text:
Pro re nata

Pro re nata is a Latin phrase meaning "in the circumstances" or "as the circumstance arises" (literally "for the thing born"). In medical terminology, it is often abbreviated PRN or P.R.N. and refers to the administration of prescribed medication as the situation calls for it.

Medical terminology
Generally abbreviated to "P.R.N." or "PRN", pro re nata refers to the administration of prescribed medication whose timing is left to the patient (in the case of patient-controlled analgesia), nurse, or caregiver, as opposed to medication that is taken according to a fixed (primarily daily) schedule (a.k.a. "scheduled dosage"). Pro re nata does not imply that the patient may take as much of the medicine as desired, but rather that the medicine may be taken in the prescribed dosage if needed. Such administration of medication is not meant to imply, and should never allow for, exceeding a maximum daily dosage. This aspect of "only if needed, and only up to some maximum" differentiates pro re nata dosages (which are common) from ad libitum dosages (which are not common).

title: Pro re nata


text:
Category:Airports in Lebanon

This category contains articles on airports in Lebanon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Airports in Lebanon


text: Category:Society of Malta

title: Category:Society of Malta


text: Category:Congressional districts of New Mexico


text:
Acacia xanthina

Acacia xanthina, commonly known as white stemmed wattle, is a coastal shrub or small tree in the family Fabaceae that is endemic to Western Australia.

Description
White stemmed wattle usually grows as a dense shrub between 2 and 4 m in height and is often much wider than it is tall. The trunks and branchlets are often coated with a white powdery substance. Its branches are white or greenish-white, with many bends and twists. Like many other Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are bluish-green, from 6 to 11 cm in length long, and 1 to 2 cm wide. The flower heads are bright yellow and spherical, and occur in group of six to nine, but sometimes up to fifteen. It flowers in late winter and spring between August and October.

Taxonomy
Acacia xanthina was first collected in 1839 by James Drummond, and described by George Bentham in 1842. The specific name comes from the Greek xanthos, meaning yellow, and refers to the flowers.

Distribution
It is native to an area on the west coast of Western Australia where it occurs on coastal limestone usually adjacent to sand dunes between Fremantle in the south and Shark Bay in the north. It grows in sandy soils as a part of scrub, thicket, mallee or low forest communities.

title: Acacia xanthina


text:
Category:Airports in Lithuania

This category is for airports in Lithuania.

title: Category:Airports in Lithuania


text: Category talk:Congressional districts of New Mexico


text:
Mid-Canada Communications

Mid-Canada Communications (Canada) Corp. was a Canadian media company, which operated from 1980 to 1990. The company, a subsidiary of Northern Cable, had television and radio holdings in Northeastern Ontario.

MCTV
Mid-Canada Television, or MCTV, was created in 1980 when Cambrian Broadcasting, which owned the CTV affiliates in Sudbury, North Bay and Timmins, merged with J. Conrad Lavigne's CBC affiliates in the same cities.

This twinstick structure was permitted by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) because both companies were on the brink of bankruptcy due to their aggressive competition for limited advertising dollars in small markets. Notably, the companies' holdings included two parallel microwave transmission systems, both of which were among the largest such systems in the world at the time, and which were technically redundant since one system can in fact carry multiple channels.

The deal represented the first time that the CRTC had ever approved direct ownership of a radio or television broadcast outlet by a cable distribution company, which is now commonplace in Canada but was explicitly forbidden by CRTC policy prior to the MCTV approval.

In its decision, however, the CRTC explicitly stated that the merger was approved as a temporary arrangement, only until the CBC could afford to directly acquire MCTV's CBC affiliates. That "temporary" deal, however, would last 22 years; even after MCTV was acquired by and folded into Baton Broadcasting in 1990, Baton still retained ownership of the CBC affiliates until the early 2000s. Mid-Canada Communications did offer ownership of its newly-redundant second microwave network to the CBC as an interim step toward the establishment of a CBC Television production facility in the region; the CBC, however, expressed interest in keeping the negotiations open but declined to immediately purchase the system.

In response to concentration of media ownership concerns, the merged company divested itself of its predecessor companies' radio holdings CKSO and CIGM-FM in Sudbury, although it retained ownership of a couple of smaller-market radio stations and would later reacquire other radio stations in the region (see Mid-Canada Radio below.)

The MCTV stations were:

 * North Bay - CKNY (CTV), CHNB (CBC)
 * Sudbury - CICI (CTV), CKNC (CBC)
 * Timmins - CITO (CTV), CFCL (CBC)

All six stations were primarily referred to on air as MCTV rather than by their callsigns, and were distinguished from each other by use of their network affiliation (i.e. "MCTV-CTV" and "MCTV-CBC".) Less frequently, versions of its logo were sometimes seen which included both the call sign and the MCTV branding.

Due to CTV's status at the time as a cooperative of its affiliated stations, MCTV itself held a 2.1 per cent share in the network.

As well, MCTV owned CHRO in Pembroke, a CBC affiliate in a market with no other television stations. CHRO used the same logo and programming schedule as MCTV's other stations, but it used its own callsign, rather than MCTV, as its on-air identification.

Mid-Canada Radio
In 1985, Mid-Canada Communications acquired six radio stations in Sudbury, Elliot Lake, Blind River and Espanola, which were aligned with the company's existing radio holdings in Kapuskasing, Hearst, Timmins and Pembroke into the Mid-Canada Radio group. The system expanded in the latter half of the 1980s, with further acquisitions in Sault Ste. Marie, Wawa, North Bay and another station in Kapuskasing bringing the group to 15 stations by 1990.

 * Blind River - CJNR
 * Elliot Lake - CKNR
 * Espanola - CKNS
 * Hearst - CFLH
 * Kapuskasing - CFLK, CKAP
 * North Bay - CHUR
 * Pembroke - CHRO
 * Sault Ste. Marie - CKCY, CJQM
 * Sudbury - CFBR, CHNO, CJMX
 * Timmins - CFCL
 * Wawa - CJWA

The stations shared some news and sales resources, but were programmed independently of each other except for two shared overnight programs: one for the francophone stations (CFBR, CFLK, CFLH and CFCL), and one for the anglophone stations (all others).

Acquisition
In 1990, Northern Cable began divesting itself of its media properties. Pelmorex purchased Mid-Canada Radio, and Baton Broadcasting acquired MCTV. Baton also purchased Sault Ste. Marie's Huron Broadcasting in 1990, and converted CHBX and CJIC to the MCTV branding as well.

Under Baton's ownership, the stations retained the MCTV branding, and became part of the Baton Broadcast System. The CBC stations were eventually sold outright to CBC in 2002, while the CTV stations were rebranded as CTV Northern Ontario in 2003.

title: Mid-Canada Communications


text:
Category:Airports in Macau

The airports of Macau is the Macau International Airport on Ilha da Taipa. There are two heliports, at Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier near the reservoir on Macau Peninsula, and at the Macau International Airport.

title: Category:Airports in Macau


text:
Talk:Battle of Bad Axe

Misleading
This article is misleading and needs a lot more information to be complete. The casualty estimates for the Indian side are very conservative based on what I found. This was more a massacre than it was a battle. I have found a few sources which might help out here. There it at least needs to be mentioned of how the battle played out, it wasn't just warriors that were killed. It would seem that the previous Indian Creek massacre may have been used for justification. . IvoShandor 07:34, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No responses, I am assuming there will be no protests if this article is moved to Bad Axe massacre. If the events at Spafford Farm and Buffalo Grove are massacres so is this "battle" at the Bad Axe River. IvoShandor 08:22, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * 2nd - as it now reads, the "battle" can't be called anything but a massacre. Of course if the facts cited are wrong... but I'd trust the text more than the Title.

 * Also it might be reasonable to put a geographic reference in here, e.g. latitude and longitude so that a map can be found easily. From Bad Axe River I finally found

 * Satellite image from Google Maps Lat. and Long. should be in here somewhere.

 * Can't find Helena, Wisconsin anywhere. Maybe the reference to "present day Helena" is a bit out-dated.  Smallbones 21:28, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, just remove the present day? IvoShandor 21:32, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Seems it still exists, see:

IvoShandor 21:35, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * OK - it's the one in Iowa County, Wisconsin. But existence is relative (at least in this case).  It's right across the river from Spring Green, Wisconsin.  The much larger Spring Green has a pop of 1,500.  I'd switch it to Spring Green.  Smallbones 21:51, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I am okay with whatever non-main authors find clearer, change away. IvoShandor 21:54, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I started an article about Helena, Wisconsin and I hope it helps. maybe I am crazy for doing it. Thank you- RFD 21:52, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Red Mound and Retreat, Wisconsin in Vernon County, Wisconsin
I started articles about Red Mound, Wisconsin and Retreat, Wisconsin in Vernon County, Wisconsin in case you need them. Thank you- RFD 15:05, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent, I will see where they fit in. This article, the main article and the Battle of Stillman's Run are the three our collaboration will attempt to get FA status for, on the way to a broader featured topic.IvoShandor 04:18, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

If this was a "massacre" it was only due to the military ineptness of the Indians. These savages seem only to have had success when they attacked unexpectedly and in overwhelming numbers. I'm sick and tired of seeing Indians portrayed as victims. These people had no one but themselves to blame for their fate.

