text:
Tizanidine

Tizanidine, sold under the brand name Zanaflex among others, is an alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor agonist, similar to clonidine, that is used to treat muscle spasticity due to spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and spastic cerebral palsy. Effectiveness appears similar to baclofen or diazepam. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects of tizanidine include dry mouth, sleepiness, weakness, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, psychosis, and QT prolongation. It is unclear if use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is safe. It is an α2-adrenergic agonist, but how it works is not entirely clear.

Tizanidine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 89th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Tizanidine has been found to be as effective as other antispasmodic drugs and is more tolerable than baclofen and diazepam.

Side effects
Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, nervousness, confusion, hallucinations, strange dreams, depression, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, heartburn, increased muscle spasms, back pain, rash, sweating, and a tingling sensation in the arms, legs, hands, and feet.

Symptoms of overdose in 45 cases reported to a poison control center included: lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, agitation, confusion, vomiting and coma.

Interactions
Concomitant use of tizanidine and moderate or potent CYP1A2 inhibitors (such as zileuton, certain antiarrhythmics (amiodarone, mexiletine, propafenone, verapamil), cimetidine, famotidine, aciclovir, ticlopidine and oral contraceptives) is contraindicated. Concomitant use of tizanidine with fluvoxamine, a potent CYP1A2 inhibitor in humans, resulted in a 33-fold increase in the tizanidine AUC (plasma drug concentration-time curve). For this reason both fluvoxamine and tizanidine should not be taken at the same time. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin should also be avoided due to an increased serum concentration of tizanidine when administered concomitantly. Tizanidine has the potential to interact with other central nervous system depressants. Alcohol should be avoided, particularly as it can upset the stomach. The CNS-depressant effects of tizanidine and alcohol are additive. Caution with the following interactions:
 * antibiotics such as enoxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, trovafloxacin, or norfloxacin;
 * blood pressure medications such as clonidine, guanabenz, guanfacine (Tenex), or methyldopa;
 * heart rhythm medications such as amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone), mexiletine (Mexitil), propafenone (Rhythmol), and verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin).

Pharmacology
Tizanidine is an α2 receptor agonist closely related to clonidine. It has approximately one tenth to one fifteenth of the blood pressure lowering effect of clonidine. The relation between the α2 receptor agonism and the spasmolytic action is still not fully understood.

Route of administration
Tizanidine is available as a tablet or capsule. Capsules may be opened and sprinkled on food. However, this may change the absorption of the medication compared to taking the capsule whole. It has a volume of distribution of 2.4 L/kg following intravenous administration.

Chemistry
Tizanidine is a derivative of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and its first published synthesis was reported in a patent. The 5-chloro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-amine intermediate was a known compound, produced in three steps from 4-chlorophenylenediamine as shown. Treatment with two equivalents of thionyl chloride in pyridine formed the heterocycle, which was nitrated with sodium nitrate in sulfuric acid and reduced using iron and acetic acid.
 * Tizanidine synthesis US3843668.svg

The amine intermediate was treated with benzoyl chloride and ammonium thiocyanate followed by alkaline hydrolysis to form a thiourea. This was activated as its isothiuronium salt before being treated with ethylene diamine to give tizanidine.

title: Tizanidine


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 October 8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 October 8

Category:Towns in Sicily to Category:Cities in Sicily

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 06:08, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

In each category there are (relatively) big and small towns. Perhaps Category:Cities and towns in Sicily should be created? AKeen 22:35, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That is the standard policy for countries where no official distinction is made between cities and towns, but is that the case in Italy? There are separate categories for cities and towns for many parts of Italy, and unless the legal designations are different in Sicily from the other parts of the country, the same system should be used for the whole country. If there is an official distinction, but it is not being followed, the categories should just be cleaned up to comply with the official lists of cities. CalJW 04:56, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In the absence of an answer to this question, there should be no change CalJW 10:03, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * We know perfectly well what an objection means. Thank you. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta  06:08, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Misers

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The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 06:05, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Recreation of category previously deleted as unavoidably POV. --Tabor 22:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CalJW 07:01, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No argument. siafu 18:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --TimPope 21:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Performing venues in Hong Kong

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The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 06:01, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

My first thought was to rename this as venues do not perform. However this is actually a non-standard and redundant category, not just a misnamed one. No other country has a "performance venues" category and I have have moved all the entries into the subcategories Category:Music venues in Hong Kong and Category:Hong Kong theatres, or both of them, as appropriate. Delete CalJW 19:10, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Theatres

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The result of the debate was Rename all. Naming conventions candidate. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:59, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Some of these don't follow the standard "in" form for categories for man-made objects: Rename all CalJW 18:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:American theatres --> category:Theatres in the United States
 * Category:British theatres --> category:Theatres in the United Kingdom
 * Category:London theatres --> category:Theatres in London
 * Category:Hong Kong theatres --> category:Theatres in Hong Kong
 * Category:Irish theatres --> category:Theatres in the Republic of Ireland
 * Rename all, and establish "Theatres in foo" as the convention for by-country subcats of Category:Theatres at Naming conventions (categories). Note that although "theatres" is the British spelling, it is an acceptable variant in the US. -- Rick Block (talk) 17:03, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I'll also work to bring all of the topics under Category:Theatre in line with this. Ganymead 22:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Hong Kong eating culture to Category:Hong Kong cuisine

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The result of the debate was Merge. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:58, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

This name is non-standard and awkward. It is a subcategory of category:Asian cuisine, every other subcategory of which is in the form "X cuisine". If the cuisine categories had not evaded category:Categories by country through being divided by continent this would be eligible for speedy renaming. As it is, merge it into Category:Hong Kong cuisine anyway and then delete it. CalJW 18:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Category:Hong Kong cuisine is currently a soft redirect. See also the discussion at talk:cuisine of Hong Kong. — Instantnood 12:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. Its main article has similarly been renamed as Cuisine of Hong Kong. Furthermore, "Hong Kong eating culture" does sound awkward.--Huaiwei 20:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed. Carina22 10:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Ecology of Hong Kong

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The result of the debate was Merge. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:55, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

This is a non-standard category. It is in Category:Environment by country, the other 23 subcategories of which are all in the form "X environment" (and that is actually a subcategory of category:Ecology, there being no Category:Ecology by country). So merge into Category:Hong Kong environment (which exists but is not being used in the standard way). This is a rather awkward area to categorise, but the standard practice is to have environment in the main national menu with conservation and natural history as its subcategories, as well as other like environmentalists, if they exist, and things like protected areas and fauna in the third tier. I will shuffle the related categories around so that they are in line with standard practice. CalJW 18:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and reverse merge or merge both to Category:Environment of Hong Kong. siafu 18:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Your vote is extremely confusing. If this is kept I trust that you will sort out the mess? Why should Hong Kong be different from every other country? CalJW 08:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * My objection is to using "Hong Kong X" instead of the more preferable "X of Hong Kong". siafu 22:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The convention listed on Naming conventions (categories) is "X environment". A change might or might not be a good thing, but the main issue in the present nomination is to get rid of "Ecology" to standardise things with other countries. No one has objected to that, but I have a nasty feeling that this may end in a "no consensus" decree due to the complications caused by having two issues under discussion. If you would like to change the consensus format for environment categories, by all means open a separate discussion, but please support category:Hong Kong environment as an interim measure. CalJW 00:12, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per nomination. Make another nomination at speedy to rename Fooian environment to environment of Foo. — Instantnood 08:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It isn't eligible for speedy. "X environment" is standard. This is another illustration of the potential for error created by rule 4. CalJW 00:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as nominated. Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per nominator. Carina22 10:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Croatian institutions and organizations to category:Croatian organizations

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The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard category:Croatian organizations per recent vote to abolish national institutions categories and general principle of avoiding unnecessary combinations in category names. CalJW 17:44, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 18:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:Hong Kong people in broadcasting

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The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:51, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

A non-standard category from the overcategorised Hong Kong menu. The standard people by occupation, media, television and radio categories are sufficient. Delete CalJW 17:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nomination -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  23:44, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: There's a similar category - category:people from Canada in broadcasting. — Instantnood 12:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:Hong Kong broadcasting

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The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:50, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

