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Early world maps

The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm. World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The developments of Greek geography during this time, notably by Eratosthenes and Posidonius culminated in the Roman era, with Ptolemy's world map (2nd century CE), which would remain authoritative throughout the Middle Ages. Since Ptolemy, knowledge of the approximate size of the Earth allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge, and to indicate parts of the planet known to exist but not yet explored as terra incognita.

With the Age of Discovery, during the 15th to 18th centuries, world maps became increasingly accurate; exploration of Antarctica, Australia, and the interior of Africa by western mapmakers was left to the 19th and early 20th century.

Bronze Age Saint-Bélec slab
The Saint-Bélec slab discovered in 1900 by Paul du Châtellier, in Finistère, France, is dated to between 1900 BCE and 1640 BCE. A recent analysis, published in the Bulletin of the French Prehistoric Society, has shown that the slab is a three-dimensional representation of the River Odet valley in Finistère, France. This would make the Saint-Bélec slab the oldest known map of a territory in the world. According to the authors, the map probably was not used for navigation, but rather to show the political power and territorial extent of a local ruler’s domain of the early Bronze age.

Babylonian Imago Mundi (c. 6th c. BCE)

A Babylonian world map, known as the Imago Mundi, is commonly dated to the 6th century BCE. The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass including Assyria, Urartu (Armenia) and several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" (Oceanus), with eight outlying regions (nagu) arranged around it in the shape of triangles, so as to form a star. The accompanying text mentions a distance of seven beru between the outlying regions. The descriptions of five of them have survived:

 * The third region is where "the winged bird ends not his flight", i.e., cannot reach.
 * On the fourth region "the light is brighter than that of sunset or stars": it lay in the northwest, and after sunset in summer was practically in semi-obscurity.
 * The fifth region, due north, lay in complete darkness, a land "where one sees nothing", and "the sun is not visible".
 * The sixth region, "where a horned bull dwells and attacks the newcomer".
 * The seventh region lay in the east and is "where the morning dawns".

Anaximander (c. 610–546 BCE)
Anaximander (died c. 546 BCE) is credited with having created one of the first maps of the world, which was circular in form and showed the known lands of the world grouped around the Aegean Sea at the center. This was all surrounded by the ocean.

Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550–476 BCE)

Hecataeus of Miletus (died c. 476 BCE) is credited with a work entitled Periodos Ges ("Travels round the Earth" or "World Survey"), in two books each organized in the manner of a periplus, a point-to-point coastal survey. One, on Europe, is essentially a periplus of the Mediterranean, describing each region in turn, reaching as far north as Scythia. The other book, on Asia, is arranged similarly to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea of which a version of the 1st century CE survives. Hecataeus described the countries and inhabitants of the known world, the account of Egypt being particularly comprehensive; the descriptive matter was accompanied by a map, based upon Anaximander's map of the Earth, which he corrected and enlarged. The work only survives in some 374 fragments, by far the majority being quoted in the geographical lexicon the Ethnica, compiled by Stephanus of Byzantium.

Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE)
Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) drew an improved world map, incorporating information from the campaigns of Alexander the Great and his successors. Asia became wider, reflecting the new understanding of the actual size of the continent. Eratosthenes was also the first geographer to incorporate parallels and meridians within his cartographic depictions, attesting to his understanding of the spherical nature of the Earth.

Posidonius (c. 135–51 BCE)
Posidonius (or Poseidonius) of Apameia (c. 135–51 BCE) was a Greek Stoic philosopher who traveled throughout the Roman world and beyond and was a celebrated polymath throughout the Greco-Roman world, like Aristotle and Eratosthenes. His work "about the ocean and the adjacent areas" was a general geographical discussion, showing how all the forces had an effect on each other and applied also to human life. He measured the Earth's circumference by reference to the position of the star Canopus. His measure of 240,000 stadia translates to 24,000 mi, close to the actual circumference of 24,901 mi. He was informed in his approach by Eratosthenes, who a century earlier used the elevation of the Sun at different latitudes. Both men's figures for the Earth's circumference were uncannily accurate, aided in each case by mutually compensating errors in measurement. However, the version of Posidonius' calculation popularised by Strabo was revised by correcting the distance between Rhodes and Alexandria to 3,750 stadia, resulting in a circumference of 180,000 stadia, or 18,000 mi. Ptolemy discussed and favored this revised figure of Posidonius over Eratosthenes in his Geographia, and during the Middle Ages scholars divided into two camps regarding the circumference of the Earth, one side identifying with Eratosthenes' calculation and the other with Posidonius' 180,000 stadion measure, which is now known to be about 33% too low. This was the number used by Christopher Columbus to underestimate the distance to India as 70,000 stades.

Strabo (c. 64 BCE – 24 CE)
Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work Geographica, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era. The Geographica first appeared in Western Europe in Rome as a Latin translation issued around 1469. Although Strabo referenced the antique Greek astronomers Eratosthenes and Hipparchus and acknowledged their astronomical and mathematical efforts towards geography, he claimed that a descriptive approach was more practical. Geographica provides a valuable source of information on the ancient world, especially when this information is corroborated by other sources. Within the books of Geographica is a map of Europe. Whole world maps according to Strabo are reconstructions from his written text.

Pomponius Mela (c. 43 CE)
Pomponius is unique among ancient geographers in that, after dividing the Earth into five zones, of which two only were habitable, he asserts the existence of antichthones, people inhabiting the southern temperate zone inaccessible to the folk of the northern temperate regions due to the unbearable heat of the intervening torrid belt. On the divisions and boundaries of Europe, Asia and Africa, he repeats Eratosthenes; like all classical geographers from Alexander the Great (except Ptolemy) he regards the Caspian Sea as an inlet of the Northern Ocean, corresponding to the Persian (Persian Gulf) and Arabian (Red Sea) gulfs on the south.

Marinus of Tyre (c. 120 CE)
Marinus of Tyre's world maps were the first in the Roman Empire to show China. Around 120 CE, Marinus wrote that the habitable world was bounded on the west by the Fortunate Islands. The text of his geographical treatise however is lost. He also invented the equirectangular projection, which is still used in map creation today. A few of Marinus' opinions are reported by Ptolemy. Marinus was of the opinion that the Okeanos was separated into an eastern and a western part by the continents (Europe, Asia and Africa). He thought that the inhabited world stretched in latitude from Thule (Shetland) to Agisymba (Tropic of Capricorn) and in longitude from the Isles of the Blessed to Shera (China). Marinus also coined the term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle. His chief legacy is that he first assigned to each place a proper latitude and longitude; he used a "Meridian of the Isles of the Blessed (Canary Islands or Cape Verde Islands)" as the zero meridian.

Ptolemy (c. 150)
Surviving texts of Ptolemy's Geography, first composed c. 150, note that he continued the use of Marinus's equirectangular projection for its regional maps while finding it inappropriate for maps of the entire known world. Instead, in Book VII of his work, he outlines three separate projections of increasing difficulty and fidelity. Ptolemy followed Marinus in underestimating the circumference of the world; combined with accurate absolute distances, this led him to also overestimate the length of the Mediterranean Sea in terms of degrees. His prime meridian at the Fortunate Isles was therefore around 10 actual degrees further west of Alexandria than intended, a mistake that was corrected by Al-Khwārizmī following the translation of Syriac editions of Ptolemy into Arabic in the 9th century. The oldest surviving manuscripts of the work date to Maximus Planudes's restoration of the text a little before 1300 at Chora Monastery in Constantinople (Istanbul); surviving manuscripts from this era seem to preserve separate recensions of the text which diverged as early as the 2nd or 4th century. A passage in some of the recensions credits an Agathodaemon with drafting a world map, but no maps seem to have survived to be used by Planude's monks. Instead, he commissioned new world maps calculated from Ptolemy's thousands of coordinates and drafted according to the text's 1st and 2nd projections, along with the equirectangular regional maps. A copy was translated into Latin by Jacobus Angelus at Florence around 1406 and soon supplemented with maps on the 1st projection. Maps using the 2nd projection were not made in Western Europe until Nicolaus Germanus's 1466 edition. Ptolemy's 3rd (and hardest) projection does not seem to have been used at all before new discoveries expanded the known world beyond the point where it provided a useful format.

Cicero's Dream of Scipio described the Earth as a globe of insignificant size in comparison to the remainder of the cosmos. Many medieval manuscripts of Macrobius' Commentary on the Dream of Scipio include maps of the Earth, including the antipodes, zonal maps showing the Ptolemaic climates derived from the concept of a spherical Earth and a diagram showing the Earth (labeled as globus terrae, the sphere of the Earth) at the center of the hierarchically ordered planetary spheres.

Tabula Peutingeriana (4th century)
The Tabula Peutingeriana (Peutinger table) is an itinerarium showing the cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. It is a 13th-century copy of an original map dating from the 4th century, covering Europe, parts of Asia (India) and North Africa. The map is named after Konrad Peutinger, a German 15th–16th century humanist and antiquarian. The map was discovered in a library in Worms by Conrad Celtes, who was unable to publish his find before his death, and bequeathed the map in 1508 to Peutinger. It is conserved at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Hofburg, Vienna.

Cosmas Indicopleustes' Map (6th century)

Around 550 Cosmas Indicopleustes wrote the copiously illustrated Christian Topography, a work partly based on his personal experiences as a merchant on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean in the early 6th century. Though his cosmogony is refuted by modern science, he has given a historic description of India and Sri Lanka during the 6th century, which is invaluable to historians. Cosmas seems to have personally visited the Kingdom of Axum in modern Ethiopia and Eritrea, as well as India and Sri Lanka. In 522 CE, he visited the Malabar Coast (South India). A major feature of his Topography is Cosmas' worldview that the world is flat, and that the heavens form the shape of a box with a curved lid, a view he took from unconventional interpretations of Christian scripture. Cosmas aimed to prove that pre-Christian geographers had been wrong in asserting that the earth was spherical and that it was in fact modelled on the Tabernacle, the house of worship described to Moses by God during the Jewish Exodus from Egypt.

