text:
King's College, Taunton

King's College is a private co-educational secondary day school in Taunton, Somerset, England. A member school of the Woodard Corporation, it has approximately 450 pupils aged 13 to 18, including about 300 boarders. Its affiliated prep school is King's Hall School. The head of the school is currently Michael Sloan, who started his first academic year in the winter of 2022.

History
King's College, Taunton, or King Alfred's College as it was originally named, was founded in 1880 by Canon Nathaniel Woodard. King's College was the fifth of the Woodard schools to be opened. Woodard purchased the recently built buildings of Taunton Grammar School in South Road when financial difficulties forced the Grammar School to move back to their original site. The buildings had been designed by Charles Edmund Giles under the instructions of the Grammar School's Headmaster William Tuckwell and were built between 1867 and 1869. Maintaining the link with the past, Woodard adopted the pelican badge of Bishop Richard Fox (the Grammar School's founder) as the new King’s crest. Today Bishop Fox and Tuckwell are still names of school Houses and former pupils are known as Old Aluredians (OAs) after King Alfred.

One of the most notable parts of the school is the Chapel, built from 1903 and designed by W. E. Tower with later extensions in 1936 and 1986. The Chapel was the particular project of the school Provost, Prebendary Henry Meynell, who sought the support of benefactors, most notably the former Prime Minister the Marquess of Salisbury. Henry Richards MP bestowed the fine organ formerly in St Michael Bassishaw. The school also had the support of the Gibbs Family of Tyntesfield. H. Martin Gibbs, the school Custos, was responsible for building the Lady Chapel and for donating some fine pieces of devotional art. The main building has been designated as a Grade II listed building.

Benjamin Disraeli stood for MP in Taunton, and many of his early political appearances took place on what is currently the school's 1st XV Rugby pitch. After the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936, Emperor Haile Selassie I fled in exile to Bath. During his stay in the UK his youngest son and eldest grandson went to King's College, and the Emperor himself distributed awards at Sports Day in 1937. Before the General Election in 1964, the prime minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, addressed a public meeting at the school.

Junior pupils (from the age of around 8) were part of the school from 1880. When the school purchased Pyrland Hall in 1952 the Junior School moved to that site. Pyrland Hall is now known as King's Hall School co-educational prep school.

The school became co-educational in 1968 (in that it admitted girls into the Sixth Form), becoming fully co-educational in 1991. There are currently seven boarding houses: Bishop Fox, King Alfred, Woodard (After Nathaniel Woodard) Tuckwell (after William Tuckwell, Meynell, Taylor and Carpenter. All these houses, plus Neates, King Edward's and Perratt's, which no longer exist, were male boarding houses until 1991 when Meynell converted to become the first all female boarding house. Carpenter became a female boarding house in 1994 and Taylor house was founded as a female boarding house in 1997. Until the conversion to full coeducational status, Sixth Form girls were assigned to one of the male boarding houses but lived in separate accommodation.

In 2007, the school choir took part in a choral competition on the BBC programme Songs of Praise and came first, and in the same year the senior rugby team were victorious in The National Schools 7's. The school chapel is the venue for an annual concert by the Somerset chamber choir.

Houses

 * Boys
 * King Alfred
 * Tuckwell
 * Woodard
 * Bishop Fox
 * Girls
 * Carpenter
 * Taylor
 * Meynell

Notable students
Former students of King's College, Taunton, are referred to as "Old Aluredians".

 * Robin Appleford, youngest pilot in the Battle of Britain - 1940
 * Neil Brand, South African cricketer.
 * Jos Buttler, cricketer; Wicketkeeper and white ball captain for England plays first class cricket for Lancashire. Was part of the England team that won the 2019 ICC World Cup and captained the team that won the 2022 ICC T20 World Cup.
 * Charles Ching, judge
 * Tom Banton, Somerset and England cricketer
 * Sir Geoffrey Cox, Her Majesty's Attorney General of England and Wales and Advocate General of Northern Ireland, 2018–20, Conservative Member of Parliament
 * Richard Harden, first-class cricketer for Somerset
 * Calvin Harrison, cricketer
 * Sir John Hazan, judge
 * Antony Hewish, Nobel Prize in Physics - 1974
 * Sir John Keegan, military historian
 * Neil Kernon, musician, record producer
 * Simon Jones, film, stage TV & radio actor, narrator
 * Henry Litton, judge
 * Christopher Mackenzie-Beevor, courtier
 * Jonathan Meades, author and broadcaster
 * Angus Moon, Head of Chambers at Serjeants Inn
 * David Pipe, racehorse trainer
 * Geoffrey Rippon, Baron Rippon of Hexham, Conservative Member of Parliament
 * Matthew Robinson, rugby player for Wales
 * Michael Scott (priest), pioneer campaigner against apartheid
 * Juno Temple, actress
 * Roger Twose, first-class cricketer for New Zealand
 * Ted Nash, English entrepreneur
 * Tom Voyce, rugby player for Gloucester Rugby
 * Tom Webley, cricketer
 * Dominic Wood, CBBC presenter Dick and Dom
 * John Eakin, British Blind Open Golf champion - 2011
 * The Turner Twins - Hugo & Ross Turner, adventurers
 * Maddie Hinch, women's England and Great Britain hockey goalkeeper
 * Will Smeed, Somerset county cricket player

title: King's College, Taunton


text:
Technology strategy

Technology strategy (information technology strategy or IT strategy) is the overall plan which consists of objectives, principles and tactics relating to use of technologies within a particular organization. Such strategies primarily focus on the technologies themselves and in some cases the people who directly manage those technologies. The strategy can be implied from the organization's behaviors towards technology decisions, and may be written down in a document. The strategy includes the formal vision that guides the acquisition, allocation, and management of IT resources so it can help fulfill the organizational objectives.

Other generations of technology-related strategies primarily focus on: the efficiency of the company's spending on technology; how people, for example the organization's customers and employees, exploit technologies in ways that create value for the organization; on the full integration of technology-related decisions with the company's strategies and operating plans, such that no separate technology strategy exists other than the de facto strategic principle that the organization does not need or have a discrete 'technology strategy'.

A technology strategy has traditionally been expressed in a document that explains how technology should be utilized as part of an organization's overall corporate strategy and each business strategy. In the case of IT, the strategy is usually formulated by a group of representatives from both the business and from IT. Often the Information Technology Strategy is led by an organization's Chief Technology Officer (CTO) or equivalent. Accountability varies for an organization's strategies for other classes of technology. Although many companies write an overall business plan each year, a technology strategy may cover developments somewhere between three and five years into the future.

The United States identified the need to implement a technology strategy in order to restore the country's competitive edge. In 1983 Project Socrates, a US Defense Intelligence Agency program, was established to develop a national technology strategy policy.

Effective strategy
A successful technology strategy involves the documentation of planning assumptions and the development of success metrics. These establish a mission-driven strategy, which ensures that initiatives are aligned with the organization's goals and objectives. This aspect underscores that the primary objective of designing technology strategy is to make sure that the business strategy can be realized through technology and that technology investments are aligned with business. Some experts underscore the successful technology strategy is one that is integrated within the organization's overall business strategy not just to contribute to the mission and vision of the company but also get support from it.

