text:
The Dreaming (Tokyopop comic)

The Dreaming is an original English-language manga series created by artist/author Queenie Chan and published by Tokyopop. It is one of the first manga put out by the company that were not made in Japan.

Jeanie and Amber Malkin - identical twin sisters - are new students at the 100-year-old Greenwich Private College, a boarding school in North Sydney, Australia that lies on the edge of vast, virgin bushlands. After settling in and meeting new friends, the girls learn an unsettling secret: time and time again over the past century, students have wandered off into the wilderness surrounding the school and vanished without a trace, never to return. They both begin to have strange dreams and are scared of the school. Jeanie and Amber begin to discover the mystery behind the disappearances and also the reason why the college's creepy vice-principal carries such a prejudice against identical twins.

Students

 * Amber Malkin
 * She is the serious-minded twin, and is the first of the twins to feel the supernatural presence at Greenwich. Amber is shy, and as such feels a little left out when next to her more exuberant twin. She is close to her sister, but will not always tell her what is on her mind. Amber has frequent dreams of a mysterious and menacing gathering in a forest and in the school itself. As the manga progresses Amber is drawn more under the control of the supernatural presence and spends most of her time asleep.
 * In book three it was revealed that Amber was hit by a car yet miraculously survived. While with Jeanie in the art gallery she became possessed by Mary Spector.

 * Jeanie Malkin
 * Jeanie is the more outgoing of the two, and makes friends easily. She sometimes will accidentally leave her quieter sister out in her drive to be accepted. Jeanie is very loyal to Amber, however. Jeanie can be a rebel at times, and as such will not always make the right choices. After leaving Greenwich she becomes a paralegal secretary.

 * Millie
 * Millie is a student at Greenwich Private College. She is one of the more knowledgeable people about the mysteries that surround the bushland area, since her mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother have all gone to Greenwich when they were younger. Peppy and popular, she is quick to invite the two sisters into her social group. However, she is pronounced "missing" in the first novel. Eventually, Jeanie finds her dead body floating in a pool of water. In the short story featured in the three book collection, it's revealed that Millie comes from a family of witches that are bent on finding the secret to eternal youth and immortality and is believed to be related to Peggy Sue, the girl who escaped Greenwich Private college in the 1920s when Beatrice and Mary Spector arrived on a horse and carriage.

 * Schala
 * She is one of the fellow students at the school. Schala is daring, and thinks nothing of sneaking out of her room late at night to go to a party in one of the other dorm rooms. She can lose her patience somewhat easily, as she was quick to scold Amber when she refused to cooperate in a group seance. Schala has some knowledge of the stories surrounding the college, but it is very limited. She is very good at leading, and was able to get herself and her friends on a search team when one of the fellow students goes missing, but she leaves once Jeanie finds Millie dead and accuses Jeanie and Amber for the reason of Millie's death.

 * Trevor
 * A friend of Millie's and the rest of the group. He is very interested in artwork throughout the campus, although it is just all a lie; he thinks it will attract people, mainly girls. He also seem to be interested in Jeanie, though she doesn't seem to be as interested in him.

 * Gabrielle
 * Millie and Schala's friend. She asked Jeanie to do a mirror dare and say "Mary Spector" five times and then nothing happened. Millie tried it and something cracked. She was tired and went back to sleep. She is also nosy.

Staff

 * Mrs. Skeener
 * She is the vice-principal of Greenwich Private College, and refuses to let twins into the school under any circumstances. Her reasons for this are as yet unknown, as she is very secretive about them. She is very strict, and is quick to scold any students that she thinks is acting improperly. Mrs. Skeener has a mysterious back room in her office, which contains an antique dress, picture of two twins and an ax. Speculation exists between some of the students that these twins are related somehow to Mrs. Skeener.

 * Catherine Anu
 * She is one of the younger teachers at the college, and is very strict. She comes across the girls sneaking out of their dorm room one night. She is the one that sends the twins to the office, causing them to discover Mrs. Skeener's back room. Her past is somewhat vague. Jeanie finds out that the teacher's friend also disappeared into the brush. She helps Jeanie with the missing girls mystery.

 * Jessie Malkin
 * Jessie is the aunt of Amber and Jeanie, as well as the head-mistress of the college. She was very insistent on the twins attending the school, even going as far as to fake the twins' birthdates. As soon as the twins arrive, she goes on a trip for three months for an educational summit as well as to bury her father-in-law. She is aware of the stories circulating through the college, but it is so far unknown if she brought the twins to the school purposely because of the stories.

Others

 * Avril Merriweather
 * The school's first headmistress and its founder, back when it was a finishing school for young ladies during the 1920s, and Mrs. Skeener's aunt. Avril was formerly a governess in England, known for her cruel techniques for disciplining her charges. One such example, of locking them in wardrobes, resulted in a girl going mad and biting off her tongue. Her reputation ruined, Avril bought a patch of land in the Australian bush, away from prying eyes, and founded her school. She continued her sadistic teachings, such as locking misbehaving students inside of a coffin that had air holes covered by black velvet. One such girl who suffered the most was an orphan, tormented by both Avril and the eleven other girls who made up the class. The girl, known by the others as "She", escaped into the bush and vanished. Some time after, Avril disappeared, the first to do so before the girls would be taken.

 * Mary Spector
 * Mrs. Skeener's twin sister and an art prodigy. Mary was one of the twelve girls who disappeared when the school first opened, and it is her paintings which decorate the school's halls.

 * Anne Galloway
 * A student who went to school with Catherine Anu, her roommate and best friend. Anne was one of the many girls who disappeared at the school over the years and is believed to become a Quinkan herself via having her soul eaten/collected.

 * "She"
 * An orphan girl whose name was never revealed, she was one of the twelve girls who made up the first class of Greenwich Private College, back when it was Merriweather's Finishing School for Young Ladies during the 1920s. "She" suffered the most at the hands of Avril Merriweather, having her hair cut off and regularly being locked inside the coffin Avril used for punishment. One day, "She" ran into the bush surrounding the school, where it is believed she came across a quinkan, an Australian spirit of the Dreaming who was also the "Fairy King", and sold her soul in return for revenge. "She" began luring her tormentors back into the bush and ate their souls, turning them into quinkan just as she had been.

 * Eileen
 * A student at Greenwich Private College in its first incarnation and talked to Beatrice when she, along with Mary, arrived at Greenwich Private College but disappeared a day later due to falling asleep and sleepwalking into the bush.

Release
The series is also licensed in Russia by Comix-art.

Trivia

 * The initial plotline of this series (students going missing in the Australian wilderness) is very similar to A Picnic At Hanging Rock, however the author states that her inspiration comes from a friend who disappeared in the Tasmanian wilderness. Her friend's gear was discovered, but there was no trace of what happened to her.
 * The characters of the twins Jeanie and Amber actually come from Queenie-Chan's short story 'Twins', and they both appeared in a romantic comedy called 'Twinside', Queenie Chan's first pitch to TokyoPop. While the initial pitch was rejected, the first chapter can be read on her website ('Twins' is also available in the website as well).
 * In the first printing of volume 1, there was a bonus insert of the twins as paperdolls with period clothing. It is not available in later printings, but is still available for download on the author's website.
 * As of fall 2006 the first volume is in its 3rd printing, making it one of the best selling titles of TokyoPop's American made manga.
 * Mrs Skeener's given name "Beatrice Bow" is a reference to the novel Playing Beatie Bow.
 * As of 2023, the comic series was revised and reprinted with updated art, slight modifications to clarify the plot, a side story and new epilogue. A sequel is currently in the works. The new epilogue is to act as a bridge between volume three and the sequel series,

title: The Dreaming (Tokyopop comic)


text:
User talk:24.123.19.166

February 2021
Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Grey currawong, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. Thank you. Favonian (talk) 18:44, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

April 2021
Hello, I'm Suonii180. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to 2021 Table Mountain fire have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse. Thanks. Suonii180 (talk) 12:26, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

October 2021
Hello, I'm Coolperson177. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to GEICO have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse. Thanks. Coolperson177 (talk) 16:46, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 14:30, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

November 2021
Hello, I'm RG067. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Johann Elert Bode—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. RG067 (talk) 17:13, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Please refrain from attempting to make unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been [ disallowed by an edit filter.] If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 17:26, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.123.19.166


text:
Justine Lévy

Justine-Juliette Lévy (born 4 September 1974) is a French book editor and author.

Life and career
Lévy is the eldest daughter of Isabelle Doutreluigne and French philosopher, writer, and media personality, Bernard-Henri Lévy. Her 1995 debut novel "Le Rendez-vous" (The Rendezvous) was translated from French into English and published in the United States in 1997.

On 21 September 1996 she married Raphaël Enthoven, the son of her father's best friend, Jean-Paul Enthoven, who left her in 2000 for model and singer, Carla Bruni (at the time his father's girlfriend and who is now married to former French President Nicolas Sarkozy). She wrote a novel whose story paralleled her own life. The 2004 book was released in France under the title "Rien de Grave" (published in English in 2005 as Nothing Serious). The winner of the first Prix Littéraire Le Vaudeville, her book knocked The Da Vinci Code from Europe's bestseller lists. It was published in the United States in October 2005.

Lévy has two children with actor and director Patrick Mille. She describes her relationship with Patrick as "not married, but like married". Like Nothing Serious protagonist Louise, Lévy is also a little cynical about monogamy. Lévy married Patrick on 11 March 2023 in the Parisian 6th arrondissement's town hall after 22 years together.

