text:
The Dorchester

The Dorchester is a five-star hotel located on Park Lane and Deanery Street in London, to the east of Hyde Park. It is one of the world's most prestigious hotels. The Dorchester opened on 18 April 1931, and it still retains its 1930s furnishings and ambiance despite being modernised.

Throughout its history, the hotel has been closely associated with the rich and famous. During the 1930s, it became known as a haunt of numerous writers and artists such as poet Cecil Day-Lewis, novelist Somerset Maugham, and the painter Sir Alfred Munnings. It has held prestigious literary gatherings, such as the "Foyles Literary Luncheons", an event the hotel still hosts today. During the Second World War, the strength of its construction gave the hotel the reputation of being one of London's safest buildings, and notable members of political parties and the military chose it as their London residence. Queen Elizabeth II attended the Dorchester when she was a princess on the day prior to the announcement of her engagement to Philip Mountbatten on 10 July 1947. The hotel has since become particularly popular with film actors, models and rock stars, and Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton frequently stayed at the hotel throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The hotel became a Grade II Listed Building in January 1981, and was subsequently purchased by the Sultan of Brunei in 1985. It belongs to the Dorchester Collection, which in turn is owned by the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), an arm of the Ministry of Finance of Brunei.

In the 1950s, the stage set designer Oliver Messel made a number of changes to the interior of the hotel. Between 1988 and 1990, the hotel was completely renovated at a cost of US$100 million by Bob Lush of the Richmond Design Group.

Today The Dorchester has five restaurants: The Grill, Alain Ducasse, The Spatisserie, The Promenade, and China Tang. Alain Ducasse's restaurant is one of the UK's five 3-Michelin-starred restaurants. Afternoon tea, a tradition which has taken place at the hotel since its opening in 1931, is served every day of the week at five in the afternoon in The Promenade and the Spatisserie. Harry Craddock, a well-known barman in the 1930s, invented the "Dorchester of London" cocktail here at the Dorchester Bar. A well-lit plane tree stands at the edge of the hotel in the front garden, and was named one of the Great Trees of London by the London Tree Forum and Countryside Commission in 1997.

Background
The site was originally part of the Manor of Hyde, which was given to William the Conqueror by Geoffrey de Mandeville. Joseph Damer acquired it in the 18th century and a large building was constructed in 1751. It was named Dorchester House in 1792 after Damer became the Earl of Dorchester. In the early 19th century it became known as Hertford House after it was purchased by Francis Seymour-Conway, the 3rd Marquess of Hertford, and alterations were made to it, inspired by the Villa Farnese of Rome. Following the death of Hertford, it was converted into a mansion by Captain Robert Stayner Holford.

The background to the development of the Dorchester Hotel is complicated. Sir Malcolm McAlpine, a partner in the building company Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons, and Sir Frances Towle, the managing director of Gordon Hotels, shared a vision of creating the 'perfect hotel': ultramodern and ultra-efficient, with all the conveniences modern technology could supply. The two companies purchased Hertford House in 1929 and quickly demolished it. The BBC had also shown an interest in purchasing it and had almost done so prior to the McAlpine acquisition, but instead they turned their attention to Foley House. The purchase and destruction of Hertford House was part of significant redevelopment which took place on Park Lane during this period; it followed the gutting of Grosvenor House and the building of the Grosvenor House Hotel, which was completed in 1929.

Construction
Sir Owen Williams was commissioned to design the new hotel, using reinforced concrete to allow the creation of large internal spaces without support pillars, but he abandoned the project in February 1930 and was replaced with William Curtis Green. James Maude Richards, hired by Williams, served as an architectural assistant within the all-engineer staff. Percy Richard Morley Horder, consulting architect to Gordon's Hotels, had not been consulted during the design process and, after seeing the plan, resigned from the project, remarking to The Observer that the design was ill-suited for the location, assuming the concrete was to be left unpainted and that the insulation would be minimal. Some 40,000 tonnes of earth were excavated to make room for the hotel's extensive basement which is one-third of the size of the hotel above the surface. The upper eight floors were erected in just 10 weeks, supported on a massive 3 ft thick reinforced concrete deck that forms the roof of the first floor. With the development of the Dorchester, concerns were raised that Park Lane would soon become New York City's Fifth Avenue.

1931–1945
The new Dorchester Hotel was feted with a grand opening on 18 April (21 April also cited) 1931 by Lady Violet Astor. The Dorchester quickly gained reputation as a luxury hotel. During the 1930s it became known as a haunt of numerous writers and artists such as poet Cecil Day-Lewis, novelist Somerset Maugham, and the painter Sir Alfred Munnings. There were prestigious literary gatherings, including "Foyles Literary Luncheons", an event the hotel still hosts. Shortly after the opening, Sir Percival David, a leading admirer of Chinese porcelain, moved his growing collection from the Mayfair Hotel to the Dorchester, where he kept it in his suites for many years. Danny Kaye began appearing in cabaret at the hotel in the 1930s, initially earning £50 a week. Many blues and jazz artists appeared at the hotel, including Alberta Hunter and the Jack Jackson Orchestra. In 1934, Hunter was the vocalist on Jackson's recordings of Noël Coward's "I Travel Alone" and Cole Porter's "Miss Otis Regrets" at the hotel; both Coward and Porter were fans. It also became a rendezvous for many businessmen; it was at the Dorchester that BP formed a joint Collaborate Committee with ICI in 1943.

During the Second World War, the strength of its construction gave the hotel the reputation of being one of London's safest buildings. On its opening, Sir Malcolm McAlpine declared it to be "bomb-proof, earthquake-proof and fireproof," and the only damage inflicted on the building by the Luftwaffe during the war was several broken windows. Some felt the communal air-raid shelter in the basement to be insufficiently exclusive and retreated to the hotel's underground gymnasium and Turkish baths, which had been converted into a shelter by Victor Cazalet. Its wartime clientele included Lord Halifax (Foreign Minister), Oliver Stanley (Minister for War), Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal (Chief of the Air Staff), Duff Cooper (with his wife Lady Diana Cooper), Oliver Lyttleton (President of the Board of Trade) and Duncan Sandys (Financial Secretary to the War Office). Halifax and his wife took eight rooms as well as a chapel in the hotel, and when possible he enjoyed trysts with his mistress, Alexandra "Baba" Metcalfe, who was also staying in the hotel and concurrently having an affair with Dino Grandi, Mussolini's representative in London.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower took a suite on the first floor (now the Eisenhower Suite) in 1942 after having previously stayed at Claridge's, and in 1944 he made it his headquarters; Kay Summersby, his chauffeur and purported mistress, and Roosevelt's representative Averell Harriman also stayed there thanks to its reputation as a safe haven. During a dinner party which Harriman attended in the Dorchester, the bombing was so intense that guests came down to join him there as it was safer than in the upper-floor rooms. Bostonian Sherry Mangan of Time was one of several American correspondents who stayed at the hotel during the war, meeting the Trotskyist Sam Gordon in 1944, who asked if the Dorchester was safe from air raids, to which Mangan assured him that "every fifth columnist in London is staying here". Other hotel guests reflected the directors' wide-ranging political beliefs: it was at once the base for the Zionist movement's leaders, including Chaim Weizmann, as well as a group of upper-class British anti-Semites, including Margaret Greville. According to Cecil Beaton the clientele was a "mixed brew"; to its wartime chronicler, it was "a building in which the respectable and the dubious mixed by the thousand, knocking back cocktails and indulging in careless talk". In March 1945, Ernest Hemingway and Time correspondent and lover Mary Welsh stayed at the Dorchester, where they were entertained by Emerald, Lady Cunard, who had a three-room suite on the seventh floor.

Post-war
In 1949, the 150th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin's birth was organised at the hotel by the Society of Cultural Relations with the USSR, attended by the Soviet chargé d'affaires, the Polish ambassador, the Romanian minister, and Cecil Day-Lewis, raising MI5's suspicions that he still had communist sympathies, a contention he later denounced. In the post-war period, the Dorchester became one of the most popular hotels in London for actors and entertainers, and the banqueting rooms and suites became known for their press conferences and parties. Diners at the Dorchester included Cyril Connolly, T. S. Eliot, Harold Nicolson, Edith Sitwell, Ralph Richardson, Elizabeth Taylor, Alfred Hitchcock, and Barbra Streisand. Queen Elizabeth II attended the Dorchester when she was a princess on the day prior to the announcement of her engagement to Philip Mountbatten on 10 July 1947. Philip also held his stag night party at the hotel, which has been documented in a plaque.

When Said bin Taimur of Oman was ousted in a coup in July 1970 and replaced with his son Qaboos bin Said, he was sent in exile and lived at the Dorchester until his death in 1972. The McAlpine family owned the hotel until 1977 when they sold it to a consortium of businessmen from the Middle East headed by the Sultan of Brunei. On 3 June 1982, Shlomo Argov, the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom was shot and seriously injured in an assassination attempt as he left the Dorchester. The attack was the immediate cause for the 1982 Lebanon War.

In 1985, the hotel was purchased by the Sultan of Brunei. The hotel is currently owned by the Dorchester Collection, which in turn is owned by the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), an arm of the Ministry of Finance of Brunei. The Dorchester Collection owns luxury hotels in the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Switzerland and Italy. In 1988, the hotel closed for two years for a major refurbishment.

