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Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 October 12

Category:Blogebrity

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 07:23, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

This category is a duplicate of Category:Bloggers and should be deleted as such. Hall Monitor 20:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Anything meant by this that isn't the same as Category:Bloggers is POV/original research. Dystopos 21:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CalJW 00:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as POV. Megapixie 01:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as POV; speedy as unnecessary duplication of existing category if possible. Bearcat 06:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's not a speedy. Might be interesting to try constructing a speedy criterion for it, though. -Splash talk 02:10, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That was "speedy", it only took 8 days to do, 8 days is fast. :) «» Who ? ¿ ? meta  07:23, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Irish Chicagoans

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 07:21, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

An overly-specific category, and misleadingly named as these people are not Irish, but Americans of Irish origin. Category:Chicagoans already exists. JW 12:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Piccadilly 13:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. If they're of Irish ancestry, then the proper name for the Cat would be Category:Irish-Americans of Chicago 12.73.194.194 19:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the category is a bad precedent anyway. What about German-Americans of New York or Italian-Americans of Detroit, or how about Londoners of Irish descent? The possibilities are endless. JW 20:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete CalJW 00:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as said above bad precedent, leading to endless possibilities. should definitely be made a list. - Mayumashu 01:12, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No argument. siafu 00:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete most ethnic subcats. -Splash talk 02:10, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Fellows of the RSA → Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 07:19, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename principally because of the abbreviation. Note however, from Royal Society of Arts, that such is not the full name of the Society which is the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The article says that the Society itself uses either the abbreviation or its true full name. Nevertheless, the Society is almost never known by its (archaic) full name in the UK and common usage, the Manual of Style and the existing title of the main article would dictate that we don't either. -Splash talk 02:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Amend as suggested. Piccadilly 13:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Amend. Neither the Returned Servicemen's Association nor the Republic of South Africa has "fellows". Grutness...  wha?  00:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nominator. -- Reinyday, 15:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 00:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Subcats of Category:Casinos

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. Naming conventions candidate. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 07:17, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Establish "Casinos in foo" as the convention for by-country subcats of Category:Casinos at Naming conventions (categories) and rename as follows (originally nominated as speedies). -- Rick Block (talk) 01:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Casinos of Australia --> Category:Casinos in Australia Vegaswikian 06:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Casinos of Canada --> Category:Casinos in Canada Vegaswikian 06:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Casinos of New Zealand --> Category:Casinos in New Zealand Vegaswikian 06:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed. CalJW 00:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. JW 16:02, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 00:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename and establish per nom. -Splash talk 02:10, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed. E Pluribus Anthony 03:11, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Political parties in Canada

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename all with special exception to Yukon. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 07:13, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Merrily moving the standardization bandwagon to its next stop in the magical world of Canadian politics. ...per Foo in Bar standard used for political parties already ...again per standards, projected downwards onto subnational entities. Note the addition of the "Provincial" modifier—I think this is an important clarfying term missing from the current naming regime, as the province-specific categories in question already consciously exclude federal parties even if they're identified with only one particular province. (Bloc Québécois, for instance, is NOT presently in the Quebec political parties category, but the federal one, where it should stay) Those here who might be used to arrangements in the US/UK/Aus etc. where there are much fuzzier distinctions between national and subnational parties should note that Canada has an abberant (by the standards of most federations) divide between organizations active at various levels of government. -The Tom 01:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Canadian federal political parties → Category:Federal political parties in Canada
 * Category:Alberta political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Alberta
 * Category:British Columbia political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in British Columbia
 * Category:Manitoba political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Manitoba
 * Category:New Brunswick political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in New Brunswick
 * Category:Newfoundland and Labrador political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Category:Nova Scotia political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Nova Scotia
 * Category:Ontario political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Ontario
 * Category:Prince Edward Island political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Prince Edward Island
 * Category:Quebec political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Quebec
 * Category:Saskatchewan political parties → Category:Provincial political parties in Saskatchewan
 * Category:Yukon political parties → Category:Territorial political parties in the Yukon
 * Oppose --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 05:11, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Spinboy, you seem to be rather fond of opposing the most minor of changes without giving any sort of reason whatsoever. Your choice, of course, but I can't say I get it. -The Tom 12:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Spinboy should also be aware that WP:GAFD provides for pure votes without reasons to be discounted. He should also remember that, eventually, people will think he is trying to make some point or other and will come to wonder what it might be. -Splash talk 14:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, we know what his point is; it's that standardization is a priori invalid and who-really-gives-a-hoot-anyway. Bearcat 05:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I object because I think it's needless busywork that's just plain stupid. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 18:35, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as proposed. Piccadilly 13:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all as proposed. -Splash talk 14:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per nominator CalJW 00:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all as proposed. --maclean25 01:17, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all as proposed. Especially important to include the "provincial" signifier. Bearcat 05:32, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all. No argument. siafu 00:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 'rename all standardization. Youngamerican 05:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed, but replace '...The Yukon' with '...Yukon (Territory)'. (I also suppose there should be Category:Provincial political parties in Canada, which would include all of provincial topics above?)  E Pluribus Anthony 02:08, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Provincial and territorial political parties in Canada, in fact. :)  A big ugh to ...Yukon (Territory), though.  There seems to be near unanimity in Canadian English to scrap the "Territory" suffix the same way that people don't say "Alberta province" or even "the Province of New Brunswick" in common parlance (this has been hastened by the prevalence of "Nunavut" rather than "Nunavut Territory").  The overriding dispute is between "of the Yukon" and "of Yukon".  Our (sole?) Yukoner Wikipedian has thoughts on the matter, and the Yukon government has in the past articulated differing thoughts, and we balmy southerners differnt ones still, so it's been a bit up in the air. -The Tom 02:52, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not the sole Yukoner, there are at least two others currently writing: one mainly on dog-sledding and dogs, which I think is rather appropriate, and the other is our perennial Christian Heritage party candidate. Even though I (along with the majority of Yukoners, I suspect) have a strong personal preference for "the Yukon", others feel equally as strongly that the article should not be used in the teritory's name. So it is a POV issue. One of these days, a petty-minded nit-picky bureaucrat bureaucrat will slap a NPOV tag on the usage with the article, or some broad-minded intelligent true Yukoner and Canadian will slap one on a category missing the article. :-) I have argued this in other votes, but the consensus has been to ignore my arguments. FWIW, my argument is that we should use adjectival nouns rather than "of foo" or "in foo" for Canadian provinces and teritories. But the consensus has been to slavishly follow a convention that has been established for countries (where it makes eminent sense), and apply it to sub-national entities, where it doesn't always work. Anyway, this my last comment on this since you all choose to ignore me & I'll go off & edit articles. Luigizanasi 03:19, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information; I was merely citing a potential faux pas and alternatives. OK: ...Yukon, then; not '...the Yukon'. (If it helps any, the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage indicates a preference for the (simple) former.) :) E Pluribus Anthony 02:59, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


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John Coyle White

John Coyle White (November 26, 1924 – January 21, 1995 ) was an American Democratic politician from Texas. He was the longest-serving Texas Commissioner of Agriculture, first elected in 1950 and serving until his resignation in 1977. He was the youngest person ever elected to statewide office in Texas. From 1977 to 1978, he was United States Deputy Secretary of Agriculture. From 1978 to 1981, he was the chairman of the Democratic National Committee under U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Early years
White was born in Newport in Clay County in north Texas. His father, Ed White, was a sharecropper. White graduated in 1946 from Texas Technological College in Lubbock.

Texas agriculture commissioner
At the age of twenty-five, White was elected statewide as the Agriculture Commissioner, the youngest person ever elected to statewide office in Texas. He was re-elected twelve times and served 26.5 years in the post. He worked to smooth the transition of Texas from an agricultural to a predominantly urban economy. White established marketing programs that served as models for other state governments. He was responsible for establishing a close working relationship with Mexican agricultural entities that had expanded markets for both countries.

Deputy Secretary of Agriculture
In 1977, U.S. President Jimmy Carter nominated White to serve as Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. He was responsible for the implementation of national agriculture policy and was the chief U.S. representative in negotiations with foreign governments, including the Soviet Union, on grain agreements. White served during a period of great unrest among the nation's farmers. His calm and reasoned arbitration with disaffected groups resulted in several successful changes in U.S. farm policy. White resigned his post in 1978, when President Carter tapped him to lead the Democratic National Committee.

Chairman of the Democratic National Committee
He helped the Democratic Party retain its majority in the 1978 congressional elections. The Republicans took control of the presidency and the U.S. Senate in the 1980 elections, but the Democrats retained their majority in the United States House of Representatives under the leadership of Tip O'Neill. John White was DNC chairman at a time when Democrats controlled the White House, the Senate, the House of Representatives, and a majority of governorships.

