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Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) is located at Izatnagar, Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh state. It is an advanced research facility in the field of veterinary medicine and allied branches. It has regional campuses at Mukteshwar, Bangalore, Palampur, Pune, Kolkata and Srinagar.

History
Formerly known as Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory, it was renamed in 1925 as Imperial Veterinary Research Institute. The name of the institute was changed following independence to Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Administrative control of the institute is currently under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. The Ministry of Education, Govt. of India on the recommendation of University Grants Commission conferred the status of the Deemed to be University on 16 November 1983 under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956. It has recently started its UG education in 2015-16 with 20 seats. The number of seats in undergraduate is 55 in the year 2023-24, Which include 45 regular seats, 7 payment seats and 3 seats for NRI students.

Academics
 UG Programme at IVRI Deemed University  With the vast experience of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute Deemed University in imparting quality education at Masters and Doctoral levels, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Veterinary Council of India had given the responsibility to start undergraduate courses of Veterinary Sciences i.e. BVSc AH. Accordingly, from the academic session 2015-16, the institute has initiated under-graduate programme in Veterinary Sciences leading to BVSc AH degree. Two batches of the BVSc AH students have successfully completed their bachelor's degree.

NUMBER of SEATS :

Presently, total seat position for BVSc AH Programme is 50 seats. The details of the seat position are as under: -

Total Number of Seats = 50 Number of Seats to be filled by VCI = 15%

Number of Seats to be filled by ICAR-IVRI Deemed University = 85%

Regular/ Open Seats = 62.5%

Payment Seats = 15%

NRI seats = 7.5% Note : The reservation policy of Government of India shall apply for filling-up these seats.

DURATION OF COURSE

The duration of B.V.Sc. & A.H degree course is spread over five and half complete professional years including a compulsory rotating internship of one year duration.

ADMISSION PROCEDURE

Admission of students to BVSc & AH degree programme is made only on the basis of his or her merit obtained in NEET (UG) Examination for the year in which admissions are made, subject to fulfillment of the other criteria as laid down by Veterinary Council of India Minimum Standards of Veterinary Education (MSVE) Regulations, 2016.

IVRI BVSc AH Admission Application Portal on the IVRI Website. The detailed procedure for Counseling and Admission Procedure is made available on the website when the applications are invited for admissions.

ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS:

Candidates should be Indian Nationals. A candidate must have attained minimum age of 17 years on or before the 31st December of the year for which admissions are taken. The candidate must have qualified NEET(UG) Examination for the year in which admissions are made.

He or She has passed the qualifying examination as defined under VCI - MSVE Regulations, 2016 with the subjects of Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Biotechnology and English (as a core course) and obtained marks as specified under regulations (7) or an examination equivalent to intermediate science examination of an Indian University or Board recognized by the Association of Indian Universities taking Physics, Chemistry and Biology/Biotechnology including a practical test in each of these subjects and English.

As per MSVE Regulations, 2016, a candidate under General Category for admission to the BVSc & AH degree course shall have to qualify in each of the subjects of English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Biotechnology, and obtained 50% marks in aggregate of these subjects, at the qualifying examination. In respect of candidates belonging to the SC or ST or other special category of students as specified by the Government from time to time, marks required for admission shall be 47.5%.Candidates securing equal to or more than the NEET (UG) cut-off marks as per category, will only be considered for admission against Regular/Open or Payment Seats. The candidates seeking admission on the basis of NRI status are required to produce duly attested and verified photocopies of NRI/citizenship certificate, eligibility document and passport or any other valid document. The admission will be made on merit of 10+2 examination or equivalent without requirement of appearing in the NEET (UG) examination. A candidate shall not be allowed admission to BVSc & AH degree course if he or she suffers the following disabilities, namely:-

(a)Disability of total body (including chest or spine) more than 50%

(b)Disability of lower limb of more than 50%

(c)Disability of upper limb

(d) Visually handicapped candidates and those with hearing disability

(e) Candidates with progressive diseases like myopathies etc.

(f) Disabilities which otherwise would interfere in the performance of the duties of a veterinarian.

HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION:

Limited hostel accommodation is available at the institute. The students will be provided Hostel either in double/ triple occupancy depending on the availability. All the hostels are provided with internet/ Wi-Fi facilities.

SYSTEM OF EDUCATION:

A professional year of the undergraduate programme (BVSc & AH) covers at least two hundred ten days of instructions excluding time spent for annual examinations and the total course duration is 5 years and 6 months (1st, 2nd and 3rd professional years of 01 year duration each; 4th professional year of one year and six months duration and a compulsory internship programme of one year).Medium of instruction to B.V Sc.& A.H. degree course shall be English. Every student shall attend a minimum of 75% of the total number of lecture and laboratory courses (practical) separately in each course. Students falling short of the prescribed minimum attendance in a particular course shall not be permitted to take in the examination for that course. A student shall be promoted to next higher professional class only if he or she has passed in all the subjects of his or her class by obtaining at least 50% marks in theory (internal and external combined) and practical separatelyA student may also be allowed provisional promotion to next higher class till the declaration of the result of the compartment examination, provided the provisional promotion shall be subject to clearance in the compartment examination of that or those subject(s) and shall be provisional and if the student fails in the compartment examination, he or she shall stand automatically reverted to the class from where he or she was allowed provisional promotion Failed students shall register again for the entire professional class they failed and such students shall have to fulfill all requirements of the class afresh. A student failing in the annual examination for three consecutive years in a professional year of Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry degree programme shall be finally dropped automatically from the University on account of poor academic performance (except fourth professional year).In no case, a student shall be allowed to continue his/her BVSc& AH studies beyond 9 academic years (including internship).The 10.00 points scale for grading is followed. The corresponding ranking of OGPA with respect to traditional scoring system of Division Ranking shall be as follows: 8.000 and above- First Division with Distinction 7.000-7.999- First Division 6.000- 6.999- Second Division 5.000- 5.999-PassA student should secure overall grade point average (OGPA) of 5.00 out of 10.00 at the end of degree programme to be eligible to get B.V.Sc. & AH. Degree.

 PROFESSIONAL YEAR-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF COURSES

FIRST PROFESSIONAL

Veterinary Anatomy4+3=7

Veterinary Physiology4+1=5

Livestock Production Management; 4+2=6

Total Credits 12+6=18

SECOND PROFESSIONAL

Veterinary Microbiology 3+2=5

Animal Genetics and Breeding 3+1=4

Animal Nutrition3+1=4

Veterinary Biochemistry2+1=3

Total Credits 15+7=22

THIRD PROFESSIONAL

Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology4+1=5

Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology3+1=4

Veterinary Parasitology 3+2=5

Livestock Products Technologyp;sp; 2+1=3

Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension 3+1=4

Education

Veterinary Clinical Practices-I0+1=1

Livestock Farm Practices 0+2=2

Total Credits 15+9=24

FOURTH PROFESSIONAL

Veterinary Surgery and Radiology2+1=3

Veterinary Medicine 4+1=5

Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2+1=3

Veterinary Clinical Practices-IIsp; 0+6=6

Total Credits 8+9=17 In addition to the Core Courses above, a student shall have to successfully complete the Internship (of one year duration) including Entrepreneurial Training for the award of Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry degree.Remount Veterinary Squadron or National Cadet Corp or Equestrian or National Social Service or Sports and games shall be non- credit (0+1) training programmes any of which for all the Professional Years shall be compulsory (except fourth) for the award of Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry degree and the performance of the students in these training programmes shall be assessed and graded as Satisfactory or Unsatisfactory and student has to obtain Satisfactory grading for successful completion of course requirements.

 Master Programme at IVRI Deemed University

Admission for MVSc programme is being done on the basis of All India Entrance Examination (PG) conducted by the Education Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, through National Testing Agency, New Delhi. All the candidates including sponsored (in-service) for seeking admission to MVSc programme must have to appear in the written Examination. For more information related to Competitive Examination, please visit the Education Division, ICAR, New Delhi website.(www.icar.org.in.) All the seats for Master’s programme are to be filled on the basis of combined examination for admissions and award of ICAR PG scholarship conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. The candidates for admission to Master’s programme must have Bachelor's degree in Veterinary Science in the concerned discipline as per the Veterinary Council of India. On the basis of merit and after online counseling, ICAR finalizes the students for Post-Graduate degree programme (MVSc) at ICAR-IVRI Deemed University in 19 disciplines as detailed below:

1.Veterinary Biochemistry

2.Veterinary Biotechnology

3.Animal Genetics and Breeding

4.Animal Nutrition

5.Bio-Statistics

6.Livestock Economics & Statistics

7.Livestock Production and Management

8.Livestock Products Technology

9.Poultry Science

10.Veterinary Microbiology

11.Veterinary Extension Education

12.Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics

13.Veterinary Medicine

14.Veterinary Parasitology

15.Veterinary Pathology

16.Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology

17.Veterinary Physiology

18.Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology

19.Veterinary Surgery & Radiology

Approved student intake is 153 seats.

