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Duppas Hill

Duppas Hill (or Duppa's Hill) is a park, road and surrounding residential area in Waddon, near Croydon in Greater London (and historically in Surrey).

Duppas Hill has a long history of sport and recreation. It is said that jousting took place there in medieval times and the story goes that Lord William de Warenne was treacherously slain there during a joust in 1286.

Cricket
Duppas Hill was used by Croydon Cricket Club for cricket matches in the 18th century. The earliest known match took place in 1707 when Croydon played the London Club. It is recorded frequently in the 1730s as the home venue of Croydon and sometimes by Surrey teams.

Workhouse
Duppas Hill was the site of the Croydon workhouse. In 1726 the Vestry of Croydon resolved to erect the town's first workhouse at a site on what was then called Dubber's or Duppa's hill, after Bishop Brian Duppa. The establishment was open by the end of the following year and governed by a committee of Trustees. In 1836 it became the Croydon Poor Law Union workhouse. The workhouse moved to a new building at Thornton Heath in 1866, but the infirmary remained in the Duppas Hill buildings until 1885 and the establishment of a new infirmary (later Mayday Hospital, and now Croydon University Hospital) close to the new workhouse.

Public recreation
There has been a public park at Duppas Hill since 1865, when the Croydon Board of Health bought land from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for £2,000 to create Croydon's first recreation ground. It was laid out with paths, a bandstand, pavilion and an ornate drinking fountain. The Board of Health had to deal with cattle trespassing, drinking booths and other problems. The Board had proposed enclosing it with iron posts and railings intending to turn the area into a park rather than a recreation ground for all to enjoy sports and games freely, and in particular aimed to restrict horse-riding. Some of the Board wanted to ban horse-riding completely on the public open space, others to ban grooms exercising horses but not the general public riding for pleasure. Sir Francis Head, a famous soldier who lived at Duppas Hall overlooking the park, chaired a large public meeting to prevent the enclosure, wrote letters and memoranda to the press and headed a memorial of 3,500 people protesting against enclosure. He argued that the horse riders protected defenceless ladies, but he was eventually satisfied with notices forbidding people from exercising their horses, with Duppas Hill becoming the space for recreation it still is today.

The ground was used for public celebrations and firework displays. On the eve of the 1926 General Strike, it was the venue of a mass rally of trade unionists and workers. In World War II it hosted a baseball match between American and Canadian soldiers.

Today the park is still a recreation ground, and football and cricket are still played there. Part of the site was used as the Heath Clark school, later part of Croydon College, which has now been developed into housing.

Duppas Hill Road and Duppas Hill Lane
The road is a section of the Ewell to Orpington A232 road, preceded by Stafford Road to the west and succeeded by the Croydon Flyover to the east. It is a no-stopping Red Route for its entire length (except slip roads).

title: Duppas Hill


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Immigration to Argentina

The history of immigration to Argentina can be divided into several major stages:

 * Spanish colonization between the 16th and 18th century, mostly male, largely assimilated with the natives through a process called miscegenation. Although, not all of the current territory was effectively colonized by the Spaniards. The Chaco region, Eastern Patagonia, the current province of La Pampa, the south zone of Córdoba, and the major part of the current provinces of Buenos Aires, San Luis, and Mendoza were maintained under indigenous dominance—Guaycurúes and Wichís from the Chaco region; Huarpes in the Cuyana and north Neuquino; Ranqueles in the east of Cuyo and north from the Pampean region; Tehuelches and Mapuches in the Pampean and Patagonian regions, and Selknam and Yámanas in de Tierra del Fuego archipelago—which were taken over by the Mapuches; first to the east of Cordillera de los Andes, mixing interracially with the Pehuenches in the middle of the 18th century and continuing until 1830 with the indigenous Pampas and north from Patagonia, which were conquered by the Argentine State after its independence.
 * The African population, forcibly introduced from sub-Saharan Africa (mainly of Bantu origin), taken to work as slaves in the colony between the 17th and 19th centuries in great numbers.
 * Immigration mostly European and to a lesser extent from Western Asia, including considerable Arab and Jewish currents, produced between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century (particularly Italians and Spaniards in that quantitative order), promoted by the Constitution of 1852 that prohibited establishing limitations to enter the country to those "strangers that bring through the purpose of working the land, bettering the industries, and introducing and teaching the sciences and the arts" and order the State to promote "European" immigration, even though after predomination of Mediterranean immigrants, from Eastern Europe and the western Asia. Added to this is the Alberdian precept of "to govern is to populate." These politics were destined to generate a rural social fabric and to finalize the occupation of the Pampean, Patagonian, and Chaco territories, that until the 1880s, were inhabited by diverse indigenous cultures.
 * European immigration in the 19th century and early 20th century (mainly Italian and Spanish), focused on colonization and sponsored by the government (sometimes on lands conquered from the native inhabitants by the Conquest of the Desert in the last quarter of the century).
 * The immigration from nearby countries (Uruguay, Chile, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay) from the 19th to 21st century. These immigration streams date back to the first agro-pottery civilizations that appeared in Argentine territory.
 * From the 1980s and 1990s, the migration currents especially come from Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Asia (particularly from Korea, China, and Japan in this period) and Eastern Europe.
 * During the 21st century, a part of Argentine migrants and their descendants returned from Europe and the United States. In addition, immigrants from Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru; now there are also migratory streams from China, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Venezuela, Senegal, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, and Haiti.
 * Mostly urban immigration during the era of rapid growth in the late 19th century (from 1880 onwards) and the first half of the 20th century, before and after World War I and also after the Spanish Civil War.

Colonial era
The Spanish migration flows which conquered and colonised the area that is now Argentina were mainly three:

 * The one which came from the northwest — those Peruvian lands conquered by Diego de Almagro and Francisco Pizarro — being the cities of Lima, Cusco and Potosí the scattering centres.
 * The one which came from the west, from Chile, across the Andes; from the cities of Santiago and Coquimbo.
 * The one which came from the east, that used the Río de la Plata and its tributaries, especially the Paraná River to settle on the banks thereof. Also, this migration flow settled in Asunción, Paraguay where they colonised much of the region.

The Spanish conquistadores and settlers were mainly from Biscay, as well from Galicia and Portugal, founding cities and establishing estancias for supplies of agricultural and livestock products. The scale of operations was reduced, mainly focused on the domestic market and the provision of the crown.

Support and control of immigration
Since its unification as a country, Argentine rulers intended the country to welcome immigration. Article 25 of the 1853 Constitution reads: The Federal Government will encourage European immigration, and it will not restrict, limit or burden with any taxes the entrance into Argentine territory of foreigners who come with the goal of working the land, improving the industries and teach the sciences and the arts. The Preamble of the Constitution dictates a number of goals (justice, peace, defence, welfare and liberty) that apply "to all men in the world who wish to dwell on Argentine soil". The Constitution incorporates, along with other influences, the thought of Juan Bautista Alberdi, who expressed his opinion on the matter in succinct terms: "to govern is to populate".

As a result of policies promoting immigration to the once sparsely populated country 11% of the Argentinian population and 50% of the population of Buenos Aires was made up of newly arrived immigrants by 1869.

The legal and organisational precedents of today's National Directorate for Migration (DNM) can be found in 1825, when Rivadavia created an Immigration Commission. After the commission was dissolved, the government of Rosas continued to allow immigration. Urquiza, under whose sponsorship the Constitution was drawn, encouraged the establishment of agricultural colonies in the Littoral (western Mesopotamia and north-eastern Pampas).

The first law dealing with immigration policies was Law 817 of Immigration and Colonization, of 1876. The General Immigration Office was created in 1898, together with the Hotel de Inmigrantes (Immigrants' Hotel), in Buenos Aires.

The liberal rulers of the late 19th century saw immigration as the possibility of bringing people from supposedly more civilised, enlightened countries into a sparsely populated land, thus diminishing the influence of aboriginal elements and turning Argentina into a modern society with a dynamic economy. These politicians and intellectuals favored northern European immigration in particular. However, immigrants did not bring only their knowledge and skills.

In 1902, a Law of Residence (Ley de Residencia) was passed, mandating the expulsion of foreigners who "compromise national security or disturb public order", and, in 1910, a Law of Social Defence (Ley de Defensa Social) explicitly named ideologies deemed to have such effects. These laws were a reaction by the ruling elite against imported ideas such as labor unionism, anarchism and other forms of popular organisation.

The modern National Directorate for Migration was created by decree on 4 February 1949, under the Technical Secretariat of the Presidency, in order to deal with the new post-war immigration scenario. New regulations were added to the Directorate by Law 22439 of 1981 and a decree of 1994, but the current regulations are the Law 25871 of 2004 and the decree 616 of 2010.

Features of immigration
The majority of immigrants, since the 19th century, have come from Europe, mostly from Italy and Spain. Also notable were Jewish immigrants escaping persecution, giving Argentina the highest Jewish population in Latin America, and the 7th in all the world. The total population of Argentina rose from 4 million in 1895 to 7.9 million in 1914, and to 15.8 million in 1947; during this time the country was settled by 1.5 million Spaniards and 3.8 million Italians between 1861 and 1920 but not all remained. Also arrived were Poles, Russians, French (more than 100,000 each), Germans and Austrians (also more than 100,000), Portuguese, Greeks, Ukrainians, Croats, Czechs, Irish, British, Swiss, Dutch, Hungarians, Scandinavians (the vast majority being Danes), and people from other European and Middle Eastern countries, prominently Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Armenia, and Turkey. These trends made Argentina the country with the second-largest number of immigrants, with 6.6 million, second only to the United States with 27 million. In addition, Argentine immigrant documents also show immigrants from Australia, South Africa and The United States arriving in Argentina.

