text:
Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons

This is a list of all known or suspected Atlantic hurricanes up to 1599. Although most storms likely went unrecorded, and many records have been lost, recollections of hurricane occurrences survive from some sufficiently populated coastal areas, and rarely, ships at sea that survived the tempests.

Observation data for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because Indigenous cultures in North America typically did not utilize written language to keep records in the pre-Columbian era, and written records in Mesoamerican languages have either not survived or have not yet been deciphered. Scientists now regard even data from the early years of the Columbian era as suspicious because Renaissance scientists and sailors made no distinction between tropical cyclones and extratropical systems, and incomplete because European exploration of North America and European colonization of the Americas reached only scattered areas in the 16th century.

However, palaeotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia. A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the East Coast of the United States. During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High—controlled by the North Atlantic oscillation—was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000 BC–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and AD 1000, when catastrophic hurricanes frequently struck the Gulf coast, and their landfall frequencies increased by a factor of three to five. On the Atlantic coast, probability of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before.

Using sediment samples from Puerto Rico, the Gulf coast and the Atlantic coast from Florida to New England, Michael E. Mann et al. (2009) found consistent evidence of a peak in Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during the Medieval Warm Period followed by a subsequent lull in activity.

Systems
– only paleotempestological evidence

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Pre-1500
! Year ! Date (GC) ! Area(s) affected ! Damage/notes
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1330 BC
 * unknown
 * Nicaragua
 * "Hurricane Elisenda", similar to Hurricane Joan–Miriam.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~250 BC
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~465
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~765
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~795
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~830
 * unknown
 * Alabama
 * Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~885
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1050
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1140
 * unknown
 * Alabama
 * Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1250
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1350±55
 * unknown
 * New England
 * Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island, similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1310
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1330
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1430±20
 * unknown
 * New England
 * Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island, similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1465
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole. This might be the hurricane described by Diego de Landa in his book Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. The hurricane was described as being very strong and destroyed most trees in Mayan lands. Diego de Landa places the hurricane around 1463–1464 (22 or 23 years after the destruction of Mayapan, dated by him at 1441).
 * 1494
 * Late September ~24
 * Hispaniola
 * A "violent hurricane" struck Hispaniola near La Isabela from the southwest. This was the first hurricane in the Atlantic basin observed and reported by Europeans as it occurred during Christopher Columbus's second voyage to Hispaniola. His fleet arrived at Saona on 23 September 1494, and the storm occurred shortly after this time.
 * 1495
 * late October
 * Hispaniola
 * Also affected La Isabela, damaging some of the ships in the harbor. "When the hurricane reached the harbor, it whirled the ships round as they lay at anchor, snapped their cables, and sank three of them with all who were on board."
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1500–1524
! Year ! Date (GC) ! Area(s) affected ! Damage/notes
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1500
 * unknown
 * Belize, Leeward Antilles?
 * A "giant hurricane", by far the strongest to strike Belize since the 3rd millennium BC. Identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River, it is assumed "to have caused devastating large-scale social disruptions" among postclassical Maya civilization. Could be identical with the ~1515 Belize hurricane identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole. An extreme storm surge struck Bonaire around 1500, too. Given the sheer magnitude of the event, however, particularly in comparison to Hurricane Hattie (Belize) and Hurricane Ivan (Bonaire), some conclude this might have been caused by an underwater earthquake. Reportedly, a massive tsunami hit the coast of Venezuela in 1498—one of the earliest reported in the Caribbean—that smashed the natural levee between the coast of Cumaná and the Araya Peninsula, thus creating the Gulf of Cariaco.
 * 1500
 * late July
 * Bahamas
 * Vicente Yáñez Pinzón lost two caravels with their crews near Crooked Island, Bahamas; his other two vessels sustained damage but escaped to Hispaniola for repairs. This hurricane is the first known in the Bahamas and possibly Florida.
 * 1502
 * July 10
 * offshore Dominican Republic, Hispaniola
 * A rapidly moving hurricane with a small diameter probably came from vicinity of Grenada, moving northwesterly through the Mona Passage. On the fourth of the voyages of Christopher Columbus, he predicted the storm and took refuge in a natural harbor on the Dominican Republic.  Meanwhile, his rivals refused to heed his warning and sent a convoy of 31 treasure ships toward Spain.  According to Bartolomé de las Casas, "twenty ships perished with the storm, without any man, small or great, escaping, and neither dead nor alive could be found."  Those drowned included Francisco de Bobadilla and Francisco Roldán. It was the first great maritime disaster in the New World.  The only ship that reached Spain held money and belongings of Christopher Columbus, who survived the storm with Rodrigo de Bastidas.  The center likely crossed Hispaniola about 40 mi east of the city of Santo Domingo, which it "smashed flat."  The death toll likely exceeded 500.
 * 1504
 * unknown
 * north coast of Colombia
 * Juan de la Cosa commanded a flotilla of four large carracks (naos in Spanish) to map the Caribbean Region of Colombia. A storm in the Gulf of Urabá wrecked all four vessels, and 175 of 200 men aboard died.
 * 1508
 * August 12–14
 * Hispaniola
 * José Carlos Millás hypothesizes that this storm developed east of the Lesser Antilles and crossed the archipelago near Guadeloupe or Dominica. It perhaps also affected the southern part of Puerto Rico. Moving west-northwest, the eye of this hurricane passed near Santo Domingo, leaving the city devastated and many men lost there and in the greater part of the island. According to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, the natives said they had never witnessed a storm "as intense or even similar in their lives, and they did not remember having heard or seen anything so frightful in their lives or in those of their forefathers." The hurricane demolished the village of Buenaventura "to the level of the ground" and destroyed its entire population. This hurricane drove the ship of Juan Ponce de León onto rocks at Yuna River, but it survived intact.
 * 1508
 * August 26
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane San Roque of 1508 First recorded record of a tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico. Reported by Juan Ponce de León. The caravel of Juan Ponce de León left Santo Domingo, but another storm 13 days after the preceding storm beached it on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico at Guaynia. Affected the southern coast of the island from Guayanilla, Puerto Rico, westward.
 * 1509
 * August 8
 * Hispaniola
 * This hurricane moved past Santo Domingo just after the festivities marking the arrival of Diego Columbus as the new governor of the Indies on July 20. According to Oviedo, it was "greater than the one of last year, not doing so much damage to the houses, although much greater in the country."
 * 1510
 * July
 * Hispaniola
 * N/A
 * 1511
 * August 3
 * Panama
 * Geronimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero, both of whom had been on an expedition with Balboa to visit Panama in 1510. Sailing in Panama in 1511 their ships were caught in a hurricane. Aguilar and Geurrero were among the survivors taken prisoner by the Yucatee Mayas. Aguilar would later play the role of translator when he joined the Cortes expedition that arrived in the Yucatán in 1519.
 * 1514
 * unknown
 * Puerto Rico
 * Andrés de Haro reported this storm several months afterwards, but the exact date remains unknown.
 * 1515
 * July
 * Puerto Rico
 * The royal officials told the monarch that one had caused the deaths of many Indians.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1515
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * 1519
 * unknown
 * near Jamaica, Cuba
 * Eighteen men from a caravel near Jamaica survived a "minor hurricane." Aboard the vessel were Alonso de Zuazo and two Tavira sisters, which name the hurricane colloquially bears. The storm moved toward southern Pinar del Río Province in western Cuba.
 * 1520
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * Hurricane affected eastern Hispaniola.
 * 1523
 * unknown
 * Florida West Coast
 * Two ships and their crews lost off the west coast of Florida.
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 * Eighteen men from a caravel near Jamaica survived a "minor hurricane." Aboard the vessel were Alonso de Zuazo and two Tavira sisters, which name the hurricane colloquially bears. The storm moved toward southern Pinar del Río Province in western Cuba.
 * 1520
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * Hurricane affected eastern Hispaniola.
 * 1523
 * unknown
 * Florida West Coast
 * Two ships and their crews lost off the west coast of Florida.
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1525–1549
! Year ! Date (GC) ! Area(s) affected ! Damage/notes
 * 1525
 * late October
 * Western Cuba
 * Hernán Cortés sent a vessel to Trinidad, Cuba. Juan de Avalos commanded a ship to Veracruz to supply his relative Hernán Cortés and the conquistadors. A "very severe" hurricane sunk the ship west of Havana, killing the captain, two Franciscan friars, and seventy seamen, but eight persons survived.
 * 1525
 * unknown
 * Honduras
 * Hurricane made landfall at the newly established colony of Triunfo de la Cruz (Tela).
 * 1526
 * June
 * North Carolina
 * Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón lost a Spanish brigantine under his command amid the treacherous Frying Pan Shoals offshore from the mouth of Cape Fear River; the colonization attempt involving Francisco de Chicora ultimately failed.
 * 1526
 * October 14–15
 * Puerto Rico, Eastern Hispaniola
 * Hurricane San Francisco of 1526 Millás hypothesizes that this hurricane progressed westward or west-northwestward and therefore also might have affected the northern group of the Leeward Islands and the Virgin Islands. A violent hurricane moved slowly over northern Puerto Rico on 4 and 5 October. The storm started at night, lasted 24 hours, and ruined the major part of the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico, including the church, and caused much damage to haciendas, agriculture, and wide spread flooding. One source describes the storm in both 1526 and 1527.
 * 1527
 * circa October 30–31
 * Western Cuba
 * In the ill-fated Narváez expedition, Pánfilo de Narváez reached Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba. He then sent two of his six vessels under the captains Pantoja and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca to the port of Trinidad, Cuba to procure provisions.  A "violent storm" destroyed the two ships in port, taking the lives of sixty or seventy persons and twenty horses aboard them; about thirty persons survived the storm on land.  Pánfilo de Narváez and his four ships reached Trinity on 5 November. This storm may continue from or into another tropical cyclone this season.  Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca delivered a detailed report on this hurricane but did not provide the exact date.  Millás provides the date here given. Douglas places this hurricane in early November.
 * 1527
 * November
 * upper Texas coast
 * If this storm occurred, then it would be one of two November hurricanes to hit Texas . Some sources state that a storm sank a poorly anchored boat of Pánfilo de Narváez off Galveston Island, but this recollection seemingly conflates the previous storm in Trinidad, Cuba, with the misfortunes of the remnant of the expedition off the upper Texas coast the following autumn.  The storm apparently caused as many as two hundred deaths. Alternatively, perhaps a continuation of another storm this year. Charlton W. Tebeau dates the loss of a Spanish fleet to 1528.
 * 1527
 * unknown
 * Eastern Hispaniola
 * Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo.
 * 1528
 * June 23 or 30
 * Aruba
 * This hurricane struck a vessel in the Caribbean north of Aruba, and the winds drove the stricken vessel westward for nearly four days until it ran aground on Serrana Bank. A castaway reportedly lived on the cay for eight years before he was rescued, which eventually spun to the tale of Pedro Serrano.
 * 1528
 * October 2
 * Apalachee Bay, Florida
 * Narváez expedition in 1528 visited the Tampa and Tallahassee areas. Soon after their departure from the Apalachee Bay in upper west Florida, they were shipwrecked by a hurricane storm. Only 10 or so survivors out of more than 400 crew. The voyage lasted from 22 September to 6 November.
 * 1528
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * A letter, dated November 2, 1528 reports a ship lost on its way from Mexico to Santo Domingo.
 * 1529
 * July 28–29
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane made landfall at San Juan, Puerto Rico.
 * -bgcolor=#FFE4C4
 * ~1530
 * unknown
 * Belize
 * A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.
 * 1530
 * August 5
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane Santa Ana of 1530 First of three successive tropical cyclones to affect Puerto Rico in 1530. This hurricane of modest intensity brought much rain to Puerto Rico. It affected the entire island and destroyed half of the houses in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Island only had population of 3,100 at the time.
 * 1530
 * September 1
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane San Hipólito of 1530 This tropical storm or weak hurricane brought much more rain than violent winds and caused more extensive flooding and crop damage.
 * 1530
 * September 10
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane San Ramón of 1530 A violent hurricane struck Puerto Rico nine days later. Floods isolated communities and drowned an uncounted number of persons to death. The hurricane greatly damaged livestock and agriculture and so distressed the Spanish colonists that they considered abandoning Puerto Rico altogether.  The barrage of hurricanes during 1530 brought a condition of great suffering and poverty on Puerto Rico, which persisted for several years.
