text:
Shout (Black gospel music)

A shout (or praise break) is a kind of fast-paced Black gospel music accompanied by ecstatic dancing (and sometimes actual shouting). It is sometimes associated with "getting happy".

It is a form of worship/praise most often seen in the Black Church and in Pentecostal churches of any ethnic makeup, and can be celebratory, supplicatory, intercessory, or a combination thereof.

History
The shout music tradition originated within the church music of the Black Church, parts of which derive from the ring shout tradition of enslaved people from West Africa. As these enslaved Africans, who were concentrated in the southeastern United States, incorporated West African shout traditions into their newfound Christianity, the Black Christian shout tradition emerged—albeit not in all Black churches or in every part of the country. (In fact, in the North prior to the 1930s, many African-American Christians practiced a form of worship found in denominations such as Episcopal Churches and Methodist Churches, more similar to their White Christian neighbors. )

Even so, after the dawn of the Azusa Street Revival and the rise of Pentecostalism in 1906, many African-American Christians began to incorporate more modern Charismatic Christian practices into their worship, including speaking in tongues and various other bodily anomalies said to be caused by the Holy Spirit. The shout tradition fit well into this framework and became ever more popular across the spectrum of Pentecostalism and, eventually, the larger charismatic Evangelical world.

As Southern Black Christians migrated north in large numbers after the end of Reconstruction, they began to found churches of their own that had different styles of worship than the aforementioned Northern Black churches. Soon, the center of power shifted in the direction of the newcomers, who in many represented a more authentically African-American (and lively) church experience. At the same time, a new form of Black gospel music emerged, influenced both by the Black spiritual tradition as well as the growing Pentecostal/Holiness movements. This eventually led to the high-energy, fast-paced shouts and praise breaks seen among contemporary practitioners.

It is common now for gospel recording artists to include shouts and praise breaks on their albums, either recorded in a studio or live during a recorded show. This has had an outsize influence on the spread (and musical structure) of the tradition in modern times, in addition to the popularity of videos on social media depicting the practice.

Standard
There are many variations of this particular style of music. In its most standard form, shout music is characterized by very fast tempo, chromatic basslines and piano/organ chords, snare hits and hand claps on the upbeat of each beat. The organist typically plays dominant 7 chords while improvising over riffs, while the pianist typically plays counter rhythms to the established rhythmic structure.

Often bands will break into shout music at the end of a song or as a finale, or at a particularly high emotional point during a church service or sermon—often cued by the singer or speaker themselves. Shouts following a sermon often come at the end of an instance of "whooping".

The structure of African-American Church bands varies greatly, but all typically have a few basic instruments in common: a basic drum kit, bass guitar, and an organ and/or piano.

Shouts typically lack sheet music and can vary from less than one minute to as long as over an hour and may span many different songs. Usually there is an instrumentalist guiding the structure and flow musically, though standard shout music is often used as a bed for vocal riffing and calling out of exclamatory catch phrases or "shouts" (e.g. "Hallelujah!" or "Thank you, Lord!") by a singer or minister during the experience.

UHOP (brass-based)
The United House of Prayer For All People (UHOP), an African-American denomination founded in 1919 in Massachusetts, is particularly known for its shout bands and distinctive form of shout music: brass players, predominantly trombone-based, inspired by jazz, blues and Dixieland, gospel and old-time spirituals: a more soulful/spiritual version of a New Orleans brass band.

In this more brass-based type of shout music (less common in mainstream Black churches but often seen in parades, clubs, UHOP churches, and elsewhere), there are usually three sections: the recitive and call, which involves a musical statement from the trombones; the aria, which develops the melody and tempo; and the shout, the ending call-and-response. As the song progresses, the sound intensifies from a whisper at the beginning to an exuberant crescendo during the shout.

This kind of shout music is made to closely emulate the exact sound and techniques used by the voices of singers and choirs, including but not limited to vibratos, slurs, and glissando. This is the primary reason that a trombone is typically found as the lead instrument. Also common are baritones, a snare drum and bass drum combination, and a sousaphone. Though they are not usually seen, other instruments are also utilized in such shout bands, including trumpets, flugelhorns, saxophones, clarinets, flutes, washboards and more.

These specialized, brass-based shout bands are often mistaken for trad jazz bands due to similarities in instrumentation and style, and there are as many as eight different leaders controlling different aspects of the band. There is usually a player-conductor that controls everything that happens, but he or she is normally listening to the band as a whole whereas the other leaders are listening to specific parts that they are assigned to.

Appearance
Shouts invariably involve dancing, typically featuring quick feet movements, undulation of the arms and upper body, and ecstatic exclamations—not unlike the more ancient ring shouts of West Africa. This may be performed by the congregation at large (including or led by any presiders), or by only a portion or even just one or a few person(s).

Church ushers or other participants often assist people dancing more vigorously, as they often have their eyes closed and might not be able to see obstacles in their way. (Others might simply be of older age and in need of physical support.) While it is common for participants to exit their church pew and dance in the aisles or elsewhere, others might support themselves using the pew while dancing.

For those not necessarily dancing, participation might simply be standing in place and clapping along with the beat.

Standard

 * Shout Music on organ with bass and drums
 * Chris Edwards playing Shout Music on organ with a full band and choir

UHOP

 * Sweet Heaven Kings Brass Band - United House of Prayer for All People - Anacostia, DC (The Kennedy Center)
 * United House of Prayer Trombone Shout Bands - Smithsonian Folkways Recordings

title: Shout (Black gospel music)


text: User talk:66.92.166.28

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:66.92.166.28


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CarRentOnline.com

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedily deleted by User:Doc glasgow Ryan Norton T 23:59, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

CarRentOnline.com
Article appears to be an advertisement Bobstay 19:39, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Also a copyvio... Thue | talk 19:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertisement Ritchy 7 October 2005
 * Speedy Delete. Meets CSD:A8 criteria. So tagged.--inks T 21:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Seaford Head School

Seaford Head School (formerly Seaford Head Community College), in Seaford, East Sussex, England, is a co-educational secondary school with academy status for students aged 11 to 16 years, with a sixth form centre for students aged 16 to 18.

The school opened in 1938 as Seaford County Modern School, becoming Seaford County Secondary School in 1949. It became a comprehensive in 1972, became Seaford Head Community College in 1993, acquired Trust status in 2011 and in 2012 became an Academy as Seaford Head School. Due to increasing competition from the larger Sussex Downs College conglomerate, the sixth form closed in 2009; a new Sixth Form Centre opened in 2014. The school was in Ofsted special measures from 2004 to 2006. An Ofsted inspection was carried out in October 2010 and the school was judged "Good with many outstanding features" and was reassessed in 2017 and deemed “outstanding”.

The school is a Specialist Science & Sports College, holding the Sport England Award Sportsmark. It also holds the British Council International School Award and the ArtsMark award from the English Art Council. It is a part of Healthy Schools East Sussex, which promotes healthy eating and lifestyles, and is a member of the Specialist Schools and Academies Trust.

Criticism
In 2015, the school was criticised for requiring its students to purchase and wear a specific backpack.

In 2016, Rosalind Ramsey, former head of science was struck off for kissing a pupil. Ms Ramsey instigated Facebook contact with the pupil and met him three times out of school.

title: Seaford Head School


text:
Talk:Antimachus II

Bopearachchi does not account for the dating of Plato's coins in his encyclopaedia and accordingly gives Antimachus II a later reign. This is a rare lapsus in his very extensive work, but a lapsus it is: he simply interprets the dating as an additional monogram without further discussion.

Untitled
A description of a monogram of Plato is found here: http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/bactria.html (though the coin referred to there is from 166 BCE).

The article on the tax-receipt is published after Bopearachchi's work and strongly indicateds that Antimachus II was the son of Antimachus I. Therefore, a close succession is very logical, and thus the altered reign 172-167 (keeping the estimate of five years done by Bopearachchi).

--Sponsianus 19:40, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antimachus II


text:
Chinle High School

Chinle High School is a public high school (grades 9 to 12) in Chinle, an unincorporated area of Apache County, Arizona, United States. The school is the only high school in the Chinle Unified School District, and all of the district's elementary and middle schools feed into it. Chinle High School serves several unincorporated areas in Apache County, including Chinle, Cottonwood, Del Muerto, Lukachukai, Many Farms, Nazlini, Rough Rock, Sehili, Tsaile, and small portions of Round Rock and Sawmill. The areas the school serves are within the Navajo Nation.

The school is the largest high school within the Navajo nation. As of 2013 it has 1,250 students and 125 staff and faculty. 99% of the students are Native Americans, mainly Navajo.

History
A previous facility, with capacity for about 300 students, was constructed prior to 1966. The population of Chinle increased in the 1960s and enrollment was over 1,000 in 1986. In 1986 the federal government gave a grant to Chinle Unified School District to build a new high school building, with the grant totaling $10,000,000. The district anticipated spending $20,000,000 on a 1,500-student facility, with funds from the Apache County government and taxes being used to fund the remainder of the facility.

Athletics
The school's Division III basketball teams, known as the Wildcats, play in the Wildcat Den, a large arena seating 6,000 people. It was built in 2006 at a cost of $23 million and is described by The Arizona Republic sports columnist Richard Obert as "the best high school arena in Arizona". It is also the largest building in Chinle.

It is also tied for the rank of 15th-largest high school basketball gymnasium in the United States. Before playing in the Wildcat Den, the teams played at the 1,000-seat Chinle Community Center.

Student discipline
In the 21st century, this school and others in the district, have struggled with gang activity; some brought by students who had lived in large cities before coming or returning to this largely rural area of the reservation. The community has also struggled with poverty, drug and alcohol abuse, and family issues. In 2003, a display of weapons confiscated from students included baseball bats, knives, nunchucks and brass knuckles.

