text:
User talk:Kmweber/Archive1

AMA Request for Assistance - An Advocate Needed
Could you please help?

I have been a positively contributing editor of the polygamy article since the end of last year, with numerous amounts of knowledge on the subject. However, I have subsequently been attacked by POV anti-polygamists who have undermined the article with their POV agenda and who now consistently prevent me from editing anything in it since the end of April. I have produced volumes of evidence of the abuse in the TALK pages, which anti-polygamists have even attempted to hide by "archiving."

Here are some of the TALK articles giving the chronology of the abuse I have received.

 * The Ghostintheshell Situation 7 May 2005
 * Solution Needed for Gangs of Sneaky Vandals 16 May 2005
 * Sneaky Vandals' Anti-Polygamy Destruction of Polygamy Wiki 27 May 2005
 * The Sneaky Vandal Attacked This Wiki AGAIN 8 July 2005 16:11
 * Sneaky Vandals Have Destroyed This Wiki 17 Jun 2005
 * I am being oppressed by Anti-Polygamists 18 July 2005
 * Nereocystis acted recklessly aggressive - 2 Examples of Proof 20 July 2005
 * Anti-Polygamy Article, Talk, and VfD (Article & TALK begun 30 Jun 2005, suspicously VfD-called on 9 July 2005, deleted 22 July 2005. Also see Nereocystis'sattempt to speed up the deletion on 18 Jul 2005.)
 * Researcher's Offer for RESOLUTION 5 August 2005
 * Pattern Observed on how some disputed issues DID conclude
 * The Needed Steps to Change the Pattern in order to Resolve and Prevent these Disputes
 * Offers for Good Faith Acts
 * Hope for this Positive Conclusion
 * DISCUSSION Segment

 * I started the very first TALK post on group marriage - to try to start to solve one subtopic problem that Nereocystis was causing at the polygamy article. They soon stalked me over there too.
 * Uriah923's Dispute resolution interrupts previous resolution discussion 16 August 2005
 * My explanatory post, comment-titled, "Unbigotted help is welcome, Uriah923. Thank you." 14:18, 18 August 2005
 * Uriah923's post, in direct contradiction to what I had "agreed." 15:34, 18 August 2005
 * Uriah923's post, Archiving the TALK pages, doing exactly what I had said I did not want to happen. 15:59, 18 August 2005
 * My post immediately registering my disapproval 16:55, 18 August 2005
 * The subsequent TALK
 * Nereocystis's double-standard 20:11, 25 August 2005. I responded to an extremely abusive post by Nereocystis, which took time away from trying to get stuff done on the other TALK.  Their abuse set it off from there.  They had ignored the numerous proven-invalid references from Dunkelza, but then went overboard trying to invent a mystery about referenced proven-authority sites.
 * The true NPOV solution to Polygamy question about Group Marriage proposed 17:43, 26 August 2005. The Discussion shows that even that easy act of good faith was refused by Nereocystis.
 * Uriah923 said they would leave me to await the official help which I had said I was awaiting for. 18:59, 26 August 2005 In the following posts between us, I said I did not want them to leave, but if there could not be any act of WIN-WIN and good faith towards me, then we would have to go back to the resolution offer we had been discussing before.  It had always been said (even by Uriah923) that, without my approval, their new offer would not work.  I offered a way for good faith to be established, but they did not return to participate in anything any more (as of this writing).
 * Requests for comment/Researcher99 called by Nereocystis on 17:01, 28 August 2005.  They employed assistance from Dunkelza who they drew from the group marriage TALK (who had provided proven invalid usenet and form threads as supposed "references," and  Kewp.  (Kewp has only made 4 posts in polygamy TALK, only starting since Aug 22.  The first one is a pure anti-polygamy propaganda promoting underage issues, and the other three talk as if they had been a part of everything all along. post #2, post #3, and post #4.  Yet, these two who have not been around for more than a couple weeks claim to know the situation in the Requests for comment/Researcher99.

In the few weeks leading up to my first post here, 18 July 2005, I attempted to resolve the issue by creating a second article called anti-polygamy. The purpose was to allow the neutral NPOV anthropological polygamy article to be freed of all the bigoted anti-polygamy POV, and have the non-neutral POV anti-polygamy agenda and debate arguments to be discussed on the anti-polygamy article. The latter was also for NPOV to allow both anti- and pro- to present both sides of their arguments in the anti-polygamy debate. NPOV for both articles. Neutral NPOV for polygamy. Both Anti-polygamy POV and Pro-polygamy POV arguments presented in the anti-polygamy article. I had no sooner started that article and it was under attack by anti-polygamists seeking to hide their agenda from being so openly presented. (Instead, their agenda seeks to appear "authoritative" by subtly sneaking their hostile POV into the main polygamy article.) On the polygamy TALK page, after I had pointed out the timeline evidence there, of some of the anti-polygamy attacks occurring on that new anti-polygamy article's TALK page, someone later (ANON  as IP:  70.176.232.214) sneaked in and removed the subsection showing the timeline evidence! Less than a couple couple hours after that, an anti-polygamist put the Anti-polygamy article for a "Vote for Deletion".  They were trying to hide their anti-polygamy POV agenda and, instead of following Wiki Guidelines of first "building upon" that new article, they were immediately trying to get it all fully deleted. Naturally, uninformed anti-polygamists were all too willing to jump on the bandwagon and welcome the deletion. When I discovered this, I added some explanation on that Anti-Polygamy - "Vote for Deletion" page. It has now been 9 days since it first went up for a "vote," and I am concerned that it may get deleted before anyone realy understands what has been going on.

There is so much more I could add for you here but I hope this has provided enough to give you an idea of the serious problem. No matter how much I have sought to accommmodate even the anti-polygamists, they accept nothing less than total destruction of every edit I now make. They refuse the Wiki Guidelines of restoring to STATUS QUO in controversial topics, but instead try to suggest that I am the one who does not want to TALK when it is they who refuse to TALK with me under the Guidelines.

What I need is both a moratorium on deleting that anti-polygamy article and to therefore be able to have a real solution in addressing the overwhelming problem of the hostile anti-polygamy POV infesting the neutral anthropological polygamy article.

If your Libertarian views permit you to be NPOV on this, I could really use your help. If you're willing to help as an Advocate, I would truly appreciate it. Thanks.

Researcher 19:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * How are you doing? Iam still waiting and seriously need your help. Thanks! Researcher 17:15, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello! I see you got back this last week.  I am still patiently awating your AMA help!  So much has happened since I first asked for your help.  When you get the opportunity to read thruugh what I've given you already, I'll be glad to catch you up to speed on what has happened since.  I really do need your help!  I'll check back on Monday.  Have a good weekend.  Researcher 23:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I updated some of the links for your investigation. I hope you can help!  Thanks!  Researcher 20:36, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Indiana Wikipedians category
should probably use Wikipedians/Indiana instead for the sake of consistency, unless there is a category for Wikipedians by state. Will look once I get back to editing regularly in a few days. 73, KC9CQJ 06:00, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Heh - found the Category:Mojo_Nixon in the Categories_for_deletion section, so I decided to do a little research on its history. Lo and behold I find another wikipedian from Indiana. I did my bit and added it to my page. --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 4 July 2005 23:45 (UTC)

Engr-stub
Hi - over at Wikipedia:Wikiproject Stub sorting, we've just discovered that you created a new stub type a few days ago. Normally, when new stub types are created, it is after a week's debate at the WikiProject's criteria page, so as to check that the proposed stub type isn't already covered by other stub messages and has sufficient stubs to be viable (usually 100 or so).

As it is, this stub category appears to be very similar to industry-stub, and virtually everry article that could be given the new stub could be given this stub instead. If you could give any details of reasons for the separate stub, please list them at WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Criteria. Thanks! Grutness...  wha?  06:45, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

National Cowper's Fluid Day
Hi, Kmweber. I found this article while I was sorting through all the biographical stubs. I can't find any mention of it outside Wikipedia. Is there another source to verify the information? Joyous 20:44, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

Category:Mojo Nixon
What is the point of this category? In either case your edits to Michael J. Fox, Joan Rivers and Elvis Presley have been reverted as nonsensical. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 15:10, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * What's the point of it? The point of it is explained quite clearly on the category page!  And those three edits are NOT nonsensical--they have to do with the Anti-Elvis, people from whom Elvis is trying to get out, and Elvis himself, as explained in Mojo Nixon's song Elvis is Everywhere Kurt Weber 15:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Template:Crank
Template:Crank, which you created, has been nominated for deletion at Templates for deletion. (re: Mojo Nixon: have you ever seen him perform? I used to live in San Diego and saw him several times--crazy!) Blank Verse  ∅  15:43, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anti-Elvis
First of all, putting a tag on something is not, in itself vandalism. Second, removing it from an article you created is specifically disallowed in the text the template produces. If anything, your removal was leaning toward vandal tendencies - you should disagree in the page's talk. Third, you didn't say it was from some song or other and I'm 100% certain that claiming Anti-Elvis is Michael J. Fox is about as patent as nonsense gets, so I stand by my tag. Finally, if I have vandalised your page, it is not more vandalism as you claim in my talk page, since the first claim has been speedied again and not recreated so was not vandalism.

I'm not going to reinstate the nonsense tag on your page, but I'm going to ask that you go retitle the entry on my talk page out of being fair. I will be watching the page, and if I don't think the nonsense has gone will take it to VfD. -Splash 01:55, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * From the song: Everybody's got Elvis in 'em/Everybody except for one person, that is/Yeah, one person/The evil OPPOSITE of Elvis/The Anti-Elvis!/Anti-Elvis got no Elvis in him, lemme tell ya/Michael J. Fox has no Elvis in him.Kurt Weber 04:14, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, if you continue to use misleading edit summaries to mask your vandalism, your account will be blocked. For example, , and . --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 21:53, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Woops!
Sorry, I didn't mean to revert your talk page. Thank-you for pointing it out to me. Chris Roy 23:21, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fellow Hoosier
===>Thanks for the invitation I've added my name to the list of Indiana Wikipedians. I was surprised to see 1.) your zealous hatred of collectivism, and 2.) your fanatical adherence to Objectivism/Libertarianism. Is there something in particular that motivated this? Justin (koavf) July 7, 2005 03:08 (UTC)
 * Well, it probably started when I was in grade school. There was a poster on the wall that said "None of us is as smart as all of us", and it made me retch--even then, I found such ideas revolting.  It wasn't until later that I learned that there was indeed a good reason for such an emotional response--I was browsing the local library and came across a book called Anthem (novel) by some lady I had never heard of.  I found I could really identify with "Equality 7-2521", and everything went from there.

