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Talk:Pupusa

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Clarifications
There is an inconsistency in the abstract of the article in this part: ...Pupusa is the Spanish elocution of popotlax, which is a combination of the nahuatl words (Mayan language), popotl meaning large, stuffed, bulky...

The Nahuatl language is not a Mayan language, they do not belong to the same language families nor the same geographic area or time period, so the "(Mayan language)" text should be removed from the article. See wikipedia articles: Uto-Aztecan languages, Mayan languages. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.48.117.157 (talk) 23:02, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

Pupusas are not Honduran at all, they are exclusive invention of El Salvadorean people. Toby the golden boy (talk) 18:47, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
Pupusas have also grown in popularity in the Houston area which has a strong Salvadoran population.

Ancient remnants?
I'm finding that hard to believe. Citation, anyone? --OneTopJob6 18:47, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Dr. Payson Sheets, Lead excavator of Ceren and anthropologist at University of Colorado at Boulder, replies to my query ("I'm looking for the evidence that pupusas existed c. 600 CE in Joya de Ceron") with, and this is a copy and paste from the email, including typo: "No there were no pupusas at Ceren, and no tortillas either. THe pipiles arrived in El Sal a few centuries after Ceren was buried." javascript:insertTags('97.126.162.89 (talk) 17:46, 24 December 2009 (UTC)',,)

Economy
There are some hard-to-understand statements in this paragraph. I believe it needs looking at by a knowledgeable person.Signupslls 20:02, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 03:55, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Stuffed Paranthas
These "Pupusa" look just like stuffed Parantha, just that these pupusa are made from corn, rather than wheat flour. Any thoughts???? EyeMD T 15:55, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Goya
It seems that the food producer Goya has picked up on the trend. I just bought a box of their cheese & bean Pupusas tonight at the local Food Lion in Durham, N.C. There is an icon on the package that reads "Authentic Salvadorian Flavor." I'd be curious to know more. The Goya version was made out of wheat flour, by the way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slatimore (talk • contribs) 04:31, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Be careful not to eat more than 2 pupusas. They are loaded with calories. Just two pupusas can pack up to 600 calories. That's a lot of calories with very little nutritional value. Salvadoran food is, sadly, very high in calories and carbs but very low in vitamins. Beans and cassava are pretty much the only two healthy things in the salvadoran diet and they are usually prepared deep fried with gallons of vegetable oil (usually the cheap, trans fat kind). People criticize fast food, but salvadoran ethnic cuisine is a killer too.190.87.119.8 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 21:50, 26 November 2010 (UTC).

Since when do sandwiches have fillings?
In the "Type" line, this article lists a pupusa as a sandwich. I disagree. Sandwiches are not encased, and thus do not have fillings. They are, perhaps, not "Hispanic dumplings" as I altered the line to. I'll admit that that phrase was just a first suggestion, rapidly reverted by Jotomar. But sandwich, I would argue, is just as unbefitting as what I put, if not drastically more. The OED defines a sandwich as: "An article of food for a light meal or snack, composed of two thin slices of bread, usu. buttered, with a savoury (orig. spec. meat, esp. beef or ham) or other filling. Freq. with specifying word prefixed indicating contents". I'll admit that the OED's is quite a prescriptivist interpretation of the food category, but I cannot think of another single food which I've ever seen labelled as a sandwich which approximates the structure, preparation process, or presentation of a pupusa. As a compromise I'd say why not just delete the "Type" line and allow pupusa to a food of its merit, without the need of gustatory taxonomy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.255.87.227 (talk • contribs)
 * Ok, I'll blank the entry. --Jotamar (talk) 13:55, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

On top of that, I entirely disagree with the statement on the page that pupusas are similar to arepas. The only similarity here is the tortilla. Pupusas, unlike arepas, are filled prior to cooking. The fillings for each are also very distinct (for example, one would never fill a pupusa with eggs, when they might for an arepa). Kylehclark12 (talk) 21:52, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Honduras
As the rest of the page clearly proves, pupusas are common in at least part of Honduras and that cannot be hidden in either the infobox or the lead. --Jotamar (talk) 18:14, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll add some more information which I guess will contribute to settle the question. --Jotamar (talk) 17:42, 11 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I have asked, by way of personalized additions to template messages, for User:Usertowiki200300500 to explain here why they keep removing this sourced content. I'm naming that user here so that they can respond. -  Julietdeltalima   (talk)  17:38, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Just because they are common does not mean they are originally from Honduras though. House1090 (talk) 02:47, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Yes exactly. This is Salvadoran origin. Now other countries eat it too but this is part of the El Salvador’s history. Check8799 (talk) 10:51, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

All evidence points to El Salvador. It’s a signature dish for a long time. Hondurans are only learning about it because it’s always been a Salvadoran dish both in the Country and in the USA. It is not a significant dish there. Check8799 (talk) 22:02, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

It is not a significant dish in Honduras. It is only because Salvadorans have made it popular and created different varieties. Check8799 (talk) 22:04, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Being part of something doesn’t meant that that is it’s origin. That is an opinion. Guatemalans eat it. Americans eat it. The place of origin is El Salvador. Also, we are a melting pot of indigenous tribes including pipil and lenca. Check8799 (talk) 22:27, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

So at the end of the day is always going to be Salvadoran origin becuase Salvadoran have turned the dish into what it today. Also in accordance to Central American government. Check8799 (talk) 22:32, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

 * None of the sources given in the article are scholarly sources. In the absence of such sources, we cannot decide the question. So, naming both El Salvador and Honduras as countries of origin is the only possible solution. --Rsk6400 (talk) 07:01, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Please provide sources that prove that they are not from Honduras. --Rsk6400 (talk) 12:37, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

A couple of sources that may help settle the matter; -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 16:46, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/breakfast-worthy-international-incident/
 * https://www.coha.org/coha-research-food-wars-in-latin-america/

Semi-protected edit request on 21 March 2021
Please remove the source that pupusas originated in Honduras. Throughout the information submitted its already been settled that Pupusas are from the indigenous pipil tribe in El Salvador. The sources provided about Honduras are not credible. Already, there was an investigation on the pipil tribe. It’s a national dish for Salvadorans and important to Salvadoran culture primarily. We already settled this a long time ago and need to stop the argument. The whole article provides evidence to Salvadorans. Facts346 (talk) 08:39, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

It was agreed between Honduras and El Salvador that this is in fact a Salvadoran dish per the indigenous tribe Pipil. Also, the person that suggested that this dish is from Honduras submitted an article form a .com source and another source from .org only to confirm that we already had agreement with Honduras that in fact it is from El Salvador also per archeological evidence. We don’t need to continue this type of arguments. This is dish is of Salvadoran origin, tradition, culture and national symbolism. Please keep it that way. You will find it all over the place that is Salvadoran. Facts346 (talk) 10:00, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Once again. This is NOT a dish originated in Honduras. It’s from El Salvador so please remove Honduras as a place of origin. I found this additional article https://elsalvadorinfo.net/salvadoran-pupusas/

Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by Facts346 (talk • contribs) 10:47, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * ❌ You didn't specify the exact change you want to be made. Moreover, the website you gave is not a reliable source, see WP:RS. --Rsk6400 (talk) 17:35, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The field origin in the infobox obviously refers to the countries where the recipe is part of the local cuisine, as opposed to all those countries where it has become popular in recent times, for instance pupusas in the US. The field can't refer to its ultimate historical origin, since that is almost impossible to know for most dishes. --Jotamar (talk) 16:56, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

The only country where there is evidence of its origin is El Salvador. There is no evidence for Honduras. Besides, this has no significance in Honduras. In El Salvador it’s their national dish. Check8799 (talk) 21:59, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Pupusas in the US exits because its a Salvadoran dish. Yes. Check8799 (talk) 22:00, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

There is no source that states these were originated in Honduras. None. The only thing they claim is a TV segment on univision with no other source. What is going on here? House1090 (talk) 23:22, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Furthermore, to state that the pupusas is part of Honduran Cuisine means nothing. Tacos are part of American cuisine, does that make them Mexican? Every source states they are a Salvadoran dish, I have provided four sources, none claim Honduran origin.

