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Bill Austin (American football, born 1928)

William Lee Austin (October 18, 1928 – May 22, 2013) was an American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He played as a lineman for the New York Giants for seven seasons and was the head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1966 to 1968. Austin also served as the interim coach of the Washington Redskins in 1970 following Vince Lombardi's death.

Early life
Born in San Pedro, California, Austin was raised in Oregon and graduated from Woodburn High School, south of Portland. He played college football at Oregon State College in Corvallis, earning All-Coast honors as a tackle in 1948 and played in the 1949 East–West Shrine Game. He was inducted into the OSU Athletics Hall of Fame and was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity.

Playing career
Selected in the thirteenth round of the 1949 NFL draft with the 126th overall pick, Austin played seven seasons with the Giants, including the 1956 title year. He missed the 1951 and 1952 seasons due to military service in the U.S. Army, stationed in San Francisco and Tokyo. He made the Pro Bowl in 1954 and retired after the 1957 season.

Coaching career
Austin began his coaching career at Wichita University for a season in 1958, then joined first-year head coach Vince Lombardi as offensive line coach for the Green Bay Packers in 1959. Lombardi was the offensive coordinator of the Giants for the previous five seasons, including the 1956 championship year. Austin coached in Green Bay for six seasons, mentoring pulling guards Jerry Kramer and Fuzzy Thurston, and hall of famers Forrest Gregg and Jim Ringo. The Packers played in the NFL championship game for three consecutive seasons, with wins in 1961 and 1962.

Seeking a warmer climate for his wife's health, Austin left Green Bay after the 1964 season for the Los Angeles Rams for a season as an assistant, then became head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers at age 37 in January 1966, with a recommendation by Lombardi. He failed to produce a winning season in three seasons, finishing 11–28–3 (.290), and was fired after the 1968 season (2–11–1), succeeded by Chuck Noll.

Austin rejoined Lombardi in Washington as an assistant in 1969, then took over as interim head coach when Lombardi died of cancer before the 1970 season on September 3. Dismissed by telephone after that 6–8 season, he returned to his role as an assistant coach in the NFL (and USFL) for the remainder of his career, including a stint as offensive line coach for the Giants in the early 1980s.

Austin was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1982, and retired to Las Vegas in 1985. He died at age 84 at his home in Las Vegas in 2013.

Head coaching record

 * Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until.


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Kohn

Kohn is a surname. It may be related to Cohen. It may also be of German origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Arnold Kohn (1905–1984), Croatian Zionist and longtime president of the Jewish community Osijek
 * Alfie Kohn (born 1957), American lecturer and author
 * Bernard Kohn (born 1931), French-American architect
 * Charlotte Kohn (born 1948 in Vienna), Austrian journalist
 * Dan Kohn-Sherbock, American-British Jewish theologian
 * David Kohn (1838–1915), Russian archaeologist
 * Donald Kohn (1942), American economist, former Federal Reserve Vice Chair
 * Eugene Kohn (1887–1977), American rabbi
 * Fritz Kortner (born as Fritz Nathan Kohn) (1892–1970), Austrian-born stage and film actor
 * Joseph J. Kohn (1932–2023), Czechoslovakian-American mathematician
 * Hans Kohn (1891–1971), American philosopher and historian
 * Howard and Clara Kohn (1861–1933) and (1899–1988), American cattle ranchers
 * Ladislav Kohn (born 1975), Czech hockey player
 * Matt Kohn (born 1981), American football player
 * Michael Kohn (born 1986), American major league baseball pitcher
 * Mike Kohn (born 1972), American bobsledder
 * Milton Kohn (1912–2001), American architect and holocaust collector
 * Ralph Kohn (1927–2016), British medical scientist and benefactor of music
 * Robert D. Kohn (1870–1953), American architect
 * Sigurd Køhn (1959–2004), Norwegian jazz saxophonist and composer
 * Sonja Kohn (born 1948), Austrian banker
 * Walter Kohn (1923–2016), Austrian-American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate
 * Yetta Kohn (1843–1917), a German-American businesswoman and rancher

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kohn


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Charyapada

The Charyapada (IAST: Caryapāda) is a collection of mystical poems, songs of realization in the Vajrayana tradition of Buddhism from the tantric tradition in Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.

It was written between the 8th and 12th centuries in various Abahattas that were ancestral to modern Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Odia, Magahi, Maithili, Kurmali and many other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and it is said to be the oldest collection of verses written in those languages. Charyāpada written in the script resembles the most closest form of Bengali–Assamese languages used today. A palm-leaf manuscript of the Charyāpada was rediscovered in the early 20th century by Haraprasad Shastri at the Nepal Royal Court Library. The Charyapada was also preserved in the Tibetan Buddhist canon. As songs of realization, the Caryāpada were intended to be sung. These songs of realisation were spontaneously composed verses that expressed a practitioner's experience of the enlightened state. Miranda Shaw describes how songs of realization were an element of the ritual gathering of practitioners in a ganachakra: "The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music, that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revellers may also improvise 'songs of realization' (caryagiti) to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse."

Discovery
The rediscovery of the Charyapada is credited to Haraprasad Shastri, a 19th-century Sanskrit scholar and historian of Bengali literature who, during his third visit to Nepal in 1907, chanced upon 50 verses at the Royal library of the Nepalese kings. The Aghori sect told Haraprasad Shastri the address of Charyapada, as Luipada, one of the primary authors of the Charyapada, was a Siddha of Aghori tantra. Written on trimmed palm leaves of 12.8×0.9 inches in a language often referred to as sāndhyabhāṣa or twilight language, a semantic predecessor of modern Bengali, the collection came to be called Charyapada and also Charyagiti by some. At that time, Shastri was a librarian of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, and was engaged in a self-assigned mission to trace and track ancient Bengali manuscripts. His first and second trips to Nepal in 1897 and 1898 met with some success, as he was able to collect a number of folkloric tales written in Pali and Sanskrit. However, after he rediscovered the treasure manuscripts in 1907, he published this collections in a single volume in 1916. According to some historians, there may very likely have been at least 51 original verses which were lost due to absence of proper preservation. Based on the original Tibetan translation, the book was originally called Charyagitikosh and had 100 verses. The scrolls discovered by Shastri contained selected verses.

Manuscripts
The original palm-leaf manuscript of the Charyapada, or Caryācaryāviniścaya, spanning 47 padas (verses) along with a Sanskrit commentary, was edited by Shastri and published from Bangiya Sahitya Parishad as a part of his Hajar Bacharer Purano Bangala Bhasay Bauddhagan O Doha (Buddhist Songs and Couplets) in 1916 under the name of Charyacharyavinishchayah. This manuscript is presently preserved at the National Archives of Nepal. Prabodhchandra Bagchi later published a manuscript of a Tibetan translation containing 50 verses.

The Tibetan translation provided additional information, including that the Sanskrit commentary in the manuscript, known as Charyagiti-koshavrtti, was written by Munidatta. It also mentions that the original text was translated by Shilachari and its commentary by Munidatta was translated by Chandrakirti or Kirtichandra.

Poets
The poets and their works as mentioned in the text are as follows:

The manuscript of the Charyapada discovered by Haraprasad Shastri from Nepal consists of 47 padas (verses). The title-page, the colophon, and pages 36, 37, 38, 39, and 66 (containing padas 24, 25, and 48 and their commentary) were missing in this manuscript. The 47 verses of this manuscript were composed by 22 of the Mahasiddhas (750 and 1150 CE), or Siddhacharyas, whose names are mentioned at the beginning of each pada (except the first pada). Some parts of the manuscripts are lost; however, in the Tibetan Buddhist Canon, a translation of 50 padas is found, which includes padas 24, 25, and 48, and the complete pada 23. Pada 25 was written by the Siddhacharya poet Tantripāda, whose work was previously missing. In his commentary on pada 10, Munidatta mentions the name of another Siddhacharya poet, Ladidombipāda, but no pada written by him has been discovered so far.

The names of the Siddhacharyas in Sanskrit (or its Tibetan language equivalent), and the raga in which the verse was to be sung, are mentioned prior to each pada. The Sanskrit names of the Siddhacharya poets were likely assigned to each pada by the commentator Munidatta.

Modern scholars doubt whether these assignments are proper, on the basis of the internal evidences and other literary sources. Controversies also exist among scholars as to the original names of the Siddhacharyas.

Nature
The language of the Charyapada is rather symbolic in nature. So in many cases the literal meaning of a word does not make any sense. As a result, every poem has a descriptive or narrative surface meaning but also encodes tantric Buddhist teachings. Some experts believe this was to conceal sacred knowledge from the uninitiated, while others hold that it was to avoid religious persecution. Attempts have been made to decipher the secret tantric meanings of the Charyapada.

Period
Haraprasad Shastri, who rediscovered the Charyapada, conjectured that it was written during the 10th century. However, according to Suniti Kumar Chatterji, it was composed between 10th and 12th century. Prabodh Chandra Bagchi upholds this view. Sukumar Sen, while supporting this view, also states that the Charyapada could have been written between the 11th and 14th centuries. However, Muhammad Shahidullah was of the opinion that the Charyapada dates back to an even earlier time. He maintained that it was likely to have been composed between 7th and 11th century. Rahul Sankrityayan thought that the Charyapada was probably written between 8th and 11th century.

Language
Haraprasad Shastri, in his introduction to the Charyacharya-vinishchaya, referred to the enigmatic language of its verses as "twilight language" (Sanskrit: Sandhya-bhasha), or Alo-andhari (half-expressed and half-concealed) based on the Sanskrit commentary of Munidatta. Vidhushekhara Shastri, on the basis of evidence from a number of Buddhist texts, later referred to this language as 'Intentional Language' (Sanskrit: Sandha-bhasha).

The padas were written by poets from different regions, and it is natural that they would display linguistic affinities from these regions. Different scholars have noted the affinities of the language of the Charyapada with Assamese, Odia, Bengali, and Maithili.

