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Kundakunda

Kundakunda was a Digambara Jain monk and philosopher, who likely lived in the second century CE or later.

His date of birth is māgha māsa, śukla pakṣa, pañcamī tithi, on the day of Vasant Panchami. He authored many Jain texts such as: Samayasara, Niyamasara, Pancastikayasara, Pravachanasara, Astapahuda and Barasanuvekkha. He occupies the highest place in the tradition of the Digambara Jain acharyas. All Digambara Jains say his name before starting to read the scripture. He spent most of his time at Ponnur Hills, Tamil Nadu and later part of life at Kundadri, Shimoga, Karnataka,

Names
His proper name was Padmanandin, he is popularly referred to as Kundakunda possibly because the modern village of Konakondla in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh which is his birth place. He is also presumed to be the one being alluded to by names such as Elacarya, Vakragriva, Grdhrapiccha or Mahamati. He is also called Thiruvalluvar, the author of tamil classical Thirukkural, besides many other cannons in jain literature.

Biography

Kundakunda belonged to the Digambara sect. Natubhai Shah places him in the second-century CE. Jayandra Soni places him in either the 2nd– or 3rd–century CE. Western scholars, however, place him much later primarily because of ideas he refers to and because his hagiography and quotations from his influential and important work begin to appear around 8th-century CE. For example, Paul Dundas dates him to about mid-8th-century.

In the Digambara tradition, Kundakunda's texts are among the most important and treasured. The reverence for his scholarship is such that some later texts such as Pravachanasara list him third in importance, right after Mahavira and Mahavira's disciple Indrabhuti Gautama. A.N. Upadhye in his critical edition of the Pravachansara suggests Kundakunda to have lived in the middle of the 2nd century CE.

Thought
In texts such as Pravacanasāra (‘The Essence of the Doctrine’) and Samayasāra (‘The Essence of the Soul’), Kundakunda distinguishes between two perspectives of truth:

 * vyavahāranaya or ‘mundane perspective’, also delusion (moha)
 * niścayanaya or ‘ultimate perspective’, also called “supreme” (paramārtha) and “pure” (śuddha)

For Kundakunda, the mundane realm of truth is also the relative perspective of normal folk, where the workings of karma operate and where things emerge, last for a certain duration and perish. The mundane aspect is associated with the changing qualities of the soul mainly the influx of karmic particles. The ultimate perspective meanwhile, is that of the pure soul or atman, the jiva, which is "blissful, energetic, perceptive, and omniscient". Delusion and bondage is caused by the confusion of the workings of karma with the true nature of the soul, which is always pure, in other words, it is caused by taking the view of vyavahāranaya, not the higher niścayanaya which is the absolute perspective of a Jina - Kevala Jnana. His view has become the mainstream view in Digambara Jainism.

Works
The works attributed to Kundakunda, all of them in Prakrit, can be divided in three groups.

The first group comprises four original works described as "The Essence" (sara)—namely, the Niyamasāra (The Essence of the Restraint, in 187 verses), the Pañcāstikāyasāra (The Essence of the Five Existents, in 153 verses), the Samayasāra (The Essence of the Self, in 439 verses), and the Pravacanasāra (The Essence of the Teaching, in 275 verses).

The second group is a collection of ten bhaktis (devotional prayers), short compositions in praise of the acharya (Acharyabhakti), the scriptures (Srutabhakti), the mendicant conduct (Charitrabhakti), and so forth. They form the standard liturgical texts used by the Digambara in their daily rituals and bear close resemblance to similar texts employed by the Śvētāmbara, suggesting the possibility of their origin in the canonical period prior to the division of the community.

The last group consists of eight short texts called Prabhrta (Pkt. pahuda, i.e., a gift or a treatise), probably compilations from some older sources, on such topics as the right view (Darsanaprabhrta, in 36 verses), right conduct (Charitraprabhrta, in 44 verses), the scripture (Sutraprabhrta, in 27 verses), and so forth.

title: Kundakunda


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Talk:Southeast Michigan

Does anybody else agree that the external links are a little irrelevant? Why is it important to know where ALL Michigan Lighthouses are on the Southeast Michigan page? Jasonaltenburg (talk) 16:30, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree. There is too much weight on the lighthouses for an article ostensibly on the broad topic of Southeast Michigan. I don't agree with the below argument that this is "needed information" - perhaps on an article about Michigan lighthouses, yes. This article, no. As with my Flint comment below, I'll wait a day or so for additional comments, and then prune it back to the most broad, relevant one or two external links. Tan   |   39  22:11, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Lighthouse question
Dear Jason: The answer to your question is that the links are overbroad, but they do supply needed information. In fact, they do it in a better form than any articles in Wiki. There is no comparable website that lists southeast Michgian lighthouses, and doeds so with tehd aquality that is available in those cites. The map on the USCG is interactive and very useful. Terry Pepper has the best information on individual lighthouses. So you question is answered yes, but your conclusion (if it is to delete the links) would not be in the best interest of our esteemed readers. I wanted to err on the side of too much of the irrelevnt, rather than too little of the relevant. Of course, you could do a really boffo article on Southeast Michigan lighthouses. That's my opinion, FWIW. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 18:00, 31 January 2008 (UTC)Stan