Pupusas are popular throughout Central America, including Costa Rica, Guatemala and yes Honduras. That does not take away from there Salvadoran or cuzcatlec origin. House1090 (talk) 23:33, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

 * As I already said above: None of the sources given in the article are scholarly sources. In the absence of such sources, we cannot decide the question. So, naming both El Salvador and Honduras as countries of origin is the only possible solution. Wikipedia is based on WP:RS. --Rsk6400 (talk) 07:01, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Here is another Edu source that Pupusas are considered Salvadoran. This “Talk” is predominantly saying that Pupusas are Salvadoran. Not only that, but the whole Wikipedia page is about Pupusas in El Slavador. It sounds like you are just reverting our changes. Check8799 (talk) 10:08, 30 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I didn't insert Honduras, nor did I revert your changes, please take a look at the page history. I'm just saying that the sources have not been written by professional historians, and so are not sufficient to remove Honduras. I'm sorry, I didn't understand what "Edu source" you are referring to. --Rsk6400 (talk) 18:33, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Alternative Names
The indigenous Nawat word for pupusa is kukumutzin, not "pupusawa" which I've never even heard being used in the Nawat language. This was even addressed in the wiktionary entry that it's validity is in question: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pupusa It would be recommended to remove "pupusawa" and any mention of the word and to replace it with kukumutzin where it is appropriate. --Milklesscereal (talk) 23:55, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

Arepa
If you see that another editor disagrees, you don't start an edit war, but you start a discussion here on this talk page, see WP:BRD. And you absolutely don't call an edit "vandalization" simply because you disagree. The source you gave is no reliable source, see WP:RS. The article arepa names several countries, but Venezuela and Colombia come first, and so I think we should stick to that. Rsk6400 (talk) 17:38, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 May 2024
Request to change the wording of the first sentence as it can be misleading. The first paragraph makes it sound as though pupusas are definitively from Honduras along with El Salvador, when later in the same wikipedia page it establishes that there is no direct evidence connecting the origin of the pupusa to Honduras other than tracing of Indigenous ancestry. Request to change this line with, "A Pupusa is a filled thick griddle cake sold in the Central-American area. The origin of the Pupusa is attributed to the Nahua people of Modern day El Salvador and parts of Western Honduras..." Thank you for your consideration :) Ashwinmendez1 (talk) 15:58, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure about this, since also the Nahua origins seem doubtful (according to the "Origin" section). Rsk6400 (talk) 18:00, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Looks like this needs a consensus, and reliable sourcing for a claim one way or the other. PianoDan (talk) 21:04, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Nicaraguan pupusas pre-dating pupusas from Honduras
Pupusas from southwestern Nicaragua pre-date pupusas from Honduras by 50 years. The earliest documentation of pupusas in Honduras is 1897 while Nicaragua is 1837. This lends more credibility to pupusas originating from the Pipils as the Nahuas of Nicaragua (Nicarao people) were originally part of the Pipil group before they separated by migrating into western Nicaragua. Therefore it's possible that the Nicaraos brought common Pipil dishes with them like the pupusa, providing yet another Pipil connection to the pupusa MiguelRamirez77 (talk) 04:40, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pupusa


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Michigan State Fairgrounds Coliseum

Michigan State Fairgrounds Coliseum (also Hockeytown State Fair Coliseum) was a 5,600-seat multi-purpose arena in Detroit, Michigan. The coliseum, built in 1922, was part of the former Michigan State Fairgrounds until its demolition in early 2022. The Michigan State Fair, the oldest state fair in the United States, was held here until 2009. The coliseum has also been the long-time venue of Detroit performances by the Shrine Circus.

Between 1999 and 2008, the Coliseum was home to the Wayne State University Warriors ice hockey team. Wayne State played its first collegiate hockey season in 1999 at the arena following the coliseum's renovation. Wayne State played its next three seasons at the Great Lakes Sports City Superior Arena in Fraser and then two seasons at the Compuware Sports Arena in Plymouth before returning to the Coliseum in 2005. The arena was also host to the 2006 men's and women's College Hockey America conference tournament.

Between early 1999 and mid-2000, the Michigan State Fairgrounds Coliseum was the site of three Extreme Championship Wrestling house shows.

In 2006 the Royal Oak-Shrine Catholic High School Knights ice hockey team began playing at the State Fairgrounds Coliseum. The team left in 2007; they returned in the 2008–2009 season for their first varsity season.

The Motor City Mechanics of the United Hockey League, which had suspended operations in 2006, planned to resume in 2008 and play at the Coliseum. But this never took place, and the UHL (rebranded as the International Hockey League) closed in 2010.

The exterior of the coliseum was used as the Flint Fairgrounds Coliseum in the 2008 movie Semi-Pro.

In 2020, the state fairgrounds were sold to Amazon; the company plans to convert the site into a $400 million distribution center. As of this date, it is planned that the buildings on the site, including the Coliseum, will be demolished. Demolition began on the building in January 2022, and was completed by the next May. The facade of the building, however, will remain preserved.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michigan State Fairgrounds Coliseum


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Trissino

Trissino (Trisino) is a comune in the province of Vicenza, in northern Italy. Its mayor is Davide Faccio (member of Lega Nord, right). The town is famous all over Italy for its hockey team, the Gruppo Sportivo Hockey Trissino.

Twin towns
Trissino is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Neu-Ulm, Germany, since 1990

title: Trissino


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Yidiny

Yidiny, Yidin, Yidinj, or Yidiñ, may refer to:
 * Yidiny people, an Australian ethnic group
 * Yidiny language, an Australian language

title: Yidiny


text:
User talk:67.184.233.132

AfD nomination of Every Sperm Is Sacred
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A discussion is taking place as to whether the article The Victors is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:67.184.233.132


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International Council of Nurses

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a federation of more than 130 national nurses associations. It was founded in 1899 and was the first international organization for health care professionals. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

The organization's goals are to bring nurses' organizations together in a worldwide body, ic status of nurses and the profession of nursing worldwide, and to influence global and domestic health policy.

Membership is limited to one nursing organization per nation. In most cases, this is the national nurses' association (such as the American Nurses Association, the Slovak Chamber of Nurses and Midwives or the Nursing Association of Nepal). In 2001, ICN permitted its members to adopt alliance or collaborative structures to be more inclusive of other domestic nursing groups. However, few member organizations have adopted the new structures.

History and organization
The ICN was first proposed in 1899 at the Congress of the International Council of Women by Mrs Bedford Fenwick at a day devoted to consideration of nursing questions. The aim was to create a network of national nursing associations, with the objective of raising the standards of nurse education and professional ethics for the public good. A provisional committee was formed of nurses from Great Britain, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, the Netherlands and Denmark. The first constitution and officials were elected in 1900: Mrs Bedford Fenwick (Great Britain) president, Miss Lavinia Dock (United States) honorary treasurer and Miss M Agnes Snively (Canada) honorary treasurer. In 1901, at the International Congress of Nurses (held at the Pan-American Exposition ) the ICN adopted a resolution in favor of nurse registration. The ICN first quinquennial meeting was held in 1904 in Berlin by which time Great Britain, the United States and Germany had national nursing organizations affiliated to the ICN.

Interim Conferences of the International Council of Nurses were held in Paris (1907) and Geneva (1927). There was an International Council of Nurses Congress in London in 1937. In 1947 it was in Atlantic City and it was in Rome in 1957.

Daisy Bridges was the General Secretary of the ICN until she retired in 1961. She later published A history of the International Council of Nurses 1899-1964 : the first 65 years in 1967 which she compiled during her retirement.

Governance
ICN is governed by a Council of National Representatives (CNR). The CNR is the governing body of the ICN and sets policy, admits members, selects a board of directors, and sets dues. As of 2013, there were 135 National Representatives (one for each member organization). National Representatives are selected by each member association. The CNR meets every two years.

Between meetings of the CNR, ICN is governed by a 16-member board of directors. Members of the board include ICN president and 13 directors elected on the basis of proportional representation from ICN's seven geographic areas. Directors are term-limited to two consecutive four-year terms of office. The board meets at least once a year, although it usually meets three to four times a year.

ICN has four officers. They include a president and three vice presidents. The officers function as an executive committee for the board, and as the board's budget and finance committee. The president is elected by the CNR. The president serves a four-year term of office, and is limited to one term in office. The vice presidents are elected from among the board members. The highest vote-getter is the First Vice President, the second-highest vote-getter the Second Vice President and the third-highest vote-getter the Third Vice President.

Day-to-day operations of ICN are overseen by a chief executive officer (CEO) who works in close collaboration with the ICN President.

Conferences and projects
ICN hosts a Congress every two years in conjunction with the meeting of the CNR. The congress hosts a large number of professional practice workshops, poster sessions, luncheons, speaking events and plenary sessions.

ICN hosts other conferences on an as-needed basis. Recent conferences have covered topics such as regulation of the profession of nurses, socio-economic welfare issues, leadership issues and advanced practice issues.

ICN sponsors International Nurses' Day every May 12 (the anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birthday).

Official Journal of ICN: International Nursing Review (INR). This is a highly respected, scientific journal with an impact factor and a readership in around 135 countries. It has been published since 1953, when it replaced an earlier ICN publication. The journal's Editor in Chief is Dr Sue Turale, who is supported by two Associate Editors, Dr Pamela Mitchell from Seattle, Washington USA, and Dr Tracey McDonald from Sydney, Australia. INR is a major voice of ICN, and a peer-reviewed journal that focuses predominantly on nursing policy and health policy issues of relevance to nursing. It is published online and in hard copy 4 times a year in English, and also translated into Spanish and Chinese. INR was admitted in to the prestigious Nursing Journal Hall of Fame in 2016 by the International Academy of Nurse Editors (INANE).

