text: User talk:216.120.184.139

title: User talk:216.120.184.139


text:
Constant Vanden Stock

Constant Vanden Stock (13 June 1914 – 19 April 2008) was a Belgian football player, trainer, football manager and entrepreneur.

Vanden Stock was chairman of RSC Anderlecht from 1971 to 1996. Under his reign, Anderlecht won the national title ten times, the Belgian Cup seven times, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice, the UEFA Cup once and the European Super Cup twice. Constant Vanden Stock was also one of the founders of the introduction of professional football in Belgium. In addition to football, he built the Belle-Vue brewery into a successful global brand. Vanden Stock managed the family brewery, famous for its Kriek and Lambic, until he sold it to beer giant Interbrew, now InBev.

Early years and club career
Constant Vanden Stock was born in Anderlecht on 13 June 1914, just before the start of the First World War, as the son of beer brewer Philémon Vanden Stock and his wife Marie. Ten years later he started playing football for RSC Anderlecht, where he played only 52 league matches in the first team between 1933 and 1938 due to several serious injuries. Afterwards he switched to the neighbors of Union Saint-Gilloise. Five years later he retired as a player and concentrated on expanding Belle-Vue, his father's brewery.

Managerial career
In the early 1950s, Vanden Stock took up his first position at Anderlecht. He became responsible for the recruitment of youth for three years and also took charge of cadets and students. After a short stint as chairman of third division club La Forestoise, he was included in the selection committee of the RBFA, two years later he became the coach of the Belgium national football team from 1958 to 1968. Then Anderlecht chairman Albert Roosens wanted to bring him back to Anderlecht, but Vanden Stock preferred a role as technical director at Club Brugge. However, a year later, in 1969, he returned to the capital city of Brussels. Vanden Stock became a board member and vice-chairman of Anderlecht before taking full control as chairman in 1971.

Presidential career
It became the start of a success story, because in the 25 years that Constant Vanden Stock was chairman of Anderlecht, the club managed to add many prizes to its list of achievements. He won the national title ten times, the Belgian Cup seven times, the European Cup Winners Cup twice, the UEFA Cup once and the European Super Cup twice. The successes in the eighties and nineties would be notably achieved with club manager Michel Verschueren. In addition, the then Émile Versé Stadium was converted between 1983 and 1991 into a new and modern football temple with boxes and business seats, which gave it a new name: the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium.

In 1996, Vanden Stock transferred the chairmanship to his son Roger, although the then 82-year-old Constant remained associated with the club as honorary chairman. In 2005, the former chairman's health began to deteriorate, resulting in balance disorders and a heart attack. Vanden Stock died on 19 April 2008 after a long illness, just before the centenary of RSC Anderlecht. Constant Vanden Stock was 93 years old.

Honours
With Vanden Stock as president, Anderlecht won the following trophies:

 * Belgian First Division: 1971–72, 1973–74, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95
 * Belgian Cup: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1993–94
 * Belgian League Cup: 1973, 1974
 * Belgian Supercup: 1985, 1987, 1993
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1975–76, 1977–78; runners-up 1976–77, 1989–90
 * European Super Cup: 1976, 1978
 * UEFA Cup: 1982–83; runners-up 1983–84
 * Amsterdam Tournament: 1976
 * Tournoi de Paris: 1977
 * Jules Pappaert Cup: 1977, 1983, 1985
 * Belgian Sports Merit Award: 1978
 * Bruges Matins: 1985, 1988

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Constant Vanden Stock


text:
User:Genyec

This is a sockpuppet created only for an oppose vote at rfa. I have blocked it infinitely.--Wiglaf 17:45, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Genyec


text: User talk:216.227.242.241

title: User talk:216.227.242.241


text:
User talk:Genyec

This is a sockpuppet created only for an oppose vote at rfa. I have blocked it infinitely.--Wiglaf 17:16, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Genyec


text:
Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon

Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon (c. 1541, Murs, Provence – 2 December 1615, Avignon) was a French soldier, called the man without fear and, by Henry IV the brave of the brave.

Louis was born in France from a branch of the Balbo Bertone family of Chieri which had relocated one generation prior from Italy to Souther France.

Trained in Avignon and later under Guise of Lorraine, Crillon became an officer in 1557 and distinguished himself in the siege of Calais and the capture of Guînes through his courage. He suppressed the conspiracy of Amboise in 1560 and fought against the Huguenots and excelled at Dreux, St. Denis, Jarnac and Moncontour.

After the peace of St. Germain (1570), he fought as a Maltese under John of Austria against the Turks and participated in the battle of Lepanto. Openly condemning the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, he fought at the Siege of La Rochelle (1572-1573). Henry III, whom he accompanied to Poland named him governor of Lyon.

In the war with the League, he forced La Fère to surrender and was made captain of a regiment of the guard, member of the royal council and general lieutenant of the infantry and took Provence in 1586. He spoke out against Henry III's plan to assassinate the Duke of Guise. Later, he was the only support of the weak Henry III and became a friend and counsel of Henry IV under whom he took part in the battle of Ivry and the siege of Paris. In his war against Spain, he again excelled and commanded an army in Savoy. After the peace, he retired to Avignon, where he died.

The name Crillon passed to his third brother, Thomas des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, and to whose descendants in the fourth generation, Francois Felix des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, the title of duke was bestowed.

The place Crillon in Avignon and the village Crillon in the Vaucluse département of Provence were named Crillon-le-Brave in his honour.

title: Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon


text: User:Frodet

title: User:Frodet


text:
User talk:Chris Bramhall

Nice photo of the ram. Good illustration too! Dabbler 15:54, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Channel Islands/Isle of Man geography stubs
Hi Chris - just a quick note to you and the other editors I know of in either IoM or the CIs that the old UK-crown-geo-stub and Category:Crown Dependency geography stubs has been split into separate stubs for the Channel Islands and Isle of Man. Not sure if you ever used the old template and category, but if you did, the stubs are now marked with ChannelIslands-geo-stub or IsleofMan-geo-stub and categorised in Category:Channel Islands geography stubs and Category:Isle of Man geography stubs. Grutness...wha?  08:38, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Photo request
Hi! Do you do photo requests?

If so, would you mind photographing the following?
 * Manx2 head office - Hanger 9 Isle of Man Airport Ballasalla, Isle Of Man IM9 2AY

Thank you WhisperToMe (talk) 12:48, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris Bramhall


text:
Crillon

Crillon may refer to:

People

 * Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon

Places

 * Hôtel de Crillon, a hotel in Paris

Crillon is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:
 * Crillon, Oise, in the Oise département
 * Crillon-le-Brave, in the Vaucluse département
 * Cape Crillon, the southernmost point of Sakhalin, in Russia.
 * Crillon Tours, DMC and largest Tour Operator in Bolivia

Crillon

title: Crillon


text:
Talk:List of national stadiums

Untitled
I don't think the Olympic Stadium of Berlin qualifies as the German national stadium. The German football federation routinely rotates national team games among all major stadiums in the country. There is intentionally no national stadium in Germany.

Peter Eisentraut 15:54, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Actually the same thing is the case in The Netherlands. The matches used to be held in either the Olympic stadium or the Feyenoord stadium. Nowadays they are rotateted through the country. I'm changing the entry.

Italy
there's an error on that list. in Italy we haven't any National Stadium! the Stadio Olimpico in Rome is the home of Roma and Lazio for football and is a location for a Grand Prix of Atlethic. nothing more!

Italy national team of football play matches in the whole Italy, and for the must part of time it play in small-medium size city and not in the top 5 cities. except for big matches or in the past for Euro and World Cup. in the last 10-15 years the National Team played very often in mid-size cities of South-Central Italy, where there are very few football clubs at top level (in the first 2 Divisions) and people is "hungry" of football.

the first match of Italy was played in Milan at the Arena Stadium (that still exists and host the home matche of the third team of Milan, the Brera FC, with a capacity of 30.000 people all seats and it's located in the city centre). then for many decades the city with more caps was Milan, that is the capital of Italian Football and also the city with the biggest stadium of the country. only in the end of 90's Roma became the city with more caps, cause the World Cup 1990 when Italia played 5 consecutive matches at the Olimpico. San Siro have another record. it's the only stadium of Italy where the National Footbal Team never lost a match!

Italian National Team played 52 time in Rome

10 matches at the Stadio Nazionale del Partito Fascista during the 30's (today the stadium is called Flaminio and hosted Rugby matches) 42 matches at the Stadio Olimpico from the mid 50's

Italian National Team played 50 time in Milano

36 matches at San Siro from the 30's (where never lost) 6 matches at the Arena in the 20's 6 matches at the old Lombardia Stadium in the 20's 2 matches and the Velodromo Vigorelli in the 20's

By Samoano

Very unclear name
The name of this articial is very unclear as i would consider a national stadium one built by the government for the purpose of hosting international events across many sports, such as Beijing National Stadium i suggest the page be moved to with similar category changes (17:54, 16 October 2006 (UTC))
 * List of stadiums used by national teams or
 * National team stadia or National team stadiums

 * I've moved it back. The first sentence of the intro para says "A national stadium is a stadium that typically serves as the primary or exclusive home for one or more of a country's national representative sports teams."  That seems pretty clear to me.  If you think it's worth distinguishing government-funded multi-purpose stadia, say via an asterisk, that's fine.  However, I don't think any "national stadium" accommodates both soccer and, say, tennis.  I removed Brazil-Maracanã (football) as Brazil haven't played a match there since 2000.  As with Italy, Germany, etc, international matches are played at many different stadia.  The "List of stadiums used by national teams" name would require us to list all such stadia, a huge and pointless task.  jnestorius(talk) 18:32, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Australia
What about the Melbourne Cricket Ground? Or even Telstra Stadium? Those two have hosted Olympic Games, as well as international rugby union, soccer, cricket and also AFL (Aussie rules football).

