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Granite State Challenge

Granite State Challenge is an American television quizbowl game show that airs on New Hampshire Public Television and began in 1983.

Description
High schools from around the state compete against each other to win "brainy bragging rights" and grant money for their school. The first season of the program was hosted by Tom Bergeron (now of America's Funniest Home Videos and Dancing with the Stars fame), one of Bergeron's first jobs appearing on television. Starting in the second season and continuing to 2018, Jim Jeannotte took over hosting duties. Jon Cannon became the host in the 2018-2019 season. Prior co-hosts include, Lori Warriner, Tim Estiloz, John Herman, and Alison MacNair (former host of NHPTV's NH Outlook).

The competition features 16 teams in a single elimination tournament competing in half-hour shows that are pretaped over a few weeks and air through the broadcast season. The program previously selected 32 teams to compete on the televised rounds based on state geography and recent appearances; however, after a year-long hiatus, the program required interested teams to complete a written test, with the top-scoring sixteen teams earning spots. The championship game is called the Superchallenge.

Since 1995, part of the funding for Granite State Challenge comes from proceeds of the New Hampshire Lottery Commission. Unitil Corporation is also one of the show's primary sponsors. Beginning in 2008, each episode is available to view on YouTube and to download at no charge on iTunes. Since 2012/2013, the winners of the NHPTV Granite State Challenge faces off against the WGBH High School Quiz Show Champions for a trophy called the "Governors Cup". Since the Governor's Cup started, New Hampshire (NHPTV) has 2 wins and Massachusetts (WGBH) has three wins.

Rules
The game is played by two teams of four, and uses a four-quarter format.

The first quarter is a round of toss-up questions worth 10 points each. In the 30th season, one 30-point toss-up based on the year 1984 was included.

The second quarter is a three-strikes format with ten 10-point questions for each team. One team plays at a time, with players taking turns to answer questions individually. A wrong answer earns the team a strike, with three strikes ending that team’s turn. Each team gets three passes to share among themselves, but they can only communicate through body language and not verbally to determine whether to pass a question or not. In this round, each question’s subject matter influences that of the following question.

The third quarter is the show's "60-second" round. Since the 30th season, the teams' alternates (if any) participate in this round only. The trailing team gets the first choice of three categories, and the leading team picks from the remaining two. Each team gets 60 seconds to answer 10 questions in their category, with each question worth 10 points. A 10-point bonus is awarded for answering all questions correctly.

The fourth quarter is a final round of 20-point toss-ups. Since the 30th season, 20 points are deducted should a team provide an incorrect answer.

The winning team advances in a season-long tournament. Previously, in the final, titled "Granite State SuperChallenge," there were seven rounds: the first, fifth, and seventh are toss-up rounds, the second and fourth rounds are toss-ups followed by bonuses, and the third and sixth rounds are the 60-second lightning rounds. However, since the 30th season, the SuperChallenge lasts four rounds.

Past champions
This is a list of past GSC winners since 1983.

 * 1983-84 Londonderry def. Laconia (inaugural championship, inaugural champion also has longest title drought)
 * 1984-85 Phillips Exeter Academy def. Hollis/Brookline (school's only title)
 * 1985-86 St. Thomas def. Winnisquam (school's only title)
 * 1986-87 Bishop Guertin def. Merrimack
 * 1987-88 Winnisquam def. Hollis/Brookline (5th Anniversary)
 * 1988-89 Alvirne def. Pinkerton
 * 1989-90 Laconia def. Woodsville
 * 1990-91 Hanover def. John Stark
 * 1991-92 Portsmouth def. Dover
 * 1992-93 Winnisquam def. John Stark (10th Anniversary, first repeat champion)
 * 1993-94 Alvirne def. Kearsarge
 * 1994-95 Laconia def. Keene
 * 1995-96 Plymouth def. Woodsville
 * 1996-97 Keene def. Oyster River (school's only title)
 * 1997-98 Salem def. Derryfield (15th Anniversary)
 * 1998-99 Oyster River def. Profile
 * 1999-2000 Kearsarge def. Derryfield (school's only title)
 * 2000-01 Oyster River def. Trinity (first championship in back to back appearances)
 * 2001-02 Salem def. Winnisquam
 * 2002-03 Hanover def. Winnacunnet (20th Anniversary)
 * 2003-04 Winnisquam def. Trinity
 * 2004-05 Alvirne def. Inter-Lakes
 * 2005-06 Manchester West def. Winnacunnet (school's only title)
 * 2006-07 Hanover def. Derryfield
 * 2007-08 John Stark def. Winnacunnet (25th Anniversary, school's only title)
 * 2008-09 Hollis/Brookline def. Phillips Exeter Academy (school's only title)
 * 2009-10 Manchester Central def. Hanover (school's only title)
 * 2010-11 Bishop Brady def. ConVal (school's only title)
 * 2012-13 Plymouth def. Hanover
 * 2013-14 Pinkerton def. Bishop Guertin (school's only title)
 * 2014-15 Bishop Guertin def. Pinkerton
 * 2015-16 Nashua High School South def. Merrimack High School
 * 2016-17 Nashua High School South def. Bedford High School (first championship in consecutive years)
 * 2017-18 Salem def. Plymouth (Jim Jeannotte's last season as host)
 * 2018-19 Plymouth def. Littleton High School
 * 2019-20 Merrimack def. Plymouth
 * 2020-21 Merrimack def. Bow
 * 2021-22 Portsmouth def. Merrimack
 * 2022-23 Merrimack def. Plymouth
 * 2023-24 Merrimack def. Plymouth

Schools with Multiple Titles:

Four Titles

 * Merrimack High School (2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2022–23, 2023-24)

Three Titles Apiece

 * Hanover (2006–07, 2002–03, 1990–91)
 * Alvirne (2004–05, 1993–94, 1988–89)
 * Winnisquam (2003–04, 1992–93, 1987–88)
 * Salem (2017–18, 2001–02, 1997–98)
 * Plymouth (2018–19, 2012–13, 1995–96)

Two Titles Apiece

 * Oyster River (2000–01, 1998–99)
 * Laconia (1994–95, 1989–90)
 * Bishop Guertin (2014–15, 1986–87)
 * Nashua High School South (2016-2017, 2015–16)
 * Portsmouth High School (1991-1992, 2021-2022)

title: Granite State Challenge


text:
User:Redwolf24/Archive24

Thanks 4 tellin me to do my own h/w :/
Yeah, I don't much appreciate you telling me to do my own homework problems but whatever. So, you say that in Europe during the middle ages they had a lot of wood? Like trees? I'm not quite sure how to site that on a map, but okay.

Jenna

Mediation
You got it. Copperchair 00:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Question About Admin
I asked Essjay this, and since he doesn't seem to be here, I'm going to ask you. I'm thinking about self-nominating myself for Adminship, which I said I would never do, which I really don't want to do, but I would like to be an admin, and I probably won't ever be nominated of course the reason for that would be because people think I wouldn't be a good one. Okay I think I'll do it on October 21st, so then I will of been here for 4 months. I just want to know in your opinion if I should, because if you say I shouldn't then I'll wait until sometime in 2006. I'm just wondering what you think even though I think I know your answer. Privat e   Butcher  01:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Definitely log in more edits and give it some time. After all that's been happening around you I don't think you have much chance. Wait til December-February after logging in a lot of edits and being kind to everyone you see. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright thanks, I guess I'll do it sometime in 2006, probably after I've been here for a year. Yeah, July 2006, I'll go for then, or probably sometime after that, I don't know. I want to be an admin but I can wait until I've been here for a year. Actually maybe I'm not admin material, I don't know, I'll figure out what to do when the time comes. Privat  e   Butcher  01:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

My user page
Could you change the vandal count to 83 please? Thanks >_>

Also, I think I'm almost ready to be nominated for admin soon... NickBush24 01:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Raised it. R  e  dwolf24  (talk)

Quiestion about Speedy Deletions
Yesterday I placed a whole chunk 26 to be exact of blank libeary catagories for speedy deletions but 1 day had passed and only one of them got deleted and one of them got expanded and the rest are still in speedy delete still wating for a deletion. Do you know if that mass nomintation was something I did wrong and were they speedy deletion canditates to begin with as well. Thanks --JAranda'' | yeah 01:47, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Make sure they fit WP:CSD. If they do you should have no problem. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

They do it says that Empty categories (no articles or subcategories) whose only content has consisted of links to parent categories and those are empty catagorys but its still taking too long for deletion Dont know why? --JAranda'' | yeah 01:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Then its cause admins arent looking over it. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Copperchair
Well, just as I suspected, he's signed the RfM and then refuses to abide by your injunction. Have a look at his recent edits. Argh. This is exactly what got us into this mess in the first place.--chris.lawson 02:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My injunction has no authority, its just a good faith jesture, and I'll message him now. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah. I know. But this is typical. When someone makes a reasonable suggestion (like "Follow consensus, please") it gets ignored unless it has some kind of serious consequences associated with it. I figured by showing good faith and signing that mediation, it would have a calming effect, but Adam and Copperchair seem to be back at it again.--chris.lawson 02:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Let's wait until a final decision has been reached, shall we? Copperchair 02:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:ESP/E
Hey, Redwolf24: Thanks for the vote of support in my Esperanza AdCom quest. I know it was only an "equalizer" vote, but nevertheless, I'm appreciative of it. Cheers, Bratsche talk 02:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks also for being an election staffperson. Everything looks sweet. Bratsche talk 02:51, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Injunction
What do you mean? Copperchair 02:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I suggested you all not edit the star wars articles over stylings. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

