text:
White-throated toucan

The white-throated toucan (Ramphastos tucanus) is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae found in South America throughout the Amazon Basin including the adjacent Tocantins and Araguaia River drainage. It prefers tropical humid forest, but also occurs in woodland and locally in riverine forest within cerrado.

Taxonomy
The white-throated toucan was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the other toucans in the genus Ramphastos and coined the binomial name Ramphastos tucanus. Linnaeus specified the "habitat" as South America. The type locality was restricted to Suriname by the American ornithologists Ludlow Griscom and James Greenway  in 1937. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ῥαμφηστης/rhamphēstēs meaning "snouted" (from ῥαμφη/rhampē meaning "bill"). The specific epithet tucanus is from the Guarani language and may mean "bonenose".

Subspecies
Three subspecies are recognized by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, and the Clements taxonomy:

BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treats the red-billed toucan as a species R. tucanus and the other two taxa as subspecies of "Cuvier's toucan" R. cuvieri. All three taxa were formerly considered to be three separate species. The red-billed toucan and Cuvier's toucan, which differ principally in the bill colour, interbreed freely wherever they meet and therefore now merit only subspecies status. Some authorities consider the Inca toucan to represent a stable hybrid population between the other two subspecies and do not recognize it as a separate subspecies.

Description
Like other toucans, the white-throated toucan is brightly marked and has a huge bill. It has a total length of 50 –. Body weight is somewhat variable, ranging in adult birds from 425 to 830 g. The male averages slightly larger, at a mass of 642 g, while the female averages 580 g. However, the subspecies R. t. cuvieri is larger, with males averaging 702 g and females averaging 687 g. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 20.4 to 26.5 cm, the bill is 12.2 to 22 cm, the tail is 13.3 to 16.8 cm, and the tarsus is 4.5 to 5.6 cm. The only species of toucan that surpasses the white-throated in size is the toco toucan, however the R. t. cuvieri subspecies of white-throated toucan appears to perhaps be even heavier than the Toco species.

It has black plumage with a white throat and breast bordered below with a narrow red line. The rump is bright yellow and the crissum (the area around the cloaca) is red. The bare skin around the eye is blue. The bill has a yellow tip, upper ridge and base of the upper mandible, and the base of the lower mandible is blue. The rest of the bill is mainly black in R. t. cuvieri and mainly reddish-brown in R. t. tucanus, with intergrades showing a mixed coloration. Males are larger and longer-billed than females, but otherwise the sexes are alike.

Juveniles are noticeably shorter-billed, more sooty-black, and have duller plumage.

The white-throated toucan of the race cuvieri is virtually identical to the related channel-billed toucan of the race culminatus, but the latter is smaller and has a proportionally shorter bill with a more strongly keeled culmen. The call is often the best distinction between the species. White-throated has a yelping eeoo, hue hue, whereas channel-billed has a croaking song.

Behaviour
Small flocks or more commonly pairs of birds move through the forest with a heavy, rather weak, undulating flight, rarely flying more than 100 m at a time. This species is primarily an arboreal fruit-eater, but will also take insects, lizards, eggs, and small birds.

Breeding
The 2–4 white eggs are laid in an unlined cavity high in a decayed section of a living tree, or in an old woodpecker nest in a dead tree.

Both sexes incubate the eggs for at 14–15 days, and the toucan chicks remain in the nest after hatching. They are blind and naked at birth, with short bills, and have specialised pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. They are fed by both parents, and fledge after about 6 weeks. The parents continue feeding the juveniles for several weeks after they have left the nest.

Aviculture
White-throated toucans (specifically the red billed subspecies) are sometimes kept as pets. However, like the chestnut-mandibled toucan they are considered to be noisy, when compared to other frequently kept toucans such as the keel-billed toucan and toco toucan. It is illegal to take toucans or any other protected wild bird species from their natural habitat.

Status
The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy, and so has assessed the "red-billed" and "Cuvier's" toucans separately. The "red-billed" was for a time treated as Vulnerable, but since 2021 has been treated as being of Least Concern. However, "The primary threat to this species is accelerating deforestation in the Amazon basin" and "is also suffering from hunting pressure and from trapping for the pet trade". In contrast, "Cuvier's" has always been assessed as being of Least Concern, and no immediate threats have been identified.

The white-throated toucan is listed in CITES Appendix II.

title: White-throated toucan


text: Category:Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Angola

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Northern Bay Sands

Northern Bay Sands is a popular beach and campgrounds in Northern Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. In 1775, a ship supposedly crashed off the coast of the beach due to the Great Hurricane of 1775. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century the beach was used as a site for gutting, cleaning and salting fish in the small-boat cod fishery. After Confederation, the beach became a provincial park.

Tourism at the park – which presently has upwards of 50 campsites – steadily increased over the next few decades. In 1997, a majority of provincial parks in Newfoundland and Labrador were privatized.

The beach is frequented by many tourists between Victoria Day weekend (May 24) and Labour Day weekend in September. In the past there were music festivals, with a large one called The Beach Bash, that took place at least once a summer at the park. Presently, The Beach Bash and other festivals are no longer held and the stage where musicians performed for the festival has been removed. Coincidentally, the current owner and operator of the beach is Neal O'Leary, the independent Newfoundland musician who first started The Beach Bash.

Northern Bay Sands has two freshwater pools on the northern end of the beach and the majority of its campsites on the southern end. There are two bars, a laundromat, a café and a take-out restaurant within walking distance of the beach.

title: Northern Bay Sands


text:
Abel Chivukuvuku

Abel Epalanga Chivukuvuku (born November 11, 1957) is an Angolan politician and leader of the Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola electoral alliance (CASA-CE). Previously, as a long-time member of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), he served as the Chief of UNITA's Parliament from October 1998 to September 2000.

Margarida Chivukuvuku, wife of Pedro Chivukuvuku, gave birth to Abel in Luvemba, Huambo Province in 1957. His parents enrolled him in Dondi Mission, Bela Vista elementary school and Huambo National Secondary School. He joined UNITA in 1974 and its armed wing, the Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola, in 1976. Chivukuvuku became UNITA's representative to the rest of Africa in 1979. He later served as Angola's representative to Portugal and the United Kingdom. He returned to Angola and ran in the 1992 parliamentary elections. He sustained wounds in the ensuing Halloween Massacre. MPLA police arrested him, holding him until 1997. He did not take sides in UNITA's factional disputes in the 1990s and his fellow parliamentarians elected him Chief of UNITA's Parliament in October 1998. He served until September 2000. Later, beginning in 2004, he served as a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Angola.

In 2012, Chivukuvuku left UNITA and founded the Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola electoral alliance (CASA-CE), which became one of the main contenders in the 2012 legislative election, winning 6% of the votes.

title: Abel Chivukuvuku


text:
Maximilian of Lorch

Saint Maximilian of Lorch (also: Maximilian of Celeia, Latin: Maximilianus) (died 12 October 288) was a missionary in the Roman province of Noricum. He was martyred in AD 288.

Maximilian was born in Celeia in the Roman province of Noricum (in present-day Slovenia). As an adult, he made a pilgrimage to Rome. Pope Sixtus II sent him to Lauriacum (Lorch) in the Roman province of Noricum, where he worked as a missionary during the latter half of the third century. He founded the church of Lorch. Maximilian was beheaded by the Roman Prefect of Emperor Numerian after refusing to abandon Christianity and sacrifice to the pagan gods. He is remembered on 12 October (and in some locations on 29 October).

His cult dates at least from the eighth century. In that century, Saint Rupert built a church in his honour at Bischofshofen in the Salzach valley, and brought his relics there. They were later transferred to Passau in 985.

title: Maximilian of Lorch


text:
Robert J. Gaffney

Robert J. Gaffney (born February 26, 1944 ) was the sixth County Executive of Suffolk County, New York. First elected in 1991, he served through 2003. He was president of Dowling College from 2006 to 2010.

Born and educated in New York City, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Business from Fordham University School of Business in 1965 and a J.D. from Fordham University School of Law in 1969. After working as a Special Agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Gaffney moved to Suffolk County in 1973. There he practiced law, concentrating in the areas of real property, litigation, corporate and commercial law.

Gaffney was a member of the New York State Assembly (4th D.) from 1985 to 1991, sitting in the 186th, 187th, 188th and 189th New York State Legislatures. He served as the ranking Republican member of the Real Property Tax Committee and the Committee on Corrections, as well as the Assembly Standing Committees on Codes, Higher Education, Environmental Conservation and the Judiciary. He also co-chaired the Assembly Republican Task Force on Crime Victims' Rights.

During his three terms as Suffolk County Executive, Gaffney was President of the New York State Association of Counties from 1994 to 1995 and President of the New York State County Executives Association from 1995 to 1996. He served on the New York Metropolitan Transportation Coordinating Committee from 1992 to 2003. As an adjunct professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, he taught Public Policy and Administration in the Graduate School of Political Science from 2000 to 2003. From 2004 until his appointment at Dowling in 2006, he was a partner at the Long Island law firm of Meyer, Suozzi, English & Klein, P.C.

In 2004, he was elected a Trustee of Dowling College. He became President of Dowling College on October 1, 2006. He has also served on the boards or committees of Central Suffolk Hospital and the Long Island Housing Partnership. In 2005, Gaffney was appointed by Governor George Pataki to the New York State Commission on Healthcare Facilities in the 21st Century.

title: Robert J. Gaffney


text:
Computational Intelligence (journal)

Computational Intelligence Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on artificial intelligence and computer science. The journal published novel research as well as innovative applications in a broad range of AI, covering Computational Intelligence is an artificial intelligence journal publishing novel research on a broad range of experimental and theoretical topics in AI and computer science. With a broad scope, the journal covers machine learning, knowledge mining, web intelligence, AI language, and philosophical implications.

The journal was established in 1985 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell. Currently, the editors-in-chief is Diane Inkpen.

The quality of the journal as an academic publishing venue is evaluated according to public citation impact metrics. in 2022, the Computational Intelligence Journal CiteScore of Scopus was 5.3, while Clarivate's Web of Science gives it 0.39 in the Journal Citation Indicator and 2,8 in the Journal Impact Factor.

title: Computational Intelligence (journal)


text:
Nafees Iqbal

Mohammad Nafees Iqbal Khan (মোহাম্মদ নাফিস ইকবাল খান; born 31 January 1985), better known as Nafees Iqbal, is a former Bangladeshi international cricketer. He played as a right-handed opening batsman, and was a part-time right-arm medium pace bowler.