I wouldn't say that we don't have a national stadium, we have the MCG, or two if you want to count Telstra.

External links modified
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title: Talk:List of national stadiums


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The History of ME

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied. android 79  16:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

The History of ME
vanity. 202.156.6.60 15:55, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete under WP:CSD A7 and so tagged. If for some reason not speedy deleted, delete as non-notable. DES (talk) 16:03, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Zeq

Final decision in CAMERA lobbying arbitration case
This arbitration case has been closed and the final decision is available at the link above. Mere membership by an editor in some external group that has been involved in violations of policy is not actionable without evidence that the editor has some personal involvement in said violations. Sanctions previously imposed are confirmed. An amnesty is extended towards any editors who may have been involved in this external group and who have not been sanctioned for their participation in it. This is coupled with an expectation that these editors will not participate in similar efforts in the future. Members of the community who may have information regarding similar efforts by external groups to unduly influence our content are urged to forward that information to the Committee for review. is admonished to maintain an appropriate level of professionalism at all times, and to avoid misrepresenting Wikipedia policy to other editors. For the committee, — Rlevse  •  Talk  • 20:17, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Hebron massacres
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Hebron massacres. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:13, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Zeq! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 04:54, 27 December 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) Seyran Ates -

Nomination of Sallah Sultan for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Sallah Sultan is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of Hussein Naboulsi

The article Hussein Naboulsi has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable politician.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  Claret Ash  11:37, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

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File:QanaLeaflet.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:QanaLeaflet.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 13:40, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Swords of Truth

The article Swords of Truth has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "It's not clear that this group has any WP:SUSTAINED notability - with the coverage of its activities not really extending beyond a short-lived and poorly attested stint in 2007."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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title: User talk:Zeq


text:
List of defunct airports in Canada

This is an alphabetical list of abandoned airports in Canada that were at one time important enough to warrant an article. Most of these also appear in Category:Defunct airports in Canada. This list is sorted by province or territory.

Alberta
List of airports in Alberta

 * Acme Airport
 * Andrew Airport
 * Bjorgum Farm Airport
 * Cadotte Airport
 * Caroline Aerodrome
 * Chinchaga Airport
 * Conklin Airport
 * Cowpar Airport
 * Didsbury (Vertical Extreme Skydiving) Aerodrome
 * Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport
 * Edmonton/St. Albert Airport
 * Embarras Airport
 * Fontas Airport
 * Fitzgerald (Fort Smith) Water Aerodrome
 * Forestburg Airport
 * Fort Chipewyan/Small Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Grande Cache Airport
 * Grist Lake Airport
 * Hamburg Aerodrome
 * High Level/Footner Lake Water Aerodrome
 * RCAF Station High River
 * Lethbridge/Anderson Aerodrome
 * Liege/CNRL Aerodrome
 * RCAF Station Lincoln Park
 * Milk River (Madge) Airport
 * Olds/North 40 Ranch Aerodrome
 * RCAF Station Pearce
 * Red Deer/South 40 Airstrip
 * St. Francis Airport
 * St. Lina Aerodrome
 * Steen Tower Airport
 * Turner Valley Bar N Ranch Airport
 * RCAF Station Vulcan
 * Zama Airport
 * Zama Lake Airport

British Columbia
List of airports in British Columbia

 * Alice Arm/Silver City Water Aerodrome
 * Barkerville Airport
 * Bronson Creek Airport
 * CFB Chilliwack
 * Clinton/Bleibler Ranch Aerodrome
 * Crawford Bay Airport
 * Dawson Creek Water Aerodrome
 * Dog Creek (ex. RCAF)
 * Eddontenajon/Iskut Village Airport
 * Esquimalt Airport
 * Finlay Bay Water Aerodrome
 * Fort Grahame Water Aerodrome
 * Fort Nelson/Mobil Sierra Airport
 * Fort St. John/Tompkins Mile 54 Airport
 * Gang Ranch Airport
 * Kahntah Aerodrome
 * Canadian Forces Station Ladner
 * Mayne Island Water Aerodrome
 * Minoru Park
 * Minstrel Island Water Aerodrome
 * Mission Water Aerodrome
 * Peggo Devon Canada Aerodrome
 * Penticton Water Aerodrome
 * Poplar Beach Resort Water Aerodrome
 * Port Alice/Rumble Beach Water Aerodrome
 * Port Simpson Water Aerodrome
 * Port Washington Water Aerodrome
 * Prince George (North Cariboo Air Park) Airport
 * Quilchena Airport
 * Rykerts Water Aerodrome
 * Scar Creek Airport
 * Scum Lake Airport
 * Sechelt/Porpoise Bay Water Aerodrome
 * Takla Narrows Aerodrome
 * Tasu Water Aerodrome
 * Tipella Airport
 * Tsacha Lake Airport
 * Telegraph Creek Airport
 * Vanderhoof (District) Water Aerodrome
 * Williams Lake Water Aerodrome

Manitoba
List of airports in Manitoba

 * Arnes Airport
 * Canadian Forces Base Portage la Prairie
 * Gilbert Plains Airport
 * Gimli Industrial Park Airport
 * Gods Lake Narrows Water Aerodrome
 * Hartney Airport
 * Matheson Island Airport
 * Pukatawagen Water Aerodrome
 * Shilo Heliport (CFB Shilo)
 * Shilo (Flewin Field) Heliport (CFB Shilo)
 * Ste. Rose du Lac Airport
 * The Pas/Grace Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Virden (West) Airport
 * Wabowden Water Aerodrome
 * Warren/Woodlands Airport

New Brunswick
List of airports in New Brunswick
 * RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge
 * Saint-Quentin Aerodrome

Newfoundland and Labrador
List of airports in Newfoundland and Labrador

 * Naval Station Argentia
 * Bay d'Espoir Aerodrome
 * Bonavista Aerodrome
 * Border Beacon
 * Buchans Airport
 * Ernest Harmon Air Force Base
 * Hope Brook Aerodrome
 * Livingston Aerodrome
 * McAndrew Air Force Base
 * Menihek Aerodrome
 * Michelin Falls Aerodrome
 * Paradise River Airport
 * Pepperrell Air Force Base
 * Saglek Airport
 * Twin Falls Aerodrome
 * Williams Harbour Airport

Northwest Territories
List of airports in the Northwest Territories

 * Arctic Red River Water Aerodrome
 * Colomac Airport
 * Fitzgerald (Fort Smith) Water Aerodrome
 * Fort McPherson Water Aerodrome
 * Fort Providence Water Aerodrome
 * Hay River/Brabant Lodge Water Aerodrome
 * Mould Bay Airport
 * Nahanni Butte Water Aerodrome

Nova Scotia
List of airports in Nova Scotia

 * Apple River Airport
 * Amherst Airport
 * Fancy Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Langille Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Middle Stewiacke Airport
 * Halifax Civic Airport
 * Tatamagouche Airport
 * Valley Airport
 * Waterville/Kings County Municipal Airport
 * Waverley/Lake William Water Aerodrome

Nunavut
List of airports in Nunavut

 * Doris Lake Aerodrome
 * Frobisher Bay Air Base
 * Lupin Airport
 * Nanisivik Airport

Ontario
List of airports in Ontario

 * Armstrong/Waweig Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Atwood Airport
 * RCAF Detachment Alliston
 * Armour Heights Field
 * Arnstein Airport
 * Arthur (Metz Field) Aerodrome
 * Barker Field
 * Barrie/Little Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Batchawana Water Aerodrome
 * Belwood (Wright Field) Aerodrome
 * Buttonville Municipal Airport
 * Caledonia/Grand River Water Aerodrome
 * Chapleau Water Airport
 * Cushing Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Deer Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Deer Lake/Keyamawun Water Aerodrome
 * De Lesseps Field
 * Dorset/Kawagama Lake (Old Mill Marina) Water Aerodrome
 * Downsview Airport (Downsview Airfield)
 * Durham (Mulock) Airport
 * Dunnville Airport
 * Eagle River Airport
 * Ear Falls Airport
 * Fergus (Royland Field) Aerodrome
 * Five Mile Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Fort Erie Airport
 * Gananoque Water Aerodrome
 * Gowganda/Gowganda Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Grand Valley (Madill Field) Aerodrome
 * Haliburton Water Aerodrome
 * Hawkesbury (Windover Field) Airport
 * Huntsville/Deerhurst Resort Airport
 * Killaloe/Bonnechere Airport
 * Kincardine (Ellis Field) Airport
 * King City Airport
 * Kingston Airfield
 * Lake Rosseau/Cameron Bay Water Aerodrome
 * Lake Rosseau/Morgan Bay Water Aerodrome
 * Lake Rosseau/Windermere Water Aerodrome
 * Leaside Aerodrome
 * Lefroy Airport
 * Little Current Water Aerodrome
 * Long Branch Aerodrome
 * Lucknow Airpark
 * Mac Tier/Francis Island Water Aerodrome
 * Maple Airport
 * Nakina/Lower Twin Lake Water Aerodrome
 * New Liskeard Airport
 * New Lowell Airport
 * Nobleton Airport
 * Norwood Airport
 * Orangeville/Brundle Field Aerodrome
 * Orton/Smith Field Airport
 * Palmerston Airport
 * Parry Sound/Derbyshire Island Water Aerodrome
 * Pays Plat Water Aerodrome
 * Perry Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Pikangikum Water Aerodrome
 * Port Elgin (Pryde Field) Airport
 * Sault Ste. Marie/Partridge Point Water Aerodrome
 * Selkirk/Kindy Airstrip
 * Sioux Narrows Airport
 * Stoney Point (Trepanier) Aerodrome
 * Straffordville Airport
 * Thessalon Municipal Airport
 * Terrace Bay Airport
 * Timmins/Porcupine Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Toronto Aerodrome
 * Willowdale Airfield
 * Winchester Airport
 * Windermere Airport

