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Christ Church Grammar School

Christ Church Grammar School is a multi-campus independent Anglican single-sex early learning, primary and secondary day and boarding school for boys. Located in Perth, Western Australia, the school's main campus overlooks Freshwater Bay on the Swan River, in the suburb of Claremont.

The school is a member of the Public Schools' Association (PSA), Independent Primary School Heads of Australia (IPSHA), Association of Independent Schools in Western Australia (AISWA), Association of Headmasters of Independent Schools Australia (AHISA) and Australian Boarding Schools' Association (ABSA).

Christ Church Grammar School was founded in 1910 by  McClemans. The school opened on 7 February 1910 as Christ Church Preparatory School with a single classroom and nine boys. In 1917, the school's status was raised from a preparatory school to university junior examination level and renamed Christ Church School. In 1931, it became known as Christ Church Grammar School.

A total of 1,650 boys, 110 of whom are boarders, are enrolled at Christ Church. More than 1,100 boys study in the senior school (Years 7 to 12) and over 500 attend the preparatory school (pre-kindergarten to Year 6).

As a non-selective school, Christ Church caters for a wide range of boys from those who are academically gifted through to students with learning challenges. It also offers places to overseas students.

History
Christ Church Grammar School opened on 7 February 1910 as the Christ Church Preparatory School. The founder, Canon William Joseph McClemans, was the rector of Christ Church Claremont. The School opened with a single classroom and an enrolment of nine day boys.

In 1917, the school's status was raised from preparatory school to university junior examination level and it was renamed Christ Church School. During this year, the Old Boys' Association was established and legislation by Synod brought Christ Church and Guildford Grammar School under the control of one representative council. Christ Church did not have any representation on the council until 1920, and during this time, financial difficulties put the existence of the school into jeopardy and under threat of closure by the council.

From the 1920s through to the 1940s, the school continued to grow. However, financial hardship and uncertainty continued and led to the resignation of several headmasters. When Christ Church gained its own school council in 1950, it was considered a turning point in the history of the school.

In 1951, Peter Moyes became headmaster and throughout the post-war period, Christ Church boomed. Enrolments increased from 259 in 1951, to 853 in 1966. During this period, a large number of buildings and facilities were built and two houses were purchased. A block of land next to the Claremont campus, was acquired as well as 20 acre in Mt Claremont for use as playing fields.

The students began to experience academic and sporting success. In 1956, the school was invited to join the Public Schools' Association (PSA); in 1957, the school was awarded its first General Exhibition; in 1958, the school won the Head of the River race for the first time; and in 1967, Peter Edwards became the school's first old boy to be awarded a Rhodes Scholarship.

Moyes retired in 1981 after serving for 31 years as headmaster and was succeeded by A. J. de V. Hill in 1982. The next five years included significant developments in the school curriculum and system of pastoral care. The outdoor education centre at Kooringal, near Dwellingup, was extensively redeveloped and its courses became an essential part of each student's education.

Financial support from parents and old boys enabled the school to spend over $2 million on new facilities in less than three years. A major appeal in 1984 yielded $800,000.

Hill served for six years as headmaster (before leaving to become Headmaster of Sydney Grammar School) and was followed by J. J. S. Madin in January 1988. Madin, whose leadership approach was innovative and team-based, managed the next major projects in the school's development. These included a new science block and the redevelopment of the Senior School – a $4 million project that commenced in June 1987.

Madin resigned at the end of 2000 and in 2001, Garth Wynne took over as headmaster. In his first year, the council introduced the school mission – "Boys educated to know, to do, to live with others and to be" (UNESCO 1996).

Under Wynne's leadership, there was significant development in the School's buildings and grounds, as well as an increase in the student population. In 2016 Wynne was appointed to the position of Headmaster and Executive Principal of Christ's College, Christchurch, New Zealand. At the end of 2015, Alan Jones, formerly acting headmaster/deputy headmaster of the Hutchins School in Hobart, Tasmania, was appointed to the position of principal of Christ Church.

Headmasters and principals
The following individuals have served as Headmaster of Christ Church Grammar School, or any precedent titles:

Campuses
Christ Church Grammar School has four campuses.

Claremont campus
The main campus, known as the Claremont campus, is located on the corner of Stirling Highway and Queenslea Drive in Claremont approximately 9 km from the Perth central business district. The Claremont campus is home to both the senior and preparatory schools. Its Swan River frontage provides for the school's water sports program, which includes rowing and sailing. Other facilities include the chapel, a visual arts, design and technology centre, a state-of-the-art information and technology centre, gymnasium precinct and a heated 50m swimming pool. The Claremont campus also houses the school's residential community which accommodates 110 boys from regional Western Australia, interstate and overseas.

Mount Claremont playing fields
The Mount Claremont sporting campus, located 3 km north of the Claremont campus, provides 8 ha of playing fields for cricket, hockey, football, Cross Country and rugby.

St John's Wood playing fields
Opened in May 2017 St John's Wood, located close to the existing playing fields at Mount Claremont, provides a further 8 ha of playing fields.

Kooringal
The school's outdoor education program is centred at Kooringal, located on the Darling Scarp, 110 km south east of Perth and 15 km from the mill town of Dwellingup. Kooringal, meaning "home by the water" in the Aboriginal dialect of the district, was established in 1972 as a staffed and self-contained outdoor education centre for Christ Church students in Years 5 to 11. Kooringal is an integral part of the school's education.

Centre for Ethics
The Centre for Ethics resulted from the 1993 Strategic Plan. Officially opened in 1996 by Fiona Stanley, the centre offers a program of seminars, lectures, discussion groups and a newsletter. The centre brings people, who are seen as leaders in ethical issues, to the school. The aim of the program is to enable students to engage in the community's conversation on ethics and spirituality. The director and founder of the Centre for Ethics is Canon Frank Sheehan.

Service in Action program
The Service in Action program replaced the Pilgrimage of Hope in 2013. The programis based on Christian values provides an opportunity to learn through service to others, particularly those in circumstances of disadvantage. Throughout the year students raise funds for the program and participate in humanitarian pilgrimages to remote Indigenous Australian communities and to schools and orphanages overseas.

Midnite Youth Theatre Company
The Midnite Youth Theatre Company is named after their first production, a work adapted from Randolf Stow's bushranger novel Midnite. The company was formed in 1987 with 40 actors and 16 musicians from Christ Church Grammar School and Methodist Ladies' College. In 1988, the company toured the United Kingdom, representing Australian youth for the bicentenary. Founded by Tony Howes, director of drama at Christ Church from 1986 to 2011, the Midnite Youth Theatre Company seeks to stretch its members with music theatre, opera, plays, experimental works, street theatre, group-devised pieces and commissions. The current artistic director is Gregory Jones.

PSA premierships
Since joining the Public Schools Association (PSA) in 1957, Christ Church has been named the "champion school" on the following occasions:
 * Badminton (2) – 2002, 2003, 2022, 2023
 * Basketball (3) – 1998, 1999, 2013
 * Cricket (4) – 1977, 1990, 2017, 2018
 * Cross Country (17) – 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023
 * Football (3) – 1971, 1974, 1977, 2023 (James B Williams Memorial Cup)
 * Golf (3) – 1999, 2002, 2008
 * Hockey (11) – 1966, 1967, 1973, 1986, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018, 2019
 * Rowing – 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1992, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2005(C.A. Hamer Cup), 2006, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018(C.A. Hamer Cup), 2019, 2021, 2023 (Christopher Wallwork Memorial Cup)
 * Rugby (5) – 1961, 1962, 1966, 2001, 2019
 * Soccer (4) – 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016
 * Surfing (6) – 2005, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014
 * Swimming (13) – 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1995, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2019
 * Tennis (12) – 1987, 1995, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
 * Water Polo (5) – 2009, 2010, 2012, 2018, 2019

Peter Moyes Centre
The Peter Moyes Centre (PMC – formerly the Christopher Wallwork Support Hub) was the initiative of former headmaster Peter Moyes, who from the beginning of his term as headmaster, believed that the school should provide for students of all abilities. In 1969, the school established a remedial centre for students with specific difficulties with literacy and numeracy. The centre now caters for students in the preparatory and senior schools who have a range of physical or intellectual disabilities. Each student has an individual program based on his educational needs and, where possible, students are integrated into mainstream classes. The focus of the program is the development of independence that will prepare the students for life after school.

Venture
Venture is a 10-day hike for Year 10 students, which places 14 groups on walk routes through the bushland and coastal setting of Walpole Nornalup National Park. A teacher and an outdoor education specialist accompany each group.

Venture was developed during 1989 and 1990 with the first camp in 1991. The aim of Venture is to give Year 10 students greater focus by presenting them with real challenges where they can practice goal setting and objectives, and develop problem-solving skills in a group situation.

Leeuwin
In 2011, Christ Church established a partnership with the Leeuwin Ocean Adventure Foundation whereby every Year 8 student spends a week on board the tall ship as part of the School's outdoor education program. This initiave ended in 2020 after safety concerns following a student jumping off the boat while on voyage.

On the voyage, students learn about sails, lines and nautical terms, health and safety, goal setting and teamwork, interspersed with daily tasks including morning exercises, cleaning duties (known as "Happy Hour") and the Leeuwin Olympics. The boys are sorted into four watches and for the rest of the trip they side with the watch (either blue, white, red and green).

Kooringal
Each year students from Years 5 to 9 attend Christ Church's outdoor education centre at Kooringal. The key components of the outdoor education program at Kooringal are the promotion of community living, care for the environment and the development of resilience. Students participate in an expedition, canoeing, kayaking, climbing and abseiling. Students learn about the jarrah forest environment and how to identify local flora and fauna.

