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Monopole antenna

A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called a ground plane. The driving signal from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas the output signal to the receiver is taken, between the lower end of the monopole and the ground plane. One side of the antenna feedline is attached to the lower end of the monopole, and the other side is attached to the ground plane, which is often the Earth. This contrasts with a dipole antenna which consists of two identical rod conductors, with the signal from the transmitter applied between the two halves of the antenna.

The monopole is often used as a resonant antenna. The rod functions as an open resonator for radio waves and oscillates with standing waves of voltage and current along its length. The length of the antenna, therefore, is determined based on the wavelength of the desired radio waves. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole, in which the antenna length is approximately one quarter of the wavelength of the radio waves. In broadcasting monopole antennas, however, lengths equal to $5⁄8$ wavelength are also popular because in a monopole this length maximizes the power radiated perpendicular to the axis of the radiator, which with a vertical radiator optimizes efficiency for terrestrial broadcast. The monopole antenna was invented in 1895 by radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi; for this reason it is sometimes called the Marconi antenna.

The load impedance of the quarter-wave monopole is half that of the dipole antenna or 37.5 ohms.

Common types of monopole antenna are

 * whip
 * rubber ducky
 * helical
 * random wire
 * umbrella
 * inverted-L and T-antenna
 * folded unipole and inverted-F
 * mast radiator
 * ground plane antennas

History
The monopole antenna was invented in 1895 and patented in 1896 by radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi during his historic first experiments in radio communication. He began by using dipole antennas invented by Heinrich Hertz consisting of two identical horizontal wires ending in metal plates. He found by experiment that if instead of the dipole, one side of the transmitter and receiver was connected to a wire suspended overhead, and the other side was connected to the Earth, he could transmit for longer distances. For this reason the monopole is also called a Marconi antenna,  although Alexander Popov independently invented it at about the same time.

Radiation pattern

Like a vertically suspended dipole antenna, a monopole has an omnidirectional radiation pattern: It radiates with equal power in all azimuthal directions perpendicular to the antenna. The radiated power varies with elevation angle, with the radiation dropping off to zero at the zenith on the antenna axis. It radiates vertically polarized radio waves. Since vertical halfwave dipoles must have their center raised at least a quarter wave above the ground, whereas monopoles must be mounted directly on the ground, the monopoles' radiation patterns are more greatly affected by resistance in the earth, and the radiation pattern with elevation inherently differs.

A monopole can be visualized (right) as being formed by replacing the bottom half of a vertical dipole antenna (c) with a conducting plane (ground plane) at right-angles to the remaining half. If the ground plane is large enough, the radio waves from the remaining upper half of the dipole (a) reflected from the ground plane will seem to come from an image antenna (b) forming the missing half of the dipole, which adds to the direct radiation to form a dipole radiation pattern. So the pattern of a monopole with a perfectly conducting, infinite ground plane is identical to the top half of a dipole pattern.

Up to a length of a half-wavelength ($$\tfrac{1}{2} \lambda $$) the antenna has a single lobe with maximum gain in horizontal directions, perpendicular to the antenna axis. Below the quarter wavelength ($$\tfrac{1}{4} \lambda$$) resonance the radiation pattern is nearly constant with length. Above ($$\tfrac{1}{2} \lambda$$) the lobe flattens, radiating more power in horizontal directions.

Above a half-wavelength the pattern splits into a horizontal main lobe and a small second conical lobe at an angle of 60° elevation into the sky. However, the horizontal gain keeps increasing and reaches a maximum at a length of five-eighths wavelength: $$\tfrac{5}{8} \lambda = 0.625 \lambda $$ (this is an approximation valid for a typical thickness antenna, for an infinitely thin monopole the maximum occurs at $$\tfrac{2}{\, \pi \,} \lambda = 0.637 \lambda$$). The maximum occurs at this length because the opposite phase radiation from the two lobes interferes destructively and cancels at high angles, "compressing" more of the power into the horizontal lobe.

Slightly above $$\tfrac{5}{8} \lambda$$ the horizontal lobe rapidly gets smaller and the high angle lobe gets larger, reducing power radiated in horizontal directions, and hence reducing gain. Because of this, not many antennas use lengths above $$\tfrac{5}{8} \lambda$$ or 0.625 wave. As the antenna is made longer, the pattern divides into more lobes, with nulls (directions of zero radiated power) between them.

The general effect of electrically small ground planes, as well as imperfectly conducting earth grounds, is to tilt the direction of maximum radiation up to higher elevation angles and reduce the gain. The gain of actual quarter wave antennas with typical ground systems is around 2–3 dBi.

Gain and input impedance

Because it radiates only into the space above the ground plane, or half the space of a dipole antenna, a monopole antenna over a perfectly conducting infinite ground plane will have a gain of twice (3 dB greater than) the gain of a similar dipole antenna, and a radiation resistance half that of a dipole. Since a half-wave dipole has a gain of 2.19 dBi and a radiation resistance of 73 Ohms, a quarter-wave ($vi$ $3⁄2$) monopole will have a gain of 2.19 + 3.0 = 5.2 dBi and a radiation resistance of about 36.5 Ohms. The antenna is resonant at this length, so its input impedance is purely resistive. The input impedance has capacitive reactance below $1⁄2$ $1⁄4$ and inductive reactance from $λ$ to $1⁄4$ $λ$.

The gains given in this section are only achieved if the antenna is mounted over a perfectly conducting infinite ground plane. With typical artificial ground planes smaller than several wavelengths, the gain will be 1 to 3 dBi lower, because some of the horizontal radiated power will diffract around the plane edge into the lower half space, where it dissipates in the soil. Similarly over a resistive earth ground, the gain will be lower due to power absorbed in the earth.

As the length is increased to approach a half-wavelength ($1⁄4$ $1⁄2$) – the next resonant length – the gain increases some, to 6.0 dBi. Since at this length the antenna has a current node at its feedpoint, the input impedance is very high. A hypothetical infinitesimally thin antenna would have infinite impedance, but for finite thickness of typical monopoles it is around 800–2,000 Ohms; high, but manageable by feeding through a substantial step-up transformer.

The horizontal gain continues to increase up to a maximum of about 6.6 dBi at a length of five-eighths wavelength $λ$ $1⁄2$ so this is a popular length for ground wave antennas and terrestrial communication antennas, for frequencies where a larger antenna size is feasible. The input impedance drops to about 40 Ohms at that length. The antenna's reactance is capacitive from $λ$ to $5⁄8$ $λ$. However, above $1⁄2$ $3⁄4$ the horizontal gain drops rapidly because progressively more power is radiated at high elevation angles in the second lobe.

Types

For monopole antennas operating at lower frequencies, below 20 MHz, the ground plane is usually the Earth; in this case the antenna is a vertical mast mounted on the ground on an insulator to isolate it electrically from the ground. One side of the feedline is connected to the mast and the other to an Earth ground at the base of the antenna. In transmitting antennas to reduce ground resistance this is often a radial network of buried wires stretching outward from a terminal near the base of the antenna. This design is used for the mast radiator transmitting antennas employed for radio broadcasting in the MF and LF bands. At lower frequencies the antenna mast is electrically short giving it a very small radiation resistance, so to increase efficiency and radiated power capacitively toploaded monopoles such as the T-antenna and umbrella antenna are used.