 Doctoral Programme at IVRI

Admission for PhD programme will be held on the basis of all India Competitive Examination conducted by the Education Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, through National Testing Agency, New Delhi. All the candidates including sponsored (in-service) for seeking admission to PhD programme must have to appear in the written Examination. For more information related to Competitive Examination, please visit the Education Division, ICAR, New Delhi website.(www.icar.org.in.) All the seats for Doctoral Programme are to be filled on the basis of combined examination for admissions and award of ICAR JRF/SRF (PhD) conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. On the basis of merit and after counseling, ICAR finalizes the students for Doctoral Programme (PhD) at ICAR-IVRI Deemed University in 17 disciplines as detailed below: -

1.Veterinary Biochemistry Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline.

2.Veterinary Biotechnology Eligibility = BVSc & AH with Master's degree in Biotechnology/ Animal Biotechnology/Animal Biochemistry/ Microbiology/ Immunology/ Virology

3.Animal Genetics and Breeding Eligibility = BVSc & AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline

4.Animal Nutrition Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline.

5.Livestock Production and Management Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline.

6.Livestock Products Technology Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline.

7.Poultry Science Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline.

8.Veterinary Microbiology Eligibility = BVSc & AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline of Veterinary Microbiology/ Veterinary Bacteriology/ Veterinary Virology/ Veterinary Immunology

9.Veterinary Extension Education Eligibility = BVSc & AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline/ Vet. Medicine/ Vet. Gynaecology & Obstetrics/ Vet. Surgery/ Animal Nutrition

10.Animal Reproduction Gynaecology and Obstetrics Eligibility = B.V.Sc. & AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline

11.Veterinary Medicine Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline

12.Veterinary Parasitology Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline

13.Veterinary Pathology Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline / Avian Disease

14.Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline

15.Veterinary Physiology Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline

16.Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology Eligibility = B.V.Sc. .& AH with Master's degree in Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology/ Veterinary Public Health/ Veterinary Epidemiology/ Epidemiology / Public Health/ Pathobiology

17.Veterinary Surgery & Radiology Eligibility = B.V.Sc.& AH with Master's degree in concerned discipline

Approved student intake Total 110 seats

Rankings
IVRI, Bareilly has been ranked as number 6 in Agricultural and allied University category in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework university ranking 2023.

Notable alumni

 * Kanneboyina Nagaraju, Professor; Founding Chair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University

title: Indian Veterinary Research Institute


text:
Yokusan Sonendan

The Yokusan Sonendan (大日本翼賛壮年団) was an elite paramilitary youth branch of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association political party of wartime Empire of Japan established in January 1942, and based on the model of the German Sturmabteilung (stormtroopers).

Members received a deep political indoctrination and basic military training. Their responsibilities included forming part of the home guard to assist in matters of civil defense under the direction of official local authorities. They were issued mostly obsolete weapons provided to the organization under orders from their Director-General Kingoro Hashimoto, and were expected to assist local firefighting efforts following air raids, distribute emergency supplies and render basic first aid. The most advanced pupils were earmarked for eventual enrollment in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy, or for a future role as elected local politicians within the Taisei Yokusankai organization.

In addition to its civil defence and paramilitary role, the Yokusan Sonendan was also tasked with assisting local tonarigumi neighborhood civil defense organizations and the Kenpeitai military police by watching for signs of subversives in their area and reporting any anti-war or anti-government activities.

In the last stages of World War II, members received additional military training in the use of anti-tank weapons and light machine guns, for transfer into reserve combat units to support Japan's remaining troops against the expected Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands. The group suffered heavy combat casualties during the Battle of Okinawa. The Yokusan Sonendan was disbanded on 30 May 1945 and its membership merged into the Volunteer Fighting Corps.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yokusan Sonendan


text:
Pijar

PIJAR (Pusat Informasi dan Jaringan Aksi Reformasi / Information Centre and Action Network for Reform - Pijar also stands for 'flame') was an active player in the Indonesian struggle for democracy in 1998.

After succeeding with ending President Suharto's authoritarian rule on May 20, 2001, PIJAR's attention shifted towards the possible trial of Suharto and his successor Habibie at the International Court of Justice. Later, though already fading in its glory, PIJAR fought for the independence of Timor Leste, which finally gained independence in 2002.

In its pre-Suharto years, PIJAR organized most of its activities through email communication in order to escape possible prosecution.

Current activities of PIJAR are unknown.

title: Pijar


text:
Christabel (poem)

Christabel is a long narrative ballad by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in two parts. The first part was reputedly written in 1797, and the second in 1800. Coleridge planned three additional parts, but these were never completed. Coleridge prepared for the first two parts to be published in the 1800 edition of Lyrical Ballads, his collection of poems with William Wordsworth, but left it out on Wordsworth's advice. The exclusion of the poem, coupled with his inability to finish it, left Coleridge in doubt about his poetical power. It was published in a pamphlet in 1816, alongside Kubla Khan and The Pains of Sleep.

Coleridge wrote Christabel using an accentual metrical system, based on the count of only accents: even though the number of syllables in each line can vary from four to twelve, the number of accents per line rarely deviates from four.

Synopsis
The story of Christabel concerns a central female character of the same name and her encounter with a stranger called Geraldine, who claims to have been abducted from her home by a band of rough men.

Christabel goes into the woods to pray by the large oak tree, where she hears a strange noise. Upon looking behind the tree, she finds Geraldine who says that she had been abducted from her home by men on horseback. Christabel pities her and takes her home with her. However, supernatural signs (a dog angrily moaning despite being asleep, fading flames on torches suddenly reigniting, Geraldine being unable to cross an iron gate, denial of prayer) seem to indicate that all is not well. They spend the night together, but while Geraldine undresses, she shows a terrible but undefined mark: "Behold! her bosom and half her side— / A sight to dream of, not to tell! / And she is to sleep by Christabel" (246–48).

Christabel's father, Sir Leoline, becomes enthralled with Geraldine and orders a grand procession to announce her rescue. He ignores the weak objections of his daughter, who, although under enchantment, is starting to realize the enormity of Geraldine's malign nature. The unfinished poem ends here.

(Note: Geraldine and Leoline's names are pronounced to rhyme with "recline.")

Composition and publication history
It is unclear when Coleridge began writing the poem which would become Christabel. Presumably, he prepared it beginning in 1797. During this time, he had been working on several poems for Lyrical Ballads, a book on which he collaborated with William Wordsworth. Christabel was not complete in time for the book's 1798 publication, though it did include The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The first part of the poem was likely completed that year, however. He continued to work on Part II of the poem for the next three years and finished it at Greta Hall in Keswick, where he had moved in 1800. It was also at Keswick that he became addicted to opium. A year later, he added a "Conclusion". The poem is, nevertheless, considered unfinished. He later noted that he was distracted by too many possible endings. He wrote, "I should have more nearly realized my ideal [had they been finished], than I would have done in my first attempt."

The poem remained unpublished for several years. On his birthday in 1803, he wrote in his notebook that he intended "to finish Christabel" before the end of the year, though he would not meet his goal. The poem was first published in the collection of three poems: Christabel; Kubla Khan: A Vision; The Pains of Sleep, by the John Murray Press on 25 May 1816.

Analysis
Thematically the poem is one of Coleridge's most cohesive constructs, with the narrative plot more explicit than previous works such as the fragmented Kubla Khan which tend to transcend traditional composure. Indeed, in many respects the consistency of the poem – most apparent from the structural formality and rhythmic rigidity (four accentual beats to every line), when regarded alongside the unyielding mysticism of the account – creates the greatest juxtaposition in the poem.

The transgressive plot of Christabel revolves around the relationship, implicitly sexual, of Geraldine and Christabel. Geraldine takes on a proto-vampiric role, with all the antecedent features that that necessitates: external beauty, a revelatory bodily mark, and a physical encounter (with the victims) that leaves them incapacitated. Percy Shelley, a friend of Coleridge's, after reading the poem, purportedly had nightmares and was obsessed with the poem; Epipsychidion, one of his later works, is partially inspired by it. Byron was similarly taken by the poem, and especially the relationship between the women, and wrote to Coleridge (on 18 October 1815): ''the description of the hall, the lamp suspended from the image, and more particularly of the girl herself as she went forth in the evening – all took a hold on my imagination which I never shall wish to shake off. '' Christabel, with its female-centric slant, became a symbol of female emancipation. Emmeline Pankhurst, the renowned feminist and suffragette, named her daughter, Christabel Pankhurst after the eponymous character. L'Etre Double by Renée Vivien, which is a work about a lesbian relationship, is heavily inspired by Christabel.

