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SOMUA S35

The SOMUA S35 was a French cavalry tank of the Second World War. Built from 1936 until 1940 to equip the armoured divisions of the Cavalry, it was for its time a relatively agile medium-weight tank, superior in armour and armament to its French and foreign competitors, such as the contemporary versions of the German Panzer III medium tank. It was constructed from well-sloped, mainly cast, armour sections, that however made it expensive to produce and time-consuming to maintain.

During the German invasion of May 1940, the SOMUA S35 proved itself to be a tactically effective type, but this was negated by the French command's strategic mistakes in deploying their Cavalry armoured divisions. After the defeat of France in June 1940, limiting production to a total of about 440, captured SOMUA S35s were used by the Axis powers, some of them on the Eastern Front. A derived type, the SOMUA S40, with an improved suspension, lowered hull cast and welded turret armour, had been planned to replace the original version on the production lines in July 1940. Agreements to produce this improved type for the benefit of Vichy France, Germany and Japan, ultimately did not lead to any manufacture.

Development
The design of the SOMUA S35 comes from the changed specifications of 26 June 1934 for an Automitrailleuse de Combat (AMC) issued for cavalry use. These called for a much heavier design than had been originally specified in 1931. The new type had to be immune to contemporary anti-tank guns. By 17 May the Army had already contacted a subsidiary of Schneider et Cie — the Société d'Outillage Mécanique et d'Usinage d'Artillerie (SOMUA) based at Saint-Ouen — to build a prototype. The company accepted this proposal on 16 July and construction began on 12 October 1934. The prototype, with the name AC3, was ready on 14 April 1935. It was tested from 4 July until 2 August 1935. Then a pre-series of four was produced of an improved type, the AC4, to be tested until 27 January 1938. These first vehicles had the standard APX1 turret, fitted with the short 47 mm SA 34 gun. On 25 March 1936, the AC4 design was accepted as the standard medium tank of the French Cavalry with the official name Automitrailleuse de Combat modèle 1935 S (AMC 1935 S), when a first order for fifty was made. The tank was then more commonly known as SOMUA S35 (S for SOMUA and 35 from 1935, the year of introduction); today the even shorter abbreviation "S35" is most often used, in English sources usually with a hyphen: "S-35".

The mass-production vehicles would have the longer SA 35 gun. Originally, a total production of six hundred was planned to provide each of the three Cavalry armoured divisions with two hundred tanks. Later, budgetary restraints led to a more gradual and limited procurement. In 1936 a second order was made of fifty, followed by a hundred in 1937, and two orders of 125 each in 1938, resulting in total prewar orders of 450 units.

Description
The hull and turret were castings with a maximum thickness of 47 mm and 40 mm respectively — the former of four sections, bolted together: two longitudinal plates formed the bottom; the superstructure was divided in a front and back section. The turret was a variant of the APX 1 as used on the Char B1: the APX 1 CE (chemin élargi) with a larger 1130 mm as against 1022 mm) turret ring, allowing the radio operator to assist the commander in loading the gun from an ammunition stock of 118 shells (90 AP, 28 HE) and 2,250 machine gun rounds. As with the B1, the commander was expected to direct the tank while also loading, aiming, and firing the 47 mm SA 35 main gun — although at least the radio duty could be left to another crew member. Radios were planned to be part of the standard equipment of S35s. In practice the platoon commander had an ER (émetteur-récepteur) 29 set for communications with a higher command level, but a shortage of the short range ER28 sets for communication within the platoon meant that the other four tanks of the platoon were never fitted with any form of radio, although in some units all tanks had antennas: the programme to fit the sets themselves was postponed until the summer of 1940 and thus overtaken by events.

The suspension was designed by Eugène Brillié, the same man who had developed the first French tank, the Schneider CA1. He had worked with the Czech Škoda company and based his design on that of the LT35: eight road wheels paired on four bogies with leaf springs and an equally large tension wheel. The first fifty vehicles had tracks consisting of 144 track links, each link with a length of 75 mm; later vehicles had 103 links of 105 mm length.

The engine was in the rear of the hull side by side with two self-sealing fuel tanks, of 100 and 410 litres respectively, separated from the fighting compartment by a firewall bulkhead. The nominally 200 hp engine, designed by Javier-Sabin, drew fuel from the smaller tank, which was itself automatically replenished from the larger one. Inexperienced crews sometimes made the mistake of only filling the smaller tank. Engine and suspension maintenance was difficult and time-consuming, due to a poor accessibility, though this was improved in later vehicles.

The S 35 had an automatic fire extinguishing system using several tanks placed at critical spots, containing methyl bromide.

Tactical function
Like the British and the Soviets, the French believed in a strict division of labour between cavalry tanks and infantry tanks; by law, tanks (chars) were limited to the Infantry and the Cavalry had to name its tanks automitrailleuses.

The French Army preferred to fight a defensive battle, and was convinced it would be victorious in such an engagement, but understood that the strategic situation might impose the necessity of waging offensive warfare; during the Second World War for 1941 large offensives against Germany were planned, based on an expected French and British material superiority. Each of the two phases of an offensive – the breakthrough by the Infantry and the exploitation of it by the Cavalry – called for its own specialised vehicle, with the AMC designed to fight enemy armour. The SOMUA S35 was optimised to fulfil the latter rôle; it had good speed, an adequate range, a gun powerful enough to easily destroy its two probable opponents - the Soviet BT-7 and the German Panzer III - and armour thick enough to be practically immune to the fire of both at normal battle ranges; the armour of any German tank in May 1940 could be penetrated by the S35's 47 mm gun up to a range of 1000 m. So it could carry out deep strategic penetrations and destroy enemy armour reserves trying to prevent them, possessing a good anti-tank capacity. The S35 is sometimes described as the best medium tank of the 1930s.

The French Cavalry, however, judged their main tank to be imperfect in many respects. The one-man turret, though it is today typically mentioned as its single most important drawback, was not seen as a major flaw. A commander was supposed to acquire such a degree of dexterity that his workload did not negate the lack of need to coordinate the actions of three men in a larger turret crew or the advantage of a quicker reaction because of a superior rotation speed. In combat, the tank commander threatened to be overwhelmed with duties, since in addition to his command functions within the tank he was also responsible for aiming and firing the 47mm turret gun and co-axial 7.5mm machine gun. At first, a two-man-turret was required, but when it transpired that this would reduce the armour protection, it was abandoned in favour of thicker steel casts. The CE turret variant mitigated the workload of the commander as it constituted a "one and a half man" turret.

The Cavalry acknowledged three flaws at the tactical, the operational and the strategic levels. The main tactical flaw was the hatchless cupola, forcing the commander to fight buttoned-up. This had been caused by the need to adopt the APX-1 turret, purely for budgetary reasons. The B1 bis's APX4 turret faced similar criticism from the Infantry. The operational flaw was its poor mechanical reliability. The suspension units were too weak and too complicated, demanding enormous maintenance efforts, especially since the cast armour modules did not allow an easy access to the suspension and engine. Repairing broken tracks in the field was well-nigh impossible. This had been caused by the fact that there was no central institution regulating French tank development. The Army branches issued very vague specifications, leaving it to private enterprise to come up with precise proposals. The French machine tool national stock was relatively outdated and tank designs reflected the limited existing production facilities. To introduce a Christie suspension — the obvious solution — demanded a thorough industrial modernisation and the raising of quality standards. It was not envisaged until September 1938, when cooperation started with the United Kingdom in order to adopt the cruiser tank suspension for French tank design, and then was limited to the development of a totally new cavalry tank, the AMX 40, without planning to introduce this feature into the S35/S40 production run.

The strategic flaw was the high unit price of the tank, 982,000 French Francs, and the limited number of large cast sections that could be produced. The tank had to be supplemented by a cheaper type and the only one available had been the Hotchkiss H35, much inferior in armour, armament and speed, even after it had been improved to the "H39" variant. The Cavalry had a very low opinion of the fighting value of this light tank. It decided to keep a large number of S35s in the core of their armoured divisions and rejected the easy method of raising more of them by dividing the S35s among the Cavalry Light Divisions — in contrast to the Germans who distributed the also low number of Panzer IIIs partly to their Leichte Kavalleriedivisionen — a key decision changing the Mechanised Light Divisions into true armoured divisions. It also decided against the continued mass production of even lighter vehicles like the AMR 35 and AMC 35. This again implied that the Germans would in May 1940 have a large superiority in strategically mobile large armoured units, of ten to three, because the four French armoured divisions of the Infantry did not possess sufficient organic artillery and infantry to operate effectively in an independent role. France intended to raise many more armoured divisions for use in a decisive offensive in 1941. As the French production capacity for cast armour sections was insufficient, at the time of the defeat negotiations were ongoing to employ American producers, and during the crisis caused by the German attacks in June it was even proposed to let US firms build two thousand vehicles.

