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Ingo Potrykus

Ingo Potrykus (born 5 December 1933) is Professor Emeritus of Plant Sciences at the Institute of Plant Sciences of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich from which he retired in 1999. His research group applied gene technology to contribute to food security in developing countries. Together with Peter Beyer, he is one of the co-inventors of golden rice. In 2014 he was chairman of the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board.

Background
Potrykus was born on 5 December 1933 in Germany. He studied biology at the University of Cologne and earned his doctorate at the Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany. After several years at the Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Hohenheim, he became research group leader at the Max-Planck Institute for Plant Genetics. Ladenburg, Germany. In 1976 he transferred to Basel, Switzerland to establish the area of plant genetic engineering at the Friedrich Miescher Institute. In 1986 he became professor of plant sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, concentrating on the Biotechnology of Plants. He retired from this institute in 1999 at the age of 65.

Research
Motivated by the upcoming food crisis problem of malnutrition in developing countries and the potential of gene technology to contribute to food security, Potrykus and his research group dedicated their work to genetic engineering projects aimed at improving yield stability and food quality of crops such as rice, wheat, millet, sorghum, and cassava. The most significant development so far has been the creation of golden rice, a new rice variety providing vitamin A. This strain of rice is widely seen as the model example of how to sustainably reduce malnutrition in developing countries. Potrykus began thinking about using genetic engineering to improve the nutritional qualities of rice in the late 1980s. He knew that of some 3 billion people who depend on rice as their staple crop, around 10% risk some level of vitamin A deficiency. This problem interested Potrykus for numerous reasons, including the scientific challenge of transferring not just a single gene, but a group of genes that represented a key part of a biochemical pathway. In 1993, with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Potrykus teamed up with Peter Beyer and they launched what would become a seven-year, $2.6 million project to develop Golden Rice.

Since his retirement in 1999, Ingo Potrykus - as president of the International Humanitarian Golden Rice Board - has devoted his energy to guiding Golden Rice towards subsistence farmers across the many hurdles of a GMO-crop. To this end he has been established collaboration with 14 rice institutions in India, China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Philippines. In 2013 Potrykus met the Pope who offered his personal blessing to Golden Rice although the Pope was concerned that genetic modification benefited big business rather than the poor.

Personal life
Potrykus has been married since 1960 to Inge Heilingbrunner. He has three children and eight grandchildren.

Publications
Source:

 * Al-Babili S, Ye X, Lucca P, Potrykus I, Beyer P (2001) Biosynthesis of beta-carotene (provitamin A) in rice endosperm achieved by genetic engineering. Novartis Found Symp 236:219-28; discussion 228-232.
 * Beyer P, Al-Babili S, Ye X, Lucca P, Schaub P, Welsch R, Potrykus I (2002) Golden Rice: Introducing the {beta}-Carotene Biosynthesis Pathway into Rice Endosperm by Genetic Engineering to Defeat Vitamin A Deficiency. J. Nutr. 132:506S-510.
 * Burkhardt P, Beyer P, Wunn J, Kloti A, Armstrong G, Schledz M, von Lintig J, Potrykus I (1997) Transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm expressing daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) phytoene synthase accumulates phytoene, a key intermediate of provitamin A biosynthesis. Plant J 11:1071-1078.
 * Futterer J, Potrykus I, Bao Y, Li L, Burns T, Hull R, Hohn T (1996) Position-dependent ATT initiation during plant pararetrovirus rice tungro bacilliform virus translation. J. Virol. 70:2999-3010.
 * Futterer J, Rothnie H, Hohn T, Potrykus I (1997) Rice tungro bacilliform virus open reading frames II and III are translated from polycistronic pregenomic RNA by leaky scanning. J. Virol. 71:7984-7989.
 * Hoa TTC, Al-Babili S, Schaub P, Potrykus I, Beyer P (2003) Golden Indica and Japonica Rice Lines Amenable to Deregulation. Plant Physiology 133:161-169.
 * Kloti A, He X, Potrykus I, Hohn T, Futterer J (2002) Tissue-specific silencing of a transgene in rice. PNAS 99:10881-10886.
 * Lucca P, Hurrell R, Potrykus I (2002) Fighting Iron Deficiency Anemia with Iron-Rich Rice. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 21:184S-190.
 * Paszkowski U, Zhang S, Potrykus I, Paszkowski J (1993) Replication of the DNA A component of African cassava mosaic virus in a heterologous system. J. Gen. Virol. 74:2725-2729.
 * Pietrzak M, Shillito R, Hohn T, Potrykus I (1986) Expression in plants of two bacterial antibiotic resistance genes after protoplast transformation with a new plant expression vector. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:5857-5868.
 * Potrykus I (2001) Golden Rice and Beyond. Plant Physiology 125:1157-1161.
 * Schlaman H, Gisel A, Quaedvlieg N, Bloemberg G, Lugtenberg B, Kijne J, Potrykus I, Spaink H, Sautter C (1997) Chitin oligosaccharides can induce cortical cell division in roots of Vicia sativa when delivered by ballistic microtargeting. Development 124:4887-4895.
 * Ye X, Al-Babili S, Klöti A, Zhang J, Lucca P, Beyer P, Potrykus I (2000) Engineering the Provitamin A (β-Carotene) Biosynthetic Pathway into (Carotenoid-Free) Rice Endosperm. Science 287:303-305.

Awards and honors

 * Kumho (International Society for Plant Molecular Biology) Science International Award in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 2000.
 * American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) Leadership in Science Public Service Award 2001.
 * Crop Science of America (CSSA) Klepper Endowment Lectureship 2001,
 * Crop Science of America (CSSSA) President's Award 2002,
 * European Culture Award in Science 2002,
 * Honorary Doctor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 2002.
 * Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Vatican since 2005
 * Member of Academia Europaea
 * Member of Hungarian Academy of Sciences
 * Member of Swiss Academy of Technical Sciences
 * Voted one of the Top 100 Living Contributors to Biotechnology in the journal Science in 2005
 * The most notable contributor to agricultural, environmental and industrial biotechnology over the preceding 10 years in Nature Biotechnology in 2006
 * Honorary doctor at the University of Freiburg in 2007
 * Bertebos prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry in 2007

title: Ingo Potrykus


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Emigrant, Montana

Emigrant is an unincorporated community in Park County, Montana, United States. As of the 2010 census, the ZIP Code Tabulation Area (59027) for Emigrant had a population of 372. Emigrant is located in southern Montana, on the Yellowstone River, approximately 30 mi north of Yellowstone National Park, and 20 mi south of Livingston.

Geography
Emigrant is located at an elevation of 4882 ft.

Emigrant relies largely on tourism. Most of its facilities and services are open year round.

Emigrant sits between the Absaroka Range and the Gallatin Range in Paradise Valley. The community is located just a few miles west of Emigrant Peak, elevation 10915 ft. It is situated between Highway 89 and Murphy Lane, making it a crossroads to the Chico Hot Springs Resort, which is situated a few miles southeast.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Emigrant has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

History
Emigrant is situated very close to the site of defunct Yellowstone City, which was established in 1863 but eventually abandoned and replaced by Chico, sometimes called "Old Chico" or "Chico City," which is situated a few miles south at the mouth of Emigrant Gulch.

The town of Emigrant as it stands today originated as a railroad stop for much of the mining and agricultural activities taking place in the area. It is a much newer community than nearby Chico but has overshadowed Chico due to strategic location. Although the railroad pulled out as transporting freight by truck became standard, Emigrant did not suffer the decline other rural towns in the region had due to its ability to tap into regional tourism. Much of the current structures in Emigrant are newer and well maintained with an "old western" architectural theme.

In August 1864, three emigrants, who came to Montana on the Bozeman Trail, arrived and found men already hard at work mining the creek. The new arrivals decided to try their luck farther up the rugged gulch, finding pay dirt high up the side of Emigrant Peak. The strike caused a stampede that drew several hundred miners and a few women to this remote area deep in Crow Indian country. The miners worked the gravel with moderate success for several weeks before cold weather drove them down to Yellowstone City, near the mouth of Emigrant Gulch.

This settlement was a collection of fifty rough log cabins with dirt roofs and elk hide floors. Supplies ran short during that winter; flour was scarce and tobacco cost $300 a pound, making it worth its weight in gold. The only thing plentiful was venison - for breakfast, lunch, and dinner during the long winter months. In the spring, the shortages ended and the men went back to work on their claims.

By 1866, Yellowstone City had been abandoned due to hostility with the local Indian population and dwindling placer gold. Nothing remains of the town today. The Emigrant Gulch strike was not a fabulous one, but snug stakes rewarded many of the pioneers for their energy and hardships.

Emigrant first had a post office in 1872, which only lasted 4 years but was reestablished in 1911.

Wildlife
Due to its location by the Yellowstone River, Emigrant is a popular area for fly fishing, and also home to many species, such as American badger, black-billed magpie, deer, elk, coyote, fox, and occasionally wolves and black bear.

From Emigrant, it is only a few miles to the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, and the Gallatin National Forest. Emigrant's proximity to the national forests, wilderness area, Yellowstone National Park and the Yellowstone River make it an ideal spot for outdoorsmen to visit and live in.

Pop culture
Much of A River Runs Through It and The Horse Whisperer were filmed in Emigrant.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emigrant, Montana


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RegionsAir

RegionsAir was a 14 CFR Part 121 regional airline based out of the Smyrna Airport in Smyrna, Tennessee, USA. The hub airports for RegionsAir were Lambert-St. Louis International Airport (STL) and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE).

RegionsAir operated under a code-sharing agreement with TWA and American Airlines to provide flights to communities as AmericanConnection from Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, and as Continental Connection from Cleveland Hopkins International Airport.

