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Sardinia and Corsica

The Province of Sardinia and Corsica (Provincia Sardinia et Corsica) was an ancient Roman province including the islands of Sardinia and Corsica.

Pre-Roman times
The Nuragic civilization flourished in Sardinia from 1800 to 500 BC. The ancient Sardinians, also known as Nuragics, traded with many different Mediterranean peoples during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age, especially with the Myceneans and the Cypriots. Sardinians also built many coastal settlements, like Nora and Tharros, and the characteristic tower buildings the island is known for, the nuraghes. The similar Torrean civilization also developed in Southern Corsica, where several torri were built. The ancient Sardinians had reached a high level of cultural complexity, building large federal sanctuaries, where the Nuragic communities gathered to participate in the same rituals during festivities. The Nuragic people were able to organize themselves and accomplish several complex projects, such as building refined temples, hydraulic implants like fountains and aqueducts, and creating life sized statues despite the lack of an elite and lacking virtually any degree of social stratification.

The Phoenicians later established several commercial stations in the coast of Sardinia, the Sardinians and Phoenicians coexisted in urban centers across the coasts. Along with them went the Greeks, who founded the colonies of Alalia in Corsica, and Olbia in Sardinia. The Carthaginians, then a Phoenician dependency, conquered Alalia in 535 BC with the Etruscans' help. After Corsica, even part of Sardinia came under the control of the Carthaginians.

History
While Carthage was occupied with the Mercenary War, Rome broke the terms of a treaty made after the First Punic War and annexed Sardinia and Corsica by force. In 238 BC the Carthaginians surrendered their claim to the islands, which together became a province of Rome. This marked the beginning of Roman domination in the Western Mediterranean. The Romans ruled the area for 694 years.

The Nuragic Sardinians and Corsicans, however, often rebelled against the Roman rulers. A revolt broke out in 235 BC, but it was violently suppressed by Manlius Torquatus, who celebrated a triumph over the Sardinians. Other revolts arose in 233 BC and were repressed as well by the consul Spurius Carvilius Maximus Ruga, who celebrated with a triumph the same year. In 232 BC, the Sardinians were defeated again, this time by the consul Manlus Pompilus who was granted the honor of celebrating a triumph. In 231 BC, in light of the widespread tensions, a consular army was sent to deal with each island: one against the Corsicans, commanded by Gaius Papirius Maso, and the other one against the Sardinians, led by Marcus Pomponius Matho. However, the consuls did not manage to report a triumph since both campaigns failed. A mass revolt, known as Bellum Sardum, broke out during the Second Punic War in 216 BC: a massive Sardinian rebellion led by the landowner Hampsicora, a native of the city of Cornus, who commanded an army of natives and allied Carthaginians with the title of Dux Sardorum, and aided the Sardinian army with 15,000 foot soldiers and 1,500 knights. The Roman and the Sardo-Punic army fought at the Battle of Decimomannu; however, the Romans prevailed, and the rebellion ended with Hampsicora's suicide and the sack of the city of Cornus at the hands of the Roman Army, commanded by Manlius Torquatus.

The 2nd century BC was a period of turmoil in the province. In 181 BC the Corsi, a population living in Southern Corsica and North East Sardinia, rebelled against the Romans. The revolt was stopped by Marcus Pinarius Posca, who killed 2,000 rebels and enslaved a number of them. In 177/176 BC, to quell the rebellion of the Sardinian tribes known as the Balares and the Ilienses, the Senate sent the consul Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus to be in charge of two legions; each was composed of 5,200 common soldiers and 300 knights, with another 1,200 infantrymen and 600 knights among allies and Latins. It is estimated that around 27,000 Sardinians died in this revolt (12,000 in 177 and 15,000 in 176); following the defeat, the tax burden was doubled on the islanders, and Gracchus obtained a triumph. Livy reports the inscription on the temple of the goddess Mater Matuta, in Rome, in which the winners exhibited a commemorative plaque that said: "Under the command and the auspices of the consul Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, the legion and the army of the Roman people subjugated Sardinia. More than 80,000 enemies were killed or captured in the province. Conducting things in the happiest way for the Roman State, freeing the friends, restoring the income, he brought back the army safe and sound and rich in booty; for the second time he entered Rome triumphant. In memory of these events, he dedicated this panel to Jupiter." In 174 BC, another revolt broke out in Sardinia, resulting in a Roman victory by Titus Manlius Torquatus with a strage et fuga Sardorum, leaving an estimated 80,000 Sardinians dead on the battlefield. The following year another uprising occurred in Sardinia, the island's praetor Atilius Servatus was defeated and forced to take refuge on the other island. Atilius asked Rome for reinforcements, which were provided by Gaius Cicerius. Vowing to Juno Moneta to build a temple in case of success, Cicerius reported a victory, killing 7,000 Corsi and enslaving 1,700 of them. In 163 BC, Marcus Juventhius Thalna quashed another revolt without further details about the expedition. It is recorded that upon hearing of the mission accomplished in Sardinia, the Roman Senate announced public prayers and that Thalna himself, being aware of the Roman universal acclaim for the success, experienced such powerful emotions that he died. However, the rebellion must have resumed shortly afterward since Scipio Nasica was later sent to pacify the island.

Two other revolts broke out in 126 and 122 BC and were put down by Lucius Aurelius who celebrated his victory over the Sardinians, and celebrated a triumph afterward. The last major uprising happened in 111 BC, and was repressed by the consul Marcus Caecilius Metellus, who was able to defeat the armies of the coastal and highland Sardinians. He was allowed the honor of celebrating a triumph, the last recorded Roman triumph against the Sardinians. From then on, the Sardinians living on the coastal areas and the lowlands definitely ceased to revolt, but the highland populations continued to rebel from time to time, coming to be known as civitates Barbariae.

In the late Republic, Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix settled their veterans on Corsica and used the islands' grain supply to support their war efforts. Julius Caesar had his delegates capture the islands from Pompey and gained control of the grain supply in the process. The wheat supply fed his army and ensured its victory in the civil war of 49 BC. During the Second Triumvirate, Octavian received the islands as part of his share and used its grain supply to feed his armies against Brutus and Cassius. Between 40 and 38 BC, Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, and his legate Menas occupied Corsica and terrorised Sardinia, Sicily and even the Italian peninsula with a great pirate fleet. Along with the three Triumvirs, Sextus Pompey was one of the four most significant contenders in the warfare after Julius Caesar's death. His fleet largely consisted of thousands of slaves and he also held many strongholds on Corsica. With it, he so seriously threatened the Roman grain supply that Octavian had to make peace with Sextus Pompey since it was then not possible to beat him. In the Pact of Misenum (39 BC), Sextus Pompey was assigned Corsica and Sardinia, as well as Sicily and Achaia, in return for ending the blockade of the mainland and remaining neutral in the conflict between Octavian and Marc Antony. However, Octavian was not satisfied with the area assigned to him and conflict erupted anew in 38 BC. Pompey again blockaded the Italian mainland, leading to famine. Later that year, Octavian gathered a fleet that was so powerful that defeated Sextus Pompey and became ruler of the area again.

In Augustus's provincial reforms in 27 BC, Sardinia et Corsica became a senatorial province. The province was administered by a proconsul with the rank of a praetor. In AD 6, a separate senatorial province of Corsica was established since Augustus had appropriated the island of Sardinia, where a large garrison was kept under arms, as one of his personal provinces. Even after the return of Sardinia to the Senate in AD 67, the two islands remained separate provinces. Sardinia was always ruled by a praefectus (provinciae) Sardiniae and from Claudius on, the main and official title was enriched by the attribute procurator Augusti.

The provinces of Corsica and Sardinia were incorporated into the Diocese of Italy by Diocletian in 292 AD, along with Sicily and Malta.

Roman opinion of the province
The coastal regions of both islands were settled by Romans and adopted the Latin language and culture; however, the interior areas of Sardinia and Corsica resisted the invaders. A variety of revolts and uprisings occurred: however, since the interior areas were densely forested, the Romans avoided them and set them aside as Barbaria, i.e. the “land of the barbarians”.

Overall, Corsica and Sardinia became trivial gains compared to the Roman Empire's eastern gains like Roman Egypt. The Romans regarded both the islands and their peoples as backward and unhealthy, in all likelihood due to the long-standing presence of malaria. A 2017 study has in fact demonstrated that malaria was already endemic at least to Sardinia over 2000 years ago, as proven by the presence of beta thalassemia in the DNA of a Sardinian individual buried in the Punic necropolis of Carales.

From Corsica, the Romans did not receive much spoil nor were the prisoners willing to bow to foreign rule, and to learn anything Roman; Strabo, depicting the Corsicans as bestial people resorting to live by plunder, said that “whoever has bought one, aggravating their purchasers by their apathy and insensibility, regrets the waste of his money”. The same went for Sardinian slaves, who acquired an infamous reputation for being untrustworthy and killing their masters if they had the chance.

Since Sardinian captives once flooded the Roman slave markets after a Roman victory over a serious rebellion from the mountain tribes, the proverb Sardi venales ("Sardinians for cheap") became a common Latin expression to indicate anything cheap and worthless, as Livius reported.

Cicero referred to the Sardinians, reportedly ill-disposed as no other towards the Roman people, as "every one worse than his fellow" (alius alio nequior), and to their rebels from the highlands, who kept fighting the Romans in guerrilla-style, as "thieves with rough wool cloaks" (latrones mastrucati). The Roman orator likened the Sardinians to the ancient Berbers of North Africa (A Poenis admixto Afrorum genere Sardi "from the Punics, mixed with [North] African blood, originated the Sardinians", Africa ipsa parens illa Sardiniae "[North] Africa itself is Sardinia's progenitor"), using also the name Afer ([North] African) and Sardus (Sardinian) as interchangeable, to prove their supposed cunning and hideous nature inherited by the former Carthaginian masters. Cicero stated that no Sardinian city had ever been friendly to the Romans.