At VHF and UHF frequencies the size of the ground plane needed is smaller, so artificial ground planes are used to allow the antenna to be mounted above the ground. A common type of monopole antenna at these frequencies for mounting on masts or structures consists of a quarter-wave whip antenna with a ground plane consisting of 3 or 4 wires or rods a quarter-wave long radiating horizontally or diagonally from its base connected to the ground side of the feedline; this is called a ground-plane antenna. At gigahertz frequencies the metal surface of a car roof or airplane body makes a good ground plane, so car cell phone antennas consist of short whips mounted on the roof, and aircraft communication antennas frequently consist of a short conductor in an aerodynamic fairing projecting from the fuselage; this is called a blade antenna.

The quarter-wave whip and rubber ducky antennas used with handheld radios such as walkie-talkies and portable FM radios are also monopole antennas. In these portable devices the antenna does not have an effective ground plane, the ground side of the transmitter is just connected to the ground connection on its circuit board. Since the circuit board ground is often smaller than the antenna, the antenna and ground combination may function more as an asymmetrical dipole antenna than a monopole. The hand and body of the person holding them may function as a rudimentary ground plane.

Wireless devices and cell phones use a monopole variant called the inverted-F antenna. The monopole element is bent over parallel to the ground area on the circuit board, so it can be enclosed in the device case; usually the antenna is fabricated of copper foil on the printed circuit board itself. This geometry would give the antenna a very low impedance if it was driven at the base. To improve the impedance match with the feed circuit (typically 50 Ohms impedance) the antenna is shunt fed, the feedline is instead connected to an intermediate point along the element, and the element end is grounded.

title: Monopole antenna


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Yallourn Power Station

The Yallourn Power Station, now owned by EnergyAustralia a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hong-Kong-based CLP Group, is located in the Latrobe Valley of Victoria, Australia, beside the Latrobe River, with the company town of Yallourn located to the south west. Yallourn PS was a complex of six brown coalfired thermal power stations built progressively from the 1920s to the 1960s; all except one have now been decommissioned. Today, only the 1450 MW Yallourn W plant remains. It is the second largest power station in Victoria, supplying 22% of Victoria's electricity and 8% of the National Electricity Market. The adjacent open cut brown coal mine is the largest open cut coal mine in Australia, with reserves sufficient to meet the projected needs of the power station to 2028. On 10 March 2021, EnergyAustralia announced that it will close the Yallourn Power Station in mid-2028, four years ahead of schedule, and instead build a 350 megawatt battery in the Latrobe Valley by the end of 2026. At the time, Yallourn produced about 20% of Victoria's electricity.

Yallourn A, B, C, D and E

Power generation at Yallourn was first proposed in 1919 when the Victorian Government appointed a committee to investigate the use of coal from the Latrobe Valley. The plant was operated by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria, and the first sod was turned at the Yallourn Power Station site in 1921. Along with the power station, the town of Yallourn was constructed nearby to house workers of the plant. Coal was moved from the open cut mine to the power station by the Yallourn 900mm Railway, a narrow gauge electric railway running along temporary tracks in the mine. The Morwell Interconnecting Railway was later provided to the Morwell power station and briquette works for the transfer of Yallourn coal to the briquette works, as Morwell mine (now called Hazelwood mine) coal did not briquette satisfactorily.

In the complex, Yallourn A was the first plant opened in 1928. "A" station consisted of 6 Metro Vickers sets each 12.5MW. Steam was supplied by 12 John Thompson chain grate boilers each producing 80,000 lb/hr at 260PSI and 640 °F.

Yallourn B entering service on 11 April 1932. B station consisted of 4 Metro Vickers sets of 25MW. Steam was supplied by 10 John Thompson chain grate boilers each producing 120,000 lb/hr at 260PSI and 670 °F. Yallourn A was demolished in 1968, and Yallourn B following in the early 1970s. Yallourn C, D and E stations were commissioned in 1954, 1957 and 1961 respectively, and provided the bulk of Victoria's power until Hazelwood Power Station became operational in the mid 1960s. Yallourn A, B, C & D were constructed as 'range'-type power stations that connected individual boilers to a common steam range before connecting to the turbine.

C station had 2 turbo alternators, each 60 MW. Steam was supplied by 6 pulverized coal burning water tube boilers. Each boiler produced 200,000lbs/hour at 645psi and 825 °F. D station was exactly the same as C station.

E station had 2 units, each 120 MW with hydrogen cooled generators but no stator water cooling. Steam came from 2 PF boilers, each producing 950,000lbs/hour at 1600psi and 1050 °F. Yallourn E was the first unitised station constructed in the complex, as each boiler was paired with its own turbine.

Yallourn E station ceased generating power in January 1989, with C, D and E plants being demolished from 1995 onwards, with the site being cleared by 1999. The narrow gauge railway in the mine was replaced by conveyor belts in 1984, and the Morwell Interconnecting Railway was replaced by road haulage in 1993.

Briquette factory
In conjunction with the power station, the open cut mine also fed a briquette factory operated by the SECV. The first stage of the factory came into operation in November 1924 with a capacity of about 400 LT per day, with a major extension approved in 1927 and completed early in 1931 increasing the capacity to 1200 LT per day. Using German technology, the factory also generated electricity, with a maximum output of approximately 10 MW it produced 220 MWh daily, of which about 50 MWh was used in the factory and 170 MWh was fed into the state grid. The plant closed in 1970, after the discovery and reticulation of natural gas in Victoria which led to the closure of the major Lurgi briquette gasification plant in Morwell. Remaining demand for briquettes was met by the Morwell briquette factory that was opened in 1959. It was shut down in 2014.

Yallourn W
The current Yallourn W power station was built in the 1970s at Yallourn West. The four units are Toshiba built 3 stage reheat turbines with steam supplied by four 'subcritical' pulverized coal-fired boilers. In 1969 it was announced that the town of Yallourn would be demolished to enable an expansion of the coal mine, with demolition commencing in the 1970s and completed by 1982. Yallourn W power station was the second Victorian generating entity to be privatised in 1996 when it was sold to a consortium including PowerGen, Itochu, AMP, Hastings and NSW State Super. The plant is currently owned by Hong Kong-based CLP and operates under the EnergyAustralia brand (formally TRUenergy).

With the coal supply from Yallourn's East Field mine expected to be exhausted in 2007, work commenced on a diversion of the nearby Morwell River in 2002 to enable access to further coal sources from the Maryvale coal field. Without this, the power station potentially faced significant modification or even closure. The Morwell River Diversion, and the access to coal supplies it allows, will ensure Yallourn can continue to operate until 2032. The 3.5 km diversion was constructed over five years at a cost of A$122 million, and came in on time and on budget. On 6 June 2012, a levee bank failure resulted in the flooding of the Yallourn coal mine causing damage to its infrastructure and cutting fuel supply to the power station.

In 2007 the station's name was shortened to be "Yallourn Power Station". In late 2007, a subsidence in the mine wall resulted in the Latrobe River bursting through, damaging coal conveying plant and flooding low levels of the mine. Urgent earthwork repairs were made with the co-operation of other power generators. Coal production was limited for some weeks.

Carbon Monitoring for Action estimates this power station emits 10.7 e6t of greenhouse gases each year as a result of burning coal. The Australian Government announced the introduction of a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme commencing in 2010 to help combat climate change. It is expected to impact on emissions from power stations. The National Pollutant Inventory provides details of other pollutant emissions, but not CO2.

During 2018 and 2019, the station had 37 outages.

Fire
On 21 June 2013 a fire broke out in a control panel causing three units to trip. This multi-unit contingency caused a "Pricing Event" on the National Electricity Market, and the Market Operator reported the event as part of an industrial action campaign. Police later announced their finding that the event was an act of sabotage.

