text:
User talk:Rossyxan

Welcome!

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Alan Farrell
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Proposed deletion of Alan Farrell

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A page you started (Dimos Moutsis) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Dimos Moutsis, Rossyxan!

Wikipedia editor Meatsgains just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"Consider providing reliable sources to strengthen the page's verifiability."

To reply, leave a comment on Meatsgains's talk page.

Learn more about page curation.

Meatsgains (talk) 01:37, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Manolis Mitsias

A tag has been placed on Manolis Mitsias requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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Proposed deletion of Manolis Mitsias

The article Manolis Mitsias has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

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Ways to improve Evangelismos, Athens
Hi, I'm Boleyn. Rossyxan, thanks for creating Evangelismos, Athens!

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Boleyn (talk) 14:30, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

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Ways to improve Philopappou
Hi, I'm Meatsgains. Rossyxan, thanks for creating Philopappou!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. Consider providing reliable sources to strengthen the page's verifiability.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse.

Meatsgains (talk) 01:35, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens) Comment
Good work on the translation. I noticed something a little strange though - "Over the main sculpture in smaller writing, one reads 'ΕΙΣ ΑΦΑΝΗ ΣΤΡΑΤΙΩΤΗ' ('To an unknown soldier')." I can't seem to find this inscription in any of the photos of the tomb. Is this a mistranslation? Brightgalrs (/braɪtˈɡæl.ərˌɛs/)[1] 23:33, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

MOS
Congrats on your latest work. Please note these fixes. --Omnipaedista (talk) 05:49, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Rossyxan


text: User talk:70.112.219.239

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.112.219.239


text:
Julius Aghahowa

Julius Efosa Aghahowa (born 12 February 1982) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

Aghahowa played in Ukraine, England and Turkey during his career. Known for his pace and acrobatic goal celebrations, he performed six consecutive backflips after scoring a goal against Sweden at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Early career
Born in Benin City, Aghahowa began his career with the Police Machines, a local police team, and went on to Bendel Insurance. He signed for Danish lower division team Herning Fremad before the 1999 African Youth Championship, but performed so well there that he wanted to play for a bigger club. He ended up with the Tunisian champions, Espérance, when he procured a contract with the Tunisians which predated the Herning Fremad contract.

Shakhtar Donetsk
In the middle of the 2000–01 season, Aghahowa transferred to Shakhtar Donetsk, who soon won the Ukrainian league championship. Aghahowa won the game for Shakhtar in the 2006 Ukrainian Championship against Dynamo Kyiv, heading the winner in extra-time, and was named man of the match. His performance in the final has been widely seen as the "saving grace" of his career at Shakhtar, with his future at the club looking bleak earlier in the season. After playing over six years for Shakhtar Donetsk, Aghahowa left for Wigan Athletic.

Wigan Athletic
His work permit was passed and on 30 January 2007, he signed for Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee, playing his first Premiership match for them against Portsmouth on 3 February. Aghahowa did not score for Wigan in one and a half years and on 20 June 2008, he signed for Kayserispor.

Return to Shakhtar Donetsk
On 4 July 2009, Shakhtar Donetsk signed Aghahowa on a free transfer after he was released by Kayserispor. He had already played for Shakhtar from 2000 to 2007 and declared a great desire to play for his old club. However, he could not find himself as a regular starter and was loaned out to Sevastopol at the beginning of the 2010–11 season. He was released at the end of the 2011–12 season, announcing his retirement from the game in April 2013.

International career
Aghahowa played 32 matches and scored 14 goals for the Nigeria national team, including their only goal at the 2002 World Cup against Sweden. He became Nigeria's top goalscorer at the 2002 African Nations Cup. He also played at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Honours
Espérance
 * Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1: 2000

Shakhtar Donetsk
 * Ukrainian Premier League: 2002, 2005, 2006, 2010
 * Ukrainian Cup: 2002, 2004

title: Julius Aghahowa


text:
Talk:Pazardzhik

Untitled
Hi, I don't think this article should be moved to "Pazardzhik Province", so I reverted the change. I don't think an article about a city should be under the 'province' article, even if the latter has more information on the city than this one. I think it'd be better to remove all the city-information from the province article, and insert that information into this one. Also, please keep in mind that when you delete everything in an article, you also delete the 'interwikilinks' to articles in other languages. I'd be happy to help with these articles, let me know what you think about my proposal --JoanneB 10:36, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Deleted name
I deleted the name of the city in Turkish cause I think English and national language (Bulgarian in this case) are just enough. Can we have some rules defining what languages are to be shown in head sentence? Your opinions are welcome.--Valkov 17:15, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Population!
Hi, I am pretty sure that in the Bulgarian Wikipedia it is stated that the population of the city of Pazardzhik (Пазарджик) is merely 78,493, which is about 40,000 people less than the number stated on the English Wikipedia (117,717). I hope someone can fix this mistake. Thanks,  User:Dako1  12:18, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Pazardzhik. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588 to http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142758/http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf to http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130908134107/http://www.nsi.bg/ORPDOCS/Census2011_1.pop_by_age.xls to http://www.nsi.bg/ORPDOCS/Census2011_1.pop_by_age.xls
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6Fdhrysbu?url=http://www.nsi.bg/ORPDOCS/Census2011_4.pop_by_ethnos.xls to http://www.nsi.bg/ORPDOCS/Census2011_4.pop_by_ethnos.xls

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Turkish Gypsies

 * Per study of Elena Marušiakova and Veselin Popov, The Bulgarian Gypsies – Searching their Place in the Society, Balkanologie, Vol. IV, issue 2, 2000: "Some parts of these communities gradually become differentiated on the basis of their preferred ethnic identity such as some Muslim / “Turkish Gypsies” who have lost most of their group specifics and are often bilingual (speaking Turkish and Romani) or entirely monolingual (speaking only Turkish). They prefer to introduce themselves as Turks."
 * Per study of Krastev, Georgi et al, Research and Science Today; Targu-Jiu Iss. 2, (Nov 2019): 55-63.Gypsies/Roma in Bulgaria professing Islam - ethnic identity (retrospections and projections): "Very often, the surrounding are called Turkish Gypsies or Horohane Roma, and this name also dates back to the Ottoman Empire when mixed religion and ethnicity. Horohane Roma are a heterogeneous community, and identity is complex, defined on different levels, which are often blurred, and with a dual orientation towards the Turkish or the Gypsy community. They are scattered all over the country, and in some areas are the most numerous ethnic minority... Here are some examples. At the beginning of the 21st century, the mosques were built in the Roma neighborhoods “Iztok” in Pazardjk and “Nadezhda” in Sliven"...The new mosque in Pazardjik, built in a private property funded with money from abroad, is also named after the leader of an Islamic state. This speaks of a certain radicalization in Pazardzhik's Roma neighborhood, a case without analogy, concealing new dangers for ethnic and religious peace...Nowadays the Roma neighborhoodsin Pazardzhik resembles Arab neighborhoods of the Middle East, were man must wear beards and women burqas. "
 * Per study of M. Mancheva and R. Dzhekova, Working Paper, February 2017, Risks of Islamist Radicalisation in Bulgaria: A Case Study in the Iztok Neighbourhood of the City of Pazardzhik, Sofia, Center for the Study of Democracy: " The inhabitants of the Iztok neighbourhood in the city of Pazardzhik belong to two of the larger Romani groups – Daskane Roma, a literal translation for Bulgarian or Christian Gypsies, who speak a Balkan dialect of Romani influenced considerably by the Bulgarian language, and the so called Horahane Roma, a literal translation for Turkish or Muslim Gypsies, who speak a Balkan dialect of Romani influenced considerably by the Turkish language. According to data from the 2011 Census, which covered certain control areas of the Iztok neighbourhood in the city of Pazardzhik, 40 percent of the neighbourhood inhabitants self-identified as Bulgarians, 27 percent as Turks, and 20 percent as Roma."
 * The conclusion is that a large part of the Roma in Pazardzhik profess Islam and identify themselves as Turks. Also, their number increases and they began to radicalize under the influence of preachers from the Middle East. Nowhere in the researches is any mention of original Turks in Pazardzhik, while there are many traditional Turkish communities elsewhere in the country. Jingiby (talk) 05:59, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Neither discussion was held, nor sources were provided for the recent changes again. Jingiby (talk) 09:33, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pazardzhik


