was a founding member of Vegas grindcore band The Weirding Way, playing drums.

The group signed with Revelation Records in 2001 and their debut full-length CD, Unfortunately, We're Not Robots, was released in May 2002. Two EPs, We May Be Through With the Past (on Status) and But the Past Ain't Through With Us (on Revelation) were released, as well as one more album, The One Above All, The End Of All That Is, before the band broke up in late 2005.

After an earlier attempt to reunite in 2012, the band successfully reunited in 2019 with drummer Keil Corcoran taking the place of Jesse Fitts.

Other projects
Vocalist Mike Minnick provides vocals for the baseball-themed grindcore band Puig Destroyer and post-hardcore supergroup Less Art. Corcoran and Fuchs also started a grindcore-influenced side project called Red Vom.

Latest members

 * Matt Fuchs – guitar
 * Ryan Hartery – bass
 * Mike Minnick – vocals
 * Keil Corcoran – drums

Former members

 * Jesse Fitts – drums
 * Geoff Bergman – bass (went on to play in Poison the Well)
 * Jon Brown – guitar
 * Mike Pinaud – drums
 * Gustavo Mendoza – bass
 * Gavan Nelson – bass

Albums

 * Unfortunately, We're Not Robots (Revelation, 2002)
 * The One Above All, the End of All That Is (Revelation, 2005)

EPs

 * The Only Good Bug Is a Dead Bug (Status, 2000)
 * 1998 (Status, 2001)
 * We May Be Through with the Past... (Status, 2003)
 * But the Past Ain't Through with Us (Revelation, 2003)

title: Curl Up and Die


text: User talk:84.46.169.73

title: User talk:84.46.169.73


text: User talk:81.151.144.21

title: User talk:81.151.144.21


text:
User talk:Cylik

Make Way For The Wiki Welcome Wagon!
No one else has welcomed you yet...how rude! So I'll do the honors-

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 18:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

 * I'm becoming addicted. Before I just made the occasional anonymous edit and fixed pages when I wandered across them... Now I hunt out graffiti when I get bored... -Cylik 19:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * yeah this is how it starts. Next thing you know you are on RC patrol, getting articles up to speed so you can nominate them for FA status, arguing with the image copy vio police. Then it's twelve days later:> I like your user page so far BTW. It is minimalist, honest and it's got SOUL :>--R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 09:32, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Wicca link addition
Thanks for catching it. I'm at three reverts. Anon doesn't seem to respond at their User talk page. Jkelly 20:11, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I do hope that User:Capricornwitch will be responsive to conversation. Good attitude on your part, btw.  Jkelly 22:39, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cylik


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chinese take-out boxes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 16:29, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Chinese take-out boxes
Trivia. Chinese take-out article. RoySmith 18:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is the embodiment of OR. - ulayiti (talk)  18:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if not turned into a real article by the time listing expires. If improved into a real article, then keep. --Jiang 21:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. My reason is that the article has been requested in Requested articles/Culture and fine arts, I was abstaining until I found out that. --Vsion 21:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Gulp. Just because somebody requested it doesn't mean it's worthy of inclusion in the encyclopedia.  What if I requested Elbonian toenail clippings and somebody wrote an article about that?  --RoySmith 22:16, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Elbonian toenail clippings have anything to do with Culture and fine arts? -- Vsion 22:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've seen some pretty strange things that were called art :-) --RoySmith 00:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The article may be requested, but I'd be willing to bet that the person requesting the article was hoping for a much better article than this one. Crypticfirefly 06:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ouch. Pilatus 22:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While an article on takeout boxes might have merit, this article, as written, is useless. - Sensor 00:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed. It doesn't even mention those clever fold-up waxed cardboard boxes with the wire handles which in my mind are the canonical Chinese take-out containers.  What is interesting is that the title of the article refers to "take-out" which is American usage, but the body of the article says "take-away", which is how the Brits would say it.  --RoySmith 00:49, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment why would anyone request an article on Chinese take-out boxes? It kindof boggles the mind. KillerChihuahua 00:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone obviously ran out of imagination and competence to improve any of the 3/4 million articles we have to offer. I mean, who the hell cares about sewing anyway? / Peter Isotalo 01:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's not going be a "real article" without violating a truckload of policies. Articles on take-out boxes belong in blogs or anecdotal websites, not in Wikipedia. / Peter Isotalo 01:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; unencyclopedic, unsalvageable, trivial OR (and the author did not even get it right, as RoySmith observes). MCB 06:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Unbelievably trivial, 1st person blurb. -- Cactus.man  ✍  17:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and add to Requested Articles. -Sean Curtin 06:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and make sure this goes back on the list of Requested Articles. I firmly believe that a proper encyclopedic article could be written about Chinese take-out boxes, but this isn't it. Crypticfirefly 06:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A further comment: five minutes of research has taught me that cartons that RoySmith mentioned were originally intended for holding shucked oysters and were adopted by Chinese restaurants in the 1940's. A common name for them in the packaging industry is "Chinese pail."  A good article on this topic would mention these facts. Crypticfirefly 06:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment this page cracks me up --Ewok Slayer 02:01, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of elected socialist mayors in the United States

The following is a list of mayors who have declared themselves to be socialists or have been a member of a socialist party in the United States.

Statistics
In 1911, one author estimated that there were twenty-eight such mayors and in 1913 another author estimated thirty-four. In 1967, however, James Weinstein's table of "Cities and Towns Electing Socialist Mayors or Other Major Municipal Officers, 1911–1920" counted 74 such municipalities in 1911 and 32 in 1913, with smaller peaks in 1915 (22) and 1917 (18):

In 1911, the SPA won election to about 1,141 local offices in total.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stu and the frets

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 00:46, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Stu and the frets
Does not meet WP:MUSIC. A shame, the article is cleanly done. 19 matches on google. C HAIRBOY (☎) 18:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. C HAIRBOY (☎) 18:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Agree with Chairboy - perhaps we should notify the creator so they can take the content elsewhere for other use (or perhaps use if and when the band becomes noteable per WP:music? KillerChihuahua 00:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've notified the user and preserved the content on a subpage of their user page. Rob Church Talk 00:46, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.98.211.98

title: User talk:70.98.211.98


text:
Attic base

Attic base is the term given in architecture to the base of Roman Ionic order columns, consisting of an upper and lower torus, separated by a scotia (hollow concave molding) and fillets.

