text:
King Peninsula

King Peninsula (-73.2°N, -101°W) is an ice-covered peninsula, 100 nmi long and 20 nmi wide, lying south of Thurston Island and forming the south side of Peacock Sound, Antarctica. It projects from the continental ice sheet and trends west between the Abbot Ice Shelf and Cosgrove Ice Shelf to terminate at the Amundsen Sea.

Location
The north shore of the King Peninsula is the western end of the Eights Coast, while the west and southern shore is in the Walgreen Coast. Peacock Sound is to the north, completely filled by the western part of the Abbot Ice Shelf. The Amundsen Sea is to the west. Ferrerro Bay and the Cosgrove Ice Shelf are to the south. Burke Island is in the sea to the west. The Waite Islands are off Cape Waite, the northwest extremity of the peninsula. Marelli Glacier drains northeast from the peninsula into the Abbot Ice Shelf.

Mapping and name
The King Peninsula was photographed from the air by United States Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47. It was plotted from these photos as a long island, or possible peninsula. Photos taken by the United States Navy in 1966 show it is a peninsula. King Peninsula was named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, United States Navy, Chief of Naval Operations from 1942 to 1945, who approved the preliminary work for Operation Highjump (OpHjp).

Glaciers
Glaciers flowing into Peacock Sound are, from northwest to southeast,

Stapleton Glacier
-72.93333°N, -102.5°W Glacier about 6 nmi long flowing east from King Peninsula just north of Morelli Glacier. Named by US-ACAN after Jo Anne Stapleton, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, Virginia, geographer and map specialist, participated in Antarctic map production from the 1980s to the present, part of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) team that compiled the 1:5,000,000-scale Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer maps of Antarctica and the 1: 250,000-scale Landsat TM image maps of the Siple Coast area.

Morelli Glacier
-72.98333°N, -102.55°W. A glacier in the west part of King Peninsula, 18 nmi southeast of Cape Waite, draining northeast to Abbot Ice Shelf in Peacock Sound. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Panfilo S. Morelli, glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1961-62.

Rignot Glacier
-73.1°N, -102°W Glacier about 4 nmi long draining north from the King Peninsula into Abbot Ice Shelf. Named by US-ACAN after Eric J. Rignot, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, geophysicist; uses field and remotely sensed data to study Antarctic glacier mechanics from the 1990s to the present.

Rosanova Glacier
-73.25°N, -97.91667°W Glacier about 8 nmi long flowing north from King Peninsula into the Abbot Ice Shelf. Named by US-ACAN after Christine E. Rosanova, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Flagstaff, AZ; specialist in the use of satellite imagery for geological and glaciological studies from the early 1990s to 2002; a pioneer in the use of imagery for glacier velocity measurements.

Features
Features surrounding the peninsula include, clockwise from the south,

Cosgrove Ice Shelf
-73.53333°N, -100.75°W. An ice shelf 35 nmi long and 25 nmi wide, occupying the inner (east) part of the embayment between King Peninsula and Canisteo Peninsula. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Jerome R. Cosgrove, United States Navy Reserve, assistant communications officer on the staff of the Commander, United States Navy Support Force, Antarctica, during United States Navy OpDFrz, 1967 and 1968.

Ferrero Bay
-73.46667°N, -102.5°W. A body of water about 15 nmi wide, lying immediately west of Cosgrove Ice Shelf and occupying the outer (west) part of the embayment between King and Canisteo Peninsulas. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander H.H. Ferrero, communications officer on the staff of the Commander, United States Navy Support Force, Antarctica, 1966-68.

Early Islands
-73.66667°N, -101.66667°W. Group of small islands lying just west of Cosgrove Ice Shelf in the southeast corner of Ferrero Bay, Amundsen Sea. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Tommy Joe Early, biologist with the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69.

Burke Island
-73.13333°N, -105.1°W. An ice-covered island about 16 nmi long and 6 nmi wide, lying 37 nmi southwest of Cape Waite, King Peninsula. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, United States Navy, Chief of Naval Operations during United States Navy Deep Freeze operations of 1956-61.

Waite Islands
-72.73333°N, -103.66667°W. A group of small islands in Amundsen Sea, lying 6 nmi west of Cape Waite, the northwest extremity of King Peninsula. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for their proximity to Cape Waite.

Cape Waite
-72.73333°N, -103.26667°W. Cape at the northwest extremity of King Peninsula, marking the southwest side of the entrance to Peacock Sound. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Amory H. Waite, member of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933-35, and communications specialist on the Atka vovage of 1955 and the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition of 1959-60.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: King Peninsula


text:
User talk:Whizzers94

Hey! Whatz up? Im whizzers94! Or, my screen name, at least. I won't give out my real name cause' my mom might ground me. She grounds me for stupid stuff. If you can relate to this, and your a girl, please type it in!!!

title: User talk:Whizzers94


text: Category:Paula Abdul songs

title: Category:Paula Abdul songs


text:
User:Mattvargo

The Greatest love song ever written...?== ==

"Next time our eyes should meet

Take my hand, pull me up onto my feet

Take my arms, wrap them around your waist

One last look at your soft sweet face

Rest your head on my chest, softly close your eyes

Listen to my heart-beat race, gently feel it rise

People say, it's all about the kiss

To me, it's all about moments like this

The ones id never want to miss

Then I realize, these are the moments that seize to exist

Felt like walking on water

The minute i saw her

Wishing for these feelings to finally reach you

So far, none of them came true

You never know what could happen

Makes me smile, when you start laughin'

Sometimes i act stupid :-P, this i know

I can take the pain, even the sorrow

Sometimes you may call me a loser :-P

But even now, when they ask, i still say "I choose her"

Ive been dealt the ace of hearts

Shot by one of cupids darts

How many times do i have to say

"Im not letting this one get away..."

This is no game, no spinning of the wheel

Just letting you know what i think, how i feel

Why can't you just see

That you mean the world to me

All I ever wanted to do

Was get closer to you

I hate being so alone, feeling so cold

Just want someone to have, someone to hold

Roses are red, violets are blue

Words can't express the way I feel about you

My heart is locked up, only you have the key

Every time I see you, you only seem to amaze me

Losing you is my greatest fear

When you're ready, I'll be here"

Prison block: D Cell Number: 047-25-343

title: User:Mattvargo


text:
Mountague Bernard

Mountague Bernard (28 January 1820 – 1882) was an English international lawyer.

Life
He was the third son of Charles Bernard of Jamaica, the descendant of a Huguenot family, and was born at Tibberton Court, Gloucestershire.

He was educated at Sherborne School, and Trinity College, Oxford. Graduating BA in 1842, he took his BCL, was elected Vinerian scholar and fellow, and having read in chambers with Roundell Palmer (afterwards Lord Selborne), was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1846. He was specially interested in legal history and in church questions, and was one of the founders of the Guardian.

In 1852 he was elected the newly established post of Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy at Oxford, attached to All Souls' College, of which he afterwards was made a fellow. But besides his duties at Oxford he undertook a good deal of non-collegiate work; he was a member of several royal commissions; in 1871 he went as one of the high commissioners to the United States, and signed the treaty of Washington, and in 1872 he assisted Sir Roundell Palmer before the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva.

In 1874 he resigned his professorship at Oxford, but as member of the university of Oxford commission of 1876 he was mainly responsible for bringing about the compromise ultimately adopted between the university and the colleges. Bernard's reputation as an international lawyer was widespread, and he was an original member of the Institut de Droit International (1873).

Works
His published works include A Historical Account of the Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War (London, 1870), and many lectures on international law and diplomacy.

title: Mountague Bernard


text:
Getty House

The Getty House is the official residence of the mayor of Los Angeles, California. It is located at 605 South Irving Boulevard in Windsor Square, a historic district east of Hancock Park, about five miles west of the Los Angeles City Hall.

History
The house is named after George Getty II, the son of oil tycoon J. Paul Getty. It was designed and built in the Tudor Revival style in 1921 for $83,000 ($ million in ). The Getty Oil company purchased the house in 1959, and offered the property to the City of Los Angeles on November 12, 1975. The original gardens were designed by A. E. Hanson, and have been restored. According to the Los Angeles County Assessor, the property spans approximately half an acre – 22,523 square feet.

The house was built by Swedish immigrant Paul Paulson and his wife Leta, who moved to Los Angeles from Iowa. Paulson established two cafeterias, one in downtown Los Angeles, and the other on Catalina Island.

Mayor's residence
The house became the official residence for the mayor of Los Angeles. Mayor Tom Bradley was the first to move into the house at the beginning of his second term in 1977, and resided there until leaving office in 1993. However, his two immediate successors opted not to move into the house, so it was unoccupied between 1993 and 2005. Mayor Richard Riordan (1993–2001) resided at his house in Brentwood. Mayor James Hahn (2001–2005) lived in San Pedro so his children could be near their mother's residence.

After his election in 2005, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa announced that he and his family would live in the house on at least a part-time basis, alternating between it and their existing home in the Mt. Washington district on the Northeast side. However, in September 2005, Villaraigosa decided that he would move into the house full-time, becoming the second mayor to reside there. In June 2007, Villaraigosa and his wife, Corina, announced that they were separating, and he would temporarily move out of the Getty House, with his wife and children to continue residing there during the separation.

In 2013, newly elected mayor Eric Garcetti announced that he, his wife, Amy Wakeland, and their daughter Maya, would move into the house.

After the 2022 election, mayor Karen Bass moved into the house in January 2023. On Sunday morning, April 21, 2024, a person broke a window and entered Mayor Bass' residence, Getty House; the mayor and her family were unharmed. The suspect was apprehended.

School zone
The house is zoned to the following LAUSD schools: 3rd Street Elementary School, John Burroughs Middle School, and Los Angeles High School.

title: Getty House


text:
Roger Lyons

Roger Lyons (born 14 September 1942) was the General Secretary of the MSF trade union from 1992 and re-elected leader of the union in 1997. When the union merged with the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union to form Amicus in 2002 he subsequently became one of the Joint General Secretaries of Amicus.

