text:
Talk:Penny-farthing

A Wager, Good Chap
I say, my good fellow, would thou wager a shinny dime against my penny-farthing in a gentleman game of change? -Alfred Nickleworth

Requested move
Sorry to be anal-retentive, but this article is at penny-farthing with a redirect from ordinary_bicycle; this is the wrong way round. As the article says, penny-farthing is a colloquialism - and in any case applies mainly to the racing high-wheeler with a particularly large front wheel. Just zis Guy, you know? 15:38, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is Wikipedia policy for article titles to be at the most common name for the thing, even if it is not the most formal / official / original name. See Naming conventions (common names). Anyway, what makes ordinary bicycle the "offical" name? Who is in charge of offically naming bicycles? --Vclaw 21:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * What makes it right is history. Read any history of the development of the bicycle and you will see that in 1885 Starley invented the Rover Safety bicycle, the safety bicycle being a much safer alternative to the ordinary.  Penny-farthing was already a term in use at that time to describe the most extreme high-wheelers, used for racing. Among cyclists in my experience the accepted terms are "ordinary", "safety" (or "upright" or "diamond frame" depdneing on context) or "recumbent". Normal might be used for a diamond frame, but ordinary always means a high-wheeler. Like I said, it's anal-retentive, but it does actually say in the article that "ordinary" is the correct term. - Just zis Guy, you know? 22:22, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Descision
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it be moved. Ryan Norton T 12:37, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Trivia???
Why is there a trivia section in this article? The "trivia" should either be removed or integrated into the article, in my opinion. Encyclopedic articles do not have trivia sections. If information is not important enough to be integrated into the article, then it has no place in the article. Heavy Metal Cellist talkcontribs

 * Modified to record contributions of penny-farthings to popular culture. -AndrewDressel (talk) 17:35, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Pendulum Effect?
"Although very stable because of the pendulum effect..." huh? This needs clarification. Is perhaps gyroscopic effect what is meant? Pjbflynn 06:25, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree. Bad science.  I've made the change. -Rolypolyman 22:10, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * When balancing a bike you are sitting on an inverted pendulum. An ordinary is a longer pendulum than a safety, so has a longer period of swing and gives the rider more time to correct their balance. Ordinaries can be ridden very slowly with ease by experienced riders, at speeds where gyroscopic effect has little influence. I think there is room for both pendulum and gyroscopic effects to be mentioned here. Nick1961 18:15, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I still think this needs to be clarified more. An inverted pendulum is "inherently unstable" according to the first paragraph of the Inverted pendulum page. If this is stable because of some effect then it should be explained. Right now it seems similar to saying that something is safe because it's made out of TNT. Barhamd (talk) 02:31, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Last call for someone to explain this better. I'm going to try and do some research and see if I can find proof of this claim. If I can't soon I'm going to go ahead and remove that it's easy due to the inverted pendulum effect. If anyone opposes let me know. Barhamd (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:24, 16 December 2009 (UTC).

 * First, the current text actually asserts that penny-farthings are easy to ride slowly because of the inverted pendulum effect. It does not claim that they are more stable.

 * Second, the article, to which the provided wikilink points, explains:
 * The equation of motion is similar to that for a uninverted pendulum except that the sign of the angular position as measured from the vertical unstable equilibrium position:

 * $$\ddot \theta - {g \over \ell} \sin \theta$$ = 0

 * When added to both sides, it will have the same sign as the angular acceleration term:

 * $$\ddot \theta = {g \over \ell} \sin \theta$$

 * Thus, the inverted pendulum will accelerate away from the vertical unstable equilibrium in the direction initially displaced, and the acceleration is inversely proportional to the length. Tall pendulums fall more slowly than short ones.

 * Since that appears to be insufficient, perhaps these references will help:

 * Tall broomsticks fall less quickly than shorter ones (the time it takes an object to fall is proportional to [yCM/g]1/2, where yCM is the height of the COM above the support) and so are easier to balance. - David Wilson (Mechanical Engineering Professor at MIT), Bicycling Science, page 268.

 * Have you ever noticed that it is easier to balance a long stick in your palm than a short one? This is because the stick tends to fall "faster." Likewise, a short bicycle falls over more quickly than a tall one. So a kid's bike is actually more difficult to balance than an adult bike. Even if the bike is being balanced by some active mechanism, the frequency of oscillations around equilibrium will be slower for a tall bike. And slower is easier to control. So try moving your center of gravity up as high as possible. - Joel Fajans (Professor of Physics at Berkeley), Email Questions and Answers: Robot Bicycles

 * I've added these references to the article and tweaked the text to included mention of center of mass height. I hope this helps. -AndrewDressel (talk) 14:06, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks! That's exactly what I was looking for. Maybe what I really needed was for the Inverted Pendulum article to have this information more so than this article. Thanks again for explaining it. Barhamd (talk) 04:50, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

A broken chair is not a chair
A broken chord is not a chord. An inverted pendulum is not a pendulum. Never leave out the the "inverted" in "inverted pendulum".

The problem with small wheeels and no castor is that the rider had to ride a combined inverted pendulum with gyroscopic forces that inhibit steering, and then feed back into "speed wobble" ..instability at speed.

So riding slowly, one can ride the inverted pendulum. When riding the penny farthing, one had to slow down to inverted pendulum speeds to turn, and then one had to be a master at inverted pendulum riding to achieve the turn.

Attempting to overcome gyrscopic force of the penny farthing front wheel while moving at speed was not possible, as the small and lightly loaded rear wheel would not grip and so would not provide enough torque. The small wheel would bounce along and provide very little torque.

The penny farthing got the large front wheel because the older castor deficient design did not have signficant castor, and were hard to pedal as the pedal 'plane' rotated compared to the rider (a real pain in the legs !)

The safety bike gave the much more leg friendly pedal arrangement, plus the castor on the front wheel removed the problems with turning ,  stability at speed and feed back to the rider. The better pedal arrangement of the safety bike gave the rider better ability to do the "inverted pendulum" control at slow speeds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.92.40.8 (talk) 12:51, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Point taken. I have changed the article to read "Although very stable at low speed because of the inverted pendulum effect". I think some of the points made by the unsigned contributor above could do with incorporating in the article. It sounds like he has actually ridden one of the things. I haven't.Nick1961 (talk) 11:02, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

What's it made of?
I was curious to know what materials the ordinary was made of, especially the tires, but there doesn't appear to be any info about design and manufacturing. Can anyone fill in the blanks? (no account) 19:44, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * According to Wiebe Bijkers Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs Dunlop reinvented the air-tyre, and fited it to a bike, in 1888. Before this, from 1870s onward a noninflated rubber tire was ‘the state of the art in bicycle construction’ . The Ariel (1870), on of the early high wheeled bicycles, seems (looking at a picture) to be riding on it’s rims —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mach10 (talk • contribs) 11:50, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Found a description of construction at the National Museum of American History's web site and added it with references. -AndrewDressel (talk) 17:34, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Photo of coins?
It would be nice to have a photo of a penny and a farthing of the day to get a sense of how accurate the name is. —Ben FrantzDale 02:26, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Can't do you to the day, however these coins are of simmilar configuration as those which would have circulated at the time --Delta-NC (talk) 19:50, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Wheel size and stability
"Given the absence of a stabilising steering system, larger and larger wheels were built with the intention of increasing stability at speed. The classically oversized penny-farthing wheel, which measured 1.5m (60") in diameter resulted in such large gyroscopic force that it was stable without a caster steering system."

 * I cannot find a source for this claim. I have seen the counter claim that the drive wheel was enlarged simply to gain a faster cruising speed. For example,
 * The Wheelman, an orgianization "Dedicated To The Enjoyment And Preservation Of Our Bicycling Heritage", says on their FAQ "Why did they make the wheel so big? The short answer is to go faster! The larger the wheel the more ground covered with each rotation. A taller person had an advantage over a shorter person simply because the taller person could ride a larger wheel and outpace his counterpart."
 * Britannica Online says "The ordinary’s cranks were directly connected to the front wheel, and its speed was limited by pedaling cadence and wheel diameter. Larger front wheels went faster and handled better on bad roads."
 * Exploratorium says "The pedals were attached directly to the front wheel of the high-wheelers. The larger the front wheel on an "Ordinary," the farther the cyclist would travel with each turn of the pedals."
 * Sheldon Brown says "Before the use of chain drive, bicycles had direct drive. The cranks were directly attached to the hub of the drive wheel. The larger the wheel, the farther the bicycle would move with each turn of the pedals. The diameter of the drive wheel determined the gear of the bicycle. The larger the wheel, the higher the gear. With a chain-driven "safety" bicycle, you can have any gear you want by selecting appropriate sprockets. With a high-wheel bicycle, the limiting factor is how long your legs are, because you can only pedal a wheel that is small enough for your legs to straddle and reach the pedals throughout the pedal revolution." And "back in the high-wheeler era (1870s through early '90s) long legged riders had an advantage, because they could straddle a larger diameter wheel, effectively giving them a higher "gear." By pedaling on the balls of their feet, they could get a bit more leg extension, permitting a given rider to straddle a larger, faster machine. The development of the safety bicycle rendered this concern obsolete, but the habit (and advice) persisted."

