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Madhava of Sangamagrama

Mādhava of Sangamagrāma (Mādhavan) (c. 1340) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer who is considered to be the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the Late Middle Ages. Madhava made pioneering contributions to the study of infinite series, calculus, trigonometry, geometry and algebra. He was the first to use infinite series approximations for a range of trigonometric functions, which has been called the "decisive step onward from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their limit-passage to infinity".

Biography
Little is known about Mādhava's life with certainty. However, from scattered references to Mādhava found in diverse manuscripts, historians of Kerala school have pieced together information about the mathematician. In a manuscript preserved in the Oriental Institute, Baroda, Madhava has been referred to as Mādhavan vēṇvārōhādīnām karttā ... Mādhavan Ilaññippaḷḷi Emprān. It has been noted that the epithet 'Emprān' refers to the Emprāntiri community, to which Madhava might have belonged.

The term "Ilaññippaḷḷi" has been identified as a reference to the residence of Mādhava. This is corroborated by Mādhava himself. In his short work on the moon's positions titled Veṇvāroha, Mādhava says that he was born in a house named ''bakuḷādhiṣṭhita. . . vihāra''. This is clearly Sanskrit for Ilaññippaḷḷi. Ilaññi is the Malayalam name of the evergreen tree Mimusops elengi and the Sanskrit name for the same is Bakuḷa. Palli is a term for village. The Sanskrit house name ''bakuḷādhiṣṭhita. . . vihāra has also been interpreted as a reference to the Malayalam house name Iraññi ninna ppaḷḷi and some historians have tried to identify it with one of two currently existing houses with names Iriññanavaḷḷi and Iriññārapaḷḷi'' both of which are located near Irinjalakuda town in central Kerala. This identification is far fetched because both names have neither phonetic similarity nor semantic equivalence to the word "Ilaññippaḷḷi".

Most of the writers of astronomical and mathematical works who lived after Madhava's period have referred to Madhava as "Sangamagrama Madhava" and as such it is important that the real import of the word "Sangamagrama" be made clear. The general view among many scholars is that Sangamagrama is the town of Irinjalakuda some 70 kilometers south of the Nila river and about 70 kilometers south of Cochin. It seems that there is not much concrete ground for this belief except perhaps the fact that the presiding deity of an early medieval temple in the town, the Koodalmanikyam Temple, is worshiped as Sangameswara meaning the Lord of the Samgama and so Samgamagrama can be interpreted as the village of Samgameswara. But there are several places in Karnataka with samgama or its equivalent kūḍala in their names and with a temple dedicated to Samgamḗsvara, the lord of the confluence. (Kudalasangama in Bagalkot district is one such place with a celebrated temple dedicated to the Lord of the Samgama.)

There is a small town on the southern banks of the Nila river, around 10 kilometers upstream from Tirunavaya, called Kūḍallūr. The exact literal Sanskrit translation of this place name is Samgamagram: kūṭal in Malayalam means a confluence (which in Sanskrit is samgama) and ūr means a village (which in Sanskrit is grama). Also the place is at the confluence of the Nila river and its most important tributary, namely, the Kunti river. (There is no confluence of rivers near Irinjalakuada.) Incidentally there is still existing a Nambudiri (Malayali Brahmin) family by name Kūtallūr Mana a few kilometers away from the Kudallur village. The family has its origins in Kudallur village itself. For many generations this family hosted a great Gurukulam specialising in Vedanga. That the only available manuscript of Sphuṭacandrāpti, a book authored by Madhava, was obtained from the manuscript collection of Kūtallūr Mana might strengthen the conjecture that Madhava might have had some association with Kūtallūr Mana. Thus the most plausible possibility is that the forefathers of Madhava migrated from the Tulu land or thereabouts to settle in Kudallur village, which is situated on the southern banks of the Nila river not far from Tirunnavaya, a generation or two before his birth and lived in a house known as Ilaññippaḷḷi whose present identity is unknown.

Date
There are also no definite evidences to pinpoint the period during which Madhava flourished. In his Venvaroha, Madhava gives a date in 1400 CE as the epoch. Madhava's pupil Parameshvara Nambudiri, the only known direct pupil of Madhava, is known to have completed his seminal work Drigganita in 1430 and the Paramesvara's date has been determined as c. 1360-1455. From such circumstantial evidences historians have assigned the date c. 1340 to Madhava.

