text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IntelliTXT

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied Wikibofh 15:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

IntelliTXT
Page only contains an ad. Pgengler 20:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - Pgengler 20:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete category A3. Article contains only external links. --GraemeL (talk) 20:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied under A3, nothing but an external link (ok, two of them, but both to the same site). A real article could probably be written about this though... it gets loads of Google hits. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  20:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Henry Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey

Henry Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey (1265–1332) was an English soldier and politician. The father of the 2nd Baron Hussey, he was described in 1309 as "the son of the elder sister of Florence, widow of Walter de Insular (de L'Isle) and co-parencer with her, of Pulburough manor, Sussex".

Henry Hussey was married about 1290, to Isabel. He was summoned to Parliament on 24 June 1295 and was returned for the following 30 years. He was known as Lord Hussey from 1295.

He was summoned for military service by King Edward I on 16 July 1294 in the putting down of a rebellion in Gascony and "to attend the king wherever he might be". He volunteered his service for the defence of the English coast in 1296 as a knight of Chichester. He thereafter engaged in military service against Scotland in 1297, 1299, and 1301. Henry was ordered "to remain in the North during the winter campaign" in the war against Scotland in 1315.

Overlord of Knygttone Paynell manor in Wiltshire 1317, he was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in 1320. He continued his military service into the reign of Edward II.

Lord Hoese (Hussey) was summoned as a knight of Gloucestershire and Sussex to the Great Council at Westminster (9 May 1324). He was ordered to military service in Gascony on 21 December 1324.

Henry Hussey died in February 1331–32 at age 66 "on Friday before St. Peter in cathedra, leaving widow, Isabel, and son and heir", (Knights of Edward I).

his son was Henry Hussey, 2nd Baron Hussey

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey


text:
Technological literacy

Technological literacy (Technology Literacy) is the ability to use, manage, understand, and assess technology. Technological literacy is related to digital literacy in that when an individual is proficient in using computers and other digital devices to access the Internet, digital literacy gives them the ability to use the Internet to discover, review, evaluate, create, and use information via various digital platforms, such as web browsers, databases, online journals, magazines, newspapers, blogs, and social media sites.

UNESCO and Technology Literacy
UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization) strives to bring technology literacy to students throughout the world by ensuring educators are using technology in every aspect of their teaching. The more students are familiar not only with learning about technology but learning with technology, the more they will be prepared to use technology to improve their lives.

An entire module in their 2011 publication ICT Competency Framework for Teachers focuses on Technology Literacy in the classroom. This publication was updated in 2018 to reflect evolving ICT competencies (Information and Communications Technology). The framework has been used worldwide to develop ICT in education policy, teacher standards, assessment criteria, curriculum design and course-ware development. A highlight in the updated publication shows how the Technology Literacy module was put into action in an ICT in Education curriculum for a bachelor's degree by a university in Latin America and the Caribbean Region, and an associate degree offered by local teacher training colleges. Technology Literacy is the focus of the associate degree and the first two years of the bachelor's degree in Education. Some of the skills and knowledge taught in the program are how to operate computer hardware, learn the terminology and function of hardware components and peripherals (e.g. laptops, printers, storage), and how to troubleshoot if a computer is not working. These all lead to overcoming apprehension or fear of using technology. Another focus topic is word processing, which includes how a word processor operates, how it differs from a typewriter, how to use word processor software on computers, how to format documents, and how to check grammar and spelling.

In 2016, UNESCO detailed how teachers can show Technology Literacy in their classrooms when providing ICT education. Teachers will:

 * describe and demonstrate the basic tasks and uses of word processors, such as text entry, editing text, formatting text and printing, describe and demonstrate the purpose and basic features of presentation software and other digital resources.
 * describe the purpose and basic function of graphic software and use a graphic software package to create a simple graphic display.
 * describe the Internet and the World Wide Web, elaborate on their uses, and describe how a browser works and use URL to access a website, use a search engine.
 * create an email account and use it for a sustained series of email correspondence, use common communication and collaboration technologies, such as (email), text messaging, video conferencing, and web-based collaboration and social environments.
 * use networked record keeping software to take attendance, submit grades, and maintain student records.
 * locate off-the-shelf packages, tutorial, drill and practice software and Web resources for their accuracy and alignment with Curriculum Standards and match them to the needs of specific students.

On May 9, 2019, the UNESCO Cairo Office began a technology literacy project to teach basic literacy skills, life skills, and legal empowerment to 150-200 illiterate women between the ages of 15 and 35 living in the Giza Governate.

title: Technological literacy


text:
Mu'ayyad al-Dawla

Abu Mansur Buya (died 983), better known by his honorific title of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla (مویدالدوله) was the Buyid amir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983). He was the third son of Rukn al-Dawla.

Biography
Abu Mansur Buya was the son of Rukn al-Dawla and a daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the famous military leader Makan ibn Kaki. Abu Mansur Buya lived in Isfahan during his youth. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan, attacked Isfahan. Abu Mansur Buya, along with family and followers, were then forced to leave the city.

The eldest son of Rukn al-Dawla, 'Adud al-Dawla, along with Rukn al-Dawla's vizier Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, then marched towards Isfahan and defeated Muhammad ibn Makan. After Isfahan was in safe Buyid hands once again, Abu Mansur Buya, along with his family and followers, then returned to the city. In ca. 958, Abu Mansur Buya went to Baghdad, and married Mu'izz al-Dawla's daughter Zubayda. After the marriage, he returned with her to Isfahan. Later in 966, Abu Mansur Buya was given the honorific title of "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla"

As part of the settlement between Rukn al-Dawla and his eldest son 'Adud al-Dawla in early 976, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was to receive Hamadan upon his father's death, in exchange for recognizing 'Adud al-Dawla as senior amir. Only a year later, Rukn al-Dawla's second son Fakhr al-Dawla, who ruled in Ray, rebelled against 'Adud al-Dawla's authority. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla mobilized in support of 'Adud al-Dawla, forcing Fakhr al-Dawla to flee to the Ziyarids of Gorgan and Tabaristan. This did not stop the two Buyids; 'Adud al-Dawla took Gorgan in 980, while Mu'ayyad al-Dawla gained control of Tabaristan in 981. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was entrusted with the newly captured provinces as 'Adud al-Dawla's subordinate.

'Adud al-Dawla died in March 983, and Mu'ayyad al-Dawla followed him shortly afterwards. His vizier, Sahib ibn 'Abbad, summoned a gathering of the army and convinced its leaders to proclaim Fakhr al-Dawla as his successor.

title: Mu'ayyad al-Dawla


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hydroplanation

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Hydroplaning. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:14, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Hydroplanation
nn neologism.  This is just a fun term to use with people. Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  20:03, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. I'm thinking of a number between one and ten. That number coincides with the number of google hits this term gets. Any guessers? BD2412  talk 20:32, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A redirect per below, would be harmless, and also an appropriate solution. BD2412  talk 00:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Hydroplaning in case anyone thinks that's what it's called. --Angr/undefined 21:41, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Angr. -Greg Asche (talk) 23:32, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Filipp Oktyabrsky

Filipp Sergeyevich Ivanov (Филипп Сергеевич Иванов; 23 October 1899 – 8 July 1969), more popularly known as Filipp Sergeyevich Oktyabrsky (Филипп Сергеевич Октябрьский), was a Soviet naval commander. He began service in the Baltic Fleet in 1918. From 1925–27 he studied at the Naval Academy in Leningrad. As vice-admiral he was given command of the Black Sea Fleet in March 1939 and headed its actions during the Sieges of Sevastopol (1941-1942) and  Odessa (1941). After the war he became a Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, commander of all naval test centres and from 1957 to 1960 head of the Black Sea Higher Naval Institute "Admiral Pavel Nakhimov" (Черноморское высшее военно-морское училище имени П. С. Нахимова) in Sevastopol.