RegionsAir ceased all operations on March 8, 2007, and furloughed all of its employees a month later.

History
RegionsAir was known as Corporate Express Airlines from 1996 to 1998, and then Corporate Airlines from 1998 to 2004. Operating as Corporate Express, it flew for Midway Airlines providing feed until their first shutdown in 2001 and also flew for TWA as Trans World Express out of St. Louis. When TWA merged into American Airlines on December 2, 2001, Corporate began operating as AmericanConnection continuing to provide flights to communities from Lambert-St. Louis International Airport. At that time, the airline was run by Chuck Howell, who became the president at Great Lakes Airlines. The airline changed its Corporate name to RegionsAir in May 2004 to end confusion with similarly named airlines. RegionsAir began another code-sharing alliance with Continental Airlines as Continental Connection in 2006 with a hub at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. RegionsAir had been the air service provider for many small communities as part of the federally subsidized Essential Air Service (EAS) program.

On October 7, 2005, Viva International, an aviation holding company, issued an irrevocable Letter of Intent to Purchase RegionsAir for an undisclosed sum, but nothing ever became of the LOI.

In March, 2007 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded the airline, saying there had been problems with the airline's training and certification program.

Incidents and accidents
On October 19, 2004 Corporate Airlines Flight 5966 crashed on approach to Kirksville, Missouri. Thirteen people died and two were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has determined pilot error to be the cause of this accident.

On March 2, 2007, the local Airline's FSDO office, FAA officials in DC, and the airline got into a disagreement over wording in the airline's training manuals. The airline voluntarily ceased scheduled operations until the items could be clarified. FAA officials found no discrepancies when they went over all pilots records. In the end, about 35 of the airline's flights were canceled that Saturday.

On March 8, 2007, at 4:36pm the FAA again grounded RegionsAir due to discrepancies in the airline's training procedures for line-check airmen. As a result of this second grounding within one week, several regional airports serviced by RegionsAir announced intentions to replace the airline with other regional carriers.

title: RegionsAir


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User talk:Politcalcorrect

Howdy and welcome!
Hi Politicalcorrect, and welcome to Wikipedia! I saw your edit pop up on Mandara and though Cameroonian history isn't my strong point, it looks like good stuff! So I thought I'd swing by and say hello. Here's the usual boilerplate--a few good links for newcomers:

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page (below).
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Some links that may be of use to you as a potential editor of other Africa articles:
 * List of missing Africa topics
 * WikiProject Countering systemic bias open tasks
 * Portal:Africa
 * African Collaboration of the Fortnight

Anyway, happy editing, and have a good time! If there's ever anything I can help with (or if you just want to say hey) feel free to swing by my talk page! All the best, --Dvyost 22:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Mandara
In editing Mandara, I did notice one problem--no citations yet. Can you provide some references or links as per WP:CITE? This will not only verify what you've written so far, but give a big boost to future editors who want to expand your work! I've removed the uncited material for now, as some of it conflicts with the online sources I myself found, but pending some sourcing I think we can put most of it back in... --Dvyost 22:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Politcalcorrect


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User talk:Simonjgriffithshr

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name.

I've noticed that you have made several edits regarding the Christian faith, and that's great! We have a committed and diverse group of editors in our community with similar interests! Please feel free to ask us questions and interact with us on the various talk pages for Christian topics; we'd love to have you working with us!

If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! KHM03 22:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Cryptlogo.gif, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 13:58, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simonjgriffithshr


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Xara Xtreme LX

Xara Xtreme LX is a discontinued 2D vector graphics editor, developed as an open source version of the commercial Xara Xtreme. The abbreviation LX stands for Xara Xtreme on Linux and was retained in some places such as the executable "xaralx".

History
The first version was released for Linux in October 2005, and Xara Group Ltd announced it will release the source code of the trimmed down version under a free software licence, the GPL, and seek community help in porting it over to Linux and Mac OS X using the wxWidgets toolkit.

At the opening of the Libre Graphics Meeting 2006 in Lyon, France, Xara released most of the source code of Xara Xtreme for Linux in an updated website with details on how to access the sources. According to the Xara Xtreme for Linux homepage, the released source code contained "the majority of the Xara Xtreme source code" excluding the CDraw rendering engine only available in the form of static GCC libraries for a few selected CPU architectures. The 0.3 beta series allowed use of the  file format.

The last beta version was 0.7. The progress of the Linux version has stalled and the program's website has not been updated since August 2006. Xara Group Ltd's CEO, Charles Moir, confirmed on 15 Feb 2007 on the Xara developer mailing list why CDraw source code wouldn't be released: "For a number of reasons, one significant reason being commercial risk  outlined earlier" [on this list]

A new project, xarino, was created in December 2008, which provides access to the project's source code. A new mailing list was established in May 2009.

The community replaced the CDraw library with the open source Cairo library in May 2010.

There are forks maintained on GitHub. They include the latest XaraLx source version (last edits in 2007).

title: Xara Xtreme LX


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San Bruno Mountain

San Bruno Mountain is a fault-block horst in northern San Mateo County, California; its northern slopes rise in San Francisco. It is surrounded by San Francisco Bay and the cities of Brisbane, Colma, Daly City, and South San Francisco, and has played an important role in the history of all these communities.

Topped by a four mile long ridge, trails along the summit afford expansive views of the San Francisco Bay Area. Much of the mountain is in the 2326 acre San Bruno Mountain State Park or the adjoining 83 acre State Ecological Reserve. Radio Peak (elevation 1,319 ft), the highest point, serves the hilly Bay Area with several radio/TV broadcast towers.

It is not a part of the nearby Santa Cruz Mountains, whose northern-most peak on Montara Mountain lifts only eight miles from Radio Peak. The Santa Cruz range is on the Pacific tectonic plate, while San Bruno Mountain is on the North American Plate.

Distinct geology and weather set San Bruno Mountain apart from other California coastal areas. The mountain soil provides habitat for rare and endangered plants (see below) and butterflies; the Callippe silverspot, Mission blue, and San Bruno elfin butterfly all inhabit mountain slopes. The mountain is also a cradle for economically-useful plants; the low-growing evergreen "San Bruno Mountain Manzanita" (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) has become widely used in drought-resistant landscaping.

Location
The southern border of San Francisco runs along the northern base of the range; Daly City's "top-of-the-hill" community at the westernmost point of the mountain was founded on John Daly's dairy farm by SF residents fleeing the 1906 quake. The post-WW2 residential tracts of Southern Hills and Bayshore encircle the north side of the mountain - their construction inspired Malvina Reynolds song Little Boxes (a 1964 Billboard Hot 100 hit for singer Pete Seeger). The Bayshore neighborhood features the 1941 Cow Palace indoor arena, and faces a large bay-landfill.

Brisbane is on an eastern prominence, while the residential portion of the community of South San Francisco spills into the southeastern valleys. Almost two miles of the southern flank of the mountain abuts the large cemeteries of Colma, many developed after the City and County of San Francisco evicted all burial grounds from the county in 1912.

The 144-acre Guadalupe quarry on the south side of Guadalupe Canyon is presently owned and operated by American Rock and Asphalt, Inc., while the Crocker Industrial Park occupies much of the canyon floor. Radio towers occupy the highest (1,319 ft) peak, and may be accessed from the San Bruno County Park center, in the "saddle" between the north and south ridges.

A series of historic maps and photos of the area may be viewed at the website of the City of Brisbane.

Topography, Geology, Climate

San Bruno Mountain is a part of the Franciscan Formation; sedimentary rock laid down in the Mesozoic, then uplifted as fault-blocks starting in the Pleistocene; prior to the initial occurrence of the San Andreas transform-fault. The formation is centered on present-day San Francisco, composed of small ranges trending northwest-to-southeast from the peninsula up into Marin County.

The mountain pairs two parallel ranges separated by the Guadalupe Valley and Colma Canyon and united by a saddle. The lower north range (also called Crocker Hills) attains a peak of 850 ft. The south range rises abruptly from Merced Valley at the south to the 1319 ft Radio Peak in a horizontal distance of only 0.8 mi. Slightly to the east of the highest peak, south of the main range, a small block reaches 581 ft in South San Francisco, named Sign Hill for the large letters there since the 1920s. An even-smaller block rising 246 ft is now called Siplichiquin Hill to memorialize the nearby ancient Ramaytush shoreline hamlet. Into the early 1900s, San Francisco Bay still lapped directly against the eastern flank of San Bruno Mountain; but today the entire bay shoreline is fill.

The region is drained by two streams: Guadalupe Valley Creek flows east between the two ranges to reach the Bay north of Brisbane - most of it now runs through underground culverts. Colma Creek rises from a source in San Bruno Mountain State and County Park, runs west into Colma Canyon, then turns southeast and runs south along the base of the mountain (fed by Twelve-Mile Creek along Westborough Boulevard, and at least eight other streams) until it reaches the San Francisco Bay north of San Francisco International Airport. Steelhead trout historically swam nearly to the headwaters of Colma Creek to spawn; boats carried supplies up to the Southern Pacific stop (now Molloy's Tavern on Old Mission Road in Colma). Seasonal creeks to drain runoff cut ravines in the south face; after a heavy rain a 12-foot waterfall regularly appears in Juncus ravine behind Hillside School, others may be found in Guadalupe canyon.

Under the surface, we find late Cretaceous dark greenish-gray graywacke, a poorly sorted sandstone containing angular rock fragments (about 10% feldspar and detrital chert). The fragments imply a rapid erosion and burial in a deposit-basin, fossils are quite rare. Exposed graywacke can be observed on high ridges and on steep canyon walls. Microscopic fossils abound in the radiolarian chert seen on certain south facing slopes of San Bruno Mountain and at Point San Bruno. Finally, Serpentinite (the California State Rock) is a greenish soft metamorphic material; outcrops occur near Serbian Ravine and at Point San Bruno. With their unusual and diverse mineral composition, serpentine soils host a variety of rare plants which support even-rarer animal life.