Daver852 (talk) 19:47, 18 February 2009 (UTC)daver852

Copyedit
Will finish this tomorrow, Ruhrfisch  ><> ° ° 04:43, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I am finally finishing a copyedit I started a while ago. Since Ivo is on a wikibreak, I will leave these comments here.
 * 1) I think it would be useful to put a caption on the photo in the Infobox.
 * 2) Prelude: Based on what Ivo told me (see here) I moved Neapope's speech earlier in the night and clarified the timing of the militia that night and the following week in the paragraphs following.
 * 3) Battle - I added a sentence that Blackhawk's band was almost certainly not involved in the Indian Creek Massacre, which the troops on the steamboat Warrior referred to when first opening fire on them.
 * 4) Context - I put the statements by Street (day after the battle) and Grimsley (2005) in chronological order. Some of Grimsley's quotes about the blood making the Mississippi red might be effective in the Battle section.
 * 5) Aftermath - I added Blackhawk's autobiography and death and made a few other copyedits
 * Finished the last two sections just now, done with my copyedits - looks good, Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 02:58, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Now I see this, ha. Hmm. I am thinking of adding the quote you recommend here and expanding a bit on the military movements of both sides in the battle section. Any thoughts on what else to do for an FA bid? IvoShandor (talk) 01:26, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

"Battle?"
This can barely be known as such. Such reckless killing should be called a massacre. This is why I believe that the article should be changed to "Massacre of Bad Axe." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trilobite12 (talk • contribs) 00:07, March 5, 2008
 * Thanks, while I agree it was a massacre, the name it is known by in reliable sources is Battle of Bad Axe. Do you have reliable sources that call it "Massacre of Bad Axe"? Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 00:20, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't mind seeing it changed myself, WP has a habit of affecting how other outlets refer to incidents. At quick glance, I see that as early as 1903 published book authors were referring to it as "the Massacre of Bad Axe", and more recently I see that the Wisconsin Historical Society does the same. I think it's enough to call for a WP vote. Sherurcij (Speaker for the Dead) 01:10, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Does anyone want to start an RFC on the name change? On Google books, searching for the words Massacre Bad Axe gets 611 hits, while the exact phrase "Battle of Bad Axe" gets 617 hits, and "Bad Axe Massacre" gets 40 hits, but the Massacre books tend to be newer. I would support changing the name to Bad Axe Massacre. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 03:24, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * As the primary author of most Wikipedia's content related to the Black Hawk War, I too would support the name change. The wonton murder that occurred at the mouth of the Bad Axe River can be accurately described in no other way. While many sources refer to it as a battle, just as many, some dating back to shortly after the conflict, have called it a massacre (this is briefly discussed within the article). IvoShandor (talk) 06:04, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It's been a month with five straight voices in favour of the change, I went ahead and changed it. Sherurcij (Speaker for the Dead) 06:21, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I wonder if Bad Axe Massacre would be a bit better? IvoShandor (talk) 06:25, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it sounds better and nice to see you back. Thanks too to Sherurcij for making the move. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 00:06, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Not a problem, moved to the newer name. To be honest, I'd never heard of this until I came across the 1832 article sitting in my hands one day, and checked Wiki to find out what this "Bad Axe" was, and added the detail about the child. Sherurcij (Speaker for the Dead) 00:20, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Review
As requested, here are some comments on looking at the article with an eye to FAC. This looks pretty good and these are all pretty nitpicky. I also ran the semi-automated peer review script on it and it is below:

The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 02:19, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Watch for redundancies that make the article too wordy instead of being crisp and concise. (You may wish to try Tony1's redundancy exercises.)
 * Vague terms of size often are unnecessary and redundant - “some”, “a variety/number/majority of”, “several”, “a few”, “many”, “any”, and “all”. For example, “ All pigs are pink, so we thought of a number of ways to turn them green.”
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]

 * Lead still starts with "The Battle of Bad Axe, also known as the Bad Axe Massacre, occurred ...", since the title has been changed, this should be too, perhaps "The Bad Axe Massacre, also known as the Battle of Bad Axe, occurred ..."
 * Fixed this.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:04, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Date linkiing is now deprecated and the dates will be delinked at FAC if they are not delinked before
 * I'll get someone to assist with a js tool.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:04, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I would say "Mississippi River" here and link it - not everyone around the world will know just Mississippi is the river in The militia caught up with them on the eastern bank of the Mississippi ....
 * Done.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:04, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * "... a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River" Any chance to be more exact and then also provide kilometers?
 * Background - why did it take 14 years between the treaty and vacating the tribal lands? Is this worth a breif explanation?
 * Added to it, should be clearer now.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:04, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * My preference is not to go to FAC with any red links in the article - just me though
 * I would make it clearer at the start of Prelude that they are stilll on the battlefield just after the Battle of Wisconsin Heights - it is less than clear now
 * Not quite sure how to make this clearer, I mentioned it once more, take a look, lemme know if this is clear or not.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:04, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Need to explain who Dodge and Henry are in set out to join Henry Dodge and James D. Henry to regroup and resupply at Fort Blue Mounds
 * Tried to qualify them as "militia commanders", could be more specific with "militia generals" or some such thing.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:15, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * In Battle, perhaps clarify which river in While some of the band managed to escape across the river that afternoon ... (M or BA?)
 * Fixed this.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:15, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I owuld make it clearer the woman killed was holding her child in including one young woman estimated to be 19 years old; she was shot through her child's upper arm as she stood watching the battle
 * Tried to clarify this.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:15, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Mile is linked - this is a common term. Watch for overlinking of common terms to be a problem in FAC
 * Done.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:15, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * In Context, do not use cquote (curly quotes) per WP:MOSQUOTE, use blockquote instead
 * Fixed.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:15, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * In Aftermath I would link Winfield Scott at the first instance in As well as the combat casualties of the war, a relief force under General Winfield Scott ...
 * Linked.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:15, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Hope this helps, Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 02:19, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Of course it helps! Thanks Ruhr.--IvoShandor (talk) 04:15, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Battle of Bad Axe. The position arising from the discussion appears to be that while a number of reliable sources consider the battle to have been a massacre, the title "Battle of Bad Axe" is used considerably more often in those sources than "Bad Axe Massacre". The consensus, relying on WP:COMMONNAME, is therefore in favour of a move. Mkativerata (talk) 20:32, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Bad Axe Massacre → Battle of Bad Axe — Per WP:COMMONNAME. This is the name overwhelmingly preferred by reliable sources. —Kevin Myers 01:47, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * This was discussed a couple years ago (in the section above entitled "Battle?"), but with an inadequate survey of the reliable sources and discussion of Wikipedia naming guidelines. Google searches reveal that "Battle of Bad Axe" is preferred to "Bad Axe Massacre" by about 20 to 1. Here's the current breakdown of Google hits:

 * "Battle of Bad Axe": 557,000 Google web hits, 2,590 Google book hits, 223 Google scholar hits
 * "Bad Axe massacre": 31,200 web hits, 123 book hits, 15 scholar hits
 * "Massacre of Bax Axe": 156 web hits, 19 book hits, 5 scholar hits

 * Additionally, I have the four modern academic books on the Black Hawk War in front of me (by Nichols, Trask, Jung, and Hall). They all use the term "Battle of Bad Axe", not "Bad Axe Massacre". Practically everyone acknowledges that a massacre took place on that day, but the term "Battle of Bad Axe" still predominates by a large margin, and is the title we should use. —Kevin Myers 02:00, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * As someone who supported the move to the current title, I did not have access to the modern academic books, and am fine with moving it. Thanks, Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 02:54, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The evidence and logic of the proposed move is unassailable, nevertheless I don't see any problem with calling a spade a spade. Mark me neutral Smallbones (talk) 03:13, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose: I used to be neutral on this and I've read Trask and Jung's books, if everyone acknowledges that this "battle" was a massacre I cannot see any reason to move the page. IvoShandor (talk) 05:25, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Your argument seems a bit muddled. Trask and Jung both use the proper noun "Battle of Bad Axe", and not "Bad Axe Massacre", to describe these events. They do characterize some of what happened as a massacre, but that's not the title they give to the event. You may also want to review WP:COMMONNAME and WP:POVTITLE. —Kevin Myers 06:09, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I am familiar with both of those pages. There is no way this can neutrally be called a battle anyway. Battles consist of people fighting each other, not being indiscriminately slaughtered. But my opinion is the weight of one person, I will of course abide by consensus. IvoShandor (talk) 06:13, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with your sentiments, but our opinions on what terms the reliable sources should use are not relevant here. Alas, we cannot overrule the preponderance of reliable sources just because we disagree with them. Your quarrel is really with the reliable sources (like Trask and Jung) who overwhelmingly prefer the term "Battle of Bad Axe", and with the Wikipedia policies that say we must follow the reliable sources. —Kevin Myers 06:27, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * While I also agree this was a massacre, since all four recent books on the Black Hawk War call it the "Battle of Bad Axe", I do not think the naming guidelines here give us any choice but to move it. I also note that the lead could be much clearer that the "battle" was in fact a one-sided "massacre". So the first paragraph of the lead could read something like the following. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 16:43, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The Battle of Bad Axe, also known as the Bad Axe Massacre, occurred 1–2 August 1832, between Sauk (Sac) and Fox Indians and United States Army regulars and militia. This final, one-sided battle of the Black Hawk War, which historians have called a massacre since the 1850s, took place near present-day Victory, Wisconsin in the United States. It marked the end of the war between white settlers and militia in Illinois and Michigan Territory, and the Sauk and Fox tribes under Chief Black Hawk. Over 150 Native Americans were killed, many of them women and children, while US military forces lost 5 dead.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