Production and operational history
Four tanks of the AC4 pre-series of the S35 entered service in January 1936 with the 4e Cuirassiers. On 15 April 1937, the first two hulls of the main series left the factory. These, produced at a planned rate of twelve per month, still had to be joined with their turrets. At the end of 1937 the SA 35 gun became available and deliveries of finished tanks of the main production series could begin. On 15 January 1938, four of these were operational. By July 1938, 128 hulls had been delivered, but only 96 tanks were completed with turrets. In the spring of 1939, the number of operational tanks had increased to 192, the two armoured division of the Cavalry having attained their nominal strength. On 1 September 1939, the start of the war, 270 had been produced and 246 delivered. On this date 191 served with the troops, 51 were in depot and four had been sent back to the factory for overhaul. After the outbreak of war, on 21 September a sixth order of fifty was made, followed by a final order of 324 bringing the ordered total to 824. Later it was decided that from the 451st vehicle onwards the tanks would be of the improved S 40 type. Production in fact totalled around 440 by June 1940, including the prototype and the preseries. Of these about 288 were in front-line service at the beginning of the Battle of France, with the three armoured divisions of the Cavalry, the Divisions Légères Mécaniques or Mechanised Light Divisions ("light" here meaning "mobile", they were not light in the sense of being lightly equipped ). Each of these had an organic strength of four squadrons with twenty S35s; each squadron however had a matériel reserve of two tanks, one of them usually used by the squadron commander, resulting in a total of 88 vehicles per division; regimental and brigade commanders in practice had personal tanks too. Furthermore, 31 were present in the general matériel reserve, 49 in factory stocks and 26 were being processed for acceptance. These vehicles were later issued to several ad hoc units, such as the 4th DCR (commanded by Charles de Gaulle) which received 39, part of 3e Cuirassiers, the 4th DLM (10), and some Corps-francs Motorisés (about 25). Also the destroyed 1st, 2nd and 3rd DLM were reconstituted with a small number of tanks, the first two divisions received ten S 35s, the third twenty; S 35s further served with the 7e Cuirassiers (25) and a platoon of three was present in the 3e RAM of the 3e DLC. In May 1940 during the Battle of France the DLMs were tasked with the difficult manoeuvre of carrying out a quick advance into the Low Countries, followed by a holding action to allow the infantry divisions following behind to dig themselves in. The 2nd and 3rd DLM were concentrated in the Gembloux gap between Louvain and Namur, where there were no natural obstacles to impede a German advance. They had to spread out somewhat to hold that sector against incursions by the German 3rd and 4th Panzer Divisions. This was necessitated by the local tactical situation and did not reflect some fundamental difference in doctrine between the use of the DLMs and the Panzerdivisionen. Both types of units were very similar in equipment, training and organisation, as the German armoured divisions too were primarily intended for strategic exploitation, while the breakthrough phase was preferably left to the infantry. The resulting tank battle from 13 to 15 May, the Battle of Hannut, was—with about 1700 AFVs participating—the largest until that day and is still one of the largest of all time. The S 35s gave a good account of themselves, proving to be indeed superior to the German tanks in direct combat, but they were rather hesitantly deployed as the French High Command mistakenly supposed the gap was the German Schwerpunkt and tried to preserve their best tanks to block subsequent attacks by the rest of the Panzerwaffe.

When it transpired the attack was really a feint and the forces in the north were in danger of being cut off by the German advance south of Namur, the 1st DLM that had very quickly moved two hundred kilometres to the north to help the Dutch, was hurriedly rushed south again. The resulting disorder and breakdown of most of its S 35s rendered this unit, the most powerful of all Allied divisions, impotent; it was defeated by the German 5th Panzerdivision on 17 May. The other DLMs fought a delaying battle, participated in the Battle of Arras and then disintegrated. Committing its only strategically mobile armour reserve early in the battle had made the French Army fatally vulnerable to a German strategic surprise. After the June 1940 armistice, twenty-three S 35s were allowed to be sent to West Africa to bolster the hold of the Vichy regime on that region. They were issued to the 12e régiment de Chasseurs d'Afrique that, after French forces in Africa had sided with the Allies, operated them against German and Italian forces during the Tunisia Campaign. After taking part in the Tunis victory parade, 12e RCA's S35s were replaced by M4 Shermans, but crews often affixed the SOMUA plate on their new tanks.

After the liberation of France in 1944 an armoured unit was raised, the 13e Régiment de Dragons, using French matériel, among which were seventeen S 35s.

Foreign service
After the fall of France a number of S 35s (297 were captured according to some sources) were taken into service with the Wehrmacht as the Panzerkampfwagen 35-S 739(f). The Germans modified the cupola by cutting its top off and installing a simple hatch. On 10 December 1940 the first German tank unit equipped with French Beutepanzer was formed: ''201. Panzerregiment'' with 118 tanks; 36 of these were S 35s, the rest "38Hs". On 10 February 1941, ''202. Panzerregiment was established; both regiments were united into Panzerbrigade 100''. On 27 January the independent ''301. Panzerabteilung was formed with French vehicles; total S 35 organic strength in the Wehrmacht'' was thus ninety. On 22 March this independent battalion replaced the Second Battalion of ''201. Panzerregiment, which battalion was renamed Panzer-Abteilung 211 and sent to Finland in June, the only major German unit with S 35s that would fight on the Eastern Front; some were deployed by 22. Panzerdivision'' near Sevastopol in 1942. The 21st and ''25. Panzerdivision'' in 1943 used some S 35s when reforming after having been largely destroyed. Some vehicles had their superstructure removed and were used for driver-training, while others were used for security duties. Some of these units fought in Normandy in 1944, such as ''100. Panzer Ersatz und Ausbildungs-Abteilung and 206. Panzer-Abteilung, while others were used in Yugoslavia for anti-partisan duties (7. SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division "Prinz Eugen", 12. Panzer-Kompanie z.b.V. and I./Panzer-Regiment 202''). There were still twelve S 35s listed as in German service on 30 December 1944.

Some of the captured S 35s were delivered to German allies: 32 to Italy in 1941, two to Hungary in 1942 and six to Bulgaria in 1943. They were used by the Italians to equip the CC Tank Battalion S35 of the 131st Tank Infantry Regiment, which was transferred in December 1941 to the XIII Army Corps in Sardinia. The Bulgarian vehicles were after the war used by police units. A vehicle captured by the partisans of Tito was refitted by them with a British 6-pounder gun, and designated SO-57.

Projects

In 1937, SOMUA developed the SAu 40 self-propelled 75 mm gun from the S35. Its suspension featured an extra wheel to improve off-road capabilities, and the hull was wider. Only one prototype was built in this configuration; it fought in June, fitted with its 75 mm. 72 units had been ordered on 1 May 1940. The new order requested that the Sau 40 be produced as a self-propelled tank destroyer, with the powerful 47 mm SA 37 gun.

In order to address some of the shortcomings of the S35, SOMUA presented the improved AC5 type in 1939. Based on the SAu 40 chassis and its Char G1-project but with the original width, this SOMUA S40 had a welded ARL 2C turret and redesigned cast superstructure, both to lower production costs and to improve protection standards as the cast sections, delivered by eighteen subcontractors, sometimes were of inferior quality. The new suspension strongly improved the climbing capacity, of which the Cavalry had officially complained in November 1938; its greater weight was compensated by lowering the hull height by fourteen centimetres, causing a weight gain of four hundred kilogrammes. In contrast, the engine deck was raised to fit an improved 230 hp engine, increasing maximum speed to 45 km/h, although the new engine was not yet available in the summer of 1940. The armament and general nominal armour base would remain the same, but first steps to improve these, which might have naturally have evolved into a "S 41", had already been taken in the spring of 1940, when plans were made for a 60 mm welded ARL turret. A first order was on 21 September 1939 made for fifty vehicles, and it was intended to become the main production type, superseding the S 35 from the 451st vehicle with total orders having reached four hundred hulls, but none were completed at the time of the German invasion; the first vehicles were planned to be produced in July; hull sections had already been cast since November 1939. Of the first 160 vehicles, eighty had been planned to be made of an intermediate type, with the old turret.

After the armistice plans were developed to resume production, partly for the benefit of the Axis powers. On 28 May 1941, the German ambassador in France Otto Abetz concluded an agreement with the French government, the Protocols of Paris. These included the intention to produce eight hundred SOMUA S40s, two hundred for France itself and six hundred for Germany and Italy. However, Hitler, suspicious of a French rearmament, declined ratifying the agreement.

In November 1940, the Japanese government had requested Germany to allow production for Japan. When Japan became a belligerent through the Attack on Pearl Harbor, on 9 February 1942 it was decided that France would produce 250 SOMUA S40s for the Japanese Imperial Army, the first to be delivered in twelve months time, production having to reach a peak of eight vehicles per month in eighteen months. Both production and delivery were precluded by the Axis occupation of Vichy France in November 1942.

In early 1942, France was finally given permission to reequip its forces with SOMUA S40s, now that the type had become obsolete and the Germans had lost interest. Two versions were considered on 24 April 1942, both fitted with the larger FCM-turret, originally developed for the Char G1. The first would have been armed with the SA 35 gun, operated by a two-man turret crew, the second with the longer SA 37 gun placed in a three-man turret. France foresaw a production of 135 vehicles, to equip three squadrons of 45 each, but the preparations were halted in November 1942 when the whole of France was occupied. However, a clandestine development continued, of a SARL 42, fitted with the ARL 3 turret and a 75 mm L/32 or L/44 gun using an optical range finder. To limit weight, its side armour was to be reduced to thirty millimetres.