Isidore of Sevilla's T and O map (c. 636)
The medieval T and O maps originate with the description of the world in the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville (died 636). This qualitative and conceptual type of medieval cartography represents only the top-half of a spherical Earth. It was presumably tacitly considered a convenient projection of the inhabited portion of the world known in Roman and Medieval times (that is, the northern temperate half of the globe). The T is the Mediterranean, dividing the three continents, Asia, Europe and Africa, and the O is the surrounding Ocean. Jerusalem was generally represented in the center of the map. Asia was typically the size of the other two continents combined. Because the sun rose in the east, Paradise (the Garden of Eden) was generally depicted as being in Asia, and Asia was situated at the top portion of the map.

Albi Mappa Mundi (8th century)

The Mappa mundi of Albi is a medieval map of the world, included in a manuscript of the second half of the 8th century, preserved in the old collection of the library Pierre-Amalric in Albi, France. This manuscript comes from the chapter library of the Sainte-Cécile Albi Cathedral. The Albi Mappa Mundi was inscribed in October 2015 in the Memory of the World Programme of UNESCO.

The manuscript bearing the card contains 77 pages. It is named in the eighteenth century "Miscellanea" (Latin word meaning "collection"). This collection contains 22 different documents, which had educational functions. The manuscript, a Parchment probably made from a goat or sheep skin, is in a very good state of preservation.

The map itself is 27 cm high by 22.5 wide. It represents 23 countries on 3 continents and mentions several cities, islands, rivers and seas. The known world is represented in the form of a horseshoe, opening at the level of the Strait of Gibraltar, and surrounding the Mediterranean, with the Middle East at the top, Europe on the left and North Africa on the right.

Ibn Hawqal's map (10th century)
Ibn Hawqal was an Arab scientist of the 10th century who developed a world map, based on his own travel experience and probably the works of Ptolemy. Another such cartographer was Istakhri.

Anglo-Saxon Cotton World Map (c. 1040)
This map appears in a copy of a classical work on geography, the Latin version by Priscian of the Periegesis, that was among the manuscripts in the Cotton library (MS. Tiberius B.V., fol. 56v), now in the British Library. It is not intended purely as an illustration to that work, for it contains much material gathered from other sources, including some which would have been the most up-to-date available, although it is based on a distant Roman original (similar to the source of [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Isidore-Seville-mappamundi.jpg another 11th-century world map], illustrating an edition of Isidore of Seville) – on which the network of lines appears to indicate the boundaries of imperial provinces. The date of drawing was formerly estimated at c. 992–994 CE, based on suggested links to the journey of Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury from Rome but more recent analysis indicates that, although the information was revised about that time, the map was probably drawn between 1025 and 1050.

Like the later map by al-Idrisi (see below) this map is clearly outside the largely symbolic early medieval mapping tradition, but equally it is not based on the famous Ptolemaic co-ordinate system. East is at the top, but Jerusalem is not in the centre, and the Garden of Eden is nowhere to be seen. Unusually, all the waterways of Africa, not just the Red Sea, are depicted in red (mountains are green). The depiction of the far East is ambitious, including India and Taprobane (Sri Lanka) – the latter depicted according to the exaggerated classical conception of its size. Unsurprisingly, Britain itself is depicted in some detail. Great Britain, unusually by medieval standards, is shown as one island, albeit with an exaggerated Cornish promontory, and Mona, Ireland and the many Scottish islands are all indicated. The cartographer is slightly confused by Iceland, depicting it both by a version of its classical name 'Thule', north-west of Britain, and as 'Island', logically linked with Scandinavia.

An open-access high-resolution digital image of the map with place and name annotations is included among the thirteen medieval maps of the world edited in the Virtual Mappa project.

Beatus Mappa Mundi (1050)
Beatus of Liébana (c. 730–798) was an Asturian monk and theologian. He corresponded with Alcuin, and took part in the Adoptionist controversy, criticizing the views of Felix of Urgel and Elipandus of Toledo. He is best remembered today as the author of his Commentary on the Apocalypse, published in 776. An illustrated manuscript known as the Saint-Sever Beatus, featuring the Commentary, was produced around 1050 at the Abbey of Saint-Sever, Aquitaine, France. It contains one of the oldest Christian world maps as an illustration of the Commentary. Although the original manuscript and map has not survived, copies of the map survive in several of the extant manuscripts.

Mahmud al-Kashgari's Map (1072)
Qarakhanid Uyghur scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari compiled a Compendium of the languages of the Turks in the 11th century. The manuscript is illustrated with a 'Turkocentric' world map, oriented with east (or rather, perhaps, the direction of midsummer sunrise) on top, centered on the ancient city of Balasagun in what is now Kyrgyzstan, showing the Caspian Sea to the north, and Iraq, Armenia, Yemen and Egypt to the west, China and Japan to the east, Hindustan, Kashmir, Gog and Magog to the south. Conventional symbols are used throughout – blue lines for rivers, red lines for mountain ranges etc. The world is shown as encircled by the ocean. The map is now kept at the Pera Museum in Istanbul.

Al-Idrisi's Tabula Rogeriana (1154)
The Arab geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi, incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by Arab merchants and explorers with the information inherited from the classical geographers to create the most accurate map of the world at the time. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries. The Tabula Rogeriana was drawn by Al-Idrisi in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, after a stay of eighteen years at his court, where he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The map, written in Arabic, shows the Eurasian continent in its entirety, but only shows the northern part of the African continent.

Ebstorf Mappa Mundi (1235)
The Ebstorf Map was an example of a European mappa mundi, made by Gervase of Ebstorf, who was possibly the same man as Gervase of Tilbury, some time in the thirteenth century. It was a very large map: painted on 30 goatskins sewn together, it measured about 3.6 x. The head of Christ was depicted at the top of the map, with his hands on either side and his feet at the bottom. The Map was a greatly elaborated version of the medieval tripartite or T and O map; it was centred on Jerusalem with east at the top of the map. It represented Rome in the shape of a lion, and had an evident interest in the distribution of bishoprics. The original was destroyed in the bombing of Hanover in 1943 during World War II, but some photographs and colour copies remain.

Hereford Mappa Mundi (1300)
The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a detailed mappa mundi based on the T and O map style, dating to c. 1300. The map is signed by one "Richard of Haldingham or Lafford". Drawn on a single sheet of vellum, it measures 158 by. The writing is in black ink, with additional red and gold, and blue or green for water (with the Red Sea coloured red). The captions demonstrate clearly the multiple functions of these large medieval maps, conveying a mass of information on Biblical subjects and general history, in addition to geography.

Jerusalem is drawn at the centre of the circle, east is on top, showing the Garden of Eden in a circle at the edge of the world (1). Great Britain is drawn at the northwestern border (bottom left, 22 & 23). Curiously, the labels for Africa and Europe are reversed, with Europe scribed in red and gold as 'Africa', and vice versa.

An open-access high-resolution digital image of the map with more than 1,000 place and name annotations is included among the thirteen medieval maps of the world edited in the Virtual Mappa project.

Pietro Vesconte's World Map (1321)
Italian geographer Pietro Vesconte was a pioneer of the field of the portolan chart. His nautical charts are among the earliest to map the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions accurately. He also produced progressively more accurate depictions of the coastlines of northern Europe. In his world map of 1321 he brought his experience as a maker of portolans to bear; the map introduced a previously unheard of accuracy to the mappa mundi genre. The world map, as well as a map of the Holy Land and plan of Acre and Jerusalem were made for inclusion in Marino Sanuto's Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis.

Catalan World Atlas (1375)
The Catalan World Atlas was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school and is attributed to Cresques Abraham. It has been in the royal library of France (now the Bibliothèque nationale de France) since the time of Charles V. The Catalan Atlas originally consisted of six vellum leaves folded down the middle, painted in various colours including gold and silver. The first two leaves contain texts in the Catalan language covering cosmography, astronomy, and astrology. These texts are accompanied by illustrations. The texts and illustration emphasize the Earth's spherical shape and the state of the known world. They also provide information to sailors on tides and how to tell time at night.

Unlike many other nautical charts, the Catalan Atlas is read with the north at the bottom. As a result of this the maps are oriented from left to right, from the Far East to the Atlantic. The first two leaves, forming the oriental portion of the Catalan Atlas, illustrate numerous religious references as well as a synthesis of medieval mappae mundi (Jerusalem located close to the centre) and the travel literature of the time, notably The Travels of Marco Polo and the Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Many Indian and Chinese cities can be identified.

"Da Ming Hunyi Tu" world map (after 1389)
The Da Ming Hunyi Tu world map, likely made in the late 14th or the 15th century, shows China at the centre and Europe, half-way round the globe, depicted very small and horizontally compressed at the edge. The coast of Africa is also mapped from an Indian Ocean perspective, showing the Cape of Good Hope area. It is believed that maps of this type were made since about the 1320s, but all earlier specimens have been lost, so the earliest survivor is the elaborate, colourful Da Ming Hunyi Tu, painted on 17 m2 of silk.

Gangnido world map (1402)
The Gangnido ("Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals (of China)") is a world map and historical map of China, made in Korea in 1402, although extant copies, all in Japan, were created much later. It plays a key role in reconstructing the content of the now-lost 14th-century Chinese map of the world named Shengjiao Guangbei Tu, which was based on Chinese cartographic techniques with additional input from western sources, via Islamic scholarship in the Mongol Empire. It also demonstrates the post-Mongol era stagnation of East Asian cartography as geographic information about the West was not updated until the introduction of European knowledge in the 16-17th centuries. Superficially similar to the Da Ming Hun Yi Tu (which has been less well known in the West because it is kept in closed archive storage) the Gangnido shows its Korean origin in the enlargement of that country, and incorporates vastly improved (though wrongly positioned, scaled and oriented) mapping of Japan. Elsewhere, the map betrays a decorative rather than practical purpose, particularly in the portrayal of river systems, which form unnatural loops rarely seen on Chinese maps. Nonetheless, it is considered as "superior to anything produced in Europe prior to the end of the fifteenth century".

