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Zosterophyll

The zosterophylls are a group of extinct land plants that first appeared in the Silurian period. The taxon was first established by Banks in 1968 as the subdivision Zosterophyllophytina; they have since also been treated as the division Zosterophyllophyta or Zosterophyta and the class or plesion Zosterophyllopsida or Zosteropsida. They were among the first vascular plants in the fossil record, and had a world-wide distribution. They were probably stem-group lycophytes, forming a sister group to the ancestors of the living lycophytes. By the late Silurian (late Ludlovian, about ) a diverse assemblage of species existed, examples of which have been found fossilised in what is now Bathurst Island in Arctic Canada.

Morphology
The stems of zosterophylls were either smooth or covered with small spines known as enations, branched dichotomously, and grew at the ends by unrolling, a process known as circinate vernation. The stems had a central vascular column in which the protoxylem was exarch, and the metaxylem developed centripetally. The sporangia were kidney-shaped (reniform), with conspicuous lateral dehiscence and were borne laterally in a fertile zone towards the tips of the branches.

The zosterophylls were named after the aquatic flowering plant Zostera from a mistaken belief that the two groups were related. David P. Penhallow's generic description of the type genus Zosterophyllum refers to "Aquatic plants with creeping stems, from which arise narrow dichotomous branches and narrow linear leaves of the aspect of Zostera." Zosterophyllum rhenanum was reconstructed as aquatic, the lack of stomata on the lower axes giving support to this interpretation. However, current opinion is that the Zosterophylls were terrestrial plants, and Penhallow's "linear leaves" are interpreted as the aerial stems of the plant that had become flattened during fossilization.

Stomata were present, particularly on the upper axes. Their absence on the lower portions of the axes suggests that this part of the plants may have been submerged, and that the plants dwelt in boggy ground or even shallow water. In many fossils these appear to consist of a slit-like opening in the middle of a single elongated guard cell, leading to comparison with the stomata of some mosses. However, this is now thought to result from the loss of the wall separating paired guard cells during fossilisation.

Taxonomy and classification
At first most of the fossilized early land plants other than bryophytes were placed in the class Psilophyta, established in 1917 by Kidston and Lang. As additional fossils were discovered and described, it became apparent that the Psilophyta were not a homogeneous group of plants, and in 1975 Banks developed his earlier proposal to split it into three groups, which he put at the rank of subdivision. One of these was the subdivision Zosterophyllophytina, named after the genus Zosterophyllum. For Banks, zosterophyllophytes or zosterophylls comprised plants with lateral sporangia which released their spores by splitting distally (i.e. away from their attachment), and which had exarch strands of xylem. Bank's classification produces the hierarchy:

 * Division Tracheata
 * Subdivision †Zosterophyllophytina = zosterophyllophytes, zosterophylls
 * Subdivision Lycophytina = lycopods
 * + other subdivisions

Those who treat most of the extant groups of plants as divisions may raise both the zosterophylls and the Lycophytina sensu Banks to the rank of division:

 * Division Zosterophyllophyta = zosterophylls, zosterophyllophytes
 * Division Lycophyta = lycophytes

In their cladistic study published in 1997, Kenrick and Crane provided support for a clade uniting both the zosterophylls and the lycopsids, producing a classification which places the zosterophylls in a class Zosterophyllopsida of the subdivision Lycophytina:

 * Division Tracheata
 * Subdivision Lycophytina = lycophytes
 * Class †Zosterophyllopsida = zosterophylls
 * Class Lycopodiopsida = lycopsids

This approach has been widely used alongside previous systems. A consequence is that "lycophyte" and corresponding formal names such as "Lycophyta" and "Lycophytina" are used by different authors in at least two senses: either excluding zosterophylls in the sense of Banks or including them in the sense of Kenrick and Crane.

A further complication is that the cladograms of Kenrick and Crane show that the zosterophylls, broadly defined, are paraphyletic, but contain a 'core' clade of plants with marked bilateral symmetry and circinate tips. The class Zosterophyllopsida sensu Kenrick & Crane may be restricted to this core clade, leaving many genera (e.g. Hicklingia, Nothia) with no systematic placement other than Lycophytina sensu Kenrick & Crane, but nevertheless still informally called "zosterophylls".

Under whatever name and rank, the zosterophylls have been divided into orders and families, e.g. the Zosterophyllales containing the Zosterophyllaceae and the Sawdoniales containing the Sawdoniaceae. Since the publication of cladograms showing that the group is paraphyletic divisions of the class have been less used, being ignored, for example, in the 2009 paleobotany textbook by Taylor et al.

Phylogeny
In 2004, Crane et al. published a unified cladogram for the polysporangiophytes (plants with branched stems bearing sporangia), based on cladistic analyses of morphological features. This suggests that the zosterophylls were a paraphyletic stem group, related to the ancestors of modern lycophytes.

Genera
Genera which are included at or around the zosterophyll position in the cladogram or have otherwise been included in the group by at least one source, and hence may be considered zosterophylls in the broadest sense, are listed below. "B" indicates genera included by Banks in his 1975 description of Zosterophyllophytina.

 * Adoketophyton
 * Anisophyton
 * Barinophyton
 * Bathurstia (B)
 * Crenaticaulis (B)
 * Danziella
 * Deheubarthia
 * Demersatheca
 * Discalis
 * Distichophytum (B)
 * Gosferia (= Forgesia)
 * Gosslingia (B)
 * Guangnania
 * Gumuia
 * Hicklingia
 * Hsua
 * Huia
 * Jugumella
 * Konioria
 * Macivera
 * Nothia
 * Oricilla
 * Protobarinophyton
 * Ramoferis
 * Rebuchia, see Distichophytum
 * Sawdonia (B)
 * Serrulacaulis
 * Tarella
 * Thrinkophyton
 * Trichopherophyton
 * Ventarura
 * Wenshania
 * Xitunia
 * Yunia
 * Zosterophyllum (B)

Genera may not be assigned to this group by other authors; for example, Adoketophyton was regarded by Hao et al., who named the genus, as having evolved separately from the lycopsids, so that its taxonomic placement was uncertain. Barinophytes, like Barinophyton, have been considered to be possible lycopsids, or to fall between the lycopsids and the euphyllophytes.

title: Zosterophyll


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Pearl Gibbs

Pearl Mary "Gambanyi" Gibbs (née Brown) (18 July 1901 – 28 April 1983) was an Indigenous Australian activist, and the most prominent female activist within the Aboriginal movement in the early 20th century. She was a member of the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA), and was involved with various protest events such as the 1938 Day of Mourning. She has strong associations with activists Jessie Street and Faith Bandler.

Early life
Gibbs was born Pearl Mary Brown on 18 July 1901 in La Perouse or possibly Botany Bay, Sydney, to Mary Margaret Brown, whose mother was an Aboriginal woman of the Ngemba people called Maria, and a white man, David Barry. Gibbs grew up in and around the town of Yass, where she attended Mount Carmel School along with her sister Olga.

In 1917, Gibbs and her sister moved to Sydney to work as domestics, and Gibbs found a position in Potts Point. Gibbs met other Aboriginal women and girls who were apprenticed as domestics by the Aborigines Protection Board and helped them make representations to the Board about their working conditions.

She married Robert James Gibbs, in April 1923, a British sailor, with whom she had a daughter and two sons; however, they later separated, and Gibbs cared for the children on her own.

Activism
In the 1930s, Gibbs helped run a camp to support unemployed Aboriginal workers. She also spent time living at Salt Pan Creek camp in south-western Sydney. Refugee families from the north and south coast and Cummeragunja lived there, including Bill Onus, Jack Patten, and Jack Campbell. In 1933 she organised a strike for Aboriginal pea-pickers. She was one of the first members of the APA, and attracted large crowds when she gave speeches in the Domain in Sydney. She began to work with APA president Jack Patten and secretary William Ferguson, and in 1938 she was involved with organising the Day of Mourning protests, which at the time was the most significant Aboriginal civil rights demonstration in Australia. She was a spokesperson for the Committee for Aboriginal Citizen Rights, the lobby group which was set up to carry on the work of the Day of Mourning Congress. Later in 1938 she succeeded Ferguson as secretary of the APA, and she held the position until 1940.

In 1941, Gibbs made the first radio broadcast by an Aboriginal woman, on the station 2WL in Wollongong. Her speech was on Aboriginal civil rights, and carefully scripted so that it would be allowed on the air. Much of Gibbs' early work was done during a time when Aboriginal people were subject to controls on their movement, unless they had an exemption certificate from the relevant protection board. Police would also monitor all public civil rights demonstrations. In 1993, the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) released their file on Gibbs to the National Archives of Australia. The file included records of which political meetings Gibbs had attended, and clippings of newspaper articles in which she had been mentioned.

Gibbs spent much of her adult life in Dubbo. In 1946, she and Ferguson established a branch of the Australian Aborigines' League in Dubbo, and she was the vice-president and later secretary of the branch throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Later, in 1960, Gibbs set up a hostel to care for the families of Aboriginal hospital patients in Dubbo. From 1954 to 1957, Gibbs was the only Aboriginal member of the New South Wales Aborigines Welfare Board, and she was the only woman to ever serve on the board. In 1956 she was a co-founder, along with Faith Bandler, of the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship (AAF), which was a mainly urban organisation designed to facilitate cooperation between Aboriginal political groups and white people sympathetic to the cause. Gibbs was able to use the AAF to develop connections with the trade union movement in New South Wales.