Lyons studied for a degree in economics at University College London. His union career began in 1966 as a full-time union official for the North West England region of ASSET, one of the unions which later became ASTMS.

In 1970 he became a National Officer of ASTMS and in 1987 Assistant General Secretary. In 1988, ASTMS merged with TASS to form MSF. In 1992 Lyons became General Secretary of MSF. He was re-elected to that position in 1997 by 67% of the members voting (turnout was 12%).

Lyons was the first General Secretary of a major trade union to be removed from office by the Trades Union Certification Officer: Under the agreement to form Amicus, Lyons became Joint General Secretary of Amicus's MSF section. Amicus's other Joint General Secretary was Derek Simpson, who was responsible for the AEEU section. Lyons planned to remain as JGS of the MSF section until 2007, which would result in his being a General Secretary for seven years without re-election, as opposed to the normal legally mandated limit of five years. He and his supporters maintained that the requirement for an election was waived because he was within 5 years of retirement, but a legal challenge resulted in a ruling in May 2004 that he should "cease forthwith to hold office as Joint General Secretary of Amicus". Lyons was therefore forced to leave over two years earlier than he had originally intended. Derek Simpson thus became the sole General Secretary seven months earlier than anticipated.

After the North Sea Piper Alpha disaster in which 167 men died, Lyons gave evidence to the Cullen Inquiry, which led to new safety legislation to protect off-shore workers.

Lyons was a founder member of the Anti-Apartheid Movement and nominated Nelson Mandela for his first international honour as honorary president of University College London Union (UCLU). Lyons organised the first South African Scholarship at a British university (UCL). Lyons was an observer for the European Union in the first ever free elections in South Africa.

Lyons was President of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) from  September 2003 to September 2004, after which he retired. During this time he visited Israel and Palestine in November 2003 on behalf of the TUC. Lyons is a long-standing member of the Trade Union Friends of Israel. He addressed a TUFI fringe meeting at the 2005 Congress of the TUC.

In February 2004 he took part in a fact-finding visit to Colombia organised by the group Justice for Colombia.

title: Roger Lyons


text:
Siege of Yeongwon

The siege of Yeongwon Castle took place in 1592 during the Japanese invasions of Korea. Korean troops resisting the Japanese occupation came under siege in the fortress at Yeongwon, in Nyongwon County. The Japanese forces broke into the castle during the night and defeated the Korean garrison.

Background
Uprisings against Japanese occupation in northern Kangwon were threatening Seoul itself, so the Japanese commander Ito Suketaka marched against the rebels' main base.

The governor Kim Jae-gap hastily collected all the soldiers that could be found together with arms and munitions, and went to the almost impregnable fortress of Yeongwon.

The natural defenses of this place were unexcelled by any in Korea. On the three sides, the approach was almost precipitous and a handful of men could hold an army at bay. Here the governor collected provisions in abundance and dug a wall. Stones were piled on the top of the wall to be thrown upon anyone who should attempt to scale the height.

Japanese soldiers recognised the strength of the position and tried to get the governor to surrender without a struggle. A letter was sent up the steep slope and handed over the wall. It is said "You are doomed. Even if you hold out for two months you will then be taken. You must come out and surrender at once" The only answer was the headless trunk of the Japanese messenger, rolled down the precipice in front of the eyes of the invading army. The next day the assault began.

The siege
The besiegers swarmed up the sides of the slope, so that, to use the Korean figure of speech, the mountain-side was clothed with them. The garrison though only 5000 strong found no difficulty in driving them back.

The final assault
That night, the Koreans wearied by the labors of the day and deeming it impossible that the Japanese should try to attack at night up those steep slopes, failed to set a guard; and in the early morning of the following day, before dawn, a little band of Japanese soldiers worked its way up the face of the precipice until they reached the base of the wall. A few stones were displaced until a small aperture was made and the little band effected an entrance. They rushed into the camp with a terrific yell cutting down the half-wakened and wholly terrified garrison. The gates were thrown open and in an hour the victory was complete, catching the leader of the garrison asleep in his bed. Governor Kim Jae-gap who refused to do obeisance, was cut down. Ishida Mitsunari, one of Hideyoshi's three commissioners stationed in Seoul, was overjoyed at the news and asked Ito to send him the governor's head.

title: Siege of Yeongwon


text:
To Kau Wan

To Kau Wan is a bay on the north shore of northeast Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Contaminated soil from Penny's Bay was transferred here for thermal desorption to separate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) along with cement immobilization of metal contamination from Penny's Bay. The oily residue was transferred to the Chemical Waste Treatment Center in Tsing Yi for incineration (particularly for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds).

title: To Kau Wan


text:
Wen Ping

Wen Ping (fl. third century), courtesy name Zhongye, was a military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. During his tenure as a general under the warlord Cao Cao, he was credited with defeating the enemy general Guan Yu and defending Cao Cao's interests in Jiangxia Commandery from the eastern warlord Sun Quan.

Early life
Wen Ping was from Wan County (宛縣), which is in present-day Nanyang, Henan. He originally served under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, and was tasked with defending the province's northern frontier, stationed at Xiangyang. In 208, after Liu Biao's death, his younger son and successor Liu Cong surrendered to the warlord Cao Cao, who was the de facto head of the Han central government. When Liu Cong went to greet Cao Cao, he passed by Wen Ping's camp and urged him to come with but Wen Ping replied "I could not defend the province, and must go face my failure and nothing more". Once when Cao Cao crossed the Han River did Wen Ping go to meet the warlord. When Cao Cao asked him why he surrendered so late, he weepingly replied "In former days, I failed to assist Liu Biao serve the state. Though Liu Biao is dead, I was still hoping to hold the line of the Han and maintain that territory intact. That way, if I lived I would not be turning my back on the orphaned and weak, and if I died there would be no shame below the ground. The decision, however, has been taken out of my hands, and so we come to this. Indeed, I am sad and ashamed and I could not face coming to audience any earlier". Cao Cao praised Wen Pin's loyalty and returned his military command though the later commentator Sun Sheng was critical, wondering how the former officer of Lü Bu, Zang Ba and Wen Ping could retain their reputation for loyalty yet change loyalty after one meeting with Cao Cao.

Service under Cao Cao
Wen Ping was sent with cavalry commander Cao Chun to pursue Cao Cao's fleeing rival, Liu Bei, and caught up with him at the Battle of Changban. However, Liu Bei managed to escape and form an alliance with the eastern warlord Sun Quan. In the winter of 208–209, the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's forces at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. After his defeat, Cao Cao was concerned about local loyalties with concerns about Eastern Wu's expansion so appointed Wen Ping as the Administrator of Jiangxia Commandery (commandery capital in present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei), which was located strategically near the border between Cao Cao and Sun Quan's territories and rivaled veteran Sun general Cheng Pu's claim to the area. Cao Cao also had Emperor Xian, the figurehead Han emperor, enoff Wen Ping as a Secondary Marquis (關內侯), the lowest among the marquis ranks of the Han dynasty.

In 209, Wen Ping joined Cao Cao's general Cao Ren at the Battle of Jiangling against Sun Quan's forces led by the general Zhou Yu. When Liu Bei's general Guan Yu attempted to cut off Cao Ren's communication lines, Wen Ping and his colleague Yue Jin, station at Xiangyang, defeated Guan Yu at Xunkou (尋口) and drove him back. In recognition of his contributions in battle, the Han imperial court promoted Wen Ping to a village marquis under the title "Marquis of Yanshou Village" (延壽亭侯) and awarded him the appointment of General Who Attacks Rebels (討逆將軍). Wen Ping launched further raids, destroying Guan Yu's supply train at Han Ford (漢津) and burnt his fleet at Jingcheng. At the time, Wen Ping and Yue Jin successfully secured the supply and communication lines of Jiangling; however, the casualties on Cao Cao's forces were beyond affordable level after nearly a year of intense fighting, so Cao Cao admitted defeat and ordered his generals to forfeit Jiangling. From then on Wen Ping entered into a defensive position in the eastern flank at Jiangxia Commandery against Sun Quan and rival claimant Cheng Pu.

Service under Cao Pi
After Cao Cao's death in 220, his eldest living son Cao Pi became emperor of the Cao Wei state after Emperor Xian abdicated, as part of the rewards of the new regime Wen Ping was given a staff of authority and raised in fiefdom to "Marquis of Chang'an District" (長安鄉侯). In 222, with Lu Xun's victory against Liu Bei at the Battle of Xiaoting removing a threat from King Sun Quan's borders, the Wu ruler refused to send his son Sun Deng as hostage to Wei court. Cao Pi formulated a plan for a three-pronged attack on Sun Quan, ordering Wen Ping to join the generals Zhang He, Xu Huang, Xiahou Shang and Cao Zhen in attacking Sun Quan's stronghold at Jiangling.

Like the last battle at Jiangling, the Wei forces enjoyed numerical advantage, but this time, they were on the offensive. However, the Wei forces ultimately did not make much progress because the defenders under Zhu Ran put up a strong resistance. Wu sent a series of reinforcements and against one (commander unknown) of those waves, Wen Ping was sent with his detachment to defend Miankou, a key chokepoint of the Mian River, with his warships, winning at Shifan. Cao Pi eventually called off the attack on Jiangling due to epidemic through Wei ranks and rewarded Wen Pin with a promotion to General of the Rear (後將軍), in addition to elevating him from a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Xinye" (新野侯).

