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Peter Beale

Peter Beale is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders and he is played by Thomas Law. Peter makes his first appearance in episode 926, originally broadcast on 16 December 1993. Peter has been played by seven actors since being introduced in 1993. Francis Brittin-Snell portrayed the role from 1993 to 1996, followed by Alex Stevens from 1997 to 1998 and Joseph Shade from 1998 to 2004. James Martin took over and played the role from 2004 to 2006. He was played by Thomas Law from 2006 until 2010, when the character departed the series. In April 2013, it was announced that Peter would return, played by Ben Hardy who made his first appearance on 7 June 2013. Hardy announced his departure from the role in November 2014, making his final on-screen appearance on 24 February 2015.

In December 2019, it was announced that the character would be returning, played by Dayle Hudson. Peter returned on 18 February 2020, during the show's 35th anniversary week. In June 2022, it was announced that the character had been axed, and Hudson’s final scenes aired on 14 July 2022. Peter made an unannounced return in the episode broadcast on 22 June 2023, with Thomas Law reprising the role. It was confirmed he will be making a permanent return to the show and his return aired on 22 August 2023.

Peter’s storylines have included being involved in a car accident, a turbulent relationship with Lauren Branning (Madeline Duggan/Jacqueline Jossa), discovering that his younger half-brother Bobby (Eliot Carrington/Clay Milner Russell) murdered his twin sister Lucy (Hetti Bywater), and disowning his family when they cover up her murder, taking over Ian's businesses, affairs with his girlfriend Ash Panesar's (Gurlaine Kaur Garcha) mother Suki (Balvinder Sopal) and Bobby's girlfriend Dana Monroe (Barbara Smith), and being comatose after suffering injuries in a fire from Kathy's café.

1993–2010
Peter and his twin sister Lucy Beale (Eva Brittin-Snell) are born off-screen on 9 December 1993, to Ian (Adam Woodyatt) and Cindy Beale (Michelle Collins). Peter is named after his paternal grandfather, Pete Beale (Peter Dean), who dies on the day Lucy and Peter are born, from a car accident with his girlfriend, Rose Chapman (Petra Markham). In 1996, Cindy hires a hitman to kill Ian, but he survives and fearing she will be arrested, she goes on the run with Peter and her eldest son, Steven Beale (Stuart Stevens), but she is unable to get Lucy. Ian hires a private investigator, who locates Cindy in Italy and Ian, his stepfather Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) and Phil's brother Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp), go to Italy and take Steven and Peter. Cindy returns to Walford with her boyfriend, Nick Holland (Dominic Taylor), and she wins custody of Steven, Lucy and Peter, but is arrested for attempted murder and is remanded in custody, so the children remain with Ian. In November 1998, Cindy supposedly dies of complications after giving birth to hers and Nick's daughter Cindy Williams (Eva Wortley and Cydney Parker). Steven, Lucy and Peter grow up with various stepmothers: Melanie Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite) splits from Ian straight after marrying him in Millennium Eve due to her finding out Lucy (now Casey Anne Rothery) was not sick with cancer as initially feared and in July 2003, Ian's wife Laura Beale gives birth to hers and Ian's son, Bobby Beale (Kevin Curran), who is Peter and Lucy's younger half-brother, and they separate when Ian denies paternity. Laura later dies in 2004.

Peter is injured in a fair ground collapse in June 2004 but is saved from the wreckage by Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) and his son Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman). Ian meets Jane Collins (Laurie Brett) at this fair and Lucy and Peter struggle to bond with Jane due to Ian's past relationships, but Ian's aunt, Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard), convinces them to give her a chance. In May 2007, Ian and Peter go camping with Phil and his son, Ben Mitchell (Charlie Jones). On the drive home, there is a car accident and Peter and Ben are trapped in the car. Ben is conscious but Peter is knocked unconscious. Peter and Ben are rescued by Phil.

A budding athlete, who is Peter's PE teacher, tells Ian that Peter could compete in the 2012 Olympics. Keen for Peter to succeed, Ian begins putting pressure on him to train hard and is unhappy when Peter is distracted by Lauren Branning (Madeline Duggan), who Peter begins dating in December 2007. Lauren's father, Max Branning (Jake Wood), is also unhappy, especially when he catches Peter and Lauren playing truant and drinking alcohol and Max orders Peter to end the relationship in October 2008 but Peter tries standing up to him. Max angrily grabs Peter and throttles him so Peter tells Lauren that Max was behind their breakup, making Lauren so angry that she tries to run Max over. Peter later gives evidence in court, and when Lauren returns home (after being found not guilty of attempting to murder Max) in April 2009, Peter settles his differences with Max and declares his love for Lauren. Peter tries to look impressive by lying that he and Lauren have had sex in the allotments. Lucy and Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick) quickly spread this rumour at school and Lauren dumps Peter. Peter and Lauren reconcile and Lauren tells Peter she is ready to have sex. However, Lauren's mother, Tanya Branning (Jo Joyner), finds the condoms Peter and Lauren are using and Lauren's older half-brother, Bradley Branning (Charlie Clements), overhears Peter talking about it. The next day, Peter and Lauren try to see each other in secret but fail. Peter tells Max that he loves Lauren and Max finally accepts it.

At a party, Peter meets Zsa Zsa Carter (Emer Kenny) and they end up kissing, which Lauren sees. Lauren slaps Peter and Zsa Zsa, causing an argument. Peter discovers Leon Small (Sam Attwater) slept with Lucy (now Melissa Suffield) while he was seeing Zsa Zsa, causing a violent confrontation. Later, Peter finds Lucy's letter from the abortion clinic and Peter assures Lucy he is behind her but does not support Lucy's decision to let Jane and Ian raise the baby and later learns that Lucy has miscarried. He begins sending anonymous gifts to Zsa Zsa but is caught out by Leon and his friend Arthur "Fatboy" Chubb (Ricky Norwood). Lucy plans to separate Leon and Zsa Zsa by exposing their affair and tells Zsa Zsa about the baby. Zsa Zsa is disgusted and during a confrontation, Leon announces that Lucy had an abortion. Peter is disgusted as he knows how much Jane wants a baby and is shocked further when he discovers Ian knew.

Peter is annoyed when his father assumes Lucy will get better GCSE grades than him. They both get good grades but Lucy's are exceptionally better. As the family celebrate, they are interrupted by Mr Allcock (Bill Buckhurst) who reveals that Lucy's results are inconsistent and there has been an allegation of cheating, meaning the exam board will have to look at Lucy and Peter's exam papers. However, Lucy admits cheating and gets Peter out of trouble. When Jane realises that Lucy may have had an abortion, Peter confirms this. Lucy decides to move to Devon to avoid spending another year studying, while Jane secretly plans to leave Ian. At Billie Jackson's (Devon Anderson) birthday party, Peter ends up kissing Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty). Whitney stays the night but later regrets it when Billie is found dead, believing that she could have saved him if she had stayed at home. Whitney later goes to Peter for comfort, and the couple start dating. Peter soon develops strong feelings for Whitney and plans to ask her to marry him. At Peter's birthday party, Ian insults Whitney, calling her "a walking STD", making Peter storm out and is devastated when Whitney dumps him. He gets drunk and vomits on Glenda Mitchell (Glynis Barber). Jane is supportive and understanding but Ian is resentful. Peter learns that Ian and Glenda are having an affair and he warns Glenda to keep her distance, making her think that he pushed her down the stairs in her flat. Upset with Ian, Peter throws a brick through his chip shop window. Glenda tells Ian that Peter admitted pushing her and Phil confronts Peter at a family gathering, Ian does not defend Peter, although no one knows that Ben is responsible. Later, Ian begs for forgiveness, and promises to tell Jane about the affair. Disgusted, he packs a bag and leaves a card for Jane saying "I'm sorry" before joining Lucy in Devon. Ian later receives news that Peter and Lucy have been involved in a car crash and takes Bobby (Alex Francis) to visit them. On her return, Lucy (now played by Hetti Bywater) reveals that she fell out with Peter as he dated her friend, Leanne, in Devon.

2013–2015
Peter (now Ben Hardy) returns to Walford when Ian invites him to the opening of his new restaurant, Beale's. He learns that Lucy took control of Ian's businesses when Ian had a mental breakdown. Ian wants his businesses back and tricks Lucy into signing everything back to him; Peter confronts Ian but forgives him. Peter is shocked when his half-sister Cindy Williams (Mimi Keene) arrives and wants her to return to Devon because she aware of his secret, but she chooses to remain with the Beales. Peter later tells Lola Pearce (Danielle Harold) that his friend Gaz died while they were swimming because he pushed him to go further out to sea. Peter did not tell Gaz's family the details of what happened and this angers Lola, but they later start dating when she forgives him. Ian tells Peter that he is lying about witnessing Max Branning (Jake Wood) tampering with the car that injured Carl White (Daniel Coonan) and Phil, and Carl is blackmailing him to testify against Max and keep him locked up. For Lauren's sake, who is now a recovering alcoholic, Peter tries to get Ian to tell the truth and turns against Carl, resulting in a beating. Ian is stopped from testifying when he is kidnapped by Phil and Max, who have learned the truth. When Peter and Lola go public with their relationship, Phil and Ian reluctantly accept it and Peter moves in with Lola and her grandfather, Billy Mitchell (Perry Fenwick). In April 2014, Ian makes the discovery that Lucy has been taking cocaine and, in an attempt to reach out to her, tells her that she is his favourite, but Peter overhears and storms off, upset. The same night, Lucy is murdered (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?), devastating Peter and Ian, who begin searching for the truth.

Peter becomes reliant on Lauren for support as she was Lucy's best friend and business partner in a letting agency. A rift forms between him and Lola over his reliance on Lauren over her and they break up when Peter realises he is in love with Lauren and Lola is responsible for the publication of a well-meant article about Lucy that paints her as a rebellious teenager. Lauren rejects his advances as she has recently started dating Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo), but realises she is still in love with him when he rescues Kat Moon (Jessie Wallace) from a fire. Peter plans to leave Walford to live with Steven, but Lauren stops him and they declare their love for each other. Peter then leaves for a holiday with Steven in New Zealand. When he returns, he proposes to Lauren with Cindy's help (who has returned from Devon) and she accepts, but calls off the engagement almost immediately when Ian reveals that Peter was Lucy's cocaine dealer. Peter explains that he simply handled the drugs so Lucy would not come into contact with any dangerous drug dealers and she became addicted since they were staying in Devon several years ago with the addiction becoming stronger when Ian had his breakdown. Despite knowing this, Ian disowns Peter although Jane convinces him to let Peter move back in. In February 2015, Peter finds out that Lauren is pregnant with his child. When he offers to support her, she tells him that Lucy was murdered at home, leaving Peter thinking that either Ian or Jane killed Lucy. When the whole family learns that Bobby is the real killer, despite Jane trying to cover for him as she convinced him that he didn't, they try to tell him what he did. When Peter sees that the rest of the family do not want Bobby to know, he is furious. After realising that he cannot live with this secret, Peter announces he is moving to New Zealand to live with Steven and invites Lauren to join him. At first she rejects him but comes around soon after, and they both leave the Square together.

