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Microform

A microform is a scaled-down reproduction of a document, typically either photographic film or paper, made for the purposes of transmission, storage, reading, and printing. Microform images are commonly reduced to about 4% or $1⁄25$ of the original document size. For special purposes, greater optical reductions may be used.

Three formats are common: microfilm (reels), microfiche (flat sheets), and aperture cards. Microcards, also known as "micro-opaques", a format no longer produced, were similar to microfiche, but printed on cardboard rather than photographic film.

History
Using the daguerreotype process, John Benjamin Dancer was one of the first to produce microphotographs, in 1839. He achieved a reduction ratio of 160:1. Dancer refined his reduction procedures with Frederick Scott Archer's wet collodion process, developed in 1850–51, but he dismissed his decades-long work on microphotographs as a personal hobby and did not document his procedures. The idea that microphotography could be no more than a novelty was an opinion shared in the 1858 Dictionary of Photography, which called the process "somewhat trifling and childish".

Microphotography was first suggested as a document preservation method in 1851 by the astronomer James Glaisher, and in 1853 by John Herschel, another astronomer. Both men attended the 1851 Great Exhibition in London, where the exhibit on photography greatly influenced Glaisher. He called it "the most remarkable discovery of modern times", and argued in his official report for using microphotography to preserve documents.

A pigeon post was in operation during the Siege of Paris (1870-1871). René Dagron photographed pages of newspapers in their entirety which he then converted into miniature photographs. He subsequently removed the collodion film from the glass base and rolled it tightly into a cylindrical shape which he then inserted into miniature tubes that were transported fastened to the tail feathers of the pigeons. Upon receipt the microphotograph was reattached to a glass frame and was then projected by magic lantern on the wall. The message contained in the microfilm could then be transcribed or copied. By 28 January 1871, when Paris and the Government of National Defense surrendered, Dagron had delivered 115,000 messages to Paris by carrier pigeon.

The chemist Charles-Louis Barreswil proposed the application of photographic methods with prints of a reduced size. The prints were on photographic paper and did not exceed 40 mm, to permit insertion in a goose-quill or thin metal tube, which protected against the elements. The pigeons each carried a dispatch that was tightly rolled and tied with a thread, and then attached to a tail feather of the pigeon. The dispatch was protected by being inserted in the quill, which was then attached to the tail feather.

The developments in microphotography continued through the next decades, but it was not until the turn of the century that its potential for practical usage was applied more broadly. In 1896, Canadian engineer Reginald A. Fessenden suggested microforms were a compact solution to engineers' unwieldy but frequently consulted materials. He proposed that up to 150,000,000 words could be made to fit in a square inch, and that a one-foot cube could contain 1.5 million volumes.

In 1906, Paul Otlet and Robert Goldschmidt proposed the livre microphotographique as a way to alleviate the cost and space limitations imposed by the codex format. Otlet's overarching goal was to create a World Center Library of Juridical, Social and Cultural Documentation, and he saw microfiche as a way to offer a stable and durable format that was inexpensive, easy to use, easy to reproduce, and extremely compact. In 1925, the team spoke of a massive library where each volume existed as master negatives and positives, and where items were printed on demand for interested patrons.

In the 1920s, microfilm began to be used in a commercial setting. New York City banker George McCarthy was issued a patent in 1925 for his "Checkograph" machine, designed to make micrographic copies of cancelled checks for permanent storage by financial institutions. In 1928, the Eastman Kodak Company bought McCarthy's invention and began marketing check microfilming devices under its "Recordak" division.

Between 1927 and 1935, the Library of Congress microfilmed more than three million pages of books and manuscripts in the British Library; in 1929 the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies joined to create a Joint Committee on Materials for Research, chaired for most of its existence by Robert C. Binkley, which looked closely at microform's potential to serve small print runs of academic or technical materials. In 1933, Charles C. Peters developed a method to microformat dissertations, and in 1934 the United States National Agriculture Library implemented the first microform print-on-demand service, which was quickly followed by a similar commercial concern, Science Service.

In 1935, Kodak's Recordak division began filming and publishing The New York Times on reels of 35 millimeter microfilm, ushering in the era of newspaper preservation on film. This method of information storage received the sanction of the American Library Association at its annual meeting in 1936, when it officially endorsed microforms.

In 1937 Herman H. Fussler of the University of Chicago set up an exhibition of microform at the World Congress of Universal Documentation.

Harvard University Library was the first major institution to realize the potential of microfilm to preserve broadsheets printed on high-acid newsprint and it launched its "Foreign Newspaper Project" to preserve such ephemeral publications in 1938. Roll microfilm proved far more satisfactory as a storage medium than earlier methods of film information storage, such as the Photoscope, the Film-O-Graph, the Fiske-O-Scope, and filmslides.

The year 1938 also saw another major event in the history of microfilm when University Microfilms International (UMI) was established by Eugene Power. For the next half century, UMI would dominate the field, filming and distributing microfilm editions of current and past publications and academic dissertations. After another short-lived name change, UMI was made a part of ProQuest Information and Learning in 2001.

Uses

Systems that mount microfilm images in punched cards have been widely used for archival storage of engineering information.

For example, when airlines demand archival engineering drawings to support purchased equipment (in case the vendor goes out of business, for example), they normally specify punch-card-mounted microfilm with an industry-standard indexing system punched into the card. This permits automated reproduction, as well as permitting mechanical card-sorting equipment to sort and select microfilm drawings.

Aperture card mounted microfilm is roughly 3% of the size and space of conventional paper or vellum engineering drawings. Some military contracts around 1980 began to specify digital storage of engineering and maintenance data because the expenses were even lower than microfilm, but these programs are now finding it difficult to purchase new readers for the old formats.

Microfilm first saw military use during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. During the Siege of Paris, the only way for the provincial government in Tours to communicate with Paris was by pigeon post. As the pigeons could not carry paper dispatches, the Tours government turned to microfilm. Using a microphotography unit evacuated from Paris before the siege, clerks in Tours photographed paper dispatches and compressed them to microfilm, which were carried by homing pigeons into Paris and projected by magic lantern while clerks copied the dispatches onto paper.

Additionally, the US Victory Mail, and the British "Airgraph" system it was based on, were used for delivering mail between those at home and troops serving overseas during World War II. The systems worked by photographing large amounts of censored mail reduced to thumb-nail size onto reels of microfilm, which weighed much less than the originals would have. The film reels were shipped by priority air freight to and from the home fronts, sent to their prescribed destinations for enlarging at receiving stations near the recipients, and printed out on lightweight photo paper. These facsimiles of the letter-sheets were reproduced about one-quarter the original size and the miniature mails were then delivered to the addressee. Use of these microfilm systems saved significant volumes of cargo capacity needed for war supplies. An additional benefit was that the small, lightweight reels of microfilm were almost always transported by air, and as such were delivered much more quickly than any surface mail service could have managed.

Libraries began using microfilm in the mid-20th century as a preservation strategy for deteriorating newspaper collections. Books and newspapers that were deemed in danger of decay could be preserved on film and thus access and use could be increased. Microfilming was also a space-saving measure. In his 1945 book, The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library, Fremont Rider calculated that research libraries were doubling in space every sixteen years. His suggested solution was microfilming, specifically with his invention, the microcard. Once items were put onto film, they could be removed from circulation and additional shelf space would be made available for rapidly expanding collections. The microcard was superseded by microfiche. By the 1960s, microfilming had become standard policy.

In 1948, the Australian Joint Copying Project started; the intention to film records and archives from the United Kingdom relating to Australia and the Pacific. Over 10,000 reels were produced, making it one of the largest projects of its kind.

Around the same time, Licensed Betting Offices in the UK began using microphotography as a means of keeping compact records of bets taken. Betting shop customers would sometimes attempt to amend their betting slip receipt to attempt fraud, and so the microphotography camera (which also generally contained its own independent time-piece) found use as a definitive means of recording the exact details of each and every bet taken. The use of microphotography has now largely been replaced by digital 'bet capture' systems, which also allow a computer to settle the returns for each bet once the details of the wager have been 'translated' into the system by an employee. The added efficiency of this digital system has ensured that there are now very few, if indeed any, betting offices continuing to use microfilm cameras in the UK.

Visa and National City use microfilm (roll microfilm and fiche) to store financial, personal, and legal records.

Source code for computer programs was printed to microfiche during the 1970s and distributed to customers in this form.

Additionally, microfiche was used to write out long casework for some proofs such as the four color theorem.