 * Anyone have anything definitive one way or the other? -AndrewDressel (talk) 14:35, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Guess not. Okay, out it comes. -AndrewDressel (talk) 01:09, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

First true bicycle?
I think the line in the first sentence that this is the "first true bicycle" should be deleted. It's a forerunner to the modern bicycle, but no more than the earlier Velocipede, which in many ways has more of a resemblance to a modern bicycle. -- Lester  03:14, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. -AndrewDressel (talk) 17:32, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Watch out for circular references
The text on the Peugeot Fans Club web site appears to be a word for word copy of an old version of this page. No sense referencing that page for anything. -AndrewDressel (talk) 22:27, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * This looks like another one. -AndrewDressel (talk) 22:44, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * And this one, too. -AndrewDressel (talk) 22:46, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course this one. -AndrewDressel (talk)
 * Man, they are everywhere! -AndrewDressel (talk) 22:47, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * -AndrewDressel (talk) 22:49, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Only 15 ordinaries left in the world?
Doesn't seem very likely...Snori (talk) 04:38, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. I have a copy of the book and couldn't find that detail, but forgot to ask for the page number. Glad you did. Unfortunately, it was added by an unregistered user, and that appear to be the only contribution from that IP address. -AndrewDressel (talk) 12:18, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I just finished the "Part Three: The High Wheel Era" in the referenced book and it didn't say anything about there being 15 left. I'm taking the statement out.--Keithonearth (talk) 23:37, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Feet on handlebars going downhill
In two separate places the article claims that riders would put their feet on the handlebars when going downhill. In the first place it's to ensure that the rider is thrown feet-first, and later it claims that it was for increased speed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.98.171.2 (talk) 21:20, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Another reference for ya'
The major place I remember seeing this and how I found this page was by trying to figure out what that big bike in Tarzan (the disney movie version) was. Apparently it was this. Can someone officially add it, please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.48.122.198 (talk) 20:50, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Over-referencing
The lede is ridiculously over-referenced. Citations don't even need to be placed here. See WP:LEAD. Hohenloh + 00:53, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Those citations are in support of points that have been questioned in the past. WP:LEADCITE specifically states that "the lead must conform to verifiability and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and quotations, should be supported by an inline citation." -AndrewDressel (talk) 16:14, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

 * That's all very fine. But five citations for one sentence and the same ref appearing five times in the lede is OTT. I'm concerned with readability, and only trying to improve the article. Hohenloh + 16:27, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Header Header Header Header
This article mentions the word "header" about four times but never explains what it means. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C2:4100:5C6E:5594:50AD:23A5:E123 (talk) 00:19, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

The word "header" is used as though it were the best way to describe falling off a bicycle head-first, however it's a word with a fairly narrow colloquial meaning, and should be replaced. Landroo (talk) 22:28, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I think you are right to clarify it, but that it should stay in. It is the correct term for, well, taking a header from an Ordinary. Pinkbeast (talk) 13:16, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Penny-farthing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090527203705/http://www.whpva.org:80/hpva/hpvademph.html to http://www.whpva.org/hpva/hpvademph.html

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:22, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Metric
I'm a little disappointed by the net effect of this. I did think carefully about what figures to keep in Imperial measure; eg, the references to 18-inch wheels and the 64-inch Columbia, which one can reasonably say were actual engineering measures as mentioned in WP:UNIT.

Of the figures reverted by this edit:

The weights are arguable. I suppose they may be manufacturers' listed weights and if so could stay Imperial-first.

Neither the measurement of the saddle's position nor the 60in maximum wheel size are ironclad figures from the 19th century (indeed, I deliberately changed "60in" to "5ft" to estimate this practical maximum was approximate). These figures are not "drawn up" in the sense of WP:UNIT.

We are not interested in the height of the statue from an engineering point of view. There is absolutely no need to mention its height in obsolete units first.

Summerfield's 2008 ride was in no sense "in Imperial".

Hence absent any reply I propose to restore "order=flip" to all but the listed bicycle weights. Pinkbeast (talk) 16:07, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Unit system order is often a controversial and sensitive issue on Wikipedia, especially with respect to UK-related subjects, so without an overriding reason to swap them, I think they should be left as they are for now. -- DeFacto (talk). 17:05, 7 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't particularly see that as the case (especially with respect to UK-related subjects; it is in my experience Americans who cling to Imperial units, which is peculiar given they can't even get them right). I have listed reasons above; they may not be overriding but they seem better than "no reason" and are based on reading WP:UNIT, so it seems best to put them as I suggest and leave _that_ as it is, absent any actual argument to do otherwise. Pinkbeast (talk) 17:35, 7 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I've given you a link to read for background info at User talk:Pinkbeast. -- DeFacto (talk). 18:34, 7 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I trust you also intend to either produce some explanation of why my reasons above are not sensible or to agree that I should proceed. Pinkbeast (talk) 19:56, 7 October 2018 (UTC)
 * As I said, I don't see an overriding reason to change the unit order. Victorian bikes would have been designed and built in imperial and road distances and human heights (even as statues) are generally given in imperial in the UK (and in the US where the statue is). Rather than have some measurements given one way and others another, it's better to be consistent within an article, so let's keep the status quo. -- DeFacto (talk). 20:11, 7 October 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a long way from the earlier reliance on WP:UNIT, which it turned out didn't justify your edit at all. As said, the 60in maximum and 18in from saddle are not exact figures from Victorian engineering; we are describing to a modern worldwide audience approximate dimensions and so should use modern units.
 * Road distances are indeed given in miles in the UK but the thing about a journey around the world is that Joff would have found it very difficult to do it while remaining in the UK. Pinkbeast (talk) 20:19, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

Hour record and production
there are new hour records on penny-farthings set very recently and approved by Guinness. 33865km 34547km

Also it seems that pennys are still produced today, but are made with modern materials. It should be included in the article. Setenzatsu.2 (talk) 11:34, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penny-farthing


text:
Donzell McDonald

Donzell McDonald (born February 20, 1975) is an American former outfielder who played parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball from 2001 to 2002.

Early life
Born in Long Beach, California, McDonald grew up in Fort Collins, Colorado. He attended Cherry Creek High School, then went on to Trinidad Community College and later moved to Yavapai College with coach Nino Giarratano.

Professional career
Donzell was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 22nd round, 618th overall, in the 1995 Major League Baseball draft. The switch hitting center fielder was known for his speed; twice he stole over 50 bases in the minor leagues, and six times stole more than 30.

He made his major league debut in 2001. He played 5 games with the Yankees that year, getting one hit in three at bats, he would also appear in ten games for the Kansas City Royals in 2002. He was last in the Yankees farm system in 2004, after being in the Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Royals, and Atlanta Braves farm systems. He played for several seasons in the Mexican League and different independent leagues, last appearing in a professional game in 2010 when he played center field for Acereros de Monclova.

Personal
McDonald resides in Arizona and currently serves as a pro scout/roving coach for the Texas Rangers organization.

Donzell is the older brother of former outfielder Darnell McDonald and cousin of former pitcher James McDonald.

Honors and awards

 * 1996 New York–Penn League All-Star Team

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Donzell McDonald


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniele Geltrudi

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:18, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Daniele Geltrudi
vanity page? --Trovatore 15:38, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain as nominator. The accomplishments described might be notable enough for inclusion, and he does get some Google hits, but my suspicions were raised by the fact that the page appears to be edited several times by Geltrudi himself (or by someone who's such a fan as to take his name as a handle; also suspicious). I think there's no hard rule against a notable person writing about himself from reliable references, but it does raise doubts. --Trovatore 15:38, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it looks like he didn't write about himself, at least under his own name (most of the text is by an IP). Rather, he added a picture of a building (presumably one of his designs?) and then removed it. --Trovatore 15:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but clean up. I did a first pass, wikifing and doing basic formatting. But sources need to be cited and more work done. This person seems notable enough to me, but all the google hist i found were non-english pages. The automatic translations are good enough to make the page look plausible, but i dodn't trust them enough to use them as the basis for adding or revising content. DES (talk) 17:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll go keep based on initial clean-up. Marskell 21:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Thanks to DES for his work on the article. Capitalistroadster 01:01, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn commercial architect. Unverified info in article indicates Geltrudi has entered contests and exhibited his designs (not generally notable), but only actual buildings mentioned are minor commercial works. Besides, if he's not verifiable in English-language sites, does he belong in the English 'pedia? Obviously he could go in the Italian, but .. well, I don't know enough about how the diff. language versions are coordinated, if they are at all. Anyways, NN. Eaglizard 15:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable enough. If he belongs in the Italian WP, he belongs here, when someone writes a reasonable article in English about him, for which this is a start. Xoloz 17:08, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I strongly disgree with that statement. Given that the subject is Italian, while it is necessary that he be notable enough for inclusion on the it Wiki, it is not sufficient as I would expect topics that would be of marginal and localized notability to be notable enough only for inclusion in certain Wikipedias.  For example, the vast majority of U.S. high school articles are not notable enough for any Wiki execpt the en Wiki. Caerwine 18:01, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep, but it'll need some cleanup. Karmafist 17:58, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Princess Francisca of Brazil

Dona Francisca (2 August 1824 – 27 March 1898) was a princess of the Empire of Brazil (as daughter of Emperor Dom Pedro I, who also reigned as King Dom Pedro IV of Portugal, and his first wife Maria Leopoldina of Habsburg), who became Princess of Joinville upon marrying François d’Orléans, son of the French king Louis Philippe I. The couple had three children. Through their oldest daughter, Francisca and François are the ancestors of Jean, Count of Paris, the present Orléanist pretender to the French throne.