Seven months later, a heavily pregnant Lauren returns to Walford and gives birth to her and Peter's son, Louie, named in honour of Peter's deceased great-grandmother, Lou Beale (Anna Wing). She and Louie later go back to New Zealand to be with Peter. In May 2016, Ian's mother Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) contacts Lauren and informs her that Bobby (Eliot Carrington) has brutally attacked Jane, leaving her in a coma. Ian is shocked when Lauren and Louie then return to Walford, with Steven instead of Peter. Lauren reveals that her relationship with Peter ended due to Bobby's secret and she is now with Steven. Later that year, Steven steals equipment, supplies and money from Ian's restaurant. Jane and later Lauren find out about it and Steven admits that he did it to help Peter, who has been getting into debt, drinking heavily and getting into fights since his breakup with Lauren. In February 2018, after the trauma of enduring Abi’s death, Lauren leaves Walford with Louie. Her grandmother Cora Cross (Ann Mitchell) later reveals that they have moved back to New Zealand, hinting that Lauren and Peter have reunited. A year later, Kathy tells Ian to tell Peter that Bobby has been released.

2020–present
In February 2020, Lauren's uncle Jack Branning (Scott Maslen) reveals to Max that Lauren and Peter have split up and he has been aiding Lauren with money. That same month, Peter (now Dayle Hudson) returns to Walford after being contacted by his grandmother Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) that Bobby (now Clay Milner Russell) has been left comatose after being attacked, as a result of islamophobia. Peter has undergone a personality change and struggles to adjust to life in Walford. He is hostile towards Ian and Bobby, having never forgiven them for their role in Lucy's death, but agrees to see them after a talk with Kathy. Peter flirts with former girlfriend Lola, much to the annoyance of Lola's boyfriend Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick). Peter and Lola have sex, but she immediately regrets it and warns Peter that it was a mistake. Peter becomes close to Dotty Cotton (Milly Zero) and they almost kiss, but are interrupted by Bobby. Peter bonds with Ash Panesar (Gurlaine Kaur Garcha), and also attracts interest from Ash's mother Suki Panesar (Balvinder Sopal) and they sleep together, unbeknownst to Ash. Despite this, Peter and Ash's friendship blossoms and they start dating when Ash’s relationship with Iqra Ahmed (Priya Davdra) ends. Peter decides to impress Ash by jogging around the square in a cape, however, he falls and injures himself. Ash gives Peter medication, despite not being on duty and having consumed alcohol, leading to her being suspended. Their relationship is tested again when Ash's brother Jags (Amar Adatia) is killed in prison, and Peter fails to support Ash and ignores her. He later becomes jealous when he sees Ash with another man.

After Ian disappears, Peter is left in charge of his restaurant, Walford East. He becomes disliked and clashes with his cousin Martin Fowler (James Bye) and Kat, when he organizes a racial discrimination campaign against her taxi firm when Ash believes that her employee Harvey Monroe (Ross Boatman), has made a racial remark towards her, which annoys Ash. Peter decides to sponsor a Christmas tree for Albert Square and enters into a brief feud with Mick Carter (Danny Dyer) and Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks) when they successfully outbid him. Peter fails to warm to Kathy's boyfriend Tom "Rocky" Cotton (Brian Conley), who is impersonating as Sonia Fowler's (Natalie Cassidy) father, Terry Cant. Rocky is working with Dotty to fleece Peter and concocts a meat-free menu scheme for the restaurant, so Peter can buy his product and therefore take his money. Peter is reluctant and is furious when Kathy decides to invest in it. Peter becomes suspicious of Rocky when he continuously delays the arrival of the product. He later catches Rocky operating in a drug deal, but Rocky lies, although he is later exposed by Dotty for his lies and scheming. Peter has sex with Suki once again in January 2022, and this ends when Ash catches them together, and she subsequently ends their relationship. Peter is assaulted by his uncle Ben Mitchell (Max Bowden) and is left unconscious after Ben mistakes him for a homophobe. Peter is unaware of the identity of his attacker and is disgusted when Lewis Butler (Aidan O'Callaghan) reveals that it was Ben and that Kathy knew about it. During this time, he becomes close with Bobby's ex-girlfriend Dana Monroe (Barbara Smith), but Peter turns her down when she attempts to kiss him. They later have sex, unaware that Ben has seen them. Peter and Ben develop a feud when Peter discovers that Ben was responsible for his attack. After Ben reveals his fling with Dana, Peter decides to leave Walford and burns bridges with his family by publicly denouncing them. Kathy later learns that Peter has stolen her money, leaving her penniless. Although it is unknown exactly where Peter went to, Lauren reveals in December 2022 that Peter visited her and Louie in New Zealand, bringing lots of presents with him.

In June 2023, it is revealed that Peter (now Thomas Law again) is now living in France along with Ian and his mother Cindy, funding their lifestyle with the money he stole from Kathy. Cindy and Ian have reunited as a couple and it is revealed that Cindy did not die but was part of a witness protection scheme, which forced her to leave her family and assume a new identity. Lauren visits Peter and Louie and Peter confesses that he still loves Lauren. She reciprocates this at first, but when Ian has a heart attack, Peter, Lauren and Cindy all go to hospital. There, Lauren discovers that Cindy never died, and she confronts Peter and tells him that they will never get back together. Peter soon discovers that whilst Cindy was in witness protection, she married George Knight (Colin Salmon) and had two daughters Gina (Francesca Henry) and Anna Knight (Molly Rainford), and that they live at The Queen Victoria public house. Despite Ian's attempts to stop him, Peter decides to return to Walford to find them. Peter clashes with Ben again but the pair put the past behind them although Kathy is initially less forgiving. Peter and Bobby make amends and they go to the club on a night out, where Peter encounters a drunk Priya Nandra-Hart (Sophie Khan Levy) and takes her to bed; Peter is unable to perform and Priya cruelly humiliates him the next morning in the cafe in front of his family. Peter helps his parents open up a pie and mash restaurant and takes over the marketing, but residents soon discover that rapist Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo) is a silent partner, causing Peter to pull out. In November 2023, Rocky tampers with the electrics at the cafe in a bid to claim insurance money, starting a fire. Bobby is trapped in the flames and Peter goes in to rescue him, but is injured and left on a life support machine. Cindy blames Bobby and Kathy for Peter's condition and calls the police on Kathy when she reveals that she ignored problems with the electrics. Peter recovers and Harvey reveals that Rocky had caused the fire.

In January 2024, Lauren informs Peter over the phone that she is returning to Walford with Louie. Her cousin, Penny Branning (Kitty Castledine), follows them and plants drugs in Lauren's bag in an attempt to smuggle drugs into the country for her dealer, Juliette Dubois. A sniffer dog detects the drugs at the airport, leading to Lauren's arrest. Peter finds out and pressures Penny to confess to the police, which she does, resulting in Lauren's release. When Lauren sees Louie, she and Peter reminisce about the past. Peter asks her to stay longer, but Lauren declines, saying Walford reminds her too much of her deceased sister Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald). Lauren decides to leave Walford when she discovers Peter knew about Penny's actions. Bobby successfully convinces Lauren to make peace with Peter, emphasizing that her anger should be directed at Penny, not him. Peter becomes angry at Penny because she announces that she, Lauren, and Louie are moving in together and Peter doesn't want his son in the same house as a drug dealer, however Peter and Penny later get drunk and clear the air. Lauren and Peter realise they still have feelings for each other. Ian encourages Peter to win Lauren back, while Cindy advises Lauren to rekindle their relationship only if she is sure they won't break up again, for Louie's sake. Uncertain, Lauren rejects Peter's attempts at romance and sleeps with Zack Hudson (James Farrar). Despite this, they eventually resume their relationship.

Casting and development
Peter was introduced in 1993 along with his twin sister Lucy, and was originally played by Francis Brittin-Snell as a baby and toddler from 1993 to 1996. In 1997, the role was given to Alex Stevens and he played Peter until 1998. Joseph Shade took over until 2004 and James Martin played him from 2004 until 2006. It was announced on 17 August 2006 that actor Thomas Law had been cast as Peter. Law said of the role: "I couldn't believe it when I heard that I got the part, I'm really excited as I am a big fan of EastEnders." He made his first appearance on 31 August 2006. He is described on the EastEnders website as being laid back, and Ian's "golden boy".

In 2007, Peter was part of a storyline which saw him and his father, as well as Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) and Ben Mitchell (Charlie Jones), involved in a car accident, when the Range Rover they were travelling in crashed into a lake. The scenes cost £1 million to produce, and external scenes were filmed in Surrey over four days, with underwater scenes being filmed in a specially designed stunt tank. The scenes aired on 18 May 2007. It was not known to viewers if Peter would survive at the time. Law praised the scenes, calling them "fantastic".

In November 2010, it was reported that Peter would leave EastEnders at the end of the year, with a possible, yet unconfirmed, return for 2011. In storylines, Peter is accused of pushing Glenda Mitchell down her stairs. Law felt that Peter would not be strong enough to do it and it would not be in his character, though he feels backed into a corner. Peter made his final appearance on 24 December 2010. When asked if he could return, Law said, "I don't know. They're leaving the door open. That's all I can tell you."

On 19 April 2013, it was reported that Peter was to return to the series, played by Ben Hardy. He said of his casting: "I'm really excited to be joining the fantastic cast of EastEnders—a show which my family have watched for years. I can't wait to step into the shoes of a character with so much history and am looking forward to getting stuck in." Executive producer Lorraine Newman said, "Ben's a wonderful addition to the EastEnders cast and I am sure he will be popular with the audience. Having Peter back in the Beale fold helps cement the next generation of the Beale clan, a family who exist at the true heart of the show. Ian's wonderful relationship with Denise and the inclusion of Lucy, Peter and Bobby in the household will reinvigorate the clan with vibrancy and energy. I am really looking forward to seeing them all together on screen." Hardy left the role in 2015. A year later, he explained that he decided to leave so he did not regret "not trying for his dreams".

On 18 December 2019, it was announced that Peter would be returning to the show. The role was recast, with Dayle Hudson becoming the seventh actor to portray the character. Of his casting, Hudson said that he was "very excited to see what the future holds for [Peter]". Executive producer Jon Sen added that Dayle is a "talented actor who captures [Peter's] complexity perfectly. Hudson explained that upon returning to Walford, Peter intends to "build bridges" with his family. He stated that the relationship between Peter and Bobby is "always going to be strained", due to Bobby being responsible for Lucy's death, but that it forms an "interesting element in their relationship". He returned on 18 February 2020.

On 22 June 2023, Peter made an unannounced return to the show, with Thomas Law reprising the role. Of his return, Law said that it was "an absolute delight" to come back and that he couldn't wait to "explore the character." Executive Producer Chris Clenshaw added that he was "thrilled to welcome [Law] back to the role of Peter Beale" and that the return would be "nothing less than explosive."

