text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kana alphabet articles

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was as follows:
 * の had 19 keep, 5 delete, and 4 merge to wiktionary. The result was KEEP.
 * い had 8 keep and 3 delete. The result was KEEP.
 * あ had 6 keep and 4 delete. The result was no consensus.
 * Votes for all three overall were 12 keep, 0 delete, and 1 merge to wiktionary. The result was KEEP.

The final result was KEEP.  Rob e  rt  20:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Kana alphabet articles
This is a merger of three VfDs: あ, い, and の. The outcome on these articles should all be the same, so let's get a consistent consensus rather than having some of them deleted and others not, ok? Kelly Martin 16:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you make it clear how votes count here? Do I have to put delete after each kana, or will you only count votes one for each person for the whole article? Sorry if this is a stupid question, but I'm not sure of the rules. --DannyWilde 00:57, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not likely to close this AfD myself (I rarely close AfDs) but I would recommend that whoever does close this use common sense in counting votes. It is important, in my opinion, that all three articles close with the same result, and I imagine that the closing admin will examine all offered opinions without too much regard to which articles they are offered in connection with to reach a decision about consensus.  Frankly, at this point, I can't see how a consensus will arise out of this swamp, but stranger things have happened.... Kelly Martin 01:27, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

See also: Articles for deletion/い and Articles for deletion/あ. I have only created three kana articles and stopped when "no" was VFD'd. Toothpaste 03:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Note that all the other kana are being added, so the outcome of this vote should also apply to those also. This was the first letter to be added, so the main discussion for all of them should probably be here. --Interiot 01:08, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

の
Dictionary definition. DannyWilde 00:59, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, dictionary entry exists in Wiktionary anyway. --DannyWilde
 * Weak Delete, as DannyWilde said, they're already in wiktionary. The roman alphabet (A, B, C, ...) has individual pages, but the wiktionary pages seem to already have more information than is being created in the en/wikipedia pages.  If there's enough information to go in these, that doesn't belong in Wiktionary, then Keep.  Are all 50/100 kana going to be added?  Are any kanji going to be added??  --Interiot 01:20, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Wiktionary, per Uncle G. How a word is written and pronounced belongs in a dictionary.  The same goes for letters that make up words.  --Interiot 12:49, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. No, kanji will not be added, only the kana, and the katakana will redirect to the hiragana articles. Like with the articles on the English alphabet letters, these articles could show the history of the writing of individual kana. In fact, I have a 2000 page dictionary in storage that shows the history of each English letter, with each article on them at least two pages. Aside from the history, the article could go slightly deeper into phonology, too, and possibly instructions on how to write the kana. Toothpaste 01:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, I've temporarily stopped until this AFD is closed. Toothpaste 01:18, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary is the place for this (The fact that you are referring to a dictionary should tip you off.), and a lot of such work has already been done, long since. You are encouraged to go to Wiktionary and contribute your dictionary work there. Uncle G 01:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems to be the place for an Encylcopedia entry, too. Toothpaste 03:21, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. No reason why these aren't any less encyclopedic than the letters of the Roman alphabet.  Kelly Martin 01:20, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As per our Naming conventions (use English), if there is an encyclopaedia article to be had, it should be under an English title. But, as per the far better dictionary article の in Wiktionary, there is clearly no subject for an encyclopaedia article to be had.  This article is a mis-placed dictionary article, pure and simple.  Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  As a stub encyclopaedia article it would have no hope of expansion.  Delete. Uncle G 01:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If you are unsatisfied with the name of the article, it can be moved to No (kana) and the actual hiragana and katakana can be made into redirects.
 * I reiterate: There is no encyclopaedia article to be had here. Everything that you have proposed adding, pronunciations, stroke indexes, and so forth is dictionary article content about the word.  Wiktionary has had vast numbers of such articles with pronunciations, stroke indexes, and so forth, since 2003. If you want to improve them with pictures, Wiktionary is the place to do so.   Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Uncle G 01:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * We have articles on A and B and so on. I don't know, but I should expect you would be able to say as much about the kana as about Roman letters. N (t/c) 02:07, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * One can, and the dictionary does. Go look at some of the thousands of such entries in Wiktionary.  Some of them are huge.   They have Unicode values, stroke indicies, input method indices, meanings in several languages, transliterations in several systems, translations, and more.  Pictures would improve them yet further.  A random medium-length example (selected, ironically, by hitting "random page" exactly once at Wiktionary) of what a dictionary can contain: 冝.  Uncle G 02:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Agree that this would be better in Wiktionary. Disagree that the article in Wikitionary is "better."  This one has some nice information not duplicated there. Crypticfirefly 02:49, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * New content was added since the "better" comment. Agree that the new content is good, and should be merged to Wiktionary. --Interiot 14:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I agree with Toothpaste - there is a rich history at A and B ... and it would be nice to have the same sort of history for the kana. Johntex\talk 01:26, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, articles about letters are well-founded (we used to have them even back in UseModWiki days, indeed). James F. (talk) 01:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * What of the overlap between wikipedia and wiktionary? Is there a substantial reason to have them in both places?  If not, which one should be kept?  --Interiot 01:34, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. Uncle G 01:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Both can be kept, just as how the elements of the periodic table belong in both dictionaries and encyclopedias. In addition, the Roman alphabet also exists in a dictionary. Toothpaste 01:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * A false analogy. Whereas a dictionary article on plutonium tells one about the word, how it is pronounced and so forth, an encyclopaedia about plutonium tells one about plutonium — about the element that the word represents.  This is not the case here.  You are not creating encyclopaedia articles about the things that the words represents.  (It's clear from the Wiktionary entry telling us the meaning of the word that there isn't an encyclopaedia article to be had about the thing that this word represents.)  You are creating dictionary articles about the words themselves. Uncle G 02:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * See for instance the precedent with the wikipedia Z vs the z. Okay, Ungle G's description doesn't fit with precedent, but I agree that his description is the right way to go.  --Interiot 02:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Toothpaste. Ac  e  tic  ' Acid  01:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to e.g. No (kana) because we have articles on the Roman alphabet, and surely the Japanese alphabet is just as interesting. N (t/c) 01:45, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Wiktionary, and leave redirect. Uncle G has me convinced. Maybe we should do this to the Roman-alphabet articles as well. N (t/c) 02:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Very, very strong keep. I didn't even know that there were actual entries about the kana characters on English Wikipedia. It would be a total and complete shame to delete these entries. Cjmarsicano 01:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * There are vast numbers of entries for these in the dictionary. They were added in 2003. Uncle G 01:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If kept, rename. I don't have any particular strong opinion on whether we should only have a wiktionary entry, or an encyclopedic entry (although I lean slightly toward the latter; alphabets are encyclopaedic). However, I have a very strong opinion about the title: it should be in English (or, at least, the English alphabet). Noel (talk) 02:22, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I've decided to move it to No (kana) if kept, along with all other kana articles, as that seems to be the consensus here. Toothpaste 02:24, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge these contributions into Wiktionary, but make sure that it's easy to get to from the hiragana, katakana, and other relevant articles. I would love to see full histories, stroke orders, and such for each of the kana (and kanji!), but I don't see any compelling reason that they should be here instead of at Wiktionary. — HorsePunchKid → 龜  02:28, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, a good reason might be that that's /way/ outside the scope of Wiktionary. The article you describe doesn't belong in a dictionary. It belongs in an encyclopædia. James F. (talk) 03:07, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Complete rubbish. It's not outside of the scope of Wiktionary at all.  Go look in Wiktionary at some of the existing articles.  See the one that I picked at random above, for example. Many of them have stroke indexes, Unicode encodings, and other technical information.  (And even they aren't complete.  One could add audio pronunciation files, for one example.)  That's what Wiktionary would like for all such articles. Uncle G 03:54, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This could start a trend. Do we want to  keep the wikipedia server administrators employed (or unhappy with heavy storage issues )with 70,000 or more Chinese characters stored in their databases? While we're all here, could we also start articles for each character of Thai, Arabic, Tamil, Hebrew, Both Simple and Traditional Chinese, each 70, 000 characters x2 =140, 000, also Vietnamese,Cyrillic, Greek,Sinhalese, Sanskrit, etc. BTW, this is the character for cow:牛, horse:馬、--Jondel 02:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * To my understanding, kanji are used as the bases of words. Hiragana and katakana are uses as noun endings, adjective endings, for other suffixes, to show the pronunciation of kanji, for stylistic purposes, for otomotopoeias, for emphasis, for technical terms, and for the transcription of words borrowed from other languages. I do not think we should have an article for every character representing a word, or part of a compound word, or a rootword, but for characters that represent individual sounds that can form a word, as in the English alphabet and with the kana. If this and similar articles were to be kept, only approximately 50 or so kana articles would be created total. Toothpaste 03:11, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Articles about English affixes go in Wiktionary. (See all of the Wiktionary articles linked to from in numerical prefix, or the Wiktionary articles on -ing, -ism, or -icle, for examples.)  Articles about other language's affixes should be too. Uncle G 03:54, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The kana themselves are not affixes. When combined, they form affixes, though there are probably a few that could form afixed by themselves, like A can be both a letter and an affix. There shouldn't be an article on -ing, certainly, but there certainly should for i, n, and g. Toothpaste 04:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral I guess as its gonna be moved to 'No' or whatever. I don't think every character will be necessary as this is just one of the most common and all...  zOMG not bold Extremely strong machoman randy savage delete. C'mon, a solid majority of us (I'd estimate between 80 and 95%) just see a ?. Its a dicdef even for those who have the language pack. Useless for an English Encyclopedia. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:44, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This is English language Wikipedia, not English subjects Wikipedia. Pilatus 03:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * And as per our naming conventions (use English) our article titles are not in other alphabets. Uncle G 03:54, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Why does that matter now that I have moved の to No (kana)? Toothpaste 04:12, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, see reasoning at い). Pilatus 03:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Just a note from the person who suggested deleting this in the first place: there is some information about some of the kana characters which could be worth having in Wikipedia. For example the origin of the kana ン is disputed. It might belong in Wikipedia if we were to discuss the origin of the character, or if there is to be something other than just "this is a Japanese character, it is pronounced "no" ". However, I'd expect such information to come from a split from katakana or hiragana pages if it came from anywhere. Also, "no" has very important grammatical functions in Japanese grammar. So I think there is a possibility of expansion or split from Japanese grammar of a "no" page. However, since there are already lists of Japanese symbols on the hiragana and katakana pages, I'm very dubious about making a full set of small, unexpandable stub articles about every single Japanese symbol. --DannyWilde 03:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this please and all other hirigana katakana and kanji characters pilatus is right we are an english wikipedia but we should also too stop the systemic biases here enough is enough Yuckfoo 04:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Did you read the discussion? The point is that the characters all already exist on Wiktionary. --DannyWilde 07:40, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. We already have articles on Latin alphabet letters and Cyrillic letters, why not Japanese kana syllabary?  In any case, this is more than just a stub. -- Curps 05:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * There are two articles, hiragana and katakana, and complete entries on Wiktionary. If there is any additional extensive material to be added to the article, let it first be added to hiragana or katakana, then if those pages become too long, then consider breaking them. --DannyWilde 07:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Useful. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 07:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: since I started the vote for deletion, this article has been artificially bulked with copy-paste edits from other pages, probably in order to avoid being deleted. For example, the comments about "no" coming from the sousho form of characters, etc., apply to ALL of the Japanese kana, not just this one - there is no point in having fifty identical pages, one for each kana, with the same copy-pasted statement. Using this kind of trickery in order to avoid the page being deleted should not be acceptable. --DannyWilde 07:40, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Please assume good faith. If you'd prefer the history section to be taken out temporarily, this would be fine. The transition of man'yōgana to hiragana is much more complex than what is written now. For example, it's a pretty big jump from the second character to the third in the picture at Image:Nohistory.jpg. I'd rather have a few copy and pasted statements, aided by pictures, than an article lacking completely in history content, which applies to this VFD, but overall, and I already it's already a beginning to be a bit comprehensive. Toothpaste 07:57, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If you are serious about writing in detail about the origins of kana on a per-kana basis, I would suggest an article on "Origin of kana" with section headings for each kana you want to discuss, if you have enough material that it will make hiragana or katakana too big, of course. If there is so much stuff on one kana that you actually need a whole article on it, I'd be surprised. Spreading origins all over the place in fifty different articles doesn't make any sense, since the hiragana and katakana are all very closely related to each other and the history is the same. --DannyWilde 13:06, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to bed now, as I've been working on these for the past four hours, so you'll know why my reply will be delayed. Toothpaste 08:17, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's too much to ask that an article be born an adult. The purpose of stub tags is to indicate potential growth. These articles have the same potential as the articles on the letters of the Latin alphabet. The number of symbols, and that the language is foreign, might result in slower growth, so let's give them time. Fg2 08:03, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. See A or B. JPD 10:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a dictionary definition, but it doesn't belong in an English-language, Roman script encyclopedia. I'm not even excited about article like å, and keep in mind that I'm saying this as native Swede. / Peter Isotalo 14:44, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * More precedent: various punctuation, some which are fairly obscure. Those article names are in roman characters, and there are corresponding wiktionary entries as well.  I still don't think there's a good reason to have the same information in both places though (in fact, the punctuation templates are identical in wikipedia and wiktionary).  --Interiot 15:02, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, unless we are going to delete other alphabetic and syllabic characters as well. Еdit 14:46, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The most notable kana. - Nat Krause 15:08, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. The over-reaction to any perceived (and non-existant)systemic bias is ridiculous.  A lot of the keep votes have not even read the above discussion, or do not actually understand the difference between an encylopaedia and a dictionary. The articles on roman letters are encylopaedic.  Everything on this article is wiktionary material, and as this is an English lanugae encyclopaedia, will never be more than that.  Not encyclopaedic. Kana are the new schools?  Discuss.  Delete delete delete, and hit the PC police with big sticks.  Proto t c 15:28, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As I've stated before, just because this Wikipedia is written in the English language, is no reason for articles about Japanese kana to exist, and I feel it is just as justified here as on the Japanese Wikipedia. How are the Roman letter articles different from these? Also, I think saying, "You didn't read anything that was said," is a patronizing tactic way too common in Wikipedian discussion, which also applies to the other side, given a few people that, at first continued to site the article's location at の as a reason to delete even after I had moved it. Toothpaste 15:50, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep I wouldn't naturally think to look for a letter of a foreign alphabet in an English language dictionary --TimPope 17:06, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per the precedent of the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. --Carnildo 21:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We have articles on colors also, so why not kana? (ok I know there are differences, but kana have more history and symbolism behind them than our alphabet. AngryParsley 04:13, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