Books

 * 1997: Le rendez-vous (The Rendezvous) - Scribner, ISBN 0-684-82579-1, awarded the Prix Contrepoint in 1996
 * 2005: Rien de grave (Nothing Serious) - Melville House Publishing, ISBN 0-9761407-7-2
 * 2009: Mauvaise fille (Bad Girl) - Stock, ISBN 2-234-05864-3 (Adapted in the movie of the same name)
 * 2014: La gaieté (Happiness) - Stock, (ISBN 978-2234070264)
 * 2019: Histoires de familles (Family History) - with The Anonymous Project - Flammarion, (ISBN 978-2081440395)
 * 2021: Son fils (Her Son) - Stock, (ISBN 978-2234083233)

title: Justine Lévy


text:
Foundation of Melbourne

The city of Melbourne was founded in 1835. The exact circumstances of the foundation of Melbourne, and the question of who should take credit, have long been matters of dispute.

Exploration
A series of colonisers, mostly operating from Sydney, explored the south-east coast of the Australian continent. In 1797 George Bass discovered Bass Strait, the passage between the Australian mainland and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania); Bass sailed as far west as Western Port. Other navigators included James Grant in 1800. In 1802 John Murray in the Lady Nelson became the first recorded European to sail into Port Phillip, but he did not reach the northern end of the bay. He was followed shortly after by Matthew Flinders. In January 1803, Charles Robbins and Charles Grimes in the schooner Cumberland explored the whole of the bay, and found the mouth of the Yarra River, on which they rowed as far as Dights Falls at Collingwood. In October 1803 a convict settlement was established at Sullivan Bay at the mouth of Port Phillip, but this was abandoned and relocated to Van Diemens Land in January 1804.

The Hume and Hovell expedition passed just to the north of present-day Melbourne in December 1824, before reaching Port Phillip at Corio Bay. Other than the escape of convict William Buckley, this marks the only recorded visit by Europeans between 1804 and 1835.

Settlement
In 1834 Edward Henty and his brothers [manikandan] established the first permanent settlement in Victoria at Portland Bay.

When news of the Hentys' actions reached Launceston, John Batman and a group of investors founded the Port Phillip Association, a grouping of Tasmanian bankers, graziers and East India Company retirees, with the intention of settling at Port Philip. In April 1835, Batman hired a sloop called the Rebecca and sailed across the Strait and up Port Philip to the mouth of the Yarra. He explored a large area in what is now the northern suburbs of Melbourne, as far north as Keilor, ascending Mount Kororoit. As the land he travelled through was mostly treeless, and covered in dense swards of Kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), it was, he wrote, "Land of the best description, equal to any in the world... the most beautiful sheep pasturage I ever saw in my life."

Batman's Treaty

On 6 June Batman recorded in his journal that he had signed a treaty with the local Aboriginal people, the Wurundjeri. In this treaty Batman purported to buy 2000 km2 of land near the Yarra River and another 400 km2 around Geelong, on Corio Bay to the south-west. In exchange he gave the eight "chiefs" whose marks he acquired on his treaty a quantity of blankets, knives, tomahawks, scissors, looking-glasses, flour, handkerchiefs and shirts.

The treaty was significant as it was the first and only documented time when Europeans negotiated their presence and occupation of aboriginal lands, according to historian Richard Broome, although it was later declared void by the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke, and its authenticity has been strongly questioned by some historians like Alistair Campbell. It is likely that the Europeans interpreted the negotiations and ceremonies as a purchase of land while the Kulin believed they were conducting a tanderrum ceremony which allows temporary access and use of the land.

Batman then sent a party up the Yarra by boat. On 8 June he wrote in his journal: "So the boat went up the large river... and... I am glad to state about six miles up found the River all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village." This last sentence later became famous as the "founding charter" of Melbourne, but it is not at all clear whether Batman was referring to the Yarra or its tributary the Maribyrnong River. The map Batman later produced does not correspond well with the actual geography of the area.

Tasmanian settlement
Batman returned to Launceston and began plans to mount a large expedition to establish a settlement on the Yarra. John Pascoe Fawkner also had not been idle during the period since news of the Henty settlement at Portland had reached him. He also bought a ship, the schooner Enterprize. He met with Batman and assured him that he was not intending to settle at the site of Batman's discoveries, but he in fact had every intention of doing so. The Enterprize sailed on 4 August, with a party of intending settlers, although Fawkner was not aboard because the local sheriff would not allow him to leave until he paid his many debts.

After looking around the area, the acting commander of the expedition, John Lancey, chose a spot for the settlement, where, on 30 August 1835, the ship was anchored and the goods aboard unloaded. The spot was on the north bank of the Yarra, roughly between the present Spencer St Bridge and the Kings Bridge, in what is now called Enterprize Park (see also Batman Park and Enterprize (1830 ship)).

Meanwhile, Batman had sailed from Launceston in the Rebecca on 20 July, but he had spent several weeks at a temporary camp site at Indented Head on the western side of the bay. Here he was amazed to meet an Englishman, William Buckley, a former convict who had escaped from the settlement at Sorrento in 1803 and who had lived with the Aboriginal people around Port Phillip for more than 30 years. So it was not until 2 September that Batman's party reached the Yarra, where they were dismayed and angry to find Fawkner's people already in possession.

After a tense standoff, the two groups decided that there was plenty of land for everybody, and when Fawkner arrived on 16 October with another party of settlers, he agreed that they should start parcelling out land and not dispute who was there first. It was in his interests to do this, since an outbreak of violence would make it even less likely that Governor Bourke would recognise the settlement and the legal land titles of the settlers.

Establishment of Melbourne
Both Batman and Fawkner settled in the new town, which had several interim names, including Batmania, Bearbrass, Bearport, Dutergalla, Glenelg, Neramnew, and The Settlement, before being officially named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Governor Richard Bourke in honour of the British Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne.

Batman and his family settled at what became known as Batman's Hill, at the western end of Collins Street, an area now covered by the Spencer Street railway yards. He built a house at the base of the hill in April 1836. Batman's health quickly declined after 1835 as syphilis had disfigured and crippled him, and he became estranged from his wife, convict Elizabeth Callaghan. They had had seven daughters and a son. His son drowned in the Yarra River.

Fawkner became a local publican, running Melbourne's first hotel on the corner of William Street and Flinders Lane. He founded the Melbourne Advertiser, the city's first newspaper, in 1838. He became a major landowner at Pascoe Vale north of Melbourne. A contentious figure, he involved himself heavily in politics and in 1851 he was elected to the first Legislative Council of the Port Phillip District, and in 1856 he was elected to the first Parliament of the self-governing colony of Victoria, as MLC for Central Province. In Melbourne as in Launceston, Fawkner made many enemies, before dying as the grand old man of the colony on 4 September 1869 in Smith Street, Collingwood at the age of 77. At his government-appointed public funeral over 200 carriages were present, and 15,000 persons were reported to have lined the streets on his burial day, 8 September 1869. He was buried at the Melbourne General Cemetery. He and Eliza did not have any children.

Both Batman and Fawkner have many streets, parks and other places in Melbourne named after them. There was a federal electorate of Batman from 1906 to 2019 before being renamed to Cooper, and there was an electorate of Fawkner from 1913 to 1969. There is a suburb called Fawkner and Fawkner's estate at Pascoe Vale is now also a suburb.

title: Foundation of Melbourne


text:
Talk:RoadShow

Untitled
RoadShow

 * Remember this is an English language Wikipedia. You have to assume the readers DO NOT understand Chinese.  If you choose to use Chinese, you need to translate to English.
 * RoadShow （路訊通, formerly known as "資訊娛樂共同睇"）-- what does this mean in English?  Be consistent – is it RoadShow or Roadshow?
 * Expand the programming section. Move the board of directors lower.
 * Anti-bus TV noise group section is really interesting. Should have external link for this group.
 * A picture of what the TV screen look like in a bus would be a great addition.
 * More comments, see WebCT Discussion section 0101TA 15:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I forgot to log in....Oh my god....

External Links

Good start on the external links, but make sure you attribute it in a way people can understand. For example instead of "A Journal about Multi-media Advertising on Buses" (makes it sound like a diary), it would be more clear to call it "A Study of Multi-media Advertising on Buses" 0101TA 11:16, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Picture and copyright

I wonder if it's ok that we use the picture from inside a bus that is taken from Roadshow's homesite? Is it against the rule of copyright?

Reponse to Picture and copyright Yes, to avoid copy wight problems, take your own picture and load it. 0101TA 01:20, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

I uploaded the photo I took for this page, because of the copyright problem but I'm not able to make it appear... it's just written 'img 0016' and no image appears. help me.....