Biography
Nafees Iqbal Khan was born to footballer Iqbal Khan and mother Nusrat Iqbal Khan, in the port city of Chittagong. His paternal Khan family is a prestigious family in the city, migrated from Bihar. Nafees Iqbal is the elder brother of Tamim Iqbal and the nephew of former Bangladesh captain Akram Khan, who both played Test cricket for Bangladesh.

Career
He represented Bangladesh U19 team in youth level and captained the national side at the 2002 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.

He rose to limelight and prominence after scoring a hundred (118 off 168 balls) for Bangladesh A against the touring England team in 2003–04 and he was disparaging towards the England spinners which he faced, commenting their spinners as "ordinary". His comments drew more press attention than his batting. He also played for Bangladesh during the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy.

His only Test century came in January 2005, one which aided Bangladesh towards their first-ever series victory, 1–0 against Zimbabwe. However he couldn't achieve better milestones like his brother Tamim Iqbal during his short playing career and was dropped from the national team in 2006 following a string of poor scores. His last international match came in April 2006 which was a test match against Australia. In 2020, one of the friends of Nafees Iqbal revealed that Tamim Iqbal's success was primarily due to the sacrifice of his older brother Nafees.

In 2016, he was appointed as team manager of Khulna Titans in the Bangladesh Premier League. Nafees was recruited in by the management team of the Mumbai Indians for the 2018 Indian Premier League season as a translator for his fellow Bangladeshi seamer Mustafizur Rahman. His role as a translator was also credited in the 2019 Netflix original webseries Cricket Fever: Mumbai Indians.

Personal life
He is the elder brother of cricketer Tamim Iqbal and the nephew of former cricketer Akram Khan. On 20 June 2020, he was reportedly tested positive for COVID-19 and has been kept in self isolation at his residence in Chittagong.

title: Nafees Iqbal


text:
Abdul Hamid Lahori

ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd Lāhūrī (died 1654) was a 17th-century traveller and historian during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahān who later became a court historian for the emperor. He wrote the Pādshāh-nāma, the official chronicle of the Shah Jahān's reign. He has described Shah Jahān's life and activities during the first twenty years of his reign in this book in great detail. Infirmities of old age prevented him from proceeding with the third decade, which was later chronicled by Muḥammad Wārith, his pupil.

Biography
Not much is known about the biographical details of ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Lāhūrī, except that he was a Punjabi Muslim born and raised in Lahore, hence his nisbah Lāhūrī.

A brief collection of ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd's letters with his prolegomenon is considered his early work. In his advanced age, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd retired to Patna, from where he was summoned by Shah Jahān to write official chronicle of his reign on the recommendation of his grand vizier Nawab Saʿdallāh Khan, as emperor wanted someone who could emulate the style of Akbar-nāma of Abū l-Faḍl which he greatly admired. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd commenced his work in 1642, and completed first two volumes by 1648. Old age compelled him to cease writing and entrust remaining work to his student Muḥammad Wārith (d. 1680), who completed the Pādshāh-nāma. He died on 14 May 1654, as recorded by Amal-i Salih of Moḥammad Ṣāleḥ Kanbōh, another court writer.

Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal, the world-renowned monument was built and completed by the end of 1653 or early 1654 in the 17th-century. Therefore, the 350th anniversary of Taj Mahal actually occurred around 1994. More than 20,000 workers toiled for years to build the majestic Taj Mahal with four slender minarets. It was built by the heartbroken Mughal emperor Shah Jahān in memory of his second wife, Empress Momtāz Maḥall, who had died in childbirth. Shah Jahān's official chronicler ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd writes that the construction began six months after Empress Momtāz Maḥall's death which was on 17 June 1631.

ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd also calls the glass pieces of the Sheesh Mahal of the Agra Fort as glass pieces "Shish-i-Halebi" because Haleb is the Arabic name of Aleppo (Syria) which was the main centre for manufacturing these glass pieces. To build a strong foundation of this grand mausoleum known as the Taj Mahal, a network of wells was laid down along the river line and the wells were filled with stones and other solid materials.

Works

 * Bádsháh-Náma of 'Abdu-L Hamíd Láhorí Packard Humanities Institute
 * Bádsháh-Náma of 'Abdu-L Hamíd Láhorí Packard Humanities Institute
 * Bádsháh-Náma of 'Abdu-L Hamíd Láhorí Packard Humanities Institute
 * Bádsháh-Náma of 'Abdu-L Hamíd Láhorí Packard Humanities Institute

title: Abdul Hamid Lahori


text:
SCORE! Educational Centers

'''SCORE! Educational Centers (commonly SCORE!'''), was owned by Kaplan, Inc., which is a subsidiary of Graham Holdings Company, and was a United States provider of customized supplementary education and one-on-three tutoring services for children in kindergarten through ninth grade. SCORE! offered materials in multiple subjects, including reading, mathematics, language arts, and writing. In 2009, all SCORE! centers were closed or converted to Kaplan centers.

At its height, SCORE! had over 165 centers in twelve states, including California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Virginia, and also in the District of Columbia, and in Israel.

Overview
SCORE! employs distinguished and unique methods of helping students meet various academic goals, as described below:

Positive reinforcement
SCORE! employed methods of positive reinforcement to help students set and achieve academic goals. After ten-minute computer lessons, called "learning workouts", students obtained SCORE! cards, small magnetic squares emblazoned with the SCORE! logo, which were earned for scoring over 70% on a lesson or making basketball shots. Students saved these cards at home or redeemed them for prizes (balls, Disneyland tickets, etc.). Because students spent most of their time at the computer, basketball shots broke up the lessons and allowed students to let out active energy. Shots were awarded for doing well on lessons or completing a full hour of lessons. The SCORE! coaches also awarded students with high fives. With help from their SCORE! coaches, students set long-term goals in an academic subject, measured against national curriculum standards. Students tracked their long-term progress on the "SCORE! Mountain" located in the learning center—a "goal program that rewards completion, helping students to set and pursue academic goals: students attained bronze, silver, gold, and even 'top of the mountain' goals when they completed a certain number of sessions, advancing them up a wooden mountain to the summit." Positive reinforcement was a strong part of the corporate culture, as documented in Harvard Business School Case Studies in 1999 and 2000.

Personalization in educational software
By developing a retail business model to deliver educational software for a monthly fee, SCORE! made available to individual consumers access to a large personalization software system that was originated by Stanford professors, Patrick Suppes and Richard C. Atkinson, and was previously only available to select schools and the Education Program for Gifted Youth. In 1963, IBM had established a partnership with Stanford University's Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences (IMSSS), directed by Suppes, to develop the first comprehensive CAI elementary school curriculum which was implemented on a large scale in schools in both California and Mississippi. In 1967 Computer Curriculum Corporation (CCC, now Pearson Education Technologies ) was formed to market to schools the materials developed through the IBM partnership. As a student worked on the CCC software, the system learned the user's strengths and weaknesses and created customized lessons based on criterion-referenced testing that produced on a personalized profile for each student. The instructional design, based on automated personalization, was considered innovative in the early 1990s, compared to the traditional classroom model of instruction where students would cover educational material together at the same pace. Based on computer-generated progress reports that CCC measured against national curriculum standards, typical students at SCORE! who worked for six months, or forty computer-hours, increased the equivalent of approximately two years in a classroom in math or reading.

Startup years: 1992-1996
Company founder, Alan Tripp, a graduate of Stanford University, opened the first SCORE! Educational Center in Palo Alto, California, in November 1992, and hired the company's first two Directors, Kai Drekmeier and Ingrid Stabb, who helped Tripp further develop the SCORE! concept and company culture throughout the startup years. In the summer of 1993, Stabb opened the second center in Menlo Park, California, established profitability for the first time for the SCORE! center business model, and addressed customer attrition issues in the model by developing SCORE! Mountain.", the company's first long-term customer loyalty program for the students with a reporting system for their parents. Drekmeier opened the third center in Los Altos, California, beginning a period of rapid growth for the company. SCORE!'s early success was attributed to personalized educational software provided by Computer Curriculum Corporation (CCC), the corporate culture fueled by energetic SCORE! coaches, and the loyalty business model. Glenn Tripp, Alan Tripp's brother, joined the company and opened the sixth center, in San Jose, California in 1994. Glen Tripp soon joined the executive management team and helped lead the company to further successes and operational efficiencies. Other professionals who played early leading roles in shaping the start-up company in 1993 and 1994 included (in alphabetical order) Ben Besley, James Cleveland, Gail Derecho, Allison Don, Sarah Hainstock, David Hannigan, Rich Kelley, Thomas Layton, Elizabeth Phythian, and Ann Smith.

After 1995, the company expanded its cadre of center directors and SCORE! coaches and grew to 19 centers serving thousands of students throughout California. With a chain of prime retail locations secured, the firm sought to increase revenue per center by investing in two new services: SCORE! Learning Adventures and Personal Academic Tutoring. In 1996 CCC decided not to sign an exclusive licensing agreement with SCORE! and instead awarded licensing to Kaplan. This limited SCORE!'s ability to expand, as the initial deal only allowed Alan Tripp to expand to eight more centers. In order to bypass this limit, on 17 April 1996, Kaplan acquired SCORE! in a deal worth less than US$10 million. In 1999, Tripp went on to found another educational services business, InsideTrack focused on coaching college students.

A decade of national expansion: 1997-2006
Once owned by Kaplan, Inc., the company expanded to over 165 locations in eleven states at its height. The division moved its headquarters from San Francisco, CA to Jack London Square in Oakland, CA. By 2005, the learning centers had helped more than 250,000 students since it first opened its doors in Palo Alto, CA. By 2006, the centers served 82,000 students per year. The division headquarters moved again to Chicago, IL.

Decline and demise: 2007-2009
In 2007 Kaplan and SCORE! released SCORE! Mountain Challenge Workbook Series and interactive companion.

The same year, likely due to continued weak results in revenue, Kaplan made the decision to close 75 Score! centers, nearly half of the total 160 centers as of the end of 2007, eliminating entirely the regions in San Diego, Orange County, Texas, and Georgia among other centers in the remaining regions. The closures were focused primarily on centers that solely offered only one of Score!'s programs (either the Advantage Program or the Personal Academic Tutoring program.) The company restructuring resulted in certain management and terminating certain employees from closed centers. The remaining centers offered both programs to increase revenue opportunities. By the end of the year, Score! operated 80 centers in eight states.