Reception
In May 2009, Executive producer Diederick Santer praised the younger cast of EastEnders, including Law. Stuart Heritage from The Guardian expressed a dislike for Peter in April 2010, saying he should be written out, "before his increasingly spectacular haircut goes power mad and starts to colonise the entire set. Also, his voice has been breaking for what seems like seven full years, so he could probably use his new-found free time to consult a doctor or something."

title: Peter Beale


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Talk:London Fields

Pix idea
Does anyone fancy uploading this image: http://www.hackney.gov.uk/xc-lido-proposed.jpg to the site? It's the architect's drawing for how the new lido will (hopefully) look. I can't work out how to do it :/

Pix added
Not such hot pix, but I got there late. (Actually I think London pubs look best at night. The park pic isn't so great, but it is a change from the usual 'lots of trees in the sun, yawn...' stuff.)

I have removed the statement that London Fields is part of Dalston, since in modern times no-one thinks of it that way. In fact, I believe it is now a district of Hackney with a distinct character of its own, and I will alter the Borough page accordingly to point to it.

Added a 'stub' reference to the art scene, which is very important in the area. Visual art in east London is treated poorly on Wikipedia, and likely needs a top-down revamp.

The stuff on Broadway Market needs moving to that page with a link from here, but I have left it for now, as the market page is not very good. Tarquin Binary 17:54, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Addendum: Consulted with several Hackney friends (phone and pub) who all found the original assignment of London Fields to Dalston bizarre. All of them (sample size 6 including me, bit anecdotal...) reckon it belongs to an area of Hackney called 'London Fields' :) Tarquin Binary

Addendum 2: London Fields is strictly speaking within the ward of Queensbridge - see Hackney Council's own map at http://156.61.27.41/MapGallery/Maps/Administrative%20Boundaries/New%20Wards/New%20Ward%20Queensbridge.jpg  - lighterthief

Addendum 3 I'm quite aware of that map, and was hoping to use it as background to a commentary later. But, basically, if you unleash ward maps and boundaries on the encyclopedia (if you want that horror, I think you should moot it at the London Wikiproject), everything's up for grabs - in every borough of London, not just Hackney. And many people will not even recognise the (tiny) area they have been assigned to.

Frankly, ward boundaries are merely electoral conveniences, to be forgotten till the next polling day. Real districts, on the other hand, possess either historical or contemporary resonance. The problem is in deciding which districts, past or present, are real. Tarquin Binary 22:32, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Galleries
Hey Tarquin - have been staying away from Hackney pages for a while. Flowers East is a bit of a way from the park. The Hothouse and a small artist run space called Seven Seven contemporary are right there. Also a thing called Mile of Art happens each year in October where local artists set up stalls across the park.Piersmasterson 17:37, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In fact FE moved to Kingsland Road a while back, I know (think they were seminal in creating a buzz round there, though). Will remove that, should add it to Shoreditch, but meant to add Hothouse and other galleries nearby - go for it. Tarquin Binary 17:54, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * There *is* a flowers east building though, on Richmond Road (where the cycle track crosses over on its way to the Town Hall. Anyhoo.  There is another gallery recently opened down the bottom end of Broadway Market too, next to the new bookshop.  AFAIK the Mile of Art has only happened once so far, last year, but the Hidden Art festival usually sees a fair bit of activity in the area.Lighterthief

Tone
Hi, some of the tone of the article is a 'little peacocky'; and could be made more encyclopaedic. 20% house price increases? - not recently - some of this needs revision too. The final Flowers building has now closed and is being redeveloped. I was just looking for the acreage! Kbthompson (talk) 16:26, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I added some history links - one includes early cricket matches - the other the development (and protection) of the area. HTH Kbthompson (talk) 16:38, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

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Ieng Thirith

Ieng Thirith (née Khieu; អៀង ធីរិទ្ធ; 10 March 1932 – 22 August 2015) was an influential intellectual and politician in the Khmer Rouge, although she was neither a member of the Khmer Rouge Standing Committee nor of the Central Committee. Ieng Thirith was the wife of Ieng Sary, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Democratic Kampuchea's Khmer Rouge regime. She served as Minister of Social Affairs from October 1975 until the fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979.

She was the sister of Khieu Ponnary, who was the first wife of Pol Pot. She was arrested by the Extraordinary Chamber in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) in November 2007 with her husband, Ieng Sary, on suspicion of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Early years
Born Khieu Thirith in northwestern Cambodia's Battambang Province, she came from a relatively wealthy and privileged family, and was the second daughter of a Cambodian judge who abandoned the family during World War II, running off to Battambang with a Cambodian princess.

Thirith graduated from the Lycée Sisowath in Phnom Penh, and while still in Cambodia she became engaged to Ieng Sary, who attended Lycée in the year above her. She went on to Paris with her sister, where she studied English literature, majoring in Shakespeare at the Sorbonne. She became the first Cambodian to achieve a degree in English literature.

Thirith married Ieng Sary in the town hall of Paris' 15th arrondissement the summer of 1951 and took her husband's name, becoming Ieng Thirith. Her older sister, Khieu Ponnary, later became the wife of Pol Pot. Together, the two sisters and their husbands later became known as "Cambodia's Gang of Four", a reference to the radical group led by Jiang Qing (Chiang Ching), the widow/wife of Chinese communist leader Mao Tse-tung.

She returned to her native Cambodia in 1957 and worked as a professor before founding a private English school in 1960.

During the Democratic Kampuchea regime
She was a senior member of the Democratic Kampuchea (DK) regime.

From 1975 to 1979, Thirith was Minister of Social Affairs and Action and Head of Democratic Kampuchea's Red Cross Society.

Later years
Thirith lived with her husband, Ieng Sary, in a luxurious villa on Street 21, in southern Phnom Penh. Until her arrest, she was rarely seen in public. By 2006, Ieng Thirith and her husband had retained foreign legal counsel to assist with their defence as the Cambodia Tribunal made progress with courtroom preparation and judge selection. She was arrested, along with ailing Ieng Sary, on 12 November 2007, at their home in Phnom Penh, after being indicted by the Cambodia Tribunal.

She was arrested for crimes against humanity: "planning, direction, coordination and ordering of widespread purges ... and the unlawful killing or murder of staff members from within the Ministry of Social Affairs." On 17 November 2011, Thirith was ruled mentally unfit to stand trial, due to her severe case of Alzheimer's disease, and was ordered to be released. Prosecutors appealed against her release. On 13 December 2011, appeals judges reversed the ruling to release Thirith and ordered new medical exams to see how mentally fit she was to stand trial. In September 2012, the November 2011 ruling of her mental incompetence was put back into place, and she was released from prison.

She died on 22 August 2015 at the age of 83 from complications of the disease.

title: Ieng Thirith


text:
Category:Villages in the Czech Republic

 * ' in the '.

title: Category:Villages in the Czech Republic


text:
Talk:Ieng Thirith

It's a start
I plan to add more to fill in the 60's to the 80's and put some pictures in - feel free to join in Paxse 17:57, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Turns out there is an article on Khieu Thirith. I am deleting the text and forwarding to this article. What follows is the uncited text from that article. This is probably not the place for it, but I'm pretty new to Wikipedia, and not sure where to stash it temporarily. Anywho, here it is:

Khieu Thirith was the younger sister of Khieu Ponnary, Wife of Pol Pot. She married Ieng Sary, while in Paris with her sister Khieu Ponnary. Her husband later became known as Solath Sar, and was part of the brain trust under Pol Pot. After the victory by the Khmer Rouge Khieu Thirith became known by her married name, Ieng Thirith, and became the minister of social affairs in the Khmer Rouge, a regime that became notorious for overworking the population, starving many to death, and tearing apart families. She, along with her husband, were the most public members of the short-lived communist organization, as her sister, Khieu Ponnary had become mentally ill, and was housed separately from her husband, Pol Pot. After her defection from Pol Pot and the remaining Khmer Rouge, Ieng Thirith was granted amnesty by the Cambodian government in 1996. She lives with her husband in Pailin, Cambodia.

Thanks! --Revaaron 15:14, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for that useful info. Cheers, Paxse 18:22, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Ieng Thirith (born 1932, Battambang Province)[1] was neither a member of the Khmer Rouge Standing Committee nor of the Central Committee --> A definition that starts with a denial is already a poor logos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.100.60.48 (talk) 14:22, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ieng Thirith


text:
Talk:Volunteers Fighting Disease

Correction. You say their motto isn't known, but it is. It's "No news is good news" (The Hostile Hospital, chapter 2).
 * Yes - when I added the infobox, I didn't have the book to hand. I tried a google search but no banana. I figured that someone would add it in eventually and if I think of it first, more for the better. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 22:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Is the motto on the bearded volunteer's guitar/the whole character a reference to Woody Guthrie (This Machine Kills Fascists on the guitar)? Shouldn't that be mentioned?

This article contains the whole song as it appears in the book- doesn't this violate copyrights?--Orthologist 22:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volunteers Fighting Disease


text:
AC Monza

Associazione Calcio Monza, or simply Monza, is a professional football club based in Monza, Lombardy, Italy. The team plays in the Serie A, the first tier of Italian football, following promotion in the 2021–22 Serie B season.

The club was founded in 1912 as Monza FBC and came close to promotion to the Serie A on multiple occasions in the 1970s. However, they faced financial issues at times during the first two decades of the 21st century, being declared bankrupt twice, in 2004 and 2015. Following Silvio Berlusconi's takeover of the club in 2018, Monza returned to the Serie B in 2020 after a 19-year absence and achieved promotion to the Serie A for the first time in 2022. Before their promotion, no Italian team had played more Serie B seasons (40) without reaching the Serie A. Monza have won the Coppa Italia Serie C a record four times, the Serie C championship four times, and an Anglo-Italian Cup.

From the club's founding, Monza's colours were blue and white, but they were changed to red and white in 1932. As a result, the team are nicknamed i biancorossi (the white and reds). Monza have played their home games at the Stadio Brianteo since 1988. The team have rivalries with Como, Pro Sesto and Pisa.

Foundation and first tournaments (1912–1927)

Monza Foot-Ball Club was founded on 1 September 1912 in the Cappello Vecchio trattoria, following the merger of the Monza-based clubs Pro Italia and Pro Monza. The new club established their first headquarters in the Roma coffeehouse located on the similarly named town square in Monza; the team initially wore a blue and white kit. Monza's first recorded game was against a team from Milan, while their first win came on 20 September 1912 when they beat Juventus Italia F.C. 2–1 in Triante. The club won their first trophy, the Coppa Colli, in early 1913 after beating A.S.D. F.B.C. Saronno 1910 3–2 in the final.