Army cadets
The Christ Church Army Cadet unit was established in 1936 as an adjunct to the 44th Battalion. This affiliation ended in 1941 and efforts by staff and students led to the formation of the Senior Cadet Corp in 1942. During World War II, the cadet corp continued to grow. It was during this period that a miniature shooting range was constructed at the school and in 1947, the school's shooting team won the Commonwealth Cup for the first time.

The cadet unit reached its peak in 1966 with over 272 cadets in three companies and a fife band. Changes in government support for school cadets during the 1970s initiated a change to more emphasis on outdoor education. In 1988, participation in cadets was offered as a weekly activity for senior students. Prior to this, cadets was compulsory for boys in Year 10. The focus of training moved from outdoor education activities to military activities using military equipment, with weekend training conducted in military training areas.

From 1988 WO1 Mick O’Sullivan OAM MM and Colonel Bob Peterson RFD took over control of running the Cadet Unit. Mick O'Sullivan himself had received a Military Medal (MM) from rendering first aid under intense fire, during the Vietnam war on 30 July 1971.

From 1993 to 2013, when WO1 Mick O'Sullivan and Colonel Bob Peterson stood down from their roles at the cadet unit, Christ Church Grammar School was awarded the top unit in the state on 16 occasions out of a possible 21.

The cadet unit currently comprises three platoons with over 90 cadets. It remains a voluntary activity with a focus on leadership and self-discipline, offering students an opportunity develop confidence and a wide range of skills.

Several of the cadets have gone on to serve in various roles throughout the Australian Army.

In 2011 the 75-year anniversary of cadets at Christ Church was marked.

House system
The house system at Christ Church was introduced in 1921 in an effort "to arouse more enthusiasm in the games". Initially, there were three houses – Highbury, Romsey and Queenslea. In 1925, R.L. Beatty donated the Beatty Cup for Inter-House Competition. This cup is awarded annually to the champion house for inter-house sporting and cultural activities. The Eagling Cup is awarded annually to the house with the best scholastic achievement and was donated to the school by Mrs Eagling in 1945. Eagling taught at Christ Church from 1942 to 1945.

Over the years, the number of houses increased to match growth in student numbers. In 2005, headmaster Garth Wynne modified the house system, removing the two boarding houses (McClemans House and Walters House) from the system and integrating the boarding students into the remaining eight day boy houses. Today, there are eight houses in the senior school and four in the preparatory school. The houses are named after significant people and places within the history of the school.

Boarding
In 1911, requests were made to Canon McClemans to take boarders. Initially, there was no boarding house and the first boarders resided with the McClemans family in the rectory. Boarding reached its peak in the 1980s when almost a quarter of the student population were boarders. Today, there are 110 boarders who live in the Walters Residential Community. The residential community at Christ Church is organised to facilitate integration between the boarders and day boys enabling boarders to be more involved in the wider school community.

Old Boys' Association
Founded in 1917, the Old Boys' Association (OBA) is an independent body administered by a committee of former students. The association functions to further the interests of the school, to provide support to school and student activities and to encourage social interaction between its members. The OBA also provides funding for a number of scholarships for students of merit, who would otherwise be unable to attend Christ Church. Upon leaving Christ Church, former students are invited to join the Old Boys' Association. The OBA maintains contact with former students through the OBA e-newsletter, social networking and regular reunions.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the school include:

 * Piers Akerman – journalist
 * Nick Allbrook – musician, member of Pond.
 * Matt Burston – basketballer
 * Ric Charlesworth – sportsman and coach; politician
 * Rod Eddington – businessman
 * Tim English – Western Bulldogs AFL footballer
 * Andrew Forrest – entrepreneur
 * Richard Hassell – architect and designer
 * Sir William Heseltine – former private secretary to Queen Elizabeth II
 * Chris Lewis – Australian rules footballer
 * Stuart MacGill – cricketer
 * Eric Mackenzie – Australian rules footballer
 * Luke McPharlin – Fremantle Dockers AFL footballer
 * Liam Henry – Fremantle Dockers AFL footballer
 * Wayne Martin – former Chief Justice of Western Australia
 * David McComb – singer and songwriter, The Triffids
 * Andrew McGowan – priest and academic theologian
 * Tim Minchin – comedian and musician
 * Lyndsey Nylund – Olympic Silver Gymnastics 1978
 * Jack Tempra – real estate mogul
 * Richard Pestell – professor of oncology and medicine
 * Jon Sanders – yachtsman, circumnavigator
 * Thomas Swift – Australian rules footballer
 * Mike Thackwell – formula 1 racing driver
 * John Kalafatas - Famous Wedding Singer
 * Nelson Woss – film producer of Ned Kelly, Red Dog and Red Dog: True Blue

title: Christ Church Grammar School


text:
Germain Nouveau

Germain Marie Bernard Nouveau (1851–1920) was a French poet associated with the symbolist movement.

Early life
Germain Nouveau was born on 31 July 1851 in Pourrières, Var, in France. He was one of four children of Felicien Nouveau (1826–1884) and Marie Silvy (1832–1858). His mother died before he was seven years old, and he was raised by his grandfather. He spent most of his childhood at Aix-en-Provence, and he moved to Paris in the fall of 1872.

Early career
In Paris in 1872 he published his first poem, "Sonnet of Summer," and he discovered the work of poets Paul Verlaine and the teenage prodigy Arthur Rimbaud. At the end of 1873, he met Rimbaud in person, and together they went to England in March, 1874. He lived with Rimbaud in London at 178 Stamford Street before returning to Paris alone three months later.

Mid-career, travel, and mental illness
Nouveau travelled to Belgium and the Netherlands, and in 1875 in Brussels he received from Verlaine the manuscript of Rimbaud's Illuminations. He returned to London where he met Verlaine, who became a long-time friend. In 1878, Nouveau contributed to the French periodicals Le Gaulois and Le Figaro under the pseudonym Jean de Noves (one of many noms de plume he used), before travelling to Beirut in 1883. When he returned home, he taught in a lycee in Paris before being struck by a mysterious mental illness in 1891 and spending several months in a mental hospital.

Religious conversion and pilgrimage
After his mental breakdown, Nouveau voluntarily embarked upon a life of poverty, modelling himself after Saint Benoît-Joseph Labre. He travelled to Rome and made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela before returning to the village of his birth in 1911, where he died in 1920.

Legacy
Much of Nouveau's work was published and became known after his death. Several posthumous poems and other works are collected in the Pléiade edition (Oeuvres Complètes. Pierre-Olivier Walzer (ed.) Paris: Gallimard, 1970). He had a substantial influence on the Surrealists, and critics such as Louis Aragon have called him "not a minor poet but a great poet...equal to Rimbaud."

The rue Germain Nouveau in Aix-en-Provence, Fréjus, Rousset and Saint-Denis are named after him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Germain Nouveau


text:
Big Sandy, West Virginia

Big Sandy is a census-designated place (CDP) located in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population is 168. The town's name comes from the Big Sandy River, a major tributary of the Ohio River which forms the boundary between West Virginia and Kentucky.

title: Big Sandy, West Virginia


text:
County School railway station

County School railway station is on the Mid-Norfolk Railway in Norfolk, England; it will serve the villages of North Elmham and Guist once services resume. It is 17 miles 40 chains (28 km) down the line from Wymondham and is the northernmost station owned by the Mid-Norfolk Railway Preservation Trust. The station was a stop on the Wymondham to Wells Branch, which closed to passengers in 1964; it was also the western terminus of the East Norfolk Railway branch to Wroxham, which closed in 1952. The line from Dereham is being restored gradually by the Mid-Norfolk Railway.

Opening
A railway line was opened as part of the Norfolk Railway's extension from East Dereham to Fakenham in 1849; it reached Wells by 1857. County School railway station was built by the Great Eastern Railway in 1886, to serve the boarding school from which it took its name and following the completion of the East Norfolk Railway's branch line from Wroxham and Aylsham in 1882. In 1903, the Norfolk County School became the Watts Naval School, although the station name remained unchanged.

County School was built as a rural junction station, even though the Wroxham branch left the Wells line a mile north at Broom Green. The station consisted of up and down platforms and an extra bay for Wroxham services. The journey to Norwich from County School could be made in either direction: 27 miles via Dereham and Wymondham or 32 miles via Wroxham. The stationmaster's house was not built by the railway; it had been the lodge house for the school instead and its style reflects the school rather than the station. Other than the school, the station served only a scattering of houses.

County School station was equipped with three platforms, two platform buildings, two signal boxes and a small coal yard. This yard was essentially to serve the needs of the large number of open fireplaces in the school buildings. The station also had a large orchard on land provided for sidings that were never required.

1915 crash
On 20 January 1915, the junction with the line to Aylsham and Wroxham was the site of an accident between a passenger train from Wells and a goods train from Foulsham.

At 11.46 am, GER Y14 0-6-0 No. 629, hauling 12 empty and four loaded wagons, ran into the six-coach passenger train, hauled by GER T26 2-4-0 No. '446' and consisting of six-wheel stock on the scissor crossing close to the signal box. Nobody was injured in the crash, which took place at low speed, although both locomotives were damaged, along with other vehicles in both trains.

The responsibility for the crash was placed on the driver of the goods train, for failing to observe that his signals were at danger.

GER T26 '446' survived the accident to become LNER '7446', eventually being withdrawn in April 1927. GER Y14 '629' also survived, joining the LNER as '7629' and being withdrawn in September 1926. A buffer believed to be from the tender of 629 (as this was the only vehicle listed as having such damage in the accident report) is displayed at the station, after being discovered buried in a bank at the accident site.