Representation in other media

 * In 2019, the docuseries Basketball or Nothing, based on the Chinle Wildcats' pursuit of a state basketball championship in the 2017–2018 season, premiered on Netflix. It was directed by Matt Howley, Michael Lucas and Gabriel Spitale. The team's second-year coach was Raul Mendoza, who had a 40-year career, led a team to a state title, and worked also as a counselor before starting here. He was profiled by The New York Times for his work. A reviewer for Decider.com concluded about this series: "STREAM IT. 'Basketball or Nothing' is sincere, heartfelt and absolutely worth your time."
 * Michael Powell, a sportswriter and journalist, wrote Canyon Dreams: A Basketball Season on the Navajo Nation (2019), about the same period. He explored the importance of the high school's basketball team and games as a way that the community came together.

Notable alumni

 * Megalyn Echikunwoke – actress
 * Tatanka Means – actor/comedian
 * Nicco Montaño – MMA fighter

title: Chinle High School


text:
Thomas Gaardsøe

Thomas Gaardsøe Christensen (born 23 November 1979) is a Danish former professional footballer.

Gaardsøe most notably won the 1999 Danish Superliga with Aalborg Boldspilklub, and played abroad for English clubs Ipswich Town and West Bromwich Albion. He played two matches and scored a single goal for the Danish national team.

Early career
Son of former Randers Freja player Per Gaardsøe, Thomas Gaardsøe played his youth football at Freja. His name first caught the headlines when he was a part of the winning team in the 1994 and 1995 editions of the Danish nationwide school football tournament, scoring in both finals.

AaB
He moved to Aalborg Boldspilklub (AaB) in the Danish Superliga championship, and made his senior debut in June 1997. Despite occasional good performances, he had a hard time forcing his way into the AaB starting line-up in his role as central midfielder. He made his AaB breakthrough in spring 2001, as a replacement for the injured central defender Torben Boye. He impressed in his new role at AaB, as he was once more called up for the under-21 national team.

Ipswich Town
In the summer 2001, he was sold to English club Ipswich Town in the FA Premier League championship in a transfer deal worth £1.3 million. He did not play much in his first season, but managed to score his first goal for Ipswich against Sunderland in December 2001. After his first season at the club, Ipswich suffered relegation into the English First Division. In the First Division, Gaardsøe became an important member for the squad, scoring six goals in all competitions of the 2002–2003 season.

West Bromwich Albion
Gaardsøe was sold in the summer of 2003 to First Division rivals West Bromwich Albion. His first appearance came in a 4–0 thrashing of Brentford in the Football League Cup in August 2003. He scored his first goal for Albion in a 4–1 victory over his former club Ipswich on 13 September 2003. He went on to score 3 more goals in the season, including vital winners against Sheffield United in February and Wigan Athletic in March 2004. Gaardsøe was an ever-present in Albion's promotion winning team and he was named "Player of the Year" by the supporters who, in turn, dressed up as Vikings in his honour for the away match at Reading on 1 May 2004.

Most of Gaardsøe's 2005–2006 season was hampered by a serious groin injury, which originated in a pre-match warm-up before an April 2005 game against Manchester United. He only played seven league games in a season which ended in Albion's relegation to the First Division. In the beginning of the 2006–2007 season, the continued injury problems made him consider a premature retirement from football. On 19 December 2006 Gaardsøe announced his retirement from the game, having been unable to regain full fitness from the groin operation in the summer.

Return to football
Two and a half years later he returned to football after having fully recovered from his injury. This time he signed for his childhood club Aalborg BK. However, Gaardsøe did not succeed in establishing himself in the AaB squad and, in order to find regular first team football, he signed a contract with Danish superliga rivals Esbjerg from January 2010.

After his contract ended with Esbjerg fB in the summer of 2012, he searched for a new club. After two months, on 29 August 2012, Gaardsøe retired from football, being unable to find a new club.

International career
Gaardsøe gained his first international experience in 1998, playing two games for the Danish under-19 national team. He also won 10 caps for the Danish under-21 national team between 1998 and 2001, scoring once.

He won his first international cap in November 2003, coming on as a substitute in Denmark's 3–2 victory over England. He scored his first national team goal in his second match, a 5–1 win against Poland in August 2004.

International

 * Source:

International goals
Denmark score listed first, score column indicates score after each Gaardsøe goal.

Honours
AaB
 * Danish Superliga: 1998–99

West Bromwich Albion
 * Football League First Division runner-up: 2003–04

Individual
 * West Bromwich Albion Player of the Year: 2003–04

title: Thomas Gaardsøe


text: User talk:206.75.198.6

title: User talk:206.75.198.6


text:
Talk:F.E.A.R. (song)

Untitled
Is the "backwards" sequence in music video for F.E.A.R. in homage to the backwards sequence in the music video Weird Al's "Amish Paradise"? as both were based on the same Gangsta's Paradise?

chinatown?
would you describe the parts of soho Brown rides through which are full of sex shops as being in chinatown? --81.154.236.221 19:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

I doubt they are based on the same riff - i mean, it's not the same chords, and the strings are not the same sound nor the same rhytm... So saying F.E.A.R. is based on gangsta's paradise is a bit far out... User:northen

Chinatown and Gangsta's Paradise
Author:ADM I'm not from London but is Berwick Street not at the edge of Chinatown. I think the Chinese restaurants that you see at the start is also a give-away.

I agree though, the 'Gangsta's Paradise' sampling is a bit far fetched. They're not even the same notes, this is a mis-leading. I take it the first point to an Amish Paradise is a joke!

title: Talk:F.E.A.R. (song)


text:
Talk:Casual (subculture)

Looting reference
 Fans began arriving in England wearing expensive Italian and French designer clothes, sometimes looted from stores during outbreaks of violence that were commonplace when English fans travelled abroad. - I'd very much like to see more citations to back up this assertion than a single claim in some Swedish magazine. While certainly there were substantial cases of fan violence in the 70s and 80s, I don't recall any reports of large-scale looting going on, and I'm sure that the Daily Mail would have fully informed everyone if there was even the slightest suggestion it was happening. -- Arwel 19:43, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't add the sentence in the first place, so I guess I'm not the only one to have heard about it. Well, for more sources, see for example, and  (Swedish). Hope that helps a bit. -- Elisson • Talk 00:24, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

I recall a BBC tv documentary on 80's hooliganism that made the same claim with interviews from a couple of scallies to back it up. According to the same programme Armani jeans were also a popular item

 * I'd like this page to clarify that Casuals are not a part of Skinhead, i.e., not an offshoot or variant like Suedehead, Smoothie, Sharpie or Psychobilly. Whereas the hooligan Bootboys clearly grew out of Skinhead, and relate directly or indirectly to Casuals by the obvious link of football-related violence, Casuals are only an illustrative example of the same principle of hard-edged smartness in dress also found in Skinhead.
 * Nuttyskin 01:47, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Rollback on May 15
I rolled back the edits by Neon White because the reference in my footnote calls casuals a subculture, as do many more references, some of which I added to the External links section. The footnote that Neon White added also calls casuals a subculture. Also, my other improvements were to tighten up writing by deleting repetition/redundancy, and other necessary changes like removing the word cult because that is not the correct word to describe this topic.Spylab (talk) 13:04, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The reference is self publuished and not verifiable and therefore is unacceptable. is the best source available and the article should be based on that which calls it a 'youth movement', there no demonstration of a subculutre in this article, only a minor fashion and however misused the term 'subculture' is in the popular media, this is an encyclopedia and claims like this require better sources to establish sociological claims. We have to be careful that wikipedia does reflect expert definition not the misuse and does not call what is merely a fashions, stereotypes, styles, trends etc a subculture when there is no evidence to suggest they are.  -- neon white  user page talk 13:18, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Online sources that refer to casuals as a subculture