In November 1913, Monza FBC merged with Juventus FBC (a group of athletes formerly part of the Forti e Liberi sports club) to form Associazione Calcio Monza. Monza first participated in the Terza Categoria (1905–1922) (third level) in the 1913–14 Terza Categoria; they played their first match on 4 January 1914, losing 3–1 at home against Fanfulla. The 1914–15 Promozione, Monza took part in the Promozione (second level), finishing fourth in their group of six. Despite the outbreak of World War I, when conscription forced teams to send their adult players to war, Monza were able to continue their sporting activity with young players.

Between 1915 and 1918, the war interrupted official tournaments. Upon the resumption of football in 1919, Monza took part in the 1919–20 Promozione (second level). Having finished first in their group, Monza played the promotion finals against C.S. Trevigliese A.S.D., losing 2–1. The Italian Football Federation, however, decided to promote Monza via repechage, and the team were allocated to the Prima Categoria (1904–1922), the top tier of Italian football. In 1919, Monza hosted the Czechoslovakia military national team for a friendly game at Grazie Vecchie field that ended in a 1–1 draw.

Monza were grouped with Milan, Cremonese and Pro Patria in their qualifying group for the Prima Categoria. Their first game was played on 24 October 1920, a 4–1 home defeat to Milan; Francesco Mandelli scored Monza's lone goal. They finished the 1920–21 season with no points and in last place in their group. The following season, Monza finished second in their group, missing out on the final stage by one position. Due to a restructuring of the league system, Monza were moved to the Seconda Divisione (second level) for the 1922–23 season; they avoided relegation by beating Chiasso and Canottieri Lecco in the play-offs. In 1926–27, after beating Ponziana 3–2 in the final, Monza were declared champions of the Seconda Divisione Lega Nord (third level) and were promoted to the Prima Divisione (second level).

Biancorossi and Serie B promotion (1932–1953)

During the 1930s and 1940s Monza played in the Prima Divisione (third level), which became the Serie C in 1935. In September 1932, ahead of the 1932–33 season, Monza changed their shirt colours to red and white, which they have worn ever since. They became nicknamed "i biancorossi" (the white and reds) following the colour change. Monza finished in first place the following season and played a round-robin tournament with three other teams for promotion to the Serie B (second level); they finished fourth and failed to move up to the second level. On 23 April 1939, the club reached the Coppa Italia quarter-finals, losing 2–1 to Serie A side Genoa. They became the first Serie C team to reach the quarter-finals of the competition.

Between 1942 and 1945, World War II interrupted football in Italy. Following the war, Monza were placed in the Serie C (third level), finishing eighth in the 1945–46 season. They came close to promotion the following season, finishing third in the promotion play-offs. In 1947, Peppino Borghi became president of Monza. Monza, who were coached by Annibale Frossi, headed into the 1950–51 Serie C with a strong transfer campaign. On 4 June 1951, Monza played away to A.S.D. Omegna Calcio 1906 in the season's second-to-last match; Carlo Colombetti of Monza scored the match's only goal with a penalty kick, giving Monza their first promotion into the Serie B.

Monza debuted in the Serie B on 9 September 1951, drawing to Siracusa 1–1 away from home. The team only avoided relegation on the last matchday with a 2–1 home win against Piombino. Against most experts' pre-season expectations, Monza finished the 1952–53 Serie B in fourth position, three points behind automatic promotion in second place.

Simmenthal merger and aftermath (1955–1967)
In July 1955, ahead of the 1955–56 season, Monza merged with Prima Divisione (sixth level) side GS Simmenthal, the football club of the Simmenthal (company) food company. AC Monza was renamed AC Simmenthal-Monza, and was headed by Simmenthal owner Claudio Sada. The merger helped fund subsequent transfer campaigns. The match between Monza and Verona on 8 October 1955 was the first free-to-air televised match in Italy. Monza's first season under the new management was positive, finishing the season in third place. In the following years, until the end of their merger in 1964, Monza alternated positive seasons (fourth and fifth place in 1958 and 1961, respectively) with negative ones (16th and 15th in 1960 and 1964). On 14 July 1964, Simmenthal ceased to sponsor Monza and the club reverted to its former name.

Despite Monza's stable financial situation, no one was interested in purchasing the club; Sada decided to remain president for the following season. While Monza barely avoided relegation in the 1964–65 season, the same could not be said about the next season: following 15 years of second-tier football, Monza were relegated to the Serie C in the last matchday of the season, drawing 0–0 away to Mantova on 19 June 1966. After winning the 1966–67 play-off game against Como 1–0, thanks to a lone goal by Gianluigi Maggioni in the 32nd minute, Monza were promoted back to the Serie B after one year.

Serie A promotion attempts (1969–1979)

Three years after their Serie B promotion, Monza came close to reaching the Serie A for the first time in the 1969–70 Serie B under coach Luigi Radice; they needed an away win against first-placed Varese to keep their promotion chances alive on the second-to-last matchday. On 7 June 1970, after just two minutes of play, Monza took the lead through Roberto Caremi; in the sixth minute, Giampaolo Lanzetti failed to double the lead, wasting a clear chance in front of the goal. Varese won 2–1, preventing Monza from gaining promotion.

In mid-1972, Giovanni Cappelletti became president of the club. In his first year in charge, Monza were relegated to the Serie C after losing the last match of the 1972–73 season away to Bari 3–1. Despite their relegation, Monza saw success in the Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti, reaching the finals in 1974, 1975 and 1976, winning the first two over Lecce and Sorrento, and losing the third in a repeat of the first final. Five matches before the end of the 1975–76 season, Monza were promoted back to the Serie B; they also won an Anglo-Italian Cup on 19 June 1976, beating Wimbledon 1–0 in the final through a Francesco Casagrande (footballer) goal.

During the late 1970s, Monza came close to gaining promotion to the Serie A on multiple occasions. The first time was as a newly promoted team in the 1976–77 season, when they lost the season's final match 2–1 against Modena through an 81st-minute own goal. The following season went in a similar fashion for Monza, losing out to direct promotion in the second-to-last matchday against Pistoiese. In the 1978–79 Serie B season Monza again missed out on promotion in the final matches, being defeated by already-relegated Lecce in the second-to-last match. Monza tied with Pescara on points for third place and the two sides played a promotion tie-breaker, which Monza lost 2–0. In Cappelletti's last season as president, in 1979–80, Monza failed to gain promotion to the top flight for the fourth consecutive year. Four games from the end of the season, Monza were in third place in a spot for direct promotion; decisive defeats against Cesena and Brescia meant that Monza finished in fifth place, three points from Serie A promotion.

Valentino Giambelli presidency (1980–1999)

Valentino Giambelli became the club president in 1980, succeeding Cappelletti, and the club was renamed Calcio Monza. In the 1980–81 Serie B, Monza played in a championship with historical sides Milan and Lazio; both of whom had been relegated from the Serie A following the 1980 Totonero scandal. Monza finished in last place and were relegated to the Serie C1 (third level), but were promoted back 1981–82 Serie C1. They remained in the Serie B for a further four seasons before being relegated in 1986.

In the 1986–87 Serie C1, players such as Alessandro Costacurta, Francesco Antonioli and Pierluigi Casiraghi, who later became established names in Italian football, made their professional debuts with Monza. Captained by Pierluigi Frosio, Monza gained promotion to the Serie B in the 1987–88 Serie C1, and also won their third Coppa Italia Serie C, beating Palermo 2–1 at home following a goalless draw away. The second leg, which was played on 11 June 1988, was Monza's last game in the Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada, after which the team moved to the newly constructed Stadio Brianteo. The first match was played at the new stadium on 28 August 1988, when over 10,000 spectators attended Monza's Coppa Italia game against Serie A club Roma; against expectations, Monza won 2–1 with goals by Casiraghi and Carmelo Mancuso.

After having closely avoided relegation in 1988–89 on goal difference, Monza lost the 1989–90 Serie B relegation play-off against Messina on 7 June 1990, and were relegated to the Serie C1. On 13 June 1991, Monza won a record fourth Coppa Italia Serie C, beating Palermo in the final. They gained promotion to the Serie B in the 1991–92 Serie C1 but two years later, Monza finished the 1993–94 season in last place and returned to the third tier.

In March 1997, Giambelli signed a collaboration agreement with Milan and Monza became a satellite team of the Rossoneri, the first of its kind in Italy. In June 1997, Monza returned to the Serie B after defeating Carpi 3–2 in the promotion play-off final; they were coached by Luigi Radice, who had also helped them to promotion 30 years prior. The following season, newly promoted Monza changed most of their roster, introducing young players, many of whom came from Milan's youth sector. The team closed the season having been on the verge of relegation.

Financial instability (1999–2018)

In April 1999, after 19 years of presidency, Giambelli left the club amid criticism from fans concerning Monza's close connection with Milan and their CEO Adriano Galliani. With Giambelli's departure, Monza ceased to be Milan's satellite team. The club entered a period of instability, changing owners twice in five years. Monza were relegated to the Serie C1 in 2001 and then, for the first time, to the Serie C2 (fourth level) in 2002. Amid Monza's financial troubles, on 31 December 2003 the comune of Monza cut the supply of water and gas of Stadio Brianteo after the club was unable to pay the bills; Monza was forced to play home games at Stadio Breda in neighbouring Sesto San Giovanni.

On 18 March 2004, Monza was declared bankrupt. On 3 June the same year, the club was acquired by Atalanta vice-president Gian Battista Begnini, who renamed it AC Monza Brianza 1912. Monza took part in the 2004–05 Serie C2; despite being eliminated in the promotion play-off semi-finals, they were admitted into the Serie C1 via repechage. Monza twice came close to promotion to the Serie B, losing two consecutive play-off finals. In the 2005–06 season, after having lost at home 2–0, Monza won the away leg to Genoa 1–0, having missed many chances to score further goals. The 2006–07 season was even more dramatic: in the first leg at home, Monza beat Pisa thanks to a 74th-minute penalty. In the second leg, a first-half goal by Pisa forced the game into extra time, and Pisa scored again to secure promotion at Monza's expense.

On 13 July 2009, Begnini sold the club to the PaSport holding company, headed by former Milan player Clarence Seedorf. The new ownership did not last long: in 2012 the club was relegated to the Serie C2 and, on 12 May 2013, was sold to Anthony Armstrong Emery. Following broken promises regarding an increase in finances in the club, Monza was sold again, on 12 December 2014, to Dennis Bingham for €1. The new president was contested straight away by fans for not paying the players' salaries.

Following the club's sale to Piero Montaquila in March 2015, Monza won the 2014–15 Lega Pro relegation play-offs against Pordenone, and were due to remain in the third level the following season. However, Monza were declared bankrupt on 27 May. The club was acquired by Nicola Colombo on 2 July that year and was renamed SSD Monza 1912. Monza registered to the Serie D (fourth level) on 31 July and finished the 2015–16 season mid-table. In May 2016, the club changed its name to SS Monza 1912 and achieved promotion back to the Serie C under coach Marco Zaffaroni in 2017. Having won Group B of the Serie D, the team took part in the competition's poule scudetto (a post-season competition to determine the best non-professional Italian team); they won the Scudetto Serie D trophy after defeating Ravenna 2–1 in the final.

