text:
Talk:Binitarianism

CoG (Armstrong)
Since this view represented as "binitarian" is associated exclusively with the Church of God (Armstrong), it really should be edited so that the source of the point of view is identified. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 17:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What do you propose? KHM03 20:22, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this heresy another form of adoptionism? If so, maybe we should redirect this article to that one, and simply expand that "main" article.  Thoughts?  KHM03 20:29, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

The article is excellent overall, but I think it is important to note that many binitarians can be traced much further back in time than Armstrong. Binitarianism, or ditheism, was advocated by certain 19th century adventist groups. The Gilbert Cramner movement in Michigan and the Snook/Brinkerhoff churches in Iowa and Missouri are examples that survive today. These adventist churches were contemporaneous with the movement led by James and Ellen White. These non-ellen-white sabbath keepers rejected the visions of Mrs. White and teachings related to the heavenly sanctuary, the shut door, the United States as the second beast, and other so-called adventist distinctives. Armstrong's movement was a break-off from the Oregon conference of the Seventh Day Church of God. Since these sabbatarian believers had their church origins in groups that ran parallel to Ellen white groups, they were certainly prior to Armstrong in time. According to some sabbath historians, HWA was originally a trinitarian and he modulated that view as he became heavily involved with the Oregon CoG congregations. Similarly, the Whites and most early adventists were Arians, and the denomination did not become officially trinitarian until 1888. Such has even been acknowledged by the White estate. Today, I believe that most "sacred name" groups are ditheist, but since obtaining primary source info. from such groups is difficult I would hesitate to include a discussion of such groups. Dithesits Flurry and Meredith, both former Armstrong ministers, are on nationwide TV. Jeff Vincent —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.120.176.167 (talk) 03:04, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that the point of view needs to be clarified, rather than giving the impression that it is a generic "Christian" view. Furthermore, the name is misleading. It denies that the Father and Son are one in the sense that Trinitarianism thinks of the singleness of God.  And, it denies the personality of the Spirit of God (even denying that the Spirit is a "being" - which is probably saying more than they intend, as this sounds like a denial that the Spirit has being).
 * On top of this, it adds a strange version of kenosis, which denies that the Son was God while a man but then returned to godhood. It is adoptionism then, in the sense of conceiving deity as an attribute external to his person.
 * I don't know what to do with the article, though, to more clearly explain what the view is and who holds it. COGwriter is going to need to help. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 23:48, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm still wondering if it isn't adoptionism all dressed up for a night on the town. With all due respect.  KHM03 23:51, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, it's a patchwork of views, cited for support of Armstrong's unique invention. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 23:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

In all due respect, I believe that my article has a neutral point of view. It explains that it is a view held by relatively few. The fact that trinitarians may object to aspects of it because of how the binitarian view could impact trinitariansim, simply shows a lack of neutrality there.

Also, so what that it denies the personhood of the Holy Spirit? That is simply the truth about binitarianism. Should the article on the trinity be trashed because it holds that the Holy Spirit is the third person while we binitarians disagree? Of course not! Neither should a proper rendering of binitarian views be called non-neutral.

And no, binitarianism is not a subset of adoptionism.

The fact that someone claims it adds a strange version of kenosis, is also not a neutral point of view. Binitarianism is simply a different view than those held by most who profess any version of Christianity.

The point of Wikipedia, I believe, is to have articles on different subjects. And those subjects do not have to conform to the preconceived ideas of people who do not hold them. I hope that those who wish to comment on it will keep this in mind.

The simple truth is that many modern scholars are concluding that binitarianism was held by the early church. As far as "Armstrong" is concerned, there are no quotes (directly or indirectly) from any of his writings in the article. The article clearly states that binitarian views are held by the Church of God (Seventh Day), United Church of God, and Living Church of God--hence those who believe this type of view are identified.

I truly believe that I have addressed the NPOV objections here and that the NPOV warning should be removed from the article. COGwriter

 * I don't object to having the article; and thank you for trying to answer the questions and objections. For what it's worth, I never claimed to be neutral in my opinions.  My objections to the doctrine are not the same thing as my objectioins to the article. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** \

Term: "binitarian"
The name "binitarian" is a place to start - it implies a comparison to trinitarianism that does not actually exist. It seems to compare "two" to "three"; but it becomes very evident that it is actually a difference in what is meant by the unity of God. Second, it is not at all clear to me that the scholars who use the term "binitarianism" are referring to the specific view described as "binitarianism". — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 21:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree; who coined that term? What are its origins? Who uses it today? KHM03 11:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Scholars generally agree that binitarianism is the belief that the Father and the Son, but not the Holy Spirit are God. I did not make this term up (nor was it ever used in any HW Armstrong paper that I am aware of).  Thus, my use of that term is appropriate in this context.

 * Secondarily, if you wish to add another scholarly definition of binitarianism, it possibly could be added to this article (perhaps titled variants of binitarianism). Please feel free to email me.

 * Third, I object to the objection that the term binitarianism requires a comparison to trinitarianism, but even if it does, so what? Unitarianism is in a similar position.

 * Fourth, as you admit, the article does make it clear how binitarianism is different from trinitarianism. And that is precisely why this article is needed.  It explains what binitarians believe and clarifies how they differ so that no confusion should occur. COGwriter

 * There is question-begging here.
 * What is "God" is the most important distinction in this view, not "two" as opposed to "three".
 * If this view asserts that God is a family (multiple distinct beings), this is not "binitarianism" as the scholars define the view; it is ditheism. A "unity of purpose", "class", or "state of being" is not singleness of being, and it is not monotheism - except, perhaps, from your point of view.  This form of "binitarianism" is clearly ditheistic, whereas the form discussed by scholars is monotheistic.
 * The issue is not whether Armstrong uses the word, but whether it is his view.
 * Early views are labelled "binitarian" supposing the same sense as that described in the article. Do you have evidence that the early writers who are labelled "binitarian" also shared this notion of "God" as a class of being, together with the view that Jesus was God before the incarnation and afterward, but not while on earth?
 * The Theosis article clearly defines the concept in such a way that a view like Armstrong's is seen as antithetical. This article's POV cites Orthodox theosis as a predecessor or comparable view"Binitarians have pointed to this view held by the Eastern Orthodox Church as proof that the concept of becoming God is not simply a view held by Mormonism or only some of the 7th Day Church of God groups, but in fact, has been held by those considered to be within the mainstream of Christianity." Such an interpretation is antithetical to the Eastern Orthodox view, and yet that view is cited for support.

 * The list could go on, to make this point, but the bottom line is this: the article defines the belief by comparison to orthodox views for support, but does not clarify in the same context that an unorthodox interpretation of those views has been adopted. It uses common terminology ("God" for example) in a distinctive way.  The article is a POV. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 00:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that the article now addresses all of the issues that I originally raised. I would be in favor of removing the NPOV notice. If COGwriter and KHM03, or others interested, object to the removal, please replace it at your whim (give reasons, so that we know how to work).
 * There are still some issues of clarification that I would like to see addressed, but I've reached the limit of my familiarity with this topic. I'll ask User:Peter Kirby to look at it.  If he weighs in, I'll be pretty quiet from then on.  — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 19:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

New Introduction
I've written a new introduction, which might help you to see some of the issues that I'm trying to point out. I don't intend it as a competing version, but as a starting point for helping to collaborate between our very different perspectives - a rough draft. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 03:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * While I appreciate your attempting to write a new introduction, it would have been better if you would have posted it here first. As it is, it contains a few inaccuracies that I will correct--but your basic points will remain.  I am striving for accuracy--and am pleased to have legitimate assistance. COGwriter

 * I don't mind at all if you re-write, add or delete, re-arrange or whatever you wish to do in the effort to clarify. Especially while the NPOV notice is up, the goal should be (in my opinion) to better moderate between the two views, to come up with a version with which all of us can agree although it will not be the view of any of us.  I hope that it's not too frustrating, given the controversial nature of the topic; but I think that in the end it will help us to make a better article. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 16:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:NOR
What baffles me are the repeated statements by COGwriter, with all due respect, that "scholars believe..."; what scholars? Who? There are lots of "greats" in the field of Biblical scholarship and Church history...which ones support the view that the early Church was binitarian? It smells to me like a violation of the "No original research" rule. I believe that was uninetntional on the part of COGwriter and that he {or she?) meant well, but we need, I think, a few supporting names...and they better be big ones, because we could cite loads of scholars with different positions. KHM03 11:08, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Many modern scholars are concluding that the Bousett view of unitarianism for the early church is in error and that the binitarian view is more supported by scripture and early church writings. My article cites several scholars--I could add more and more, but that only makes the article longer--it adds little or nothing to the content.  FWIW, I also do not believe that one always needs to have 'bigger names' as that smacks of suppression of minority views by those supporting majority views--but I do believe, for example, that Larry Hurtado is recognized as a big name now. COGwriter.