In 1945 it was proposed to build a tank destroyer by refitting existing S 35 chassis with a superstructure for the British 76.2 mm 17-pounder gun.

title: SOMUA S35


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Talk:Schizotypy

Suggestions
Can I suggest that the wiki-link to Gordon Claridge is removed, for the simple reason that there is, as yet, no entry for Gordon Claridge in Wikipaedia? My other suggestions: Perhaps the first mention of psychoticism could also feature the first wiki-link to psychoticism? Perhaps the discussion of the factors that emerge when measurements of schizotypy are subject to factor analysis could be merged with some of the information that  appears earlier in the article? I do think it important that at some  stage, the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia are distinguished, and my sugggestion is that this section is moved earlier in the article. Cardamom

 * Someone recently added a factor analysis comment suggesting that positive and negative components are typically found, when the majority of studies find three factor solutions (positive, negative and disorganised) or four factor solutions (as mentioned already in the article as the factors that form the basis of the OLIFE schizotypy scale).

 * The concept of positive and negative symptoms is discussed in both the psychosis and schizophrenia articles, so I'm not sure it has to be covered here again.

 * - Vaughan 07:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Paul Meehl
The term "schizotypy" was coined by Paul Meehl in his American Psychological Association Presidential address back when the APA was largely a scientific organization. He later revised this idea in 1990.

Meehl, P.E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827-838.

Meehl., P.E. (1990). Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. Journal of Personality, 4, 1-99.

I have made a minor change to the section 'Development of the concept' in light of the fact that the term 'schizotypy' may first have been used by Meehl in the 1962 reference cited above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ranger2006 (talk • contribs) 21:38, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Actually, the term "schizotypy" was not first used by Paul Meehl but by Sandor Rado (1953). Heartlight79 (talk) 06:34, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

"Deficiency in the ability to feel pleasure from physical stimulation"?
I have some of the traits of Claridge's schizotypy (notably 1 and 4, as childhood nonconformity and an interest in the mysterious), but despite my past difficulty talking to women, I wouldn't say that I have any deficiency to actually feel pleasure from physical stimulation. I think Claridge's criterion is unfairly worded.

128.186.40.99 20:02, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

I don't think a scientific article's content profits from inclusion and alteration on the basis of personal anecdote. For what it's worth -- almost nothing -- I am a diagnosed schizoaffective, surely high in any schizotypal factoring, and my life has been dominated by a persistent disinterest in the pleasures of the flesh normally obtained, and despite my quitting smoking and regaining a measure of renewed sense of smell, food to me is hardly better than finding the most convenient method of supplying nutrition so as to avoid mental suffering as my body's nutrients run dry. One health worker found it amusing that I measured my dietary success by how many pounds of consumable material I could buy per dollar -- the relative rank of gustatory pleasure in my calculations was almost non-existent. But again, what does this prove? Nothing. Keep the science, ignore the anecdotal stories. Apophenian Alchemy (talk) 11:12, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

Moving two sentences here
I have moved two unreferenced sentences here (see below) from the main page so as to be able to remove the ‘no in-text citations’ tag; however, if anyone is able to provide apt references for them, they could be reinstated.Ranger2006 (talk) 18:47, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Some researchers have argued that full-blown psychosis or schizophrenia requires the presence of a 'schizogene' or other specific inherited attribute in addition to high schizotypy. Further evidence that there is a non-linear relationship between schizotypy and some cognitive factors known to be affected in schizophrenia (such as latent inhibition) is also given as evidence for the fully-dimensional approach.

re proposed insertion of 'or REM' before 'sleep'
Please note: rapid eye movements (REM) are characteristic of a later stage of sleep and are not normally associated with descending Stage 1.Ranger2006 (talk) 18:13, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

so now hedonism is healthy?!
psychiatry is a joke.--Bodinagamin (talk) 23:58, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Comments in the lead and Mr. Ollie
I found these comments directly behind the definition of schizotypy:

CORRECTION: The current data from taxometric studies does not support the continuum nature of schizotypy.

CORRECTION: Schizotypy is not a personality characteristic—rather it represents the latent liability for schizophrenia and, as such, it is unobservable to the unaided naked eye.

''These comments were inserted by and now moved to the talk page by... Lova Falk    talk   08:04, 26 June 2010 (UTC)''
 * Elmhurstminn - which data from taxometric studies do you have? And in which article or book did you read that schizotypy represents a latent liability for schizophrenia?  Lova Falk     talk   08:10, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

ELMHURSTMINN IN RESPONSE: There are numerous taxometric studies that support the taxonic latent structure of schizotypy: Lenzenweger & Korfine (1992); Korfine & Lenzenweger (1995), Lenzenweger (1999), Beauchaine et al., 2008; see extensive reviews by Haslam (2003, 2007). There is overwhelming evidence in support of this position, a position that accords with the views of Paul E. Meehl (1962; 1990) and Mark F. Lenzenweger (1998, 2010).

The case for schizotypy representing a latent liability for schizophrenia is also well established in the empirical research literature and summaries can be found in Lenzenweger, 1998) and in the new monograph by Lenzenweger (2010).

What is especially perplexing is that a so-called "Mr. Ollie" keeps removing information that speaks to the points (taxonic structure of schizotypy; schizotypy as the latent liability for schizophrenia) from updates to the Schizotypy entry and Schizotypal PD entry on Wikipedia. Is Mr. Ollie a major fan of Gordon Claridge's position on this topic? Elmhurstminn (talk) 00:19, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Why is it that all of your edits include references to Lenzenweger? Are you a major fan of Lenzenweger on this topic? - MrOllie (talk) 04:07, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I am not a psychologist, and thus may be wholly unqualified to give any opinion on this matter, but I have been reading some of Lenzenweger's Schizotypy and Schizophrenia, and from what I can see there is at least a debate over the above issue. Then again, I don't know how to evaluate whether the debate is well-founded, i.e., I don't know if Lenzenweger's ideas carry more or less weight than Claridge's, or if either position is widely discounted in the psychological community.  Is the problem with Elmhurstminn's edits that they present Lenzenweger's position as a fact rather than part of a debate within a scholarly community?  If this is the problem, it might be helpful to have the debate clarified in the article.  Again, I am not an expert in psychology, merely a curious reader. - Luna (talk) 03:28, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

"theory" in opening sentence
" In psychology, schizotypy is a theory [...] " is it though? isnt it just a view on something, to which terms like hypothesis and theory are inapplicable?

Schizophrenia as a neurodegenerative disorder?
This section mentions that schizophrenia involves neurodegeneration, but this article claims otherwise. Existent human being (talk) 09:45, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Right, schizophrenia isn't usually considered a neurodegenerative disease. I've removed the remark from the article. Jhvx (talk) 12:57, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

"Idionomia"
A simple search reveals that "idionomia" is not a very common term, mentioned almost solely in reference [29 ]; therefore it is a rational choice to provide a clear definition of this term within the Wikipedia article. However, the reference has a longer definition which would require several sentences to describe, therefore it would decrease legibility not to split the sentence mentioning it into multiple sentences to give a complete picture. The optimal solution may be to start an article on idionomia, however, as there are few references mentioning this word it may be more difficult to write a complete article on it; in short, idionomia is a complex phenomenon that may or may not be very widely recognized with this name, therefore it may be difficult to find resources to expand upon the article, but it would also be wrong to avoid mentioning the full details it entails. Existent human being (talk) 10:33, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * It is mentioned in this paper as well, which actually has over 150 citations; therefore it may not be as obscure as a simple search reveals, as this paper (at least for me) does not appear when searching "idionomia". Existent human being (talk) 12:13, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Note: term removed per MOS:NEO. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Existent human being (talk • contribs) 11:42, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Excessive citations in section "Autism"
This section employs excessive (sentences with five, seven, and ten) citations. Existent human being (talk) 11:08, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Schizotypy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/J. P. McManus Scholarship Award winnners 2

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete All. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 17:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

J. P. McManus Scholarship Award winnners
See Also: Articles for deletion/J. P. McManus Scholarship Award winnners

Articles: Padraig Cullinan, Patrick McInerney, Michael Kiely, Richard Meany, Eamonn Dillon, Timmy Houlihan, Brian Hartigan, James Clifford, Brian Coleman (II), Jonathan Flynn, Frank Hoare, Brendan McCarthy, Simon Leamy, Henry Foster (II), Jamie Sheahan.

Another batch of students who appear to have no claim to fame other than winning a J. P. McManus Scholarship Award, an award only available to graduates of a particular secondary school. --Allen3 talk 11:46, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete as nn-bio would have been my choice. --DrTorstenHenning 11:57, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just like the others. (I was thinking about speedy delete, but that would then be making a judgement about the prestigiousness of the award which does have its own page.) --A bit iffy 12:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. per nom. Good work with the sizeable nomination Allen3! -feydey 12:18, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the award doesn't seem to be notable either. There are a huge number of scholarships in the world and this one is only awarded to students of one school. I think it should be put on the school's page. -- Kjkolb 13:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Mushroom 16:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, with the exception of Brendan McCarthy, which can be retooled into an article on the British comics artist (several links already).Bjones 17:32, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Barely passes CSD criteria.--Scimitar parley 18:21, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Calculus on Manifolds (book)

Calculus on Manifolds: A Modern Approach to Classical Theorems of Advanced Calculus (1965) by Michael Spivak is a brief, rigorous, and modern textbook of multivariable calculus, differential forms, and integration on manifolds for advanced undergraduates.