Service under Cao Rui and legacy
Wu had avoided attacking Wen Ping's position at his capital of Shiyang (石陽), something Wei recorded credited due to his fame shaking Wu after decades of good service. There was one exception, in the autumn of 226 after the death of Cao Pi with his son Cao Rui new to the throne. Sun Quan sought to take advantage on hearing the news and led 50,000 troops against Wei Ping's capital. There are two versions of what exactly happened. In the main Sanguozhi, Wen Ping was besieged for over twenty days but put up a resilient defence. Word reached the Cao Wei court but Cao Rui was confident since he believed Sun Quan had only attacked in the hopes of catching the defenders by surprise and wouldn't dare stay too long now he was engaged in a siege with Wen Ping. The official Xun Yu was dispatched with a thousand troops and he gathered more from the counties he passed through on the way to Jiangxia. On arrival Xun Yu and his army took to the hills, setting fires as a show of force. Sun Quan retreated and Wen Ping pursued during the night, inflicting casualties with the isolated enemy general Pan Zhang having to be rescued by Zhu Ran. For his victory, Wei Ping's fief was increased by 500 households.

The Cao Wei historian Yu Huan provides an alternative account in his Weilue. Sun Quan led tens of thousands against Shiyang where heavy rains had damaged the walls while the people were scattered among the fields so repairs could not be carried out in time. Without the walls and outnumbered, Wen Ping was in a bind but then thought that, if it seemed nobody was in the city, Sun Quan would get suspicious and expect a ploy. Wen Ping had everyone hide and remained in his residence. Sun Quan was puzzled since the Cao Wei court would not leave such an important post in the hands of a figure they did not trust so Wei Ping's lack of reaction to an invading army must be due to a ploy or knowing reinforcements were coming so Sun Quan ordered an immediate withdrawal. Pei Songzhi notes the account contradicts the base text of Chen Shou.

It would be his last known battle. It is not known when Wen Ping died. After his death, he was honored with the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuang" (壯侯) by the Wei government. His adopted son, Wen Xiu (文休), inherited his marquis title ("Marquis of Xinye") because his biological son, Wen Dai (文岱), died early. Wen Xiu was in turn succeeded by his son, Wen Wu (文武), after his death. Wen Ping also had a nephew, Wen Hou (文厚), who was enfeoffed as a secondary marquis. In August 243, with the young Cao Fang on the throne under the regency of Cao Shuang and Sima Yi, sacrifices were made at Cao Cao's temple to a select group of former officers, including Wen Ping.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Wen Ping first appears in chapter 34, he and Wang Wei recommended by Kuai Yue to hold a banquet for military officers so Zhao Yun would have to attend, allowing Cai Mao to attempt to kill Liu Bei without his bodyguard though, thanks to a tip off, the attempt to kill Liu Bei would fail. He next appears after Liu Cong surrenders, Liu Bei appears at the regime's capital of Xiangyang to seek a meeting and Wei Yan opens the gates. Wen Ping takes some horsemen to stop him and fights Wei Yan, Liu Bei is concerned by this reception and leaves. The battle between Wei Yan and Wen Ping lasts for some hours with most combatants dead before Wei Yan flees. Refuses to go to Cao Cao, then the weeping submission scene, immediately made Governor of Jiangxia and enoffed.

Takes part in pursuit of Liu Bei at Changban, intercepting Liu Bei but is ashamed when Liu Bei calls him a turncoat and retreats. When Zhao Yun rescues the infant Liu Shan and fights his way back to Liu Bei, Wen Ping pursues but halts when they come against Zhang Fei's fierce appearance on the bridge and what they fear is an ambush. At Chibi, as a man used to the waters, given command of the left squadron of the naval forces, dispatched with thirty ships to support Jiao Chu and Zhang Neng's unsuccessful attack, battles the naval forces of Han Dang and Zhou Tai but soon discovers his forces are outmatched so retreat. Sent to intercept Huang Gai's approaching ships as Cheng Yu realizes the defection is fake, however Wen Ping is injured by an arrow to the arm and his forces collapse with Huang Gai launching his fire attack on the main fleet. Is able to escape with Mao Jie and a few horsemen to rejoin Cao Cao on the troubled march home.

Takes part in archery contest to celebrate opening of the Bronze Bird Terrace in Ye, impressing as he hits bulls-eye at full gallop. Takes part in the defense of Hanzhong, when Huang Zhong attempts to raid the supply lines the attackers are surrounded and Zhang Zhu's attempt to return to camp is intercepted by Wen Ping but Zhao Yun arrives to drive off Wei Ping's men with subordinate Murong Lie killed. In 224, with Cao Cao dead and Cao Pi having taken the throne, made a chief commander for camapign against Eastern Wu who were negotiating to restore alliance with Shu-Han. Cao Pi's forces arrive at Guangling but are shocked as opposing commander Xu Sheng builds fake-walls overnight. As Cao Pi considers his options, his capital ship is hit by a storm and Cao Zhen sends Wen Ping to rescue those on the ship. Wen Ping's sailors were too scared by the storm so, with the great ship seeming likely to capsize, Wen Ping leapt on board and got Cao Pi to the safety of a small boat that took the Emperor to a creek to stay out the storm. With news coming of an attack by Zhao Yun in the north-west, Cao Pi retreats and Wen Ping's time in the novel ends.

title: Wen Ping


text:
Walgreen Coast

The Walgreen Coast (-75.5°N, -107°W) is a portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Herlacher and Cape Waite, or between Eights Coast on the east and Bakutis Coast in the west. It is part of Marie Byrd Land. It extends from 103°24'W to 114°12'W. It was discovered by Richard E. Byrd and members of the US Antarctic Service (USAS) by flights from the USS Bear during February 1940.

The Walgreen Coast was named by Byrd after Charles R. Walgreen, president of the retail company Walgreens at the time, who was a funder of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933–1935, and assisted in equipping the Bear for the USAS, 1939–1941. This coast was mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photographs, 1959–66.

It contains Thwaites Glacier, also known as the "Doomsday Glacier", for its major contributions to sea level rise as a result of climate change.

title: Walgreen Coast


text:
Talk:Market penetration

Demertis and mertis
what are the demertis and mertis of market penetration —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.190.88.74 (talk) 13:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

More about the level of market penetration as a metric? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.78.149.115 (talk) 01:43, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
These random quotes thrown in here look very amateurish. This article needs work. R. fiend (talk) 18:59, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

I agree, this article is a mess. I see a wobbly definition under "Definition". I also see a more careful definition under "Construction" -- which is sourced to a 2010 textbook and also to a dysfunctional URL. Neither definition is congruent with the one for "Market penetration" which appears at Penetration: "the degree to which a product or service is known and/or used". I'm thinking this might be a contested term within the marketing community?? I have *no* expertise in that area so I'll leave this mess to others to sort out!

There is a "Marketing Accountability Standards Board" which is advocating the use of the definitions and measures found in the "Construction" section of this page, see https://themasb.org/projects/current/universal-marketing-dictionary/. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cthombor (talk • contribs) 01:00, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Market penetration


text: Category:People from Chaoshan

title: Category:People from Chaoshan


text:
Canisteo Peninsula

Canisteo Peninsula (-73.8°N, -102.33333°W) is an ice-covered peninsula, about 30 nmi long and 20 nmi wide, which projects between Ferrero Bay and Cranton Bay into the eastern extremity of the Amundsen Sea.

Location
The Canisteo Peninsula extends westward into the Amundsen Sea from the Walgreen Coast of Ellsworth Land. Ferrero Bay and the Cosgrove Ice Shelf are to the north, and Cranton Bay is to the south. The Lindsey Islands, Sterrett Islands and Edwards Islands lie just west of the peninsula.

Mapping and name
Canisteo Peninsula was delineated from air photographs taken by the United States Navy Operation Highjump (OpHjp) in December 1946. It was named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for the USS Canisteo, a tanker with the eastern task group of this expedition.

Lindsey Islands
-73.61667°N, -103.3°W. A group of islands lying just off the northwest tip of Canisteo Peninsula. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Alton A. Lindsey, biologist with the ByrdAE, 1933-35.

Schaefer Islands
-73.66667°N, -103.4°W. A small group of islands lying close to the northwest end of Canisteo Peninsula and 2 nmi southwest of Lindsey Islands. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for William A. Schaefer, geologist on the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69.

Sterrett Islands
-73.8°N, -103.38333°W. A small group of islands in Amundsen Sea, lying 5 nmi northwest of Edwards Islands and 5 nmi west of Canisteo Peninsula. Plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January, 1960. Named by US-ACAN for James M. Sterrett, biologist with the ByrdAE in 1933-35.

Edwards Islands
-73.88333°N, -103.13333°W. Group of about 20 small islands, mostly ice free, lying off the southwest tip of Canisteo Peninsula. Plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for "Z" "T" Edwards, chief quartermaster on the USS Glacier during the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition to this area in February 1960.

title: Canisteo Peninsula


text:
Talk:Shalimar the Clown

Untitled

 * I am to add a little more inputs. --Bhadani 13:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I will continue the work. Other editors are requested to edit. Thanks. --Bhadani 14:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Have edited the first paragraph as requested, and added a note about the Whitbread Book Awards. --Harmonica 23:24, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * POV CHECK
 * For the paragraphs further down, they are too critically minded and need a little revision. I may get round to this later otherwise other authors are welcome to step in.--Harmonica 23:24, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, I do agree. --Bhadani 12:34, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I have removed the tag and placed a message on your talk page. I am to revise the few words. And, why you have stopped contributions? --Bhadani 13:08, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Trivia - book title
The book title is quite near from the author's name.