Characteristics
The medium has numerous characteristics:

 * It enables libraries to access collections without putting rare, fragile, or valuable items at risk of theft or damage.
 * Microfilm has a one to one ratio to users. Only one user can access one microform at a time. To increase this you must duplicate, distribute and store increasing the manpower needed to maintain the collection.
 * It is relatively compact, with far smaller storage costs than paper documents. Normally 75 document size pages at 24x fit on one 4x6 microfiche jacket, 240 report pages at 48X fit onto a 4x6 COM fiche. When compared to filing paper, microforms can reduce space storage requirements by up to 95%.
 * It is cheaper to distribute than paper copy if users have related equipment to access those images. Most microfiche services get a bulk discount on reproduction rights, and have lower reproduction and carriage costs than a comparable amount of printed paper. This is dependent on the current price of film and postage as well as end user equipment availability for the needs required. This is why courts specify the printed image from film and not the film itself. The US Supreme Court, since Nov 2017, has shown a preference to a PDF/A digital submittal over analog images.
 * It is a relatively stable archival form when properly processed and stored. Preservation standard microfilms use the silver halide process, creating silver images in hard gelatin emulsion on a polyester base. With appropriate, albeit difficult to maintain, storage conditions, this film has a life expectancy of ~500 years. However, when temperature and humidity levels are greater than required a number of things often happen. Fungus can eat the gelatin used to bind the silver halide. The acetate base of the film degrades into acetic acid under non-ideal conditions, causing what is known as vinegar syndrome. Redox is the oxidation of the surface of the film and is often found in higher humidity areas. Regardless of temperature, blemishes (REDOX) appear on film and are caused by oxidation of materials stored with or near film. Diazo-based systems with lower archival lives (<20 years) which have polyester or epoxy surfaces are commonly used as a means to duplicate and distribute film to a broader number of users. Diazo is not used as a film master but as a duplicate of a silver based image.
 * The principal disadvantage of microforms is that the image is (usually) too small to read with the naked eye and requires analog or digital magnification to be read.
 * Reader machines used to view microform are often difficult to use; microfiche is very time-consuming, and microfilm requires users to carefully wind and rewind until they have arrived at the point where the data they are looking for is stored.
 * Photographic illustrations reproduce poorly in microform format, with loss of clarity and halftones. The latest electronic digital viewer/scanners can scan in gray shade, which greatly increases the quality of photographs, but the inherent bi-tonal nature of microfilm limits its ability to convey much subtlety of tone.
 * Reader-printers are not always available, limiting the user's ability to make copies for their own purposes. Conventional photocopy machines cannot be used.
 * Color microform is extremely expensive, thus discouraging most libraries supplying color films. Color photographic dyes also tend to degrade over the long term.  This results in the loss of information, as color materials are usually photographed using black and white film. The lack of quality and color images in microfilm, when libraries were discarding paper originals, was a major impetus to Bill Blackbeard and other comic historians' work to rescue and maintain original paper archives of color pages from the history of newspaper comics.  Many non-comics color images were not targeted by these efforts and were lost.
 * When stored in the highest-density drawers, it is easy to misfile a fiche, which is thereafter unavailable. As a result, some libraries store microfiche in a restricted area and retrieve it on demand. Some fiche services use lower-density drawers with labeled pockets for each card.
 * Like all analog media formats, microfiche is lacking in features enjoyed by users of digital media. Analog copies degrade with each generation, while some digital copies have much higher copying fidelity. Digital data can also be indexed and searched easily.
 * Reading microfilms on a machine for some time may cause headache and/or eyestrain.
 * It is common to accidentally mutilate, damage or lose microfilm. Users can easily cut, fold, scratch, roll over and deface microforms very easily. Most damage to film is caused through general use where readers' glass guides and dirt will often scratch emulsion, jam film in carriers and otherwise damage film through user mishandling.
 * Microfilm does not allow for simple reproduction. Film is not forever, so in order to keep the images they will require duplication to a new image.  This process from analog to analog image reduces the quality of the image by 12% or more. Over time the image will be lost if maintained in analog form only.
 * Since it is analog image (an image of the original data), it is viewable with mild magnification. Unlike digital media, the format requires no software to decode the data stored thereon. It is comprehensible to persons literate in the written language; the only equipment that is needed is a device to magnify the image appropriately. Many feel, because an image can be seen with a loupe or other small device, microfilm is simple to use. In large repositories of microfilms, it is impractical to find unindexed images amongst millions of others across hundreds of rolls of film. Microfilm image quality is often described as either legible, decipherable and illegible. Photo information on film is often obliterated by the process as the image is reduced to black and white, not halftone or grays.
 * Prints from microfilm are accepted in legal proceedings as surrogates for original documents but require reader/printers to convert images back to paper. Nearly all of the analog reader printer manufactures have discontinued production and support of these units in favor of digital reproduction.
 * Microfilm can be digitally converted and spread to a very large number of users at the same time with little or no added cost to the users. Digital microfilm or Computer Output Microfilm is often created from digital surrogates so there are both digital and analog images providing for a very secure backup and the ability to use the images without risk of damaging the film.

Readers and printers

Desktop readers are boxes with a translucent screen at the front on to which is projected an image from a microform. They have suitable fittings for whatever microform is in use. They may offer a choice of magnifications. They usually have motors to advance and rewind film. When coding blips are recorded on the film a reader is used that can read the blips to find any required image.

Portable readers are plastic devices that fold for carrying; when open they project an image from microfiche on to a reflective screen. For example, with M. de Saint Rat, Atherton Seidell developed a simple, inexpensive ($2.00 in 1950), monocular microfilm viewing device, known as the "Seidell viewer", that was sold during the 1940s and 1950s.

A microfilm printer contains a xerographic copying process, like a photocopier. The image to be printed is projected with synchronised movement on to the drum. These devices offer either small image preview for the operator or full size image preview, when it is called a reader printer. Microform printers can accept positive or negative films and positive or negative images on paper. New machines allow the user to scan a microform image and save it as a digital file.

Flat film
105 × 148 mm flat film is used for microimages of very large engineering drawings. These may carry a title photographed or written along one edge. Typical reduction is about 20, representing a drawing that is 2.00 × 2.80 metres, that is 79 × 110 in. These films are stored as microfiche.

Microfilm
16 mm or 35 mm film to motion picture standard is used, usually unperforated. Roll microfilm is stored on open reels or put into cassettes. The standard lengths for using roll film is 30.48 m (100 ft) for 35 mm rolls, and 100 ft, 130 ft and 215 feet for 16 mm rolls. One roll of 35 mm film may carry 600 images of large engineering drawings or 800 images of broadsheet newspaper pages. 16 mm film may carry 2,400 images of letter-sized images as a single stream of microimages along the film set so that lines of text are parallel to the sides of the film or 10,000 small documents, perhaps cheques or betting slips, with both sides of the originals set side by side on the film.

Aperture cards
Aperture cards are Hollerith cards into which a hole has been cut. A 35 mm microfilm chip is mounted in the hole inside of a clear plastic sleeve or secured over the aperture with adhesive tape. They are used for engineering drawings in all engineering disciplines. There are libraries of these containing over 3 million cards. Aperture cards may be stored in drawers or in freestanding rotary units.

Microfiche

A microfiche is a sheet of flat film, 105 × 148 mm in size, the same size as the international standard for paper size ISO A6. It carries a matrix of microimages. All microfiche are read with their text parallel to the long side of the fiche. Frames may be landscape or portrait in orientation. Along the top of the fiche a title may be recorded for visual identification.

The most commonly used format is a portrait image of about 10 × 14 mm. Office-size papers or magazine pages require a reduction of 24 or 25 in size. Microfiche are stored in open-top envelopes, which are put in drawers or boxes as file cards or fitted into pockets in purpose-made books.

Ultrafiche
Ultrafiche (also "ultramicrofiche") is an exceptionally compact version of a microfiche or microfilm, storing analog data at much higher densities. Ultrafiche can be created directly from computers using appropriate peripherals. They are typically used for storing data gathered from extremely data-intensive operations such as remote sensing.

Microcards

Microcards are an opaque, non-reversed format, sometimes known as microopaques. They were invented in 1948 by Fremont Rider and described in his book, The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library.

Image creation

To create microform media, a planetary camera is mounted with the vertical axis above a copy that is stationary during exposure. High volume output is possible with a rotary camera which moves the copy smoothly through the camera to expose film which moves with the reduced image. Alternatively, it may be produced by computers, i.e. COM (computer output microfilm).

Film

Normally microfilming uses high resolution panchromatic monochrome stock. Positive color film giving good reproduction and high resolution can also be used. Roll film is provided 16, 35 and 105 mm wide in lengths of 30 metres (100 ft) and longer, and is usually unperforated. Roll film is developed, fixed and washed by continuous processors.

Sheet film is supplied in ISO A6 size. This is either processed by hand or using a dental X-ray processor. Camera film is supplied ready mounted in aperture cards. Aperture cards are developed, fixed and washed immediately after exposure by equipment fitted to the camera.

Early cut sheet microforms and microfilms (to the 1930s) were printed on nitrate film, which poses high risks to their holding institutions, as nitrate film is chemically unstable and a fire hazard. From the late 1930s to the 1980s, microfilms were usually printed on a cellulose acetate base, which is prone to tears, vinegar syndrome, and redox blemishes. Vinegar syndrome is the result of chemical decay and produces "buckling and shrinking, embrittlement, and bubbling". Redox blemishes are yellow, orange or red spots 15–150 micrometres in diameter created by oxidative attacks on the film, and are largely due to poor storage conditions.

Cameras

The simplest microfilm camera that is still in use is a rail mounted structure at the top of which is a bellows camera for 105 x 148 mm film. A frame or copy board holds the original drawing vertical. The camera has a horizontal axis which passes through the center of the copy. The structure may be moved horizontally on rails. In a darkroom a single film may be inserted into a dark slide or the camera may be fitted with a roll film holder which after an exposure advances the film into a box and cuts the frame off the roll for processing as a single film.