Description
Calculus on Manifolds is a brief monograph on the theory of vector-valued functions of several real variables (f : Rn→Rm) and differentiable manifolds in Euclidean space. In addition to extending the concepts of differentiation (including the inverse and implicit function theorems) and Riemann integration (including Fubini's theorem) to functions of several variables, the book treats the classical theorems of vector calculus, including those of Cauchy–Green, Ostrogradsky–Gauss (divergence theorem), and Kelvin–Stokes, in the language of differential forms on differentiable manifolds embedded in Euclidean space, and as corollaries of the generalized Stokes theorem on manifolds-with-boundary. The book culminates with the statement and proof of this vast and abstract modern generalization of several classical results:

The cover of Calculus on Manifolds features snippets of a July 2, 1850 letter from Lord Kelvin to Sir George Stokes containing the first disclosure of the classical Stokes' theorem (i.e., the Kelvin–Stokes theorem).

Reception
Calculus on Manifolds aims to present the topics of multivariable and vector calculus in the manner in which they are seen by a modern working mathematician, yet simply and selectively enough to be understood by undergraduate students whose previous coursework in mathematics comprises only one-variable calculus and introductory linear algebra. While Spivak's elementary treatment of modern mathematical tools is broadly successful—and this approach has made Calculus on Manifolds a standard introduction to the rigorous theory of multivariable calculus—the text is also well known for its laconic style, lack of motivating examples, and frequent omission of non-obvious steps and arguments. For example, in order to state and prove the generalized Stokes' theorem on chains, a profusion of unfamiliar concepts and constructions (e.g., tensor products, differential forms, tangent spaces, pullbacks, exterior derivatives, cube and chains) are introduced in quick succession within the span of 25 pages. Moreover, careful readers have noted a number of nontrivial oversights throughout the text, including missing hypotheses in theorems, inaccurately stated theorems, and proofs that fail to handle all cases.

Other textbooks
A more recent textbook which also covers these topics at an undergraduate level is the text Analysis on Manifolds by James Munkres (366 pp.). At more than twice the length of Calculus on Manifolds, Munkres's work presents a more careful and detailed treatment of the subject matter at a leisurely pace. Nevertheless, Munkres acknowledges the influence of Spivak's earlier text in the preface of Analysis on Manifolds.

Spivak's five-volume textbook A Comprehensive Introduction to Differential Geometry states in its preface that Calculus on Manifolds serves as a prerequisite for a course based on this text. In fact, several of the concepts introduced in Calculus on Manifolds reappear in the first volume of this classic work in more sophisticated settings.

title: Calculus on Manifolds (book)


text:
Talk:Andaman district

WP:INDIA Banner/Andaman and Nicobar Islands workgroup Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Andaman and Nicobar Islands workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Andaman and Nicobar Islands or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 05:37, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andaman district


text:
Wolf Lemke

Wolf Lemke is a designer of gliders who worked for Rolladen Schneider and after it was taken over in 2003, for DG Flugzeugbau GmbH.

He was one of the student members of the Akaflieg Darmstadt who designed the revolutionary D-36 "Circe" in the period 1962 to 1964. This team also included Heiko Fries, Klaus Holighaus and Gerhard Waibel. While the members of the Akaflieg built the D-36 (V1), a common friend of the students – Walter Schneider – built a second D-36 (V2) in his shutters factory. Walter Schneider almost killed himself in it when he took a winch launch with a disconnected elevator but he parachuted to safety. Soon after the success of the D-36 Walter Schneider asked Wolf Lemke to design and build gliders professionally in his shutters factory – which then became a glider manufacturer as well.

His most significant design was the LS 1 which he first flew in May 1967. It was built by Walter Schneider, at first under the name Segelflugzeugbau Schneider OHG, but later as Rolladen Schneider Flugzeugbau GmbH.

Two LS 1 prototypes flew in the German Championships in 1968: Helmut Reichmann and Walter Schneider placed first and second out of 44 competitors in the Standard Class. All gliders designed by Wolf Lemke to date have the designation LS (Lemke and Schneider), including the LS-11 built by the Akaflieg Köln.

title: Wolf Lemke


text: Talk:Space Dude (video game)

title: Talk:Space Dude (video game)


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Jack Martin

Jack Martin may refer to:

In sports

 * Jack Martin (American football) (1922–2008), American football player
 * Jack Martin (Australian footballer) (born 1995), Australian rules footballer for Carlton
 * Jack Martin (baseball) (1887–1980), Major League Baseball player in the 1910s
 * Jack Martin (basketball) (1922–2015), American college basketball coach
 * Jack Martin (coach) (1917–1977), American football, basketball, and track and field coach and college athletics administrator
 * Jack Martin (cricketer) (1917–1987), English Test cricketer
 * Jack Martin (drag racer), American drag racing driver; see Jim Warren
 * Jack Martin (footballer, born 1882) (1882–?), English footballer for Lincoln City, Blackburn Rovers, Hartlepools United in the 1900s/1910s
 * Jack Martin (footballer, born 1935) (1935–), Scottish footballer, Full Back for Sheffield Wednesday and Rochdale
 * Jack Martin (footballer, born 1903) (1903–1976), English football centre half for many teams in north-west England in the 1920s/1930s
 * Jack Martin (footballer, born 1904) (1904–1984), English football outside left for Darlington, Leeds, Accrington Stanley, Bury, Doncaster in the 1920s/1930s
 * Jack Martin (ice hockey) (born 1940), former ice hockey player in the National Hockey League

Other

 * Jack Martin (actor), Australian actor
 * Jack Martin (executive), chairman and chief executive officer of Hill+Knowlton Strategies
 * Jack Martin (investigator), New Orleans resident who claimed to have information about a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy
 * Jack Martin, protagonist of The Adventures of Smilin' Jack
 * Jack Martin, American actor

title: Jack Martin


text: User talk:84.230.225.142

title: User talk:84.230.225.142


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Casino chip collecting

Casino chip collecting is the practice of intentionally taking casino chips (also called "cheques") from casino premises or trading or collecting online, or in person, for the purpose of collection. Casino chip collecting is a variety of exonumia, or coin collecting. Before it became a more serious hobby, casino chip collecting was simply a case of people keeping them as souvenirs from a casino they may visit. The biggest boost to the hobby came with the creation of the online auction site eBay. eBay has now become the most popular way to collect and trade casino chips with listings in the casino category regularly including more than 20,000 items for sale.

History
Casino chip collecting became increasingly popular during the 1980s, as evidenced by the sale of chips through several casino and collecting newsletters. Bill Borland's Worldwide Casino Exchange (early 1980s) had a casino story each issue and dozens of old chips for sale. Likewise, Al W. Moe's Casino and Gaming Chips magazine ran for several years in the mid-1980s and attracted hundreds of subscribers. Each issue featured stories and pictures from old Nevada casinos and included photos of old, collectible chips.

Archie Black established the Casino Chip & Gaming Tokens Collectors Club (CC&GTCC) in 1988 in response to the continuing evolution and popularity of chip collecting. Membership in the club includes an annual subscription to the club's magazine, Casino Collectible News, now in its 26th year. The magazine has won six First Place Awards from the American Numismatic Association for Outstanding Specialty Numismatic Publication. The club held its first annual convention at the Aladdin Hotel and Casino in 1992. The 32nd annual convention will be held at South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa 12–14 June 2025.

As the number of collectors grew, the creation of an official grading system was viewed as being a useful tool in part of the process to help determine the collectible value of the chips, as opposed to the face value they can also represent. In 2003, members of the CC&GTCC's Standards and Archives Committee agreed on a grading system that would be used worldwide. It is worth noting that, for the most part, the chips meet the minimum value set by the casino. There are many published price guides, but two in particular are more widely used by casino chip collectors. The Official U.S. Casino Chip Price Guide, now in its 4th edition, covers chips from casinos in Nevada, Atlantic City, New Jersey, Colorado, Deadwood, South Dakota and the several Midwest States that permit Riverboat casinos. The Chip Rack, now in its 21st edition, attempts to include all chips and checks issued by casinos in the State of Nevada. Some chips are considered high-value and have a listed value as high as $50,000. During their 2014 convention, a $5 chip from the Golden Goose SOLD for $75,000, and a $5 chip from the Lucky Casino SOLD for $52,500.

Classification of chips
Below is the system that is currently used to grade them:

As well as the system for grading chips, there is also a system for identifying chips shown below:

Methods
There are many different ways to collect casino chips. Because of the amount of chips available and the increasing price of some, collectors have begun to specialize. A collector might choose to collect every chip from a certain casino or one from every Las Vegas casino. Collecting by denomination is also very popular, such as only $1 or $5 chips. The first rule of proper care and storage is to keep them away from sunlight and fluorescent light. The best way to store a collection is to keep them in a folder. As opposed to a coin collection, cleaning the chips will not decrease their value but is still not recommended unless really necessary. Chips have inlays and hot stamps on them which can get unreadable over the time if they are not maintained properly. The hot stamps and the inlays of the chips are what determine their value so it is very critical to ensure that these are not severely damaged while handling them. Collectors especially should be careful and maintain their rare chips effectively to keep their value intact.

title: Casino chip collecting


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/You Give Good Love

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 02:39, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

