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Talk:Irish language/Archive 1

Gaelic
I changed the mention of how the Irish language is not usually called garlic because it can be mixed up with a variant of the language spoken in scootland. The previous wording could have infuriated Irish language speakers by implying that the language could not be called gaelic because of the scottish version, which implicitly suggested the scootish version had 'first call' on the name. Such a claim (and it probably wasn't intentional) would have been like a red rag to a bull in terms of inflaming Irish gaelic speakers. I've toned it down somewhat to give a more accurate explanation why people call the language 'Irish' rather than gaelic in general discourse.

 * For what it's worth, though it is spelled "garlic" in English whether referring to Scots or Irish gaelic, Scots gaelic is pronounced "gall-ic" (rhyming with "shall") and Irish gaelic is pronounced "gay-lic". At any rate, once mangled into a more British accent. PML.

 * Not all Scots pronounce it "gall-ic", many pronounce the two in the same way, "gay-lic"

Pronunciation and spelling of RTE
Just a note to say that ch is pronounced like the Greek χ, rather than a hard 'k' - most people would be familiar with the Scottish example loch Jimregan 13:31 Apr 26, 2003 (UTC)

Please Note Well - RTÉ is spelt "Radio Telifís Éireann," not "Raidió Teilifís Éireann," in real life. These spellings do indeed go against modern stardardised versions, but I have checked this directly with RTÉ, which itself predates standardisation. Please do not change the version as included in the "Irish words commonly used in English" section. -- Kwekubo

 * It is Radio Telefís Éireann not Telifís but the word does not seem to occur in the article anyway.

Shelta
Some mentions should be made of Shelta language, the Irish Traveller's cant based on Irish. I just don't know how to fit it in this long article. Rmhermen 04:41 13 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Shelta (also called Gammon, or simply Cant), has an article. Its similarities to Irish are, as far as I understand, in the language's reversal of letters in Irish words - rodas (door) for doras, laicín (girl) for cailín, and so on. --- Kwekubo

Concern for the language among Irish
From the article:

 * All sides, irrespective of their view on the methodology used by independent Ireland in its efforts to preserve the language, agree that such a loss would be a cultural tragedy of monumental scale.

This might be the politically correct thing to say, but is it actually true? Do people really care enough that they are prepared to do anything about it?--Robert Merkel 00:44 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

From what I can see, yes. Opinions polls have asked people about their attitudes towards Irish. Many admit to hating it because of the way it was taught, but would be horrified if it was lost. Kids in the tens of thousands are sent to all Irish-speaking schools and to the Gaeltacht to learn the language, while almost on principle because of their experience of it, the parents sending the kids don't speak the language even if they actually have a degree of fluency. And most people want the Irish language TV station, TG4 to survive through they don't actually watch it. So people don't want the language to go, but themselves don't want to use it, usually as a reaction to the bullying "by God I'm going to make you speak it" style of teaching they experienced at the hands of the language fanatics. FearÉIREANN 01:48 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that rings true to me. From what I remember of school though, most people hated Irish for the same reasons that people of my father's generation hated Latin - being forced to learn a "dead language". I didn't mind personally, but I really took exception to being forced to use an Irish-ised version of my name - if my parents wanted me to be called "Séamas" they would have named me that. As for the Gaeltacht summer courses; they were great, and for most people they were just a great way of making new friends - the classes were just a necessary evil. And I think TG4 will probably survive, simply because it has a better selection of films (in English) than the other three channels, and because for teenage guys, the female presenters tend to have more visual appeal :) -- Jim Regan 01:31, 28 Aug 2003 (UTC)

You should hear my name as gaeilge. It is a real tongue-twister. I remember when we finished the Leaving cert, we held a ceremonial burning of Peig on a bridge and swore we'd never speak "that fucking language" again. It took me a decade to get over the school experience of it. Now, with school a distant memory and my hair greying by the day (jeez, that makes me sound old, I'm only in my mid 30s, but in the last six months, they grey has been multiplying. I even went blond to see would it be less noticeable than in my 'normal' brown!) I have now forgiven Irish all the headaches it have me and am back caring about the language again and wishing I could speak it again. (Just a thought. I've been going grey for six months. I've been on wiki for just over six months . . . connection??? :-) ) Slan leat. FearÉIREANN 01:45, 28 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Peig was before my time :) The Séamas thing really got to me, especially at the Gaeltacht. It quickly got exaggerated into "Haaaaymwish" and then, inexplicably, into "Haybob". Which caught on. Grr. I actually joined the Irish Society in college, though mainly because a friend started it, and needed support. The only meeting I attended featured about 4 students, all friends of mine, and about 10 members of staff, including the director of the college, who was trying to get us to take part in a céilidh - the last time I'd been at one was in the Gaeltacht, where we spent most of the time trying to hide, to avoid dancing, apart from the 5 facing 5 thing (not Walls of Limerick... umm... dammit!) - there's a part where the couple at the bottom end go through the other couple's arched arms, and we took the opportunity to kick seven shades of shite out of each other. Ah, the memories. Makes me wish I'd written to the people I met there. Oh well. At least I've learned from it, and figured out how to keep in touch with people - so the Gaeltacht taught me something! (apart from the Irish word for sex) -- Jim Regan 00:55, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Jim, the name of the 5 facing 5 dance was Droichead Átha Luain, the Bridge of Athlone. Classic stuff. I still have some embarassing photos of me accompanied by my haircut executing that dance. Ronan

Translation of greeting
Question: "A Chara" is defined as "A friend" (used as salutation to a letter). "Is Mise le Meas" is the ending of a letter but not defined. What mean? User: Mikehill55@AOL.Com 26 Sep 2003

 * Basically "Yours faithfully". "Is mise" means "It's me" or "I am", "le meas" means "with thought", it's implied that the person writing is thinking about the recipient. I hope that was too much information :) -- Jim Regan 00:55, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * "Le meas" here means "with respect". Meabhar 21:37, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, "A Chara" does not mean "A friend" but simply "Friend" - the "A" puts it in the vocative case, which is what you use when calling someone.

re Is mise le meas - a humourous anecdote. In the Dublin-West by-election in 1982, the odds on favourite, Eileen Lemass, dramatically failed to win the seat. Part of the reason was a remarkable campaign run by the opposition Fine Gael party's campaign manager, Jim Mitchell. But she also lost hundreds of crucial votes because hundreds of letters had been sent out to social welfare recipients reducing their social welfare entitlements and signed by the writer Is Mise le Meas. Many of those who received the letters thought they read Mrs. Lemass and blamed her personally for the cutbacks which had nothing to do with her, though they were the work of her party of government, just disastrously timed in the run-up to a sudden by-election that the government had to win. So poor Eileen was faced with irate voters all over the gaelic version of 'yours sincerely'! FearÉIREANN 19:21, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Irish as a Slavic language?
Why is ther not a section on where the Irish language came from? The only mention that I saw, was about it being a slavic language.

 * What??? Where on Earth does it say that Irish is a Slavic language? I'll give you the decendance here: Indo-European family, Celto-Italic branch; Celtic languages; Goidelic family; Irish.