A two-day battle?
Was the Battle of Bad Axe a two-day "battle" or a one-day battle that was preceded by a skirmish the day before? This is more of a semantic issue than a substantive one, and affects only a few sentences and headings. The web article by James Lewis that is currently the predominant source for this article clearly describes it as a one-day battle. He writes: "Before dawn on August 2, the Battle of Bad Axe began." According to Lewis, the "Battle of Bad Axe" is what happened on August 2, and the encounter with the Warrior was a prelude to the "battle". Not every source is so explicit, but a quick Google Books survey suggests to me that other writers usually (but not always) take the same approach. Concur? —Kevin Myers 01:29, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Do whatever you think needs to be done to improve the article. I will not take issue with it myself but we may want to see what others think.IvoShandor (talk) 05:16, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I made the map, and have looked at one of the recent books briefly. Other than that what I know of the Black Hawk War comes from reading the articles here. I trust you and the sources you cite. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 17:32, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/file.php?file=wakefield.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050921004817/http://www.mvp.usace.army.mil:80/history/bad_axe/ to http://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/history/bad_axe/

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Renaming
I think renaming this the "Bad Axe Massacre" article is in better taste than keeping it as a "battle," since a "battle" implies two sides of equal power, whereas this was a one sided turkey shoot on civilians. Thoughts? Ms.23 (talk) 19:12, 21 February 2020 (UTC)

 * @Oxyaena by all means please do 2620:0:E50:3401:F04D:8E86:9F45:6EEB (talk) 16:43, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Bad Axe


text:
Talk:Battle of Bushy Run

Battle Description
What does the dagger after "Keekyuscung" signify? Dan Watts 17:25, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The dagger icon (†) is used by the Military history project to indicate that a commander was killed in the battle. --Kevin Myers | (complaint dept.) 21:49, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051030214631/http://mohicanpress.com:80/bushy_run.html to http://www.mohicanpress.com/bushy_run.html

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Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for Bushy Run Battlefield

40.355278, -79.62 should be the correct coordinates according to Google Earth.

Please verify and correct the error.

Thank you in advance,

Joe Martin

—68.188.168.215 (talk) 03:00, 26 February 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅, though I've used coordinates somewhat less precise, since the battlefield seems to cover a fairly extensive area. Thanks for pointing out the error. Deor (talk) 08:59, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Bushy Run


text:
Talk:Kanesatake

Editing tag added
There are several articles relating to Kanesatake that are drastically in need of attention due to issues of NPOV and general style problems. These include the following:
 * John sha ko hen the tha Harding - Article in need of clean-up that has NPOV problems and is about a series of incidents rather than John Harding . Text moved here.
 * Steven Bonspille - Stub that has POV problems (albeit abridged), similar to the above.
 * James Gabriel - Well written article; not about its subject.

Discussion at Talk:John sha ko hen the tha Harding describes the problem in some detail. There is a proposal to merge that article or some of its content with Kanesatake, Quebec. I'm proposing to do that and then edit the whole mess. Sunray 01:08, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Most of the text from the John sha ko hen the tha Harding article has been moved to this article (Kanesatake, Quebec). It is an account by a participant and needs POV work and fact checking.  References have been added under "External links."  The John sha ko hen the tha Harding article needs biographical details.  Sunray 17:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

POV-check template added
Hi, I've added the template to this article, with respect to the above-mentioned NPOV issues. Not having a great deal of accurate knowledge of the subject, I don't feel comfortable making a judgement one way or the other, but the use of such words as "obsession" and "trampling rights" seem to be definite red flags to me. Thoughts from other editors and contributors are welcomed. --dragfyre 13:43, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Formerly blatantly non-NPOV
I apologize in advance for the numerous citation request tags I've placed on the article, but editors should keep in mind that properly referenced material is essential for maintaining the integrity of the encyclopedia, without them the information provided is always questionable to the average reader. It goes without saying that libelous statements (especially those regarding living persons) are completely unacceptable in Wikipedia. regards Deconstructhis (talk) 15:26, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No apology needed; that's what the tags are there for. It took a while, but it seems like the article has finally started to shape up. --dragfyre (talk 20:27, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Added history
Added 18th and 19th-century history, with more context for land claims, and religious and political dissension. All new content is cited, and new sources are added.Parkwells (talk) 16:26, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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NPOV tag
The "Oka crisis" section is written with a pro-mohawk POV, and demonizing the SQ and the government of Canada. Nobody is denying that they didn't do anything wrong, but the article should be able demonstrate this without using unsourced claims nor weasel words.198.103.249.251 (talk) 20:37, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Agree. There may be more sources in the main article on the Oka Crisis.Parkwells (talk) 21:35, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

"Governance"
Why the eff is "Oka Crisis" nested under this heading? Ugh. 216.208.210.178 (talk) 14:19, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kanesatake


text:
Paris Geller

Paris Eustace Geller is a fictional character on the television series Gilmore Girls and its spin-off A Year in the Life, played by Liza Weil.

Paris is introduced as an ambitious high-school student from a wealthy family, who was raised almost entirely by her nanny. She has an extreme form of a Type A personality; she is driven and goes to any extreme to get what she wants, whether it be a high grade or a life goal, and is very disappointed in herself and others if she does not succeed. This is in stark contrast to her friend Rory Gilmore, who is much more relaxed and casual about most matters, and the only person close to Paris who can consistently pacify her. Paris's style of speaking is usually brash and matter-of-fact, and it is very rare that she lapses away from her usual tone.

Paris was conceived as a short-term character who would serve as Rory's foil and arch-nemesis in high school. However, the role was gradually developed by series creator Amy Sherman-Palladino and her husband/writing partner Dan, and Paris would remain for the entirety of the series while growing closer to Rory. Weil's performance won critical acclaim, with Paris becoming one of the show's most popular and topical characters.

Introduction of Paris
Paris was originally created for a three-episode guest arc by series creator Amy Sherman-Palladino and executive producer Gavin Polone at the beginning of the show's first season to introduce Rory Gilmore's character to the high pressures, competitiveness and stress of going from the small public high school in Stars Hollow, to the storied and respected halls of Hartford's Chilton Academy. This character was created in consolation for Weil (who had been signed to a talent holding deal with show distributor Warner Bros. Television the year before, guest-starring through her arrangement on The West Wing and ER) after a strong audition for the role of Rory (Weil had previously been known to Polone through her work in the role of Debbie Kozac, a character who served a minor but pivotal role as a babysitter to Tom Witzky (Kevin Bacon)'s child in the 1999 film Stir of Echoes, which he and his company produced), which eventually went to Alexis Bledel. Weil, however, had to change her hair color to play Paris from her natural brown hair coloring to blonde. This was done to further the contrast of Paris to Rory. The character proved to be the proper foil to Rory in time, and the role of Paris in the show was extended and expanded through the first season until Weil became a series regular in the second season.

Season 1
On her first day at Chilton Academy, the soft-spoken Rory Gilmore meets the high-strung Paris Geller, who immediately views Rory as an academic rival. Prior to this encounter, Paris reads Rory's Stars Hollow transcript, courtesy of a student worker in the administration office she paid to sneak her the information out the window. The first day with the younger Gilmore ends up challenging Paris, and a few hours after giving Rory a lecture that she wouldn't make things easy, Rory accidentally broke Paris' castle project after tumbling into her because of a stuck locker. Paris refuses Rory's offered help to put it back together, and in spite the new girl answers lecture questions usually tackled by Paris right away.

Relations between the two remain frosty through their first semester as her crush Tristan gave more attention to Rory than to Paris, whom he considered a platonic friend. After Rory earns a D in a literature class as she tries to catch up with her classmates, Paris jokes bitterly the grade would be perfect to apply for work at McDonald's. Later, the comment would come back to haunt her as an annoyed Rory went off on her for calling her a "loser" during a test she failed to make due to oversleeping.

Paris' backstory is built with each episode after this point. She is forced by her mother to attend Rory's 16th birthday party thrown by her grandparents, and makes it clear she doesn't enjoy it. Later, she bumps into Rory at a college fair, and away from the pressures of school and Tristan, she opens up a little to the girl, discussing Harvard and how she hopes to go there one day, as does Rory. Though they don't get along, they agree to disagree and be cordial to each other, noting that Harvard is a big campus and they probably would not see each other again after Chilton.

Her hidden crush on Tristan is a major theme for the first season, and as she sells tickets to the school's Winter Formal, tries to bring up the courage to ask him out when he tries to buy his tickets. However she backs off after he makes a flirty comment about her already having a date. She takes out that bitterness on Rory for not wanting him and yells at the girl as she buys her tickets, not realizing that Rory already has a boyfriend in the local new boy, Dean.

Because she needs a date for the Formal, she is forced after asking her mother to take her cousin Jacob as a date. Paris is able to keep it a secret for at least half the dance, until Jacob asks Rory if he could have her phone number and reveals his bloodline connection to Rory's rival. Though Rory doesn't say anything, Paris ends up jumping to conclusions and yells at Rory in front of all at the Formal in attendance, angered that Rory would divulge such secret information. However Rory had said nothing, and Paris unwittingly revealed her own secret.