Death and burial
White died on January 20, 1995, in Washington, D.C. He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Coyle White


text: User talk:192.6.19.202

title: User talk:192.6.19.202


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timon rom.jpg

I accidentally named this after the wrong character on Rome. The right character I moved to a different page.Sfufan2005 23:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.227.62.231

title: User talk:69.227.62.231


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Brad Norton

Bradley Norton (born February 13, 1975) is an American former professional ice hockey Defenseman. Norton played for five seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Playing career
Norton started his professional career with the Detroit Vipers in the IHL in 1997. He was drafted in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft as the Edmonton Oilers' ninth-round pick, #215 overall. He has played a total of 124 NHL games with the Florida Panthers, Los Angeles Kings, Washington Capitals, Ottawa Senators and the Detroit Red Wings.

Norton signed with Jokerit in the Finnish SM-liiga. On December 15, 2006, he abruptly left the team to play in North America by invoking an NHL release clause in his contract. The Senators signed Norton to a one-year two-way deal on March 7, 2006. He gained viral video fame that year when his 16 April non-fight with Montreal Canadiens enforcer Aaron Downey. The two squared off with fists raised for forty seconds before being escorted to the penalty box without having thrown a punch or made contact in any way.

On June 23, 2006, Norton was signed by the Detroit Red Wings. He started the 2006–07 season, with the Red Wings, but injury struck and he was assigned to affiliate, the Grand Rapids Griffins, upon recovery.

Norton signed a one-year contract with the San Jose Sharks on July 18, 2007. Norton did not play a game with the Sharks as a back injury caused him to miss the season.

Personal life
He is the younger brother of former NHLer Jeff Norton, and is married to Playboy Radio afternoon advice show host Tiffany Granath. Norton was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, attended Cushing Academy in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, but grew up in Acton, Massachusetts.

title: Brad Norton


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Funazushi

Funazushi is a typical type of nare-zushi, an ancient Japanese type of sushi. It is a local dish of Shiga Prefecture (formerly Ōmi Province), where it has been made since ancient times using Lake Biwa's nigorobuna (Carassius auratus grandoculis) and other fish as the main ingredients.

Overview
Funazushi is a type of nare-zushi. Nare-zushi is a food made by salting raw fish for several months, removing the salt, and then mixing it with cooked rice and fermenting it with lactic acid bacteria. Generally, the rice used for fermentation is discarded and only the fish is eaten. Modern sushi is made with rice mixed with vinegar, but this has been around since the 17th century; until then, the word sushi meant nare-zushi.

Many literature claim that nare-zushi originated from a fish storage method found in the mountainous region of Yunnan in Southeast Asia, but there are also different theories.

Today, crucian carp with the ovaries is generally used for funazushi. However, until the 19th century, the ovaries were often absent. The egg part smells similar to cheese.

Often cut into thin slices before eating. Often eaten as a snack with sake. It is sometimes made into chazuke.

In 1998, it was selected as one of Shiga Prefecture's Intangible Folk Cultural Assets as food.

Nigorobuna (Carassius auratus grandoculis) is used to make funazushi. The lactic acid softens the bones so that the fish can be eaten down to the bones. Until the Edo period, many documents stated that gengorobuna (Carassius cuvieri) was used as the raw material, but it is now believed that these were actually nigorobuna.

Funazushi was eaten as a substitute for medicine in the past because it contains lactobacillus, which helps to improve intestinal health.

In recent years, due to the deterioration of the spawning environment in Lake Biwa and feeding damage by invasive fishes, the number of nigorobuna has decreased, and the number of households making funazushi is decreasing.

Method of manufacture
Funazushi is a specialty of Shiga Prefecture and is believed to be the oldest form of nare-zushi existing in Japan.

Generally, nigorobuna with eggs are used as a raw material, but gengorobuna are also used.

Its manufacturing process varies from vendor to vendor and home to home.

In most modern times, the fish is salted in early spring. That is, after the scales, gills, and internal organs except for the ovaries of the raw fish are removed, the belly cavity is stuffed with salt and stored in layers in wooden vats until summer.

In summer, the fishes are rinsed for desalt, dried, and placed in a wooden bucket on a bed of cooked rice. On top of that, more rice is spread, and fishes are placed again. After several layers, a drop-lid is placed on top, and a weight is placed on the lid. After this, it is stored for several months until winter to ferment.

It is believed that the flavor and shelf life of funazushi is mainly imparted during this rice pickling process. The process of salting in the preliminary stage is also thought to inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria, inhibit the progress of autolysis, and dehydrate, harden, and bleed the meat.

Funazushi is a fermented food that uses the action of lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

Air deprivation is important for lactic acid fermentation, and water has been used to cover the top of the drop-lid. Currently, a plastic bag is placed over the bucket, the bag is filled with fishes and rice, the mouth of the bag is closed, and a drop-lid and weight are placed on the bag to keep out air without water.

To make it with 1 kg per fish, one barrel contains 40 to 50 fish, 27 kg of rice and 15 kg of salt.

In Shiga Prefecture, in addition to funazushi made from nigorobuna, nare-zushi is also made from freshwater fish such as ugui, hasu, moroko, Ayu Biwa trout, koi, and dojo. Nare-zushi has been designated as Shiga's food cultural asset in Shiga Prefecture's Intangible Folk Cultural Assets in 1998. .

The decline of nigorobuna, the fish used to make funazushi, has become a problem, and Shiga Prefecture is working to release young fish into Lake Biwa and to conserve the reed community along the lake's shores.

Biochemistry
Funazushi contains organic acids such as lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, as well as lactic acid. These organic acids lower the pH, which also imparts preservative properties.

Ancient China
The character zha "鮓," meaning "sour fish," appears in the Shuowen Jiezi in the 2nd century. However, this book does not describe the production method, so it is unclear if it was fermented with rice like funazushi.

The Shiming, written in southern China in the 3rd century, describes fermenting fish mixed with salt and rice, indicating that the basic process was already developed at this time. However, as discussed below, there is a theory that Japanese sushi was rediscovered by Japan on its own.

Ancient Japan
The relationship between the ancient Chinese zha 鮓 and the Japanese nare-zushi is unclear. In Japan, the character for "鮓" appears in the Yōrō Code, a law book written in the 8th century. Furthermore, the word "sushi" appears in Shinsen Jikyō, written in the 9th century. However, since the word "sushi" is the noun form of the adjective "sour," there is no doubt that the fish was sour, but whether it was lactic fermentation using rice is not known.

Funazushi

Funazushi was made in many parts of Japan in ancient times. Wooden tubs are now used as containers for making funazushi, but until the 14th century, jar-like earthenware vessels were used.

There is a legend that Toyoki Irihiko, prince of Emperor Sujin, a legendary figure sometimes attributed to the 3rd or 4th century, was offered funazushi by the villagers when he stopped by today's Moriyama, Shiga.

The words funazushi and sushi-funa are found in the Prince Nagaya (684 – 20 March 729)'s palace Mokkan and Nijō Street Mokkan.

The Engishiki, an administrative manual written in the 10th century, describes how nare-zushi, a type of fish produced in various parts of Japan, was collected in the capital as a tax. Twentieth-century Japanese food historian Osamu Shinoda (篠田統) considers Japanese sushi to have developed independently in Japan, since Engishiki does not mention carp sushi, which is common in China.

The same Engishiki also states that the central government provided containers, cloth, hemp, sake, rice, salt, and soybeans to Chikuma-kuriya (now Maibara, Shiga) in Ōmi Province, which is still known today as a producer of funazushi, which were then pickled in soy sauce (but not the soy sauce of today), salted, and made into sushi-funa. From this description, it is thought that the prototype of funazushi, in which crucian carp is lacto-fermented with rice, was already in existence at this time.

The 11th century Shinsarugakuki mentions Ōmi when it comes to crucian carp.

It is not certain when the use of crucian carp with ovaries began as an ingredient for funazushi, but the Konjaku Monogatarishū of the 12th century mentions pickled crucian carp with ovaries began in vinegar. However, until the 19th century, ovaries were often absent.

In the 14th century, the process of making wooden tabs/barrels were developed. Tubs were also used in the production of funazushi, but the date of their initiation is unknown. New wood was preferred for sake barrels, while old wood was preferred for funazushi. Because funazushi tubs were small, sake barrels were disassembled and reassembled.

In 1483 and 1485, Chikamoto's diary mentions a gift of funazushi from the Rokkaku clan based in the Ōmi Province.

Oda Nobunaga, who helped end the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war in the 16th century, was killed by his subordinate Akechi Mitsuhide. There are various theories as to the cause of the murder, but one theory is that Mitsuhide held a grudge against Akechi Mitsuhide, who prepared the dinner hosted by Oda Nobunaga just before the murder, because Nobunaga complained that the fish he was served was rotten. Funazushi was also served at this meal.

In the Edo period, which began in the 17th century, funazushi was made in Ōmi Province (Shiga Prefecture) from crucian carp caught in the spring season and red-leaf crucian carp in the fall and winter. However, it is thought that the fermentation process of funazushi made from red-leaf crucian carp that did not undergo the high temperatures of the summer season was slow and gradually fell into disuse. The current "funazushi" of Shiga Prefecture is made from spring crucian carp.