For engineering drawings, a freestanding open steel structure is often provided. A camera may be moved vertically on a track. Drawings are placed on a large table for filming, with centres under the lens. Fixed lights illuminate the copy. These cameras are often over 4 metres high. These cameras accept roll film stock of 35 or 16 mm. For office documents a similar design may be used but bench standing. This is a smaller version of the camera described above. These are provided either with the choice of 16 or 35 mm film or accepting 16 mm film only. Non adjustable versions of the office camera are provided. These have a rigid frame or an enveloping box that holds a camera at a fixed position over a copy board. If this is to work at more than one reduction ratio there are a choice of lenses. Some cameras expose a pattern of light, referred to as blips, to digitally identify each adjacent frame. This pattern is copied whenever the film is copied for searching.

A camera is built into a box. In some versions this is for bench top use, other versions are portable. The operator maintains a stack of material to be filmed in a tray, the camera automatically takes one document after another for advancement through the machine. The camera lens sees the documents as they pass a slot. Film behind the lens advances exactly with the image. Special purpose flow cameras film both sides of documents, putting both images side by side on 16 mm film. These cameras are used to record cheques and betting slips.

All microfiche cameras are planetary with a step and repeat mechanism to advance the film after each exposure. The simpler versions use a dark slide loaded by the operator in a dark room; after exposure the film is individually processed, which may be by hand or using a dental X-ray processor. Cameras for high output are loaded with a roll of 105 mm film. The exposed film is developed as a roll; this is sometimes cut to individual fiche after processing or kept in roll form for duplication.

Equipment is available that accepts a data stream from a mainframe computer. This exposes film to produce images as if the stream had been sent to a line printer and the listing had been microfilmed. Because of the source one run may represent many thousands of pages. Within the equipment character images are made by a light source; this is the negative of text on paper. COM is sometimes processed normally. Other applications require that image appears as a conventional negative; the film is then reversal processed. This outputs either 16 mm film or fiche pages on a 105 mm roll. Because listing characters are a simple design, a reduction ratio of 50 gives good quality and puts about 300 pages on a microfiche. A microfilm plotter, sometimes called an aperture card plotter, accepts a stream that might be sent to a computer pen plotter. It produces corresponding frames of microfilm. These produce microfilm as 35 or 16 mm film or aperture cards.

Duplication
All regular microfilm copying involves contact exposure under pressure. Then the film is processed to provide a permanent image. Hand copying of a single fiche or aperture card involves exposure over a light box and then individually processing the film. Roll films are contact exposed via motor, either round a glass cylinder or through a vacuum, under a controlled light source. Processing may be in the same machine or separately.

Silver halide film is a slow version of camera film with a robust top coat. It is suitable for prints or for use as an intermediate from which further prints may be produced. The result is a negative copy. Preservation standards require a master negative, a duplicate negative, and a service copy (positive). Master negatives are kept in deep storage, and duplicate negatives are used to create service copies, which are the copies available to researchers. This multi-generational structure ensures the preservation of the master negative.

Diazo-sensitised film for dye coupling in ammonia gives blue or black dye positive copies. The black image film can be used for further copying.

Vesicular film is sensitised with a diazo dye, which after exposure is developed by heat. Where light has come to the film remains clear, in the areas under the dark image the diazo compound is destroyed quickly, releasing millions of minute bubbles of nitrogen into the film. This produces an image that diffuses light. It produces a good black appearance in a reader, but it cannot be used for further copying.

Modern microfilming standards require that a master set of films be produced and set aside for safe storage, used only to make service copies. When service copies get lost or damaged, another set can be produced from the masters, thus reducing the image degradation that results from making copies of copies.

Format conversion
These conversions may be applied to camera output or to release copies. Single microfiche are cut from rolls of 105 mm film. A bench top device is available that enables an operator to cut exposed frames of roll film and fit these into ready made aperture cards.

Transparent jackets are made A5 size each with six pockets into which strips of 16 mm film may be inserted (or fewer pockets for 35 mm strips), so creating microfiche jackets or jacketed microfiche. Equipment allows an operator to insert strips from a roll of film. This is particularly useful as frames may be added to a fiche at any time. The pockets are made using a thin film so that duplicates may be made from the assembled fiche.

Another type of conversion is microform to digital. This is done using an optical scanner that projects the film onto a CCD array and captures it in a raw digital format. Until early in the 21st century, since the different types of microform are dissimilar in shape and size, the scanners were usually able to handle only one type of microform at a time. Some scanners would offer swappable modules for the different microform types. The latest viewer/scanner can accept any microform (roll, fiche, opaque cards, fiche, or aperture cards). Software in an attached PC is then used to convert the raw capture into a standard image format for immediate or archival uses.

The physical condition of microfilm greatly impacts the quality of the digitized copy. Microfilm with a cellulose acetate base (popular through the 1970s) is frequently subject to vinegar syndrome, redox blemishes, and tears, and even preservation standard silver halide film on a polyester base can be subject to silvering and degradation of the emulsion—all issues which affect the quality of the scanned image.

Digitizing microfilm can be inexpensive when automated scanners are employed. The Utah Digital Newspapers Program has found that, with automated equipment, scanning can be performed at $0.15 per page. Recent additions to the digital scanner field have brought the cost of scanning down substantially so that when large projects are scanned (millions of pages) the price per scan can be pennies.

Modern microform scanners utilize 8-bit gray shade scanning arrays and are thus able to provide quite high quality scans in a wealth of different digital formats: CCITT Group IV which is compressed black and white -bitonal, JPG or JPEG which is gray or color compression, bitmaps which are not compressed, or a number of other formats such as PDF, LZW, GIF, etc. These modern scanners are also able to scan at "Archival" resolution up to or above 600 dpi.

For the resulting files to be useful, they must be organized in some way. This can be accomplished in a variety of different ways, dependent on the source media and the desired usage. In this regard, aperture cards with Hollerith information are probably the easiest since image data can be extracted from the card itself if the scanner supports it. Often, the digital image produced is better than the visual quality available prescan. Some types of microfilm will contain a counter next to the images; these can be referenced to an already existing database. Other microfilm reels will have a 'blip' system: small marks next to the images of varying lengths used to indicate document hierarchy (longest: root, long: branch, short: leaf). If the scanner is able to capture and process these then the image files can be arranged in the same manner. Optical character recognition (OCR) is also frequently employed to provide automated full-text searchable files. Common issues that affect the accuracy of OCR applied to scanned images of microfilm include unusual fonts, faded printing, shaded backgrounds, fragmented letters, skewed text, curved lines and bleed through on the originals. For film types with no distinguishing marks, or when OCR is impossible (handwriting, layout issues, degraded text), the data must be entered in manually, a very time-consuming process.

title: Microform


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The Nips

The Nips are an English punk rock band formed in London in 1976 as the Nipple Erectors by punk artist Shanne Bradley. They were Shane MacGowan's first musical group.

History
Initially consisting of vocalist/songwriter Shane MacGowan (known at the time as 'Shane O'Hooligan'), bassist/songwriter/original punk artist Shanne Bradley, guitarist/artist Roger Towndrow and drummer Adrian Fox (AKA "Arcane Vendetta"); the Nipple Erectors performed their first gig at the Roxy Club in Covent Garden in 1977. The band later released four singles and there was one bootleg live album between 1978 and 1981. Inspired by the Stooges, the Nipple Erectors incorporated elements of rockabilly and 1960s garage rock into their music.

Following the release of their first single, "King of the Bop"/"Nervous Wreck", in June 1978, on Soho Records, the band renamed themselves the Nips and released the garage punk song "All the Time in the World"/"Private Eye" with Phil Rowland of Eater (band) on drums. By May 1979, the band's line up had changed to include Gavin "Fritz" Douglas, on guitar. "Gabrielle" was released in November 1979, first on Soho Records, and then reissued on Chiswick Records with John ("Grinny") Grinton (ex Skrewdriver) on drums. By the time of its release, Grinny had been replaced by Roger Travis Williams. Gavin Douglas' guitar playing on this record marked a change in the band's sound to a more melodic style.

A live album, Only the End of the Beginning was released on Soho Records in 1980, from a recording made whilst on tour with the Purple Hearts.

In 1980, the Nips recorded a demo for Polydor Records at their studio in Bond Street. It was produced by Paul Weller. There were four songs recorded for this session: "Happy Song", "Nobody to Love", "Ghost Town" and "Love To Make You Cry". The line up for this recording was Shane MacGowan (vocals), Shanne Bradley (bass), Gavin Douglas (guitar) and Mark Harrison (ex Bernie Tormé Band) on drums. "Happy Song"/"Nobody to Love" was released as a single in October 1981, on Test Pressing Records. The Nips announced to the press that they were quitting after a last gig on 10 March 1980 at London's Covent Garden Rock Garden. MacGowan and Bradley did reform the band later that year, albeit briefly. The line up included James Fearnley on guitar and Jon Moss (ex–the Damned) on drums. This line up played a final gig in December 1980 at London's Music Machine with the Jam. In 1981 Jon Moss joined up with Boy George to form Culture Club.

During 1981, Bradley took the band in another direction away from the traditional rock band format to incorporate Greek, Cretan and Irish Roots/Folk music. The popular Irish folk and American folk song "Poor Paddy Works on the Railway" had previously formed part of their early live set with Guitarist Roger Towndrow. This line up included Macgowan and Bradley plus John Hasler (ex Madness) on standup snare drum and Scots/Irish Folk Fiddler David Rattray. Later that year Bradley decided to take a break from music. Shane MacGowan and John Hasler went on to play in Pogue Mahone, later shortened to the Pogues. In 1984, Shanne Bradley co-founded the Men They Couldn't Hang to play "The Alternative Country and Western Festival" in March 1984 at the Electric Ballroom in Camden.