I would take issue with your "many modern scholars" statement, but, nevertheless, I certainly accept Hurtado as a legitimate scholar. I don't want to suppress minority views, but we need to make sure they are presented accurately...as minority views which the bulk of academia (or the Church, in this case) repudiates. KHM03 17:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Adoptionism
I was wondering if someone (COGwriter ?) could explain to me how binitarianism differs from adoptionism; it seems to me to be a 20th century version of that ancient idea. Thanks for any help. KHM03 14:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Adoptionism is similar to what I understand a form of unitarians teach--that Jesus became adopted by God. Binitarians clearly teach that Jesus was the Word, and as such was also God, prior to His human birth. Binitarians also believe that Jesus was God, but not fully God (He no longer had certain divine powers He possessed prior to the incarnation) in the flesh. Binitarians believe that equality with the God is not something that Jesus needed to grasp, as He was fully God before and after His incarnation. Hope this helps. COGwriter.

 * I'm confused. When you say that "He was fully God before and after His incarnation" but earlier say Jesus was "not fully God", does that mean binitarians believe that Jesus was first fully God, then became incarnate and thus lacked certain divine powers, then became again un-incarnate thus regaining all divine powers? Would this regaining have happened at his death, resurrection, ascension, or at some other time? This is quite a new idea to me, and I want to understand it properly. This is also something that could possibly be better spelled out in the article. Thanks. Wesley 16:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The answer to your questions is yes. Binitarians believe that Christ received all power at the resurrection or shortly thereafter. I would be happy to clarify it in the article. COGwriter

Revised body
I went through the body making changes throughout. Doubtless, I've made mistakes especially where I touched the CoG view. But I hope that the Trinitarian view, at least, is more accurately and plainly represented. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 15:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

This is basically correct, and I did correct it in parts that were in error. And of course, there is a Trinitarian article that has trinitarian views in detail. When I updated the article, I got an error message which dropped off the conclusion and anything that was after it. I thus reloaded my original conclusion, but lost the one external link--this was accidental. COGwriter

Melito
I removed the Melito section. The argument was weak. Suggesting that since Melito never wrote explicitly or at length about the Spirit is proof a binitarian view is weak logic. The section also claimed that since he referred to the Spirit as "Lord", he believed Jesus=Spirit. This is untrue; we call the Holy Spirit "Lord" in the Nicene Creed, the creed of Christendom, which is firmly and deliberately Trinitarian. KHM03 17:59, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

I am adding back a revised Melito section. Melito is a recognized early church writer, and if people wish to come to a different conclusion they may. This is a valid historically-verifiable reference that should be in the article. The article simply says what Melito taught and that binitarians point to that. It already said that other scholars have a different view. You are entitled to your view about the Creed, but understand that their are those who do not accept the Council of Nicea who believe they are Christians and that that Creed is heretical. COGwriter.

 * KHM03's point was (I think) that since the Holy Spirit is called "Lord" in the Creed, earlier writers might very well have meant the Holy Spirit when they said "Lord" as well. Of course "Lord" is used at times to refer to Jesus Christ, or even to God the Father; the term is ambiguous and subject to interpretation, which I think is what you're getting at. Wesley 16:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Category:Gnosticism
Should we put this into the Gnosticism category? The article mentions three Gnostic sects (the Paulicians, Albigensians, and Bogomils) which apparently were all binitarian. Does this seem to be a gnostic doctrine? KHM03 18:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Binitarians believe that they are Christians and not Gnostics, thus I believe that putting binitarians into that category (without ALSO having them in the Christianity category) is not a NPOV. Binitarians rely on no Gnostic writings that I am aware of, and specifically teach against early pre-Gnostics such as Simon Magus, Meander, Marcion, Valentinus, etc. But I do not object to your comment pointing out that some Gnostics held a dualistic view. COGwriter

Fair enough. KHM03 20:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Hermas distorted
I think that the Shepherd of Hermas is being horrendously misinterpreted by some uncited "classical theory" in the following text from the article:

 * Before Hurtado's influential work, one classic scholarly theory of binitarianism was that the Holy Spirit is seen as in some sense identical to the Son, or uniquely embodied in him. That theory cites the Shepherd of Hermas, where the Spirit which proceeds from the Father is seen as the creator, incarnate in Jesus:

 * The preexistent Holy Spirit, which created the whole creation, God caused to live in the flesh that he wished. This flesh, therefore, in which the Holy Spirit lived served the Spirit well, living in holiness and purity, without defiling the Spirit in any way. ... it had lived honorably and chastely, and had worked with the Spirit and cooperated with it in everything.

 * Thus, this classical theory of Christian binitarian theology asserts that early Christians conceived of the Spirit as going out from God the creator, and is the creator: an aspect of God's being, which also lived in Jesus, and was that person, who was also a man. This view further asserts that the same Spirit is given to men, making them a new creation, and sharers in the same hope of resurrection and exaltation. This interpretation of early Christian belief is often cited in contrast to trinitarianism, but trinitarians cite it as an example of pre-Nicene Christian monotheism, not orthodoxy, but "proto-orthodox" - that is, one of several versions that existed among Christians, which explain monotheism as a plurality (Father and Spirit/Son) in a single being, prior to orthodoxy's settlement in the catholic Church.

The quote is from Parable Five, and the context makes it very clear that that Holy Spirit is distinct from "the flesh", and that "the flesh" spoken of is some particular person. The angel speaking in the above above quote says just a couple of lines later, ''"Listen now," saith he, "Keep this thy flesh pure and undefiled, that the Spirit which dwelleth in it may bear witness to it, and thy flesh may be justified." '' This is admittedly based on my own reading of the text, but I think it's as plain a reading as can be allowed considering that the whole work is allegorical. The parable itself, incidentally, speaks of three figures: a master of the vineyard, a servant sent to take care of the vineyard who is later identified as the "Holy Spirit" and "Son of God", and the master's son, who is mentioned very little in the parable. While anyone should hesitate to press the allegory or parable too far, it at least is not at all antithetical to trinitarianism and could be interpreted as supporting a "threeness" just as well as it it could be interepreted to support a "twoness." Wesley 16:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that some of the problems you perceived were caused by poor writing. I've tried to repair that. It was not saying that "the flesh" is the spirit.  The theory says that the spirit is the divine nature, and the flesh is human nature, incorporated in or indwelling one human person. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 19:09, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the same distortion is evident regarding the Melito references. That's like saying that since Augsustine never mentioned Big Macs, he must like them, because if he didn't, he certainly would have mentioned that.  I say both references (Hermas and Melito) need radical revision.  KHM03 17:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * And what "classical scholar" mentions Hermas? There's no citation.  KHM03 18:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * When you look up "binitarianism" in just about any encyclopedia of religion, or theological or apologetical study of the issue, the definition assumed will be this idea. That's what is meant by "classic" (not "classical").  The paragraph should not claim that this is what the Shepherd of Hermas (or other sources) says, but that this is how it is used to support the theory.  Trinitarian scholars do not typically accept the contention that, orthodoxy passed through a "binitarian stage" (Reformed scholar, Harold Brown, for example).  Rather, they say that before Nicea, the central theological and apologetical issue was aimed at settling differences of belief concerning the Son; and after Nicea continuing differences were better settled concerning the Spirit.  They recognize of course, that there were differences prior to settlement, but deny that early Christian orthodoxy was "binitarianism" before the doctrine of the Church was changed into "trinitarianism".  — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 19:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you; that section seems much clearer now. And I can at least see how that passage could be interpreted that way.

 * If silence regarding the Holy Spirit makes one "binitarian", than even the Chalcedonian Creed could be construed as binitarian, as it makes no mention of it. Yet it was affirmed by the Council of Chalcedon which also fully endorsed the Nicene Creed, so clearly they at least did not disbelieve in the Holy Spirit's personhood and divinity, despite making no mention of Him in that particular creed. I guess I'm essentially agreeing with KHM03's point above. Wesley 23:30, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

FWIW, I wish to state that I (the originator of this article), did not add, edit, or otherwise have anything to do with the Shepherd of Hermas reference (though I might have moved its location once). Thus, as far as I am concerned, it can be removed as no current binitarian group I am aware of believes it that way. Regarding Melito, it absolutely is appropriate to state that he called the Father and the Son God, that he wrote that the Holy Spirit was essnetially the power of God, and that binitarians point to Melito as a supporter (even if disputed by others) of an apparant binitarian perspective. COGwriter

 * I want to see the Shepherd of Hermas passage kept, because explains what some Christians think of, if asked to explain the heresy of binitarianism, or the theory of binitarian orthodoxy. I alleged in the beginning that, there are at least three different views being described in this article, all going by the name "binitarianism".
 * See for example, http://www.ccel.org/php/disp.php3?a=schaff&b=encyc07&p=171, where Hermas is cited as an example of "binitarianism", along with the Epistle of Barnabas and Second Clement. Schaff also refers to Marcellus as teaching that the Spirit is an extension, a separation without division, of the monad which is the Logos.  I borrowed the "theology of two" language from http://www.marquette.edu/maqom/barnes .  Here, at http://www.bibarch.com/Q&A/8.1.htm , the writer defines "binitarian" as  Binitarianism is the hypothesis that the deity exists essentially and indivisibly as two personae, hypostases, in the Godhead, the Father and the Son, collapsing the Holy Spirit into the persona of the Son, i.e., the Holy Spirit was not a distinct hypostasis from Jesus of Nazareth but rather another name for him. Scholars and theologians often use the word Binitarian in contrast to Unitarian or Trinitarian theologies. Binitarianism is found in The Shepherd of Hermas (Lake 1970) as well as the Macedonian heresy of the fourth century.