The 17th century cookbook Gorui Nichiyou Ryouri Shou (合類日用料理抄) describes how to make "sushi from funa in Ōmi".
 * In winter, the fish is gutted through the gill holes, the head is removed, folded over with salt in a container and pickled in salt. After that, black rice is cooked with less water, mixed with salt, and placed in a container with the fish, with a drop lid and a weight on top. After about 20 days, lighten the weight a little. After about 70 days, they can be eaten. If you put heavy weights on top of the lid after even out the load, and store salt water on top of the lid (to keep the air out,) the bones will be tender and taste better if you leave it on until the following fall.

The water on the lid is changed daily. The fact that production begins in winter is the exact opposite of today, when production begins in summer. In addition, the current method of preparing funazushi is not exactly the same as that practiced in ancient times, as in many modern cases the weights are gradually increased.

In addition, literature from this period often refers to Ōmi crucian carp as gengorobuna. However, this is because many of the crucian carp caught in Lake Biwa were sold under the name of gengorobuna, which was considered a luxury at the time, and it was not until the 1920s that gengorobuna and nigorobuna became generally distinguished from each other.

Yosa Buson, an 18th century poet, left haiku such as "can see clouds over Hikone Castle while trying to eat funazushi" (鮒鮓や彦根が城に雲かかる), "when in a field in the summer, realize whom haven't seen funazushi for a while" (鮒鮓の便りも遠き夏野哉).

In August 1788, Shiba Kōkan, a painter, stopped in Hino, Shiga, where he ate funazushi that had been preserved for three years.

In 1896, Japanese poet Masaoka Shiki wrote a haiku as "while eating funazushi, Seta became evening and the bell of Mii-dera temple was heard." (鮒鮓や瀬田の夕照三井の鐘) In an essay titled "A Drop of Bokuju," he also wrote a complaint that "people these days use words derived from funazushi without knowing how to make it."

A book published in 1904 states, "Add a little salt to funazushi in a soup dish, pour in hot water, cover with a lid, and after a while it becomes a delicious soup.

In an essay published in 1916, the author gave his landlord some gengorobuna funazushi from his hometown, which pleased the landlord, who loved to drink. However, when the author served it to his friends, they all refused to eat it because of the smell. So the author put the funazushi on top of rice, covered it with hot bancha green tea, and ate it in chazuke (rice with green tea.)"

In 1935, the commercial production of funazushi was Yasu, Inukami, Takashima, Kurita, Gamo, Kanzaki, and Higashiazai, in that order.

In the 1950s, containers for making funa zushi switched from wooden tubs to plastic. Maintenance became easier and fermentation became more stable.

title: Funazushi


text: User talk:192.172.226.121

title: User talk:192.172.226.121


text: User talk:24.224.240.191

title: User talk:24.224.240.191


text: Category:Politics of Manitoba

title: Category:Politics of Manitoba


text:
Bell Telephone Company

The Bell Telephone Company was the initial corporate entity from which the Bell System originated to build a continental conglomerate and monopoly in telecommunication services in the United States and Canada.

The company was organized in Boston, Massachusetts, on July 9, 1877, by Alexander Graham Bell's father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who also helped organize the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company. A common law joint-stock company, the Bell Telephone Company was started on the basis of holding "potentially valuable patents", principally Bell's master telephone patent #174465. Upon inception, Hubbard was installed as trustee, although he was additionally the company's de facto president, since he also controlled his daughter's shares by power of attorney. Thomas Sanders, its principal financial backer, was treasurer.

Bell Telephone and New England Telephone merged on February 17, 1879, to form two new entities, the National Bell Telephone Company of Boston, and the International Bell Telephone Company. International Bell became headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. Theodore Vail took over its operations, becoming a central figure in its rapid growth and commercial success.

The National Bell Telephone Company merged with American Speaking Telephone Company on March 20, 1880, to form the American Bell Telephone Company, also of Boston, Massachusetts. The American Bell Telephone Company evolved into the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), one of the largest telecommunications companies in the world.

Predecessor to the Bell Company
The Bell Patent Association (February 27, 1875 – July 9, 1877, a name later assigned by historians), was not a corporate entity but a trusteeship and a partnership. It was established verbally in 1874 to be the holders of the patents produced by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Thomas Watson.

Approximately one-third of these interests were at first held by Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer and Bell's future father-in-law; Thomas Sanders, the well-to-do leather merchant father of one of Bell's deaf students (and who was the first to enter into an agreement with Bell); and finally by Alexander Graham Bell. Hubbard later registered some of his shares with two other family members. An approximate 10% interest of the patent association was later assigned by its principals to Bell's technical assistant Thomas Watson, in lieu of salary and for his earlier financial support to Bell while they worked together creating their first functional telephones.

The verbal patent association agreement was formalized in a memorandum of agreement on February 27, 1875. The patent association's assets became the foundational assets of the Bell Telephone Company.

Earliest division of Bell Company shares and corporate evolution

At the time of the organization of the Bell Telephone Company as an association (also known as the Bell Company), on July 9, 1877, as a joint stock company in 1877 by Hubbard, who soon became its trustee and de facto president, 5,000 shares in total were issued to:
 * Gardiner Greene Hubbard (trustee and president): 1,397 shares, along with
 * Gertrude McC. Hubbard (née Mercer, likely Gertrude Mercer McCurdy Hubbard, wife of Gardiner Hubbard): 100 shares
 * Charles Eustis Hubbard (the brother or nephew of Gardiner Hubbard): 10 shares
 * Alexander Graham Bell (inventor and the company's 'Chief Electrician'): 1,497 shares
 * Thomas Sanders (financier and treasurer): 1,497 shares
 * Thomas Watson (head of operations, and its first full-time employee): 499 shares

The Bell Telephone Company was incorporated in Massachusetts on July 30, 1878, with 4,500 shares of stock. It then merged with the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company (incorporated on February 12, 1878) to form the National Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on March 13, 1879, with 7,280 shares, later increased to 8,500 shares in May 1880). A little over a year later it was reorganized to become the American Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on April 17, 1880, with 73,500 shares, which included 14,000 trustee shares held by National Bell Telephone). American Bell's outstanding stock rose to 258,863 shares by May 1900.

Two days after the company's formation, on July 11, 1877, Bell married Hubbard's daughter Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, and made a wedding gift of 1,487 shares of his allotment to his new wife, keeping only 10 shares for himself. Bell and his wife left not long after for a tour of Europe that lasted over a year, during which time Mabel left her shares with her father under a power of attorney, allowing him to become the new company's de facto president.

Both Hubbard's and Sanders' roles in the newly born company were pivotal to its early survival and its eventual growth to become a corporate giant. Hubbard's very early structuring of its telephone service by leasing, instead of selling telephones, was critical to its success. He based his decision on the previous legal work he performed for the Gordon McKay Shoe Machinery Company, where its shoe sewing machines were leased, not sold, and royalties also had to be paid to the Gordon McKay Company based on the numbers of shoes produced. Hubbard insisted that leasing was the better option, even if it significantly raised the need for initial capital expenses. Sanders for his part, a wealthy leather merchant, provided most of the financing for both Bell's research and the young company, eventually amounting to expenditures of some $110,000 "before he received any reimbursement" by the sale of his shares.

Not long after the National Bell Telephone Company was established, it required substantial new capital in order to maintain its majority share ownership of its affiliate telephone companies and to provide further funds for expansion of its overall telephone infrastructure. On April 17, 1880, National Bell was split into the American Bell Telephone Company, led by Theodore Vail as general manager, and with the International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) as a holding company for its international subsidiaries. IBTC's first non-North American subsidiary was the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTM), established by Hubbard at Antwerp, Belgium, in 1882. The Bell System's Bell Telephone Company of Canada subsidiary, wholly owned by the National Bell, had been established two years earlier.

Alexander Graham Bell's ten shares of Bell Telephone Company stock were later converted into a single share of the American Bell Telephone Company, and still later into two shares of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. AT&T President Frederick Fish later returned Bell's single American Bell Telephone Company share to him as a memento after it had been converted and canceled.

Of the Bell Company's original shareholders, Thomas Watson resigned his position in 1881 with his shares making him a millionaire, thereafter living a colorful life as a Shakespearean actor and later as a shipyard owner and ship builder—always retaining his friendship with Bell. Thomas Sanders, whose entire personal fortune was virtually depleted during the Bell Telephone's first formative years (until a historic settlement was reached with Bell's fierce competitor Western Union on November 10, 1879), quickly sold his Bell shares for almost $1,000,000 but then lost most of his wealth with an investment in a Colorado gold mine. He also remained a confidant of Bell, who later helped ensure the welfare of Sanders' deaf son in his adulthood.

Hubbard was satisfied to leave the head of the Bell Company to another major investor, William Forbes, who was brought into the company as its president and as a member of its board of directors in late 1878. Under Forbes' leadership, a new executive committee was created at its corporate level to reorganize and run the overall company with professional management. The company was also recapitalized, with Vail continuing as its head of operations. After leaving the offices of what became the American Bell Telephone Company, Hubbard created the National Geographic Society as its president, with Bell succeeding him the next year.