1918 accident
On 14 March 1918, the horse pulling a milk float bolted, jumped the level crossing gate and set off along the railway towards North Elmham. A down train was approaching the station, but managed to stop close to the southern signal box before it was struck by the oncoming milk float, with the horse continuing towards Elmham.

World War II
During World War II, the station surroundings were used as a fuel dump for the airfield at Foulsham. The site was also briefly used as a tarmac factory for Bomber Command.

Nationalisation
The first significant change occurred in 1952, when the County School to Wroxham line was closed to passenger traffic; however, the western section of this line, between County School and Foulsham, remained open for goods until 31 October 1964, being busiest in the sugar beet season. Diesel trains made their first appearance in 1956, but it was not until 1964 that the Dereham to Wells line lost its passenger service. In 1954, the complex track layout and quiet nature of the station since the closure of the branch led to its being used as a main location for the filming of the driver training films for the new diesel multiple units.

After closure to passengers
Just after closure, the station was used by Anglia Television as a location for Weaver's Green. This was a twice-weekly serial, based on a fictional vets' practice in an East Anglian village with a post office and shop, church, pub, railway station and racing stable. Two vets, played by Grant Taylor and Eric Flynn, were the central characters; Wendy Richard, of EastEnders, and Kate O'Mara, who was to join the cast of Dynasty, played minor roles. Soon after this filming took place, the island platform buildings and signal box were demolished.

The line remained open for freight until the withdrawal of goods traffic from Ryburgh in 1981, with the track removed by British Rail in 1983. The main building survived as a small factory unit making plaster ceiling roses.

Fakenham and Dereham Railway Society

Breckland District Council bought the station in 1987, intending to use it as a visitor centre, but felt that a station without track and trains looked wrong. The Fakenham and Dereham Railway Society (F&DRS) were offered a 999-year lease to move to the site from their headquarters at Yaxham and restore the tracks and operate the railway side of the site. By May 1990, track had been restored through platform 1, with a Ruston diesel and LMS brake van actively displayed and the short line being inspected for passenger operation on 21 June 1990. During this inspection it was revealed that the enabling Act for the line had never been extinguished.

On 28 September 1990, the F&DRS voted to change their name to the Mid Norfolk Railway Society, with the line through the station being passed for passenger operations by Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate on 16 September 1991. Planning permission for the relaying of the line to North Elmham was granted by Breckland District Council on 9 November 1992, with relaying work, using recovered materials, commencing soon after.

Great Eastern Railway (1989) Limited

With the announcement of the closure of the entire branch between Wymondham, Dereham and North Elmham, a new company called Great Eastern Railway (1989) Limited was formed to save the line.

The F&DRS backed this scheme, and the lease of the station was signed over to GER (1989) Ltd. Although far from certain, the future of the line, and County School station, seemed more secure than it had for many years. During these years, the F&DRS continued to provide financial backing and manpower for the development of the site. The running line was extended over half a mile towards North Elmham, and a collection of rolling stock was built up.

During the early 1990s, GER (1989) Ltd. announced plans to lift the railway between Dereham and Wymondham. The F&DRS withdrew their support for GER (1989) Ltd. and made their own bid for the line. In 1995 Yorkshire Bank called in the receivers to solve concerns with The Great Eastern Railway (1989) Limited.

In June 1995 Breckland Council informed the receivers that they wished for GER (1989) Ltd. to give up the lease for County School station so that they could review their operations in respect of the site. GER (1989) Ltd., who stated that they were attracting 12,000 visitors a year to the site, announced that they would contest this decision.

In July 1995, police were called in to investigate the sudden and unauthorised road transfer of two Mid Norfolk Railway Society Mark 2 coaches to a breaker's yard at nearby Lenwade. In July 1996 Breckland District Council issued a threat to stop trains running at County School station, as it was found that someone other than the leaseholder was operating trains at the site; the lease being non-transferable.

In November 1996 Breckland District Council brought in 24-hour security guards at the County School site to prevent the stripping of the property after having served an eviction order on GER (1989) Ltd. in mid-October.

County School station was boarded up and GER (1989) Ltd. rolling stock was concentrated in the isolated yard prior to disposal or scrapping. All track north of the station platforms was then lifted, and, as shown in the photograph, the site was left to become derelict.

Mid-Norfolk Railway Preservation Trust (MNRPT)

In 1998 the MNRPT signed a tenancy-at-will with Breckland District Council to take over the station and trackbed at County School. The track north of the platforms had, again, been lifted. The remainder was overgrown. The station was boarded up, with smashed glass, a stripped interior and broken windows.

The MNR quickly returned the station to use, initially as a visitor centre rather than an operational railway museum. Over the next year, the MNR spent £28,000 restoring the station buildings to wartime London and North Eastern Railway condition, tidying the grounds and removing scrap material left by the former lessee. Additional investment saw the station drive, damaged after decades of neglect, professionally resurfaced, scrub growth removed from the railway formation opening up the views of the Wensum Valley for walkers and preparing the formation for restoration of track.

Recognising the financial and manpower investment that the MNRPT had put into the site over the years, Breckland District Council offered to sell the station and trackbed to the railway for the nominal sum of £1. This offer was accepted, and County School became part of the 17-mile-long branch line. The station has been restored to initially operate as a museum, visitor centre and "terminus in waiting". The trackbed between County School and North Elmham is being restored as part of the restoration of the line, along with the retention of a permissive footpath. A longer-term aim is the rebuilding of the demolished island platform building. No standard gauge trains operate at the station, although a miniature railway began development in 2020. The station forms an important key in the plans of the Mid-Norfolk Railway, and will serve as the northern terminus of the line while the task of restoring the line towards Fakenham is considered.

Wensum Valley Miniature Railway
In 2019 the Mid-Norfolk Railway entered an agreement with the North Norfolk Model Engineering Club, who were looking to relocate their miniature railway from Holt on the North Norfolk Railway. This will see a new 1,600 feet-long miniature line created on part of the East Norfolk Railway's formation north of station site, with a return loop crossing the main Norfolk Railway formation and a small depot facility. Planning permission for the development was given in 2021, and the first section opened to the public as the 'Wensum Valley Miniature Railway' in 2022.

Norfolk Orbital Railway

Restoration of the line between County School and Fakenham is being progressed by the Norfolk Orbital Railway, independent of the Mid-Norfolk Railway, who have started to purchase sections of the former route. The route north towards Fakenham is protected by North Norfolk District Council from any development that would be prejudicial to the restoration of a railway line and is included in the proposals of the Campaign for Better Transport

title: County School railway station


text:
Kamikaze 1NT

Kamikaze 1NT is a preemptive 1NT opening in the game of contract bridge and in common practice shows a balanced hand with 10-12 high-card points (HCP) - also known as the mini-notrump range. It is used in first or second seat hoping to make 1NT opposite an average hand of about 10 HCP.

Originally developed by John Kierein as part of a bidding system to indicate 9-12 HCP, he modified the point range to 10-13 HCP because American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) rules on conventions did not allow the use of Stayman on opening notrump bids with a lower limit below 10 HCP.

title: Kamikaze 1NT


text:
Talk:Doomer

4chan Buzzword
The term "doomer" is nothing but a buzzword. That's the reason why there are no reliable sources for it. It's used on places like reddit and 4chan and maybe in a few articles if reporters try to appeal to a younger audience. It is not a clear cut term and has no definite meaning. Including "doomer" is like including "360noscope" or "thot". 37.201.117.195 (talk) 06:03, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

 * EMALIROVANNOE SUDNO! OKOSHKA, TUMBOCHKA, KROVAT'! But, seriously, a "doomer" is quite an archetype these days. Or a quasiarchetype, if you will. 81.89.66.133 (talk) 09:07, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

AFD
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was no consensus. See Articles for deletion/Doomer · Katefan0(scribble) 21:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

General category
Why does this article only talk about peak oil doomers??? Doomer is a very general category Volterwd (talk) 04:07, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it's supposed to be a specific usage of the term. If there are other uses, the there should be other articles, a disambiguation page, and this article would become Doomer (peak oil).  Feel free to make some more articles if you see the need.  NJGW (talk) 06:30, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

I missed the category section... at the bottom of the page... my own fault since I arrived through a link and it's not in the URL nvm Volterwd (talk) 12:52, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

term used in media
I came across this while looking for something else. They say "Doomsters", but I figure it's close enough. NJGW (talk) 16:29, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

This page should absolutely stay.
The Doomers of today are the prophets of tomorrow.

I am a doomer.