Regions
Is in necessary to list all the Michigan Regions on this page when they are also on the table at the bottom of the page? Cgord (talk) 20:36, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Flint
This phrase is in the Geography section - "Flint's MSA ranks 106th with a population of 443,883..." - I don't know why this is there, sandwiched between the stats of two cities which are in the area of relevance. Flint is not in Southeast Michigan, as defined within the article. I welcome comments; if no one objects in a day or two, I'll remove this phrase. Tan  |   39  22:06, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Michigan Public Radio
The following sentence was added here: "Michigan Public Radio is broadcast locally from Ann Arbor on WUOM 91.7 FM and from Detroit on WDET 101.9 FM." This is not accurate as written. WUOM is one of three stations programmed by Michigan Radio. Both WDET-FM and Michigan Radio air some programs from NPR, the Michigan Public Radio Network and other networks along with locally-produced programs. The Michigan Public Radio Network is a consortium of 10 licensed public broadcasters that include the two mentioned above as well as others in Southeast Michigan such as WKAR-FM and WEMU-FM. There is no entity called simply "Michigan Public Radio". Please clarify. --Thomprod (talk) 18:33, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Seeing no response from the editor, I am re-wording this sentence. --Thomprod (talk) 19:40, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Counties
Hey, since Southeast Michigan is a region, shouldn't the "geography" section focus on the different county definitions of the area as opposed to focusing on the smaller municipal governments? It make more sense to put more emphasis on counties instead of the long-list of cities. SEMCOG is kind of the definitive/official defintion of the region. --Criticalthinker (talk) 05:32, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Capitalization
I'll make a post here to explain what I'm doing, in case anyone has an issue with it: I don't think "southeast" is capitalized. I don't think there is a lot of consensus on it being a proper place name (in the decades I lived there, anyone who said it just meant the southeastern part of the state). Some fairly heavy-hitting RSes have it lowercase (the State of Michigan, as well as the two papers of record, the Detroit News and the Free Press). With local news channels it's kind of uncertain: Channel 4 has it uppercase, Channel 2 seems to alternate, Channel 7 has it lowercase. I'm going to change it in the article (the fact that it's currently capitalized doesn't seem to be cited to anything, so I don't really have anywhere to cite it not being capitalized). I am, of course, open to a discussion on the matter. jp×g 20:35, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I think that's fine. I think media types like to capitalize so as to show how they are serving "us" in Our Region, with fully comprehensive news coverage, etc. In other words, I consider it just a (semi-lame) attempt to (*ahem*) capitalize on some regional identification which they've just made up.
 * Also, I think we are not helped by the nine-color map showing five official-looking named regions. The definitions of these regions seems to be our own WP:OR; West Michigan is completely unsourced, and Northern Michigan uses both the 9-color/5-region map of Michigan as well as a 9-color/4-region map of just the Lower Peninsula. And this article states under Geography that, It is bordered in the northeast by Lake St. Clair, to the south-east Lake Erie, and the Detroit River which connects these two lakes. Seemingly, then, southeast Michigan  no western boundary. Or I'll just call it, um, US-23, since nobody else seems to have defined a western border. No need to thank me.
 * So these regions do not appear to actually be "a thing", making me think lowercase is quite appropriate (but wondering about the appropriateness of the ). — JohnFromPinckney (talk / edits) 03:06, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Southeast Michigan


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Siargao

Siargao is a tear-drop shaped island in the Philippine Sea situated 196 kilometers southeast of Tacloban. It has a land area of approximately 437 km2. The east coast is relatively straight with one deep inlet, Port Pilar. The coastline is marked by a succession of reefs, small points and white, sandy beaches. The neighboring islands and islets have similar landforms. Siargao is known as the surfing capital of the Philippines, and was voted the Best Island in Asia in the 2021 Conde Nast Travelers Readers awards.

The island is within the jurisdiction of the province of Surigao del Norte and is composed of 9 municipalities of Burgos, Dapa, Del Carmen, General Luna, San Benito, Pilar, San Isidro, Santa Monica and Socorro.

Siargao is a famous tourist destination, well-known for its many surfing spots and featured in the film Siargao for such qualities. Surfing is so ingrained in the identity of Siargao, that in 2022, two political families from Surigao Del Norte traded barbs over the cancellation of a national surfing competition hosted on the island.

Etymology
The name originates from Visayan siargaw or saliargaw (Premna odorata), a mangrove species that grows on the islands.

History
The first recorded sighting by Europeans of Siargao Island was by Spanish navigator Bernardo de la Torre on board of the carrack San Juan de Letrán in 1543 when attempting to return from Sarangani to New Spain. It was charted as Isla de las Palmas (Palm Island in Spanish).

In 2013, President Noynoy Aquino allocated transparent funds for the modernization of Siargao's airport, the first ever modern development on the island.

On December 16, 2021, Typhoon Rai struck the area as a Category 5 super typhoon. It left the island devastated, with many buildings damaged or demolished. It caused ₱20 billion ($400 million) in damages.

Geography
Siargao Island contains one of the largest mangrove forest reserves in Mindanao, covering an area of 4,871 hectares in Del Carmen. Long stretches of wetlands indicate a potential for commercial seaweed propagation. The extensive mangrove forests of the western coast in the Del Carmen area are home to the Indo-Pacific crocodile Crocodylus porosus. A large specimen measuring 14 ft was found dead in 2016 Siargao Island is greatly influenced by the winds and currents coming uninterrupted from the Pacific Ocean, intensified by the Mindanao current running westward through the Siargao Strait. The tide of Siargao is diurnal with tidal curves typically present, especially on the east coast of the island.

The island's Pacific-facing reefs are situated on the edge of the Philippine Trench, and the extremely deep offshore waters assure the ocean swells have undiluted power when they encounter the many coral and rock reefs. Siargao has excellent surfing conditions, particularly during the southwest "habagat" monsoon from August to December when the prevailing wind is offshore.

There are several islands located off Siargao. The islands in General Luna include Guyam Island, Pansukian or Naked Island (a sandbar), and Daku Island. These are typically included in island-hopping tours that are popular activities being offered to tourists visiting the island.

In the western coast in the municipalities of Del Carmen and San Benito are numerous islands, most of which are covered in mangrove forests. These islands include Caob, Pagbasayan, Poneas, Tona, Laonan, and Kawhagan. The tourist attractions of Sugba Lagoon and Pamomoan Beach is located in Kawhagan. The westernmost island of Siargao is Halian (under the jurisdiction of Del Carmen), located in between Siargao and the Dinagat Islands.

Off the southern end of the island are the three Bucas Grande island groups. Two of which, East Bucas Grande and Middle Bucas Grande, are part of the municipality of Dapa, while the largest island, Bucas Grande, is contiguous to the municipality of Socorro. Bucas Grande is known for the tourist attractions of Sohoton Cove, Tiktikan Lake, and the Jellyfish Sanctuary, among others.

In the past, the island could be reached via a direct domestic flight from Manila to Surigao City and then by a ferry to the coastal towns of Dapa or Del Carmen. Now, Cebu Pacific has flights from Cebu-Siargao, vice versa as well as a Manila-Siargao route (it stops briefly in Cebu and passengers then switch to a smaller aircraft). In March 2017, both Cebu Pacific and SkyJet Airlines commenced direct flights to Sayak Airport (IAO) (aka "Siargao Airport") Siargao island from Manila Airport (MNL), the first direct flights to the island from the capital. Additionally, Philippine Airlines has been offering direct flights from Clark International Airport to Sayak Airport since July 1, 2018. There are plans to extend the runway of Sayak Airport in Siargao, to cater to the demands of growing tourists who will be visiting this island paradise.

Cloud 9

One of the well-known surfing spots in Siargao and the Philippines, with a reputation for thick, hollow tubes is "Cloud 9". This right-breaking reef wave is the site of the annual Siargao Cup, a domestic and international surfing competition sponsored by the provincial government of Surigao del Norte. The wave was discovered by travelling surfers in the late 1980s. It was named by American photographer John Seaton Callahan after a chocolate bar of the same name and was featured in the United States-based Surfer magazine in March 1993. This surf trip to Siargao Island was named by Surfer as one of the "Ten Best Surf Trips of All Time" in 1995. Cloud 9 also has a reputation for being a relatively cheap destination for surfers with many accommodations, restaurants, and bars to choose from. There are several other quality waves on Siargao and nearby islands such as Tombstones, but Cloud 9 has received more publicity than any other surf spot in the Philippines. While it is not the only wave in the Tuason Point and General Luna areas easily accessible via the long pier from the shoreline and without the need for a boat, it is easily the most popular, leading to overcrowding and the nickname of "Crowd 9" among surfers.

