text:
Mike Gibbins

Michael George Gibbins (12 March 1949 – 4 October 2005) was a Welsh musician, most notable for being the drummer of Badfinger.

The Iveys
Michael George Gibbins started playing drums while in the sea cadets. He played around South Wales for a time with a group called "The Misfits" before auditioning for the rival Welsh band The Iveys in 1964. The Iveys had a minor hit with "Maybe Tomorrow". In 1969, Paul McCartney produced the song "Come and Get It" for The Iveys, who prior to its release, changed their name to Badfinger and replaced Griffiths with guitarist Joey Molland.

Badfinger
After the success of "Come and Get It", Badfinger enjoyed success with hit songs "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue". From early on, Gibbins began to contribute songs to the albums, despite often being overshadowed by the compositions of the other members, particularly Ham. He also composed and sang the originally unreleased songs "Loving You" (from the unreleased sessions for the album Straight Up), "Rockin' Machine", and "Back Again" (from the unreleased album Head First). All of these recordings have now been issued on CD.

During his tenure with Badfinger, Gibbins - along with the other members of the band - contributed musically to the George Harrison album All Things Must Pass, and played at The Concert for Bangladesh. While working on All Things Must Pass, producer Phil Spector recognized Gibbins' talent at playing the tambourine, earning Gibbins the nickname "Mr. Tambourine Man" after the Bob Dylan song.

After Pete Ham died by suicide in 1975, Badfinger broke up and Gibbins found work as a session drummer in Wales. One of the more notable songs that Gibbins played on during this time was "It's a Heartache" by Bonnie Tyler.

After Evans and Molland split in 1982, Gibbins joined Evans and Bob Jackson to create another Badfinger to rival that of Molland. Gibbins soon quit, and Evans died by suicide in 1983. A year later, Gibbins, Jackson, and Molland toured as Badfinger for a brief period.

Later years and death
He recommenced touring in the late 1990s, starting his own band Madfinger which featured ex-Iveys bassist Ron Griffiths.

Gibbins released four albums later in his life, A Place in Time, More Annoying Songs, Archeology and In the Meantime featuring his own compositions.

Gibbins died from a brain aneurysm in his sleep at his Florida home on 4 October 2005 at the age of 56. He was survived by his second wife Ellie and a son from a previous marriage.

Speaking of his bandmate, Molland (who is now the only surviving member of Badfinger's classic line-up) said "I spoke to Mike on Monday afternoon. He was in good spirits and we were looking forward to seeing each other at the 'Bangladesh' re-release event on Oct. 17. Mike and I had a falling out some time ago but we had been very much in touch with each other over the last five or six months, I'm happy to say, and we were starting to talk about the future. When we talked it was usually about the Badfinger business both past and future. He was still angry that Peter had committed suicide rather than sticking it out. Mike was a great friend to us all, a great rock drummer, father, and husband. Courageous and honest in all things, he will be sorely missed by all who knew him."

title: Mike Gibbins


text: User talk:62.3.226.115

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:62.3.226.115


text:
Z22 (handheld)

The Z22 was one of the first of Palm, Inc.'s handhelds to be released under the new "Palm" brand, and the first to be released without the "Zire" moniker. Released on October 12, 2005, it replaced the monochrome Zire 21, and was priced at $99 USD. The Palm Z22 came with Palm OS Garnet 5.4.9 preloaded and is not upgradable. It featured a 200 MHz Samsung S3C2410 ARM processor developed around the 32-bit ARM920T core that implements the ARMv4T architecture. The Z22 ran on a li-ion battery that had a life of about 8 hours depending on usage.

Overview
Designed to be attractive to first-time users, the Palm Z22 included many of the basic applications made famous by the iconic Palm family of handheld PDAs. Positioned as an entry-level PDA and priced below the $100 price mark it lacked pricy extras such as: a camera, an MP3 player, an expansion SD memory slot, etc.

It included a wall charger and a USB cable to trickle-charge through the USB interface when connected to a PC (so the wall-socket charger can be left at home). The Non-Volatile File System (NVFS), also known as NVRAM, ensured that data was never lost even if the battery was fully discharged.

Software
The Z22 can run most of the basic programs included in previous Palm PDAs including: The Z22 came with a program called Addit which allowed users to order software while offline, and then have it sent to the handheld at the next hotsync. In addition, Addit included several mini-programs within itself including
 * 1) Contacts
 * 2) Calculator (Calc)
 * 3) Tasks
 * 4) Calendar
 * 5) Note Pad
 * 6) Memos
 * 7) World Clock
 * 8) Photos
 * 9) Prefs
 * 10) HotSync
 * 1) Chess
 * 2) Solitaire
 * 3) First Aid (basic first aid instructions)
 * 4) Check Split (a bill-splitting program)
 * 5) Carbs (a carbohydrate nutritional calculator)

Third party software known to run on Z22:
 * MobiReader (as example useful for dictionaries in mobi format)

Interface
In addition to touchscreen interface, there are physical and silkscreen buttons that can be used to activate programs or functions. On the silkscreen there are eight buttons: four large icons and four on the edges of the silkscreen writing area. With the factory default settings the large icons activate the following functions: "home" (House Icon) takes the user to the home applications menu, "menu" (pulldown icon) activates the pulldown menu, HotSync (the two arrows icon) connected the computer and the Palm Pilot and syncs information between the two, "find" (magnifying glass icon) brings up a search dialogue which allows the user to search all files on the handheld. The four smaller buttons are at each corner of the writing area and have the following default functions: Clock (clock icon) brings up the Date and Time briefly, then reverts to the current program, Contrast (Circle icon: half black, half white) allows the user to adjust the contrast and brightness of the display, Keyboard (ABC Icon) brings up an on-screen keyboard that allowed the user to "type" using the stylus, Number Board (123 icon) brings up the keypad on-screen keyboard which is used in much the same way as the letters keyboard.