Biography
Francisca was born on 2 August 1824 in the Palace of São Cristóvão, in Rio de Janeiro, capital of the Empire of Brazil. Her name in full was Francisca Carolina Joana Carlota Leopoldina Romana Xavier de Paula Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga. Through her father, Emperor Dom Pedro I, she was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança) and was referred to using the honorific "Dona" (Lady) from birth. Her mother was the Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, daughter of Franz II, the last Holy Roman Emperor. Through her, Francisca was a niece of Napoleon Bonaparte and first cousin of Emperors Napoleon II of France, Franz Joseph I (Francis Joseph I) of Austria-Hungary and Don Maximiliano I (Maximilian I) of Mexico.

Francisca married Prince François of Orléans, the third son of Louis Philippe I and his Italian Queen Maria Amalia of Naples. François called the Prince of Joinville, and Francisca married in Rio de Janeiro on 1 May 1843. The bride was 19, the groom 25. Her portrait was painted when she arrived in Paris, in 1844, by Ary Scheffer (coll. Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris).

Their only daughter Princess Françoise of Orléans married her first cousin Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres and became the mother of the Orléanist pretender Prince Jean, Duke of Guise. Her son Pierre never married, but had two illegitimate children by a married woman.

When the Orléans family fled France, they settled in England living at Claremont; It was there that Francisca gave birth to a stillborn daughter in 1849; the next year, the exiled King Louis Philippe I died himself. After the fall of the House of Bonaparte of the Second Empire, the Orléans family returned to France; Francisca herself died in Paris aged 73. Her husband outlived her by two years, dying in Paris in 1900.

Issue

 * 1) Princess Françoise of Orléans (14 August 1844 – 28 October 1925) married her cousin Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres and had issue.
 * 2) Prince Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre (4 November 1845 – 17 July 1919) never married, but had two children with Angélique Lebesgue.

title: Princess Francisca of Brazil


text: User talk:205.215.222.130

title: User talk:205.215.222.130


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title: User talk:206.192.86.163


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Talk:FIFA Women's World Ranking

Probable minor flaw in the article
The article states, quote:
 * FIFA Women's World Rankings is not weighted to emphasize recent results, whereas the men's results are weighted on a sliding scale, thus emphasizing recent results.

If a Elo-rating-method is used, it follows automatically that the newer results are weighted heavier than older results. As I have no knowledge of the concrete implementation of the Elo-rating system in FIFA womens world rankings, I don't know if there may be factors making this sentence more correct than I suspect it to be. Therefore I do not feel like making any correction now. --Egil Arne (talk) 13:37, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
 * You are right. -Koppapa (talk) 07:18, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

Explanation for the Colour code
I don't see any explanation for the multi-coloured code in the table. An explanation is necessary. Madmonk11 (talk) 16:59, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Points distribution for extra time and penalty games
This article doesn't explain how points are distributed when games are decided after extra time or after penalties. That's unlike the men's ranking article, which clearly states how FIFA points are distributed in those cases.

It's not a flaw of the article itself - it's a reflection of the fact that FIFA's own explanation page does not explain how points are distributed in those circumstances.

I did the math myself and concluded that the following procedures are used:

Extra time
When games are decided in extra time, the standard table for "Actual result of the match" is used based on the final score, but 10 ppt are deducted from the winner and added to the loser.

So if a team wins 2-1 in extra time, the points would normally be split 84-16 (according to the table), so since it's extra time the points are split 74-26.

Penalties
When games are decided in extra time, the standard table for "Actual result of the match" is used, based on the standing *before* penalties. Then 10 ppt are taken from the loser and added to the winner.

So a 0-0 score would normally give a 47%-47% split, but instead the winner receives 57% of the points and the loser 37% of the points. (The final 6 ppt are still discarded.)

I don't think I can add this info to the article as it's kind of my own research, but I figured it could be helpful to anyone else interested in the fine details. -- Lejman (talk) 13:00, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You are right, it is not really in the article or in FIFA's document. But by the standard statistical convention the extra time is part of the match, while penaties aren't. Example 1 :So after 90 min 2:2, after extra time 4:4, then penalties some team wins. FIFA treats that as a 4:4 draw. Example 2: 1:1 after 90 min, then 2:1 after extra time, that's just a 2:1 win for the ranking. There is no 10 point deduction anywhere. -Koppapa (talk) 13:37, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

Table showing the World Ranking leaders
In the Template showing the FIFA Women's World Ranking leaders, many years ago I edited the boxes for the period when USA and Germany were equal. But i notice that as the length of the table has grown, those boxes are no longer aligned. Can someone please have a go and modify so it looks correct again for the foreseeable future? Matilda Maniac (talk) 11:18, 27 August 2023 (UTC) ✅  Thanks for fixing this, User:Miria~01. Regards, Matilda Maniac (talk) 13:46, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

Starting points
Do anyone knows team's starting points before 2003 and now for new team? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.32.66.127 (talk) 11:03, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:FIFA Women's World Ranking


text:
Ardala

Ardala is a locality situated in Skara Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 725 inhabitants in 2010. It was founded in 1890 and used to have a grocery store and a library, but is now only a residential area with mostly villas and one-family-houses.

title: Ardala


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Institute of Engineering and Technology, DAVV

The Institute of Engineering & Technology, DAVV commonly referred to as IET, or IET DAVV is the engineering school of Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya. It was founded as an autonomous institute in 1996. The college follows a self-financed model. The college is located near the university's Takshashila Campus on Khandwa Road in the south-east of Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is an approved Institution by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi, Government of Madhya Pradesh and University Grants Commission (UGC). Before the establishment of the permanent campus of IIT Indore at Simrol, IET DAVV was used as the temporary campus for the future institute of national importance in the year 2009–10.

Academics
The institute offers various B.E. and M.E. programmes.

E-Cell IET DAVV
E-Cell is the most active student body in IET DAVV and has won several accolades for the institute. The E-Cell team under the leadership of their President, Gourav Thadhani, won the National Entrepreneurship Challenge 2021-22 organized by IIT Bombay and emerged AIR 1 while competing against 500+ premiere institutes of India and remained at the Top of the leaderboards in the 6 month long competition.

The Entreprenership Cell with the motto of Think. Feel. Collaborate. organises various flagship events, competitions and sessions for the students. Currently it works on 2 fronts the Entrepreneurship & Innovation part and the Technical part under the name of Tech Club, IET DAVV. The E-Cell functions under the Incubation Center ACIIE under the guidance of Dr. Shashi Prakash.

Aakshank
AAKSHANK is an annual cultural festival on campus.

Invento
Invento is the annual technical festival of the Institute Of Engineering And Technology, DAVV which is held in August and September. It is organized by the students and the members of IET DAVV. Invento is a two-day event on the campus with workshops, competitions, lectures, conferences, exhibitions, performances and various other events.

Former to Invento, Phoenix was the annual technological festival organized by the IET DAVV in 2009 –2011.


text:
Category:Temperance movement

The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

title: Category:Temperance movement


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Talk:Vienna International School

History
Just added history. Most of the information was extracted from 'The V.I.S. Story 1955-1985' in the chapter by Colin Thornley.

This historical background on one of the most mundane topics ever known to man is a great aid to us all. All hail the accomplished historian who enscribed these wise words for all of posterity.

"Slutz Parties"
I have removed the section added by User:62.116.93.241 about "Slutz Parties" since it appears to be unverifiable and/or vanity. Please do not re-insert this content unless you can provide reliable sources for it. Thanks, AJR | Talk 19:36, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Clean up
This article falls far below Wikipedia standards. In places it is nonsense. The trivia section is not trivia in respect to relevant material which could not be placed in the body but a number of unrelated and often incomprehensible statements.

I removed the part saying it was the best school in Austria as it was not verified. I removed the assertion that this school teaches "IB". I'm certain they have an IB Diploma programme but that needs clarifying.

Schools around the world have offered electives in Art as well as running compulsory classes. It is common in large state/public schools and has been for generations.
 * VIS was the first school in the world to offer Art as both an elective and class, resulting in the famous 1994 "Art or Tart" Controversy.

 * The VIS Golf Team is the only VIS team to win the National Schools' Championships. This doesn't say anything and doesn't make sense.

 * The school lies in the 22nd district of Vienna, only two train stops away from the United Nations, and the Vienna International Centre? It is also X number of stations from the city centre. It is adjacent to the 21st district. Meaningless.