Paris's parents then went through a nasty, messy divorce that was the talk of Chilton with many tabloid-like rumors of affairs and plastic surgery flying through the gossip mill, and despite her exceptional success at school, Paris' self-esteem suffered as her home was torn apart with Mrs. Geller replacing all reminders of her husband, and pushing Paris to bring up her self-esteem, be less introverted, and use makeup and topical medications to hide blemishes.

During this same period, she caught Max Medina, her literature teacher, passionately kissing Rory's mother Lorelai, and spread the gossip to assert herself over Rory and to take the heat off the negative attention she was receiving in the wake of the divorce. After Rory confronts Paris and asks her to explain why she's treating her the way she is when she was nothing but nice to Paris, she reveals some sorrow and guilt over spreading the news and speaks out about how the divorce has affected her. Knowing the girl was in a tough position, Rory tells Paris that if she needs help with anything, she can come to her and talk about anything she might need to.

The girls are then put together for a project in a government class (along with Madeline and Louise), and the four decide to use Rory's home in Stars Hollow as a meeting place for the project, which just happens to be at the same time Lorelai is organizing the town's rummage sale, filling the house with assorted clothes and merchandise. Madeline and Louise seem to want to befriend Rory and are yelled at several times by Paris to keep working, but keep going back to talking about Rory's relationship with Dean, annoying Paris to no end. Later, Lorelai gets an idea upon seeing Rory, Madeline and Louise bond, and invites all four girls to a Bangles concert in Manhattan. Paris declines to go, but is talked into it by her friends, and surprisingly enjoys the music and the band, and then enjoys the unwanted attention Madeline and Louise end up with after sneaking off with some boys to a party nearby, watching as Lorelai becomes authoritarian and lets it known that she won't allow any trouble around Rory. After all of this, she tells Rory that the evening was the best night of her life.

Slowly Paris and Rory become friendly toward each other, and Rory tries to help out the girl by asking Tristan to take her out on a date, then help her dress for it. The date seems to be a success, but Tristan remains focused on wanting Rory, and unwittingly reveals that Rory asked him to ask Paris out. She takes offense to this, and again they become distant, Tristan getting in the way of their friendship to the point where he spreads word at the end of the school year that he would take Rory to a PJ Harvey concert. Seemingly, this is the last straw for Paris, and she cuts Rory fully out of her peer circle, using her new power as editor of The Franklin, the school's newspaper to prevent the younger Gilmore from any advancement in position, assigning her to do a menial report about a parking lot paving project to start her Franklin career.

Season 2
Eventually, Paris and Rory realize that they work better together than apart, and after a few more underhanded moves to annoy Rory away from her, Paris eventually accepts her as a friend and an unsaid co-editor on The Franklin. Also helping is the departure of Tristan for military school in North Carolina after he gets into trouble and falls in with a bad clique in the school over the summer, which culminates in a failed robbery of a safe belonging to the father of one of his new friends. As his departure took place mere moments from a performance of the last act of Romeo and Juliet Paris was producing, in which Tristan was to play Romeo and Rory, Juliet, Paris had to step in at the last second to don a male wig and portray Romeo.

After being encouraged to be more social, Rory then found herself about to get into one of Chilton's most prestigious sororities, The Puffs, which was led by one of Paris' rivals, Francine Jarvis. Paris had always wanted to get into this club too, as it ensured many guarantees for when she got into Harvard (which involved a show-created history where Sandra Day O'Connor was a member), and she asks Rory to put in a good word. Her plan works, and both girls find themselves about to be initiated into the Puffs (which involved a late-night burglary into Headmaster Charleston's office to ring a bell), when Charleston walked into his office with security mid-initiation, hastening the end of the Puffs.

Paris continues to allow her to be a friend, through many grade panics and frets through the rest of the season. She also finds Rory teasing her by not revealing her PSAT grade, which annoyed her to no end. She also ends up visiting Stars Hollow several times throughout the year, first as a guest at a holiday dinner at the Independence Inn which she enjoyed despite what she thought were anachronisms, trying to score a story for the Franklin about the town's supposedly hidden dark side (at least until Kirk curtains off every non-G-rated movie in the town's video store behind a Rory Curtain, which Paris immediately jumps on for a story), and in a grade panic.

With the departure of Tristan, there was no boy for Paris to be attracted to, and except for teasing a nerdy boy who got on her nerves sometimes (Brad Langford), she focused on her studies and building her college admissions chances. She also made a successful run for student body president in her senior year with Rory as her vice president towards the end of the season, and their reward is a two-month trip to Washington, DC for a Junior Leadership program.

Season 3
The third season begins towards the end of the Washington trip, with Rory and Paris as roommates and becoming very close. Paris is revealed to be a sleep talker in slumber, having dreams aloud about Woodward and Bernstein of Watergate and Washington Post fame, then dreaming of herself as Bill Clinton during his denial of having an affair with Monica Lewinsky.

She finds romance at the conference with a boy named Jamie (Brandon Barash), who was often a partner with her in debates through the summer and took a liking to her assertive and commanding personality. This is proven as she tries to engage Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) in a debate, only to be passed onto a confused Rep. Doug Ose (R-CA) during a farewell luncheon.

During the same luncheon, Jamie asks her to have dinner with him to celebrate, and she subconsciously accepts. Upon realizing that she has an actual date, Paris receives help from Rory while preparing.

She later tries to hide the relationship from the gossip-happy circles of Chilton, and swears Rory to silence so she can date in peace. Rory, however, is forced to become a puppet to Paris' long-time rival in school and senior class president, Francine Jarvis. Francine had a vendetta against the two, thinking them the ones who had sabotaged the Puffs.

Rory finds herself accidentally divulging Paris's dating status during a secret meeting with Francine. The set up for the secret meeting between Rory and Francine and the subsequent disclosure to Paris is remarkably similar to one of the plot lines in the 1981 movie, Absence of Malice starring Paul Newman and Sally Field. When Paris discovers that her relationship to Jamie has been made public, she confronts Rory in a ferocious fencing match during gym class. Feeling betrayed by Rory's revelation (whom by this point, Paris considered her best friend), the two are divided once again.

Paris' family tradition was Harvard University (five generations according to her), and she had a complete meltdown on C-SPAN while she was supposed to be helping Rory deliver a co-written speech for the Chilton Bicentennial celebration in the wake of receiving a rejection letter from Harvard and losing her virginity to Jamie a few days earlier. Days before, Paris had told Rory first about her having sex, and the two reconciled, just in time as Rory was able to convince Paris that not getting into her dream college wasn't the end of the world. Rory, too, had intended to go to Harvard, but her infamous pro/con list came down on the side of Yale, partly because of Paris' rejection from the school, but mostly from the Gilmore family's Yale tradition.

Rory would outrank Paris as valedictorian and Brad Langford (Adam Wylie) outranked her as salutatorian for Chilton's Class of 2003. Nanny and the rest of her family would see Paris walk down the aisle to receive her diploma, and though Paris joked that Rory would see bad luck in order to numb the fact she wasn't first in her class, she eventually accepted the fact.

Season 4
Rory walks into her Durfee Hall dormitory, surprised to find that not only has Paris decided to attend the school, but that Paris had her father exert his influence with the room assignments so that Paris and Rory would share a dorm. In their freshmen year they would share this room with two other girls, cross-country runner Janet Billings (Katie Walder) and Tana Schrick (Olivia Hack), a sixteen-year-old child prodigy. She also hires a life coach named Terrence to deal with her emotions when her nanny can no longer take care of her, and takes up arts and crafts in an attempt to deal with her anger issues through calm activities.

She ends her relationship suddenly and coldly with Jamie in the middle of her Yale freshman year, after commencing an affair with Professor Asher Fleming (Michael York) shortly after the Harvard-Yale Game. Professor Fleming was a sixty-year-old Yale literature professor and writer who was notorious for having flings and affairs with much younger women and was also a classmate of Rory's grandfather, Richard.

Paris also experiences spring break with Rory on an impromptu trip to Florida caused by awful weather conditions and drenching rain in New Haven. The two girls bonded even closer, with Paris paying for the whole trip and their odd way of spending a vacation that involved watching a marathon of the PBS miniseries The Power of Myth in their hotel room with pizza and assorted junk food. Paris still finds herself bored, however, and learning that Madeline and Louise (coincidentally in the same resort on their spring break) kiss each other to draw attention prompts her to kiss Rory square on the mouth, not only to show she can be wild, but to have Rory gauge her kissing style. Rory wouldn't elaborate, only saying that Paris was not her type.

She would become closer to Asher and fall in love with him despite Rory's frowning upon the relationship; still Rory helped her hide the relationship all year from the public.

Season 5
Professor Fleming dies of a heart attack while he and Paris are at Oxford University over the summer. Being his last lover, Paris ends up becoming the executor of his estate, much to chagrin of the Fleming family, who clash with her at every opportunity. She would acquire a large antique printing press as her inheritance from him, and for a while displayed it in the common area of her dorm room.

In their sophomore year at Yale, Paris and Rory would share a dorm alone together, causing much discomfort for them both when either one of their boyfriends were present and they wanted individual privacy. In the middle of the fifth season, Paris started dating Doyle (Danny Strong), editor of the Yale Daily News after attempting speed dating and finding herself wanting more to talk to Doyle than the men at the event (Paris dismisses one of them upon hearing his first line of "Well I'm a drama major", by saying "Ding, ding, ding!!" to imitate the bell that ends a speed date). They would end up having sex hours later and start a relationship fraught with neurotic tendencies and competitiveness on both sides, but still love and mutual respect for one another.