Prince Edward Island
List of airports in Prince Edward Island

 * Grand River Airport
 * RCAF Station Charlottetown
 * RCAF Station Mount Pleasant
 * CFB Summerside

Quebec
List of airports in Quebec

 * Caniapiscau Aerodrome
 * Cartierville Airport
 * Chambly Airport
 * L'Assomption Airport
 * Chibougamau/Lac Caché Water Aerodrome
 * Lac Gobeil Water Aerodrome
 * Lac-des-Îles Water Aerodrome
 * Lac à la Perchaude Airport
 * Lac Gagnon Water Aerodrome
 * Lac Kaiagamac Water Aerodrome
 * Lac Sept-Îles Water Aerodrome
 * Lennoxville (Airview) Airport
 * Maniwaki/Blue Sea Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Matagami Water Aerodrome
 * Matoush Aerodrome
 * Mingan Airport
 * Mont-Tremblant/Lac Duhamel Water Aerodrome
 * Mont-Tremblant/Lac Ouimet Water Aerodrome
 * Montréal/Boucherville Water Aerodrome
 * Montréal/Île Sainte-Hélène Water Airport
 * Montréal/Marina Venise Water Airport
 * Montréal/Mascouche Airport
 * Opinaca Aerodrome
 * Ottawa/Gatineau Water Aerodrome
 * Parc de la Vérendrye (Le Domaine) Water Aerodrome
 * Pontiac Airpark
 * Pontiac Airpark Water Aerodrome
 * Rivière Saint-Maurice (Aviation Maurice) Water Aerodrome
 * Roberval (Air Saguenay) Water Aerodrome
 * CFB St. Hubert
 * Sainte-Agnès-de-Dundee Aerodrome
 * Sainte-Julienne Aerodrome
 * Sainte-Lucie-de-Beauregard Aerodrome
 * Aérodrome Saint-Louis
 * Senneterre Airport
 * Stanhope Airport
 * Témiscaming/Lac Kipawa Water Aerodrome
 * Victoria STOLport

Saskatchewan
List of airports in Saskatchewan

 * Beechy Airport
 * Buttress, Saskatchewan
 * Cluff Lake Airport
 * Cudworth Airport
 * Cut Knife Airport
 * RCAF Station Dafoe
 * Davin Lake Airport
 * Eastend Airport
 * Estevan/Bryant Airport
 * Estevan (South) Airport
 * Ferland Airport
 * Gainsborough Airport
 * Hague/Guliker Field Aerodrome
 * Hanley Airport
 * Hidden Bay Airport
 * Imperial Airport
 * La Loche Water Aerodrome
 * Lewvan (Farr Air) Airport
 * Lumsden (Metz) Airport
 * Naicam Airport
 * Nipawin Water Aerodrome
 * North Battleford/Hamlin Airport
 * Otter Lake Airport
 * Paradise Hill Airport
 * Redvers Airport

 * Rocanville Airport
 * Spiritwood Airport
 * Squaw Rapids Airport
 * Wawota Airport
 * West Poplar Airport
 * White City (Radomsky) Airport
 * Wilkie Airport
 * Willow Bunch Airport

Yukon
List of airports in Yukon

 * Dawson City Water Aerodrome
 * Faro/Johnson Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Haines Junction/Pine Lake Water Aerodrome
 * Teslin Water Aerodrome

title: List of defunct airports in Canada


text:
Talk:Thodupuzha

Untitled
Thodupuzha guys please improve ur own town article.

It is wrong that nearest railway station is Aluva, it is kottayam or ettumannor. See google map. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.88.244.43 (talk) 15:07, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

Pl remove the article glorifying Elsambrati Narayana Menon. He is no way connected to Thodupuzha. He was a mere representative of King Marthanda Varma after Thekkumkur was captured by Travancore. It would have been good if something is said about the ruler of Thekkumkur who ruled Thodupuzha. The relics of his palace is still in Karikode (Thodupuzha). There is a major for (Kotta road) which runs from Muvattupuzha upto Theni passes through Thodupuzha seperating the then princely states of Thekkumkur & Vadakkumkur. Thodupuzha was merely a panchayat (village town) some 30 years before. The nearby towns Muvattupuzha, Perumbavoor or Palai are much bigger towns. It was the initiative of P J Joseph that made Thodupuzha that we see today. When Idukki dt was formed he demanded major district offices to be in Thodupuzha & got major district offices. Did entire town planning with the help of ROADS (central govt undertaking) in '70s. The bye pass /ring roads we see today. Now Thodupuzha has a much better future for development. Now entire highrange is flowing to Thodupuzha. Vannappuram - Chelachuvade road opened the new doors for high range population — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.211.233.111 (talk) 13:40, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

oh, this is a old talk about Thodupuzha. I must say, Thodupuzha and Palai share the same eastern midland/malanad culture. Don't compare it with Kothamangalam. Kothamangalam has good drift towards Perumbavoor and Muvattupuzha. Even Piravom-Kuthattukulam are connected to Muvattupuzha and Kochi and they are semi-urban in nature. The problem with Thodupuzha is, people from Alappuzha to Pathanamthitta and Pala all southerners entered this area during highrange kudiyettam time and erased the original character of Thodupuzha which was once well connected to Muvattupuzha and Kothamangalam. Now, people speak slowly the ancient meenachil bhasha and in temperament also doesn't differ much from pala/ponkunnam/kanjirappilly etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.68.127.11 (talk) 19:48, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

migrant labours in Thodupuzha
is it needed to add to this article? I am told Thodupuzha area have lot of migrant labours form bengal,bihar,uttar pradesh working. I know, in Muvattupuzha and Perumbavoor the migrant labours are much much high in numbers. still, is it worth adding? yes

please stop vandalising this article
The section "healthcare' is too elaborate. Yes, there are some hospitals in Thodupuzha, but thats it. None of them are renowned. Vyttilavarkey (talk) 10:41, 4 August 2016 (UTC)

Do we really need this section "Famous Brands/Companies/Manufacturers from Thodupuzha"? Except for one or two brands, others are unheard of. Even the ones that is listed here, is just too small to be added to wikipedia. Vyttilavarkey (talk) 10:35, 4 August 2016 (UTC)

please stop vandalising this article to suit ur small village college/school to be a part of the article.this page doesnot need more informations on small gramams and your school.instead focus on making this article better with quality contents like what the town has to offer. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 59.93.35.139 (talk) 02:43, 2 March 2007 (UTC).

Do we really need a list of prominent personalities here? Are they all-inclusive?--Nitin 17:23, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Removed some names "Tagel Wilson [Current Member of SQUAD & Future Nurse, considered a Slytherin] and "Ancy Roy, Cognizant Employee" that were added as vandalism.Vyttilavarkey (talk) 07:13, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

File:Famous People from Thodupuzha.jpg Nominated for Deletion
what we can do ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gopikottamuri (talk • contribs) 16:45, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Civil Station ?
What is a "Civil Station"? Is this another name for Passenger (Transport) Station? Tabletop (talk) 12:10, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

A civil station is a government building for the general public to interact with the government. Each district usually has one civil station and some mini civil stations Vyttilavarkey (talk) 07:13, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

facts

 * 1) It is the eastern most end of midlands towards east of Kochi city.
 * 2) The population density is less and Thodupuzha is the lone major town which is supported by small villages and towns 15kms around the town. No major towns or urban centres exists anywhere near Thodupuzha. Muvattupuzha, the largest urban centre in the eastern midland region of Kerala lies 20kms north-west. Palai, a small town with less population density and similar culture lies 28kms south. Though, Muvattupuzha is nearer, across Kerala, "Thodupuzha-Pala" is a phrase showing eastern midland agrarian people and as Syrian christian centres.
 * 3) The growth of the Thodupuzha region is tremendous due to self sufficiency and support from people. P J Joseph propels Thodupuzha with his allocation of funds. Thodupuzha grows with the funds and propaganda.
 * 4) In olden days, Thodupuzha, Palai were small towns and pretty backward. Aluva, Muvattupuzha, Kottayam were the major centre long back. Muvattupuzha deserves special mention because, historically that town existed but neglected by historians too, because it is not politically important. historical references like Travancore memoirs by British refers Muvattupuzha as a big urban centre with Muslims and Christians forming a major part.
 * 5) Today, important towns like Muvattupuzha is purposefully neglected for Thodupuzha as well like Thiruvalla for very old lake side town Changanassery. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.68.127.11 (talk) 18:10, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

Science based +2 schools
117.202.124.69 (talk) 03:09, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thodupuzha


text:
Pacific Central Station

Pacific Central Station is a railway station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which acts as the western terminus of Via Rail's cross-country The Canadian service to Toronto and the northern terminus of Amtrak's Cascades service to Seattle and Portland. The station is also Vancouver's main intercity bus terminal. The station is wheelchair accessible and is staffed with full Via services. The station is a candidate for the northern terminus of a possible future high-speed rail line being considered primarily by the US state of Washington.