Additional Hardware
The Z22 accepts input from numerous IR devices including other Palm handhelds, some cell phones and a keyboard made by palm for IR devices. This device was called a Palm Universal Wireless Keyboard.

The IR interface can also be used to HotSync instead of using the USB cable. In addition to HotSync the Palm also has a standard IR interface command called ‘Beam’. This command is used to send files to another IR enabled device. The ‘Beam’ function uses default IR protocols. The Palm can receive non-standard files using the IR beam method; e.g. files that cannot be transferred by using the HotSync method.

Software with desktop computer
The provided software allowed synchronization up to the 32-bit version of Windows Vista. Synchronization on 64-bit systems are possible with a driver released by Aceeca.

title: Z22 (handheld)


text:
Jiangjun

Jiangjun is the Chinese name for a general officer. It can also refer to the following places:

 * Jiangjun District, district in Tainan, Taiwan
 * Jiangjun Mountain, mountain in Jiangsu Province, China

title: Jiangjun


text:
Reid Highway

Reid Highway is a 23 km east-west highway and partial freeway in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, linking North Beach with Middle Swan. As part of State Route 3, it forms half of Perth's outer ring road along with Roe Highway, which it joins onto at its eastern terminus.

The highway has many different speed limits and road conditions along its length, but is predominantly a four-lane dual carriageway with a 90 km/h speed limit. A 12 km section, between Erindale Road and Altone Road (which makes up just over half the highway's length), is a continuous freeway. In conjunction with Tonkin Highway, it serves as an important arterial connection between Perth's coastal and eastern suburbs, industrial areas and Perth Airport.

History
Reid Highway was initially proposed in the late 1960s as the "North Perimeter Highway", and a small two-lane section was built in early 1986 between Erindale Road and the-then newly extended Mitchell Freeway. In 1989 it was subsequently renamed "Reid Highway", in honour of former Western Australia Governor Gordon Reid.

The next section was built between Alexander Drive and Malaga Drive, and opened on 6 September 1991. A segment linking Malaga Drive to Tonkin Highway opened later that year, on 11 November 1991, with further extensions west to Mirrabooka Avenue and east to Beechboro Road opening two months later, on 11 February 1992.

The highway was further extended with the section between Mirrabooka Avenue and Wanneroo Road, which opened on 17 November 1994. The highway was finally made continuous on 6 September 1996 with the opening of the Erindale Road–Wanneroo Road segment. A short time later, it was extended eastwards to West Swan Road. This section, which opened on 25 November 1996, provided a connection to Great Northern Highway and Roe Highway via Middle Swan Road, an existing local road.

In 2001, the highway was extended west from Mitchell Freeway to Marmion Avenue as a two-lane divided carriageway, which opened on 30 July, thus replacing a section of North Beach Road and making it discontinuous. This extension was highly controversial as it passes through the environmentally sensitive Carine wetlands and the Lake Carine region, which includes a vital turtle habitat. Concerns about environmental damage prompted construction delays, and slight alterations to the route.

Criticism of the quality and capacity of the highway has also been an issue. Reid Highway in Westminster (between Wanneroo Road and Mirrabooka Avenue) has no street lighting and has attracted both antisocial behaviour and a number of accidents. The stretch between Beechboro Road and West Swan Road has been similarly criticised, and the area east of the Mitchell Freeway was prone to heavy congestion due to its limited capacity as a two-lane single carriageway, before being upgraded to dual carriageway.

A four-lane dual carriageway extension of Reid Highway from West Swan Road to Great Northern Highway and Roe Highway was opened on 26 February 2010, completing State Route 3 as a highway-grade ring road around Perth. The extension runs parallel to Middle Swan Road, which has been retained as a local access road. Middle Swan Road is of a relatively poor standard and capacity, and is viewed as a safety blackspot.

In 2011, the highway's traffic-light intersections at Alexander Drive and Mirrabooka Avenue were both upgraded to diamond interchanges, with bridges being constructed to carry highway traffic. Along with the similarly grade-separated Wanneroo Road interchange, this completed an 8 kilometre section of grade-separated, free traffic flow between the industrial estates of Balcatta and Malaga.

The T junction at Lord Street was upgraded to a traffic light controlled intersection in 2012, with four through lanes and improved turning lanes on Reid Highway. This intersection now includes Daviot Road as a southern continuation of Lord Street, which provides access to the suburb of Caversham. Lord Street has since been renamed Drumpellier Drive as a result of the New Lord Street project in 2019.

The RAC has lobbied for continued improvements to Reid Highway, calling for grade-separation at the Malaga Drive intersection, and to make the highway a dual carriageway for its entire length. The WA State Government initially did not commit to further major upgrades, instead funding an upgrade to the turning lanes at the Malaga Drive intersection. In December 2012, the State Government announced that the Malaga Drive intersection would be grade separated by 2014–15, with work commencing in 2013-14. The project uses the same diamond interchange design that was constructed at Alexander Drive and Mirrabooka Avenue in 2011. Construction started on this interchange in 2015, and was completed in 2016.

Works were completed in 2016 to upgrade the Mitchell Freeway diamond interchange to dual carriageway with a second overpass bridge, extra turning lanes, and a new looped freeway ramp. The project aims to lower congestion, and reduce the volume of traffic using local roads to avoid the interchange. The works also included upgrading the Duffy Road South intersection to traffic light control, and widening highway to the west of Duffy Road, as well as duplicating it from Duffy Road to Erindale Road.

From early 2017 to mid-2019, works were performed as part of the NorthLink WA project to convert the intersection of Reid and Tonkin Highway to the first combination interchange in Western Australia, which also resulted in the access to Beechboro Road North removed (a flyover was built in its place) and the road duplicated to Altone Road. Tonkin Highway was extended north as the carriageway for the new Perth Darwin National Highway. The previous Tonkin Highway intersection was unusual in that Tonkin Highway, which continues as Reid Highway west of the intersection, is the continuous section of the T junction. This allowed those following the road from the west to continue down Tonkin Highway southbound, along with Tonkin northbound continuing into Reid westbound, with those wishing to follow Reid Highway from any direction having to make a direct turn to continue either eastbound or westbound.

