text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Googl Research & Development Dictionary of Pseudowords

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:08, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Googl Research & Development Dictionary of Pseudowords
Rambling essay about chat room game, neologism, etc. — Mateo SA | talk 02:01, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as OR, gamecruft, POV essay, whatever. MCB 02:14, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete utter nonsense. Andrew pmk | Talk 03:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly the article is about something that the author found highly interesting, but it has no meaningful content for readers in general (that is, the subject of the article is not notable). Sliggy 13:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unimaginative OR. Denni ☯ 02:04, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Communications in Jordan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Communications in Jordan


text:
Elk River (Kansas)

The Elk River is a tributary of the Verdigris River in southeastern Kansas in the United States. Via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

Description and course
The Elk River is formed by a collection of intermittent streams in southwestern Greenwood County, and flows for about 95 mi generally east-southeast through Butler, Elk, and Montgomery counties, past the towns of Elk Falls, Longton and Elk City. It joins the Verdigris River at the northern edge of the city of Independence.

Between Elk City and Independence, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam causes the river to form Elk City Lake. A state park and federal lands along the lake offer recreation, including three National Recreation Trails.

The Elk River Archeological District is a 14807 acre area in Elk and Montgomery counties, presumably in the Elk River watershed, which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.

title: Elk River (Kansas)


text: User:Johann Wolfgang/Welcomelist

title: User:Johann Wolfgang/Welcomelist


text:
Fondaparinux

Fondaparinux (trade name Arixtra) is an anticoagulant medication chemically related to low molecular weight heparins. It is marketed by Viatris. A generic version developed by Alchemia is marketed within the US by Dr. Reddy's Laboratories.

Medical uses
Clinically, it is used for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients who have had orthopedic surgery as well as for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Fondaparinux is similar to enoxaparin in reducing the risk of ischemic events at nine days, but it substantially reduces major bleeding and improves long-term mortality and morbidity.

It has been investigated for use in conjunction with streptokinase.

Comparison to other agents
One potential advantage of fondaparinux over LMWH or unfractionated heparin is that the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is substantially lower. Furthermore, there have been case reports of fondaparinux being used to anti-coagulate patients with established HIT as it has no affinity for PF4. However, its renal excretion precludes its use in patients with renal dysfunction.

Unlike direct factor Xa inhibitors, it mediates its effects indirectly through antithrombin III, but unlike heparin, it is selective for factor Xa.

Mechanism of action
Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide factor Xa inhibitor. Fondaparinux binds antithrombin and accelerates its inhibition of factor Xa.

Apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, the identity and sequence of the five monomeric sugar units contained in fondaparinux is identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). Within heparin and heparan sulfate this monomeric sequence is thought to form the high-affinity binding site for the anti-coagulant factor antithrombin (AT). Binding of heparin or HS to AT has been shown to increase the anti-coagulant activity of antithrombin 1000 fold. In contrast to heparin, fondaparinux does not inhibit thrombin.

Abbreviations

 * GlcNS6S = 2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-2-(sulfoamino)-α-D-glucopyranoside
 * GlcA = β-D-glucopyranuronoside
 * GlcNS3,6S = 2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-sulfo-2-(sulfoamino)-α-D-glucopyranosyl
 * IdoA2S = 2-O-sulfo-α-L-idopyranuronoside
 * GlcNS6SOMe = methyl-O-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-2-(sulfoamino)-α-D-glucopyranoside

Fondaparinux is only accessible by chemical synthesis. Recently, Supriya Dey et al. reported an effective and scalable one-pot synthesis of Fondaparinux.

The sequence of monosaccharides is D-GlcNS6S-α-(1,4)-D-GlcA-β-(1,4)-D-GlcNS3,6S-α-(1,4)-L-IdoA2S-α-(1,4)-D-GlcNS6S-OMe, as shown in the following structure:

title: Fondaparinux


text:
Federation Against Software Theft

The Federation Against Software Theft (FAST) is a not-for-profit organisation, formed in 1984 with the aim of eliminating copyright infringement of software in the UK. FAST was the world's first Anti-piracy organisation to work on protecting the copyrights of software publishers. Initially concentrating on lobbying parliament to revise Copyright law, FAST also prosecutes organisations and individuals for copyright infringement on behalf of its members and publicises the legal penalties and security risks.

Prior to the agreement with FAST, Investors in Software were a not-for-profit organisation limited by guarantee with a mission to support and advance professionalism in Software Asset Management and related IT asset management, to enable individuals and organisations to improve effectiveness and efficiency. As a direct result of their work the ISO SAM ISO 19770 standard was successfully launched in May 2006.

History
In September 2008 FAST and Investors in Software signed an exclusive agreement to operate under the Federation name to strengthen and clarify the advice given to the end user community relating to best practice for Software Asset Management (SAM) and achieving cost efficient licence compliance. The new organisation would operate under the name FAST IiS.

In May 2008 FAST IiS launched an initiative with the aim of making it easier for end users to manage their software licensing requirements to contain costs and ensure effective Software Asset Management / software licence management encompassing compliance, the Software Industry Research Board (SIRB), was formed in consultation with five of the tier one software vendors.

FAST IiS remains a not-for-profit organisation limited by guarantee and wholly owned by its members who include software publishers, resellers, distributors, SAM practitioners and law firms. FAST IiS works to champion the professional management of software and protect members’ rights.

Since its inception FAST has successfully lobbied for changes in the software IP system in the UK and EU through its dealings with the UK Intellectual Property Office. FAST's lobbying efforts brought about amendments to the Copyright Act 1956, culminating in software being recognised as a literary work.

In 2007 FAST, with the Alliance Against IP Theft, was successful in pushing for the implementation of Section 107A Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and having IP crime as a measurement on the National Policing Safety Plan.

title: Federation Against Software Theft


text:
Sport in Australia

Sport is an important part of Australia that dates back to the early colonial period. Australian rules football, rugby league, rugby union, association football, cricket and tennis are among the earliest organised sports in Australia. Sport has shaped the Australian national identity through events such as the Melbourne Cup and the America's Cup. Australia also holds the record for the largest attendance at a Rugby Union match with almost 110,000 spectators watching the Wallabies play the All Blacks in 2000.

There are a number of professional sport leagues in Australia, including the Australian Football League (AFL) and AFL Women's (Australian rules football), National Rugby League (NRL) and NRL Women's (rugby league), Super Rugby Pacific (Australia/New Zealand) (Rugby Union), the National Basketball League and the Women's National Basketball League, A-League Men and A-League Women (soccer), the Australian Baseball League (baseball), the Big Bash League (cricket), Women's Big Bash League (cricket) and Sheffield Shield (cricket), Suncorp Super Netball and the Supercars Championship (touring car racing). Attendance for the AFL in 2019 attracted more than 7.5 million people to games, while the NRL draws just over 3 million people in a single season.

Historically, rugby league and rugby union football codes have been more popular than Australian rules football in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland, whereas Australian rules football has been more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia.

Australia boasts 7 former world number one squash players, along with a history of success in the Commonwealth Games.

As a nation, Australia has competed in many international events, including the Olympics and Paralympics. The country has also twice hosted the Summer Olympics in Melbourne (1956) and Sydney (2000), as well as the Commonwealth Games on five occasions. A third Olympics will be held in Brisbane in 2032, and a sixth Commonwealth Games across rural Victoria state in 2026.

The city of Melbourne is famous for its major sports events and has been described as the 'sporting capital of the world', and one of its stadiums, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, is considered the home of Australian rules football and one of the world's premier Cricket grounds. After the United States, which is regarded as the greatest sports nation in the world, Australia is considered one of the best sports nations in the world.

History
Sport came to Australia in 1810 when the first athletics tournament was held; soon after cricket, horse racing and sailing clubs and competitions started. Australia's lower classes would play sports on public holidays, with the upper classes playing more regularly on Saturdays. Sydney was the early hub of sport in the colony. Early forms of football were played there by 1829. Early sport in Australia was played along class lines. In 1835, the British Parliament banned blood sports except fox hunting in a law that was implemented in Australia; this was not taken well in the country as it was seen as an attack on the working classes. By the late 1830s, horse racing was established in New South Wales and other parts of the country, and enjoyed support across class lines. Gambling was part of sport from the time horse racing became an established sport in the colony. Horse racing was also happening in Melbourne at Batman's Hill in 1838, with the first race meeting in Victoria taking place in 1840. Cricket was also underway with the Melbourne Cricket Club founded in 1838. Sport was being used during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s as a form of social integration across classes. Victorian rules football (later known as Australian rules) was codified in 1859. Australian football clubs still around in the current Australian Football League were founded by 1858. Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877, the SANFL (South Australian National Football League) is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia's largest sporting arena, opened in 1853. The Melbourne Cup was first run in 1861. A rugby union team was established at the University of Sydney in 1864. Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia until the late 1860s and early 1870s.

The first Australian cricket team to go on tour internationally did so in 1868. The Australian side was an all Aboriginal one and toured England where they played 47 games, where they won 14 games, drew 19 and lost 14.Australia's adoption of sport as a national pastime was so comprehensive that Anthony Trollope remarked in his book, Australia, published in 1870, "The English passion for the amusements which are technically called 'sports', is not a national necessity with the Americans, whereas with the Australians it is almost as much so as home."

