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USS Reid (DD-369)

The third USS Reid (DD-369) was a Mahan-class destroyer in the United States Navy before and during World War II. She was named for Samuel Chester Reid, a U.S. Navy officer in the War of 1812 who helped design the 1818 version of the flag of the United States.

History
Reid was laid down 25 June 1934 by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey; launched 11 January 1936; sponsored by Mrs. Beatrice Reid Power; and commissioned 2 November 1936, Captain Robert B. Carney in command.

From 1937 into 1941, Reid participated in training and fleet maneuvers in the Atlantic and Pacific. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, Reid's gunners fired at the Japanese planes and downed one of them. After the attack, Reid patrolled off the Hawaiian Islands, Palmyra Atoll, and Johnston Island during December. In January 1942, she escorted a convoy to San Francisco, California. Returning to Hawaii for more patrol duty, she later steamed to Midway Island, and then twice more escorted convoys from Pearl Harbor to San Francisco.

Departing Pearl Harbor on 22 May 1942, Reid steamed north to bombard Japanese positions on Kiska Island, Alaska on 7 August 1942. She supported landings at Adak, Alaska on 30 August and sank by gunfire the JSUB Ro-61 on 31 August. After transferring five Japanese prisoners to Dutch Harbor, Alaska, she reached Pearl Harbor on 30 September 1942, then departed on 7 October to escort Task Group 15.1 to Pago Pago, American Samoa, which she reached on 22 October. She departed Pago Pago on 23 October for Pearl Harbor, arriving there on 30 October 1942. She left for San Francisco on 4 November 1942, arriving on 12 November 1942. She remained at Mare Island Navy Yard for overhaul until 6 December 1942, when she departed with Task Group 2.17 for New Caledonia. En route, she called in with the Task group to Nadi, Fiji on 18 December 1942. She shifted with the Task group to Suva, Fiji on 20 December 1942.

Departing Suva Harbor, Fiji Islands on Christmas Day 1942, she escorted Army troops to Guadalcanal before guarding a convoy to Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides. In January 1943, she bombarded several enemy locations on Guadalcanal.

After patrols in the Solomon Islands, Reid provided radar information and fighter direction for landings at Lae, New Guinea on 4 September 1943. While supporting landings at Finschhafen, New Guinea, she downed two enemy planes on 22 September 1943.

Following patrol and escort duty off New Guinea, she sailed from Buna Roads, New Guinea, to escort troop transports for landings at Arawe, New Britain, 15 December 1943. She protected landings at Cape Gloucester, New Britain, on 26 December 1943, and at Saidor, New Guinea, 2 January 1944. She guarded landings at Los Negros Island, Admiralty Islands, 29 February 1944, and at Hollandia, New Guinea, 22 April. Her guns supported landings at Wakde Island 17 May, at Biak on the 27 May, and at Noemfoor Island, New Guinea, 2 July.

Departing Pearl Harbor 29 August 1944, she supported air strikes against Wake Island 3 September. After patrols off Leyte, Philippine Islands in November, she steamed to Ormoc Bay, Leyte, Philippines. She supported landings there 7 December, and escorted the damaged destroyer USS Lamson (DD-367) toward Leyte Gulf.

Fate
In Reid's final two weeks in the waters around Leyte, the crew was able to sleep only an hour or two at a time. They were called to battle stations (condition red) an average of 10 times a day. It was a period of near constant combat. While escorting reinforcements for Ormoc Bay near Surigao Straits 11 December 1944, Reid destroyed seven Japanese planes, when the following took place:

Reid was protecting a re-supply force of amphibious craft bound for Ormoc Bay off the west coast of Leyte. At about 1700 hours, twelve enemy planes approached the convoy. Reid was the nearest ship to the oncoming planes. Planes 1 and 2 were shot down by the 5-inch battery, and Plane 3 exploded about 500 yd off the starboard beam. Plane 4 hooked a wing on the starboard rigging, crashing at the waterline. Its bomb exploded, causing considerable damage forward. Plane 5 strafed the starboard side and crashed on the port bow. Plane 6 strafed the bridge from the port side and crashed off the starboard bow. Planes 5 and 6 apparently had no bombs or their bombs were duds. Plane 7 came in from astern, strafed Reid and crashed into the port quarter. Its bomb exploded in the after magazine, blowing the ship apart. All this action took place in less than a minute.

The ship was mortally wounded but still doing 20 kn. As the stern opened up, she rolled violently, then lay over on her starboard side and dove to the bottom at 600 fathom. It was over in less than two minutes, and 103 crewmen went down with the ship. The survivors were strafed in the water by Japanese planes before rescue. Her 150 survivors were picked up by landing craft in her convoy.

Reid received seven battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Reid (DD-369)


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Levocabastine

Levocabastine (trade name Livostin or Livocab, depending on the region) is a selective second-generation H1 receptor antagonist which was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1979. It is used for allergic conjunctivitis.

As well as acting as an antihistamine, levocabastine has also subsequently been found to act as a potent and selective antagonist for the neurotensin receptor NTS2, and was the first drug used to characterise the different neurotensin subtypes. This has made it a useful tool for the study of this receptor.

The pharmaceutical drug Bilina is a combination of Levocabastine, benzalkonium chloride, and other components and is typically used in a 0.5 mg/ml suspension as eye-drops, dispensed in 4ml bottles for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis or similar allergic ocular conditions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Levocabastine


text:
User:Gilraen Surion

Gilraen Surion is a Dutch immigrant to New Zealand. She holds and MSc in Food Science and Technology

She has joined wikipedia after reading it for some time She hpes to add information and pictures. Her hobbies and interests include Food and Food Techology in the broadest sense, Microbiology, Sewing and History.

title: User:Gilraen Surion


text: User talk:69.236.110.52

title: User talk:69.236.110.52


text:
User talk:X68.125.130.110

Why have you created this account in order to perform edits on Rei Ayanami. In my opinion it seems rather suspicious. --cheese-cube 03:26, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:X68.125.130.110


text:
User:Watasenia/sandbox:

that's my sandbox

title: User:Watasenia/sandbox:


text:
Sylvia Ashton-Warner

Sylvia Constance Ashton-Warner (17 December 1908 – 28 April 1984) was a New Zealand novelist, non-fiction writer, poet, pianist and world figure in the teaching of children. As an educator she developed and applied concepts of organic, child-based learning to the teaching of reading and writing, and vocabulary techniques, still used today.

Early life
Ashton-Warner was born on 17 December 1908 in Stratford, New Zealand, one of ten children born to Francis Ashton-Warner, a bookkeeper, and Margaret Maxwell, a schoolteacher 14 years his junior.

When Francis's health deteriorated, Margaret became the sole breadwinner, thus needing to take the younger children to school with her to sit in her classroom while she taught. The older children were left at home with their mostly bedridden father.