Score revenues declined 41% in the first quarter of 2009, and operating losses at Score increased from $3.7 million in the first quarter of 2008 to $17.6 million in the first quarter of 2009, inclusive of restructuring charges. At the end of March 2009, the Washington Post Company approved a plan to offer tutoring services, previously provided at Score, in Kaplan test prep centers. In conjunction with this plan, 14 existing Score centers will be converted into Kaplan test prep centers and the remaining 64 Score centers will be closed. The plan is expected to be substantially completed by the end of the second quarter of 2009. Washington Post recorded $11.5 million in asset write-downs, severance and accelerated depreciation of fixed assets in the first quarter of 2009, including a $9.2 million write-down on Score's software product. Additional operating losses of approximately $19.2 million are expected to be recorded during the remainder of 2009; these estimated losses are related to the wind-down period of the 64 Score centers to be closed, including $15.0 million related to lease obligations, severance and accelerated depreciation of fixed assets. Poor upper regional management and internal weak structures eventually led to a class action lawsuit for violating labor laws brought on by Score! employees which settled out of court for an undisclosed amount.

References and external sources

 * Seels, B. (1989). The instructional design movement in educational technology. Educational Technology, May, 11–15.
 * Niemiec, R.P. & Walberg, H.T. (1989). From teaching machines to microcomputers: Some milestones in the history of computer-based instruction. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 21(3), 263–276.
 * Wyatt, Edward, "A Learning Center Thrives, and Profits, in a Poor Locale" The New York Times, December 22, 1999.
 * Mayes, Erin, "Private tutorial center opens to serve students in Cambrian area" The Campell Reporter, April 18, 2001.
 * "Pearson Education Technologies launches concert" Heller Report on Educational Technology Markets, December 1, 2002.
 * Sherwood, Emily, Ph.D. "Helping Students Climb the Learning Curve: From Base Camp to Summit with Kaplan’s Tutoring Company, SCORE!" Education Update Online, May 2007.
 * Adler, Christine, "New Workbook Series Aims at Avoiding the Academic 'Summer Slide'" NYMetroParents, October 13, 2007.

title: SCORE! Educational Centers


text:
Natasha Desborough

Natasha Desborough (born 21 June 1974, Wimbledon, London) is a radio presenter, author, DJ, and radio and television producer. She has written three books: Parental Advisory Manual, Weirdos Vs Quimboids and Weirdos Vs Bumskulls.

Early life and education
Desborough attended Reigate College, Reigate, Surrey, from 1990 to 1993.

Career
She started her music career as Programme Controller for Crystal Palace's own radio station, Palace Radio 1278AM, where she was responsible for producing, scripting and coordinating the station's programming. From there she moved to Invicta FM, in Kent.

She then moved to the alternative music station in 2003, Xfm London where she fronted the late night Chill Out Room before moving onto then the Breakfast Session alongside celebrity guests such as Iain Lee from RI:SE. During her time there, she also co-presented the Sunday morning show, writing and co-presenting with Perrier Award nominated comedian Jimmy Carr.

Desborough is also a radio producer, having produced all her own shows on XFM.

Desborough left BBC 6 Music on 28 September 2008.

TV Appearances
Her appearances on TV have included
 * "The Richard & Judy Show" (Channel 4)
 * "Top 100 Singles" (Five)
 * "Liquid News" (BBC Three)
 * "Celebrities Behaving Badly" (Sky)
 * She has narrated "Army Wives" for Channel 4, "California Escorts" and "Real Sex" for Channel Five. She has been the voice of campaigns for the BBC, Hit 40 UK, HMV, Sony, MTV, Doc Martens, Tampax and Cadbury's.

Personal life
Natasha lives in Croydon with her husband Jim, and sons Oscar and Wilfie.

Books

 * Desborough, Natasha, Parental Advisory Manual, Bantam Press, Oct 2009. ISBN 978-0-593-06418-4

title: Natasha Desborough


text: Category:Bakersfieldians

title: Category:Bakersfieldians


text:
User:Iceirz

so..far outtie..tired.... gota start making this thing...this pinhole thing..god dammit just tired..overdrafting..i just need a place for..expressions..if that makes sense..i am sick of having to put all that in my heart and deep inside..its just killing me

xanga is exposed..then we have nothig left..

exams soon~ just hate it when i have to put in 100% with 50% or less in return..i duno whats gona happen next..i just know its all so blurry,,

its funny..how life hasnt changed much for me in general..everything is the same from how there were in hk..but what differs is the setting..,&^^^ lolz..its just funi..

title: User:Iceirz


text:
User talk:Joycean

Finnegan's Wake
Hello: saw your edits on FW. Hopefully we can polish that article up real nice...--Gaff talk 07:26, 15 October 2005 (UTC) By the way...welcome!

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Gaff talk 07:30, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Joycean


text:
Talk:Desorption

desorption in pharmaceutical application

The "Types of desorption" section is obviously refering to some specific application of desorption, rather than the general phenomenon of desorption the article discuss. I suggest this is pointed out, so that it is specifically stated what kind of application that are listed.MigB (talk) 17:12, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Desorption


text:
Rotaliida

The Rotaliida are an order of Foraminifera, characterized by multilocular tests (shells) composed of bilamellar perforate hyaline lamellar calcite that may be optically radial or granular.

In form, rotaliid tests are typically enrolled, but may be reduced to biserial or uniserial, or may be encrusting with proliferated chambers. Chambers may be simple or subdivided by secondary partitions; the surface is smooth, papillate, costate, striate, or cancellate; the aperture is simple or with an internal toothplate, entosolenian tube, or hemicylindrical structure; it may have an internal canal or stolen systems.

Rotaliids are primarily oceanic benthos, although some are common in shallower estuarine waters. They also include many important fossils, such as the nummulitids.

Taxonomy
The Rotaliida are now divided into the following superfamilies: • order Rotaliida Delage & Hérouard, 1896

• * suborder Globigerinina Delage & Hérouard, 1896

• ** superfamily Globigerinitoidea Bermúdez, 1961

• ** superfamily Globigerinoidea Carpenter et al., 1862

• ** superfamily Globorotalioidea Cushman, 1927

• ** superfamily Globotruncanoidea Brotzen, 1942 †

• ** superfamily Guembelitrioidea Montanaro Gallitelli, 1957

• ** superfamily Hantkeninoidea Cushman, 1927

• ** superfamily Heterohelicoidea Cushman, 1927

• ** superfamily Planomalinoidea Bolli et al., 1957 †

• ** superfamily Rotaliporoidea Sigal, 1958 †

• * superfamily Acervulinoidea Schultze, 1854

• * superfamily Annulopatellinoidea Loeblich & Tappan, 1964

• * superfamily Asterigerinoidea d'Orbigny, 1839

• * superfamily Bolivinitoidea Cushman, 1927

• * superfamily Bolivinoidea Glaessner, 1937

• * superfamily Buliminoidea Jones, 1875

• * superfamily Cassidulinoidea d'Orbigny, 1839

• * superfamily Chilostomelloidea Brady, 1881

• * superfamily Delosinoidea Parr, 1950

• * superfamily Discorbinelloidea Sigal, 1952

• * superfamily Discorboidea Ehrenberg, 1838

• * superfamily Eouvigerinoidea Cushman, 1927 †

• * superfamily Fursenkoinoidea Loeblich & Tappan, 1961

• * superfamily Glabratelloidea Loeblich & Tappan, 1964

• * superfamily Loxostomatoidea Loeblich & Tappan, 1962

• * superfamily Nonionoidea Schultze, 1854

• * superfamily Nummulitoidea Blainville, 1827

• * superfamily Orbitoidoidea Schwager, 1876 †

• * superfamily Planorbulinoidea Schwager, 1877

• * superfamily Pleurostomelloidea Reuss, 1860 †

• * superfamily Rotalioidea Ehrenberg, 1839

• * superfamily Serioidea Holzmann & Pawlowski, 2017

• * superfamily Siphoninoidea

• * superfamily Turrilinoidea Cushman, 1927

• * family Murrayinellidae Holzmann & Pawlowski, 2017

title: Rotaliida


text:
Rotaliacea

The Rotaliacea (sensu Sen Gupta, 1999) is a superfamily of mostly benthic foraminifera in the order Rotaliida.

title: Rotaliacea


text:
Touch Too Much

"Touch Too Much" is a song by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released on their 1979 album Highway to Hell, their last with lead vocalist Bon Scott, who died the following year.

Overview
The song was performed by Scott and AC/DC on BBC music show Top of the Pops, 12 days before his death. This episode, dated 7 February 1980, was repeated by BBC Four on 19 February 2015, the 35th anniversary of Scott's death.

The band had earlier recorded another song with vastly different words and music entitled "Touch Too Much", but the song was never released. That track would eventually see the light of day in 1997 when it was included in Volts, part of the band's Bonfire box set.

The cover of the single in many territories was released with the band photograph flipped horizontally, incorrectly showing the Youngs and bassist Cliff Williams as playing left-handed.

The music video was live rehearsal performance from If You Want Blood Tour 1978-1979, along with "Walk All Over You" on the Family Jewels DVD compilation.

Prior to joining AC/DC on the Rock or Bust World Tour, Axl Rose said this was his favourite AC/DC song. The song was first performed live on 22 May 2016 in Prague.

Reception
Cash Box called it "high voltage rock...with Bon Scott's gritty vocals and Angus Young's scrappy lead guitar work," and praised the hook.

Personnel

 * Bon Scott – vocals
 * Angus Young – lead guitar
 * Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Phil Rudd – drums

Cover versions

 * Serbian hard rock band Cactus Jack recorded a version on their live cover album DisCover in 2002.

title: Touch Too Much


text: User talk:81.72.100.86

title: User talk:81.72.100.86


text:
Kaichū type submarine

The Kaichū type submarine (海中型潜水艦) submarines were double-hulled medium-sized submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The name was derived from the Kaigun-shiki Chū-gata Sensuikan (海軍式中型潜水艦).

Several variants existed. From 1934 to 1944, the K6 type (Ro-33 Class) and the K7 type (Senchū, Ro-35 Class) were built. They were equipped with a 76.2 mm L/40 gun and four 53 cm torpedo tubes for ten type 95 Long Lance torpedoes.

Most of these submarines were destroyed in combat, suffering from Allied anti-submarine warfare measures, and only JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-50 survived the war.

Class variants
The Kaichū type submarines were divided into seven classes:
 * Kaichū I (海中1型（呂一一型）)
 * Kaichū II (海中2型（呂一三型）)
 * Kaichū III (海中3型（呂一六型）)
 * Kaichū IV (海中4型（呂二六型）)
 * Toku-Chū/Kaichū V (特中型/海中5型（呂二九型）)
 * Kaichū VI (海中6型（呂三三型）)
 * Sen-Chū/Kaichū VII (潜中型/海中7型（呂三五型）)

Kaichū I (Ro-11 class)
Project number S7. In 1910s, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) bought a license of Schneider-Laubeuf design submarine. The IJN used the design as model and built the S Type (Schneider Type) submarine, the JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-9 and JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-10. The Kaichū I is the submarine which jumboized the S Type submarines.
 * Boats in class

Kaichū II (Ro-13 class)
Project number S18. The Kaichū II had an increased range compared with the Kaichū I, and the turning torpedo tubes were removed.
 * Boats in class

Kaichū III (Ro-16 class)
Project number S18. Their project number was the same as in the Kaichū II type submarine, however their performance was improved.