Reid Highway is now a dual carriageway for its entire length, with the last remaining section of single carriageway east of Mitchell Freeway, between Altone Road and West Swan Road, converted to dual carriageway in mid-2020. Part of the features included a bridge connecting the northern and southern sections of Arthur Street and a second right-turning bay from Reid Highway westbound to West Swan Road northbound.

Future works
In December 2019, funding was assigned for developing a project for full grade separation of the last remaining signalised intersection on the section between the Mitchell Freeway and Tonkin Highway, at Erindale Road.

Route description
Reid Highway runs between Marmion Avenue, North Beach, and Great Northern Highway, Middle Swan, where it becomes Roe Highway. West of Marmion Avenue, the highway becomes North Beach Road (west).

Beginning at an intersection with Marmion Avenue, the highway extends Eastwards to Mitchell Freeway with at-grade intersections into North Beach Road, Everingham Street, Okely Road and Duffy Road. The Mitchell Freeway interchange is a modified diamond interchange consisting of dual two-lane bridges over the freeway and railway line with two parclo cloverleaf loops serving the Reid-westbound to Mitchell-northbound traffic as well as that of the southbound entrance. The eastern half of the interchange also has connects to Balcatta Road, similar to the Great Eastern Highway/Brearley Avenue Interchange prior to the modifications made in 2018. As the interchange is built on a reservation with the capacity to be expanded into a full freeway to freeway interchange, this connection is likely to be removed when this occurs. Further on from the Mitchell/Reid Interchange, there is an at-grade intersection with Erindale Road. This intersection marks the western terminus of the freeway standard section of Reid Highway, with a diamond interchange at Wanneroo Road, which goes over Reid Highway. Conversely, the diamond interchanges at Mirrabooka Avenue, Alexander Drive and Malaga Drive all see the highway travelling over the top of the arterial roads.

The highway then enters an S-curve to reorient itself further north while also rising to pass over Tonkin Highway in the form of a combination interchange; with the Tonkin-northbound to Reid-eastbound and Tonkin-southbound to Reid-westbound movements being served by cloverleaf loops. The offset of the highway means that Reid Highway passes over the Reid-eastbound to Tonkin-southbound and Reid-westbound to Tonkin-northbound ramps prior to the main Tonkin Highway carriageway itself.

The road then passes under a bridge carrying Beechboro Road North after which the eastern terminus of the freeway standard section is reached at the signalised intersection with Altone Road. Following this are signalised intersections with Drumpellier Drive (formerly Lord Street)/Daviot Road, West Swan Road and Great Northern Highway. Between Drumpellier Drive/Daviot Road and West Swan Road is an overpass connecting Arthur Street. In between West Swan Road and Great Northern Highway there is access to Middle Swan Road through two LILO T junctions that are connected by an underpass. These LILO intersections are signposted as "temporary access". Alternative access will be required in the future, as Reid Highway is planned to be upgraded to a six lane freeway. Great Northern Highway is the eastern terminus of the Highway where it continues eastwards as Roe Highway, which in turn links to Kwinana Freeway, forming a ring road around Perth.

Interchanges and intersections
The entire highway is located in the Perth Metropolitan Region.

 * Mitchell Freeway (State Route 2) southbound ramps (north) / Balcatta Road (south)

Former intersections

 * Beechboro Road North (State Route 53, formerly an intersection, now a flyover as part of NorthLink WA)

title: Reid Highway


text:
Hasan Habib

Hasan Habib (born 19 April 1962 in Karachi, Pakistan) is a Pakistani American professional poker player.

During his early years in Pakistan, Habib was the Pakistan 14-and-under National Tennis Champion. Habib went to America at the age of 18 to study business at the University of Redlands. He also once owned a nationwide chain of video stores. He began playing casino poker in 1985, and had his first major poker tournament cash in the Jim Brady Month at the Bell Gardens in Los Angeles in 1993.

In 2004, he finished second to Martin de Knijff in the World Poker Tour (WPT) $25,000 Championship, receiving a $1,372,223 prize. Later in the year he finished on the television bubble at the WPT $15,000 Five-Diamond World Poker Classic, gaining a further $108,906. He eventually won a World Series of Poker bracelet for the $1,500 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo Split event ($93,060) in 2004.

The following year he made the final table of the $25,000 WPT Championship again. He finished in third place ($896,375), but also had a stake on eventual winner Tuan Le. Observers have commented that this may have affected the interaction between them on the final table, however Habib has made it clear he was still playing to win, citing that the endorsements would have made it more financially viable.

As of 2015, he has cashed twenty-five times in the World Series of Poker (WSOP), including a 2nd-place finish in $2,500 Omaha Hi-Lo Split event in 2000, and a 4th-place finish in the $10,000 no limit Texas hold 'em Main Event in the same year, for which he took home $326,000. In September 2005, he won the opening No Limit Hold'em event of PokerStars' fourth annual World Championship of Online Poker, taking home $306,000.

As of 2015, his total live tournament winnings to date exceed $5,500,000. His 25 cashes at the WSOP account for over $1,500,000 of those winnings.

Habib currently resides in Downey, California.

title: Hasan Habib


text: Category:Insurance companies of South Africa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Unified Cheese Theory

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete and give to those crazy uncyclopedia people. -- Phroziac ( talk ) 18:53, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Unified Cheese Theory
Nonsense. Unencyclopedic. Google brings up very few matches for this term, none of them significant. David Edgar 11:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn OR.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   12:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I got 1 google hit when excluding Wikipedia mirrors. Only one person has edited the article. Punkmorten 20:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete How sad - the potential for a great joke article and it falls flat on its face. Denni ☯ 04:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. MCB 06:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - More BJAODN. The only unique google I found seems to be a blog by MrSun. -- Cactus.man  ✍  10:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Triplet oxygen

Triplet oxygen, 3O2, refers to the S = 1 electronic ground state of molecular oxygen (dioxygen). Molecules of triplet oxygen contain two unpaired electrons, making triplet oxygen an unusual example of a stable and commonly encountered diradical: it is more stable as a triplet than a singlet. According to molecular orbital theory, the electron configuration of triplet oxygen has two electrons occupying two π molecular orbitals (MOs) of equal energy (that is, degenerate MOs). In accordance with Hund's rules, they remain unpaired and spin-parallel, which accounts for the paramagnetism of molecular oxygen. These half-filled orbitals are antibonding in character, reducing the overall bond order of the molecule to 2 from the maximum value of 3 that would occur when these antibonding orbitals remain fully unoccupied, as in dinitrogen. The molecular term symbol for triplet oxygen is 3Σ$− g$.