 * It is not found in Hermas. KHM03 23:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems to be an issue of debate. Schaff also lists Hermas as an example. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 02:56, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As I look around the internet, the term is clearly more often associated with the CoG, more than anyone else. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 02:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

IP 12.76.136.139's edits
Moved them down to be a section of their own at the end of the page, since they weren't doing any good as a big indigestible lump at the top of the page, and I don't really feel like dealing with them in detail. AnonMoos 20:43, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I eliminated the section altogether; it was nothing more than a poorly written rehash of stuff already found in the article. KHM03 20:51, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Conclusion section
This paragraph does not seem a suitable conclusion for the entire article, but rather smacks of one last "hit and run" attack on the CG7 and COGs. It seems condescending and severely distorts the theological view of these groups concerning their belief that God is offering humans eternal life within the "God Family" and His purpose for doing so. Again, a more well-rounded summation of the article would have a more NPOV, and would conform better to Wikipedia policies. 12.37.35.209 01:25, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Original research essay
This article needs much more referencing. As it stands, it appears to be original research synthesising information to forn new conclusions. Aleta 03:48, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Binitarian formulas
The Godhead is frequently presented as two persons in scripture, not one or three. A clear and early example is from Agur in Proverbs 30:4

Who has ascended into heaven and descended? Who has gathered the wind in His fists? Who has wrapped the waters in His garment? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is His name or His son's name? Surely you know! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erman 1958 (talk • contribs) 02:52, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

I am who am.
There are two gods for all time. This is the fourth testament. I am. You are. 2600:387:C:6C16:0:0:0:6 (talk) 03:25, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Binitarianism


text: User talk:70.27.22.36

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.27.22.36


text:
User:CEL

From Seattle, Washington, USA.

Just joined Wikipedia and still learning my way around.

title: User:CEL


text: Talk:Rolladen-Schneider LS6

title: Talk:Rolladen-Schneider LS6


text:
Cherry Pie (album)

Cherry Pie is the second studio album by American glam metal band Warrant, released September 11, 1990. The album is the band's best-known and highest-selling release and peaked at number 7 on the Billboard 200. The album featured the top 40 hits "Cherry Pie" and "I Saw Red".

Production and marketing
Cherry Pie was released on September 11, 1990, through Columbia Records. Like its predecessor, Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich, it was recorded at The Enterprise in Burbank, California.

It is rumored that Erik Turner and Joey Allen did not play on the album and that all guitar work had been performed by ex-Streets guitarist and session musician Mike Slamer. The rumor has never been verified, although Slamer's wife confirmed in 1998 that her husband played guitar on the record. The album's liner notes refer to Turner's function as "G-string" and Allen's as "Bong Riffs", adding that "Erik & Joey would like to thank Mike Slamer & Tommy Girvin for their Wielding G string Inspirations". Producer Beau Hill stated in a 2012 interview that Slamer did in fact play on the album. Beau had said to the band that the "songs are really great, but I think we’re a little weak in the solo department and so I like to bring somebody in". Beau also stated that "everybody in the band signed off on it and everything was done above ground".

Slamer was joined by numerous other guest performers; the record also features contributions from Jani Lane's brother Erik Oswald, guitarist C. C. DeVille from Poison, guitarist and bassist Bruno Ravel and drummer Steve West from Danger Danger, and singer Fiona.

The album carried a parental advisory sticker in the United States, due to the final track, "Ode to Tipper Gore", which consisted of a collection of swear words cut from the band's live performances. A "clean" version of the album also existed, with the final track removed, and an audible "bleep" of a curse in a previous song, "Train, Train," which featured the line "All a-fucking-board" at the beginning of the uncensored version.

Canadian cable-TV music network MuchMusic refused to air the "Cherry Pie" video on the grounds that it was "offensively sexist".

Songs
The album's lead single, "Cherry Pie", was dedicated to the president of Sony Music Entertainment US Don Ienner. The dedication was no doubt inspired by the record company pressure which led to the track's creation. The record was completed without the song, but Warrant's label requested that a new rock "anthem" be added in order to enhance its marketability. Vocalist Lane responded by writing "Cherry Pie" in 15 minutes. Bassist Jerry Dixon and guitarist Allen, who believed the album was complete and were playing in a charity golf tournament in Denver, were called back to Los Angeles to complete the track. The single comprises a string of metaphorical references to sex and bears some melodic resemblance to Def Leppard's "Pour Some Sugar on Me", and The Arrows' "I Love Rock 'n' Roll". The guitar solo was performed by Poison's guitarist C. C. DeVille. At the end of the solo, a vocal aside acknowledges "trained professional".

"Cherry Pie" became a Top Ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number 10 and also reached number 19 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks. The song has been cited by many as a "rock anthem". In 2009, it was named the 56th best hard rock song of all time by VH1.

The video for "Cherry Pie" received heavy airplay on MTV and other music video stations. It featured the members of Warrant and a scantily clad woman (model Bobbie Brown) who is seen dancing throughout the video while the band members perform and make tongue-in-cheek references to the song's lyrics (for example, when the above-quoted line referencing baseball is sung, Brown appears in a form-fitting baseball uniform, complete with a bat), all against a white background.

Brown became involved with Lane soon after the video was shot, and married him in 1991.

The record's second single was "I Saw Red", a power ballad inspired by a true story of betrayal. It was written after Lane had walked in on his girlfriend in bed with his best friend, resulting in his nervous breakdown and the delayed release of the band's first record Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich. The song was one of Warrant's most successful singles, reaching number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 14 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and #36 on the Australian charts and spawning two music videos.

Prior to the writing of the song "Cherry Pie", the album's title and first single was to have been "Uncle Tom's Cabin", a track which foreshadowed the kind of imaginative songwriting which would later be more fully revealed on the Dog Eat Dog record. Although named after the classic novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the song tells the story of a witness to the involvement of local police in a double murder and appeared to have nothing to do with slavery, racism, or the Deep South (although the video for the song was set in Louisiana). It was eventually released as the third single (removing the solo acoustic guitar intro) and charted at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 19 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

"Blind Faith" was released as the fourth single from album. The song charted at number 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 39 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and also featured a music video.

Personnel
Warrant
 * Jani Lane – vocals, acoustic guitar, arranger
 * Joey Allen – rhythm guitar, banjo
 * Erik Turner – rhythm guitar, arrangement
 * Jerry Dixon – bass guitar
 * Steven Sweet – drums

Additional personnel
 * C. C. DeVille – guitar solo on track 1
 * Mike Slamer – guitar solos on all songs except on track 1
 * Eric Oswald (Jani Lane's brother) – acoustic intro on Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * Scott Warren – keyboards
 * Bruno Ravel – backing vocals
 * Steve West – backing vocals
 * Fiona – backing vocals
 * Alan Hewitt – organ, piano, strings
 * Beau Hill – organ, banjo, arrangement, keyboards, production, mixing
 * Paul Harris – piano, strings
 * Juke Logan – harmonica

Production
 * Jimmy Hoyson – engineering, mixing
 * Martin Horenburg – assistant engineer
 * Dave Collins – digital editing, sequencing
 * Hugh Syme – art direction, design
 * Dale Lavi – photography
 * Danny Stag – arrangements
 * Johnny B. Frank – arrangements
 * Ted Jensen – mastering

Video album
Cherry Pie: Quality You Can Taste is the second video album from Warrant released in 1991. The video features backstage interviews, concert clips including a preview of the band's next album and the music videos from Cherry Pie.

 * 1) "Cherry Pie"
 * 2) "I Saw Red"
 * 3) "Blind Faith"
 * 4) "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
 * 5) "I Saw Red" (acoustic version)

title: Cherry Pie (album)


text:
St-connectivity

In computer science, st-connectivity or STCON is a decision problem asking, for vertices s and t in a directed graph, if t is reachable from s.

Formally, the decision problem is given by

Complexity
On a sequential computer, st-connectivity can easily be solved in linear time by either depth-first search or breadth-first search. The interest in this problem in computational complexity concerns its complexity with respect to more limited forms of computation. For instance, the complexity class of problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine using only a logarithmic amount of memory is called NL. The st-connectivity problem can be shown to be in NL, as a non-deterministic Turing machine can guess the next node of the path, while the only information which has to be stored is the total length of the path and which node is currently under consideration. The algorithm terminates if either the target node t is reached, or the length of the path so far exceeds n, the number of nodes in the graph.

The complement of st-connectivity, known as st-non-connectivity, is also in the class NL, since NL = coNL by the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem.

In particular, the problem of st-connectivity is actually NL-complete, that is, every problem in the class NL is reducible to connectivity under a log-space reduction. This remains true for the stronger case of first-order reductions. The log-space reduction from any language in NL to STCON proceeds as follows: Consider the non-deterministic log-space Turing machine M that accepts a language in NL. Since there is only logarithmic space on the work tape, all possible states of the Turing machine (where a state is the state of the internal finite state machine, the position of the head and the contents of the work tape) are polynomially many. Map all possible states of the deterministic log-space machine to vertices of a graph, and put an edge between u and v if the state v can be reached from u within one step of the non-deterministic machine. Now the problem of whether the machine accepts is the same as the problem of whether there exists a path from the start state to the accepting state.