 * Also, throughout school, I always hated group work. More often than not, I wound up doing all the work ("OK, Kurt, you're the smart one, so whatever you say we'll put down") and everyone else got the credit.  When we were allowed to choose groups, this wasn't as much of a problem--my friends were themselves self-reliant (and proud of it), so everyone was able to contribute something; however, even then I found I could work faster and more happily if I didn't have to worry about getting everyone else's approval.  Furthermore, the "Kurt, you're the smart one" rule only applied until a majority of the rest of the group thought I was wrong--it didn't matter that I could back up my position and they couldn't, if they outvoted me the teacher would compel me to put down what they wanted; then the teacher would grade it, the "majority answer" was wrong, I got a lower grade than I deserved, and I was pissed off.  Unfortunately, I didn't have the courage of convictions at the time to simply refuse--in fact, I think to a degree I even accepted what they were telling me: that I was subordinate to the majority; that I must do what the group wants me to do regardless of whether it was right or wrong.

 * Anyway, that's the story of how I came to accept the political and ethical theories of Objectivism. My conversion to its metaphysics and epistemology is much more in-depth (and much more violent--having come across moral relativism and solipsism entirely independently, I was extremely loath to reject it)--a much, much longer story, although I will say that from the beginning I agreed with Rand that one had to have a particular reason to hold a certain principle; it's just that for a while I held that all such reasons were equally valid if they were held honestly.

 * Kurt Weber 7 July 2005 03:15 (UTC)

===>In case you are interested I've responded to your comments on my Talk page. Justin (koavf) July 9, 2005 05:34 (UTC)

Template:Crank
Please do not re-create content that has been deleted by consensus. See: []. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) July 8, 2005 17:58 (UTC)
 * Consensus is wrong. See above. Kurt Weber 8 July 2005 20:55 (UTC)
 * I'm just trying to understand... Above you say Furthermore, the "Kurt, you're the smart one" rule only applied until a majority of the rest of the group thought I was wrong--it didn't matter that I could back up my position and they couldn't. What evidence can you bring forward to show that this template is useful?  I'm really sorry that kids made fun of your ginormous brain in elementary school or something and that Ayn Rand is your savior, but you must realize that these unconstructive edits are perceived as vandalism.  I might understand your point if you were actually doing something useful, but what I've seen so far (the addition of the anti-elvis cruft to the articles of Elvis, Michael J. Fox, Joan Rivers and the recreation of this template) you seem to be trying to be trolling to make a very abstruse WP:POINT.  I hope you find another way to resolve your traumatic childhood experience other than continued vandalism... otherwise your account will probably be sanctioned.  Umm... out of curiousity, if you've been opposed to group activities ever since the gingerbread house and paper-mache days, what on earth attracted you to spend hours and hours of your life on a community encyclopedia?  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) July 8, 2005 21:11 (UTC)
 * I'll ignore the childishness and respond to the substance :
 * "What evidence can you bring forward to show that this template is useful?"
 * It's basically Template:controversial to a greater degree--instead of simply being in dispute by the public at large, it's largely rejected by people who actually know what they're talking about. As I noted above, there is no such thing as "truth by consensus", but nonetheless this is important information to provide readers if you're really interested in NPOV.
 * "I might understand your point if you were actually doing something useful,"
 * As I am, by evidenced by my edit history
 * "(the addition of the anti-elvis cruft to the articles of Elvis, Michael J. Fox, Joan Rivers and the recreation of this template)"
 * Popular assertion to the contrary, those were indeed good-faith edits. While I realize that I probably should have added "According to the Mojo Nixon song Elvis is Everywhere", that does not change their good-faith nature.  Characterization of them as "vandalism" or "trolling" is simply incorrect.
 * "what on earth attracted you to spend hours and hours of your life on a community encyclopedia?"
 * Straw man. I'm not opposed to working with others in the abstract; I derive value from working on Wikipedia, and so I do so.  I derived no value from performing mundane tasks that were MUCH beneath me in "cooperation" with what were mostly utter incompetents who had no respect for the creative power of the human mind. Kurt Weber 9 July 2005 02:43 (UTC)

Latin
It has been proposed that User_la be deleted on the grounds that there are no native speakers anymore. Since you are one of only three people using this template, we would appreciate your comment: Templates for deletion.

Dragons flight 00:45, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

childish

 * Yes, it's your talk page--but it's still rude to delete someone else's comments, not to mention childish since you're simply ignoring them rather than responding to them

One's own user talk page is the lone exception to the rule about deleting others' comments. Apparently Gabriel read your comment. That's all you can ask of him. He's all charged up about cruelty to wolves, and he's a clueless newbie, so do us all a favor and stop snarling at him, okay?

He needs gentle coaching in how to write without bias. Can you give him such coaching? If not, please run with a different pack.

And did you notice all the wolf references? ;-) Uncle Ed 01:40, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

abuse of powers
I just noticed User talk:VinnyCee. I'm sorry but I have never abused my powers, and don't really like the accusation that I have. Yes, there have been some people that have questioned things I've done, but I think that calling it "abuse" is harsh to say the least. violet/riga (t) 10:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Policy change proposal
I asked you as question you may have missed on the TfD page. You said you had made a proposal somewhere, in your begin and end code votes, I asked where. Tomer TALK 23:16, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * No, the proposal is on Village Pump/Policy Kurt Weber 01:11, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Liberalism, Ayn Rand, etc.
While you're certainly entitled to your own opinions, your stark and uncalled for comments on my talk page weren't exactly a nice way of sharing your beliefs. You may not consider me a liberal, but I would argue that I and most of my country would not consider Goldwater or Badnarik liberals. What's in a name? The Iraqi Republican Guard (under Saddam Hussein) couldn't have been much more different from, or less affiliated with, the United States Republican Party. I didn't see anyone raising a fuss that the two described themselves with the same word.

I certainly respect your right to differ, and if you would ever like to share any of your viewpoints with me in a more civilized and polite manner, please feel free to contact me and do so. As such, I will continue calling myself a liberal as long as I continue to fit the generally accepted definition of the word in the US, and I would suggest you avoid calling yourself such if your beliefs match up with those that you gave me as examples. Again, you have a right to your own opinion and mindset, but you can't expect everyone to agree with you.

In case you were wondering, I have read Rand's Anthem but have not felt so inclined to delve any further into her writings or philosophy.

--BDD 23:54, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The modern leftist movement has hijacked the word "liberal" to fit its own nefarious, decidedly anti-liberal ends. It has done the same with the word "progressive", using it to refer to policies of slavery, theft, and subordination--all of which are definitely regressive.  That they have managed to deceive the public into thinking that these are indeed the proper meanings of these beautiful words does not change the fact that they are not.  Modern popular usage is wrong. Kurt Weber 21:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikicities
I happened to come upon the Wikicities page you created. This name is certain to confuse many people, because there's an existing Wikicities project. I suggest that you select another name for what you're doing, and move the Wikicities page there. Then Wikicities could become a redirect to Wikicities. JamesMLane 17:54, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've been meaning to do that for some time now, after I (quite accidentally) became aware of the other, better-known project by that name. You've spurred me into action, though; it'll be done quickly.  Thanks! Kurt Weber 21:08, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Space Vector Inducer
You may wish to know that this is up for VfD at Votes for deletion/Space Vector Inducer, and it's been speedied for comment at Talk:Space Vector Inducer, personally I think it sounds absolutely fantastic, you may wish to comment there. Alf 20:58, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nah, I put it up several months ago as utter bullshit to see how long it would take to get deleted. I was kinda hoping to see it moved to BJAODN, though :D Kurt Weber 21:09, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for coughing the beans. I would have liked to have seen it go to BJAODN too :) it's certainly better than average. Alf 00:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Template:WikiProject Indiana
Just wondering why you made the map image bigger on Template:WikiProject Indiana, I think it makes the template too big. I hope it's not a relative size thing, becasue I live in Western Australia, and you will rue the day I make a project template for there. --Commander Keane 09:47, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * After a closer look, it seems you have just matched the pixel size with the Wisconsin equivalent, which doesn't really work due to that being the image width, and it is the image hegith that is critical. --Commander Keane 12:23, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Edit summaries
When editing an article on Wikipedia there is a small field labelled "Edit summary" under the main edit-box. It looks like this:

 * [[Image:Edit_Summary-2.png|Edit summary text box]]

The text written here will appear on the Recent changes page, in the page revision history, on the diff page, and in the watchlists of users who are watching that article. See m:Help:Edit summary for full information on this feature.

When you leave the edit summary blank, some of your edits could be mistaken for vandalism and may be reverted, so please always briefly summarize your edits, especially when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you. --Ryan Delaney talk 13:39, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And 95% of the time, I do :D When all I'm doing is tagging a couple thousand talk pages, though, there's really no point. Kurt Weber 13:57, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Harrington
Hello Kurt. Please can you explain what Harrington is supposed to be? It says "Harrington is the first Wikicity, founded by Kurt Weber." But there is no Harrington Wikicity and no Wikicities user called Kurt Weber or Kmweber. Angela. 15:38, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * See above--that was something I set up before I became aware of the better-known independent project by that name. I've been meaning to move it for some time but I've been too lazy to remember.  Kurt Weber 15:40, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't see the message above. I'll redirect it for now. If you want to set up a Harrington Wikicity, you can request one at Wikicities:Special:CreateWiki. Or perhaps the WikiProjects are more what you were intending to do? Angela. 16:00, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * You might want to fix the section on your user page at User:Kmweber too. Angela. 16:02, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've now removed the part that said "I am the originator of Wikicities" since it is misleading to anyone who sees that and thinks you actually started the wikicities.com site. Angela. 06:57, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Human Rights Servey on Wikipedia (The final post of I_sterbinski)

 * Dear all,

 * Wikipedia was recently a subject of intensive research of an huge international human right organization. A team of people from different nationalities and ages were acting on Wikipedia for 20 days, investigating previously noted anomalities of Wikipedia free editing and forming a final report, which (between the others similar reports) will later be a guide to all future moves of the organization concerning Wikipedia. Acting under an account of a real person, their privacy is to be held private. Therefore, very few private information will be revealed.
 * Also, this is a result of the lack of final possition of the organization concerning Wikipedia and human rights, which was still not formed.