 * I was making reference to this from the page "In Irish, as in many Slavonic languages such as Russian, all consonants are either palatalised, soft..." which seems to imply that Irish Gaelic is Slavonic (?Different from slavic?). You seem to be knowledgeable about etymology. Could you possibly write a section about this, and correct the error if it is one ?
 * -catskul

 * Here's a passage from "The Glories of Ireland", "Irish Language and Letters", by Douglas Hyde (this text is public domain in the US, but it isn't here in Ireland) :

 * "For centuries the Irish and their language were regarded by the English as something strange and foreign to Europe. It was not recognized that they had any relationship with the Greeks or Romans, the French, the Germans, or the English. The once well-known statesman, Lord Lyndhurst, in the British parliament denounced the Irish as aliens in religion, in blood, and in language. Bopp, in his great Comparative Grammar, refused them recognition as Indo-Europeans, and Pott in 1856 also denied their European connection. It was left for the great Bavarian scholar, John Caspar Zeuss, to prove to the world in his epoch-making "Grammatica Celtica" (published in Latin in 1853) that the Celts were really Indo-Europeans, and that their language was of the highest possible value and interest. From that day to the present it is safe to say that the value set upon the Irish language and literature has been steadily growing amongst the scholars of the world, and that in the domain of philology Old Irish now ranks close to Sanscrit for its truly marvellous and complicated scheme of word-forms and inflections, and its whole verbal system.

 * "The exact place which the Celtic languages (of which Irish is philologically far the most important) hold in the Indo-European group has often been discussed. It is now generally agreed upon that, although both the Celtic and Teutonic languages may claim a certain kinship with each other as being both of them Indo-European, still the Celtic is much more nearly related to the Greek and the Latin groups, especially to the Latin.

 * "All the Indo-European languages are more or less related to one another. We Irish must acknowledge a relationship, or rather a very distant connecting tie, with English. But, to trace this home, Irish must be followed back to the very oldest form of its words, and English must be followed back to Anglo-Saxon and when possible to Gothic. The hard mutes (p, t, c) of Celtic (and, for that matter, of Sanscrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Slavonic, and Lithuanian) will be represented in Gothic by the corresponding soft mutes (b, d, g), and the soft mutes in Celtic by the corresponding, hard mutes in Gothic. Thus we find the Irish dia (god) in the Anglo-Saxon tiw, the god of war, whose name is perpetuated for all time in Tiwes-däg, now "Tuesday", and we find the Irish déad in the Anglo-Saxon "toth", now "tooth", and so on. But of all the Indo-European languages Old Irish possesses by far the nearest affinity to Latin, and this is shown in a great many ways, not in the vocabulary merely, but in the grammar, which for philologists is of far more importance,-as, for example, the b-future, the passive in-r, the genitive singular and nominative plural of "o stems", etc. Thus the Old Irish for "man", nom. fer, gen. fir, dat. fiur, acc. fer n-, plur. nom. fir, gen. fer n-, is derived from the older forms viros, viri, viro, viron, nom. plur. viri, gen. plur. viron, which everyone who knows Latin can see at a glance correspond very closely to the Latin inflections, vir, viri, viro, virum, nom. plur. viri, etc."

 * HTH -- Jim Regan 20:51, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems obvious to me that this passage doesn't mean Irish is Slavonic - it is just comparing Irish with the Slavonic languages, of which Russian is an example. Although I don't really see why Russian needs to be mentioned as an example.Matve 21:32, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Irish is definitely not of Slavic origin, it is a Celtic language and thus akin to many languages of Europe e.g. the Germanic, the Romanic, the Slavic and the Baltic ones. The reason for mentioning Irish and Russian within one sentence is simple: It is not about their common Slavic origin, NO, it is about the phonological structure of Irish on the one hand and Russian on the other hand. Why? Because Russian is a very good example of a language where each consonant can have a slender (palatalised) form as well as a broad (hard, non-palatalised) one. The point is: It's exactly the same with Irish. That's why it is said "In Irish, AS in many Slavonic (by the way definitely = Slavic) languages..." It does not say "In Irish, as in A SLAVONIC language..." Ever heard the difference between slender and broad sounds? Listen to some Irish or Russian sentences and You'll hear the striking similarity concerning phonology, certainly not common Slavic ancestory! HTH

 * This lesson in comparative linguistics is truly fascinating. But I think Douglas Hyde might be overstating the position when he claims that "of all the Indo-European languages Old Irish possesses by far the nearest affinity to Latin". It seems plain that Spanish, Italian, French etc. are far closer, even though their grammar has simplified itself over the centuries. TobyJ 19:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Connacht Irish as standard
"Connacht Irish is in many respects the most standard kind of Irish" Is that true? I always thought that the standardised form of Irish was most like Munster Irish. Markcollinsx 16:13, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * That's the thing about standards - you normally get a few to choose from :) -- Jim Regan 20:51, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Modern Irish tends to refer to the decisions and the results of a standardisation from the mid-20th Century, known as "an Chaighdeán Oifigiúil", or "the Official Standard." It is mostly based on Connacht Irish, with a smattering of Munster, and the random murder of dative cases, old spellings and forms, as well as a simplification of verbs. It is associated in the Irish-speaking areas (or should I say former Irish speaking areas, and the minuscule pockets of extant Gaeltachtaí), with "Dublin Irish", something that no native really 'dug.' Also, around the same time the script was changed from a Gaelic script, based on latin letters, to a simple Latin script. Which led to some ill-feeling in the occasional reader, but now most of us accept the script, and much but certainly not all the grammatical changes. Meabhar 21:37, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Gaelic Revival
Does anyone agree that the historical revival of the language shoul be put in the article Gaelic Revival rather than the main article Irish language? and keep the article purely about the languages non-historic characterstics? Djegan 10:37, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Irish the third oldest written language?
Third oldest written language after Latin and Greek???

When Latin and ancient Greek were still spoken nobody was writing in Irish.

Third oldest spoken European language maybe.

 * Again, from "Irish Language and Letters" (see above):

 * "Of all these [Celtic] languages Irish is the best preserved, and it is possible to follow its written literature back into the past for some thirteen hundred years; while much of the most interesting matter has come down to us from pagan times. It has left behind it the longest, the most luminous, and the most consecutive literary track of any of the vernacular languages of Europe, except Greek alone."

 * and

 * "The oldest alphabet used in Ireland of which remains exist appears to have been the Ogam, which is found in numbers of stone inscriptions dating from about the third century of our era on. About 300 such inscriptions have already been found, most of them in the southwest of Ireland, but some also in Scotland and Wales, and even in Devon and Cornwall. Wherever the Irish Gael planted a colony, he seems to have brought his Ogam writing with him."

 * See Ogham -- Jim Regan 20:51, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Strictly speaking, a few Germanic languages came earlier(there are Runes stretching back into the beginning of the first millenium, but they're not particularly interesting). There are also scattered languages which are now extinct(Various celtic languages, Etruscan, Old Italic languages).  If you don't mind, I'll change it to 'The second oldest surviving language with written texts of a reasonable length'.

 * I wouldn't even stretch it to that; I should have made it clear, but I was just trying to provide evidence for the idea that it's the third oldest written language. -- Jim Regan 03:16, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Another dos centavos on this statement—wouldn't persons literate in the Chinese language or, say, the Hebrew language have something to say in this matter? :) --Ryanaxp 17:55, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, not really. None of the Chinese languages are European by any standard, and most certainly not the written form. Hebrew might be considered European in some respect, due to its long usage on the continent, but its origins have nothing to do with Europe whatsoever.

 * (If the matter at hand were "written languages throughout the entire world" there are a number of candidates (almost all of them extinct or dead) that have written forms by far predating both Etruscan, Greek and even Chinese.) -- Rasmus Hellgren 10:55, Aug 31, 2005 (UTC)

Cupla focal
I have heard that cupla focal ("couple of words") is a term used for ceremonial use of Irish. The speaker salutes or says something in Irish and then goes on with an English speech. Is it so?

