text:
Talk:Arabic chat alphabet

Arabish as Pinpointer of Atheism
Many atheists select the Arabish latin alphabet for politically objecting to Quran's alphabet. Atheist Arab scholars reject the claim that Arabish cannot describe all sounds. The final form of official Arabish is intented to allow more latin auxiliary punctuation marks from other Muslim countries like Turkey but also european letter punctuation as depicted in German, French, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, or even allow new punctuation simulating the International Phonetic Alphabet when needed (the letter remains latin, only the auxiliary punctuation might simulate the International Phonetic Alphabet, if there is not any available older option). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.84.206.14 (talk) 02:32, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

Capitalization?
I see no reason why the title of this article is capitalized. It should probably be moved to "Arabic chat alphabet". // habj 20:28, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Differences
Hi I am tunisian and in Tunisia we use different numbers to represent the arabic letters maybe you should verify if everybody use the same script?

The differences are :

ﻖ = 9

I don't know if we have special letters for ﺺ and ﺾ but we don't use the 9.

We use also in general french vowels not the english ones thx

Nice contribution
First I would add that it is nice contribution, and I hope it will be developed in the future,..

I have a question and it is simple but hard,...

what reference do you have for the table mentioned in the article (arab letters in the article) 81.203.153.252 04:36, 7 May 2007 (UTC)donquimico

Keyboard
"because they don't always have Arabic keyboards"? They do have Arabic keyboards, yet they use Arabic chat alphabet as a fancier slang. Mohamed Magdy (talk) 09:54, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Stand-alone 	Initial 	Medial  	Final
Is it necessary to have all 4 graphic forms of Arabic letters in the table? After all the article is about an ASCII transcription, not how to write in the Arabic alphabet which has its own article. --JWB (talk) 21:33, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

In the "Printable version", initials and medials are displayed with the isolated form. I guess this issue is well known and common to all articles dealing with or using the Arabic script, but maybe it's worth mentioning. 131.114.58.49 (talk) 09:53, 25 March 2011 (UTC) andrea

Arrange by frequency and importance?

 * 7 and 3 seem to be universal; on the other hand I haven't seen some of the other digit or letter transcriptions anywhere. Shouldn't we list the most used first, or have some indication of which are used more?
 * Some letter transcriptions like b, d, f, h, l, m, n, r, s, t, w, z are standard in all Arabic-Roman transcriptions. Do those really need to be listed, or if they are there, do the significant parts of ACA (the digit transcriptions) need to be mixed in with them, making them harder to find?
 * Also, the most frequent use for this documentation of ACA is when someone sees ACA, doesn't know what 7, 3, etc. mean, and wants to look them up. The current table is ordered by Arabic alphabet alphabetical order, which is better set up for transcribing from Arabic alphabet to ACA; but this will be a less common scenario. --JWB (talk) 21:45, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Examples
Someone who has not seen this 'alphabet' used in practise before could conclude from the table and the examples provided that it is a more or less fixed transliteration system for Modern Standard Arabic. In reality, however, it is almost always used to transliterate spoken Arabic, i.e. dialects, and there is an enormous amount of variation. For example, contrary to what the table suggests, both س and ص are usually represented by 's'; the distinction by using a capital 'S' for ص looks very neat, but I have never seen it in use. I would therefore suggest to provide more realistic examples, such as: (Lebanese) kif/keef sa7tak, chou/shu 3am ta3mil? weyn baddak nitghada? etc. Maybe it should also be noted that - in parallel with Arabic writing - there is a tendency to omit vowels.--79.219.118.88 (talk) 14:33, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Bad example
I think one should correct the first Arabic example. It says that Wikipedia is "the gratis dictionary on the internet". But it's not a "gratis dictionary", it's a "free encyclopedia" (الموسوعة الحرة). roozbeh (talk) 23:07, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * fixed. Daouuud (talk) 09:40, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

I'm not quite sure about the relevance of "a7a :D" in the second Egyptian example. Though, it's quite funny and resembles Egyptian culture quite well, "the a7a people". Otherwise, excellent article that helped me understand my Egyptian peers! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.239.21.185 (talk) 21:01, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Other chat alphabets?
Have the users of other alphabets developed their own chat alphabets? Have any of them evolved an ASCII keyboard input method (like Yamli)? If so, it would be useful to link to them in "See Also" or "External Links". (I would like to have input methods for Hebrew and Chinese, for example.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eall Ân Ûle (talk • contribs) 00:42, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Modern Standard Arabic
I wonder, if Modern Standard Arabic isn't written in Roman ASCII, where and why is there an example on something which isn't real? I suggest deleting the Modern Standard Arabic section as it is unrealistic. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 09:38, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

I'm going to delete it. If someone thinks it shouldn't be, would he please provide a reasons why and prove that Roman ASCII is used in Modern Standard Arabic. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 09:40, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Arabish not explained
The term "Arabish" now occurs suddenly in the middle of the article, without any explanation. If it is just a synonym, then it should occur as such in the lead. If it is a different term of any relevance, then it should be explained. That said, the problem may lie deeper: It seems to me that both are just vague terms for Arabic transliterations with Latin characters. If that is so, maybe this article should be renamed to reflect that general topic? — Sebastian 18:16, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Agreeed. I don't see how this article differs from Arabish — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.170.35.126 (talk) 03:11, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

The phrase "tools that convert text written in Arabish to Arabic" implies there is a difference. The issue remains unresolved so far. Simon de Danser (talk) 22:07, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Rare Arabic-based letters
Some Arabic-based letters are rare and not commonly found in normal Arabic fonts, that's why I tagged them with Script/Arabic. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 05:59, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

 * In that case, why not use Script/Arabic rather than lang (actually lang|ar) throughout the table? I'm not sure why these two templates use different fonts. @alex (talk) 07:00, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll use it in the both tables. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 07:11, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Naming conventions
How can both "the main name is 'Aralish' or 'Arabish' (as 'Ara'/'Arab' stands for the first letters of 'Arabic' and 'Lish'/'ish' stands for the last letters of 'English')." and "Arabish and Arabizi are not known namings."be true? I don't know which one to delete/amend.69.157.22.79 (talk) 03:41, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Oops.Purplezart (talk) 03:42, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Problem solved. The paragraph was about what is known to Egyptians. You have to take care that this article deals with something used in and known with many different names from the Atlantic ocean to the Persian Gulf! --Mahmudmasri (talk) 23:50, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

Terminology and History
I've just edited this page to remove terminology discussion from the history section. Refer to the article's history diff. If terminology is a significant issue such that it warrants its own detailed discussion, dedicate a subsection to it.

Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.184.49.237 (talk) 09:27, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Gulf Arabic and the harf "bi"
I noticed the following in the example for Gulf Arabic:

كيف الحال؟ وش بتسوون اليوم؟

The harf "bi" is put before verbs in Egyptian Arabic and that's well known. I have never heard Gulf Arabs use "bi" before verbs like Egyptians do though, not from any Kuwaiti (or recently, Saudi and Emerati) Ramadan dramas nor from listening to friends from the region speak. As far as I know, a Gulf Arab would say تسوون without the ب particle. Wondering of other editors could chime in with what they've heard. MezzoMezzo (talk) 10:03, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

New article redirected to this one
Click. --KhalidAliHaji (talk) 12:59, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Original research
The section "Examples" is a perfect example (pun) of what an original reasearch is and should be deleted. And even if I might not (how some editor has charcterized me) "understand how Arabic letters are used in dialects", I perfectly understand how Wikipedia works. So people, who think they do "understand how Arabic letters are used in dialects", will have to understand the principles of Wikipedia as well. And understanding of these principles is of no less importance than understanding (supposedly) of the matter. For example, the article by Palfreyman & Al Khalil clearly shows that the numerals are used much often than some letters or digraphs. And I'm sure those two scientists understand the matter better than some editors here represent themselves, so I even do not have to be an expert in it as well, I just can rely on reliable sources and that will be enough.--Lüboslóv Yęzýkin (talk) 15:23, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

Opinionated political details
Why do we need [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_chat_alphabet&type=revision&diff=907596752&oldid=907539880&diffmode=source those details] about political interpretation about how Egyptians and Moroccans use Latin alphabet? What does it have to do with Suez crisis and the French presence in Africa? Not only Egyptians follow a more Anglicized orthography, but others. The same applies to French and Morocco. Both are used in Lebanon based on one's education! And actually, Egyptians also use the ou digraph for which is French inspired. Till the second world war, French was the most common second language in Egypt, and Egypt became independent in 1922, and the British Empire had no rule over Egypt. Having troops based on agreements doesn't make it an occupied country, otherwise the Persian Gulf would be an American colony! So, even when Egypt was politically influenced with the British Empire before 1922, French was the second language and the diplomatic language of choice, not English! Your edit currently incorrectly suggests that only Egyptians use an Anglicized spelling and only Moroccans use a Frenchified spelling.
 * Hello again, I hope you're doing well. You should not have reverted the edit you object to as you also removed information to which you have not expressed objection, specifically the information about "2" representing ق and ء in Egyptian Arabizi. The intention is to illustrate how these informal Arabic chat alphabets vary from one place to another based on influence from colonial pasts and the phonology of local Arabic dialects. The fact that former British colonies use English orthography while former French colonies use French orthography is not a coincidence and this information provides useful context. The reason I chose to add the information specifically about the Egyptian and Moroccan varieties is simply that I am more familiar with language and history in Morocco and Egypt than other places. By the way, could you substantiate your claims that French was more significant than English in Egypt even after the Entente Cordiale of 1904, and that Egypt became more than nominally independent in 1922?
 * If you feel that the article as it stands suggests that only Egypt uses English orthography, even with this text at the beginning of the section: "Each of the different varieties of Arabic chat alphabets is influenced by the particular phonology of the Arabic dialect being transcribed and the orthography of the dominant European language in the area—typically the language of the former colonists. Below are some examples of Arabic chat alphabet varieties," then I encourage you to contribute more to the Shami section.
 * Let's work together to improve the article. Sambasoccer27 (talk) 01:33, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

Let's not bloat the article
Your additions weren't Egyptian specific. The 2 for the glottal stop spelled with ق isn't Egyptian specific and isn't only used for ق, but also for ء (and its other forms) and has nothing to do with English or French. That was inappropriately detailed. Each article of the dialects has the phonological details.