Awards and honors

 * Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Three Orders of Lenin
 * Three Order of the Red Banner
 * Two Order of Ushakov 1st class
 * Order of Nakhimov 1st class
 * Order of Suvorov 2nd class
 * Order of the Red Star
 * Medal "For the Defence of Odessa"
 * Medal "For the Defence of Sevastopol"
 * Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA)

A Kresta II class cruiser was named in honour of the Admiral.

title: Filipp Oktyabrsky


text:
User talk:Jguk/Archive10

Sock
User:Amorpheous Snowspinner 01:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Stop following me around
Stalking is against WP:CIV. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 23:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Nicolas Sarkozy
You told me to remind you about this article. David.Monniaux 23:37, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

list of lists of mathematical topics

 * Oppose This is just an index of some WP articles, it has no standalone value, so I don't think it can meet the featured list criteria, jguk 19:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

"No standalone value"? A Berkeley statistics professor was telling me two months ago that he uses it as, in effect, a thesaurus. I'm not sure of the details of how he uses it though. Did you ever hear of mathematics before you saw the nomination of this list? (Most educated adults, including most university professors, have never heard that there is such a field, but I didn't think those would be the ones to express themselves first on this nomination.) Michael Hardy 03:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

BTW, this is a list of lists not a list of articles. Obviously the list of articles is far too long to fit on one long page. Michael Hardy 04:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

false etymology
You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means. The etymology of AD meaning "year of our lord" is a correct etymology. The problem is inferring that the original etymology provides the current meaning. Maybe this is a "fallacy of etymology" or an "etymological fallacy". It's not a false etymology, though. Anyway, this whole argument is tiresome. Do you think we should refer it to arbitration so that they can state officially that they mean "never change an article if it is predominantly one or the other"? My feeling is to not really care - I prefer BC/AD, but if people want to write articles in BCE/CE, that is their prerogative, and both are fairly well known. But given the fact that there is no official policy to prefer one or the other, the only changes that should be contemplated are ones changing an article predominantly, but not entirely, in one format, to be consistent within the already dominant format, or ones where no format is clearly predominant, in which case the editor making them consistent can do what they like. In the context of large scale overhauls of articles, it might also be acceptable to defer to the editor who made the overhaul. But HS is simply being obstinate and difficult, and this kind of thing should be unacceptable, especially when you got an arbcom ruling for essentially doing the same thing. john k 06:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

2011 Cricket World Cup
I see you removed the "future sport" tag from this. Personally I have no problem either way, but I note that it's a standard inclusion on all the other future sports event pages I've seen, so I expected it would make sense to include it here too. -dmmaus 05:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Birthday
I'm guessing: your birthday is coming soon. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  08:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Category removal
Hi, just noticed that you've removed the categories Famous people and Heroic people which are so POV from the pages of Gandhi and Mandela. In fact, I'd just written to User:Wallie, the originator of these categories, to list them for deletion. He replied and doesn't seem to have got the point. was wondering if u may want to drop in a line to him, --Gurubrahma 10:11, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If you don't think that Mandella and Ghandhi are Famous/Heroic, you are free to remove them from the Category. I just tried to include some non-Americans. But you guys have removed everyone, and are now trying to remove the categories themselves. I did not realise that you as a "Guru Brahma", may have a special interest in the subject. Wallie 14:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

New Categories
I see that you don't agree with me, but thought you would remove everything anyway. I think that you would be annoyed, if I did the same to you. It is this sort of behaviour that causes upset. I tried to include everyone fairly in these categories. If I had just concentrated on American famous people, there would be no problem. Wallie 10:13, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Request for confirmation
Sortan, please confirm what other WP accounts you edit under. Many thanks, jguk 16:44, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do you ask? Sortan 16:56, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Then perhaps you could list under what ips you've edited under? Sortan 18:24, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

No, I think you misunderstood the question. What ip addresses have you edited under (ie not logged it)? Sortan 18:47, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

ArbReq against you
Please see Requests for arbitration. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 23:31, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Jguk, FYI I restored the arb case title, please do not rename it anymore. Beginning the title with Briangotts who is only tangentially related to it and who was not even notified is unfair to him and confusing to others. Also, note how other cases on the page are titled.   ←Humus sapiens←ну? 01:46, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Ian Paisley
Please read the article. There is already a section explaining that Paisley claims title to Doctorate, but that the Bob Jones University is not acredited. It was altered by User:Wallie along with some various other Pro-Unionist stance POV edits to the article, and changed from the original text I restored, to one that gave the impresion that his claim was undisputed.

When giving an honorific, only one honorific must be used. We have to chose one for this, so in the intrests of the most balenced POV, we have to use the least disputed title. Since Ian Paisley's claim on a Doctorate is significantly disputed, but his claim to Reverend is not, then we must consistantly use Rev. as his honorific. Please do not use the Dr. honorific, as this will confuse the reader. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 18:26, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * (added to Barberio's talk page) Barberio, thank you for your comment on my talk page. I thought I was reverting this change, which placed the existing Dr in quotation marks, which is, to my mind, entirely inappropriate - we either have the Dr bit, or we don't - we don't add it and then put it in quotation marks. For some reason your edit did not appear, and I got no edit conflict message. Kind regards, jguk 18:36, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, sorry for being a bit harsh at you then. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 18:40, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * *sigh*, someone has reverted it again. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 09:09, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

List of Asian XI ODI cricketers
Basically the image is too large on my browser, so it impinges on the table. Either would do the trick. I'm not sure if there are other, less "blunt force" ways to alter the layout (using  tags or something...my knowledge of html is pretty basic). Guettarda 21:13, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * cutting one line of the the image caption (which is four lines long, at present) (for example, to Muttiah Muralitharan, who has played in all four ACC Asian XI ODIs),
 * adding another line to the the intro, or
 * adding an second blank line between the intro and the table

The caption was still 4 lines on my screen :( I tried inserting an extra blank line - it does the job on my screen, but I am afraid it will look bad on other screens - what do you think? Guettarda 13:42, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

TItle
Please don't keep changing the title of the case. The case is about you. It's been brought against you by a number of editors. It's about your campaign to get rid of BCE, but it will also broaden out to include your campaigns regarding other style issues. I deliberately kept away from your case the last time, though I felt it should have been extended to include the edit warring over other stylistic differences (spelling, serial comma etc), and perhaps if it had been, there would be no need for this second case. The bottom line seems to be your efforts to impose whatever you're personally familiar with on the rest of the world as though it's a global standard. I'm sorry to write to you in these terms, Jon, but your behavior over these issues causes a lot of bad feeling and at some point it has to stop. SlimVirgin (talk) 22:24, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I can see how much this is affecting you. Please take my advice: make a deal with the people who oppose you and walk away from it. When the arbcom sees how much you've been reverting, even if they share your POV, you're likely to face sanctions. You're a good editor, and this isn't worth it, because we have a shortage of good editors and WP can't afford to lose you. Slrubenstein's proposal failed, so Fred hasn't suggested it be endorsed: he's just supporting the idea that people should be allowed to decide on the page whether to change if there's a clear reason to do so. It's just like the British/American English thing. I know what it's like to feel deeply frustrated about something you care about: there's an issue I care and know a lot about that I can't even keep on my watchlist, because it's edited by people who know nothing about it — I daren't even correct a spelling mistake in case I get sucked in and never emerge again.