There are frameworks (e.g., ASSIMPLER ) available that provide insights into the current and future business strategy, assess business-IT alignment on various parameters, identify gaps, and define technology roadmaps and budgets. These highlight key information, which include the following:

 * The important components of information tech-strategy is information technology and strategic planning working together.
 * The IT strategy alignment is the capability of IT functionality to both shape, and support business strategy.
 * The degree to which the IT mission, objectives, and plans support and are supported by the business mission, objective, and plans.

For a strategy to be effective, it should also answer questions of how to create value, deliver value, and capture value. In order to create value, one needs to trace back the technology and forecast on how the technology evolves, how the market penetration changes, and how to organize effectively. Capturing value requires knowledge how to gain competitive advantage and sustain it, and how to compete in case that standards of technology is important. The final step is delivering the value, where firms define how to execute the strategy, make strategic decisions and take decisive actions. The Strategic Alignment Process is a step-by-step process that helps managers stay focused on specific task in order to execute the task and deliver value.

Meta-model of (IT) technology strategy
Aligned with Statement Of Applicability (SOA) approach, IT strategy is composed of IT Capability Model (ITCM) and IT Operating Model (IT-OM) as proposed by Haloedscape IT Strategy Model.

Framework of (IT) technology strategy
Process of IT Strategy is simplified with framework constituted of IT Service Management (ITSM ), Enterprise Architecture Development (TOGAF) and Governance (COBIT). IT Strategy is modeled as vertical IT service applied to and supported by each horizontal layers of SOA architecture. For details, refer Haloedscape IT Strategy Framework.

Typical structure of a (IT) technology strategy
The following are typically sections of a technology strategy: Includes a SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis
 * Executive Summary – This is a summary of the IT strategy.
 * High level organizational benefits
 * Project objective and scope
 * Approach and methodology of the engagement
 * Relationship to overall business strategy
 * Resource summary
 * Staffing
 * Budgets
 * Summary of key projects
 * Internal capabilities
 * IT project portfolio management – An inventory of current projects being managed by the information technology department and their status. Note: It is not common to report current project status inside a future-looking strategy document.  Show Return on Investment (ROI) and timeline for implementing each application.
 * An catalog of existing applications supported, and the level of resources required to support them
 * Architectural directions and methods for implementation of IT solutions
 * Current IT departmental
 * Strengths
 * Current IT departments strengths
 * Weaknesses
 * Current IT department weaknesses
 * External Forces
 * Summary of changes driven from outside the organization
 * Rising expectations of users
 * Example: Growth of high-quality web user interfaces driven by Ajax technology
 * Example: Availability of open source learning management systems
 * List of new IT projects requested by the organization.
 * Opportunities
 * Description of new cost reduction or efficiency increase opportunities.
 * Example: List of available Professional Service contractors for short term projects
 * Description of how Moore's law (faster processors, networks or storage at lower costs) will impact the organization's ROI for technology.
 * Threats
 * Description of disruptive forces that could cause the organization to become less profitable or competitive.
 * Analysis IT usage by competition
 * IT Organization structure and Governance
 * IT organization roles and responsibilities
 * IT role description
 * IT governance
 * Milestones
 * List of monthly, quarterly or mid-year milestones and review dates to indicate if the strategy is on track.
 * List milestone name, deliverables and metrics

Audience
A technology strategy document is usually designed to be read by non-technical stakeholders involved in business planning within an organization. It should be free of technical jargon and information technology acronyms.

The IT strategy should also be presented or read by internal IT staff members. Many organizations will circulate prior year versions to internal IT department for feedback. The feedback is used to create new annual IT strategy plans.

One critical integration point is the interface with an organization's marketing plan. The marketing plan frequently requires the support of a web site to create an appropriate on-line presence. Large organizations frequently have complex web site requirements such as web content management.

Implementation
The implementation of technology strategy will likely follow the conventional procedure taken when implementing a business strategy or an organization's planned changes within the so-called change management framework. Fundamentally, it is directed by a manager who oversees the process, which could include gaining targeted org. For instance, in the area of systematic exploration of emerging technologies, this approach help determine the relevance and opportunities offered by new technologies to business through its well-defined assessment mechanisms that can effectively justify adoption.

Relationship between strategy and enterprise technology architecture
A technology strategy document typically refers to but does not duplicate an overall enterprise architecture. The technology strategy may refer to:
 * High-level view of logical architecture of information technology systems
 * High-level view of physical architecture of information technology systems
 * Technology rationalization plan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Technology strategy


text:
Gülten Akın

Gülten Akın (23 January 1933 – 4 November 2015) was a Turkish poet. Her poetry is considered to be culturally significant to Turkey.

Akin was born in 1933 in Yozgat, Turkey. She attended Beşiktaş Atatürk Anatolian High School and graduated from Ankara University Law School in 1955. She married her husband Yaşar Cankoçak in 1956, with whom she had five children. Because of her husband's position as the governor of various provincial districts in Turkey, she moved around several provinces of Turkey, working as a lawyer, assistant lawyer and teacher in many of them. In 1972, Akın and her family settled in Ankara, where she worked at the Turkish Language Association, the regulatory body of the Turkish language, and became a member of the Editorial Team at the Ministry of Culture. She worked for the reestablishment of free and democratic non-governmental organizations. She served as a founder and/or manager at several such Turkish organizations, such as the Human Rights Association, Halkevleri (community centers) and the Language Association (Dil Derneği).

Akın's first published poem appeared in the newspaper Son Haber in 1951. She subsequently appeared in several magazines, such as , Varlık, Yeditepe, Türk Dili and Mülkiye. While her early poems were about nature, love, separation, and yearning, her later poems were dominated by social issues.

Her poems are inspired a great deal by folklore. In the compilation book of her analytical writings on poetry, Şiiri Düzde Kuşatmak ("Surrounding Poetry with Simplicity"), Akın expressed her desire to get down to the level of the general populace in her poems, saying that she wanted to "put into words and writing the already-existing essence and form that exists among the people, and while promoting the poem, promoting the improvement of the lives and lifestyles of the people." Her poems have been translated into many languages, and more than 40 of her poems have been composed into songs. One of these songs is the 1993 "Deli Kızın Türküsü" (English: Crazy Girl's Ballad) by Sezen Aksu, which was also the title of the album it appeared on.

Akın also authored short plays.

Milliyet named her as having been the most influential Turkish poet since Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca.

Poetic works

 * Rüzgar Saati (Hour of the Wind) (1956)
 * Kestim Kara Saçlarımı (I Cut My Black Hair) (1960)
 * Sığda (In the Shallow) (1964)
 * Kırmızı Karanfil (Red Clove) (1971)
 * Maraş'ın ve Ökkeş'in Destanı (The Epic of Maraş and Ökkeş) (1972)
 * Ağıtlar ve Türküler (Laments and Odes) (1976)
 * Seyran Destanı (Epic of Seyran) (1979)
 * İlahiler (Hymns) (1983)
 * Sevda Kalıcıdır (Love Stays Forever) (1991)
 * Sonra İşte Yaşlandım (Then I Aged) (1995)
 * Sessiz Arka Bahçeler (Silent Back Gardens) (1998)
 * Uzak Bir Kıyıda (On A Far Coast) (2003)

Poems turned into songs

 * Büyü Yavrum:
 * by Grup Yorum, 1987
 * by Edip Akbayram and Kemal Sahir Gürel, 1988
 * Deli Kızın Türküsü:
 * by Sezen Aksu, 1993

Awards
Akın has received many awards; some of them are:
 * 1955 - Varlık poetry contest, 1st place
 * 1964 - Turkish Language Association poetry contest
 * 1972 - Turkish Radio and Television Corporation Artistic Awards Contest, Achievement Award
 * 1976 - Yeditepe (magazine) poetry award
 * 1991 - Award
 * 1992 - Sedat Simavi Literature Award
 * 1999 -
 * 2003 - Dünya (newspaper) Book of the Year Award
 * 2008 - Erdal Öz Literature Award

title: Gülten Akın


text:
Allison Barber

Allison Barber is the president and chief operating officer of the Indiana Fever, Indiana's WNBA franchise. Previously, she served as the Chancellor of Western Governors University Indiana, president of Sodenta, an adjunct at Georgetown University, and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Internal Communications in the United States Department of Defense.