The first team formally organised soccer team was formed in Sydney in 1880 and was named the Wanderers. Sport was receiving coverage in Australian newspapers by 1876 when a sculling race in England was reported in the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1877, Australia played in the first Test Cricket match against England. In 1882, The Ashes were started following the victory of the Australia national cricket team over England. Field hockey teams for men and women were established by 1890. The Sheffield Shield cricket competition was first held in 1891 with New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia participating in the inaugural competition. The remaining states would not participate until much later, with Queensland first participating in 1926–27, Western Australia in 1947–48 and Tasmania in 1982–83. In 1897 the Victorian Football League, which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded after breaking away from the Victorian Football Association.

The first badminton competition in Australia was played in 1900. The first ice hockey game was played in Melbourne on 12 July 1906 between a local Melbourne team and a team from the crew of the visiting US warship USS Baltimore (C-3).

Motor racing began in the first years of federation with motorcycle racing beginning at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1901 with automobile motorsport following in 1904 at Aspendale Racecourse in Melbourne. A dedicated race track was added to Aspendale's horse racing track in 1906, although it fell into disuse almost immediately.

Rugby league has been the overwhelmingly dominant rugby code in Australia since 1908 (this position remains unchallenged to this day). When Messenger and the All Golds returned from Great Britain in 1908, they helped the new clubs adapt to the rules of rugby league prior to the inaugural 1908 NSWRFL season. The Queensland Rugby Football League also formed early in 1908 by seven rugby players who were dissatisfied with the administration of the Queensland Rugby Union. The Australia national rugby union team had their first international test against New Zealand in 1903, and first international tour in 1908, earning their nickname of the Wallabies after two British journalists used it to refer to the team. The team won gold at the 1908 Summer Olympics; however the majority of the squad joined rugby league clubs upon returning to Australia.

Women represented Australia for the first time at the Olympics in 1912. Surfing came to Australia by 1915 with the first surf life saving competition being held that year. Les Darcy began his boxing career in 1915, with some of his later fights taking place at Sydney Stadium. The following year, an American promoter encouraged Darcy to go to the United States at a time when Australia was actively recruiting young men for the armed services. Controversy resulted and Darcy died at the age of 21 in the United States. When his body was returned to Australia, 100,000 people attended his Sydney funeral. Darcy would remain significant to Australians into the 2000s, when Kevin Rudd mentioned his story.

In 1922, a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of physical education for girls. They came up with several recommendations regarding what sports were and were not appropriate for girls to play based on the level of fitness required. It was determined that for some individual girls that for medical reasons, the girls should probably not be allowed to participate in tennis, netball, lacrosse, golf, hockey, and cricket. Football was completely medically inappropriate for girls to play. It was medically appropriate for all girls to be able to participate in, so long as they were not done in an overly competitive manner, swimming, rowing, cycling and horseback riding. Dick Eve won Australia's first Olympic diving gold medal in 1924. In 1924 the Australian Rugby League Board of Control, later to be known as the Australian Rugby League, was formed to administer the national team (the Kangaroos), and later as the national governing body for the sport of Rugby league. In 1928 the team also adopted the national colours of green and gold for the first time, having previously used blue and maroon, making the Kangaroos the third national sporting body to do so after cricket (from 1899) and the Australian Olympic team (from 1908). Netball Australia was founded in 1927 as the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association.

During the 1930s, the playing of sport on Sunday was banned in most of the country outside South Australia. The Bodyline cricket series between Australia and England took place in 1932–33. The English side were determined to win and employed physical intimidation against Australia to ensure victory. The bowling style used by the team known as body-line bowling was devised by Douglas Jardine with advice from Frank Foster in England ahead of the series in order to defeat Australian batsman Donald Bradman. Going into the start of the series, Bill Voce told the media "If we don't beat you, we'll knock your bloody heads off." The style of play was such that the Australians contemplated cancelling the series after the Adelaide test.

Following a successful Australian racing career, the race horse Phar Lap went to the United States where he died. There were many conspiracy theories at the time and later that suggested people in the United States poisoned the horse to prevent him from winning.

Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. Women's sports organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe. In September 1949, Australian Canoeing was founded as the Australian Canoe Federation.

By the 1960s, Australia had an international identity as a sport-obsessed country, an identity which was embraced inside the country. This was so well known that in a 1962 edition of Sports Illustrated, Australia was named the most sports-obsessed country in the world. In 1967, Australia hosted the second World Netball Championships in Perth. That same year, South Australia became the last state to lift its ban on the playing of sports on Sunday.

Starting in the early 1970s, Australian sport underwent a paradigm shift with sponsorship becoming one of the fundamental drivers of earnings for Australian sport on amateur and professional levels. By the mid-1980s, the need for the ability to acquire sponsorship dollars in sport was so great that job applicants for sport administrator positions were expected to be able to demonstrate an ability to get it.

During the 1970s, Australia was being routinely defeated in major international competitions as Eastern Bloc countries enjoyed strong government support for sport. The Liberal governments at the time were opposed to similar intervention in Australia's sporting system as they felt it would be government intrusion into an important component of Australian life. In the 1974 elections, several Australian sporting competitors endorsed the Liberal party in advertisements that ran on television. Competitors involved included Ron Barassi, NSWRL player Johnny Raper and horse trainer Tommie Smith. That year, the Australian team qualified for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the first successful qualification to the FIFA World Cup in the country's history after failing to qualify to the 1966 and 1970 tournaments. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team for more than three decades. The regional football code divide in Australia was still present in the 1980s, with rugby league football being the dominant code in Queensland, ACT and New South Wales while Australian rules football dominated in the rest of the country. When codes went outside of their traditional geographic home, they had little success in gaining new fans and participants. The Australian Institute of Sport was founded in 1981. In the lead up to and during the 1982 Commonwealth Games, the police were called upon to stop protests by Aboriginal land rights activists who staged protests timed with the event in order to politicise the event. Australia had competitors in the America's Cup yacht race for a number of years. Going into the 1983 race, the Australian media was not that interested in the race as they expected a similar result and in the media lead-up to the event, made it out to be a race for rich people. This lack of interest continued throughout the early races. Near the end, when Australia finally appeared poised to win it, millions of Australians turned on their television to watch the Australia II win the competition. That year, the Liberals used Australian tennis star John Newcombe and race car drivers Peter Brock and Alan Jones in their political advertising. Athletes would again be used, this time by the Labor Party, in the 1989 elections. During the 1980s, Australian soccer players began to start playing regularly in overseas professional leagues, with the most successful player of the decade being Craig Johnston who scored a goal in the 1986 FA Cup Final for Liverpool. During the 1980s, the federal government created a number of sport programs including Aussie Sports and Active Australia. The Australia women's national field hockey team began their run as one of the top teams in the world in 1985, a place they would hold until 2000.

In 1990, the Victorian Football League changed its name to the Australian Football League. During the 1990s, soccer in Australia faced a challenge in attracting youth players because of the ethnic nature of the sport at the highest levels of national competition. The sport's governing body made an effort to make the game less ethnically oriented. At the same time, rival football codes were intentionally trying to bring in ethnic participants in order to expand their youth playing base. Doping became a concern during the 1980s and more active steps were taken to combat it in Australia in the early 1990s. In 1990, the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 was passed and took control of doping test away from the Australian Sport Commission and put it into the hands of an independent doping control agency as of 17 February 1991.

In 2006, Melbourne hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Later that year, the Australian team competed in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, their second FIFA World Cup appearance after 32 years of failing to qualify for the tournament.

In 2012, the Australian Rugby League Commission was formed, bringing to an end the involvement of News Limited in the administration of Rugby League and the media companies' conflict of interests in the sport, finally concluding the fall-out from the Super League war in the 1990s. From 2008 until 2013, the Australian thoroughbred mare Black Caviar was undefeated for her entire 25-race career, a record not equaled in over 100 years. Notable wins include the 2012 Diamond Jubilee Stakes, as well as being named the top sprinter from 2010 to 2012 in the World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings and entering the Australian Racing Hall of Fame while still in training. Another thoroughbred mare, Winx, though not finishing unbeaten for her career, surpassed Black Caviar's record for consecutive wins by winning the last 33 races of her career, a streak running from May 2015 to April 2019. She also entered the Hall of Fame while in training, and set a world record for most Group 1 wins with 25. Among her wins were four consecutive Cox Plates.

Organisation
The organisation of sport in Australia has been largely determined by its Federal system of government – Australian Government and six states and two territories governments and local governments.

State and Territory governments have a department with responsibility for sport and recreation. These departments provide assistance to state sports organisations, develop and manage sporting facilities, provide financial assistance for major sporting events and develop policies to assist sports across their state or territory. Each Australian State and Territory has established its own institute/academy of sport – ACT Academy of Sport (established 1989), New South Wales Institute of Sport (1996), Northern Territory Institute of Sport (1996), Queensland Academy of Sport (1991), South Australian Sports Institute (1982), Tasmanian Institute of Sport (1985), Victorian Institute of Sport (1990) and Western Australian Institute of Sport (1984).