You wrote things about consonant clusters, assuming that people write Franco-Arab in a unified manner. I doubt that you've ever read or used it. That even counters the sourced material about how it is used.

The table already shows the various characters used for each Arabic letter.

I'm not sure if Egypt could have been precisely considered a British colony! The reason for Egypt gradually switching from French to English had nothing to do with colonialism or occupation, but because the United States had more cultural and political influence, which made English a wiser choice, even if British spelling is preferred in text books. And you see, I was trying to avoid political debates, since this is not the right place. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 09:24, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

Franco-Arabic?
Franco and Franco-Arabic redirect here, but as far as I can see there's no explicit explanation of these names in the article. Addedentry (talk) 19:30, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Capitalized letters, really!?
Would you please, user:A455bcd9, tell me [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_chat_alphabet&type=revision&diff=1053590865&oldid=1053581893&diffmode=source which sources you relied on] for the dollar sign, and transliterating plosives in dialects with the corresponding Latin alphabet, but with Arabic letters for interdentals? How is it possible in a very casual writing method that users carefully capitalize some letters to distinguish emphatic consonants? In the ends, remember that the characters demonstrated are the most common ones, anyway, not some obscure fads. Thanks. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 01:03, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi Mahmudmasri,
 * So according to: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17586801.2013.868334 (last source mentioned in the column in the table)
 * p. 202: D is used by 16% of people in Israel/Palestine. It is not used elsewhere according to the paper but similarly 9' is used only in Jordan (according to the paper).
 * p. 207: $ used by the majority of teens
 * p. 201: "Pharyngeals and uvular fricatives (ħaa’ (/ħ/)/ ‘ayin (/ʕ/)/ khaa’ (/x/)/ ghain >غ<,>خ<,>ع<,>ح< ʁ/) corresponding to [...] The common forms used with other usages rather than proper nouns are <7>, <5>, <3> and <‘3 >; however, in Morocco ,  and  are also used."
 * p. 208: table summary by country:
 * "8" most popular for ghain (but not in names) in Lebanon.
 * "t" most popular for ث in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Egypt, Morocco
 * "h" most popular for ح in proper names in all countries
 * "d" among most popular forms for ذ in Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt
 * "$" second most popular in Jordan for sheem
 * The other source: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/72420/sullivan_natalie_ThesisFinalDraft.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
 * p. 14 there's a table of the most common Arabizi forms:
 * d/D: ض
 * t/T: ط (Figure 9 mentions t as the most common)
 * d/z: ذ
 * 7/h: ح
 * I didn't check the last source but I think these two are reliable and we can use them. A455bcd9 (talk) 11:09, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Multigraphs
The sentence “These chat alphabets differ from more formal and academic Arabic transliteration systems, in that they use numerals and multigraphs instead of diacritics […]” is quite imprecise considering that many “more formal and academic Arabic transliteration systems” also use multigraphs. 45.109.122.167 (talk) 21:30, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

About the use of the number 8 for /ɣ/
A footnote (^9) of the comparison table section says that "The number 8 is used for /ɣ/ only in Lebanon."

I know from personal experience that it is also used that way in Tunisia and maybe some other Arab countries. However, I don't have a reliable source so I can't just modify the article. I hope somebody fixes it and adds the relevant source. المبتدئ18 (talk) 13:18, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

Arabizi is a bit different, no?

 * ء Hamza 2'
 * ا Alif 2
 * [ ي ya - 2 or y ]
 * ح Haa   7 or H
 * خ kha   5 or or 7'  or x
 * ك ka   k
 * ق Qaf 8 or Q
 * ع A'in 3
 * غ ghain 3'
 * ط Taa 6 or T
 * ظ Zaa   6' or Z
 * ص Saad 9 or S
 * ض dhaad 9' or D
 * ث tha  4 or t' or th

Here's a link from somebody at Ohio State University. Table 1 is on page 6 (pdf page 13).

פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 22:44, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * OK I noticed it was already there in the table, but hidden quite well. I corrected.
 * It is interesting to note that the different pronunciations of Qaf (as in the Northern and city pronunciation as 'Af with a 2 for Hamza, and the Beduin and Yemenite Southern pronunciation Gaf, along with the Kaf becoming ch or tsh marked with the dollar sign. פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 23:32, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic chat alphabet


text:
File:MonsieurBeaucaireVideoCover.jpg

Fair use in Monsieur Beaucaire
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:MonsieurBeaucaireVideoCover.jpg


text:
Field Officer in Brigade Waiting

The Field Officer in Brigade Waiting holds an appointment in the Royal Household. Always a Foot Guards officer, he is required to be in attendance on particular occasions 'to receive the King's commands for the Foot Guards'. Each year, among other duties, the Field Officer in Brigade Waiting commands the King's Birthday Parade mounted on horseback. When dismounted he carries a distinctive baton as his insignia of office.

The appointment (termed Field Officer in Waiting until the mid-19th century) was first instituted in the reign of Queen Anne.

Appointment
The Field Officer in Brigade Waiting is appointed by the Major-General commanding the Household Division. Until the late 1980s (when the command structure of the Guards regiments was altered) the post of Field Officer in Brigade Waiting was held in turn by the Lieutenant-Colonels commanding the five regiments of Foot Guards, each serving a month at a time in rotation. Today, the Major-General's deputy (who is Chief of Staff London District) normally holds the appointment (but if the Chief of Staff is not a Foot Guards Officer, or is unavailable for duty, then the Lieutenant Colonel Foot Guards does so instead).

An exception, however, is made for the King's Birthday Parade ('Trooping the Colour'), when the Chief of Staff rides with the Major-General; on this occasion it is customary for the Commanding Officer of the Battalion whose colour is being trooped to command the Parade as Field Officer in Brigade Waiting.

The Field Officer's principal aide when on duty is termed Adjutant in Brigade Waiting. Historically there was also a Quartermaster-in-Brigade Waiting (each of these officers being provided for a month at a time by the regiment to which the serving Field Officer belonged).

Duties
Under the terms of HM Regulations for the Household Division, the Field Officer in Brigade Waiting is to be in attendance on the Sovereign on the following occasions, to receive The King's commands for the Foot Guards: Furthermore, the Field Officer in Brigade Waiting is to command The King's Birthday Parade (assisted by the Major of the Parade and the Adjutant in Brigade Waiting, all three being mounted on horseback).
 * When the Sovereign drives in State to open or prorogue Parliament.
 * During a procession from Windsor Castle and in St George's Chapel following a Chapter of the Garter.
 * Whenever Guards of Honour are mounted by the Guards Division in the presence of The King.

Historical
On 9 August 1711 the Secretary at War, George Granville, wrote to 'the Officer in Chief with the two Regiments of Guards' as follows: "Her majesty having thought fit that a Field-Officer of the Foot Guards be always in waiting upon her Royal Person, in like manner as she is attended by an Officer of the Horse Guards, I am commanded to acquaint you with her majesty's pleasure herein, and that she expects compliance therewith as soon as may be."

In the early 18th century the Field Officer in Waiting was primarily responsible for preserving good order and discipline around the Royal Person of the monarch. By the reign of King George II he was expected to wait daily upon the King, to receive orders for the Guards, and as such was viewed as a person of some considerable influence at Court.

By the early 19th century, Field Officer in Waiting was described as 'a monthly duty taken by the field officers of the three regiments of Foot Guards, who attend his Majesty on Court days, to present the detail of this corps, and receive the parole or other orders from him personally, which are afterwards given to the guards in orders'. He was described as having 'the immediate care of his Majesty's person without doors, as the gold stick has of it while in Court', and as such he had command of all the troops on duty.

Following the appointment in 1856 of a Major-General Commanding the Brigade of Guards, the Field Officer in Brigade Waiting was relieved of his de facto command of the Brigade (but continued to fulfil his duties as a member of the Royal Household).