Siargao, particularly the municipality of General Luna and the Tuason Point area, is well known as "The Surfing Capital of the Philippines" with a reputation among surfers within the Philippines and the International scene.

Geology
The Late Cretaceous Dinagat Ophiolite is present on a northeast to southwest trend from Burgos, Santa Monica, and Santa Monica to Esperanza. The assemblage consists of amphibolite, peridotite, gabbro, and pillow basalt. Overlying the ophiolite is the Late Miocene Loreto Formation, which is a conglomerate overlain by sandstone, shale and mudstone. The conglomerate includes clasts of basalt, diabase, gabbro, peridotites, and schists. Overlying the Loreto Formation is the Pleistocene Siargao Limestone, which is a massive reef limestone.

Awards and recognition
Out of the 85 destinations listed, Siargao, the surfing capital of the Philippines, is named as the best island in Asia in the annual Condé Nast Traveler (CNT) readers' choice awards for top islands to visit this 2021.

title: Siargao


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Brickyard Kennedy

William Park Kennedy (October 7, 1867 – September 23, 1915), nicknamed "Brickyard" and "Roaring Bill", was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1892 to 1903. He played for the Brooklyn Grooms/Bridegrooms/Superbas (1892–1901), New York Giants (1902), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1903).

Baseball career
Kennedy was born in Bellaire, Ohio, in 1867. From 1889 to 1891, he played minor league baseball. Kennedy then joined Brooklyn of the National League. He won over 10 games for Brooklyn every year from 1892 to 1900. He had four 20-win seasons, including a career-high 25 in 1893.

In 1901, Kennedy won three games. He was then released by Brooklyn and signed with New York, winning one game with them.

Kennedy signed with Pittsburgh for the 1903 season and won nine games for the team, which won the National League championship. He started one game in the 1903 World Series and lost. It was his last major league game.

From 1904 to 1908, Kennedy played in the Central League.

Legacy
During his 12-year major league career, Kennedy had a 187–159 win–loss record with a 3.96 earned run average and 799 strikeouts in 3,030 innings pitched. He had the fourth-most wins of the 1890s, behind Kid Nichols, Cy Young, and Amos Rusie.

Kennedy was a better than average hitting pitcher in his major league career. He posted a .261 batting average (334-for-1279) with 1 home run and 148 RBI along with 54 doubles and 21 triples.

Kennedy was nicknamed "Brickyard". He was also commonly known as "Roaring Bill" because he had a loud voice and talked a lot.

Kennedy died in Bellaire, Ohio, in 1915, at the age of 47.

title: Brickyard Kennedy


text:
Talk:Animal rights movement

Ritual slaughter
Why is there a whole section on ritual slaughter? This seems to be a small and pretty insignificant campaign in the history of animal rights. It seems strange to have a section on this with none on factory farming or vivisection. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.70.50.220 (talk) 00:39, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Animal rights movement


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DAV College, Kanpur

Dayanand Anglo Vaidik Mahavidyalaya (D.A.V. College) is a college in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, established in 1919 by Lala Diwan Chand, is the second oldest college in the city. The college is situated in Civil Lines, opposite the Green Park Stadium. It is affiliated with Chhatrapati Sahu Ji Maharaj University (formerly Kanpur University), formerly with the University of Agra. The college is accredited by the Indian NAAC. Manas Pandey is present principal of this college. It is managed by the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society.

History
DAV College has contributed immensely to the Indian independence movement. The college hostel is nerve center of patriotic activities. In 1928, Mahatma Gandhi visited here. Former President of India Ram Nath Kovind and former Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee are notable alumni of the college.

Notable alumni
Some notable alumni of this college are the following:

 * Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India
 * Ram Nath Kovind, former President of India
 * Awadhesh Prasad, Member of parliament, former Cabinet minister of Uttar pradesh
 * Vierendrra Lalit, cinematographer and film director
 * Mahavir Singh (revolutionary), Indian revolutionary
 * Vallabhdas Aidan Mohta, former Chief Justice of Orissa High Court
 * Rakesh Sachan, Cabinet minister of Uttar pradesh
 * Shiv Verma, Indian revolutionary

title: DAV College, Kanpur


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Richard R. Day

Richard R. Day is a professor of English as a second or foreign language (ESL) and Second language acquisition (SLA), at the University of Hawaiʻi. He has a Ph.D. from the University of Hawaiʻi, a Master of Arts degree for TEFL from Southern Illinois University, and a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University. Day's book Extensive Reading Activities for Teaching Language, co-edited with Julian Bamford, was published by Cambridge University Press. He has given numerous talks and workshops at conferences around the world. He has been a visiting professor at Hanoi University of Foreign Studies, Ha Noi, Vietnam, and Assumption University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Dr. Day was awarded the Milne Award for Significant Achievements in the Field of Extensive Reading at the Second World Congress on Extensive Reading at Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea on 14 September 2013.

title: Richard R. Day


text: User talk:165.29.178.61

title: User talk:165.29.178.61


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Methow River

The Methow River is a tributary of the Columbia River in northern Washington in the United States. The river's 1890 sqmi watershed drains the eastern North Cascades, with a population of about 5,000 people. The Methow's watershed is characterized by relatively pristine habitats, as much of the river basin is located in national forests and wildernesses. Many tributaries drain the large Pasayten Wilderness. An earlier economy based on agriculture is giving way to one based on recreation and tourism.

History
The river was named after the Methow Native Americans (today part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation). The name "Methow" comes from the Okanagan placename /mətxʷú/, meaning "sunflower (seeds)". The Native American name for the river was Buttlemuleemauch, meaning "salmon falls river". In 1841 the Wilkes Expedition named the river "Barrier River". Alexander Ross said the native name was Buttle-mule-emauch. In 1811 David Thompson met the tribe living along the river and wrote their name as Smeetheowe. In 1853 George Gibbs called the river Methow or Barrier.

Course
The Methow River, along with its tributaries the Twisp River, Cedar Creek, and Early Winters Creek, originates in a cluster of high mountains including Golden Horn, Tower Mountain, Cutthroat Peak, Snagtooth Ridge, Kangaroo Ridge, Early Winters Spires, and Liberty Bell Mountain. Several mountain passes are associated with the Methow River and its tributaries, such as Methow Pass and Twisp Pass. State Route 20 utilizes Washington Pass and Rainy Pass, also in the general areas of headwater streams.