An inland sand-dune (Colma formation) is found on the western slope behind Daly City's John F. Kennedy Elementary School, more than two-and-a-half miles from the ocean and elevated more than seven hundred feet above sea-level. Reputedly, an exploratory gold mine exists on the mountain, above the Southern Hills., while the South San Francisco Land And Improvement Company registered a small silver, lead, and zinc mine in 1919.

The mountain's climate is dominated by marine air flow heading inland, temperatures are mild to chilly in all seasons. Summer temperatures are further affected by marine fog shrouding the mountain mornings and evenings between late June and October, particularly the western slopes. Minimum temperature may fall below 50 F in some sheltered valleys. Wind speed is higher than at surrounding locations; on ridges winter storms regularly produce gusts from 50 to 80 mph. Precipitation is similar to surrounding cities, or about 22 in per-annum; approximately 66 days-per-annum have measurable rainfall. Very occasionally, the mountain been covered with snow (recorded in December 1932, January 1952, January 1957, January 1962, February 5, 1976, February 26, 2011, and February 5, 2019).

History
The earliest Spanish explorers on the San Francisco peninsula found the north end occupied by Ramaytush-speaking Ohlone peoples. The Yelamu seasonal hamlet of Siplichiquin occupied the southeastern point of the mountain, sheltered from western breezes and facing an oyster-laden cove; the occupants covered their dead with the shells. Tested samples from the Siplichiquin shellmound indicate regular and continuous occupation from 3,200 BCE (contemporary with the earliest dynasties of Ancient Egypt and likely a Hokan settlement pre-dating the Ohlone ) through AD 1800. Other prehistoric shell middens (names unrecorded and now unknown) have been unearthed during excavations over the past century - now denominated with CA-SMA numbers 44, 299, and 355. These are on the south flank of the mountain where Colma Creek once entered the salt marshes that formerly lined San Francisco Bay. All of them are presently considered outlying seasonal encampments for residents of Siplichichiquin and Urebure, and none have been extensively studied.

Before the Gold-Rush
The Portola expedition visited San Francisco Bay in 1769; Sergeant Ortega's party of scouts crossed Montara Mountain to reach the Golden Gate; they are considered the first Europeans to see San Bruno Mountain. On December 2, 1774 Alta California governor Fernando Rivera y Moncada and four soldiers (possibly with Father Palóu) climbed the mountain and watched the sun rise across the bay. The mountain was named by Bruno de Heceta to honor his patron saint, and Sierra de San Bruno appears on the land-map of Rancho Cañada de Guadalupe drawn by Jean Jacques Vioget (presently in the collections of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley) some time in the 1840s. That name was continued in use by the Geological Survey of California in 1865, which described the place as a short range extending from Sierra Point nearly to the Pacific Ocean.

San Bruno Mountain incorporates portions of five Spanish/Mexican land grants; the southernmost and largest being Rancho Buri Buri. Jose Antonio Sanchez, a member of the 1776 De Anza Expedition, was awarded Rancho Buri Buri in 1827, with confirmation by the Mexican government in 1835. Rancho Buri Buri extended from the bay salt flats to San Andreas Valley and from Daly City to Burlingame. Its northern extremity included "La Portezuela" (Doorway) between the western end of the mountain and the coastal upthrust along the San Andreas Fault, the juncture of Mission Street and El Camino Real. This was the main route between San Francisco and the peninsula before 1907, initially established to serve the missions, adopted by the Overland Stage in 1857, followed by the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad in 1863 and the Southern Pacific. Three other ranchos held minor portions on the northern flank of the mountain: Rancho Laguna de la Merced, Rancho Rincon de las Salinas y Potrero Viejo, and a corner of Rancho San Miguel all climbed the hills of the north range.

Rancho Canada de Guadalupe la Visitacion y Rodeo Viejo, however, contained most of the present day San Bruno Mountain, It included the present-day city of Brisbane, Guadalupe Valley, Crocker Industrial Park, Visitacion Valley and the rodeo grounds south of Islais Creek. In 1835 Governor Vallejo granted this rancho to Jacob P. Leese, his brother-in-law. Leese exchanged it for a rancho near Clear Lake owned by Yerba Buena character Robert T. Ridley and his wife Presentacion (daughter of Juana Briones de Miranda). The Visitacion rancho was actioned after Ridley died in 1851, despite the claims of his widow. In 1884 banker Charles Crocker acquired the largest part of the holdings of this rancho amounting to 3,997 acres, and that land devolved to the Crocker Estate Company.

1850s-1960s
The United States Coast Survey sketch of San Francisco Bay drawn in 1853 from observations made from 1850 to 1852 labels the mountain as Abbey Hill, which name appeared on U.S. Coast Survey maps until 1869. The United States Geological Survey surveyed the San Francisco area, producing a 15-minute topographic map in 1892 and updating it in 1899.

The County of San Francisco discouraged graveyard-expansion in the 1880s, and prohibited burials after 1900. New cemeteries were established over the county line in Colma on the southern flank of the mountain. Holy Cross Roman Catholic Cemetery, went into service in 1887, quickly followed by Jewish institutions Hills of Eternity Memorial Park and Home of Peace Cemetery which moved from San Francisco. The Chinese Six Companies established Hoy Sun Ning Yung Cemetery in 1898, while the most recent (and sixteenth) development is the neighboring Golden Hill Memorial Park & Funeral Home, begun in 1994.

The road to the top of the mountain (Radio Road) does not appear on the 1950 USGS 7.5-minute topographic map, but does appear on the 1956 edition. In 1949 KRON (Channel 4) was the first television station to place a transmitter tower on Radio Peak, followed by KQED and KTVU, though these latter tenants moved their transmitters to Sutro Tower in the 1970s, while KTSF now transmits from Mount Allison. Radio Peak currently houses TV broadcasts for KRON, KOFY (and sister stations KCNZ and KQRM), KKPX, and KNTV. A number of FM radio stations built transmitter towers on the mountain, and in 2005, KNTV moved its transmitter to the mountain, on the former KCSM-TV tower. KTSF occupied the former KRON site until 2018, when it entered into a channel sharing agreement with KDTV-DT and moved to its site on Mount Allison. Radio transmitters presently on San Bruno Mountain include KIOI, KITS, KMEL, KMVQ, KOSF (formerly KSFX), KQED, and KSAN,

In 1954, construction was begun for an early-warning radar and missile-control site on the mountaintop. It became active in 1956, controlling Nike anti-aircraft defense systems at Fort Funston (SF-59) and Milagra Ridge (SF-51), and remained in service through March 1963. The site has been re-purposed, and no trace can now be seen. The runways of San Francisco Airport are three miles from the peak; in 1998 a United Airlines 747 lost power in an engine and nearly crashed into the peak.

Westbay controversy
In 1965, Westbay Community Associates announced a plan to level a portion of the mountain to fill 27 sqmi of San Francisco Bay north of Sierra Point with landfill. The proposal intended to create housing developments in the "Saddle" and in the landfill zone. A four-lane limited-access road to connect the Bayshore Road to Radio Road was constructed to service the traffic from the proposed development; named the Guadalupe Canyon Parkway, it was completed in 1968. In order to remove 250 e6cuyd of earth from the ridge, Westbay proposed using a conveyor belt system to transport the fill across Bayshore Boulevard and Bayshore Freeway to offshore barges, which would then deposit the material along the shores of the Bay. Opposition by organizations such as Save The Bay and the residents of Brisbane led to the defeat of Westbay's conveyor plan in June 1967 and eventual cessation of landfill operations at Sierra Point by December 1972.

Protection Efforts
In 1970, the Crocker Land Company and Foremost/McKesson partnered in development company Visitacion Associates, and 3,600 acres of the undeveloped mountain real-estate was transferred to the new entity. Visitacion announced development of 8,500 residential units and 2 million square feet of commercial and office-space, to begin construction in 1975. Active opposition to development on the mountain continued, organized as the Committee to Save San Bruno Mountain, and in 1972 San Mateo County voters approved Proposition A (a program for acquiring undeveloped land for county parks) by 147,805 to 74,167. Years of litigation over this plan was settled with Visitacion and Crocker donating 546 acres on the main ridge, and selling 1,100 more to the County in 1978. The State purchased 256 additional acres at the "Saddle" in 1980, and placed them under County management. In 1989, the state Wildlife Conservation Board purchased another 83 acres and created a San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve.

But, in 1978, the Mission blue butterfly was declared an endangered species. Visitacion and Crocker Land hired Los Angeles legal firm Nossaman LLP, and in 1982 environmental attorney Robert D. Thornton pioneered the Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) concept. An HCP is "a planning document designed to accommodate economic development to the extent possible by authorizing the limited and unintentional take of listed species when it occurs incidental to otherwise lawful activities" He proposed creating the first such plan for the area around San Bruno Mountain. In the case of endangered San Bruno Mountain flora and fauna, it allowed new mountain developments at Terrabay, the Northeast Ridge in Brisbane (built in the mid 1990s, it's streets and civic features are named after endangered species they displaced), as well as at Village in the Park (built in 1985), Pointe Pacific (1986), and Bayshore Heights (1995) in Daly City. The accommodation offset for each development was to be the creation of equivalent new habitat nearby, which has not been substantially undertaken after forty years.