By the 1880s it was well established that 'the three colonels commanding regiments, and the seven lieutenant-colonels commanding battalions, act in turn, for a month at a time, as field officer in waiting' (albeit officers commanding battalions outside London were exempted). The Field Officer's responsibilities were much as they are today, albeit with certain additional duties (for instance he was expected to be in attendance 'when Her Majesty goes in State to the theatres, or to any place of public or private entertainment'). He was also in attendance at drawing-rooms, courts and levées, and on these occasions he would be given an audience of the Queen, 'to deliver the state of the brigade and receive the parole of the day'.

Insignia of office
In common with certain other military officers holding appointments in the Royal Household, the Field Officer in Brigade Waiting is entitled to wear aiguillettes.

A 2-foot baton was commissioned in 1988 following the move to a more permanent pattern of appointment. It consists of a wooden shaft with a silver finial (decorated with the five Foot Guards regimental badges) topped by a crown.

title: Field Officer in Brigade Waiting


text: User talk:71.1.57.81

title: User talk:71.1.57.81


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clorofolk

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 20:13, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Clorofolk
Imaginary music genre, no bands cited, few distinct Google results —Wahoofive (talk) 00:46, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very Weak Delete. My Italian isn't good but it seems to be a genre of Italian folk music with modern tweaks. Trouble is, www.google.it only has inconclusive links too that all appear to say the same thing. Really, this article says nothing. If left alone, how long will it stay on the clean up list before someone makes a meaningful addition? Eddie.willers 01:06, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete as per Eddie.willers. --Apyule 07:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone can cite a reference in notable music media.--Isotope23 13:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone verifies and actually adds some content. the wub  "?!"  19:47, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:71.69.157.214

title: User talk:71.69.157.214


text:
Curt Kaufman

Curt Gerard Kaufman (born July 19, 1957) is an American former professional baseball player. In Major League Baseball (MLB), he appeared in 40 games pitched, all but one as a relief pitcher, for the New York Yankees (1982–1983) and California Angels (1984). He threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 ft tall and weighed 175 lb.

Career
After graduating from high school, Kaufman received an athletic scholarship to Iowa State University. He then worked his way through the minors with ease, even setting the International League record for saves in a season (25). He was then recognized for his efforts by the Yankees, who called him up in 1982. He remained a Yankee through the 1983 season, but was traded to the California Angels after the season for infielder Tim Foli. He only played one season with the Angels; his career was cut short by a career ending elbow surgery. He retired after the surgery with a career ERA of 4.48, 50 strikeouts, a save, and an overall record of 3–3.

Kaufman currently coaches the JV team at Glenwood, Iowa.

title: Curt Kaufman


text:
Quincy Notre Dame High School

Quincy Notre Dame High School is a private, Roman Catholic co-educational high school in Quincy, Illinois, United States, founded in 1867, serving upper school students in grades 9-12. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Illinois. The curriculum is college preparatory.

History
Historically, private upper school Catholic education in Quincy was separated between schools for boys and girls. The predecessor to Notre Dame was established as a girls' school in 1859, while the Quincy College Academy was established as the boys' preparatory school. In 1859, a local bishop invited the School Sisters of Notre Dame to teach in the town. First known as the Convent School of Infant Jesus, it was chartered by the state in 1873 as the Saint Mary Institute. When the Quincy College Academy closed, the boys were given temporary acceptance to Notre Dame with the idea that a new boys' academy would be established. They actually ended up staying from 1940 until 1959, when Christian Brothers High School was formed (which changed names again in 1970 to Catholic Boys High School). In 1976 the schools re-merged and became the current Notre Dame High School.

Academics
Annually, about 98% of Notre Dame graduates enroll in college programs. The school follows a traditional liberal arts curriculum of language arts, fine arts, mathematics, the sciences, foreign languages, philosophy and theology. Mental, physical and social growth are all a central part of the school's values and are incorporated into the students' education.

While a Roman Catholic school, the student body is not exclusively Catholic, with a portion regularly coming from other faiths.

The school's mission statement: Founded on Catholic values, Quincy Notre Dame High School educates lifelong learners for lives of service.

Notable alumni

 * Kevin Deters, Emmy award-winning director
 * Jim Finigan, Major League Baseball Player and 2-time All-Star
 * Caren Kemner, U.S. Olympic Volleyball Team Captain and 1992 bronze medalist
 * Cheri Preston, radio anchor, ABC News
 * D. A. Weibring, professional golfer, currently playing on the Champions Tour
 * Jack Cornell, professional American football player for the Oakland Raiders, 2-year starter at University of Illinois
 * Michael Swango, serial killer

Athletics and activities
Notre Dame High School is a member school in the Illinois High School Association. Their mascot is the Raiders, with school colors of navy, vegas gold, and white.

The school has 30 state championships on record in team athletics and activities:
 * Boys' Golf: 1997-1998 (A), 1998-1999 (A)
 * Boys' Soccer: 1985-1986, 2011-2012, 2018-2019 (1A)
 * Girls' Basketball: 1982-1983 (A), 1983-1984 (A), 2010-2011 (2A), 2011-2012 (2A), 2012-2013 (3A), 2021-2022 (2A)
 * Girls' Soccer: 2009-2010 (1A), 2011-2012 (1A), 2012-2013 (1A), 2016-2017 (1A), 2021-2022 (1A)
 * Girls' Softball: 1980-1981, 1981-1982, 1983-1984
 * Girls' Volleyball: 1978-1979 (A), 1980-1981 (A), 1998-1999 (A), 2011-2012 (2A)
 * Girl's Pom: IDTA Class A Pom State Championships: 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013–2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2016–2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020

title: Quincy Notre Dame High School


text:
Talk:History of Northwest Territories capital cities

older entries
Might want to clean up the spelling mistakes in this article, eh? They are pretty basic; if you have the information to create the article surely you can write in literate English. Masalai 12:47, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Excuse me? Who said you could be so rude? I just looked this over and found one spelling mistake, i'm not perfect I do this on my own time and I certainly don't need this tone of crap from you.--Cloveious 21:55, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Cloveious, you should calm down. Unfortunately, on Wikipedia, you're going to have to deal with people like Masalai. Masalai, don't be a dick. If you spot spelling errors, please correct them instead of telling someone else to do so. We're all volunteers here. Cloveious has researched and written this article almost exclusively on his/her own. He/she should be congratulated for writing such a great article, and thanked for taking all of this time to share knowledge with other people. I went through and did a copyedit. I found only a few minor spelling errors, and improved some of the formatting and wording. But all in all, it was a pretty well-written article. I have seen much, much worse than this on Wikipedia, and seen it a lot. This article was in fairly good shape. Of course it could be improved, but every article in wikipedia can be improved. Perhaps you should focus on helping to improve articles, rather than telling other people to do so. Ground Zero | t 23:01, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Successful GA nomination
I am passing the page for the good article status. The article does not yet meet the featured article criteria but it is certainly well constructed and well documented. The article could use some more "hard" references and the writing could be better although it is quite good. There was some concern in the FA nomination about the lack of editors who have contributed significantly and I think that's a valid point. It would be a healthy process to try and find other knowledgeable editors who can cross check the presentation and comment on the content. Mind you Northwest Territories experts are not exactly clogging Wikipedia but an effort in this sense should be made. Also congrats to Cloveious for the hard work. I suggest his/her next project should be to create a more general article about the history of the Northwest Territories as it seems rather odd that only the history of its capitals currently has an entry. Pascal.Tesson 23:42, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments from Biography project
In general, an FA should have at least one, hopefully two or more, reference citations per paragraph. Several paragraphs lack even one. Also, although I can't be sure of this, I would think that maybe there could be a few more links in the article. Other than that, given my own personal lack of familiarity with the topic and this kind of article, I don't see a lot of problems. We at the Biography Project really can't give it an A-Class rating, though, as the article falls outside the scope of our project. I think with some more reference citations it may well qualify as one, though. John Carter 15:25, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

GA Sweeps Review: Pass
As part of the WikiProject Good Articles, we're doing sweeps to go over all of the current GAs and see if they still meet the GA criteria. I'm specifically going over all of the "World History-Americas" articles. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. I have made minor corrections throughout the article as well. Altogether the article is well-written and is still in great shape after its passing in 2006. Continue to improve the article making sure all new information is properly sourced and neutral. If you have any questions, let me know on my talk page and I'll get back to you as soon as I can. I have updated the article history to reflect this review. Happy editing, and best wishes for any future FAC attempts! --Nehrams2020 (talk) 01:37, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

"After Edgar Dewdney ordered that the government be moved south to meet the railway in Regina,...on March 27, 1883"
Surely it's unnecessary to misstate history this way. It was widely assumed that Troy or Fort Qu'Appelle, with plenty of water, rolling parkland, trees and shrubs, would be the capital. Indeed, the railway reached there long before it reached Pile o' Bones, which was why the army reached there, not Regina, before heading north to fight in the North-West Rebellion in 1885. Indeed, it is why the soon dying town of Qu'Appelle was the Church of England diocesan capital and the location of the pro-cathedral till it was transferred to Regina in 1944. Dewdney of course became rich in Regina before heading off to British Columbia to enter politics there. It explains the vast trouble and expense of providing Regina with water, giving it vegetation and dealing with spring run-off flooding since the beginning. Masalai (talk) 22:01, 15 December 2013 (UTC)


text:
Amarar tribe

Amarar (or Amenreer Wagerda’ Amarer) is a nomadic tribe of the Beja people inhabiting the mountainous country to the west of the Red Sea, Suakin northwards, and Eritrea towards Sudan. Between them and the Nile are the Ababda and Bisharin Beja tribes and to their south dwell the Hadendoa (another Beja subgroup). The country of the Amarar is called the Atbai. Their main location is in the Ariab region. The tribe is divided into four great families: (1) Weled Gwilei, (2) Weled Aliab, (3) Weled Kurbab Wagadab, and (4) the Amarar proper of the Ariab district. They are said to be of Quraysh blood through Ammar Aqiili and to be the descendants of an invading Arab army. The Amarar speak a form of the Beja language that uses fewer loanwords than other groups that speak Beja.

title: Amarar tribe


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject New Hampshire

WikiProject New Hampshire is a WikiProject intended primarily to better foster and improve articles about the U.S. state of New Hampshire with a spirit of cooperation. Live Free or Die!