You Give Good Love
Fails notability guidelines — was never a number one, and the article offers no reason to think it notable for any other reason. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete (or make redirect to relevant album article). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete (or make redirect to relevant album article). I'm still unsure about this; the Music WikiProject guidelines rule it out, I think, and the pop-music business is so vast that articles on singles could overwhelm Wikipedia if there were no limits); I'm still of the opinion that a number-one position on some major chart should be the normal minimum requirement (possibly overridden by other facts in special circumstances) – reaching number three doesn't strike me as making a single "a notable hit" – and I certainly think that the fact that a singer is notable doesn't make everything she does worthy of an article.  The article itself is much better than it was, thanks to [User:Capitalistroadster|Capitalistroadster]], but it wasn't the content that worried me before. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Whitney Houston singles are notable, this reached #3 in the charts. Kappa 15:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Significant hit by significant singer. Capitalistroadster 18:05, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to relevant album, as per WP:MUSIC. Jkelly 18:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Gamaliel 00:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Capitalistroadster asked me to have a look at the new article, and it's a pretty solid keep now. The problem here is that this album has four lengthy (perhaps overly lengthy, but then I hate WH so I'm no judge)  articles on individual songs and a bare stub of an article on the album which gives no trace of the significance and popularity of this album. In principle I think that people should work on the album and break out articles from there instead of starting with the song, and had I found this stub I would have merged it into the album article myself.  Song stubs are just clutter; centralized information at the album level is more useful for the reader, but I guess its easier just to toss out a stub on a song and forget all about it.  With that said, I can't ignore Capitalistroadster's work on the article and no doubt the article will be kept, as it should be, but I'm still voting merge as an impotent protest against song stubs. Gamaliel 06:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have now expanded the article from a stub. Capitalistroadster 10:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment (Cross-posted from User talk:Capitalistroadster) It is a vastly improved article now. But my merge vote wasn't due to the article's quality, it was because of the guidelines at WP:MUSIC.  Now that the article is a bit more informative, I get that this is the single that launched Houston's career.  Maybe that's, um, "notable" enough to deserve its own article.  If one takes a look at Whitney Houston (album), though, it's just this enormously long article of tables.  There's no text in it whatsoever.  That suggests to me that if one pushes all of the informative text into articles on singles, what's left is album articles that look like that.  I think that the guidelines at WP:MUSIC make sense, but I am not at all opposed to discussing them, and, especially, trying to establish some clearer consensus about what singles deserve articles.  Right now we have a situation in which people are ignoring the guidelines and making articles on singles, compilation albums, and even individual album track recordings.  This may suggest that consensus about what deserves an article has changed since those guidelines were written.  I think that discussion needs to happen, but not at AfD, nor by individuals creating articles on singles that are good enough that it would be a shame to delete them.  Jkelly 16:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep appears to be a notable single, too big to merge. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable hit from Houston. OmegaWikipedia 06:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as Whitney Houston's first notable hit. But, for God's sake, do not make it any longer than it currently is now. As it stands, it is direct and to-the-point without unnneccessary detail. --FuriousFreddy 08:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I have no problem with this article, singles infobox would improve it without adding verbiage. Alf melmac 09:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/MuggleNet/2005-10-07

Mugglenet seems to be antibritish, well anti-everything-non-american actually. - Richard Myers, richardmyers@hotmail.co.uk

3rd Nomination
This IS NOT the 2nd Deletion vote for MuggleNet, it is the 3rd, and it prooves how ridiculous this is that some people cannot accept it being kept. Now may this PLEASE be the last when it is voted to be kept for the 3rd time. (Jamandell (d69) 16:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC))

Extreme Bad Faith
My concern is that if you go over to the proposer's website, www.the-rda.com and compare this to www.mugglenet.com, the graphic structure is nearly identical. The proposer uses the same theme as Mugglent does. Since I know that Mugglenet aggressively pursues those who use their designwork without permission, I am wondering if there hasn't been a contact that caused this (what I consider to be) abusive AfD. Two smaller sites, the-leaky-cauldron.com and veritaserum.com are listed on Wikipedia and have not been proposed for deletion.

He cannot be legitimately proposing this because Mugglenet lacks notoriety:

First, Mugglenet is the largest Harry Potter fan site on the web. I don't think that it's a stretch to say that the Harry Potter series has the largest fanbase on the entire internet.

Second, Mugglenet (along with Leaky-Cauldron) secured the first interview with J.K. Rowling in Scotland right after the release of the Half Blood Prince. I daresay that Ms. Rowling and her publishers would not be flying Mugglenet's founder all the way to Scotland without some regard for the importance of the website.

Third, Mugglenet is the home to Mugglecast, the #1 podcast on the #1 source for Podcasts, Apple's Itunes.

Any one of these factors would warrant a topic on Wikipedia. Taken all together, it would be insane to remove Mugglenet and I believe that a speedy keep is warranted as well as some block on the bad faith conduct of the proposer. Jtmichcock 03:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Extreme Bad Faith II
I noted that the Proposer's latest message claims "I am placing a request to remove the deletion process as my account was hacked into and I have no intention to nominate MuggleNet for deletion." Posted 07:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC). But the Proposer's previous unsigned post states "Someone had HACKED in my Wiki account.... I have nothing against MuggleNet. I think its good site too. But its inclusion in Wiki is not called for in my opinion."

Which is it? Was his account hacked into and someone else proposed the AfD against his belief or did someone hack into his account and propose Mugglenet which (oddly) happens to coincide with his belief that "its inclusion in Wiki is not called for"?

May I suggest a third possibility that there was no hack and the Proposer is trying to evade responsibility for what many believe is an improper request? Jtmichcock 12:03, 10 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sarah Kemp

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Sarah Kemp
not notable

 * Delete not notable.--MONGO 11:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Key character on hit national TV show for multiple years. --rob 18:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Actress on popular Australian program during the 1980's. Notable enough for mine. Capitalistroadster 18:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as this person appears to be a notable television actress. Hall Monitor 22:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Rogerd 01:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Ninefish

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --MONGO 11:52, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Welcome to Wikipedia
weclome and don't worry too much about the "oops" of accidentally creating a userpage as an article page. You'll find if you are contributing, we're all happy to see you. NPOV and cruft aside, of course. btw - you might want to consider adding a portfolio of your work on the website. KillerChihuahua 22:52, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I mean your business website of course. KillerChihuahua 22:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ninefish


text:
Mono language (California)

Mono is a Native American language of the Numic group of Uto-Aztecan languages, the ancestral language of the Mono people. Mono consists of two dialects, Eastern and Western. The name "Monachi" is commonly used in reference to Western Mono and "Owens Valley Paiute" in reference to Eastern Mono. In 1925, Alfred Kroeber estimated that Mono had 3,000 to 4,000 speakers. , only 37 elderly people spoke Mono as their first language. It is classified as critically endangered by UNESCO. It is spoken in the southern Sierra Nevada, the Mono Basin, and the Owens Valley of central-eastern California. Mono is most closely related to Northern Paiute; these two are classified as the Western group of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

Western Mono
The number of Native speakers in 1994 ranged from 37 to 41. The majority of speakers are from the Northfork Rancheria and the community of Auberry. The Big Sandy Rancheria and Dunlap have from 12 to 14 speakers. The Northfork Mono are developing a dictionary, and both they and the Big Sandy Rancheria provide language classes. While not all are completely fluent, about 100 members of Northfork have "some command of the language." In the late 1950s, Lamb compiled a dictionary and grammar of Northfork Mono. The Western Mono language has a number of Spanish loanwords dating to the period of Spanish colonization of the Californias, as well as loanwords from Yokuts and Miwok.

Owens Valley Paiute
In the mid-1990s, an estimated 50 people spoke the Owens Valley Paiute language, also known as Eastern Mono. Informal language classes exist and singers keep native language songs alive. Linguist Sydney Lamb studied this language in the 1950s and proposed the name Paviotso, but that was not widely adopted.

Vowels

 * Vowel length is also evenly distributed among the dialects.

Consonants
Below is given the consonant phoneme inventory of Northfork Western Mono and Owens Valley Paiute as presented by Lamb (1958) and Liljeblad & Fowler (1986).

 * Geminated sounds of plosives, nasals and fricatives are also evenly distributed.

Suprasegmental
Lamb (1958) also described four suprasegmental features that he ascribed phonemic status.

Morphology
Mono is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

title: Mono language (California)


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Changi Sailing Club

Changi Sailing Club (Abbreviation: CSC; ) is a sailing club located in Changi, in the North-East of Singapore. It regularly organises and holds competitions for both dinghies as well as keelboats. Started in 1936, the club has had a rich history and is known for having produced notable sailors such as Benedict Tan, Siew Shaw Her, and more recently, Teo Wee Chin. It was originally the Royal Air Force sailing club alongside RAF Changi. The Sembawang Dockyard history also gives little mention of the years it was a Royal Naval Dockyard.

The club houses a bar where patrons can enjoy the seaview. The bar offers drinks and finger food.

title: Changi Sailing Club


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Propertarianism

Propertarianism, or proprietarianism, is a political philosophy that reduces all questions of law to the right to own property. On property rights, it advocates private property based on Lockean sticky property norms, where an owner keeps their property more or less until they consent to gift or sell it, rejecting the Lockean proviso. Propertarianism is often described by its advocates as either synonymous with capitalism or its logical conclusion.

Closely related to and overlapping with right-libertarianism, it is also often accompanied with the idea that state monopoly law should be replaced by market-generated law centered on contractual relationships. Propertarian ideals are most commonly cited to advocate for an anarcho-capitalist or minarchist society, with governance systems either limited to enforcing contracts and private property or abolished through total privatization of its basic functions.

History
The term appears to have been coined by Edward Cain in 1963: "Since their use of the word 'liberty' refers almost exclusively to property, it would be helpful if we had some other word, such as 'propertarian,' to describe them. [...] Novelist Ayn Rand is not a conservative at all but claims to be very relevant. She is a radical capitalist, and is the closest to what I mean by a propertarian."