There are 560 local councils across Australia. Local governments generally focus on the provision of facilities such as swimming pools, sporting fields, stadiums and tennis courts.

Government involvement in sport up until the 1970s was fairly limited with local governments playing a major role through the provision of sporting facilities. However, this changed over the next two decades with an Australian Bureau of Statistics survey in 2001–2002 finding that approximately $2 billion was spent on sport by three levels of government – 10 per cent from the Australian Government, 40 per cent from state and territory governments, and the remaining 50 per cent from local government. State, territory and local government spending was predominantly directed to facilities and their upkeep. In 1973, the Recreation Minister's Council was established to provide a forum for Australian Government and State and Territory Minister's responsible for sport and recreation to discuss matters of interest. With government's taking an increased involvement in sport, it became the Sport and Recreation Minister's Council. More recently is referred to as Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers. The Meeting is assisted by the Committee of Australian Sport and Recreation Officials (CASRO) previously called the Standing Committee on Sport and Recreation (SCORS). The Meeting works cooperatively on issues such as match fixing, sport participation and water safety. In 2011, Minister's signed the National Sport and Active Recreation Policy Framework. The framework "provides a mechanism for the achievement of national goals for sport and active recreation, sets out agreed roles and responsibilities of governments and their expectations of sport and active recreation partners." In 1993, National Elite Sports Council was established to provide a forum for communication, issues management and national program coordination across the high performance in Australia. It includes representatives from AIS, State Institute /Academies, Australian Olympic Committee, Australian Paralympic Committee, and the Australian Commonwealth Games Association. In 2011, National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement provides "guidance on how the sector will operate, with a principal focus on the delivery of the high performance plans of national sporting organisations."

The Australian government provided small amounts of funding in the 1950s and 1960s through the support of the National Fitness Council and international sporting teams such as the Australian Olympic team. The Australian Government's serious involvement and investment into sport came with it establishing the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in 1981. AIS was set up to improve Australia's performances in international sport which had started to decline in the 1960s and 1970s culminating in Australia winning no gold medals at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. In 1985, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC) was established to improve the Australian Government's administration of sport in terms of funding, participation and elite sport. The 1989 Senate Inquiry into drugs in sport resulted in the establishment of the Australian Sport Drug Agency (now called Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA)) in 1990 to manage Australia's anti-doping program.

Participation
The highest rates of participation for Australian sport and recreation are informal, non-organised sports with bike riding, skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter topping the list of activities for children, with 66% of all boys bike riding and 55.9% of all boys skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter in 2009 and 2010. Girls also participated in these activities at high rates with 54.4% of them doing bike riding and 42.4% skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter. Other sports popular for Australian girls include dancing, which had 26.3% participation, swimming with 19.8% participation and netball at 17%. For boys, the other popular sports for participation included soccer with a rate of participation of 19.9%, swimming with a participation rate of 17.2%, Australian rules at 16%. Participation rates for adults in Australia were much lower than that of Australian children. For adult women in Australia, the number one sport activity they participate in is walking with 30% having done this in 2009 and 2010. The second most popular form of exercise and sport was Aerobics/fitness/gym with a rate of 16.7%. The third most popular for adult women was swimming and diving with 8.4%. For men, the most popular sport activity was also walking with a participation rate of 15.6%. This was followed by Aerobics/fitness/gym with 11.2%. The third most popular sport for adult males was cycling/BMXing with a participation rate of 8.2%.

There are 34,000 athletes, officials and coaches currently registered with the Athletics Australia. A 2007 estimate claimed that Australian football had 615,549 participants, Basketball has become one of the most popular participation sports in Australia. In Victoria, and Melbourne, particularly, it has more participants than any other sport. Australia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as swimming. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.

According to the National Cricket Census, a record 1,650,030 people played Cricket across Australia in 2018–19. Women participation also reached record figures in growing to 496,484 players.

Amateur sport
Amateur sport in Australia follows a corporate management system, with the national tier composed of national sport organisations that support and fund elite sport development. These organisations include the Australian Institute of Sport and the Australian Sports Commission. Below them is the state level, which includes state sporting organisations, state institute of sport and state departments of sport. The last level is district/regional associations and local clubs and community sports along with local government. At the national level, the national sport organisations govern most sports in Australia, with over 120 different national sports organisation overseeing sport in Australia. The role of government in this structure is important as government funding for most sport in Australia comes from the national government, state and territory governments, and local governments. In the late 1990s, government support for sport was double that of public non-financial corporations.

Amateur sport was transformed in Australia in the 1980s with the creation of the AIS Australian Institute of Sport. The institute, formally opened by Malcolm Fraser in 1981, was designed to make Australian amateur sport at major world competitions, like the Olympics, competitive with the rest of the world and increase the number of medals won by the country. A few years later, in 1984, the Australian Sports Commission was created to better address the distribution of funds to support sport. It had a budget of A$109 million in 2000. By 2009, the Australian Sports Commission had a budget of A$150 million, up from A$5 million when it first was created.

Amateur sport has been able to draw large audiences. In the 1950s, 120,000 fans would go to the MCG to watch major athletics events.

Australian amateur sport has dealt with financial problems. In the 2000s, Athletics Australia was facing duel problems of financial problems and failure for the sport to consistently medal at major international sporting events compared to other sports and their representative organisations like Swimming Australia and Rowing Australia.

National Leagues
Major professional sports leagues in Australia are similar to major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada in that they are closed leagues that do not practice promotion and relegation, unlike sports leagues in Europe and Latin America.

Spectators
Australian sport fans have historically attended events in large numbers, dating back to the country's early history. An early football game played in Melbourne in 1858 had 2,000 spectators. By 1897, tens of thousands of spectators attended an early Australian rules football match at a time when top level soccer matches in England would draw six thousand fans. A finals match between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood in 1938 drew 96,834 fans. In 1909, at a time when rugby union had not yet become professionalised, 52,000 people in Sydney attended a game between New South Wales and New Zealand. The spectators accounted for 10% of the total population of Sydney at the time. 60,922 fans attended the 1943 NSWRFL Grand Final between Norths and Newtown, and 78,056 attended the 1965 Grand Final between Souths and the then 9-time champion St George, although estimates including those who climbed onto roofs and over the perimeter fence put the actual crowd as high as 200,000. A world record was set for cricket attendance on 30 December 1932 when 63,993 fans watched England take on Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In 2010, the National Rugby League's premiership set its record for regular season attendance, with 3,490,778 attending across the season, at an average of 17,367 people at each match.

Total average game attendance for the Australian Football League and the National Rugby League increased between 1970 and 2000, with the AFL going from an average attendance of 24,344 people per match in 1970 to 27,325 by 1980 to 25,238 in 1990 and 34,094 by 2000. The National Rugby League had an average per game attendance of 11,990 in 1970, saw a decrease in 1980 to 10,860 but increased to 12,073 by 1990 and improved on that to 14,043 by 2000. Founded later, the National Basketball League had an average per game attendance of 1,158 in 1985, increased this to 4,551 by 1990, and kept attendance steady with 4,636 average fans per game in 2000.

In March 1999, 104,000 fans attended a double header match in the National Rugby League at Stadium Australia four days after the venue formally opened. In 2000, during the soccer gold medal match between Cameroon and Spain, 114,000 fans watched the game live inside Stadium Australia. In the 2006–07 season, the A-League Melbourne Victory averaged 27,728 people to their home matches throughout the season. The 2009–10 regular season was considerably lower.

In 2019, the Australian Football League achieved its highest total attendance for any season of 7,594,302, a record for the competition, at an average attendance of 36,687 for each match.

The Big Bash League (BBL) was established in 2011. The first season attracted an average of 18,021 spectators per match. In the 2014–15 season, the average attendance for each match was 23,590 with the Adelaide Strikers attracting a record average home crowd of 36,023 spectators each game. The 2015 Cricket World Cup final was played in front of 93,013 spectators, a record crowd for a day of cricket in Australia. BBL in its sixth season in 2016–17, drew an average crowd in excess of 30,000 for the first time in history, with overall count crossing 1 million for 35 matches.

In April 2024, the 2023–24 A-League Women season set the record for the most attended season of any women's sport in Australian history, with the season recording a total attendance of 284,551 at 15 April 2024,   and finishing with a final total attendance of 312,199.

Sports media
Media coverage of Australian sport and athletes predates 1876. The first all Australian sport publication, The Referee, was first published in 1886 in Sydney. The major newspapers for sport coverage in the country include the Sydney Morning Herald, The Courier Mail, the Herald Sun and The West Australian.

There is a long history of television coverage of sports in Australia. From 1957 to 2001, the Seven Network was the network for the Australian Football League. The only year that Seven was not the network for the league was in 1987 when the AFL was on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). An exclusive deal was agreed upon by Seven in 1976 for a five-year deal worth A$3 million.

The media plays an important part in Australia's sporting landscape, with many sporting events televised or broadcast on radio. The government has anti-siphoning laws to protect free-to-air stations. Beyond televising live events, there are many sport-related television and radio programs, as well as several magazine publications dedicated to sport. Australian sport has also been the subject of Australian-made films such as The Club, Australian Rules, The Final Winter and Footy Legends

World Series Cricket was a break away professional cricket competition staged between 1977 and 1979 and organised by Kerry Packer for his TV network, Nine. The matches ran in opposition to international cricket. It drastically changed the nature of cricket and its influence continues to be felt today.