Affinities with Assamese
Luipa was from Kamarupa and wrote two charyas. Sarahapa, another poet, is said to have been from Rani, a place close to present-day Guwahati. Some of the affinities with Assamese are:

Negatives – the negative particle in Assamese comes ahead of the verb: na jãi (No. 2, 15, 20, 29); na jivami (No. 4); na chadaa, na jani, na disaa (No. 6). Charya 15 has 9 such forms. Present participles – the suffix -ante is used as in Assamese of the Vaishnava period: jvante (while living, No. 22); sunante (while listening, No. 30) etc. Incomplete verb forms – suffixes -i and -iya used in modern and Early Assamese respectively: kari (3, 38); cumbi (4); maria (11); laia (28) etc. Present indefinite verb forms – -ai: bhanai (1); tarai (5); pivai (6). Future – the -iva suffix: haiba (5); kariba (7). Nominative case ending – case ending in e: kumbhire khaa, core nila (2). Instrumental case ending – case ending -e and -era: uju bate gela (15); kuthare chijaa (45).

The vocabulary of the Charyapadas includes non-tatsama words which are typically Assamese, such as dala (1), thira kari (3, 38), tai (4), uju (15), caka (14) etc.

Affinities with Bengali
A large number of the Siddhacharyas who wrote the verses of Charyapada were from Bengal. Shabarpa, Kukkuripa, Dipankar Srigyan and Bhusukupa were born in different parts of Bengal. The affinities with Bengali language are:

Genitive -era, -ara; Locative -te, -e/A; Nominative -Ta; Present participles – the suffix -ante and -anta is used in Middle Bengali; Present indefinite verb -ai that transformed into -e in modern Bangla; Second Person Suffix -asi/si that transformed into -is in modern Bangla; Incomplete verb forms of participles – suffixes -i and -iya used in modern poetry and Early and Middle Bangla both ''' Post-positional words' like majha, antara, sanga''; Past and future bases -il-, -ib-; Nominative case ending – case ending in e is prevalent in many dialects in modern Bangla (even certain situations in standard Bangla) as well as middle Bangla; Instrumental case ending – case ending -e; Conjunctive indeclinable -ia; Conjunctive conditional -ite; Passive -ia- Substantive roots ach and thak. Future the -iva suffix: haiba; kariba.

The language of Charya poet Kanhupa's poetry bears a very strong resemblance to modern Bengali language. For example,

"ekaso padamA chausaTThi pAkhuRi

tahin chaRhi nAchai Dombi bApuRi"

"একশো পদমা চৌষটঠি পাখুড়ি।

তহিঁ চড়ি নাচই ডোম্বি বাপুড়ি ॥"

Ekaso (100), Padama (Padma:Lotus), Chausatthi (64), Pakhudi (petals) Tahin (there, in that), Charhi (climb/rise), nachai (dances), Dombi (a Bengali woman belonging to the scheduled caste, Domi/Domni), Bapuri (a Bengali word for 'poor fellow'; 'বাপুর, বাপুড়া' )

Somewhat modern poetic Bangla would be "একশো পদ্মে/পদমে চৌষট্টি পাকড়ি/পাখুড়ি। তাহে চড়ি/চড়িয়া নাচে ডোমি বাপুড়ি/বেচারি॥"

or

"hA lo Dombi, toke puchhami sadbhAbe.

Aisasi jAsi dombi kAhari nAbeM."

"হা লো ডোম্বি তোকে পুছমি সদভাবে।

আইসসি যাসি ডোম্বি কাহরি নাবেঁ॥"

hA lo- Address to women, Puchhami – (will ask), Sadbhabe –(politely) Aisasi- (come), jAsi - (go), kAhari - (anyone), nAbeM - (not tell).

Modern poetic Bengali version of it will be "হ্যাঁ লো ডোমনি/ডোমি, তোকে/তোয় পুঁছি/জিজ্ঞাসি/শুধাই সদভাবে। আসিস-যাস ডোমি/ডোমনি কাহারে নায়/নাওয়ে/নাকয়ে"॥

The above verses hardly requires any translation to be understood in present-day Bengali.

Affinities with Odia
The beginnings of Odia poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets. This literature was written in a specific metaphor named "Sandhya Bhasha" and the poets like Luipa or Luipada, Kanhapa, Sarhapa, Kambalamara etc. are from the territory of Odisha. The language of Charya was considered as Prakrit and its closely related to Prakrit languages spoken in the Eastern parts of India and Odra Prakrit is one the oldest among other Prakrit language spoken in Eastern India. In his book (Ascharya Charyachaya) Karunakar Kar has mentioned that Odisha is the origin of Charyapada as the Vajrayana school of Buddhism evolved there and started female worship in Buddhism. Worship of Matri Dakini and the practice of "Kaya sadhana" are the outcome of such new culture. Buddhist scholars like "Lakshminkara" and "Padmasambhava" were born in Odisha. The ideas and experience of Kaya sadhana and Shaki upasana (worshiping female principle) which were created by Adi siddhas and have poetic expressions are found in the lyrics of Charyapada. These were the first ever found literary documentation of Prakrit and Apabhramsa which are the primitive form of languages of eastern Indian origin. The poets of Charyapada prominently are from this region and their thought and writing style has influenced the poems in medieval Odia literature which is evidently prominent in the 14th-16th century Odia poetry written majorly in Panchasakha period.[23] The ragas used in Charjyapada, especially in the songs written by Mahasiddhas whose origin has been described in Odisha (as per traditional biographies), bear great affinity with ragas used in the traditional of Odissi music, starting from the Gitagovinda in the 12th century and classical Odia literature from the 14th to 19th centuries.

The language of Charya Sahitya and its relation to modern Odia language without any translation shows a continuity of the Odia linguistic traditions and an integral character of Classical tag for Odia language.

The language of Kanhapa's poetry bears a very strong resemblance to modern Odia. For example,

."'Ekasa paduma chowshathi pakhudi। Tahin chadhi nachaa dombi bapudi ॥'" ."ଏକସୋ ପଦମ ଚଉଷଟ୍ଠୀ ପାଖୁଡ଼ି । ତହିଁ ଚଡ଼ି ନାଚଇ ଡୋମ୍ବି ବାପୁଡ଼ି ॥" Paduma (Padma:Lotus), Chausathi (64), Pakhudi (petals) Tahin (there), Chadhi (climb/rise), nachaa (to dance), Dombi (an Odia female belonging to untouchable caste found in entire Odia speaking tract), Bapudi ( a very colloquial Odia language to apply as 'poor fellow' ). ."'Hailo Dombi, Tote puchhami sadbhabe । Isisi jasi dombi kahari nabe॥'" Haoila- Address to women, Puchhami – (will ask), Sadbhabe –(politely) ."'Nagara baahaare dombi tohari kudiaa । choi choi jaha so brahmana naadiaa ॥'" Nagara-Town,Baahaare –(outside),Tohari-Yours,Kudia-Hut,so – se (he), jaha – jae (goes) etc.

."Translation from Odra Prakrit to English' Your hut stands outside the city Oh, untouchable maid The bald Brahmin passes sneaking close by Oh, my maid, I would make you my companion Kanha is a kapali, a yogi He is naked and has no disgust There is a lotus with sixty-four petals Upon that the maid will climb with this poor self and dance.॥'"

Some of the writing in Jayadeva's Gitagovinda have "Ardhamagadhi padashrita giti" (poetry in Ardhamagadhi) that is influenced by Charyagiti.

Melodies
From the mention of the name of the Rāga (melody) for the each Pada at the beginning of it in the manuscript, it seems that these Padas were actually sung. All 50 Padas were set to the tunes of different Rāgas. The most common Rāga for Charyapada songs was Patamanjari. While some of these Rāgas are extinct, the names of some of these Rāgas may actually be variant names of popular Rāgas we know today.

Glimpses of social life
Many poems provide a realistic picture of early medieval society in eastern India, Bengal and Assam, by describing different occupations such as hunters, fishermen, boatmen, and potters. Geographical locations, namely Banga and Kamarupa, are referred to in the poems. Two rivers which are named are the Ganga and Yamuna. River Padma is also referred to as a canal. No reference to agriculture is available. References to female prostitution occur as well. The boat was the main mode of transport. Some description of wedding ceremonies are also given.

Translations
Produced below is English translation of the first verse of the Charyapada. It was composed by Buddhist Siddhacharya poet Luipa. The body is like the finest tree, with five branches. Darkness enters the restless mind. (Ka'a Tarubara Panchabee Dal, Chanchal Chi'e Paithe Kaal)

Strengthen the quantity of Great Bliss, says Luyi. Learn from asking the Guru.

Why does one meditate? Surely one dies of happiness or unhappiness.

Set aside binding and fastening in false hope. Embrace the wings of the Void.

Luyi says: I have seen this in meditation Inhalation and exhalation are seated on two stools.

Sarahapāda says :Sarah vonnoti bor sun gohali ki mo Duth Bolande Meaning-It is better than empty Byre than a naughty Cow

Bhusukupā says :Apona Mangshe Horina Boiri Meaning-Deer is enemy itself by its meat

This piece has been translated into English by Hasna Jasimuddin Moudud.

Luipa and his poetic excellence
Luipada is the first poet of the ' Charyapada'. Luipa contributes two poems included in the first and twenty ninth among the 50 poems in the manuscript discovered by Horoprosad Shastri in 1907 from the Royal Library of Nepal. These poems are intended to sing, the reference of the name of Ragas with the pieces of the poems validates the supposition. The poems Luipa contributed are composed to sing on the raga ' Patmanjari'. This raga expresses sad and gloomy mood. A lover expresses his anguish being separated and sings as a form of soliloquy or to the close associates of him or her. This raga retains five notes ( SA, GA, MA, PA, and Flat NA) in the octave. This raga has been made popularized by N. Rajam who recorded a 30-minute soundtrack in 1997 under the title of 'Sounds of Strings' published by Living Media India. The melody excels its beauty in the dead of night.

Luipada, like all other 24 songwriters in the manuscript did never expose the emotive aspect of human love, let alone the love to the Supreme Being. The physique is the world to them and their objectives were to reach a state of mind where they feel no biting of five senses. Luipa rather experiences his redemption at the point when he can stand up the beckon of sensuous pyre. The following poetic adaptation is a rendition of the translation of this poem by Muhammad Sahidullah. The thematic aspect of the poem for the modern reader who is alien to the Buddhist esoteric life goes:-

All they ripple by the slurs of tempted touch.

That Ashwata stands for its mighty roots unshaken;

Zephyrus is sure to defeat at that foot so beaten.