Most immigrants arrived through the port of Buenos Aires and stayed in the capital or within Buenos Aires Province, as it still happens today. In 1895, immigrants accounted for 52% of the population in the Capital, and 31% in the province of Buenos Aires (some provinces of the littoral, such as Santa Fe, had about 40%, and the Patagonian provinces about 50%). In 1914, before World War I caused many European immigrants to return to their homeland in order to join the respective armies, the overall rate of foreign-born population reached its peak, almost 30%.

A significant number of immigrants settled in the countryside in the interior of the country, especially the littoral provinces, creating agricultural colonies. These included many Jews, fleeing pogroms in Europe and sponsored by Maurice de Hirsch's Jewish Colonization Association; they were later termed "Jewish gauchos". The first such Jewish colony was Moïseville (now the village of Moisés Ville). Through most of the 20th century, Argentina held one of the largest Jewish communities (near 500,000) after the US, France, Israel and Russia, and by far the largest in Latin America (see History of the Jews in Argentina). Argentina is home to a large community from the Arab world, made up mostly of immigrants from Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Armenia, and Turkey. Most are Christians of the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic (Maronite) Churches, with small Muslim and Jewish minorities. Many have gained prominent status in national business and politics, including former president Carlos Menem, the son of Syrian settlers from the province of La Rioja. (see Arab Argentine).

Nationalities settled in particular areas of the country, such as Irish in Formosa and the Mesopotamia region, the Ukrainians in Misiones where they constitute approximately 9% of the population.

Well-known and culturally strong are the German-speaking communities such as those of German-descendants themselves (both those from Germany itself, and those ethnic Germans from other parts of Europe, such as Volga Germans), Austrian, and Swiss ones. Strong German-descendant populations can be found in the Mesopotamia region (especially Entre Ríos and Misiones provinces), many neighborhoods in Buenos Aires city (such as Belgrano or Palermo), the Buenos Aires Province itself (strong German settlement in Coronel Suárez, Tornquist and other areas), Córdoba (the Oktoberfest celebration in Villa General Belgrano is specially famous) and all along the Patagonian region, including important cities such as San Carlos de Bariloche (an important tourist spot near the Andes mountain chain, which was especially influenced by German settlements).

The South African Boers Patagonia houses a unique community of South African Boers who settled there after the Second Boer War against the United Kingdom, which ended in 1902. Between 1903 and 1909, up to 800 Boer families trekked by ship to this lonely spot on Argentina's east coast, about 1500 km north of Tierra del Fuego. There are an estimated 100–120 Boer families still living on the land assigned to them by General Julio Roca. They are mainly an agricultural community.

Other nationalities, such as Spaniards, although they have specific localities (such as the centre of Buenos Aires), they are more uniformly present all around the country and form the general background of Argentine population today.

Origin of the immigrants between 1857 and 1920
Notes:
 * (1) This figure includes Russians, Ukrainians, Volga Germans, Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, etc. that entered Argentina with passport of the Russian Empire.
 * (2) This figure includes all the peoples that lived within the boundaries of the Austro-Hungarian Empire between 1867 and 1918: Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenians, Croatians, Bosniaks, Ruthenians and people from the regions of Vojvodina in Serbia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Trieste in Italy, Transylvania in Romania, and Galicia in Poland.
 * (3) The United Kingdom included Ireland until 1922; that is why most of the British immigrants – nicknamed "ingleses" – were in fact Irish, Welsh and Scottish.
 * (4) Around 0.5% of Luxembourg's total population emigrated to Argentina during the 1880s.

Source: Dirección Nacional de Migraciones: Infografías., that information was modified – figures there are by nationality, not by country.

Legacy of immigration
Argentine popular culture, especially in the Río de la Plata basin, was heavily marked by Italian and Spanish immigration.

Post-independence politicians tried to steer Argentina consistently away from identification with monarchical Spain, perceived as backward and ultraconservative, towards relatively progressive national models like those of France or the United States. Millions of poor peasants from Galicia arriving in Argentina not only did little to alter this position but also immigrated to Argentina because of it, steering clear of the United States and Britain.

Lunfardo, the jargon enshrined in tango lyrics, is laden with Italianisms, often also found in the mainstream colloquial dialect (Rioplatense Spanish). Common dishes in the central area of the country (milanesa, fainá, polenta, pascualina) have Italian names and origins.

Immigrant communities have given Buenos Aires some of its most famous landmarks, such as the Torre de los Ingleses (Tower of the English) or the Monumento de los Españoles (Monument of the Spaniards). Ukrainians, Armenians, Swiss, and many others built monuments and churches at popular spots throughout the capital.

Argentina celebrates Immigrant's Day on 4 September since 1949, by a decree of the Executive Branch. The National Immigrant's Festival is celebrated in Oberá, Misiones, during the first fortnight of September, since 1980. There are other celebrations of ethnic diversity throughout the country, such as the National Meeting and Festival of the Communities in Rosario (typically at the beginning of November). Many cities and towns in Argentina also feature monuments and memorials dedicated to immigration. There are also Immigrant's Festivals (or Collectivities Festivals) throughout the country, for example: Córdoba, Bariloche, Berisso, Esperanza, Venado Tuerto, and Comodoro Rivadavia have their own Immigrant's festivals. These festivals tend to be local, and they are not advertised or promoted nationally like the festivals in Rosario and Oberá.

Immigration in recent times
Besides substantial immigration from neighboring countries during the middle and late 1990s, Argentina received significant numbers of people from Asian countries such as Korea (both North and South), China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Japan who joined the previously existing Sino-Japanese communities in Buenos Aires. Despite the economic and financial crisis Argentina suffered at the start of the 21st century, people from all over the world continued arriving to the country, because of Argentina's immigration-friendly policies and high standard of living.

According to official data, between 1992 and 2003 an average of 13,187 people per year immigrated legally into Argentina. The government calculates that 504,000 people entered the country during the same period, giving about 345,000 undocumented immigrants. The same source gives a plausible total figure of 750,000 undocumented immigrants currently residing in Argentina.

From 2004 onwards, after Immigration Law 25871 was sanctioned, which makes the State responsible for guaranteeing access to health and education for immigrants, many foreigners have chosen Buenos Aires as their destination to work or study. Between 2006–2008 and 2012–2013 a relatively large group of Senegal nationals (4500 in total) have immigrated to Argentina, 90 percent of which have refugee status.

In April 2006, the national government started the Patria Grande plan to regularize the migratory situation of undocumented immigrants. The plan attempts to ease the bureaucratic process of getting documentation and residence papers, and is aimed at citizens of Mercosur countries and its associated states (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela). The plan came after a scandal and a wave of indignation caused by fire in a Buenos Aires sweatshop, which revealed the widespread utilization of undocumented Bolivian immigrants as cheap labor force in inhumane conditions, under a regime of virtual debt slavery.

As of 2020, Argentina counted with a positive net migration rate (one of the only three such countries in the region, alongside Chile and Costa Rica) and remains a major destination for migrants within Latin America and the Caribbean.

However, since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, in light of the international sanctions on Russian passports, Russian couples and pregnant Russian women have started to emigrate to Argentina in hopes of acquiring an Argentine passport in order to continue their journey onto Europe, or to permanently establish themselves in Argentina with their children. As of July 2023, more than 18,500 Russians have come to Argentina after Russia invaded Ukraine. Argentina does not require a visa for Russian citizens to enter the country as tourists and it also allows the parents of children born on Argentinian soil to receive residency, and, later, a passport. This opportunity has led to approximately 10,500 Russians travelling to Argentina to give birth in 2022.

Country of birth of Argentine residents

According to the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina, in 2022 a total of 1,933,463 of the Argentine resident population were born outside Argentina, representing 4.24% of the total Argentine resident population.

Immigrant communities in Argentina

 * Afro Argentines
 * Arab Argentines
 * Argentines of European descent
 * Asian Argentines
 * Austrian Argentines
 * Bulgarians in South America
 * Chinese Argentines
 * Dutch Argentines
 * English settlement in Argentina
 * French Argentines
 * German Argentines
 * Greek Argentines
 * Hungarian Argentines
 * Irish Argentine
 * Italian Argentine
 * History of the Jews in Argentina (Jewish gauchos)
 * Polish Argentines
 * Portuguese Argentine
 * Russian Argentines
 * Scottish Argentines
 * Slovene Argentines
 * Swedish Argentines
 * Swiss Argentines

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Immigration to Argentina


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dvd duplicator

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 11:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Dvd duplicator
Advertisement Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  20:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, obvious spam james gibbon  20:44, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to DVD recorder --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete sans redirect, since the title is miscapitalized. Ilmari Karonen 22:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Faith in the Future (TV series)

Faith in the Future is a British comedy television show running from 17 November 1995 to 27 February 1998. A sequel to the show Second Thoughts, it aired on ITV for 22 episodes.

The show continues the story of Faith Greyshott (Lynda Bellingham), newly single after splitting from her long-term partner, Bill, at the end of Second Thoughts. With her daughter Hannah (Julia Sawalha) away travelling and her son Joe now in a shared flat, Faith decides it's time to stop being a wife and mother and live her life for herself; however, her plans are scuppered when Hannah returns and moves back home.

The series has been repeated on ITV3.

Characters

 * Faith (Lynda Bellingham) - A 40-something, divorced mother of two looking to rebuild her life following the break-up of her long-term relationship. Formerly a commercial artist, she begins working as an art teacher at a local college where she meets upholsterer Paul, who becomes her on-off boyfriend. Although keen to put herself first and enjoy life as a single woman, issues such as Hannah's return and the menopause get in the way.
 * Hannah (Julia Sawalha) - Faith's headstrong daughter, who returns home after a year travelling expecting to live with her mother again, only to find she has sold the family home and now lives alone. Having dropped out of university in Second Thoughts, she takes on a variety of unsuccessful jobs, including dressing as a giant mouse to promote cheese, before deciding to train as a counsellor. Like her mother, she has a difficult love life, having several failed relationships.
 * Paul (Jeff Rawle) - Faith's on-off boyfriend; an upholsterer who also teaches at the college. Although attracted to Faith, he is constantly frustrated by her regular changes of heart and erratic behaviour.
 * Jools (Charlie Creed-Miles - (Series 1); Simon Pegg - Series 2–3) - A kind-hearted, but somewhat naive, young man who becomes obsessed with Hannah after she is dumped by his friend Nick. He is notoriously clumsy and accident-prone (to the point that he thinks it is his fault when a tree crashes through Faith's window). Although other women, including Hannah's friend Caroline and Faith's friend June, show an interest in him, Jools only has eyes for Hannah, despite her continuing disparagement of him.