De Virga world map (1411–1415)
The De Virga world map was made by Albertinus de Virga between 1411 and 1415. Albertin de Virga, a Venetian, is also known for a 1409 map of the Mediterranean, also made in Venice. The world map is circular, drawn on a piece of parchment 69.6 x. It consists of the map itself, about 44 cm in diameter, and an extension containing a calendar and two tables.

Bianco's world map (1436)
Andrea Bianco's atlas of 1436 comprises ten leaves of vellum, measuring 29 x, in an 18th-century binding. The first leaf contains a description of the Rule of marteloio for resolving the course, with the "circle and square", two tables and two other diagrams. The next eight leaves contain various navigation charts. The ninth leaf contains a circular world map measuring 25 cm in circumference. And the final leaf contains the Ptolemaic world map on Ptolemy's first projection, with graduation. Some believe Bianco's maps were the first to correctly portray the coast of Florida, as a macro-peninsula is attached to a large island labeled Antillia. Bianco also collaborated with Fra Mauro on the Fra Mauro world map of 1459.

Borgia world map (early 15th century)
Mainly a decoration piece, the Borgia map is a world map made sometime in the early 15th century, and engraved on a metal plate.

Genoese map (1457)
The Genoese map of 1457 is a world map that relied extensively on the account of the traveller to Asia Niccolo da Conti, rather than the usual source of Marco Polo. The author is unknown, but is a more modern development than the Fra Mauro world map, less intricate and complete, with fairly good proportions given to each of the continents. The map depicts the main landmarks of the time, and figures such as the legendary Prester John in Africa, the Great Khan in China, "Xilam" (Ceylon) and Sumatra, and the design of a three-masted European ship in the Indian Ocean, something which had not occurred, suggesting that a sea-lane was a possibility.

Fra Mauro world map (1459)
The Fra Mauro map was made between 1457 and 1459 by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro. It is a circular planisphere drawn on parchment and set in a wooden frame, about 2 m in diameter. The original world map was made by Fra Mauro and his assistant Andrea Bianco, a sailor-cartographer, under a commission by king Afonso V of Portugal. The map was completed on April 24, 1459, and sent to Portugal, but did not survive to the present day. Fra Mauro died the next year while he was making a copy of the map for the Seignory of Venice, and the copy was completed by Andrea Bianco.

The map is preserved in the Museo Correr in Venice.

Martellus world map (1490)
The world map of Henricus Martellus Germanus (Heinrich Hammer), c. 1490, was remarkably similar to the terrestrial globe later produced by Martin Behaim in 1492, the Erdapfel. Both show heavy influences from Ptolemy, and both possibly derive from maps created around 1485 in Lisbon by Bartolomeo Columbus. Although Martellus is believed to have been born in Nuremberg, Behaim's home town, he lived and worked in Florence from 1480 to 1496.

Behaim's Erdapfel globe (1492)

The Erdapfel (earth apple) produced by Martin Behaim in 1492 is considered to be the oldest surviving terrestrial globe. It is constructed of a laminated linen ball reinforced with wood and overlaid with a map painted on gores by Georg Glockendon. The Americas are not included yet, as Columbus returned to Spain no sooner than March 1493. It shows a rather enlarged Eurasian continent and an empty ocean between Europe and Asia. It includes the mythical Saint Brendan's Island. Japan and Asian islands are disproportionately large. The idea to call the globe "apple" may be related to the Reichsapfel ("Imperial Apple", Globus cruciger) which was also kept in Nuremberg along with the Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien). In 1907, it was transferred to the Germanic Museum in Nuremberg.

Juan de la Cosa Map (1500)

The Juan de la Cosa, a Spanish cartographer, explorer and conquistador, born in Santoña in the northern autonomous region of Cantabria, made several maps of which the only survivor is the Mappa Mundi of 1500. It is the first known European cartographic representation of the Americas. It is now in the Museo Naval in Madrid. Reproductions of it are given by Humboldt in his Atlas géographique et physique.

Cantino Planisphere (1502)
The Cantino planisphere or Cantino world map is the earliest surviving map showing Portuguese discoveries in the east and west. It is named after Alberto Cantino, an agent for the Duke of Ferrara, who successfully smuggled it from Portugal to Italy in 1502. It shows the islands of the Caribbean and what may be the Florida coastline, as well as Africa, Europe and Asia. The map is particularly notable for portraying a fragmentary record of the Brazilian coast, discovered in 1500 by Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral who conjectured whether it was merely an island or part of the continent that several Spanish expeditions had just encountered farther north (cf. Amerigo Vespucci).

Caverio Map (c. 1505)
The Caverio Map, also known as the Caveri Map or Canerio Map, is a map drawn by Nicolay de Caveri, c. 1505. It is hand drawn on parchment and coloured, being composed of ten sections or panels, measuring 2.25 by. Historians believe that this undated map signed with "Nicolay de Caveri Januensis" was completed in 1504–05. It was probably either made in Lisbon by the Genoese Canveri, or copied by him in Genoa from the very similar Cantino map. It shows the east coast of North America with surprising detail, and was one of the primary sources used to make the Waldseemüller map in 1507. The Caverio map is currently at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris.

Ruysch World Map (1507)
Johannes Ruysch an explorer, cartographer, astronomer and painter from the Low Countries produced the second oldest known printed representation of the New World. The Ruysch map was published and widely distributed in 1507. It uses Ptolemy's coniform projection, as does the Contarini-Rosselli 1506 map. Both document Christopher Columbus' discoveries as well as that of John Cabot, including information from Portuguese sources and Marco Polo's account. There are notes on his map that clearly were from Portuguese sources. Newfoundland and Cuba are shown connected to Asia, as Columbus and Cabot believed. “Sipganus” (Marco Polo's Japan) is identical with “Spagnola” (Hispaniola) on the Ruysch map. The presence of codfish is noted on the Ruysch map in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and shows the discoveries the Portuguese had made along the African coast and shows India as a triangular peninsula with Ceylon in the correct proportion and position. Greenland is shown connected to Newfoundland and Asia on Ruysch's map, and not Europe as earlier maps had showed. Around the north pole, Ruysch drew islands, based on reports in the book Inventio Fortunata of the English friar Nicholas of Lynne. The island above Norway shows remarkable similarities to Svalbard, which was not discovered until 1597 (by Willem Barents). Ruysch calls it 'European Hyberborea' and a peninsula stretching out towards it is clearly marked with the church of 'Sancti Odulfi', St Olaf's church in Vardø on the Finnmark coast.

Waldseemüller and Ringmann map (1507)
The cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann from southern Germany, supported by the mapping friend René II, Duke of Lorraine, collected map data over several years, including information on the most recent discoveries, to build up a new collective work of geography and cartography. Along with a book they further incorporated, for the first time in history, the name America on a map, holding the strong opinion that it was a new continent that Amerigo Vespucci had discovered on his voyage and not only a few smaller islands as Christopher Columbus did in the West Indies.

Piri Reis Map (1513)
The Piri Reis map is a famous world map created by 16th-century Ottoman Turkish admiral and cartographer Piri Reis. The surviving third of the map shows part of the western coasts of Europe and North Africa with reasonable accuracy, and the coast of Brazil is also easily recognizable. Various Atlantic islands including the Azores and Canary Islands are depicted, as is the mythical island of Antillia. The map is noteworthy for its apparent south-eastward extension of the American continent to depict a southern landmass that some controversially claim is evidence for early awareness of the existence of Antarctica. Alternatively, it has been suggested that this is actually a record of the coast as far as Cape Horn, explored secretly by Portuguese navigators before 1507 (when it appeared on the Waldseemüller map) and bent south-eastward simply to fit on the parchment.

Pietro Coppo Map (1520)
The map by Pietro Coppo was one of the last world maps to feature the "Dragon's Tail" extending southwards from the far eastern extremity of Asia, the last vestige of Ptolemy's landlocked depiction of the Indian Ocean, nearly 1,500 years earlier.

Padrón Real (1527)
The editions of the Spanish royal standard map (Padrón Real or General) overseen by Diogo Ribeiro in the 1520s and 1530s are considered to be the first scientific world maps based on empiric latitude observations. Europe and Central and South America are very precisely delineated, although Portuguese control of the African trade routes limited the accuracy of information on the Indian Ocean. Incorporating information from the Magellan, Gomes, and Loaysa expeditions and geodesic research undertaken to establish the demarcation line of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the maps show for the first time the real extension of the Pacific Ocean and the continuous coast of North America.

The originals are now lost but six copies of known provenance have survived. The 1525 Castiglione Map is now held by the Estense Library in Modena, Italy; the 1526 Salviati Planisphere is held by the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence; the 1527 Weimar Map is held by the Anna Amalia Bibliothek in Weimar, Germany; and the 1529 Propaganda Map is held by the Vatican Library. Detailed copies of the Propaganda Map were made in the 19th century by William Griggs.

Mercator world map (1569)
Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator world map of 1569 introduced a cylindrical map projection that became the standard map projection known as the Mercator projection. It was a large planisphere measuring 202 by 124 cm, printed in eighteen separate sheets. While the linear scale is constant in all directions around any point, thus preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects (which makes the projection conformal), the Mercator projection distorts the size and shape of large objects, as the scale increases from the Equator to the poles, where it becomes infinite. The title (Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigatium Emendate: "new and augmented description of Earth corrected for the use of navigation") and the map legends show that the map was expressly conceived for the use of marine navigation. The principal feature of the projection is that rhumb lines, sailing courses at a constant bearing, are mapped to straight lines on the map. The development of the Mercator projection represented a major breakthrough in the nautical cartography of the 16th century although it was only slowly adopted by seafaring nations.

