text:
User talk:Jmackaerospace

Talk Pages
It is customary not to edit talk pages for content nor remove talk content as you did on Ring a Ring O'Roses. It also customary to add discussion at the end of section rather than at the top of them,as you did on Ring a Ring O'Roses. New discussion sections should be added at the end of all current discussions on talk pages. Thanks for all your help and I hope you don't mind me correcting these additions on the talkpage. leontes 17:22, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on True Scotsman, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the page's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself.

If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Corvus cornix talk  22:16, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

I tagged it because, as I indicated, it's nonsense. You may also want to read the policy on original research. Corvus cornix talk  01:25, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of True Scotsman
An article that you have been involved in editing, True Scotsman, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/True Scotsman. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Corvus cornix talk  01:27, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Your recent edits
Hi there. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. If you can't type the tilde character, you should click on the signature button located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your name and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you! --SineBot (talk) 18:41, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

On the Autocannon page, you said that "mechanically fed" is more technically accurate, but that implies it works like an autoloader, and they do not. There is no mechanical mechanism feeding shells into it. They are fed by gravity, a belt, or in some cases, a detachable magazine. A belt is the most common, especially in modern versions. We don't say a machine gun is mechanically fed either. --Trifler (talk) 23:05, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Nom 1 and 2
Hi mackaerospace, I hope your article survives AfD and when it does, suggest you self nominate it* for Did You Know (DYK) or let me know and I will. cheers, Julia Rossi (talk) 03:25, 13 May 2008 (UTC) * within five days of putting those references into the body of the text. : ) JR
 * Hi again, even one solid ref is enough for delete protection -- articles can float around on refs from newspapers and magazines because they're third party sources, not OR. Quick tutorial: and a section

==References== will scoop them all into the list automatically. Best, Julia Rossi (talk) 23:57, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I've just got your note and asked someone who's been through it. Will let you know as soon as they get back. Of course it's a "he" -- If you think the Scottish Wiks notice board will be fair, it's a good idea. Take a look at some threads to judge how they handle things (there may still be a cringe factor as appeared on the AfD page but others are proud in the right way so...). You could wait until its up on DYK noms first to give it some cred.

The other thing is two things: 1) follow up the section you suggested adding on the AfD page, and 2) when you have time maybe something about the cringe factor could go into the article itself with a tiny reflection on why that is in a historical context. Then when it's got legs, you could email a suitable Scottish rag to tell them about it? Legs and more legs. Oh, three, so I lied too, ; ) Julia Rossi (talk) 23:31, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Am still in process, but you might like to look at the wording at my sandbox here and change it or write something better, however you like, Julia Rossi (talk) 02:01, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

5/17 DYK

 * Congratulations! Three firsts for you, Jmack : )  Julia Rossi (talk) 22:42, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Oxford Brookes University
Hi, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. Your 21 October 2011 talk page comments on Talk:Oxford Brookes University were not added to the bottom of the page. New discussion page messages and topics should always be added to the bottom. Your message has been moved down by me. In the future you can use the "New section" link in top right. For more details see talk page guidelines. Happy New Year! --220  of  Borg 05:30, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Sporran misconception
I can't see any explanation why this unsourced section should appear in the Sporran article. Having a problem with other editors adding unsourced rubbish is not a reason to have an unsourced explanation in the article telling them they are wrong. It is a reason for having policies about citing content and removing the unsourced rubbish. This cuts both ways; your content requires cites too. And what some mistaken editor may incorrectly believe is of no interest to Wikipedia, or its readers.

Otherwise would be justifiable to explain that sporrans running the hills with the wild haggis is also a misconception? You know, to stop people adding it? I can't demonstrate that anyone has this misconception, and I certainly don't have any sources that say it is a misconception, but it's just as valid as what you've added. See, there's an infinite number of untrue things that might be added, but we don't concern ourselves with what isn't true without a cite. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 18:04, 23 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, you cannot use websites reproducing older versions of the Sporran article as cites. Wikipedia cannot cite itself.  Besides which, these do not support what you say as they do not describe anything as a misconception. You are the one saying it is a misconception. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 18:24, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for August 31
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited The Squad (film), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Greenhorn. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:28, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for April 3
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited HMS Ulysses (novel), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Dive Bomber. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:57, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:23, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jmackaerospace


text: User talk:69.88.8.147

title: User talk:69.88.8.147


text:
USS Flusser (DD-368)

The fourth USS Flusser (DD-368) was a Mahan-class destroyer in the United States Navy before and during World War II. She was named for Charles W. Flusser.

History
Flusser was launched 28 September 1935 by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey; sponsored by Mrs. F. W. Packard; and commissioned 1 October 1936.

Flusser sailed from New York 1 December 1936 for a shakedown cruise which found her operating with Squadron 40-T, a unit formed to protect American interests in the Western Mediterranean during the Spanish Civil War. She returned to Hampton Roads 9 February 1937, and for the next 5 months operated along the east coast as far north as Maine. On 16 July, she arrived at San Diego, California, her base for Pacific and Caribbean operations until October 1939, aside from a 2-week visit to Washington earlier that year.

World War II
Based at Pearl Harbor, she took part in intensive training operations with ships of all types, and on 5 December 1941 put to sea screening Lexington (CV-2). Thus away from base at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Flusser's force sought the retiring Japanese after the attack, then returned to their devastated home port 12 December. Through April 1942, Flusser sailed on convoy escort duty between Pearl Harbor and the west coast, and then cleared for Palmyra Atoll, where on 21 April she landed a small marine garrison. Continuing on, she began a period of escort and patrol service out of various southwest Pacific ports, on several occasions putting into Australian ports.

Overhauled at Pearl Harbor between July 1942 and February 1943, Flusser returned to escort, antisubmarine, and training operations in the southern Solomon Islands. After replenishing at Pearl Harbor between 25 July and 4 August 1942, Flusser returned to Efate 17 August to resume escort and patrol operations to the Fiji Islands, Espiritu Santo, Samoa, and Tonga, returning to Pearl Harbor for overhaul between September and February 1943. Once more at Espiritu Santo 17 February, Flusser again escorted convoys of auxiliaries as well as warships among southwest Pacific bases, to and from Australia, and to Guadalcanal. She returned from Australia to Milne Bay 22 August, and based here for the New Guinea operation. Participating in the landings at Lae and Finschhafen, she conducted preinvasion bombardment, gave fire support cover to the assaults, escorted reinforcement and re-supply convoys, and on 22 September, attacked and sank three Japanese barges at Finschhafen. Flusser next participated in the bombardment and landing at Arawe, New Britain, and had similar duty in the occupation of Cape Gloucester and Saidor.

1944 – 1945
From 11 January 1944 to 30 January, Flusser had a brief overhaul; she then took part in exercises in Australian waters, returning to Milne Bay for duty escorting convoys to Saidor and Cape Gloucester, and taking part in the landings on Los Negros, Admiralty Islands. Her constant activity in the New Guinea area made a west coast overhaul imperative, and she received this at Mare Island between April and June.

Departing Pearl Harbor 1 August 1944, Flusser escorted a convoy to Eniwetok, and arrived at Majuro 16 August for 6 weeks of duty patrolling off the bypassed Japanese-held atolls in the southern Marshall Islands. On 7 September, in an engagement with a shore battery on Wotje, nine of her men were wounded. Leaving Majuro 1 October on escort duty to Eniwetok, Ulithi, and Hollandia, she sailed north for San Pedro Bay, arriving 29 October for patrol duty in Leyte Gulf and Surigao Strait. On 18 November, she shot down a kamikaze plane, which crashed so close aboard that the pilot's parachute landed on the ship's forecastle.

Continuing her support of the Philippines operation, Flusser escorted reinforcement convoys to Leyte from Hollandia, and on 4 December 1944, received damage from the near miss of a Japanese suicide plane. A heavy air attack was launched at her group the next day, during which Flusser downed several planes, and rescued survivors of LSM-20 following a kamikaze attack. The destroyer sailed from Leyte 6 December to cover the landings at Ormoc Bay, and next day her group was attacked by the first of many waves of suicide planes. Flusser shot down at least one of these, and aided survivors of stricken ships, screening Lamson (DD-367) back to San Pedro.

Flusser sailed to Hollandia and Biak to prepare for the Lingayen operation, and arrived in Lingayen Gulf escorting the second group of reinforcements 13 January 1945. She covered the landings at Nasugbu on 31 January, then participated in the assault at Puerto Princesa, Palawan, as well as convoying escort forces between Leyte, Mindoro, and Palawan.

Flusser remained in the Philippines, joining in the landings on Cebu 26 March 1945 and escorting support convoys to that island, then escorted resupply convoys from Morotai to Polloc Harbor and Davao Gulf until 1 July. She participated in the Balikpapan operation, covering the landings, and escorting ships from Morotai, until 20 July, when she arrived at Manila. After brief overhaul, she sailed 31 August for escort duty to Okinawa, then arrived at Sasebo 16 September for occupation duty. Her officers served on teams inspecting Japanese naval and merchant shipping at Sasebo until 29 October, when the destroyer departed for San Diego, arriving 19 November.

Fate
During the summer of 1946, Flusser took part in Operation Crossroads, the atomic weapons tests in the Marshalls. She returned to Pearl Harbor from this duty 14 September, and on 12 November arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, where she was decommissioned 16 December 1946 and sold 6 January 1948.

Flusser received eight battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Flusser (DD-368)


text:
G. S. Pradeep

Gangadharanpillai Soudaminithankachi Pradeep (born 15 May 1972) is an Indian television personality and a public intellectual.