 * 1533
 * October 31-November 2
 * Leeward Islands
 * Oviedo mentions the case of two vessels that sailed from Santo Domingo to Spain, but were knocked off course by a hurricane probably north of the Leeward Islands, and returned to Puerto Plata forty days later.
 * 1533
 * unknown
 * Puerto Rico
 * The destruction of July 26, August 23, and August 31 killed "so many slaves." This event may refer to the three tropical cyclones that struck Puerto Rico in 1530.
 * 1537
 * July or August
 * Puerto Rico
 * In July and August, three storms of wind and water punished Puerto Rico. River currents carried away and destroyed plantations on the riverbanks.  The floods drowned many slaves and cattle to death.  This season caused even more damage than that of 1530 did.  The storm put Puerto Ricans in great necessity and increased their will to depart the island of Puerto Rico.    This event may continue as the succeeding event.
 * 1537
 * unknown
 * northwest Cuba
 * The carrack (nao in Spanish) San Juan, coming from Spain with valuable merchandise as cargo, was lost 5 leagues east of Havana during a hurricane. The 200-ton carrack Santa Catalina, carrying gold and silver from Mexico under captain Francisco López, sank in Havana Harbor during the hurricane.
 * 1541
 * December 25
 * Venezuela
 * A hurricane-like storm destroyed the remains of Nueva Cádiz. However, a tsunami perhaps caused all this damage.
 * 1545
 * August 20
 * Dominican Republic
 * Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés delivers an eyewitness account on this small but very intense hurricane. It came from the south-southeast, passed west of the capital of Santo Domingo, killed "many" or a "large number of" persons there, and moved rapidly north-northwestward. This storm may continue as another storm attributed to this season.
 * 1545
 * September 17–18
 * Puerto Rico, Hispaniola
 * Excessive rains from this large, slow-moving tropical storm caused the greater damage.
 * 1545
 * unknown
 * Mexico
 * A merchant carrack (nao in Spanish) coming from Spain wrecked on the Veracruz reef system and totally lost 100,000 pesos of cargo. Most persons aboard the carrack, however, were saved.  This occurred during a "norther."
 * 1545
 * unknown
 * Cuba
 * Hurricane made landfall at Havana.
 * 1546
 * September 3
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane made landfall at San Juan, Puerto Rico.
 * 1546
 * unknown
 * Dominican Republic
 * Hurricane affected the Dominican Republic.
 * 1548
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola, Santo Domingo
 * N/A
 * 1549
 * unknown
 * Florida
 * Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda survived a shipwreck due to a hurricane off Florida, and the Calusa rescued the crew and passengers. They then sacrificed all the other castaways but enslaved him; he escaped after 17 years in captivity and reported the tale.
 * 1549
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * The storm wrecked the vessel San Juan in the port of Nombre de Dios near Santo Domingo.
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 * Hurricane made landfall at Havana.
 * 1546
 * September 3
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane made landfall at San Juan, Puerto Rico.
 * 1546
 * unknown
 * Dominican Republic
 * Hurricane affected the Dominican Republic.
 * 1548
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola, Santo Domingo
 * N/A
 * 1549
 * unknown
 * Florida
 * Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda survived a shipwreck due to a hurricane off Florida, and the Calusa rescued the crew and passengers. They then sacrificed all the other castaways but enslaved him; he escaped after 17 years in captivity and reported the tale.
 * 1549
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * The storm wrecked the vessel San Juan in the port of Nombre de Dios near Santo Domingo.
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 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * The storm wrecked the vessel San Juan in the port of Nombre de Dios near Santo Domingo.
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1550–1574
! Year ! Date (GC) ! Area(s) affected ! Damage/notes
 * 1550
 * unknown
 * off Florida Keys
 * The 200-ton Spanish carrack (nao in Spanish) Visitación left Havana with treasure for Spain. She was "lost during a hurricane" off the Florida Keys.
 * 1551
 * unknown
 * Cuba
 * Of this storm, Marcos de J. Melero mentions only the year in the Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de la Habana.
 * 1551
 * unknown
 * Gulf of Honduras
 * Diego de Landa reported this storm. One ship sunk with many persons aboard her; all but five passengers drowned.
 * 1552
 * August 28–29
 * Dominican Republic
 * Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo.
 * 1552
 * September 2–4
 * Mexico
 * Hurricane made landfall at Veracruz.
 * 1553
 * September 22
 * Hispaniola
 * Affected Santo Domingo.
 * circa 1553
 * unknown
 * Florida West Coast
 * This storm caused seven hundred casualties. Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season; they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones.  This event may duplicate or continue the succeeding entry.
 * 1553
 * unknown
 * Texas
 * A Spanish treasure fleet of twenty or more ships, sailed from Veracruz for Havana. Five days into its voyage, a hurricane struck the fleet in the Gulf of Mexico and scattered its ships widely.  Three of the ship ultimately reached Spain, and another returned to Veracruz.  No one ever heard from any of the other sixteen or more ships again.  Many men undoubtedly drowned.  The 220-ton San Estevan under Captain Francisco del Mecerno, the 220-ton Santa Maria de Yciar under Captain Alonso Ozosi, and a carrack (nao in Spanish) all wrecked on Padre Island. These shipwrecks resemble those in the Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District, dated probably to April 1554.  Alternatively, this storm may continue or duplicate the preceding entry.  Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season; they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones.
 * 1554
 * April or May (?)
 * offshore South Texas
 * The New Spain fleet, a Spanish treasure fleet, comprised top-heavy galleons, difficult to maneuver, with primitive techniques for coping with storms and insufficient experienced navigators. Three ships from this fleet, Santa María de Yciar, Espíritu Santo, and San Esteban, were lost in a storm off Padre Island. A few survivors escaped in a small boat; others attempted to walk south back to Mexico, but hostile natives killed most of them.  Conquistador Ángel de Villafañe participated in the salvage operation that summer, which recovered half of the lost treasure.
 * 1554
 * June (?)
 * Gulf of Mexico
 * Three vessels came from Mexico. A hurricane, probably weak, caught them off the northwestern coast of Cuba and carried them toward the coast of Florida, stranding them.  The storm neither sank nor badly disabled any known ship.
 * 1554
 * August or September
 * Bahamas
 * A storm near Great Inagua wrecked two vessels carrying a load of silver.
 * 1554
 * August to October
 * Mona Passage
 * In August or September, a Spanish caravel (nao in Spanish) ship of Juan González departed Santo Domingo for San Juan, Puerto Rico, with Bástidas Sanabria, son of Cristóbal de Sanabria, aboard her. As a result of a hurricane, the sea "swallowed" the ship somewhere in the Mona Passage.  No one ever found any survivors or wreck debris; however, Cathedral of San Juan Bautista hosted a funeral Mass for the deceased.  Cristóbal de Sanabria, a cleric in San Juan, told of the misfortune on 16 October.
 * 1554
 * November 14
 * Cuba
 * Cosme Rodríguez Farfán commanded a fleet of four vessels from Havana to San Juan, Puerto Rico. A storm hit the fleet off the coast of Oriente Province.  The ship of the admiral sank; a small caravel also sank, and all but two people aboard that ship drowned to death. This event may continue another storm listed for this year.
 * circa 1554
 * unknown
 * Bermuda
 * An overloaded, overcrowded galleon San Miguel ventured to bring great wealth from Veracruz to save the king, presumably Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, from bankruptcy. A long convoy of ships preceded her to protect her from French (and other) pirates.  A week after departing Veracruz, two wind storms in the Gulf of Mexico left her with a broken mainmast, a wreck separated from the convoy, drifting for weeks within sight of Cuba and the Bahamas.  A hurricane struck the San Miguel, and her crew cast all goods overboard except the bullion of the king.  She lost her rudder but somehow survived, half-grounded on a reef.  That hurricane caught the remaining ships in the convoy near Bermuda, and its leading ship sank.  A caravel rescued the suffering passengers and crew of the San Miguel and sent her bullion cargo to Spain on a safer, more seaworthy ship.  Twenty-five ships survived the trans-Atlantic voyage, carrying enough gold for the king.  A Franco-Spanish War with considerable piracy apparently reached the Caribbean the next year. This event may continue another storm listed for this year or another season.  One source dates this event to 1554, but the hurricane seemingly occurred between the beginning of the Viceroyalty of Luís de Velasco in New Spain (1550) and the beginning of the Italian War of 1551–1559, which involved France and Spain, suggesting that these storms struck in 1550.
 * 1555
 * unknown
 * Bahama Channel
 * The Capitana of New Spain fleet lost in storm.
 * 1557
 * October 27
 * Havana and Matanzas, Cuba
 * A severe hurricane struck almost the western part of the island, extending from Pinar del Río eastward to Matanzas. It came from the western Caribbean Sea, moving probably from a southerly or a southwesterly direction.
 * 1559
 * September 19
 * near Pensacola, Florida, Mobile, Alabama
 * First European documented hurricane hitting Florida. Tristán de Luna y Arellano attempted to start a colony around present day Pensacola with a fleet of eleven to thirteen vessels, five hundred soldiers, a thousand to eleven hundred civilians, 240 horses, and supplies; the vessels landed at Pensacola Bay on September 14 and 15. On September 19, a "great tempest from the north", a "tropical storm", or "hurricane" blew for 24 hours and scattered the still-loaded ships. Several ships—four or five navios with topsails, a galleon with a small amount of Mexican silver, and a small barque sent east of the onshore camp on a coast-exploration mission—shattered to pieces "with great loss of life" and cargo. The wreckage of San Juan galleon now defines the Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site.  The storm also carried one caravel and its cargo into a grove farther ashore than the distance of an arquebus shot. One surviving ship sailed immediately to Mexico for relief.     The colony attempted to rely on native villages for sustenance, but its ventures acquired little food; the lack of food ultimately contributed to abandonment of the colony in 1561.  One source lists this event as three separate storms but suggests that they might represent different accounts of the same event.
 * Bermuda
 * An overloaded, overcrowded galleon San Miguel ventured to bring great wealth from Veracruz to save the king, presumably Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, from bankruptcy. A long convoy of ships preceded her to protect her from French (and other) pirates.  A week after departing Veracruz, two wind storms in the Gulf of Mexico left her with a broken mainmast, a wreck separated from the convoy, drifting for weeks within sight of Cuba and the Bahamas.  A hurricane struck the San Miguel, and her crew cast all goods overboard except the bullion of the king.  She lost her rudder but somehow survived, half-grounded on a reef.  That hurricane caught the remaining ships in the convoy near Bermuda, and its leading ship sank.  A caravel rescued the suffering passengers and crew of the San Miguel and sent her bullion cargo to Spain on a safer, more seaworthy ship.  Twenty-five ships survived the trans-Atlantic voyage, carrying enough gold for the king.  A Franco-Spanish War with considerable piracy apparently reached the Caribbean the next year. This event may continue another storm listed for this year or another season.  One source dates this event to 1554, but the hurricane seemingly occurred between the beginning of the Viceroyalty of Luís de Velasco in New Spain (1550) and the beginning of the Italian War of 1551–1559, which involved France and Spain, suggesting that these storms struck in 1550.
 * 1555
 * unknown
 * Bahama Channel
 * The Capitana of New Spain fleet lost in storm.
 * 1557
 * October 27
 * Havana and Matanzas, Cuba
 * A severe hurricane struck almost the western part of the island, extending from Pinar del Río eastward to Matanzas. It came from the western Caribbean Sea, moving probably from a southerly or a southwesterly direction.
 * 1559
 * September 19
 * near Pensacola, Florida, Mobile, Alabama
 * First European documented hurricane hitting Florida. Tristán de Luna y Arellano attempted to start a colony around present day Pensacola with a fleet of eleven to thirteen vessels, five hundred soldiers, a thousand to eleven hundred civilians, 240 horses, and supplies; the vessels landed at Pensacola Bay on September 14 and 15. On September 19, a "great tempest from the north", a "tropical storm", or "hurricane" blew for 24 hours and scattered the still-loaded ships. Several ships—four or five navios with topsails, a galleon with a small amount of Mexican silver, and a small barque sent east of the onshore camp on a coast-exploration mission—shattered to pieces "with great loss of life" and cargo. The wreckage of San Juan galleon now defines the Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site.  The storm also carried one caravel and its cargo into a grove farther ashore than the distance of an arquebus shot. One surviving ship sailed immediately to Mexico for relief.     The colony attempted to rely on native villages for sustenance, but its ventures acquired little food; the lack of food ultimately contributed to abandonment of the colony in 1561.  One source lists this event as three separate storms but suggests that they might represent different accounts of the same event.
 * September 19
 * near Pensacola, Florida, Mobile, Alabama
 * First European documented hurricane hitting Florida. Tristán de Luna y Arellano attempted to start a colony around present day Pensacola with a fleet of eleven to thirteen vessels, five hundred soldiers, a thousand to eleven hundred civilians, 240 horses, and supplies; the vessels landed at Pensacola Bay on September 14 and 15. On September 19, a "great tempest from the north", a "tropical storm", or "hurricane" blew for 24 hours and scattered the still-loaded ships. Several ships—four or five navios with topsails, a galleon with a small amount of Mexican silver, and a small barque sent east of the onshore camp on a coast-exploration mission—shattered to pieces "with great loss of life" and cargo. The wreckage of San Juan galleon now defines the Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site.  The storm also carried one caravel and its cargo into a grove farther ashore than the distance of an arquebus shot. One surviving ship sailed immediately to Mexico for relief.     The colony attempted to rely on native villages for sustenance, but its ventures acquired little food; the lack of food ultimately contributed to abandonment of the colony in 1561.  One source lists this event as three separate storms but suggests that they might represent different accounts of the same event.