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum by Abraham Ortelius (1570)
The Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (or "Theatre of the World") is considered to be the first true modern atlas. Prepared by Abraham Ortelius and originally printed on May 20, 1570 in Antwerp, it consisted of a collection of uniform map sheets and sustaining texts bound to form a book for which copper printing plates were specifically engraved. The Ortelius atlas is sometimes referred to as the summary of sixteenth-century cartography. Many of his atlas's maps were based upon sources that no longer exist or are extremely rare. Ortelius appended a unique source list (the "Catalogus Auctorum") identifying the names of contemporary cartographers, some of whom would otherwise have remained obscure. Three Latin editions of this (besides a Dutch, a French and a German edition) appeared before the end of 1572; twenty-five editions came out before Ortelius's death in 1598; and several others were published subsequently, as the atlas continued to be in demand until approximately 1612.

Die ganze Welt in einem Kleberblat by Heinrich Bünting (1581)
The Bünting Clover Leaf Map, also known as The World in a Cloverleaf (German title: Die ganze Welt in einem Kleberblat/Welches ist der Stadt Hannover meines lieben Vaterlandes Wapen) is an historic mappa mundi drawn by the German Protestant pastor, theologist, and cartographer Heinrich Bünting. The map was published in his book Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Travel through Holy Scripture) in 1581.

Today the map is found within the Eran Laor maps collection in the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem. A mosaic model of the map is installed on the fence of Safra Square at the site of Jerusalem's city hall.

The map is a figurative illustration, in the manner of the medieval mappa mundi format, depicting the world via a clover shape. The shape is a symbolisation of the Christian Trinity and a component at the symbolisation of the German city Hanover, where Bünting was born. The city of Jerusalem is represented as the centre, surrounded by three central continents, with some more areas of the world being accordingly illustrated separately from the clover.

"Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" by Matteo Ricci (1602)

Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (Carta Geografica Completa di tutti i Regni del Mondo, "Complete Geographical Map of all the Kingdoms of the World"), printed by Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci at the request by Wanli Emperor in 1602, is the first known European-styled Chinese world map (and the first Chinese map to show the Americas). The map is in Classical Chinese, with detailed annotations and descriptions of various regions of the world, a brief account of the discovery of the Americas, polar projections, scientific explanation of parallels and meridians, and proof that the Sun is bigger than the Moon. Following Chinese cartographical convention, Ricci placed China ("the Middle Kingdom") at the centre of the world. This map is a significant mark of the expansion of Chinese knowledge of the world, and an important example of cultural syncretism directly between Europe and China. It was also exported to Korea and Japan as well.

Hendrik Hondius map (1630)

Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica ac Hydrographica Tabula is a map of the world created by Hendrik Hondius in 1630, and published the following year at Amsterdam, in the atlas Atlantis Maioris Appendix. Illustrations of the four elements of fire, air, water, and land are included. In the four corners, there are portraits of Julius Caesar, Claudius Ptolemy, and the atlas's first two publishers, Gerard Mercator and Jodocus Hondius, the father of Hendrik. Among its claims to notability is the fact that it was the first dated map published in an atlas, and therefore the first widely available map, to show any part of Australia, the only previous map to do so being Hessel Gerritsz' 1627 Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht ("Map of the Land of Eendracht"), which was not widely distributed or recognised. The Australian coastline shown is part of the west coast of Cape York Peninsula, discovered by Jan Carstensz in 1623. Curiously, the map does not show the west coast features shown in Gerritsz' Caert.

Shahid-i Sadiq (1647)
The Shahid-i Sadiq was an atlas composed by Sadiq Isfahani in Jaunpur. This included the Inhabited Quarter, a map of the parts of the world which he held to be suitable for human life. This is one of the only surviving maps made in India. The map stretched from the Insulae Fortunatae (Canary Islands) in the top right to Andalusia (Europe) to Sus al Aqsa (Western Africa) in the left. The Shahid-i Sadiq included The 32 sheet atlas—with maps oriented towards the south as was the case with Islamic works of the era—is part of a larger scholarly work compiled by Isfahani during 1647. This map measures 661 × 645 cm. (260 × 254 in., or approximately 22 × 21 ft).

Nicolaes Visscher map (1658)
This engraved double hemisphere map, Orbis Terrarum Nova et Accuratissima Tabula, was created by Nicolaes Visscher in 1658 in Amsterdam. It also contains smaller northern and southern polar projections. The border is decorated with mythological scenes, one in each corner, drawn by the painter Nicolaes Berchem, showing Zeus, Neptune, Persephone and Demeter. It is an early example of highly decorated Dutch world maps.

Gerard van Schagen's Map of the World (1689)

Gerard van Schagen (c. 1642–1724?) was a cartographer from Amsterdam, known for his exquisite reproductions of maps, particularly of those by Nicolaes Visscher I and Frederick de Wit. The map is of 1689. The original size is 48.3 x 56.0 cm and was produced using copper engraving. There is only one known example, which is in the Amsterdam University.

Tovmas Vanandetsi world map (1695)
Hamatarats Ashkharhatsuyts (Geographic Map of the World), was produced in 1695 in Amsterdam by the Armenian printing firm founded by Tovmas Vanandetsi. At the time, one of the most reliable maps of the two hemispheres was the first large-scale map drawn in Armenian. The world map was created in a Western cartographic style. To engrave the map's copper plates, the Schoonebeek brothers, who were considered the best masters, were employed. The map is divided into eight sections, totaling 150 × 120 cm in size. The different portions of the map were adhered to a thin canvas to guard against damage during folding. The map has conventional, astrological, and mythical symbols representing the four seasons in each of its four corners.

Samuel Dunn's map of the world (1794)

Samuel Dunn (died 1794) was a British mathematician and amateur astronomer. His map covers the entire world in a double hemisphere projection. This map follows shortly after the explorations of Captain Cook in the Arctic and Pacific Northwest, so the general outline of North America is known. However, when this map was made, few inland expeditions had extended westward beyond the Mississippi River. Antarctica is noticeably absent, which is of particular note, as earlier maps had depicted an imagined Antarctica, as early as 1570 in the West by Abraham Ortelius, and 1602 in the Far East. These images were speculative, as Antarctica had not then been proven to exist.

title: Early world maps


text:
Talk:Union Station (Washington Metro)

why not merge?
Is there any particular reason that this article should be separate from Union Station (Washington, D.C.)? --Jfruh 22:04, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Because it's about the metro station, and all the metro stations have their own articles. However, this is one case where I could possibly see an overlap, since it's, well, a train station.. in a train station. Worth discussion at the very least. Schuminweb, what do you think? --Golbez 23:17, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It just seems to me that this is one big train station (and yes, I've been in it). As it is, the overlap in content between the two is a bit confusing. Union Station (Washington, D.C.) states that the Red Line stops at the station; Union Station (Washington Metro) says that connections to MARC, Amtrak, and VRE are available at the station. Do we want to talk about them as if they're two separate entities? If not, why do we need two articles about what is essentially a single complex? --Jfruh 23:27, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This article is about the Metro station specifically, which has a fully different history and is operated by a completely different entity than Union Station. Basically, this is the Metro station serving Union Station. Unlike Amtrak, VRE, and MARC, the Metro station is not within Union Station itself. I am all for NOT merging the articles. SchuminWeb (Talk) 15:51, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, then, the text on both pages needs to make it clearer that these are different entities. As it stands, you could look at either page and not realize that the other exists. In particular, the succession box on the Metro station page implies that that MARC, VRE, and Amtrak trains are available at that station. --Jfruh 16:46, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. Clarification of the text can always help. SchuminWeb (Talk) 19:08, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:15, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

The Conduit
Hi, i am french, i don't speak very good english^^.

This metro station is represented in The Conduit, and i think that is good to speak about it.

Amicalement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.232.63.140 (talk) 11:44, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * No, it really doesn't. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information, and minor appearances in video games do not really pass muster. Provide a citation from a reliable source. Prove notability for it. Otherwise, it will just keep getting removed. SchuminWeb (Talk) 18:37, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * And after reviewing video of the game, it definitely isn't even Union Station, let alone a notable appearance. SchuminWeb (Talk) 18:54, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Your video is not exact, it is the second mission, look this video of the 7th mission at 6:05 to 7:30.