Early life and education
Barber went to Hammond Baptist High School and studied education at Tennessee Temple University. She earned a master of science in education at Indiana University Bloomington and a doctorate of leadership at Tennessee Temple University.

Boards of Directors
Barber is the Chair of the Board of Trustees for the Sagamore Institute. She was also named by Indiana Governor, Eric Holcomb, to the board of the Indiana Destination Development Corporation. She also serves on the advisory board of the Elizabeth Dole Foundation. In addition, Barber continues to serve as an American Red Cross volunteer.

Awards
Barber was named Nonprofit Communicator of the Year by PR News, as well as a "Woman of Influence" by the Indianapolis Business Journal.

Barber was presented the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary Rumsfeld.

Barber received the Sagamore of the Wabash, presented by Governor Eric Holcomb, who described it as the "highest award in Indiana".

title: Allison Barber


text:
User talk:Theruvath Prasanth Mathew

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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That was the canned message. This is not. Nice to have you here, Theruvanth. We can always use more people. DS 18:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theruvath Prasanth Mathew


text:
User:BionicWilliam

This is the official and main user page of BionicWilliam on Wikipedia /Wikimedia

Current Status:

 * Name..........BionicWilliam
 * Short Name..........BioWill
 * Reason for name.......... Bionic just sounded cool, William is my first name
 * Birthdate.......... September 21, 1985
 * Joined Wikipedia .......... September 20,2005
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simple:user:BionicWilliam

title: User:BionicWilliam


text:
Nicholas Henderson

Sir John Nicholas Henderson, (1 April 1919 – 16 March 2009), known as Nicko Henderson, was a British diplomat and writer, who served as British Ambassador to the United States from 1979 to 1982.

Life and career
Henderson was born in London, the only son and second of three children of Sir Hubert Henderson, a prominent political economist and later Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford, and of Faith Marion Jane Henderson, née Bagenal.

Nicholas was educated at Stowe School and Hertford College, Oxford, and was the President of the Oxford Union. Childhood tuberculosis disqualified him from military service during World War II. Instead, in 1942, he joined the Cairo staff of Lord Moyne, Minister Resident in the Middle East, on a temporary basis. In 1944, he was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary, Sir Anthony Eden, and then to Ernest Bevin.

He joined the British Diplomatic Service in 1946 and rose to become Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary in 1963. Subsequently, he served as British Ambassador to Poland, Germany and finally France, from which post he retired in 1979 on his sixtieth birthday.

Valedictory dispatch and Ambassadorship to the United States
Upon retiring (as he thought) from the foreign service when relinquishing his post in Paris, he wrote a final dispatch titled "Britain's decline; its causes and consequences". The Economist obtained a copy and printed it in the same year, stating "The despatch does not, needless to say, reach us from him and was presumably written for very limited circulation. But it is so unusually forthright and timely, particularly in its middle and concluding passages on British policy in Europe, under governments of every stripe, as to merit publication virtually in full."

A surprise extension to Henderson's career came about because of the election of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in May of that year. Thatcher invited him to return to service as Ambassador to Washington, where he served until 1982. She had first asked Edward Heath to take up the post, but he had refused the offer. Henderson was enormously popular in Washington, and he and his wife Mary formed a close personal friendship with President Ronald Reagan at a crucial time in the latter's presidency, oiling the special friendship which developed between Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. In particular, he was successful in putting forward the British side of the Falklands War in 1982, and maintaining friendly relations between the nations when that friendship was under some strain.

In retirement, Henderson wrote several books on history, and an account of his career as a diplomat, Mandarin. He held directorships of several major British companies, including the Channel Tunnel Group, Sotheby's, and Hambros. He also had close ties with the Prince of Wales, serving as Lord Warden of the Stannaries and Chairman of the Prince's Council (the body which oversees the Duchy of Cornwall) after retiring from the Diplomatic Service. He was appointed KCVO for this service to the Crown. He gave the Romanes Lecture in Oxford in 1986.

In 1951, Henderson married Mary Barber (née Cawadias), a Greek-born former war correspondent for Time-Life. She died in 2004. Their only child, Alexandra Nicolette, married the photographer Derry Moore, now the 12th Earl of Drogheda. As Alexandra Henderson, she has followed a career as a television and radio producer specialising in current affairs.

He was generally known as "Nicko (sp. "Nico" in Lady Thatcher's memoirs) Henderson" in private life.

In popular culture
Ian Fleming, author of the James Bond series, was a friend of Henderson, and gave his name to the character "Dikko" Henderson in his final completed Bond novel, You Only Live Twice.

Henderson was portrayed by Jeremy Clyde in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis's controversial The Falklands Play.

title: Nicholas Henderson


text:
Oleg Lundstrem

Oleg Leonidovich Lundstrem (also spelled Lundstroem, Lundström, Олег Леонидович Лундстрем; 2 April 1916, Chita — 14 October 2005, Korolyov, Moscow Oblast) was a Soviet and Russian jazz composer and conductor of the Oleg Lundstrem Orchestra, one of the earliest officially recognized jazz bands in the Soviet Union (full official name: The State Oleg Lundstrem Chamber Orchestra of Jazz Music, Государственный камерный оркестр джазовой музыки под управлением Олега Лундстрема; currently, Oleg Lundstrem Memorial State Jazz Orchestra, Государственный оркестр джазовой музыки имени Олега Лундстрема).

Lundstrem was born to a family of musicians in Chita, Transbaikal Oblast. His family moved to Harbin, China, when he was five. In 1935, inspired by Duke Ellington's "Dear Old Southland" record which he occasionally purchased in Harbin for a private party, Lundstrem joined forces with eight other young Russian amateur musicians and formed the Oleg Lundstrem Orchestra. In 1936, the band moved to Shanghai, where they immediately became popular among the public. Until 1947, the band was an important part of Shanghai's jazz scene, along with Buck Clayton Orchestra.

After World War II, in 1947, Lundstrem returned to the Soviet Union and settled in Kazan, where he worked as a violinist in the opera and ballet theatre, while keeping his jazz orchestra as a side act. In 1956, the Oleg Lundstrem Orchestra moved to Moscow; Lundstrem was appointed by the Soviet cultural authorities as the orchestra's art director and conductor.

In 1994, the Guinness Book of Records recognized the Lundstrem band as the oldest continuously existing jazz band in the world. In 1998, he was awarded the Russian Federation State Award. He died at the age of 89 from natural causes at his home in the village of Valentinovka, Moscow suburbs, and was buried at the cemetery of the Obraztsovo village, Moscow suburbs.