Gibbs continued to be politically active throughout the 1970s, including supporting the establishment of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. She forged important links between the Aboriginal movement and other progressive political groups, notably the women's movement.

Gibbs died in Dubbo in 1983, aged 81.

Recognition
Gibbs was inducted onto the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001.

On 18 July 2021, Google honoured her 120th birthday with a Google Doodle.

In November 2023, it was announced that Gibbs was one of eight women chosen to be commemorated in the second round of blue plaques sponsored by the Government of New South Wales alongside, among others, Kathleen Butler, godmother of Sydney Harbour Bridge; Emma Jane Callaghan, an Aboriginal midwife and activist; Susan Katherina Schardt; journalist Dorothy Drain; writer Charmian Clift; and charity worker Grace Emily Munro.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pearl Gibbs


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Jamesy P

Jamesy P (born James Morgan, 18 May 1970) is a Vincentian musician (and former barber) who released a soca single in 2002 titled "Nookie". Its 2005 release was a hit, reaching No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart, as well as becoming the biggest song in the Caribbean 2005 to 2006, and hitting Billboards urban charts in the United States and Canada.

title: Jamesy P


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Aeolipilanthropy

I think people have been mistaken. I have heard this term used many times with the same meaning. I suspect that the reason google could not find anything on the subject is purely because there is very little known about the condition, and we are largely secretive about it.

Dr Mauvius is our guiding light through the deep dark tunnel,blowing his little silver whistle and sending us on our way, a pioneer in the research and treatment of this somewhat odd condition.

Dr Mauvius's description is slightly flawed however, myself and my friends have suffered the condition for such a long time, that many moons ago we lacked the strength to be able to regain our human form, our faces were all that was retrievable, so some Aeolipilanthropes take engine form permantly night or day.

Tom.T.Engine


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Onefortyone/Evidence

Should I submit evidence?
I'm largely unfamiliar with the Requests for arbitration process. I only stumbled across this issue late in the day (early September 2005, on the AfD for the Gay sex rumors about Elvis Presley article). I've followed the issue since then, directly challenging the credibility of the sources on a number of occasions, put forward by User:Onefortyone to support his point of view that Elvis was gay.

The evidence submitted thus far seems to suggest that this is an edit war, and that sources are being denigrated because users are opponents of Onefortyone, or they're motivated Elvis fans (or as has been suggested on the Elvis talk page, that people object to mention of homosexuality out of prejudice).

None of these apply to me. My involvement has only come after the Elvis article was protected, and I've not actually edited it once, although I've made a number of posts to the talk page regarding this issue. I'm not an opponent of Onefortyone: he was the person who first asked me to look at the Elvis article, as an "unbiased editor" following my vote on the Gay sex rumors... article. (He did subsequently accuse me of being a sockpuppet of User:Wyss though). I'm not an Elvis fan, as I've said once or twice on the talk page. I've no objection to the article, or any article, mentioning homosexuality, if it comes from verifiable sources, as I've said. (I can, of course, cite diffs for all these if and when required).

By and large, my experience of this issue is similar to that of User:Ted Wilkes, and as such, I've avoided saying anything thus far on this request for arbitration, as it'd be little more than a "me too" post. However, now that people's motivations in calling such sources unverifiable are called into question, I'm wondering whether a "me too" post from someone who can strongly counter those claims is relevant.

As I say though, I'm largely unfamiliar with the request for arbitration process, and don't want to steam in with a load of information that could be seen as being just repeating what's been said before. Advice from anyone as to whether it would be relevant to formally submit evidence, or just to support this talk page post by finding and citing the relevant diffs, would be greatly appreciated. Thanks. KeithD (talk) 10:08, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

A Note
I am not editing the RFA evidence page directly as I don't really want to be involved in this again. I would just like to say for the record that there are several actions of mine that Onefortyone has taken out of context to imply that I somehow support his view, which is certainly not the case. The first action he mentions is a restoration of a comment to a talk page (which I would do in the case of any deleted comment), and my second observation that Onefortyone's text was less POV was taken out of the context of a larger conversation. It should not be interpreted that I in any way condone the actions of Onefortyone; I have stated my opinion on this matter at Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Onefortyone, which sums up my feelings on this matter. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 14:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Note from Wyss
I'm not supplying evidence as it would be redundant to the exhaustive effort made by Ted Wilkes, along with that of KeithD, whose accounts I endorse. Onefortyone is a one-topic editor who has routinely, falsely (and rather menacingly) accused those who don't agree with him of being sockpuppets and has pasted truly vast quantities of repetitive text onto talk pages of the affected articles and those of a few admins. Wyss 19:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)


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TDL

TDL may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * Technical Design Labs, a former microcomputer- and software company
 * Texas Digital Library, a consortium of institutions
 * TDL Group, former company name of Tim Hortons

Places

 * Tokyo Disneyland, Japan
 * Tandil Airport (IATA code), Argentina
 * Tundla Junction railway station (Station code), India

Other uses

 * Tactical Data Link, in military communication
 * Tomodachi Life, a 2013 life simulation video game
 * Toxic Dose Low, in toxicology
 * Sur language (ISO 639-3 code: tdl), a Plateau language of Nigeria

title: TDL


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Ollerton and Boughton

Ollerton and Boughton is a civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire, England. The main settlements are the town of Ollerton and the villages of New Ollerton and Boughton. The civil parish was formed in 1996, when the civil parishes of Ollerton and Boughton were merged. The population of the civil parish at the time of the 2011 census was recorded as 9,840, and this increased to 11,089 residents at the 2021 census.

Ollerton
Ollerton, originally known as Alreton or Allerton, meaning 'farm among the alders', is situated at the crossroads of the York to London, Worksop to Newark, and Lincoln to Mansfield roads. Due to its location, in medieval times Ollerton became a meeting place for forest officials, commissioners and Justices of the Peace, leading to the development of its two coaching inns, The White Hart and The Hop Pole. For many years, the main occupation in Ollerton was hop growing – there were hop fields along the River Maun from as early as 1691 and a weekly hop market was held in the town on Fridays.

The Markhams, a land owning family, were highly influential in the town's development. They built and lived in Ollerton Hall and the story of their life during the Civil War is immortalised in a book by Elizabeth Glaister.

Throughout the centuries, watermills have played an important part of life in Ollerton; today the only working watermill in Nottinghamshire can be found in the village, built in 1713 on the same spot as one of those listed in the Domesday Book.

New Ollerton
A name first used in the latter part of the nineteenth century to refer to the slowly growing expansion of the village between Ollerton Manor and where the New Plough public house and cemetery lie.

New Ollerton was greatly expanded towards the small hamlet of Boughton as Ollerton became a colliery village in the mid-1920s. New Ollerton was once acclaimed in the Spectator magazine as 'an admirable industrial housing scheme' – also known as a 'model village'. Miners enjoyed a high standard of living, with semi-detached houses, large gardens and hot water supplied directly from Ollerton Colliery.

Boughton
Boughton (pronounced 'Booton') is recorded in the Domesday Book and has had a varied history: it has played host to Viking invaders and Italian and German prisoners of war, and at one stage formed part of the vast Rufford Estate.

Originally a small hamlet centred on St Matthew's Church, farming was the main occupation until the 1930s, when the face of Boughton began to change dramatically. The sinking of Ollerton Colliery and the housing stock that followed means that today the boundary between New Ollerton and Boughton can be difficult to recognise. A noted architectural feature of the area is the listed Edwardian Boughton Pumping Station, which formerly supplied over three million gallons of clean water each day to homes in the city of Nottingham.

History and amenities
There is a small high street with shops including a post office, chemist, banks and grocery stores. There is also a shopping area on Sherwood Drive which includes charity shops and an indoor market. This is also the home of the Town Hall and Lifespring Centre, a local charitable community venue and cafe. There are local churches including Lifespring Church, St Paulinus and the Methodist Church which also acts as the local food bank. There is an Army Cadet Force and a community band.

title: Ollerton and Boughton


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Anne Wilson (poet)

Anne Wilson, Lady Wilson (née Adams) (11 June 1848 – 11 February 1930) was an Australian poet and novelist. Most of her work was published as Mrs James Glenny Wilson or the pseudonym Austral.

Biography
Adams was born in 1848 at Greenvale, Victoria. Her mother, Jane Anderson, was Scottish, and her father, the farmer Robert Adams, was Irish. She was known as Annie, and she received her education at Geelong High School and at a private institution in St Kilda, Victoria. After her schooling, she travelled through Europe with her mother. On 21 January 1874, she married James Wilson at St Enochs station near Skipton, Victoria. Her husband had bought 6210 acre of land in the Rangitikei District of New Zealand in 1873, and by the end of 1874, the Wilsons were living there. They lived in their homestead, which they called Lethenty, for the rest of their lives, but she always identified with Australia throughout her life. James Wilson, a well-known public man, was knighted in 1915.

Annie Wilson's first book of poems, Themes and Variations, came out in London in 1889 and was followed by a novel, Alice Lauder, a Sketch, in 1893. Another novel, Two Summers published by Harper in 1900, was later included in Macmillan's colonial library. In 1901 A Book of Verses was published (new and slightly enlarged edition, 1917), a collection of her poems from English, American and Australian magazines. Her husband died in 1929 leaving her with two sons and two daughters. Lady Wilson died at Lethenty and is buried in the Clifton Cemetery at Bulls. Some of her poems are included in several Australian and New Zealand anthologies.

title: Anne Wilson (poet)


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Dworp

Dworp ( Dutch pronunciation: [dʋɔrp]; French: Tourneppe [tuʁnɛp]) is a small town in the municipality of Beersel, south of Brussels in Flanders. Dworp has an area of 9.61 square kilometers. As of January 1, 2002, it has a population of 5,277 inhabitants.