 * The team's final post on Wikipedia, where they explain their actions can be found on the following addresses:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:I_sterbinski
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonia#Human_Rights_Servey_on_Wikipedia_.28The_final_post_of_I_sterbinski.29

 * The team would like to thank to all the persons who took part in the correspondence with us.
 * We also want to appologise for keeping our identity secret for a longer period.

 * Best regards,
 * Aleksandar, Biljana, Asparuh, Christos, Valjon, Michael and Ana Luiza
 * I sterbinski 01:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

User Page Cat Change
Hi! Just wanted to let you know that your user page wasn't vandalized. Category:Indiana Wikipedians is being merged into Category:Wikipedians in Indiana. Just wanted to let you know ;-).  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 03:04, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Our reverts were overlapping just now as we were both following a vandal on multiple pages; thanks for the help. Kertrats 19:43, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * NP...glad to do it. Kurt Weber 19:50, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

alex
Yeah, I know Mr. Houston. He's a badass. 04:33, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool...he and I used to be in our high school marching band together...now he's the drum major and I'm visual tech. Small world... Kurt Weber 19:40, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Vandalizing Warning
I was actually not vandalising. If you go to Endless_Online/VazzVersion, You'll see my version of the page which I was trying to revert when all the other people were vandalising it. If you could please revert it to that version and protect it, I would be very grateful.

Vazz 02:53, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

im sorry but the bnp is a fascist party and u can not denie that i will reinstate it

Brit pat
 * And I will continue reverting your POV-pushing and vandalism. Kurt Weber 16:16, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kmweber/Archive1


text:
User talk:David Farris

Hi David, I'm happy to see you got an account finally; I was wondering who made the excellent edits to Floer homology and related articles. You might find it helpful to look at this welcome page.--C S 14:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi David, take a glance at our userpage, please!
Erkabo 08:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Pseudoholomorphic curves article merge
Welcome, David. You look familiar; I think we've met at some conference. Probably you're not checking your old anonymous talk page anymore and didn't see that I've merged Pseudoholomorphic curves into Pseudoholomorphic curve. (Disclosure: I am the original editor of the latter.) Let me know if you have a problem with this. Please continue your interesting contributions. Joshuardavis 13:44, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Symplectic manifold
Hi David. Thanks for expanding the article at Symplectic manifold. I saw your cry for help and tried to improve the formatting of the mathematical expression. You can only use TeX by embedding it inside $$ ... $$ tags. For instance, $$ A \times (B \cup C) $$ gives $$ A \times (B \cup C) $$. However, using this in running text (like $...$ in TeX) often looks terrible, so most people tend to use it only on seperate lines (like $$...$$ in TeX).

You can find some hints at Manual of Style (mathematics). More maths-related help can be found on WikiProject Mathematics, which is also a good place to ask questions.

Cheers, Jitse Niesen (talk) 12:37, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Sources for Continuation map
Hello, good work on Continuation map, and thanks for the contribution. However, you forgot to add any references to the article. Keeping Wikipedia accurate and verifiable is very important, and there is currently a push to encourage editors to cite the sources they used when adding content. What websites, books, or other places did you learn the information that you added to Continuation map? Would it be possible for you to mention them in the article? Thank you very much. - SimonP 06:06, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi David. I replaced "X cross I" by "X × I" in the article. To get this formula, you type:  . I'm telling you because I'm not 100% sure this is what you meant with "cross" (I have only once read about finite-dimensional Morse theory). This gives me the opportunity to urge you to follow Simon's request. One of the big problems that Wikipedia face is that people trust it only a little (rightly so, in my opinion). Adding references will not completely solve it, but it will help, and I expect that it's not that much work for you to think of a standard text book on Morse homology (which also lacked references, by the way) or even an article in which the continuation map is defined. I guess you're at a university so you should know all about references; don't worry about the citation style. Thanks. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:15, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Your interpretation of cross is correct, thanks very much for fixing that!. Unfortunately, I don't offhand know which article of Floer in which it's defined (that's not where I learned it from), which is surely the right article to cite. I've added references to original papers in several other wikipedia articles that didn't have them, which is i believe more important than a textbook reference, which is all most math articles seem to have. -- David Farris

 * References to original papers are definitely nice to have. However, often they are hard to read or hard to get hold of, and it's easier to learn from a textbook or review paper; in that case, references to other sources are also useful. But any reference treating the material whatsoever is vastly preferable to no references at all. So that for adding references to Morse homology, and writing the article in the first place. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 22:43, 4 December 2005 (UTC) (to add your name and a timestamp, type four tildes like ~ or click the button with a picture of a signature just above the edit box, see WP:SIG)

Transversality
Thank you for making this article more user-friendly. When I read the original intro I wasn't even sure it was about math. Cheers, BrainyBroad 11:49, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Good work!
Thanks for your work on the Bollywood article. Good corrections, good writing. There's lots of work to be done on Indian cinema, so if you're interested, pitch in! Zora 13:01, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

India related links
Great work on Sholay and Bollywood. I see that Zora has beaten me to it in commending you. I'm appending some links for wikipedians interested in Indian content, Welcome!!--Gurubrahma 13:59, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Morse homology
David, I've just reworked the Morse homology article, I think for the better, but please check it to make sure everything I said is true! I'm no expert. Joshuardavis 22:48, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * David, your recent edit to Morse homology includes a mysterious (but tantalizing) sentence fragment "One nice approach", and some extra line breaks. Something got messed up? Joshua Davis 23:11, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Hi David, would you like to take a look at the last section of Talk:Andreas_Floer?! Thank you! Rolf of Erkabo 05:41, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

A spectral sequence between Khovanov homology and knot Floer homology?
Hi David,

I think part of your edit on the Khovanov homology page is incorrect. It's only conjectured that there's a spectral sequence connecting Khovanov homology with knot Floer homology, as far as I'm aware (Conjecture 3.1 of, in particular.) I've fixed it, at. --ScottMorrison 19:09, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Floer homology edits
Hi David,

Thanks for your post about my recent edits to the Floer homology page. I look forward to seeing what you write and will try to give some constructive criticism when I read it.

If I understand your comments correctly, you feel that I've been a little imprecise in the introduction that I wrote. I agree! I think, however, that it's important to keep the audience in mind. While Wikipedia's style manual asks that the introduction to an article be accessible to a general audience, I don't think that's possible here. But it should be possible to let a reader with some math background (e.g. an undergraduate) understand what area(s) of mathematics Floer homology belongs to and what problems it helps us study (counting fixed points of symplectomorphisms or constructing invariants of manifolds to understand their structure). I believe this point was made by a reader in the talk section of the article.

Knuth wrote (in the TeXbook?) that a good clear lie is often better than incomprehensible truth. Perhaps the place for more precision is in later sections.

Thanks for your contributions.

Cheers, David M. Austin (talk) 03:02, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Naiyer masud

The article Naiyer masud has been proposed for deletion because under Wikipedia policy, all biographies of living persons created after March 18, 2010, must have at least one source that directly supports material in the article.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:David Farris


text:
Barney McCosky

William Barney McCosky (April 11, 1917 – September 6, 1996) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball. From 1939 through 1953, he played for the Detroit Tigers (1939–42, 1946), Philadelphia Athletics (1946–1948, 1950–1951), Cincinnati Reds (1951), and Cleveland Indians (1951–1953). McCosky batted left-handed and threw right-handed. McCosky played in 1,170 games, 535 in center field and 477 in left field. He had a career batting average of .312.

Early years
McCosky was born in Coal Run, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, the last of nine children. His mother died when he was one year old, and McCosky moved to Detroit at age 4 with his older brother Tony McCosky. McCosky grew up in Detroit in the midst of the Great Depression. He later recalled: "Nobody had any money. We took mustard sandwiches and ketchup sandwiches to school." McCosky attended Southwestern High School in Detroit, where he was All-City and captain in both baseball and basketball. McCosky had a .727 batting average his senior year — a Detroit public school record.

Minor leagues
In 1936, McCosky was signed out of high school by Tigers' scout Wish Egan. In 1936, he hit .400 for the Charleston Senators and led the Mid-Atlantic League. He played next for the Beaumont Exporters from 1936 to 1938. He hit .318 in 1937 and .307 in 1938.

Detroit Tigers
In 11 major league seasons, McCosky was a .312 hitter with 24 home runs and 397 RBIs in 1,170 games played. McCosky was a good contact hitter who hit over .300 in six of his first seven seasons. A fine outfielder with a strong throwing arm, he collected a .984 fielding average with only 41 errors in 2579 chances.

In 1939, McCosky's rookie season, he was an immediate success both at bat and in the field. He started 145 games in center field and hit for a .311 batting average — trailing only Hank Greenberg and his boyhood hero, Charlie Gehringer, among the Tigers' starters. With great range and speed in the outfield, he led all American League outfielders with 428 putouts and led the league's center fielders with a .986 fielding percentage. His 1939 Range factor of 3.00 was a career-high and 0.65 points above the league average. He was also near the top of the American League leaderboard in 1939 with 120 runs scored (fourth), 190 hits (fourth), 20 stolen bases (fourth), 262 times on base (fifth), 33 doubles (sixth) and 14 triples (second). He placed 27th in the American League Most Valuable Player voting.

His most productive season came for the Detroit Tigers American League champions, when he was among the AL league leaders with a .340 batting average (6th in the AL), 200 hits (tied for 1st in the AL), 19 triples (1st in the AL), 123 runs (3rd in the AL), 264 times on base (4th in the AL), and 39 doubles (7th in the AL). In the World Series, he hit .304 (7-for-23) with five runs as Detroit lost to the Cincinnati Reds in seven games. McCosky finished No. 16 in the MVP voting for 1940. Since 1940, the only Tiger to exceed McCosky's 19 triples is Curtis Granderson in 2007.