It was the favorite of the Romans, and was also employed by them for columns of the Corinthian and Composite orders. The style can be seen in Byzantine architecture as well; in the Romanesque period a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches, often incorporating the Attic base.

title: Attic base


text:
Eaglebrook School

Eaglebrook School is an independent junior boarding and day school for boys in grades six through nine. It is located in Deerfield, Massachusetts, on the Pocumtuck Range near Deerfield Academy and sited on an 724 acre campus which is also preserved by the Deerfield Wildlife Trust. Eaglebrook School is accredited by the Association of Independent Schools in New England (AISNE).

History
Eaglebrook School was founded in 1922 by Howard Gibbs, a friend of Headmaster Charles MacLarsen of Deerfield Academy. Gibbs, who graduated from Columbia, envisioned a younger boy's boarding school that allowed boys to develop their innate abilities, discover new interests, and gain confidence.

Thurston Chase, an Eaglebrook teacher and Williams College graduate, took over the school after Mr. Gibbs' unexpected death. Student enrollment was expanded, and the school grew to include a gymnasium, tennis courts, a learning center, a science building, and four new dormitories.

After Thurston Chase's retirement, his son, Stuart Chase, became the headmaster. The school continued to grow as it bought 500 adjacent acres and added new playing fields, a track, a ski area with snow making and chair lift, a swimming pool, and two new dormitories.

In 2002, Andrew Chase, son of Stuart and Eaglebrook's former director of development, became the current headmaster.

The campus has undergone extensive massive upgrades since the mid-1990s. Baines House and the Thurston C. Chase Learning Center have been renovated. The Schwab Family Pool, and the McFadden Rink at Alfond Arena and a new track and field facility have been built in the late 1990s. Two new dormitories, Kravis House and Mayer House, were completed in the early 2000s. In 2007, a major renovation was undertaken on Flagler House, Halsted House, and Taylor House. The Learning Center was also extensively renovated at that time. During the summer of 2010, the Sports Center was renovated, adding two new international squash courts, bringing the total to six, a new student lounge and student fitness room, and a 50-kilowatt solar panel system on the roof of the gym. The Edward P. Evans Academic Center for Science, Art, and Music, was opened in 2017.

Governance
Eaglebrook is owned by the Allen-Chase Foundation, a nonprofit educational trust. The foundation receives gifts from parents, friends, and alumni of the school and uses those gifts to enhance facilities, create endowed chairs for many faculty positions, provide a fund for professional development, and maintain a scholarship program.

Athletics
Many sports are offered:

Fall athletic offerings
 * Cross Country
 * Football
 * Mountain Biking
 * Soccer
 * Water Polo
 * Pickleball

Winter athletic offerings
 * Basketball
 * Ice Hockey
 * Skiing (competitive and recreational)
 * Ski Patrol
 * Snowboarding
 * Squash
 * Swimming

Spring athletic offerings
 * Lacrosse
 * Baseball
 * Golf
 * Tennis
 * Track and Field
 * Ultimate Disc
 * Rock Climbing

Notable alumni

 * King Abdullah II of Jordan
 * Michael Beschloss
 * Barry Bingham Jr.
 * Henry Bromell '63, author, television writer/producer
 * Nick Bromell
 * Doug Burden
 * Ennis Cosby
 * Tony Dalton, Mexican-American actor
 * Cameron Douglas, actor
 * Michael Douglas '60, actor, director
 * Peter Duchin, pianist, orchestra leader
 * Chris Hedges '71, author, war correspondent, activist
 * Thomas Hoving, former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * J. B. Jackson, writer, publisher, instructor, sketch artist in landscape design
 * Henry Kravis '60, investment banker, philanthropist
 * Lewis "Scooter" Libby '65
 * Rusty Magee '70
 * Laurence Mark '64 film producer
 * Mark Whitney Mehran
 * Christopher Mellon
 * Eugene F. Rice, Jr.
 * Duncan Sheik '86
 * Chris Waddell, Paralympics skiing champion
 * Jason Wu, fashion designer

title: Eaglebrook School


text: User talk:69.198.26.212

title: User talk:69.198.26.212


text:
Stuart Island (British Columbia)

Stuart Island is one of the Discovery Islands of British Columbia, which lie between northern Vancouver Island and the British Columbia Coast. It is privately owned and has no ferry access. It is situated at the mouth of Bute Inlet to the east of the larger Sonora Island within Electoral Area C of the Strathcona Regional District. The island, and Bute Inlet,  were named for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1762 to 1763.

The island is mostly home to exclusive fishing lodges and large private estates. Most of the visitors arrive by float plane or helicopter. Nanook Lodge is the only fishing/adventure lodge open to the public on Stuart Island and has scheduled daily seaplane service from Seattle.

Among the property owners on this island is Dennis Washington, a Montana businessman and owner of the Seaspan Marine Corporation, Dave Ritchie, a Vancouver businessman and Kris Mailman, owner and CEO of Seymour Pacific Developments and Broadstreet Properties. Washington has built a 9-hole golf course out of the granite on his estate.

Stuart Island has a paved, private airstrip, approximately 2100 feet long. It does not appear on any aeronautical chart or in the Canada Flight Supplement. The Big Bay Water Aerodrome appears in the Water Aerodrome Supplement.

title: Stuart Island (British Columbia)


text:
User talk:Tob~enwiki

Upper vs upper

 * This question is kind of irrelevant, but just out of curiosity: why did you change the redirect at Lobachevsky plane from upper to Upper? As I understand it, due to limitations in Wikimedia, all articles start with a capital letter. -- Tob 08:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

The purpose of my edit was to insert the hyphen between half and plane, thereby bypassing a redirect page. An incidental other change was to make the capital U a lower-case u (not the other way around). I prefer that because capitalizing the initial sometimes makes newbies think it's necessary to capitalize the first letter of a link, and then they put a capital d in something like dog in the middle of a sentence. The first letter of a link, unlike the later letters, is case-insensitive. Michael Hardy 18:58, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