Ownership of American Bell was transferred to its own subsidiary, American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T Company) on the second to last day of 1899. AT&T had been incorporated on April 17, 1880, as American Bell's "long lines" division to handle its long-distance telecommunications. On January 1, 1900, AT&T, a publicly traded corporation, owned the major assets of American Bell and thus became the head of the Bell System. By December 31, 1900, it had 569,901 shares of stock outstanding, which rose to 18,662,275 shares at the close of 1935.

Early promotional success

Alexander Graham Bell's fiancée Mabel Hubbard was the indirect source of the Bell Telephone Company's early commercial success after his creation of the telephone. The U.S. Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 brought Bell's newly invented telephone international attention. Exhibition judges Emperor Dom Pedro II of the Empire of Brazil and the eminent British physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) recommended his device to the Committee of Electrical Awards, which voted Bell the gold medal for Electrical Equipment, helping to propel him to international fame. Bell also won a second gold medal for his additional display at the exposition, Visible Speech —developed earlier by his equally famous father Alexander Melville Bell.

Pivotally, late in the evening moments after the main group of tired judges and newspaper reporters had quickly looked over and derided Bell's telephone display, Emperor Dom Pedro, who was straggling, entered the fair's Education Building where Bell's two displays were located. As the main group started moving on to the next exhibit to be reviewed, Dom Pedro came upon the displays and called out to Bell in his booming voice: "What are you doing here?" The emperor had met Bell before in Boston while visiting schools for the deaf in the United States.

"....it was around seven o'clock when the 50-person delegation of judges, scientists, reporters and other officials arrived at the Department of Education. Tired and hungry, they hardly looked at the telephone, made some jokes at Bell's expense, and wanted to leave the exhibition quickly when suddenly, Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil from 1840 to 1889, with his wife Empress Theresa and a bevy of courtiers, entered the room. Dom Pedro recognized Bell and exclaimed "Professor Bell, I am delighted to see you again!" The judges at once forgot their tiredness and wondered who this young inventor was who was a friend of an emperor. Dom Pedro had once visited Bell's class of deaf-mutes at Boston University and initiated the first Brazilian school for deaf-mutes in Rio de Janeiro."....  ....The judges stayed the next three hours with Bell. Bell's telephone became the star of the centennial...."

"On a hot Sunday afternoon, June 25th, Sir William Thompson (later Lord Kelvin) and many other distinguished guests inspected the exhibits. Few paid much attention to Bell, tinkering with his crude instruments. At last the party approached his booth. Among them was Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the Emperor of Brazil. He had met Bell a few weeks previously in Boston and spoke to him as an old friend." "Dom Pedro had met Alec at a school for the deaf in Boston. When the emperor greeted Alec, the judges took note. They wanted to see what the emperor's friend had invented." "The centerpiece of the emperor's trip was the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. There, Dom Pedro II sought out a young, relatively obscure teacher at the School of the Deaf named Alexander Graham Bell, with whom he had exchanged letters."

Startled by the emperor's enthusiastic response to Bell's telephone demonstration—during which the emperor exclaimed "My God! It talks!", the crowd of judges and press members became energized and vied to take turns communicating with Bell over his invention.

Bell, who was then a full-time teacher, had not planned to exhibit at the fair because of his heavy teaching schedule and preparation for his student's examinations. He went to Philadelphia only at the stern insistence of Mabel Hubbard, his then-fiancée and future wife and who was an expert multilingual lip reader, deaf since age five.

Mabel had understood Bell's reluctance to go to the exhibition and display his works, so she secretly bought his train ticket to Philadelphia, packed his bag, and then took the unknowing Bell to Boston's train station, where she told her shocked fiancé that he was going on a trip. When Bell started arguing, Mabel turned her sight away from him and became literally deaf to his protests.

Worldwide expansion
In 1879 Gardiner Hubbard founded the International Bell Telephone Company in order to promote sales of its telephone equipment throughout Europe. During his tour of the continent, the Belgian government offered him the greatest financial incentives to establish his European subsidiary's headquarters in their country.

The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) shortly evolved into a holding company for its various telephone service and production divisions, with its major manufacturing arm being the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTMC), which was founded in Antwerp, Belgium, on 26 April 1882. BTMC was created as a joint venture by the International Bell Telephone Company of New York and the Western Electric Company of Chicago, Illinois. BTMC then established la Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell (Bell Telephone Company of Belgium) in the same year as its Belgian operating subsidiary for telephone service, one of several companies that provided such service in the country, the others having evolved principally from telegraph carriers.

BTMC eventually came under complete ownership by Western Electric, and also established other divisions as national companies across Continental Europe and Russia. Western Electric was itself later majority owned by the American Bell Telephone Company, returning indirect control of BTMC back to the Bell organization.

Divestiture of most international divisions
At the close of 1899, the American Bell Telephone Company was acquired, for business purposes, by its own subsidiary, the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T), which then became the head of the monolithic and monopolistic Bell System.

Significant criticism of AT&T (a monopoly) had emerged in the United States that domestic telephone system rates were higher than they needed to be, and that AT&T was using those revenues to subsidize its European operations. Due to that reason and others, and also due to the U.S. Government's regulatory intervention, AT&T president Walter Gifford divested almost all of its international interests in 1925, with the exceptions of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada (now called Bell Canada), and Northern Electric (now called Nortel).

In 1925, the European division and its subsidiaries were sold to the International Telephone & Telegraph Company (IT&T, unaffiliated with AT&T) of Cuba, at the start of that company's meteoric rise in the international telecommunications industry.

Acquisition by AT&T

By 1881, American Bell had acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company from Western Union. Only three years earlier, Western Union had turned down Gardiner Hubbard's offer to sell it all rights to the telephone for US$100,000 (approximately $ in current dollars). In only a few years, Western Union's president would acknowledge that it was a serious business error, one that later nearly led to his company being swallowed up by the newly emerging telecommunications giant into which Bell Telephone would shortly evolve. Western Union was saved from demise only by the U.S. Government's anti-monopoly interventions.

A year earlier in 1880 the management of American Bell had created what would become AT&T Long Lines. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long-distance network with a commercially viable cost-structure. The project was incorporated in New York State as a separate company named American Telephone and Telegraph Company on March 3, 1885. Starting from New York City, its long-distance telephone network reached Chicago, Illinois, in 1892, with its multitudes of local exchanges continuing to stretch further and further yearly, eventually creating a continent-wide telephone system.

On December 30, 1899, the assets of American Bell were transferred into its subsidiary American Telephone and Telegraph Company (formerly only the long lines company); this was because Massachusetts corporate laws were very restrictive, and limited capitalization to $10 million, forestalling American Bell's further growth. With this assets transfer on December 30, 1899, AT&T became the parent of both American Bell and the Bell System.

John Elbridge Hudson joined Bell Telephone as counsel in 1880 and served as president from 1889 to 1900.

Memorials to Bell's invention
In 1906 the citizens of the City of Brantford, Ontario, Canada and its surrounding area formed the Bell Memorial Association to commemorate the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in July 1874 at his parents' home, Melville House, near Brantford. Walter Allward's design was the unanimous choice from among 10 submitted models, winning the competition. The memorial was planned to be completed by 1912 but Allward did not finish it until five years later. The Governor General of Canada, Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, ceremoniously unveiled the memorial on 24 October 1917.

Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome distances. A series of steps lead to the main section where the allegorical figures of Inspiration appears over a reclining male figure representing Man, the inventor, and also pointing to the floating figures of Knowledge, Joy, and Sorrow, positioned at the other end of the tableau. At each end of the memorial there are two female figures mounted on granite pedestals representing Humanity, one sending and the other receiving a message.

The Bell Telephone Memorial's grandeur has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work, propelling the sculptor to fame. The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history, helping the city of Brantford to style itself as 'The Telephone City'.

The Bell Memorial Association also purchased the Bell family's former farmhouse, Melville House, and its orchard at Tutela Heights, opening it as a museum to the family and to the invention of the telephone. In 1996, it was declared a historic landmark, and is now known as the Bell Homestead National Historic Site.

title: Bell Telephone Company


text:
Talk:Brad Norton

WikiProject class rating
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title: Talk:Brad Norton


text: File:Jean de Florette.jpg

title: File:Jean de Florette.jpg


text:
Jasper McLevy

Jasper McLevy (March 27, 1878 – November 20, 1962) was an American politician who served as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut from 1933 until 1957. He was a member of the Socialist Party, later leaving in protest to join the Social Democratic Federation.

Early years
Jasper McLevy was born to Scottish immigrants Hugh and Mary Stewart McLevy in Bridgeport on March 27, 1878. McLevy worked first as a roofer, learning the trade from his uncle after his own father died when he was 14. After reading Edward Bellamy's futuristic, utopian novel Looking Backward, he became a socialist, and helped form the Bridgeport Socialist Party in the early 1900s. The 24-year-old idealist first ran for the Connecticut General Assembly under the Socialist banner in 1902, collecting 215 votes. He ran another 20 unsuccessful campaigns for local, city, state and federal offices over the following years, including nine tries at mayor, the last in 1931. In all these races he ran as a Socialist at a time when socialists were portrayed as anarchists and bomb-throwers.