 * 1561
 * June 24
 * North Carolina
 * Ángel de Villafañe evacuated the colony of Tristán de Luna y Arellano from Pensacola to Havana with the San Juan and three other vessels. Afterward, he commanded the fleet to Santa Elena, la Florida, arriving on 6 June.  The fleet then continued farther northward, exploring the coast until they sailed around Cape Hatteras.  This fleet (or, less likely, a Spanish sloop under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés) in 1561 captured Don Luis from Ajacan, often identified with Virginia but perhaps farther south, even considerably south of Hatteras.  In a storm off Cape Hatteras, the caravel of Villafañe almost foundered, and two vessels of the fleet undoubtedly perished.   After the tragic loss of two vessels, the two surviving vessels ultimately retired to Santo Domingo or Havana.
 * 1563
 * unknown
 * near Cape Canaveral, Florida
 * The 250-ton Spanish galleon La Madelena, loaded with treasure in Vera Cruz, sailed under captain Cristobel Rodríquez to Spain. During a storm, she wrecked on a shoal near Cape Canaveral.  Only 16 of the three hundred aboard her survived.
 * 1563
 * August to October
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * Five vessels missing at latitude of Bermuda.
 * circa 1564
 * unknown
 * possibly North Carolina
 * "None of the people survived" from a wreck on the coast.
 * 1565
 * July 31—August 2
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * Pedro Menéndez de Avilés commanded a fleet of five ships; a violent hurricane east of the Leeward Islands dispersed them.
 * 1565
 * September 22
 * Florida East Coast
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * Pedro Menéndez de Avilés commanded a fleet of five ships; a violent hurricane east of the Leeward Islands dispersed them.
 * 1565
 * September 22
 * Florida East Coast
 * Florida East Coast