Things to see

 * Town Hall with a pillory beside it
 * Castle (GravenHof)
 * Centre for cultural education Destelheide (hosts yearly the 'zomeracademie' together with the Antwerp-based cultural organisation De Veerman.)
 * Camp site for groups

title: Dworp


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Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Misnamed article

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the miscellany page below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was withdrawn by nom. Hiding talk 21:19, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Misnamed article
Not necessary, as the wikipedia namespace needs cleanup. The page is only linked to from google test, and a talk page. Misnamed article isn't a widely used term on wikipedia anyway. Graham 10:13, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Scratch that. I've redirected it to naming conventions, as that seemed to be the best thing to do. If it wasn't, either say something here, or be bold! and do it yourself. Therefore, consider the nomination withdrawn. Graham 10:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Digiweb

Digiweb is a telecommunications company in Ireland, supplying business and consumer broadband and web hosting, and a group of companies in the telecoms and technology sectors.

The company is 100% Irish-owned and run, and is headquartered in Dundalk, County Louth, with its technical, installation and sales offices in Dublin.

History
Digiweb was founded on 21 March 1997. In May 2013, it acquired the UK-based telecommunications company Viatel, a part of a larger group.

Home broadband
Digiweb offer a variety of broadband services in Ireland: Metro Wireless Broadband (broadband and phone since 2005), mobile broadband (during 2007), DSL, VDSL (over standard phone lines), Fibre broadband, and satellite broadband.

The main wireless broadband service offers various broadband packages from 5 Mbit/s down/1 Mb up (economy service) to 30 Mb down/1 Mb up (premium service). Transceiver locations are available in all major cities – Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford, Kilkenny – as well as a dozen or so towns around Ireland including Drogheda, Dundalk and Letterkenny. The service requires line-of-sight to the transceiver location and is offered up to 10 km from the point-of-service; this limit was set under the original Comreg licence conditions, but is also a limitation of the system for adequate performance in heavy rain. Metro uses DOCSIS 2.0 over microwave frequencies. Digiweb are also testing a DOCSIS 3.0 platform supporting speeds in excess of 100 Mbit/s.

A smaller-scale wireless broadband service (using Airspan) is offered in smaller towns around the country.

As Digiweb offer a phone service without the Eircom copper pair, they are one of the few competitors along to Eircom's fixed line voice service.

Mobile broadband and phone
In April 2007, Digiweb announced that they are set to become Ireland's fifth mobile phone provider. ComReg, the telecoms regulator, allocated the 088 prefix to the new network – the same prefix used by Eircell's old analogue TACS system. The service would have been Ireland's first 4G network and should have taken 18 months to be rolled out, however the rollout was cancelled by early 2008.

Business broadband
In 2007, they launched a revised business broadband portfolio with speeds of 100 Mbit/s as well as higher-end solutions with extra capacity and symmetrical speeds. In mid-2008, they announced the launch of a 1 Gb business package.

Web hosting services
Digiweb also provide web hosting and domain services in their purpose-built data centre based in Blanchardstown, Dublin. Services include shared, virtual, cloud, CoLo and dedicated hosting options.

Other countries
Satellite broadband and ISP services such as hosting and domain registration are offered by Digiweb in Ireland, France, Italy and the United Kingdom.

Awards
Digiweb were the 2007 Irish Telecommunications and ICT Company of the Year and were the second-fastest-growing technology sector business in Ireland in 2006.

title: Digiweb


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Albanian Workers Movement Party

Albanian Workers Movement Party (in Albanian: Partia Lëvizja Punëtore Shqiptare, abbreviated PLPSH) is a left-wing political party in Albania. The party was established in 2000. It is led by Shefqet Musaraj. In the 2001 parliamentary elections the party received 0.22% of the votes.

Ahead of the 2005 elections, PLPSH joined the coalition Parties of the Social Spectrum of Albania – National Unity Party.

title: Albanian Workers Movement Party


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Neohepialiscus

Neohepialiscus is a monotypic moth genus of the family Hepialidae. The only described species is N. algeriensis of Algeria and Tunisia.

title: Neohepialiscus


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Talk:Finnair

Start of Article
Finnair does not "dominate" domestic air travel. Blue 1, run by SAS is strong competitor domestically and take up a significant share of the market. Perhaps the article should change to reflect this. (82.181.79.183 16:06, 29 May 2007 (UTC))

Fleet
The fleet info is poor, and recent changes are inaccurate. Finnair's press centre states the first A340-300E arrived on May 25th (not June 2nd) and that another will arrive in June. Airbus's website concurs. An attempt should be made to distinguish between this a340-300E and Finnair's current a340-300 (pre-owned from Virgin), they are different. Finnair's press centre state that the a340-300Es will operate to Tokyo, Nagoya and Shanghai, not Mumbai as is stated. The last two MD-11's will be sold to Aeroflot on Nov. 2008 and July 2009, though several MD-11s already sold will stay in their fleet until the end of 2010, not 2011. As for future plans this is what Finnair themselves say (press centre): A340-300Es there are 3 on order (with one delivered on the 25th May). In addition they have orders for 6 A340s or A330s (2009 to 2010), and options for 4 more. Airbus slightly contradict Finnair when they say Finnair has order 7 A330s/A340s. As for the A350s, Finnair state they have 11 on order, not 9 as stated, and there are options for 4 more. These are errors I found pretty easily by looking on airbus and finnair's website today, I hate to think what else is wrong with the article. It seems people have made changes recently that are not accurate without consulting the discussion page, so rather than make the changes myself now, I would hope we can reach an agreement on the validity of the changes i have suggested. (82.181.79.183 16:06, 29 May 2007 (UTC))

I don't really know who's playing around with the article. The fleet is a bit wrong, sometimes horribly wrong. I removed the erroneous links to Boeing 747s being part of Finnair's fleet (never been part of the fleet) and even pointed to Finnair's homepage as a reference that they never had them. After 6 hours, someone puts the planes back in the list of "Has operated". Can it not be controlled in any way? I'll try to make a fix again and we'll see how long it lasts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.150.82.183 (talk) 14:15, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

I have just updated the fleet info as per finnair's fleet list on their corporate website. I think the values for the orders are way wrong at the moment, but can't be bothered to go and fix it and find info. if anyone else does, would be good. Olyus (talk) 10:47, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Safest Airline
If Finnair is second safest what airline is the safest i cant fine it when i search — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paddyirl (talk • contribs) 22:26, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

EDIT: QANTAS is the safest airline. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.218.145.16 (talk) 19:25, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

The current claim that Finnair is the second safest is stupid - just as it is stupid to claim that Quantas is the safest (especially considering a few incidents lately and the consequent findings of some poor maintenance). There's simply no good way to compare. There are a number of airlines that haven't had a single fatal accident since 1970 (check e.g. http://www.airsafe.com/events/nofatals.htm) - would you rank all of them as less safe now due to accidents prior to then? Or wouldn't the number of accident-free flights in a row be a better metric than years? IIRC Delta tops that but I'm too lazy to dig up a source - my point should nevertheless be clear (i.e. the difficulty in comparing Finnair with much bigger airlines). And then there are of course accidents for which you cannot place any blame on the airline - such as ATC mistakes. I'm not much into editing wikipedia but will remove that claim now. If somebody adds it back, I won't care (or discuss it) but if someone considers it necessary, I suggest that it be placed as trivia such as "Finnair hasn't had a single fatal accident since 1963, which places it behind only Quantas in terms of accident-free years in operation". In conclusion, I might of course add that Finnair has been praised for its safety practices in pilot training and maintenance - at least by experts(!?) in Swedish media when they've wanted to make some comparisons when bashing SAS lately. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.114.151.178 (talk) 12:09, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Why are people simplifying the fleet table? Thanks, GE90115B —Preceding unsigned comment added by GE90115B (talk • contribs) 05:22, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Guys, "safest" is an opinion. You can say "XXJ Agency so and so says Finnair is the safest" WhisperToMe (talk) 12:22, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Leading airline
One of Europe's leading airlines? Statistics about that? (non-signed message by 193.143.235.6 on September 30 2005)
 * I'd have to agree on that. Some entries in this article seem to be somewhat unencyclopaedic. Rewording. Scoo 13:26, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Incorrect link
Link to 1963 crash information http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1963/1963-39.htm is not accurate (points to Japanese plane crash).

Correct link is: http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1963/1963-50.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.231.51.48 (talk) 20:23, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Hey, Santa
Can anybody confirm Finnair claims to being "official airline of Santa"? Trekphiler 07:59, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

I can confirm that. They are official airline of santa. Check airliners.net and finnairs pictures so you can see that. or finnairs webpage — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.154.12.220 (talk • contribs) 08:53, July 1, 2007 (UTC)

Charter flights
Hi guys, there are many airports where charter flights of Finnair are listed. Are these scheduled? Because if not, they should not be included. Per aspera ad Astra (talk) 08:27, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

More sources
WhisperToMe (talk) 22:24, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Raivio, Jyri. "Pilkkominen uhkaa - Finnairille jäisi vain kaukoliikenne." Suomen Kuvalehti. 9 February 2012.