 * Please give this some consideration. If you were to reach a deal with Humus, Sortan and the others, I'm pretty sure they'd drop the case and you could walk away clean. I'm not saying this because I use BCE, by the way. I'd be saying it anyway. SlimVirgin (talk) 12:17, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration accepted
Requests for arbitration/jguk 2 has been accepted. Please place evidence at /Evidence. I see no basis to recuse myself. Fred Bauder 13:55, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Quiz
Gjuk, an answer awaits you... Ian ≡ talk 15:59, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Richards is the answer to Q.16. Your turn. Tintin 16:57, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Naming featured list candidates in the edit summaries
(Copied from Wikipedia talk:Featured list candidates.) Hi! I visit the featured lists and featured list candidates once in a while. In the meantime, it would be great if actual list names were mentioned in the edit summaries of the FL and FLC during nominations and promotions, in addition to "promote one more" etc. Could this be arranged? --Eddi (Talk)  14:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC) (post at project talk) / --Eddi  (Talk)  01:23, 7 November 2005 (UTC) (repost at user talk)

Temporary injunction Jguk
1) Enacted on 14:53, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Based on continued editing solely for the purpose of removing BCE/CE notation from articles (see ), jguk is prohibited from changing or removing any BCE/CE notation from any article, or making any edit intended to achieve that result, pending resolution of this matter.

Portal:London
I see you've swung the proverbial axe over at P:L - I must say I think you were perhaps a little heavy handed... But what we can establish from this is that consensus for a generic portal format will be extremely hard to achieve, and perhaps it would be wise for allow formatting to remain autonomous and only demand content from the centralised structure...

Anyway, perhaps you'd like to contribue at Portal talk:London - I've created a discussion because I'd like to hear the views of the other people who helped build the page in its original format. Methinks this could be quite an interesting debate...!

Deano 23:11, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

1971/2 South African cricket season
Hi. As the Articles_for_deletion/Northern_Transvaal_v_Natal_B_1-4_January_1972 was just closed, I was asked by Encephalon if the articles could be substed very soon. As there probably won't be a lot happening to those articles over the next month or so, would you mind if those were substed in now, and the match pages redirected? Sam Vimes 17:09, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Final decision
The arbitration committee has reached a final decision in the Requests for arbitration/jguk 2 case. →Raul654 03:29, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Jguk, just wanted to let you know that I have no personal grudges against you and am looking forward to our future collaboration. Cheers.  ←Humus sapiens←ну? 21:57, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Hashan
I'm not sure quite what the answer to this one is. I've drawn 2940 results for "Hashan Tillekeratne", including that from the BBC (http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/ england_v_sri_lanka_2002/sri_lanka_profiles/1931131.stm), and 6760 for "Hashan Tillakaratne", including one from Cricinfo (content.cricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/50744.html). Do you have any slightly more official sources on the spelling? I don't really want to be adding the wrong spelling and I'm not sure which is more correct. Thank you. Bobo192 09:09, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

jguk said: I think that, as with all people whose native languages don't use the Roman alphabet, there are a number of transliterations to the Roman alphabet that may be used. We have a similar issue with Ganguly. As long as we have a redirect, I see no problem.

That's what I hoped, I was hoping that things would work that way. There are several different ways that the same person can be transliterated. I think we may suffer the same problem with Esmeijer and some others.

In which case, what shall we redirect him from? Is it even necessary to include a link to Jacob-Jan Esmeyer as a redirect to Esmeijer? Bobo192 19:37, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

test => Test categories
Per your comment at Wikipedia talk:Bots, if there is already consensus that the categories should be "Test" and not "test" then I will happily set my bot to make the changes, but can I first confirm that capital T "Test" is accepted as correct throughout the cricket community. thanks Martin 14:11, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Quiz again
Your fleeting answer to Q34 has been spotted and the next question is yours. Well done! Johnlp 22:33, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia UK
Thanks for the info. I won't make the meeting, but will try to have a good read of the relevant pages. -- sannse (talk) 11:42, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Then what IS the right abbreviation for "United States?"
I've been editing Wikipedia for a couple of years now, and have generally used "U.S." in the belief that it was the recommended abbrevation. If it isn't, what is? Dpbsmith (talk) 19:06, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It is what the U.S. government itself recommends and uses, and is less likely than "US" without dots to be mistaken for a common word. Please do not remove this from the guide without consensus. Jonathunder 19:34, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Username change
Please see my comments at Changing username. Regards — Dan | Talk 03:12, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've just blocked User:Jguk. as an imposter, who I thought was created to change AD to CE and get you into trouble (the account has made such edits). I headed here to give you the heads-up, but I've just seen the above and I'm now thouroughly confused. Let me know if I've done the right thing? --Doc ask? 00:00, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Nayanakantha
Only about two weeks late did I realize this, but thankyou for noticing my cock-up re:Dharshana Gamage. With so many articles in my wanted list, I accidentally copied this guy onto the wrong profile page. Sorry I'm so late with this one, but thank you. Bobo192 06:34, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration case Instantnood 2 closed
The Arbitration case on which you commented, Requests for arbitration/Instantnood 2, has closed. The Committee's decision is as follows:

Instantnood, Huaiwei, and SchmuckyTheCat are all placed on Probation for topics relating to China for a year. This means that any sysop, in the exercise of their judgement for reasonable cause, documented in a section of this decision, may ban them from any article which relates to China which they disrupt by inappropriate editing. In doing so, the sysop must notify the banned user on their talk page, and a note must also placed on WP:AN/I. They may post suggestions on the talk page of any article from which they are banned from editing. This remedy is crafted to permit them to continue to edit articles in these areas which are not sources of controversy. In addition to this, Instantnood is restricted to proposing only one page move, poll of editors, or policy change relating to Naming conventions (Chinese) per week, and reminded to make useful edit summaries.

Yours,

James F. (talk) 19:19, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2005
I altered the answer to at least one of your questions, if you'd like to know. I also made comments you might be interested in @ Wikipedia_talk:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2005/Straw_poll. Cheers, Sam Spade 22:37, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for the b'day wishes. I shall be returning the wishes a few days later. :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:40, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the ArbCom candidates
Jguk --

I copied your "questions to all candidates" to candidate Jayjg's questions page, but he has been declining to answer them and trying to attribute them to me. I've since deleted them. Would you care to go there and put them in yourself? Thanks.