 * 1) "For Stuart Cosgrove - television executive, broadcaster and devoted football fan - casuals are the great hidden subculture of British life, unloved by virtually everyone. ... From its pages, Hooton derided the violence that was becoming such an integral part of British football, but in every other respect he was a fully paid-up member of the casual army. He didn't start The End to chart a subculture - he was a football fan first and foremost - but he grew increasingly annoyed at what he saw as a metropolitan dismissal of a genuine working-class movement."http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20050508/ai_n14624276
 * 2) "The Football Casual subculture wasn't about being politically led. ... Most recently, ever since the 60's when the mods took on the rockers - these type of tribal clashes of various youth cultures have dominated our shores. I cite the mods in particular, as I believe that many of the fashion principles of mod culture (clean lines, minimal styling) also lie at the heart of the Football Casual subculture. ... It just so happens, that the Football Casual subculture originated from the football terraces and their vehicle was football, fighting and fashion." http://www.footballcasual.com/history/the_history.html
 * 3) "Football casuals has been a subculture that has existed primarily in England for the last few decades. ... Now that we have gotten that out of the way, we can turn our attention to this incredible Adidas Consortium Pack which is called the Casuals Series. Now I don’t know if this is in fact paying homage to the casuals subculture, but I have to believe that it is." http://theoriginalwinger.com/2008-04-25-adidas-consortium-pack-the-casual-series
 * 4) "It's a bit Sexy Beast, a bit Goodfellas and a little bit Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels - the swearing and violence will offend some - but where it carves out a singular niche in British cinema is in its detailed reverence for the clothes and music of the hitherto little-examined eighties 'casual' subculture. According to Love, he struck a chord unwittingly. 'I just wanted to make a film about a subculture and get it right." http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,1548672,00.html
 * 5) Pdf of published book that referss to casuals as a subculture. http://books.google.ca/books?id=03w9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=casuals+subculture&source=web&ots=lS3rYvtpIR&sig=SM7FALyEDZQVD2DUJ9ivak3W3yY&hl=en#PPA101,M1
 * 6) "In the 1980s, when fighting at football was commonplace in the United Kingdom. British police would be on the lookout for fans wearing skinhead fashions or cheap work wear. Hardcore hooligans started to wear the expensive clothing as a result of looting designer boutiques during riots in European Competition. This led to the development of the casual subculture." http://www.blackdanny.co.uk/firmingup.htm
 * 7) Casuals, as Thornton points out, began as a post-mod, post-skinhead subculture in the 1977-8 football season in Britain, initially in the North of England on Merseyside, closely followed by Manchester, and later in London and Scottish cities."http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:3UjmDzc6CZ8J:www.pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc1.pdf+casuals+subculture&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=17&gl=ca
 * 8) "I admit I get a bit lost during the explanation. There are plenty of ideas at work here – religion, the stultifying nature of the fashion industry and redefining the casual sub-culture, one that he feels has been tainted by football hooligans." http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/men/article628723.ece
 * 9) "The Channel 4 boss and radio broadcaster made the comments ahead of the publication of a new book examining the phenomenon. ... Cosgrove said that casuals are the great hidden subculture of British life: "Mainstream football fans resent their violence, sociology lecturers can't think of anything interesting to say about them and even the companies whose labels they sport just wish they would go away." http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20050508/ai_n14619610
 * 10) "The books celebrate, and romanticise, a whole hooligan youth subculture of yesteryear situating football casuals in a subcultural timeline from the scuttlers of the late nineteenth century through teds, rockers, mods and skinheads in the 1950s and 1960s and suedeheads and punks first seen in the 1970s." and more. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/eslj/issues/volume5/number2/redhead
 * 11) "Employing a series of potent anecdotes, Phil Thornton's Casuals documents the origins and progression of casual culture in the UK from the 1970s on. Outside the of the fashion industry, away from the self-appointed cognoscenti, casuals formulated their own styles, promoting a shared identity and building a unique set of standards. From Liverpool to London, and points in between, the development of this fashion driven subculture was spurred by Football related travel, creating an intriguing dyad between mainstream and underground."http://socialconsumer.com/2007/10/24/book-review-casuals/

According to Wikipedia citation guidelines, casuals are a subculture.Spylab (talk) 00:59, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

films
what about awaydays and I.d is about football hooliganism and is a fucking great film but there arent realy any casuals in it are there

what
So every casual group has links with football hoolaginism? Thats what I gather from the first sentence of this article, and its so offensive that im removing it; please have pity on my soul oh mighty wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.104.215.11 (talk) 19:39, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Totally Incomprehensible to Americans
What are these people about? Is it clothes, politics, soccer, or music? As an American, I find this explanation completely incomprehensible. Please, somebody who understands this, re-write it so that it makes sense to someone who isn't British. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.229.211.31 (talk) 03:31, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Essay
The whole article seems to be made up of opinion / original research / unsourced statements. Maybe someone could re-write it so it's more like an encyclopedia article and less like a grade-C sixth-form sociology essay ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 12:45, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

Liverpool and Everton in Europe in the late 70s
"The casual subculture began in the late 1970s after Liverpool F.C.and Everton F.C. fans introduced the rest of England to European fashions that they acquired while following their teams at European games"

A citation is definately needed for this. A quick glance at any wikipedia section on the various European trophies shows that in the late '70s Liverpool only played away at Nottingham Forest (England) and Dynamo Tblisi (USSR) while Everton played away at Finn Harps (Ireland) and Dukla Prague (Czechoslovakia). These places were hardly hotbeds of continental fashion. Perhaps someone could provide a source for this that isn't just some dewy eyed scouser making up a load of romanticised shit.

89.241.216.219 (talk) 08:21, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141014144734/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/eslj/issues/volume5/number2/redhead to http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/eslj/issues/volume5/number2/redhead

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"Kezhual" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Kezhual. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 May 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 17:57, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Casual (subculture)


text:
Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus

The Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus was a circus that traveled across America in the early part of the 20th century. At its peak, it was the second-largest circus in America next to Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. It was based in Peru, Indiana.

History
The circus began as the “Carl Hagenbeck Trained Animal Show” by Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913). Hagenbeck was an animal trainer who pioneered the use of rewards-based animal training as opposed to fear-based training.

Meanwhile, Benjamin Wallace, a stable owner from Peru, Indiana, and his business partner, James Anderson, bought a circus in 1884 and created "The Great Wallace Show". The show gained some prominence when their copyright for advertising posters was upheld by the Supreme Court in Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Company. Wallace bought out his partner in 1890 and formed the "B. E. Wallace Circus".

In 1907, Wallace purchased the Carl Hagenbeck Circus and merged it with his circus. The circus became known as the Hagenbeck-Wallace circus at that time, even though Carl Hagenbeck protested. He sued to prohibit the use of his name but lost in court.

In March 1913, the circus lost 8 elephants, 21 lions and tigers and 8 performing horses in the Great Flood of 1913. That same year, Wallace sold his interest in the circus to Ed Ballard of French Lick, Indiana.

Another tragedy struck the circus before 4:00 a.m. on June 22, 1918, in the Hammond Circus Train Wreck when the engineer of an empty troop train fell asleep, and collided into the rear of the Hagenbeck-Wallace circus train near Hammond, Indiana. A fire broke out from the kerosene lamps, which were used for lighting in the sleeping cars of the circus train. The fire quickly spread through the wood-constructed cars. As a result of the collision and subsequent fire, 86 persons died and more than 100 were injured. Many victims were burned beyond recognition. Most are buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois in a section set aside as Showmen's Rest. Only five victims had marked graves; the rest were burned too badly to be identified and buried in unmarked graves. In the spirit of "the show must go on", several competing circuses, including Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey, lent equipment and performers to Hagenbeck-Wallace so that only two performances were canceled as a result of the tragedy, the one in Hammond and the next stop in Monroe, Wisconsin. After the tragedy, circus entrepreneurs Jeremiah Mugivan and Bert Bowers acquired Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus, adding it to a long list of circuses they owned, including Sells-Floto Circus and John Robinson Shows. Mugivan was the chief operations man. A year later, Mugivan and Bowers asked Ballard to join them and the trio formed the American Circus Company.

The successor company of the American Circus Corporation was sold by Jeremiah Mugivan, Bert Bowers and Ed Ballard to John Nicholas Ringling of Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey in 1929 for $1.7 million (US$ 0 in 2024), along with Al G. Barnes Circus, Sells-Floto Circus, John Robinson Shows, and Sparks Circus.

The circus was leased in 1938 and spent its winter just outside Baldwin Park, California. There, on 35 acres of land, the circus stayed with its huge parade wagons parked alongside a railroad spur. The elephants spent time hauling refuse wagons, shunting railroad cars and piling baled hay. A tent at the eastern edge of the grounds was used by aerialists to practice trapeze and high-wire acts. The circus usually remained there from late November to early spring.

The Great Depression and Ringling's ill health caused the Ringling empire to falter. In 1935, the circus split from Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey and became the Hagenbeck-Wallace and Forepaugh-Sells Bros. Circus. It finally ceased operations in 1938, seventy-nine years before Ringling itself closed.

The complex near Peru that formerly housed the winter home of Hagenbeck-Wallace now serves as the home of the Circus Hall of Fame.

In fiction
The Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus was the inspiration for the novel The Circus in Winter by Cathy Day. The book is about the fictional "Great Porter Circus", which made its winter home in "Lima, Indiana", which stood in for the author's home town of Peru, Indiana. The author is the great-niece of an elephant trainer of the Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus. Hagenbeck's name also appears in a series of Polish books for teenagers by Alfred Szklarski. The main characters from the books travel around the world to hunt animals for Hagenbeck's circus.

Hagenbeck is also mentioned in the story "First Love" by Samuel Beckett, where the protagonist reminisces about a visit to Ohlsdorf Cemetery. He is also briefly mentioned in the novel, Water for Elephants. by Sara Gruen.

In the fall of 2006 The Neo-Futurists theater company of Chicago mounted an original production entitled Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck! based on the Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus. The play was written by Jay Torrence and directed by Torrence and Kristie Koehler. The show was remounted by the Neo-Futurists in the summer of 2007 at the Chicago Park District's Theater on the Lake. In 2013, a production of the play was presented by Concordia University Chicago. This was followed in 2016 by a production at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, directed by theatre faculty member Arthur Grothe.

Performers

 * Clyde Beatty ran away from home in 1921 to join the Howes Great London Circus, as a cageboy and assistant trainer to "Captain" Louis Roth; called the "world's greatest wild animal trainer" by Louis Goebel, the creator of Jungleland USA. When he joined Hagenbeck-Wallace, he learned more from star trainer Peter Taylor. When stricken with a neck injury in 1925, Taylor could not continue his major lion-and-tiger act, and Clyde Beatty took it over at once. With his exciting performing style, he became such a sensation the public filled the tent even during the Depression.  He starred with Hagenbeck-Wallace until 1934, when a dispute with Ringling management caused him to sign with a new circus, called the Cole Bros. Circus.
 * Joe Skelton, the father of Red Skelton, once worked as a clown in the Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus. Red himself performed with the same circus as a teenager before entering vaudeville.
 * Emmett Kelly got his start as "Weary Willie" during the Great Depression with Hagenbeck-Wallace before moving on to other circuses.
 * From 1935 till 1937 Maria Rasputin performed with this circus.
 * In 1937, cowboy, rodeo performer, and movie actor Hoot Gibson performed with the circus.
 * Richard Andeson & his wife Alice Andeson were contortionists
 * Tennyson Guyer briefly performed for the circus as a youth.

title: Hagenbeck–Wallace Circus


text: User talk:71.241.87.108

title: User talk:71.241.87.108


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Parmo

Parmo, or Teesside Parmesan, is a dish originating in Middlesbrough, England, and a popular item of take-away food in the Teesside area. It consists of a breaded cutlet of chicken or pork topped with a white béchamel sauce and cheese, usually cheddar.