text: User talk:84.47.27.64

title: User talk:84.47.27.64


text:
Hexagonal lattice

The hexagonal lattice (sometimes called triangular lattice) is one of the five two-dimensional Bravais lattice types. The symmetry category of the lattice is wallpaper group p6m. The primitive translation vectors of the hexagonal lattice form an angle of 120° and are of equal lengths,

 * $$|\mathbf a_1| = |\mathbf a_2| = a.$$

The reciprocal lattice of the hexagonal lattice is a hexagonal lattice in reciprocal space with orientation changed by 90° and primitive lattice vectors of length

 * $$g=\frac{4\pi}{a\sqrt 3}.$$

Honeycomb point set
The honeycomb point set is a special case of the hexagonal lattice with a two-atom basis. The centers of the hexagons of a honeycomb form a hexagonal lattice, and the honeycomb point set can be seen as the union of two offset hexagonal lattices.

In nature, carbon atoms of the two-dimensional material graphene are arranged in a honeycomb point set.

Crystal classes
The hexagonal lattice class names, Schönflies notation, Hermann-Mauguin notation, orbifold notation, Coxeter notation, and wallpaper groups are listed in the table below.

title: Hexagonal lattice


text:
Corsiniaceae

Corsiniaceae is a family of liverworts in the order Marchantiales. Being bryophytic, they are non-vascular. The function of absorption and anchorage is performed by filamentous structures rhizoids.

Genera in the family Corsiniaceae

 * Corsinia
 * Cronisia

title: Corsiniaceae


text:
Fermana FC

Fermana Football Club is an Italian professional football club based in Fermo, Marche. The club currently play in Serie C, the third tier of Italian football after achieving promotion by winning Group F in the 2016-17 Serie D season.

Foundation
The club was founded in 1920 as S.S. La Fermo and was renamed in 1924 U.S. Fermana after the merger with Fermo F.C..

Fermana 1920
In 1999 Fermana won the Serie C1/B title under head coach Ivo Iaconi, thus ensuring a historical first appearance into Serie B. That season proved to be the only one, as they were promptly relegated back into Serie C1.

Fermana relegated to Serie C2 after a disappointing 2005–06 Serie C1/A campaign ended in a poor last place, and 13 points in 34 matches. Following this relegation the club, under heavy financial struggles, were forced to give up their Serie C2 membership.

U.S. Fermana 2006

A new club, named Unione Sportiva Fermana 2006, was founded in 2006 and admitted to Group A of amateur regional Prima Categoria (8th level of Italian football). They were promoted to Promozione in 2006–07, missing the chance to be promoted to Eccellenza after being defeated 2–1 (aggregate score) by Cuprense in the playoff finals. In season 2007–2008, Fermana won the championship and it is promoted in Eccellenza, but Fermana ended the season in 7th place after a disastrous year behind rival Sambenedettese (who won the championship).

In 2010–2011, Fermana drew the game with Ancona 2–2, and lost the championship by one point. The 2011–2012 season opened with the Fermana in a more balanced league victory. In 2012–13 season it won Coppa Italia Dilettanti, but went bankrupt at the end of the season.

Fermana F.C.
In summer 2013 the club was refounded as Fermana Football Club after the merger of A.S.D. Montegranaro Calcio 1965 (winner of Eccellenza playoffs) and AFC Fermo restarting from Serie D. The club were Group F champions in 2016–17 Serie D and returned to the Italian third tier for the first time in 12 years.

Colors and badge
The colors of the club are yellow and blue.

Honours

 * Coppa Italia Dilettanti:
 * Champion : 2012–13

title: Fermana FC


text: Category:Lincoln Thompson albums

title: Category:Lincoln Thompson albums


text:
Anatoliy Skorokhod

Anatoliy Volodymyrovych Skorokhod (Анато́лій Володи́мирович Скорохо́д; September 10, 1930 – January 3, 2011) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician.

Skorokhod is well-known for a comprehensive treatise on the theory of stochastic processes, co-authored with Gikhman.

Career
Skorokhod worked at Kyiv University from 1956 to 1964. He was subsequently at the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1964 until 2002. Since 1993, he had been a professor at Michigan State University in the US, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He was an academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1985 to his death in 2011.

His scientific works are on the theory of:
 * stochastic differential equations,
 * limit theorems of random processes,
 * distributions in infinite-dimensional spaces,
 * statistics of random processes and Markov processes.

Skorokhod authored over 450 scientific works, including more than 40 monographs and books.

Many terms and concepts have his name, including:
 * Skorokhod's embedding theorem
 * Skorokhod integral
 * Skorokhod's representation theorem
 * Skorokhod space
 * Skorokhod problem

Selected works

 * with I. I. Gikhman: Introduction to the theory of random processes, W. B. Saunders 1969, Dover 1996
 * with I. I. Gikhman: Stochastic Differential Equations, Springer Verlag 1972
 * with I. I. Gikhman: Controlled stochastic processes, Springer Verlag 1979
 * with I. I. Gikhman: The Theory of Stochastic Processes,  Springer Verlag, 3 vols., 2004–2007
 * Random processes with independent increments, Kluwer 1991
 * Asymptotic methods in the theory of stochastic differential equations , American Mathematical Society 1989
 * Random linear operators, Reidel 1984
 * Studies in the theory of random processes, Dover 1982
 * Stochastic equations for complex systems, Reidel/Kluwer 1988 ISBN 90-277-2408-3
 * Stochastische Differentialgleichungen, Berlin, Akademie Verlag 1971
 * Integration in Hilbert Space, Springer Verlag 1974
 * with Yu. V. Prokhorov: Basic principles and applications of probability theory, Springer Verlag 2005
 * with Frank C. Hoppensteadt, Habib Salehi: Random perturbation methods with applications in science and engineering, Springer Verlag 2002

title: Anatoliy Skorokhod


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OpenIT

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:54, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