Minor characters

 * Joe (Mark Denham) - Faith's son. A regular character in Second Thoughts, he appears in just one episode of Faith in the Future, when he tells his mother he has important news for her. Faith suspects Joe is about to come out as gay; however, his news is actually that he has joined the Conservative Party - something that Faith, an ardent Labour supporter, is horrified by.
 * Caroline (Emma Bernard) - Hannah's long-time best friend who develops a crush on Jools, despite being married with a child. She later splits from her husband Dave, but is apparently oblivious to the signs that he is actually gay.
 * Zoë (Susannah Wise) - Faith's eldest daughter whom she gave up for adoption prior to her marriage, and whose existence is revealed in the final series. She is a somewhat innocent, naïve girl who contrasts sharply with the more gregarious Hannah.
 * Harry (Christopher Villiers) - Hannah's tutor, later her boyfriend. He asks her to move in with him in the penultimate episode; however, when she catches him cheating on her she decides to go travelling with Jools instead.
 * Mark (Ivan Kaye) - A somewhat boorish builder who Hannah thinks is chatting her up; however, he is actually interested in Faith and begins dating her towards the end of the series.

DVD release
The Complete Series of Faith in the Future was released by Network on 13 April 2015.

title: Faith in the Future (TV series)


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Talk:Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program

Diametric Drive
''"However, positive and negative gravity on a single spacecraft involves balanced forces within a structure, and would not result in acceleration." '' Unless I misunderstood the explanation, both forces are not acting on the spaceship. As far as I can tell, what it says is that the positive gravity is acting on the 'brick' of negative matter while the negative gravity is acting on the spaceship. If this is true, then the forces are in fact unbalanced. However, I have no higher claim to physics education beyond highschool level, and it is entirely possible I'm wrong.

76.183.171.22 (talk) 22:11, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Yes, the forces are unbalenced and the system accelerates so I have removed it. 210.138.117.211 added this line and rather underestimates the level of physics required by a NASA study in advanced propulsion. This pairing breaks no conservation laws. The energy for the system at high speed is the same as stationary, as is the momentum. The elephant in the room is simply that though the mathematics allows for negative as well as positive mass/energy, noone has been able to show that the negative values corrispond to anything we can physically observe. Ambix (talk) 01:01, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Doesn't V = 0 in that expression? 184.162.124.206 (talk) 07:53, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

Diametric weapon
I think the possible usage as a kinetic weapon should be stated.

Differential Sail
Someone who knows more than me needs to fix this; vacuum fluctuations are not related to cosmic background radiation.AtomSmith 09:09, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

I have attempted to fix this, because it bothered me. Unfortunately, I have messed up the footnote to a reference because I cannot find where it describes how to do this properly. My apologies. I just wanted to fix the factual error. Sorry to be such a noob. -- SD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.107.135.113 (talk) 08:05, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Dysjunction drive
It would be interesting if someone with more knowledge on the subject could clarify the section on the Disjunction Drive. Specifically:

The electromagnet is turned on briefly, then turned off, emitting a pulse of electromagnetic radiation in the process.

Electrical energy would be consumed to create this pulse. Some would appear as heat. Is the remaining energy transformed into a "pull" that propigates toward the iron?

The EMP in the above example carries significant momentum, which it transfers to the plate.

This would seem to say YES to my question.

Imagine two objects floating freely in space, not at a great distance from each other (so speed of light is not an issue), connected by a rope. If object A pulls object B, B will move toward A but A will also move toward B. Does the same thing occur when the "rope" is an EMP?

If so, put A and B a light year from each other and switch back to EMP instead of rope. Can't A "pull" itself toward B whether or not B exists?

The above "paradox" is what fields are all about.

Care to elaborate?

 * To answer your original question, yes; the device will work even without the object B; if I understand your description correctly, the system is just a rocket with EM radiation as its propellant. Ben Standeven 21:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Field structure pertaining to gravity.
The subject of gravity can be supported by two- fold arguements ,the total field structurally here on the planets surface consists of numerous conjoining and blending dynamics.traditionally the mass/density is said to attract other objects to it but a myriad of affects may be the actul attraction.Torsion,surface-tension,electro-magnetic flux?Questionably the attraction is in a hyperinflexive enviornment to begin with(many faceted variable structured)

Updated information?
AFAIK, this program has been discontinued. Does anyone have any information to share? ---CH 21:59, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Free energy
Under the diametric drive heading, the term 'free energy' as it is defined by the link to the corresponding article is used incorrectly.

non-breakthroughs
I've added this link: Some of that info should probably go on this page. Fresheneesz 08:26, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 *

Pitch Drive
Here is what I emailed to the program manager way back:

"A magnetic field rate of change of the virtual field caused by the assemblage of point sources, at the pole, exceeds the pole's local magnetic field rate, thereby causing the magnetic monopole to appear."

It is a line of point sources one hundred meters long, one meter spaced, charged at 1 megavolt. Pushing the line of charges through the sun's magnetic field causes the monopole polarity. Push toward the sun and turn on and it attracts, push away from the sun with a small chemical rocket and turn on the voltage and it repels.

Pitch change was the terminology for the rate of parameter change in the abstract. My monopole pitch exceeds the local magnetic pole pitch rate. It all boils down to the infinite rate at the top of the magnet, and all magnets are fintite because of the size of the ferrocenters. Well that is a very small change, and I did email the idea in.

Disjunction Drive
"There is nothing in mainstream physics to suggest this is possible; indeed, from this description it is impossible to understand exactly what the idea behind this proposal is."

This statement seems a bit unencyclopedic & odd. Is the proposal as vague as this description?

And the statement that the Diametric Drive "sounds suspiciously like perpetual motion pseudoscience" is fishy, too. Is that the opinion of the author or someone else's opinion? Jordansc 20:21, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Deletion
It had a fact-check marker anyway, but I deleted text suggesting that a device that used a hypothetical negative mass to accelerate violates conservation of energy. Energy is equal to 1/2 * mass * velocity^2. Since this is proportional to mass, having negative mass implies negative energy; as the negative and positive masses accelerate, the negative mass gains negative energy at the same time the positive mass gains positive energy, for a net change in energy of zero. Therefore conservation of energy is not violated. Forward explained this in an article in Analog.

There are, however, other problems. It's supposed to be impossible to distinguish acceleration from gravity. However, if you put positive and negative masses in space in an elevator, accelerating the elevator would cause both of those objects to "fall" towards the bottom of the elevator, while in an actual gravitational field the positive mass object falls down and the negative mass object falls up. Ken Arromdee 03:00, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

react
OK with the negative energy rising with speed, but not with the negative mass in an elevator, "the negative mass would fall towards the positive as does any mass toward any other" so no problem.I am french, and i'm affraid to not really understand "However, positive and negative gravity on a single spacecraft involves balanced forces within a structure, and would not result in acceleration.".Does it mean that with a bond between the two masses, there won't be any acceleration resulting? First I would say no, and then why?Klinfran (talk) 19:57, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Technically you still can't distinguish acceleration from gravity - they are, in fact, one in the same. The simple direction difference between the negative and positive masses accelerations are not qualifiers for discrimination. There is no way, in a single reference frame, to distinguish the negative and positive masses - i.e. whether the earth is negative or positive mass and the object in question is positive or negative. Further, the magnitude of the acceleration should be identical for each object.

I would suggest reading up on Hawking's idea (in his universe in a nutshell book) that mass energy + gravitational energy = 0. In essence, you can create all the matter you want, as long as it has gravitational pull which he regards as a negative energy. If this is the case, then there could, in fact, be negative mass with positive gravitational energy, which behaves in an opposite manner. I would presume that annihilation due to matter-antimatter interactions would have gravitational energy considerations as well - but in any case, the mere fact that negative mass would accelerate in a different direction in a gravitational field does not in itself preclude its existence, especially since gravitational laws were formulated without accounting for this eventuality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.238.64.194 (talk) 10:47, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Time travel?
"Millis retired from NASA on February 3rd, 2010, and continues to pursue similar research under the nonprofit organization Tau Zero Foundation."

I'm looking at this on 1/31/2010 and it's mentioned in the past tense. Is this date accurate?