McCosky had another solid season in 1941, as he hit .324 and finished No. 15 in the American League MVP voting.

U. S. Navy
In December 1942, McCosky joined the United States Navy during World War II. McCosky lost three years in the prime of his career (at ages 26–28) to military service during World War II. He was discharged in October 1945.

Philadelphia Athletics
McCosky returned to Detroit in 1946. After a disappointing .198 start in 25 games, he was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in mid-May for George Kell. In his autobiography, Kell recalled being shocked that the Tigers would trade a "legitimate star" and "hometown boy" like McCosky for an "unknown third baseman." At the time of the trade, McCosky told Kell: "You'll be better off here in Detroit. You're going to love it here.  I hate to leave because this is home.  I've had good years here."

Playing for manager Connie Mack, McCosky broke out of his early season slump and hit .354 for the A's. In 1947, McCosky batted .328 (2nd best in the AL) for the Athletics and finished a career-best No. 11 in the AL MVP voting. In 1948, he hit .326 (5th best in the AL), had a .405 on-base percentage (6th in the AL), and scored 95 runs.

McCosky missed the entire 1949 season after a back injury, and was never the same batter afterward. He returned to the Athletics in 1950, but his average dropped 86 points from .326 in 1948 to .240 in 1950.

On April 26, 1951, McCosky broke up a no-hitter bid of Washington Senators Connie Marrero with a home run.

Cincinnati and Cleveland
One week later, McCosky was sold to the Cincinnati Reds. He was then released and picked up off waivers by the Cleveland Indians. He managed only 37 hits in 1951 for a .268 average. McCosky finished his career playing with the Indians, as his batting average dropped further to .213 in 1952 and .190 in 1953.

Six times he was considered in the American League MVP vote (1939–42, 1947–48). In 1995, he was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.

Later years
McCosky married his wife, Jane, in 1946. After his baseball career ended, he operated Barney McCosky's party store on Joy Road between Greenfield and Southfield in Detroit from 1953 to 1963. He then worked as an automobile salesman at Les Stanford Chevrolet in Dearborn, Michigan, until he retired in 1982.

In 1982, McCosky and his wife moved in Venice, Florida, where they lived for 14 years. In 1996, McCosky died from jaw cancer at Bon Secour-Venice Hospital in Venice. He was buried at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan.

In 1957, a baseball little league was formed and named the Barney McCosky Little League.

title: Barney McCosky


text:
Johan Turi

Johan Turi, born Johannes Olsen Thuri also spelt Johan Tuuri or Johan Thuri or Johan Thuuri (March 12, 1854 – November 30, 1936) was the first Sami author to publish a secular work in a Sami language. His first book was called Muitalus sámiid birra ("An Account of the Sami") and tells about the life of people herding reindeer in the Jukkasjärvi region of northern Sweden at the beginning of the 20th century. An eclectic and nuanced text, Muitalus includes details on Sami traditions of child rearing, hunting, healing, yoik, and folklore. At its heart the text aims to draw outsiders' attention to the intrinsic value of Sami culture.

Turi was born in Kautokeino, Norway, but moved with his family to the Talma Sámi community near Jukkasjärvi, Sweden, in the 1880s. In 1904, he met the art student Emilie Demant Hatt on a train in northern Scandinavia. Through an interpreter, he told her he wanted to write a book about Lapps, while she told him she wanted to be a nomad. Three years later, having learned the Sami language, Demant-Hatt returned to northern Scandinavia and lived with Turi's family. In 1908, Turi and Demant-Hatt lived in a mountain cabin where she assisted him with his manuscript. Turi died in Jukkasjärvi.

The book has been translated into some ten languages, including Swedish, Danish, Finnish, English, Norwegian, German, French, Italian, Hungarian and Japanese.

In 2011, Nordic Studies Press published an English edition of Turi's "An Account of the Sami," translated by folklorist and professor of Scandinavian Studies Thomas A. DuBois

Works

 * 1910: Muitalus sámiid birra
 * 1920: Sámi deavsttat (Texts in Sami)
 * 1931: Duoddaris (From the mountain)

title: Johan Turi


text:
CTBC Brothers

The CTBC Brothers or simply Brothers are a professional baseball team in Taiwan. The team was originally established as an amateur team in 1984 by the Brother Hotel located in Taipei City, and later joined the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in 1989. Brother Hotel's chairman Hung Teng-sheng also acted as CPBL's secretary-general from 1987 to 1991. The Brothers are currently owned by CTBC Holding.

With its long history from the amateur era plus a successful marketing strategy and management, the team has long been one of the most popular Taiwanese baseball teams, winning the CPBL championship on nine occasions.

The team has always worn yellow uniforms. Its current home is in Taichung, with the home field at the Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium.

History
On March 17, 1990, the Brother Elephants played the first historical CPBL game against the Uni-President Lions in the now-demolished Taipei Municipal Baseball Stadium with a full house of 14,350 in attendance. These two teams are also the only two remaining original teams of the CPBL.

Despite having the best season-long record for the 2004 season, the Elephants were unable to participate in the Taiwan Series because they had won neither half-season. This resulted in the expansion of the playoffs to three teams beginning in 2005, where the team with the best season-long record among non-champions for the season would gain a wildcard berth, thus preventing a similar occurrence in the future.

In mid-2008, general manager Hung Jui-he revealed the possibility of sale or disbanding of the organization if the financial deficit continued after 2009.

In the 2009 season, Brother Elephants were triumphant in winning the second half of the season. However, the team was affected deeply by the match fixing scandal which resulted in expulsion of many team players and the coach.

In October 2013, the team's president announced attempts to sell the team. The announcement drew interest from seven potential bidders. The team was sold to Hua Yi, a subdivision of CTBC Holding, by December 2013 for a price of NT$400 million. The team's name change reflected their new corporate parent, but it was felt that the branding from their previous owners was strong enough to rename the team Brothers, while retaining the elephant mascot. In 2022, the CTBC Holding officially purchased the team from Hua Yi.

Roster

Retired numbers

 * 23 🇹🇼 Peng Cheng-min
 * 67 🇹🇼 Tseng Chi-en

title: CTBC Brothers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Luke Swenson

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 16:29, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Luke Swenson
Tagged as speedy, but smewhat questionable. This is what User:Comics said in nomination "Patent nonsense. This is not a real person as far as I can tell. The current director of CSIS is Jim Judd, and the user that created this page has contributed to several related vandalisms." to which an anon added "SEE THE NAME ON THE UNIFORM, AND YOU WILL KNOW THAT THIS ARTICLE IS A HOAX." I'm inclined to agree, but think a bit more scrutiny would be proper. R. fiend 14:59, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete don't know if it contains some nuggets of fact but it's largely a hoax.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   15:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete hoax.  Note also that the ISBN numbers are not correct.  Something rotton indeed. --Austrian 17:17, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I am a political science major here in Canada and can say that at least 90% of this is a hoax.  Here are some facts:
 * The current director of CSIS is Jim Judd, not Luke Swenson
 * The current deputy defense minister is Ward Elcock, not Luke Swenson.
 * The article indicates that Luke Swenson flew the majority of his missions in stealth bombers. Canada has none.
 * The user who created this page vandalized many others on the same day in order to try and legitimize these changes, including CSIS and CIA. He also vandalized several other pages with garbage.
 * The information on this person's supposed appointment over the Hans Island dispute is incorrect.
 * None of the additional works and books cited actually exist. Noam Chomsky has never written a book on the subject.  Jacques Derrida is dead, he could not have written a book on this.  etc.  ---Comics 17:24, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hoax --Rogerd 12:05, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "The Prime Minister felt that having a CSIS director of Scandinavian descent would have two benefits: firstly, a Scandinavian clearly has a formidable resistance to the cold, and near invulnerability to anesthetics of all kinds; and secondly, would ease tensions with Denmark, thus allowing Canada to seize the near-gorgeous Hans Island without Danish or United Nations intervention." Um, no. Speedy. Bearcat 06:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Kanpur division

Kanpur division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur city is the administrative headquarters of the division. Kanpur was formerly spelled Cawnpore. The division consists of 6 districts:-
 * Auraiya
 * Etawah
 * Farrukhabad
 * Kanpur Dehat
 * Kanpur Nagar
 * Kannauj

Literacy rates
Kanpur division is the most literate division in Uttar Pradesh with literacy rates of:-
 * Auraiya - 78.95%
 * Etawah - 78.41%
 * Farrukhabad - 73.4%
 * Kanpur Dehat - 75.78%
 * Kanpur Nagar - 79.65%
 * Kannauj - 72.70%

History of administrative districts in Kanpur Division
Kanpur division was earlier part of the Allahabad division. In the year 2000, the Mayawati government did a major reshuffle of the Allahabad division, and a separate Kanpur division was created.

The Kanpur district itself was bifurcated into Kanpur Dehat and Kanpur Nagar. Kanpur Dehat was renamed as Ramabai Nagar, after Ramabai (1896-1935), the wife of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. In 2012, the name was changed back to Kanpur Dehat (though the 2011 Indian census uses the name "Kanpur Dehat").

Cities by GDP

 * Kanpur
 * Etawah
 * Farrukhabad
 * Auraiya

title: Kanpur division


text: Talk:Lucknow division

title: Talk:Lucknow division


text:
Masahisa Takenaka

Masahisa Takenaka (竹中 正久) was the 4th kumicho of the Yamaguchi-gumi, Japan's largest yakuza gang.

He took the role of kumicho (supreme Godfather) in 1984, but was assassinated at a girlfriend's home in Osaka early the next year by a rival faction, the Ichiwa-kai. The killing sparked a massive yakuza war, the Yama-Ichi War, in which 36 total members were killed and many more were injured.

title: Masahisa Takenaka


text: Talk:Kanpur division

title: Talk:Kanpur division


text:
Nicholas de la Fontaine

Nicholas de la Fontaine was a Protestant refugee in Geneva who entered the service of John Calvin as his secretary. De la Fontaine brought Michael Servetus to trial on August 14, 1553 on the charges of heresy against Calvinism, as Calvin himself at this point was too incapacitated with various health problems to personally appear at the trial.