A non-standard semi-duplicate of the standard category:Hong Kong media. I have moved there is no need for an extra tier between media and radio or television, and the allocation of the subcategories in these areas was a right muddle. In the course of sorting them out I have emptied this one. Delete CalJW 17:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: There's a similar category: category:Canadian broadcasting. — Instantnood 12:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Shopping malls/centres

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The result of the debate was Rename. Naming conventions candidate. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:41, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

These should stay in the local form, as was confirmed by a vote on one of them a while back, but they should be in the standard "in" form for man made objects. Rename all CalJW 15:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * category:Australian shopping centres --> category:Shopping centres in Australia
 * category:Canadian shopping malls --> category:Shopping malls in Canada
 * category:Hong Kong shopping malls --> category:Shopping malls in Hong Kong (or centres if that is local usage)
 * category:Icelandic shopping malls --> category:Shopping malls in Iceland
 * category:Indian shopping malls --> category:Shopping malls in India (or centres if that is local usage)
 * Category:Irish shopping centres --> Category:Shopping centres in the Republic of Ireland (there are a lot of categories which should have been named "Republic of Ireland" as per agreed policy, but have not been. I will do a bulk nomination one day.)
 * Rename all, and confirm "X in foo" as the convention at Naming conventions (categories). -- Rick Block (talk) 17:14, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all. Prefer shopping centres for the Hong Kong category. — Instantnood 12:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Some categories titled Ireland or Irish covers both Northern Ireland and the Republic. — Instantnood 12:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all. No argument. siafu 19:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed. Carina22 10:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Closing note Hong Kong will be centres. No objections stated against. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta  05:41, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Shopping malls by nationality to Category:Shopping malls by country

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The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:36, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Shopping malls don't have a nationality, people do. Rename Category:Shopping malls by country CalJW 15:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Rick Block (talk) 17:18, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 23:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:DSS schools to Category:Direct Subsidy Scheme schools

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The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:36, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

A follow up to the one below. Rename Category:Direct Subsidy Scheme schools. CalJW 14:47, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Rick Block (talk) 17:20, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 23:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:ESF schools to category:English Schools Foundation schools

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The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:34, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Mysterious to nearly all of the 99.9% of the world population which doesn't live in Hong Kong. It is policy to avoid abbreviations. Rename category:English Schools Foundation schools. The Hong Kong menu is the most non-standard out of more than 80 I have looked at, so there are plenty more nominations of Hong Kong categories to come. CalJW 14:44, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename -- Rick Block (talk) 17:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename: These categories were created at the time when U.S. and UK were commonly used in category titles. But yes abbreviations have to be avoided. — Instantnood 12:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 00:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:I.T. companies of the United Kingdom

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The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:33, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

This category is really much the same as category:Computer companies of the United Kingdom, but the latter has more articles. I can't see computer company categories for any other countries, so it might be best to merge this category into category:Computer companies of the United Kingdom. Piccadilly 10:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: "Information Technology" is more than just the computers themselves, as it also includes software. Perhaps just an expanded abbreviation? siafu 00:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed. That does not reflect my understanding or the overall system in use at present. category:Software companies is a subcategory of category:Computer companies. I think I.T. is becoming an old-fashioned term. This category is inconsistent with all the related categories. If you want to change the overall system, you can make a case for that through a separate nomination, but in the meantime, please don't block standardisation of the system that we have. CalJW 08:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as proposed. Carina22 10:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Cities in Hartberg

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The result of the debate was Delete. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:31, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

This category seems to have been created to include municipalities in Hartberg (district) in Styria, Austria. Neither Hartberg (district) nor its capital, Hartberg, itself has a page yet, and the category includes only Friedberg, a town with a population of 2,772. Martg76 10:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bhoeble 13:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:List of birds on stamps

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The result of the debate was. Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:29, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Category:List of birds on stamps ? Category: Lists of birds on stamps by country singular to plural --TimPope 21:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Would this be better named as Category:Lists of birds appearing on stamps by country? I couldn't work out if it was by stamp or by bird until I looked and saw they were by country. Hiding talk 12:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree --TimPope 17:18, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't this new name go beyond speedy? You may want to add it to normal CFD. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  19:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. Imitation is the highest form of philately. siafu 00:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Cities and towns in Austria

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The result of the debate was Merge both. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:27, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Category:Cities in Austria and Category:Towns in Austria should be merged into Category:Cities and towns in Austria, because the distinction between the two categories is not clear. In fact, there are Gemeinden (communities), Marktgemeinden (market communities) and Städte (cities), but these are essentially honorific titles which largely depend on the historical significance of the respective community. The only meaningful distinction would be to distinguish between regular communities (including cities) and Statutarstädte, which are not part of an administrative district. However, the current categories are a total mess. The city category includes a number of tiny villages. Martg76 09:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:South Korean government to Category:Government of South Korea

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The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:26, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard form category:Government of South Korea. CalJW 07:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename (could be speedy, per by-country conventions). -- Rick Block (talk) 00:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 00:06, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Bands

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The result of the debate was Merge/d. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:11, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Duplicates existing Category:Musical groups. Was (re)created on the grounds that not all musical groups are bands, but somehow missed the fact that "Musical groups" already has an overwhelming array of national and genre and time period subcategories to choose from. The vast majority of bands are already filed in one or more of those subcategories and are thus in no danger of being falsely conflated with the subset of musical groups that aren't bands. Propose either merging into Category:Musical groups with whatever kind of redirect is possible, or wildly rethinking the entire structure of musical groups and its subcategories. Bearcat 06:29, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into musical groups and delete. CalJW 07:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rethink the hierarchy somewhat. I think it's a bit confusing to have "Brass Quintets", "Orchestras", and "Percussion Ensembles", which are a type of musical group, in the top level of the category and somehow have bands buried further down in the hierarchy. I think that Category:Musical_groups_by_genre needs to be split up. At best, Category:Bands might be moved down into that subcategory, and appropriate subcategories included. Rock music groups are not the same as World music groups and Dance-punk musical groups, so it would help to have some distinguishing category in there. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 15:03, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The musical groups categories can be subdivided by genre without adding the unnecessary and confusing addition of a bands category. There is no realistic prospect of any precise usage for category:Bands you may wish to devise being widely understood or implemented. In the category system everyday words should either be used in accordance with their everyday meaning, or not be used at all. Anything else is a recipe for confusion and inconsistency. CalJW 19:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Osomec 09:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Ëvilphoenix. — Instantnood 12:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. The term "band" is not particularly different from "musical group", it's just only in common use in popular music; no need for a seperate category. siafu 00:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Piccadilly 11:38, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Duplicate. Carina22 10:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Korean religion to Category:Religion in Korea

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The result of the debate was Merge. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 06:10, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge into standard form category:Religion in Korea and then delete. CalJW 04:50, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/delete -- Rick Block (talk) 17:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. No argument. siafu 00:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:North Korean government to Category:Government of North Korea

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The result of the debate was Rename. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:09, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard form category:Government of North Korea. CalJW 04:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename (could be speedy, per by-country conventions). -- Rick Block (talk) 17:33, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 00:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Autodidacts

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 05:04, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

This is a very vague category for people many of who would be better placed in Category:Clever people Category:People with innate talents if they were not likely to be deleted immediately. Malcolm X: is there a school that teaches how to be a black activism leader? Is Woody Allen self taught insecure? I contend that all authors of any merit are self-taught or they have at least unlearnt. Often autodidactism is only barely mentioned in a bio and it is not one of their most significant features. Please tell me I'm not just attacking the stay-at-homes. MeltBanana 02:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's harder to define than some categories, but the trait is significant nonetheless. CalJW 04:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. I'm concerned about verifiability, not to mention that some of the entries seem to be people who grew up in periods without "mainstream" educational institutions to go outside of.  In all, I think this might be better as a list. siafu 00:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep There is a line-drawing problem, but some fuzziness is no reason to discard an otherwise useful classification. Xoloz 16:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as list or cat A Useful list. Although probably more helpful as an annotated list with reasons for inclusion or area of self-taught expertise. To delete it altogether would be a shame. Despite a lack of official credentials these people were accepted in their fields. Wikipedia is a good home for such a list. TimeTogether 17:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is fascinating meterial that might not otherwise be available if absorbed into some other vague category.--Daniel Lotspeich 18:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A little fuzziness doesn't matter as it isn't sensitive issue. Carina22 10:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Years in rugby