DOI parameters
Why are you adding doi parameters to citation templates which are unlikely ever to need them, such as cite book? Accepted practice is to include such links in the id parameter using doi, because there are many such links none of which should be singled out for special treatment (see arxiv for example). Please do not do stuff like this without at least asking: in many cases we have previously thrashed out the answer. HTH HAND Phil | Talk 17:14, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry to come over harsh, but we've had some trouble with people adding parameters willy-nilly to these templates which are used very widely, and the resulting change can make quite a noticeabel impact if you know where to monitor stuff. In the meantime, you can simply add doi to the id parameter on just about any of the citation templates without the bother of adding parameters. Thanks for the extra information. —Phil | Talk 17:49, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

File:Nts.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Nts.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Cube00 (talk) 05:58, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tob. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tob~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:09, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:50, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tob~enwiki


text:
Marlon Samuels

Marlon Nathaniel Samuels (born 5 February 1981) is a Jamaican former cricketer who played internationally for the West Indies in all three formats, and a former ODI captain. He is a right-handed middle order batsman and an off-spinner. He was a key member of the West Indies team that won the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 and 2016 ICC World Twenty20, and was named man of the match in the final of both tournaments, becoming the first man to achieve the feat.

Samuels made his Test debut in Australia in 2000, and his One Day International debut against Sri Lanka in Nairobi during the ICC Knockout Trophy the same year.

In 2013 he was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year. He was one of the franchise players for the inaugural Caribbean Premier League. In 2016 the West Indies Cricket Board named Samuels as the ODI Player of the Year and the Cricketer of the Year.

On 4 November 2020, Samuels announced his retirement from professional cricket. He had already informed CWI about his retirement in June 2020.

Personal life
During January 1981, Samuels was born in Kingston to parents Philip and Daphne. He has seven siblings; four brothers and three sisters. As well the younger brother of Robert Samuels, a former cricketer who played for the Windies. As well he attended Kingston College and soon became a member of the Melbourne Cricket Club.

Domestic career
During the West Indies tour of Australia, on 9 October 2005, Samuels registered his highest first-class score with an innings of 257. It was made in a tour match against Queensland at the Gabba. His effort was a record score at the ground, beating Martin Love's 250. Showing his allround abilities, he followed it up with 5 wickets in the next innings.

The Bangladesh Cricket Board founded the six-team Bangladesh Premier League in 2012, a twenty20 tournament to be held in February that year. An auction was held for teams to buy players, and Samuels was bought by the Duronto Rajshahi for $360,000. He was the team's highest run-scorer with 242 from 11 innings in the competition. In February 2012, Samuels signed a contract with Pune Warriors India to play for them in the 2012 and 2013 Indian Premier League (IPL). The 2012 IPL clashed with Australia's tour of the West Indies, and Samuels was granted permission to skip the three Test series and play in the league. During the tournament, he was reported for having a suspect bowling action, and was suspended from bowling for the rest of the competition.

In October 2012, Samuels was selected for the Melbourne Renegades in the 2012/2013 Big Bash T20 League.

Samuels helped Peshawar Zalmi to win the 2017 Pakistan Super League, and Kowloon Cantons to win the 2017 Hong Kong T20 Blitz. Despite his then recent success, he was not selected until the 8th round of the 2017 Caribbean Premier League draft, when he was picked up by the St Lucia Stars.

Debut years
Samuels first played for the Windies at two successive U19 Cricket World Cups. During the West Indies' 2000 tour of Australia, Samuels scored 60 not out and 46 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, in his second test match. He went on to score his maiden Test hundred at Kolkata against the Indians in 2002/03. His innings of 104 helped the West Indies to draw the 3rd Test and was made against the likes of Javagal Srinath, Anil Kumble and Harbhajan Singh. His first ODI ton came in the series which followed and turned out to be a series winning innings. With the series level at 3–3 going into the final match at Vijayawada on 24 November 2002, Samuels smacked 108 not out off just 75 balls. The West Indies finished with 315 and went on to win by 135 runs.

He played in two Tests on the tour of Australia in 2005, with a highest score of 29, before he was sent home with a knee injury.

Permanent member
Against Pakistan at Multan in late 2006, Samuels scored his second ODI century. His unbeaten 100 led the West Indies to victory as they successfully chased the Pakistani total. He fell just short of another century a month later against the Indians in Chennai but his quick fire 98 helped his side chase down India's 268. Samuels was involved in the run-out of Brian Lara in his last international match, against England during the 2007 World Cup. Lara was on 18, when Samuels signalled for a quick run but was unable to reach the other wicket in time as Kevin Pietersen underarmed the ball to hit the stumps. After the World Cup, the West Indies toured England in May. Unexpectedly Samuels was not initially included in the squad for the Test leg, but was called up as a replacement when Ramnaresh Sarwan suffered an injury. On 4 July Samuels made 77 runs from 104 balls against England in the second Natwest ODI. He and Shivnarine Chanderpaul scored a record third wicket partnership of 175 runs at Edgbaston in a game West Indies won.

In December 2007, Samuels was named man of the match after scoring 94 and 40 in the first Test against South Africa in Port Elizabeth, a match the West Indies won by 128 runs. He went on to score his second Test hundred, in the final match, hitting 105 although it wasn't enough for his side to win the match or the series.

Ban in 2008
On 25 February 2008 Samuels was suspended from bowling in international cricket until he corrects his bowling action, which has been deemed suspect. Indian police accused Samuels of giving out team information to a known bookie prior to the 1st ODI between the West Indies and India in Nagpur on 21 January 2007. It was claimed that they have taped telephone conversations between a bookmaker, Mukesh Kochchar, and Samuels. The transcript was later released by the police. After a hearing into the matter, in May the International Cricket Council enforced a two-year ban on the 27-year-old for "receiving money, or benefit or other reward that could bring him or the game of cricket into disrepute". Samuels maintained his innocence.

Return in 2010
Samuels' two-year ban expired on 9 May 2010, and he subsequently returned to playing for Jamaica. West-Indian chief selector Clyde Butts stated that the door was open for Samuels to serve the Windies in international cricket provided that he proved himself on the domestic circuit. During the 2011 World Cup in February and March, all-rounder Dwayne Bravo suffered an injury and the West Indies Cricket Board asked Samuels to fly out to act as a replacement. Samuels declined, stating that he did not yet feel ready, but that he was targeting a return during India's tour of the West Indies in June and July.