Career
Ashton-Warner chose teaching as a career partly because it was familiar to her from childhood days spent in her mother’s classroom, and because it gave her a chance to teach her passions, art and music. She attended Wairarapa College in Masterton, 1926-1927, and Auckland Teachers' Training College, 1928-1931. She then worked in Horoera, Pipiriki, Waiomatatini and Omahu, in schools with all or predominantly Māori enrollment, for 24 years.

Over years of teaching classes of mainly Māori children, she gradually developed her ideas on teaching child-based literacy and key vocabulary techniques. Her articles on this subject were first published in the New Zealand journal Here and Now from 1952-55, and later in her book Teacher.

As a novelist, she produced several works centered on strong female characters. Her novel Spinster (1958) was made into the 1961 film Two Loves, starring Shirley MacLaine.

Ashton-Warner was invited to the Aspen Community School in October 1970 and to present at the University of Colorado's third annual reading conference the following June. She held a six-month visiting professorship at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia in 1971.

Awards
Ashton-Warner received a number of honors, including the New Zealand State Literary Fund's Scholarship in Letters in 1958. Her autobiography, I Passed this Way (1979), won the New Zealand Book Award for Non-fiction in 1980. She was awarded the Delta Kappa Gamma Society International Educator's Award in the same year. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to education and literature, in the 1982 Queen's Birthday Honours list.

Personal life
As a young woman, Ashton-Warner trained as a pianist, practising up to five hours a day for years before she turned to teaching. She met Keith Dawson Henderson in her first year at Auckland Teachers’ Training College in 1928, when she was 19. They married in Wellington on August 23, 1931. Together they had three children: Jasmine, Elliot and Ashton.

The couple worked together for many years, often with Henderson as headmaster and Ashton-Warner as infant mistress. Employment of a married couple in the same school was only possible at the time in Māori schools. Ashton-Warner’s pupils called her Mrs. Henderson. Keith Henderson died at age 60 on January 7, 1969.

Death and legacy
Ashton-Warner died on April 28, 1984 in Tauranga, with two of her children by her side. Her life story was adapted for the 1985 biographical film Sylvia, based on her work and writings.

Ashton-Warner's ideas for a child-based, organic approach to the teaching of reading and writing, including her key vocabulary techniques, are still used and debated internationally today. Her work has influenced educators and language scholars, as well as the Language Experience Approach (LEA), a literacy program based on the principle that the best way to teach children to read and write is through their own words.

The Faculty of Education library at the University of Auckland — the institution at which she trained in 1928 and 1929 — was named the Sylvia Ashton-Warner Library in 1987.

The Ashton School in the Dominican Republic was founded in 1998 and named in honour of Ashton-Warner, whose teaching methods inspired the school.

While Ashton-Warner had a somewhat troubled relationship with New Zealand, the country has claimed her as its own. In August 2008, the University of Auckland held a conference to commemorate the centennial of Ashton-Warner's birth. A number of papers from the conference re-evaluated her place in and relationship with New Zealand (see list below).

Earlier papers of Sylvia Ashton-Warner are held in the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University. Her later papers are held in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington. Further material collected by Ashton-Warner's biographer, Lynley Hood, is held in the Hocken Collections in Dunedin.

Quote
"Pleasant words won't do. Respectable words won't do. They must be words organically tied up, organically born from the dynamic life itself. They must be words that are already part of a child's being."

Selected publications by Sylvia Ashton-Warner

 * Spinster. London: Secker and Warburg, 1958; New York: Simon and Schuster, 1958.
 * Teacher. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963.
 * Myself. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966; London: Secker and Warburg 1967.
 * Three. New York: Knopf, 1970.
 * Spearpoint. New York: Knopf, 1972.
 * I Passed This Way. New York: Knopf, 1979; London: Virago, 1979.

Papers produced as a result of the 2008 conference

 * Middleton, Sue. 'Ashton-Warner, Sylvia Constance - Early life and marriage', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 6-Dec-11
 * Middleton, Sue. (2011), Putting Sylvia Ashton-Warner in her Place: History, Geographical  Theory and the New Education. Paedagogica Historica, First published on: February 24, 2011 (iFirst)  URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2010.534102.
 * Jones, A. and Middleton, Sue. (2009). Introduction. In A. Jones and S. Middleton (Eds.), The kiss and the ghost: Sylvia Ashton-Warner and New Zealand. Wellington: NZCER Press (NZ edition) and Rotterdam and Taipei: Sense (Rest of the World edition), pp. 1–8 (Sense edition page numbering)
 * Middleton, Sue. (2009). Sylvia’s place: Ashton-Warner as New Zealand educational theorist. In A. Jones and S. Middleton (Eds.), The kiss and the ghost: Sylvia Ashton-Warner and New Zealand.    Wellington: NZCER Press (NZ edition) and Rotterdam and Taipei: Sense (Rest of the World edition), pp. 35–50 (Sense edition page numbering).

title: Sylvia Ashton-Warner


text:
User talk:Arrhaibos

''This page is now superfluous. Alexandru (pseudonym User:Decius) created this User:Arrhaibos account, after he was indefinitely blocked by an admin.''

By declaring that I have created the User:Arrhaibos account, I clear myself of any sock-puppeting charges.-Alexandru

title: User talk:Arrhaibos


text:
Franconian Circle

The Franconian Circle (Fränkischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle established in 1500 in the centre of the Holy Roman Empire. It comprised the eastern part of the former Franconian stem duchy—roughly corresponding with the present-day Bavarian Regierungsbezirke of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia—while western Rhenish Franconia belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. The title of a "Duke of Franconia" was claimed by the Würzburg bishops.

Emergence and location
As early as the Middle Ages, Franconia had very close links to king and empire. Located between the Rhenish territories of the empire and the Kingdom of Bohemia, Franconia, which included the former Duchy of Franconia, had been one of the centres of empire for a long time.

By order of Emperor Louis of Bavaria, Bamberg, Würzburg, Eichstätt and Fulda with the Hohenzollern Burgraves of Nuremberg, Counts of Henneberg, the Castell and Hohenlohe, the three episcopal cities, and the imperial cities of Nuremberg and Rothenburg united for the first time in a Landfrieden union. But this union (the Franconian Landfrieden) did not last long; it disintegrated in the face of opposition from cities and princes.

On 2 July 1500, at the Reichstag of Augsburg, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was divided into six imperial circles. These first circles were originally numbered, the Franconian Imperial Circle being given the number 1:

"The first circle comprises the princes, principalities, states and territories described below, namely the Bishops of Bamberg, Wirtzburg, Eystett, the Margrave of Brandenburg as Burgraves of Nuremberg, the Counts, free and imperial cities, where they are seated and located."

The circles were later given names that corresponded to their geographical location, which gave rise to the name Franconian Imperial Circle, which appeared for the first time in 1522. In the late Middle Ages, Franconia was understood to mean the area between the forested uplands of the Spessart and the Steigerwald, mainly comprising the estates of the Bishopric of Würzburg.