Requested Deletion Notices
Articles, templates, images, and redirects having to do with New Hampshire currently up for deletion are usually listed at WikiProject Deletion sorting/New Hampshire. Note that this only catches articles from Articles for deletion, but not articles meeting the Criteria for Speedy Deletion, and sometimes misses articles that are Proposed for Deletion. WikiProject New Hampshire/Article alerts, on the other hand, should catch all of these, and more.

Places

 * White Mountains National Forest, needs more pictures, text, and organization.
 * Crawford Notch, needs more history, info, and pictures.
 * Merchantsauto.com Stadium, needs pictures and more content.
 * Cannon Mountain Ski Area, the ski area with the most vertical drop in NH needs more content and pictures.
 * Nashua, New Hampshire, among other NH towns, cities, and unincorporated places. It was almost up to FA status. Someone should nominate it for GA status.
 * Manchester, New Hampshire, the largest city in NH.
 * Concord, New Hampshire, the capital of NH. Peer Review.
 * Appalachian Trail, an important part of NH hiking culture.
 * New Hampshire, of course.
 * Pinkham Notch, reached GA status and was a FA candidate. Peer Review.
 * Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, being completely redone.
 * Bristol, New Hampshire, needs some copyediting and revision.
 * List of National Historic Landmarks in New Hampshire, needs development including photos.

Schools

 * Pinkerton Academy, biggest high school in NH. Produced some notable alumni. Could be re-copyedited.
 * Phillips Exeter Academy, boarding school that has produced many notable alumni.
 * Concord High School, could use another photo, and needs to have more information added.
 * Lin-Wood High School, this article had once been nominated for deletion. Archive of deletion discussion. While the decision then was to keep it, the article could still use some improvements.
 * Franklin High School, could use a photo, and some expansion besides athletics
 * Gorham High School, should be updated and expanded, and include a photo
 * Windham High School, much needed expansion, besides 3 sentences (priority)
 * Gilford High School, more information could be added

People

 * Dan Brown, author.
 * Robert Frost, poet. This article needs to be better referenced.
 * John Lynch, former governor of New Hampshire.
 * Colin Manning, press secretary to the aforementioned Lynch. Recently saved from WP:PROD; needs additional info and citations.
 * Franklin Pierce, former President of the United States—a FA, which appeared as Today's Featured Article on November 23, 2014.
 * Alan Shepard, first American astronaut in space—a FA, which appeared as Today's Featured Article on November 18, 2023.
 * Daniel Webster, politician—a former FA, which in this case appeared as Today's Featured Article on April 8, 2006. Delisting discussion.

State government articles

 * Government of New Hampshire, of course.
 * New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated, many of the links in the "Titles" section are still red.

Culture

 * Live Free or Die, could use some information about possible alternative mottoes that the legislature considered, if any, when they first made it the state motto. Could also use some more in-line citations.
 * Manchester Monarchs, neither of the pages it disambiguates to have a single picture yet (excluding the logo).

Other

 * The Pledge (New Hampshire) - de-stubify, save dead links, etc.
 * add more New Hampshire related articles here!

Review, Assessment & Statistics
WikiProject New Hampshire Assessment Guide - rates articles related to this project for quality and importance. This counts as a "collaboration" because it fits in with the 1.0 program. Even if you have no interest in rating articles yourself, it is still worth checking to see which articles need work.

WP:USA
WikiProject New Hampshire is supported by WikiProject United States.

Mountains
WikiProject New Hampshire has (or had) a subproject focused on the mountains in the state called WikiProject New Hampshire Mountains, but it seems to be inactive now...

Dartmouth
Dartmouth College is in New Hampshire, and thus WikiProject Dartmouth College exists, although it seems to be inactive.

State Highways
WikiProject U.S. Roads has a task force for New Hampshire.

Templates

 * Template:New Hampshire is a box to go at the bottom of all New Hampshire-related articles.
 * Template:Project New Hampshire is a (deprecated) box to go at the top of the talk pages of all New Hampshire-related articles.
 * Template:NewHampshire-stub - We have a Stub! See below for more info.
 * Template:User New Hampshire - A Userbox for Wikipedians in NH. Automatically adds your page to Category:Wikipedians in New Hampshire.
 * Template:User WikiProject New Hampshire - Automatically adds your page to Category:WikiProject New Hampshire participants.

Government infobox
The look of the Government section of the Shrewsbury article is a start for a MA infobox. The infobox used is Template:Infobox Mass Town Govt. It gathers information about the town, county, state, and federal elected officials.
 * I started an NH Government infobox... feel free to check it out and make changes as needed.
 * Apparently it was deleted in 2008 because it was "abandoned" though... and also simultaneously moved to User:Prezboy1/Infobox_NH_Town_Govt for being "abandoned and redundant"? (Redundant with what, though?)

 * Expand this list.

Categories to be included in this project
Category:New Hampshire

Categories to which this Project should refer

 * Category:State highways in New Hampshire
 * Category:Transportation in New Hampshire
 * Category:Government of New Hampshire
 * Category:Ski areas and resorts in New Hampshire
 * Category:New Hampshire stubs
 * Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in New Hampshire
 * Category:High schools in New Hampshire
 * Category:Middle schools in New Hampshire
 * Category:Elementary schools in New Hampshire
 * Lots more…

Images
Here are some images that were either created by/for this Project, or would just be handy for this Project. Please add more!

Maps

All towns, cities and unincorporated places in NH have maps, such as the one pictured right, at the Wikimedia Commons at Category:Maps of New Hampshire. The maps are located in the categories for their respective counties.

Each town or city or unincoporated place should have a map image in the Infobox City template. For Portsmouth, New Hampshire the file would be Image:Rockingham-Portsmouth-NH.png (County-City-NH) The image would be placed in the following fields as shown: |image_map = Rockingham-Portsmouth-NH.png |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location in Rockingham,  New Hampshire

Stubs
It's Template:NewHampshire-stub. Its corresponding category is Category:New Hampshire stubs.

The secondary stubs have all been updated with the state emblem featuring the Old Man of the Mountain. Here are what they look like:
 * New Hampshire Geography - NewHampshire-geo-stub

 * New Hampshire Politicians - NewHampshire-politician-stub

 * New Hampshire Highways - NewHampshire-road-stub

 * New Hampshire School - NewHampshire-school-stub

Proposing/Using new stubs
Here is a quick link to the WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals page, so the Stub Sorting people don't get mad and we don't have 3 different versions of the same stub. When new stubs are created they should be updated onto this page for quick reference.

Project Notice Template
New Hampshire-related articles should have the following link inserted at the top of the talk pages.

If you wish to add an assessment to the article, please follow the directions here.

It will come out looking like this:

For personal talk pages, users can place the following into their respective talk pages:
 * Project New Hampshire member

It will come out looking like this:

Project Sub-Pages
This is a list of all sub-pages of this project page, displayed here (un-retitled) for easy reference:

Former participants
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
 * 1) Arghman 13:59, 23 February 2006 (UTC) Goffstown, New Hampshire
 * 2) Davidp313 02:46, 3 December 2006 (UTC) Manchester, New Hampshire
 * 3) archmac - Goffstown, New Hampshire

Participant identification
WikiProject New Hampshire participants should place one of the following lines of Wikitext on their user page to add it to .

For other New Hampshire user templates see .

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject New Hampshire


text:
Me-Kwa-Mooks Park

Me-Kwa-Mooks Park is a 20.2 acre public park located in the West Seattle neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, USA. Me-Kwa-Mooks is an Anglicized version of the Lushootseed word for Alki Point, (pronounced ), meaning "prairie point."

Today's Me-Kwa-Mooks Park is land that was acquired by the Parks Department in 1971. The site was originally the homestead of the pioneers Ferdinand and Emma Schmitz. When all the Schmitz family died it became city land.