Instrumental pieces for jazz band

 * "Interlude" - 1945
 * "Mirage" - 1947
 * "The Lilac is Flourishing" - 1955
 * "Humoresque" - 1957
 * "Improvisation" ("Atom-bugi") - 1957
 * "Humoresque" - 1958
 * "A Song Without Words" - 1960
 * "Etude for the band" (or "Study for Orchestra") - 1960
 * "Prologue" - 1963
 * "We Are Together Again" - 1969
 * "Bukhara Design" - 1972
 * "In the mountains of Georgia" - 1973
 * "The Ways of Love" - 1975
 * "Speedway" - 1980
 * "The Legend of Söyembikä" - 1981
 * "At Dawn" - 1984

Honours and awards

 * Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1973)
 * People's Artist of the RSFSR (1984)
 * State Prize of the Russian Federation (1998)
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class

title: Oleg Lundstrem


text:
Talk:Atmosphere

suggestions
Please continue to develop explanations on key terminology in the atmosphere, such as scale height, the boundary layer, and the coriolis force. Additionally, make sure to incorporate many many more citations. JulianArnheim (talk) 01:58, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

info
well anyways im just wondering why don't you put up somemore information about ATMOSPHERE it's self you have plenty of information about Pluto Atmosphere & stuff but theres only 3-4 sentences about ATMOSPHERE thats all !! thank you

Requested Move 2006
I'm putting in to move this to Atmosphere, because the current page there is a disambiguation, but this is a general article about atmospheres and none of the other things on that page come close, except for Earth's atmosphere. The disambig page can be moved to Atmosphere (disambiguation), and then we can put this in its place. Night Gyr 08:42, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Suits me. Current article name looks odd.--Jyril 08:49, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 11:54, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

A New Reference
I would like to see a reference for the sentence, "An atmosphere may be retained for a longer duration, if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low." I would like to know what the author considers a "low" atmospheric temperature. I will also look.Jsolebello (talk) 18:02, 13 July 2010 (UTC)Joey E Solebello

Percentages don't add to 100
" Earth's atmosphere contains roughly (by molar content/volume) 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, a variable amount (average around 1.247%) water vapor, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases."

The water vapor percentage will change the other percentages which are for dry air only. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.213.32.21 (talk) 22:01, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Atmospheres of gas planets
I've removed Some planets consist mainly of various gases, but only their outer layer is their atmosphere. From the lead. There was no citation and the statment is not supported in the article body. It also is contradicted by a cited statement at Atmosphere_of_Jupiter (note [2]). ~KvnG 19:28, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Held in place
The statement in the lede/lead "layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body of sufficient mass[3] that is held in place by the gravity of the body" seems to preclude a steady state creation and loss of the gasses. Any thoughts on a clearer wording?SovalValtos (talk) 20:23, 24 November 2014 (UTC)

B class requirements
Per WP:BCLASS, I've reassessed this to C because the main issue is poor sourcing. There are just five references, from that two source the greek meaning, and the remaining three seem to only support specific minor parts of the article. -Ugog Nizdast (talk) 18:33, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Atmosphere not in equilibrium?
In the article the statement "Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium" Just how can a planet's atmosphere, or of any other gravitationally bound object, possibly be in equilibrium?--Damorbel (talk) 13:58, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

На фотоснимке Марса нет следов жизни растительности.
Видны только границы первичных "континетальных плит". Какие и на Луне. Поэтому могли быть только первые кислотные дожди. А углекислота - не "органического происхождения".

Если там строить "космодром" для полёта к другим планетам - "один чёрт" всё отсюда везти. Кроме грунта.

176.59.204.61 (talk) 20:03, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

"Atmospheric research" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Atmospheric research. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 18:39, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

What is Kanger?
Kanger is used in Kashmir in winters for heating arrangement.. Raashid Auftab (talk) 02:51, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

Parts-per_notation
An article on global warming potential, and the confusion between molar fraction and mass fraction, reminded me that I didn't know which one was used here. Is the well known 78% molar or mass percentage? As Parts-per_notation notes, it is often not stated, and different fields use different defaults, so it should be stated. Gah4 (talk) 22:56, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

History section
The section titled 'History' is a complete mess. Nothing is cited, and little of the information is corroborated in sources I've seen. I would like to fix it but am currently in want of the required patience to do so.

MerscratianAce (talk) 02:57, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atmosphere


text:
Pencil (geometry)

In geometry, a pencil is a family of geometric objects with a common property, for example the set of lines that pass through a given point in a plane, or the set of circles that pass through two given points in a plane.

Although the definition of a pencil is rather vague, the common characteristic is that the pencil is completely determined by any two of its members. Analogously, a set of geometric objects that are determined by any three of its members is called a bundle. Thus, the set of all lines through a point in three-space is a bundle of lines, any two of which determine a pencil of lines. To emphasize the two-dimensional nature of such a pencil, it is sometimes referred to as a flat pencil.

Any geometric object can be used in a pencil. The common ones are lines, planes, circles, conics, spheres, and general curves. Even points can be used. A pencil of points is the set of all points on a given line. A more common term for this set is a range of points.

Pencil of lines
In a plane, let $u$ and $v$ be two distinct intersecting lines. For concreteness, suppose that $u$ has the equation, $aX + bY + c = 0$ and $v$ has the equation $a'X + b'Y + c′ = 0$. Then

represents, for suitable scalars $λ$ and $μ$, any line passing through the intersection of $u$ = 0 and $v$ = 0. This set of lines passing through a common point is called a pencil of lines. The common point of a pencil of lines is called the vertex of the pencil.

In an affine plane with the reflexive variant of parallelism, a set of parallel lines forms an equivalence class called a pencil of parallel lines. This terminology is consistent with the above definition since in the unique projective extension of the affine plane to a projective plane a single point (point at infinity) is added to each line in the pencil of parallel lines, thus making it a pencil in the above sense in the projective plane.

Pencil of planes

A pencil of planes, is the set of planes through a given straight line in three-space, called the axis of the pencil. The pencil is sometimes referred to as a axial-pencil or fan of planes or a sheaf of planes. For example, the meridians of the globe are defined by the pencil of planes on the axis of Earth's rotation.

Two intersecting planes meet in a line in three-space, and so, determine the axis and hence all of the planes in the pencil.

The four-space of quaternions can be seen as an axial pencil of complex planes all sharing the same real line. In fact, quaternions contain a sphere of imaginary units, and a pair of antipodal points on this sphere, together with the real axis, generate a complex plane. The union of all these complex planes constitutes the 4-algebra of quaternions.

Pencil of circles

Any two circles in the plane have a common radical axis, which is the line consisting of all the points that have the same power with respect to the two circles. A pencil of circles (or coaxial system) is the set of all circles in the plane with the same radical axis. To be inclusive, concentric circles are said to have the line at infinity as a radical axis.