Not all sports have had favourable deals with networks. The first television offer for the National Basketball League was worth A$1 in an offered made by Seven that the league accepted. The deal made by Ten Network to the New South Wales Rugby League was worth considerably more, worth A$48 million for a five-year deal that also included broadcasting rights for the State of Origin and the Australia national rugby league team. This deal was terminated early because the network could not afford to pay out.

The 1967 NSWRFL season's grand final became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network had paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights.

SBS and FoxSports are two of the most important television networks in Australia in terms of covering all Australian sports, not just the popular professional leagues. Administrators for less popular spectator sports, such as basketball and netball, believe that getting additional television and newspaper coverage is fundamental for the growth and success of their sports going forward.

Anti-siphoning laws in Australia regulate the media companies' access to significant sporting events. In 1992, when the country experienced growth in paid-subscription media, the Parliament of Australia enacted the Broadcasting Services Act that gave free-to-air broadcasters preferential access to acquire broadcasting rights to sporting events. The anti-siphoning list is a list of major sporting events that the Parliament of Australia has decided must be available for all Australians to see free of charge and cannot be "siphoned off" to pay TV where people are forced to pay to see them. The current anti-siphoning list came into effect in 2006 and expires 31 December 2010. The Minister for Communications can add or remove events from the list at his discretion. There are currently ten sports on the anti-siphoning list plus the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Events on the anti-siphoning list are delisted 12 weeks before they start to ensure pay TV broadcasters have reasonable access to listed events, if free-to-air broadcasters decide not to purchase the broadcast rights for a particular event. Any rights to listed sporting events that are not acquired by free-to-air broadcasters are available to pay TV. For multi-round events where it is simply not possible for free-to-air networks to broadcast all matches within the event (e.g. the Australian Open) complementary coverage is available on pay television. The Federal Government is obliged by legislation to conduct a review of the list before the end of 2009. The current anti-siphoning list requires showing listed sports on the broadcaster's main channel.

Rugby league, which includes NRL, State of Origin and national team matches, had the highest aggregate television ratings of any sport in 2022 (also 2009 and 2010. ) Also, in a world first, the Nine Network broadcast free-to-air the first match of the 2010 State of Origin series live in 3D in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. It has consistently been the most watched sport in the country over the last decade in terms of television ratings and is currently the most popular sport in Australia as at 2022.

Rugby union is currently aired on numerous Nine Entertainment platforms, including Channel 9, 9Gem, and Stan Sport, as part of a A$100 million deal starting in 2021. Super Rugby games are broadcast on 9Gem every Saturday, while all other games are available on Stan Sport. Within a year of the deal starting, the Super Rugby Final had increased its ratings by 13-fold to 1.3 million, with Wallabies International games also experiencing growth.

Cricket Australia announced an unprecedented $590 million deal with free-to-air television networks Nine and Ten in 2013 to broadcast the sport – a 118 per cent increase on the previous five-year contract.

BBL games are currently broadcast in Australia by the free-to-air Network Ten. In 2013 Ten paid $100 million for BBL rights over five years, marking the channel's first foray in elite cricket coverage. Fox Sports had previously covered the Big Bash League.

Network Ten's BBL coverage has become a regular feature of Australian summers and last season attracted an average audience of more than 943,000 people nationally in 2014–15 season, including a peak audience of 1.9 million viewers for the final between the Perth Scorchers and Sydney Sixers.

There are a number of Australian sport films. They include The Club. The film was based on a play produced in 1977, in Melbourne. It has been in the senior English syllabi for four Australian states for many years. The film was written by David Williamson, directed by Bruce Beresford and starring John Howard, Jack Thompson, Graham Kennedy and Frank Wilson. Another Australian sport film is The Final Winter, released in 2007. It was directed by Brian Andrews and Jane Forrest and produced by Anthony Coffee, and Michelle Russell, while independently produced it is being distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was written by Matt Nable who also starred as the lead role 'Grub' Henderson. The film, which earned praise from critics, focuses around Grub who is the captain of the Newtown Jets football team in the early 1980s and his determination to stand for what rugby league traditionally stood for while dealing with his own identity crisis. Other Australian sport films include Australian Rules and Footy Legends.

Sport is popular on the radio. This Sporting Life was a culturally iconic Triple J radio comedy program created by actor-writer comedians John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver, who performed as their characters Roy and HG. Broadcast from 1986 to 2008, it was one of the longest-running, most popular and most successful radio comedy programs of the post-television era in Australia. It was the longest-running show in Triple J's programming history and commanded a large and dedicated nationwide audience throughout its 22-year run. 2KY is a commercial radio station based in Sydney, broadcasting throughout New South Wales and Canberra on a network of over 140 narrowcast transmitters as well as the main 1017 AM frequency in Sydney. 2KY broadcasts live commentary of thoroughbred, harness and greyhound racing. Over 1500 races are covered each week, including the pre and post race form and TAB betting information.

There are a number of Australian sport magazines. One is the AFL Record. The magazine is published in a sports magazine style format. Eight different versions, one for each game, are published for each weekly round, 60,000 copies in total, and Roy Morgan Research estimates that the Record has a weekly readership of over 200,000. As of 2009, the week's records are published and are able to be viewed in an online magazine format. Another Australian sporting magazine is Australia's Surfing Life, a monthly magazine about surfing published in Australia. It features articles about surf trips in Australia and overseas, surfing technique, board design and wetsuits. The magazine was founded in 1985.

International competitions
Australian representative teams participate in many international competitions, such as the Olympics, Commonwealth Games, Cricket World Cup, Rugby World Cup, Rugby League World Cup, FIFA World Cup, the Basketball World Cup for both men's and women's, Netball World Cup, World Baseball Classic and the Hockey World Cup.

The Australian national cricket team have participated in every edition of the Cricket World Cup. Australia have been the most successful in the event, winning the tournament six times out of thirteen editions held.

The Australian national rugby league team have also participated in every edition of the Rugby League World Cup. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament a record 12 times.

The Australian national rugby union team have participated in every Rugby World Cup. Australia have been very successful in the tournament, winning it two times despite it not being the most popular sport in Australia. Australia's women have repeatedly won at the highest level. The Australian national netball team have won the Netball World Cup a record 11 times. The Australian women's national cricket team have won the Women's Cricket World Cup a record five times. The Australian women's national field hockey team have won the gold medal at the Olympics and the Women's Hockey World Cup three and two times respectively.

The Australia women's national basketball team, known as the Opals, regularly compete well against the world elite at the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup, having won the event in 2006, finished second in 2018 and finished third three times, and at the Summer Olympics Basketball Tournament, where they have won silver medals three times and bronze medals twice.

The Australia national soccer team, nicknamed the Socceroos, have appeared at the FIFA World Cup in 1974, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022. At the 2006 World Cup, the Socceroos surprised many by reaching the Round of 16, losing 1–0 in injury time to the eventual champions, Italy. At the 2022 World Cup, an unfancied Socceroos team again advanced to the knockout stage after winning 2 of 3 group stage matches, including a 1–0 upset victory against Denmark. In the round of 16 they were defeated 1–2 by eventual champions Argentina. They also hold the unusual distinction of having won continental soccer championships of two confederations – Oceania's OFC Nations Cup four times between 1980 and 2004 and, after moving to the Asian Football Confederation in 2005, the AFC Asian Cup in 2015. The Australia women's national soccer team, the Matildas, have appeared in all FIFA Women's World Cups except the first in 1991. They have advanced past the group stage in each of the last four editions of the competition (2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019), losing in the quarter-finals in the first three of these editions and the round of 16 in 2019. In 2015, they became the first senior Australian national team of either sex to win a World Cup knockout stage match, specifically in the round of 16, newly instituted for the Women's World Cup in that year. The Matildas have also enjoyed success at the AFC Women's Asian Cup, advancing at least to the semi-finals in all five competitions since joining the AFC in 2006 and winning in 2010. Australia co-hosted the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup alongside New Zealand, finishing with a best-ever fourth place result. Their run in the tournament attracted widespread community support, dubbed by the media as "Matildas fever".

Australia are the most successful side at the Underwater Hockey World Championships, winning 25 titles including 11 men's elite championships and 8 women's elite championships. Australia has also hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup, with the event generating around A$1 billion in economic activity while bringing in 2 million visitors to the country.

Australia has also hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics. The country also regularly hosts a major tennis Grand Slam event, the Australian Open, an FIA Formula One World Championship round (Australian Grand Prix), motorcycle MotoGP round (Australian motorcycle Grand Prix), as well as rounds of the Superbike World Championship, World Rally Championship alongside major domestically created, internationally recognised events including the Melbourne Cup and the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. Australia has hosted the 1992 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 Cricket World Cup along with New Zealand. The 2015 Cricket World Cup generated more than A$1.1 billion in direct spending, created the equivalent of 8,320 full-time jobs, and had a total of 2 million bed nights across the two host countries. Australia is the most successful team in the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup, finishing as champions 6 times in 1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015 and 2023. It has also won the ICC Men's T20 World Cup once in 2021.