Terra Bay development
The Terra Bay project was approved in the mid-1980s for development at the south and southeast base of San Bruno Mountain. Terra Bay was constructed in three phases: the first phase constructed townhomes and detached houses; the second phase constructed more housing units, including one of the tallest buildings in South San Francisco, a condominium tower named the Peninsula Mandalay, and the third phase constructed an office building named Centennial Towers. The original developer, W.W. Dean & Associates, was unable to complete the project, and SunChase Holdings acquired the project in 1992, completing site preparation before selling the parcels for Phase I to Centex Homes.

The Terra Bay site was known to include habitat for the Mission blue and Callippe silverspot butterflies; the original developer received a US$15000 1983 fine in 1983 for bulldozing part of the habitat during site preparation. Under the terms established by the 1982 amendment to the Endangered Species Act, the nation's first-ever Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) was agreed upon, allowing developers to destroy the habitat of endangered species if substitute lands were made available. SunChase agreed to fund ecological restoration to mitigate the impact of Terra Bay during the development of Phase I under the terms of the San Bruno HCP. SunChase entered a joint venture with Myers Development for the development of Phases II and III; although Phase III had 20 acres of land available for construction, the completed Centennial Towers was scaled back to fit on just 8 acres, partly in order to establish a buffer zone between the development and an ancient shellmound.

Although the shellmound had been noted as early as 1909, a sample of 22 m3 of the shellmound conducted in 1989 by Holman & Associates (commissioned by W.W. Dean) revealed the massive shellmound contained human remains, and further, that the shellmound site is eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The Holman & Associates report was not made public for nearly ten years, with leaked copies circulating privately in 1997, and a public copy incorporated in the draft Environmental Impact Report in 1998. A lawsuit was settled out of court, resulting in the developer selling the land which included the shellmound and habitat for the Mission blue and Callippe silverspot butterflies to The Trust for Public Land, who would incorporate the parcel into San Bruno Mountain State Park. Ultimately, Terra Bay Phase III was scaled back significantly from the original mixed-use retail/office proposal. The shorter 12-story south tower was completed in 2009, and the taller 21-story north tower was completed in 2020 after the project was acquired by a different developer. The finished two-tower property was acquired by Ventas in late 2020.

Life and Death on San Bruno Mountain
The title "San Bruno Mountain Hermits" refers was given to individuals known to inhabit San Bruno Mountain at various times: first in the 1980s, and then in the 2000s. Over the years, people sought refuge on the mountain from modern society and the homeless support system; some claimed to have cleared invasive or aggressive florae, performed fire prevention services, and engaged with local visitors who passed by their hut.

In several cases, the San Mateo Sheriff or Parks Department have issued eviction notices, citing environmental degradation and illegal residency. In each case, after a series of notices from park rangers and local authorities, these residents were forced to leave. San Bruno Mountain Watch has questioned governments' approaches to land management and the surrounding communities, and has promulgated the stories of these "hermits" in this context.

Other inhabitants have perished in mountain encampments. The mountain has been the site of at least one murder. Human remains were found in the park area in 2012, and later in 2020, - these have not yet been identified.

Vegetation and ecology
The northern end of the San Francisco peninsula was primarily covered by plant communities of the grasslands, coastal scrub, redwood and mixed evergreen forest types prior to being overtaken by urban development. And, though much of the Pacific side of the Santa Cruz Mountains south of Montara Mountain is forested, grasslands and scrub predominated from Montara Mountain to the Golden Gate. Along the San Francisco Bay, most of the original wetlands have been filled in by sediment from inland human activities (hydraulic mining, dredging, farmland runoff) and by purposeful landfill. More than eighty small streams draining to the Bay provided riparian habitat along the peninsula.

San Bruno mountain is not only one of the largest remaining examples of the original ecosystems, but also encompasses many microsystems in its relatively small area. The mineral content of the underlying rock and the high velocity marine air have evolved unusual varieties of flora and sustained specialized fauna that live among them. There are a variety of habitats in this mountainous area, and notably the following rare or endangered flora:

 * Coast rock cress (Arabis blepharophylla)
 * Franciscan Wallflower (Erysimum franciscanum)
 * Montara Manzanita (Arctostaphylos montaraensis)
 * Niebla halei lichen
 * Pacifica Manzanita (Arctostaphylos pacifica)
 * San Bruno Mountain Manzanita (Arctostaphylos imbricata)
 * San Francisco Campion (Silene verecunda)
 * San Francisco Lessinga (Lessingia germanorum)
 * San Francisco Owl's Clover (Orthocarpus floribundus)

The county reports that plague was detected in rodents on the mountain in the 1940s.

Undeveloped portions of the mountain that sit between the state park and the counties of San Mateo and San Francisco are still privately owned and at risk for development. Examples of these locations include the prehistoric sand dunes above Hillside Park in Daly City, and the eucalyptus groves bordering the Crocker and Southern Hills neighborhoods of Daly City. These areas are of great ecological significance, hosting the same plant and animal communities as found in the state park.

External sources

 * Environmental Services Agency of San Mateo County, information on history, trails, park map, activities, park hours.
 * San Bruno Mountain State Park
 * San Bruno Mountain Watch, whose mission is to preserve San Bruno Mountain's Native American village sites and endangered habitats.
 * Trailspotting: Hiking San Bruno Mountain Description, Photos and GPS/mapping data
 * Video: "The Battle for San Bruno Mountain"
 * Climate Survey of San Bruno Mountain, prepared for Crocker Land Company by Metronics Associates, Palo Alto, Ca., October 20, 1967
 * Elizabeth McClintock and Walter Knight, A Flora of the San Bruno Mountains, San Mateo County, California, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, Volume XXXII, no. 20, pp. 587–677, November 29, 1968
 * J.D. Whitney, Geological Survey of California (1865)
 * John Hunter Thomas, A Flora of the Santa Cruz Mountains (1960)
 * USGS TopoView site .
 * USGS TopoView site .

title: San Bruno Mountain


text:
Meridian Mail

Meridian Mail is one of the early all-digital voicemail systems, running on Meridian1 / SL-1 digital PBX systems from Northern Telecom (later known as Nortel).

In the early 1980s Northern Telecom introduced the Norstar. The Norstar was the first all-digital system suitable for small-sized offices (up to 192 lines), and became one of their major product lines.

The Norstar is powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68000, and uses only a fraction of the CPU's power. Nortel executives were interested in finding ways to use that excess power, as long as their customers paid for the privilege. Nortel asked their research arm, Bell Northern Research (BNR), to look for ways to spend those cycles. Meridian Mail was developed as a result.

Meridian Mail was discontinued by Nortel, and has been replaced by CallPilot, which in fact uses the same features and codes as Meridian Mail, but unlike Meridian Mail, allows newer features such as Unified Messaging. Unlike older Nortel systems, where the Meridian PBXs were assigned Meridian Mail and the Norstar systems were assigned Norstar VoiceMail or Startalk Flash VoiceMail, CallPilot was branded for both the Communication Servers PBX and Business Communication Manager Hybrid/Key telephone systems.

CallPilot is one of the products acquired by Avaya in their purchase of Nortel Enterprise Solutions in 2009.

title: Meridian Mail


text:
Justin Lo

Justin Lo Ting Wei (, born 1 July 1976), known professionally by his stage name Tse Tien, is a Hong Kong American singer-songwriter, actor and record producer working in Hong Kong.

Biography
Lo was born in Syracuse, New York, and moved to Hong Kong with his parents when he was two years old. He studied at St Paul's Co-educational Primary School and St. Paul's Co-educational College. In 1989, Lo moved to Seattle, Washington, in the United States to further his studies. He spent two years in the University of Washington and finished his degree in Graphics Design at Rhode Island School of Design in Providence, Rhode Island in 1999. After graduation, he worked as a web designer at Yahoo! in Sunnyvale, California.

Lo grew up in a family where music has always played an important role. His uncle, Ted Lo, is a famous music arranger and record producer in Hong Kong. In addition, the singer songwriter was a member in the Hong Kong Children's Choir, and he developed vast interest in music as he was growing up. In 1981, composer Joseph Koo Ka-Fai invited Justin, aged 5 at the time, and his younger sister Roxane to sing in a commercial for Barbie.

Lo felt that the work at Yahoo! was very boring, so he decided to move back to Hong Kong to pursue his dream of making music.

In 2006, Lo made his feature film debut with Love @ First Note, co-starring alongside youthful singers such as Kary Ng, Alex Fong, Stephy Tang, and Theresa Fu. That same year, Lo also co-starred in 2 Become 1 opposite Miriam Yeung and Richie Ren.

Name variations
Lo was born as Lo Ting Wei, and has the English name Justin. His stage name Tse Tien derives from the transliteration of his English name. He is also credited as "Justin Lo".

Music
For a while Lo did some freelance design work while sending numerous demo tapes to record and label companies. In 2003, his uncle Ted Lo introduced him to Mark Lui, one of the most popular pop-composers and producers in Hong Kong. Recognizing the talent in Justin, Mark Lui signed him to his music producing company on Your Mark Ltd and Lo officially began his musical career in Hong Kong. He produced the album Day & Night for Janice (衛蘭) and wrote two songs "大雄" and "傷追人" for Leo Ku.

In 2005, he performed in an a cappella section in Ku's Solid Gold Hits Concert. His outstanding performance was validated by Mr. Paco Wong from Gold Label Music Ltd. and Wong signed him up as a singer. His plugged songs included "好人" (which was not composed by him), "Erica", "命硬" and "我有今日" (he wrote the latter two). "好人" received very positive responses. He was considered as one of the leading contenders of that year's New Male Artist Award.

His debut CD album Justin was released on 29 November 2005. Over half of the songs found in this album are written by him. It was a hit: 15,000 copies were sold on the first day. Sales reached 25,000 copies on 20 December 2005. Justin released his second album, "No Protection", on 24 March 2006, two days before his debut concert "One Good Show".