The West Indians were knocked out from the quarter-finals of the World Cup, and in the team's first engagement after was hosting Pakistan in April and May. When the T20I squad was announced, four uncapped players were included and Samuels was recalled, marking a return to the squad for the first time since the expiration of his ban. Samuels returned to the Test side for the second Test and scored a half-century in his first innings.

Golden years
Samuels was selected in the West Indies Test squad to tour England after the IPL. In the first Test Samuels combined with Chanderpaul in a 157-run stand. However, with England batting on the final day to win the match Samuels was asked to bowl. His part-time off spin was called upon as the West Indies had entered the match without a specialist spinner, while Shannon Gabriel was injured and Fidel Edwards ineffective. Samuels scored his third Test century in his next innings, and combined with captain Darren Sammy to score 204 runs, the second-highest partnership for the West Indies' seventh wicket.

Samuels was named man of the match in the final of the 2012 ICC World Twenty20, in which the West Indies beat Sri Lanka by 36 runs to claim the title. He scored 78 off 56 balls, an innings which included six sixes and three fours. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2012 T20 World Cup by the ICC. For his performances in 2012, he was named in the Test XI and T20I XI of the year by ESPNcricinfo.

During the pool match against Zimbabwe in 2015 Cricket World Cup, Samuels scored his 8th ODI century. He along with Chris Gayle scored record breaking 372 run for the second wicket, which is the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ODIs. In the match, Gayle recorded first double century in World Cup history as well.

Samuels was also named man of the match in the final of the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 in which he scored an unbeaten 85 off 66 balls to help West Indies beat England by 4 wickets and capture their second World Twenty20 title. Samuels was later named as the 2016 West Indies' ODI Player of the Year and Cricketer of the Year.

Illegal bowling & drop from squad
During the first test at Galle in 2015, Samuels was again reported about suspect bowling action. The action was found to be illegal for the second time and Samuels was banned from bowling in international arena for 12 months. His bowling action was cleared on 16 February 2017 by the ICC with the permitted 15-degree limit.

On 4 November 2016, Samuels was dropped from the ODI squad for 2016–17 Zimbabwe Tri-Series due to poor performances in tests against Pakistan in October.

Return in 2017
On 24 February 2017, Samuels discussed with WICB about the omission him from West Indies squad and suggested he could accept a Kolpak deal in county cricket. However, on 21 August 2017, WICB took the decision to include Samuels along with Gayle to return ODIs for the series against England.

Corruption charges
In September 2021, Samuels was charged with breaching the ICC anti-corruption code, for his time playing in the Abu Dhabi T10 in 2019. In August 2023, Samuels was found guilty of four anti-corruption charges under the Emirates Cricket Board Anti-Corruption Code. In November 2023, Samuels was banned from all forms of cricket for six years.

Controversy
Samuels was involved in a controversy during the Melbourne derby on 6 January 2012 against the Shane Warne-led Melbourne Stars; during the Stars' innings, Samuels held back David Hussey at the non-striker's end when the batters were trying to take a second run off Samuels' bowling. Warne reacted angrily to this when he was later bowling to Samuels himself swearing and cursing; he continuously sledged Samuels, asking if he was going "grab hold of my shirt too, Marlon?" The incident escalated when Warne threw a cricket ball on Samuels, who responded by throwing his bat away. This led to an angry confrontation between the two mid-pitch. Both players were suspended, but Samuels missed the rest of the BBL season in any case, as he received an injury due to a bouncer from Lasith Malinga in the same game. The pair have been far from kind about each other in interviews since this incident.

Samuels also has something of a feud with Ben Stokes; this began during the England cricket tour to the West Indies 2014–15. In the Second Test match, in which Samuels scored a century, he mocked Stokes' attempts to distract him with sledging as he batted, saying that it only concentrated his mind on the job in hand. When Stokes was then dismissed for 8 on Day 3 of the same match, Samuels saluted the departing batsman.

The feud resurfaced during the final of the 2016 ICC World Twenty20, during which Samuels scored a crucial 85. Stokes bowled the final over of the match to Carlos Brathwaite, with Samuels at the non-striker's end. After Brathwaite hit 4 sixes to win the game for the West Indies, Samuels claimed that Stokes "never learns".

Tensions again arose between Samuels and Stokes in 2020; Stokes, who had been forced to quarantine while visiting his family in New Zealand during the COVID-19 pandemic, later joked that the experience of isolation had been so tough "he wouldn't wish it on his worst enemy" – when asked if he included Samuels in that statement, he responded "no, it's that bad". Samuels responded on his social media with an expletive-laden post referencing Stokes' wife, which drew a negative response from many in the cricketing world. Among those to respond was Shane Warne, who told Samuels that he "needs serious help". Samuels again took to social media to respond, mocking Warne for having plastic surgery.

Accolades
Samuels features along with eighteen other cricketers upon a mural at Sabina Park which aims to illustrate the spirit of Jamaican cricket.

List of international centuries
Samuels has scored seven centuries in Test matches and ten in One Day Internationals. His highest Test score of 260 came against Bangladesh at Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium, Khulna in November 2012 and his highest ODI score of 133* came against Zimbabwe at Manuka Oval, Canberra in February 2015.

Other ventures
In 2020, Samuels launched his first fragrance, named Sextillion. Since 2013, he has also supported blind charities in the Caribbean, especially in his native Jamaica, through the Marlon Samuels Foundation. He hopes that he will be able to adapt the focus of the foundation's work towards fighting breast cancer in the near future. As his career has wound down, Samuels has also begun to focus on the music industry; he has released songs to his YouTube channel under the stage-name Icon7.

Records

 * First player to receive two Player of The Final awards in ICC World T20 history. He also became only the second player after Shahid Afridi in history to score a half century and to take at least a single wicket in a T20 World Cup final.
 * With Kane Williamson he shares the record for the highest individual score in an ICC World T20 final (85). Samuels also holds the record for the highest score in a successful chase in an ICC World T20 final.
 * Highest ever ODI partnership for any wicket, along with Gayle – 372 runs for second wicket and also it is the highest stand for any wicket in World Cup history.

title: Marlon Samuels


text:
Talk:Coombe Hill, Buckinghamshire

I've recently visited Coombe Hill and was talked to by a National Trust member who was caring for the site. According to the Wikipedia entry, Coombe was given to the Goverment first then passed onto the National Trust. But the N.A. member told me it was given straight to the National Trust.