 * Boats in class

Kaichū IV (Ro-26 class)
Project number S18A. Improved model from the Kaichū III type.
 * Boats in class

Kaichū V (Toku-Chū, Ro-29 class)
Project number S18B. They were built for the commerce raiding role. The IJN official designation of these boats was Special Purpose-Medium Type submarine (特中型潜水艦).
 * Boats in class

Kaichū VI (Ro-33 class)
Project number S30. They were planned as a prototype for a mass production submarines in the wartime under the Maru 1 Programme.
 * Boats in class

Kaichū VII (Sen-Chū, Ro-35 class)
Project number S44. The final design in the Kaichū series. They were equipped with a Freon air-conditioner, because the IJN took into consideration that they were to be active on the equator area too. The official IJN designation of these boats was Medium Type submarine (中型潜水艦), also called for short, Medium Type (中型) or Submarine-Medium Type (潜中型).

The IJN planned to build these boats under the following Naval Armaments Supplement Programmes:
 * 9 boats in the Maru Rin Programme (Boat # 201 - 209)
 * 12 boats in the Maru Kyū Programme (Boat # 385 - 396)
 * 15 boats in the Maru Tui Programme (Boat # 640 - 654)
 * 43 boats in the Kai-Maru 5 Programme (Boat # 5181 - 5223)

However some of the boats were cancelled and their naval budgets, materials and staffs were transferred to the I-201 class submarines.

 * Boats in class

title: Kaichū type submarine


text:
Ashish Bagai

Ashish Bagai (born 26 January 1982) is a former cricketer and captain of the Canada national cricket team. He was a right-handed batsman who specialised as a wicket-keeper.

Early life
He studied at St. Columba's School during his brief stay in Delhi, India. He moved to Canada at the age of 11.

Early years
His first taste of cricket came in the inaugural Under-15s Cricket World Cup in 1996, in which he was voted the tournament's best wicket-keeper. He had the highest batting average in the Under-19s World Cup in January – February 2000. Going to the 2002 Under-19s World Cup, his batting was invaluable, securing a tie with Bangladesh.

He has since become a face of the Canadian cricket team. He played 62 One Day Internationals, more than any other Canadian player. He made his ODI debut in the 2003 World Cup against Bangladesh.

Despite his permanent position in the Canadian ODI team, he missed the 2005 ICC Trophy, though he did play the 2001 tournament, the highlight of which was an innings that took the Canadians to victory over the UAE after spending a night in hospital due to being hit in the face when keeping.

He holds the Canadian record for highest ODI score after his unbeaten 137 in a losing cause against Scotland. In that same ODI he set a record in One Day International cricket for facing the most number of balls in an ODI innings when batting at number three position (172). He added 100 runs for 4th wicket with Asif Mulla which was the first ever century stand for Canada in an ODI.

2011 World Cup
Bagai captained the Canadian team during the 2011 Cricket World Cup and made 64 not out against Kenya off 97 balls as Canada won their first match of the tournament. This was the second World Cup win Canada had registered. Against New Zealand in the following ODI he scored 84 off 87 balls and he shared a 100+ partnership with Jimmy Hansra. However Canada lost by 70 runs as New Zealand managed to score 358 in the first innings.

title: Ashish Bagai


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tammy Dymarcik

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted. DS 13:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Tammy Dymarcik
nom&vote delete. nn. vanity bio. Gaff talk 07:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sinitic languages

The Sinitic languages, often synonymous with the Chinese languages, are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute a major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is frequently proposed that there is a primary split between the Sinitic languages and the rest of the family (the Tibeto-Burman languages). This view is rejected by some researchers but has found phylogenetic support among others. The Macro-Bai languages, whose classification is difficult, may be an offshoot of Old Chinese and thus Sinitic; otherwise, Sinitic is defined only by the many varieties of Chinese unified by a shared historical background, and usage of the term "Sinitic" may reflect the linguistic view that Chinese constitutes a family of distinct languages, rather than variants of a single language.

Population
Over 91% of the Chinese population speaks a Sinitic language. Approximately 1.52 billion people are speakers of the Chinese macrolanguage, of whom about three-quarters speak a Mandarin variety. Estimates of the number of global speakers of Sinitic branches as of 2018–2019, both native and non-native, are listed below:

Languages

Dialectologist Jerry Norman estimated that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible Sinitic languages. They form a dialect continuum in which differences generally become more pronounced as distances increase, though there are also some sharp boundaries. The Sinitic languages can be divided into Macro-Bai languages and Chinese languages, and the following is one of many potential ways of subdividing these languages. Some varieties, such as Shaozhou Tuhua, are hard to classify and thus are not included in the following briefs.

Macro-Bai languages
This is a language family first proposed by linguist Zhengzhang Shangfang, and was expanded to include Longjia and Luren. It likely split off from the rest of Sinitic during the Old Chinese period. The languages included are all considered minority languages in China and are spoken in the Southwest. The languages are: All other Sinitic languages henceforth would be considered Chinese.
 * Bai
 * Cai-Long: Caijia, Longjia, Luren

Chinese
The Chinese branch of the family is classified into at least seven main families. These families are classified based on five main evolutionary criteria: The varieties within one family may not be mutually intelligible with each other. For instance, Wenzhounese and Ningbonese are not highly mutually intelligible. The Language Atlas of China identifies ten groups: with Jin, Hui, Pinghua, and Tuhua not part of the seven traditional groups.
 * 1) The evolution of the historical fully muddy  initials
 * 2) The distribution of rimes across the four tone qualities, as conditioned by voicing and aspiration of initials
 * 3) The evolution of the checked  tone category
 * 4) The loss or retention of coda position plosives and nasals
 * 5) The palatalisation of the  initial  in front of high vowels
 * Mandarin
 * Jin
 * Yue
 * Hakka
 * Min
 * Wu
 * Hui
 * Gan
 * Xiang
 * Pinghua and Tuhua

Mandarin
Varieties of Mandarin are used in the Western Regions, the Southwest, Huguang, Inner Mongolia, Central Plains and the Northeast, by around three-quarters of the Sinitic-speaking population. Historically, the prestige variety has always been Mandarin, which is still reflected today in Standard Chinese. Standard Chinese is now an official language of the Republic of China, People's Republic of China, Singapore and United Nations. Re-population efforts, such as that of the Qing dynasty in the Southwest, tended to involve Mandarin speakers. Classification of Mandarin lects has undergone several significant changes, though nowadays it is commonly divided as such, based on the distribution of the historical checked tone: as well as other lects, which do not neatly fall into these categories, such as Mandarin Junhua varieties.
 * Northeastern
 * Beijing (sometimes considered part of Northeastern)
 * Jiaoliao (sometimes "Peninsular")
 * Jilu (sometimes "Northern")
 * Central Plains (or "Zhongyuan")
 * Lanyin (sometimes "Northwestern" and considered part of Central Plains)
 * Jin (often considered a top-level group due to the Language Atlas of China)
 * Southwestern (sometimes "Upper Yangtse")
 * Jianghuai (or "Lower Yangtze", sometimes "Huai", "Southern" or "Southeastern")

Varieties of Mandarin can be defined by their universally lost -m final, low number of tones, and smaller inventory of classifiers, among other features. Mandarin lects also often have rhotic erhua rimes, though the amount of its use may vary between lects. Loss of checked tone is an often cited criterion for Mandarin languages, though lects such as Yangzhounese and Taiyuannese show otherwise.

Northeastern and Beijing Mandarin
Northeastern Mandarin is spoken in Heilongjiang, Jilin, most of Liaoning and northeastern Inner Mongolia, whereas Beijing Mandarin is spoken in northern Hebei, most of Beijing, parts of Tianjin and Inner Mongolia. The two families' most notable features are the heavy use of rhotic erhua and seemingly random distribution of the dark checked tone, and generally having four tones with the contours of high flat, rising, dipping, and falling. Northeastern Mandarin, especially in Heilongjiang, contains many loanwords from Russian. Northeastern Mandarin lects can be divided into three main groups, namely Hafu (including Harbinnese and Changchunnese), Jishen (including Jilinnese and Shenyangnese), and Heisong. Notably, the extinct Taz language of Russia is also a Northeastern Mandarin language. Beijing is sometimes included in Northeastern Mandarin due to its distribution of the historical dark checked tone, though is listed as its own group by others, often due to its more regular light checked tones.

Jilu Mandarin
Jilu Mandarin is spoken in southern Hebei and western Shandong, and is often represented with Jinannese. Notable cities that use Jilu Mandarin lects include Cangzhou, Shijiazhuang, Jinan and Baoding. Characteristically Jilu Mandarin features include merging the dark checked into the dark level tone, the light checked into light level or departing based on the manner of articulation of the initial, and vowel breaking in tong rime series' checked-tone words, among other features.

Jilu Mandarin can be classified into Baotang, Shiji, Canghui and Zhangli. Zhangli is of note due to its preservation of a separate checked tone.

Jiaoliao Mandarin
Jiaoliao Mandarin is spoken in the Jiaodong and Liaodong Peninsulae, which includes the cities of Dalian and Qingdao, as well as several prefectures along the China-Korea border. Like Jilu Mandarin, its light checked tone is merged into light level or departing based on the manner of articulation of the initial, though its dark checked is merged into the rising. Its initial  terms are pronounced with a null initial (apart from open  rime series  finals), unlike the  of Northern and Beijing Mandarin.

Based on, for example, the pronunciation of the palatalized initial, Jiaoliao Mandarin can be divided into Qingzhou, Denglian and Gaihuan areas.

Central Plains and Lanyin Mandarin
Central Plains Mandarin is spoken in the Central Plains of Henan, southwestern Shanxi, southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, as well as most of Shaanxi, southern Ningxia and Gansu and southern Xinjiang, in famous cities such as Kaifeng, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xuzhou, Xi'an, Xining and Lanzhou. Central Plains Mandarin lects merge the historical checked tones with a lesser muddy and clear  initial together with the rising tone, and those with a fully muddy  initial are merged with the light level tone.

Lanyin Mandarin, spoken in northern Ningxia, parts of Gansu, and northern Xinjiang, is sometimes grouped with Central Plains Mandarin due to its merged lesser light and dark checked tones, though it is realised as a departing tone.