 * No, I wouldn't call that a term as such. It's just that

 * It's used regularly in English to describe someone who has some Irish, but is not a native speaker. Or for use the occasional use of Irish in conversation. as in "He is a great man for the cupla focal. Filiocht | Blarneyman 09:03, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * But it's also used to refer to the few official words at the beginning of a speech in the Dáil.

Status in the European Union
What is the status of Irish in the EU? Is Irish interpretation or translition provided by the European institutions?

 * Irish is a Treaty language, which means that high level legislation has to be provided; I think Irish has no other status in the EU, though this is only because no Irish government has insisted upon it. Evertype 17:27, 2004 Jul 4 (UTC)

 * It also means that one can write to EU institutions in Irish and expect a response in the same language. And Eamon Ó Cuiv, the minister with responsibility for Irish, has seen a request submitted to the EU that Irish be made a full working language. The treaty language concept was more or less created for the case of Irish because the government didn't insist upon it bein made fully official when Ireland joined the EEC. --Kwekubo 23:56, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

=
From Wikki: Languages of the EU :

Although the Irish language had not been one of the official working languages of the European Union prior to 13 June 2005, it is the Republic of Ireland's first official language, and has minority-language status in Northern Ireland. Since the Republic of Ireland's accession to the European Economic Community (now the European Union) in 1973, EU treaties have been published and authenticated in Irish - as an official treaty language - as well as the EU official languages, and one has been able to make written submissions to Union institutions in Irish.

On 13 June 2005, following a unanimous decision by EU foreign ministers, it was announced that Irish will be made the 21st official language of the EU but a derogation stipulates that not all documents have to be translated into Irish as is the case with the other official languages. [8] The decision means that legislation approved by both the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers will now be translated into Irish, and interpretation from Irish will be available at European Parliament plenary sessions and some Council meetings. The new arrangements will come into effect on 1 January 2007.

The cost of translation, interpretation, publication and legal services involved in making Irish an official EU language has been estimated at just under €3.5 million a year. The derogation will be reviewed in four years and every five years thereafter.

Consistent Style
It would be nice if all the Irish was italic and the English translations of the examples was in quotes. It's a bit of both at the moment. Some IPA/SAMPA would be good too.

I might even do some of this. :)

Moilleadóir 00:44, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Optimistic estimate of number of speakers?
Hate to say this, but ceapaim go bhfuil nios lu na 40,000 daoine sa tir ag baint usaid as an Gaeilge gach la. The figure for the number of people that use Irish daily needs to be revised downwards (I've seen recent figures of about 15-25,000, tops.) --Ce garcon 06:28, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * According to the CSO there are 1,570,894 irish speaking people in the state, may be this figure is grossly inflated but should it not be inclued as a fact? --Happy ga 14:26, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be interesting to see what the criteria are used on the census as it appears just to be a matter of deciding weither or not you wish to tick a box, and could be that simple to define yourself as "Irish speaker". Thus as this type of ability is a attribute rather than a variable, and these things are difficult to measure in absolute terms in a meaningful way (i.e. breath of use, grammer, knowledge, expression,... as venacular are the only meaning full things) and any such figures should be taken as a pinch of salt. To be balanced their seams to be an endless que of people who claim to speak or have knowledge of Irish - in reality on and economic and social level the language is rarely used as a living language, in my experience. Djegan 18:00, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

From an optimistic 40,000 we went down to as low as 10,000, which is exaggerated imo, but now it is claimed that there are as many as 70,000 first language users... Either this is propaganda and based on nothing, or previous counts have been very wrong. Can someone explain this to me? Caesarion 09:50, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

I've read that there's 85,000 people in the official Gaeltachts, and not everyone there speaks Irish daily. I also read in the Irish Independant that there's 64,000 people in the Gaeltacht using it daily, up from 63,000 last year. I've included the 64,000 figure. - User:Dalta

 * Who... if true, this is probably the best news I heard about an endangered language in ages... Caesarion 09:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The most recent figure is seventy or eighty thousand native speakers in the Republic, of which thirty thousand in the Gaeltacht. Besides, lots of Irish-Americans of Gaeltacht birth come home after a career in American working life and revert back to their native language. At least two of them are now Irish-language writers of some fame, Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé and Colm Ó Ceallaigh.

POV or not?
The following sentence was removed as POV, and then restored as "the universal view of academics", which seems very unlikely to me.
 * In contrast to English as spoken in England, Hiberno-English offers a greater range of expression.

If someone can provide a source of a single linguist making this claim in a peer-reviewed publication, we can put it back in as that academic's view (but certainly not "the universal view"). Otherwise it should not be included. --Angr/comhrá 04:44, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems unlikely to me too, unless in the trivial sense that any dialect can be seen as supplemental to any given speaker's idiolect, and thus more providing extra expressivity. (And it's a fuzzy issue, I sometimes get confused as to where "Scots" stops and where "Scottish English" begins, likewise I'm sure the odd Cork/HEism is sneaking in there too (so).)  Alai 07:10, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is perfectly correct. Read Terence Dolan's A Dictionary of Hiberno-English for evidence. The Irish language had many more words for something than is found in modern English. (Many of the variables that used to exist in Old English have dropped out of usage, making modern British English quite restrictive linguistically.) Hiberno-English combines the greater variation in Irish words, suitably anglicised, with modern English expressions, and also with some surviving from Old English. Some Hiberno-Englishisms have now made it into British English (for example, galore, from the Irish go leor) but the nature, complexity and range of alternative expressions available in HE make Ireland the preferred location ahead of England for foreigners to come to learn English. For example, whereas BE has the word idiot HE has idiot and ejjit (with the latter being in effect a 'complete idiot'). Indeed it can be made stronger by calling someone a "right eejit which manages both to call someone and idiot and add a note of distain, contempt, sarcasm and ridicule that the BE word idiot' doesn't come close to mirroring. For example someone who left a car, unlocked, with its keys in it, in an area where there was a crime wave, and had it nicked, could be slated, sarcastically as "he was a right ejjit to do that".

 * Other examples include adding the suffix een to a word to further stress the word. So a small girl can be called a girleen.

 * Some HE terms are direct translations from Irish, and directly disobey linguistic structure in BE. For example, I do be here every day, through wrong in BE, is right in HE. It is a direct translation of the Irish phrase ''Bím anseo gach lá.

 * Another example is the word bowsie, meaning a 'quarrelsome drunk' or sometimes a 'right bastard'.

 * Writers famous for their use of HE are Roddy Doyle, Sean O'Casey and James Joyce. Fear ÉIREANN[[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|25px]] (talk) 15:26, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting as this information is, it does not provide an ounce of evidence that Hiberno-English is more expressive than British English. This is one of those claims that just doesn't mean anything in scientific terms. Sorry. Matve 21:32, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Matve. It is a fact well-known to all linguists that no language variety spoken by normal human beings has more (or less) expression than any other. All humans use language to express what they need/want to express, and, where a language is lacking (eg where children are brought up in certain--rare--linguistically impoverished environments), speakers will creatively expand it to meet their needs. Anything you can say in one language can be said in any other, although it is true that where one language has one word another language may need to use several (or many...), and each language locks its speakers in to particular ways of expressing things. Okay, end of rant! Dougg 08:04, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Why fight over H.E. in a page about Irish? Bolak77 21:44, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Irish-speaking communities in Argentina and Canada?
Can anyone confirm that, as stated in the info box, there is a small community of Irish speakers in Argentina? I've never heard this and suspect someone was confusing Irish with Welsh. I don't doubt there are people in Argentina who can speak Irish, but that's not the same thing as a community of speakers. --Angr/comhrá 08:45, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

I have the same question about Newfoundland. Can anyone tell me which towns had Irish speaking communities?