The Pacific Crest Trail follows the uppermost reach of the Methow River, until the river turns east, flowing into the Methow Valley near Mazama. Along the way, it collects the tributary streams of Robinson Creek and Lost River. In the Methow Valley, between Mazama and Winthrop, the Methow River is joined by Early Winters Creek, Cedar Creek, Goat Creek, and Wolf Creek. The Chewuch River joins at Winthrop. One of the Methow's larger tributaries, the Chewuch River, and its many tributaries drain large parts of the Pasayten Wilderness to the north. One of its headwater streams, Cathedral Creek, reaches nearly to British Columbia, Canada.

The Methow Valley continues below Winthrop to Twisp, where the Methow River is joined by another important tributary, the Twisp River. Flowing from the west, the Twisp River drains the mountains south of Washington Pass as well as the eastern slopes of Sawtooth Ridge, a major mountain range with some of Washington state's highest peaks (such as Star Peak and Mt Bigelow).

Downriver from Twisp, the Methow River passes by the communities of Carlton and Methow, receiving several minor tributaries, before joining the Columbia River at Pateros. This part of the Columbia is the impoundment of Wells Dam, a lake known as Lake Pateros.

Ecology and conservation
In Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council (a 1989 Stevens decision) the Rehnquist Court concluded that NEPA does not require a fully developed plan detailing what steps will be taken to mitigate adverse environmental impacts and does not require a "worst case analysis." In addition, we hold that the Forest Service has adopted a permissible interpretation of its own regulations. Since 2007, the Methow Beaver Project has translocated over 240 "problem" beaver (Castor canadensis) into 51 suitable sites in various headwater tributaries of the Methow watershed. The sites were selected using satellite imagery and computer modelling. Translocation success was optimized by putting pairs of beavers together in man-made lodges that tended to keep them in the desired sites so that the beaver ponds would store rainwater, trap sediment and repair channel incision/erosion, serve as nurseries for salmonids and other species, and act as firebreaks in the fire-prone eastern Cascades. One beaver that was PIT (passive integrated transponder) tagged and released in the upper part of the Methow Valley swam to the mouth of the Methow River, then up the Okanogan River almost to the Canada–US border, a journey of 120 mi. The Methow Beaver Project is a partnership between the U.S. Forest Service, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Methow Salmon Recovery Foundation. Beaver were nearly exterminated in the Methow watershed by the early 1900s by fur trappers.

title: Methow River


text: Talk:Isabella Indian Reservation

title: Talk:Isabella Indian Reservation


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Gleti

Gleti is a moon goddess of the Fon people from the Kingdom of Dahomey, situated in what is now Benin.

In Dahomey mythology, she is the mother of all the stars. An eclipse is caused by the shadow of the moon's husband crossing her face.

title: Gleti


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Depletion-load NMOS logic

In integrated circuits, depletion-load NMOS is a form of digital logic family that uses only a single power supply voltage, unlike earlier NMOS (n-type metal-oxide semiconductor) logic families that needed more than one different power supply voltage. Although manufacturing these integrated circuits required additional processing steps, improved switching speed and the elimination of the extra power supply made this logic family the preferred choice for many microprocessors and other logic elements.

Depletion-mode n-type MOSFETs as load transistors allow single voltage operation and achieve greater speed than possible with pure enhancement-load devices. This is partly because the depletion-mode MOSFETs can be a better current source approximation than the simpler enhancement-mode transistor can, especially when no extra voltage is available (one of the reasons early PMOS and NMOS chips demanded several voltages).

The inclusion of depletion-mode NMOS transistors in the manufacturing process demanded additional manufacturing steps compared to the simpler enhancement-load circuits; this is because depletion-load devices are formed by increasing the amount of dopant in the load transistors channel region, in order to adjust their threshold voltage. This is normally performed using ion implantation.

Although the CMOS process replaced most NMOS designs during the 1980s, some depletion-load NMOS designs are still produced, typically in parallel with newer CMOS counterparts. One example of this is the Z84015 and Z84C15.

History and background
Following the invention of the MOSFET by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, they demonstrated MOSFET technology in 1960. They fabricated both PMOS and NMOS devices with a 20μm process. However, the NMOS devices were impractical, and only the PMOS type were practical working devices.

In 1965, Chih-Tang Sah, Otto Leistiko and A.S. Grove at Fairchild Semiconductor fabricated several NMOS devices with channel lengths between 8μm and 65μm. Dale L. Critchlow and Robert H. Dennard at IBM also fabricated NMOS devices in the 1960s. The first IBM NMOS product was a memory chip with 1kb data and 50–100 ns access time, which entered large-scale manufacturing in the early 1970s. This led to MOS semiconductor memory replacing earlier bipolar and ferrite-core memory technologies in the 1970s.

Silicon gate
In the late 1960s, bipolar junction transistors were faster than (p-channel) MOS transistors then used and were more reliable, but they also consumed much more power, required more area, and demanded a more complicated manufacturing process. MOS ICs were considered interesting but inadequate for supplanting the fast bipolar circuits in anything but niche markets, such as low power applications. One of the reasons for the low speed was that MOS transistors had gates made of aluminum which led to considerable parasitic capacitances using the manufacturing processes of the time. The introduction of transistors with gates of polycrystalline silicon (that became the de facto standard from the mid-1970s to early 2000s) was an important first step in order to reduce this handicap. This new self-aligned silicon-gate transistor was introduced by Federico Faggin at Fairchild Semiconductor in early 1968; it was a refinement (and the first working implementation) of ideas and work by John C. Sarace, Tom Klein and Robert W. Bower (around 1966–67) for a transistor with lower parasitic capacitances that could be manufactured as part of an IC (and not only as a discrete component). This new type of pMOS transistor was 3–5 times as fast (per watt) as the aluminum-gate pMOS transistor, and it needed less area, had much lower leakage and higher reliability. The same year, Faggin also built the first IC using the new transistor type, the Fairchild 3708 (8-bit analog multiplexer with decoder), which demonstrated a substantially improved performance over its metal-gate counterpart. In less than 10 years, the silicon gate MOS transistor replaced bipolar circuits as the main vehicle for complex digital ICs.

NMOS and back-gate bias
There are a couple of drawbacks associated with PMOS: The electron holes that are the charge (current) carriers in PMOS transistors have lower mobility than the electrons that are the charge carriers in NMOS transistors (a ratio of approximately 2.5), furthermore PMOS circuits do not interface easily with low voltage positive logic such as DTL-logic and TTL-logic (the 7400-series). However, PMOS transistors are relatively easy to make and were therefore developed first — ionic contamination of the gate oxide from etching chemicals and other sources can very easily prevent (the electron based) NMOS transistors from switching off, while the effect in (the electron-hole based) PMOS transistors is much less severe. Fabrication of NMOS transistors therefore has to be many times cleaner than bipolar processing in order to produce working devices.