Marsden 15:31, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Talk:ROC local elections, 2005
Hi jguk, a bit of feedback on the issue. Being a native Taiwanese person, I personally have no problem with using "Taiwan local elections", and my recent conversations with other Taiwanese people contain the phrase "the election in Taiwan" and not "the election in the ROC"; the latter is technically correct, but I'd feel unnatural in using it in everyday conversation. Wikipedia also has articles like Political status of Taiwan and Legal status of Taiwan, which don't contain "ROC" in the title. Shawnc 15:45, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Date notation
Hi Jon. I am sorry to be writing this. However, in my opinion, is definitely a violation of the ArbCom ruling. As such, I have blocked you for three hours. Please don't do this any more. Furthermore, may I strongly advise you not to get involved with date notation any more. It is only going to create acrimony and harm you in the future. Just write some articles about cricket and leave the date notation stuff. It is the only way that you are going to be able to stay in Wikipedia, apart from anything else. You may feel that you are giving into trolls. You aren't. You are allowing the encyclopaedia to progress in the best way possible. This is not trolling behaviour. Once again, I am sorry. Cheers, [[Sam Korn ]] 16:54, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jguk/Archive10


text:
User talk:Soviet Guy

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Wikiacc (talk) 20:04, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image Tagging Image:Coffey.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Coffey.gif. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much.--Wikiacc (talk) 20:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

More troublesome images
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Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

The rise of the Western notion of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman millet system. The concept of nationhood, which was different from the preceding religious community concept of the millet system, was a key factor in the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Background
In the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic faith was the official religion, with members holding all rights, as opposed to Non-Muslims, who were restricted. Non-Muslim (dhimmi) ethno-religious legal groups were identified as different millets, which means "nations".

Ideas of nationalism emerged in Europe in the 19th century at a time when most of the Balkans were still under Ottoman rule. The Christian peoples of the Ottoman Empire, starting with Serbs and Greeks, but later spreading to Montenegrins and Bulgarians, began to demand autonomy in a series of armed revolts beginning with the Serbian Revolution (1804–17) and the Greek War of Independence (1821–29), which established the Principality of Serbia and Hellenic Republic. The first revolt in the Ottoman Empire fought under a nationalist ideology was the Serbian Revolution. Later the Principality of Montenegro was established through the Montenegrin secularization and the Battle of Grahovac. The Principality of Bulgaria was established through the process of the Bulgarian National Revival, and the subsequent National awakening of Bulgaria, establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate, the April Uprising of 1876, and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

The radical elements of the Young Turk movement in the early 20th century had grown disillusioned with what they perceived to be the failures of 19th-century Ottoman reformers, who had not managed to stop the advance of European expansionism or the spread of nationalist movements in the Balkans. These sentiments were shared by the Kemalists. These groups decided to abandon the idea of Ittihad-i anasır ("Unity of the Ethnic Elements") that had been a fundamental principle of the reform generation, and take up instead the mantle of Turkish nationalism.

Michael Hechter argues that the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire was the result of a backlash against Ottoman attempts to institute more direct and central forms of rule over populations which had previously had greater autonomy.

Albanians
The 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War dealt a decisive blow to Ottoman power in the Balkan Peninsula, leaving the empire with only a precarious hold on Macedonia and the Albanian-populated lands. The Albanians' fear that the lands they inhabited would be partitioned among Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece fueled the rise of Albanian nationalism. The Albanians wanted to affirm their Albanian nationality. The first postwar treaty, the abortive Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3, 1878, assigned Albanian-populated lands to Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria. The Albanian movements had mainly been against taxes and central policies. However, with the Treaty of San Stefano the movements became nationalistic. Austria-Hungary and the United Kingdom blocked the arrangement because it awarded Russia a predominant position in the Balkans and thereby upset the European balance of power. A peace conference to settle the dispute was held later in the year in Berlin, known as the Congress of Berlin. A memorandum in the name of all Albanians was addressed to Lord Beaconsfield from Great Britain not even a week after the opening of the Congress of Berlin. The reason why this memorandum was addressed to Great Britain was that the Albanians could not represent themselves, because they were still under Ottoman rule. Another reason why Great Britain was in the best position to represent the Albanians, because Great Britain did not want to replace the Turkish Empire. This memorandum had to define the land belonging to the Albanians and create an independent Albania.

Arabs
Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology that arose in the 20th century mainly as a reaction to Turkish nationalism. It is based on the premise that nations from Morocco to the Arabian peninsula are united by their common linguistic, cultural and historical heritage. Pan-Arabism is a related concept, which calls for the creation of a single Arab state, but not all Arab nationalists are also Pan-Arabists. In the 19th century in response to Western influences, a radical change took shape. Conflict erupted between Muslims and Christians in different parts of the empire in a challenge to that hierarchy. This marked the beginning of the tensions which have to a large extent inspired the nationalist and religious rhetoric in the empire's successor states throughout the 20th century.

A sentiment of Arab tribal solidarity (asabiyya), underlined by claims of Arab tribal descent and the continuance of classical Arabic exemplified in the Qur'an, preserved, from the rise of Islam, a vague sense of Arab identity among Arabs. However, this phenomenon had no political manifestations (the 18th-century Wahhabi movement in Arabia was a religious-tribal movement, and the term "Arab" was used mainly to describe the inhabitants of Arabia and nomads) until the late 19th century, when the revival of Arabic literature was followed in the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire in Syria and Lebanon by a discussion of Arab cultural identity and demands for greater autonomy for Syria. This movement, however, was confined almost exclusively to certain Christian Arabs, and had little support. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 in Turkey, these demands were taken up by some Syrian and Lebanese Muslim Arabs and various public or secret societies (the Beirut Reform Society led by Salim Ali Salam, 1912; the Ottoman Administrative Decentralization Party, 1912; al-Qahtaniyya, 1909; al-Fatat, 1911; and al-Ahd, 1912) were formed to advance demands ranging from autonomy to independence for the Ottoman Arab provinces. Members of some of these groups came together at the request of al-Fatat to form the Arab Congress of 1913 in Paris, where desired reforms were discussed.

Armenians
Until the Tanzimat reforms were established, the Armenian millet was under the supervision of an Ethnarch ('national' leader), the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Armenian millet had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. During the Tanzimat period, a series of constitutional reforms provided a limited modernization of the Ottoman Empire also to the Armenians. In 1856, the "Reform Edict" promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839 Edict of Gülhane.

To deal with the Armenian national awakening, the Ottomans gradually gave more rights to its Armenian and other Christian citizens. In 1863 the Armenian National Constitution was the Ottoman-approved form of the "Code of Regulations" composed of 150 articles drafted by the "Armenian intelligentsia", which defined the powers of the Armenian Patriarch and the newly formed "Armenian National Assembly". The reformist period peaked with the Ottoman constitution of 1876, written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before law. The Armenian National Assembly formed a "governance in governance" to eliminate the aristocratic dominance of the Armenian nobility by the development of the political strata among the Armenian society.

Assyrians
Under the millet system of the Ottoman Empire, each sect of the Assyrian nation was represented by their respective patriarch. Under the Church of the East sect, the patriarch was the temporal leader of the millet which then had a number of "maliks" beneath the patriarch who would govern each of their own tribes.

The rise of modern Assyrian nationalism began with intellectuals such as Ashur Yousif, Naum Faiq and Farid Nazha who pushed for a united Assyrian nation comprising the Jacobite, Nestorian and Chaldean sects.