 * Unlike most international schools, a large proportion of VIS's students remain in the school for the whole period of their education as their parents are permanent residents of Vienna. Needs verifying and referencing.

 * The school features a broadcasting system called the VISis What sort of Braodcasting? Sound, radio??

Candy 23:58, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

alumni
I just had a look at the website of the VIS and now there is an own page for alumni http://www.vis.ac.at/alumni/ birgit

Refreshment
I thought I should announce that I was planning to update this article in the next few months with images and better referenced/written information. It is much out of date and relatively superficial. I will also try to add some new images. Mjosefsson (talk) 21:43, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

What makes a school non-profit?
From the vis-Website I read that it started as a small project in the 1950s run by the non-profit Vienna International School Association. But as of today this is one of the most expensive schools in Austria with tuition-fees of 12.000 to 24.000 EUR/year. For me it looks like a for-profit operation – but maybe I am mistaken. --Ha.em.ka (talk) 10:04, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vienna International School


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Amaranthus viridis

Amaranthus viridis is a cosmopolitan species in the botanical family Amaranthaceae and is commonly known as slender amaranth or green amaranth.

Description
Amaranthus viridis is an annual herb with an upright, light green stem that grows to about 60–80 cm in height. Numerous branches emerge from the base, and the leaves are ovate, 3–6 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, with long petioles of about 5 cm. The plant has terminal panicles with few branches, and small green flowers with 3 stamens.

Uses
Amaranthus viridis is eaten as a boiled green or as a vegetable in many parts of the world.

In the Northeastern Indian state of Manipur, it is known as cheng-kruk; it is also eaten as a vegetable in South India, especially in Kerala, where it is known as kuppacheera കുപ്പച്ചീര. It is a common vegetable in Bengali cuisine, where it is called note shak ("shak" means leafy vegetable). It a very common vegetable used in Odia cuisine as Saaga, namely as Kosila Saaga or Marshi Saag in rural areas.

It is also eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa. The leaves of this plant, known as in Dhivehi, have been used in the diet of the Maldives for centuries in dishes such as mas huni. The Yoruba in West Africa name for this plant is ewe tete and is used for medicinal and spiritual purposes.

In the 19th Century A. viridus, or green amaranth was an item of food in Australia. The botanist Joseph Maiden wrote in 1889: "It is an excellent substitute for spinach, being far superior to much of the leaves of the white beet sold for spinach in Sydney. Next to spinach it seems to be most like boiled nettle leaves, which when young are used in England, and are excellent. This amarantus should be cooked like spinach, and as it becomes more widely known, it is sure to be popular, except amongst persons who may consider it beneath their dignity to have anything to do with so common a weed."

Green amaranth also has clusters of nutty edible seeds, which can be eaten as snacks or used in biscuits. A porridge can be made by boiling the seeds in water. Unlike other amaranths, the seeds can be easily harvested by scraping the ripe spikes of seeds between the fingers.

Amaranthus viridis is used as a medicinal herb in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, under the Sanskrit name Tanduliya.

Nutrition
Green amaranth can contain up to 38% protein by dry weight. The leaves and seeds contain lysine, an essential amino acid.

Related plants
The closely related Amaranthus blitum is also eaten. In Jamaica, it is known as callaloo. In Greece, it is known as.

Amaranthus retroflexus is also edible, and sometimes goes by the name "green amaranth".

title: Amaranthus viridis


text: User talk:67.169.170.140

title: User talk:67.169.170.140


text:
Amaranthus hybridus

Amaranthus hybridus, commonly called green amaranth, slim amaranth, smooth amaranth, smooth pigweed, or red amaranth, is a species of annual flowering plant. It is a weedy species found now over much of North America and introduced into Europe and Eurasia.

Description
Amaranthus hybridus grows from a short taproot and can be up to 2.5 m in height. It is a glabrous or glabrescent plant.

Distribution
Amaranthus hybridus was originally a pioneer plant in eastern North America. It has been reported to have been found in every state except Wyoming, Utah, and Alaska. It is also found in many provinces of Canada, and in parts of Mexico, the West Indies, Central America, and South America. It has been naturalized in many places of warmer climate. It grows in many different places, including disturbed habitats.

Taxonomy
It is extremely variable, and many other Amaranthus species are believed to be natural hybridizations or derive from A. hybridus.

As a weed
Although easily controlled and not particularly competitive, it is recognized as a harmful weed of North American crops.

Uses
The seeds and cooked leaves are edible.

The plant was used for food and medicine by several Native American groups and in traditional African medicine. It is among the species consumed as Quelite quintonilli in Mexican food markets. It has weak antimicrobial activity, but contains promising anti-cancer phytochemicals.

title: Amaranthus hybridus


text:
Amaranthus wrightii

Amaranthus wrightii is a species of flowering plant. It goes by the common name of Wright's amaranth. It occurs from western Texas into southern Arizona and as far north as Colorado at elevations between 500-2000 m.

Description
Amaranthus wrightii is a mostly glabrous plant growing 0.2-1 m tall. The erect or ascending stems are tinged with white or red. The rhombic-ovate to lanceolate leaves are 1.5-6 cm long and 0.5-3 cm wide, with petioles slightly shorter than the leaves. The base of the leaves are acute, the leaf margins are entire, and the apex of the leaves are obtuse. The terminal and axillary inflorescences are short and thick, and reddish-green. The linear-lanceolate bracts are twice as long as the tepals. The pistillate flowers have five tepals and are 1.5-2 mm wide. The staminate flowers also have five tepals and grow at the tips of inflorescences. The utricles are 1.3-2 mm wide. The dark reddish to black seeds are 1 mm wide and lenticular.

The plant flowers from summer into fall.

title: Amaranthus wrightii


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Amaranthus caudatus

Amaranthus caudatus (also known as Amaranthus edulis and Amaranthus mantegazzianus ) is a species of annual flowering plant. It goes by common names such as love-lies-bleeding, pendant amaranth, tassel flower, velvet flower, foxtail amaranth, and quelite.

To the Quechua people of South America, A. caudatus is referred to as kiwicha, quihuicha, inca jataco; ataco, ataku, sankurachi, jaguarcha (Ecuador), millmi, or coimi. While to the Aymara people, who are native to the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America, A. caudatus is known as qamasa.

Many parts of the plant, including the leaves and seeds, are edible, and are frequently used as a source of food in India as well as in South America, where it is the most important Andean species of Amaranthus, known as kiwicha. (See also amaranth seed and Andean ancient plants.) This species, as with many other amaranths, is originally from the American tropics. The exact origin is unknown, as A. caudatus is believed to be a wild Amaranthus hybridus aggregate. In indigenous agriculture, A. cruentus is the Central American counterpart to South American A. caudatus.

Description
A. caudatus is most recognizable for its striking flowering panicles that can reach up to 90 cm (35.4") long. The colour of these highly dense flowering panicles ranges from black, to red and more commonly white. The red varieties of A. caudatus are due to a high content of betacyanins.

Each panicle is self-pollinating and the fruits each contain a single small seed, no larger than 1 mm in diameter. Like quinoa, each seed has a shiny coat and the embryo is curved around the small endosperm. The panicles grow from lateral buds and from the main stem.

A. caudatus is an annual, broad-leaved dicotyledon with a central stem that grows from a taproot system. Depending on the variety, A. caudatus can reach up to 2.5 m tall. Leaves and side branches grow outward from the central stem and may start as low as the base of the plant.

Etymology
During the Victorian era, specific flowers had different meanings. Love-lies-bleeding stood for hopeless love or hopelessness in the Victorian language of flowers. Therefore, as the plant visually resembles droplets of blood and Puritan virtue names had been around since the 16th century, the name love-lies-bleeding is not unexpected.

History
A. caudatus is originally from Central and South America and was used as a staple grain by the Inca, Maya and Aztec civilizations. Because of its high nutritional value, it was culturally considered as a beneficial food for children and elderly.

A. caudatus was very important for Aztec people. They believed that kiwicha had the power to give strength to people that eat it. This food was not only used for royalty diet but also in religious rituals. A. caudatus was mixed with honey and human blood and eaten during ceremonies, including human sacrifices. For these reasons, around the 1500s when the conquistadores came, they prohibited the use of the plant and was almost completely banned from these regions. Around the 1800s, A. caudatus slowly started to be cultivated again.

Because of its late reuse, due to its history, A. caudatus cultivation is still very localized in America. However, the interest in the cultivation of A. caudatus outside the Andes is increasing again.

Natural distribution
A. caudatus is an indigenous crop from the high Peruvian Andes that has been cultivated for thousands of years by many cultures including the Incas. It is the only Amaranth species that can grow at altitudes greater than 2,500 meters above the sea level. Despite the fact that A. caudatus had been a well-adapted staple in the Andean region for millennia and had offered substantial nutritional advantages to the native people, when the Spanish came in the 1500s, they replaced A. caudatus cultivations with wheat and barley. However, because of its great nutritional content, A. caudatus is regaining popularity and returning to compete with modern crops. Although A. caudatus is seldom recognized outside of the Andes, significant plantings have been observed in Mexico, China, Nepal, India and Kenya.

