text:
Middle English lyric

Middle English lyric a genre of English literature, is characterized by its brevity and emotional expression. Conventionally, the lyric expresses "a moment," usually spoken or performed in the first person. Although some lyrics have narratives, the plots are usually simple to emphasize an occasional, common experience. Even though lyrics appear individual and personal, they are not "original"; instead, lyrics express a common state of mind. Those states of mind are wide in range. Some deal with religious topics pertaining to Jesus or the Virgin Mary, focusing on Christ's sacrifice and salvation, or Mary's roles as a mother and intercessor. Other religious topics focus on Adam and the Fall, or the necessity of faith. Others are secular, focusing on ale, women, and the simple joys of life. Some are sarcastic, satiric, humorous, or even crude.

Origins
Middle English lyrics are almost impossible to date accurately. These lyrical traditions could have already been old when they were written down. Since they are thought to have been passed down orally, dating it is complicated further, as we don't know for how long they had been orally in existence. Scholars believe that the oldest lyric could have dated from as far back as the 12th century, and the newest dating from the 15th century. Other scholars believe that the lyric could have originated from France, as some of the translations closely mirror the French versions. They also draw this conclusion from the comical genres of the secular lyrics: those of good drink and good lovers.

Audience
Middle English lyrics were meant to be heard, not read. Keeping in mind an aural audience, the lyric is usually structured with poetic devices: an obvious rhyme scheme, internal rhyme, wordplay, allegory, refrain, and sometimes musical effects. The rhyme scheme primarily functions as a mnemonic device for the audience. The Refrain, however, has several critical functions. The Refrain gives the lyric unity and provides commentary (this is not unlike the bob and wheel found in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight). In addition to functioning thematically, the refrain encourages the audience to participate in singing the lyric. Finally, Musical Effects also encourage audience participation, and they take the form of rhythms and sounds (for example, onomatopoeia is not an uncommon trope employed). We do not know if they were set to music, but it could be possible, as several include music for accompaniment.

Authorship
Most Middle English lyrics are anonymous. Because the lyrics reflect on a sort of "community property" of ideas, the concept of copyrighting a lyric to a particular author is usually inappropriate. Additionally, identifying authors is very difficult. Most lyrics are often un-dateable, and they appear in collections with no apparent organic unity. It is most likely many lyrics that survive today were widely recited in various forms before being written down. Evidence for this appears in a variety of Middle English poetry, especially Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. Many of Chaucer's lines bear an uncanny resemblance to Middle English lyrics. Since these lyrics were written in a clear medieval Latin, scholars infer that these authors were likely clerics, familiar with other languages as well. Since the topics of the lyrics are secular, it is possible that the clerics were not writing the lyrics, but simply writing them down. It has also been inferred that the authors of these lyrics were primarily male. Some lyrics are written in a female voice, but it would be unlikely since those lyrics are written in a harsh satire against women.

Survival
Middle English lyrics were not meant to be read or written down. Consequently, the few that survive are probably a very small sample of lyrics. Surviving lyrics appear in miscellanies, notably the Harley 2253 manuscript. The lyrics often appear with many other types of works, including writings in other languages.

title: Middle English lyric


text:
Talk:Solanine

In potatoes
Is there any research on cooking vs steaming potatoes? Steam typically has a higher temperature than boiling water so shold have a beneficial effect. Or not?Theking2 (talk) 19:12, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

Query
i ate some potatoe with green stuff on it like 10 mintues ago well i get sick or anything like that?
 * I expect you might have done. Can you let us know? Rich Farmbrough, 11:01 8 November 2006 (GMT).

As per figures given in this page 125 Grams of potoatoes could cause poisoning due to Solanine content, this does not sound right,people regularly eat many times more potatoes with no poisoning. Can some one check these figures —Preceding unsigned comment added by Skdeewan (talk • contribs) 06:34, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Exactly - the numbers here don't add up. How is 25mg the beginning of toxicity when commercial potatoes can have 0.2mg/g? It seems that in the two places the 25mg figure is mentioned it should be 25mg/kg, which is a normal way to specify toxicity in any case.

 * It's toxic, it doesn't mean you will die. It's simply not recommended if you want to stay as healthy as you can. But the amount is too little to really make you sick in a visible way. Eating not ripe tomatoes or potatoes in fairly good amount is another thing...

 * The article says that 6 mg/kg is a fatal dose. That's 2.1 kg of potatoes for a typical adult, far less if they're green.  So it does so mean you will die.  However the entire thesis that even green spuds with highly elevated solanine levels are dangerous is seemingly contradicted by FSAI, so who knows?.  81.102.25.109 (talk) 08:11, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Hypothermia symptom
When this symptom occurs, does the person feel cold? Recently I ate a large meal of potatoes, and soon after I felt quite cold, almost shivering, which was very strange when considering the setting and room temperature. Also had minor indigestion. Maybe this solanine poisoning is more easy to come by than thought... or maybe these symptoms were coincidental? They didn't appear discoloured or soft. The next day I ate more of the same potatoes (cooked with the originals) and felt chills again. Peoplesunionpro 19:04, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * If you ate cooked and ripe potatoes, there's 0 risk, and this symptom is not due to your meal of potatoes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.91.51.235 (talk) 13:18, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Cooking does not destroy solanine, as you can see from the article - please do not spread misinformation! - greenrd (talk) 06:03, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

Caraway
I have heard that caraway neutralizes the solanine in potatoes. However, I cannot find any serious references (either supporting it or saying it is a myth). It is only discussed at Czech pages about cooking. Is there any serious reference? Jiri — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.250.11.134 (talk) 20:16, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

Denaturing
Is solanine broken down by cooking at high temperatures, e.g. deep frying? Rich Farmbrough, 11:01 8 November 2006 (GMT).
 * Silly me "Deep-frying potatoes at 170° C (306° F) will effectively lower glycoalkaloid levels, but microwaving is only somewhat effective and boiling is not." Rich Farmbrough, 11:02 8 November 2006 (GMT).
 * However, the soft interior of French fries doesn't get heated above 100° C (else all of the water would have evaporated). Icek 21:02, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Some Original Research. Having eaten slightly green potatoes a few times and experienced the effects I now steer well clear of them.  I'm looking at this article now because I had the effects today after eating some oldish but not obviously green potatoes yesterday.  Symptoms tend to be sharp to vivid dreams overnight followed by mild headache and sickness the next day (similar to but a different pattern from migraine).  I spotted a couple of green-tinged chips in a bag I ate a few years ago but assumed that as the amount of greenness was quite limited it wouldn't make much difference.  Wrong - I had the same symptoms.  Greening is associated with exposure to sunlight hence a surface phenomenon but perhaps solanine is transported away from the surface to the interior where the temperature effect of deep frying is less. Don't eat green potatoes - they may not kill you but they'll waste a day of your life. Opbeith (talk) 21:19, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I've been eating (slightly) green potatoes, even with peel, boiled, all my life and never experienced anything except possibly mild "stomach rumbling". The same with very green potatoes that had the green parts removed. Of course, solanin levels do vary by cultivar; I eg. am from Europe. Plus, green does not necessarily equal solanine. On the other hand, given the low price, there is no reason to not avoid green potatoes. --92.202.110.212 (talk) 00:46, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

Nicotine
If someone could find some information about the relationship between Solanine and Nicotine, this would probably not be a bad place for it. Figs 10:23, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There is not any resemblance in the structure of nicotine and solanine. The only similarity is the basic fact that both are toxic alkaloids that occur in the Solanaceae family.--Metalhead94 (talk) 11:10, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

chaconine
I'm no chemist, but I wonder why there is no article for chaconine. Seems like an odd thing to miss if its a natural product of potatoes. Is it spelled right in this article? Vees 15:50, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Chaconine is here

Past "Avoidance" section
There was some good information in the now-removed "avoidance" section (deep-frying reduces glycoalkaloid levels; bitter taste indicates toxicity; etc.).

I've integrated it and reworded it so that it's presenting facts, not giving advice.