Bosniaks
The Ottoman Sultans attempted to implement various economic reforms in the early 19th century in order to address the grave issues mostly caused by the border wars. The reforms, however, were usually met with resistance by the military captaincies of Bosnia. The most famous of these insurrections was the one by captain Husein Gradaščević in 1831. Gradaščević felt that giving autonomy to the eastern lands of Serbia, Greece and Albania would weaken the position of the Bosnian state, and the Bosniak peoples. The situation worsened when the Ottomans took 2 Bosnian provinces and gave them to Serbia, as a friendly gift to the Serbs. Outraged, Gradaščević raised a full-scale rebellion in the province, joined by thousands of native Bosnian soldiers who believed in the captain's prudence and courage, calling him Zmaj od Bosne (dragon of Bosnia). Despite winning several notable victories, notably at the famous Battle of Kosovo, the rebels were eventually defeated in a battle near Sarajevo in 1832 after Herzegovinian nobility which supported the Sultan, broke stalemate. Husein-kapetan was banned from ever entering the country again, and was eventually poisoned in Istanbul. Bosnia and Herzegovina would remain part of the Ottoman Empire until 1878. Before it was formally occupied by Austria-Hungary, the region was de facto independent for several months. The aim of the movement of Husein Gradaščević was to keep status quo in Bosnia. Bosniak nationalism in the modern sense would emerge under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Bulgarians
The rise of national conscience in Bulgaria led to the Bulgarian revival movement. Unlike Greece and Serbia, the nationalist movement in Bulgaria did not concentrate initially on armed resistance against the Ottoman Empire but on peaceful struggle for cultural and religious autonomy, the result of which was the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate on February 28, 1870. A large-scale armed struggle movement started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1870s with the establishment of the Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, as well as the active involvement of Vasil Levski in both organisations. The struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in April 1876 in several Bulgarian districts in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia. The harsh suppression of the uprising and the atrocities committed against the civilian population increased the Bulgarian desire for independence. They also caused a tremendous indignation in Europe, where they became known as the Bulgarian Horrors. Consequently, at the 1876–1877 Constantinople Conference, also known as the Shipyard Conference, European statesmen proposed a series of reforms. Russia threatened the Sultan with Cyprus if he did not agree to the conditions. However, the sultan refused to implement them, as the terms were very harsh, and Russia declared war. During the war Bulgarian volunteer forces (in Bulgarian опълченци) fought alongside the Russian army. They earned particular distinction in the battle for the Shipka Pass. Upon the end of the war Russia and Turkey signed the Treaty of San Stefano, which granted Bulgaria autonomy from the Sultan. The Treaty of Berlin, signed in 1878, essentially nullified the Treaty of San Stefano. Instead, Bulgaria was divided into two provinces. The northern province was granted political autonomy, and was called Principality of Bulgaria, while the southern province of Eastern Rumelia was placed under direct political and military control of the Sultan.

Greeks
With the decline of the Eastern Roman Empire, the pre-eminent role of Greek culture, literature and language became more apparent. From the 13th century onwards, with the territorial reduction of the Empire to strictly Greek-speaking areas, the old multiethnic tradition, already weakened, gave way to a self-consciously national Greek consciousness, and a greater interest in Hellenic culture evolved. Byzantines began to refer to themselves not just as Romans (Rhomaioi) but as Greeks (Hellenes). With the political extinction of the Empire, it was the Greek Orthodox Church, and the Greek-speaking communities in the areas of Greek colonization and emigration, that continued to cultivate this identity, through schooling as well as the ideology of a Byzantine imperial heritage rooted both in the classical Greek past and in the Roman Empire.

The position of educated and privileged Greeks within the Ottoman Empire improved in the 17th and 18th centuries. As the empire became more settled, and began to feel its increasing backwardness in relation to the European powers, it increasingly recruited Greeks who had the kind of academic, administrative, technical and financial skills which the larger Ottoman population lacked. Greeks made up the majority of the Empire's translators, financiers, doctors and scholars. From the late 1600s, Greeks began to fill some of the highest offices of the Ottoman state. The Phanariotes, a class of wealthy Greeks who lived in the Phanar district of Constantinople, became increasingly powerful. Their travels to other parts of Western Europe, as merchants or diplomats, brought them into contact with advanced ideas of the Enlightenment notably liberalism, radicalism and nationalism, and it was among the Phanariotes that the modern Greek nationalist movement matured. However, the dominant form of Greek nationalism (that later developed into the Megali Idea) was a messianic ideology of imperial Byzantine restoration, that specifically looked down upon Frankish culture, and enjoyed the patronage of the Orthodox Church.

Ideas of nationalism began to develop in Europe long before they reached the Ottoman Empire. Some of the first effects nationalism had on the Ottomans had much to do with the Greek War of Independence. The war began as an uprising against the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. At the time, Mehmet Ali, a former Albanian mercenary, was ruling Egypt quite successfully. One of his biggest projects was creating a modern army of conscripted peasants. The Sultan commanded him to lead his army to Greece and put a stop to these uprisings. At the time, nationalism had become an established concept in Europe and certain Greek intellectuals began to embrace the idea of a purely Greek state. Most of Europe greatly supported this notion, partly because ideas of Ancient Greece's mythology were being greatly romanticized in the Western world. Though the Greece at the time of the revolution looked very little like the European view, most supported it blindly based on this notion.

Mehmet Ali had his own motives for agreeing to invade Greece. The Sultan promised Ali that he would make him Governor of Crete, which would increase Ali's status. Ali's army had considerable success in putting down the Christian revolts at first, however before too long the European Powers intervened. They endorsed Greek nationalism and pushed both Ali's army and the rest of the Ottoman forces out of Greece.

The instance of Greek Nationalism was a major factor in introducing the concept to the Ottomans. Because of their failure in Greece, the Ottomans were forced to acknowledge the changes taking place in the West, in favor of Nationalism. The result would be the beginning of a defensive developmentalism period of Ottoman history in which they attempted to modernize to avoid the Empire falling to foreign powers. The idea of nationalism that develops out of this is called Ottomanism, and would result in many political, legal, and social changes in the Empire.
 * In 1821 the Greek revolution, striving to create an independent Greece, broke out on Romanian ground, briefly supported by the princes of Moldavia and Muntenia.
 * A secret Greek nationalist organization called the Friendly Society (Filiki Eteria) was formed in Odesa during 1814. On March 25 (now Greek Independence Day) 1821 of the Julian Calendar/6 April 1821 of the Gregorian Calendar the Orthodox Metropolitan Germanos of Patras proclaimed the national uprising. Simultaneous risings were planned across Greece, including in Macedonia, Crete and Cyprus. The revolt began in March 1821 when Alexandros Ypsilantis, the leader of the Etairists, crossed the Prut River into Turkish-held Moldavia with a small force of troops. With the initial advantage of surprise, the Greeks succeeded in liberating the Peloponnese and some other areas.

Kurds
The system of administration introduced by Idris remained unchanged until the close of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29. But the Kurds, owing to the remoteness of their country from the capital and the decline of Ottoman Empire, had greatly increased in influence and power, and had spread westwards over the country as far as Ankara.

After the war the Kurds attempted to free themselves from Ottoman control, and in 1834, after the Bedirkhan clan uprising, it became necessary to reduce them to subjection. This was done by Reshid Pasha. The principal towns were strongly garrisoned, and many of the Kurd beys were replaced by Turkish governors. A rising under Bedr Khan Bey in 1843 was firmly repressed, and after the Crimean War the Turks strengthened their hold on the country.