Irish Hermit 03:35, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

The Irish language in Newfoundland was (and is to a lesser degree) primarily spoken in towns along the Irish shore of the Avalon Peninsula, namely Ballyhack, St. Bride's, Trepassey, Ferryland, Patrick's Cove, St. Mary's and Skibereen.

Jcmurphy 03:35, 11 June 2005 (UTC)

Indeed, as far as my search can determine there were never any communities of Irish speakers known in either Argentina or Newfoundland (other than perhaps modern-day learners of Irish as a secondary language), and the assertion that there were such communities is probably an erroneous crossover from Welsh. In my editing of this article today I removed these assertions accordingly. --Ryanaxp 17:48, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Argentina was a much more prosperous country in the 19th century than it is today and was after the US England and Canada one of the most popular destinations for Irish emigrants - at least thats what I remember hearing once. Anyway, the following link seems to bear that out. A short story in Joyces Dubliners (Think its called Eveline)is about a girl who has second thoughts about eloping there. It's possible that some usage of the languange has survived I suppose. Surely its as likely as any survival of welsh in Argentina. I'm not knowledgeable enough to tamper with the article but the link is: http://www.ite.ie/nua/argentina.pdf

The Irish language was historically spoken in parts of the Irish shore of Newfoundland in the early 20th century, and is still sporken by a small percentage of the population. See Newfoundland Irish for more info. There are no Welsh speakers in all of Newfoundland. --User:Bmpower 17:28, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Quite interesting; that's a community I was never aware of. Thank you for the clarification. —Ryanaxp 17:36, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Removal of Newfoundland again
On looking into the matter further, it seems Newfoundland does not currently have any Irish-speaking communities. The external link provided at the bottom of Newfoundland Irish simply discusses previous use of Irish in Newfoundland, but does not in any way establish such a community existing within the current century. Accordingly, I once again removed Newfoundland from the list of "spoken in" countries in the article. —Ryanaxp 22:27, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you want to get areas wheres its -actually- spoken as a first language, and not as a con for the gaeltacht grants, you'll want to remove most of Ireland from that to. From a gaeltacht, can't speak Irish to save my life, same goes for most of my island... --Kiand 22:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Mura féidir leat Gaeilge a labhairt chun do bheatha a shábháil, cén fáth a bhfuil an lipéad "ga-2" ar do lch úsáideora? ;-) --Angr/undefined 06:09, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, but that's a whole 'nother kettle of fish. There's little doubt a shockingly honest map of truly Irish-speaking areas in Ireland would encompass an area approximately equivalent to a few soccer fields strung together; but at least there's likely to be one or two old codgers left in your "gaeltacht" who can jaw about the price of socks to each other in the language. On the other hand, I doubt there's been anyone running around who speaks Newfoundland Irish for at least the past five decades, based on what I read in the article at the bottom of the page. —Ryanaxp 22:42, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I got all curious about this subject, so I went hunting through the Newfoundland census from 2001. Turns out, there were about ten people whose native tongue was Gaelic in Newfoundland four years ago. It seems to me that while there may not be communities of Irish speakers, there must at least be some speakers of the language kicking around -- the people for whom it was their mother tongue, if nothing else. --Carlaxs 22:51, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

It is said that there are over 50,000 Irish speakers in Canada, and living in Toronto I know personally at least 20. (DDoyle)
 * Said by whom? Does that include learners who just have a cúpla focla? --Angr/undefined 05:49, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

EU
Since Irish has been made an officail working lang should the eu be listed in the box of offical Langs. --Happy ga 13:04, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Which box? On this page, or on an EU page elsewhere? Evertype 17:29, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * I have added it with the note "as from jan 1 2007". thats the official working date, but isnt it an official lanuage since the middle of june this year? Change if necessary. Ablaze 08:47, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gaeltachtaí? No...
I've reverted the Irish name for the Gaeltacht back to English. People can go to Gaeltacht to see what the Irish name is. ℬ astique▼ talk 00:55, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Correction. In my ignorance, I reverted the plural to singular.  Now it's simply Gaeltacht regions.  I hate putting accents in English words and will avoid it at all costs.  Call me naïve, but I have a resumé to uphold.  ℬ astique▼ talk 00:57, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It is, of course, résumé. Evertype 22:28, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

NO problem. Gaeltachtaí is used in English so is perfectly OK. I inadventently hit the wrong page for reversion. But I could revert my reversion because you had done so ahead of me. Mea Culpa. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 05:10, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think we're okay keeping Gaeltachtaí, though Gaeltachts is also acceptable as a plural. --Angr/undefined 05:32, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anti Nationalist claims
''However, from the early 1960s onward the elite increasingly, and wrongly, blamed nationalist ideology, including the Irish language. In the 1970s and 1980s, after fighting broke out in Northern Ireland, the elite sought to distance the Republic of Ireland from the conflict and counter sympathy for the oppressed northern nationalists by launching a fanatical anti-nationalist onslaught.'' & ''Many see this as a deliberate attempt by anti-nationalist politicians to wipe out the language. ''

Any evidence supporting any of this? Parts of the first quote and all the second quote sounds like a gaeilge loving zealot. I also found a few of the sentences in that section quite offensive, like the one where it was implied that jobs should be created only for irish speakers, in gaeltacht area's, purely to keep the language alive. I find that insulting as a tax payer, an irishman, and I dont doubt fluent/native irish speakers would find it deeply offensive that people would suggest they should be given sop jobs purely so they would move to gaeltacht area's. -Bastion 10:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Fine Gael have been seen as anti-nationalist at the time but to be honest the reduced prominance of the language at this time was probabily more due to economic and social realities of Ireland been more exposed to the international scene rather than a vast right wing conspiracy. Personally i think some one is playing the poor mouth (to use an Irish derived phrase) with this one. Djegan 17:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The quoted paragraph is possibly one of the worst I've ever read on Wikipedia. If people want to listen political rants then they can go to an Ard Fheis! -Bryan 01/08/05

 * Bastion wrote:

...sounds like a gaeilge loving zealot...
 * Hey, don't insult us Gaeilge-loving zealots by associating us with this kinda shlock. Our propaganda's generally of a much higher refinement. —Ryanaxp 20:37, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

What is the intelligence level here if Gaeltachtaí has to be anglicised as "Gaeltachts" for fear of confusing the Béarlóirí? Then again, maybe that's just the pretence and it has more to do with certain minds not being happy until everything Irish is stripped and they can feel less intimidated by our difference. No doubt if they could change Marseille, Toulouse, Lyon and every other non-English language area on earth into English they would try that as well. These are the same mentalities who ask me "What's you proper name?" because my name is in Irish, and Irish alone, on every single official document which I possess. Ah yes; all roads lead to England and English culture.