The Complaint of Nicholas de la Fontaine Against Servetus
In 1553, de la Fontaine published a list of "complaints" against Servetus regarding his supposedly heretical activities. There were originally forty articles in this text, but before the trial, this number was reduced to thirty-eight. Notable excerpts from the list include:

VIII: To wit, whether he has not written and falsely taught and published that to believe in a single essence of God there are three distinct persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, is to create four phantoms, which cannot and ought not to be imagined.

XXXII: Item, that little children are sinless, and moreover are incapable of redemption until they come of age.

XXXIV: Item, that the baptism of little children is an invention of the Devil, an infernal falsehood tending to the destruction of all Christianity.

XXXIX: Item, that in the person of M. Calvin, minister of the word of God in the Church of Geneva, he has defamed with printed book the doctrine which he preached, uttering all the injurious and blasphemous things which it is possible to invent.

title: Nicholas de la Fontaine


text:
Ma'abarot

Ma'abarot (מַעְבָּרוֹת) were immigrant and refugee absorption camps established in Israel in the 1950s, constituting one of the largest public projects planned by the state to implement its sociospatial and housing policies.

The ma'abarot were meant to provide accommodation for the large influx of Jewish refugees and new Jewish immigrants (olim) arriving to the newly independent State of Israel, replacing the less habitable immigrant camps or tent cities. In 1951 there were 127 Ma'abarot housing 250,000 Jews, of which 75% were Mizrahi Jews; 58% of Mizrahi Jews who had immigrated up to that point had been sent to Ma'abarot, compared to 18% of European Jews.

The ma'abarot began to empty by the mid-1950s, and many formed the basis for Israel's development towns. The last ma'abara was dismantled in 1963. The ma'abarot became the most enduring symbol of the plight of Jewish immigrants from Arab lands in Israel; according to Dalia Gavriely-Nuri, the memory of these camps has been largely erased from Israeli memory.

Etymology
The Hebrew word Ma'abara (singular) derives from the word (מעבר). Ma'abarot (plural) were meant to be temporary communities for the new arrivals. Immigrants housed in these communities were Jewish refugees mainly from Middle East and North Africa, as well as Holocaust survivors from Europe. Though such camps were set up early in 1950, the word only entered official usage in the spring of that year.

Development and planning
According to Dr. Irit Katz, the camps were the product of the 1944 One Million Plan, which produced detailed recommendations for absorbing a significant population influx, particularly of Jews from Arab countries. Dr. Roy Kozlovsky notes that the prior existence of the One Million Plan suggests that "the concept of the ma'abara was in fact the precondition for, not the effect of, mass immigration". An important part of the One Million Plan Planning Committee's plans and recommendations were implemented following the creation of Israel; as well as the immigrant camps, the new country implemented rapid Jewish migration, requested reparations from Germany and projects such as the National Water Carrier and the National Outline Plan.

Dr. Piera Rossetto described the debate around the conditions of the Ma'abarot, stating that in her opinion "the most controversial issue in this respect is not the outcome (e.g. the ma'abarot) of the choice, rather the choice in itself to bring to Israel so many thousands of immigrants, following the idea of the "One Million Plan" unveiled by Ben Gurion in 1944".

Initial immigration
The first influx of Jews after the 1948 establishment of Israel was mainly composed of Holocaust survivors from displaced-persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy, and British detention camps in Cyprus. In the coming years, the number of Jews from North Africa and the Middle East increased. Health problems, particularly evident among Mizrachi, aroused considerable concern among Israeli authorities who worried about the risks of contagion. 20% of the North African Jewish immigrants vetted at Marseilles required long and intensive hospitalization and trachoma rates reached 70%. Of the 5,000 Yemenite Jews trapped for years in the Geula transit camp near Aden, 80% had symptoms of malaria. Given the urgency of the situation, and the incapacity of foreign hospitals to cope with the large numbers of aged and ill, plans to treat such populations before making aliyah or subject them for medical selection, as suggested by the Jewish Agency, were dropped in favour of transporting all potential olim irrespective of their health, to Israel, creating a critical burden for the nascent state's health system.

Newly arrived people were generally quarantined in the Sha'ar Ha'aliya (Immigration Gate) camp, where they underwent health checkups before dispersal, while a smaller number were housed in immigrant housing consisting of wooden huts built along the lines of military barracks, and known as batei olim.

In March 1950, Levi Eshkol, head of the Jewish Agency Settlement Department, responded to the pressure on the Agency's budget due to the size of the influx by making a 'revolutionary proposal'. "I propose that we dismantle the immigrant camps and put up immigrant housing throughout the length and breadth of the country, beside every settlement from Dan to Nir-Am that has some foothold in the economy. We will establish sixty neighbourhoods for up to 1,000 persons. The olim will be employed in afforestation, fruit-tree planting, reclamation, terracing and landscape clearing. In this manner, the olim will be dispersed all over the country and a wide sector of the population will shoulder the burden of their care.'" Eshkol's proposal aimed to make immigrants independent of the Agency, provide them with housing and jobs, and position them so that they could be integrated into the pre-existing economy by residential contiguity with Israel's towns and villages.

Early Ma'abara
The first ma'abara, in Kesalon, built atop the emptied Palestinian village of Kasla in the Judean Hills, became functional in May 1950 when 150 families were settled there. In July Giora Yoseftal had 70,000 immigrants shifted into the ma'abarot, and by the following year a further 50,000 were relocated in them as the batei olim, already at capacity, were closed. Plans to provide immigrants with jobs requiring heavy physical labour, and with housing and plots of agricultural land in outlying areas, were generally unsuccessful, with many migrating back to camps near cities and towns on finding themselves ill-equipped or unprepared for the task. The camps were under the guidance of two religious parties, Agudat Israel and Mizrachi. Violent confrontations broke out over issues of forced secularization, which were opposed by Yemeni Jews, and several people were shot dead or died during these clashes, variously at Ein Shemer, Beit Lid and Pardes Hanna in the first half of 1950.

The early ma'abarot consisted of tents, one for each family. In those conditions, infants were separated from their mothers and placed in children's housing where nursing personnel had almost exclusive control and parental access was highly restricted. On occasion, these children were transferred to hospitals without the knowledge of their families, and parents encountered great difficulties in travelling from the ma'abarot to these distant facilities. Cases exist of parents arriving at hospitals only to be informed their child had died, occurrences which fed into what became a narrative of suspicion that the state putatively engaged in having the missing children adopted out to childless couples.

Eventually, hut-shaped canvas tents were added, followed by tin or wooden shacks. Sanitary conditions were dismal. According to a journalist who visited the Migdal Gad maabara, "in the whole camp there were two faucets for everyone. About a thousand people. The toilets had no roof and were infested with flies." In one community it was reported that there were 350 people to each shower and in another 56 to each toilet. Infant mortality—the pre-state Yishuv had achieved one of the lowest rates in the world- was high, reaching 157 deaths per 1000 live births. All these facts generated harsh criticism.

A considerable numbers of immigrant transit camps and ma'abarot were established in former British military bases transferred or sold to Israel. Some of these bases were also allocated to MALBEN. Eventually most of these bases were demolished.

When the ma'abarot plan was first implemented, the Jewish Agency was responsible for providing utilities such as water, electricity and sanitation. After this responsibility was transferred to the local authorities, the Jewish Agency claimed it could no longer oversee maintenance due to financial and manpower constraints.

Conditions and demographics
Eliyahu Dobkin protested the poor conditions in the ma'abarot, calling them a "holy horror." David Ben-Gurion took a different approach: "I don't accept this pampering [approach] with respect to people not living in tents. We are spoiling them. People can live for years in tents. Anyone who doesn't want to live in them needn't bother coming here." By the end of 1951, there were 227,000 people, close to one-sixth of Israel's population, living in 123 or 125 ma'abarot. By the following year, 172,500 were registered as living in 111 canvas tents, and another 38,544 in provisory wooden shacks, the latter by 1953 were erected to cope with the housing needs of 70,000 immigrants in 42 of ma'abarot. The remaining 69 canvas tent ma'abarot held 108,850 residents.

According to scholars Emma Murphy and Clive Jones, the "housing policies weighted in favour of Ashkenazi immigrants over Oriental Jews. Housing units earmarked for Oriental Jews were often reallocated to European Jewish immigrants, consigning Oriental Jews to the privations of ma'abarot for longer periods." 78% of residents in the ma'abarot were of Middle Eastern extraction, and unemployment rates ran as high as 90-96% in the worst camps. Those ma'abarot with a less dense population and an Ashkenazi majority, such as Kfar Vitkin and Even Yehuda, had better employment opportunities. In ma'abarot camps like Emek Hefer, Pardes Hanna and Caesarea, police reports described ethnic tensions along an Ashkenazi/Mizrachi divide as explosive, but infra-communal rifts also occurred, for example between Iraqi Kurdish Jews and Iraqi Arab Jews.

Dismantling
Beit Mazmil (today Kiryat HaYovel), named after the former Arab village on the site, was one of two large ma'abarot established in Jerusalem, and consisted of hundreds of asbestos huts inhabited by new immigrants from both North Africa and Eastern Europe. Most of the huts were dismantled in the 1960s and tenements were built in their stead. Two surviving pieces were slated for demolition in 2012, despite protests that they should be conserved as part of Israel's heritage.

The prefabricated structures used in the ma'abarot were imported from Canada, the United States, Finland, Sweden and Japan, which was costly, but the government faced a political dilemma: to adjust the pace of immigration to the building industry's capacity to building permanent homes or accelerate immigration and bridge the gap with temporary structures.

Demographics
During the first years after Israel's independence, the largest group of immigrants arriving in Israel at this time—over 100,000—hailed from Iraq. The rest were from Europe, including more than 270,000 from different parts of Eastern Europe.