Presidents of ICN
Country represented in brackets.
 * 1899 - 1904 Ethel Bedford Fenwick (UK)
 * 1904 - 1909 Susan McGahey (Australia)
 * 1909 - 1912 Agnes Karll (Germany)
 * 1912 - 1915 Annie Warburton Goodrich (USA)
 * 1915 - 1922 Henny Tscherning (Denmark)
 * 1922 - 1925 Sophie Mannerheim (Finland)
 * 1925 - 1929 Nina Gage (China)
 * 1929 - 1933 Leonie Chaptal (France)
 * 1933 - 1937 Alicia Still (UK)
 * 1937 - 1947 Effie J. Taylor (USA)
 * 1947 - 1953 Gerda Höjer (Sweden)
 * 1953 - 1957 Marie Bihet (Belgium)
 * 1957 - 1961 Agnes Ohlson (USA)
 * 1961 - 1965 Alice Clamageran (France)
 * 1965 - 1969 Alice Girard (Canada)
 * 1969 - 1973 Margarethe Kruse (Denmark)
 * 1973 - 1977 Dorothy Cornelius (USA)
 * 1977 - 1981 Olive Anstey (Australia)
 * 1981 - 1985 Eunice Muringo Kiereini (Kenya)
 * 1985 - 1989 Nelly Garzón Alarcón (Colombia)
 * 1989 - 1993 Mo-Im Kim (South Korea)
 * 1993 - 1997 Margretta Styles (USA)
 * 1997 - 2001 Kirsten Stallknecht (Denmark)
 * 2001 - 2005 Christine Hancock (UK)
 * 2005 - 2009 Hiroko Minami (Japan)
 * 2009 - 2013 Rosemary Bryant (Australia)
 * 2013 - 2017 Judith Shamian (Canada)
 * 2017 - 2021 Annette Kennedy (Ireland)

title: International Council of Nurses


text: Talk:Noreena Hertz

title: Talk:Noreena Hertz


text:
Chortero

Chortero (Χορτερό) is a village in the municipality Sintiki, Macedonian region of Greece, 24 km from the city of Serres. As of 2021, Chortero comprises 509 inhabitants, the majority of whom are farmers. Potatoes are the main crop.

Its football team is named Elpis Chorterou.

title: Chortero


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Cookstown, New Jersey

Cookstown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within New Hanover Township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Located near Fort Dix, the area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08511.

As of the 2000 United States census, the population for ZIP Code Tabulation Area 08511 was 1,133.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Cookstown include:
 * Edward Settle Godfrey (1843–1932), United States Army Brigadier General who received the Medal of Honor for leadership as a captain during the Indian Wars.

title: Cookstown, New Jersey


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User:Njalle~enwiki

 * 1) A student at Aurehøj Amtsgymnasium in Gentofte.
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 * 4) Loves Wikipedia.

In English

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 * And The Glass Handed Kites

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Meta-Wiki

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title: User:Njalle~enwiki


text:
Z (video game)

Z is a 1996 real-time strategy computer game by The Bitmap Brothers. It is about two armies of robots (red and blue) battling to conquer different planets.

A sequel, Z: Steel Soldiers, was published in 2001.

Plot
The game opens with Commander Zod shooting the Bitmap Brothers Logo off the screen. Meanwhile, a Supply Ship is adrift in space. Its occupants, two robots named Brad and Allan, wake up to the radio buzzer. The two find two new messages from Commander Zod. The first shows Zod telling about his delivery, one hour overdue; the second shows him threatening to "kick their red butts" if he finds out about them slacking off. Allan and Brad just resume their mission. The two constantly steer the ship in a bunch of twists and turns (one sends them knocking the game's title into the opening credits, which are just visible in space), and finally arriving at their first destination. Their mission sends them across twenty levels on five planets, fighting enemy soldiers. Only when the five planets are conquered will the party begin.

After the final level, Zod gets a promotion to Supreme Space Colonel. Zod and the other soldiers celebrate by drinking many cans of rocket fuel, and by the next morning, so many discarded cans litter the ground that Brad and Allan are sick. Zod gets into the Supply Ship with Brad and Allan and decides to show them how to fly the spacecraft. Zod uses the ship to pull acrobatic stunts in space, leaving Brad thrilled. When Allan pulls another can of rocket fuel from the box, he notices a "do not shake" warning on its side. He shakes it up and tosses it to Zod. When Zod opens the can, an explosion blows the ship apart. Brad and Allan are hurled off, and Zod's hat can be seen floating in deep space.

Gameplay
Unlike traditional real-time strategy (RTS) games, collecting resources or building specific structures is unnecessary for creating an army - the same principle that was introduced by Nether Earth, one of the RTS games ancestors. Regions and structures within their borders that actually manufacture the units are captured by moving troops to their respective flags. All that is needed to do is to hold acquired position for a certain amount of time while the unit is manufacturing. The more regions are under the player's control, the less the time required. More powerful units take more time to construct.

The objective of the game is to eliminate the opponent by taking out their command Fort: either by sending a unit to enter it, or by destroying it directly. Alternatively, destroying all of the opponent's units immediately wins the game.

At the start of every mission, each side is given control of their Fort and a small group of units. A host of unmanned turrets and vehicles are usually scattered about the map and sending a robot to these will allow the player to add them to their army. However, the assigned robot will remain in the captured vehicle or turret as a pilot or a gunner although he may be removed from the gun effectively splitting him from his squad.

The game is significantly different from others of its type: for example, vehicle drivers can take damage from enemy fire, and if the driver is destroyed, the vehicle they were commandeering will be unmanned and can be captured by either side. At the time of its release, Z was also noted for being more complex, intense, and challenging compared to other games of its time, like the original Command & Conquer, where the gameplay usually boiled down to tankrushing AIs showing a lack of aggression. Further different robot types behaved differently. Units such as a sniper with a higher intelligence level are less likely to pop up from a tank because they are likely to be shot.

The game starts off with simple, symmetric levels where the CPU starts with roughly the same hardware as the player. As the game progresses, the levels become more complex, demanding more skill to control all units effectively, and the computer gains an advantage in starting units. For example, the CPU's fort usually has substantially more powerful guard turrets. The computer also gains more logistic advantages. Combat takes place on several planets, with 4 missions on each. When one is successfully captured, a space ship transports the robot army to another.

Versions
There are 2 main versions for PC use, one for DOS named Z and another one for Windows 95 named Z 95 & Expansion (that give Zeditor and Extension pack with additional challenging levels from 20 to 35. Each of these level are parallel; so 21 is the same kind as level 1 but with a bigger map and all units available). The former used to require DOSBox (an open source DOS emulator for various operating systems) to run on a modern Windows XP system.

A workaround for Z 95's incompatibility with Windows XP which allows Z 95 to run on a Windows XP system without any form of emulation was posted on the ZZone forums. The workaround, named Z Expansion XP, involves disabling some protected instructions in the Z 95 executable and contains a custom installer since the original Z 95 installer refuses to run under Windows XP. In the concerning forum thread the Z Expansion XP workaround is also reported to work under Windows Vista.

Ports for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn were released in 1997 and 1998 only in Europe. Both were handled by Krisalis Software and published by GT Interactive. Even though the Saturn mouse was never released in Europe, the Saturn version of Z includes mouse support.

A mobile version of Z was developed by Peter Harrap and TickTock Games and was published by KavCom. It was released on iPhone and iPad in 2011,  with further releases on BlackBerry Playbook, Android, and Kindle in 2012. The mobile version remake by TickTock Games was also released for Mac in 2012, and then published by Kiss Ltd and KavCom for Windows PC on Steam and GOG.com in July 4th of 2014.

There was also a "Directors cut version". There was a very limited number of these mostly given away at the launch party. There were only a couple of levels with this version and it featured "R" rated audio for the robot voices.

Difference between Z and Z 95
There are few differences between the Z DOS version and the Z 95 version. Most of all Z 95 was made much more compatible with Windows 95 which was becoming more and more popular. Also some more levels were added to the so-called Expansion Kit. The Z DOS version has an interface for loading the game as its first step. In Z 95 the interface is still there but modified and is just a normal interface using APIs of Windows 95 without the eyecandy buttons. Z DOS version is much slower, which affects the game play, whereas the Z 95 version improves the speed and lets the game feel like a real time strategy field. Also, a few unit statistics were changed to improve the game's balance.

Reception
Reviewing the PC version, Chris Hudak of GameSpot called Z "the alcoholic, head-banging, gap-toothed, punch-drunk, inbred cousin of Command & Conquer." He particularly praised the game's accessibility, the networked multiplayer, and the ability to blast through obstructive terrain, though he found some issues with the AI. A Next Generation critic commented that Z stands out from other real-time strategy games because of the absence of resource management, which puts the focus of the game on fast reaction time and raw strategy rather than on economics. He said Z lacks the longevity of its nearest competition, since it has relatively few missions and the two sides use the same units, but is "a very good, original game that's enjoyable in its own right" with its AI, interface, and multiplayer mode all being strong assets. PC Zone magazine described Z as "a brilliant strategy game that is so hard you can't help but get value for money from it ... Like all Bitmap Bros' games, there are loads of little touches that will amuse you, from the incompetent piss-head droids in the cut-scenes, flying you from level to level and crashing on the people flagging them in, to the voice which says, when you're struggling, 'You are so crap'." Computer Gaming World gave it a 3.5/5, and called it an "excellent quick-'n'-dirty version of Command & Conquer, stripped down for speed and playability." They said that "if you don't mind a game that's on the short side, and you are a real-time tactical game lover with a good sense of humor, then buckle into your computer chair, dude, and crack open a cold can of Rocket Fuel, because Z is going to be your favorite letter."