Varro, following the tradition set by Cicero, used to compare the Sardinians to the Berber tribe of the Getuli, stating that quaedam nationes harum pellibus sunt vestitae, ut in Gaetulia et in Sardinia ("Some barbarous nations use [goat] skins for clothing, like, for instance, in Getulia and Sardinia").

Many of the negative stereotypes were fueled by the Sardinians' deep-seated hostility towards Rome and their frequent rebellions which would last for centuries: even during the 1st century BC, while the rest of the island was mostly brought to the Roman order, the Sardinian highlands were often in turmoil. Strabo mentioned that the populations residing in the mountains were still not completely pacified during his time and eventually resorted to live off plunder, pillaging other Sardinian communities and sailing with their ships to raid the Etrurian shores; in particular, they often committed acts of piracy against the city of Pisa.

However, some Romans held a positive opinion of the Sardinians; Caesar, for instance, memorized his uncle's oration Pro Sardis, an oration in favor of the Sardinians, and he was a close friend of the Sardinian singer Tigellius. The city of Carales was in fact a supporter of Caesar and the populares as well, and aided him with some troops during the battle of Thapsus.

Relationship to Rome

Corsica and Sardinia were kept in a scarcely urbanised state and came mostly to be used as places of exile. Gaius Cassius Longinus, the lawyer accused of conspiracy by Nero, was sent to the province, while Anicentus, murderer of the elder Agrippina, was specifically sent to Sardinia. Many Jews and Christians were also sent to the islands under Tiberius. Christians were often exiled to Sardinia, so that they would be forced to work in its rich mines or in the quarries (damnatio ad metalla).

Entrenched indigenous resistance to cultural and political assimilation emerges in inscriptional evidence from former Carthaginian settlements. Punic-style magistrates, the sufetes, wielded local control in Nora and Tharros through the end of the first century BCE, although two sufetes existed in Bithia as late as the mid-second century CE.

While neglected, the islands nonetheless ended up playing a significant role in the Empire's happenings. While Sardinia provided Rome with much of the grain supply during the times of the Roman Republic, Corsica did as well with wax to the Empire. Moreover, among all the Western Roman provinces, Sardinia provided the biggest number of sailors to the Roman military fleets. Sardinia was also one of the main metal suppliers of the Roman world; thanks to its rich silver, lead and copper mines, Sardinia ranked third among all the Roman provinces in quantity of metals produced next to Britain and Hispania. Mining production during the Roman rule was estimated at about six hundred thousand tons of lead and one thousand tons of silver.

Only a few Sardinians are known to have obtained the rank of senator or equites during the imperial era. The Sardinian Marcus Erennius Severus became legatus of Judea and obtained the rank of praetor during the middle of the second century AD. Quintus Aurelius Symmachus mentions some senators of Sardinian origins in his epistles such as Ampelius, who were accused of having sided with Magnus Maximus against Theodosius.

Major cities
Carales was the biggest city in the entire province, reaching a population of 30,000 inhabitants. Its existence as an urban center went back to at least the 8th century BC, with Florus calling it urbs urbium, the city among the cities. Sardinia and Carales came under Roman rule in 238 BC, shortly after the First Punic War, when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians. No mention of it is found on the occasion of the Roman conquest of the island, but during the Second Punic War it served as headquarters to the praetor Titus Manlius Torquatus as he conducted his operations against Hampsicora and the Sardo-Carthaginian army. The most important monuments left of the Roman era are its amphitheater, capable of seating as many as 10,000 spectators, and the ruins of the Roman Villa known as Tigellius' villa.

Sulci was also one of the biggest cities in Sardinia. Its foundation dates back to the 9th century BC. Annexed by the Carthaginians during the 6th century BC, it became one of the largest cities under Carthaginian control, as testified by its massive necropolis which contained more than 1,500 hypogea; by the 5th century BC the city had already reached a population of about 10,000 inhabitants. In 258 BC, a naval battle occurred between the Carthaginian and the Roman forces near the city: after his defeat the commander Hannibal Gisco took refuge in Sulci, but was captured and crucified by his own men. By the Second Punic War the city had come under Roman control. Sulci grew wealthy due to its proximity to the rich lead mines of the Sulcis region, so much so that Caesar was able to exact from it a fine of 10 million sestertii for its having sided with Pompey during the civil war. Nora, located nearby the modern city of Pula, was instead regarded by the ancient authors as the oldest city in Sardinia. Indeed, the Nora stone, an ancient Phoenician text that was found in the city, testifies the site's significance as a port already in the 9th century BC. Many beautiful Roman mosaics can still be spotted to this day, and its theater is one of the best preserved Roman monuments on the island.

The city of Tharros, located on the western side of the island on the Sinis peninsula, was one of the main producers of jewels in the Punic world, as testified by the rich funerary kits found in the Punic necropolis. It was one of the cities that rebelled against Roman rule during the Second Punic War and supported Hampsicora's revolt.

Located on the northeastern side of Sardinia, Olbia was a rich port town. Although its name seems to be of Greek origin, the city was already under Carthaginian control by the 5th century BC. Its massive walls, still visible today, date back to the 4th century BC. Its strategic position in the Mediterranean trade routes was indisputable, so much that when the Romans occupied the island in 238 BC, the city became an important military base for the Roman navy. Like the other major Roman cities on the island, Olbia was provided with public baths and a forum. Other noteworthy cities were Othoca, Neapolis, Bithia and finally Cornus, the native city of Hampsicora. Bosa was also likely settled since ancient times as an inscription dating to the 8th century BC testifies.

In addition to the aforementioned cities, the Romans founded a few colonies, the two major ones being Turris Libisonis and Forum Traiani. Turris Libisonis, situated in the northwest of the island, prospered thanks to the rich plains of the Nurra and its ideal position as a port; its majestic baths and mosaics are well preserved even today. Forum Traiani was situated in the fertile plains of the Campidano area and became famous for its baths, which were believed to have therapeutic properties.

The most important city in Corsica was Aleria, founded in the 7th century BC by the Phocaean Greeks and later conquered by the Etruscans after the battle of Alalia. Aiacium also began as a Phocaean port. Gaius Marius founded Mariana in the north of Corsica in 93 BC.

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John Burgess (political scientist)

John William Burgess (August 26, 1844 – January 13, 1931) was an American political scientist. He spent most of his career at Columbia University where he in 1880 created the first graduate school in Political Science. He has been described as "the most influential political scientist of the period" and "the father of American political science."

Early life and education
Burgess was born in Cornersville, Tennessee on August 26, 1844. His father was a staunch Whig and part of the Tennessee planter aristocracy. His family, which held slaves, were unionists, believing that slavery could more easily be maintained within a union with Northern states where the Northern states had to return fugitive slaves to the South.

He attended Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee from September 1861 until February 1862 when Burgess and other students fled as the Union Army occupied parts of Tennessee. In 1862, Burgess sought to avoid conscription into the Confederate Army. He escaped to Union-held territory where he was required to take an oath of allegiance to the Union. Burgess subsequently entered into the Union Army in 1862 and was stationed in West Tennessee.

He undertook study of history at Amherst College, graduating in 1867. He gained admission to the bar in 1869.

Career
From 1869 to 1871, he was Professor of English literature and political economy at Knox College.

From there he attended the universities of Göttingen, Leipzig, and Berlin over the period 1871–1873, where he studied under scholars including the historian Johann Gustav Droysen; the economist Wilhelm Roscher; the historian Theodor Mommsen, whose linking history with law strongly influenced Burgess's own approach; and Rudolf von Gneist. He was much influenced by the training in research methods characteristic of German universities of the time. He sought to import these methods of research and scholarship, first to Amherst (unsuccessfully) and later to Columbia. He maintained a lifelong interest in German-American relations.

From 1873 to 1876, Burgess was Professor of History and Political Science at Amherst College.

In 1876, Burgess was appointed to a professorship in the Law School of what later became Columbia University, a post he held until his 1912 retirement. While at Columbia, Burgess taught constitutional law. In 1880, Burgess created the first graduate school in the discipline of political science in the United States. In 1886, he founded the Political Science Quarterly. From 1890 until his retirement in 1912, he was Dean of the Graduate School of Political Science at Columbia.

He was instrumental in establishing the Faculty of Political Science, the first major institutionalized program in the United States granting the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. These endeavors have led to his being widely regarded as one of the founders of modern political science.

In 1906, Burgess was Roosevelt professor at the University of Berlin and in the summer semester of 1907, he held a guest lecture at the University of Leipzig.

Burgess was a strong influence on the Dunning School of Reconstruction. Burgess "agreed with the scholarly consensus that blacks were inferior", and wrote that "black skin means membership in a race of men which has never of itself succeeded in subjecting passion to reason, has never, therefore, created any civilization of any kind."

In a 1904, Burgess argued for close British, American and German relations, justifying it in part on the basis of "ethnic affinity". He also argued that Swedes, Danes, Norwegians and the Dutch were "probably the purest Teutonic stock, and the best stock, in Europe". He added that it was a "sober truth that the Teutonic genius and the Teutonic conscience are the two greatest forces in modern civilization and culture."

Burgess defended how Southern planters treated slaves, arguing that most planters treated them well and that most slaves were content with slavery. Burgess criticized the 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, arguing that it was "a gross exaggeration" of how most slaves were treated.

Until the 1990s, he was memorialized on the Columbia campus with the designation of the "Burgess-Carpenter Classics Library" within Butler Library. Nicholas Murray Butler credited the teachings of Burgess along with Alexander Hamilton for the philosophical basis of his Republicanism.