Savitch's theorem guarantees that the algorithm can be simulated in O(log2 n) deterministic space.

The same problem for undirected graphs is called undirected s-t connectivity and was shown to be in L by Omer Reingold. This research won him the 2005 Grace Murray Hopper Award. Undirected st-connectivity was previously known to be complete for the class SL, so Reingold's work showed that SL is the same class as L. On alternating graphs, the problem is P-complete.

title: St-connectivity


text:
Make This Love Right

"Make This Love Right" (more commonly known as "The Ball and Chain" ), is a single written and produced by New Jersey garage house producer Romanthony. The song was originally released on Romanthony's label Black Male Records of New Jersey in 1991 and later released on Azuli Records in 1993.

The nickname for the record comes from the prominent lines in the song:

"The ball and chain, will never break me down well. See I can't stand the pain, well, of having you around. I want to get higher, higher and higher, and soar on through the sky."

The song was a cultural craze in the city of Cork, Republic of Ireland, in the late 1990s, where it became an anthem for clubgoers at venues like Sir Henry's. Copies of the record were routinely sold for close to IE£100 (€127) in the city and it received extensive air-play on mainstream local radio and in nightclubs. Such was the demand for the record in Cork that a special repress was made in the year 2000.

title: Make This Love Right


text:
Lionboy

Lionboy is a children's and young adult's fantasy trilogy written by Zizou Corder (the shared pen-name of English novelist Louisa Young and her daughter Isabel Adomakoh Young).

The series
The book series is about a young boy named Charlie Ashanti, who is of Ghanaian and British heritage, and who can speak the language of cats, after accidentally swapping blood with a leopard cub. Charlie is on the run on a floating circus, with six lions in tow, aiming to return them to the wild of Morocco and to rescue his parents who have been kidnapped by a sinister corporation known as the Corporacy.

The first book is known simply as Lionboy. The sequel, Lionboy: The Chase, continues the story of Charlie and the lions, with most of the story set in Venice. It was published by Puffin in the summer of 2004. The final instalment of the trilogy, Lionboy: The Truth, concludes the story and was published in January 2006. The books were among the first UK children's novels to have a mixed-race hero.

Setting
The series is set at an unspecified time in the Earth's future. The world in the books mostly resembles the modern day world, with a few key differences. These differences are hinted at rather than explained outright. Firstly, most of the world's oil has been used up, and petrol cars are now only used by the very rich, elite and powerful. Aeroplanes are not flown at all – sea travel is once again the dominant form of overseas travel. The world (at least, the parts seen in Charlie's journey) now seems to run efficiently on solar and wind power.

The major world superpower in the series is known only as the Empire, and the text contains hints that this is actually the United States. Europe seems to be under this Empire's control. The world has been changed by global warming and other environmental influences; the most notable example is the ruin of Venice, which is now half sunken under rising waters, and otherwise decayed from pollution.

The Corporacy, a pharmaceutical megacorporation, is a major economic power that has "Gated Communities" all over the world.

Lionboy

Charlie is a young child who is able to speak to cats (and all felines) due to an incident involving a leopard cub's blood when he was a baby. He lives in London with his parents, Ghanaian Dr. Aneba Ashanti and British Professor Magdalen Start, both of whom are scientists working on a cure for asthma and other allergies caused by contact with the family Felidae, or referred in the books as allergies.

His parents, as a result of their scientific discoveries, are kidnapped by a pharmaceutical company known mysteriously as the Corporacy. Charlie, closely avoiding being kidnapped himself, sets out to find them and ends up on board Circe, a circus ship making its way to Paris. On board he befriends most of the circus performers as well as (using the ability) a pride of beautiful performing lions who seek the boy's help to escape their cruel trainer, Maccomo. Meanwhile, the vicious criminal Rafi Sadler, who is employed by the Corporacy, is hot on his heels, going to any lengths to get his hands on Charlie. The circus ship arrives in Paris and Charlie escapes with the lions. They make their way to Gare d'Austerlitz where they hide on the Orient Express which is destined for Venice, the place Charlie's parents are rumored to have been taken.

While traversing from the Circe to the train station, Charlie and the lions meet a strange and mysterious lion-like creature. Larger, stronger and older but not as lively as the lions, a prehistoric ancestor of lions, a Smilodon fatalis finds his way into their party.

The book ends with Charlie and the lions being discovered by the train's most regal passenger, the King of Bulgaria, who surprisingly offers to help Charlie with his quest.

Lionboy: The Chase
Charlie and the lions reach Venice and seek refuge at the Palazzo Bulgaria, the King himself travelling onwards and leaving the runaways in the trust of his right-hand man Edward. Edward however has other plans for the lions than letting them journey onwards. He keeps them along with Charlie prisoner and plans to present him to the corrupt ruler of Venice, the Doge. However this plan is foiled with the help of local cats and a conspiracy of gondoliers.

Venice is liberated from the Doge's rule, and so Charlie journeys from Venice by boat, taking the lions back to their home in Essaouira, Morocco but leaving the Smilodon fatalis with a trusted gondolier in Venice. Narrowly escaping drowning, they arrive there and are met by a few surprises: Maccomo, the cruel lion trainer, who is looking for revenge on Charlie for stealing his lions; and his parents, who have escaped the clutches of the Corporacy and have come to find him.

Lionboy: The Truth

After only a few blissful days reunited with his parents, Charlie is captured by the revenge-seeking Maccomo, who puts him on a ship and takes him (along with Rafi) to the Corporacy headquarters on the island of San Antonio near Haiti. His parents are in hot pursuit, and following them is his parents, Claudio, King Boris, the Young Lion and Elsina.

Charlie, due to his cat blood, is immune to the tainted, brainwashing air of the island, and with the help of a multilingual chameleon named Ninu, and the cat Sergei, he single-handedly puts a stop to the Corporacy's deeds and rescues the brainwashed employees and prisoners of the island.

Charlie and his family

 * Charlie Ashanti, a Cat-speaking Afro-British boy.
 * Aneba Ashanti, Charlie's father, a Ghanaian scientist.
 * Magdalen Start, Charlie's mother, a British scientist.
 * Mabel Start, Charlie's aunt and Magdalen's sister. She ran away from home to join the circus. She is a tiger trainer and envies Charlie's Cat-speaking ability.

The lions

 * The Young Lion, the most adventurous of the lions and the closest friend to Charlie.
 * The Oldest Lion, A humble leader of the band of circus lions, father of Elsina and the Young Lion.
 * The Lionesses, who rarely speak, and are the most mysterious and deadly of the band of circus lions. One is yellowish, one is silvery and one bronze in colour.
 * Elsina, the young female cub, just as adventurous as her brother the Young Lion. She stows away when the Young Lion accompanies Claudio and King Boris over the Atlantic Ocean.
 * Primo, not actually a lion but a Smilodon fatalis, created in a lab from ancient DNA and rescued by the lions. Primo is adopted by the Venetians as the reincarnation of the Leone di San Marco (Lion of St Mark), and remains in Venice as a beloved protector when Charlie and the six lions leave. He is later returned by King Boris and Claudio to the forests near Essaouira to be with the wild lions.

Other animals

 * Sergei, a bold, tough North England Allergeny cat who becomes one of Charlie's closest allies.
 * Ninu, a smart chameleon who can speak not only English and Cat, but the languages of most humans and animals, even that of computers.
 * Troy, the much-abused, yet still loyal dog of Rafi Sadler who later finds a new owner in Spain.
 * Chos a cat who wanders near Charlie's house in England.
 * George, the Leopard When he was a cub he was bitten by a snake and saved by Aneba. But when Charlie tried to pat him when he was a baby the cub scratched Charlie and their blood mingled, allowing the cub to speak English and Charlie to speak Cat. He is captured by the Head Chief Executive (HCE) of the corporation and imprisoned in San Antonio. When the other animals escaped, he helped Elsina and Charlie to remove a communication chip planted by the corporation to monitor their activities.

Thibaudet's Royal Floating Circus and Equestrian Philharmonic Academy

 * Major Thibaudet, the owner and Master of Ceremonies of the floating circus. A fairly honourable man, unaware of the cruel treatment of the lions in his ownership.
 * Maccomo, the cruel trainer of the lions, who is jealous of Charlie's ability to talk to felines. Maccomo had been drugging the lions for years, forcing them to do his bidding. In love with a tiger-trainer called Mabel Start, he wanted to marry her but was unable to as he was black and she was white. Charlie, in saving the lions from the circus, begins using Maccomo's drug against him, and Maccomo soon becomes addicted to its effects, continuing to take it of his own will after Charlie and the lions have escaped. Bent on revenge, he travels to Morocco and awaits their arrival. The lions overpower him and take him prisoner, but he outwits them and escapes, kidnapping Charlie and taking him to the Corporacy's island. There, he is not rewarded for his efforts, but rather brainwashed along with the other inhabitants of the island. He escapes, with the other inhabitants, and goes back with the lion rather than face the law
 * Pirouette, the circus's star acrobat and trapeze artist. Kind to Charlie.
 * Madame Barbue, the bearded lady, who is kind to Charlie.
 * Mabel Start, former fiancé of Maccomo, and a tiger-trainer (whose tigers love their keeper, unlike Maccomo's lions). Through an unexpected connection to Charlie, she becomes sympathetic to his cause, though she envies Charlie's cat speaking.
 * Hans, a young boy who tends to the "Learned pig".
 * Julius, a young boy who assists his clown father. Friend to Charlie.
 * The Lucidis, an Italian acrobat family.