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Ren/Del as proposed. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta 04:44, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Category:Years in rugby has three subcats (also nominated Category:2006 in rugby, Category:2005 in rugby and Category:2004 in rugby), none of them hold any articles. All they do is hold subcategories for two different sports rugby union and rugby league. Example subcats include Category:2004 in rugby league and Category:2004 in rugby union. The top level cat should be scrapped and replaced by cats relating to the two different sports i.e. Category:Years in rugby league and Category:Years in rugby union, the sub-sub cats such as Category:2004 in rugby league can then become sub-cats of the new categories.GordyB 14:01, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Harmless. It's not exactly a lot of effort to add a couple of subcategories a year, so I'm sure someone will do it. If you want the other categories to exist as well, just go ahead and create them. They aren't incompatible with this existing scheme. CalJW 14:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you have rather misunderstood the point of the nomination. The problem is not the years. The problem is that it makes no sense to have have one category for two different sports. You mights as well have a Category:Years in Cricket and Baseball that is entirely empty.GordyB 21:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I didn't misunderstand. I disagreed on rational grounds and I still do. category:Rugby exists but Category:Cricket and baseball doesn't. CalJW 10:02, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. GordyB's right. Two completely different - albeit related - sports. combining the two of them is a little unnecessary and confusing, and will simply cause the uninitiated to dump things into the parent category rather than into one of the correct child categories. Grutness...  wha?  22:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as per GordyB. Grinner 09:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Noncentral chi distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the noncentral chi distribution is a noncentral generalization of the chi distribution. It is also known as the generalized Rayleigh distribution.

Definition
If $$X_i$$ are k independent, normally distributed random variables with means $$\mu_i$$ and variances $$\sigma_i^2$$, then the statistic

 * $$Z = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^k \left(\frac{X_i}{\sigma_i}\right)^2}$$

is distributed according to the noncentral chi distribution. The noncentral chi distribution has two parameters: $$k$$ which specifies the number of degrees of freedom (i.e. the number of $$X_i$$), and $$\lambda$$ which is related to the mean of the random variables $$X_i$$ by:

 * $$\lambda=\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^k \left(\frac{\mu_i}{\sigma_i}\right)^2}$$

Probability density function
The probability density function (pdf) is

 * $$f(x;k,\lambda)=\frac{e^{-(x^2+\lambda^2)/2}x^k\lambda}

{(\lambda x)^{k/2}} I_{k/2-1}(\lambda x)$$

where $$I_\nu(z)$$ is a modified Bessel function of the first kind.

Raw moments
The first few raw moments are:

 * $$\mu^'_1=\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}L_{1/2}^{(k/2-1)}\left(\frac{-\lambda^2}{2}\right)$$
 * $$\mu^'_2=k+\lambda^2$$
 * $$\mu^'_3=3\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}L_{3/2}^{(k/2-1)}\left(\frac{-\lambda^2}{2}\right)$$
 * $$\mu^'_4=(k+\lambda^2)^2+2(k+2\lambda^2)$$

where $$L_n^{(a)}(z)$$ is a Laguerre function. Note that the 2$$n$$th moment is the same as the $$n$$th moment of the noncentral chi-squared distribution with $$\lambda$$ being replaced by $$\lambda^2$$.

Bivariate non-central chi distribution
Let $$X_j = (X_{1j}, X_{2j}), j = 1, 2, \dots n$$, be a set of n independent and identically distributed bivariate normal random vectors with marginal distributions $$N(\mu_i,\sigma_i^2), i=1,2$$, correlation $$\rho$$, and mean vector and covariance matrix
 * $$ E(X_j)= \mu=(\mu_1, \mu_2)^T, \qquad

\Sigma = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{11} & \sigma_{12} \\ \sigma_{21} & \sigma_{22} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_1^2 & \rho \sigma_1 \sigma_2 \\ \rho \sigma_1 \sigma_2 & \sigma_2^2 \end{bmatrix}, $$ with $$\Sigma$$ positive definite. Define

U = \left[ \sum_{j=1}^n \frac{X_{1j}^2}{\sigma_1^2} \right]^{1/2}, \qquad V = \left[ \sum_{j=1}^n \frac{X_{2j}^2}{\sigma_2^2} \right]^{1/2}. $$ Then the joint distribution of U, V is central or noncentral bivariate chi distribution with n degrees of freedom. If either or both $$\mu_1 \neq 0$$ or $$\mu_2 \neq 0$$ the distribution is a noncentral bivariate chi distribution.

Related distributions

 * If $$X$$ is a random variable with the non-central chi distribution, the random variable $$X^2$$ will have the noncentral chi-squared distribution. Other related distributions may be seen there.
 * If $$X$$ is chi distributed: $$X \sim \chi_k$$ then $$X$$ is also non-central chi distributed: $$X \sim NC\chi_k(0)$$. In other words, the chi distribution is a special case of the non-central chi distribution (i.e., with a non-centrality parameter of zero).
 * A noncentral chi distribution with 2 degrees of freedom is equivalent to a Rice distribution with $$\sigma=1$$.
 * If X follows a noncentral chi distribution with 1 degree of freedom and noncentrality parameter λ, then σX follows a folded normal distribution whose parameters are equal to σλ and σ2 for any value of σ.

title: Noncentral chi distribution


text:
Abolqasem Lahouti

Abolqāsem Lahūtī (Абулькасим Ахмедзаде Лахути; Абулқосим Лоҳутӣ / ابوالقاسم لاهوتی; 12 October 1887 – 16 March 1957) was an Iranian-Soviet poet and political activist who was active in Iran during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and in Tajikistan in the early Soviet era.

Biography
Born on 12 October 1887 in Kermanshah to an Iranian cobbler and religious poet named Mirza Ahmad Elhami, he began writing poetry in early adolescence under the pen name Lahuti (which Encyclopædia Iranica translates as 'belonging to the world of the occult'). His first poem was printed in the newspaper Habl al-Matin (magazine) in Calcutta at the age of 18, and in his twenties his poems were published in several prestigious publications.

He soon entered politics and even received a medal from Sattar Khan for his efforts.

Initially, he went to clerical school, but then went to Bulgaria and wrote many poems on Islam. He then came back to Iran, and enlisted in the armed forces, and graduated as Captain in rank.

After being convicted by a court in Qom and sentenced to death, he fled to Turkey, but soon returned and joined forces with Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani in Tabriz. His forces defeated Mahmud Khan Puladeen's troops, but were soon disbanded by freshly dispatched forces. He fled to Baku.

While living in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, he became interested in Communism. After marrying a Russian student by the name of Cecilia Bakaleishchik, who would become a Persian poet and translator under the pen name Cecilia Banu (Sisil Banu), he was unable to initiate a coup d'etat against the central government of Iran, so he gave up and moved to USSR where he remained until his final days.

In 1925, he went to Dushanbe and joined the friends of Sadriddin Aini. His poetry was welcomed by audiences and gained him the position of the founder of Soviet Tajik poetry.

Lahuti is the author of the Tajik SSR anthem. Lahuti's other works include "Kovai Ohangar" ("Kaveh the Blacksmith", 1947), "Qasidai Kremel" ("Ode to the Kremlin", 1923), and "Toj va Bairaq" ("The Crown and the Flag", 1935). His collection of poetry, in six volumes, was published between 1960 and 1963. He died on March 16, 1957, in Moscow.

title: Abolqasem Lahouti


text:
User:Akuankka~enwiki

Akuankka (Finnish for Donald Duck)

I live in Utah, work for a SW company and have been a Scoutmaster for 6 Years. I love wikipedia and I'd like to contribute. I love getting outdoors. A few of my favorite sites;

http://www.outnback.com/ http://www.americansouthwest.net/utah/index.shtml http://www.mountainhouse.com/

title: User:Akuankka~enwiki


text:
Talk:A Change Is Gonna Come (disambiguation)

Is it necessary to mark articles with "(disambiguation)"?
I'm somewhat uncertain whether this really the best of style, but it feels logical as well: "A Change Is Gonna Come" now redirects to "A Change Is Gonna Come (disambiguation)". Of course, the disambiguation could have taken place without an additional redirection, so this is what I'm a little uncertain about.