According to Leon Epstein, Burgess was a leading academic figure in the last decades of the nineteenth century, but some of his influence was considered negative (due to his advocation of formalism as it applied to politics and governance) and he caused somewhat of an intellectual rebellion at Columbia.

He is the academic advisor of Charles Edward Merriam.

Works

 * 1890: Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law
 * 1897: The Middle Period, 1817-1858
 * 1901: The Civil War and the Constitution, 1859-1865
 * 1902: Reconstruction and the Constitution 1866-1876
 * 1915: The European War of 1914 - Its Causes Purposes and Probable Results
 * 1915: The Reconciliation of Government with Liberty
 * 1923: Recent Changes in American Constitutional Theory

title: John Burgess (political scientist)


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User talk:Deepakgreat

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Baba Tahir

Baba Tahir or Baba Taher Oryan Hamadani was an 11th-century dervish poet from Hamadan, Iran who lived during the reign of Tugril of the Seljuk dynasty over Iran. This is almost all that is known of him as he lived a mysterious lifestyle. Although prefix "Baba" (roughly meaning 'The Wise' or 'The Respected') has been thought as part of his name in all known sources, his nickname "Oryan" (meaning 'The Naked') did not appear until about 17th-century. The nickname was probably attributed to him because he seemed to lead a very spiritual and stoic lifestyle and thus was figuratively not clothed with worldly and material needs. His poetry is written in the Hamadani dialect of the Persian language. According to L. P. Elwell-Sutton he probably wrote in the Hamadani dialect, adding: "Most traditional sources call it loosely Luri, while the name commonly applied from an early date to verses of this kind, Fahlaviyat, presumably implies that they were thought to be in a language related to the Middle Persian language. Rouben Abrahamian however found a close affinity with the dialect spoken at the present time by the Jews of Hamadan." According to The Cambridge History of Iran, Baba Tahir spoke a certain Persian dialect.

Biography
Baba Tahir is known as one of the most revered early poets in Persian literature. Little is known of his life. He was born in a Persian family and lived in Hamadan Province in Iran. He was known by the name of Baba Taher-e Oryan (The Naked), which suggests that he may have been a wandering dervish. Legend tells that the poet, an illiterate woodcutter, attended lectures at a religious school, where he was not welcomed by his fellow-students. The dates of his birth and death are unknown. One source indicates that he died in 1019. If this is accurate, it would make Baba Tahir a contemporary of Ferdowsi and Avicenna and an immediate precursor of Omar Khayyam. Another source reports that he lived between 1000 and 1055, which is unlikely. It is said that Baba Tahir lived for seventy-five years. Rahat al-sodur of Ravandi, whose work was completed 603/1206, describes a meeting between Baba Tahir and the Seljuq conqueror Tughril (pp. 98–99). At the time when Baba Tahir lived in the 10th century, there were great changes occurring in the development and growth of literature and art. Medieval artists and poets in Persia were greatly respected and valued and had the right to express their thoughts freely. According to L. P. Elwell-Sutton: "He could be described as the first great poet of Sufi love in Persian literature. In the last two decades his do-baytis have often been put to music".

Poetry
Baba Tahir's poems are recited to the present day all over Iran accompanied by the setar, the three stringed lute. This style of poetry is known as Pahlaviat and it is very ancient. The quatrains of Baba Tahir have a more amorous and mystical connotation rather than philosophical. Many of Baba Tahir's poems are of the do-baytī style, a form of Persian quatrains, which some scholars regard as having affinities with Middle Persian verses.

Writing
Attributed to him is a work by the name Kalemat-e Qesaar, a collection of nearly 400 aphorisms in Arabic, which has been the subject of commentaries, one allegedly by Ayn-al-Qozat Hamadani. An example of such a saying is one where Baba Tahir ties knowledge with gnosis: "Knowledge is the guide to gnosis, and when gnosis has come the vision of knowledge lapses and there remain only the movements of knowledge to gnosis"; "knowledge is the crown of the gnostic, and gnosis is the crown of knowledge"; "whoever witnesses what is decreed by God remains motionless and powerless."

Tomb
His tomb, designed by Mohsen Foroughi, is located near the northern entrance of the city of Hamadan in Western Iran, in a park, surrounded by flowers and winding paths. The structure consists of twelve external pillars surrounding a central tower. It was constructed in 1970.

title: Baba Tahir


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Union, Common Sense and Progress

Union, Common Sense and Progress (Unió, Seny i Progrés) was a political party in Canillo, Andorra. USiP contested the Andorran parliamentary election, 1992 on a joint list with Unity and Renewal. The list was the only one presented in the Canillo parochial constituency, and it won all four parliamentary seats (3 for Unity and Renewal, 1 for USiP).

title: Union, Common Sense and Progress


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Gulbenkian

Gulbenkian (Կիւլպէնկեան) is an Armenian surname. It may refer to:

People

 * Calouste Gulbenkian, an Armenian businessman
 * Nubar Gulbenkian, his son, also a businessman
 * Angela Gulbenkian, an art collector
 * Kémar Gulbenkian, member of French group No One Is Innocent

Other

 * Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, a charitable institution
 * Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, a research facility also known as the Gulbenkian Science Institute
 * Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, a museum in Lisbon, Portugal
 * Gulbenkian Prize, series of awards for museums and galleries, for sciences, human rights
 * Gulbenkian Ballet, a ballet troupe (1965-2005)
 * Gulbenkian Theatre, a theatre in Canterbury, England
 * Gulbenkian Orchestra, an orchestra in Lisbon
 * Gulbenkian Park, also known as Gulbenkian Garden, garden with lakes located in Lisbon
 * Avenida Calouste Gulbenkian, a major avenue in Lisbon

title: Gulbenkian


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Otak

Otak may refer to:

 * Otak-otak, a fish cake eaten throughout Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia
 * Otaks, a species in the fictional world of Earthsea
 * Indonesian and Malay name for brain.
 * Otak, a Baithak in villages of Sindh.

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USS Lansdowne

USS Lansdowne (DD-486), a Gleaves-class destroyer, is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Lieutenant Commander Zachary Lansdowne.

Lansdowne was laid down on 31 July 1941 by Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company of Kearny, New Jersey and launched on 20 February 1942, sponsored by Miss Peggy Lansdowne, daughter of Lt.Cmdr. Lansdowne. The ship was commissioned on 29 April 1942, Lt. Cmdr. William R. Smedberg III in command.

1942
Lansdowne first operated along the Atlantic seaboard on shakedown, antisubmarine, and escort duty, and attacked an enemy submarine off Cape Hatteras on 3 July. Following a severe depth charge attack, large quantities of oil bubbled to the surface and it was presumed the submarine had been sunk. Arriving at Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone, 13 July, the destroyer was sent to a position where PC-458 had located an enemy submarine. Upon arrival, Lansdowne launched a depth charge attack. Large quantities of oil rose to the surface, and the forward motion of the submarine ceased. Postwar records established that GS U-153 (1941) was sunk by these attacks.

On 21 August, Lansdowne transited the Panama Canal and headed for the South Pacific. En route to Tonga, she rescued the pilot and radioman of a splashed observation plane from the battleship USS South Dakota (BB-57).

Arriving Nukuʻalofa Bay on 6 September, the destroyer joined Task Force 18 (TF 18), under Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-7). On 15 September 1942, Wasp was torpedoed and heavily damaged by gasoline fires. Lansdowne narrowly avoided one of the submarine Type 95 torpedoes that missed Wasp and later hit the battleship USS North Carolina (BB-55). Lansdowne rescued 447 of Wasp's crew when the burning carrier was abandoned. As the remainder of (TF 18) moved on, Admiral Noyes ordered Lansdowne to sink Wasp and stand by the carrier until she was sunk. Lansdowne's Mark 15 torpedoes had the same unrecognized flaws reported for the Mark 14 torpedo. The first torpedo was fired at a range of 1000 yd and set to run 15 ft under Wasp's keel for maximum damage with the magnetic influence exploder. When no result was observed from an apparently perfect wake, a second torpedo was fired at keel depth from a range of 800 yd. Once again, an apparently perfect shot produced no results; and Lansdowne had only three more torpedoes. Lansdowne's torpedomen disabled the magnetic influence exploders and set depth at 10 ft. All three torpedoes detonated, but Wasp remained afloat in the orange flames of a burning pool of gasoline and oil. Lansdowne nervously zig-zagged silhouetted in the fire's glow until Wasp sank by the bow at 2100.

Lansdowne, with Task Group 64.1 (TG 64.1), took part in the occupation of Funafuti, Ellice Islands, 2 October, then escorted aircraft ferry USS Hammondsport (APV-2) to Espiritu Santo. From 13 October, the ship screened various task forces, groups, and units in the British Solomons, escorted damaged ships to safety, and on 30 November sighted and bombarded a large group of Japanese landing barges, sinking several and scoring direct hits on a beached enemy ship east of Cape Esperance. She also shelled shore installations from Buala to Visale.

On 30 November, Lansdowne made three attacks against a submerged target west of Koli Point, bringing diesel oil, slabs of cork, and air bubbling to the surface. In December, she made an escort run from Tulagi to Sydney and Auckland, returning to Nouméa.

1943
Continuing to serve in the Solomons, Lansdowne grounded in the Russells on 26 February, and sailed on 11 March for repairs at San Francisco.

From May to July, the ship operated in the Aleutians, bombarding Kiska on 6 July. She headed back to Espiritu Santo from Pearl Harbor 30 July, and joined an antishipping force off Vella Lavella on 2 September. Escort duty in the Solomons and to Fiji continued until 29 October.

Lansdowne then screened fast carriers as they attacked Buka-Bonis (1 to 2 November) and Rabaul (5 and 11 November). While covering landing operations at Empress Augusta Bay 28 November, the ship repelled an enemy air attack and, two days later, bombarded Bougainville, which she hit again late in December.