(i can't use wikipedia correctly)

 * While the game designers certainly deserve props for their accurate depiction of architectural details, it's still not a notable appearance as far as the real-life station is concerned. SchuminWeb (Talk) 03:14, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Shady Grove (WMATA station) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:45, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Merge to Washington Union Staton
Old discussion, I know, but I think this station should be merged with Washington Union Station. It's already confusing in itself having two Union Station pages about 2 stations that are located at the same spot. Even with disambiguation's. The entrance Pylon for the Washington Metro is literally at the entrance of WUS. Other stations such as New Carrollton and Rockville have shared pages so why not this one. Isntabelle (talk) 02:16, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

 * (Will merge after a week and no objections) Isntabelle (talk) 02:31, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose: I don't see a reason to merge these articles. They're two separate stations with independent histories that are located near each other, as opposed to New Carrollton station and Rockville station where the metro and mainline stations are a single complex with a shared history. Convention is generally that major stations and nearby metro stations with separate histories have separate articles – see Grand Central–42nd Street station/Grand Central Terminal, South Station (subway)/South Station, and Drexel Station at 30th Street/30th Street Station for comparable examples. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 23:16, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * A different history between the services, not the station itself. It's located right below WUN and as mentioned before, the Washington Metro entrance Pylon is right there at WUN. Further implying they are the same station. I also don't see how they are aren't comparable with the station I mentioned as they work the same. You exit the metro then connect to whatever railroad you want to go to. From what I viewed, this could also apply to the stations you mentioned. However, I am not as familiar with those areas or metro's so I wouldn't be able to give a proper opinion on those. Isntabelle (talk) 00:19, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I agree with Pi.1415926535. The situation is the same in New York and Boston: the metro stations are physically accessible within the same structure. Washington is not unusual in that respect. More important than that is that it's unwieldly to handle the topics within the same article (see for example WP:SUBARTICLE). Mackensen (talk) 04:45, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * There is very little history to be imported from the Washington Metro page so it would probably be very easy to do so. And if we are still comparing articles, why can't we do what L'Enfant Plaza Did? They seem to be labled as separate stations from the Metro and VRE but still on the same page. Isntabelle (talk) 12:53, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Honestly I think the NYC and Boston articles could be merged as well; Union Station (Los Angeles) is another example of a single article, plenty of other examples of multimodal train stations like that. The 30th St. example is weak because the two are not actually connected but in DC they are. There's not that much content on the metro station page and it could easily fit in the Union Station page to reduce duplication and to present it in a unified manner. Reywas92Talk 20:42, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Major railway stations tend to have a lot of history, and so do their subway stations. Even if you theoretically could merge them, it doesn't serve any real benefit to the reader: they have different physical structures, and usually different histories. You either end up jumping back and forth (which is confusing for the reader), or writing sequentially (in which case you have two separate articles mushed into one). Per WP:TOOBIG, Grand Central–42nd Street station (7161 words) and Grand Central Terminal (11251 words) would absolutely not be suitable for a merge on size alone. North Station and South Station in Boston, and their accompanying subway station articles, are all likely to be >5k words each once I take a good crack at them. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 00:18, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose per @Pi.1415926535. QuincyMorgan (talk) 23:39, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Pi, Mack, et al. Plenty of precedent for having separate articles for major mainline rail stations and the separately constructed adjacent rapid transit/light rail stations built to provide local connections to city residents. oknazevad (talk) 03:45, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Union Station (Washington Metro)


text:
User:Tom-/Usability/Why

 Please note: this isn't even near completion

Wikipedia Usability: Why?
I can sum it up in one sentence:  There is no point in making an encyclopedia if users cannot find information within it.

But I can find what I want!
Yes, so can I, most of the time.

I know the easiest way to find a piece of information is to type an article title into the search box, and normally it works.

However: it isn't self-evident. People also search for:

 * Questions ("What's the population of London?")
 * Specific information ("Population of London")
 * Information types ("Population data")

None of these queries brings up anything remotely useful in the top few results.

So what do we do?

 * 1) Build an amazing search engine
 * 2) Get people to search for article titles
 * 3) Help users find information without searching

title: User:Tom-/Usability/Why


text:
Lorentz Eichstadt

Lorentz Eichstadt (10 August 1596 – 8 June 1660) was a German mathematician and astronomer. He was a doctor of medicine in Szczecin in Pomerania and taught medicine and mathematics in Danzig.

The lunar crater Eichstadt is named after him.

title: Lorentz Eichstadt


text:
List of high schools in South Africa

Alfred Nzo District Municipality

 * Mbodleni Senior Secondary School, Mount Frere
 * Saint Georges Senior Secondary School, Mount Frere

Amathole District Municipality

 * Byletts Combined High School
 * Cathcart High School, Cathcart
 * Nathaniel Pamla High School, Peddie
 * Ncedolwethu Secondary School, Cross Roads
 * St. Charles Sojola High School, Hamburg
 * St. Matthew's High School, Keiskammahoek
 * Stutterheim High School, Stutterheim

East London

 * Alphendale High School
 * Beaconhurst High School
 * Cambridge High School
 * Clarendon High School for Girls
 * Hudson Park High School
 * Port Rex Technical High School
 * Jonguhlanga Senior Secondary School
 * Selborne College
 * Stirling High School
 * West Bank High School
 * Wongalethu High School

Mdantsane

 * David Mama High School
 * Khulani Commercial High School
 * Mzomhle Senior Secondary School
 * Ngwenyathi High School, Nxarhuni
 * Sikhulule High School
 * Vulamazibuko High School

Qonce (King Williams Town)

 * A M Sityana High School
 * Dale College

Chris Hani District Municipality

 * Cofimvaba Senior Secondary School, Cofimvaba
 * Get Ahead College, Komani
 * Mtetuvumile Senior Secondary School, Cofimvaba
 * Ntsonkotha Senior Secondary School, Lady Frere
 * Queen's College, Komani
 * Queenstown Girls' High School, Komani

Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth)

 * Grey High School
 * Lawson Brown High School
 * Nico Malan High School
 * Victoria Park High School
 * Westering High School
 * Westville Senior Secondary High School
 * Collegiate Girls’ High School

iBhayi

 * Khwezi Lomso Comprehensive High, Zwide
 * Loyiso High School, Zwide
 * Ndzondelelo High School, Zwide

Kariega (Uitenhage)

 * Hoërskool Brandwag
 * Muir College
 * Molly Blackburn High School, KwaNobuhle
 * Riebeek College

OR Tambo District Municipality

 * Mxhume Secondary School, Lusikisiki
 * Nomaka Mbeki Technical Senior Secondary School, Dutywa
 * Umtata International School, Mthatha

Sarah Baartman District Municipality

 * Diocesan School for Girls, Makhanda
 * Gill College, Somerset East
 * Graeme College, Makhanda
 * Humansdorp Senior Secondary School, Humansdorp
 * Kingswood College, Makhanda
 * Woodridge College, Thornhill
 * Port Alfred High School, Port Alfred
 * St. Andrew's College, Makhanda
 * Velile Secondary School, Bathurst
 * Victoria Girls' High School, Makhanda

Free State

 * Cedar Secondary School
 * Bethlehem Voortrekker High School, Bethlehem
 * Bloemfontein High School, Bloemfontein
 * Goudveld Hoërskool, Welkom
 * Grey College, Bloemfontein
 * Henties Cilliers Hoërskool, Virginia
 * Hoërskool Fichardtpark, Bloemfontein
 * Hoërskool Ficksburg, Ficksburg, Ficksburg
 * Hoërskool Jim Fouché, Bloemfontein
 * Hoërskool Sentraal, Bloemfontein
 * Iketsetseng Comprehensive Secondary School
 * Kingdom Academy, Welkom
 * Nkgopoleng high school
 * Phehello High School, Kutlwanong
 * Rainbow Secondary School, Bultfontein
 * Riebeeckstad High School, Welkom
 * Sasolburg High School, Sasolburg
 * St. Andrew's School, Bloemfontein
 * St. Andrew's, Welkom
 * St. Dominic's College, Welkom
 * St. Michael's School, Bloemfontein
 * St. Anne's technical school
 * Trio High school, Kroonstad
 * Unitas Secondary School, Welkom
 * Welkom Secondary School, Welkom

Johannesburg

 * Athlone Boys' High School, Kensington
 * Barnato Park High School
 * Greenside High School
 * Jeppe High School for Boys, Kensington
 * Jeppe High School for Girls, Kensington
 * King David Schools
 * King Edward VII School
 * Kingsmead College
 * Northcliff High School
 * Parktown Boys' High School, Parktown
 * Roedean School,
 * Sacred Heart College
 * Sandringham High School
 * Sir John Adamson Secondary School
 * St Mary's School, Waverley
 * St. Andrew's School for Girls
 * St. John's College
 * St. Martin's School, Rosettenville
 * Torah Academy School
 * Waverley Girls' High School, Waverley
 * Yeshiva College of South Africa

Randburg

 * Aurora Private School

Roodepoort

 * African Leadership Academy, Honeydew
 * Allen Glen High School, Allens Nek
 * Hoërskool Florida
 * Westridge High School

Sandton

 * Bryanston High School, Bryanston
 * Crawford College, Lonehill, Lone Hill
 * Fourways High School, Fourways
 * Michael Mount Waldorf School, Bryanston
 * Redhill School
 * Sandown High School
 * St David's Marist, Inanda
 * St Peter's College, Sunninghill
 * St Stithians College

Soweto

 * Protea Glen Secondary School, Protea Glen
 * Letsibogo Girls' High School, Meadowlands
 * Meadowlands Secondary School, Meadowlands
 * Morris Isaacson High School
 * Naledi High School
 * Kwadedangendlale High School

Alberton

 * Alberton High School
 * Glenbrack High School
 * Hoërskool Alberton
 * Hoërskool Dinamika
 * Hoërskool Marais Viljoen

Benoni

 * St Dunstan's College

Boksburg

 * Boksburg High School
 * Christian Brothers' College
 * Hoërskool Voortrekker
 * St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls

Daveyton

 * Unity Secondary School

Germiston

 * Germiston High School
 * St Benedict's College, Bedfordview
 * St Catherine's School

Kempton Park

 * Norkem Park High School
 * Hoërskool Birchleigh

Nigel

 * Alra-park Secondary School
 * Nigel High School
 * Hoërskool John Voster
 * Nigel Secondary School
 * Potso Mohajane High School

Springs

 * Springs Girls high School
 * Springs Boys High School

Thembisa

 * Thuto Ke Matla Comprehensive School

Centurion

 * Cornwall Hill College, Irene
 * Excelsior Rooihuiskraal Akademie, Rooihuiskraal
 * Hoërskool Eldoraigne, Eldoraigne
 * Lyttelton Manor High School, Lyttelton Manor
 * Hoërskool Raslouw
 * Southdowns College, Irene
 * Sutherland High School, Eldoraigne