い
This is a mis-placed dictionary article. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Wiktionary, which is a dictionary, already has い (and many others). As an encyclopaedia article, this article would have no hope of expansion, and would be under an English title anyway, per our naming conventions (use English). Uncle G 01:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete agree with nominator -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 01:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I like the new No (kana) version -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 21:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete . This could start a trend. Do we want to  keep the wikipedia server administrators employed (or unhappy with heavy storage issues )with 70,000 or more Chinese characters stored in their databases? While we're all here, could we also start articles for each character of Thai, Arabic, Tamil, Hebrew, Both Simple and Traditional Chinese, each 70, 000 characters x2 =140, 000, also Vietnamese,Cyrillic, Greek,Sinhalese, Sanskrit, etc. BTW, this is the character for cow:牛, horse:馬、  ,yamemashou やめましょう,sayounaraさようなら:佐様奈良--Jondel 02:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I do not believe that "heavy storage issues" are close to being a problem or are likely to be a problem in the future. It seems to me that this is not a good reason for wishing to delete or prohibit certain types of articles. Lupin|talk|popups 02:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. See my reasoning at Articles for deletion/の. Toothpaste 02:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge... somewhere. I don't see the reasoning behind deleting letters of languages with lots of letters if we have quite respectable articles on languages with fewer letters. It does need more information if it is to stand as an article in its own right, though. Lupin|talk|popups 02:59, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That we have articles on the languages is no reason to have articles on the individual words in those languages. That is what a dictionary is for.  As I have already pointed out both at Articles for deletion/の and above, Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  That's Wiktionary's job.  If you think that い needs pictures, or pronunciation guides, or Unicode information, or attached audio files (which will being it up to the level of the other dictionary articles that have these things), then please add them.  But turning the encyclopaedia into a dictionary, counter to the official policy, is needless duplication. The dictionary is right there, and will take all of the dictionary content that editors have to offer. Uncle G 03:39, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are entries for the characters of the Latin alphabet and on some unicode characerts, so there is good reason to believe that a decent article can be written on each individual kana character. Note that I don't hold similar optimism for primary sch**ls. Pilatus 03:00, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * For good articles on these characters, see the dictionary, which has had lots of such articles since 2003. The dictionary is the place for writing articles about words, and many such articles have already been written. Uncle G 03:39, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This is not a word but a glyph from a syllabary alphabet, and as such should be kept here. The article in its present form isn't a dictionary entry at all but an entry on the character. Pilatus 13:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this too please my explanation is already at no (kkana) Yuckfoo 04:34, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We already have articles on Latin alphabet letters and Cyrillic letters, why not Japanese kana syllabary?  There are only a few dozen kana, by the way, so comparing this to adding thousands of Chinese character articles is off the mark. -- Curps 05:39, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a bad precedent to set. Proto t c 15:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. See A or B. JPD 10:34, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Pilatus. Please try to avoid bias against non-English languages. --Last Malthusian 13:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a dictionary definition, but it doesn't belong in an English-language, Roman script encyclopedia. I'm not even excited about article like å, and keep in mind that I'm saying this as native Swede. / Peter Isotalo 14:45, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia may suffer from systemic bias, but it's also en.wikipedia.  Dict def articles about non-Roman symbols are not encyclopaedic. Proto t c 15:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

あ
As per Articles for deletion/い. Uncle G 01:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete agree with nominator -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 01:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * keep I like the new No (kana) entry -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 21:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Better stop this trend, else we might as well list 70 000 + Chinese Characters as well and other characters of other languages. --Jondel 02:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. See debate at Articles for deletion/の. Toothpaste 02:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * keep and please combine all these discussions it is not really the best to repeat this over and over for all the kana characters really Yuckfoo 04:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Please. I agree with the nominator. Matt Yeager 05:07, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We already have articles on Latin alphabet letters and Cyrillic letters, why not Japanese kana syllabary?  There are only a few dozen kana, by the way, so comparing this to adding thousands of Chinese character articles is off the mark. -- Curps 05:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. See A or B. JPD 10:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * keep obviously. Dunc|☺ 14:26, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a dictionary definition, but it doesn't belong in an English-language, Roman script encyclopedia. I'm not even excited about article like å, and keep in mind that I'm saying this as native Swede. / Peter Isotalo 14:46, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, of course. Proto t c 15:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Continued, merged