Personal life
He was born to retired headmaster P. K. Gangadharan Pillai and Late Soudamini Thankachi. He is most notable for appearing on Aswamedham, being featured in the Limca Book of Records. He is also notable for appearance in program named Oru Nimisham aired by All India Radio (Aakashavani). He is also a professional snake n ladder player and a state level carrom and the author of 5 books. He was a contestant in the reality show 'Malayalee House' aired in Surya TV which as he confessed later, was one of the worst ventures he ever took in life. He has also directed a film, Swarna Malsyangal.

Other shows

 * Malayalam
 * Oru Kodi as Participant
 * Manyamahajanagale as Judge
 * Comedy Stars season 2 as celebrity judge
 * Yours truly as Guest
 * Charithram enniloode as Guest
 * Comedy Super Night 2 as Guest
 * Ente Deivam as Guest
 * Oru Nimisham as Participant
 * Onnum Onnum Moonu as Guest
 * Manassil Oru Mazhavillu as Guest
 * Malayalee House as Participant

Filmography

 * Varum Varunnu Vannu (2003)
 * Swarna Malsyangal (2019) as Director

title: G. S. Pradeep


text:
Talk:A History of the World in 10½ Chapters

List of chapters
...would be nice. Unfortunately I don't have the book anymore. I actually came here looking information about the hostage chapter. Was it based on a real event? Anyone know when it happened? Piet 12:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

1. The Stowaway 2. The Visitors 3. The Wars of Religion 4. The Survivor 5. Shipwreck 6. The Mountain 7. Three Simple Stories 8. Upstream! Parenthesis 9. Project Ararat 10. The Dream

Not sure how to format that for inclusion in the article, though. As to the hostage question, I've no idea. Mgriffin 02:19, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've just thrown it in. Formatting of the parenthesis is a bit difficult and not satisfactory. Hope someone can improve it. Piet 08:47, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

The Survivor
Chapter four, "The Survivor", is not set in the future. The "history" part of the book's title should have made this fact quite obvious. It's a fictional story surrounding the real world Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident in 1986. There is also no outline of the third chapter, "The Wars of Religion". Lupus Gonzales (talk) 14:21, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * OK: it's set in a world in which the Chernobyl disaster was "the first big accident" and there have been reports that the world is on the brink of nuclear war. I suppose it could be set between 1986 and 1989. Humphrey Jungle (talk) 11:53, 22 June 2009 (UTC)


text:
Separated at birth

Separated at birth, usually phrased as a question, is a light-hearted media device for pointing out people who are unrelated but bear a notable facial resemblance, implying that they are twins who were separated soon after being born and presumably adopted by separate families.

The title "Separated at Birth?" was a trademark of Spy Publishing Partners, the publishers of the now defunct Spy magazine, a monthly publication that published satire, humor, and investigative journalism from 1986 to 1998. The magazine would pair two carefully selected photos of two unrelated famous persons and the juxtaposition would highlight their physical similarities to humorous effect.

There were several Separated at Birth? books issued around the same time, with whimsical comparisons such as Mick Jagger vs. Don Knotts as the fictional film character The Incredible Mr. Limpet.

title: Separated at birth


text:
Colin Egar

Colin John "Col" Egar (30 March 1928 – 4 September 2008) was an Australian Test cricket umpire.

Born in Malvern, South Australia, Egar umpired in 29 Test matches between 1960 and 1969.

First-class debut
Egar started his career as an umpire of Australian rules football and quickly gained a reputation for being a forthright arbiter. He became an umpire in district cricket, and gained a reputation for his willingness to no-ball suspicious bowlers for throwing. In his district career, he called bowlers on eight occasions, not counting multiple no-ball calls against a bowler in the same match.

Egar made his first-class umpiring debut during the 1956–57 season when he stood in South Australia's home Sheffield Shield match against Queensland at the Adelaide Oval. This was Egar's only appointment for the season. At the time, there were no neutral umpires, and the host association provided the officials, so Egar's Sheffield fixtures all took place at the Adelaide Oval. During that era, the Shield program consisted of eight matches for each state, with four home games.

The following season, Egar became more of a regular, standing in three of the four matches at Adelaide Oval. In 1958–59, Egar stood in all but one of South Australia's three home Shield matches, and officiated a game involving an international team for the first time. He oversaw two matches between South Australia and the touring England cricket team of Peter May, but he was not appointed in any of the five Tests.

At the end of this season, the veteran Australian Test umpire Mel McInnes retired after a controversial season and a series of questionable decisions that prompted May and English manager Freddie Brown to call for his standing down. This left a vacancy for an Australian Test umpire. During the 1959–60 Australian summer, there were no home Tests as the national team was in the Indian subcontinent. In the meantime, Egar stood in all four Shield matches at the Adelaide Oval. The 1960–61 season saw the first Tests on Australian soil since McInnes's retirement. Egar stood in South Australia's matches against Victoria, the West Indies and Tasmania, before being selected to make his Test debut.

In the match against Victoria, he made his first throwing call against a bowler at first-class level. During the match, Egar no-balled South Australian fast bowler Brian Quigley twice on the first day as Victoria batted first. He did so from the bowler's end as Quigley was trying to extract extra pace from the slow pitch. As the calls were made from the bowler's end, almost all of the spectators thought it was for Quigley overstepping the bowling mark, the most common mode of infringement; the fact that Egar made called the bowler for throwing only became apparent to most in the newspapers the next day. Quigley changed his action, but his results thereafter were not enough to gain selection.

Test debut in the Tied Test
His first match was between Australia and the West Indies at Brisbane on 9–14 December 1960. The game resulted in the first tie in Test match history when Egar's partner Col Hoy adjudged Ian Meckiff run out during the final over of the match. Hoy and Egar stood in every match of that most dramatic of all Test series, and the West Indies captain Frank Worrell was full of praise for the umpiring in that tension-filled series. Hoy wrote in the newspapers about his experiences at the end of the season; at the time, the practice of player and officials concurrently doing media work was heavily frowned upon and he never umpired a Test again.

Due to his Test commitments, Egar stood in only two Shield matches for the season. In the following summer, 1961–62, Egar stood in all four Adelaide Oval Shield matches as well as a match against a touring New Zealand team. There were no Tests during the season. In the match against New Zealand, he no-balled South Australian paceman Gordon Brooks for throwing in the sixth ball of his first over. It was Brooks' tenth first-class match, having made his debut in the same season. Egar had ruled Brooks legitimate in four previous matches at first-class level, but had no-balled him in a district match in Adelaide. However, Brooks played in a further 16 matches for South Australia over the following three years without incident.

During the 1962–63 season, Egar officiated in Ashes Tests against England for the first time, standing in four of the five Tests, missing the Third Test at Sydney. He stood in four of South Australia's home matches, two in the Shield, and the others against England.

Ian Meckiff
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there was increasing concern in the cricket community about illegal bowling actions, especially as during that period there were only home umpires, rather than officials from third nations. Several conferences were held to discuss issues of enforcement and modifications to the laws of cricket. One of the main points of controversy was the Australian fast bowler Ian Meckiff, whose action had particularly angered the English press and parts of the cricket community. During the Tests in 1960–61, as well as in other first-class matches, Egar officiated over Meckiff's bowling, and deemed his bowling legitimate. The bowler noted that the umpire had told him that there was little point in changing his action.

Meckiff was not selected in Tests after some poor performances in 1960–61. In 1962–63, Meckiff was again under the spotlight. He topped the bowling averages for the Australian first-class season with 58 wickets at 19.86 from ten matches, as Victoria won the Sheffield Shield. Meckiff was hoping to regain his Test place, but was not selected despite his success. Problems arose when he was no-balled in separate matches, by Jack Kierse in a match hosted by South Australia, and another hosted by Queensland. In both matches he continued bowling without further incident.

Meckiff's performances as the leading wicket-taker during the 1962–63 season meant that he could not be justifiably denied national selection on grounds of productivity, so the matter of his legitimacy had to be resolved. Meanwhile, the retirement of pace spearhead Alan Davidson left a vacancy in the Australian team ahead of the 1963–64 home Test series against South Africa. In the first two matches of the season in Melbourne, Meckiff took 11 wickets and was recalled to the team for the First Test in Brisbane.

At the start of the season, the Australian Board of Control had issued a directive calling on the umpires to "get tough" in enforcing the laws of cricket, and asked the state associations to "back the umpires to the fullest extent". In the lead-up to the Test, Meckiff was the centre of media attention, and one report described him as cricket's "bogey man". The South Africans were reportedly stunned by Meckiff's selection, giving the impression that they considered him an illegitimate bowler. Reaction in England was also hostile, ahead of Australia's forthcoming tour in the English summer of 1964. They unequivocally called Meckiff a thrower.

The Brisbane Test was dubbed "Meckiff's Test" by the Australian media; speculation abounded that the bowler was being chosen so that he could be no-balled as a public relations effort to promote Australia's anti-throwing credentials. Keith Miller predicted that the umpires Egar and Lou Rowan would be having sleepless nights and claimed that the selectors would be biting their fingernails, and that he Meckiff might be a scapegoat for the anti-throwing movement. Many were taken aback by the circumstances of the selection. As a close friend of the fast bowler, umpire Egar was in a difficult situation; the duo had won a pairs lawn bowling competition just a few months earlier. Nevertheless, the paceman and umpire socialised freely at the pre-match function.