IRC
Hi Redwolf, I tried using the Esperanza channel in IRC (I think you actually saw me there), but I wasn't able to say anything. It asked me to identify myself or something...do you know how I can do that? (I'm new to IRC -- I had always been a AIM user).  Rob e  rt  03:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Type /nickserv register PASSWORDYOUPICKGOESHERE

Then type /nickserv identify SAMEPASSWORDHERE    everytime you sign in. You can still talk. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 03:41, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I'll give it a shot.  Rob e  rt  03:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Senses of Humor
Hi. I'm sure you don't know me, or have heard of me, or anything. I just wanted to say that, as a reader of WP:AN/I, I saw that whole silly kerfluffle. I've always respected you as someone who has a sense of humor, and is very, very nice. I like you, and I always will. If you want to joke around with someone, do it with me, and I'll laugh :). Here's a cookie:). Oh- I like messages too :).--Sean Jelly Baby? 16:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

A new request for mediation is in progress
Hello Redwolf24,

This is an exact copy of a message I posted on Catherine Munro's talk page:

 * I have begun the procedure to get mediation for the article titled "Aesthetic Realism." Aesthetic Realism is a philosophy that joins art and life in a new way. I hope my request will be successful, and that you will be able to mediate. According to the Wikipedia guidelines, I am supposed to get the agreement of my opponent so we both call for mediation. I am waiting for a reply but thought I would at least alert you to what is going on.

 * My username is Samivel. The opposing party consists of three (Michael Bluejay, Outerlimits, and Marinero) who all agree with each other. But I disagree vehemently with all three of them.

 * What I wrote on the Talk page for the article on Aesthetic Realism is this:

 * As I read how several individuals (Bluejay, Marinero, Outerlimits) are talking over how to misrepresent a valuable philosophy and the people who teach it, I also am calling for mediation.

 * I too think the article should be frozen at the point where responsible editors left it.

 * And therefore I will revert it to that point.

 * The first step in mediation is to ask the opposing party if it is willing to have mediation. Bluejay, Marinero, Outerlimits, are you willing to have mediation? [Signed]

 * If you look at the talk page you will see how these individuals talk amongst themselves. To me, it is chilling.

 * I will be glad to answer any questions you may have. --Samivel 21:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

This is for your information, Redwolf24, as chair of the committee. --Samivel 21:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

...The proper way to do this would be to list it at WP:RFM. But since you listed it at her page I'll let her do what she pleases... R e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Issue Alert
Hey Red there had been a small conflect that Essjay is ver upset about. Its about this block of Mgstone that he placed a perminent (can't Spell) block on for vandalism and another admin objected and now he is very upset and even placed a RfC on himself. Is there anyway u can help --JAranda'' | yeah 22:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Be quiet ;-)
I just had to tell you that I talk to you too much. :-) I didn't think so, but you're #10 on my ten most edited pages.  Actually, I was hoping that you'd comment on the stats/charts I made cause I know you have your hand in many cookie jars and figured you would have some keen insight as to nice summary stats that can help make sense of things around here.  (Oh yeah, I am embarrassed to say that I had no idea what 1337 was on your User page for weeks. | |\|0`/`/ :  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist •  E@ 22:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll run that for you. I have to tweak my script a bit.  Yours is the biggest so far so I want to make sure it is correct, first.  I'll put it up as soon as I am done (oh, yeah, and after I eat dinner :-) ).  >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist •  E@ 23:23, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You were close to 10,000...anyway, my script only handled 5,000, but now it handles more thanks to you. Take a look at your stats.  I appreciate your comments.  With regards, >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist  •  E@ 04:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Is it true?
So, is it true that you're the famed and feared Rouge Admin, donning cape and tights to battle crime and evildoers, spoken of in fable and song? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 23:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm the very one. I taught Maru all about rougeness, though for the record I keep my rougeness away from AfD and use it more to block Ashida Kim IPs for 61 years ;-) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 23:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry if I dragged that one out into the light of day, but I had to mention it if I was going to do an honest job on the RFC. --GraemeL (talk) 23:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, a 61-year ban isn't technically indefinite. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 23:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You blocked him until 6/6/66? Is this supposed to be a subtle hint? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 23:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Mediation Mailing List...
I posted to the list about this a couple of days ago (you can read this in the archives if you remember your password). The digest is an automatic thing and has nothing to do with the list admins (of which I'm not one anymore). The digest is sent daily (the option "Should a digest be dispatched daily when the size threshold isn't reached?" is set to yes). The list is very low traffic, so it might be best just to set it to normal mails instead of the digest if you continue to have problems receiving it. Are you sure it's not just ending up in your spam filter? Angela. 23:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Mediation and mediation ml
Heya, I'm just about wrapped up with my present case, so you can assign me another. WRT the mailing list, another admin wouldn't make the list more lively -- the list is unmoderated for members. That said, if you want to be an admin for the list, I don't mind. --Improv 23:32, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

This is what is causing my stress
Here is the worst actor in the history of Wikipedia, bar none. Any help would be appreciated. We have over 400 pieces of evidence against this guy. That's 400. For a man who has been here a month. --Woohookitty 23:42, 10 October 2005

 * Holy hell! Seems like a ban would be clearcut... I myself probably would have blocked for disruption. Now then, why are you so affected by it? I deal with trolls often, but that's never what stresses me, the only stress I get is when someone respected seems to target me. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 23:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * BD is a special case, trust me. We're talking stuff like...he has a "ban list" on his talk page. He literally took some comments I made on his page and moved them onto my page. He's a card. --Woohookitty 00:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
A big thank you for your help and support, I look forward to meeting you in more productive contexts, Yours, Trollderella 23:51, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Qwerty
 Redwolf24 blocked Q2werty (infinite) (contribs) (unblock) (q1werty)
 * Keep up, I'm already at 4! :-) --fvw *  23:54, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia sure is collaborative, even at killing off vandals :D R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 23:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Edith mykok was here--Edith mykok was here 01:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Can I kiss you? :-D Just so you know, BD posted to his talk page right after he was blocked. I warned him about it. If he posts again, think it's time for a longer suspension. --Woohookitty 00:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm an admin but I'm directly involved, so I can't do it, but I think it's time we permanently block Mr. Big Daddy. . The thing is Redwolf, he will keep posting. He just doesn't care. He will ignore the block and keep posting. He's shown absolutely no respect for Wikipedia. I think it's time to send him on his marry way. And we have SO MUCH evidence, I don't think people will question it. If you don't think so, let me know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Woohookitty (talk • contribs)

 * Blocked him before you posted that ;-) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * We may have to literally delete his username. Like I said, he's the worst actor I've ever dealt with...same with katefan and Kate basically just does the dreck of Wikipedia. --Woohookitty 00:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Edith mykok was here--Edith mykok was here 01:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Pretty sure that edith is a sockpuppet of bigdaddy. And I'm pretty sure Qwerty1/Q1werty/Q2werty were as well. He keeps busy. --Woohookitty 01:06, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Doubt it. Different M.O.'s. Qwerty=Edith, definitely. But the two were editing at like the same time (BD and Q) so I doubt they're related. I blocked q1werty and q2werty which is why I've been targeted. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I blocked edith. Certain it's a sockpuppet of BD since he/she nailed my user talk page. This can't be a coincidence. --Woohookitty 01:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I guess that's plausible now that you mention it, also qwerty had nailed BD's page. I blocked edith indefinitely as soon as he posted here though ;-) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to say thanks too, RedWolf. I was getting very tired of posting evidence. - Mr. Tibbs 02:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Me too! I know you weren't following this, redwolf, but I put evidence onto the evidence page about him alterting posts of other people's posts...and he continued to do it. It's just a bit draining. --Woohookitty 02:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Could u unblock
Could u unblock the AOL Ip number 205.188.116.68. Cant edit at all im using my neighbor computer for a sec Ty --JAranda'' | yeah 01:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Edith mykok was here--Edith mykok was here 01:03, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Not right now, there's a troll wave and I don't want to unblock for the time being. Sorry. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I understand but for how long is the block for u know Im not a trool ;) and also su should think about archiving now ?