1944
During January and February 1944, Lansdowne covered the landings at Torokina, Bougainville, and Green Island, and conducted antishipping sweeps between Buka and Rabaul. On 18 February the destroyer bombarded and torpedoed shipping at Koravia Bay in the first surface action against Rabaul. Numerous fires were started ashore and on the shipping. On the night of 24/25 February, Lansdowne sank a 6,800-ton Japanese cargo ship about 20 miles (35 km) north of New Hanover. Early the following morning, she opened fire on shore emplacements and shipping at Kavieng, silencing a large coastal gun and several other batteries and sinking one ship while setting fire to two others.

After operating northwest of the Admiralties, Lansdowne joined TFs 77 and 78 for the initial landings in the Aitape–Hollandia–Tanahmerah area of northern New Guinea and launched air attacks on Palau, Yap, Ulithi, and other enemy bases in the Central Pacific on 3 March through 1 April. The ship then returned to Pearl Harbor for refit, arriving 18 May.

Lansdowne arrived at Majuro on 5 June, and the next day, joined TF 58 for the Marianas operation through June and July, thus participating in the raids on Bonis on 15 and 16 June, the Battle of the Philippine Sea 19 and 20 June, and the assaults on Guam and Tinian. On 30 July the destroyer sailed for overhaul at Bremerton, Washington, returning to Ulithi on 29 October.

1945
On patrol and escort in the western Carolines until 5 May 1945, she then steamed to the Ryūkyūs for duty off Okinawa. She patrolled anti-submarine stations around the island complex, gave fire support, and screened aircraft carriers.

Lansdowne next operated with the 3rd Fleet off Japan screening logistics groups and fast carriers launching strikes against the enemy homeland. The ship was detached from the task force 20 to 23 August to transport the Atomic Bomb Investigation Group to Okinawa and then proceeded to Sagami Wan, arriving 27 August.

On 29 August, Lansdowne escorted battleship South Dakota, Admiral Chester Nimitz’ flagship, into Tokyo Bay, and then operated with units of the Allied Prisoner of War Rescue Group evacuating prisoners from camps in southern Honshū. The ship was detached on 2 September 1945 to transfer Japanese emissaries from Yokohama to the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) in Tokyo Bay for the official surrender ceremonies, returning the party to Yokohama the same day. She operated out of Yokohama until sailing on 15 October from Wakanoura for the United States via Singapore, Colombo, and Cape Town, arriving at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 6 December 1945.

Post war
Lansdowne departed for Charleston, South Carolina, on 17 January 1946 and decommissioned to enter the Atlantic Reserve Fleet there 2 May 1946. On 10 June 1949 the ship was transferred to the Turkish Navy, which she served as TCG Gaziantep (D 344) until 1973.

Awards
Lansdowne received 12 battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Lansdowne


text: User talk:195.8.168.252

title: User talk:195.8.168.252


text:
Talk:Electron density

Hello,

I have no objections to the contents of the "Electron density" article, but I think it would be more meaningful to start with a macroscopic definition, i.e. number of electrons per unit volume. This could then be related to the probabilistic definition of density, and the current contents could be introduced by a discussion of when the macroscopic view breaks down.

The reason I'm suggesting this is that there is currently a link from the article on incoherent scattering, where it is mentioned that this technique is used to measure electron density (in this case, the number density of free electrons in near-Earth space is intended) while the linked article talks only about orbitals in molecules. User:Togr 11:22, 13 October 2005

Merging electron density with electronic density
Hi all. I propose to merge those two articles as their subject is strictly the same. Faithfully yours Grimlock (talk) 21:01, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not really sure about the wisdom of doing this, but if it is going to be done, which way do you want to do it? I suggest electronic density to electron density. If you agree the merge tags should be changed to mergeto and mergefrom tags. -- Bduke   (Discussion)  22:53, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You may be right, but there are at least some links to these pages, e.g. on Saha ionization equation and Ionized air glow, that use "electron density" in a different (classical statistics) sense. Such links should be looked for and removed. Art Carlson (talk) 10:47, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with both of you. For the links pointed by Art Carlson, I underlined that this classical view is used in plasma physics, and perhaps this should be distinguished in another page. Dealing with this in electron density (as it is understood in quantum physics and chemistry) is misleading, in my mind. Grimlock (talk) 19:34, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Nucleophilicity versus electophilicity

I never tried to edit a Wiki page before, just now having created an account. How does one simply question an entry, rather than proceeding to edit? But my question refers to the following paragraph: Graphically, the electron density surface also serves as a canvas upon which other electronic properties can be displayed. The electrostatic potential map (the property of electrostatic potential mapped upon the electron density) provides an indicator for charge distribution in a molecule. The local ionization potential map (the property of local ionization potential mapped upon the electron density) provides an indicator of electrophilicity. And the LUMO map (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital mapped upon the electron density) can provide an indicatory for nucleophilicity.[5] My question is...have not the terms "electrophilicity' and "nucleophilicity" been switched? Local ionization potential would refer to the loss of electrons, that is, it would correlate to a propensity to be attacked by electrophiles (i.e. nucleophilicity) and the LUMO map would show where a molecule would be attacked by nucleophiles (i.e. electrophilicity). Fichtnermw (talk) 15:36, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Relative electron density

I'm new to editing Wikipedia so I thought to ask before proceeding. I was planning to add a table of relative electron densities of most common materials in NTP conditions. I work in radiotherapy and some times need to check these but find it very hard to find a good list so I end up calculating them every time from the periodic table and other sources. So I believe such a table would be appreciated in radiotherapy community. My question is: should I make a section to this article or create a separate article? The section/article would introduce what is the relative electron density to water, how it is calculated, and then a table of most common materials/elements. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tapmyl (talk • contribs) 15:27, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I understand this has been proposed before (see above) but not resolved. Could we resolve at least the articles in a way? If we do want to have a separate article we should state "Electron density (classical statistics)" or something. Pinging and  for comment.--Officer781 (talk) 05:44, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the two articles are better off merged. Having for example a distinct article for Charge carrier density is good since there are some conceptual differences between charge carriers and electrons, but I can't think of a good reason to have two articles in this case. The usual approach in physics of separating a simple classical model from a more complete quantum mechanics treatment doesn't seem to work here: the most basic explanations of electron behavior like lewis structures are based in quantum mechanics. So I think it's best to give a single, unified treatment. $$\langle$$ Forbes72 | Talk $$\rangle$$ 18:29, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've gone ahead and merged. 〈 Forbes72 | Talk 〉 03:01, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

Fundamental errors
I have observed electrons and recorded them so I contest this section. https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZTLnhUwn7/ 47.154.156.167 (talk) 11:17, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electron density


title: User:Xg6W5XyJe


text:
Aras, Navarre

Aras is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

title: Aras, Navarre


title: User:XBo5f2QXl


text:
Talk:Olive Garden

Citing
I have just sourced out this article a bit, I invite any one willing to help out to join in the fun and expand the article some more. With proper citations from reliable sources, of course. --Jeremy (blah blah • I did it!) 02:35, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Allegedly
http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/04/15/what-actually-goes-on-at-olive-gardens-culinary-institute-in-tuscany/

http://gawker.com/#!5793849/olive-gardens-culinary-institute-is-a-sham Pär Larsson (talk) 15:58, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia doesn't do "allegedly". Either it is, so it's included, or it isn't, so it isn't.  In these cites I see allegations that they don't exactly have a "school" as possibly pictured in their adverts, but nothing about the development of their menus, which is what is discussed in the article. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 16:54, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

Escape_Orbit, why isn't the Time article and Reddit post referenced at all? The Time article says, "there's no school, per se" and later, "there's no school." This is, at minimum, a controversy which directly contradicts the company's advertising, and could (I think, should) be noted as such. The controversy is also covered here: http://theweek.com/article/index/214459/petty-controversy-olive-gardens-outrageous-cooking-school-sham. I would add these myself but haven't added links before to wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.207.34.229 (talk) 22:37, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Olive Garden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120125230623/http://www.chicagotribune.com:80/business/breaking/chi-olive-garden-tries-to-woo-back-customers-after-falling-into-a-rut-20120123,0,6844643,full.story to http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-olive-garden-tries-to-woo-back-customers-after-falling-into-a-rut-20120123,0,6844643,full.story
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110529045143/http://www.slashfood.com:80/2011/04/14/the-truth-behind-the-olive-gardens-tuscan-cooking-school to http://www.slashfood.com/2011/04/14/the-truth-behind-the-olive-gardens-tuscan-cooking-school/

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Olive Garden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141015110328/http://gawker.com/5793849/olive-gardens-culinary-institute-is-a-sham to http://gawker.com/5793849/olive-gardens-culinary-institute-is-a-sham

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Extremely long term vandalism from IP editor
On 3 September 2013 this edit by IP editor 50.148.65.242 added the information that the owner of Olive Garden is Samantha Lee. This is 100% false and blatant vandalism. Now google auto completes "Samantha Lee Olive Garden owner" because of the misinformation, not sure how to rectify this vandalism. Valoem  talk   contrib  00:31, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Allegations of being inauthentic
I'm struggling to find articles, but should we mention the common perception that Olive Garden is often not liked by many for being seeing as imitation fake manufactured Italian food, not real Italian food. Ususer445 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 07:45, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
 * It would need a WP:RS before it could be added, especially since that is largely a matter of opinion. --Cerebral726 (talk) 15:53, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

What's wrong with cooking pasta in salted water?
I'm confused by this comment "The chain also had stopped the common practice of adding salt to the water in which it cooked its pasta". Pasta should be cooked in salted water, what's the problem with that? Unless the water they used was super salty? Gymnophoria (talk) 13:40, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I think the issue is that they *stopped* putting salt on pasta to make the pots last longer / for warranty purposes. The fact that salt can damage pots is a major TIL for me, but maybe that's something that only happens when you're cooking at the scale that these guys are or the warranty clause was some made up bullshit that instead of negotiating out of, Olive Garden management simply caved to. 167.88.84.136 (talk) 15:37, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

History Section
It looks like the History section needs a rework... paragraphs don't follow any chronological order and some of them make references to statements made by insiders or the press without mentioning a date. 167.88.84.136 (talk) 15:36, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olive Garden


text:
Lü Banglie

Lü Banglie (born 1971) is a Chinese pro-democracy activist and farmer from Baoyuesi village, Bailizhou town, Zhijiang, Yichang in western Hubei province. During a period of drought in 2000, Lü began campaigning for reductions in the taxes levied upon poor farmers. Since that time Lü has campaigned on issues of land seizures, corruption, and access to health care. In 2003, Lü was elected to a position in the Zhijiang City People's Congress. In 2004, he was elected to the Baoyuesi villager committee.