Incident
In the match, Australia batted first. On the second day, South Africa began to bat just after the luncheon interval. Graham McKenzie conceded 13 runs from the first over. Meckiff then took the ball for the second over, bowling from the Vulture Street End to South African captain Trevor Goddard. At the same time, the South African manager Ken Viljoen set up a camera and began filming the left-armer's bowling action. Meckiff was no-balled four times by Egar—who was standing at square leg—in what would be his only over of the match. After the Victorian bowled a gentle "loosener" as his first ball, the drama began. Egar ruled the second, third, fifth and ninth balls to be throws, and therefore illegitimate. After the third and fifth balls—the latter a full toss that Goddard hit for four—Benaud came over to consult his fast bowler. After the ninth ball, Meckiff and Benaud had another meeting, and the remaining three balls were deemed to be fair. In the meantime, the crowd roared loudly, heckling Egar and supporting the beleaguered bowler. Meckiff had previously been passed in five countries, having played Tests in four of these nations. Egar had cleared his bowling on five previous occasions, in three Shield matches and two Tests; the Victorian had bowled 119.1 overs in these games without incident. Egar later said "My only judgement was what I saw at the time". Benaud removed his paceman from the attack and Meckiff did not bowl again in the match. He retired from all forms of cricket at the end of the game, but continued to proclaim that his bowling action was fair.

Barry Gibbs, the secretary of the Queensland Cricket Association and the manager of the Australian team, said that the "humiliation" of Meckiff was "without a doubt the most dramatic and emotion-charged" sporting moment he had witnessed. Egar's actions also ignited "one of the most emotional crowd displays in Test history", as the public backed the paceman. During Meckiff's over, the crowd expressed strong disapproval of the umpire's calls. Half an hour before the close of the day's play, proceedings were suspended for two minutes as the crowd repeatedly chanted "We want Meckiff". When play ended, spectators stormed the field and carried the fast bowler off the arena on their shoulders, hailing him as a hero. They then returned to the field and formed two lanes, booing Egar from the ground. After this incident, the Queensland Police escorted the umpire to and from the match venue. The police presence at the ground was increased because of fears that the crowd might attack Egar or Benaud. During the Second Test, which was held in Meckiff's home town of Melbourne, Egar was given a police escort throughout the match after receiving death threats.

Reaction
During a rest day after the second day's play the media dissected the events of the previous afternoon. The majority of reporters believed that all of Meckiff's deliveries had been bowled with an identical action. Louis Duffus wrote that he felt "sympathy for Meckiff as well as admiration for Egar." The South African Charles Fortune wrote that Meckiff's action was "not according to the laws of cricket" although he would not call the Australian bowler a "chucker". England captain Ted Dexter implied that Meckiff was throwing, saying that "one courageous Australian umpire has brought it to a timely end".

Team manager Gibbs reported that at the end of the first day's play the Australian dressing room was stunned into silence. Egar asked Benaud for permission to enter, and after the Australian captain allowed him in, the umpire sat quietly for a period before speaking to some other players and then to Meckiff. The pair were close friends, and shook hands before putting their arms around one another's shoulders. The condemned bowler did not take Egar's judgment personally and did not have hard feelings about the incident. Egar said that he was "the second most upset person in the world", and later added that he thought Meckiff's first ball was suspect. He said that he could have called more deliveries, but was worried that the over would never end.

Benaud received criticism for not bowling Meckiff again at the other end, but Rowan later indicated that he would have agreed with Egar, writing in his book that the action was illegitimate. Retired Test umpires Hoy and Les Townsend were watching at the ground when Meckiff was called. The day after the incident, both asserted that they would not have no-balled the paceman, claiming that Meckiff's action, though unusual, was legitimate.

Meckiff later agreed to a series of ghost-written articles about the no-ball incident. He said that Egar's calls "hit him like a dagger in the back", but described the umpire as "a fair and just man who acted according to his convictions".

Allegations of a conspiracy
Sections of the cricket community believed that Meckiff was no-balled to prove that Australia was serious about dealing with the wave of complaints regarding suspected throwing in the 1950s and 1960s. A dinner hosted by board member Don Bradman in January 1963 for visiting state captains was later cited to suggest that Meckiff may have been a sacrificial offering. At the dinner, Bradman had showed film of Meckiff among others, which purportedly depicted incriminating actions. This indicated Bradman's doubts over Meckiff's legitimacy, yet Bradman was one of the selectors who oversaw Meckiff's inclusion.

Many members of the Australian media alleged a conspiracy against Meckiff, using words such as "the whole affair smacks of a set-up", "obvious fall-guy", and "sacrificial goat". Several called for Bradman and his colleagues to resign. Cricketer-turned-journalist Dick Whitington cited the fact that Egar and Bradman had travelled from Adelaide to the Brisbane Test together as evidence of a plot. Gibbs later claimed that the selection of an extra bowler for the match hinted at fears that Meckiff would not be able to bowl. Alan Connolly remained adamant that his teammate's action was legitimate and implied a conspiracy, saying "I wasn't amazed [by Egar's call]...There was a good reason for that which I can't disclose and won't disclose." Tom Veivers, who made his Test debut for Australia in Meckiff's last match, hinted at the same. He recalled that Rowan had said "It's going to be a very interesting game" at the pre-match function. For his part, Egar always denied any conspiracy had occurred or that he agreed to a premeditated course of events against Meckiff.

Egar stood in all five Tests as well as four of South Australia's home matches during 1963–64. The following season, he stood in Australia's only Test against Pakistan and four matches at Adelaide Oval.

Eddie Illingworth
During the same season, 1964–65, Egar no-balled a fourth and final bowler during his career, Victoria's Eddie Illingworth. The bowler had made his first-class debut two and a half years. This had been controversial as he had twice been no-balled for throwing by two different umpires in Victorian Premier Cricket prior to his selection. Despite taking a total of 7/71 on debut, Illingworth was overlooked for further state selection for over two years. Illingworth's best performance in a Sheffield Shield match was against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval in November 1964, the same match in which he was called.

Illingworth took 4/92 in South Australia's first innings but was no-balled a total of three times by Egar and his partner Jack Ryan, both standing at square leg. He was called twice by Egar on the second and fourth deliveries of his eleventh over, and once by Ryan on the sixth ball of his fourteenth over. In the same fourteenth over, Illingworth had dismissed former Pakistani Test batsman Duncan Sharpe and Australian Test wicket-keeper Barry Jarman from the first and fourth deliveries respectively. Victorian captain Bill Lawry chose not to remove Illingworth and continued to bowl him. The state selectors were reluctant to pick Illingworth for Victoria because of the throwing allegations that surrounded him and he played in only two more matches.

In 1965–66, Egar had the busiest season of his career. He stood in all five Anglo-Australian Tests, two matches between South Australia and England, and three of his state's home Shield matches. The following summer, Egar stood in all four Shield matches at Adelaide Oval while the Test team were away in South Africa. In 1967–68, Egar stood in all four Tests against India in addition to three Shield matches and two fixtures between South Australia and India and New Zealand respectively.

Egar stood in all five Tests of the West Indian tour of Australia in 1968–69. He also officiated in two Shield matches and two games between South Australia and the West Indies at Adelaide Oval.

Egar's last match, also against the West Indies, was at Sydney from 14 to 20 February 1969. The match was won by Australia by 382 runs after Bill Lawry, the Australian captain, delayed his second-innings declaration until Australia led by 734 runs. In this match Doug Walters became the first batsman to score a double century and a century in the same match, with scores of 242 and 103. Egar's colleague was Lou Rowan.

The following season, the Test team were in India and South Africa, and Egar stood in all four of South Australia's home Shield fixtures. In 1970–71, Egar stood in one Shield match and then the tour game between South Australia and Ray Illingworth's touring Englishmen in October, and retired after the match, not standing in the Tests. During the 1960s he umpired 29 out of 30 Test matches played in Australia.

Administration
Following his umpiring career, Egar turned to cricket administration, managing a number of Australian Test teams, and was the Australian Cricket Board's chairman from 1989 to 1992. Ironically, in the Australian tour of Pakistan in 1988, Egar protested to the Pakistan Board of Control over the umpiring of Mahboob Shah, following an innings loss on a grassless pitch which captain Allan Border described as a conspiracy from the word go. Steve Waugh, a member of the team, quoted Egar as claiming the umpiring is totally unacceptable. The tour was in danger of being abandoned, but Egar insisted it progress as scheduled.

Criticism of throwing
Egar remained outspoken about bowling actions that he considered to be dubious in his later life. He was strongly critical of the action of the Sri Lankan world record-breaking spinner Muttiah Muralitharan. In 2002, he criticised Wisden for ranking Muralitharan the best bowler in Test history, citing his bowling action. After Muralitharan broke the world record for career Test dismissals, Egar said "As far as I am concerned they should have a separate record for bowlers with illegal actions...I've got a photo at home of Murali's arm bending at 48 degrees." Egar criticised laboratory tests on Muralitharan at the University of Western Australia as "rubbish...The only tests that matter are those conducted under match conditions...The administrators of the game have got to take the blame for letting his action go."

A public bar at the Adelaide Oval is named the "Col Egar Bar" as a tribute to him.

Egar died in September 2008 following a long illness.

title: Colin Egar


text:
Friday the Thirteenth (album)

Friday the Thirteenth is a live album by the English rock band the Stranglers, released in 1997 by Eagle Records.

To mark the twenty-first anniversary of their original recording contract with United Artists Records, the Stranglers played to a sold out Royal Albert Hall (London, UK) with an eighteen-piece string orchestra (the Electra Strings). Friday the Thirteenth presents part of the set (these songs, plus the remainder of the set can be found on the accompanying DVD release). Composer and musician Jocelyn Pook makes contributions to the songs "Waltz in Black", "Valley of the Birds", "Daddy's Riding the Range", "Golden Brown" and "No More Heroes".