Influence
Christabel was an influence on Edgar Allan Poe, particularly his poem "The Sleeper" (1831). It has been argued that Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's 1872 novel Carmilla is an homage or adaptation of Christabel. Le Fanu's antagonist Carmilla has certain similarities with Christabel's Geraldine; for instance, she cannot cross the threshold of a house, and seems to be stronger at night. Likewise, the heroines of the two works are similar, both Christabel and Laura are the children of deceased mothers currently in the charge of their widowed fathers. Geraldine's presence gives Christabel similar symptoms as Carmilla's does to Laura; both heroines experience troubled sleep and weakness in the morning after spending the night with their guest.

Julia Margaret Cameron's photograph Christabel is named after the poem and depicts the titular character.

In 2002, US experimental filmmaker James Fotopoulos released a feature-length avant-garde cinematic adaptation of Christabel.

The poem is the inspiration for the song "Christabel", by Texan singer and songwriter Robert Earl Keen, which appeared on his 1984 album No Kinda Dancer.

Christabel also influenced the song "Beauty of the Beast" from Nightwish's album Century Child (2002).

Christabel was also an influence on The Cure, who wrote the song "A Foolish Arrangement" based on this poem. It was included on the band's 2004 compilation album Join the Dots: B-Sides and Rarities.

British novelist A.S. Byatt names a fictional romantic poet Christabel in her award-winning novel Possession.

title: Christabel (poem)


text: Category:Sudburians

title: Category:Sudburians


text: User talk:71.244.86.179

title: User talk:71.244.86.179


text: User talk:203.94.228.43

title: User talk:203.94.228.43


text:
Talk:Iarnród Éireann

Pronunciation
It’s given as [ˈiəɾˠn̪ˠˌɾˠoːd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]. [ˠ] is close to German <ü>, and is not used in any actual pronunciation of Iarnród Éireann, neither in Irish nor English. I'm changing this to reflect the correct [ʲ]; if you have a good reason for changing it back, please include it here 91.64.130.180 (talk) 17:28, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that the above statement is incorrect, in that (superscript) [ˠ] is not "close to German <ü>"; it is, in fact, an indication that the preceding consonant is velarized. Since User:91.64.130.180's comment was made the IPA has been 1) altered to (the incorrect) [ˈiəɾʲnʲˌɾʲoːdʲ ˈeːɾʲənʲ]; 2) removed altogether; and 3) restored as [ˈiəɾˠnˠɾˠoːdˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]. Personally, I would prefer to see [ˠ] dispensed with in IPA representations of Irish: it is surely enough to indicate the palatalized ("narrow") consonants (by means of [ʲ]) and leave the rest to be taken as velarized ("broad") by default. That is the way that dictionaries dealt with the question "when I was alive". I wonder, can anyone perhaps point me to where there may have been a discussion on this matter in the Talk pages of Wikipedia? I've looked, but have yet to find one. -- Picapica (talk) 19:20, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

Iarnrod Eireann - Irish Rail
The company's name, as registered at the Companies Registration Office in Dublin, is 'Iarnrod Eireann - Irish Rail' and the company uses 'Irish Rail' as their main brand these days... so, why is "Iarnród Éireann" being used here and else where on Wikipedia? Monucg 00:43, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * See Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles) specifically Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles) Article 2 Strongsauce 01:02, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Services
I believe that sources/references of some sort (survey results for example) should be used to validate the following comments. This is to ensure that Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy is adhered to.

"Quality of service is generally good."

"The Dublin to Belfast (the Enterprise route) is well regarded, despite occasional problems with punctuality."

"The Cork - Dublin route is also quite well regarded."

Ga2re2t 16:36, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Network Catering
I propose Network Catering be merged into Iarnrod Eireann as the unit is part of this comapny and chances are it will not be develop into a full article. ant_ie 18:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Done --RFBailey 19:49, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Pearse Station
I propose that Pearse Station be removed from the list of main Intercity stations, as it is not, in general, an Intercity station, merely a DART station. Heuston Station is the terminus for Intercity services to Cork, Limerick, Tralee, Waterford, Ballina, Westport, and Galway; Connolly Station is the terminus for Intercity services to Sligo and Rosslare Harbour, and Enterprise services to Belfast. Pearse Station is merely a commuter hub. Stifle 15:15, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree ant_ie 18:00, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * With no objections, I've gone ahead with this edit. Stifle 23:27, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Operational scope
According to Luas, IE does not operate that rail system. Are there other independent rail systems in the Republic? -- Beland 00:32, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have removed the dubious tag on the following grounds: Luas is a tram and not a railway, IE operates "all internal intercity, suburban and commuter railway services in the Republic of Ireland" (luas would not come under any of those heading anyway); Northern Ireland Railways operates a joint service with IE but this is an international service in all but name and Northern Ireland Railways do not offer any purely internal services in the Republic of Ireland (theirfore the statement is still true). Their is a railway line from Waterford to Wexford and this is part privately owned, but operated exclusively by IE.

 * Thus in summary no other company offers services that could be discribed as "internal intercity, suburban and commuter railway services in the Republic of Ireland". Djegan 21:25, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Weasel/peacock words/phrases
Hi, i have noticed a few areas that use weasel and peacock terms without any citation to back them up

"this route is quite poor as it is faster to drive by car even at peak times"

"Rolling stock are quite good on this route"

While through experience i may agree with the first assertion, the fact remains that it needs to be properly cited. Does anybody have the time to deal with these instances of peacock and weasel?Darigan (talk) 14:07, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

"contrary to normal European practice where such namings are generally used only when there are two or more stations in a town or city":
What evidence is there for this statement? Eog1916 (talk) 15:17, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:43, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Shocked to oblivion due lack of electric shock.
The article fails to mention IÉ has deep problems due to lack of electrification. They neglected to install catenary on 95% of their lines and now are on the verge of closing down much of their network, due to the work-intensive and expensive nature of diesel gugglers. The long term survival of railways is only possible via high-tension AC traction at the national grid frequency, that is a well established fact by now. 92.52.236.107 (talk) 10:37, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

98% actually Sonicandknuckles (talk) 09:24, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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Irish rail
This is the English Wikipedia, Irish Rail is an official name of the company and is used in the logo. So that name should be used, not the Irish (difficult pronounceable) name. It's not like Garda Síochána where only the Irish name exists and is used.--Wester (talk) 12:58, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

 * according to the relevant Irish statue the name is officially Iarnród Éireann—Irish Rail, so I would advocate for the article to be renamed that (as it already is in the infobox). Smirkybec (talk) 20:18, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 16 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Sceptre (talk) 00:27, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