OpenIT
The language is bad, and I can't find anything that seems relevant on Google. — mæstro t/c 10:39, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unadulterated crud. linas 23:36, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Rogerd 04:06, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. --Apyule 04:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: there's a mystery here. There is at least one very well-known open source software package called OpenIT; its details are here: . There is also OpenIT described here: which may be the same thing.  Google search "OpenIT" gives 250,000 raw hits, but many are about other things, including a commercial s/w package "OpenIt". The article appears to refer to #1 or #2, but is badly written, perhaps by someone who does not understand it. The OpenIT described in #1 would, I think, be sufficiently notable and widely used and known to deserve an article. Can anyone in the field shed some light on this? MCB 00:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's what I thought at first, so I began cleaning up the article. Then I realised this article had nothing to do with that. Also, I can't find any mention of OpenIT or OpenTracker in the context of Tiger (assuming we are talking about the MacOS), and OpenTracker is generally a reference to the opensource versions of the BeOS tools (as in the Wikipedia article). Anyone who could write a better version is encouraged to, but until then it's not a great idea to have this page around. — mæstro t/c4 09:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Good call. Count my vote as delete. MCB 22:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unverifiable. mikka (t) 23:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OpenIT


text: File:LogoPeterboroughPirates.jpg

title: File:LogoPeterboroughPirates.jpg


text:
Peterborough Pirates

The Peterborough Pirates were an English ice hockey team. It was established in 1982, as the senior adult semi-professional team of the newly formed Peterborough Ice Hockey Club.

The Pirates, based at the East of England Ice Rink, Peterborough, played in the British National League. Their logo was a copy of the Philadelphia Flyers in the NHL.

A notable former player was Garry Unger, who previously played in the National Hockey League. During the 1986–87 season he played 30 games scoring 95 goals and 143 assists. And in the 1987/88 season he played 32 games scoring 37 goals and 44 assists.

Other former players of note to have played for Pirates were former Washington Capitals NHL defenceman Jim McTaggart of Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada; former Montreal Canadiens draftee and NHL St Louis Blues defenceman Michael Dark; former Vancouver Canucks, New York Rangers, Quebec Nordiques, Buffalo Sabres and Philadelphia Flyers NHL player Jere Gillis; Randy Smith, who was a silver medalist with Team Canada at the 1992 Winter Olympics; and former NHL Toronto Maple Leaf draftee Cam Plante.

Former coaches of note apart from Garry Unger, Cam Plante and Randy Smith was former NHL player for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Pittsburgh Penguins Rocky Saganiuk who took the Pirates to the Heineken British Championships at the Wembley Arena in 1991, where they finished as runners-up to Durham Wasps in the final after beating Cardiff Devils in the semis. In their final season (2001–02) the team was coached by Glenn Mulvenna who had played with the Pittsburgh Penguins and Philadelphia Flyers.

The Pirates folded in April 2002, when directors founded a new team Peterborough Phantoms, who play in the EPIHL.

title: Peterborough Pirates


text:
User talk:Stemonitis/Archive01

'''DO NOT EDIT OR POST REPLIES TO THIS PAGE. THIS PAGE IS AN ARCHIVE.'''

This archive page covers approximately the dates between Jan 25 2005 and Oct 09 2005.

Post replies to the main talk page, copying or summarising the section you are replying to if necessary.

Welcome
Firstly, Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Grinner 10:10, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

Relative height
You've been adding relative height to the infoboxes on some British hills, just at the same time as I've been trying to standardise them with the following templates: Template:Infobox british hills, Template:Infobox british hills (no image), Template:Infobox british hills double. I'd quite like to include relative hiegh in the infoboxes, but I don't have the data. DO you have RH info for most hills in Britain (Marilyns, Munros Hewitts anyway)? If so I'll add a RH line to the template. It's great to see someone else working on the hills by the way!Grinner 10:10, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see you've got hold of relative height data for Scotland, for reference are they from an online source? Grinner 17:26, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

Yorkshire Wolds
I see you have added an infobox about Bishop Wilton Wold to this page. Shouldn't it be on a separate Bishop Wilton Wold page? Also, The Yorkshire Wolds are not a Marilyn of England so I suspect the category is in the wrong place too. Paul Tracy 13:24, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

One could argue that the entire hill is the Marilyn, and not just the summit, in which case, the whole Yorkshire Wolds might count as a Marilyn, but I don't think it really matters. I'd be happy for it to be separated, but I didn't have enough material for a page, I thought. If Bishop Wilton Wold were separated off, then naturally the category would stick with it, and not with the Wolds page. --Stemonitis 13:30, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

More on the infoboxes
Bit of a discussion over on Template talk:Infobox british hills (no image), you might care to comment.Grinner 16:18, Jan 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I've put in my two-ha'p'orth. Stemonitis 16:53, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Decapoda
There is a an apology for an article entitled Spiny lobster which looks in great need of attention if you run out of hills ! Velela 23:24, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll get on to that now, then. --Stemonitis 08:23, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hyphenation
What is your evidence that hyphenated forms such as flower-fly are the most prevalent? For instance, when one Googles "flower-fly", the first usage with a hyphen appears rather far down. When I've studied the issue before, it's seemed pretty clear that hyphenation is an archaic British usage at best, not really appropriate for scientific subjects in a 21st-century reference work. Stan 15:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, maybe I missed something. Is there a guideline somewhere saying that we should use the most prevalent forms? If so, I haven't come across it yet (not that I've been looking at all). I know of many occasions where the wrong spelling or punctuation is more common than the right one, so I don't necessarily accept that the most prevalent usage is the right one, although I accept that that must be the best decision for Wikipedia to make, in general. My reasons were rather:
 * a) (the trivial reason) that that's how they're written in my field guide
 * b) (a better reason) that the book can justify that spelling system. It describes how insect names involving "fly" can be easily divided into true flies and others if all the true flies have "-fly" in their name (e.g. flower-fly) and the others do not - a clear advantage.

 * (Incidentally, the book I found this scheme in is a brand new edition, so it may be British, but not really archaic.)

 * I wouldn't change the name in any further way (e.g. I, personally, would prefer to use "hover-fly" instead of "flower-fly"), and I make sure that all the appropriate redirections are in place.

 * As an invertebrate biologist (that is, a biologist of invertebrates), I am constantly confronted by common names that are applied to a variety of unrelated forms (e.g. "lobster", "crab", and "shrimp" are each used for a whole bunch of different, unrelated crustaceans (and at least one non-crustacean)), so when I found a scheme that could clarify a whole mess with a single small change of punctuation, I jumped at the chance. Thus, overall, we're left with a clear system that emphasises the true relationships between these insects, rather than the trivial fact that they can fly. Precipitate it may have been, but, I believe, sensible.