<!--French Huguenots founded Fort Caroline (now in Jacksonville, Florida) in 1564. Aiming to defeat the French, Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés reached a Timucua village and named it San Agustín (in English, now St. Augustine, Florida) on undefined, the double of Saint Augustine of Hippo. After some inconclusive skirmishes against the French, he landed 800 men and began to construct a fort on 18 September, the double of Nativity of Blessed Mary. Determined to oust the Spanish from Florida, Jean Ribault led two hundred French troops from Fort Caroline aboard his ships on 20 September.

The French fleet-of-war that headed for Saint Augustine included:
 * 32-gun flagship Trinité under captain LeBlanc,
 * 29-gun vice-flagship Émérillon under captaincy of Vice Admiral Nicolas d'Ornano,
 * 29-gun vessel Émérillon under captaincy of Vincent Collas (probably a different vessel of the same name), and
 * auxiliary sail rig Épaule de Mouton (literally, Shoulder of Mutton) under captain Machonville.

The French vessels that stayed in St. Johns River at Fort Caroline included:
 * 10-gun vessel Perle under captaincy of Jacques Ribault (son of Jean Ribault) and
 * 10-gun vessel Lévrière under captaincy of Vivien Maillard.

Also associated with French forces were:
 * a 50-ton barque from English privateer John Hawkins,
 * a French privateer ship under captaincy of Jean du Boys,
 * two small Spanish vessels seized as prizes, and
 * a vessel called Trout (which may be included elsewhere).

As the French fleet approached Saint Augustine on September 21, a breeze broke the calm and then increased into a gale, a "furious tempest", a "severe storm", and even a hurricane, driving the French ships unintentionally south of Saint Augustine. As the storm intensified on 25 September, it drove probably all four French vessels aground at different points between the south shore of Matanzas Inlet and Cape Canaveral. In one shipwreck, at least five Frenchmen perished, and the desperate survivors, unable to salvage food or supplies, decided to walk northward to Fort Caroline. Indians killed three more Frenchmen the next day.

On September 26-27, admiral Menéndez began to march his Spanish troops overland through the raging tempest to attack Fort Caroline. Menéndez and his troops reached the fort almost undetected in the rainy, windy predawn of 30 September and quickly captured it without sustaining any casualties. Following the instructions of Philip II of Spain, the victorious Spaniards executed most of the Frenchmen as Protestant heretics, whom the Spanish then labeled as luteranos. René Goulaine de Laudonnière, Jacques le Moyne, Nicolas Le Challeux, and perhaps as many as 64 others escaped through the tempest across the marshes to the Perle and Lévrière. These French ships searched for survivors until 5 October but then returned to Europe.

After their victory at Fort Caroline, the Spanish troops returned to Saint Augustine. Meanwhile, the storm finally cleared by 2 October. The Spaniards at Saint Augustine then learned of a frigate wrecked on the mouth of a river four to six leagues to the south, now known as Matanzas Inlet. The desperate French survivors lacked adequate food, water, and munitions. By 8 October, Spanish troops sought and executed the Protestants as heretics but spared the Catholics and a few others.

The ship that carried Jean Ribault wrecked farther south, possibly near three others; the desperate survivors decided to move northward toward Fort Caroline. He reached Matanzas Inlet and surrendered exhausted on 20 October and suffered death as a Protestant heretic on 22 October. Of this party, the Spaniards spared only the Catholics and a few others, but many Frenchmen eluded capture. Circa 12 November, admiral Menéndez found shipwreck survivors who eluded his slaughters on a beach north of Cape Canaveral. Some surrendered to the Spanish, who spared their lives and removed them away from Florida. Others escaped again to an obscure fate. -->
 * 1566
 * September 13–16
 * Florida
 * An offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and lower/upper Georgia coastal waters.
 * 1566
 * September 24–26
 * Florida
 * A more severe offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and Georgia coastal waters.
 * 1567
 * unknown
 * Near Dominica
 * A storm off Dominica wrecked six ships carrying 3 million pesos (77 metric ton of silver). Natives of the island killed all survivors.  Continuing bad weather delayed serious salvage efforts to 1568.  In their zeal to locate the treasure, Spanish salvage operators tortured the inhabitants, but no one knows what happened to the cargo.
 * 1568
 * August 22
 * Yucatán Channel
 * A hurricane of large diameter but only weak or moderate intensity affected the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins near Cape San Antonio, Cuba.
 * 1568
 * September 3
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane San Bartolomé of 1568 Diego de Torres Vargas writes of a severe hurricane that caused widespread damage in San Juan, Puerto Rico and in Santo Domingo. First hurricane to be named with "Saint of the Day" affecting Puerto Rico (previous ones back to 1508 were labeled by historians). This storm perhaps continued in the succeeding entry.
 * 1568
 * 7 September
 * Florida
 * A second hurricane, perhaps the same storm as the preceding entry, struck the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins. His six ships then straggled into the Spanish-controlled port of San Juan de Ulúa, Veracruz, New Spain, on 15 September, initially under a truce. Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568) against the Spanish, however, ensued on 23 September, and only two English vessels returned to Europe.
 * 1569
 * September
 * Bahamas
 * A hurricane passed through the Old Bahama Channel
 * 1570
 * during or after September
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * Spanish lost four ships between Vera Cruz and Spain.
 * 1571
 * ~September or October
 * Florida
 * Heavy flooding in St. Augustine, Florida, two ships lost
 * 1571
 * October 18–21
 * Cuba, Jamaica
 * Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica
 * 1571
 * unknown
 * Florida Coast
 * The 300-ton galleon San Ignacio under captaincy of Juan de Canavas with 22 iron cannon and the 340-ton Santa Maria de la Limpia Concepción together carried 2.5 million pesos in treasure. They wrecked off Cape Canaveral the Florida coast during a storm.  Few survivors attempted to reach St. Augustine, Florida, in two longboats; however, natives massacred most of them.  Marine salvage recovered nothing.
 * 1573
 * August
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * A hurricane struck a ship in the vicinity of the Virgin Islands.
 * 1574
 * August ~27
 * Gulf of Mexico and Mexico
 * Spanish treasure fleet sailed from Spain on 29 June. After reaching the Gulf of Mexico, a "bad storm" struck and scattered the ships widely.  The storm sunk the 300-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Ana under captaincy of Pedro de Paredes, the carracks under ownership of Antonio Sánchez de Armas, and the carrack under ownership of Carrejas.  The storm also wrecked an urca on the coast of Coatzacoalcos and drowned five men to death, but survivors saved all its cargo. The wrecked ships included the 650-ton Santa Maria de Begonia.  A violent hurricane on 27 August (possibly Julian calendar) struck between Jamaica and Cuba.
 * 1574
 * unknown
 * Florida East Coast, Cape Canaveral, Florida
 * In 1574, Pedro Menéndez Márquez and his crew were shipwrecked by a hurricane near Cape Canaveral while sailing north to St. Augustine. They ended completing the journey by walking an approximate 130 mile journey along the Florida east coast beaches, inlets, and swamps up to arrive at St. Augustine.
 * - style="background:white"
 * colspan=5 |
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * A hurricane struck a ship in the vicinity of the Virgin Islands.
 * 1574
 * August ~27
 * Gulf of Mexico and Mexico
 * Spanish treasure fleet sailed from Spain on 29 June. After reaching the Gulf of Mexico, a "bad storm" struck and scattered the ships widely.  The storm sunk the 300-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Ana under captaincy of Pedro de Paredes, the carracks under ownership of Antonio Sánchez de Armas, and the carrack under ownership of Carrejas.  The storm also wrecked an urca on the coast of Coatzacoalcos and drowned five men to death, but survivors saved all its cargo. The wrecked ships included the 650-ton Santa Maria de Begonia.  A violent hurricane on 27 August (possibly Julian calendar) struck between Jamaica and Cuba.
 * 1574
 * unknown
 * Florida East Coast, Cape Canaveral, Florida
 * In 1574, Pedro Menéndez Márquez and his crew were shipwrecked by a hurricane near Cape Canaveral while sailing north to St. Augustine. They ended completing the journey by walking an approximate 130 mile journey along the Florida east coast beaches, inlets, and swamps up to arrive at St. Augustine.
 * - style="background:white"
 * colspan=5 |
 * - style="background:white"
 * colspan=5 |