History
Pacific Central Station was built in 1917 by the Canadian Northern Railway as the terminus of its line to Edmonton. It was dedicated on November 2, 1919, a day after the first Canadian National trains began using the station. It was originally named False Creek Station and was designed by the architecture firm Pratt and Ross. The building was designated a heritage railway station in 1991.

Amtrak service to the terminal was originally offered on the Pacific International from 1972 to 1981, when it ceased due to budget cuts. Cross-border service returned in 1995 with the introduction of the Mount Baker International, which was later folded into the modern-day Cascades brand.

On November 8, 2010, the Canadian government announced a $5.1million plan to rebuild parts of the station, including refurbishing windows, masonry, and the roof of the building.

Amtrak Cascades
Amtrak Cascades provides two daily round trips between Vancouver and Seattle, Washington, with one daily train continuing to Portland, Oregon.

Amtrak passengers bound for the United States go through United States border preclearance inside the station prior to boarding in Vancouver, with a brief 10-minute stop at the Peace Arch Border Crossing for agents to collect forms. Canadian-bound passengers go through Canadian customs at the station upon arrival; northbound trains travelling towards Pacific Central Station do not stop at the border.

This is in contrast to Amtrak's international services on the East Coast (Adirondack to Montreal and Maple Leaf to Toronto) where passengers are processed by customs immediately after passing over the border.

To enable customs processing away from the border crossing, Amtrak trains are sequestered inside a secure caged area at Pacific Central Station. Additionally, trains make no stops in Canada other than at Pacific Central Station.

Via Rail Canadian
Via Rail's Canadian train offers twice-weekly cross-country service to Toronto via Edmonton, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg; weekly service to Edmonton (summer only).

Bus
Pacific Central Station is Vancouver's main intercity bus terminal.

Public transit
Pacific Central Station is immediately adjacent to Main Street–Science World station on the Expo Line of Greater Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system.

title: Pacific Central Station


text:
Talk:Hyperion (Titan)

Comments
Poor old Hyperion. No one has come looking for you.But Hamlet kept yacking on about you so i did. G

 * Hyperion was also the name of the main BattleCrusier in StarCraft :) Ghostalker

 * Put that on Hyperion rather than on this page. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:09, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

The ARM planet on Total A is called Empyrian, not Hyperion. I don't feel proud about knowing this.

God of observation? I've not heard that before.
The article claims that Hyperion was regarded as the "god of observation" along with Theia as a "goddess of sight". I have not found any reference to this any any book on mythology or Greek religion that I own. I very much doubt that this is true. The Prime Source 22:58, 23 April 2007 (UTC)Dale
 * Maybe related to the etymology of his name, from Hyper- meaning "over"? As in "overseeing"? --Krsont 13:32, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Theia is the Goddess of sight?
I very much doubt that Theia was ever thought to be a goddess of sight in the ancient world and unless any evidence that this is the case is given then this statement should be removed. The Prime Source 20:18, 29 April 2007 (UTC)Dale

Hyperion in fiction, is it necessary on this page?
I think it has come to the point where this section is no longer necessary. Similar situations has arisen for many other pages on minor Greek deities where there has been some debate over whether a section should be included in the mythology article about fiction, or if this should be moved to the disambiguation page. In most of these cases the editors of the articles have decided to move the fictional references to the disambiguation page to make the article more focused and less cluttered. In this case I see no reason why not to do the same. Here is my reasoning:
 * 1. Half of the items (8/16) in this section already have their own pages and appear on the disambiguation page.
 * 2. Most of these references listed on this page seem to have minimal importance. For example, knowing that in Act 4, Scene 3 of Hamlet, Shakespeare referenced Hyperion does not provide any information about the play and is simply useless information. Writers make references to ancient deities like Hyperion all the time; this particular example is no exception. In this case it was probably included because of the renown associated with Shakespeare and Hamlet.
 * 3. This section has essentially nothing to do with the Titan Hyperion, except that it was the namesake for these references.
 * 4. Without this section the article would be more concise, encyclopedic and less cluttered.

I suggest two solutions to solve this problem:

 * 1. Remove the entire "Fiction inspired by or connected to Hyperion" section
 * 2. Move all the important and valuable references to the disambiguation page for

If there are no objections I will carry this out over the next week. Thanks, --France3470 02:27, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

I came to this site looking for Hyperion in post -classical writing: as the piece says now, there is very little to write about Hyperion as a figure in classical myth. But he inspired two long poems by Keats and Hölderlin. That seems to be at least worth mentioning? Worth explaining? 122.162.135.101 (talk) 15:38, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Hyperion's etymology
Hyperion is related to the Greek root word "hyper", meaning "over", "above", or "excessive". The root word carried itself over into English as a prefix, and is seen in words such as "Hyperbole" (an over-statement), "Hyperactivity" (excessive amounts of energy), and "Hyperventilation" (overbreathing), among many others. This should probably be added to the article, especially because the article gives the impression that Hyperion has no purpose within Greek mythology or otherwise. 24.15.53.225 (talk) 05:32, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Useless trivia tarnishing the Wikipedia ideal
Just a personal appeal to Wikipedians to please desist from posting useless and uninteresting trivia. The trivia section of this entry is a great example of how the Wikipedia ideal is being tarnished beyond redemption through the inclusion of such irrelevent nonsense. It weakens Wikipedia enormously. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.16.85.59 (talk) 20:17, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

The fact of the matter is, trivia sections are already a violation of Wikipedia's own rules about original research. That is sufficient reason in itself to delete them on sight. Very little in a trivia section can ever be found in any sort of secondary literature.Ekwos (talk) 23:43, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

I just removed the trivia section again for lack of any sources and for being original research. If you want to include the trivia section so badly, at least find reliable secondary sources for everything.Ekwos (talk) 08:42, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Hyperion's consort
It should be added that Hyperion's consort was said to be Theia.

ICE77 (talk) 04:32, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Son of Hyperion?
The article says "the Sun is once in each work called Hyperionides (περίδής) 'son of Hyperion'" - but the Greek there only says "perides". Has this been misedited, or is there a reason for the mismatch? - DrGaellon (talk | contribs) 11:51, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move: Hyperion (mythology) → Hyperion

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: articles not moved. Armbrust, B.Ed. Let's talk about my edits? 20:34, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

– per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. The Titan got 199,000 page views in the last 90 days, compared to 28,000 for the Simmons novel, 13,000 for the comic book characters, 9,400 for the moon of Saturn, 7,600 for Hyperion Books, 6,700 for the Keats' poem, 4,700 for Hyperion Power Generation, 3,300 for Hyperion Entertainment, 2,500 for the Hölderlin novel, 2,300 for Hyperion Records, 1,900 for the computer, 350 for Oracle Hyperion, and 220 for the journal. That's 199349/(27863+ 13291+9350+7611+6773+4745+ 3250+2517+2305+1930+351+220+199349), or 71 percent, for the Titan. Kauffner (talk) 00:31, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Hyperion (mythology) → Hyperion
 * Hyperion → Hyperion (disambiguation)
 * Oppose. Way too many other uses; together it looks like they add up to a number comparable to the pagehits for the Titan.  Powers T 03:44, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: Not sure if you read the above, but Titan: 199,000 views, other uses: 59,800 views, so not really comparable. A large enough gap, perhaps, for the Titan to be considered the primary topic.  I ♦  A  10:45, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Considering Kauffner added to the list after I posted, no I didn't read "the above". Regardless, there are dozens of items on the disambiguation page (not just the handful Kauffner cataloged), and the prominence of the Saturnian moon in particular (despite the disparity in pageviews) means I just can't support this being the primary topic.  Powers T 15:31, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

I should note that I originally made up the list based more on what topics come up when you google than on the DAB. Anyway, I've upgraded it, so it is pretty comprehensive now. Kauffner (talk) 16:39, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose the moon is also highly likely from an educational point of view, and the poem. 70.24.251.71 (talk) 05:08, 22 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. The educational value exception was adopted to make it easier to designate an educational topic as primary. Here you turn it upside down and use it as reason not to designated any topic, educational or not, as primary. It doesn't seem that there is any issue of making either the moon or the poem primary. If that is the case, then this proposal has no effect on those articles. Kauffner (talk) 10:56, 22 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Hyperion for a movie
Greetings:

I'm only posting this in the "NEW SECTION" because I don't know how to comment on a WIKIPEDIA subject, and I don't want my entry to accidentally erase and/or interfere with information that's already posted.

I think this is the first time I've ever posted anything at a WIKIPEDIA web site.

So, if I'm doing this incorrectly, I hope someone will let me know.

Until yesterday, Saturday 02 June 2012, I had never heard of "HYPERION".

That was when I watched a 1974 WALT DISNEY movie, "THE ISLAND AT THE TOP OF THE WORLD", at the YOU TUBE web site.

In that movie, the airship is named, "HYPERION", and seeing that, piqued my interest in learning more.