Reviewing the Saturn port, Sega Saturn Magazine's Lee Nutter gave the AI for both friendly and enemy troops the highest of praise, and also commented on the addictiveness of the gameplay and the effectiveness of the point-and-click controls. However, he rated it the weakest of the three war simulators available for the Saturn in Europe, citing its short length, lack of multiplayer, and comparatively shallow gameplay.

According to Sega Saturn Magazine, "The PC version was a hit (despite being released on the same day as Quake)".

The re-release by Tick Tock Games received a negative review from Softpedia, which criticized the lack of modern enhancements, arguing that both the gameplay and graphics of Z had aged badly.

ZZone
During a period of no official support, the game was 'kept alive' with the help of an unofficial fan website called ZZone. The fan community created fan fixes for Z95 support past Windows 95. It also data mined for the original graphic and sound assets from the game.

The Zod Engine (Remake)
The Zod Engine is an actively developed open source remake of the game. Its main focus is to provide a cross platform friendly source base which is multiplayer oriented. Considering that the original is easily available the developers of the Zod Engine decided not to focus their efforts on the single player aspect but instead to make single player merely an option of multiplayer. The Zod Engine currently entails almost all of the original features and gameplay of the original game and is in a Beta stage. It is derived out of the efforts of the hackers at the ZZone website and is available at SourceForge.

The Zod Engine has had an article written about it by the magazine Linux Format June 2011.

See also ZED Online - based on Zod Engine.

title: Z (video game)


text:
John Cook (Texas politician)

John F. Cook (born February 27, 1946) is an American businessman, veteran, civic leader, and member of the Paso Del Norte Group. Cook was Mayor of El Paso, Texas for two terms from 2005 to 2013. Due to the City Charter's term limits clause Cook was not eligible for a third term in 2013.

Life and career
Cook graduated from New York City's Immaculata High School in 1964. He attended the University of Texas at El Paso and earned a degree in business in 1977. In 1970, Cook married his wife Tram Cook, with whom he has six children, nine grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

Cook has lived for most of his life in Northeast El Paso, where his family has owned and operated several businesses. He served in the United States Army from 1967 to 1970, seeing service as a special agent in military intelligence. He served as the City Council Representative of the 4th District of El Paso from 1999 to June 2005 prior to being elected Mayor. He has been deeply involved in El Paso's community affairs, as a businessman, a teacher, coach, founder and member of the board of many civic and veterans' organizations.

Since becoming Mayor of El Paso, Cook has overseen the adoption of the Paso Del Norte Group's Downtown Redevelopment Plan.

The mayor and two city representatives were the subject of a failed recall petition in 2012. The petitions were accepted by the City Clerk, affirmed by Judge Alvarez, but overturned by the Eight Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals declared the petitions illegal. Cook sued to recover attorney fees to stop the recall, which were estimated to be between $500,000 and $1 million.

Cook was one of 25 nominees in 2012 for the world-wide City Mayors Foundation prize, given to the "best mayor in the world".

The then Attorney General of Texas, Greg Abbott, wrote an opinion that cities, schools and counties in Texas, such as the city of El Paso broke the law in offering domestic benefits to same sex partners. Cook's tie-breaking vote to restore the domestic health benefits, after voters overturned it, was a chief cause of the failed recall attempt.

Cook was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Texas Land Commissioner in 2014. He was defeated by Republican George P. Bush.

title: John Cook (Texas politician)


text:
La Salle Florida

The Instituto La Salle Florida is an Argentine private school founded in 1934 and located in Florida, Vicente López Partido, Buenos Aires Province. Although it is managed by lay people, it belongs to the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, a Roman Catholic religious teaching congregation created by French priest and educational reformer Jean-Baptiste de La Salle in 1680.

Originally established as a boys-only school, nowadays both male and female students attend classes. It offers early childhood, primary, secondary and tertiary education.

In recent years, the school has organized a marathon in order to raise funds for charitable purposes.

Notable alumni

 * Carla Rebecchi, Argentine field hockey world champion
 * Hernán Crespo, Argentine association football Olympic silver medalist
 * Claudio Bonadio, Argentine judge
 * Florencia Kirchner, daughter of former Presidents of Argentina Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
 * Matias González Pena, outstanding chemist representative of Argentina at the International Chemistry Olympiad in 2017, held in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Olympic Bronze Medalist.

title: La Salle Florida


text:
Sidney Frances Bateman

Sidney Frances (Cowell) Bateman (March 29, 1823 – January 13, 1881) was an American actress, playwright, and theatrical manager who spent much of her career on the American stage.

Biography
Sidney Frances Cowell was the daughter of Joseph Cowell, an English comic actor who had settled in America, and the actress Frances Cowell (née Sheppard). Aged 16 she married Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman, also an actor. They moved to St. Louis in the 1850s before moving on to New York and later to London, where Hezekiah managed the Lyceum Theatre.

After her husband's death in 1875, Sidney Frances Bateman continued to manage the Lyceum for another three years until she had a disagreement with Henry Irving over the quality of her daughters' acting, when it was reported: "With regard to the Lyceum, it is stated that the difference between Mr. Irving and Mrs. Bateman had reference to the personnel of the company. Mr. Irving is said to have told Mrs. Bateman that he was resolved to have actors to act with him, and not dolls, otherwise he would no longer play at the Lyceum. The result was that Mrs. Bateman threw up the management of the theatre, and Mr. Irving takes her place." She became manager of the Sadler's Wells Theatre and took her daughters with her. She held the position until her death. She was the first to bring to England an entire American company with an American play, Joaquin Miller's The Danites.

Bateman was also the author of several popular plays, in one of which, Self (1857), she and her husband made a great success.

Family
The Batemans had at least six children, with all four of their daughters appearing on stage. The two oldest, Kate (b. 1842), and Ellen (b. 1845), began their theatrical careers so young that their act was known as the "Bateman Children." Bateman and her husband managed the children's careers, including extensive touring, for a decade before the girls retired from child acting in 1856. Kate would later return to the stage as an adult actor and appeared in several plays produced or written by her mother.

The third daughter to go on the stage was Virginia Frances Bateman (1853-1940), who first appeared in London in the title part of her mother's play Fanchetle in 1871. The fourth daughter, Isabel (b. 1854), was also well known on the London stage.

title: Sidney Frances Bateman


title: File:Blueandwhite2.jpg


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Offaly GAA

The Offaly County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Bord Contae Uíbh Fhailí de Chumann Lúthchleas Gael) or Offaly GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Offaly. Separate county boards are also responsible for the Offaly county teams.

The county hurling team won All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) titles during the 1980s and 1990s. The county football team won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) titles during the 1970s and 1980s.

Clubs
Clubs contest the Offaly Senior Hurling Championship. That competition's most successful club is Coolderry, with 31 titles.

County team
After a scheme developed by the Gaelic Athletic Association in the 1970s to encourage the playing of hurling in non-traditional counties, Offaly was one of the first teams to benefit. As a result, the county won six Leinster Senior Hurling Championship titles in the 1980s, as well as its first All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in 1981.

The county team has since gone on to win three other All-Irelands. Perhaps Offaly's most famous win came in the All-Ireland Final of 1994 in what has come to be remembered as the "five minute final." Limerick looked set to win their first All-Ireland title since 1973 until Offaly staged one of the greatest comebacks of all time, scoring two goals and five points in the last five minutes. They defeated Limerick by 3–16 to 2–13.

The Vocational Schools team has made it to 12 All-Ireland Vocational Schools Championship finals but have never won one.

Clubs
Clubs contest the Offaly Senior Football Championship. That competition's most successful club is Rhode, with 30 titles.

County team
Perhaps the most famous moment in football history came in the 1982 All-Ireland Final when Offaly played Kerry. The match was a repeat of the previous year's final; however, not only that but a win for Kerry would give them an unprecedented fifth consecutive All-Ireland SFC title. Kerry were winning by two points with two minutes to go when Séamus Darby came on as a substitute and scored a critical goal. Kerry fumbled the counterattack which allowed Offaly to win by one single point with a score of 1–15 to 0–17.

The Offaly vocational schools' team have made it to six All-Ireland finals but lost all six, including the first final when they were beaten by the Cork City team in 1961.

Camogie
Nine Offaly camogie clubs were organised in the 1930s and Offaly entered the Leinster championships of 1935 and 1936, but the game declined amid the Camogie Association disputes of the 1940s and had to be revived by Clare-born Mary O’Brien in 1973, and a county board re-formed in 1979. Offaly won their first major national titles in 2002 when they won the second division of the National Camogie League and in 2009 when they defeated Waterford in the All Ireland junior final. Drumcullen reached the final of the All Ireland club junior championship in 2003. Kinnity won the Division 3 shield at Féile na nGael in 1997, Drumcullen won the Coiste Chontae an Chláir Shield in 1997.

Notable players include soaring star award winners Karen Brady, Elaine Dermody, Audrey Kennedy, Michaela Morkan, Fiona Stephens, and Arlene Watkins.

Miriam O'Callaghan served as president of the Camogie Association.

Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010–2015, "Our Game, Our Passion", five new camogie clubs were to be established in the county by 2015.

Offaly Camogie launched home and away jerseys in May 2021.