Critical reception
Jack Rabid, writing for AllMusic, gave the album a negative one-and-a-half star review, calling its sound "clear but dull, flat, and lifeless," and the production "soulless." He also criticised vocalist Paul Roberts' performance, clearly not satisfied with him as replacement for original singer Hugh Cornwell, calling him a "facile, slick hack." Rabid wrote, "hearing some damn great material butchered [by Roberts] is rock and roll sacrilege." On a positive note, Rabid felt that "the lovely string section adds a nice dimension, and the original three members remain solid and fierce." Rabid concluded that Friday the Thirteenth "is as welcome as vomit on the Albert Hall's beautiful red carpets."

Track listing

 * 2007 Japanese reissue bonus tracks

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

 * The Stranglers

 * Paul Roberts – vocals
 * Jean-Jacques Burnel – bass, vocals
 * John Ellis – guitar, vocals
 * Dave Greenfield – keyboards, vocals
 * Jet Black – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * The Electra Strings – strings
 * Jocelyn Pook – string co-ordination

 * Technical
 * Recorded by the Manor Mobile
 * Max Bisgrove – mixing
 * Dave Conroy – digital editing
 * John McMurtie – photography
 * Mark Cunningham – additional photography

title: Friday the Thirteenth (album)


text:
Socialist Republic of Croatia

The Socialist Republic of Croatia (Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska), commonly abbreviated as SR Croatia and referred to as simply Croatia, was a constituent republic and federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation.

Along with five other Yugoslav republics, Croatia was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence (see below). By territory and population, it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia.

In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government – installed by the League of Communists – and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence, formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution.

Names
Croatia became part of the Yugoslav federation in 1943 after the Second Session of the AVNOJ and through the resolutions of the ZAVNOH, Croatia's wartime deliberative body. It was officially founded as the Federal State of Croatia (Federalna Država Hrvatska, FD Hrvatska) on May 9, 1944, at the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH. Yugoslavia, then called Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija, DFJ), was not a constitutionally socialist state, or even a republic, in anticipation of the conclusion of the war, when these issues were settled. On November 29, 1945, Democratic Federal Yugoslavia became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija, FNRJ), a socialist People's Republic. Accordingly, the Federal State of Croatia became the People's Republic of Croatia (Narodna Republika Hrvatska, NR Hrvatska).

On April 7, 1963, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Yugoslavia (and therefore Croatia) gradually abandoned Stalinism after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948. In 1963 the People's Republic of Croatia also accordingly became the Socialist Republic of Croatia.

On December 22, 1990, a new Constitution was adopted, under which the Socialist Republic of Croatia was simply renamed as the Republic of Croatia. It was under this constitution that Croatia became independent on June 25, 1991.

The republic is commonly referred to simply as Croatia.

World War II
In the first years of the war, the Yugoslav Partisans in Croatia did not have considerable support from Croats, with an exception of the Croats in the Croatian region of Dalmatia. The majority of partisans on the territory of Croatia were Croatian Serbs. However, in 1943 Croats started to join the partisans in larger numbers. In 1943, the number of Croat partisans in Croatia increased, so in 1944 they made up 61% of the partisans in the territory of Independent State of Croatia, while Serbs made up 28%; all other ethnicities made up the remaining 11%.

On 13 June 1943 in Otočac, Lika, Croatian partisans founded the ZAVNOH (National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia), a legislative body of the future Croatian republic within Yugoslavia. Its first president was Vladimir Nazor. Croatian partisans had autonomy along with the Slovene and Macedonian partisans. However, on 1 March 1945 they were put under the command of the Supreme Command of the Yugoslav Army, thus losing their autonomy. Partisans of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have such autonomy.

Because of partisan victories and increased territory held by partisans, AVNOJ decided to hold the second session in Jajce at the end of November 1943. At that session, the Yugoslav communist leadership decided to reestablish Yugoslavia as federal state.

Creation
On November 29, 1945, the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly held a session where it was decided that Croatia would be joined by five other republics in Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia. Not long after, the Communist Party started to prosecute those who opposed the communist one-party system. On January 30, 1946, the Constituent Assembly ratified the Constitution of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Croatia was the last of the republics to make its own constitution, which was mostly the same as the federal and other republic constitutions. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Croatia was adopted by the Constituent Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia on January 18, 1947. In their constitutions, all republics were deprived of gaining independence.

Republics had only formal autonomy; initially, communist Yugoslavia was a highly centralized state, based on the Soviet model. The Communist Party's officials were, at the same time, state officials, while the Party's Central Committee was de jure, the highest organ of the party; however, main decisions were made by the Politburo. The governments of the republics were only part of the mechanism which executed the Politburo's decisions.

Election
In post-war Yugoslavia, communists had a struggle for power with the opposition that supported King Peter. Milan Grol was the leader of the opposition; as the leading figure of the opposition he opposed the idea of a federal state, denied the right for Montenegrins and Macedonians to have their republics, and held that an agreement between Tito and Ivan Šubašić guaranteed that the opposition needed to have half of the ministers in the new government. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), part of the opposition, had divided into three branches: one supporting the Ustaše, the other supporting the communists and the third supporting Vladko Maček. However, communists had the majority in parliament and control over the army, leaving the opposition without any real power. Šubašić had his own supporters within the HSS and he tried to unite the party once again, believing that, once united, it would be a major political factor in the country. The Croatian Republican Peasant Party, a party split from the HSS, wanted to enter the People's Front, a suprapolitical organization controlled by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Šubašić knew that this would put the HSS under control of the communists and ended the negotiations about unification.

In the election campaign, the opposition parties wanted to unite with the Serbian Radical Party and other parties; however, communist activities, using various wiles, ruined their plan. On August 20, 1945, Grol resigned and accused the communists of breaking the Tito–Šubašić agreement. Šubašić himself was also soon forced to resign at the end of October as he also disassociated himself from Tito. Soon, the communists won the election. They won an absolute majority in the parliament which enabled them to create their own form of Yugoslavia.

Politics and government

The People's Republic of Croatia adopted its first Constitution in 1947. In 1953 followed "The Constitutional Law on the Basics of Social and Political Organization and on Republican Organs of Authority", actually a completely new constitution. The second (technically third) Constitution was adopted in 1963; it changed the name of the People's Republic of Croatia (NRH) into the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH). Major constitutional amendments were approved in 1971, and in 1974 followed a new Constitution of the SR Croatia which emphasized Croatian statehood as a constituent republic of the SFRY. All the constitutions and amendments were adopted by the Parliament of Croatia (Sabor). After the first multi-party parliamentary elections held in April 1990, the Parliament made various constitutional changes and dropped the prefix "socialist" from the official name, so the "Socialist Republic of Croatia" became simply the "Republic of Croatia" (RH). On 22 December 1990, the Parliament rejected the communist one-party system and adopted a liberal democracy through the Constitution of Croatia. It was under this Constitution that independence would be proclaimed on 25 June 1991 (after the Croatian independence referendum held on 19 May 1991).

According to the Art. 1.2 of the 1974 Croatian Constitution, the Socialist Republic of Croatia was defined as "a national state of the Croatian people, the state of the Serbian people in Croatia and the state of other nationalities living in it".

Tito period
The first post-war head of state of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was Vladimir Nazor (actually President of the Presidium of the Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia), who was, during the war, Chairman of the State Antifascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), while the first head of government was Vladimir Bakarić. Ironically, even though communists promoted federalism, post-war Yugoslavia was strictly centralized. The main organ was the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia (from 1952 the League of Communists of Croatia) made of around ten persons. Its members were assigned to certain fields: one controlled the armed forces, another the development of the state, a third the economy etc. Ostensibly, the system of government was representative democracy: people would elect councillors and members of parliaments. However, the real power was in the hands of executive organs. Representative organs (the Parliament and various councils on local and district levels) only served to give legitimacy to their decisions. The party that ruled the SR Croatia was the branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH). Even though the party had a Croatian name, its membership was only 57% Croats, along with 43% Serb. The majority of members were peasants and the majority was half-educated.

Soon after they gained power, the Communists started to persecute former officials of the Independent State of Croatia in order to compromise them to the general public. On 6 June 1946, the Supreme Court of the SR Croatia sentenced some of the leading officials of the NDH, including Slavko Kvaternik, Vladimir Košak, Miroslav Navratil, Ivan Perčević, Mehmed Alajbegović, Osman Kulenović and others. Communists also had a number of major and minor show trials in order to deal with the fascist regime of the NDH. Also, local leaders of the civic parties would often "disappear" without any witness. Communists not only cleansed the officials who were working for the NDH, but also those who supported the Croatian Peasant Party and the Catholic Church.

The only major civic party in Croatia, the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, was active only a few years after the election, but as a satellite of the Communist Party. The clash with the civic anti-communist forces stimulated the Communist Party's centralism and authoritarianism.

When he took power, Tito knew that the greatest threat to the development of communism in Yugoslavia was nationalism. Because of that, the communists would crush even the slightest form of nationalism by repression. The communists made the most effort to crush nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and tried to suppress the hatred between Croats, Serbs and Muslims, but even so, their greatest supporters in this process were local Serbs. Soon, the Serbs were overrepresented in the Croatian and Bosnian state and party leadership.