Lü's political activities have led to violence against himself, his family, and his property. This attracted global media attention in 2005 when an assault on Lu was falsely reported by Guardian journalist Benjamin Joffe-Walt. The attack was allegedly intended to intimidate Lü and convince him to end his campaign against corrupt local politicians. Lü declared his intention to continue campaigning against corruption, saying, "I know there are tigers in the mountain, but I still go to the mountain." In October 2007 there were reports that Lu had been "disappeared", although these reports are difficult to substantiate.

Lü Banglie is reported to have been influenced by the thought of Mohandas Gandhi.

title: Lü Banglie


title: User:Xt9UZh74B


text:
User:Ccare

I am a historian of computers and computing at the University of Warwick, England. My principle research interest is the history of analogue computing (see analogue computer).

I also have research interests in empirical modelling, a particular approach to computer-based modelling.

See http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/ccare And http://blog.ccare.me

I'm currently working on the Mastering MEAN project (see http://localhost:3020/lessons/371)

title: User:Ccare


text: User talk:212.219.250.35

title: User talk:212.219.250.35


title: User:Xw4OQv9y3


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Totalitarian dictators

I would not object to the reopening of this discussion. But Silverback’s reopening of the summary, with the edit summary "rv, User:172 says discussions can be reopened, read the text" misrepresents my interpretation of policy. The time for an editor to act boldly and reopen the discussion is when deciding consensus is very borderline, especially when the article is kept up on grounds of there being no consensus despite the fact that votes are trending in the other direction, or vice versa. In contrast, given the lack of support for Silverback’s side here, this case is hardly borderline. 172 | Talk 11:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It was clear Silverback wasn't trying to really reopen an AFD though, since he wanted it kept. VFU is the proper place for a dispute of a deletion and that's where tthis has been taken. Besides, a second nomination needsto be on a separate page anyway. Dmcdevit·t 21:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Francisco Montes

Francisco Montes may be:
 * Francisco Montes Reina
 * Francisco Montes de Oca y Saucedo
 * Francisco Montes (footballer)

title: Francisco Montes


text: User talk:195.144.135.189

title: User talk:195.144.135.189


text:
User talk:Hunterd

Motto of the Day
Hi there, Hunterd! Thought you might be interested in Motto of the Day, a collaborative (and totally voluntary) effort by a group of Wikipedians to create original, inspirational mottos. Have a good motto idea? Share it here, comment on some of the mottos there or just pass this message onto your friends.

MOTD Needs Your Help!

Delivered By –p joe f (talk • contribs) 11:25, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Support MOTD
Hello, Motto of the Day is currently running out of mottos and therefore we would appreciate your support in this project. Please suggest new mottos or support for others at Motto of the day/Nominations/In review. If you have any ideas for mottos on a special date or anniversary, or you are interested in what other ones of thdse there are please see Motto of the day/Nominations/Specials. Thank you for your time. Simply south (talk) 22:17, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Future of MOTD
I've decided to start a project discussion on this. Please see WT:MOTD. Simply south...... having large explosions for 5 years 17:57, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Motto of the Day Help Request April 2014
Motto of the Day (WP:MOTD) is in a state of emergency and really needs your help! There are not enough editors who are reviewing or nominating mottos at Motto of the day/Nominations/In review, and this probably means that you will notice a red link or “This space for rent” as our mottos for the next weeks and months.

Please take a moment to review the nominations and nominate your own new mottos at Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/In review and Wikipedia:Motto of the day/Nominations/'Specials. Any help would be appreciated! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 09:13, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

 * This message has been sent by p joe f on behalf of Motto of the Day to all editors of the English Wikipedia who are showing MOTD's templates on their pages, and to all the participants to MOTD: (page, template, and category).

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

File:Dead Actorism emparchment.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Dead Actorism emparchment.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. — Alexis Jazz (talk or ping me) 15:24, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

You have been pruned from a list
Hi Hunterd! You're receiving this notification because you were previously listed at WikiProject Biography/Members, but you haven't made any edits to the English Wikipedia in over 3 months.

Because of your inactivity, you have been removed from the list. If you would like to resubscribe, you can do so at any time by visiting WikiProject Biography/Members.

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title: User talk:Hunterd


text:
Tyalgum, New South Wales

Tyalgum is a rural village located in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. At the, Tyalgum had a population of 521 people.

By road, Tyalgum is located approximately 26 km west of Murwillumbah, 70 km from the Gold Coast, and 130 km from Brisbane.

Tyalgum is situated at the junction of the Pumpenbil and Tyalgum creeks, which provide Tyalgum with its water supply. During early years of settlement, these waterways would have been used to transport giant red cedar logs that were felled in the area. Other natural features include the valley environment around the village, created by the Border Ranges and Mount Warning.

Important structures in Tyalgum include the Flutterbies Cottage Cafe, The Little Shop Next Door, Tyalgum Store (established in 1907), Tyalgum Hall, venue of an annual Classical Musical Festival, and Tyalgum Garage, which is located in the old Norco Dairy Manufacturer Building.

, there are plans for Tyalgum to disconnect from the electricity grid and produce renewable power locally, primarily using solar power and battery storage.

Climate
Tyalgum has a temperate climate. It has a mean annual temperature of 18.9 °C. The rainfall is generally high with an annual mean of 1,555.4 mm, most of which occurs during the summer months. For the last few years the region has been suffering from drought.

Demographics
In the, Tyalgum recorded a population of 521 people, 50% female and 50% male.

The median age of the Tyalgum population was 46 years old, above the national median of 38.

77.9% of people living in Tyalgum were born in Australia. Other top responses for country of birth were England (5.2%), New Zealand (2.1%), South Africa (1.2%), the United States of America (1.0%), and Germany (0.8%).

95.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Punjabi, 0.6% German, 0.6% Mandarin, and 0.6% Thai.

Classical Music Festival
The Tyalgum Festival of Classical Music was started in 1991 by concert violinists Carmel Kaine and John Willison, after they discovered the acoustics of the village Hall. Since then, the festival has been held annually in September as one of Australia's premier classical events. Numerous artists have ranked the 1908 hall alongside some of the best concert venues in the world.

The Birth of the Tyalgum Festival of Classical Music - 1991
The Tyalgum Festival of Classical Music, also known as the Tyalgum Festival, was born out of the combination of two events.

In 1990, Carmel Kaine, an original member and concertmaster of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields, and John Willison, former Principal Second Violin of the London Philharmonic Orchestra, purchased a country retreat at Limpinwood not far from Tyalgum in the Tweed Valley. They had recently taken up teaching positions at the Queensland Conservatory of Music. Shortly after their arrival at Limpinwood they were invited to dinner at the home of their neighbour, social worker Jean Brewer. As a result of discussions over dinner, Carmel and John decided to hold a concert in their home and invite interested locals from Murwillumbah and the local Tyalgum district. The objective was to see if there were enough people interested in attending continuing musical soirées in their home. The concert took place in early 1991 in the lounge room of John and Carmel's home. A group of principal teachers from the Queensland Conservatory of Music performed Schubert's Octet. At the end of the concert a meeting was convened, with a number of those attending including Margot and Doug Anthony, Jean Brewer, Peter and Judy Budd, Viv and Neville Hibbard and Murwillumbah lawyer Greg Rooney. They all agreed that a further concert should be held. However, it was suggested that it be held in the historic Tyalgum Literary Institute Hall.

The Tyalgum Literary Institute Hall
In 1986, local Tyalgum theatrical artists William Gill and Les Peterkin formed the Tyalgum Theatre Group, and produced a number of theatrical spectaculars at the Tyalgum Literary Institute Hall. However, there was a constant problem with the uninsulated corrugated iron roof: whenever it rained, performances had to stop because of the loud noise. It was suggested that a remedy might be to insulate the ceiling. At the time, Peter Knowland, one of Australia's leading acoustic engineers, visited Murwillumbah as part of the feasibility study for a proposed Amphitheatre there. He was asked to also visit the Murwillumbah Civic Centre (which was having acoustic problems) and the Tyalgum Literary Institute Hall. His advice was to not insulate the internal roof structure as in his opinion the Hall had an excellent acoustic. In his view this resulted from a combination of the ripple corrugated iron ceiling that dispersed the echo, the wooden floors and the particular dimensions of the hall that gave it a warm and clear sound.

Another influence on the birth of the Tyalgum Festival was a concert arranged in the late 1980s by Musica Viva. The performance was by the Australia Ensemble led by Dean Olding at the Anglican Church in Murwillumbah. There were six people in the audience, fewer than the number of performers on stage. The importance of having an inspiring venue that would complement excellent performances and attract audiences became clear. It was also felt that Musica Viva might agree to continue subsidising performances in the Tweed Valley if a better venue could be found.