Is that thou stand out eternal;

Whence thou stooped at that sensuous pyre?

Let never epicurean buds sprout to beguile;

Let thou be hyacinths always sleek, so unshaken.

They know no bend flowing like a floral stream;

As redemption near at hand Lui, the bard, deems.

The second poem of Luipada reaches the supreme difficulty level of human existence. The existential crisis reveals through the poem, but the bard never loses the course of his expiation. Luipa confesses the world is existent; the human life has the colour. Again; it is non-existent. The moonlight reflected in the waters is a true reflection of the existent moon; but the lightening water is not the light either. The poet here consoles himself with the realization that 'the world may be permanent or temporary; the poet never cares for delving into the truth; the poet realizes to lead a transcendental life'. The poem is translated thus-

Where is it and where is it not that entity;

Who is here to be pleased with this duality?

The truth is really far to find

The feelings like senses can never bind.

That is non-perceived by coloured forms and signs

The Vedas and Agamas trace only in blind.

The moon reflected in the water

Perceives as true even mirage for sure.

What is for me to think as astray;

The life I lead in transcendental gay?

Thus; the poet, Luipa, has created a poetical paradise that is beyond the reach of carnality.

Feminine exuberance in Kukkuripa
Kukkuripa is referred to as having contributed with three buddhist songs- song 2, 20 and 48; songs 2 and 20 are found in the discovered manuscript and the song 48 was missing from the manuscript due to the broken pages. In case of the two songs discovered with the contribution of "Kukkuripa", the Buddhist song maestro has addressed "Feminine ecstacy ", and the activity of copulation at such a height that reeminds of the keen observation of a feminine experience re garding the relations in the family, a mother's urge to have a baby boy, a lady's urge to have communion with her husband; and the mad pursuit for sexual drive. The first poem of this Buddhist bard narrates the nightly drive of the daughter-in-law, " At midnight, the rag of the daughter-in-law has been taken by the thief. The father is awake at daytime. So, she cannot go out of the house at that time. But the night brings advantage to that lady and she strides out of the house for satiating her sexual drive as the father goes into deep sleep. The poetic presentation of this translation made by Dr. Muhammad Sahidullah aligns-

You can never suck to drain

Both of the breast milk-laden,

The enticing tamarind so sour in taste

How miracle does the alligator devour at a breath.

The yard with the home conjoins, hey piper,

The wife loses her ring at a nightly ride to a pilfer.

The slumber numbed the parent, but for the wife,

How she claims her ring lost for gaily ride!

The crow is feared in the sun by that maid,

Though she dares so savage a darkened quest.

So intriguing the song that Kukkuri sings,

Might it reach many, though learnt by one.(pp. 32–33).

When the translation [pp. 70–73] is gone through the phrases, 'I have a monk as my Husband, My sexual pleasure cannot be expressed. My first delivery is the boy' reminds the readers of the family perspectives a married woman has to undergo. Whatever mysticism, metaphor and allusion the poet wants to present in the guise of the family drama; the visual images reflect the inner picture of a married girl regarding her longing for the touch of the husband and the bliss with a baby boy.

The poetic adaptation of that translation of the Buddhist song of the [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Charyapada#:~:text=The%20Charyapada%20poets%20include%20Sarhapa,in%20figurative%20and%20symbolical%20language. Charyapada] reflects-

The bottle empties to the lees

Exhausting by union with the clergy sexless.

Rising out of the womb that I saw

Hoped for other though I missed as an awe.

The boy that I wanted as a ma

So ill-fate the boy truly he has flaw.

My youthful passion killed the puberty off

The glittering glow drove the darkening shaft.

All the rivulets meet at the estuary

You know the axiom; you out of the aviary.

Both of the songs use allegory taken from the scenes of everyday sensual life. The Sexual drive is taken as an example to explain the 'Transcendentality' from the part of the monk who are engulfed with the esoteric livings.

title: Charyapada


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Talk:Bombing of Cologne in World War II

Time line of Cologne air raids during World War II
The way I worked out the months that Cologne was bombed was to use google [Cologne site:www.raf.mod.uk] and only list those pages in the bombing diary eg http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun43.html

More work needs to be done to list the days and the number of bombers because the RAF would often send the odd Mosquito to fly around a city as a diversion and to give the Germans in the city a uncomfortable night eg 11/12 June 1943 "3 Mosquitos to Duisburg and 2 to Cologne". (main raid Dusseldorf: 783 aircraft). But some of the raids were big eg http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/july43.html "3/4 July 1943 653 aircraft - 293 Lancasters, 182 Halifaxes, 89 Wellingtons, 76 Stirlings, 13 Mosquitos returned to Cologne." -- Philip Baird Shearer 08:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Looking at the Operations Record Book (ORB) of 149 Squadron based at Mildenahall from december 1940, 9 Wellington bombers undertook a raid on Cologne on 26 February 1941. It was an earlier operational attack in Germany codenamed "Trout" with several sticks successfully dropped on their targets. 2001:8003:4B16:BE00:7D39:EB27:E840:7B4F (talk) 05:56, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

Suggestion I'm no WWII buff, but is it possible to expand out this section with RAF/USAF info including which air-groups, number of planes, planes/personel lost, etc? Granted the information may be 60+ years old. Marcsin 21:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The Mosquito 'nuisance' raids had the intended effect of confusing the German air defences via the Kammhuber Line so that a few Mosquitoes dropping Window would appear on German air defence radars as large attacks by very many bombers, resulting in the entire German air defences in the region being alerted and activated, with night fighters being sent up, for, in effect, nothing. This led to the Germans wasting many hours, with resulting tiring of night fighter crews and possibility of flying accidents, and much aviation fuel being wasted, as well as the disrupting of the citizen's sleep for much of the night.

 * So they were considerably more of a 'nuisance' than the term might otherwise imply. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.31.130.17 (talk) 11:42, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

War crime or crime against humanity
As is happening on all related articles, P B Shearer is deleting all notion of the fact that many see area bombardment that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians as a war crime or crime against humanity. As Churchill himself noted it was used in order to spread terror. The Nuremberg Trial definition of crimes against humanity included murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population but no judgment on the case of area bombardment has never been made. As was already noted at the Dresden bombing article, google finds thousands of pages with "crime against humanity" and Dresden. ,  Sorry if there are Nazi pages among them, but even if they are Nazi pages, they still exist. Get-back-world-respect 23:27, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Forget that! WP is Uncle Sam's most delightful propaganda leaflet. The majority of contributors here is anglo-american, and their fatherland is holy, it nerver commits war crimes. I've been having these issues myself around WP for WW2 articles. Another example: in a very comprehensive article, why not mentioning the civilizan casualties? It says "3,330 non-residential buildings were destroyed, 2,090 seriously damaged and 7,420 lightly damaged, making a total of 12,840 buildings of which 2,560 were industrial or commercial buildings. Among the buildings classed as totally destroyed were: 7 official administration buildings, 14 public buildings, 7 banks, 9 hospitals, 17 churches, 16 schools, 4 university buildings, 10 postal and railway buildings, 10 buildings of historic interest, 2 newspaper offices, 4 hotels, 2 cinemas and 6 department stores. The only military installation damaged was the flak barracks. The damage to civilian homes, most of them apartments in larger buildings, was considerable: 13,010 destroyed, 6,360 seriously damaged, 22,270 lightly damaged". And civilians? The Brits and Americans do not perform war crimes, everyone knows that. The big majority of WP articles about WW2 have huge problems with POV. João Pimentel Ferreira (talk) 19:23, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Get-back-world-respect we have debated this many times. over a very long period. I see no point in running over old arguments. There are literally pages and pages of our debate in the archives of Arthur Harris and the Bombing of Dresden. Your argument that there has never been a trial is not relevant, and does not make the statment true. I could just as easily write that the last Pope murder but that there have never been a trial about this question. --Philip Baird Shearer 01:13, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right, we had the "debate", and all I ever saw from your side was reverts, you do not even try to see the point. There are people who say that the bombings were a war crime, and if you like it or not, it needs to be noted. Get-back-world-respect 03:36, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

The claim that "It has been suggested that the bombing of civilian targets in this way constitutes a war crime or crime against humanity." is a blatant POV and out of place in this article. It could just as easily be rewritten as "It has been suggested that the bombing of civilian targets in this way does not constitutes a war crime or crime against humanity a position held by all belligerents at the time." There are other better articles where this is discussed (like Terror bombing. Further the statment uses weasel words if it is to be reinstated at the very least it should have a valid cited source(s). --Philip Baird Shearer 10:47, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Actually, this isn't a POV, but a well-authenticated fact needing no specific reference. It is important to include this in the milestone 1,000-bomber raid, and to do so in a neutral, unopinionated way, which did at least damp down the flaming between PBS and GBWR. John Wheater 21:56, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Presumably however it wasn't a 'war crime' or 'crime against humanity' when the Germans were bombing London and the rest of the UK back in 1940-41 during The Blitz.

 * Until Malta took over the title in 1942, London was the most heavily-bombed place on Earth. And it was Germany doing the bombing in both instances.

 * Strange you never hear a peep out of the critics when this is mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.31.130.17 (talk) 11:14, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

A link to consider
Might someone consider adding this link, which is a translation of the Nazi pamphlet on the bombing of Cologne:

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/cologne.htm

It's my site, so I won't do it myself. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bytwerk (talk • contribs) 02:53, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

 * OK - I've added it - interesting contemporary point of view. Ian Dunster 19:55, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:19, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Operation Millennium
Should Operation Millennium have its own article rather than redirecting here? Other towns besides Cologne were attacked as part of the plan. Drutt (talk) 19:45, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Losses?
The numbers don't quite add up.2.31.103.125 (talk) 20:39, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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It was expected (by whom?)
The line "It was expected[by whom?] that the devastation from such raids might be enough to knock Germany out of the war or at least severely damage German morale."

There was a huge debate as to whether this was feasible. To answer the query by whom, Harris, Portal,and Justice Singleton to name just three.