The Corporacy and its employees

 * Rafi Sadler, a nasty and ambitious teenage boy, who does the Corporacy's bidding for his own financial gain, but later becomes victim of the Corporacy as well. He is revealed later in the series to be Charlie's cousin.
 * Winner and Sid, a pair of thugs in charge for Aneba and Magdelen's transport to France.
 * Sally Ann, one of the Corporacy employees responsible for Charlie and several others kids who have been kidnapped in Africa. She has been brainwashed by the Corporacy.
 * Auntie Auntie, the right hand of the HCE. She has also been brainwashed.
 * The Head Chief Executive, founder and leader of the Corporacy.
 * Alex, a friend of Sally Ann with the same duty. He has also been brainwashed.

Venice

 * The King of Bulgaria (first name Boris), a childish and jolly man, who is delighted to know his train bears stowaways, and offers all the help he can to Charlie and the lions.
 * Edward, the security advisor and right-hand man to the King. He turns out not to be entirely trustworthy, much to the King's anger. However the King forgives Edward after he learns of Edward's slight betrayal and lets Edward stay as his guard.
 * Claudio, a gondolier on the canal of Venice, who is closely trusted by Charlie and the lions, and helps to overthrow the Doge. He later becomes friends with the King of Bulgaria. He becomes a close servant of the king and chases Charlie across the Atlantic.
 * The Doge, the corrupt and selfish leader of Venice, who is overthrown by the Venetians with the aid of Primo, Claudio, and the others.

Other works by the same author
Zizou Corder's other publications are:
 * Lee Raven, Boy Thief (Puffin)
 * Halo (Puffin)

Louisa Young's other publications are:
 * A Great Task of Happiness (Macmillan); a biography of Kathleen Scott, sculptor and widow of Captain RF Scott of the Antarctic.
 * Babylove, Desiring Cairo and Tree of Pearls (Flamingo); a trilogy of novels set in London and Egypt.
 * The Book of the Heart (Flamingo) a cultural history of the human heart; its anatomy and symbolism.
 * My Dear I Wanted to Tell You, The Heroes' Welcome and Devotion (Borough Press); a trilogy of novels telling the story of a man, Riley Purefoy, badly wounded in WW1, his family and their survival through the first half of the 20th century.
 * You Left Early: A True Story of Love and Alcohol (Borough Press); a memoir.
 * Twelve Months and a Day (Borough Press); a novel.

Multimedia
The music printed in the book and available to purchase from Faber was written by composer Robert Lockhart. The illustrations are by Fred van Deelen. The theatre company Complicite created a stage show touring the UK 29 May – 21 July 2013, and the world the following year.

title: Lionboy


text:
Dahamtore Union Council

Dhamtore (دمتوړ, ) is situated about 6km east of Abbottabad, Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and is the largest village and union council of Abbottabad. Their language is Hindko which is the traditional mother tongue of the Hazara Division but in some villages especially Nagakki village, Gojri is also the mother tongue. Dhamtour village is the gateway to places like Murree, Nathiagali, Dunga Gali, Bara Gali, Ayubia National Park, Miranjani, Mukeshpuri and the most famous picnic spot of Abbottabad, Harnoi. The Union council is located in Abbottabad District in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Dhamtour is divided into the areas of Banda Bazdar, Bandi Shoalian, Dhamtour, Guldhok, Jaswal, Nagakki, Banda Said khan and Ukhreela.

Location
Dhamtour has an average elevation of 1110 metres (3645). It is situated to the west of Abbottabad city and borders Sheikh-ul-Bandi to the north and Nagri Bala to the south.

History
Dhamtour is an ancient city and there were markets here before British rule. Dhamtore was the main market and business center for the surrounding areas.

Saint
In Dhamtour, there are ziarats of Shaykh or Kagir khan Baba (Ilyas khail 1545 to 1655) bin Ilyas bin Ismail bin Abdulla bin hassat or Hassa zai bin Hussain bin Mansoor bin Ashraf Gadoon and Baba Mola patt sarkar who migrated from Jalalabad Afghanistan with their followers to Gadoon or Gandaf, Swabi and Hazara to spread Islam. Another saint, also from Afghanistan Ghazi Badshah, was Saadat Sarkar, Panj Qazi saibs.

Games
Football is the major and most favorite game of this village. Some of the local clubs are Hazara Sarban FC, Pak Muhammadan FC, Sarban hockey club Shahid Cricket club, Brother eleven Cricket club, Sada bahar cricket Club.

Festival
The urs mubarak of Saian Mola Patt Qalandar who was a famous saint of that area which is celebrated for one week February 18 to February 25 each year

Tribes
Majority of residents are from the Jadoon or Sulamani Pathan tribe. Whereas other minority tribes include Syeds, Gujjars, Qazis, Awans, Mughals, Karlal, Kashmiris, Ghakkars and Abbasis.

title: Dahamtore Union Council


text:
Talk:Cromer

[Untitled]
Some of this article appears to be copied from http://www.norfolkguide.com/norfolktowns/display_norfolk_towns.asp?norfolk_town=Cromer 84.66.137.254 17:16, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, that page is copied from here, see the footnote at the bottom. - Zeibura (Talk) 23:47, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Opium poppies
Hi. I deleted the opium poppy reference after tagging it with citation needed. Now it's been reinstated, can we have some facts about this illegal trade.Northmetpit (talk) 16:53, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Craig Coates
Craig may be a Cromer native,but frankly he has done nothing EXCEPT appear on Big Brother.His appearance as a notable Cromer native is only a sop to his ego,he does not deserve to be included.

Thomas Fowell Buxton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fowell_Buxton

has a memorial in Cromer Church,yet he is not included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.159.187.45 (talk) 19:51, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

He has done television work as well as big brother. plus all the other places that have housemates from the them have the name of the housemate in there notable people sectionsIn23065 (talk) 20:17, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Then set up an infamous people section,he is hardly notable,& most Cromer residents (I live there)are frankly ashamed of him.He has been on TV twice since BB,hardly justifies adding him as notable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.159.187.45 (talk) 20:35, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * page protection requested. Palmiped (talk) 16:43, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

I'd rather not protect the page at this time. I invite the involved users to discuss this dispute on this talk page, and stop edit warring. Continued reverting could lead to blocks and / or protection of the page. Please try and work together, cooperatively. - Rjd0060 (talk) 17:51, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

To be honest,how can you justify including any big brother participant as a notable person in their home town;the fame is fleeting & all it does is to enhance the illusion that the person justifies being mentioned.Coates has done NOTHING to merit being included as a Cromer notable,I wonder if Palmiped has ever even visited the town! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.177.111.3 (talk) 08:10, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * And that comment shows why people dont want him on the page (becasue you are snobs) In23065 (talk) 15:27, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I have no interest as to the inclusion or not of Mr Coates. I requested page protection to try to cool the constant edits. I do take issue with  some of the personal comments in this section  please read   WP:CIVILITY.Palmiped (talk) 16:52, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

In any community there are bound to be more worthy people than those who appear in Big Brother —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.177.111.3 (talk) 14:39, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Coat of Arms
On a recent visit to Cromer, I saw several copies of a coat-of-arms, which I took to be the town's. It featured three identical, crow-like birds. Was that the town's coat of arms, and what were the birds? And can we have a copy on this article? Andy Mabbett (User:Pigsonthewing); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 22:24, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you mean this creast - Cromer Council Palmiped (talk) 01:38, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

 * [moved from my talk page] Yes, that's it, thank you. Andy Mabbett (User:Pigsonthewing); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 08:57, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Transport links
Can anyone explain to me why bus information for the town is being deleted by User:Charlesdrakew. I personally cannot see a problem.(Northmetpit (talk) 09:31, 24 December 2010 (UTC)).

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title: Talk:Cromer


text:
Talk:1935 United Kingdom general election

Untitled
Re "National Government"

I am puzzled by the use of the link "National". Was there a National Government party at the time? (The National Government article is about the use of the term National Goverment rather than any particular party using the term as its name.) Laurel Bush 17:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC).