RoadShow on minibus?
Just want to make sure of one fact - Are there still some minibus having RoadShow currently? It had been a long time since I last saw one. Most minibuses now do not have the RoadShow system anymore. Hope that somebody could investigate if it has been phased out among minibuses. Thanks. - LR4087 13:27, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:HushtheBus.gif
Image:HushtheBus.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on RoadShow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090219225702/http://roadsevents.com:80/ to http://www.roadsevents.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051025053547/http://www.hush-the-bus.com:80/ to http://www.hush-the-bus.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051025142301/http://www.citizensparty.org:80/ to http://www.citizensparty.org/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060322034202/http://www.brightenhk.com:80/english/ to http://www.brightenhk.com/english/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:44, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:RoadShow


text:
LTS

LTS may refer to:

Transport

 * LTS Rail, later c2c, a British train operating company
 * London, Tilbury and Southend line, a railway line in England
 * Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma, U.S., IATA code LTS
 * Lelant Saltings railway station, Cornwall, England, station code LTS
 * Lufttransport Süd, a former German airline

Other uses

 * Learning and Teaching Scotland, a body of the Scottish government
 * Lexicon da teater svizzer, an encyclopedia of theater in Switzerland
 * Leaning toothpick syndrome, a computer-programming idiom that describes a surfeit of backslashes
 * Liquid tradable securities, a type of financial instruments
 * Lithuanian Nationalist and Republican Union, a Lithuanian political party
 * Long-term support, a product lifecycle management policy
 * Low-threshold spikes, membrane depolarizations in cell biology

title: LTS


text:
User talk:Billycheese

re Fuck: Please stop removing content from Wikipedia that people have worked hard to create. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. — ciphergoth 15:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Billycheese


text: User talk:205.221.83.157

title: User talk:205.221.83.157


text:
User:Theruvath Prasanth Mathew

Hi, I am Theruvath Prasanth Mathew, working at Deutsche Bank Singapore. I graduated from the National University of Singapore. Living in Singapore.

title: User:Theruvath Prasanth Mathew


text:
Amitraz

Amitraz (development code BTS27419) is a non-systemic acaricide and insecticide and has also been described as a scabicide. It was first synthesized by the Boots Co. in England in 1969. Amitraz has been found to have an insect repellent effect, works as an insecticide and also as a pesticide synergist. Its effectiveness is traced back on alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, interaction with octopamine receptors of the central nervous system and inhibition of monoamine oxidases and prostaglandin synthesis. Therefore, it leads to overexcitation and consequently paralysis and death in insects. Because amitraz is less harmful to mammals, amitraz is among many other purposes best known as insecticide against mite- or tick-infestation of dogs. It is also widely used in the beekeeping industry as a control for the Varroa destructor mite, although there are recent reports of resistance (driven by overuse and off label use).

Use
Amitraz is particularly effective against acarids, but it is used as a pesticide in many different fields. Therefore, amitraz is available in many different forms, such as a wettable powder, an emulsifiable concentrate, a soluble concentrate/liquid, and an impregnated collar (for dogs). It is characterized as an insect repellent, insecticide, and pesticide synergist. These are the properties which make it especially useful as a pesticide: These can be traced back to the mechanisms of action, which lead to a wide field of effects, including direct lethality, excitant-repellant behavioral effects, and chemosterilization for the target species. In addition, it generally causes low damage to nontarget species, which is one of the advantages of amitraz. Furthermore, amitraz is especially effective against insects such as spider mites and ticks in their juvenile and resistant forms. For agricultural purposes amitraz is primarily used to control the pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola) on Oregon pear crops and whiteflies and mites on cotton or pear crops. It's also applied to pome fruit, citrus fruit, cotton, stone fruit, bush fruit, strawberries, hops, cucurbits, aubergines, capsicums, tomatoes and ornamental plants to control all stages of tetranychid and eriophyid mites, pear suckers, scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, aphids and eggs and first instar larvae of lepidoptera. To apply amitraz, various techniques can be used such as an airblast and concentrate spray to pears or by ground boom and aircraft to cotton. Territorial differences in amitraz use depend on the species of mites that infest the crops/trees/etc., the local practice, and the number and size of the pear trees. An infestation e.g. by Tetranychus spp. requires higher rates of amitraz. Taking those factors into consideration the application volumes of amitraz have been standardized in terms of maximum spray concentration and in the rate of amitraz per hectare.
 * The repellent effect causes insects to turn away from their target as this is treated with amitraz.
 * It acts as an insecticide, which means that it can be used to control insects that are directly or indirectly harmful to man.
 * As a pesticide synergist it also increases the effect of some other pesticides if they are combined with amitraz.

Besides its application as pesticide on plants, amitraz is also used as an animal ectoparasiticide on cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and dogs. In these applications, it is exclusively applied externally. It achieves special efficiency against mites (first of all Demodex canis), but it also works against lice, flies, and all development stages of ticks. In combination with additional agents it can be used against flea-infestation as well. For the treatment of dogs amitraz is available as a collar or as a spray- or wash-solution and has an immediate effect against tick infestation as well as a preventive effect. In some countries amitraz emulsions are also applied to treat demodicosis of cats or dogs, an exceeding infestation of mites of the family Demodicidae. For the treatment of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs amitraz is available as spray- or wash-solution, to treat or prevent infestations by mites, lice, flies and ticks. Thereby pigs and cattle should be sprayed and sheep and goats bathed. Other animal species — horses or Chihuahuas, for example — should not be treated with amitraz because adverse effects may occur.

Adverse effects
Adverse effects in mammals are caused by amitraz' alpha-adrenergic agonist activity. Symptoms can include low blood pressure and pulse, hypothermia, lethargy, absence of appetite, vomiting, increased blood sugar and digestive problems. Furthermore, skin- or mucosa-irritations may occur in dogs as a response to an amitraz containing collar. This can lead to itching, eczema, alopecia or conjunctivitis.

Human toxicity
In 2006 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) re-assessed the classification for amitraz to a non-quantifiable "Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity" descriptor, and in 2013 determined that quantification of risk using a non-linear approach for amitraz will adequately account for all chronic toxicity, including carcinogenicity, that could result from exposure to amitraz and its metabolites. Accidental exposure of men to greater amounts of amitraz can lead to death due to respiratory failure, mainly after oral uptake or inhalation. In Turkey during 1989, 41 cases of deadly amitraz intoxications have been detected. The observed toxic dose in about 50% of these patients has been 0.3 g to 1.25 g of 12.5% amitraz formulations and 0.5 to 2 g of 20% formulations. The remaining patients took doses up to 10 g. Other frequently occurring symptoms after massive amitraz intoxication are CNS depression, respiratory depression, miosis, hypothermia, hyperglycemia, loss of consciousness, vomiting and bradycardia.

Treatment
In case of an amitraz overdose in humans atipamezole or yohimbine, which act as α2-antagonists, can be used as antidote. Initially it is important to remove the patient from the amitraz contaminated area. When amitraz has been inhaled the patient should first get respiratory protection. Additionally the patient should be supplied with 4 L oxygen per minute. In case of an intoxication via skin-contact, contaminated clothes should be removed first. Affected areas need to be washed with water. If eyes have been exposed to amitraz, anesthesia should be administered and the eyes carefully washed. After the oral intake of amitraz it is important to make the patient drink ca. 0.3 L water to reduce amitraz' irritating effect on the gullet. Furthermore, it is important to prevent the patient as much as possible from vomiting, to reduce the risk of further aspiration of amitraz. Subsequently, the patient need to be observed for at least 24 hours to ensure that the symptoms do not recur.

Synthesis
Since its discovery by Boots Co. in 1969 three main synthesis routes for amitraz has been developed, which stand out in terms of facility and generality.

Route 1: 2,4-Xylidine + triethyl orthoformate + methylamine (imine formation/amine formation):

One of the first amitraz-manufacturing plants used this reaction scheme (figure 1). Therefore, the reactions has been carried out in an enclosed area, to recycle unused reagents. The first step of this route is the reaction of an aniline with triethyl orthoformate. In the named manufacturing plant 2,4-Xylidine has been used as the aniline. The reaction yields an intermediate formimidate ester. In the next step methylamine is added, which combines with the formimidate ester to yield the desired formamidine. As the formamidines forms, ethanol is set free from the chemical reaction and is recycled. This is probably the most suitable method for the synthesis of amitraz, because this second step yields -2,4-dimethyl-N-methylformamidine. The free -NH groups of these molecules react with each other to finally yield amitraz. The last steps of the manufacturing process include crystalisation out from isopropyl alcohol, filtering and drying. These last steps need to be carried out by instructed personnel, who wear  full protective clothing with a positive-pressure breathing apparatus.

Route 2: Substituted formamide + aniline:

The first step of this synthesis route to an N-arylformamidine as amitraz is the reaction of a substituted formamide, usually a dialkylformamide, with an aniline. To gain amitraz N-methyl formamide and 2,4 dimethyl aniline hydrochloride can be used (figure 2). This reaction is catalyzed by the presence of acid halides, such as POCl3, SOCl2, COCl2, or an arylsulfonylhalide, as p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (figure 2). This yields an intermediate, which reacts further as its catalyzed by p-toluene acid to N, N'-[(methylimino) dimethylidyne] di-2,4-xylidine (amitraz). Alternatively, the aniline in the first step can be replaced by an arylformamide. In addition the replacement of the dialkylformamide with an N-alkylpyrrolidone can be used to obtain products of the clenpyrin group from this reaction.

route 3: arylisocyanate + formamide:

To achieve this reaction a mixture a suitable arylisocyanate and formamide is heated and marked by the evolution of CO2, to yield the desired formamidine.

Metabolism
Since amitraz most common use is as a pesticide, it is important to consider that between animals and plants often different pathways for biotransformation occur. Most animal species, including humans can metabolize amitraz rapidly to form six metabolites during biotransformation, N-methyl--(2,4-xylyl)formamide, Form- 2'4'xylidine, 4-N-Methyl-formidoyl) amino-meta-toluix acid, 4-Formamido-meta-toluic acid, 4- Acetamido- meta-toluic acid and 4- Amino- meta- toluic acid.  In rats the metabolic pathway (figure 3) has been examined after oral administration of $14$C-labelled amitraz, which was found to be effectively metabolized, degraded and excreted to four of the metabolites in urine and six in faeces. The metabolic pathway or rate did not differ between the sexes.

Hornish and Nappier (1983) detected that the metabolic pathway after dermal administration follows the same route of degradation as after oral uptake, because the parent compound, N-methyl- N'-(2,4-xylyl)formamidine and form-2',4'-xylidide were found in urine and blood also after dermal administration. In humans, N-methyl-N-(2,4-xylyl)formamidine, form-2',4'-xylidide, 4-amino- meta-toluic acid,  4-acetamido- meta-toluic and 4-formamido- meta-toluic acids were recognized in the urine as well which indicates for the same or a similar metabolic pathway.