The following quote is from the Wikipedia page entitled "dehousing", and agrees with what I know on the subject. It also contains links to verification sources

Mr. Justice Singleton, a High Court Judge was asked by the Cabinet to look into the competing points of view. In his report, delivered on 20 May 1942 he concluded that:

If Russia can hold Germany on land I doubt whether Germany will stand 12 or 18 months’ continuous, intensified and increased bombing, affecting, as it must, her war production, her power of resistance, her industries and her will to resist (by which I mean morale).[14][15][16]

Can I suggest you remove the "by whom" and just use the same referencesPatrickblue (talk) 01:34, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Done (though a better reference might be found - I couldn't find a copy of the Singleton report online). Batternut (talk) 11:32, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

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US attacks
The article appears to be wrong to claim that all Cologne raids were by the RAF. The US Eighth Air Force carried out two attacks on Ford-Werke, the enormous Ford plant a couple of miles outside the city centre, in October 1944. The first was by a single combat wing of about 130 B-17s, the second by two combat wings of about 100 B-17s each. In all the bombers delivered over 600 tons, half HE, half incendiary. None of it hit Ford or even came close (the nearest reported strikes were about a mile and a half to the northwest), because the first attack met with 3/10 to 10/10 cloud cover and the second met with 6/10 to 10/10. The USAAF did not lay on any further raids because they had received intelligence that Ford-Werke was working at greatly reduced capacity and was no longer of very much importance. (This would be due to the effect of RAF area bombing on the city's infrastructure, and RAF and USAAF bombing of other cities on which Ford-Werke depended for supplies, and on the transport links between cities.)

https://jasonweixelbaum.wordpress.com/2012/05/09/debunking-conspiracy-ford-werke-and-the-allied-bombing-campaign-of-cologne/

Khamba Tendal (talk) 20:17, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

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Success or failure?
How did the UK Government evaluate the operation? Valetude (talk) 00:09, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bombing of Cologne in World War II


text:
User:Esthanya

A medievalist, specializing in textiles.

title: User:Esthanya


text:
Talk:Rae Hendrie

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title: Talk:Rae Hendrie


text:
TVH

TVH is a short form of several things:

 * Thermote & Vanhalst, an industrial and agricultural equipment company
 * Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, a 1986 film in the Star Trek franchise
 * T-V-H (cable system), a submarine telecommunications cable system linking Thailand, Vietnam, and Hong Kong
 * Total vaginal hysterectomy, a surgical removal of the womb through the vagina
 * Thames Valley Harriers, an athletic club based at Linford Christie Stadium, West London
 * Television Hokkaido (TVh), a Japanese TV station in Hokkaido

title: TVH


text:
Mike Nixon

Michael Regis Nixon (November 21, 1911 – September 22, 2000) was an American football player, coach and scout. His most prominent positions were as head coach of the National Football League (NFL)'s Washington Redskins and Pittsburgh Steelers.

Early life
The son of an immigrant coal miner, Mike was born and raised in the Pittsburgh area community of Masontown, Pennsylvania, and attended the University of Pittsburgh, where he played three seasons under the legendary Jock Sutherland, including action in the 1933 Rose Bowl. At Pitt, he won All-America recognition as a running back, while also working summers in the same coal mines as his father. He then advanced to the NFL, but played just one season with the Steelers in 1935 before entering the coaching fraternity at his alma mater the next year.

During this same period, he also played third base in minor league baseball's Southern Association, while seeking other coaching opportunities. When Sutherland resigned on March 6, 1939, Nixon stayed on for a year before joining Bill Kern's staff at West Virginia University.

Professional coaching career
Nixon departed after two seasons to return to the professional level as an assistant with the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers. With player shortages beginning that year due to World War II, Nixon briefly resumed his playing career by signing a contract with the team on November 19, 1942. Nixon himself eventually left to serve as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy for three years, but returned in 1946 as a Steelers assistant under his former coach Sutherland.

He stayed in that role for the next six seasons, but left on June 3, 1952, to join Joe Kuharich, who had been named head coach with the Chicago Cardinals. Kuharich's tenure with the team was brief, but when he was named as head coach of the Redskins after the 1953 NFL season, Nixon followed him to the nation's capital.

Kuharich's five-year tenure in Washington was only slightly better than his Cardinals stint, with the mentor leaving for the head coaching position at the University of Notre Dame following the conclusion of the 1958 NFL season. On December 22 of that year, Nixon earned his first head coaching position when he was promoted by Redskins' owner George Preston Marshall.

The next two years would be miserable for Nixon, who watched his team compile a record of 4-18-2, predictably resulting in his dismissal after the 1960 NFL season had ended. After seeking another head coaching job, Nixon settled for an assistant's role on February 11, 1961, back with the Steelers under Buddy Parker. After a 6-8 campaign in his first year, the team improved to a 9-5 record the following year, and was one game away from winning the Eastern Conference title in 1963. However, by the time the next season started, age and injuries had caught up with the Steelers. Two weeks before the start of the 1965 NFL season, Parker abruptly quit. Nixon was promoted to head coach the next day, but endured (up to that time) the franchise's worst season with a 2-12 mark.

Nixon was fired after the season ended, but found work a few months later, again with Kuharich, now the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles. Following a 9-5 season in 1966, the team won three fewer games the following year, then bottomed out with a 2-12 mark in 1968. Once again, Nixon was looking for work after Kuharich was dismissed after the arrival of new owner Leonard Tose.

On July 1, 1969, Nixon was signed as a scout for the Cleveland Browns, spending his first season looking only at teams in the American Football League. The strategy was for Nixon to gauge the strengths and weaknesses of the teams that would be facing the Browns after they changed leagues because the AFL–NFL merger. In subsequent years, Nixon focused on college scouting, becoming the team's director of college scouting on February 20, 1974. He kept that role until his retirement in the early 1980s.

Nixon died in 2000 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

title: Mike Nixon


text:
TFF

TFF may stand for:

Festivals

 * Taipei Film Festival, an annual film festival in Taipei, Taiwan
 * Taormina Film Fest, international film festival in Taormina
 * Telluride Film Festival, an annual film festival in Telluride, Colorado, USA
 * TFF Rudolstadt, a music festival
 * Torino Film Festival, international film festival in Turin
 * Tribeca Film Festival, an annual event in New York City, USA

Sports

 * Tanzania Football Federation
 * Trelleborgs FF, a Swedish football club
 * Turkish Football Federation

Others

 * Tangential Flow Filtration, a technique in biochemistry
 * Telematics Freedom Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Rome, Italy

title: TFF


text:
Graff

Graff may refer to:

 * Graff (lunar crater)
 * Graff (Martian crater)
 * Graff (jewellers), jewelry boutique specializing in rare diamonds
 * 2009 Graff Diamonds robbery, which took place at the above store
 * Graff, Minnesota an unincorporated community in Moose Lake Township, Cass County, Minnesota, United States
 * Graff, Missouri, an unincorporated community in eastern Wright County, Missouri, United States

People with the surname

 * Anton Graff (1736–1813), a German painter
 * Frederick Graff (1775-1847), American hydraulic engineer
 * Garrett Graff (born 1981), an American journalist and author
 * Gerald Graff (born 1937), an American professor
 * Henry Graff (1921–2020), an American historian and writer
 * Hyrum Graff, a character in Orson Scott Card's Ender books
 * Ilene Graff (born 1949), an American actress
 * Johann Michael Graff, a German Rococo sculptor and plasterer
 * Kasimir Graff (1878–1950), a German astronomer
 * Laurence Graff, an English jeweller
 * Ludwig von Graff (1851–1924), a Hungarian-Austrian zoologist
 * Michael Graff, an American computer engineer
 * Patricio Graff (born 1975), Argentine footballer
 * Randy Graff (born 1955), an American actress
 * Suzanne Graff, an American actress
 * Todd Graff (born 1959), an American actor
 * Wilton Graff (1903–1969), an American actor

title: Graff


text:
Orcon Limited

Orcon Limited (trading as Orcon) is a New Zealand telecommunications company. It is New Zealand's fourth largest Internet service provider (ISP). In 2013 it had a 5% share of the fixed line market.

History
Seeby Woodhouse founded Orcon by starting a small business (Orcon Group Limited) while at university in 1994. The startup provided computer advice and support, as well as selling early-model cell-phones and accessories. Demand led the business to expand its scope to include PC upgrade and repair services. Orcon remained focused on the local market on Auckland's North Shore. By 1996 the business had expanded its range of products and sphere of operations. It began distributing computer accessories and supplies to small-business owners and to home users throughout the Auckland region and to other parts of New Zealand as required.

In 1997 Orcon Group commenced as an ISP with three dial-in 33.6k modems. Through the start-up phase it focused on the no-frills end of the market, aiming at skilled and technically minded customers, with pricing at half the price of the cheapest competition. In 2002 Orcon became a major ISP in the residential market; it launched a new web portal and undertook marketing initiatives to grow the customer base that positive word-of-mouth had established.

On 12 June 2007 Kordia, a state-owned telecommunications company, purchased Orcon for NZ$24.3m, effectively nationalizing it. Seeby Woodhouse, an 80% stakeholder, made $19.44 million from the deal, while business-partner Mark Mackay pocketed $4.86 million. Orcon's main competitors included Telecom and Vodafone.

In June 2014 the company was bought by CallPlus (later Vocus Group). Vocus Group merged with 2degrees in June 2022.

Local-loop unbundling
Orcon issued a press release on 9 August 2007 stating that they had become the "first 100% kiwi owned telecommunications provider" to install equipment in the first unbundled Telecom exchange at Ponsonby. On 30 August 2007, Orcon released an additional press release to announce that they had successfully connected a trial customer at ADSL2+ speeds to their DSLAM via local-loop unbundling (LLU). In March 2008 Orcon launched their ADSL2+ service in parts of Auckland, becoming the first ISP to commercially provide ADSL2+ in New Zealand.

Orcon has been a key participant in recent years in New Zealand's LLU process, which is a rapid u-turn from past public statements by former chief executive Seeby Woodhouse. A Computerworld article from 2005 describing a joint letter by several ISPs to the Commerce Commission quotes Woodhouse as saying he did not sign the letter because he did not agree with the request for local loop unbundling. With LLU, Woodhouse says, only the bigger players such as ihug (now Vodafone), TelstraClear (also now Vodafone), and possibly CallPlus (Slingshot) could afford to put their own equipment into the exchanges.