207.5.203.11 (talk) 03:01, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Low Importance . . . ?
on the WikiProjects Physics importance scale ? I emphatically disagree & request a discussion on BPP's importance. If the BPP were properly funded over an extended period (instead of the $1.2 million over six years ??), the possibilities discovered might very well increase dramatically. It would profoundly alter every person's view of space exploration. And could there be a path that takes us to a new source of energy ? I think it would be arrogant for humanity to believe that every aspect of physics has been discovered and is known. PFSLAKES1 (talk) 23:25, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There's no pretense that physics is a completed endeavor. New discoveries are expected to be made, but there's no way to know ahead of time exactly what those discoveries will be. In the mean time, one must work with what resources one has at-hand. All of the proposals of the BPPP are predicated on one thing: that some empirically very successful principle of physics is wrong. This isn't a trivial thing. There's no way to calculate the odds of any particular physical law being usurped by future progress. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.223.130.32 (talk) 22:49, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Title?
Why do the article name and first sentence disagree about the name? Is it "Program" or "Project"? Is the acronym BPPP or BPP? References please. 70.247.166.5 (talk) 02:29, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * see here please :-> abstract@ grc.nasa.gov:From 1996-2002, NASA supported the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project to examine physics in the context of breakthrough spaceflight. In this paper To leap past the limitations of existing propulsion, the NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Project seeks further advancements in physics from which new propulsion methods can eventually be derived. Also here under Identifying Critical Issues and Unknowns p.2: This process was applied by the NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project. -> Project. --Advanceddeepspacepropeller (talk) 18:52, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Grammar
I don't understand this edit:. The reverted edit, while clumsy, was grammatically correct, and the current text isn't even consistent. "in math"? "in mathematics"? Which one is it? I suggest the first simply be "The concept is expressed as" and the second "The bias drive and pitch drive is expressed qualitatively as". Jogar2 (talk) 13:09, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Diametric Drive: x & y equals what?
In the equation for the diametric drive, what does x and y equal?
 * $$V = (-m) \begin{bmatrix}\frac {-G}{\sqrt{(x+d)^2 +y^2}} \end{bmatrix} $$ $$ + ( + m) \begin{bmatrix}\frac {-G}{\sqrt{(x+d)^2 +y^2}} \end{bmatrix} $$

where :
 * $$x$$ = ?
 * $$y$$ = ? -SGA314 (talk) 15:28, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

Hal Puthoff's involvement
It seems Hal Puthoff, one of the physicists who conducted the Parapsychology research at SRI and at Project Stargate with the CIA and Fundamental Fysiks Group back in the 1970s to 1990s was also involved with NASA on this project of theirs. According to the Parapsychological Association,
 * Puthoff works closely with NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics initiative; is Chairman of the Science Advisory Board of Bigelow Aerospace, involved in the construction of inflatable modules for space applications; regularly serves various foundations, corporations, government agencies, the Executive Branch and Congress as consultant on leading-edge technologies and future technology trends; is a member and officer of several professional organizations; and is listed in American Men and Women of Science, Who's Who in Science and Engineering, and Who's Who in the World; and has been designated a Fetzer Fellow (1991).

http://archived.parapsych.org/members/h_puthoff.html

This seems corroborated by the fact that other scientists who worked on the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program such as Eric Davis are currently involved at Hal Puthoff's Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin:
 * Eric is currently employed as a Senior Research Physicist at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin. He is also the CEO/Chief Scientist of Warp Drive Metrics, and has provided contract services to the Air Force Research Laboratory, the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, and the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts. He was also a technical contributor and consultant to the NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program.
 * http://www.icarusinterstellar.org/team/eric-davis/

And note the page for the Institute for Advanced Studies, which lists both Puthoff and Davis as staff:

 * Harold Puthoff Ph.D., CEO Physicist
 * Dr. Puthoff is a theoretical and experimental physicist. A graduate of Stanford University in 1967, he has published over forty technical papers in the areas of electron-beam devices, lasers and quantum zero-point-energy effects, and has patents issued in the laser, communications, and energy fields.

 * Eric Davis Ph.D., Physicist
 * Dr. Davis received his Ph.D. in astrophysics at the University of Arizona in 1991. His research specializations include breakthrough propulsion physics, general relativity and quantum field theories, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, spacecraft exploration of the outer solar system, and space mission engineering.
 * http://earthtech.org/staff/

Neuroscience325 (talk) 00:22, 29 April 2015 (UTC)

Coatrack
Currently, most of this article is not about the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program. "The Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project (BPP) was a research project funded by NASA from 1996-2002 [...]" - the rest of the article should also describe the program, not propulsion physics in general.

Connections between the ideas in the rest of the article and the main topic should be found in sources, or it needs to be moved out of this article.

The sources given were a 1997 paper by Millis, which can't say much about what happened in the program; a 2005 conference report by Miis which does summarize what happened in the program; and a 2009 book which has a chapter "Recent History of Breakthrough Propulsion Studies" but the rest is about physics theory.

I will be looking for connections to add, especially in the 2005 report. Excess material on propulsion physics ideas may get parked in my userspace. Cyrej (talk) 09:03, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Concurred on all points. Thanks for your contributions. Please do also have a look at Tau Zero Foundation, which could use some development. The one difference I'd take is that any material from the page, e.g. propulsion physics be archived on the article's Talk page or as a subpage, rather than in disconnected userspace, simply for reasons of accessibility. — ♞ Aeröwyn 15:46, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Diametric drive section: I looked for sources of the diametric drive section. I found some sources on the concept but nothing connecting it to the article topic.  So I'm removing it from this article.  It's at Talk:Breakthrough_Propulsion_Physics_Program/Dumping_ground. Have not yet looked for an article where it might go.  Cyrej (talk) 17:27, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks. This revision states:

 * After funding for research ended, the Project's founder and manager, Marc G. Millis, was supported by NASA to complete the documentation of results. The culmination of that work is the book, Frontiers of Propulsion Science, which was published in February 2009, by the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). Chapter 3 (Prerequisites for Space Drive Science) provides refinements and deeper explanation of the following hypothetical "space drive" propulsion methods: diametric drive, pitch drive, bias drive, disjunction drive, and three variations of differential sails.

 * These are likely excerpts sourced from Chapter 3. If notable enough, all could be grouped together in an article on the physics of breakthrough propulsion (rather than the program).

 * — ♞ Aeröwyn 19:16, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Same for the disjunction, pitch and bias sections. All of these concepts are only mentioned by name as hypothetical / thought experiments / illustrative examples in the one report (Millis 1997) and in this introductory chapter of the book.  They are not in the rest of the book and are probably not subject of research (although the general principles might be).  As such they will probably not end up being notable. Cyrej (talk) 11:02, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I moved the Alcubierre drive section out. I didn't try improving this section, since it's already covered with better accuracy and detail at Alcubierre drive and White–Juday warp-field interferometer.

 * The Millis 2005 source, which summarizes the BPPP, mentions the Alcubierre drive in the introduction and as a further point of interest - however I couldn't identify it with any item in the list of projects and their outcomes. As far as I can tell the BPP project didn't investigate the Alcubierre drive and related theory, however if someone finds evidence that they did feel free to add it back in. Cyrej (talk) 17:49, 9 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I kept the 'differential sail' section, since this actually was done by the BPP. But I changed the section title, as the BPP wasn't working on a sail directly. Cyrej (talk) 17:22, 10 February 2018 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christopher Webster

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 20:12, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Christopher Webster
Most likely non-notable autobiography. It's difficult to tell, because there are many google hits for "Christopher Webster". However, some amount of googling found practically no references to the "nationwide" "Porridge, at McDonalds?" quote, and I can't find any online biographiess for a Christopher Webster born on 1986. If someone manages to find real biographical information that can be used to expand this article, then possibly Keep. --Interiot 20:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete IMDB shows there was an actor by this name who had an unnamed role (not identified as a schoolyard bully) in "About a Boy" and a TV movie, and no other acting credits. Googling for variations on the name and McDonald's, porridge, etc. turns up nothing. There is no evidence that the stuff about acting in porno movies is more than just someone's overactive imagination. Wile E. Heresiarch 20:47, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. -- The article Katherine Kenyon, also about an aspiring young British actor says that she is dating Christopher Webster. It was created by Majsharpe, the same person who removed the deletion notice on this article. Ben D. 17:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. -- At least more context has been given (middle name, birthplace, girlfriend). So it's a lot easier to combine those things in various Google queries  , but I'm still not finding anything notable.  (there's a lot of google queries that could be run on variations of the names and such, but the fact that almost nothing is really popping out probably means non-notable).  And the "studying hard for her A-levels" line didn't make me think this was a distanced biography either.

 * Speedy Delete as CSD:A7. I don't consider "aspiring actor" as an assertion notability. "Aspiring" == "wannabe". If he actually has acting credits sufficient for an article, someone will re-create it. MCB 22:45, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Breiðablik (sports club)

Breiðablik is a multi-sports club from Kópavogur, Iceland. The club was founded in 1950 and is the largest sports club in the country. Breiðablik has several sports divisions, both men's and women's, including football, athletics, basketball, karate, dance, skiing and swimming.

Name
The name Breiðablik comes from Norse mythology, where it was the home of Baldur. The nickname Blikar is formed from the second part of that name, meaning splendours or twinkles (like a star). The singular form Bliki is also a name for male ducks.

Men's basketball
As of 2018–2019 season, Breiðablik men's basketball team plays in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla

Women's basketball
Breiðablik women's basketball team won its lone national championship during its first season in the top-tier league in 1995. As of 2018–2019 season, plays in Úrvalsdeild kvenna.

Men's team
Breiðablik's men's team first competitive match was played on 12 June 1957, a 1–0 loss against Þróttur Reykjavík. After several years in the lower leagues, Breiðablik reached the top-flight for the first time in 1971.

In recent years the Breiðablik men's team has established itself as a powerhouse in the Icelandic league, challenging regularly on all fronts. Throughout its history, the team has however been notorious for bouncing between the two top leagues in Iceland, getting promoted and relegated on a regular basis. Since being promoted in 2005, and under the guidance of coach Ólafur Kristjánsson since 2006, the team has grown steadily and established itself as a real challenger in the Icelandic top-flight. The team's first big trophy came with a win in the Icelandic Cup in 2009, followed by the team's first Úrvalsdeild title in the 2010. The 2013 season is Breiðablik's 8th consecutive season in the top-flight, a club record. Breiðablik competed in a European competition for the first time in 2010, facing Scottish Premier League side Motherwell in the Europa League. They lost the first leg 1–0 in Scotland, and lost by the same scoreline in the return leg, meaning that the team lost 2–0 on aggregate. A year later, Breiðablik faced Rosenborg in the UEFA Champions League qualifiers, losing out 2–5 on aggregate. The team won away from home in Europe for the first time with a memorable 1–0 victory over Austrian side SK Sturm Graz in the 2013–14 competition.