Jonathan Kaplan offers a demographic profile of the ma'abarot: "The Holocaust survivor population was usually older and contained fewer children. On the other hand, the Jews from developing countries in Asia and Africa tended to have a large number of children but a smaller elderly population. The European immigrants were generally better educated. Neither group however, resembled the profile of pre‑state immigration: a significantly lower percentage of the post‑1948 immigrants were in the primary wage earning group (only 50.4% in the 15–45 age group as compared to 66.8% in earlier immigration waves) and consequently fewer could participate in the work force of the new state. The newer immigrants had less education: 16% of those aged 15 and above had completed secondary education as compared to 34% among the earlier settlers."

Over time, the ma'abarot metamorphosed into Israeli towns, or were absorbed as neighbourhoods of the towns they were attached to, and residents were provided with permanent housing. The number of people housed in Ma'abarot began to decline from 1952 onwards.

The last Ma'abarot were closed sometime around 1963.

Most of the camps transformed into development towns, among them Kiryat Shmona, Sderot, Beit She'an, Yokneam, Or Yehuda and Migdal HaEmek.

Media and popular culture
Israeli satirist Ephraim Kishon produced a satirical film about the Ma'abarot called Sallah Shabbati (1964). The film was nominated for an Academy Award and is regarded as an Israeli classic.

title: Ma'abarot


text:
Shepton, Plano, Texas

Shepton is an area within Plano, Texas, United States that was formerly a distinct community.

Shepton was founded circa 1890, when Joseph W. Shepard opened a general store ten miles southwest of McKinney, with the town deriving its name from Shepard's. From 1894 to 1903, Shepton had a post office, but most residents migrated over the years to nearby Plano, also in southwestern Collin County, with the growing Plano absorbing the area of the former community by the 1980s.

Shepton High School is named after the town of Shepton.

title: Shepton, Plano, Texas


text:
Bernadette Cozart

Bernadette Cozart (May 17, 1949 – July 27, 2009) was an American professional gardener, botanist, and urban gardening advocate. She worked for a time with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.

Biography
In 1989, Cozart founded the Greening of Harlem Coalition to help residents regenerate and take responsibility for their own neighborhoods, transform rundown vacant lots in Harlem and other neighborhoods in New York City into flower gardens and to restore existing green spaces. Cozart formed alliances with many neighborhood organizations to help make these community gardens a reality. One major partner in the movement towards green spaces and the renewal of playgrounds in Harlem was Barbara Barlow, a surgeon at Harlem Hospital who worked with Cozart to create positive green spaces in the community. Much of Cozart's focus was on the establishment of gardens at New York City schools. The gardens were constructed at several public schools. Among the examples of gardens designed by Cozart and the Greening of Harlem Coalition was a playground with garden boxes at P.S. 197 and a Japanese style garden with a pagoda at P.S. 134.

Cozart explained her advocacy for school gardens in a 1993 New York Times piece on The Greening of Harlem Coalition, "Instead of taking children on field trips to see farms and gardens, why not bring nature into the community? I don't think it's fair that they should have to go outside the community to have that experience of seeing things grow." Cozart felt that her work was about transformation, and she discussed that community green spaces cause a "domino effect" in communities. Community green spaces increase the pride that residents have in their community, and residents begin to work to beautify their communities in other ways. Cozart stated, "If you can take a garbage-strewn lot, or anything else in your neighborhood that you don't like, and turn it into a thing of beauty that benefits the com-munity--a thing of usefulness--then you know you can transform other things. You can transform things you don't like in your own life and in yourself--and that's power."

Cozart moved from Harlem to Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 2002, where she became president of the Allentown Garden Club. Under her guidance, the club launched the Allentown Beautification Program in 2006, which aimed to beautify street intersections in Allentown using native plants and flowers. The program was based on the Greening of Harlem Coalition, which Cozart had founded in 1989. Cozart and the Allentown Garden Club, with the support of Allentown mayor Ed Pawlowski, relied on donations from local businesses and community organizations to cover the funding of the Allentown Beautification Program.

Death
Cozart suffered a heart attack while taking a water aerobics class at Cedar Beach in Allentown, Pennsylvania. She was rushed to St. Luke's Hospital-Allentown, but died en route. She was 60 years old. She was pronounced dead at the hospital on July 27, 2009, at 11:27 a.m. Allentown Mayor Pawlowski spoke of Cozart, noting that her death was a loss for the city and larger community, "She helped in greening Allentown and making it a better place to live ... [S]he is going to be sorely missed. I, for one, am going to miss her. We are a little bit less in the city today because of her loss." Cozart was survived by her partner, Kathleen Kapila.

title: Bernadette Cozart


text:
User talk:UrbanTerrorist

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text: Category:Thames Gateway

title: Category:Thames Gateway


text:
DEXRON

DEXRON is the trade name for a group of technical specifications for automatic transmission fluid (ATF) created by General Motors (GM). The name was first registered as a trademark and later evolved into a brand of GM. GM licenses the name and specifications to companies that manufacture the fluid and sell it under their own brand names. Not all DEXRON fluids are licensed by GM for reselling under another brand name. To be licensed, the product must have a license number that begins with the letters B through J and include a "DEXRON Approved" sticker on its container. Like many automobile manufacturers, GM uses transmissions sourced from other suppliers or transmission manufacturers around the world; many of these may use their own unique fluid.

Originally, the DEXRON name was only associated with automatic transmission fluids, though GM later released DEXRON gear oils and other lubricants under the DEXRON brand.

GM Automatic Transmission Fluids (ATF)
The original DEXRON (B) transmission fluid was introduced on April 1, 1967. Over the years, the original DEXRON (B) was supplanted by DEXRON-II (C), DEXRON-II (D), DEXRON-II (E), DEXRON-III (F), DEXRON-III (G), DEXRON-III (H), DEXRON-VI (J), DEXRON HP, DEXRON LV ATF HP, and DEXRON ULV, which is the latest fluid to date. GM has upgraded the DEXRON's specifications over time. The newer fluids are not always backward-compatible with previous fluids. Newer 6, 8, 9, and 10-speed transmissions, as well as plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) transmission technologies, require specialized fluids to operate properly. There remains a market for older fluids that claim to meet the earlier fluid specifications. See the details below for the backward compatibility of each fluid.

1937 – Motor Oil
The automatic safety transmission was first offered as an extra-cost option by the Oldsmobile Division of GM in the fall of 1937 for their Six and Eight models. It was only used during the 1938 and 1939 model years. The automatic safety transmission used the same seasonal grade of motor oil as the engine for lubrication and hydraulic functions.

The Automatic Safety Transmission was a four-speed transmission that could shift powerfully without needing a regular clutch. The transmission was called the Automatic Safety Transmission (AST) because the clutch operation was reduced to one-third of that required by a conventional transmission. The clutch was only necessary when starting or stopping the car.

The AST had two driving ranges (low and high). In low range, the transmission would shift from 1st to 2nd gear and then hold in 2nd. In high range, the transmission would start in 1st gear, jump to 3rd, then shift to 4th gear. The driver could change ranges with a flick of a finger.

1939 – Hydra-Matic Drive Fluid
Released in 1939, the 1940–1949 GM Hydra-Matic Drive was used by the Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Pontiac divisions. The Hydra-Matic Drive used a specialized lubricant called GM Transmission Fluid No. 1. By using the term "fluid" rather than "oil," they hoped to discourage the previously accepted practice of using SAE 20 engine oil. This fluid was composed of a Group 1 base oil and additives to reduce oxidation, foaming, rust, corrosion, varnish, and sludge buildup. This was the world's first automatic transmission fluid, designed for the world's first mass-produced automatic transmission.

This fluid had cold-weather performance problems, which led to the need for an improved fluid, the Type "A" fluid, in 1949. The Hydra-Matic drive fluid was only available at GM dealerships. As a result, regular SAE 20 engine oil was being used in its place at filling stations and repair garages. Engine oil was only approved as a temporary fill fluid and led to transmission problems.

1949 – Type "A" Fluid
In 1949, General Motors (GM) established an Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Committee (GM ATF Committee). The GM ATF committee established fluid specifications and a qualification procedure to eliminate unsatisfactory fluids and, at the same time, provide the car owner with a means of identifying qualified fluids. The GM ATF Committee released a new Type "A" fluid specification. GM partnered with the Armour Research Foundation for fluid and qualification testing. Fluids that met the GM qualification requirements were issued an Armour Qualification (AQ) license number of AQ-ATF-xxx. Example (AQ-ATF-101). The license number had to be displayed on the fluid container.

As a result, qualified GM automatic transmission fluid was made available at retailers and service garages in many places.

From 1949 to 1951, there were only two licensed fluids:

 * 1) GM Type "A" Automatic Transmission Fluid License No. AQ-ATF-101
 * 2) Texaco Texamatic Fluid Type "A" License No. AQ-ATF-102

This was the first GM automatic transmission fluid that was made available for sale at retailers other than GM dealerships. In 1951, GM began licensing more Type "A" fluids, which led to several hundred brands of licensed Type "A" fluid on the market. This fluid is backward compatible with the Hydra-Matic Drive fluid produced from 1940 to 1949.

It is important to understand that every automatic transmission produced by any vehicle manufacturer (Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet, Pontiac, GMC, Ford, Mercury, Lincoln, Chrysler, Dodge, Desoto, Packard, and Studebaker) used motor oil or the GM Type "A" transmission fluids from 1949 to 1958.

In 1950, Ford released their 1951 Fordomatic 3-speed transmission, which used the GM Type "A" fluid. In 1952, Chrysler released their 1953 Powerflite 2-speed transmission, which also used GM Type "A" fluid.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:

 * 1948 Buick Dynaflow 2-Speed Semi-Automatic Transmission
 * 1950 Chevrolet Cast Iron Powerglide 2-Speed Semi-Automatic Transmission
 * 1953 GM Dual Range Hydra-Matic 4-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1953 Chevrolet Powerglide 2-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1953 Buick Dynaflow 2-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1956 Buick Dynaflow 2-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1956 GM Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic 4-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1957 Chevrolet Turboglide 3-Ratio Automatic Transmission
 * 1957 Buick Flightpitch Dynaflow 3-Ratio Automatic Transmission

1957 – Type "A" Suffix "A" Fluid
In 1957, GM released a new Type "A" Suffix "A" fluid specification. This fluid was better suited for the higher fluid temperatures caused by the unique torque converters  and higher power engines of the day. The fluid specification was revised again in 1958, 1959, and 1960.