Iarnród Éireann → Irish Rail – Relevant links: WP:UE and MOS:IRELAND. The English name is in the logo, the domain is https://www.irishrail.ie/en-ie/, and some sources use the English name like here and there. I think it fits with MOS Ireland if 'a subject has both an English and an Irish version of their name, use the English version if it is more common among English speakers'. Screen Ireland is called that way rather than Fís Éireann so could also apply here. JuniperChill (talk) 16:08, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. 162 etc. (talk) 16:59, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose Firstly, nom has cherry-picked two sources (one British) using Irish Rail but ignored other sources using Iarnród Éireann, such as The Limerick Post, The Irish Times, RTÉ, Railway Gazette International and Business Post. The nom has not presented any evidence that usage in English-language sources in Ireland prefers Irish Rail. Per WP:TITLEVAR we should use the name that predominates in Irish sources, and the nom has provided just one Irish source, Galway Beo. Yet here is an article from Galway Beo today using Iarnród Éireann. The nom says we should change the title because the "English name is in the logo" - yet so is its current name. The nom cites WP:UE which is ridiculous because Irish English incorporates many names from the Irish language, such as Garda Síochána, Taoiseach and Tailte Éireann to name a few. I note Screen Ireland was moved in 2022 following a discussion with a single two-word contribution, which seems highly inappropriate. AusLondonder (talk) 17:10, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Aus, Screen Ireland should probably be moved back for the same reasons—blindlynx 18:42, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * (replay to both @Blindlynx and AusLondonder)
 * But Screen Ireland is being used as an example at MOS:IRELAND. I do not plan to introduce a rename of that page but any further enquiries about the name of Screen Ireland should be directed there. See also: Irish Water since that was also planned to rename to the Irish name and the Irish water logo has both names.
 * In addition, the reason why I would keep Conradh na Gaelgae (idk spelling for Gaelic League) and what Aus said is because the Irish name is (almost) always used. Also, not sure if we apply names based on normal user preference but I think most people search up Irish Rail since the Irish name is hard to spell and remember. Same can be said for Irish Water. Google Scholar gives me 362k results but that also is talking about railways in Ireland in general and not the company. And this uses both names. This sounds like the Ivory Coast scnenario where the French Côte d'Ivoire may be used officially, but Ivory Coast remains in many news pages. Also since this is English Wikipedia, the English name should be used if it is there and at least occasionally used which applies here. And while this page has ties to Ireland, do we look for sources from Ireland or sources internationally? JuniperChill (talk) 19:30, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @AusLondonder, @Blindlynx, @JuniperChill, Screen Ireland was previously at Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland, not Fís Éireann, so a move to Fís Éireann, would need to meet COMMONNAME, which I don't think it would.  Dank Jae  22:24, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Based on that guideline we should consider the Irish names when looking at common name so between that and WP:TITLEVAR all we really shoudl look at is what's used in Irish english-lang sources, right? —blindlynx 22:28, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Blindlynx, I don't think MOS:IRELAND replaces WP:COMMONNAME, so general English-language use is still considered not just English-language sources from Ireland, the MOS just says "English speakers". TITLEVAR is for spelling not on the actual names.  Dank Jae  22:46, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't agree, TITLEVAR says "If a topic has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation, the title of its article should use that nation's variety of English" - in this case, Irish English incorporates Irish language words as part of their national variety of English. AusLondonder (talk) 13:06, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It literally provides "Defence" vs "Defense" as the example, so clearly on spelling. Considering the large use of Irish Rail in news sources, and how niche it is, so most sources are likely from Ireland, Irish Rail is the name they more likely use in Ireland too. GT shows the Irish themselves overwhelmingly use "Irish Rail".  Dank Jae  14:16, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak support, weak because the proposal doesn't actually prove WP:COMMONNAME which is mentioned in WP:UE (The choice between anglicized and local spellings should follow English-language usage) (referring to general), and MOS:IRELAND Where a subject has both an English and an Irish version of their name, use the English version if it is more common among English speakers., only mentioning two sources of potentially hundreds. However, despite considering being neutral, lean support because Ngrams supports that "Irish Rail" has been used more by 2019 and search results of both general results (IR ~1 million vs IE 412,000) and news articles (IR 12,000 vs IE 300) heavily lean "Irish Rail", reducing any risk of miscategorisation. However, a list of sources using either would be preferred, and while the operator does use Irish Rail in their logo, they do prefer the Irish name on more technical topics, but Wikipedia doesn't follow WP:OFFICIALNAMES "just because".  Dank Jae  22:48, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per DankJae. Ngrams and news articles show "Irish Rail" more common and the logo uses it. It provides an opportunity for WP:COMMONALITY by being more broadly understandable. — BarrelProof (talk) 16:32, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Trains and WikiProject Ireland have been notified of this discussion. JuniperChill (talk) 11:48, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * While that would make sense, the name Iararód Éireann is equally as common, so I don’t mind it using the Irish name. But I’m sure Irish Wikipedia will still call it Iararód Éireann anyway.
 * Why don’t we change Bray Daly railway station to Bray railway station? The other stations outside Dublin aren’t referred to their 1916 Riding leader names on here. JoshuaW56 (talk) 12:00, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose The Google-based arguments have an inherent bias due to the language issue (not only with Irish, by the way) and limited covering outside the USA. The Irish name is well used in Irish sources, so no need to create complications by moving. Additionally, ENWP has a number of language-warriors (using IPs) around, who wants to keep everything in Irish (even when not sensible). Hope the proposer is willing to deal with the clique. The Banner  talk 12:11, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Supporters of Irish-language titles deserve an equal say in the RM, but they don't OWN the article and must follow consensus like the rest of us. Certes (talk) 13:30, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose The Iarnród Éireann name is heavily used by the company itself on trains, in train stations, and in public company communications, and is in common daily usage by Irish broadcasters and print media. The name is immediately familiar to the Irish population through all this saturated representation in Irish, even if well-meaning, distant, non-Irish, Wikipedia editors – using blind robots which lack interpretive insight such as Ngrams, which don't always accurately reflect regular human practice in real life or on the ground – find it difficult to imagine such prevalence in daily life in Ireland. The Iarnród Éireann usage and existing article title actually conform to both MOS:IRELAND and WP:COMMONNAME. Like other articles about Irish transport systems such as Córas Iompair Éireann, Luas, and Aer Lingus, the Irish names of such transport companies is the official norm – even in English language conversation and in print (Ireland practices a considerable amount of daily bilinguality like this). This is a non-problem which does not require fixing. Spideog (talk) 13:03, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. While, unlike it's parent general transport company (Córas Iompair Éireann) and sister bus company (Bus Éireann), the subject rail company (Iarnród Éireann) does have an English version of its name ("Irish Rail"), I don't agree with the argument that the English version is more commonly used among English speakers (in Ireland). Or that "it's (also) in the logo" or "its in the web domain" are strong arguments for a move. The applicable guidelines, as noted, are WP:COMMONNAME and WP:IMOS. The latter, which the nom points to as rationale for a move, gives that "when the Irish version is more common among English speakers, use the Irish version". I would argue, based on examples of very recent news coverage (in multiple and varied sources) that "Iarnród Éireann" is commonly used (within English language sources) to refer to the subject. And, while the English language variant is also (of course) used, it's not (IMO) sufficiently preeminent to warrant a move. (As an aside, and while I understand the inclination to point to MOS:COMMONALITY in this discussion, I note that many non-Irish news outlets recently used the term "Irish PM", or similar, when referring to the office of Taoiseach. Likely for "COMMONALITY" reasons. Such use could not, just to note, be used as an argument for moving the Taoiseach article. Not unlike Taoiseach, Iarnród Éireann is used - in general English speech within Ireland - to refer to the subject under discussion.) Guliolopez (talk) 13:14, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * and @Spideog: see Irish Water, Screen Ireland. All of them titles are in English name although the former has been formally rebranded. Also Pākehā settlers ((See RM and Move review) and which was a very long winded move about whether English or the native name should be used but finally reached an agreement to European settlers in New Zealand)and Ivory Coast . Like for exmaple, a non Irish speaker would not recognize Iarnród Éireann immediately but definitely Irish Rail. We also have a bunch of articles that are translated into English like the Royal Spanish Academy but Académie Française. Oviously the Conradh na Gaeilge, CIE and Luas can stay as it is because the translated version is not (commonly) used and also not in the logo. Plus, its common for even the Irish to use the English name in speech and writing but not sure if this is allowed. Also look at internet forums. If at least ~40% sources the Irish and Englisn names, it makes sense to use English as this is English wikipedia and the English name is there. See DankJae's comment above for numbers JuniperChill (talk) 13:52, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi. I understand why you mention them, but Irish Water and Screen Ireland are not comparable. Apples and oranges. (Or, perhaps, longstanding coconuts and new/obscure grapes...)
 * Irish Water was known as Irish Water from its formation. In 2013. It only rebranded in 2022. You will note several discussions (on Talk:Irish Water) on whether the common (English) name or the official (Irish) name should take precedence. You might find it interesting to note that, unlike here, I have repeatedly advocated that the English name is the COMMONNAME. And doesn't meet the IMOS threshold.
 * Screen Ireland was also a title/name born out of a rebrand. In 2015/2018. Its official name ("Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland") and Irish subset/variant ("Fís Éireann") do not have the same longevity or common usage - to the extent that either can be considered a COMMONNAME in English. If someone were to propose moving that title to its official or Irish name, then I'd also argue that the English name is COMMONNAME. And also doesn't meet the IMOS threshold.
 * In a note above, mentions "a number of language-warriors [..] who wants to keep everything in Irish (even when not sensible)". To confirm, and as evidenced above, I am not in that camp. And am not advocating for this/other Irish names for insensible/intransigent/"religious" reasons. As with others contributing here, I have a good faith belief that the Irish name has sufficiently COMMON usage, in English language sources and in daily speech by English speakers in Ireland, to support its use as the article title. Something which cannot be said for newly created brand names (like Uisce Éireann). And the new/official names of entities that the man-on-the-street has never heard of (like Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland). Guliolopez (talk) 15:46, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have clarified that those language warriors use IPs, not registered accounts. The Banner  talk 16:02, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose The Irish name is perfectly fine and clear that it is the company that is the subject of the article. The suggested new title could also refer to an article covering railways in Ireland. Mjroots (talk) 17:57, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * For the latter subject, "Rail" would be "rail". — BarrelProof (talk) 19:05, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak support Google News indicates that both Irish Rail and Iarnród Éireann are used by reliable news sources, sometimes interchangeably by the same news sources. On that basis, I'd be inclined towards the former, on the basis of WP:EN (in the way that I wasn't, where I had proposed moving Irish Water to Uisce Éireann). But as both are used in English-language sources, I'm not strongly in favour of the move. --Iveagh Gardens (talk) 16:19, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Aus and others. Spleodrach (talk) 09:46, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment Both names are supposed to be equally valid in Ireland, picking one over the other is inherently a cultural assertion. The only compromise I see is to use both like Irish Rail/Iarnród Éireann. Ireland appears to be different from Canada or New Zealand in that way, which still use the English rule generally. IgelRM (talk) 13:11, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia generally avoids using clearly redundant titles (titles containing multiple synonyms). — BarrelProof (talk) 15:06, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Weak oppose - both forms are used in Ireland (and international coverage is minor and derivative, so I see a strong case for focusing on Irish sources). It is not as clear cut as RTE (no English form has ever been used) or CIE (the English form is practically never used), nor historically complicated, as for Conradh na Gaeilge (for much of its history known, and prominently, by its English name more than the Irish - but solely by the Irish for decades now). I'd assess the two forms of the railway company name as close in "weight", curiously, while for sister company Bus Eireann, as for their mutual parent State company, the English language form might as well not exist - and so the "weak" aspect to my !vote, as there is some case either way. And as they've been brought up, Screen Ireland is the sole name used in most fora for a good while - Fis Eireann never fully caught on - while Irish Water was solely that in common usage, and the "rebrand" has proven very difficult to "sell", and neither of these tells us anything about IE / IR. On balance, and as it is valid and of long standing, I'd leave this alone, with redirects supporting. Ireland and Hiberno-English do utilise Irish language forms pretty casually, and this is such a case, and I think we can respect this reality. I oppose any "dual title" concept. SeoR (talk) 00:02, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Sounds similar to Ivory Coasts case where it actually used to be titled in its French name. While Irish sources are a hit and miss, I think the general population use Irish Rail rather than its translation since it is hard to say and spell. There is a clear difference between the English name being used in Ireland (almost) exclusively, like the Dublin Bus, sometimes, as applied here, and not (commonly) at all, as with CIE and Met Éireann. And Ireland is an English Speaking country. Therefore as this is English Wikipedia, the English name should be used if it is there. Although applyign may case, cor anglais would have been called english horn. However, corn anglais is basically the term used in UK while English horn in USA so that is an example of MOS:ENGVAR and therefore MOS:RETAIN which does not apply here.
 * And with dual titles, how about Biel/Bienne? Or SNCB/NMBS and SBB CFF FFS?
 * There is also a comment just above this RM that states IRish rail should be used. JuniperChill (talk) 16:22, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iarnród Éireann