You're not a troll, but you share an IP with some trolls, so I'm not unblocking. IP blocks shouldn't last too long, I'll check how long it lasts. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Its not blocked. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Yeah I told Fvw to unblock it. Im taking a wikibreak until I get out of AOL which is I dont know when Editing with AOL is becoming quite impossible and I feel like Im the only worthy contributer that uses a AOL account I will be back but with a new less trouble-some internet provider. Could u think of any? --JAranda'' | yeah 01:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Verizon has always been good IMO. You need some DSL. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Yeah Im going to try to get DSL editing with AOL is a horrible idea here. Do u know anybody else that is not a troll that edit with AOL in here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aranda56 (talk • contribs) 21:35, 10 October 2005

 * I dunno about DSL, a couple of my friends have it, and I just find it so slow (I have cable, btw...it costs a fortune, but its SOFAST). I know of a couple users that aren't trolls that use AOL, but I guess it's pretty few. If you like AOL, and the comfort of not stepping outside of a little bubble, they offer BYOA (bring your own access...not the other thing), meaning if you provide the connection, they'll let you use the features, at something like $10 per month. I once used AOL in the days of old, before broadband, and they wouldn't stop calling me to re-sign up with them (they did eventually, but it took a few more than strong hints). But yeah, whatever you think is good, probably should be. Good luck with getting a faster plan, User:Mys e kurity|Mysekurity ]] additions | e-mail ]]01:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

One more for you

 * You might also want to take care of this little gem, looks like a sleeper big daddy--64.12.116.10 01:23, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

User:The wizard
This guy has been blocked by HappyCamper, and is now claiming he's "on Wheels", not to mention the (of little importance) copyvio of Merlin on his user page. I don't know what to do about it, but I've had my eye (and watchlist) on him for quite some time. Any help would be appreciated (on wheels). - User:Mys e kurity|Mysekurity ]] additions | e-mail ]]01:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry I'm busy at my RfC. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ooh, that doesn't sound too good. Sorry bout that, and don't worry about getting to it. I'm not that bothered. Good luck with your RfC. - User:Mys e kurity|Mysekurity ]] additions | e-mail ]]02:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

umm
Hi Red wolf, i put up this Comment Requesst for you here please note thank you, nothing perssonal! :)Wiki brah 01:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Mediations
My anarchism case is still active but moving slowly. My Researcher99 case has moved on to arbitration. Andre ( talk ) 02:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I saw your albums page...
...and noticed that you only have one Dream Theater album.

You need more. Posthaste >_> NickBush24 02:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Med Com
I'm just curious, how did I fail there? I had a vast majority of Support comments, only one Oppose (Andre, who seems to be a perfectionist unable to forgive anyone for mistakes, I need to discuss and disagree with his beliefs on my beliefs, I am unable to just let it go now without knowing why he thinks the way he thinks), and endless patience with Ed Poor, shit, endless patience with everybody in the past few months.Karmafist 02:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Somewhat Bummed, But Resilient
Ok, so If I can convince Andre not to Oppose, then I get back up there? I assume that i'll be unable to though since it seems that Andre treats other mistakes on other people's reputations much like a Nuclear Bomb treats whatever it drops upon: annhiliating everything and causing it to be poisoned for an incredibly long time. I'm putting an edit on his talk page right now, and will probably use that quote. I tried to ask on IRC if there was any other way to understand him better, but there was nada. Either way, i'm gonna ask for some clearer election procedures(It seems like I was up there forever), act as a "rouge mediator" whether i'm on there or not, and pretty much treat the Med Com overall (most of you individually, I have an insane amount of respect for) with a grain of salt in whatever they say until the selection procedures change. Karmafist 03:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Well
I lowered my stress level. Now I'm back to Ben Giatti and the Price-Anderson Act case. Compared to Big Daddy, Ben is a saint. And the funny part? Ben's the exact opposite. He thinks Wikipedia is supporting big government and the nuke industry...basically that we're not liberal *enough*. --Woohookitty 03:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Hang in there
We need you. If I can help, let me know. --Woohookitty 03:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ditto...hang in there. KHM03 23:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Barnstar

I don't care why it was awarded, what the motivation was, or anything else, you do a tremendous amount of work around here, and you deserve this. So I'm awarding it and I'll be damned if anybody is taking it away. -- Essjay ·  Talk 03:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

For The Rougest Admin Out There
You deserve the Rougest Barnstar. My RfA should be over by now, but for some reason it hasn't been closed yet (wink:wink). If I had those admin powers, I'd block you for 1.5 seconds like Essjay as a rouge op, but I guess until then the "Bearnstar" will have to do with getting all medieval on those vandals. Thanks again for everything you've done, I can only hope to be as good of an admin as you starting mañana. I'm hitting the hay. Karmafist 05:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Brain Teasers/Trivia:
Hi, I'm just posting a friendly notice stating that I have got Brain Teasers/Trivia on my user page that you're welcome to have a go at. Will post new questions one day after they have been answered. Thanks... Spawn Man 09:25, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

mediation list
did you see my answer about the mediation list digest yesterday RedWolf ? Anthere

 * Yes, my case is still active. It still needs some time, though. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 19:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

User:Most reverted admin award
Wow, I barely missed getting the lowest "medal" on this, pretty sad. Especially since I don't get near the vandalism of other admins, luckily ;)  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  21:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

BigDaddy777
A Request for Arbitration has been accepted by the ArbCom against BigDaddy777. Why not unblock him and instead ask the ArbCom to issue a temporary injunction banning him? Alternatively, why not ask the ArbCom to review your block and replace it with a temporary injunction? Robert McClenon 21:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Your opinion requested
I have been working on a new project designed to be a sister project to Esperanza, as it was designed to concentrate on the goals that Espranza did ultimately not adopt and a little more. I waited this long because I wanted to see which direction Esperanza would go in so that the projects wouldn't be redundant and that this one would not detract from Esperanza's formation. I'd like you opinion, please explore its main page at User:JCarriker/Wikipediology and its subpages. Please also see the wikibios and list of fellows, and indicated whether you plan to volunteer. Thanks. -JCarriker 21:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

A situation?
Once again, thanks for your response. I have seen, however, since we last talked you've been the subject of quite a bit of controversy. I hope I wasn't bothering you while you are in the middle of dealing with these problems.

So now people have accused you of being a famous "vandal" (On Wheels), you have dropped out of the Arbitration Committee elections only to re-enter, AND you are the subject of a Request for Comment. I have been following all of this in an attempt to learn about Wikipedia process.

The allegations on the Request for Comment are particularly troubling though. I did read the "Blocking Policy" and can sort of see how you might have circumvented it perhaps. Can you please let me know more about this, if only to enlighten me on how things work around here. I hope to keep contributing articles and editing but hate to think that people might be blocked outside of process. Good day! Shelburne Kismaayo 21:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Brah
Let's see if I have this straight: That weirdmobile Wiki brah offers me illegal drugs. Someone blocks him. He gets unblocked. Then, he files an RfC against you. Am I on drugs and don't know it or is this entire situation just getting weirder and weirder? - Lucky 6.9 23:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * He filed the RfC before he was blocked though. R  e  dwolf24  (talk—How's my driving?) 00:10, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Redwolf24/Archive24


text:
Joseph Maiden

Joseph Henry Maiden (25 April 1859 – 16 November 1925) was a botanist who made a major contribution to knowledge of the Australian flora, especially the genus Eucalyptus. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation   Maiden    when citing a botanical name.

Life
Joseph Maiden was born in St John's Wood in northwest London. He studied science at the University of London, but due to ill health he did not complete the course. As part of his treatment he was advised to take a long sea voyage, and so in 1880 he sailed for New South Wales. In 1881, Maiden was appointed first curator of the Technological Museum in Sydney (now the Powerhouse Museum), remaining there until 1896. While there, he published an article in 1886 describing what he called "some sixteenth century maps of Australia". These were the so-called Dieppe maps, the Rotz (1547), the Harleian or Dauphin (mid-1540s), and the Desceliers (1550), photo-lithographic reproductions of which had been published by the British Museum in 1885. He was much interested in the native plants, and in his early days was associated with the Rev. William Woolls in his botanical studies. After his first collection of plants were destroyed in a fire at the Garden Palace near Sydney Botanic Gardens in 1882, he amassed a new collection, which was housed in part of an exhibition hall in the Outer Domain, behind Sydney Hospital. This collection formed the basis for his first book, The Useful Native Plants of Australia, published in 1889, in which he acknowledged his debt to the work of Ferdinand von Mueller with whom he had been in correspondence.

In 1890 he was appointed consulting botanist to the Department of Agriculture and in 1894 was made Superintendent of Technical Education. In 1892 he published a Bibliography of Australian Economic Botany. In 1896, Maiden was appointed Government Botanist and Director of the Botanic Gardens, succeeding Charles Moore, who had been one of his botanical mentors. He immediately set about establishing the colony's first herbarium, as well as a museum, library and Sydney's first playground. He had in the previous year brought out Part I of The Flowering Plants and Ferns of New South Wales, of which other parts appeared in this and in later years. Another valuable work, the Forest Flora of New South Wales, was published in parts between 1904 and 1924, and his Illustrations of New South Wales Plants began to appear in 1907. In 1909 Maiden published Sir Joseph Banks the "father of Australia". In 1916, in collaboration with Ernst Betche, he published A Census of New South Wales Plants, and in 1920 Maiden published Part I of The Weeds of New South Wales.

Maiden became the recognised authority on Acacia and Eucalyptus. He published about 45 papers, and his eight-volume A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus remained a major reference for over fifty years. He induced his co-author, the artist Margaret Flockton, to delay her retirement for five years to complete the illustrations. He was the author of numerous species and the collector of type material for many more. His other interests included reducing sand erosion, promoting wattle cultivation for the tanning industry, and control (or use) of prickly pear. He served as secretary of the (Royal) Geographical Society of Australasia, lectured in agricultural botany and forestry at the University of Sydney, and was a trustee of the Rookwood Church of England Cemetery. He was an active office-bearer in the Royal and Linnean societies of New South Wales, the (Royal) Australian Historical Society, the Wattle Day League, the Horticultural Society and Horticultural Association, the Field Naturalists' Society, the Town Planning Association of New South Wales, and the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science.

