text:
Denesh Ramdin

Denesh Ramdin (born 13 March 1985) is a former Trinidadian cricketer who plays as a right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman. Ramdin formerly captained the West Indies, Guyana Amazon Warriors, Trinidad and Tobago and the Combined Campuses and Colleges. He was a member of the West Indies team that won both the 2012 T20 World Cup and the 2016 T20 World Cup.

He holds the record for the highest score by a West Indies wicket-keeper in ODIs with 169 as well as the second-highest in Tests with 166. Ramdin is also third, behind Jeff Dujon and Ridley Jacobs, in both test and ODI wicketkeeping dismissals for the Windies respectively.

Early career
Ramdin began playing cricket as a fast bowler but took up wicket-keeping because he was bored when not bowling. According to Ramdin he did not receive much coaching early in his career, though he did have sessions with David Williams and Jeff Dujon in which he worked on his wicket-keeping. He eventually captained both the West Indies' and Trinidad at Under-19 level.

When the West Indies toured Sri Lanka in July and August 2005, the 19-year-old Ramdin was the only wicket-keeper in the 15-man squad, taking over from the incumbent Courtney Browne. Brown did not play international cricket after he was replaced by Ramdin and retired later that year at the age of 34. At the time of his selection, Ramdin had played in just first-class games of experience with three scores above fifty including one century. On Test debut Ramdin scored 56 runs before he was bowled by Gayan Wijekoon who was also playing his first Test. The West Indies embarked on the tour with only three of their first choice players (aside from captain Shivnarine Chanderpaul the rest of the West Indies players had just one Test century between them) because of a dispute over sponsorship and as expected lost both Tests. The Indian Oil Cup 2005 with Sri Lanka and India followed the Tests and Ramdin played his first ODIs in the tournament.

The West Indies toured Australia in October and November 2005. Australia, rebuilding after losing the Ashes earlier that year, won all three Tests. The West Indies did not register a century partnership until the fourth innings of the series when Ramdin, who scored 71, combined with Dwayne Bravo in just his seventh Test. In his five other innings in the series Ramdin managed a total of 100 runs, finishing with an average of 34.20 and scoring more runs in the series that his Australian counterpart Adam Gilchrist. During the series he received advice from Gilchrist and former Australian Test 'keeper Ian Healy regarding his batting and keeping. The West Indies next engagement was against New Zealand in February and March 2006. Of the nine international matches on the tour – three Tests, five ODIs, and a Twenty20 International – the West Indies won a single ODI and drew one Test, while New Zealand won the rest. Ramdin managed just 33 runs in the Tests, and 92 runs in the ODIs However such was Ramdin's importance to the side that he was one of seven players the West Indies Cricket Board were considering to take over as captain when Shivnarine Chanderpaul resigned from the position in April.

Dropped
At this time Ramdin was competed to be first-choice wicket-keeper spot to Carlton Baugh in ODIs. Ultimately, only Ramdin was selected for the 2007 World Cup. However, Ramdin went on to cement his place as the West Indies wicket keeper in all forms of the game and was the vice-captain at one point, following the resignation from that position of Ramnaresh Sarwan. Ramdin scored his maiden Test century against England in the fourth Test at Barbados in 2009, going on to score 166 in a drawn match. He hit two centuries in the 2009–10 Regional Four Day Competition in the West Indies, at an average of 113.33, amassing 340 runs in 6 innings.

When South Africa toured in May and June 2010 Ramdin managed 63 runs in the three-Test series and 34 runs from five ODIs. The run of poor form meant Ramdin's central contract with the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) was not renewed in August 2010. After a 2010–11 season in which Ramdin scored 460 runs in the Regional Four Day Competition, he was recalled to the team for the ODI series against India. When the WICB announced its list of centrally contracted players in October 2011 Ramdin was not included.

Trinidad and Tobago captaincy and return
In November 2011 Trinidad and Tobago named Ramdin as their captain, replacing Darren Ganga. Under his leadership, Trinidad & Tobago won the Caribbean Twenty20 held in January 2012. Ramdin followed this up by finishing as his team's leading run-scorer in the 2011–12 Regional Four Day Competition. When the West Indies toured India in November and December Ramdin was the first-choice wicket-keeper for the ODI leg and played in all five matches. He managed 164 runs in the series, 96 of which came in a 153-run loss to India in the fourth ODI. The innings was the highest score by a West Indies 'keeper in ODIs. The West Indies lost the five-match series 4–1

A broken right thumb sustained in March forced him to miss the ODI series against Australia that month. After recovering from the injury Ramdin was recalled to the Test squad to tour England in May and July, replacing Baugh who had not contributed as many runs as the selectors hoped. Playing his first Tests since 2010 he set himself a target of scoring three half-centuries in the three-Test series. West Indies lost the first two matches and Ramdin made scores of 6, 43, 1 and 6, prompting former player Viv Richards to remark "Ramdin just looks out of sorts. When he first came into the game I felt he was a huge prospect. For some reason he has deteriorated in such a big way. Just the way he is walking back, he looks like a totally lost guy." In the final Test of the series Ramdin struck his second Test century, managing 107 not out. At the fall of the ninth wicket Ramdin was joined by Tino Best and the pair built a 143-run partnership, the highest stand for the tenth wicket by the West Indies and the third highest in Test history. On reaching his century, Ramdin produced a piece of paper from his pocket on which he had written a message for Richards the night before. The message read "Yeah Viv Talk Nah". The ICC fined Ramdin 20% of his match fee for "conduct contrary to the spirit of the game". He later expressed regret over the incident, exclaiming; "It's been a few years since that incident. What I did then happened at the heat of moment. When I look back, today perhaps with age, I have become wiser and would not have taken that piece of paper out of my trouser's pocket,"..."I have put the past behind and now myself and Viv are good friends."

In the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, Ramdin claimed a catch from batsman Misbah-ul-Haq. However television replays showed that the ball was not caught, and the matter was referred to the match referee. Ramdin was fined his full match fee and suspended for two matches.

In July 2013, Ramdin was dropped from West Indian squad for the first two ODIs against Pakistan in Guyana. Ramdin has hit only one half-century since his recall to the West Indies one-day side in October 2011 and has been dropped in several recent matches both during the Champions Trophy and the home tri-series which also featured India and Sri Lanka. In Ramdin's absence West Indies used opener Johnson Charles behind the stumps, and haven't picked any specialist wicketkeeper in the squad.

In December 2013, Ramdin scored 107, in the third test against New Zealand at Seddon Park. This is the highest score by a West Indian wicketkeeper vs New Zealand in test match cricket. Ramdin's knock was also his third century in an away test, equalling Clyde Walcott's record for most overseas hundreds by a West Indies wicketkeeper.

His 200-run partnership with Shivnarine Chanderpaul was only the eighth double-century partnership for the sixth wicket by West Indies batsmen. Ramdin and Chanderpaul came together with the West Indies score at 86 for 5 – the lowest score at which a West Indies pair, where the batsmen added 200 or more runs for the sixth or lower wickets, had begun the partnership.

In March 2014, Ramdin nocthed his maiden hundred in the third and final One-Day International against England. Ramdin scored 128, the first century by a West Indies wicket-keeper in ODIs though the regional side eventually fell short by 25 runs, to concede the series 2–1.

In August 2014, Ramdin scored 169 in the third and final ODI against Bangladesh at Warner Park, Basseterre, Saint Kitts. He then and there notched the highest ODI score by a West Indian batsman at home in the Caribbean surpassing Desmond Haynes' 152 not out against India at Bourda in Georgetown, Guyana in 1989. This was also the highest ODI score by a West Indian wicketkeeper. Ramdin's hit 11 sixes in his knock, the second highest by a West Indies batsman in ODIs, one short of Xavier Marshall's 12 sixes against Canada in 2008. Ramdin's 11 sixes in this match are also the highest by a wicketkeeper in an innings, beating Mahendra Singh Dhoni's 10 sixes against Sri Lanka at Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur in 2005.

In March 2014, Ramdin affected four stumpings in Pakistan's innings at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium in Mirpur equalling the record for the most stumpings in a T20 international. He was named as wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Kamran Akmal also had affected four stumpings in a match against the Netherlands in the 2009 World T20.

Test and franchise captaincy
In May 2014, Ramdin was named captain of the Test side and took over from Darren Sammy who remained the T20 captain. West Indies then had three separate captains for all three formats with Dwayne Bravo as ODI skipper. Ramdin's first assignment was the home series against New Zealand which began with a 2–1 series loss in June 2014.