The 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England was the first tour by any sports team from Australia.

Olympics
The Olympic movement in Australia started out during the 1900s and 1910s. The first organisations for the Olympics in Australia came out of the athletics governance system and resulted in the creation of state based Olympic committees. The first national governing body for Australian Olympics was created in 1914 and was a joint effort with New Zealand though New Zealand was a less than able partner. The movement in Australia then stagnated as a result of the Great War. The New Zealand and Australian organisation was disbanded and an Australian only national organisation was founded in 1920 called the Australian Olympic Federation. The early goals of the organisation were to ratify team selection and to fundraise to assist Olympians in paying for their travel to compete at the Games. By the 1980s, the organisation had issues on the international level as the IOC wanted them to re-structure; until this time, the organisation followed governance models similar to that of other Australian sporting organisations with a federated model of governance. Changes were made the organisation ended up with an executive board with a president, two vice presidents, a secretary general and a 14-member executive board which had 10 elected members, 4 IOC members and 2 members of the Athlete's Commission.

Australia has hosted the Olympics twice, in 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney. These were the first Games hosted in the southern hemisphere. Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Games.

Australia has been influential in the Olympic movement, with four Australian representatives who are members of the International Olympic Committee.

The government has provided monetary support for the Olympics. In the lead up to the 1924 Games, they provided 3,000 pounds and in 1936 provided 2,000 pounds. This support was seen as a way of supporting national identity, but no formal system existed for the funding wider sport at the time.

The 1956 Games were the first time Australia had an Equestrian competitor when Victorian Ernie Barker competed. Australia has generally been a world power in Olympic swimming since the 1956 Melbourne Olympics: swimmers like Shane Gould, Dawn Fraser, Ian Thorpe, Kieren Perkins and Ariarne Titmus have taken multiple gold medals.

Australia performed relatively poorly at the 1976 Summer Olympics. This upset the nation as it challenged a fundamental part of Australian identity. The following Olympics, the 1980 Summer Olympics, some Australian sports sat out as part of a boycott and the country earned only nine medals, two of them gold, in Moscow. To prevent a recurrence of this, the Australian Institute of Sport was created to help improve Australia's medal tally at the Games.

Channel Seven had exclusive Australian free-to-air, pay television, online and mobile telephone broadcast rights to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The live telecast of the 2008 Summer Olympics was shared by the Seven Network and SBS Television. Seven broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies and mainstream sports, including swimming, athletics, rowing, cycling, and gymnastics. In contrast, SBS TV provided complementary coverage focused on long-form events such as soccer, road cycling, volleyball, and table tennis.

Paralympics
Australia has attended every Summer Paralympics and hosted the 2000 Sydney Games. Australia sent a delegation of 170 athletes to compete at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, and a team of 11 competitors to compete in two disciplines at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. A team of 161 members was sent to the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.

Commonwealth Games
Australians take the Commonwealth Games seriously because, on one level of national thinking, the event offers the country an opportunity to prove they are superior to the "original country", the United Kingdom. By the 1938 British Empire Games, Australia's combined medal total was already greater than that of the Home Nations tallies combined. Australia would go on to beat England in total medals at the Commonwealth Games in 1950, 1962, 1970, 1974 and 1982. This rivalry with England continued to be an important component of the games up until the mid 2010s. Since then the importance of the Commonwealth Games has declined in the minds of the Australian public, due to the decreasing relevance of the Commonwealth in Australia as well as the perceived lack of competition. The Olympics Games has now become the primary way for Australians to measure themselves against the world.

Events
January
 * United Cup
 * Brisbane International
 * Adelaide International
 * Hobart International
 * Australian Open

February – August March – August March – September March – November
 * Super Rugby Season
 * Super Netball Season
 * NRL Season
 * AFL Season

 * Supercars Championship

June
 * A-League Grand Final

June – July July – October
 * State of Origin series (rugby league)

 * NRL Women's Season

August – November

 * AFL Women's Season

September
 * AFL Grand Final

September – February September – March
 * One-Day Cup

 * Sheffield Shield
 * Women's National Cricket League

October
 * NRL Grand Final

October – November
 * WBBL Season

October – January
 * WNBL Season

October – March
 * NBL Season

October – April
 * A-League Men Season

November
 * Australian Open, Golf

November – February December – January
 * ABL Season

 * BBL Season

By demographic

 * Women's sport in Australia
 * Sport in rural and regional Australia
 * Disabled sport in Australia

By social and cultural context

 * Australian national sports team nicknames
 * Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi
 * Indigenous Australians
 * List of sports museums and halls of fame in Australia
 * List of international sports events in Australia
 * List of Australian sports controversies
 * List of Australian sports songs
 * List of Australian sports films

By sport

 * 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
 * Athletics in Australia
 * Baseball in Australia
 * Basketball in Australia
 * Castelling in Australia
 * Cricket in Australia
 * Hockey in Australia
 * List of Australian equestrians
 * Golf in Australia
 * Motorsport in Australia
 * Rugby league in Australia
 * Rugby union in Australia
 * Soccer in Australia
 * Surfing in Australia
 * Tennis in Australia
 * Winter sport in Australia

title: Sport in Australia


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Standard Apple Numerics Environment

Standard Apple Numerics Environment (SANE) was Apple Computer's software implementation of IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic. It was available for the 6502-based Apple II and Apple III models and came standard with the 65816 based Apple IIGS and 680x0 based Macintosh and Lisa models. Later Macintosh models had hardware floating point arithmetic via 68040 microprocessors or 68881 floating point coprocessors, but still included SANE for compatibility with existing software.

SANE was replaced by Floating Point C Extensions access to hardware floating point arithmetic in the early 1990s as Apple switched from 680x0 to PowerPC microprocessors.

title: Standard Apple Numerics Environment


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User:Biochemist 1

Note: See user_talk:64.12.116.5 -- The Anome 08:49, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * <--I used to share an ip with this range, per someone's suggestion, I've created a user name, now clearly I'll have more credibility :/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Biochemist 1 (talk • contribs)

title: User:Biochemist 1


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Albrecht Fölsing

Albrecht Fölsing (1940 in Bad Salzungen – 8 April 2018 in Hamburg) was a trained physicist turned into a scientific journalist. Having studied physics in Berlin, Philadelphia, and Hamburg, he worked as an academic research assistant for the German electron synchrotron named DESY. In the years 1973–2001, Fölsing was head of the Nature and Science Department of the North German Radio and Television. He has written several biographies of well-known physicists and studies of the "cheating factor" in science. His most widely known book is perhaps Albert Einstein: A Biography, which also gathers many quotations by Einstein.

title: Albrecht Fölsing


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User talk:Biochemist 1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Administrators'_noticeboard/Incidents

WP:ANI transclusion
I just changed that to a link since having it transcluded here was putting your page into the admin category, and I don't see why you had it here in the first place. :) Dmcdevit·t 23:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Biochemist 1


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Stuart Ross

Stuart Ross is a Canadian fiction writer, poet, editor, and creative-writing instructor.

Ross was born in Toronto's north end in 1959 and grew up in the Borough of North York. He began writing at a very young age and was first published at age 16 by Books by Kids (now Annick Press). This book, The Thing in Exile, also contained work by teen writers Steven Feldman and Mark Laba. Ross attended Alternative Independent Study Program for high school. He went on to self-publish dozens of books and chapbooks through his Proper Tales Press imprint. As his books began to emerge from larger literary publishing houses, he has continued his Proper Tales Press project.

Ross has been active in the Toronto literary scene since the mid-1970s. He is co-founder, with Nicholas Power, of the Toronto Small Press Book Fair, which has been operating since 1987 under various directorships. This fair, the first of its kind in Canada, inspired similar events in Vancouver, Ottawa, and Hamilton. Ross is a founding member of the Meet the Presses collective, which formed in 2006 to promote small-press publishing in the Toronto area.

He was the 2002 "Writer in Residence" for the Writers' Circle of Durham Region, the 2003 "Poet in Residence" for the Ottawa International Writers Festival, and the 2005 Electronic Writer in Residence for the Toronto Public Library's RAMP website for teens. He was Queen's University's writer in residence in 2010 and the writer in residence at the University of Ottawa in 2021. Stuart was the Fiction and Poetry Editor for This Magazine from 2004 until 2012, and from 2007 to 2016 he was Editor for Mansfield Press, where he had his own imprint: "a stuart ross book." In 2017, Ross launched a new imprint for surrealist poetry – A Feed Dog Book – through Anvil Press.

His own magazines have included Mondo Hunkamooga: A Journal of Small Press Reviews (later subtitled A Journal of Small Press Stuff), Peter O'Toole (a magazine of one-line poems), Dwarf Puppets on Parade (a magazine of writing with restrictions), Who Torched Rancho Diablo? (poetry and fiction), Syd & Shirley, a magazine of Canadian and American poetry, and HARDSCRABBLE, a poetry magazine.

Although primarily known as a poet, Ross has also published fiction and personal essays. His column "Hunkamooga" appeared in Word: Toronto's Literary Calendar from 2001 to 2005, and moved to the Vancouver-based literary magazine sub-Terrain in 2006, where it ran until 2012.