In June 1998 the brother of the Sultan of Brunei, Prince Jefri Bolkiah, was sued by his former business partners in a case that was settled out of court. During the case the Manoukians claimed that Prince Jefri kept 40 prostitutes at a time at the Dorchester. In 1999, the hotel hosted the first ever Pride of Britain Awards. In March 2002, a robbery took place in the lobby of the hotel when thieves wearing ski masks smashed the jewellery cabinets with a sledgehammer and took off with jewels. The Dorchester celebrated its 80th anniversary in 2011. To mark the event, the charity 'Trees for Cities' planted eighty 'future great trees' around the capital.

From about 1985 to 2018, the hotel hosted the annual Presidents Club charity dinner, a "mainstay of London's social calendar". The charity disbanded in 2018 after reports that hired hostesses had been sexually harassed and assaulted by the all-male guests.

Exterior
The architectural style adopted by William Curtis Green, largely based on Owen William's design, was a departure from the Neoclassical with its reinforced concrete covered over with terrazzo slabs. British Modernists were disappointed with the result, describing Green's adaptation as, "a genteel period piece which looks the compromise it is". In comparison to some of the other hotels in London such as the Lanesborough, the building's exterior is unremarkable. It is eight storeys high aside from the ground floor, with the central bay containing three windows on each floor. Christopher Matthew has stated that he thinks of the Dorchester as a "rather American hotel", not only because of the strong association with American actors such as Elizabeth Taylor, but because the sweeping 1930s facade reminded him of many of those which appeared in American film musicals. However, he notes that the hotel still remains "very much an English hotel". The hotel became a Grade II Listed Building in January 1981.

Interior
The interior displays a "subtle amalgam of styles", testament to the number of different designers involved over the years, including William Curtis Green, Oliver Frederick Ford, Alberto Pinto and Oliver Messel. Green designed the original interior which is still retained in part. Kim Einhorn believes that this fusion of style was achieved tastefully and has remarked that the Dorchester Hotel is "a good example of somewhere it may be better to add decor rather than completely re-invent". DK Eyewitness describes the Dorchester as "the epitome of the glamorous luxury hotel, with an outrageously lavish lobby and a star-studded history".

Gold leaf and marble remain distinct features of the public rooms of the hotel, including the restaurants, with features more reminiscent of an English country house than a hotel. Considerable efforts to make the rooms soundproof at the Dorchester were made from the outset; the exterior walls were faced with cork, and the floors and ceilings of the bedrooms and suites were lined with compressed seaweed. Following renovation, the hotel was fitted with double glazing, and triple glazing on the Park Lane side to further improve soundproofing.

In the 1950s, stage set designer Oliver Messel made significant changes to the interior of the hotel. He incorporated aspects of stage design into the hotel interior, and designed the lavish apartments on the 7th and 8th floors. As Country Life documented, Messel's rooms at the hotel "represents a rare glimpse into the world of mid-20th-century interior design", in which he drew upon his skills as a theatre designer to fill his rooms with "tricks of space and light, colour and period reference". Today one of the suites is named after him, the Oliver Messel Suite, designed in the Georgian country house style. Messel made the changes on the Deanery Side of the building in 1952–3. Oliver Frederick Ford served as consultant designer from 1962, decorating both the Stanhope Suite and the Orchid Room, a corner of which was completely re-built and decorated in the English rococo style. He also remodelled the white, gold, and green entrance hall. The current dark green staff uniform of The Dorchester was designed in 1980 and is also attributed to Ford.

Between 1988 and 1990, the hotel was completely renovated by Bob Lush of the Richmond Design Group at a cost of $100 million. Liberace's piano sits in the lobby.

As of 2012, the Dorchester has 250 rooms and 49 suites. In the rooms, specially made Irish linen sheets cover the four poster beds, with cherry wood furnishings. The bath tubs, cited as "probably the deepest in London", are made of Italian marble in the Art Deco style. All rooms in the hotel either provide views of Hyde Park or of its landscaped terraces. During the major renovation of 2002, all rooms and suites were fitted with modern telecommunication systems. The hotel has its own floristry team who are responsible for regularly updating the flowers on display in the hotel and providing their services for weddings and special occasions.

In 2023 the Dorchester revealed extensive refurbishments, including guestrooms and suites designed by Pierre-Yves Rochon and the renamed Vesper Bar by Martin Brudnizki.

Restaurants
The Dorchester has five restaurants: The Grill, Alain Ducasse, The Spatisserie, The Promenade, and China Tang, and three bars, two of which are in the last two restaurants. Employing 90 full-time chefs, the hotel has long had a reputation for its cuisine, and chefs such as Jean Baptiste Virlogeux, Eugene Kaufeler, Willi Elsener and Anton Mosimann have all run restaurants there. Mosimann ran the Maitre Chef des Cuisines at the Dorchester for 13 years. Virlogeux, head chef during the Second World War, had to succumb to rationing and a national maximum-price restriction of five shillings for a three-course meal.

Alain Ducasse's restaurant, Alain Ducasse at the Dorchester, holds three Michelin stars. When refurbished along with other parts of the hotel in 2007, the redesign purposefully retained its 1940s influence. The restaurant serves contemporary French cuisine using seasonal French and British ingredients. The restaurant features a special table for up to six diners called the "Table Lumière", lit by 4500 fibre optic lights. It is surrounded by a thin white curtain which allows diners at the table to view out into the restaurant but prevents other diners from viewing in.

The Grill restaurant, which serves British cuisine, is decorated in a Moorish theme, attributed to King Alfonso's influence during his time in London in exile in the 1930s. The cream-painted walls feature gilded gratings and mirrored arches and display a Flemish tapestry. The ceilings are ornate, featuring gold leaves and brass chandeliers, and the room also features deep red riveted leather chairs and deep red curtains, with a Middle Eastern-looking exotic carpet. According to restaurant critic Jay Rayner, "when you drill down on the menu it's what the faded gentry used to call high tea. It's nursery food at stupid prices."

The Promenade was refurbished in 1990 by Leslie Wright with a gilded ceiling and reliefs and brass lanterns, and was altered again in 2005 by Thierry Despont, who fitted it with an oval leather bar; it forms the grand entrance and has a length which is equal to that of Nelson's Column. Piano music is played throughout much of the day, with live jazz from 19:30. Afternoon tea, a tradition which has taken place at the hotel since its opening in 1931, is served every day of the week at five in the afternoon in the large Promenade and the Spatisserie, with guests seated in decorative upholstered sofas with low tables placed in front of them. The tables are set with elegant silver cutlery and crockery, with Corinthian columns made of marble, glittering chandeliers, French tapestries and potted plants in the background. Tea is served by waiters dressed in English-style long coats. Hollywood actor Charlton Heston, a frequent guest at the hotel, once commented on the aspect of service at the hotel: “The cooks and bakers, the clerks and porters, the maids and the flower ladies, the bell men are the hotel”. The choice of tea offered to the guests is diverse, and includes the hotel's own Dorchester Blend. The service includes a first course consisting of finger sandwiches with sliced cucumber, cream cheese, and smoked salmon, all served in silver trays, a second course consisting of scones with clotted cream and jam, followed by a pastry tray with a selection of freshly made patisseries.

China Tang is owned by the businessman David Tang and was opened in 2005. The restaurant is luxuriously designed, with an art deco lounge bar reminiscent of 1930s Shanghai. The Spatisserie is an informal restaurant, which specialises in light snacks and afternoon tea, serving cakes, biscuits and pastries.

The Dorchester Bar was initially rebuilt in 1938 and was run by Harry Craddock, one of the world's most famous barmen of the period, known for his Martini, Manhattan and White Lady cocktails. Craddock invented the "Dorchester of London" cocktail here in the 1930s. The bar was refurbished in 1979.

Grounds
A plane tree, with its monumental root system, stands at the edge of the hotel in the well-tended front garden. The branches of the tree are fitted with numerous bulbs which makes the night scene of the hotel evocative. Named one of the "Great Trees of London" by the London Tree Forum and Countryside Commission in 1997, it featured in a BBC programme Meetings with Remarkable Trees in 2000.

Entertainment
The hotel has continued to be associated with actors, rock stars and people in entertainment. Numerous film actors and people have auditioned, been interviewed or have stayed at the Dorchester over the years, and it is strongly associated with cinema, particularly American film. From the 1940s onwards the Dorchester was a common rendezvous for film producers, actors and casting agents. In 1940, Gabriel Pascal and David Lean used Pascal's hotel suite as the casting location for the movie Major Barbara; Deborah Kerr, who auditioned for the film, said of it: "How bizarre it was. This room full of chaps smoking enormous cigars and drinking martinis and this young girl reciting the Lords' Prayer."

In the 1940s, producer Earl St. John was found drunk at the hotel; writer and co-producer Eric Ambler promptly sent him back to John Davis in a taxi with a board around his neck with the words "Return to John Davis with compliments". Ray Bradbury stayed at the hotel during the filming of Moby Dick (1956). In 1964, John Lennon was invited to attend one of the Foyle Literary Luncheons after he received acclaim for his book In His Own Write. John and Cynthia were unaware of the high profile of the event and attended with a hangover, with Lennon disappointing the crowd which had gathered at the Dorchester who were expecting a speech, simply muttering "Thank you very much, it's been a pleasure". Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were regulars at the hotel throughout the 1960s and 1970s and spent their honeymoon in the Oliver Messel suite in March 1964.

The hotel has also hosted many footballers attending the F.A. Cup Finals over the years, and in 1961 Leicester City players checked in before playing Tottenham Hotspur. Taylor and Burton were staying there at the time. In 1972, Raquel Welch visited Stamford Bridge and invited the Chelsea Football Club team back to a cocktail party at the Dorchester, which was also attended by the Rolling Stones. In 2003, Ken Bates agreed to sell Chelsea Football Club to Roman Abramovich after they met for 20 minutes at the hotel. It was also at a Dorchester suite that actor Christian Bale was alleged to have assaulted his mother and sister shortly before The Dark Knight premiere in July 2008 and was subsequently arrested.