Tomatoes?
Do tomatoes contain solanine? Someone on the tomato discussion wants to know. I am a lemon 00:09, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * No. Andrewa (talk) 19:37, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, they do. But very small amount, if the tomato is ripe. Ripe tomatoes are 100% safe. But green tomatoes and leaves (as some crazy people eat

leaves!) are not. See here: https://www.botanical-online.com/en/food/tomatoes-toxicity#Do_tomatoes_also_contain_solanine_and_tomatine   For instance Tomatine in ripe tomatoes (fruit): 0.03-0.08mg/100g  Tomatine in tomatoes leaves: 14-130mg /100g (fresh)   See the difference...   See here: http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US1997050225  By the way, the article doesn't say the truth when it says there's NO solanine. The truth is the amount is tiny, and non toxic. But it should be edited.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.91.51.235 (talk) 12:42, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

Gillian McKeith
Gillian McKeith claims in You Are What You Eat (p 77) that people who are Arthritic, or have muscular or bone problems should avoid the nightshades because of their solanine content. It would mess with the enzymes in their muscles. Also, cooking or baking the nightshades in some miso soup would "neutralize the solanine compound". Does this claim have any scientific basis? Wmeijers 21:09, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

I've found some sources myself. Don't know if there is any truth in these sources tho... http://www.noarthritis.com/research.htm http://www.vitaminevi.com/Concern/Osteoarthritis.htm Wmeijers 21:37, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Anticholinergic
I was wondering if solanine is an anticholinergic because the article states that a high overdose can cause hallucinations and dilated pupils. I see there is not any structural similarity to the well-known anticholinergics atropine and scopolamine, however, the side-effect profile is similar and they are both found in plants of the same family. Anyone know for sure? If solanine is an anticholinergic agent then it should definitely be mentioned in the article.--Metalhead94 (talk) 11:16, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * A google search for "solanine anticholinergic" finds "Jimson weed, which contains solanine, is an ingredient in over-the counter drug preparations used for treating bronchial asthma attacks and as an anticholinergic for relieving cough and cold symptoms (21 CFR 250.12). However, its effectiveness for either use is questionable." (Testing Status of agents at NTP).  Whether this is something to mention in the article is not immediately clear to me, but I imagine it could be worked in somehow. Kingdon (talk) 11:31, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay. In the meantime, I'll look around for more info on the subject.--Metalhead94 (talk) 12:37, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * There are no reliable and referenced scientific sources for the occurrence of solanine in Datura species. The main action for solanine is known and there is no indication of anticholinergic activity as far as I can see. There is no structural similarity to known anticholinergic drugs. Hope that helped, Cacycle (talk) 19:38, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I had thought that solanine in jimsonweed sounded strange. But if you read my earlier comment at the top of the section you would realize that I already knew there was no chemical similarity to atropine and scopolamine (and other anticholinergic drugs), but the symptoms of an overdose resembled those drugs to a great extent. Drugs do not have to be chemically similar to effect the same system. Take ethanol and benzodiazapines for example.--Metalhead94 (talk) 16:24, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Solanine Hydrochloride
Is it actually a salt as mentioned in the article, or merely just a solution with Solanine and Hydrochloride mixed in for stability / some other reason? I was having a hard time trying to figure out which hydroxyl group would get deprotonated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.130.117.239 (talk) 21:29, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Good point - I can't find a suitable candidate for deprotonation anywhere in the molecule. However, solanine might be more soluble in mildly acidic solutions as one (or more) of its hydroxyl groups could acquire an extra proton. Makes sense? 173.206.231.114 (talk) 00:18, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Error in article? Solubility of solanine in water
Currently the article states:

 * Deep frying potatoes at 170°C (338°F) is known to effectively lower glycoalkaloid levels (because they move into the frying fat), as does boiling (because solanine is water soluble), while microwaving is only somewhat effective, and freeze drying or dehydration has little effect.[10] [11]

This does not make sense to me. Either a compound is soluble in water, or in fat, but not both. So I looked up solanine solubility, and this is what it says:

 * READILY SOL[uble] IN HOT ALC[ohol], PRACTICALLY INSOL[uble] IN WATER (25 MG/L @ PH 6.0), ETHER, CHLOROFORM (The Merck Index, 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey, Merck & Co Inc, 1976, p1124).

Could an expert please investigate and fix the article as a matter of urgency? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.170.123.74 (talk) 09:09, 30 August 2014 (UTC)

The reference clearly states

 * Solanine is soluble in water and diffused by boiling potatoes but not by baking them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.22.100.37 (talk) 03:04, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

α-Chaconine and Solanine are triglycerides of the same alkaloid, Solanidine. It would be useful to some (would have been to me, for example) if the same systems were used to draw their structures and to name them. Thus at present the alkaloid moiety of α-Chaconine appears as solanid, while that for Solanine is spelled out in detail. This may be because the article for α-Chaconine is still so brief. If some prefer one system to the other, then both might be shown. About the solubility of Solanine in water. I note that the temperature of the water is not mentioned in the quotation above from the Merck Index; except where specified, the temperature meant in reporting solubility is generally room temperature. Citation 9 (…for Errol Zeiger…) states specifically, “Boiling is not effective…” which contradicts the present statement about that in the article. About Solanine Hydrochloride. I don’t understand what is meant about deprotonating hydroxyl groups. Forming the salt would involve protonating the nitrogen of the Solanidine moiety. The pKb of Solanidine would be of interest to chemist readers. 91.54.117.240 (talk) 02:11, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I have just removed the statement and the anonymous 1960 reference claiming that solanine can be removed from potatoes by boiling them in water. This wrong advice is chemically implausible (see Merck reference above), and it is dangerous advice which can lead to poisoning. I am disappointed that Wikipedia has published incorrect and dangerous advice for so long despite the warning above. As the IP user above rightly states, the Zeiger reference explicitly states that boiling does NOT remove toxic solanine from potatoes, and now I have added a 2006 review article which confirms this. For any editor wishing to check my edit, here is the original dubious statement and reference from the previous Wikipedia article version:

"Deep frying potatoes at 170°C (338°F) is known to effectively lower glycoalkaloid levels, because they move into the frying fat, as does boiling, because solanine is water-soluble, while microwave cooking is only somewhat effective. "

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Solanine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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K+ or Ca2+ - Error in "Mechanism of action" ?
K+ / "Potassium" is mentioned in the article, while the linked reference "Gao, Shi-Yong; Wang, Qiu-Juan; Ji, Yu-Bin (2006)" and also the DE wikipedia article speak only about Ca2+ .? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.27.84.213 (talk) 08:24, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

Removing hit and run tag
''Many handbooks of poisonous plants cite the tomato plant for killing livestock and sickening people. According to the California Poison Control System’s “Poisoning and Drug Overdose,” edited by Kent R. Olson (McGraw-Hill, 2006), the tomato toxin is solanine, one of two alkaloids that make greened potatoes toxic.''

That's what the citation says for the claim currently in the article, which reads '' Some, such as the California Poison Control System, have claimed that tomatoes and tomato leaves contain solanine. [citation needed] However, Mendel Friedman of the United States Department of Agriculture contradicts this claim, stating that tomatine, a relatively benign alkaloid, is the tomato alkaloid while solanine is found in potatoes. Food science writer Harold McGee has found scant evidence for tomato toxicity in the medical and veterinary literature.[14] ''

That all seems properly referenced claim to me. So why the citation needed tag? My guess is that the person who added it didn't bother to read the reference.