WIKIPEDIA will not permit me to include the movie's URL in this post, so you'll have to research it for yourself.

However, here is a hint:

The 1974 WALT DISNEY movie, "THE ISLAND AT THE TOP OF THE WORLD", was posted at the YOU TUBE web site on Saturday 19 November 2011 by "CRYOSTATION"

By the way, I truly enjoyed watching that movie, and can highly recommend it for others.

Thank you.

John Robert Mallernee (talk) 15:29, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

John Robert Mallernee Armed Forces Retirement Home Gulfport, Mississippi 39507

Epidus bow redirect
Why does the Epidus bow redirect here if there is no mention of it on the page? I for one become very frustrated when a subject redirects and is not mentioned on the page. Andrew Watts (talk) 22:26, 2 August 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.226.55.198 (talk)

Did Hyperion have any Roman/Latin names?
Or was Sol always the only solar deity?--JaredMithrandir (talk) 19:08, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * No, it's still "Hyperion" in latin sources. There's no known analogue in roman mythology (which have little on the geneology of gods in general, prior to syncretism with greek myths anyways), though Emperor Julian appearently incorporated him in his version of Neoplatonism (see main article).(talk) 01:25, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Reference to Hyperion in the Titanomachy
The article says "There is little to no reference to Hyperion during the Titanomachy". If that is the case, what is mentioned about him?

ICE77 (talk) 18:51, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 5 March 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (non-admin closure) Chenzw   Talk   15:26, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

– The titan has more longterm significance, and is the source of the names of most other usages of "Hyperion" including the moon. It also has, by and large, the most pageviews. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 21:19, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Hyperion (Titan) → Hyperion
 * Hyperion → Hyperion (disambiguation)
 * Oppose. For usage, |Hyperion_(comics)|Hyperion_(magazine)|Hyperion_Cantos|Hyperion_(Simmons_novel)|Hyperion_(Titan) no it hasn't. Hyperion (Simmons novel) alone gets about 20% more views, and Hyperion Cantos (a WP:NATURALDIS) only slightly fewer views. WP:NOPRIMARY. For long-term significance, while the moon is likely to last longer, Simmons' novel has been around for over thirty years, Hyperion (poem) for over two hundred and Hyperion (Longfellow novel) a hundred and eighty. 85.238.91.68 (talk) 02:11, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The moon was a nameless rock until it was named Hyperion in 1847 - long after the mythical titan's name was thought up. Saying the moon has more longterm significance because it existed longer is a fallacy.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 13:53, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I wasn't suggesting that. I was suggesting that Longfellow's novel and Keats' poem also have long-term significance, among others. The difficulty here, as far as WP:DETERMINEPRIMARY goes, is that "a topic may have principal relevance for a specific group of people ... but not be the primary meaning among a general audience". I doubt the titan is actually the primary meaning for most people. 85.238.91.68 (talk) 07:36, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Support - the namesake of so many topics is obviously PRIMARY for long-term significance. While some of the topics on the DAB have been around for a long time, this is clearly the "longest"-term significant one. -- Netoholic @ 09:46, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. I generally agree that gods and goddesses should be primary over their namesakes, although I note that I've been pretty consistently outvoted on this principle.  P Aculeius (talk) 15:53, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose per views of the novel, also the moon gets around a third of the vies[|Hyperion_(moon)]. Also although others might derive from the god, the moon is also important and like the Boston example the other uses aren't conceptual that WP:DABCONCEPT would likely apply, also most of the planets are primary like Jupiter are primary, the exception of Mercury probably mainly due to the element.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:29, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose, don't start this again. Gods are not more notable than celestial bodies. Not to mention the other significant topics in this case. —Xezbeth (talk) 12:56, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per pageviews and WP:NOPRIMARY. Also, even if we decide to ignore pageviews and go by "importance", the moon of Saturn is quite important as well, there are lots of mythological entities but we aren't getting more moons of Saturn any time soon. Note that I just edited the disambig page to increase in prominence the science meeting.   SnowFire (talk) 20:03, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose. The Titan only gets 16% of the pageviews and ranks 4th among the |Hyperion_(poem)|Hyperion_(moon)|Hyperion_(tree)|Hyperion_(Simmons_novel)|Hyperion_(comics) major meanings. No WP:PTOPIC; and this proposal is by some distance the worst failure of PTOPIC#1 ("highly likely—much more likely than any other single topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined—to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term") I have seen. Narky Blert (talk) 11:43, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:01, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Hyperion.webp

Issues in the current structure of citations on this page
This page currently has several major issues with how citations are rendered on the page, with many duplicate citations that are disconnected from each other, and a large list of references which is largely disconnected from any specific contents within the article.

 * 1) Citations are mixed with explanatory footnotes: There is currently no distinction between citations and explanatory footnotes, making it unclear to readers whether any given note is indicating a source for the presented information, or simply a comment on the text. For example, within the family tree, most of the notes are actually explanatory footnotes rather than citations, which is not at all obvious until you look at each one. This is deceptive to readers, as it makes explanatory footnotes (which are editorial content) seem like sources themselves, rather than statements that require sources.
 * 2) Severe lack of inline citations: The article has a very large list of references at the bottom of the page, but almost no inline citations. This is somewhat concealed by the first issue (which is another reason why the first issue is such a problem), because while the page does have several footnotes, many of them are explanatory footnotes rather than citations. But there are also plenty of statements throughout this relatively short article, without any inline citation at all, making it unclear where they come from.
 * 3) Arbitrary grouping of citations: This is primarily a problem in the lead. There is a sequence of citations and footnotes, but sources are seemingly arbitrarily grouped between multiple different footnotes, each containing multiple citations. If the grouping is not arbitrary, that needs to be clearly communicated within the article.
 * 4) Lack of connection between citations and references: This ties into the second issue. There are various footnotes, many of which are in fact citing specific pages of the sources in the References section, but this is not at all clear. Some of them include links to the sources directly, implying that these references stand alone, with no connection to the References section further down the page.
 * 5) Lack of connection between explanatory footnotes and references: Even more significant than the preceding issue, many of the explanatory footnotes themselves also have citations in them, but formatted as links rather than footnotes. As it turns out (but is very unclear to readers), these in-text citations are also actually connected to the References section.

My proposed solutions to fix these issues (in descending order of my view of their importance) are as follows:
 * 1) Separate explanatory footnotes from citations: Have two separate sections—"Notes" and "Citations" seems to be a fairly common way of titling these two sections when a separate "References" section exists, but I'm not particularly concerned about the specific names, as long as they clearly indicate the distinction.
 * 2) Connect citations with references: Use shortened footnotes (or a similar technique) to connect every citation with its corresponding reference. This way, when citing different pages from the same source, it makes it much more obvious to readers that 1) the citations are referring to the same source and 2) that the source is the one described in fuller detail in the References section. This should also include doing the same to citations within explanatory footnotes—I think it would be easiest to do that via nested footnotes, but I can imagine it would also be possible to do while keeping them as in-text citations within the explanatory footnotes.
 * 3) Encourage more inline citations: Add  to the page, to encourage editors to connect the general references at the bottom of the page to the specific lines of text they support within the article.
 * 4) Break up arbitrary citation clusters: The arbitrary clusters of citations should be separated into individual citations for each distinct source, or combined into a single cluster of all of the citations for that single sentence.

I had attempted to fix most of these issues (although I was running into bugs with nested citations so wasn't able to resolve all of them). However the edit was reverted by, with an unhelpful comment that these fixes were not an improvement. -- Snorlax Monster  12:35, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for all your remarks above, and being willing to discuss this here. You’ve written a lot, all of which I’m happy to discuss, but for now I’d like to concentrate on one issue, your proposal to have separate ”Notes” and “Citations” sections.
 * As has been its longstanding practice, this article uses footnotes to provide citations to sources as well as other explanatory content. This is the common practice in the scholarly literature on Greek mythology. You propose to somehow separate out the citations to sources (which are themselves explanatory content, albeit short) from other explanatory information. However, it is not always possible (or good, if doing so leads to convoluted and confusing gyrations of language) to completely separate citations from explanatory comment; sometimes the two are inextricably linked. Even in the version of the article which you’ve proposed all but one of the “Notes”  still contain many citations! What you seem to have done is create two sections one for explanatory material which also may contain citations, and one for bare citations. I think this is confusing.

 * Moreover I see no good reason to change this. The reason you give for this change is because, in your view, under the current practice: it unclear to readers whether any given note is indicating a source for the presented information, or simply a comment on the text But I don’t see how it’s unclear when they can clearly see by simply looking at the note.
 * Paul August ☎ 11:43, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyperion (Titan)


text:
Steve Parkhouse

Steve Parkhouse is a writer, artist and letterer who has worked for many British comics, especially 2000 AD and Doctor Who Magazine.

Biography
Parkhouse has worked in comics since 1967, when he drew the occasional "Power House Pin-Up" of Marvel superheroes for the back covers of Fantastic and Terrific, two British weeklies published by Odhams. In 1969 his first professional writing assignments appeared when he co-wrote two Marvel Comics stories, one starring the jungle lord Ka-Zar in Marvel Super-Heroes No. 19 (March 1969), and the other starring the eponymous superspy in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. No. 12 (May 1969). He also contributed a story for Western Gunfighters #4 (February 1970), pencilled by Barry Windsor-Smith

Since then he has worked on a wide range of titles from 2000 AD to Warrior and various Marvel UK titles. In 1982, Parkhouse wrote a comic book adaptation of the Time Bandits film which was drawn by David Lloyd and John Stokes.