Spin
The s = 1⁄2 spins of the two electrons in degenerate orbitals gives rise to 2 × 2 = 4 independent spin states in total. Exchange interaction splits these into a singlet state (total spin S = 0) and a set of 3 degenerate triplet states (S = 1). In agreement with Hund's rules, the triplet states are energetically more favorable, and correspond to the ground state of the molecule with a total electron spin of S = 1. Excitation to the S = 0 state results in much more reactive, metastable singlet oxygen.

Lewis structure

Because the molecule in its ground state has a non-zero spin magnetic moment, oxygen is paramagnetic; i.e., it can be attracted to the poles of a magnet. Thus, the Lewis structure O=O with all electrons in pairs does not accurately represent the nature of the bonding in molecular oxygen. However, the alternative structure •O–O• is also inadequate, since it implies single bond character, while the experimentally determined bond length of 121 pm is much shorter than the single bond in hydrogen peroxide (HO–OH) which has a length of 147.5 pm. This indicates that triplet oxygen has a higher bond order. Molecular orbital theory must be used to correctly account for the observed paramagnetism and short bond length simultaneously. Under a molecular orbital theory framework, the oxygen-oxygen bond in triplet dioxygen is better described as one full σ bond plus two π half-bonds, each half-bond accounted for by two-center three-electron (2c-3e) bonding, to give a net bond order of two (1+2×$1⁄2$), while also accounting for the spin state (S = 1). In the case of triplet dioxygen, each 2c-3e bond consists of two electrons in a πu bonding orbital and one electron in a πg antibonding orbital to give a net bond order contribution of $1⁄2$.

The usual rules for constructing Lewis structures must be modified to accommodate molecules like triplet dioxygen or nitric oxide that contain 2c-3e bonds. There is no consensus in this regard; Pauling has suggested the use of three closely spaced collinear dots to represent the three-electron bond (see illustration).

Observation in liquid state
A common experimental way to observe the paramagnetism of dioxygen is to cool it down into the liquid phase. When poured between the poles of strong magnets that are close together the liquid oxygen can be suspended. Or a magnet can pull the stream of liquid oxygen as it is poured. The net magnetic moment of the total electron spin $$S = 1$$ provides an explanation of these observations.

Reaction
The unusual electron configuration prevents molecular oxygen from reacting directly with many other molecules, which are often in the singlet state. Triplet oxygen will, however, readily react with molecules in a doublet state to form a new radical.

Conservation of spin quantum number would require a triplet transition state in a reaction of triplet oxygen with a closed shell (a molecule in a singlet state). The extra energy required is sufficient to prevent direct reaction at ambient temperatures with all but the most reactive substrates, e.g. white phosphorus. At higher temperatures or in the presence of suitable catalysts the reaction proceeds more readily. For instance, most flammable substances are characterised by an autoignition temperature at which they will undergo combustion in air without an external flame or spark.

External sources

 * http://meta-synthesis.com/webbook/16_diradical/diradical.html

title: Triplet oxygen


text: User talk:203.208.189.72

title: User talk:203.208.189.72


text:
Mary White College

Mary White College is a residential college at the University of New England (UNE), Australia, established in 1957.

The College was named after Mary White of Saumarez, a member of the Advisory Council of the then New England University College from its inception in 1938 until her death in 1948. Born in 1882, she was also noted as a photographer and woodcarver.

The College opened in March 1958, originally an all-girls college, though it has subsequently become co-educational. Blocks 1, 2 and 3 were fully completed by March 1959. A fourth block, with the Basement Common Room, was added in June, 1963 and a fifth block, with a new dining hall, was added in 1967. A further two blocks were built for the 1989 intake. Starting in 2010, in excess of $6 million in renovations have been completed on blocks 1, 2 and 3, as well as the common areas and Basement Common Room. The College currently provides accommodation for over 200 residents with a choice of several different rooms types. The College has its own commercial kitchen and dining hall.

Within the college system on the campus, Mary White College is the college situated closest to the University, being less than 100 metres to some lecture theatres. This also makes it the most popular with external students who attend residential schools, as they often do not have their own vehicles. People attending conferences and international delegates also are common at the College.

The College colours are green, white and black. The coat of arms, designed by Architect John Stephen Mansfield, has three white roses, a variation on the university's coat of arms, which has three red roses. The College's motto is "Ad Humanitatem", Latin for "Towards Human Understanding" or "For Humanity".

The College is involved in most extracurricular activities that UNE provides, including the President's Trophy and Mary Bagnall Trophy sporting competitions, and the Sir Frank Kitto cultural competition. The College also fields teams in club sports including hockey, netball, soccer and waterpolo.

The current Head of College is Siobhan Hamblin. Some of the College's well-known Alumni include Dame Bridget Ogilvie AC DBE FRS, an Australian and British scientist, Milena Pires, an East Timorese politician and women's rights activist, who has been the Permanent Representative of East Timor to the United Nations since 2016,  and Alice Glachan, Mayor of Albury.

title: Mary White College


text:
User talk:Aths

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --tyomitch 11:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

VHS resolutions explained
I just answered your VHS resolutions questions. Here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:VHS#Confused_by_horizontal_resolution  -  Theaveng 17:55, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aths


text: Category:Insurance companies of Sweden

title: Category:Insurance companies of Sweden


text:
Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918)

Mary Bebe Anderson (April 3, 1918 – April 6, 2014) was an American actress, who appeared in 31 films and 22 television productions between 1939 and 1965. She was best known for her small supporting role in the film Gone With the Wind as well as one of the main characters in Alfred Hitchcock's 1944 film Lifeboat.