1575–1599
! Year ! Date (GC) ! Area(s) affected ! Damage/notes Surviving ships included the 120-ton navío San Sebastián under Diego Hernández from Puerto Rico.
 * 1575
 * October 1
 * Puerto Rico
 * Hurricane San Mateo of 1575 Diego de Torres Vargas mentions severe storm mentioned that struck the island on the feast of Saint Matthew. Last recorded tropical storm to impact Puerto Rico during sixteenth century.
 * 1576
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * Hurricane made landfall near Monte Cristi Province.
 * 1577
 * August or September
 * Cuba, Jamaica
 * Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica
 * 1577
 * September 28-October 8
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * Hurricane traveled from 27°N to 38°N
 * 1578
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * Hurricane made landfall near San José de Ocoa Province.
 * 1578
 * October
 * Cuba, Jamaica
 * Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica
 * 1579
 * circa August
 * Caribbean
 * A storm struck a vessel sailing from Havana to Isla Margarita, Venezuela.
 * 1579
 * September 13
 * offshore Bermuda
 * A hurricane affected Bermuda from offshore
 * 1579
 * September 26
 * Bermuda
 * Hurricane made landfall in Bermuda
 * 1579
 * unknown
 * Jamaica
 * Hurricane made landfall in Jamaica
 * 1579
 * unknown
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * A storm sank the 600-ton Almirante of Spanish Armada.
 * 1583
 * August 19
 * Hispaniola
 * Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo.
 * 1583
 * September 9
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * N/A
 * 1583
 * mid-September
 * Hispaniola
 * Archbishop Alfonso López de Avila of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo, reported a hurricane that "ruined the fruit at the beginning of September (Julian calendar)." Could be identical with the 19 August storm.
 * 1586
 * June 23–26
 * Roanoke Island
 * Original European Roanoke Island settlers arrived in 1585. After experiencing a hurricane in 1586 that Ralph Lane reported: "The weather was so sore and the storm so great than our anchors would not hold, and no ship of them all but either broke or lost their anchors.", the settlers moved back to England.
 * 1586
 * unknown
 * Old Bahama Channel
 * A Spanish treasure fleet of 61 ships under Juan Tello de Guzmán gathered from all parts of the Caribbean at Havana and then left for Spain. During a storm in Old Bahama Channel, the fleet lost
 * the 120-ton ship of the line (navío in Spanish)San Francisco under Juan Alonso from Puerto Rico,
 * the 120-ton navío Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under Simón Rixo (or Rizo) from Puerto Rico,
 * the 120-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) under captaincy of Martín de Irigoyen from Mexico, and
 * five or six other vessels.
 * Hispaniola
 * Archbishop Alfonso López de Avila of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo, reported a hurricane that "ruined the fruit at the beginning of September (Julian calendar)." Could be identical with the 19 August storm.
 * 1586
 * June 23–26
 * Roanoke Island
 * Original European Roanoke Island settlers arrived in 1585. After experiencing a hurricane in 1586 that Ralph Lane reported: "The weather was so sore and the storm so great than our anchors would not hold, and no ship of them all but either broke or lost their anchors.", the settlers moved back to England.
 * 1586
 * unknown
 * Old Bahama Channel
 * A Spanish treasure fleet of 61 ships under Juan Tello de Guzmán gathered from all parts of the Caribbean at Havana and then left for Spain. During a storm in Old Bahama Channel, the fleet lost
 * the 120-ton ship of the line (navío in Spanish)San Francisco under Juan Alonso from Puerto Rico,
 * the 120-ton navío Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under Simón Rixo (or Rizo) from Puerto Rico,
 * the 120-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) under captaincy of Martín de Irigoyen from Mexico, and
 * five or six other vessels.
 * the 120-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) under captaincy of Martín de Irigoyen from Mexico, and
 * five or six other vessels.
 * 1587
 * August 31
 * Roanoke Island
 * John White reestablished the colony at Roanoke Island in July, 1587. Admiral Francis Drake was forced to cut the cables on his ship to spend six days riding out the storm at sea. He would regroup in Roanoke after the storm. John White left a group of colonists here and returned to England with the intention of returning with supplies and more colonists. When he did return in August 1590, no sign to the 1587 was ever found.
 * 1588
 * September 20
 * Havana, Cuba
 * A furious hurricane, noted as more destructive than that of 1557, made landfall near Havana.
 * 1588
 * November 4–6
 * Colombia
 * Hurricane made landfall near Cartagena de Indias.
 * 1589
 * August 7
 * Leeward Islands
 * A hurricane affected the Leeward Islands
 * 1589
 * September 12
 * Old Bahama Channel
 * English squadron (naval) awaited the return of Spanish ships from the Caribbean. Philip II of Spain, king of Iberian Union, consequently ordered that the Spanish Navy (Armada in Spanish) under captain general Alváro Flores de Quiñones, Tierra Firma fleet, and Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España in Spanish) from Vera Cruz all meet in Havana and travel together in convoy to Spain. The convoy of 75 to 100 ships left Havana on September 9 and entered Old Bahama Channel. A hurricane passed through the Bahamas Channel on September 12. Even before the hurricane, the 350-ton merchant carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Catalina under ownership of Fernando Ome and captaincy of Domingo Ianez Ome, coming from Mexico with cargo, sank in 30 fathom of water "in about 30 degrees of latitude."  The 400-ton nao Jesús María under ownership of Domingo Sauli and captaincy of Francisco Salvago, coming from Mexico, also sank in similar circumstances.  A third merchant nao also sank with these two.  In the hurricane at the month of Old Bahama Channel, the Almiranta of Flota de Nueva España developed a bad leak, fired cannon for assistance, and sank quickly with her great treasure in very deep water.
 * 1589
 * September 12
 * Old Bahama Channel
 * English squadron (naval) awaited the return of Spanish ships from the Caribbean. Philip II of Spain, king of Iberian Union, consequently ordered that the Spanish Navy (Armada in Spanish) under captain general Alváro Flores de Quiñones, Tierra Firma fleet, and Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España in Spanish) from Vera Cruz all meet in Havana and travel together in convoy to Spain. The convoy of 75 to 100 ships left Havana on September 9 and entered Old Bahama Channel. A hurricane passed through the Bahamas Channel on September 12. Even before the hurricane, the 350-ton merchant carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Catalina under ownership of Fernando Ome and captaincy of Domingo Ianez Ome, coming from Mexico with cargo, sank in 30 fathom of water "in about 30 degrees of latitude."  The 400-ton nao Jesús María under ownership of Domingo Sauli and captaincy of Francisco Salvago, coming from Mexico, also sank in similar circumstances.  A third merchant nao also sank with these two.  In the hurricane at the month of Old Bahama Channel, the Almiranta of Flota de Nueva España developed a bad leak, fired cannon for assistance, and sank quickly with her great treasure in very deep water.
 * English squadron (naval) awaited the return of Spanish ships from the Caribbean. Philip II of Spain, king of Iberian Union, consequently ordered that the Spanish Navy (Armada in Spanish) under captain general Alváro Flores de Quiñones, Tierra Firma fleet, and Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España in Spanish) from Vera Cruz all meet in Havana and travel together in convoy to Spain. The convoy of 75 to 100 ships left Havana on September 9 and entered Old Bahama Channel. A hurricane passed through the Bahamas Channel on September 12. Even before the hurricane, the 350-ton merchant carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Catalina under ownership of Fernando Ome and captaincy of Domingo Ianez Ome, coming from Mexico with cargo, sank in 30 fathom of water "in about 30 degrees of latitude."  The 400-ton nao Jesús María under ownership of Domingo Sauli and captaincy of Francisco Salvago, coming from Mexico, also sank in similar circumstances.  A third merchant nao also sank with these two.  In the hurricane at the month of Old Bahama Channel, the Almiranta of Flota de Nueva España developed a bad leak, fired cannon for assistance, and sank quickly with her great treasure in very deep water.