Joseph Maiden retired in 1924, and died at Turramurra, Sydney. Eucalyptus maidenii is named in his honour. He was also appointed a Companion of the Imperial Service Order in 1916.

title: Joseph Maiden


text:
Talk:Terence Stamp

Biography
What the hell is that comment about a sexual relation with a nurse doing here??? even with a citation it would be completely irrelevant. This is an encyclopedia for christ sake !!!

I've made various small changes to Terence's biography, including the correction of films names and minor punctuation errors, adding dates for most of his films, and added his current projects. -- BBlackmoor (talk) 02:19, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Hey, I had no idea that he was offered Alfie. Neat. Good edit! -- BBlackmoor (talk) 20:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

"Starred as 'General Zod' in the Bright Eyes video? Who's General Zod?

Terrence Stamp Voice =Godness!!!! General Zod is from Superman. Stamp did the voice of him in the original movies.

Hello I added some  information in regards to  the correct name of Terrence Stamps now ex  wife  Tracey, however it has been erased. by ariel gold —Preceding unsigned comment added by Notcraaw (talk • contribs) 23:59, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Nothing in this article about his wheat/dairy intolerance, and how it led to him setting up a food company "The Stamp Collection" I think it was called. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2001/dec/20/healthandwellbeing.health for a random example of what's missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.176.222.97 (talk) 15:47, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Kids
Stamp doesn't have any kids, does he? Son of Kong —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Son of Kong (talk • contribs) 04:16, 7 December 2006 (UTC).

The Wiki entry for Joanna Pettet states that her only son was fathered by Stamp. I cannot get to the cited reference. Cross Reference (talk) 20:35, 15 March 2018 (UTC)
 * While he may be the biological father-I don't know if she ever has said who the dad is, but that book is completely unreliable, and Joanna herself has asked on her official site for people to avoid it, as she never spoke to him and it is full of falsehoods. Tate's sister Debra has said much the same thing - seems to be a tattle-tale gossip and rumors tome set up to sell books rather than report facts.50.111.2.6 (talk) 00:32, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

Year of Birth
IMDb claims he was born in July 22, 1938

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000654/

Who is right? | Ateo (talk) 17:05, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * 1938 is correct. This is according to the England and Wales birth index. Crisso (talk) 12:26, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Appearances in Smallville
Stamp did appear in Smallville as Jor-El but I'm not so sure about the part saying that he also reprised his role as Zod. That barely recognizable split second appearance was done using CG and was most likely accomplished without the need for the actor's participation.Mr. ATOZ (talk) 14:56, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Academy award appearing in the lead
I removed an erroneous 'won an academy award' in the lead, but the edit summary cut off my sourcing: http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1279062887611. He was only nominated for it, Ed Begley won it that year. Syrthiss (talk) 14:19, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Add to Filmography - "Blue" c.1968
One of my favorite movies as a child, Terence Stamp in "Blue" c.1968. He played lead as Azul; also starred Joanna Pettet, Karl Malden. Released on DVD in 2005, available on Amazon. http://www.amazon.com/Blue-Terence-Stamp/dp/B0007Y08KG — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bibot60423 (talk • contribs) 04:49, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

chloroform pad?
Mentioned regarding the What Difference Does it Make photo. Is that a sponge for cleaning dishes? Never heard the term before. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.23.60.245 (talk) 11:52, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Waterloo Sunset 'Terry and Julie'
By the Kinks is generally held to refer to Terence Stamp and Julie Christie, but I can't find a good reference.

86.187.162.7 (talk) 21:25, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Denied by the song's writer, Ray Davies. See Waterloo Sunset. LenF54 (talk) 18:47, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120523151149/http://www.peterserafinowicz.com/night-and-day-directed-by-peter-serafinowicz to http://www.peterserafinowicz.com/night-and-day-directed-by-peter-serafinowicz

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Controversy - reverted change
I included a section "Controversy" in this edit, describing how Stamp, aged 60, stated that he had a crush on Natalie Portman, who was under 18 at the time, which was the sole reason he accepted his role in Star Wars: The Phantom Menace. I included sufficient citation for my edit. My edit was reverted, without reason, by and I would like to know why. Sideriver84 (talk) 05:13, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Sideriver84, since your question is for one editor I suggest you ask that editor on his or her talk page here. I do agree that the user should have explained the edit. LenF54 (talk) 13:09, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi LenF54, I did consider their talk page. However, I understand that in the event that a disagreement comes to a standstill and a third party is required to mediate, the issue must have been thoroughly discussed on the article's talk page. Sideriver84 (talk) 02:37, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi Sideriver84, my apologies - I thought I did leave a summary but obviously not - I absolutely should have made sure to explain the edit properly. The section you added "Controversy" was a major revision to the page, not a minor one, and because the page is a Biography of a living person (and also because of wikipedia standards) there is a high threshold for sources and information for anything that could be controversial. Please see Wikipedia's Biographies of living persons page. The Indiewire source you used does not meet these requirements for considering how definitive your edit was, the accusations are directly contradicted by the primary source (The BBC interview in question), and there's no record of either of the involved parties (Portman and Stamp) being asked about or addressing this controversy. It is a big step for a biographical page to claim: a controversy exists; that the parties involved aren't aware of (on the public record); based on some tabloid reporting - without some very strong, verified, and supported sources. If you have stronger verified sources and wish to add lines to the personal section referencing this interview in context I see no issue, but the wording has to be accurate and in line with what can be proven.
 * understood, thanks. Sideriver84 (talk) 02:58, 30 August 2021 (UTC)

Wrong wikilink target?
This sentence: "His 29-year-old bride was Elizabeth O'Rourke, whom Stamp first met in the mid-1990s at a chemists in Bondi, New South Wales" has "chemists" wikilinked. From reading this, I think the location was what we, in the US, call a pharmacy -- "at a chemists" is UK/Australia/former British Empire lingo. The linked article is for a different kind of "chemist" so I think the wikilink is wrong. Does anyone agree or disagree? 71.228.112.175 (talk) 09:33, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Even allowing for you being American, Stamp being English and meeting O'Rourke in Australia, and your offensive assertion that common British English is "British Empire lingo" (we refer to the large high street chain as "Boots the Chemists"), I agree the wikilink is wrong and suggest it be changed to pharmacist. If no-one dissents, I will change this on 11/07, ie after one week. LenF54 (talk) 16:45, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * No, I will link to Pharmacy (shop). LenF54 (talk) 15:57, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terence Stamp


text: User talk:70.113.209.231

title: User talk:70.113.209.231


text:
Band-in-a-Box

Band-in-a-Box is a music creation software package for Windows and macOS produced by PG Music Incorporated, founded in 1988 in Victoria, British Columbia. The software enables a user to create any song and have it played by professional musicians playing real instruments. It does this by accessing a large database of real musicians' recordings that can be manipulated to fit any user's song. The user enters four basic keyboard inputs consisting of: chords; a key; a tempo; a musical style. The screen resembles a blank page of music onto which the user enters the names of chords using standard chord notation. The software generates a song typically played by four or five studio musicians to fit those specified parameters. The developers have enlisted musicians as supporting instrumentalists to build huge databases of phrases in many styles of music. The software retrieves and customizes groups of musical phrases that are appropriate for soloing or comping over a particular chord at a chosen key, genre and tempo. It can create backgrounds, melodies or solos for almost any chord progressions used in Western popular music, and can play them in any of thousands of different music styles. Band-in-a-Box was first introduced in 1990 for PC computers and the Atari ST. The creator of the software is a Canadian, Dr. Peter Gannon, for whom "PG Music" is named. Early versions featured only MIDI data often emulating the phrasing of noted musicians. Subsequent versions have evolved from the artificial-sounding MIDI sounds to that of real instruments.

Development
Widely known as "BIAB" by its users, the software was initially advertised as "accompaniment software" as a practice aid for musicians but became popular for "one-man bands" to play at weddings or similar venues. It became popular in karaoke venues which touted "Band in a Box Karaoke" in advertisements. Gannon said, "We started out with Band-in-a-Box as a MIDI program, generating MIDI and synth accompaniments." In late 1997, the "soloist" feature was introduced, allowing the software to generate solos choosing from a menu that includes emulations of jazz luminaries, past and present; e.g., Miles Davis or Freddie Hubbard in what reviewer Peter Hum calls "credible imitations". Jazz guitarist Geof Dresser, whose day job is a network software developer said," It's playing hipper lines than I can". Those solos were likely due to the company's musical director for many years, Vancouver Jazz guitarist Oliver Gannon, the older brother of company founder Peter Gannon. Their father, Joe Gannon, was a professional pianist in Dublin, Ireland, before moving the family to Winnipeg in 1957. Oliver Gannon retired from PG Music in 2008.

Progression from synthesized sounds to real instruments
Band-In-a-Box used only MIDI until 1999, when digital audio was added. The latter allowed users record their vocals and instruments directly into songs. In November 2006, PG Music released "RealDrums", which was the first step in providing users with tracks recorded by real instruments. Gannon said synthetic sounds were decreasing in popularity and real audio tracks were becoming so much easier to record. The "Audio Chord Wizard"(ACW), released with the 2007 version of BIAB, made it possible for a user to import any audio song file to be analyzed by the software. The ACW then "listens" to the song, analyses the chords, and prints out the chords in standard chord notation. From there, the user may produce sheet music for that song. Using the ACW feature requires the user to first synchronize the audio to the software; one way is manually adding bar lines by tapping a key on the downbeats as the song plays. This feature is being improved but is fraught with analysis errors if the original audio is not tuned to standard pitch or is not at a consistent tempo.