Women's team
Breiðablik women's football team currently plays in the Úrvalsdeild kvenna, the top-tier women's football league in Iceland, where they finished second in 2017. They have won the national championship sixteen times and the Women's Cup eleven times in its history. They reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Women's Cup in 2006-07 which is a joint record in UEFA competitions by any Icelandic team, also achieved by Valur women's team in 2005-06.

title: Breiðablik (sports club)


text:
Bright-Landry Hockey Center

The Bright-Landry Hockey Center is a 3,095-seat ice-hockey arena in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is home to the Harvard University Crimson men's and women's ice hockey teams. It is named for Alec Bright, class of 1919, a former hockey player, and C. Kevin Landry, class of 1966, a donor to the Harvard athletic department. In 1956, the Donald C. Watson Rink was opened just north of Harvard Stadium at Soldiers Field, the area in the Allston neighborhood of Boston used by Harvard athletics, just across the Charles River from campus. The rink held approximately 2,000 people, but did not have many modern amenities. When plans were made to upgrade facilities, the $5-million cost became prohibitive, and the decision was made to renovate Watson Rink. In 1978, following the hockey season, the walls were removed and the roof was extended before the new arena itself was installed. After a season without a full-time home, the "new" arena opened on November 19, 1979, with an exhibition between Harvard and the 1980 USA Olympic hockey team.

In November 2006, Bright Arena was home to the 2006 Friendship Cup, the Cup's debut year. Team USA Alumni, Team Canada Alumni, Team Gazprom and the Boston Bruins Alumni team all participated in the event. The Bruins defeated Team USA, while Gazprom defeated Team Canada.

The arena was also home to the Boston Pride of the National Women's Hockey League for the 2015–16 NWHL season in which the Pride won the Isobel Cup Championship.

The Bright-Landry Center, when used for ice hockey, shares a design quirk with the Bruins' still-standing "original" home rink, today's Northeastern University-located Matthews Arena - the opposing team's benches at the Bright-Landry Center exist on opposing sides of the rink, just as they also did in the 20th century Boston Garden (1928-1995) for ice hockey games.

title: Bright-Landry Hockey Center


text:
Juan Bautista Pablo Forner

Juan Bautista Pablo Forner (17 or 23 February 1756 – 7 March 1799), Spanish a satirist and scholar, was born in Mérida (Badajoz Province). He studied at the University of Salamanca and was called to bar in Madrid in 1783.

During the next few years under the pseudonyms of Tome Cecial, Pablo Segarra, Don Antonio Varas, Bartolo, Pablo Ignocausto, El Bachiller Regañadientes, and Silvio Liberio Forner was engaged in a series of polemics with García de la Huerta, Iriarte and other writers; the violence of his attacks was so extreme that he was finally forbidden to publish any controversial pamphlets, and was transferred to a legal post at Seville. In 1796 he became crown prosecutor at Madrid, where he died on 7 March 1799. Forner's brutality is almost unexampled, and his satirical writings give a false impression of his powers. His Oración apologética por la España y su mérito literario (1786) is an excellent example of learned advocacy, far superior to similar efforts made by Carlo Denina and Antonio Cavanilles; and his posthumous Exequias de la lengua castellana (printed in the Biblioteca de autores españoles, vol. LXIII.) testifies to his scholarship and taste.

title: Juan Bautista Pablo Forner


text:
Talk:Teaspoon

Gubbock
Seem to remember once being told that a gubbock (sp?)is the name for the teaspoon left at the bottom of the sink when you have finished washing everything else up -is this true?

This sounds like it will have originated in The Meaning of Liff (or in other words, 'no') Grumpypierre (talk) 19:29, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

ml or mL?
Who keeps changing "ml" into "mL" ? Although "mL" is theoretically correct, "ml" is the most common form, used much more than "mL". -Adrian. 83.101.21.19 12:03, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See litre for a brief discussion of the ml vs. mL issue in different countries. If you say things like "most common" without adding a country or region, you may want to travel more. Markus Kuhn 14:40, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

"If you say things like "most common" without adding a country or region, you may want to travel more."

I've lived in 5 countries, and traveled through more, and still this is the first time I've seen "mL". Every scientific text I've read (American and European) used "ml". While the "l/L" controversy is understandable because of the potential confusion, "ml" and "mL" do not share that problem. Changing "ml" into "mL" is done to be consistent with an American decision, while the majority of the rest of the world uses the lowercase "ml". But since it's such a controversy, I won't change them.

83.101.21.19

 * I think when there is a choice between technically correct usage, and common usage, technically correct usage wins here. Especially since 'common usage' is really a subjective opinion. You just have to check a cookbook to see the correct usage of mL. Sahuagin (talk) 23:53, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Linkspam
This article now has three external links to advertising-supported conversion site. External links are helpful for things you might not be able to find on your own. Conversion sites, on the other hand, are a dime a dozen. Go to Google and type on How many teaspoons in a and you'll get bunches of them. One will even tell you how many teaspoons in a cubic light year (1.7E+53). The point is, this all looks to be like spam to me. Zyxwv99 (talk) 22:38, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

US-centric
As well as lacking substantiation, this needs to be revised by someone with the requisite knowledge to cover imperial/metric measurement.82.46.70.132 (talk) 20:46, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

incomplete
Once you point out that a teaspoon is also used as a dry measurement, you need to point out the dry ounce equivalent. Fluid and dry ounces are not identical. 71.163.114.49 (talk) 13:26, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Dry materials still have volume. A "dry ounce" is a measure of mass. A teaspoon of flour weighs differently from a teaspoon of sugar.
 * If you grew up in a country that uses measurements like kilogram and litre, then you would have less opportunity to be confused by the difference between mass and volume of wet and dry things.  (A litre of water has a mass of roughly a kilogramme, but it's not called a "fluid kg".)
 * Pelagic (talk) 09:35, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Teaspoons used as a measure of weight or mass?
I recently read an article that said so many teaspoons equal an ounce. What the heck kind of insanity is that? I was wondering if there was an arcane system at work here that isn't in this Wiki article. Anyone know?Longinus876 (talk) 15:29, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Could you point us to the article? My guess is that it was either talking about teaspoons of some specific substance, or it was talking about fluid ounces (which is already covered in the article). --Macrakis (talk) 17:20, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Rounded versus heaped teaspoon
If a rounded teaspoon is 'produced by heaping the ingredient as high as possible', how can a heaped teaspoon be 'even larger'? You'd have to put the teaspoon back into the container a second time to produce a single 'heaped teaspoon', or use a larger measuring spoon than you use to measure a 'rounded teaspoon'. I suspect the article has an incorrect definition of the 'rounded teaspoon'. Liam Ong (talk) 02:11, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree with your observations (and it's why I like to use weights in recipes, but that's another matter).
 * ( The reason I was looking at this wikipedia page earlier today was to resolve an issue about the Imperial/US/metric differences - I'm using an ingredient where there will be a large difference in outcome between 5cc and 6 cc. )
 * When I'm spooning out fine, sieved, flour, it's possible to get a huge heaped amount on a spoon - it temporarily holds together, and for adding (for eg) 60g at a time that can be quite useful and a time saver.  The amount is considerably more than a "rounded" spoonful.  The heaped contour is irregular,  it is unstable, and it is inconsistent from one ingredient to another.
 * I don't like either term; rounded or heaped - but I can understand how the terminology may have evolved. Neither should be used in precise recipes.  ChanceryBlack (talk) 11:07, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * The second sentence of the rounded teaspoon part belongs in the heaping teaspoon part. Someone got confused. Rounded, as the first sentence states, is when you tap the measure slightly horizontally in order to level it (but usually just results in slightly less material than level teaspoon because either there wasn't enough before to fully fill to level, or if there was enough, a little more ends up accidentally spilling out than level during the tapping).
 * It also contradicts the sentence that came before it : 1) a measure twice a level teaspoon is not between a scant and a level teaspoon, 2) you do not get a mound above similar in shape to the spoon below if between slightly less and level.
 * Someone either got confused between heaping and rounded, or there was mistake in rearranging when someone edited the article leaving the statement with the wrong part.
 * — al-Shimoni  (talk) 18:33, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The sources are clearly inconsistent on the issue (as should be expected for the imprecise state of cooking before sous-vide and similar modern implements). Our article should reflect the contradictory sources rather than attempt to distill the precise definitions that will be WP:OR. For starters, I am planning to collect quotes in the section below, please feel free to contribute. Викидим (talk) 19:52, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * It might be a good idea to separate the following list into US, UK, and Other lists (because these are usually different). With care, because e.g. Jane Grigson's book is English, despite being (re?)published in the US. Her account exactly agrees with how I was taught to use recipes in England. Imaginatorium (talk) 05:35, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think we need to divide the sources in the section below; we can simply separate the UK and US definitions in our article text. Викидим (talk) 05:50, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hopefully, resolved (see sources below and in the article). Викидим (talk) 19:52, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

Excerpts from cookbooks

 * BBC, 1945: "(1) level spoon means level with the edges of the bowl; use a knife to level off (2) rounded spoon means as much above the bowl as you have in it: it is equal to 2 level spoons (3) heaped spoon means as much as you can pile up onto the spoon: it is equal to 3, 4 or 5 level"
 * Linda Collister does not have details: level (default) is the same "use a knife to scrape off the excess", 'rounded' or 'heaped" are mentioned but not define.
 * Henderson & Gellatly also treat rounded and heaped as the same (and default)
 * Heath, A., Kitchen Wisdom, York: Delittle, Fenwick & Co. 1950: "American spoonfuls are measured level. This practice differs from the English, where spoonfuls are heaped to contain twice as much as a level spoonful"
 * Baggett, 2012: "Scant means that the spoon ... should not be quite full"
 * Heath, A., Kitchen Wisdom, York: Delittle, Fenwick & Co. 1950: "American spoonfuls are measured level. This practice differs from the English, where spoonfuls are heaped to contain twice as much as a level spoonful"
 * Baggett, 2012: "Scant means that the spoon ... should not be quite full"

External Links - help please re citing paper Wikipedia style
Context: The previous link to a UK NHS page has been redirecting to another page on the NHS for many years. That target page has now also been "retired" (NHS terminology). I've provided an archive.org link so that the original content can be read.