The name is a reference to the American dish chicken parmesan, which is made with tomato sauce and mozzarella, which is itself a derivation of the Italian melanzane alla parmigiana.

In an April 2019 survey, parmo ranked 20th in Britain's Top 20 Favourite Takeaways.

Origins
Parmo was created by Nicos Harris, a Greek American navy chef. He was wounded off the coast of France, and brought to the United Kingdom to be treated at what is now James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough. He stayed in Middlesbrough and opened a restaurant, The American Grill, on Linthorpe Road, where he created the parmo in 1958. His son-in-law, Caramello, still lived in Teesside as of 2007, continuing the family tradition.

Supermarket sales
In 2007-2008, Teesside business man Geoff Johns started the Jeff the Chef company to make and sell "cook-chill-reheat" parmos, which are baked and then blast-chilled, before being packaged up for sale through supermarkets and other commercial outlets.

Initially serving a few local shops, the product was quickly taken up by supermarket chain Asda, and by July 2009, Asda were selling 6,000 a week in the Teesside region. In a profile of Jeff the Chef in 2017, it was stated that the company employed 20 staff at the Skippers Lane Industrial Estate in Middlesbrough, and they were making 10,000 parmos a week, to supply around 100 stores in North East England, including Asda, Morrisons, Sainsbury's, the Co-op, and some independents.

Application for PDO/TSG status
During his successful 2017 election campaign for Tees Valley Mayor, Ben Houchen promised that he'd work to get the parmo protected status. "It's a key part of our local culture and we should be proud of Teesside and the things we produce".

An application for official recognition of the parmo as a traditional speciality in the UK was submitted in July 2021. To qualify for the TSG (Traditional Speciality Guaranteed) label, a food must be of "specific character" to differentiate it clearly from similar products, and its raw materials, production method, or processing must be "traditional" (which is defined as "proven usage on the domestic market for a period that allows transmission between generations; this period is to be at least 30 years").

Appearance on MasterChef
On 8 March 2018, one of the contestants on the BBC cooking programme MasterChef prepared a parmo for the competition. Anthony O'Shaughnessy used panko breadcrumbs and extra mature cheddar cheese, and accompanied the dish with spicy beetroot ketchup (for heat, spice, sweetness), and pickled red cabbage coleslaw (for crunch, sharpness).

World Parmo Championships
A light-hearted celebration of the parmo, the World Parmo Championships started with an inaugural competition in 2007 in Stockton. The championships ran annually until 2016, after which there was a two-year gap. The 2019 edition saw 30 restaurants compete before the live "parmo-off" between the final four at the Middlesbrough Town Hall. The winner was the Borge Italian restaurant from Stockton-on-Tees, taking their fourth consecutive first place.

Nutritional information
In 2007, North Yorkshire Trading Standards conducted a survey of 25 fast food dishes. A large parmo with chips and salad they tested contained about 2,600 calories and 150g of fat.

title: Parmo


text:
User talk:Jorgegp

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. , SqueakBox 19:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jorgegp


text:
MCLA

MCLA is an abbreviation that may refer to:
 * Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
 * Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association
 * Midnight Club: Los Angeles

title: MCLA


text:
Talk:Torus bundle

Why are you restricting to orientation-preserving maps? Juan Marquez

Hmm, the article at the moment states that any torus homeomorphism is either finite order, a power of a Dehn twist, or Anosov and talks about the trace of the homeomorphism. First of all, I suppose it would be neater if instead it discussed the mapping classes, but is the trichotomy even correct? I don't see why a trace −2 homeomorphism should be the power of a Dehn twist. --pred (talk) 21:51, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

False statement
The article defines "torus bundle" as a bundle (whose fibre is a torus) over the circle as base space.

But it is not true that the base space of a torus bundle must be the circle. It can be any topological space at all.2600:1700:E1C0:F340:781C:B988:BE1F:5107 (talk) 21:37, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Torus bundle


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Talk:El Yunque (Puerto Rico)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rpaladini, Aigooivan, Mattcpp2096.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:20, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Name
In the case of El Yunque near Baracoa it can hardly be a coincidence that the Spanish word for anvil is 'yunque' and it looks like an anvil. What does this thing look like? DirkvdM 19:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Taino believed that the Mountain of El Yunque was where Yuquiyu, their protector god lived. The Spaniards heard them calling the mountain 'Yu-ke' and from there inferred the 'yunque' connection. For the record, though the whole mountain is somewhat broad, it is not at all flat and does not resemble an anvil at all. Another theory posits that it was so named by the Spaniards because of the way storms would be somewhat deflected by the mountain (I find this unlikely). Sings-With-Spirits (talk) 00:00, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Redirection
"El Yunque" redirected to Caribbean National Forest but made no mention of the mountain per se. I put CNF in a separate article, and included a link to it here in the information of the mountain. Thief12 13:51, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Coordinates
The given coordinates for El Yunque put it square in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean (okay, maybe not in the middle, but quite a ways offshore). Maybe someone should check that? Larry V (talk | e-mail) 11:33, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

El Yunque (Puerto Rico) → El Yunque peak or Pico El Yunque
Pico El Yunque or El Yunque peak is a mountain that is located fully within the boundaries of the El Yunque National Forest.

For clarity and less redundancy, article should be moved to either El Yunque peak or Pico El Yunque, whatever is more enciclopedic —  Moebiusuibeom-en (talk) 02:21, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:49, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * USA Puerto Rico topographic location map.png

title: Talk:El Yunque (Puerto Rico)


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Talk:Nahal Beka

pov
somebody who knows about this needs to clean it up to make it less racist and fair. Tfine80 19:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nahal Beka


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Bombo legüero

'Bombo legüero' is an Argentine drum traditionally made of a hollowed tree trunk and covered with cured skins of animals such as goats, cows (leather) or sheep; legüero signifies that one could supposedly hear it a league away. It derives from the old European military drums, and uses a similar arrangement of hoops and leather thongs and loops to tighten the drumheads, which are usually double. It is also called bombo legüero to differentiate it from similar large drums. The body is made of a hollow log, with the inside scraped and chiseled. The drumheads are made of the skins of animals such as cows, sheep, or guanacos. Because the fur is left on the hide, the bombo's sound is deep and dark. The bombo is played while hanging to the side of the drummer, who drapes one arm over the drum, to play it from above, while also striking it from the front. The player's hands hold a soft-headed mallet and a stick, which strike drumhead and wooden rim in alternation. The bombo serves as a combination of bass and percussion, not just maintaining the meter, but evoking an elemental, visceral response. The legüero is an essential element of Argentine Folclore (zamba, chacarera, etc.) popularized by musicians like Los Chalchaleros, Tremor, Los Fronterizos, Carlos Rivero, Soledad Pastorutti, and Mercedes Sosa.

title: Bombo legüero


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List of cybercriminals

Convicted computer criminals are people who are caught and convicted of computer crimes such as breaking into computers or computer networks. Computer crime can be broadly defined as criminal activity involving information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (or identity theft) and electronic fraud.

In the infancy of the hacker subculture and the computer underground, criminal convictions were rare because there was an informal code of ethics that was followed by white hat hackers. Proponents of hacking claim to be motivated by artistic and political ends, but are often unconcerned about the use of criminal means to achieve them. White hat hackers break past computer security for non-malicious reasons and do no damage, akin to breaking into a house and looking around. They enjoy learning and working with computer systems, and by this experience gain a deeper understanding of electronic security. As the computer industry matured, individuals with malicious intentions (black hats) would emerge to exploit computer systems for their own personal profit.

Convictions of computer crimes, or hacking, began as early as 1984 with the case of The 414s from the 414 area code in Milwaukee. In that case, six teenagers broke into a number of high-profile computer systems, including Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank. On May 1, 1984, one of the 414s, Gerald Wondra, was sentenced to two years of probation. In May, 1986, the first computer trespass conviction to result in a jail sentence was handed down to Michael Princeton Wilkerson, who received two weeks in jail for his infiltration of Microsoft, Sundstrand Corp., Kenworth Truck Co. and Resources Conservation Co.

In 2006, a prison term of nearly five years was handed down to Jeanson James Ancheta, who created hundreds of zombie computers to do his bidding via giant bot networks or botnets. He then sold the botnets to the highest bidder who in turn used them for Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.