 * Comment. Dictionaries are for the physical written, spoken, and electronic symbols,  how those symbols fit into larger physical expressions such as individual sentences, and the historical changes of the physical symbols.  Encyclopedias explain the ideas those symbols refer to, and refer back to physical symbol history only when needed for disambiguation purposes.  This goes doubly for individual letters.  You wouldn't put an audio pronunciation on the wikipedia の page, any more than you would put  'his-t(&-)rE &v "ar-&-'zO-n&  on the History of Arizona page.  --Interiot 16:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Or, in the words of epistemology, dictionary=map, encyclopedia=territory. --Interiot 22:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I wouldn't naturally think to look for a letter of a foreign alphabet in an English language dictionary --TimPope 17:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * (moved above so comments aren't doubled) Why not?  You find satsuma and seppuku and yakitori in an English dictionary.  They're in an English dictionary because the definition is in English, not because the subject itself is english. --Interiot
 * Those are all words, these articles are about characters. I see a distinction. --TimPope 17:23, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * And, as stated above, letters are even more low-level representations than individual prefixes, words, or phrases. You find pronunciation of words and a long list of historical spellings in dictionaries, but not in encyclopedias.  That's because dictionaries describe how you write a word down, how you pronounce the word, how you attach it to other words.  Encyclopedias describe the concept, history, and larger context that pops into your head when someone says/writes/types that word to you.  Individual letters having nothing to do with abstract ideas in your head.  There's clear precedent that pronunciation belongs in a dictionary, so it follows that how a letter or word is expressed in Unicode or Braille also belongs in a dictionary, because these are just different mechanisms for communicating between two people, but they don't have any impact on the higher-level thoughts a person has once the idea is communicated to them.  Note that kanji (and chinese characters generally) blur the line between letters and words, and chinese characters clearly belong in a dictionary.  --Interiot 17:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have made the information expressing how to pronounce it more similar to that of a. The only difference now is that Usage does not have its own section. Should I give it one? Toothpaste 18:11, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If given its own section, the Grammar section will be merged into Usage. This is similar to how "a" as an article is mentioned under the Usage section of a. I'm just using Latin alphabet articles as models. Toothpaste 18:18, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. There are also articles on pentagram, and ampersand. Some opponents seem to confuse syllabary with ideograms. Kana is syllabry, so its characters are letters. -Hapsiainen 18:21, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahh. Ideograms clearly are dictionaries (eg. see character dictionaries).  As for the difference between pentagrams and syllabary...   You can stick a pentagram next to an octagon next to a circle, and it doesn't mean anything syntactically.  Whereas, with syllabries and letters, their purpose is to be part of the language hierarchy (eg. letters form words, words form phrases, phrases form sentences, sentences form paragraphs, paragraphs form encyclopedia entries (or something)).  Letters are on the opposite end of the language hierarchy from where encyclopedias sit.  --Interiot 18:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I used pentagram and ampersand as examples of signs that have their own articles. I didn't say that pentagram is a letter or an ideogram. -Hapsiainen 18:46, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * According to the standard I put forth in the couple of comments above, language-oriented graphemes should be placed only in a dictionary (contrary to current precedent), but non-language-oriented pictograms (such as a pentagram) should be placed only in an encyclopedia. So those were arguments for that position.  Both Encarta and Merriam-Webster include entries for individual roman letters, so I suppose a safe way to rule on this would be to put the same/similar content on both wikipedia and wiktionary.  But that's a bit of a weird solution, especially if we can find a standard that indicates which articles should go where.  --Interiot 18:57, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As does Britannica. If this gets deleted, do you agree that a should be VFD'd? Toothpaste 19:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm proposing that if an organization produces both an encyclopedia and a dictionary, and makes them equally available (especially for free), it should not have duplicate entries for every single grapheme. So, yes, I'm suggesting the two articles should be merged.  --Interiot 19:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not a dictionary definition, and that pretty much says it all. -- grm_wnr Esc  19:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ...so...  The wiktionary entries should be VfDed?  --Interiot 20:25, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You can try, but I guess Wiktionary wouldn't take too kindly to proposing their article for deletion on Wikipedia :P. If by "VfD" you mean wikt:Wiktionary:Requests for deletion, I guess a dictionary entry could be written under that topic as well, so no. I hope you're not implying that encyclopedia should be deleted just because we have Encyclopedia. -- grm_wnr Esc  20:44, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think most people can understand the difference between Wikipedia and Wiktionary. However, I don't understand how there's a difference between existing content for the grapheme articles (Braille, Unicode, audio pronunciation, part of speech usage, stroke order, etc).  It seems to be the same on both sides.  --Interiot 21:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I am of the opinion that this is material that is perfectly appropriate for an encyclopedia, and maybe less appropriate for a dictionary entry. However, whether they think it is appropriate there is something they have to decide by themselves, and I'm saying that I think this is appropriate here in this discussion. There is no rule that content must not be duplicated on Wiktionary and Wikipedia, as long as both communities want it. -- grm_wnr Esc  21:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * So, the suggestion then is that users should click on the interwiki link, and read through both articles at the same time, to make sure they get the full/best information? Or that one of us personally ferry information back and forth to create two copies of the best information?  --Interiot 21:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that the "best" information for Wiktionary is not the same as the "best" information for Wikipedia, but apart from that, that is what I'm suggesting above, yes. -- grm_wnr Esc  21:34, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, can't say I'm bored enough to do it, but for anyone who wants to semi-troll, or pick up easy edit points or whatever, here's a start of all the various edits that were just proposed be made, using just the existing information (no new kanji or anything yet). Madness.  --Interiot 23:06, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As said before, kanji are not pertinent to this discussion. Quite a few of the glyphs on those lists exist as redirects to what they represent, similar to how $ redirects to dollar, where it has a section for the history of the symbol. This cannot be done with kana. Toothpaste 23:20, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I must say, the directory path of your link intrigues me, Interiot. Maybe I should just let this discussion rest for now. -- grm_wnr Esc  00:18, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The directory path wasn't commentary per-se. It was describing my actions if I would have decided to combine this with this.  --Interiot 00:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as pre the precedent of the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. --Carnildo 21:18, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep some (not necessarily all) characters are notable --madewokherd 22:04, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, at least until we delete Z. Seems a reasonable start. —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 00:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Keep keep keep. Not only per precedent, but there's some damned interesting stuff in here. Are we supposed to go to Wiktionary to find out how the stroke order evolved? --Golbez 04:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep of course. The history of these ideograph and ideograph components is certainly encyclopedic, as is the practice of writing them and any notes on usage and significance (in the same manner as we have "grade A" or the quote "I am the alpha and omega"). Demi T/C 04:33, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * A small correction: Japanese kana aren't ideographs. Anyway, I completely agree with your point. I hope something everyone will agree with is that the history of kana does belong in Wikipedia. But, before deciding whether to keep the article on that basis, please take a look at the two excellent existing articles, hiragana, and katakana. If there is a lot of information to include, it is possible that each individual character might need to have a history page, giving more details, but as I suggested above I think it would be better to integrate the information into one focused page if at all possible. --DannyWilde 05:56, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, but rename in English, otherwise the articles are more or less useless. Christopher Parham (talk) 05:37, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, The issue is that, I strongly believe it's a problem if the standards say that information should be completely duplicated in both places. At this point, there's precedent on both Wikipedia and Wiktionary (1), (2) to keep all the information discussed so far on either side.  When AfD/RfDs come up, the easy thing to do is vote Keep, and act like a problem doesn't exist.  So eventually this information will get copied to both sides, while all along, people aren't required to give reasoned arguments for or against the idea that it should be copied verbatim in both places.  I'm a programmer, and one of the first things that was pounded into my head over and over, was that you don't keep information in multiple places unless there's a really really good reason, because it always causes more problems than you think it will, keeping them synchronized or coordinated wastes a lot of human time, and usually there's a simple technical or procedural fix for it.  This discussion is made more important because we really are talking about duplicating hundreds and thousands of characters.          Most dictionaries and encyclopedias have characters in them.  So people will come to either place looking for information.  We're an electronic wiki, we're one community, not two, and we can do better.  The solution is to put a redirect or interwiki link on the other side, and only store information on one side.  And there is precedent for doing that too.  --Interiot 14:20, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge While there exists the potential to make a significant article for each of these, none of these has enough to justify a separate encyclopedia article at the moment.  Caerwine 23:19, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Japanese alphabet? Keep, we have A, A (Cyrillic), Alpha (letter) and Æ, so why shouldn't we have articles on Kana, given that they are now at English titles? Alphax τεχ 13:37, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep at their japanese names, we use Unicode on this installation, no reason not to use it. —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 13:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ausir 13:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC) at the Japanese names
 * Keep all kana, like all letters of the Roman alphabet. Kappa 21:49, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:206.158.123.8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:206.158.123.8


text:
Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest

Sweden has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 62 times since making its debut in 1958, missing only three contests since then (1964, 1970 and 1976). Since 1959, the Swedish entry has been chosen through an annual televised competition, known since 1967 as Melodifestivalen. At the contest, Sweden was one of the first five countries to adopt televoting. Sweden has hosted the contest seven times: three times in Stockholm, three times in Malmö and once in Gothenburg.

Sweden, along with, is the most successful country in the Eurovision Song Contest, with a total of seven victories. Sweden also has the most top five results of the 21st century, with 13; in total, Sweden has achieved 26 top five results in the contest. After finishing second with Lill Lindfors and Svante Thuresson in, Sweden went on to achieve its seven victories with ABBA , Herreys , Carola , Charlotte Nilsson , Loreen ( and ) and Måns Zelmerlöw.

Contest history

Sweden's first entrant in the contest was Alice Babs in, who was placed fourth. This remained the country's best result until, when Lill Lindfors and Svante Thuresson were second.