Ultra-Fast Broadband
Orcon was the first retailer to begin providing fibre as part of the Ultra-Fast Broadband (UFB) scheme. In September 2011, Orcon announced that a group of Northland schools were set up for service, with Orcon delivering telecommunications over fibre in partnership with Orewa-based internet service provider Watchdog Corporation Ltd.

Genius Go
In June 2013, Orcon launched Genius Go, a smartphone app that allows customers to make local 'landline' calls and receive calls to their home phone line via their smartphone, wherever they are in the world.

title: Orcon Limited


text:
Teine

Teine may refer to:
 * Teine-ku, Sapporo, an administrative district of the city of Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
 * Teine Station, a railway station in Teine-ku, Sapporo, Japan
 * Sapporo Teine, a ski resort and amusement park in Teine-ku, Sapporo, Japan

title: Teine


text:
Hani Naser

Hani Naser (هاني ناصر; March 2, 1950 – November 16, 2020) was a Jordanian-American musician. He specialized in the oud and hand percussion instruments, particularly the goblet drum and djembe.

Naser was considered by critics to be a master in his field; Randy Lewis of the Los Angeles Times called him a "Veritable Hand Drum Wizard." He performed and recorded with a number of prominent musicians, including Nicky Hopkins, Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt, Ry Cooder, Jim Keltner, Steve Miller, Los Lobos, Violent Femmes, Don Henley, Hamza El Din, Jennifer Warnes, David Broza, Paco de Lucía, Santana, Brian Ritchie, Tony Trischka, Leftover Salmon, Quicksilver Messenger Service, John Hiatt, Warren Zevon, Ruben Blades, Lou Reed, The Blind Boys of Alabama, 7 Walkers (Bill Kreutzmann, Papa Mali, George Porter Jr., Matt Hubbard), and David Lindley.

Early life
Naser was born in Jordan, in the mountain village of Ermameen on a hilltop outside Amman, where his grandfather was the village poet. His family were Christians from Nazareth, having converted from Judaism many centuries before. When Naser was seven months old, his family moved to Westchester County, New York, where he was raised. He returned occasionally to Jordan; Naser remembered that his grandfather "would grind and roast coffee, playing these rhythms, singing and chanting, the villagers would come up and he’d recite poetry. It was amazing."

Naser dipped into the nightlife of Manhattan, New York by taking the train to hear Bob Dylan and Joan Baez in the beatnik atmosphere of the 1960s, and he heard the Afro-Cuban jazz and Latin music developing in the Lower East Side. He moved to California for college, and joined the U.S. Air Force, earning the rank of sergeant. He later lived in Topanga Canyon, California.

Career
Naser drummed on Arabic percussion instruments from early childhood, and received an oud as a gift when he was seven years old. He played the oud and various drums without taking lessons. He was in a rock and roll band in the 1960s in his early teens, the band winning a contest to play regularly at the House of Liverpool in Yonkers, where they also backed musical acts from the UK who arrived without a full band. Naser said, "We did it for a whole summer, the experience of a lifetime."

Naser broke into the Los Angeles music scene by impressing Lebanese singer Samira Tewfik with his unusual rhythmic style in July 1970 when she was auditioning musicians for an appearance in Pasadena, California.

Naser collaborated with multi-instrumentalist David Lindley in the early 1990s. They produced two "official bootleg" albums, Live in Tokyo Playing Real Good and Live All Over the Place Playing Even Better, released on Lindley's own Pleemhead label. Paul Harrar of The Union called the duo "One of the finest jam sessions in the music business." Their album Live in Tokyo was chosen by Guitar Player magazine as one of the top 100 albums of the last decade.

Naser was featured on Hamza El Din's album A Wish which topped the World Music charts. He toured the war-torn Middle East with Israeli singer-songwriter David Broza to promote peace through music, a mission very close to Hani's heart. They were invited by the Israeli and Jordanian Governments to perform in concert during the peace signing between the two countries.

Hani also led intensive workshops titled "The Healing Powers of Rhythm and Music" at the Esalen Institute and other places, and formed a band with Walfredo Reyes Jr., Armand Sabal-Lecco, and Craig Eastman.

Death
Naser died in Ojai, California, on November 16, 2020. Guitarist Gayle Ellett of Djam Karet announced on Facebook on November 18, 2020, that his "great friend Hani Naser passed away this week." Ellett had participated many times in Naser's 10-piece band playing contemporary Arabic music and world music. His longtime partner Elise Mallove wrote an obituary for The Canyon Chronicle, saying he died "peacefuly" but that his "heart could not bear the pain" of family members killed at their home by a gunman in Henderson, Nevada, on November 3, two weeks earlier. A memorial was held in Upland, California, followed by a gravesite funeral at Forest Lawn in Covina on December 10, 2020.

title: Hani Naser


text:
Aislaby, Ryedale

Aislaby is a hamlet and civil parish near the English town of Pickering, North Yorkshire. It lies on the A170 to the west of Pickering between Wrelton and Middleton.

History
The hamlet is mentioned in the Domesday Book and was known as Aslachesbi. In 1066 the land was owned by Gospatric and had 2 ploughlands.

The etymology of the name comes from Old Norse bȳ (farm or village) added to the name of the ownerAslakr.

Aislaby Hall was built in the village in 1742, and is now grade II* listed.

Demographics
The population of the civil parish was less than 100 at the 2011 Census. Details are included in the civil parish of Cropton.

Governance
The hamlet is within the Thirsk and Malton Parliamentary constituency and the Kirkbymoorside and Dales Electoral Ward of North Yorkshire Council. The hamlet is part of the civil parish of Aislaby, Middleton and Wrelton.

Community
The hamlet lies within the Primary Education catchment area for Pickering Junior School and the Secondary Education catchment area for Lady Lumley's School in Pickering.

title: Aislaby, Ryedale


text:
Vinylacetylene

Vinylacetylene is the organic compound with the formula C4H4. The colourless gas was once used in the polymer industry. It is composed of both alkyne and alkene groups and is the simplest enyne.

Vinylacetylene is extremely dangerous because in high enough concentrations (typically > 30 mole percent, but pressure dependent) it can auto-detonate (explode without air being present) especially at elevated pressures, such as those seen in chemical plants processing C4 hydrocarbons. An example of such an explosion occurred at a Union Carbide plant in Texas City in 1969.

Synthesis
Vinylacetylene was first synthesized by Hofmann elimination of the related quaternary ammonium salt:
 * [(CH3)3NCH2CH=CHCH2N(CH3)3]I2 →  2 [(CH3)3NH]I  +  HC≡C-CH=CH2

It is usually synthesized by dehydrohalogenation of 1,3-dichloro-2-butene.

It also arises via the dimerization of acetylene, which is catalyzed by copper(I) chloride.

Dehydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene is yet another route.

Application
At one time, chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene), an industrially important monomer, was produced via the intermediacy of vinyl acetylene. In this process, acetylene is dimerized to give vinyl acetylene, which is then combined with hydrogen chloride to give 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene via 1,4-addition. This allene derivative which, in the presence of cuprous chloride, rearranges to 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene:
 * H2C=CH-C≡CH +  HCl   →   H2ClC-CH=C=CH2
 * H2ClC-CH=C=CH2  →   H2C=CH-CCl=CH2

title: Vinylacetylene


text:
Talk:Pamida

In Sullivan, Illinois there was a Pamida store then it was closed then re-opend as a ShopKo. Soon after it was closed for good due to lack of sales and very high prices. The store under both names sucked.

Untitled
There is no Pamida here in Oskaloosa. If there ever was, I don't know when they left. Archola 08:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Pamida was
The Pamida store was where the sears store is now. Out by the new Walmart supercenter.

"Niche" retailer
Pamida is what is known as a "niche" retailer. It is really not a "department store" in the traditional sense but rather a smaller "mass merchandiser"; its stores resemble nothing so much as smaller Wal-marts. IMHO they are brilliant to concentrate on towns too small to be of much interest to Wal-Mart, Kmart, or Target but large enough to be plenty of market for that type of store on a smaller scale.

Regarding the Knoxville closing
I work in Knoxville, IA at KNIA/KRLS, a small market radio station. I noticed that one of my co-workers put out an ad for the liquidation of the Knoxville Pamida's merchandise because they were closing.

My point is, I'll get a solid source up when I get a chance. Gyrapage 14:11, 04 June 2006

Fair use rationale for Image:Pamida.gif
Image:Pamida.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:00, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pamida


text:
Category:Politics of Sweden

This category focuses on political issues and the quest for political office in Sweden. For articles about the work of national and local governments in Sweden see category:Government of Sweden.

title: Category:Politics of Sweden


text:
Aislaby, Scarborough

Aislaby is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated near the town of Whitby on the northern slopes of Eskdale just off the A171.

History
The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Asuluesbi in the Hundred of Langbaurgh. It was listed as having 2 ploughlands with 6 acres of meadow and woodland. The Lord in 1066 was named as Uhtred, but had changed to Richard of Sourdeval under the tenancy of Count Robert of Mortain. Lordship descended to the Brus family by the reign of Henry I and then Lucy de Thweng via the Rosels family and Nicholas de Meynell. By the early fourteenth century it had passed as a mense lordship to Arnald de Percy. From then on it was held by the Darcy family and the Strangways until 1541 when it became part of the holdings of Lord Dacre until 1685. Like its namesakes near Pickering and the other to the west of Stockton-on-Tees the place-name is derived from Viking Old Norse meaning "Aslakr's or Asulf's farm".

The area around the village is noted for its quarries, and the stone that was used in many local buildings and further afield in some notable structures such as London Bridge and Ramsgate Pier. Local buildings constructed from the stone include Pond House which is grade II* listed.

Governance
The village lies within the Scarborough and Whitby Parliamentary constituency; the Mulgrave War of Scarborough Borough District; and of the Whitby/Maythorpe cum Mulgrave Electoral Division of North Yorkshire County Council.

Demography
The Parish area is approximately 1,086 acre. According to the 2011 UK census, Aislaby parish had a population of 243, in 164 dwellings, a reduction on the 2001 UK census figure of 280.

Community
The village lies within the catchment area of Stakesby Community Primary School in Whitby for Primary Education and of Eskdale School and Caedmon College Whitby for Secondary Education.