Ramdin was also appointed, in May 2014, as captain of Caribbean Premier League outfit Guyana Amazon Warriors. He later skippered the Combined Campuses and Colleges in their 2022-23 Super50 Cup campaign.

T20 Franchise career
On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Montreal Tigers in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the St Kitts & Nevis Patriots squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League.

Personal life
He is an ethnic Indo-Trinidadian and a practising Hindu.

title: Denesh Ramdin


text:
Talk:James Hylton

Untitled
Wikified as part of the Wikification wikiproject! JubalHarshaw 13:55, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Medford Speed
I'm looking for historic info on one of his former sponsors, Medford Speed. Can't find anything online at all. --JAYMEDINC 17:18, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:James Hylton


text:
Ring King

Ring King, known as King of Boxer (キングオブボクサー) in Japan and Europe, is an arcade boxing game developed by Woodplace. It was published in 1985 by Woodplace in Japan and Europe, and by Data East in North America.

Gameplay
The game continues the series' theme of comical sports as the player takes the role of a boxer who makes his way from his debut to become a world champion. Ring King, though perhaps unintentionally, is standard of the boxing creations of its era, via providing quirky monikers for opponents the player encounters; in its arcade release, these number eight (8): Violence Jo (this entry level fighter is the champion, in the NES version), Brown Pants, White Wolf, Bomba Vern, Beat Brown, Blue Warker (reigning champion, in the arcade version), Green Hante and Onetta Yank. Assuming the player wins the championship, arcade play continues cycling through only the last of the afore-listed three (Blue Warker, Green Hante, Onetta Yank).

The player can choose from several different types of punches and defensive maneuvers, along with unique special attacks. The player revives their stamina during the round interval by pressing the button rapidly. In the Nintendo port, the boxer's abilities are determined by three different stats; punch, stamina, and speed. The player can improve these stats using the power points gained after each match. Performing well in matches allows the player to create more powerful boxers. The player can save their game progress by recording a password, and two players can face off against each other in the two-player mode. Though the game is rudimentary, it is possible to counter-punch, and missing with too many punches causes the boxer's stamina to decrease.

Special attacks
The biggest characteristic of the game is the comical set of special attacks. These moves are activated when the player presses the attack button at the right timing and at the right distance. The attacks have the capability to instantly knock out the opponent, but being countered before a special attack causes an extraordinary amount of damage as well. The first special attack is a powerful hook which the boxer throws by spinning around like a top. The second is a straight punch that propels the opponent into the ropes when it connects. The third type is an uppercut that launches the opponent straight into the air. If thrown at the right timing, the uppercut can blast the opponent straight out of the ring, resulting in a technical knockout.

Ports
The game was later ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom in Japan) in 1987, which was published by Namco in Japan and by Data East in North America. This version was also released on the VS. UniSystem as VS. TKO Boxing in North America in 1987. Sony later ported it to the MSX2 exclusively in Japan in 1988. The Famicom and MSX2 versions were released as the third game of the Family sports game series, after Family Stadium and Family Jockey for the Famicom in Japan by Namco as Family Boxing (ファミリーボクシング). The game was later converted into an i-mode mobile phone application and released exclusively in January 2004 by Namco.

Reception
Ring King's sales had surpassed 250,000 copies in the United States by 1988, for which it received a Platinum Award from the Software Publishers Association (SPA) in August 1988.

title: Ring King


text: User talk:84.65.124.235

title: User talk:84.65.124.235


text:
Talk:Jimmy Means

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title: Talk:Jimmy Means


text:
Teutamus

 * Teutamus is also a spider genus (Liocranidae)

Teutamus (Tεύταμoς; lived 4th century BC) was a Macedonian officer, who, in 319 BC, shared with Antigenes the command of the select troops called the Argyraspids.

Etymology
The name Teutamos appears to contain the Proto-Indo-European root, a word meaning "people" or "tribe". The root also appears in Celtic names, such as Celtic deity Toutatis, and in the name of ancient Illyrian ruler Teuta.

Joseph Vendryes had suggested that compound names with the stem seem to be common around the southeast Europe and the Balkans, although the name "is attested ... in Messapic, in Osco-Umbrian, in Venetic, in Gaulish, in Celtiberian, in Brittonic languages, in Welsh, in German and in the Baltic languages".

History
The details of his military career and promotion are unknown until the present moment.

When Eumenes, after escaping from Nora, joined the Argyraspids in Cilicia, Antigenes and Teutamus at first, in obedience to the orders of the regent Polyperchon and Olympias, placed themselves under his command but they secretly regarded him with jealousy, and Teutamus even listened to the overtures of Ptolemy, and would have joined in a plot against the life of Eumenes, had he not been dissuaded by his more prudent colleague. But though they continued to follow the guidance of Eumenes, and with the troops under their command, bore an important part in his campaigns against Antigonus, they took every opportunity of displaying their envy and jealousy, which their general in vain tried to allay, by avoiding all appearance of the exercise of authority. During the winter campaign in Gabiene (316 BC) the two leaders of the Argyraspids were the prime movers of a plot for the destruction of Eumenes; and after the final action, Teutamus was the first to open negotiations with Antigonus for the recovery of the baggage of the Argyraspids by the betrayal of his rival into his hands. By this act of treachery he probably hoped to secure the favour of Antigonus, as well as to supplant his own colleague or leader, Antigenes; but we find no farther mention of his name, and it is probable that he was sent, with the greater part of the Argyraspids, to perish in Arachosia.

title: Teutamus


text:
User:DavideAndrea

About me
My name is Davide Andrea I was born in Torino, Italy, in 1957.

I moved to the US in 1976.

I am an electronics consultant in Boulder, Colorado USA, and owner of Elithion

I drive a Sparrow, a small electric vehicle, which I converted to Li-ion batteries, and 100 % solar power.

I have volunteer for many years at KGNU, a great little community radio station.

My girlfriend is Ann Colcord. We got together thanks to Match,com

As an electronic design engineer, I have developed an applet to help me assign part numbers to the components in my products. It is based on my years of experience in electronic components. I would like to share it with you, to save you time and ease your work.

The National Federation of Community Broadcasters gave me a Volunteer of the Year Award for my volunteer work in community radio.

WikiPedia contributions

 * Creations
 * Alternative Radio
 * KGNU
 * Grassroots Radio Coalition
 * Swing door operator

 * Translations (Italian to English)
 * Pietro_Gori
 * Pasquale del Pezzo
 * Chimonanthus
 * Cascata_delle_Marmore

 * Major contribution - electronics
 * Part Number
 * Electronic_component
 * Current_sensor
 * DC_to_DC_converter
 * Current_sensor
 * Network_protector
 * OBD-II_PIDs
 * Swing_door_operator
 * Major contribution - other
 * Grassroots_Radio_Coalition
 * KGNU-FM

External links and contact info
web --- at --- davideandrea dot com 1 303 413 1500
 * Business website
 * Personal website
 * Li Ion BMS: clearing house site with all things Li-Ion
 * Elithion: my company

title: User:DavideAndrea


text:
United Socialists

United Socialists (in Swedish: Förenade Socialister) was a coalition in Gällivare, Sweden, formed on January 10, 1988 by the Workers Association of Malmberget (MAF), the Solidarity Party and the International Group. In practice it functioned as a front of the latter.

FS contested the 1988 municipal elections (with the ballot name Förenade Socialister-nybyggare). It got 575 votes, and Lasse Karlsson and Kjell Hansson (both from MAF) got elected. FS also contested the County Council elections in Norrbotten, without winning any seat. In Gällivare it got 751 votes for their County Council list. Tomas Junkka of the Solidarity Party headed the list.

The Solidarity Party left FS in the fall of 1988, accusing other constituents of not respecting mutual agreements.

FS published Nybyggaren. The group was disbanded in 1990, but the core of its constituents continued to work with the Workers List

title: United Socialists


text:
Tony Torcato

Anthony Dale Torcato (born October 25, 1979, in Woodland, California) is a former Major League Baseball Player.

Professional career
Torcato was drafted in the 1st round (19th overall) of the 1998 Major League Baseball Draft by the San Francisco Giants. Before being drafted, Torcato signed a letter of intent to play college baseball at UNLV.

He made his MLB debut on July 26, 2002, as the starting right fielder for the Giants against the Los Angeles Dodgers and singled to right field in his first at-bat off of the Dodgers Hideo Nomo. He played in parts of four seasons in Major League Baseball and a total of 8 years in the San Francisco Giants organization before becoming a free agent after the 2005 season.