There are five types of pencils of circles, the two families of Apollonian circles in the illustration above represent two of them. Each type is determined by two circles called the generators of the pencil. When described algebraically, it is possible that the equations may admit imaginary solutions. The types are:
 * An elliptic pencil (red family of circles in the figure) is defined by two generators that pass through each other in exactly two points. Every circle of an elliptic pencil passes through the same two points. An elliptic pencil does not include any imaginary circles.
 * A hyperbolic pencil (blue family of circles in the figure) is defined by two generators that do not intersect each other at any point. It includes real circles, imaginary circles, and two degenerate point circles called the Poncelet points of the pencil. Each point in the plane belongs to exactly one circle of the pencil.
 * A parabolic pencil (as a limiting case) is defined where two generating circles are tangent to each other at a single point. It consists of a family of real circles, all tangent to each other at a single common point. The degenerate circle with radius zero at that point also belongs to the pencil.
 * A family of concentric circles centered at a common center (may be considered a special case of a hyperbolic pencil where the other point is the point at infinity).
 * The family of straight lines through a common point; these should be interpreted as circles that all pass through the point at infinity (may be considered a special case of an elliptic pencil).

Properties
A circle that is orthogonal to two fixed circles is orthogonal to every circle in the pencil they determine.

The circles orthogonal to two fixed circles form a pencil of circles.

Two circles determine two pencils, the unique pencil that contains them and the pencil of circles orthogonal to them. The radical axis of one pencil consists of the centers of the circles of the other pencil. If one pencil is of elliptic type, the other is of hyperbolic type and vice versa.

The radical axis of any pencil of circles, interpreted as an infinite-radius circle, belongs to the pencil. Any three circles belong to a common pencil whenever all three pairs share the same radical axis and their centers are collinear.

Projective space of circles
There is a natural correspondence between circles in the plane and points in three-dimensional projective space; a line in this space corresponds to a one-dimensional continuous family of circles, hence a pencil of points in this space is a pencil of circles in the plane.

Specifically, the equation of a circle of radius $λu + μv = 0$ centered at a point ($r$),
 * $$ (x-p)^2 + (y-q)^2 = r^2,$$

may be rewritten as
 * $$ \alpha(x^2 + y^2) - 2\beta x - 2\gamma y + \delta = 0,$$

where $p,q$. In this form, multiplying the quadruple ($α = 1, β = p, γ = q, and δ = p^{2} + q^{2} − r^{2}$) by a scalar produces a different quadruple that represents the same circle; thus, these quadruples may be considered to be homogeneous coordinates for the space of circles. Straight lines may also be represented with an equation of this type in which $α,β,γ,δ$ and should be thought of as being a degenerate form of a circle. When $α = 0$, we may solve for $α ≠ 0$, and $p = β/α, q = γ/α$; the latter formula may give $r =√(p^{2} + q^{2} − δ/α)$ (in which case the circle degenerates to a point) or $r = 0$ equal to an imaginary number (in which case the quadruple ($r$) is said to represent an imaginary circle).

The set of affine combinations of two circles ($α,β,γ,δ$), ($α_{1},β_{1},γ_{1},δ_{1}$), that is, the set of circles represented by the quadruple
 * $$ z(\alpha_1,\beta_1,\gamma_1,\delta_1)+(1-z)(\alpha_2,\beta_2,\gamma_2,\delta_2)$$

for some value of the parameter $α_{2},β_{2},γ_{2},δ_{2}$, forms a pencil; the two circles being the generators of the pencil.

Cardioid as envelope of a pencil of circles

Another type of pencil of circles can be obtained as follows. Consider a given circle (called the generator circle) and a distinguished point $P$ on the generator circle. The set of all circles that pass through $P$ and have their centers on the generator circle form a pencil of circles. The envelope of this pencil is a cardioid.

Pencil of spheres
A sphere is uniquely determined by four points that are not coplanar. More generally, a sphere is uniquely determined by four conditions such as passing through a point, being tangent to a plane, etc. This property is analogous to the property that three non-collinear points determine a unique circle in a plane.

Consequently, a sphere is uniquely determined by (that is, passes through) a circle and a point not in the plane of that circle.

By examining the common solutions of the equations of two spheres, it can be seen that two spheres intersect in a circle and the plane containing that circle is called the radical plane of the intersecting spheres. Although the radical plane is a real plane, the circle may be imaginary (the spheres have no real point in common) or consist of a single point (the spheres are tangent at that point).

If $z$ and $f(x, y, z) = 0$ are the equations of two distinct spheres then
 * $$\lambda f(x,y,z) + \mu g(x,y,z) = 0$$

is also the equation of a sphere for arbitrary values of the parameters $λ$ and $μ$. The set of all spheres satisfying this equation is called a pencil of spheres determined by the original two spheres. In this definition a sphere is allowed to be a plane (infinite radius, center at infinity) and if both the original spheres are planes then all the spheres of the pencil are planes, otherwise there is only one plane (the radical plane) in the pencil.

If the pencil of spheres does not consist of all planes, then there are three types of pencils:
 * If the spheres intersect in a real circle $C$, then the pencil consists of all the spheres containing $C$, including the radical plane. The centers of all the ordinary spheres in the pencil lie on a line passing through the center of $C$ and perpendicular to the radical plane.
 * If the spheres intersect in an imaginary circle, all the spheres of the pencil also pass through this imaginary circle but as ordinary spheres they are disjoint (have no real points in common). The line of centers is perpendicular to the radical plane, which is a real plane in the pencil containing the imaginary circle.
 * If the spheres intersect in a point $A$, all the spheres in the pencil are tangent at $A$ and the radical plane is the common tangent plane of all these spheres. The line of centers is perpendicular to the radical plane at $A$.

All the tangent lines from a fixed point of the radical plane to the spheres of a pencil have the same length.

The radical plane is the locus of the centers of all the spheres that are orthogonal to all the spheres in a pencil. Moreover, a sphere orthogonal to any two spheres of a pencil of spheres is orthogonal to all of them and its center lies in the radical plane of the pencil.

Pencil of conics
A (non-degenerate) conic is completely determined by five points in general position (no three collinear) in a plane and the system of conics which pass through a fixed set of four points (again in a plane and no three collinear) is called a pencil of conics. The four common points are called the base points of the pencil. Through any point other than a base point, there passes a single conic of the pencil. This concept generalizes a pencil of circles.

In a projective plane defined over an algebraically closed field any two conics meet in four points (counted with multiplicity) and so, determine the pencil of conics based on these four points. Furthermore, the four base points determine three line pairs (degenerate conics through the base points, each line of the pair containing exactly two base points) and so each pencil of conics will contain at most three degenerate conics.

A pencil of conics can be represented algebraically in the following way. Let $g(x, y, z) = 0$ and $C_{1}$ be two distinct conics in a projective plane defined over an algebraically closed field $C_{2}$. For every pair $K$ of elements of $λ, μ$, not both zero, the expression:

 * $$\lambda C_1 + \mu C_2$$

represents a conic in the pencil determined by $K$ and $C_{1}$. This symbolic representation can be made concrete with a slight abuse of notation (using the same notation to denote the object as well as the equation defining the object.) Thinking of $C_{2}$, say, as a ternary quadratic form, then $C_{1}$ is the equation of the "conic $C_{1} = 0$". Another concrete realization would be obtained by thinking of $C_{1}$ as the 3×3 symmetric matrix which represents it. If $C_{1}$ and $C_{1}$ have such concrete realizations then every member of the above pencil will as well. Since the setting uses homogeneous coordinates in a projective plane, two concrete representations (either equations or matrices) give the same conic if they differ by a non-zero multiplicative constant.

Pencil of plane curves
More generally, a pencil is the special case of a linear system of divisors in which the parameter space is a projective line. Typical pencils of curves in the projective plane, for example, are written as

 * $$ \lambda C + \mu C' = 0 \, $$

where $C_{2}$, $C = 0$ are plane curves.