Closure announcement
On 10 March 2021, it was announced that the closure date for Yallourn W had been revised from 2032 to 2028 due to low wholesale electricity prices as well as rising operating costs. A 350MW battery is set to be completed by 2026.

Engineering heritage award
The power station site is listed as an Engineering Heritage National Landmark by Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

Popular culture
In 1934, Jessie Deakin Brookes wore a costume for the Pageant of Nations celebrating the centenary of Victoria, created by Thelma Thomas. It featured three Melbourne buildings, the Murray Darling river and irrigation system and its headpiece was modelled on the Yallourn power station transmission tower. It was the inspiration of the exhibition Velvet, Iron, Ashes at the State Library in Victoria in 2019-2020.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yallourn Power Station


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Forward Prizes for Poetry

The Forward Prizes for Poetry are major British awards for poetry, presented annually at a public ceremony in London. They were founded in 1992 by William Sieghart with the aim of celebrating excellence in poetry and increasing its audience. The prizes do this by identifying and honouring talent: collections published in the UK and Ireland over the course of the previous year are eligible, as are single poems nominated by journal editors or prize organisers. Each year, works shortlisted for the prizes – plus those highly commended by the judges – are collected in the Forward Book of Poetry.

The awards have been sponsored since their inception by the content marketing agency Bookmark, formerly Forward Worldwide. The best first collection prize is sponsored by the estate of Felix Dennis.

The Forward Prizes for Poetry celebrated their 30th anniversary in 2021. For the 2023 prizes, a new category for outstanding performance of a poem was added to the list of awards.

Awards
The Forward Prizes for Poetry consist of three awards:
 * The Forward Prize for Best Collection, £10,000
 * The Felix Dennis Prize for Best First Collection, £5,000
 * The Forward Prize for Best Single Poem in memory of Michael Donaghy, £1,000

The Prizes are run by the Forward Arts Foundation, which is also responsible for National Poetry Day. The executive director of the Forward Arts Foundation is Susannah Herbert.

title: Forward Prizes for Poetry


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User:SCZenz/Webcomics

= My thoughts on webcomics on wikipedia =

 * This is a place to collect my thoughts on webcomics being included in Wikipedia. Likely you've seen me link here from some place where I've advocated the deletion of a webcomic's article, or the general reduction of the number of such articles on Wikipedia.  I wrote this so that I could write my views in a coherent way, once, rather than repeating arguments on different AfD and talk pages. -- SCZenz

Note for new users
If you are a new user who has just arrived on Wikipedia to vote against the deletion of a webcomic, let me first of all say welcome! (Click here for some information on getting started at Wikipedia.) You should be aware that, in general, users with very few edits voting in AfD's are indestinguishable from sockpuppets, and their votes are discounted. I ask that you realize that Wikipedia is an online community, just like the webcomics community, and we have our own rules and ways of doing things--and if you want to contribute, you'll probably need to learn a bit about them. We're not judging your favorite webcomic, it's just that we generally include only the most notable websites and are trying to be consistent. To learn more of what I think about the issue, please read below.

My thoughts
Wikipedia is not the place for the comprehensive cataloguing of almost anything: not music, not people, not blogs, and yes, not webcomics. Generally editors look for "notability," that is whether an article ought to be included in an encyclopedia because it is distinctive in some way. A webcomic might be notable because:

 * 1) It has an exceptionally broad readership.
 * 2) It was groundbreaking in some way, e.g. a very early webcomic.
 * 3) It has been mentioned in some significant way in some other medium.
 * 4) It has received a significant award.
 * 5) It is written by an artist notable for other reasons.
 * 6) And I'm sure there are other possibilities too...

If one or more of these things is true, and verifiable, then the article should be included in Wikipedia. Otherwise, it should not.

The proposed criteria at WP:COMIC are too loose right now, and so are not taken seriously by the majority of Wikipedia editors. The only one that asks that a comic have significant readership, rather than simply existing for a long time, unfortunately relies on Alexa, which everyone hates. The criteria need to be rewritten somehow, to be more in line with, for example, WP:MUSIC. Think how many hard-working, skilled bands are excluded by those criteria! It's no disrespect to them, it's because we're writing an encyclopedia. The situation with comics must be similar to that of bands, for the sake of fairness and consistency within the wikipedia community.

I fear a clash of cultures on this issue, as webcomic fans who are unfamiliar with wikipedia arrive to protect their beloved comic's articles and feel personally attacked when they're labeled as "not-notable" or "unencyclopediac". It will be difficult to understand that "notable within the webcomic community" and "notable in the context of wikipedia" are two different things. I'm still trying to figure out how to deal with this.

Through all of this it is important to assume good faith and to be civil. I genuinely welcome any and all suggestions and comments on my talk page.

title: User:SCZenz/Webcomics


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Talk:Logan O'Brien

Heritage
Please add a bit more about his heritage if possible. His surname is typically either Irish or Scottish, yet he is cited as being Jewish. Can someone provide some sources to clarify? Michael 20:56, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Eh, he's definitely Jewish. I'm sure his mother is. His father must've either converted. Or, for all we know, the original non-Jewish O'Brien ancestor married a Jewish woman, and the line's been Jewish ever since. Or they changed the name at some point. You get the point - anything is possible. Mad Jack 06:21, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * We know nothing else on the family? Michael 09:03, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh, I looked up his posts on his web site, and I basically now know everything there is to know - his mother is Jewish, his father is not. His maternal grandparents were Jews from Austria/Russia. Based on this, presumably his father is Irish, Armenian, Japanese, Filipino, Portuguese, French and Spanish... Mad Jack 07:53, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I added that in. Michael 08:09, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Logan O'Brien


text: Category:Military of Senegal

title: Category:Military of Senegal


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George Roussos

George Roussos (August 20, 1915 – February 19, 2000), also known under the pseudonym George Bell, was an American comic book artist best known as one of Jack Kirby's Silver Age inkers, including on landmark early issues of Marvel Comics' Fantastic Four. Over five decades, he created artwork for numerous publishers, including EC Comics, and he was a staff colorist for Marvel Comics.

Early life and career
George Roussos was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Greek-Americans William and Helen Roussos. After he and his sisters Helen and Alice were orphaned as children, George was sent to live at the Brooklyn Orphan Asylum in New York City, and attended Public School 125 in the Woodside neighborhood of Queens. Roussos was influenced by the art of cartoonist Frank Miller in the aviation comic strip Barney Baxter in the Air. Other influences included Chester Gould, Stan Kaye, Robert Fawcett and Hal Foster. "I had no schooling [in art] except the things I learned by myself," Roussos said.

Comic books and comic strips
Roussos entered comics in 1939 as letterer of the Spanish-language version of the newspaper panel Ripley's Believe It or Not, despite not being able to read Spanish.

The following year, Bob Kane and Bill Finger hired him to assist inker Jerry Robinson on Batman stories. Roussos' duties included drawing backgrounds, inking, and lettering, starting as early as Batman #2 (Summer 1940). At the same time, he did similar duties on Target and the Targeteers. He and Robinson would eventually leave the Kane studio to work directly for National Comics (the future DC Comics) on Batman and other characters. Roussos worked on features starring the Vigilante, Johnny Quick, Superman, and Starman. His most notable DC work was as penciller, inker, colorist, and letterer of the Detective Comics backup feature "Air Wave", on which he experimented, on at least one story, with using only shades of gray for color. He also was the co-creator, along with Jerry Siegel, of Superwoman (the character first appeared in "Lois Lane -- Superwoman", Action Comics #60).