In 1987, Big Beat released an anthology LP named Bops, Babes, Booze and Bovver, credited to "Nips n Nipple Erectors". It collects both sides of the first three singles issued on Soho, as well as adding two outtakes: "So Pissed Off" and "Stavordale Rd, N5". The later CD edition added another two outtakes: "Venus in Bovver Boots" and "Fuss & Bother".

Reformation
On 6 May 2008, the Nipple Erectors reformed, playing a somewhat secret gig at the 100 Club, Oxford Street, London. The line-up consisted of Shanne Bradley, Shane MacGowan, Eric "Le Baton" Baconstrip, and Fritz Douglas. Bradley's daughter Eucalypta sang backing vocals on the final number "Gabrielle". The group also performed one month later although this time minus MacGowan who was replaced by Eucalypta on vocals since Shane was in Ireland. In 2009 Shanne Bradley and Gavin Douglas travelled to Eire. On the 16th August 2009. A rehearsal with a drummer Mick Cronin was arranged at Philly Ryans Bar, Nenagh, Tipperary, Ireland. The word got out and a film crew showed up, later the footage appeared on YouTube. Shane and Gavin were the worse for wear on the local Poitín but the crowd some of whom were just as intoxicated loved it.

Singles

 * "King of the Bop" (b/w "Nervous Wreck") (as Nipple Erectors, 1978), Soho Records
 * "All the Time in the World" (b/w "Private eye") (1979), Soho Records
 * "Gabrielle" (b/w "Vengeance") (1980), Soho Records
 * "Happy Song" (b/w "Nobody To Love") (1981), Test Pressings Records

Albums

 * Only the End of the Beginning (1980), Soho Records [recorded live March 1980 at Wolverhampton Polytechnic on the Purple Hearts tour]
 * Bops, Babes, Booze and Bovver (1987), Big Beat Records [Anthology of all Soho singles & b-sides with bonus unreleased tracks]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Nips


text: User talk:64.60.96.162

title: User talk:64.60.96.162


text:
User:Hottie4you2318

Hey yall i love me i am doing a report on donkeys so please help me out!!!

title: User:Hottie4you2318


text:
Talk:Bruno Coulais

Untitled
Ok this has nothing to do with Bruno Coulais, rather with his pate, but I can't find the appropriate place to discuss in Wikipedia (please point me in the right direction). Anyway, what I wanted to say was: What is the point in most of this page being red? Maybe I missed something about Wikipedia process, but surely anyone with info about the deadlinked objects will fill it in. Those who don't have information should not have their reading experience degraded by the presence of this red checkerboard on the page. I'll check back for comments, otherwise will delete square brackets. AMJ Cornellier.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 02:36, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Mon Phiap
0622191948 2001:44C8:4707:9745:1:0:38FD:6308 (talk) 23:42, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

Discography
Though he has filmography, he should have discography too, as they differ. It can be taken from here, I guess, but do not have time at the moment to deal with it. - Melilac (talk) 13:11, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Language
Why is the awards section written in French and not English? Pure Evil (talk) 22:22, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bruno Coulais


text:
Nate Corddry

Nathan Harris Corddry (born September 8, 1977) is an American actor and comedian best known for his roles as Adam Branch on Harry's Law and for his role as Gabriel in the first two seasons of Mom. He has also guest starred on series such as Law & Order: Criminal Intent, The Daily Show, United States of Tara, 30 Rock, and New Girl. He also played Private First-Class Loudmouth in the HBO miniseries The Pacific and Tom Jeter in Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. In 2019, Corddry played engineer Larry Wilson in the Apple TV+ original science fiction space drama series For All Mankind. In 2021, Corddry had a recurring role in the TV adaptation of Paper Girls playing Larry Radakowski.

Life and career
Corddry was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to Robin (née Sullivan) and Steven Corddry, who was a Massachusetts Port Authority official. After graduating from Weymouth High School in 1995, he went to Colby-Sawyer College, where he majored in Communications.

On October 4, 2005, Nate joined The Daily Show as a correspondent. Nate and Rob Corddry appeared together in various pieces on the show, including a segment called "Brother vs. Brother" on February 21, 2006. In this segment they formally debated each other on the issue of Big Brother, but their debate quickly turned into immature name-calling, cheap shots by Rob, and an inevitable breaking up of the fight by Jon Stewart.

Corddry also appeared on Guiding Light. In 2005, he appeared in a television commercial for Radio Shack. He has also done commercial work for Coors Brewing Company, Verizon Communications, Xbox, Dunkin' Donuts, and NYCremembers.org.

Corddry trained at the Williamstown Theater Festival, and recently spent almost a year traveling on the road as an actor in the Broadway touring production of The Graduate.

In 2006, Corddry was cast in the Aaron Sorkin comedy-drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip alongside Matthew Perry and Amanda Peet, which began airing in September 2006 and was canceled in May 2007. The show was a weekly drama set behind the scenes of a fictitious Saturday Night Live-esque television program called Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. Corddry played a character named Tom Jeter who was a writer and performer for the show-within-a-show.

Corddry played the recurring role of Gene Stuart on the Showtime series United States of Tara. He played the Chief of Staff in the live-action film version of Yogi Bear, released 17 December 2010. He co-starred in the legal comedy-drama series Harry's Law which was canceled after its second season. Corddry voice-acted "Zed" in the Disney XD series Tron: Uprising.

In February 2014, Nate Corddry and his brother were featured alongside Breaking Bad actor Matt L. Jones in the CollegeHumor-produced video for the Guided by Voices single, "Planet Score".

In 2020, Corddry appeared as a guest on the Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip marathon fundraiser episode of ''The George Lucas Talk Show.

In 2023, Corddry graduated from Harvard Extension School with a Masters Degree in English.

title: Nate Corddry


text:
Cesare Rubini

Cesare Rubini (2 November 1923 – 8 February 2011) was an Italian professional basketball player and coach, and a water polo player. He was considered to be one of the greatest European basketball coaches of all time, Rubini was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1994, making him the first, and to this day, just one of three Italian basketball figures to receive such an honour, alongside Dino Meneghin and Sandro Gamba. He was also inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 2000.

In 2002, he was awarded the FIBA Order of Merit. He was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame, in 2006. He was also inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame, in 2013.

Sports biography
Rubini started to play basketball for his high school team, in his native Trieste, where he graduated in 1941. The same year, he began to play for Olimpia Milano's junior clubs, the most prestigious Italian League basketball club at that time. However, he had a long-lived passion for water polo: this led him to later become one of the rare world sportsmen to compete at the highest level in two different team sports.

Water polo career
As a club player-coach, Rubini won 6 Italian national domestic league titles in water polo (1947, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955) with Società Canottieri Olona, Rari Nantes Napoli, and Rari Nantes Camogli. He also totaled 84 caps, for the senior Italian water polo national team, 42 of which were as a team captain. He won a gold medal at the 1947 European Water Polo Championship, with the senior Italian national water polo team.

In the meantime, he had also assumed the role of player-coach of the Italian basketball club Olimpia Milano, in 1948; and he was called by the national teams of both sports (basketball and water polo) to play with them. Rubini chose water polo, and he won a gold medal in the sport, at the 1948 Summer Olympic Games, in London, beating the Hungary in the final. With Rubini as a full-time player, Italy could boast what was to be called the "Golden Settebello", one of the most valuable water polo teams ever, which also won a bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics, and at the Turin European Championship of 1954. In both the events, Italy was behind traditional rivals of Yugoslavia and Hungary.

Basketball career
As a club basketball player-coach, Rubini won 6 Italian national domestic league titles (1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957) with Olimpia Milano. In 1957, he devoted himself only to the team's head coach role, and he then went on to win 9 more Italian national domestic league titles with Olimpia (1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1972). In those years, he set an unparalleled record of 322 victories, and 28 defeats. Overall, as head coach of the Milan team, Rubini totaled 501 victories, including the FIBA European Champions Cup (EuroLeague) championship in 1966, and two (European 2nd-tier) level FIBA European Cup Winners' Cups (FIBA Saporta Cup) titles, in 1971 and 1972: these were the first European-wide victories of Italian basketball clubs. He also won the Italian Cup, in 1972.

As a player, Rubini won a silver medal with the senior Italian national basketball team, at the EuroBasket 1946, held in Geneva. Later, as the delegation head of the senior Italian national basketball team, Rubini also took part in the first international victories of Italy: these include the silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympic Games. At the EuroBasket, Italy finished first at the 1983 EuroBasket, in Nantes, finished third at the 1985 EuroBasket, in Stuttgart, and finished second at the 1991 EuroBasket, in Rome.

Death
Rubini was involved with his beloved sports until his death: he promoted water polo formation for young athletes, and was the Honorary President of Olimpia Milano. He died on 8 February 2011.

title: Cesare Rubini


text:
User talk:Dow~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 23:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:17, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dow~enwiki


text:
Talk:Object pool pattern

comment
My English writing skills aren't up to much, so I can't really clean up this article, but I'm happy to monitor the technical content, and ensure that a rewrite by someone with English skills (but no tech knowledge) doesn't get the tech wrong.