Historiography
Although there is some evidence of mathematical work in Kerala prior to Madhava (e.g., Sadratnamala c. 1300, a set of fragmentary results ), it is clear from citations that Madhava provided the creative impulse for the development of a rich mathematical tradition in medieval Kerala. However, except for a couple, most of Madhava's original works have been lost. He is referred to in the work of subsequent Kerala mathematicians, particularly in Nilakantha Somayaji's Tantrasangraha (c. 1500), as the source for several infinite series expansions, including sin θ and arctan θ. The 16th-century text Mahajyānayana prakāra (Method of Computing Great Sines) cites Madhava as the source for several series derivations for π. In Jyeṣṭhadeva's Yuktibhāṣā (c. 1530), written in Malayalam, these series are presented with proofs in terms of the Taylor series expansions for polynomials like 1/(1+x2), with x = tan θ, etc.

Thus, what is explicitly Madhava's work is a source of some debate. The Yukti-dipika (also called the Tantrasangraha-vyakhya), possibly composed by Sankara Variar, a student of Jyeṣṭhadeva, presents several versions of the series expansions for sin θ, cos θ, and arctan θ, as well as some products with radius and arclength, most versions of which appear in Yuktibhāṣā. For those that do not, Rajagopal and Rangachari have argued, quoting extensively from the original Sanskrit, that since some of these have been attributed by Nilakantha to Madhava, some of the other forms might also be the work of Madhava.

Others have speculated that the early text Karanapaddhati (c. 1375–1475), or the Mahajyānayana prakāra was written by Madhava, but this is unlikely.

Karanapaddhati, along with the even earlier Keralite mathematics text Sadratnamala, as well as the Tantrasangraha and Yuktibhāṣā, were considered in an 1834 article by C. M. Whish, which was the first to draw attention to their priority over Newton in discovering the Fluxion (Newton's name for differentials). In the mid-20th century, the Russian scholar Jushkevich revisited the legacy of Madhava, and a comprehensive look at the Kerala school was provided by Sarma in 1972.

Lineage

There are several known astronomers who preceded Madhava, including Kǖṭalur Kizhār (2nd century), Vararuci (4th century), and Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa (866 AD). It is possible that other unknown figures preceded him. However, we have a clearer record of the tradition after Madhava. Parameshvara was a direct disciple. According to a palm leaf manuscript of a Malayalam commentary on the Surya Siddhanta, Parameswara's son Damodara (c. 1400–1500) had Nilakantha Somayaji as one of his disciples. Jyeshtadeva was a disciple of Nilakantha. Achyutha Pisharadi of Trikkantiyur is mentioned as a disciple of Jyeṣṭhadeva, and the grammarian Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri as his disciple.

Contributions
If we consider mathematics as a progression from finite processes of algebra to considerations of the infinite, then the first steps towards this transition typically come with infinite series expansions. It is this transition to the infinite series that is attributed to Madhava. In Europe, the first such series were developed by James Gregory in 1667. Madhava's work is notable for the series, but what is truly remarkable is his estimate of an error term (or correction term). This implies that he understood very well the limit nature of the infinite series. Thus, Madhava may have invented the ideas underlying infinite series expansions of functions, power series, trigonometric series, and rational approximations of infinite series.

However, as stated above, which results are precisely Madhava's and which are those of his successors is difficult to determine. The following presents a summary of results that have been attributed to Madhava by various scholars.

Infinite series
Among his many contributions, he discovered infinite series for the trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, arctangent, and many methods for calculating the circumference of a circle. One of Madhava's series is known from the text Yuktibhāṣā, which contains the derivation and proof of the power series for inverse tangent, discovered by Madhava. In the text, Jyeṣṭhadeva describes the series in the following manner: The first term is the product of the given sine and radius of the desired arc divided by the cosine of the arc. The succeeding terms are obtained by a process of iteration when the first term is repeatedly multiplied by the square of the sine and divided by the square of the cosine. All the terms are then divided by the odd numbers 1, 3, 5, .... The arc is obtained by adding and subtracting respectively the terms of odd rank and those of even rank. It is laid down that the sine of the arc or that of its complement whichever is the smaller should be taken here as the given sine. Otherwise the terms obtained by this above iteration will not tend to the vanishing magnitude. This yields:
 * $$ r\theta={\frac {r\sin \theta  }{\cos  \theta

}}-(1/3)\,r\,{\frac { \left(\sin \theta  \right) ^ {3}}{ \left(\cos \theta   \right) ^{3}}}+(1/5)\,r\,{\frac { \left(\sin \theta \right) ^{5}}{ \left(\cos \theta  \right) ^{5}}}-(1/7)\,r\,{\frac { \left(\sin \theta \right) ^{7}}{ \left(\cos \theta  \right) ^{ 7}}} + \cdots$$ or equivalently:
 * $$\theta = \tan \theta - \frac{\tan^3 \theta}{3} + \frac{\tan^5 \theta}{5} - \frac{\tan^7 \theta}{7} + \cdots$$

This series is Gregory's series (named after James Gregory, who rediscovered it three centuries after Madhava). Even if we consider this particular series as the work of Jyeṣṭhadeva, it would pre-date Gregory by a century, and certainly other infinite series of a similar nature had been worked out by Madhava. Today, it is referred to as the Madhava-Gregory-Leibniz series.