With the letters SALMAN RUSHDIE you can write SHALIMAR DUNES (nudes or dunse, very close to dunce or clown). Personal research. --DLL 23:48, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Isn't "dunse" an archaic spelling of "dunce". Not bad! heqs 21:23, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Shalimar.jpg
Image:Shalimar.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:33, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Critical Interpretations
Does this section really contain useful information? It doesn't seem to be saying much of anything at all, just that critics are apparently divided on whether or not Kashmir is "the theme" of the book (which seems like an uninteresting topic in and of itself). No reference is made to any such "critics." Can we just get rid of this section altogether? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Archaist (talk • contribs) 11:17, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

I loaded the talk page with the same concern. If this section was sourced, interested parties might draw substance from the sources but as it is, it's quite useless. I'll delete if no one objects soon. Bustter (talk) 02:37, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shalimar the Clown


text: Category:Jamie Foxx songs

title: Category:Jamie Foxx songs


text:
Wang Ping (Three Kingdoms)

Wang Ping (died 248), courtesy name Zijun, was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a military officer serving under the warlord Cao Cao. In 219, he defected to Cao Cao's rival Liu Bei during the Hanzhong Campaign. Although he was a talented orator, Wang Ping never learned to read because he joined the army at a young age. However, he did not let this disadvantage stop him and had his clerk help him with his reports. Known for his self discipline, he steadily rose through the ranks to become a senior general. During his career, he defeated Zhang He, quelled Wei Yan's alleged rebellion and was the leading commander of the Shu forces during the Battle of Xingshi. The highest position he reached was Senior General Who Guards the North (鎮北大將軍).

Early life
Wang Ping was born in Dangqu County, Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is present-day Qu County, Sichuan. A native from the same commandery as another Shu Han general, Ju Fu. He was raised by his maternal family, whose family name was He (何), so he was also known as He Ping. He presumably changed his family name back to Wang in his later years because historical records show no consistency in recording his name. It could also be possible that his name was changed to Wang Ping posthumously.

Service under Cao Cao
Wang Ping started his career under two local tribe leaders, Du Huo (杜濩) and Pu Hu (朴胡). In 215, after the Battle of Yangping, Zhang Lu fled to them for help and better surrendering terms with Cao Cao. After Zhang Lu's surrender, Cao Cao enfeoffed Du Huo and Pu Hu as Marquis with the mission of defending Badong (巴東) and Baxi (巴西) commanderies. However Du Huo and Pu Hu were defeated by Huang Quan and forced to abandon the Ba region. After this, Wang Ping accompanied them to visit the Han imperial court, Luoyang where he was appointed as an acting Colonel (校尉) under Xiahou Yuan.

During the Hanzhong Campaign, Wang Ping fought with Cao Cao's forces to counter Liu Bei's invasion. In 219, Liu Bei killed Xiahou Yuan at the battle of Mount Dingjun, from then on he would occupy the strategic passes, refusing engagement that could jeopardize the campaign and concentrate on a war of attrition against Cao Cao's forces. With each day, more and more of Cao Cao's soldiers would die or desert. Wang Ping was among the latter. Liu Bei welcomed Wang Ping and appointed him as an Officer of the Standard (牙門將) and Major General (裨將軍).

Service under Shu
In 228, when Zhuge Liang, launched the first of a series of military campaigns against Shu's rival state Cao Wei, Wang Ping served as a subordinate of Ma Su, who led the vanguard force to attack the enemy at the Battle of Jieting. As Ma Su's subordinate, Wang Ping advised his superior against camping on top of a hill away from water sources. Although Ma Su rejected Wang Ping's advice, he still put Wang Ping in command of a detachment of troops and let him set up a camp below the hill. As Wang Ping foresaw, the Wei general Zhang He led his troops to cut off the Shu army's access to water sources and surround them on the hill.

Upon receiving news of Ma Su's dire situation, Wang Ping led his 1,000 troops to the hill and ordered them to beat their drums loudly to create the impression that reinforcements had arrived. Zhang He mistook the drum sounds as a signal for ambush units, so he did not attack in Wang Ping's direction and pulled back. Wang Ping was thus able to regroup Ma Su's remaining troops and gather the Shu army's scattered supplies. In the aftermath of the loss of Jieting, Zhuge Liang had Ma Su executed for his blunder. Li Sheng (李盛) and Zhang Xiu (張休) were also put to death while Huang Xi (黃襲) along with others were relieved of the command of their soldiers. However, Wang Ping actions were met with honour and praise. Zhuge Liang appointed Wang Ping as Army Advisor with the task of managing military and camp affairs. Wang Ping was furthermore promoted to the rank of General Who Attacks Bandits (討寇將軍) and enfeoffed as a Marquis (亭侯).

In 231, when Zhuge Liang launched the fourth campaign against Wei, he tasked Wang Ping by ordering him to guard a hill located south of a Shu fortress at Lucheng (鹵城). While Sima Yi led his forces to attack Zhuge Liang, Zhang He led his soldiers to attack Wang Ping. However, Wang Ping firmly defended his position, managed to hold off the attack then drive back Zhang He.

After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Wei Yan and Yang Yi entered into a power struggle with Wei Yan blocking the retreat route of the Shu forces to keep up the campaign against Wei. When they met in battle Yang Yi ordered Wang Ping to lead the soldiers, before the battle started Wang Ping came forward and called out to Wei Yan: "His Excellency (Zhuge Liang) had just died and his body had yet to turn cold, and now you dare to do something like this!". Wei Yan's soldiers knew that their commander was in the wrong therefore they soon scattered.

In one battle, Wei Yan's alleged mutiny was quelled and this was Wang Ping's achievement. Therefore, he was appointed as Rear Controller of the Army (後典軍), General Who Pacifies Han (安漢將軍) and as Administrator of Hanzhong (漢中太守) under the supervision of a senior Shu general, General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍), Wu Yi. Following Wu Yi's death in 237, Wang Ping replaced him as Area Commander of Hanzhong (漢中都督). The Shu emperor Liu Shan also enfeoffed Wang Ping as the Marquis of Anhan.

Thereafter, in 238 Jiang Wan led his troops to station at Mianyang and appointed Wang Ping as the Vanguard Protector of the Army (前護軍). Wang Ping was also given responsibility to manage his office affairs. In 243, however due to his poor health, Jiang Wan had to abandon his plan for a large campaign against Wei and relocate his base to Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). Nevertheless, he did promote Wang Ping to Vanguard Supervisor of the Army (前監軍), Senior General Who Guards the North (鎮北大將軍) and relocated him as Area Commander of Hanzhong again.

Battle of Xingshi
In 244, the Wei regent Cao Shuang led an army of more than 100,000 soldiers with mixed cavalry and infantry to attack Hanzhong Commandery. While Hanzhong Commandery had less than 30,000 men and Wang Ping's subordinates, feeling intimidated by the sheer size of the enemy force in comparison to them, urged their general to vacate the area for a more concentrated defence to the rear.

An officer in Wang Ping's staff said: "For the moment, our strength is not sufficient to face such a strong enemy hence we should firmly retreat and defend the two cities of Hancheng and Luocheng. When the enemy come, we should let them go through the passes then when we are strong enough, the Fu army will be enough to defeat them and rescue the pass."

However Wang Ping answered: "I disagree with your plan. From Hanzhong to Fu, there is nearly a distance of a thousand li. It would allow the enemy to take the passes, from then they could easily defend it. Afterward, they could use it as a base for their next invasion. Here? we could risk a disaster. But now, the right course of action is to first send Liu Min and the Army Advisor Du to occupy the Xingshi's mountain while I will serve as the rear guard. If the enemy send a division toward Huangjin valley then I will lead a thousand men down there to defeat them. I will defend this position until the Fu army arrive. This is the best plan."

Among Wang Ping's officers, the General Who Protects the Army (護軍將軍) Liu Min insisted on following the defence arrangements previously set up by Wei Yan (when he was in charge of Hanzhong Commandery) to resist Wei invasions. Wang Ping agreed with Liu Min and ordered the troops to advance to Xingshi and occupy the mountains. Although he had only less than 30,000 troops at the time, the enemy did not know the strength of his army. Liu Min also ordered the Shu troops to erect a flow of flags and streamers across the mountain to create the impression of a larger army. When Cao Shuang led his army far into Shu's territory, Wang Ping's forces held the high ground and the mountains to solidify their defences and therefore stopped their advance. Later, Shu reinforcements from Fu and also Chengdu led by Fei Yi showed up at Xingshi. Thus, the Wei army ordered a retreat just as Wang Ping had originally planned.

Appraisal and death
Chen Shou, who wrote Wang Ping's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), appraised him as follows: "Wang Ping was loyal and brave yet lived a strict lifestyle... Along with Huang Quan, Li Hui, Lü Kai, Ma Zhong, Zhang Ni, It was thanks to their qualities that they were all well known through the empire and because they seized the opportunity given to them that they left strong legacies."

As Wang Ping came from a humble background and spent most of his life in the military, he received very little education. He could not write a single word and could read only a mere 10 words or so. Whenever he needed to write reports, he would dictate it to his clerk yet the reports were all rational and insightful. As he feared that others would ridicule him for his inability to read, he looked down on himself and belittle his own achievements and reputation. However, in his free time; he liked having others read him the Shiji and Hanshu’s various Annals and Biographies and could discuss them fluently.

Wang Ping was known to strictly obey the law and for his discipline. He never cracked jokes or took situation lightly. From morning until dusk, his conduct was upright. Never, he would not appear as a military general. At the time, Wang Ping was in the north, Deng Zhi was in the east and Ma Zhong was in the south. The three of them had outstanding achievements and reputation.

Wang Ping died in 248. His son, Wang Xun (王訓), inherited his father's title and became the next Marquis of Anhan (安漢侯).

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Ping was given a fictionalised and more prominent role in the Hanzhong Campaign, opposing Xu Huang's tactics and defecting. Xu Huang wanted his army to cross the Han River and battle Liu Bei's forces on the other side. Wang Ping warned that it would be impossible to retreat once they crossed the river, as the river would significantly slow down the retreat and they would be vulnerable to enemy fire. Xu Huang claimed that the soldiers would fight to the death and have no need to retreat if they were in a dire situation (in conjunction with the tactic by legendary Western Han dynasty general Han Xin, where he purposely placed his army near a river in order to unleash their full potential).