Feel free to comment or alter if this conflicts with e.g. a wiki guideline.

Cheers Netizen 23:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There has been some discussion about this at the Dab project, and the consensus is that a page like this should exist at A Change Is Gonna Come is possilbe, rather than A Change Is Gonna Come (disambiguation). I have move the page to reflect this consensus.

I'm not sure how to do this (sorry I'm not very useful w/this stuff), but I think the default page should be to the Sam Cooke song. The other two are much much smaller and the west wing episode is titled after the use of the song in it. --Czechthetechnique (talk) 23:53, 13 May 2008 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Heather.edgerly

g'day!
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 23:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Heather.edgerly


text: Template:User grc-3

title: Template:User grc-3


text:
Talk:State of Origin results and statistics

Very messy so far but I can see where you're going with the concept and I like what you're trying to do.

More statistics
We need statistics for most career state of origin tries and points.--Jeff79 15:54, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Peter Sterling, Man of Match from Exhibition
Since it was stated that the exhibition match would not go toward each team's statistics, but WOULD go towards the players' statistics Peter Sterling's Man of Match award should be counted in the main table of statistics. However, a note by his name, as there is now, should explain this. I will make the change and if anyone has an issue with this, please discuss before reverting my change. Brendan OhUiginn (talk) 10:39, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Layout
It is quite slow to read the table of results and I think it would be helpful to highlight the matches with either maroon or blue according to the colour of the winning team.124.186.196.47 (talk) 00:51, 6 June 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Garbology

Untitled
Review of Article by MTA student: This article has improved slightly on the citations, as requested by a previous reader. However, the final two sections on "present day studies" and "investigative studies" are still lacking in citations, and therefore could be challenged in terms of its validity. The History section of the article is really informative on the University of Arizona, as this was where the study of garbage originated from, but it might be useful to add more information about other universities that use Garbology as a study. As well, in the "see also" section, there are only links to two other wikipedia articles, and it would be interesting to perhaps try and locate more links so that readers can investigate further into other articles that are related to garbology. Jmmacphail (talk) 00:11, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

shut down at ASU?
The result of this Google searh within arizona.edu and similar ones make me to suspect that the study is shut down. Any updates? mikka (t) 23:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

poor writing
I've just finished a copyedit in an attempt to clean up some of the wording. But his article is porly structured and conceptually confused as well. Can we have some volunteers with some ambition? ww 21:28, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

merger with dumpster diving
The two topics are disparate and the articles should not be merged. Dumpster diving is an act, gabology is a discipline, sometimes academic, and is closely connected with archeology. Insufficient overlap to justify a merge. ww 21:28, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The proposed merger is disparate, as these are not the same thing at all. People dive dumpsters for many reasons, garbologists do something similar (though auite rarely) for entirely different reasons. The merge should not go ahead, as the similarlity is superficial at best. ww 04:15, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Re: shut down at ASU? Re: merger with dumpster diving
Bill Rathje continues to do Garbology research from his post at Stanford University where he is a lecturer of archaeology. Merging this article with Dumpster Diving would be an mistake, since as the last comment has pointed out the two have little to do with each other other than the fact that they involve garbage (more specifically it would be similar to merging the articles of grave robbing with archaeology). ww Violacadenza 21:28, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * With regret, I have to disclaim the prior edit of 21:28, 19 July 2006. It's not my work, however much I agree with it. Not sure how this happened, but... ww 22:59, 20 July 2006 (UTC) <-- really me this time.

 * The comment starting "Bill Rathje" was not written by ww but by Violacadenza who forged ww's signagture. Gwernol 02:45, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

I would think a complete entry on this term would at least need to mention A. J. Weberman, the self-procliamed Dylanologist who claims to have invented garbology in the sense of combing through celebrity garbage to gain information and insight about the celebrity. He developed this idea when going through Bob Dylan's garbage in the 1970's. I do not know enough about this meaning of garbology to make an entry, but there are articles and at least one short documentary film "The Ballad of A. J. Weberman" that touch on the subject. Stuart Lilie Winter Park, Florida

Lectures in Introductory Virology CSB351
This material appears to be sourced to an unpublished university lecture, and if so it is unverifiable.  Will Beback   talk    01:25, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The field of garbology has also come under some criticism by Professor Mounir G. Abouhaidar at the University of Toronto. Abouhaidar suggests that garbology should be avoided. Instead, students should pursue graduate work in other disciplines. This is Dr. Abouhaidar's personal academic opinion and a commentary on the future and prospects within the field.
 * Abouhaidar, MG. Lectures in Introductory Virology CSB351. 2008:Toronto.

Bibliography of Relevant Research
Hanna, Arlene. (2003). Lessons Learned Through Garbology. The Nebline, 15(8), 2-12. Retrieved on 19 Feb 2012 from http://lancaster.unl.edu/nebline/2003/aug03/page01.pdf Avpreston (talk) 20:38, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Reilly, M.D. & Rathje, W.L. (1985). Consumption and Status across Cultural Boundaries: Nonreactive Evidence. Advances in Consumer Research, 12, 129-132. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2012 from http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=6372&print=1 Avpreston (talk) 20:38, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Schwartz, Joshua. (2006). "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" Prolegomena on Breakage and Repair in Ancient Jewish Society: Broken Bed ands Chairs in Mishnah Kelim. JSIJ, 5, 147-180. Retrieved on 19 Feb 2012 from http://www.biu.ac.il/js/JSIJ/5-2006/Schwartz.pdf Avpreston (talk) 20:38, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Molander, S. & Lenihan, J. (2007). Ways to Waste: The Garbology of Post-Consumer Refure is the UBC Okanagan Cafeteria. Anth 480- Directed Studies and SEEDS Project: 1-37. Retrieved on Feb 25 2012 from https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/22870/Garbology%20of%20Post-consumer%20Refuse_2.pdf?sequence=1 Avpreston (talk) 20:38, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Rathje, W.L. (1997). The Garbage Project & The Archaeology of Us. Encyclpedia Britannica, 1-26. Retrieved on Feb 25 from http://www.wagmorepets.com/GarbageProjectRathje.pdf Avpreston (talk) 20:38, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Changes in Progress
I appreciate the input by the MTA student. I have been taking your suggestions into consideration and have made some edits in response. I added freeganism and dumpster diving as other articles related to garbology in the "see also" section. I am continuously trying to come up with others. Another suggestion focused on adding more information about other universities, aside from Arizona that use Garbology as a study. I thought it would be interesting to research whether garbology is used in any elementary or secondary schools and was I was able to find a curriculum used at in Lincoln Nebraska which focuses on Garbology. I will discuss this programs and the tools which have been used to make it successful. I will also explain some of the effects that it has had on the children. Avpreston (talk) 19:59, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Review
Hello! Excellent and huge contribution to the article. Very awesome. No, this isn't the same review that I put on your talk page; your work deserves a much better review than the earlier one. EmeraldWithin (talk) 00:55, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Investigative use
Dumpster diving does not have information on uses of this term in reference to espionage or identity theft, but this section does. I'm changing the hatnote to, for archaeological studies, see middens.

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Mount Allison University supported by WikiProject Anthropology and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q1 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:56, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Garbology


text:
Talk:Mundialization

This article needs work
Mundialization does not necessarily involved supranational laws or world government. While its advocates may agree with those aims, mundialization celebrates our common humanity culturally, not legally. Those who keep pushing world federal government should accept that not everyone agree with those ideas yet, even if we support multilateralism and mundialization.

Btw, I don't understand why democratic globalization was renamed democratic mundialization. Mundialization precisly seems less focused on world institutions. --Pgreenfinch 09:57, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have changed the "attention" tag that you added to a "globalize" tag. I considered a "NPOV" tag instead, because your comments above seem to indicate that you think the article is not objective in describing the main tenets of mundialization... but primarily the problem seems to be that the mundialization movement is a loose collection of people advocating several related perspectives and actions, and you think some of the actions being advocated that are mentioned in the article are not supported by all members of the movement. So, let's diversify the points of view represented in the article to more fully represent the breadth of the topic!

 * Some external sources would be really valuable too. I'm not really familiar with this topic, so I'm not sure where to start in seeking them out. Mamawrites 11:46, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
This is written from a right-wing POV, some it needs a tag.