 * While I myself am a "Gaeilge-loving zealot" (thanks to Bastion for coining this phrase, which I've found quite apt) and sympathize with the sentiment you expressed, I would also note that this is, of course, the English edition of Wikipedia. Therefore, anglicizing of some foreign words, where they may confuse English-speakers not familiar with the source language, would seem appropriate (although I've no strong opinion one way or the other on this particular word).  As you may know, on the Irish language edition of Wikipedia, the plural of the word gaeltacht is properly spelled as gaeltachtaí, of course. —Ryanaxp 19:23, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've never heard the word Gaeltachtaí used in common English speech and have only ever seen it written by scholars trying to be as correct as possible. Gaeltachts is the word in English, Gaelachtaí in Irish, this language is English. - User:Dalta

title: Talk:Irish language/Archive 1


text:
4ever (The Veronicas song)

"4ever" is a song written and produced by Max Martin and Lukasz Gottwald for the Veronicas' debut studio album, The Secret Life Of... (2005). It was released as the album's first single in Australia on 15 August 2005 as a CD single. The song reached number two on the ARIA Charts and number seven in New Zealand. In the United States, the single was promoted early in 2006 by Archie Comics through a mention in issue #167 of the group's namesake Veronica comic, which featured a guest appearance and cover picture of the Veronicas and a card containing a code that could be used to download an MP3 version of the song for free.

"4ever" was released as the Veronicas' second UK single in September 2009. The track was included on the UK version of the album Hook Me Up which was released shortly afterwards. The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 197 on 28 September 2009, and moved up one hundred and eighty places to a new peak of 17 the following week. It was re-released in the US as the third single from Hook Me Up. The band re-recorded the vocals for the re-release of the single in the US and the release of the single in the UK. The new vocals are also used in the 2009 music video for the song.

Writing and development
"4ever" was written and produced by Lukasz Gottwald and Max Martin. In an interview with Digital Spy, Veronicas member Lisa Origliasso described the idea behind the song:

I think it's just a really fun song. It's got a great guitar riff and the message behind it isn't anything too heavy. It's about living life for the moment, forgetting about your worries and just getting up and dancing. Plus it's a bit bratty, which we like!

The original version of the song was recorded in 2005. In 2009, they re-recorded the song to release in the UK and Ireland as their second single. In the press release Jess described the new sound of the 2009 version:

Since recording "4ever", the band has progressed, so we wanted to update the song [...] We recorded more guitars and new vocals to bring the song up to how it sounds when we perform it live.

Critical reception
The song has received generally positive reviews. Craig Mathieson from The Age stated that the sisters "have the pop single of the year in '4ever', a juiced-up slice of stimuli that is constructed so cannily you can't help but love its deviousness." Shannon Sanders from Iowa State Daily said the song was "ever-so-clever" while Alex Macpherson from The Guardian called it a "thrilling a piece of power pop... Propelled by a crunchy guitar riff and a twitchy us-against-the-world desperation..." Dan Raper of PopMatters said "the song has a strong girl come-on and a chorus that sounds like 'It's My Life' by Bon Jovi". Nick Levine from Digital Spy called the song "an absolute smash. To put it more precisely, it's a pop-rock stomper with a killer guitar riff, lyrics about seizing the moment and a massive chorus that actually warrants the description 'anthemic. Selby Times compared it to their hit "Untouched", saying it "complements its dynamic rock style with the same attitude and sassiness that made summer hit 'Untouched' so popular."

Chart performance
"4ever" was first released in Australia on 15 August 2005, and made its debut on the ARIA Top 50 Singles chart at number five on 28 August. It remained in the top ten for eleven consecutive weeks where it peaked at number two on its tenth week on the chart. The song was certified platinum status by the Australian Recording Industry Association with shipments of over 75,000 copies. In New Zealand, the single made its debut on the New Zealand Singles chart at number seven where it peaked. The single spent seven non-consecutive weeks in the top ten and twenty-three weeks on the chart.

In the United States, the single made its debut on the Hot Dance Club Play charts peaking at number 20 on 17 December 2005. It also peaked at number 88 on the Pop 100 chart. In 2006, the song peaked at number twelve on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart where it peaked, failing to break into the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

The single had moderate success throughout Europe, reaching the top 40 in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

In 2009, the single was re-released in the UK and Ireland as the follow-up single for "Untouched" on their second album Hook Me Up. It debuted on the UK charts at number 17 on 10 October 2009. The single was on the charts for four weeks gradually dropping to number 49. In Ireland the single debuted and peaked at number 20, also staying on the charts for only four weeks.

Music videos
Three different music videos were produced for "4ever". When the single was released in 2005, two music videos were shot: one for Australian distribution, and one for distribution to the United States. Later, in 2009, a third music video was shot for distribution to the United Kingdom.

The Australian version won the award for best video of the year at the MTV Australia Video Music Awards 2006.

Australian version (2005)
The Australian version of the video was shot in Sun Valley, Los Angeles in 2005. The music video is set at night and shot around a public pool and a footpath.

US version (2005)
The US version of the "4ever" music video depicts the Veronicas in various rooms of a hotel and driving in their car on the streets. Despite being the US version, it also happened to air in Australia replacing the Australian version from late September to early October 2005.

UK version (2009)
On 1 July 2009, Jess announced on her Twitter page that they would be re-filming the music video in Los Angeles on 2 July 2009. The video was directed by photographer Kenneth Cappello whom they had met at a photo shoot for the MTV series "Styl'd". In an interview they commented about shooting the video with Cappello as,

We were very excited to do the video with Kenneth [...] We wanted to get across the energy of the song with exciting visuals and grittier stylized effects.

On 11 August 2009, the new music video was released. The video involves the girls performing with a band at a wild house party while wrecking the house. The video also uses an updated version of the song with new vocals and new instruments.

Live performances
The song has been performed on many television shows including Sunrise, Today, Live at the Chapel, TRL in Italy and Australia, CD:USA and a live performance at the 2005 NRL Grand Final. They have also performed live recordings of the song including Sessions@AOL, which resulted in the release of the "Sessions@AOL" EP; MTV.com Live, which they also released an ep for and included a new track called "Stay"; and in 2009, they performed a session for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.

Track listings
CD single
 * 1) "4ever" – 3:30
 * 2) "How Long" – 3:52
 * 3) "Did Ya Think" – 2:45

Digital download EP (20 December 2005)
 * 1) "4ever" (Claude Le Gache extended edit) – 4:54
 * 2) "4ever" (Morel's Pink Noise edit) – 4:57
 * 3) "4ever" (E Smoove club edit) – 4:57
 * 4) "4ever" (Lex PCH club edit) – 4:53
 * 5) "4ever" (Mac Quayle Break edit) – 4:55

2009 digital download EP
 * 1) "4ever" – 3:29
 * 2) "4ever" (Jason Nevins remix) – 7:27
 * 3) "4ever" (Cicada remix) – 6:12

Appearances in other media
"4ever" is featured in the Amanda Bynes comedy film She's the Man, during both the film itself and its advertisements, and is included in the official soundtrack. It was also featured on the first episode of the third season of the MTV series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, and in the final episode of the first season of The Hills. The song was released as a promo for the 2008 Ashley Tisdale film Picture This!. It is featured in the video game Thrillville: Off the Rails. The song was available as downloadable content for the SingStar series and was featured on the Australian version of SingStar Rocks!.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 4ever (The Veronicas song)


text:
Motivational interviewing

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling approach developed in part by clinical psychologists William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick. It is a directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. Compared with non-directive counseling, it is more focused and goal-directed, and departs from traditional Rogerian client-centered therapy through this use of direction, in which therapists attempt to influence clients to consider making changes, rather than engaging in non-directive therapeutic exploration. The examination and resolution of ambivalence is a central purpose, and the counselor is intentionally directive in pursuing this goal. MI is most centrally defined not by technique but by its spirit as a facilitative style for interpersonal relationship.