Sweden's first Eurovision victory was in with the song "Waterloo", performed by ABBA. Thanks to their victory in Brighton, ABBA went on to gain worldwide success and become one of the best-selling pop groups of all time. In the 1980s, Sweden achieved three successive top three results. After Carola finished third in, the Herreys gave Sweden its second victory in with "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley". Kikki Danielsson then finished third in. Carola returned to the contest in, eventually giving Sweden its third win with "Fångad av en stormvind", defeating in a tie-break. Charlotte Nilsson gave the country a second win of the decade in, with "Take Me to Your Heaven". The 1990s also saw two third-place results, for Jan Johansen in and One More Time in. In the 2000s, the best Swedish result was fifth place, which it achieved four times, with Friends in, Fame in , Lena Philipsson in and Carola, who in , became the only Swedish performer to achieve three top five results. Together with Croatia and Malta, Sweden was one of only three countries to have never been relegated under the pre-2004 rules of the contest.

With the exception of 2006, Sweden endured a poor run of results between and, placing no higher than 18th. The nadir came in, when Anna Bergendahl became the first Swedish entrant to fail to qualify for the final, finishing 11th in the semi-final, only five points from qualification (in , Charlotte Perrelli finished 12th in the semi-final but qualified through the back-up jury selection). Since then, the country has been very successful, finishing in the top ten in all subsequent editions except two (14th place in and ). This includes a fifth victory courtesy of Loreen's "Euphoria" in, a sixth victory courtesy of Måns Zelmerlöw's "Heroes" in , and a seventh victory courtesy of Loreen's "Tattoo" in. With her 2023 win, Loreen also became the second performer as well as the first female artist to win the contest more than once. Additional top-five placements during this period are third places in and, a fourth place in , and fifth places in ,  and.

Melodifestivalen
Melodifestivalen is an annual music competition organised by Swedish public broadcasters Sveriges Television (SVT) and Sveriges Radio (SR). It has chosen the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest since 1959. It is one of Sweden's most popular television shows, and it has been estimated that more than four million Swedes watch the show annually. All of Sweden's entries for Eurovision have been selected through Melodifestivalen, with the exception of its first entry in 1958, which was internally selected by SR.

Commentators and spokespersons
Over the years SVT commentary has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including Jacob Dahlin, Ulf Elfving, Harald Treutiger, Pekka Heino, Kristian Luuk and Fredrik Belfrage. Since  (with the exceptions of 2013 and 2016), Edward af Sillén provided the SVT commentary alongside various dual commentators.

title: Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest


text:
Talk:Dense graph

Definition of "sparse graph"
I removed the following from the article:
 * "Bruno Preiss' definition of sparse and dense graphs has problems, but may help. First, for one graph, one can always choose a k. Second a class of graphs might be considered sparse if |E| = O(|V|k) and 2 > k > 1. |E| is the number of edges, and |V| is the number of vertices."

Firstly, it is not clear what Bruno Preiss' definition is. Secondly, the definition is probably wrong; I guess that |E| = O(|V|k) should be |E| = O(|V|k), but I'm not sure. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 16:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

A simple web search answered my question: the article was copied from the NIST website. The article really should include a reference to the original source to avoid charges of plagiarism, even when there are no copyright issues. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 16:49, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Sparse Matrix
One possible definition of a sparse graph is one which can be represented by a sparse matrix. The definition of a sparse graph is often application dependent. A rather simple one is that it has O(|V|) edges. Let's look again at the first example graph:

An edge is a self-loop if it is of the form (u,u). The sample graph contains no self-loops.

A graph is simple if it neither contains self-loops nor contains an edge that is repeated in E. A graph is called a multigraph if it contains a given edge more than once or contain self-loops. For our discussions, graphs are assumed to be simple. The example graph is a simple graph.

An edge (u,v) is incident to both vertex u and vertex v. For example, the edge (1,3) is incident to vertex 3.

The degree of a vertex is the number of edges which are incident to it. For example, vertex 3 has degree 3, while vertex 4 has degree 1.

Vertex u is adjacent to vertex v if there is some edge to which both are incident (that is, there is an edge between them). For example, vertex 2 is adjacent to vertex 5.

A graph is said to be sparse if the total number of edges is small compared to the total number possible ((N x (N-1))/2) and dense otherwise. For a given graph, whether it is dense or sparse is not well-defined by garin

definition correct?
Is the definition really correct? Applying the current definition means that it is impossible to have a graph density of 1. For full graphs, the limit of the density is 1 as the order approaches infinity, but that's a little different Citrus538 09:44, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm going to change the definition in a few days if nobody objects. Citrus538 04:06, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a good point you raise. The first paper I found which defines graph density has another definition which meets your concern, so I replace the unreferenced definition in the article with their definition. If you have a better references, for instance, a text book, then please put it in. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 14:09, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Great! I was just gonna wing it without any references : )  Anyway, I added that the definition applies only for undirected graphs. 68.221.99.78 03:38, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Ooops, forgot to log in. That last comment is mine. Citrus538 03:39, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Preiss definition of sparse graph
I removed the sentence:
 * "One possibility is to choose a number k with 1 < k < 2 and to define a sparse graph to be a graph with |E| = O(|V|k), where |E| denotes the number of edges, |V| the number of vertices, and the letter O refers to the Big O notation (Preiss 1998, p. 534)."

This definition does not make any sense at all. The big-O notation is defined on functions. However, for a single graph, the number of nodes and the number of edges are constants (costant functions). That means that, according to the definition, any graph is sparse for any choice of k (because any constant is bigger than any other constant by only a constant factor). The source where the definition seems to directly originate, the NIST site, talks about classes of graphs, which makes more sense, but still the notation is awkward and non-standard. The NIST site refers to a web version of a book by Preiss. Both the NIST site and Preiss' book are not about graph theory. Hoopje (talk) 15:44, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dense graph


text:
User talk:Manojkuncheria

Manoj Kuncheria

s/o M L Kuncheria & Daissamma Kuncheria

Family: Chavara Mulakattuparambil Kainakary Alleppey Kerala India

Maternal Family : Kandamkalam House Champakulam Alleppey Kerala India

Spouse Name & Address Ms. Gissymol Rose George Kochuthara House Champakulam Alleppey Kerala India

title: User talk:Manojkuncheria


text:
Bletia

Bletia is a genus of about 30 species of orchids (family Orchidaceae), almost all of which are terrestrial; some are occasionally lithophytic or epiphytic. It is named after Spanish botanist and pharmacist Don Luis Blet. The genus is widespread across Florida, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America as far south as Argentina.

List of species
Accepted species as of May 2014:

 * Bletia adenocarpa Rchb.f.
 * Bletia amabilis C.Schweinf.
 * Bletia antillana M.A.Diaz & Sosa
 * Bletia campanulata Lex.
 * Bletia candida Kraenzl.
 * Bletia catenulata Ruiz & Pav.
 * Bletia coccinea Lex.
 * Bletia concolor Dressler
 * Bletia ensifolia L.O.Williams
 * Bletia florida (Salisb.) R.Br.
 * Bletia gracilis Lodd.
 * Bletia greenmaniana L.O.Williams
 * Bletia greenwoodiana Sosa
 * Bletia lilacina A.Rich. & Galeotti
 * Bletia macristhmochila Greenm.
 * Bletia meridana (Rchb.f.) Garay & Dunst.
 * Bletia neglecta Sosa
 * Bletia nelsonii Ames
 * Bletia netzeri Senghas
 * Bletia parkinsonii Hook.
 * Bletia parviflora Ruiz & Pav.
 * Bletia patula Hook.
 * Bletia punctata Lex.
 * Bletia purpurata A.Rich. & Galeotti
 * Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC.
 * Bletia reflexa Lindl.
 * Bletia repanda Ruiz & Pav.
 * Bletia riparia Sosa & Palestina
 * Bletia roezlii Rchb.f.
 * Bletia similis Dressler
 * Bletia stenophylla Schltr.
 * Bletia tenuifolia Ames & C.Schweinf.
 * Bletia uniflora Ruiz & Pav.
 * Bletia urbana Dressler
 * Bletia warfordiana Sosa

title: Bletia


text:
Brad Hennessey

Brad Martin Hennessey (born February 7, 1980) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants. He stands 6 ft tall and weighs 185 lb. He played for the Giants from 2004 to 2008 and threw five pitches: a fastball, a slider, a changeup, a curveball, and a cutter.

Hennessey attended Youngstown State University and set several school records during his tenure with the team. In 2001, he was selected by the Giants in the first round of the draft. He did not pitch in 2002 because of surgery to remove a non-cancerous tumor from his back. In 2004, he reached the major leagues for the first time. He spent much of the 2005 season in the major leagues, making 21 starts and posting a 4.64 earned run average (ERA). In 2006, Hennessey spent time both in the Giants' starting rotation and the bullpen. He became a relief pitcher full-time in 2007, spending the entire season in the majors and closing for the Giants part of the time. After posting a 7.81 ERA with the Giants in 2008, Hennessey was outrighted to the minors; he refused the assignment and became a free agent. He attempted to pitch for the Baltimore Orioles in 2009 but was unable due to injury. Hennessey then spent parts of 2010 and 2011 in the minor leagues.

Early life
Hennessey was born on February 7, 1980, in Toledo, Ohio. In 1997, he graduated from Whitmer High School, where he was named a USA Today honorable mention All-American and won All-Ohio honors for his baseball playing. He went to Youngstown State University, where he played shortstop and pitched until his senior year, when he converted exclusively to pitching. As a senior, he had a 6–5 record and a 4.06 earned run average (ERA) in 16 games while setting school single-season records for innings pitched ($88 2/3$) and strikeouts (126). That year, he was named the Mid-Continent Conference co-Pitcher of the Year.