The imperial circle extended from the Franconian Saale river to the Altmühl river and encompassed most of the upper and middle reaches of the River Main, roughly corresponding to the modern Bavarian provinces of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia, but without the Electoral Mainz estates of the Upper Stift around Aschaffenburg.

Using the name Franconia, created an awareness of an inner unity and with an increased sense of togetherness and solidarity which, however, did not exist in the political or sovereign arenas.

Composition
The circle was made up of the following states:

title: Franconian Circle


text:
Mu Aquilae

Mu Aquilae, Latinized from μ Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.45, it is visible to the naked eye. The measured annual parallax shift of this star is $−24.73$, which gives a distance estimate of 107.6 ly from Earth. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s, and displays a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of $1.16$ per year.

The stellar classification of Mu Aquilae is K3-IIIb Fe0.5, indicating that this is an evolved giant star with a mild overabundance of iron appearing in its spectrum. It belongs to a sub-category of giants called the red clump, which means it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. Compared to the Sun, it has 116% of the mass and has expanded to 7.7 times the size. This inflated outer envelope has an effective temperature of 4,567 K and is radiating 24.5 times the Sun's luminosity. At this heat, Mu Aquilae glows with the orange hue of a K-type star. It is roughly seven billion years old.

title: Mu Aquilae


text:
Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick

Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg (28 August 1714 – 4 May 1774) was a German prince and military officer.

Biography
Anthony Ulrich was the second son of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. His mother's sister, Elizabeth, wife of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, arranged for his marriage to HSH Duchess Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (known as "Anna Leopoldovna"), daughter of Charles Leopold, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and granddaughter of Tsar Ivan V; and he was taken to Russia in 1733, so that he and Anna could get to know each other. The marriage took place in 1739. This marriage was intended to strengthen the relationships between the houses of Romanov and Habsburg. In 1740, their infant son, Ivan, became emperor as Ivan VI. Initially, Duke Ernst Biron of Kurland was regent, but when rumors surfaced that Biron planned on exiling Anthony and Anna to Germany, they staged a coup and Anna was named regent. Not long after, a coup in 1741 removed the family from power.

The new Empress, Elizabeth, had Anthony Ulrich, his wife, and their children imprisoned. They remained so for the rest of their lives. The years of imprisonment were hard, and the family was periodically denied many necessary things. Virtually all communication with the outside world, with the exception of a few servants, was banned. The governor of Arkhangelsk regularly visited them to inquire about their health.

In 1762, Elizabeth died, and the new Empress Catherine offered the Duke permission to leave Russia, with the condition he leave his children behind; but he declined. He lost his eyesight before he died. He was buried very discreetly, and the soldiers were forbidden to reveal the place of his burial, but his coffin was decorated with silver.

In 1780, the surviving children were released from prison into the custody of their aunt, the Danish queen dowager Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. They were taken to Novodvinsk fortress the night of 27 June and left Russia on 30 June. They settled in Jutland, where they lived in under a comfortable house arrest in Horsens for the rest of their lives, under the guardianship of Juliana and at the expense of Catherine. Having lived as prisoners, they were not used to social life, and kept a small "court" of 40/50 people, all Danish except for the priest. The pension granted them by Catherine was paid until the last of them died in 1807.

Family
Anthony Ulrich and Anna Leopoldovna had the following children:
 * Ivan VI (1740–1764) (reigning Emperor 1740–1741)
 * Catherine Antonovna of Brunswick (1741–1807) (released to house arrest in Horsens in Denmark in 1780)
 * Elizabeth Antonovna of Brunswick (1743–1782) (released to house arrest in Horsens in Denmark in 1780)
 * Peter Antonovich of Brunswick (1745–1798) (released to house arrest in Horsens in Denmark in 1780)
 * Alexei Antonovich of Brunswick (1746–1787) (released to house arrest in Horsens in Denmark in 1780)

title: Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick


text:
Tabak-Toyok

The tabak-toyok (sometimes colloquially referred to as chako) is a Filipino flail weapon consisting of a pair of sticks connected by a chain. It is closely related to the Okinawan nunchaku, the primary difference being that the Filipino version tends to have shorter handles and a longer chain than its Okinawan counterpart, making it better suited for long range. Each handle is approximately 8–9 in long. The length of the rope or chain that connects the handles is approximately 4–7.5 in, but the weapon's ideal size depends on the user. Because the small size of the tabak-toyok allows for easy concealment and bigger size allows for control, it is often used in street brawls in the Philippines.

Filipino martial artist Dan Inosanto teaches tabak-toyok techniques as part of his kali curriculum. He introduced the weapon to his friend and student, the martial artist and actor Bruce Lee. Lee would later become famous for using the similar nunchaku in his films.

title: Tabak-Toyok


text: Category:Hospitals in London

title: Category:Hospitals in London


text:
The Jersey Journal

The Jersey Journal is a daily newspaper, published from Monday through Saturday, covering news and events throughout Hudson County, New Jersey. The Journal is a sister paper to The Star-Ledger of Newark, The Times of Trenton and the Staten Island Advance, all of which are owned by Advance Publications, which bought the paper in 1945.

History
Founded by Civil War veterans William Dunning and Z. K. Pangborn, the Jersey Journal was originally known as the Evening Journal and was first published on May 2, 1867. The newspaper's first offices were located at 13 Exchange Place in Jersey City with a reported initial capitalization of $119.

The newspaper built a new office building on 37 Montgomery Street in 1874.

Editor Joseph A. Dear changed the Evening Journal to its current name in 1909.

The paper relocated again, in 1911, to a building at the northeast corner of Bergen and Sip Avenues. This building was demolished in 1923 to make room for Journal Square, which took its name from the newspaper. The Journal made its home at 30 Journal Square for the next 90 years. Its weekly Spanish-language publication, El Nuevo Hudson, ceased publication after the February 26, 2009, edition.

In December 2012, it was announced that the newspaper would sell the building and relocate to another location in Hudson County. In August 2013, the paper announced it would move to Secaucus, which it did in January 2014. It maintains offices at 30 Montgomery Street in Jersey City.

Newspapers in Education Program
The Jersey Journal's Newspapers in Education Program, supported with an additional sponsorship, comprises three annual events and awards: the Hudson County Science Fair, the Hudson County Spelling Bee, and the Everyday Heroes Awards.