It's all too common. Easily fixed. Andrewa (talk) 19:41, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The article is wrong, they contains it, but in very very small amount. Thus, you should edit it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.91.51.235 (talk) 13:24, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

Solanine content change from storage
The citation (Wilson, AM; McGann, DF; Bushway, RJ (February 1983). "Effect of Growth-Location and Length of Storage on Glycoalkaloid Content of Roadside-Stand Potatoes as Stored by Consumers") given to claim that solanine content increases with storage actually shows a decrease in content with storage (at 12° C). Is there another study saying otherwise (perhaps at a different temperature)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C0:8500:420:515D:B04:9687:C62B (talk) 23:47, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

Edit by other User: I just found the same thing and was surprised about this as well. See Table 5 in the source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Luifire (talk • contribs) 10:04, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Solanine


text: User talk:70.156.196.101

title: User talk:70.156.196.101


text:
Laurea

In Italy, the laurea is the main post-secondary academic degree. The name originally referred literally to the laurel wreath, since ancient times a sign of honor and now worn by Italian students right after their official graduation ceremony and sometimes during the graduation party. A graduate is known as a laureato, literally "crowned with laurel" and is awarded the title of dottore, or Doctor.

Early history
In the early Middle Ages Italian universities awarded both bachelor's and doctor's degrees. However very few bachelor's degrees from Italian universities are recorded in the later Middle Ages and none after 1500. Students could take the doctoral examination without studying at the university. This was criticised by northern Europeans as taking a degree per saltum because they had leapt over the regulations requiring years of study at the university.

Twentieth century
To earn a laurea (degree) undergraduate students had to complete four to six years of university courses, and finally complete a thesis.

Laureati are customarily addressed as dottore (for a man) or dottoressa (for a woman), as are holders of at least a laurea (Legge n. 240/2010 art. 17 comma 2 Riforma Gelmini). This is in contrast with the convention in countries where the title of doctor is restricted to holders of a PhD (or in some cases to medical doctors).

Until the introduction of the dottorato di ricerca (PhD-level education) in the mid-1980s, the laurea constituted the highest academic degree obtainable in Italy and gave the holders access to the highest academic positions. Nobel prize winners such as Enrico Fermi, Emilio Segrè, Giulio Natta, Carlo Rubbia and Giorgio Parisi held it as their highest degree.

The pre-Bologna laurea degree (formally named Diploma di laurea or Laurea vecchio ordinamento or Laurea), is now equivalent under Italian law to the new Italian master's degree named Laurea magistrale.

Reforms due to the Bologna process
Spurred by the Bologna process, a major reform was instituted in 1999 to align its programmes with the more universal system of undergraduate (bachelor's degree) and postgraduate studies (master's and doctoral degrees). This allowed for greater mobility of university students via exchange programmes to other countries such as the United States and Commonwealth nations. The old laurea was split into undergraduate and postgraduate studies, and their programmes have been reformed.

First cycle: Laurea
The Laurea (180 ECTS credits), a first cycle degree that is equivalent to a bachelor's degree, includes bachelor-level courses, simpler than those of the old laurea, and its normative time to completion is three years (note that In Italy scuola secondaria superiore or Lyceum, high school, takes five years, so it ends at 19 years of age). To earn a laurea, the student must complete a thesis, but a less demanding one than required for the old laurea (typically, a non-research thesis). A graduate is granted by law the title of dottore (shortened dr. or dott.), or Doctor.

Second cycle: Laurea magistrale
The Laurea magistrale (formerly known as Laurea Specialistica, 2002–2006) is a second cycle degree equivalent to a master's degree (120 ECTS credits) which can be earned in a two-year programme after the laurea and requires an extensive thesis (usually, 150–250 pages).

In some fields (particularly Medicine, Law, Engineering and Architecture) the Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico is awarded. This is a five or six year second cycle (master's) degree (300 or 360 ECTS), which does not require a previous first cycle degree for the admission (like an Integrated master's degree in the UK).

The Laurea magistrale should not be confused with the Italian Master, which is not a master's degree, but a one-year diploma (60 ECTS) which guarantees a more practical education but does not give access to further levels of studies (it can be considered similar to a postgraduate certificate or a postgraduate diploma). A I level Master (Master di I livello) is a diploma which can be obtained after a Laurea; a II level Master (Master di II livello) can be gained after a Laurea magistrale and is useful for pursuing further studies (like a PhD) or for professional achievements.

A graduate is granted by law the title of dottore magistrale (shortened as dr. mag. or dott. mag.), or Magistral Doctor. However, the title is not commonly used, and graduates are simply addressed as "doctor".

Third cycle: Dottorato di ricerca
The Dottorato di ricerca (equivalent to a Doctor of Philosophy) is a third cycle degree which can be undertaken only after achieving a Laurea magistrale. It was introduced in the mid-1980s and consists of three/four years of PhD-level courses and experimental work, including the final defense of an innovative thesis.

Other than the PhD, another third-cycle title is the Diploma di Specializzazione, gained after a two-year (Law, Diploma di Specializzazione in Professioni legali) or a three-to-six year (Medicine, depending on the particular field) course of study and research. To enrol for a Diploma di Specializzazione, a Laurea magistrale (in Law or Medicine, respectively) is required. The Diploma di Specializzazione in Professioni legali is one of the ways to access the competition for appointment as a judge, whereas the Specializzazione in a specific medical field is required to be recognized as a Specialist Medical Doctor.

A graduate is granted by law the title of dottore di ricerca (shortened as dr. ric., dott. ric. or PhD), or Research Doctor. However, the title is not commonly used, and graduates are simply addressed as "doctor" or append "PhD" to their name following the English system of post-nominals.

title: Laurea


title: User:152.163.101.12


text:
Forbush decrease

A Forbush decrease is a rapid decrease in the observed galactic cosmic ray intensity following a coronal mass ejection (CME). It occurs due to the magnetic field of the plasma solar wind sweeping some of the galactic cosmic rays away from Earth. The term Forbush decrease was named after the American physicist Scott E. Forbush, who studied cosmic rays in the 1930s and 1940s.

Observation

The Forbush decrease is usually observable by particle detectors on Earth within a few days after the CME, and the decrease takes place over the course of a few hours. Over the following several days, the galactic cosmic ray intensity returns to normal. Forbush decreases have also been observed by humans on Mir and the International Space Station (ISS), at other locations in the inner heliosphere such as the Solar Orbiter spacecraft, and at Mars with the Mars Science Laboratory rover's Radiation assessment detector and the MAVEN orbiter, as well as in the outer solar system by instruments onboard Pioneer 10 and 11 and Voyager 1 and 2, even past the orbit of Neptune.

The magnitude of a Forbush decrease depends on three factors:
 * the size of the CME
 * the strength of the magnetic fields in the CME
 * the proximity of the CME to the Earth

A Forbush decrease is sometimes defined as being a decrease of at least 10% of galactic cosmic rays on Earth, but ranges from about 3% to 20%. The amplitude is also highly dependent on the energy of cosmic rays that is observed by the specific instrument, where lower energies typically show larger decreases. Reductions of 30% or more have been recorded aboard the ISS.

The overall rate of Forbush decreases tends to follow the 11-year sunspot cycle. It is more difficult to shield astronauts from galactic cosmic rays than from solar wind, so future astronauts might benefit most from radiation shielding during solar minima, when the suppressive effect of CMEs is less frequent.

Effects on the atmosphere
A 2009 peer-reviewed article found that low clouds contain less liquid water following Forbush decreases, and for the most influential events the liquid water in the oceanic atmosphere can diminish by as much as 7%. Further peer-reviewed work found no connection between Forbush decreases and cloud properties until the connection was found in diurnal temperature range, and since confirmed in satellite data.

title: Forbush decrease


text:
Superior Court of the District of Columbia

The Superior Court of the District of Columbia, commonly referred to as DC Superior Court, is the trial court for the District of Columbia, in the United States. It hears cases involving criminal and civil law, as well as family court, landlord and tenant, probate, tax and driving violations (no permit and DUI). All appeals of Superior Court decisions go to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals (though magistrate judge opinions are first appealed to a Superior Court Associate Judge).