Early work on NMOS integrated circuit (IC) technology was presented in a brief IBM paper at ISSCC in 1969. Hewlett-Packard then started to develop NMOS IC technology to get the promising speed and easy interfacing for its calculator business. Tom Haswell at HP eventually solved many problems by using purer raw materials (especially aluminum for interconnects) and by adding a bias voltage to make the gate threshold large enough; this back-gate bias remained a de facto standard solution to (mainly) sodium contaminants in the gates until the development of ion implantation (see below). Already by 1970, HP was making good enough nMOS ICs and had characterized it enough so that Dave Maitland was able to write an article about nMOS in the December, 1970 issue of Electronics magazine. However, NMOS remained uncommon in the rest of the semiconductor industry until 1973.

The production-ready NMOS process enabled HP to develop the industry’s first 4-kbit IC ROM. Motorola eventually served as a second source for these products and so became one of the first commercial semiconductor vendors to master the NMOS process, thanks to Hewlett-Packard. A while later, the startup company Intel announced a 1-kbit pMOS DRAM, called 1102, developed as a custom product for Honeywell (an attempt to replace magnetic core memory in their mainframe computers). HP’s calculator engineers, who wanted a similar but more robust product for the 9800 series calculators, contributed IC fabrication experience from their 4-kbit ROM project to help improve Intel DRAM’s reliability, operating-voltage, and temperature range. These efforts contributed to the heavily enhanced Intel 1103 1-kbit pMOS DRAM, which was the world’s first commercially available DRAM IC. It was formally introduced in October 1970, and became Intel’s first really successful product.

Depletion-mode transistors

Early MOS logic had one transistor type, which is enhancement mode so that it can act as a logic switch. Since suitable resistors were hard to make, the logic gates used saturated loads; that is, to make the one type of transistor act as a load resistor, the transistor had to be turned always on by tying its gate to the power supply (the more negative rail for PMOS logic, or the more positive rail for NMOS logic). Since the current in a device connected that way goes as the square of the voltage across the load, it provides poor pullup speed relative to its power consumption when pulled down. A resistor (with the current simply proportional to the voltage) would be better, and a current source (with the current fixed, independent of voltage) better yet. A depletion-mode device with gate tied to the opposite supply rail is a much better load than an enhancement-mode device, acting somewhere between a resistor and a current source.

The first depletion-load NMOS circuits were pioneered and made by the DRAM manufacturer Mostek, which made depletion-mode transistors available for the design of the original Zilog Z80 in 1975–76. Mostek had the ion implantation equipment needed to create a doping profile more precise than possible with diffusion methods, so that the threshold voltage of the load transistors could be adjusted reliably. At Intel, depletion load was introduced in 1974 by Federico Faggin, an ex-Fairchild engineer and later the founder of Zilog. Depletion-load was first employed for a redesign of one of Intel's most important products at the time, a +5V-only 1Kbit NMOS SRAM called the 2102 (using more than 6000 transistors ). The result of this redesign was the significantly faster 2102A, where the highest performing versions of the chip had access times of less than 100ns, taking MOS memories close to the speed of bipolar RAMs for the first time.

Depletion-load NMOS processes were also used by several other manufacturers to produce many incarnations of popular 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit CPUs. Similarly to early PMOS and NMOS CPU designs using enhancement mode MOSFETs as loads, depletion-load nMOS designs typically employed various types of dynamic logic (rather than just static gates) or pass transistors used as dynamic clocked latches. These techniques can enhance the area-economy considerably although the effect on the speed is complex. Processors built with depletion-load NMOS circuitry include the 6800 (in later versions ), the 6502, Signetics 2650, 8085, 6809, 8086, Z8000, NS32016, and many others (whether or not the HMOS processors below are included, as special cases).

A large number of support and peripheral ICs were also implemented using (often static) depletion-load based circuitry. However, there were never any standardized logic families in NMOS, such as the bipolar 7400 series and the CMOS 4000 series, although designs with several second source manufacturers often achieved something of a de facto standard component status. One example of this is the NMOS 8255 PIO design, originally intended as an 8085 peripheral chip, that has been used in Z80 and x86 embedded systems and many other contexts for several decades. Modern low power versions are available as CMOS or BiCMOS implementations, similar to the 7400-series.

Intel HMOS
Intel's own depletion-load NMOS process was known as HMOS, for High density, short channel MOS. The first version was introduced in late 1976 and first used for their static RAM products, it was soon being used for faster and/or less power hungry versions of the 8085, 8086, and other chips.

HMOS continued to be improved and went through four distinct generations. According to Intel, HMOS II (1979) provided twice the density and four times the speed/power product over other typical contemporary depletion-load NMOS processes. This version was widely licensed by 3rd parties, including (among others) Motorola who used it for their Motorola 68000, and Commodore Semiconductor Group, who used it for their MOS Technology 8502 die-shrunk MOS 6502.

The original HMOS process, later referred to as HMOS I, had a channel length of 3 microns, which was reduced to 2 for the HMOS II, and 1.5 for HMOS III. By the time HMOS III was introduced in 1982, Intel had begun a switch to their CHMOS process, a CMOS process using design elements of the HMOS lines. One final version of the system was released, HMOS-IV. A significant advantage to the HMOS line was that each generation was deliberately designed to allow existing layouts to die-shrink with no major changes. Various techniques were introduced to ensure the systems worked as the layout changed.

HMOS, HMOS II, HMOS III, and HMOS IV were together used for many different kinds of processors; the 8085, 8048, 8051, 8086, 80186, 80286, and many others, but also for several generations of the same basic design, see datasheets.

Further development
In the mid-1980s, faster CMOS variants, using similar HMOS process technology, such as Intel's CHMOS I, II, III, IV, etc. started to supplant n-channel HMOS for applications such as the Intel 80386 and certain microcontrollers. A few years later, in the late 1980s, BiCMOS was introduced for high-performance microprocessors as well as for high speed analog circuits. Today, most digital circuits, including the ubiquitous 7400 series, are manufactured using various CMOS processes with a range of different topologies employed. This means that, in order to enhance speed and save die area (transistors and wiring), high speed CMOS designs often employ other elements than just the complementary static gates and the transmission gates of typical slow low-power CMOS circuits (the only CMOS type during the 1960s and 1970s). These methods use significant amounts of dynamic circuitry in order to construct the larger building blocks on the chip, such as latches, decoders, multiplexers, and so on, and evolved from the various dynamic methodologies developed for NMOS and PMOS circuits during the 1970s.