Early life
Anderson's younger brother James Anderson (1921–1969) was also an actor, best known as Bob Ewell in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). They appeared in one film together, 1951's Hunt the Man Down.

Career
After two uncredited roles, she made her first important screen appearance in Gone With the Wind (1939). After auditioning as one of the 1,400 actresses involved in the search for Scarlett, she received the supporting role of Maybelle Merriwether. In 1944, she played Alice the nurse, one of the ten characters in the Alfred Hitchcock film Lifeboat. Ending her film career in the early 1950s, she occasionally acted on television, for example as Catherine Harrington on Peyton Place in 1964 (episodes 2-20). She made a guest appearance in Perry Mason as Arlene Scott in "The Case of the Rolling Bones" (1958).

Personal life
Anderson died on April 6, 2014, in Burbank, California, of a stroke, three days after her 96th birthday. She was under hospice care and died in a condo in Toluca Lake that she shared with her long-time companion, Gordon Carnon.

title: Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918)


text:
Nathanael Gottfried Leske

Nathanael Gottfried Leske (22 October 1751 in Muskau – 25 November 1786 in Marburg) was a German natural scientist and geologist from the Holy Roman Empire.

After his studies at Bergakademie of Freiberg in Saxony and the Franckeschen Stiftungen in Halle, Leske became a special professor of natural history at the University of Leipzig in 1775.

From 1777 to 1786, he taught economics at this university, and in 1786, he was called to the chair of financial science and economics at the University of Marburg. However, he had a fatal accident on his way to Marburg.

Throughout his life, Leske corresponded with his teacher and close friend of Abraham Gottlob Werner, famous geologist and mineralogist at Weimar. He also edited the Leipziger Magazin zur Naturkunde, Mathematik und Oekonomie (1781-1789) with Christlieb Benedict Funk and Carl Friedrich Hindenburg.

Leske possessed an extensive mineral and natural history collection called the Leskean Cabinet, which was arranged after his death by Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten and later, in 1792, sold to the Dublin Society. The collection included other natural history specimens many from the collections of Johann Friedrich Gmelin and Johan Christian Fabricius. These specimens are now in the National Museum of Ireland.

Works

 * Ichthyologiae Lipsiensis specimen. Lipsiae: Siegfrief Lebrecht Crusius, 1774.
 * with Jacob Theodor Klein Additamenta ad Jacob Theodor Klein Naturalem dispositionim echinodermatum et lucubratiunculam de aculeis echinorum marinorum Lipsiae Ex Officina Gleditschiana, 1778. BHL
 * Anfangsgrunde der Naturgeschichte. Zwote [sic] verbesserte und viel vermehrte Ausgabe. Leipzig: Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, 1784.
 * Reise durch Sachsen in Rüksicht der Naturgeschichte und Ökonomie unternommen und beschrieben. Leipzig: J.G. Müllersche Buchhandlung, 1785
 * Museum Leskeanum Leipzig: J.G. Müller, 1789. BHL

title: Nathanael Gottfried Leske


text:
Nils Ericson Terminal

The Nils Ericson Terminal is a major bus terminus in Gothenburg, Sweden built in 1995. It is next to and interconnected with Gothenburg Central Station and the upcoming Gothenburg Grand Central.

It is located in the city center, across the street from the Nordstan shopping center. The main shopping street and many hotels are within walking distance from the terminal.

The terminal serves many parts of the Västra Götaland County with bus traffic (although many regional destinations are primarily served by regional trains). Bus companies such as Flixbus, Bus4You, Nettbuss express, Swebus Express and Eurolines serve destinations such as Oslo, Stockholm and Copenhagen. With bus changes, a lot of destinations can be reached.

The bus terminal uses the modern system where buses arrive at gates, and the passengers enter the buses directly from the air-conditioned terminal, much like in modern airports. There are 18 gates indoors (numbered 21-38). There are also 11 gates outdoors with simple shelters (39-49). Terminal's total size is 5000 m2.

The terminal is named after Nils Ericson, a Swedish inventor and mechanical engineer, and brother to John Ericsson.

The terminal was designed by the Norwegian architect, Niels Torp, and received the national Kasper Salin Prize in 1996.

title: Nils Ericson Terminal


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections January 2006/Candidate statements/Charles Matthews

Some questions being asked of all the candidates by jguk
''Q: How old are you and what do you do? (If student, please state what subjects you are studying.)''

A: 51, writer

Q: How many hours a month do you think you will need to be a good Arbitrator and are you really willing to put in the time?

A: 15 or more; yes, I'll make that commitment

''Q: If chosen, you will need to arbitrate on disputes arising from the creation or revision of articles. Experience of creating and revising articles yourself, particularly where it has involved collaboration, is very valuable in understanding the mindset of disputants who come to arbitration. With reference to your own edits in the main article namespace, please demonstrate why you think you have the right experience to be a good arbitrator.''

A: I think I've kept Mark Steyn, an obvious target for POV edits, in reasonable shape since Ed Poor created it. I don't seek out contentious matters, but neither do I run away from them if they get on my watchlist. (One exception was getting involved with Opus Dei in a face-off situation.) A recent example that came my way was at David Hilbert. I have done plenty with Anglosphere to keep it informative. I run a major clean-up from User:Charles Matthews/Imperial Japan.

Q: Please list out what other Wikipedia usernames you have edited under.