Minor leagues (part 1)
Hennessey was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the first round (21st overall) of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. He began his career with the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Single-A short season Northwest League, where he had a 1–0 record, a 2.38 ERA, 22 strikeouts, and 34 innings pitched in nine starts. That year, Salem-Keizer won the Northwest League championship. While pitching in an instructional league later that year, Hennessey began experiencing soreness that was initially attributed to a muscle strain but turned out to be a non-cancerous tumor in his back. He had it removed in February 2002, but it grew back later that season, and he missed the entire year while undergoing a second surgery.

Hennessey began 2003 in extended spring training but pitched for the Hagerstown Suns of the Single-A South Atlantic League from June 14 to the end of the season. With Hagerstown, Hennessey had a 3–9 record, a 4.21 ERA, 44 strikeouts, one complete game, and $79 1/3$ innings pitched in 15 starts. He began the 2004 season with the Norwich Navigators of the Double-A Eastern League, where he had a 5–5 record, a 3.56 ERA, 55 strikeouts, and 101 innings pitched in 18 starts. On July 14, he was promoted to the Fresno Grizzlies of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League. In 5 starts with Fresno, he had a 4–1 record, a 2.02 ERA, 16 strikeouts, and $35 2/3$ innings pitched.

2004
Following an injury to Jerome Williams in 2004, Hennessey was called up to join the Giants' starting rotation. He made his debut on August 7 against Greg Maddux of the Chicago Cubs, who was looking for his 300th win. Hennessey allowed four runs in $4 2/3$ innings and took the loss in the 8–4 defeat, becoming the first pitcher to lose his debut to a pitcher who won his 300th game since 1901, when Cy Young defeated John McPherson. In his next start, against the Philadelphia Phillies on August 13, he allowed four unearned runs in five innings, got his first career hit (against Brian Powell), and earned his first career win in a 16–6 victory. After another start, he was sent to Fresno on August 18 when Wayne Franklin returned from the disabled list, but he was called up on August 28 when David Aardsma was demoted. On September 16, he threw a season-high seven shutout innings in a 4–0 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers. Hennessey finished the season with a 2–2 record, a 4.98 ERA, 25 strikeouts, and $34 1/3$ innings pitched in seven starts.

2005
Hennessey began 2005 in the minors. He was called up to make a start on May 1, and he gave up three runs over seven innings while earning the win in an 8–3 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates. After the game, he was returned to Fresno to make room for Jeremy Accardo on the roster, but he was called up on May 12 to replace the injured Jason Schmidt in the rotation. He made four starts on this stint; after he gave up six runs in two innings in a 6–5 loss to the Phillies on June 2, he was replaced in the rotation by Jeff Fassero and returned to Fresno. On July 9, he was called up to rejoin the Giants' rotation as Kirk Rueter was demoted to the bullpen. Facing the St. Louis Cardinals that day, he pitched seven shutout innings and earned the win in the Giants' 2–0 victory. For the rest of the year, he remained in the Giants' rotation. In a start against the Brewers on July 28, Hennessey pitched 7 shutout innings, striking out seven and allowing only three hits, and won the game 3–0. The three runs came on a home run by Hennessey himself against Víctor Santos. He allowed one run over a career-high $7 2/3$ innings on September 21 and hit a home run against John Patterson as he defeated the Washington Nationals 5–1. He ended up making 21 starts for the Giants, tallying a 5–8 record, a 4.64 ERA, 64 strikeouts, and 52 walks in $118 1/3$ innings pitched. With Fresno, he had a 4–2 record, a 5.19 ERA, 46 strikeouts, 22 walks, and $67 2/3$ innings pitched.

2006
Kevin Correia and the newly acquired Jamey Wright competed for the Giants' fifth starting job with Hennessey in 2006; Hennessey struggled and began the season with the Grizzlies as Wright won the job. Hennessey was called up on April 16 due to an injury to Noah Lowry. After posting a 2–1 record and a 3.33 ERA, he was sent to the bullpen upon Lowry's return to the starting rotation on May 9, though Hennessey was frequently called upon to make spot starts. He got his first career save on June 5, pitching the final four innings of the Giants' 14–2 victory over the Florida Marlins. On August 11, Giants' manager Felipe Alou announced that Hennessey would replace the struggling Wright in the rotation. In his first start since rejoining the rotation on August 14, he threw $5 2/3$ shutout innings, earning the win in a 1–0 victory over the San Diego Padres. He posted an 8.62 ERA over his next four starts and returned to the bullpen when Lowry returned from an injury in September, though he made one more start before the end of the year. In 34 games (12 starts), Hennessey had a 5–6 record, a 4.26 ERA, 42 strikeouts, and 42 walks in $99 1/3$ innings pitched.

2007
Hennessey spent the entire 2007 season in the bullpen for the Giants. At the beginning of June, he was named the closer by Giants' manager Bruce Bochy after Armando Benítez was traded. From June 30 to August 31, he converted saves in 14 straight save opportunities, the longest streak by a Giant since Robb Nen had a 28-save streak in 2000; overall, Hennessey converted 17 out of 19 saves from May 30 to August 31. Afterwards, he converted only two out of five opportunities before Brian Wilson took over the closer role. In 2007, he went 4–5 and had a 3.42 ERA and 19 saves (out of 24 opportunities).

2008
On January 18, 2008, the Giants and Hennessey avoided arbitration and agreed to a $1.6 million, one-year deal. After he posted a 12.94 in his first 11 games of the season, he got sent down to the minors on May 6 to make room for Billy Sadler. Used as a starter at Fresno, Hennessey posted a 7–10 record, a 4.83 ERA, 69 strikeouts, 37 walks, and $132 1/3$ innings pitched in 21 starts. He was called back up when rosters expanded on September 1. After initially pitching out of the bullpen, he was moved to the rotation to replace Correia. On September 15, he threw the only complete game of his career, allowing three runs in eight innings in a 3–1 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks at Chase Field. In 17 games (four starts), he had a 1–2 record, a 7.81 ERA, 21 strikeouts, and 15 walks in $40 1/3$ innings pitched. He was outrighted to the minors in October, but he refused the assignment and became a free agent.

Minor leagues (part 2)
Hennessey signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles on November 17, 2008. Spencer Fordin of MLB.com wrote that Hennessey was "consistently hyped as a favorite to break camp in the rotation" for the Orioles. However, an elbow injury kept Hennessey from making any appearances with the Orioles or their affiliates. On June 1, 2009, Hennessey was released.

On March 2, 2010, Hennessey signed with the Minnesota Twins. He spent the 2010 season with the Rochester Red Wings of the Triple-A International League, posting a 1–3 record, a 7.76 ERA, 13 strikeouts, and eight walks in $26 2/3$ innings. After 14 games (one start), Hennessey was released on August 5.

The Houston Astros signed Hennessey to a minor league contract on May 31, 2011. He played for the Double-A Corpus Christi Hooks of the Texas League and the Triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks of the Pacific Coast League. His four games with Corpus Christi were all relief appearances; he had an 0–1 record and a 1.80 ERA. In seven games (six starts) with Oklahoma City, he had an 0–3 record, an 11.45 ERA, 10 strikeouts, and five walks in 22 innings pitched. On August 1, Hennessey was released by the Astros.

Pitching Style
Hennessey threw five pitches: a fastball, a slider, a changeup, a curveball, and a cutter. The fastball was Hennessey's main pitch; he threw it over 60% of the time in the majors. He did not throw it very hard, averaging speeds under 90 mph in 2007 and 2008. His slider was his secondary pitch, and his changeup was his third most-used pitch. Hennessey rarely used the cutter except for in 2006, when he threw it 10.1% of the time. Henessey often was plagued by a big inning, displaying a tendency to allow several runs in an inning during his starts.

Personal life
Hennessey married a nurse, Erin Bullard, on December 14, 2002. The couple has two children: Emma (born April 18, 2003) and Colin Jacob (born October 26, 2006). Hennessey participated in numerous charitable events during his tenure with the Giants.

title: Brad Hennessey


text: User talk:195.252.47.192

title: User talk:195.252.47.192


text: User talk:86.128.213.171

title: User talk:86.128.213.171


text:
Talk:Pennsylvanisch

I am not the author of this, but I moved it from the Pennsylvania German language page. In my opinion the quotation in this article should probably be cited User:Stettlerj

title: Talk:Pennsylvanisch


text:
Talk:Batman's Treaty

"... one of the only ..." This phrase is logically indefensible. It always makes me ask  if there were/are any others. Better: "... one of the [very] few ...", or, even better, specify: "... one of only three ...". I don't know what experts on Eglish usage might say about this usage; I only know that it makes me cringe. Too Old 16:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

"The document came to be known as Batman's Treaty and is also considered significant as it was the first and only documented time when Europeans negotiated their presence and occupation of Aboriginal lands directly with the traditional owners." This cannot be true and needs to be restated, as aboriginal people in Canada were frequently offered such treaties by the British.

Text of the treaty
Firstly, please keep discussion and meta-references out of the article space.