Subdivision of Central Plains Mandarin is not fully agreed upon, though one possible subdivision sees 13 divisions, namely Xuhuai, Zhengkai, Luosong, Nanlu, Yanhe, Shangfu, Xinbeng, Luoxiang, Fenhe, Guanzhong, Qinlong, Longzhong and Nanjiang. Lanyin Mandarin, on the other hand, is divided as Jincheng, Yinwu, Hexi, and Beijiang. The Dungan language is a collection of Central Plains Mandarin varieties spoken in the former Soviet Union.

Jin
Jin is spoken in most of Shanxi, western Hebei, northern Shaanxi, northern Henan and central Inner Mongolia, often represented by Taiyuannese. It was first proposed as a lect separate from the rest of Mandarin by Li Rong, where it was proposed as lects in and around Shanxi with a checked tone, though this stance is not without disagreement. Jin varieties also often has disyllabic words derived from syllable splitting (分音詞), through the infixation of.

As per the Language Atlas by Li, Jin is divided into Dabao, Zhanghu, Wutai, Lüliang, Bingzhou, Shangdang, Hanxin, and Zhiyan branches.

Southwestern Mandarin
Spoken in Yunnan, Guizhou, northern Guangxi, most of Sichuan, southern Gansu and Shaanxi, Chongqing, most of Hubei and bordering parts of Hunan, as well as Kokang of Myanmar and parts of northern Thailand, Southwestern Mandarin speakers take up the most area and population of all Mandarinic language groups, and would be the eighth most spoken language in the world if separated from the rest of Mandarin. Southwestern Mandarinic tends to not have retroflex consonants, and merges all checked tone categories together. Except for Minchi, which has a standalone checked category, the checked tone is merged with another category. Representative lects include Wuhannese and Sichuanese, and sometimes Kunmingnese.

Southwestern Mandarin tends to be split into Chuanqian, Xishu, Chuanxi, Yunnan, Huguang and Guiliu branches. Minchi is sometimes separated as a remnant of Old Shu.

Huai
Huai is spoken in central Anhui, northern Jiangxi, far western and eastern Hubei and most of Jiangsu. Due to its preservation of a checked tone, some linguists believe that Huai ought to be treated as a top-level group, like Jin. Representative lects tend to be Nanjingnese, Hefeinese and Yangzhounese. The Huai of Nanjing has likely served as a national prestige during the Ming and Qing periods, though not all linguists support this viewpoint.

The Language Atlas divides Huai into Tongtai, Huangxiao, and Hongchao areas, with the latter further split into Ninglu and Huaiyang. Tongtai, being geographically located furthest west, has the most significant Wu influence, such as in its distribution of historical voiced plosive series.

Yue
Yue Chinese is spoken by around 84 million people, in western Guangdong, eastern Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau and parts of Hainan, as well as overseas communities such as Kuala Lumpur and Vancouver. Famous lects such as Cantonese and Taishanese belong to this family. Yue Chinese lects generally possess long-short distinctions in their vowels, which is reflected in their almost universally split dark-checked and often split light-checked tones. They generally also tend to preserve all three checked plosive finals and three nasal finals. The status of Pinghua is uncertain, and some believe its two groups, Northern and Southern, should be listed under Yue, though some reject this standpoint. Yue is generally split into Cantonese (which itself contains Yuehai, Xiangshan, and Guanbao), Siyi, Gaoyang, Qinlian, Wuhua, Goulou (which includes Luoguang), Yongxun and the two Pinghua branches. Siyi is generally agreed to be the most divergent, and Goulou is believed to be the one which is closest related to Pinghua.

Hakka
Hakka Chinese is a direct result of several migration waves from Northern China to the South, and is spoken in eastern Guangdong, parts of Taiwan, western Fujian, Hong Kong, southern Jiangxi, as well as scattered points in the rest of Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi and Hainan, along with overseas communities such as in West Kalimantan and Bangka Belitung Islands in Indonesia, by an estimated total of 44 million people. Some believe that Hakka is closely related to other groups, such as Gan, Yue, or Tongtai. Hakka varieties generally have no voiced plosive initials and preserve the historical initial  as an n-like sound.

Hakka can be divided into Yuetai, Hailu, Yuebei, Yuexi, Tingzhou, Ninglong, Yuxin and Tonggui. Meizhounese is often used as the representative variety of Hakka.

Min
Min Chinese is a direct descendant of Old Chinese, and is spoken in Chaoshan and Zhanjiang of Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, most of Fujian and parts of Jiangxi and Zhejiang, by around 76 million people. Due to significant amounts of migration, many people in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong are also able of speaking Min varieties. Lects such as Teoswa, Hainanese, Hokkien (incl. Taiwanese) and Hokchiu are all Min varieties.

Since Min descended from Old Chinese rather than Middle Chinese, it has some features that would be out of place in other varieties. For instance, some words with the initial  are not affricates in Min. This, interestingly, has led to many languages, such as Occitan, Inuktitut, Latin, Māori and Telugu, loaning the Sinitic word for 'tea'  with a plosive. Min varieties also have a very large number of words with literary pronunciations.

Min can primarily be split into Coastal and Inland Min varieties. The former contains the Southern Min branches of Quanzhang (Hokkien), Chaoshan (Teoswa), Datian and Zhongshan, the Eastern Min branches of Houguan and Funing, Qionglei Min, as well as Puxian Min, whereas the latter includes Northern, Central and Shaojiang Min. Shaojiang Min acts as a transitional area between Min, Gan, and Hakka.

Wu
Wu Chinese is spoken in most of Zhejiang, Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, parts of southern Anhui and eastern Jiangxi by around 82 million people. Many large cities in the Yangtze Delta, such as Suzhou, Changzhou, Ningbo and Hangzhou, use a Wu variety. Wu varieties generally have a fricative initial in their negators, a three-way plosive distinction, as well as a checked coda preserved as a glottal stop, except for Oujiang lects, where it has become vowel length, and Xuanzhou. Shanghainese, Suzhounese and Wenzhounese are usually used as representatives of Wu. Wu Chinese varieties generally have a massive number of vowels, which rivals even North Germanic languages. The Dondac variety has been observed to have 20 phonemic monophthongal vowels, according to one analysis.

Qian Nairong divides Wu into Taihu (or Northern Wu), Taizhou, Oujiang, Chuqu and Wuzhou. Northern Wu is further divided into Piling, Suhujia, Tiaoxi, Linshao, Yongjiang, and Hangzhou, though Hangzhou's classification is unclear.

Hui
Huizhou Chinese is spoken in western Hangzhou, southern Anhui and parts of Jingdezhen, by around 5 million people. It is identified as a top-level group by the Language Atlas, though some linguists believe in other theories, such as it being a Gan-influenced Wu variety, due to an identifiable basis of Old Wu features. Hui varieties are phonologically diverse, and some features are shared with Wu, such as the simplification of diphthongs. Hui can be divided into Jishe, Xiuyi, Qiwu, Jingzhan and Yanzhou branches, with Tunxinese and Jixinese being representatives.

Gan
Gan Chinese is spoken in northern and central Jiangxi, parts of Hebei and Anhui and eastern Hunan, by 22 million people, sometimes believed to be related to Hakka. Gan varieties tend to not palatalize terms with the initial  and have an f-like initial in closed  and  initial  terms, among other features.

Gan can also be divided into Northern and Southern groups. The Northern group was formed during the Tang dynasty, whereas the Southern group was developed based on Northern Gan. The Language Atlas sees Gan divided into Changdu, Yiliu, Jicha, Fuguang, Yingyi, Datong, Dongsui, Huaiyue, and Leizi branches. Nanchangnese is often chosen as the representative. Shaojiang Min is identified to be influenced or even closely related to Fuguang Gan.

Xiang
Xiang Chinese is spoken in central and western Hunan and nearby parts of Guangxi and Guizhou by an estimated 37 million people. Due to migrations, Xiang can be split into New and Old Xiang groups, with Old Xiang having fewer Mandarin-influenced features. Xiang varieties have universally lost their checked codas, but the majority of them still have a unique preserved checked tone contour. Most also have a three-way plosive distinction, like Wu varieties.

One way of dividing Xiang varieties sees five distinct families, namely Changyi, Hengzhou, Louzhao, Chenxu, and Yongzhou. Changshanese and one of Shuangfengnese or Loudinese are usually taken as Xiang representatives.

Internal classification
The traditional, dialectological classification of Chinese languages is based on the evolution of the sound categories of Middle Chinese. Little comparative work has been done (the usual way of reconstructing the relationships between languages), and little is known about mutual intelligibility. Even within the dialectological classification, details are disputed, such as the establishment in the 1980s of three new top-level groups: Huizhou, Jin and Pinghua, although Pinghua is itself a pair of languages and Huizhou maybe half a dozen.

Like Bai, the Min languages are commonly thought to have split off directly from Old Chinese. The evidence for this split is that all Sinitic languages apart from the Min group can fit into the structure of the Qieyun, a 7th-century rime dictionary. However, this view is not universally accepted.

Points of contention
Like many other language families, Sinitic languages have had problems with classification. The following are a few examples.

Southern China
Traditionally, the lect of urban Hangzhou and New Xiang of eastern Hunan are not considered Mandarin. However, linguists such as Richard VanNess Simmons and Zhou Zhenhe have observed that these two varieties possess more qualifying features of Mandarin languages. For instance, the vowels of the second division of the  initial is often raised and backed in Wu and Xiang, while they are not in Hangzhounese and New Xiang.

Nantongnese has heavy Wu influence, which has led to it also having raised and backed vowels.

Danzhounese and Maihua are both traditionally considered Yue lects. Recent research, however, has noted that these are both are more likely unclassified. Maihua, for example, may be a Yue-Hakka-Hainanese Min mixed language.

Dongjiang Bendihua is spoken in and around Huizhou and Heyuan. Its classification has always been unclear, though the most common standpoint is that it is considered Hakka.

Northern China
The variety spoken in the Ganyu District of Lianyungang is listed as a variety of Central Plains Mandarin in the Language Atlas of China, though its tonal distribution is more similar to Peninsular Mandarin varieties.

Relationships between groups
Jerry Norman classified the traditional seven dialect groups into three larger groups: Northern (Mandarin), Central (Wu, Gan, and Xiang), and Southern (Hakka, Yue, and Min). He argued that the Southern Group is derived from a standard used in the Yangtze valley during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), which he called Old Southern Chinese, while the Central group was transitional between the Northern and Southern groups. Some dialect boundaries, such as between Wu and Min, are particularly abrupt, while others, such as between Mandarin and Xiang or between Min and Hakka, are much less clearly defined.