Trigonometry
Madhava composed an accurate table of sines. Madhava's values are accurate to the seventh decimal place. Marking a quarter circle at twenty-four equal intervals, he gave the lengths of the half-chord (sines) corresponding to each of them. It is believed that he may have computed these values based on the series expansions:

 * sin q = q − q3/3! + q5/5! − q7/7! + ...
 * cos q = 1 − q2/2! + q4/4! − q6/6! + ...

The value of π (pi)
Madhava's work on the value of the mathematical constant Pi is cited in the Mahajyānayana prakāra ("Methods for the great sines"). While some scholars such as Sarma feel that this book may have been composed by Madhava himself, it is more likely the work of a 16th-century successor. This text attributes most of the expansions to Madhava, and gives the following infinite series expansion of π, now known as the Madhava-Leibniz series:

 * $$\frac{\pi}{4} = 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \cdots = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{2n - 1},$$

which he obtained from the power-series expansion of the arc-tangent function. However, what is most impressive is that he also gave a correction term Rn for the error after computing the sum up to n terms, namely:

 * Rn = (−1)n / (4n), or
 * Rn = (−1)n⋅n / (4n2 + 1), or
 * Rn = (−1)n⋅(n2 + 1) / (4n3 + 5n),

where the third correction leads to highly accurate computations of π.

It has long been speculated how Madhava found these correction terms. They are the first three convergents of a finite continued fraction, which, when combined with the original Madhava's series evaluated to n terms, yields about 3n/2 correct digits:

 * $$\frac{\pi}{4} \approx 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \cdots + \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{2n - 1} + \cfrac{(-1)^n}{4n + \cfrac{1^2}{n + \cfrac{2^2}{4n + \cfrac{3^2}{n + \cfrac{4^2}{\dots + \cfrac{\dots}{\dots + \cfrac{n^2}{n[4 - 3(n \bmod 2)]}}}}}}}.

$$

The absolute value of the correction term in next higher order is

 * |Rn| = (4n3 + 13n) / (16n4 + 56n2 + 9).

He also gave a more rapidly converging series by transforming the original infinite series of π, obtaining the infinite series

 * $$\pi = \sqrt{12}\left(1 - \frac{1}{3 \cdot 3} + \frac{1}{5 \cdot 3^2} - \frac{1}{7 \cdot 3^3} + \cdots\right).$$

By using the first 21 terms to compute an approximation of π, he obtains a value correct to 11 decimal places (3.14159265359). The value of 3.1415926535898, correct to 13 decimals, is sometimes attributed to Madhava, but may be due to one of his followers. These were the most accurate approximations of π given since the 5th century (see History of numerical approximations of π).

The text Sadratnamala appears to give the astonishingly accurate value of π = 3.14159265358979324 (correct to 17 decimal places). Based on this, R. Gupta has suggested that this text was also composed by Madhava.

Madhava also carried out investigations into other series for arc lengths and the associated approximations to rational fractions of π.

Calculus
Madhava developed the power series expansion for some trigonometry functions which were further developed by his successors at the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. (Certain ideas of calculus were known to earlier mathematicians.) Madhava also extended some results found in earlier works, including those of Bhāskara II. However, they did not combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, or turn calculus into the powerful problem-solving tool we have today.

Madhava's works
K. V. Sarma has identified Madhava as the author of the following works:

 * 1) Golavada
 * 2) Madhyamanayanaprakara
 * 3) Mahajyanayanaprakara (Method of Computing Great Sines)
 * 4) Lagnaprakarana (लग्नप्रकरण)
 * 5) Venvaroha (वेण्वारोह)
 * 6) Sphuṭacandrāpti (स्फुटचन्द्राप्ति)
 * 7) Aganita-grahacara (अगणित-ग्रहचार)
 * 8) Chandravakyani (चन्द्रवाक्यानि) (Table of Moon-mnemonics)

Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India and included among its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. It flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. They gave three important results, series expansion of three trigonometry functions of sine, cosine and arctant and the proof of their results where later given in Yuktibhasa text.

The group also did much other work in astronomy; indeed many more pages are developed to astronomical computations than are for discussing analysis related results.