 * Stemonitis 15:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This is all a much-fought-over area actually; Naming conventions is the top-level page, while Naming conventions (common names) goes into more detail on "common names", as does Naming conventions (fauna) for animals specifically. Google is popular as a way to "read" the pulse of the public, so to speak, although since its search algorithm ignores hyphens, it's a little harder to evaluate that kind of usage. At one level, it doesn't matter, because redirects can make sure everybody ends up at the same place. At another level, it does matter, because more and more people are taking WP's content as authoritative, so we want to be sure that even in matters of spelling and orthography we reflect a consensus of both scientific and lay communities as much as possible. I don't have much of a personal preference myself; I'm just reacting to "flower fly/flower-fly" because I poked around the net and my personal library for a half-hour once, and decided that the use of a space was significantly more common than either hyphen or no space. Incidentally, I encourage you to weigh in on the pages above if you disagree with them; none of the conventions are set in stone, and we're always keen to have more experts involved. Stan 23:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

House-fly
Hi, I noticed that you recently moved housefly to house-fly. I'm not so sure that this was a good decision; see Talk:House-fly for my reasons. Cheers, AxelBoldt 18:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Heterostyly
....is now included in Self-incompatibility_in_plants. Which came first the English primrose article or the image ? Velela 11:14, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

One week later, and I've only just noticed that there's an unanswered question here. How lax of me. To answer it, the article came first, and I realised I could fill the gap of the missing picture relatively easily, and then did so. My picture is timed at 10:44 (local time). Stemonitis 10:50, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Caps for English names
Hi Stemonitis - mainly to maintain at least some sort of consistency within groups (all or almost all the other Rosaceae have full caps for common names; the oaks don't at the moment, though I'm planning to harmonise them with all the rest of the Fagales (which do) sometime soon; beetles also don't at the moment and to put one in caps without working on the rest would be out of place. On the broader principle of caps, there are good reasons of consistency in having all common names capitalised (e.g. most field guides do so, whatever country you're in). It has been discussed several times on WP:TOL talk and has always been somewhat divisive but each time with a small majority in favour of capitalising all common names; all the details are in the WP:TOL talk archives if you want to dig them out. In somewhat similar vein, there is also a small majority in favour of converting all TOL entries to scientific names, but the size of the task dissuades much action from being done (I'm doing a bit here and there where there's difficulty or ambiguity over multiple common names e.g. Primula or the same common name for different things e.g. Delphinium / Consolida); I'm also thinking about moving (eventually!) all the conifers over to scientific names as an experiment to see if it works better full-scale. - MPF 09:04, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

thank you everybody
I would like to express my thanks to everybody helping in the nomination of Antarctic krill. I think 3 1/2 supports and a long long discussion are an unexpected and great outcome for a critter so remote and unknown - you should see how little and poor Antarctic krill is represented in Encarta and Britannica - this is the best reviewed and resourced general article of krill we know of - it is impossible to fullfill all wishes at the same time - this is what we did with our all product peer review stamp to qualify this stage of the article for academic exercises, especially for our dreams of a Virtual university within Wikiversity - good luck to you all Uwe Kils 21:48, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Welsh-Basque links
Hey, you removed Basque people from the the 'related ethnic groups' section of Welsh people, I believe the source for this claim is http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1256894.stm -- Joolz 17:29, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry, but a single study isn't really enough to convince me. One study based on a relatively small number of individuals from a few small areas, using only the Y chromosome (which is very un-representative of the genome as a whole), cannot reveal the true complexity of the relationships among these peoples. If there were really a good ethnic link between Welsh and Basques, then there would also be linguistic evidence, and there is, despite repeated and increasingly unlikely claims to the contrary, no evidence at all of links between Basque and any other language. The article states "[I]t is still unclear whether the link is specific to the Celts and the Basques, or whether they are both simply the closest surviving relatives of the early population of Europe. What is clear is that the Neolithic Celts took women from outside their community. When the scientists looked at female genetic patterns as well, they found evidence of genetic material from northern Europe." All this is a long way from saying that the Welsh and the Basque people are closely ethnically related. In any case, Wikipedia should be consistent, and the page on the Basque people states they are not (known to be) related to any other group. This, I think, is how it should be. --Stemonitis 11:23, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

invitation academic boad
Hallo Stemonitis - you do great work on the ocean critters - may I invite you to join an academic board we are proposing? see some thoughts, and maybe add to the discussion and vote, on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Virtual_University - are you from Ireland? regards Uwe Kils 17:47, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

Antarctic krill
Hallo Stemonitis! thank you for helping on krill - may I ask you to help contributing on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Antarctic_krill and maybe voting if you like it - we try to get input from all over the planet, best academics, want to use the article as academic teaching content for the hatching Wikiversity  - best greetings ;-)  Uwe Kils  19:29, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Haworth
I think Wikipedians would like to see the A. H. Haworth article use his full given names in the title. Or perhaps they are now forgotten?

Since you are into biology, perhaps you know who the Haworth was who gave his name to Haworthia, a genus of Asphodelaceae. Lots of pics of the little critters.

-- RHaworth 08:15, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

 * I'll bet they would, but I couldn't find them, nor the dates of his birth and death, nor even his nationality. This is all information which should be presented, but I can't find any of it (on the web). --Stemonitis 10:52, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Update - Someone has helpfully merged my A. H. Haworth article with a previously-existing Adrian Hardy Haworth, so now we have full name, date and nationality information. It's just a shame that he wasn't mentioned before on Haworth (disambiguation), otherwise I might have found out about him earlier. Never mind. --Stemonitis 14:02, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You may have noticed my changes to the relevant articles already, but I shall reiterate them here; the genus Haworthia is named after Adrian Hardy Haworth.

Interwiki krill
Yeah, I think that particular code I used is buggy. It almost tried to add interwikis to Hongkong in several languages to Harry Potter and I still don't know how it happened. The code needs more user input before changing things. BTW that mistake happened because foreign wikis link incorrectly (it copied all interwikis it could find by following the ones on en: - Mgm|(talk) June 28, 2005 08:15 (UTC)

Hill infoboxes & flags
Just thought I'd congratulate your efforts in the changes to the infoboxes. Well done! Grinner June 30, 2005 11:07 (UTC)

 * Why, thank you. Having stumbled across such a helpful template, it seemed a shame not to use it. --Stemonitis 30 June 2005 12:40 (UTC)

Inselkampf
How would I go about Wikifying the page?

j011

 * The principle is simple; you just put square brackets around words that should link to other pages. So, instead of typing "tactics", you type "tactics", and that will appear as "tactics". There are various other means of formatting as well, like putting two apostrophes on either side of text to make it italic, three to make it bold, and so on. Please see How to edit a page for details. --Stemonitis 9 July 2005 09:45 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info that you sent me, should make a great deal of things clearer. Do you by any chance know much about the Wiki IRC "Bootcamps"? It sounds like a brilliant idea yet I cant quite work out how I would go about getting into one.