There was no 'National' party so the link is merely for information purposes. Usually when a candidate/MP is described only as 'National' it is because they were known to be a supporter of the National government but there is no evidence of links to any political party, either through their adoption as a candidate by any local association or their subsequent acceptance of a party whip once elected. (Graemp 16:30, 21 March 2007 (UTC))

Overall majority?
I'm puzzled by the lack of this information in the infobox. In my experience it's one of the things the general reader most wants to know when reading about an election. 217.33.74.203 (talk) 11:59, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

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Independent Liberals
Lloyd George's family group didn't take the whip until after the election - they're included in the totals for the Samuelite Liberals but their constituencies are marked separately on the map. One or the other will need to be changed. Timrollpickering 10:04, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

mismatch between table and graphic
The infobox includes File:1935 UK general election map.svg which shows a large chunk of Scotland as won by the Scottish Unionist Party. The table in the Results section does not list this party at all. Is there an explanation for this apparent discrepancy? Courtesy pings to and  Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 17:25, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The discrepancy lies in whether to include the Scottish Unionist Party as part of the Conservative Party, or not. The Unionist Party (Scotland) article explains the relationship between the two; they were separate parties, but worked together, and many available statistics combine the two. Warofdreams talk 18:37, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * In that case, shouldn't the table either say "Conservative (incl. Scottish Unionist)" for the top row or have a sub-row for the Scottish Unionist constituencies? The readers shouldn't be expected to remember or have pre-knowledge of that detail of inter-war British electoral history. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 19:33, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Edited to add: As it is, the reader would have to click the graphic and then click the Scottish Unionist link in the caption and then read through that article to understand the history. This seems like asking a lot for a casual reader. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 19:36, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Lede seems incorrect
Hi, the lede describes it as the last election where the winning party took a majority of votes cast but the table of results says the conservatives won 47.8%. What gives? 87.115.123.255 (talk) 11:37, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

the first full table of election results shows 619 elected, for only 615 seats
the first full table of election results shows 619 elected, for only 615 seats 90.247.126.103 (talk) 16:05, 11 December 2023 (UTC)


text: Talk:Rolladen-Schneider LS7

title: Talk:Rolladen-Schneider LS7


text:
User talk:169.139.251.254

October 2015
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Compass. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Deli nk (talk) 13:23, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Compass, you may be blocked from editing. Deli nk (talk) 13:24, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Compass. Deli nk (talk) 13:25, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

April 2022
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to John Bennett Ramsey—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Serols (talk) 17:37, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Jalen Ramsey. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Serols (talk) 17:40, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:169.139.251.254


text:
Thank You for Being a Friend

"Thank You for Being a Friend" is a song recorded by American singer Andrew Gold. It appears on Gold's third album All This and Heaven Too. The song reached number 25 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. On the Cash Box chart, "Thank You for Being a Friend" spent two weeks at number 11. A cover by Cynthia Fee was the theme song for the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls.

Overview
According to Gold, "Thank You for Being a Friend" was "just this little throwaway thing" that took him "about an hour to write".

Personnel

 * Andrew Gold – lead vocals, backing vocals, acoustic piano, synthesizers, percussion
 * Waddy Wachtel – guitars
 * Kenny Edwards – bass, backing vocals
 * Jeff Porcaro – drums
 * Brock Walsh – backing vocals

Other versions
The song was later re-recorded by Cynthia Fee to serve as the theme song for the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls, and recorded again by Chuck Negron for the series' CBS spin-off The Golden Palace.

Additionally, the song was featured as a dedication to the host on Casey Kasem's final American Top 20/10, broadcast on the Fourth of July weekend in 2009; at the end of two World Series games (Game 5 in 1988 and Game 4 in 1990); in the It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode "Mac's Mom Burns Her House Down"; at the end of Super Bowl XL; in the episode of The Simpsons titled "Double, Double, Boy in Trouble"; on episodes of the TV shows Dancing with the Stars, Family Guy, New Girl, Looking, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, The Goldbergs, Arrested Development, Atlanta, and the TV special Trolls Holiday, as well as on a May 2010 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Golden Girls star Betty White, in which past and present cast members sang the song followed by a death metal version of the song performed by White herself while wearing a ski mask. Elaine Paige and Dionne Warwick released a recording of the song on Paige's duet album Elaine Paige and Friends in 2010. Other notables who covered the song include ex-Beatle Ringo Starr whose unreleased recording of the composition was produced by longtime Andrew Gold confederate Peter Asher, and actress/chanteuse Bernadette Peters who used it to open her 1979 live video release Bernadette Peters In Concert.

The song was included in the Wearside Jack tape by someone purporting to be the Yorkshire Ripper; covered by ska-pop band Suburban Legends on their 2015 album Forever in the FriendZone, and re-imagined by Virginia punk-rockers The Blanche Devereauxs on their 2009 LP Midnight Cheesecake Banter. It was also recorded by singer-songwriter and sometime Gold collaborator Stephen Bishop; ensembles such as the Starlite Singers, Wild Stylerz, Smooch, Bliss, The Blue Rubatos, and Micah's Rule; singers Alyssa Bonagura, Angela Galuppo, Valerie DeLaCruz, and Brynn Marie; and bandleader Brandon Schott, with instrumental interpretations by groups including the London Studio Orchestra, Orlando Pops Orchestra, the Twilight Trio, and the Instrumental All Stars with Dominic Kirwan.

Various iterations of the composition have also been used in a number of advertisements, including a commercial for the New York Lottery, a German ad for Toyota, a U.K. ad for KFC, a special one-off ad for Arby's to commemorate the end of Jon Stewart's run as host of TV's The Daily Show, a web ad for the Radio City Music Hall dance troupe the Rockettes, 2019 Campbells Soup Commercial, a 2013 Super Bowl ad for the National Football League, and in a trailer for the movie Deadpool 2, posted on lead actor Ryan Reynolds's Twitter account to thank fans for the box-office success of the superhero blockbuster.

The chorus of the song is sampled in Rachel Platten's song of the same name on the 2017 soundtrack album of My Little Pony: The Movie. In 2020, a version of the song was sung by Jane and Kat in The Bold Type, Season 4, Episode 16 "Not Far from the Tree".

In 2021 former AEW star CM Punk jokingly sang the song along with "Jungle Boy" Jack Perry and Luchasaurus on AEW Dark the day before AEW All Out

title: Thank You for Being a Friend


text:
Demonstrative evidence

Demonstrative evidence is evidence in the form of a representation of an object. This is, as opposed to, real evidence, testimony, or other forms of evidence used at trial.

Examples
Examples of demonstrative evidence include photos, x-rays, videotapes, movies, sound recordings, forensic animation, diagrams, maps, drawings and other trial graphics, simulations, and models. It is useful for assisting a finder of fact in establishing context among the facts presented in a case. To be admissible, a demonstrative exhibit must “fairly and accurately” represent the real object at the relevant time. See Federal Rules of Evidence 901, 902, and 1001-1004 for an example from United States law.

Other examples of demonstrative evidence include case specific medical exhibits, colorized diagnostic films, general anatomy and surgery exhibits. These forms of demonstrative evidence are commonly used as a personal injury lawyer resource. Demonstrative evidence with dramatic impact can maximize the value of a case by effectively depicting catastrophic/traumatic injuries, complex surgical procedures, surgical mistakes or summarize injuries suffered by an individual. These examples of demonstrative evidence are used for settlement conferences, arbitration, mediation, medical expert depositions and trial presentations.

In patent litigation
Demonstrative evidence is an effective aid in infringement litigation.

Whether prosecuting an infringer or defending a patent, originally filed patent drawings which are a part of most patent applications, can play an imperative part in any upcoming litigation. If the original patent drawings are not complete, accurate and exact, then the resulting output for litigation graphics is unreliable and could even hurt a case.

There are many ways to convert patent drawings into effective litigation graphics.
 * A patent drawing can be made visually transparent and overplayed onto an opposing image to show likeness or differences.
 * Color can be applied to elements of the original patent drawings and the same colors on similar elements of an opposing images to highlight likeness.
 * A front view from the application can be placed alongside a front view of the opposing invention with additions outlined in color to emphasize differences.
 * A process flow chart from a utility patent application can be used alongside a flow chart of the opposing party with an insert between the two to indicate differences or similarities in process.*
 * Callout information on a patent drawing can clarify key elements of the invention and emphasize important features.
 * Drawings from a patent application can be used in PowerPoint to create a simple tutorial using animation with color arrows, overlays and voice over to explain an invention.
 * Original patent drawings can be used as a basis to create complex 3D animations. Operation, technical procedures, incompatibilities between inventions and moving parts of an invention can be clearly presented. Furthermore, animations can indicate time, motion or speed, compare alternative theories or simplify highly complex data.

Using original patent drawings as a starting point can save cost of having to start from scratch, although some litigants prefer to use drawings made specifically for litigation.

In many patent lawsuits filed, a substantial amount is spent on demonstrative evidence. WIPO Magazine stated that in 2012, “over 5,000 patent lawsuits – an all-time record – were filed, each costing on average around US$2.8 million.”

History
Before photographs and other demonstrative evidence, lawyers relied on purely testimonial or substantive evidence. Melvin Belli and Earl Rogers helped change that by introducing more demonstrative evidence. Scientific evidence emerged in the 1960s.