 * Well personally I consider myself about as radical centrist as they get, and I think some parts of the article are fairly leftist. But I'll agree with you that it needs a NPOV tag, and I've just added one and some tags where I found it to be too POV. I suggest you also add such tags where you think it is POV, or better yet, correct it if you can. -Pfhorrest (talk) 07:17, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Is this a real thing?
Seems like a pretty minor movement, and one of the two citations (the other one is dead) does not even use the term. I really can't see why this would be in Wikipedia at all.128.135.219.202 (talk) 20:21, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

It is a real thing !: I saw it on Wikipedia

 * Mundialization was coined on 12 August 2003 as a characteristic of “the work that must be completed by those at the lower organisational rungs of the Trans National Corporations”.
 * On 2 October 2005, at 19:12 it became:
 * (1) “all the ideas and actions expressing the solidarity of populations of the globe and aiming to establish institutions and supranational laws of a federative structure common to them, while respecting the diversity of cultures and peoples”,
 * (2) “a scientific approach to social and inter-individual phenomena as seen from the world point of view” and
 * (3) a movement towards a World Federation.

Let’s be serious and let's mundialize the discussion:
 * It implied a directly elected world president from 2 October 2005 to 18 October 2011.
 * It ceased to be a scientific approach and became a “world movement” with “world territories” on 23 November 2005.
 * On 21 April 2006, it became the English version of the French “mondialisation” and another name for Garry Davis’ world citizen movement and its development in France.
 * On 13 September 2009, it became a synonym for democratic globalization. Two external links, none of which uses the term mundialization, are added.
 * From 24 May 2010 to 14 March 2011, it was equated with “mundialism”.
 * On 18 October 2011, the "world president" disappeared and it became a (poorly written) blog for the Canadian Burlington and Hamilton Mundialization Committees.
 * From the start, it has always been whatever you like it to be.
 * In the French Wikipédia, mundialization refers to “mondialisme”, defined as “the economic doctrine that advocates open markets, the removal of trade barriers, free trade and the free movement of persons” as well as “the democratic side of communist internationalism as a plan to establish a World State which will govern all peoples”. It has a single link to a extreme-left web site.
 * Mundialization is also equated with Мондиализм in the Russian Wikipedia, “the project of establishing a world government”.

So, mundialization is “a movement for a liberal free market communist world federal government based on world cities”. Without Wikipedia, we would not have known this.

Touchatou (talk) 16:13, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 00:27, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

Merge tag
There was a year-old merge tag proposing a merger with Globalization. I see no discussion of that on either talkpage. I have changed the tag & re-dated to propose a merger with Global citizenship, which seems a better fit. Another possibility is a merger with World citizen, but I've been thinking about proposing a merger of those two (Global citizenship & World citizen). Comments and discussion should be made at Talk:Global citizenship Regards, Meclee (talk) 17:08, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mundialization


text:
Talk:Chaim Richman

Sanhedrin?
As the Sanhedrin article points out, the group that claims to have reconstituted the Sanhedrin is not recognized by most Jews. This should be made clearer in asserting Rabbi Richman's membership, but I'm not sure how it should be worded. Any ideas? -- SCZenz 23:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070320104826/http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en/index.html to http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en/index.html

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title: Talk:Chaim Richman


text:
Regilio Tuur

Regilio Benito Tuur (born 12 August 1967) is a former Dutch boxer who was World Boxing Organization's super featherweight champion.

Prior to turning professional and winning the world title, Tuur knocked out reigning world champion Kelcie Banks in the first round at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

Amateur career
After winning a bronze medal at the 1987 European Amateur Boxing Championships, Tuur was selected to participate at the Olympics.

His 1988 Olympic Results as a featherweight are:
 * Defeated Kelcie Banks, USA KO 1
 * Defeated John Wanjau, Kenya 4-1
 * Defeated David Anderson, Great Britain RSC 2
 * Lost to Daniel Dumitrescu, Romania 0-5 (quarterfinals)

Professional career
In 1989, Tuur turned professional with his first fight held in New York. In 1994, he won the world title of the World Boxing Organization (WBO) by beating Eugene Speed from the United States in his hometown Rotterdam. He lived in Hempstead, Long Island for several years with his wife and daughter.

title: Regilio Tuur


text: Category:User grc-3

title: Category:User grc-3


text:
User:Palecur

Lol internet

title: User:Palecur


text:
User talk:Hevenz

Hi. Please don't write articles specifically designed to promote non-notable websites. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 23:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Leave my page alone and stop reverting it back to the HACK VERSION!

Pedal pumping
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Owen× ☎  18:58, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "This page was created by Pedal Extreme (user hevenz) in an effort to show the world what out fetish is about."

This is not your private web space. You may have created that article to advertise your web site, but that article does not belong to you. If you don't understand what Wikiedia is about, I suggest you read Introduction. I have blocked you for 24 hours; if you continue using Wikipedia for spamming, you will be permanently banned. Owen× ☎  18:26, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Re your email: it makes no difference who created the page. Once it is on Wikipedia, it is no longer yours. The other editor didn't "hack" it; he edited it, as anyone is allowed to. The page has no "normal state", and it is not yours to demand that I delete it. Get used to this idea, and find another place to advertize your web site. Owen× ☎  22:39, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Your last version looks better, but I've restored all three external links (but without the commentary). Articles without references don't survive very long on Wikipedia. Owen× ☎  03:17, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hevenz


text:
User:Darkain

y0! I'm Darkain. I run Darkain.com. I do all sorts of crazy things like computer programming, web design, professional photography, etc... My site has more details on all that stuff though.

title: User:Darkain


text:
Lübben (Spreewald)

Lübben (Spreewald) (Lubin (Błota), ) is a town of 14,000 people, capital of the Dahme-Spreewald district in the Lower Lusatia region in Brandenburg, in eastern Germany.

Administrative structure
Districts of the town are:
 * Lübben Stadt (Lower Sorbian: Lubin město)
 * Hartmannsdorf (Hartmanojce)
 * Lubolz (Lubolc)
 * Groß Lubolz (Wjelike Lubolce)
 * Klein Lubolz (Małe Lubolce)
 * Neuendorf (Nowa Wjas)
 * Radensdorf (Radom; Radowašojce)
 * Steinkirchen (Kamjena)
 * Treppendorf (Ranchow)

History
The castle of Lubin in the March of Lusatia was first mentioned in an 1150 register of Nienburg Abbey and had received town privileges according to Magdeburg law by 1220. It was located on a trade route from Luckau to Gubin and Poznań. From 1301 the town in the centre of the Spreewald floodplain was in the possession of the monks of Dobrilugk Abbey, who sold it to Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg in 1329. After several conflicts with the Wittelsbach margraves of Brandenburg the March of Lusatia was finally acquired by Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg in 1367 who incorporated Lübben into the Kingdom of Bohemia. In the 15th century Lübben became the seat of the Bohemian Vogt administrator and the provincial diet (Landtag) of Lower Lusatia.

In 1526 the House of Habsburg inherited the Bohemian kingdom including Lusatia, which in 1623 Ferdinand II of Habsburg had to give in pawn to Elector John George I of Saxony. The Saxon Electorate finally acquired Lübben by signing the 1635 Peace of Prague. After the Napoleonic Wars it fell to the Prussian province of Brandenburg by the final act of the 1815 Congress of Vienna. One of the main escape routes for insurgents of the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising from partitioned Poland to the Great Emigration led through the town.

During World War II, the Oflag III-C and Oflag 8 prisoner-of-war camps for Polish, French, British, Australian, New Zealander, Belgian and Dutch officers, a forced labour subcamp of the Nazi prison in Luckau and a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp were located in the town. Lübben was taken by Soviet troops of the 3rd Guards Army on 27 April 1945.