Laudium

 * Tshwane Muslim School

Mamelodi

 * Mamelodi High School

Pretoria

 * Afrikaanse Hoër Meisieskool
 * Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool
 * Christian Brothers' College, Mount Edmund
 * Clapham High School
 * Cornerstone College
 * Crawford College, Pretoria
 * CVO Skool Pretoria
 * Hillview High School
 * Hoërskool Garsfontein
 * Hoërskool Menlopark
 * Hoërskool Oos-Moot
 * Hoërskool Overkruin
 * Hoërskool Waterkloof
 * Hoërskool Wonderboom
 * Langenhoven High School
 * Pretoria Boys High School
 * Pretoria High School for Girls
 * Pretoria Secondary School
 * Pro Arte Alphen Park
 * St. Alban's College
 * St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls
 * The Glen High School
 * Willowridge High School

Mogale City

 * Hoërskool Monument, Krugersdorp
 * Hoërskool Noordheuwel, Krugersdorp
 * Magaliesburg Secondary School, Magaliesburg

Newcastle Local Municipality

 * Amajuba High School
 * Ferrum High School, Newcastle
 * Hope High School
 * Lincoln Heights Secondary School
 * Newcastle High School, Newcastle
 * Phendukani Full Service School
 * Panorama Combined School
 * St Dominics Newcastle
 * St Oswalds Secondary School

Amanzimtoti

 * Amanzimtoti High School
 * Kingsway High School

Botha’s Hill

 * Kearsney College

Durban

 * Brettonwood High School
 * Clifton School
 * Durban Girls' College
 * Durban Girls' High School
 * Durban High School
 * Durban North College
 * George Campbell School of Technology
 * Glenwood High School
 * Maris Stella School
 * Northlands Girls' High School
 * Northwood School
 * Orient Islamic School
 * Port Natal High School
 * St. Henry's Marist Brothers' College

eMolweni

 * Igqungqulu High School

eNanda (Inanda)

 * Ohlange High School

Folweni

 * Folweni High School
 * Ntwenhle High School
 * Siphephele High School

Hillcrest

 * Hillcrest High School

Kloof

 * Kloof High School
 * St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls
 * Thomas More College

oThongathi (Tongaat)

 * Crawford International North Coast, Westbrook

Pinetown

 * Pinetown Boys' High School
 * Pinetown Girls' High School
 * Savannah Park Secondary School
 * St Benedict School Pinetown
 * St Francis College

Queensburgh

 * Queensburgh Girls' High School

uMhlanga

 * Crawford International La Lucia, La Lucia
 * Reddam House Umhlanga, uMhlanga Ridge

Westville

 * Westville Boys' High School
 * Westville Girls' High School

Dr Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Local Municipality

 * Pholela High School, Bulwer

Greater Kokstad Local Municipality

 * St. Patrick's College, Kokstad

KwaDukuza Local Municipality (Dolphin Coast)

 * Ashton International College, Ballito
 * Stanger Manor Secondary School, KwaDukuza
 * Stanger Secondary School, KwaDukuza

City of uMhlatuze Local Municipality

 * Richem Secondary School, Empangeni

uMlalazi Local Municipality

 * Eshowe High School, Eshowe
 * Sunnydale High School, Eshowe

Ray Nkonyeni Local Municipality (Lower South Coast)

 * Creston College, Port Shepstone
 * Hoërskool Suid-Natal, Port Shepstone
 * Marburg Secondary School, Port Shepstone
 * Margate Middle School, Margate
 * Port Shepstone High School, Port Shepstone

uMdoni Local Municipality (Mid South Coast)

 * Gugulesizwe High School, Amandawe Mission
 * Hluzingqondo High School, Amahlongwa Mission
 * Mdoni Christian Academy, Umzinto
 * Mkomaas Secondary School, Umkomaas
 * Mzinto Secondary School, Umzinto
 * Phindavele High School, Dududu
 * Roseville Secondary School, Umzinto
 * Scottburgh High School, Scottburgh

Mpofana Local Municipality

 * Treverton College, Mooi River

Msunduzi Local Municipality

 * Alexandra High School, Pietermaritzburg
 * Carter High School, Pietermaritzburg
 * Edendale Technical High School
 * Epworth High School, Pietermaritzburg
 * Heritage Academy (Pietermaritzburg), Pietermaritzburg
 * Linpark High School, Pietermaritzburg
 * Maritzburg College, Pietermaritzburg
 * St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg
 * St. John's Diocesan School for Girls, Pietermaritzburg
 * The Wykeham Collegiate, Pietermaritzburg
 * Voortrekker High School, Pietermaritzburg

uMngeni Local Municipality

 * Grace College, Hilton
 * Hilton College, Hilton
 * Howick High School, Howick
 * St. Anne's Diocesan College, Hilton
 * Michaelhouse, Balgowan

Umvoti Local Municipality

 * Deutsche Schule, Hermannsburg

Jozini Local Municipality

 * Biva Combined School, Jozini
 * Igugulesizwe Secondary School, Jozini
 * Injula Secondary School, Gendleza
 * Sinethezekile Combined School, Jozini

Inkosi Langalibalele Local Municipality

 * Estcourt High School, Estcourt

Ukhahlamba Local Municipality

 * Drakensberg Boys' Choir School, Winterton

Abaqulusi Local Municipality

 * Inkamana High School, Vryheid
 * Mathunjwa High School, Vryheid
 * Vryheid High School, Vryheid
 * Vryheid Landbou High School, Vryheid

Limpopo

 * Gojela High School, Mahwelereng
 * Harry Oppenheimer Agricultural High School, Limburg
 * Kabelo High School, Polokwane
 * Lebowakgomo High School, Lebowakgomo
 * Lemana High School, Elim
 * Leolo High School, Burgersfort
 * Phiri Kolobe High, Mankweng
 * Ramasete High School, Ga-Sekororo
 * St Mark's College, Jane Furse
 * St Paul's High School, Luckau
 * Stanford Lake College, Haenertsburg
 * Vhulaudzi Secondary School, Vhulaudzi
 * Lebitso High School, Tzaneen, Pharare

Barberton

 * Barberton High School

eMalahleni

 * Hoërskool Generaal Hertzog
 * Leonard Ntshuntshe
 * Witbank High School

Kinross

 * Thistle Grove Combined School

Mbombela

 * Cyril Clarke High School
 * Hoërskool Bergvlam High School
 * Penryn College

Secunda

 * Hoërskool Oosterland
 * Hoërskool Secunda

White River

 * Hoërskool Rob Ferreira High School

Kimberley

 * Diamantveld High School
 * Homevale High School
 * HTS Kimberley
 * Kimberley Boys' High School
 * Kimberley Girls' High School
 * St. Patrick's CBC
 * St. Boniface High School (C.B.C)

North West Province

 * Hoërskool Schweizer Reneke, Schweizer-Reneke
 * J M Ntsime High School, Rustenburg
 * Ntebogang Secondary School, Dinokana, Zeerust
 * Potchefstroom Gimnasium, Potchefstroom
 * Potchefstroom High School for Boys, Potchefstroom
 * Tsogo High School, Mmakau
 * Vryburg High School, Vryburg
 * R.A Kobue High School,Mooifontein,Mafikeng

Bellville

 * Hoërskoool D.F. Malan, Boston
 * Stellenberg High School, Stellenberg
 * The Settlers High School

Brackenfell

 * Brackenfell High School
 * Protea Academy

Cape Town

 * Rondebosch Boys' High School, Rondebosch
 * Rustenburg Girls' High School, Rosebank
 * Wynberg Boys' High School, Wynberg
 * Wynberg Girls' High School, Wynberg
 * Westerford High School, Rondebosch/Newlands

Delft

 * Leiden High School

Durbanville

 * Curro Durbanville
 * El Shaddai Christian School
 * Fairmont High School
 * Hoërskool Durbanville
 * Reddam House Durbanville

Kraaifontein

 * Bloekombos High School

Somerset West

 * Parel Vallei High School, Parel Vallei
 * Somerset College

Strand

 * False Bay High School

Stellenbosch

 * Kayamandi High School, Stellenbosch
 * Makupula Secondary School, Stellenbosch

Matzikama

 * Vredendal High School, Vredendal

Saldanah Bay

 * Vredenburg High School, Vredenburg

title: List of high schools in South Africa


text:
Talk:NoMa–Gallaudet U station

Unique Features?
Might we want to mention here the unique features about the New York Ave station, like the glass walls/barriers around the escalators, instead of the usual thick concrete, as well as the white theme instead of the usual brown drab? It also has the only barbed wire I have seen in any metro station (on the white fences-also unique-that line the edges of the track), and a piece of the Metropolitan Branch Trail was constructed along with the station. Anything else? -Rmeskill 18:19, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Morgan Blvd. and Largo also have the white color scheme, as well as the escalator details. Also, what barbed wire? SchuminWeb (Talk) 00:22, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Although not visible in the picture (perhaps it was added later), there is a white fence about as high as a traincar and then barbed wire at a typical 45 degree outward-leaning angle. I'll try to remember to pay attention on the way home tonight, and it may only be on the side which butts up against the Metropolitan Branch Trail. -Rmeskill 13:26, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I checked a number of other photos that I have of New York Avenue, and I saw no barbed wire on the trail side of the station. A white fence was erected (the photo in the article was taken a few days after the station opened), but I can't remember any barbed wire. The only barbed wire I found was along track 1, separating Metro's right of way from the other rail services using Union Station. That fence has been there since the 1970s, and similar fencing to separate the ROW can be found in a number of other places throughout the system. SchuminWeb (Talk) 22:03, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I went by New York Avenue last time I was in DC, and what do you know - there is barbed wire as described. So my apologies there. I don't see it as too remarkable, though, since there's barbed wire in a number of other places along the boundary between Metro's right of way and the outside world. SchuminWeb (Talk) 05:22, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
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B35 or B97
I've seen the station refered to by different codes... One is B97 since the two yards on the B side of the Red Line are B99 for the one intown and B98 for the one at Glenmont. B35, OTOH comes from the idea of it being B3.5 since New York Avenue is B03 and Rhode Island is B04. Any official information on this?Naraht (talk) 15:53, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I called up the Red Line Team's office and was told it was B35, she will attempt to have someone email me this information so that I can use it for a reference.Naraht (talk) 13:57, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Name change--not yet?
I don't think the name change goes into effect until June 2012. Until then, I think the article should have stayed with the current name. 140.147.236.195 (talk) 21:29, 10 November 2011 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza
 * I would point out that the link given in the article to Metro's own page on the Metro station in question still calls it by the old name. 140.147.236.195 (talk) 21:37, 10 November 2011 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