After Tito's death
In 1980, Josip Broz Tito died. Political and economic difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The federal government realised that it was unable to service the interest on its loans and started negotiations with the IMF that continued for years. Public polemics in Croatia concerning the need to help poor and less developed regions became more frequent, as Croatia and Slovenia contributed about 60 percent of those funds. The debt crisis, together with soaring inflation, forced the federal government to introduce measures such as the foreign currency law for earnings of export firms. Ante Marković, a Bosnian Croat who at the time was the Croatian head of government, said that Croatia would lose around $800 million because of that law. Marković became the last head of government of Yugoslavia in 1989 and spent two years implementing various economic and political reforms. His government's efforts were initially successful, but ultimately failed due to the incurable political instability of the SFRY.

Ethnic tensions were on the increase and would result in the demise of Yugoslavia. The growing crisis in Kosovo, the nationalist memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the emergence of Slobodan Milošević as the leader of Serbia, and everything else that followed provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia. The fifty-year-old rift was starting to resurface, and the Croats increasingly began to show their own national feelings and express opposition towards the Belgrade regime.

On October 17, 1989, the rock group Prljavo kazalište held a major concert before almost 250,000 people in the central Zagreb city square. In light of the changing political circumstances, their song "Mojoj majci" ("To my mother"), where the songwriter hailed the mother in the song as "the last rose of Croatia", was taken to heart by the fans on the location and many more elsewhere because of the expressed patriotism. On October 26, parliament declared All Saints Day (November 1) a public holiday.

In January 1990, during the 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the delegation of Serbia led by Milošević insisted on replacing the 1974 constitutional policy that empowered the republics with a policy of "one person, one vote", which would benefit the majority Serb population. This caused first the Slovenian and then Croatian delegations (led by Milan Kučan and Ivica Račan, respectively) to leave the Congress in protest and marked a culmination in the rift of the ruling party.

Ethnic Serbs, who constituted 12% of the population of Croatia, rejected the notion of separation from Yugoslavia. Serb politicians feared the loss of influence they previously had through their membership of the League of Communists in Croatia (that some Croats claimed was disproportionate). Memories from the Second World War were evoked by the rhetoric coming from the Belgrade administration. As Milošević and his clique rode the wave of Serbian nationalism across Yugoslavia, talking about battles to be fought for Serbdom, emerging Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman reciprocated with talk about making Croatia a nation state. The availability of mass media allowed for propaganda to be spread fast and spark jingoism and fear, creating a war climate.

In February 1990, SR Croatia changed its constitutional system to a multi-party system.

In March 1991, the Yugoslav People's Army met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia (an eight-member council composed of representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces) in an attempt to get them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of the country. Serbian and Serb-dominated representatives (Montenegro, Vojvodina and Kosovo) already in agreement with the army, voted for the proposal, but as representatives of Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia voted against, the plot failed. The dying country had yet to see a few more Serb leadership's attempts to push the plan for centralizing the power in Belgrade, but because of resistance in all other republics, the crisis only deteriorated.

Transition to independence
The 1990 Croatian parliamentary election was held on April 22 and May 6, 1990. After the first multi-party elections, the creation of a constituent republic based on democratic institutions occurred.

After the first free elections, in July 1990, the prefix "socialist" was dropped, and thereafter Croatia was named the Republic of Croatia.

Franjo Tuđman was elected president and his government embarked on a path toward the independence of Croatia.

Economic model and theory
The economy of the SFR Yugoslavia and thus of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was initially influenced by the Soviet Union. As the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was a member of the Communist International, Yugoslav communists thought that the Soviet way to socialism was the only option to create a socialist state. In the early years of the SFR Yugoslavia, Communist members suppressed critics towards the Soviet Union and harbored sympathies towards it.

In the CPY, it was generally thought that state ownership and centralism were the only ways to avoid economic breakdown and that without the state ownership and administrative control it would be impossible to accumulate vast resources, material and human, for economic development. Since every undeveloped country needs vast resources in order to start developing, and Yugoslavia was among them, communists thought that this was the only way to save the economy of Yugoslavia. Also, their ideology included elimination of the private sector, as they thought that such an economic system was historically wasteful.

Economy during the war
The first process of nationalization started on 24 November 1944, when Yugoslav Partisans dispossessed their enemies of their assets. The first victims of the confiscation were occupiers and war criminals. However, not long after, the assets of 199,541 Germans, the whole German minority, including 68,781 ha of land, were confiscated as well. Until the end of the war, the state controlled 55% of industry, 70% of mining, 90% of ferrous metallurgy and 100% of the oil industry.

Renewal of economy
In the SR Croatia, material damage and losses were high. In the war, the SR Croatia lost 298,000 people, 7.8% of its total population. Because of the 4-year partisan war, bombings, over-exploitation of raw materials and agricultural resources, and destruction of roads and industrial facilities, the state entered into economic chaos. The peasantry that supplied all the conflicted sides in the war was wasted and human losses were also high. The damage of industry in Yugoslavia was the worst in Europe, while the SR Croatia was among the most damaged republics of Yugoslavia, along with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The communist authority needed to do something in order to prevent hunger, disorder and chaos. Yugoslavia lacked qualified workers, so the economy's renewal was mostly based on mass volunteer work. The recruitment for volunteer work was conducted with propaganda about a better communist future, especially among members of Yugoslav partisans and youth. Another segment of these labourers were those who feared persecution, mainly opponents of the communist regime and Nazi collaborators. They entered volunteer labour in order to escape persecution. A third segment of the work force consisted of prisoners of war, who worked the hardest jobs.

The distribution of food and material needed for industry depended on fast renewal of damaged roads. The Zagreb-Belgrade railway had been in reconstruction day and night, so the first train to travel this railway after the war, did it already at the end of June 1945. Mine fields were also being cleared.

Even though relations between the Western countries and Yugoslavia were tense, significant help to the people of Yugoslavia came from the UNRRA, an American aid agency formed as a branch of the United Nations. They distributed food, clothes and shoes, which helped the communists avoid hunger. Between 1945 and 1946, the UNRRA deployed 2.5 million tons of goods, mostly food, worth US$415 million. This amount was equal to twice the imports of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1938, or 135% of its tax revenues. It is generally thought that UNRRA fed and clothed some 5 million people.

Agrarian reform
At the same time as the persecution of political enemies, communist authorities conducted the Agrarian Reform, a reform made on 23 August 1945. This process included dispossession of wealthy citizens and peasants. Agrarian Reform changed the ownership relations of agricultural properties. Land that was above 35 acres was taken from its owners. Nearly half of taken lands were transformed to agricultural areas (state property), while the other half was given to poor peasants. This reform also included the colonization in the SR Croatia where people from the so-called depressed areas moved to areas from which the Volksdeutsche had been expelled. In the SR Croatia, colonization occurred in Slavonia, while colonists were the poor peasants, mostly Croatian and Bosnian Serbs. The confiscation of property was also conducted; people who were trading during the war were declared war profiteers and by this, the state gained factories, banks and large shops.

The communists also introduced a new way of distribution of agricultural products. In order to supply the people who lived in towns and cities, they introduced the redemption of those products. The policy of distribution was based on the idea that the working segment of society should have an advantage in quantity and diversity of goods over the non-working, parasitic segment. This led to development of black markets and speculation.

The next step in the implementation of the Agrarian Reform was nationalization of the large assets of the bourgeoise. On 28 April 1948, when small shops and the majority of crafts had been nationalized, the private sector in the SR Croatia was liquidated to the end; out of 5,395 private shops, only 5 remained active. This decision was a double-edged sword: while the poor segment of society was satisfied by it, the large majority of the population was resistant and ready to revolt. Just like in the Soviet Union, the state controlled the entire economy, while free trade was forbidden in favour of central planning. Because of this, the state started rational distribution of necessities for living, which were distributed among the population based on remittances, while consumers gained a certain amount of certificates each month for buying a certain amount of certain goods, including food, clothes and shoes.

In the spring of 1949, the state introduced high taxes on private farmer's economies which farmers were unable to pay. This forced them to enter into the peasant labour unions, formed based on the Soviet kolhozes. In such a manner, the state introduced forced collectivization of villages. This collectivization soon disappointed the poor peasants who got their land for free in the process of dispossession of wealthy peasants. Even though the communists thought that collectivization would solve the problem with food, on the contrary, the collectivization created the so-called "Bread Crisis" in 1949. The process of dispossession in Yugoslavia lasted from the middle of 1945 until the end of 1949. It was the fastest process of dispossession, even compared to East European communist states.

For this process, the state needed a large number of officials who were members of the Communist Party, receiving orders from the Politburo, thus leaving the Yugoslav republic without any power in the economy. The economy of one republic was depending on decisions made by the Politburo in Belgrade, thus Yugoslavia become a strictly centralized state. Moreover, the liquidation of the private sector, cleansing of the state apparatus and high officials and their replacement by half-educated partisans, drastic reduction of the gap between payments of ministers and workers (3:1), and emigration and deaths of the bourgeois class led to the disappearance of the middle class in the social structure, which had a negative effect on social life.

Five-Year Plan
Industrialization was the most significant process in the economic development of the SR Croatia, as communists promoted industrialization as the main factor in fast development. After the process of renewal, the process of industrialization and electrification started based on the Soviet model. The whole economy, the creation of a system and the formulation of the strategy of development in the Five-Year Plan, was in the charge of Andrija Hebrang. As President of the Economy Council and President of the Planning Commission, Hebrang was in charge of all ministries that dealt with the economy. Alongside Tito, Edvard Kardelj and Aleksandar Ranković, he was the most influential person in Yugoslavia. As a chief of the whole economy, Hebrang finished his Five-Year Plan in winter 1946–47 which was approved by the government in spring 1947. Because of the lack of knowledge, the Plan copied the Soviet model. The factories which were built faster were factories that were in the sector of heavy and military industry, of which the most known in SR Croatia were "Rade Končar" and "Prvomajska".