History
The first judicial systems in the new District of Columbia were established by the United States Congress in 1801. The Circuit Court of the District of Columbia (not to be confused with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which it later evolved into) was both a trial court of general jurisdiction and an appellate court, and it heard cases under both local and federal law. Congress also established justices of the peace and an orphans' court, which were combined in 1870 into a new local court called the Police Court. The Police Court had jurisdiction over misdemeanors (concurrently with the federal courts) as well as equity powers. In 1909, Congress converted the Police Court into the Municipal Court, which became a court of record with jury trials in 1921. In 1963, Congress again converted the Municipal Court into the Court of General Sessions. Its jurisdiction was broader, although the federal courts retained concurrent jurisdiction in criminal cases. Under the District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970, the Court of General Sessions was combined with the Juvenile Court (established in 1906) and the D.C. Tax Court (established as the local Board of Tax Appeals in 1937) to form the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, a trial court of general and mostly exclusive jurisdiction for D.C.

The court consists of a chief judge and 61 associate judges. The court is assisted by the service of 24 magistrate judges and retired judges who have been recommended and approved as senior judges. When a vacancy occurs on the court, the District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission invites applications. It sends three candidates' names to the President of the United States, who sends one nomination to the U.S. Senate for advice and consent. If the Senate confirms a judge, they serve for a 15-year term, which is renewable. The Superior Court and the D.C. Court of Appeals, known collectively as the D.C. Courts, comprise the judicial branch of D.C.'s local government.

In criminal cases, the government is represented by the Office of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia or the Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia, depending on the nature and severity of the charges.

Organizational units

 * Civil Division – Civil actions and actions in equity; handles temporary restraining orders other than those involving domestic violence.
 * Civil Actions Branch – Amount in controversy above $10,000 or cases requesting equitable relief such as declarative judgments, injunctive relief, writs of attachment
 * Landlord and Tenant Branch – processes cases filed for possession of real property or violations of lease agreements. The Landlord-Tenant Resource Center can assist those who do not have an attorney. The Center is located in Room 115 of Court Building B (510 Fourth Street, NW) and is open weekdays, from 9:15 to noon.
 * Small Claims and Conciliation Branch – Amount in controversy $10,000 and below. There is a Small Claims Resource Center to assist those without an attorney. It is located in Court Building B, Room 102, and is open from 9:15 to noon on Thursdays.
 * Housing Conditions Calendar handles cases in which landlords are alleged to have not kept their rental property compliant with the D.C. Housing Code.
 * Criminal Division – This division handles cases including misdemeanor, felony, and serious traffic offenses. The division also has Community Courts, which take a problem-solving approach to misdemeanor crimes, a drug court, and a mental health court.
 * Family Court Operations Division – Family court
 * Family Court Central Intake Center (CIC) – all cases are filed here.
 * Domestic Relations Branch – divorce, legal separation, annulment, child custody, habeas corpus, and adoption
 * Juvenile and Neglect Branch – juvenile delinquency, child abuse and neglect.
 * Paternity and Child Support Branch – establishment of paternity, child support, and wage withholding
 * Marriage Bureau – marriage licenses/records; applications to perform marriage ceremonies in the District of Columbia by authorized ministers and others
 * Mental Health and Habilitation Branch – "hospitalization and continued treatment of persons adjudicated as mentally retarded or in need of mental health services"
 * Counsel for Child Abuse and Neglect Branch is responsible for determining party eligibility for court-appointed counsel in child abuse and neglect proceedings and processes the appointment of attorneys for parties in these cases.
 * Family Court Self Help Center – "provides legal information and assistance to self-represented parties in Family Court Cases."
 * Family Treatment Court –"court-supervised, voluntary, comprehensive residential substance abuse treatment program for mothers/female caretakers whose children are the subject of a child neglect case."
 * Domestic Violence Division – Domestic violence – Handles cases of violence by a family member or romantic partner, a person who shares living quarters, with whom one has a child in common, or between a former and current romantic partner. There are two intake centers: 1) the fourth floor of the Moultrie Courthouse, 2) the Medical Center at 1328 Southern Avenue, Suite 311. At either location, those seeking a protection order can meet with police/prosecutor, advocate, file a petition for a stay-away order and/or custody, seek the assistance of the Crime Victims Compensation Program, and talk with an advocate to develop a safety plan.
 * Probate Division/Office of the Register of Wills – handles matters relating to estates of those who have died, guardianships and conservatorships for incapacitated adults, and other such matters.
 * Probate Resource Center – those without an attorney can consult volunteer attorneys about probate matters at the Probate Resource Center in Room 316 of Court Building A (515 Fifth Street, NW) 8:30 to 3:30 Monday through Friday.
 * Tax Division – Appeals and petitions for review of assessments made by the District of Columbia, as well as all proceedings brought by the District of Columbia for the imposition of criminal penalties according to the provisions of the District of Columbia Code
 * Family Court Social Services Division – This division supervises juveniles who are awaiting trial on juvenile charges or who are on probation after pleading or being found involved in a crime.
 * Multi-Door Dispute Resolution Division – Mediation and alternative dispute resolution services for those with court cases, as well as a Community Information Referral Program for disputes that have not yet resulted in a lawsuit being filed.
 * Special Operations Division
 * Jurors Office
 * Child Care Center
 * Judge-in-Chambers
 * Office of Court Interpreting Services


text:
Somphou

Somphou was the king of Lan Xang from 1496 until 1501 AD. Succeeded on the death of his father King La Sen Thai in 1496. Reigned under the regency of his uncle, Prince Laksana Vijaya Kumara, until he came of age and died unexpectedly in 1501.

title: Somphou


text:
Lineage-bonded society

A lineage-bonded society is a type of acephalous society predicated on claims of a common ancestor.

A lineage-bonded society is by population, the smallest classification of acephalous society. Beyond a certain size threshold, claims of common lineage become untenable, and the social ties resulting from those claims destabilize. A lineage-bonded society that outgrows its limits may break apart into subgroups. Such branches would then either become separate lineage-bonded societies, or would merge with a neighboring society. When two lineage-bonded societies merge in such a way, the outcome is a land-bonded society

A lineage-bonded society may harbor a secret society or may be large enough to support age sets but can't sustain both secret societies and age sets, and cannot make the transition to statehood.

This society is similar to a band society.

title: Lineage-bonded society


text:
Neerim North, Victoria

Neerim North is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located on Neerim North Road, in the Shire of Baw Baw.

Neerim North Post Office opened on 25 September 1892 and closed in 1971.

title: Neerim North, Victoria


text:
Talk:Functor

Covariance and contravariance in a coordinate co/basis
I'm having trouble with the paragraph beginning "There is a convention which refers to "vectors"...

I think it's easily shown to be wrong with a scalar example. Suppose the change of basis is $$x'=\lambda x$$. Then the dual transformation is $$\omega'=\lambda^{-1}\omega$$. And in higher dimensions, a change of basis $$\mathbf x' = \boldsymbol\Lambda \mathbf x$$ induces the dual transformation $$\boldsymbol\omega'=\boldsymbol\omega\boldsymbol\Lambda^{-1}$$. (Note: this verifies the invariance of the contraction $$\boldsymbol\omega'\mathbf x'=\boldsymbol\omega\mathbf x$$ under a change of basis) This correction can remediate the third sentence of the paragraph, as well.

The fourth/final sentence is correct, although the terminological confusion might be explained by the fact that, while the pull-back of the cobasis $$(\mathbf{e}^j)$$ transforms contravariantly, the components of a covector (with respect to its cobasis) transform covariantly, and vice versa for the basis and components of a vector.--ScriboErgoSum (talk) 08:17, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Functor


text: User talk:CelloMonkey

title: User talk:CelloMonkey


text:
User talk:Dammerung~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dammerung. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dammerung~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Dammerung~enwiki


text:
User talk:Lindsaydobbin

Broken Deer
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of Broken Deer, and it appears to be a substantial copy of http://www.myspace.com/brokendeer. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. See our copyright policy for further details. (If you own the copyright to the previously published content and wish to donate it, see Donating copyrighted materials for the procedure.)