Timeline

 * 1867-1909: The newspaper is published as The Evening Journal.
 * 1871: Its building is on 142 Greene Street.
 * 1874: Headquarters move to 37 Montgomery Street.
 * 1891: The Journal demolishes the historic Buck's Hotel to expand the back of its building.
 * 1909: The name is changed to The Jersey Journal.
 * 1911: The headquarters are moved to Journal Square.
 * 1951: The paper merges with The Jersey Observer.
 * 2014: The paper's offices move from Jersey City to Secaucus.

title: The Jersey Journal


text:
Doreen Kimura

Doreen Kimura (February 15, 1933 – February 27, 2013) was a Canadian psychologist who was professor at the University of Western Ontario and professor emeritus at Simon Fraser University. Kimura was recognized for her contributions to the field of neuropsychology and later, her advocacy for academic freedom. She was the founding president of the Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship.

Biography
Kimura was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and grew up in the village of Neudorf, Saskatchewan. Kimura was finishing her final year of high school via correspondence while teaching in a one-room schoolhouse in Northern Manitoba when she applied to and won an entrance scholarship to McGill University in Montreal.

Kimura went on to earn bachelor's, master's, and doctoral (in 1961) degrees from McGill. Woodburn Heron supervised her master's thesis. She conducted her doctoral research at the Montreal Neurological Institute under the supervision of neuroscientist Brenda Milner (co-supervised by Donald O. Hebb).

Kimura joined the faculty at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, in 1967, and remained there for the rest of her career. In 1974, she established the Neuropsychology Unit at London’s University Hospital (now London Health Sciences Centre).

She had one daughter, named Charlotte Thistle Archer. Kimura died on February 27, 2013, at age 80, in Vancouver.

Work
Kimura's early work, starting in the 1960s, assessed differences in the language and music processing capabilities of the two hemispheres of the brain. She demonstrated that right-handed subjects have a right-ear superiority for the reception of words and numbers, and left-ear superiority for the perception of melodies; she concluded that these superiorities must reflect the processing specializations of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Kimura was among the first researchers to use dichotic listening tests in her work, a non-invasive method for studying the lateral asymmetry of auditory processing in the brain.

Kimura studied healthy individuals, as well as patients with apraxia and aphasia, to draw conclusions about the neurological underpinnings of communication. Her 1993 monograph, Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication, summarized her research in this area over the prior two decades.

Kimura's later interests included the relationship between sex and cognition and promoting academic freedom. In a number of publications, including her 2000 book Sex and Cognition, she suggested that cognitive and behavioural differences between males and females can be attributed to the influence of sex hormones on brain development. This work has been met with criticism by those who assert that gender differences are better explained by the influences of society and culture. In a special issue of the journal Canadian Psychology, Kimura argued against affirmative action for women in academia, calling it "demeaning" to women.

Awards and honours

 * 1985: Award for Distinguished Contributions to Canadian Psychology as a Science, Canadian Psychological Association
 * 2000: Nora and Ted Sterling Prize in Support of Controversy, Simon Fraser University
 * 2005: Donald O. Hebb Distinguished Contribution Award, Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognitive Science
 * 2006: Kistler Prize, Foundation for the Future

Books

 * Neuromotor mechanisms in human communication (1993), Oxford: OUP ISBN 0-19-505492-X
 * Sex and Cognition (2000), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press ISBN 0-262-61164-3

title: Doreen Kimura


text:
Mount (grappling)

The mount, or mounted position, is a dominant ground grappling position, where one combatant sits on the other combatants torso with the face pointing towards the opponent's head. This is a favorable position for the top combatant in several ways. The top combatant can generate considerable momentum for strikes (such as punches or elbows) to the head of the opponent, while the bottom combatant is restricted by the ground and by the combatant on top. Other advantages include various chokeholds and joint locks that can be applied from the top. The bottom combatant will usually look to sweep the opponent or transition into a better position such as the guard.

Variations of the mount
A mount which is very high up on the opponent's chest is referred to as a high mount, and a very low one on the abdomen or even thighs as a low mount. A high mount can be used to pin one of the opponents arms under the knee, so as to prevent him or her from defending effectively. This however might increase the risk of the opponent being able to escape the back door, in which he or she is able to move under the opponent and escape the mount. A too low mount on the other hand will result in the opponent being able to sit up, and possibly reverse the position into an open guard with him or her on top. Another variation of the mount is the unusual reverse mount, in which the top combatant's face is towards the legs of the opponent. Such a position can be used to transition into various leglocks. There is also the S-Mount where one knee slides next to the opponent's head while the other leg is curled under the opponent's armpit (for the legs to form an S) which adds additional pressure to opponent's ribcage and can be used to set up more advanced chokes and arm locks.

Strikes from the mount
For those sports that allow striking from the mounted position, such as mixed martial arts, the most common strikes are punches to the face and head. Elbow strikes are also commonly used, and knee strikes are sometimes seen. In addition to punching the head, strikes to the ribs and chest can also be difficult to defend and thus effective.

Submissions from the mount
The mounted position is ideal for applying a variety of armlocks. By trapping the opponent's arm against the ground, the combatant in mount can easily apply a keylock, known in judo as ude-garami and in BJJ as either Kimura (medial keylock) or Americana (lateral keylock). If the bottom combatant attempts to push the top one off by extending one or both arms and pushing, the opponent can transition into a juji-gatame armbar.

Many chokes, especially collar chokes, are also available from the mounted position. Such chokes are generally limited to sporting contestants who wear a gi or, in real-life combat, opponents wearing thick jackets, which provide a collar as an aid to choking, but attempting them at a gi-less situation can be successful if the performer manages to hold his opponent.

Other submissions such as the Triangle Choke, Arm Triangle and the Gogoplata can be used from the mount but are less common.

Pinning holds from the mount
Pinning holds in budō from the mount include tate shiho gatame (縦四方固, "horizontal four quarters hold", also called hon-tate-shiho-gatame, 本縦四方固), which is similar to kata-gatame except that it is performed from the mount. The opponent's arm is pinned against his or her neck, and the head and arm are held tightly. This may result in a potent arm triangle choke. In its variations kuzure-tate-shiho-gatame (崩縦四方固, "modified horizontal four quarters hold"), the arm is not held against the neck, but rather, one of the arms may be held. The stability of these pinning holds or the mount in general, can be increased by entangling the opponents legs with the own legs, a technique known as grapevining.