A songwriter can create a backing track, then go to "notation mode" and enter the notes on a staff to the melody he has conceived, then enter lyrics and play and print the result. Melodies and solos can be generated and these can be edited note-by-note in MIDI form.

A guitarist can input any single-note melody line (no chords) and the software can generate, as a learning tool, a Lenny Breau or Joe Pass style chord solo with chords that the user can actually reach that are shown on a screen window of a guitar fretboard. The user can specify just how close the chords must be, e.g., "within five frets".

RealTracks
In 2007, "RealTracks" was introduced, providing real musicians' recordings to be manipulated to fit any user's song— pianos, bass and guitars, as well as soloing instruments such as saxophones, guitars, and pedal steel, and many others, even double bass solos and vocal group "oohs and aahs". RealTracks has significantly increased the quality of the sounds produced since the sounds are, in fact, real instruments played by real musicians. As of 2017, over 100 session players and performing musicians have contributed to Band-in-a-Box. They typically record in five different keys, with the remaining seven keys accommodated by a pitch-stretching algorithm. The musicians are requested to avoid playing across bar lines when possible on the sessions. Later versions of the software provide the name the musician who is performing; e.g., the user can select Nashville session guitarist Brent Mason if he so chooses. RealTracks uses the élastique Pro V3 time-stretching and pitch-transposition engine by Berlin-based "zplane.development", which allows the prerecorded instruments to retain much of their natural sound when the tempo and pitch are varied. Software updates continue to widen the acceptable tempo range.

Audio files can be exported from Band-in-a-Box either mixed together or as individual tracks (one for each instrument) into any DAW for mixing, added effects and mastering. Songs created in BIAB can be burned to CD or copied to media-playing devices.

Critics' opinions
The basic functions are relatively easy to master; but, as evidenced by its 675-page user's manual, there is a long learning curve to get the full benefit. The software user interface has been criticized as clunky or awkward. Reviewer Jeffrey Powers in a 2018 review said, "it looks like it came from the Windows XP era". Robert Renman at Master Guitar Academy praised the application but called the interface "quite intimidating". Added features have been grafted on the original application for years which critics say creates a "forest of hidden commands". Reviewer Jim Aiken said, "If I had to guess, I'd say the code base for this software is so multi-layered that none of the developers is quite sure what's going on in all of its nooks and crannies."

PG Music sponsors a forum which showcases thousands of original songs created by its customers. Peter Gannon said, "This really helps with visibility because people hear these songs and hear what can be done by a single songwriter using Band-in-a-Box". Several versions of BIAB are available. Deluxe versions called "Audiophile Editions" are sold preinstalled on a hard drive and include studio-quality uncompressed RealTracks files. Uncompressed RealDrums as WAV or AIFF files are also available for lossless audio use.

title: Band-in-a-Box


text:
Geoffrey Claeys

Geoffrey Claeys (born 5 October 1974 in Bruges, Belgium) is a retired football player and currently manager of FC Kleit-Maldegem.

Biography
Claeys is a former Belgian international and was capped 10 times. He began his career at the Belgian club Cercle Brugge. He left the club in 1996 for Dutch Feyenoord, then he made an unsuccessful move to R.S.C. Anderlecht and was transferred to K.S.C. Eendracht Aalst on loan. He later played for Lierse and Royal Excelsior Mouscron, before moving to Melbourne Victory in 2005. Although he enjoyed a solid season in the Victory defence, he rarely figured in the 06–07 season. On 21 November 2006, Geoffrey Claeys retired from football. However, in 2007, he went to play for Torhout 1992 KM, in the Belgian Third Division. He retired soon after, however.

In 2009, he picked up football again, after his brother asked him to become his teammate at FC Veldegem. Veldegem plays in the provincial leagues of West Flanders.

title: Geoffrey Claeys


text: User talk:198.209.216.253

title: User talk:198.209.216.253


text:
Andrew Naismith Watson

Andrew Naismith (Andy) Watson (born April 1, 1937) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1978 to 1985, as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.

Background
Watson was born in Woodbridge, Ontario. He graduated from Ontario Agricultural College at the University of Guelph in 1959, and became the OMAF assistant agricultural representative for Waterloo County later in the same year. He was transferred to Northumberland County in 1962, and became the agricultural representative for Kent County from 1968 to 1978.

Politics
In 1978, Watson ran as served as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the riding of Chatham—Kent to replace former Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Darcy McKeough. He defeated Liberal Brian Gamble by 708 votes, and served in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Bill Davis's government. He was re-elected in 1981.

Although forty-two years in government, the Progressive Conservatives were reduced to a tenuous minority administration in the 1985 provincial election, and were subsequently defeated in the legislature. Watson lost the Chatham—Kent seat to Liberal Maurice Bossy by 1,134 votes.

After politics
After his loss, Watson served from 1986 to 1994 as assistant commissioner for Ontario on the Canadian Grain Commission. He became farm director for CFCO radio in 1997, and was named to the Chatham-Kent Agricultural Hall of Fame in 2004. In 2010, Watson became the President of the Chatham Rotary Club and he operates a Christmas tree farm.

title: Andrew Naismith Watson


text:
Bible (screenwriting)

A bible, also known as a show bible or pitch bible, is a reference document used by screenwriters for information on characters, settings, and other elements of a television, film or video game project.

Types
Bibles are updated with information on the characters after the information has been established on screen. For example, the Frasier show bible was "scrupulously maintained", and anything established on air — "the name of Frasier's mother, Niles' favorite professor, Martin's favorite bar...even a list of Maris' [dozens of] food allergies" — was reflected in the bible. The updated bible then serves as a resource for writers to keep everything within the series consistent.

Other bibles are used as sales documents to help a television network or studio understand a series, and are sometimes given to new writers when they join the writing staff for the same reason. These types of bibles discuss the backstories of the main characters and the history of the series' fictional universe.

Television series often rely on writers' assistants and script coordinators to serve as "walking bibles" in remembering details about a series.

Writers Guild of America
In the United States, writing the bible of a produced series earns that writer the 24 units of required credit necessary to qualify for membership in the Writers Guild of America.

title: Bible (screenwriting)


text:
Kori bustard

The kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is the largest flying bird native to Africa. It is a member of the bustard family, which all belong to the order Otidiformes and are restricted in distribution to the Old World. It is one of the four species (ranging from Africa to India to Australia) in the large-bodied genus Ardeotis. In fact, the male kori bustard may be the heaviest living animal capable of flight.

This species, like most bustards, is a ground-dwelling bird and an opportunistic omnivore. Male kori bustards, which can be more than twice as heavy as the female, attempt to breed with as many females as possible and then take no part in the raising of the young. The nest is a shallow hollow in the earth, often disguised by nearby obstructive objects such as trees.

Taxonomy
English naturalist William John Burchell described the kori bustard in 1822. The specific epithet kori is derived from the Tswana name for this bird – Kgori.

Two subspecies are currently recognized:
 * Ardeotis kori kori – the relatively pale nominate race from Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, southern Angola, South Africa and Mozambique.
 * Ardeotis kori struthiunculus – the "Somali kori" distributed in Ethiopia, Uganda, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania. The two races are separated by the miombo woodlands of central Africa. This race has a more boldly patterned head and slightly more black and white patterning on the wings. The two races are similar in size, though A. k. struthiunculus may be slightly larger. This may be a distinct species.

In older literature the species is named 'Large Crested Pauw' (Eupodotis kori).

Description
The kori bustard is cryptically coloured, being mostly grey and brown, finely patterned with black and white coloring. The upper parts and neck are a vermiculated black and greyish-buff colour. The ventral plumage is more boldly colored, with white, black and buff. The crest on its head is blackish in coloration, with less black on the female's crest. There is a white eye stripe above the eye. The chin, throat and neck are whitish with thin, fine black barring. A black collar at the base of the hind-neck extends onto the sides of the breast. The feathers around the neck are loose, giving the appearance of a thicker neck than they really have. The belly is white and the tail has broad bands of brownish-gray and white coloration. Their feathers contain light sensitive porphyrins, which gives their feathers a pinkish tinge at the base- especially noticeable when the feathers are shed suddenly. The head is large and the legs are relatively long. The eye is pale yellow, while the bill is light greenish horn coloured, relatively long, straight and rather flattened at the base. The legs are yellowish. The feet have three forward facing toes. Females are similar in plumage but are much smaller, measuring about 20–30% less in linear measurements and often weighing 2–3 times less than the male. The female is visibly thinner legged and slimmer necked. The juvenile is similar in appearance to the female, but is browner with more spotting on the mantle, with shorter crest and neck plumes. Male juveniles are larger than females and can be the same overall size as the adult male but tends to be less bulky with a thinner neck, shorter head crest, paler eyes and a darker mantle.