The Kerala school also contributed much to linguistics (the relation between language and mathematics is an ancient Indian tradition, see Kātyāyana). The ayurvedic and poetic traditions of Kerala can also be traced back to this school. The famous poem, Narayaniyam, was composed by Narayana Bhattathiri.

Influence
Madhava has been called "the greatest mathematician-astronomer of medieval India", some of his discoveries in this field show him to have possessed extraordinary intuition". O'Connor and Robertson state that a fair assessment of Madhava is that he took the decisive step towards modern classical analysis.

Possible propagation to Europe
The Kerala school was well known in the 15th and 16th centuries, in the period of the first contact with European navigators in the Malabar Coast. At the time, the port of Muziris, near Sangamagrama, was a major center for maritime trade, and a number of Jesuit missionaries and traders were active in this region. Given the fame of the Kerala school, and the interest shown by some of the Jesuit groups during this period in local scholarship, some scholars, including G. Joseph of the U. Manchester have suggested that the writings of the Kerala school may have also been transmitted to Europe around this time, which was still about a century before Newton. However, there is no direct evidence by way of relevant manuscripts that such a transmission actually took place. According to David Bressoud, "there is no evidence that the Indian work of series was known beyond India, or even outside of Kerala, until the nineteenth century."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Madhava of Sangamagrama


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User talk:Cyberneo101

man exist due to its purposes that build in the nation a great wall that protect the intire communities...what would that purpose be?

Most of the time man loses its meaning of living,it is in a fact that the root of all distruction is ambition,too much of it, great cup of it, and all of its cause...and the resolt....

TOTAL MASS DISTRUCTION!!!

title: User talk:Cyberneo101


text:
Roland E-20

The Roland E-20 is a keyboard instrument introduced by Roland in 1988.

Described by Roland as an "Intelligent Synthesizer," the instrument was the first product of Roland Europe SpA, which had been set up after a takeover of the SIEL company of Italy the previous year. The new venture was a strategic move by Roland to enter the lucrative high-end home keyboard market which had hitherto been dominated by Yamaha and Technics.

Featuring auto accompaniment, and built in speakers the E-20 used the advanced Linear Arithmetic or "LA" synthesis system as used on the Roland MT-32 sound module. The E-20 set a new standard for the amateur keyboardist, with high-quality sounds, innovative drum patterns and backings which were widely recognised as being significantly more advanced than both Yamaha's PSR and Technics's KN instruments.

As well as the E-20 itself, the cheaper E-5 and E-10 were subsequently launched as "cut down" versions, while the enhanced E-30 debuted in 1990. There was also a modular version (the RA-50 Realtime Arranger), and the Pro-E Intelligent Arranger, which was basically half of an E-20, excluding the built-in speakers but including the so-called "intelligent arranger" and drum unit.

In 1989 the German company Quasimidi produced a popular retrofit upgrade kit that significantly expanded the capabilities of the E-20 stock keyboard. It doubled the number of sounds available from 64 to 128 by unlocking hidden patches previously only available via MIDI. It also doubled the number of user programs that could be stored and enabled the layering of two sounds in the right hand section. Another feature was the removal of the system exclusive control on the automatic accompaniment, allowing this to be controlled by other non-Roland keyboards.

Roland would go on to dominate the home keyboard market in the 1990s with subsequent generations of the E-series line, introducing other firsts – for example the second generation models (the E-15, E-35 and E-70) were among the first Roland keyboard instruments to feature the Roland GS-standard, having been launched at the same time as the legendary Roland SC-55 Sound Canvas module.

Roland would later introduce the closely related professional G-series line (the G-800, G-1000 and later, the G-70) as what were to become known as "arranger" keyboards began to gain acceptance and recognition within the professional user community. However, all of these products retain the same basic architecture of the E-20.

The current top-of-the-line E-Series keyboard is the E-A7.

Generations of Roland Home Keyboards (Roland arranger keyboards timeline)

 * First Generation (Produced 1988)
 * E-30, E-20, E-10, E-5, Pro-E
 * RA-50

 * Second Generation (Produced 1991)
 * E-70, E-35, E-15
 * RA-90

 * Third Generation (Produced 1993)
 * E-86, E-66, E-56, E-36, E-16
 * E-16 TR
 * RA-95

 * Fourth Generation (Produced 1995 – 1998)
 * G-800, G-600
 * E-96, E-68, E-38, E-28, E-14, E-12
 * E-68 US, E-28 US, E-14 US
 * EM-305, EM-303
 * E-280B, E-40 OR, E-14 OR, E-14 TR OR, EM-303 TH
 * RA-30, RA-800