Other companies for which Roussos drew during the 1940s Golden Age of comic books included Marvel-precursor Timely Comics, as well as Avon Publications, Standard/Better/Nedor, Family, Fiction House, Hillman Periodicals, Lev Gleason Publications, and Spark. He also did 16 internationally distributed educational pamphlets for General Electric, receiving a World War II draft deferment to do so. The survey "The 20 Greatest Inkers of American Comic Books" placed Roussos at #15, saying he "was so adept with a brush in his hand that his co-workers appointed the nickname 'Inky' to him. His style was often thick, heavy with blacks, and sported nice contrasts which complimented [sic] one of his prime collaborators in the ' 50s, Mort Meskin."

After a brief attempt to open an art school with colleague Mort Meskin, Roussos added comic strips to his repertoire, assisting artist Dan Barry's Flash Gordon, Charles Flanders' The Lone Ranger, Dan Heilman's Judge Parker and Sy Barry's The Phantom, and succeeding Fred Kida as artist on Judge Wright from 1947 until the strip's demise the following year. Roussos unsuccessfully pitched syndication companies his own comic strips, such as the science fiction feature 2001 A.D. in 1945, the archeology strip Azeena in 1967, and Transisto, with Batman creator Bill Finger, in the late 1960s.

Comic-book clients during the 1950s included that decade's Marvel precursor, Atlas Comics, along with Crestwood, EC Comics and St. John Publications. For EC he did stories in Crime SuspenStories, Tales from the Crypt, Weird Science and Weird Fantasy.

Silver Age Marvel
In the 1960s, during the period fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books, Roussos gained prominence under the pseudonym "George Bell" when he became Jack Kirby's inker on landmark early issues of Marvel Comics' superhero team title Fantastic Four. These included #21–27 (Dec. 1963 – June 1964), which featured the first Hulk vs. Thing battle. As well, Roussos had inked the Kirby covers of issues #11, 13, and 18–20. Roussos also inked the return of Captain America in The Avengers #4 (March 1964) — the cover of which has become one of comics' most famous — as well as Kirby's Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #3–7 (Sept. 1963 – March 1964). In addition, though Marvel Comics did not credit colorists at this time, Roussos later claimed that he always colored any comic that he inked.

Later life and career
After doing some work for Warren Publishing's black-and-white horror-comics magazines in 1970 and 1971, Roussos in 1972 succeeded Marie Severin as Marvel's full-time, in-house colorist. In the early 1980s, Roussos was Marvel's cover colorist.

Roussos was a Renaissance man whose myriad interests included architecture, astronomy, automobiles, gardening, natural medicine, philosophy and photography. He took photographs of various Long Island estates, and his photographs at the Bayard Cutting Arboretum State Park were collected in his book, The Bayard Cutting Arboretum History.

Roussos died of a heart attack. He was married twice: to Viola Fink, followed by Florence Lacey (married 17 November 1980, died 1998). Roussos had three sons (William, Robert and Louis) and a daughter (Marie).

Books by Roussos

 * Roussos, George. The Bayard Cutting Arboretum History: A History and Description of William Bayard Cutting and His Country House, Westbrook, Great River, L.I. Oakdale, New York: The Board of Trustees and the Long Island State Park and Recreation Commission, 1984.

title: George Roussos


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Ren Renfa

Ren Renfa (1254–1327), courtesy name Ziming (子明), pseudonym Yueshan Daoren (月山道人; lit. "Taoist on the Moon Mountain"), was an expert of irrigation works, artist, and a government official of the Yuan dynasty. He was born in Qinglong Town, Songjiang (松江青龙镇 – present day Qingpu District, Shanghai).

Ren drew some outstanding paintings of horses, people, flowers and birds. His style is similar to the artists of the Tang dynasty (608–907) and he is considered a direct successor to Li Gonglin (1049–1106) of the Northern Song dynasty. His paintings of horses are comparable to those by Zhao Mengfu.

Despite his position under alien Mongol emperors, Ren did not shy from producing works with a political subtext. His inscription on Fat and Lean Horses explains that the "fat horse represents the self-satisfied, wealthy official and the lean one the humble, poor, self-deprecating official."

Ren's hydrological works include dredging the area in what is now Beijing to improve the water supply and leading a team to build embankments after the Yellow River burst its banks.

Coming out of the Stable
A prominent work of his is Chu Yu Tu (出圉图 – Coming out of the Stable); on silk, with color, height 32.4 cm, width 201.9 cm, currently in the collection of The Palace Museum, Beijing.

In this painting three officials of the royal stables are leading four horses out of the stable. The painting has a very explicit Tang style. The people in the painting are dressed in Tang style costumes. All these reflect that the artist admired the culture of the Tang dynasty. The people and horses are spread out in the painting, which is a main characteristic of paintings by Ren.

At the end of the painting (left side), there are some words about the artist and the year of painting. "On the third day of the second month of spring, 1280, [I] made Coming out of the Stable at the Keshi Hall. Recorded by Yueshan Ren Ziming." There is a poem written by the Qianlong Emperor (Qing dynasty, r. 1736–1795), who also added some notes in the middle of the painting. It is one of the earliest works of Ren (and the earliest one of his that exists), and was drawn in 1280 when he was 27.

Five Drunken Princes Returning on Horseback
This 2-metre (6.6ft) scroll depicts five princes on horseback with four attendants. Among the princes is Li Longji, later the Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty. It was held in imperial collections and bears the seals of several emperors. The work was already held in high esteem by the Ming dynasty, as literati painter Zhang Ning (1426–1496) wrote: "Black, Yellow, Red, White, and Mottled Horses. Every horse is worth a thousand taels of gold."

In 1922, after the fall of Qing dynasty, the scroll was taken from the Forbidden City by Pu Yi, the last emperor of China.

In October 2020 it was sold at Sotheby's auctioneers in Hong Kong. After a 75-minute bidding battle, described by the auction house as "the longest in living memory", the hammer price was US$39,555,000. It was bought by the private Long Museum in Shanghai. The museum’s founder, Liu Yiqian, said that he was an underbidder at the previous auction in 2016. “It’s worth the wait for good items,” he said.

title: Ren Renfa


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Pimpinella saxifraga

Pimpinella saxifraga, known as burnet-saxifrage, solidstem burnet saxifrage, lesser burnet is a plant species in the family Apiaceae, a native of the British Isles and temperate Europe and Western Asia. It is neither a burnet, which its leaves resemble, nor a saxifrage although it has a similar herbal effect as a diuretic.

The plant makes up a large part of the turf in some of southern England's chalk downs. It is highly nutritious for sheep and cattle, and in the past was cultivated on calcareous soils for fodder.

John Gerard's Herball (1597) commends the plant's properties, and states that it is: "A speciall helpe to defend the heart from noysome vapours and from the infection of the Plague or Pestilence, and all other contagious diseases for which purpose it is of great effect, the juice thereof being taken in some drink...it is a capital wound herb for all sorts of wounds, both of the head and body, either inward or outward, used either in juice or decoction of the herb, or by the powder of the herb or root..."

title: Pimpinella saxifraga


text:
Talk:Interstellar spaceflight

I just rewrote this article and (in my view) improved it substantially. However, a glance at the entry for "Interstellar travel" makes me think that the suggestion that the two be merged is good, and that it is best implemented by deleting this article and redirecting to the other.