I would just like to know which is true.

Thank you,

Ms. A. Smith

i have also recently been to coombe hill and a nationltrust man gave me a lecture on coombe hill. he also said that coombe hill was given to the goverment first and then given to the N.A. i have seen a writer say that they were not sure which on was true, either given straight to N.A or given to the goverment first. So i think that Wikipedia are right and that it was given to the goverment first. thanks

Thank you very much for setting that straight.

Mrs. A. Smith

I can remember staying in Dunsmore with my Gran when I had school holidays circa 1950's. I was always told that Coombe Hill was given by the Prime Minister to the people of England !

Are there still squirrels running around in the woods?

Ah! such happy memories.

Mr.B.Seddon. 24/12/06

Yes, there are still squirrels running around in the woods. Apart from that, I changed the article slightly - it stated that the original plaque was gold, but in fact the current stone plaque says that the original *bronze* plaque was stolen.

External links modified
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claimed view of salisbury plain
I am deleting the unsourced claim that the Monument, or Hill, can be seen from Salisbury Plain (or vice versa).

I believe that the view is blocked by the Lambourn and Berkshire Downs, also Walbury Hill. I have also checked Jonathan di Ferranti's panorama http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ENGP/COOMBE%20HILL.png and used www.peakfinder.org neither of which provide any evidence for such a sight (even when using the above ground height with peakfinder). I also checked past history: Revision as of 20:13, 30 April 2011 (edit) 78.149.175.146 discusses generated views but does not mention Salisbury Plain

National Trust pilot
Hello! During late June, July and some of August, I'm working on a paid project sponsored by the National Trust to review and enhance coverage of NT sites. You can find the project edits here, as well as a statement and contact details for the National Trust. I am leaving this message when I make a first edit to a page; please do get in touch if you have any concerns. Lajmmoore (talk) 20:36, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coombe Hill, Buckinghamshire


text:
File talk:Poodle(cropped)snow-coat.jpg

Is this a stuffed toy or a real dog? =Nichalp  «Talk»=  19:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I had to put my hand over her eyes there in case she saw your post. ;-) She's very real, though I'd say more human than dog. SlimVirgin (talk) 19:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarifying. Its funny how people attribute human qualities to dogs and animals. I wish dogs could talk to us one day, that would be fun. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  04:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:Poodle(cropped)snow-coat.jpg


text:
Canada Business Corporations Act

The Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA; Loi canadienne sur les sociétés par actions) is an act of the Parliament of Canada regulating Canadian business corporations. Corporations in Canada may be incorporated federally, under the CBCA, or provincially under a similar provincial law.

Background
The Act was legislated based on a task force report organized in 1967 to provide the first comprehensive review of federal corporate law since 1934. It received royal assent on 24 March 1975, and came into force on 15 December 1975.

It provides the basic corporate governance framework for many small and medium-sized Canadian enterprises as well as many of the largest corporations operating in Canada. Nearly 235,000 companies are incorporated under the Act, including over 700 distributing or publicly held corporations. CBCA corporations make up approximately 50 percent of Canada's largest publicly traded business corporations.

As of June 25, 2019, the Act was amended to require information about the diversity of directors and members of “senior management” be provided to shareholders. Diversity information and the rank of senior management captured by the new reporting requirements will apply to all distributing corporations.

title: Canada Business Corporations Act


text:
Subdivisions of Senegal

Senegal is subdivided into four levels of administrative divisions.

Regions
At the top level are the Regions of Senegal and their elected administrative body. The 14 regions (régions, singular - région), are administered by a Conseil Régionaux, which is elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level.

Departments
Regions are subdivided into Departments, which are strictly administrative entities with no independent political power.

Arrondissements
Departments are made up of Arrondissements. These are also purely administrative structures, with prefects appointed by the central government.

Communes
City arrondissements (such as in Dakar and Pikine) are divided into Communes d'arrondissement. In the Dakar Region, since 1996, the four Arrondissements have been subdivided into such Communes d'arrondissement, with appointed Sub-Prefects, answerable to their Arrondissement Prefects. Outside the large cities, the built up areas are titled communes de ville and the rural arrondissements divided into communautés rurales  which maintain the same powers: city councils and mayors, directly elected.

Senegal's subdivisions number 14 régions, 45 départements, 133 arrondissements, 46 communes d'arrondissement, 113 communes de ville and 370 communautés rurales.

title: Subdivisions of Senegal


text:
Ferrate(VI)

Ferrate(VI) is the inorganic anion with the chemical formula [FeO4]2−. It is photosensitive, contributes a pale violet colour to compounds and solutions containing it and is one of the strongest water-stable oxidizing species known. Although it is classified as a weak base, concentrated solutions containing ferrate(VI) are corrosive and attack the skin and are only stable at high pH. It is similar to the somewhat more stable permanganate.

Nomenclature
The term ferrate is normally used to mean ferrate(VI), although it can refer to other iron-containing anions, many of which are more commonly encountered than salts of [FeO4]2−. These include the highly reduced species disodium tetracarbonylferrate Na2[Fe(CO)4], K2[Fe(CO)4] and salts of the iron(III) complex tetrachloroferrate [FeCl4]− in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate. Although rarely studied, ferrate(V) [FeO4]3− and ferrate(IV) [FeO4]4− oxyanions of iron also exist. These too are called ferrates.

Synthesis
Ferrate(VI) salts are formed by oxidizing iron in an aqueous medium with strong oxidizing agents under alkaline conditions, or in the solid state by heating a mixture of iron filings and powdered potassium nitrate.

For example, ferrates are produced by heating iron(III) hydroxide with sodium hypochlorite in alkaline solution:

 * 2 + 3  + 4  → 2  + 5  + 3

The anion is typically precipitated as the barium(II) salt, forming barium ferrate.

Properties
Fe(VI) is a strong oxidizing agent over the entire pH range, with a reduction potential (Fe(VI)/Fe(III) couple) varying from +2.2 V to +0.7 V versus SHE in acidic and basic media respectively.

 * + 8 + 3 e−   + 4 ; E0 = +2.20 V (acidic medium)
 * + 4 + 3 e−   + 5 ; E0 = +0.72 V (basic medium)

Because of this, the ferrate(VI) anion is unstable at neutral or acidic pH values, decomposing to iron(III): The reduction goes through intermediate species in which iron has oxidation states +5 and +4. These anions are even more reactive than ferrate(VI). In alkaline conditions ferrates are more stable, lasting for about 8 to 9 hours at pH 8 or 9.