Politics
Seats in the municipal assembly (Stadtverordnetenversammlung) as of 2008 elections: Lübben is twinned with Wolsztyn in Poland and Neunkirchen, Saarland in Germany.
 * Christian Democratic Union: 7
 * Social Democratic Party of Germany: 5
 * The Left: 5
 * PRO Lübben (Independent): 4
 * Free Democratic Party: 1

Places of interest

 * Spreewald biosphere reserve
 * Lübben Castle, on medieval foundations, rebuilt in the 17th century under the rule of Duke Christian I of Saxe-Merseburg
 * Neuhaus Manor in Steinkirchen, built in 1801, former residence of author Christoph Ernst von Houwald from 1822 on
 * Romanesque St Pancras fieldstone church in Steinkirchen built in the early 13th century, one of the oldest preserved churches in Lower Lusatia
 * Paul Gerhardt Church from the 16th century, where Paul Gerhardt preached from 1669 on
 * Roman Catholic Trinity Church, built in 1862

Born in Lübben

 * Hans Peter Bull (born 1936), German constitutional lawyer and jurist
 * Karin Büttner-Janz (born 1952 in Hartmannsdorf), German Olympic medal winner in artistic gymnastics and habilitated doctor
 * Henry Eugene Fritz (1875–1956), American painter
 * Hans Walter Gruhle (1880–1958), German psychiatrist
 * Benno Hann von Weyhern (1808–1890), Prussian General of the Cavalry
 * Louis Klopsch (1852–1910), American author and editor of the Christian Herald
 * Sylvio Kroll (born 1965), German Olympic medal winner in artistic gymnastics
 * Kornelia Kunisch (born 1959), German handball player, 1980 olympic bronze medal with the East German team
 * Christian Lillinger (born 1984), German musician and composer
 * Karl Otto von Manteuffel (1806-1879), German politician, prussian agriculture minister
 * Otto Theodor von Manteuffel (1805–1882), German politician, Minister-President of Prussia
 * Rudolf Marloth (1855–1931), South African botanist, pharmacist and analytical chemist
 * Ella Mensch (1859–1935), German writer, journalist, teacher, feminist and editor
 * Richard Constantin Noschke (1867–1945), diary of his World War I Alexandra Palace internment sufferings in Imperial War Museum, London.
 * Thorsten Rund (born 1976), German cyclist
 * Carl Siegemund Schönebeck (1758–1806), German composer and cellist
 * Lavinia Schulz (1896–1924), German dancer and actress
 * Ingo Spelly (born 1966), East German-German sprint canoer, Olympic champion

Related to Lübben

 * Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676), German hymn writer, 1668 till his death archdeacon of Lübben
 * Renate Holm (1931–2022), German-Austrian film actress and operatic soprano, school in Lübben
 * Christoph Ernst von Houwald (1778–1845), German dramatist and author, died at Neuhaus
 * Götz von Houwald (1913–2001), German diplomat, historian and ethnographer, completed his secondary education in Lübben
 * Albert Naumann (1875–1952), German fencer, died in Lübben
 * Jens Riewa (born 1963), German television presenter and broadcast news analyst for the Tagesschau, grew up in Lübben
 * Immanuel Johann Gerhard Scheller (1735–1803), German classical philologist and lexicographer, teacher in Lübben
 * Daniel Ziebig (born 1983), German footballer, used to live in Lübben
 * We Butter the Bread with Butter, German deathcore band formed in 2007

title: Lübben (Spreewald)


text: File:Greatest Hits 1982 1989.jpg

title: File:Greatest Hits 1982 1989.jpg


text:
Talk:ICMP Redirect Message

Anyone?
Does anyone know what this actually does? And why Kerio Personal Firewall blocks this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.43.242.10 (talk) 23:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Misuse
I think you can misuse redirects to cause traffic to an malicious host to sniff it etc. Somebody who can confirm this should add this to the article w/ citation of course. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.168.217.4 (talk) 06:46, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:ICMP Redirect Message


text:
User talk:StephenJMuir

Wikipedian in Residence at the National Library of Scotland
I'm just dropping you a quick note about a new Wikipedian in Residence job that's opened up at the National Library of Scotland. There're more details at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scotland. Richard Symonds (WMUK) (talk) 14:55, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Scottish Fairground Culture Editathon, May 2015
Hey there! As a Wikipedian in Scotland I thought you might be interested in the Scottish Fairground Culture editathon taking place on 7 May at the Riverside Museum - drop me a line if you'd like to know more, or if you'd be interested in taking part remotely! Lirazelf (talk) 12:27, 8 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, linkfail! Here's the correct one... Scottish Fairground Culture Editathon

title: User talk:StephenJMuir


text:
Peter Alexander (Austrian performer)

Peter Alexander Ferdinand Maximilian Neumayer (30 June 1926 – 12 February 2011), commonly known as Peter Alexander, was an Austrian actor, singer and one of the most popular entertainers in the German-language world between the 1950s and his retirement. His fame emerged in the 1950s and 1960s through popular film comedies and successful recordings, predominantly of Schlager and operetta repertory. Later, Alexander established himself as the acclaimed host of television shows. His career as a live singer touring the German language countries lasted until 1991, while he continued his television work until 1996.

Life and career
Born in Vienna, Alexander attended the Max Reinhardt Seminar for actors until 1948 and then began his career in acting. He starred in several musical comedies, including Liebe, Tanz und 1000 Schlager and Peter schießt den Vogel ab. He recorded Ralph Benatzky's operetta Im weißen Rößl, singing the lead role of Leopold Brandmeyer. He then performed in the 1960 movie version of the operetta. He later starred in the Count Bobby movies and the Lümmel-series.

In the 1970s, Alexander started a second career as a TV host and entertainer. His music show, the , was shown on black and white TV from 1963 until 1966. From 1969, the German TV station ZDF started to air a new colour version which was broadcast until 1996. The Peter Alexander Show has been seen by more than 38 million viewers and has averaged a 71% viewing rate.

After his death, Media Control Charts named him the biggest singles artist ever with 459 songs having charted on the German singles chart. The single "Und manchmal weinst du sicher ein paar Tränen" had the longest run with 34 weeks on that chart, while 2 other songs, "Der letzte Walzer" and "Liebesleid", were able to reach the No. 1 position. Alexander won 10 Bambi Awards and in 1996 was awarded a Bambi for lifetime achievement.

Alexander married Hilde Haagen in 1952; they had two children, Susanne Neumayer-Haidinger (1958–2009), an artist, and Michael Neumayer (1963–2019). Alexander was widowed in 2003.

Alexander died on 12 February 2011, aged 84, in his native Vienna.

Decorations and awards

 * Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1985)
 * Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (1974)
 * Ring of honour of Vienna (1984)
 * Golden Camera (1970, 1980, 1984 (Germany); 1979 (Austria)) as the best music star of a decade
 * Super Golden Camera 1979 (Germany) as the biggest star of all time, with participation of over 11 million readers of Hörzu
 * Bambi Award (1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1987, 1990; 1996 for his lifetime achievement)
 * Golden Europe (1969, 1974, 1979)
 * Goldener Bildschirm (1966, 1973, 1974 and 1976); Silberner Bildschirm (1970 and 1971)
 * Bronze Bravo Otto (1971)
 * Gold Decoration for Services to the City of Vienna (1971)
 * Lion of RTL Radio, a total of 9 prizes in bronze, silver and gold (1973)
 * Honorary Lion as the best singer
 * Golden Microphone (1966) for best male music star in European show business
 * Rose Hill award (1992) for having written Austrian film history
 * Award of the City of Cologne (1976) for 14 completely sold-out events at the Cologne Sporthalle
 * Hermann Löns Gold Medal
 * Golden Romy (1992)
 * Platinum Romy (1993)
 * Other awards were: Lieber Augustin of Vienna (1968), the Golden Bear (1973), Golden Rathausmann (1970), Golden Plate of German gastronomy (1973), Golden Cleo as the most popular star in Austria (1986), German Record Award (1980), Silver Plate of Robert Stolz Foundation in (1980)
 * 4th place in the list of the 50 most important Austrians of the last 50 years in a reader poll of the daily Kurier (2004)
 * Induction into the Echo Hall of Fame (2011)
 * Naming of Peter-Alexander-Platz in Döbling (19th district of Vienna, 2012)

title: Peter Alexander (Austrian performer)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/4397

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep and Redirect/Merge with 4000 (number Wikibofh 23:44, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

4397

 * Delete I have merged the information regarding this year which will supposedly be the next time Hale-Bopp gets close to the Earth. There is nothing to redirect to --Revolución (talk) 23:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom :). WP:NOT a crystal ball, eh? Ryan Norton T 23:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I placed the Speedy Tag the Page is empty now --JAranda | yeah 23:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, if this article hjas been merged, it must be kept and redirected to the merge target to preserve the GDFL. --Doc (?) 23:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why would you redirect 4397 to Comet Hale-Bopp? --Revolución (talk) 00:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