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A350 technical problems
A section of the article purely focussed on a few minor technical issues with the Airbus A350 in Finnair service has been removed from the page as the content (whether sourced or not) had no real lasting encyclopaedic notability. Small technical issues resulting in flight cancellations are common for all aircraft types, especially brand new aircraft only recently certified and entering service, and these therefore don't warrant inclusion on an airline article. Accidents / incidents qualifying for inclusion in accordance with WP:AIRCRASH can of course continue to be included. Suggest further discussion here as required, the said text is reproduced below for reference:

 * Since the beginning of scheduled flights, the A350 fleet has suffered regular technical difficulties, including one week in February 2015 when six scheduled flights had to be cancelled. According to a Finnair spokesman the delays and cancellations are due to the high rate of use for the planes. In an earlier incident in November 2015 a promotional flight arranged for Finnair staff, including the company's CEO Pekka Vauramo, was unable to land at Rovaniemi Airport due to a brake fault. The cancelled flights and delays have resulted in customer compensation demands. Finnair has claimed that the cancelled flights and delays are due to exceptional circumstances and therefore customers are not entitled to compensation.

Thanks. SempreVolando (talk) 10:43, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

When a plane is regularly unable to fulfil its schedule, those details are not minor. Furthermore, these technical issues have been a regular occurrence, which has consistently been reported on (including by Finnair). Finnair was one of the first airlines to bring into regular scheduled flights the A350 and the launch is and has been of wide public interest. Any technical issues related to this are therefore relevant information, particularly as the issues have been ongoing since the launch.

Kind regards BierInTrout (talk) 26 March 2016 —Preceding undated comment added 11:06, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Further to this discussion: Wikipedia rules under Neutral_point_of_view, "Due and Undue Weight" state: "Neutrality requires that each article or other page in the mainspace fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint in the publish"

Since the entries in question are from reliable sources and they add to the representation of "all significant viewpoints" on this subject, the entries should be included on the page and removing them was in contradiction to this rule.

Kind regards BierInTrout (talk) 18:37, 2 April 2016

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Incidents and accidents
Hello, the current (completely unreferenced) section Incidents and accidents needs an overhaul. Volunteers? A few of the incidents could be referenced from their respective articles but the rest, well, not so easily. Capitalization in the Section is rather Eccentric. --Micraboy (talk) 11:57, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

Meals and Drinks
I think the "Meals and Drinks" section should be updated, because it is rather misleading. At first it says that they serve a cold salad/sandwich on European flights, and then it says that this service has been discontinued. 147.237.70.61 (talk) 13:28, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Finnair


text:
Balussery

Balussery is a town located about 25 km northeast of Kozhikode city and lies on State Highway 34. It is one of the 12 block Panchayats in Kozhikode district. Balussery is the Northeast side entry of Calicut city.

Geography and Climate
Balussery is located at a distance of about 25 km away from Kozhikode, the district headquarters, and is well connected by road to the nearby towns. There are three main roads that span out from the Balussery city centre. Kozhikode is accessible by two routes, via the Balussery-Kozhikode main Road and the Balussery-Ulliyeri-Kozhikode Road. The major city Thamarassery is about 15 km away and can be reached by the Koyilandi Edavanna Road, and Koyilandi Town is about 16 km away. The town has a bus stand-cum-shopping complex and acts as the origin of the bus services to all the main surrounding places.

Overview
Balussery block has an area of 278.54 km2. There are eight Grama Panchayats in the block: Atholi, Balussery, Koorachundu, Kottur, Naduvannur, Panangad, Ulliyeri and Unnikulam. The total population is 212,592: 105,962 males and 106,631 females.

Government offices are situated in the heart of the town. Kerala State Electricity Board has a 33 kV substation (at Manjappalam), a division office/subdivision, and a section office here. There is also an employment exchange at Balussery Mukku, a Kerala Police Circle office, a PWD office, a Sub Registrar Office, an Educational Department Office, six co-operative banks, State Bank of India, Canara Bank, Syndicate Bank, Punjab National Bank, Federal Bank, Bank of Baroda, HDFC bank and ICICI bank.

Regular bus services operate throughout Kozhikode, Thamarassery, Koyilandy, Koorachundu, Koottalida and Perambra. Mini-buses connect the hinterland to Balussery Town. KSRTC operates services to the hilly regions of Balussery, like Mankayam, Koorachundu, Kakkayam, Kallanode, Cheekkilode, and Vayalada.

Education
There are three government higher secondary schools located in Balussery. Govt. Vocational Higher Secondary School and GHSS girls high school are near the town, and Kokkallur HSS is 3 km away from town. There are also primary and upper primary schools, like Balussery GLP school, A.L.P School Thuruthyad.

There is a central government institute named Adarsha Sanskrit Vidya Peetham, located in Vaikundam. It is one of several Sanskrit Colleges in Kerala.

PT Usha School of Athletics is at Vattoli Bazaar. Saraswathy Vidya Mandir is situated 2 km away from Balussery.

Politics
Balussery has always been the most influential constituency of the LDF. Most of the workers are from CPIM. The Left Front has been winning with a huge lead in successive assembly and panchayat elections. As of the 2021 assembly elections, the current MLA is Adv K.M Sachindev of CPI(M) and he got a massive lead of 20372 votes The opposite candidates are Dharmajan Bolgaty for UDF and Libin Balussery for NDA. Other political parties in the area are Muslim League, Indian National Congress, BJP, NCP, Janata Dal, welfareparty, and SDPI.

Notable people

 * Ranjith -Director
 * Girish Puthenchery- Lyricist
 * Sarasa Balussery- Actress
 * Anoop Menon- Actor

Places of interest
 Vayalada Hill Station

Vayalada Hill Station is a hill station in Balussery in the proximity of Vettakkorumakan Temple.And its popularly knowns as Gavi of Malabar.

 Thonikadavu Tourist Place

Thonikadavu is a tourist place located in Balussery,its called as Switzerland of Kerala.

 Pokkunnu Hills View Point

Pokkunnu Hills View Point, Commonly known as Pokkunnu Mala, is a hill station in Balussery

 Balussery-Kotta and Manjapuzha River

Balussery is home to the Central Fort of Kurumbranad Rajas, the Balussery Kota. It is flanked by a temple dedicated to Vettakkorumakan, known as the largest Vettakkorumakan Temple anywhere. It is 2 km from the bus stand. The Manjapuzha River flows by the side of the temple. There are several small temples nearby, such as Kunnatheru Maha Ganapathy Temple, Ponnaram Theru Maha Ganapathy Temple, Chamundeshwari Temple, Vaikuntam Vishnu Temple, Chinthramangalam SreeKrishna Temple, Ellath Mookambika Temple, and Narasimha Kshetram Nirmaloor. Thekkedathu Nagathan Kavu are also here.

 Kinaloor Estate (Cochin Malabar Estates)

Kinaloor Estate (Cochin Malabar Estates) is a valley with a mountain on one side and a rubber plantation on the other. There is a plane in the middle of the plantation and the mountain, a proposed site for the KSIDC (SEZ) industrial area.

The Usha sports school is located at Kinaloor estate, Vattoli Bazaar. The school is located here at Kinaloor estate, Vattoli Bazaar, around 5 km from Balussery.

 Kakkayam Dam Site  Kakkayam power station and dam is the sole dam in this region. The powerhouse is around 19 km from Balussery, and the dam is around 35 m

Transportation
Balussery connects to other parts of India through Koyilandy. The national highway no.66 passes through Koyilandy, and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa, and Mumbai.

Suburbs of Balussery

 * Atholi, Balussery, Panangad and Koorachundu
 * Kottur, Naduvannur, Kayanna and UIliyeri
 * Unnikulam, Padanilam, Madavoor, Narikkuni, Punnassery and Nanmanda
 * Kokkallur

title: Balussery


text: User talk:82.50.127.75

title: User talk:82.50.127.75


text:
Talk:Jack and Jill

History

 * According to the two characters are Jack and Gill—a second boy—and that the rhyme refers to Wolsey and Tarbes. Any corroboration?
 * According to, the first external source listed in the entry, the rhyme dates back to at least 1760, discrediting the 1795 date and possibly the whole story in the Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette origin.

Acording to Roger Evans in Don't tell I, tell 'ee (an affectectionate look at the somerset dialect.) the Rhyme is based on a historical coulple that lived in Kimersdon, Somerset. Jack who was killed be a stone falling from or falling off a stone on Bad Stone Hill and his lover Jill who died in childbirth. Not only does this hill have a well on top (unusual as gravity usualy drags water down to lowlying levels). But more convincingly liguisticaly Jill and Hill are rhymimg words as are Down and Crown but Water and After dont! unless said in the West Country dialect, so Jack an Jill went up the hill To vetch a payul of wadder Jack fell down an broke ees crown An' Jill came tumbling adder.

Should this be added ?

It might be worth noting that the village of Kimersdon, the self-proclaimed home of the Jack and Jill nursery rhyme has no obvious source of water at the top of the hill, and in fact sports a perfectly servicable stream at the bottom. What were they doing at the top of the hill?. The hill isn't really steep enough to fall down either.