please rename these pages
whoever is renaming these wmata station pages, please name them back. these are not official wmata station names! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.163.70.189 (talk) 08:25, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree. The page for the Metro project says to use the names on Metro's official map--which still has the old names. Until June 18, that's the way they should stay. Uporządnicki (talk) 10:49, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'll be riding in about an hour. I'll see if the stations have changed. If they hadn't, I'll be changing this back--with the intention of changing it again on June 18, the date the changes go into effect. Uporządnicki (talk) 10:52, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, no, I'm going to do it right now. The page for WikiProject Washington Metro says, "Naming Conventions -- Metro stations: Use Station Name (WMATA station), as written on the official Metro system map." They provide a link to that map, and that map still has the old names. I'm afraid that there's someone here who just considers himself a bit too clever. Uporządnicki (talk) 11:00, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I've done it. (But I'm afraid I screwed up the Redirect page, trying to fix that. I'll work on it later and see if I can figure out what I did wrong.) Yes, Schumin is right: SOME of the signage a the station has changed. But the authority is the official map, as I've linked above.Uporządnicki (talk) 13:14, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

And the name change--final chapter
I was going to wait and change the name (ideally) Sunday night (I happen to be off work on Monday), in anticipation of June 18, when the change--as I understand it--is supposed to take effect. I don't know what specifically--what "christening"--happened today, to make the change beyond a shadow of a doubt (the map at WMATA's website hasn't changed, and that, according to the Wikipedia group, is supposed to be the arbiter). Yesterday, a train operator said "NO-MA." This morning, another said "New York Avenue." But at this point, I won't make an issue or change anything back. I'll just consider that SchuminWeb has saved me the trouble; I thought he might. (Although I'm kind of hoping the "christening" image will not stay. Aside from it being a rather imprecise explanation to have in an encyclopedia article, I'm one of those people still clinging to the quaint notion that a baptism actually means something.)  Uporządnicki (talk) 14:56, 13 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, OK, I see! Ribbon cutting this morning, and a reliable source for it.  Uporządnicki (talk) 22:05, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

Talk Page, still old title???
I thought talk pages were supposed to move with articles. How come this one still shows under the old title? Uporządnicki (talk) 21:07, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:NoMa–Gallaudet U station


text:
John Malm Jr.

John A. Malm Jr. is the former manager of Trent Reznor and his band Nine Inch Nails. He was also a co-founder, along with Reznor, of Nothing Records.

Early career and collaboration with Trent Reznor
Malm grew up in Cleveland and completed a degree at Denison University in Mass Media Communications, with a minor in film. During this time, he managed his university radio station. He knew at an early age that he wanted to work in the music industry. He was inspired to aim towards artist management after meeting Todd Rundgren's manager, Eric Gardner, to organise an interview for his radio station. After graduation, Malm worked in his family's machine equipment business by day and by night was a part-time promoter of local music acts, including the Exotic Birds, Lucky Pierre and System 56. He left the family business to manage the Birds full-time, in which Reznor was a "bit player". Malm quit in 1987 due to differences in artistic direction, and Reznor also quit shortly afterward. He took on Reznor as his client informally, without a written contract, after hearing some of Reznor's demo work that the latter had recorded independently at Right Track Studio.

Reznor's career took off quickly once NIN was formed. NIN performed its first show in 1988, and later that same year attracted interest from recording companies. Malm hired an attorney, Michael Toorock, to assist in negotiating a record contract between Reznor and TeeVee Toons, Inc. (aka TVT Records).

Managing Nine Inch Nails' early successes and development
NIN's first album Pretty Hate Machine was a great commercial success, but due to creative interference from TVT, Malm and Reznor decided to terminate the record deal. While extricating themselves from the TVT contract, Reznor secretly recorded the next NIN EP Broken to release on their new label Nothing Records. Under the arrangements they negotiated while still under contract to TVT, Nothing Records would completely produce and control all NIN material, merchandise and marketing material, then release it through their major partner Interscope Records. The deal ensured that Reznor and Malm owned Nothing Records and had a remarkable total artistic control over the material. Nothing Records went on to release many NIN releases and later became a stand-alone record company, signing and developing its own artists, including Marilyn Manson and Prick while also offering label support or distribution to established bands such as Autechre, Meat Beat Manifesto, and Pop Will Eat Itself.

Lawsuit and counter-lawsuit
In 2004, Malm filed suit in the United States district court of Ohio against Reznor for over $2 million in deferred commissions. The suit alleged that Reznor "reneged on every single contract he and Malm ever entered into", and that Reznor refused to pay Malm payments which he was contractually entitled. Weeks later, Reznor filed a countersuit in the U.S. District Court of New York, charging Malm with fraud and breach of fiduciary duties. Reznor's suit arose from a five-year management contract signed in the earliest days of Nine Inch Nails, between Reznor and Malm's management company J. Artist Management. This contract, according to the suit, was unlawful and immoral in that it secured Malm 20% of Reznor's gross earnings, rather than his net earnings. The suit also alleged that the contract secured this percentage even if Malm was no longer representing Reznor, and for all Reznor's album advances. The suit also described how Malm had misappropriated the ownership rights regarding Nine Inch Nails, including the trademark name "NIN." According to testimony by Malm, Reznor gave him half of the "NIN" trademark "as a gift."

Reznor stated that he began to fully understand his financial situation after tackling his addiction to drugs and alcohol. Reznor requested a financial statement from Malm in 2003, only to discover that he had only $400,000 in liquid assets. "It was not pleasant discovering you have a 10th as much as you've been told you have," Reznor told the court. Malm's lawyers, however, claimed that Malm had worked for years "pro bono," and that Reznor's inability to release an album or tour and his uninhibited spending were the reasons for his financial situation.

After a two-week trial in 2005, the jury sided with Reznor, awarding him $2.93 million in damages. The court returned complete control of the trademarks to Reznor and awarded an additional $1.69 million in calculated interest.

title: John Malm Jr.


text:
Talk:Rhode Island Avenue station

Untitled
The Station address is 919 Rhode Island Avenue, NE, Washington, DC 20018

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title: Talk:Rhode Island Avenue station


text:
Talk:Takoma station

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Similar stations with elevator-only entrances
I believe Arlington Cemetery and Ballston have faregates right on the platform for the elevators, too. Smithsonian does for the Independence Ave exit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.86.25.105 (talk) 18:00, 8 June 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Takoma station


text:
Talk:List of Japanese snacks

'food' or 'foods'
Ben, I was wondering why you moved this list to List of Japanese snack food? It is a list of many different foods, so we should certainly use the countable form of the noun. Note the usage in the following lists:

 * List of comfort foods (note section title)
 * List of foods high in phytonutrients
 * List of vegan foods
 * List of U.S. state foods
 * List of wild foods

Is there a reason this list should be an exception?

--Dforest 00:43, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Japanese link
Moved from the To do list. 菓子 --日本穣 Nihonjoe 23:16, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

If "food" necessary?
Just how common is the term "snack food" or "snack foods"? I suggest we move the article to List of Japanese snacks. // Habj 23:25, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 09:53, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Bread based?
Is it misleading to have snacks like "Pocky" and "Koala March" under bread-based? It gives the impression that these snacks contain baked bread (like you would buy from a bakery) when I think most of them are made with wheat flour? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rachel asdf (talk • contribs) 17:17, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Japanese snacks


text:
Talk:Silver Spring station

Penguin Rush Hour?
Does anyone know what happened to Penguin Rush Hour at Silver Spring Station? I remember reading something about how it was going to be cleaned, but it hasn't returned in several months and it's been a dull walk to work without the amusing fact that it was painted before the green line was opened (and hence is missing it). -Rmeskill 16:49, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I did come up with this, but it just says 'later in the year'-hopefully we get our penguins back soon! -Rmeskill 16:56, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I just heard (and updated the article) that the Penguin Rush Hour will return after the completion of the major WMATA project called the "Paul S. Sarbanes Transit Center." The new Transit Center will better be able to protect the exhibit from the elements. The link to the news article is in the Wiki. -Kk5647a 08:17, 17 August 2007

WikiProject class rating
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Separate article on the Silver Spring Transit center ...
Given the problems with this construction project and its delays and costs, I am proposing a separate article to allow all of the detail to be laid out .. I worked for the funding agency but had no personal involvement in the project ... I have outlined on my user page a conflict of interest disclosure and intend to comply with Wikipedia guidelines. Thanks

Risk Engineer (talk) 19:23, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Shady Grove (WMATA station) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:46, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 06 April 2015
Silver Spring Station → Silver Spring station – Make the word "station" lowercase, to be consistent with other Washington Metro articles' titles – Epic Genius (talk) 14:30, 6 April 2015 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 15:51, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

 * No. A recent RM (which we both participated in) requesting just such a move was just closed as no consensus. This is absolutely not uncontroversial. --BDD (talk) 15:06, 6 April 2015 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Greenbelt station and Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 15:51, 6 April 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, in that case we can just leave it alone for now, but it's still going to break Template:WMATA stations if we just leave it. Epic Genius (talk) 16:52, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 20 August 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. No prejudice against further discussion about tweaking how this article is dabbed, but clearly the consensus is that this station isn't the primary topic. Jenks24 (talk) 15:34, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Silver Spring station (Washington Metro) → Silver Spring station – WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. In addition, it is a MARC Train station, too. – Epic Genius (talk) 04:21, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