The Ottoman Empire, faced with challenges from their European counterparts, started a centralisation campaign, intending to have more direct authority over resources and population. After beating Kurdish autonomy, namely the principality of Bohtan, also known as Cizira Bohtan, in present-day Cizre, the Sultan had hoped that the region would now be more manageable and under Ottoman control. However, the opposite was true. The Empire did not gain any authority because of a lack of local institutions and not actively creating them. Instead, by removing the Mirs and thus the local power structure, the area became more chaotic. Local tribes sought to exploit the situation and advance their own interests. Unable to directly confront Istanbul, the emergence of the Russian Empire’s advances on the Anatolian plateau posed an opportunity.

By this time, the Kurdish revolts in the Ottoman Empire were still not seen as a part of nationalism, but rather as attempts of local leaders to increase influence. This mostly changed during Şêx Ubeydullah's and Abdurezzak's involvements in the late eighteenth-century Russo-Turkish conflicts.

The Sultan attempted to assert his influence in the Kurdish areas by installing the Hamidiye regiments. The commanders were selected on the basis of loyalty to the Sultan, and were awarded with several privileges, mainly the right to form militias, and gifted these tribal leaders with titles, arms and money in the hopes that this would lead to a new class of ruling elites. The rise of intellectualism and activism amongst the population of Kurds brought critique to this new elitist class. Some of the most well-known opponents of Sultan Abdulhamid II were descendants of the Mir of Bohtan, claiming that these policies were stagnating Kurdish progress and well-being. They called for modern educational reforms. The Naqshbandi Şêx Bediüzzaman Said-i Kurdi even travelled to Istanbul to address the need for education in Kurdish areas to the Sultan.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 was followed by the attempt of Sheikh Obaidullah in 1880–1881 to found an independent Kurd principality under the protection of the Ottoman Empire. The attempt, at first encouraged by the Porte, as a reply to the projected creation of an Armenian state under the suzerainty of Russia, collapsed after Obaidullah's raid into Persia, when various circumstances led the central government to reassert its supreme authority. Until the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 there had been little hostile feeling between the Kurds and the Armenians, and as late as 1877–1878 the mountaineers of both races had co-existed fairly well together.

In 1891 the activity of the Armenian Committees induced the Porte to strengthen the position of the Kurds by raising a body of Kurdish irregular cavalry, which was well-armed and called Hamidieh after the Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II. Minor disturbances constantly occurred, and were soon followed by the massacre of Armenians at Sasun and other places, 1894–1896, in which the Kurds took an active part. Some of the Kurds, like the nationalist Armenians, aimed to establish a Kurdish country.

A major development for Kurdish nationalism in the late Ottoman Empire was the foundation of the "Kurdistan" newspaper in 1898, based in Cairo. With the aim of spreading Kurdish cultural and nationalist ideas, seeking to unify Kurds and foster a national consciousness. Additionally, as a result of the successes of the Young Turk movement in 1908, many minorities in the Empire were, initially, allowed to create their own political organizations. Some notable Kurdish organizations were the Kurdish Society for Cooperation and Progress (KTTC), Hewa, and the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan (SAK). These groups fostered the growth of an educated elite for Kurdish nationalism. However, the majority of the Kurds did not support these aspirations, as many tribal leaders saw it as a threat to their own authority.

Early Ottoman Empire
Jews in the Ottoman Empire had a higher quality of life and freedom than Jews in any other part of the world. The Ottoman Empire accepted Jewish refugees from France, Spain, and many other places. Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II established the Hakham Bashi, as the Rabbi of a particular region, with the Hakham Bashi of Constantinople being the most powerful.

In 1492, Sultan Bayezeid II ordered governors of Ottoman provinces to accept Jewish immigration and to do so cordially. This order was in response to the Alhambra Decree, that ordered for the expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula. This resulted in a mass exodus of Jews, and due to the high level of freedom enjoyed by Ottoman Jews, many looked to immigrate to Ottoman territory. In 1492 alone, roughly 60,000 Jews arrived in the Ottoman Empire.

In 1516, Ottoman Turks invaded and took control of Palestine. They controlled this land until the end of World War I, over 400 years later. Palestine contained the majority of religiously significant site and was considered the biblical homeland of the Jews. The land has a similar religious significance to both Islam and Christianity as well. As the Ottoman Empire grew, there had been Jewish communities existing in much of their empire.

Due to the isolated structure of Ottoman Jews, many Jewish communities developed independent of each other, and lacking any national Jewish identity or common culture. The Jewish community was incredibly diverse due to the Jewish refugees from various countries. The Jewish communities also varied in ethnicities and languages.

Zionist Movement
See Also: Zionist Movement While the Ottoman Empire became a safe space for Jews, parts of Europe saw increased violence and anti-semitism against Jews. Violent uprisings against Jews took place all over Eastern Europe in the Late 19th century, and the civil rights of Jews were extremely limited.

Zionism is an international political movement; although started outside the Ottoman Empire, Zionism regards the Jews as a national entity and seeks to preserve that entity. This has primarily focused on the creation of a homeland for the Jewish People in the Promised Land, and (having achieved this goal) continues as support for the modern state of Israel.

Although its origins are earlier, the movement became better organized and more closely linked with the imperial powers of the day following the involvement of the late 19th century Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist Theodor Herzl, who is often credited as the father of the Zionist movement. Herzl He formed the World Zionist Organization and called for the First Zionist Congress in 1897. The movement was eventually successful in establishing Israel in 1948, as the world's first and only modern Jewish State. Described as a "diaspora nationalism," its proponents regard it as a national liberation movement whose aim is the self-determination of the Jewish people.

The objective of Zionism grew into the desire to form a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Early in the movement, there were many competing theories regarding the best avenue to achieve Jewish autonomy. The Jewish Territorial Organization represented a popular proposal. The organization supported finding a location, besides Palestine, for Jewish settlement.

Non-territorial autonomy was another popular theory. This was a principle that allowed for groups to self govern themselves without their own state. The Millet system in the Ottoman Empire allowed for this and was used by Orthodox Christians, Armenians, and even Jews. This gave Jews significant legislative and governing powers in the Ottoman Empire. Jews weren't on the same social hierarchy as Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, however, they still enjoyed many protections as they were considered people of the book. This relative autonomy allowed for the formation of many Jewish ideas and practices, increasing the common identity.

As the goal of the Zionist movement grew, many Jews already living in the Ottoman Empire wanted to leverage their relative autonomy into settlement of Palestine. Eventually, the form of Zionism with Palestine as the intended homeland prevailed among the competing theories. Palestine was chosen due to the religious and historical significance of the region. Also, the declining power and financial struggles of the Ottoman Empire were seen as an opportunity. Wealthy and powerful Jews began to put their ideas into action.

Jewish Settling of Palestine
See Also: First Aliyah, Second Aliyah

Herzl founded the Jewish-Ottoman Land Company. Its objective was to acquire land in Palestine, for the settlement of Jews, through political channels with the Ottoman Empire. Herzl repeatedly visited Istanbul and engaged in negotiations and meetings with Ottoman officials. In 1901, Herzl was able to have a meeting with Sultan Abdul Hamid and insinuated that he had access to Jewish credit and that he could help the Ottoman Empire pay off debt. The company was initially successful, however, it eventually faced opposition from Arabs and the government. These negotiations are incredibly noteworthy considering Herzl was not a government official of any kind; he was just a private citizen. The Jewish National Fund functioned similarly. It was a fund directed for land purchasing in Palestine. By 1921, around 25,000 acres had been purchased by the Fund in Palestine. Immigration of Jewish people into Palestine in 4 periods or Aliyahs. The first took place between 1881 and 1903, resulting in around 25,000 immigrating. The second took place between 1904 and 1914, resulting in around 35,000 Jews immigrating.