His work includes "Big Dave" (with Mark Millar and Grant Morrison) in 2000 AD, The Bojeffries Saga with Alan Moore, Night Raven with David Lloyd and various strips in Doctor Who Magazine. He illustrated three Dr. Who episodes in 1982–83.

In 2004 he provided the art for Angel Fire, which was written by Chris Blythe (better known for his colouring work). This was published by Shattered Frames, a company they established in the same year to produce British graphic novels. In the same year he also drew writer Joe Casey's miniseries Milkman Murders, published by Dark Horse Comics. Since 2011, he has been working with Peter Hogan on the Dark Horse comic Resident Alien.

Awards
1994: Nominated for "Best Graphic Album—Reprint" Eisner Award for The Complete Bojeffries Saga

title: Steve Parkhouse


text:
Talk:List of defunct airports in Canada

Inclusion
It's not really my intention to list ALL abandoned airports but only those that needed an article in Wikipedia. If all were listed it would soon grow too long as the number of heliports change very quickly. CambridgeBayWeather 15:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it might be a good idea to at least try. I'm from Canada and think this would be a neat idea but don't know how you find out about the abandoned ones. LdyDragonfly 03:50, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * There are a certain number of them listed in the Canada Flight Supplement but they only list the name and the coordinates. Plus they are only listed as long as part of the airport is still visable as a reference point from the air. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 04:10, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Proposed moves

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Article moved  GB fan  13:51, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

List of abandoned airports in Canada → List of former airports in Canada — The term "abandoned", implies that the airport is still there, but not being used. However, this may not be the case for all airports, where some have been disassembled, and redeveloped. "defunct" could also be used to replace "abandoned" in the title. 117Avenue (talk) 05:53, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

 * List of abandoned airports in the United States → List of former airports in the United States

Support moving to List of defunct airports in Canada as this should have been done at the same time the category was. Enter CBW, waits for audience applause, not a sausage. 08:47, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:List of defunct airports in Canada


text: User talk:71.247.231.163

title: User talk:71.247.231.163


text:
Pendock

Pendock is a village and civil parish in the Malvern Hills district in the county of Worcestershire, England, situated about halfway between the towns of Tewkesbury and Ledbury. The name is probably from old Welsh, possibly penn heddioc, meaning 'head of the barley field.

The civil parish constitutes two detached parts, with Lower Pendock containing the main (present-day) village with its church, and school situated at or near Pendock Cross(roads), and Upper Pendock containing the hamlet of Sledge Green and the old parish church (see below); the parish of Berrow cuts between the two parts of Pendock parish.

The population was recorded at 341 at the 2011 census and was 329 at the previous census in 2001.

Pendock has two churches, and a primary school — the Pendock CE Primary School is a small voluntary-controlled school with full healthy school status and a bronze eco award.

The M50 motorway passes through the parish, with the nearest junction being number 2, to the west of Pendock.

History
Pendock Church dates from the 12th century. Alterations and additions were made to it in the 14th century, and again in the 15th century when the west tower was built. The church was vested in the Churches Conservation Trust on 1 November 1987.

To its north are the earthworks of a former medieval village.

The prolific nineteenth-century writer on Worcestershire John Noake, in his 1868 Guide to Worcestershire notes that: "Rev. W. S. Symonds, the eminent geologist, is lord of the manor, patron and incumbent of the living."

Pendock Cross church, also known as The Redeemer Church, was built in 1899 as a temporary mission church, but is still in use. It has an outdoor font which is stacked up on bricks.

Gadfield Elm Chapel, the oldest chapel of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the world, is in the parish.

Pendock Church
Pendock Church is a redundant Anglican church standing to the southeast of the hamlet of Sledge Green. It is designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It stands in an isolated position overlooking and to the north of the motorway.

title: Pendock


text:
User talk:Dragontorch14

March 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Toronto Maple Leafs, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Johnny Au (talk/contributions) 22:50, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dragontorch14


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spinescence

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE, since it's been transwikied which was what everyone wanted. -Splash talk 22:54, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Spinescence
Simple dictdef, and expansion seems unlikely. transwiki to Wiktionary, which does not yet have an entry on this term. DES (talk) 15:59, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * September 30th was an exceptionally busy AfD day. So this debate among several got almost no attention. Relisting in hope of some tender, loving debate this time around. -Splash talk 00:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Transwiki per nom. It will never be more than a dicdef.  --A D Monroe III 01:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Rogerd 01:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. -- Kjkolb 02:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki it is a word --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 04:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, likely search/link/categorization term. Listing spinescent organizism is encyclopedic. Kappa 09:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki - no scope for expansion. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 12:06, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwikied to spinescence and spinescent. Andrew pmk | Talk 16:45, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Feel free to just transwiki next time. AFD is not the place to discuss it. - Mgm|(talk) 20:27, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete already-transwikied dictdef. Afd is, in fact, the place to discuss it, if the article's to be deleted afterwards.  A redirect to spine (biology) doesn't seem like it would be useful. —Cryptic (talk) 08:47, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ventral body cavity

The ventral body cavity is a human body cavity that is in the anterior (front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, but there is no physical barrier between the two. The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs, spleen and the kidneys, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum.

There are two methods for dividing the abdominopelvic cavity. The clinical method, used by physicians and nurses, utilizes four sections called quadrants. They are the right upper quadrant, the left upper quadrant, the right lower quadrant, and the left lower quadrant. The directional terms refer to the model's right and left, not the viewer's. Clinicians use the quadrant method because in reality, organs are mobile and move around when the patient is in different positions.

The second method for dividing the abdominopelvic cavity is preferred by anatomists. This method divides the cavity into nine regions. The regions are the left and right hypochondriac regions, so named because they lie under the ribs; the epigastric region which is approximately where the stomach is located between the hypochondriac regions; the right and left lumbar regions which flank the umbilical region (which surrounds the umbilicus, or belly button), the right and left iliac and inguinal regions which are where the hips are, and the hypogastric/pubic region, which lies between the hips.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity is further separated into the pleural cavity which contains the lungs and the superior mediastinum which includes the pericardial (heart) cavity.

The organs within the ventral body cavity are called the viscera.

title: Ventral body cavity


text:
User:RaulMiller/99 Bottles of Beer computer program J Writeup

This version features every bell and whistle I could find in the 99 Bottles of Beer writeup. As should be obvious from the code, most of the work involves the alternate forms for the third line of a stanza.

n=: 'No'"_`":@.(<&100) bob=: n, ' bottles of beer'"_ -. 1&= # 's'"_ L1=: bob, ' on the wall'"_ L2=: bob , '!'"_ L3=: 100 1 &i. { ([;._2 noun define)"_ Go to the store and buy some more if one of those bottles should happen to fall Take one down, pass it around ) L4=: L1@<:, '!'"_ l=:99#,:1 |. (L1, L2, L3,: L4)"0 (-i.)100


text: Talk:Patty Loveless

title: Talk:Patty Loveless


text: User talk:85.164.30.41

title: User talk:85.164.30.41


text:
Talk:This Is It: The Best of Faith No More

Fair use rationale for Image:This Is It The Best of Faith No More.jpg
Image:This Is It The Best of Faith No More.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 02:15, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Faith No More This Is It The Best Of.jpg
Image:Faith No More This Is It The Best Of.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on This Is It: The Best of Faith No More. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20071226024509/http://www.rollingstone.com:80/artists/faithnomore/albums/album/317679/review/5946377/this_is_it_the_best_of_faith_no_more to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/faithnomore/albums/album/317679/review/5946377/this_is_it_the_best_of_faith_no_more

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text:
Talk:Who Cares a Lot? The Greatest Hits

European edition
Despite what the article states, I live in Europe and got the 2 CD version in a local shop. --Pushit 14:44, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

It may have been imported. I live in Chile and bought the German edition of Angel Dust in a local shop. -Alvareo (talk) 19:08, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

I have the same cd, bought it when came out in the Netherlands. It is not an import (otherwise it would have been much more expensive) and it says it is a limited edition 2cd (with sticker). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.85.3.213 (talk) 12:22, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

I own many copies of this and made an edit last year which corrected the whole page but was reverted incorrectly. I have been advised in the IRC chanel to advise that I will be seeking to reinstate my last edit (with better grammar) shortly which will re-incorporate all the missing information which was lost when my edit was reverted and remove the completely invented information. With this will be the notion that Who Cares A Lot got a UK release. At that time in 1998 Polygram owned London Records under the guidance of Roger Ames. Polygram signed a Europe wide agreement with STEMRA from 1987 until 1996 when MCPS signed a new agreement with Polygram. Stemra is a dutch rights society meaning some collectors mistakenly think it means it was released in Netherlands. MCPS are a British organisation which meant that people think it significes an English release. This is not the case. As users above have testified, the 2 CD limited edition was indeed available in the UK but also in Europe, this is because by and large Polygram saw Europe (inclusive of Britain) as a single economic market and besides special projects and singles, albums were nearly always for the whole market and not just parts of them. There are exceptions but they are not part of this discussion. Further info on rights societies and markets: http://pastebin.com/ehypWYVm AD828321 (talk) 12:22, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Whocalcover.jpg
Image:Whocalcover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:40, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Who Cares a Lot? The Greatest Hits


text:
User:Phillipsacp/ToDo

This is a list of things I hope to do. Write an article on "James River Bateaus"

title: User:Phillipsacp/ToDo


text:
Country Reports on Terrorism

Country Reports on Terrorism is an annual report published by the United States Department of State. In 2005 it replaced the Patterns of Global Terrorism report, which had been released since 1985.