In the Five-Year Plan, Hebrang wanted to increase the industrial production by five times and agricultural production by 1.5 times, increase the GDP per capita by 1.8 times and the national revenues by 1.8 times. The plan also included the increase of qualified workers, from 350,000 to 750,000. For the SR Croatia, it was decided that its industrial production needed to be increased by 452%. The fast development in industry required a high number of workers, so from 461,000 workers in 1945, in 1949 there were 1,990,000 workers. On 17 January 1947, Kardelj stated to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia that Yugoslavia would be industrially stronger than Austria and Czechoslovakia. Both Kardelj and Bakarić advocated development of light industry, instead of Hebrang's idea for industry that would serve agriculture. The Five-Year Plan was indeed exaggerated; this plan did not have qualified personnel, market (placement) and capital; even so, the state continued with its implementation.

All across the country, the state built the sites, and all projects of industrialization and electrification were made with propaganda that the population would have lower poverty and unemployment. The unemployment was indeed reduced, however, new employees were not educated for their jobs, so many objects were built slowly and many of them were not built at all. Following the current views of the Communist Party, the role of leading the economy was given to the directorate-generals, as a link between the ministries and the Party's leadership. By their implementation, the state gained even greater control over the economy. The companies had their legal person; however, they did not have operational autonomy, since they were, as state organs, under state control.

Religion
The majority of residents were Roman Catholics and approximately 12% of the population were Orthodox Christians of the Serbian Patriarchy, with a small number of other religions. Due to strained relationships between the Holy See and communist Yugoslav officials, no new Catholic bishops were appointed in the People's Republic of Croatia until 1960. This left the dioceses of Križevci, Đakovo-Osijek, Zadar, Šibenik, Split-Makarska, Dubrovnik, Rijeka and Poreč-Pula without bishops for several years. From the mid-1950s, there were only four seated bishops in Croatia in three dioceses: Aloysius Stepinac, Franjo Salis-Seewiss, Mihovil Pušić, and Josip Srebrnič.

Many priests accused of collaboration with the Ustaše and Axis during World War II were arrested after the end of World War II amid conflicts between the Catholic Church and the Allied Powers, including the Archbishop of Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac. Aloysius Stepinac was arrested on 16 September 1946. He was sentenced to sixteen years' imprisonment, but in December 1951, he was released to house arrest at his home in Krašić near Jastrebarsko, where he died in 1960. Stepinac was made a cardinal in 1953 by Pope Pious XII.

title: Socialist Republic of Croatia


text:
User talk:Joeljoslin

WP:AFL
Hi mate, you might wanna check out WikiProject AFL, the latest and most exciting project that we now have up and running. See ya there mate, Rogerthat 03:31, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Copyright problems with Image:Socceroos.jpg
An image that you uploaded, Image:Socceroos.jpg, has been listed at Copyright problems because it is a suspected copyright violation. Please look there if you know that the image is legally usable on Wikipedia (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), and then provide the necessary information there and on its page, if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Please remember that photographs you find at sites such as fifaworldcup.com are not promotional photos, but part of the site's content and therefore the copyright is not released. The promo tag is for photographs that are specifically marked as such. Ytny 00:21, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Johnny_warren_small.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Johnny_warren_small.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 10:53, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Stuartprice.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Stuartprice.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 09:49, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joeljoslin


text:
Donnchadh

Donnchadh is a masculine given name common to the Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages. It is composed of the elements donn, meaning "brown" or "dark" from Donn a Gaelic God; and chadh, meaning "chief" or "noble". The name is also written as Donnchad, Donncha, Donnacha, Donnchadha and Dúnchad. Modern versions include (in Ireland) Donnacha, Donagh, Donough, Donogh and (in Scotland) Duncan.

The Irish surnames Donough, McDonagh, McDonough, O'Donoghue and Dunphy among others are derived from the given name (In Gaelic: Mac – son of, Ó – of the family of). Another derivation is the name of the Scottish Clan Donnachaidh.

People
Notable people with the name include:

Modern

 * Donogh O'Malley (1921–1968) Irish Government minister
 * Donncha Ó Dúlaing (1933–2021) Irish broadcaster
 * Donncha O'Callaghan (born 1979), international rugby player (Munster, Ireland and 2005 British and Irish lions)
 * Donnchadh Ó Corráin (1942–2017), Irish historian
 * Donnchadh Walsh (born 1984), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Donnchadh Ó Laoghaire (born 1989), Irish Sinn Féin politician and TD for Cork South–Central

Historical

 * Kings in Ireland
 * Donnchad Donn (Donnchad mac Flainn), High King 918–942
 * Donnchad mac Briain, self-styled High King 1024–1026 (with opposition); son of Brian Boru
 * Donnchad Midi of Clann Cholmáin, King of Mide (died 797)
 * Donnchad mac Domnall Claen of the Uí Dúnlainge, King of Leinster (deposed 1003)
 * Donnchad mac Cellacháin (died 963), King of Cashel (or Munster)
 * Kings of Alba or Scotland
 * Donnchad mac Crínáin (also Donnchad ua Maíl Coluim) (ruled 1034–1040)
 * Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim (born 1065x1069, killed 1094)
 * Kings of Dál Riata (ancient Gaelic kingdom in western Scotland and north east Ireland)
 * Dúnchad mac Conaing (or Dúnchad mac Dúbain) (died c. 654)
 * Dúnchad Bec (died 721)
 * Mormaers in Scotland
 * Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick
 * Donnchad I, Earl of Fife
 * Donnchad II, Earl of Fife
 * Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife
 * Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife
 * Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox
 * Donnchadh, Earl of Mar
 * Donnchadh of Argyll
 * Other people
 * Dunchad I of Iona, Abbot of Iona, Inner Hebrides
 * Donnchadh Ó Briain, Irish politician (1897–1961)
 * Donnchad Baccach Ó Maolconaire (died 1404), poet and historian
 * Duncan Ban MacIntyre (Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir), Scottish poet (1724–1812)
 * Donnchadh Ó Corráin, Irish historian
 * Donnchadh MacRath, Scottish poet
 * Donnchadh de Strathearn, bishop of Dunkeld, Scotland

title: Donnchadh


text: User talk:Trifola

title: User talk:Trifola


text:
Bryan Hamilton

Bryan Hamilton (born 31 December 1946) is a Northern Irish former professional football player and manager. He gained 50 caps for Northern Ireland between 1969 and 1980, and later managed the national team for four years. He later became Technical Director at Antigua Barracuda F.C.

Playing career
Born in Belfast, Hamilton began his career at Distillery, before moving on to Linfield. He was named Ulster Footballer of the Year and Northern Ireland Football Writers' Association Player of the Year for the 1970/71 season, also finishing as Irish League top goalscorer. In 1971, he signed for Ipswich Town, where he spent five years and made over 150 appearances for the club. In 1976, he signed for Everton, before moving onto short spells at Millwall and Swindon Town.

In the FA Cup semi-final of 1977, full-time was looming in the clash between Everton and local rivals Liverpool at Maine Road, with the score at 2–2, when Hamilton put the ball into the back of the net. However, infamously, his goal which should have stood was disallowed by referee Clive Thomas and the match went to a replay, which Everton lost 3–0. This echoed an incident in the 1975 FA Cup semi-final replay, when Thomas had similarly disallowed a potentially match winning goal by Hamilton.

Everton supporters felt legitimately aggrieved to have victory snatched away

The FA Cup was shown on BBC and ITV in 1977 and the first game of the semi-final which was drawn 2–2 is also memorable for the fact that in a highlights programme the referee was asked to explain the disallowed 'goal' but he failed to explain and all he would say was.....There was an offence

Hamilton's time at Everton will always be remembered for that controversial disallowed goal in the FA Cup semi-final, however, when Hamilton signed for Everton the manager was another Northern Irishman Billy Bingham but when Bingham lost his job as manager Hamilton's first team opportunities became more and more limited

International goals
''Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first. ''

Managerial career
Hamilton became player/manager of Tranmere Rovers in 1980. The club remained in the Fourth Division throughout this period, with three top half finishes during his five-year period in charge, culminating in a finish of 6th in 1984–85.

He was appointed manager of Wigan Athletic in March 1985. Shortly after joining he led them to victory in the 1985 Associate Members' Cup Final. The 1985–86 season saw Wigan emerge as contenders for promotion to the Second Division, a feat which looked likely for virtually the entire campaign. However, when Wigan had completed their fixtures Derby County had three games in hand, two of which would be won to pip the Latics by a single point. His achievements with Wigan did not go unnoticed, and he moved to Leicester City soon afterwards. However, he was unable to keep Leicester in the First Division and soon left the club, and returned to Wigan as manager from 1989–1993.

Hamilton was appointed manager of Northern Ireland in 1994, succeeding Billy Bingham. In the Euro 96 qualifiers, Northern Ireland were in contention for qualification and were only narrowly pipped to second place by the Republic of Ireland. The 1998 World Cup qualifiers provided a far worse return despite a promising early draw with Germany – who would later beat Northern Ireland for the first time in two decades – and Hamilton left the job at the end of the qualifiers.