Size
The male kori bustard has a length of 105 to 135 cm and a wingspan of 230 to 275 cm. Male birds may typically weigh between 7 and 18 kg. The average weight of adult males of the nominate race in Namibia (20 specimens) was 11.3 kg, while A. k. struthiunculus males were found to average 10.9 kg. Males in Serengeti National Park had appreciably higher weights, however, averaging 12.2 kg. The larger excepted males can scale up to 16 to 19 kg and a few exceptional specimens may weigh up to at least 20 kg. Reports of outsized specimens weighing 23 kg, 34 kg and even "almost" 40 kg have been reported, but none of these giant sizes have been verified and some may be from unreliable sources. Among bustards, only male great bustards (Otis tarda) achieve similarly high weights (the mean mass of males in these species is roughly the same) making the male kori and great not only the two largest bustards but also arguably the heaviest living flying animals, with the kori bustard being Africa's second largest bird after the ostrich. As a whole, other species, such as Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) and trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), in which the larger males might match the average weight of the largest bustards and may weigh more on average between the sexes as they are less sexually dimorphic in mass than the giant bustards. Other than a 23 kg mute swan (Cygnus olor), the maximum size of the large bustards exceeds that of other flying birds. Other flying African birds (excluding rare vagrant pelicans and vultures to northernmost Africa) rival the average weight between the sexes of Kori bustards, namely great white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) and Cape vultures (Gyps coprotheres) while wattled cranes (Bugeranus carunculatus) lag slightly behind these on average. The female kori bustard weighs an average of 4.8 to 6.1 kg, with a full range of 3 to 7 kg. Females of the nominate race (35 specimens) in Namibia weighed a mean of 5.62 kg, while females from A. k. struthiunculus weighed a mean of 5.9 kg. Females in the Serengeti averaged slightly lighter at 5.15 kg. Female length is from 90 to 112 cm while their wingspan is around 177 to 220 cm. The standard measurements of the male include a wing chord of 69.5 to 83 cm, a tail measures from 35.8 - 44.7 cm, a culmen from 9.5 to 12.4 cm and a tarsus from 20 to 24.7 cm. Meanwhile, the female's standard measurements are a wing chord of 58.5 to 66.5 cm, a tail of 30.7 to 39.5 cm, a culmen from 7 to 10.4 cm and a tarsus from 16 to 19.5 cm. Body mass can vary considerably based upon rain conditions.

Similar species
The size and dark crest are generally diagnostic amongst the bustards found in the kori bustard's range. However, East Africa holds the greatest diversity of bustards anywhere, including some other quite large species, and these have the potential to cause confusion. Kori bustards are distinguished from Denham's bustard (Neotis denhamii) and Ludwig's bustard (Neotis luwigii), both of which they sometimes forage with, by their greyer appearance and by their lack of a tawny red hind-neck and upper mantle. In flight it can be distinguished from both of these somewhat smaller bustards by not displaying any white markings on the upperwing, which is uniformly grey here. Both Stanley's and Ludwig's bustards lack the kori's dark crest. More similar to, and nearly the same size as, the kori is the closely related Arabian bustard (Ardeotis arabs) (despite its name, the latter species ranges well into East Africa). However, the Arabian species has white-tipped wing coverts, a browner back and very fine neck vermiculations and also lacks the black base to the neck and the black in the wing coverts as seen in the kori.

Distribution and habitat
The kori bustard is found throughout southern Africa, except in densely wooded areas. They are common in Botswana and Namibia, extending into southern Angola and marginally into southwestern Zambia. In Zimbabwe they are generally sparse but locally common, particularly on the central plateau. Their distribution range extends along the Limpopo River valley into southern Mozambique and the eastern lowveld of South Africa. In South Africa they are also infrequent to rare in the Free State, North West and Northern Cape Provinces, extending southwards into the interior of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces. Kori bustards are absent from the coastal lowlands along the south and east of South Africa and from high mountainous areas. This species is common in Tanzania at Ngorongoro National Park, Kitulo National Park and Serengeti National Park. A geographically disjunct population also occurs in the deserts and savanna of northeastern Africa. Here, the species ranges from extreme southeast South Sudan, north Somalia, Ethiopia through all of Kenya (except coastal regions), Tanzania and Uganda. Kenya may hold the largest population of kori bustards of any country and it can even border on abundant in the North Eastern Province. They are usually residential in their range, with some random, nomadic movement following rainfall.

This species occurs in open grassy areas, often characterized by sandy soil, especially Kalahari sands, and short grass usually near the cover of isolated clumps of trees or bushes. It may be found in plains, arid plateaus, highveld grassland, arid scrub, lightly wooded savanna, open dry bushveld and semi-desert. Where this species occurs, annual rainfall is quite low, between 100 and 600 mm. Breeding habitat is savanna in areas with sparse grass cover and scattered trees and shrubs. When nesting they sometimes use hilly areas. They follow fires or herds of foraging ungulates, in order to pick their various foods out of the short grasses. They may also be found in cultivated areas, especially wheat fields with a few scattered trees. This bustard is not found in well-wooded and forested areas due to the fact that it needs a lot of open space in which to take off. In arid grassland areas it is found along dry watercourses where patches of trees offer shade during the heat of the day.

Behaviour
Kori bustards spend most of their time on the ground, with up to 70% of their time being on foot, although they do occasionally forage in low bushes and trees. This bustard is a watchful and wary bird. Their behavior varies however, and they are usually very shy, running or crouching at the first sign of danger; at other times they can be completely fearless of humans. They have a hesitant, slow manner of walking, and when they detect an intruder they try to escape detection by moving off quietly with the head held at an unusual angle of between 45° and 60°. Being a large and heavy bird, it avoids flying if possible. When alarmed it will first run and, if pushed further, will take to the air on the run with much effort, its wings making heavy wingbeats. Once airborne it flies more easily with slow, measured wingbeats, with the neck extended and the legs folded. It usually remains low and lands again within sight. When they land, kori bustards keep their wings spread and only fold them when the bird has slowed down to a walking speed. Kori bustards have no preen gland, so to keep clean, they produce a powder down. Sunbathing and dust bathing are practiced. This bird has a loud, booming mating call which is often uttered just before dawn and can be heard from far away. Mostly residential, kori bustards may engage in nomadic movements. These migratory movements are probably influenced by rainfall and there is no evidence suggesting any regular pattern. These local migrations take place at night but have not been mapped. In the Etosha National Park these birds have been recorded moving up to 85 km from mopane woodland to open grassland plains and returning again the following season. Trial satellite tagging of one male kori bustard by the National Museums of Kenya demonstrated a migration along the Rift Valley between Tanzania and southeastern South Sudan. Additionally, adult and juvenile males move after the breeding season, whereas females do not appear to do so. Generally the kori bustard feeds during the morning and in the evening, spending the rest of the day standing still in any available shade.

Voice
Less vocal than other bustards, the kori bustard is generally silent but, when alarmed, both sexes emit a loud growling bark. This is described as a ca-caa-ca call, repeated several times for up to 10 minutes. This call carries long distances. This call is most often given by females with young and males during agonistic encounters. Chicks as young as two weeks will also emit this alarm call when startled. The male's mating call is a deep, resonant woum-woum-woum-woum or oom-oom-oom or wum, wum, wum, wum, wummm. This call ends with the bill snapping which is only audible at close range. Outside of the breeding display, kori bustards are often silent. A high alarm call, generally uttered by females, is sometimes heard. They may utter a deep vum on takeoff.

Sociality
During the mating season, these birds are usually solitary but for the breeding pair. Otherwise, they are somewhat gregarious, being found in groups often including 5 to 6 birds but occasionally groups can number up to 40 individuals. Larger groups may be found around an abundant food source or at watering holes. In groups, birds are often fairly far apart from each other, often around a distance of 100 m. Foraging groups are often single-sex. Such groups do not last long and often separate after a few days. These groups are believed advantageous both in that they may ensure safety in numbers against predation and may bring the bustards to prime food sources.

Feeding
Walking slowly and sedately, they forage by picking at the ground with their bills and are most active in the first and last hours of daylight. Kori bustards are quite omnivorous birds. Insects are an important food source, with common species such as locusts, grasshoppers, dung beetles (Scarabaeus ssp.) and caterpillars being most often taken. They may follow large ungulates directly to catch insects flushed out by them or to pick through their dung for edible invertebrates. During outbreaks of locusts and caterpillars, kori bustards are sometimes found feeding on them in numbers. Other insect prey can include bush-crickets (Tettigonia ssp.), termites, hymenopterans and solifuges. Scorpions and molluscs may be taken opportunistically as well. Small vertebrates may also be taken regularly, including lizards, chameleons, small snakes, small mammals (especially rodents) and bird eggs and nestlings. They may occasionally eat carrion, especially from large animals killed in veld fires. Plant material is also an important food. Grasses and their seeds are perhaps the most prominent plant foods, but they may also eat seeds, berries, roots, bulbs, flowers, wild melons and green leaves. This bustard is very partial to Acacia gum. This liking has given rise to the Afrikaans common name Gompou or, literally translated, "gum peacock". They drink regularly when they can access water but they can be found as far as 40 km from water sources. Unusually, they suck up rather than scoop up water.

Breeding
The breeding seasons of the two subspecies of Kori bustards are distinguishable. In general, A. k. struthiunculus breeds from December to August and A. k. kori breeds from September to February. Breeding is closely tied with rainfall, and in drought years, may be greatly reduced or not even occur.