Compared to CMOS
Compared to static CMOS, all variants of NMOS (and PMOS) are relatively power hungry in steady state. This is because they rely on load transistors working as resistors, where the quiescent current determines the maximum possible load at the output as well as the speed of the gate (i.e. with other factors constant). This contrasts to the power consumption characteristics of static CMOS circuits, which is due only to the transient power draw when the output state is changed and the p- and n-transistors thereby briefly conduct at the same time. However, this is a simplified view, and a more complete picture has to also include the fact that even purely static CMOS circuits have significant leakage in modern tiny geometries, as well as the fact that modern CMOS chips often contain dynamic and/or domino logic with a certain amount of pseudo nMOS circuitry.

Evolution from preceding NMOS types
Depletion-load processes differ from their predecessors in the way the Vdd voltage source, representing 1, connects to each gate. In both technologies, each gate contains one NMOS transistor which is permanently turned on and connected to Vdd. When the transistors connecting to 0 turn off, this pull-up transistor determines the output to be 1 by default. In standard NMOS, the pull-up is the same kind of transistor as is used for logic switches. As the output voltage approaches a value less than Vdd, it gradually switches itself off. This slows the 0 to 1 transition, resulting in a slower circuit. Depletion-load processes replace this transistor with a depletion-mode NMOS at a constant gate bias, with the gate tied directly to the source. This alternative type of transistor acts as a current source until the output approaches 1, then acts as a resistor. The result is a faster 0 to 1 transition.

Static power consumption

Depletion-load circuits consume less power than enhancement-load circuits at the same speed. In both cases the connection to 1 is always active, even when the connection to 0 is also active. This results in high static power consumption. The amount of waste depends on the strength, or physical size, of the pull-up. Both (enhancement-mode) saturated-load and depletion-mode pull-up transistors use greatest power when the output is stable at 0, so this loss is considerable. Because the strength of a depletion-mode transistor falls off less on the approach to 1, they may reach 1 faster despite starting slower, i.e. conducting less current at the beginning of the transition and at steady state.

title: Depletion-load NMOS logic


text:
Frederick Smyth (New Hampshire politician)

Frederick Smyth (March 9, 1819 – April 22, 1899) was an American banker, railroad executive, and politician from Manchester, New Hampshire. Born in 1819 in Candia, New Hampshire, he became City Clerk of Manchester at the age of 30. A Republican, he served four terms as mayor of Manchester from 1852 to 1854 and again in 1864, and was the 30th governor of New Hampshire.

Early life
Smyth was the third of five children. Around 1838, he and Thomas Wheat began running a country store in Candia under the name of Wheat and Smyth. The store was owned by Wheat's father. They soon left to attend Phillips Andover Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Financial difficulties forced them to leave Phillips Academy after one term.

Smyth moved to Manchester, New Hampshire, where he found a job working for George Porter in Porter's general store and mercantile business. After three years, Smyth was made a partner in the business.

On December 11, 1844, Smyth married Emily Lane of Candia, daughter of John Lane and Nabby Emerson. Emily Lane Smyth died on January 14, 1885. Smyth's second wife was Marion Hamilton Cossar of Manchester, daughter of James Cossar and Jessie Finlay. They were married on February 22, 1886, at Carmichael, Lanarkshire, Scotland.

He continued to be a merchant until 1849, when he sold his share of the business following his election to the post of Manchester city clerk at the age of 30. He was reelected to that post in 1850 and 1851.

In 1852, he was elected to his first term as mayor of Manchester. He was reelected in 1853 and 1854. He was elected again to a fourth nonconsecutive term in 1863.

Many of the decisions he made as mayor remain today, including many "firsts", such as overseeing the construction of the city's first highways, the first water and sewer systems, the first sidewalks, and streetlights. He is credited with the idea to plant trees along city streets to provide shade and maintain the natural beauty of the city.

In 1857 and 1858, he was a member of the New Hampshire General Court, representing Manchester's ward 3.

He was active in the New Hampshire Agriculture Society, serving as treasurer for 10 years. He was a director in the American Agriculture Society and a vice-president of the American Pomological Society. He served as one of the commissioners on the part of the General Government of New Hampshire at the International Exhibition of 1862, in London.

When Abraham Lincoln visited the state in 1860, Smyth introduced him to a crowd as the "next president of the United States".

As governor
He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of New Hampshire in 1860, but was elected in 1865, and again in 1866.

Smyth's terms as governor were consumed by efforts to straighten out the state's wartime finances, which were in substantial disarray because of Civil War expenditures. He borrowed $1.2 million to fund the state's war debt, and settled all state claims against the federal government on terms favorable to the state. He is credited with putting New Hampshire's credit on a sound financial footing, and "mustered out" soldiers remaining in wartime military units.

He oversaw a revision of state statutes, and was a strong supporter of passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (passed 1868), which guarantees due process and equal protection to all United States citizens. He also undertook to restore fish to certain state rivers, and he began publication of state papers.

Founding of the University of New Hampshire
On July 7, 1866, during his second term as governor, Smyth signed a bill providing for the incorporation of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Smyth had advocated legislation to create the school in his inaugural address. The bill provided that the college be established as part of Dartmouth College and that it should be governed by a nine-member board of trustees.

The agricultural college was originally located in Hanover, New Hampshire. In 1893, it moved to Durham and became the University of New Hampshire in 1923.

On July 19, 1866, the trustees appointed Smyth a trustee of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. He continued to serve as a trustee until October 7, 1897. At the first meeting of the board, on September 28, 1866, he was elected treasurer. He held the post until August 20, 1895, when he relinquished the post due to ill health.

On April 10, 1895, Smyth was elected president of the board. However, business commitments and declining health prevented him from ever presiding as president, even though he held the post until his term as a trustee expired in 1897.

The Smyth Prize
In addition to his service as a trustee, Smyth established and provided funds for the Smyth Prize for Writing, Reading and Elocution for students of the agricultural college. The Smyth Prizes were awarded from 1881 until 1904. After Smyth's death in 1899, the prize money came from provisions in his will and then was funded by his wife, Marion C. Smyth. Prizes ranged from $25 to $10. The essay and elocution competitions were open to the senior and middle class while the reading competition was only open to first-year students.

Civic involvement
Smyth served as one of the board of managers of the National Homes for Disabled Soldiers. He was a delegate-at-large to the 1872 Republican national convention, and President Hayes appointed him honorary commissioner to the 1878 International Exposition at Paris. Smyth was a principal stockholder and president of the Concord and Montreal Railroad. He was a trustee of the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, and served as president of the New Hampshire Orphans' Home at Franklin.

He died at his winter home in Hamilton, Bermuda, on April 22, 1899, at the age of 80. He is buried at Valley Cemetery in Manchester, New Hampshire, where his family has one of the cemetery's 13 mausoleums.