This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on the maintainer's talk page. CorenSearchBot (talk) 21:29, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Broken Deer
A tag has been placed on Broken Deer requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A9 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a musical recording which does not indicate why its subject is important or significant, and where the artist's article has never existed, has been deleted or is eligible for deletion itself. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for music.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Fiftytwo thirty (talk) 21:51, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lindsaydobbin


text: Category:Japanese dictionaries

title: Category:Japanese dictionaries


text: User talk:Amatsoleo

title: User talk:Amatsoleo


text: User talk:Amai911

title: User talk:Amai911


text: User talk:Luzvlara2002

title: User talk:Luzvlara2002


text:
Talk:George Smith (rugby union)

Flaws on article, will fix if no comments
Generally, this article is sloppily written. It appears to contradict itself by first saying that his Wallaby debut precedeed his professional debut, and then goes on to put the two in reverse order in the timeline.

Tyrone Smith is not, by the way, a Tongan international. That would mean that he had played for Tonga, and unless someone has a cite, I will assume that this is not the case since he has played for Australian Schoolboys and is widely considered a Wallaby hope, which would be impossible if he had played for Tonga.

Overall it needs tidying up but those two points are embarassing flaws: one self-contradiction and what appears to be a falsity. Scootastar (talk) 16:07, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Tyrone is a Tongan international - allthough in Rugby League. 124.184.96.26 (talk) 08:33, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on George Smith (rugby union). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060820095028/http://www.rupa.com.au/administration/emailtemplates/newsletter.aspx?PageID=1306 to http://www.rupa.com.au/administration/emailtemplates/newsletter.aspx?PageID=1306#Anchor1316
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070612203229/http://rupa.com.au:80/ArticlePage.aspx?PageID=139 to http://www.rupa.com.au/ArticlePage.aspx?PageID=139
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100608055623/http://www.planet-rugby.co.za:80/story/0,25883,16024_6188952,00.html to http://www.planet-rugby.co.za/story/0,25883,16024_6188952,00.html

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on George Smith (rugby union). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130922193242/http://www.rugby.com.au/lions2013/About/WallabiesSquad2001.html to http://www.rugby.com.au/lions2013/About/WallabiesSquad2001.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120320123410/http://www.austschools.rugbynet.com.au/verve/_resources/AUSTRALIAN_SCHOOLBOYS_BY_YEAR.pdf to http://austschools.rugbynet.com.au/verve/_resources/AUSTRALIAN_SCHOOLBOYS_BY_YEAR.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,19318371-5002381,00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215916/http://www.brumbies.com.au/News/Article/tabid/1213/ArticleID/8466/Default.aspx to http://www.brumbies.com.au/News/Article/tabid/1213/ArticleID/8466/Default.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

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title: Talk:George Smith (rugby union)


text: User talk:Mistaandee

title: User talk:Mistaandee


text:
User:Fsdfs

My research is on Intelligence, though most would categorize it as Artificial Intelligence. You can find my theories on Ray Kurzweil's forums. You can find it here to be more specific. Some say my theories are good, but unworthy of my own article just yet. Hopefully one day 100 years from now, someone will find my algorithm useful. You can read my blog if you choose to read more about my theories and thoughts.

I'm beginning to lose faith in the editors of Wikipedia.

title: User:Fsdfs


text: User talk:Barfly2934

title: User talk:Barfly2934


text:
User talk:Milliken Memorial Community House

Milliken Memorial Community House (Erected 1927-1928) is the first privately donated community house in America. The 13,000 square foot mansion pioneered a new architecture for public use. The house was commisioned by Mary Louise Milliken (1873-1936) and her husband Samuel Canning Childs(?-1934)in 1926. Both were wealthy philanthropist and were responsible for the construction of over twenty hospitals, & two churches, throughout the United States. Childs was a wealthy businessman who had founded the American Food Store Company, a prominent Mid-Atlantic retail grocery chain. A Woman's Club was organized in Elkton Kentucky in 1924 and Mr. & Mrs. Childs began formulating plans to construct a community center for this and other social groups. designed for the specific purpose of housing community events and funded entirely by Mr. and Mrs. Childs, the building was to be a permanent memorial to the memory of her mother. Construction of the building began in fall of that year (1927) and was completed in April during the next year at a cost of $75,000, equal to $1,358,000(2005) today. This was during a time when a small bungalow home cost on average about 4,000 dollars. Local contractor V.L. Price constructed the building and the architect responsible for the buildings design is Marr& Holman Architects. The Mansion is designed in the Neo-Classical style of Flemish bond brick with a large two-story portico on the main facade. The main section is two-stories with a porte-cochere on the west facade and with a one story wing at the rear. The house was officialy opened on April 11-12 in a two day celebration. Mary Louise and Canning booked the "Francis Craig Orchestra" from RCA Records to play for the opening ball. Newspapers from Lexington and Nashville covered the event naming it one of the greatest successes of generosity ever recorded. The Milliken family lineage can be linked to Colonel John Todd,for whom Todd County, Kentucky is named for. Other family links include the Penick Family, wealthy plantation owners 1780's-1920's, Mary Todd Lincoln.

Milliken family descendants residing in Todd County, Kentucky - Bailey, Penick, Ridley, Boone, Williams

Milliken family descendants residing in the United States - Sullivan, Kraft

Image Tagging for Image:Card.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Card.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days.

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Image copyright problem with Image:Milliken.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Milliken.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 14:31, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Philanthropist
I've added the "prod" template to the article Philanthropist, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Philanthropist. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. — Sebastian (talk) 03:48, 8 December 2006 (UTC)


text: User talk:Anthony rox4

title: User talk:Anthony rox4


text:
Khai Bua Ban

Khai Bua Ban was a king of Lan Xang, ruling from 1433 until 1436. At the time of his succession, he was governor of Chiengkai. Khai Bua Ban's reign ended after Nang Keo Phimpha ordered his death.

title: Khai Bua Ban


text: User talk:Twistedwink

title: User talk:Twistedwink


text:
User:The Phantom Trogdor

The Phantom Trogdor
Yeah! My first page! Nice, huh? Okay, I'm probably gonna use this page as a tryout-thingies-page/pointless-fun/potato. Yeah, so, use the talk thing to criticize this. I'm a total beginner at this whole thing, and have very little idea what I'm doing, so go ahead and say whatever(as long as you aren't being a total you-know-what about it.).

P.S. I don't really care what happens to this entry...I know that (more likely than not) it will get deleted at some point in the near future, so if you really hate me, go ahead and delete me. Go on, I dare you.

Oh yeah, and if you do delete it, or do anything to it, please let me know why. I tend to be rather ADD and skip accidentally over important details from time to time, so please don't assume I'm some kind of loser who lives simply to mess with Wikipedia. I actually plan to help.

Tryout stuff area
Yeah.

Nothing here yet.

Pointless Fun
Go forth, and become a happy cabbage!

About me
In real life, I am an artist thingy. Totally. Not professionally (I'm not graduated yet, so I can't go professional), but I am an artist. Eventually, I will probably scan some of my works onto my computer and put it up. It's pretty good. I also dapple in writing and musical composing. I have been known to go by the names of Yellow No. 5, KillerCheezRobot, Tongo Zitheroo Ketchill, and Spudman. I like cheese. And have an incredible fear of mimes. Yeah, and I also overuse the word "Yeah". Yeah... I am an insomniac, and have been known to break out in show tunes randomly. Also, if you know what's good for you, you'll stay away from discussing ANY controversial topics at all with me. (Religion, Politics, Music)

When it comes to music, I like anything that isn't Rap, Hiphop, Pop, or Country. (Country Rock is Okay). I play piano, trumpet, and virtually any percussion.

title: User:The Phantom Trogdor


text:
User:Kakurady/Phaser

This is a mistake I made on today. --Kakurady 04:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Phaser can mean one of the following:

 * 1) In the Star Trek fictional universe, a phaser is a fictional beam weapon commonly used by the protagonists.

 * 1) In electronics a Phaser is an audio signal processor used to distort the signal.

 * 1) The Phaser was a lightgun for the Sega Master System.