GM continued the licensing program, allowing oil companies to produce the new Type "A" suffix "A" fluid under their own brand name. GM-licensed fluids had the armor qualification license number of AQ-ATF-xxxA. Example (AQ-ATF-752A) stamped on the can This fluid is backward compatible with the Type "A" and Hydra-Matic Drive fluids produced from 1940 to 1957.

In 1959, Ford released its own automatic transmission fluid specification (M2C33-A) and stopped using GM fluid specifications. Also in 1959, Toyota released their Toyoglide 2-speed transmission, which used the GM Type "A" suffix "A" fluid.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:

 * 1961 GM Roto-Hydra-Matic 3-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1961 Buick Dual Path 2-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1962 Chevrolet Aluminum Powerglide 2-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1964 GM Hydra-Matic 400 3-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1966 GM Hydra-Matic 425 3-Speed Automatic Transmission

1967 – DEXRON (B)
DEXRON (B) was released on April 1, 1967. The original fluid better retained the initial properties of the previous Type "A" Suffix "A" fluid (Several thousand cycles compared to 1000 cycles). DEXRON (B) was composed of a more stable, less reactive, hydrotreated Group 1 base oil plus additives to help prevent foaming, oxidation, and damage from elevated temperatures. This was the first GM ATF to advertise 24,000 miles between changes.

This was the first GM ATF to require red dye as an aid in fluid leak detection. Prior to this fluid, GM ATF was the same color as engine oil. Aftermarket ATF was available with red dye.

GM DEXRON (B)-licensed products have a license number on the container that begins with the letter B. Example: B10001. This fluid is backward compatible with all Type "A" suffixes and the Type "A" fluids produced from 1949 to 1966.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:

 * 1969 GM Hydra-Matic 180 3-Speed Automatic Transmission

1973 – DEXRON-II(C)
The original DEXRON (B) fluid, as well as earlier GM transmission fluids, used sperm whale oil as an additive to coat internal transmission parts to prevent corrosion and rust. The U.S. Endangered Species Act banned the import of sperm whale oil, so the DEXRON (B) fluid additive package had to be reformulated. In 1973, GM introduced DEXRON-II(C) (GM Spec GM6032M).

DEXRON-II(C) was composed of a more stable, less reactive, hydrocracked Group 2 base oil plus a revised additive package with corrosion and rust inhibitors such as jojoba oil; however, the additive package caused problems with corrosion-prone solder in a relatively small number of GM's transmission fluid coolers. After discovering the corrosion problem, GM updated the fluid specification again and released DEXRON-II(D) in 1975.

GM DEXRON-II(C) licensed products have a license number on the container that begins with the letter C. This was the first GM ATF to advertise 50,000 miles between changes. This fluid is backward compatible with all previous DEXRON fluids as well as the Type "A" Suffix "A", and the Type "A" fluids produced from 1949 to 1966.

1975 – DEXRON-II(D)
In 1975, GM released the DEXRON-II(D) specification (GM6032M). DEXRON-II(D) was composed of Group 2 base oil plus an additive package with alternative corrosion and rust inhibitors. The revised corrosion and rust inhibitors made the new fluid hygroscopic, which, while it was not a major problem in automatic transmissions, made DEXRON-II(D) unsuitable for other hydraulic systems in which it was commonly used. GM DEXRON-II(D) licensed products have a license number on the container that begins with the letter D. This fluid is backward compatible with all previous DEXRON fluids as well as the Type "A" Suffix "A", and the Type "A" fluids produced from 1949 to 1966.

As a result of the 1973 OPEC Oil Embargo and fuel shortages, the U.S. government created the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in 1975. The regulations were to be fully implemented by the 1978 model year. The automotive industry responded by changing to three typically unused transmission technologies:
 * A 4th gear (overdrive)
 * A Torque Converter Clutch (TCC)
 * Front Wheel Drive (FWD)

The 1978 introduction of the TCC led to customer complaints of a shudder while driving. All vehicle manufacturers made changes to their ATF specifications and the controls of their TCC to try to alleviate the problem. GM released a revision to the DEXRON-II(D) fluid specification in 1978, Chrysler released the ATF+2 fluid specification (MS-7176D) in 1980, and Ford released the Mercon Type "H' fluid specification (M2C166-H) in 1981.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:
 * 1976 GM Hydra-Matic 200 3-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1976 GM Hydra-Matic 250 3-Speed Automatic Transmission
 * 1978 GM Hydra-Matic 325 3-Speed Transaxle w/TCC
 * 1979 GM Hydra-Matic 125 3-Speed Transaxle w/TCC
 * 1982 GM Hydra-Matic 200-4R 4-Speed Transmission w/TCC
 * 1983 GM Hydra-Matic 700-R4 4-Speed Transmission w/TCC
 * 1984 GM Hydra-Matic 440-T4 4-Speed Transaxle w/TCC

The equivalent on ELF is RenaultMatic D2.

1990 – DEXRON-II(E)
In the 1990s, electronic controls of the transmission phased out the old hydraulic/mechanically controlled system. GM was first to market with Cadillac Allante's electronic-controlled transmission system, THM F-7, in 1987, followed by Chrysler and Toyota in 1988, and Ford in 1989. Electronic control of shift pattern (when it shifts), shift timing (how long it takes to shift), shift quality (shift feel), line pressure, and TCC apply and release rates were all affected by the cold temperature performance of the ATF flowing through solenoids.

In 1990, DEXRON-II (E) (GM Spec GM6137M) was released. DEXRON-II (E) was composed of Group 2 base oil plus an additive package. According to the GM Technical Service Bulletin 92-7-2 issued on October 2, 1991, DEXRON-II(E) has better anti-foaming characteristics, improved low-temperature flow characteristics (low-temperature viscosity), and improved high-temperature oxidation stability. This fluid's low-temperature performance was also improved (20,000 cP at -40 °C vs. 50,000 cP at -40 °C).

GM DEXRON-II (E) licensed products have a license number on the container that begins with the letter E. This fluid is backward compatible with all previous DEXRON fluids as well as the Type "A" suffix "A" and the Type "A" fluids produced from 1949 to 1966.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:

 * 1991 GM Hydra-Matic 4L80-E (GM's first mass-produced electronically controlled transmission)

The DEXRON-II (E) fluid specification was revised in August 1992. This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:

 * 1993 GM Hydra-Matic 4L60-E 4-Speed, electronically controlled transmission
 * 1993 GM Hydra-Matic 4T60-E 4-Speed, electronically controlled transaxle

1993 – DEXRON-III(F)
In 1993, GM released the new DEXRON-III (F) fluid (GM Spec GM6417M and later GMN10055).

DEXRON-III (F) was composed of Group 2+ base oil plus an additive package. According to GM TSB 57-02-01, issued October 2, 1992, The improvements in Dexron-III (F) include better friction stability, higher high-temperature oxidation stability, and better material compatibility. Dexron-III (F) has the same low-temperature fluidity as Dexron-II (E), for better transmission performance in cold weather. This specification failed to address a number of issues concerning long-term durability, such as shear stability and fluid oxidation.

DEXRON-III (F) underwent a number of iterations in an attempt to address various shortcomings but was eventually replaced by new thinking, i.e., DEXRON-VI (J). GM DEXRON-III (F) licensed products have a license number on the can that begins with the letter F. This fluid is backward compatible with all previous DEXRON fluids as well as the Type "A" suffix "A" and the Type "A" fluids produced from 1949 to 1966.

In 1994–1995, some early OBD-II phase-in vehicles experienced a P0300 DTC (random misfire). Engineers determined that road forces being transferred through the TCC were affecting the normal rotational fluctuations of the crankshaft and tricking the ECM into thinking there was a cylinder misfire.

The solution was to create a new kind of TCC that would normally slip around 35 rpm. GM called it the Variable Capacity Converter Clutch (VCCC); other manufacturers had their own names. Some VCCC systems had a shudder or vibration during normal operation. Engineers tried several computer calibration changes, but a revised fluid was also needed to address the issue.

Ford released the new Mercon V Fluid Specification in 1996; GM released the DEXRON-III (G) Fluid Specification (GM6417M) in 1998; and Chrysler released the MS-9602 Change C Fluid Specification in 1999.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:

 * 1997 GM Hydra-Matic 4T65-E 4-Speed Transaxle with Variable Capacity Converter Clutch (VCCC)

1998 – DEXRON-III(G)
Released in December 1998, GM's DEXRON-III (G) specification (GM6417M) was a synthetic blend automatic transmission fluid, specially developed to address the VCCC shuddering issue. It is also suitable for power steering systems, some hydraulic systems, and rotary air compressors where excellent low-temperature fluidity is required.

GM DEXRON-III (G) licensed products have a license number on the can that begins with the letter G. This fluid is backward compatible with all previous DEXRON fluids as well as the Type "A" suffix "A" and the Type "A" fluids produced from 1949 to 1966.

2003 – DEXRON III (H)
Introduced in 2003, GM's DEXRON III (H) specification (GMN 10055) replaced III (G). The H is an additive package for an updated friction modifier and with an oxidatively stable base oil (group 2). Oils according to this specification have longer maintenance of friction properties and anti-shudder properties, better foam control, and a longer fluid life. universal for all automatic transmissions with and without controlled torque converter lockup clutch, the so-called GKÜB for gear-clutch-lock.

GM DEXRON-III (H) licensed products prior to 2011 had a license number on the can that began with the letter H.

This fluid specification and licensing program was inactivated in March 2011. The ATF Type III (H) fluid shown in the photograph is ACDelco's non-licensed fluid, which is used to support older transmissions that still required the DEXRON-III (H) fluid. This fluid is backward compatible with all previous Dexron fluids as well as the Type "A" suffix "A" and the Type "A" fluids produced from 1949 to 1966.

The fluid on ELF is FluidMatic D3.

2005 – DEXRON-VI(J)
In a joint venture, Ford and GM collaborated on the development of a new 6-speed FWD transaxle (6T70/6F50). Both companies would share the designs and build their own transmissions. The design of these transmissions required a new fluid.