The increased Jewish population and Jewish land in Israel furthered the formation of a Jewish national identity. As the population and property owned by Jews increased in Palestine, support and backing continued to grow. However, so did tensions with other groups, especially Muslim Arabs. Arabs saw the massive Jewish immigration and financial interest in the region as threatening.

Revival of Hebrew
Part of this movement included the revival of the Hebrew Language. Hebrew had been spoken traditionally by the Israelites but was estimated to die out at as a spoken language around 200 CE. However, Jewish people continued to use the language for writing and prayer purposes. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, an early member of the Zionist movement, immigrated to Ottoman controlled Palestine in 1881. Ben-Yehuda believed that the modern development of Hebrew wasn't feasible unless it was linked to Zionism. Hebrew quickly was picked up among the Jewish community in Palestine and became a part of the Jewish identity.

Outside of Palestine
Areas in the Ottoman Empire, besides Palestine, contained significant Jewish presence. Iraq, Tunisia, Turkey, Greece, and Egypt all had large and formidable Jewish populations. Most of these populations could trace their lineage in these areas back thousands of years to biblical times.

Turkey
Bursa was one of the first cities with a Jewish population conquered by the Ottomans when it was conquered in 1324. The Jewish inhabitants helped the Ottoman army, and they were allowed to return to the city. The Ottomans then granted the Jewish people a certain level of autonomy. This early interaction helped set the standard for Ottoman-Jewish interaction throughout the remainder of Ottoman rule.

Istanbul quickly became a cultural center for Jews in the Near East. Jews were able to prosper in many high-skill fields, such as the medical field. This elevated social status resulted in even more freedom and the ability to solidify Jewish identities.

Iraq
The Siege of Baghdad in 1258 by the Mongols led to the ruin of Baghdad and end of the Abbasid Dynasty. Baghdad was left depopulated and many surviving residents left and moved elsewhere. In 1534, the Ottomans captured Baghdad from the Persians. Baghdad had not seen a strong Jewish population since before the Mongol raid. Many Jewish communities existed in small, isolated areas around Mesopotamia at the time. However, a resurgence in the Jewish population was seen in Baghdad after the Ottoman capture. Jews from Kurdistan, Syria, and Persia began to migrate back into Baghdad. Zvi Yehuda refers to this as the "new Babylonian Diaspora." Jewish population and strength continued to grow in Iraq in the following centuries. In 1900, around 50,000 Jews lived in Baghdad, making up nearly a quarter of its population. Jews played very important roles in Iraqi life and culture. The first Minister of Finance in Iraq, Sassoon Eskell, was even Jewish. Baghdad and other Iraqi cities were able to function as a Jewish cultural and religious hub throughout Ottoman rule. This freedom and autonomy helped for the development of a strong national Jewish ideology.

Syria
Jewish roots in Syria can date back to Biblical times, and strong Jewish communities have been present in the region since Roman rule. An influx of Jewish settlers came to Syria after the Alhambra Decree in 1492. Aleppo and Damascus were two main centers. Qamishli, a Kurdish town, also became a popular destination. The Aleppo Codex, a manuscript of the Hebrew Bible written in Tiberias, was kept at the Central Synagogue of Aleppo for nearly 600 years of Ottoman Rule. The synagogue was believed by some to have initially been constructed around 1000 BCE by Joab ben Zeruiah, the nephew and General of King David's army. Inscriptions in the Synagogue date back to 834 CE. The heavy migration of Spanish and Italian Jews into Syria resulted in tension between Jewish groups already in the country. This tension was caused by differences in practices and languages. Many of the new residents spoke different languages, especially the Spanish. However, as generations passed, the descendants of Spanish and Italian settlers began to use these languages less and less. Jews continued to rise in status and power in Syria during Ottoman rule. Many Christians held angst against the rapidly increasing Jewish class causing poor relations between the two groups.

Greece
During Ottoman rule, Jewish communities in Greece were able to thrive. Thessaloniki proved to be a formidable Jewish center. In 1603, around 68% of the city's population was Jewish. Many Sephardic Jews came to Thessaloniki after their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492. The vast Sephardic immigration allowed Thessaloniki to be a hub for diverse Jewish ideas. This large presence and advancement of Jews served as a strong national symbol of Jewish prosperity. Thessaloniki was referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans." This Jewish dominance of Thessaloniki continued through the end of Ottoman rule. In around 1900, Jews still made up nearly half of Thessaloniki's 170,000-person population. Jews in Thessaloniki enjoyed a strategic and important location as a port in the Trans-Mediterranean trade network. 19th and 20th century Thessaloniki is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age", especially for its Jewish inhabitants. The success and prosperity enjoyed by Thessaloniki began to be used as an example of a Jewish state and proof that the concept would succeed.

Synagogues
An important aspect of forming a national Jewish identity, especially based on religion, was the construction of Synagogues. The Jewish houses of worship allowed Jews to congregate in worship and share their ideas and beliefs. Many synagogues were constructed or rebuilt during Ottoman rule. The Bet Yaakov Synagogue was constructed in Istanbul in 1878. The Ahrida Synagogue is an extremely notable one built in Istanbul in the 1430s. It is located in the Balat area of Istanbul, a formerly vibrant Jewish area. These synagogues were able to function as the cultural center within their own communities.

Macedonians
The national awakening of the Macedonians can be said to have begun in the late 19th century; this is the time of the first expressions of ethnic nationalism by limited groups of intellectuals in Belgrade, Sofia, Thessaloniki and St. Petersburg. The "Macedonian Question" became especially prominent after the Balkan wars in 1912–1913 and the subsequent division of the Ottoman Macedonia between three neighboring Christian states, followed by tensions between them over its possession. In order to legitimize their claims, each of these countries tried to 'persuade' the population into allegiance. The Macedonist ideas grew in significance after the First World War, both in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and among the left-leaning diaspora in the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and were endorsed by the Comintern.

Montenegrins
The Principality was formed on 13 March 1852 when Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš, formerly known as Vladika Danilo II, decided to renounce to his ecclesiastical position as prince-bishop and married. With the first Montenegrin constitution being proclaimed in 1855, known as "Danilo's Code". After centuries of theocratic rule, this turned Montenegro into a secular principality.

Grand Voivode Mirko Petrović, elder brother of Danilo I, led a strong army of 7,500 and won a crucial battle against the Turks (army of between 7,000 and 13,000) at Grahovac on 1 May 1858. The Turkish forces were routed. This victory forced the Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Turkey, de facto recognizing Montenegro's centuries-long independence.