As an editor, Ross was responsible for the 2004 anthology Surreal Estate: 13 Canadian Poets Under the Influence. In 2003, he issued the chapbook anthology My Lump in the Bed: Love Poems for George W. Bush. In 2007, Ross was the editor for the Insomniac Press book ''Why Are You So Sad? Selected Poems of David W. McFadden, and in 2010 for the Insomniac Press book Why Are You So Long and Sweet? Collected Long Poems of David McFadden''. With Stephen Brockwell, he is the editor of the Mansfield Press poetry anthology Rogue Stimulus: The Stephen Harper Holiday Anthology for a Prorogued Parliament. In 2017, Ross was the editor of Certain Details: Poetry of Nelson Ball, published by Wilfred Laurier University Press.

His 2009 short-story collection, Buying Cigarettes for the Dog, was shortlisted for the Alberta Readers' Choice Award and the Alberta Book Awards, and won the 2010 ReLit Award for Short Fiction. In 2012, he co-won the Elaine Mona Adilman Award for English Fiction & Poetry on a Jewish Theme, awarded by the J.I. Segal Committee of the Jewish Public Library in Montreal, for his novel Snowball, Dragonfly, Jew. In spring 2013, Ross's poetry collection ''You Exist. Details Follow.'' won the Exist Through The Gift Shop Award, the only prize given to an anglophone writer that year by the Montreal-based group l'Académie de la vie littéraire au tournant du 21e siècle. In fall 2017, Ross's poetry collection A Sparrow Came Down Resplendent received the Canadian Jewish Literary Award in the poetry category. In September 2019, Ross was the recipient of the Harbourfront Festival Prize, awarded at the Toronto International Festival of Authors.

His 2019 collection Motel of the Opposable Thumbs was shortlisted for the 2020 ReLit Award for poetry.

In 2023, Ross received the Trillium Book Award for his memoir The Book of Grief and Hamburgers. This annual award goes to one outstanding book published in Ontario in English and one in French.

Selected bibliography

 * The Thing in Exile. Books by Kids, 1976. (with Mark Laba and Steven Feldman)
 * The Pig Sleeps. Contra Mundo Books, 1991. (with Mark Laba)
 * The Mud Game. The Mercury Press, 1995. (with Gary Barwin)
 * The Inspiration Cha-Cha. ECW Press, 1996.
 * Henry Kafka and Other Stories. The Mercury Press, 1997.
 * Farmer Gloomy's New Hybrid. ECW Press, 1999.
 * Razovsky at Peace. ECW Press, 2001.
 * Hey, Crumbling Balcony! Poems New & Selected. ECW Press, 2003.
 * Surreal Estate: 13 Canadian Poets Under the Influence. The Mercury Press, 2004. (editor)
 * Confessions of a Small Press Racketeer. Anvil Press, 2005.
 * Robots at Night. Proper Tales Press, 2005.
 * I Cut My Finger. Anvil Press, 2007.
 * Dead Cars in Managua. DC Books, 2008.
 * Rogue Stimulus: The Stephen Harper Holiday Anthology for a Prorogued Parliament. Mansfield Press, 2010. (editor, with Stephen Brockwell)
 * Buying Cigarettes for the Dog. Freehand Books, 2009.
 * I Have Come to Talk About Manners. Apt. 9 Press, 2010.
 * Snowball, Dragonfly, Jew. ECW Press, 2011.
 * You Exist. Details Follow. Anvil Press, 2012.
 * 18 Goddamn Centos. Proper Tales Press, 2013.
 * Our Days in Vaudeville. Mansfield Press, 2013. (with 29 collaborators)
 * A Hamburger in a Gallery. DC Books, 2015.
 * Further Confessions of a Small Press Racketeer. Anvil Press, 2015.
 * My Planet of Kites. Mansfield Press, 2015. (co-translation, with Michelle Winters, of the poetry of Marie-Ève Comtois)
 * A Sparrow Came Down Resplendent. Wolsak and Wynn, 2016.
 * Pockets. ECW Press, 2017.
 * Espesantes. above/ground Press, 2018.
 * Motel of the Opposable Thumbs. Anvil Press, 2019.
 * 90 Tiny Poems. above/ground Press, 2019.
 * 70 Kippers: The Dagmar Poems. With Michael Dennis. Proper Tales Press, 2020.
 * Sos una sola persona. Translated into Spanish by Tomás Downey and Sarah Moses. Socios Fundadores, 2020.
 * The Book of Grief and Hamburgers. ECW Press, 2022.
 * I Am Claude François and You Are a Bathtub. Anvil Press, 2022.

title: Stuart Ross


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Yuriria

Yuriria, Guanajuato, Mexico,, is one of 46 municipalities in the Mexican state of Guanajuato.

History
The name Yuriria is a shortened version of "Yuririapúndaro" (you-ri-ri-ah-PUHN-da-Ro), which means Place of the Bloody Lake in the Purépecha language.

In 1548, Friar Diego de Chávez, of the Augustinian Order, supervised construction of a canal from the Lerma River to the east to enlarge Lake Yuriria with water from the river. Friar Diego de Chávez also founded the Augustinan Monastery, work on which began in 1566 under the supervision of architect Pedro del Toro. The monastery was fortified to deter Chichimec raids.

Population
The population of Yuriria and its surrounding areas totals 68,741 people. Of these, only 25,845 live in urban Yuriria, while 42,846 live in the rural areas surrounding the main town. The largest rural settlements in Yuriria are Cerano (pop. 5,435), El Monte de los Juarez, its main agricultural source with a population of approximately 594, El Xoconoxtle (pop. 731), La Calera (pop. 1,767) and Casacuarán (pop. 2,184). Santa Monica Ozumbilla is one of the oldest communities in Yuriria dating as far back as the early 16th century.

Landmarks
Landmarks in the municipality include:

Ex-Convento San Agustín

The Ex-Covento, or cathedral is probably the most important architectural structure in Yuriria, as well as an important icon in the state in general. Since its construction in November 1550, and its culmination on 1559, its massive size and dazzling structure captured the attention of generations, and ultimately put Yuriria on the map. Its construction was started by Fray Diego de Chavez, nephew of the conquistador Don Pedro Alvarado and was designed by the famous architect Pedro del Toro.

Templo de la Preciosa Sangre de Cristo
The Templo de la Preciosa Sangre de Cristo (Temple of the Precious Blood of Christ) is a 19th century church which houses a 17th century black figure of Christ.

Geography
Yuriria is located in the "Bajío", or lowlands, of Guanajuato. It is bordered to the east by Salvatierra and Santiago Maravatío, to the north by Jaral del Progreso and Valle de Santiago, to the south by Uriangato and Moroleón, and to the west by the state of Michoacán. Its total area is 656 square kilometres.

The town of Yuriria lies on the southern shore of Lake Yuriria, a shallow reservoir fed by water from the Lerma River.

title: Yuriria


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Raymond Souster

Raymond Holmes Souster (January 15, 1921 – October 19, 2012) was a Canadian poet whose writing career spanned over 70 years. More than 50 volumes of his own poetry were published during his lifetime, and he edited or co-edited a dozen volumes of poetry by others. A resident of Toronto all of his life, he has been called that city's "most loved poet".

Robert Fulford wrote of Souster in 1998: "You can't read the history of Canadian poetry without encountering him, yet somehow he remains obscure. His legendary shyness has created, over five decades, a curious form of anonymity: he's at once omnipresent and invisible."

Life
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Souster grew up in West Toronto near the Humber River. After graduating from the University of Toronto Schools, he joined the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce at King & Bay Streets in Toronto in 1939. Apart from four years' service in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II, he worked at the bank until retiring in 1984. Souster's first published poem appeared in First Statement, the little magazine founded by John Sutherland in Montreal in 1942. In 1943, while still in the air force, Souster and two friends launched their own little poetry magazine, Direction. In 1944 he placed 21 poems in the anthology Unit of Five, alongside poetry by Louis Dudek, Ronald Hambleton, P. K. Page, and James Wreford. With Dudek and Irving Layton, Souster founded Contact magazine and Contact Press in 1952. The magazine lasted only until 1954, but Contact Press put out books until 1967. Its first book was Cerberus, an anthology of poetry by the trio. All three would be prolific writers for Contact Press over the next decade. Contact Press published Souster's Selected Poems, edited by Dudek, in 1956, which brought Souster his first serious critical attention. In 1956, under the Contact Press imprint, Souster brought out a small booklet titled "Experiment 1923-29." It contained the modernist poetry that Canadian poet W.W.E. Ross had written in the 1920s. Thus, Souster saved Ross's work from obscurity. Souster also helped new writers. He edited two anthologies for Contact, Poets 56 in 1956, and New Wave Canada: The New Explosion in Poetry in 1966. "Souster brought several young poets to Contact Press, and gave an important boost to the new poetry with New Wave Canada." The young poets included Margaret Atwood, whose first book, "The Circle Game" went on to win the Governor General's Award in 1966. Michael Ondaatje has said the following of Souster: "He brought many of us to the surface and we owe him everything." Souster was one of the six founders of the League of Canadian Poets in 1966. He was the League's first president from 1967 to 1972. The early 1960s were a prolific and distinguished period for Souster, culminating in his own Governor General's Award in 1964 for his Collected Poems, The Colour of the Times. "In the late 1960s, he embarked on the revision of his early poetry with a view to its reissue," a project that resulted in a Selected Poems in 1972, and the first four volumes of a now ten-volume Collected Poems in 1980, all of which were published by Oberon Press. Souster has also written fiction under the pseudonyms of "Raymond Holmes" and "John Holmes", for which he has drawn on his Air Force experience.