 * Fifth Generation (Produced 1998 – 2001)
 * EM-2000, G-1000
 * E-600, E-500, E-300
 * E-480 B
 * EM-50, EM-30, EM-20, EM-10
 * EM-7 B, EM-1 B, EM-JR
 * E-500 OR, EM-50 OR

 * Sixth Generation (Produced 2000)
 * VA-76, VA-7, VA-5, VA-3
 * EM-55, EM-25, EM-15
 * EM-55 OR, EM-15 OR, EM-GR1
 * Alpha-1, Alpha-07, Alpha-Jr
 * DisCover-5

 * Seventh Generation (Produced 2005)
 * G-70
 * GW-7
 * EXR-7, EXR-5, EXR-3
 * EXR-7s, EXR-5s, EXR-3s
 * EXR-46 OR, EXR-40 OR, EXR-GR5, EXR-E2
 * E-80, E-60, E50
 * E-200, E-100
 * E-09, E-09 W, E-09 GR, E-09 IN

 * Eighth Generation (Produced 2008 – 2016)
 * GW-8, Prelude
 * BK-9, BK-5, BK-3
 * BK-7 M
 * BK-5 OR
 * E-A7

title: Roland E-20


text: User talk:129.2.144.99

title: User talk:129.2.144.99


text: User talk:80.126.89.90

title: User talk:80.126.89.90


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Barton in Fabis

Barton in Fabis is a village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe district of Nottinghamshire. It had a population of 266 in the 2011 census, falling slightly to 258 at the 2021 census. The village is just south of Nottingham, being on the other side of the River Trent from Attenborough.

A ferry, Barton Ferry, used to cross the River Trent to the Attenborough side near to the mouth of the River Erewash. A ferry crossed the River Trent at this point since before 1774. The Fairham Brook forms part of the eastern parish boundary. The name originates from an older name, "Barton in the Beans" (Fabis being Latin for 'bean', in the ablative plural), apparently referring to the beans grown in the village. This name was also used for a Leicestershire village, Barton in the Beans, which has retained its name.

A new location within the parish, Fairham is being developed adjacent to the Nottingham built up area. This will eventually take up over 600 acre and provide residential, industrial and other amenities and facilities such as retail, school, community centre, health centre, sports pitches, community parks and woodland.

title: Barton in Fabis


text:
Talk:John Batman

Unsorted comments
Wow! I never knew there was a real Batman! :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  12:02, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, you beat me to writting that. User:Jayteecork —Preceding undated comment added 16:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC).

I wonder how they pronounced his name? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.165.139.52 (talk) 03:48, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

What a guy! Makes me wish I was Australian, so I could be proud of him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.107.168.103 (talk) 13:47, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Syphilis
I've just read that he was "ravaged by syphilis". Is this the illness we refer to? -- JackofOz (talk) 12:01, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Daniel Batman
It seems unikely that Daniel Batman is descended from him if he had no surviving male descendents.--Grahame (talk) 13:58, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Comic book character

 * a comic book character was invented to keep the Batman name living in perpetuity

Please tell me it's not the one I am thinking of...Noleti (talk) 09:11, 24 April 2008 (UTC) ok, I reverted after seeing that it was the last edit...Noleti (talk) 09:13, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Meme
Both John and Daniel were mentioned in a high profile blog by Ryan North when this entry from the popular Dinosaur Comics was posted. chant essy  16:28, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Needs reviewing
Wow, this article hasn't changed greatly in size since I last looked at it (2004), but the tone has changed somewhat. There has been a long history of lauding either Batman or Fawkner as the 'real' founder of Melbourne and I think this article is now tending towards giving an umblemished view of Batman, e.g. it has been suggested he died of syphilis (we don't know if that's true) but mention of it has been removed, the article now simply says he negociated a treaty whereas the validity/authenticity of the treaty has been questioned by many authors. We should be giving both sides of these controversies, not a hagiography.

I'm also a little concerned that some of these changes were made by User:Prester John, previously warned for edit-warring and currently blocked indefinitely for being a sockpuppet.

Disentangling all this would be a bit of work, which I don't think I can do right now, so I'm just bringing it up here in case someone wants to take it on.

☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 07:06, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Ganges
The Ganges ship is mentioned in this source. I initially thought it was HMS, but after discussing it at User_talk:Acad_Ronin it appears likely that it is the convict ship now mentioned at Ganges (disambiguation). -- John Vandenberg (chat) 23:48, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

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Renaming of the electoral division of Batman to Cooper
I'm new to wikipedia editing, so don't want to make the edit myself I know there's a strict protocol for this that I'll surely mess up.

Just here to say this page should be updated.

The AEC (Australian Electoral Commission) has decided after extensive community feedback to rename the electoral division of Batman after an Aboriginal Activist called William Cooper.