In 2006, Torcato started the baseball season in the Italian Baseball League with Bbc Grosseto, then signed with the Chicago White Sox, who assigned him to the AAA Charlotte Knights.

In 2007, Torcato signed with the Seattle Mariners but was released toward the end of Spring Training.

In 2008, Torcato signed with the Long Beach Armada and the Chico Outlaws of the Golden Baseball League.

In 2021, Torcato became the manager of the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes in the Mavericks Independent Baseball League based out of Salem Oregon.

title: Tony Torcato


text:
Derek Humphry

Derek Humphry (born 29 April 1930) is a British-born American journalist and author notable as a proponent of legal assisted suicide and the right to die. In 1980, he co-founded the Hemlock Society and, in 2004, after that organization dissolved, he co-founded Final Exit Network. From 1988 to 1990, he was president of the World Federation of Right to Die Societies and is the current president of the Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization (ERGO).

He is the author of several related books, including Jean's Way (1978), The Right to Die: Understanding Euthanasia (1986), and Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying (1991).

Since 1978, Derek Humphry has lived in the United States.

Early years
Born to a British father and an Irish mother, he was raised in Somerset. His education was slender because of a broken home followed by World War II, when many English schools were in chaos, finally leaving at the age of 15, when he became a messenger boy for the Yorkshire Post. In a 30-year journalistic career Humphry worked and wrote for the Bristol Evening World, the Manchester Evening News, the Daily Mail, the Sunday Times and, lastly, the Los Angeles Times.

Personal life
His first wife, Jean Humphry, ended her life on 29 March 1975, in the Cotswolds with her husband at her side, with an intentional overdose of medication; she was suffering from terminal bone cancer. He told that story from his perspective in the best-selling Jean's Way. Derek and Jean Humphry had three sons, the youngest one an adoptee.

Humphry wrote the 1991 suicide handbook, Final Exit. From 1993 onwards Humphry has been president of the Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization (ERGO), and chairs the advisory board of the new Final Exit Network (formed 2004 to replace the Hemlock Society dissolved the previous year in mergers).

His marriage to his next wife, Ann Wickett, an American and a co-founder of the Hemlock Society, ended in 1989 when she filed for divorce; they had no children. Ann Wickett committed suicide during a recurrence of depression at the age of 49 on 2 October 1991. She had been battling breast cancer, but the cancer was reportedly in remission.

In early 1990 Humphry married Gretchen Crocker, youngest daughter of an Oregon farming family.

Affiliations
Humphry is an advisor to the World Federation of Right to Die Societies by virtue of his past presidency and in appreciation of his 26 years of involvement with that organization. Since it was founded in 2004, Humphry has been an adviser to the Final Exit Network. After four members of the organization were accused in Georgia of assisting a suicide he launched the Final Exit Liberty Fund which paid most of their legal costs.

In 2014 Derek Humphry was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by the World Federation of Right To Die Societies for "contributing so much, so long and so courageously to our right to a peaceful death." The award was presented by the organization's president, Faye Girsh, at its 20th international conference in Chicago in 2014. It was the first time this award had been made.

Books and publications
Humphry was newsletter editor for the World Federation of Right to Die Societies for a number of years.

As of 2016, the paperback Final Exit was in print in English, Spanish and Italian. It has sold more than one million copies in twelve languages since 1991. In April 2007 the editors and book critics of USA Today selected Final Exit as one of the most memorable 25 books of the last quarter century. In 2017 he published his life story, Good Life, Good Death: The Memoir of a Right To Die Pioneer (Carrel Books, New York. ISBN 978-1631440663)

The film Nomadland, which won three Oscars in 2021, mentions Final Exit, but incorrectly attributes the book to Jack Kevorkian.

Derek Humphry's books, manuscripts, papers and documents are archived at Special Collections, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Derek Humphry bibliography

 * Because They're Black (with Gus John; 1972), ISBN 978-0140216240; awarded the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize
 * Police Power and Black People (with a commentary by Gus John; 1973), ISBN 978-0586037317
 * Passport and Politics (with Michael Ward; 1974), ISBN 978-0140523096
 * The Cricket Conspiracy (1975), National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-40-5
 * False Messiah: The Story of Michael X (1977), ISBN 978-0246108845
 * Jean's Way: A Love Story (1978), ISBN 0-9637280-7-5
 * The Right to Die: Understanding Euthanasia (1986), ISBN 0-9606030-9-3
 * Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying (1991, updated 2002, 3rd edition), ISBN 0-385-33653-5
 * Lawful Exit: The Limits of Freedom for Help in Dying (1993), ISBN 0-9637280-0-8
 * Dying with Dignity (1992), ISBN 0-517-14342-9
 * Freedom to Die: People, Politics & The Right-To-Die Movement (1998), ISBN 0-9637280-1-6
 * Let Me Die Before I Wake (& Supplement to Final Exit; 2002), ISBN 1-4011-0286-7
 * The Good Euthanasia Guide: Where, What & Who in Choices in Dying (2006), ISBN 0-9637280-8-3
 * Good Life, Good Death: The Memoir of a Right To Die Pioneer, ISBN 978-1631440663

title: Derek Humphry


text:
Les aventures de M. Colin-Tampon

Les Aventures de M. Colin-Tampon is a novel written by Jules Girardin. The 4th edition, published in 1896, was illustrated by R. Tinant.

First sentence
M. Colin-Tampon avait cinquante ans; il était propriétaire d'une jolie villa sur le territoire de Courbevoie, et, par-dessus le marché, conseiller municipal.

title: Les aventures de M. Colin-Tampon


text:
Joshua Reed Giddings

Joshua Reed Giddings (October 6, 1795 – May 27, 1864) was an American attorney, politician and a prominent opponent of slavery. He represented Northeast Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1838 to 1859. He was at first a member of the Whig Party and was later a Republican, helping found the party.

Giddings is noted as a leading abolitionist of his era. He was censured in 1842 for violating the gag rule against discussing slavery in the House of Representatives when he proposed a number of Resolutions against federal support for the coastwise slave trade, in relation to the Creole case. He quickly resigned, but was overwhelmingly re-elected by his Ohio constituents in a special election to fill the vacant seat. He returned to the House and served a total of nearly twenty more years as representative.

Giddings is one of the main reasons that the Western Reserve was, before the Civil War, one of the most anti-slavery regions of the country.

Early life and education
Joshua Reed Giddings was born in Bradford County, Pennsylvania at Tioga Point, now Athens, on October 6, 1795. His family moved that same year to Canandaigua, New York, where they spent the next ten years. In 1806 his parents Elizabeth (née Pease) and Joshua Giddings moved the family to Ashtabula County, Ohio, which was then sparsely settled. Here they settled on Ohio's Western Reserve, which "provided him with the occupational and social mobility so characteristic of the early nineteenth-century frontier", where Giddings lived for most of the rest of his life. Many settlers from New England went there. As the Reserve was widely famous for its radicalism, Giddings may have been inspired in his first stirrings of passion for antislavery.

Giddings first worked on his father's farm and, although he received no systematic education, devoted much time to study and reading. At 17 he joined a militia regiment for the War of 1812. He served for five months, including battles against American Indian allies of the British.

After 1814 Giddings was a schoolteacher. He married Laura Waters, daughter of a Connecticut emigrant, in 1819. One of their children, Grotius Reed Giddings (1834–1867), was Major of the 14th United States Infantry in the American Civil War.

Giddings later read law with Elisha Whittlesey in preparation for a career as an attorney. He made some money through land speculation.

Career
In February 1821 Giddings was admitted to the bar in Ohio. He soon built up a large practice, particularly in criminal cases. From 1831 to 1837 he was in partnership with Benjamin Wade, a future U.S. Senator. Influenced by Theodore Weld, the two formed the local antislavery society.

Giddings and his friend Wade were both elected to Congress, where they were outspoken opponents of slavery throughout their careers. Wade was elected president of the Senate during the Andrew Johnson administration. He would have succeeded to the presidency of the United States had one more senator voted for the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Political career
Giddings was first elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, serving one term from 1826 to 1827.

The Panic of 1837, in which Giddings lost a great deal of money, caused him to cease practicing law. He ran for federal office and was elected to Congress, "with instructions to bring abolition into national focus in any way possible". Consistently re-elected to office, from December 1838 until March 1859, he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing first Ohio's 16th district until 1843, and then Ohio's 20th district until 1859. Giddings ran first as a Whig, then as a Free-soiler, next as a candidate of the Opposition Party, and finally as a Republican. From 1838 until 1843, his district included the city of Youngstown. From 1843 to 1853, the boundaries were shifted northwest to include Cleveland and Youngstown was subtracted from his constituency; from 1853, Cleveland was again swapped for Youngstown.