Mayor of Bridgeport
In the early 1930s, Bridgeport, an industrial city in southern Connecticut, was plagued by corruption and hard hit by the Great Depression. In 1931, voters had ousted the incumbent Republican mayor for Democrat Edward Buckingham and McLevy only lost by a couple thousand votes. By 1933, dissatisfaction had spread to both parties and McLevy trounced the competition, bringing along a Socialist majority on the Board of Aldermen, Bridgeport's city council. While people familiar with local politics had seen the writing on the wall in the 1931 results, the national media was astonished to find the Socialists in control in a New England city.

Contrary to the fears of some, capital did not flee Bridgeport and McLevy began upon a reform agenda rather than a revolution. In a time of reduced revenue due to the Depression and, with city coffers depleted by corruption, McLevy managed to meet the city's obligations and balance the books, even reducing taxes. He withheld the lucrative contract for trash hauling, instituting municipal trash collection, saving the city hundreds of thousands of dollars. He took over Pleasure Beach where concessionaires had been reneging on taxes and rent for years. He began the process of putting all city purchases out for competitive bidding. In one instance when asphalt suppliers all supplied identical bids, he threatened to create a municipal asphalt supplier and broke their cartel. He championed transparency, opening all board and commission meetings to the press and the public ("Operation Goldfish Bowl"). He sold the expensive limousine his predecessor had used. He instituted a merit system in the police and fire departments. McLevy went on to be reelected eleven times.

While he was a Socialist, McLevy was known for his fiscal restraint. When asked, after a snow storm, when the city would begin plowing snow, McLevy allegedly replied, "God put the snow there, let him take it away." McLevy gained a reputation for balancing budgets, reducing spending and micromanaging city affairs. In the vernacular of the time, McLevy was referred to as a "sewer socialist", a pragmatist who focused on the details of running a city.

In the shadow of McLevy's victory, Bridgeport elected several Socialists to the state legislature in 1934.

Even though he was now residing in the mayor's office, McLevy continued to be a perennial candidate for higher office. In a 1938 gubernatorial campaign, he was called a spoiler when his votes made the difference in Republican Raymond E. Baldwin's ouster of incumbent Democrat Wilbur L. Cross.

In 1941, Wesleyan University awarded McLevy an honorary degree.

In 1957, after twenty-four years of service, McLevy was defeated in his bid for reelection as mayor by Samuel J. Tedesco. He ran again, unsuccessfully, in 1959, but finally retired from politics in 1960 due to illness.

McLevy and the Socialists
As early as 1936, left-wing socialists, such as party leader Norman Thomas, accused McLevy, a member of the Old Guard, of paying only "lip service" to socialism. Ultimately, those disagreements led to McLevy taking the Connecticut Socialists out of the National Party briefly in 1938 and permanently in 1950.

McLevy was a member of the conservative wing of the Socialist Party. He was a member of the Provisional Executive Committee of the Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party, established in 1934 in response to the defeat of the Old Guard faction at the 1934 Convention of the Socialist Party in Detroit. When that faction lost in its bid to defeat the radical Declaration of Principles adopted in Detroit in referendum balloting of the SP's rank and file, the more conservative Party members broke away to form the Social Democratic Federation. McLevy joined them and disaffiliated his state party from the national Socialists. This caused friction between McLevy and other local Socialists who stayed with the party, including journalist Devere Allen, a close associate of party leader Norman Thomas, and state representative Jack Bergen.

Death and legacy
McLevy died on November 20, 1962.

His papers are archived at the University of Bridgeport.

McLevy is remembered today as perhaps Bridgeport's second-most famous mayor (the first being P. T. Barnum). McLevy Hall and McLevy Green between Broad and Main Street at State Street are both named for Jasper McLevy.

In 1953 August Claessens, a close ally of McLevy and fellow member of the Social Democratic Federation, described the career and personality of Jasper McLevy as such in his book "Didn't We Have Fun!":
 * Jasper McLevy has been reelected to so many terms that one loses count. Definitely, Jasper was not elected and reelected because the Bridgeport citizens wanted socialism. McLevy's first election was a revolt against a shameless state of corruption and mismanagement cursing the city in which he lived. Jasper is an old, respected and familiar character in Bridgeport. A roofer by trade, a very simple and honest soul, a Scotch-man by lineage, he is noted for his canny shrewdness and sharp business sense. Jasper is also a grand mixer. There is not a civic or social function that he misses. He used to participate — I don't know if he is still able to get around — at every wedding, funeral, house warming and clambake — and go home sober. But his utter simplicity, his complete late of official pride and pomp, and his democratic disposition and good humor, endear him to every Bridgeport man and woman. It looks as if the old party opponents will defeat McLevy only by shooting him.

title: Jasper McLevy


text: User talk:65.33.13.81

title: User talk:65.33.13.81


text:
Gar'in

Gar'in (גרעין, lit. kernel) is a Hebrew term used for groups of people who moved together to Ottoman Palestine, British Palestine, and since 1948, Israel.

Background
Since the beginning of the 20th century, groups of people (usually circles of young friends) moved to Palestine/Israel together. The term "gar'in" originally referred to these groups who came from all across the world. Immigrating in a group provided the support necessary for survival. Many of these groups founded their own kibbutzim. The phenomenon of these groups has been ongoing since before Israel was established in 1948.

A variation of the original Gar'in groups still exist today. Whilst it is rare for gar'in to move to Israel together and form a community, the groups provide support for people interested in moving to Israel. They also provide forums for social-networking, information gathering, and encouragement.

The pre-military program Garin Tzabar facilitates and encourages the immigration of young Jews to Israel and supports them throughout their military service by placing them on Kibbutzim around the country.

More recently, ad-hoc groups unhappy about the socio-political and demographic evolution of the country are getting organised in order to move out of Israel, while preserving aspects of their lifestyle and a sense of community in their new places of settlement abroad.

title: Gar'in


text:
1993 Latur earthquake

The 1993 Latur earthquake struck India at 3:56 am local time (UTC+05:30) on 30 September. The main area affected is the districts of Latur and Osmanabad, including the Ausa block of Latur and Omerga of Osmanabad in Maharashtra, Western India. Fifty-two villages were demolished in the intraplate earthquake. It measured 6.2 on the moment magnitude scale, and approximately 10,000 people died, whilst another 30,000 were injured. The earthquake's hypocenter was around 10 km deep – relatively shallow – allowing shock waves to cause more damage. It is considered the deadliest earthquake in the stable continental crust to have occurred in recorded history.

Because the location does not lie on a plate boundary, there was some debate as to what caused the earthquake. The Indian sub-continent crumples as it pushes against Asia and pressure is released. It is possible that this pressure is released along fault lines. Another argument is that reservoir construction along the Terna was responsible for increasing pressure on fault lines. Killari, where the epicenter of the quake is believed to have been, had a large crater, which remains in place to date.

Background and geology
The Latur area, and indeed peninsular India where it is located, was previously considered having the least possibility of  seismic activity. Prior to 1967 there had been only three recorded notable earthquakes in peninsular India. The Koyna earthquake, a few hundred miles west of Latur in 1967 was the most recent one. Latur area is near the eastern end of Deccan Traps formed by flood basalt. The basalt flows in the area are estimated to be 450 meters thick with the terrain generally flat.

Impact
The earthquake struck at 03:56 local time, when many residents were still celebrating a religious holiday. In Latur District, 817 of its 936 villages were affected; 374 villages were damaged in Osmanabad District. Fifty-two villages were levelled. Estimates of the death toll range from 7,582 to over 11,000. In Killari, more than 1,200 people died and at least 2,847 homes were razed. Within the epicenter area, nearly all livestock were destroyed. The scale of death and destruction was considered disproportionately large for the moderate earthquake magnitude. Poor construction methods and rainy weather which preceded the earthquake contributed to the destruction.

Relief efforts
Several foreign and local donors reacted immediately to the tragedy by sending relief teams and rescue workers. Physicians and staff from Railway Hospital, Solapur and V.M. Medical College, Solapur were amongst the first to reach the site and assisted with treatment of the injured over the next several weeks. The first convoy of over 120 trucks laden with relief material such as tents, blankets, food and clothing, medical supplies and temporary shelters given by international donors departed from Mumbai at around 10am on 2 October 1993. 42nd battalion of MIL, The Indian Army, State Reserve Police Force, Central Reserve Police Force and other law enforcement agencies rushed their personnel almost immediately after the quake, assuming there would be a greater number of casualties.

title: 1993 Latur earthquake


text: User talk:204.29.239.20

title: User talk:204.29.239.20


text: Category:Politics of New Brunswick

title: Category:Politics of New Brunswick


text:
Callimachus (sculptor)

Callimachus (Καλλίμαχος ) was an architect and sculptor working in the second half of the 5th century BC in the manner established by Polyclitus. He was credited with work in both Athens and Corinth and was probably from one of the two cities. According to Vitruvius (iv.1), for his great ingenuity and taste the Athenians dubbed Callimachus katatêxitechnos (literally, 'finding fault with one's own craftsmanship': perfectionist). His reputation in the 2nd century AD was reported in an aside by Pausanias as one "although not of the first rank of artists, was yet of unparalleled cleverness, so that he was the first to drill holes through stones"—that is, in order to enhance surface effects of light and shade in locks of hair, foliage and other details. Thus it is reported that Callimachus was known for his penchant for elaborately detailed sculptures or drapery, though few securely attributed works by him survive.