 * I can see know what Wikifying is but are there any specific guidelines as to which words are worthy of being links and when to make cirtain words italic or bold etc.? Thanks --J011 9 July 2005 13:56 (UTC)

 * I've never heard of the bootcamps, so I can't comment on those. As to when to use different kinds of formatting, you should use a) common sense, and b) the Style Manual. I'm sure there are guidelines somewhere about what to link when, but I can't remember where I've read it, I'm afraid. I do remember that it is recommended that you only link to things once (each) in any given article, or section of an article if the article is long.
 * Another useful trick is to use pipes ("|") to make a link point to somewhere other than what it says. For example, you could type " German to produce "German".
 * I hope all this is helpful to you. --Stemonitis 9 July 2005 14:50 (UTC)

 * Very helpful, thanks. Geogre gave me help editing the Inselkampf page and through that I learnt a bit about Wikifying. Thanks again for all the help. --J011 9 July 2005 15:34 (UTC)

Woodlouse
Would you mind taking a look at the medicine section that I added to the woodlouse article? (very short but I thought it needed to be mentioned). I can't really find much information, could you maybe add a bit? --J011 9 July 2005 18:55 (UTC)

 * No problem. I managed to find another purported woodlouse-based remedy as well. Incidentally, I'll be away from my computer for the next few weeks, so don't expect any more replies until August. --Stemonitis 09:12, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Parakeet
Is this "Psittacula eupatria (Alexandrine Parakeet)" or "Psittacula krameri manillensis (indian-ringnecked Parakeet))" ? --Shivu § Mesg 4 Mè § 13:00, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

The hill infoboxes
Anything to add to the discussion at WikiProject_Mountains/General as regrds the infoboxes we use for hill articles? Grinner 09:45, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I note that you have been energetic enough to remove all the commas from the British Hills. The effort is appreciated. But I note that the sorting works both with AND without commas. The only issue is consistency. I also note that you have a more complete list of British hills by height. I was probably the person that put the one in without commas by mistake. My apologies.

ThanX ¢ NevilleDNZ 12:01, 2 September 2005 (UTC) ¢

 * It seemed to me (I am possibly mistaken), that the sorting would work either with or without commas, but not both, so I made them consistent the way that seemed best (SI uses no commas, and not even spaces in numbers with fewer than five digits, and that seems like a reasonable system). You needn't apologise; I don't think anyone had realised that such consistency would be needed. Who would have thought that "3,046 ft" would cause any problems?
 * I have a list of hills in Great Britain south of the Central Belt, in order of relative height, down to a rel. ht. of 152m (here), and a complete list of the mountains in the British Isles with a relative height above 2000', in order of relative height (here), but nothing better, which is why I never put it up as a List of British Hills. A complete list of Marilyns could be a reasonable addition, but no-one's posted it yet, and I haven't got a complete list handy. --Stemonitis 12:35, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

It seems that I am apologising to you again. I just invited the participant from a cited discussion to join in. Frankly the recorded vote for Category:Books by title was delete, so I probably did a stupid thing by inviting the wolf into the house.

For the record the British Hills pages are really very great. I only wish I was in the UK and could walk a few such trails.

As a concellation prize, give me a month and I can offer a bot to create these much loved "manual lists by elevation".

Sorry for the trouble caused: ¢ NevilleDNZ 11:29, 6 September 2005 (UTC) ¢

Here is the text of the msg posted to the others:

Category: British Hills by Height and Category:Mountains by_Elevation (km)
I am posting this to all the particants of the Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Books by title discussion and debate. (Where the categories were voted for deletion).

This earlier discussion has been cited as an example as to why the category Category:Mountains by Elevation (km) (and sub cats) should be deleted.

Could you please take a look at the following CFD and vote. Categories for deletion/Log/2005 September 1

A complication could be that Category: British Hills by Height seems be to liked by the actual British Hills content contributors. By contrast the category Category:Mountains by_Elevation (km) is not liked by User:RedWolf who seems to be a major Mountain page contributor.

Special note: the Ocean trenches by depth categories were added after the all of the people had voted. But frankly these have no real contributors and would probably get deleted if another vote was taken. You should specifically mention these to ensure there is no confusion in future.

ThanX ¢ NevilleDNZ 11:02, 6 September 2005 (UTC) ¢

I found a way to index height in the range 0 to 20
So we can now easily do heights beyond Ben Nevis of 1344 meters. Check out:
 * ⒔/1300 Ben Nevis

¢ NevilleDNZ 13:37, 8 September 2005 (UTC) ¢

 * I seem to be missing the point - why is this useful? Even if it were useful for the other xxx by height lists, which get about 1999, it requires manual changes to individual pages, which is exactly what we're trying to avoid. Either that, or you encourage everyone to write the heights like "⒔44m", which I don't think will catch on. --Stemonitis 15:13, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

I doubt that "⒔44m" would be very popular on a mountain page, but as an index "⒔"on a category page it would have been tolerable. A conversion could have been done in a template, eg like template: & , but the "locale" would be for "catalogue index". It is all academic now anyhow. ¢ NevilleDNZ 01:47, 9 September 2005 (UTC) ¢

Campanula
Hello Stemonitis! In my opinion, your Image:Campanula beckiana.jpg shows Campanula cespitosa. Your photo shows the typical shape of corollas of C. cespitosa which are narrowing towards mouth. Typical C. beckiana should look like this plant. I suppose you do your Androsace studies in Vienna? Best wishes from Vienna. --Franz Xaver 12:33, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Quite right; my mistake. I wonder if there's a way of renaming images… --Stemonitis 12:59, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, the only way is to upload it with a new name and request deletion for the old image. --Franz Xaver 13:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Penaeus
Don't you think you overdid it there? These are proper names, so at least the first characters should be capitalized. Also, why remove the three species from the taxobox? Now anybody who wonders which species still and always are referred to as Penaeus spp. has to painfully extract them from the table. Lupo 09:18, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I take your point about the taxobox. That was a mistake, and I'll put that right now. But concerning the capitalisation, I cannot disagree more strongly. They are not proper names, they are not regulated and anyone can call any taxon by any name they like. Different people refer to the same animals by different names and to different animals by the same names. There is no reason for any taxon name in English to be capitalised (except where it would be in normal English, e.g. I ndian prawn, and except for birds, whose English names are de facto ruled by an American committee). All crustacean articles are currently uncapitalised, so the previous Indian Prawn link redirected to Indian prawn anyway. It seems best to be consistent, and keep them in lower case. There may be a case for capital letters in "Northern", "Eastern", etc., but not in "green tiger prawn". --Stemonitis 09:31, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's been a while since I last looked at the discussions on the topic of naming over at WP:TOL, but I think the agreement was on either "Black tiger prawn" or "Black Tiger Prawn". I also recall some differences between bird naming and the naming of plants. Lupo 14:46, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that's partly because all article titles begin with a capital letter in Wikipedia, so "black tiger prawn" as a title automatically becomes "Black tiger prawn". In English, either a noun phrase is a proper noun, or it isn't, so either all words are capitalised (as in titles of books, films, national parks, etc.), or only those which are otherwise derived from proper nouns (e.g. "Indian prawn" or the fictitious "yellow-bellied Johnson's crab"). To use "Black tiger prawn" in the middle of a sentence is ridiculous. --Stemonitis 07:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * IIRC, it had nothing to do with the way the Wikipedia software treats capitalization in article titles. See e.g. Humpback Whale (sic!) for what I mean—I'm pretty sure that article follows the WP:TOL guidelines. Lupo 08:48, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * To quote from WP:TOL,