text:
User:Fitch

Contributions page (cause you can't auto-redirect there for some reason)

title: User:Fitch


text:
User:Chuayw2000

About Me
Not an active contributor though an avid reader.

title: User:Chuayw2000


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wikijihad

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Denelson83 03:37, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikijihad
Neologism. consider BJAODN or delete. User:Daniel Lotspeich 18:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This heretical neologism.--Isotope23 18:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Burn it at the stake. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 20:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - horrible, must die. --MacRusgail 20:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity. *drew 20:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity, neologism, and dicdef. - Pur e blade | Word 21:39, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Association of Deletionist Wikipedians--Nicodemus75 21:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, okay, but what's your real vote? Interwiki redirects aren't kosher, and, well, that doesn't seem serious. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 21:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nor does "Burn it at the stake" :P the wub  "?!"  22:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Silly synonyms for destruction are delete votes. Granted, it's not like your vote or mine are needed to establish consensus at this point. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 02:46, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Obviously. the wub  "?!"  22:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as really tiresomely dumb. -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - I also hate all these crappy portmanteaux. There's too many of them, and most of them are no good. --MacRusgail 12:12, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Groupe Bruxelles Lambert

Groupe Bruxelles Lambert (GBL) is a Belgian holding company invested in multiple industries. It invests in both listed and private companies. Directed by Ian Gallienne, GBL had a net asset value of €22.5 billion and a market capitalisation of €15.3 billion at the end of September 2021.

GBL is controlled by Pargesa S.A., a Swiss entity which holds 29.13% of the outstanding shares and 44.23% of the voting rights. Pargesa S.A. itself is held jointly by the Power Corporation of Canada (Canada) and Frère (Belgium) groups, providing GBL with a stable and solid shareholder base. Since 1990, the two groups have been bound by a shareholders' agreement. This agreement, which was extended in December 2012 until 2029, includes an extension possibility.

History
The company now known as GBL was founded in 1972, when Léon Lambert's two holding companies, Compagnie Lambert pour l'Industrie et la Finance (CLIF) and Cofinter, merged with Brufina and Cofinindus, two holding entities associated with the so-called Groupe de Launoit founded by Paul de Launoit. The new company, called Compagnie Bruxelles Lambert pour la Finance et l'Industrie (CBLFI), held controlling stakes in two Belgian banks, Banque de Bruxelles and Banque Lambert, for which merger talks had been ongoing since 1969 and eventually came to fruition in 1975, creating the Bank Brussels Lambert (BBL). In August 1977, in turn, CBLFI was renamed Groupe Bruxelles Lambert.

In 1976, CBLFI restructured and built up various participations in U.S. financial firms, including Lambert Brussels Witter (formerly the research boutique William D. Witter), to form Drexel Burnham Lambert, in which it was the largest shareholder with a 26 percent equity stake. In 1982, GBL sold much of its stake in BBL, reducing it from 47 to 10 percent. BBL was eventually acquired by ING Group in 1998, becoming ING Belgium. In 1982-1983, financier Albert Frère displaced Léon Lambert as the main driving force of GBL;

Since 2012, GBL divested more and more its stakes in Total and Engie. These two companies in the energy sector that constituted 41.5% of the value of GBL in 2011, only represented 4.2% of the portfolio on 31 March 2017. Simultaneously, GBL expanded into new business segments by acquiring stakes in SGS, Umicore, Adidas, Ontex, Burberry, Parques Reunidos.and Sienna Capital S.a R.l.

Investments
 Listed companies

On September 30, 2023, GBL owns significant holdings of the following companies (Ownership shares vary from 7%-55%):

 * SGS - The world leader in testing, inspection, and certification ("TIC").
 * Pernod Ricard - The world's second-largest wine and spirits seller.
 * adidas - One of the largest manufacturers of athletic shoes and apparel globally.
 * Imerys - A French multinational corporation specializing in the production and processing of industrial minerals.
 * Umicore - Leader in automotive catalysts, cathode materials for batteries and precious metals recycling.
 * Concentrix + Webhelp - Global player in Customer Relationship Management and Business Process Outsourcing (“CRM–BPO”).
 * Ontex - A prominent global manufacturer specializing in personal hygiene products, offering premium items for Baby Care, Feminine Care, and Adult Care.

 Private assets

On September 30, 2023, GBL is a major shareholder in the following companies:

 * Affidea - Leading provider of advanced diagnostic imaging, outpatient and cancer care services in Europe.
 * Sanoptis - European leader in ophthalmology services.
 * Canyon - The world's largest direct-to-consumer manufacturer of premium bicycles, produces road bikes, mountain bikes, hybrid bikes, triathlon bikes, and e-bikes.
 * Parques Reunidos - The second-largest leisure park operator in Europe and holds the largest individual portfolio of water parks globally.
 * Voodoo - French mobile game developer and publisher.

 GBL Capital (Alternative assets)

Established in 2013, GBL Capital invests in funds managed by asset managers and direct private equity co-investments. On September 30, 2023, the NAV of this activity represents 16% of GBL's portfolio.

Non-digital assets:

 * Apheon
 * Upfield
 * Sagard
 * Kartesia
 * Carlyle
 * C2 Capital
 * Wella
 * Mérieux Développement

Digital assets:

 * Human Capital
 * Backed
 * Proalpha
 * Stripes
 * Illumio
 * 468 Capital

 Sienna Investment Managers (Third-party Asset Manager)

Sienna Investment Managers is a third-party asset manager that offers a range of investment strategies with a focus on long-term perspectives and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations. As of June 2023, the assets under management totaled approximately EUR 30 billion.

With the support of GBL and its extensive experience, Sienna Investment Managers aims to become a leading player in alternative third-party asset management across Europe. The firm specializes in various areas, including liquid assets, real estate, private credit, private equity, venture capital, and funds of funds.

title: Groupe Bruxelles Lambert


text:
Talk:Amaravathi, Palnadu district

Comment
A figure depicting Amaravathi stupa would be appropriate. Some historical details are also needed. -- 11:36, 23 August 2006 203.197.227.228.

Citations and references
It would be appropriate if the author can add references and some citations,otherwise it would be difficult to ascertain whats written here,Pictures of the latest ashokan pillar would be great. -- 15:39, 18 October 2006 71.36.167.221 (Talk)

title: Talk:Amaravathi, Palnadu district


text:
Bad Alexandersbad

Bad Alexandersbad is a municipality of Germany in Oberfranken (Bavaria), in the district of Wunsiedel. Population (2020): 977. The municipality consists of the villages Dünkelhammer, Kleinwendern, Sichersreuth and Tiefenbach.

title: Bad Alexandersbad


text: File:Buddywasisname.jpg

title: File:Buddywasisname.jpg


text: User talk:207.28.215.126

title: User talk:207.28.215.126


text:
Siegesallee

The Siegesallee (, Victory Avenue) was a broad boulevard in Berlin, Germany. In 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered and financed the expansion of an existing avenue, to be adorned with a variety of marble statues. Work was completed in 1901.