Cultivation
In most parts of its habitat, A. caudatus can easily grow between 1 and 2.5 meters and grows best in full sun within 4–6 months. However, in some highland regions they can take up to 10 months. It is a summer annual C4 plant. A. caudatus grows from Ecuador to northern Argentina mostly in mild areas or in the valleys of the Andes. Despite its geographical adaptability, it is a short-day plant and needs adequate moisture. Cultivation can occur at up to 3100 m. a.s.l. and once established it is drought tolerant and can handle both wet and dry conditions. If the cultivation takes place in subtropical climates, it can be harvested up to two times. Loam and loam-sandy soils with lots of organic matter and good drainage are best. Clay soils are not recommended for A. caudatus. In addition, the pH must be between 6-7, although the plant can still grow at a pH of up to 8.5.

The crop is planted by transfer, with the help of seedlings in fields or by direct drilling at the beginning of the rainy season. They are cut at a height of 10 to 55 cm and the cultivation practices are similar to those of corn: ear emergence, two-stage fertilization and weed control. In the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Argentina, the plant is grown in the traditional way on non-irrigated land without fertilizers. The seeds are very small, so soil preparation is important, such as breaking up of clods and shaking up. It is recommended to plough the soil, harrow and make furrows either in the traditional way with a yoke or by machine.

Weed control takes place manually with pricking out. In the absence of rain, irrigation is necessary every 30 days and especially in flowering and grain filling stages. Harvesting is done before full maturity of the plant. In this process, the plants are cut 50 cm above the ground. They are collected in furrows until they dry and then hit with sticks. In this process, they are placed on clothing or tamped floors for threshing and sieved so that the seeds can be separated from the dead leaves. Improvement of cultivation consists in proper soil preparation and direct sowing of selected seeds at a density of 4 to 6 kg/ha in 80 cm wide furrows, using fertilizers according to the nutrient content of the soil. The yield varies between 2000 and 5000 kg/ha in Peru and 900 to 4000 kg/ha in Ecuador.

Genetics
All species of amaranth have a diploid chromosome set but a different number of chromosomes. In A. caudatus the number is 2n = 32.

Pests and diseases
The most common diseases affecting the seeds are Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp. Fungal diseases such as Sclerotinia spp. and Alternaria spp. cause stem and root rot. The most common pest is Diabrotica spp, also known as Loritos, which can damage the plant during emergence. Other pests include Agrotis spp. and Eupicata spp. Blister beetles (Epicauta adspersa) and red weed caterpillar (Loxostege bifidalis) were also found in some countries. They caused severe defoliation of the upper leaves. These pests are controlled by the application of 1.5% diatomaceous earth.

Nutrition
The flavourful and gluten-free A. caudatus is very high in protein and essential amino acids, such as lysine, which are typically deficient in plant protein. In terms of nutritional content, A. caudatus protein is virtually similar to milk protein (casein), and it complements the nutritional quality of foods derived from flours of corn, rice, or wheat. As a result, A. caudatus is particularly beneficial for infants, children, and pregnant and lactating women, but also vegetarians and vegans.

A. caudatus is high in dietary fiber and minerals such as iron, magnesium and manganese. Its frequent consumption could help to reduce hypertension and cholesterol. A. caudatus has also been found to have anthelmintic, antinociceptive, antipyretic, anticancer, antiallergenic, antidiabetic, immune system stimulation, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial properties.

Culinary use and dishes
There are several uses of kiwicha. When ground, it can be used as flour but also as breading for sweets and main dishes when crushed. Seeds can be popped as popcorn on a pan and, like oats, can be eaten with milk as cereals.

In Mexico, A. caudatus is used on sweets with honey and the dish is called "alegria" (meaning "happiness" in Spanish), India has a similar dish called "ladoos". A. caudatus is slowly making its way outside of Latin America. Cookies and other breakfast food made of kiwicha can be found for example in stores in the United States. Even though kiwicha is gluten free, adding kiwicha flour to wheat when producing leavened food increase the nutritional value of the bread. As flour, A. caudatus is also used for pasta and noodles formation.

Nowadays, and because of its nutritional values, some scientists explored the substitution of some vegetables by amaranth leaves in kenyan traditional dishes and investigated if the vitamins and minerals remain when boiled for instance. Depending on the vegetables used in the mix, minerals and iron uptake can be improved.

Animal feed
After the A. caudatus grains have been removed, the remaining plant material (stover) can be used for fodder. During dry seasons when forage is limited, fodder from A. caudatus stover would be an essential source of animal feed for Andean farmers to maintain their livestock.

Additionally, A. caudatus can be suitable to be used as a high-protein forage crop in the tropics.

Natural dye
In Peru, simple methods have been developed to extract Betalain from red varieties of A. caudatus to be used as non-toxic red food colouring. For some applications, this natural dye may be used to replace the use of synthetic dyes. However natural dyes tend to have a lower colour fastness and therefore may not function well as a direct substitution.

title: Amaranthus caudatus


text:
Lower Estuarine Series

The Lower Estuarine Series is an obsolete term for a thin sequence of fine-grained clastic sediments of Jurassic age, which are now called the Grantham Formation. The rocks of this formation form a lower part of the (Bajocian) Inferior Oolite Group, of Middle Jurassic age. In central England, it normally lies above the Northampton sand and below the Lower Lincolnshire Limestone Member.

The group is found in the East Midlands of England and was formed when the London-Brabant Island was drifting through the low northern latitudes, in conditions represented today by the Sahara Desert. The formation is often only around 2 - 5 metres thick.

title: Lower Estuarine Series


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Amaranthus hypochondriacus

Amaranthus hypochondriacus is an ornamental plant commonly known as Prince-of-Wales feather or prince's-feather. Originally endemic to Mexico, it is called quelite, bledo and quintonil in Spanish.

In Africa and El Salvador, like many other species in the family Amaranthaceae, it is valued as source of food. The leaves and seeds are very nutritious and have a mild flavor. The seeds also contain phenolic compounds.

In temperate regions, it is cultivated as a half-hardy annual. Numerous cultivars have been selected, of which 'Green Thumb' and 'Pygmy Torch' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It grows best in well-drained soils in full sun, and is suitable for USDA hardiness zones 3–10. It may be susceptible to aphids.

A. hypochondriacus is a vigorous, upright plant that typically reaches 40-200 cm tall. It is often grown for its flowers, which appear in dense, catkin-like inflorescences in the summer and autumn. They are usually deep purplish-red, but may be yellow-green. These give way to dry fruits, about 1.5-3 mm long, that split open when ripe. The fruits contain smooth, shiny seeds that may be subglobose to lenticular, either whitish-pink or dark reddish-brown to black, and 1-1.4 mm in diameter. The leaves are simple and alternately arranged, with entire margins. They are rhombic-ovate to broadly lanceolate in shape, about 4-12 cm long and 2-7 cm wide, borne on long peduncles.

title: Amaranthus hypochondriacus


text:
Template:Fc

F.C.

title: Template:Fc


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Amaranthus torreyi

Amaranthus torreyi is a species of flowering plant that is sometimes considered to be a synonym of Amaranthus watsonii. Its common name is Torrey's Amaranth. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

title: Amaranthus torreyi


text:
Amaranthus spinosus

Amaranthus spinosus, commonly known as the spiny amaranth, spiny pigweed, prickly amaranth or thorny amaranth, is a plant that is native to the tropical Americas, but is present on most continents as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It can be a serious weed of rice cultivation in Asia.

Dye use
In Khmer language, it is called pti banlar and in Vietnamese dền and its ash was historically used as a grey cloth dye.

Food use
Like several related species, A. spinosus is a valued food plant in Africa. In Brazil it is known as "caruru de porco", being used pure braised or added to salty porridge preparations, such as angu ( pt ) and is more common in the interior regions of the country. It is valued also in Thai cuisine, where it is called phak khom (ผักขม). In Tamil, it is called mullik keerai. It is possible identical to Sanskrit taṇḍulīyaka. It is used as food in the Philippines, where it is called kulitis. The leaves of this plant, known as massaagu in the Maldivian language, have been used in the diet of the Maldives. In Mexico, it is among the species labelled Quelite quintonil in Mexican markets. In Bangladesh it is called "Katanote (কাটানটে)". In Manipuri, it is called" Chengkrook" and is used as food in stir-fry and in broths mixed with other vegetables. In Mauritius it is called "Brède malbar". The seeds are eaten by many songbirds.

Traditional medicine
In the folk medicine of India, the ash of fruits of Amaranthus spinosus is used for jaundice. Water extracts from its roots and leaves have been used as a diuretic in Vietnam.

title: Amaranthus spinosus


text: User talk:68.231.217.37

title: User talk:68.231.217.37


text:
Talk:Lester Dent

Dent also wrote PI stories about character Oscar Sail. Might mention them... --squadfifteen

Carnival Influence
One characteristic I see in his stories, and H.P. Lovercraft's to a lesser extent, are the technology demonstrations that Tesla and others used give on the carnival circuit. In the Doc Savage stories, though, the showmen would apply the same technology to robbing the bank before leaving town. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Carl Ponder (talk • contribs) 11:41, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Lester Dent


text:
Bang Phlat district

Bang Phlat (บางพลัด, ) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighboring districts, clockwise from the north, are Bang Kruai district, Bang Sue, Dusit, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok Noi, and Taling Chan.