Many of the WikiProjects listed above have defined standards for the capitalization of common names, which should be used when discussing the groups they focus on. There is currently no common standard, so no particular system should be enforced over-all.
 * , which means that it's OK for the carcinologically-inclined wikipedians, including you and me, to agree to use lower case consistently. When I started making changes, it was only to make it consistent. I wouldn't really care so much if all crusty articles were capitalised, but it would need to be all, and I'm not about to start just to make the crusty names follow a pattern set by mammalogists and bird-watchers. One could even argue that crustacean vernacular names are not as fixed as mammal and bird names (Azure-winged Magpie is only Azure-winged Magpie, but see all the different vernacular names that redirect to Penaeus monodon). Having said that, I see the existence of all the different English names, and the confusion that they cause, to be just another reason to use scientific names wherever possible, hence the new article at Penaeus monodon, not giant tiger prawn. --Stemonitis 10:58, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Pronounciation
I know this is probably impossible, but would it be possible to add a 'Pronunciation' row in the Welsh + Scottish hills infoboxes? I for one have no idea how to pronounce Liathach, Beinn Eighe, Cnicht or a lot of others and I'm sure there are lots of people who don't. This wikipedia is supposed to provide information on hills; shouldn't we tell them how to say them as well? Probably imposs though... --Mark J 17:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Good idea. However, I can't read the IPA, and I'm sure a lot of users can't either. Putting the information in the text sounds fine to me, maybe standardise it by putting in brackets directly after the first word (name). --Mark J 15:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm probably going to get lynched for this, but well, I've gone and done it with Snowdon. Thanks a lot for your template on my talk page which enabled me to do it. --Mark J 18:24, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Achelata vs Palinura
Could you explain the difference in decapode nomenclature? I can only gather that Achelata is a newer proposed name (1995), but Palinura seems to be used by most modern databases. I see that family Polychelidae isn't included. Should wikipedia change to Palinura?

Phaust 02:53, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Achelata is indeed a newer term (introduced by Scholtz & Richter in 1995), and is largely overlapping with the older term Palinura. However, Palinura has been used to mean many things, only one of which is exactly the same as Achelata. Others included Eryonoidea (i.e. modern Polychelidae), some included at least parts of current Anomala, and possibly some glypheoids. So we are left in the situation where the term Palinura is almost meaningless unless one states whose conception of Palinura, and from what year, one is using. Achelata, on the other hand, is entirely unambiguous; it has one meaning and one meaning only. For that reason, it seemed better to use the unambiguous term. Also, all the recent papers on decapod phylogeny have used the term Achelata (Scholtz & Richter, 1995; Dixon et al., 2003; Ahyong & O'Meally, 2004), even if online databases haven't caught up yet. --Stemonitis 08:15, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clearing that up. A friend and I are planning to write detailed pages on genus Ibacus (Family Scyllaridae), I hope you can look check them over when we're done.
 * --Phaust 21:31, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Gladly --Stemonitis 14:17, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Northern Irish Marilyns
I don't think we should use the UK mtnbox for the Northern Irish marilyns, becaus it links to the Bristh Grid Ref, not the Irish one. We should probably have a new mtn box for Island of Irlend hills. Unless you object I'll make one and change over the peaks. Grinner 09:22, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea. I had to revert to the antiquated Infobox_Northern_Irish_hills, precisely because of the grid ref problem. Something needs to be created, because all the listings information is equally valid for Irish and Northern Irish hills, for instance. --Stemonitis 09:28, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I will do so immediately! Grinner 09:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I have made Template:Mtnbox_Ireland, and have listed the old NI boxes on templates for deletion, as they aren't need now. Templates_for_deletion.

 * Fine. The only advantage to the old infoboxes was the presence of the little flags, which it's sort of sad to lose, but not to worry. --Stemonitis 10:09, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Aye, I can understand that, you put a shedload of effort into changing all the boxes over. Grinner 10:33, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Welsh pronunciation
Apologies, I should have left well alone. But cheers for going through and sorting them out, you're a star! Grinner 16:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Haha. No need for apologies; I'd never have got round to converting them all to Mtnboxes on my own. I'll go through all the remaining Welsh peaks that use Infobox british hills (no image) in the next day or two. I've done a couple already, my particular favourite (from an IPA point of view) being ɐ ɬɛθɾ. --Stemonitis 17:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stemonitis/Archive01


text:
Velvet Cacoon

Velvet Cacoon is a black metal hoax band from Portland, Oregon, United States. Josh the founder of Velvet Cacoon has described the band as a "total fraud". The band is responsible for promoting a number of hoaxes and plagiarizing songs from other bands.

History
The band is alleged to have been formed in 1996, although no material was released publicly until 2002. Due to the lack of information being provided by its members, it has proved very difficult to discern what is truth and what is fiction about Velvet Cacoon. There are, however, several clear cases where plagiarism has been identified, leading to a measure of disillusionment and distrust by their fans.

Josh is the only confirmed member of Velvet Cacoon. He is alleged to have created a diesel-powered guitar called a "dieselharp" that was "amplified and recorded underwater in various sized aquariums", this was later admitted to being a hoax. Josh has advocated the use of dissociative drugs such as dextromethorphan.

As of December 2009, Velvet Cacoon have broken up. However, Josh has posted on several forums that he has begun a new project entitled Clair Cassis. Clair Cassis released their album on vinyl LP record via Full Moon Productions in 2010, and two EPs releases through Khrysanthoney Co.

Studio releases

 * Dextronaut - (2002)
 * Music For Falling Buildings - (2002)
 * Chapelflames (Red Steeples) - (2003)
 * Genevieve - (2004) Full Moon Productions
 * Northsuite - (2005) Full Moon Productions
 * Dextronaut (Remastered) - (2006) Full Moon Productions
 * Atropine - (2009) Full Moon Productions
 * P aa opal Poere Pr. 33 - (2009) Starlight Temple Society

title: Velvet Cacoon


text:
Saraiki literature

Saraiki literature is the literature of the Saraiki language of Pakistani Punjab.

Overview
The language, partly codified during the British Raj, derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid, who has become an identity symbol. His poems, known as Kafi are still famous.