Aqueous solutions of ferrates are pink when dilute, and deep red or purple at higher concentrations. The ferrate ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than permanganate, and oxidizes ammonia to molecular nitrogen.

The ferrate(VI) ion has two unpaired electrons and is thus paramagnetic. It has a tetrahedral molecular geometry, isostructural with the chromate and permanganate ions.

Applications
Ferrates are excellent disinfectants, and are capable of removing and destroying viruses. They are also of interest as potential as an environmentally friendly water treatment chemical, as the byproduct of ferrate oxidation is the relatively benign iron(III).

Sodium ferrate (Na2FeO4) is a useful reagent with good selectivity and is stable in aqueous solution of high pH, remaining soluble in an aqueous solution saturated with sodium hydroxide.

title: Ferrate(VI)


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Basij

The Basij (, lit. "The Mobilization") or Niru-ye Moghāvemat-e Basij (, "Resistance Mobilization Force"), full name Sâzmân-e Basij-e Mostaz'afin (سازمان بسیج مستضعفین, "The Organization for Mobilization of the Oppressed"), is a paramilitary volunteer militia within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and one of its five branches. The force is named Basij; an individual member is called basiji in the Persian language. , Gholamreza Soleimani is the commander of the Basij.

A paramilitary volunteer militia established in Iran in 1979 by order of Ayatollah Khomeini, leader of the Iranian Revolution, the organization originally consisted of civilian volunteers, often from poor, rural backgrounds, who were urged by Khomeini to fight in the Iran–Iraq War. Khomeini would occasionally refer to Basij as "The Twenty Million Army", claiming that about 75% of the time's population are Basijis. He would elaborate saying, that a country with 20 million of its people as their army, will be undefeatable. Basij was an independent organization until 17 February 1981, when it was officially incorporated into the Revolutionary Guards organization structure by the Iranian Parliament in order to end the interservice rivalry between the two, according to Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.

Today, the force consists of young Iranians, usually drawn from the traditionally religious and politically loyalist parts of Iran's society, who volunteer, often in exchange for official benefits. With branches in "virtually every" city and town in Iran, the Basij serve as an auxiliary force engaged in enforcing state control over society, acting as a morality police at checkpoints and parks, and suppressing dissident gathering, as well as serving as law enforcement auxiliary, providing social services, organizing public religious ceremonies. The force was often present and reacting to the widespread 2009 Iranian election protests, 2017–18 Iranian protests, and the 2022-2023 Mahsa Amini protests. The Basij are subordinate to and receive their orders from the IRGC and the Supreme Leader of Iran, They are said to be "tightly affiliated" with the Islamic Republic's "hardline" political faction, and "routinely" praised by the Supreme Leader, but also called a "profound source of disquiet and rancor" among the general public in Iran.

Basij, being part of the IRGC, is designated as a terrorist organization by the governments of the United States, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.

Terminology
Basij is a Persian word defined variously as mobilization, public preparation, nation will and popular determination, and the unity and preparation of the people to do important works.

Mustazafin or peasants means shia muslims who inherit the earth in Khamenei's speech while Khomeini had associated a universal invincible Islamic political party made of muslim people.

Iran–Iraq War
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for the foundation of a youth militia in November 1979, during the Iranian Revolution. The Basij was established on 30 April 1980. It was open to those above the age of 18 and below the age of 45.

During the Iran–Iraq War hundreds of thousands volunteered for the Basij, including children as young as 12 and unemployed old men, some in their eighties. These volunteers were swept up in Shi'a love of martyrdom and the atmosphere of patriotism of the war mobilization; most often they came from poor, peasant backgrounds. They were encouraged through visits to schools and an intensive media campaign. During the war, the Revolutionary Guard Corps used Basiji members as a pool from which to draw manpower. The Basij may best be known for their employment of human wave attacks which cleared minefields or drew the enemy's fire. It is estimated that tens of thousands were killed through the use of this tactic.

The typical human wave tactic was for Basijis (often very lightly armed and unsupported by artillery or air power) to march forward in straight rows. While casualties were high, the tactic often worked when employed against poorly trained members of the Iraqi regular army.

According to Dilip Hiro, by the spring of 1983 the Basij had trained 2.4 million Iranians in the use of arms and sent 450,000 to the front. In 1985 the IRNA put the number of Basijis at 3 million, quoting from Hojjatoleslam Rahmani. Tehran Bureau estimates the peak number of Basijis at the front at 100,000 by December 1986.

According to Radio Liberty, by the end of the Iran-Iraq war, most of the Basijis left the service and were reintegrated back into their lives, often after years of being in the front. By 1988, the number of Basij checkpoints dramatically decreased, but the Basij were still enforcing the hijab, arresting women for violating the dress code, and arresting youths for attending mixed gender parties or being in public with unrelated members of the opposite sex.

In 1988, college Basiji organizations were established on college campuses to fight "Westoxification" and potential student agitation against the government.

Revival
Whether the Basij remained intact since their founding is disputed or were disbanded and revived is disputed. According to Reuters, the Basij were not disbanded after the Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988, but continued as a loyalist and religious paramilitary group that provides the regime "with manpower and a heavy presence during pro-government rallies". But according to The New York Times, the Basij were reactivated in the late 1990s when the spontaneous celebrations following Iran winning a spot in the 1998 FIFA World Cup, and the student protests in July 1999, gave the Islamic government the feeling that it had lost control of the streets. (Giving a slightly different timeline, GlobalSecurity.org reports that it was revived around 2005.)

Part of the Basij revival was an emphasis on concepts such as Development Basij (Basij-e-Sazandegi), but protecting the regime from unrest was a high priority. Along with the Iranian riot police and the Ansar-e-Hezbollah, the Basij have been active in suppressing student demonstrations in Iran. The Basij are sometimes differentiated from the Ansar in being more "disciplined" and not beating, or at least not being as quick to beat demonstrators. Other sources describe the Ansar-e-Hezbollah as part of the Basij.

Some believe the change in focus of the Basij from its original mission of fighting to defend Iran in the Iran-Iraq War to its current internal security concerns has led to a loss in its prestige and morale.