Another possible interpretation is based on the fact that this popular song seems to be expressing public satisfaction at the downfall of some couple which had "gone up the hill," i. e., had risen dramatically in social standing, and has now suffered their comeuppance. One thinks, perhaps, of the downfall of King James I's favorite Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, and his wife Frances, who fell from grace as a result of the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury in the Tower, in 1615. Dana F. Sutton —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * It was stated in Dew Ponds `History observation and experiment` by Edward A Martin in 1915 that the reason Jack and Jill went up the hill was to fetch water from a dew pond. Dew ponds are found on or near the top of hills. --palmiped | Talk  20:31, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

jack and jill went up the hill to have a little fun

stupid jill forgot the pill and now they have a son —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.21.243.66 (talk) 09:42, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

An alternative sexual version not mentioned in the article
Jack and Jill

went up the hill

just to have some fun

Silly Jill

forgot the pill

and now they have a son.

217.132.185.86 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 22:16, 16 October 2008 (UTC).

-- There's also the version I heard in the school yard as a kid. ..

Jack and Jill

Went up the hill

To smoke some Marijuana

Jack got high, unzipped his fly

And Jill said "I don't wanna" 24.11.21.161 (talk) 08:52, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Alternatively...

Jack and Jill went up the hill

To fetch a pail of water

Don't know what they did up there

But now they've got a daughter

This version's well-known where I'm from (South East England). Anyone think some examples of parodic versions should be added to the main article? ~ Wave —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.28.117.34 (talk) 14:15, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * All additions to Wikipedia articles require proper sourcing or they should be removed. Please see WP:PROVEIT. bloodofox: (talk) 10:44, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

The one I know ( not sexual but creepy af) is Jack and Jill Went up the hill To fetch a pail of water Jack fell down the well That led to hell For Jill was Satan's daughter

Pebblez Playz (talk) 13:23, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

And I don't think the in appropriate ones should be added to the main article coz there could be lil kids who just searched up Jack and Jill coz it was their favourite nursery rhyme. Like, they'd be scared for life were. Pebblez Playz (talk) 13:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Unsourced versions
The number of unsourced versions is growing. I will give fair time for sources to be found, but there is no way of knowing if these are genuine without reliable sources, so I will be deleting these soon.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 12:42, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * note - common usage and recital in an area strikes me as a reasonable sourcing - the problem is - it would be hard to call original research when those versions are far better known than ancient 1870's versions. I will perhaps see which common versions (not the naughty ones) that I can find in print, which should make for reasonable citation. 81.108.144.184 (talk) 16:50, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

I agree and have taken the suggested action. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 23:16, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Dame Dob
To Sabrebd - can you verify your "Dame Dob" version of the Rhyme, I've not heard it, and it sounds like a naughty schoolchild's sexualised version. Otherwise, I think the "went to bed and patched his head" seems correct. While you may find your version a laugh, it neither seems appropriate, nor well known so I don't think it belongs on the article. Perhaps in the section above on the discussion page? 81.108.144.184 (talk) 15:52, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * has a version.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 16:24, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * While I can see that the mother goose version is close (note not the same) as the version you have placed on the main page, it is hardly the most commonly known version, and common usage now of the word nob is different enough that I don't think I'd want my 2 year old reciting this version. From the number of other edits (now looking at history) that you've reverted to this version, I think your version perhaps belongs somewhere other than on the main page here. Either this, or perhaps wikipedia is not the appropriate place for finding nursery rhyme lyrics (despite a leading search engine thinking so). 81.108.144.184 (talk) 16:43, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * If your 2 year old is surfing the the net you should probably note WP:NOTCENSORED. I have no objection to reflecting a "modern" version at the top of the article and then the original further down as long as the modern version is properly sourced, preferably with some statement that indicates it is in widespread usage.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 16:53, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Noted - 2 year old is not surfing, I was looking for lyrics to remember it for her. Having a search of books, this (probably later print) of Mother Goose has the version I recognise: 81.108.144.184 (talk) 17:00, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I think I have managed to find sources to support the newer version as common, but its a bit complicated and I need to do a bit more research. I will try to post something over the holiday.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 21:06, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Suggested external link
Here's the poem's visualisation in Poem Viewer: an interactive tool from Oxford University that graphs the rhymes, consonance/assonance, and other properties of text. MartinPoulter Jisc (talk) 11:36, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ That's a really interesting website, I'm glad you suggested it. Andrew327 12:06, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I have no objection in principle to this being added, but to be honest I have no idea what it tells us.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 13:35, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It shows that as well as rhyming at the end of lines as you'd expect, the rhyme has lots of other linguistic repetitions and properties that perhaps account for its catchiness. The interactive element lets users examine particular aspects of the rhyme. It's sort of a research tool. Thanks Andrew. MartinPoulter Jisc (talk) 11:27, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I guess I am just used to finding that stuff by reading the verse.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 12:54, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Not everybody knows the linguistic terminology. MartinPoulter Jisc (talk) 10:23, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Jack and Jill Hill, Somerset
Interesting that there is no reference to Jack and Jill hill in the village of Kilmersdon in Somerset (unless I have missed them). There is a well at the top of the hill, which is called Jack and Jill Hill, and a wall plaque which explains that Jack and Jill (Gill) lived locally and went up the hill every day for water. One day, a stone from the nearby quarry hit Jack. Jack died. However, Gill was pregnant with their son who was named Gilson, still a popular surname in the area. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.159.77 (talk) 15:00, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Another meaning?
Some years ago, a young mother, being a professional teacher for young children, from Sacramento, CA, told me that the rhyme refers to an old medieval(?) ordeal and/or punishment for adultery: The man had to carry a pail of water up a steep hill with the woman bound to his other hand, arm or leg by a rope. Most likely the water would spill over, making the ascent slippery, so the man was endangered to fall down, break his skull and pull the woman with him. Sorry I cannot give any reference, but regarding the inventiveness of those times in bringing people from life to death, this seems not too far-fetched to me. I think it could be a nice task for someone with some time and interest in (or even knowledge of) the history of penal law. 95.33.113.250 (talk) 04:37, 23 January 2018 95.33.104.142 (talk) 14:22, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

What's a "dab verse"?
This term is used in the article but not explained. Equinox ◑ 14:05, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

crown
What does that mean, he broke his crown? There's a german figure of speech "break a spike from one's crown" (einen Zacken aus der Krone brechen) meaning to get embarrassed by sth., is this the same? --88.66.2.63 (talk) 22:25, 25 June 2018 (UTC)

 * The crown is the top of a person's head. Equinox ◑ 16:54, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

Google it Pebblez Playz (talk) 13:25, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 25 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Jack and Jill. While pageviews do favor the film, there is a rough consensus that the nursery rhyme wins by long-term significance. No such user (talk) 07:02, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

– It is the WP:PRIMARY TOPIC Sahaib3005 (talk) 20:32, 25 July 2021 (UTC). Here is evidence https://pageviews.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&start=2020-07-24&end=2021-07-24&pages=Jack_and_Jill|Jack_and_Jill_of_America|Jack_and_Jill_(2011_film)|Jack_and_Jill_(nursery_rhyme)|Jack_and_Jill_School|Jack_and_Jill_(magazine)|Jack_and_Jill_(upcoming_film)|Jack_and_Jill_(comics)|Jack_and_Jill_(party)|Jack_and_Jill_(dance) Sahaib3005 (talk) 20:49, 26 July 2021 (UTC) — Relisting. Colin M (talk) 17:45, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme) → Jack and Jill
 * Jack and Jill → Jack and Jill (disambiguation)

 * Against: per the article, the phrase Jack & Jill (meaning male and female partner) is the primary topic. There are so many uses of the phrase in different contexts that the article on its use in the nursery rhyme needs disambiguation. Sweetpool50 (talk) 10:02, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose no evidence or argument offered. Automatic fail at RM In ictu oculi (talk) 12:44, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
 * , courtesy ping to let you know that the nom added evidence/argument after you left your comment.  Bait30   Talk 2 me pls? 02:22, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but as Bait30 notes below results show a fail anyway. In ictu oculi (talk) 06:59, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose: The pageviews show that Jack and Jill (2011 film) has more views than the nursery rhyme.  Bait30   Talk 2 me pls? 02:24, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Sweetpool50 and Bait30.  Peter Ormond 💬  03:18, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support: The longterm significance criterion makes Jack and Jill the clear primary topic even if it gets less pageviews, since I don't think there is another usage of the term that wasn't inspired by the rhyme. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 04:16, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support, precisely per ZXCVBNM. BD2412  T 19:44, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. This seems like one of those cases where the primary topic can't be determined by pageviews. The vast majority of entries on the disambiguation page are derived from the nursery rhyme, with one exception being the 2011 film. I am satisfied that primary topic criteria are met here. Sean Stephens (talk) 12:02, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Is there proof that the film's title isn't derived from the rhyme? I would assume that it was named that way due to the name recognition of the rhyme, causing it to be a humorous pun. (People expect there to be a Jack and Jill, but it really means he is both Jack and Jill). ZXCVBNM (TALK) 12:52, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't actually know, to be perfectly honest. I was basing that on my minimal knowledge of the film, but it's definitely likely to be the case. I'll have a quick Google search and insert it into the article if it's verifiable. Sean Stephens (talk) 01:29, 29 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This and this both seem to indicate that it definitely takes some inspiration from the original source. The third paragraph of the first one appears to be particularly useful for this article, actually. Sean Stephens (talk) 02:01, 29 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. This is clearly the main topic.--Berig (talk) 17:54, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. I agree that the nursery rhyme is primary by long-term significance. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 17:23, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 21:04, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

Suggested references for use
Various editors above have expressed that they feel the article as it currently stands is in need of expansion. I've found the following references if anyone wants to make use of them

 * https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/55035/dark-origins-11-classic-nursery-rhymes/
 * https://www.interestingliterature.com/2017/05/a-short-analysis-of-the-jack-and-jill-nursery-rhyme/
 * https://www.roanoke.edu/documents/AcademicAffairs/HowtoWriteandCitebasetext.pdf

There was also an Owlcation article but it appears that site has been blacklisted. Unsure how reliable or useful these all may be, but it's a start. Sean Stephens (talk) 01:49, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack and Jill


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Patalkot, India

Patalkot (Sanskrit for "Very Deep") is a valley in the Tamia tehsil of Chhindwara district in Madhya Pradesh, India. Patalkot is 78 km away from Chhindwara district headquarter. This valley is home to a tribal culture and enormous herbal wealth.