History
Bang Phlat was one of the 25 districts created in 1915, when the inner districts of Bangkok were reorganized. In 1938 the district was abolished and added to Bangkok Noi.

Bang Phlat district was again set up in 1989 by taking four sub-districts from Bangkok Noi. The west side of Borommaratchachonnani Road and Somdet Phra Pin Klao Road were moved back to Bangkok Noi in 1991, creating the new Arun Amarin Sub-district.

Bang Phlat has a number of transliteration spellings that are visible across the district including: Bang Phlat, Bang Phlad, Bang Plat, Bang Plad. It is likely that this spelling will become unified as the new MRT station stop has been titled "Bang Phlat".

The term Bang Phlat literally means 'lost place'. It is thought that, in the past, the area was filled with waterways and overgrown. People from outside often get lost.

Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (khwaeng).

Places
The main road running through Bang Phlat is Charan Sanit Wong, a road that parallels the Chao Phraya to the west from Thon Buri up to the Rama VII bridge.

Bang Phlat has a mixture of light commercial, industrial and residential zones. There are a few medium commercial and residential areas which are growing as the area becomes more prosperous. There are two Express River Boat stations servicing Bang Phlat, Krung Thon Bridge to the south and Rama VII Bridge to the north.
 * Rama VIII Bridge and Rama VIII Park
 * Krungthon Bridge
 * Wat Kharuehabodi (วัดคฤหบดี)
 * Wat Bowon Mongkhon (วัดบวรมงคล)
 * Masjid Bang O
 * Yanhee International Hospital
 * Pata Pinklao and Pata Zoo

title: Bang Phlat district


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Mitscher-class destroyer

The Mitscher-class destroyer was an experimental destroyer class of four ships that were built for the United States Navy shortly after World War II. Considerably larger than all previous destroyers, but smaller than their immediate predecessor, the experimental Norfolk, they would have been the first post-war destroyer class had they not been reclassified during construction as destroyer leaders (DL). Commissioned in 1953–1954, two of the class served until 1969, and were scrapped in the 1970s. The other two were converted into guided missile destroyers (DDG), served until 1978, and were sold for scrap by 1980.

Description
All four Mitscher-class ships were designed under project SCB 5 and ordered 3 August 1948. They were named for admirals of the Second World War. Each ship displaced 3,331 tons light, 3,642 tons standard and 4,855 tons under full load with a length of 494 ft, a 50 ft beam and a 26 ft draft.

Beyond that, each ship had a different loadout of propulsion and other systems so as to determine the best course of action for future destroyer design.

The Mitscher class would become the winner in internal Navy debates over competing designs, even as an early concept in 1945. With their development the CL-154 class anti aircraft cruisers would be canceled, and no further Norfolks would be built; in both cases the decisions were made on cost-effectiveness grounds.

In the early 1960s, the Mitscher class underwent modernization through a Class Improvement Program (CIP), which included the replacement of the boilers on the first two ships of the class.

DDG conversions
The first two ships, Mitscher and John S. McCain, were converted into guided missile destroyers under SCB 241 in the mid-1960s. They were redesignated as DDG-35 and DDG-36, respectively.

title: Mitscher-class destroyer


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Amaranthus retroflexus

Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae with several common names, including red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed.

Description
Amaranthus retroflexus, true to one of its common names, forms a tumbleweed. It may be native to the Neotropics or Central and Eastern North America, but is widespread as an introduced species on most continents in a great number of habitats. This is an erect, annual herb reaching a maximum height near 3 m. The leaves are nearly 15 cm long on large individuals, the ones higher on the stem having a lance shape and those lower on the plant diamond or oval in shape. The plant is monoecious, with individuals bearing both male and female flowers. The inflorescence is a large, dense cluster of flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts. The fruit is a capsule less than 2 mm long with a "lid" which opens to reveal a tiny black seed. Another of A. retroflexus's common names is "pigweed" because it grows where hogs are pasture-fed.

Culinary use
This plant is eaten as a vegetable in different places of the world. No species of genus Amaranthus is known to be poisonous, but the leaves contain oxalic acid and may contain nitrates if grown in nitrate-rich soils, so the water should be discarded after boiling. The young shoots and leaves can be eaten raw. The leaves are high in calcium, iron, protein, and phosphorus.

A. retroflexus was used for a multitude of food and medicinal purposes by many Native American groups in the US West. It is among the species consumed as a vegetable in Mexican markets as Quelite quintonil.

It is used in the Indian state of Kerala to prepare a popular dish known as thoran by combining the finely cut leaves with grated coconut, chili peppers, garlic, turmeric and other ingredients.

The seeds are edible raw or toasted, and can be ground into flour and used for bread, hot cereal, or as a thickener.

Use as fodder
Like many other species of Amaranthus, this plant may be harmful and even deadly when fed to cattle and pigs in large amounts over several days. Such forage may cause fatal nephrotoxicity, presumably because of its high oxalate content. Other symptoms, such as bloat or methylglobineamia in the most severe cases, might reflect its high nitrate content. However, when supplied in moderation, it is regarded as an exceptionally nutritious fodder.

As a weed
A. retroflexus is a weed outside its native range and has developed resistance against fomesafen in Northeast China.

title: Amaranthus retroflexus


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Amaranthus tricolor

Amaranthus tricolor, known as edible amaranth, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Amaranthus, part of the family Amaranthaceae.

The plant is often cultivated for ornamental and culinary purposes. It is known as bireum in Korea; tampala, tandaljo, or tandalja bhaji in India; callaloo in the Caribbean; and Joseph's coat in other areas, in reference to the Biblical story of Joseph and the coat of many colors. Although it is native to South and South-East Asia, A. tricolor is one of several species of amaranth cultivated in warm regions across the world. Cultivars have striking yellow, red, and green foliage.

Culinary uses
The leaves and stems may be eaten as a salad vegetable. In Africa, it is usually cooked as a leafy vegetable. It is usually stir fried or steamed as a side dish in both China and Japan.

China
In China, it is referred to as xiàncài and is often stir-fried with garlic and salt.

Korea
In Korea, the plant is referred to as bireum (비름). Small-leaved, reddish-stalked chambireum (참비름, "true bireum") is used as a namul vegetable in Korean cuisine. Considered a san-namul (wild green) that grows abundantly in the countryside, it tends to be foraged rather than planted and harvested. It has an earthy and nutty flavor, and goes well with both gochujang- and soup soy sauce-based seasonings, and bori-bap (barley rice).

In culture
It appears on the coat of arms of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where it is called "flowers gentle".

Amaranthus gangeticus
Amaranthus gangeticus is considered a synonym of A. tricolor, but has been recognized as a separate species in the past. A. gangeticus is also known as elephant-head amaranth. It is an annual flowering plant with deep purple flowers. It can grow to 2 - 3 ft tall. In Bangladesh, it has been used as a leafy vegetable. It may inhibit calcium retention in rice-based diets.

title: Amaranthus tricolor


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Amaranthus thunbergii

Amaranthus thunbergii, commonly known as Thunberg's amaranthus or Thunberg's pigweed, is found in Africa.

The leaves are used as a flavouring or leafy vegetable.

title: Amaranthus thunbergii


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Amaranthus polygonoides

Amaranthus polygonoides is a species of flowering plant found in North America and the Caribbean. It goes by the common name of tropical amaranth.

title: Amaranthus polygonoides


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Nimmi

Nimmi (born Nawab Bano; 18 February 1932 – 25 March 2020), was an Indian screen actress who achieved stardom in the 1950s and early 1960s in Hindi films. She was one of the leading actresses of the "golden era" of Hindi cinema.

She gained popularity by playing spirited village belle characters, but has appeared in diverse genres such as fantasy and social films. Her best performances are considered to be in the films Sazaa (1951), India's first technicolor film Aan (1952), Uran Khatola (1955), Bhai-Bhai (1956), Kundan (1955), Mere Mehboob (1963), Pooja Ke Phool (1964), Akashdeep (1965), and Basant Bahar (1956). Raj Kapoor changed her name from Nawab Bano to "Nimmi".

Early life
Nawab Bano was born in Agra to a Muslim family. Her mother was a tawaif,singer and an actress, known as Wahidan. She was well connected within the film industry. Nimmi's father, Abdul Hakim, worked as a military contractor. Nimmi's birth forename of "Nawab" was given by her grandfather while her grandmother added "Bano". As a young child, Nimmi had memories of visiting Bombay, and her mother being on good terms with Mehboob Khan and his family, who were prominent and influential within the movie-making business.