The original (NHS) content was based on a particular academic paper. I've cited that using the auto filling of the visual editor, but I see that there are now red marked deficiencies, but these cannot be sorted using the visual editor.

Please can somebody, more familiar with the Source editor, and the required citation style, sort this out? Many thanks.

ChanceryBlack (talk) 09:46, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Done. Викидим (talk) 09:55, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teaspoon


text:
Flame (disambiguation)

Flame is burning gas or vapor, the visible part of fire.

Flame, flames or FLAME may also refer to:

Fire

 * Eternal flame, a constantly burning flame
 * Olympic flame, eternal flame used as a symbol for the Olympic Games
 * Flame retardant, materials that resist fire
 * Premixed flame, a flame in which the oxidizer has been mixed with the fuel before it reaches the flame front
 * Flame (color), a medium scarlet hue

People

 * D-Flame (born 1971), German musician
 * Penny Flame, screen name of Jennifer Ketcham (born 1983), former American adult actress and reality TV star
 * La Flame, stage name of American rapper Travis Scott (born 1991)
 * Flame (rapper) (born 1981), American Christian hip-hop artist
 * Flame, a female member of the TV show American Gladiators
 * Flame, a female member of the TV show UK Gladiators

Fiction

 * Flames (1917 film), a 1917 British silent drama film
 * Flames (1926 film), a 1926 film featuring Boris Karloff
 * Flames (1932 film), a 1932 American film
 * Flames (1934 film), a 1934 Chinese film
 * Flame, German Shepherd dog star in 1946 film, My Dog Shep
 * Flames (TV series), a 1997 Filipino drama anthology series, and its film adaptation
 * Flame (1975 film), a 1975 South Korean film
 * Flame (1996 film), a 1996 Zimbabwean film
 * Slade in Flame, a 1975 film also known as Flame and starring members of the British rock group Slade
 * Flames (web series), an Indian coming-of-age web series
 * Flame (Sunwoo novel), a 1957 Korean novel by Swon Wu Hee
 * Flame (comics), a comic book character created in the 1930s
 * Flame (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * A character in the cartoon Spider Riders
 * Fall of a Kingdom, a novel by Hilari Bell, previously named Flame
 * Flame Princess, a character in the animated series Adventure Time
 * Princess Flame, a character in the TV series Blazing Dragons

Bands, groups

 * Flame (band), Japanese hip-hop group
 * The Flames, a 1960s South African pop/rock group

Albums

 * Flame (Richard Barbieri and Tim Bowness album), 1994
 * Flame (Johnny Duhan album), 1996
 * Flame (Patti LaBelle album), 1997
 * Flame (Real Life album), 1985
 * Flame (Ronnie Laws album), 1978

Songs

 * "Flame" (Sebadoh song), 1999
 * "Flame" (Claire Sproule song), 2005
 * "Flame" (Bell X1 song), 2006
 * "Flame" (Sundara Karma song), 2015
 * "Flame" (Tinashe song), 2017
 * "Flames" (David Guetta and Sia song), 2018
 * "Flames" (R3hab, Zayn and Jungleboi song), 2019
 * "Flames" (SG Lewis song), 2019
 * "Flame" (Laine Hardy song), 2019
 * "Flame", a song by Cravity, 2020
 * "Flames", by Red Fang from Only Ghosts, 2016

Computers and technology

 * Flame (robot), an experimental walking robot
 * Flame (malware), computer malware discovered in May 2012
 * Flaming (Internet), a message sent over the internet with the deliberate intent to insult
 * Fractal flame, a group of fractals developed in 1992
 * A type of visual effects software by Autodesk
 * O2 Xda or Xda Flame, a smartphone by O2
 * FLAME clustering, a data clustering algorithm

Species names

 * Flame (moth), a species of noctuid moth
 * Flame skimmer, type of dragonfly
 * Flame maple, type of maple tree
 * Flame robin, type of robin
 * Dryas iulia, flame butterfly

Organizations

 * FLAME University, private liberal arts and management university in Pune, India
 * Facts and Logic About the Middle East (FLAME), a pro-Israel organization
 * Former Local Authority Members Éire, Irish political lobby

Sports teams

 * Liberty Flames, the athletics teams of Liberty University
 * Calgary Flames, Canadian ice hockey team
 * Atlanta Flames, original name of the Calgary Flames
 * UIC Flames, the athletics teams of University of Illinois at Chicago
 * Guildford Flames, English ice hockey team
 * Westchester Flames F.C., American football (soccer) team
 * Canterbury Flames, New Zealand netball team
 * Florida Flame, American basketball team
 * Malawi national football team, nicknamed "The Flames"

Other

 * Flame Nebula, an emission nebula in Orion's Belt
 * Flame polishing, a method of polishing materials using flames or heat
 * Flame cell, a type of cell found in invertebrates
 * Flame (chimpanzee), an individual chimpanzee

title: Flame (disambiguation)


text:
MacInnes Student Ice Arena

John J. MacInnes Student Ice Arena is a 4,200-capacity hockey arena in Houghton, Michigan. It is home to the Michigan Tech Huskies men's ice hockey team. It is named for John J. MacInnes, head coach of the Huskies from 1956 to 1983, who was one of the most successful coaches in the history of college hockey with a record of 555-295-39.

In addition to hockey, the arena is used for Spring Commencement ceremonies. The arena's original Wurlitzer organ was used during the Commencement ceremonies, until it was removed during the 2009 renovations.

In 2008, the original wooden seats were replaced with plastic seats. Renovations continued in 2009 with the addition of twelve private suites at the west end of the arena. An office renovated in 2010 became the thirteenth suite. The design for the renovations were completed by the renowned architecture firm Rossetti Architects, a Michigan-based company. The ten smaller center suites are leased by the season, and the larger three corner suites are game-by-game rentals.

In 2013, the center-hung fixed digit scoreboard was replaced with a new Mitsubishi Electric video scoreboard featuring four 14-foot by 8-foot LED video screens.

Traditions
The John MacInnes Student Ice Arena is home to many traditions. The oldest and by far the most well known is the Copper Country Anthem. The tradition was started as an insult to Polka music that was popular at the time. The song Blue Skirt Waltz was taken and slowed down as a bastardization of the song, people rose from their seats and began to sway. From then on, the Copper Country Anthem was played and people continue to stand and sway during the second intermission. Also the Huskies Pep Band plays "In Heaven There Is No Beer" in which many extra verses have been added over the years, including references to snow, referees, sex, and marijuana. The student section, Mitch's Misfits, known to be fans of college hockey, stand throughout the game in support of the team.

Panorama
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title: MacInnes Student Ice Arena


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IKEA Klippan

Klippan (stylised as KLIPPAN, Swedish: the cliff) is a model of sofa manufactured and sold by IKEA. IKEA's nomenclature conventions name upholstered furniture after places in Sweden. The Klippan sofa is named after Klippan Municipality in Southern Sweden. Klippan was developed by IKEA's product developer and head of design Lars Engman and designer Noboru Nakamura. It was launched in 1980 and continues to be one of IKEA's most popular and longstanding products. It comes in a standard two-seat size (which fits easily through standard house doorways) and can be fitted with a range of removable and interchangeable fabric covers. As well as standard cotton covers, IKEA sells 'exclusive' collections of covers, retiring designs after a year.

Several functional changes to the Klippan have occurred in the past 30 years. The initial model featured a solid wood frame. Contemporary models have replaced this with a less expensive, lightweight frame of combined particleboard, fiberboard, and polyurethane foam. Likewise, while earlier models stood on painted wood legs, contemporary Klippan legs are made from steel or aluminum. In 2004, the sofa was reconstructed to be easily flat-packed and put together at home. Adjustments to the materials used in the sofa and the centralization of production methods allowed IKEA to reduce the price of the Klippan sofa by 40% since 1980.

In 2003, the Klippan was used as the standard sofa in a test to compare the British fire safety requirements against the Swedish and mainland European safety requirements. Three Klippans were used: one with no flame retardant treatment, one with phosphorus-based flame retardant, and one with bromine-based flame retardant. All three sofas were specially manufactured by IKEA in its workshops at Älmhult.

In 2005, a large orange Klippan was installed in Frogmoor township to celebrate the opening of a nearby IKEA store. The Klippan was one of two IKEA items to be replicated at five times the size.

title: IKEA Klippan


text: User talk:130.49.221.74

title: User talk:130.49.221.74


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Second Thoughts (TV series)

Second Thoughts is a British comedy television programme that ran from 3 May 1991 to 14 October 1994. It was broadcast on the ITV network and made by the ITV company LWT. It was followed by a sequel, Faith in the Future. Second Thoughts followed the lives of two middle-aged divorcees, Bill MacGregor and Faith Greyshott, from very different backgrounds trying to develop a relationship, despite the pressures pulling it apart (namely Faith's two teenage children and Bill's devious ex-wife Liza, who works alongside him).

Second Thoughts was based upon the real-life relationship of the writers, husband and wife Jan Etherington and Gavin Petrie. It originally aired as a radio series on BBC Radio 4 broadcast between 1 November 1988 and 23 July 1992. The radio series consisted of four series and a Christmas special broadcast in 1992 with a total of 31 episodes. The radio scripts were used for the television series on ITV. The fifth series was the only series not to be based on the original radio scripts.

During the recording of an episode of series four, Lynda Bellingham was surprised by the This Is Your Life host Michael Aspel on set as she was to be the star of an episode of This is Your Life. Her co-star James Bolam was in on the surprise, and Lynda appeared truly shocked when Michael Aspel appeared on the set to present her with the big red book and to tell her "this is your life!" to the thundering applause of the studio audience.

Second Thoughts ended on 14 October 1994, but has since been repeated on Forces TV. The original radio series was often replayed on BBC7, and continues to be repeated on BBC7's rebranded replacement, BBC Radio 4 Extra.