Berlusconi presidency and Serie A promotion (2018–present)

On 28 September 2018, the holding company Fininvest, which was headed by former Milan president Silvio Berlusconi, announced its acquisition of Monza; Monza-born Adriano Galliani, formerly CEO of Milan, also became part of the board of directors. The Berlusconi–Galliani duo had been one of the most successful leaderships in football history, having won 29 trophies with Milan between 1986 and 2016. According to Forbes's 2021 ranking, Berlusconi was the richest owner of a football club in Italy, and ninth worldwide, with his fortune being valued at $7.6 billion.

In the first season under the new leadership, Monza finished the 2018–19 Serie C in fifth place with Cristian Brocchi as coach, and lost to Viterbese in the final minute of the Coppa Italia Serie C final. On 1 July 2019, the club returned to its historical name AC Monza. Aiming for direct promotion to the Serie B, Monza reinforced their squad with players with Serie A experience to prepare for the 2019–20 season. In March 2020, Monza held first position with a 16 point-lead over second-placed Carrarese. The same month, the Lega Pro committee announced the suspension of the league due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 8 June, the Italian Football Federation formally declared Monza champions and the team were promoted to the Serie B after a 19-year absence from the competition.

Monza headed into the 2020–21 Serie B as the club most likely to finish in first place, according to most bookmakers. Having finished the first half of the season in second place, in a spot for direct promotion, Monza dropped one position at the end of the season and took part in the promotion play-offs; they lost to Cittadella 3–2 on aggregate in the semi-finals. Brocchi was dismissed at the end of the season, and was replaced by Giovanni Stroppa as head coach.

In the 2021–22 season, Monza lost to Perugia and missed out on direct Serie A promotion in the last matchday. Having finished in fourth place, Monza played the play-off semi-finals where they defeated Brescia and reached the final against Pisa. Monza won the first leg at home 2–1, while Pisa won the second leg 3–2. Two goals in extra time by Monza won them the encounter 4–3 (6–4 on aggregate), to earn promotion to the 2022–23 Serie A for the first time. Prior to their promotion, Monza had competed in 40 Serie B seasons, the most of any Italian club without ever being promoted to the first division. Christian Gytkjær was key to helping Monza to promotion, scoring five goals in the playoffs.

Monza began their Serie A season on 13 August 2022, with a 2–1 home defeat to Torino; Dany Mota's goal in stoppage time was Monza's first in the Italian top flight. After consecutive defeats in the opening five games, Monza earned their first point in a 1–1 draw to Lecce on 11 September. Sitting in last place with only one point in six games, Monza replaced Stroppa with under-19s head coach Raffaele Palladino. He guided them to their first historic win on 18 September, in an upset 1–0 win against giants Juventus at home thanks to a goal by Gytkjær. In their first top-flight season, Monza mathematically avoided relegation six matchdays in advance; no other team had done so on their Serie A debut. Monza eventually finished the season in 11th place with 52 points under Palladino, the highest point tally among newly promoted teams in Europe's top five leagues, and the second-highest point tally for a Serie A debuttee in history.

Colours
Upon their formation in September 1912, Monza's team wore long-sleeved, blue shirts with a white collar and cuffs. The choice of blue was "forced"; a local cloth dealer, who was a football fan, gave the newly founded club a piece of blue cloth he had not been able to sell for years. Following World War I, in the 1919–20 Promozione, the countless washes faded the shirts' colours from blue to white, and they were replaced with new, half-white and half-blue shirts with matching sleeves.

The club continued to wear the blue-and-white colours for 20 years until September 1932, when Monza changed their colours to red and white, which they have worn ever since. The change came as a result of professor Giuseppe Riva's report addressed to the comune of Monza in May 1923, in which he discovered that the city's historical colours were red and white. Monza debuted with their new colours in the Coppa del ventennio (Two-decades cup), a friendly tournament to mark Monza's 20-year anniversary. The kit was a white shirt with a red vertical stripe in the middle and black shorts. The team's away kit was the inverse of the home one; on occasions when Monza were to face a team also wearing red and white, they wore a blue kit. Ever since, the home kit has been red and the away kit white; prior to 1971, the home shirt was generally solid red and the away shirt white. In the 1937–38 and 1961–62 seasons, Monza's home shirt was striped red-and-white.

During the 1950s, the shorts were usually white and rarely black. Goalkeepers wore black or grey kits. In 1971, Monza's home kit underwent a slight but significant change: a vertical white band was added on the left-hand side, running through the length of the red shirt. The band was red for the white away shirt. The following year, the vertical band extended to the shorts and the kit numbers were displayed on the sleeves. The Corona Ferrea (Iron Crown) was used as a logo at the top of the stripe on the chest. In the seasons following Monza's Coppa Italia Serie C wins in 1974, 1975, 1988 and 1991, the cockade of Italy replaced the crown. On 22 August 1979, during a 1979–80 Coppa Italia game against Milan, Monza displayed the players' names on top of the numbers on the back, a novelty at the time dubbed "all'Americana" (American style); the Italian Football Federation did not approve of the change and fined the club. Monza first displayed a sponsor on their shirt in 1982, showing the text "Ponteggi Dalmine".

From 1981, the lateral white stripe was removed from the kit, making way for different forms of full-red shirts; the stripe returned sporadically for short periods in 1992, 2000, 2014 and since 2018. In 2019, following the club's name change back to AC Monza, new Lotto shirts that included a small Autodromo logo on the back of the collar in reference to the Monza Circuit were unveiled. On their 110th anniversary on 1 September 2022, Monza introduced a light blue kit as their third colours for the 2022–23 season in honour of the club's first shirt.

Badge

Monza's first crest was designed in 1920: it depicted a blue shield with a red border, with a golden Corona Ferrea inside. The text "AC Monza" was written in black inside a white horizontal band on top of the shield. The crest remained in use until 1932, when Monza's colours changed to red and white. In 1933, the badge became circular and was vertically divided into red and white halves, and included golden initials ACM with the crown at the bottom. During the 1937–38 season, the badge's shape was changed from a circle to an oval, keeping the same details. It stayed the same until 1945, following World War II, when it changed to a rectangular shape that was divided into red and white halves. The white half on the left featured the club's name and the founding year, while the crown was placed in the red half.

Following Monza's promotion to the Serie B in 1951, the crest again became oval shaped and the text's orientation was changed from vertical to horizontal. This design lasted five years until Monza's merger with Simmenthal, when the logo became more detailed; the badge was shaped like an ox head, including the horns. The colours were placed diagonally, similarly to the 1951 crest, with the letters S (for Simmenthal) and M (Monza) being placed on top of each other in the badge's centre. The crown was placed above the letters. After the end of the merger in 1966, the badge became a stylised golden Corona Ferrea with red details. The epigraph of the club's name was placed in the inner circle. In 1984, Monza's logo went back to a rectangular shape. A white inverted chevron was placed inside, with the words "Calcio" and "Monza" placed on each side of the chevron. A vertical sword, a reference to Estorre Visconti, was placed inside the downwards-pointing triangle formed by the chevron. The crown formed the hilt of the sword.

In 2000, the logo changed to a rounded-bottom shield; a red crown was placed in the top third on a white background, while the bottom two-thirds contained the words "Calcio Monza 1912" written in white on a red background. The logo remained until 2004, when a new crest was introduced: it was a more rounded red shield with white details; "AC Monza Brianza" was written on top, and a depiction of a sword "cutting through" a crown – both drawn in a minimalist style – was placed on the bottom. Monza celebrated their 100th anniversary in the 2012–13 season. A modified version of the logo was announced to mark the occasion: a gold crown with red and white gems was placed on top of the crest. "MB" (standing for Monza Brianza) written in red was placed below the crest, surrounded by "2012" to the left, "1912" to the right and "100" on the bottom, all written in gold.

Starting from the 2013–14 season, Monza's logo included a red shield with the club's name ("AC Monza Brianza") in white capital letters inside. The Corona Ferrea was placed above the shield and two white "Visconti" crossed swords were included inside the shield. The logo underwent a minor redesign in 2015, when the two crossed swords were replaced with a vertical sword, and the text on top changed to "SSD Monza", to reflect the club's name change. In 2016 and 2019, the text in the badge was changed to "Monza" and "AC Monza", respectively. In 2021, a thin red outline was added to the logo, enclosing the already present white border surrounding the red shield. The same year, Monza published a brand manual, including information about the geometrical construction of the badge, the fonts used by the club, and their colour dubbed "Rosso Monza" (Monza Red; hex: #E4032E).

Anthem
Since 2006, the club's official anthem has been the song "Monza Alè", which was written and composed by the band Amusia, whose leader was former Monza player Michele Magrin.

First grounds

Pro Monza and Pro Italia, the clubs that merged to form Monza in 1912, played in the Boschetti Reali in front of the Royal Villa of Monza. After the merger, Monza first played in the district of Triante; the field was called "fuori porta" (outside the door) because it was located outside the city of Monza. Small stands were built for a cost of ITL3,000 (€12,000 as of 2022). The opening match at the field was played between Milan and Chiasso on 13 May 1912, which ended in a 5–2 win for Milan.

Monza's first city-based stadium was the Grazie Vecchie, which was inaugurated on 13 May 1915 with a 1–0 win over Juventus Italia. The stadium also played host to a friendly match between Monza and the Czechoslovakia military national team in 1919, which ended in a 1–1 draw.

In late 1923, Monza relocated to their newly constructed stadium in Via Ghilini (Ghilini Street), which cost almost ITL70,000 (€67,000). The stadium was inaugurated in early 1924 with a friendly against Gloria from the city of Fiume, following the city's recent annexation to Italy, which Monza won 2–1. The Via Ghilini field continued operating until 1939 when World War II made it impractical.

Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada

In 1945, following the war, a new playing field was built on the parade ground of the former Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), and was called the San Gregorio field. It was inaugurated on 21 October with Monza's 2–0 friendly win over Pavia. Following Monza's promotion to the Serie B in 1951, a grandstand and stands were built, and the stadium was renamed Stadio Città di Monza; the supporters, however, continued using its traditional name.

In 1965, the stadium was renamed Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada in honour of the deceased former president of Monza. The club's last match at the "Sada" was played on 11 June 1988; it was the away match of the 1987–88 Coppa Italia Serie C final against Palermo, which Monza won 2–1.

Stadio Brianteo

On 28 May 1979, plans for the construction of a new stadium, which were approved by the Extraordinary Commissioner Alfio Licandro, began. Construction of the new Stadio Brianteo began on 13 November 1982 and ended in 1986. In the initial project, the stadium's capacity was expected to be around 30,000; for security reasons, however, the capacity was lowered to just under 20,000. Monza played their first game at the "Brianteo" on 28 August 1988, when they hosted Serie A side Roma in the Coppa Italia; Monza won their first match in their new stadium 2–1.