He held his debut concert in the Hong Kong Coliseum on 26 March 2006. The title of the show was "One Good Show". The tickets were sold out in just within 10 minutes on 13 February and thus two more concerts (his 2nd and 3rd concert in 2006) had to be held on 18 & 19 April 2006. In Sydney, Australia, in May 2006, he took part in a concert, accompanied by Stephy Tang, Alex Fong and Wilfred Lau at Sydney Entertainment Centre and Melbourne Arts Centre, on the 19 and 21 May 2006 respectively. The title of the concert was J.A.W.S.: each letter representing the first letter of each artist's name.

Justin held his fourth concert of 2006 in Canton, China on 1 September 2006. The title of the concert was "Watson's Distilled Water: Listen to Justin Sing", followed by another show with the same title in Hong Kong Exhibition Center (his 5th concert for 2006) on 13 Sep 2006. His sixth concert was held in Macau on 21 October 2006, One Good Show. His seventh concert in 2006 will be held in Malaysia on 24 December 2006. Title of the show is Justin Christmas Party Concert 2006, at the MIECC, The Mines in Malaysia. His seventh concert in February 2007, titled "Justin In Love With Hong Kong Philharmonic" was again in the Hong Kong Coliseum, and were sold out as well. His eighth concert was on 14 February 2007, held at Macau's Open Coliseum.

In 2007 and 2008, he performed at the S.U.C.C.E.S.S. Charity Gala at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with many other artists. Also, Justin went on a 3rd visit to Sydney to have another performance on 26 May 2007 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre with Theresa Fu.

Justin's third album, "JTV", was released in November 2007. Hits from this new album include "男人KTV" and "紅地氈."

From 1–7 October 2008, Justin held another concert titled "Air Justin Live 08" in Hong Kong. He released his next album, "阿田" one day prior to the first show of this concert series.

Justin held two concerts from 27 January through 28 at Hong Kong Coliseum, titled "Justin Around the World 2011". This marked his third time holding a concert at the Hong Kong Coliseum. This concert is sponsored by Philip Stein. Justin will be using a variety of styles of music, including rock, Bollywood and much more. He planned to invite musicians rather than solely singers.

In January 2011, Justin Lo officially announced that he would be leaving Hong Kong, temporarily ending his music career there and continuing his music career in Beijing. He stated that he will continue to release Cantonese albums, but will now be based in Beijing rather than Hong Kong. Once in Beijing, Justin also released his first Mandarin songs, including "很想很想說再見" and "風從哪裡來", in which the former was highly praised as one of his best works.

In 2014, Justin moved back to Hong Kong to resume his music career.

In 2021, Justin released two new songs, which called Light and You Are Full Of Vitality respectively.

Discography

 * 29 November 2005 – Justin (Debut Studio Album)
 * 24 March 2006 – No Protection (Second studio album)
 * 5 July 2006 – No Protection (Dual Disc Version)
 * 16 March 2007 – 港樂X側田In Love with the Philharmonic Live CD (Concert)
 * 13 April 2007 – 港樂X側田In Love with the Philharmonic Live CD + Karaoke DVD (Concert)
 * 16 November 2007 – JTV (Third Studio Album)
 * 30 September 2008 – Justin (阿田) (Fourth Studio Album)
 * 5 December 2008 – Air Justin 08 Live (Concert) (2CD & DVD)
 * 27 February 2009 – From JUSTIN - Collection of His First 3 Years (2CD + Karaoke DVD))
 * 22 June 2010 – I Never Changed Love Addiction (我沒有變過 愛的習慣) (Fifth Studio Album)
 * 15 May 2011 – 3 Months (三个月) (Single)
 * 29 April 2011 – Justin Around The World 2011 (Concert)(Live + Karaoke 2DVD+2CD) (Blu-ray released on 10 June 2011)
 * 19 October 2012 – Gold Typhoon 10th Anniversary Series - Justin Lo (2 CD)
 * 22 May 2013 – Tough Battle (硬仗)(Digital EP)
 * 28 August 2013 – Tough Battle (硬仗) (Sixth studio album)
 * 12 December 2014 – Gold Typhoon Best Sellers Series - Justin Lo (2 CD)
 * 5 June 2015 – NEVER ODD OR EVEN (CD + DVD) (Seventh studio album)
 * 4 September 2015 – Justin WeTouch Live 2015 (Concert)(2DVD + Karaoke DVD + 2CD) (Blu-ray released on 16 October 2015)
 * 26 October 2017 - The Drug Called Music (Eighth studio album)

Films

 * Lan Kwai Fong - 3 (2013)
 * 72 Tenants of Prosperity (2010)
 * Love/Nothing To Hide (Micro-Film)(2010)
 * Love Connected (2009)
 * Love @ First Note (2006)
 * 2 Become 1 (2006)

Television Shows
ViuTV
 * Goodnight Show - King Maker (2018) - vocal trainer

title: Justin Lo


text:
User:Majts/sandbox

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

title: User:Majts/sandbox


text:
Core business

The core business of an organization is an idealized construct intended to express that organization's "main" or "essential" activity.

Core business process means that a business's success depends not only on how well each department performs its work, but also on how well the company manages to coordinate departmental activities to conduct the core business process, which is;

1. The market-sensing process Meaning all activities in gathering marketing intelligence and acting on the information.

2. The new-offering realization process Covering all activities in research, development and launching new quality offerings quickly and within budget.

3. The customer acquisition process all the activities defining the target market and prospecting for new customers

4. The customer relationship management process all the activities covering building deeper understanding, relationships and offerings to individual customers.

5. The fulfillment management process all the activities of receiving and approving orders, shipping out on time and collecting payment.

In business, a core item is defined as an item that is immediately responsible for the revenues and cash flows of that particular business, whereas a non-core item is of a more strategic view, intended to benefit the revenue model and cash flows of the core items.

Therefor, one way to identify a core business function is to look at whether the primary cash flows of the business revenue model runs directly through it, or not. Core business functions are by standard immediately involved in the primary cash flows of the revenue model or models of the business, whereas non-core business functions typically are not, which means that the business can hypothetically operate without non-core business functions without impacting primary cash flows, whereas the core business functions are essential to the continuance of its primary cash flows.

To be successful, a business needs to look for competitive advantages beyond its own operations. The business needs to look at the competitiveness value chain of suppliers, distributors, and customers. Many companies today have partnered with specific suppliers and distributors to create a superior value delivery network.

title: Core business


text:
Flums

Flums is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

It is close to a large shopping complex and also is the gateway to a large skiing resort called Flumserberg.

History
Flums is first mentioned in 765 as Flumini.

Geography
, Flums has an area of 75.1 km2, of which 51.7% is used for agricultural purposes, 32.2% forested, 3.9% settled (buildings or roads), and 12.1% non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Sarganserland Wahlkreis. Until 2002 it was the capital of the Sargans district. In terms of area, it is the third largest municipality in the canton. Flums covers an area from the Schils valley to the border with the Canton of Glarus, part of the Flumserberge, part of the Seez valley, and the western slope of the Alvier chain. It consists of the village sections of Flums-Dorf, Grossberg, and Kleinberg.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Trierced per fess Or, Sable and Argent.

Demographics
As of, Flums has a population of. In 2007, about 23.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Of the foreign population, 20 were from Germany, 126 from Italy, 688 from ex-Yugoslavia, 14 from Austria, 46 from Turkey, and 77 from other countries. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -0.3%. , most of the population speaks German (86.9%), with Albanian being second most common (8.1%) and Italian being third (1.5%). , of the Swiss national languages, 4,242 speak German, 9 speak French, 75 speak Italian, and 4 speak Romansh.

The age distribution in Flums is ; 691 children or 14.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old; 740 teenagers or 15.2% are between 10 and 19; 584 people or 12.0% are between 20 and 29 years old; 752 people or 15.4% are between 30 and 39; 629 people or 12.9% are between 40 and 49; 572 people or 11.7% are between 50 and 59; 395 people or 8.1% are between 60 and 69 years old; 332 people or 6.8% are between 70 and 79; 163 people or 3.3% are between 80 and 89; and 24 people or 0.5% are between 90 and 99.

there were 493 persons (or 10.1% of the population) who were living alone in a private dwelling. There were 822 (or 16.8%) persons who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 3,099 (or 63.5%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 220 (or 4.5%) people who lived in a single parent home, while there were 60 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 29 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 18 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 141 who were either institutionalized or lived in another type of collective housing.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 52% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (21.1%), the SP (10.9%), and the FDP (8.1%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Flums about 57.1% of the population between age 25-64 have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Out of the total population in Flums,, the highest education level completed by 1,372 people (28.1% of the population) was Primary, while 1,465 (30.0%) have completed Secondary, 298 (6.1%) have attended a Tertiary school, and 274 (5.6%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Gräpplang Castle (a prehistoric hilltop settlement and a ruined medieval castle), the Chapel of St. Jakob, and the catholic Church of St. Justus are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.

Transportation
The municipality is located on the A3 motorway.

Economy
, Flums had an unemployment rate of 1.04%. , there were 339 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 152 businesses involved in this sector. 996 people were employed in the secondary sector with 65 businesses. 861 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 149 businesses. the average unemployment rate was 3.9%. There were 354 businesses in the municipality of which 68 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 147 were involved in the third. there were 1,403 residents who worked in the municipality, while 945 residents worked outside Flums and 664 people commuted into the municipality for work.

Religion
From the, 3,480 or 71.3% are Roman Catholic, while 380 or 7.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 individuals (or about 0.10% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith, 92 individuals (or about 1.88% of the population) who belonged to the Orthodox Church, and 30 individuals (or about 0.61% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 614 (or about 12.58% of the population) who were Islamic, 5 individuals (or about 0.10% of the population) who belonged to another church not listed on the census, 139 (or about 2.85% of the population) belonged to no church and were agnostic or atheist, and 137 individuals (or about 2.81% of the population) did not answer the question.