The report is published in accordance with Title 22, Section 2656(f) of the United States Code, which requires the Secretary of State to submit to Congress an annual report on terrorism.

History
When the Patterns of Global Terrorism report for 2003 was released in April 2004, many errors were noted within it. The report did not list all the attacks considered to be terrorism that year, including major bombings in Istanbul and Iraq, and the statistics on terrorism were lower than outsiders thought they should have been.

In response to this criticism, the State Department released a revised report in June 2004, correcting most of the errors; however, this was not enough to stop some critics from saying the State Department had deliberately left out information showing failures in the War on Terror.

When it came time to release the PoGT for 2004 in April 2005, the State Department announced it was getting rid of that report and replacing it with the Country Reports on Terrorism. The official reason was that the old method of gathering data was outdated and the new report featured a better collection of information.

Summary
The Country Reports on Terrorism does not provide any statistics on terrorism like its predecessor. It simply has several chapters dealing with a country and any progress it has made in fighting the War on Terrorism.

However, a separate report released by the National Counterterrorism Center gave a chronology of "significant terrorist events," something not featured in the Country Reports. That report said there were 651 "significant" attacks in 2004, which left 1,907 people killed and around 8,000 wounded. These figures were the highest in 21 years of compiled data on terrorism.

The National Counterterrorism Center Country Reports on Terrorism 2005 included a Statistical Annex, according to which there were 11,111 terrorist attacks in 2005 of which 3,474 occurred in Iraq and 489 occurred in Afghanistan.

≈≈Yearly Reports summarized≈≈ Country Reports on Terrorism 2004

This is a summary of the report produced by the Secretary of State for Congress. In 2004, the fight against terrorism continues; the struggle is full of success and failures. Both the terrorist and those that fight against them have had losses. Many countries have been attacked by terrorists on their home soil; the United States has been fortunate in that area. The United States has only lost citizens in other countries while fighting for the war on terrorism; those lost were fighting in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Egypt, and Gaza. The majority of the lives lost were of the other nationality and of the Islamic faith. The counties that were hit the hardest were Russia, Spain, and The Philippines. While other countries have been attacked in the last year, these counties had the largest casualty of those injured or killed.

Al-Qaida is weaker of the late because the United States and allies around the world the globe have been working on eliminating major players in al-Qaida's leadership. Some of those that were killed Khalid Ali Al-Hajj, Abdulaziz al-Muqrin, and Amjad Farooqui. There have been deaths and capture terrorist by governments around the world including Pakistani, Filipino, British, and many other places. The men captured were the ones in charge of communication for al-Qaida, and the plan to attack assets of the United States and allies. These countries efforts have resulted in the capture or death of terrorists, some local terrorist groups while others were part of al-Qaida. While quite a few leaders are eliminated, there are still many leaders that have not been caught that are planning more attacks against the United States and allies.

Evan as its power diminishes; the ideology of al-Qaida strengthens as the influence of the ideology is taken up by others as their new belief. Smaller groups have even officially joined the cause of al-Qaida and gained official recognition from al-Qaida. Some of the groups that are known to support al-Qaida are Abu Musab, the unknown jihadist in Madrid, and the new leader of the GSPC in Algeria to name a few. Other unofficially supports al-Qaida's cause by following in the ideologies of al-Qaida and battle. Now that al-Qaida is growing weaker, the small local groups and smaller cells of al-Qaida have taken over the preparation for attacks from planning to the gathering of supplies. The cells and small groups are all around the world, the known ones can be found from Saudi Arabia to East Africa. They are responsible for the attacks on the United States Embassies in Nairobi and in Dar es Salaam and much more. There are still many extremists rising to cause more chaos and plan more ways to spread their views.

Their new allegiances have carried out attacks across the globe from Saudi Arabia to Indonesia. The battle is now with smaller groups following the example of al-Qaida. Since the numbers of targets have increased and have spread the world, the counterterrorism community has adapted. The United States worked hard to deepen their connections to other counties and build trust between agencies. They work closer together than ever to prevent attacks around the globes and the ideology of al-Qaida to spreading even further. The efforts have prevented attacks in airports and against the United States financial institution. While the United States and allies in the war against terrorism are focused mainly on al-Qaida and those that work under al-Qaida's ideology, they are also working tirelessly to prevent other extreme groups both terrorist and radicals from gaining control. If they do end up gaining, power the counter-terrorism agency of all counties works together on preventing attacks. They have been successful in preventing most of the attacks. The attack on the United States financial institution was prevented by sharing information with the United Kingdom and Pakistan. The airports are more secure and safe out of combined efforts of counties around the world coordinating with The United States. The United States also fighting terrorism by helping governments that are fighting terrorism on their homeland with training.

title: Country Reports on Terrorism


text:
Proof complexity

In logic and theoretical computer science, and specifically proof theory and computational complexity theory, proof complexity is the field aiming to understand and analyse the computational resources that are required to prove or refute statements. Research in proof complexity is predominantly concerned with proving proof-length lower and upper bounds in various propositional proof systems. For example, among the major challenges of proof complexity is showing that the Frege system, the usual propositional calculus, does not admit polynomial-size proofs of all tautologies. Here the size of the proof is simply the number of symbols in it, and a proof is said to be of polynomial size if it is polynomial in the size of the tautology it proves.

Systematic study of proof complexity began with the work of Stephen Cook and Robert Reckhow (1979) who provided the basic definition of a propositional proof system from the perspective of computational complexity. Specifically Cook and Reckhow observed that proving proof size lower bounds on stronger and stronger propositional proof systems can be viewed as a step towards separating NP from coNP (and thus P from NP), since the existence of a propositional proof system that admits polynomial size proofs for all tautologies is equivalent to NP=coNP.

Contemporary proof complexity research draws ideas and methods from many areas in computational complexity, algorithms and mathematics. Since many important algorithms and algorithmic techniques can be cast as proof search algorithms for certain proof systems, proving lower bounds on proof sizes in these systems implies run-time lower bounds on the corresponding algorithms. This connects proof complexity to more applied areas such as SAT solving.

Mathematical logic can also serve as a framework to study propositional proof sizes. First-order theories and, in particular, weak fragments of Peano arithmetic, which come under the name of bounded arithmetic, serve as uniform versions of propositional proof systems and provide further background for interpreting short propositional proofs in terms of various levels of feasible reasoning.

Proof systems
A propositional proof system is given as a proof-verification algorithm P(A,x) with two inputs. If P accepts the pair (A,x) we say that x is a P-proof of A. P is required to run in polynomial time, and moreover, it must hold that A has a P-proof if and only if A is a tautology.

Examples of propositional proof systems include sequent calculus, resolution, cutting planes and Frege systems. Strong mathematical theories such as ZFC induce propositional proof systems as well: a proof of a tautology $$\tau$$ in a propositional interpretation of ZFC is a ZFC-proof of a formalized statement '$$\tau$$ is a tautology'.

Proofs of polynomial size and the NP versus coNP problem
Proof complexity measures the efficiency of the proof system usually in terms of the minimal size of proofs possible in the system for a given tautology. The size of a proof (respectively formula) is the number of symbols needed to represent the proof (respectively formula). A propositional proof system P is polynomially bounded if there exists a constant $$c$$ such that every tautology of size $$n$$ has a P-proof of size $$(n+c)^c$$. A central question of proof complexity is to understand if tautologies admit polynomial-size proofs. Formally,

Problem (NP vs. coNP) Does there exist a polynomially bounded propositional proof system?

Cook and Reckhow (1979) observed that there exists a polynomially bounded proof system if and only if NP=coNP. Therefore, proving that specific proof systems do not admit polynomial size proofs can be seen as a partial progress towards separating NP and coNP (and thus P and NP).

Optimality and simulations between proof systems
Proof complexity compares the strength of proof systems using the notion of simulation. A proof system P p-simulates a proof system Q if there is a polynomial-time function that given a Q-proof of a tautology outputs a P-proof of the same tautology. If P p-simulates Q and Q p-simulates P, the proof systems P and Q are p-equivalent. There is also a weaker notion of simulation: a proof system P simulates a proof system Q if there is a polynomial p such that for every Q-proof x of a tautology A, there is a P-proof y of A such that the length of y, |y| is at most p(|x|). For example, sequent calculus is p-equivalent to (every) Frege system.

A proof system is p-optimal if it p-simulates all other proof systems, and it is optimal if it simulates all other proof systems. It is an open problem whether such proof systems exist:

Problem (Optimality) Does there exist a p-optimal or optimal propositional proof system?

Every propositional proof system P can be simulated by Extended Frege extended with axioms postulating soundness of P. The existence of an optimal (respectively p-optimal) proof system is known to follow from the assumption that NE=coNE (respectively E=NE).

For many weak proof systems it is known that they do not simulate certain stronger systems (see below). However, the question remains open if the notion of simulation is relaxed. For example, it is open whether Resolution effectively polynomially simulates Extended Frege.

Automatability of proof search
An important question in proof complexity is to understand the complexity of searching for proofs in proof systems.