Marcus Cunliffe defined propertarianism in his 1973 lectures as "characteristic values of American history" in regard to property.

Philosopher Robert Nozick formalized Locke's approach in his book "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" with the Entitlement Theory of Justice, specifying criteria for just original acquisition, just transfer, and rectification.

David Boaz writes that the "propertarian approach to privacy", both morally and legally, has ensured Americans' privacy rights.

Markus Verhaegh states that Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism advocates the neo-Lockean idea that property only legitimately originates from labor and may then only legitimately change hands by trade or gift. Brian Doherty describes Murray Rothbard's form of libertarianism as propertarian because he "reduced all human rights to rights of property, beginning with the natural right of self-ownership".

L. Neil Smith describes propertarianism as a positive libertarian philosophy in his alternate history novels The Probability Broach (1980) and The American Zone (2002).

Alternative meanings
Hans Morgenthau used propertarianism to characterize the connection between property and suffrage.

Criticism
In the science fiction novel The Dispossessed (1974), author Ursula K. Le Guin contrasted a propertarian statist society with an anarchist anti-propertarian society in an attempt to show that property and state objectified human beings.

Murray Bookchin objected to propertarians calling themselves libertarians, arguing: "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity – often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect – acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property – have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated."

Bookchin described three concepts of possession: property itself; possession; and usufruct (i.e. appropriation of resources by virtue of use. )

title: Propertarianism


text:
Talk:Nicobar district

WP:INDIA Banner/Andaman and Nicobar Islands workgroup Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Andaman and Nicobar Islands workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Andaman and Nicobar Islands or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 05:44, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Nicobar district. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071204104233/http://nicobar.nic.in/ to http://nicobar.nic.in/

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Official website update October 2019
The link to the official website http://nicobar.nic.in/ seems to be outdated and points to the web archive instead. I will be replacing it with the current link https://nicobars.andaman.nic.in/. I am mentioning it here since the older link might be useful for verifying historical data.--DreamLinker (talk) 08:23, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicobar district


text:
User talk:Dark Skorpia

Dark Skorpia is a Counter Strike: Source team operating on the Gamearena platform of Steam. It was setup during the winter of 2005 in Australia by its founder Nikola Kaurin.

title: User talk:Dark Skorpia


text:
Pat Mayer

Pat Mayer (born July 24, 1961) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played one game in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 1987–88 season.

Career
Born in Royal Oak, Michigan, Mayer played an abrasive physical game and doled out many a punishing hit in college and the minors. He spent three years at the United States International University in San Diego, California. Undrafted by an NHL club, he agreed to turn pro with the IHL's Toledo Goaldiggers in 1985–86. Before the end of the season, he was traded to the Muskegon Lumberjacks where he remained another year.

The burly rearguard signed with Pittsburgh in July, 1987 and made it into one NHL game on March 20, 1988 against the Philadelphia Flyers. Mayer returned to the IHL for the balance of the schedule and led the league with 450 penalty minutes. Mayer retired in 1989 after playing most of the year in Muskegon. A late season trade to the Los Angeles Kings resulted in him spending the last month of his pro career with the AHL's New Haven Nighthawks.

title: Pat Mayer


text:
Champion Beer of Britain

The Champion Beer of Britain (also known as CBOB) is an award presented by the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), at its annual Great British Beer Festival in early August.

Qualification and judging
Beers can qualify for the Champion Beer of Britain in three ways:

 * CAMRA tasting panels judge the beers in their geographic area of the UK. The recommendations of these panels are put forward to six regional panels, with the winners of these qualifying for the finals in August.
 * Votes from CAMRA members via a form in What's Brewing, the CAMRA newsletter.
 * Winning one of the 150 Beer Of The Festival awards from CAMRA beer festivals held throughout the year

Nominated beers are then grouped into categories and go through several rounds of blind tasting at the Great British Beer Festival (GBBF). Category winners are then re-judged to determine the supreme champion — the Supreme Champion Beer of Britain.

Up until 2015, the Supreme Champion was to be announced at the GBBF. In 2016, however, the announcement was made at a special Champion Beer of Britain Awards Dinner held in the evening of 9 August (the first day of that year's festival) at the Kensington Olympia Hilton Hotel on the first day of the festival. The change was made to raise the profile of the competition. After an outcry from members the process of announcing the winning beers during the trade day afternoon at GBBF was quickly reinstated.

The judges of the competition usually include professional brewers, beer writers, and respected beer enthusiasts. The focus of the judging is whether the judges actually enjoy the beer, as opposed to the American approach of judging a beer's technical merits.

While the award is prestigious, winning has sometimes caused problems for smaller breweries who have been unable to meet the demand for their champion beers caused by the newfound fame and publicity.

Categories
Beers can be split into categories depending on their style or strength, from 2023 the categories were changed:

 * until 2019
 * Mild
 * Bitter
 * Best Bitter
 * Golden Ales
 * Strong Bitter
 * Bottle-Conditioned Beers

 * from 2023
 * Mild
 * Session Bitter
 * Premium Bitter
 * IPAs
 * Session Pale, Blond and Golden
 * Premium Pale, Blond and Golden

Category name changes

The Old Ales & Barley Wines category has been renamed over the years. The award was first presented in 1991. In 1992 the category was split into two - Old Ales and Barley Wines. The new Old Ales category was renamed in 1993 to Old Ales & Strong Milds, changed again to Old Ales & Strong Ales in 1994, finally reverting to Old Ales & Strong Milds in 1996.

The Strong Ale category was changed in 1991 to Strong Bitter, with the Strong Milds joining the Old Ales category.

Winter Ales Festival
A winter ales festival has been held since 1991, the winner, since 1996, being named the Champion Winter Beer of Britain

Since 1996 the Old Ales & Strong Milds, Barley Wines and Porters & Stouts have been judged as part of the Champion Winter Beer Of Britain awards at the National Winter Ales Festival. In 2023 Speciality beers also moved to the Winter ales festival.

Results

 * Key
 * Blue background indicates beers that were named Supreme Champion after winning in their category.

Supreme Champion category
From 1990 onwards Gold, Silver and Bronze awards were made instead of just having an overall winner.

Strong Bitter category (1991–2019)
Successor to the Strong Ale category. Strong Milds were transferred to the Old Ales category.

title: Champion Beer of Britain


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User talk:Blahblahblahisallihear

Blahblahblahisallihear shall capture your soul and sell it on E-BAY!!!! YAY!!!!!!

title: User talk:Blahblahblahisallihear


text:
Talk:Pilot licensing in the United Kingdom

Helicopters are neglected here.

Rather than trying to repeat all the CAA rules better to have links to the rules?

Paul Beardsell 11:57, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Age restrictions
Browsing several thousand sites on aviation licensing and so on I have so far managed to deduce that it's near impossible to find out the actual age limit for piloting aircraft in any given country using only the internet. However, I also found hints of an age limit of 17 for aeroplanes (airplanes) and 14/16 for helicopters. Anyhow, I'd like to see this page updated to include the age restrictions at some point or (if it's the case) a note about the lack of age restrictions. If the restrictions are country-specific, either an appropriate table or a link to an article outlining the age restrictions in different countries would be useful.

I'd do this all myself but I have no idea what the age rules are on aviation! Yoda2031 17:59, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * ICAO will lay down a global standard, but their documents are hard to get hold of. On top of that many countries do deviate from ICAO.  In the UK you need to be 16 to go solo, 17 to be a private pilot, 18 for a CPL and 21 for an ATPL.  Gliders are an exception as they're not regulated by the CAA. BaseTurnComplete 21:32, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It may also be worth noting that, in the UK at least, you can log hours towards your PPL from 14. But can't go solo until 16.

 * All these answers appear to be correct to me and surely citations can be found. Is there any reason why the article hasn't been updated? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mobilesense (talk • contribs) 15:05, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

NPPL - Could/should it have its own page
I've found it really difficult to accumulate information about the NPPL specifically and would like to see this available in a single place. Although the CAA does provide some documentation, there's still potential confusion here and scope for suggestions/differences between PPL and NPPL. This would help the reader determine what it takes to achieve an NPPL versus PPL, and whether this is a sensible step in a private pilot's career.