Wang Ping then claimed that Han Xin only used that tactic because the opposition had no strategist to see through it, but Liu Bei's army had the support of Zhuge Liang, who would be able to easily see through this tactic. Xu Huang refused to listen and, as expected, suffered great defeat. He asked why Wang Ping did not come to his rescue, and Wang Ping replied, "If I came to rescue you with my portion of the army, then our main camp would have had no protection; I warned you multiple times against crossing the river, but you did not listen, which resulted in this defeat." Xu Huang was greatly angered by this and planned to kill Wang Ping that night. However, the plan was leaked out and Wang Ping set the camp on fire and defected to Liu Bei's side.

Right before Zhuge Liang died, he named Wang Ping, along with Liao Hua, Ma Dai, Zhang Ni and Zhang Yi, as the loyal generals of Shu who should be given greater responsibilities.

title: Wang Ping (Three Kingdoms)


text: Category:Jennifer Lopez songs

title: Category:Jennifer Lopez songs


text:
Talk:Dan Hinote

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dan Hinote. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091121060022/http://www.hockeysverige.se/news_show_dan-hinote-tillbaka-i-modo.html?id=8929400 to http://www.hockeysverige.se/news_show_dan-hinote-tillbaka-i-modo.html?id=8929400
 * Added tag to http://blog.dispatch.com/cbj/2010/07/hinote_to_assist.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:17, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dan Hinote


text: User talk:70.36.218.146

title: User talk:70.36.218.146


text:
Pine Island Glacier

Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss. The glacier ice streams flow west-northwest along the south side of the Hudson Mountains into Pine Island Bay, Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy (USN) air photos, 1960–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in association with Pine Island Bay.

The area drained by Pine Island Glacier comprises about 10% of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Satellite measurements have shown that the Pine Island Glacier Basin has a greater net contribution of ice to the sea than any other ice drainage basin in the world and this has increased due to recent acceleration of the ice stream.

An iceberg about twice the size of Washington, DC broke off from the glacier in February 2020. Pine Island Glacier's ice velocity has accelerated to over 33 feet per day.

The ice stream is extremely remote, with the nearest continually occupied research station at Rothera, nearly 1300 km away. The area is not claimed by any nations and the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any new claims while it is in force.

Ice sheet drainage

The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest mass of ice on earth, containing a volume of water equivalent to 57 m of global sea level. The ice sheet forms from snow which falls onto the continent and compacts under its own weight. The ice then moves under its own weight toward the edges of the continent. Most of this transport to the sea is by ice streams (faster moving channels of ice surrounded by slower moving ice walls) and outlet glaciers. The Antarctic ice sheet consists of the large, relatively stable, East Antarctic Ice Sheet and a smaller, less stable, West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained into the sea by several large ice streams, most of which flow into either Ross Ice Shelf, or Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers are two major West Antarctic ice streams which do not flow into a large ice shelf. They are part of an area called the Amundsen Sea Embayment. A total area of 175000 km2, 10 percent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, drains out to the sea via Pine Island Glacier, this area is known as the Pine Island Glacier drainage basin.

Weak underbelly of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
The Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers are two of Antarctica's five largest ice streams. Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m, destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

In 1981 Terry Hughes proposed that the region around Pine Island Bay may be a "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This is based on the fact that, unlike the majority of the large West Antarctic ice streams, those flowing into the Amundsen Sea are not protected from the ocean by large floating ice shelves. Also, although the surface of the glacier is above sea level, the base lies below sea level and slopes downward inland, this suggests that there is no geological barrier to stop a retreat of the ice once it has started.

Acceleration and thinning
The Pine Island glacier began to retreat in the 1940s. Prior to this retreat, the grounding line of Pine Island Glacier was located on a prominent seabed ridge. This ridge now acts as a barrier, restricting the amount of relatively warm circumpolar deep water that can reach the thickest ice.

The speed of Pine Island Glacier increased by 77 percent from 1974 to the end of 2013, with half of this increase occurring between 2003 and 2009. This speed up has meant that by the end of 2007 the Pine Island Glacier system had a negative mass balance of 46 gigatonnes per year, which is equivalent to 0.13 mm per year global sea level rise. In other words, much more water was being put into the sea by PIG than was being replaced by snowfall. Measurements along the centre of the ice stream by GPS demonstrated that this acceleration is still high nearly 200 km inland, at around 4 percent over 2007. It has been suggested that this recent acceleration could have been triggered by warm ocean waters at the end of PIG, where it has a floating section (ice shelf) approximately 50 km long. It has also been shown that PIG underwent rapid thinning during the Holocene, and that this process may continue for centuries after it is initiated.

As the ice stream accelerates it is also getting steeper. The rate of thinning within the central trunk has quadrupled from 1995 to 2006. If the current rate of acceleration were to continue the main trunk of the glacier could be afloat within 100 years.

The ice front stayed in a more or less stable position from 1973 to 2014, with a 10 km retreat in 2015.

Subglacial volcano
In January 2008, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists reported that 2,200 years ago a volcano erupted under the Antarctic ice sheet. This was the biggest Antarctic eruption in the last 10,000 years. The volcano is situated in the Hudson Mountains, close to Pine Island Glacier. The eruption spread a layer of volcanic ash and tephra over the surface of the ice sheet. This ash was then buried under the snow and ice. The date of the eruption was estimated from the depth of burial of the ash. This method uses dates calculated from nearby ice cores. The presence of the volcano raises the possibility that volcanic activity could have contributed, or may contribute in the future, to increases in the flow of the glacier. In 2018 it was found that there is a substantial volcanic heat source beneath Pine Island Glacier approximately half as large as the active Grimsvötn volcano on Iceland. The same year a study was published concluding that the bedrock below WAIS was uplifted at a higher rate than previously thought, the authors suggested this could eventually help to stabilize the ice sheet.

Climate engineering
Pine Island Glacier, as well as the better known Thwaites Glacier, can both substantially exacerbate future sea level rise. Consequently, some scientists, most notably Michael J. Wolovick and John C. Moore, have suggested stabilizing them via climate engineering aiming to block warm water flows from the ocean. Their first proposal focused on Thwaites, and estimated that even reinforcing it physically at weakest points, without building larger structures to block water flows, would be among "the largest civil engineering projects that humanity has ever attempted", yet only 30% likely to work.

On the ice

Due to the remoteness of Pine Island Glacier, most of the information available on the ice stream comes from airborne or satellite-based measurements.

The first expedition to visit the ice stream was a United States over-snow traverse, which spent around a week in the area of PIG during January 1961. They dug snow pits to measure snow accumulation and carried out seismic surveys to measure ice thickness. One of the scientists on this traverse was Charles R. Bentley, who said "we didn't know we were crossing a glacier at the time." PIG is around 50 km wide at the point visited and at ground level cannot be visually distinguished from the surrounding ice. This expedition was called the "Ellsworth Highland Traverse".

In the 2004–2005 field season a team of nine, using a British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Twin Otter aircraft equipped with ice-penetrating radar, completed an aerial survey of PIG and its adjacent ice sheet. The team of seven British and two Americans flew 30 km grid patterns over the PIG until January 5, mapping the sub-glacial terrain of an area roughly the size of Nevada.

Due to the remoteness of PIG and the logistical difficulties of caching enough fuel for the 2004–05 expedition and future project(s), BAS used the resources of the United States Antarctic Program (USAP) and their ski-equipped LC130 aircraft. After many weeks of weather delays the first four men arrived from McMurdo Station on 9 November 2004, and began to establish camp and build a skiway for the C130s. The remaining members of the team arrived from Rothera Research Station 10 days later in a Twin Otter.

Because of unusually good weather in the area that season the survey completed flying their grids by mid-January, and began flying 15 km grids of Thwaites Glacier for a USAP expedition who had been experiencing unusually poor weather in their area that year. Flying over Antarctica's Pine Island Glacier on October 14, 2011, in a DC-8 research plane, scientists participating in NASA's IceBridge mission discovered a massive crack running about 29 km across the glacier's floating tongue. The rift is 80 m wide on average and 50 to 60 m deep.

Another team from the British Antarctic Survey arrived at the ice stream on 8 December 2006 for the first of two field seasons. In the second field season, they spent three months there from November 2007 to February 2008. Work on the glacier included radar measurements and seismic surveys.

In January 2008 Bob Bindschadler of NASA landed on the floating ice shelf of PIG, the first ever landing on this ice shelf, for a reconnaissance mission to investigate the feasibility of drilling through around 500 m of ice, to lower instruments into the ocean cavity below. It was decided that the small crevasse free area was too hard for further landings and so further fieldwork had to be postponed. Therefore, two Global Positioning System (GPS) units and a weather station were positioned as near as possible to PIG.

In the 2011–2012 field season, after five weeks of delays, the camp staff was finally able to establish the Main Camp just before New Year. The following week, Bindschadler and his team were able to arrive. Due to additional weather delays, the helicopters were not able to arrive by the NSF 'drop dead' date and the field season was cancelled. Limited science was still accomplished by the team thanks to a series of flights by KBA back onto the glacier; conditions had changed drastically since the last Twin Otter flights.

The British Antarctic Survey deployed a small team of four during the 2011–12 summer field season to carry out a series of seismic and radar surveys on PIG. They also installed a series of overwintering GPS stations. During the season, a separate BAS team travelled to the field party's location and installed an overwintering autonomous VLF station. This was followed by a radar traverse upstream using snowmobiles. This survey linked previous radar lines.

From the sea
The first ship to reach Pine Island Glacier's ice shelf, in Pine Island Bay, was the USS/USCGC Glacier in 1985. This ship was an icebreaker operated by the U.S. Coast Guard. The mission, known as Deep Freeze, had scientists on board who took sediment samples from the ocean floor.