Ladies' football
Offaly has a ladies' football team.

title: Offaly GAA


text: User talk:213.46.14.5

title: User talk:213.46.14.5


text:
Category talk:Meänkieli language municipalities

Untitled
I suppose the following municipalities and the immidiate neighbourhood there of is a misunderstanding, based on not knowing that municipality = sv. kommun. I change it. / Habj 20:25, 1 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:BMannFann

BMannFann signed up for Wikipedia, 01 October 2005.

She would like to contribute positive corrections and additions to the volumes of information found throughout Wikipedia.org, but will remain in the shadows until properly educated on how to accomplish the task.

BMannFann finds it difficult to write about herself in third-person.

title: User:BMannFann


text: User talk:4.250.69.187

title: User talk:4.250.69.187


text:
Louth GAA

The Louth County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae an Lú) or Louth GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Louth. The county board is also responsible for the Louth county teams.

County Board Chairpersons
The officials who have chaired the Louth GAA board since the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association are named below.

Elections for Chairperson as well as other positions take place at the board's annual convention and are held at headquarters in Darver. The maximum term under current county board rules is five years for any position.

The current incumbent, Clan na Gael's Peter Fitzpatrick T.D., is a former player and captain of the county football team. He also managed the team from 2010-12, the highlight of his tenure being Louth's first appearance in a Leinster Senior Football Championship Final for 50 years in  2010.

Crest
In 2010, the Drogheda Gaelic football club, O'Raghallaighs, tabled a motion for convention calling for the Boyne Valley Cable Bridge symbol to be removed from the Louth GAA crest because of the bridge's main location being in the neighbouring county of Meath; this led to the county crest being changed to a simpler version.

Clubs
Clubs contest the Louth Senior Football Championship. That competition's most successful club is Newtown Blues, with 23 titles.

Dundalk Young Irelands is the county's oldest GAA club. The club represented Louth in the first All-Ireland Football final which was played at Beech Hill on 29 April 1888 against Limerick Commercials.

County team
The earliest recorded inter-county football match took place in 1712 when Louth faced Meath at Slane. A fragment of a poem from 1806 records a football match between Louth and Fermanagh at Inniskeen, Co Monaghan.

When Louth GAA sent the team into training in Dundalk for the 1913 Croke Memorial replay under a soccer trainer from Belfast, the move caused more than a ripple through the Association. For thirty years full-time training in bursts of a week or so before a big match were common. After that the two or three times a week gatherings became more popular.

Between 1945 and 1953 Louth and Meath met 13 times. The crowds got bigger and bigger each time as they played draw after draw in the Championship. The attendance of 42,858 at a thrilling 1951 replay remained a record for a provincial match other than a final for forty years the four match series between Meath and Dublin in 1991. The rivalry with Meath has never fizzled out, as witnessed by a stirring Leinster semi-final in 1998. Nor has controversy, as witnessed by Graham Geraghty's "wide" 45th minute point. In 1957 showband star Dermot O'Brien was late for the All-Ireland final and joined the team when the parade was completed. Prior to the game O'Brien had captained the side in the semi-final success, when the regular captain Patsy Coleman had been injured. Both Ardee men tossed a coin to see who would captain the team. O'Brien won the toss. Coleman today still has the match ball. O'Brien played a key role as Louth beat Cork with the help of a goal from Sean Cunningham with five minutes to go. Dermot O'Brien died on 21 May 2007. As both Cork and Louth wear Red and White, on that day Louth wore the green of Leinster, while Cork wore the blue of Munster.

Eamonn McEneaney was manager from 2006 to 2009 and guided them to their most recent success, the O'Byrne Cup when they defeated DCU in the 2009 final played in the Gaelic Grounds in Drogheda.

On 27 June 2010, Louth reached their first Leinster Senior Championship Final in 50 years. During the Leinster Final on 11 July that year, anger and controversy erupted when, during the 74th minute of the match against Meath, a goal was awarded by the referee after brief consultation with only one of the match umpires (although close circuit camera evidence shown on the RTÉ Two coverage of the game proved that the ball was carried over the line by a Meath player). However, Meath received the 2010 Leinster Title and the cup. Louth have been represented by two players in the International Rules Series versus Australia in recent years, Paddy Keenan and Ciarán Byrne.

Hurling
Clubs contest the Louth Senior Hurling Championship. That competition's most successful club is Naomh Moninne, with 22 titles.

The Louth hurling team competes in the Nicky Rackard Cup, an extension of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. The Louth hurlers finished as runner-up to London in the 2005 final at Croke Park, and to Sligo in 2008. In 2016, they competed in the Lory Meagher Cup, defeating Sligo in the final 4-15 to 4-11, and Fermanagh in the 2020 final by 2-19 to 2-08.

Louth won the 2022 Lory Meagher Cup to become the first team to win that competition on three occasions.

Louth has the following achievements in hurling.

 * All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship: 1976, 1977
 * Lory Meagher Cup: 2016, 2020, 2022
 * Leinster Junior Hurling Championship: 1968, 1969, 1973
 * National Hurling League Div. 3: 2000, 2008. 1967 first national hurling league title beating mayo in final, Div 3 ...

Aidan Kerrigan from Ballyoughter, County Wexford has worked with the Louth senior hurling team.

Camogie
Louth contested two All Ireland senior finals in 1934 and 1936, captained by Rose Quigley from Darver, where Fr Tom Soraghan was zealously promoting the game. Kathleen and Nan Hegarty two of her Darver team-mates were leading players of the decade.

Notable players include junior player of the year winner in 1982 Vivienne Kelly.

Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010-2015, "Our Game, Our Passion", Carlow, Cavan, Laois, Louth and Roscommon were to get a total of 17 new clubs by 2015.

Louth have the following achievements in camogie.

 * All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship runners-up: 1934, 1936

Ladies' football
Louth has a ladies' football team.

title: Louth GAA


text:
Judgement (Anathema album)

Judgement is the fifth album by the British rock band Anathema. It was released in June 1999 through Music for Nations.

Background
The first album with Dave Pybus joining the band to replace bassist and co-principal songwriter Duncan Patterson. Danny Cavanagh now taking on a larger share of the songwriting duties to compensate for Patterson's departure. It is also the band's first album featuring original drummer John Douglas since his return in 1998. John's sister Lee appears for the first time on this album, albeit in a guest role. She would later become the band's third lead vocalist.

Personnel

 * Vincent Cavanagh – vocals, guitars
 * John Douglas – drums
 * Dave Pybus – bass
 * Danny Cavanagh – guitars, keyboards, vocals on "Parisienne Moonlight"

 * Guest musicians
 * Dario Patti – piano on "Anyone, Anywhere"
 * Lee Douglas – female vocals on "Parisienne Moonlight" and "Don't Look Too Far"

 * Production
 * Darren J. White – photography
 * Mez – layout
 * Dario (Ki-Nell) Mollo – engineering assistant, band photography
 * Kit Woolven – producer, engineering
 * Rog Sargent – photography

title: Judgement (Anathema album)


text:
Talk:Punisher 2099

Trivia
I removed the current entries under the trivia for the following reasons. The storylines cited as about the Punisher legacy were all publish after the completion of 2099 run, placing them as retcon at best. A new entry comparing the Frank Castle v. Jake Gallows as Punishers may be considerably more constructive; rather than, "is something that the Punisher would never pass to anyone," as it neither reflects a neutral POV, nor does it offer proper credance to an established character history (from an alternate universe). I removed the second entry "Jake Gallows becomes more of a law enforcer than a vigilante," as this is a completly unsustantiated statement, that is conjecture, at best. An entry contrasting Jake's roles as "The Punisher" versus "The Minister of Punishment," could prove to be more constructive; or expanding on Jake's evolution into the role of "Minister of Punishment." But, both of the current trivia entries could not remain as part of the article due to POV and fatual inaccuracy. -66.109.248.114, 10/3/06

The 2099 writers got wrong and it should be told as to why
In that note what the Punisher is basically saying is that he wants people to be like him… mass murders. He wants someone or people to blow other people’s heads off; he wants people to bomb others, he wants people to torture others like how the Mafia does. The Punisher knows what he is and what he does. The Punisher is not that sick, evil, twisted, and messed up and would never want anyone to do such things to people. The Punisher is not a hero, he’s not a role model, and he’s not someone to look up and to be like. The Punisher chooses do to what he does and does it alone. He doesn’t want anybody else doing the exact same thing, or things that he does. Even going back all the way to when The Punisher fought The Trust it shows that. The writer of the Punisher 2099 world got it very wrong.

The story as "The Punsiher: The End" is what happens to not only the Punisher. Unlike 2099 it shows that he never went completely insane, never become true evil, that he still had a line in the road that he would never cross. But because of that note in the Punisher 2099 it’s saying that he did go completely insane and become true evil. In The End story Frank says "The human race. You've seen what that leads to." And the 2099 world shows just that. In the end the Punisher 2099 was an incorrect story on the real Punisher’s character. And in “the end” it got corrected. This whole Punisher 2099 should really be called a non-cann event. It can't even be called a alternated world.