For example: - Can be used in UK including Channel Islands and Isle of Man - Medical requirements (DVLA Group 1 and 2), 5 year validity or more, singled off by GP - Can be rated on other aircraft types - Can't be used abroad or for non-UK registered aircraft - Ground exams same as for PPL (although might change in future) - Navigation Skills practical Test is shorter than for full PPL, but worthwhile doing the same 150nm so that could count towards PPL should you decide to upgrade in the future. - Requirements to be current (6 in 12 and 12 in 24), 1 hour with instructor per 2 years - Can't be upgraded to include night flying or Instrument ratings - 30 hours of the training can be used towards PPL - European licensing scheme may supercede NPPL (or affect it) in 2012, possibly allowing use within EU

So for bimbling around in VFR conditions, this might suit many newcomers - especially since the cost should be around 35% less than for PPL. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mobilesense (talk • contribs) 13:08, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think it deserves a section of its own, but do think that the section of this article could be expanded to include the history of the licence, the number of pilots using it, together with some of the points mentioned above (properly sourced, of course). --Simple Bob (talk) 19:54, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

NPPL merge discussion
I don't support having a separate page for National Private Pilot Licence and am therefore proposing that the content of that page be merged into this one. --Simple Bob (talk) 14:07, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Although new to wikipedia editing, the reasons I'd prefer to retain a separate page are that (a) there's a lot of additional detail in this new article which would either be lost or would make the current article unbalanced towards NPPL and (b) I found it difficult to unearth the various rules and information about the NPPL, hence wanting to have this in one place/article. Thanks for tidying up the spelling/formatting errors and suggesting additional content.  Mobilesense (talk) 14:55, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

The cost of NPPL is almost identical to PPL, the exams and sylabus are identical. The only cost saving lies with the AME medical (approximately £150) as the NPPL only requires a medical declaration from your GP (which costs approximately £25). This is a saving of £125, which in the grand scheme of things is negligible. What NPPL offers for me (and I think many other pilots) is the less stringent visual accuity requirements. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.221.56.35 (talk) 10:34, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

The above statement about cost is untrue. The NPPL can be achieved in 32hours minimum. The JAR(FCL) PPL can be achieved in 45hrs minimum. The cost difference in hours flown is substantial. The point about the medical is however, I believe correct. I suggest the NPPL page remains separate as although it could be merged with the main page it does stand alone as a type of licence with it's own rules and regulations worthy of further detailed comment that would otherwise clutter the main page. That said I'm not expert at more advanced wiki editing possibilities that would merge the articles without making it more difficult to read.Markatendurancekayak (talk) 19:37, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

The NPPL can also now be used to fly across the channel to France, expanding the privileges of the NPPL. It is also a license available in the UK and such, fits under the title of this page. (Martin Palmer 26th September 2011)

LASORS date
The article references the LASORS publication by CAA, claiming this is published annually online and in print. The reference states the year 2007, but links to an edition for 2008. A search on the CAA site finds no online version for 2009 or later, although it does appear to be sold in hard copy for 2009 elsewhere. Therefore I think the reference should be updated, first to remove the 2007 (so it will always be current) and secondly to remove the statement that it's updated annually online (which it hasn't been). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mobilesense (talk • contribs) 15:03, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Not sure what your point is. LASORS 2008 was the last version published and is available online and in print. The next version, LASORS 2010 is expected in July 2010. --Simple Bob (talk) 15:16, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, now I see what you were on about. I updated the reference date to reflect the 2008 title. When 2010 comes out we can update the reference again. --Simple Bob (talk) 15:41, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

More References
I was looking for additional references to improve this article, as suggested in the header. Other than the LASORSS on the CAA site, I'd suggest adding reference links to JAA and EASA. For example, the sentence "Each member nation in the EU has responsibility for regulating their own pilot licensing." could reference the [|EASA FAQ Section C.1]. There's also a potential confusion by using both terms JAA and JAR in the article. Would these benefit from minor clarification? There is a already a link to the Wikipedia JAA page at the top, so this would just be to confirm where UK CAA, JAA and EASA fit together. This could include a link to [JAA site] which confirms the organisation was disbanded in June 2009. The JAA ceased to exist (other than as a training organisation) at that date, which might otherwise confuse readers when explaining JAA licences. The page on the Joint Aviation Authorities also needs updating to reflect their demise (it currently talks about transition stage only). Mobilesense (talk) 10:49, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Since making the above suggestion, there have been a few developments wrt EASA flight crew licensing, including the recently published document by CAA on how this might impact current UK PPL regs. I think this would be worth adding on at the bottom, these may take effect as soon as 2012. Although a page on EASA licenses could be referenced, the text here would be more about its impact and differences in the UK, for example as expected by the CAA in their [recent document]

There are also possible implications relating to medical checks - it is possible that GP signoff may be withdrawn for NPPL or its equivalent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mobilesense (talk • contribs) 11:34, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Currently the only reference relevant to LASORS is the Air Navigation Order. With the change planned next year to EASA the ANO will have to be amended or replaced but it expect it will continue to be the legal basis on which aviation is regulated in the UK. LASORS is the CAA guide to the ANO which is why it is considered the 'bible' for aircrew licensing however, I bet the CAA has a disclaimer that it does not override the ANO and therefore the ANO remains the source document — Preceding unsigned comment added by Markatendurancekayak (talk • contribs) 19:45, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

LASORS
The introductory remark, "[t]he principal reference for flight crew licensing in the UK is LASORS, which is published by the CAA on paper and online", may lead readers to believe the stated document to be a UK regulation. This document through its various amendments has proven to be in some instances contradictory, incorrect or misleading. I would therefore propose amending the sentence to put greater emphasis on its status as a mere guidance document and would be grateful for suggestions or criticisms before doing so. (Weirpwoer (talk) 08:38, 14 December 2010 (UTC))

I'd agree that some clarification about the status of LASORS is worthwhile, but let's ensure that this in presented to the new reader in such a way as to avoid unnecessary complication or confusion. Adding one or two sentences which clarify what it's based on and that in case of contradiction (internal or external) that other legal documents take precedence. This may also be an opportunity to introduce one or more additional references too. Mobilesense (talk) 14:06, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Microlights
Should this page have some more material on Microlights and the British Microlight Aircraft Association? Arrivisto (talk) 15:58, 11 December 2011 (UTC)


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Jim McBurney

James Raymond McBurney (June 3, 1933 – November 12, 2019) was a Canadian ice hockey left winger who played one game in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1952–53 season, on February 7, 1953 against the Toronto Maple Leafs. He died on November 12, 2019.

title: Jim McBurney


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John McCahill

John Walter McCahill (born February 12, 1955) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the Colorado Rockies during the 1977–78 NHL season.

title: John McCahill


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Skyguard

Skyguard may refer to:
 * Skyguard (area defense system)
 * The Skyguard radar system used with Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon
 * Skyguard Ltd Lone Worker Protection

title: Skyguard


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Rai dynasty

The Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE) was a polity of ancient Sindh. All that is known about the dynasty comes from the Chach Nama; recent scholarship has tried to corroborate the existence of the dynasty from contemporary coin finds but such attempts remain speculative and unconvincing.

Scholarship
Pre-Islamic Sindh has been the subject of voluminous scholarship concerning the eve of Arab conquests. Under the British Raj, as colonial bureaucrats mined the Chachnama to justify their invasion of Khairpur citing the tyranny of the Muslim rulers, the Rai dynasty received some attention. In modern scholarship, the dynasty has attracted sparse attention except from a few numismatists.

Background
Coinage attests to the indirect influence of Sasanians over Sindh since the reign of Shapur II. In the last Sassanian mints discovered from the region—of Peroz I (r. 459–484)—a new Brahmi legend "Ranaditya Satya" appears on the reverse, which was probably the name of an eponymous local ruler. Sometime soon, Sindh appears to have fallen off the orbit of Sassanians who were reeling under Hephthalite invasions. The Rai dynasty's origin might have laid in this power vacuum.

Rulers
The Rais reigned for a period of 144 years c. 489 – 632 A.D. They allegedly had familial ties with other rulers of South Asia including Kashmir, Kabul, Rajasthan, Gujarat etc. However, their origins remain unknown.

Rai Diwaji, Rai Sahiras I, and Rai Sahasi I
Nothing is known about the first three kings; their names are mentioned in a single line in the Chachnama, where Wazir Buddhiman describes the territorial expanses and administrative structure of Rais under Rai Sahiras II to Chach.

Rai Sahiras II
The Chachnama in its opening verses note Rai Sahiras II to be famed for his justice and generosity; his coffers overflowed with wealth. The kingdom was divided into four units, each under a governor or a vassal. The southern unit extended from the coasts of Arabian Sea to Lohana and Samona—including Nerun and Debal port—and had its capital at Brahmanabad. The central unit spanned across the areas around Jankan and Rujaban to the Makran frontier; it had Sewistan as its capital. The western unit extended over a vast area—Batia, Chachpur and Dehrpur—of western Sindh; Iskalanda was the capital. The northern unit was centered around Multan, adjoining Kashmir.

Sahiras II is said to have met his death while attempting to ward off an invasion by the Sassanian King of Nimroz into Kirman; he battled till death despite much of his forces deserting the battle. Makran and other unknown territories were lost in the conflict.

Rai Sahasi II
Under his regime, the kingdom exhibited socioeconomic prosperity; Sahasi II is praised as a benevolent ruler who chose to abide by his counsel. He was married to Sohman Devi.

During his regime, Chach, a poor learned Brahmin was inducted under minister/chamberlain Ram in the epistolary office. He impressed Sahasi II with his expertise and rose through the ranks quickly, eventually becoming his personal secretary after Ram's death. As Chach gained access to the interiors of palace, Devi became enamored of him and proposed to marry him but met with Chach's rejection; Chachnama explains that he did not wish to incur the King's wrath and swerve further away from the scriptural ideals of a Brahminic life. Yet, Chach accepted her request for providing company and their relationship blossomed.

Sahasi II, ignorant of Chach's ways, continued to let him gain unprecedented control in the affairs of the state until his natural death.

Usurpation
On Sahasi II's death, Devi proposed that Chach usurp the throne. He conceded to Devi's plan, albeit unwillingly, and the news of Sahasi II's death was withheld from public; in the meanwhile, the familial claimants to the throne were incited against each other in a fatal internecine warfare. Then Devi proclaimed that Sahasi II, though recovering, was unable to hold court and had appointed Chach as the caretaker ruler for his lifetime. The elites were lured into supporting the coverup and Chach ruled as the de facto King for about six months.