Scholars account for the transitional nature of the central varieties in terms of wave models. Iwata argues that innovations have been transmitted from the north across the Huai River to the Lower Yangtze Mandarin area and from there southeast to the Wu area and westwards along the Yangtze River valley and thence to southwestern areas, leaving the hills of the southeast largely untouched.

A quantitative study
A 2007 study compared fifteen major urban dialects on the objective criteria of lexical similarity and regularity of sound correspondences, and subjective criteria of intelligibility and similarity. Most of these criteria show a top-level split with Northern, New Xiang, and Gan in one group and Min (samples at Fuzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou), Hakka, and Yue in the other group. The exception was phonological regularity, where the one Gan dialect (Nanchang Gan) was in the Southern group and very close to Meixian Hakka, and the deepest phonological difference was between Wenzhounese (the southernmost Wu dialect) and all other dialects.

The study did not find clear splits within the Northern and Central areas:

 * Changsha (New Xiang) was always within the Mandarin group. No Old Xiang dialect was in the sample.
 * Taiyuan (Jin or Shanxi) and Hankou (Wuhan, Hubei) were subjectively perceived as relatively different from other Northern dialects but were very close in mutual intelligibility. Objectively, Taiyuan had substantial phonological divergence but little lexical divergence.
 * Chengdu (Sichuan) was somewhat divergent lexically but very little on the other measures.

The two Wu dialects (Wenzhou and Suzhou) occupied an intermediate position, closer to the Northern/New Xiang/Gan group in lexical similarity and strongly closer in subjective intelligibility but closer to Min/Hakka/Yue in phonological regularity and subjective similarity, except that Wenzhou was farthest from all other dialects in phonological regularity. The two Wu dialects were close to each other in lexical similarity and subjective similarity but not in mutual intelligibility, where Suzhou was closer to Northern/Xiang/Gan than to Wenzhou.

In the Southern subgroup, Hakka and Yue grouped closely together on the three lexical and subjective measures but not in phonological regularity. The Min dialects showed high divergence, with Min Fuzhou (Eastern Min) grouped only weakly with the Southern Min dialects of Xiamen and Chaozhou on the two objective criteria and was slightly closer to Hakka and Yue on the subjective criteria.

Internal comparison
The following section will be dedicated to comparing non-Bai and non-Cai–Long Sinitic languages. Though all stem from Old Chinese, they have all developed differences with each other.

Writing system
Typographically, the vast majority of Sinitic languages use Sinographs. However, some varieties, such as Dungan and Hokkien, have alternative scripts, namely Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Even between varieties which use Sinographs, characters are repurposed or invented to cover for the difference in vocabulary. Examples include in Yue,  in Hakka,  in Hokkien,  in Wu,  in Xiang, and  in Mandarin. Note that both traditional and simplified characters can be used to write any lect.

Phonology
Phonologically speaking, though all Sinitic languages possess tones, their contours and the total number of tones vary wildly, from Shanghainese, which can be analysed to have only two tones, to Bobainese, which has ten. Sinitic languages also vary wildly in their phonological inventories and phonotactics. Take for instance  seen in Pingdingnese, or   of Xuanzhounese, which both show syllables which do not follow the (single) consonant-glide-vowel-consonant syllable structure of more well-known lects. Tone sandhi is also a feature which not all lects share. Cantonese, for instance, only has a very weak system, whereas Wu varieties not only have complex, intricate systems, which affect almost all syllables, but also uses it to mark for grammatical part of speech. Take for instance, this simplified analysis of Suzhounese tone sandhi:

Grammar
Disregarding phonology, grammar is the feature of Sinitic languages which differ the most. The majority of Sinitic languages do not possess tenses, though exceptions include Northern Wu lects such as Shanghainese and Suzhounese, though it is largely breaking down in Shanghainese due to Mandarin influence. Sinitic languages generally also have no case marking, though lects such as Linxianese and Hengshannese do possess case particles, with the latter expressing it through tone change. Sinitic languages generally have SVO word order and possess classifiers.

Verb usage may be different between Sinitic languages. Notice the double verb marking seen in lects such as Beijingese, in these sentences meaning "today I go to Guangzhou":

Indirect object marking
Sinitic languages tend to vary greatly in how they mark indirect objects. The area which varies tends to be the placement of the indirect and direct objects.

Mandarinic, Xiang, Hui, and Min languages often place the indirect object (IO) before the direct object (DO). Some lects have switched to IO-DO structure due to Mandarin influence, such as Nanchangese and Shanghainese, though Shanghainese also has the alternative word order.

On the other hand, Gan, Wu, Hakka, and Yue languages tend to place the DO in front of the IO.

Classifiers
Like other East Asian languages such as Japanese and Korean, Sinitic languages have a system of classifers, however, use of classifiers vary greatly in features such as definiteness. In Cantonese, for instance, they can be used to mark possession, which is rare in Sinitic while common in Southeast Asia.

and are the most common generic classifiers cross-linguistically. As previously mentioned, Mandarinic languages tend to have fewer classifiers whereas the Southern non-Mandarinic varieties tend to have more.

Demonstratives
Sinitic languages can vary greatly in their system of demonstratives. Standard Mandarin and other Northeastern varieties have a two-way system: (proximal) and  (distal), but this is not the only system found in Sinitic languages.

Wuhannese has a neutral demonstrative, which can be used regardless of the distance to the deictic center. Similar systems are found in Northern Wu lects such as Suzhounese and Ningbonese.

In the above sentence, can be translated as both 'this' and 'that'. Though Wuhannese has this system of a one-term neutral system, it also has a two-way proximal-distal system. This is the same for most other lects with a one-term system.

Even within two-way systems, which is the most common system, terms could have developed to mean the opposite distance from the deitic center. Cantonese (distal) and Shanghainese  (proximal) are both etymologically from, for instance.

Many Sinitic languages have three-way systems, but the three distances are not always the same ones. For instance, whereas Guangshan Mandarin has a person-oriented proximal, medial, and distal system, Xinyu Gan has a distance-oriented close, proximal, and distal system. Gan especially has many varieties with a three-way system, sometimes even marked with tone and vowel length rather than just changing the term used.

A small number of varieties possess even four- or five-term demonstrative systems. Take for instance the following:

These two lects use tone change and vowel length respectively to distinguish between the four demonstratives.

title: Sinitic languages


text:
Nicky Chinn

Nicholas Barry Chinn (born 16 May 1945 ) is an English-American songwriter and record producer. Together with Mike Chapman he had a long string of hit singles in the US and UK in the 1970s and early 1980s, including several international number-one records. The duo wrote hits for the Sweet, Suzi Quatro, Mud, New World, Arrows, Racey, Smokie, Tina Turner, Huey Lewis and the News, Exile and Toni Basil.

Career
Chinn was born in London to an affluent Jewish family that owned a string of service stations and car sales distributorships. As a young man his talent for writing successful pop songs was obvious and within a month or two of his first efforts as a songwriter, Chinn co-wrote with Mike d'Abo the two main songs for the hit film, There's a Girl in My Soup (1970).

It was at this point that Chinn met Australian-born Mike Chapman, who was a waiter at a night club Chinn frequented, and they decided to team up. Chapman was already a professional musician and songwriter with the band Tangerine Peel, and the two quickly joined up with Mickie Most's RAK label. They began writing songs for a new glam rock band, The Sweet, and their compositions accounted for all the singles the band released in their early years.

Chinn's and Chapman's songwriting style was so successful with British and worldwide audiences that Sweet had an uninterrupted string of million-selling hits in the next few years. These included "Co-Co", "Little Willy", "Wig-Wam Bam", "Blockbuster!" "The Ballroom Blitz", "Hell Raiser" and "Teenage Rampage". "Ballroom Blitz" entered the UK Singles Chart at number two – an unusual feat. "Little Willy" and "Ballroom Blitz" both went on to be top five hits in America.

Chinn and Chapman stopped working with Sweet in 1975 but achieved equal success worldwide with Suzi Quatro, for whom they wrote many hits. These included "48 Crash" and the No.1 singles "Can the Can" and "Devil Gate Drive". Chinn and Chapman found their next big success with Mud, who had hits with a number of their compositions between 1973 and 1975, including two number ones in "Tiger Feet" and "Lonely This Christmas". Smokie became Chinn and Chapman's next project and they had a number of hit singles with them between 1975 and 1978 including the worldwide hit "Living Next Door to Alice".

In 1978, the two scored their first number one in the United States with Exile's "Kiss You All Over", and Suzi Quatro's duet with Smokie's lead singer Chris Norman, "Stumblin' In", reached number four in the same year. In 1982 "Mickey" by Toni Basil gave the two their second American number one, and in the mid 1980s they had top ten hits with Tina Turner's "Better Be Good to Me", and Huey Lewis's "Heart and Soul".

1980s–2000s
Chinn and Chapman gradually separated during the early 1980s, finally splitting up in 1983. Chinn's 12-year stint with Chapman had made him co-writer of over fifty Top 40 hits. In 1983 he co-wrote "Dancing in the Dark", a UK hit for Kim Wilde.

During their careers they were recipients of three Ivor Novello Awards for songwriting, including the Jimmy Kennedy award for outstanding career achievement in 1997.

During the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, Nicky Chinn suffered from ill health causing an enforced break in his career. He returned in 2004 and started working with various writers including Jorgen Elofsson, and they wrote "You Must Have Had a Broken Heart" for Westlife's 2006 album Back Home, which went to number one in the UK Albums Chart selling over a million copies.

Chinn now spends time in Nashville, Tennessee, working with many writers there. He co-wrote "Live Like There's No Tomorrow" recorded by Selena Gomez for her 2010 album, A Year Without Rain, which debuted at number 4 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart. The song was also featured in her Disney movie Ramona and Beezus. Also while in Nashville he co-wrote "A Beautiful Life", which was recorded by Donny and Marie Osmond for their 2010 album, Donny & Marie.