DeadUnit (talk) 16:06, 5 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for bringing it up here; however, the renaming hasn't taken place yet, as the relevant article says. Graham 87 03:01, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Batman


text:
Talk:Gopuram

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Terminology - Gopuram, Vimanam, Sikhara
I have some doubts (and possibly suggestions). 1) Sikhara as far as I know is a temple tower in north Indian architectural style - Nagara. I think it should not be used in this article because I think no element of Dravidfa temple is called sikhara. 2) Vimanam (tower) redirects here. I think that Gopuram is tower above gate to the Dravida temple and Vimanam is tower above temple itself. So they are two different things. 188.147.115.1 (talk) 19:55, 11 June 2010 (UTC)Marysia

gopura is a skyscraper, a gateway to a temple. Its height is measured according to the stories it has. A story is called a vimaana. The top of the "gopura" is called shikhara. The [golden] pitchers which are set at the top are called kalasha. Kanchanamala (talk)

P.S. When a temple has more than one "gopura", then the main "gopura" is called raaja-gopura. Kanchanamala (talk) 20:37, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Thank You. But even if vimanam is also term for a storey of gopuram it is still a separate name for tower above temple, isn't it? It is also said so in the article, which quite clearly stresses that gopuram is tower above antrance, not the one above temple. In that case wouldn't it be better to have separate article on vimanam? I don't think that person who searches for vimanam and is redirected here can get good answer for what they search. Marysia

Pronunciation
Which syllable is stressed? Rwflammang (talk) 14:46, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

I am far from being expert but I think the first one is. Anyway in tamil first sylabble has a long vowel and other two short ones which in pronunciation should make effect similar to stressing. Marysia

Globalize
Gopurams also occur on tempels outside India, such as Angkor Wat. The article should expand on that. Preslav (talk) 14:51, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * They are very similar, but Gopuram is not the term used afaik. Ok, I see it is sometimes, & will add a little. Johnbod (talk) 23:39, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Etymology
The Sanskrit derivation of gopuram is new as Lienhard himself recognises on page 358. Furthermore, he has addressed the more traditional, Tamil derivation on the same page which he has attempted. As his research published in 2007 is very recent,until further research/studies, confirm Lienhard the traditional position should be maintained. He can in the meantime be recorded as one of the minority views that it was derived from Sanskrit. Doing otherwise can be seen as a breach of WP:WEIGHT by giving undue weight to minority views.

He says "it may not be wide of the mark to understand go in gopura as 'sky'." (Page 358)

Not very many Sanskrit scholars would agree the meaning of 'go' to be both 'sky' and 'cow'. Thus, he himself is still very cautious about his proposal and by no means is this research peer-reviewed.--Avedeus (talk) 10:49, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

Gopuram
Gopuram is a one type of power of infront of the Temple 2409:408C:1394:299A:0:0:1E6C:98B0 (talk) 09:21, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gopuram


text:
Ontario Heritage Act

The Ontario Heritage Act, (the Act) first enacted on March 5, 1975, allows municipalities and the provincial government to designate individual properties and districts in the Canadian Province of Ontario, as being of cultural heritage value or interest.

Designation under the Ontario Heritage Act
Once a property has been designated under Part IV of the Act, a property owner must apply to the local municipality for a permit to undertake alterations to any of the identified heritage elements of the property or to demolish any buildings or structures on the property.

Part V of the Act allows for the designation of heritage conservation districts.

Amendments to the legislation
Until 2005, a designation of a property under the Act allowed a municipality to delay, but not ultimately prevent, the demolition of a heritage property. Heritage advocates were highly critical of the 180-day "cooling off" period provided for under the legislation, which was intended to allow time for municipalities and landowners to negotiate an appropriate level of heritage preservation, but often simply resulted in the landowner "waiting out the clock" and demolishing the heritage building once the protection of the Ontario Heritage Act had expired.

In 2005, the provincial government enacted changes to strengthen the Act. Under the amended legislation, a landowner who is refused a demolition permit under the Act no longer has an automatic right to demolish a designated building once the cooling off period has expired. Instead, the landowner has the option to appeal the permit refusal to the Conservation Review Board for individual properties or the Ontario Municipal Board for properties within a Heritage Conservation District and the appropriate board would make the final decision on whether or not a demolition permit is issued. Where the OMB refuses to issue a permit, the landowner would have no choice but to preserve the heritage building.

The amended legislation also contains provisions which enable municipalities to enact by-laws to require owners of designated buildings to maintain the structures and their heritage elements. Such by-laws are intended to prevent "demolition by neglect", although the collapse of Walnut Hall in Toronto demonstrates that such buildings are still at risk.