For the start of the 1841 session Giddings and some of his colleagues, Seth M. Gates of New York, William Slade of Vermont, Sherlock J. Andrews of Ohio, and others, constituted themselves a Select Committee on Slavery, devoted to driving that institution to extinction by any parliamentary and political means, legitimate or otherwise. Not being an official committee, they met their operating expenses out of their own pockets. The expenses included the board and keep of Theodore Dwight Weld, the prominent Abolitionist lecturer, who researched and helped prepare the speeches by which the members excited public opinion against slavery at every opportunity. Their headquarters was in Mrs. Sprigg's boarding-house, directly in front of the Capitol, where Gates, Slade, Giddings, Weld, and the influential abolitionist minister Joshua Leavitt, lived during sessions of Congress; others gradually joined them. John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts was not a member of the committee, but acted as a powerful ally.

Giddings found an early opportunity to attack slavery when on February 9, 1841, he delivered a speech upon the Seminole War in Florida, insisting that it was waged in the interest of slavery.

In the Creole case of 1841, American slaves had revolted and forced the brig Creole into Nassau, Bahamas, where they gained freedom as Britain had abolished slavery in its territories in 1834. Southern slaveholders argued for the federal government to demand the return of the slaves or compensation.

Giddings emphasized that slavery was a state institution, with which the Federal government had no authority to interfere; he noted that slavery only existed by specific state enactments. For that reason, he contended that slavery in the District of Columbia and in the Territories was unlawful and should be abolished, as these were administered by the federal government. Similarly, he argued that the coastwise slave trade in vessels flying the national flag, like the international slave trade, should be rigidly suppressed as unconstitutional, as the states had no authority to extend slavery to ships on the high seas, and the federal government had no separate interest in it. He also held that Congress had no power to pass any act that in any way could be construed as a recognition of slavery as a national institution.

His statements in the Creole case attracted particular attention, as he had violated the House's gag rule barring antislavery petitions.

The U.S. government attempted to recover the slaves from the Creole, initiating an international scuffle with Britain. Daniel Webster, then U.S. Secretary of State under President John Tyler, asserted that as the slaves were on an American ship, they were under the jurisdiction of the U.S., and by U.S. law they were property.

On March 21, 1842, before the case was settled, Giddings introduced a series of resolutions in the House of Representatives. He asserted that in resuming their natural rights of personal liberty, the slaves violated no law of the U.S. He contended the U.S. should not try to recover them, as it should not take the part of a state. For offering these resolutions, Giddings was attacked by numerous critics. The House formally censured him for violating the gag rule, and he was not permitted to speak in his own defense. He resigned, appealing to his constituents, who immediately reelected him by an overwhelming margin of 7,469 to 383 in the special election to fill his seat. That was the widest margin of victory that had ever been achieved in a contest for a seat in the House of Representatives, in any Congress. The House abandoned any thought of disciplining Giddings, and his colleagues on the Select Committee on Slavery discovered that his impunity extended to them. With increasing anti-slavery agitation, the House repealed its "gag rule" three years later on December 3, 1844.

Giddings' daughter Lura Maria, an active Garrisonian, convinced her father to attend the meetings held by Garrison's followers, which heightened his anti-slavery position. William Lloyd Garrison was a spiritual as well as political leader. In the 1850s Giddings also adopted other progressive ideas, identifying with perfectionism, spiritualism, and religious radicalism. He claimed that his antislavery sentiments were based on a higher natural law, rather than just on the rights of the Constitution. Giddings called the caning of Senator Charles Sumner in the Senate by an opponent a crime "against the most vital principles of the Constitution, against the Government itself, against the sovereignty of Massachusetts, against the people of the United States, against Christianity and civilization." Many of these views were reflected in his noted "American Infidelity" speech of 1858.

Giddings often used violent language, and did not hesitate to encourage bloodshed. He talked about the justice of a slave insurrection and the duty of Northerners to fully support such an insurrection. He opposed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and advised escaping slaves to shoot at their potential captors.

Giddings led the Congressional opposition by Free State politicians to any further expansion of slavery to the West. Accordingly, he condemned the annexation of Texas, the Mexican War, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas–Nebraska Act, all of which contributed to expansion of slavery in the West. Following the war with Mexico, Giddings cast the only ballot against a resolution of thanks to General Zachary Taylor.

With increasing political activism related to slavery, Giddings shifted from the Whig party to the Free Soil Party, "which undoubtedly cost him a seat in the United States Senate", with the Whigs opposing him. In 1854–55, he became one of the leading founders of the Republican party. Giddings campaigned for John C. Frémont and Abraham Lincoln, although Giddings and Lincoln disagreed over the uses of extremism in the anti-slavery movement. Before the Civil War, he helped support the Underground Railroad to help fugitive slaves reach freedom. He was widely known (and condemned by some) for his egalitarian racial beliefs and actions.

On the eve of the war, a Virginia newspaper offered $10,000 for his seizure and shipment to Richmond, or $5,000 for his head alone.

In 1859 he was not renominated by the Republican Party to Congress. Giddings retired from Congress after a continuous service of more than twenty years. In 1861 he was appointed by Lincoln as U.S. consul general in Canada, and served there until his death at Montreal on May 27, 1864. He is buried at Oakdale Cemetery in Jefferson, Ohio.

Honors and legacy
Joshua R. Giddings Elementary School in Washington, DC was constructed in 1887 and named in his honor. It closed in the 1990s and now is a sports club and gym.

His law office in Jefferson, Ohio has been preserved as a National Historic Landmark.

A life-size bronze depiction of Giddings is featured inside the Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.

Published works

 * Speeches in Congress (1853)
 * Reprinted with introduction by Arthur Thompson, University of Florida Press, 1964.
 * History of the Rebellion: Its Authors and Causes (1864).
 * Speeches in Congress (1853)
 * Reprinted with introduction by Arthur Thompson, University of Florida Press, 1964.
 * History of the Rebellion: Its Authors and Causes (1864).

Archival material
The Indiana State Library has a collection of his correspondence and memoirs. "The collection consists primarily of memoirs of Joshua R. Giddings. Also included are family correspondence (mainly between father and daughter Laura Giddings), journal entries by the elder Giddings, diaries of Laura, photographs, and a biography of Giddings by his daughter."

title: Joshua Reed Giddings


text:
Lac de Montbel

The Lac de Montbel is a reservoir located 4km west of Chalabre, which is a popular location for watersports and swimming. It is located at Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers on the border between the Ariège and Aude départements of southwestern France.

The flooded hillsides are still evident when the water level drops, revealing tree stumps and the thick sticky clay (marl) so typical of the Ariège. On quiet hot summer days the water takes on a beautiful turquoise colour which is very photogenic.

The area is relatively undeveloped and quiet and privacy are a great attraction. The mountains of the Pyrenees are visible in the background.

Other lakes for swimming near Montbel include Lac de la Cavayère and a smaller one at Pradelles-Cabardès.

The dam which created the reservoir was built between 1982 and 1985.

title: Lac de Montbel


text:
Racial steering

Racial steering refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race. The term is used in the context of de facto residential segregation in the United States, and is often divided into two broad classes of conduct:
 * 1) Advising customers to purchase homes in particular neighborhoods on the basis of race.
 * 2) Failing, on the basis of race, to show, or to inform buyers of homes that meet their specifications.

Overview
Historically the United States of America has been defined by racially segregated neighborhoods. Urban planning up to the 1960s has been documented as one of the causes of this phenomenon. Urban planners have been seen to have practiced early forms of racial steering. Through the use of the restrictive covenant, and the establishment of zoning laws between World War I and World War II, and the use of urban renewal between the 1940s and 1960s, urban planners have aided in the development of racially segregated neighborhoods. After the 1960s, through in part by the Civil Rights Movement, planning efforts were focused more towards advocacy, and community development, rather than maintaining segregation. Although planning practices did change, the racial make-up of neighborhoods did not.