As illustrated in figure 3 the first step is a hydrolysis reaction to N-methyl-N'-(2,4-xylyl)-formamidine, which already can be excreted in the urine but is still pharmacological active. Depending on the dose, the quantity of this metabolite in the urine can vary from 4% at low doses to 23%-38% at high doses (e.g. in case of rats: 1–100 mg per kg body weight). As it isn't excreted it also can be oxidized to 4-N-Methyl-formidoyl)amino-meta-toluic acid, which can be further oxidized to 4-formamido-meta-toluic acid. Form-2,4-xylidine is formed directly by hydrolysis from amitraz or arises from N-methyl- N'-(2,4-xylyl)formamidine.  During this early stage of biotransformation N-methyl- N'-(2,4-xylyl) formamidine and Form-2,4-xylidine may already form conjugates. But the major route followed after the formation of Form-2,4-xylidine is the oxidation to 4-formamido-meta-toluic acid, which is further metabolized to its acetyl conjugate, 4-acetamido-meta-toluic acid  or 4-amino- meta-toluic acid.  4-formamido- meta-toluic acid and 4-acetamido- meta-toluic acid make 32% of the metabolites found in urine and are detected at any administered dose. Therefore, they are considered as two of the major metabolites in the amitraz pathway. Form-2',4'-xylidide and 4-amino- meta-toluic acid account only for 2% of the total excretion. In insects different metabolites are formed. N-methyl- N'-(2,4-xylyl)formamidine, Form-2,4-xylidine and 4-Amino-meta-toluic acid occur, but in addition several unidentified metabolites were detected, too. In plants the biotransformation of amitraz proceeds very rapidly. The predominant metabolites detected are N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (BST 27 271) and  2,4-dimethylformanilide (BST 27 919).

N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (BST 27 271), 2,4-dimethylformanilide (BST 27 919) and N,N'-bis-dimethylphenylformamidine (BTS 28 037) result from hydrolysis of amitraz. Thereby N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (BST 27 271) occurs in higher amounts than 2,4-dimethylformanilide (BST 27 919). N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (BST 27 271) can be further metabolized to 2,4-dimethylformanilide (BST 27 919) or 2,4-dimethylaniline (BTS 24 868).

N,N'-bis-dimethylphenylformamidine (BTS 28 037) can be transformed to 2,4-dimethylformanilide (BST 27 919) or directly react to 2,4-dimethylaniline (BTS 24 868), but the exact mechanisms of these biotransformations are not known yet. However, of 2,4-dimethylaniline (BTS 24 868) and N,N'-bis-dimethylphenylformamidine (BTS 28 037) less than 1% has been accounted, which makes them minor metabolites compared to N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (BST 27 271) and 2,4-dimethylformanilide (BST 27 919). Figure 4 shows the suggested amitraz' metabolic pathway in plants.

Kinetics
The hydrolysis reactions of amitraz strongly depend on the environmental pH. Even though amitraz undergoes hydrolysis reactions at any pH, spectrophotometry, HPLC, and GC-MS studies revealed that pH-depending differences occur, affecting both the sort of reaction-products and the reaction rate. Under basic conditions (pH>6) amitraz is metabolized to 2,4-dimethylphenylformamide. Followed by hydrolysis to 2,4-dimethylaniline, which also benefits from a basic pH. At very acidic pH (pH<3) 2,4-dimethylaniline has been observed as the main degradation product. Under less acidic conditions (pH 3–6) mainly N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)--methylformamidine and already amounts of 2,4-dimethylphenylformamide occur.

Mechanism of action
Amitraz is used as a pesticide. Therefore, amitraz exposure to humans occurs mainly through inhalation or dermal contact with the compound during its use or production. The toxic effects to humans following on amitraz-uptake include loss of consciousness, vomiting, respiratory failure, miosis, hypothermia, bradycardia, hyperglycemia and central nervous system depression.

The pharmacological activity of amitraz includes different mechanisms of action leading to toxic effects in humans as well as in animals. Many of these effects and most of the effects on humans are caused by its alpha-adrenergic agonist activity. Furthermore, amitraz inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, interacts with the octopamine receptors of the central nervous system and inhibits  monoamine oxidases.

Animal studies revealed that damages due to amitraz poisoning can be recovered even after exposure to a potentially lethal dose. This could mean that amitraz' effects are reversible or at least are recoverable. When an amitraz poisoning is lethal, death results from respiratory depression.

Alpha-adrenergic agonist activity
Amitraz is a central alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist. That means that it selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors, which are metabotropic G-protein-coupled receptors, that are usually targeted by catecholamines. Stimulating these receptors is in great extent the reason for the neurotoxic and preconvulsant effects of amitraz. Xylene present in amitraz formulations additionally induces central nervous system depression. Adrenergic Receptors can be divided into two subclasses, alpha1- and alpha2-adrenergic receptors. To determine whether amitraz interacts with subclass 1 oder subclass 2, subcutaneous injections of amitraz (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) were given to mice. Consequently, a dose-dependent delay of gastrointestinal transit in conscious mice occurs. This effect could be antagonized by alpha2-adrenergic blocking agents, but administration of other antagonists did not reduce the depressant effect on the gastrointestinal transit. So it is suggested that amitraz-induced delay of gastrointestinal transit is mediated by postjunctional alpha2-adrenergic receptors and appears not to involve the activation of β-adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, or opioid receptors. Besides the neurotoxic effects other clinical effects observed in amitraz poisoning are related to alpha2-adrenergic agonistic activity. Adrenergic receptors are present in many different cells. The activation of these receptors by an agonist as amitraz generally induces a sympathetic response. This leads to an increased heart rate, dilation of the pupils, elevation of blood pressure and blood and energy supply focus on skeletal muscles.

Interaction with the octopamine receptor
It's thought that the mode of action of amitraz involves the interaction with the neuromodulator octopamine. This interaction is probably the reason for increased nervous activity of ticks as a response on amitraz. Usual activation of the receptors may lead to changes in the concentration of intracellular second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and Ca2+. Influencing this signal transduction system can lead to various events depending on the celltype. Since it has been discovered that the octopamine receptor coding gene is expressed on very high rates in the somata of the honeybee brain, it is suggested that it is involved in the processing of sensory inputs, antennal motor outputs and higher-order brain functions. The amitraz-octopamine receptor interaction restrains these normal functions of the octopamine receptor. Therefore, it is efficient as an insect-pesticide. Still, resistance against amitraz can occur. A mutation can lead to a working version of the octopamine receptor but with an altered pesticide target side. This is probably the case for a very resistant Brazilian and Mexican tick strain, which have two nucleotide substitutions on the octopamine receptor coding gene compared with the Australian strains. A closer understanding of these resistance meachnisms would help to develop more rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for detecting resistance and steer development of alternative acaricides.

Inhibition of monoamine oxidases
In vitro a monoamine oxidase-inhibiting effect of amitraz has been found. Monoamine oxidases catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamines and thereby form flavoproteins and inactivate neurotransmitters. However, in vivo it has been observed that only at high doses of amitraz or its main metabolite N-2,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methyl-formamide monoamine oxidase inhibition occurs. In dogs it has been observed that after administration of such a dose an increase in plasma glucose and suppression of insulin occurs.

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
Like other formamidines amitraz inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid by bovine seminal vesicle microsomes. In a dose of 5 to 80 mg/kg body weight, given intraperitoneally to rats, amitraz reduces yeast-induced fever and antagonizes the carrageenin-induced swelling of the hind paw. Some of the physiological effects of amitraz probably go back to this aspirin-like activity and occur due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

title: Amitraz


text:
User talk:Radadia

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Pamri • Talk 15:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radadia


text:
User talk:Alowyn

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Pamri • Talk 15:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alowyn


text:
Talk:Adrammelech

Adramelech in Basileus
I added the little bit about Adramelech appearing in Basileus, which was a short story I read back in the tenth grade, and a definite good read for anyone who's interested. I happened to find the description to be of particular interest, since it would suggest that Adramelech is the real, real fiend in hell. I've got a copy of the story somewhere, but it isn't with me presently. The quote is from memory, so I may make a slight alteration sometime in the future if I discover that I forgot precisely how it went. I'm pretty sure that's it though.

I wasn't entirely sure whether to put this under the main heading or under "Adramelech in Popular Culture," but seeing as how the quote is a description of the demon and not him appearing as a monster in a computer game or something, I thought it would add more to the main heading than to the cultural heading. If someone disagrees with me, then please feel free to edit it.

As if that weren't enough, I read somewhere once - and this is extra scary - that Adramelech speaks only in whispers, something he's done for so long that he cannot remember why he ever even started to do it. Unfortunately, I can't confirm this one way or the other, so I thought it best to leave it out of the article.

The merge gets my vote Ill merge them together in a few days time if no one disagrees with me? --Shimirel 00:25, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Connection to Melek Taus?
From the picture and the name, I would guess there's a connection to Melek Taus, the Yazidi god. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.179.110 (talk) 21:54, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I believe that's a false cognate. The Melek in Melek Taus is related to Malakh (messenger or angel), not Melech (king).  Melek Taus means "Angel of God."  As for the peacock image of Adramelech, Collin De Plancy says he got it from Rabbinical sources, but there doesn't appear to be anything older than that.  Ian.thomson (talk) 04:03, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Pagan?
According to Paganism, the term 'pagan' "has an inherent Abrahamic bias, and pejorative connotations." Perhaps to avoid NPOV, a better wording than "like many pagan gods" would be "like many pre-Judaic gods?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.101.125.253 (talk) 04:19, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adrammelech


text:
Alphaville, São Paulo

Alphaville, Barueri is an affluent district split between the municipalities of Barueri and Santana de Parnaíba suburbs of São Paulo. The Alphaville district is a real estate and gated community development in Brazil, constituted by a number of business and residential condominium. The name evokes the "first among cities" concept (ville as French for city and alpha being the first letter of Greek alphabet).