 * The article is not about Frank Castle, the Punisher, it is about Jake Gallows. Any judgment passed on the writer/editors of the 2099 characters, should not be reflected in the article, especially if the rationale is citing stories (including The Punisher: The End, which was released after 2099), that are published after the completion of the series (in the macro-sense).  The writing in the War Journal does not deminish the Frank Castle Punisher (Earth-616) as the 2099 do not take place in the main universe and are not canonical. Stating "the Punisher would never" does not apply for alernate universes and thus the Trivia section as it is worded should be removed.-66.109.248.114, 10/3/06

 * not really, the irony on how this future punisher is depicted (by chuck dixon) versus to our present punisher (by ennis) is noteworthy. its contradicting and a notable conflict to the character development itself Bloodpack 04:20, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The current edit is a great improvement and works real well with the article. -66.109.248.114, 10/4/06

 * You should have been able to figure that out. This only proves that people like you around here who always makes it seem that what you say is right... and what anyone else has to say should just be taken off as being wrong.

Cleanup
The lead of this article states that Punisher 2099 is a comic book series, but the rest of the article continues as if it's about Jake Gallows, the Punisher 2099 character. Needs to be cleaned up and refocused. --Psyphics Ψ Φ  14:23, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * To clarify, the article's focus should be on the comic book, not the character. --Psyphics Ψ Φ  14:15, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Vendetta
Why is their no section for Vendetta, the 2099 female punisher? She was a big part of 2099 series, was in many issues, and yet on this page she has no mention, and she does not exist in any Wikipedia article of her own. Legobrickmaster 22:05, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Comparing
I again removed a trivia section comparing Jake to Frank.

Even if one considers stories about Frank written before Jake's stories ended, the characters are different. Heck, Jake (for a time) would not kill corrupt cops who were literally shooting at him. And of course, Jake goes completely cuckoo banannas near the end. Lots42 22:38, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It's about what Jake found. That Frank himself left a letter like that for someone to find and to carry on his war. And that's wrong, that's not what Frank would do. 09:21, 29 September 2007 4.224.228.23

 * I had originally removed the trivia section for similar reasons approximately 1 year ago. While I still agree with the edits of Lots42 for the same reason; upon reflection, I feel that the section should go simply as it is a trivia section (and not easily incorporated into the current article) and that the section clearly reflects original research.  I have tagged the section as such, but similar to the last instance will let this edit be guided by the discussion. 66.109.248.114 21:51, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:42, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:37, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Split
I feel this article should be split into two. The first focusing on Jake Gallows and the other on the comics title. The reason for this is 1, Jake has appeared outside of the title quite a bit now and 2, the second volume of the series features another character as the Punisher.★Trekker (talk) 17:18, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Punisher 2099


text:
Laois GAA

The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Laois) or Laois GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Laois. The county board is also responsible for the Laois county teams.

The county football team contested the second ever All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) final in 1889. In 1926, the county won the final of the first National Football League competition, defeating Dublin. 1936 brought the team's only other appearance in an All-Ireland SFC decider.

The county hurling team won an All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) in 1915.

History
Laois are a dual county, enjoying comparative success at both football and hurling. Laois are one of a select group of counties to have contested All-Ireland finals in both football and hurling. They are six times Leinster Senior Football Champions, and three times Leinster Senior Hurling Champions.

In recent times Laois have been more successful footballers than hurlers. Laois minors have had considerable success over the past two decades, and the Laois senior footballers reached the Leinster final in 2003 (victorious), 2004, 2005 and 2018.

Laois hurlers currently compete in the Joe McDonagh Cup.

Sponsorship
MW Hire sponsored Laois GAA for 14 years, while Laois Hire was announced as its new sponsor in a five-year deal from October 2022 onwards.

Clubs
The major local club competitions in Laois are the championships which are listed below.

In addition, all teams compete in the All-County Football League from Division 1 down to Division 7.

Laois Senior Football Championship

Laois Intermediate Football Championship

Laois Junior Football Championships

Laois Junior B Football Championship

Laois Junior C Football Championship

Laois Under 21 Football Championship

Laois Minor Football Championship

Portlaoise won All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship in 1983.

County team
Laois contested the second ever All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) final in 1889. In 1926, the county won the final of the first National Football League competition, defeating Dublin. 1936 brought Laois's only other appearance in an All-Ireland SFC decider.

Laois defeated Monaghan by a point in the 1985–86 National Football League final. Liam Irwin and Colm Browne both won All Stars for their performances that year.

During the 1990s Laois had a number of successes at minor and under-21 level, including All-Ireland Minor Football Championships in 1996 and 1997. During the mid-2000s Laois football became a strong force at all age levels. Under former Kerry and Kildare manager Mick O'Dwyer, Laois finished as National Football League runner-up and Leinster Senior Football Championship winner in 2003. Laois would go on to contest the Leinster Senior Football Championship Final again in 2004 (lost after a replay) and 2005 (lost by one point). During the same period the minor county team won the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship again in 2003 and the Leinster Minor Football Championship in 2004, 2005 and 2007, while the under-21 county team won the Leinster Under-21 Football Championship in 2006 and 2007.

Clubs
The major local club hurling competitions in Laois are the championships which are listed below.

In addition, all teams compete in the All-County Hurling League from Division 1 down to Division 5.

Laois Senior Hurling Championship

Laois Senior’A Hurling Championship

Laois Intermediate Hurling Championship

Laois Junior Hurling Championship

Laois Under 21 Hurling Championship

Laois Minor Hurling Championship

Laois Junior B Hurling Championship

Laois Junior C Hurling Championship

County team
Laois won one All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship title, in 1915, when the day was so wet the team reportedly played the second half in their overcoats. The team currently competes in the Liam MacCarthy Cup (Tier 1 of the Senior Hurling Championship), but has also won three All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championships. The hurlers reached National Hurling League semi-finals in 1981 and 1983 before losing the Centenary Cup hurling final to Cork in 1984, and were back in the National Hurling League semi-final in 1996. Laois most recently contested the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship final in 1985, in what was to be a disappointing final defeat against Offaly. Laois won the Joe McDonagh Cup in 2019, and went on to shock Dublin in the preliminary quarter-final the next week to reach the All-Ireland Quarter Final. This was considered one of the greatest shocks in the history of the championship.

Camogie
Harps won three All Ireland junior club titles in 2006-8. Laois won the Nancy Murray Cup in 2007. They won the third division of the National Camogie League in 2010. They won the under-16 B title in 2000.

Notable players include soaring star award winners Louise Mahony and Eimear Moynan

Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010-2015, "Our Game, Our Passion", Carlow, Cavan, Laois, Louth and Roscommon were to get a total of 17 new clubs by 2015.

Ladies' football
Laois has a ladies' football team.

title: Laois GAA


text:
Carmen Bernos de Gasztold

Carmen Bernos de Gasztold (9 October 1919 – 23 September 1995 ) was a French poet who lived in a Benedictine abbey.

Her most famous collection is titled Prayers from the Ark. The 1955 publication consists of short poems, each expressing a prayer from some animal on Noah's Ark. The book was translated into at least six languages, including an English version by Rumer Godden. Poet Marianne Moore praised the collection, but X. J. Kennedy criticized them as colorless and dull. Actor Marian Seldes recorded a spoken word album of the poems; composers Ivor R. Davies and Frieder Meschwitz set them to music.

A second volume of similar poems was published in 1965, entitled The Creatures Choir, also translated by Godden.

She spent her childhood in the province of Bordeaux, France. She had five sisters and brothers. After World War II she went to live at the Benedictine Abbaye Saint Louis du Temple at Limon.

Her family were of Lithuanian descent (Gasztold being the Polish rendering of the Lithuanian name Goštautas).

Works

 * Prières dans L'Arche, French & European Pubns, 1985, ISBN 978-0-685-11511-4
 * Choral de Bêtes, French & European Pubns, 1985, ISBN 978-0-685-11121-5

English translation

 * Prayers from the ark and the Creatures' choir, Carmen Bernos de Gasztold, Translator Rumer Godden, Penguin Books, 1976
 * Prayers from the ark: selected poems, Carmen Bernos de Gasztold, Translator Rumer Godden, Illustrator Barry Moser, Reprint Puffin Books, 1995, ISBN 9780140545852
 * Bernos de Gasztold&f=false "The Prayer of the Dog", To absent friends: a collection of stories of the dogs we miss, Editor Jameson Parker, Willow Creek Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-57223-706-3

title: Carmen Bernos de Gasztold


text: User talk:85.206.165.148

title: User talk:85.206.165.148


text:
Gold Diggers of 1933

Gold Diggers of 1933 is an American pre-Code musical film directed by Mervyn LeRoy with songs by Harry Warren (music) and Al Dubin (lyrics). The film's numbers were staged and choreographed by Busby Berkeley. It starred Warren William, Joan Blondell, Aline MacMahon, Ruby Keeler, and Dick Powell. It featured appearances by Guy Kibbee, Ned Sparks and Ginger Rogers.

The story is based on the play The Gold Diggers by Avery Hopwood, which had its Broadway run for 717 performances in 1919 and 1920. The play was adapted into a silent film in 1923 by David Belasco, the producer of the Broadway play, as The Gold Diggers, starring Hope Hampton and Wyndham Standing, and again as a talkie in 1929, directed by Roy Del Ruth. That film, Gold Diggers of Broadway, which starred Nancy Welford and Conway Tearle, was one of the biggest box-office hits of that year.