In 1994, 4th and 5th graders from Pathfinder K-8 School helped make Me-Kwa-Mooks a park. In 2009, Pathfinder moved to Cooper Elementary School, a 10-year-old building on the other side of West Seattle, so they could no longer work on the park.

Me-Kwa-Mooks Park is across the street from the Emma Schmitz Memorial Overlook and immediately south of Me-Kwa-Mooks Natural Area. Picnic tables are set up on the lawn at the park entry (on Beach Dr. SW between SW Genesee and SW Oregon St.). Most of the park stretches up the hillside and extends north and farther south on land that is largely undeveloped. The dense trees provide habitat for many birds, including screech owls.

Immediately across the street, below Emma Schmitz Memorial Overlook, is a rocky beach that is accessible during low tide. The tidepools here are rich in limpets, lumpsuckers, blennies, chitons, nudibranches, sea stars, sea slugs, sea cucumbers, hermit crabs and an array of other tidepool dwellers.

title: Me-Kwa-Mooks Park


text:
File:Spotted deer of some sort.jpg

Summary
Picture of some or another deer, living in someone's yard in Las Vegas

title: File:Spotted deer of some sort.jpg


text:
Born to Fly

Born to Fly is the third studio album by American country music artist Sara Evans. It was released in October 2000 via RCA Records Nashville. The album produced four singles with its title track, "I Could Not Ask for More" (a cover of an Edwin McCain song), "Saints & Angels", and "I Keep Looking", all of which reached within the Top 20 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. The title track reached number one, "I Could Not Ask for More" and "I Keep Looking" both broke the Top 5 at numbers 2 and 5 respectively, and "Saints & Angels" peaked at number 16. Born to Fly has been Evans' highest-selling album to date, having been certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for U.S. sales of two million copies. The album was also one of the most successful of the year. Evans was nominated for five CMA Awards: Album of the Year; song, single, and music video (for the title-track); and Female Vocalist of the Year. She won her first CMA award for music video of the year. The international version of the album includes a bonus track, "You", which was later released in North America as a bonus track on her 2005 album Real Fine Place. Born to Fly was a defining album for Evans. Her earlier albums had more of a neotraditional country sound, while all of her later albums had a more crossover-friendly country pop sound, similar to Martina McBride and Faith Hill.

Personnel
Compiled from liner notes.

 * Sara Evans – lead vocals, backing vocals
 * Steve Nathan – acoustic piano, Rhodes piano, Hammond B3 organ, synthesizers
 * Matt Rollings – Hammond B3 organ
 * Tim Lauer – accordion
 * Bruce Hornsby – acoustic piano, Wurlitzer organ
 * Dan Dugmore – acoustic guitar, steel guitar
 * Marcus Hummon – acoustic guitar
 * B. James Lowry – acoustic guitar
 * Randy Scruggs – acoustic guitar, banjo
 * Biff Watson – acoustic guitar, bouzouki, mandolin
 * Paul Worley – acoustic guitar, 12-string acoustic guitar, electric guitars, electric rhythm guitar, six-string bass
 * Jerry McPherson – electric guitars, electric rhythm guitar
 * Jerry Douglas – dobro
 * Robby Turner – steel guitar
 * Aubrey Haynie – fiddle
 * Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle, mandolin
 * Glenn Worf – bass
 * Matt Chamberlain – drums
 * Karen Winkelman – string arrangements and orchestrations
 * The Nashville String Machine – strings
 * Wes Hightower – backing vocals
 * Troy Johnson – backing vocals
 * Lesley Evans Lyons – backing vocals
 * Melody Schelske – backing vocals
 * Ashley Evans Simpson – backing vocals
 * Ricky Skaggs – backing vocals

Production

 * Sara Evans – producer
 * Paul Worley – producer
 * Clarke Schleicher – recording, mixing, additional recording
 * Todd Gunnerson – additional recording, recording assistant
 * Erik Hellerman – additional recording, recording assistant, mix assistant
 * Mike Poole – additional recording
 * Sandy Williams – additional recording, recording assistant
 * Wade Hachler – recording assistant
 * Rich Hanson – mix assistant
 * Eric Conn – digital editing
 * Carlos Grier – digital editing
 * Denny Purcell – mastering
 * Paige Connors – production coordinator
 * S. Wade Hunt – art direction
 * Missy McKeand – design
 * Andrew Eccles – photography
 * Joel Green – hair stylist
 * Mary Beth Felts – make-up
 * Claudia Fowler – wardrobe stylist
 * Brenner Van Meter – management
 * Mixed at Loud Recording (Nashville, Tennessee).
 * Mastered at Georgetown Masters (Nashville, Tennessee).

title: Born to Fly


text:
R v Storrey

R v Storrey [1990] 1 S.C.R. 241 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the authority of police officers to make arrests. In addition to an officer's subjective belief that there are reasonable and probable grounds for arrest, the Court stipulated the grounds must be objectively justifiable.

In his judgement, Cory J. followed R v Brown (1987 NSCA) and Liversidge v Anderson in stating:
 * ''...the Criminal Code requires that an arresting officer must subjectively have reasonable and probable grounds on which to base the arrest. Those grounds must, in addition, be justifiable from an objective point of view.  That is to say, a reasonable person placed in the position of the officer must be able to conclude that there were indeed reasonable and probable grounds for the arrest.  On the other hand, the police need not demonstrate anything more than reasonable and probable grounds.  Specifically, they are not required to establish a prima facie case for conviction before making the arrest.

title: R v Storrey


text:
Liverpool Blitz

The Liverpool Blitz was the heavy and sustained bombing of the English city of Liverpool and its surrounding area, during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe.

Liverpool was the most heavily bombed area of the country outside London, due to the city having, along with Birkenhead, the largest port on the west coast and being of significant importance to the British war effort. Descriptions of damage were kept vague to hide information from the Germans, and downplayed in the newspapers for propaganda purposes; many Liverpudlians thus felt that their suffering was overlooked compared to other places. Around 4,000 people were killed in the Merseyside area during the Blitz. This death toll was second only to London, which suffered over 40,000 by the end of the war.

Liverpool, Bootle and the Wallasey Pool complex were strategically very important locations during the Second World War. The Port of Liverpool had for many years been the United Kingdom's main link with North America, and proved to be a key part in the British participation in the Battle of the Atlantic. As well as providing anchorage for naval ships from many nations, the port's quays and dockers handled over 90 per cent of all the war material brought into Britain from abroad with some 75 million tons passing through its 11 mi of quays. Liverpool was the eastern end of a Transatlantic chain of supplies from North America. Other industries were also heavily concentrated in Liverpool and across the Mersey in Birkenhead.

Preparations for war
The evacuation of children (Operation Pied Piper) at the start of the war, in September 1939, was a pre-emptive measure to save the population of urban or military areas from German aerial bombing. Between 1–6 September the evacuations, organised by Liverpool Corporation, saw 8,500 children, parents and teachers moved from the city to rural areas and small towns in Lancashire, Wales, Cheshire, Shrewsbury and Shropshire.

As months went by with no signs of an air-raid by the Luftwaffe, many parents brought their children back to Liverpool and, by January 1940, 40% of the evacuated children were back in the city.

Beginning of the Blitz
The first major air raid on Liverpool took place in August 1940, when 160 bombers attacked the city on the night of 28 August.

This assault continued over the next three nights, then regularly for the rest of the year. There were 50 raids on the city during this three-month period. Some of these were minor, comprising a few aircraft, and lasting a few minutes, with others comprising up to 300 aircraft and lasting over ten hours. On 18 September, 22 inmates at Walton Gaol were killed when high-explosive bombs demolished a wing of the prison.

28 November saw a heavy raid on the city, and the most serious single incident, when a hit on an air-raid shelter in Durning Road caused 166 fatalities. Winston Churchill described it as the "single worst incident of the war".

The air assault in 1940 came to a peak with the Christmas Blitz, a three-night bombardment from 20–22 December.

Christmas Blitz
A series of heavy raids took place in December 1940, referred to as the Christmas Blitz, when 365 people were killed between 20–22 December. The raids saw several instances of direct hits on air raid shelters; on 20 December, 42 people died when a shelter was hit, while another 40 died when a bomb struck railway arches on Bentinck Street, where local people were sheltering. On 21 December, another hit on a shelter which killed 74 people.