This event may continue as another storm listed for this season. Robert F. Marx accuses Dutch historian Jan Huyghen van Linschoten of misinformation in telling that only 14 or 15 of 220 ships sailing for Iberian Union survived the year and that about 99 disappeared near Florida. He contends that Iberian Union lost only five ships this year: four in this storm in Old Bahama Channel and one returning from Goa. The location of the sinking, "in about 30 degrees of latitude", suggests that the term "Bahama Channel" in various sources may refer to the northern extension of Straits of Florida, not to Old Bahama Channel, as here assumed. The storm swept two iron cannon from the decks of the San Francisco, heeled over the ship, and left her hold (ship) filled with water more than 6 ft deep. The surviving 34 vessels on 8 November arrived at Vera Cruz badly damaged. This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.
 * 1589
 * unknown
 * Old Bahama Channel
 * The 120-ton Espíritu Santo under Miguel Baltasar, transporting sugar and hides from Puerto Rico, joined the preceding flotilla convoy in Havana. About 50 leagues from the Old Bahama Channel, a tempest struck the Spanish treasure fleet.  Howling northeasterly winds lasted four days.  On the first day, the sea "swallowed" a total of ten carracks (naos in Spanish), possibly including the Espíritu Santo.  Some ships returned to Cuba; others proceeded to the Iberian Union.  This storm may continue as (or be identical with) the preceding storm or another storm or storms this season.
 * 1589
 * unknown
 * Florida
 * A hurricane made landfall near Cape Canaveral.
 * 1589
 * unknown
 * Florida East Coast
 * Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, later governor of Florida, reports that Martín Pérez de Olazábal commanded a fleet; during a storm, one of his ships wrecked at Cape Canaveral. San Agustín (now St. Augustine, Florida) assisted four battered and dismasted ships carrying more than 450 persons; one ship entered the port and departed for Spain.  The frigate of the presidio at San Agustín also discovered and rescued forty members of the crew of the ship lost on Cape Canaveral.
 * 1590
 * early November
 * Gulf of Mexico
 * Captain general Antonio Navarro de Prado commanded the 63-ship Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España) that sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Iberian Union on 1 August. As the flotilla traversed the Gulf of Mexico and approached San Juan de Ulúa in Vera Cruz, a fierce "norther" struck with 12 hours of hurricane-force wind and rain.  The fleet lost fourteen to sixteen ships along the Mexican coast, including:
 * the 280-ton carrack (nao in Spanish ) La Trinidad under captaincy of Bernardo de Paz, trying to enter Vera Cruz during the storm
 * the 180-ton Portuguese nao La Piedad under captaincy of Cristobal Sánchez Melgarejo, on the shoal of Vera Cruz with eighteen persons and most cargo saved
 * the 220-ton nao Nuestra Señora del Socorro under captaincy of Pedro Díaz Franco, in the Canal Gallega in Vera Cruz
 * the 130-ton Portuguese nao Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under captaincy of Miguel Rodríguez, near Vera Cruz
 * the 280-ton carrack (nao in Spanish ) La Trinidad under captaincy of Bernardo de Paz, trying to enter Vera Cruz during the storm
 * the 180-ton Portuguese nao La Piedad under captaincy of Cristobal Sánchez Melgarejo, on the shoal of Vera Cruz with eighteen persons and most cargo saved
 * the 220-ton nao Nuestra Señora del Socorro under captaincy of Pedro Díaz Franco, in the Canal Gallega in Vera Cruz
 * the 130-ton Portuguese nao Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under captaincy of Miguel Rodríguez, near Vera Cruz
 * 1591
 * August 10
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * English pirates menaced Spanish vessels considerably during the year. Spain expected 123 sailboats to arrive from the Caribbean, but a fleet of only 77 Spanish vessels, each with tonnage ranging from 200 to 1000, left Havana on 17 July for Spain.  At latitude 35°N on 10 August, a northerly gale or hurricane overtook them, and the ship of the admiral of the fleet foundered with 500 men aboard her.   [Calendar unknown.] This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.
 * 1591
 * August 13–14
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * Another hurricane hit the fleet three or four days after the first storm, sinking five or six of the largest ships of the fleet, including that of its vice-admiral. All the crews of the sunken vessels perished.   [Calendar unknown.] This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.
 * 1591
 * August 26
 * Roanoke Island
 * "For at this time the wind blew at northeast and direct into the harbor so great a gale that the sea broke extremely on the bar, and the tide went out forcibly at the entrance."
 * 1591
 * August ~30-31
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * About the end of August (maybe Julian calendar), the third gale caught the Spanish fleet at latitude 38°N, during which 22 vessels perished. The fleet thereafter comprised 48 surviving vessels.   This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.  This or another fleet returned from Bermuda toward Europe after 24 August.  That fleet lost 20 ships to a storm or storms, mainly on September 1–10.  Five of the ships in that fleet hosted 387 crew members; however, uncertainty remains regarding how many of them and others perished and survived.
 * 1591
 * August ~30-31
 * Atlantic Ocean
 * About the end of August (maybe Julian calendar), the third gale caught the Spanish fleet at latitude 38°N, during which 22 vessels perished. The fleet thereafter comprised 48 surviving vessels.   This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.  This or another fleet returned from Bermuda toward Europe after 24 August.  That fleet lost 20 ships to a storm or storms, mainly on September 1–10.  Five of the ships in that fleet hosted 387 crew members; however, uncertainty remains regarding how many of them and others perished and survived.
 * 1591
 * end or August or early September
 * off Azores
 * Sir Richard Grenville commanded English ship Revenge (1577) alone against 53 Spanish warships under Alonso de Bazán in Battle of Flores (1591) on the night of 30/31 August. The Spanish armada finally defeated him in the morning and took the English survivors aboard their damaged ships as prisoners of war.  Sir Richard Grenville died of his wounds three days later, and his body underwent burial at sea.  The winds of a terrible hurricane then arose and wrecked allegedly "over a hundred" Spanish galleons, merchant ships, warships, and other vessels in this fleet and the arriving remnant of the Spanish treasure fleet.  The storm drowned their crews and lost their riches to the Iberian Union.  The remnant of the captured English warship Revenge ran into the cliffs of Terceira Island.  English writer Richard Hakluyt attributes the storm to divine revenge against the Catholic fleet for the death of Sir Grenville.  He continues, "For 20 days after the storm they did nothing but fish for dead men that continually came driving on the shore."  This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.
 * 1591
 * September 6
 * Azores
 * Within sight of Flores Island (Azores), another gale separated the fleet, and only 25 or 26 sailboats from the Caribbean ultimately reached Spain. This storm likely matches the account in the preceding entry.
 * 1591
 * September 21
 * Puerto Rico
 * A hurricane affected Puerto Rico
 * 1591
 * September 24
 * Cuba
 * A hurricane affected Cuba
 * 1591
 * September
 * Florida
 * Hurricane made landfall near Dry Tortugas.
 * 1591
 * unknown
 * coastal Florida
 * A fleet of 75 to 77 ships left Havana on June 27. On orders of Philip II of Spain, king of Iberian Union, the mariners left his registered treasure in Havana for safe travel to Spain aboard small, fast zabras.  In encounters with storms, the fleet lost at least 29 ships, many off coast of Florida.  The terrible storms left Iberian Union with few ships to send to the Indies in 1592. This entry likely matches that of other storms this year.
 * 1591
 * unknown
 * Atlantic or Caribbean Sea
 * Spanish lost a carrack (nao in Spanish) somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea.
 * 1593
 * July ~25
 * Puerto Rico
 * A storm passed the seas north of the island.
 * 1594
 * unknown
 * Caribbean
 * One ship lost on its way from Panama to the Lesser Antilles.
 * 1594
 * unknown
 * Hispaniola
 * Hurricane made landfall near Santo Domingo.
 * 1594
 * unknown
 * Cuba
 * Hurricane made landfall near Havana. Day of San Lucas
 * 1595
 * August 29–30
 * Cuba
 * Hurricane made landfall near Havana.
 * 1595
 * unknown
 * offshore Florida
 * The 180 ton Spanish carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Margarita (not to be confused with the wreck of the Santa Margarita recovered with the Atocha near Key West) under captaincy of Gonçalo de la Roché sailed alone from Santo Domingo to Havana and from thence sailed for Spain laden with 6,000,000 pesos in gold bullion and silver coins. Ship sank during a storm in the high seas off the Florida coast possibly near the entrance to Biscayne Bay.
 * 1597
 * ~September–November
 * Jamaica
 * Morales Padrón reported a hurricane.
 * 1599
 * ~June–July
 * Bahamas
 * This hurricane struck Hernando del Castillo near Great Inagua Island.
 * 1599
 * September 22
 * Florida
 * Hurricane made landfall near St. Augustine, Florida.
 * }
 * 1597
 * ~September–November
 * Jamaica
 * Morales Padrón reported a hurricane.
 * 1599
 * ~June–July
 * Bahamas
 * This hurricane struck Hernando del Castillo near Great Inagua Island.
 * 1599
 * September 22
 * Florida
 * Hurricane made landfall near St. Augustine, Florida.
 * }
 * Florida
 * Hurricane made landfall near St. Augustine, Florida.
 * }

title: Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons


text:
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Jo-Beth Casey
I have added a "" template to the article Jo-Beth Casey, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Kchase T 20:31, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:MeMox_pic.jpg)
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Thanks for uploading Image:Baddass.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Jo-beth Casey.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Jo-beth Casey.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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"Cyberden" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Cyberden and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 13:21, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Nathan Klimas


text:
Soviet guard ship Metel

"Metel" (from Russian: "Метель" - "Blizzard") was a Guards Uragan-class guard ship, of the Soviet Navy. Commissioned in 1934, it was attached to the Pacific Fleet. During World War II the ship fought mainly against the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Far East. On August 26, 1945 it acquired guards status and the ship's commander, Captain-Lieutenant L. N. Balyakin, was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union on September 14.

title: Soviet guard ship Metel


text:
Cristina Branco

 Cristina Branco (born 28 December 1972 in Almeirim, Ribatejo, Portugal) is a Portuguese musician. She was drawn to jazz and styles of Portuguese music before settling on fado, a choice made after being introduced to the music of Amália Rodrigues by her grandfather. Branco then studied the poems from which the major fado lyrics are taken. Branco performs accompanied by composer Custódio Castelo on guitar.