Geography
The Patalkot valley is spread over an area of 79 km2. at an average height of 2750–3250 feet above Mean Sea Level from 22.24 to 22.29 ° North and 78.43 to 78.50 ° East. The valley is located at a distance of 78 km from Chhindwara in the North-West direction and 20 km from Tamia in the North-East Direction. 'Doodhi' river flows in the valley. This horse–shoe shaped valley is surrounded by hills and there are several pathways to reach the villages located inside the valley. The rocks are mostly by the Archaean era which are nearly 2500 million years and comprised with Granite gneiss, green schists, basic rocks, quartz with Gondwana sediments including conglomerate sandstone, shales and carbonaceous shales. The composite carbon on the rocks called Shilajit is also found on few patches in upper zones.

History
'Patalkot' name comes from Sanskrit word "Patal" that means very deep. There is a belief that after worshipping Lord Shiva, Prince Meghnad son of Ravana had gone to Patal-lok through this place only. People say that Bhonsle Kings ruled this place in the 18th and 19th Centuries and that there was a long tunnel connecting this place to Pachmarhi in Hoshangabad District. The Bhonsle King after defeated by British Army found this place suitable for hiding and went deep into the forest of Patalkot. The area is called Rajakho in Patalkot. Traditionally, the site is believed to be the entrance to Patal. This valley had long been cut off from the outside and was discovered only a few years back. Patalkot has been a home to a tribal culture and custom since its origin.

Tourism

In recent years, the government has been trying to make Patalkot an eco-tourism destination. The monsoon season is a popular time for visitors, as it is a sheltered area. Tourism marketing focuses on the local nature and adivasi culture connections - though this may change with increased impact from tourism and outside pressures. Patalkot is known for retaining its original culture and customs for a long time. Until a few years back, it was a world in its own with no influence from outside. To reverse the process of deforestation and forest degradation by positioning in ecotourism as a joint product. The Patalkot model of ecotourism, with the involvement of indigenous communities, has demonstrated its operational deliverance, adaptive evolution capabilities as well as being recognized as a successful model with several elements for replication. It started in 2009 with the joint effort of the 'Centre for Forestry Research' and HRD Poama, District Administration and District Olympic Association in which 3000 tribal youth were trained in adventure activities like parasailing, paragliding, rock climbing, trekking, bird watching and water sports. Every year a festival called Satpuda Adventure sports festival is organised during the month of October.

This deep valley is situated on the way to Bhopal from Chhindwara. Patalkot is 78 km away from Chhindwara, on a diversion route towards Tamia. It can be reached through taxi from Chhindwara. There is no facility of accommodation in the valley, the nearest accommodation facility is in Tamia at the forest or PWD guest house and few private hotels can be booked.

Culture
There are in total 12 villages and 13 hamlets with a total population of 2012 (1017 male and 995 female) in the valley. These villages are located at the distance of 2–3 km each. The main villages of the valley are: Rated, Chimtipur, Gujja Dongri, Sahra Pachgol, Harra-ka-Char, Sukhabhand, Dhurni malni, Jhiram, Palani Gaildubba, Ghatlinga, Gudichattri, Gaildubba, Kareyam, Ghana, etc.

Gonds (Gondi people) and Bharias mainly constitute the population of Patalkot. It is said that Bharias have been living here for more than 500 years. Tribal men, women and children wear traditional dresses during their festive times. Chulki, Mundri, Binoria, Toda, Hasli, Kardona, Paijan, Mohanmala, Kushmala, Mungiamala, Markadhana mala and Patli are the common ornaments they wear at this time. Tribal members perform prayers and rituals every day. The place where they perform Pooja (prayer) is called as Devghar. Tribals worship Mahadev, Badadev, Madai, Madmi Mai, Doolhadev, Nandia, Surjadev, Agiadev as their gods and goddesses. Nagda, Timki, Shehnai, Chakule, Singa, Tambura, Chikara, Bansuri, Ghunghru, Khadtaal, Madar, Dhol, Dahak and Tudiya are the common instruments played during certain ceremonies and rituals.

As mentioned by Dr Deepak Acharya in an article published in ECOS MAGAZINE- Australia Wisdom from the Heart of India, Patalkot is home to a tribal culture and custom. The valley now faces threats of deforestation.

Medicines and Herbs
Patalkot is the home of some rare medicinal plants and herbs, used by herbal healers known as bhumka. They include Abrus precatorius, Aloe vera, Annona squamosa, Bryonia lacinosa, Aegle marmelos, Madhuca indica, Ficus racemosa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Lawsonia enermis, Tylophora asthmatica, Gloriosa superba, Gymnema sylvestre, Hemidesmus indicus, etc. The tribes of Patalkot use the forest plants to make medicines. The herbal practitioners are known as Bhumkas. They make pulps and extracts of plants for curing illnesses. They have medicinal treatments intended to aid with illnesses including, measles, cholera, hypertension, diabetes, coughs, snake bites, and pains (Acharya and Shrivastava, 2008). The ethnobotanical studies done by Dr.Suneesh Buxy in the area revealed that nearly 220 number of floral population are used by Bharia community for treating different diseases. Some of the medicinal plants are highly endangered species and needs protection like Sundew.

Due to the exposure of Patalkot's herbal remedies and plants to the outside world, the eco-balance of the valley is in question. The system of the valley that encompasses several villages and their lives has been self-sustained over a long period of time.

title: Patalkot, India


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/GutenbergxMisc

This list consists of all missing articles that are on the 1911/Catholic encyclopedia and the Gutenberg list. It started with 78 entries.

Complete!


text:
Rosids

The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms.

The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families.

Fossil rosids are known from the Cretaceous period. Molecular clock estimates indicate that the rosids originated in the Aptian or Albian stages of the Cretaceous, between 125 and 99.6 million years ago.

Today's broadleaved forests are dominated by rosid species, which in turn help with diversification in many other living lineages. Additionally, rosid herbs and shrubs are a significant part of arctic/alpine and temperate floras. The clade also includes some aquatic, desert and parasitic plants.

Name
The name is based upon the name "Rosidae", which had usually been understood to be a subclass. In 1967, Armen Takhtajan showed that the correct basis for the name "Rosidae" is a description of a group of plants published in 1830 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling. The clade was later renamed "Rosidae" and has been variously delimited by different authors. The name "rosids" is informal and not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN. The rosids are monophyletic based upon evidence found by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Three different definitions of the rosids were used. Some authors included the orders Saxifragales and Vitales in the rosids. Others excluded both of these orders. The circumscription used in this article is that of the APG IV classification, which includes Vitales, but excludes Saxifragales.

Relationships
The rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade. This is one of three groups that comprise the Pentapetalae (core eudicots minus Gunnerales), the others being Dilleniales and the superasterids (Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, Santalales, and asterids).

Classification
The rosids consist of two groups: the order Vitales and the eurosids (true rosids). The eurosids, in turn, are divided into two groups: fabids (Fabidae, eurosids I) and malvids (Malvidae, eurosids II).

Orders
The rosids consist of 17 orders. In addition to Vitales, there are eight orders in fabids and eight orders in malvids. Some of the orders have only recently been recognized. These are Vitales, Zygophyllales, Crossosomatales, Picramniales, and Huerteales.

Phylogeny
The phylogeny of rosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

The nitrogen-fixing clade contains a high number of actinorhizal plants (which have root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, helping the plant grow in poor soils). Not all plants in this clade are actinorhizal, however.

title: Rosids


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Asterids

In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. Well-known plants in this clade include the common daisy, forget-me-nots, nightshades (including potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, chili peppers and tobacco), the common sunflower, petunias, yacon, morning glory, lettuce, sweet potato, coffee, lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, honeysuckle, ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary, and rainforest trees such as Brazil nut.

Most of the taxa belonging to this clade had been referred to as Asteridae in the Cronquist system (1981) and as Sympetalae in earlier systems. The name asterids (not necessarily capitalised) resembles the earlier botanical name but is intended to be the name of a clade rather than a formal ranked name, in the sense of the ICBN.

History
Genetic analysis carried out after APG II maintains that the sister to all other asterids are the Cornales. A second order that split from the base of the asterids are the Ericales. The remaining orders cluster into two clades, the lamiids and the campanulids. The structure of both of these clades has changed in APG III.

In the APG III system, the following clades were renamed:
 * euasterids I → lamiids
 * euasterids II → campanulids

Phylogeny
The phylogenetic tree presented hereinafter has been proposed by the APG IV project.