Corinthian Order
Callimachus is credited with inventing the Corinthian order, which Roman architects erected into one of the Classical orders. The Corinthian order is one of the three classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture, alongside the Doric and Ionic orders. It is characterized by its ornate and decorative capital, featuring acanthus leaves and other botanical motifs. The Corinthian Order was often underutilized due to the popularity of the Doric and Ionic orders at the time. One of the earliest examples of the Corinthian order can be found in the Temple of Apollo at Bassae, built in the mid-5th century BCE. The temple's frieze, which features a procession of figures, is considered one of the finest examples of ancient Greek sculpture. The temple's use of the Corinthian order demonstrates the increasing importance of decoration and ornamentation in ancient Greek architecture.

The Corinthian order continued to be used in ancient Roman architecture, where it was often employed in public buildings such as temples, basilicas, and forums. One notable example is the Temple of Mars Ultor in Rome, built by the emperor Augustus in the 1st century BCE. The temple's intricate Corinthian capitals are considered some of the finest examples of Roman architecture.

Birth of the Corinthian style
"It is related that the original discovery of this form of capital was as follows. A freeborn maiden of Corinth, just of marriageable age, was attacked by an illness and died. After her burial, her nurse, collecting a few little things which used to give the girl pleasure while she was alive, put them in a basket, carried it to the tomb, and laid it on top thereof, covering it with a roof-tile so that the things might last longer in the open air. This basket happened to be placed just above the root of an acanthus. The acanthus root, pressed down meanwhile though it was by the weight, when springtime came round put forth leaves and stalks in the middle, and the stalks, growing up along the sides of the basket, and pressed out by the corners of the tile through the compulsion of its weight, were forced to bend into volutes at the outer edges.

Just then Callimachus, whom the Athenians called katatêxitechnos for the refinement and delicacy of his artistic work, passed by this tomb and observed the basket with the tender young leaves growing round it. Delighted with the novel style and form, he built some columns after that pattern for the Corinthians, determined their symmetrical proportions, and established from that time forth the rules to be followed in finished works of the Corinthian order."

Chryselephantine sculptures
Callimachus was known for his exceptional work in creating chryselephantine sculptures. According to the ancient Greek writer Pliny the Elder, Callimachus was the first to develop the technique of using ivory and gold in his sculptures. He created his chryselephantine sculptures by using a core of wood or other materials, which was then covered with thin sheets of ivory and gold leaf. This technique allowed him to create intricate and detailed sculptures with a lifelike appearance. Further evidence supporting Callimachus's use of the chryselephantine technique can be found in the surviving fragments of his work. The statue of Athena Parthenos was one of his most famous projects that was sculpted using this technique.

Temple of Athena
Callimachus is credited with the sculptures of Nikes on the frieze of the Temple of Athena Nike ("Athena, Bringer of Victory"), by the Propylaea of the Acropolis of Athens. The small temple was commissioned by Pericles shortly before his death in 429, and built ca 427– 410. Pliny mentions his Laconian Dancers. Six ecstatic Maenads attributed to him exist in Roman copies. Callimachus was also part of a team if expert craftsmen including Phidias, who together are credited for the construction of the Athena Parthenos statue in Athens. The statue was about 11.50 meters tall and made of ivory and gold, with details such as the goddess's sandals and cloak rendered in solid gold. Unfortunately, the statue was lost to history and only survives in descriptions and depictions from ancient sources.

The clinging draperies of the above works has led to the original of the Venus Genetrix type (whose draperies are similarly clinging) being also attributed to him.

In the cella of the Erechtheion hung an ingenious golden lamp called asbestos lychnis invented by Callimachus, according to Pausanias' Description of Greece: it needed to be refilled with oil only once a year as the asbestos wick did not burn. Above it hung a bronze palm branch which trapped any rising smoke.

An inscription from Aigai of the late 5th century BC may be attributed to some work of Callimachus and the time when Archelaus invited artists to Macedon.

Ancient sources

 * Pausanias, (I.xxvi.6-7); Vitruvius (IV.1.9-10); Pliny the Elder, Natural History XXXIV.xix.32); Chryselephantine sculpture, (VI.xixx.3-4); Athena Parthenos, (IX.xviii.6-7)

title: Callimachus (sculptor)


text: User talk:198.111.166.82

title: User talk:198.111.166.82


text:
Eddie Jemison

Edward Francis Jemison, Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is an American film and television actor. He is known for his roles as Livingston Dell in the Ocean's film trilogy and Mickey Duka in The Punisher, as well as the television series Hung, iZombie and Chicago Med.

Early life
Jemison was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of Rosalie (née Centanni) and Edward Francis Jemison, Sr. and is of Irish and Italian descent. He was raised in Kenner, Louisiana, and attended a Catholic secondary school, Archbishop Rummel High School. He graduated from Louisiana State University where he was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity.

Career
As an actor in films, Jemison's major breakthrough was the Ocean's franchise, a series of movies in which he played Livingston Dell. He made his directorial debut in 2013 with an independent film called King of Herrings, starring himself and longtime friends Joe Chrest and John Mese, who both also came out of LSU's theatre department. Jemison's wife, Laura Lamson, co-starred in the film as well.

Television career
In the mid-1990s, before launching a film career, he starred in a series of Bud Light commercials with the tagline "Yes, I am". This catchphrase, "Yes, I am," has stuck to Jemison over the years, to the point that he became a little weary of being the "Yes, I am" guy. Other major commercial credits for Jemison included a Wheaties commercial with basketball star Michael Jordan and an appearance alongside football star Joe Montana. Online, Jemison starred in the web series Self Storage. Jemison has also appeared on Late Night with David Letterman.

title: Eddie Jemison


text:
Talk:Hasta (spear)

Hasta doesn't mean spear
??? "Hasta" = "spear"??? this is a bad translation, hasta doesnt mean at all spear, at least in spain, the word "asta" is used to reffer a flag stick, not either an spear that in spanish is "Lanza". My english is not as good as i need to translate the word "Hasta" but ill try: Iremos hasta donde necesitemos = We will go (where)as long as we need
 * The very first words of the article are "Hasta is a Latin word meaning spear". Spear is a very good translation. Many words mean quite different things in other languages and there is nothing special about Spanish: hasta is also Sanskrit word meaning hand. The article title is quite clear that the Hasta in question is a spear; the body of the article is quite clear that this is about the specific type of spear carried by Roman soldiers. Did you, perhaps, come to this article via an inappropriate link? If so, please fix it. There is a disambiguation page for Hasta that might be of assistance. Gaius Cornelius 07:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Hasta Pura
i think that hasta pura should link to this page, but im not sure how to do that yet. i dont see why not because it is mentioned on this page. Sniper201092 (talk) 01:31, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I have created a redirect for Hasta pura. To see what a redirect looks like, see here. Gaius Cornelius (talk) 09:50, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Symbolic Usage
The Symbolic Usage section of the article makes very little sense. Somebody really needs to improve the grammar for that section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 51.9.144.156 (talk) 12:12, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hasta (spear)


text:
Meile Rockefeller

Meile Louise Rockefeller (born December 5, 1955) is an American lawyer, philanthropist, heiress, and real-estate developer. She is the daughter of Rodman Clark Rockefeller and his first wife, Barbara Ann Olsen. Her paternal grandfather was New York Governor and U.S. Vice President Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller. She is a member of the Rockefeller family.

Education
Rockefeller earned a bachelor's degree in political economics from Williams College in 1979 and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from New York University.

Career
Rockefeller is a lawyer, real-estate developer,  drug law reformer, and serves on the board of the Counseling Service of the Eastern District of New York.

Political protest
In 2002, at age 46, Rockefeller was arrested for protesting the "Rockefeller drug laws" which bear the name of her grandfather, who secured their passage as governor of the state of New York in 1973. She was accompanied by her brother, Stuart Rockefeller, and was supported by other members of the family on the issue, including her granduncle Laurance Rockefeller.

title: Meile Rockefeller


text:
Bugle-Observer

The Bugle-Observer is a newspaper based in Woodstock, New Brunswick, which provides local news to Carleton and York Counties. The paper publishes twice weekly, on Tuesday and a weekend edition on Friday.

History
Woodstock's newspaper began as two papers, The Bugle and The Observer in the neighbouring town of Hartland. The papers merged to become the Bugle-Observer and now provides Carleton County with the latest news and events. In 2008 The Bugle-Observer celebrated its 100th anniversary in the Woodstock market, one of the oldest newspapers in New Brunswick. The Bugle-Observer is published Tuesday and the Bugle-Observer Weekend is distributed Friday.