On 4 September 2020, the stadium was renamed U-Power Stadium, following a sponsorship deal with footwear and workwear company U-Power. Monza re-opened the east stand – which had been closed for 20 years – ahead of the 2022–23 Serie A season, bringing the maximum seating capacity from 10,000 to about 17,000.

Monza inaugurated their training ground, Centro Sportivo Monzello, on 3 November 1986. It was renamed "Centro sportivo Silvio e Luigi Berlusconi – Monzello" on 12 June 2024, in honour of owner Silvio Berlusconi and honorary president Paolo Berlusconi's late father.

Supporters

The first signs of organised support emerged in the early-1970s with the founding of the ultras groups Commandos in 1971 and Club Ultras Monza in 1972. Eagles Monza emerged in the early 1980s. After Monza's move to the new Stadio Brianteo in 1988, several ultras groups began to fold; Eagles was abandoned in 1992. In 1993, Gioventù Brianzola was formed, and became the driving force of the Curva Sud; the group adopted the eagle as their symbol as a tribute to the defunct group. In 1994, Sempre Al Bar (S.A.B.) was formed. With the dissolution of other groups in 2001, S.A.B. became the main group of the curva.

Following Berlusconi's takeover of the club in 2018, attendance figures started to rise and new supporter groups began to emerge. On 31 March 2022, Monza formed the AC Monza Club, a project that is aimed at uniting official Monza fan clubs by organising meetings, rallies and sporting events.

The Curva Sud of the Brianteo is also called "Curva Davide Pieri" in memory of a young fan who died in 1998. The press stand – part of the west stand – was named in memory of Claudio Parma, a journalist and biancorosso fan who died in 2008, while the entire west stand bears the name of the historic fan Angelo Scotti, who died in 2018.

Rivalries

Monza's main rivalry is with fellow Lombardy club Como; it has been defined as the "hottest derby in Serie B". The two clubs first played each other in Como on 19 November 1922, with the match ending in a goalless draw. The rivalry began on 4 June 1967, when Monza beat Como 1–0 in the decisive promotion play-off match of the Serie B. It became more intense on 13 April 1980; with Monza leading 3–1, Como equalised in the last minute with a penalty. The 3–3 draw ended Monza's chances of promotion to the Serie A.

Another important rivalry is the one with Pro Sesto, which is based in the adjacent city Sesto San Giovanni. Historically, the two sides have had a tradition of beating the other away from home. Monza also have a more recent rivalry with Pisa; in 2007, the two sides played in the Serie C promotion play-off final. Pisa won in extra time, and opposing supporters began attacking each other. In 2022, the two sides met once again in a decisive promotion play-off final, this time for the Serie A: Monza won in extra time, and reached the first division for the first time in their history.

In the media
During the 1955–56 Serie B, Monza's first season after their merger with Simmenthal, Monza's San Gregorio stadium hosted the first free-to-air televised football match in Italy. The match was broadcast by RAI and commentated upon by Nicolò Carosio, and was played on 8 October 1955 between Monza and Verona. The match ended in a goalless draw. Monza earned ITL700,000 (€11,000) from the broadcast. Only 1,500 spectators attended the game because most fans were watching it on television in local bars.

Italian actor Renato Pozzetto, in the 1979 film The Finzi Detective Agency, played a private investigator Riccardo Finzi, a supporter of Monza who said: "Io sono del Monza, non riusciremo mai a venire in Serie A" (I support Monza, we will never be able to reach the Serie A). The line became a part of local culture and was used in a fan chant: "Il nostro Calcio Monza è in C1, e non andremo mai in Serie A. Ma io non mollerò, questa è la mia mentalità. Segui anche tu la squadra della tua città" (Our Calcio Monza is in the [Serie] C1, and we will never go to the Serie A. But I will not give up, this is my mentality. You too follow the team of your city).

Esports
In September 2019, Monza launched their esports team to compete in FIFA games. They reached the 2021 FIFA eClub World Cup Europe semi-finals and were ranked 12th in the overall rankings. In January 2022, Monza were awarded the "OIES Badge" by the Osservatorio Italiano Esports.

Managerial history
The following is a list of Monza managers throughout history.

 * Technical committee (1912–1927)
 * 🇮🇹 Cesare Lovati (1928–1929)
 * 🇮🇹 Ettore Reynaudi (1929–1930)
 * Technical committee (1930–1935)
 * 🇮🇹 Leopoldo Conti (1935–1936)
 * 🇮🇹 Silvio Stritzel (1936–1937)
 * 🇮🇹 Angelo Albertoni (1937–1938)
 * 🇮🇹 Leopoldo Conti (1938–1939)
 * 🇮🇹 Alessandro Scarioni (1939–1940)
 * 🇮🇹 Angelo Piffarerio (1940–1942)
 * 🇮🇹 Mario Antonioli (1942–1943)
 * 🇮🇹 Angelo Piffarerio (1945–1947)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Bonizzoni (1947–1948)
 * 🇮🇹 Oreste Barale (1948–1949)
 * 🇮🇹 Annibale Frossi (1949–1953)
 * 🇮🇹 Fioravante Baldi (1953–1954)
 * 🇮🇹 Carlo Alberto Quario (1954–1955)
 * 🇮🇹 Pietro Rava (1955–1956)
 * 🇮🇹 Eraldo Monzeglio (1956)
 * 🇮🇹 Bruno Arcari (1956–1958)
 * 🇮🇹 Pietro Rava (1958–1959)
 * 🇮🇹 Manlio Cipolla (1959)
 * 🇮🇹 Attilio Kossovel (1959–1960)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Lamanna (1960–1964)
 * 🇮🇹 Vittorio Malagoli (1964–1965)
 * 🇮🇹 Vincenzo Rigamonti (1965–1966)
 * 🇮🇹 Bruno Dazzi (1966)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Radice (1966–1968)
 * 🇮🇹 Bruno Dazzi (1968)
 * 🇸🇪 Nils Liedholm (1968–1969)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Radice (1969–1971)
 * 🇮🇹 Franco Viviani (1971–1973)
 * 🇮🇹 Gino Pivatelli (1973)
 * 🇮🇹 Mario David (1973–1975)
 * 🇮🇹 Alfredo Magni (1975–1980)
 * 🇮🇹 Sergio Carpanesi (1980)
 * 🇮🇹 Lamberto Giorgis (1980–1981)
 * 🇮🇹 Franco Fontana (footballer, born 1945) (1981–1982)
 * 🇮🇹 Guido Mazzetti (1982–1983)
 * 🇮🇹 Alfredo Magni (1983–1986)
 * 🇮🇹 Paolo Carosi (1986)
 * 🇮🇹 Antonio Pasinato (1986–1987)
 * 🇮🇹 Pierluigi Frosio (1987–1990)
 * 🇮🇹 Franco Varrella (1990–1991)
 * 🇮🇹 Giovanni Trainini (1991–1993)
 * 🇮🇹 Nedo Sonetti (1993–1994)
 * 🇮🇹 Simone Boldini (1994–1996)
 * 🇮🇹 Giorgio Rumignani (1996–1997)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Radice (1997)
 * 🇮🇹 Bruno Bolchi (1997–1998)
 * 🇮🇹 Pierluigi Frosio (1998–2000)
 * 🇮🇹 Roberto Antonelli (2000–2001)
 * 🇮🇹 Gaetano Salvemini (footballer) (2001)
 * 🇮🇹 Simone Boldini (2001)
 * 🇮🇹 Romano Cazzaniga (2001)
 * 🇮🇹 Roberto Antonelli (2001–2002)
 * 🇮🇹 Romano Cazzaniga (2002)
 * 🇮🇹 Simone Boldini (2002)
 * 🇮🇹 Oscar Piantoni (2002–2003)
 * 🇮🇹 Massimo Pedrazzini (2003–2004)
 * 🇮🇹 Giovanni Trainini (2004–2005)
 * 🇮🇹 Antonio Sala (football manager) (2005)
 * 🇮🇹 Giuliano Sonzogni (2005–2007)
 * 🇮🇹 Giovanni Pagliari (footballer) (2007–2008)
 * 🇮🇹 Dario Marcolin (2008)
 * 🇮🇹 Giuliano Sonzogni (2008–2009)
 * 🇮🇹 Roberto Cevoli (2009–2010)
 * 🇮🇹 Alessio De Petrillo (2010)
 * 🇮🇹 Corrado Verdelli (2010–2011)
 * 🇮🇹 Gianfranco Motta (2011–2012)
 * 🇮🇹 Antonino Asta (2012–2014)
 * 🇮🇹 Fulvio Pea (2014–2015)
 * 🇮🇹 Alessio Delpiano (2015–2016)
 * 🇮🇹 Sandro Salvioni (2016)
 * 🇮🇹 Alessio Delpiano (2016)
 * 🇮🇹 Marco Zaffaroni (2016–2018)
 * 🇮🇹 Cristian Brocchi (2018–2021)
 * 🇮🇹 Giovanni Stroppa (2021–2022)
 * 🇮🇹 Raffaele Palladino (2022–2024)
 * 🇮🇹 Alessandro Nesta (2024–)

Hall of Fame
The following is a list of players and head coaches who are part of the Hall of Fame on the club's official website. All entries are players unless noted otherwise.

 * 🇮🇹 Francesco Antonioli (1986–1988)
 * 🇮🇹 Evaristo Beccalossi (1985–1986)
 * 🇮🇹 Ariedo Braida (1975–1977)
 * 🇮🇹 Marco Branca (2000–2001)
 * 🇮🇹 Ruben Buriani (1974–1977)
 * 🇮🇹 Pierluigi Casiraghi (1985–1989)
 * 🇮🇹 Luciano Castellini (1965–1970)
 * 🇮🇹 Alessandro Costacurta (1986–1987)
 * 🇮🇹 Walter De Vecchi (1975–1978)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Di Biagio (1989–1992)
 * 🇫🇷 Patrice Evra (1999–2000)
 * 🇮🇹 Maurizio Ganz (1988–1989)
 * 🇧🇪 Jean-François Gillet (1999–2000)
 * 🇸🇪 Nils Liedholm (1968–1969)
 * 🇮🇹 Daniele Massaro (1978–1981)
 * 🇮🇹 Paolo Monelli (1978–1981)
 * 🇮🇹 Emiliano Mondonico (1970–1971)
 * 🇮🇹 Giulio Nuciari (1988–1989)
 * 🇮🇹 Davide Pinato (1983–1988)
 * 🇮🇹 Felice Pulici (1977–1978)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Radice (1969–1970)
 * 🇮🇹 Anselmo Robbiati (1987–1993, 2004–2005)
 * 🇮🇹 Fulvio Saini (1980–1998)
 * 🇮🇹 Claudio Sala (1965–1967)
 * 🇮🇹 Patrizio Sala (1973–1975)
 * 🇮🇹 Giovanni Stroppa (1987–1989)
 * 🇮🇹 Giuliano Terraneo (1974–1977)
 * 🇮🇹 Marco Zaffaroni (2004–2008)

Honours

The following is a list of honours and achievements Monza have attained throughout their history.