Defending from the bottom
It is critical for the bottom practitioner to be able to defend a mount by an opponent. Typical escapes include the back door escape (escaping by moving under the opponent) or bridging (also called the upa escape; escaping by thrusting the hips upwards and to the side). For the bridging escape, also known as the Bridge and Roll Escape, to be successful, the practitioner typically must trap the arm and perhaps also block the foot of the opponent on top on the side to which the practitioner wants to roll prior to or during the bridge and roll movement. This prevents the opponent from posting to stop the roll. An alternative also commonly used is the elbow escape, also referred to as the shrimp or shrimping, this involves using the elbows or hands to create space in between the opponent and the practitioner so that the practitioner can work one leg, then the other in between himself and his opponent, hence obtaining the half guard, or full guard. Another option for the defending practitioner is to rotate the body so that the face points downwards. This will however place the practitioner in a very disadvantageous position, defending the back mount, but it is possible to escape while turning, if the opponent has not yet stabilized the position. By simultaneously escaping the back door, or by standing up in an attempt to dislodge the opponent, a practitioner may successfully escape. Still another technique is for the defending practitioner to sweep his opponent, thereby moving from a defensive position to neutral one, or in a best-case scenario a dominant position.

title: Mount (grappling)


text:
Category:Hotels in London

The following are well-known hotels located in London.

title: Category:Hotels in London


text:
File:BuretteWhole.JPG

Summary
An overall picture of a burette

title: File:BuretteWhole.JPG


text: User talk:68.64.122.57

title: User talk:68.64.122.57


text:
HarvestMoon Music and Arts Festival

Harvestmoon Festival is an annual celebration of music and arts situated in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Usually the second weekend of September, the festival showcases different genres of music—both international and local—with heavy representation by Tooth and Nail artists. On the arts side, the festival exhibits various pieces of artwork based on a predetermined theme from local up-and-coming individuals.

Some of the highlights from (2005) include Anberlin, Project 86, Thousand Foot Krutch, and Mutemath.

(2006) was Harvestmoon Festival's tenth anniversary and final event since it ran out of funding unfortunately. The festival ran September 8, 9, and 10. Some of the highlights include Blindside, Stutterfly, and MxPx.

title: HarvestMoon Music and Arts Festival


text:
List of Japanese World War II military specialists on the USSR

List of Japanese World War II experts in Russian/Soviet topics from the 1920s until the end of World War II. The experts listed here acquired their knowledge during the Russo-Japanese War, 1918-27 Siberian intervention, and diplomatic attachés to the Soviet Union.

 * Aritomo Yamagata
 * Saburo Hayashi
 * Michitarō Komatsubara
 * Motojiro Akashi
 * Korechika Anami
 * Sadao Araki
 * Okikatsu Arao (Koko)
 * Kitsuju Ayabe
 * Masutaro Nakai
 * Shōjirō Iida
 * Toshizō Nishio
 * Torashirō Kawabe
 * Minoru Sasaki
 * Kantarō Suzuki
 * Jun Ushiroku
 * Otozō Yamada
 * Jirō Minami
 * Kyoji Tominaga
 * Heitarō Kimura
 * Shigenori Kuroda
 * Mitsumasa Yonai


text:
User:Wiki-Addict

--Wiki-Addict 03:35, 9 October 2005 (UTC) $$[[Media:[[Image:

[WIKIPEDIA ROCKS!]
]]]]$$

title: User:Wiki-Addict


text:
Under the Covers: Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers

Under the Covers: Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers is a compilation album released on March 31, 1998, by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. All of the songs featured are covers mainly from the band's early albums.

The album actually contains 13 tracks even though only ten are listed on the album's back cover. The album was a limited edition release.

Track listing

 * 1) "They're Red Hot" (Originally by Robert Johnson)
 * 2) "Fire" (originally by The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
 * 3) "Subterranean Homesick Blues" (originally by Bob Dylan)
 * 4) "Higher Ground" (originally by Stevie Wonder)
 * 5) "If You Want Me to Stay" (originally by Sly and the Family Stone)
 * 6) "Why Don't You Love Me" (originally by Hank Williams)
 * 7) "Tiny Dancer" (Live) (originally by Elton John)
 * 8) "Castles Made of Sand" (Live) (originally by The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
 * 9) "Dr. Funkenstein" (Live) (originally by Parliament)
 * 10) "Hollywood (Africa)" (originally by The Meters)
 * 11) "Search and Destroy" (originally by Iggy Pop and The Stooges)
 * 12) "Higher Ground" (Daddy-O Mix)
 * 13) "Hollywood (Africa)" (Extended Dance Mix)

Personnel

 * Evren Göknar - Mastering Engineer


text:
Talk:Martina Hingis

Awards
Hingis did not win the "Swiss Sportswoman of the year" award in 1993 but in 1997. Please correct it! 13:08, 2 November 2007

Martina's last name (surname)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

born as "Martina Hingisová Molitor"??? How can you believe this nonsense? Because some unnamed journalist invented it? Such names did NOT exist in Czechoslovakia. Correct it! Just "Martina Hingisová" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.208.89.241 (talk) 03:10, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree. The surname 'Hingisová Molitor' is nonsensical, violating the Czechoslovak laws & regulations on the register offices, and needs correction to Hingisová only. During her childhood in Czechoslovakia, Martina's surname could be either Hingisová or Molitorová but certainly not both. Also the feminine suffix -ová was obligatory (there are some grammatical exceptions but not in the case of the surname Hingis and Molitor) . Bibulus (talk) 18:53, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

I have corrected the Martina's original surname from Hingisová-Molitor to Hingisová. The only reliable source would be the birth record in the official register of births. However Martina Hingis is a living person, which means that the record is not publicly accessible. Another reliable source could be Martina's birth certificate, also not publicly available. So we must rely on the rules and laws effective in Czechoslovakia in 1980. During childhood the Czechoslovak children bore only one surname, either father's surname (default case) or mother's surname. The feminine suffix -ová/-á was obligatory for girls in most cases (dependent grammatically). Only the court could permit an exception. The surname Hingisová-Molitor is definitely nonsense. Bibulus (talk) 21:54, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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5:39 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.234.33 (talk) 20:34, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martina Hingis


text:
Talk:Zodiac (novel)

Bicameral mind
Where did it imply that the Satanists were bicameral minded? — Omegatron 03:36, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Connections between books
I am not sure that this is correct. "This book sees the first instance of Stephenson adding thin connections between his books: though he is not mentioned by name, Hiro Protagonist, the main character from Stephenson's later novel Snow Crash, is alluded to as the boyfriend of one of the background characters — specifically, "the boyfriend who keeps the samurai swords in the trunk of his car." Hiro does, in fact, keep samurai swords in the trunk of his car. (More on that at Snow Crash and The Diamond Age.)" Hiro isn't the only one in Stephenson's books that carry samurai swords in their cars. The Shaftoes of Cryptonomicon also carried samurai swords in the back of their car. So this might just be something that is common in his books. It is doubtful given the different backgrounds of the Snow Crash and Zodiac, that they are talking about the same or even simular people.Headrattle 00:05, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * At one point I wrote something in that disputed this -- I thought the timeframes were off. But I wasn't 100% sure so I took it out again. (Snow Crash still feels "near-future" to me but when it was published, "near future" was a couple decades earlier than it is now.) Jerry Kindall 05:59, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe it should read "The boyfriend of one of the background characters has something in common with other characters in some of his other books. Hiro Protagonist  wielded Samurai Swords in the book Snow Crash and the Shaftoe Brothers had Samurai swords in the trunk of their car in the book Cryptonomicon."  It is obvious that they aren't the same people.  Though Snow Crash is supposed to be happening within the next few years or so.  It was the forseeable future.  As such, simply owning Samuria Swords does not make them the same people.  Especially when characters in other books ALSO have Samuria swords.Headrattle 04:10, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