Implementation and issues
Heritage designation is not universally welcomed. Because it imposes restrictions, or at least delay, on alteration or demolition of protected properties, some owners and would-be developers feel their property rights are compromised. There is also concern that the restrictions will make it more difficult to sell and/or develop affected properties, with a negative impact on market values.

Ottawa: As part of the city’s heritage inventory project, the city is reviewing properties in Old Ottawa East and Old Ottawa South and placing those considered to have “cultural heritage value” on a registry. Owners will be required to give 60 days notice to the city before demolishing a listed property.

Rockcliffe Park: The entire village, which is now part of the City of Ottawa, became a Heritage Conservation District in 2016. The objective is not just conservation of individual buildings but of the park-like qualities of the area as a whole. This means that lot sizes, spacings between houses, and streetscapes are also protected; for example, new circular driveways are no longer permitted. There is a current appeal by a home-owner who is also a developer. Pending the outcome of a September 2017 hearing before the Ontario Municipal Board, City of Ottawa policy is to continue to apply the Heritage Conservation Plan.

Experience with the new provisions of the Act has been mixed. Municipalities, who were given significantly greater authority with the amendments, have, in some cases, used the authority to prevent or delay development proposals, with questionable intent. In one case a golf course was designated when the local Council received a proposal to develop it for housing.

Another flashpoint has been proposals to develop or significantly alter church properties. The government of Ontario has recently published a guideline that provides a context for the inherent conflict between religious beliefs and the civil authority over religious property that is enabled by the Act. The "Guide to Conserving Heritage Places of Worship in Ontario Communities" is part of the Ontario Heritage Toolkit. The Guide provides an understanding of how religious and heritage preservation goals can be balanced.

Properties under federal jurisdiction are also problematic; enterprises such as banking, navigation and interprovincial rail operate beyond the jurisdiction of Ontario's government. Various federal private member's bills (Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act, Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act) attempt to restrict demolition of historic properties, but all are narrow in scope and provide no protection against demolition by neglect.

title: Ontario Heritage Act


text:
Gus Viseur

Gustave Joseph Viseur (17 May 1915 – 25 August 1974) was a Belgian/French accordionist.

Early life
Viseur was born in Lessines, Belgium, on 17 May 1915. His father was a bargeman, so the family moved around a lot until 1920, when they settled in Paris. Viseur was given basic instruction in how to play the accordion by his father from the age of eight, and then had lessons from a music professor. Father and son played together in an amateur band from 1929. After his father died, Viseur "began performing on the streets of Paris in fairs and markets".

Later life and career
In the early 1930s, Viseur played second accordion under bandleader Médard Ferrero. In 1933, he met René "Charley" Bazin, and the two accordionists started improvising, inspired by hearing jazz. This led to Viseur forming his own band in 1935. It played in a variety of styles and recorded four tunes that year. "Viseur had the reeds in his Fratelli Crosio accordion filed down and retuned", which replaced the traditional vibrato of a musette accordion with a more modern sound.

Viseur "was a member of the orchestra led by the pianist Boris Sarbek, then worked in France and Belgium with Philippe Brun, Joseph Reinhardt, and his own quintet". Together with guitarist Baro Ferret, Viseur added elements of swing to traditional musettes that they played from 1938 and into World War II. He had more public attention after recording "L'Accordéoniste" with singer Édith Piaf in 1940.

He toured the United States in 1963, then stopped playing and opened a record shop in Le Havre. He started performing again around 1970, and recorded the album Swing Accordéon the following year. Viseur died in Le Havre on 25 August 1974.

Representative recordings

 * "Flambée montalbanaise"
 * "Joseph, Joseph"
 * "Automne"
 * "Confessin'"
 * "Douce joie"
 * "Josette"
 * "L'imprévu" (with Joseph Colombo)
 * "Nuit de Paris" (with Tony Muréna)
 * "Soir de dispute"
 * "Souvenir de Bruxelles"
 * "Swing accordéon"
 * "Swing-valse" (with Pierre "Baro" Ferret)
 * "La valse des niglos"
 * "Le Bal du p'tit jardin"
 * "Jeannette"
 * "46ème avenue"
 * "5 Juin"
 * "El Victor"
 * "Lorsque Django jouait"
 * "De Clichy à Broadway"

title: Gus Viseur


text:
User:PassionInfinity

About Me
Hi,

I am a freak! What else? I have an infinite passion for knowledge and wisdom. I believe in the statement that 'An unexamined life is not worth living'. We humans are rational beings. That rationality is thinking.

Location

 * I am living in Pakistan.

Interests

 * I am particularly interested in comparitive study of religions. Particularly, the Semitic Religions interest me a lot.
 * I am also interested in Astronomy.