Notable people

 * Paul Kutter (1863–1937) was one of Luxembourg City's early photographers, born in Flums

title: Flums


text:
Chris Calhoun

Chris Calhoun, 1934 (age 90) is a Korean War veteran, who was born in Opa-locka, Florida.

Biography
Calhoun was committed to a Florida State Hospital, Chattahoochee, located in Gadsden County in 1956 following a suicide attempt. He suffered from what now is known as post-traumatic stress syndrome. He was later released in 1962 after he spurred an investigation leading to state mental health care reforms.

While at Chattahoochee, Calhoun described the conditions inside the hospital as a hellish prison atmosphere through letters he wrote that were passed outside the hospital walls via visitors and friendly staff. He wrote of events along the lines of how he had been raped by other patients, how staffers encouraged patients to fight with one another and then had subdued them by choking, and how at least seven patients had died while he was there. Some of the patients died from the choking sessions.

The abuse eventually was exposed by The Tampa Tribune. Governor Farris Bryant ordered an investigation that led to reforms in the early 1960s.

Calhoun moved to Los Angeles after his release. He was then inspired to tell the world his experiences. He did maintenance work for a theater chain in hopes that he would be able to meet members of the film industry who could assist him in his movie and book goals.

He came to meet screenwriter James Hicks, who agreed to write a script. It was turned down by several major studios before being accepted by Hemdale Film Corporation, a small British-owned, Los Angeles-based company that also produced Platoon, Hoosiers, The Last Emperor, and Salvador.

In popular culture
The movie based on Chris Calhoun, entitled Chattahoochee, stars Dennis Hopper and Gary Oldman, who plays Emmitt Foley, a fictional character based on Calhoun. It appeared in theaters nationwide in 1990.

Chris Calhoun continues to provide a voice for the mentally ill through various channels. He voices the need for hospitals to better care for the mentally ill.

title: Chris Calhoun


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BFFAE

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 22:50, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

BFFAE
unencyclopedaic nn acronym  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   22:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 03:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BFFAE


text:
Corecom

Corecom (Кореком) was a chain of hard-currency stores during the Communist rule in Bulgaria. Goods were often priced cheaper than in the West; however, they were still inaccessible for most Bulgarians because the national currency, the lev, was not accepted at the stores. Apart from Western diplomats and visitors, access to hard currency was a privilege of the nomenklatura (small, elite subset of the general population) and a few other people who were authorised to travel abroad or do business with Westerners. Anyone purchasing goods at Corecom but not authorised to possess foreign currency ran the risk of investigation by the authorities.

The stores operated on the same principle as East German Intershops, Czechoslovakian Tuzex, or Polish Pewex stores. In addition to major Western currencies, such as US dollars, Corecom stores also accepted foreign exchange certificates. Western consumer goods sold at these stores were not available at regular retail outlets, including imported spirits and tobacco products (e.g. Scotch whisky and Marlboro cigarettes), consumer electronics (e.g. VCRs and video cameras), cosmetics, clothing, magazines, toys, and even foodstuffs such as Kinder Surprise chocolate eggs (commonly known as "корекомски яйца" or "Corecom eggs" at the time). There were also Bulgarian products that were either destined exclusively for export or ordinarily required signing up on long waiting lists.

Ironically, by making the significantly greater diversity and quality of Western consumer goods conspicuous yet inaccessible to the vast majority of the population, the communist party elites inadvertently demonstrated the hypocrisy of their anti-Western rhetoric.

title: Corecom


text:
Tetrakis square tiling

In geometry, the tetrakis square tiling is a tiling of the Euclidean plane. It is a square tiling with each square divided into four isosceles right triangles from the center point, forming an infinite arrangement of lines. It can also be formed by subdividing each square of a grid into two triangles by a diagonal, with the diagonals alternating in direction, or by overlaying two square grids, one rotated by 45 degrees from the other and scaled by a factor of √2.

Conway, Burgiel, and Goodman-Strauss call it a kisquadrille, represented by a kis operation that adds a center point and triangles to replace the faces of a square tiling (quadrille). It is also called the Union Jack lattice because of the resemblance to the UK flag of the triangles surrounding its degree-8 vertices.

It is labeled V4.8.8 because each isosceles triangle face has two types of vertices: one with 4 triangles, and two with 8 triangles.

As a dual uniform tiling
It is the dual tessellation of the truncated square tiling which has one square and two octagons at each vertex.
 * P1 dual.png

Applications
A 5 × 9 portion of the tetrakis square tiling is used to form the board for the Malagasy board game Fanorona. In this game, pieces are placed on the vertices of the tiling, and move along the edges, capturing pieces of the other color until one side has captured all of the other side's pieces. In this game, the degree-4 and degree-8 vertices of the tiling are called respectively weak intersections and strong intersections, a distinction that plays an important role in the strategy of the game. A similar board is also used for the Brazilian game Adugo, and for the game of Hare and Hounds.

The tetrakis square tiling was used for a set of commemorative postage stamps issued by the United States Postal Service in 1997, with an alternating pattern of two different stamps. Compared to the simpler pattern for triangular stamps in which all diagonal perforations are parallel to each other, the tetrakis pattern has the advantage that, when folded along any of its perforations, the other perforations line up with each other, making repeated folding possible.

This tiling also forms the basis for a commonly used "pinwheel", "windmill", and "broken dishes" patterns in quilting.

Symmetry
The symmetry type is:
 * with the coloring: cmm; a primitive cell is 8 triangles, a fundamental domain 2 triangles (1/2 for each color)
 * with the dark triangles in black and the light ones in white: p4g; a primitive cell is 8 triangles, a fundamental domain 1 triangle (1/2 each for black and white)
 * with the edges in black and the interiors in white: p4m; a primitive cell is 2 triangles, a fundamental domain 1/2

The edges of the tetrakis square tiling form a simplicial arrangement of lines, a property it shares with the triangular tiling and the kisrhombille tiling.

These lines form the axes of symmetry of a reflection group (the wallpaper group [4,4], (*442) or p4m), which has the triangles of the tiling as its fundamental domains. This group is isomorphic to, but not the same as, the group of automorphisms of the tiling, which has additional axes of symmetry bisecting the triangles and which has half-triangles as its fundamental domains.

There are many small index subgroups of p4m, [4,4] symmetry (*442 orbifold notation), that can be seen in relation to the Coxeter diagram, with nodes colored to correspond to reflection lines, and gyration points labeled numerically. Rotational symmetry is shown by alternately white and blue colored areas with a single fundamental domain for each subgroup is filled in yellow. Glide reflections are given with dashed lines.

Subgroups can be expressed as Coxeter diagrams, along with fundamental domain diagrams.

title: Tetrakis square tiling


text:
Cinven

Cinven Limited is a global private equity firm founded in 1977, with offices in nine international locations in Guernsey, London, New York, Paris, Frankfurt, Milan, Luxembourg, Madrid, and Hong Kong that acquires Europe and United States based corporations, and emerging market firms that fit with their core businesses, and necessitate a minimum equity investment of €100 million or more. As of 2023, it has €39 billion in assets under management.

Cinven's funding base originally came solely from three pension funds in the United Kingdom (British Coal, the Railway Industry and Barclays Bank) who remain as important investors. Cinven has been reported to originally stand for Coal Investment Nominees' for Venture Capital.

Cinven invests in six sectors on an international basis: Business Services; Technology, Media and Telecommunications; Financial Services; Industrials; Healthcare; and Consumer.

In July 2021, the firm was fined £43m by the UK Competition and Markets Authority for its part in a generic drug pricefixing scandal, which had resulted in the National Health Service being overcharged by "hundreds of millions of pounds" over several years.

In January 2024, Cinven raised $14.5 billion for its eighth private equity fund.

Investments
Cinven is a private equity firm based in London. Some of the recent acquisitions include:
 * Avio – In August 2006, Cinven purchased Avio from Carlyle and Finmeccanica for an enterprise value of $2.6 billion.
 * Spire Healthcare (previously BUPA Hospitals) – In June 2007, BUPA announced that it had agreed to sell its hospitals business, comprising 25 hospitals, to Cinven for $1.44 billion ($2.8 billion/$2.13 billion). Spire has since acquired the Classics Hospital Group for GBP 145 million, as well as a single site hospital in Gerrards Cross, England.
 * Gondola Holdings – acquired in June 2007 for $1.36 billion, Gondola is the market leader in the casual dining sector in the United Kingdom, with brands such as PizzaExpress, ASK, Zizzi and BYRON.
 * SLV – acquired in April 2011, SLV is a provider of residential and technical lighting products
 * Partnership Assurance – acquired in 2008
 * Sebia – acquired in June 2010
 * CPA Global – acquired in March 2012
 * AMCo – Created from Amdipharm and Mercury Pharma bought in 2012, merged, built up and sold to Canada's Concordia Healthcare in September 2015 for $3.4 billion in cash and shares.
 * CeramTec Group – acquired in June 2013
 * Host Europe Group – acquired in July 2013, Cinven agreed to purchase this web hosting firm for around $666 million.
 * Medpace – In February 2014, Cinven agreed to acquire the pharmaceutical contract research organisation from CCMP Capital for around $900 million.
 * Northgate Public Services – In December 2014, Cinven agreed to acquire the public services division of Northgate Information Solutions for an undisclosed amount.
 * UFINET – In 2014, Cinven bought the telecommunications business of Gas Natural Fenosa for more than 500 million US dollars.
 * Premium Credit – In January 2015, Cinven acquired Premium Credit, the United Kingdom's biggest premium financing company.
 * Labco – In May 2015, Cinven agreed to acquire this operator of medical diagnostics laboratories for €1.2 billion.
 * Synlab Group acquired in June 2015 for €1.7 to 1.8 billion.
 * Kurt Geiger – In December 2015, Cinven acquired United Kingdom based fashion retailer Kurt Geiger from Sycamore Partners for £245 million.
 * Hotelbeds - In September 2016, Cinven and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) acquired the business-to-business accommodation wholesaler for a purchase price of around 1.3 billion euros.
 * Stada Arzneimittel – In August 2017, Cinven acquired German company Stada Arzneimittel.
 * One.Com – In December 2018, Cinven acquired, from Accel-KKR, one of the Europe's biggest hosting providers with 1,5M customers.
 * RTB House – In January 2019, Cinven invested in Polish company RTB House.
 * Drake Software – In February 2021, Cinven announced its investment in this provider of professional tax preparation software.
 * True Potential -- In September 2021, it was announced that Cinven were acquiring a majority stake in the UK based wealth management company True Potential. The deal valued True Potential at a figure between £1.6 billion and £2 billion. Cinven completed the acquisition of the company in February 2022.
 * TaxAct – In November 2022, Cinven agreed to acquire American online DIY tax software provider from Blucora, Inc. for about $720 million. It announced that it would combine TaxAct's business with Drake Software under a single holding company.