Religion
St Margarets' Church, Aislaby was built in 1897. This replaced a 1732 building that itself had replaced the earlier medieval church. The church is Grade II listed building.

title: Aislaby, Scarborough


text:
Bam Province

Bam is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso. It is located in Centre-Nord Region and the capital of Bam is Kongoussi. In 2019 it has a population of 473,955. It is a rural province with 420,314 of its residents living in the countryside; only 53,641 live in urban areas. There are 229,786 men living in Bam Province and 244,169 women.

Bam is divided into 9 departments:

Twin towns

 * Kongoussi is twinned with:
 * Canteleu, Seine-Maritime, France
 * Landerneau, Finistère, France

title: Bam Province


text:
Banwa Province

Banwa is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Banwa is Solenzo. In 2019 it had a population of 345,749.

Education
In 2011 the province had 170 primary schools and 13 secondary schools.

Healthcare
In 2011 the province had 23 health and social promotion centers (Centres de santé et de promotion sociale), 3 doctors and 87 nurses.

Demographics
It is a rural province with 320,963 of its residents living in the countryside; only 24,786 live in urban areas. There are 169,195 men living in Banwa Province and 176,554 women.

Departments
Banwa is divided into 6 departments:

title: Banwa Province


text:
Buddy Parker

Raymond Klein "Buddy" Parker (December 16, 1913 – March 22, 1982) was an American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL), who served as head coach for the Chicago Cardinals, Detroit Lions, and Pittsburgh Steelers.

Parker is one of five former NFL head coaches (along with Lou Saban, George Seifert, Tom Coughlin, and Mike Shanahan) to win multiple league championships with eligibility to not be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In 2023, he was named as a finalist on the seniors ballot for the class of 2024.

Playing career
Born in Slaton, Texas, Parker grew up in Kemp, southeast of Dallas. He played collegiately for North Texas (in 1931) and for Centenary College in Louisiana for three years beginning in 1932.

Parker then signed with the Lions as a fullback in 1935, and during his first season, he helped the team capture the NFL championship. After one more year in the Motor City, he was traded to the Cardinals and spent the next seven seasons with Chicago, also seeing time on defense as a linebacker and defensive back. During the latter two years, he added the duties of backfield coach before becoming a full-time assistant in 1945.

Chicago Cardinals
In 1947, the Cardinals captured their second (and only undisputed) NFL title, then lost in a blizzard in the following year's championship clash at Philadelphia. On February 3, 1949, Parker and Phil Handler were named co-head coaches of the Cardinals, replacing Jimmy Conzelman, who had left to work for a local advertising agency. The unique arrangement, which had Parker handling the offense and Handler the defense, quickly proved to be unworkable, and Handler was returned to the front office on October 25 with the Cardinals sporting a 2–4 record.

In the season's final six games, Parker's team won four games, but a 52–20 loss to the crosstown Bears was quickly followed by Parker's surprising resignation on December 11. Publicly he stated, "I'm tired of being a head coach. The duties are too demanding", but Parker also reportedly was upset with his uncertain job status.

Detroit Lions
After first reconsidering his abrupt departure, Parker then signed as backfield coach of the Lions on January 21, 1950. However, after head coach Bo McMillin found himself in continuous battles with players during the ensuing campaign, he resigned on December 19, with Parker being promoted to the top job the following day.

Parker and quarterback Bobby Layne would popularize what became known as the two-minute offense, which allowed a team's offense to quickly move down the field late in a game. In Parker's first year, he led the team to a 7–4–1 record, good for a second place tie in the Western Conference. While the record was slightly better than average, he began bringing in the talent that would turn the team into a dominant force over the next few years.

Parker's superstitions also became legendary, with none of his players ever wearing the number 13, and the team always staying at the Chicago Hilton hotel when playing either the Bears or Cardinals. That choice of lodging changed after the team was placed one year on the 13th floor and lost.

In, the Lions defeated the Los Angeles Rams in a divisional tiebreaker playoff on December 21, then used a strong defensive effort to defeat the injury-plagued Cleveland Browns 17–7 on the road in the championship game. In 1953, the two teams again met for in the title game, with some late heroics by Layne and Jim Doran to squeeze out a 17–16 thriller in the December 27.

Putting together a 9–2–1 mark in 1954, the Lions and Browns met for the third straight year, but this time, Cleveland battered Detroit 56–10. The after-effects of the result lasted throughout the following year, when retirement and injuries plunged the Lions to a 3–9 last-place finish. Parker was able to make another run for the title in 1956, but the Lions dropped the season finale to the Bears, the key play coming when Layne was knocked out of the game with a concussion from a hit behind the play that Parker felt was both cheap and illegal.

On July 26, 1957, Parker obtained quarterback Tobin Rote from Green Bay, a prescient move that would help the team when Layne broke his ankle and Rote then led the Lions to their third championship in six years. However, Parker was not around to enjoy the championship season after stunning the football world by resigning on August 12 during the team's preseason training camp dinner. In front of a large audience which expected him to deliver a keynote speech, Parker instead informed the audience that he was quitting. longtime assistant coach George Wilson was promoted the following day. George Plimpton wrote of this incident in his 1966 best-seller Paper Lion. In his resignation Parker cited an inability to control his players, but his struggle in obtaining a two-year contract from Lions' management also likely played a role. As of, Parker is the last Lions head coach to get another head coaching job in the NFL.

Pittsburgh Steelers
After first reports had him replacing Baltimore Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, Parker became the head coach of the Steelers on August 27, signing a five-year contract. During his first season, Parker led the team to a 6–6 mark and began making countless trades that left the team with few top draft choices over the next six years.

During the 1958 preseason, Parker attempted to get the players' attention by cutting five veterans, including Billy Wells, the team's leading rusher the previous season. He also reunited with Layne, trading for the signal caller on October 6. The price (quarterback Earl Morrall and two first round draft picks) was steep, but the immediate impact was evident: Pittsburgh improved to 7–4–1, their best record in a decade.

The next two years, the Steelers managed to compete at a .500 level, but dropped to 6–8 in 1961. The next year, the team finished second in the Eastern Conference with a 9–5 mark. During the latter year, the team challenged despite the retirement of Layne and the tragic off-season death of Eugene "Big Daddy" Lipscomb.

The aging team then began a decline that continued until the arrival of Chuck Noll in 1969. Pittsburgh finished 5–9 in 1964, and Parker signed a three-year deal on January 22, 1965, saying that the team was not that far away from a championship. He would change his mind when the team dropped its first four exhibition games, and repeated history by resigning on September 5, reportedly telling team owner Art Rooney, "I can't win with this bunch of stiffs."

Legacy
Throughout his coaching career, Parker went .570, while going 3–1 in the postseason. He is one of 43 NFL coaches to have over 100 coaching regular season victories. As of 2023, he is one of only 26 head coaches to win two championships. The Professional Football Researchers Association named Parker to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2008.

In 2020, he was named a coaching finalist for the first time as a part of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's "Centennial Slate." He was again up for the class of 2021, but was among the coaches part of the final cut. In 2022, he was named a semifinalist by the coaches/contributors committee and was shortly named as one of the 12 finalists, the second time for Parker. He was chosen as the contributor finalist for the class of 2024; and needed 80% of the votes from the committee in a vote in January 2024 to receive induction. But on February 8, 2024, it was announced that Parker did not make it into the Hall of Fame.

Later life
Parker never again coached, spending much of his remaining years in the real estate field, but he did receive job offers. In January 1966, he was under consideration for a Rams' assistant position under George Allen, then was a candidate for head coach of the Washington Redskins in December 1968. He was a special assistant under Bud Wilkinson on the 1978 St. Louis Cardinals.

In 1982, he underwent surgery for a ruptured ulcer on March 7 in Kaufman, Texas, but complications left him unconscious until his death fifteen days later.

title: Buddy Parker


text:
Bazèga Province

Bazèga is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Sud Region. The capital of Bazèga is Kombissiri. Bazèga had a population of 238,202 in 2006 and in 2011 it was estimated to be 263,603.

Education
In 2011 the province had 187 primary schools and 23 secondary schools.

Healthcare
In 2011 the province had 37 health and social promotion centers (Centres de santé et de promotion sociale), 7 doctors and 109 nurses.

Departments
Bazèga is divided into 7 departments:

title: Bazèga Province


text:
Bougouriba Province

Bougouriba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Sud-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population of Bougouriba was 153,606. The capital of Bougouriba is Diébougou. The 127 km2 Bontioli Reserve is located in the province.

Bougouriba is divided into 5 departments:

See also:
 * Regions of Burkina Faso
 * Provinces of Burkina Faso
 * Communes of Burkina Faso

title: Bougouriba Province


text:
Boulgou Province

Boulgou is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Est Region. The capital of Boulgou is Tenkodogo. The population of Boulgou in 2019 was 737,843.

Demographics
As of 2019, 54.2% of the population is female and 45.8% is male. 46.4% is under 14 years old, 49.4% are between 14 and 64 years of age and only 4.1% of the population is aged 65 or more.

Departments
The province of Boulgou is divided into 13 departments.

See also:
 * Regions of Burkina Faso
 * Provinces of Burkina Faso
 * Communes of Burkina Faso

title: Boulgou Province


text:
Boulkiemdé Province

Boulkiemdé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Ouest Region. The capital of Boulkiemdé is Koudougou. The population of Boulkiemdé was 498,008 in 2006 and 567,680 in 2011.

Education
In 2011 the province had 437 primary schools and 65 secondary schools.

Healthcare
In 2011 the province had 75 health and social promotion centers (Centres de santé et de promotion sociale), 20 doctors and 262 nurses.

Departments
Boulkiemde is divided into 13 departments as follows:

In pop-culture
Boulkiemdé (specifically the department of Bingo) was a location in the American television series The Amazing Race 12 (2007).

title: Boulkiemdé Province


text:
Comoé Province

Comoé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Cascades Region. The capital of Comoé is Banfora. The population of Comoé was 632,695 in 2019.

Comoé is divided into 9 departments:

title: Comoé Province


text:
Gnagna Province

Gnagna is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, and is in Est Region. The capital of Gnagna is Bogandé. The population of Gnagna in 2019 was 675,897.