League

 * Serie C (Level 3)
 * Winners (4): 1950–51 (Group A), 1966–67 (Group A) , 1975–76 (Group A) , 2019–20 (Group A)
 * Seconda Divisione (Level 3)
 * Winners (1): 1926–27
 * Serie D (Level 4)
 * Winners (1): 2016–17 (Group B)

Cup

 * Coppa Italia Serie C
 * Winners (4; record): 1973–74 Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti, 1974–75 Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti, 1987–88 Coppa Italia Serie C, 1990–91 Coppa Italia Serie C
 * Scudetto Serie D
 * Winners (1): 2016–17

International

 * Anglo-Italian Cup
 * Winners (1): 1976

Other achievements

 * Serie B (Level 2)
 * Play-off winners (1): 2021–22
 * Serie C (Level 3)
 * Runners-up (5): 1947–48 (Group F), 1974–75 (Group A) , 1981–82 Serie C1 (Group A) , 1987–88 Serie C1 (Group A) , 1991–92 Serie C1 (Group A)
 * Play-off winners (1): 1996–97 Serie C1 (Group A)
 * Prima Divisione Lombardia (Level 4)
 * Runners-up (1): 1941–42 Prima Divisione Lombardia (Group C)
 * Coppa Italia Serie C
 * Runners-up (4): 1975–76 Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti, 1995–96 Coppa Italia Serie C, 2013–14 Coppa Italia Lega Pro, 2018–19 Coppa Italia Serie C
 * Anglo-Italian Semiprofessional Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1975

title: AC Monza


text:
Boyan Jovanovic

Boyan Jovanovic is a professor of economics at New York University and a long-term consultant at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.

Jovanovic, of Serbian descent, received his Bachelor's and master's degrees from the London School of Economics and his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Chicago.

Boyan Jovanovic is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Econometric Society. He has won the 2019 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research.

title: Boyan Jovanovic


text:
Poetry of Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (1893–1976), the first Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and leader of the People's Republic of China for nearly 30 years, wrote poetry, starting in the 1920s, during the Chinese Red Army's retreat during the Long March of 1934–1936, and after coming to power in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War. In spite of Mao's political radicalism he was artistically conservative, opting to use traditional Chinese forms.

Overview
Mao's poems are in the classical Chinese verse style, rather than the newer Modern Chinese poetry style. Like most Chinese intellectuals of his generation, Mao immersed himself in Chinese classical literature. His style was deeply influenced by the "Three Lis" of the Tang dynasty: poets Li Bai, Li Shangyin, and Li He. He is considered to be a romantic poet, in contrast to the realist poets represented by Du Fu.

Mao's poems are frequently quoted in popular culture, literature and daily conversations. Some of his most well-known poems are "Changsha" (1925), "The Double Ninth" (1929.10), "Loushan Pass" (1935), "The Long March" (1935), "Snow" (1936.02), "The PLA Captures Nanjing" (1949.04), "Reply to Li Shuyi" (1957.05.11), and "Ode to the Plum Blossom" (1961.12).

Changsha (1925)
Informal Translation: Changsha In the (rhyme) pattern of Qinyuanchun 沁園春·長沙 現代-毛澤東 獨立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲頭. 看萬山紅遍，層林盡染；漫江碧透，百舸爭流. 鷹擊長空，魚翔淺底，萬類霜天競自由. 悵寥廓，問蒼茫大地，誰主沉浮？

攜來百侶曾遊，憶往昔崢嶸歲月稠. 恰同學少年，風華正茂；書生意氣，揮斥方遒. 指點江山，激揚文字，糞土當年萬戶侯. 曾記否，到中流擊水，浪遏飛舟！

In the autumn cold alone I stand As Northward the Xiang river flow; Upon the tip of Orange Island. Ten thousand hills in a crimson glow By their serried woods deep-dyed, Hundreds of barges row upon row Over crystal clear waters they slide. High in the Heavens, Eagles sweep and soar In the limpid deep, fish glance and glide; Milliards of creatures fight to be free, Under the frosty skies, cold to the core. Into the boundless void, I despair, To this vast realm I implore upon thee, The fate of this land is in whose care? I was here with a throng of peers Vivid yet those eventful months and years. Schoolmates, young as we were, At life's full blossoming, our destinies we fulfill; Scholars we were, of spirit and will Carefree with youthful vigour We point to our rivers and hills, Praise and denounce with our lettering skills, We cared not for fortune nor fame! Remember the time if you could, How in the midstream torrent we stood And thus the speeding boats we did tame?

Orange Island is an island in the middle of Xiang River, in Changsha, the capital of Hunan province. Mao attended Hunan First Normal University around 1912–1917.

Yellow Crane Tower (1927)
Yellow Crane Tower, a building at the bank of Yangtze River in Wuhan, is very famous in Chinese history and literary tradition. It is one of the Four Great Towers of China. Its fame mainly comes from a poem written by Cui Hao in early Tang dynasty, part of which is:

The yellow crane has long since gone away, All that here remains is Yellow Crane Tower. The yellow crane once gone does not return, White clouds drift slowly for a thousand years.

Mao's poem: 菩薩蠻·黃鶴樓 現代-毛澤東 茫茫九派流中國，沈沈一線穿南北. 煙雨莽蒼蒼，龜蛇鎖大江. 黃鶴知何去？剩有遊人處. 把酒酹滔滔，心潮逐浪高！

Vast and wide flow the nine streams through the realm headlong Dark and dim from south to north tracks steam strong. In the thick haze of the misty rain, the way ahead blurred and obscured The Giant Tortoise and Mighty Serpent has the Great River stocked and secured.

The Yellow Crane has long taken flight, who knows to whither? The Tower hath since stood alone for guests to come hither. As I pour my wine to the raging torrent flow, My blood wells with the waves as my heart gleam and glow! Mao later discussed the historical context of this poem's writing: "At that time (1927), the Great Revolution failed, I was very depressed and didn't know what to do, so I wrote this poem".

Jinggang Mountain (1928)
This poem was written in the Jinggang Mountains, where Mao organized a Red Army to fight KMT forces after 1927. Jinggang Mountains is a mountain area at the border of Jiangxi province and Hunan province. It is there Mao began to experiment his theory of guerrilla war. He was quoted as: "When we can beat the enemy, we fight. When we can't beat them, we run".

西江月·井岡山 現代-毛澤東 山下旌旗在望，山頭鼓角相聞. 敵軍圍睏萬仟重，我自巋然不動. 早已森嚴壁壘，更加衆誌成城. 黃洋界上炮聲隆，報道敵軍宵遁.

Below the hills, our flags and banners fly Above the hilltops, our bugles and drums cry. Our foe besiege us in their thousands, they advance at us headlong, Steadfast like stone, we solidly stand strong Impregnable are our defences, already we dread nought, Now our wills unite, stubborn like our fort. Upon Huangyang Jie, guns boom with thunderous might, Word comes the enemy has fled into the night.

Huangyangjie is the place where the Red Army beat the KMT army after a fierce battle.

The Warlords Clash (1929)
In 1929, Mao's Red Army left Jinggang Mountains and marched eastward to the western part of Fujian province and built their base there.

Line 3-4: The warlords are clashing anew -- Yet another Millet Dream.

In 1929 Chiang Kai-shek's KMT army began war with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan's armies in north China. That's why Mao said "the warlords are clashing anew", and "Millet Dream" meant Jiang, Feng and Yan's ambitions were just dreams. And Mao thought he could take this opportunity to his advantage when most of KMT army went to fight elsewhere.

Line 5-6 : Ting River is a river in Fujian, both Longyan and Shanghang are cities in Fujian.

The Double Ninth (October 1929)
Double Ninth Festival, also called Chongyang, is a Chinese holiday. By tradition on September 9 (Chinese Lunar Calendar) each year, Chinese people would climb to the peaks of nearby mountains, looking far away, thinking about their family members who are travelling in other places.In addition, during that day, people will drink wine made from chrysanthemum to pray for longevity. Therefore, in 1980s, Chinese government set that day as old people's day as well to call on people to respect the senior.

New Year's Day (January 1930)
Line 1: Ninghua, Qingliu, Guihua are all places in Fujian

Line 4: Wuyi Mountain is a mountain in Fujian.

On the Guangchang Road (February 1930)
Title: Guangchang is a city in Jiangxi, it was called the "North Gate" of CPC's Jiangxi Soviet.

Line 6: Gan River is a river flowing through Jiangxi.

Line 8: Ji'an is a city in Jiangxi.

March from Tingzhou to Changsha (July 1930)
Title: Tingzhou is a town in Longyan City, Fujian province, Changsha is the capital of Hunan province. At that time the Red Army tried to take Changsha, but they failed. Fujian is at the east, Hunan is at west, so Mao's army marched westward.

Huang Gonglűe(黄公略) was a leader in the Red Army; he was killed a few years later in battle.

Against the First "Encirclement" Campaign (1931)
During 1931-1934 Chiang Kai-shek's KMT government organized five so-called "Encirclement" campaigns on CPC's Jiangxi Soviet in Southeastern China. The first four all failed. Mao led the Red Army beating the first three campaigns, then he was relieved of leadership due to internal power struggles of the CPC. Zhou Enlai and Zhu De led the Red Army to beat the fourth campaign, but they failed the fifth time, and was forced to leave their base and began Long March.

Line 5: Zhang Huizan, the KMT general who led the first "Encirclement" Campaign. He was killed after being captured by the Red Army.

Line 10: Buzhou Mountain, a legendary mountain in Chinese forklore. It is said Buzhou Mountain was one of the four pillars supporting the sky. A giant called Gong Gong quarreled with the gods. He was very angry and banged his head against Buzhou Mountain. Buzhou Mountain was broken, thus the sky tilted and water poured from heaven, causing a huge flood on earth. Here Mao expressed his appreciation for Gong Gong's rebellious spirit.

Dabodi (1933)
Dabodi is the site of a battle which actually took place at the beginning of 1929. The background: at that time, Mao's Red Army had left Jinggang Mountains to look for a new base. Red Army was beaten several time by the pursuing KMT army. They used up all ammunitions and were starved. Then on the New Year of 1929 they fought a desperate fight in the snow at Dabodi, using stones and bare hands, and beat their enemy. Mao revisited this place several years later and wrote this poem.

Huichang (1934)
Huichang is a city in Jiangxi, "Yue" is another name of Canton.

Loushan Pass (1935)
This is a famous poem written during Long March. Loushan Pass is a place in Guizhou, where a fierce battle was fought.

Three Short Poems (1934–1935)
This poem is also known as "the Three Songs." It is written as three poems with sixteen characters each. This poem was written sometime between 1934 and 1935 during the Long March.

Mountain. I whip my quick horse and don't dismount and look back in wonder. The sky is three feet away.

Mountain. The sea collapses and the river boils. Innumerable horses race insanely into the peak of battle.