 * 1) Phaser is a trade name for makes of thermal transfer printer made by Xerox.

disambig

title: User:Kakurady/Phaser


text: User talk:JIMSTEAME

title: User talk:JIMSTEAME


text:
User talk:Ayan-ayan~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ayan-ayan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ayan-ayan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:17, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:48, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ayan-ayan~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Dungeons & Dragons/archive1

Dungeons & Dragons
This article was formerly nominated as a FAC and, rightfully, failed. I and several other people have worked hard to get the article whipped into shape since then. I'd like to see it nominated as a FAC again in the near future, but before doing that I want to get some feedback for a final polish. I'm particularly interested in getting some outside eyes on it: If you don't know anything (or very little) about D&D, is the article's presentation of the subject clear and informative? Thanks. Justin Bacon 04:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

-- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  12:55, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If I remember correctly, in the player's handbook it says that you cannot use the character sheet for commercial purposes, so I'm not sure you can really use this image in wikipedia. Also, can't you get a picture of the book cover of one of the recent editions?
 * Note that there are now v3.5 cover scans on the Player's Handbook, Dungeon Master's Guide, and Monster Manual pages. — RJH 15:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you link to the BBC news report quoting the figure for book sales in 2004?
 * I think the Eye of the beholder series of games for PC and SNES was popular enough during the 90s to deserve a mention in the computer and videogames section of the article. It would also fill up nicely the 10-year gap you have between titles.
 * The criticism section should be expanded considerably, including approppriate references and other mentions by the media.
 * Wizards of the Coast has been criticised for publishing dozens of supplementary books that are said to add little or nothing to game play. Maybe you should include this as well if you find a proper reference.
 * Actually I believe that a lot of the quality-related criticism was generated back in the TSR days, when some of their publications were complete tripe. WotC has done quite a bit better, although not always. They have also been criticized for dividing up their new game material (such as spells) across multiple supplements, making it difficult to reference a single source for material. — RJH 14:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, you're quite right. I was mixing up the two things. -- Rune Welsh | ταλκ | Esperanza  15:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The use of inline references would do a lot of good to this article.
 * I'd re-read the feedback by User:BanyanTree in the previous FAC nomination.
 * The specific prohibition no longer exists (and never existed for the version of the character sheet currently on the page), AFAIK. And, while commercial use is not authorized by WotC, I think this use (particularly in an illegible and unusable form) falls well within fair use.
 * The BBC article is linked to in the "References" section.
 * The Eye of the Beholder games were part of the SSI line, which is already discussed in the article. But I'll expand the discussion of the games to show a clearer history of D&D computer games.
 * The criticism section is in summary form and links to the more substantive discussion in a more appropriate article.
 * The supplement criticism belonged largely to the 2nd Edition. I'll see if a mention can be worked smoothly into the article somewhere.
 * Much of BanyanTree's feedback in the FAC can't be addressed because they're based on false premises: For example, 2nd Edition never saw a notable decline in market share (except in those few months where TSR was near-bankrupt and the game wasn't being produced). TSR's bankruptcy was triggered by massive returns in their novel division, not due to arguable mismanagement of the D&D brand. And so forth. I'll see what can be salvaged from the rest.
 * Thanks for the feedback. Justin Bacon 15:41, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

I think the lead needs work, it is overly burdened with jargon and bogged down in ownership history, and a bit sensationalist linking it to bizzare criticisms when those criticisms of the product warrant only a small mention at the end of the article. The paragraph in the lead describing what a RPG is is also unnecessary. The lead should be a summary of the articles content, and it should definately metntion d20 since that is why third ed has been so popular.

The campaign settings section should be clear so that the reader understands that it is only about campaign settings that are up to date with 3.5, and not those from earlier editions. This section doesn't mention that all core books use Greyhawk as the "default" setting. In the related products section there is no point having ===h3=== headings for sections that are one or two sentences, they make the TOC long, I'd suggest rolling magazies, comics and novels into one section and calling it literary spinoff's or something like that. It could probably mention that the first film was notoriously bad, and a sentence of two describing that cartoon and films in more detail couldn't hurt.--nixie 02:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments. I'd like to ask a couple of quick clarifying questions:
 * 'Lead': I'm not sure what you mean by ownership history or jargon in the lead, could you explain? Do you feel that an article on D&D should not describe the nature of the game, or do you just feel that this section of the article should not be summarized in the lead? I'll also comment here that I think you've got the relationship between D&D and d20 System inverted; the latter is popular because of the former, not vice versa.
 * 'Campaign Settings': Good point on the Greyhawk-as-core-default. I'm not clear on what you mean by "should be clear that the reader understands that it is only about campaign settings that are up to date with 3.5". The section is not, in fact, limited to campaign settings that are up to date with 3.5; and the section specifically mentions the only campaign settings actively supported by WotC are currently Forgotten Realms and Eberron. What exactly are you looking for here?
 * I agree that the magazines and comics sections need expansion, but it would definitely be inappropriate to roll magazines into a "literary spinoff" section, IMO. Neither of those magazines is literary. Justin Bacon 03:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Bogri

Image Tagging Image:Thruxton.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Thruxton.gif. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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title: User talk:Bogri


text: Talk:Moxoene

title: Talk:Moxoene


text:
Visoun

Visoun (Vixoun also Visunarat or Vixounarath) was the king of Lan Xang from 1500 until 1520. He was the seventh son of King Sai Tia Kaphut, King of Lan Xang. He was appointed as Governor of Vientiane in 1480 and as Chief Minister with the title of Phya Sena Muang in 1491 with the reign name of Visoun (Lightning). He served as Regent for his minor nephew from 1495 to 1497. He deposed his nephew and was proclaimed as King in 1500. He ascended the throne and was crowned King in 1501. His reign was prosperous and peaceful with a large number of shrines and monuments being constructed, including the Maha Vihara of Wat Visoun, which he built to house the palladium of Luang Prabang, the Phra Bang, which had been at Vientiane since 1359. A number of important religious texts and literary works were composed or translated into Lao during his reign. He died at Vientiane in 1520.

Literature during his reign
During his reign, Visoun invited learned monks to stay in Xiang Dong Xiang Thong (Luang Prabang). At that time, Buddhist and Hindu literature were copied and translated. Lao monks extended the Jatakas to be the Lao version. The Lao version of Jatakas called Ha Sip Xat contains 27 stories which are not in the original Jatakas. Moreover, the Lao monks produced the Lao version of Panchatantra and Ramayana which is known as the Phra Lak Phra Lam.

title: Visoun


text:
User talk:Beige-dc

Image copyright problem with Image:Sendhil 02.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Sendhil 02.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Longhair 22:30, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

File:Iraq1.jpg missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as: is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors make better use of the image, and it will be more informative to readers.
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If you have any questions, please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 15:52, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beige-dc


text: User talk:The Hidden Renegade

title: User talk:The Hidden Renegade


text:
User talk:Madbluetabla

April 2007
Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. One or more of your recent edits have been considered unhelpful or unconstructive and have been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. --h2g2bob 10:43, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Hburgmap.png
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Image:Tannerhux.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Tannerhux.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 01:57, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Madbluetabla


text: User talk:Maki yui

title: User talk:Maki yui


text: User talk:Albionson

title: User talk:Albionson


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Kyrgyzstan

The postal history of Kyrgyzstan began when the nation declared independence in August 1991. Under the Soviet Union, the Kyrgyz SSR postal service was an integral part of the Soviet system. The republic was periodically recognized in sets of stamps honoring the different parts of the USSR. Kyrgyzstan is a member state of the Universal Postal Union since 1993 with its two designated postal operators - "Kyrgyz Pochtasy" SE and "Kyrgyz Express Post" LLC.

First stamps

Kyrgyzstan issued its first postage stamp on 4 February 1992, a single design depicting the Sary-Chelek Nature Preserve in Jalal-Abad Province. The country's name was given in both Cyrillic and Latin letters; many Kyrgyz stamps have since done likewise, although the practice is not consistent, with some stamps only inscribed in Cyrillic and others only in Latin.

In April and June 1993, several types of Russian stamps were surcharged in ruble values, followed in August by the first stamps denominated in tyiyn.