Mechanics of use
In American jurisprudence, demonstrative evidence, like any other kind of evidence must be relevant. At this point the proponent of the demonstrative evidence can either try to get the evidence admitted into the official record of the case or can choose to use the evidence as merely a prop. If the proponent of the evidence wants to have the evidence included in the official record of the case, the proponent will first ask for the evidence to be marked by the court for identification purposes. After the evidence is marked for identification, the proponent of the demonstrative evidence must lay a foundation. It is at this time that the relevancy of the demonstrative evidence is usually challenged. Laying of a foundation explains how the demonstrative evidence relates to the facts of the case and establishes the evidence's authenticity. Once the foundation is laid, the proponent may ask to officially move the piece of evidence into the record where it is marked as a full exhibit. If the evidence is marked as a full exhibit the jury may refer to the evidence during deliberations and in most jurisdictions the jury may examine the evidence during deliberations. If the evidence is not marked as a full exhibit, the jury cannot do these things. As a matter of courtesy, the proponent of the demonstrative evidence generally shows the piece of evidence to the opposing party before marking it for identification purposes. In criminal cases certain kinds of demonstrative evidence are subject to mandatory disclosure under the case law governing discovery. See Brady v. Maryland. While the law distinguishes between illustrative and substantive demonstratives, and jurors note this difference, jurors award damages regardless of the evidentiary status of demonstratives

Popular culture
Examples of demonstrative evidence from popular culture include their use in these motion pictures:

 * The Rainmaker - use of a plaque to show the number of claims filed and accepted
 * Erin Brockovich - charts and files
 * A Few Good Men - logs and photographs
 * My Cousin Vinny - photographs, tape measure

title: Demonstrative evidence


text:
Wellington Church

Wellington Church is a congregation and parish church of the Church of Scotland, serving part of the Hillhead area of Glasgow, Scotland. The building is located on University Avenue, Glasgow, opposite the University of Glasgow.

Building

The building was designed by the architect Thomas Lennox Watson and built between 1883 and 1884 for the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland ("U.P."), which joined with the Free Church of Scotland to become the United Free Church of Scotland in 1900.

The exterior of church is notable for its magnificent neoclassical portico, complete with a colonnade of Corinthian columns in the style of an ancient Graecian temple. This neoclassical architecture was much favoured by United Presbyterian Church, in contrast to the Gothic Revival favoured by most other churches in the Victorian era.

History
The church's congregation was founded in 1792 as an "Anti-Burgher" congregation, which in 1820 became part of the United Secession Church (and in turn U.P. from 1847).

In 1828, they opened their own church building in Wellington Street near the centre of Glasgow. The congregation had outgrown this by the 1880s, so the church commissioned a new building at the junction of Southpark Avenue and University Avenue on Gilmorehill, opposite the university which had moved from the city centre the previous decade. Given that the United Presbyterian Church had no parish boundaries it was not uncommon for U.P. congregations to relocate.

Current work
The church ministers to the surrounding Hillhead community, and to the staff and student body of the university which has grown to surround the church's site. Although the university maintains its own chapel, the University of Glasgow Memorial Chapel, in the nearby Gilbert-Scott buildings, the Wellington hosts both religious and secular university events. The church also hosts musical concerts, and recitals played on its original Forster and Andrews pipe organ.

The congregation has been actively involved in social justice issues, such as the Make Poverty History campaign in 2005 and events surrounding the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference. The congregation won Scotland's eco-congregation award in November 2004. The Wellington building has hosted numerous social justice activist organizations in the past, such as Scottish CND.

Wellington operates the Crypt Café catering mostly to the local student and academic population at Glasgow University during weekdays from breakfast to lunch.

Since 2004, Wellington has hosted the International Welcome Club, an initiative to "extend the hand of Christian friendship to anyone new to the city - student, migrant worker, asylum seeker or visitor from anywhere" by offering informal free English language tuition online via Zoom on Wednesdays, face to face in the Crypt Café on Thursdays, and via other seasonal events. In 2006, it was proposed that Wellington Church merged with the neighbouring congregation of Lansdowne Church. This was due to declining attendances at both congregations and the cost of maintaining the Lansdowne building. However, in June 2007 the congregation of Lansdowne rejected the proposed vote on the union at that time.

In 2022 an arrangement was reached with Glasgow University to use Wellington's sanctuary as a lecture theatre during term time.

Wellington Church is within the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Glasgow.

Ministry
Wellington's current minister is the Reverend Richard Baxter who has been serving as Transition Minister since February 2022. He was preceded in the interim by the voluntary minister Reverend Dr Roger Sturrock who now serves as Assistant Minister.

The previous minister was Reverend Dr David Sinclair who served until September 2017. He was inducted to the charge by the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Glasgow on 29 May 2008. He was formerly Secretary of the Church and Society Council of the Church of Scotland, based in the Church of Scotland Offices in Edinburgh. Sinclair was the Presbytery of Glasgow's Moderator for the Session 2013/2014.

The prior minister was the Reverend Leith Fisher, who retired in October 2006 and died on 13 March 2009, following a road collision on the Isle of Arran. His memorial service held at Wellington was attended by over 1,000 people and was conducted by the Right Reverend David Lunan, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

Former ministers include: the Very Rev Ernest David Jarvis DD, minister of Wellington 1929 to 1958 and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1954; and Reverend Maxwell Craig who served between 1973 and 1989.

Other churches nearby

 * Kelvinside Hillhead Parish Church
 * Jordanhill Parish Church
 * St John's Renfield Church

title: Wellington Church


text:
Dai Li

Lieutenant General Dai Li (Tai Li; ; May 28, 1897 – March 17, 1946) was a Chinese spymaster. His courtesy name was Yunong (雨農). Born Dai Chunfeng (Tai Chun-feng; 戴春風) in Bao'an, Jiangshan, Zhejiang province, he studied at the Whampoa Military Academy, where Chiang Kai-shek served as Chief Commandant, and later became head of Chiang's military intelligence agency: the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics (, or "jūntǒng" (軍统) in short) of Republican China (1912-1949).

Early years
Born Dai Chunfeng, he was just four years old when his father died, leaving his mother to raise him. At the age of six, Dai was enrolled in a private academy the Linsen elementary school, to study Chinese classics; he later graduated as valedictorian from Wenxi County Elementary School. His mother could not afford to send him to university, so at the age of 16 he had to leave home and make his own way in the world. With no steady income or guidance, he began living on the streets of Shanghai. Until 1923, he was mentored by labor organizer and hitman Wang Yaqiao. Dai Chunfeng soon became a skilled gambler who could often be found in one of Shanghai's many casinos, trying to win enough money to make ends meet. It was in a Shanghai casino that he met Du Yuesheng, head of the criminal organization known as the "Green Gang".

Through Du Yuesheng, he later met Chiang Kai-shek. It is unclear when Chiang and Dai first met, but it was probably around 1921. Dai later lost all his money and was forced to return to Bao'an. In 1927, Dai met his elementary school friend Mao Renfeng, who suggested that Dai enroll in the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou, where Chiang served as Superintendent-Commandant (1924-1947). Dai followed the suggestion, obtained a letter of recommendation from Du Yuesheng, and made his way to Guangzhou. In 1925, Dai enrolled in the 1st Student Regiment of the Sixth Class of the KMT Officer Training Academy. At this time, he changed his name to "Dai Li," which in Chinese refers to an assassin's hooded veil, reflecting the clandestine nature of his planned future career. Chiang soon made him a student informant to spy on Communist activities within the academy, where he played an instrumental role in the Zhongshan Warship Incident of March 1926.

Role in KMT
As chief of Kuomintang (KMT) Army Intelligence in China, Dai Li helped establish China's first modern intelligence organization in 1928: the "Clandestine Investigation Section" directly under the headquarters of the Northern Expeditionary Army, with the goal of winning the war early, quelling nationwide unrest, and minimizing loss of life by making the best use of military and political intelligence. By the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, this small section would evolve into the very complex and controversial Investigation and Statistics Bureau of the Chinese National Military Council, which was the predecessor of the Military Intelligence Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense of Taiwan.

The benign title of the Investigation and Statistics Bureau belied the true nature of its secret police work, which made Dai one of the most powerful men in Republican China. Dai was also the head of the Blue Shirts Society, an ultra-nationalist organization that provided security and intelligence for Chiang. In the 1930s and 1940s, his agents in the Military Statistics Bureau (then the KMT's military intelligence agency) successfully penetrated the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Imperial Japanese puppet organizations.

To suppress Communist activities, Dai employed extra-judicial means including assassination, arbitrary arrests, and torture, with Chiang's explicit or tacit approval.

Dai cooperated with the United States during World War II, learning new methods of espionage and growing his guerrilla force to some 70,000 men. In return for the partnership, he provided maps of the southern Chinese coast, intelligence on Japanese maneuvers, and safe haven for downed Allied aircrew. After the signing of the Sino-American Cooperative Organization Treaty in 1942, Dai was appointed head of Sino-American intelligence activities.

While he shunned public entertainment and remained a mysterious figure to his countrymen, Dai was privately known for his wild drinking parties.

Death
Dai died in a plane crash on March 17, 1946. It was speculated that this may have been arranged by the Chinese Communist Party's intelligence and security chief, Kang Sheng, of the Central Social Affairs Department (SAD). Rumors circulated that the crash had been arranged by the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) because of Dai's anti-Americanism, since it occurred on an American plane.

title: Dai Li


text:
Robert H. Grubbs

Robert Howard Grubbs ForMemRS (February 27, 1942 – December 19, 2021) was an American chemist and the Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. He was a co-recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on olefin metathesis.

Grubbs was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2015 for developments in catalysts that have enabled commercial products.

He was a co-founder of Materia, a university spin-off startup to produce catalysts.

Early life and education
Grubbs was born on February 27, 1942, on a farm in Marshall County, Kentucky, midway between Possum Trot and Calvert City. His parents were Howard and Faye (Atwood) Grubbs. Faye was a schoolteacher. After serving in World War II, the family moved to Paducah, Kentucky, where Howard trained as a diesel mechanic, and Robert attended Paducah Tilghman High School.