Secondly, an image of the treaty can be found here. It's a little blurred, but mostly legible. I've updated the references section to make the link to the image more prominent. --bainer (talk) 05:41, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are many representations floating around the net (and even on the printed page!)- I went to a lot of trouble sourcing the text (and typing the ####### thing) - Ive now found there are at least 8 copies in existence- Its my intention to list all copies and there textual differences-but until that petty thief puts the first text back I am, understandably, disinclined. And why shouldnt users of wikipedia know the full reason why they have been disallowed from reading it? Eric A. Warbuton 05:52, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Listing all copies would be really wonderful - why not go ahead and do it - at Wikisource, where they belong? Ambi 06:11, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

As I said on your talk page Eric, the text has not been "stolen", it can be viewed at any time in the article's history page, here:. As for the issue of where to put it, I have to agree with Ambi and say that source material belongs on Wikisource. Wikipedia is not a source repository, but Wikisource is. See also Don't include copies of primary sources. Once the text is on Wikisource, we can add a nice prominent link to it for anyone who wants to read it in full. --bainer (talk) 06:52, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The text of the treaty (according to Eric's transcription) is now at Wikisource, at the page Batman's Treaty. People are free to edit that page as they see fit, including adding any alternative drafts or transcriptions. --bainer (talk) 06:15, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Would someone more familiar with the treaty be able to format the Wikisource page so it doesn't appear as one great chunk of text? Ambi 07:47, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

revert deletion of quantities and acreage change
I reverted these edits as the amounts originally are as in the source cited, and no explanation was given for removal of quantities of change of acreage Garyvines (talk) 12:33, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

treaty was for rent, not purchase, of the land
Read it. The treaty is for use of the land (enfeoffdom) not outright tranfer of sovereignty, for starters. Secondly, there is an upkeep cost, yearly rent, of a similar sum (actually, a somewhat greater sum) as the initial payment. I wonder if Batman himself ever made subsequent payments, and certainly doubt that any such payments were made following the Governer's statement that the treaty was void under his system of law (of course it was, the treaty is for Batman to use the land as a client of the non-English owners, presumably under whatever system of law they held to, or some convention agreed betweem the two parties, or perhaps merely under Common Law or International Law, if such a thing was recognised in those days).

The more interesting question is how or why the Governer of NSW thought the native inhabitants of the land did not have a right to decide on uses of the land, and whether that opinion was true, honestly held, and valid.

Oh and please do something about wikipedia logging the IP of non-registered users. This project is not to erect or support a totalitarian state (if it is, please say so clearly and loudly, particularly when campaigning for donations and soliciting content), and I do not like the idea of being stalked by wierdos such as the admins of this project, or having my interactions with sites such as this conveyed to other users of my internet IP address, be they associates or non-associated parties. I mean this seriously, and take heed, there may be no further warnings, because I am tired of your ignorance of my serious concerns. This issue means this is not 'the encyclopedia anyone can edit' since those who do not wish to provide you with personal details or to have their personal details publicly described cannot edit it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.18.3.246 (talk) 13:29, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

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What is the Association?
This article mentions the Association several times but doesn't explain was that is/was.

1.126.106.4 (talk) 05:46, 18 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batman's Treaty


text: User talk:167.128.54.65

title: User talk:167.128.54.65


text:
Gyas

Gyas, a character in Virgil's Aeneid, features most extensively as one of the captains in the boat race in Book 5. He also appears (briefly) in Books 1 and 12. He was claimed as the eponymous ancestor of the Gegania gens, a patrician family of the Roman Republic.

Book 1
Gyas is introduced to the reader after Aeneas has landed on the coast of Libya, after the storm dispersed and, he fears, wrecked his fleet. "Intrepid Gyas" is one of the captains whose presumed death he mourns (Aeneid 1.222).

Book 5
Gyas is one of the four captains in the boat race in Book 5 of the Aeneid; he commands the Chimaera, and after gaining an early lead, at the halfway point he orders Menoetes, his helmsman, to steer in tightly, but Menoetes, afraid of hitting the reef, takes a wider turn and the Chimaera is passed on the inside by Cloanthus in the Scylla. In anger, Gyas throws Menoetes overboard, to the amusement of the spectators.

Gyas flew out to see first, slipping by others in all the noise and confusion. ... ...Reaching the marker, the leading captain, Gyas, seawater swirling around him, called to the ship's helmsman, Menoetes: "Why so far to starboard? Alter your course there, hug that rock.... ... ...he grabbed a fretful Menoetes, forgot good grace and the safety of crewmen, and threw him headlong down from the high stern in the water. (Aeneid 5.151-152; 159-63; 173-175.)

Commentary
Gyas, through his "extraordinary" and "ill-considered" action, forces himself to take up two roles: captain and helmsman. In doing so, he prefigures Aeneas, who will have to do the same thing at the end of Book 5, after Palinurus falls overboard and drowns. According to Joseph Farrell, the comparison favors Aeneas.

The swimming ability of "old man" Menoetes to swim to shore fully clothed, and without the assistance of a magical veil, contrasts with Odysseus's swim to shore and avoidance of the sort of rocks at Phaeacia that Menoetes clambered up onto unaided.

Gyas was considered the eponymous ancestor of the Gegania gens (the link was made by Maurus Servius Honoratus, a fifth-century grammarian and commentator of Virgil), but Virgil lists the other three captains (Mnestheus, Sergestus, Cloanthus) along with the families they supposedly founded (the Memmia gens, the Sergia gens, and the Cluentians, respectively), the Gegania, which would have been much less familiar to Virgil's audience than the other families, get no such credit, which John Conington found "singular". David Ross, professor of classics at the University of Michigan, also noted Gyas was not directly connected to a gens, and also characterized the description of the Chimaera as "decidedly odd", seeming to be "an aircraft carrier, racing against destroyers".

Joseph Addison wrote in issue 279 of The Spectator that "Sentiments which raise laughter can very seldom be admitted with any decency into an heroic poem [...] I remember but one laugh in the whole Aeneid, which rises in the fifth book upon Menoetes, where he is represented as thrown overboard, and drying himself upon a rock.". David Ross observed that it is, however, "the laughter of mockery and derision". Professor of Latin at University College London M. M. Willcock concurred that it is "insensitive" and that "[t]o laugh at the unmerited misfortune of another human being is not the highest moral reaction", observing that Menoetes had done nothing deserving of such a reaction from spectators. Addison's recollection notwithstanding, a second instance of the same mocking laughter occurs when Sergestus brings his boat in.

Book 10, possibly
Through the word "clavus" meaning both tiller and club, the "huge" namesake in 10.317–322 who lays his foes low with a club that belongs to Hercules is linked by scholars to the ship's captain.

Book 12
In Book 12.460, Gyas beheads Ufens (Aeneid 12.460).

Later commentary and references

 * Minor planet 5637 was discovered by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker in 1988 and named for Gyas.
 * Edwin Arlington Robinson's sonnet titled "Menoetes", first published in the Harvard Advocate of 1892-03-15, is based upon this incident: "Who is this fellow floundering in the wave / Flung from the Trojan galley thundering by?"
 * Richard Anthony Salisbury chose Gyas as the name for a botanical genus, naming orchid species such as Gyas verecunda, Gyas florida, and Gyas humilis. However, this was superseded by Robert Brown's name Bletia.

title: Gyas


text:
Mazer

Mazer may refer to:

 * Mazer (drinking vessel), a type of Germanic drinking vessel crafted from the 13th to the 16th centuries
 * Mazer Rackham, a fictional character from Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game series
 * Bill Mazer, a famous American sportscaster
 * Norma Fox Mazer, author of books for children and young adults
 * Johan Mazer, Swedish musician
 * Mazer (video game), a 1996 video game by American Laser Games
 * Mazer Zaouia, a village in El Oued Province, Algeria

title: Mazer


text:
User:Grabbo

Hi I'm Grabbo, and when I have some free time; I'll update my page!

title: User:Grabbo


text: User talk:220.247.252.158

title: User talk:220.247.252.158


text:
Bonnell Thornton

Bonnell Thornton (1725 – 1768) was an English poet, essayist, and critic. He was educated at Westminster School, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1747.

In 1752, Thornton founded the Drury Lane Journal, a satirical periodical which, among other things, lampooned other journals such as Johnson's Rambler, The Gentleman's Magazine and The London Magazine. Twelve issues were published between January and April 1752. From 1754 to 1756 he published, with George Colman, a six-page weekly serial, The Connoisseur, which, although criticised by Dr. Johnson for lack of substance, ran to 140 issues. He was a frequent contributor to The Gentleman's Magazine.

Thornton was also a member of the Nonsense Club of Old Westminster men with George Colman, William Cowper, Charles Churchill and Robert Lloyd.

He married Sylvia Braithwaite, younger and posthumous daughter of Colonel John Braithwaite by his wife Silvia Cole, and sister of Major-General Sir John Braithwaite, 1st Baronet. She was noted for her outstanding piety. They had three children.

title: Bonnell Thornton


text:
User talk:Alizera

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 16:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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Welcome!
Welcome to WP.. yeah it can be pretty intimidating at first, but the rewards are there too. Let me know what you're looking to do here on WP, and we can look at some articles that can be improved :) SirFozzie 20:06, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

How to create a new page
Can be found at Help:Starting_a_new_page. Templates are wikitext code that you include in an an article source text to produce certain graphics or text boxes in the article itself. This may not be the best of answers. Hopefully it is clear and descriptive enough. There is likely much I don't fully understand about templates, as a start you could visit template. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Thane Eichenauer (talk • contribs) 05:05, 14 February 2007 (UTC).

easiest way for newbies to contribute
I'll start my answer with a disclaimer: Like many things, there is no *best* way to contribute. I will tell you the style I used when I started. I am a detail type of person so I started out looking for spelling and grammar mistakes. I also looked for extremely factual based articles, such as hypothetically, 2004 election results for Arizona (where I live) and then update the page with, for instance, candidates that other people hadn't added yet. I gravitate towards contributing on articles where I can be sure my addition is unimpeachable (because I *know*) and then working my way around and around. I am sure you have several favorite topics in life and school and if you start looking around on wikipedia then you can just read and read articles and there is likely to be a spelling error here, a grammar error there and so forth. This doesn't sound exciting to you if it isn't your style of excitement (I am wikignomic).