In 2014 the second designated postal operator of Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyz Express Post (KEP), decided to issue its stamps by the consent of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. During that year, KEP has presented two issues of stamps. The first one, issued on November 18, was dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the Universal Postal Union and Postal transportation of Kyrgyzstan. The second one, issued on November 19, was dedicated to Fauna of Kyrgyzstan.


text:
User talk:Thicket

Edits to Chicken
Your change was determined to be unhelpful and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Kinu t /c  01:21, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Stop hand.svg|left|30px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you.  -- Kinu  t /c  01:22, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thicket


text:
User talk:Babalu~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Babalu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Babalu~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:25, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:50, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Babalu~enwiki


text:
Fumina South, Victoria

Fumina South is a locality in Victoria, Australia. Located on Willowgrove Road, in the Shire of Baw Baw, it is an isolated pocket near the foothills of Mount Baw Baw. Fumina South has a population of approximately 50 people, mostly weekend farmers and retirees, although it was once a bustling community with its own post office and school.

The Post Office opened in 1907 as Duggan, was renamed Fumina South in 1925 and closed in 1962.

title: Fumina South, Victoria


text:
Talk:Jim McMahon

Untitled
IIRC, he also played a stint with the Philadelphia Eagles...Ranma9617 04:22, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

My understanding was that he began rolling up his sleeves after his linemen were doing it, not the other way round. I should dig out the biography 'McMahon!' as I'm sure it's in there.

And is there a citation for the story about him wearing a Bears top to the White House celebration of the Packers' Superbowl win. I'd love to believe that was true, but wouldn't his teammates lynch him?

What's the deal with posting a picture of McMahon in Minnesota Vikings uniform? 66.188.11.36 (talk) 04:19, 22 December 2007 (UTC) voOosh

Recent deletion of section
I believe the recent deletion of the section concerning McMahon’s chiropractic treatment should be restored. It was concerning his experience with the treatment, not the effectiveness of chiropractic treatment overall. It was also cited with references. Jhojnack (talk) 16:21, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim McMahon


text:
Legendary Weapons of China

Legendary Weapons of China (, lit. 'Eighteen Ways, Three Skills'; a.k.a. Legendary Weapons of Kung Fu ) is a 1982 martial arts wuxia film or wuxia pian directed by Liu Chia-liang. It takes place during the late Qing Dynasty when Empress Dowager Cixi dispatches her agents to various factions of the Boxer Rebellion in order to find supernatural martial artists that are invulnerable to western bullets. When one of the leaders of these groups disbands his forces, assassins from the remaining factions are sent out to kill him for his apparent treason. As the title of the film suggests, a great variety of fights take place involving the "legendary weapons."

Although Liu Chia-liang is known for showing "real Kung-Fu" in his films, he does take some artistic license by incorporating elements of Taoist Maoshan folk magic with hand-to-hand combat. This is similar to what he did in another of film of his, Heroes of the East (or "Challenge of the Ninja").

Plot
Ti Hau is a pupil of Master Ti, a high-ranking member of a boxer clan during the time of the Boxer Rebellion (1899 - 1901). Ti Tan, is a Member of a competing boxer clan who has successfully trained his students to resist penetration from swords (Golden Bell), but sacrifices them by experimenting with techniques to resist bullets. This appalls his niece, Fang Shao Ching. Lei Ying can control subjects with a voodoo doll and ventriloquism. The Yi Ho Society Chief, Li, explains that Lei Kung, an old pugilist master who left to form another branch in Yunan, has dissolved that branch and gone into hiding. Lei Kung no longer believes that their martial arts skills can defeat the modern weapons used by the western colonialists. Chief Yi proclaims Lei Kung a traitor to their movement. The chief orders his execution, and claims he can be identified because he enjoys showing off his kung-fu skills.

In Guangdong/Yunan, Ti Hau makes inquiries into the whereabouts of Lei Kung at a popular inn. Also searching is Fang Shao Ching, disguised as a man, and Lei Ying. They are unaware of each other's identities, but observe each other suspiciously. A flamboyant man also shows up and arouses suspicion. Ti Hau and Fang Shao Ching both suspect Lei Ying of being Lei Kung, and sneak into the attic above his room at the inn. They fight in the cramped space as Ti Tan walks into the room below, but he does not see them before they escape.

An old woodcutter, Yu, also arouses Ti Hau's suspicion because of his great strength. Fang Shao Ching distracts Ti Hau and lures him away, and they fight again but must stop to hide from Ti Tan. Fang explains to Ti Hau that her and Ti Tan are also Yi Ho members sent to kill Lei Kung, but she maintains her male disguise.

Under Fang's guidance, Lei Kung practices with his weapons. Ti Hau, who has been bedridden, sees him, but Lei Kung maintains his identity as the woodcutter Yu by saying that he only looks like Lei Kung, and must defend himself. They both discover that Fang is a woman. When Ti Hau regains his strength, he is grateful to Yu for taking care of him and is about to leave, but Ti Tan arrives. Fang and Ti Hau fight him before Yu, now at full power, engages him. He finally admits to everyone that he is Lei Kung, and declares that he has betrayed the Yi Ho society because he does not want to see all his young students die in a futile attempt to fight foreign modern guns and cannon. He disables Ti Tan, who admits defeat and leaves. Ti Hau feels betrayed and also leaves.

Soon after, a Magic Fighter turns up. Fang, believing it to be Ti Hau, berates him as he sits down and prepares, but is then shocked when it's revealed to be Master Tieh. Master Tieh being Ti Hau's sifu (master), and head of the Magic Clan. Master Tieh and Lei Kung engage in a duel, but Ti Hau arrives and interrupts. Master Tieh attempts to uses his mind control techniques on Ti Hau, in order to have him effectively commit suicide, announcing that both he and Lei Kung must die. However Lei Kung intervenes using a Snake Halberd against Master Tieh's 'Double Axe', saving Ti Hau and then disarming Master Tieh. Defeated, Master Tieh chooses to commit suicide using the same eye gouging technique on himself that he (using his mind control) tried to get Ti Hau to do. But, Ti Hai stops him, shaking his head, understanding that there's no point in such meaningless sacrifice. Master Tieh looks at Lei Kung, with a sadness in his eyes that convinces Lei Kung to lay down his weapon, the inference being that he sees how the deaths of so many innocent, young students to further a dead cause serves no real purpose. Ti Hau steps forward and is willing to follow his master, but Master Tieh suggests he remain with Lei Kung, so he can develop both his kung fu and his sense of self-awareness and understanding.

Lei Kung dresses in ceremonial garb and arrives at a temple with Ti Hau, Fang Shao Ching, and a full set of weapons. Lei Ying is waiting, and reveals his plan. He wanted Lei Kung to regain his expertise and kill the other assassins. Then Lei Ying could avoid fighting others and concentrate on Lei Kung, killing him and elevating his position in their clan and Yi Ho Society. After an 8-minute duel showcasing most of the 18 weapons and hand-to-hand combat, Lei Kung demonstrates that he could win if he wanted to. But instead, he leaves Lei Ying to his disgrace.

The eighteen weapons
These weapons are revealed in a series of duels between key characters. When first used, the name of the weapon appears on the screen. Weapons 1 – 5 are used by Ti Hau's clan master, Ti Hau himself, and Lei Kung during a failed assassination attempt on the latter. Weapons 6 – 18 are used by Lei Kung and Lei Ying during their final battle. As combat progresses, the brothers constantly change weapons as each new choice seemingly defeats the techniques of that previously used. For example, 7 defeats 6, but 8 defeats 7.

 * 1) Rope dart
 * 2) Double tiger hook swords
 * 3) Double hammers
 * 4) Battle axe
 * 5) Snake Halberd
 * 6) Kwan Dao
 * 7) Twin broadswords
 * 8) Double-edged sword
 * 9) Chinese Spear
 * 10) Three-section chain whip
 * 11) Double daggers
 * 12) Double crutches
 * 13) Monk's spade
 * 14) Staff
 * 15) Tiger fork
 * 16) Rattan shield
 * 17) Single butterfly sword
 * 18) Three-section staff

Cast

 * Liu Chia-liang as Uncle Yu / Lei Kung
 * Liu Chia-yung as Lei Ying
 * Hsiao Ho as Ti Hau
 * Hui Ying-hung as Fang Shao Ching
 * Gordon Liu Chia-hui as Ti Tan
 * Alexander Fu Sheng as Con Artist

In other media
Wu-Tang Clan named their 2011 compilation, Legendary Weapons, in honour of the film. The film's English dub was heavily sampled throughout the album as well.

title: Legendary Weapons of China


text:
Ethan Kaplan

Ethan Kaplan is an associate professor of economics at the University of Maryland.