The only connection between the books is a single sentence about swords in a trunk. It's just a nod; not a big deal, and definitely doesn't deserve to be the focus of half of the article. — Omegatron 03:09, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

How can Stephenson be "adding thin connections between his books" when this was only his second novel and (I assume) first mention of Samurai swords in car? Wouldn't this claim be more appropriate in reference to a later book? A-giau 17:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't intend to argue that the article should say there's a connection between the books, but I want to point out that we're outright told how Hiro's swords were acquired and when. His father obtained them during WW2 by taking them from a Japanese soldier he defeated immediately after one of the two bomb drops (I forget which). So if you want to, you can figure out whether the described "boyfriend" is consistent with the age of a WW2 vet, or the son of a WW2 vet, and use that to decide for yourself if the books are intended to be linked. (I think it's just a nod, but using this reasoning you can decide for yourself. And it really doesn't belong in an article about Zodiac, unless maybe it's part of a "common tropes in Stephenson books" thing.) Dfjdejulio (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 14:34, 28 October 2009 (UTC).

Chemistry
"While the book has been generally well received by fans of the author, it has come in for criticism with regard to the science contained in it, particularly the chemistry in which the protagonist is supposedly an expert."

Having read the book and not noticed any glaring scientific errors, I did a quick google look around and failed to find any criticism of the science anywhere except one Amazon review, which doesn't mention any specific details. In fact, most everything I've seen claims the chemistry is accurate. It's even listed as related reading for a water chemistry class at the University of Colorado. Pending a citation, I've removed this sentence. Gjc8 06:38, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Stephenson Book Zodiac.png
Image:Stephenson Book Zodiac.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:22, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I updated the image page with reasons. Fred Hsu (talk) 02:09, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

satanists??
"uncovering a conspiracy involving industrialist polluters and Satanists in Boston Harbor."

there's no conspiracy with the satanists. there are some heavy metal rock fans, and the corporate conspiracy folks try to disguise some of their vandalism as the work of satanic rock fans, but i don't think there's a conspiracy involving both the corporations and the rock fans. 12.197.7.22 (talk) 19:11, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

 * That's how I remember it, too. I'll simply remove the reference to satanists. JöG (talk) 21:30, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zodiac (novel)


text:
Lisle Blackbourn

Lisle William "Liz" Blackbourn (June 3, 1899 – June 14, 1983) was an American football coach in Wisconsin, most notably as the third head coach of the Green Bay Packers, from 1954 through 1957, and the final head coach at Marquette University in Milwaukee in 1960.

Early years
Born in Beetown, Wisconsin, in 1899, Blackbourn attended high school in Lancaster and played college football at Lawrence College in Appleton, under head coach Mark Catlin, Sr. He arrived on campus in 1918, but left after a semester to work on the family farm for several years, then returned to school. He earned "all-state" honors three times for the Vikings and also was a catcher on the baseball team. While finishing his degree at Lawrence, he coached the Vikings' freshman football team in the fall of 1924.

High school coach
After earning his degree in 1925, he became head coach at Washington High School in Milwaukee and continued for 22 seasons, compiling a 141–30–6 record (.810) through 1946. While remaining as athletic director at the school, he was a scout for the University of Wisconsin–Madison under head coach Harry Stuhldreher.

College coach
In March 1948, Blackbourn became the backfield coach at Wisconsin under thirteenth-year head coach Stuhldreher, who resigned in December. With a new staff at UW for 1949 under Ivy Williamson, Blackbourn moved over to Marquette University in Milwaukee as the line coach under longtime head coach Frank Murray, who stepped down after the season for health reasons and was succeeded by Blackbourn in 1950. In 1953, Marquette posted a 6–3–1 record, their best in over a decade.

Green Bay Packers
Succeeding Gene Ronzani as head coach of the Green Bay Packers, Blackbourn was hired in January 1954. The franchise's third head coach, he had a .350 record in four years, with no post-season appearances, as the only scheduled playoff then was the NFL title game. Requested to resign after a disappointing 3–9 campaign in 1957, he refused and was fired in January 1958. He had a year remaining on a five-year contract, at $25,000 annually, and backfield coach Ray McLean was promoted to head coach.

Blackbourn drafted many future hall of famers, including Forrest Gregg, Bart Starr, Paul Hornung, Jim Taylor, Jerry Kramer, and Ray Nitschke. He was still the Packers' head coach during the first part of 1958 NFL Draft, with the first four rounds conducted in early December 1957. Green Bay's first four picks in that draft are considered among the best by a team in league history; in addition to Taylor, Nitschke, and Kramer, consensus All-American linebacker Dan Currie was selected third overall.

Carroll College
After the dismissal by the Packers, Blackbourn became the head coach at Carroll College in Waukesha for a single season in 1958, and led the Pioneers to a 6–2 record.

Return to Marquette
The sixteenth head coach at Marquette from 1950 through 1953, Blackbourn returned in 1959 to lead the program for its final two seasons. His record there over six seasons was .440, which is third in total wins and twelfth in winning percentage.

Later life and death
After the Marquette football program was discontinued in December 1960,   Blackbourn was a scout in professional football for the Packers and others until he retired in 1972. He was inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1978, and died in 1983 in his hometown of Lancaster.

title: Lisle Blackbourn


text:
User:Ekem/images/art

These pictures had been uploaded by me to the English Wikipedia, but now have been transferred to the Commons

title: User:Ekem/images/art


text:
User:Syckls

This is the very basic home page of Syckls.

title: User:Syckls


text:
Category:Natural history of New Zealand

Articles on the flora, fauna and geology of New Zealand.

title: Category:Natural history of New Zealand


text:
Nu Aquilae

Nu Aquilae, Latinized from ν Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a double star in the constellation of Aquila that lies close to the celestial equator. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.72 and so is visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of only $9,848$ (with a 10% margin of error), it is believed to lie approximately 3700 ly from Earth. The variable star NU Aquilae has a similar-looking designation but is a separate and unrelated object.

The spectrum of ν Aql A matches a stellar classification of F3, with the luminosity class of Ib indicating this is a supergiant. This is a massive star, with approximately 12.5 times the mass of the sun, and it spans 108 times the Sun's size. It is only 15 million years old and is radiating around 9,800 times the luminosity of the Sun. The outer atmosphere has an effective temperature of 5,500 K and it has the yellow-white hue of an F-type star.