In 2005, Ford released the Mercon Low Viscosity (LV) fluid and GM released the DEXRON-VI specification. The fluid specification for DEXRON-VI (J) was first used as the GM factory-fill automatic transmission fluid for the model year 2006. Roy Fewkes, GM Powertrain Staff Project Engineer and Chairman of the GM ATF/Driveline Lubricants Approval Committee patented the new DEXRON-VI (J) fluid composition under US Patent US8642519B2

DEXRON-VI is of a slightly lower viscosity when new compared to the prior DEXRON fluids (a maximum of 6.4 cSt at 100 °C for DEXRON-VI and 7.5 cSt for DEXRON-III), but the allowed viscosity loss from shearing of the ATF during use is lower for DEXRON-VI, resulting in the same lowest allowed final viscosity for both DEXRON-III and DEXRON-VI (5.5 cSt) in test. In reality, most of the DEXRON-III fluids typically sheared to about 4.2 cSt in use. The lower, more stable viscosity improved pumping efficiency within the transmission and fluid stability over life. Since Dexron VI is not allowed to thin out (lower its viscosity) as much as Dexron III during use, it requires the use of higher-quality, more shear-stable (less prone to thinning while in use) formulations. The container rear label reads "Full Synthetic Automatic Transmission Fluid"; however, the base oil composition is not stated. The current GM specification that defines the fluid is GMW16444, which superseded the original specification, GMN10060.

All DEXRON-III (H) licenses expired permanently at the end of 2011, and GM now supports only DEXRON-VI fluids for use in their older automatic transmissions. Aftermarket fluids asserted by their manufacturers to meet DEXRON-III(H) and earlier standards continue to be sold under names such as DEX/Merc. These fluids are not regulated or endorsed by GM.

GM DEXRON-VI(J) licensed products have a license number on the container that begins with the letter J. This was the first GM ATF to advertise 100,000 miles (160,000 km) between changes for "Normal Driving" conditions and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) for "Severe Service". This fluid is backward compatible with DEXRON-III(H) and DEXRON-III(G) fluids only.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:
 * 2007 6T70/6T75 Transaxles
 * 2007 6L80 Transmission

The fluid on ELF is FluidMatic G6 SYN.

2013 – DEXRON-HP
With increasing CAFE regulations, smaller engines with very narrow torque bands were being put in vehicles with 6- and 8-speed transmissions to improve fuel economy. A new fluid revision was needed for the proper operation of the new 2015 GM 8L90 and 8L45 8-Speed RWD/4WD automatic transmissions. This was GM's first "lifetime" fluid, with no fluid or filter changes required under "normal" driving conditions. The current GM specification that defines the fluid is GMW16974.

There have been two versions of this fluid specification:

 * 1) In July 2013, GM released the Low Viscosity (LV) Dexron-HP (High Performance) Fluid Specification. As shown on the photograph of the rear panel, the 2013 Dexron HP is composed of a group 4 polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil and additives provided by the Afton Chemical Corporation. The rear panel label of early containers of this fluid incorrectly states that this fluid is backward compatible with previous DEXRON ATF; it is not. The label was corrected on later bottles of the fluid.
 * 2) In May 2017, a revision was made to the GMW16974 fluid specification. A change to a Group III+ base oil rather than a Group 4 PAO base oil was made, as was another additive package option from Afton Chemical Corporation.

GM DEXRON-HP licensed products have a license number on the container that begins with the letter J.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions:
 * 2015 8L90, 8L45, 8-speed RWD/4WD vehicles
 * 2017 1ET25 Chevrolet Bolt EV drive unit
 * 2018 9T50 9-Speed FWD/AWD transaxle

2014 – DEXRON-ULV
The fluid specification for DEXRON-ULV (ultra-low viscosity) was introduced on January 2, 2014. DEXRON-ULV is composed of a Group 3+ base oil and additives needed for the proper operation of the 2017 and above GM 10L90 and the Ford 10R80 10-Speed rear-wheel-drive automatic transmission.

This transmission and the transmission fluid specification were co-developed by Ford and GM. The current specification that defines the fluid is Ford WSS-M2C949-A. This fluid is also marketed as Mercon ULV.

The quart containers of DEXRON-ULV must be shaken to stir up the additives before pouring. This fluid is not backward compatible with any previous fluids.

This fluid was first used in the 2017 10L90 10-Speed Automatic Transmission.

2016 – Mobil 1 Synthetic LV ATF HP "Black Label"
In 2016, a new fluid specification for a "DEXRON Approved" Mobil 1 Synthetic LV ATF HP was introduced in GM Technical Service Bulletin 16-NA-175. The revision was to help correct a torque converter clutch shudder in the GM 8L90, 8L80, and 8L45 automatic transmissions.

DEXRON LV ATF HP is made by Mobil and is marketed as Mobil 1 LV ATF HP. DEXRON LV ATF HP is composed of a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) Group IV base oil and additives developed by Afton Chemical needed for the proper operation of the 2015 and above GM 8L90 8-Speed rear-wheel drive automatic transmission. The current GM specification that defines the fluid is GMW16974 (2nd Edition, May 2017).

2016 – DEXRON III(K) for Manual Transmissions
On August 1, 2016, GM released the DEXRON III (K) fluid specification (GM Spec GMW17639) as a fluid to support older GM manual transmissions and power steering systems requiring the previously discontinued DEXRON-III (H) fluid.

Warning: The additive package for automatic transmissions has been removed from this fluid; do not use it in any automatic transmission.

2018 – Mobil 1 Synthetic LV ATF HP "Blue Label"
On October 1, 2018, a special fluid specification (GMNA-9986555 ) was introduced for a revised "DEXRON Approved" Mobil 1 Synthetic LV ATF HP. This revised fluid was introduced in GM Technical Service Bulletin 18-NA-355 in December 2018. The revision is to help correct a torque converter clutch shudder in the GM 8L90 and 8L45 automatic transmissions after a complete flush of the system.

DEXRON LV ATF LV is made by Mobil and is marketed as Mobil-1 LV ATF HP. Mobil-1 LV ATF HP is composed of a Gas to liquids (GTL) Group 3+ Base oil and additives developed by Infineum needed for the proper operation of the 2015 and above GM 8L90 and 8L45 8-Speed rear wheel drive automatic transmission.

Containers of this fluid have a revised blue and silver label on the front of the container. This "DEXRON Approved" DEXRON-HP product has a J-62120 license number on the rear label of the container.

Example maintenance schedule
GM Lifetime automatic transmission fluids made from higher-quality base oil and an additive package are more chemically stable, less reactive, and do not experience oxidation as easily as lower-quality fluids made from lower-quality base oil and an additive package. Therefore, higher-quality transmission fluids can last a long time in normal driving conditions (typically 100,000 miles (160,934 km) or more).

The definition of "lifetime fluid" differs from transmission manufacturer to transmission manufacturer. Always consult the vehicle maintenance guide for the proper service interval for the fluid in your transmission and your driving conditions.

Chevrolet Colorado Example: According to the Scheduled Maintenance Guide of a 2018 Chevrolet Colorado with "Lifetime Fluid," the vehicle could have two different fluid service intervals depending upon how it is driven:

1. Normal Driving

 * Carry passengers and cargo within the recommended limits on the Tire and Loading Information label.
 * Driven on reasonable road surfaces within legal driving limits.

Under "normal" driving conditions, the automatic transmission fluid and filter never need to be changed.

2. Severe Driving
Under "Severe" driving conditions, replace automatic transmission fluid and filter every 45,000 mi (72,420 km)
 * Mainly driven in heavy city traffic in hot weather
 * Mainly driven in hilly or mountainous terrain
 * Frequently towing a trailer
 * Used for high speed or competitive driving
 * Used for taxi, police, or delivery service.

title: DEXRON


text:
May Morning

May Morning is an annual event in Oxford, United Kingdom, on May Day (1 May).

Event
The event starts early at 6 a.m. with the Magdalen College Choir singing a hymn, the Hymnus Eucharisticus, from the top of Magdalen Tower. The choir traditionally also sings a madrigal, Now Is the Month of Maying, following prayers for the city led by the Dean of Divinity. Large crowds of both students and Oxford residents normally gather under the tower, along the High Street, and on Magdalen Bridge. Students and fellows of Magdalen College gather in the college cloisters and on top of the other towers within the college grounds. In 2017 the event took place during the Bank Holiday weekend, and a record 27,000 people gathered to hear Sol Samba. During the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic the event was cancelled, however the choir recorded a 'Virtual May Morning', originally broadcast live.

This is then followed by general revelry and festivities including Morris dancing in Radcliffe Square between the University Church and the Radcliffe Camera, impromptu music, etc., for a couple of hours from around 6.15am onwards. There is a party atmosphere, despite the early hour. In fact, in some years there are all-night balls the night before, so some people, especially students, are in formal attire.

There is a modern tradition of students jumping from Magdalen Bridge. This occurred sporadically in the 1960s, becoming an annual event by the 1980s. However the river is sometimes shallow, which has on occasion caused serious injury, notably in 1997 when one person was left paralyzed, and 2005 when ten were hospitalised. Hence the bridge was closed every May Morning 1998–2001 and 2006–2009.

In the 19th century, the young townsmen blew horns and ran riot, after the singing. Activities have varied over the previous centuries. Vera Brittain wrote a poem with the title May Morning in 1916. The first ten lines depict the actual event. One fictional description of the Tudor May Morning is in "Towers in the Mist" by Elizabeth Goudge. Another description is found in the film Shadowlands directed by Richard Attenborough, on an episode in the life of the English scholar, writer and fellow of Magdalen's C. S. Lewis, starring Anthony Hopkins as C. S. Lewis and Debra Winger as Joy Davidman, and including footage from the 1993 May Morning celebrations.

During the COVID-19 lockdowns, May Morning was hosted online in 2020 and 2021.

After two years of lockdown, May Morning began once more in earnest in 2022. Approximately 12,500 people crowded the streets to welcome the return of the festivities.

title: May Morning


text:
Talk:WOMADelaide

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title: Talk:WOMADelaide