Eric

 * Go for it! There's too much redundancy on Wikipedia as it is. Palm_Dogg 05:51, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Simply deleting an entire article is not the same as merging. Its kind of a slap in the face of the folks who wrote the article, in my opinion.  Rather, the info in one article should be merged into the other and then the redirect established.  See Fleet Admiral Cartwright for a good example of merging. -Husnock 22:49, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good, Duplication is a curse. sqwaz.

title: Talk:Interstellar spaceflight


text:
Talk:Whip antenna

Monopole antenna?
I think it could be better to move the theory into "monopole antenna" article (now redirect to "whip antenna"), stress there the differences against the dipole antenna, and keep only the whip-specific issues here. Eg, the FLR-9 antenna has the outer ring consisting of monopoles, and I doubt they are of the flexible whip type. Opinions, comments? --Shaddack 07:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

propose merging with "Rubber Ducky Antenna"
Rubber_Ducky_antenna has better content, whip antenna is the better (more formal) name. Bernd in Japan 14:06, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

In the section on Electrically Short Whips the statement "Multi-band operation is possible with coils at about one-half or one-third etc..." is confusing. One-half or one-third of what? --Xmitr2 (talk) 05:08, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

Misleading Description
The page says this:

"For example, the common quarter-wave whip antennas used on FM radios in the USA are approximately 75 cm long, which is roughly one-quarter the length of radio waves in the FM radio band, which are 2.78 to 3.41 meters long. Half-wave antennas are also common."

Radio waves do not have a length as they are dimensionless photons. Wavelength refers to the optimal group motion they induce in a conductive material. The less ability a length of conductor has to produce group motions suitable for the incoming photons, the less it will absorb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.37.205.121 (talk) 06:11, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I think you may have been misinformed. As with all quantum particles, photons, the quanta of electromagnetic radiation, can be regarded as either particles or waves. In the case of frequencies as low as radio waves, the photons have such low energy that they are virtually undetectible individually; from Planck's equation the energy of a 100 MHz FM radio photon is
 * $$E = h\nu = 6.6(10^{-35}) \times 100 (10^6) = 6.6(10^{-27}) \text{joules}$$
 * So an antenna radiating radio waves is emitting a huge number of photons per second, about 1028. Therefore,  as with other processes involving huge numbers of quanta, the operation of antennas is regarded as a "classical" process, which is described by classical electromagnetism; Maxwell's equations, with no need for quantum mechanics.  In    electromagnetics, a radio wave is described as a travelling coupled electric and magnetic field. For a radio wave of a single frequency, the fields have the form of sinusoids which are periodic; they repeat after a certain distance.  This is called the wavelength.  -- Chetvorno TALK 10:22, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Does any theory address why/how an electromagnetic radio wave is "coupled" to (or "guided" by) the surface of a metallic guide? [I am a chemist who looks at a metal wire and wonders why an EM field (a 'packet' of low-energy radio-frequency photons launched by whatever source) tends to stay on the surface of a wire even when the wire makes a gentle bend around a corner.]  ...I know I digress a bit from whip antenna, but my mind won't let me put this question to rest. Geoff9614 (talk) 22:05, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes. I will contact you on your talk page, which I will create. Constant314 (talk) 17:55, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What types of physical and material properties increase the figure of merit of a conductor for producing "group motions" [on/around the waveguide] for the incoming photons? Is it simply smoothness of surface and electrical conductivity? Or is something else, like a design feature, very important? 158.51.117.14 (talk) 21:40, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Correction of gain statement
I have deleted the statement that a whip has 3 dB gain over a dipole. I believe this confusion arose from the fact that a quarter wave antenna modelled over a perfect ground shows gain over a dipole in free space. This is a meaningless comparison. A dipole over a perfect ground will have 3 dB additional gain since all of the energy is confined to the upper hemisphere. In addition the pattern is modified. The total gain can be as high as 6 dB for horizontally polarization at the peak of the main lobe. I don't remember the exact value for vertical polarization but think it the same. For real ground the Brewster's angle and other complications arise. Of course in all cases it varies with the take off angle and the height above the ground. A fairer comparison would be between an elevated ground plane (ground plane antenna or whip on a car top) and an elevated vertical dipole both at a fixed distance above a perfect or real ground. The dipole will have slightly higher gain. Rather than introduce all of this complication, I think it best to simply delete the 3 dB gain statement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JNRSTANLEY (talk • contribs) 14:56, 24 August 2017 (UTC) I checked the monopole article and it explains this better. In transferring that info to the whip article some important qualifications were lost. Even in the monopole article there is some possibility of misunderstanding. For example Some AM stations use a center fed vertical dipole raised above ground. This has gain over a quarter wave monopole. JNRSTANLEY (talk) 15:06, 24 August 2017 (UTC) I am open to anyone's ideas of how to make this more clear.JNRSTANLEY (talk) 17:35, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Your points about the dipole are well taken and I agree with your concerns. However I feel the article needs to have some gain numbers; we should not just omit them.  The article could just say that the λ/4 whip has a gain of 5.19 dBi when mounted over a perfect infinite ground plane, without mentioning the comparison with the dipole. -- Chetvorno TALK 21:43, 24 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Lets go with that for now.  I will make the change. JNRSTANLEY (talk) 10:47, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

Captions
Some of the captions could be wrong. The example cell-phone antenna is not base loaded. It is a 900 MHz 5/8 wave antenna. The tower-mounted fiberglass antennas appear to be 1/2 wave dipoles, since there is no counterpoise or visible loading coil. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 21:55, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whip antenna


text: Category:Government of Senegal

title: Category:Government of Senegal


text:
Cliff Hagan

Clifford Oldham Hagan (born December 9, 1931) is an American former professional basketball player. A 6′ 4″ forward who excelled with the hook shot, Hagan, nicknamed "Li’l Abner", played his entire 10-year NBA career (1956–1966) with the St. Louis Hawks. He was also a player-coach for the Dallas Chaparrals in the first two-plus years of the American Basketball Association's existence (1967–1970). Hagan is a five-time NBA All-Star and an ABA All-Star. He won an NCAA basketball championship in 1951 as a member of the Kentucky Wildcats, and he won an NBA championship with the Hawks in 1958.

University of Kentucky
Hagan played college basketball at the University of Kentucky under legendary coach Adolph Rupp. As a sophomore in 1951, he helped Kentucky win the NCAA championship with a 68–58 victory over Kansas State.

In the fall of 1952, a point shaving scandal involving three Kentucky players forced Kentucky to forfeit Hagan's senior season. Hagan graduated from Kentucky in 1953 and, as a result, became eligible for the NBA draft. Despite having graduated, and despite being drafted by the Boston Celtics, he returned to play at Kentucky for the 1953–1954 season. On December 5, 1953, Hagan set a Kentucky single-game record of 51 points; this performance would not be surpassed until 1970. After finishing the regular season with a perfect 25–0 record and a #1 ranking in the Associated Press, Kentucky was offered a bid into the NCAA tournament. However, then-existing NCAA rules prohibited graduate students from participating in post-season play; the Wildcats declined the bid because their participation would have forced them to play without Hagan and two of his teammates. Hagan averaged 24 points per game that season.

At Kentucky, Hagan had scored 1,475 points, which ranked him third in school history. He also grabbed 1,035 rebounds, which placed him second. In 1952 and 1954, he was named an All-American and was named First Team All-Southeastern Conference. His uniform number 6 was retired by the University of Kentucky.

U.S. Air Force
Hagan served in the U.S. military for two years after being drafted. In both of his years in the military (1954 and 1955), Hagan, stationed at Andrews Air Force Base, won Worldwide Air Force basketball championships.

National Basketball Association (NBA)
After his military service, Hagan and Ed Macauley were traded to the St. Louis Hawks for the draft rights to Bill Russell. In 1958, the Hawks won the NBA championship, defeating the Boston Celtics 4–2 in the NBA Finals. The Hawks won four Western Conference titles during Hagan's tenure with them. Hagan was named to five consecutive NBA All-Star Games from 1958 to 1962.