*delete, do not redirect 4397 is a prime number. The number itself should not redirect to Hale-Bopp, maybe 4397 (year) but not 4397. Roodog2k (Hello there!) 15:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Justin Bacon 01:45, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to 4000 (number).--Kross 06:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per User:Doc glasgow. NatusRoma 22:34, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Hale-Bopp as per Doc Glasgow. IMV astronomical predictions don't count as 'crystal ball', because they're readily predictable. The Land 09:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to 4000 (number). 4397 is a notable number, b/c is it prime, and belongs on that page. Roodog2k  (Hello there!) 15:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Does every countably infinite set deserve every element being included??? The Land 17:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ridiculous.  Do not redirect, merge with Comet Hale-Bopp then delete.  It is nonsense to redirect a year to an event that will possibly happen that year.  It would be like redirecting 1492 to Christopher Columbus or 1776 to the Declaration of Independence.  Any year is more important than any event of that year.  Ex. In 1492, the last muslim forces were driven from Spain in addition to Columbus's more famous voyage. Cool3 23:18, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/4397


text:
User talk:SirGrok

recognition
for your personal glorification: Image:UpsidedownBarnstar.png --popefauvexxiii 09:38, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

File:Quaff.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Quaff.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 06:18, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of GOLUM

The article GOLUM has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * no evidence of notability

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

File:Buildering night Bridge.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Buildering night Bridge.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Kelly hi! 20:55, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:UMR Stonehenge night.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:UMR Stonehenge night.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you object to the listing for any reason. Thank you. Closeapple (talk) 07:20, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:SirGrok


text:
Canadian Rangers

The Canadian Rangers (Rangers canadiens) are a sub-component of the Canadian Army under the Canadian Armed Forces reserves that provides a limited military presence in regions of Canada where stationing conventional Army units would not be practical or economically viable. Formally established on May 23, 1947, the Canadian Rangers employs around 5,000 Rangers.

The Canadian Rangers are responsible for remote, isolated, and sparsely-populated regions of Canada, such as Northern Canada and the coastlines. They regularly conduct surveillance, sovereignty patrols (SOVPATS), and inspections of the North Warning System. They also act as guides, scouts, and subject-matter experts in such disciplines as wilderness survival when other forces and Army components are in their area of operations.

Organization
The Canadian Rangers are a unit of the Canadian Armed Forces Army Reserve made up of Inuit, First Nations, Métis, and other Canadians. Though there is a misconception that the Canadian Rangers is a First Nations unit, many Rangers are not; the makeup of each unit simply depends on where the patrol resides.

The Canadian Rangers provide a limited military presence in Canada's remote areas and receive 12 days per year of formal training (often more days of training are offered but attendance is not mandatory). They are considered to be somewhat always on duty, observing and reporting as part of their daily lives. Canadian Rangers are paid when formally on duty according to the rank they hold within their patrol and when present on operations or during training events. They are paid in accordance with the standard rates of pay for Class-A (part-time) or Class-B (full-time) Reserve forces, except when they are called out for search and rescue missions or domestic operations (such as fighting floods and wildfires), when they are paid as Class-C Reserves and receive the full Regular Force pay and benefits.

The 5,000 Canadian Rangers are split between five Canadian Ranger patrol groups (CRPGs), commanded by lieutenant-colonels and each allocated to a Canadian division (except 1 CRPG, which is currently allocated to Joint Task Force North).

 * 1 CRPG: Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, British Columbia
 * 2 CRPG: Quebec
 * 3 CRPG: Ontario
 * 4 CRPG: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba
 * 5 CRPG: Newfoundland and Labrador

Each CRPG is unique in its make-up, according to its area of responsibility, its geography, and its ethnic make-up. For instance, 3 CRPG, headquartered in Borden, Ontario, has a single province as its area of operations (AO), while 4 CRPG with its headquarters in Victoria, British Columbia, has four provinces. Thus the unit structures between 3 CRPG and 4 CRPG are very different. 3 CRPG has a unit HQ that contains all its full-time staff and has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols throughout the northern region of its province, whereas 4 CRPG has a unit HQ, a number of traditional sub-units ("companies"), and each company has a number of Canadian Ranger patrols. In all cases, it is the job of the Army full-time staff (mostly Class-B Reserve personnel, except for 1 CRPG whose full-time staff are predominantly Regular Force) allocated to the CRPGs to lead and administer the Canadian Ranger patrols in their unit. The patrols themselves are located in various remote, isolated, and/or coastal communities around Canada and each Canadian Ranger patrol is based on such a community. Canadian Ranger patrols are (on average) approximately 30 members strong (the equivalent of a platoon in a conventional Canadian Army unit) and are led by sergeants. The patrols are further divided into the patrol HQ consisting of the patrol commander (sergeant) and the patrol second-in-command (2IC, a master corporal) and 10-member sections, each commanded by a master corporal who is assisted by a corporal.

Pacific Coast Militia Rangers
Modern Canadian Rangers can trace their heritage back to the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers (PCMR). Formed on March 3, 1942, the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were volunteers who patrolled, performed military surveillance, and provided local defence of the coastline of British Columbia and in Yukon against the wartime threat of a possible Japanese invasion. At their height, the PCMR consisted of 15,000 volunteers in 138 companies under three major patrol areas, which were Vancouver Island, the lower Fraser Valley and the Bridge River area. Some of the principal officers of the PCMR were Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus Wesley Peck VC, Lieutenant-Colonel A.L. Coote and Major H. Ashby. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were disbanded on September 30, 1945, after Japan's surrender in the Second World War.

Equipment

Each Canadian Ranger is issued a red Canadian Ranger sweatshirt, CADPAT pants, combat boots, baseball cap, safety vest, rifle and navigation aids. They are expected to be mostly self-reliant regarding equipment. However, they are also provided with a small amount of patrol-level stores (mostly camp stores – tents, stoves, lanterns, axes, etc.). They are reimbursed for the use of personal vehicles and equipment and are paid for this use according to the nationally established equipment usage rates. Items that a Canadian Ranger could be reimbursed for include snowmobiles (called light over-snow vehicles, or LOSVs, in the military), all-terrain vehicles, watercraft, trailers, pack horses, sled dog teams, and a variety of tools and equipment (such as radios, chainsaws, generators, and the like).

Weapons
Since 1947, the Canadian Rangers have been issued the Lee–Enfield No 4 rifle in .303 British calibre, with each user being provided with 200 rounds of ammunition every year.

At the outset of the Second World War, the rest of the Canadian Army was equipping with Enfield rifles, Bren guns, Webley revolvers, and Browning-Inglis Hi Power pistols and Canadian production of these weapons was badly needed for overseas service. The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers thus had to make do with what was readily available, often patrolling with their own rifles and shotguns. This led Canadian purchasing agents to look to American sources for rifles. At the time the most popular style of rifle in the North American West was the .30WCF (.30-30 calibre) lever action. As such, purchasers considered that the Winchester 1894 and Marlin 36 would be easy for the PCMR members to use, as they more than likely had experience with the type already. As a stop-gap until Enfield Rifles became available in numbers for issue, some 3000 Winchesters and an estimated 1800 Marlins were promptly acquired direct from North Haven (likely all these firms had on hand). Guns were issued as needed to senior members of the companies, but stocks of .30-30 ammunition was so limited that only six rounds were issued with the rifle while the rest was locked up in the company's armoury, typically in the vault of the local bank.

The bolt-action Lee–Enfield was then issued to the PCMR as the standard rifle later during the war and it continued to be used by the Canadian Rangers when they were established in 1947. Due to the economy of the .303 (there were thousands left over after the war) and the robust nature of the rifle (especially in conditions such as extreme cold), it was not replaced for use even after being taken out of general service in the remainder of the Canadian military in the 1950s. It has remained in service with the Canadian Rangers for over 70 years and has proven to be most reliable in adverse conditions even in the Canadian Arctic environment.

With the issue of the Colt Canada C19 as their new service rifle in 2015, the Canadian Rangers were officially gifted their retired Lee-Enfields by the Canadian Armed Forces.