Theoretical explanations
Researchers have attempted to explain the racial segregation seen in neighborhoods throughout the United States. There are three leading theories. The first "asserts that the phenomenon is really self – segregation, the result of the preferences of blacks, as with other ethnics, to live in segregated neighborhoods. The second suggests that poverty, aided by the inertia of history has perpetuated segregation. The third suggests that the decline of blatant discrimination of the past has revealed pervasive institutional racism." John E. Farley, argues that although it is plausible for each of these theories to contribute to the segregation seen, his research lends the most support to the second theory, which bases itself on social class. Farley states that "class largely determines what housing people can afford to rent or buy, and since the gap between whites and African Americans is wide with respect to income (U.S. Census Bureau 2001) and even wider with respect to wealth", there tends to be people with similar incomes and wealth in the same areas. Diana Pearce, another researcher, contributes the segregation seen in neighborhoods throughout the United States to institutional racism. She argues that "in [the] consumers' eyes, real estate agents (compared to bankers or builders, for example) are frequently seen as the most expert in nearly every aspect of decision making involved in buying a house." She continues that "as a group they are not only experts, they also control access to housing areas. They are, or can be, community gatekeepers ... and a crucial aspect of the gatekeeper role is the screening of potential residents."

Federal laws
The United States congress passed a series of Acts aimed at combating segregation. The first such act, The Civil Rights Act of 1866, states in subsections 1981, 1981a, and 1982 that all persons born in the United States are citizens regardless of their race, color, or previous condition and as citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real estate and personal property. Although this act was passed, it was never enforced on the local, state or national level. A second act, The Civil Rights Act of 1964, through Title VI outlawed segregation in public schools and public places. It also made it illegal to have segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. Like the first act, powers given to enforce it were weak in the beginning, but were later supplemented. A third act, the Civil Rights Act of 1968, subsection 3604, expanded on the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and sex. This section is also referred to as the Fair Housing Act. This act is enforced at the national level by the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity at the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Movement organizations
Throughout the past four decades since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, many people have come together to movement organizations that fight racial discrimination in the housing market. One such organization is the National Fair Housing Alliance. It credits itself "as being the only national organization that is dedicated solely to ending discrimination in housing". In the Greater New York City Metropolitan Area, there are seven local member organizations they are the Fair Housing Council of Central New York, Fair Housing Enforcement Project, Long Island Housing Services, Housing Opportunities Made Equal, Westchester Residential Opportunities, Fair Housing Council of Northern New Jersey, and the Connecticut Fair Housing Center. A second organization is the Fair Housing Law. They are leading a campaign to "increase public awareness of the Fair Housing Act, and its protections". A third organization, The National Fair Housing Advocate, aims itself as being "designed to serve both the fair housing community and the general public with timely news and information regarding the issues of housing discrimination". Each of these organizations share a common theme, bringing up class action lawsuits against people and/ or companies who fail to rent or sell to others based on their race.

Lawsuits
Since the enacting of federal laws and the emergence of movement organizations, there have been several lawsuits brought up against individuals and companies for racial discrimination.
 * 1) Realty Forum vs. New York State Attorney General (1988): This case involves the New York State Attorney General suing a Yonkers Real – Estate agency, The Realty Forum in 1988 with racial steering. The Attorney General accused the firm of "providing listings of apartments in particular neighborhoods based solely on a client's race or color". The Attorney General began investigating the Realty Forum after receiving complaints from the Westchester Residential Opportunities. The Realty Forum has since been found guilty.
 * 2) Corcoran Group vs. New York State Attorney General (2006): This case involves the New York State Attorney General suing a real estate brokerage in Brooklyn Heights, New York City with racial steering. The National Fair Housing Alliance following up on a past report found "literal and blatant sales steering... where the agent applied a new trick – he used a map to tell whites instead where they should 'flee to. The alliance then referred the case to the New York State Attorney General which subsequently placed charges against the group. The case is still pending.
 * 3) Coldwell Banker vs Illinois Attorney General (2006): This case involves a Chicago real estate company being accused of racially steering prospective homebuyers by the Illinois Attorney General. The agency was first investigated by the National Fair Housing Alliance in late 2005.  The alliance in their report accused the agency of "blatant discrimination...against African Americans". The alliance continues that white prospective home buyers were shown 36 listings while African Americans who were better qualified were shown only seven. The company denies any wrongdoing and the lawsuit is still pending.
 * 4) Century 21 Town and Country Vs. The Michigan Department of Civil Rights (MDCR) (2006): This case involves the Michigan Department of Civil Rights suing the Century 21 Town and Country of discrimination. The department issued these charges after receiving complaints of illegal steering of white homebuyers to predominantly white neighborhoods and African American homebuyers to predominantly African American neighborhoods. The complaints were initiated by the National Fair Housing Alliance after their investigation which concluded in July 2005. The case is still pending.
 * 5) United States v. Meta Platforms Inc. (2022): On June 21, 2022, the U.S. Justice Department Civil Rights Division filed a lawsuit in the Southern New York U.S. District Court against Meta Platforms alleging that the company's Lookalike audience tool for targeted advertising on Facebook discriminates against users based on their race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, and national origin in its distribution of housing advertisements in violation of Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Meta Platforms settled with the Justice Department on the same day the lawsuit was filed.

Although individual firms have been accused of racial steering throughout the United States and found guilty, researchers point out that there have however been no accusations that would affect a significant amount of the United States population. Diana Pearce states that since "the passage of federal legislation and a landmark Supreme Court decision, there has not been one large lawsuit about housing... in contrast [to] school desegregation and employment discrimination, where ... laws and court decisions have had comparatively more impact". She continues that "as long as it is assumed in the general legislation and as long as lawyers and judges assume generally that the problem in housing discrimination is that of a few homeowners (or real estate agents who step out of line), practices ... will continue to perpetuate housing segregation".

Debate
The notion of "a debate over racial steering" does not suggest that racial steering is lawful in the US. Under US civil rights law, racial steering to create or maintain segregation is unlawful and has been the target of civil rights reform since at least the mid-20th century. Racial or ethnic minorities suffer significant disadvantages. The discriminated groups have reacted through social enclave construction, sometimes resulting in protected markets and the creation of social capital, notwithstanding exclusion and discrimination.

Ripple effect in blighted neighborhoods
Racially segregated minority neighborhoods have been labeled as blighted. Characteristics of a blighted neighborhoods include rundown homes, streets strewn with garbage, poor lighting, and high rates of crime. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton explore this logic in their book "American Apartheid". Massey and Denton focus their research on the effects of residential housing discrimination towards African Americans. They argue that racial segregation of lower income residents, who are only capable of making ends meet, creates a neighborhood that is characterized as going "downhill". Massey and Denton argue that this occurs because of a downward spiral effect. If one homeowner cannot afford to maintain their property and allows it to become run down, other homeowners in the area will be less inclined to invest money into their own property. Massey and Denton also point out that "at some point, a threshold is crossed, beyond which the pattern becomes self – reinforcing and irreversible".

Academic achievement and racial segregation
Racially segregated minority neighborhoods have been associated with having low academic achievement rates. Rumberger and Willms have explored the topic and argue that segregation contributes to minority underachievement in at least two ways. Firstly, students in segregated schools may receive a poor quality of education because schools serving minorities or low socioeconomic groups may have lower funding levels, inexperienced teachers, and reduced levels of other resources that contribute to the student's academic achievement. Secondly, Rumsberg and Willms argue that the residential racial segregation leads to schools having the same composition which can directly affect the student's level of academic achievement. They call these differences "contextual effects". Contextual effects are defined as peer interactions and the teaching and learning climate in the school.

Also, Rumsberg and Willms state that once a school is experiencing the effects of racial segregation, it is difficult to reverse them.

Crime rate and racial segregation
Since the 1980s violent crimes in the United States have been steadily declining. Between 1980 and 1990, the murder rate for the United States fell by 9%, and between 1973 and 1992, the victimization rate of rapes fell by 28%. "Although rates of crime may be going down for the United States generally, they are spirally upward for one specific group of Americans: African Americans." Douglas Massey argues that the rising of African American poverty and the addition of racial segregation produces a sharp increase in the geographic concentration of poverty. He continues by stating that "as poverty is concentrated… all things associated with it are concentrated, including crime… thus… creating an ecological niche characterized by high levels of violence and a high risk of victimization". Furthermore, Massey argues that a person living within this niche becomes violent themselves in an effort to deter potential criminals and increase their chance of survival, thus creating a cycle of African American violence which at some point cannot be reversed.