In The Breaks of the Game, David Halberstam wrote that Hagan was the only white star on the Hawks who welcomed African American teammates like Lenny Wilkens to the team and did not treat them with prejudice.

Hagan played 745 games over 10 NBA seasons. He scored 13,447 points for an 18.0 points per game average.

American Basketball Association (ABA)
In 1967, the Dallas Chaparrals of the newly formed ABA hired Hagan as a player-coach. He scored 40 points in his team's first game. He also played in the first ABA All-Star Game that season, becoming the first player to play in all-star games in both the NBA and ABA. He retired as a player three games into the 1969–70 season and remained as coach of the Chaparrals until midway into the season.

Hagan played in 94 ABA games and scored 1,423 points for a 15.1 points per game average.

University of Kentucky
In 1972, Hagan returned to the University of Kentucky as the school's assistant athletic director and took over the top job in 1975. He was forced to resign due to recruiting and eligibility violations in November 1988 and was replaced by one-time Kentucky teammate C. M. Newton, the head basketball coach at Vanderbilt University the year before.

Legacy
Hagan was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978. He is the first former University of Kentucky player to be so honored.

In 1993, the University of Kentucky renamed its baseball field in honor of Hagan.

Personal life
Hagan married his wife, Martha, on September 4, 1954.

title: Cliff Hagan


text:
User talk:Mzzl

Hello --Mzzl 07:14, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

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Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have enabled.

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title: User talk:Mzzl


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Monkbel

 * ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a request for adminship that did not succeed. Please do not modify it.

Monkbel
[ Vote here]  (3/5/2) ended 09:24 13 October 2005 (UTC)

– Active user, more than half a year on Wikipedias. Too many times reverted vandals "manually" and would like to have a tool to do it. I'm interested in most topics, being more active on pages under Category:Belarus. I have a bunch of pages that are not watched by any current administrator on my Watchlist, so vandalism can stay there for long. I use edit summary almost always. I'm slightly involved in MediaWiki development (language files). Monkbel 07:14, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:

Accept, self nomination. --Monkbel 07:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for all your votes and comments, I cancel my self nomination. May be I'll try later in a few moths, being more experienced in community questions. --Monkbel 17:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Support Oppose
 * 1) Merovingian (t) (c) 08:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 01:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support Ryan Norton T 02:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Weak Oppose I'm a little bothered by your user-interaction, specifically the lack of it (see, and of course, kate). You seem like a really good user, and with some more community contribution, I will certainly support in the future (a few months or so). gkhan 15:23, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose Only 19 wikipedia namespace and 19 user talk edits and less than 1000 overall u look like a good user but probaly in a few months I will support, but not now --JAranda'' | yeah 16:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose Per reasons given above. Privat  e   Butcher  18:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose Lucks good communication skills (as from my experience in Belarusian Wikipedia). Sometimes pushes POV. Makes policy decision without discussing with other contributors (Byelorussia/Belarus, Belarusian łacinca articles names). Doesn’t understand image copyrights issues well enough. --EugeneZelenko 00:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Oppose- too inexperienced Astrotrain 17:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) The vote thing. Andre ( talk ) 22:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Oppose per above. freestylefrappe 23:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Yesterday at WP:RM you claimed "vote has been held and there is general approval"  for a move you requested (Daugava → Western Dvina).  But I checked this and found a 2-2 tie .  Can you clarify this? -- Curps 07:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem. I have counted Weak oppose (as one is there) as 0,5, so there should be 2-1,5 (it is not like 62 to 61,5 situation, you see). Vote has been up for two weeks and there were no additional votes; I have fixed page text to reflect that Western Dvina should be mentioned first and nobody opposed. I thought it was enough to state there was general approval (not unanimous, though). And, moreover, soon after I have set up vote again one supporting voice was added. --Monkbel 08:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I worked with Monkebl on a few Belarusian articles before, but I am going to sit on this one. Zach (Sound Off) 02:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * A chart showing this user's edits along with a total # of edits line and average edits per day line is available here: Image:Monkbel-edits.png. I offer this not as a more refined version of editcountitis, but as just one tool to help evaluate an admin nominee with a somewhat low edit count on Wikipedia. --Durin 14:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Use of edit summaries 97%, 97% over last 300 edits. Average edits per day at 4. --Durin 14:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. First of all, reverting vandalism (with blocking of anonymous vandals). Second, merging histories of the pages, that were "moved" using "cut and paste". And some other admin abilities if there will be clear necessity.

 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I'm kind of "fix-here-and-there" wikipedian, so I mostly fix, wikify, categorize and so on. But I'm writing short articles too, mostly on Belarusian football topic - such as Vitali Kutuzov, Sergei Gurenko, Belarus national football team; they may look more like expanded stubs, though.

 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. I have been in edit conflicts few times, mostly about spelling. One example is 1st Belorussian Front, with User:Philip Baird Shearer and User:Adam Carr, who insist on using deprecated spelling; wrong club name on Lokomotiv Moscow, where I have convinced my opponent. But I've never been involved in edit war - I just leave things as they are if there is no consensus for a change, since almost no things like these can't really cause me stress.
 * In the future, I prefer to set up vote counters and try to reach consensus for one version or another, if I feel there should be the change, but I don't see myself being among the clear majority. If I see the change is needed badly, I take time to construct considerable response to my opponents.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page. No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Dispute over style in Star Wars articles

Suggestion for mediation
I have a suggestion. Rate it on a scale of 1-10:

 * The only thing involved is that Copperchair just leave. If leaving is out of the question, then acknowledge that you aren't God. We shouldn't have to go through with this in order to get rid of a bad user. There is no argument that Copperchair has done nothing but cause problems both with the process of Wikipedia and the Star Wars articles. Copperchair has a complete disregard for anyone's opinions. I suggest Ed not take Copperchair seriously. The best mediation would be to keep him away from Wikipedia. However, since that is not an option, the next best choice is to set the consensuses gathered in stone. Copperchair won't take it sitting down, so the best bet is to make him. - A Link to the Past (talk) 07:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

It's my understanding that RfM is not the forum for this sort of administrative action. A better solution would be a Request for Arbitration, which will be my next step if the RfC fails to achieve anything constructive. The Arbitration Committee seems to have a very good track record in terms of getting results.--chris.lawson 23:12, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, could you set it up? I'm not adept in setting up these kinds of things. - A Link to the Past (talk) 00:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Not a problem. I'm going to give the RfC another week and if nothing has been achieved by that point, I'll file an RfAr.--chris.lawson 04:51, 11 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Patani United Liberation Organisation

The Patani United Liberation Organisation (Pertubuhan Pembebasan Bersatu Patani; abbreviated PULO) is a separatist insurgent group in Thailand, calling for an independent Patani. It was founded in 1968 in Saudi Arabia. This organization composed the national anthem of Patani called Lagu Kebangsaan Patani.

The PULO, along with others, is currently fighting for the independence of Thailand's predominantly Malay Muslim south.