In April 2000 he was appointed manager of Norwich City, but resigned on 4 December. He returned to Ipswich as coach in 2001, but left the club in 2002. In November 2006, he was appointed Technical Director of the Antigua and Barbuda Football Association.

Hamilton is now a media pundit working mainly with Eurosport, BBC Radio 5 Live, Setanta Sports, Today FM, Sky Sports and Anglia Television.

As a player
Ipswich Town
 * Texaco Cup: 1973

As a manager
Wigan Athletic
 * Football League Trophy: 1985

Individual
 * Ulster Footballer of the Year: 1970–71
 * Northern Ireland Football Writers' Association Player of the Year: 1970–71
 * Ipswich Town Hall of Fame: Inducted 2014

title: Bryan Hamilton


text:
Vernon Kell

Major General Sir Vernon George Waldegrave Kell, (21 November 1873 – 27 March 1942) was a British Army general and the founder and first Director of the British Security Service, otherwise known as MI5. Known as K, he was described in Who's Who as "Commandant, War Department Constabulary".

Early life
Born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, in 1873, Kell was the son of Major Waldegrave Kell of the 38th Foot and his wife, Georgiana Augusta Konarska, daughter of Samuel Alexander Ernest Konarski and Harriet Fraser Lucas.

Military service
After graduating from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Kell was commissioned into the South Staffordshire Regiment on 10 October 1894, and promoted to lieutenant on 15 December 1896. He was in January 1900 seconded for service in China, and fought in the Boxer Rebellion later that year. He could speak German, Italian, French and Polish with equal facility, and after serving and studying in China and Russia, he learned their respective languages too. While he was on the intelligence staff in Tientsin he was also the foreign correspondent of The Daily Telegraph. He was promoted to the rank of captain on 24 September 1901, while still seconded in China where he served as a Railway Staff Officer (for which he was mentioned in despatches).

After his return to London from China in 1902, Kell was employed to analyse German intelligence at the War Office. He returned to a posting in his regiment from 1 October 1903, and was appointed a staff captain serving at the War Office on 9 February 1904.

Rising public fears in Great Britain of German espionage precipitated the creation of a new government intelligence agency. In 1909 Kell was selected by the War Office and the Admiralty as one of two officers, alongside Mansfield Smith-Cumming, to head the newly formed Secret Service Bureau. He retired from active duty on 16 October 1909, but remained in the reserves.

Intelligence service
Kell and Cumming decided to divide the intelligence work, Kell taking responsibility for domestic concerns, while Cumming was to oversee foreign matters. However, their working relationship was fraught, as Cumming advocated the separation of the Bureau's work into two distinct departments (which evolved into MI5 and MI6). The separation took place in 1910.

Kell was promoted to the rank of major in the reserves on 20 August 1913. Following the outbreak of war in 1914, Kell was restored to active duty as a GSO 2, and was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel on 5 September. On 1 March 1915, he was appointed a GSO 1, retaining his temporary rank. For his service, he received a brevet promotion to lieutenant-colonel on 3 June 1916, and received a temporary promotion to colonel on 21 December.

First World War
During the First World War, Kell headed MI5(g), a section dealing with the Indian seditionist movement in Europe. Among Kell's officers were ex-ICS officers Robert Nathan and H. L. Stephenson. Kell also worked closely with the Special Branch of Scotland Yard, then headed by Basil Thomson, and was successful in tracing the work of Indian revolutionaries collaborating with the Germans during the war.

Between the wars
Kell was promoted to the rank of colonel in the reserves on 1 April 1924. Upon reaching the age of 60 on 21 November 1933, he was struck from the reserve list. Kell received an honorary promotion to major-general on 27 September 1939. In December 1938, having reached retirement age, Kell asked to remain in post on a year-to-year basis. With the onset of war, MI5 finally got the hiring and financial resources of which it had been starved for years. However, MI5 proved unable to deploy them without confusion and Kell and his deputy, both in their mid-60s, got the blame. On 10 June 1940 Kell was dismissed on the instructions of Winston Churchill, after 30 years in post. He was the longest-serving head of any British government department during the 20th century.

Already a Knight of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), Kell was admitted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for his services shortly before his death in 1942.

Honours
Kell was awarded the following orders and decorations:

British

 * Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (KBE; 1919 Birthday Honours)
 * Companion of the Order of the Bath, Military Division (CB; 1 January 1917)

Other

 * Officer of the Order of Leopold (Kingdom of Belgium; 24 September 1917)
 * Officer of the Légion d'honneur (France; 24 September 1917)
 * Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Kingdom of Italy; 1 April 1919)
 * Campaign medal for China
 * 1914 War Medal

Popular culture
Kell was the basis for a major character in Bert Coules's radio adaptation of Arthur Conan Doyle's His Last Bow.

Kell is depicted as an ally of a secret society of bodyguards attached to the radical women's suffrage movement in the graphic novel trilogy Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons (2015).

In Dennis Wheatley's novel The Second Seal, Kell investigates the book's hero, the Duke de Richleau.

In Bill Aitken's novel Blackest of Lies, Kell is involved in the concealment of Lord Kitchener's fictional death at the hands of the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

title: Vernon Kell


text:
User:Most reverted admin award/names

A_Man_In_Black ABCD Academic_Challenger Adam_Bishop Ahoerstemeier AlainV Alex_S Alex756 AlistairMcMillan Allen3 AllyUnion ALoan Alteripse Ambi Andres Andrevan Andrew_Yong Andrewa Andris Angela Angr Antandrus Anthere AntonioMartin Aranel Arcadian Aris_Katsaris Arminius Arvindn Arwel_Parry Asbestos Ausir AxelBoldt BanyanTree BaronLarf Bcorr Bdesham Bearcat Beland Biekko Bishonen Bkonrad Blankfaze Bluemoose Bmicomp Bovlb Bratsche Brian0918 Briangotts Brion_VIBBER BrokenSegue Brookie Bryan_Derksen Bumm13 Cacycle Camembert Canderson7 Carbonite Carnildo Catbar CatherineMunro Cburnett Cdc Cecropia Cedar-Guardian CesarB Changlc Charles_Matthews Chmod007 Chris_73 ChrisO Christopher_Mahan Chuq Cimon_avaro CJCurrie Clarkk COGDEN ContiE Craigy144 CryptoDerk CSTAR Curps Cutler Cyp CYD Cyrius Dale_Arnett Dan100 DanKeshet Daniel_Quinlan DanielCD Danny Dante_Alighieri Darwinek Dave_souza Davidcannon David_Gerard DavidLevinson David.Monniaux David_Newton DavidWBrooks Davodd Dbachmann Dbenbenn Dbiv Dcoetzee Deb Delirium Denni Derek_Ross DESiegel Diberri Dieter_Simon Dino DJ_Clayworth Dmcdevit Dmn Doc_glasgow Docu Dpbsmith Dragons_flight Drini DropDeadGorgias Duk Duncharris Dwheeler Dysprosia Earl_Andrew Ed_g2s Ed_Poor Edward El_C Elf Ellsworth Eloquence Enchanter Essjay Eugene_van_der_Pijll Evercat Everyking Evil_Monkey Evil_saltine Exploding_Boy Ezhiki Fawcett5 FCYTravis Feco FeloniousMonk Ferkelparade Fernando_Rizo Finlay_McWalter Fire_Star Flcelloguy Francs2000 Frazzydee Fred_Bauder Fredrik FreplySpang Func Furrykef Fuzheado Fvw Gabbe Gadfium Gamaliel Gdr GeneralPatton Geni Gentgeen Geogre G-Man Golbez GregRobson Grm_wnr Ground_Zero Grue Grutness Gtrmp Guettarda Gwalla Hadal Hajor Hall_Monitor HappyCamper Hashar Hawstom Hedley Hemanshu Henrygb Heron Homeontherange Humblefool Hyacinth Icairns IceKarma Ihcoyc ike9898 Ilyanep Improv Infrogmation Ingoolemo Inter Isomorphic Ixfd64 Jake_Nelson Jamesday JamesTeterenko Jaxl Jay Jayjg JCarriker Jdavidb Jdforrester JeLuF Jengod JeremyA Jerzy JesseW Jfdwolff Jiang Jimbo_Wales Jimfbleak Jinian JIP Jitse_Niesen J.J. Jmabel Jnc Jni John_Kenney Johnleemk JohnOwens JoJan Jondel JonMoore Joolz Josh_Grosse Joy Joy_Stovall Journalist Jpgordon Jredmond JRM Jtdirl Jtkiefer Jwrosenzweig JYolkowski K1Bond007 Kaihsu Kaldari Karada Katefan0 Kbdank71 Kelly_Martin KF Khaosworks Kim_Bruning Kingturtle Kmccoy Knowledge_Seeker Ktsquare Lachatdelarue Lacrimosus Lectonar Lexor Linuxbeak Llywrch Lommer Longhair Lord_Emsworth LouI Lowellian Lucky_6.9 Lupin Lupo MacGyverMagic Mackensen Mackeriv Madchester Magnus_Manske Mailer_diablo Malcolm_Farmer Manning_Bartlett Marianocecowski Marine_69-71 Mark Markalexander100 Mark_Dingemanse MarkSweep Marshman Marudubshinki Master_Thief_Garrett Matt_Crypto Maury_Markowitz Maveric149 Meelar Mel_Etitis Menchi Merovingian Michael_Hardy Michael_Snow Mike_Halterman Mikkalai Mindspillage Minesweeper Mirv Mkmcconn Mkweise Modemac Moncrief Montrealais Moriori Morven Morwen Mulad Mustafaa Mzajac Nandesuka Neutrality Ngb Nichalp Nickptar Niteowlneils Nohat Nufy8 Nunh-huh Nv8200p Oberiko OldakQuill Oleg_Alexandrov Oliver_Pereira Olivier Omegatron Oven_Fresh Pakaran Patrick Paul_A Paul_August Pcb21 PedanticallySpeaking Petaholmes PFHLai Pharos Phil_Bordelon Phil_Boswell Phils Phroziac PierreAbbat Piotrus Pjacobi PMA Pollinator Poor_Yorick Postdlf Premeditated_Chaos Proteus PZFUN Quadell Quercusrobur R._fiend Radiant! R3m0t RadicalBender Ragib Ral315 Rama Ram-Man Ran Raul654 Rbrwr Rdsmith4 Redux RedWolf Redwolf24 RedWordSmith Rfl RHaworth Rhobite Rhymeless Rich_Farmbrough Rick_Block Rje Rlandmann Rmhermen Roadrunner Robert_Merkel RobertG Robin_Patterson RobLa Roozbeh Rossami RoyBoy Ryan_Delaney Rx_StrangeLove Sam_Hocevar Sango123 Sannse Sarge_Baldy Sasquatch Schissel Schneelocke Scimitar Scott_Burley SD6-Agent Seabhcan Secretlondon Seglea Sesel Seth_Ilys Shanes Shauri Sheldon_Rampton SimonP Siroxo Sj Sjakkalle Sjc Slambo SlimVirgin Slowking_Man Slrubenstein Smith03 Smoddy Sn0wflake Snowspinner Snoyes Solipsist Spangineer Splash Ssd Stan_Shebs Starblind Stevenj Stevertigo Stewartadcock Stormie Sundar Sverdrup SWAdair Ta_bu_shi_da_yu Talrias Tarquin Taw Taxman TenOfAllTrades Texture The_Anome TheCoffee The_Epopt The_Singing_Badger TheoClarke Theresa_knott Thryduulf Thue Thunderbrand Timc Tim_Ivorson Timrollpickering Tim_Starling Timwi Toby_Bartels Tom- Tony_Sidaway Topbanana Trevor_macinnis Triddle Trilobite Tristanb TUF-KAT Ulayiti Uncle_G UninvitedCompany Urhixidur Utcursch UtherSRG Vague_Rant VampWillow Vaoverland Viajero Violetriga Visorstuff Vsmith Warofdreams Wernher Wesley WhisperToMe Who Wiglaf Wile_E._Heresiarch Wilfried_Derksen Willmcw Woohookitty Worldtraveller Ww Wwoods Xezbeth XJamRastafire Y0u Zanimum Zero0000 Zoe Zoicon5 Zoney Zscout370 Zzyzx11