Romanians

The Wallachian uprising of 1821 began as an anti-Phanariote revolt, which grew into an insurrection through the involvement of the Greek Filiki Eteria. Moldavia was occupied by Ypsilantis, while Wallachia was held by Tudor Vladimirescu. As the latter was incapable of maintaining discipline in his rebel army (the "Pandurs") and also was willing to compromise with the Ottomans, the Eteria had him arrested after the Ottoman army retook Bucharest without resistance. His army was disbanded and the rebellion suppressed after the Ottomans destroyed the Eterists in the Danubian Principalities. While unsuccessful in obtaining liberty, it ended the Phanariote era; Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II consented in 1822 to the nomination of two native boyars, Ioan Sturdza and Grigore IV Ghica as hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia.

1848 saw rebellion in both Moldavia and Wallachia.

Serbs

The Serbian national movement represents one of the first examples of successful national resistance against the Ottoman rule. It culminated in two mass uprisings at the beginning of the 19th century, leading to national liberation and establishment of the Principality of Serbia. One of the main centers of this movement was the Sanjak of Smederevo ("Belgrade Pashaluk"), which became the core of the reestablished Serbian national state.

A number of factors contributed to its rise. Above all the nucleus of national identity was preserved in the form of the Serbian Orthodox Church which remained autonomous in one form or another throughout the period of Ottoman occupation. Adherence to Orthodox Christianity is still considered an important factor in ethnic self-determination. The Serbian Church preserved links with the medieval Serbian past, keeping the idea of national liberation alive.

The other group of factors stem from regional political events during the period of Ottoman rule, the 17th and 18th centuries in particular. The Austrian wars against the Ottoman Empire resulted in periods of Austrian rule in central Serbia (in 1718–39 and 1788–92), thus, the turn of the 19th century saw the relatively recent experience of European rule. Although the territory of northern Serbia had first reverted to Ottoman rule according to the Treaty of Belgrade, the region saw almost continuous conflict during the 18th century. As a result, the Ottomans never established a full feudal order in the Belgrade Pashaluk, and free peasants owning small plots of land constituted the majority of the population. Full feudal order refers to the idea of feudalism, which is a social structure that emerged as a required retort, more or less so that the state had an opportunity to keep the safety of the populace. This primarily worked through a direct relationship between the higher and the lower classes where the lower classes were more inclined to offer service in exchange for protection. As the Ottoman never did inaugurate the full establishment of this system in the Belgrade Pashaluk, those people who were in lower classes, primarily consisting of peasants, were able to hold access and ownership to small shares of land, and these peasants made the majority of the population. Later on, Miloš Obrenović attempted to take over more control by abusing his power and authority as more peasants lived and worked under Turkish lords rather than under Serbian ones. Furthermore, most of the leaders of future armed rebellions earned valuable military knowledge serving in Austrian irregular troops, freikorps. The proximity of the Austrian border provided the opportunity of getting the needed military material. The Serbian leaders could also count on the financial and logistical support of fellow Serbs living in relative prosperity in the Austrian Empire.

The immediate cause for the start of the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13) was the mismanagement of the province by renegade Janissary troops (known as Dahije) who had seized power. While the Serbian population first rose up against the Dahije, their quick success fueled the desire for national liberation and led to a full-fledged war. Though unsuccessful, this rebellion paved the way for the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815, which eventually succeeded. Serbia became a center of resistance to Ottomans, actively or secretly supporting liberation movements in neighboring Serb-inhabited lands, especially Bosnia, Herzegovina and Macedonia, as well other Christian-inhabited lands, such as Greece. It resulted to Herzegovina uprising in 1875, and Serbian-Turkish wars (1876–1878). In 1903, Serbian Chetnik Organization was founded in aim to liberate Old Serbia (Kosovo and Macedonia), which was on territories of Kosovo Vilayet and Macedonian vilayets under Ottoman rule. The Serbian–Ottoman conflict culminated in the First Balkan War of 1912.

Turks
Pan-Turkism emerged with the Turanian Society founded in 1839 by Tatars. However, Turkish nationalism was developed much later in 1908 with the Turkish Society, which later expanded into the Turkish Hearth and eventually expanded to include ideologies such as Pan-Turanism and Pan-Turkism. With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish populations of the empire which were mostly expelled from the newly established states in the Balkans and the Caucasus formed a new national identity under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal along the Kemalist ideology.

Turkish revolutionaries were patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies and the Ottoman government in the aftermath of the Armistice of Mudros, which ended the Ottoman Empire's participation in World War I; and against the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which was signed by the Ottoman government and partitioned Anatolia among Allies and their supporters.

Turkish revolutionaries under the leadership of Atatürk fought during the Turkish War of Independence against the Allies supported by Armenians (First Republic of Armenia), Greeks (Greece) and the French Armenian Legion, accompanied by the Armenian militia during the Franco-Turkish War. Turkish revolutionaries rejected the Treaty of Sèvres and negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne, which recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its absolute sovereignty over Eastern Thrace and Anatolia.

Role of women
The Ottoman reforms were enforced to fight the rise of nationalism from within the state and European expansion. The Ottoman state increasingly restricted women including women with a higher status. Women were not allowed to move around and wear what they desired. Therefore, the goals of the reforms stated in the Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber of 1839 and the Imperial Script Hatt-I Hümayun of 1856 were actually only focused on the equality of male subjects of the Sultan in the Ottoman Empire.

However, in the late centuries of the Ottoman Empire, women became more included in debates on the future of the Ottoman Empire. Gender relations started to be re-examined when women started to have a new role in society. The focus on nationalism in the Ottoman Empire changed the whole structure of the Ottoman society. One of the priorities of the Ottoman Empire was the development of the military to prevent the rise of nationalism and to prevent the conquest of land belonging to the Ottoman Empire by Russia and Europe. Mobilization by men and women would strengthen the empire politically and economically. Women were responsible for raising the new Ottoman generations. Mothers were creating and maintaining cultural identity and this would support the modernization efforts. Therefore, there was a demand for the improvement of women's education. The new role that women opened the way for women to assert their rights. However, due to the many different ethno-religious communities within the Ottoman Empire there were many differences between communities of women. The women tried to come in contact with each other to spread their ideas from one ethno-religious group to another through formal and informal ways of communication. Educational institutions were spaces were information about the developments in other ethno-religious communities would be shared.

Nevertheless, it is also fair to mention that women in the Ottoman Empire had acquired their own rights and freedoms, such as the capability to dance and stage protests, they were essential for the national economy as they were able to run businesses and own property. Women in the Ottoman Empire had active roles in the economy, as well as religious spheres, and were essential for social communication.

In 1917, the Ottoman Law of Family Rights was part of the Ottoman reform. Some women viewed this reform as a critical moment in time to improve women's rights. However, this was difficult for feminists in the Ottoman Empire, because they did not want to question the role of Islam and did not want to change their own traditions in a period of nationalism. The women strived for a legal reform in their favor, but the Ottoman Law of Family Rights would not change much in expanding women's rights. According to Sijjil records, women were active in Sharia courts as an attempt to change their roles and increase women's rights. The Sharia courts gave women the opportunity to increase their agency.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Do I Harass Us?

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 22:28, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Do I Harass Us?
not notable and/or WP:BJAODN Kgf0 20:05, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom - album release in "Febtober" and lack of entry in AllMusic = apparent hoax. --Kgf0 20:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hoax. CambridgeBayWeather 20:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Pur e blade | ☎ 22:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a perfectly cromulent article. Didn't this album go platinum in Smarch of that year? Delete as nonsensical hoaxery. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 22:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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