A: I only use my real name

Commitment level
You stated "I haven't been quite as active in 2005 as in 2004, for a couple of reasons I won't go into." Fair enough, but could you tell us whether these reasons involve disputes with Wikipedians, or person things unrelated to Wikipedia? Also, in what circumstances would you, if elected, step down before your term is up? – Quadell (talk) 15:56, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * These things get intrusive. The reasons were (a) a book to write (b) an intermittent fault with my Internet connection, only sorted out two weeks ago (rain in a cable box). I could imagine numerous life-changes that would make me step down from the ArbCom. Nothing that I anticipate. Charles Matthews 16:30, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Form question by Snowspinner
Being an arbitrator requires a finely tuned bullshit detector. What in your life has prepared you to detect bullshit with ease? Phil Sandifer 21:20, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I could mention small group teaching in a university, and attendance at meetings in academia and a voluntary organisation. Also UseNet in an area or two of my expertise. Charles Matthews 19:42, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Form Question from karmafist
Many policies contradict and overlap with each other, and then WP:IAR makes things even more complicated while making them paradoxically more flexible. When two or more policies apply and conflict, what do you do? karmafist 18:31, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I would try to do something sensible and compatible with the overall mission. WP's policies are not drafted professionally, so let's not pretend they're engraved on stone tablets. Charles Matthews 19:42, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Questions from User:-Ril-

 * The following questions are for each candidate, and do not specifically target you

''Do you hold any strong political or religious opinions (e.g. concerning George Bush, Islam, or on which end you should break a boiled egg)? If so, would you recuse yourself from cases centred on these?''

 * Yes, I have opinions. I think they are not such as to make me recuse, and in any case personal connections with people are much more likely to affect that. Charles Matthews 19:42, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you give us a rough idea of what subject area these opinions fall under. (You needn't tell us exactly which side of the fence you fall on)? --Victim of signature fascism 16:10, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a reasonable question - I have plenty of opinions but to answer you I'd have to figure what others might judge to be significant. I'm against torture, by the way, judicial or otherwise. Charles Matthews 16:32, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

How willing are you to contest the decisions of other arbitrators rather than just "go with the flow"?

 * I'm a naturally obstinate person, in general, but I have had much less friction with Wikipedians than in other contexts. Charles Matthews 19:42, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Do you view all requests to re-address cases, particularly requests made by those most penalised, as being automatically without merit?

 * No, but the Internet throws up plenty of the 'vexatious litigant' type. Charles Matthews 19:42, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

''In the case against Yuber, it was decided by the arbitration committee that it is the duty of arbitrators to investigate, and rule on the behaviour of not only one party involved, but all of them. Do you support this decision? [if current arbitrator] Does your visible behaviour on recent cases reflect this decision?''

 * I have no comment, other than the ArbCom should do its job and not get tangled in precedents. By the way I added argument from precedent, a long time ago it seems. Charles Matthews 19:42, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Would it be right therefore to conclude that you do not feel the committee always has a duty to consider whether the actions of parties other than the individual in question are to blame for their action? (this is a question about fair trial)
 * It would be fair to conclude that I'm not going to come down one way or the other on questions posed in general terms. (The ArbCom is not a legal body, and I think it is unhelpful to phrase things as if it is.) Charles Matthews 00:48, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

--Victim of signature fascism 16:43, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Question from Marsden
Many people have noted that Wikipedia's original communitarian structure is no longer functioning very well. One editor has suggested that ArbCom is "about getting the trains to run on time," which is a reference to a fulfulled promise of Mussolini's fascist government. Do you agree that Wikipedia needs to become more orderly, and if so, do you think there are any options other than a move toward a more centrally controlled authoritarian system? Do you think that the spirit of cooperation in Wikipedia would survive such a change? Marsden 15:52, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've only been here two-and-a-bit years, but it never worked perfectly. No Golden Age - and Jimbo agrees. I'm not for centralising because it's absurd to think anyone could manage the English Wikipedia, for sheer reasons of scale. Charles Matthews 19:42, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Do you support the creation of a Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct as I have just now suggested at User talk:Jimbo Wales? - Ted Wilkes 18:31, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I doubt a code would add to community confidence. Charles Matthews 00:51, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Question
I'll probably end up posing this question to all whose views I don't already know:

What is, in your opinion, the proper use of WP:IAR? When, if ever, should the rule be invoked to justify administrative action? Xoloz 17:21, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * What it really says is - we are given discretion round here. We are very much judged by how we use that discretion; that's how the wiki idea works. I don't think it's an admin thing. It says the rules are not more important than taking some personal responsibility within the project. You don't therefore 'invoke' it. You appeal to wiki-experience in sticking your neck out, on occasion. Charles Matthews 18:12, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Questions to many candidates by PurplePlatypus

 * How do you view the role (and relative importance) of WP:Civility in the process of building a factually accurate encyclopedia? How do you view editors who are normally correct in article namespace, but who may be perceived as rude – including to longtime, popular editors and admins – on Talk pages and the like?

 * A lack of civility narrows the range of likely editors (rudeness is accepted mostly by the young and male) and I would therefore say it is detrimental on the systemic bias side. Charles Matthews 09:22, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you have an academic background of any kind, and if so, in what field? How do you handle critiques from your peers and professors (assuming those aren’t one and the same), which may be sharply worded or otherwise skirt the edges of WP:Civility even if they are correct? Considering those professors who have recently had you as a student, what would they tell me if I asked them the same question about you?

 * I have a doctorate in mathematics, and around 15 years of rubbing shoulders in that field. I'm pretty much aware of the kind of language used by experts - I could name some of the top guys who I have seen close up. [Last part not relevant to me]. Charles Matthews 09:22, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * What are your views on the proposed policy Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct? Whether you think it should be a formal policy or not, do you believe you would generally act in accordance with it? What aspects of it do you think should not be there, or to put it another way, are there any proposals there which you can think of good reasons to ignore on a regular basis? (Please date any replies to this question as the proposal may well change over time.)