title: User:Most reverted admin award/names


text:
Acacia brachystachya

Acacia brachystachya (bra-chy-stà-chy-a -- pronounced 'brackeeSTAKEeea'), commonly known as umbrella mulga, turpentine mulga or false bowgada, is a shrub in the family Fabaceae. The species occurs in mulga and heath communities on sandhills and rocky ridges in all mainland states of Australia, except Victoria.

Description
Acacia brachystachya grows as a tall, bushy inland shrub to five metres with twisted, spreading stems, and is branched at the base. Like most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These may be up to 18 centimetres long, are mostly one to three millimetres wide and a grey-green colour. The flowers are yellow, and held in cylindrical clusters about two centimetres long (up to 25 millimetres). The pods are long and straight, up to 12 centimetres long and 8 millimetres across. It has peduncles up to 10mm with short, stiff hairs.

Distribution and Habitat
Acacia brachystachya is a shrub or small tree found in inland Australia. It is found in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia. Within NSW it is usually found in the Central Western Slopes, the Western Plains, and North Far Western Plains.

Acacia brachystachya is commonly found on sandy loam soils near Acacia aneura, and on sandy soils between dunes. In addition to this, in the eastern section of its range, it occurs on shallow stony soils. Its environmental requirements are much alike to those of Acacia ramulosa, albeit with a narrower geographic range. Although A. brachystachya is both related to and confused with A. aneura and A. ramulosa, it is distinguishable in the difference of the pods.

Taxonomy
Acacia brachystachya of the families Fabaceae or Mimosaceae has been categorised as being part of the subfamily Mimosoideae. The species name Acacia brachystachya was coined in 1864 by George Bentham, an English man who never travelled to Australia but wrote Flora Australiensis. Bentham has been referred to as one of the greatest systematic botanists, having contributed considerably to Australian botany. The type specimen, K000806612, was collected during the Bourke and Wills expedition in the Mutanie Ranges, and came from Ferdinand von Mueller's herbarium.

This species is of the Acacia genus with the specific species name being brachystachya. The plant is called brachystachya due to its short spikes, brachys (short), and stachys (spike). Acacia brachystachya is classed as a group 1 Acacia under the informal groupings outlined by D.A Morrison and S.J Davies. Group 1 plants are identified as having phyllodes, as well as being the only group which features flowers in cylindrical heads.

Reproduction
Acacia Mill. sect. Juliflorae Benth., commonly referred to as mulga includes A. brachystachya. Most Acacias have been studied comprehensively, however many mulgas have not. It has been concluded that it is likely that mulga plants are insect pollinated as this is often the case with arid zone Acacias. Although it generally flowers in April–August, A. brachystachya does flower irregularly depending on weather and climatic conditions. These flowers are hermaphroditic and grow after heavy rainfall at any time of year. Despite the potential year round flowering, reproduction does not always follow. Mature pods are usually only developed when summer rain is the cause of flowering followed by rain in the subsequent winter. Because A. brachystachya is most easily distinguished from similar species by assessing the pods, it can be difficult to correctly identify without having experiencing the appropriate climatic conditions.

title: Acacia brachystachya


text:
User talk:Frank lampard

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Uh...thanks for your contributions, I guess - since I don't remember ever having had contact with you, I have no idea how I've earned your praise, but please be warned that personal attacks are not allowed by Wikipedia policy and that repeated arttacks are a bannable offense. Thanks for your consideration, Ferkelparade π 12:18, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frank lampard


text:
Saturday Night, Sunday Morning

Saturday Night, Sunday Morning is a live album by the Stranglers, released in 1993 by Castle Communications.

By coincidence, it was guitarist Hugh Cornwell's last concert with the band that had been recorded for posterity. The tracks were mixed by Stuart MacMillan at Central Television Music Studio (Birmingham) in 1990. The mix session was attended by band members Jean-Jacques Burnel, Jet Black and Dave Greenfield, with Cornwell not attending. The title is a reference to the gig happening on a Saturday night and Cornwell announcing his departure the following day. It was also a title to a 1960 film.

The concert was split across an album and simultaneous VHS release, which contained different track listings. Between these releases all but one track ("School Mam") played at the concert are available. The video was given a DVD release in 2000, retitled Live At Alexandra Palace.

In addition, a live CD single from the same concert was released in January 1991 by Epic Records, containing the tracks "Always the Sun", "Nuclear Device", "All Day and all of the Night" and "Punch and Judy".

Critical reception
In a review for AllMusic, Alex Ogg gave the album two stars out of five, writing, "On this (generally) well-produced sound-desk recording, listeners are treated to a riot of traditional Stranglers fare, performed with typical, stony-faced aggression."

Video track listing

 * 1) "Toiler on the Sea"
 * 2) "Something Better Change"
 * 3) "96 Tears"
 * 4) "Someone Like You"
 * 5) "Sweet Smell of Success"
 * 6) "Always the Sun"
 * 7) "Strange Little girl"
 * 8) "Hanging Around"
 * 9) "Lets' Celebrate"
 * 10) "Golden Brown"
 * 11) "No More Heroes"
 * 12) "Nuclear Device"
 * 13) "Duchess"
 * 14) "All Day and All of the Night"
 * 15) "Punch and Judy"

Personnel

 * The Stranglers
 * Hugh Cornwell – vocals, guitar
 * Jean-Jacques Burnel – bass, vocals
 * Dave Greenfield – keyboards, vocals
 * Jet Black – drums
 * Technical
 * Stuart MacMillan – mixing
 * John Pasche – design

title: Saturday Night, Sunday Morning


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Sign (Ace of Base album)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:21, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

The Sign (Ace of Base album)
This is a duplicate article to Happy Nation. I was thinking of making a merge, but who types in "The Sign (Ace of Base album)"? More likely, someone might type in "The Sign", and that page is already a redirect to "Happy Nation". I'm happy to clean up links etc if this gets deleted (eg, there'll be a few links to fix over at Ace of Base
 * Delete per nomination. - (Nominator) Qirex 12:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. - Stu 13:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and redirect. Hipocrite - « Talk » 13:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The Sign qualifies for an article in its own right as a single. It was a number 1 in several nations including six weeks at #1 in the US see |OF|BASE&uid=CAW060510071343&samples=1&sql=11:xy6ibks96ak0~T51 Allmusic.com article Capitalistroadster 17:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't know this, but I still consider that this should be deleted. If someone in the future wants to write an article on the single, it would be better if they did that at "The Sign", or at "The Sign (single)" (which does not yet exist). -- (Nominator) Qirex 00:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * We already have The Sign (song).
 * Delete as a superior article exists at Happy Nation and The Sign redirects there. I know redirects are cheap, but who the heck is going to come to wikipedia and type "The Sign (Ace of Base album)" as a search?--Isotope23 19:48, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- no such album. Jkelly 01:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (without redirecting) as per nomination CLW 14:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not merit a separate article nor a redirect. / Peter Isotalo 15:27, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.