Time Will Tell

67.140.20.67 (talk) 00:21, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

How can one call themselves a "doomer"? It sounds like an insult/joke that makes light of everything that is at stake. I don't think we ever needed this silly term. 76.87.18.193 (talk) 21:50, 12 July 2010 (UTC)KnightShade

Doomers of today are the prophets of tomorrow? Shame it didn't work out like that for the Y2K freaks. And, BTW, that's a subspecies of doomer that IMO should certainly be mentioned and discussed on this page. 75.94.230.111 (talk) 22:13, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

lead section
someone should rewrite it to be more readable, I had to read it four times before I could understand it AlexWangombe (talk) 01:33, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

mixed messages
I don't think all of the people who behave as described in this article share all the properties described as doomer-like. The term is in this article associated with a belief system that is cataclysmic. It is possible to want to build a Permaculture village because it is the right thing to do, from among the many positive things one might do, not because it is the only way to survive societal collapse. "Assuming facts not introduced as evidence." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.205.78.97 (talk) 03:44, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

DooM
A Doomer is someone who plays Doom, surely? (Or am I showing my age?) 2fort5r (talk) 10:03, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Not essentially. Regards, average "doomer music" fan 81.89.66.133 (talk) 09:07, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Reliable sources / references
There are currently 6 references noted on this page. The first 4 are dead (all from energybulletin.net), the 5th is a blog and the 6th points to the personal website of Toby Hemenway. It would be good if someone could add som reliable sources for this page (personally I'd prefer mainstream news outlets / peer-reviewed journals, etc but anything reliable would do) 87.112.153.66 (talk) 01:28, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

This article is way off
A doomer is anyone who believes mankind is doomed, and enjoys that belief. I've often wondered if it's a "grass is greener on the other side" thing ("I'm not happy with industrialized civilization intact, maybe I'll be happy after civilization collapses"). But it just occurred to me to wonder how much it's related to a comment a friend just made, a probably subconscious adaptation to current events in an attempt to be happy: "Just decide you like chaos and radiation and you'll be happy :)".  This community may be helpful for understanding:  http://so-very-doomed.livejournal.com/ —Darxus (talk) 20:29, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Needs an opposing view point
For the sake of fairness this page should either have the opposing view point or the opposing view point on the opposing school of thought should be removed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornucopian — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.81.152.179 (talk) 21:51, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Agreed. I noticed that the Wikipedia entry for "Cornucopian" has a paragraph, "Description by an opposing view", which would apply equally I believe, to the "Doomer" moniker. Specifically, for many of those who I know who would fall under the "Doomer" description as currently defined in Wikipedia, they are merely engaged in conveying the obvious, predicting general outcomes based on hard data and logical hypotheses. Also, there are well known public figures, considered as "Doomers" in the mainstream, like Chris Martenson or Richard Heinberg, who are actually very careful to predicate their general predictions as being probabilistic and far from definitive. People who fall into this category are often self described as "realists", and find the term "Doomer" both inaccurate and a barrier that impedes their attempts to help educate the public regarding impending economic and ecological problems, with their objective of inspiring mitigation and constructive changes in people's behavior. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.83.159.149 (talk) 18:29, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

Noteability? Rename article to: "Gloomer"
What a bunch of piffle. WP:NPOV, WP:NOTE Just because a small group of anti-environmentalists on the political debate Newsgroup; alt.fan.rush-limbaugh (and similar dittohead & or an anti-environmental site or two,) started using "doom and gloomers,", "doomers, and "gloomers," etc doesn't mean it deserves a Wiki article. Cheesh! Should we also include Limbaugh's "environmental whackos," I'm sure we would find it much easier to ref.      For: "environmental-whacko" https://www.urbandictionary.com/tags.php?tag=environmental%20whacko  http://rightwingnews.com/top-news/evironmental-whacko-vs-environmental-whacko/  https://westvirginia.forums.rivals.com/threads/whats-an-environmental-whacko-to-do.2412/  About 111,000 results (0.58 seconds)        "Did you mean: environmental-wacko?" About 138,000 results (0.36 seconds) http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/en/Environmental_wacko  --2602:306:CFCE:1EE0:D027:DE64:28F5:7ADF (talk) 21:45, 25 March 2018 (UTC)Doug Bashford

Discussion at RSN
I have doubts that posts at resilience-dot-org are really what we mean when we say "reliable source". See discussion at the reliable sources noticeboard. NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 15:36, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

Are there any reliable sources
This word appears to be a non-notable WP:NEOLOGISM and the article should probably be deleted. It will need quality WP:SECONDARY and [{WP:Reliable sources]] that discuss the phrase itself. If you know of any please add 'em  NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 12:58, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I support this NewsAndEventsGuy–see my comments below, re my failure to find anything relating to this word–I cannot even find it used anywhere on Conservapedia! Rwood128 (talk) 13:56, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Religious precedents?
Is it a secular version of e.g. Millerianianism? Zezen (talk) 07:51, 21 May 2019 (UTC)
 * As noted above there is a dearth of reliable sources to support this article. If you have a reliable source saying something like that, or any good source about the topic, then fine, otherwise speculation will just lead to more uncited stuff in the article and its possible deletion. Dmcq (talk) 10:09, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

The Word
The word "doomer" is not in the Oxford English Dictionary and I am unable to find a reliable source for the usage in the lead. I also found nothing on Google Ngram. I suggest that that it be merged into the article on Global warming, in some way, or here. Rwood128 (talk) 14:06, 26 May 2019 (UTC) Rwood128 (talk) 14:48, 26 May 2019 (UTC)

 * See also "Are there any reliable sources" above. Rwood128 (talk) 13:58, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I have now found sources (one example) ) using the search terms "doomer and peak oil" discussion of a earlier proposal to delete this article. This doesn't alter my views, however. Rwood128 (talk) 15:37, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

 * A merge doesn't seem appropriate given the definition of the word in the Urban Dictionary. Rwood128 (talk) 11:16, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Urban dictionary is not WP:RS. In addition to that, do not use an external link in body. ShimonChai (talk) 20:17, 2 June 2019 (UTC)

 * There is still no source to support the definition of "doomer", therefore shouldn't the opening sentence (and therefore the whole of this non-notable article) be deleted? Rwood128 (talk) 18:59, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

 * There seems to be a few WP:RS citations for the ecological definition, though it's possible that this article could be merged into another page about ecology, given how few citations there seems to be, and that many of the citations already used are not actually reliable sources, (i.e self published blogs from non-notable people.) ShimonChai (talk) 21:06, 15 June 2019 (UTC)
 * This article's lead section was recently rewritten, so the article is about a different topic now. The lead section now describes an Internet meme instead of the word's original meaning. Jarble (talk) 02:43, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The rewritten lead was poorly sourced, I've restored the previous long-standing definition. That's what this article was originally written about, not a transient meme. Robofish (talk) 13:13, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

With 's recent edits, the article has brought back the topic of a recent meme, based on Wojak. While it seems to be properly referenced, it has no relation to the original meaning of the word Doomer, which is about environmental concerns rather the state of loneliness that surrounds this new meme. Clearly, this content needs to be moved to aforementioned article. Hakken (talk) 21:59, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I am legitimately unsure whether the two meanings are related. The intelligencer and Buzzfeed News articles discuss the meme in the context of the environment/climate, and the intelligencer description of the meme includes the details that the archetype is “black-pilled on climate change/peak oil,” and “genuinely believes the end of civilization is imminent.”
 * In addition (this is original research/synth), notice that the Franzen article that is described as more broadly popularizing this term came out shortly before the original 'doomer' meme emerged on 4chan. I think I need to more closely read the sources, but the doomer description does appear legitimately connected to the conversation about climate doomerism.
 * How would this be handled? It certainly seems that the term 'doomer' precedes its September 2019 popularization, but it seems like the meme plays a (minor?) role in the term's history and broader popularity. I will more carefully collect the sources soon; the recent additions were just a rough start. Thoughts?Jlevi (talk) 22:11, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Having reviewed the sources, I wish to report an error on my part and to suggest that section be moved to Wojak. First, I seem to have misread the details of the Franzen piece: it came out a year after the emergence of the doomer meme. Second, I think the reliable sources are as confused as I am on the relationship between doomer (climate) and doomer (meme). Statements in these sources tend to only implicitly link the two, so until a stronger connection is made, I support moving the meme part to the Wokak page. I suspect, however, that brief comments on both that page and this one might be warranted. Jlevi (talk) 03:26, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:22, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Doomer.png

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * Doomer meme.png

This article is completely innacurate
Vacatio (talk) 04:37, 16 January 2020 (UTC) I'm a first time Wikipedia talk-pager, but after reading this article, I felt I had a duty to call on someone less lazy than myself to fix this wretched mess. Doomers, at least in my fairly ample experience, are not people obsessed with global political issues. They're just depressed 20 somethings who fairly actively engage in self-harming activities(eg excessive internet use, smoking, bad sleeping habits) who reflect their internal misery as external pessimism.

BBC reference
Do we need to give attribution to the BBC? It seems like we can say something in wikivoice if an outlet like the BBC says it. And if not, then would additional sources allow this? Beyond this specific issue, thanks for the copy-edit. Jlevi (talk) 17:41, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The BBC is neither God nor the Pope with powers of infallibility. This article must comply with WP:NPOV, whether you say "climate change" or "climate crisis" among friends.NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 20:36, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I recognize that you probably have a better handle on this given your experience, so I would value some more explicit feedback. Do you feel that there is POV language being used in that section right now (if one were to remove the BBC attribution)? I feel that it describes the movement, rather than taking the position of the movement (if it is a movement). Or is there some other NPOV issue in play?
 * In general, to avoid a cluttered article, I avoid attribution where a sufficiently authoritative source presents it.Jlevi (talk) 21:42, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * When you decide something is "Core" and describe it as such you are practicing "Editorializing"... injecting your own subjective interpretation of information. We don't do that.  In addition, I'm not really sure this article merits existence, as the word seems to be a WP:NEOLOGISM, but I'm stopping short of nominating it for WP:AFD NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 09:56, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

Weak sources
I occasionally see sources sufficiently weak that I suspect using them here would be WP:OR if I were to try to integrate them. Nonetheless, they may be useful in some ways or in the hands of a more experienced Wikipedian, so I'll collect them here:
 * Two Climate Analysts Weigh the Notion of a ‘Good’ Path in the Anthropocene (Dot Earth, Revkin, 2014): Revkin quotes Michael Tobis, who says, "But if I thought it [a good outcome] was out of reach, I’d go all doomer and hide in a cave." One-line quoted reference.
 * How to Survive the Apocalypse (NYT, 2017) Uses the term several times, but doesn't analyze it. Using this source in an obvious way would probably lead to WP:SYNTH.
 * She’s Ready: Just Add Water (NYT, 2008) Subject uses the term in a quote, comparing "doomer" against "prepper".
 * There are two results on The Daily Dot. However, WP:RSP notes that the source is at times WP:UNDUE on account of its granular focus. I'll see what looks best. Sources:
 * A Beginner's Guide to Doomsday Prepper Cookbooks (Vice, 2018) Single-line mention in a quote. A self-described "prepper" differentiates himself from "doomers."
 * Home at the End of Time: Robert Vicino Built an Underground City Where You Can Ride out the Apocalypse (Vice, 2012) Single-line reference alongside "prepper" as a separate category in Vice's own voice
 * The Utopia Experiments (BBC segment on a book) "These were the ‘Doomers’, people who believed that a global catastrophe would happen within the next few years.”
 * DMs With Andrew Yang: Plans, Memes, And Doomers (Buzzfeed News, 2019) A response by Andrew Yang about the NYmag piece describing him as a 'doomer.' BUT the article is entirely screenshots of text messages with Yang
 * Five pathways to post-capitalist 'renaissance' by a former oil man (The Guardian, 2014) Single-line reference: "But despite his trenchant and uncompromising stance on the potentially catastrophic consequences of business as usual, Leggett is no doomer."