Characters
She has two teenagers from her previous marriage, Hannah and Joe. The children and the dog often come before Bill.
 * Bill MacGregor (James Bolam) – An art editor of a style magazine where he works alongside his bitchy ex-wife Liza.
 * Faith Greyshott (Lynda Bellingham) – Faith is a freelance illustrator who occasionally does work for the style magazine Bill works for.
 * Liza MacGregor  (sometimes known as Liza Ferrari) (Belinda Lang) – Bill's glamorous ex-wife, Liza is a histrionic woman with expensive tastes. Liza works for the same magazine as Bill and is constantly interfering with Bill and Faith's relationship.
 * Hannah Greyshott (Julia Sawalha) – Faith's teenage daughter and eldest child.
 * Joe Greyshott (Mark Denham) – Faith's teenage son. Joe is obsessed with football and only shows interest in girls when they like football.
 * Hilary (Louisa Rix in series 1; Paddy Navin in series 2 and 3) – Faith's best friend who is unlucky in love.
 * Richard (Geoffrey Whitehead) – Bill's boss at the magazine. Richard is married to Marjorie, but has an affair with Liza.
 * Marjorie (Georgina Melville)
 * Callum (Ian Henderson) – Bill's cousin.
 * Defor the Dog (Levi)

Radio series
Second Thoughts original started as a Radio series on BBC radio 4, between 1988 and 1991, before moving onto TV series.

Episode guide
Xmas special 25 December 1992 ('The Fight Before Christmas').
 * 1st series: 3 November-22 December 1988
 * 2nd Series: 31 October-19 December 1989
 * 3rd Series: 9 April-28 May 1991
 * 4th Series: 18 June-23 July 1992

DVD releases
All five series of Second Thoughts have been released on DVD. The first series was released in June 2005, but there was a six-year gap before the second series was released on 11 July 2011. (During the gap, Network DVD was busy sorting out and planning release schedules on other TV shows.) The third series was released just under four months later on 7 November 2011, followed by the fourth series on 16 January 2012, and the fifth and final series on 5 March 2012, with a complete series set consisting of all five series together that followed.

title: Second Thoughts (TV series)


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User:Sapfan

Welcome on my Wikipedia user page.

My name is Jan Pešula. I was born and have spent most of my life in Prague, Czech Republic. For the last seven years, I have been working as an IT specialist on SAP R/3 projects.

My second passion are railways - especially traffic control, traveling on scenic and unusual lines and history of railroad network (abandoned tracks). You can see some of my related contributions in the Rail transport by country area, for example Rail transport in Central America (including main country specific pages) or Rail transport in Paraguay.

In Wikipedia, I was concentrating on Czech geography and biography topics (enhancing articles about Kuks, Dubí, Harrachov and others). However, writing articles is addictive and it has been taking too much of time which I need to spend on other, more important activities. Therefore, I decided to leave Wikipedia indefinitely on March 19, 2007.

Enjoy the 1.5+ million articles which many volunteers have contributed in their free time and if you have something to write yourself, go ahead. You may also look at some exotic train pictures and travelogues at my personal web site.

title: User:Sapfan


text: User talk:Silllife

title: User talk:Silllife


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H. L. Bateman

Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman (December 6, 1812 – March 22, 1875), was an American actor and manager.

Life
Born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1812, the fourth child and second son of Amzi Bateman (c. 1777–1816), a fisherman, and his wife, Catherine Bateman (née Schaeffer) (c. 1784–1870). Amzi Bateman had served with the 6th Regiment of the Maryland Militia and took part in the defence of Baltimore against the invasion by the British troops during the Anglo-American War of 1812. After his death in 1816 his widow tutored students to support herself and her children.

Hezekiah Bateman was reluctantly apprenticed to an engineer but in 1832 left that position to become an actor, playing with Ellen Tree (afterwards Mrs Charles Kean) in juvenile leads. In 1855 he was manager of the St Louis theatre for a few years and in 1859 moved to New York. In 1866 he was manager for his daughter Kate, and in 1871 returned to London, where he managed the Lyceum Theatre. Here he engaged Henry Irving, presenting him first in The Bells, with great success.

His wife Sidney Frances Cowell was an actress. His daughter the actress Virginia Frances Bateman (1853–1940) married the British actor-manager Edward Compton. Another daughter was the actress Kate Josephine Bateman. His grandchildren included the British novelist Sir Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie (1883–1972) and the actress Fay Compton (1894–1978).

title: H. L. Bateman


text:
Talk:William Taverner (surveyor)

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There is reason to suspect that this text might be a copyright violation of the print-only Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador. Please confirm this if you are able. Fawcett5 20:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:William Taverner (surveyor)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Felanil Baaks

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:12, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Felanil Baaks
Fancruft. Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 20:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is fancruft extraordinaire; unreferenced, speculative, rumor-based Star Wars cruft-- possibly fan-fiction-- definitely non-encyclopedic.  Nuke it forcefully.  [ edit ] 20:59, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom and [ edit ] . MCB 22:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking weak delete, and recreate under a more general page. The character is real, but the information is all wrong. Baaks is a male Duro, not a female. See, , and -LtNOWIS 23:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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My Style

My Style is a fashion and self-help book written by the Australian entertainer Dannii Minogue, released in September 2011.

In this book, Minogue shares her fashion wisdom and personal style secrets, backed up by an all-new photoshoot. Dannii talks about loving you the way you are, focusing on ways to accentuate the positive, and covers everything from great hair and glowing skin to make-up and embracing a healthy exercise regime. She also shares her tips on red carpet looks and what to wear for every occasion, and offers advice on dressing for your shape and choosing the right accessories. My Style is an inspirational guide to making the most of what you've got and looking your best.

A special enhanced edition of the digital eBook was released on iTunes featuring the book and two behind-the-scenes videos.

title: My Style


text: User talk:82.43.129.124

title: User talk:82.43.129.124


text:
User:69.112.0.166

Hi. This person is a sock puppet of Sojambi Pinola216.175.112.9 01:16, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User:69.112.0.166


text:
Thompson Arena

Rupert C. Thompson Arena is a 3,500-seat hockey arena in Hanover, New Hampshire. It is home to the Dartmouth College Big Green men's and women's ice hockey teams. The barrel-vaulted, reinforced concrete arena was designed by renowned architect Pier Luigi Nervi. It was named for Rupert C. Thompson '28, the major benefactor of the project, and replaced Davis Rink, the original "indoor" home of Dartmouth hockey from 1929 to 1975. (Davis Rink, which was located next to old Alumni Gym, was demolished in 1985 to make way for the Berry Sports Center.)

title: Thompson Arena


text: User talk:70.28.29.117

title: User talk:70.28.29.117


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User talk:Stop Drinking Soda

STOP DRINKING SODA!!!

title: User talk:Stop Drinking Soda


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Salem Maritime National Historic Site

The Salem Maritime National Historic Site is a National Historic Site consisting of 12 historic structures, one replica tall-ship, and about 9 acres (36,000 m2) of land along the waterfront of Salem Harbor in Salem, Massachusetts, United States. Salem Maritime is the first National Historic Site established in the United States (March 17, 1938). It interprets the Triangle Trade during the colonial period, in cotton, rum, sugar and slaves; the actions of privateers during the American Revolution; and global maritime trade with the Far East, after independence. The National Park Service manages both the National Historic Site and a Regional Visitor Center in downtown Salem. The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior.

In 2014, the National Park Service, which runs the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, released figures and statistics for 2012: there were 756,038 visitors to Salem who spent an estimated $40,000,000. The National Park Service celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2016.

Properties
The site preserves and interprets numerous maritime resources in the form of artifacts, collections and structures, including:

 * Derby House (1762) – built in 1762 by Captain Richard Derby as a wedding gift for his son Elias Hasket Derby; it is a fine example of Georgian architecture. The younger Derby became one of the wealthiest men in the United States after independence.
 * Derby Wharf (1762, extended 1806) – Owned by the Derby family business, this was Salem's longest wharf (nearly 1/2 mile). When in active use, it was lined with warehouses of goods from around the world. The Derby Wharf Light (1871) remains at the end of the wharf.
 * Friendship of Salem – a replica of a 1797 East Indiaman. The replica ship was built in the Scarano Brothers Shipyard in Albany, New York, in 1997. It is operated as a museum ship. The original Friendship made 15 voyages during her career: to Batavia, India, China, South America, the Caribbean, England, Germany, the Mediterranean, and Russia. She was captured as a prize of the War of 1812 by the British in September 1812.
 * Hawkes House (1780, 1800) – designed by famous Salem architect Samuel McIntire, building was begun in 1780. The unfinished building was purchased and completed around 1800 by Benjamin Hawkes.
 * Narbonne House (1675) – The part of the house with the high peaked roof was built by butcher Thomas Ivesl. He later added a lean-to the south side and a kitchen lean-to at the back. Around 1740 the southern lean-to was replaced by a gambrel-roofed addition that still exists. From 1750 to 1780, the house was owned by Capt. Joseph Hodges. It was purchased in 1780 by tanner Jonathan Andrew. Descendants of the Andrew family lived there from 1780 to 1964, when the house was sold to the National Park Service.
 * Pedrick Store House, a three-story building, constructed around 1770, is a historic rigging and sail loft. It was relocated to the Salem Maritime National Historic Site from Marblehead, Massachusetts in 2007.
 * Salem Custom House (1819) – This is the 13th Customs House in Salem; the first was built in 1649. Taxes were collected on imported cargoes. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote about the eagle on top of the Custom House in his novel The Scarlet Letter (1850). The eagle was carved by woodcarver and cabinetmaker Joseph True.  Other works of his are in the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem.
 * St. Joseph Hall (1909) – Original home of The St. Joseph Society (1897), a fraternal society established by late 19th century Polish immigrants. The first floor was retail space that could be rented out to provide an income for the support of the building. The large hall on the second floor was the site of hundreds of weddings, dances, plays, and other social events in the Polish community. It increased rapidly in the late 19th-early 20th-century immigration wave. On the top floor, the Society built several apartments to house new immigrants until they could get permanently settled.  The building now serves as park headquarters.
 * West India Goods Store (1804) – Built by Captain Henry Prince about 1804, it was likely first used as a warehouse. Prince stored goods that he imported from the East Indies, such as pepper, coffee, water buffalo hides, and tortoise shells.