Lamiids
The lamiid subclade consists of about 40,000 species and account for about 15% of angiosperm diversity, characterized in general by superior ovaries and corollas with any fusion of the petals (sympetaly) occurring late in the process of development. The major part of lamiid diversity occurs in the group of five orders from Boraginales to Solanales, referred to informally as "core lamiids" (sometimes called Laminae), although Vahliales consists of the single small genus Vahlia. The remainder of the lamiids are referred to as "basal lamiids", in which Garryales is the sister group to the core lamiids. It has been suggested that the core lamiids radiated from an ancestral line of tropical trees in which the flowers were inconspicuous and the fruit large, drupaceous and often single-seeded.

title: Asterids


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Social Albanian Parties – National Unity Party

Social Albanian Parties and National Unity Party (in Albanian: Partitë Shqiptare Sociale dhe Partia e Unitetit Kombëtar, abbreviated PSHS-PUK) is a coalition of political parties registered ahead of the 2005 elections in Albania. The coalition did not win any seats. On the proportional list PSHS-PUK got 0.2% of the votes.

The coalition consists of :

 * National Unity Party (Partia e Unitetit Kombėtar)
 * Albanian Workers Movement Party (Partia Lëvizja Punëtore Shqiptare)
 * Environmental Party (Partia Ambientaliste)
 * Party for Defence of Workers Rights (Partia për Mbrojtjen e të Drejtave të Punëtorëve)

The coalition is led by Idajet Beqiri of PUK.


text: User talk:194.119.153.9

title: User talk:194.119.153.9


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River Mimram

The River Mimram is a chalk stream in Hertfordshire, England.

Geography
The river valley known locally as the Mimram Valley is named after the River Mimram, which rises from a spring to the north-west of Whitwell, in North Hertfordshire, England, and makes its confluence with the River Lea near Horn's Mill in Hertford. At Whitwell there are watercress beds which have existed since Roman times and these are fed by the same springs. The valley extends northwards where it becomes known as Lilley Bottom. Other sections of the valley are known as Kimpton Bottom and Codicote Bottom. After flowing through Whitwell, Kimpton Mill (where the Mimram is joined by the River Kym) and Codicote Bottom, the river flows through the middle of Welwyn village before heading between the modern and older Digswell settlements, and then running cross-country until it reaches the River Lea at Hertford.

Although a dry valley to the north, it has been known in particularly wet years for the River Mimram to be extended for several miles by springs in the upper valley. In 2001, in a neighbouring valley to the west a village was flooded. The Valley is the furthest east of all the Chiltern Hills valleys.

Historical References
The name of the Mimram is one of the few toponyms recorded within its local area prior to the compilation of the Domesday Book in 1086. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described the building of a burh (a fortified town) at Hertford in 913: "betweox memeran and beneficcan and lygean" (one manuscript spells "memeran" as "maran", and another gives "mæran"), meaning "between the Mimram/Maran and the Beane and the Lea’. On old maps of Hertfordshire, the river is named both as the Mimram and the Maran, with local residents in the 20th century still referring to the surrounding area as the Maran Valley.

Etymology
The name "Mimram" is typically believed to be of Celtic origin. Rutherford Davis states "etymology unknown, but there is little reason to doubt it is Celtic". Etymological connections have been suggested by academic philologists with the River Mint in Westmorland and with North Mymms in south Hertfordshire. There have been suggestions of it being named after a Celtic deity, though no academic sources have been cited for this and the speculation probably stems from a comparison with etymology for the nearby River Beane. Generally, etymologists and philologists have found the name 'Mimram' hard to analyse as there has been so little raw material on which to work until well into the Saxon era, by which time multiple forms of the name appear in records.

Eilert Ekwall believes the Old English version of the name was Memere or Mere (Mære), and that, given the dubious nature of early forms, no etymology can realistically be attempted.

Archaeologist Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews has written that the Mimram's name is meaningless in Old English and therefore must have Brittonic origins. He writes: "'Mimram' seems to contain Brittonic *mimo-, ‘speaking, murmuring, mumbling’, and *aramo-, ‘gentle, calm, quiet’. The original *Mimaramā would mean the ‘murmuring gentle river’. Speakers of Old English found words with three repeated consonants challenging to say and changed the third ‑m– to –n by a process known as dissimilation."

Historically, the river has also been known by the name "Maran" and many maps from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries mark the river's name as "Mimram or Maran". Indeed, up until the 1960s and 1970s, most local residents referred the area around it as the Maran Valley rather than the Mimram Valley. Downstream in Digswell there is a homestead property dating from the sixteenth century that has the name "Maran House". It has been speculated that "Maran" may hark back to the homelands of the Catuvellauni tribe, the Celts who came to Hertfordshire from a region of modern-day Belgium and Northern France where the main river is the Marne, after which a whole department of France is named. The prefecture of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly called Châlons-sur-Marne - with the name "Châlons" being etymologically derived from the name of the local Belgic tribe of the Catalauni. However, the link between the French Catalauni and the British Catuvellauni is not categorically proven: some texts assume they are connected (including, recently, Graham Robb's "The Ancient Paths"), while others infer a lack of connection from the lack of proof.

Crossings
The Mimram is crossed at Digswell by Welwyn Viaduct, carrying the East Coast Main Line as well as commuter services to Peterborough and Cambridge, as it spans the entire width of the Maran Valley.

The upper reaches of the Mimram are crossed only occasionally by small road bridge or fords (eg at Welwyn and Codicote Bottom). Welwyn Village's three bridge are at Singlers Bridge, on the High Street (previously a ford), and on Mill Lane. The High Street and Mill Lane bridges are relatively recent, making Singlers Bridge the only early bridge within Welwyn. Singlers Bridge is named after Singlers Marsh, which was originally named Single Bridge Mead in the 18th century tithe maps, presumably acknowledging its status as accommodating the only bridge across the Mimram in the area.

Below Welwyn, the river goes into a culvert under the by-pass road and the motorway alongside it, before emerging at Lockleys Park and flowing alongside the road through Tewin Water towards Panshanger Park.

Literary references
The river is the subject (and speaker) of a Stevie Smith poem, The River God. Popular and enjoyable though this poem has been for its many readers, the description of the river in the poem bears little relation to the geography of the actual Mimram.

title: River Mimram


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McKellar

McKellar is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Archibald McKellar (1816–1894), Canadian politician
 * Andrew McKellar (1910–1969), Canadian astronomer
 * Archie McKellar (1912–1940), Royal Air Force fighter pilot during the Battle of Britain
 * Colin McKellar (1903–1970), Australian farmer, soldier and federal politician
 * Danica McKellar (born 1975), American actress, sister of Crystal
 * Daniel McKellar (1892–1917), Scottish footballer
 * Don McKellar (born 1963), Canadian actor, writer, and filmmaker
 * Honor McKellar (1920–2024), New Zealand mezzo-soprano opera singer and singing teacher
 * John McKellar (1833–1900), Canadian businessman and politician
 * John McKellar (writer) (1930–2010), Australian playwright, social satirist
 * Kenneth McKellar (politician) (1869–1957), American politician
 * Kenneth McKellar (singer) (1927–2010), Scottish singer
 * Earl McKellar (1918–1976), Canadian politician
 * Phil McKellar, Australian record producer

title: McKellar


text:
Rowan of Rin (novel)

Rowan of Rin is a children's fantasy novel by Australian author Emily Rodda. It is the first in the five-book series of the same name. It was first published in 1993 and re-released in 2003 with the fifth and final novel in the series: Rowan of the Bukshah. In 1994, the novel won the Children's Book of the Year Award for Younger Readers.

The Rowan of Rin series takes place in the same universe and on the same world as Emily Rodda's Deltora Quest book series, a fantasy universe popularly referred to as the Roddaverse by fans.

Plot summary
One morning the people of Rin wake up to find that the stream that flows down from the mountain has slowed to a trickle. By nightfall, it dries up completely; the villagers are alarmed and distressed by this unprecedented crisis. The stream is essential for the survival of the bukshah, the herd of animals that plow the land and are rich sources of wool and milk, and hence also for the survival of the people of Rin. Because of the severity of the situation, six of the strongest, bravest villagers decide to climb the mountain - considered forbidden territory, with tales telling of a dragon living at its peak - in order to see what is wrong at the source of the stream. Strong Jonn of the Orchard, Bronden the furniture-maker, Marlie the weaver, Allun the baker, and Val and Ellis, the twin millers, volunteer to make the perilous journey. When it turns out that Rowan, the village weakling, has been given a map of the mountain that only reveals the path when he is holding it, the group reluctantly agree that Rowan must join them.

During the journey, the group must unravel riddles and persevere despite frightening situations to progress. One by one, each of the villagers breaks down and returns to the village when forced to confront their own greatest fears. Rowan, the most fearful of them all, proves to be the bravest after facing and overcoming each threat despite his fear. Having reached the dragon's lair at the top of the mountain, Rowan is able to get the dragon to breathe fire and melt the ice in and around its lair. The melted ice rushes down a channel inside the mountain and becomes the stream that runs down to the village of Rin, carrying the remaining villagers back home with it.