 * I have given some answer above already. The ArbCom are 'arbitrators', rather than a judiciary or executive, whatever people may think. If the community wants the best out of them, they should lay off the hypothetical questions, and elect members with a clear stake in the success of Wikipedia. Charles Matthews 09:22, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

PurplePlatypus 08:17, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Support Wikipedia:User Bill of Rights?
Do you support User Bill of Rights? (SEWilco 05:28, 21 December 2005 (UTC))

 * No, it's too legalistic, expects too much from precedents, and resembles a charter for wikilawyering. Charles Matthews 10:15, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Questions being asked by Titoxd to all candidates

 * 1) How much of your Wikipedia time do you plan to spend on ArbCom business?
 * What I have answered above: at least half an hour per day. Charles Matthews 07:55, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) If you were elected and had to spend most of your time in ArbCom deliberations, which projects would you consider to be the most negatively affected by your absence?
 * Well, there should be time to spare. My main areas have been mathematics, poetry, adding bibliographies. Charles Matthews 07:55, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) To what extent would those projects be affected?
 * I might do 20%-25% less. My basic belief remains that those who provide content are good guardians of the Wikipedia mission. Charles Matthews 07:55, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Tito xd (?!? - help us) 06:32, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Questions from Zordrac
Zordrac (talk) Wishy Washy  Darwikinian Eventualist 16:32, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) What are your views with regards to transparency of ArbCom decisions?
 * 2) Do you think that administrators should be treated differently to non-administrators in ArbCom decisions?
 * 3) Do you think that someone who is critical of Arbitration Committee decisions is in violation of WP:AGF?
 * 4) How would you handle a case in which you were personally involved?
 * 5) Do you think that Arbitration Committee decisions should be able to be reviewed?

 * 1) The decisions should be transparent; you may mean the process, in which case I think 'public hearings' would not be appropriate.
 * 2) Admins should not be held to different standards as far as everyday editing is concerned. The sanction of deprivation of admin powers is usefully something the ArbCom can use. I feel currently that it is most appropriate when admin powers have been abused. Clearly admin powers and their abuse is something the ArbCom has to look at, but there is no like-for-like there.
 * 3) Quite likely that they are not assuming good faith. Why use a word like 'violation'?
 * 4) If closely and personally involved, I would recuse. I can't define closely in an abstract way. It's always going to be case-by-case. I've edited thousands of articles, and come across hundreds of Wikipedians. I'm not going to tie my hands on this.
 * 5) Jimbo can review them, no? You want an appeal court? If the trend to legalism prevails, it will do WP no good, even if it looks like a tidy constitution on paper. Wiki does not work on the basis of rights; wiki is a system of permissions, from which a co-operative community can arise. Charles Matthews 19:11, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality question and Censuring questions from -Ril-
(Being asked of all candidates)

Do you believe that regardless of Jimbo Wales' own views on the matter, the community should be able to strip arbitrators of their position under certain circumstances, and if so, what circumstances?

As a corollory:Do you believe, regardless of Jimbo Wales' view on the matter, that a large number of signatories (e.g. 150 requesting censure against 50 supporting the arbitrator) to an RFC against an arbitrator is enough that the arbitrator should be judged as having been rejected by the community in light of their actions, and consequently for them to be forcibly stripped of their post?

''wikipedia has a policy of NPOV. Excepting straw men, have you ever introduced a substantial opinion or fact that contradicts your own political or religious viewpoint into an article on a topic of which you have strong opinions, and if you have, how frequently do you do so compared to your other substatial edits to articles?''

--Victim of signature fascism 01:40, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll answer when you learn to spell and not to troll. Charles Matthews 09:13, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * So you are unwilling to answer
 * Whether you believe the community should be able to remove arbitrators
 * Whether you edit according to NPOV.
 * Thank-you. I'm sure the readers will be able to draw their own conclusions from your lack of response, and your apparant violation of No personal attacks and Assume good faith. --Victim of signature fascism 15:32, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

If I didn't have confidence in people's ability to draw their own conclusions, and their good sense, I wouldn't stand in elections here. Try a spell-checker, if you are going to paste something all around the site; it shows some basic respect. And don't use policy as a cudgel. Of course the community should have a mechanism for removing any powers, at a pinch, but petitions are not a sound way. What you suggest is wide open to obvious abuse and demagogy, and could do huge damage to WP. And people should leave their political or religious viewpoint at the door here; not be probed about it once they are in. I think those who use these polarizing tactics on Wikipedians are destructive. I reject the whole business of putting Wikipedians on a left-right or any other spectrum. Judge people only on their work in improving articles. Charles Matthews 15:49, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Recusal, Code of Conduct, Expansion
I am asking these questions of all candidates:

1. Do you pledge to abide by the proposed recusal guidelines at Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct?

 * The part about any significant conflict of interest is pretty bad and an invitation to the wikilawyers to dicker on about 'bias'. Charles Matthews 09:09, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

2. Are there any parts of Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct that you do not agree with? If so, please describe in detail how you would improve them.

 * I have given an example. Don't ask me to draft someone else's manifesto. Charles Matthews 09:09, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

3. Will you please pledge to support expanding the number of seats on the Arbitration Committee? If not, how would you propose alleviating the present arbitration backlog?

 * The ArbCom can be expanded within reason, to meet demand. I'm not going to make pledges in ignorance of the facts, which I think would be apparent to an ArbCom member but not outside. Charles Matthews 09:09, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

4. Have you voted over at Arbitration Committee Elections January 2006/Proposed modifications to rules? If not, why not? If so, please summarize your votes.

 * I have not voted there. I like to edit articles and improve the encyclopedia. That's what I come here for. Charles Matthews 09:09, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your kind consideration of and answers to these questions. —James S. 06:21, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Anarchism page
How would you resolve the situation on the anarchism page?Harrypotter 18:19, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Page is protected, 30 Talk archives, talk coming in at 20K daily. A magic wand would be good. I wouldn't want this sort of page protected for more than a week. My general feeling is that edit wars distract from the creation of specialised articles. People should engage. Arguments over prominence and ordering should be secondary to improving content and coverage as a whole. Hive things off, get the smarter folk working on detailed parts of the bigger picture. Charles Matthews 23:02, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

You get my vote. Harrypotter 19:00, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Punishment (a question from AndriyK)
James F. have written in his statement the following:
 * "I strongly believe that the Committee's real purpose is to prevent further damage to the project by taking measures as we see fit, not to mete out some form of 'justice' as punishment of those deemed to have done wrong. Where I have considered banning people, it is not because I think that they "deserve" it in some way, but more that I regretfully doubt that their continued presence is not damaging to the project."