About 750m in length, it ran northwards through the Tiergarten park from Kemperplatz (a road junction on the southern edge of the park near Potsdamer Platz), to the former site of the Victory Column at the Königsplatz, close to the Reichstag. Along its length the Siegesallee cut across the Charlottenburger Chaussee (today's Straße des 17. Juni, the main avenue that runs east–west through the park and leads to the Brandenburg Gate).

The marble monuments and the neobaroque ensemble were ridiculed even by its contemporaries. Berlin folklore dubbed the Kaiser Denkmalwilly (Monument Billy) for his excessive historicism. Moves to have the statues demolished were thwarted after the end of the monarchy in 1919.

The Siegessäule and the figures were moved by the Nazi government to the Großer Stern in 1939 to allow for larger military parades.

Some of the monuments were lost in the aftermath of the Second World War. The allied forces (the area later belonged to the British sector) had the avenue erased and the area replanted. In a symbolic act, the Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten) was deliberately built in its path immediately after the end of the war. The remaining figures were repaired in the Spandau Citadel and some form part of the permanent exhibition Enthüllt – Berlin und seine Denkmäler which opened in April 2016. The avenue was reconstructed as a footpath in 2006.

Contemporary reaction
On 27 January 1895, the 36th birthday of William II, German Emperor (1859–1941), the Siegesallee took on a new meaning with Emperor's commissioning of 96 white marble statues. Intended as a personal gift to the city, supposedly to make it the envy of the world, the statues were created by 27 sculptors under the direction of Reinhold Begas over a period of five years, starting in 1896. Dedicated on 18 December 1901, they consisted firstly of 32 "main" statues, each about 2.75m tall (4 to 5m including their pedestals), of former Prussian royal figures of varying historical importance, in two rows of 16, evenly spaced along either side of the boulevard, while behind each one were two busts of associates or advisors mounted on a low semi-circular wall, making 96 sculptures in all.

The whole construction was widely derided by art critics, and regarded by many Berliners as grossly over-indulgent and a vulgar show of strength. It was dubbed the ″Puppenallee″ (Avenue of the Dolls), as well as the Avenue of the Puppets, Plaster Avenue, and other unsavoury titles. Even the Emperor's own wife Augusta Viktoria (1858–1921), had reportedly been unhappy about it and had tried to persuade him not to go ahead with it, but to no avail. Just one woman was depicted, Elisabeth of Bavaria (″Schöne Else″ or Beautiful Beth) praying on her knees before her husband. The lack of women was noted by contemporaries.

Some of the protests turned on the fact that Italian artisans in Berlin did the actual sculpting while artists of the Berliner Bildhauerschule just provided models in plaster or clay. Wilhelm's opening speech, the infamous Rinnsteinrede, portrayed Modernism and Impressionism as a descent of art into the gutter (Rinnstein).

Karl Scheffler wrote a devastating criticism in 1907, comparing the Siegesallee to an overly patriotic out-of-tune amateur brassband concerto. The Siegesallee was still a popular place to stroll or relax, however.

The figures were used to teach the history of Brandenburg to pupils. A series of essays by the pupils of a prestigious school, the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium, reached the Kaiser. On behalf of Professor Otto Schroeder, the pupils had to interpret the contrapposto—the leg position of the marble leaders, and from that deduce their personalities. The Kaiser gave better marks than the teacher and provided some ironic notes. The whole affair was made public in 1960 by an East German writer, Rudolf Herrnstadt under a pseudonym.

After the monarchy
In 1918 and 1919, among other occasions, Hans Paasche asked to have the statues destroyed. The soldiers' and workers' council of Berlin decided to keep them. Kurt Tucholsky had written a poem, asking to keep the figures silent, as monuments of a great era.

The statues remained in place until 1938, when they got in the way of the grand plan by Adolf Hitler to transform Berlin into the Welthauptstadt Germania, to be realised by Albert Speer. The avenue was set to disappear under the new North-South Axis, the linchpin of the plan, and so on Speer's direction the entire construction was dismantled and rebuilt in another part of the Tiergarten, along a south-east to north-west running avenue called ″Großer Sternallee″ that led to the Großer Stern (literally ″Large Star″) itself, the main intersection of roads in the centre of the Tiergarten, one of the other roads being the Charlottenburger Chaussee. In its new location it was given a new name — ″Neue Siegesallee″ (New Victory Avenue). The Victory Column was also moved, to the middle of the Großer Stern (and increased in height in the process), where it remains to this day.

Many of the statues were damaged in World War II, while a few were smashed completely. Generally though, the avenue survived, more or less, while all around was a scene of devastation. Most of the Tiergarten's 200,000 trees were shattered by bombs and artillery shells and finally cut down for fuel by desperate Berliners. In the 1948 movie The Ballad of Berlin "Berliner Ballade" (film), Otto Normalverbraucher (″Otto Average-Consumer″), played by Gert Fröbe, as a former German soldier returning to civilian life, gives an ironic salute to the figures.''

However, the statues were seen by the Allied powers as a symbol of Imperial Germany, and in 1947 the British Occupation Forces dismantled the Siegesallee remains, these apparently being bound for the Teufelsberg (Devil's Mountain), the largest of the eight huge rubble mountains around Berlin's perimeter.

State curator Hinnerk Schaper intervened, however, and buried most of the statues in the grounds of the nearby Schloss Bellevue, today the official residence of the Federal President of Germany, in the hope that one day, when Germany could be more accepting of monuments to its past, they might resurface. In 1979 they were rediscovered and disinterred, and many of the survivors were relocated to a museum called the Lapidarium, at Hallesches Ufer, on the north bank of the Landwehrkanal, near the site of the former Anhalter Bahnhof. The museum had formerly been Berlin's first sewage pumping station. In October 2006, however, the museum closed. The building was put up for sale, and the remaining 26 Siegesallee statues and 40 sidebusts (and numerous others housed there) were moved in May 2009 to the Spandau Citadel.

Sculptors who worked on the project

 * Max Baumbach
 * Karl Begas
 * Reinhold Begas
 * Eugen Boermel
 * Johannes Boese
 * Peter Breuer
 * Adolf Brütt
 * Alexander Calandrelli
 * Ludwig Cauer
 * Gustav Eberlein
 * Reinhold Felderhoff
 * Fritz Gerth
 * Johannes Götz
 * Ernst Herter
 * August Kraus
 * Otto Lessing
 * Harro Magnussen
 * Albert Manthe
 * Ludwig Manzel
 * Norbert Pfretzschner
 * Fritz Schaper
 * Emil von Schlitz
 * Walter Schott
 * Rudolf Siemering
 * Cuno von Uechtritz-Steinkirch
 * Max Unger
 * Joseph Uphues
 * Martin Wolff

title: Siegesallee


text: Category:St. Cathariners

title: Category:St. Cathariners


text:
Hawker Tomtit

The Hawker Tomtit is a British training biplane from the late 1920s.

Design and development
The Royal Air Force in 1927 required a replacement for their current elementary trainers, the elderly Avro 504Ns. They specified that the power plant should be an Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose engine, a radial five-cylinder type, and the design should "have regards to the elimination of the Woodworking Fitter trades." In other words: the airframe, though not its covering had to be metal. This led Sydney Camm, then chief designer at Hawker to design the Tomtit, a single bay biplane whose frame was of steel and duralumin tubes. The spars were made of tubular dumbbell sections, the whole aircraft fabric covered. Automatic slats of the Handley Page type were fitted to the leading edges of the upper wing. It had the standard fixed main wheel and tail-skid undercarriage of its day. The engine was uncowled.

Instructor and trainee sat in open tandem cockpits. The latter, at the rear, was provided with the then-new blind flying panel and a cockpit hood was fitted so blind flying instruction was possible. The RAF Tomtits had 150 hp (112 kW) Mongoose IIIC motors. The prototype (J9772) was first flown by George Bulman from Brooklands in November 1928.

Hawker also produced five civil registered Tomtits. The first two of these started with a Mongoose IIIA engine and the third with an upright in-line 115 hp (86 kW) A.D.C. Cirrus Major. It was thought that this latter, lower power engine choice might appeal more to public sporting owners. Three of these aircraft were later owned by Wolseley, who fitted them with their cowled A.R. 7 and A.R.9 radial motors.

Production and service
Between 1928 and 1931, 24 aircraft were delivered to the RAF for evaluation. After the first batch of ten, two more batches of six and eight aircraft respectively were ordered. The competition included the eventual winner, the Avro Tutor. Military Tomtits were sold elsewhere, two to Canada and four to New Zealand. Despite its failure to win the RAF contract, it is probable that more Tomtits could have been sold as it was very well received by their pilots but Hawker were very busy producing the Hawker Hart and its many variants and did not have the capacity to manufacture other aircraft. The Cirrus-powered machine had turned out to be rather underpowered and lacking the control precision of the standard aircraft.