The Limpinwood Ensemble
It was agreed, based on the acoustic report of Peter Knowland, that Carmel and John and their associates at the Queensland Conservatory of Music would perform a one-off concert at the Tyalgum Hall in the later part of 1991. A local committee was formed to organise a concert with John and Carmel organizing the program. It was decided that John and Carmel's ensemble needed a formal name for publicity purposes. The Limpinwood Ensemble was thus born. The ticket price included a full supper provided by Jean Brewer and Sue Pepper. The concert was a sell-out and a great success. The on-site meal feature was continued, with the assistance of Tyalgum chef Gary Jackson, for subsequent concerts as a way of developing the social enhancement of the Tyalgum experience. The upstairs "Jade Room" at the back of the hall became the venue for Festival meals. The core founding committee of the Tyalgum Festival consisted of President Greg Rooney (1991 to 1996), Vice President Viv Hibbard, Secretary Jean Brewer and Neville Hibbard. There were a number of concerts during the early part of 1992, with the first Tyalgum Festival held over the first weekend of September 1992. The first festival included the provision of home hosting, natural history walks, a Sunday church service, a Sunday concert in the Showgrounds Park and a number of fringe events. The committee recognised the value of marketing and so developed a database of supporters by instigating a "Friends of the Tyalgum Festival" programme. The Tyalgum Festival was established without any government funding so the financial risk fell to the local committee. However, each concert during the early part of 1992 and subsequent early years made a profit sufficient to fund the weekend Festival in September. Because of its success in attracting good audiences the committee was able to pay the performers at rates higher than were being paid in Brisbane at that time. Other innovations included commencing a programme of commissioning works by leading composers based on the theme of Tyalgum. The first of these involved the committee applying for and being awarded a grant for composer Robert Davidson to produce a work titled "Tyalgum", which was performed by Patricia Pollet and Perihelion at the following year's festival. The key to the great success of the Tyalgum Festival was that the inaugural committee focused on the logistics, while John Willison focused on the program and organising the performers. It was only later that Musica Viva provided assistance with performances (particularly the Australian String Quartet), together with some grants from the New South Wales Minister for the Arts. The committee eventually obtained a Commonwealth grant of $10,000 (the highest non capital-city grant under the Keating arts grants of 1995). The money was used to seed fund the next Festival and to bring Roger Woodward to Tyalgum. The original committee remained up until 1996. Subsequent committees have continued to expand and successfully develop the Tyalgum Festival up to the present day.

The Bakehouse Pottery and Galleria Artisans
Potter Les Peterkin purchased the village bakery in 1981 and converted it into the Bakehouse Pottery (now the Flutterbies Cottage Cafe). It has become a popular local feature as well as tourist attraction in the village. Les Peterkin's pottery has become well known and is now highly sought after. His website features over 400 of his works. Les Peterkin was also a part-time teacher at the Tyalgum Primary School, and the "Les Peterkin Portrait Prize" for children was introduced in 1994. It attracts thousands of entries from thirty local schools every year, with entries shown at the Tweed River Gallery in Murwillumbah, usually in October.

title: Tyalgum, New South Wales


text:
User:Ryan Norton/monobookold.css

.patrollink { font: bold large sans-serif} /*Hide the legend in the watchlist */ div.mw-rc-label-legend {display: none;} /* Turn the "Save page" button green if I'm logged in */ INPUT#wpSave { background-color:#88ff88; } a { color: #003366 } /* Block the peeking Jimbo head */ .krimpet-peeking-jimbo { display:none; }

title: User:Ryan Norton/monobookold.css


text:
User talk:Jordan mckenzie

Blocked
I blocked this account since you created the correctly capitalized one and seem to be using it. User:Jordan McKenzie. If you need this account for some reason, edit this page and ask an administror to unblock it. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 11:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jordan mckenzie


text:
User talk:Punion

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG (talk) 11:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Punion


text: User talk:83.24.222.188

title: User talk:83.24.222.188


text:
Tench (EP)

Tench is the debut EP by Shriekback, released in 1982. It spawned one single: "Sexthinkone".

Track listing

 * 1) "Accretions"
 * 2) "Moth Loop"
 * 3) "Here Comes My Hand-Clap"
 * 4) "Sexthinkone"
 * 5) "A Kind of Fascination"
 * 6) "All the Greek Boys (Do the Handwalk)"

This album was released on vinyl only. On some releases, the first three tracks listed here appear on Side A of the record whereas, on others, they appear on Side B.

2015 remastered edition
CD 1
 * 1) "Sexthinkone" (3:39)
 * 2) "A Kind of Fascination" (4:34)
 * 3) "All the Greek Boys (Do the Handwalk)" (4:13)
 * 4) "Accretions" (4:28)
 * 5) "Mothloop" (4:39)
 * 6) "Here Comes My Hand:Clap" (3:17)
 * 7) "Mount Pleasant Thrash" (2:42)
 * 8) "So Hard So Hard" (3:05)
 * 9) "Something Else" (featuring Danny Crilly) (3:05)
 * 10) "Who's on Top" (featuring Emma Burnham) (2:48)
 * 11) "Bricks and Whistles" (2:28)
 * 12) "Floral Police Van" (3:41)
 * 13) "Plunging into Homes" (2:46)
 * 14) "Regret No Dogs" (3:05)
 * 15) "Feelers" (Remix) (4:56)
 * 16) "Accretions" (Remix) (4:29)

CD 2
 * 1) "Sexthinkone" (Live in Detroit '83) (6:13)
 * 2) "Sway" (Live in Detroit '83) (6:29)
 * 3) "Brink of Collapse" (Live in Detroit '83) (5:02)
 * 4) "Grapes into Lettuce" (Live in Detroit '83) (4:31)
 * 5) "Considerable" (Live in Detroit '83) (4:43)
 * 6) "Mothloop" (Live in Detroit '83) (3:57)
 * 7) "A Kind of Fascination" (Live in Detroit '83) (4:45)
 * 8) "Despite Dense Weed" (Live in Detroit '83) (7:14)
 * 9) "My Spine (Is the Bassline)" (Live in Detroit '83) (5:04)
 * 10) "Lined Up" (Live in Detroit '83) (6:24)

Personnel

 * Shriekback
 * Barry Andrews - keyboards, synthesizers, vocals
 * Carl Marsh - guitars, vocals
 * Dave Allen - bass
 * Technical
 * Ian Caple - engineer, co-production

title: Tench (EP)


text: Category:Shriekback albums

title: Category:Shriekback albums


text:
Event calculus

The event calculus is a logical theory for representing and reasoning about events and about the way in which they change the state of some real or artificial world. It deals both with action events, which are performed by agents, and with external events, which are outside the control of any agent.

The event calculus represents the state of the world at any time by the set of all the facts (called fluents) that hold at the time. Events initiate and terminate fluents:

The event calculus differs from most other approaches for reasoning about change by reifying time, associating events with the time at which they happen, and associating fluents with the times at which they hold.

The original version of the event calculus, introduced by Robert Kowalski and Marek Sergot in 1986, was formulated as a logic program and developed for representing narratives and database updates. Kave Eshghi showed how to use the event calculus for planning, by using abduction to generate hypothetical actions to achieve a desired state of affairs.

It was extended by Murray Shanahan and Rob Miller in the 1990s and reformulated in first-order logic with circumscription. These and later extensions have been used to formalize non-deterministic actions, concurrent actions, actions with delayed effects, gradual changes, actions with duration, continuous change, and non-inertial fluents.

Van Lambalgen and Hamm showed how a formulation of the event calculus as a constraint logic program can be used to give an algorithmic semantics to tense and aspect in natural language.

Fluents and events
In the event calculus, fluents are reified. This means that fluents are represented by terms. For example, $$\mathit{holdsAt}(on(green\_block,table),1)$$ expresses that the $$\mathit{green\_block}$$ is on the $$\mathit{table}$$ at time $$1$$. Here $$\mathit{holdsAt}$$ is a predicate, while $$\mathit{on(green\_block, table)}$$ is a term. In general, the atomic formula
 * $$\mathit{holdsAt}(fluent,time)$$ expresses that the $$\mathit{fluent}$$ holds at the $$\mathit{time.}$$

Events are also reified and represented by terms. For example, $$\mathit{happensAt}(move(green\_block, red\_block), 3)$$ expresses that the $$\mathit{green\_block}$$ is moved onto the $$\mathit{red\_block)}$$ at time $$3$$. In general:
 * $$\mathit{happensAt}(event,time)$$ expresses that the $$\mathit{event}$$ happens at the $$\mathit{time.}$$

The relationships between events and the fluents that they initiate and terminate are also represented by atomic formulae:
 * $$\mathit{initiates}(event,fluent,time)$$ expresses that if the $$\mathit{event}$$ happens at the $$\mathit{time}$$ then the $$\mathit{fluent}$$ becomes true after the $$\mathit{time}$$.

 * $$\mathit{terminates}(event,fluent,time)$$ expresses that if the $$\mathit{event}$$ happens at the $$\mathit{time}$$ then the $$\mathit{fluent}$$ ceases to be true after the $$\mathit{time}$$.

Domain-independent axiom
The event calculus was developed in part as an alternative to the situation calculus, as a solution to the frame problem, of representing and reasoning about the way in which actions and other events change the state of some world.