Low income black communities that have been segregated by social forces through city design have higher levels of criminal activity rates. Different methods when applied help us understand how social forces and urban design segregated black communities from white communities. "Shaw and McKay argued that three structural factors- low economic status,ethnic heterogeneity and residential mobility- led to the disruption of community social organization,which,in turn, accounted for variations in crime and delinquency." Radical geography has been searching for connections between "the truths of how capitalism's political economy structures urban space and the emphasis on the subjective evaluation of safe urban space.". The geographical structure of a city is designed to keep high income communities separate from low income, generally black communities are formed with this structure. This type of segregation tends to increase rates of intra- racial victimization, but decrease rates of inter-racial victimization." One method of segregating blacks from whites is through 'gated communities' which isolates the high income population from the low income by gating the higher status community with fences or bars. The result of this 'gated' segregation leads to an unmanageable high criminal activity called a 'ghetto' community where "spatial isolation leads to social isolation, which in turn has a variety of negative outcomes including serious crime." Erecting physical barriers such as gates protects the high income community, leaving the black community to be isolated and an island by itself referenced as a 'ghetto' community. This can be referred to as 'Broken Windows', in which a community "sends a signal" that it "does not care about itself" and the community is unable to protect itself from "criminal invasion". By pushing the low income earners out of the gentrified community, the city is creating a large segregated criminal zone within the city. "This divide has, in turn, produced disparate social worlds, in which the interests, resources, opportunities, and concerns of racial groups located in distinct neighborhoods increasingly diverge, ultimately leading to unequal rates of crime." The ghetto is labeled as an undesirable area to live and the people in that area are labeled the same. "We have also seen that those who commit crimes tend to be from the same groups that are most likely to be victimized." This causes criminal behavior of the people within the area as "greater racial segregation appears to substantially increase violent crimes such as robberies and aggravated assaults." However it could be argued that the area that an underprivileged person lives in dictates the criminal mentality of the individual. "Poor individuals are simply more prone to committing property crimes than are richer individuals." Having so many people displaced into the ghetto region of a city that commit many different types of criminal actives would be a reason why those communities have higher crime rates.

Protective markets and racial segregation
Racial residential segregation has allowed minority businesses to strive economically. Research has shown that these neighborhoods create a protective market, one that is defined as a specialty that caters to the culturally based tastes of its residents. Research has also shown that ethnic business owners have an insider's knowledge of the clientele that they serve because they themselves are a part of it. With such knowledge, it is said that they have created a protective market, one that will thrive if the ethnic composition of the neighborhood does not change.

Ethnic economies and racial segregation
Racially segregated neighborhoods have what are called ethnic economies. An ethnic economy is defined as an "immigrant or minority business and employment sector that coexists with the general economy". Smith argues that an ethnic economy helps in several ways. First, it provides jobs for all able–bodied family members. Second, it has been shown that ethnic economies provide more opportunities for homeownership. Finally, the ethnic infrastructure that is built up, will allow for future growth of the community, thus paving the way for new residents.

Social networks, social capital, and racial segregation
Racially segregated neighborhoods have strong social networks. These networks have been shown to create social capital, which has been linked to having positive effects on minority residents. First, Portes argues that an individual will gain access to power and political positions through the direct and indirect employment of social connections. He continues by stating that this access to power and political positions, allows for social mobility. Second, Portes states that social capital is generated by social networks of relationships and without the reciprocity, trust, and social norms that come with these networks, a resident who is in need would not be given an opportunity to succeed.

title: Racial steering


text:
Debrii

Debrii is the alias of Deborah Fields, a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Zeb Wells and artist Skottie Young, she debuted in New Warriors vol. 3 #4. Little is known about her at this time. She is a superhero who avoided being killed in the opening shots of Marvel's Civil War by not reuniting with the team after their reality show was cancelled the first time in New Warriors vol. 3 #6.

New Warriors
Debrii was introduced by the New Warriors' TV producer, Ashley, and so was the only member of Night Thrasher's revised team to have not been hand-picked by him. The TV company's board of directors felt that there was no "friction" in the current team — they all liked each other too much — and that the show would get better ratings if an unknown quantity was added to the team. Debrii's abrasive, antagonistic personality was perfect in this regard; she did not get on well with any of the team members, frequently making snide comments about Microbe's relatively useless powers and constantly arguing with Namorita.

Civil War
Debrii was one of the former Warriors who felt the sting of the growing anti-New-Warriors movement when her secret identity was "outed" online through a New Warriors hate site, after which her car was overturned and set on fire.

After the death of Black Goliath at the hands of a cloned Thor, Debrii was compelled to become involved and joined up with Captain America's Secret Avengers.

Initiative
Deborah has been identified as one of the 142 registered superheroes who are a part of the Initiative program. She was one of the former Warriors that was accused of Gauntlet's beating. In truth it was her fellow recruit Slapstick who performed the crime, he was sick of Gauntlet insulting his dead friends.

Debrii later quit the Initiative, along with Justice, Rage, and Slapstick forming the a team called Counter Force. She later returned to Camp Hammond with the team, now calling themselves the New Warriors again, and battled Ragnarok, the clone of Thor.

Debrii eventually quits the team, and leaves the country to go into hiding with Heavy Hitters members Nonstop and Telemetry. After the fall of Osborn, she is no longer a fugitive but remains in Paris, working as the snarky judge of a TV talent competition, "Superpouvoir."

Fear Itself
During the Fear Itself storyline, Debrii appears at a meeting held by Prodigy regarding magical hammers that have crashed into the Earth. Debrii and other heroes then battle Juggernaut, who was transformed into Kuurth: Breaker of Stone, in Las Vegas, Nevada. She and Rage then appear rescuing survivors and help the team in their battle against Thor Girl, who had recovered her designate powers.

Powers and abilities
Debrii is described as a "low level telekinetic magnet". She is able to move masses of huge objects in her immediate vicinity at will, and is capable of manipulating many such objects at one time. She can use any "debris" around her to defend herself from attacks, or to attack her enemies. During the New Warriors' battle with the Mad Thinker's Intellectual Robots, she took control of a pile of scrap metal, crafting a shell in the form of a large monster around her body, and manipulating this creation as a weapon.

In the New Warriors series where they star on a reality television show Debrii is actually considered a low level electromagnetic telekinetic. Although she is able to move massive amounts of debris she cannot lift anything really heavy with her powers. She can also levitate herself a little (probably not faster as she can comfortably walk), but cannot really fly.

Age of X
In the Age of X reality, a memory experience by Tempo revealed that a woman resembling Debrii was captured by the Sapien League and paraded down the street as a dangerous mutant. However, since the anti-mutant forces of this reality also targeted the non-mutant Spider-Man as part of their anti-mutant purge, this is not confirmation that Debrii is a mutant, even if the unnamed woman in Tempo's memories is Debrii.

In other media
Debrii was set to appear in the Marvel Television live-action New Warriors TV series, portrayed by Kate Comer before it was cancelled.

title: Debrii


text:
Jules Girardin

Jules Girardin (1832-1888) was a French writer.

Works

 * Les aventures de M. Colin-Tampon
 * Contes à Jeannot
 * Contes à Pierrot, 1888

title: Jules Girardin


text:
Talk:Normality (behavior)

Subjectivity
Was doing some research on normality and found the concepts subjective. Anal sex is not normal; too scared to offend homos wiki? 80.73.213.243 (talk) 23:08, 13 January 2008 (UTC) The list of "Examples of 'normality'" seems to be arbitrary. Who determined that peace is "normal" and war is "abnormal"? Looking at the present and history, war seems to be much more constant than peace - it's now more normal for a country to be continually at war (the wars on iraq, afghanistan, drugs, terrorism, the future war on iran). Many people's reality are filled with crime and disease. So for them, these are "normal". I'd suggest either making clearer the reasons why certain concepts are chosen as fitting under "normal", or clarifying the definition of "normal". Right now, the definition is "not deviating much from the average," but many of the concepts do not seem to fit that.

I don't know if I've put this in the right place, but I don't see a button for starting a new comment.

Normal, Normalcy and some related words should include a couple of concepts. One is the statistical definition of normal, meaning "typical" or "modal," or in the greatest number (a plurality or majority.)

It should also include a sociological concept relating to the most common practices or beliefs. Thus, heterosexuality is often called "normal" because it is the condition or practice or belief of the greatest number. Once a majority believe that homosexuality is not deviant or evil, then it would become "normal" in that sense. It is also normal that people should die or age, because those are universal conditions.

Normal can also refer to perfection, as in a "normal kidney," meaning a kidney without defect.

Common speech may refer to norms as socially agreed standards, such that it is the norm to accept a certain practice. There is a command element involved, but a greater suggestion of agreement by the greatest number.