Season 6
Paris finds herself struggling upon the start of her junior year, due to her parents fleeing the country because of the IRS pursuing them on tax fraud and tax evasion charges, exhausting all of her funds except for those in her trust fund and her Yale tuition. This forces her to help Rory out by taking a job with a DAR event where she was a server and having to take small loans from her friend.

Rory later drops out of Yale due to personal frustrations. Afterward, an upset Paris goes to Lorelai for comfort several times throughout the summer, much to the derision of the Dragonfly Inn's staff, who consider her bossy and demanding. Lorelai continues to show sympathy for Paris, despite her intensity.

When Rory finally goes back to Yale, Paris shows indifference to the happy news of her friend getting back to her old, competitive self, knowing Rory would have eventually realized how much she missed school and how it would make her dreams come true, along with proving Logan's father wrong.

In the meantime, Paris becomes editor of the Yale Daily News, in preparation for Doyle's graduation, immediately instituting a quieter and less chaotic newsroom. The staff ends up resenting Paris's leadership and insists that Rory does something about her. Because of this grinding management style, the newspaper nearly misses a publication date, only making it to the press with a last-minute push by Rory to get it into the printer on time. In the end, the staff mutinies against Paris's behavior and chooses Rory as their new editor, ousting Paris.

Paris and her boyfriend Doyle move into an apartment building in a more urban part of New Haven at the start of the semester, and eventually let Rory live with them. Paris takes measures to protect herself, including several door locks and chains on her apartment door, burglar alarms, and Krav Maga self-defense classes. When Paris hears that she had been ousted and replaced by Rory as Editor, she throws out all of Rory's belongings in an act of spite, forcing Rory to move in with Logan. After a few weeks, Paris returns to the Daily News, feeling defeated and down. Rory sympathizes with her, and suggests that Paris turn an article she was writing into a week-long series.

When Rory learns that Logan has cheated on her, she leaves him and moves back in with Paris. Doyle moves out following a break-up with Paris, and the girls make up while enjoying television and Chinese food. They reconcile with their boyfriends in the following episode.

Season 7
The final season of the series starts with Paris using the Daily News office for the summer to run her own test preparation service, called "The Paris Geller Yale Review", to help students pass standardized and admissions exams, like the services provided by The Princeton Review and Kaplan, because she wants to cut out the middleman and collect the fees that would have otherwise gone to the company itself.

She offers a position to Rory, who eventually takes on a student, and then they discuss Logan in London, with Paris warning he might stray without Rory nearby, going from past experience with Jamie and Logan's past with Rory.

As the last semester of Yale begins, Paris begins to push Rory to take several opportunities for grants, interviews and other things of interest with her outside of their given fields under the banner Operation Finish Line (referring to graduation), such as oceanography and a Goldman Sachs interview in order to add extra experiences to each of their resumes. Again, Paris uses a whiteboard system to keep track of these various items for both her and Rory. She also took up yoga with Doyle in pursuit of adding to her life experiences, surprisingly enjoying it in the end. Later, she was annoyed when Logan, disassociated from his father's business interests and as a result lost his apartment, moved in without prior notice.

After receiving a windfall of acceptance letters from both law and medical schools, Paris agonizes over the decision of which profession to choose, much less which school. She breaks up with Doyle because she is afraid to make a decision based on a relationship, but he insists that he will follow her, wherever Paris decides to go.

Paris decides to attend Harvard Medical School, and then tours India with Doyle over the summer. At graduation, she tells Rory she'll miss her, although Rory again notes no matter what, Paris always finds a way to get back into her life. She then tells her best friend that she'll go on to do great things, and both of them embrace in a hug a little tight at Rory's end. Paris and Rory then graduate from Yale.

A Year in the Life
In the revival, it was revealed that she went into reproductive medicine, running a successful surrogacy/fertility clinic in New York known as Dynasty Makers, which Lorelai and Luke visit while considering having a child of their own. She has two children of her own with Doyle; a girl, Gabriela, and a boy, Timóteo (likely named for the Brazilian city), though she is in the middle of a separation with Doyle (who has become a successful Hollywood screenwriter) over the course of her arc. She also still holds her crush on Tristan Dugrey, and upon seeing him from afar during a student day in Chilton, lashes out about not meeting the expectations of others. In an argument with Francine Jarvis a few moments later, it is revealed that she additionally passed the bar and has a law practice license, is an expert on classical architecture, and may also be a certified dental technician. She remains close to Rory, who occasionally rooms with her.

Critical reception
Paris has received a generally positive critical reception, with many critics feeling that she is most developed during the show's early seasons. Several writers have identified ambition as the core of Paris's character, noting that this creates a good deal of her wit, her resilience, and her eventual vulnerability as she bonds with others.

In an article for Vulture, writer Jackson McHenry noted, "With Paris, Gilmore Girls insisted that ambitious women are compelling in their very ambition." He described the character's struggles as "hilarious to watch", and declared that, in more dramatic scenes, "Paris tends to emerge from her challenges even stronger." While comparing Paris to Rory, Keely Flaherty of BuzzFeed felt that Paris's tribulations made her "a far more relatable heroine for the masses." Saba Hamedy of Mashable also found Paris's difficulties relatable, labeling the character "as real as it gets," and declaring her "the true heroine of Gilmore Girls."

Due to her competitive nature, Paris initially feels antipathy toward Rory, whom she eventually comes to respect and befriend. Both characters develop as a result of this bond, particularly Paris, who reveals a gentler, more vulnerable side around Rory. A review for Autostraddle.com noted, "As the seasons progressed, it became clear how much they actually needed each other to grow and become the strong women they were [supposed] to be. Rory needed to grow a backbone and Paris needed to view the world as something other than a big test you either fail or ace."

Critical reviews typically claim that Paris is less developed in the later seasons, during which her scenes become briefer and centered on the school newspaper. In a commentary for Deadspin, Hannah Keyser noted that Paris was most humanized "early in the show". Reviews from Vulture and Bustle have stated that Season 3 contains Paris's best material, citing her disappointments, resilience, and friendship with Rory, while Vanity Fair claimed that Season 4 features "grade-A Paris". While commenting on the character's later appearances, Keyser stated, "Sherman-Palladino, it seems, is about as interested in the non-Gilmores of fictional New England as the titular ladies themselves are—which is to say: not very."

Some critics chastised the producers for continually having Rory succeed where Paris fails, calling these developments unrealistic. Others have criticized the spin-off for making Tristan a source of Paris's distress during its second episode. In a review for Vogue, Patricia Garcia declared, "Paris Geller wouldn't even remember Tristan's name, much less still care about him." Kaitlyn Tiffany of The Verge concurred, noting, "Paris is 32 and wildly successful, and her crush, Tristan, was in seven episodes, max." Additionally, certain reviewers believe that Paris represents a closeted lesbian, with some chastising the writers for not presenting her as openly gay. Molly McGowan of Rogues Portal felt that Rory and Paris were "obviously" in love at various points of the series.

In a retrospective commentary, Brooke Camarda of Her Campus discussed Paris's determination, along with the layers it creates, stating, "Ambitious, painstaking, and brilliantly self-assured, Paris is the true MVP of the Gilmore Girls series."

Comparisons to real politicians
Numerous journalists have drawn comparisons between Paris and the candidates of the 2016 United States presidential election, with most citing a scene from the 2002 second-season finale of Gilmore Girls. During the episode, Paris runs for Student Body President and learns that many voters consider her the most qualified candidate, but are hesitant to elect her for personal reasons. Several members of the media felt that this story paralleled Democrat Hillary Clinton's situation during the 2016 race.

In 2017, Samantha Bee compared then-President Donald Trump to Paris Geller on an episode of TBS's Full Frontal, accusing him of showing favoritism in staffing choices. The Huffington Post responded, "We're not sure Paris ― who on the surface seemed pretentious, but was actually strong and caring ― would appreciate the comparison."

LGBT following
Paris is a fan-favorite character among the LGBT community and writers who have covered related topics, several of whom have wished to see her portrayed as a lesbian. Many writers note that she rarely has a long-term boyfriend, and affirm that her driven personality and powerful stature would represent the gay community well in a prominent work of fiction. In a review for AfterEllen, Trish Bendix stated, "Seriously, everything about Paris Geller is perfect. I love her. I want her to follow me around and yell at me about how stupid I am and how she could do everything better than I'm doing it and [then] have her angrily make out with me." Following the premiere of A Year in the Life, in which Paris undergoes a distinctive change in appearance, Autostraddle declared that the character had become "a queer icon." Reviewers from BuzzFeed concurred, calling Paris their "ultimate queer crush." Loco Mag labeled Paris "the most obvious choice for 'revival lesbian'." A review from The Niche noted, "Paris is far and away the most vivid, fully rendered, and realistic depiction of a lesbian that I have ever seen in any fictional medium," but declared that the show-runners "were actively trying not to portray Paris as a lesbian." Many writers have also expressed a specific interest in a romantic bond between Paris and Rory.

In a 2016 interview, series creator Amy Sherman-Palladino revealed that the WB network did not allow her to depict characters as gay when the show premiered.