Moved from RMTR

 * Object to RMTR speedy move there are multiple Silver Spring stations, there should be a discussion that establishes this as the primary topic. In 2014, the redirect pointed to the disambiguation page Silver Spring, until it was changed to point to the Metro station in 2015. There's even failed move requests to move to the destination for this topic, so this cannot ever be a speedy request, due to prior move requests -- 67.70.32.190 (talk) 05:03, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:16, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

Survey

 * Oppose, leaving aside that this is also Silver Spring station (MARC), there is also the historical Silver Spring Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Station which could be Silver Spring station (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) in the same format. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:49, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per In ictu oculi. Lamberhurst (talk) 10:22, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Support move to Silver Spring station (Maryland) or something like that. Or we can just leave it here. As I said above, WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. @67.70.32.190: I know this can't be a speedy request, but are you actually !voting? Epic Genius (talk) 12:58, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * That was an objection to your filing a WP:RMTR where this originated, and where my comment was registered. Anthony Appleyard moved it from there onto this discussion, when he converted your Speedy Move into a full discussion -- 67.70.32.190 (talk) 05:14, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose "Silver Spring station" should revert to being a redirect to Silver Spring as it was in 2014, there being multiple stations by that name. -- 67.70.32.190 (talk) 05:18, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Also Oppose "Silver Spring station (Maryland)"  since that is ambiguous with the historic station which is also located in Maryland. -- 67.70.32.190 (talk) 05:18, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Suggest Silver Spring station (MARC and Washington Metro), with redirects from "(MARC)" and "(Washington Metro)" -- 67.70.32.190 (talk) 05:18, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose No evidence of this being Primary. Suggestion would Spring station on Washington Metro work? Advantage being to lose 's.Pincrete (talk) 09:21, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Not really. This was renamed in conformance with WP:USSTATION. Also, it not only is also a MARC station, that isn't even grammatically correct. Epic Genius (talk) 03:36, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose, especially per In ictu oculi. - Not one of the WMATA station articles that were renamed in the Winter of 2014-2015 should've been renamed, in spite of the fact that MARC also uses it. This should be reverted to the name Silver Spring (WMATA station) and so should all the others. -User:DanTD (talk)  12:32, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * oppose I suppose the county will solve the problem for us if they can get everyone to refer to the whole complex as the "Sarbanes Center" (which I don't think they'll manage, even if they do ever finish the thing) but folding the two active stations into one is already questionable. As to which of the three stations is "primary", well, none of them are. We aren't all subway commuters. "Silver Sring station" should be a disambig. Mangoe (talk) 13:50, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:28, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Silver Spring Metro Station.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:23, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The Silver Spring Metro Station in the 1980s.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Penguin Rush Mural at Silver Spring Station.jpg

title: Talk:Silver Spring station


text:
User talk:Tlozano

Note
Please do not talk to me about my personal life... Um, this is because of "privacy reasons". Thanks. Also, I'll delete comments as soon as I read them because I don't want to take up too much space just so I could see the comments. Um, thanks for that also...

Tlozano 12:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Intro
Hello. Welcome to the Tlozano talk page. You may begin thinking about philosophy, religion, art, science, biology, patriotism, vanilla, water, pollution, pigs, geese, bears, New England clam chowder - I mean, whatever suits your fancy as the subject, except maybe the bears. They scare me. :-] Expect me to reply to you in a few days, months, weeks, maybe even years, since I go to school and I don't always have time to answer your questions.

title: User talk:Tlozano


text: User talk:71.110.79.133

title: User talk:71.110.79.133


text:
Abortion in the Czech Republic

Abortion in the Czech Republic is legally allowed up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, with medical indications up to 24 weeks of pregnancy, in case of grave problems with the fetus at any time. Those performed for medical indications are covered by public health insurance, but otherwise, abortion is relatively affordable in the Czech Republic. In Czech, induced abortion is referred to as interrupce or umělé přerušení těhotenství, often colloquially potrat ("miscarriage").

History
In 1957, abortions were legalized in Czechoslovakia, although with restrictions that depended on the current policy of the government. In 1986, the restrictions were lifted, resulting in growth of the number of abortions.

Since 1993, abortions for non-medical reasons have not been paid for by the public health system. The absolute peak of the number of abortions was reached in 1990 at over 100,000 per year, but has declined steadily down since then, reaching less than 1/3 of the peak level in 2004. Reasons for this decrease have included the wider availability of contraception and better sex education.

Medical abortion (with mifepristone) was registered in 2013.

Statistics
The total number of abortions in 2009 was 40,528, of which 14,629 (36.1%) were spontaneous abortions, and 24,636 (60.8%) were induced abortions (historically the lowest number ever), of which 77% were "mini-interruptions" (within 8 weeks of pregnancy). 1,300 ectopic pregnancies were aborted. Total abortions per woman was 0.53, induced abortions was 0.34.

, the abortion rate was 10.7 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years.

Regionally, the highest abortion rate is in northern and north-western Bohemia due to the structure of the population (in 2002 in Tachov District 31.3% of abortions were induced). The lowest ratios are in rural districts of southern Moravia and Bohemian-Moravian Highlands (in 2002 in Žďár nad Sázavou District 15.5% of abortions were induced). Abortion rates in large industrial cities are generally higher compared to small towns and the countryside.

Married women form the largest segment, but their ratio is decreasing in favour of unmarried young women. Women with tertiary level of education have about 6% of induced abortions. In 2009, 7.5% of the women were foreigners living in the Czech Republic. Official statistics about abortion tourism (mainly from neighbouring Poland where legal induced abortion is strictly limited) do not exist, but the numbers are estimated to be low.

Public opinion
The public in the Czech Republic generally supports the legality of abortion. This has been confirmed by a number of opinion polls.

 * An April 2003 CDC/ORC Macro report examined opinions on abortion among women aged 15 to 44, asking, "Do you think that a woman always has the right to decide about her pregnancy, including whether to have an abortion?" In 2003, 85% of Czechs surveyed thought a woman always had the right to an abortion and 15% did not. Of those 15%, 91% believed abortion was acceptable in cases of life endangerment, 74% in cases of fetal defects, 72% in cases of risk to health, 71% in cases of rape, 16% if the family could not financially support a child, and 8% if the woman was unmarried.
 * A May 2005 Euro RSCG/TNS Sofres poll examined attitudes toward abortion in 10 European countries, asking polltakers whether they agreed with the statement, "If a woman doesn't want children, she should be allowed to have an abortion". 66% of Czechs replied "very much", 15% replied "a little", 8% replied "not really", and replied 10% "not at all". Support for the availability of abortion in the Czech Republic, at 81%, was the highest out of all the nations featured in the poll.
 * A May 2007 CVVM poll found that 72% of Czechs believe that abortion should be allowed "at the request of the woman", 19% that it should be allowed for "societal reasons", 5% that it should be allowed only if "a woman’s health is at risk", 1% that it should be "banned".
 * In a Pew Research survey from 2013, when asked about morality of abortion, 49% of respondents in the Czech Republic said that abortion is morally acceptable and 18% said it was unacceptable, and 18% that it was not a moral issue.
 * In May 2019, within a regular survey, the Center for Public Opinion Research showed that 68% of Czechs agree that abortion should be a woman's decision in any case, 19% think abortion should only be allowed by taking into account the health and social considerations of the fetus and the woman, 7% think abortion should be allowed only if the mother's life is at risk, 3% think abortion should be prohibited altogether and another 3% did not know or did not want to give an opinion.

title: Abortion in the Czech Republic


text:
Talk:Forest Glen station

Describing platforms at Forest Glen and Wheaton accurately, while also briefly
One of these days we're going to figure it out. Forest Glen technically has a center platform, since it is in between the tracks rather than on the outside, but it is less-than-descriptive for the situation. To me, "separate platforms" doesn't quite work, since the first thing to come into my mind was side platforms. Additionally, they're not entirely separate. The trick is determining how to describe the unique station design in only a few words. And therein lies the rub. Any ideas? SchuminWeb (Talk) 09:59, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "Connected tunnels"? --Golbez 10:03, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Each platform is housed within its own tunnel. The two tunnels are connected by a central elevator shaft. -- Toytoy (talk) 14:16, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You are absolutely correct. The trick is how to describe it succinctly. SchuminWeb (Talk) 14:57, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

The article side platform starts "A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks". Forest Glen definitely doesn't meet this definition because the platforms aren't to the side of the tracks; each platform is to the side of one, but the platforms are between the pair of tracks, not the other way around.47.139.42.78 (talk) 22:34, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081219022639/http://wmata.com/rail/station_detail.cfm?station_id=32 to http://www.wmata.com/rail/station_detail.cfm?station_id=32

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title: Talk:Forest Glen station


text:
Robert Welch

Robert Welch may refer to:

People

 * Robert Welch (designer) (1929–2000), British designer and silversmith
 * Robert Welch (San Jose), mayor of San Jose, California from 1962–1964
 * Robert Welch (photographer) (1859–1936), Irish photographer
 * Robert Welch (Wisconsin politician) (born 1958), Wisconsin politician
 * Robert Welch or Robert Fuller, American wrestler
 * Robert Anthony Welch (1947–2013), Irish author and scholar
 * Robert Alonzo Welch (1872–1952), American industrialist and founder of the Robert A. Welch Foundation for chemistry research in Texas
 * Robert S. Welch (1944–2016), American academic administrator
 * Robert V. Welch (1927–1992), American businessman, politician, and civic leader
 * Robert W. Welch Jr. (1899–1985), American anti-communist and co-founder of the John Birch Society
 * Bo Welch (Robert Welch, born 1951), American film production designer

Other

 * Robert Welch University, online university

title: Robert Welch


text: User talk:81.99.58.191

title: User talk:81.99.58.191