In her memoir Lime Street at Two, Helen Forrester described trying to get home from her job at Bootle during the Christmas Blitz:

"In the light of flares, fires, tracer bullets and searchlights, it was easy to see. I felt cross; I was not going to be kept from home by any German planes. I began to walk...At several points, the raid passed right overhead at a time when there seemed no place to hide...A series of bombs appeared to hit the next street, and I was suddenly glad that I had been faced with a blank wall on my side of the street, and was consequently, sprawled in the gutter; if there had been a house or shop doorway in which to shelter, I could well have been speared by glass slivers bursting from the windows. On the theory that a moving object was harder to hit than a stationary one, I ran like a frightened alley cat, in the hope of avoiding an incendiary bomb or heavy piece of debris falling on me. Incendiary bombs, though quite small, were deadly if they fell on someone, and flak from our anti-aircraft guns or flying pieces of rubble and glass from bombed buildings, were more of a menace than the chance of being caught directly by an exploding bomb. Another great danger was from falling power lines, still live and spitting like angry dragons...'I'll cross William Brown Street, where the Picton Library is, and skirt around the wall of St John's Garden. It'll give me a bit of protection,' I told myself. By doing this I avoided the wide open spaces of this handsome part of Liverpool and would be less likely to be hit. I would also bypass most of Lime Street, still the main walk for prostitutes in the city, where I had no doubt it would be business as usual, blitz or no blitz; it was not the ladies I feared, but their pimps and hangers-on. The city was in turmoil, with service vehicles zipping recklessly through the battered streets. There seemed to be a very big fire at the beginning of Dale Street, and behind the buildings past which I ran up to the far end of Lime Street, there was obviously another heavy conflagration, which I afterwards was told was St John's market burning...As I ran, incendiaries fell like rain, and magnificent St George's Hall was alight; I was told later that there were hundreds of people sheltering in the cells underneath it, unaware that the building above them was in flames. Though I was aware only of a blizzard of bombs, flak and hazardous litter on the pavements, a short distance away a bomb fell in front of the Court Theatre, and a fire engine, racing to a call, fell into the crater, killing the entire crew of seven; so much for speed in such a situation. I was lucky that I did not fall over something or into something myself. I felt naked as I left Renshaw Street behind me, and climbed the hill towards Catherine Street. To my right, the Anglican Cathedral was outlined against a rosy sky. It seemed less noisy here, and was totally deserted. The quiet rage, which had sustained me through the city, began to drain, and I was aware of intolerable fatigue. There were several hospitals at the top of the hill, where cars and ambulances were coming and going steadily. I wondered if I should give up, and take refuge in one of them. But I was very close to home, and hospitals could be hit, too. In fact, during that night the Royal Infirmary and the Mill Road Infirmary were severely damaged. I dragged onwards slowly, bothered by the smoke and dust in the atmosphere as well as by the sound of bombs whistling down on the city centre. At the sound of the front door being opened and closed, Father, his face filled with anxiety, came up from the cellar steps. 'God! Whatever happened to you?' he exclaimed. I licked my parched lips. 'I walked,' I said simply."

The bombing decreased in severity after the new year.

May Blitz
May 1941 saw a renewal of the air assault on the region; a seven-night bombardment that devastated the city. The first bomb landed upon Seacombe, Wallasey, Wirral, at 22:15 on 1 May. The peak of the bombing occurred from 1–7 May 1941. It involved 681 Luftwaffe bombers; 2,315 high explosive bombs and 119 other explosives such as incendiaries were dropped. The raids put 69 out of 144 cargo berths out of action and inflicted 2,895 casualties.

Liverpool Cathedral was hit by a high explosive bomb which pierced the roof of the south-east transept before being deflected by an inner brick wall and exploding mid-air, damaging many stained glass windows. Another landed on the front steps without exploding but incendiaries destroyed equipment in the contractor's yard at the west end.

One incident on 3 May involved the SS Malakand (1919), a ship carrying munitions which was berthed in the Huskisson Dock. Although its eventual explosion is often attributed to a burning barrage balloon, this fire was put out. However flames from dock sheds that had been bombed spread to the Malakand, and this fire could not be contained. Despite valiant efforts by the fire brigade to extinguish the flames, they spread to the ship's cargo of 1,000 tons of bombs, which exploded a few hours after the raid had ended. The entire Huskisson No. 2 dock and the surrounding quays were destroyed and four people were killed. The explosion was so violent that some pieces of the ship's hull plating were blasted into a park over 1 mi away. It took seventy-four hours for the fire to burn out.

The seven night bombardment resulted in over 6,500 homes being completely demolished by aerial bombing and a further 190,000 damaged leaving 70,000 people homeless. 500 roads were closed to traffic as well as railways and tram lines being destroyed. 700 water mains and 80 sewers were damaged alongside gas, electricity and telephone services. 9,000 workers from outside the city and 2,700 troops helped to remove debris from streets. On the night of the 3rd and 4th of May alone, 400 fires were attended to by the fire brigade.

Bootle, to the north of the city, suffered heavy damage and loss of life. One notable incident here was a direct hit on a Co-op air raid shelter on the corner of Ash Street and Stanley Road. The exact total of casualties is unclear, though dozens of bodies were recovered and placed in a temporary mortuary which itself was later destroyed by incendiaries with over 180 corpses inside.

The Times on 5 May 1941 carried the following report: "The Germans stated that Saturday night's attack on Liverpool was one of the heaviest ever made by their air force on Britain. Several hundred bombers had been used, visibility was good and docks and industrial works, storehouses and business centres, had been hit. In addition to many smaller fires, one conflagration, it was claimed, was greater than any hitherto observed during a night attack."

End of the Blitz
After the raids in May 1941, the German air assault diminished, as Hitler's attention turned towards attacking the Soviet Union. The last German air raid on Liverpool took place on 10 January 1942, destroying several houses on Upper Stanhope Street. By a quirk of fate one of the houses destroyed was number 102, which had been the home of Alois Hitler, Jr, half brother of Adolf Hitler and the birthplace of Hitler's nephew, William Patrick Hitler. The house was never rebuilt and the whole site was eventually cleared of housing and grassed over. By the end German bombs had killed 2,716 people in Liverpool, 442 people in Birkenhead, 409 people in Bootle and 332 people in Wallasey.

Aftermath
Today one of the most vivid symbols of the Liverpool Blitz is the burnt outer shell of St Luke's Church, located in the city centre, which was destroyed by an incendiary bomb on 5 May 1941. The church was gutted during the firebombing but remained standing and, in its prominent position in the city, was a stark reminder of what Liverpool and the surrounding area had endured. It eventually became a garden of remembrance to commemorate the thousands of local men, women and children who died as a result of the bombing of their city and region.

Other architectural casualties of the Blitz included the Custom House, Bluecoat Chambers, and Liverpool Museum. However, many buildings were restored after the War, while the Custom House was controversially demolished.

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in May 1941 said after visiting Liverpool and the surrounding area, "I see the damage done by the enemy attacks, but I also see ... the spirit of an unconquered people."

Notable victims

 * Mary Lawson, film and stage actress
 * Francis William Lionel Collings Beaumont, heir to the Seigneur of Sark and RAF officer

title: Liverpool Blitz


text:
One Wonderful Day

"One Wonderful Day" is the 23rd episode and first season finale of the American comedy-drama television series Desperate Housewives. It was originally broadcast in the United States on ABC (American Broadcasting Company) on May 22, 2005. The episode was directed by Larry Shaw and written by John Pardee, Joey Murphy, series creator Marc Cherry, Tom Spezialy, and Kevin Murphy.

In the episode, the mystery surrounding the suicide of series narrator Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong) is resolved. Carlos (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) finally discovers the truth about Gabrielle's (Eva Longoria) affair while Bree (Marcia Cross) learns that her husband has died. Meanwhile, Zach (Cody Kasch) holds Susan (Teri Hatcher) hostage and Tom (Doug Savant) forces Lynette (Felicity Huffman) to go back to work.

According to Nielsen ratings, the episode drew over 30 million viewers upon its initial broadcasting in the United States, becoming the most-watched program of the night across all networks, as well as the highest-rated episode of Desperate Housewives. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, most of whom complimented the writers for wrapping up the season's major story arcs. However, Ann Hodgman of Entertainment Weekly criticized the episode for being predictable and spending too much time on the Mary Alice storyline. In 2009, TV Guide listed "One Wonderful Day" as the 55th best television episode of all-time.

Background
Desperate Housewives focuses on the lives of several residents of Wisteria Lane and primarily on the friends of Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong), whose suicide in the first episode serves as the subject of the season's mystery. In previous episodes, Paul (Mark Moses) avenges his wife's suicide by killing their neighbor and her blackmailer, Martha Huber (Christine Estabrook). As a result, Martha's sister, Felicia Tilman (Harriet Sansom Harris), asks Mike Delfino (James Denton) to kill Paul. Additionally, Mike investigates the years-long disappearance of his girlfriend, Deirdre Taylor (Jolie Jenkins), whom he suspects Paul murdered.

Elsewhere, Gabrielle Solis (Eva Longoria) discovers she is pregnant, but is unsure if the father of her child is her husband, Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira), or her lover and former gardener, John Rowland (Jesse Metcalfe). Carlos is charged with a hate crime for attacking two gay men whom he suspected are sleeping with his wife. Bree and Rex's (Steven Culp) marriage continues to deteriorate and Rex suffers a second heart attack. Tom Scavo (Doug Savant) quits his job after learning that his wife, Lynette (Felicity Huffman), sabotaged his promotion for the sake of their family and Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher) and Mike decide to move in together.