History
The Alphaville concept was created by a building company in São Paulo City, Albuquerque & Takaoka, in the 1970s. The São Paulo megalopolis was beginning to show an upward trend in crime rates, traffic jams, and other forms of urban malaise. Consequently, suburban developments gained popularity, both for modern industrial and commercial ventures, and for wealthy and upper-middle class nouveau riche. The company bought large farm areas in the neighboring counties of Barueri and Santana do Parnaíba and urbanized them. The then-recently built Castelo Branco Highway provided an access to downtown São Paulo. The lots were sold initially for commercial and industrial development, but soon demand for lots for residential purposes arose.

Characteristics

Currently, the original Alphaville site (23 km from São Paulo) has 33 gated areas, with more than 20,000 residences. The business area contains 2,300 businesses, including 11 schools and universities, with a daily movement of more than 150,000 people. Due to the high traffic to and from São Paulo city, the Castelo Branco Highway has been expanded and is now a toll road, with a tolled spur road specifically for Alphaville.

Beginning in the 1990s, the company (now renamed Alphaville Urbanismo), expanded its developments to several other cities in Brazil, such as Aracaju, Brasília, Campinas, São José dos Campos, Ribeirão Preto, Rio de Janeiro, Goiânia, Curitiba, Londrina, Maringá, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, Natal, Gramado, Manaus, and others, as well as to Portugal (in Cascais). Many of these developments, such as that of Campinas, are also large (1,200 residences, in this case) and have an adjoining business district, with a shopping mall, a hotel, schools, etc.

Other variations of real estate developments by the same company followed, such as Aldeia da Serra, Toque-Toque Pequeno (a beach resort condominium) and Villa Alpha and Alphaville Residential, which sell pre built modular houses.

title: Alphaville, São Paulo


text:
Baldric of Dol

Baldric of Dol (c. 1050 – 7 January 1130) was prior and then abbot of Bourgueil from 1077 to 1106, then made bishop of Dol-en-Bretagne in 1107 and archbishop in 1108 until his death. He fulfilled his monastic duties by travelling to attend Church councils and writing of poetry and history, his most influential piece being a historical account of the First Crusade.

Life
He was born in Meung-sur-Loire, most likely in 1046, where he passed his early days. He was of a modest background, not coming from nobility and belonging to a rural farming class. While living in Meung-sur-Loire, Baldric may have attended the Benedictine house of Saint Liphard, which had recently been established, for his early education. This would only have been the beginning of Baldric’s education in monastic schools as, despite not coming from a particularly wealthy area, there were many schools established by the Church with talented instructors around the Loire Valley to educate students in Latin due to the increasing demand for those who could work with text.

After a course of studies at the school of Angers, he entered the Abbey of Bourgueil in Anjou, where he became prior around 1077 and later abbot in 1089 following the death of his predecessor. Here, Baldric and his monks lived by a Benedictine rule, which states: “Idleness is the enemy of the soul.” To adhere to this lifestyle, Baldric would set to work studying writing and the texts that were a part of the wealthy monastery’s library. He would then put this knowledge to use when writing his poetry and history. In addition to his writing while at the abbey, Baldric witnessed charters, such as those of St. Aubin d’Angers, and took part in councils of the Church in France, one noteworthy example being the Council of Clermont in 1095, which he would include in his work on the First Crusade, that had been spurred by claims of Muslim violence toward Christian pilgrims. In addition to his various official duties, he was an active participant in the loose association of regional Latin literary writers known today as the Loire School.

Baldric would become a prevalent figure within the Church in Loire Valley, even developing rivalries for high-ranking Church positions. Bishop Ivo of Chartres accused Baldric to Hugh of Die of attempting to become bishop of Orléans through means of bribery. However, because of Ivo’s ill will toward Baldric, it is unknown if this claim is well-founded. In 1107 he received from Pope Paschal II the see of Dol, and once again Ivo of Chartres would oppose the decision, as would the clergy of Dol. Nonetheless, the pope overruled their opposition, making Baldric Archbishop of Dol a year later. Despite the ruling of the pope, Baldric was not able to win the favor of the clergy at Dol, leading him to travel to several locations across France and Europe for councils, witnessing charters, and resolving Church-related disputes rather than remaining at home with a hostile monastery. In Avranches, he witnessed a charter in 1115 which saw Henry I of England grant the monks who founded the abbey of Savigny, and were led by preacher and former hermit Vital of Mortian, its forest. Two years later he returned to Bourgueil to witness an agreement between it and the abbey of Montierneuf. Baldric also traveled to Rome multiple times, first in 1108, then in 1116, and finally in 1123 when he went to counter a charge that saw a papal legate suspend him and successfully clear his name. He also left an account of a journey to England and exercised considerable activity as bishop in reforming monastic discipline.

Baldric spent the last years of his life away from Dol near the coast of Normandy, writing, teaching, and visiting monasteries until his death in 1130 at the age of 84 years old. He was buried on December 30 of that same year in the abbey church of Saint Pierre-de-Preaux in the Diocese of Lisieux, remaining in his preferred region of France in Normandy where many monastic figures would originate from and spend their lives.

Works
Baldric's poetic oeuvre was written almost entirely while abbot at Bourgueil. The 256 extant poems are found almost exclusively in a single contemporary manuscript which is most likely an authorized copy. They consist of a wide range of poetic forms ranging from epitaphs, riddles and epistolary poems to longer pieces such as an interpretative defense of Greek mythology and a praise poem for Adela of Normandy that describes something very like the Bayeux Tapestry within its 1,368 lines. His thematics are dominated by two great topics: desire/friendship (amor) and game/poetry (iocus). His constant citations and interpretations reveal a deep knowledge and appreciation of Ovid that was rare for the age, and many biblical allusions and references to classic texts throughout his works reflects the vast amount of literature available to Baldric during his time at the Abbey of Bourgueil. In only one of his poems, titled De sufficientia votorum suorum, inspiration from Roman poets Horace, Virgil, and Tibullus can be found.

Poetry was often an outlet for Baldric to express facets of his own life. He used it to communicate his rustic origins, noting in one poem that his sister was married to a farm laborer who would not have owned land. His epistolary poems to notable figures such as Count Roger of Sicily and Adela of Normandy also suggest Baldric had few ties to the aristocracy since he does not mention any connections with the nobility despite his attempts to impress them.

Baldric's most valuable work from the second part of his career is his "Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV", an account about 36,000 words long of the First Crusade, based in part on the testimony of eyewitnesses in the Gesta Francorum, and submitted for correction to the Abbot Peter of Maillezais, who had accompanied the Crusaders. He was one of the chief rewriters of this text, the other two being Robert the Monk and Guibert of Nogent. This work has 24 known surviving manuscripts, and was composed in 1105 before Baldric finished composing another version with added details and revisions two years later. Because, up until recently, only seven manuscripts were known to exist, it was thought that the text held little historical significance in comparison to other, more commonly found works. Additionally, while nearly all of the first seven manuscripts originated from France, the 17 that have since been found were located and possibly produced in multiple locations across Europe, further suggesting that this work is a more influential historical text than previously believed.

Due to having written the text years after the end of the First Crusade, Baldric was able to offer a hindsight perspective on the Christian forces, noting that they were socially respectful and deserved greater compensation than they were awarded. In the account, Baldric covers the time period from November of 1095 to August of 1099, beginning at the Council of Clermont, which Baldric was able to cover in greater detail compared to other authors who wrote on the event due to having been in attendance, where Pope Urban II delivered his sermon and ending with the conquest of Jerusalem where a Muslim army was defeated at Ascalon to end the First Crusade. Direct speech makes up a notable portion of the text, displaying Baldric’s unique writing style that places characters at the forefront of the narrative and is indicative of his belief that they should be used to communicate historical perspectives, which was not common among Medieval historical narratives.

Among his other works are poems on the conquest of England and on the reign of Philip I; lives, in Latin, of his friend Robertus de Arbrissello, of St. Valerian, and of St. Hugh of Rouen; finally a letter to the monks of Fécamp Abbey which contains some valuable material relating to Breton manners, and to English and Norman monasteries.

title: Baldric of Dol


text:
Millwood, Virginia

Millwood is an unincorporated community located in Clarke County, Virginia, United States. Millwood is the home of many of Clarke County's most historic sites including the Burwell-Morgan Mill (1785), Carter Hall (1792), the Greenway Historic District, Long Branch (1811), Old Chapel (1790), and the River House. Project HOPE is based at Carter Hall.

History
Listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 * Burwell-Morgan Mill
 * Carter Hall
 * Long Branch Plantation
 * Millwood Commercial Historic District
 * Old Chapel
 * River House

title: Millwood, Virginia


text:
User:Dphensley

Who is David Paul Hensley a common man with simple needs but visions of infinite? My interest correlate with what activity I am engaged with at any given time. Non-Traditional education because of misguided childhood so my education was LIFE then G.E.D. then A.A.S. then BSVTE

http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/education/nontraditional-education/nontrad-edu.htm

From my view of a man who has worked since 14 from a third grade education to a BS mostly struggling to maintain above the poverty line. Reform of capitalistic carnivorous type business models they are choking out problem solving solution based people model ideology, this kind of thought needs creativity based in free will, free choice, supported by cultural ideology of equality of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

title: User:Dphensley


text:
Volleyball in the United States

Volleyball is a popular sport in the United States with both male and female participants of all ages. Almost all high schools and colleges in the United States have female volleyball teams, and most regions of the country have developmental programs for girls of all ages as well. While many areas of the country are forming male teams and development programs, there are still fewer opportunities for young male athletes to play volleyball in the United States than for young female athletes. Men's volleyball is a fast-growing sport among high schools, with 36 states having male volleyball programs (though in several of these states, it is organized as a club sport and not sanctioned by the state's high school governing body). Most men's seasons are in the spring while women's seasons take place primarily in the fall; however, there are a few men's teams such as in Wisconsin, Virginia, and New York who play in the fall as well.