There are many variants of the event calculus. But the core axiom of one of the simplest and most useful variants can be expressed as a single, domain-independent axiom:

 * $$\mathit{holdsAt}(F,T2) \leftarrow$$
 * $$[\mathit{happensAt}(E1,T1) \wedge \mathit{initiates}(E1, F, T1) \wedge (T1 < T2) \wedge $$
 * $$\neg \exists E2, T [\mathit{happensAt}(E2, T) \wedge \mathit{terminates}(E2, F, T) \wedge (T1 \leq T < T2)] $$

The axiom states that
 * a fluent $$F$$ holds at a time $$T2$$ if
 * an event $$E1$$ happens at a time $$T1$$ and
 * $$E1$$ initiates $$F$$ at $$T1$$ and
 * $$T1$$ is before $$T2$$ and
 * it is not the case that there exists an event $$E2$$ and a time $$T$$ such that
 * $$E2$$ happens at $$T$$ and
 * $$E2$$ terminates $$F$$ at $$T$$ and
 * $$T1$$ is before or at the same time as $$T$$ and
 * $$T$$ is before $$T2$$.

The event calculus solves the frame problem by interpreting this axiom in a non-monotonic logic, such as first-order logic with circumscription or, as a logic program, in Horn clause logic with negation as failure. In fact, circumscription is one of the several semantics that can be given to negation as failure, and it is closely related to the completion semantics for logic programs (which interprets if as if and only if).

The core event calculus axiom defines the $$holdsAt$$ predicate in terms of the $$happensAt$$, $$initiates$$, $$terminates$$, $$<$$ and $$\leq $$ predicates. To apply the event calculus to a particular problem, these other predicates also need to be defined.

The event calculus is compatible with different definitions of the temporal predicates $$<$$ and $$\leq $$. In most applications, times are represented discretely, by the natural numbers, or continuously, by non-negative real numbers. However, times can also be partially ordered.

Domain-dependent axioms
To apply the event calculus in a particular problem domain, it is necessary to define the $$initiates$$ and $$terminates$$ predicates for that domain. For example, in the blocks world domain, an event $$move(Object, Place)$$ of moving an object onto a place intitiates the fluent $$on(Object, Place)$$, which expresses that the object is on the place and terminates the fluent $$on(Object, Place1)$$, which expresses that the object is on a different place:

 * $$\mathit{initiates}(move(Object, Place), on(Object, Place), Time). $$
 * $$\mathit{terminates}(move(Object, Place), on(Object, Place1), Time) \leftarrow different(Place1, Place). $$

If we want to represent the fact that a $$Fluent$$ holds in an initial state, say at time 1, then with the simple core axiom above we need an event, say $$initialise(Fluent)$$, which initiates the $$Fluent$$ at any time:

 * $$\mathit{initiates}(initialise(Fluent), Fluent, Time). $$

Problem-dependent axioms
To apply the event calculus, given the definitions of the $$holdsAt$$, $$initiates$$, $$terminates$$, $$<$$ and $$\leq $$ predicates, it is necessary to define the $$happensAt$$ predicates that describe the specific context of the problem.

For example, in the blocks world domain, we might want to describe an initial state in which there are two blocks, a red block on a green block on a table, like a toy traffic light, followed by moving the red block to the table at time 1 and moving the green block onto the red block at time 3, turning the traffic light upside down:

 * $$\mathit{happensAt}(initialise(on(red\_block,green\_block), 0)$$
 * $$\mathit{happensAt}(initialise(on(green\_block,table), 0)$$

 * $$\mathit{happensAt}(move(red\_block, table), 1)$$
 * $$\mathit{happensAt}(move(green\_block, red\_block), 3)$$

A Prolog implementation
The event calculus has a natural implementation in pure Prolog (without any features that do not have a logical interpretation). For example, the blocks world scenario above can be implemented (with minor modifications) by the program:

The Prolog program differs from the earlier formalisation in the following ways:

 * The core axiom has been rewritten, using an auxiliary predicate  This rewriting enables the elimination of existential quantifiers, conforming to the Prolog convention that all variables are universally quantified.
 * The order of the conditions in the body of the core axiom(s) has been changed, to generate answers to queries in temporal order.
 * The equality in the condition $$T1 \leq T $$ has been removed from the corresponding condition  This builds in a simplifying assumption that events do not simultaneously initiate and terminate the same fluent. As a consequence, the definition of the  $$terminates$$ predicate has been simplified by eliminating the condition that $$different(Place1, Place)$$.

Given an appropriate definition of the predicate  the Prolog program generates all answers to the query what holds when? in temporal order:

The program can also answer negative queries, such as which fluents do not hold at which times? However, to work correctly, all variables in negative conditions must first be instantiated to terms containing no variables. For example:

Reasoning tools
In addition to Prolog and its variants, several other tools for reasoning using the event calculus are also available:
 * Abductive Event Calculus Planners
 * Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner
 * Event Calculus Answer Set Programming
 * Reactive Event Calculus
 * Run-Time Event Calculus (RTEC)

Extensions
Notable extensions of the event calculus include Markov logic networks–based variants probabilistic, epistemic and their combinations.

title: Event calculus


text:
North Oklahoma Botanical Garden and Arboretum

North Oklahoma Botanical Garden and Arboretum is a botanical garden and arboretum on the campus of Northern Oklahoma College, located at 1220 East Grand Avenue, Tonkawa, Oklahoma. It is an affiliate garden of the Oklahoma Botanical Garden and Arboretum and open to the public daily without charge.

The gardens were established in 1901 with the college's foundation, and were a top priority of the college's third president, Lynn Glover (1911-1916). Today's gardens include an arboretum and butterfly, display, herb, perennial, rose, and sensory gardens. In February 1993 a Quonset greenhouse (2016 square feet) was added, with a 7,500 plant capacity for growing annual bedding plants. Since that time, 4,000 to 6,000 annual bedding plants have been planted each spring. In 1995 a mass planting of 150 redbuds marked the first annual Redbud Festival. Recently at least one new specimen tree has been added to the campus annually.


text: User talk:193.171.250.42

title: User talk:193.171.250.42


text:
User:Angelosante

Contributi

Parodies of James Bond

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Angelosante

title: User:Angelosante


text:
Q (Philippine TV network)

Q (formerly QTV and stylized as Qtv, standing for Quality Television) was a television network in the Philippines run by GMA Network Inc. through Citynet Network Marketing and Productions, Inc. The network primarily aired lifestyle and entertainment programs particularly aimed towards women. Its flagship station was DZOE-TV, which GMA ran as part of a lease with its owner, ZOE Broadcasting Network (who also aired programming on Q's schedule as part of the agreement, which also granted it access to technical resources from GMA).

On February 20, 2011, Q was discontinued in preparation for the launch of a new secondary network, GMA News TV, which later rebranded to GTV on February 22, 2021.

History
Q launched on November 11, 2005 as QTV, standing for "Quality Television". Its flagship stations in Metro Manila were DZOE-TVwhich GMA leased as part of a partnership with the religious broadcaster ZOE Broadcasting Network (gaining control of the station in exchange for providing equipment for ZOE, and allowing airtime for ZOE-produced programming on QTV), with the GMA-owned DWDB-TV serving as a UHF translator (GMA had previously operated as the independent station Citynet 27, before it went silent in the middle of 2001). The new network would feature a lineup predominantly aimed towards women, with a mixture of domestic and imported lifestyle programs and drama series. On March 18, 2007, QTV introduced a new logo, branding the network simply as "Q".

Relaunch as GMA News TV
On February 7, 2011, GMA Network announced that it would replace Q with the news channel GMA News TV (now GTV). As Q's programming ended on February 20; the network, broadcasting under transitional branding Channel 11, continued to air teasers for the impending re-launch from February 21–25, and signed off completely on the 26th and 27th of the same month in preparation for its formal re-launch as GMA News TV on February 28.

Final Programming
Some of Q's programming consists of Filipino and English-language programming, and additional programming produced by GMA.

title: Q (Philippine TV network)


text:
Canute Lavard

Canute Lavard (Danish: Knud Lavard; cognate with English Lord) (12 March 1096 – 7 January 1131) was a Danish prince. Later he was the first Duke of Schleswig and the first border prince who was both a Danish and a German vassal, a position leading towards the historical double position of Southern Jutland. He was killed by his cousin Magnus the Strong (c. 1106 – 1134), who saw him as a rival to the Danish throne. Canute Lavard was canonized in 1170.

He was an ancestor of the Valdemarian kings (Valdemarerne) and of their subsequent royal line. Canute Lavard was the father of King Valdemar I of Denmark (Valdemar den Store) and grandfather of King Valdemar II of Denmark (Valdemar Sejr).

Biography
Canute was the only legitimate son of King Eric I of Denmark (died 1103) and Boedil Thurgotsdatter, but as a minor he was bypassed in the election of 1104. He grew up in close contact with the noble family of Hvide, who were later on to be among his most eager supporters. In 1115, his uncle, King Niels of Denmark, placed him in charge of the Duchy of Schleswig (jarl af Sønderjylland) in order to put an end to the attacks of the Slavic Obotrites. During the next fifteen years, he fulfilled his duty of establishing peace in the border area so well that he was titled Duke of Holstein (Hertug af Holsten) and became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.

He seems to have been the first member of the Danish royal family who was attracted by the knightly ideals and habits of medieval Germany, indicated by his changing his title to Duke of Schleswig (Hertug af Slesvig). His appearance made him a popular man and a possible successor of his uncle, but he also acquired mighty enemies among the Danish princes and magnates, who apparently questioned his loyalty and feared his bond with Emperor Lothair III, who had recognized him as sovereign over the western Wends.

Both Niels and his son, Magnus the Strong, seem to have been alarmed at Canute's being recognized by the Emperor. On 7 January 1131, Canute was trapped in the Haraldsted Forest (Haraldsted Skov) near Ringsted in Zealand and murdered by Magnus. Ringsted Abbey, one of the earliest Benedictine houses in Denmark, became the initial resting place of Canute Lavard, which in 1157 were moved to a new chapel at St. Bendt's Church in Ringsted. During medieval times a chapel (Knut Lavards Kapel) was erected on the site where he died but it disappeared after the Reformation. The ruins were rediscovered in 1883. In 1902 a memorial in the form of a 4-metre crucifix was erected near the site of the death of Canute Lavard.