Subdivision
Gnagna is divided into 7 departments:

title: Gnagna Province


text:
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barnet

The London Borough of Barnet, located on the northern periphery of London and having much of the area within its boundaries in the Metropolitan Green Belt, has many parks and open spaces. In addition there are large areas taken over by cemeteries and golf courses, and part of Hampstead Heath.

Premier Parks
Barnet describes its 16 main open spaces as 'premier parks', 7 of which achieved a Green Flag Award for 2009/10:
 * Childs Hill Park and Basing Hill Park, Childs Hill
 * Cherry Tree Wood, East Finchley
 * Edgwarebury Park, Edgware
 * Friary Park, Friern Barnet
 * Hendon Park, Hendon
 * Lyttelton Playing Fields, Hampstead Garden Suburb
 * Mill Hill Park, Mill Hill
 * Oak Hill Park, East Barnet
 * Old Court House Recreation Ground, High Barnet
 * Sunny Hill Park, Hendon
 * Swan Lane Open Space, Whetstone
 * Tudor Sports Ground, New Barnet
 * Victoria Park, Finchley Central
 * Victoria Recreation Ground, New Barnet
 * Watling Park, Burnt Oak
 * West Hendon Playing Fields, West Hendon

Other parks and green spaces
The borough contains over 200 green spaces. Some of them are:
 * Bethune Park, Friern Barnet
 * Bittacy Hill Park, Mill Hill
 * Brent Park, Hendon
 * Highlands Gardens, New Barnet
 * Long Lane Pasture, Finchley
 * Whitings Hill Open Space, Chipping Barnet

Site of Special Scientific Interest

 * Brent Reservoir (a Site of Special Scientific Interest which is partly in the London Borough of Brent)

Local Nature Reserves
Barent has 7 Local Nature Reserves
 * Big Wood and Little Wood, Hampstead Garden Suburb
 * Oak Hill Wood, East Barnet
 * Scratchwood and Moat Mount open space, Mill Hill
 * Coppetts Wood and Glebelands, Colney Hatch
 * Rowley Green Common, Arkley
 * Totteridge Fields, Totteridge
 * Brent Reservoir is a Local Nature Reserve as well as a Site of Special Scientific Interest

Sites of Nature Conservation Interest
The Borough has 67 Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation, and these are listed in Nature reserves in Barnet. Some of them are:
 * Hampstead Heath (only the Hampstead Heath Extension and Golders Hill Park are in Barnet)
 * Arrandene Open Space and Featherstone Hill, Mill Hill
 * Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, Totteridge
 * Golders Hill Park, Golders Green
 * King George's Fields, Monken Hadley
 * The Mill Field, Mill Hill
 * Monken Hadley Common, Monken Hadley
 * Stoneyfields Park, Edgware

Dollis Valley Greenwalk
The Dollis Valley Greenwalk in Barnet was one of 11 green spaces throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote in 2009; the walk received £400,000 towards a variety of improvements, including better footpaths and more lighting. The walk follows Dollis Brook, which is also Site of Importance for Nature Conservation.


text:
Houet Province

Houet is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Hauts-Bassins Region. The capital of Houet is Bobo-Dioulasso. In 2019, the province had a population of 1,509,377.

Departments
Houet is divided into 13 departments (one of them, Bobo-Dioulasso is further subdivided in arrondissements) :

title: Houet Province


text:
Ioba Province

Ioba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sud-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population was 265,876. The capital of Ioba is Dano.

Departments
Ioba is divided into 8 departments:
 * Dano
 * Dissin
 * Guéguéré
 * Koper
 * Niégo
 * Oronkua
 * Ouessa
 * Zambo

title: Ioba Province


text:
Komondjari Province

Komondjari is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Est Region. Its capital (and only town) is Gayéri.

Departments
The province is divided into 3 departments.

title: Komondjari Province


text:
Talk:Ji

Untitled
I would like to move this page as a de classifying page as "ji"(जी) can refer too man\y more things in many more languages. for example ji in hindi stand for a suffix added to any respectful name or calling. Something like minister ji gives a meaning like Mr. minister. -59.176.7.211 08:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Wiki isn't a dictionary, so I don't think we should be adding lists of every meaning of a word "ji" in different languages. The focus of this page is clearly the dynastic family surnamed Ji. They're not well known by that name AFAIK, and most people would look them up via "Zhou", e.g., the Zhou rulers, the Zhou kings, etc. I'd suggest changing the page title to something like "Royal House of Ji" or perhaps others can suggest sth. better, and then cut all the extraneous lists of Hindi etc. definitions. For now I'm just moving one such out of the middle of the Ji family section. Dragonbones 06:40, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

I dunno, I got to this page looking for a definition of the suffix -ji, after being left unanswered by the Ghandi(ji) article.--Screenmaster16 21:26, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ji


text:
Soup2Nuts

Soup2Nuts (sometimes referred to as Soup2Nuts Studios, and formerly part of Tom Snyder Productions) was an American animation studio founded by Tom Snyder. The studio is known for its animated comedy series, its use of Squigglevision, a technique of animation that reuses frames to make the animation look more kinetic, and for its style of improvisation in voice acting. In the Tom Snyder Productions logo, it was depicted as a pirate ship in space. In the Soup2Nuts logo, it was depicted as a rattling soup can with the company name.

History
Tom Snyder, a teacher at Shady Hill School, began designing computer programs in the 1970s to enhance his 4th to 8th grade classes' learning environments. In 1980, Jere Dykema, the parent of one of Snyder's Shady Hill students, gave Snyder $30,000 to establish Computer Learning Connection (later renamed Tom Snyder Productions) for a 30% equity stake. Dykema also loaned CLC $100,000, which they paid back.

Tom Snyder Productions created and produced its first TV show, Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist in 1995 for Comedy Central. On February 23, 1996, the company announced it would be acquired by Torstar Corporation for more than $10 million. Torstar would provide Tom Snyder with additional cash to expand its education and television operations. Later, the company created and produced Home Movies which aired originally on UPN, but after cancellation, continued on Adult Swim. In 2001, Snyder's television division was renamed Soup2Nuts, named after the company's involvement in the production of programs from beginning to end. Soup2Nuts also produced shorts, book adaptations, commercials, and interactive online series. Tom Snyder Productions and Soup2Nuts were purchased by Scholastic Corporation on December 21, 2001. Tom Snyder Productions continued to develop educational products under Scholastic until 2015.

Soup2Nuts began work on WordGirl, a superhero educational show for PBS Kids, in 2007. It had won numerous national awards including Best Direction for an Animated Children's Program and Outstanding Writing in Animation.

On March 13, 2015, Scholastic announced they were closing the studio. According to Kyle Good, the senior vice president of corporate communications for Scholastic, the decision was made to shut down Soup2Nuts as part of an overall restructuring of the parent company. Good commented, "We are restructuring that part of the business closer to our core businesses which are children's publishing and education. We have other options to continue television programming." Scholastic had cut the number of employees to just nine people earlier in 2015.

Astroblast! was Soup2Nuts' final production. Scholastic closed Tom Snyder Productions on December 31, 2015; the company's FASTT Math product was acquired by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Video games

 * Personk (1978)
 * The Search Series (1980)
 * Snooper Troops: Case #1: The Granite Point Ghost (1982)
 * Snooper Troops: Case #2: The Case of the Disappearing Dolphin (1982)
 * In Search of the Most Amazing Thing (1983)
 * Agent USA (1984)
 * Run for the Money (1984)
 * American Challenge: A Sailing Simulation (1986)
 * Sub Mission (1986)
 * Gamma Force in Pit of a Thousand Screams (1988)
 * Lane Mastodon vs. the Blubbermen (1988)
 * Decisions, Decisions (1988)
 * ZorkQuest: Assault on Egreth Castle (1988)
 * ZorkQuest: The Crystal of Doom (1989)
 * Fizz & Martina (1992)
 * Math Mysteries (2000)
 * Science Seekers (2000)

title: Soup2Nuts


text: Category:Politics of Uruguay

title: Category:Politics of Uruguay


text:
Kompienga Province

Kompienga is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Est Region.

The capital of Kompienga is Pama. The province also borders the country of Togo. The Kompienga Dam located in the province is the country's first hydro-electric dam and is responsible for much of Ouagadougou's electricity supply.

title: Kompienga Province


text:
Koulpélogo Province

Koulpélogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Est Region. The population in 2019 was 361,586.

Its capital is Ouargaye.

Departments
Koulpelogo is divided into 8 departments:

title: Koulpélogo Province


text:
Kouritenga Province

Kouritenga (sometimes spelt Kourittenga) is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Est Region. In 2019, the province had a population of 479,930. Its capital is Koupéla.

Departments
Kouritenga is divided into 9 departments:

title: Kouritenga Province


text:
Kourwéogo Province

Kourwéogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Plateau-Central Region. It has a population of 181,202 (2019 census).

Its capital is Boussé.

Departments
Kourweogo is divided into 5 departments:

title: Kourwéogo Province


text:
Léraba Province

Léraba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Cascades Region.

Its capital is Sindou. Its highest point (and the highest point of the country) is Mount Tenakourou with an elevation of 747 m.

Departments
Leraba is divided into 8 departments:

title: Léraba Province


text:
Chinese Union Version

The Chinese Union Version (CUV) is the predominant translation of the Bible into Chinese used by Chinese Protestants, first published in 1919. The text is now available online.

The CUV is currently available in both traditional and simplified Chinese, and is published in Hong Kong by the Hong Kong Bible Society, a Bible society affiliated with the United Bible Societies; in Taiwan by the Bible Society in Taiwan, also associated with the United Bible Societies; and in China by Amity Printing Co., Ltd., of the Amity Foundation in Nanjing, related to the China Christian Council and also affiliated with the United Bible Societies.

A revision for the CUV, the Revised Chinese Union Version (RCUV), was completed for the New Testament in 2006, and for the entire Bible in 2010.

History
The CUV was translated by a panel with members from many different Protestant denominations, using the English Revised Version as a basis and original-language manuscripts for crosschecking. Work on the CUV began in 1890 and originally, three versions of the CUV were planned—two classical Chinese versions and a vernacular Mandarin Chinese version. The CUV was completed in 1919, with one amalgamated classical Chinese translation and one vernacular Mandarin translation. With the onset of May Fourth Movement, and the associated New Culture Movement, the CUV is the second translated work to be published in Vernacular Mandarin Chinese, after the first vernacular Chinese Bible, the Peking Committee Bible.