It's unclear to me how the link to 'Normal For Norfolk' is considered worthy of a place on this page, other than as a means of annoying people from Norfolk, as it's a very obscure reference.

80.7.122.78 17:58, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

The following quote seems rather biased to me:

"The Oxford English Dictionary defines "normal" as 'conforming to a standard'. This, although almost right, is not entirely correct. "A normal" is someone who conforms to the ideals of society and refuses to be individual (also described as a 'sheep'). This can be for any number of reasons, such as fear of humiliation, rejection, or being thought mad."

I think the Oxford dictionary definition hits the nail on the head in regards to a working definition of "normal." There is a standard upheld by society, and those who significantly deviate from it are indeed considered to be abnormal. The rest, if included at all, should be included only under the subheading of 'popular opinion of normalcy' or what have you, as it is not so much a description of what is normal as a commentary describing the writer's personal opinion of the standard and of the people who conform to it. That is to say, it is a judgment of value made by the writer, which, while valid, should not be included in the section describing what normalcy IS. Particularly troublesome is the parenthetical remark, 'also described as a "sheep."'

71.131.226.205 21:56, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

This page should really be more about normality as it pertains to psychology, specifically individual behavior. "War" and "peace" are neither normal nor abnormal. Neither is "middle way", as it's a religious philosophy rather than a behavioral trait. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.69.246 (talk) 01:29, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Normal
Normal is the sense of having NO creativity. And having no further emotions about a topic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.238.187.138 (talk) 22:30, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Your Perception is not My Reality
An Example of Perception Why Normalcy Cannot Be DefinedFirstly, I need to address a comment or contribution preceding this one regarding Anal Sex. The comments or "statement" about a groups preferred method of intimacy made me feel angry because this is a closed minded view in the aspect of what the subject matter means to each member of the affected group. Apparently perceptions and the lack of knowledge or deep thinking have left thoughts so shallow that they just spill out. I try to, in every possible way take into consideration all who may be affected by what I wish to say. Just blurting out insensitive hateful comments shows no regard for other groups of citizens. Please, try to become just a little more sensitive. This is a terrific illustration of this persons perception of the way things ought to be in their world. There has been some influence, whether by teaching or an occurrence whereby the view that has been accepted is viewed as "this is just the way it's supposed to be for everyone".I am so very intrigued with this subject, it is so very fascinating. But not nearly as interesting as reading the thoughts which most certainly express the differences in what each of us considers to be our way of thinking and most certainly "normal". In reading these contributions I could not help but notice what many of you consider to be normal. Most are "in line" with each other but with slight variances in the whole of the idea altogether, which brings me to my own contribution.I feel invigorated to comment on the posts, contributions and articles which I have come across just to point out, call out or enlighten people of their own ignorance as it relates to the very topic being discussed.Society seems to be and always seems to have been quick to categorize or label that which is different, uncommon, unknown or alien. Now these labels, I'll call opinions, are all relative to the life one has been subjected to or influenced by in their own span of life. While anything or anyone that is outside of that realm or scope of the life as they have come to know it is considered abnormal, the neighbor just next door or across the street, let alone someone from a totally different demographic, may have had a completely different perception of the way things, I'll say were identical, transpired. In other words two totally different people, same town, same schools, same influences may have had (more than likely) two totally different views of what is considered or deemed to be "normal".It's quite interesting, this, because everyone has their own idea of what "right" is,  but I'd wager that everyone who agrees on that said "right" that they do not all agree in the thought that it is correct but just the way that it is because it is what is perceived to be the way to go. Normalcy, normality or normal, I don't think that any can ever be correctly defined unless or until you can harness and regulate the way everything is perceived. Trouble is, then everyone is forced to think the way you are.

Urserious (talk) 23:20, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

DSM-II: editorial problem (DMV?)
In the section on the DSM-II, a sentence reads: This made applying the DMV unreliable across psychiatrists.  What is DMV? Oaklandguy (talk) 20:34, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

U.S.-centric essay
This article is too U.S.-centric. It is chatty, including unsourced opinions and examples. Most of the info about DSM should be in the several articles about DSM, not here. The subject is fascinating. The article needs tightening. --Hordaland (talk) 02:36, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If Psychology is a science, national borders shouldn't factor into this, at all. Valgrus Thunderaxe (talk) 08:04, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Split
This article is unfocused, and seems like a concept disambiguation gone rogue. My feeling is that the article as it currently exists focuses primarily on psychological aspects of "normality" with a smidgen of math thrown in because it can also be described in behavioral terms. I suggest making a clean break along this exiting fault line, by splitting this article into two articles: Normality (psychological behavior) and Normality (math). It may be the case that the content destined for the latter (as it is small) would really be better to merge into an existing article elsewhere.

title: Talk:Normality (behavior)


text: User talk:65.38.10.168

title: User talk:65.38.10.168


text:
Franciscan Monastery in Kadaň

The Franciscan Monastery (Františkánský klášter) lies on the edge of the town of Kadaň, Czech Republic and near the river Ohře. Its history dates back to the 15th century. It is now the seat of the Municipal Museum of Kadaň with an exposition of life in a monastery. The church's dedication to the Fourteen Holy Helpers shows the connection to then popular German shrines of the same cult. Around the building is a beautiful vineyard, a French park and many plum trees. The monastery was ranked among the national cultural monuments by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic in 1995. The monastery faces the Úhošť hill on the opposite slope of the Ohře valley.

History
The first building on the site of the present-day Franciscan Monastery in Kadaň was a moderate holy shrine first mentioned in 1469. At Easter 1473 Franciscan Order assumed the shrine and with the support of Kadaň inhabitants and the House of Vitzhum built a temporary Convent house around it with the view of building a stone monastery. The Order experienced a bloom and expansion in Bohemia particularly after the visit of Saint John Capistran. The monastery was built in several periods between 1473 and 1500. The sanctuary of the church with the quadripartite rib vault was built first and it was dedicated by the Hierapolitan bishop and the auxiliary bishop of Regensburg, Johann Ludwig in 1480. The three-aisled nave with sexpartite rib vault was finished in 1493 and dedicated by the bishop of Kamień Pomorski, Benedikt of Valdštejn. All the monastery was probably completed by 1500. The walls of the church were decorated with abundant Gothic and Renaissance paintings that are now being restored. The first presumptions show an affinity with the Lucas Cranach school.

In 1481 the monastery was handed over to Jan Hasištejnský of Lobkowicz, who continued its development and is buried there. Its development reached its peak in 1522 when the provincial Franciscan school was established. However, the monastery was abolished in 1564 in connection with the stormy spread of Lutheranism in the area. It was soon reestablished by Jiří Popel z Lobkovic, but was corrupted again after the 1618 uprising.

A revival did not come until the second half of the 17th century, when the buildings were renovated and the church received new furniture and fixtures. The 18th century brought several unfavourable events. French soldiers of the anti-Habsburg coalition used the church as their shelter while withdrawing after they had been driven from Prague by the army of Maria Theresa in 1742. The church became a witness to a bloody exchange of gunfire. The riddled Baroque door still evokes those moments.

The monastery escaped abolition during Joseph II's reforms by a hair's breadth. The number of monks was, however, limited from thirty-six to twelve.

During World War II the Franciscans had to surrender half of their monastery to the Wehrmacht for Hitlerjugend needs. Communists closed the monastery in 1950 and it was used as a record office's depositary and got dilapidated due to insufficient maintenance. In 1991 the monastery was given back to Franciscans but they passed it over to the favour of Litoměřice diocese in 1994. The diocesan officials entered into the agreement with the Municipal Office to lease the monastery to the town of Kadaň. The municipality has been giving means to reconstruct the valuable interior and wall frescos. In 1999 the newer parts of the buildings were dedicated to the Primary Music, Dancing and Fine Arts School and a permanent exhibition of mining was opened in the cellars. The Municipal Museum was inaugurated in May 2004.

Church
The Church is dedicated to the Annunciation of Jesus Christ and to the Fourteen Holy Helpers. It was built in the Late Gothic style with a ribbed vault and the pointed windows. The furniture and equipment is from the Baroque period.

The Franciscans are a mendicant order, which is why they did not own the church and the monastery. Therefore the king owned the buildings (at the time of its erecting Vladislaus II was on the throne) or an aristocrat. In 1481 the dynasty of Lobkowicz became the owners. They had been the baillie holders of Kadaň from 1469. In the sanctuary is their family vault. The secular founder of the monastery is Jan Hasištejnský of Lobkowicz. That is why his tomb is the biggest and most beautiful. Originally it stood above the grave of the founder, but during the Baroque period the church was rebuilt and Franciscans put it against the wall. Today nobody knows where the grave of the founder might have been.