, the longest sentence for computer crimes is that of Albert Gonzalez for 20 years. The next longest sentences are those of 13 years for Max Butler, 108 months for Brian Salcedo in 2004 and upheld in 2006 by the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, and 68 months for Kevin Mitnick in 1999.

title: List of cybercriminals


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User talk:Wedge007

Welcome!
Hello , and a belated Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some good places to get you started! I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please be sure to sign your name on talk pages by using four tildes to produce your name and the current date, or just three tildes ( ~   ) to produce your name only. If you have any questions, or are worried/confused about anything at all, please either visit the help desk, or leave a new message on my talk page at any time. Happy editing, good luck, and remember: Be Bold!   Fir  e  Fo  x  19:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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I'm insanely curious...
I'm terribly curious, why did you post in Articles for deletion/Quonsar just to abstain without comment? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 03:02, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * LOL... as author/editor of the article in question's current incarnation, i just wanted it to be known that i didn't/don't care enough one way or the other if it gets deleted. i had started to rant about kottke, the concept of internet noteworthiness, the long and colorful history of meepzorp, etc., but then after i hit 'preview', i said meh and just deleted it all. does that make sense? :D --Wedge 04:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Haha, okay. It's just not every day someone posts something to say nothing at all. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Edit-a-thon in Madison

 * ART+FEMINISM EDIT-A-THON

 * Saturday, March 5th, 9:30 a.m. – noon
 * Madison Public Library (Madison, Wisconsin)
 * Bring a laptop! There will be snacks and daycare

RSVP on the event page if you plan to attend or have any suggestions. czar 00:53, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * You received this message because you are a member of Category:Wikipedians in Wisconsin. To opt-in to future Madison event messages, add yourself to the mailing list.

title: User talk:Wedge007


text: User talk:81.231.254.106

title: User talk:81.231.254.106


text: User talk:81.76.101.202

title: User talk:81.76.101.202


text:
Hurricane Gordon

Hurricane Gordon was an erratic, long-lived, and catastrophic late-season hurricane of the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season. The twelfth and final tropical cyclone of the season, Gordon formed as a tropical depression in the southwestern Caribbean on November 8. Without strengthening, the depression made landfall on Nicaragua. Later on November 10, the system began to strengthen as it tracked further from land, and it quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Gordon, the seventh named storm that season. Gordon also made landfalls in Jamaica and Cuba while a minimal tropical storm. It entered the southwestern Atlantic while resembling a subtropical cyclone. By the time it entered the Gulf of Mexico, the storm was fully tropical again. Tropical Storm Gordon later crossed the Florida Keys, and turning to the northeast it made landfall in Fort Myers, Florida. Gordon strengthened after it re-entered the Atlantic Ocean, becoming a hurricane on November 17. It briefly threatened North Carolina while turning to the northwest, although it turned to the south and weakened. Gordon deteriorated into a tropical depression and struck Florida again at that intensity on November 20. It turned to the north and dissipated the next day over South Carolina.

Gordon first caused flooding in northern Costa Rica that destroyed 700 houses and caused $30 million in damage. There were six deaths in the country and an additional two deaths in neighboring Panama. Upon affecting Jamaica, the storm was responsible $11.8 million in damage and four deaths. Damage was heaviest in Haiti, after a prolonged southwesterly flow dropped 14 in of rainfall in a 24‑hour period. The rains resulted in extensive mudslides and flooding that disrupted transportation and damaged 10,800 houses, with another 3,500 destroyed. There were 1,122 deaths in the country, partially due to deforested hills, and damage was estimated at $50 million. In the neighboring Dominican Republic, there were five additional deaths, as well as flooding near its capital. In Cuba, Gordon caused $100 million in damage, and 5,906 houses were damaged or destroyed. Due to large-scale evacuations, there were only two deaths in the country. In Florida, the storm caused $400 million in damage (1994 USD, equivalent to about $ million in ), much of it agricultural, and there were eleven deaths, eight of them direct. Gordon later affected North Carolina with high waves, causing beach erosion and destroying five houses. Overall damage was $594 million due to Gordon (1994 USD, equivalent to about $900 million in ).

International governments and agencies through the United Nations sent relief supplies and monetary assistance to Haiti, following Gordon's devastating impact there. American soldiers were already stationed in the country to restore the ousted Jean-Bertrand Aristide to the presidency. The troops helped in rescues and worked to restore a damaged road between Port-au-Prince and Jacmel. Despite the deaths and damage, the name was not retired following the season.

Meteorological history
The origins of Gordon were from a tropical wave in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, which developed a circulation north of Panama early on November 6. It gradually organized, becoming Tropical Depression Twelve on November 8 offshore eastern Nicaragua. Proximity to land prevented strengthening, and early on November 10 it made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. Shortly thereafter, an upper-level trough turned the depression to the northeast, and late on November 10 it intensified into Tropical Storm Gordon after reaching open waters. The circulation of the cyclone was initially very broad, covering much of the western Caribbean Sea, and wind shear prevented significant strengthening. Early on November 13, Gordon struck Jamaica near Kingston as a minimal tropical storm, and later that day made landfall near Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Around the time of Gordon crossing Jamaica, an upper-level trough spawned a low-level disturbance over the central Bahamas. From surface synoptic reports, the National Hurricane Center estimates Tropical Storm Gordon rapidly crossed Cuba and became the dominant system between Cuba and the Bahamas, but other meteorologists believe Gordon dissipated and that a second cyclone became the dominant system. The resultant storm north of Cuba became much larger, spreading rain across much of Florida.

A ridge to the north turned Gordon to the west-northwest, and by November 14 the cloud pattern resembled that of a subtropical cyclone, with little convection near and the strongest winds well-removed from the center. The storm paralleled the northern coast of Cuba and gradually developed convection near the center. On November 15, the broad center crossed the Florida Keys near Key West. An approaching trough turned Gordon to the northeast, bringing it ashore near Fort Myers, Florida on November 16 with winds of 50 mph. Tropical Storm Gordon crossed the Florida peninsula in about nine hours, emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near Vero Beach. As it reached the Gulf Stream, a small but intense area of convection developed over the center, and after the Hurricane Hunters reported flight-level winds in excess of 90 mph, Gordon attained hurricane status late on November 17 about 245 mi southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. Shortly thereafter, it reached peak winds of 85 mph, and the trough that had turned the hurricane to the north was replaced by a ridge. Gordon turned abruptly northwestward, and was briefly expected to cross the Outer Banks as a minimal hurricane. The hurricane turned to the south and south-southeast, weakening into a tropical storm due to stronger shear and drier air. On November 19, the storm turned to the southwest and later to the west. Gordon weakened into a tropical depression, before striking Florida again near Cape Canaveral on November 20. It later turned to the north and dissipated over South Carolina on November 21.

Preparations
When Gordon was approaching Jamaica on November 12, a tropical storm watch, and later warning, was issued for the island. The same day, a tropical storm warning was issued for southeastern Cuba from Camagüey to Guantanamo. On November 13, a tropical storm warning was issued for the southwest peninsula of Haiti, and later that day the same warning was issued for the Bahamas. Due to the storm, 65,000 people evacuated to safer locations in Cuba. Schools were closed in New Providence and Grand Bahama due to the storm, and Nassau International Airport was briefly shut down. A flight between Havana and Miami was canceled. In Cuba, officials forced 36,518 people to evacuate their homes, and workers also moved 68,780 livestock.

After Gordon emerged into the Atlantic north of Cuba, the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning for southern Florida from Jupiter to the Dry Tortugas, and later extended it to Boca Grande up along the west coast; this was extended to Bayport on the west coast and to Titusville on the east coast while the storm was approaching the Florida Keys. When Gordon attained hurricane status and turned suddenly to the northwest, a hurricane warning was issued from Bogue Banks to the North Carolina/Virginia border. Florida governor Lawton Chiles activated the state's Emergency Operations Center. In the Florida Keys, state parks were closed, which forced some campers to leave, and all schools were closed. On the mainland, University of Miami and Miami Dade College were also closed. Space Shuttle Atlantis was forced to land at Edwards Air Force Base in California instead of Kennedy Space Center. The storm caused flights to be canceled or delayed at Miami International Airport, and nearly all flights were canceled to and from the Florida Keys. Hundreds of people evacuated to shelters in five counties in east-central Florida. In North Carolina, officials suggested people in low-lying areas to go to higher ground, but they did not issue evacuation orders.

Impact
Although Gordon was a tropical storm for most of its existence, it caused enormous damage and loss of life. The United Nations estimated death toll in Haiti was 1,122. Six deaths were reported in Costa Rica, five in the Dominican Republic, two in Jamaica, two in Cuba, and eight in Florida. Property damage to the United States was estimated at $400 million (1994 USD$,  USD). Property damage statistics for the other affected areas are not available, but were reportedly severe in both Haiti and Cuba. The high death toll from Gordon made it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane David in 1979, which killed thousands in the Dominican Republic.

Central America
The first location affected by Gordon was Central America, when it briefly moved over northeastern Nicaragua as a tropical depression. Severe localized flooding occurred in Nicaragua, Panama, and most significantly Costa Rica. There, several days of heavy rainfall damaged about 180 mi of roads and bridges, mostly in rural areas. In Upala in the northern portion of the country, the rains damaged beans and rice crops. More than 700 homes were destroyed, leaving about 4,000 people homeless. Nationwide, the system killed six people and caused $30 million in damage. In Panama, the floods killed two people.

Jamaica
While passing south of Jamaica, Gordon dropped heavy rainfall, which caused flooding in six parishes, mostly in Clarendon and Saint Catherine. The rains caused flooding and mudslides that blocked roads. Gordon left $11.8 million in damage, mostly in Clarendon. About half of the overall damage was related to roads, and an additional quarter was due to crop damage. There were four deaths and two injuries in the country. Two of the deaths were drownings.

Hispaniola
The broad circulation of Gordon produced a persistent southerly flow across Hispaniola, causing orographic lift in mountainous regions. This caused a prolonged period of heavy rainfall, reaching 14 in in Les Cayes in a 24‑hour period, and over 9 in in the same duration in the capital city, Port-au-Prince. In Jacmel, Gordon dropped 13 in in about 12 hours. The rains resulted in flooding and landslides across the country. There was knee-deep flooding in the shantytown of Cité Soleil, and in Jacmel, the rains increased levels along three rivers. There, the storm washed out the road connecting with Port-au-Prince, and three bridges were destroyed. In Jacmel, 725 houses were destroyed, forcing 1,500 people to stay at shelters. Gordon left portions of southeastern Haiti without water access. About 10,800 houses were damaged to some degree, and an additional 3,500 homes were destroyed. About 1.5 million people were directly affected in the country, mostly near Port-au-Prince and in the southern portion, and more than 89,000 people were left homeless. In Port-au-Prince, about 20,000 homes were flooded, and the bridge connecting the city with northern Haiti was also flooded. Overall damage in the country was estimated at $50 million.