Relationship with Rory Gilmore
Paris's most prominent relationship is with Rory, who is initially her rival before the two grow closer. Peggy Truong of Cosmopolitan declared that Paris was Rory's "true constant" in the series. Shirley Li of The Atlantic wrote an extensive commentary on the girls' friendship. Writers have also shown interest in a potential romantic relationship between the characters. The romance novel Tell Me How You Really Feel, by Aminah Mae Safi, was partly inspired by Paris's bond with Rory. In 2016, Cassie Sheets wrote an article for Pride.com titled "10 TV Gal Pals Who Should've Been More Than Friends", listing Paris and Rory at number 1. Daniel Mallory Ortberg of The Toast posted a detailed article on their potential as lovers, while BuzzFeed's Cassie Smyth called their bond "the greatest romance of the 21st century." Following the announcement of A Year in the Life, several journalists called for the creators to finally give Rory and Paris a committed romance.

title: Paris Geller


text:
Information professional

An information professional or information specialist is someone who collects, records, organises, stores, preserves, retrieves, and disseminates printed or digital information. The service delivered to the client is known as an information service.

The versatile term "information professional" is used to describe similar and sometimes overlapping professions, such as librarians, archivists, information managers, information systems specialists, information scientists, records managers, and information consultants,  but terminology differs among sources and organisations. Information professionals work in a variety of private, public, and academic institutions, or independently.

Skills
Since the term information professional is broad, the skills required for this profession are also varied. A Gartner report in 2011 pointed out that "Professional roles focused on information management will be different to that of established IT roles. An 'information professional' will not be one type of role or skill set, but will in fact have a number of specializations". Thus, an information professional can possess a variety of different skills, depending on the sector in which the person is employed.

Some essential cross-sector skills are:
 * IT skills, such as word-processing and spreadsheets, digitisation skills, and conducting Internet searches, together with skills loan systems, databases, content management systems, and specially designed programmes and packages.
 * Customer service. An information professional should have the ability to address the information needs of customers.
 * Language proficiency. This is essential in order to manage the information at hand and deal with customer needs.
 * Soft skills. These include skills such as negotiating, conflict resolution, and time management.
 * Management training. An information professional should be familiar with notions such as strategic planning and project management.

Moreover, an information professional should be skilled in planning and using relevant systems, in capturing and securing information, and in accessing it to deliver service whenever the information is required.

Associations
Most countries have a professional association who oversee the professional and academic standards of librarians and other information professionals. There are also international associations related to LIS (library and information science), the most prominent of which is the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). In many countries, LIS courses are accredited by the relevant professional association, as the American Library Association (ALA) in the USA, the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) in the UK, and the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) in Australia.

Qualifications
Educational institutions around the world offer academic degrees, or degrees on related subjects such as Archival Studies, Information Systems, Information Management, and Records Management. Some of the institutions offering information science education refer to themselves as an iSchool, such as the CiSAP (Consortium of iSchools Asia Pacific, founded 2006 ) in Asia and the iSchool Caucus in the USA. There are also online e-learning resources, some of which offer certification for information professionals.

Africa
Information development in Africa started later than in other continents, mainly due to a lack of internet access, expertise and resources to manage digital infrastructure, and "opportunities for capacity development and knowledge-sharing".

Nowadays, academic degrees in information studies are available at many universities of African countries, such as the University of Pretoria (South Africa), University of Nairobi (Kenya), Makerere University (Uganda), University of Botswana (Botswana), and University of Nigeria (Nigeria).

Asia
LIS-related studies are available in more than 30 Asian countries. Some examples listed by iSchools Inc. are the University of Hong Kong, University of Tsukuba, Japan, Yonsei University, South Korea, National Taiwan University and Wuhan University, China.

Australasia
The Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) lists six schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate accredited university courses for "Librarian and Information Specialists" on their website.

In New Zealand, the Open Polytechnic of New Zealand and the Victoria University of Wellington offer undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses for information professionals.

Europe
The majority of European countries have universities, colleges, or schools which offer bachelor's degrees in LIS studies. Over 40 universities offer master's degrees in LIS-related fields, and many institutions, such as the Swedish School of Library and Information Science at the University of Borås (Sweden), the University of Barcelona (Spain), Loughborough University (UK), and Aberystwyth University (Wales, UK) also offer PhD degrees.

North America
Information studies and degrees are available at numerous academic institutions throughout the U.S. and Canada. U.S. professional associations, together with their European counterparts, have undertaken many educational initiatives and pioneered many advances in the field of Information studies, such as increased interdisciplinarity and more effective delivery of distance learning. The Association for Intelligent Information Management, based in Silver Spring, Maryland, offers a qualification called Certified Information Professional (CIP), earned upon passing an examination, with certification remaining valid for three years.

South America
There are many schools and colleges in Latin America, which offer courses in Library Science, Archival Studies, and Information Studies, however these subjects are taught completely separately.

title: Information professional


text:
Talk:Ezetimibe/simvastatin

My question is about the possible side effects. I started taking Vytorin a couple of weeks ago. Within a short period I noticed an increase in the volume of my tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and a seemingly increased problem hearing. I have had the tinnitus for many years and had learned to cope with it but, it has increased a good deal. Has anyone else had a similar experience. My email is daviswd@charter.net.

My question is regarding stopping the drug. After 2 months of taking vitorin everything looks wonderful. What happens if I stop taking? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.15.136.26 (talk • contribs) 20:49, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Has no perminant effects, so if discontinued then the cholesterol/lipid profile reverts back to its pre-treatment level. For the benefits of reduced cholesterol, this, like all other lipid therapies, needs to be continued indefinitely.David Ruben Talk 17:47, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Ezetimibe/simvastatin and psoriasis
My mother has recently prescribed Ezetimibe/simvastatin and has noticed a flair up of her psoriasis I am hoping that some one may be able to through some light on this for me. My mother is 75 and is suffering from this infliction would love to be able to help her:) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.254.80.4 (talk • contribs) 14:20, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a forum nor somewhere to seek medical advice. Suggest she asks her doctor. For research see if anything under "psoriasis simvastatin" and "psoriasis ezetimibe" search strings on searching PubMed, for which go to this search page.David Ruben Talk 14:00, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

changes regarding statement on the IMPROVE-IT trial
Vytorin is currently undergoing drug trials on patients with extremely high cardiovascular risk who have been in hospital with cardiac problems in the past 10 days. It is not being tested on the lower risk patients with raised cholesterol even though these represent the overwhelming majority of patients said to benefit from this kind of therapy

I am going to move this to its own section, as it does not belong under contraindications...

Also, I am revising this statement to reflect a more neutral POV.

Some background info: It is true that the IMPROVE-IT trial (which this statement presumably refers to) is testing the drug on patients who have been stabilized for an acute coronary syndrome, and are therefore high-risk. However, I would not say that these subjects represent an overwhelming minority of Vytorin's target base. The "lower risk" patients that this Wikier refers to are not as low risk as they seem, and there is abundant clinical evidence as well as pathogenetic plausibility to support that assessment. While I agree that a trial involving patients without a history of an ACS event would be ideal, I believe that the evidence strongly suggests that the disparity between the risk profiles of the study subjects and the drug's target audience is exaggerated by the above statement.

Additionally the 10-day enrollment period is largely irrelevant to the study's conclusions; the IMPROVE-IT trial design calls for a follow-up period of 30 months. This needs to be clarified.

--shrimppesto (talk) 07:05, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

"Depression" link is invalid
The linked ref for the "depression" side effect points to money.cnn.com, which seems odd. In any case, the page is 404. If depression is an actual side effect, there should be other links available that do not lead to a money site. --Captain Infinity (talk) 18:26, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Price
The price of vytorin has been an issue.

""On average, consumers pay $3.00 per pill for Vytorin compared to a third of that for the six other generic statin drugs on the market. Statins, the world's top-selling class of drugs, are routinely and heavily prescribed to lower 'bad' (LDP-low density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Co-manufactured by Merck and Schering-Plough, Vytorin is a composite of Zetia and Zocor, and its excessive price was justified by marketing claims that Vytorin is the best help for lowering cholesterol by blocking its absorption through food. What the pharmaceutical companies hid from the public was a two-year old report that proved the contrary.""

- Vytorin - A Costly Risk 2008

By 2008 it was alleged that Merck and Schering-Plough were being sued in the United States for "fraudulent marketing." According to this 2008 article, a "class action suit was launched in Florida in January 2008 demanding that Merck and Schering-Plough reimburse the proceeds of sales that topped $5 billion last year, paid for mostly by Medicaid, Medicare, private insurance and the taxpayer."

Forbes article 2014
In a 2014 Forbes article Herper described how Zetia and Vytorin from Merck since 2002, had been called expensive placebos by a top cardiologist. By 2014 there were 20 million or more Americans taking cholesterol-lowering drugs taken by 20 million or more Americans.

title: Talk:Ezetimibe/simvastatin


text:
File:Kafar3.jpg

Summary
from the Spanish wikipedia for the translation of the week "Capernaum"

title: File:Kafar3.jpg


text: User talk:195.56.229.232

title: User talk:195.56.229.232


text:
RedCLARA

RedCLARA: the Latin American space for collaboration and development in education, science and innovation

CLARA (Latin American Advanced Networks Cooperation in English, Cooperación Latino Americana de Redes Avanzadas, in Spanish, the native language of the institution, and Cooperação Latino-Americana de Redes Avançadas in Portuguese) is an international organization whose aim is to connect Latin America's Research and Education Networks (NRENs), that manages RedCLARA, the network.