The paper is owned by Postmedia Network. The paper has gone by the name of The Bugle since it began in 1963 until it was sold to Brunswick News in 2003. When the Bugle began there was a rival newspaper called The Sentinel Press. Soon after the merge, a competing paper, called the Carleton Free Press was established by its former publisher, Ken Langdon. That paper folded after a year.

In 2022, the Bugle-Observer was sold along with other Brunswick News brands to Postmedia Network.

title: Bugle-Observer


text:
Carolina (2003 film)

Carolina is a 2003 American-German romantic comedy film directed by Marleen Gorris, starring Julia Stiles, Shirley MacLaine, Alessandro Nivola, Mika Boorem, Randy Quaid, and Jennifer Coolidge. Lisa Sheridan has a cameo role in the film, and Barbara Eden has the uncredited part of Daphne. It is set in Los Angeles, California. Shot in 2003, the film failed to find a distributor and was released direct-to-video in 2004.

Miramax Films was the domestic distributor, but failed to release it in theaters. When Harvey Weinstein screened the film he told the producers, "You have a hit movie on your hands. We're going to blast this on MTV all over Super Bowl Weekend." The producers never heard about it again until 2004 when it was suddenly released direct-to-DVD.

The film began principal photography in July 2001. Kathy Bates was cast in the role of Grandma Millicent Mirabeau, but dropped out after make-up and hair tests due to the shut down of the original production shoot date. Shirley MacLaine eventually stepped in to play the role.

Plot
Carolina Mirabeau was raised 'free-spirited' with her two sisters Georgia and Maine by eccentric, domineering, paternal grandma Millicent in the countryside. When she grows up, she moves into LA, although regularly keeps in contact with them.

Carolina's city neighbor, talented and witty Jewish author Albert Morris, is her best friend and confidant. She is unlucky in love, never getting beyond a third date with anyone. On Thanksgiving they go to Millicent's, where a wide array of colorful characters abound and Albert is shown to be the wacky family's favorite guest.

The girls' father Ted point-blank asks Albert if he's sleeping with Carolina yet, but he insists that maintaining the friendship is the most important. Playing cards with her, Millicent and high-priced hooker Aunt Marilyn, they discuss Daphne St. Claire's romance novels thanks to Carolina, as the pseudonym is actually Albert's.

Carolina, who works for a TV studio where she's a dating show candidates-screener, gets fired for being distracted during a broadcast. Heath Pierson, one of the last show's contestants responsible for her losing her job, asks her out to dinner. Albert comes over to Carolina's with a consilatory chocolate cake, asking her to the movies, but she already has the dinner plans with the 'all too perfect' upper class, brilliant Britton. The date ends on a positive note.

The next day, Carolina helps Georgia haul her things to Millicent's. Not finding the right moment to break the news about her pregnancy, she does it amidst one of their grandmother's typical public outbursts.

Encouraged by Albert to throw caution to the wind, when Heath comes to pick her up to see a show, she throws herself at him. Albert comes by to wish her a happy birthday, which even she had forgotten about, but she ignores his knocking.

The next morning, Albert meets Heath as he's leaving. Later, he and Carolina are in the Hollywood Bowl and he questions her decision to go to bed with him on the second date. She tells him she's invited Heath to Christmas dinner, so Albert leaves perturbed.

When Carolina complains about it to Millicent, she points out she's dense. At the dinner, Albert doesn't bring Debbie who he is supposedly dating. Heath does come, and is both met with open hostilty, and taken aback by how risqué and free everyone is. He leaves early, and Millicent points out he's uptight.

Albert thoughtfully hires two cleaners to pick up after the dinner. He surprises Carolina with a book under his real name, about his great love for her. Shocked, she rejects Albert and they cut off ties. Heath also disappears, so Carolina spends months alone.

One day, Maine finally knows she must submit the lottery numbers she's been slowly collecting over the years, but as a minor isn't able to get the ticket. Meanwhile, Carolina goes to a bookstore to pick up a book for Millicent. The author turns out to be Albert, who is doing a reading from it. She gets called away before hearing too much, as her grandmother has died in a car crash.

Once Carolina is able to recover Millicent's things from her impounded car, they learn she'd been playing Maine's numbers for awhile. Her accident most likely occurred while she was going to buy her winning ticket, but Maine doesn't mind as she says winning might have brought her bad luck.

Aunt Marilyn tells Carolina that Millicent had saved her from her mother's rich parents, who'd almost had her aborted. Carolina finally sees Albert, telling him about her passing, and that she saw his note about her. When she says he must have been who she'd been waiting for, he says no, abruptly leaving.

Three months later, at the Thanksgiving lunch in the countryside, the father of Georgia's baby has moved in and the whole motley crue is there. Just as Caroline is saying a few blessings, Albert shows declaring he plans on coming every year onward, and he and Carolina finally kiss.

title: Carolina (2003 film)


text:
Talk:Regni

Regini
Hovite, I've rewritten this article considerably. Starting the article with a refutation of a theory that isn't widely known doesn't make for readability, so I've set out the "Regnenses" theory (as I understand it) before coming to the refutation based on Jackson and Rivet & Smith. I hope I haven't damaged the sense or misinterpreted any of your edits. Could you check the spelling of the quotes? I assume "emadation" in the Jackson quote should be "emendation", and although I haven't read the particular article, I suspect "Regini" should be "Regni". I've never seen "Regini" used before, but "Regni" is all over the literature. I've included both at the beginning of the article to be on the safe side. I've also amended the Cogidubnus article with the new reconstruction of the Chichester inscription. --Nicknack009 23:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There are now multiple sources for Regini.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  11:37, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Verify source
Five years later, the quote from Jackson still needs verification. "Emadation" is surely a misspelling. --Nicknack009 (talk) 09:52, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This text is no longer in the article, so this is moot.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  11:38, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Ravennas
In Jackson's text, "the reading of the genitive plural tribe name in Ravennas.." should "Ravennas" be given a piped link to the Antonine Itinerary? --Wetman (talk) 23:19, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * This text is no longer in the article, so this is moot.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  11:37, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Took out words from lead
I took out the words " a British Celtic kingdom and later" from the first sentence because the main text doesn't say this: it says, roughly, that the civitas was set up after the Roman conquest out of territory formerly ruled by the Atrebates. Andrew Dalby 19:47, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 4 September 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved (non-admin closure) Havelock Jones (talk) 15:43, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