Boycotts
In 2014, numerous celebrities started boycotting the hotel due to its links, via the sultanate, to the introduction of Sharia law in Brunei, which includes the death penalty for various forms of immorality.

In March 2019, George Clooney renewed calls for the Dorchester and other hotels owned by the sultanate to be boycotted, after the sultanate adopted a policy of death by stoning as punishment for gay sex. In April 2019, Clooney's call was echoed by Ellen DeGeneres and Elton John. The same month, Deutsche Bank banned its staff from staying at Brunei-owned hotels; the Financial Times and the TV Choice awards said they would cancel events that had been planned at the Dorchester; and the English National Ballet, the Make-A-Wish Foundation and Tempus Magazine said they would review their associations with the Dorchester. Protesters demonstrated outside the Dorchester against the sultanate's policies. The Police Federation of England and Wales cancelled plans to host its awards ceremony at the venue.

title: The Dorchester


text:
Citroën C-Crosser

The Citroën C-Crosser is a compact crossover SUV launched in July 2007, designed for the French manufacturer Citroën, and produced by Mitsubishi on the basis of the Outlander. The equivalent Peugeot badge engineered version was the 4007.

It was expected that the car would be named the C7, but in October 2006, it was announced that it would be called the C-Crosser. The C-Crosser took its name from the four-wheel drive concept car that Citroën first displayed in the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show. The C-Crosser was shown at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2007.

Together, the 4007 and C-Crosser were the first Japanese produced cars sold under any French brand. They had been planned to be assembled, for Europe, in the factory that was built in the 1960s to assemble DAFs, now Mitsubishi's Nedcar plant in Born, Netherlands, but this was postponed indefinitely, due to slow sales of the models.

From 2011, they were assembled at the Russian PSA Peugeot Citroën/Mitsubishi joint venture factory in Kaluga. In March 2012, production of the C-Crosser ended, and it was replaced by the C4 Aircross. By the end of production, only 2,050 units had been sold.

Seating
The second and third row of seats can be folded away to provide a flat floor, and an expanded load capacity for the boot. The rear two seats can be completely hidden away under the floor, while the second row of seating, slides to offer greater leg room or boot space, features a 60:40 split/fold function that is operated via electric controls in the boot.

This allows for the car to be used for both sporting, and also for transporting groups of up to seven people, including the driver. This is similar to the seating arrangement in the current Citroën C4 Picasso, which also offers the capability of seating seven persons.

Engines and transmissions

 * Diesel (PSA)
 * 2.2 L DW12 HDi turbodiesel straight-4, 156 PS and 380 Nm
 * Petrol (not available in all markets)
 * 2.4 L 4B12 DOHC 16 valve MIVEC I4, 170 PS (same engine as the Outlander)

The C-Crosser's integral transmission allows drivers to have a choice of three settings, dependent on road conditions and driving style: two-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and a lock setting designed for low grip conditions. Ensuring an optimum blend of comfort, road holding, and off-road capability. All these transmissions are selectable using the control behind the gear lever.

Commercial model
At the 2008 British International Motor Show, Citroën presented a panel van C-Crosser. This light commercial vehicle version comes without rear seats and without side windows. It is called Citroën C-Crosser Commercial and is only intended to be sold in the United Kingdom. It has a two-piece rear tailgate and a load compartment volume of 2.3m3.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Citroën C-Crosser


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Goth.net

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedied.  Grue  12:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

goth.net
a place for goths to talk --130.111.98.131 15:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn stub It's... Thelb4! 15:26, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: fixing broken nom, no vote — Lomn | Talk / RfC 16:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain Isn't a one-line entry simply promoting a website link a speedy delete? If not, why isn't it? --Wetman 16:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad, nn. Xoloz 16:44, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete in a dark and macabre fashion!--Isotope23 18:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete alexa ranking 252,000+ and only 122 pages linking in  --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
John Alexander Anderson

John Alexander Anderson (June 26, 1834 – May 18, 1892) was a six-term U.S. Representative from Kansas (1879–1891), and the second President of Kansas State Agricultural College (1873–1879).

Anderson was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania in 1834, and graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, in 1853. His father, William Caldwell Anderson, served as the fourth President of Miami University during this time, holding that position from 1849 to 1854. Future U.S. President Benjamin Harrison was his roommate for a time in college.

Church career and University Presidency
Following graduation, John Anderson entered the Presbyterian ministry, and was ordained four years later. His first charge was located in San Francisco, where he served until 1862 when he was appointed chaplain of the 3rd California Volunteer Infantry. In this capacity, he accompanied General Patrick Edward Connor and the regiment on its expedition to Salt Lake City, Utah. Alexander resigned from this role in the spring of 1863, and he was subsequently appointed relief agent, United States Sanitary Commission, a post he held until 1867.

In 1868 Anderson came to Kansas as pastor of the First Presbyterian church in Junction City. He soon became a vocal critic of the fact that Kansas State Agricultural College, the Land-grant university in neighboring Manhattan, Kansas, was focusing on providing a classic liberal arts education rather than a practical agricultural education. Partly as a result of his advocacy, the Kansas Board of Regents appointed Anderson the second President of Kansas State on September 1, 1873. Anderson's tenure was marked by pedagogical reform in which academic emphasis was subordinated to a more practical approach to applied agriculture.

Political career
Anderson was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1878, but he continued to serve as head of Kansas State until September, 1879, when he resigned. He was reelected to congress three times, before failing to receive the Republican nomination in 1886. Anderson promptly switched from the Republican party to running as an Independent Republican and won reelection anyway. In 1888 he was elected to his final term, again as a Republican.

After his Congressional career ended, President Benjamin Harrison, his former college roommate, appointed Anderson consul general to Cairo, Egypt in 1891. However, Anderson grew ill in the execution of his duties and died in Liverpool, England in 1892 while in transit back to the United States.

Legacy

 * Anderson Hall, the administrative building on the campus of Kansas State University, is named in his honor. The building, which was under construction during his tenure at Kansas State, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: John Alexander Anderson


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Regarding The Bogdanov Affair/Proposed decision

all proposed

After considering /Evidence and discussing proposals with other arbitrators, parties and others at /Workshop place proposals which are ready for voting here.

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority "support" vote will be passed.
 * Items that receive a majority "oppose" vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority "support" or "oppose" vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator before or after his/her time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that she/he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were passed.

On this case, no Arbitrators are recused and 3 are inactive, so 5 votes are a majority.

Proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on. Non-Arbitrators may comment on the talk page.
 * For all items:

Motions and requests by the parties
Place those on the discussion page.

Proposed temporary injunctions
Four net "support" votes needed to pass (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first vote is normally the fastest an injunction will be imposed.

Template
1)

{text of proposed orders}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Ban on involved parties
1) All user accounts used by participants in the external controversy are banned from Wikipedia pending resolution of this matter. The criteria for determining external involvement shall be a review of their edit history, it being presumed that if the vast majority of their edits were to the Bogdanov Affair and related pages such as this arbitration that they are not Wikipedia editors but persons involved in the external dispute. This group includes:, , , , , , . , , , , and all others who meet the criteria. , a regular Wikipedia editor is banned from editing Bogdanov Affair, pending resolution of this matter.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 21:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC) First choice (Added ) Fred Bauder 13:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 01:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC) First Second choice.
 * First choice ➥the Epopt 13:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC) Second choice Third choice
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:42, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Second choice
 * Kelly Martin 05:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Second choice. Reaffirmed as second choice. Kelly Martin 20:09, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 16:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Second choice.

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Ban on involved parties
2) All user accounts used by participants in the external controversy are banned from Wikipedia pending resolution of this matter. The criteria for determining external involvement shall be a review of their edit history, it being presumed that if the vast majority of their edits were to the Bogdanov Affair and related pages such as this arbitration that they are not Wikipedia editors but persons involved in the external dispute. This group includes:, , , , , , . , , , , and all others who meet the criteria.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 21:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC) Second choice (Added ) Fred Bauder 13:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 01:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC) Second Third choice.
 * Second choice ➥the Epopt 22:39, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:42, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Third choice
 * Kelly Martin 05:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Third choice. Reaffirmed as third choice. Kelly Martin 20:09, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 16:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Third choice.

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Ban on involved parties
3) All user accounts used by participants in the external controversy are banned from Wikipedia pending resolution of this matter. The criteria for determining external involvement shall be a review of their edit history, it being presumed that if the vast majority of their edits were to the Bogdanov Affair and related pages such as this arbitration that they are not Wikipedia editors but persons involved in the external dispute. This group includes:, , , , , . , , , , and all others who meet the criteria. , a regular Wikipedia editor, and , a new editor who has edited other areas, are banned from editing Bogdanov Affair, pending resolution of this matter.
 * Support:
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:42, 14 October 2005 (UTC) First choice
 * Kelly Martin 05:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC) First choice. Reaffirmed as first choice. Kelly Martin 20:09, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 11:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC) First choice.
 * Jayjg (talk) First choice.
 * ➥the Epopt 21:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC) first choice
 * →Raul654 03:10, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Fred Bauder 01:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC) see (Added ) Fred Bauder 13:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Ban on editing Bogdanov Affair

 * 1) All user accounts used by participants in the external controversy are banned from banned from editing Bogdanov Affair pending resolution of this matter. The criteria for determining external involvement shall be a review of their edit history, it being presumed that if the vast majority of their edits were to the Bogdanov Affair and related pages such as this arbitration that they are not Wikipedia editors but persons involved in the external dispute. This group includes:, , , , , , . , , , , and all others who meet the criteria. , a regular Wikipedia editor, is also banned from editing Bogdanov Affair, pending resolution of this matter.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:23, 17 October 2005 (UTC) To supplant general ban.