Career
Prior to his work at the University of Maryland, he was an assistant professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, a visiting assistant professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, and an assistant professor of economics at the Institute for International Economic Studies at Stockholm University in Sweden.

Papers
A working paper authored by Kaplan and Stefano DellaVigna (also of the University of California at Berkeley) examining the impact of Fox News Channel on electoral outcomes received significant attention after being cited by Alan Krueger in a New York Times op-ed. In 2007, Kaplan and Stefano DellaVigna published their findings in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, finding that Fox News had a mild but statistically significant effect in boosting Republican vote share.

Education
He received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 2005, his M.A. in development economics from Stanford University in 1999 and his B.A. in history from UC Berkeley in 1992.

title: Ethan Kaplan


text:
Daren Ganga

Daren Ganga (born 14 January 1979) is a former Trinidadian cricketer. He was a right-handed top order batsman and part-time right-arm off spinner. He was named the 2006 West Indies Players' Association 'Test player of the year', Ganga captained the Windies' youth, A and senior teams together with Trinidad and Tobago. Ganga is also the most successful captain ever, with four titles, in West Indian List A tournaments.

Debut season for Trinidad
Ganga made his first-class debut for Trinidad and Tobago on 21 February 1997, against Guyana at Queen's Park Oval aged 18. His teammates included Phil Simmons, Brian Lara, Mervyn Dillon and Ian Bishop. He only managed one half century in the series, an innings of 54 against Guyana. He made his breakthrough in the following regional first class season. After making 68 against Jamaica earlier in the season he came into Trinidad and Tobago's final game with his side needing a big score. Playing against Barbados, Ganga came in batting at number 4 with T&T in trouble at 3 for 33. He then top scored with 138 and to his country win the game by 1 wicket.

In August 1998, Ganga was named in the West Indies squad for their tour of South Africa. At the age of 19 he was the youngest Trinidad and Tobago player in 35 years to make the Test side.

Early international career
Ganga was named in the side for the 3rd Test at Durban and batted at 6, behind established players like Lara, Hooper and Chanderpaul. In the first innings he made 28 from 94 balls before being bowled by Shaun Pollock. He had a dismal tour thereafter, and was dismissed by Pollock on several occasions.

In November 1999 Ganga represented the West Indies A against India A before touring New Zealand. He toured New Zealand with the West Indies in December and made a hundred against Auckland. Ganga though didn't play in the test series.

He later appeared for the West Indies A in their 2000 series against Pakistan, where he made a pair of 50's, and then against South Africa A. Ganga soon earn a recall for the Windies' 2000/01 tour of Australia. Opening the batting he had a steady, but unspectacular tour.

2001 to 2003
In July 2001 Ganga toured Zimbabwe with the West Indies. He had been in good form in domestic cricket for Trinidad and Tobago, scoring a century in his opening game against Barbados and making 80 against South Africa for the Busta Cup XI. The Zimbabwean tour was a success for Ganga, he started with 79 against Zimbabwe A and in the 1st Test at Bulawayo he passed 50 for the first time in Test cricket, finishing with 89. The tour concluded with a stop over in Kenya where they played a sum of ODI and first-class fixtures. Ganga made a century in the second of the two first-class games.

Later in the year the West Indies toured Sri Lanka. He contributed 47 and 33 in the 1st Test but wasn't as prolific in the final two tests of the series. In January 2002 West Indies faced Pakistan in a two match test series at Sharjah. During the 2nd Test Ganga scored 65 in the first innings.

In May 2002 he was named captain of the Windies A squad for a summer tour of England. With Ganga at the helm the Windies A drew against Nottinghamshire, Lancashire, India and Somerset, lost to Sri Lanka, Kent and Derbyshire and won against British Universities, Sussex, Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire. Ganga was recalled for a December 2002 tour of Bangladesh. He made 63 in the second test then went on to play a full season with Trinidad and Tobago. He was previously unable to do such given his commitments to the Windies A and youth teams.

Breakthrough against Australia
Australia toured the West Indies in April and May 2003. With the Australian team missing Shane Warne and without Glenn McGrath for most of the series, Ganga made his maiden Test century in the 1st Test at Georgetown. He batted at number 3 and made 113 before being dismissed by Darren Lehmann.

The next Test was at his home ground, Queen's Park Oval in Trinidad. In good batting conditions the Australians had put on 576 runs in their first innings and the West Indies, having lost opener Devon Smith for a duck were staring down the barrel when Ganga came to the crease. In an innings which took 326 minutes, Ganga scored 117 and completed his second Test century in two innings against the Australians.

Captaincy
Ganga returned to the African continent in 2003/04 for a Test series against both Zimbabwe and South Africa. He struggled in his 4 Tests in South Africa despite making 60 in his opening innings. Makhaya Ntini dismissed him 6 times and he finished the series with 122 runs. Back home, in April 2004 he took part in his first series against England. He took part in the 3rd and 4th Tests without success and again lost his place in the team.

During the 2004/05 regional first class season Ganga compiled 610 runs, which included 265 against the Leeward Islands. He also captained T&T, whilst scoring 273 runs, to eventually win the 2004–05 Regional One-Day Competition. In July 2005, he was voted Trinidad and Tobago's Cricketer of the Year. Ganga also captained the Windies A team in an away series against Sri Lanka A. During that series he scored both a century and a 99.

As T&T's captain he later made 3 hundreds in the 2007 Carib Beer Cup, where in the final game he scored 120 and 44 to share the Man of the Match award with Ravi Rampaul. Trinidad and Tobago eventually won the game to claim their first regional first class championship since 1985. Ganga was recalled in March 2006 for the Windies' upcoming tour of New Zealand. He made 95 in the 1st Test at Auckland, missing out on his hundred when dismissed off the bowling of Nathan Astle. The following month he was one of six players shortlisted for the captaincy of the West Indies cricket team. The other candidates were Denesh Ramdin, Chris Gayle, Ramnaresh Sarwan, Sylvester Joseph, and Brian Lara. They opted for the experience of Lara and Sarwan was chosen as vice captain. In June the West Indies played a Test series at home against India and Ganga put in a Man of the Match performance in the 3rd Test at Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis. Opening the batting he made a career best 135 in the first innings and followed it up with an unbeaten 66 to help his side draw the Test. His good form continued on the tour of Pakistan later in the year where he made a pair of 80's.

Ganga later skippered Trinidad and Tobago to a KFC Cup title, defeating the Windward Islands by 5 runs in the cup final at the Arnos Vale Stadium, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. With Brian Lara having retired, and after steering T&T to two regional one day titles in three years, Ganga was appointed West Indies vice captain to Ramnaresh Sarwan for the upcoming 2007 summer tour to England. He went on to skipper Trinidad and Tobago to the 2008 Stanford 20/20 title and later romp to a seven wicket victory, over Barbados in the final, to lift the 2008–09 WICB Cup. With that win, T&T qualified for the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 where as captain Ganga steered them to the tournament's runners up spot.

Personal life
Ganga is of South Asian descent, his family migrating in Indian indenture ships to Trinidad. He has described his fondness for Indian cuisine and Bollywood cinema.

Ganga has attained a Bsc in Law and Management and an MBA from Heriot Watt University. Ganga was awarded, in 2007, a Humming Bird Gold Medal for his contribution to cricket by the T&T Government. In August 2010 Ganga was bestowed with the Alexander B Chapman award for an outstanding contribution to Sport and Olympism by the Trinidad and Tobago Olympic Committee.

title: Daren Ganga