Rewrite done - could do with checking over by a Wikipedia regular 80.175.251.18 11:44, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Moved from Talk:Object cesspool
This article has little value. It might as well be called "I had some bugs in my code that were interesting to me, and I came up with a cute name for it."
 * Above was by 200.122.153.250

has a comment by user "christoofar" "This is offtopic, but Oliver Klozoff and I have finally finished battling a problem with a C++ component written at my company that warranted a new design antipattern article (I added it to wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_cesspool"

I'm going to nominate this on AFD because it seems to be a neologism; and should be on the Portland repository first if it was notable. (In my blatently POV opinion, I think it's fairly apparent to anyone trying to write an object pool.) -Tenbaset 00:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

I have just extended object pool to include a brief (and poorly written) explanation of object cesspools. -195.173.15.12 11:05, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Since the term is in common use, this page is valuable.
 * Please provide references if this is the case --163.118.128.194 15:21, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Definition of an Object Pool
I've added some external references and links. There seems to be some confusion over what exactly an object pool is. For example, this Inform IT article classifies it as a memory pattern rather than as a creational pattern, and describes it slightly differently as "Pool Allocation Pattern works well by creating pools of objects, created at startup, available to clients upon request", whereas many other sources describe this pattern more as a recycling method that can still dynamically allocate objects on demand if one isn't already available in the pool. e.g., from the EuroPlos conference paper: "To increase efficiency, the resource pool eagerly acquires a static number of resources after creation. If the demand exceeds the available resources in the pool, it lazily acquires more resources." Saigyo 11:32, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Criticism
The last sentence of that passage is non-sense and off-topic. It suggests something that was not stated in its reference in the way represented here.

It should be more like "In some cases, programs that use garbage collection instead of directly managing memory may run faster [4]." OR even completely removed.

I could neither remove nor change it.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.151.43.180 (talk) 22:29, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

name
rename to object pool? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.26.47.142 (talk) 04:36, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Any reason for the existence of the InUse list in the C# example?
It looks like the InUse property is not needed. Any reason we don't take it out?MissPiggysBoyfriend (talk) 08:57, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

Pitfalls
The pitfalls section (how is that even different than criticism?) is written very poorly. It's like an advertisement for not using it more than actual issues. "You have to be sure to clear all your data!" Welcome to programming. We might as well have big glaring red banners every time someone "reuses" a string variable in a piece of code. If you're smart enough to be reading up on static pools, then you're already smart enough to understand what happens when you leave a dangling pointer or don't clean your data when you re-use it.

Articles should understand their target audience. Differential Equations articles don't need to explain what a variable is. Object pools don't need to explain every way re-using incorrectly reset data can break your program.

The entire section could be reduced to couple sentences merely mentioning the issue (so people remember it) instead of rallying against the use of object pools.

50.142.138.120 (talk) 20:03, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Object pool pattern


text:
Truscott

Truscott may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Harold Truscott (1914–1992), English composer
 * Mark Truscott (1970– ), poet

Bridge

 * Alan Truscott (1925–2005), bridge writer and player
 * Dorothy Hayden Truscott (1925–2006), bridge player and writer

Politics and diplomacy

 * Francis Wyatt Truscott (1824–1895), Lord Mayor of London
 * Frank Truscott (1894–1969), Pennsylvania politician
 * George Wyatt Truscott (1857–1941), Lord Mayor of London
 * Neil Truscott (1923–2011), Australian diplomat
 * Peter Truscott, Baron Truscott (born 1959), British Labour politician

Sport

 * Keith Truscott (1916–1943), Royal Australian Air Force fighter ace and Australian rules footballer
 * Paul Truscott (born 1986), English boxer
 * Peter Truscott (born 1941), New Zealand cricketer
 * William "Nipper" Truscott (1886–1966), Australian rules footballer

Nobility

 * Truscott baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, includes a list of baronets with the surname

Other

 * Carl Truscott (1957– ), former law enforcement officer and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Director
 * Lucian Truscott (1895–1965), US Army general
 * Lucian K. Truscott IV (1947– ), novelist and journalist, grandson of the general
 * Meta Truscott (1917–2014), Australian diarist and Ashgrove historian
 * Steven Truscott (1945– ), Canadian originally convicted for murder, but acquitted 48 years later
 * Tom Truscott, computer scientist who created Usenet

Fictional characters

 * Inspector Truscott in the Joe Orton play Loot
 * Lilly Truscott in the TV series Hannah Montana
 * Major Harry Kitchener Wellington Truscott in the TV series Fairly Secret Army

Places

 * Truscott, Cornwall, England, a hamlet
 * Truscott, Texas, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Mungalalu Truscott Airbase, Western Australia, known as Truscott Airfield during World War II

title: Truscott


text:
Francine Smith

Francine Lee Smith (formerly Ling; née Dawson) is a fictional character on the American animated sitcom American Dad! She is married to the main character, Stan Smith and the mother of Hayley and Steve Smith. Francine is voiced by Wendy Schaal.

Early in the series, Francine is often seen as the voice of reason in her dysfunctional family, adopting the stereotypical role of the long-suffering wife or doting mother. However, as the show progresses, her backstory develops with allusions to unconventional and surreal activities, including working for strip clubs, underground fighting rings, cult memberships, multiple murders, and substance abuse.

Character biography
In the series, Francine was born to a wealthy couple from South Carolina, Francine's birth parents – Nicholas and Cassandra Dawson – gave her up when she was a baby so they could be upgraded to first class on a flight in "Big Trouble in Little Langley". Daddy issues stemming from her unstable relationship with her birth father led to her losing her virginity at a young age and engaging in risky sexual behaviors, such as her affinity for combining drugs and alcohol with unprotected sex with strangers as seen in season one's "Finances with Wolves" and Season 15 "Stan & Francine & Connie & Ted".

During the course of the show, not much is known about Francine's younger years beyond the fact that she was brought up in a Roman Catholic orphanage where she was taught that left-handed people were the Devil's minions in "Office Spaceman". Her left handedness was literally beaten out of her by the nuns, as they would regularly beat her with a side of beef and a big fish on Fridays whenever she used her left hand. At the age of seven, she was adopted by a Chinese American couple, Bàba and Māma Ling, making her maiden name Ling. She considers herself Chinese because she was raised by the Lings. She speaks fluent Chinese, often with her parents to disguise their conversations in front of her husband Stan if he becomes a topic of discussion. Through her adopted Chinese parents, Francine has a sister named Gwen.

Francine developed a fanatical crush on her algebra teacher, Mr. Feeny. When she was found hiding in his closet by his wife, the police were called. Francine lied and said they were in a relationship. He was sentenced to jail, where he committed suicide.

Francine casually recalls a sexual encounter with a group of popular girls in the school showers to Stan in "1600 Candles". "One day, when I was showering after gym class, these mean pretty girls caught me and kept scrubbing me all over with soap. I mean, they didn't miss a spot! And even though we were all wet and naked and slippery, they were still able to get me on all fours, and shove my face to the floor! Can you imagine, Stan?”

When she is in college in the show, Francine stabbed her roommate to death. In "Family Affair" she nonchalantly admits to the crime and expresses surprise that no one in the family knew before. During her college years Francine also developed a reputation as the number one party girl on campus, based mostly on the campus legend as she became a very successful entrepreneur while in college, developing the website franny.com, which featured her in amateur adult photo and video shoots.

In the late 80s she was a prolific groupie, sleeping with Adam Ant and Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, and Dexys Midnight Runners among others. It was during this time that she met Stan, who had just graduated from the CIA academy. The couple met when Francine was hitchhiking drunkenly from a Duran Duran concert and Stan pulled over to give her a lift. During the drive, while enthusiastically feeling up the semi conscious Francine, Stan unsuccessfully attempted to swerve to avoid hitting a raccoon and jarring Francine awake. To put the raccoon out of its misery, Stan shot the animal, causing Francine to become attracted to Stan for the compassion he had shown. This is the key to the plan in "Francine's Flashback" to get her memory back.

Francine quickly sized Stan up as a boring, yet capable financial provider, able to offer a stable and protected life. She cut off her wild life cold turkey without Stan ever knowing about her promiscuity, and the couple married soon after. Although Francine seems to hold very liberal beliefs, she keeps them mostly to herself and apparently follows her husband's conservative values.

In addition to her amateur adult media career, before meeting Stan she had a brief acting career in an episode of the television show Scarecrow and Mrs. King with George Clooney, in the episode, "Tears of a Clooney". George stole her only line in the show, ruining her acting career. Since that time she has carried an obsession bordering on insanity to kill him, or at least, make him cry.

Personality
During the show, she enjoys being a housewife, but Francine also occasionally yearns for more fulfillment. She was briefly a successful realtor and became a surgeon for an organized-crime syndicate made up of handicapped people. She owns a muffin kiosk at the Langley Falls mall in "Finances With Wolves". When Stan refuses to use any of his CIA bonus money to help her bankroll the store, Francine takes $5,000 out of it without consulting him. She is offered additional investment by an Earth Wind and Fire cover band singer, and agrees to discuss it with him during a meal. What Francine did not know was that her wannabe-financier was actually Klaus in a new body, hoping to seduce her.

At one point in the show, she once joined an ultra-chic local ladies club by faking an affair with a valet. She was saved from the murderous Lady Bugs by her neighbor Linda Memari.

Francine maintains a "Sex Garden" in honor of all her sexual trysts in "When a Stan Loves a Woman". A magnificent garden stretching as far as the eye can see contains a single rose bush for each of her previous lovers. When showing the garden to Stan, it's revealed that guided tours of the garden take place, and there is rumored to be a tribe of natives that have never seen a white man living deep in the garden.