Gold Diggers of 1933 was one of the top-grossing films of 1933. This version of Hopwood's play was written by James Seymour and Erwin S. Gelsey, with additional dialogue by David Boehm and Ben Markson.

In 2003, Gold Diggers of 1933 was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

The "gold diggers" are four aspiring actresses: Polly (Ruby Keeler), an ingenue; Carol (Joan Blondell), a torch singer; Trixie (Aline MacMahon), a comedian; and Fay (Ginger Rogers), a glamour puss.

The film was made in 1933, during the Great Depression, and contains numerous direct references to it. It begins with a rehearsal for a stage show, which is interrupted by the producer's creditors who close down the show because of unpaid bills.

At the unglamorous apartment shared by three of the four actresses (Polly, Carol, and Trixie), the producer, Barney Hopkins (Ned Sparks), is in despair because he has everything he needs to put on a show, except money. He hears Brad Roberts (Dick Powell), the girls' neighbor and Polly's boyfriend, playing the piano. Brad is a brilliant songwriter and singer who not only has written the music for a show, but also offers Hopkins $15,000 in cash to back the production. Of course, they all think he is kidding, but he insists that he is serious – he offers to back the show, but refuses to perform in it, despite his talent and voice.

Brad comes through with the money and the show goes into production, but the girls are suspicious that he must be a criminal since he is cagey about his past and will not appear in the show, even though he is clearly more talented than the aging juvenile lead (Clarence Nordstrom) they have hired. It turns out, however, that Brad is in fact a millionaire's son whose family does not want him associating with the theatre. On opening night, in order to save the show when the juvenile cannot perform (due to his lumbago acting up), Brad is forced to play the lead role.

With the resulting publicity, Brad's brother J. Lawrence Bradford (Warren William) and family lawyer Faneuil H. Peabody (Guy Kibbee) discover what he is doing and go to New York to save him from being seduced by a "gold digger".

Lawrence mistakenly identifies Carol as Polly, and his heavy-handed effort to dissuade the "cheap and vulgar" showgirl from marrying Brad by buying her off annoys her so much that Carol plays along, but the two fall in love. Meanwhile, Trixie targets "Fanny" Peabody, the lawyer, as the perfect rich sap ripe for exploitation. When Lawrence finds out that Brad and the real Polly have wed, he threatens to have the marriage annulled, but relents when Carol refuses to marry him if he does. Trixie marries Faneuil. All the "gold diggers" end up with wealthy men.

Cast

 * Warren William as J. Lawrence Bradford
 * Joan Blondell as Carol King
 * Aline MacMahon as Trixie Lorraine
 * Ruby Keeler as Polly Parker
 * Dick Powell as "Brad Roberts" (actually Robert Treat Bradford)
 * Guy Kibbee as Faneuil H. Peabody
 * Ned Sparks as Barney Hopkins
 * Ginger Rogers as Fay Fortune
 * Etta Moten as soloist in "Remember My Forgotten Man" (uncredited)
 * Billy Barty as The Baby in "Pettin' in the Park" (uncredited)

Cast notes: Character actors Sterling Holloway and Hobart Cavanaugh appear in small roles, as does choreographer Busby Berkeley, as a backstage call boy who yells "Everybody on stage for the 'Forgotten Man' number". Other uncredited cast members include: Robert Agnew, Joan Barclay, Ferdinand Gottschalk, Ann Hovey, Fred Kelsey, Charles Lane, Wallace MacDonald, Wilbur Mack, Dennis O'Keefe, Fred Toones, Dorothy Wellman, Jane Wyman, and Tammany Young.

Production
Gold Diggers of 1933 was originally to be called High Life, and George Brent was an early casting idea for the role played by Warren William.

Early drafts of the screenplay focused on the sensual elements of the story, and subsequent drafts gradually began adding more of the narrative taking place behind the scenes of the show. When 42nd Street turned out to be a big success, the studio decided to make Gold Diggers of 1933 into a musical.

The film was made for an estimated $433,000 at Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, and went into general release on May 27, 1933.

Box office
Gold Diggers of 1933 was Warner Bros.' most successful movie of 1933. According to Warner Bros. records the film earned $2,202,000 domestically and $1,029,000 foreign.

The film made a profit of $1,602,530.

Awards and honors
In 1934, the film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Sound Recording for Nathan Levinson, the film's sound director.

The film was nominated for the following American Film Institute lists:
 * 2004: AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs: "We're in the Money"
 * 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals

Adaptation
A one-hour radio adaptation, titled Gold Diggers, aired on Lux Radio Theatre on December 21, 1936. During the introduction host Cecil B. DeMille explained that this adaptation combined the plot of Gold Diggers of 1933 with the music of Gold Diggers of 1937. This radio adaptation starred Dick Powell and Joan Blondell, who had appeared in both movies.

Musical numbers
The film contains four song and dance sequences designed, staged and choreographed by Busby Berkeley. All the songs were written by Harry Warren and Al Dubin. (In the film, when producer Barney Hopkins hears Brad's music he picks up the phone and says: "Cancel my contract with Warren and Dubin!")

"We're in the Money" is sung by Ginger Rogers accompanied by scantily-clad showgirls dancing with giant coins. Rogers sings one verse in Pig Latin. During filming, Berkeley overheard Rogers speaking in Pig Latin, and immediately decided to add a Pig Latin verse to the song. "Pettin' in the Park" is sung by Ruby Keeler and Dick Powell. It includes a tap dance from Keeler and a surreal sequence featuring dwarf actor Billy Barty as a baby who escapes from his stroller. During the number, the women get caught in a rainstorm and go behind a backlit screen to remove their wet clothes in silhouette. They emerge in metal garments, which thwart the men's attempts to remove them, until Billy Barty gives Dick Powell a can opener. This number was originally planned to end the film.

"The Shadow Waltz" is sung by Powell and Keeler. It features a dance by Keeler, Rogers, and many female violinists with neon-tubed violins that glow in the dark. Berkeley got the idea for this number from a vaudeville act he once saw – the neon on the violins was an afterthought. On March 10, the Long Beach earthquake hit while this number was being filmed:

"[it] caused a blackout and short-circuited some of the dancing violins. Berkeley was almost thrown from the camera boom, dangling by one hand until he could pull himself back up. He yelled for the girls, many of whom were on a 30 ft-high platform, to sit down until technicians could get the soundstage doors open and let in some light."

"Remember My Forgotten Man" is performed by Joan Blondell, with featured vocal solo by Etta Moten – who also dubbed Blondell's singing voice at the end of the number – and features sets influenced by German Expressionism and a gritty evocation of Depression-era poverty. Berkeley was inspired by the May 1932 war veterans' march on Washington, D.C., and FDR's speech about the "Forgotten Man" from the same year. When the number was finished, Jack L. Warner and Darryl F. Zanuck (the studio production head) were so impressed that they ordered it moved to the end of the film, displacing "Pettin' in the Park".

An additional production number was filmed, but cut before release: "I've Got to Sing a Torch Song" was to have been sung by Ginger Rogers, but instead appears in the film sung by Dick Powell near the beginning.

Circumventing censorship with alternate footage
According to Sin in Soft Focus: Pre-Code Hollywood by Mark A. Vieira, Gold Diggers of 1933 was one of the first American films made and distributed with alternative footage in order to circumvent state censorship problems. Busby Berkeley, the choreographer and director of the musical numbers, used the lavish production numbers as a showcase of the female anatomy that were both "lyrical and lewd". "Pettin' in the Park" and "We're in the Money" are prime examples of this. The state censorship boards had become so troublesome that a number of studios began filming slightly different versions of censorable scenes. In this way, when a film was edited, the "toned down" reels were labeled according to district. One version could be sent to New York City, another to the South, and another to the United Kingdom.

Vieira reports that the film had two different endings: in one, the rocky romance between Warren William and Joan Blondell – whom he calls "cheap and vulgar" – is resolved backstage after the "Forgotten Man" number. In an alternative ending, this scene never takes place and the film ends with the number.

title: Gold Diggers of 1933


text:
Sigurrós Þorgrímsdóttir

Sigurrós Þorgrímsdóttir (born 16 April 1947) is an Icelandic politician, a former member of Alþingi and the current chairman of Breiðablik sports club.

She became a full member of Alþingi on October 1, 2005, having previously served in an interim capacity on occasions since 2003. She did not gain enough support during the primaries before the 2007 elections to obtain a secure seat and withdrew her candidacy.

She is a member of the Independence Party and holds various offices both on national level and in her hometown Kópavogur. She has been the president of the school board of Menntaskólinn í Kópavogi since 1998.

title: Sigurrós Þorgrímsdóttir


text:
Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park

Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park is a state park in southwestern Utah, United States, located between Mount Carmel Junction and Kanab, south and west of U.S. Highway 89 in Kane County. The park features uniquely pink-hued sand dunes located beside red sandstone cliffs.

The dunes are formed from the erosion of pink-colored Navajo Sandstone surrounding the park. High winds passing through the notch between the Moquith and Moccasin Mountains pick up loose sand particles and then drop them onto the dunes as a result of the Venturi effect. The dunes are estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000 years old.

The park allows camping, hiking, off-road vehicle driving, and photography. There is a conservation area of 265 acre, and the total grounds include 3370 acre. It was established as a Utah state park in 1963.