At the University of Florida, Grubbs initially intended to study agriculture chemistry. However, he was convinced by professor Merle A. Battiste to switch to organic chemistry. Working with Battiste, he became interested in how chemical reactions occur. He received his B.S. in 1963 and M.S. in 1965 from the University of Florida.

Next, Grubbs attended Columbia University, where he worked with Ronald Breslow on organometallic compounds which contain carbon-metal bonds. Grubbs received his PhD in 1968.

Career
Grubbs worked with James Collman at Stanford University as a National Institutes of Health fellow during 1968–1969. With Collman, he began to systematically investigate catalytic processes in organometallic chemistry, a then relatively new area of research.

In 1969, Grubbs was appointed to the faculty of Michigan State University, where he began his work on olefin metathesis. Harold Hart, Gerasimos J. Karabatsos, Gene LeGoff, Don Farnum, Bill Reusch and Pete Wagner served as his early mentors at MSU. Grubbs was an assistant professor from 1969 to 1973, and an associate professor from 1973 to 1978. He received a Sloan Fellowship for 1974–1976. In 1975, he went to the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim, Germany on a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

In 1978, Grubbs moved to California Institute of Technology as a professor of chemistry. As of 1990 he became the Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry.

, Grubbs has an h-index of 160 according to Google Scholar and of 137 according to Scopus.

Commercial activities
Both first and second generation Grubbs catalysts were commercially available from Materia, a startup company that Grubbs co-founded with Mike Giardello in Pasadena, California, in 1998. Materia has been able to obtain exclusive rights to manufacture many of the known olefin catalysts. Under Giardello, Materia was able to sell their catalysts through Sigma-Aldrich's chemicals catalogue. Sigma-Aldrich became their exclusive worldwide provider. In 2008, Materia partnered with Cargill to form Elevance Renewable Sciences to produce specialty chemicals from renewable oils, including biofuels. In 2017, Materia sold its catalyst business to Umicore. In 2021, Materia was acquired by ExxonMobil.

Grubbs was a member of the Reliance Innovation Council formed by Reliance Industries Limited, India.

Grubbs was a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's advisory board.

Research
Grubbs's main research interests were in organometallic chemistry and synthetic chemistry, particularly the development of novel catalysts for olefin metathesis. In olefin metathesis, a catalyst is used to break the bonds of carbon molecules, which can then re-form to create chemical bonds in new ways, producing new compounds with unique properties. The basic technique can be used for creation of polymers, pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals and has broad applications in areas including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, and plastics.

Grubbs was instrumental in developing a family of ruthenium catalysts, including Grubbs catalyst for olefin metathesis. He studied olefin transformations for ring-closing metathesis (RCM), cross-metathesis reaction (CMR), and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with cyclic olefins such as norbornene. He also contributed to the development of "living polymerization", in which the termination ability of a polymerization reaction is removed. The polymer will continue to replicate until a quenching agent is presented.

The Grubbs group successfully polymerized the 7-oxo norbornene derivative using ruthenium trichloride, osmium trichloride as well as tungsten alkylidenes. They identified a Ru(II) carbene as an effective metal center and in 1992 published the first well-defined, ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalyst, (PPh3)2Cl2Ru=CHCH=CPh2.

 * MetathesisGrubbs1992.svg

The corresponding tricyclohexylphosphine complex (PCy3)2Cl2Ru=CHCH=CPh2 was also shown to be active. This work culminated in the now commercially available first-generation Grubbs catalyst in 1995. Second generation catalysts were developed as well.

Ruthenium is stable in air and has higher selectivity and lower reactivity than molybdenum, the most promising of the previously discovered catalysts. In addition, Grubbs took a green chemistry approach to catalysis that reduced the potential to create hazardous waste. The Grubbs catalyst has become a standard for general metathesis applications in ordinary laboratories.

By controlling the catalyst used, it became possible to synthesize polymers with specialized structures and functional capabilities, including cyclic olefins, alternating copolymers, and multiblock copolymers. Using catalysts allows chemists to speed up chemical transformations and to lower the cost of what were previously complicated multi-step industrial processes.

Personal life
While at Columbia University, Grubbs also met his future wife, Helen O'Kane, a special-education teacher, with whom he had three children: Barney (born 1972), Brendan H. (born 1974) and Kathleen (Katy) (born 1977).

Grubbs died from a heart attack at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center in Duarte, California, on December 19, 2021, at age 79. At the time of his death, he was being treated for lymphoma.

Awards and honors
Grubbs received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin, for his work in the field of olefin metathesis. He has received a number of other awards and honors, including the following:

 * 1989: National Academy of Sciences
 * 1994: American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 2000: Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry from the Franklin Institute
 * 2000: ACS Herman F. Mark Polymer Chemistry Award
 * 2001: ACS Herbert C. Brown Award for Creative Research in Synthetic Methods
 * 2002: Tolman Medal
 * 2002: Arthur C. Cope Award
 * 2003: Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry & BioMedicinal Chemistry (with Dieter Seebach)
 * 2005: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (with Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin)
 * 2005: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
 * 2005: Paul Karrer Gold Medal
 * 2006: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 2009: Fellow of the American Chemical Society
 * 2010: American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal
 * 2015: Inducted into the Florida Inventors Hall of Fame
 * 2013: National Academy of Inventors
 * 2015: National Academy of Engineering
 * 2015: Chinese Academy of Sciences (foreign academician)
 * 2017: Ira Remsen Award
 * 2017: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society

title: Robert H. Grubbs


text:
User talk:Sadlerj7

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! U$er 17:29, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Sadlerj7


text:
Talk:Pine River (Michigan)

untitled
The USGS GNIS claims that there is a ninth Pine River in Michigan that flows from Florence County, Wisconsin to Dickinson County, Michigan to Forest County, Wisconsin. This is not possible as the Menominee and Brule Rivers make up the border between Forest and Florence County, Wisconsin to Dickinson County, Michigan. In fact, Forest County doesn't even border Dickenson - it borders Iron Co., Michigan. That Pine River flows entirely in Wisconsin. Rmhermen 23:46, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pine River (Michigan)


text:
Talk:Lakshmi Sahgal

TV Documentary
There was a documentary on this person and in general, the pro-nazi INA on DD1. If any one could soucre that, that would be very helpful for the topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Poticecream (talk • contribs) 15:15, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

External link
Lakshmi Sehgal
 * Lakshmi Sehgal: A life of struggle and sacrifice - by Sambhavika Sharma
 * Rediff interview 2002

Rani etymology
Rani is from Pali raññī -- f. ʻ queen ʼ

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lakshmi Sahgal


text: Wikipedia:Ancientpages

title: Wikipedia:Ancientpages


text:
User:AndreasJS

Andreas J. Schwab, Dr.rer.nat.

Assoc. Professor, McGill University, retired

Medical Scientist, McGill University Health Centre, retired

I studied Chemistry at the University of Munich where I also got my Dr.rer.nat. (~PhD) in Biochemisty. I was working on software for simulation of biochemical and/or physiological systems []

I participate in the Wikipedia project in order to raise its scientific standards.

Showcase
I was given this signature design by  N i k o S il v e r   (T)

A n d r e a s   (T) 19:13, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

de:Benutzer:AndreasJS el:Χρήστης:AndreasJS fr:Utilisateur:AndreasJS

title: User:AndreasJS


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/What do you do with a Drunken Sailor

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:09, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

What do you do with a Drunken Sailor
Doesn't really say anything about the song other than "it's a cool old song", and the lyrics are given as being a copyvio, except I don't think they're actually copyright of anyone. DS 17:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC) Impressive work by Capitalistroadster - vote changed to keep, and thus I think we can now close this debate. DS 12:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and clean up. Notable Sea shanty referred to in our article as "Drunken Sailor". Doubt if its a copyvio as this is a traditional song. Capitalistroadster 20:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per the Roadster. Kappa 21:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The lyrics to "Drunken Sailor" are solidly in the public domain, there is no copyright violation. If that was the reason they were removed, they should be put back.
 * I think that the lyrics go to Wikisource, and a nice template box gets added to this article. Jkelly 21:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Capitalistroadster. Maybe move → Drunken Sailor. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-10-5 T 00:09:45 Z
 * Keep but move to Drunken Sailor. Many variations on the first line/title exist (I've always known it as "What shall we do with the...") Grutness...  wha?  01:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to Drunken Sailor. Crypticfirefly 04:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move as above. Notable song with a long history, lyrics are unlikely to be copyvio (though it might not hurt to double-check this - Happy Birthday is still copyrighted for example). 23skidoo 04:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Have cleaned up the article. Should be moved to Drunken Sailor with redirect from "What shall we do with the Drunken Sailor" as per Grutness. Capitalistroadster 11:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Failing that, perhaps merge to sea shanty. --Jacquelyn Marie 16:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep (and move to Drunken Sailor). Weak, because the world is full of old songs, and because they're old they've picked up lots of performances, recordings, etc.  --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Move to Drunken Sailor, preserving the redirect. Jkelly 21:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move. Very famous song. The original was certainly deletable though (I love how anything having to do with old ships is automatically called "pirate" somethign or other). -R. fiend 18:28, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.