Regnenses → Regni – When the leading lights of Romano-British history consider *Regneses to be an anachronistic term and non-historical supposition, WP should not be using it as the article title or giving it other WP:UNDUE weight, per WP:FRINGE. Regni is also the most WP:COMMONNAME anyway. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  02:09, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Neutral - either name is appropriate. But of course, it's not up to me to choose. GoodDay (talk) 02:17, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Side note: Why was the order of the names in the intro changed, right before the opening of this RM? GoodDay (talk) 02:33, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * To better reflect the preferences of the cited sources.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:25, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The timing of it, makes it appear as an attempt to influence the outcome of the RM. GoodDay (talk) 15:14, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Leaning agree, as I note the DGRG uses "Regni" and does not mention any other forms of the name in its brief, one-paragraph article (this does not prove that it is correct, but it does show that classical scholarship has used "Regni" in the past as well as today). But I'm not happy about the fact that we have sources arguing with "Regnenses", which seems like a logical derivation of a nominative from longer, inflected forms that cannot easily be obtained from "Regni", but we do not have the sources that use "Regnenses" clearly identified.  If some scholars believe that this is the correct form, or have at least suggested it, then we need to point to them rather than taking sides by presenting only arguments refuting them; otherwise we're violating NPOV.  That doesn't mean we can't pick any of them for the article title, present them in a particular order in the lead, or explain the arguments.  But we can't wallpaper over the fact that some scholarship uses another form that could logically be inferred from the evidence—irrespective of which opinion we as Wikipedians find persuasive.  P Aculeius (talk) 08:42, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Keep in mind we're not in a position to engage in guesswork about what sources may exist and what they might say; we work with the sources we have, even if we also seek more of them over time and revise accordingly. Given that experts like Jackson and Cunliffe have been objecting to Regnenses since the early 1970s, that's half a century now for a strong case to be made for that term, and we don't have such a case being made in the evidence before us. More importantly, a Google Scholar search shows that Regni is overwhelmingly common compared to Regnenses; the latter rarely appears except as an afterthought . (That said, there are some false-positive hits, as regni could also mean 'realms', in unrelated phrases like regni Franconum, 'Frankish realms'.)  I'm reminded of early-20th-century attempts to define various cat breeds as subspecies, with names like Felis catus siamensis. It is sufficient that modern sources which mention these trinomens at all reject them; we do not need to dig into the material of their early proponents for what their rationales were.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:31, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Nobody's being asked to "guess what sources may exist", but Wikipedia guidelines clearly state that we don't remove material on the grounds that it's unsourced without due diligence to identify sources; here we're given an argument that what's written is wrong and clear evidence that it's well-known in the scholarly community, but no sources that use or advocate it. NPOV means not writing one-sided arguments about disputed issues; due diligence means an effort to identify some sort of sources or explanation for the disputed fact, since we know that it's disputed in scholarly writing and that some sources exist to support it.  That hasn't been done in this case; we're just given the sources that deny something and their arguments.  As a result, the discussion and the related proposal to move the article on the basis of that discussion fail NPOV.  Nobody's saying that you have to agree with the scholars who concluded otherwise; but you can't present the argument in such a way that the article represents the opinions of Wikipedia editors on which scholars are right, without even bothering to include a clear explanation of what it is that the sources they're relying upon are railing against.  P Aculeius (talk) 15:53, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't think that concern has anything to do with this RM. No one has requested that the term Regeneses be removed from the article, either.  Rather, this RM is, like most of them, requesting a move to the most common name for the subject.  That said, I don't think there's anything "unclear" about the sources' objections to the term in the first place.  I gather that you want something like a quotation from a proponent of the term, and we could have one, but it is not necessary.  The Google Scholar results clearly show a professional consensus against the term, in favor of Regni, and that is sufficient, just as a scientific consensus that the Siamese cat is simply a color pattern of F. catus and not a subspecies is sufficient, without questionably-encyclopedically rehashing counter-arguments. If there was a clearly significant ongoing/recent debate about it in journals, it would be another matter, but 50-odd years is more than long enough for one to have arisen.  You seem to be assuming no one has looked, but the Scholar results are where to look, and it's not there.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:34, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Not what I'm saying. The article doesn't identify any sources or explain the term in any sense; it only argues—at significant length, given the size of the article—that it's wrong, and that's problematic.  It's not the arguments that have been presented that are unclear; it's why they have to be made in the first place.  Lacking any kind of explanation whatever for the thing that they're arguing against makes the article look biased in favour of one side of a debate, in a way that not addressing it at all did not.  The solution is not to eliminate the argument or present two sides as of equal weight (nobody is asking you to present the—or a—counter-argument); it is simply to fill in the context so that the discussion itself makes sense, and does not depend entirely upon sources advocating a particular opinion.  It really is not relevant whether "Google Scholar" is the gold standard.  Any reliable sources that explain—or lacking a clear explanation or inference, provide—the disputed form of the name would help meet that requirement, whether or not they pop up when consulting "Google Scholar".  Due diligence means actively seeking sources, not writing off the task because one particular tool fails to yield the desired results.  P Aculeius (talk) 09:31, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Comment: I've tried to simplify and declutter the discussion on the names, placing the extended commentary into the reference. I do wish that what we present as one sentence with a clear beginning and end didn't contain four ellipses and span at least four different sentences in the original source—that simply screams "oversimplification" or "manipulated content", even if that is in fact what the source is saying.  Perhaps it would be better paraphrased?  Feel free to revise the in-line citation format I used in the process; I know it was a bit clunky, but it seemed like the best method at the time.  I also managed to identify a modern source that uses "Regnenses", and cited to it.  It's not perfect, but at least it demonstrates that the form is in use.  Otherwise, I think it would be fair to move the article to the proposed title of "Regni", as there seems to be no opposition.  I'd try it myself, but the instructions for closing the discussion appear to forbid me from doing so—and since I'm not an admin, there's a good chance the move would be blocked by a redirect.  P Aculeius (talk) 15:42, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Regni


text:
Snap-dragon (game)

Snap-dragon (also known as Flap-dragon, Snapdragon, or Flapdragon) was a parlour game popular from about the 16th century. It was played during the winter, particularly on Christmas Eve. Brandy was heated and placed in a wide shallow bowl; raisins were placed in the brandy which was then set alight. Typically, lights were extinguished or dimmed to increase the eerie effect of the blue flames playing across the liquor. The game is described in Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755) as "a play in which they catch raisins out of burning brandy and, extinguishing them by closing the mouth, eat them". According to an article in Richard Steele's Tatler magazine, "the wantonness of the thing was to see each other look like a demon, as we burnt ourselves, and snatched out the fruit". Snap-dragon was played in England, Canada, and the United States, but there is insufficient evidence of the practice in Scotland or other countries.

Meanings
The words snap-dragon and flap-dragon can refer to the game, the raisins used in the game, or the bowl with brandy and raisins. Other senses of flap-dragon are that of something worthless or trivial, as in "A Flap-dragon for your service, Sir!" from William Congreve's The Way of the World, and "a contemptuous term for a Dutchman or German". In The Winter's Tale, Shakespeare used it to describe a moment when a ship at sea is instantly swallowed up by a storm.

Ingredients
The liquid used in snap-dragon was typically brandy, although similar flammable liquors could also be used. Traditionally, raisins were the treat to be snatched; William Sandys specifies Málaga raisins. Other treats could also be used. Of these, almonds were the most common alternative or addition, but currants, candied fruit, figs, grapes, and plums also featured. Salt could be sprinkled in the bowl. The low bowl was typically placed in the middle of a table to prevent damage from the inevitable splashes of burning brandy. In one variation a Christmas pudding is placed in the centre of the bowl with raisins around it.

Traditions
Most sources describe snap-dragon as a Christmas tradition, but Blain suggests that in the United States it was played at Halloween, and Platt notes: "The game was one particular to Halloween or Christmas or Twelfth Night; I will not specify which, because in the first place I do not know, and in the second place if I were to make a mistake I would be held up to ridicule and all my statements overthrown"

There were several other traditions surrounding the game of snap-dragon. Mary F. Blain describes the belief that the person who snatches the most treats out of the brandy will meet their true love within a year. In another tradition, one of the raisins contains a gold button and becomes "the lucky raisin". The person who fishes the raisin out can claim a reward or boon (favor) of their choosing. In the short story Master Sandy's Snapdragon by Elbridge S. Brooks, snap-dragon is played in the royal household of James I of England. Young Prince Charles (later Charles I of England) catches the lucky raisin, and as his favor, requests the freedom of Walter Raleigh.

According to Robert Chambers' Book of Days (1879) the game was accompanied by a chant:

Literary references
The first printed references to snap-dragons or flap-dragons are in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost (1594):

and in Henry IV, Part 2 (1598):

John Dryden refers to them in his play The Duke of Guise (1683):

Snap-dragons were also described in Isaac D'Israeli's The Curiosities of Literature (1791–1823). However, at this time it was not a parlour game but a drinking game, with the snap-dragons being "small combustible bodies fired at one end and floated in a glass of liquor, which an experienced toper swallowed unharmed, while yet blazing". Sandys cites a related variant of Snap-dragon where a lit candle end is placed in a cup of ale or cider; the aim is to quaff the liquor without singeing one's face.

The first reference to snap-dragon explicitly as a parlour game is in Francis Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1811): "Christmas gambol: raisins and almonds being put into a bowl of brandy, and the candles extinguished, the spirit is set on fire, and the company scramble for the raisins."

By the mid-19th century snap-dragon was firmly entrenched as a Christmas parlour game. In this sense it is referenced in 1836 in Charles Dickens' The Pickwick Papers and in 1861 in Anthony Trollope's novel Orley Farm. Lewis Carroll, in Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871) describes "A snap-dragon-fly. Its body is made of plum pudding, its wings of holly-leaves, and its head is a raisin burning in brandy."

Snap-dragon is mentioned in T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone (1938); although ostensibly set in the Middle Ages, the novel is full of such anachronisms.

Agatha Christie's book Hallowe'en Party describes a children's party (in which a child's murder causes Poirot to be brought in) where snap-dragon is played at the end of the evening.

In The Dark Flight Down by Marcus Sedgwick, chapter 5 describes a game of snapdragon played during the wake of Director Korp. The rules are described as a drinking game, whereby should a player drop the raisin, they have to take a shot. Boy recalls Valerian playing (and winning) the game with absinthe as the alcohol which burns, including how he used to show off as the game wore on.

Origins
In the English play Lingua (1607) the practice is said to come from classical antiquity: "When Hercules had killed the flaming dragon of Hesperia with the apples of that orchard, he made this fiery meat; in memory whereof he named it Snapdragon." Brooks' Master Sandy's Snapdragon suggests another mythical origin, relating the fire of snap-dragons to Saint George and the dragon. Chambers suggests that it hearkens back to druidic fire-worship. According to the Oxford English Dictionary entry for flapdragon, "the original sense may have been identical with a dialectal sense of snapdragon, viz. a figure of a dragon's head with snapping jaws, carried about by the mummers at Christmas; but of this there is no trace in our quot[ation]s".

Science
Michael Faraday, in his essay The Chemical History of a Candle (1860), suggested that the raisins in snap-dragon act like miniature wicks. The concept is similar to that of burning brandy on top of Christmas puddings—the brandy is burning, but is not burning at a high enough temperature to consume the raisins. Nevertheless, children often burned their hands or mouths playing this game, which may have led to the practice mostly dying out in the early 20th century, while persisting in some families.

title: Snap-dragon (game)