During the summer field season, over two months from January to February 2009, researchers aboard the U.S. Antarctic Program research vessel Nathaniel B. Palmer reached the ice shelf. This was the second time that the Palmer had successfully made it up to the glacier, the first time being in 1994. In collaboration with the British, the scientists used a robotic submarine to explore the glacier-carved channels on the continental shelf as well as the cavity below the ice shelf and glacier. The submarine, known as Autosub 3, was developed and built at the National Oceanography Centre in the UK. It completed six successful missions, travelling a total of 500 km under the ice shelf. Autosub is able to map the base of the ice shelf as well as the ocean floor and take various measurements and samples of the water on the way. The success of Autosub 3 was particularly notable because its predecessor Autosub 2 was lost beneath the Fimbul Ice Shelf on only its second such mission.

title: Pine Island Glacier


text:
Federação das Sociedades de Biologia Experimental

The Federação das Sociedades de Biologia Experimental (Federation of Experimental Biology Societies, abbreviated FeSBE) is a Brazilian scientific association which runs a number of the mainstream specialized societies in experimental biology and medicine. It was founded in 1985 and currently has the following member societies:

 * Brazilian Society of Physiology (SBFis)
 * Brazilian Society of Biophysics (SBBf)
 * Brazilian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SBBq)
 * Brazilian Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (SBFTE)
 * Brazilian Society of Immunology (SBI)
 * Brazilian Society of Neurosciences and Behavior (SBNeC)
 * Brazilian Society of Clinical Investigation (SBIC)

There are also 4 associate member societies:
 * Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabology (SBEM)
 * Brazilian Society of Cell Biology (SBBC)
 * Brazilian Society of Nuclear Biosciences (SBBN)
 * Brazilian Research Association in Vision (BRAVO)

FeSBE holds an annual meeting with the societies of physiology, pharmacology, neurosciences, biophysics and clinical investigation every August, the three first societies responding for 83% of all attendees. The remaining societies biochemistry and molecular biology, immunology, endocrinology, cell biology and nuclear biosciences) have their own separate meetings.

The Annual FeSBE Meeting has the same importance of its American counterpart, the Federation of Experimental Biology Societies (FEBS), although smaller in size. In 2005 the Meeting has had 3,768 participants (74% of which were undergrad or graduate students) and 2,940 posters were presented. About 90% of the participants came from states from the South and Southeast regions.

FeSBE is affiliated with the Brazilian Society for Advancement of Science. Its current president is Dr. Gerhard Malnic. Former presidents were Eduardo Krieger, Sérgio Ferreira, Dora Fix Ventura and Antonio Carlos Campos de Carvalho.


text:
Paul Eisler

Paul Eisler (3 August 1907 – 26 October 1992) was an Austrian inventor born in Vienna. Among his innovations were the printed circuit board. In 2012, Printed Circuit Design & Fab magazine named its Hall of Fame after Eisler.

Early life and education
Paul Eisler was the son of Wilhelm Eisler, who was born in today's Slovakia, and Caecilie Eisler from Bohemia. He studied mechanical engineering at Vienna University of Technology and graduated in 1930. Being Jewish, antisemitic German-Nationalist organizations prevented him from getting an engineering job in Vienna, so he obtained employment with the English recording technology firm (Gramaphone Company, EMI from March 1931) operating under its His Master's Voice brand in Belgrade. His task there was to eliminate radio interference on the music broadcast system on trains running from Belgrade to Niś. The project was a technical success but a financial failure because the Serbian railroad could only pay HMV by barter in grain, not pounds sterling, due a foreign exchange crisis. As a result, he had to return to Vienna. He was still prevented from working as an engineer, but he found work as a journalist and printer, first at Randfunk (which developed a low-cost method of tabulating a radio program guide at the printer) and eventually landing at a social-democratic publisher, Vorwärts. The experience in printing proved crucial later. However, after the 1934 putsch by Austrian fascists and due to social-democratic nature of Vorwärts it was shut down. Working independently, he patented some ideas from his doctorate at the university (on graphical sound recording and stereoscopic television) and leveraged them to obtain a visa to visit England to offer the patents to companies there in 1936. His first cousin, Philipp Fehl, contacted Eisler upon arrival as a refugee in England and Eisler helped to make sure that Fehl's father left Vienna alive after his release from the Dachau concentration camp.

Inventions
Living in a Hampstead boarding house, without work or a work permit, he began to fabricate a radio using a printed circuit board while trying to sell some of his ideas. Around this time, the Odeon hired him to work on their cinema technology. One of the common problems there was coping with theatre goers who spilled foods such as ice cream on the seats. Eisler devised a yellow fabric to cover affected furniture for the benefit of the next theater goer as well as flag it for removal and cleaning at the next opportunity.

Though he was able to help several members of his family escape Austria, he was subject to internment by the British as an enemy alien after the onset of World War II. After being released in 1941 and a short spell in the Pioneer Corps, he was able to engage Henderson and Spalding, a lithography company in Camberwell run by Harold Vezey-Strong, to invest in his printed circuit idea via a specially created subsidiary of Henderson and Spalding called Technograph, but forfeited rights to his invention when he neglected to read the contract before signing it. It was a pretty standard employment contract in that he agreed to submit any patent right during his employment for a nominal fee (one pound sterling) but it also gave him 16.5 per cent ownership of Technograph. It drew no interest until the United States incorporated the technology into work on the proximity fuze which was vital to counter the German V-1 flying bomb. However, he did manage to obtain his first three printed circuit patent for a wide range of applications. They were split out from a single application submitted in 1943 and finally published after long legal procedures on 21 June 1950.

After the war ended, the United States opened access to his printed circuit innovation and since 1948, it has been used in all airborne instrument electronics. Very few companies acknowledged or licensed Technograph's patents and the company had financial difficulties. He resigned from Technograph in 1957. Among his projects as a freelancer, were films to heat "floor and wall coverings" and food, for example, fish fingers. The wallpaper idea was viable, but interest waned after the advent of cheaper energy resources with the discovery of natural gas in the North Sea.

Eisler invented many other practical applications of heating technology, such as the pizza warmer and rear window defroster, but was not so successful in their commercialization.

In 1963, Technograph lost a lawsuit against Bendix over most of the claims in the US versions of patents.

Honours
He was awarded the Pour le Mérite by the French government. The Institute of Electrical Engineers awarded him the Nuffield Silver medal.

title: Paul Eisler


text:
Thwaites Glacier

Thwaites Glacier is an unusually broad and vast Antarctic glacier located east of Mount Murphy, on the Walgreen Coast of Marie Byrd Land. It was initially sighted by polar researchers in 1940, mapped in 1959–1966 and officially named in 1967, after the late American glaciologist Fredrik T. Thwaites. The glacier flows into Pine Island Bay, part of the Amundsen Sea, at surface speeds which exceed 2 km per year near its grounding line. Its fastest-flowing grounded ice is centered between 50 and 100 km east of Mount Murphy. Like many other parts of the cryosphere, it has been adversely affected by climate change, and provides one of the more notable examples of the retreat of glaciers since 1850.

Thwaites Glacier is closely monitored for its potential to elevate sea levels. Since the 1980s, Thwaites and Pine Island Glacier have been described as part of the "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, in part because they seem vulnerable to irreversible retreat and collapse even under relatively little warming, yet also because if they go, the entire ice sheet is likely to eventually follow. This hypothesis is based on both theoretical studies of the stability of marine ice sheets and observations of large changes on these two glaciers. In recent years, the flow of both of these glaciers has accelerated, their surfaces have lowered, and their grounding lines have retreated. They are believed very likely to eventually collapse even without any further warming. The outsized danger Thwaites poses has led to some reporters nicknaming it the Doomsday Glacier,    although this nickname is controversial among scientists.

The Thwaites Ice Shelf, a floating ice shelf which braces and restrains the eastern portion of Thwaites Glacier, is likely to collapse within a decade from 2021. The glacier's outflow is likely to accelerate substantially after the shelf's disappearance; while the outflow currently accounts for 4% of global sea level rise, it would quickly reach 5%, before accelerating further. The amount of ice from Thwaites likely to be lost in this century will only amount to several centimetres of sea level rise, but its breakdown will rapidly accelerate in the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and the volume of ice contained in the entire glacier can ultimately contribute 65 cm to global sea level rise, which is more than twice the total sea level rise to date. Some researchers have proposed engineering interventions to stabilize the glacier,  but they are very new, costly and their success uncertain.

Location and features
Thwaites Glacier is located at the northern edge of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, next to Pine Island Glacier. Both glaciers continually shed ice from their grounding line into Pine Island Bay, which is part of the Amundsen Sea. The fastest flows of ice occur between 50 and 100 km east of Mount Murphy, where they can exceed 2 km per year. At 120 km in width, Thwaites Glacier is the single widest glacier in the world, and it has an area of 192,000 sqkm. This makes it larger than the American state of Florida (170,000 sqkm), and a little smaller than the entire island of Great Britain (209,000 sqkm). It is also very tall, with ice thickness from bedrock to surface measuring between 800 m and 1200 m. Due to this immense size, enormous mass is shed when the repeated ice calving events occur at the glacier's marine terminus – the point where grounding line is in contact with water. The largest events, on the glacier's more vulnerable western side, are seismically detectable at ranges up to 1,600 km.

The third Antarctic expedition of Richard E. Byrd in 1940 is believed to be first official sighting of the coastline of Thwaites. Detailed mapping of the glacier's surface took place between 1959 and 1966. In 1967, it was officially named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Fredrik T. Thwaites (1883–1961), who had never personally visited the glacier, but was a renowned glacial geologist, geomorphologist and professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. McMurdo Station is used by researchers studying the glacier, such as the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC).