The floods and mudslides killed many people in Haiti, although the exact total will likely never be known. On November 19, officials reported 531 deaths, and by two days later the total was potentially as high as 2,000. On November 24, the death toll reached 824, and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported on December 21 that Gordon killed 1,122 people in the country. Most of the deaths occurred in Port-au-Prince, Jacmel, and Léogâne. Damage was heavier in Haiti than elsewhere along Gordon's track due to poor infrastructure consisting of shacks on flood-prone denuded hills. The country suffers large death tolls from many hurricanes, caused in part by human activity. Large-scale deforestation left Haiti with about 1.4% of its forests as of 2004, leaving denuded mountain slopes that allows rainwater to wash down unimpeded. The lack of tree cover contributed to the devastating floods that caused most of Gordon's deaths.

In neighboring Dominican Republic, Gordon caused flooding and landslides that disrupted travel and communications to the interior portions of the country. Several slums around Santo Domingo flooded. The storm killed five people in the country.

Cuba and Bahamas
Shortly after moving over Jamaica, Gordon crossed over eastern Cuba. At Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a station recorded 69 mph sustained winds, with gusts to 120 mph during a microburst. The winds were not representative of the storm, and Gordon's landfall intensity was estimated at 46 mph. The storm caused widespread power outages and forced several roads to close. Damage was heaviest in Guantánamo Province, where 9 mi of seawalls and two aqueducts were destroyed. The storm damaged or destroyed 43 bridges, damaged 1,106 mi of roads, and wrecked 16.5 mi of rail lines. About 3 mi of underground electrical cables were damaged. There was heavy agricultural damage in southeastern Cuba, estimated at $45 million. Gordon damaged 7,482 acre of sugar cane fields and damaged or destroyed about 5.5 million banana trees. About 100,000 sacks of coffee were wrecked, amounting to $3.5 million in damage, and 50,000 litres of milk were ruined. While Gordon was paralleling northern Cuba, it produced high seas that caused flooding, including in Havana. Nationwide, the storm damaged 5,750 houses and destroyed 156 others. The cost of damage and reconstruction of homes and roads was $47.4 million, and there was an additional $9.5 million in damage to public buildings. Gordon killed two people in the country, which was kept to a minimum due to evacuations, and damage totaled $102 million. Two people were injured at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The flooding from Gordon followed two other similarly damaging events in the preceding year.

Gordon also affected the nearby Bahamas, producing 46 mph sustained winds at Kemps Bay, Andros.

Florida
In the Florida Keys, wind gusts up to 49 mph caused minor damage to trees and motor homes. Intense rainbands caused flooding in low-lying and poorly-draining areas, mostly in the upper Florida Keys. High tides closed portions of U.S. 1. In the Tampa Bay area, outer rainbands downed power lines and trees, one of which fell onto a car.

The external tank used on Space Shuttle mission STS-71 was involved in an at-sea rescue during the storm and a subsequent court case. The tank was being delivered by barge to the launch site when the tow vehicle encountered issues on November 15 due to the storm. Their mayday signal was picked up by an oil tanker, which responded and towed the tug and its cargo to safety. NASA offered $5 million to the crew of the tanker as a reward, but the United States Department of Justice reduced the offer to $1 million. The tanker company and crew sued and were awarded $6.4 million, believed to be the largest such award in U.S. history. This was reduced to $4.125 million on appeal.

While Gordon was moving across southern Florida, Virginia Key reported sustained winds of 53 mph, which was the highest in the state. Gusts reached 83 mph at a location in southern Dade County. Similar to the Caribbean, the storm dropped heavy rainfall in southern Florida, with widespread areas reporting over 6 in in the eastern portion of the state. Rainfall peaked at 16.1 in in Coopertown. High waves from Gordon severely eroded beaches along the state's eastern coastline, and damaged coral and artificial reef systems. Waves flooded coastal roads up to 2 ft deep in Miami Beach, and also damaged seawalls. Near Fort Lauderdale, the storm washed a 508 ft cargo ship aground less than 150 ft from the beach. Several other boats sank or were beached, which prompted 37 rescues. One woman was rescued after being swept 3000 ft off a fishing pier in Boynton Beach. Gordon spawned six tornadoes in the state, of which two did no damage and two caused minor damage. A tornado in Lake Worth damaged 39 homes and two businesses. The most damaging tornado was an F2 in southern Brevard County, which originated as a waterspout and moved onshore near Barefoot Bay. It moved through a mobile home community, destroying 62 homes and damaging 227 others to some extent; damage from the tornado was estimated at $10 million. The same tornado injured 40 people, causing six to be hospitalized, and killed an elderly man who died due to head trauma.

Across Florida, Gordon's winds damaged power lines and knocked down trees and traffic signals; about 425,000 people lost power due to the storm. The rains caused flooding in Dade and Collier counties, which damaged $275 million worth of crops, mostly to vegetables and sugar cane. In some locations, the crop damage was worse than during Hurricane Andrew in 1992, due to fewer crops being planted when Andrew struck the state. Along Elliott Key, Gordon damaged the coral reef system to a greater extent than Andrew. Inland flooding damaged buildings due to fast-rising water and roof collapses. In Volusia County, floods entered 1,236 buildings, causing $26 million in damage. Flooding caused dozens of roads to close, some of which were washed out. In the Everglades, flooding killed several deer. Statewide, two people drowned in separate instances after driving into flooded areas. Three people drowned along beaches, including one man who died in a rip current while attempting to rescue his son. In Hillsboro Inlet, two people drowned after their boat was overturned by high waves. Throughout Florida, Gordon directly killed eight people, and injured 43 people. There were also three indirect deaths; two were from traffic accidents, and one was related to a heart attack after a person pushed a stalled car in a flooded road. Statewide damage was estimated at $400 million (1994 USD$,  USD).

Remainder of United States
After affecting Florida, Gordon produced rainfall along much of the eastern United States, extending as far north as New Jersey. In North Carolina, rainfall peaked at 4.96 in in New Holland, and in Virginia the highest rainfall total was 5.25 in near Norfolk. Sustained winds in the Hatteras, North Carolina area peaked at 50 mph in Buxton. Just offshore at Diamond Shoal Light, a station reported 10-minute sustained winds of 71 mph. The hurricane produced tides of 2.7 ft above normal in Frisco.

High waves and tides resulted in significant beach erosion along the Outer Banks. The waves closed several portions of North Carolina Highway 12 for up to four days, and also closed a portion of U.S. Route 70 in eastern Carteret County. Heavy dune damage occurred on Ocracoke Island. North of Hatteras Village, the high waves washed out 225 ft of dunes, and portions of the Outer Banks between Hatteras and Frisco were flooded up to 2.5 ft deep. The effects were similar to that of the 1991 Perfect Storm, although damage was lighter during Gordon. The hurricane destroyed five homes in Kitty Hawk, which were condemned after being previously damaged by Hurricane Emily in 1993. Also in Kitty Hawk, the storm damaged 52 houses and 2 businesses. In Rodanthe, two homes sustained water damage. The cost of the storm in the state was estimated at $314,000. Effects further south in North Carolina were lesser, although serious beach erosion was reported.

Offshore, a family of four required rescue from the Coast Guard after their boat began filling with water in the midst of 17 ft surf. A 49 ft sailboat was disabled about 115 mi offshore Norfolk, Virginia, and the crew of three were also rescued by the Coast Guard. The sailboat was sailing from Bermuda to Oxford, Maryland, but was halted after the engine failed, the anchor was ripped off, and the mainstay was torn. The interaction between Gordon and a ridge over New England produced coastal flooding in eastern Virginia. Tides reached 4 ft above normal in Virginia Beach, which washed away 100 ft of a fishing pier. The high tides caused road damage and minor housing damage.

Aftermath
In Costa Rica, President José María Figueres declared a state of emergency due to flooding in that country. He sought $15 million in aid from the Inter-American Development Bank. The country's government handled relief efforts through its Red Cross and federal and non-governmental organizations. The government of Cuba issued an appeal to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for financial assistance; as a result, the agency provided $30,000, and the United Nations Development Programme provided $50,000. The government of Luxembourg sent $37,000 worth of construction materials, and the European Union sent $443,000 to the country.

On November 16, the government of Haiti issued an appeal to the international community for assistance. In response, agencies through the United Nations donated $735,000, including 20,000 water units and 3,000 blankets. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs flew 30 tons of supplies, financed by Italy and Luxembourg. The European Union donated about $3.8 million to the country, and various countries sent about $1.8 million in cash or the equivalent thereof in relief items. The Canadian government donated $485,000, and the government of Japan sent $400,000 in aid. The government of France provided blankets, clothing, and tarpaulins, and the United States sent 5,000 blankets. In the days after the storm, the Haitian Army and international workers made emergency repairs to the road between Jacmel and Port-au-Prince, which was permanently reopened on November 25. The Haitian government provided $3.2 million to repair damage and assist those affected by the storm. The government sent about $112,000 to cities to provide for clearing roads, housing repairs, and for the funerals of storm victims. Workers from the United Nations set up relief work in Port-au-Prince. Assistance quickly reached the ravaged town of Jacmel, including 116 tons of food, 9 tons of medicine, and clothing. Six soldiers from the United States Special Forces rescued 35 Haitians using an inflatable boat. About 100 soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division assisted in relief operations in Jacmel, rescuing hundreds of people. About 12,000 United States troops were already in the country when Gordon struck to restore democracy under ousted president Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

Due to the crop damage in Florida, the price of vegetables across the United States rose. There were about 25,000 insurance claims following the storm's passage.