Writing
Souster is a chronicler of his birth city. Robert Fulford wrote that "many of us think of him first as the poet-in-chief of Toronto. A city comes to life only after writers have invented it, and Souster has been among Toronto's inventors, adding a layer of poetic reality to the abstractions of asphalt, glass, and brick. His Toronto poems work like photographs in the Henri Cartier-Bresson tradition, inscribing small pieces of space and time on the memory, catching a moment as it flies."

Souster was the Canadian poet of his generation most overtly interested in, and influenced by, the contemporary American scene. He was first attracted to Henry Miller, and later entered into lasting friendships and correspondence with Robert Creeley and Cid Corman.

Recognition
Souster won the Governor General's Award in 1964 for The Colour of the Times.

He was awarded a Centennial Medal in 1967.

Hanging In (1979) won the City of Toronto Book Award in 1980.

Raymond Souster was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1995. The Order of Canada website says of him: "One of Canada's most important, widely-read and enduring poets, he has been a vital force for the renewal of poetry since the 1940s. His poems describe life in Toronto, ordinary people and the daily events, feelings and experiences of modern city living. A co-founder of the Canadian League of Poets, he has been a source of encouragement and inspiration to several generations of poets while promoting Canadian literature among students of all ages."

Souster's Uptown Downtown (2006) was nominated for the 2007 City of Toronto Book Award.

Poetry

 * When We Are Young. Montreal: First Statement, 1945.
 * Go To Sleep, World. Toronto: Ryerson, 1947.
 * City Hall Street. Toronto: Ryerson, 1951.
 * with Irving Layton and Louis Dudek. Cerberus. Toronto: Contact Press, 1952.
 * Shake Hands with the Hangman: Poems 1940-52 Toronto: Contact Press, 1953.
 * A Dream That Is Dying. Toronto: Contact Press, 1954.
 * Walking Death. Toronto: Contact Press, 1954.
 * For What Time Slays. Toronto: Contact Press, 1955.
 * The Selected Poems. Louis Dudek ed. Toronto: Contact Press, 1956.
 * Crepe-Hanger's Carnival: Selected Poems 1955-58 Toronto: Contact Press, 1958.
 * A Local Pride. Toronto: Contact Press, 1962.
 * Place of Meeting: Poems 1958-1960 (includes lithographs by Michael Snow) Isaacs Gallery / Gallery Editions II, 1962.
 * The Colour of the Times. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1964.
 * Ten Elephants on Yonge Street. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1965.
 * As Is. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1967.
 * Lost and Found: Uncollected Poems. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1968.
 * So Far, So Good: Poems, 1938/1968. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1969.
 * The Years. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1971.
 * Selected Poems of Raymond Souster. Michael Maklem ed. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1972.
 * The Colour of the Times. Ten Elephants on Yonge Street. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1973.
 * Change-Up: New Poems. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1974.
 * Double Header: As Is; Lost & Found. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1975.
 * Rain-Check. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1975.
 * To Hell with Poetry. Burton, Ohio, 1976.
 * Extra Innings: New Poems. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1977.
 * Hanging In: New Poems. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1979.
 * Uniform Title - 1980
 * Going the Distance. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1983.
 * Jubilee of Death: The Raid On Dieppe. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1984.
 * Queen City. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1984.
 * Flight of the Roller-Coaster: Poems for Younger Readers. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1985.
 * and James Deahl. Into This Dark Earth. Toronto: Unfinished Monument Press, 1985.
 * It Takes All Kinds. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1986.
 * The Eyes of Love. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1987.
 * Asking for More. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1988.
 * Running Out the Clock. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1991.
 * Old Bank Notes. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1993.
 * Riding the Long Black Horse. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1993.
 * No Sad Songs Wanted Here. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1995.
 * Close to Home. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1996.
 * Of Time & Toronto. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 2000.
 * Take Me Out to the Ballgame. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 2002.
 * Twenty-three New Poems. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 2003.
 * Down to Earth Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2006.
 * Wondrous Wobbly World: Poems for the New Millennium Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2006.
 * Uptown Downtown Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2006.
 * Collected Poems of Raymond Souster 10 vols. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1980–2004. (covering 1940 - 2000)
 * What Men Will Die For, with Les Green, 400 page docupoem: Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2007
 * Never Counting The Cost, with Les Green, Nine Verse Vignettes of War and Peace, 270 pages: Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2012
 * Come Rain, Come Shine: The Last Poems of Raymond Souster. Donna Dunlop ed. Toronto: Contact Press, 2014.

Fiction

 * The Winter of Time - 1949 (as "Raymond Holmes")
 * On Target. Village Bookstore Press, 1972. (as "John Holmes")
 * and Douglas Alcorn. From Hell to Breakfast. Toronto: Intruder Press, 1980.

Edited

 * Direction, 1943–1946.
 * Enterprise, 1948.
 * Contact, 1952–1954.
 * W.W.E. Ross, Experiment 1923-1929 Toronto: Contact Press, 1956.
 * Poets 56: Ten Younger English-Canadians. Toronto: Contact Press, 1956.
 * Combustion., 1957–1960.
 * New Wave Canada: The New Explosion in Canadian Poetry. Toronto: Contact Press, 1966.
 * and Douglas Lochhead, eds. New Poems of the Seventies. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1970.
 * and Douglas Lochhead, eds. Made in Canada. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1970.
 * and Richard Woollatt, eds. Generation now. Longman Canada: 1970.
 * and Richard Woollatt, eds. Sights and Sounds. Toronto: Macmillan, 1973.
 * and Douglas Lochhead, eds. ''100 Poems of Nineteenth Century Canada. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1974.
 * and Richard Woollatt, eds. These Loved, These Hated Lands. Toronto: Doubleday of Canada, 1975.
 * Vapour and Blue: Souster selects Campbell: the poetry of William Wilfred Campbell. Paget Press, 1978.
 * and Richard Woollatt, eds. Poems of a Snow-Eyed Country. Don Mills, ON: Academic Press, 1980.
 * and Douglas Lochhead, eds. Powassan's Drum: Selected Poems of Duncan Campbell Scott Ottawa: Tecumseh, 1985.
 * and Douglas Lochhead, eds. Windflower: Poems Of Bliss Carman. Ottawa: Tecumseh, 1985. ISBN 978-0-919662-07-0

Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy University of Toronto.

Discography

 * Celebration: Famous Canadian Poets CD Canadian Poetry Association — 2001 ISBN 1-55253-032-9    (CD#3) (with Gwendolyn MacEwen )

title: Raymond Souster


text:
User talk:Kentrejik

 General Knowledge Forever 1 !!! Abbreviations AAFI : Amateur Athletics Federation of India