When Nimmi was 11 years old, her mother suddenly died. Her father lived in Meerut where he worked and had another family; by this time, his contact with Nimmi's mother was minimal. Nimmi was therefore sent to live in Abbottabad near Rawalpindi with her maternal grandmother. The partition of India happened in 1947, and Abbottabad went to Pakistan. Nimmi's grandmother moved to Mumbai (then known as Bombay) and settled in the household of her other daughter, known by the name Jyoti. Herself a former actress, Jyoti was married to G. M. Durrani, a popular Indian playback singer, actor, and music director.

Career
In 1948, via the connection with her mother Wahidan who had worked with him in the 1930s, the famous filmmaker Mehboob Khan, invited the young Nimmi to watch the making of his current production Andaz at Central Studios. She had shown an interest in movies and this was an opportunity to understand the film making process. On the sets of Andaz, Nimmi met Raj Kapoor, who was starring in the film. At that time, Raj Kapoor was filming his production of Barsaat (1949). Having already cast the famous actress Nargis in the female lead role, he was on the lookout for a young girl to play the second lead. After observing Nimmi's unaffected and shy behaviour as a guest on the sets of Andaz, he cast the teenaged Nimmi in Barsaat opposite the actor Prem Nath. Nimmi played the role of an innocent mountain shepherdess in love with a heartless city man. Barsaat, released in 1949, made movie history. It was a phenomenal and commercial success. Despite the presence of established and popular stars Nargis, Raj Kapoor and Prem Nath, Nimmi had a very prominent and well-received role and was an instant hit with the audiences.

Rise to stardom
After Barsaat, Nimmi was flooded with film offers. She quietly polished her histrionic abilities and developed a mannered but effectively unique style of acting. The diminutive actress, with her saucer shaped expressive eyes, quickly won a loyal fan base with her intense and expressive performances.

1950s
She worked with top heroes like Raj Kapoor (Banwara), and Dev Anand (Sazaa, Aandhiyan). To her great advantage, Nimmi formed a very popular and dependable screen pair with Dilip Kumar, after the success of films like Deedar (1951) and Daag (1952). Aside from Nargis with whom she co-starred in Barsaat and Deedar, Nimmi also appeared alongside many notable leading ladies including Madhubala (Amar), Suraiya (Shama), Geeta Bali (Usha Kiran), and Meena Kumari (Char Dil Char Rahen (1959). Nimmi was also a singer and sang her own songs in the film Bedardi (1951) in which she also acted. However, she never continued singing, and recorded songs only for this film.

Mehboob Khan cast her in Aan (1952). The film was made with an extremely large budget. Nimmi played one of the female leads. Such was Nimmi's popularity at this point that when a first edit of the film was shown to the film's financiers and distributors, they objected that Nimmi's character died too early. An extended dream sequence was added to give Nimmi more prominence and screen time in the film. Aan was one of the first Indian movies to have a worldwide release. The film had an extremely lavish London premiere which Nimmi attended. The English version was entitled Savage Princess. On the London trip, Nimmi met many western film personalities including Errol Flynn. When Flynn attempted to kiss her hand, she pulled it away, exclaiming, "I am an Indian girl, you cannot do that!" The incident made the headlines and the press raved about Nimmi as the "... unkissed girl of India".

Nimmi further revealed in a 2013 interview, that at the London premiere of Aan, she received four serious offers from Hollywood, including one from Cecil B. DeMille who greatly admired the film and Nimmi's performance. Nimmi declined these offers, choosing to focus on her flourishing career in India. After the great box-office success of Aan, Mehboob Khan asked her to appear in his next film Amar (1954). Nimmi played a poor, milkmaid seduced by a lawyer (Dilip Kumar). The film also starred Madhubala as Kumar's wronged fiancée. Its controversial subject of rape was way ahead of its time and although the film was not a commercial success, Nimmi's intense performance and the film were applauded by critics. It remained the favorite film of Mehboob Khan amongst his own productions. She acted and turned producer with the popular film Danka (1954) which was released under her own production banner. Kundan (1955), produced by Sohrab Modi co-starring newcomer Sunil Dutt, gave Nimmi a memorable double role as mother and daughter. Her sensitive portrayal earned her further recognition as a talented and spirited actress. In Uran Khatola (1955), her last of five films with Dilip Kumar, she starred in one of the biggest box-office successes of her career.

Nimmi next had two big successes in 1956 with Basant Bahar and Bhai-Bhai. In 1957, at the age of 24, Nimmi received the critic's award for best actress for her role in Bhai Bhai. These films were also notable for her songs which were dubbed by Lata Mangeshkar. By this point, with a largely consistent run of success at the box-office, Nimmi had firmly established herself as one of the most bankable and popular leading ladies in Hindi cinema.

In the late 1950s, Nimmi worked with renowned directors Chetan Anand (Anjali ), K. A. Abbas (Char Dil Char Rahen) and Vijay Bhatt (Angulimala). Prepared to take risks, Nimmi took on controversial characterizations, such as the prostitute of Char Dil Char Raahen (1959). It was during this phase that Nimmi became very selective as she strove for better quality projects and roles. However, her judgment was sometimes questionable when she rejected films like B. R. Chopra's Sadhna (1958), and Woh Kaun Thi? (1963), both of which went on to be big successes for Vyjayanthimala and Sadhana, respectively.

Completion of Love & God
At this point, Nimmi opted for early retirement and marriage, but not before investing her best efforts into one last film production. Director K. Asif had started his version of the Laila–Majnun love legend, Love & God even before completing his magnum opus Mughal-e-Azam (1960). Nimmi believed that Love & God would be a fitting swan song to her career and her claim to eternal fame just as Mughal-e-Azam had immortalised its leading lady, Madhubala. K. Asif had problems casting the male lead before finally selecting Guru Dutt as Nimmi's co-star. However, Guru Dutt's sudden and premature death put a halt to the film's shooting. Sanjeev Kumar was cast as his replacement but the film was shelved altogether when the director K. Asif died. Nimmi had retired from films for over two decades by the time K. Asif's widow Akhtar Asif released Love & God on 6 June 1986 in incomplete form. In 2013, in a rare interview with Rajya Sabha TV, Nimmi recounted her complete Hindi film career, from her beginnings as a child in Agra, her first break in Barsaat to the current day, and her experiences during this time.

Personal life
In her interview with Irfan and Rajya Sabha TV, Nimmi recounted that she first saw a photo of her husband Ali Raza, himself a scriptwriter with Mehboob studios, during a shooting at Famous studio. Her hairdresser had shown her Raza's photo in the film magazine "Filmindia" and asked her why she did not want to marry him. She liked the idea as she had heard about Ali Raza. Soon, her co-actor Mukri also suggested the same. They acted as cupids, subsequently, their parents met, and then they were married. Thus, the match was arranged by the two families in the usual Indian way. The couple was not blessed with children, and they were both deeply disappointed by this. They subsequently adopted Nimmi's sister's son, who now lives in Manchester. Her husband Ali Raza died in 2007.

Awards and recognition

 * Kalakar Award (Living Legend Award) in 2015.

Death
On 25 March 2020, she died at age 87. After a prolonged illness, she was taken to the Juhu hospital after complaining of being unable to breathe. That same evening, doctors confirmed she had died. She had been in and out of hospitals during the last year of her life.

title: Nimmi


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Amaranthus palmeri

Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus. It has several common names, including carelessweed, dioecious amaranth, Palmer's amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer's pigweed.

It is native to most of the southern half of North America. Populations in the eastern United States are probably naturalized. It has also been introduced to Europe, Australia, and other areas. The plant is fast-growing and highly competitive.

Uses
The leaves, stems and seeds of Palmer amaranth, like those of other amaranths, are edible and highly nutritious. Palmer amaranth was once widely cultivated and eaten by Native Americans across North America, both for its abundant seeds and as a cooked or dried green vegetable. Other related Amaranthus species have been grown as crops for their greens and seeds for thousands of years in Mexico, South America, the Caribbean, Africa, India, and China.

The plant can be toxic to livestock animals due to the presence of nitrates in the leaves. Palmer amaranth has a tendency to absorb excess soil nitrogen, and if grown in overly fertilized soils, it can contain excessive levels of nitrates, even for humans. Like spinach and many other leafy greens, amaranth leaves also contain oxalic acid, which can be harmful to individuals with kidney problems if consumed in excess.

Because of its toxicity to livestock, and scarce familiarity in the United States with the uses of amaranths as food, Palmer amaranth is rarely consumed as of 2020, despite its ubiquity and resistance to drought. Unlike the grain and leaf amaranths of other regions, it has not been cultivated or further improved by recent agricultural breeding. As a result, the primary economic importance of Palmer amaranth to American farmers has been as a noxious weed and a competitor to more marketable crops, rather than as a crop in its own right.

As a weed
Palmer amaranth is considered a threat most specifically to the production of cotton and soybean crops in the southern United States. In 2001, Palmer amaranth was found in the southern quarter of Illinois and appeared to be moving to northern Illinois in 2006.

Herbicide resistance
In many places, the plant has developed resistance since at least 2006 to glyphosate, a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide. Glyphosate-resistant pigweed not only dominates in cotton fields, but also has wide-ranging effects on other crops and productions.