Personal life
Cristina Branco was married to Tiago Salazar with whom she has two daughters. Cristina Branco became an expat in the Netherlands while she was building a career as a fado singer. The couple endured a complex litigation process with the Portuguese tax office and moved their tax address to the Netherlands in order to take advantage of the favorable tax environment there. The couple got divorced in 2018. She has been linked to the Portuguese Communist Party since an early age and performed in the party's festival Festa do Avante.

On 5 December 2020, Branco was involved and injured on a car accident that was extensively covered by the Portuguese media. This accident occurred on A1 highway, near Cartaxo, which ultimately killed singer Sara Carreira, daughter of Tony Carreira, and also injured singer and actor Ivo Lucas.

Discography

 * Cristina Branco in Holland (1998)
 * Murmúrios (1998)
 * Post-Scriptum (2000)
 * O Descobridor: Cristina Branco canta Slauerhoff (2000)
 * Corpo Iluminado (2001)
 * Sensus (2003)
 * Ulisses (2005)
 * Live (2006)
 * Abril (2007)
 * Kronos (2009)
 * Não há só tangos em Paris (2011)
 * Alegria (2013)
 * Menina (2016)
 * Branco (2018)
 * Eva (2020)

title: Cristina Branco


text:
Category talk:President's Choice

Other than President's Choice Financial, is CIBC directly involved with the operation and management of any of the other contents of this category? Kurieeto 13:05, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't believe so. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 15:49, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:President's Choice


text:
User talk:Poplar~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 13:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Poplar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Poplar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Poplar~enwiki


text:
Paisean Faisean

Paisean Faisean ("Fashion Passion") is an Irish language television dating show broadcast on TG4. It was presented in the first three series by Aoife Ní Thuairisg, and in the fourth series by Bláthnaid Nic Dhonnchadha and Mairéad Ní Chuaig. The fifth series saw Nic Dhonnchadha present alongside Síle Seoige.

Format
Magma films bought the format from Digital Rights Group with the line "Boys buy clothes for girls" from that Clodagh Freeman created the series. Magma films get a percentage of international rights as they bought the format from paper and brought it to the screen first. The format of the show traditionally involves three men choosing outfits for one woman – although the episode aired on 19 November 2007 featured four gay men. The suitors are shown a short pre-recorded clip of the girl, wearing jeans and a white T-shirt, in which she introduces herself and gives clues as to which clothes she likes. Each man shops in a different shop, and has €400 spending money (raised to €500 in the fourth season). The person for whom the outfits are purchased must then base her choice of "date" on which outfit she likes the best. The winning man and the woman then share dinner in a restaurant.

Magma Films, producers of Paisean Faisean, have since sold the rights to Zoo Productions who will produce the series for MTV under the title Style Date. The show has also been produced in Turkey, while a Polish version is expected later on this year.

Advertising
In the show's second season it raised some controversy, when complaints were upheld against two of its advertisements by the Advertising Standards Authority of Ireland; a billboard advertisement depicting a woman in slightly revealing clothing led to complaints of 'reducing women to mere sexual objects'; and a radio advertisement in which a woman complains about people being able to see her underwear, with the response 'Not if you're not wearing any, they won't', led to complaints about sexual equality. Angela Kerins, Chair of the Equality Authority Board in Ireland came out strongly to confirm their condemnation of the advertisements.

Gay contestants
Series four included an episode with gay couples. Ní Thuairisg refused to film episodes featuring gay couples, claiming "incompatibility with her religious beliefs" (she is a Jehovah's Witness); this may have contributed to her departure.

title: Paisean Faisean


text:
User talk:Jonin~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- 13:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jonin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jonin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:57, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:34, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jonin~enwiki


text:
Star Spell

Star Spell is a BBC game show which put celebrities against each other in spelling related games, each one was subsequently eliminated until there was one Star Spell Champion. It was presented by Eamonn Holmes and was a spin-off from the BBC programme Hard Spell.

Episode list
The one off pilot aired in January 2005 and the eventual title Star Spell Champion was awarded to Richard Whiteley. After the success of the pilot a series aired in October 2005 and the title of Star Spell Champion was won by Vanessa Feltz.

title: Star Spell


text:
R. A. Torrey

Reuben Archer Torrey (28 January 1856 – 26 October 1928) was an American evangelist, Congregational pastor, educator, and writer. He aligned with Keswick theology.

Biography
Torrey was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, the son of a banker. He graduated from Yale University in 1875 and from Yale Divinity School in 1878, following which he became a Congregational minister in Garrettsville, Ohio. In 1879, he married Clara Smith, and they subsequently had five children.

After further studies in theology at Leipzig University and Erlangen University in 1882–1883, Torrey joined Dwight L. Moody in his evangelistic work in Chicago in 1889, and became superintendent of the Bible Institute of the Chicago Evangelization Society (now Moody Bible Institute). In 1894, he became pastor of the Chicago Avenue Church (now the Moody Church). In 1898, Torrey served as a chaplain with the YMCA at Camp Chickamauga during the Spanish–American War. During World War I, he performed similar service at Camp Bowie (a POW camp in Texas) and at Camp Kearny.

In 1902–1903, he preached in nearly every part of the English-speaking world and with song leader Charles McCallon Alexander conducted revival services in Great Britain from 1903 to 1905. During this period, he also visited China, Japan, Australia, and India. Torrey conducted a similar campaign in American and Canadian cities in 1906–1907. Throughout these campaigns, Torrey used a meeting style that he borrowed from Moody's campaigns of the 1870s.

In 1912, Torrey was persuaded to build another institution like Moody Bible Institute, and from 1912 to 1924, he served as Dean of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now Biola University) and contributed to the BIOLA publication, The King's Business. Beginning in 1915, he served as the first pastor of the Church of the Open Door, Los Angeles. Torrey was one of the three editors of The Fundamentals, a 12-volume series that gave its name to what came to be called "fundamentalism".

Torrey held his last evangelistic meeting in Florida in 1927, additional meetings being canceled because of his failing health. He died at home in Asheville, North Carolina, on October 26, 1928, having preached throughout the world and written more than 40 books. He was 72 years old. He was buried on the grounds of Montrose Bible Conference in Montrose, Pennsylvania, which he founded in 1908.

Honors
In 1907, he accepted an honorary doctorate from Wheaton College. Torrey-Gray Auditorium, the main auditorium at Moody, was named for Torrey and his successor, James M. Gray. At Biola, the Torrey Honors Institute honors him, as does the university's annual Bible conference.

title: R. A. Torrey


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Gettysburg Address/archive2

Gettysburg Address
This article has a previous peer review from October 2005. Peer review/Gettysburg Address/archive1 It has undergone tremendous expansion and sourcing since then and an initial check of WP:FAC was performed (by me). The two main contributing authors at this time are in agreement to solicit further peer input prior to submission as a featured article candidate. Thanks! Kaisershatner 20:49, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The linkage and citation style is horribly messy for such a well-researched article. Notice how when you add an inline external link (e.g. adding a link that way) it throws the entire footnotee/endnote numbering system out of alignment. This is likely the result of multiple and/or inexperienced editors. I recommend converting the inline links to do one of the following: highlight a particular word in the sentence (like this) to prevent them from being numbered and thus interfering with your references; or add them to the references list, which only has the footnoted sources at present. One place where both of these suggestions apply is the penultimate paragraph under "Themes and textual analysis", where you have a link to your source and another to the biblical quote. Your source should be in the references section, possibly with a footnote to it, while the biblical link (if necessary) should be in the form of "Psalm 90". Also, in one place you have three individual footnotes after a sentence, which link to pages 1, 2 and 3 of the same source; this is frankly unnecessary. With a good deal of careful editing, this can be a fine article. -- Vedek Dukat  Talk 19:16, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll go further and say that all links to outside websites should be in the references or external links sections. Inline external links aren't acceptable for a featured article. Also, remember that punctuation is always outside the quotes (e.g. And then he said, "this is a quote", and the people laughed.) And be sure to add non-breaking spaces whenever you use units (I did the first one). That said, this article is really looking good; nice work. --Spangineeres  (háblame)  19:29, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * First of all, thanks for the feedback and changes, and also thanks for the other people who have dropped by to touch up the article since this peer request was posted. (Especially for the huge help with the mechanics of referencing).  There seems to be some debate about external link citations in the text, so I'm not sure what to do about that.  Also, Spangineer, according to both the WP MOS on punctuation and my own dim recollections about grammar, more than one punctutation style is considered "common usage" but my preference is for the older style, which generally incorporates the punctuation inside the quotation marks.  I am flexible on this point, however, especially given your kind contribution, so I hope it's not a big deal.  :)  Kaisershatner 13:54, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with the WP:MOS on this one, because I'm used to the American standard of always inserting the punctuation inside the quotes, but according to Manual_of_Style, we're supposed to "include the mark of punctuation inside the quotation marks only if the sense of the mark of punctuation is part of the quotation." Honestly, it's not a big deal, but I'm sure that someone eventually will come along and change them all.  As for external link citations, if you take a look at some recently featured articles, you'll notice that they put all external link references in the notes section.  Some people insist that there be no links in the text, and others don't really care either way, so the links invariably get moved to the notes or references section.--Spangineeres  (háblame)  15:34, 19 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix

Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix is an action-adventure video game developed by Kronos Digital Entertainment and published by Eidos Interactive for the PlayStation, and is the prequel to Fear Effect.