Episode
Felicia takes in Paul's son, Zach (Cody Kasch), informing him that Paul will not be returning. Zach violently attacks Felicia, forcing her to reveal that Mike has taken Paul away to kill him. Later that day, Susan goes to Mike's house to feed his dog and discovers Zach waiting with a gun. He holds Susan hostage and explains his plan to kill Mike when he returns home. Meanwhile, Mike takes Paul to a desert and coerces him into explaining the truth behind Deirdre's death. Paul explains that twelve years earlier, Deirdre, a drug addict, sold Mary Alice and Paul her baby. The couple relocated to Wisteria Lane to avoid the discovery of their crime. Sometime later, a sober Deirdre finally tracked down the Young family and attempted to take her son back. Mary Alice stabbed and killed Deirdre to prevent her from taking Zach. Together, Mary Alice and Paul buried Deirdre's body beneath their pool.

Rex learns that he will have to undergo surgery following his heart attack. Before the operation, Rex's doctor suggests that Bree may have been poisoning him, citing their marital issues as a possible motive. Rex writes a note informing Bree that he understands and forgives her and dies soon after. During Carlos's trial, John informs Carlos that he had been having an affair with Gabrielle, sending Carlos into a violent outburst in the courthouse. Elsewhere, Lynette learns that Tom has quit his job as a result of Lynette's betrayal. He then decides that she will go back to work and he will be a stay-at-home father.

Production

"One Wonderful Day" was directed by Larry Shaw and written by John Pardee, Joey Murphy, series creator Marc Cherry, Tom Spezialy, and Kevin Murphy. It was filmed in April 2005. The writers were still working on the script when filming began; as a result, the ending narration was written based on the visuals that had been filmed. The episode focused largely on the conclusion of the Mary Alice mystery storyline. Cherry had wanted there to be a "definite end" to the mystery, hoping to avoid similar viewer fatigue that Twin Peaks suffered after drawing out its central mystery past its first season. The storyline relied on two flashback sequences, which featured Jolie Jenkins as Deirdre Taylor. Though "One Wonderful Day" was her first on-screen appearance in the series, Jenkins was cast in the role in the fall of 2004, as scenes earlier in the season required photographs of the Deirdre character. Because no material had been written for the character at the time, Jenkins did not have to audition for the role. ABC executives initially protested the writers' decision to have Mary Alice purposefully kill Deirdre, prompting the writers to make Deirdre violent in order to justify Mary Alice's actions. The writers struggled with whether or not to include a gunshot at the end of the episode when Mike returns to his house where Zach is holding Susan hostage. Ultimately, Spezialy convinced the other writers not to include it.

"One Wonderful Day" also introduced the second-season mystery surrounding Betty Applewhite (Alfre Woodard) and Matthew Applewhite (Mehcad Brooks). Cherry revealed, "they come on the street; they seem like nice people — but they've got a secret. And it's pretty gothic. It's real and human and awful all at the same time." Another scene featuring the Applewhite family, in which Betty brings food to a prisoner in their basement, was cut from this episode but was used in the second season premiere, "Next". Cherry's inspiration for the Lynette storyline came from his own childhood experience when his mother returned to work. He commented: "The predicament of any working woman is that you can love your career, but there is something ... to be said for getting to stay home every day with your kids, and you don't want anyone else to be better at it than you are. Felicity Huffman expressed satisfaction with how her storyline was handled, explaining that Lynette "didn't deal with [Tom's potential promotion] in the most straightforward way, but she was fighting for her family. They were noble motives." While discussing the courtroom scene in which Carlos attacks John, Ricardo Antonio Chavira commented: "People can see the full rage that is in my character. I'm yelling at him, 'I'm gonna kill you' ... Then I broke into Spanish: "Yo voy a matar!" ... I just went for it ... Then I looked, and Jesse [Metcalfe] had the most honest look of sheer terror. I think I scared the living shit out of him."

The scene in which Susan, Lynette, and Gabrielle comfort Bree at the hospital was the last scene of the season involving the four principal characters. Teri Hatcher commented: "It was a heavy scene. There was a very genuine and deeply felt recognition that all four of us together as a team appreciated the ride we'd had this season and were grateful that we'd survived it together." An extension of the scene, in which the women discuss Susan's discovery of Martha Huber's journal, was cut for time, though it was aired on Good Morning America on May 23, 2005, one day after the episode's broadcast, and was included on the first season DVD set. The death of one housewife's husband was confirmed prior to the episode's broadcast. Steven Culp was not surprised when his character was killed off, stating "I had a sneaking suspicion someone was going to go." Producer and writer Kevin Murphy explained the reasoning for killing off the Rex character: "As we neared the end of season 1, our plan was that each woman would enter a new life chapter. Gabrielle would learn to function without Carlos, Susan and Mike would build their relationship, Lynette would go back to work, and Bree would become a single woman. We either had to have Rex divorce her or die." Cherry named the scene in which Bree finishes her spring cleaning before mourning the death of her husband as one of his top three favorites of the season, stating: "It was one of the favorite things I wrote because it was so true to her character. She had to finish the cleaning she started, and she comes in and everything’s perfect." A scene between Gabrielle and John was also cut for time.

Ratings
According to ABC, "One Wonderful Day" drew 30.620 million viewers. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode scored a 13.2 rating among viewers 18 to 49 years of age, a 28.2 percent increase from the season's average rating of 10.3 in the demographic. It was the most-watched program of the night across all networks, outperforming repeat episodes of CSI and Crossing Jordan on CBS and NBC, respectively, as well as Fox's broadcast of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. The episode was the third most-watch program of the week across all networks and one of only three programs to surpass 30 million viewers. It was also the most-watched season finale for a freshman series since ER ten years earlier.

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly Dalton Ross named the episode as one of the season's best, commending the fact that "most of the main questions were actually answered," unlike the season finale of Lost. He praised the Bree storyline as well as the conclusion to the Mary Alice mystery, calling it "both shocking and satisfying." Gael Fashingbauer Cooper of MSNBC also compared the episode to the Lost season finale, writing: "'Desperate Housewives' is willing to answer some of its mysterious questions and give readers a little bit of closure. 'Lost,' heading into its own two-hour finale this Wednesday, is still dangling a dozen carrots in front of impatient viewers." Cooper felt that the episode was a satisfying conclusion to the season opining that "by allowing some of its plots to remain tantalizing mysteries, yet offering up the satisfaction of explaining others, 'Desperate Housewives' has smartly set things up for its audience to return for its new season next fall." Frazier Moore of USA Today called the finale "a smashing close" to the first season. Moore expressed interest in how the cliffhangers would be resolved, as well as in the Betty Applewhite character. He also theorized that Rex's death was a ruse, writing: "Reminder: The audience saw no death scene and no body. When has Desperate Housewives exercised restraint without an ulterior motive?"

Ann Hodgman of Entertainment Weekly was negative in her review and dismissed the episode for feeling "like a plateful of warmed-up leftovers." Hodgman criticized the writers' decision to devoting too much of the episode to the Mary Alice storyline rather than focusing on the other characters. She wrote that Rex's death did not come as a surprise, noting: "Just as a TV or movie cop is inevitably shot after he announces that he's about to retire, we know it's over for Rex the minute Bree rests her head on his feeble chest and promises him he'll make it." Hodgman stated that her interest in the Gabrielle and Carlos storyline was ruined by John telling Carlos about the affair rather than Carlos discovering it himself. She also declared that the Lynette storyline was "wrapped up almost as perfunctorily, or maybe it only seems that way because it's long been so obvious that they were heading toward one of those folktales where the husband and wife switch places." Hodgman concluded by saying the fates of Susan and Mike are predictable, as the characters are too important to be killed off. In 2009, TV Guide ranked the episode #55 on its list of "100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time". The Futon Critic ranked the episode as the 19th best television episode of 2005, calling it "note-perfect."

title: One Wonderful Day


text:
Talk:Levity (film)

Untitled
Lightness of mind.

The name of this entry should be "Levity (film)", while the Levity itself is reserved for a disambigulation page. There is, for instance, a website named Levity.--Mike18xx 02:52, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Can someone fix this problem? This seems like a rather annoying oversight. DeMyztikX 05:30, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, took care of it myself.

Fair use rationale for Image:Levity poster.JPG
Image:Levity poster.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 22:25, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Levity (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Do You Feel Like We Do

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -- Phroziac ( talk ) 18:24, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Do You Feel Like We Do
It's a famous song but there's no content other than "this is a song by Peter Frampton" and nothing links here. We don't as a general rule create stubs for songs. —Wahoofive (talk) 00:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC) Excellent work by Capitalistroadster. Comment, however: if I'd put a cleanup or expand tag on this, this probably wouldn't have happened. How can we stop AFD from being the most effective cleanup process? That's one reason AFD is so crowded.—Wahoofive (talk) 15:26, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a famous song or redirect to Frampton Comes Alive! until someone wants to expand it. If anyone expands it now, my vote is just keep. Kappa 00:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC) Keep, great work as always from the Roadster. Kappa 11:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. US top 10 single from a US top 10 album see . It lasted more than 14 minutes on the album and I doubt that there have been many live 14 minute songs featuring a talkbox solo to make the top 10. Capitalistroadster 01:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Rogerd 01:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above. -Greg Asche (talk) 02:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Per above, but perhaps the redirect option?  Ban e  s  08:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have expanded the album and added categories. No change of vote from keep. Capitalistroadster 10:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Another nice catch Cap. Alf melmac 12:19, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — fairly notable song for its time period. — RJH 17:13, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Definite keep now, great work Capitalistroadster! the wub  "?!"  19:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - It is notable, I wish Wahoofive would stop nominating articles for deletion when they are obviously not in the criteria. — Wackymacs 15:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Graduated from high school in 1973 and it was definitely the memorable song from that year!
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Monsieur Beaucaire (1924 film)

Monsieur Beaucaire is a 1924 American silent romantic historical drama film starring Rudolph Valentino in the title role, Bebe Daniels, and Lois Wilson. Produced and directed by Sidney Olcott, the film is based on Booth Tarkington's 1900 novel of the same name and the 1904 play of the same name by Tarkington and Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland.