National teams
The United States men's national volleyball team has won three gold medals at the 1984, 1988, and 2008 Olympic Games, the 1986 FIVB World Championship, the 1985 and 2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup, and the 2014 FIVB World League.

Meanwhile, the United States women's national volleyball team has won the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, the 2014 FIVB World Championship, six editions of the FIVB World Grand Prix, and the 2018, 2019 and 2021 FIVB Nations League. Also, they finished second at the 1984, 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games, the 1967 and 2002 FIVB World Championship, the 2005 and 2013 FIVB World Grand Champions, and the 2011 and 2019 FIVB World Cup

Professional volleyball
As a professional sport, volleyball has had limited success in the United States. International Volleyball Association was a co-ed professional league that existed from 1975 to 1980. Numerous attempts have been made to start professional indoor women's volleyball leagues. Major League Volleyball was a women's league with six teams that played for two-and-a-half seasons from 1987 to 1989 with games shown on ESPN on tape delay; it folded mid-season in 1989, however, due to financial losses. USA Volleyball Cup is an annual indoor volleyball championship. Two-man and two-woman professional beach volleyball leagues have done better, most notably the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP), but none have gained a wide following that would get them consistent coverage by the major television networks. In 2002, United States Professional Volleyball League was begun as a women's professional indoor league, but only lasted one season. In 2004 and again in 2005, NBC aired the Nissan Championship series, with Fox Sports carrying the majority of the season.

There has been a large push within the volleyball community to provide professional outlets for developing athletes. As of 2019 there are currently two leagues that branch across the United States. First of these is the National Volleyball Association (NVA) founded in 2017. The NVA currently has 12 teams. The second league is the Volleyball League Of America (VLA) founded in 2019 and has 8 men's Tier 1 teams, 32 men's Tier 2 teams and 8 women's teams spread across the United States.

Athletes Unlimited Volleyball (AUV) is a women's professional indoor volleyball league in the US, founded in 2021. The first Pro Volleyball Federation season started in 2024 with 7 women's teams, with 3 teams set to join in 2025.

Liga de Voleibol Superior Masculino and Liga de Voleibol Superior Femenino are professional volleyball leagues in Puerto Rico.

NVA teams:

VLA Tier 1 teams:

Premier Volleyball League
A new indoor professional league, the Premier Volleyball League (sanctioned by USA Volleyball), began in 2012 with a women's division. In 2013 the PVL incorporated and launched a men's division. The PVL was discontinued in 2017.

College volleyball
Volleyball is a popular NCAA sport, mostly for women. In the 2013-14 school year, 1064 NCAA member schools, 329 of them in the top-level Division I, sponsored women's volleyball at the varsity level, with 16,647 participants across all three divisions. At the same time, 109 schools in all three NCAA divisions combined sponsored varsity men's volleyball, with only 23 of them in Division I; the number of men's varsity volleyball players was roughly one-tenth of women's participation (1,720 to 16,647).

Men's volleyball experienced explosive growth at the Division III level in the 2010s and early 2020s. In the 2010 season (2009–10 school year), only 13 Division III schools competed within the NCAA, although many other D-III members competed outside the NCAA. The next season saw 56 teams play under D-III regulations, leading the NCAA to establish a separate Division III championship in 2012. In that season, 63 teams played D-III men's volleyball, with the number increasing to 113 by the 2022 season.

In 2012, NCAA sanctioned college beach volleyball teams for women for the first time; 14 schools sponsored the sport, with slightly more than 200 participants. The NCAA held its first beach volleyball championship in 2016, by which time nearly 50 schools were sponsoring the sport. In the 2022 season (2021–22 school year), 85 schools were sponsoring the sport.

High school volleyball
High school volleyball is a fall sport for girls and spring sport for boys (except in a few states). Schools typically have a varsity and junior varsity team, and some schools also have freshman teams. Teams play in pre-season and season competition, generally followed by a post-season that includes a regional or sectional championship and often a state championship.

While each state governs its own high school volleyball competitions through their state athletic associations, most follow the lead of the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) for the governance of the sport. Most volleyball rules from state to state are basically the same in the United States. However, because of the individual associations, some minor changes and variations may occur. For example, the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) may allow competition to be the best of five while the Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) or the West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission (WVSSAC) may only allow competition to be the best of three. Today, however, most state associations are now using the same guidelines and are also using rally scoring, the best-of-five competition format, and allowing the libero to serve. In addition, most states, if not all, have adopted the plain, white polo shirt for officials as opposed to the black and white striped shirt worn in the past.

Junior volleyball
Junior volleyball is played in the U.S. in many organizations such as churches, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), but the largest sponsoring organization is USA Volleyball, which oversees what is commonly referred to as "club volleyball" and hosts a Junior Olympic Championship each year.

In club volleyball, junior players develop their skills and knowledge of the game, usually with the purpose of playing for high school teams. Elite players also prepare for college volleyball. The club season typically lasts from the end of November until July, with the annual Junior Olympic Championships (JOs) taking place in late June, early July. Teams typically play tournaments throughout the season, establishing their ranking in the various regions and preparing for JOs or a season-ending tournament such as the Volleyball Festival, which claims to be the largest annual sporting event in the world.

To qualify for JOs, teams must compete in JO Qualifiers, also referred to as National Qualifiers. There are nine qualifying tournaments across the country, to which teams travel to gain an invitation to JOs. Top teams attend these tournaments to earn their bids, and college coaches will attend to view the year's crop of players.

The club season, long considered a supplemental place for girls and boys to gain experience in preparation for their upcoming high-school seasons, is now an almost necessity to stay competitive in the local high schools. It is also extremely important in the college recruitment process, as most college seasons coincide with state high school seasons, causing the college coaches to miss the entire season. This time is made up during the club season when college coaches are able to travel to various tournaments and meet with club coaches, watch club players, and recruit for their teams.

Today
Volleyball is one of the most popular girls' sports, and strong high school and club programs are found throughout the country. According to a 2022 survey by the National Federation of State High School Associations, volleyball is the second highest sport for female participation at the high school level, trailing outdoor track and field by fewer than 3,000 participants. One of the biggest events in high school-age sports is the annual Volleyball Festival in Phoenix, Arizona, (formerly in Reno, Nevada until 2009 and Sacramento, California until 2004), which draws as many as 10,000 players and 3,000 coaches for its five-day tournament.

Boys' volleyball is popular on a regional basis, and by far the greatest number of boys' teams are in Southern California. However, on the national stage, boys' volleyball remains far less popular than the girls' game at the high school level, as borne out by the following statistics from the aforementioned 2022 NFHS survey:
 * For every boy currently competing in high school volleyball, nearly seven girls are involved. This is an improvement from 2012, when this ratio was more than 8:1.
 * While all states as well as the District of Columbia sanction girls' volleyball, about half of the states do not sanction the boys' game (25 sanctioned the sport in 2021–22). Sixteen states reported participation of over 10,000 girls in high school volleyball. Of these states, four have no boys' high school volleyball—Texas (#1 in girls' participation), Minnesota (#8), Iowa (#11), and Washington (#15), though Minnesota will begin sanctioning boys' volleyball in 2024–25. Two other high-participation states for girls, Michigan (#4) and Ohio (#6), reported fewer than 500 boys' participants (respectively 337 and 23).
 * Even those states that do sanction volleyball for both sexes typically have considerably fewer schools sponsoring the boys' game and thus fewer participants. Of the remaining 12 high-participation girls' volleyball states, only California, with over 45,000 girls and about 25,000 boys, had even half as many boys competing as girls. California has more than a third of all boys' players in the country.

In the four years from 2004 to 2008, high school participation in boys' volleyball rose by more than 15%, from about 42,000 to nearly 50,000. Boys' volleyball has experienced noticeable growth in the 2010s and 2020s, coinciding with the relative boom in NCAA Division III men's volleyball; in 2021–22, roughly 66,500 boys were reported to be playing officially sanctioned high school volleyball. This does not include boys playing at club level in states where high school competition is not officially sanctioned.

title: Volleyball in the United States


text:
Talk:European Coal and Steel Community

Wikisource Treaty
Why don't we link to the Wikisource version of the treaty?

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Treaty_establishing_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_(ECSC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.12.52.89 (talk) 00:28, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Expansion of article
"pool coal and steel resources" - what does this vague and ambiguous phrase translate to in practice. Surely what the practical effect of the treaty was is the most important part of a treaty - but this is entirely missing from this article ! Ensuring that there was not another war by signing a treaty would surely have had no effect whatsoever unless the treaty actually had practical results - so what were those results. Point made, I think. --jrleighton 05:42, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Making Coal and Steel production very transparent to the other member states would reveal a build up in case of war immediately. Besides this, pooling the efforts were meant to avoid spending resources on competition, the rebuilding after the war was hard enough without that.