Kori bustards engage in lek mating. All bustards have polygynous breeding habits, in which one male displays to attract several females, and mates with them all. Males display at regularly used sites, each male utilizing several dispersed leks or display areas. These displays usually take place in the mornings and evenings. The courtship displays of the males are impressive and elaborate, successfully advertising their presence to potential mates. The males hold their heads backwards, with cheeks bulging, the crest is held erect, the bill open and they inflate their gular pouches, forming a white throat "balloon". During this display the oesophagus inflates to as much as four times its normal size and resembles a balloon. They also puff out their frontal neck feathers which are splayed upwards showing their white underside. The white may be visible up to 1 km away during display. Their wings are drooped and their tails are raised upwards and forwards onto their backs like a turkey, the rectrices being held vertically and their undertail coverts fluffed out. They enhance their performance with an exaggerated bouncing gait. When displaying they stride about with their necks puffed out, their tail fanned and their wings planed and pointed downward. They also emit a low-pitched booming noise when the neck is at maximum inflation and snap their bills open and shut. Several males dispersed over a wide area gather to display but usually one is dominant and the others do not display in his presence and move away. The displaying males are visited by the females who presumably select the male with the most impressive display. Occasionally fights between males can be serious during the mating season when display areas are being contested, with the two competitors smashing into each other's bodies and stabbing each other with their bills. They may stand chest-to-chest, tails erect, bills locked and "push" one another for up to 30 minutes.

Following the display, the copulation begins with the female lying down next to the dominant displaying male. He stands over her for 5–10 minutes, stepping from side to side and pecking her head in a slow, deliberate fashion, tail and crest feathers raised. She recoils at each peck. He then lowers himself onto his tarsi and continues pecking her until he shuffles forward and mounts with wings spread. Copulation lasts seconds after which both stand apart and ruffle their plumage. The female then sometimes barks and the male continues with his display.

As with all bustards, the female makes no real nest. The female kori bustard lays her eggs on the ground in a shallow, unlined hollow, rather than the typical scrape. This nest is usually located within 4 m of a tree or shrub, termite mound or an outcrop of rocks. The hollow may measure 300 - 450 mm in diameter and be almost completely covered by the female when she's incubating. Due to their ground location, nests are often cryptic and difficult for a human to find, unless stumbled onto by chance. The same site is sometimes reused in successive years. The kori bustard is a solitary nester and there is no evidence of territoriality amongst the females. Usually two eggs are laid, though seldom 1 or 3 may be laid. Clutch size is likely correlated to food supply. They are cryptically colored with the ground color being dark buff, brown or olive and well marked and blotched with shades of brown, grey and pale purple. Eggs are somewhat glossy or waxy and have a pitted-looking surface. Egg size is 81 to 86 mm in height and 58 to 61 mm width. The eggs weigh individually about 149 g, with a range of 121 to 178 g.

The female, who alone does all the brooding behavior without male help, stays at the nest 98% of the time, rarely eating and never drinking. Occasionally she stretches her legs and raises her wings overhead. The female regularly turns the eggs with her bill. The female's plumage is drab and earth-colored, which makes her well camouflaged. She occasionally picks up pieces of vegetation and drops them on her back to render her camouflage more effective. If they need to feed briefly, the females go to and from the nest with a swift, silent crouching walk. If approached the incubating bird either slips unobtrusively from the nest or sits tight, only flying off at the last moment. The incubation period is 23 to 30 days, though is not known to exceed 25 days in wild specimens. The young are precocial and very well camouflaged. The lores are tawny, the crown tawny mottled black. A broad white supercilium bordered with black meets on the nape, extending down the centre of the nape. The neck is white with irregular black stripes from behind the eye and from the base of the lower mandibles. The upper parts are tawny and black with 3 black lines running along the back. The underparts are whitish. When the chicks hatch, the mother brings them a steady stream of food, most of it soft so the chicks can eat it easily. Captive hatchlings weigh 78 to 116 g on their first day but grow quickly. The precocial chicks are able to follow their mother around several hours after hatching. After a few weeks, the young actively forage closely with their mothers. They fledge at 4 to 5 weeks old, but are not self-assured fliers until 3 to 4 months. On average, around 67% of eggs successfully hatch (testimony to the effective camouflage of nests) and around one of the two young survive to adulthood. In Namibia and Tanzania, breeding success has been found to be greatly reduced during times of drought. Most young leave their mothers in their second year of life, but do not start breeding until they are fully mature at three to four years old in both sexes in studies conducted both of wild and captive bustards. The lifespan of wild kori bustards is not known but they may live to at least 26 or possibly 28 years old in captivity.

Interspecies interactions
The kori bustard is often found in areas with a large quantity of antelope and other game. In Tanzania, kori bustards regularly attend blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) herds and feed on the small mammals and insects disturbed by them. Sometimes kori bustards are found with southern carmine bee-eaters (Merops nubicoides) and northern carmine bee-eaters (Merops nubicus) riding on their backs as they stride through the grass. The bee-eaters make the most of their walking perch by hawking insects from the bustard's back that are disturbed by the bustard's wandering. This is regularly seen in Chobe National Park, Botswana but has only been reported once elsewhere. There is also one record of fork-tailed drongos (Dicrurus adsimilis) perching on their backs in a similar manner. Kori bustards have been observed to behave aggressively to non-threatening animals at watering holes, as they may raise their crests, open their wings and peck aggressively. They have been seen acting aggressively towards red-crested korhaans (Eupodotis ruficrista), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), plains zebra (Equus quagga), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella). When kept in captivity, kori bustards have been kept together with numerous other (typically African) species in close quarters. Fifteen other bird species and 12 mammals successfully cohabitated with them (including rhinoceros). However, the bustards sometimes injure or kill the young of everything from waterfowl to dik-diks and may be killed by larger species from ostriches (Struthio camelus) to zebras (Equus spp.). Being a large, ground-dwelling bird species, the kori bustard has to face many of Africa's myriad of formidable terrestrial predators, including Leopards (Panthera pardus), caracals (Caracal caracal), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), lions (Panthera leo), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), African rock pythons (Python sebae), and jackals (Canis spp.). While large predators such as big cats usually don't target kori bustard often since they typically hunt larger mammalian prey, caracals occasionally ambush roosting adults in particular regions. Additionally, there is a report that a pair of black-backed jackals manage to take down an adult male kori bustard. Other mammalian predators, including warthogs (Phacochoerus spp.), mongoose and baboons (Papio ssp.) may eat eggs and small chicks.

While too large to be prey for most predatory birds, it is known that the martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) can be a serious natural enemy even for adult males of at least twice their own weight. Chicks of up to largish size may be vulnerable to raptors such as Verreaux's eagle (Aquila verreauxii), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), Verreaux's eagle-owls (Bubo lacteus) and Cape eagle-owls (Bubo capensis).

When alarmed, kori bustards make barking calls and bend forward and spread their tail and wings to appear larger. Adults will growl when their young are threatened by predators. Chicks tend to be the most vulnerable to predators by far. Many, despite their cryptic camouflage and the mother's defenses, are regularly picked off by jackals and leopards at night. Up to 82% of kori bustard chicks die in their first year of life. When found with carmine bee-eaters, the smaller birds may incidentally provide some protection from predators due to their vigilance. The display of the adult male may make it more conspicuous to larger predators, such as hyenas or lions.

Status
The kori bustard is generally a somewhat scarce bird. Appendix II of CITES and the 2000 Eskom Red Data Book for Birds lists the status of the nominate race as Vulnerable, estimating that in the next three generations, it is expected to decline by 10% in South Africa. In protected areas, they can be locally common. Viable populations exist in unprotected areas as well (e.g. Ethiopia and Sudan, and in Tanzania around Lake Natron and in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro) but in these areas, the birds are hunted. They have been much reduced by hunting, having been traditionally snared in Acacia gum baits and traps. Although no longer classified as game birds, they are still sometimes eaten. In Namibia, they are indicated as game as they are called the "Christmas turkey" and in South Africa, the "Kalahari Kentucky". Hunting of bustards is difficult to manage.

The kori bustard is now generally uncommon outside major protected areas. Habitat destruction is a major problem for the species, compounded by woody plant encroachment due to overgrazing by livestock and agricultural development. Poisons used to control locusts may also effect and collisions with overhead power wires regularly claim kori bustards. One 10 km stretch of overhead powerlines in the Karoo killed 22 kori bustards during a five-month period. Kori bustards tend to avoid areas used heavily by humans. Nonetheless, because it has such a large range and its rate of decline is thought to be relatively slow, the kori bustard is not currently listed in a threatened category on the IUCN Red List.

The species is prominent in many native African cultures, variously due to its imposing, impressive size, spectacular displays by adult males or the cryptic nature of the nesting female. The kori bustard features in dances and songs of the San people of Botswana, and paintings of these bustards feature in ancient San rock art. It was associated with royalty in Botswana since they reserved it for their own consumption, and since 2014 it is also the national bird of Botswana.

title: Kori bustard


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title: User talk:69.107.0.159


text: User talk:70.190.148.81

title: User talk:70.190.148.81


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Reichsdeputationshauptschluss

The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (formally the Hauptschluss der außerordentlichen Reichsdeputation, or "Principal Conclusion of the Extraordinary Imperial Delegation" ), sometimes referred to in English as the Final Recess or the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire on 24 March 1803. It was ratified by the Emperor Francis II and became law on 27 April. It proved to be the last significant law enacted by the Empire before its dissolution in 1806.