Thwaites Glacier Tongue and Thwaites Iceberg Tongue
The Thwaites Glacier Tongue, or Western Glacier Tongue (-75°N, -106.83333°W) was a narrow, floating part of the glacier, located about 30 mi east of Mount Murphy. It was the first part of the glacier to be mapped, based on 65,000 aerial photographs collected during Operation Highjump in 1947. Back then, it was about 95 km long and 60 km wide. By the time updated mapping took place during Operation Deepfreeze in 1967, the glacier tongue had advanced up to 75 km further north, and had also experienced massive ice calving events which had produced Thwaites Iceberg Tongue (-74°N, -108.5°W), a loose collection of icebergs occupying an area as large as 150 km long and 35-65 km wide at the time. After breaking off from Thwaites Glacier Tongue, those icebergs ran aground in the Amundsen Sea, about 20 mi northeast of Bear Peninsula. Initially, their southern extent was only 3 mi north of Thwaites Glacier Tongue, but as parts of the iceberg tongue continued to calve, it diminished in size (to 70 mi long and 20 mi wide. By 1986, the entire iceberg tongue had rotated to the side and started to drift away, travelling 140 km west between 1986 and 1992.

Post-2010 break-up and current state
Thwaites Glacier Tongue had also experienced destructive changes, eventually shortening to 40 mi long and 20 mi wide. By 2012, it went from an ice tongue firmly attached to the rest of the glacier to a series of icebergs floating next to each other, each no larger than 1-5 km in width and only held in place by sea ice. The final remainder of the old glacier tongue, with an area of 470 sqkm, disintegrated in 2016. This "melange" of icebergs is still referred to by its old name, as it continues to occupy a substantial amount of area and may retain a stabilizing effect on the glacier. However, future retreat of the surrounding sea ice is likely to trigger disintegration of ever-larger sections, like during the 2019 disintegration of icebergs on its western margin. In 2023, scientists found that ice tongue retreat rates are subject to wide fluctuations after its break-up: over six years of observations, annual retreat accelerated by as much as 40% (from around 4 km to 6 km per year) twice, before slowing back down. These researchers have also repurposed a machine learning algorithm normally used in microbiology to identify crevasses in the remains of the ice tongue and project how they may affect its stability.

Iceberg B-22a
On 15 March 2002, a notable calving event took place, when the National Ice Center reported that an iceberg named B-22 broke off. This iceberg was about 85 km long by 65 km wide, with a total area of some 5,490 sqkm, comparable to Rhode Island. While most of the iceberg broke up quickly, the largest piece, B-22A, with an area of around 3000 sqkm or "twice the size of Houston, Texas", drifted in the vicinity of the glacier even as the rest of the glacier tongue continued to break up. In 2012, it got stuck on seafloor, 53 km away from the ice tongue, where its presence had some stabilizing impact on the rest of the glacier. In October 2022, it finally started moving again, rapidly drifting to the northwest. It is likely to end up as one of the longest-lived icebergs in history.

Thwaites Ice Shelf
Glaciers in Antarctica commonly have ice shelves, which are large bodies of sea ice that are permanently floating just offshore, and whose presence helps to stabilize the glacier. Though the Thwaites Ice Shelf has a width of 45 km and a vertical thickness of at least 587 m), it is relatively light for its size, and is stabilized by partially resting on an underwater mountain 50 km offshore. While it only shields the eastern part of the glacier (with the western formerly covered by the Ice Tongue), its presence is already sufficient to counter large calving events on that side of the glacier. Under the hypothesis of marine ice cliff instability, ice cliffs at the edge of the glacier would end up unsustainably tall once this ice shelf fails and no longer buttresses them, leading to a chain reaction of collapse over centuries.  However, the accuracy of this hypothesis has been disputed in multiple papers,   and some research suggests that the loss of the ice shelf would result in almost no change to glacier's trajectory.

Subglacial features
Swamp-like canal areas and streams underlie the glacier. The upstream swamp canals feed streams, while the dry areas between those streams retard flow of the glacier. Due to this friction, the glacier is considered stable in the short term. As warming progresses, these streams expand and form larger structures underneath the glacier. The largest one to date was discovered by NASA researchers in 2019 – an underwater cavity formed mostly in the previous three years, nearly 350 m tall and 4 km wide, with an area two-thirds the size of Manhattan.

In 2014, the area underneath Thwaites Glacier was found to have heat flow from geothermal activity nearly twice the global average, and about 3.5 times larger in hotspots. By 2017, scientists have mapped 138 volcanoes beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, with 91 of them previously unknown. Marie Byrd Land, the location of Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers, was found to harbor around one volcano per every 11,200 sqkm of area. This density is relatively high, though it is lower than in other global hotspots such as the East African Rift (one per 7,200 sqkm) or even Antarctica's own central rift (one per 7,800 sqkm). The heat from magma flows beneath these volcanoes can affect melting, and the risk of volcano eruptions increases as more ice is lost as a consequence of isostatic rebound. At the same time, both Marie Byrd Land and the central rift also contain the majority of West Antarctica's 29 volcanoes whose height exceeds 1 km, even as they remain completely covered by ice. This massive size is likely to make them into significant roadblocks to ice flows, and thus gives them the potential to delay glacier retreat in its advanced stages.

Importance
Between 1992 and 2017, Thwaites Glacier retreated at between 0.3 km and 0.8 km annually, depending on the sector, and experienced a net loss of over 600 billion tons of ice as the result. This loss had caused about 4% of the global sea level rise over that period. If all of the ice contained within Thwaites Glacier melted (which is expected to take place over multiple centuries),  it would be sufficient to raise the global sea level by 65 cm. This is more than twice as large as all of the sea level rise which occurred between 1901 and 2018 (estimated at 15 –),  though only a fraction of the total sea level rise which would be seen in the future, particularly under high warming. Fears of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) being prone to geologically rapid (centuries or even decades) collapse in response to accelerated warming from greenhouse gas emissions have been present since the seminal 1968 paper by glaciologist J.H. Mercer. These concerns were reiterated by Mercer's 1978 follow-up study and by another study in 1973. In 1981, scientists also advanced the theory that "the weak underbelly" of the WAIS lay in the Amundsen Sea region, with the collapse of Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers serving as the trigger for the subsequent collapse of the entire ice sheet. This theory was informed by radar measurement data from research flights over West Antarctica in the 1960s and 1970s, which had revealed that in Pine Island Bay, the glacier bed slopes downwards at an angle, and lies well below the sea level. This topography, in addition to proximity to powerful ocean currents, makes both glaciers particularly vulnerable to increases in ocean heat content. Subsequent research reinforced the hypothesis that Thwaites is the single part of the cryosphere that would have the largest near-term impact on the sea levels, and that it is likely to disappear even in response to climate change which had already occurred. Similarly, there is now widespread agreement that its loss is likely to pave the way for the loss of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet,  which would raise the sea levels by around 3.3 m over several centuries or millennia.

Once the potential contribution of Thwaites to future sea level rise became better known, some stories have started to refer to it as the Doomsday Glacier. The first known usage of that nickname was in a May 2017 Rolling Stone magazine article by Jeff Goodell, and it has subsequently been used more widely. While some scientists have embraced the name, many others, including leading researchers like Ted Scambos, Eric Rignot, Helen Fricker and Robert Larter have criticized it as alarmist and inaccurate.

Early observations
In 2001, an analysis of radar interferometry data from the Earth Remote Sensing Satellites 1 and 2 by Eric Rignot revealed that the grounding line of Thwaites Glacier had retreated by 1.4 km between 1992 and 1996, while its strongly negative mass balance (annual loss of around 16 billion tonnes of ice, equivalent to 17 cubic kilometers of volume) meant that the retreat was going to continue. Further analysis of this data suggested that each 0.1 C-change increase in ocean temperature would accelerate annual bottom-up melting by 1 m. In 2002, a team of scientists from Chile and NASA on board a P-3 Orion from the Chilean Navy collected the first radar sounding and laser altimetry survey of the glacier, confirming the acceleration in thinning and retreat, and concluding that local seabed topography provides no obstacles to rapid retreat. These discoveries prompted an extensive airborne campaign in 2004-2005 by the University of Texas at Austin, followed by NASA's IceBridge Campaign in 2009–2018. Geophysical data collected from IceBridge campaign flights showed that the most vulnerable parts of Thwaites Glacier sit 1.5 mi below the sea level.

In 2011, an analysis of IceBridge data showed a rock ridge 700 m tall, which helps to anchor the glacier and slows its glacier's slide into the sea. In early 2013, a minor speedup of ice flow was detected, which was later attributed to the activity of subglacial lakes upstream of the grounding line. Altogether, annual ice loss had increased substantially since Rignot's 2001 analysis: from around 16 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 1996 to about 50 billion tons between 2002 and 2016. Cumulative ice loss over those 14 years was equivalent to a global sea level rise of 2.07 mm.

A 2014 paper noted that while the Thwaites Glacier was expected to add less than 0.25 mm of global sea level rise per year over the 21st century, this would eventually increase to over 1 mm per year during its "rapid collapse" phase. In 2018, a team of glaciologists, including Eric Rignot, had published projections of Thwaites Glacier contribution to sea level rise for the next 100 years. They estimated that the ice lost from Thwaites alone over the next 30 years would amount to 5 mm of sea level rise, but there was less certainty about 100-year ice loss, which could range between 14 and 42 mm depending on ice sheet dynamics. Further, their simulations couldn't represent the impact of the eastern ice shelf breaking up entirely.

International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration
In 2017, British and American research institutions founded a 5-year research mission named International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC). The mission involves over 100 scientists and support staff, with an estimated cost of $50 million across the entire research period.