Rifle replacement
Owing to the decreasing availability of spare parts, the replacement of the Lee–Enfield rifle had long been expected, and in August 2011, after user requirements had been determined, the Canadian Forces officially issued a tender request for a bolt-action rifle compatible with 7.62×51mm NATO and .308 Winchester ammunition. Approximately 10,000 rifles were to be bought giving the system a service life of about 30 years. Project management was provided by the Canadian Army's, Director Land Resources (DLR). The new rifles are a Finnish SAKO design, based on the Tikka T3 Compact Tactical rifle (CTR). The rifle was being manufactured under licence by Colt Canada, set to be in service by 2018. The tender was cancelled in October 2011 due to contractual issues and a new tender was issued in 2014 for replacement rifles with a selection competition in 2015 and the winning design entering service between 2015 and 2019. In April 2015, Colt Canada was selected to produce the rifle under licence. Thirty-three initial examples of the new rifle based on the CTR were delivered to the 4th Canadian Ranger Patrol Group (4 CRPG) in Victoria, British Columbia, in June 2015, while Canadian Ranger instructors from across all CRPGs concurrently attended "train-the-trainer" training at the Small Arms section at the Combat Training Centre, CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick. "Uncontrolled testing" was completed with 100 rifles in Nunavut in August 2015, while controlled testing was conducted in November 2015 in the British Columbia interior, facilitated by 4 CRPG. The rifles were tested to ensure they would fire properly and remain accurate at temperatures as low as -51 C (laboratory conditions), as well as remain robust and serviceable amidst the rigours of transportation in vehicles and in particular on all-terrain vehicles. They are expected to stop all large predators, including polar bears. Feedback from the Canadian Rangers was generally very positive, with only minor adjustments required, and was incorporated in the final production rifles.

The rifle features a heavy-taper stainless steel barrel, a detachable 10-round double-stack box magazine, custom iron sights calibrated from 100 to 600 metres, a specially laminated wooden stock with a unique reddish-grey pattern in the wood grain, stainless steel construction with extra corrosion resistant coatings, and enlarged trigger guards and bolt handles so they can be used without removing gloves. The barrel, bolt and receiver are made by Colt Canada under licence from SAKO. In addition to the rifle, the accessories package includes a custom-moulded Pelican hard transport case (suitable for commercial aircraft transportation), plus a soft transport case for vehicles, such as snowmobiles and ATVs. The rifle is also outfitted with a custom sling, extra magazines, a trigger lock and custom cleaning kit. The rifle's hard case and soft case, as well as the rifle butt stock feature the Canadian Ranger badge. The Ranger badge on the rifle stock is engraved and in black relief. The rifle is designated the C19 rifle. Ammunition for the C19 is a proprietary .308 Winchester round made in Quebec solely for the C-19 and consists of the pairing of existing Canadian Forces' match (sniper) brass cases, paired with the Nosler Accubond 180 gr bullet. The ammunition designation is the C-180 round.

the DND planned to buy 6,820 rifles. Including development costs, spare parts, and two million rounds of ammunition, the rifles were expected to cost $28 million.

Chain of command
The Canadian Rangers became part of the Canadian Army in October 2007, having previously been under the vice chief of the Defence Staff for the Canadian Armed Forces. The commander of the Canadian Army is the Canadian Ranger National Authority (CRNA), but, this role is delegated down to the Army chief of staff reserve (ACOS Res), a brigadier-general. The commander of the Canadian Army has a small cadre of CRNA staff in Ottawa, headed by a Class-A (part-time) lieutenant-colonel and consisting of a full-time major and a small number of captains and master warrant officers. The conduit between the CRNA staff and the ACOS REs is the director Army Reserve (DARes), a full colonel. These CRNA staff act as a conduit for information, assist with general development and improvement, assist in generating, modifying, and maintaining policy that addresses the unique nature of the Canadian Rangers (including administrative policy, unit establishment and structure, training policy, and logistical policy), and with the financing (overall funding model) of the Canadian Rangers. These staff are not directly within the chain of command and have no authority over the CRPGs, but, are instead seen as the technical and advisory link between the Canadian Ranger units and the commander of the Canadian Army.

Command and control of the respective Canadian Ranger units (known as Canadian Ranger patrol groups or CRPGs) is devolved from the commander of the Canadian Army down to his subordinate commanders of the various regional divisions. There are five CRPGs and each CRPG corresponds to one of the regional divisions (as seen below). The CRPGs tend to be provincially oriented, apart from 1 CRPG, which covers the whole of northern Canada north of the 60th parallel, and 4 CRPG which covers the four western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Each CRPG has a headquarters and a number of patrols, albeit that 4 CRPG's patrols are managed within a company construct, with provincially oriented companies each commanding their own patrols. The patrols tend to be centred on remote communities throughout Canada and are frequently named after the town or village they are from (the Terrace Patrol, in British Columbia, for instance).

Prince Charles (since 8 September 2022, Charles III, King of Canada) was made honorary head of the Canadian Rangers and he and his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (now Queen Camilla), were each given the rangers' red sweatshirt and baseball cap by David Illituk of Kugaaruk, Nunavut; Joseph Catholique of Łutselk'e, Northwest Territories; Michael Cameron of Salluit, Quebec; and Kelly Suits of Carcross, Yukon, at Rideau Hall on 10 November 2009.

Patrol areas
There are five main patrol areas of the Canadian Rangers. Each patrol area is directly controlled by the headquarters unit of a Canadian Ranger patrol group or CRPG (groupe de patrouilles des Rangers canadiens, GPRC).

Junior Canadian Rangers
The Junior Canadian Rangers (JCR) Programme was created on May 31, 1996, and has more than 3,400 members in 119 locations. Each CRPG is responsible for facilitating the JCRs and receive separate national funding for JCR activity facilitation. Each Canadian Ranger patrol has at least a couple of Canadian Rangers who directly look after the JCRs, and JCR instructors are part of the CRPG's full-time staff. At the national level, the Junior Canadian Ranger programme is maintained by the National Cadet and Junior Canadian Ranger Group, commanded by a brigadier-general. The programme is open to Canadians from ages 12 to 18.

Freedoms
The Canadian Rangers have received the Freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:

 * 22 August 2022: Dawson City.

title: Canadian Rangers


text:
Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997

The Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997 was the second of two Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1997 that amended the regulation of firearms within Great Britain. It was introduced by the newly elected Labour government of Tony Blair. The first Act was the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997.

Background
The act was created in response to the Snowdrop Petition following the Dunblane Massacre. The previous Conservative government had exceeded the recommendations of the Cullen Report and introduced the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 that banned "high calibre" handguns, greater than .22 calibre (5.6 mm). This new (No. 2) Act further prohibited the private possession of all cartridge handguns, regardless of calibre.

The only handguns still allowed following the ban were:

 * Antique and muzzle-loading black-powder guns
 * Firearms of historic interest whose ammunition is no longer available ("Section 7.1" firearms)
 * Firearms of historic interest with current calibres ("Section 7.3" firearms)
 * Air pistols
 * Firearms which fall outside the Home Office definition of "small firearms".
 * Pistols used by hunters for humane dispatch

The Act does not extend to Northern Ireland, where firearms regulations differ due to the Troubles. Northern Ireland law allows pistols for use as personal protection weapons, mainly by retired police or prison officers, but also prominent figures who were considered at risk. It also does not extend to Crown Dependencies such as the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man, where handguns are still used in target sports.

title: Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997


text:
Talk:Yumi, Yumi, Yumi

Where the lyricz
Where the lyricz 2601:8D:701:4A0:717B:52D0:C351:E85C (talk) 00:20, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yumi, Yumi, Yumi


text:
Talk:Jakob Amsler-Laffon

First name should read "Jakob", so the article should be moved appropriately. — Nol Aders 23:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done — Nol Aders 10:30, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

-- Is this article still a stub?! — Nol Aders 10:30, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jakob Amsler-Laffon


text:
Category talk:Video game companies

Untitled
This catagory needs to be simplified by seperating development (only) companies from production companies. Developers could even further be subdivided into 2nd and 3rd party. I appologise for my inability to take on a project of this magnitude.--68.92.122.79 23:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There are Category:First-party developers and Category:Second-party developers. Shawnc 09:05, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Video game companies


text: User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 12

title: User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 12


text: User:Sujit

title: User:Sujit