In 2014, the Texas Department of Agriculture asked the United States Environmental Protection Agency for permission to use the restricted chemical propazine on 3 million acres (1.2 million hectares) of cotton threatened by Palmer amaranth. The request was denied due to unacceptable risks to drinking water.

In 2019, Kansas State University researchers documented a population of Palmer amaranth with resistance to 2,4-D and Dicamba in Kansas. Previously, Palmer amaranth in Kansas has developed resistance to ALS, atrazine, glyphosate and HPPD herbicides—mesotrione, Huskie, Laudis, Impact, and Armezon—leaving growers with very few postemergence options to manage this weed.

An Arkansas population has developed fomesafen resistance.

Gene drive technologies could provide a countermeasure: A gene drive agent could engineer A. palmeri to become glyphosate-sensitive again. Such a wide-ranging application of the technology should be carefully considered however.

Growth
Palmer amaranth may be the most aggressive pigweed species with respect to growth rate and competitive ability. Palmer amaranth in particular is highly competitive. It will outgrow cotton and is much more efficient. Growers of crops have not been able to provide adequate moisture to offset prolonged temperatures above 85 F with a 112 F heat index. In these conditions, many herbicides break down over time and Palmer amaranth will keep growing. It can grow from 2 to 5 in in three days, or less. In only a few weeks, it can grow from 12 to 18 in compared to cotton at 5 to 8 in.

Spread
Pollen is most commonly spread by wind. The male produces the pollen and the female plant produces the seed. The wind carries the pollen from resistant male plants to female plants. In addition, the seed is spread by traditional means, such as harvesting, inadequate cleaning of equipment, and the spreading of contaminated materials, such as manure.

In 2014, North Dakota State University's "ND Weed Control Guide" selected Amaranthus palmeri, as "weed-of-the-year" to raise awareness about its "potentially devastating impact." In 2015, Palmer amaranth was chosen as "weed-of-the-year" for the second year in a row as a "proactive approach to prevent Palmer amaranth establishment in North Dakota." As alien, this species was first found in South Africa in March 2018 with further records in different regions of the country as well as in northern Botswana in March 2020. It is considered as naturalized weed which invades both ruderal and segetal (growing in cornfields) plant communities.

title: Amaranthus palmeri


text:
61st (City of Edinburgh) Signal Regiment

61st Signal Regiment was from 1939-67 a communications regiment of the British Army, part of the Royal Signals.

61st Signal Regiment
In 1939 orders were issued for 3rd Anti-Aircraft Divisional Signals TA to be raised in Edinburgh and Glasgow, as part of 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division, Anti-Aircraft Command, and in 1940-41 the unit was actively engaged against German air attacks on Great Britain. In 1940 the Glasgow Company was absorbed into the newly raised 12th AA Divisional Signals, and in 1941 the remainder was converted into a mixed unit. In 1942 AA Command was reorganised and the unit was amalgamated into 6th AA Group (Mixed) Signals, covering Scotland and North East England.

Following demobilisation in 1945 it was reformed in 1947 with two companies in Edinburgh and two in Glasgow. It was known as 13th AA (Mixed) Signal Regiment TA, part of 3rd Anti-Aircraft Group.

In 1955 when AA Command was abolished the regiment was converted into Scottish Command (Mixed) Signal Regiment TA (part of Scottish Command). In 1957 it became 61st Signal Regiment TA and subsequently was allowed to add City of Edinburgh to its title in 1962.

In the reorganisation of the Reserve Army in 1967, it became part of 32 (Scottish) Signal Regiment (Volunteers), with responsibility for the provision of mobile communications throughout Scotland in an emergency.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National Oceanography Centre

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy redirect. -- RHaworth 18:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

National Oceanography Centre
Topic already covered at National Oceanography Centre, Southampton --Daniel Lawrence 15:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Abel Prescott

Untitled
Something is very wrong here. A man born in December 1759 would have been 15 years old in April 1775. How could he have two sons who rode with Paul Revere and William Dawes? Possibly there is some father/son confusion? --Russ Blau (talk) 15:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Good catch! Thank you! Dwain 17:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The Groton reference should be removed. It refers to the "Groton" Abel Prescott not the "Concord" Abel Prescott.

title: Talk:Abel Prescott


text:
Dublin (European Parliament constituency)

Dublin is a European Parliament constituency in Ireland. It elects 4 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

History and boundaries
The constituency was created in 1979 for the first direct elections to the European Parliament. It has always contained the whole of County Dublin and the city of Dublin only (with the county defined since 1994 as the counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, South Dublin).

From 1979 to 2004, it elected 4 MEPs; this was reduced to 3 for the 2009 election. For the 2019 European Parliament election, a reapportionment following Brexit and the loss of 73 MEPs from the United Kingdom gave two additional seats to Ireland. Following a recommendation of the Constituency Commission, Dublin gained an extra seat, from 3 to 4. However, the last candidate elected did not take his seat until after the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union.

2019 election
4 MEPs were elected in 2019 but the last MEP elected would not take their seat until a reallocation of seats in the European Parliament after Brexit had taken effect and the MEPs elected for the United Kingdom vacated their seats. This would take place on 31 January 2020

The count was suspended overnight after count 14 to clarify whether Lynn Boylan's votes should be redistributed between the two continuing candidates, Barry Andrews and Clare Daly. The usual count rules had been amended so the practice of deeming candidates elected without reaching the quota would not apply. The order in which candidates were elected was required as the candidate elected to the fourth seat would not take their seat until after the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.


text:
Talk:Conservative Friends

Primitive Friends in Linn, Iowa
The Friends meeting in Linn, Iowa was one of the largest of the original meetings in Salem QM after the 1854 division. This was Caleb Gregg's meeting. After Ohio YM Friends opened the new meeting at Springville (later re-named Whittier), many of the Iowa Primitives switched to that group. In the middle of this, the Primitives suffered a division in 1862 between the supporters of the Otis and King factions in New York and New England. Gregg, who was with the King faction, deeded over the Linn Meeting House to Springville Friends after it was clear that the Linn Kingites all wanted to join Ohio YM. Springville then established Hopewell Meeting in the old Linn Meeting House (named Hopewell for the meeting in Ohio on Caleb Gregg's farm). The King party at Linn died out soon thereafter, and Ann Branson mentioned that Gregg sat on the facing bench at Hopewell although he was never a member.

The Otis group, composed primarily of Friends in two families, continued to meet. They became part of Salem MM (Primitive) in Ohio in the 1870s. When Salem MM was laid down in 1888 and attached to Falls MM of Fallsington General Meeting, Linn was still an active meeting. A brief history of the Hampton family printed in the very early twentieth century mentioned the Primitives at Linn and indicated that they were still meeting there - though their membership was at Falls. If this in fact is the case, the meeting likely disbanded around 1910. Chronicler3 02:19, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

"Lay down"
I wonder what it means "to lay" a meeting "down", how it can happen, and what the consequences are. Perhaps an explanatory link might help, or a different choice of words.D021317c 18:12, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Does seem like we should include a better description somewhere; I'll think about how to do that. To answer your question the phrase is generally used to refer to closing a meeting, or ending a project.  --Ahc 00:47, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

POV phrasing
Some of the wording in this article indicates a POV sympahetic to Conservatives. I'll try to work that out.--Natcase 10:07, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

"Theological Moderates" and UK Conservative Friends
The phrase 'theological moderates' seems to have been in use in the article since it was created. I am wondering whether it is a too generalised view of conservative Quakers. I know a few conservative Friends who certainly could not be categorised as 'theologically moderate'. Also, the section on conservative Quakers in the UK, needs updating. Ripley Quakers have been in existence for nearly 3 years now and have firm, though informal, links to Ohio Yearly Meeting. I've amended that section appropriately. Allistair Lomax (talk) 17:24, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Generalizations about Conservative YMs in the USA
"In the USA, three Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings remain as distinct Conservative Friends bodies in Ohio, North Carolina and Iowa; with Ohio Yearly Meeting (Conservative) being the most traditional Christian in belief and practice, of the three Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings; A small Conservative Friends remnant continues in some of the united yearly meetings (Canada and New England). In Europe, there are Conservative Quaker groups in the United Kingdom and Greece, while individual members reside in other countries too. In Greece, Athens Christian Friends Meeting, was established in 2006, and is affiliated to Ohio Yearly Meeting (Conservative) in the United States of America. [See: Friends around the World 2010 Edition, p. 107, FWCC]."

 * I'd love to see several changes to this paragraph. I would prefer that every comment about CFYMs in the USA be divided into its own paragraph, separate from ROW (I know, how Americentric of me). I would also enjoy seeing some narrowing and defense of the description of Ohio as being the "most traditional Christian in belief." The expression 'traditional Christian' itself does little to explain what is meant here. Whose 'tradition' of Christianity are we talking about? Certainly not the Moravians - yet many consider that group quite 'traditional' in their Christianity I expect. 173.54.180.203 (talk) 01:57, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

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Ares
Dbevb Fh M G B.b 2600:6C47:BFF0:330:3036:3C8D:664A:9ACD (talk) 17:12, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conservative Friends