Syrian Civil War, 2011–2021
One foreign conflict the Basij were involved in was on the side of the IRI's ally the Syrian Baathist regime. A Western analyst believed thousands of Iranian paramilitary Basij fighters were stationed in Syria as of December 2013. Syria's geopolitical importance to Iran and its role as one of Iran's crucial allies prompted the involvement of Basij militiamen in the ongoing Syrian Civil War. The Basij militia, similar to Hezbollah fighters, work with the Syrian army against rebel forces. Such involvement poses new foreign policy challenges for a number of countries across the region, particularly Israel and Turkey as Iran's influence becomes more than just ideological and monetary on the ground in the Syrian conflict. The Basij involvement in the Syrian Civil War reflects previous uses of the militia as a proxy force for Iranian foreign policy in an effort to assert Iranian dominance in the region and frightens Salim Idriss, head of the Free Syrian Army.

Protest movements
Iran has seen a series of political/social/economic protest movements during the 21st century that its security forces have been active in crushing—the July 1999 student protests, 2009 presidential election protests, protests in 2011–2012, 2019–2020 and the 2022-2023 Mahsa Amini protests. When protests erupt, the Basij often act as the state's "iron fist".

2009 election protests
The Basij have reportedly become "more important", more powerful, since the 2009 Iranian election—despite their "poor handing" of the protests over the election results. Mir Hussein Moussavi, opposition presidential candidate in 2009, decried violent attacks by the Basij during the 2009 Iranian election protests. There have also been reports of poor performance by Basij after the 2009 election. This was thought to be a reason for the replacement of commander Hossein Taeb and the Basij's formal integration into the Revolutionary Guards ground forces in October 2009. Following the protests, Hojjatoleslam Hossein Taeb, commander of the Basij, stated that eight people were killed and 300 wounded in the violence.

In 2010, an anonymous Norwegian student doing research in Iran claims he witnessed gruesome atrocities inside a Basij camp after being abducted by the unit while riding on a bus. According to the account the student gave to Norwegian embassy officials, he witnessed detained political dissidents being 'disemboweled', burned to death, and deliberately crushed by a riot control truck.

During the protests, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei created the Haydaryan, a new paramilitary force specifically dedicated to preserving his position; several of the founding Haydaryan members came from the Basij.

Mahsa Amini protests
According to Reuters, Basij were at the "forefront" of the Islamic Republic's efforts to stamp out the protests over the death of Mahsa Amini and related  lack of political and social freedoms the country. According to Tara Kangarlou of Time magazine, most of those "imprisoned, injured, and killed" during the protests have the Basij to thank. These protests, starting in September 2022 and dying out the following spring, led to over 500 deaths, including the deaths of 68 minors. Unlike some earlier protests they were "nationwide, spread across social classes, universities, the streets [and] schools".

Journalist and human rights activists have cataloged a number of serious human rights violations used to crush the unrest by the Basij and other IRI security forces. These included forced confessions, threats to uninvolved family members, and torture, including electric shocks, controlled drowning, and mock execution (based on CNN interviews); sexual violence/rape (based on testimony and social media videos corroborated by a CNN investigation), “systematic" attempts to blind protesters by shooting at their eye with projectiles such as "pellets, teargas canisters, paintball bullets" (activist media group IranWire documented at least 580 cases). Using ambulances to transport security forces and kidnapped protesters under the guise of rushing injured civilians to receive emergency medical attention.

The Iranian state media reports that security forces such as the Basij were targeted and killed by "rioters and gangs" mainly the members of a specific unknown organization that orchestrated this whole protest in their efforts to restore order and stop the destruction of public property by protesters, and that by 6 January 2023, at least 68 security force members were killed in the unrest. (However, according to BBC Persian service, these figures may not be reliable as some of those reported by state media to be loyalist Basij militiamen killed by the "rioters", were actually protesters killed by security forces, whose families were pressured by security forces to go along with the false reporting, threatening them with death if they failed to cooperate.)

Organization
Basij form the fifth branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. Different sources divide the Basij into different categories. As of 2011, according to Saeid Golkar, there are "seventeen different Basij suborganizations (for students, workers, employees, engineers, etc.)". Members fall into a hierarchy of "regular, active, and special". Dealing with security threats are the Imam Hossein Brigades and the Imam Ali Brigades. Its security apparatus includes armed brigades, anti-riot police and an extensive network of informers.
 * regular members are at the lowest level and have "basic" ideological and military training.
 * active members must pass a 45-day ideological and military training program and are "more engaged" in the organization's activities.
 * special members are actually full-time IRGC members serving in the Basij.

Subgroupings of the Basij include the
 * Primary Schools Basij Cadets [Basij-e Danesh-Amouzi],
 * the Students Basij Cadets [Basij-e Daneshjouyi],
 * the University Basij Cadets,
 * the Public Service Basij (Basij-e Edarii), and
 * the Tribal Basij.

Tehran Bureau also lists a "Guilds Basij Division" (Basij-e Asnaf), and a "Labor Basij" (Basij-e Karegaran). Australian Broadcasting Corporation lists them as having branches across the country, as well as "student organisations, trade guilds, and medical faculties".

The Fatehin serves as the Basij's special forces unit.

Size, bases
Estimates of the number of Basij vary, with its leadership giving higher figures than outside commentators. Official estimates are as high as 23.8 million. A scholar of the Basij, Saeid Golkar, estimates their total membership at approximately one million, and their security forces in the tens of thousands. As of 2020 there were reportedly between 40,000 and 54,000 Basij bases (Paygha-e Basij) around Iran.

Economic power
According to the US Treasury, the Basij have a multi-billion-dollar "covert network" of businesses. According to Saeid Golkar, the influence of the Basij in the Iranian economy, has grown to extend to "every sector", from "construction and real estate to the stock market". In 1996, six organizations were put under the control of the Basij Cooperative Foundation (BCF)
 * 1) The Basijis Housing Institution (Moassesseh-ye Tamin-e Maskan-e Basijian).
 * 2) The Basijis Medical Institution (Moassesseh-ye Tamin-e darman-e Basijian).
 * 3) The Basijis No-Interest Loan Institute (Moassesseh-ye Gharz al-Hassaneh-ye Basijian).
 * 4) The Basijis Consumer-Goods Provision Institution (Moassesseh-ye Tamin-e Aghlam-e Masrafi-ye Basijian).
 * 5) The Cultural Artistic Institute of the Warriors of Islam (Moassesseh-ye Farhangi Honari-ye Razmandegan-e Eslam).
 * 6) The Scientific and Pedagogic Services Institute of the Fighters (Moassesseh-ye Khadamat-e Elmi va Amouzeshi-ye Razmandegan).