Core concepts evolved from experience in the treatment of problem drinkers, and MI was first described by Miller (1983) in an article published in the journal Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. Miller and Rollnick elaborated on these fundamental concepts and approaches in 1991 in a more detailed description of clinical procedures. MI has demonstrated positive effects on psychological and physiological disorders according to meta-analyses.

Overview
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a person-centered strategy. It is used to elicit patient motivation to change a specific negative behavior. MI engages clients, elicits change talk and evokes patient motivation to make positive changes. For example, change talk can be elicited by asking the patient questions such as: "How might you like things to be different?" or "How does ______ interfere with things that you would like to do?"

Unlike clinical interventions and treatment, MI is the technique where the interviewer (clinician) assists the interviewee (patient) in changing a behavior by expressing their acceptance of the interviewee without judgement. By this, MI incorporates the idea that every single patient may be in differing stages of readiness levels and may need to act accordingly to the patient's levels and current needs. Change may occur quickly or may take considerable time, depending on the client. Knowledge alone is usually not sufficient to motivate change within a client, and challenges in maintaining change should be thought of as the rule, not the exception. The incorporation of MI can help patients resolve their uncertainties and hesitancies that may stop them from their inherent want of change in relation to a certain behavior or habit. At the same time, it can be seen that MI ensures that the participants are viewed more as team members to solve a problem rather than a clinician and patient. Hence, this technique can be attributed to a collaboration that respects sense of self and autonomy.

To be more successful at motivational interviewing, a clinician must have a strong sense of "purpose, clear strategies and skills for such purposes". This ensures that the clinician knows what goals they are trying to achieve prior to entering into motivational interviewing. Additionally, clinicians need to have well-rounded and established interaction skills including asking open ended questions, reflective listening, affirming and reiterating statements back to the patient. Such skills are used in a dynamic where the clinician actively listens to the patient then repackages their statements back to them while highlighting what they have done well. In this way, it can improve their self-confidence for change.

Furthermore, at the same time the clinician needs to keep in mind the following five principles when practicing MI.

Express empathy
This means to listen and express empathy to patients through the use of reflective listening. In this step, the clinician listens and presents ideas the patient has discussed in a different way, rather than telling the patient what to do. This hopes to ensure that the patient feels respected and that there are no judgments given when they express their thoughts, feelings and experiences but instead, shows the patient that the clinician is genuinely interested about the patient and their circumstances. This aims to strengthen the relationship between the two parties and ensures it is a collaboration, and allows the patient to feel that the clinician is supportive and therefore will be more willing to be open about their real thoughts.

Develop discrepancy
This means to assist patients in developing discrepancies between the current self and what they want to be like in the future after a change has taken place. The main goal of this principle is to increase the patient's awareness that there are consequences to their current behaviors. This allows the patient to realize the negative aspects and issues caused by the particular behavior that MI is trying to change. This realization can help and encourage the patient towards a dedication to change as they can see the discrepancy between their current behavior and desired behavior. It is important that the patient be the one making the arguments for change and realize their discrepancies themselves. An effective way to do this is for the clinician to participate in active reflective listening and repacking what the patient has told them and delivering it back to them.

Avoid arguments
During the course of MI the clinician may be inclined to argue with a patient, especially when they are ambivalent about their change and this is especially true when "resistance" is met from the patient. If the clinician tries to enforce a change, it could exacerbate the patient to become more withdrawn and can cause degeneration of what progress had been made thus far and decrease rapport with the patient. Arguments can cause the patient to become defensive and draw away from the clinician which is counterproductive and diminishes any progress that may have been made. When patients become a little defensive and argumentative, it usually is a sign to change the plan of attack. The biggest progress made towards behavior change is when the patient makes their own arguments instead of the clinician presenting it to them.

Roll with resistance
"Rolling with resistance" is now an outdated concept in MI; in the third edition of Miller & Rollnick's textbook Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change, the authors indicated that they had completely abandoned the word "resistance" as well as the term "rolling with resistance", due to the term's tendency to blame the client for problems in the therapy process and obscure different aspects of ambivalence. "Resistance", as the idea was previously conceptualized before it was abandoned in MI, can come in many forms such as arguing, interrupting, denying and ignoring. Part of successful MI is to approach the "resistance" with professionalism, in a way that is non-judgmental and allows the patient to once again affirm and know that they have their autonomy and that it is their choice when it comes to their change.

Support self-efficacy
Strong self-efficacy can be a significant predictor of success in behavior change. In many patients there is an issue of the lack of self-efficacy. They may have tried multiple times on their own to create a change in their behavior (e.g. trying to cease smoking, losing weight, sleep earlier) and because they have failed it causes them to lose their confidence and hence lowers their self-efficacy. Therefore, it is clear to see how important it is for the patient to believe that they are self-efficacious and it is the clinician's role to support them by means of good MI practice and reflective listening. By reflecting on what the patient had told them, the clinician can accentuate the patient's strengths and what they have been successful in (e.g. commending a patient who had stopped smoking for a week instead of straining on the fact they failed). By highlighting and suggesting to the patient areas in which they have been successful, this can be incorporated into future attempts and can improve their confidence and efficacy to believe that they are capable of change.

While there are as many differences in technique, the underlying spirit of the method remains the same and can be characterized in a few key points:
 * 1) Motivation to change is elicited from the client, and is not imposed from outside forces.
 * 2) It is the client's task, not the counsellor's, to articulate and resolve the client's ambivalence.
 * 3) Direct persuasion is not an effective method for resolving ambivalence.
 * 4) The counselling style is generally quiet and elicits information from the client.
 * 5) The counsellor is directive, in that they help the client to examine and resolve ambivalence.
 * 6) Readiness to change is not a trait of the client, but a fluctuating result of interpersonal interaction.
 * 7) The therapeutic relationship resembles a partnership or companionship.

Ultimately, practitioners must recognize that motivational interviewing involves collaboration not confrontation, evocation not education, autonomy rather than authority, and exploration instead of explanation. Effective processes for positive change focus on goals that are small, important to the client, specific, realistic, and oriented in the present and/or future.

Four processes
There are four steps used in motivational interviewing. These help to build trust and connection between the patient and the clinician, focus on areas that may need to be changed and find out the reasons the patient may have for changing or holding onto a behavior. This helps the clinician to support and assist the patient in their decision to change their behavior and plan steps to reach this behavioral change. These steps do not always happen in this order.

Engaging
In this step, the clinician gets to know the patient and understands what is going on in the patient's life. The patient needs to feel comfortable, listened to and fully understood from their own point of view. This helps to build trust with the patient and builds a relationship where they will work together to achieve a shared goal. The clinician must listen and show empathy without trying to fix the problem or make a judgement. This allows the patient to open up about their reasons for change, hopes, expectations as well as the barriers and fears that are stopping the patient from changing. The clinician must ask open ended questions which helps the patient to give more information about their situation, so they feel in control and that they are participating in the decision-making process and the decisions are not being made for them. This creates an environment that is comfortable for the patient to talk about change. The more trust the patient has towards the clinician, the more likely it is reduce resistance, defensiveness, embarrassment or anger the patient may feel when talking about a behavioural issue. Overall, the patient is more likely to come back to follow up appointments, follow an agreed plan and get the benefit of the treatment.