Awards
List of accolades awarded to Rowan of Rin:

 * 1994 Children's Book of the Year Award: Younger Readers
 * 1994 YABBA Award - Older Readers
 * 1996 IBBY Honour Book
 * 1999 Dymocks Children's Choice Award - Favourite Australian Younger Reader Book and Author

Rowan of Rin series
The other books in the Rowan of Rin series are:

 * 1) Rowan of Rin
 * 2) Rowan and the Travellers
 * 3) Rowan and the Keeper of the Crystal
 * 4) Rowan and the Zebak
 * 5) Rowan of the Bukshah

title: Rowan of Rin (novel)


text:
Heather Shimmen

Heather Shimmen (born 8 November 1957) is a contemporary Australian visual artist whose paintings, prints and collages often use sinister historical imagery from 16th to 19th century.

Biography
Shimmen was born in suburban Melbourne in 1957, and exhibited an early interest in drawing.

One pivotal life experience occurred when she was 14 and visited Papua New Guinea (PNG) with her family. Her parents had entered into a partnership in a farm 60 miles up the Markham Valley out of the town of Lae in the North West of PNG. She saw and met, for the first time, tribal people and saw first hand very confronting body piercing, tattooing and scarification.

She studied art at RMIT University, including a brief stint with printmaker George Baldessin. In 1978, she graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts and subsequently received two Australia Council grants. In 1998 she won the Silk Cut award for linoleum prints.

She has travelled throughout Australia (including Arnhem Land), and spent time in Berlin, London, and New York City.

In addition to her own art practice, she has worked as an artist-in-residence, lecturer or tutor at several institutions including RMIT. She has also been involved in the whimsical art collective Refluxus with Geraldine Burke.

She has been an artist in residence at the Art Vault Mildura, along with other artists such as Mike Parr, Rick Amor, Rona Green (artist) and Geoffrey Ricardo.

She currently lives in Melbourne with her spouse and daughter.

Works
Shimmen's works display her fascination with sinister imagery from the 16th to 19th century: European poets; the aristocracy; tribal society and colonialism; nightmares; sin, disorder and decay.

Her linoleum prints, often based on old engravings, display a high degree of technical skill.

Her work is represented in many public, private, and corporate collections throughout Australia and internationally including the National Gallery of Australia, the Australian War Memorial, the National Museum of Australia, the State Library of Victoria, Artbank and the Art Gallery of South Australia.

Awards

 * 1998 Grand Prize, Silk Cut Acquistive Award for linoleum prints.
 * 2002 Toowoomba Biennale Art Award
 * 2003 Geelong Acquisitive Print Prize, Geelong Art Gallery

title: Heather Shimmen


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Charles Rann Kennedy

Charles Rann Kennedy (1808 – 17 December 1867) was an English lawyer and classicist, best remembered for his involvement in the Swinfen will case and the issues of contingency fee agreements and legal ethics that it involved.

Life
Kennedy was born in Birmingham, son of Rann Kennedy, and the younger brother of Benjamin Hall Kennedy. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, Shrewsbury School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as senior classic (1831) and was elected fellow. He entered Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar in 1835, became a barrister, and settled at Birmingham. From 1849 to 1856 he was professor of law at Queen's College, Birmingham (a predecessor college of Birmingham University).

In his academic role, he advised the judge Lord Denman in the important parliamentary privilege case of Stockdale v. Hansard. As counsel to Mrs Swinfen, the plaintiff in the celebrated will case Swinfen v. Swinfen (1856), he brought an action for remuneration for professional services, but the verdict given in his favour at Warwick assizes was set aside by the court of Common Pleas, on the ground that a barrister could not sue for the recovery of his fees.

Works

 * New Rules for Pleading (2nd ed., 1841)
 * Poems, Original and Selected (1843)
 * A Treatise on Annuities (1846)
 * Works of Virgil, in blank verse, written in conjunction with his father (2 vols., 1850)
 * Specimens of Greek and Latin Verse (1853)
 * Orations of Demosthenes, translated into English, with notes, appendices, etc. (5 vols., 1841–63, in Bohn's Classical Library)
 * Hannibal, a poem, part i. (1866)

Family
His grandson, also named Charles Rann Kennedy (1871–1950), was a playwright and actor who married actress Edith Wynne Matthison. His older brother was classicist Benjamin Hall Kennedy.

title: Charles Rann Kennedy


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Thomas Walker (philanthropist)

Thomas Walker (3 May 1804 – 2 September 1886) was a New South Wales colonial politician, merchant banker and philanthropist. At the time of his death, he was one of the wealthiest and most influential colonialists in New South Wales.

He was the father of Dame Eadith Walker and founder of Yaralla Estate. The Thomas Walker Hospital was named in his honor.

Life and career
Thomas Walker was born at Leith, Scotland, in 1804, and came to Sydney as a young man. About the year 1822 he joined the firm of Riley and Walker, general merchants, the senior partner of which was his uncle. Some years later he acquired this business in partnership with a cousin, and carried it on successfully. He was made a magistrate in 1835. In 1837, he visited Port Phillip district.

In 1843, he was elected one of the representatives of the Electoral district of Port Phillip in the first partially elected New South Wales Legislative Council, and in January 1845 he was one of the six members of the council who signed a petition praying that Port Phillip should be made into a separate colony. Walker, however, gave up taking an active part in politics, though he kept his interest in them and published some pamphlets on the land question. His financial affairs prospered, and he invested widely. His special interest was the Bank of New South Wales, of which he was president for many years before his death. The statement that he was one of the original founders of the bank is not correct, but his uncle was one of the early shareholders. Walker was a conscientious, benevolent man who went about doing good. He took a personal interest in his benefactions, and at one period employed an agent, searching out and relieving cases of distress and yet most of his benevolent activity was impersonal and detached. In 1882, just before taking a trip to Europe, he distributed £10,000 among benevolent institutions.

He married Jane Steel Hart on 25 July 1860, when he was 56 and she was 28 years old. There was one child of the marriage, Eadith. Jane died on 26 January 1870 and was buried at St John's Ashfield.

In 1876, he funded a parcel of land in Ashfield to provide a new residence for the Sydney Foundling Hospital l, (Now The Infants' Home Child and Family Services).

Legacy
Walker died in 1886 in Concord, New South Wales, and was buried in the cemetery at St John's Ashfield, He left a large fortune, and was survived by his daughter Eadith.

Under a codicil in Walker's will, £100,000 was set aside to found the Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Concord West. The hospital was duly designed by Sir John Sulman in the Federation Free Classical style and built in 1893. In its first 20 years nearly 18,000 convalescent patients, all non-paying, received the benefit of this hospital. In the early 1900s, author Henry Lawson was several times a patient there, treated for his alcoholism.

After the death of Dame Eadith Walker 51 years later, two-thirds of the income from £300,000 of his estate was set aside for the upkeep of this hospital. Another £100,000 was used to found the Dame Eadith Walker Convalescent Hospital, which was established in the family home, the Victorian Italianate mansion Yaralla, on the banks of the Parramatta River. One-third of the income from another sum of £300,000 was set aside for its maintenance. The remaining two-thirds of the income was appropriated for the upkeep of the Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital and the cottages built by Dame Eadith Walker. She had devoted her life to philanthropy, making the poor and distressed her special concern. She supplemented her father's endowment of his hospital, gave liberally to other hospitals, and worked on many committees.

The Thomas Walker Hospital is now known as Rivendell Child, Adolescent and Family Unit and specialises in the treatment of young people with problems. Yaralla Estate still survives as the Dame Eadith Walker Hospital. Both hospitals are listed on the Register of the National Estate.

title: Thomas Walker (philanthropist)


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Eadith Walker

Dame Eadith Campbell Walker (18 September 1861 - 8 October 1937) was an Australian heiress and philanthropist.

Life and career
Eadith Campbell Walker was born at The Rocks, Sydney, the only child of Scottish parents, Thomas Walker, a merchant, and his wife Jane (née Hart). The family moved to their home, Yaralla, an Italianate mansion on the Parramatta River in Concord West, an inner-western suburb of Sydney. Following the death of her mother, she was raised by her paternal aunt, Joanna Walker.

She and her father carried out numerous charitable works in Australia. When the First World War came she took a special interest in returned soldiers suffering from tuberculosis, and housed 32 of them at "The Camp" in the grounds of Yaralla Estate from 1917 to 1920. From April 1917 to December 1922, she lent another home in Leura for the same purpose and paid the entire cost of maintenance. It was later converted into a children's home. She built cottages for elderly men at Yaralla and provided an endowment fund for their upkeep. Additionally, she supported sporting clubs, religious, educational, and health institutions, as well as returned soldiers after the First World War.

Honours
She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1917 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 4 June 1928 for philanthropic and charitable services.

Legacy
Dame Eadith died on 8 October 1937, aged 76, unmarried. She was cremated at the chapel in Rookwood, and her ashes were buried in the family grave at St John's Ashfield. She left an estate of £265,000. After providing for many legacies to relations, friends and employees, one-third of the residue of the estate went to the Returned Soldiers' and Sailors' Imperial League of Australia, and the real estate to the Red Cross Society.

After her death, two-thirds of the income from £300,000 of her father's estate was set aside for the upkeep of the Thomas Walker Hospital, which had been built from 1891-93 with money provided by her father's will. Another £100,000 was used to turn Yaralla into the Dame Eadith Walker convalescent home for men, and one-third of the income from another sum of £300,000 was set aside for its maintenance. Both Yaralla and the Thomas Walker Hospital (now known as Rivendell Child, Adolescent and Family Unit) are now listed on the Register of the National Estate.

title: Eadith Walker