Despite the devastation in Haiti and the extensive damage in Cuba and Florida, Gordon was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization in Spring of 1995. Out of all the names on the North Atlantic naming list that have not been retired, Gordon is still considered the strongest candidate for retirement. The World Meteorological Organization issued an official statement crediting Jamaica and Cuba's warning infrastructure for the low loss of life there from Gordon, and blaming Haiti's lack of such a system for the large number of deaths there.

To this day, Gordon remains the deadliest hurricane to not have its name retired.

title: Hurricane Gordon


text:
User:ScottAlanHill

My name is Scott A. Hill. I currently (2015) live in Toledo, Ohio, although I am originally from Easton, Pennsylvania. I am a physicist by training (Ph.D., University of Chicago), a mathematician at heart, and a programmer for fun.

title: User:ScottAlanHill


text:
Talk:Legends II (anthology)

Untitled
This seems more like an [ http://www.amazon.com Amazon.com] entry.glocks out 19:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

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Merger proposal
Feel free to comment at Talk:Legend (disambiguation).--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 02:33, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Legends II (anthology)


text: User talk:85.220.79.72

title: User talk:85.220.79.72


text: User talk:82.45.9.239

title: User talk:82.45.9.239


text:
Anthony Favell

Anthony Rowland "Tony" Favell (born 29 Мay 1939), is a former British Conservative Member of Parliament.

Parliamentary career
Favell first stood for Parliament in 1979 for Bolsover, but was beaten by Labour's Dennis Skinner. He later became MP for Stockport from 1983 until 1992, when he was defeated by Ann Coffey of Labour.

In 1990, Favell resigned as John Major's Parliamentary Private Secretary in a disagreement over whether the UK should enter the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

Later life
After losing his Parliamentary seat Tony Favell, a solicitor, who was the founder of the Sheffield firm Favell Smith & Lawson, returned to the law as a consultant with Gorvins Solicitors in Stockport and became Chair of Tameside Hospital in Ashton-under-Lyne. Later he became a Tribunal Judge. In 2007 Favell was elected to High Peak Borough Council for the Hope Valley ward. He did not stand for re-election in 2015. Whilst a councillor he was appointed to Peak District National Park Authority. He was elected the Authority's Chair and became Chair of National Parks UK. Favell was awarded an MBE in 2013.

title: Anthony Favell


text:
Cwmaman

Cwmaman is a former coal mining village near Aberdare, Wales. The name is Welsh for "Aman Valley", literally: Valley of the river Aman, which flows through the village. Cwmaman lies in the valley of several mountains. Within the village, there are three children's playgrounds and playing fields. At the top of the village there are several reservoirs accessible from several footpaths along the river. The postal district is Aberdare.

History
Cwmaman was a well-known coal-mining village which, at one time boasted several collieries. Until the 19th century, the town was virtually uninhabited, with around 40 farm workers living in and around the community by 1841. By the end of the 1840s, the first coal pits were sunk and Cwmaman began to transform into a thriving industrial settlement, in the later years of the 19th century Cwmaman housed the workers of five surrounding coal mines - the Fforchaman, Fforchneol, Bedwlwyn, Cwmneol, and the Cwmaman. Cwmaman Colliery was also known as Shepherd's Pit, in honour of its founder Thomas Shepherd, a name it shares with the village's first public house, the Shepherd's Arms, which was opened in 1850.

There is an array of parallel roads in the east part of the village. Burns Street and Spencer Street, along with the other streets collectively known as Poets' Corner, are amongst the steepest in the United Kingdom.

Culture
The band Stereophonics comes from Cwmaman. On 14 December 2007, in association with Jo Whiley and her BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge Tour, the band returned to Cwmaman to play an exclusive acoustic gig at the Cwmaman Working Men's Club, the venue where the band first performed.

The village is home to the war poet Alun Lewis, and a plaque in Llanwonno Road marks the house where he lived. Born in 1915, Lewis was strongly influenced by his formative years in the depression-era valley. He was also influenced by local issues of his community in the then-called Aberdare Leader and this is demonstrated in his poem "The Mountain over Aberdare", which touches on the desperate poverty that beset the Cynon Valley and the country in this period. However, it was for his war poems, published in two volumes, Raiders Dawn and ''Ha! Ha! Among the Trumpets'', that Lewis's reputation was made. The village's Cwrt Alun Lewis flats are named in his honour.

Cwmaman Public Hall & Institute is a community-owned enterprise consisting of a concert room, theatre / cinema and fitness suite

St. Joseph's Church was renovated in 2007. This work included the installation of solar panels on one side of its roof with the aim to sell back energy to the National Grid.

The Cwmaman Music Festival is held at the last weekend of September every year. It started in 2008 and has attracted artists such as Alabama 3, Mike Peters, Killing for Company and many unsigned artists from around the Cynon Valley.

Religion
Religion played a central role in the life of the village until the second half off the 20th century. Seion, Cwmaman remained an active place of worship until its closure, for financial reasons, in 2013. The congregation still meets at the former Moriah Aman Congregational Chapel, now an evangelical church. The third Welsh language chapel in the village was Soar, a Calvinistic Methodist church which closed in the late 1980s and which has now been demolished.

Cwmaman was particularly affected by the Religious Revival of 1904-05 which had an impact throughout the Cynon Valley. In January 1905 it was reported that meetings were being held every evening at the various chapels and a number of secular organisations had abandoned their meetings for the time being. Later that month, another report stated that outdoor meetings were being held in relation to the revival, and that prayer meetings were being held in the mornings at Cwmaman Colliery.

Regeneration and the community
Cwmaman was a Communities First area, officially recognised as needing Welsh Assembly support to assist the community solve problems of social disadvantage.

The Cwmaman Communities First Partnership was established in October 2001 aiming to bring individuals, voluntary groups and public and private sector organisations in the community together to help create a better future for the area.

Many innovative environmental projects have taken place including the hosting of an environmental festival centred on St Joseph's Church, holding a sculpture exhibition, the development of a community woodland walk, and establishing a Cwmaman Sculpture Trail.

A range of sculptors have contributed to projects in the village, including Robert Koenig, Dai Edwards, Tom Harvey, Godfrey Phillips, Paul Clarke, Dave Lloyd, Dominic Claire and Peter Boyd.

On 25 September 2018, scenes for the second series of the historical drama The Crown were filmed in Cwmaman. Local children were asked to volunteer as extras for the scenes, and many houses and Glynhafod Junior School were used as significant parts of the sets for the scenes filmed.

Politics
Cwmaman was a traditional Labour Party stronghold, although in more recent times it has been challenged by Plaid Cymru and the Cynon Valley Party. It lies in the Aberaman South electoral ward, currently represented by Councillor Tina Williams (Labour).

Notable people

 * Alun Lewis (1915–1944) - poet
 * Ron Jones (born 1934) – sprinter
 * Tyrone O'Sullivan (born c. 1945) – Chairman of Tower Colliery, lived in Cwmaman for many years
 * John Derrick (1963–2017) – cricketer
 * Stuart Cable (1970–2010) – broadcaster and drummer with rock band Stereophonics
 * Kelly Jones (born 1974) – Stereophonics lead singer
 * Richard Jones (born 1974) – Stereophonics bassist

title: Cwmaman


text: User talk:148.238.10.253

title: User talk:148.238.10.253


text:
Vilnius municipality

Vilnius municipality may refer to:

 * Vilnius city municipality
 * Vilnius district municipality

title: Vilnius municipality


text:
Peary Land

Peary Land is a peninsula in northern Greenland, extending into the Arctic Ocean. It reaches from Victoria Fjord in the west to Independence Fjord in the south and southeast, and to the Arctic Ocean in the north, with Cape Morris Jesup, the northernmost point of Greenland's mainland, and Cape Bridgman in the northeast.

Ancient settlements
Peary Land was historically inhabited by three separate cultures, during which times the climate was milder than presently:
 * Independence I culture, Paleo-Eskimo (around 2000 BC, oldest remains dating from 2400 BC)
 * Independence II culture, Paleo-Eskimo (800 BC to 200 BC)
 * Thule culture (ancestral to the modern Inuit, around AD 1300)

Peary's explorations
The area is named after Robert E. Peary, who first explored it during his expedition of 1891 to 1892. Originally, Peary Land was believed to be an island, separated from the main island by the so-called Peary Channel, an assumed connection between Nordenskiöld Fjord and Independence Fjord which in fact did not exist. Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen (1872–1907), the ill-fated leader of the Denmark expedition, searched in vain for the Peary Channel in 1907 and was misled to his death by existing maps. Knud Rasmussen's First Thule Expedition confirmed in 1912 that Peary Land is a peninsula. There are more than 200 kilometers of dry land up to 1500 meters high between Nordenskiöld Fjord and Independence Fjord.

Research and mining
There are two Arctic research stations on Jørgen Brønlund Fjord, Brønlundhus (erected in 1948) and Cape Harald Moltke (erected in 1972). Both stations were built on the initiative of Eigil Knuth and have been the basis for many scientific expeditions. Cape Harald Moltke station was built later in connection with use of the natural runway east of Jørgen Brønlund Fjord mouth. The stations are located 10 km from each other on either side of the fjord, with Brønlundhus on the western side, and communication between them in summer is by boat, depending on ice conditions. Since the death of Eigil Knuth, the stations have been administered by Peary Land Foundation. Today, Brønlundhus can be characterised as a museum, with a collection of artefacts from polar explorations.

In 1993 zinc and lead deposits were discovered in the Citronen Fjord. They are deemed the largest yet unexploited zinc deposits in the world, and the exploitation of the Citronen mine is in the preparation phase. Important zinc and barium deposits have also been found at Navarana Fjord.