Sandboarding is also a popular activity, sandboards and sand sleds can be rented directly at the park.

The Coral Pink Sand Dunes tiger beetle (Cicindela albissima) is endemic to the dunes, being found nowhere else in the world. The park also contains most of the remaining individuals of the rare plant known as Welsh's milkweed (Asclepias welshii), a federally listed threatened species.

title: Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park


text:
Jyrki Heliskoski

Jyrki Antero ("Jyrä") Heliskoski (September 28, 1945 – December 28, 2020) was a Finnish football coach.

Heliskoski worked briefly as the head coach of the Finland national team from July 2005 to January 2006. He then continued as an assistant coach under Roy Hodgson until November 2007. Previously he had coached a number of Finnish national youth teams, including the under-21 team and the under-19 team.

On the club side, Heliskoski coached HJK Helsinki in 1985–89, winning three league titles. He also coached HJK in 2000–2001. Before 1978 he worked as a handball coach.

title: Jyrki Heliskoski


text:
Category:Scottish royalty

The Scottish monarchs subcategory contains articles about crowned heads of Scotland and its predecessor kingdoms. The other categories contain a full range of articles about Scottish royals, organised by status or by royal house.

title: Category:Scottish royalty


text:
Longford GAA

The Longford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae an Longfort) or Longford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Longford. The county board is also responsible for the Longford county teams.

The county football team won its only National Football League title in 1966 with a one-point victory over Galway in the Home Final and an aggregate win over New York in the Final. The team won its only Leinster Senior Football Championship title in 1968, with a 3-9 to 1-4 win over Laois.

Clubs
The county board oversees 22 GAA clubs, the lowest number of any county in Ireland. The current total of 22 clubs is down from 24 in 2009 which at the time was the smallest in the country, below Sligo, which had 26 back then and now has 23 clubs.

(F) Football | (H) Hurling | (HB) Handball | (C) Camogie

 * Abbeylara (F/HB)
 * Ardagh Moydow (F)
 * Ballymahon (F)*
 * Ballymore (F)
 * Carrickedmond (F)
 * Cashel (F)
 * Clonguish (F/H/HB)
 * Colmcille (F)
 * Dromard (F)
 * Forgney St. Munis (F)*
 * Fr. Manning Gaels (F/HB)
 * Kenagh (F)
 * Killoe Young Emmets (F)
 * Legan Sarsfields (F)
 * Longford Slashers (F/H)
 * Mostrim (D)
 * Mullinalaghta St Columba's (F)
 * Rathcline (F)
 * Seán Connollys (F)
 * St. Brigid's Killashee (F)
 * St. Mary's Granard (F)
 * Young Grattans (F)

 (* Forgney St. Munis & Ballymahon compete as a Group Team in adult competition since 2022)

Three hurling clubs exist within the above list of 21 clubs:
 * Clonguish Gaels
 * Longford Slashers
 * Wolfe Tones (Mostrim)

Clubs
12 clubs contest the Longford Senior Football Championship.

Killoe Young Emmets are the current Longford Senior Football champions (as of 2023).

Mullinalaghta St Columba's won the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship in 2018.

County team
Longford won the National Football League in 1966, then the 1968 Leinster Senior Football Championship. The county has never won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

Clubs
3 clubs contest the Longford Senior Hurling Championship.

Clonguish are the current Longford Senior Hurling champions (as of 2023).

County team
Like most of its neighbours, Longford have struggled to compete with the bigger counties as they only have three Hurling teams in the county, Slashers, Wolfe Tones and Clonguish. The county team won the National League Division 3 title in 2002, In 2005 & 2006 they won the Leinster Shield. They won the Lory Meagher Cup, for the first time, in Croke Park on 3 July 2010 and won on a scoreline 1 – 20 to Donegal 1 – 12.

Liam Griffin has said the GAA should be ashamed of itself over its failure in the promotion of hurling. "Australia is 24 hours away, yet we can create a new game with the Aussie Rules lads. Longford and Leitrim are right here, yet we largely ignore them and many others too when it comes to promoting hurling. The new D. J. Carey could be living in Longford, Leitrim or Donegal, but we'll never know. We have failed him. [...] If someone can market coloured gripe water, call it Coca-Cola and clean up worldwide, we should be able to sell hurling in Longford."

Leinster SHC
Longford competed in just two seasons, with a walkover to Wexford in the 1902 season (played in November 1903) and a loss to Westmeath in the 1903 season (played in July 1904). After 1904 Longford played in Junior Hurling Championship. Longford remains the only county in Leinster never to win a provincial hurling championship at any grade.

Matches

 * 1902: Longford scr. - w/o Wexford
 * 1903: Longford 1-00 - 2-09 Westmeath

Championship Titles

 * Lory Meagher Cup: (2)
 * Champions (2): 2010, 2014
 * Runners-Up (2): 2013, 2022
 * All Ireland Minor C Championship (2)
 * 1997, 2000
 * All Ireland Juvenile C Championship (2)
 * 1982, 1984

League Titles

 * National Hurling League Division 3 (1)
 * 2002
 * National Hurling League Division 3B (3)
 * 2013, 2017, 2019
 * National Hurling League Division 4 (2)
 * 1984, 1998
 * All Ireland Minor Hurling League Division 3 (1)
 * 1997 ?

Provincial Cups & Shields

 * Kehoe Cup (1)
 * 2018
 * Leinster Junior Hurling Shield (2)
 * 2005, 2006

Other

 * U16 All Ireland Winners (2013) ?

(This honours section is incomplete)

title: Longford GAA


text:
User talk:Inverse~enwiki

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title: User talk:Inverse~enwiki


text:
Biuret

Biuret is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HN(CONH2)2. It is a white solid that is soluble in hot water. A variety of organic derivatives are known. The term "biuret" also describes a family of organic compounds with the chemical formula R^{1}R^{2}N\sC(\dO)\sN(R^{3})\sC(\dO)\sNR^{4}R^{5}, where R^{1}, R^{2}, R^{3}, R^{4} and R^{5} are hydrogen, organyl or other groups. Also known as carbamylurea, it results from the condensation of two equivalents of urea. It is a common undesirable impurity in urea-based fertilizers, as biuret is toxic to plants.

Preparation and structure
The parent compound can be prepared by heating urea at 150 °C for ~6 hours until it gets slightly cloudy, then recrystallizing from water. After that, it can be recrystallized repeatedly from 2% sodium hydroxide solution and water to finally get base-free crystalline needles of the monohydrate which are free of cyanuric acid. While heating, a lot of ammonia is expelled:
 * 2 CO(NH2)2 → HN(CONH2)2 + NH3

Under related conditions, pyrolysis of urea affords triuret O\dC(\sN(H)\sC(\dO)\sNH2)2. In general, organic biurets (those with alkyl or aryl groups in place of one or more H atoms) are prepared by trimerization of isocyanates. For example, the trimer of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate is also known as HDI-biuret.

In the anhydrous form, the molecule is planar and unsymmetrical in the solid state owing to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The terminal C–N distances of 1.327 and 1.334 Å are shorter than the internal C–N distances of 1.379 and 1.391 Å. The C=O bond distances 1.247 and 1.237 Å. It crystallizes from water as the monohydrate.

Applications
Biuret is also used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed, where it is converted into protein by gut microorganisms. It is less favored than urea, due to its higher cost and lower digestibility but the latter characteristic also slows down its digestion and so decreases the risk of ammonia toxicity.

Biuret test
The biuret test is a chemical test for proteins and polypeptides. It is based on the biuret reagent, a blue solution that turns violet upon contact with proteins, or any substance with peptide bonds. The test and reagent do not actually contain biuret; they are so named because both biuret and proteins have the same response to the test.

History
Biuret was first prepared and studied by Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann (1826–1899) for his doctoral dissertation, which was submitted in 1847. His findings were reported in several articles.

Related compounds

 * Cyanuric acid
 * Allophanic acid, the carboxylic acid derivative of biuret

title: Biuret


text:
User talk:Brookey23

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User talk:Banghi

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User talk:Ven.Pandita

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User talk:Darkfang7

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User talk:Klicina~enwiki

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VWN en WCN
Beste allemaal Al enige tijd is er een Nederlandstalig chapter in oprichting, te vinden op http://nl.wikimedia.org. Dit wordt de Vereniging Wikimedia Nederland (VWN). Je kunt je interesse om lid te worden van deze vereniging hier aangeven.

Deze vereniging gaat eind augustus/begin september een Wikimedia Conferentie in Nederland (WCN) houden, volgend op Wikimania in Boston, gedeeltelijk erop inspelend middels een aantal discussiegroepen. Om iets dergelijks te organiseren is imput erg gewenst. Dus als je wilt meehelpen, of als je interesse hebt om bij een dergelijk evenement aanwezig te zijn, geef dat dan aan op nl.wikimedia. Ik hoop daar snel je imput tegemoet te zien! Met vriendelijke groet, effeietsanders 16:27, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

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User talk:Tscherno~enwiki

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tscherno. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tscherno~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:25, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tscherno~enwiki


text:
User talk:Jasminetea

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~~~~; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! Job E  6   20:29, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jasminetea