Focusing
This is where the clinician helps the patient find and focus on an area that is important to them, where they are unsure or are struggling to make a change. This step is also known as the "WHAT?" of change. The goal is for the clinician to understand what is important to the patient without pushing their own ideas on the patient. The clinician needs to ask questions to understand the reasons if and why the patient would be motivated to change and choose a goal to reach together. The patient must feel that they share the control with the clinician about the direction and agree on a goal. The clinician will then aim to help the patient order the importance of their goals and point out the current behaviors that get in the way of achieving their new goal or "develop discrepancy" between their current and desired behaviors. The focus or goal can come from the patient, situation or the clinician. There are three styles of focusing; directing, where the clinician can direct the patient towards a particular area for change; following, where the clinician let the patient decide the goal and be led by the patient's priorities, and; guiding, where the clinician leads the patient to uncover an area of importance.

Evoking
In this step the clinician asks questions to get the patient to open up about their reasons for change. This step is also known as the "WHY?" of change. Often when a patient puts this into words it reinforces their reasons to change and they find out they have more reasons to change rather than to stay the same. Usually, there is one reason that is stronger than the others to motivate the patient to change their behavior. The clinician needs to listen and recognise "change talk", where the patient is uncovering how they would go about change and are coming up with their own solutions to their problems. The clinician should support and encourage the patient when they talk about ways and strategies to change, as the patient is more likely to follow a plan they set for themselves. When the patient is negative or is resisting change the clinician should "roll with resistance" where they don't affirm or encourage the negative points but highlight the ways and reasons the person has come up with to change. The clinician must resist arguing or the "righting reflex" where they want to fix the problem or challenge the patient's negative thoughts. This comes across as they are not working together and causes the patient to resist change even more. The clinician's role is to ask questions that guide the patient to come up with their own solution to change. The best time to give advice is if the patient asks for it, if the patient is stuck with coming up with ideas, the clinician can ask permission to give advice and then give details, but only after the patient has come up with their own ideas first. If the clinician focuses more on their own reasons they believe the patient should change this would not come across as genuine to the patient and this would reduce the bond they made in the engaging process.

Planning
In this step the clinician helps the patient in planning how to change their behavior and encourages their commitment to change. This step is also known as the "HOW?" of change. The clinician asks questions to judge how ready the patient is to change and helps to guide the patient in coming up with their own step by step action plan. They can help to strengthen the patient's commitment to changing, by supporting and encouraging when the patient uses "commitment talk" or words that show their commitment to change. In this step the clinician can listen and recognize areas that may need more work to get to the core motivation to change or help the patient to overcome uneasiness that is still blocking their behavioral change. In doing this, they help to strengthen the patients motivation and support that they are capable of achieving this goal on their own. The clinician should help the patient to come up with SMART goals which are; Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time bound. This helps to set benchmarks and measure how their behavior has changed towards their new goal.

Motivational enhancement therapy
Motivational enhancement therapy is a time-limited four-session adaptation used in Project MATCH, a US-government-funded study of treatment for alcohol problems and the Drinkers' Check-up, which provides normative-based feedback and explores client motivation to change in light of the feedback.

Motivational interviewing is supported by over 200 randomized controlled trials across a range of target populations and behaviors including substance use disorders, health-promotion behaviours, medical adherence, and mental health issues.

Pre-contemplation
Motivational Interviewing with individuals in the pre-contemplation stage of the stages of change represent a use case in which Motivational Interviewing processes excel beyond other methods. If the patient/client/individual is in this stage, they may not be consciously aware of, accepting of, or consider they have a problem. Motivational interviewers in this situation are trained to use processes like rolling with resistance which reduces a client's need to repeat and reframe their own sustain talk. Additionally Motivational Interviewing adapts to this stage by adapting the *change target*. Clients starting in pre-contemplation stage of change are unlikely to jump 3 steps to the action stage of change. By adapting the change target talented Motivational Interviewers can help clients to advance 1 stage of change into the "contemplation stage".

Motivational interviewing groups
MI groups are highly interactive, focused on positive change, and harness group processes for evoking and supporting positive change. They are delivered in four phases:
 * 1) Engaging the group
 * 2) Evoking member perspectives
 * 3) Broadening perspectives and building momentum for change
 * 4) Moving into action

Behaviour Change Counselling (BCC)
Behaviour change counselling (BCC) is an adaptation of MI which focuses on promoting behavior change in a healthcare setting using brief consultations. BCC's main goal is to understand the patient's point of view, how they're feeling and their idea of change. It was created with a "more modest goal in mind", as it simply aims to "help the person talk through the why and how of change" and encourage behavior change. It focuses on patient-centered care and is based on several overlapping principles of MI, such as respect for patient choice, asking open-ended questions, empathetic listening and summarizing. Multiple behavior change counselling tools were developed to assess and scale the effectiveness of behaviour change counselling in promoting behavior change such as the Behaviour Change Counselling Index (BECCI) and the Behaviour Change Counselling Scale (BCCS).

Behaviour Change Counselling Scale (BCCS)
The Behaviour Change Counselling Scale (BCCS) is a tool used to assess lifestyle counselling using BCC, focusing on feedback on the skill achieved. "Items of BCCS were scored on 1-7 Likert scales and items were tallied into 4 sub-scales, reflecting the 3 skill-sets: MI and readiness assessment, behavior modification, and emotion management". The data obtained is then presented on: item characteristics, sub-scale characteristics, interrater reliability, test-retest reliability and construct validity. Based on a study conducted by Vallis, the results suggest that BCCS is a potentially useful tool in assessing BCC and aid to training practitioners as well as assessing training outcomes.

Behaviour Change Counselling Index (BECCI)
The Behaviour Change Counselling Index (BECCI) is a BCC tool that assesses general practitioner behavior and incites behavior change through talking about change, encouraging the patient to think about change and respecting the patient's choices in regards to behavior change. BECCI was developed to assess a practitioner's competence in the use of Behaviour Change Counselling (BCC) methods to elicit behavior change. Used primarily for the use of learning practitioners in a simulated environment to practice and learn the skills of BCC. It "provides valuable information about the standard of BCC that practitioners were trained to deliver in studies of BCC as an intervention". Rather than the result and response from the patient, the tool emphasizes and measures the practitioner's behaviors, skills and attitude. Results from the study show that after receiving training in BCC, practitioners show great improvement based on BECCI. However, as BECCI has only been used in a simulated clinical environment, more study is required to assess its reliability in a real patient environment. Furthermore, it focuses heavily on practitioner behavior rather than patient behavior. Therefore, BECCI may be useful for trainers to assess the reliability and effectiveness of BCC skills but further research and use is required, especially in a real consultation environment.

Technology Assisted Motivational Interview (TAMI)
Technology Assisted Motivational Interview (TAMI) is "used to define adaptations of MI delivered via technology and various types of media". This may include technological devices and creations such as computers, mobile phones, telephones, videos and animations. A review of multiple studies shows the potential effectiveness of the use of technology in delivering motivational interviewing consultations to encourage behavior change. However, some limitations include: the lack of empathy that may be expressed through the use of technology and the lack of face-to-face interaction may either produce a positive or negative effect on the patient. Further studies are required to determine whether face-to-face consultations to deliver MI is more effective in comparison to those delivered via technology.

Underlying mental health conditions
Patients with an underlying mental illness present one such limitation to motivational interviewing. In a case where the patient has an underlying mental illness such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or other psychosis, more intensive therapy may be required to induce a change. In these instances, the use of motivational interviewing as a technique to treat outward-facing symptoms, such as not brushing teeth, may be ineffective where the root cause of the problem stems from the mental illness. Some of the patients may act like listening to the interviewer just to veil their underlying mental health issue. When working with these patients, it is important to recognize the limitations of behaviorally-focused counseling and motivational interviewing. The treating therapists should, therefore, ensure the patient is referred to the correct medical or psychological professional to address the cause of the behavior, and not simply one of the symptoms.