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Proposed final decision=

Wikipedia is not a platform for advocacy
1) What_Wikipedia_is_not provides that advocates either of their own position or critics of someone else's position ought not use Wikipedia in pursuit of their advocacy activities.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 22:02, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:51, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Obsessional point of view
2) In certain cases a Wikipedia editor will tendentiously focus their attention in an obsessive way. Such users may be banned from editing in the affected area.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 22:02, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:51, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Focus of dispute
1) The Bogdanov Affair is a controversy which arose when the merit of the speculative work in theoretical physics by Igor and Grichka Bogdanov, French television personalities, was questioned by other physicists. Participants in the external controversy, including Igor Bogdanov, are editing the Wikipedia article aggressively.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 21:56, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:52, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Violation of temporary injunction
2) A number of editors, apparently involved in the external event have continued to edit Bogdanov Affair using a number of sockpuppets despite issuance of a temporary injunction forbidding editing of the article by them.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 21:56, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:52, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Proposed remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Ban on editing Bogdanov Affair
1) All user accounts used by participants in the external controversy are indefinitely banned from editing Bogdanov Affair. The criteria for determining external involvement shall be a review of their edit history, it being presumed that if the vast majority of their edits are to the Bogdanov Affair they are not Wikipedia editors but persons involved in the external dispute. This group includes:, , , , , . , , , , , and all others who meet the criteria. Any new user account or anonymous IP which commences editing of the article without substantial editing of other articles shall be presumed to be a participant in the external controversy.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 22:16, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC) Though I'm a tad wary of the indefinite any-new-user-shall-be-shot part.
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * While I share James' concern, this situation must not be allowed to continue. Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:53, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Notice
2) A notice shall be placed at the top of the article Bogdanov Affair which links to Requests for arbitration/Regarding The Bogdanov Affair which briefly explains that the Wikipedia article has, in part, been conflated with the external event, the Bogdanov Affair, due to participation in editing of the article by participants in the event. The notice shall include an apology for our inability to control this phenomenon and a warning that any editor which is determined to be a participant in the external event may be subject to being banned from editing.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 22:29, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC) Sensible.
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC) This article is already terrible; a cross-namespace link won't make it much worse.
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:53, 10 November 2005 (UTC) Normally, I would object, but in this exceptional case I agree with Kelly. When the nonsense dies down, or the article is finally cleaned up, it can be removed. Jayjg (talk) 15:53, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC) - horrible idea. Linking across namespaces is a violation of our no-self-references policy and makes for terrible articles as well.

 * Abstain:

Enforcement by ban
1) Any user banned from editing Bogdanov Affair who nevertheless edits it, may be briefly banned from Wikipedia entirely, up to a week in the case of repeat offenses, and after the 5th offense, up to a year.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 22:22, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC) (I've slightly modified the wording for clarity.)
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:54, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Additional combatants
2) New user accounts and anonymous IPs which focus on editing of Bogdanov Affair shall be presumed to be participants in the external dispute and, despite not being specifically mentioned in this remedy, are subject to it.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 22:22, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC) See above for reticence.
 * ➥the Epopt 20:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 07:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 12:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 15:54, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Discussion by Arbitrators=

General
It may be that ought not be included in this ban and that other regular Wikipedia editors ought to be. We may have to examine the recent editing history of the article to determine what is proper. Anyway the list should be treated as a provisional list for now. Fred Bauder 22:38, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Motion to close
Four net "support" votes needed to close case (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first motion is normally the fastest a case will close.

 * Everything has passed. →Raul654 19:46, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Raul654. Kelly Martin (talk) 22:43, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 23:03, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:29, 11 November 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Terrancommander

{|style="border-spacing"  Terrancommander
 * width="100%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #FADA60; background-color: #ffffd5; vertical-align:top;"|

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Terrancommander may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, all users are entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects.

Talk to the hand.

Introduction

Terrancommander is me, a person from Singapore. He is also part of the Esperanza project. This is his Esperanza page. Hey look, an editable main page! Record edits to articles: 53 on 8 July 2006. Record contributions (in general): 145! on 10 July 2006

Religion

Programming

Beliefs

Games

Programs

Seasonal

title: User:Terrancommander


text: User talk:158.169.131.14

title: User talk:158.169.131.14


text:
Lichun

The traditional Chinese calendar divides a year into 24 solar terms. The first one is known as  in Chinese, in Japanese,  in Korean, and lập xuân in Vietnamese. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 315° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 330°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 315°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around February 4 and ends around February 18 (February 19 East Asia time). It is also the beginning of a sexagenary cycle.

Lichun signifies the beginning of spring in East Asian cultures.

Pentads
Each solar term can be divided into 3 pentads (候). They are: first pentad (初候), second pentad (次候) and last pentad (末候). Pentads in Lichun include:

 * China
 * First pentad: Dōng Fēng Jiě Dòng
 * Yuè Lìng Qī Shí Èr Hòu Jí Jiě (月令七十二候集解) explains the name of this pentad:"It is not called the 'winter ice meets the spring wind and melts in the spring wind' thaw, but the 'east wind' thaw, because Lü Shi Chun Qiu said that the east is associated with wood, and wood generates fire, so the air is warm and causes ice to thaw. (凍結于冬遇春風而解散不曰春而曰東者呂氏春秋曰東方屬木木火母也然氣溫故解凍)"
 * Second pentad
 * Last pentad

 * Japan
 * First pentad: 東風解凍
 * Second pentad: 黄鶯睍睆
 * Last pentad: 魚上氷

China
Lichun traditionally signifies the beginning of spring. Chinese New Year is celebrated around this time. Farmers often celebrate the beginning of Lichun with special village events, worship  and offerings to the Taoist and Buddhist gods and ceremonies for a blissful and prosperous new year. People eat chūnbǐng (春餅) on this day, especially in northern China.

According to some schools of Feng Shui, if you are born after Chinese New Years but before or even on the first day of Lichun you are considered the zodiac animal of the previous Chinese lunar year.

In the lunisolar calendar, New Year's Day might be before or after Lichun. A year without Lichun is called 無春年 (no spring year). 無春年 is also known as 寡婦年 (widow year) in northern China or 盲年 (blind year) in southern China. Marriage is believed to be unlucky in a year without Lichun.

In the Republic of China, Lichun has been Farmer's Day since 1941.

In Singapore, there is a practice of depositing money into bank accounts on Lichun which many believe will bring them good fortune.

Korea
Ipchun is the first season of the new year, so there are many farming-related events.

In Ipchun, families, regardless of the city or countryside, put their writings on walls or thresholds as a blessing event.

These writings are also called Ipchunchuk, Chunchuk, Ipchunseo, Ipchunbang, and Chunbang.

Those who know the letters write themselves, and those who do not know how to write, ask others to write them.

It is said that it is good to attach it at the time of Ipchun, but it is not written in the house where the funeral is held.

About
Lichun is mentioned in literature, including in Du Fu's (杜甫) shi (詩), simply titled Lìchūn (立春):

This poem tells us about the traditional custom of eating chūnbǐng (春餅) on this day.

title: Lichun


text:
Cassie's law

Cassie's law, or the Cassie equation, describes the effective contact angle θc for a liquid on a chemically heterogeneous surface, i.e. the surface of a composite material consisting of different chemistries, that is, non-uniform throughout. Contact angles are important as they quantify a surface's wettability, the nature of solid-fluid intermolecular interactions. Cassie's law is reserved for when a liquid completely covers both smooth and rough heterogeneous surfaces.

More of a rule than a law, the formula found in literature for two materials is;

$$\cos \theta_c = \sigma_1 \cos \theta_1 + \sigma_2 \cos \theta_2$$

where $$\theta_1$$and $$\theta_2$$ are the contact angles for components 1 with fractional surface area $$\sigma_1$$, and 2 with fractional surface area $$\sigma_2$$ in the composite material respectively. If there exist more than two materials then the equation is scaled to the general form of;

$$\cos \theta_{c} =\sum_{k=1}^N \sigma_k \cos \theta_k $$, with $$\sum_{k=1}^N \sigma_k = 1$$.

Cassie-Baxter
Cassie's law takes on special meaning when the heterogeneous surface is a porous medium. $$\sigma_1$$ now represents the solid surface area and $$\sigma_2$$ air gaps, such that the surface is no longer completely wet. Air creates a contact angle of $$180^\circ$$and because $$\cos(180)$$= $$-1$$, the equation reduces to:

$$\cos \theta_{cb} =\sigma_1 \cos \theta_1 - \sigma_2$$, which is the Cassie-Baxter equation.

Unfortunately the terms Cassie and Cassie-Baxter are often used interchangeably but they should not be confused. The Cassie-Baxter equation is more common in nature, and focuses on the ' incomplete coating' of surfaces by a liquid only. In the Cassie-Baxter state liquids sit upon asperities, resulting in air pockets that are bounded between the surface and liquid.

Homogeneous surfaces
The Cassie-Baxter equation is not restricted to only chemically heterogeneous surfaces, as air within porous homogeneous surfaces will make the system heterogeneous. However, if the liquid penetrates the grooves, the surface returns to homogeneity and neither of the previous equations can be used. In this case the liquid is in the Wenzel state, governed by a separate equation. Transitions between the Cassie-Baxter state and the Wenzel state can take place when external stimuli such as pressure or vibration are applied to the liquid on the surface.