As the government privatized companies under president Hashemi Rafsanjani, The Basij Cooperative Foundation became the Basij’s main mechanism for "purchasing entire industries on the cheap".

Duties and activities
Duties vary by province. Basij are deployed against drug traffickers in the eastern border regions and smugglers in Hormuzgan and Bushehr, and on the border with Iraq.

The Ashura Brigades were created in 1993. These Islamic brigades were made up of both Revolutionary Guards and the Basij and by 1998 numbered 17,000.

According to Golkar, the Basij are used to spread the state's ideology, serve as propaganda machine in political campaigns, justify clerical rule, protect politicians, and enforce Islamic morality and rules. They are part of the Islamic Republic's of Iran's overall avowed plan to have millions of informers. The Basiji also undermine dissent; for instance, they play a key role in suppressing uprisings and demonstrations.

Basij are present at every Iranian university to monitor morality (primarily dress) and behaviour. (In part this is because Universities and other places of post-secondary education are where Iranian males and females "meet for the first time in a mixed educational environment").

Commanders
The Basij is currently commanded by Gholamreza Soleimani, who replaced Gholamhossein Gheybparvar in 2019.

Motivation
While some joined the Basij because of genuine religious convictions, or loyalty to their pro-regime and traditional religious family and community background, others reportedly join Basij only to take advantage of the benefits of membership and to get admission to university or as a tool to get promotion in government jobs.

Benefits for members of the Basij reportedly include exemption from the 21 months of military service required for Iranian men, reserved spots in universities, and a small stipend. Members of Basij are more likely than non-members to obtain government positions, especially security related positions within government-controlled institutions.

In addition, recruits are also "put through heavy indoctrination". including an initial month and a half of "military and ideological training".

Politics
In theory, the Basij are banned from involvement in politics by the Iranian constitution, but its leadership is considered active, particularly during and after the 2005 election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. In past elections militia members have voted for both hardliners and reformists. President Ahmadinejad received significant support from militia members, many of whom have benefited from his policies during his presidency. Supreme Leader Khamenei described Basij as "the greatest hope of the Iranian nation" and "an immaculate tree".

Similar historical groups

 * KGB and NKVD (Soviet Union)
 * SAVAK (pre-revolutionary Iran)
 * Schutzstaffel and Gestapo (Nazi Germany)
 * Stasi (East Germany)

title: Basij


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George Bassman

George Bassman (February 7, 1914 – June 26, 1997) was an American composer and arranger.

Biography
Born in New York City to a Ukrainian- and Lithuanian-Jewish émigré couple, Bassman was later raised in Boston and began studying music at the Boston Conservatory while still a boy.

He studied orchestration and composition formally, but in his teens he left home against his father's wishes to play piano in an itinerant jazz group, and subsequently worked as an arranger for Fletcher Henderson in New York.

Through that gig, he became part of the burgeoning swing/big band scene and was soon writing songs as well. Bassman peaked in that career when he and Ned Washington wrote "I'm Getting Sentimental Over You" for the bandleader Tommy Dorsey. Bassman also worked in radio as an arranger for Andre Kostelanetz, and made the move to Hollywood in the mid-1930s.

Among his earliest film jobs was orchestrating the Gershwin songs in the Fred Astaire movie A Damsel in Distress at RKO. He later went to work at MGM, where he composed music for the Marx Brothers vehicles A Day at the Races, Go West, and The Big Store, as well as writing or arranging music for such musicals as Lady Be Good and Cabin in the Sky. He also worked on Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1939 musical The Wizard of Oz (for which he orchestrated the background music used in the tornado scene, poppy-field scene and many of the Emerald City sequences), Babes in Arms, and For Me and My Gal. During his work at MGM, he returned to RKO to supervise the adaptation of the Richard Rodgers/Lorenz Hart musical Too Many Girls to the big screen. He also worked on dramas, including Vincente Minnelli's The Clock and Tay Garnett's The Postman Always Rings Twice.

Bassman's career was interrupted in the midst of the Red Scare, however, when he admitted in testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee that he had been a member of the Communist party (it was virtually a family legacy, his mother apparently having been a dedicated Communist in the 1910s, when it had a very different meaning than it did in the 1950s).

Bassman left Hollywood after the studios closed their doors to him and returned to New York where he found the theater still open to him. He was engaged to orchestrate the show Guys and Dolls (with Ted Royal), and also composed music for various shows and revues. Although Hollywood was closed to him, Bassman was able to work in television in its early days, as a composer for various live shows and also as a conductor; he eventually composed the music for the live television anthology series Producers' Showcase as well. He also quietly kept his hand in movies, where independent producers were willing to hire him. Among his best scores during this period was his music for The Joe Louis Story (1955); he also got hired to write some music for the Hollywood movie Marty (1955), and Columbia hired him in 1958 to score Middle of the Night.

Bassman had seemingly beaten the blacklist, and without too much inconvenience, but then his professional luck ran out, oddly enough upon his return to MGM for the first time in more than a decade. He clashed with the makers (including director Sam Peckinpah) of what could have been a triumphant comeback, on Ride the High Country (1962). He closed out his film career with Mail Order Bride (1964), and saw several of his scores (including one for Bonnie and Clyde) rejected.

In 1961 he arranged all the music for Mitzi Gaynor's very first nightclub act which debuted at The Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas.

Late in his career, he re-orchestrated the 1922 one-act jazz opera by George Gershwin and Buddy DeSylva, Blue Monday. This version has been recorded.

In the late 1960s, he acquired ownership of and operated the Savoy Club, a contract bridge club located on Sunset Strip catering to Hollywood personalities and local bridge professionals.

Death
Bassman's later life was marred by tragedy—his personal life involved three marriages, and the last had a duration of scarcely a year. By the late 1970s, he was cut loose from his career, and he later fell in with the wrong people. He died forgotten by his profession and alone in Los Angeles in 1997.

title: George Bassman