Smyth's name was honored when, in 1949, Smyth's wife Marion C. Smyth founded the Smyth Trust. The trust provides scholarships to music students in the greater Manchester area.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Darkhardware

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 02:48, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Darkhardware
I think this article should be deleted

 * No content (except for a link)
 * A request for Cleanup of Nov 2004 went without trace on the article

Unless of course someone tells me that the site is so improtant to turkish cultural life that it has its place in wikipedia. But then, there should be a lot more content, and not just a link. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eptalon (talk • contribs) 16:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Undecided.  Might meet WP:WEB, in that I think their forum claims 18326 members (see the bottom), but I don't read Turkish so can't be sure.  I haven't even tried to search for media attention.  On the other hand, Alexa rank is only 80,895, and we won't really lose anything by deleting this sad little substub+external link. —Cryptic (talk) 11:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Almost a speedy for little or no context and has been marked for cleanup since November 2004. If somebody wants to expand it from a substub, let me know and I'll reconsider. --GraemeL (talk) 13:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete just a random website among 8 billion other random websites. It hasn't had any external examination that can attest to any possible factual insertions and so it must stay as it is, which is virtually a substub. -Splash talk 21:21, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 09:41, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:James3579

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. - ulayiti (talk)  16:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Stop_hand.png|left|30px]]

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. - ulayiti (talk)  16:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. - ulayiti (talk)  16:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:James3579


text:
User talk:Peckx063

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. CryptoDerk 16:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

You should read policies before contributing. Vanity is against Wikipedia policy. Additionally, notability is required. We don't have articles about every single person, it wouldn't make any sense to as it wouldn't be encyclopedic. We have lists of carpenters, lists of architects, etc. but we don't list every single person in the world with that profession, just the notable ones. Some criteria for a poker player to be notable include 1) being in the poker hall of fame, 2) winning the WSOP main event, 3) winning major events such as WPT or national championships. CryptoDerk 23:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peckx063


text:
Elephant crushing

The Phajaan, called "elephant crushing" or "training crush", is a method by which wild baby elephants can be tamed for domestication, using restriction in a cage, sometimes with the use of corporal punishment or negative reinforcement. This practice is condemned by a variety of animal-welfare groups as a form of animal cruelty.

The training crush
As reported in the 1999 UN Report Gone Astray, in Myanmar and Thailand the "training crush" method involves placing an elephant in a strong, large stall or cage, tied with ropes to keep the elephant from moving, including being unable to kick, raise or swing its head. This method is supposed to crush the elephant's spirit. Proponents argue that this allows the elephant to properly and safely learn the basic command "Still!" or "Quiet!", and enables it to adapt to its new environment. As quoted in Gone Astray, a 1967 report on a training crush, "An elephant born in captivity is brought up amongst human beings and its training is humane from the day it begins; but a wild beast parted from the herd and its mother must suffer agonies before its will is broken."

Thailand
Working and performing elephants in Thailand are often poached from Myanmar and trafficked into Thailand. There are around 6,500 elephants currently living in Thailand, with around 2,500 of them being caught from the wild. Therefore, all of these elephants are being held captive solely for tourist attractions disregarding any negative welfare. Trafficked animals can be passed off as being locally reared, with birth and ownership documentations falsified.

Animal welfare advocates have called for better legislation and systems to document the origin of elephants in tourist camps and other locations across Thailand. An undercover video footage taken in 2019 shows that elephant crushing is still commonly used in Thailand.

title: Elephant crushing


text:
Talk:Locomotive No. 1

Text from Locomovtive No. 1 not already merged
It all started when Country NSW first discovered gold so some people abandoned their jobs and made a railway system. But it was hard work so they got some English Railway Builders and the Government helped with the Sydney Railway. Then when the Grand Opening of the first NSW railway started there were 27 guns saluting for the journey on 26 September 1855.

When Locomotive no.1 was still going around, soon it had its first crash: in 1858 two people were killed and several injured when no.1 left the track. Then in 1868 in a collision at Newtown Station no.1 was badly damaged. It was retired and it was scrapped somewhere in Redfern in 1884. At the Powerhouse Museum in 1980 the museum workers tore down Locomotive no.1 for cleaning and rebuilt it over 12 months. Then in 1986 Locomotive no.1 was brought into the musuem so they were making tracks and more for the display as it was in the Powerhouse stage 1.

-End text-
 * First class-Rich People go in there with nice leather seats
 * Second Class- Other Rich People come in there too
 * Third Class- No windows,Chickens and Smoke from The Train

The text said "Locomotive no.1 was presented to the Museum in 1884." Seems a bit early?? Rich Farmbrough 16:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The text above seems a gross over simplification of the history of the SRC. The detailed history of T S Mort, a director of the SRC, paints a different story "" Visions and Profits, Studies in the Business Career of Thomas Sutcliffe Mort. Chapter4"" Hpeterswald (talk) 07:31, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Pix
Looks like the pix will be going due to uncertain copyright status. Anyone got something PD, or their own? Rich Farmbrough 16:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Is this title adequate?
There were many locomotives numbered 1 not only in Australia, but throughout the world. Should not the page name reflect that we are concerned with NSW Railways Number 1?

Locomotive No. 1 is unique in the world as the only Railways System to preserve it first Engine Hpeterswald (talk) 07:26, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Locomotive No. 1


text:
European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation

The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) exists to specify and harmonise sizes of rims and their associated pneumatic tyres across the European Union. ETRTO sizes apply to rims and tyres for vehicles of all types, including bicycles. The great advantage of ETRTO sizing is that it is unambiguous; previously, nominal dimensions were used which were interpreted in different ways by different countries and manufacturers - a problem for the end user.

ETRTO works in liaison with the International Organization for Standardization to develop relevant standards.


text: User:Mr Pyles

title: User:Mr Pyles


text: Talk:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation

title: Talk:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gizoogle

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:35, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Gizoogle
del. nonnotable, both in content and visibility. About 800 unique google hits. A poor score for a website. Also Original research. mikka (t) 16:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain I saw Gizoogle about 6 months ago. I've no idea how many people have seen/used it.  Probably doesn't pass notability, but I just can't bring myself to vote delete.  If it survives it definitely needs a rewrite.--Isotope23 19:09, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Dizzizzleete The best that can happen is a small blurb in the Google article about sites that look at it satirically. Non-notable, sucka! Karmafist 22:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Yes, we all have websites.  Few of them are significant.  Friday (talk) 22:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Please check in again if you're still around in ten years. Denni ☯ 00:57, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable, and also pretty bad. Ytram99 17:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:164.116.71.27

title: User talk:164.116.71.27


text:
Imperial Majesty Cruise Line

Imperial Majesty Cruise Line was a budget cruise line that had operated 2 and 3 day voyages out of Port Everglades, Florida to Nassau, Bahamas. The company was founded in 1999. The cruise line attracted both vacationers and vintage ship fans from around the world. The cruise line's current operations ended on March 9, 2009, when the Regal Empress was retired. In that same week, its operations were replaced by Celebration Cruise Line, operating for the same company that Imperial Majesty was part of.