In 1935 some nine ex-RAF aircraft joined the original five on the civil register. They were used by individuals and clubs as sports and training machines. On 4 February 1941, three surplus Tomtits were acquired from Leicester Aero Club by Alex Henshaw, chief test pilot at the Vickers-Armstrongs Castle Bromwich aircraft factory for use as personal transport until mid-1942. G-AFIB was destroyed in a night take-off accident during the war and G-AFVV was destroyed at some point soon after the war. G-AFTA survived the war, was sold by Henshaw in 1946 but then acquired and restored by the Hawker company in 1949. This was donated to the Shuttleworth Collection at Old Warden in 1960 and is still airworthy there today.

Variants

 * Tomtit
 * Two-seat training, club, sports and personal aircraft.

 * Tomtit Mk I
 * Two-seat primary trainer for the RAF.

Military operators

 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force - 2 aircraft.
 * No. 7 Squadron RCAF
 * No. 12 Squadron RCAF
 * Royal New Zealand Air Force - 4 aircraft.
 * Pilot Training School
 * Royal Air Force - 24 aircraft.
 * No. 24 Squadron RAF
 * No. 3 Flying Training School
 * Central Flying School
 * No. 3 Flying Training School
 * Central Flying School

Survivors
One Tomtit still flies, the ex-RAF K1786 G-AFTA. This, the last RAF machine to be completed in January 1931, initially served with No. 3 Flying Training School. It joined the UK civil register in April 1939. During the war, it was flown by Alex Henshaw and gained a Spitfire windscreen and faired headrest. After purchase and restoration by Hawker in 1949, it became the mount of company test pilot Neville Duke and was repainted dark blue and gold. In 1960, it was handed over to the Shuttleworth Collection, who returned it to its original RAF colours in 1967.

title: Hawker Tomtit


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Orzo

Orzo (,  ; lit. 'barley'; from Latin hordeum) is a form of short-cut pasta shaped like a large grain of rice. Orzo is traditionally made from flour, but it can also be made of whole grain. It is often made with semolina, a type of flour made from durum wheat.

The name orzo is common for this pasta shape in North America, but less so in Italy, where the word usually still means 'barley'.

Preparation
There are many different ways to serve orzo. It can be an ingredient in soup, including avgolemono, a Greek soup, and in Italian soups such as minestrone. It can also be part of a salad, a pilaf, or giouvetsi, or baked in a casserole.

It can also be boiled and lightly fried, to create a dish similar to risotto.

When the pasta is made, orzo can be colored by saffron, chilies, and black beans to yield yellow, orange, or black pasta.

Other names
Orzo is essentially identical to the κριθαράκι (kritharáki, lit. 'little barley'), or μανέστρα (manestra when in soup) in Greek cuisine, arpa şehriye (lit. 'barley noodle') in Turkish cooking, and لسان العصفور (lisān al-ʿaṣfūr, lit. 'sparrow tongue') in Egyptian cooking. In Spain, the equivalent pasta is called piñones (also the Spanish word for pine nuts, which orzo resembles ). Ptitim is a rice-grain-shaped pasta developed in the 1950s in Israel as a substitute for rice.

It is also part of the traditional cuisine of the east of France, from Lorraine to Provence, where orzo is called pépinettes or riewele depending on the region. In Alsace, orzo is typically served in a chicken broth.

title: Orzo


text:
Legend of the White Horse

Legend of the White Horse (original title: Biały smok) is a 1987 Polish-American adventure children's film directed by Jerzy Domaradzki and Janusz Morgenstern, based on the magic realism novel White Horse, Dark Dragon by Robert C. Fleet, who also wrote the screenplay. It was produced by Alina Szpak for CBS Theatrical Films, Legend Productions & Film Polski. The film is also a political satire. It was released on July 13, 1987. It was re-released in 2017 by Legend 44 Productions as White Horse, Dark Dragon; Legend 44 Productions is the successor to Legend Productions, the American co-producer and copyright holder of the feature.

Plot
The action takes place in a fictional Central European country, Karistan, where the beautiful Alta lives with her young blind daughter Jewel. Jewel has a friend in the form of an enigmatic white horse. Soon they meet an American visitor named Jim Martin, who has been sent to Karistan to prove that a new investment is not going to harm the environment in Karistan.

Cast

 * Christopher Lloyd ... Jim Martin
 * Stephan Szpak-Fleet (as aka Stephan aka Stephan Fleet) ... Steve Martin
 * Dee Wallace ... Alta
 * Allison Balson ... Jewel
 * Soon-Tek Oh ... Tai Ching
 * Kazimierz Kaczor ... The Superintendent
 * Christopher Stone ... Doc
 * Archie Lee Simpson ... Silver
 * Luke Askew ... Frank Brown
 * Zbigniew Lesien ... Peter
 * Stanislaw Wolski ... Johann
 * Zdzislaw Sosnierz ... Georgi
 * Andrzej Blumenfeld ... Bartan
 * Ryszard Radwanski
 * Andrzej Szopa
 * Agata Piszczorowicz
 * Ann Carol Vanex
 * Robert C. Fleet
 * Andrzej Krakowski
 * Janina Januszkiewicz ... Stewardess

Background
The novel White Horse, Dark Dragon is described by The Science Fiction Chronicle as "an interesting juxtaposition of fantasy and modern politics", and has become something of a cult due to its dry political humor satirizing late-era communism and U.S. corporate boardrooms - mixed with action, historical romance and nuanced characters. The movie takes a simpler tack, perhaps reflective of Hollywood mind-think: good guys vs. bad guys. It was a decision that makes for an uneasy blend of target marketing vs. reality, since the result was a movie that at least one reviewer, Michael Medved, thought was "too intense for children."

As Biały smok (White Dragon), it was the second highest grossing theatrical feature in Poland when it was released in 1987. It was renamed "Legend of the white horse" by CBS in the U.S., but the CBS Theatrical Films division was closed down in late 1986 and the feature languished in tax write-off obscurity until it was released to video by CBS/Fox Video a few years later.

The book was held up for publication for contractual reasons, but finally published by Putnam/Berkley/Ace in 1993. It was re-released in digital and print versions in 2012 by Red Frog Publishing.

History of the production
Polish-born U.S. producer Alina Szpak, using her recently completed family feature, Brothers of the Wilderness, as an entrée to return to Poland, and with the aim of helping to ease the thaw of Cold War relations as the country was just coming out of martial law, in 1984 she and her husband/partner Robert Fleet approached the country's official film agency, Film Polski and, in co-operation with Film Unit Perspektywa (Zespoł Perspectywa) developed the first U.S.-Poland feature film co-production (not services-for-hire), producing White Dragon (aka Biały Smok aka Legend of the White Horse aka White Horse, Dark Dragon) for her own company, Legend Productions under the aegis White Dragon Productions, Inc. The fantasy-adventure feature, valued at a 1985 budget of US$11 million and starring American and Polish actors (Christopher Lloyd, Dee Wallace, Soon-Tek Oh, Kazimierz Kaczor), was purchased in pre-production by CBS Theatrical Productions. Released in 1987 in Poland, it was the #2 grossing theatrical film of the year, after E.T. In the U.S., although White Dragon had already been pre-sold to 100 international markets during production in 1985-86, a corporate takeover of CBS by Laurence Tisch resulted in the entire feature film division being closed; the feature was subsequently renamed Legend of the White Horse and sold via Fox Video; due to a settlement with CBS, it is currently under digital distribution by Legend 44 as White Horse, Dark Dragon.

title: Legend of the White Horse


text:
Capitalization rate

Capitalization rate (or "cap rate") is a real estate valuation measure used to compare different real estate investments. Although there are many variations, the cap rate is generally calculated as the ratio between the annual rental income produced by a real estate asset to its current market value. Most variations depend on the definition of the annual rental income and whether it is gross or net of annual costs, and whether the annual rental income is the actual amount received (initial yields), or the potential rental income that could be received if the asset was optimally rented (ERV yield).

Basic formula
The rate is calculated in a simple fashion as follows:

$ \mbox{Capitalization Rate} = \frac{\mbox{annual net operating income}}{\mbox{current value}} $|undefined Some investors may calculate the cap rate differently.

In instances where the purchase or market value is unknown, investors can determine the capitalization rate using a different equation based upon historical risk premiums, as follows:

$ \mbox{Capitalization Rate} = \frac{\mbox{risk free rate}+\mbox{historical real estate risk premium}-\mbox{expected net operating income growth rate}}{1-\frac{\mbox{annual capital expenditures}}\mbox{net operating income}} $|undefined

Explanatory examples
For example, if a building is purchased for US$1000000 sale price and it produces US$100000 in positive net operating income (the amount left over after fixed costs and variable costs are subtracted from gross lease income) during one year, then:

 * $$100,000⁄$1,000,000$ = 0.10 = 10%

The property building's capitalization rate is 10% percent, or in other words, one-tenth of the building's cost is paid by the net proceeds earned in the year.