Since year 2004 RedCLARA  provides regional interconnection and connection to the world through its links to GÉANT (pan-European advanced network) and to  Internet2 (United States) and, through them, to Africa's advanced networks (UbuntuNet Alliance, WACREN, ASREN), Asia (APAN, TEIN, CAREN) and Oceania (AARNET), among others. Thus, the largest academic community in Latin America has been formed, which is actively connected in order to work on multiple projects with international peers.

RedCLARA is a non-profit International Law Organisation, whose legal existence is dated on 23 December 2003, when it was acknowledged as such by the legislation of Uruguay.

RedCLARA develops and operates the only Latin-American advanced Internet network. Established for regional interconnection and linked to GÉANT2 (pan European advanced network) in 2004 via the ALICE Project (which –until March 2008- was co-funded by the European Commission through its @LIS Programme), RedCLARA provides regional interconnection and connection to the world through its international links to GÉANT and Internet2 (USA). Thanks to the ALICE2 Project, between December 2008 and March 2012, RedCLARA could significantly improve the capacity of its network and expand its benefits for its members and regional research communities.

Thanks to the EU funded BELLA Programme, from 2017 to 2022, RedCLARA could establish a direct link to GÉANT, connecting for the first time Europe and Latin America through the EllaLink submarine cable in September 2021, that was complemented by the upgrade of RedCLARA's South American portion of its backbone.

RedCLARA is constituted by 13 Latin American countries and its Assembly –where each country has representative- meets every six months to define courses of action and the policies to be implemented.

title: RedCLARA


text: User talk:71.96.64.177

title: User talk:71.96.64.177


text:
Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam

Kinondoni District, officially the Kinondoni Municipal Council (Halimashauri ya Manispaa ya Kinondoni, in Swahili) is one of five districts of the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The district is bordered to the north by Bagamoyo District and Kibaha of Pwani Region, to the east by the Indian Ocean, the west by Ubungo District, and to the south by the Ilala District. The district covers an area of 269.5 km2. The district is comparable in size to the land area of Malta. The administrative seat is Ndugumbi. The district is home to one of the best preserved Medieval Swahili settlements, Kunduchi Ruins, headquarters for the National Muslim Council of Tanzania (BAKWATA) and Makumbusho Village Museum. Considered the cultural center of Dar es Salaam, Kinondoni District is also regarded the birthplace of the musical genre of Singeli. In addition the district is one of two districts in Dar es Salaam that has a National Historic Site, namely the Kunduchi Ruins.The 2012 National Tanzania Census states the population for Kinondoni as 1,775,049.

Administration
Twenty (20) wards and 106 sub-wards make up the Kinondoni Municipal Council. Kawe and Kinondoni are the two electoral districts that make up the Municipal. The Full Council, which oversees municipal affairs, is made up of 34 members, including 20 councilors who are chosen from each ward, two Members of Parliament (MPs), six women who hold special seats, and six presidential appointees. The Kinondoni Municipal Council has grown to employ 4,161 people in total.

Wards
Below is a list of the wards in Kinondoni District:

 * 1) Bunju
 * 2) Hananasif
 * 3) Kawe
 * 4) Kigogo
 * 5) Kijitonyama
 * 6) Kinondoni
 * 7) Kunduchi
 * 8) Mabwepande
 * 9) Magomeni
 * 10) Makongo
 * 11) Makumbusho
 * 12) Mbezi Juu
 * 13) Mbweni
 * 14) Mikocheni
 * 15) Msasani
 * 16) Mwananyamala
 * 17) Mzimuni
 * 18) Ndugumbi
 * 19) Tandale
 * 20) Wazo

Climate
Climate-wise, Kinondoni Municipality has a tropical equatorial climate. The district is typically warm and humid with an annual average temperature of 29 °C. The drier months of October through March are the warmest, whereas May through August are comparatively moderate with temperatures about 25 °C. There are two distinct rainy seasons: a brief period from October to December and a longer one from March to May. 1,300 mm of rain falls annually on average. In the mornings, there is about 96% humidity, while in the afternoons, 67%. The southwest monsoon winds, which blow from April to October, and the northeast monsoon winds, which blow from November to March, both have an impact on the overall climate.

Topography
dunes and tidal wetlands make up the shorelines closest to the Indian Ocean. Hills in Kinondoni have unconsolidated clay bond sands, well-drained slopes, and weathered slopes. There are also sporadic outcrops of elevated coral limestone, especially around the Wazo and Kunduchi areas. At Kawe, a limestone coastal plain rises in the north before descending to a distance of eight kilometers at the Mpiji River. Clay soils, zero gradient, and numerous small lakes and ponds are present across this landform, which hinders natural drainage. River valleys cut the coastal plain into a succession of steep-sided U-shaped valleys that end in cracks and mangrove swamps before reaching the Indian Ocean. Silt Clay soils that are laden with clay materials typically have poor drainage and are found in valleys. Rivers in Kinondoni District include the Mbezi, Tegeta, Nyakasangwe and Mpiji Rivers. Islands in Kigamboni Include Mbudya Island, Pangavini Island, Fungu Yasini Island and Bongoyo Island which are part of the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve.

Both natural and man-made forests exist in Kinondoni. Old-growth forests consists of lowland vegetation with sporadic dominant trees, bushes, tall grasses, and mangrove forests, particularly near the shore and river estuaries, whereas man-made forests are composed of trees that have been planted by the National forest department and are overseen by Kinondoni ward governments. The Pande Forest in Mabwepade ward, which has 3,030 acres of land and was first designated as a forest reserve in the 1960s, is located about 15 kilometers off the Bagamoyo Road. In the 1990s, the area was renamed the Pande Game Reserve to accommodate several species of wild animals, including key species like Blue-naped mousebird and the endemic Rondo dwarf galago.

Roads
The Kinondoni Municipal Council is responsible for maintaining 1,510.22 km of roads, of which 143.26 km are asphalt, 378.49 km are gravel, and 988.47 km are earth roads. There is currently 110,000 meters worth of storm water drains in the network as it stands.

Water
Residents of Kinondoni receive their water primarily from the Lower and Upper Ruvu, which are overseen by the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA).81% of the water used daily comes from DAWASA systems, with the other 45% coming from deep wells that are both privately and collectively owned. The water scheme owned by the municipality and run by the water committee and community-owned water supply organizations (COWSOs) in Kinondoni Municipal Council has 123 boreholes, and 366 water points, and involves approximately 400 privately owned boreholes.

According to Water Policy (2012), only 81% of the estimated 1,134,211 residents of Kinondoni Municipality have direct access to clean and safe water within 400 meters, while the remaining 19% have no direct access.

Sanitation
According to the 2018 solid waste generation predictions, Kinondoni municipality is anticipated to generate roughly 1,223.6 tons of garbage per day or 446,614 tonnes per year. Currently, the Municipal Council and the private sectors handle solid waste transportation. The municipal council has about ten trucks for moving solid trash from various municipal locations to the current disposal site, which is located about 35 kilometers from Kinondoni's center and requires a round-trip distance of about 70 kilometers. Contractors, community organizations, and non-profits are among the private sector entities that possess additional trucks.

Between 1948 and 1950, most of Dar es Salaam's public sewage facilities were built. The sole sewer system built after independence (1961) was the Mikocheni sewer system, which was built in 1976. Due to poor construction, the Mikocheni public sewer is likewise in bad condition. Typically, Dar es Salaam's public sewer is older than 48 years. 7% of the people in Dar es Salaam have access to these sewers. The remaining residents (93%) use on-site sanitation facilities such as pit latrines and septic tank systems. The Kinondoni Municipal Council and the commercial sector both provide cesspit emptying services.

Agriculture
Kinondoni being one of the most urbanized districts in the country, only 0.18% of the total yearly food requirement is met by the 466.74 tons of food crops that agriculture produces for the Municipality. The actual amount of food consumed is 255,064.38 tons, but there are no food shortages because food crops are grown in areas outside of the Dar es Salaam Region like the Pwani Region, which is a major food production region. Kinondini does still have urban farmers that grow vegetables like matembele (Sweet potato leaves), spices, fruit, coconuts and ornamental plants for both food and income. The district is home to several local food markets, and even a school, the Malolo Agricultural Training Center.

Fishing
The Kinondoni Municipal Council has a coastline (including islands) that stretches along the Indian Ocean for around 143 kilometers. There are around 2,978 fishermen and 501 fishing boats in total. 3,995.86 tonnes of fish are thought to be caught annually. There are approximately six (6) landing sites, but only three of them—Msasani, Kunduchi, and Ununio—are protected. About six (6) Beach Management Units (BMUs) are present. Msasani, Kawe, Mbweni, Maputo, Kunduchi, and Ununio are among them. Additionally, the Municipality is home to around seven fishing associations in Msasani, Kunduchi, Kawe Ununio, and Mbweni.

There are about 60 fish ponds here. Freshwater fish like Oreochromis Niloticus and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) are the two most often farmed fish species. There are roughly 120 fish butchers spread throughout Kinondoni's many neighborhoods. 22 fisheries stakeholders are additionally involved in the export and import of fisheries goods. The most frequently imported species include tilapia and catfish, and the most often exported species include octopus, squid, and crustaceans (crabs, prawns, and lobsters).

Industry and trade
The National Bank of Commerce (NBC), National Micro Finance Bank (NMB), Tanzania Postal Bank, Akiba Commercial Bank, Access Bank, Azania Bank, and Efatha Bank Ltd. are the main financial institutions with services in the Municipality. Some loan facilities established by the Kinondoni Municipal Council are geared toward women and young people. These include the Women Development Funds (WDF), the Village Community Bank (VICOBA), and the Kinondoni Youth Employment Network for Urban Renewal (K-YEN-UR). Both individuals and groups are given the credits.