By 1836, Charles Dexter had a shop in this building. It was one of many that served Salem households by selling candles, oils, clothing, tin, and glassware. Besides stocking general groceries such as grain, cheese, dried beans and rum, the store attracted customers with many foreign imported goods and luxuries from Europe, Asia and Africa. The store continued to operate as a retail space throughout the nineteenth century. Later occupants included painters, a tobacconist, and a wine and liquor merchant.

Adjacent historic areas
A short walk from the Salem Maritime National Historic Site are the Chestnut Street District, Federal Street District, Downtown Salem District, Bridge Street Neck Historic District, Charter Street Historic District, Crombie Street District, Derby Waterfront District, Essex Institute Historic District, Salem Willows Historic District and the Salem Common Historic District.

title: Salem Maritime National Historic Site


text: User talk:69.243.107.146

title: User talk:69.243.107.146


text: User talk:83.144.106.175

title: User talk:83.144.106.175


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Drunken Bakers

The Drunken Bakers is a strip cartoon in the British adult humour magazine Viz created by writer Barney Farmer and artist Lee Healey. It depicts the alcohol-dominated lives of two forlorn bakers who attempt to run a small bakery. The strip was adapted into a video-art installation piece by the artist Mark Leckey in 2006, and a novel 'Drunken Baker' by Barney Farmer in 2018.

The strip has been compared to the work of Samuel Beckett. Its nihilistic aspects have impressed critics. Roberta Smith, in The New York Times said "The aesthetic compression of Mr Farmer's dialogue and Mr Healey's line...convey an oppressive sense of the drinker's irresistible drive for oblivion."

Premise
The two bakers attempt to run a bakery together. Their names have never been mentioned; one has sparse black hair, the other has a bulbous nose and large phiz of white hair (in flashbacks he is shown to have had dark hair when younger), bearing a passing resemblance to Harpo Marx. They are drawn as - and have the personalities of - a pair of classic clown archetypes, an odd couple: the curly haired but balding one being short and aggressive, the taller being doleful. In one episode, a funeral, they were drawn as wearing suits that were for the curly-haired one much too small, and for the taller one much too big - another classic clown type. According to Roberta Smith, the characters are "two middle-aged Bumstead-like alcoholics haplessly lurching from one disaster and one drink to the next as they attempt to run a bakery."

Both bakers suffer from severe alcoholism, and every strip shows them drinking strong alcoholic beverages such as various liqueurs. Their idea of a Wednesday half-closing is to sit on a public seat in front of a local off-licence, enjoying the 'view'. The black-haired one has an estranged daughter as his wife left him on a Christmas Eve. Occasionally the curly haired one will remind him of this, usually due to the black haired one offending the curly haired one. They try their best to bake something every night, but because of their inebriation, the results are always hopeless. As critic Steve Lowe says,

"Before long, they're both staggering round a smoke-filled bakery surrounded by empty spirits bottles. Again. It's tricky to say what's so appealing about their slide from being worthy citizens to utterly wrecked lost souls. Writer Barney Farmer and artist Lee Healey imbue the strips with a real sense of despondency; these aren't drunks who have convivial escapades or adventures - they are drunks who drink, get drunk, pass out and burn the cakes. And being bakers somehow makes it worse: it seems such a wholesome occupation."

Their shop is run down, and has few customers; the pair sometimes look back to more prosperous, happier times, but are always brought back to their dismal present-day reality. If they even manage to bake something, it is often inedible, sometimes even toxic. For instance in one episode they baked cakes made with paraffin instead of milk - "This milk is blue and it tastes funny". The only exception to this is the 25th anniversary of the opening of the bakery, when the black-haired one decides to bake twin cakes in the form of the number 25. He succeeds, producing the number 25 in cake form, while his partner drinks mulled wine made in the kettle, which has held something nasty. In the final frame the inevitable happens - the fellow vomits up his stomach contents all over the anniversary cakes, and so their only success is utterly ruined.

Customers sometimes arrive at the baker's shop, asking for various breads or pastries, at Christmas, a whole lot of Christmas cakes, and once even a five-tiered wedding cake. The bakers promise they'll bake it for them, but always fail to fulfil their promise. Recent strips have featured one of the protagonists being hospitalised with renal failure while the other drinks rum at his bedside. Their shop, which is almost perpetually empty of produce, especially the front window, has been vandalized many times, and has burnt down several times, generally due to them leaving the oven on and falling into a drunken stupor.

The strip is fatalistic; the bakers will never reform, their customers will never get proper service, and nobody is doing a thing about it. Nevertheless, they carry on. As art critic Emily Mears remarks, "somehow, with the remarkable fortitude of true career drunks and in a rather sweet depiction of brotherly love, they prop each other up and return, strip after strip, to bake again." Some storylines fail to resolve themselves and end indeterminately, reinforcing the character's cyclical and depressing existence. In one strip, one of the bakers is bitten by a stray dog he has befriended, but he doesn't notice. "Your mouth is pissing blood" remarks the other baker in the final frame.

Whereas most of the comics in Viz have traditional hand-lettered captions and dialogue, the Drunken Bakers strip instalments (and other, less regular strips by Farmer and Healey) have typeset speech balloons. This gives Farmer and Healey's work a significantly different appearance from other Viz material.

Leckey exhibition
In 2006 The Drunken Bakers were the subject of an exhibition by Mark Leckey at Tate Britain. Leckey created a film using frames from the original strips to construct a narrative and added a soundtrack spoken by himself and his colleague Steve Claydon in Liverpudlian accents. According to Emily Mears,

"By fading the screen to black between episodes, Leckey constructs an elliptical narrative that mirrors the sense of time lost by the drinkers and the viewer. The video plays in a white box with a white carpet; a clock projected onto the outside of the box tells a stuck time, the hour hand slipping back to three each time it manages to reach four."

In Roberta Smith's words, Leckey constructs "dreamy, druggy, disjointed variants on music videos...He has ingeniously filmed the comic strip with close-ups and jump-cuts, creating a kind of stop-action animation, and added a skillfully explicit soundtrack replete with convincing belches, slurps, breaking glass and vomiting." Smith says that Leckey's artwork is less an original work than an "adaptation or an homage" of the original cartoon.

Lecky also created models of the bakers, exhibited as Drunken Bakers Dozen in 2007.

Critical acclaim
The strip and the Tate Britain exhibition have received wide critical acclaim from both the art and literary worlds. Alan Moore has said, "I think the Drunken Bakers is like Samuel fucking Beckett or something. It's horrible and really funny." Steve Lowe in The Guardian says that "Comedy drunks have been around since drinks first began, but few have been so utterly forlorn as the Drunken Bakers." Christopher Howse compares it to the animated sketch show Monkey Dust, describing "another episode of 'Drunken Bakers', in which one alcoholic baker succumbs to internal bleeding to the complete indifference of his drinking companion. It's brilliant."

Book
The characters from the Viz cartoon also feature in a standalone novel, Drunken Baker, written by Barney Farmer and published by Wrecking Ball Press on 26 April 2018.

title: Drunken Bakers


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Carlos Watson (footballer)

Carlos Enrique Watson Simes (born November 22, 1951) is a Costa Rican former footballer and most recently manager of Deportivo Saprissa.

Playing career
Watson played for his hometown team Limón and was then transferred to Herediano, where he won three national titles during the 70s.

Managerial career
His career as a coach is much more notable, as he has been the coach for Costa Rica's three most important teams, Deportivo Saprissa, Herediano and Alajuelense. With Saprissa he won the CONCACAF Champions Cup in 1993 and with Alajuelense he won two national championships, in 1983 and 1984.

Watson is known in his country more as an excellent coach for minor leagues than everything else. For instance, as General Manager for Saprissa's minor leagues in the mid-1990s, he discovered an excellent generation of players that are still playing football in Costa Rica, some as internationals. He then took over the job as coach for Costa Rica's U-20 national team, with whom he went on to participate in two Football World Youth Championships. The first one was held at Nigeria in 1999 and the second one in Argentina in 2001, taking the team to the second round in both tournaments. From those teams, Costa Rican players such Gilberto Martínez, Winston Parks, José Luis López Ramírez, Pablo Brenes, Michael Umaña, Carlos Hernández among others, made their first appearances as internationals.

In 2007, Watson stood down at Herediano to act as a football consultant. In September 2012, he took over at Uruguay de Coronado replacing Randall Chacón. He resigned from his post in November 2014.

Personal life
Watson is married to Adilia Muñoz Murillo and they have a son and a daughter. He is an uncle of one of Costa Rica's most famous football players, Paulo Wanchope.

title: Carlos Watson (footballer)


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Saint Olaf's chapel

Saint Olaf's chapel is a chapel in Kumla, Närke, Svealand in Sweden.

The wooden chapel was built in 1935 after drawings by architect Karl Martin Westerberg. It was restored in 1969–1970.

About 250 meters north of the church is Saint Olaf's well (S:t Olofs källa), near a signpost with the note: "You travelling man on your road, come forth and drink, you get strength, as (in) the water the power resides, like in the times of Saint Olaf", (Du vandringsman på vägen går, kom hit och drick, du styrka får, ty vattnet äger samma kraft, det i S:t Olofs tid har haft, — in Swedish).

title: Saint Olaf's chapel


text:
Category:United Kingdom military stubs

To subcategorize use
 *   for ships,
 *   for people
 *   for the Royal Air Force
 *   for the Royal Navy

title: Category:United Kingdom military stubs