This partially links to the desire of the Benelux to allow Germany to be built up again (for their own economic purposes). France decided that if Germany was to be built up again, it wanted to be on top of it, and review German rebuilding closely. France, as an Allied occupational force had a bigger say in the matter. 88.159.78.61 (talk) 19:44, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Iron?
I'm doing my dissertation on the ECSC at the moment, and have noticed that a few academics (Including Alan Milward) refer to the European Coal, Iron and Steel community. Anyone else ever noticed this? Vanky 13:40, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Reasons?
 Steel had played an important part in arms production in World War Two and was a fundamental resource of the western European states. The aim was therfore a common program of post-war production and consumption of steel and coal. The project was also intended to show some cooperation and reconciliation between France and Germany in the aftermath of the war. There was a desire to unite the countries by controlling steel and coal which were fundamental to war industries.

This is too bland. As I understand it, from what I've read, the main reason for the community was French fears of German rearmament. The French would have prefered to stick with their first choise, to take full control over the Saar and Ruhr coal-mines, and use this coal to fuel the French industry, leaving nothing for Germany. Se:

 * French proposal regarding the detachment of German industrial regions September 8, 1945
 * Ruhr Delegation of the United States of America, Council of Foreign Ministers American Embassy Moscow, March 24, 1947
 * The Marshall Plan, 1948-1951 Albrecht Ritschl, Humboldt Universitaet – Berlin
 * William I. Hitchcock. France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944-1954 Reviewed by Sean Kennedy, University of New Brunswick.
 * Challenging the United States: French Foreign Policy 1944 - 1948 Good overview, but very large file.

In 1947 France removed the Saar from Germany and turned it into a protectorate under French economic control. The area returned to German administration in 1957, but France retained the right to mine from it's coal mines until 1981.

In the early occupation the U.S. supported these policies, as it was "innoficially" implementing the basic economic policy behind the Morgenthau Plan.

By taking control of the German economy away from the German authorities, and then applying a "hands off" policy, it was hoped that the German economy would sink, as it infact did. Meanwhile at the Potsdam agreement the U.S. had set common policies for all the occupation zones. Large parts of German industry to be dismantled, and a lid put on how much the remaining industry was allowed to produce. Se this discussion at the U.K War cabinet:

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf

C.M. 89(46). 21st October, 1946.
 * 1. India.

P.M.              Read terms of proposed message to Viceroy – congratulations. on formation of interim Government. Agreed.

 * 2.           	Parliament.

H.M. Business for the week. [Exit W.W. Enter G.T. & F.W.B. & O.S.

 * 3.             Germany.

E.B.             H.M.’s memo. covered in principle: & H.D.’s met: by my memo. Haven’t considered J.S.’s. Hampered in B. Zone –

 * a) by Russian refusal to treat G. as economic whole. They have taken heavily from current production & will continue up to $10 billions

 * b) U.S. policy was pastoralising (Morgenthan) until Stuttgart speech. They supported Russian & French case – to point of reducing steel production to 5.8 m. tons. And during Loan talks, couldn’t oppose them too strongly.

 * c) French. policy – detach Ruhr: & decline any agreement without prior consent to that. Now generally realised our policy on that was correct.

 * d) At outset, I took the line – let’s get in & put the Zone on self-supporting. basis. Was told this would Spell disaster for Western Europe.

Looking back, not sure it was right to let this political consideration outweigh the economic arguments. I refer to coal exports from Ruhr. Looking back it’s obvious this policy would rundown economy of B. Zone. In Paris, at CFM time, tried to get B. Zone on self-supporting basis. France then wouldn’t play because of c) above. Then announced that., failing agreement to treat Germany as a whole, we should be forced to make our Zone self-supporting. Next Day, U.S. agreed we couldn’t be expected to go on making contn at £80-100 m. p.a. They forced us to 5.8 m. – but all experience has shown we were right on APW Cttee in our figure of 11 m. Molotov then said they would. accept increase of level of industry – but subject to unacceptable conditions. U.S. proposal to merge Zones. We knew it would. cost us more for a time. When estimates worked out, figure was larger than assumed. Conference held in Paris – after long discussions have now submitted memo. Before this was completed I had seen Byrnes (before Stuttgart speech) & asked whether this meant he would overthrow Morgenthau policy. He said yes – with Truman’s authority.

Byrnes made his speech in September 1946, after 1.5 years of occupation. The speech was the turning point. U.S policy was no longer to be influenced by the Morgenthau filosofy. But the directive JCS 1067 still remained in effect until July 1947, although gradualy softened by reinterpretation. Eventually they even got around to do the currency reform, something which was expresedly forbidden by the directive. The reform took place in 1948, and marked the turningpoint for the german economy. At least 2, possibly 3 years had been lost though, with much missery and according to some historians many deaths as result.
 * United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes Stuttgart speech, September 6, 1946 The speech was according to General Clay based on the letter Clay had sent Byrner urging him to come to Stuttgart.
 * Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 JCS 1067

For more info on the switch from Morgenthau policy to Marshall policy, se Talk:Marshall_Plan and following headings. Basically it was caused by the sudden realisation that without Germany and it's heavy industry, with Germany turned into a pastoral and light industry nation, the economy of the rest of europe would crash and burn, making it easy pickings for the communists. This article made for intresting reading: * Pas de Pagaille! Time Magazine article from Jul. 28, 1947. ""France wants more coal and is entitled to it, but will not permit the necessary industrial production to feed and supply the German miners to produce more coal. Britain, which wants both greater coal and industrial production, wants both under her control and socialization program."

But whatever the official switch, due to the agreements signed by the U.S. with the other victorious Allied occupation nations in Germany, and the harm already done, things were prety bad in germany for a long time-period. The French and the Russians, and to some degree the Brittish, were not intrested in a switch of policy. Neither were some of Morgenthaus boys in the administration. Former U.S. president Herbert Hoover actually felt it necessary to make this outright warning in one of the situation reports he wrote in his oficial factfinding mission to Germany (the mission was comissioned by President Harry Truman). 'There are several illusions in all this "war potential" attitude.
 * a. There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a "pastoral state". It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. This would approximately reduce Germany to the density of the population of France.
 * ...'

The report was writen as late as 1947.

Meanwhile, the industrial dismantlement went on well into 1950, albeit at an increasingly slower rate.

 * Picture of demonstration against dismantling (7 June 1949) Workers in the Ruhr demonstrate against the dismantling of their factories by the Allied forces of occupation.
 * Picture: Another Demonstration, August 1949
 * Picture: dismantling the German Iron and Steel Industry
 * Dismantling list for the western Allied forces (17 October 1947)  Stor stark7 03:44, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Letter from Konrad Adenauer to Robert Schuman (26 July 1949) Warning him of the consequences of the dismantling policy.

 * Letter from Ernest Bevin to Robert Schuman (30 October 1949) Brittish and French foreign ministers. Bevin argues that they need to reconsider the Allies' dismantling policy in the occupied zones

In the end, the coal and steel union was a compromise between Germany and France, The French allowed the Germans to get the Ruhr back into operation, and mainly under their control, and the Germans paid for this by allowing themselves to be submerged in the union, thus giving France some level of control over German heavy industry.

I've simplified in my description, and cut some corners, and skipped some parts, but basically I believe I've shown that the background to the community was a lot more intresting than what this article makes it out to be.

Stor stark7 18:00, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Timeline
If someone who didn't know much about the EU was reading this article, at first glance the timeline would appear to suggest that a European Constitution had been adopted. As this is not currently the case (and even with the question mark, the timeline appears to be overly-speculative) the illustration is slightly misleading.

--86.147.174.227 15:57, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Scouts of the European Coal and Steel Community
Can anyone provide information on this organization? Chris (クリス • フィッチ) (talk) 05:13, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Never heard of it, where did you hear it?- J Logan t: 11:05, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Good article nomination on hold
This article's Good Article promotion has been put on hold. During review, some issues were discovered that can be resolved without a major re-write. This is how the article, as of March 18, 2008, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: Needs work. There are some issues of awkward styling, and some copy-editing is required. See, for example "However to emphasises that the chamber was..." and "Coal and steel were particular symbolic as they were the resources necessary to wage war." While I suppose this is a natural consequence of the primary authors using English as a second language, unless fixed it will stop this article's promotion.
 * 2. Factually accurate?: Sourced mainly to articles at ena.lu and Le Monde, so perfectly acceptable. Most major claims are directly referenced, and I don't see any major problems with misrepresentation.
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: Covers history, expiry of treaties, institutions and legacy. Acceptable length. Some aspect of political reactions to the ESCS could be included.
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: No major problems here, except the "Achievements" section could be renamed. As and when a political reaction section is included, then I presume de Gaulle's robust criticism of the ECSC will be in there; also the "disappointment" felt by some federalists that the Assembly was not elected, and only consultative.
 * 5. Article stability? No problems.
 * 6. Images?: OK, though the deleted image of Spaak should be replaced if possible.

Copy-editing and slight expansion required. Otherwise OK.