However, the news of the King's death had somehow made way to Sahasi II's brother—Rai Mahrit, then ruler of Chittor—who claimed the throne and mounted a military offensive against Chach. Chachnama portrays Chach to have been ambiguous about the morality of taking on a legitimate successor before being coaxed by Devi, who had shamed his masculinity. Having secured a freak victory, Chach commissioned triumphal arches and held public feasts winning over the masses; soon, Devi had him declared as the heir to the throne, being a man of unsurmountable intellect and bravery, and would marry him with the approval of the court.

Thus the Brahman dynasty was established, in what is portrayed in Chachnama, as the intrigues of a femme fatale working in conjunction with a willing-yet-ethical apprentice. Chach would later have to subdue protracted resistance from Bachhera, a relative of Sahasi II and the governor (or vassal) of Multan province.

title: Rai dynasty


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Darwin McCutcheon

Darwin McCutcheon (born April 19, 1962) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played one game in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1981–82 season, on December 31, 1981 against the Detroit Red Wings. McCutcheon was born in Listowel, Ontario, but grew up in Brussels, Ontario.

Playing career
McCutcheon signed with the Kitchener Rangers as a walk-on and played 3 years in the Ontario Hockey League with the Rangers, Toronto Marlboros and was the captain of the Windsor Spitfires in his last year of junior. He was called up to the Toronto Maple Leafs in his last year. He then played hockey for the University of Prince Edward Island for 4 years and was named All Star 3 years and also All Canadian 1984–85.

title: Darwin McCutcheon


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User:Blahblahblahisallihear

Well ilike capturing souls and selling them just for fun and I like Death he is my brother! Go here and I will capture you soul!

title: User:Blahblahblahisallihear


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KSLV

KSLV may refer to:

 * KSLV-FM, a radio station (96.5 FM) licensed to Del Norte, Colorado, United States
 * KBGV, a radio station (1240 AM) licensed to Monte Vista, Colorado, which held the call sign KSLV from 1954 to 2019
 * KYDN, a radio station (95.3 FM) licensed to Monte Vista, Colorado, which held the call sign KSLV-FM from June 1984 to September 2008
 * Series of designations for Korean Space Launch Vehicle
 * Naro-1 (KSLV-1)
 * Nuri (rocket) (KSLV-II)
 * KSLV Noh, a Phonk Artist, best known by his track Disaster

title: KSLV


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Jeff McDill

Jeffrey Donald McDill (March 16, 1956 – November 3, 2012) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1976–77 season, on March 12, 1977 against the Montreal Canadiens. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1976 to 1980, was spent in the minor leagues. He died aged 56 on November 3, 2012. McDill was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

title: Jeff McDill


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Tropical Storm Tammy (2005)

Tropical Storm Tammy was a short-lived tropical storm during October in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season which caused minor damage to the southeastern United States. More significant, however, were its remnants, which contributed to the Northeast U.S. flooding of October 2005.

Tropical Storm Tammy formed from a non-tropical system off the Florida coast on October 5. It moved north just offshore before making landfall later that day. The tropical storm rapidly weakened as it moved overland and dissipated the next day. Its remnant circulation moved south towards the Gulf of Mexico, while the moisture was absorbed by a northeasterly moving cold front. There were no fatalities directly related to Tammy; however, ten people were killed by the remnants of the storm in combination with the remnants of Subtropical Depression Twenty-Two. Total damages from the storm were $30 million.

Meteorological history
A tropical wave left the western coast of Africa on September 24 and crossed the Atlantic without any development. The wave began to develop on October 2 north of the Lesser Antilles when it encountered an upper-level trough. It strengthened as it passed through the Bahamas and early on October 5 a vigorous tropical disturbance formed. As the system already had tropical-storm force winds, it was immediately named Tropical Storm Tammy. Upon being classified, the system was poorly organized, with deep convection only persisting to the northeast of the center of circulation. Tropical storm-force winds were presumed to be located underneath the convection as ship reports nearby the system only reported winds up to 35 mph. Tammy quickly tracked towards the northwest in a southerly flow between a mid to upper-level low over the Gulf of Mexico and a ridge located over the western Atlantic Ocean. Later that day, a reconnaissance flight into the storm recorded flight level winds of 61 mph, which corresponds to surface winds of 50 mph. However, small areas of 60 to 65 mph were reported by the crew members of the aircraft. At 6:30 pm EST (2300 UTC), the storm made landfall with winds of 50 mph near Atlantic Beach, Florida. The tropical storm then moved inland over Georgia and into southeastern Alabama near Ozark, where it lost its circulation on October 6.

The remnant low drifted south towards the Gulf of Mexico before being absorbed by a cold front (which also picked remnants of Subtropical Depression Twenty-two), and moving northeast. This cold front, of which Tammy's remnants were a part, affected much of the Northeastern United States over the next few days.

Preparations
Tropical Storm Tammy surprised forecasters when it formed on October 5. Because they had not expected the disturbance to develop, warnings were not issued until about 12 hours before the storm made landfall. Despite the short warning, tourists and business travelers cancelled flights as the storm neared landfall. Upon the storm developing, a tropical storm warning was immediately issued for the coast from Cocoa Beach, Florida to the Santee River, South Carolina.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's U.S. Coast Guard, 7th District issued an advisory to mariners, warning them to prepare for the storm and avoid the ocean if possible. In Georgia, the National Park Service evacuated the residents of Cumberland Island and closed the ferry which services it. The Glynn County Emergency Operations Agency monitored and prepared for Tropical Storm Tammy's landfall, however the poor warning hampered their efforts. Residents all over the state expressed frustration at the lack of time they had to prepare. When Tammy moved inland 12 hours later the southern end of the warning zone moved north to Altamaha Sound, Georgia before all warnings were discontinued on October 6.

Impact
Tropical Storm Tammy caused minor damage. Its highest sustained winds were 50 mi/h and its strongest recorded wind gust was 60 mi/h. The winds produced no significant damage, but did disrupt power to 16,500 utility customers and delayed the Trysail College Regatta. Lightning produced by a thunderstorm in Broward County, Florida struck three teenagers during a football game in Coconut Creek, killing one and injuring the other two.

To most areas in north Florida and southern Georgia, Tammy brought 3 to 5 in of rain, though some isolated areas received 10 in. In Georgia, flooding damaged over 30 homes in Brunswick. Several dirt and coastal roads were washed out, and sewers overflowed as far north as Baltimore County, Maryland. Two small pond dams burst, including a 173-year-old wooden dam, but new stone dams were constructed in place before the old ones failed. Conversely, Tammy's rains were beneficial in South Carolina, where they helped alleviate dry conditions after a rainless September.

Tammy's storm surge was approximately 2 to 4 ft and caused salt-water flooding along the coast of northeastern Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. The surge damages boardwalks along the coast, and wave action causes over 2 ft of beach erosion. In addition to the flooding, Tropical Storm Tammy spawned one tornado. Rated an F0 tornado, it touched down near Brunswick, Georgia where it snapped trees and caused moderate roof damage along its 2 mi path. The storm's total damage was estimated at $30 million (2005 USD). The outer bands of Tammy brought heavy rains, peaking around 7 in in places, and caused significant beach erosion. Winds along the coastline gusted up to 59 mph, downing numerous trees. The worst damage occurred in Beaufort County where 30 trees were downed, one of which fell on a home. Rough seas undermined several beach homes and caused one to be condemned. Casualties in New England included seven people in New Hampshire and three people in Connecticut.

Aftermath and records
A Red Cross shelter at Seldon Park, Brunswick, Georgia, opened for two days following the storm to temporarily house those whose houses were flooded. Tammy's remnant low was absorbed a larger extratropical low which tracked north and contributed to the Northeast U.S. flooding of October 2005, which killed ten people and caused significant damage. As a result of the flooding, the Federal Emergency Management Agency paid $44 million in losses.

Shrimpers in the Carolinas blamed high fuel prices and the disruption of Tropical Storm Tammy for some of the troubles facing the shrimping industry in 2005. Rising fuel prices and dwindling demand has already created tough conditions that year, but the disruption of several days' fishing due to Tammy escalated the situation.

When Tammy formed on October 5, it became the earliest in the season that the twentieth storm formed, a distinction it held until 2020, when Tropical Storm Vicky formed on September 14.

title: Tropical Storm Tammy (2005)


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Waffle (speech)

Waffle is language without meaning; blathering, babbling, droning. It's usage does vary, however it generally refers to speaking or writing in a vague, trivial, or nonsensical manner without making any clear or important points. This can occur during presentations, essays, or casual conversations, often to fill time or when the speaker lacks substantial material. The term likely derives from the Scots verb waff, meaning "to wave" or "fluctuate," which aligns with the meandering and aimless nature of waffling speech. Another theory suggests that the term emerged from the idea of waffle batter spreading in an irregular, non-linear pattern, much like incoherent talk.

To waffle, particularly in the U.S., can also denote indecision about particular subjects, or changing one's mind frequently on a topic. Example: ''"Eoin always waffles when he's speaking to John on their podcast". To which John usually replies "Come on Eoin, come out with it!". It can be used as a derogatory term; to describe, for instance, a candidate or politician who is considered to easily switch sides on issues to curry political favor (i.e. "flip-flop"), as an easily flipped breakfast food with the same name – hence the waffle famously used to represent President Bill Clinton in the Doonesbury'' comic strip.

title: Waffle (speech)