While she drinks wine, and occasionally smokes cigarettes, Francine is an aficionado of marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy and Ambien, to the point where she steals $50 each week from the family budget to support her habit. As seen in "Dr. Klaustus", when in need of more funds, she enters amateur night contests at seedy strip clubs as in "N.S.A. (No Snoops Allowed)".

Throughout the course of the show, Francine is comfortable with weapons though, whether or not this is because she is married to Stan is never established. She came to realize in "Casino Normale" that she becomes sexually excited when a loaded gun is placed to her temple. She is shown to carry machetes with her in the pilot and has pulled a gun on Stan on more than one occasion. She was also able to make a weapon out of a government-issued rubber shoe Roger had to wear as part of his stint as a prison therapist.

While initially portrayed as a devoted housewife and unconditionally loving mother who tries to have her family bond with one another, Francine's morality slowly deteriorates in later seasons. She talks insultingly and heartlessly of others, including her own children, proving herself just as selfish and shallow as her husband.

There are times in the show when Francine has demonstrated that she might be mentally unstable, including her vendetta against George Clooney and her extreme empty nest syndrome. In "Family Affair" she nonchalantly admits she stabbed her college roommate to death and expresses surprise that no one in the family knew before. In "Max Jets" she is visibly excited by the idea of Charles Manson being released from jail and "finishing what he started". In "Live and Let Fry" she tells Hayley that she can't handle much, and when someone rings the doorbell she screams, "It's too much!". She also becomes violent and angry seemingly at random, one point sweeping Klaus' bowl onto the floor screaming 'Humans are talking!' because he interrupted her. Similarly, in the episode "Stan of Arabia: Part 2," Francine resorts to physical violence when challenging Stan's Arabian wife, Thundercat, for Stan's affection; saying "you want to dance bitch; then let's dance" and proceeds to fight her reasonably well. In "Every Which Way But Lose", Francine also admits that she doesn't know how to vote as it confuses her too much. She just enters a booth, waits ten seconds, then comes out and yells "Democracy!"

Age
Francine was originally 39 in the show, but she turned 39 years old in the 2006 episode "Tears of a Clooney". The episode starts with her 39th birthday, she attempts to get revenge on George Clooney for a year, and the episode ends with her 40th birthday. In "May the Best Stan Win", Francine turns 36. In "Shallow Vows", it says Francine's birthday is September 26 which would make her a Libra.

title: Francine Smith


text: User talk:Ceredwynn

title: User talk:Ceredwynn


text: User talk:Adriano w

title: User talk:Adriano w


text:
Leandro Aragoncillo

Leandro Aragoncillo y Aparente (born September 22, 1958) is a former FBI intelligence analyst and a retired United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant who was convicted of spying against the United States Government in 2007. A naturalized Filipino-American, he was charged with espionage and with leaking classified information to the regime of a former Filipino president.

The FBI labeled Aragoncillo the first known case of espionage within the history of the White House. For over thirty-one months, from 1999 to 2001, Aragoncillo was assigned under Vice President Al Gore and then later under Vice President Dick Cheney.

Hired to work for the FBI at the Army's Ft. Monmouth base in New Jersey in July 2004, Aragoncillo began sending classified documents in January 2005, according to a federal complaint.

On October 5, 2005, Aragoncillo was indicted and arrested in New Jersey for espionage. Federal agents accused him of stealing classified information, including details about President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and then passing that information onto opposition leaders in the Philippines.

According to reports compiled by Filipino intelligence professionals, there were indications of a link between Aragoncillo and the French intelligence service, Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure. Frequent visits by Aragoncillo to Manila allegedly were interspersed with clandestine meetings between identified, French operatives and several "illegals" (i.e. unregistered agents) around 2002 to 2004.

Statutes used against Aragoncillo:
 * Count 1: & c - Espionage Act of 1917
 * Count 2: - Espionage Act of 1917 / McCarran Internal Security Act 1950
 * Count 3: & 2 - Comprehensive Crime Control Act 1984 / Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1986 / The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act 1996 / USA Patriot Act 2001 / etc.

Michael Ray Aquino, a former deputy director of the Philippines National Police who lived in New York City, was arrested also and was charged. He was accused of receiving documents. He pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of secret, U.S. government documents. He faced a jail sentence of between 70 and 87 months plus a fine of $250,000. On July 17, 2007, he was sentenced to six years and four months.

Leandro Aragoncillo, on the other hand, was sentenced on July 18, 2007, in New Jersey by U.S. District Judge William H. Walls to ten years in prison. Under a proposed plea agreement, Aragoncillo had faced up to twenty years in prison.

title: Leandro Aragoncillo


text:
User:KeithTyler/Brutalist structures

'Originally taken from Brutalist architecture. This may grow into a List of... article while the list in the main article is pared down.'

List of brutalist structures
Listed by structure name, location, architect(s), and year(s) constructed
 * Student Residences, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia (John Andrews, 1975)
 * University of Minnesota, Moos Health Sciences Tower and Phillips Wangensteen Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Hammel, Green & Abrahamson, 1974)
 * Engineering & Math Sciences building, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Grelinger, Rose, Klumb, Jurenec, Hass, 1971)
 * Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario (Ronald E. Murphy/John Andrews, 1972)
 * Balfron Tower, West London, UK (Ernö Goldfinger, 1971)
 * Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
 * The Barbican, London, UK
 * Berkshire House, Toronto, Ontario
 * Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts (I.M. Pei/Kallmann, McKinnell & Knowles/Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, 1969)
 * Brantford City Hall, Brantford, Ontario (Michael Kopsa, 1966)
 * Le Brasilia, Marseille, France (F. Boukobza, 1966)
 * Brunel University Uxbridge Campus, London, United Kingdom, 1966. The Lecture Centre is possibly the finest remaining example of Brutalist Architecture in the UK
 * Brunswick Centre, London, UK (Patrick Hodgkinson, 1972)
 * Buffalo City Court, Buffalo, New York (Phohl, Roberts and Biggie, 1964)
 * Cameron Offices, Canberra, Australia (John Andrews, 1972) (demolished 2002)
 * Carpenter Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (Le Corbusier, 1963)
 * Chapel on Mount Rokko, Kobe, Japan (Tadao Ando, 1986)
 * Chapel on the Water, Hokkaido, Japan (Tadao Ando, 1988)
 * Chateau Granville hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia (unknown, 1977)
 * Genex Tower, Belgrade, Serbia (Mihajlo Mitrovic,1980)
 * George Crawford Manor, New Haven, Connecticut (Paul Rudolph, 1966)
 * Crosley Tower, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (A. M. Kinney, 1969)
 * Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Datuk Kington Loo, unknown)
 * The Evergreen State College, most administrative buildings, Olympia, Washington (various, 1971-1977)
 * Freeway Park, Seattle, Washington, (Lawrence Halprin, 1972–1976)
 * Edmonton Art Gallery, Edmonton, Alberta (Don Bittorf, 1968)
 * Front Hi-Rise, St. Paul, Minnesota (Freerks, Sperl, & Flynn, 1969)
 * Group Residence for Young Adults, Manhattan (Horace Ginsbern & Associates, 1968) (possibly demolished)
 * Habitat 67, 1967 World's Fair, Montreal, Quebec (Moshe Safdie, 1967)
 * Hayward Gallery, London, UK (Dennis Crompton/Warren Chalk/Ron Herron, 1968)
 * High Court building, Canberra, Australia (Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs, 1980)
 * Home Office Building, London, UK (Sir Basil Spence, 1976)
 * J. Edgar Hoover Building, Federal Bureau of Investigation Headquarters Washington, D.C. (Charles F. Murphy and Associates, designed 1964, completed 1974)
 * Hunstanton Secondary School, Norfolk, UK (Peter and Alison Smithson, 1954)
 * Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, Indiana (I.M. Pei, 1982)
 * Islamic Cultural Center, Manhattan
 * Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban (Dhaka National Assembly), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Louis Khan, 1982 (designed 1962)
 * Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art (Cornell University), Ithaca, New York (I.M. Pei, 1973)
 * Kanchanjunga Apartments, Mumbai, India (Charles Correa, 1974)
 * King George Tower, Sydney, Australia (John Andrews, 1976)
 * Kingsbury Apartments, Trenton, New Jersey
 * Lauderdale Tower, London, UK (Chamberlin, Powell & Bon, 1974)
 * Manhattan Church of Christ, Manhattan (unknown, 1968)
 * St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center, Chicago
 * Daniel Morits Towers, Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
 * Moore Office Building, Vancouver, British Columbia (Blair MacDonald, 1968) (demolished)
 * Mummers Theater, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (John M. Johansen, 1970)
 * Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (Le Corbusier, 1956)
 * Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
 * Orange County Government Center, Goshen, New York (Paul Rudolph, 1967)
 * Pan Am Building, New York (Emery Roth & Sons, 1963)
 * Park Hill, Sheffield, UK (Ivor Smith/Jack Lynn, 1961)
 * Portal do Morumbi Condominiums, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Alfredo Mathias, 1976)
 * Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, UK (unknown, 1967) (demolition planned)
 * Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas (unknown, 1957)
 * Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon, Springfield, Illinois (Fred Turley, 1962)
 * Regenstein Library, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Walter Netsch, 1970)
 * Riverside Plaza Buildings (McKnight Tower Apartments, Chase House Apartments, Towers B, D, E, and F), Minneapolis, Minnesota (Ralph Rapson, 1973)
 * John P. Robarts Research Library, Toronto, Ontario (A.S. Mathers and E.J. Haldenby, 1973)
 * Rochdale College, Toronto (Tampold and Wells, 1968)
 * Robin Hood Gardens, London, UK (Peter and Alison Smithson, 1972)
 * Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
 * Rokko Housing One, Kobe, Japan (Tadao Ando, 1983)
 * Royal National Theatre, London, UK (Sir Denys Lasdun, 1976)
 * Monastery of Saint Marie de la Tourette, Eveux-sur-Arbresle, France (Le Corbusier, 1960?)
 * Simon Fraser University, most buildings and plazas, Burnaby, British Columbia (Arthur Erickson/Geoffrey Massey et. al., 1965)
 * St Peter's Seminary, Cardross, Scotland (Gillespie, Kidd & Coia, 1966)
 * Stratton Student Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Eduardo Catalano, 1963)
 * Tartu College, Toronto (Tampold and Wells, 1969)
 * Tel Aviv City Hall House, Tel Aviv, Israel (unknown, 1966)
 * Trellick Tower, London, UK (Erno Goldfinger, 1972)
 * Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth, UK (Owen Luder, 1964)(demolished 2004)
 * Unité d'Habitation de Marseille (Cité Radieuse), Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1952)
 * Unité d'Habitation de Nantes, Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1955)
 * Unité d'Habitation (Corbusierhaus), Berlin, Germany (Le Corbusier, 1956-1959)
 * Unité d'Habitation de Briey en Forêt, Briey en Forêt, France (Le Corbusier, 1956-1963)
 * Unité d'Habitation Les Bruneaux, Firminy, France (Le Corbusier, 1967)
 * United States Tax Court, Washington, D.C., 1974
 * University of California, Berkeley, numerous buildings, Berkeley, California (Joseph Esherick?, unknown)
 * University of California, Irvine, most original buildings, Irvine, California (William Pereira and Associates, 1960s)
 * University of East Anglia, UK (Sir Denys Lasdun, 1968)
 * University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Paul Rudolph)
 * University of Washington, some dormitories, Seattle, Washington
 * Wells Fargo Building, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1969)
 * Robert W. Woodruff Library (Geoffrey Freeman?, 1969) and other buildings (unknown, 1974-77), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
 * numerous government and office buildings in Basingstoke, UK (unknown, 1970s); also the Basingstoke Town Centre (late 1960s) (demolished)
 * the support columns of the Seattle Monorail track (ALWEG, 1962) have been identified as "brutalist"
 * numerous highway elevation projects in the United States from the late 1960s and 1970s resemble brutalist designs for their use of stark, blocky concrete shapes