ν Aql B is a ninth magnitude star 201 arc-seconds distant. Little is known about it except an approximate spectral classification.

title: Nu Aquilae


text:
User:Oddtoddnm/Sandbox

Standard Deviation
$$\sigma = {{\Sigma \left ( x - \mu \right )^2} \over N}$$

$$S = {{\Sigma \left ( x - \bar{x} \right)^2} \over {N - 1}}$$

Z Scores
$$Z = {{x - \mu} \over \sigma}$$

$$Z = {{x - \bar{x}} \over S}$$

Z Scores for Means
$$Z_\bar{x} = {{\bar{x} - \mu} \over {\sigma \over \sqrt{N}}} = {{\sqrt{N} \left ( \bar{x}-\mu \right )} \over \sigma}$$

title: User:Oddtoddnm/Sandbox


text:
File:Mactaggert 2.jpg

Moira MacTaggert from Uncanny X-Men 96, Art by Dave Cocrum.

title: File:Mactaggert 2.jpg


text:
User talk:JonathanHendry

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.-gadfium 03:40, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JonathanHendry


text:
Southern States Cooperative

Southern States Cooperative is an American farmer-owned agricultural supply cooperative headquartered in the Richmond, Virginia area. Southern States Cooperative supplies small, medium, and large commercial farmers with livestock and animal feed, pasture seed, vegetable seed, farm fertilizers, farm supplies, bulk fuel, and crop services, including information and products to grow better crops. They also supply homeowners with information and products for their lawn, garden, hobby farm, and home.

Southern States is a $1.5 billion agribusiness with over 200,000 farmer-members and serves over 1,200 retail outlets across 21 states.

Company history
Southern States Cooperative was founded in 1923 as the Virginia Seed Service by 150 farmers in Richmond, Virginia to help develop seeds. It expanded to distribution of feed in 1925, fertilizer in 1926 and farm supplies and petroleum shortly after.

At the time, farmers in Virginia were unable to buy seed guaranteed to grow in the Commonwealth. Despite scientific findings about the correlation between the quality of seeds and the quality of crops they produced, commercial seed handlers continued to sell poor-quality seed. In 1923, about 150 farmers met in Richmond to take steps to remedy the situation. These 150 farmers, calling their cooperative Virginia Seed Service (VSS), found that pooling their resources enabled them to procure seeds better suited to Virginia's growing conditions.

VSS began distributing feed in 1925, added a fertilizer service in 1926 and started handling farm supplies and petroleum products a few years later. In the early 1930s, VSS was looking beyond Virginia and changed its name to Southern States Cooperative. Soon other states were served including Delaware and Maryland in 1934, West Virginia in 1941, Kentucky in 1945 and North Carolina in 1986.

Improvements in service also came quickly. In 1948, the cooperative established its first hybrid corn research program. Six years later, realizing it could no longer rely solely on college research, Southern States helped establish a chain of feed testing and research farms located across the country. And in 1960, Southern States and ten other regional co-ops formed a national seed-breeding research organization, FFR.

In 1978, Southern States moved its headquarters from downtown Richmond to the Brookfield office park in Henrico County.

In 2018 Southern States sold its headquarters building at 6606 W. Broad St. to Thalhimer Realty Partners for approximately $15 million. The deal included the 40 year old, eight-story, 206,000-square-foot office building, along with its surrounding 11.8-acre parcel. Southern States remains the anchor tenant in the building now renamed Brookfield Place.

Acquisitions and subsidiaries
In the early 1950s Southern States partnered with two other regional agribusinesses to purchase an oil refinery in Texas City. The facility was renamed Texas City Refining, Inc. in 1951. In 1960 Texas City Refining, Inc. bought an adjacent refinery and terminal from Sid Richardson. In 1964 one of Texas City Refining Inc. owners, the Grange League Federation, merged with Eastern States Farmers Exchange to become Agway. In 1965 Agway merged with another of Texas City Refining Inc.'s owners, the Pennsylvania Farm Bureau, leaving Agway and Southern States as owners. The co-ops sold the 130,000 barrel-a-day refinery and two terminals in 1988.

In 1990, Southern States bought the Wetsel Seed Company of Harrisonburg, Virginia, a family owned seed company founded in 1911, which became a subsidiary of Southern States. Five years later, the company’s name was changed to Wetsel Inc. Southern States sold the business in 2003.

In October 1998, Southern States continued its growth by acquiring the wholesale and retail farm supply system of Gold Kist, Inc. The acquisition effectively expanded the co-op's territory into the Southeastern part of the nation.

Also in 1998 Southern States acquired Michigan Livestock Exchange

Two years later, Southern States purchased the wholesale business of Agway consumer dealers and assumed all dealer marketing, development, operations, distribution and logistics for this business. The acquisition included a dealer network in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware, and a customer service center in Syracuse, New York, as well as distribution facilities.

In August 2017 Southern States sold 20 farm-supply locations in Georgia and Florida and its integrated cotton ginning business in Statesboro, Georgia. to Agrium.

Also in August 2017, Southern States agreed to sell its animal feed production business to agribusiness Cargill, Inc. though Southern States continues to sell a wide assortment of bulk and bagged feed at retail.

title: Southern States Cooperative


text:
Uhthoff's phenomenon

Uhthoff's phenomenon (also known as Uhthoff's syndrome, Uhthoff's sign, and Uhthoff's symptom) is the worsening of neurologic symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating diseases when the body is overheated. This may occur due to hot weather, exercise, fever, saunas, hot tubs, hot baths, and hot food and drink. Increased temperature slows nerve conduction, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. With an increased body temperature, nerve impulses are either blocked or slowed in a damaged nerve. Once the body temperature is normalized, signs and symptoms typically reverse.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of Uhthoff's phenomenon occur when exposed to heat, and include:
 * fatigue
 * pain
 * concentration difficulties
 * urinary urgency
 * worsen of existing optic neuropathy (although optic neuropathy may occur for the first time)
 * muscle stiffness
 * dizziness and unsteadiness

Causes
Uhthoff's phenomenon is caused by a raised body temperature. This may be caused by:
 * hot weather
 * exercise
 * fever
 * saunas
 * sun tanning
 * hot tubs, and hot baths and showers
 * hot food and drink
 * menstruation (which may raise body temperature)
 * sitting near a radiator

Mechanism
The exact mechanism of Uhthoff's phenomenon is unknown. It causes a decrease in the speed of action potentials in the central nervous system (CNS). Heat may increase the time when voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated, which delays further action potentials. This is worsened by the demyelination caused by MS. Other theories have considered the role of heat shock proteins and changes to blood flow.

Peripheral nerve studies have shown that even a 0.5 °C increase in body temperature can slow or block the conduction of nerve impulses in demyelinated nerves. With greater levels of demyelination, a smaller increase in temperature is needed to slow down the nerve impulse conduction. Exercising and normal daily activities can cause a significant increase in body temperature in individuals with MS, especially if their mechanical efficiency is poor due to the use of mobility aids, ataxia, weakness, and spasticity. However, exercise has been shown to be helpful in managing MS symptoms, reducing the risk of comorbidities, and promoting overall wellness.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Uhthoff's phenomenon is clinical and based on symptoms when it occurs in a person who is already diagnosed with MS. The main differential diagnosis is a more serious worsening of MS symptoms.