History
Imperial Majesty Cruise Line begun operations in 1999 by chartering the 1955-built SS OceanBreeze from Premier Cruise Line and operating two-day cruises out of Port Everglades to Nassau, Bahamas. Imperial Majesty later purchased the ship and gave it a multi-million dollar refurbishment. The ship was kept in good condition throughout Imperial Majesty's ownership. In 2003, due to high costs, Imperial Majesty sold the OceanBreeze for scrap and replaced it with another vintage ship, the 1953-built MS Regal Empress, after its previous owner folded. In the fall of 2008, several sources reported that the Regal Empress was due to be replaced by the 1981-built cruiseferry MS Bahamas Celebration in 2009, but this information proved to be false. Instead, the Bahamas Celebration was operated by Celebration Cruise Line, a new cruise line operating under the same company Imperial Majesty cruise lines operated under. On March 9, 2009, the MS Bahamas Celebration took over Regal Empress cruise schedule. All crew and food stores were transferred to Bahamas Celebration prior to the ships departure. The Regal Empress was laid up in Freeport, Bahamas from March 16 until March 27. It was reported by Maritime Matters on March 26 that the Regal Empress was sold for scrap.

title: Imperial Majesty Cruise Line


text:
Talk:Liberal Future

Untitled
Website linked to - www.liberalfuture.com - down as at this post. Will remove the link if it's persistently unavailable. The Land 16:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberal Future


text:
Stehekin River

The Stehekin River is a river located in Washington state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It is the main river flowing into Lake Chelan. Miners arrived in Stehekin River Valley in the late 19th century. They were followed by homesteaders in the early 20th century. Today, the Stehekin River Valley is still a remote area that can only be reached by way of a 55-mile boat ride up Lake Chelan.

The river's name comes from the Columbia-Moses word stxwíkn', which means "the way through."

Course
The Stehekin River originates in the North Cascades near Cascade Pass in North Cascades National Park. It collects the waters of numerous headwater tributaries such as Pelton Creek, Doubtful Creek, and Basin Creek. Major peaks near the source of the Stehekin River include Boston Peak, Buckner Mountain, Booker Mountain, Sahale Mountain, Magic Mountain, Mix-up Peak, and Hurry-up Peak.

The Stehekin River flows generally west and southwest from these mountains, south of Park Creek Ridge to its confluence with Park Creek. Shortly below Park Creek the river receives Bridge Creek, one of its main tributaries. Bridge Creek joins from the north and drains northernmost Chelan County in North Cascades National Park. Bridge Creek and its tributaries drain a number of significant peaks including Goode Mountain, Storm King, Mount Logan, Black Peak, and others. Bridge Creek's source is located near Rainy Pass and Washington Pass along Washington State Route 20. The Stehekin River continues generally southeast below McGregor Mountain to the northwest end of Lake Chelan. Shortly above the lake it receives Agnes Creek, another significant tributary, from the west. Agnes Creek drains the northernmost part of Wenatchee National Forest. Its final mile marks the boundary between North Cascades National Park and Lake Chelan National Recreation Area.

At the Agnes Creek confluence the Stehekin River exits the national park and enters the national recreation area. The Stehekin River enters Lake Chelan near Stehekin, a small community accessible only by boat. Roads from Stehekin follow the river up much of its valley. There are numerous campgrounds. The Pacific Crest Trail enters the Stehekin River basin from the south via Suiattle Pass, down South Fork Agnes Creek and Agnes Creek to the Stehekin River, then up the Stehekin to Bridge Creek and up Bridge Creek to Rainy Pass.

Settlement
Because the region is so remote, the Stehekin River valley remained unsettled until the 1880s, when miners began infiltrating the region in search of mineral wealth. Between the years 1887–1910, a significant number of miners arrived looking for mineral deposits in the North Cascades. By 1890, there was a relatively large hotel Stehekin on Lake Chelan at the mouth of the Stehekin River. The hotel served tourists and fishermen as well as miners.

Over the centuries, the changing course of the Stehekin River deposited rich, alluvial sediments along the valley floor; however, it also left behind large boulders that made farming difficult. Nevertheless, early homesteaders began farming in the valley around 1910. The most desirable homesteads were located along the Stehekin River and its tributaries since these sites provided a reliable water supply for farming and natural transportation routes leading to Lake Chelan. The Buckner Homestead was one of the earliest farms along the Stehekin River. It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Because of the harsh winters, few early settlers remained in the valley year around. In the fall most homesteaders would leave the area, choosing to spend the winter in less isolated communities like Chelan. In the spring, families would return the Stehekin Valley to work their farms. Many of the early homesteaders supplemented their incomes by guiding miners into the backcountry and packing goods to remote mining claims. In 1902, the valley's first school was opened in a cabin located at the head of the Lake Chelan. It was later replaced by structure known as the Kronk cabin. Today, the cabin is the oldest school building in the Stehekin Valley. As new families arrived, the need for a real schoolhouse became clear. In 1921, valley residents select a site for a new school. The school was a log structure, built by local volunteers. The Stehekin School still exists, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

As mining declined, subsistence farming, logging, and tourism sustained the residents of the Stehekin Valley. Apples were an important crop in the first half of the 20th century. In the winter, hunting and trapping a part of life for year around residents. Perhaps most important to the valley's economy was the arrival of the United States Forest Service. With the establishment of the Stehekin Ranger District in 1905, reliable seasonal work became available to valley residents.

Today, the Stehekin Valley is still quite isolated. There are fewer than one hundred year-around residents, most employed by the National Park Service. The only way into the valley is a 55-mile boat ride from Chelan. Two boats provided daily service between Chelan and Stehekin during the summer. In the winter, boat service is limited to two trips a week.

Recreation
During the summer tourism is important since the area in now part of the Lake Chelan National Recreation Area. The Stehekin River is scenic and remote, offering whitewater rafting and kayaking opportunities. There are many camp sites available along the river. The Stehekin River is known as for its excellent fly-fishing. Rainbow and cutthroat trout fishing is best in the spring, and fishermen come for sockeye salmon in the fall.

Tributaries
These are the main tributaries of the Stehekin River:

 * Agnes Creek
 * Arrow Creek
 * Basin Creek
 * Battalion Creek
 * Blackberry Creek
 * Boulder Creek
 * Bridge Creek
 * Buzzard Creek
 * Cabin Creek
 * Canim Creek
 * Clear Creek
 * Company Creek
 * Coon Creek
 * Cottonwood Creek
 * Doubtful Creek
 * Flat Creek
 * Junction Creek
 * Margerum Creek
 * McGregor Creek
 * Moon Creek
 * Park Creek
 * Pelton Creek
 * Rainbow Creek
 * Sun Creek
 * Theis Creek
 * Tolo Creek

title: Stehekin River