Jlevi (talk) 11:15, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Jlevi (talk) 01:22, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * How Can I Convince Doomers That It’s Not Too Late to Fight Climate Change? (activist group, Q&A)
 * How Wojak became the meme of the moment (NSS Mag, March 2020)

Jlevi (talk) 01:37, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The Subreddit /r/Collapse Has Become the Doomscrolling Capital of the Internet. Can Its Users Break Free? (Time, Oct 2020) Discusses /r/collapse, which seems doomer-adjacent.
 * Doomers Don't Care About COVID, It's About Them Feeling Superior (Redstate, May 2020) non-RS, probably

Better sources
Jlevi (talk) 11:33, 22 April 2020 (UTC) ---
 * (The Atlantic, 2020) The Misogynistic Joke That Became a Goth-Meme Fairy Tale Another 'doomer girl' meme-related article.
 * Against Nihilism (Buzzfeed News, 2019)
 * Breaking up over climate change: My deep dark journey into doomer Facebook (ABC, 2019)
 * The Hottest New Literary Genre is 'Doomer Lit' (Wired, Feb 2020)
 * She Dies Tomorrow is the defining film of the doomer generation (Little White Lies (magazine), Aug 2020)
 * Against Conservative Doomerism (AmCon, June 2020) Note: this seems like a different sort of doomer that I haven't seen much coverage. The author just might be using doomer==pessimist.

Jlevi (talk) 01:37, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:37, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Doomer Wojak.png

I disagree with the definition given in the intro
A Doomer is a young mand who has a gloomy, depressing view of the world and human nature. It has more to do with the subjective experience of an individual than with objective reality (like global warming etc) --Bageense(disc.) 22:12, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * In other words, it's more a way of life than a bundle of rational opinions about the world. --Bageense(disc.) 22:17, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi . Wikipedia uses (mostly) strong secondary sources to back up claims. Do you have any sources that support this claim? In particular, we had a discussion a little while ago in which we decided to separate this definition of doomer (which is backed up by a variety of secondary sources) from the meme template Wojak. Jlevi (talk) 01:07, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Also consider looking through the sources I compiled in the sections above. If you find any additional sources, please feel free to integrate them in the article or to simply add them to the collection on the talk page. Jlevi (talk) 01:08, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * , I wasn't aware that there were two definitions of a Doomer. Anyway, while we discuss, could we add a "not to be confused with" hatnote, or a similar one? --Bageense(disc.) 20:39, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * No worries. As you can see in the section above about the partial merge to wojak, the sources are somewhat confusing on the issue as well. Thank you for your edit! Jlevi (talk) 02:21, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Merge to climate apocalypse?
I have been thinking about how this page has been tricky to find sourcing for, and how the sourcing seems somewhat confused.

Given that almost all sourcing is in the 'media' section, and all details in that section are specifically about the possibility of climate apocalypse in particular, what do people think about just merging into that page? I think all of the authors here are scattered around that page, and we could perhaps consolidate those mentions into a single section. Then just redirect that page over there. Jlevi (talk) 15:53, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes to merge, but as Doomers might get worked up about a broader array of issues, I suggest the target for the merge should be Global_catastrophic_risk NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 16:20, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed about the merge. When people think of "Doomers" they think of the cartoon character who is depressed about their life. While it is true that many Doomers believe that society will collapse, that is not exclusive to the term. It seems to me that whoever wrote this article does not understand the term and sorta hijacked it to specifically refer to climate catastrophe which is hardly what the term is usually used in reference to. The term actually predates the use in a climate context by a year. (Votesmall (talk) 11:08, 12 August 2020 (UTC))

Hatnote is misleading.
As the Wojack article states, the Doomer Wojack and the real-life philosophy of doomerism are intertwined. For the hatnote to say "not to be confused with" instead of "this article is about the real-world philosophy of climate grief, for the 4chan meme see Wojack Doomer" is misleading.

Perhaps we should even including a heading about the Wojack meme, it seems relevant here as well as on the Wojack article.

Reading both articles, they repeat the same information. RobotGoggles (talk) 02:21, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * This was already discussed here here. I think there is a strong line between the 4chan meme (Wojak) and the philosophy regarding global problems, which is what this article is about. You have cited the Atlantic but it fails to establish a relation between the two topics. Even looking at the recent version of this article, there are clearly two separate parts that are not related to each other, as the first is about some memes which originated from 4chan (Zoomer, Bloomers etc) and the other covers climate concerns. Hakken (talk) 10:44, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes. Unfortunately, no clear link has been made in reliable sources. Even if the two versions of Doomer appear in the same article, the author is in all cases sure not to make a direct link between them. Jlevi (talk) 12:09, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

The "doomer" mindset clearly did not originate with the 4chan meme, it was merely what popularized it, which I think is notable enough to be discussed. The r/doomer subreddit was created in the 00's, and the 4chan meme began in 2018 at the latest. However, I couldn't find much primary information online about the doomer culture before 2018, and while I will be looking for it, I think it best the Wojak information be included in this article. Clearly, doomers are not merely motivated by climate concerns, but a general sense of hopelessness. Hence the source of The Atlantic. RobotGoggles (talk) 15:56, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * it should be noted, the Wojak doomer subculture was represented by the r/Doomers subreddit, which has since been banned, and the moderators for r/doomer have made it clear that the two subjects are separate. RobotGoggles (talk) 15:59, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The thing is we need to use reliable sources to support our content instead of relying on original research or unreliable sources such as Reddit, otherwise that would be against Wikipedia's policies. I would dare to say that if there is an instance of connection by a somewhat known source, it would be a case of circular reporting, given how this meme became popular around the time this page started to wrongly merge both topics some months ago. Hakken (talk) 16:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I totally agree with you, however, due to the lack of information online from reliable sources, this page will not be sourced effectively enough until good reporting is done on the subject. Most WP:RS don't cover internet subculture, at least not yet. I propose we leave the current, flimsy research and replace it later when better sources become available. Otherwise, there will be massive gaps in information, which is unfortunate for an encylcopedia. I will add the Template:Primary sources to the sections with primary research so that it can be updated at a later point, and to point out the flimsy nature of the information at hand. RobotGoggles (talk) 16:54, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Need of a Secondary Source or Source(s) in #Common_themes
The Common themes section apparently had old, inaccurate information a few edits ago about far-right and far-left doomers, and the information did not reflect the source provided. The information I replaced it with, in the current edit, is taken from a Doomer's personal post on r/doomer, which is a Primary source, and not suitable for encyclopedic information. It is better than the previous information, which was completely made-up, but the section needs secondary or tertiary sources, not the personal post currently cited. I do think, however, due to the support of the post within the Doomer community, that, as a primary source, it is relatively strong, and I can't find any stronger primary sources. If someone reports on that post in particular, that may count as secondary, or if a secondary source reports on general doomer attitudes online, please replace the information provided and provide the improved source. Until then, the Primary sources template should remain under the header. RobotGoggles (talk) 17:14, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Doomer music
Regarding this removal.

I agree with this revert. Even after looking for sources, I don't think this can be included yet based on coverage in RS.

Nonetheless, this is clearly a thing, and it might be worth including at some point in the future (or if I'm just missing RS coverage). I found mention of this in Mouthing Off Magazine, which is a volunteer-run student paper (I think?), and a one-line reference in the Mel Magazine piece.