Singles

 * 1971:
 * New World: "Tom Tom Turnaround", "Kara, Kara"
 * The Sweet: "Funny Funny", "Co-Co", "Alexander Graham Bell"

 * 1972:
 * Peter Noone: "Shoo Be Doo Ah"
 * New World: "Sister Jane", "Living Next Door to Alice",
 * The Sweet: "Poppa Joe", "Little Willy", "Wig-Wam Bam"

 * 1973:
 * Mud: "Crazy", "Hypnosis", "Dyna-mite"
 * New World: "Rooftop Singing"
 * Suzi Quatro: "Can the Can", "48 Crash", "Daytona Demon"
 * The Sweet: "Block Buster!", "Hellraiser", "The Ballroom Blitz"

 * 1974:
 * Arrows: "Touch Too Much", "Toughen Up"
 * Mud: "Tiger Feet", "The Cat Crept In", "Rocket", "Lonely This Christmas"
 * Suzi Quatro: "Devil Gate Drive", "Too Big", "The Wild One"
 * The Sweet: "Teenage Rampage", "The Six Teens", "Turn It Down"

 * 1975:
 * Mud: "The Secrets That You Keep", "Moonshine Sally" (originally recorded in 1972),
 * Suzi Quatro: "Your Mama Won’t Like Me", "I Bit Off More Than I Could Chew"
 * Smokie: "Pass It Around" "If You Think You Know How to Love Me", "Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me"

 * 1976:
 * Smokie: "Something's Been Making Me Blue", "Wild Wild Angels", "I'll Meet You at Midnight", "Living Next Door to Alice"

 * 1977:
 * Exile: "Try it On"
 * Smokie: "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone", "It's Your Life",
 * Suzi Quatro: "Tear Me Apart"

 * 1978:
 * Exile: "Kiss You All Over", "You Thrill Me"
 * Smokie: "For a Few Dollars More", "Oh Carol"
 * Suzi Quatro: "If You Can't Give Me Love"
 * Suzi Quatro & Chris Norman: "Stumblin' In"
 * Racey: "Lay Your Love on Me"

 * 1979:
 * Exile: "How Could This Go Wrong", "The Part of Me That Needs You Most"
 * Racey: "Some Girls"
 * Suzi Quatro: "Don't Change My Luck", "She’s in Love with You"

 * 1981:
 * Exile: "Heart and Soul"
 * Toni Basil: "Mickey"

 * 1983:
 * Huey Lewis and the News: "Heart and Soul"

 * 1984:
 * Tina Turner: "Better Be Good to Me"

title: Nicky Chinn


text:
Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels

The Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels (異国船打払令) was a law promulgated by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1825 to the effect that all foreign vessels should be driven away from Japanese waters.

An example of the law being put into practice was the Morrison Incident of 1837, in which an American merchant vessel attempting to use the return of Japanese castaways as leverage to initiate trading was fired upon.

The law was repealed in 1842.

title: Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels


text:
Talk:SWE

Ohh Yeah! How He is it lige, when SWE is all over the internet! SWE is HE! And that's the bottom line, fordi Stenkold siger so ! =) Hurra hurra hurra

Official Home of SWE

what?
Is this for real? And why was the use of SWE as a common abbreviation for Sweden removed? :: Salvo (talk) 08:48, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

SWE could be "software engineer"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.83.191.222 (talk) 11:06, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:SWE


text:
Unlimited company

An unlimited company or private unlimited company is a hybrid company (corporation) incorporated with or without a share capital (and similar to its limited company counterpart) but where the legal liability of the members or shareholders is not limited: that is, its members or shareholders have a joint and several non-limited obligation to meet any insufficiency in the assets of the company to enable settlement of any outstanding financial liability in the event of the company's formal liquidation.

Characteristics
The joint and several non-limited liability of the members or shareholders of such an unlimited company to meet any insufficiency in the assets of the company (to settle its outstanding liabilities if any exist) applies only upon the formal liquidation of the company. Therefore, prior to any such formal liquidation of the company, any creditors or security holders of the company may have recourse only to the assets of the company, not those of its members or shareholders.

Until such an event occurs (formal liquidation), an unlimited company is similar to its counterpart—the limited company, in which its members or shareholders have no direct liability to the creditors or security holders of the company during its normal course of business or existence.

Unlimited companies are found in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Nigeria, India, Australia, New Zealand and other jurisdictions where the company law is derived from English law. They can also be found in Germany, France, Macao, Czech Republic and in three jurisdictions in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia), where they are called unlimited liability corporations. In the United Kingdom, the "private unlimited company" is formed or incorporated by registration under the Companies Act 2006, of which there are a few thousand such companies on the register, similar in volume to the public limited company, but in contrast to the millions of private limited companies registered.

An unlimited company has the benefit and status of incorporation, the same as its limited company counterpart. Situations for which an unlimited company will be preferred to an alternative business model or its limited company counterpart include these:
 * secrecy concerning financial affairs is desired, effectively shielding and protecting its financial affairs from public, media and competitor analysis, making them non-public information, including shareholder dividend payments: a United Kingdom unlimited company, unlike its limited company counterpart, is by the very nature of its legal liability generally not required to publish or make public its company financial statements (file its annual financial accounts at Companies House).
 * the company is active or trading in an area where limited liability is not acceptable, vital or practical, but perpetual succession is important.
 * extending, in general, a greater assurance and confidence to creditors and trade financial transactions, in contrast to its limited company counterpart.
 * there is a low risk of insolvency for creditors.
 * the company or its trading activities has or generates sufficient capital, funds or financing without need to approach general lenders such as high-street retail banks.
 * developing more advantageous company and business capital strategies in an ever-increasing irreversible trend of bank disintermediation by companies and their management.
 * a focused higher standard of board of directors and executive management behaviour (or probity) and business model for risk management.
 * a flow-through entity is required for United States federal tax purposes, under the entity classification rules.

Once formed or incorporated, an unlimited company can, in some jurisdictions, also re-register and designate itself to limited company status at any time with few formalities, the same also extending to a limited company, which may at any time re-register and designate itself to unlimited company status.

United Kingdom
An unlimited company in most jurisdictions is not required under company law to add or state the word Unlimited or its abbreviations (Unltd., Ultd., UC or ULC) at the ending of its legal company name, making its formation status not easily recognisable without first reviewing its certificate of incorporation or government registry status. , 10,890 unlimited companies were incorporated in the UK and listed in the publicly available Companies House database.

Notable examples in the United Kingdom include the following:

 * the UK subsidiary of the international retail clothing group C&A (UK company number 00524665)
 * Land Rover (UK company number 04019301), formerly an unlimited company until 4 October 2013
 * GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited (UK company number 01047315), part of GlaxoSmithKline plc
 * The Equitable Life Assurance Society (UK company number 00037038)
 * Credit Suisse International (UK company number 02500199), the United Kingdom investment banking arm of Credit Suisse
 * Ian McEwan, the publishing company of British author of the same name (UK company number 07473219)
 * C. Hoare & Co (UK company number 00240822), England's oldest privately owned bank
 * Coutts & Co (UK company number 00036695), a private bank incorporated in 1692 and now part of NatWest Group
 * The Office of David Cameron (UK company number 10421190), a company for the business affairs of the former UK Prime Minister David Cameron, was incorporated in 2016 as a private limited company but has been an unlimited company since 15 April 2020. )

The directors of an unlimited company are not generally required to file annual accounts.

Ireland
In Ireland, local subsidiaries of a number of American companies have registered as private unlimited companies, enabling them to shield their finances from public disclosure, media and competitor analysis. Janssen Pharmaceutical, a subsidiary of its US parent company Johnson & Johnson, re-registered as an unlimited company to avoid the requirement to file annual financial accounts at the Companies Registration Office (CRO) of Ireland, thereby effectively also protecting a portion of Johnson & Johnson's financial information. A number of Irish European Union subsidiaries of Apple Inc. did the same, such as Apple Sales International and Apple Retail Europe, as have a number of other Irish European Union subsidiaries of American companies, such as Etsy, Google, Dropbox, LinkedIn and Airbnb Ireland UC.

Other regions
Some other global trading companies such as Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited (a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil) and Texaco Overseas (Nigeria) Petroleum Company Unlimited (part of the merged Chevron and Texaco petroleum conglomerates) exist in Nigeria, amongst others. In the USA, another example is the American Express Company, which once was a publicly traded unlimited liability company, re-incorporating itself with limited liability company status only in 1965.

title: Unlimited company


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Five pound electron

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 00:42, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Five pound electron
Trivial result of special relativity
 * Delete. Gazpacho 07:37, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, arbitrary topic. Kappa 07:49, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, trivial, silly. GTBacchus 09:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Interesting, but contextless nonsense. How about an article on the 2.272727kg electron? -- Cactus.man  ✍  09:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete crap --Rogerd 04:55, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This looks like garbaaaage. But are there any expert physicits around to comment on the topic prior to deletion of the stub?--Gaff talk 10:15, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * comment This may well be a good example to include in an article like special relativity, but at the moment I'm unconvinced it's deserving of its own article. I'm also having trouble figuring out what it's saying, because it's lacking enough technical information (which means I'm having trouble believing for sure that it's factually correct information and this isn't a hoax/imaginary item).  For instance, "weight" is just a description of the force due to gravity, so is this saying that the electron's had enough momentum imparted to it that it strikes a target and the impulse in the collision is five pounds of force, or is it saying that the electron's accelerated to such a speed that it has a relativistic mass with regards to the earth (I'm assuming this is going on on earth) that earth's gravity is able to impart 5 pounds of normal force on it?  The Literate Engineer 16:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, now has a happy home on BJAODN. Alphax τεχ 14:43, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's pointless. But good for a laugh.--Vertigo200 16:26, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Shahad

Shahad is a town in the Thane district in Maharashtra state in India. It is located 60 km from Mumbai. Shahad's Pin code is 421103 and postal head office is Shahad.

title: Shahad


text:
Gaythorne, Queensland

Gaythorne is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the, Gaythorne had a population of 3,158 people.

Geography
Gaythorne is located seven kilometres north-west of the Brisbane central business district. It is bounded to the north by Kedron Brook. Gaythorne is situated on the slopes of Enoggera Hill. It shares some streets with the neighbouring suburb of Mitchelton. In the late 1990s it was split from Enoggera, a much larger suburb and they continue to share a postcode. It is a leafy, residential suburb with the dominant architectural style being "Queenslander" architecture. It adjoins the Enoggera Barracks and many of its streets are named after World War I sites.

Public transport facilities include Gaythorne railway station on the Ferny Grove - City line.

History
The suburb takes its name from a property in the area owned by Howard Bliss.

On Saturday 15 May 1915 there was a stump capping ceremony for a new Presbyterian church at Enoggera (as the area was then called). The location was on the corner of Pickering Street and Station Avenue (-27.4185°N, 152.9859°W). In 1926 the church was extended to create a Sunday school. As part of the merger of many of the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational churches into the Uniting Church of Australia in 1977, the church became Gaythorne Uniting Church. However, falling congregation numbers led to a consolidation of Uniting churches in the area, leading to the closure of the former Presbyterian church. Since 2012, it has been used as an early education centre.

In May 1919, subdivided allotments of Rangeview Estate Enoggera were auctioned by Cameron Bros. This area was within the suburb of Enoggera. The map advertising the auction states that the Estate was within 5 minutes' walk away from the Rifle Range Railway Station, now known as Gaythorne Station. In April 1921, the land unsold was re-offered through auctioneers Cameron Bros as "Gaythorne & Rangeview Estates" made up of 53 allotments.