History
Desargues is credited with inventing the term "pencil of lines" (ordonnance de lignes).

An early author of modern projective geometry G. B. Halsted introduced the terms copunctal and flat-pencil to define angle: "Straights with the same cross are copunctal." Also "The aggregate of all coplanar, copunctal straights is called a flat-pencil" and "A piece of a flat-pencil bounded by two of the straights as sides, is called an angle."

title: Pencil (geometry)


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Sean Gleeson (rugby league)

Sean Gleeson (born 29 November 1987) is a former Ireland international rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He played at club level for the Wigan Warriors, Widnes Vikings (loan), Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the Salford City Reds in the Super League as a or, i.e. number 1, 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4.

Background
Gleeson was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.

Sean Gleeson is the cousin of the rugby league footballer Martin Gleeson, and the rugby league footballer Mark Gleeson.

Career
He came in to the Wigan side due to injury, and was then loaned out to Widnes Vikings.

Gleeson was named in the Ireland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.

It was announced on 11 June 2012 that Sean Gleeson will move to Hull KR for the 2013 season. On 8 January 2013 it emerged that his start to the season might be delayed due to a back injury sustained in training.

In March 2014, Gleeson was taken to hospital with a serious eye injury after being assaulted outside a nightclub in his hometown. On 2 June 2014 he announced that he was to quit Rugby League at the age of 26 due to the injury.

title: Sean Gleeson (rugby league)


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Western Hills High School (Frankfort, Kentucky)

Western Hills High School is a 9–12 secondary school in Frankfort, Kentucky. It is the more recently constructed of the two high schools in the Franklin County Public Schools district, having opened to students in 1979. The first student body selected the Warrior as the mascot, as the feeding middle school's mascot is the Brave. However, that majority vote was overruled during that vote by the school's future first principal and the Wolverine became the mascot. There is a strong rivalry with Franklin County High School, the older school in the district.

Academics
WHHS offers two diploma choices for students: Enrichment and Academic. The Enrichment Diploma requires 26 credits. The Academic option requires 27 credits. Students are graded on a 4-point GPA scale.

Notable alumni

 * J. T. Riddle (Class of 2010), Major League Baseball player
 * Will Chase (Class of 1988), Broadway and television star
 * Wan'Dale Robinson (Class of 2019), National Football League wide receiver for the New York Giants.


text: User talk:70.153.201.215

title: User talk:70.153.201.215


text:
User talk:69.198.108.51

Nomination of List of adult television channels for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of adult television channels is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of adult television channels until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. MirrorPlanet (talk) 04:38, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.198.108.51


text:
List of Mexican magazines

The following is an incomplete list of current and defunct magazines published in Mexico. They are published in Spanish or other languages.

#

 * 15 a 20
 * 24xSegundo
 * 4 Ruedas Magazine

A

 * A Quien Corresponda
 * Actual
 * ¡Alarma!
 * Almas
 * Alto Nivel
 * Arqueología Mexicana
 * Arquine
 * Artes de México
 * Atomix
 * Automóvil Panamericano

B

 * Bazar Gráfico
 * Bitácora
 * Buenhogar

C

 * Cabo Living
 * Los Cabos Magazine
 * Campo Bravo
 * Casas & Gente
 * Chilango
 * Cine Premiere
 * Cinemanía
 * Clara
 * Club Nintendo
 * Contenido
 * La Correa Feminista
 * Creativa

D

 * De 15 a 20
 * Debate Feminista
 * Día Siete
 * Drik
 * DYN

E

 * El Hijo del Ahuizote
 * Electrónica y Servicio
 * Entorno
 * Época
 * Eres
 * Eres Novia
 * eSemanal
 * Etcétera
 * Expansión

F

 * Fahrenheit
 * Fem
 * Fotozoom
 * Furia Musical

G

 * Gatopardo
 * Gefao

H

 * H Para Hombres
 * Haz Negocio
 * Hoy

I

 * Inkubo Magazine

J

 * Jueves de Excélsior
 * Jose maria carpizo sanchez biografia

L

 * Luchas

M

 * Matiz
 * Max
 * Maxim en Español
 * Men's Health
 * MEOW Magazine
 * México Desconocido
 * México Volitivo
 * Mujer Ejecutiva
 * Mujer Nueva
 * Mundo Ejecutivo
 * Mundo Minero
 * Muy Interesante

N

 * Neo
 * Nexos
 * Noche
 * La Nota México
 * Notas Fiscales
 * Notas Para Ti

O

 * Observer Magazine
 * Open
 *  Ocean Blue Magazine

P

 * Papel de Literatura
 * Planeta X
 * Proceso
 * El Publicista

R

 * Replicante

Q

 * Quien
 * Quo

R

 * Radiador Magazine
 * Raíces
 * Rebelde
 * Red
 * Replicante
 * Revista Adhoc
 * Revista ERES
 * Revista Telemundo

S

 * Salud Mental
 * Ser Mamá
 * Siempre!
 * Soy Entrepreneur
 * Switch

T

 * Tiempo Libre
 * Todo
 * Transportes y Turismo
 * Tritón
 * TV Notas
 * TV y Novelas

U

 * Undo magazine
 * Usa-Mex Infobusiness

V

 * Veintitantos
 * Vértigo
 * Vuelta

W, X, Y, Z

 * Zeta

title: List of Mexican magazines


text:
Holy Blossom Temple

The Holy Blossom Temple is a Reform synagogue located at 1950 Bathurst Street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the oldest Jewish congregation in Toronto. Founded in 1856, it has more than 7,000 members. W. Gunther Plaut, who died on 8 February 2012 at the age of 99, was a long time Senior Rabbi for this synagogue. Notable members and supporters include Heather Reisman and Gerald Schwartz who made donations to create the Gerald Schwartz/Heather Reisman Centre for Jewish Learning at Holy Blossom Temple.

History
Holy Blossom Temple was the merger of two congregations. The Toronto Hebrew Congregation was formed in 1849 by members from Germany (including Bavaria and Alsace), Bohemia, Great Britain, the United States, Russia, Galicia, and Lithuania. The Congregation conducted services in members' homes and founded the Pape Avenue Cemetery, Toronto's first Jewish cemetery. The congregation was known as the Daytshishe Shul because of its modern services. In 1856, Lewis Samuel, a Jewish immigrant from York, England arrived in Toronto along with 17 Jewish families from England and Europe and helped them organize the Sons of Israel Congregation. In 1858, the two congregations merged to form the Toronto Hebrew Congregation-Holy Blossom Temple. The Ontario Heritage Foundation lists Holy Blossom as the first Jewish congregation in Canada, west of the Ontario/Quebec border.

For the first 20 years of the Temple's existence, services, conducted in the traditional Orthodox manner, were held in a rented room over Coombe's Drugstore on the southeast corner of Yonge and Richmond streets. In 1876, the congregation built its first synagogue a block east to Victoria and Richmond Street.

Barnett A. Elzas was rabbi at Holy Blossom from 1890 to 1893.

Bond Street synagogue
By the 1890s, the congregation had outgrown the Richmond Street Synagogue and made plans for a new one. The dedication of the Bond Street Synagogue on September 15, 1897, attracted much media attention. By that time, Temple membership had grown to 119 families.