As my user page states, I really enjoy reading The Signpost, especially The Report on Lengthy Litigation (TROLL) as I can see how people get into arguements on wikipedia (and therefore identify how to avoid them myself).

Lastly, if you are fluent at any non-English language you could consider looking around on a non-english wikipedias and compare and contrast or fix articles there. Thane Eichenauer 03:40, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

I added my answer on my User_talk:Thane_Eichenauer page. Thane Eichenauer 23:23, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

New WikiProject!
Hi, Alizera, the WikiProject got started, thanks to you! :) Check out this page and have fun adding your own articles. :) I can't wait to learn more about crochet. Talk to you soon, but gotta run off to work now, Willow 13:30, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Textile Arts newsletter
Happy New Year! WikiProject Textile Arts is starting 2008 by initiating a project newsletter. We had 7 new articles at Template:Did you know in December (and six of them were in crochet). Have a look and we hope to see more of you in 2008. Cheers, Durova Charge! 20:50, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Textile Arts newsletter
Hello again, this month's textile arts newsletter highlights the expansion of top-importance knitting and good article candidacy for Palestinian costumes. We've had several more new articles appear at Template:Did you know and other exciting developments. Regards, Durova Charge! 23:32, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Textile arts newsletter
Hi, the textile arts project had an exciting month in February: 7 featured pictures, 2 good articles, and 4 Did you know? entries. There's still time to join our featured portal drive. Our March newsletter has all the developments. Regards, Durova Charge! 00:30, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alizera


text:
User talk:DhruvaCorrigan

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG (talk) 16:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
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title: User talk:DhruvaCorrigan


text: User talk:69.153.15.43

title: User talk:69.153.15.43


text:
Witthüser & Westrupp

Witthüser & Westrupp was a German singer-songwriter duo from Essen. The guitarist Bernd Witthüser (1944-2017) and the multi-instrumentalist Walter Westrupp (* 1946) had their roots in the folk and protest song movement, and their joint titles initially had macabre, later predominantly psychedelic elements. The band was formed in June 1969 as "W&W's pop cabaret", singing German texts in a special way. In 1970 the name changed to "Witthüser & Westrupp". Their music was attributed to the genre of psychedelic folk and later to krautrock. Their best-known album became the 1971 concept album Der Jesuspilz, in which an undefined substance ("der Brösel") becomes a symbol of the divine. The duo existed from 1969 to 1973. Later, Bernd Witthüser lived in Murci (Italy) until his death, while he was working as the street musician Bärnelli in Europe. Walter Westrupp is still living in Germany and is the frontman of the skiffle and jug band Walter h.c. Meier Pumpe.

Career
Bernd Witthüser, who as a "protest singer of the Ruhr" set to music and sang texts by the Essen journalist Thomas Rother, and the multi-instrumentalist Walter Westrupp, both from the Essen folk scene, met in 1967 in the Essen "City Club" and then worked together in the Essen artist basement pub "Podium". In 1968 Witthüser was involved as managing director of the Internationale Essener Songtage initiated by Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser, Tom Schroeder, Hendrik M. Broder, Reinhard Hippen and others, where he also performed himself. Afterwards he founded the "1st Essen Commune" together with Westrupp, they went through the city together as the first Essen hippies, invented the tea bag lifting machine TEHOMA and attracted attention with all kinds of nonsense actions.

In 1969 they started to make music together. Initially as Bernd Witthüser Sing- und Spielgemeinschaft (SuSG), then as W & Ws Pop-Cabaret and from 1970 as Duo Witthüser & Westrupp they performed together until 1973. They composed and recorded various LPs and singles during this time, and their titles appeared on countless collections and samplers. They were frequent guests on television and radio and performed at various festivals. With their "Trips-und-Träume" music, they gave the German stoners their own songs in the national language and thus landed in the indices of the radio stations, were voted 3rd place among the German-language singing duos by the German music journalists at the German Music Poll 1971 of the Schallplatte magazine, played in artists' cellars, singer-songwriter pubs, cabaret stages and performed at numerous festivals. They completed a tour of 100 German churches with their "Jesus Opera" as well as a tour of Germany together with the German hard rock band Wallenstein. They were involved as studio musicians in Walter Wegmüller's "Tarot" project as well as in the electronic improvisation project Lord Krishna by Goloka of the Swiss author and publicist Sergius Golowin, and as such collaborated on productions of musician friends and groups from the "Kaiser" cosmos. Parallel to their studio work, Witthüser & Westrupp were regularly on tour. They played in clubs and on cabaret stages (e.g. in the Mainzer Unterhaus). In Berlin they performed with Insterburg & Co, Reinhard Mey, Ulrich Roski, Schobert & Black and Hannes Wader. They played at various pop and blues festivals, including the Fehmarn Festival on September 6, 1970, where they performed in front of Jimi Hendrix. They made various television appearances, including with Insterburg & Co. and Franz Josef Degenhardt. The musicians were also heard on productions by Hoelderlin, Jerry Berkers and Bröselmaschine. In March 1973 Witthüser & Westrupp disbanded. Bernd Witthüser traveled to India, then went to Berlin and later to Italy, where he lived for a long time as a street singer. Walter Westrupp settled back in Essen and opened his arts and crafts store "Dabbelju". At the end of 1973 a live double LP with concert recordings from Freiburg and Koblenz was released. This last LP of the duo was mixed by Dieter Dierks and produced by Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser and Gille Lettmann. It included music from all four W&W programs as well as songs that had not been released on any of the previous LPs: a cross-section of the two musicians' entire creative period together. A DVD, reworked by Walter Westrupp in 2005 and released under the title Als wäre es gestern erst gewesen, shows the career of the two musicians based on old TV recordings, documentaries and pictures from 1968 to 2003 (including Otto & Bernelli and Walter h.c. Meier Pumpe) and the story of their invention (the tea bag lifting machine - TEHOMA). In 2018, a live recording of the dress rehearsal of the Jesuspilz opera from October 1971 was released by Sireena Records. The duo's history is described in detail in Walter Westrupp's multimedia online-book "68er nach Noten".

Lieder von Vampiren, Nonnen und Toten
The first LP Lieder von Vampiren, Nonnen und Toten (Songs of vampires, nuns and the dead) was recorded in Hamburg in March 1970 and dealt thematically with life, death and dying. It was released on the newly founded label Ohr by Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser. In addition to his own texts, poems by Heinrich Heine, Novalis, Thomas Rother and Baltus Brösel were set to music. The music was exclusively by Witthüser & Westrupp. Incorrectly, only Bernd Witthüser was named on the front cover. The instrumentation was varied, (Witthüser played Guitar, Westrupp played Ukulele, Trumpet and Trombone, Xylophon, Basedrum, Washboard, Flute and Chromonica) all this exclusively acoustic and - in contrast to the following LPs - sparse and simple. Their stage show at that time consisted of only one red and one green light - alternating for love and coffin songs. To present their LP, the two musicians had themselves carried on stage in style in coffins.

Trips & Träume
Trips und Träume (Trips & Dreams), W & W's second LP, was recorded in March 1971 in Stommeln in Dieter Dierks' studio. It was created with the help of the musicians Bernd Roland (Bass) and Renée Zucker (Voice and Piano). Producers were Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser and Gille Lettmann. The LP was also released on the Ohr label. The title was program: the album contains travelogues (among others Laßt uns auf die Reise gehen, a text by Thomas Rother) as well as Nimm einen Joint, mein Freund, which is one of the band's best-known songs. The instruments grew: Witthüser played electric guitar and mandolin, Westrupp added psalteries, bongos and f-flutes. Their live program of the same name was peppered with nonsense lyrics, Indian fairy tales, and stories of trips and hikes together through strange wondrous landscapes, and - just like the LP - was aimed at the "positively" freaked out.

Der Jesuspilz - Musik vom Evangelium
The third LP, the concept album Der Jesuspilz - Musik vom Evangelium ( The Jesus Mushroom - Music from the Gospel), was produced in August 1971 in the shadow of the Jesus People movement, but had other roots. The basis was the book Secret Cult of the Holy Mushroom by John Marco Allegro. The basic idea for this LP was to reinterpret the Bible. Thus, the "crumb" was declared the primordial essence of life and its story was told from creation to modern times. Jesus addresses his disciples as "guys". The Bible texts Genesis 1 (Creation), Luke 3:21-22; 6:13 (Enlightenment and Calling), Luke 9:12-17 (Gathering), Mark 4:26-32 (Confession) and Mark 16:15 (The Sending) were thereby musically transposed and retold by Witthüser & Westrupp. In addition to all of the aforementioned instruments, Witthüser used the banjo, kazoo and other guitars, and Westrupp played harmonium and a large number of percussion instruments. Some of the songs from the opera, such as Der Sündenfall, Auferstehung und Himmelfahrt and Vision 1 did not make it onto the LP and were - except for Vision 1 (Bauer Plath) and Der Sündenfall (as Der Teufel in Walter Wegmüller's Tarot production) - never released. They were recorded again at Studio Dierks in Stommeln, with Dieter Dierks (mellotron) as musician and producer. Other producers were Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser and Gille Lettmann. The album was released on Ohr's subsidiary label, Pilz, also founded by Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser. The premiere of the "Jesus Opera" took place in the Apostel Church in Essen. The media response was great, so that the duo performed in over a hundred churches in the Federal Republic as well as in many television broadcasts.