title: Cinven


text: User talk:205.155.225.1

title: User talk:205.155.225.1


text:
User talk:Hkuiumdj

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

-- 22:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hkuiumdj


text:
User talk:Dmeeks

Hello. First time user. Does anyone have COL comparison for Pittsburgh and Ottawa or know where I can obtain some? Thanks. Davedmeeks 22:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dmeeks


text:
Category:Politics of British Columbia

The politics of British Columbia, Canada.

title: Category:Politics of British Columbia


text:
Former Supreme Court, Singapore

The Former Supreme Court Building (Bangunan Mahkamah Agung Lama, ) is the former courthouse of the Supreme Court of Singapore. The court moved to a new building, where it began operations on 20 June 2005. The former courthouse was the last structure in the style of classical architecture to be built in the former British colony. Together with the Former City Hall, the former courthouse has been converted for use as National Gallery Singapore; the complex opened in 2015.

History
On 1 April 1937, Sir Shenton Whitelegge Thomas, Governor of the Straits Settlements laid the original foundation stone of the Supreme Court Building. (At the time it was the largest foundation stone in the whole of Malaya.) Buried beneath the stone is a time capsule containing six Singaporean newspapers dated 31 March 1937, and a handful of coins of the Straits Settlements. The capsule is not due to be retrieved until the year 3000.

The Supreme Court building was declared open on 3 August 1939 by Sir Shenton Thomas and handed over to the Chief Justice, Sir Percy McElwaine, on the same day.

In 1946, after World War II, the building was the site of war crime trials of members of the Imperial Japanese Army for actions in Singapore during the war.

After the court moved to a new building, the Former Supreme Court Building, together with the adjacent Former City Hall, was converted into use as the National Gallery Singapore, which opened in 2015.

Architecture and design
The Former Singapore Supreme Court building was designed by Frank Dorrington Ward and built by United Engineers. It was built in front of the Padang grounds between 1937 and 1939.

title: Former Supreme Court, Singapore


text:
Ten thousand martyrs

Ten thousand martyrs may refer to the ten thousand martyred Fathers of the deserts and caves of Scete by Theophilus of Alexandria or to the ten thousand martyrs of Mount Ararat who were, according to a medieval legend, Roman soldiers who, led by Saint Acacius, converted to Christianity and were crucified on Mount Ararat by order of the Roman emperor. The story is attributed to the ninth century scholar Anastasius Bibliothecarius.

The Roman Martyrology contains two separate commemorations. The first is on March 18, corresponding to the very same date in the Greek Orthodox Synaxarion, where it is referred to as the "Myriads of Holy Martyrs, by the sword, at Nicomedia". Francis Mershman identifies these as those 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia killed during the Diocletian persecution.

The second entry in the Roman Martyrology is for June 22 on Mount Ararat,; however, this appears to be based on a legend containing "many historical inaccuracies and utterly improbable details". The Greek Orthodox Synaxarion also has a second entry which is listed on June 1, for "The Holy Ten Thousand Martyrs" in Antiochia, under the Roman Emperor Decius. However, it is unclear if this refers to the same event as the Roman Martyrology entry for June 22.

Despite its questionable veracity, the event was extremely popular in Renaissance art, as seen for example in the painting 10,000 martyrs of Mount Ararat by the Venetian artist Vittore Carpaccio, or in the Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand by the German artist Albrecht Dürer.

title: Ten thousand martyrs


text: User talk:168.212.143.200

title: User talk:168.212.143.200


text:
XEX-AM

XEX-AM (730 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station based in Mexico City, Mexico. It carries a sports radio format known as "W Deportes." The station is owned by Radiópolis.

XEX is a Class A clear-channel station, powered at 60 kilowatts and using a non-directional antenna. The transmitter is on Avenida Rio Bravo, in Los Reyes Acaquilpan, just east of Mexico City.

History
XEX-AM came to air in 1947 as a 500,000 watt national radio station. The Mexican government built XEX with the transmitter equipment of the former XERA at Villa Acuña, Coahuila, whose 500 kW transmitter was seized, dismantled and shipped to Mexico City. It obtained its call sign from a Monterrey station, which was reassigned the XEAW-AM call letters.

During the 1940s, XEX was a network affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System as its Latin American flagship station. In 1951, it was sold to Rómulo O'Farrill after four years of losses. Its sister stations were also flagships of Latin American branches of competing radio networks, XEW-AM with NBC and XEQ-AM with CBS. XEX was also affiliated with ABC. All three Mexico City radio stations have been owned by Televisa Radio for decades.

By 1970, XEX had reduced its half-million watt output to 150,000 watts.

After airing a multitude of formats throughout its existence, in 2003 it became a sports radio outlet. The sports format it inherited started in 1999 as "Super Deportiva" on 1180 AM. Later, it moved to 830 AM ("Estadio 830") and 590 AM ("Estadio 590"). In 2003, the format settled at XEX and was known as Estadio W until 2012 when it adopted the branding "TDW," in reference to Televisa's sports cable channel "TDN."

XEX moved its transmitter in 2016 to a new site in Los Reyes Acaquilpan, La Paz Municipality, State of Mexico. After broadcasting at 150,000 watts in the 1970s and 80s, and more recently at 100,000 watts, this transmitter relocation was coupled in a further reduction in power to 60,000 watts. The sports format continued through January 5, 2017, when the TDW Radio network bid farewell to its listeners. The station was relaunched the following Monday as "W Deportes."

title: XEX-AM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boolean English

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:37, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Boolean English
No Google hits for "Boolean English" besides Wikipedia and mirrors. I'm pretty sure this is simply made up. dbenbenn | talk 22:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. no known use anywhere. --Vsion 22:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, probable OR, plus we've already got a huge mess with articles that use the word "Boolean" in conflicting ways (see e.g. Talk:Boolean algebra, Talk:Boolean logic, Talk:Complete Boolean algebra, Talk:Complete Boolean algebra (computer science), Talk:Boole's syllogistic -- and that's by no means an exhaustive list.) --Trovatore 23:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Pavel Vozenilek 00:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Rogerd 03:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Unfortunately, there are no known uses of Boolean English in literature. - Reason for deletion given in the article itself, lol. - Bwfc 22:03, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I have heard the term boolean english in referneceto computer code that employs english words with boolean syntax, not as simplification but as a precursor to actual computer coding. Otherwise, I have found no uses of the term.  It is nonnotable. Cool3 23:44, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Einstein synchronisation

Einstein synchronisation (or Poincaré–Einstein synchronisation) is a convention for synchronising clocks at different places by means of signal exchanges. This synchronisation method was used by telegraphers in the middle 19th century, but was popularized by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein, who applied it to light signals and recognized its fundamental role in relativity theory. Its principal value is for clocks within a single inertial frame.

Einstein
According to Albert Einstein's prescription from 1905, a light signal is sent at time $$\tau_1$$ from clock 1 to clock 2 and immediately back, e.g. by means of a mirror. Its arrival time back at clock 1 is $$\tau_2$$. This synchronisation convention sets clock 2 so that the time $$\tau_3$$ of signal reflection is defined to be $$\tau_3 = \tau_1 + \tfrac{1}{2}(\tau_2 - \tau_1) = \tfrac{1}{2}(\tau_1 + \tau_2).$$

The same synchronisation is achieved by transporting a third clock from clock 1 to clock 2 "slowly" (that is, considering the limit as the transport velocity goes to zero). The literature discusses many other thought experiments for clock synchronisation giving the same result.

The problem is whether this synchronisation does really succeed in assigning a time label to any event in a consistent way. To that end one should find conditions under which:

If point (a) holds then it makes sense to say that clocks are synchronised. Given (a), if (b1)–(b3) hold then the synchronisation allows us to build a global time function $t$. The slices $t = const$. are called "simultaneity slices".

Einstein (1905) did not recognize the possibility of reducing (a) and (b1)–(b3) to easily verifiable physical properties of light propagation (see below). Instead he just wrote "We assume that this definition of synchronism is free from contradictions, and possible for any number of points; and that the following (that is b2–b3) relations are universally valid."