Don't think it's sufficient for inclusion yet. Jlevi (talk) 22:18, 19 January 2021 (UTC)
 * One more Russian-language source with a pretty detailed coverage: TJournal. Finstergeist (talk) 14:37, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

Doomer has nuance, and is widespread
Here are some possibly reliable sources about "doomer." As a new cultural phenomenon, it is mainly documented in arts and chatty news-magazine articles. And apparently in some flavor it is very widespread among young people.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/21/meet-the-doomers-some-young-us-voters-have-given-up-hope-on-climate

https://mouthingoffmagazine.com/the-doomer-the-most-important-meme-of-a-generation/

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-23/tang-ping-lying-flat-generation-rejecting-chinas-work-culture/100477716

https://lwlies.com/articles/she-dies-tomorrow-amy-seimetz-doomer-generation/

Annika Morling (movie review): The word ‘doomer’ emerged as a meme in 2018, referring to a caricature of a forlorn twentysomething man who has given up on finding meaning in life. Since then, ‘doomerism’ has come to refer more broadly to a pessimism experienced distinctly by young people, who see themselves as coming of age into a world plagued by housing and employment crises, general economic instability, and impending ecological collapse.

https://caughtinsouthie.com/features/okay-doomersome-thoughts-on-doomscrolling-and-doomers/

https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/breaking-up-over-climate-change-my-journey-into-doomer-facebook/11678736

https://futurism.com/the-byte/humanity-is-doomed-poll

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3918955 Lancet preprint study of youth climate anxiety. Discussion A large proportion of children and young people around the world report significant emotional distress and a wide range of painful, complex emotions (sad, afraid, angry, powerless, helpless, guilty, ashamed, despair, hurt, grief, depressed). Similarly, large numbers report experiencing some functional impact, and identify pessimistic beliefs about the future (people have failed to care for the planet; the future is frightening; humanity is doomed; they won’t have access to the same opportunities their parents had; things they value will be destroyed; security is threatened; and they are hesitant to have children).

Artemisia-californica (talk) 17:27, 23 October 2021 (UTC) jlevi I see I am duplicating some of your refs. Artemisia-californica (talk) 18:28, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree, "doomer" is a prominent "Internet meme" slang word these days. IIRC, it has a meme face (one of Wojak face memes is used). And "mystrangefavmusic" YouTube user is the culprit of this whole meme taking off. 81.89.66.133 (talk) 09:11, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Political affiliation of Doomers
If doomer philosophy falls on a political divide (I think it does), the article could be improved by expressing this. 57.135.233.22 (talk) 21:28, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doomer


text:
Category:Airports in Germany

This category is for airports in Germany.

title: Category:Airports in Germany


text:
Talk:Hugh Cook (Canadian novelist)

Untitled
This article survived a nomination for deletion, the result can be found here --Doc (?) 21:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Hugh Cook → Hugh Cook_(Canadian_novelist)
 * Hugh Cook_(disambiguation) → Hugh Cook
 * There are two authors called Hugh Cook, neither of them sufficiently more famous than the other to lay decisive claim to the 'Hugh Cook' page — Mutant 20:42, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

Support The other seems to be more prolific. The first move can be done by registered users - it doesn't need an admin. Not sure if the second will then be easy, too. But as the process has started, I guess we should wait. -- Beardo 18:27, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Support ... the Canadian seems little known outside north america, the other little known inside it. Steve 06:54, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
Add any additional comments

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Vegaswikian 05:59, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hugh Cook (Canadian novelist)


text:
User:Holly Cheng/California State Routes

List of California State Routes

 * California State Route 4 (added POI)
 * California State Route 7 (created)
 * California State Route 20 (added POI)
 * California State Route 23 (expanded)
 * California State Route 27 (created)
 * California State Route 28 (created)
 * California State Route 29 (created)
 * California State Route 32 (created)
 * California State Route 35 (added routebox, expanded)
 * California State Route 36 (created)
 * California State Route 39 (expanded)
 * California State Route 41 (added routebox, POI)
 * California State Route 44 (created)
 * California State Route 45 (created)
 * California State Route 47 (created)
 * California State Route 49 (added routebox, POI)
 * California State Route 51 (added routebox, expanded)
 * California State Route 52 (added routebox)
 * California State Route 54 (added routebox, expanded)
 * California State Route 84 (added routebox, expanded)
 * California State Route 88 (created)
 * California State Route 89 (created)
 * California State Route 90 (expanded)
 * California State Route 103 (created)
 * California State Route 109 (created)
 * California State Route 114 (created)
 * California State Route 118 (expanded)
 * California State Route 160 (created)
 * California State Route 170 (created)
 * California State Route 193 (created)
 * California State Route 220 (created)
 * Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway


text:
Khayyam (disambiguation)

Omar Khayyam (1048-1131) was a Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer.

Khayyam may also refer to:

Places

 * Khayyam, Nishapur, a village and site of the 2004 Nishapur train disaster
 * Khayyam, Kermanshah, a former village, now borough of the city of Kermanshah
 * Khayam Metro Station, a station on the Tehran Metro Line at Khayam Street
 * Khayyam Expressway, an expressway in Esfahan
 * Omar Khayyam Square, a city square in Nishapur

People with the surname

 * Mohammed Zahur Khayyam (1927–2019), commonly credited as 'Khayyam', Indian music composer
 * Amina Khayyam (born 1980), British dancer
 * Omar Khayam (protester) (born 1983), British protester who dressed as a suicide bomber

People with the given name

 * Khayyam Mirzazade (born 1935), Azerbaijani composer and professor

title: Khayyam (disambiguation)


text:
NGI

NGI may refer to:

 * NGI Airport or Gau Airport, an airport in Fiji
 * National Geographic Institute (Belgium), the Belgian national mapping agency
 * Navigazione Generale Italiana, an Italian shipping company
 * Next Generation Identification, a project of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
 * Next generation interceptor (NGI)
 * Next Generation Internet (disambiguation)
 * Northern Gulf Institute, a US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Institute
 * Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, a private geoscience research and consulting foundation
 * National Genetics Institute, genetics laboratory co-founded by Andrew Conrad
 * Nehemiah Global Initiative, a non-governmental organization founded by Kenneth Bae

title: NGI


text: User talk:68.220.148.32

title: User talk:68.220.148.32


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Www.geocities.com\starzoneken

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete both articles. Carbonite | Talk 12:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Www.geocities.com\starzoneken and Starzoneken
WP:NOT a free host or webspace provider. --Mysidia (talk) 21:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, also linkspam. feydey 22:21, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. This is linkspam, the article is even named after a geocities URL.  Silensor 22:27, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The only problem with that suggestion is that linkspam is not one of the criteria for speedy deletion. --Mysidia (talk) 23:28, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, I don't understand these articles and they don't appear to be encyclopedic. --Metropolitan90 05:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Template:Pac-Man

title: Template:Pac-Man


text:
Cellini Salt Cellar

The Cellini Salt Cellar (in Vienna called the Saliera, Italian for salt cellar) is a part-enamelled gold table sculpture by Benvenuto Cellini (c.1500-1571). It was completed in 1543 for Francis I of France (r.1515-1547), from silver plate models that had been prepared many years earlier for Cardinal Ippolito d'Este (c.1479-1520).

Functioning as more than just an expensive condiment holder, the cellar aimed to catapult conversation among intellectuals on the underlying meanings of the work. During the Renaissance, the Saliera was notable for its Mannerism. The main draw is the work's style and form, which Cellini discusses in his treatise, I trattati dell'oreficieria e della Scultura (Treatises on Goldsmithing and Sculpture) and in his autobiography. The work is the only extant gold sculpture by Benvenuto Cellini and is most famous of extant gold sculpture work to survive from the Renaissance. Ultimately, acting as a paradigm for 'renaissance gold smithery,' the sculptor showcased the multifaceted meanings of small objects of the era.

Famously stolen in 2003, the salt cellar was recovered in 2006 and the thief was imprisoned.

Historical context, commission, and technique
In the 1530s, Benvenuto Cellini was known as a coin maker, but once he entered the service of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este in Rome, he began to make larger and bolder pieces. He then worked for many prominent figures in his career, including King Francis I of France (r.1515-1547), and later in Florence for the Medici ruler Duke Cosimo I (r.1537-1569). While living at the French King's court, Cellini made the salt cellar, along with the assistance of five other artists (two from Italy, two from France, and one artist from Germany). Cellini reported in his Vita that the price for the completed sculpture was 1,000 scudi. Many other Renaissance goldsmithery works, including several made by Cellini (known to us solely because of his descriptions in his autobiography), were melted down. This piece was almost melted down and destroyed in 1562, but managed to avoid the fate of so many other gold sculptures from the Italian Renaissance.

Cellini's overall technique in designing the salt cellar for King Francis I stemmed from methods that he learned from Caradosso (Cristoforo Foppa). He noticed that Caradosso would, "make a little model in wax of the size he wished his work to be." Eager to make an art piece more grand and dissimilar than Caradossos', Cellini utilized the idea of making a wax model. The end product was based on a model that Cellini had originally created for Ippolito d'Este. The Cellar was not only magnificently crafted, but it also served an important political role for Frances I and his court in the 1540s. The Saliera was designed to be the artistic symbol of the French king's domestic and international policies. The substantial power of the court is demonstrated through access to rare condiments such as salt and pepper that had been of great interest to Europeans.

Description, symbolism, and interpretation
The salt cellar is made of gold, vitreous enamel, ebony and ivory. The gold is not cast in a mold, but instead hammered by hand into its delicate shape. It stands about 10 1/2 inches tall with a base about 13 1/8 inches wide and features bearings to roll it around on a banquet table.

Created in the Mannerist style of the late Renaissance, Cellini's Salt Cellar allegorically portrays Terra e Mare (Land and Sea). Both subjects reflect the influence of Mannerism in their enigmatic facial expressions, inaccurate body proportions, and use of contrapposto. Moreover, the style popular in Florentine courts inspired Cellini as well: the sumptuous material of gold and enamel, the female figure's relatively slender proportions, attention to details, and the mastery of execution. Depicted in the nude, the two central figures juxtapose one another, seemingly confronting each other face-to-face. The sea is representative of the male figure, Neptune, reclining beside a ship that functioned as a salt holder. The figure wields a trident in his right hand, while encompassed by sea horses, fish, shells, and other sea creatures that symbolize his godly connection with the ocean. The animals utilized in this work functioned as common iconographic symbols of antiquity.