Bauer Plath
After W & W had toured all over Germany with their music from the Gospel, they retired to the seclusion of the small village of Dill in Hunsrück. This is where the fourth LP Bauer Plath (Farmer Plath) came into being. It was dedicated to their landlord and bears his name. The lyrics were based on German and Indian fairy tales and the books of J. R. R. Tolkien and Carlos Castaneda, the music came exclusively from Witthüser & Westrupp. The LP was recorded in June/July 1972 at Studio Dierks in Stommeln. The LP was again produced by Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser and Gille Lettmann. Guest musicians were Jürgen Dollase, Jerry Berkers, Harald Grosskopf, Bill Baron (all from the rock group Wallenstein), Tommy Engel (bläck fööss), Gille Lettmann, Antje Dahlhaus (both singing) and Dieter Dierks. Bauer Plath also appeared on the Pilz label.

Live 68-73
In 1973 the double LP "Live 68-73" was released with concert recordings from Freiburg and Koblenz. Without much technical support, music pieces from all four W&W programs were recorded live by Dieter Dierks with a recording mobile - quasi a cross-section through the entire joint creative period. By the time the production was released, the musicians had already parted ways: the LPs were released as an obituary, so to speak. In 2018, a live recording of the dress rehearsal of "Der Jesuspilz" was released by Sireena Records.

Discography

 * Lieder von Vampiren, Nonnen und Toten (1970) (listed as a Berndt Witthüser solo album, although both Witthüser and Westrupp play) LP, OHR OMM 56.002
 * 1970 – Einst kommt die Nacht/Wer schwimmt dort (W&W), Single, OHR OS 57 002
 * 1970 – OHRENSCHMAUS (mit W&W ), Sampler, Do-LP,  OMM 2/56.006
 * 1971 – Trips und Träume (W&W), LP, OHR OMM 556 016
 * 1971 – Nimm einen Joint, mein Freund/Lasst uns auf die Reise gehen (W&W), Single, OHR 57004
 * 1971 – Mitten ins Ohr (mit W&W), Sampler, Do-LP, OHR OMM 2/56018
 * 1971 – Der Jesuspilz (W&W), LP, Pilz 2021098-7
 * 1971 – Die Erleuchtung/die Aussendung (W&W), Single, PILZ 05 19041-7
 * 1971 – Magical Land/Crazy Inspiration (W&W als „The Magic Group“), Single, BASF 05-15012-1
 * 1972 – Bauer Plath (W&W), LP, PILZ 20 29115-4
 * 1972 – Bauer Plath/Lied der Liebe (W&W), Single, PILZ 05 19 134-0
 * 1972 – Unterwegs - Jerry Berkers (Mitwirkung W) LP, PILZ 20 29131-6
 * 1972 - Rapunzel (Mitwirkung W&W) Sampler, LP, PILZ 2029116-2
 * 1972 – Hölderlins Traum (Mitwirkung W), LP, PILZ 20 21314-5
 * 1973 - Lord Krishna von Goloka - Sergius Golowin (Mitwirkung W), LP, Kosmische Kuriere KK 58002
 * 1973 – TAROT von Walter Wegmüller (Mitwirkung W), Do-LP, Kosmische Kuriere KK 2/58.003
 * 1973 – Live 68-73 (W&W), Do–LP, Kosmische Musik KM 2/58.004
 * 1974 – Deutsche Liedermacher – Songfestival Ingelheim, Live-Mitschnitt (Mitwirkung BaierWestrupP), LP, Songbird/EMI Electrola  1 C 148-31 124/25
 * 1980 – Witthüser & Westrupp – ZXY Box 1 (W&W), 3 LPs, ZYX-BOX 1
 * 1995 – Die Witthüser & Westrupp CD-Collection (W&W), CD, ZYX MUSIC, ZYX CD 80.026
 * 2000 – Krautrockzeit (mit W&W), Sampler, 2 CDs, ZYX 81282-2
 * 2004 – Macht das Ohr nochmal auf... (mit W&W), CD, ZYX, OHR 70050-2
 * 2004 - ...als wäre es gestern erst gewesen (W&W), DVD, Eigenregie u. -vertrieb, WWDVD1
 * 2008 – Krautrock – music for your brain (mit W&W), div. CDs, Target Music 06024 9831762
 * 2018 – Der Jesuspilz Live (W&W), LP, Sireena Records, SIR 4045
 * 2020 – Innovative Jahre des Krautrock (mit W&W) 4 Do-CDs, Verlag Bear Family, BCD17622 [361141]
 * 2020 – Experimental German Rock 71-83 (mit W&W), 3 LPs, Soul Jazz Records SJR LP459
 * 2021 – KRAUTROCK 2 – (mit W), 2 DVD, Romantic Warriors USA, progdocs.com

Literature

 * Julian Scope: Krautrock Sampler (1996 Werner Piper, ISBN 3925817867) W&W S. 155 f.
 * Folk & Liedermacher an Rhein und Ruhr. Robert v. Zahn (Hrsg.), Agende Verlag 2003, ISBN 3-89688-125-6, S. 129–152, mit W&W u. WhcMP
 * Detlev Mahner u. Klaus Stürmer: Zappa, Zoff und Zwischentöne - Klartext Verlag, Essen, 2008,ISBN 978-3-89861-936-3.) S. 281 ff
 * Christoph Wagner: Der Klang der Revolte,2013, Schott Music, ISBN 978-3-7957-0842-9, Register W&W
 * Walter Wandtke: Aufgewachsen in Essen in den 60er und 70er Jahren, Wartberg Verlag 2013, ISBN 978-3-8313-1862-9) mit W&W
 * German Rock e.V. : Die W&W-Story (Rock News 35/2007)
 * Frank Baier, Jochen Wiegandt (Hrsg.): Glück auf – Liederbuch Ruhr. Lieder und Lexikon 2013, Klartext Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8375-0645-7, S. 429, 435, 440, 441

title: Witthüser & Westrupp


text:
Pandita

Paṇḍita (Hindi: paṇḍit; Malaysian and Indonesian Malay: pendeta; Mongol: bandida; Javanese: pandhita, pêndhita, pêndheta, (pandito, pendito, pendeto); Tibetan: khepa; Wyl: mkhas pa), a Sanskrit word meaning learned master, may refer to:

Titles

 * Pandita (Buddhism), a Buddhist teacher skilled in five sciences
 * Agga Maha Pandita, an honorific title used in Theravada Buddhism
 * Pandit, the Hindi variant, a broad term for teacher in the ancient and contemporary Indian context
 * Pandita (Islam), a term for Muslim ritual specialists in the Philippines

People

 * Balajinnatha Pandita (1916–2007), Sanskrit scholar
 * Gadadhara Pandita, an associate of Hindu social reformer Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
 * Lakshmana Pandita, 15th century Indian medical author
 * Pandita Ramabai (1858–1922), Indian social reformer
 * Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), 13th-century Tibetan Buddhist scholar
 * Sayadaw U Pandita (1921–2016), Burmese Theravada master
 * Zaya Pandita (1599–1662), Buddhist missionary priest and the most prominent Oirat Buddhist scholar

Other uses

 * Pandita (butterfly), a brush-footed butterfly of tribe Limenitidini

title: Pandita


text:
User talk:Rrius

The Signpost: 16 May 2024
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Disambiguation link notification for June 5
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Leader of the House of Lords, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Minister of State for Home Affairs.

(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 17:59, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

The Signpost: 8 June 2024
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The Signpost: 4 July 2024
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Could you make table lengths equal here?
In this page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Government_frontbench

Thank You.

TShape12 (talk) 08:16, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Lengths or widths? For widths, I was waiting on evidence the remaining cabinet ministers had been sworn of council. Once the 1px column has been added, the widths should be equal.

 * -Rrius (talk) 14:44, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rrius


text: User talk:84.13.65.191

title: User talk:84.13.65.191


text:
Category:Doughnuts

A doughnut, or donut, is a deep-fried piece of dough or batter, typically circular in shape with a hole in the center. See the article doughnut for additional detail.

title: Category:Doughnuts


text:
User talk:Pantaloons

Targets for improvement
Damn, the Baldur's Gate article is paltry. -- Broken Arms Gordon 16:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

But the Baldur's Gate series article is not.--Pantaloons 23:46, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

CS glitches
You mentioned you knew a lot about glitches and wanted to have a section (this is all in the CS talk page if you can't remember). There is one now, and if you want you can go flesh it out. It's also under fire five minutes into creation for not being a good wikipedia article. I just made it to get the ball rolling, but it's there now so you can make changes.

Image copyright problem with Image:Cpl-gopro4-BLACK.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cpl-gopro4-BLACK.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:. If you have not already done so, please also include the source of the image. In many cases this will be the website where you found it.

Please specify the copyright information and source on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 20:34, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Overrated
Hi, Pantaloons! This is Zaljerem; remember me? Feel free to update that article as you see fit ... I really just wrote it as an experiment, you guys really are notable by Wikipedia standards and I wanted to see if someone put it up for deletion, etc. I probably should have just put it at Overrated but I figured Overrated (WOW guild) had a higher likelihood of survival. I hope all is well with you, good to hear from you. Stop in and say hi at mnm.net sometime; we're still alive and kicking and looking forward to the expansion. JubalHarshaw 13:10, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Broken Arms Gordon listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Broken Arms Gordon. Since you had some involvement with the Broken Arms Gordon redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. The1337gamer (talk) 16:33, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pantaloons