Equation origin
When a liquid droplet interacts with a solid surface, its behaviour is governed by surface tension and energy. The liquid droplet could spread indefinitely or it could sit on the surface like a spherical cap at which point there exists a contact angle.

Defining $$E$$ as the free energy change per unit area caused by a liquid spreading,

$$E= \sigma_1(\gamma_{s_1a}-\gamma_{s_1l} ) +\sigma_2(\gamma_{s_2a}-\gamma_{s_2l} )$$

where $$\sigma_1$$, $$\sigma_2$$are the fractional areas of the two materials on the heterogeneous surface, and $$\gamma_{sa}$$and $$\gamma_{sl}$$the interfacial tensions between solid, air and liquid.

The contact angle for the heterogeneous surface is given by,

$$\cos \theta_c =\frac{E}{\gamma_{la}}$$, with $$\gamma_{la}$$the interfacial tension between liquid and air.

The contact angle given by the Young equation is,

$$cos \theta _y=\frac{\gamma_{sa}- \gamma_{sl}}{\gamma_{la}}$$

Thus by substituting the first expression into Young's equation, we arrive at Cassie's law for heterogeneous surfaces,

$$\cos \theta_c = \sigma_1 \cos \theta_1 + \sigma_2 \cos \theta_2$$

Young's law
Studies concerning the contact angle existing between a liquid and a solid surface began with Thomas Young in 1805. The Young equation

$$cos \theta_y=\frac{\gamma_{sa}- \gamma_{sl}}{\gamma_{la}}$$reflects the relative strength of the interaction between surface tensions at the three phase contact, and is the geometric ratio between the energy gained in forming a unit area of the solid–liquid interface to that required to form a liquid–air interface. However Young's equation only works for ideal and real surfaces and in practice most surfaces are microscopically rough.

Wenzel state
In 1936 Young's equation was modified by Robert Wenzel to account for rough homogeneous surfaces, and a parameter $$r$$ was introduced, defined as the ratio of the true area of the solid compared to its nominal. Known as the Wenzel equation,

$$\cos \theta_w = r \cos \theta_y$$

shows that the apparent contact angle, the angle measured at casual inspection, will increase if the surface is roughened. Liquids with contact angle $$\theta _w$$are known to be in the Wenzel state.

Cassie-Baxter state
The notion of roughness effecting the contact angle was extended by Cassie and Baxter in 1944 when they focused on porous mediums, where liquid does not penetrate the grooves on rough surface and leaves air gaps. They devised the Cassie-Baxter equation;

$$\cos \theta_c =\sigma_1 \cos \theta_1 - \sigma_2$$, sometimes written as $$\cos \theta_c =\sigma_1 ( \cos \theta_1 +1)-1$$ where the $$\sigma_2$$ has become $$(1- \sigma_1)$$.

Cassie's Law
In 1948 Cassie refined this for two materials with different chemistries on both smooth and rough surfaces, resulting in the aforementioned Cassie's law

$$\cos \theta_c = \sigma_1 \cos \theta_1 + \sigma_2 \cos \theta_2$$

Arguments and inconsistencies
Following the discovery of superhydrophobic surfaces in nature and the growth of their application in industry, the study of contact angles and wetting has been widely reexamined. Some claim that Cassie's equations are more fortuitous than fact with it being argued that emphasis should not be placed on fractional contact areas but actually the behaviour of the liquid at the three phase contact line. They do not argue never using the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter's equations but that “they should be used with knowledge of their faults”. However the debate continues, as this argument was evaluated and criticised with the conclusion being drawn that contact angles on surfaces can be described by the Cassie and Cassie-Baxter equations provided the surface fraction and roughness parameters are reinterpreted to take local values appropriate to the droplet. This is why Cassie's law is actually more of a rule.

Examples
It is widely agreed that the water repellency of biological objects is due to the Cassie-Baxter equation. If water has a contact angle between $$0< \theta <90^\circ$$, then the surface is classed as hydrophilic, whereas a surface producing a contact angle between $$90^ \circ< \theta <180^ \circ$$ is hydrophobic. In the special cases where the Contact angle is $$150^ \circ< \theta$$, then it is known as superhydrophobic.

Lotus Effect
One example of a superhydrophobic surface in nature is the Lotus leaf. Lotus leaves have a typical contact angle of $$\theta \sim 160 ^\circ$$, ultra low water adhesion due to minimal contact areas, and a self cleaning property which is characterised by the Cassie-Baxter equation. The microscopic architecture of the Lotus leaf means that water will not penetrate nanofolds on the surface, leaving air pockets below. The water droplets become suspended in the Cassie-Baxter state and are able to roll off the leaf picking up dirt as they do so, thus cleaning the leaf.

Feathers
The Cassie–Baxter wetting regime also explains the water repellent features of the pennae (feathers) of a bird. The feather consists of a topography network of 'barbs and barbules' and a droplet that is deposited on a these resides in a solid-liquid-air non-wetting composite state, where tiny air pockets are trapped within.

title: Cassie's law


text:
User talk:Fosterowe

visit my website.

Weymouth Wanderers Fosterowe 15:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Weymouth Wanderers
click the link below for information on Weymouth Wanderers.

--Fozze 16:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Weymouth Wanderers

title: User talk:Fosterowe


text:
Desmond Armstrong

Desmond Kevin Armstrong (born November 2, 1964) is an American former soccer defender and midfielder, who was a member of the United States national team from 1987 to 1994. He played three seasons in the Major Indoor Soccer League, part of one in the Brazilian First Division, two in the American Professional Soccer League and two in USISL.

He is currently technical director of FC Columbus in the National Premier Soccer League. His son, Ezra and Dida, formerly played for St. Louis City 2.

Youth
Armstrong was born and raised in Washington, D.C. Up until age 11, basketball was his main sport and he hadn't played soccer. After an altercation with another boy on the basketball court, the boy's father, who was a youth soccer coach, invited Armstrong to come try out for his team. From that point on Armstrong moved into high school, college, and national team soccer. He attended Howard High School in Ellicott City, Maryland. Armstrong's college career was spent at the University of Maryland, where he was first team All ACC in 1984 and 1985 and second team All ACC in 1983. He played in a total of 78 games for the university, tallying 24 goals and 18 assists. In 1986, he was part of the Fairfax Spartans club which won the National Amateur Cup, defeating St. Louis Busch 3–0. The Spartans featured other national team players John Kerr, Bruce Murray and John Stollmeyer in addition to Armstrong.

Professional
Armstrong played two seasons for the Cleveland Force of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) from 1986 to 1988. At the end of the 1987–1988 season, he transferred to the Baltimore Blast. However, on January 14, 1989, he broke his leg midway through the season. In February 1991, he signed with Santos of the Brazilian First Division making Armstrong the first American player ever to sign a professional contract in Brazil. Upon completing the season Armstrong returned to the U.S. with the Maryland Bays, in the American Professional Soccer League. That year, the Bays made it to the league semifinals before falling to the Albany Capitals. In 1995, he moved to the Washington Warthogs of the Continental Indoor Soccer League on loan from Major League Soccer as he was the fifth player signed to the new league. Armstrong decided to compete with the Charlotte Eagles of the United Soccer Leagues/ USISL for the 1996 season opting out of his contract with Major League Soccer and later retiring from the game at the age of 31. That year he was selected to the USISL All Pro League Team.

National team
His first appearance for the United States national team came in 1987 in a match against Egypt. He was also a member of the Olympic team in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. His performance with the Olympic team made him a mainstay on the national team through the early 1990s, playing in all three of the team's appearances at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He made a total of 81 appearances for the national team, though he never scored a goal at this level.

Armstrong was the first U.S.-born African American player to represent the nation at the World Cup.

Coach
Since his retirement from international soccer, he has remained active in coaching and community initiatives. He has spent time organizing for inner-city Christian Ministries programs such as Soccer Beats (now Heroes FA) Also now owning a team based out of Murfreesboro Tennessee Legacy Heros FC. With a new entrance into Pioneer Premier League 2, Led By Luis A. In the mid-1990s he coached the USA Hurricanes club level soccer team in Charlotte, NC. In 1999, he became the head coach of the Montreat College Cavaliers in Montreat, North Carolina which play in the NAIA. He remained in this position until his retirement in 2006. Armstrong also coached the youth team '85 HFC Vipers of Asheville, North Carolina from 2000 to 2004. After leaving Montreat, Armstrong joined the youth club, Bethesda Roadrunners, as its head coach. He also created another section of Heroes FA, in Maryland and is currently their head coach and technical director. He is also the Director of Recruiting in Ohio for Brad Friedel's Premier Soccer Academies. He was named technical director of Rocket City United on December 11, 2009.

In 2012, he created the Heroes Soccer Club in Nashville, Tennessee. , the youth soccer club has 550 players and plays in several venues in the Nashville area.

Broadcaster
Armstrong has worked for ABC Sports. During the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Armstrong was an ESPN studio analyst. Armstrong provided commentary for all Cleveland City Stars home games. The games will be aired on SportsTime Ohio. The City Stars play in the USL First Division.

On May 11, 2007, he was inducted into the Maryland Soccer Hall of Fame.

On February 29, 2012, he was inducted to the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

title: Desmond Armstrong


text: Category:Solar terms

title: Category:Solar terms


text:
Talk:Angry white male

Inline Citations
"Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space."