Problem (Automatability) Are there efficient algorithms searching for proofs in standard proof systems such as Resolution or the Frege system?

The question can be formalized by the notion of automatability (also known as automatizability).

A proof system P is automatable if there is an algorithm that given a tautology $$\tau$$ outputs a P-proof of $$\tau$$ in time polynomial in the size of $$\tau$$ and the length of the shortest P-proof of $$\tau$$. Note that if a proof system is not polynomially bounded, it can still be automatable. A proof system P is weakly automatable if there is a proof system R and an algorithm that given a tautology $$\tau$$ outputs an R-proof of $$\tau$$ in time polynomial in the size of $$\tau$$ and the length of the shortest P-proof of $$\tau$$.

Many proof systems of interest are believed to be non-automatable. However, currently only conditional negative results are known.

 * Krajíček and Pudlák (1998) proved that Extended Frege is not weakly automatable unless RSA is not secure against P/poly.
 * Bonet, Pitassi and Raz (2000) proved that the $$TC^0$$-Frege system is not weakly automatable unless the Diffie–Hellman scheme is not secure against P/poly. This was extended by Bonet, Domingo, Gavaldá, Maciel and Pitassi (2004) who proved that constant-depth Frege systems of depth at least 2 are not weakly automatable unless the Diffie–Hellman scheme is not secure against nonuniform adversaries working in subexponential time.
 * Alekhnovich and Razborov (2008) proved that tree-like Resolution and Resolution are not automatable unless FPT=W[P]. This was extended by Galesi and Lauria (2010) who proved that Nullstellensatz and Polynomial Calculus are not automatable unless the fixed-parameter hierarchy collapses. Mertz, Pitassi and Wei (2019) proved that tree-like Resolution and Resolution are not automatable even in certain quasi-polynomial time assuming the exponential time hypothesis.
 * Atserias and Müller (2019) proved that Resolution is not automatable unless P=NP. This was extended by de Rezende, Göös, Nordström, Pitassi, Robere and Sokolov (2020) to NP-hardness of automating Nullstellensatz and Polynomial Calculus; by Göös, Koroth, Mertz and Pitassi (2020) to NP-hardness of automating Cutting Planes; and by Garlík (2020) to NP-hardness of automating k-DNF Resolution.

It is not known if the weak automatability of Resolution would break any standard complexity-theoretic hardness assumptions.

On the positive side,

 * Beame and Pitassi (1996) showed that tree-like Resolution is automatable in quasi-polynomial time and Resolution is automatable on formulas of small width in weakly subexponential time.

Bounded arithmetic
Propositional proof systems can be interpreted as nonuniform equivalents of theories of higher order. The equivalence is most often studied in the context of theories of bounded arithmetic. For example, the Extended Frege system corresponds to Cook's theory $$\mathrm {PV}_1$$ formalizing polynomial-time reasoning and the Frege system corresponds to the theory $$\mathrm {VNC}^1$$ formalizing $\mathsf{NC}^1$ reasoning.

The correspondence was introduced by Stephen Cook (1975), who showed that coNP theorems, formally $$\Pi^b_1$$ formulas, of the theory $$\mathrm {PV}_1$$ translate to sequences of tautologies with polynomial-size proofs in Extended Frege. Moreover, Extended Frege is the weakest such system: if another proof system P has this property, then P simulates Extended Frege.

An alternative translation between second-order statements and propositional formulas given by Jeff Paris and Alex Wilkie (1985) has been more practical for capturing subsystems of Extended Frege such as Frege or constant-depth Frege.

While the above-mentioned correspondence says that proofs in a theory translate to sequences of short proofs in the corresponding proof system, a form of the opposite implication holds as well. It is possible to derive lower bounds on size of proofs in a proof system P by constructing suitable models of a theory T corresponding to the system P. This allows to prove complexity lower bounds via model-theoretic constructions, an approach known as Ajtai's method.

SAT solvers
Propositional proof systems can be interpreted as nondeterministic algorithms for recognizing tautologies. Proving a superpolynomial lower bound on a proof system P thus rules out the existence of a polynomial-time algorithm for SAT based on P. For example, runs of the DPLL algorithm on unsatisfiable instances correspond to tree-like Resolution refutations. Therefore, exponential lower bounds for tree-like Resolution (see below) rule out the existence of efficient DPLL algorithms for SAT. Similarly, exponential Resolution lower bounds imply that SAT solvers based on Resolution, such as CDCL algorithms cannot solve SAT efficiently (in worst-case).

Lower bounds
Proving lower bounds on lengths of propositional proofs is generally very difficult. Nevertheless, several methods for proving lower bounds for weak proof systems have been discovered.

 * Haken (1985) proved an exponential lower bound for Resolution and the pigeonhole principle.
 * Ajtai (1988) proved a superpolynomial lower bound for the constant-depth Frege system and the pigeonhole principle. This was strengthened to an exponential lower bound by Krajíček, Pudlák and Woods and by Pitassi, Beame and Impagliazzo. Ajtai's lower bound uses the method of random restrictions, which was used also to derive AC0 lower bounds in circuit complexity.
 * Krajíček (1994) formulated a method of feasible interpolation and later used it to derive new lower bounds for Resolution and other proof systems.
 * Pudlák (1997) proved exponential lower bounds for cutting planes via feasible interpolation.
 * Ben-Sasson and Wigderson (1999) provided a proof method reducing lower bounds on size of Resolution refutations to lower bounds on width of Resolution refutations, which captured many generalizations of Haken's lower bound.

It is a long-standing open problem to derive a nontrivial lower bound for the Frege system.

Feasible interpolation
Consider a tautology of the form $$A(x,y) \rightarrow B(y,z) $$. The tautology is true for every choice of $$y$$, and after fixing $$y$$ the evaluation of $$A$$ and $$B$$ are independent because they are defined on disjoint sets of variables. This means that it is possible to define an interpolant circuit $$C(y)$$, such that both $$A(x,y) \rightarrow C(y)$$ and $$C(y) \rightarrow B(y,z)$$ hold. The interpolant circuit decides either if $$A(x,y)$$ is false or if $$B(y,z)$$ is true, by only considering $$y$$. The nature of the interpolant circuit can be arbitrary. Nevertheless, it is possible to use a proof of the initial tautology $$A(x,y) \rightarrow B(y,z) $$ as a hint on how to construct $$C$$. A proof systems P is said to have feasible interpolation if the interpolant $$C(y)$$ is efficiently computable from any proof of the tautology $$A(x,y) \rightarrow B(y,z)$$ in P. The efficiency is measured with respect to the length of the proof: it is easier to compute interpolants for longer proofs, so this property seems to be anti-monotone in the strength of the proof system.

The following three statements cannot be simultaneously true: (a) $$A(x,y) \rightarrow B(y,z)$$ has a short proof in a some proof system; (b) such proof system has feasible interpolation; (c) the interpolant circuit solves a computationally hard problem. It is clear that (a) and (b) imply that there is a small interpolant circuit, which is in contradiction with (c). Such relation allows the conversion of proof length upper bounds into lower bounds on computations, and dually to turn efficient interpolation algorithms into lower bounds on proof length.

Some proof systems such as Resolution and Cutting Planes admit feasible interpolation or its variants.

Feasible interpolation can be seen as a weak form of automatability. In fact, for many proof systems, such as Extended Frege, feasible interpolation is equivalent to weak automatability. Specifically, many proof systems P are able to prove their own soundness, which is a tautology $$\mathrm{Ref}_P(\pi,\phi,x)$$ stating that `if $$\pi$$ is a P-proof of a formula $$\phi(x)$$ then $$\phi(x)$$ holds'. Here, $$\pi,\phi,x$$ are encoded by free variables. Moreover, it is possible to generate P-proofs of $$\mathrm{Ref}_P(\pi,\phi,x)$$ in polynomial-time given the length of $$\pi$$ and $$\phi$$. Therefore, an efficient interpolant resulting from short P-proofs of soundness of P would decide whether a given formula $$\phi$$ admits a short P-proof $$\pi$$. Such an interpolant can be used to define a proof system R witnessing that P is weakly automatable. On the other hand, weak automatability of a proof system P implies that P admits feasible interpolation. However, if a proof system P does not prove efficiently its own soundness, then it might not be weakly automatable even if it admits feasible interpolation.

Many non-automatability results provide evidence against feasible interpolation in the respective systems.

 * Krajíček and Pudlák (1998) proved that Extended Frege does not admit feasible interpolation unless RSA is not secure against P/poly.
 * Bonet, Pitassi and Raz (2000) proved that the $$TC^0$$-Frege system does not admit feasible interpolation unless the Diffie–Helman scheme is not secure against P/poly.
 * Bonet, Domingo, Gavaldá, Maciel, Pitassi (2004) proved that constant-depth Frege systems of do not admit feasible interpolation unless the Diffie–Helman scheme is not secure against nonuniform adversaries working in subexponential time.

Non-classical logics
The idea of comparing the size of proofs can be used for any automated reasoning procedure that generates a proof. Some research has been done about the size of proofs for propositional non-classical logics, in particular, intuitionistic, modal, and non-monotonic logics.

Hrubeš (2007–2009) proved exponential lower bounds on size of proofs in the Extended Frege system in some modal logics and in intuitionistic logic using a version of monotone feasible interpolation.

title: Proof complexity


text: User talk:69.152.91.61

title: User talk:69.152.91.61