The resolution was approved by an Imperial Delegation (Reichsdeputation) on 25 February and submitted to the Reichstag for acceptance. It was based on a plan agreed in June 1802 between France and Russia, and broad principles outlined in the Treaty of Lunéville of 1801. The law secularized nearly 70 ecclesiastical states and abolished 45 imperial cities to compensate numerous German princes for territories to the west of the Rhine that had been annexed by France as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Secularization and mediatization
The secularized ecclesiastical states (prince-bishoprics, prince-priories, prince-abbeys and imperial abbeys) were generally annexed to neighbouring secular principalities, with several of the abbeys being given as secular fiefs to those small princes who had lost their estates west of the Rhine. Only three states retained their ecclesiastical character: the Archbishopric of Regensburg, which was raised from a bishopric with the incorporation of part of the Archbishopric of Mainz, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John. Also of note is the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, which was secularized as a duchy with an increased territorial scope, and was also made an electorate.

In addition, all but a handful of the 51 imperial cities were abolished and annexed to neighboring states.

The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss was ratified unanimously by the Reichstag in March 1803, and was approved by the emperor, Francis II, the following month. However the emperor made a formal reservation in respect of the reallocation of votes within the Reichstag, as the balance between Protestant and Catholic states had been shifted heavily in the former's favour.

Consequences
Following the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, altogether 112 imperial states, totaling 10,000 km2 in area, and a population of over three million people changed hands. A few states made significant territorial gains (most notably Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria, Saxony and Prussia), and Baden, Hesse-Kassel, and Württemberg gained status by being made electorates (to replace three that had been lost in the changes). Of the imperial cities, only Augsburg, Bremen, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Lübeck, and Nuremberg survived as independent entities. The Transrhenanische Sustentationskommission was set up by the Imperial Diet to arrange the compensation of those princes whose territories had been ceded to France. It continued to operate down to at least 1820 (after the Empire's demise) and its archives are today kept in the German Federal Archives.

The principle that allies of Napoleon could expect to make gains in both territory and status was also established, and was to be repeated on a number of occasions, above all in 1806 when, at the time of the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine, over 80 small and mid-size secular states (such as principalities and imperial counties) were mediatized and annexed to some of the member states of the new Confederation. These massive territorial and institutional upheavals were to bring about the dissolution of the Empire in the course of the same year.

title: Reichsdeputationshauptschluss


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Edgar Graham

Edgar Samuel David Graham, MPA, BL (24 February 1954 – 7 December 1983) was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician and academic from Northern Ireland. He was regarded as a rising star of both legal studies and Unionism and a possible future leader of the UUP. Graham was shot dead on 7 December 1983 by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) close to the main library at Queen's University Belfast, where he lectured in law.

Career
Graham graduated from Queen's University in 1976. He began working on a doctorate at Trinity College, Oxford) and was called to the Bar of Northern Ireland. In 1979 he became a member of Queen's law faculty, lecturing in public law, and was a law faculty colleague of David Trimble and Dermot Nesbitt..

After becoming chair of the Ulster Young Unionist Council, Graham subsequently became active in the UUP. In 1982 he addressed the Conservative Party conference on the subject of Northern Ireland and he attended the Harvard Summer School for leading young lawyers. He was critical of both the British government's perceived indecisiveness and the UUP leadership under James Molyneaux.

Graham advocated devolution for Northern Ireland, rather than closer integration with the rest of the United Kingdom. However, he firmly rejected power-sharing with nationalists, including the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). In a speech given at the annual meeting of the Randalstown UUP branch in November 1980, Graham reasserted the "Unionist resolve not to share power" with the SDLP. In February 1982, after Secretary of State Jim Prior unveiled his proposals for a new assembly, Graham noted that unionists would not accept the SDLP in a cabinet position and claimed that the SDLP could not be trusted with the responsibility of devolved government.

Graham was a vocal critic of the continued existence of separate Catholic maintained sector schools in Northern Ireland, claiming in 1982 that it was particularly "preposterous" since Catholic schools "inculcate their own views of history and their own political ideals and objectives."

Graham was elected a member of the 1982 Northern Ireland Assembly for South Belfast and was appointed chair of the Assembly's finance committee. In August 1983 Graham claimed that the generous funds were directed at predominantly nationalist areas of West Belfast such as Poleglass at the expense of adjoining loyalist estates. He alleged that the loyalist Areema estate in Dunmurry was denied a central heating system because of the "vast proportion of public funds being sunk into West Belfast." He called for the British government to prioritise funding for areas where appreciative and "law-abiding" people lived rather than spending money "hand over fist, in areas which clearly do not appreciate it." That same month Graham called for the defunding of cross-border body Co-operation North, stating that British government funds should not be used to support organisations aiming to foster better North-South relations. He was quoted as saying "We have heard too much of initiatives with all-Ireland perspectives."

Death
In mid-morning on 7 December 1983, while chatting to Nesbitt at the University Square side of the main campus library, he was shot in the head a number of times by an IRA gunman and died almost instantly. The gunman and an accomplice, described as being dressed casually like students, ran off past the School of Music building. Graham was 29 years old. Two persons were later convicted of withholding evidence from the police, but no one was ever convicted for his murder.

In a communique taking responsibility for the killing, the IRA command said his killing "should be a salutary lesson to those loyalists who stand foursquare behind the laws and forces of oppression of the nationalist people." IRA members said that Graham was targeted because of aid and advice he had reportedly given to the Northern Ireland Prison Service

Former IRA member turned police informer Sean O'Callaghan suggested that the IRA had killed Graham because he was regarded by a journalist as "potentially the most effective political opponent facing Sinn Féin that the Ulster Unionists had yet produced" and likely to become the party leader.

Graham had also gained attention for his strong arguments publicly supporting internment, the revocation of Special Category Status for republican prisoners, and the British government's network of informers.

He had been seen on BBC Northern Ireland criticising the Thatcher government for not taking a hard enough line against Republican prisoners and hunger strikers.

After Graham's killing, an expression of sympathy was made by James Dooge in Seanad Éireann, the Republic of Ireland's upper house of parliament: "I would like the Seanad to note with horror and dismay the death of the Assemblyman, Edgar Graham, who was murdered outside Queen's University, Belfast, this morning. It has been said by a noted writer that in the death of every man each of us dies a little. I think this is horribly true for us here in Ireland today that for every one of these victims of violence not only do we die a little but our hopes for our country die a little with every one of these outrages."

The resultant Assembly by-election on 1 March 1984 was won unopposed by then Ulster Unionist Party Chief Executive Frank Millar Jr.

The UUP leader, James Molyneaux, remarked: "Had Mr Graham not been murdered he would have become the leader of our party, such was his calibre."

In honour and remembrance to Edgar Graham there is an inscription at the entrance of the debating hall at Stormont that reads: "IN MEMORY OF EDGAR SAMUEL DAVID GRAHAM ASSEMBLY MEMBER FOR BELFAST SOUTH 1982–1983. SHOT BY TERRORISTS ON 7 DECEMBER 1983. "KEEP ALIVE THE LIGHT OF JUSTICE"."

Sylvia, Lady Hermon, who was then a lawyer, was in the students' union at the time news of the murder broke and spoke of her revulsion at hearing students cheering. She vowed never to set foot in the union again. Students' Union President Peter O'Neill, who was in his office in the building when news of the murder was given to him by a student within minutes, states that he heard no cheering and that news of the death of Mr Graham was not communicated through the union's Tannoy system.

Repercussions
Graham's death came just two years after the IRA assassination of the South Belfast M.P. Robert Bradford. To this day, Graham is often spoken of by Unionist political leaders.

"Some had been targeted by republicans because of their involvement in Unionist politics. Many knew Robert Bradford and Edgar Graham both murdered for defending the Union. Despite this they were prepared to share power with Sinn Féin. This displayed a magnanimity, and generosity of spirit which unfortunately has not yet been reciprocated by republicans. When we ‘jumped first’ and established the devolved Executive last November, the IRA just sat on its guns and did nothing with the result that the British Government had to suspend the Executive."

- David Trimble

"It is also puzzling for Unionists why Sinn Féin/IRA are campaigning so vigorously to defend the reputation of Mr Finucane as that of a "human rights lawyer" whilst justifying their murder of the Protestant Human Rights Lawyer, Mr Edgar Graham at Queen's University."

- Families Acting for Innocent Relatives

David Trimble invoked his friend's killing to contend both that the Unionist community had suffered greatly at the hands of republicans and that more moderate Unionists were willing to take bold moves (especially support for the Good Friday Agreement) and were willing to put their suffering behind them.

Journalist Ed Moloney, in his book, A Secret History of the IRA (2003), contends that Graham's killing was ordered by a restive IRA unit, the Belfast Brigade and Ivor Bell, as part of a campaign that was a direct challenge to Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams' call for a more "controlled and disciplined" campaign twinned with a growing parliamentary strategy. Moloney argues that Belfast area attacks by the IRA in late 1983, because of their backlash in the middle classes of both communities, in fact strengthened Adams and Sinn Féin's political path.

Despite Graham's murder, violence in Northern Ireland actually continued in a pattern of decline in 1983, with 77 deaths, down from 97 the previous year. The British Army suffered only five deaths in 1983, its lowest number since 1971, while combined security services suffered 33 deaths (a drop from 40 the year before), and civilian deaths were recorded as 44, the lowest number since 1970.

title: Edgar Graham