The earth, embodied by the female figure, Tellus, is depicted alongside a temple that serves as a receptacle for pepper. In contrast with Neptune, Tellus caresses her breast as a symbol of fertility emitting, "plenty adorned with all the beauties of the world." The horn she carries in her draped right hand, signifies her association with nature, and the natural elements, while simultaneously showcasing her "fertility" and "wealth." The temple beneath her arm is designed to house the pepper.

In the oval-shaped base of the sculpture, Cellini included four gold figures representing the times of day that were inspired by Michelangelo's allegorical figures of Day and Night, and Dawn and Dusk, in the Medici Chapel in the church of San Lorenzo in Florence. Alongside the times of day are the primary winds. Signifying these winds of the cardinal direction are male youths located on the base, they are shown with expanded cheeks in the act of blowing billows of air. Fire is symbolized by the salamander located underneath the heel of Tellus' left foot, which was the personal emblem of Francis I. Cellini further added more allegorical motifs to represent the court such as the king's coat of arms, an elephant, and lilies. In the end, the classical elements—earth, water, air and fire—are all showcased in the work. Moreover, the sculpture was designed to illustrate the all-encompassing order of the cosmos and of the small microcosm of the world.

Provenance
The cellar came into the possession of the Habsburgs as a gift by Charles IX of France to Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol, who had acted as a proxy for Charles in his wedding to Elisabeth of Austria.

Originally, the cellar was part of the Habsburg art collection at Castle Ambras, but was transferred to the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna during the 19th century.

Theft and recovery
On 11 May 2003, the cellar was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which was covered by scaffolding at that time due to reconstruction works. The thief set off the alarms, but these were ignored as false, and the theft remained undiscovered until 8:20 am. The museum offered a reward of €1,000,000 for its recovery. The cellar was recovered on 21 January 2006, buried in a lead box in a forest near the town of Zwettl, Austria, about 90 km north of Vienna. The thief, Robert Mang, turned himself in after police released surveillance photos of the suspect which were subsequently recognized by acquaintances. Mang was sentenced to 4 years in prison for the theft. The sculpture is insured for an estimated $60 million (approx. $68.3 million in CPI-adjusted 2012 United States dollars ) by Uniqa Insurance Group, an Austrian insurance company.

title: Cellini Salt Cellar


text:
Talk:Features, events, and processes

Under construction.

To be continued to develop the methodology of FEP's.

--193.190.187.220 21:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Whence the apostrophe?
Shouldn't this be FEPs?—Wikipeditor 13:45, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Features, events, and processes


text:
Wilmcote

Wilmcote is a village, and since 2004 a separate civil parish, in the English county of Warwickshire, about 3 mi north of Stratford-upon-Avon. Prior to 2004, it was part of the same parish as Aston Cantlow, and the 2001 population for the whole area was 1,670, reducing to 1,229 at the 2011 Census.

It has a church, a primary school, a village hall, a village club, one small hotel, a shop and a pub. Visitors are attracted to Mary Arden's Farm, the home of Shakespeare's mother. Now closed to the public.

History
Wilmcote, listed as Wilmecote in the Domesday Book, is part of the lands of Osbern fitzRichard, whose father was Richard Scrob, builder of Richard's Castle. The entry reads: "In Pathlow Hundred. Also from Osbern, Urso hold 3 hides in Wilmcote. Land for 4 ploughs. In lordship 2; 2 slaves; 2 villagers and 2 smallholders with 2 ploughs. Meadow, 24 acres. The value was 30s; now 60s;. Leofwin Doda held it freely before 1066."

By 1205, according to Dugdale, it was held by Brito Camerarius, Chamberlain of Normandy and in that year was seized by King John, together with the other English lands of Normans for adhering to the King of France, Phillip II. In 1228 William de Wilmecote was claiming the advowson of the chapel here against the Archdeacon of Gloucester. In 1316 Wilmcote is called a hamlet of Aston Cantlow, and Laurence Hastings, who succeeded as Earl of Pembroke in 1325, is said to have given the manor of GREAT WILMCOTE to John son of John de Wyncote. During the Black Death (1348–9) Sir John, Eleanor and Joan, and three of the daughters died; and the last of the daughters, Elizabeth, whose wardship had come to the Crown as guardian of the young Earl of Pembroke, died in 1350.

No more is known of the manor until 1561, when an estate described as the manor of Great Wilmcote, including Mary Arden's house and land in Shelfield, was granted by Thomas Fynderne of Nuneaton to Adam Palmer of Aston Cantlow and George Gibbs of Wilmcote. Palmer and Gibbs held jointly until 1575, when a partition was made. The descent of Palmer's portion is not known, but Gibbs's, which included Mary Arden's house, remained in the family until another George Gibbs sold it to Matthew Walford of Claverdon in 1704. Walford's son and heir, also Matthew, married Elizabeth Jones and died in 1729, leaving his estates to be held jointly by his five daughters. Whatever manorial rights may have attached to this property had by now disappeared. At the time of the Inclosure in 1742–3 the manor of Wilmcote was included in that of Aston Cantlow, and Elizabeth Walford, widow, appears in the Award only as the proprietor of 5-yard-lands in the common field.

Economy
Wilmcote contains areas of good limestone, and a significant quarrying industry grew up in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, particularly after the opening of the Stratford-upon-Avon Canal in 1816 which was routed through Wilmcote because of its quarries. Today the area has many small disused quarries, mostly filled in, and just-visible paths of tramways linking them to the canal. A larger quarry, which has not been filled in, is now a nature reserve. There are remains of lime kilns, built to turn the limestone into cement.

Wilmcote stone splits well into sheets and was used for paving as well as for building. It was used for paving the floors in the United Kingdom Houses of Parliament when these were rebuilt in the nineteenth century.

The last of the quarries closed in the early twentieth century, but they have left a great legacy for the village. There are several rows of former quarry workers cottages, built in Wilmcote stone, and a pub called the Masons' Arms. (Now closed). The quarries were among the reasons why the canal and railway were routed through Wilmcote. The first Wilmcote railway station opened in 1860, on a site alongside the canal wharves; it was replaced by the present station when the line was doubled in 1908.

Governance
Wilmcote is part of the Aston Cantlow ward of Stratford on Avon District Council, and is represented by Councillor Ian Shenton, Conservative. Nationally it is part of Stratford on Avon constituency, whose member of parliament following the 2010 election is Nadhim Zahawi of the Conservative Party. It was included in the West Midlands electoral region of the European Parliament.

Religious sites
There was a chapel at Wilmcote, first mentioned in 1228 when the advowson was in dispute between William de Wilmcote, and the Archdeacon of Gloucester. In the 14th century the advowson was held with the manor of Little Wilmcote, until in 1481 Henry de Lisle gave it to the Gild of the Holy Cross at Stratford. The chaplains were instituted and inducted by the vicars of Stratford.

The Oxford Movement was a Catholic revival movement in the Church of England in the early nineteenth century, centred in Oxford and Wilmcote was the site they chose to build a church, a school and a retreat house. The early nineteenth-century village had no church, it was then a part of the adjoining parish of Aston Cantlow but with a growing working class population due to the growth of the Wilmcote quarries the village was much in need of a church and a school. The modern church of St Andrew, built in 1841, is a monument to the influence of the Oxford Movement in the parish. It was built by the Rev. Francis Fortescue-Knottesford and his son, Edward Fortescue, who became the first curate, to meet the semi-industrial conditions created by the opening of the cement works in the 1830s. It is a small Anglo-Catholic church, dark, spiritual, and on Sundays filled with the smell of incense. It was designed by the renowned architect William Butterfield, a leader in the Gothic revival.

Education
Situated in Church Road is Wilmcote Church of England (Voluntary Aided) Primary School, which educates 80 children from the age of 4 to 11.

Transport links
Wilmcote railway station is situated on the Stratford-upon-Avon branch line (one of the Snow Hill Lines) and is served by West Midlands Trains with services to Stratford-upon-Avon and Birmingham Snow Hill whilst Chiltern Railways serve Leamington Spa and London Marylebone. The village is a popular stop on the Stratford-upon-Avon to Birmingham Canal, and is on a National Cycleway.

Notable people
Mary Arden was born in Wilmcote around 1540. A farmer's daughter, she married John Shakespeare, moved to Stratford-upon-Avon, and gave birth to William Shakespeare, who is recognised as the greatest English playwright ever. Mary Arden's House, now owned by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, is closed to the public and houses a museum of countryside life. William Shakespeare's life and times have been extensively researched and documented and much is therefore known about Wilmcote from the time of Mary Arden onwards.

Cultural references
It is the consensus among scholars that the Induction of The Taming of The Shrew is set in rural Warwickshire. One character mentioned, however, allows for a greater localization – to the village of Wilmcote. Sly, the drunken tinker, beseeches the Lord: "Ask Marian Hacket, the fat ale-wife of Wincot, if she know me not" [Ind.2.18–19]. The minutes of the Stratford Corporation, 11 November 1584 (approximately a decade before the play), mention "the tythes of Wyncote", the very spelling of the village that appears in the Folio text of The Shrew.

title: Wilmcote


text:
Talk:Peaknik

afd
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was no consensus. See Articles for deletion/Peaknik · Katefan0(scribble) 21:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peaknik


text: User talk:72.150.66.21

title: User talk:72.150.66.21


text:
Canebrake, West Virginia

Canebrake is an unincorporated community located in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. Canbrake was named for the wild canes near the original town site. It has also been spelled Canebreak in its past.

title: Canebrake, West Virginia


text:
User:Interiot/Sandbox/Security engineering

Security engineering is an applied science that deals with intentional malicious failure of a real-world systems. It is strongly related to safety engineering which deals with accidental systems failure.