Shakir Shujabadi (Kalam-e-Shakir, Khuda Janey, Shakir Diyan Ghazlan, Peelay Patr, Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway, and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet.

In academia
The Department of Saraiki, Islamia University, Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and the Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan was established in 2006. Saraiki is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary, intermediate and degree level. The Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad, and the Al-Khair University in Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments offering M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki.

The Associated Press of Pakistan have also launched a Saraiki version of the news site.

Writing system
In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic-derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent the implosives and the extra nasals. In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used. The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq.

Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani, was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode the Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011.

Notable people

 * Mehr Abdul Haq
 * Akbar Makhmoor

 * Ismail Ahmedani (1930-2007), novelist and fiction writer, author of Amar Kahani, Peet de Pandh and Chhulian

 * Mehr Abdul Haq (1915-1995), author of Multani Zaban Ka Urdu Se Taaluq
 * Christopher Shackle, a researcher on Saraiki language

title: Saraiki literature


text:
Legal executive

Legal executives are a kind of trained legal professional in certain jurisdictions. They often specialise in a particular area of law. A legal executive usually receives both vocational training (a minimum of 3 years for those in England and Wales) and academic training.

Legal executives are associated with different membership bodies and different rights according to geographical regions. Legal executives are recognised in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the Bahamas. There is no direct equivalent to a legal executive in Scotland. In England and Wales they hold chartered status and are members of the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEX).

England and Wales
Chartered Legal Executives in England and Wales are lawyers. They can become partners in law firms and are eligible to become judges and advocates subject to meeting eligibility requirements. As lawyers, they are subject to stringent regulation and a code of ethics as with barristers and solicitors.

Chartered Legal Executives (formerly known as Fellows of CILEX) qualify after completing their CILEX training followed by a minimum of 3 years qualifying employment. Chartered Legal Executives may do a wide range of legal work although, like solicitors, they generally specialise in one area:

After completing their academic training, trainee Legal Executives often occupy paralegal roles to satisfy the 3 year vocational stage of qualifying as Chartered Legal Executives.
 * residential and commercial conveyancing
 * wills probate work and trusts
 * personal injury
 * family law
 * criminal law
 * employment law
 * immigration law
 * litigation
 * practice management

History
The modern chartered legal executive evolved from the 19th-century managing clerk. When solicitor firms started to grow in the 19th century, they increasingly relied on an ever-expanding number of clerks for drafting, copying, and organizing documents. The ratio of clerks to solicitors increased from 0.86 in 1850 to 2.09 in 1900. Some of these clerks in turn became knowledgeable about the law and were allowed to manage their fellow clerks; hence, they were called managing clerks. The typical arrangement was that each solicitor was assisted by a managing clerk, and each managing clerk in turn was assisted by one or more junior clerks.

In the 1950s and 1960s England suffered a shortage of solicitors when population growth unexpectedly exceeded the number of entrants into the profession. To improve the availability of legal services, the Law Society began aggressive recruitment efforts to convince young people to choose law as a career. As part of this effort, the Law Society decided to turn the managing clerk into a true legal profession of its own and sponsored the creation of the Institute of Legal Executives (ILEX) in 1963 as well as the change in title to legal executive. In the Law Society's own words, ILEX was intended "to stimulate recruitment to the unadmitted ranks of the professional status ... and would offer ... a career with proper incentives".

In October 2011, ILEX was granted a royal charter and achieved chartered professional body status. On 30 January 2012, after the charter was formally issued by Minister of Justice Jonathan Djanogly, ILEX was officially launched as the "Chartered Institute of Legal Executives" (CILEX).

CILEX
The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEX) was founded in 1892 as the Solicitors Managing Clerks' Association and became the Institute of Legal Executives, a company limited by guarantee, in 1963 with the support of the Law Society of England and Wales. In England and Wales the Institute of Legal Executives received a Royal Charter in early 2012 to become the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEX). Fully qualified members of CILEX in England and Wales are now therefore referred to as "Chartered Legal Executives".

CILEX is a professional body which represents Chartered legal executive lawyers and other legal practitioners and law staff. It has around 20,000 members. All members of CILEX are independently regulated by ILEX Professional Standards (IPS), regardless of grade.

To qualify as a Chartered Legal Executive, aspiring Chartered Legal Executives undertake a series of training courses and are required to pass qualifications relevant to the area of practice in which they intend to specialise. The first stage for the full vocational route to qualifying is called the CILEX Level 3 Professional Diploma in Law and Practice and is set at the equivalent to A-level law. The second and final qualifications are equivalent to an honours degree course - the CILEX Level 6 Diploma in Law and Practice. Trainees will often work at the same time as studying in order to acquire practical skills. The courses can be undertaken at a college, university or through an open learning programme. The courses are open to graduates and non-graduates.

A trainee must also gain 3 years' vocational experience before being admitted as a Fellow.

Fellows
Only Fellows of CILEX (FCILEX) can lawfully hold themselves out as Chartered Legal Executives and are qualified by law (by way of CILEX) to be commissioners of oaths able to take depositions and affidavits. Fellows also can bring action in court and appear for clients in certain courts. Appearance in courts requires a separate CILEX qualification to become a Chartered Legal Executive Advocate. Fellows (that is, Chartered Legal Executives) are also eligible to apply and compete with barristers and solicitors for appointment to certain judicial offices, such as the position of deputy or district judge.

Membership levels
In September 2009, the CILEX training in England and Wales changed. The CILEX qualification now emphasises and examines the practical work of the law as well as continuing with the necessary academic examinations. At the same time, a number of new membership grades were introduced by CILEX. CILEX now offers the following membership categories which can be joined according to experience and qualifications held:

 * student member - for those wishing to enter the legal profession, who have no relevant legal qualification, or those with less than three years’ work experience of a predominantly legal nature.
 * affiliate member - for those with at least one CILEX level-3 unit-qualifications, or who have completed a relevant level-2 legal qualification, or gained at least three years’ work of a predominantly legal nature.
 * associate member – for those who have completed their CILEX level-3 Professional Diploma in Law and Practice (the first stage of CILEX qualifications), or who are graduates with qualifying law degrees. Associate members will be entitled to use the designatory letters ACILEX after their name and be required to undertake continuing professional development (CPD).
 * graduate member - for those who have completed both their CILEX level-3 Professional Diploma in Law and Practice and their CILEX level-6 Professional Higher Diploma in Law and Practice (including the CILEX Graduate ‘Fast-Track’ Diploma, or who are Legal Practice Course (LPC) or Bar Vocational Course (BVC) graduates. Graduate members will be entitled to use the designatory letters GCILEX after their name and be required to undertake CPD.

Students already holding a Legal Practice Course (LPC) or Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) qualifications are exempt from the CILEX academic qualifications and can immediately apply to become a graduate member. Graduate members must then work under the supervision of a qualified legal executive or a solicitor at a firm, either in-house at a private company or in government (provided their work is substantially of a legal rather than administrative nature). To apply to become a Fellow of the Chartered Institute they must have a minimum of three years' practical legal experience.