If the owner bought the building twenty years ago for US$200000 that is now worth US$400000, his cap rate is:

 * $$100,000⁄$400,000$ = 0.25 = 25%.

The investor must take into account the opportunity cost of keeping their money tied up in this investment. By keeping this building, they are losing the opportunity of investing US$400000 (by selling the building at its market value and investing the proceeds).

For that reason, the current value of the investment, not the actual initial investment, should be used in the cap rate calculation. Most real estate transactions are financed using borrowed capital, such as mortgage loans.

Thus, for the owner of the building who bought it twenty years ago for US$200000, the real cap rate is twenty-five percent, not fifty percent, and they have US$400000 invested, not US$200000.

As another example of why the current value should be used, consider the case of a building that is given away (as an inheritance or charitable gift). The new owner divides the annual net income by the initial cost, say,

 * $income⁄cost$ = $$100,000⁄0$ → UNDEFINED

Anybody who invests any amount of money at an undefined rate of return very quickly has an undefined percent return on his investment.

From this, we see that as the value of an asset increases, the amount of income it produces should also increase (at the same rate), in order to maintain the cap rate.

Capitalization rates are an indirect measure of how fast an investment will pay for itself. In the example above, the purchased building will be fully capitalized (pay for itself) after ten years (100% divided by 10%). If the capitalization rate were 5%, the payback period would be twenty years.

Note that a real estate appraisal in the U.S. uses net operating income. Cash flow equals net operating income minus debt service. Where sufficiently detailed information is not available, the capitalization rate will be derived or estimated from net operating income to determine cost, value or required annual income.

An investor views his money as a "capital asset". As such, he expects his money to produce more money. Taking into account risk and how much interest is available on investments in other assets, an investor arrives at a personal rate of return he expects from his money. This is the cap rate he expects. If an apartment building is offered to him for US$100000, and he expects to make at least 8 percent on his real estate investments, then he would multiply the US$100000 investment by 8% and determine that if the apartments will generate US$8000, or more, a year, after operating expenses, then the apartment building is a viable investment to pursue.

Use for valuation
In real estate investment, real property is often valued according to projected capitalization rates used as investment criteria. This is done by algebraic manipulation of the formula below:

For example, in valuing the projected sale price of an apartment building that produced a net operating income of $10,000 last year, if we set a projected capitalization rate at 7%, then the asset value (or the price paid to own it) is $Capital Cost (asset price) = Net Operating Income⁄Capitalization Rate$

This real estate appraisal method using the formula directly above is known as direct capitalization or capitalization rate valuation and is commonly used for valuing income generating property.

One advantage of capitalization rate valuation is that it is separate from a "market-comparables" approach to an appraisal (which compares 3 valuations: what other similar properties have sold for based on a comparison of physical, location and economic characteristics, actual replacement cost to re-build the structure in addition to the cost of the land and capitalization rates). Given the inefficiency of real estate markets, multiple approaches are generally preferred when valuing a real estate asset. Capitalization rates for similar properties, and particularly for "pure" income properties, are usually compared to ensure that estimated revenue is being properly valued.

Cash flow defined
The capitalization rate is calculated using a measure of cash flow called net operating income (NOI), not net income. Generally, NOI is defined as income (earnings) before depreciation and interest expenses:

 * $$142,857 (= $10,000⁄.07).$ (i.e., tax write-offs. depreciation, and mortgage interest are not factored into NOI);
 * whereas $Net Operating Income NOI = (Net Operating income) − (operating expenses)$

Note that one distinction for real estate property's is that operating expenses include property taxes, as such provisions are part of the business model.

Moreover, the annual debt service is the sum of a property's interest burden and principal amortization.

Depreciation in the tax and accounting sense is excluded from the valuation of the asset, because it does not directly affect the cash generated by the asset. To arrive at a more careful and realistic definition, however, estimated annual maintenance expenses or capital expenditures will be included in the non-interest expenses.

Although NOI is the generally accepted figure used for calculating cap rates (financing and depreciation are ignored), this is often referred to under various terms, including simply income.

Use-case of cap rates
Capitalization rates are a tool for investors to use for estimating the value of a property based on its net operating income (NOI). For example, if a real estate investment provides US$160000 a year in NOI and similar properties have sold based on 8% cap rates, the subject property can be roughly valued at US$2000000 because US$160000 divided by 8% (0.08) equals US$2000000. A comparatively higher cap rate for a property would indicate greater risk associated with the investment (decreasing demand for the product, and the corresponding value), and a comparatively lower cap rate for a property might indicate less risk (increased demand for the product). Some factors considered in assessing risk include creditworthiness of a tenant, term of lease, quality and location of property, and general volatility of the market.

Factors of determination
Cap rates are determined by three major factors; the opportunity cost of capital, growth expectations, and risk.

Commercial real estate investments compete with other assets (e.g. stocks and bonds) for investment dollars. If the opportunity cost of capital is too high, investors will use their capital to purchase other assets and the resulting decreased demand will drive prices down and cap rates up. If the inverse is true, cap rates will be driven down by the increased demand stemming from lower opportunity cost of capital.

The primary source of income in commercial real estate is rent. Rental rates are driven by a variety of supply and demand factors which make up a separate market for rentable space. As investors consider an acquisition, they must project future movements of this market as it relates to the specific asset. If the space market is expected to yield future increases in rental rates, investors will pay a higher price for the current income stream, pushing the cap rate down. If the space market projects a weak outlook, investors will want to pay less, and cap rates will rise.

Being a simplified rate of return measure, cap rates are subject to the same risk/return trade-off as other measures. In short, cap rates move in tandem with risk, real or perceived. While risk aversion varies from person to person, generally, investors are willing to pay more for less risky assets. As such, assets with less risk will carry lower cap rates than assets with higher risk.

Reversionary
Property values based on capitalization rates are calculated on an "in-place" or "passing rent" basis, i.e. given the rental income generated from current tenancy agreements. In addition, a valuer also provides an Estimated Rental Value (ERV). The ERV states the valuer's opinion as to the open market rent which could reasonably be expected to be achieved on the subject property at the time of valuation.

The difference between the in-place rent and the ERV is the reversionary value of the property. For example, with passing rent of US$160000, and an ERV of US$200000, the property is US$40000 reversionary. Holding the valuers cap rate constant at 8%, we could consider the property as having a current value of US$2000000 based on passing rent, or US$2500000 based on ERV.

Finally, if the passing rent payable on a property is equivalent to its ERV, it is said to be "Rack Rented".

Change in asset value
The cap rate only recognizes the cash flow a real estate investment produces and not the change in value of the property.

To get the unlevered rate of return on an investment, the real estate investor must add (or subtract) the percentage increase or decrease from the cap rate. For example, a property with a cap rate of 8%, which is projected to rise in value by 2%, delivers a 10% overall rate of return. The actual realised rate of return will depend on the amount of borrowed funds, or leverage, used to purchase the asset.

The most common metric used to quantify the percentage of leverage used to finance a real estate investment is the loan to value ratio (LTV), which compares the total loan amount to the appraised property value.

In the commercial real estate (CRE) market, the typically maximum LTV ratio around 75%

Historical trends
According to a national survey conducted by CBRE in early 2021, typical cap rates in the US varied across geographical regions and urban market, but generally ranged between 4.5% and 6.5% for urban office properties, between 6.5% and 8.0% for suburban office properties, and between 3.5 and 5.0% for multifamily housing properties. Typical cap rates for industrial properties showed a somewhat greater range, from 2.5% to 6.0%. According to the same survey, cap rates for retail properties in early 2021 typically ranged from 5.0 to 7.0%.

The National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries (NCREIF) in a Sept 30, 2007 report reported that for the prior year, for all properties income return was 5.7% and the appreciation return was 11.1%.

A Wall Street Journal report using data from Real Capital Analytics and Federal Reserve showed that from the beginning of 2001 to end of 2007, the cap rate for offices dropped from about 10% to 5.5%, and for apartments from about 8.5% to 6%. At the peak of the real estate bubble in 2006 and 2007, some deals were done at even lower rates: for instance, New York City's Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village apartment buildings sold at a cap rate of 3.1% based on highly optimistic assumptions. Most deals at these low rates used a great deal of leverage in an attempt to lift equity returns, generating negative cashflows and refinancing difficulties.

As U.S. real estate sale prices have declined faster than rents due to the economic crisis, cap rates have returned to higher levels: as of December 2009, to 8.8% for office buildings in central business districts and 7.36% for apartment buildings.

title: Capitalization rate


text: User talk:70.109.207.9

title: User talk:70.109.207.9