Prevention and Management
Many patients with MS tend to avoid saunas, warm baths, and other sources of heat. They may wear ice or evaporative cooling clothes, such as vests, neck wraps, armbands, wristbands, and hats. Taking advantage of the cooling properties of water may help attenuate the consequences of heat sensitivity. Exercise pre-cooling via lower body immersion in water of 16–17 °C for 30 minutes may allow heat sensitive individuals with MS to exercise more comfortably with fewer side effects by minimizing body temperature increases during exercise. Hydrotherapy exercise in moderately cool water of 27–29 °C water can also be advantageous to individuals with MS. Temperatures lower than 27 °C are not recommended because of the increased risk of invoking spasticity.

Prognosis
Uhthoff's phenomenon is a temporary problem, and typically completely reverses once body temperature returns to normal. This may take up to 24 hours.

Epidemiology
Uhthoff's phenomenon may affect any person with a demyelinating disease. This is most commonly MS, but it may also occur with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder or Guillain-Barré Syndrome. It affects between 60% and 80% of people with MS.

History
Uhthoff's phenomenon was first described by Wilhelm Uhthoff in 1890 as a temporary worsening of vision with exercise in patients with optic neuritis. Later research revealed the link between neurological signs such as visual loss and increased heat production and Uhthoff's belief that exercise was the etiology of visual loss was replaced by the conclusions of these later researchers stating that heat was the prime etiology.

title: Uhthoff's phenomenon


text:
Xi Aquilae

Xi Aquilae (ξ Aquilae, abbreviated Xi Aql, ξ Aql), officially named Libertas, is a red-clump giant star located at a distance of 186 ly from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. As of 2008, an extrasolar planet (designated Xi Aquilae b, later named Fortitudo) has been confirmed in orbit around the star.

Nomenclature
ξ Aquilae (Latinised to Xi Aquilae) is the star's Bayer designation. Following its discovery the planet was designated Xi Aquilae b.

In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names were Libertas for this star and Fortitudo for its planet.

The winning names were those submitted by Libertyer, a student club at Hosei University of Tokyo, Japan. The names which were originally proposed were in English and were 'Liberty' and 'Fortitude', but to comply with the IAU's rules they were modified to be Latin versions of the same words, and so the final names became 'Libertas' and 'Fortitudo' respectively. 'Aquila' is Latin for 'eagle', a popular symbol of liberty and embodiment of fortitude—emotional and mental strength in the face of adversity.

In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. In its first bulletin of July 2016, the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This star is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

Properties
This star has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.722, which, according to the Bortle Dark-Sky scale, is bright enough to be viewed with the naked eye from dark suburban skies. The orbital motion of the Earth causes this star to undergo an annual parallax shift of 17.51 milliarcseconds. From this measurement, the distance to this star can be determined, yielding an estimate of approximately 186 light-years with an error of 1 light year. The magnitude of the star is diminished by 0.09 from the extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust.

The spectrum of this star is considered a standard example of the stellar classification G9.5 IIIb, where the G9.5 means that it belongs to the category of G-type stars while the luminosity class of IIIb indicates that, at an estimated age of nearly one billion year, is an evolved star that has reached the giant stage. It is in the red clump, meaning it is generating energy through the fusion of helium into carbon at its core.

Xi Aquilae has an estimated 205% of the Sun's mass, while its outer atmosphere has expanded to more than ten times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 70 times the Sun's luminosity at an effective temperature of $101.694$, giving it the golden-hued glow of a G-type star. The possibility of a binary stellar companion can be ruled out based upon observations with the CHARA array.

Planetary system
In 2008, the presence of a planetary companion was announced, based upon Doppler spectroscopy results from the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory. This object, designated as Xi Aquilae b, has at least 2.8 Jupiter masses and is orbiting at an estimated 0.68 astronomical unit from the star with a period of 136.75 days. Any planets that once orbited to the interior of this object may have been consumed as the star entered the red giant stage and expanded in radius.

title: Xi Aquilae


text:
User talk:Daniel Katz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Jayjg (talk) 03:43, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Daniel Katz


text:
Category:Cities in Lithuania

See also category:Towns in Lithuania

title: Category:Cities in Lithuania


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Far Side Uncertainty Principle

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE to The Far Side. I don't fully understand the final comment. This page has no sections. -Splash talk 23:24, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

The Far Side Uncertainty Principle
Possibly made-up term. Zero Google hits. JW1805 03:44, 9 October 2005 (UTC) Why not just move it two lines up on the same page so tha it falls into the 'attributed to' section and attribute it to Gary Larson?
 * Kinda funny, but probably original research. Why did the chicken delete the road?--inks T 04:37, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've heard of the concept, but not by this name. Delete, and drop a line in joke explaining the concept. BD2412  talk 06:06, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with The Far Side. I like it, but it would be better off as a section. --Billpg 10:00, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with The Far Side. Agreed. Ban e  s  10:03, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with The Far Side. Agreed. User:Colin99 12:40, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with The Far Side--Rogerd 21:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Irishpunktom\talk 13:30, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Gerryw

Gerry Watanabe is a electrical engineer, specializing in electronic design automation for integrated circuit design. He was born on Maui, Hawaii and lives in Palo Alto, California, with his wife and cat.

Interests

 * Programming, mostly C++, Python, sh, csh, and ksh on Unix platforms; previously used APL, CLIC, FORTRAN, PL/I, Prolog, REXX, SNOBOL, and SQL, on MVS/XA and VM/CMS.
 * Directed acyclic graph methods
 * Pianos and electronic keyboards
 * Roller skating, motorcycles
 * Video games, especially role-playing games
 * Science fiction, fantasy, mystery novels
 * Road & Track magazine
 * 2002 BMW

title: User:Gerryw


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Woot (disambiguation)

Woot is an e-commerce retailer.

Woot may also refer to:

People

 * Woot., abbreviation for Elmer Otis Wooton used with botanical nomenclature

Art, entertainment, and media

 * w00t, an album by the band Garaj Mahal
 * Woot the Wanderer, a character who appears in L. Frank Baum's novel The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
 * WOOT-LD, a television station licensed to serve Chattanooga, Tennessee

Other uses

 * Woot, a deity of the people of the Kuba Kingdom (in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 * WOOT or Worldwide Online Olympiad Training, a program for gifted high school mathematics students

title: Woot (disambiguation)


text: Template:US-mil-ship-stub

title: Template:US-mil-ship-stub


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User talk:Aronbeal

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! - Vsmith 03:47, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
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I put Benford's law of controversy up for deletion
Please feel free to express your opinion and vote on it as you prefer, with no hard feelings.Regards,Rich 02:34, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aronbeal