PULO's platform is highlighted by its Islamic nationalist goals, calling the Thai presence in Pattani "a colonisation" and an "illegal occupation." Its stated aims are to secede from Thailand through military and political means, and to create a state named Patani Darul Makrif (Pattani, Land of Good deeds). The PULO flag has four red and white stripes and a blue rectangle on the upper left with a crescent and a star similar to other Malaysian Malay states

History
PULO was founded in 1968 reportedly around the leadership of Kabir Abdul Rahman (Bira Kotanila), a Patani Malay scholar, who served as its chairman until his death in 2008. By late 1992, the organisation had split into three factions. The first faction was headed by Dr. Arong Muleng while the second one was led by Haji Hadi Bin Ghazali. The first faction set up the PULO Leadership Council with a symbol of a dagger crossing with a sword as its logo. The name of its armed unit is called "Kasdan Army." The second faction, also headed by Haji Sama-ae Thanam, has set up the PULO Army Command Council to give support to Kabir Abdul Rahman, the founder of PULO. A third faction that is working according to the original charter of PULO has the largest ground support and is the only group with the diplomatic credibility, political influence and popular support to be able to officially negotiate and represent PULO at the OIC. They use four stars on their flag and is led by Abu Yasir Fikri a long time respected leader of PULO since its inception.

In 1995, rifts emerged among the core leaders of the new PULO movement. As a result, Dr. Arong Muleng decided to split his group from the movement to set up a new organisation called "PULO 88", while the other group led by Haji Abdul Rahman named its armed unit as "Pulo Keris" (Dagger Pulo).

Current separatist actions
Currently, PULO has a policy of targeting those it views as collaborators and associates of the Thai government, such as teachers, civil servants, soldiers and policemen.

The organisation carries out car bombs, road side bombs and drive-by shootings targeting Thai military and police, whom they see as legitimate targets, but also has struck at civilian targets as well.

PULO considers itself to be continuing the independence struggle of the northernmost Malay sultanate after it declared its independence following the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, though in fact it was reconquered by the Thais just 18 years later. The Islamic state proposed by PULO would cover the areas they claim were historically ruled by the Sultanate of Pattani, which it says consist of Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala, Songkhla and Satun provinces in present-day Thailand.

Four star PULO
Four star PULO claims be the most respected and popular separatist group in Patani with the most political influence and a large presence in the area, although little is known about the group as they prefer to stay out of media and work under a policy of silence. During recent years the group has become increasingly visible and been able to show their influence by gathering active separatists and organising them under their political wing, as well as being recognised internationally as representatives of the Patani People.

They are currently the political representatives by popular consent of GMIP and active military fractions of BRN, RKK and other separatist groups. The "four star" is becoming increasingly powerful steadily gaining support and loyalty from separatist from different groups forcing different fractions to join their ranks.

On 26 July 2009, the president of PULO and the Emir of the Movement of Mujahidin Islam Patani (GMIP), Cikgume Kuteh, made an official agreement to join forces. The agreement included giving a mandate to president of PULO to speak on behalf of the GMIP on all political issues. The agreement also included a section in which the movements agreed to unite in one military force, the Patani Liberation Army, to be led by the First Deputy Military Commander of the Patani United Liberation Organisation (PULO).

One star PULO
1. In the case of Patani it seems impossible to resolving the issue if it is left entirely in the hands of the Patani people and the Thai Government. This is why international intervention in the form of external governments or the United Nations is necessary. There are some with the opinion that external presence would be interfering with the internal affairs of Thailand but we believe that since Patani is under colonial occupation and its people are struggling to regain their right of self-determination this would not be the case. Therefore, external intervention should not be seen as interfering with the internal affairs of Thailand.

2. In the first stage the government of Thailand should award the Patani area (The regions which includes Pattani, Narathiwat, Jala, Setun and five districts in the province of Sonkla) special status. The Government and Parliament should allow greater freedom for Patani to manage its internal affairs. This move would not be in contradiction with the Thai constitution and would be applicable in the case of Patani since the conditions and terms of the regions (i.e. Bangkok and Pataya) that’s already been awarded special status has been different in each case.

3. Recognition of the ethnic Malay in the same way that Thailand acknowledges ethnic Chinese in Thailand. Right now Thailand does not recognise the Malay ethnicity, which makes it difficult to prove the sincere intention of the Thai government for peaceful coexistence with the Patani people.

It is necessary that the Malay language is also recognised as the official language in the region and also that the Jawi scripture (using Arabic letters) may be used.

Thailand is trying to implement teaching in the Malay language in one school in each state but with the Thai alphabet. There is no contradiction in the policy of education in Thailand to allow the use of Jawi scripture as foreign language education in Thailand allows for English and French to be taught using the Latin alphabet, while the Japanese and Chinese languages are taught using their own letters. None of the above-mentioned languages (except Jawi) is taught using the Thai script.

4. Recognition of Islamic law in the Islamic Malay Patani, especially in the field of civil law since the majority of the people are Muslim.

5. The people in the Patani region should have a referendum in the future under international supervision to determine their own destiny, whether they want to remain part of Thailand or achieve independence from Thailand.

6. Thailand wishes to reduce the role of the Patani United Liberation Organisation (PULO) and Revolutionary National Front (BRN) while at the same time giving credit to the RKK (small and mobile combat units). However, the RKK is not an organisation, but small groups moving in the villages which are part of other liberation organisations in Patani.

Five Star PULO
The Five star PULO is differentiated from Four star PULO on the basis of their flag, which contains five stars. This fraction is mostly represented in the media by Kasturi. The group is supported and economically backed and created by the Thai government to gain control over separatist movements and pacify them. The Thai government has used the groups to create legitimacy around its initiated projects such as TASKFORCE. They are a newly established group formed 2005 and is mostly known by their frequent presence in Thai media often confused with four star PULO as they share the same name. They have however been backed by the centre for humanitarian dialogue - Switzerland based NGO as well as the thai military which has kept it active.

title: Patani United Liberation Organisation


text:
Talk:Japan National Route 6

Rokkokudou
People where I live call it rokkokudou even though it's not the official name. I can't vouch for such names for other places. --DannyWilde 07:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The regional variation in language is interesting! ja:一般国道 mentions informal variants in the pattern kokudo roku-gosen but I didn't see the pattern you mentioned. It might well be there. But from a cursory reading, kokudo rokugo seems to be the formal name (and the reading of the Japanese WP's article title).

External links modified
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title: Talk:Japan National Route 6


text: Category:Ma Liu Shui

title: Category:Ma Liu Shui


text:
User talk:Graham 81

Regarding your recent edit to Pet Shop Boys: The article states that the band wishes people to write the names of their songs like they were normal sentences, therefore the correct spelling is "West End girls". — J I P | Talk 07:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Graham 81


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics/List of mathematics articles (0–9)

Which numbers get articles
Can we please make sure that we follow the guidelines from WikiProject Numbers wrt what numbers that get to get seperate articles. -- Egil 07:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just nominate for deletion articles which you are think are not notable. If you remove things from this list, my bot will add them back, unless they get deleted or removed from math categories. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 07:42, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What happens with redirects? IMHO it is good to have the redirects (3xx → too 300 for instance) but they should not be listed here. -- Egil 08:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * My bot does not list redirects. My bot lists an article in the list of mathematical topics iff it is in a mathematics category. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 09:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * To be clear, my bot does not add redirects, but it does not remove existing ones either. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 17:15, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Now the bot removes any redirects, there is no need to keep them in. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 03:45, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Verifiability
There's a discussion on what the reference requirements for lists like this one. The Transhumanist (talk) 01:11, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Index creation
I'm putting together a new WikiProject and I saw that some projects have a consolidated Index of articles (a useful thing) but I could not find a tool or a template to do that very basic job. I have a doubt here: please do not tell me that Wikipedia would be crazy enough to create and maintain those indexes by hand because I won't believe you... --Alainr345 (talk) 21:47, 27 September 2009 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/User names/Ombudsman

[view]

On August 22, after much discussion, administrator Radiant! asked Ombudsman to choose a different username, but did not issue a username block because Ombudsman had not logged in for over a week at the time. Ombudsman has now started editing again using the same username, apparently without acknowledging the existence of either the RFC discussion or of Radiant's request. --PHenry 07:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This appears to be a non-issue. If this person were using an account name such as "Administrator" or "Bureaucrat", perhaps then I could see potential for confusion.  Ombudsman appears to be a valuable contributor in good standing, and it should be his/her decision to change their name.  Hall Monitor 18:03, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The consensus at the time was that it was very definitely not a non-issue. --PHenry 02:51, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I certainly think this could be problematic. N (t/c) 12:57, 26 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Rising Sun Pictures

Rising Sun Pictures (RSP) is an Australian visual effects company headquartered in Adelaide, South Australia, co-founded and headed by Tony Clark. Since April 2021 it has been owned by FuseFX. Its film and television credits include Black Widow, Ford v Ferrari, Spider-Man: Far from Home, Game of Thrones, and Thor: Ragnarok.