title: User:KeithTyler/Brutalist structures


text:
File:Green Day - 39-Smooth cover.jpg

Licensing
sh:Datoteka:39Smooth.jpg

title: File:Green Day - 39-Smooth cover.jpg


text:
User talk:Alhen

Coroico article
Hello Alhen, Some time ago, you changed some things in the Coroico article. If you're still interested in this page, please have a look at a discussion I started there talk:coroico. It's about a page about the area (which I started, and which IMHO is relevant and useful) that has been blacklisted. I would like to hear your opinion. Regards, Joostschouppe (talk) 10:54, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Association
Dear Alhen: Hi. I wanted to ask you about a possible Hispanic wikipedians association here on the English wikipedia. The purpose would be to trade assignments with members of other Hispanic countries, so that they would write about a topic pertaining to our country while we write about a topic pertaining to theirs. Like a trade. We would benefit a lot by learning about our history as a whole and having other Latinos learn about our own countries at the same time.

That way also, we would promote unity between our paises hermanos. We could become an example to Hispanics around the world. Unfortunately, some Hispanics do believe we are not brothers, and we can begin with our example to prove them wrong.

What do you think, would you be interested in joining such an association?

Thanks and God bless you!

Your hermano in raza, Antonio El Roble Martin

Hi! Thanks for your reply. I already have two approving votes. As soon as I get a few more I will start it up and then we can begin. You'll be on the group for sure.
 * Dear Alden:

Thanks and God bless you! Tu hermano en raza Antonio Viva La Paz! Martin

Assoc. link
Alhen: We would be honored to have you check the Association of Hispanic and Latin American writers and become one of our members.

Thanks and God bless you!

Your hermano in raza, Antonio Ahi viene la raza!! Martin

 * Alhen: What's up? Welcome to the association and thanks for signing up! A request has been placed for you to write about at the association. Now, as an exchange, you just ask me to write about a Bolivian topic. That way we interchange Hispanic and Latin American knowledge. Thanks and God bless you! Antonio tu amigo Martin 21:54, April 20, 2006 (UTC)

sandbox
Hi, you created a page Usuario:Alhen/Playground. I assume that this is your sandbox, so I moved it to User:Alhen/Playground. --Aleph-4 20:24, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

New Pages update
Hey :). A quick update on how things are going with the New Page Triage/New Pages Feed project. As the enwiki page notes, the project is divided into two chunks: the "list view" (essentially an updated version of Special:NewPages) and the "article view", a view you'll be presented with when you open up individual articles that contains a toolbar with lots of options to interact with the page - patrolling it, adding maintenance tags, nominating it for deletion, so on.

On the list view front, we're pretty much done! We tried deploying it to enwiki, in line with our Engagement Strategy on Wednesday, but ran into bugs and had to reschedule - the same happened on Thursday :(. We've queued a new deployment for Monday PST, and hopefully that one will go better. If it does, the software will be ready to play around with and test by the following week! :).

On the article view front, the developers are doing some fantastic work designing the toolbar, which we're calling the "curation bar"; you can see a mockup here. A stripped-down version of this should be ready to deploy fairly soon after the list view is; I'm afraid I don't have precise dates yet. When I have more info, or can unleash everyone to test the list view, I'll let you know :). As always, any questions to the talkpage for the project or mine. Thanks! Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 23:40, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

New Page Triage prototype released
Hey Alhen! We've finally finished the NPT prototype and deployed it on enwiki. We'll be holding an office hours session on the 16th at 21:00 in #wikimedia-office to show it off, get feedback and plot future developments - hope to see you there! Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 03:49, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

New Page Triage/New Pages Feed
Hey all :). A notification that the prototype for the New Pages Feed is now live on enwiki! We had to briefly take it down after an unfortunate bug started showing up, but it's now live and we will continue developing it on-site.

The page can be found at Special:NewPagesFeed. Please, please, please test it and tell us what you think! Note that as a prototype it will inevitably have bugs - if you find one not already mentioned at the talkpage, bring it up and I'm happy to carry it through to the devs. The same is true of any additions you can think of to the software, or any questions you might have - let me know and I'll respond.

Thanks! Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 13:33, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

EduWiki Conference 5-6 September in Leicester, UK
I am writing to you as you have signed up to the Education Meetup at Wikimania 2012 and perhaps are interested in how Wikipedia links to education. Wikimedia UK is now running a education related event that may be of interest to you: the EduWiki Conference on 5-6 September in Leicester. This event will be looking at Wikipedia and related charitable projects in terms of educational practice, including good faith collaboration, open review, and global participation. It's a chance to talk about innovative work in your institution or online community, and shape the future of Wikimedia UK's work in this area!

The conference will be of interest to educators, scholarly societies members, contributors to Wikipedia and other open education projects, and students.

For details please visit the UK Chapter Wiki.

Please feel welcome to register or promote within your network.

Thank you, Daria Cybulska (talk) 16:28, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Page Triage newsletter
Hey all. Some quick but important updates on what we've been up to and what's coming up next :).

The curation toolbar, our Wikimedia-supported twinkle replacement. We're going to be deploying it, along with a pile of bugfixes, to wikipedia on 9 August. After a few days to check it doesn't make anything explode or die, we'll be sticking up a big notice and sending out an additional newsletter inviting people to test it out and give us feedback :). This will be followed by two office hours sessions - one on Tuesday the 14th of August at 19:00 UTC for all us Europeans, and one on Wednesday the 15th at 23:00 UTC for the East Coasters out there :). As always, these will be held in #wikimedia-office; drop me a note if you want to know how to easily get on IRC, or if you aren't able to attend but would like the logs.

I hope to see a lot of you there; it's going to be a big day for everyone involved, I think :). I'll have more notes after the deployment! Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 20:11, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

New Pages newsletter
Hey all :)

A couple of new things.

First, you'll note that all the project titles have now changed to the Page Curation prefix, rather than having the New Pages Feed prefix. This is because the overarching project name has changed to Page Curation; the feed is still known as New Pages Feed, and the Curation Toolbar is still the Curation Toolbar. Hopefully this will be the last namechange ;p.

On the subject of the Curation Toolbar (nice segue, Oliver!) - it's now deployed on Wikipedia. Just open up any article in the New Pages Feed and it should appear on the right.

It's still a beta version - bugs are expected - and we've got a lot more work to do. But if you see something going wrong, or a feature missing, drop me a note or post on the project talkpage and I'll be happy to help :). Thanks! Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 00:11, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Page Curation update
Hey all :). We've just deployed another set of features for Page Curation. They include flyouts from the icons in Special:NewPagesFeed, showing who reviewed an article and when, a listing of this in the "info" flyout, and a general re-jigging of the info flyout - we've also fixed the weird bug with page_titles_having_underscores_instead_of_spaces in messages sent to talkpages, and introduced CSD logging! As always, these features will need some work - but any feedback would be most welcome. Thanks! Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 18:16, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Page Curation newsletter
Hey. This will be, if not our final newsletter, one of the final ones :). After months of churning away at this project, our final version (apart from a few tweaks and bugfixes) is now live. Changes between this and the last release include deletion tag logging, a centralised log, and fixes to things like edit summaries.