Geography
Peary Land is bounded by the Lincoln Sea (west of Cape Morris Jesup) and Wandel Sea of the Arctic Ocean in the north. Oodaaq island, the northernmost point of land of the world, lies off the north coast. Frederick E. Hyde Fjord, which cuts into Peary Land from the east 150 km deep, divides it into Northern Peary Land and Southern Peary Land. Cape Eiler Rasmussen is the easternmost point. The coastline is deeply indented by smaller fjords, such as G.B. Schley Fjord and Hellefisk Fjord in the east, and Sands Fjord, Benedict Fjord, J.P. Koch Fjord, De Long Fjord and Weyprecht Fjord in the west. Børglum River, the largest river in Greenland, is located in Peary Land.

Peary Land is not part of any municipality but belongs to the Northeast Greenland National Park. The size of the region is about 375 km from east to west and 200 km from north to south, with an estimated area of 57000 sqkm. It is only a bit more than 700 km south of the North Pole.

Peary Land is not covered by an ice cap because the air is too dry to produce snow. Precipitation levels are so low (only about 25 mm per year) that most of its surface is polar desert. Located mostly north of the 82°N parallel, it contains the most northerly ice-free region of the world, mostly in Southern Peary Land (such as Melville Land and Herlufsholm Strand) on the northern side of Independence Fjord. It was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age. However, in its western part, there is the Hans Tausen Ice Cap with ice at least 344 m thick.

Mountains
Peary Land is mountainous; the highest elevation is Helvetia Tinde reaching up to 1929 m in the heavily glaciated and little-explored Roosevelt Range, the northernmost mountain range in the world. The 1737 m high Wistar Bjerg in the Nordkrone and the 1433 m high Stjernebannertinde, highest point of the H.H. Benedict Range (a subrange of the Roosevelt Range),

Flora and fauna
Musk oxen and Peary Land collared lemmings are supported by the sparse vegetation, which covers only about 5% of the surface, mostly in the area around Jørgen Brønlund Fjord. Other fauna includes Arctic fox, polar wolf, polar bear, and Arctic hare. In former times there were also caribou, but the last live caribou reported from Northern Greenland were seen in Hall Land in 1922.

The flora includes 33 species of flowering plants.

One to two million years ago, when climates were warmer, trees such as larch, black spruce, birch, yew, and thuja grew in northernmost Peary Land.

title: Peary Land


text:
Talk:Hurricane Gordon

Name Retirement
This article used to state that "Member nations of the World Meteorological Organization must send a delegate to the annual meeting to formally submit a request for tropical cyclone name retirement; for unknown reasons, Haiti did not send a delegate to the Spring 1995 meeting." Yesterday, I visited the MetOffice which had a copy of the minutes from the 1995 Hurricane Committee and as I flipped through I stumbled across a section that talked about Haiti's partcipation in the meeting. This stated that Haiti had sent a representive to the meeting and did not mention anything about any name retirements. As a result, I have removed the clearly false statment and would speculate that Gordons non retirement had more to do with the review into the retired names that took place inbetween the 1995 and 1996 sessions.Jason Rees (talk) 12:04, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hurricane Gordon


text:
Star Wars Risk: The Clone Wars Edition

Star Wars Risk: The Clone Wars Edition is a form of the board game Risk. The factions represented in the game are the Galactic Republic, led largely by the Jedi, and the Separatists, led by charismatic Count Dooku.

Equipment
The box contains the gameboard, cardboard tokens and plastic tokens. Plastic pieces include dice (5 six-sided, 5 eight-sided) and tokens depicting the armies and Darth Sidious. Cardboard pieces represent other elements of the game being:
 * Republic Ships (18),
 * Separatist Ships (18),
 * Republic Factions Cards (30),
 * Separatist Faction Cards (29),
 * Turn Reference Cards (17),
 * Separatist Tokens (9).

Board layout
The game board consists of zones. Each zone contains a grouping of game squares which represent a planet in the Star Wars Universe. Where planets share a common border, a player may move directly to. There are also squares which allow a player to travel to a planet in a different zone. The zones consist of:

Wild Space (3 bonus points)
Consists of:
 * Felucia
 * Raxus Prime
 * Mon Calamari
 * Jabiim
 * Saleucami
 * Boz Pity
 * Kessel

Colonies (2 bonus points)

 * Ithor
 * Mygeeto
 * Muunilinst
 * Dathomir
 * Dantooine

Mid Rim (5 bonus points)

 * Sullust
 * Haruun Kal
 * Kashyyyk
 * Rodia
 * Ando
 * Naboo
 * Rattatak
 * Kamino
 * Nal Hutta

Outer Rim (6 bonus points)

 * Ryloth
 * Polis Massa
 * Dagobah
 * Mustafar
 * Tatooine
 * Yavin 4
 * Utapau
 * Geonosis
 * Praesitlyn
 * Hypori

Core Worlds (5 bonus points)

 * Byss
 * Coruscant
 * Duro
 * Ansion
 * Cato Neimoidia
 * Corellia
 * Alderaan

Expansion (3 bonus points)

 * Ilum
 * Malastare
 * Toydaria
 * Bogden

Victory conditions
Like traditional Risk, players obtain cards for winning battles during the game. If a player takes over an opposing army's territory, that player gets a card at the end of the turn. However, one difference is that if a player takes over at least one territory from each opposing army, that player gets two cards at the end of the turn.

While playing the Clone Wars version, the Republic armies and the Separatist armies have different card decks. When a player draws a card, the card is drawn from the appropriate deck.

Each card has a symbol of a spacecraft on it, as well as a section for special rules.

During gameplay, cards can be played in three different ways:

 * A set of 3 cards can be played at the beginning of a player's turn to add more troops to the board before invading. A set consists of 3 cards with a matching symbol (i.e., 3 fighters), or 3 cards each with a different symbol (i.e., a Capital ship, a Corvette, and a Fighter).  The number or armies received depends on the type of set turned in.
 * A single card can be played in order to put a spacecraft into play (see below). The type of spacecraft built is determined by the symbol on the card.
 * A card can be played to use the special text on the card. Each card will specify when it should be played to use the text.  Some effects include the ability to add extra reinforcements to a defending territory, remove units from a territory, or alter die rolls during battle.

Some cards have a red colored background, which represent the Jedi Anakin Skywalker. Anakin cards are available to both the Republic and Separatist armies, representing his struggle between the Light and Dark sides of the Force. Once Order 66 is called, however, Republic players cannot use the special text on Anakin cards; they can use the cards only for spacecraft and reinforcements. This represents Anakin's fall to the Dark Side. You can also fortify as many times as you want.

Spacecraft
In addition to the regular troops fighting during battles, players can also add spacecraft to their territories. By a card at the beginning of a player's turn, that player adds a spacecraft to any territory they have under their control. There are three types of spacecraft, and each provides a unique benefit:
 * Fighters allow the player to reroll all 1's on a single die. If a player has multiple Fighters on a territory, that player may reroll 1's on multiple dice.
 * Corvettes allow the player to add 1 to a single die. If a player has multiple Corvette's on a territory, that player may add 1 to multiple dice. (But may not stack them on the same die).
 * Capital ships allow the player to roll an 8-sided die instead of the standard 6-sided die. For each Capital ship on the territory, the player may substitute an 8-sided die during an attack.

Spacecraft can turn the tide of battle, especially when used in conjunction with one another.

Spacecraft are NOT destroyed after use.

Separatist Leader tokens
At the beginning of each Separatist army's turn, the player places a special token face-down onto a space that army controls. These tokens represent the various leaders of the Separatist Army, such as Count Dooku, General Grievous, and Nute Gunray. The Republic player does not know which token represents which leader.

Each token has a number of red dots on the front side. If a Republic player captures a territory containing one of these tokens, at the end of that player's turn the player may draw an extra card for each dot on the tokens captured that turn.

The Separatist Leader Tokens give the Republic a key advantage at the beginning of the game, as they are able to draw cards much faster than the Separatists, which allows them to build their forces more quickly.

Once Order 66 is called, all Separatist tokens are removed from the game, and the Republic player can no longer capture them.

Order 66
Order 66 is perhaps the most drastic rules variation in the Clone Wars edition. At the beginning of each Separatist player's turn, a Darth Sidious figure is moved along a special track. Each space on the track has a list of numbers from 1 to 8 next to it.

At the end of a Separatist player's turn, once per game, that player may call Order 66. When this happens, the Separatist player rolls an 8-sided die for each of the territories belonging to a Republic player. If the number rolled is in the list of numbers next to the space that Darth Sidious is on, the territory immediately becomes controlled by a Separatist army. The Republic troops and spacecraft are removed and replaced with the same number of troops and spacecraft of either Separatist army (unless one of them was previously eliminated from the game).

After Order 66 is called, the Darth Sidious figure is placed on any territory controlled by either Separatist player. If that territory is ever taken over by the Republic, the Republic wins the game.

This rule represents the manipulations of Darth Sidious. When Order 66 is called, many Clone troopers turn on their Jedi generals, and follow the newly revealed Emperor.

This dynamic can drastically alter the flow of the game. The Republic player could be very close to winning and suddenly find himself having to struggle to survive. However, the decision to call Order 66 must be made carefully. The longer the Separatist players wait before calling it, the more likely it will be for each territory to change control. However, it must be called before the Republic players destroy both Separatist armies. Also, if either Separatist army is completely destroyed, that player's turn is skipped, meaning the Darth Sidious token is moved less quickly.

Finally, since the Darth Sidious token is placed on the gameboard after all territory control changes have been made, it could give the Republic an easy victory. In many situations there are no territories in which the figure can be easily defended, allowing the Republic to take the territory quickly, even if many of their own territories were taken.

title: Star Wars Risk: The Clone Wars Edition


text:
Kaunas municipality

Kaunas municipality can refer to either of these two municipalities in Lithuania:

 * Kaunas
 * Kaunas District Municipality

title: Kaunas municipality


text: User talk:12.20.221.68

title: User talk:12.20.221.68