Is this better to use instead of the Reference tag? i.e.

Template:references

In my browser, I did not see the inline prompts but only the Reference prompt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:3570:4db0:493a:2ccb:425e:d164 (talk) 03:45, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Please see Help:Referencing for beginners. The term "tag" is ambiguous in Wikipedia jargon, so I'm not entirely clear what you mean by this. Citations place in tags will generate inline citations, if that's what you mean. Grayfell (talk) 01:04, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

"Derogatory"/"pejorative"/"racist"/"x" term
The Oxford (sourced via Lexico) entries can't even agree as to whether it's derogatory or not. "Angry white male" is labelled as derogatory whereas "angry white man" is not. The only other dictionary entry I can find for "angry white man" it is in V.S. Matyushenkov's Dictionary of Americanisms, Briticisms, Canadianisms and Australianisms which also does not label it as derogatory or a pejorative. Aside from these conflicting dictionary definitions, the only other instances I can find of this phrase supposedly being derogatory are instances of websites that rehost Wikipedia content and (as alluded to in the article body) David Leyonhjelm filing a complaint after "angry white male" was used to describe him.

In the case of Leyonhjelm, his complaint was thrown out:

But that has been turned on its head by the commission's decision to rebuff the claim at the first hurdle, declaring Senator Leyonhjelm's public remarks showed he was not truly aggrieved, and that the terms "white" and "male" were not considered terms of denigration.

Granted, the Australian Human Rights Commission isn't the definite authority on the nature of words but it's the only source I can find of "angry white male"/"angry white man" being commented on by an anti-discriminatory body.

It's easy enough to find instances of the term(s) being used in articles but not so easy to find articles discussing the supposed disparaging nature of the term(s). Given what I have typed above, I don't see how we can safely label it as "derogatory" or "racist" or "pejorative". I think it's best any sort of additional descriptor is left out. Cheers, ToeSchmoker (talk) 14:48, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

 * It's SOP to leave in the article in the status quo ante when discussions like this are talking place. A negative descriptor -- either "pejorative" or "derogatory" has been in the article for move than half of its existence, so removing it rewuires a consensus of the editors in this discussion. Beyond My Ken (talk) 21:51, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm aware leaving articles "status quo ante" is not "SOP", it's the work of an essay and not Wikipedia policy. But I digress. I will wait, but bear in mind that WP:CCC. ToeSchmoker (talk) 10:03, 23 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Of course, and WP:THEREISNODEADLINE. Beyond My Ken (talk) 16:29, 23 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not really taking sides here (on whether this term is racist, or not) because, to be blunt, I'm not really bothered, one way or another... This enquiry is one of pure curiosity... I would be grateful if someone could explain why the term "angry white man" is NOT a racist trope, but "angry black woman" IS considered to be just that, a racist trope. Indeed, the opening sentence of the lede, describes it as exactly that "...is a racist trope in American society." - This is a genuine query, without subtext or insinuation, because to me, except for the very obvious, they SEEM to be identical in every way... Why is one, one way, but the other, the other way? M R G WIKI999 (talk) 17:53, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

Notable?
AFAICT, this seems to be a term used in a few news articles. It lacks a clear definition, an associated field of study, or a useful application. Is every new buzzword like “coastal elites” and “university establishment” worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia? Oxenfording (talk) 22:25, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The term hardly "new", it's been around for quite a while. (The article says the early 90's, which makes it about 40 years old.) Google shows 137,000 Ghits for "angry white man" and 295,000 Ghits for "angry white men". That doesn't seem like "a few news articles" to me. Beyond My Ken (talk) 22:32, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

See alsos
28 see alsos is too many. We should put see also links only to a few useful (and the most relevant) related articles. I tried to put a tag to highlight this but it was reverted without a proper explanation. --Jameboy (talk) 00:18, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * There was a clear explanation in the edit summary: your tag was unnecessary. What policy or editing guideline says that there are "too many"? As long as they're relevant, there's no problem. It's not like the encyclopedia is running out of pixels. Beyond My Ken (talk) 01:18, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * MOS:SEEALSO says that "Links in this section should be relevant and limited to a reasonable number." --Jameboy (talk) 01:12, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Define "reasonable". If you think some of the links aren't relevant, discuss those specific links here. Beyond My Ken (talk) 11:50, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Though not an official policy, see WP:COAT. Wallby (talk) 19:21, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Though not an official policy, see WP:COAT. Wallby (talk) 19:21, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

Why only America and Australia?
Why is this article only limited to America and Australia? Isn't this a global phenomenon? 142.114.116.167 (talk) 08:00, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

 * @142.114.116.167 Do you have a source that suggests that? I personally haven't heard the stereotype from where I live. — Panamitsu (talk) 09:01, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angry white male


text:
Agropoli

Agropoli is a town and comune located in the Cilento area of the province of Salerno, Campania, Italy. It is situated at the start of the Cilentan Coast, on the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Pre-medieval period
The promontory on which Agropoli stands has been inhabited since Neolithic times. It seems, however, that it was not until the later Bronze and Iron Ages that it came to be continuously inhabited by a stable, indigenous population, which lived off hunting and fishing.

To the east of the promontory, at the mouth of the River Testene, there is a natural sheltered bay, called "Foce" in ancient times, but which is now almost completely silted up. Before and after the foundation of nearby Poseidonia (c. 625 BC), the Greeks used it for trading with the local people. They gave the promontory the Greek name, Petra ("rocky hill"), and built a temple on it, dedicated to Artemis, the Goddess of Hunting.

It has been established that in Roman times, on the coastal stretch, now known as San Marco, east of the promontory, and to the right of the Testene, a seaside town called "Ercula" developed and flourished between the 1st century BCE, and the 5th century CE. Meanwhile, the harbour of neighbouring Poseidonia (by then, renamed Paestum by the Romans) became progressively silted up by the process of coastal bradyseism.

Medieval period
During the 5th century, when the Vandals made life difficult in Ercula, its inhabitants retreated to the overlooking promontory, which offered better prospects for defence. Then, in the 6th century, during the Greco-Gothic war (535-553), the Byzantines needed a secure, well-protected harbour, south of Salerno, so they fortified it, and called it Acropolis, meaning 'high town' or citadel. Acropolis remained in the hands of the Byzantines until 882, when the town fell to the Saracens, who turned it into a formidable stronghold (rabat). From this base, they set out to plunder and terrorise the surrounding areas, right up to the walls of Salerno. Eventually, in 915, they were driven out from their trenched camp at Garigliano. Acropolis was also liberated, and came back under the jurisdiction of the bishops, who had established their see in (old) Capaccio during this period.

For the rest of the medieval period, the area remained under the protection of the bishops, who also possessed huge territories, including the inhabited areas of Eredita and Ogliastro, as well as the former villages of Lucolo, Mandrolle, Pastina, San Marco in Agropoli and San Pietro in Eredita. This vast area constituted the feudal district of Agropoli which had been ceded to the bishops of Capaccio in Norman times and, except for brief periods, was possessed by them until the early decades of the 15th century. In fact, in 1412, Pope Gregory XII ceded the feudal territories of Agropoli and Castellabate to King Ladislas of Durazzo (1386–1414) in partial payment of some war debts. However, the Crown did not formally take possession until 1443, and before this, on 20 July 1436, King Alfonso V of Naples granted the fiefs of Agropoli and Castellabate to Giovanni Sanseverino, Count of Marsico and Baron of Cilento, requiring him to pay the Bishop of Capaccio 12 ounces of gold annually.

Modern period
The first statistics on Agropoli were compiled in 1445, when the town, including its dependent villages, had a total of 202 homes and, therefore, a similar number of families. Apart from a few changes, such as the temporary transfer to Rodrigo d'Avalos, Marquis of Vasto, from 1505 to 1507, Agropoli and its feudal lands were held by the Sanseverino family until 1552, when Prince Ferrante was accused of treason, and forced to give up all his possessions. After that, Agropoli passed to various families in succession:
 * D'Ayerbo of Aragon (1553)
 * Grimaldi (after 1564)
 * Arcella Caracciolo (1597)
 * Mendoza (1607)
 * the Filomarino princes of Roccadaspide (1626)
 * Mastrillo (1650)
 * Zattara
 * the Sanfelice, Dukes of Laureana (1660), who possessed the town until the abolition of feudalism in 1806.

Agropoli was a particular target of raids from North Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the population dwindled to only a few hundred inhabitants. On 21 April 1544, the town was sacked, and about 100 people were taken prisoner. On 30 June 1630, a strong band of men from the surrounding Cilento helped the citizens of Agropoli to repel an attack by 700 Turkish pirates. The pirates managed to escape in their ships with a substantial amount of booty and many prisoners, but were nevertheless heavily defeated, and left many dead behind them.

During the 19th century, Agropoli began to expand outside the medieval walls, but the old town has remained intact, together with most of the surrounding defensive walls, and the 7th-century entrance gate.

Geography
The municipality borders with Capaccio, Castellabate, Cicerale, Laureana Cilento, Ogliastro Cilento, Prignano Cilento and Torchiara. The town is few kilometres far from the Ancient Greek city of Paestum.

It includes the hamlets (frazioni) of Frascinelle, Fuonti, Marotta, Mattine, Moio, Muoio, Madonna del Carmine, San Marco, Tarullo and Trentova.

Main sights
The town, where some tombs predating the Byzantine period were recently found, also houses the medieval ruins of San Francesco's monastery, and the Churches of the Holy Mary of Constantinople (16th century), San Marco, and San Francesco. The beaches of Trentova Bay contribute to make Agropoli an important seaside resort.