Plot
Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix begins in Hong Kong in the year 2048. The player delves into the colorful histories of the original cast of three mercenaries - and newcomer Rain Qin - as well as the extraordinary circumstances that brought them together. In the wake of a degenerative global pandemic called EINDS (Environmentally Induced Nucleotides Degeneration Syndrome – pronounced "ends"), theft, murder, and terrorism have become big business.

Hana Tsu-Vachel and Rain Qin are freelance operatives, Royce Glas is a washed-up former soldier, and Jacob "Deke" Decourt is a cutthroat assassin. Much of the game's intrigue lies in how these unlikely allies even manage to come together for one cause. From the start, each of them have their own motives, but they soon all become entangled in a sinister plot extending far beyond politics, espionage, or personal survival. The adventure takes players through a futuristic Hong Kong, the formidable walled city of Xi'an, the lost tomb of the first emperor of China, and, finally, into the mountain island of the immortals, Penglai Shan.

Gameplay
Like the original Fear Effect, the sequel features cel-shaded character models on top of pseudo-3D environments that use looping full-motion video to give the appearance of constantly animated background elements. Players take control of each of the four main characters (Hana, Rain, Deke and Glas) at different times throughout the game, which enables multilateral perspective on the storyline.

Retro Helix mostly relies on a third-person perspective. The controls are mapped without regard to the character's current position or direction faced. Unlike the original Fear Effect, however, Retro Helix offers players the option of a more traditional control scheme. At the player's disposal is a small arsenal of weapons, including a variety of firearms – including pistols, shotguns, and assault rifles, specialty equipment such as a hand-held EMPs and a taser, and one unique melee weapon for each character.

Fear Effect 2 is primarily focused on solving puzzles to progress rather than combating enemies. In spite of the heavy ordnance available, enemies are few and far between, with static – as opposed to dynamic – placement. The gameplay is intended to evoke tension and suspense, rather than relying on the nonstop action formula of standard shooters. This format has the consequence of making the gameplay arguably less difficult, although it is offset by the relative ease at which characters can die from enemy attacks and a number of instant-death scenarios. The fear gauge present in the original game returns for Retro Helix, a variation on the health meter common to most action games.

Reception
Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jeff Lundrigan of NextGen said of the game, "Everyone who's mature enough to appreciate it and [who] owns a PlayStation should buy this. You will not be disappointed. Now, sequel please!" (Ironically, the sequel was later cancelled, as described in the following section.) In Japan, where the game was ported for release under the name Helix: Fear Effect (ヘリックス フィアエフェクト) on November 15, 2001, Famitsu gave it a score of 27 out of 40. Michael "Major Mike" Weigand of GamePro said, "Although it's marred by minor flaws, Retro Helix receives high marks for its engrossing story and brilliant technical aspects. The new gaming year gets off to a flying start with Fear Effect 2, a must-have title that will keep gamers glued to their seats for days."

The game was nominated for the "Best PlayStation Game" award at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2001 Awards, which went to Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3.

Cancelled sequel
An unreleased third game entitled Fear Effect Inferno was originally announced for the PlayStation 2 as a sequel to the first game Fear Effect with Kronos Digital Entertainment developing it and Eidos Interactive publishing it at the time. The first trailer was released during E3 2002. The trailer depicted some of the only known footage of the game.

While story details have been scarce, IGN editors promised that "the fusion [of] Asian myth and freaky modern themes" would be prominent like the previous two titles. Through the few demonstration clips that Kronos released during the game's development, fans have pieced together a portion of the game's plot.

Fear Effect Inferno is based on the best ending the player could achieve in the first game Fear Effect. Therefore, the demons set forth by Jin have been killed, Glas' arm has been "reattached," and Deke's body and soul have been restored. According to the videos, Fear Effect Inferno's story chronicled Hana's capture by a group of demons disguised as human doctors and nurses. Hana is placed in an asylum where tests are performed on her. During this time, she has several hallucinations, which range from Hana's completion of ancient tasks to her friends, including Hana herself, getting slaughtered by beasts. As she completed more challenges, Hana gained power from these ancient beings, allowing her to escape the grasp of the asylum's demons and experiments. Meanwhile, Deke is working from the inside, possibly as a "patient," killing any and all individuals that get in his way while searching for Hana. By the end of the journey, the four bounty hunters would once again face the fires of Hell, and fight the remaining demons Besides the demons themselves, their previously-human experiments, henchmen with sunglasses, and a woman that vaguely resembles Wee Ming, no "main enemy" was ever highlighted. However, Fear Effect Inferno promised more characterization during the course of the adventure.

Many drastic changes to the characters were expected to take place during the events of Fear Effect Inferno. As the trailers and demonstration clips explained, Glas and Rain would begin a sexual relationship. At the same time, Hana and Glas would develop closer bonds, which would have created a love triangle for the three bounty hunters. The fates of the characters themselves are unknown; it was never revealed if any of the deaths witnessed by Hana or the player would be permanent.

Only a few screenshots exist that hint at the gameplay style of Inferno. Based on these images, it was concluded that the gameplay would have been nearly identical to the previous two games. However, a new weapon system would have allowed players to map a firearm to the "X" (Cross) button and another to the "O" (Circle) button on the DualShock 2 controller. This would have allowed numerous weapon combinations. In addition, updated diving moves could be executed to quickly evade enemy fire. The environment itself would have allowed players to hide from hazards, such as bullets, and function as a way to avoid detection. It was rumored that players could control certain actions during scripted in-game fight scenes, requiring the player to execute timed button combinations to fight certain opponents. Inferno would have introduced the separation of the "Health" and "Fear" Meters. However, it is not known how the "Fear" Meter would have affected gameplay since it functioned as both in the previous two titles.

Graphically, Inferno would have resembled the previous two titles with a "next-gen facelift." Using the PlayStation 2's graphical capabilities, pre-rendered scenes, which would have shown the characters talking and performing more animation-intensive actions, would have been rendered at a higher resolution. Like the previous two games, the background environments would have been short, pre-rendered animations, using a technique utilized by some portions of Final Fantasy X. The polygonal characters would have been rendered using a cel-shaded method similar to the ones used in the previous two Fear Effect titles for the PlayStation. Other gimmicks, such as Hana frequently changing clothes, would have been prominent in the game, as well; in the existing clips alone, Hana dons no fewer than 4 different outfits.

The game's status changed rapidly towards the end of 2002 and was finally cancelled in 2003. However, between the announcement and the cancellation, information was scarce.

News of the cancellation did not come to fans until 2004, years after the game's initial announcement and quiet absence. Even Sandy Abe, the CFO of Kronos at the time, hinted that Eidos might give the series a second chance under a new developer, such as Crystal Dynamics, but this was only true for the Tomb Raider franchise. However Abe later stated in an email, "Unfortunately Fear Effect probably will not get picked up."

Reports varied as to the status of the game between 2002 and 2003. While an early report by GameSpot in May 2003 described the game as simply "on hold", IGN broke the news during their "Missing in Action" series of articles that the game had been cancelled. According to IGN's report, the game "was the first of Eidos' victims to its more stringent quality assurance program." Due to the game's delayed progress, it was either given more development time or cancelled. Unfortunately, only the development staff knew of the game's status following this condemnation but according to the fans the content was big and still enough to publish. According to IGN, "at some point in late 2002 or early 2003, Kronos did indeed shop it to various publishers. Nobody, however, bit."

Revival
On February 17, 2015, Square Enix announced that it would allow developers to create games based on some of their old Eidos IPs via the Square Enix Collective project, including the Fear Effect IP.

On April 7, 2016, a new entry in the series titled Fear Effect Sedna was announced.

title: Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix


text: User talk:202.63.62.181

title: User talk:202.63.62.181


text: File:Westchannel.jpg

title: File:Westchannel.jpg


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Regarding The Bogdanov Affair/Workshop

Reformatting workshop comments
I have tried to reformat the page already once, but I agree with Bishonen that it's a mess again. I'd suggest keeping one comment per person per subject on the Workshop page, and move the rest here. I'm willing to do that if there's a consensus. Ze miguel 13:10, 15 October 2005 (UTC)