During the latter part of the 19th century, changes began to be introduced to ritual and the way services were conducted. Music was introduced and mixed seating allowed. In 1920, Holy Blossom invited Rabbi Barnett R. Brickner, ordained at the Hebrew Union College, to be its rabbi and made application to affiliate with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, now known as the Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), the Reform movement's umbrella organization.

The first Holy Blossom Synagogue (1897) of Toronto was a new Judeo-Egyptian style templelike building with a front of cut stone, and adorned with a portico with two columns combining intricately detailed stone craftsmanship with Byzantine Revival influences.

While the sanctuary of the Bond Street Synagogue was indeed beautiful, space for the growing religious school and social programs was severely lacking. By the 1930s, the congregation recognized that the time had come to move again. At the height of the depression, with a membership of just over 250 families, enough money was raised to buy the land and to build a sanctuary at a location on the then outer edge of the city. While most of Toronto's Jewish population, immigrant, mostly eastern European, poor and working class, were still located south of Bloor Street, particularly in the area between Yonge Street and Ossington Avenue (in particular The Ward, Kensington Market, Spadina Avenue and Bathurst Street), almost two-thirds of Holy Blossom's more established, affluent congregants, many of whom were second or third generation immigrants and hailing from western Europe, lived north of St. Clair Avenue.

The former synagogue on Bond Street was sold to the city's Greek Orthodox parish and is now Saint George's Greek Orthodox Church and serves as the "mother church" for the Greek Orthodox diaspora in Ontario.

Bathurst Street synagogue
Holy Blossom Temple was designed in the Romanesque Revival style in synagogue architecture by architects Chapman and Oxley with Maurice Dalvin Klein. Construction began in 1937 and was completed the next year. Holy Blossom Temple was dedicated on May 20, 1938. The structure's reinforced concrete frame permitted an interior uninterrupted by structural columns. Using concrete and other modern building materials, the building features a campus-like planning of the institution and includes a parking lot. Holy Blossom Temple is a rare example of a building built with a concrete facade before World War II, which is significant given the rise in subsequent decades of architectural styles which emphasized concrete facades, like Brutalism.

The location was fortuitous as, in the years following World War II, the bulk of Toronto's Jewish community migrated north along Bathurst Street and the Forest Hill neighbourhood in which the current structure is situated became a vital Jewish area. Abraham Feinberg, the most famous rabbi in Canada during his lifetime served as the rabbi at the Holy Blossom Temple from 1943 to 1961.

Joan Friedman became the first woman to serve as a rabbi in Canada in 1980, when she was appointed as an Assistant Rabbi at Holy Blossom Temple. Her appointment was followed shortly after by that of Elyse Goldstein as Assistant Rabbi from 1983 to 1986; Goldstein has been noted as the first female rabbi in Canada, but that is incorrect.

title: Holy Blossom Temple


text:
User talk:Raymond Lopez

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -Willmcw 18:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Image:Pub.jpg
Please be aware that uploading explicit sexual images over preexisting image files is considered vandalism. Your account will be blocked from editing if you persist. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 00:48, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. Nuwewsco 00:35, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raymond Lopez


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RCAF Station Centralia

RCAF Station Centralia was a Royal Canadian Air Force training base located just outside the village of Centralia near Exeter, Ontario, Canada. It became one of the largest training stations in Canada. It was turned over to civilian use after 1967, and currently operates as the Centralia/James T. Field Memorial Aerodrome.

World War II
Flying schools were established across Canada as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan during World War II. Centralia was the location for No. 9 Service Flying Training School (SFTS). Service Flying Training Schools provided advanced training to pilots who had graduated from Elementary Flying Training Schools (EFTSs). Trainee pilots flew the Avro Anson and North American Harvard. No. 9 SFTS had moved to Centralia from RCAF Station Summerside, Prince Edward Island, in July 1942. Relief landing fields for Centralia were located at Grand Bend and St. Joseph.

No. 9 SFTS ceased operation in June 1945 and was replaced by No. 1 Aircrew Conditioning Unit (ACU). ACUs trained service personnel for operations in the war's Pacific theatre. When No. 1 ACU was closed after the war, the RCAF formed No. 1 Flying Training School (No. 1 FTS) which used Ansons and Harvards. The first and last flying course was in January 1946. The course lasted for three weeks before it was cancelled.

Aerodrome information
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Centralia, Ontario at 43.3°N, -81.51667°W with a variation of 5 degrees west and elevation of 810 ft. The aerodrome was listed as "Under construction" with three runways as follows:

Postwar
Because of increasing tensions between the Soviet Bloc and the West, defence expenditures were increased and the Canadian forces were strengthened. Centralia, along with a number of other stations, underwent major rehabilitation to better accommodate aircrew training.

Centralia was reactivated in January 1947 to provide accommodation and training facilities for No. 1 Radar and Communications School (No. 1 R&CS) that was based in nearby RCAF Station Clinton. No. 1 Instrument Flying School (IFS) was relocated to Centralia from RCAF Station Trenton in the spring of 1947. This school gave students an opportunity to obtain their instrument rating qualifications. The Expeditor was the aircraft used for this training. In 1956, No. 1 IFS moved to RCAF Station Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. RCAF Station Centralia became the aerodrome's official designation in September 1947 and No. 1 Flying Training School was reactivated. Students participating in this school flew Harvards. No. 1 FTS was one of Canada's contributions to the training of foreign airmen for a new multinational force. The last FTS course was completed in March 1957 and No. 1 Flying Training School was deactivated and merged with the Advanced Flying School at Saskatoon. The Harvards used for FTS training were transferred to western flying training schools.

In April 1948, the RCAF's School of Flying Control was formed at Centralia. The school trained Flying Control Officers and Aircraft Control Assistants for deployment in control towers and operations rooms in RCAF stations. In May, a flying detachment for the No. 1 Air Radio Officers School based at RCAF Station Clinton was established.

Centralia was actively involved with the NATO Air Training Plan. The NATO Training & Induction School, originally located at RCAF Station London, re-located to RCAF Station Centralia in 1954. The school's purpose was to inform personnel about various aspects of working with NATO. In October 1954, the Pre-Flight School was formed at Centralia. This school provided ground instruction to students before they began flight training. In 1956 Centralia began hosting the Primary Flying Training School using the Chipmunk. Graduate pilots were sent to western Canada for more advanced training on Harvards.

No.2 Personnel Selection Unit (PSU), which was responsible for tri-service officer selection for ROTP and air crew, moved to Centralia from RCAF Station London in 1958.

Closure
In the late 1960s, the Canadian military was reorganized and eventually unified. The reorganization resulted in many military bases being closed, including Centralia, which closed on 31 March 1967. Functions provided by Centralia were moved to various other stations.

Today the airport still operates as Centralia/James T. Field Memorial Aerodrome. Some of the former RCAF buildings remain.

title: RCAF Station Centralia


text:
Blessing of Moses

The Blessing of Moses is the name given to a prophetic poem that appears in Deuteronomy, where it is presented as a blessing of the Tribes of Israel by Moses. The poem thus shares its theme with the Blessing of Jacob. The Blessing of Moses contains few blessings, most of the verses describing the condition of the tribes at a later time.

Verse 33:2 is often referred to as "one of the most difficult cruces in the Bible."