Once a student has successfully completed a period of qualifying employment, he or she will become a Fellow of CILEX, a qualified lawyer and will be allowed to hold themselves out as a Chartered Legal Executive and use the designatory letters FCILEX. Fellows (and other member grades) are required to maintain and improve their knowledge by undertaking CPD each year. A proportion of those hours must relate to their area of specialism. Fellows are issued an annual practising certificate. Only qualified and practicing Fellows of the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives may use the designatory title 'Chartered Legal Executives' which is a protected designation for practicing Fellows under its Royal Charter.

A CILEX Fellow who wishes to go on to qualify as a solicitor is usually allowed to forego the training contract aspect. For this exemption to apply, they must have attained fellowship level by the time they complete the vocational stage of solicitor training, i.e. the LPC. It goes without saying they must also have completed the academic stage; however, having come through the CILEX route to qualification, this usually means taking advanced modules of the CILEX level-6 qualification.

Australia
The Institute of Legal Executives (Victoria) was set up in 1966 and represents legal executives in the state of Victoria, it works with the Institute of Legal Executives (Australia) which was formed in 1994 and represents legal executives in the rest of Australia. Both Legal Executives organisations in Australia work to formalise legal training and promote education for the position of Legal Executive. They award Diplomas, Certificates in Professional Legal studies, as well as prizes and bursaries for students. In South Australia the law society provides an equivalent association for paralegals.

Hong Kong
The Law Society of Hong Kong set benchmark standards for those using the title 'Legal Executive' in Hong Kong. Legal Executive title holders may have limited rights of audience in accordance with the Court’s Practice Direction in the District Court and High Court. HKUSPACE (an extension of the University of Hong Kong) runs two programs to meet the Law Society of Hong Kong benchmarks The Vocation Training Council member Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE) also has a Professional Diploma program to become a qualified Legal Executive. It also has a fulltime program.

Republic of Ireland
The Irish Institute of Legal Executives IILEX is the professional body representing legal executives in Ireland and with the stated aim to provide a system of training and examination and to obtain a recognised professional qualification for those engaged in legal work in Ireland.

Categories of IILEX Membership

 * Senior Legal Executive Member S.I.I.L.Ex.
 * Legal Executive Member M.I.I.L.Ex.
 * Associate Member ACILEx
 * Student Legal Executive Member

New Zealand
The New Zealand Institute of Legal Executives is an incorporated society which advances and protects the status and interests of legal executives. At present it has approximately 650 members.

The Bahamas
In The Bahamas, Legal Executives, like other members of the legal profession, are governed by and regulated in accordance with the provisions of the Legal Profession Act. The Legal Profession Act tasks the Registrar of the Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas with keeping a register which is known simply as the Register of Legal Executives.

Whereas Legal Executives practising in England and Wales now enjoy certain rights of audience, in The Bahamas, Legal Executives may only appear before a particular tribunal or authority after the attorney-general has had consultations with the Bar Council of the Bahamas Bar Association.

In The Bahamas, under the Legal Profession Act, it is unlawful for a person to hold himself or herself out as a Legal Executive if their name does not appear on the Register of Legal Executives. Any person who is found to be guilty of pretending to be a Legal Executive can be liable upon conviction to a fine of B$5,000.00, or imprisonment for a period of three years, or both.

Germany
The equivalent profession in Germany is Rechtsbeistand.

Rechtsbeistände may be licensed to practice specific areas of law or provide services encompassing the entire scope of the law. The qualification was gained after attendance of vocational courses building on experience that candidates may have gained e.g. as lawyers' clerks or tax accountants. A university degree in law was not required.

Admission is no longer available, with the very few remaining Rechtsbeistände all having been admitted to practice before 1980.

title: Legal executive


text:
Targionia (plant)

Targionia is a genus of liverworts in the order Marchantiales. It the only genus in the family Targioniaceae within that order. This genus has worldwide distribution in areas with a Mediterranean climate. That is, in regions with hot dry summers and cool wet winters.

Species in Targionia

 * Targionia elongata
 * Targionia hypophylla
 * Targionia lorbeeriana
 * Targionia stellaris

title: Targionia (plant)


text:
Piano Sonata No. 15 (Beethoven)

Piano Sonata No. 15 in D major, Op. 28, is a piano sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven. The name Pastoral or Pastorale became known through A. Cranz publishing of Beethoven's work, but was first coined by a London publisher, Broderip & Wilkinson. While not as famous as its immediate predecessor, Piano Sonata No. 14, it is generally admired for its intricate technicality as well as for its beauty. The sonata takes roughly twenty-five minutes to play with its intended repeats.

Published in 1801, the work is dedicated to the Count Joseph von Sonnenfels.

Structure
The sonata is in D major, and follows the typical four-movement form of the classical sonata. 1. Allegro,

2. Andante in D minor,

3. Scherzo: Allegro vivace,

4. Rondo: Allegro ma non troppo,

First movement
The first movement, Allegro, begins in the tonic major with a repetitive and monotone bass line sometimes described as "timpanic." This droning theme continues in various forms throughout the sonata. On top is the simple primary theme of the movement. Eventually, the work introduces a second, more tense melody in F♯ minor, which builds up into a passage of constant quavers. The development of the movement runs through various minor keys, ever becoming more dramatic and angst-filled as it compresses the main theme into a repeated one-bar rhythm, which gradually fades away. It then recapitulates back into the themes of the beginning.

Second movement
The Andante movement is in D minor. The primary feature is the staccato semiquaver bass. There is a slight diversion in the tonic major involving dialogue between a dotted, staccato rhythm and a set of semiquaver triplets. It then returns to the primary melody.

Third movement
The Scherzo is in D major. Its most important feature is the contrast between four long notes, each an octave apart, and a fast quaver melody. The trio, in B minor, repeats a simple four-bar melody eight times over, with a relentless broken octave–chord bass figuration adding harmonic, rhythmic, and dynamic intensity as the repeats progress. It provides a diversion to the blithe scherzo, contrasting sharply in tone and adding gravity to the prevailing humor.

Fourth movement
The final movement is a rondo. Out of not only his piano sonatas but all of his published works up to this point, this is the first time that Beethoven decides to write ma non troppo. Some critics attribute the repeating bass line to a bagpipe, others to a dancing gigue. Beethoven employs various amusing, interesting and very adventurous episodes, all with different moods, rhythms, and harmonic texture. The coda, played a little faster than the allegro (Più allegro), can be termed as the only 'virtuoso' passage in the whole sonata.

"Pastoral"
It has been debated whether the title "pastoral" refers to the sense of countryside and nature (the 6th symphony pastoral sense), or to its sense of calm, simplicity and lightness. Beethoven's publishers had a tendency to name his sonatas without consulting Beethoven himself.

title: Piano Sonata No. 15 (Beethoven)


text: Category:Emma Roberts albums

title: Category:Emma Roberts albums