After the death of Canute Lavard, the Obotrite lands were partitioned between Pribislav and Niklot (1090–1160), both chiefs of the Obotrites. Some sources consider the death of Canute to be a murder committed by Magnus, while others attribute it to Niels himself. In any case. the death provoked a civil war that continued intermittently until 1157, ending only with the triumph of Canute's posthumous son Valdemar I. The fate of Canute and his son's victory formed the background for his canonisation in 1170, at the request of King Valdemar. His feast day (Knutsdagen) was originally celebrated on the day of his death, 7 January, but when the end of Christmas was moved to a week later in Sweden, Finland, and (parts of) Norway in the late 17th century, the feast day moved with it, and is now celebrated on 13 January.

The Canute Guild in Tallinn, Estonia was named in commemoration of Canute Lavard. The guild later gave its name to the "Canute Street" (Kanuti tänav) and to the "Canute Garden" (Kanuti aed) in the town.

Issue
Canute Lavard married Ingeborg of Kiev, daughter of Mstislav I of Kiev and his wife Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden. They had four children:

 * 1) Margaret, married Stig Hvitaledr
 * 2) Christina (b. 1118), married (1133) Magnus IV of Norway
 * 3) Catherine, married Pribislav of Mecklenburg, son of Niklot, prince of Obotrites
 * 4) Valdemar I of Denmark (born 1131)

Other sources

 * Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993) The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. (New York: Penguin Books) ISBN 0-14-051312-4
 * Mortensen, Lars Boje (2006) The Making of Christian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (Ca. 1000-1300) (Museum Tusculanum Press) ISBN 978-87-635-0407-2
 * Mortensen, Lars Boje (2006) The Making of Christian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (Ca. 1000-1300) (Museum Tusculanum Press) ISBN 978-87-635-0407-2

title: Canute Lavard


text:
User:Fasten/Template/Note

^ vi:Tiêu bản:Note

title: User:Fasten/Template/Note


text:
Wikipedia:European Union collaboration/new

 * Nominated on .

Support:


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hamish Jones

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:48, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Hamish Jones
Doesn't sound terribly notable. Only claim to fame is presidency of a local university student association. Delete. — J I P | Talk 11:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. Almost tempted to speedy it. --GraemeL (talk) 12:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity and non-notable Bwithh 18:32, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete smacks of vanity. What a HAM... heh... Roodog2k  (Hello there!) 21:41, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:List of rugby players

List of rugby players
There is no sport called 'rugby', there are two different sports called 'rugby union' and 'rugby league'.

All this article does is link to List of footballers (Rugby Union) and List of footballers (Rugby League) GordyB 10:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I see your point, but still I can imagine a user assuming there would be a list of rugby players and being surprised not to find one. This page would be useful as a kind of dismabig page, so I vote keep and reformat as disambig page. --Angr/undefined 10:49, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as per Angr --Anetode 10:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep as per Angr Piccadilly 11:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: If you keep it as a disambig, then you violate the disambiguation naming guideline for it. Further, the implication of the title is that this is going to be a list of all rugby players, which would mean that it includes my college buddies who played it for a few games in the summer before giving it up.  Remember List of people who have not committed suicide is a bad idea.  So is List of rugby players.  Geogre 12:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What is the disambiguation naming guideline here? And should we be deleting list of ancient Romans? Kappa 23:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep as disambig, maybe redirect to a disambig called "rugby players" so as to remove implication of completeness of list. Jesse 13:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a disambiguation page as per Angr. Qwghlm 13:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As above.Trollderella 15:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as disambig. --Monkbel 16:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'm not sure it counts as a true disambig, or not. But, however it's done, people should be able to type in "List of rugby players" and get to what they're looking for.   --rob 20:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it is pretty universal that this page should be made into a disambiguation page. No need for any further votes I think. I'll do it when I get a chance.GordyB 13:41, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of rugby players


text:
Willowridge High School (Pretoria)

Willowridge High School is a public English co-educational high school situated in the suburb of Die Wilgers in Pretoria in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The school was established in 1987.

History
As early as the start of 1985, a Vigilance Committee was elected at a meeting of prospective parents. Having been named the watchdogs, they monitored the progress of the new school, while the buildings started taking shape on the site that once had been a farm. The school opened its doors on Wednesday, 7 January 1987 to welcome the first 187 pupils in Forms One and Two. During the first term the name Willowridge High School became official and a badge needed to be designed.

The Coat of Arms was approved by the Bureau of Heraldry in 1988 and depicts the name of the school and its inherent philosophy. The shape is that of a spade, symbolising the pioneering spirit with which the school was started. The two willow trees standing on the ridge, nurturing and protecting the Tudor Rose as it blossoms, represent the name of the school.

The first headmaster, Eddie Penzhorn, came to Willowridge High from the Glen High School. In 1991, the second headmaster, Jack Birkenbach, was appointed. In 2005, the third headmaster, Andre du Plessis was appointed.

Academics
Academic learning is the first responsibility of the school.

Willowridge High School offers various subjects, including English, Afrikaans, Sepedi, Mathematics, Mathematical Literacy, Physical Science, Information Technology, Computer Application Technology (CAT), Economics, Economical Management Sciences, Life Orientation, Business Studies, History, Geography, Tourism, Natural Science, Visual Art (Art), Design, Consumer studies, Life Sciences (Biology), Hospitality Studies (Hotel), Dramatic Arts (Drama), Technology, Sport Science, Accounting, and Design.

Sport
Sport is compulsory for junior students but not seniors. For the grade 8 students of the school it is compulsory to attend most of the sport meetings as spectator-supporters.

Sporting facilities include netball facilities, rugby union facilities and cricket facilities, a 25-metre swimming pool, athletics grounds, gym, several tennis and netball courts, a basketball court (outdoor), a rock-climbing wall and hockey fields.

Willowridge High School is part of the Pretoria English Medium High Schools Athletics Association (PEMHSAA). The schools have three meetings a year, including the Swimming Gala (held at Hillcrest Swimming Pool), cross country (held at the host school) and an athletics meeting held at Pilditch Stadium.

title: Willowridge High School (Pretoria)


text:
Pinkney

Pinkney is a surname and masculine given name borne by the following people:

Surname

 * Alan Pinkney (born 1947), English footballer
 * Andrea Davis Pinkney (born 1963), American children's book author, wife of Brian Pinkney
 * Bill Pinkney (1925–2007), American performer and singer, member of The Drifters
 * Bill Pinkney (sailor) (1935–2023), first African American to sail around the world solo
 * Bob Pinkney (c. 1934–2017), Canadian football player
 * Brian Pinkney (born 1961), American illustrator, son of illustrator Jerry Pinkney, husband of Andrea Davis Pinkney
 * Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1746–1825), a Founding Father of the United States, Revolutionary War officer, United States Minister to France, attorney, planter and slave owner
 * Cleveland Pinkney (born 1977), American football player
 * Colleen Pinkney (born 1957), Canadian curler
 * David Pinkney (born 1952), English racing driver
 * David H. Pinkney (1914–1993), American historian
 * Dwight Pinkney (born 1945), Jamaican guitarist
 * Edward Coote Pinkney (1802–1828), American poet
 * Edward Pinkney, American founder of the Black Autonomy Network Community Organization
 * Ernie Pinkney (1887–1975), English footballer
 * Fayette Pinkney (1948–2009), American singer, member of the Three Degrees
 * George Pinkney (1859–1926), American baseball player
 * Isiah Pinkney (born 1968), American rapper 12 Gauge
 * Jared Pinkney (born 1997), American football player
 * Jerry Pinkney (1939–2021), American book illustrator
 * Kevinn Pinkney (born 1983), American basketball player
 * Larry Pinkney (fl. 1970s–present, African-American activist
 * Lovell Pinkney (born 1972), American football player
 * Marie Pinkney, American openly queer social worker and politician elected to the Delaware Senate in 2020
 * Miles Pinkney (1599–1674), English Catholic priest
 * Nick Pinkney (born 1970), English rugby league footballer
 * Ninian Pinkney (1811–1877), US Navy surgeon and medical director, active during the American Civil War
 * Peter Pinkney (born 1956), British trade unionist
 * Reggie Pinkney (born 1955), American football player
 * Ron Pinkney (born 1935), American broadcaster, first African American play-by-play announcer on a major television network
 * Rose Catherine Pinkney (born 1964), American television executive
 * Thomas Pinckney (1750–1828), American statesman, diplomat, and major general
 * William Pinkney (1764–1822), American statesman, diplomat and 7th United States Attorney General
 * William Pinkney (bishop) (1810–1883), Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland

Given name

 * Pink Anderson (1900–1974), American blues singer and guitarist
 * Pinkney Lugenbeel (1819–1886), United States Army colonel
 * Pinkney L. Near (1927–1990), American museum curator
 * Pinkney H. Walker (1815–1885), American jurist

title: Pinkney


text:
Geniki Bank

Geniki Bank, previously known as General Bank of Greece (Γενική Τράπεζα της Ελλάδας - General Bank of Greece), was a Greek financier group that provided banking and financing services. It operated from 1963 until it was acquired by Piraeus Bank in 2014.

History
The bank was founded in 1937 as the General Bank of Greece.

The bank had been listed on the Athens Stock Exchange since 26 January 1963. At that time the main shareholder of General Bank of Greece was the Participial Fund of Army.

In March 2004 the majority of shares was acquired by Société Générale Group and the name was changed from General Bank of Greece to Geniki Bank.

In December 2012 all of Société Générale's shares were sold to Piraeus Bank.

title: Geniki Bank