In 2020, ITGC researchers discovered that at the glacier's baseline, the temperature of the water is already over 2 C above freezing point. Follow-up ITGC research published in 2023, which observed the underside of the glacier over nine months through a 587 m-deep borehole and a robotic mini-submarine called Icefin, found numerous unexpected cracks, or crevasses, where melting proceeded much faster. Crevassed areas amount to 10% of the glacier's underside, yet 27% of its current ice loss. At the same time, their research had also found that stratification between the fresh meltwater from the glacier and the salty ocean water caused the overall melting rate to proceed "far less rapidly than predicted by models". In 2021, further ITGC research suggested that the Thwaites Ice Shelf, which currently restrains the eastern portion of the Thwaites Glacier, could start to collapse within five years. This would lead to a greater outflow from the glacier, increasing its annual contribution to sea level rise from 4% to 5% in the near term. In December 2021, ITGC glaciologist Erin Pettit noted in an interview that Thwaites, along with the rest of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, would start to see major losses "within decades" after the ice shelf's failure, and this would be especially pronounced if the anthropogenic emission trajectory does not decrease by then. In her own words: "We’ll start to see some of that before I leave this Earth."

Other recent research
A 2022 study described the "rapid retreat" of the Thwaites Glacier, inferring its past movement in the pre-satellite era by analyzing "ribs" left behind after seabed gouging by ice. It found that at some point in the last two centuries, the glacier moved 2.1 km per year, twice the rate it did between 2011–2019. This rate of retreat could reoccur if the glacier recedes and is dislodged beyond a sea bed that is currently keeping it somewhat stable. In 2023, researchers found that at the end of Last Glacial Maximum, an ice sheet covering what is now Norway retreated at 50 to 600 meters per day over the course of several days to months, far faster than any rate observed today, because its bed, the ground it rested on, was completely flat. As Thwaites Glacier continues to retreat, the grounding line will eventually reach a similarly flat portion, and the researchers suggested that a part of the glacier could then disappear similarly quickly. This finding does not change the annual average melting rate for the rest of the glacier.

A model created in 2023 suggested that as the outer ice at Thwaites melts due to warm water currents, it erodes in a way which strengthens the flow of those currents. While this climate change feedback wasn't a surprise, the model estimated that over just the past 12 years, this feedback accelerated melting by 30%, or as much as what is expected from a whole century of a high-emission climate change scenario in the absence of this feedback. If confirmed, this would mean that the melting of Thwaites Glacier can be expected to accelerate at a similar rate for the next century, regardless of whether ocean temperature keeps going up, or stops increasing at all. Other 2023 research suggests that over the 21st century, water temperatures in the entire Amundsen Sea are likely to increase at triple the historical rate even with low or "medium" atmospheric warming and even faster with high warming, which further "worsens the outlook" for the glacier.

In 2024, research indicated that instead of a relatively narrow grounding line which separates the parts of the glacier exposed to water and those safely behind them, there is a wider grounding zone of 2-6 km which is regularly exposed to water. Some areas of the glacier are additionally exposed to meltwater flowing another 6 km inwards during the strong spring tides. This increased exposure to meltwater would increase the rate of ice loss, potentially doubling the rate of the previous projections.

Predicted timelines for glacier collapse
A 2014 study, using satellite measurements and computer models, predicted that only the lowest possible warming offered any chance of preserving Thwaites Glacier: otherwise, it will inevitably reach the point of "rapid and irreversible collapse" in the next 200 to 900 years. Once that happens, its retreat would add over 1 mm to the global annual sea level rise, up until it disappears.

A 2022 assessment of tipping points in the climate system did not consider Thwaites Glacier on its own, but it did note that the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet would most likely take 2,000 years to disintegrate entirely once it crosses its tipping point, and the minimum plausible timescale is 500 years, and could be as long as 13,000 years. It also noted that this tipping point for the entire ice sheet is no more than 3 C-change of global warming away, and is very likely to be triggered around the near-future levels of 1.5 C-change: at worst, it may have even been triggered by now, after the warming passed 1 C-change in the early 21st century.

In May 2023, a modelling study considered the future of Thwaites Glacier over the course of 500 years. Due to computational limitations, it was only able to simulate about two-thirds of the glacier catchment (volume of ice equivalent to 40 cm of the global sea level rise, rather than the 65 cm contained in the full glacier). It found that the uncertainty about glacier bed friction was almost as important as the future ocean temperature. Another finding was that lower-resolution models (those which simulated the glacier as a mesh of 20 sqkm areas) consistently estimated faster break-up than the more detailed models with mesh size of 6.5 sqkm. While in the less-detailed models, practically the entirety of the simulated area was lost around a 250-year mark under the combination of high warming and low friction, higher-resolution simulation showed that about quarter would remain under those conditions, to be lost over 100 more years. Under high warming yet high seabed friction, a quarter was still left at the end of 500 years in the detailed simulations. The same outcome occurred under low warming and low friction. With low warming and high friction, over half of the studied area remained after 500 years.

Engineering options for stabilization

Some engineering interventions have been proposed for Thwaites Glacier and the nearby Pine Island Glacier to physically stabilize its ice or to preserve it. These interventions would block the flow of warm ocean water, which currently renders the collapse of these two glaciers practically inevitable even without further warming. A proposal from 2018 included building sills at the Thwaites' grounding line to either physically reinforce it, or to block some fraction of warm water flow. The former would be the simplest intervention, yet equivalent to "the largest civil engineering projects that humanity has ever attempted". It is also only 30% likely to work. Constructions blocking even 50% of the warm water flow are expected to be far more effective, yet far more difficult as well. Some researchers argued that this proposal could be ineffective, or even accelerate sea level rise. The authors of the original proposal suggested attempting this intervention on smaller sites, like the Jakobshavn Glacier in Greenland, as a test. They also acknowledged that this intervention cannot prevent sea level rise from the increased ocean heat content, and would be ineffective in the long run without greenhouse gas emission reductions.

In 2023, it was proposed that an installation of underwater curtains, made of a flexible material and anchored to the Amundsen Sea floor would be able to interrupt warm water flow. This approach would reduce costs and increase the longevity of the material (conservatively estimated at 25 years for curtain elements and up to 100 years for the foundations) relative to more rigid structures. With them in place, Thwaites Ice Shelf and Pine Island Ice Shelf would presumably regrow to a state they last had a century ago, thus stabilizing these glaciers. To achieve this, the curtains would have to be placed at a depth of around 600 m (to avoid damage from icebergs which would be regularly drifting above) and be 80 km long. The authors acknowledged that while work on this scale would be unprecedented and face many challenges in the Antarctic (including polar night and the currently insufficient numbers of specialized polar ships and underwater vessels), it would also not require any new technology and there is already experience of laying down pipelines at such depths. The authors estimated this project would take a decade to construct, at $40–80 billion initial cost, while the ongoing maintenance would cost $1–2 billion a year. Yet, a single seawall capable of protecting the entire New York City may cost twice as much on its own, and the global costs of adaptation to sea level rise caused by the glaciers' collapse are estimated to reach $40 billion annually: The authors also suggested that their proposal would be competitive with the other climate engineering proposals like stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) or carbon dioxide removal (CDR), as while those would stop a much larger spectrum of climate change impacts, their estimated annual costs range from $7–70 billion for SAI to $160–4500 billion for CDR powerful enough to help meet the 1.5 C-change Paris Agreement target.

title: Thwaites Glacier


text:
User talk:139~enwiki

Welcome!
Hello , and Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some good places to get you started! I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please be sure to sign your name on talk pages by using four tildes to produce your name and the current date, or just three tildes ( ~   ) to produce your name only. If you have any questions, or are worried/confused about anything at all, please either visit the help desk, or leave a new message on my talk page at any time. Happy editing, good luck, and remember: Be Bold!  Fir e Fox T C 13:22, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * Template messages
 * Sandbox

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called 139. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name 139~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:29, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:06, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:139~enwiki


text:
Sir Thomas Bernard, 3rd Baronet

Sir Thomas Bernard, 3rd Baronet (27 April 1750 – 1 July 1818) was an English social reformer whose father, as governor of the Province of New Jersey (1758–1760) and Province of Massachusetts Bay (1760–1770), played a responsible part in directing the British policy which led to the revolt of the American colonies.

Life
He was born at Lincoln, the younger son of Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet. Rather late in his life, on the death of his elder brother in 1810, Bernard succeeded to the baronetcy conferred on his father in 1768.

His early education was obtained at Harvard College, in which his father took a great interest. He then acted as confidential secretary to his father during the troubles which led (1769) to the governor's recall, and accompanied Sir Francis to England, where he was called to the bar, and practised as a conveyancer.

He married a rich wife, and acquired a considerable fortune, and then devoted most of his time to social work for the benefit of the poor. From 1795 to 1806 he was treasurer of the Foundling Hospital for abandoned babies, in the concerns of which he took an important part. After his treasurership, he continued to play a role on the charity's Court of Governors holding the honorary title of Vice President, but resigned when taking on the baronetcy in 1810. He also helped to establish in 1796 the "Society for Bettering the Condition and Increasing the Comforts of the Poor," in 1800 a school for indigent blind, and in 1801 a fever institution. He was a founding Director of the British Institution in 1805.

He was active in promoting vaccination, improving the conditions of child labour, advocating rural allotments, and agitating against the salt duties. He took great interest in education, and with Count Rumford he was an originator of the Royal Institution in London. He died without issue on 1 July 1818.

Sir Thomas was also a Director and leading proponent of the Regent's Canal. He was approached in 1811 by John Nash (architect), the architect, who was a leading advocate of the canal and was present at the Percy Street Meeting, on 31 May 1811 at which a steering committee was set up to plan the building of a canal across north London. Social reformers favoured canals in this period because they greatly reduced the price of coal for the poor, and at that time gas lighting was also being adopted, using gas made from coal. Gas lighting was cheaper than candles. Sir Thomas played a prominent part in the management of the troubled canal throughout his remaining years. In 1818 it was he who finally settled a long-running acrimonious dispute with William Agar of Elm Lodge, whose determined opposition and clever but awkward behaviour had frustrated the canal's construction. Sadly he died just a few weeks after his moment of greatest success when he had resolved this major difficulty by negotiation, so he did not live to see the canal completed.

He was buried beneath the chapel of the Foundling Hospital, London, which was demolished in 1928.

title: Sir Thomas Bernard, 3rd Baronet