Please address these matters soon and then leave a note here showing how they have been resolved. After 48 hours the article should be reviewed again. If these issues are not addressed within 7 days, the article may be failed without further notice. Thank you for your work so far. Relata refero (talk) 20:13, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Got rid of the image. Renamed achievements with "and failures" if that is okay? Ran through a copy edit to sort out the bad stuff, I can't see anything else which is a real problem. Lack of sources for political reactions right now, I've been trying to get hold of some more detailed books but they are taking ages to come through. I'd expand on that when I find something useful as I seam to have run out of things I can get hold on on the net (anyone else know some good places?). If I don't respond to any future comments, try my talk page as I am a bit busy now and sometimes can't check all the talk pages.- J Logan t: 21:38, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I can't address the requests for expansion, but I have given the article a copyedit and hopefully addressed the style issues. The only (presumably) mildly controversial change I've made is to move one thumbnail from right to left: I am aware there is a MOS injunction against doing this for images immediately underneath headers, but the infobox above was jamming the para half-way down the page, so hopefully there's a WP:IAR exception here. Please feel free to revert any changes you wish appropriate. Regards, Anameofmyveryown (talk) 01:14, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks much better, thanks. I'll do some of the expansion myself. Relata refero (talk) 11:27, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * One further change I have made (apart from some copyediting) is to swap two paras around into what I think is the correct chronological order: if I got it wrong, please feel free to swap them back. As stability is a precondition for GA, I won't make any more changes hereafter except for correcting grammatical errors. Good luck with the GA nom. Regards, Anameofmyveryown (talk) 02:48, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * My small niggles have been addressed. Passing the article. Relata refero (talk) 12:38, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, and thanks to Anameofmyveryown for the copyedit.- J Logan t: 12:40, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:European Coal and Steel Community


text:
Yan Zi (tennis)

Yan Zi (born 12 November 1984) is a retired Chinese-Hong Kong tennis player.

Career summary
In 2005, at the age of 20, Yan Zi won her only WTA Tour singles title at the Guangzhou International Open.

In singles, she first reached the world top 100 in January 2006, achieving a then career-high of world No. 72 that March before failing to defend her breakthrough run of results the previous year and dropping back outside the top 100 that October. Her ranking had slumped to 262 by February 2007 after a year of disappointing results, but her results then picked up again over the rest of 2007; and she regained the top 100 for the first time in ten months after a spectacular run at the Tier I Canada Masters in August, reaching the semifinals before finally being defeated by world No. 1, Justine Henin, in straight sets.

In doubles, her highest ranking is No. 4; she won two Grand Slam titles, partnering with Zheng Jie. While she has been good at doubles, her singles performance has been inconsistent as her form fluctuated. She has winning records against top-10 stars Jelena Janković 2–0, Ana Ivanovic 1–0, and Marion Bartoli 1–0.

In 2014, Yan received Hong Kong citizenship. In April 2016, she became captain of the Hong Kong Fed Cup team. Later that year, she announced her retirement.

2002–2003
Until January 2002, Yan met with mixed results as a singles player in the lower reaches of the ITF tournament hierarchy. But that month, she reached the final of a $10k event at Hull, losing to Liu Nannan. In May, she avenged this defeat with a win over Liu in the first round of a $50k at Fukuoka; and again in August she defeated Liu, this time in the quarterfinal of a $25k tournament at Beijing, only to lose to Rika Fujiwara in the semifinal. In September, she qualified for the WTA Tour contest at Shanghai, only to lose in the first round. However, she had reached numerous ITF Circuit quarterfinals during the year, and finished it ranked for the first time inside the world top 300, at No. 299.

In February 2003, she narrowly failed to qualify at Hyderabad, losing to Maria Kirilenko in a tight three-set match in the final round of qualifying. She put in her career-best performance to date at Fukuoka, reaching the semifinal with wins over Rika Fujiwara and Sun Tiantian, before losing to Saori Obata despite winning more games, the scoreline standing at 6–2, 6–7, 5–7. In July, she qualified for a WTA event at Palermo by defeating Zheng Jie and Ivana Abramović, then fell in the main-draw first round to Italian rising star Francesca Schiavone in another three-setter in which she won more games than her victorious opponent, the scoreline this time being 6–0, 4–6, 3–6. These defeats suggest that she quickly runs out of steam after giving it all in the first set, thereby allowing her opponent to regroup and eventually pocket the contest. The same week, she defeated Sun Tiantian to qualify for a $50k event at Modena, and in the main draw ousted Yulia Beygelzimer and Adriana Serra Zanetti en route to a quarterfinal loss. In September, she qualified for another WTA event, the Japan Open, and defeated Ashley Harkleroad in round two before losing, on this occasion, to Zheng Jie in the quarterfinals. In December, she reached the semifinal of a $50k tournament for the second time in the year, beating Tzipora Obziler in the quarterfinal at Changsha before losing to another of her prominent countrywomen, Peng Shuai. The following week, she narrowly lost in the quarterfinal of the $50k contest at Shenzhen to future star Sesil Karatantcheva, in three sets. The year had brought great improvement to Yan's singles results, and her year-end ranking correspondingly improved to 179.

2004
Unfortunately, 2004 set back her progress slightly. The year began poorly for her with a string of early losses, although she was ambitiously targeting only WTA Tour events now, raising the bar on the required standard for successful competition. She failed to win a first-round main draw match the entire year, meeting only with moderate success in qualifying rounds; and ultimately the only relief she could find towards salvaging her world ranking was a retreat to ITF Circuit late in the year. She reached the semifinal of a $25k tournament at Beijing in September (losing again to Zheng Jie), and the same stage at Shenzhen (where she shocked Li Na in the quarterfinals, then lost yet again to Zheng). This late flourish of results was enough to limp her home to a year-end ranking of 248.

2005
In January 2005, Yan battled her way past three high-quality opponents, Julia Schruff, Shikha Uberoi and Melinda Czink, to qualify for Tennis Gold Coast, an important WTA event, where she was removed by Tatiana Golovin of France. Then in May, she managed to beat Uberoi again after qualifying for Rabat with a win over Sun Tiantian, only to lose to Arantxa Parra Santonja in the second round. Then in June, she surpassed her previous career-best result, reaching the final of a $50k tournament at Beijing with wins over Sun and Zheng, but lost in the final to less-feted countrywoman Li Ting. The following month, as a direct entrant to the WTA event at Modena, she defeated the much higher-ranked Marta Domachowska of Poland before losing a close three-setter to Sanda Mamić. In September, she avenged her defeat by Li Ting to qualify for Bali, only to succumb to her former doubles partner Li Na in round two of the main draw.

In September 2005, she began competing in the WTA event at Guangzhou, this year upgraded to Tier III status, and shocked herself by proceeding to win the entire tournament, having previously failed to win even one ITF singles title, and having only once reached the quarter-final stage at any WTA Tour event. To achieve this astonishing outcome, she had to produce some of her best tennis to conquer defending champion Li Na in the quarterfinal, which she finally won 6–7, 7–5, 7–6, after an intense battle. The other matches against worthy opposition looked easy by comparison, as she crushed Marta Domachowska for the loss of just three games in round two, fought past impressive emerging teen star Victoria Azarenka in the semifinal, and was up 6–4, 4–0 against Nuria Llagostera Vives in the final when the Spaniard conceded victory.

A semifinal result in November's $50k Shenzhen tournament capped off what had proved to be a superlative year for Yan, leaving her world-ranked 104, within the direct-entry threshold of Grand Slam events and minor WTA tournaments, and within the qualifying-entry threshold of even the more exclusive WTA fixtures.

2006
She began the season by narrowly failing to qualify for Tennis Gold Coast, despite wins over Vania King and Shikha Uberoi, as Angela Haynes defeated her in three sets. But she succeeded in qualifying for Sydney with stunning straight-sets victories over Eva Birnerová, Denisa Chládková and Anastasia Yakimova, and beat the high-ranked Anna Chakvetadze in two sets in the main-draw first round before losing a three-set match to Francesca Schiavone, who had to struggle through a nail-bitingly close second-set tiebreak to avoid a straight sets loss to Yan, only to win the final set by a more comfortable margin.

As if these scores were not enough to prove her capability to the wider world, at the Australian Open she knocked out former No. 15 and the previous year's semifinalist, Nathalie Dechy of France, in the first round, she then defeated unseeded Aleksandra Wozniak, before suffering to former No. 19, Sybille Bammer. February brought more disappointing results in singles for Yan, as she lost a three-setter to Emma Laine of Finland at Pattaya, and failed to qualify for Doha and Dubai. But still, her January results and some points picked up in qualifying rounds in February had improved her world ranking to No. 66, just one place behind Li Na.

2007
At the second round of the Canadian Open in Toronto, she upset world No. 4, Ana Ivanovic, with a score of 6–3, 6–1 in just over an hour, even as Ivanovic had a rare off day. She then beat Eleni Daniilidou in the third round and 2007's Wimbledon's finalist Marion Bartoli (who retired while trailing 2–6, 0–3) in the quarterfinals. Yan's run was ended in the semifinals by world No. 1, Justine Henin, who showed the door through a straight-sets win over her.

2008
Yan started 2008 poorly, with a first-round loss at the Australian Open to eventual quarterfinalist Venus Williams. However, at the Bangalore Open she upset Maria Kirilenko saving three match points. Afterwards she managed to upset Jelena Janković in a quarterfinal, winning 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, however Janković did struggle with a shoulder injury. She eventually lost to runner-up Patty Schnyder in straight sets and made her top-50 debut afterwards at No. 43.

At the Summer Olympics, Yan and her partner Zheng Jie won the women's doubles bronze medal, defeating the Ukrainian duo of Alona and Kateryna Bondarenko in the bronze medal match.

2009
In January, Yan played qualifying singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles at the Australian Open. In qualifying singles, she was seeded eighth but lost to unseeded Alexandra Panova in the qualifying second round. In women's doubles, she partnered with Zheng Jie and was seeded sixth and lost in the third round. In mixed doubles, she partnered with Mark Knowles of the Bahamas and was seeded second and lost in the second round. Because of playing doubles extensively her singles ranking has dropped to where it is hard for her to get into events. She has started playing doubles with Chuang Chia-jung, now because she wants to get out of Zheng's shadow. The choice was more so, though, because she wants to improve her singles ranking.

Singles

 * 1as of 2008, Doha is a Tier I tournament, replacing San Diego and Zurich

title: Yan Zi (tennis)