One of the Municipal Councils in the city draws a lot of immigrants from poorer regions like Mtwara Region and Kigoma Region who come to Kinondoni in quest of work and trading opportunities. Due to the lack of employment prospects, the majority of these people engage in petty trade, primarily with vendors of fresh and dry foods, secondhand clothing, bags, shoes, and produce. They operate outside the laws and health norms of the Kinondoni Municipal Council on the pavements of buildings along the sides of the road, as well as in unauthorized stalls and kiosks.

According to the Kinondoni Municipality's informal sector survey from 1995 to 1996, there were 325,869 persons working there. In 2000/2001, one out of every three households participated in an activity in the unofficial sector, compared to one out of every four households in 1990/1991. Additionally, it revealed that 61 percent of all households in metropolitan areas work in the informal sector, up from 42 percent in the years 1990–1991.

Tourism
The Pande Forest, which was designated a forest reserve in the 1950s, is one of the roughly 1,226.742 Hectares of natural vegetation in the Kinondoni local council. The location is 15 kilometers off Bagamoyo Road. In the 1990s, it was transformed into Pande Game Reserve. Numerous wild animal species, including monkeys, birds, and others, can be found in the forest. Numerous small towns, including Mpiji Magohe, Mpopo, Mabwepande, and Msumi, surround the forest. The mangrove forest surrounding the river estuaries and the beach of the Indian Ocean offers the city an ecology, and its greenery offers good scenery and tourist attractions like the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve's islands.

Population
The original inhabitants of Kinondoni District were the Zaramo and Ndengereko minority, but due to recent urbanization the district has become one of the most multi-ethnic in Tanzania. The 2002 Tanzanian National Census showed that the population of Kinondoni was 1,083,913. The census of 2012 showed that the population of Kinondoni was 1,775,049: 914,247 female and 860,802 male. There are 446,504 households in Kinondoni with an average of 4 people per household. In 2012, 2,896 people were living there per square kilometer. By 2018, that number is expected to rise to 3,881 per square kilometer. 68.3% of Tandale and Kigogo residents who make up 6% of the Municipal population overall are forced to live in unplanned areas. Mabwepande makes up 3% of the Municipal population, whereas Mbweni Ward has 1% of it.

Education
There are 161 pre-primary schools in Kinondoni Municipal Council, of which 78 are owned by the government and 83 by the private sector. Municipal also contains 163 primary schools, of which 79 are owned by the government and 84 by the private sector. From Pre-Primary to Primary Level, there are 86,672 students enrolled in all 77 Government Primary Schools, together with 1975 teachers. There are also 34,170 students enrolled in private schools.

There are currently 83 secondary schools in the Municipal Council, of which 26 are registered community secondary schools and 57 are privately operated. Additionally, by July 2019, the first form V will be enrolled in 2 out of 27 community schools and 20 out of 57 private secondary schools that are at an Advanced Level. 25 Community Secondary Schools combined had 25,305 students in grades I through IV and 944 teachers. 13,990 students in grades I through VI are enrolled in private schools, together with 2,116 teachers. The Open University of Tanzania, The Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, The International Medical and Technological University (IMTU), Tumaini University, Ardhi University and The EASTC are all located in Kinondoni.

Health
There are currently 188 health institutions in the council, 27 of which are held by the government. The other 161 are privately operated. The largest hospital is the Kinondoni Municipal Hospital in Mabwepande. Kunduchi and Wazo both have 3 public health centers making them have the most in the district. Magomeni, Makumbusho, and Kinondoni have no Public health centers as of 2018.

Arts, sports, film and culture
There are over 350 registered arts organizations, which include performing arts like choirs, jazz bands, brass bands, Bongo Flava, traditional dance, and drama as well as fine arts like handicraft, painting, and sculpture. There are approximately 98 film producers/dealers and everyone working in the film industry needs to apply for a permit from the Municipal Censorship Board, Regional Censorship Board, or Central Censorship Board.

There are five sports organizations and roughly 256 sports clubs. The majority of local clubs that participate in regular practice sessions, local matches, or competitions are football and jogging clubs. Favorite football teams include Green Warriors 94 kJ FC (First Division League), Ukwamani FC, Kumbukumbu FC, Red Coast FC, Mbudya FC, Bira FC, New Life FC, and Kijitonyama FC (Third Division League), as well as Kinondoni Municipal Council Football Club (KMC-FC), which has qualified to compete in Tanzania Vodacom Premier League 2018/19. The Kinondoni Football Association (KIFA), Kinondoni Netball Association (CHANEKI), Kinondoni Jogging Association (KIJA), Kinondoni District Basketball Association, and Kinondoni District Referees Association are the five sporting organizations.

Notable persons from Kinondoni District

 * Henry Rimisho, Architect
 * Diamond Platnumz, Musical artist grew up in Tandale ward.

title: Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam


text:
Cortinarius

Cortinarius is a globally distributed genus of mushrooms in the family Cortinariaceae. It is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing over 2,000 widespread species. A common feature among all species in the genus Cortinarius is that young specimens have a cortina (veil) between the cap and the stem, hence the name, meaning curtained. Most of the fibres of the cortina are ephemeral and will leave no trace once gone, except for limited remnants on the stem or cap edge in some species. All have a rusty brown spore print. The common names cortinar and webcap refer to members of the genus. Due to dangerous toxicity of several species (such as Cortinarius orellanus) and the fact that it is difficult to distinguish between various species of the genus, non-expert consumption of mushrooms from the genus is discouraged.

Distinguishing features
The veil protects the gills in younger specimens and usually disappears leaving little to no trace of itself as the mushroom grows. The spores of a Cortinarius mushroom are rust brown to brownish red in color. It is usually possible to identify a mushroom as being a member of the genus, but extremely difficult to positively identify the species as many of the species are nearly identical. All mushrooms in this genus form mycorrhizae.

Many mushrooms in the genus, for example Cortinarius sanguineus and other species in section Dermocybe, are colourful and are often used for dyeing.

Toxicity
Several mushrooms in the genus Cortinarius are poisonous, mainly because they cause acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Some are even lethal, such as Cortinarius rubellus and Cortinarius orellanus. Therefore, a common rule when it comes to mushrooms from this genus is that none of them should be eaten. Many Cortinarius varieties can be mistaken for other edible mushrooms (such as the Blewit mushroom) and should therefore be researched extensively before you consider ingesting a look-alike of this genus. However, some species—notably the giant of the genus, Cortinarius praestans and the gypsy mushroom (Cortinarius caperatus)—are edible and appreciated in several European countries.

The toxin in Cortinarius species, orellanine, is easy to detect because it is fluorescent. It has been found in at least 34 Cortinariaceae.

Classification
Molecular studies of members of the genus Rozites, including its most famous member R. caperata, have shown them nested within Cortinarius and have been sunk into this genus. This genus was erected on the basis of a double veil, yet its members do not form a discrete lineage and lie nested within Cortinarius. Hence the genus is no longer recognised.

Some consider the subgenus Dermocybe to have generic status. It does form a single lineage, but lies within Cortinarius so the consensus has been to sink it into the larger genus.

Selected species

 * Cortinarius austrovenetus - also known as Dermocybe austroveneta or green skin-head is an Australian fungus typical of the brightly coloured Dermocybe subgenus.
 * Cortinarius caperatus, the "gypsy mushroom", is an edible mushroom found in northern regions of Europe and North America.
 * Cortinarius orellanus and C. rubellus are two of the deadly webcaps found in Europe and North America.

title: Cortinarius


text:
Genji: Dawn of the Samurai

Genji (ゲンジ) (released as Genji: Dawn of the Samurai in the US) is a 2005 PlayStation 2 game, developed by Game Republic and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is loosely based on The Tale of the Heike. A sequel, Genji: Days of the Blade, was released for PlayStation 3.

Plot
The story follows the adventures of Minamoto Yoshitsune as he descends from his mountain retreat and eventually embraces a quest to defeat the Taira clan, thereby avenging his father. Early in his journey, he meets the Tamayoribito clan, led by Kiichi Hogen and his daughter Minazuru, who are the guardians of the Amahagane (天鋼) – stones of power that allow select individuals to release magical powers known as kamui (神威).

Gameplay
Gameplay is third-person combat, similar to what is found in the Dynasty Warriors series (produced by Koei) and Shinobi (produced by Sega). The player controls Yoshitsune or Benkei, and both characters are equipped with two basic attacks: Normal and Special. Yoshitsune is an archetypical fast and agile warrior, making up in speed what he lacks in strength. He is able to jump on small platforms (which, if jumped on by Benkei, would collapse). He wields two swords, and can double jump, and can use his sword to hang on ledges. Benkei is the more powerful but slower character, with greater range than Yoshitsune. He uses a large war club, which can also be used to destroy certain structures and heavy doors in the game. Players can improve their characters by collecting experience and leveling up or by using Essences of Amahagane. Yoshitsune and Benkei both have a number of kamui bars under their health bar, proportional to their amount of Amahagane collected. While in battle, the character's kamui bar stores power for the player to release devastating attacks.

Reception
The game received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it all four eights, for a total of 32 out of 40.

title: Genji: Dawn of the Samurai