As with safety engineering, security engineering failure can lead to loss of physical life or property, but it can also lead to loss of information integrity, confidentiality, or availability. Perfect security is often impossible, so risk analysis is also an important facet of security engineering.

Although security engineering overlaps with military science, and sometimes borrows from it, security engineering is usually concerned with more prevalent civilian scenarios.

History
Security systems engineering has existed informally for centuries in the fields of locksmithing, security printing, and classical cryptography.

The onset of the Information Age saw a rise in the amount of recorded information, increasing the number of things that needed to be secured. The onset of the Internet greatly increased the interconnection of information systems, expanding the number of people who could potentially cause a security failure in a given system. Advances in computers allowed the creation of remarkably more complex systems than before, increasing the difficulty of securing those systems. (a security failure in any part of a system often leads to total security failure, so higher complexity directly leads to more opportunities for attack)

Expertise
Because modern systems cut across many areas of human endeavor, security engineers need to not only consider the mathematical and physical properties of systems; they also need to consider attacks on the people who use and form parts of those systems using social engineering attacks, including coercion, fraud, and deception by confidence tricksters. Because security systems can span households, corporations, or even nations, the decisions of leaders in setting policy, and the decisions of individuals regarding compliance, can affect the total security of those systems. Other practical considerations include design tradeoffs between security, cost, and usability.

For these reasons, security engineering may require a wide range of expertise, including physics, materials science, mathematics, social science, psychology, and economics. Due to its close relation with safety engineering, some of the techniques are borrowed from it, such as fault tree analysis.

One of the pioneers of security engineering as a formal field of study is Ross Anderson.

As with "safety", the word "security" can mean a broad range of things, from computer network security, to home security, to national security. "Security engineering" can sometimes refer to the broader cases as well, even when the protection measures are largely procedural, political, or militaristic.

Sub-fields of security engineering

 * Physical security
 * Lock picking
 * Safe-cracking
 * Security guard
 * Information security
 * Covert channel
 * Cryptography
 * Cryptanalysis
 * Digital rights management
 * Kerckhoffs' principle
 * Secure channel
 * Steganography

Domain-specific security

 * Electromagnetic security
 * Acoustic cryptanalysis
 * Power analysis
 * TEMPEST
 * Computer security (Category:Computer_security)
 * Buffer overflow
 * Computer insecurity
 * Password
 * Secure computing
 * Secure cryptoprocessor
 * Software cracking
 * Computer network security
 * Backdoor
 * Denial-of-service attack
 * Firewall
 * War dialing
 * Wardriving

Concepts

 * Authentication
 * Authorization
 * Trust
 * Attacks
 * Deception
 * Eavesdropping
 * Fraud
 * Inside job
 * Man in the middle attack
 * Social engineering
 * Timing attack
 * Defenses
 * Canary trap
 * Secrecy
 * Tamper-evident
 * Tamper resistance

Community/Roles

 * Computer forensics
 * Full disclosure
 * Hacker


text:
Utah's 1st congressional district

Utah's 1st congressional district serves the northern area of Utah, including the cities of Ogden, Logan, Park City, Layton, Clearfield, Salt Lake City, and the northern half of the Great Salt Lake.

The current member of the United States House of Representatives from the district is Republican Blake Moore.

President George W. Bush received 73% of the vote in this district in 2004. Scoring a Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) of R+26 in 2004, the 1st Congressional District narrowly beat three other Congressional Districts which scored R+25 to become the most Republican district in the nation.

Recent statewide election results

 * Results under current lines (since 2023)

 * Results under old lines (2013-2023)

 * Results under old lines (2003-2013)

List of members representing the district
Until 1913, the district was the only district, elected statewide At-large.

District borders are periodically redrawn and some district residences may no longer be in this district.

1912
Note: The 1912 election consisted of an all-party election for the two at-large seats. Howell was elected to the first at-large seat, while Johnson was elected to the second at-large seat.

title: Utah's 1st congressional district


text:
Chardonel

Chardonel is a late ripening white wine hybrid grape which can produce a high quality wine with varietal character. It is a result of a cross made by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station of the popular French American hybrid Seyval and the classic vitis vinifera Chardonnay. It is distinguished by its superior wine quality combined with high productivity and cold hardiness superior to its acclaimed parent Chardonnay. The vine is vigorous and productive, producing green grapes with large clusters.

title: Chardonel


text:
Charles Ware

Charles Ware may refer to:

 * Charles Pickard Ware (1849–1921), American educator and folk music transcriber
 * Charles R. Ware (1911–1942), United States Navy officer, killed in the Battle of Midway
 * Charlie Ware (Baker County, Georgia) (1914–1999), figure whose case was a major point in the civil rights movement
 * Charles Eliot Ware (1814–1887), Boston physician in Boston
 * USS Charles R. Ware (DD-865), a Gearing-class destroyer of the United States Navy in service from 1945 to 1974.

title: Charles Ware


text:
Cortinarius rubellus

Cortinarius rubellus, commonly known as the deadly webcap, is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae, native to high-latitude temperate to subalpine forests of Eurasia and North America. Within the genus it belongs to a group known as the Orellani, all of which are highly toxic. Eating them results in kidney failure, which is often irreversible. The mushroom is generally tan to brown all over, with a conical to convex cap 2.5 to 8 cm in diameter, adnate gills and a 5.5 to 11 cm tall stipe.

Taxonomy
British naturalist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke described Cortinarius rubellus in 1887 from material collected by a Dr. Carlyle at Orton Moss near Carlisle, Cumbria. The name was rarely used before 1980, however. Cortinarius orellanoides was described by Henry in 1937 from mushrooms growing under bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and beech in France, while Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi described C. speciosissimus (initially C. speciosus, but that name had already been given to another species of webcap) from mushrooms growing in moss among Vaccinium in pine and spruce forests of the French and Swiss Jura. Cortinarius rainierensis, described in 1950 by Alex H. Smith and Daniel Elliot Stuntz from material collected in Mount Rainier National Park in the United States, is a synonym. Klaus Høiland reviewed material of C. orellanoides and C. speciosissimus and determined that the mushrooms and spores were identical. The only difference was that C. orellanoides grew in beech and C. speciosissimus preferred conifers, yet he had also found the latter species growing under beech in Norway. He concluded the name should be C. orellanoides, as that was the older name. Høiland and others had noted that C. rubellus was likely to be the same species as well. Gasparini queried this, however, because in Cooke's original illustrations of C. rubellus, he noted that the spores were drawn as triangular or fig-shaped and were not consistent with descriptions of C. orellanoides or C. speciosissimus.

Cortinarius rubellus is one of seven highly toxic species that make up the orellani, a subgenus within genus Cortinarius. In 2007, Bruno Gasparini proposed conserving the name C. speciosissimus against the other names as it had been chiefly known by this name between 1953 and 1980, and some doubts existed over which names were legitimate. Both C. rubellus and C. orellanoides lacked a type specimen and there was a possibility that the description of C. rubellus could have also applied to Cortinarius morrisii. There was no consensus on the proposal as of 2022.

Description
Cortinarius rubellus has a conical to convex (partly flattening to umbonate with maturity) cap of 2.5 to 8 cm diameter. In colour, it is a tawny to date brown with paler margins, and is covered in fine, fibrous scales. The gills are ochre- or caramel-coloured, changing to a deeper brown with age as the spores mature. They have an adnate connection to the stipe. The stipe is 5.5 to 11 cm tall, and 0.5 to 1.5 cm thick with a bulbous base. It is the same colour or slightly paler than the cap, and can have yellow fragments of the veil (cortina) attached to its lower half. The flesh is cream or pale yellow, but more tan below the pileipellis and in the stem base. It smells slightly of radishes and has no strong taste.

Distribution and habitat
Cortinarius rubellus has been recorded in high-latitude temperate to subalpine forests throughout the northern hemisphere, including subalpine conifer forest in the Yatsugatake Mountains in Yamanashi Prefecture, central Japan. In North America, it is found in British Columbia and western Washington, particularly Mount Rainier National Park. C. rubellus occurs in Scandinavia and also occurs in the north of the British Isles, generally in wet areas of conifer or mixed conifer and broadleaf woodlands, though it is uncommon.

Toxicity
Cortinarius rubellus contains orellanine, a powerful mycotoxin. The danger of poisoning was first recognized in 1972 in Finland, where four cases had occurred, two of which resulted in permanent kidney failure. In 1979, three people on holiday in near Inverness were poisoned, after mistaking it for the chanterelle. Two of the three required kidney transplants. Twenty-two people were poisoned between 1979 and 1993 in Sweden, nine of whom required a kidney transplant following end stage kidney failure (ESRF). Among the edible species they mistook the mushroom for were Craterellus tubaeformis and Hygrophorus species as well as chanterelles. The edible Craterellus tubaeformis can be distinguished by its funnel-shaped cap and ridges on the cap's underside rather than gills. In 1996, one person in Austria ate it while looking for magic mushrooms.

Nicholas Evans, author of The Horse Whisperer, his wife Charlotte Gordon Cumming, and two other relatives were accidentally poisoned in September 2008 after consuming deadly webcaps that they gathered on holiday. Evans had assumed they were ceps but overlooked that the mushrooms had gills rather than pores. All four victims were informed that they would require kidney transplants in the future. Several years later, Evans received a kidney donated by his daughter, Lauren. The other three eventually received transplants after some searching for donors, despite Charlotte having only eaten three mouthfuls of mushroom; they were instrumental in setting up the charity Give a Kidney.

title: Cortinarius rubellus


text: Category:Viewtiful Joe

title: Category:Viewtiful Joe