Biblical narrative
Moses begins with praise of YHWH, who had revealed himself to his beloved nation, and then passes on to the blessing of the different tribes. He mentions first the tribes of the south, beginning with Reuben and Judah, and then those of the north, Dan, Naphtali, and Asher. Regarding the tribe of Reuben, there is only a prayer: "May Reuben live and not die, / Though few be his numbers." (verse 6). The tribe of Simeon seems to be omitted, but this is explained by Joshua 19:1: "The portion of the tribe of the Simeonites, by their clans, lay inside the portion of the Judahites." For Judah, Moses prays that the Lord may hear his voice, and aid him against his enemies (verse 7).

Next comes a lengthy laudation of the tribe of Levi. After a reference to himself with the words "Who said of his father and mother, / 'I consider them not.'", cf. Exodus 32:26–30, Moses declares that this tribe shall be the teachers of the Law and the priestly representatives of Israel before YHWH. The tribe of Benjamin is next blessed as the beloved of YHWH, "He rests securely beside [God], / Who protects him always, / As he rests between God’s shoulders." (verse 12).

By far the greatest attention is given to the tribe of Joseph: "Blessed of יהוה be his land

With the bounty of dew from heaven,

And of the deep that couches below;

With the bounteous yield of the sun,

And the bounteous crop of the moons;

With the best from the ancient mountains,

And the bounty of hills immemorial;

With the bounty of earth and its fullness,

And the favor of the Presence in the Bush.

May these rest on the head of Joseph,

On the crown of the elect of his brothers.

Like a firstling bull in his majesty,

He has horns like the horns of the wild-ox;

With them he gores the peoples,

The ends of the earth one and all."

Mount Tabor and the sandy shore and seacoast figure forth the happiness of the tribes of Issachar and Zebulun (verses 18–19). Gad is as strong as a lion; he selected the land which was to be the last home of the legislator of Israel (verses 20–21; cf. Numbers 32).

Moses then mentions the northern and the last three tribes of Israel. Dan is the lion which leaps from Bashan (verse 22; see Judges 18:1–3, 27, 29; Joshua 19:47–48). Naphtali, whose possessions are to the west and the south, is filled with the blessing of YHWH (comp. Joshua 19:32–39). Last of all comes Asher: "May he be the favorite of his brothers, / May he dip his foot in oil. / May your doorbolts be iron and copper, / And your security last all your days." (verses 24–25).

Finally is the Jeshurun, protected by the chariot-riding YHWH. Here the prophet returns to the opening words of the blessing, praising YHWH and proclaiming the glory and honor of Israel.

Critical view
According to the modern documentary hypothesis the poem was an originally separate text, that was inserted by the Deuteronomist into the second edition (of two) of the text which became Deuteronomy (i.e. was an addition in 'Dtr2').

The poem notably does not describe Simeon, which may provide a date for the composition of the poem, as Simeon are believed to have gradually lost their tribal identity, since its traditional territory was wholly within that of Judah. The poem also only mentions each tribe briefly, except for the tribes of Joseph and Levi, which may indicate both that the poem originated within the Levite priesthood, within the territory of the Joseph tribes, or more generally the northern kingdom of Israel where Ephraim, part of the Joseph tribe, was the most prominent.

It is difficult to establish the connection of the blessing of Moses with that of Jacob. Most authorities maintain that the former depended directly upon the latter; and their chief argument is based on the passage on Joseph, part of which is contained also in Jacob's blessing. But there can hardly be a doubt (says the JE) that the passage on Joseph in Jacob's blessing was amplified from the material contained in the blessing of Moses. Otherwise a similar argument might be based upon the same arrangement in each blessing of the tribes of Zebulun and Issachar, and upon other points of agreement which, however, indicate a similarity of the matter rather than any direct connection.

Dubious verses
The blessing of Moses, like Jacob's blessing, contains only a few benedictions, most of the verses describing the condition of the tribes at the time of the author. Like the text of Jacob's blessing, the text of these verses is not intact: the beginning (verses 2 and 3) has suffered "much mutilation"; and even with the help of the versions it is impossible to fill the gap. Perhaps the introduction and the conclusion were not written by the author of the blessing itself. Steuernagel, in his commentary on Deuteronomy, points out that the transition from verse 5 to verse 6 and from verse 25 to verse 26 is very abrupt, and that the contents of the introduction and the conclusion are of an entirely different nature from that of the other verses. Verses 26 et seq. seem to connect with verse 5; and the assumption is natural that the benedictory verses were later insertions. Verses 9 and 10 presumably were also the work of a later author.

Probable date of origin
Scholars have reached no agreement as to when the Blessing of Moses was written: proposals range from the eleventh century at the earliest to as late as the sixth century.

The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906) calls it certain that the blessing of Moses is of later date than the kernel of Jacob's blessing. While in the latter Simeon and Levi (compare Genesis 34) are censured on account of their sin and are threatened with dispersion in Israel (Gen. 49:5-7), the blessing of Moses does not mention Simeon at all; and in it Levi appears as the tribe of priests, although not yet assured of the sacerdotal office, nor respected for holding it. Rather he meets with persecutions, and these probably from the persons who dispute his right to the priesthood (Deuteronomy 33:8ff). While in Jacob's blessing Reuben is threatened with the loss of his birthright, the wish is expressed in the other blessing: "May Reuben live, and not die; and may not his men be few." This is a clear indication that Reuben before this time had sunk into a state of absolute insignificance. And while again the passage on Joseph in the one designates a period in which this tribe successfully defended itself against its enemies, the corresponding passage in the other (Gen. 49:22ff) points to a time when Ephraim maintained his power undiminished and defeated his enemies on all sides: "His [Joseph's] glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth" (Deut. 33:17). This verse certainly refers to a later time than the Syrian wars under Ahab. It more probably refers to the time of Jeroboam II, who was more successful than any of his predecessors in defeating Israel's enemies. It is likely that the passage on Gad alludes to the same period, in which this tribe successfully withstood the Syrians.

August Dillmann's statement (in his Commentary on Numbers and Deuteronomy, p. 415) that the blessing of Judah points to the period immediately after the separation of the two kingdoms is "hardly correct" (JE). He bases his opinion on the fact that the praise of Levi and Benjamin, together with what is said about Judah and Joseph, could apply only to this period. Steuernagel suggests that the allusion might be to the victory of the Edomites (II Kings 14:7), which perhaps put a stop to the distress caused Judah by Edom. Perhaps, also, the allusion might be to the situation described in II Kings 12:18ff. At all events, without stretching a point, such passages as those on Benjamin and Levi may be assumed to refer to the beginning of the eighth century BC, and the passage on Joseph hardly presupposes the period of Jeroboam I. Hence Reuss (Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften des Alten Testaments, p. 213), Cornill ("Einleitung in das Alte Testament," p. 72), and others are justified in considering the blessing of Moses to have originated in the eighth century BC. In any case, none of the verses indicates the authorship of Moses; this tradition is not implied in any feature of the blessing itself, and is merely referred to in the introductory and closing verses (31:30, 32:44a), which are intended to furnish a setting to the poem and to establish the connection between its various sections.

References in the Jewish Encyclopedia

 * R. H. Graf, Der Segen Moses, 1857;
 * C. J. Ball, "The Blessing of Moses", Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, 1896, pp. 118–137;
 * A. Van der Flier, Deuteronomium, 1895, p. 33;
 * A. Kamphausen, Das Lied Moses;
 * Klostermann, Das Lied Moses und das Deuteronomium, in Theologische Studien und Kritiken, 1871-1872 (a series of articles).

title: Blessing of Moses