Passions

 * We as a muslims have lost their identity. We are the claimants of the world's truest religion rather a complete way of life but unfortunately have not shown a very good model of it to the whole world. My passion is to work for the revival of Muslims and their dignity and to show that this is the religion.

Favourite Quote
All humans are dead, except those who have knowledge

and all those who have knowledge are asleep, except those who do good deeds

and those who do good deeds are deceived, except those who are sincere

and those who are sincere are always in a state of worry
 * - Imam Shafi

An unexamined life is not worth living.
 * - Socrates.

It takes no energy to create darkness

An expert is someone who has made all the mistakes in his or her field

If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?
 * - Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)

Answer to life the universe and everything = 42

title: User:PassionInfinity


text:
File:The Wide Window USA.PNG

Summary
Cover of The Wide Window. From amazon.com

title: File:The Wide Window USA.PNG


text: User talk:70.30.115.149

title: User talk:70.30.115.149


text: User talk:80.92.7.66

title: User talk:80.92.7.66


text:
User:Lok hup

--- This user was the Danish team captain at the first World Urban Golf Cup 2018. ---

This page should automatically go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuhebafa

As the entry below said Lok hup is also called Lok hup ba fa; this combines both cantonese and mandarin spellings. The English spellings are ...6 harmonies is Lok Hup and and the 8 methods is bat fat, in Cantonese. An alternate spelling also appears as ..Liu Ho Pa Fa, Lu Ho Pat Fat. The current naming is Liu He Ba Fa in mandarin. Abbreviations of LHBF and LHPF are commonly used. The traditional Chinese characters is the only reference standard. Reference: http://waterspirit6x8.tripod.com/ - I'm a beginner student of Lok Hup Ba Fa (六合八法) (which is why I arrived at Wikipedia to acquire knowledge of said form, but found myself contributing instead) ...and tai chi at the Taoist Tai Chi Society.

I've previously studied chi kung, wing chun, tantra (see: Mantak Chia), simplified tai chi chuan (24 form), ju jitsu, judo

...I eat meat

--christian 09:28, 27 September 2005 (UTC) - The identities of LiuHe BaFa or as LokHop PatFat in Cantonese can be confusing. Separated, Lok-Hop-Chuan and Pat-Fat-Chuan are also separate boxing systems [some derived from ShaoLin-style and some developed outside of ShaoLin]. The so-called LokHop-PatFat or LiuHe-BaFa is a composite of both in forms, but adheres more to the principles of each, but with an practice exercise more as the now called Tai-Chi-Chuan. Similar to the Chen-Family Style of Tai-Chi-, LHBF is also derived from older pre-Song Dynasty martial forms and principles, but its lineage is older. More details are available at the academic website: http://waterspirit6x8.tripod.com ...k.conor.foxx 05 July 2014

title: User:Lok hup


text:
User talk:Andy123456789

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! andy 11:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Andy123456789


text:
Lauder – Morasha School

Lauder – Morasha School is a Jewish day school in Warsaw, Poland.

History
The school was established by the Ronald S. Lauder foundation in 1994, following the success of the Lauder Kindergarten created in 1989. It is the first school under Jewish auspices in Warsaw since 1949. In 2007, its enrollment was 240 students, ranging in age from three to sixteen years old (pre-school to Grade 9).

The school's founding director was Helise E. Lieberman (1994–2006); the second director (2006-2017) was Polish-born Rabbi Maciej Pawlak. The current director of the pre-school is Anna Szyc; the grade school and upper division are under the directorship of Anna Grządkowska.

The school is not a religious academy; students are taught Hebrew and Jewish tradition and culture (in addition to the complete standard Polish curriculum), but there are no compulsory religious activities.

The school's historic building was designed by Henryk Stifelman and served as a facility for Jewish senior citizens prior to World War Two. Its ruins were restored for the school by the Ronald S. Lauder Foundation.

Sister schools
The Lauder-Morasha School has a sister school, Lauder Etz Chaim, in the western Polish city of Wrocław, constituting another part of a larger Lauder school network of 36 schools and kindergartens in sixteen Central and Eastern European countries from Germany to Russia and from Estonia to Bulgaria.

Additionally, the Lauder Foundation operates the Lauder E-School in Poland. Headquartered in Łódź in central Poland, E-Szkoła (as it's known in Polish) provides supplemental distant learning courses to Polish-speaking children who cannot attend either of the full-time Jewish day schools.

title: Lauder – Morasha School


text: User talk:70.251.72.116

title: User talk:70.251.72.116


text: Category:Schools in Poland

title: Category:Schools in Poland