Motivation
Professionals attempting to encourage people to make a behavioral change often underestimate the effect of motivation. Simply advising clients how detrimental their current behavior is and providing advice on how to change their behavior will not work if the client lacks motivation. Many people have full knowledge of how dangerous smoking is yet they continue the practice. Research has shown that a client's motivation to alter behavior is largely influenced by the way the therapist relates to them.

Therapist/client trust
Clients who don't like or trust their health care professionals are likely to become extremely resistant to change. In order to prevent this, the therapist must take time to foster an environment of trust. Even when the therapist can clearly identify the issues at hand it is important that the patient feels the session is collaborative and that they are not being lectured to. Confrontational approaches by therapists will inhibit the process.

Time limitations
Time limits placed on therapists during consultations also have the potential to impact significantly on the quality of motivational interviewing. Appointments may be limited to a brief or single visit with a patient; for example, a client may attend the dentist with a toothache due to a cavity. The oral health practitioner or dentist may be able to broach the subject of a behavior change, such as flossing or diet modification but the session duration may not be sufficient when coupled with other responsibilities the health practitioner has to the health and wellbeing of the patient. For many clients, changing habits may involve reinforcement and encouragement which is not possible in a single visit. Some patients, once treated, may not return for a number of years or may even change practitioners or practices, meaning the motivational interview is unlikely to have sufficient effect.

Training deficiencies
While psychologists, mental health counselors, and social workers are generally well trained and practiced in delivering motivational interviewing, other health-care professionals are generally provided with only a few hours of basic training. Although perhaps able to apply the underpinning principles of motivational interviewing, these professionals generally lack the training and applied skills to truly master the art of dealing with the patient's resistant statements in a collaborative manner. It is important that therapists know their own limitations and are prepared to refer clients to other professionals when required.

Group treatment
Although studies are somewhat limited, it appears that delivering motivational interviewing, in a group may be less effective than when delivered one-on-one. Research continues into this area however what is clear is that groups change the dynamics of a situation and the therapist needs to ensure that group control is maintained and input from group members does not derail the process for some clients.

Applications
Motivational interviewing was initially developed for the treatment of substance use disorder, but MI is continuously being applied across health fields and beyond that. The following fields have used the technique of MI.

Brief intervention
Brief intervention and MI are both techniques used to empower behavioral change within individuals. Behavioral interventions "generally refer to opportunistic interventions by non-specialists (e.g. GPs) offered to patients who may be attending for some unrelated condition". Due to speculation in the health industry the use of brief intervention has been deemed to be used too loosely and the implementation of MI is increasing rapidly.

Classroom management
Motivational interviewing has been incorporated into managing a classroom. Due to the nature of MI where it elicits and evokes behavioral change within an individual it has shown to be effective in a classroom especially when provoking behavior change within an individual. In association with MI, the classroom check-up method is incorporated which is a consultation model that addresses the need for classroom level support.

Coaching
Motivational interviewing has been implemented in coaching, specifically health-based coaching to aid in a better lifestyle for individuals. A study titled "Motivational interviewing-based health coaching as a chronic care intervention" was conducted to evaluate if MI had an impact on individuals health who were assessed as chronically ill. The study's results showed that the group that MI was applied to had "improved their self-efficacy, patient activation, lifestyle change and perceived health status".

Environmental sustainability
Initially, in the early 1980s, motivational interviewing was implemented and formulated to elicit behavioral change in individuals suffering from substance use disorder. However, MI is based on the work of Psychologist Carl Rogers, Unconditional Positive Regard, and has shown to be applicable in hundreds of behavioral use cases. This includes applications of Motivational Interviewing to environmental sustainability. One view of climate change's cause is a global effect from billions of people choosing thousands of behaviors. Motivational Interviewing is effective at evoking thoughts, feelings, and action towards change and this includes readiness for change towards greater personal sustainable choices. Applications have included use by citizens for interacting with elected representatives on climate policy, interfamilial discussions based on listening instead of judgement and education. New use cases by environmental NGO's, and municipal governments include facilitating new personal choices in the scopes of waste management, home energy use, water use, personal transportation habits, consumption habits and many other environmental applications.

Mental disorders
Motivational interviewing was originally developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the 1980s in order to aid people with substance use disorders. However, it has also been implemented to help aid in established models with mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. Currently an established model known as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is being implemented to aid in these issues. Research suggests that with collaborating motivational interviewing and CBT has proved to be effective as they have both shown to be effective. A study was conducted as a randomized cluster trial that suggests that when MI was implemented it "associated with improved depressive symptoms and remission rate". There is currently insufficient research papers to prove the effect of MI in mental disorders. However, it is increasingly being applied and more research is going into it.

Dual diagnosis
Dual diagnosis can be defined as a "term that is used to describe when a person is experiencing both mental health problems and substance misuse". Motivational interviewing is used as a preventative measure for individuals suffering from both a mental health issue and substance misuse due to the nature of MI eliciting behavioral change in individuals.

Problem gambling
Gambling issues are on the rise and it is becoming a struggle for therapists to maintain it. Research suggests that many individuals "even those who actively seek and start gambling treatment, do not receive the full recommended course of therapy". Motivational interviewing has been widely used and adapted by therapists to overcome gambling issues, it is used in collaboration with cognitive behavioral therapy and self-directed treatments. The goal of using MI in an individual who is having issues with gambling is to recognize and overcome those barriers and "increase overall investment in therapy by supporting an individual's commitment to changing problem behaviours".

Parenting
Motivational interviewing is implemented to evoke behavioral change in an individual. Provoking behavioral change includes the recognizing of the issue from an individual. A research study was conducted using motivational interviewing to help promote oral regime and hygiene within children under the supervision of a parent. In this study the experimental group was parents who received MI education in a "pamphlet, watched a videotape, as well as received an MI counselling session and six follow-up telephone calls". Children in the MI group, "exhibited significantly less new cavities (decayed or filled surfaces)" than children in the control group. This suggests that the application of MI with parenting can significantly impact children's outcomes.

Substance dependence
Motivational interviewing was initially developed in order to aid people with substance use, specifically alcohol. However, MI has been implemented in other substance use or dependence treatments. Research that was conducted utilized MI with a cocaine-detoxification program. This research had found that for the 105 randomly assigned patients, "completers who received MI increased use of behavioural coping strategies and had fewer cocaine-positive urine samples on beginning the primary treatment". This evidence suggests that the application of MI for cocaine dependence may have a positive impact in aiding the individual to overcome this issue.

A 2016 Cochrane review focused on alcohol misuse in young adults in 84 trials found no substantive, meaningful benefits for MI for preventing alcohol misuse or alcohol-related problems.

Stigma Reduction
Stigma is the deleterious, structural force that devalues members of groups that hold undesirable characteristics. In the case of people living with HIV (PLHIV), HIV-related stigma has negative effects on health outcomes, including non-optimal medication adherence, lower visit adherence, higher depression, and overall lower quality of life. HIV-related stigma causes PLHIV to lose social standing due to their HIV positive status, and therefore, eliminating stigma against PLHIV, is a high priority. A study conducted in 2021 found that Healthy Choices, an intervention that was developing using Motivational Enhancement Therapy, an adaptation of Motivational Interviewing, was associated with reductions in stigma among youth living with HIV. While the authors suggest that their findings should be replicated, this study provides a basis for including Motivational Interviewing in stigma reduction research.

title: Motivational interviewing