Mountain. Peaks pierce the green sky, unblunted.. The sky would fall but for the columns of mountains.

The Long March (1935)
This poem was written toward the end of 1935 when the Long March was almost finished. In it Mao listed some places Red Army had travelled through. Five Ridges and Wumeng are both big mountains in southwestern China. Jinsha is actually another name for certain parts of Yangtze River. Dadu River is at the west part of Sichuan, here in a heroic fight, 22 volunteers carried out a suicide attack on the KMT garrison across the iron-chained Luding Bridge and saved the Red Army from being destroyed. The Min Mountains are a mountain range at the Sichuan-Gansu border area, is already close to the end of Long March's route. To get rid of the pursuing KMT army, the Red Army had to climb over its 13000-foot peak and many froze to death on it.

The original poem written by Mao

Informal Translation: The Long March at the patten of Qilu

The Red Army fears not the Long March, hard and toil Over ten thousand rivers, thousand hills, to our cause we're true and loyal. Five peaks ever majestic, mere crests of a stream, The Wumeng mountains, dark yet stately, we walk clay balls none too extreme. The Jinsha torrents smite warm mists at cliffs, as sands glisten of gold We cross the Dadu river upon iron chains, bone-chilling cold. The exalted Minshan Mountain, thousand leagues of snow, Yet our three armies cross it, faces of joy beam and glow!

Actually, the Long March was done by three CPC armies separately. One was Mao's 1st Red Army from Jiangxi Soviet, another was Zhang Guotao's 4th Red Army from Hubei soviet, the third one was He Long's 2nd Red Army from west part of Hubei. Here, Mao was glad all three Red Armies were together.

Kunlun (October 1935)
The Kunlun Mountains are a mountain range on the upper reaches of the Hotan River in Xinjiang Province, Northwestern China. According to Chinese folklore they (or a different, mythological mythical Kunlun Mountain) are the residence of a pantheon of gods. 念奴嬌·昆侖 現代-毛澤東

橫空出世，莽昆侖，閱盡人間春色. 飛起玉龍三百萬，攪得周天寒徹. 夏日消溶，江河橫溢，人或為魚鼈. 仟秋功罪，誰人曾與評說？

而今我謂昆侖：不要這高，不要這多雪. 安得倚天抽寶劍，把汝裁為三截？ 一截遺歐，一截贈美，一截還東國. 太平世界，環球同此涼熱.

Acrosseth the air, aboveth in the azure, The Kunlun peaks, snow white, Thou hath't seen the fairest of man and nature Three million jade dragons in flight, Freezing the Heavens, up in the bone-chilling height. In summer days, to thine melting snow, Thy torrents rage and flow, Where thou hath't sent many a men to sleep tight With the fishes and turtles down below. From whom has judgement passed to the evil and the good In these thousands of autumns thou haths't stood?

Today, to Kunlun I sayeth: NO! Needless is thine height! Nor is all thine snow! Could the Celestial Sword in all its might Cleave thee in three at my behest Sendeth to the Occident thine crest, Giveth to Mundus Novus thine breast, And keepeth in the Orient the rest. Peace wouldst prevail, acrosseth all mankind The same warmth and cold with none left behind!

Mao added annotations to this poem, commenting "An ancient poet said, 'Three million dragons of white jade are fighting, their broken scales fly all over the sky. In this way he described the flying snow, but here I have used it to describe snowy mountains. In summer, when one climbs the Min Mountain, one looks out on far mountains that seem to dance and shine in dazzling whiteness. There was a saying among the people that years ago the Monkey King (Sun Hsing-che) passed by, all the mountains were on fire. But he borrowed a palm-leaf fan and quenched the flame and that is why the mountains froze and turned white."

Mount Liupan (October 1935)
"Mount Liupan" was written in late 1935 after the Red Army almost finished the Long March. Mount Liupan is a mountain in northwestern China.

清平樂·六盤山 現代-毛澤東 天高雲淡，望斷南飛雁. 不到長城非好漢，屈指行程二萬. 六盤山上高峰，紅旗漫卷西風. 今日長纓在手，何時縛住蒼龍？

Heavens are high, clouds are light Wild geese disappear Southwards in flight! None can claim Greatness without surmounting the Great Wall's majestic height! Twenty thousand leagues we marched, to this site. High upon the zenith of the Six Coils crest Fluttering in the west wind, our Red banners glow in zest Today, with the long spear in hand, When shall we seize the Azure Dragon?

Line 3 is a quote that inspires millions of tourists who visit the Great Wall every year.

Snow (February 1936)
Also translated as Patio Spring Snow, Snow is Mao's most famous poem. Written in 1936 just after the Long March. He presented it to Liu Yazi, a poet whom Mao had met in Guangzhou in the early 1920s and who, like Mao, favored the traditional ci and lü forms. Through its descriptions of the limitations of the most prominent emperors in Chinese history and its exhortation to look to the present, the poem reflects Mao's ambitions.

Snow was published in newspapers in 1945 when Mao went to Chongqing in 1945 to hold peace talks with Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang tried to write a similar poem but failed to do so.

Now, it is widely studied by students in mainland China.

Below is the original poem in Chinese with both a literal English translation and a metric adaptation using one iamb per Chinese character:

The first half praises the grandeur and beauty of northern China in the winter. The more politically significant part is the second half, where Mao lists important Chinese emperors, including Qin Shihuang, the first emperor of a united China; Emperor Wu of Han, the Han emperor who defeated the Huns; Emperor Taizong of Tang, the second emperor of the Tang dynasty; Emperor Taizu of Song, the first emperor of the Song dynasty; and Genghis Khan, whom the Chinese celebrate as the founder of the Yuan dynasty despite him never personally conquering China. After describing the shortcomings of these past leaders, Mao hints at his aspiration to surpass them, alluding to a famous passage from Romance of the Three Kingdoms where Cao Cao says to Liu Bei that “the only heroes in the world are you and I.”

The PLA Captures Nanjing (April 1949)
In late April 1949, the communist PLA (People's Liberation Army) crossed the Yangtze River and captured the capital of KMT government: Nanjing. Mao wrote this poem to celebrate this historical event. 七律·人民解放軍佔領南京 現代-毛澤東

鍾山風雨起蒼黃， 百萬雄師過大江. 虎踞龍盤今勝昔， 天翻地覆慨而慷. 宜將剩勇追窮寇， 不可沽名學霸王. 天若有情天亦老， 人間正道是滄桑.

Wind howls and rain falls upon the Bell Hills in twilight, A million gallant warriors shall cross the river tonight. Like a Tiger Crouched and a Dragon Coiled we outshine our glorious past! Heaven Turns and the Earth Churns, the World upside-down at last! Hark! We cross, we chase our foe who flee to our advance, We shall not be the crowned monkey, not a single chance. If the Heavens above had Heart and Soul then Heaven itself shall age! In the Azure Seas and the Mulberry Fields, Mankind has turned a page.

Zhong Mountain, or Bel Hill is a hill at the suburb of Nanjing.

Line 2:  Great River  means Yangtze River

Line 3-4: a tiger crouched, a dragon coiled;

Nanjing, a great city, had been the capital of six dynasties in Chinese history. Strategiests said this city was like a "crouching tiger", and a "curling dragon". Also can be in reference to Zhuge Liang's nickname of the crouching dragon.

Line 6: We shall not be the crowned monkey, not a single chance.

Xiang Yu led the uprising that toppled the Qin dynasty. After winning the war against the Qin dynasty, Xiang Yu fought against Liu Bang for the control of China. Xiang Xu was defeated and killed. His story was recorded in the Beijing Opera The Hegemon-King Bids His Concubine Farewell. Upon destroying the Qin, one of his advisors advised Xiang to establish his capital in the same place as the Qin. When Xiang refused, the advisor mocked him as a "Crowned Monkey" (沐猴而冠). Xiang responded by executing the advisor by frying in hot oil.

Reply to Mr. Liu Yazi (October 1950)
Poems, "For Mr. Liu Yazi," dated 1949 and October 1950.

Line 1: "Crimson Land", similar to " Divine Land ", is another way Chinese people call their own country.

Line 5: "Yutian", a place in Xinjiang, here means far away places.

Swimming (1956)
Mao wrote "Swimming" in June 1956.

The Great Stone Wall is one of the first references to the Three Gorges Dam. The Tortoise and the Snake refers to two mountains in Wuhan. He had previously referenced the two mountains in his previous poem The Yellow Crane Tower. The bridge in question completes the final section of the Beijing Guangzhou railway. The incomplete railroad was again referenced previously in the Yellow Crane Tower.

The poem evokes the changes intended to transform China through collectivization of agriculture and industrial production.

title: Poetry of Mao Zedong


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Breathing (lens)

Breathing originally referred to any geometric change in field-of-view when changing focus distance. Even if the angle-of-view is constant, distortion changes will cause visible breathing. It has been recently used by photographers for changes of focal length of a lens when changing the focus. Breathing is sometimes used for the suction and expulsion of air from within the lens as its internal volume changes. A lens with a constant focal length will exhibit narrowing of the angle of view at closer focus, and conversely, maintaining a constant angle of view requires precise reduction of focal length as focus is decreased, which some (often higher quality) lenses are designed to do. Lens breathing does not prevent one from racking focus or following focus with this lens, but it lessens the desirability of any type of focus adjustment, since it noticeably changes the composition of the shot.

title: Breathing (lens)


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Warren Sawkiw

Warren Sawkiw (born January 19, 1968) is a Canadian former professional baseball player and broadcaster. As a player, he was listed at 5 ft and 185 lb; he threw right-handed and was a switch hitter.

Biography
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Sawkiw played college baseball for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons. In 1988 and 1989, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star in 1989. He was selected by the Detroit Tigers in the 1990 Major League Baseball draft. He went on to play in minor league and independent baseball from 1990 to 1998, appearing in a total of 658 games, compiling a .277 batting average. He was primarily an infielder, but also served as a utility player, appearing at every defensive position including pitcher. He started his professional career in 1990 with the Class A Short Season Niagara Falls Rapids, advanced as far as Triple-A with the Syracuse Chiefs in 1995, and finished his career in baseball with the independent Elmira Pioneers in 1998.

After his retirement from baseball as a player, Sawkiw joined TSN as a colour commentator on Montreal Expos games in 2001 and then Rogers Sportsnet as a studio analyst for the network's baseball coverage in 2003. After long-time Toronto Blue Jays radio broadcaster Tom Cheek was unable to serve as the team's lead radio play-by-play announcer in 2005 due to health issues, Sawkiw joined Jerry Howarth as an analyst on Blue Jays radio broadcasts. Sawkiw continued working in this capacity through the 2006 season, with former Blue Jays catcher and Houston Astros broadcaster Alan Ashby replacing Sawkiw in the broadcast booth in 2007. Sawkiw did color commentary for CBC Sports' coverage of baseball at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Sawkiw also served as the announcer for CBC Sports' coverage of baseball at the 2015 Pan American Games.

title: Warren Sawkiw