The Angevin-Aragonese castle, which was built on the 6th century Byzantine foundations, still stands on top of the promontory. It has a triangular plan with three circular towers and a moat. To the west of the modern tourist harbour is another small promontory, on which the coastal tower of San Francesco (16th century) stands next to the much altered remains of the convent of the same name.

In the Municipal Antiquarian, there is a sizeable collection of archaeological finds, representing life in the area from prehistoric to medieval times.

Transportation
Agropoli has a train station on the Salerno–Reggio di Calabria railway. Road connection is guaranteed by the State highway SS18, which joins with the A2 Motorway at Battipaglia.

Agropoli has also a large tourist port, connected by ferries to Capri, Ischia, Salerno and Naples.

Sports
U.S. Agropoli 1921 is the association football club representing the town, and its colors are white and light blue. In the season 2011-12 the team was promoted for the first time from 1990s, from Eccellenza Campania/B to Serie D.

One of the companies of Athletic is the ASD Agropoli Running, founded on October 26, 2011.

Titular see
Agropoli is a titular see of the Catholic Church. It has been the title of:

 * Zenon Grocholewski (21 December 1982 – 21 February 2001)
 * Marc Ouellet (3 March 2001 – 15 November 2002)
 * Pedro López Quintana (6 January 2003 – present)

Note: Pope Paul VI named John Paul Elford titular bishop of Agropoli in 1968, but Elford declined the appointment.

Twin towns

 * 🇺🇸 Chili, New York, United States

title: Agropoli


text:
Talk:The Monks

The Monks and The monks merged
I completed the merge of The Monks and The monks. For discussion relating to this prior to the merge, please see Talk:The monks. --David Edgar 15:26, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Mayor of Turtle River?
Is their lead singer really mayor of Turtle River? It was recently reported in City Pages but I can't tell if it was true or just a joke about the cities low population. The Secretary of Funk 23:25, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes he is. I've been in his recording studio in Turtle River - still active recording local musicians.Airproofing (talk) 17:16, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

My edits 13 Oct 2006
I removed the following sentence from the feedback discussion in "The group's sound" because it was redundant without adding significantly to the point: "'I Feel Fine' was first Broadcast by the BBC on November 26, 1964 for the Top Gear Program." Also, I moved the last paragraph (comparing the Monks to the Fugs and VU) out of the list, because it makes a separate point and is not another "musical norm" abandoned by the group. emw 16:48, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Cymbals
Use of Cymbals:

http://youtube.com/watch?v=UB4KhCG-kHM - cymbals can be clearly seen on the drum kit in this clip. although the crash and ride are not used, they are still on the kit and the hi-hats are being used to keep time. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.2.177.4 (talk) 16:11, 10 March 2007 (UTC).

Also, cymbals (including crash cymbals) are very obviously present on the recordings. In fact, the first beat of the first song on Black Monk Time begins with a crash cymbal. Submersible 23:14, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, I removed this statement. --David Edgar 17:52, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

whim vs. diabolical plan
This sentence:

 * At the beginning of 1965, Dave Day and Roger Johnston, on a whim, got their heads shaved into monks' tonsures. The rest of the band followed their lead, and to complete the image, the band took to wearing a uniform - all black, sometimes in cassocks, with nooses worn as neckties.

stands in opposition to the previous paragraph, and also to large swathes of what's related in the documentary film from 2006. I havn't the superstrong will to correct it right now, but it needs some references; otherwise, we'll have to go with the referenceable version that the entire band concept was the brainchild of the "loopy existentialist visionaries" Walther Niemann and Karl-H.-Remy, which also the version of history supported by a recent article in Der Speigel (in German).

This is interesting and significant because it explains the early demise of the band in 1967 -- the group members actually got sick and tired of the monk spiel that was forced upon them by the loopy existentialist visionaries. Doceddi (talk) 14:16, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Military service info of band members
Roger Wayne Johnston was a specialist 4th class in the army. Not sure about the others. Semper Fi! FieldMarine (talk) 14:38, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I feel like adding that information for the individual members would be WP:UNDUE, since they are notable as musicians, not for their military careers. Beeblebrox (talk) 17:54, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The fact they were all serving in the military when they met and formed the band is fairly unique. More details on how this came about would add to the article. It appears that it did influence the band and selection of the members. Semper Fi! FieldMarine (talk) 21:31, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Monks


text:
Cannibal Ferox

Cannibal Ferox, also known as Make Them Die Slowly in the US and as Woman from Deep River in Australia, is a 1981 Italian cannibal exploitation horror film written and directed by Umberto Lenzi. Upon its release, the film's US distributor claimed it was "the most violent film ever made". Cannibal Ferox was also claimed to be "banned in 31 countries", although this claim is dubious. The title derives from the Latin ferox, meaning cruel, wild or ferocious.

Plot
In Colombia, siblings Rudy, Gloria, and their friend Pat prepare for a journey into the rainforest. They plan to prove Gloria's theory that cannibalism is a myth. The trio encounters a drug dealer named Mike and his business partner Joe. Joe is badly wounded; Mike explains that cannibals attacked them. Gloria goes missing at night, and Rudy finds a native village while looking for her.

Due to Joe's injuries, the travelers decide to stay in the nearly deserted village. Mike seduces the naive Pat. In a cocaine-fueled rage, he encourages Pat to kill a native girl. She is unable to do it, so Mike kills the girl himself. In his dying moments, Joe reveals that he and Mike were responsible for the cannibals' aggression. They came to the region to exploit the natives for emeralds and cocaine, taking advantage of their trust in white men. One day, while high on cocaine, Mike brutally tortured and killed their native guide in full view of the tribe. A badly charred body, previously believed to be that of a different guide, is actually this native. Mike kidnapped a native girl to lead them out of the jungle, but the outsiders were followed and attacked.

After the murder of the native girl, the cannibals finally snap and hunt the outsiders. Joe dies of his wounds, and his body is found and cannibalized by the natives in full view of Rudy and Gloria, hiding from the natives. Mike and Pat abandon the others, but all are captured by the natives and forced into a cage. The prisoners are forced to watch Mike as he is tortured, beaten, including having his penis sliced off with a large machete-like knife and then eaten by a native villager. The natives transport their prisoners to another village, but Rudy manages to escape. He is caught in a booby trap in the jungle, and his bleeding wounds attract piranhas. He begs the natives to help him. The natives shoot him with a poisoned dart, and he dies instantly in front of everyone.

Pat and Gloria are put in a hole in the ground. Mike is placed in a separate cage. A native man, whom Pat had saved from Mike's aggression, lowers a rope into the hole so the women can escape. Mike digs his way out of the cage, chases the man away, and cuts the rope, preventing the woman from escaping. Mike flees into the jungle, where he tries to attract the attention of a search and rescue plane, but he is recaptured. The natives sever one of his hands and drag him back to the village. The search plane lands, but the natives tell the rescuers that the outsiders' canoes capsized in the river and crocodiles ate them.

As the search team leaves, Pat is bound, stripped to the waist, and the natives run hooks through her breasts to be hung by them. Gloria can only watch as Pat dies a slow and painful death. Meanwhile, Mike's head is locked in a crude contraption, and the top of his skull is cut off so that the natives can eat his exposed brain. During the night, the sympathetic native returns and frees Gloria. He guides her through the jungle but falls victim to one of the natives' booby traps. Gloria eventually encounters a pair of trappers, who take her to safety. Instead of telling the true story, she recounts the natives' lie about the others being eaten by crocodiles.

Gloria, deeply disturbed by her experiences, returns to civilization. She publishes a book titled, Cannibalism: End of a Myth, which lies to support her theory and covers up the events of her ordeal.

Cast

 * Giovanni Lombardo Radice (as John Morghen) as Mike Logan
 * Frank von Kuegelgen as Mike Logan (English dub voice, uncredited)
 * Lorraine De Selle as Gloria Davis
 * Pat Starke as Gloria Davis (voice, uncredited)
 * Danilo Mattei (as Bryan Redford) as Rudy Davis
 * Gregory Snegoff as Rudy Davis (voice, uncredited)
 * Zora Kerova (as Zora Kerowa) as Pat Johnson
 * Walter Lucchini (as Walter Lloyd) as Joe Costolani
 * Andy Luotto as Joe Costolani (voice, uncredited)
 * Robert Kerman as Lt. Rizzo
 * Edward Mannix as Lt. Rizzo (voice, uncredited)
 * Fiamma Maglione (as Meg Fleming) as Myrna Stenn
 * Susan Spafford as Myrna Stenn (voice, uncredited)
 * John Bartha as Brooklyn Mobster
 * Richard McNamara as Brooklyn Mobster (voice, uncredited)
 * Venantino Venantini as Sgt. Ross
 * Lewis E. Ciannelli as Sgt. Ross (voice, uncredited)
 * 'El Indio' Rincon as Juanito
 * Dominic Raacke as Tim Barrett (uncredited)
 * Steven Luotto as Tim Barrett (voice, uncredited)
 * Perry Pirkkanen as Paul (uncredited)
 * Larry Dolgin as Paul (voice, uncredited)

Release
Cannibal Ferox was released in Italy on 24 April 1981.