AAPSO : Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organisation

ABC : Atomic Biological and Chemical

ABM : Anti Ballistic Missile

AC : Air Conditioned

A/c : Account

AD : Anno Domini

ADB : Asian Development Bank

AFRICA : Action for Resisting Imperialism

AG : Accountant General

AH : Anno Hegirae

AI : Air India, Artificial Intelligence

AICC : All India Congress Committee

AICI : Agricultural Insurance Corporation of India

AICTE : All India Council of Technical Education

AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

AIFF : All India Football Federation

AIIMS : All India Institute of Medical Sciences

AINEC : All India Newspaper Editor’s Conference

AIR : All India Radio

ALGOL : AIGOrithmic Language

AM : Anti Meridian

AMMA : Association of Malayalam Movie Artists

ANC : African National Congress

ANN : Artificial Neural Network

ARPANET : Advanced Research Project Agency Network

ASEAN : Association of South East Asian Nations

ASEM : Asia-Europe Meeting

ATC : Air Traffic Control

ATM : Automatic Teller Machine, Adobe Type Manager

AWACS : Airborne Early Warning And Control System

BA : Bachelor of Arts

BARC : Baba Atomic Research Center

BBC : British Broadcasting Corporation

BC : Before Christ

BCG : Becillus Calmettee Guerin

BCL : Bachelor of Civil Law

B.Com : Bachelor of Commerce

BDO : Block Development Officer

BDS : Bachelor of Dental Surgery

B.Ed : Bachelor of Education

BENELUX : BElgium ,NEtherlands & LUXemburg

BHP : Brake Horse Power

BJP : Bharathiya Janatha Party

BL : Bachelor of Law

B.Lit : Bachelor of Literature

BP : Blood Pressure

BSE : Bombay Stock Exchange

BSF : Border Security Force

BSP : Bahiyan Samaj Party

B.Sc : Bachelor of Science

BSS : Bharath Sevak Samaj

CA : Charted Accountant

CAD : Civil Aviation Department, Computer Aided Designs

CADA : Command Area Development Authority

CAG : Comptroller & Auditor General of India

Cantab : Cantabrigian

CAPES : Computer- Aided Paperless Examination System

CAT : Computerized Axial Tomography

C&b : Caught and bowled

CBDT : Central Board of Direct Taxes

CBFC : Central Board of Film Certification

CBI : Central Bureau of Investigation

CBSE : Central Board of Secondary Education

CD : Compact Disc, Cash Deposit

CE : Civil Engineer

CEO : Chief Executive Officer

CFC : Chlora Fluoro Carbon

CIA : Central Intelligence Agency

CIB : Credit Information Bureau

CID : Criminal Investigation Department

CII : Confederation of Indian Industry

CITU : Center of Indian Trade

CNN : Cable News Network

COMPS : Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction System

COSTFORD : Centre Of Science & Technology for Rural Development

CPI : Communist Party of India

CPU : Central Processing Unit

DA : Daily Allowance

DDT : Dichloro- Diphenyl – Trichioro –Ethane

DIG : Deputy Inspector General

DNA : Deoxyribo- Nucliec- Acid

D.Phil : Doctor of Philsophy

DSB : Digital Satellite Broadcasting

DTP : Desk Top Publishing

DTS : Digital Theatre System

DVD : Digital Versatile Disc

ECG : Electro Cardio Gram

EEG : Electro Encephalo Gram

EMG : Electro Myo Gram

ENIAC : Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator

ERNET : Educational & Research Network

ESMA : Essential Services Maintenance Act

etc : et ceteri

FAO : Food & Agriculture Organization

FBI : Federal Bureau of Investigation

FIFA : Federation of International Football Association

FIR : First Investigation Report

FM : Frequency Modulation

FRS : Fellow of the Royal Society

FTII : Films & Television Institute of India

GEF : Global Environment Fund

GIM : Global Invest Meeting

GMT: Greenwich Mean Time

GRAM : Geo Referenced Area Management

HAL : Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

HIV : Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus

HMT : Hindustan Machine Tools

IA : Indian Airlines

IAS : Indian Administrative Service

IBM : International Business Machines

ICC : International Cricket Council

ICICI : Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India

ICU : Intensive Care Unit

ICS : Indian Civil Services

IFS : Indian Foreign Service

IG : Inspector General

IMF : Indian Medical Service

INA : Indian National Army

INTERNET : INTERnational NETwork

INTERPOL : INTERnational Police

INTUC : Indian National Trade Union Congress

IOB : Indian Overseas Bank

IPC : Indian Penal Code

IPS : Indian Police Service

IQ : Intelligence Quotient

IRC : International Red Cross

ISI : Indian Standard Institution

ISRO : Indian Space Research Organisation

IST : Indian Standard Time

IT : Information & Technology

KSEB : Kerala State Electricity Board

KSFE : Kerala State Finance Enterprises

KKK :Ku Klux Klan (US Secret Service)

LASER : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

LDC : Lower Division Clerk

LDF : Left Democratic Front

LCD : Liquid Crystal Display

LIC : Life Insurance Corporation

LLB : Legum Baccalareous (Bachelor of Laws)

LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LTTE : Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

MA : Master of Arts

MD : Doctor of Medicine

MASER : Micro-wave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

MBA : Master of Business Administration

MBBS : Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery

MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Recognisation

MLA : Member of Legislative Assembly

MP : Member of Parliament

NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

NBT : National Book Trust

NCB : Non Claim Bonus

NCC : National Cadet Corps

NCERT : National Council for Educational Research & Timing

NPL : National Physical Laboratory

NRI : Non-Resident Indian

OK : All Correct

PDA : Preventive Detenction Act

PG : Post Graduate

PIN : Post Index Number

PLO : Palestine Liberation Organisation

PPF : Planet Protection Fund

PM : Post Meridian

PTA : Parents Teachers Association

PTI : Press Trust of India

PVC : Poly Vinyl Chloride

PWD : Public Works Department

RRR : Reading (W)riting (A)rithmatic

RAM : Rapid Access Memory

RADAR : Radio Detecting & Ranging

RAW : Research & Analysis Wing

RBI : Reserve Bank of India

RIP : Requiescat in pace (Rest in Peace)

RNA : Ribo Nucleic Acid

SAARC : South Asian Association for Regional Corporation

SARS : Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SASER : Sound Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

ST : Students Ticket

STARS : Satellite Tracking & Ranging Station

STD : Subscriber Trunk Dialing

TB : Tuberculosis

TC : Transfer Certificate

TELCO : Tata Engineering & Locomotive Company Limited

TERLS : Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station

TV : Television

UAE : United Arab Emirates

UDC : Upper Division Clerk

UNO : United Nations Organisation

UNESCO : United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation

UNICEF : United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

UNCED : United Nations Conference on Environment & Development

UNCNRSE : United Nations Conference for New & Renewable Sources of Energy

UNCSTD : United Nations Conference on Science & Technology Development

UNCTAD : United Nations Conference on Trade And Development

UNCOD : United Nations Conference Desertification

UNDOF : United Nations Disengagement Observer Force

UNDP : United Nations Development Programme

UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme

UNPF : United Nations Population Fund

UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Organisation

UNISPACE : United Nations Conference on Peaceful Uses of Space

UNITAR : United Nations Institution for Training & Research

UNITC : United Nations International Trade Centre

UNLO : United Nations Labour Organisation

UNPROFOR : United Nations PROtection FORce

UNU : United Nations University

UPS : Undirected Power Supply

VC : Vice Chancellor

VIP : Very Important Person

VIRUS : Vital Information Resources Under Siege

VSNL : Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited

VSSC : Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre

WAY : World Assembly of Youth

WFC : World Food Council

WHO : World Health Organisation

WTO : World Trade Organisation

WWF : World Wildlife Fund

WWW : World Wide Web

X-mas : Christmas

title: User talk:Kentrejik


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evanss

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 02:11, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Evanss
Tagged as an A7 nn-bio, but that doesn't apply to articles about bands, ever. Still, "[n]ow you can even listen to them in their myspace.com site" so they're sure to be deeply notable. -Splash talk 13:39, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't appear to satisfy WP:MUSIC. I can't find any verifiable discography or tour info...--Isotope23 13:54, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Allmusic knows their name, but has no bio.  Delete unless shown to meet WP:MUSIC.  Friday (talk)
 * Delete. NN The curate's egg 10:19, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evanss


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AP Math

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:10, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

AP Math
non-notable, unverifiable, original research, and/or nonsense - no Google hits - GTBacchus 02:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - GTBacchus 02:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. (AP Math usually refers to Advanced Placement Mathematics in U.S. high schools.) Andrew pmk | Talk 03:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support delete and redirect to Advanced Placement Program. Andrew pmk | Talk 02:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete now that it's been added to the latest BJAODN. -Nameneko 05:24, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but then redirect to Advanced Placement, in part in order to discourage recreation by bored high-schoolers. Xoloz 08:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect per Xoloz. --Jacquelyn Marie 14:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect as per Xoloz, WP:NOR. Bobo192 06:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AP Math


text:
UEFA Futsal Champions League

The UEFA Futsal Champions League is an annual futsal competition for European club teams organized by UEFA. It was founded as the UEFA Futsal Cup in 2001 and replaced the Futsal European Clubs Championship, an unofficial competition held since 1984. The final of the first edition was played in a single game in Lisbon, while the following four editions were decided over two legs. Since 2006–07, the winner is decided through a final four tournament.

In 2018, the tournament was rebranded as UEFA Futsal Champions League.

History

 * 1) Futsal European Clubs Championship (1984–2001)
 * 2) UEFA Futsal Cup (2001–2018)
 * 3) UEFA Futsal Champions League (2018–present)

Performance by country
Note: There were no third place playoff matches prior the 2006–07 season and in the 2020–21 edition.

Top scorers by season
Source:

All-time top scorers
Source:

Broadcasters
The final four round is streamed at UEFA.tv in the unsold markets with highlights available in all territories.

title: UEFA Futsal Champions League


text:
Krasnopresnenskaya

Krasnopresnenskaya (Краснопре́сненская) is a Moscow Metro station in the Presnensky District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Koltsevaya line, between Kiyevskaya and Belorusskaya stations. It was named for the street, Krasnaya Presnya, on which it is situated. Passengers may transfer to Barrikadnaya station on the Tagansko–Krasnopresnenskaya line.

Design and layout
It was designed by Victor Yegerev, M. Konstantinov, Felix Novikov, and I. Pokrovsky and opened on 14 March 1954. The station has red granite pylons with white marble cornices and 14 bas-reliefs by N. Shcherbakov, Yu. Pommer, Yu. Ushakov, V. Fedorov, and G. Kolesnikov. As the Presnya area of Moscow was the site of the Moscow Uprising of 1905 during the 1905 Russian Revolution, the station is decorated with artwork commemorating the events of the period. Eight of the bas-reliefs depict the events of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the other six show scenes from the Russian Revolution of 1917. Statues of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin originally stood at the end of the platform, though these had been removed by the early 1960s. Later, the passage to Barrikadnaya was built in the same location.

The station's round vestibule is on the south side of Krasnaya Presnya street, between Druzhinnikovskaya and Konyushkovskaya streets. A sculpture by A. Zelinsky entitled "Combatant" is located in front.

title: Krasnopresnenskaya