Plot
The Duke of Chartres is in love with Princess Henriette, but she seemingly wants nothing to do with him. Eventually he grows tired of her insults and flees to England when Louis XV insists that the two marry. He goes undercover as Monsieur Beaucaire, the barber of the French Ambassador, and finds that he enjoys the freedom of a commoner’s life. After catching the Duke of Winterset cheating at cards, he forces him to introduce him as a nobleman to Lady Mary, with whom he has become infatuated. When Lady Mary is led to believe that the Duke of Chartres is merely a barber she loses interest in him. She eventually learns that he is a nobleman after all and tries to win him back, but the Duke of Chartres opts to return to France and Princess Henriette who now returns his affection.

Production notes
Monsieur Beaucaire was produced by Famous Players–Lasky, directed by Sidney Olcott, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was filmed at Kaufman Astoria Studios in New York City.

For this film, whose action is set at the court of King Louis XV of France, the atmosphere is resolutely French and French-speaking. It is French dancer Paulette Duval's second American picture; the Belgian André Daven, playing the brother of Valentino's character, was hired for his resemblance to the Latin lover; the Nantes-based Georges Barbier designed the 350 costumes. The film's dialogues were written in French for more realism. Valentino speaks French, as do Bebe Daniels, Lowell Sherman and Sidney Olcott.

Reception
Monsieur Beaucaire was part of a series of box office and critical disappointments that plagued Valentino mid-career. Although the film did fairly well in big cities, it flopped in smaller locales, and could not exceed the expensive budget Olcott put into the film's production. Historians Kevin Brownlow and John Kobal suggested that the film's shortcomings stemmed more from Olcott's "pedestrian" direction.

Much of the blame for the film's alleged shortcomings was assigned to Valentino's wife Natacha Rambova who was felt by many of Valentino's colleagues to have had an undue influence on the costumes, set and direction of the film. Alicia Annas wrote that audiences were most likely alienated by the general design of the film which, while historically accurate, was not tailored to 1920s American filmgoers' tastes. The Stan Laurel parody Monsieur Don't Care (1924) reflected the general public attitude toward Monsieur Beaucaire.

Adaptations
The novel Monsieur Beaucaire was adapted into a musical film, Monte Carlo (1930), directed by Ernst Lubitsch. The story was filmed again as a comedy, directed by George Marshall and starring Bob Hope and Joan Caulfield, also called Monsieur Beaucaire (1946).

The 1951 biopic Valentino, produced by Columbia Pictures, directed by Lewis Allen with Anthony Dexter, includes a sequence dedicated to Monsieur Beaucaire.

A long sequence dedicated to Monsieur Beaucaire appears in the 1977 film Valentino (1977), directed by Ken Russell, with Rudolf Nureyev in the title role and John Justin in the role of Sidney Olcott.

title: Monsieur Beaucaire (1924 film)


text:
Ambigu

Ambigu is an historical French vying game, composed of the characteristic elements of Whist, Bouillotte and Piquet. A Whist pack with the court cards removed is used, and from two to six persons may play. Each player is given an equal number of counters, and a limit of betting is agreed upon.

History
The rules of Ambigu, then also known as Meslé, first appear in 1659, the game being much in vogue at the time of Louis XIV who reigned from 1643 to 1714. It continued to be recorded in French gaming compendia throughout the 19th century and, occasionally, up to the present century.

Gameplay
Two cards are dealt, one at a time, to each player, after each has anted two counters in a pool. Each player then either keeps his hand, saying "Enough," or takes one or two new cards from the top of the stock; after which the stock is reshuffled and cut, and each player receives two more cards, one at a time.

The players then either "play" or "pass." If a person "plays," he bets a number of counters and the others may equal this bet or raise it. Should no player meet the first bet, the bettor takes back his bet, leaving the pool intact, and receives two counters from the last player who refuses to play. When two or more bet the same number, they again draw cards and " pass " or "play" as before. If all "pass," each pays a counter to the pool and a new deal ensues. The player betting more than the others call wins the pool. He then exposes his hand and is paid by each adversary according to its value.

The hands rank as follows: "Point," the number of pips on two or more cards of a suit (one counter). "Prime," four cards of different suits (two counters). "Grand Prime," the same with the number of pips over 30 (three counters). "Sequence," a hand containing three cards of the same suit in sequence (three counters). "Tricon," three of a kind (four counters). "Flush," four cards of the same suit (five counters). "Doublet," a hand containing two counting combinations at once, as 2, 3, 4 and 7 of spades, amounting to both a "sequence" and a "flush" (eight counters). "Fredon," four of a kind (the highest possible hand), ten or eleven counters, according to the number of pips. Ties are decided by the number of pips.

title: Ambigu


text:
History (The Verve song)

"History" is a song by English rock band the Verve. It was included on their second album, A Northern Soul (1995), and was released 18 September 1995 as the third and final single from the album, charting at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. The song is notable for being released after the band's sudden first break-up (the sign on the CD1 cover reads 'all farewells should be sudden'). In 2014, NME ranked it at number 312 on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". There was no original music video filmed for the single. Instead, an official compilation of clips from the Verve's previous music videos was created by Richard Ashcroft.

Composition and lyrics
The song begins with a string intro that is very similar to the intro of "Mind Games" by John Lennon. This was the first song by the band to feature strings (a formula that would later be used for several Urban Hymns singles). The opening lyrics of the song are based on the first two stanzas of William Blake's poem, London. The song is quite melancholic, with Melody Maker describing it as "an epic, windswept symphony of strings, flailing vocals and staggeringly bitter sentiments". It has been claimed the song was written about Richard Ashcroft's split with his girlfriend, although Ashcroft denied this. The clapping on "History" was believed to be performed by Liam Gallagher.

Track listings

 * CD 1 (HUTCD 59)
 * 1) "History" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Back on My Feet Again"
 * 3) "On Your Own" (acoustic)
 * 4) "Monkey Magic" (Brainstorm mix)

 * CD 2 (HUTDX 59)
 * 1) "History" (album version)
 * 2) "Grey Skies"
 * 3) "Life's Not a Rehearsal"

 * Cassette (HUTC 59)
 * 1) "History" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Back on My Feet Again"

title: History (The Verve song)


text:
Talk:History (The Verve song)

Untitled
Someone edit this please

thanks choclatboy

Fair use rationale for Image:History The Verve.jpg
Image:History The Verve.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:27, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:History (The Verve song)


text:
User:DragonflySixtyseven/classic.js

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title: User:DragonflySixtyseven/classic.js


text:
Hydroxysultaine

Hydroxysultaines are chemical compounds used in high-foaming shampoos, bath products and shower gels especially in conjunction with ether sulfates and alkyl sulfates. They are also used in industrial applications where high, stable foam is required. Chemically, hydroxysultaines are zwitterionic, typically containing covalently linked positive and negative ions.

Synthesis
Hydroxysultaine is prepared industrially by the reaction of sodium bisulfite with epichlorohydrin to give the sodium salt (sodium 1-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate). This is similar to the synthesis of isethionate, which is also used as a 'head-group' in surfactants. It is typically combined with the rest of the surfactant molecule via a Menshutkin reaction with a tertiary amine.

Properties
Hydroxysultaines are also compatible with cationic surfactants and are stable over a wide pH range in soft or hard water. In addition to being used as a surfactant, hydroxysultaines are often used as antistatic agents.

Examples
Examples include:
 * ISOTAINE LAPHS – Lauramidopropyl hydroxysultaine; derived from (C12:0) lauric acid.
 * ISOTAINE CAPHS – Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine;  cocamide is from a mixture of coconut fatty acids, 50% derived from (C12:0) lauric acid.
 * ISOTAINE OAPHS – Oleamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; oleamide is from a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, lipid number of 18:1 cis-9, formula CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH.
 * ISOTAINE TAPHS – Tallowamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; tallow is a mixture of fatty acids derived from beef or mutton fat,
 * ISOTAINE EAPHS – Erucamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; erucic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, denoted 22:1ω9.
 * ISOTAINE LHS – Lauryl hydroxysultaine; lauryl refers to fatty acid, lipid number C12:0

title: Hydroxysultaine


text: User talk:70.144.179.235

title: User talk:70.144.179.235