Max von Laue was the first to study the problem of the consistency of Einstein's synchronisation. Ludwik Silberstein presented a similar study although he left most of his claims as an exercise for the readers of his textbook on relativity. Max von Laue's arguments were taken up again by Hans Reichenbach, and found a final shape in a work by Alan Macdonald. The solution is that the Einstein synchronisation satisfies the previous requirements if and only if the following two conditions hold:

 * No redshift: If from point A two flashes are emitted separated by a time interval $Δt$ as recorded by a clock at A, then they reach B separated by the same time interval $Δt$ as recorded by a clock at B.
 * Reichenbach's round-trip condition: If a light beam is sent over the triangle ABC, starting from A and reflected by mirrors at B and C, then its arrival time back to A is independent of the direction followed (ABCA or ACBA).

Once clocks are synchronised one can measure the one-way speed of light. However, the previous conditions that guarantee the applicability of Einstein's synchronisation do not imply that the one-way light speed turns out to be the same all over the frame. Consider

 * Laue–Weyl's round-trip condition: The time needed by a light beam to traverse a closed path of length $L$ is $L/c$, where $L$ is the length of the path and $c$ is a constant independent of the path.

A theorem (whose origin can be traced back to von Laue and Hermann Weyl) states that Laue–Weyl's round trip condition holds if and only if the Einstein synchronisation can be applied consistently (i.e. (a) and (b1)–(b3) hold) and the one-way speed of light with respect to the so synchronised clocks is a constant all over the frame. The importance of Laue–Weyl's condition stands on the fact that the time there mentioned can be measured with only one clock; thus this condition does not rely on synchronisation conventions and can be experimentally checked. Indeed, it has been experimentally verified that the Laue–Weyl round-trip condition holds throughout an inertial frame.

Since it is meaningless to measure a one-way velocity prior to the synchronisation of distant clocks, experiments claiming a measure of the one-way speed of light can often be reinterpreted as verifying the Laue–Weyl's round-trip condition.

The Einstein synchronisation looks this natural only in inertial frames. One can easily forget that it is only a convention. In rotating frames, even in special relativity, the non-transitivity of Einstein synchronisation diminishes its usefulness. If clock 1 and clock 2 are not synchronised directly, but by using a chain of intermediate clocks, the synchronisation depends on the path chosen. Synchronisation around the circumference of a rotating disk gives a non-vanishing time difference that depends on the direction used. This is important in the Sagnac effect and the Ehrenfest paradox. The Global Positioning System accounts for this effect.

A substantive discussion of Einstein synchronisation's conventionalism is due to Hans Reichenbach. Most attempts to negate the conventionality of this synchronisation are considered refuted, with the notable exception of David Malament's argument, that it can be derived from demanding a symmetrical relation of causal connectability. Whether this settles the issue is disputed.

History: Poincaré
Some features of the conventionality of synchronization were discussed by Henri Poincaré. In 1898 (in a philosophical paper) he argued that the assumption of light's uniform speed in all directions is useful to formulate physical laws in a simple way. He also showed that the definition of simultaneity of events at different places is only a convention. Based on those conventions, but within the framework of the now superseded aether theory, Poincaré in 1900 proposed the following convention for defining clock synchronisation: 2 observers A and B, which are moving in the aether, synchronise their clocks by means of optical signals. Because of the relativity principle they believe themselves to be at rest in the aether and assume that the speed of light is constant in all directions. Therefore, they have to consider only the transmission time of the signals and then crossing their observations to examine whether their clocks are synchronous.

"Let us suppose that there are some observers placed at various points, and they synchronize their clocks using light signals. They attempt to adjust the measured transmission time of the signals, but they are not aware of their common motion, and consequently believe that the signals travel equally fast in both directions. They perform observations of crossing signals, one traveling from A to B, followed by another traveling from B to A. The local time $t'$ is the time indicated by the clocks which are so adjusted. If $V=\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{K_{0}}}$ is the speed of light, and $v$ is the speed of the Earth which we suppose is parallel to the $x$ axis, and in the positive direction, then we have: $t'=t-\tfrac{vx}{V^{2}}$. |undefined"

In 1904 Poincaré illustrated the same procedure in the following way:

"Imagine two observers who wish to adjust their timepieces by optical signals; they exchange signals, but as they know that the transmission of light is not instantaneous, they are careful to cross them. When station B perceives the signal from station A, its clock should not mark the same hour as that of station A at the moment of sending the signal, but this hour augmented by a constant representing the duration of the transmission. Suppose, for example, that station A sends its signal when its clock marks the hour 0, and that station B perceives it when its clock marks the hour $t$. The clocks are adjusted if the slowness equal to t represents the duration of the transmission, and to verify it, station B sends in its turn a signal when its clock marks 0; then station A should perceive it when its clock marks $t$. The timepieces are then adjusted. And in fact they mark the same hour at the same physical instant, but on the one condition, that the two stations are fixed. Otherwise the duration of the transmission will not be the same in the two senses, since the station A, for example, moves forward to meet the optical perturbation emanating from B, whereas the station B flees before the perturbation emanating from A. The watches adjusted in that way will not mark, therefore, the true time; they will mark what may be called the local time, so that one of them will be slow of the other."

Literature

 * D. Dieks, Becoming, relativity and locality, in The Ontology of Spacetime, online
 * D. Dieks (ed.), The Ontology of Spacetime, Elsevier 2006, ISBN 0-444-52768-0
 * D. Malament, 1977. "Causal Theories of Time and the Conventionality of Simultaniety," Noûs 11, 293–300.
 * Galison, P. (2003), Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time, New York: W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-32604-7
 * A. Grünbaum. David Malament and the Conventionality of Simultaneity: A Reply, online
 * S. Sarkar, J. Stachel, Did Malament Prove the Non-Conventionality of Simultaneity in the Special Theory of Relativity?, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 66, No. 2
 * H. Reichenbach, Axiomatization of the theory of relativity, Berkeley University Press, 1969
 * H. Reichenbach, The philosophy of space & time, Dover, New York, 1958
 * H. P. Robertson, Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity, Reviews of Modern Physics, 1949
 * R. Rynasiewicz, Definition, Convention, and Simultaneity: Malament's Result and Its Alleged Refutation by Sarkar and Stachel, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 68, No. 3, Supplement, online
 * Hanoch Ben-Yami, Causality and Temporal Order in Special Relativity, British Jnl. for the Philosophy of Sci., Volume 57, Number 3, pp. 459–479, abstract online
 * Hanoch Ben-Yami, Causality and Temporal Order in Special Relativity, British Jnl. for the Philosophy of Sci., Volume 57, Number 3, pp. 459–479, abstract online

title: Einstein synchronisation


text:
User talk:Dakky~enwiki

Dakky, the nickname known worldwide, is a form of "kkyism" - a form in which the nouns or the personal names get the -ky suffix. So, if his name was Darjan Mijatovic (and it is) he would have a nickname "Dakky".

That guy was in computers for last eight years, but, sadly, has been mostly playing games and doing nothing right.

Today, he is still playing games, mostly worldwide popular "America's Army". You can meet him on ICQ, IRC, many forums and sites.

Trivia: computers don't let him "in"; always rejecting his (right) passwords, also the local bar keepers don't let him in. It's sure enough to say that any kind of hardware doesn't let him work on it. This has become a trivial fact on Dakky's local Usenet group, hr.soc.grad.rijeka.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dakky. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dakky~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:17, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:52, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dakky~enwiki


text:
Peter F. Rothermel

Peter Frederick Rothermel (July 8, 1812 – August 15, 1895) was an American painter.

Biography
Rothermel was born in Nescopeck, Pennsylvania on July 8, 1812, although various sources give his birth year as 1813, 1814, and 1817. The artist's gravestone in Philadelphia gives the date as 1812. He had a common-school education, and studied land surveying. At age 20, he moved to Philadelphia and became a sign painter. Then at age 22, he took up the study of art. He was instructed in drawing by John Rubens Smith, and subsequently became a pupil of Bass Otis in Philadelphia.

His 1844 work De Soto discovering the Mississippi was purchased by the Art Union and marked his first success as an artist. He served as vice president of the Artists' Fund Society in 1844 and as director of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts from 1847 to 1855.

During 1856-1859 he was in Europe, residing for about two years in Rome, and visiting also the principal cities in England, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy. On his return to the United States, he returned to Philadelphia and was elected a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he also taught notable artists of that era, including Charles Lewis Fussell.

He specialized in portraits and dramatic historical paintings. His most famous paintings include Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses (1851), now at the Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial, and a massive oil painting of the Battle of Gettysburg (finished in 1871) that hangs in the State Museum of Pennsylvania. This latter work was commissioned by Gettysburg lawyer David McConaughy. Another of his more popular historical works is Columbus Before the Queen, painted in 1844. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1873.

In 1877, he from Philadelphia to “Grassmere,” his country near Linfield, Pennsylvania, where he resided until his death. His estate still exists today on Limerick Center Road; it is now a residential site. Rothermel's son, Peter F. Rothermel, Jr., was District Attorney of Philadelphia.

Other works
Other works of Rothermel include:
 * Christabel
 * Katherine and Petruchio
 * De Soto discovering the Mississippi (1844)
 * Embarkation of Columbus
 * Christian Martyrs in the Colisseum
 * A series of paintings illustrative of William H. Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico (about 1850)
 * The Virtuoso (1855)
 * Vandyke and Rubens (1856)
 * St. Agnes (1858)
 * Paul at Ephesus
 * Paul before Agrippa
 * St. Paul preaching on Mars Hill to the Athenians
 * Trial of Sir Henry Vane
 * The Landsknecht (1876)
 * Bacchantes (1884)

title: Peter F. Rothermel


text:
Budakhan Mindphone

Budakhan Mindphone is the fourth EP by English electronic musician Squarepusher, released on 1 March 1999 by Warp. It follows in much the same vein as its predecessor Music Is Rotted One Note, and is often classified as an EP due to its relative brevity; the cover refers to it as "a mini-album".

title: Budakhan Mindphone