Hopefully you like what we've done with the place; suggestions for future work on it, complaints and bugs to the usual address :). We'll be holding a couple of office hours sessions, which I hope you'll all attend. Many thanks, Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 11:14, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

Page Curation newsletter - closing up!
Hey all :).

We're (very shortly) closing down this development cycle for Page Curation. It's genuinely been a pleasure to talk with you all and build software that is so close to my own heart, and also so effective. The current backlog is 9 days, and I've never seen it that low before.

However! Closing up shop does not mean not making any improvements. First-off, this is your last chance to give us a poke about unresolved bugs or report new ones on the talkpage. If something's going wrong, we want to know about it :). Second, we'll hopefully be taking another pass over the software next year. If you've got ideas for features Page Curation doesn't currently have, stick them here.

Again, it's been an honour. Thanks :). Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 12:20, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

This is not a newsletter
This is just a tribute.

Anyway. You're getting this note because you've participated in discussion and/or asked for updates to either the Article Feedback Tool or Page Curation. This isn't about either of those things, I'm afraid ;p. We've recently started working on yet another project: Echo, a notifications system to augment the watchlist. There's not much information at the moment, because we're still working out the scope and the concepts, but if you're interested in further updates you can sign up here.

In addition, we'll be holding an office hours session at 21:00 UTC on Wednesday, 14 November in #wikimedia-office - hope to see you all there :). I appreciate it's an annoying time for non-Europeans: if you're interested in chatting about the project but can't make it, give me a shout and I can set up another session if there's enough interest in one particular timezone or a skype call if there isn't. Thanks! Okeyes (WMF) (talk) 10:45, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

Usurping es.wiki user:geo47
Hi Alhen, I'm trying to unify my account name (Geo47). I'm active on 11 projects but I don't own the es.wikipedia user:geo47 account. The help:unified login page told me to go see a bureaucrat on es.wiki and I saw that you were one. I was wondering if you could rename the es.wiki user:geo47 account and help me usurp it. This is my first time making this request, so if this is the wrong way to do it, I'd be grateful if you could tell me how to do it the right way. Thank you!

Geo47 (talk) 07:01, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Thank you for your help!

Geo47 (talk) 11:25, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Your article Rosmery Mamani Ventura
Welcome, and thank you for contributing the page Rosmery Mamani Ventura to Wikipedia. While you have added the page to the English version of Wikipedia, the article is not in English. We invite you to translate it into English. Pages in foreign languages will not be kept here, and may be deleted if they are not translated into English. Thank you.  Angry Harpy    talk 05:35, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

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Villa Zudáñez Municipality moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Villa Zudáñez Municipality, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more in-depth coverage about the subject itself, with citations from reliable, independent sources in order to show it meets WP:GNG. It should have at least three. And please remember that interviews, as primary sources, do not count towards GNG. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Onel 5969  TT me 17:46, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Villa Zudáñez Municipality
Hello, Alhen. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Villa Zudáñez Municipality, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:02, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Villa Zudáñez Municipality

Hello, Alhen. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or draft page you started, "Villa Zudáñez Municipality".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! Hey man im josh (talk) 18:17, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alhen


text:
Paste (magazine)

Paste is an American monthly music and entertainment digital magazine, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with studios in Atlanta and Manhattan, and owned by Paste Media Group. The magazine began as a website in 1998. It ran as a print publication from 2002 to 2010 before converting to online-only.

History
The magazine was founded as a quarterly in July 2002 and was owned by Josh Jackson, Nick Purdy, and Tim Regan-Porter.

In October 2007, the magazine tried the "Radiohead" experiment, offering new and current subscribers the ability to pay what they wanted for a one-year subscription to Paste. The subscriber base increased by 28,000, but Paste president Tim Regan-Porter noted the model was not sustainable; he hoped the new subscribers would renew the following year at the current rates and the increase in web traffic would attract additional subscribers and advertisers.

Amidst an economic downturn, Paste began to suffer from lagging ad revenue, as did other magazine publishers in 2008 and 2009. On May 14, 2009, Paste editors announced a plan to save the magazine, by pleading to its readers, musicians and celebrities for contributions. Cost-cutting by the magazine did not stem the losses. The crux cited for the financial troubles was the lack of advertiser spending.

In 2009, Paste launched an hour-long TV pilot for Halogen TV called Pop Goes the Culture.

On August 31, 2010, Paste suspended the print magazine, but continues publication as the online PasteMagazine.com.

In November 2023, Paste magazine acquired two G/O Media properties—the US-based news and culture site Jezebel, along with the left-leaning news and opinion site Splinter, after the site closed down. It also purchased The A.V. Club, another former G/O Media property, in March 2024.

Content
Its tagline is "Signs of Life in Music, Film and Culture". Paste's initial focus was music, covering a variety of genres with an emphasis on adult album alternative, Americana and indie rock, along with independent film and books. Each issue originally included a CD music sampler but was dropped in favor of digital downloading as a Going-Green initiative. Featured artists included Paul McCartney, Ryan Adams, Blackalicious, Regina Spektor, the Whigs, Fiona Apple, the Decemberists, Mark Heard, Woven Hand, Milton and the Devils Party, Liam Finn, the Trolleyvox, and Thom Yorke. Many of these artists also contributed to the Campaign to Save Paste.

title: Paste (magazine)


text:
Talk:Stronghold (game)

This article referred to two separate and unrelated games; it has now been divided into Stronghold (1993 game) and Stronghold (2001 game). Wikilinks have been fixed to each point to the intended version. Coll7 23:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stronghold (game)


text:
American Water Works Association

American Water Works Association (AWWA) is an international non-profit, scientific and educational association founded to improve water quality and supply. Established in 1881, it is a lobbying organization representing a membership (as of 2024) of around 50,000 members worldwide.

AWWA members include: water utilities, treatment plant operators and managers, scientists, environmentalists, manufacturers, academics, regulators, and others with an interest in water supply and public health. AWWA works through advocacy, communications, conferences, education and training, science and technology, and local action among 43 AWWA Sections throughout North America.

History
In 1908, AWWA began developing industry standards for products, processes and best practices. The AWWA Standards Program is recognized internationally as a source for scientific and management reference resources for the water community. Currently, there are over 150 AWWA Standards covering filtration materials, treatment chemicals, disinfection practices, meters, valves, utility management practices, storage tanks, pumps, and ductile iron, steel, concrete, asbestos-cement, and plastic pipe and fittings. Standing committees periodically review and update the standards as required.

In reviewing the success of the Safe Drinking Water Act after 1974, senior EPA officials cite the vital role that AWWA played as a neutral meeting ground, particularly at the local level.

In May 1985, the United States Environmental Protection Agency entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the consortium include AWWA. The consortium is responsible for the cooperative effort of manufacturers, regulators, product users and other interested parties that develop and maintain the NSF standards.

In 1988, AWWA together with the League of Women Voters, the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators and the US Environmental Protection Agency formed a coalition to pass a Congressional resolution naming the first week of May as "Drinking Water Week."

In February 1991, AWWA founded Water For People, a non-profit international development organization that helps people in developing countries improve their quality of life by supporting the development of locally sustainable drinking water resources, sanitation facilities, and health and hygiene education programs.

The AWWA has sued the EPA on at least two occasions over drinking water standards:
 * In 1994, they sued and won over the lead in drinking water rules, specifically challenging "the inclusion of privately owned water lines in the definition of distribution facilities under a public water system's control.
 * In June, 2024, together with the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, they sued over the PFAS contamination limits claiming that "EPA has significantly underestimated the costs of this rule and the adverse impact that it will have on individual water users" and that they "did not rely on the best available science".

Publications and conferences
To broaden distribution of information on water and related subjects, AWWA publishes the periodicals Journal AWWA and Opflow. AWWA also publishes a variety of books, training manuals, standards, reports and videos for use by water professionals and others. The Association also hosts an annual conference and exposition for the entire organization each summer in North America. Section conferences are also held in all parts of North America. Specialty conferences are held throughout the year on topics including water quality, distribution systems and utility management. Proceedings of the annual and specialty conferences are published by AWWA.

In cooperation with other professional associations, AWWA is a resource for water professionals’ continuing education and development.

Water industry resources
Through the Partnership for Safe Water, AWWA also works with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and other water organizations to help water providers optimize system performance beyond existing regulatory levels.

Sections
AWWA is an umbrella organization for 43 sections, each of whom represents a specific geographic region. There are 37 AWWA sections in the United States, 5 Canadian sections, and one each in Mexico and Puerto Rico.

AWWA launched AWWAIndia, its first international community, in 2015. AWWAIndia's headquarters office is located in Mumbai, India.

title: American Water Works Association


text: Category:Mass media in Albania

title: Category:Mass media in Albania


text:
User:Nsayer

Nick Sayer

 * Home page

title: User:Nsayer


text:
User talk:Korvac

 * Thanks a lot - I felt like an idiot typing out that signature. Korvac 21:46, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Re: Thanks
No prob - SoM 23:11, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Tellus (comics) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Tellus (comics) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Tellus (comics) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 17:58, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Magnetic Kid for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Magnetic Kid is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Magnetic Kid until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 11:32, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Korvac