Terry Levene's Aquarius Releasing opened the film in New York in September 1983, under the title 'Make Them Die Slowly'. Levene's assistant, Ron Harvey, explained to Fangoria magazine that the box office success of 'Mondo' documentary Savage Man, Savage Beast had inspired the company to seek out a similar property, but one aligned to a fictional narrative. Aquarius' marketing strategy was minimal: a sensational, gratuitously violent trailer (narrated, in a break from tradition, by a woman, in order to provide a jarring counterpoint to the grotesque imagery), no print ads, and the marquee of the Liberty Theatre on 42nd Street completely emblazoned with huge, garish banners and colour stills announcing the film. Harvey further remarked that, although the film was hugely successful at venues that would play it, most cinemas shunned the film - he approximated there were probably only 100 theatres nationwide in which it could play.

Cannibal Ferox was released uncut on video in the United Kingdom circa 1982 by Replay, but the film's transgressive imagery and scenes of real animal torture and slaughter resulted in the film promptly being banned under the Obscene Publications Act, finding itself languishing for years on the video nasties list. (In 1983, Replay issued a cut version, based on informal suggestions from the BBFC, bearing an 'advisory', and consequently without legal standing, '18' certificate. These efforts were to little avail, since this version was also effectively banned by the VRA). Early DVD versions, available in the UK were missing around six minutes of footage (chiefly of graphic violence and animal cruelty), which was cut before being given to the BBFC for a rating. The full version of the film was submitted to the board in 2018, and again received 2 minutes of cuts to the animal violence.

In Australia, where it was released as Woman from Deep River, the film also faced censorship issues, being given numerous censored releases. In 2005, the uncut version was released on DVD by Siren Visual under the Cannibal Ferox title.

In the United States, Cannibal Ferox's (a.k.a. Make Them Die Slowly) "original, uncensored director's cut" was released by Grindhouse Releasing in the late 1990s. Grindhouse is still the sole official licensed distributor of the film in North America. On 22 May 2015, Grindhouse released the film in a 3 Disc Blu-ray/DVD feature, the film's first time on Blu-ray Disc. The Blu-ray featured the documentary film ''Eaten Alive! The Rise and Fall of the Italian Cannibal Film'' and a 12-page booklet.

Critical reception
The film had mixed reception on its airplay. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 40% approval rating, based on five reviews. AllMovie called the film "revolting," but "nauseatingly effective," though noting that it is "primarily a showcase for the gory special-effects artistry of Gianetto de Rossi". Some critics criticized the film for its depictions of animal abuse, the poor acting and lines, and sexism.

title: Cannibal Ferox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Girl Geek

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirected to Geek. I personally don't think there's enough there to bother with merging, but if someone wants to, feel free. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 03:20, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Girl Geek
We don't need articles to explain that a compound word "A B" means "A B that is an A". Unfortunately, this article doesn't even reach that standard, instead going on an unsupported path of "girl geeks have people skills". Of course, to be fair, I don't see how this article could be objective beyond "A girl geek is a geek who lacks Y chromosomes", so delete. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 15:27, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge with Geek Make alot more sense really theres not enough information here to make merging hard. User:Redconverse
 * Delete non-notable, quasi-dicdef. Xoloz 16:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism. No evidence this term is ever used in a general sense particularly in a manner consistent with the "definition" provided here.--Isotope23 18:22, 5 October 2005 (UTC) -
 * KeepUsed widely for organising Geek Dinners for Women. see http://thehughpage/London_girl_geek_dinner
 * Merge with Geek - hey, I could see someone looking it up. -- BD2412 talk 03:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Geek - I agree 71.69.130.255
 * Delete I think this entry's unnecessary and stereotypical. It only shoves all real girl geeks (which are really called "Geek Girls" or "Geek Grrls", by the way) into a little category. sarysa 02:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * change update the details to accurately reflect the true meaning of girl geek in todays society. The phrase has been coined amongst the IT industry & marketing industry, particularly after blogHer and London Girl Geek Dinner.
 * Delete sloppily written, stereotypical! A pointless entry. As Lomn notes, no need for articles explaining compound terms such as these, especially when they are so poorly explained and based on no evidence whatsoever.
 * Merge with Geek, redirect "Girl Geek" to the merged page. Bryce 18:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect. There is nothing to merge but original research and POV. mikka (t) 01:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

-- Don't even bother merging it, please. Why do we need a "female" definition to a unisex word? That this even exists strikes me as sexist and even offensive, being both female and a geek. I don't label my fellow male geeks as "boy geeks." Please delete this article.
 * Never heard of pregnant boys in a "unisex world". there is something of brain damage to consider the word "female" as offensive.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Howard C. Reiche Community School

The Howard C. Reiche Community School is an elementary school in the West End of Portland, Maine.

The school building was constructed in the 1970s and opened in 1973. It replaced the nearby Butler School, which had been in operation since 1879. Buildings in a four-block area were demolished to make room for the school and playground, which was built according to an open-plan design. The two-story building, occupying 5.2 acre, was designed for 371 students. It was designed by Portland architect Wilbur R. Ingalls Jr. and named for Howard Charles Reiche Sr., former principal of Portland High School.

, the school was the main elementary school for English as an additional language (ESL) students in the Portland Public Schools. ESL instruction began at Reiche in 1981 in response to an influx of Asian immigrants in the school's neighborhood after Portland's designation in 1980 as a refugee resettlement city. there were 515 students in the school, of whom 60 percent were from ethnic or linguistic minority groups and of whom 88 percent received free or reduced-price lunches. The students spoke 27 different languages other than English in their homes, including Arabic, Spanish, Somali, Khmer, Vietnamese, Serbo-Croatian, and Acholi.

There were about 300 students enrolled for the 2010–2011 school year.

A branch library of the Portland Public Library was located in Reiche School from 1974 until 2010, when the library branch closed. Its space is now occupied by a new community policing center. The building also houses a community health clinic, a community swimming pool, a community gym and locker rooms, and other community center facilities.

In 1991–1992, Reiche School was designated a Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education. In both 2003 and 2004 it was listed as failing to meet federal standards under the No Child Left Behind program. After the initial listing was announced in 2003, Reiche's "failing" rating was criticized by the principal of another Portland elementary school, located in an affluent neighborhood, that had been identified as one of Maine's best-performing schools. Longfellow School principal Dawn Carrigan was quoted in the Bangor Daily News comparing her school's results with Reiche's and stating her opinion that "there is no good reason to create public lists that compare schools, particularly when students come from different backgrounds." In subsequent years, Reiche school succeeded in getting off the "failing" list by making Adequate Yearly Progress.

In June 2011, Reiche announced it would become a teacher-led school, forgoing the more common principal leadership. It became one of the few schools in Maine to try the model.

title: Howard C. Reiche Community School


text:
Opus (Austrian band)

Opus was an Austrian pop-rock group formed in 1973 in Graz. They remained active until 2021, when they retired. The band is mainly known for its 1985 single release, "Live Is Life", which reached the Top 10 in several European countries.

History
In 1985, Opus released "Live Is Life", which topped the charts in many countries; it was a #1 hit in Canada for seven weeks in late 1985 and early 1986. A live recording of the song made the Top 40 in the US in 1986. It reached #6 in the UK Singles Chart on 3 August 1985, and stayed in the charts for 15 weeks.

Another standout track from Opus was the power ballad "Flyin' High" a live version of which appeared both on the Live is life album, and on their successful US release, Up and Down. At a concert in the mid-1980s, fellow Austrian rock star Falco joined Opus on stage for a rendition of "Flyin' High."

Opus retired in 2021. "Live is Life" was their most popular release to date. The band also had success with other songs in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.

In popular culture
Cover versions of this song have also been performed by Stargo, Laibach, the Hungarian band Tormentor, the Estonian band Kuldne Trio ("Laip on Laip"), Axxis and Dolapdere Big Gang. Additionally, as a guest, DJ Ötzi released a version with the Hermes House Band in 2002, which reached #50 in the UK chart.

The band can be seen performing the song in front of celebrating Austrian government officials during the COVID-19 lockdowns on 24 November 2021.

Current members

 * Herwig Rüdisser – vocals
 * Ewald Pfleger – guitar, backing vocals
 * Kurt-Rene Plisnier – keyboard
 * Günter Grasmuck – drums, percussion

Studio albums

 * Daydreams (1980)
 * Eleven (1981)
 * The Opusition (1982)
 * Up and Down (1984)
 * Solo (1985)
 * Opus (1987)
 * Magical Touch (1990)
 * Walkin' on Air (1992)
 * Love, God & Radio (1996)
 * The Beat Goes On (2004)
 * Opus Magnum (2020)

Live albums

 * Live Is Life (1984)
 * Jubileé (1993)
 * Tonight at the Opera (2009)
 * Graz Liebenau (2013)

Compilation albums

 * Best of (1985)
 * Greatest Hits – The Power of Live Is Life (1998)
 * Flyin' Higher – Greatest Hits (2003)
 * Back to Future – The Ultimate Best-Of (2008)

title: Opus (Austrian band)


text:
Talk:Delivery (commerce)

Requested move

 * Skeptical of the move to Delivery. An equally important meaning is Childbirth, although a dablink would solve that. Much more important, this article has no content to speak of. Why not list it on WP:AFD instead of WP:RM? That would solve the name problem. —Wahoofive (talk) 15:28, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Descision
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it be moved. Ryan Norton T 11:45, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Great article
Fantastic article guys, I was wondering if I (the delivery boy) could get a special mention?

Regards Ziad — Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.48.57.36 (talk) 13:40, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Skeptical of the move to Delivery. the defination of delivery should also consider "transfer of possession". —Wahoofive (talk) 15:28, 18 April 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.167.55.67 (talk)

title: Talk:Delivery (commerce)


text:
Panevėžys District Municipality

Panevėžys District Municipality is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania.

title: Panevėžys District Municipality


text: Talk:Return channel

title: Talk:Return channel