On Saturday 18 April 1924 auctioneers Isles, Love, & Co offered 170 residential lots in the Bellevue Park Estate in Enoggera Heights. It was described as fronting Samford Road and Bellevue Avenue at the junction with Pickering Street (-27.4158°N, 152.9837°W).

All Souls' Anglican church was dedicated on 26 March 1961 by Archbishop Halse and consecrated on 9 March 1975 by Archbishop Arnott. Its closure was approved circa 1986. It was located at 10 Tel El Kebir Street on the corner of Heliopolis Parade (-27.4166°N, 152.9787°W), which is now within the neighbouring suburb of Mitchelton. As at 2020, the building is used as a child care centre.

Demographics
In the, Gaythorne recorded a population of 2,655 people, 51.6% female and 48.4% male. The median age of the Gaythorne population was 31 years of age, 6 years below the Australian median. 80.2% of people living in Gaythorne were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 2.4%, New Zealand 2.2%, India 1.5%, Nepal 0.6%, Philippines 0.5%. 88.2% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 1% Cantonese, 0.8% Mandarin, 0.7% Spanish, 0.6% Punjabi, 0.6% Nepali.

In the, Gaythorne had a population of 3023 people.

In the, Gaythorne had a population of 3,158 people.

Education
There are no schools in Gaythorne but primary and secondary schools are available in neighbouring suburbs Mitchelton and Enoggera.

Amenities
The Queensland Family History Society operates a library at 58 Bellevue Avenue (-27.4153°N, 152.9829°W).

title: Gaythorne, Queensland


text:
Marrara Oval

Marrara Oval (also known as TIO Stadium under naming rights and previously as Football Park) is a sports ground in Darwin, the capital of Australia's Northern Territory. The ground primarily hosts Australian rules football, cricket, and rugby league.

Marrara Oval was opened in 1991. It has a capacity of 12,500 people, making it the largest stadium in the Northern Territory. However, the ground has a record attendance of 17,500, set in 2003 for a football game featuring the Indigenous All-Stars. Marrara Oval has hosted at least one Australian Football League (AFL) game in every season since 2004 and at least one National Rugby League (NRL) game in every season since 2012. The ground has also hosted both Test and One Day International (ODI) cricket fixtures, most recently in 2008.

Australian rules football
Marrara Oval was officially opened to the public on 30 June 1991 as the new home of the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL), and was conservatively estimated as costing $8 million. The first game played under lights at Marrara was a match between Nightcliff and Southern Districts on 9 December 1994. Transport and Works Minister Daryl Manzie officially handed over the lights to the NTFL that day. Installing the lights cost $1.2 million. The light towers were constructed by Darwin firm Norbuilt.

In February 1992, Marrara Oval hosted its first match sanctioned by the Australian Football League (AFL), a preseason Foster's Cup fixture between and  attended by 11,000 people. Further preseason fixtures were hosted at the ground over the next decade, including several Indigenous All-Stars games and a historic match between Essendon Bombers and West Coast Eagles in the AFL 2000 pre-season where Essendon went on to win the Ansett Cup. A 2003 match between the Indigenous All-Stars and Carlton attracted a crowd of 17,500 people, setting a new ground record. The first regular-season AFL match played at Marrara Oval came in round 20 of the 2004 season, when the hosted.

Between 2004 and 2008 a single Western Bulldogs "home" game was played at the ground each season. In 2010, also began to play an annual "home" fixture in Darwin. The Western Bulldogs onsold their 2011 fixture to, but returned for the 2012 and 2013 seasons. Port Adelaide also had a three-year deal with the Northern Territory government and Marrara Oval, in which they would be the "away" team for games at TIO Stadium each year between 2009 and 2012. Since 2014, only one AFL game has been played at Marrara Oval each year. From 2020, will play two home games a year at Marrara Oval, replacing Melbourne.

Marrara Oval has been a secondary home ground of the Adelaide Crows women's team since 2017. In April 2016, the Adelaide Crows launched a successful bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season. The bid was constructed in partnership with AFLNT, with the club to share resources and facilities between its Adelaide base and AFLNT's Darwin location. It included a commitment to host some home games in Darwin.

In 2020, Marrara Oval hosted the annual Dreamtime at the 'G match between and  as it was not possible for the match to be played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground due to the city of Melbourne, and ultimately the state of Victoria, being locked down during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

AFL records

 * Highest team score:
 * 26.8 (164) – vs., 16 May 2024
 * Largest winning margin:
 * 93 points – vs., 13 June 2009
 * Lowest team score:
 * 4.3 (27) - vs., 21 August 2020
 * Most goals kicked:
 * 17 – Brad Johnson

 * Most goals in a game:
 * 5 on nine occasions
 * Brendan Fevola, vs., 18 June 2005
 * Brad Johnson, vs., 16 June 2007
 * Brad Miller, vs., 22 May 2010
 * Paul Stewart, vs., 21 July 2012
 * Jack Darling, vs., 4 July 2015
 * Jack Lukosius, vs., 27 May 2023
 * Jack Lukosius, vs., 3 June 2023
 * Bailey Humphrey, vs., 16 May 2024
 * Jack Lukosius, vs., 16 May 2024
 * Most disposals in a game:
 * 42 – Noah Anderson, vs., 16 May 2024

Cricket
Marrara Oval has hosted top-level international cricket on several occasions. It is sometimes known as Darwin Cricket Ground during these matches. In July 2003, the ground hosted the first Test of a series between Australia and Bangladesh. A One Day International (ODI) game between the same teams was played the following month. In July 2004, a second Test was played, the first of a series between Australia and Sri Lanka. After that, top-level international cricket did not return to Marrara Oval until mid-2008, when the ground hosted a three-ODI series between Australia and Bangladesh.

International centuries
Two Test and One ODI centuries have been scored at the venue.

International five-wicket hauls
Four Test five-wicket hauls have been taken at the venue.

Rugby league
In the National Rugby League (NRL), the Sydney Roosters played host against the North Queensland Cowboys in Round 7 of the 2012 NRL season in front of 10,008 fans. This was the first time Darwin hosted a professional Rugby League game since 1995. The second game at Marrara came in Round 17 of the 2013 NRL season when the Penrith Panthers (who had previously played games in Darwin during the 1990s) defeated the Gold Coast Titans 40–18 in front of 8,050 for what was a Titans home game.

In 2014, the Parramatta Eels, a Sydney-based National Rugby League (NRL) club, announced they would be playing four games at Marrara over the following four years. The first game came on 9 August (Round 22) during the 2014 NRL season when the Eels defeated the Canberra Raiders 18–10 in front of 9,527 fans.

In 2017 Marrara Oval hosted a quarter-final of the 2017 Rugby League World Cup between Australia and Samoa, Australia winning 46–0. It drew a crowd of 13,473, which is the highest rugby league crowd the stadium has ever gotten and the fourth highest overall.

Other events
TIO Stadium has hosted AC/DC for their "Ballbreaker" tour in November 1996, when 13,000 fans and 170 tonnes of equipment packed the ground. Sir Elton John performed for the first time in the Northern Territory, at TIO Stadium on 17 May 2008 as part of his Australian Tour.

Individual
Last updated: 17 May 2024

Attendance records
Last updated on 17 May 2024

title: Marrara Oval


text:
Talk:Whitchurch, Cardiff

Whitchurch hospital
What is the controversy surrounding Whitchurch hospital referred to in the article text? A quick Google suggests:
 * Whitchurch is the largest psychi hospital in Wales
 * Someone is building a leisure centre or a garden village on its site (Is it going, shrinking, gone, what?)
 * BBC: Patient lay dead for 10 hours (2003)
 * BBC: Report questions patients' safety (2004/5)
 * BBC: Family anger at 'needless' deaths (2005)

The last three are all to do with the elderly mental services there. I am not sure that "controversial" is really the right word for the article: that makes it sound as though the controversy is about the existence of the hospital (see second story: does that mean it's going, or a new unit being built on the site of the old one?)

Telsa 07:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:24, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Bale- street art, Whitchurch, Cardiff (27913333605).jpg

Eglwys Newydd
Eglwys Newydd 2400:AC40:61C:6120:288E:28E6:C5C7:C23C (talk) 19:19, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whitchurch, Cardiff


text: User talk:69.216.142.147

title: User talk:69.216.142.147


text:
Talk:Distant signal

Flashing ink
The Norwegian distant signal flashes. The image on Norwegian railway signalling flashes. How does one print the flashing signal. Well, you cannot. Flashing ink does not exist. The image in Norwegian railway signalling should be modified so that it still works on paper, and in black and white.

Tabletop 07:46, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Flashing ink would be quite a treat, but I'm afraid the only solution sounds like two separate images, with visibility depending on whether the media is print or not. Not sure whether this can be easily done! -- JonRoma 18:05, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

The solution is a mixture of things.

Tabletop 10:01, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * label the lamps Y=Yellow G=Green F=Flashing so that the coolur is evident even on a black and white print.
 * make sure that the presence of a lamp is always clear by outlining in a thin white line.
 * continue to use the albeit modified Norwegian railway signalling.

 * Hi, Tabletop.

 * Yes, that is what I had in mind, albeit the convention used within those who work with signalling (professionally as well as enthusiasts) use "FR", "FY" and "FG" for "flashing red", "flashing yellow", and "flashing green". This could be done on the colour image though it could also be a separate one for print only if someone can figure out how to do that!

 * Another nit to pick is that most images of railway signal aspects (on Wikipedia and elsewhere) use pure green (hex value 00FF00), which is not particularly accurate depiction of the colour actually used in the signal lenses. For one, it looks too yellowish and is often difficult to distinguish from that color, particularly when the images are small.  It's probably unnecessary to make the hue exact (particularly with the numerous national variations that would have to be catered for), but a bit more accuracy in the hue would be desirable.  Sorry if I sound overly pedantic here!

 * Still one more question is whether the distant signal page (as well as its home signal counterpart) ought to even delve into the national variations or whether they should simply lay out the fundamental concepts (which are largely the same the world 'round) and then refer the reader to other Wikipedia pages (some of which do not yet exist) on the specific national or regional applications. This might be a long-term goal, once more of those pages exist. Thoughts? -- JonRoma 18:44, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes, you should adjust the hues, and do the other things.

Tabletop 00:28, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Another case of "Do we need this?"
As with home signal, this simply seems to duplicate information from other railway signalling articles. Mangoe 00:12, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Distant signal


text: Category:Netsukuku

title: Category:Netsukuku