The CUV in use today is the vernacular Mandarin Chinese version, published in two slightly different editions—the Shen Edition (神版) and the Shangti Edition (上帝版)--differing in the way the word “God” is translated. The vernacular Chinese language in the CUV has changed a lot since 1919 and its language is stilted for modern readers. Furthermore, many Chinese characters used in the CUV have fallen into disuse and cannot be found in commonly available dictionaries today.

Work towards the revision for the CUV, the Revised Chinese Union Version (RCUV), started in the early 1980s. Its goal was to update the language of the CUV while keeping as much of the original translation as intact as possible, ultimately resulting in an update of 15% of the New Testament and 20% of the Old Testament. The revision to the New Testament was completed in 2006 (新約全書─和合本修訂版), and to the entire Bible in 2010. This version was consecrated on 27 September 2010 at St. John’s Cathedral in Hong Kong.

Typography
Text in the Chinese Union Version is typeset generally vertically from right to left, with some captions for illustrations typeset horizontally from left to right.

 * The CUV employs old-style punctuation, setting most punctuation marks as if they were ruby. It uses the currently standard proper name mark only for personal names, but punctuation mark that can be described as a “double proper name mark” is used for geographical names; both of these are typeset on the right-hand side, instead of the currently standard left. The book title mark is not used, and book titles are not marked in the CUV in any way. Chapter and section headings are typeset in sans serif type.
 * Verse numbers are typeset on the right-hand side of the first word of each verse as ruby. They are also repeated in the margins.
 * New paragraphs start after chapter and section headings. Within each section, however, paragraph breaks are indicated by the traditional Chinese pilcrow, a thin, sans-serif circle about the size of a Chinese character.
 * In the Shen Edition of the CUV, a full-width space is added before each word “God” so that the paging between the Shen and Shangti editions are identical; this extra space is interpreted as the traditional honorific marker.
 * Comments and notes are typeset as warichu. Additionally, an ad hoc punctuation mark that looks like a dashed underline is used to mark editorially inserted words; like the two varieties of the proper name mark, this mark is also typeset on the right-hand side.
 * Typesetting the proper name mark on the right would have caused clashes with verse numbers and most punctuation marks. However, when clashes occur, the proper name and similar punctuation marks that cause the clash are partially truncated to avoid omitting any punctuation marks.

Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation

Because of the old-style and ad hoc punctuation, the CUV looks archaic and somewhat strange to the modern reader. The result of updating the CUV’s punctuation in line with modern usage is the Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation (CUVNP or CUNP; ) which was published in 1988.

This edition with the Chinese characters written horizontally, printed by Amity Printing Company in Nanjing, and published by China Christian Council in Shanghai, constitutes the largest number of the Bibles in present-day China. Some wording and proper nouns (people's names and place names) have been changed from the 1919 version in order to adapt to the modern use of the Chinese language. A bilingual Chinese-English edition, the Chinese Union Version combined with the New Revised Standard Version, is also published by China Christian Council.

title: Chinese Union Version


text:
Loroum Province

Loroum is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Nord Region. Its capital is Titao.

Education
In 2011 the province had 192 primary schools and 12 secondary schools.

Healthcare
In 2011 the province had 20 health and social promotion centers (Centres de santé et de promotion sociale), 3 doctors and 52 nurses.

Departments
Loroum is divided into 4 departments:

title: Loroum Province


text:
Xtra (ISP)

Xtra was a brand used by New Zealand telecommunications provider Spark (previously Telecom) for its Internet service provider subsidiary from 1996 to 2008. At its inception, Xtra provided only dial-up Internet access, but began providing ADSL service in 1999.

The brand was largely retired in 2008, with internet services adopting the name of Xtra's parent company Telecom (now Spark). Today, the Xtra brand remains active only as the name of Spark's webmail service, powered by New Zealand-based SMX.

The Xtra name was also used for Yahoo!Xtra, a joint venture web portal between Telecom and Yahoo!7 that operated between 2007 and 2011, as well as XtraMSN (a joint venture with MSN).

History and trading practices
In 1999 Telecom created New Zealand's only ADSL service. Telecom later allowed other ISPs to access its ADSL networks (under increasing government and public pressure), although some claimed that Telecom provided unfair and monopolistic terms of trade regarding its wholesale ADSL services.

As a subsidiary of Telecom New Zealand, Xtra retained some of the monopoly that its parent company formerly had. To many people, this monopoly was regarded as an unfair advantage over other ISPs. Many lobbyists, including Slingshot's CEO Annette Presley, persuaded New Zealand's Communications Ministry to force the unbundling of Telecom's local loop, so as to make fairer trading terms and lessen Xtra's ISP monopoly. The company breached the Fair Trading Act 1986 at least eight times between 2003 and 2010.

ORBS
During 2001 Xtra and Actrix (another New Zealand Internet service provider) won a High Court injunction to force Alan Brown, the maintainer of the Open Relay Behavior-modification System (ORBS) anti-spam blacklist, to remove them from the list. ORBS was a blacklist of IP addresses relating to open mail relays like those run by Xtra, which enable spammers to send unsolicited bulk e-mail. Hundreds of organisations subscribed to the list, including Bigfoot.com and at least one other large free mail provider. They rejected e-mail from any IP address listed in ORBS. The court action led (indirectly) to the end of one of the oldest DNSBL services.

Go Large Plan
Xtra's "Go Large" plan was introduced as New Zealand's first completely unlimited ADSL service in November 2006. There was much public criticism and disappointment at the instability and general slowness of the newly introduced plan. The plan was advertised with unlimited data usage and maximum speed. However, it was not clearly stated on advertisements that there was a fair use policy and traffic management that restricted users to a download limit between 4pm and 12am. If one were to continually exceed this limit, they would be placed in a "download pool", or contacted with offers to switch to another plan. This triggered a lot of media attention and an investigation was launched. By 22 February 2007, Telecom decided to refund all of its Go Large customers (approximately 60,000) with amounts of at least $130 per customer. This had been caused in part by the overwhelming complaints and criticisms Telecom Xtra had received due to under-delivering on the promises of the Go Large plan. It is speculated that the refund may have cost Telecom Xtra between NZ$7.5 and 8.5 million.

The plan was eventually grandfathered, and in mid-2009 was succeeded by the Big Time plan, where Xtra openly informed users about traffic management. As of 30 October 2009, Telecom cancelled the Go Large broadband plan for all existing customers, offering alternative plan options such as the Big Time plan. On 20 May 2010 Telecom cancelled Big Time, and customers were moved back to capped plans.

Web portals
Xtra's original web portal opened in 1996 and offered two different experiences - XWorld and Text World. Later, XVille was also introduced. You could choose which version of Xtra you visited using a front screen called Xtra Theme Park. XWorld was a virtual world where you could click on virtual buildings to perform functions (such as searching via Yahoo!). Text World was a simpler interface using just text for slower modems.

This all changed in 1999 when a single, more streamlined interface was created and the current Xtra logo was first unveiled.

XtraMSN was one of Xtra's trading names and was used as the branding for its default home page for customers. The name came from a deal between Xtra and MSN, a merger of Xtra's homepage xtra.co.nz with Microsoft New Zealand's msn.co.nz. Several other MSN services were cobranded with Xtra in the XtraMSN brand (e.g. Hotmail). Several versions of capitalising XtraMSN were used by Telecom and Microsoft New Zealand in their promotional literature.

In 2007 Xtra changed to Yahoo! in Microsoft's place. Their main portal was then Yahoo!Xtra.

Yahoo!Xtra Bubble problems
During the change from MSN to Yahoo, Telecom experienced much backlash over a change in email set up. Part of the agreement between Yahoo and Xtra provided that Xtra's email addresses be moved over to Yahoo servers in Australia. To access their Yahoo!Xtra Bubble email accounts, customers had to change advanced settings such as port numbers and authentication, in addition to basic settings such as mail server.

The move to Yahoo!Xtra Bubble caused trouble for many small business owners and website hosting companies in New Zealand. Yahoo's aggressive antispam policies caused business owners to lose bookings and caused major delays for some customers in receiving emails. The Dominion Post brought the problem to the fore on 26 November 2007 and showed that responsibility for the trouble was shunned by Xtra. Xtra pushed the blame back to the hosting companies: "Telecom spokesman Nick Brown denies there are technical problems with the service, and blames web-hosting companies for forwarding mail without filtering it first for spam." The problem with their denial was that Xtra/Yahoo's email system forwarded spam in the same manner.

Reports of Xtra's email troubles appeared on blogs, forums and newsletters as people realised that emails were not arriving. New Zealand Tourism Online's October 2007 newsletter reported that they "found several clients who have not been getting accommodation enquiry or booking emails due to the filter system."

One of Xtra's solutions to the problem was telling their users to add the sender of the email to their contacts list. This caused the email be redirected to the inbox, however the immediate deferral of email by Yahoo's email servers could cause delays of many hours. This was a problem that Xtra inherited by joining with Yahoo.

Yahoo denied that they use greylisting practices however "unusual traffic" or "complaints from Yahoo! Mail users" may trigger greylisting against your email server causing a four-hour delay.

Yahoo!Xtra email problems
Xtra customers were hit with multiple email spam problems from February 2013 (80,000 affected) to mid April 2013. The symptoms were suspicious spam and phishing types of email. Telecom advised customers to delete any suspicious emails and to change their account password. Problems continued in November and December, when a Yahoo-operated server went down, affecting thousands of Xtra customers in New Zealand

title: Xtra (ISP)


text:
Mouhoun Province

Mouhoun (, "Black Volta") is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso. It is in the Boucle du Mouhoun region. The capital of Mouhoun is Dédougou.

Education
In 2011, the province had 210 primary schools and 34 secondary schools.

Healthcare
In 2011, the province had 27 health and social promotion centers (Centres de santé et de promotion sociale), 7 doctors and 151 nurses.

Demographics
Most people in the province live in rural areas; 260,295 Burkinabé live in the countryside with only 37,793 people residing in urban areas. There are 148,732 men living in Mouhoun Province and 149,356 women (2006 census).

Departments
Mouhoun is divided into 7 departments:

title: Mouhoun Province