The high altar is the dominant feature in the church. On the altar are two wonderful statues – on the left the statue of St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan order, and on the right the statue of St. Anthony of Padua, who holds a lily and the child Jesus Christ in his hands.

Diamond vault
Several rooms of the monastery are decorated with late Gothic diamond vaults. It can refer to the use of the rooms by the family of Hasištejn. Such diamond vaults are rare in Bohemia.

Legend
The legend of the inception tells about a noble family whose five brothers once offended the monarch. They should have been executed but the intercessions of Kadaň inhabitants made the monarch have mercy on the future of the family and symbolically punish just one of the brothers. They played at dice to decide who would hang for the others. The lot fell upon the eldest brother who was hanged straight afterwards in the place of execution that is said to have been situated in the site of the monastery. He was hanging there for three days and nights without dying. He was asked by the crowds how it was possible and he explained that he had been praying to Fourteen Holy Helpers. After having heard of the miracle the monarch came to save the penitent‘s life, take down the gallows and have a shrine to the Helpers built.

Another miracle occurred during the construction. A pregnant lady asked the masons what they were building and when she heard of the Fourteen Holy Helpers she laughed and said that she would rather give birth to fourteen babies than believe in some Holy Helpers‘ existence. After claiming that she went to the town gate (now Holy Gate) and really gave birth to eleven boys and three daughters – all baptized in the names of the Helpers.

Via Crucis
Seven stations of the Cross lead from the Holy gate to the shrine. They are all sculptured in Baroque style. According to a tradition the journey takes the same length as the way from Pilate‘s house to the Calvary. All the stations depict the falls of Christ.

Events

 * Vine Harvest Festival (Saturday closest to St. Wenceslaus Day)
 * Beer Festival (of Czech minibreweries)
 * Franciscan Summer (all-summer weekends folk and country festival)
 * Night in the Museum
 * Kirwitzer Day

title: Franciscan Monastery in Kadaň


text: Talk:Forrester Research

title: Talk:Forrester Research


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Cruzados

The  Cruzados  were a 1980s rock band from Los Angeles, California.

History
The Cruzados were formed in 1983 by the members of The Plugz, featuring members Tito Larriva, Tony Marsico, Steven Hufsteter, Chalo Quintana,

The band's self-titled album on Arista Records, Cruzados, was released in 1985 as well as their second album After Dark in 1987.

The Cruzados also performed the song "Don't Throw Stones" in the 1989 movie Road House. In 2021 the Cruzados released their third studio album “She’s Automatic”

Tito Larriva performs with his band Tito & Tarantula and are best known for their appearance in the film “From Dusk Till Dawn”. Steven Hufsteter performed with his band Shrine” as well as with Tito & Tarantula. Quintana played drums for Bob Dylan, Izzy Stradlin & the JuJu Hounds and Social Distortion. Quintana died in 2018. Marsico became bassist for Bob Dylan, Matthew Sweet, Neil Young, Roger Daltrey and Marianne Faithfull. Rohner became guitarist for the band T.S.O.L. but died in October 2005. In 2020, bassist Tony Marsico restarted the Cruzados and released a new album with members Ron Young, Loren Molinare, Mark Tremalgia and Rob Klonel.

Covers
Jenny Morris included a cover of the Cruzados song "Rising Sun" on her 1987 album, Body and Soul.

title: Cruzados


text:
Talk:Stage piano

Question
Question: is it true that some music academies 'certify' a few digital or stage pianos as suitable to graded music lessons up to a certain grade (like grade 5)? --Richard@lbrc.org 20:48, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A reply on this issue: The Australian Music Examinations Board does not provide digital pianos for their examinations however they are acceptable up to and including Level 1 Piano (Grade 4). There is a guideline for keyboard compliance with AMEB and they do have a list of digital pianos on their web site that meet these requirements. http://www.ameb.edu.au/exam/digital.html  Shawnc 12:23, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Yamaha P-250 Image
Should we select a different image for this article because the Yamaha P-250 is an atypical stage piano? Oso9765625 (talk) 15:07, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stage piano


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User:Hdstubbs

I love Wikipedia. I have been here for a couple of months but have not had time to do much more than add a few things here or there. However, I think I am going to have more free time to devote to this place.

My To Do List (Note: These are NOT articles I have created, rather, they are articles that I would like to improve):

 * Origin belief
 * Sahara Desert
 * Eleanor of Aquitaine
 * History of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Elisabeta Karabolli
 * Truman Doctrine
 * Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia
 * Watership down
 * Cave diving
 * The usuals
 * Amethyst
 * Tony Kiritsis
 * St. John the Baptist (Leonardo) - Tag for clean-up?
 * Godzilla
 * Austrian nobility
 * Russian Civil War
 * Automatic seatbelt
 * Quest for Glory
 * Chivalry
 * Voting in Switzerland
 * Sylvan Learning Center
 * A Passage to India
 * Zombie
 * Snider-Enfield
 * Middlemarch
 * Vanity Fair
 * Aeronautics
 * Axis plans for invasion of the United States during WWII
 * Felony Disenfranchisement

To Delete:

 * Mitry - Claye (SNCF)
 * Cupcake party

To Redirect:

 * John Martin (Kansas)

title: User:Hdstubbs


text: User talk:86.140.52.151

title: User talk:86.140.52.151


text:
User:Arnim

Not much, yet.

title: User:Arnim


text:
Beyond the Veil (album)

Beyond the Veil is the second full-length album by the Norwegian band Tristania. It is the last album to feature the band's former vocalist, guitarist and core songwriter, Morten Veland.

Background and influence
Tristania stood apart from the other bands of the genre with their use of three distinct vocal styles in the "operatic soprano Vibeke Stene, clean-singing counter-tenor Østen Bergøy, and harsh, black metal-style shrieker Morten Veland". Beyond the Veil made use of a ten-member choir and featured violin passages from Pete Johansen of The Sins of Thy Beloved, earning "rave reviews" across Europe. By then, the band had risen to "the top of the gothic metal heap" with their "lush, symphonically enhanced" approach. The album features "tender ethereal female voices" and "the brutality and harshness", making it a promoter on the gothic metal scene. They were "dealt a potentially crippling blow" when singer, guitarist and principal composer Veland left the group to form Sirenia. Tristania has continued to prosper with subsequent releases and has since been "regarded as one of the world's premiere goth metal bands".

Tristania

 * Vibeke Stene – lead vocals, backing vocals
 * Morten Veland – rhythm guitar, harsh vocals, backing vocals
 * Anders H. Hidle – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Rune Østerhus – bass
 * Einar Moen – synth and programming
 * Kenneth Olsson – drums, backing vocals

Session members

 * Østen Bergøy – clean vocals
 * Pete Johansen – violin
 * Jan Kenneth Barkved – clean vocals on "Heretique", choir
 * Hilde T. Bommen Rasmussen, Maiken Stene, Sissel B. Stene, Jeanett Johannessen, Rino A. Kolstø – choir

title: Beyond the Veil (album)


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User talk:Nucmanchh

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Jdavidb (talk) 20:49, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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I'd like to invite you to the talk page for the "Church of Christ" article. We're currently discussing the "Emergent Church" addition to the page and would appreciate hearing your input. Thanks! Jdb1972 18:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

I looked for current conversation, couldn't find anything. fred 03:15, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've read and read and am still confused by the "clean up" for "Higher Standard." Can some one help me here? fred 13:38, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've found a few errors and made some minor changes. I feel it looks okay now. Could I remove the cleanup tag? fred 15:22, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

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Robert Richardson
Well done on adding more information to these pages. I added a picture of Robert Richardson (religion) for his page... google search for wikipedia image upload to see the instruction page on how to do this - try to keep the picture file small (I;m not sure what the limit is, but a less than 10k thumbnail will often suffice) remember that anything printed after 1923 may be subject to copyright law unless in the public domain or its your own pictures - look up the copyright page on wikipedia's help guide... If you're sticking to original 19th century pictures, it should be okay)

Also - I added a disambiguation link in relation to the cinematographer, Robert Richardson. Such links are to avoid confusion between people or things of the same name. Hope that helps Bwithh 23:57, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you so much for your help. You have encouraged me! fred 00:00, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Church of Christ Emergent
A template has been added to the article Church of Christ Emergent, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 15:55, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nucmanchh


text: User talk:199.185.81.242

title: User talk:199.185.81.242