History
The company was founded in 1995 by Tony Clark, Wayne Lewis, and Gail Fuller in Adelaide. It is named after the Rising Sun Inn in the Adelaide suburb of Kensington, where they held their first meeting.

In 2015, RSP formed a partnership with the University of South Australia whereby nine Bachelor of Media Arts students would work at RSP as part of their degree. This collaboration continues as of 2022, with graduates in high demand and several subsequently employed at RSP.

In 2016, the company launched a production office in Sydney, located at Fox Studios Australia. This is intended to support both local Australian filmmakers (many of whom are based nearby and use Fox for shooting, editorial and other production and post-production work) as well as its ongoing work with international clients. Having a base in Sydney would allow RSP to become involved at an earlier stage of production.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia's relative insulation from the worst effects allowed film and television production to continue in near-normal conditions, including the production of Mortal Kombat in Adelaide. In March 2021 RSP expanded its offices and studios. In mid-2021, it opened a small production studio in Southbank precinct of Brisbane, Queensland.

In April 2021, Los Angeles-based FuseFX acquired Rising Sun Pictures. No operational changes were planned at the company, which would continue to maintain its brand, but the acquisition would allow it to expand further.

Rising Sun has worked with the Australian Institute for Machine Learning, enabling it to develop some cutting-edge new tools.

Description and people
RSP's offices are in Pulteney Street, Adelaide city centre.

Tony Clark, leads the studio under the Rising Sun Pictures brand. Meredith Meyer-Nichols is head of production and executive producer. In 2021 there were around 270 staff employed in Adelaide.

Awards
The company has won many awards, including AEAF Special Merit Awards for Mortal Kombat and series 2 of The Boys in 2021.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * ARIA Music Awards of 2003
 * Rising Sun Pictures for Rogue Traders' "One of My Kind"
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Film and TV credits
RSP's film and television credits include Black Widow, Ford v Ferrari, Spider-Man: Far from Home, Game of Thrones, and Thor: Ragnarok.

Other credits include: • Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

• The Dark is Rising

• Charlotte's Web

• Blood Diamond

• The Last Mimzy

• The Core

• The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

• Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow

• The Nugget

• Batman Begins

• Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

• Superman Returns

• Get Smart

• The Ruins

• Animal World

• Australia

• Speed Racer

• Harry Potter and The Half-Blood Prince

• Peter Rabbit

• X-Men Origins: Wolverine

• Selkie

• Terminator Salvation

• Green Lantern

• The Hunger Games

• The Wolverine

• Gravity

• I

• X-Men: Apocalypse

• Logan

• Tomb Raider

• The Predator

• Captain Marvel

• Dumbo

• Dark Phoenix

• Jungle Cruise

• Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings

• The Boys, series 2

• Knuckles

Involvement in open source projects
Projects sponsored by Rising Sun Pictures include:
 * Earth - a utility for finding files across a large network of machines and track disk usage in real time
 * pyshake - integrates Python with Shake
 * Affogato - a plugin for Avid's Softimage XSI 3D animation software
 * Sun Grid Engine - added Array Job Interdependencies

title: Rising Sun Pictures


text:
Talk:Filigree

In Tattoo Art
seems that the term Filigree is being used by tattoo artists to describe decorative embellishments. The term is used multiple times on Miami Ink. This usage should be included in the article. Xsxex 13:37, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Overall Tone
Large portions of this article seem to have been taken from a nineteenth-century work and consequently have very florid text such as the section on Granulated Work. Someone ought to rewrite it in a more contemporary encyclopedic style. 70.183.119.202 (talk) 18:11, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

this article needs Pictures
Pictures would really be informative, and would also break up the large blocks of text. I don't have any good examples, but if someone has some... Sifaka  talk  06:30, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Dear Sifaka, upon your request, I’ve uploaded two photos out of my silver collection.

 * Bloger 23:30, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Improved pictures
Kudos to all who have made/uploaded/found photos for this article. Still, I think they could be better. Given the high level of very fine detail involved, sharper photos would be beneficial. High resolution macro-photography with good lighting and a strong depth of focus would really help to really show how the small wires are joined to form a completed work. This would be an excellent subject for creating a Featured Image. -Verdatum (talk) 17:46, 24 July 2009 (UTC) What's with the "swirly shit" ? I saw this when I happened to look at the article when the word "filigree" occured to me in the context of the Mandelbrot set. When I reviewed the history. This change was introduced on Feb 11 2014, so what's going on there? The etymology that had been given previously accords quite well with Webster's dictionary and other sources.L mammel (talk) 05:45, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Money
I believe that Filigree also refers to the ornate designs found on currency, and it would be good to add a section outlining this, with photos. If, on the other hand, I am wrong about this usage, then the entry at Hryvnia sign needs to be edited to remove the incorrect use of the term. Thanks much! Jdevola (talk) 13:22, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Proposal to make this article specifically about metalwork
The start of the article refers to filigree as used in architectural features (railings and balustrades†) but the bulk of the article is exclusively about filigree as it applies to jewellery. Similarly, other users have asked for the article to include reference to filigree as used in other fields (viz. tattoo art and numismatics).

I propose that we make this article explicitly about filigree as it applies to jewellery and fine metalwork by making the following changes:

 * Change the title to "Filigree (metalwork)"
 * Remove the reference to railings and balustrades

In future if articles are written about the term as it applies in other fields then a page can be created that includes a high-level description of the style and a list of these pages.

I'll begin making these changes in my userspace and if there are no objections I'll apply them to this article.

†These are made of metal but as I understand it the term in this context is used as an architectural description (as in this paper). I can't find any reference to the term filigree being applied to the form of wrought or cast iron construction itself (rather the term 'scrollwork' is used) although I'm open to correction.

--BirdmanOfHorseradish (talk) 12:32, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I'm opposed to this for a number of reasons:
 * Firstly a disamed title is a certain way to get views to fall off a cliff.
 * Secondly a disamed title is only allowed where there are other articles, with different senses of the term. But we don't have Filgree (tatoo) etc - the nearest we have is the improbable Filigree concrete.
 * Half the time "railings and balustrades" in wrought or cast iron are also "metalwork", but not all of the uses you mean are strictly in "jewellery", but eg religious metalwork.

I think the way to proceed is to make it clear at the start that "filigree" is strictly a technique in small metalwork, which is often also used metaphorically to describe many other things. These can go in a sin-bin "Other" section at the bottom, fairly strictly policed. Johnbod (talk) 14:50, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've had a go at this. Johnbod (talk) 15:06, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

 * This makes sense. I'll work off the basis of the format you suggest. BirdmanOfHorseradish (talk) 09:42, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Filigree


text:
User talk:Buttonpincher

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 07:22, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buttonpincher