Are you agree with your colleague? If not, please explain you view on the purpose of the Arbitration Committee and the role of punishment.--AndriyK 19:28, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with James. The ArbCom has a primary duty, and that is to protect the good work that goes on daily, in every time zone it seems, of building an awesome encyclopedic resource for all online folk. Our community is actually quite robust, but in the end the ArbCom does have to ban people (which simply means they can no longer edit the English Wikipedia). It can be best for everybody, or just for the thousands of good editors. Anyway punitive considerations are a distraction. Charles Matthews 20:53, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. I'll support you.--AndriyK 07:05, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Concerns over personal attack templates
User:Improv, who is also a candidate for the arbitration committee, has placed the following statement on Village pump (policy):

 * I am concerned about |recent templates surviving AfD that appear to contrast with established policy. In particular, I feel that these templates are Poisoning the well when it comes for how we treat our fellow wikipedians. There are circumstances where knowing too much about one's neighbours politicises how one deals with them. This is, to an extent, unavoidable in society, but wearing signs of hate as badges on our shoulders takes what is a small problem that we can usually deal with into the realm of being damaging to the community. Already, there have been signs of people refusing to help each other because they are on different ends of a political spectrum -- this seems likely to get worse if this trend continues. Some people cry that this is an attack on their first amendment rights (if they're American, anyhow), but that doesn't apply here because Wikipedia is not the U.S. government -- it is a community that has always self-regulated, and more importantly it is an encyclopedia with a goal of producing encyclopedic content. We have a tradition of respecting a certain amount of autonomy on userpages, but never absolute autonomy. We might imagine, for example, templates with little swastikas saying "this user hates jews". I am not saying that such a thing would be morally equivalent to this template against scientology, but rather that we should aim to minimise that aspect of ourselves, at least on Wikipedia, so we can make a better encyclopedia. The spirit of NPOV does not mean that we cannot have strong views and still be wikipedians, but rather that we should not wear signs of our views like badges, strive not to have our views be immediately obvious in what we edit and how we argue, and fully express ourselves in other places (Myspace? Personal webpage?) where it is more appropriate and less divisive.

I am inviting all candidates, including Improv, to expand on this theme on their questions pages. Do you agree that this is a cause for concern as we move into 2006? How do you see the role of the arbitration committee in interpreting the interpretation of Wikipedia policy in the light of this concern? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:29, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I think I might have been spared the interpreting the interpretation of Wikipedia policy in the light of this concern. Yes, there is an issue. But the ArbCom is not legislative, does not set policy, and only polices policy in the sense that when people bring cases the background is policy. I'm putting myself forward as an experienced Wikipedian who understands the editing process and the people issues. Not as someone who has a full policy platform for the English Wikipedia. I would never claim to have all the answers. Charles Matthews 21:22, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the phrase interpretating the interpretation was an unfortunate grammar error. Thanks for your prompt and frank response.  So you don't think that the arbitrators' work involves providing guidance, in the form of statements of principle that guide the interpretation of the fact in a case, on the values and policies of the encyclopedia project?  Suppose you were an arbitrator in a case in which one of the parties proposed the following principle in a workshop, what would be your comment on it?

Wikipedia is an encyclopedia
1) "Our fundamental goal here is to write a comprehensive high quality encyclopedia, and our social rules are in service to this mission." The primary purpose of an encyclopedia is to provide information to its readers. Although Wikipedia has a strong community of editors, it is important to remember that Wikipedia is primarily for its readers, and that the activities of the community must be dedicated to that purpose.

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:
 * As per unanimous decision (8-0) in the recent webcomics case. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:02, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment by others:

I find CM's response to Tony's orginal question a little bit strange: I recall that ArbCom precedents are explicitly regarded as having force. I can understand many ArbCom members wanting to avoid general pronouncements, but to try to claim that ArbCom has nothing to do with making policy seems naive. --- Charles Stewart 22:08, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have twice above given my comments on precedent. I certainly don't think what the ArbCom has done in the past should necessarily be done in the future.

 * Otherwise, I'm getting a little puzzled as to the exact question here. So you don't think that the arbitrators' work involves providing guidance, in the form of statements of principle that guide the interpretation of the fact in a case, on the values and policies of the encyclopedia project? This is about 'WP is an encyclopedia', with a link to Jimbo's talk page about an AfD closure. An ArbCom decision of today. OK, maybe what I think is that such things are mostly like obiter dicta as in a legal case. They may well come up in discussion, and be aired. Elect a new ArbCom and they can't be binding principles on the arbitrators. But I'm still not really comfortable with this. Of course if you want to say 'disruptive behaviour', which is the main remit of the ArbCom, you need to be able to answer 'disrupting what?'

 * Charles Matthews 22:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Sorry if I seem to be giving you a hard time. I voted for you and I think you'll make a fine arbitrator, whatever your answers here. Nevertheless as a participant in this election I would like to know what the candidates think of what another prominent candidate in a conversation with me recently referred to as "the elephant in the room." Partly because such decisions aren't binding on the committee (the committee is supposed to learn through experience) I'd like to be sure I know where incoming members of the committee stand. Whether or not they continue to uphold the principle that the community is subsidiary to the encyclopedia, I'd like them to know what is expected of them, and in turn I'd like to be sure that they're prepared to hold the line and support the encyclopedia, in the pinch, against the community. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:35, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Like I say in my statement, I believe it's mainly about the content. We all probably have nuanced forms of 'mission statement' in mind, but people work together here anyway without signing up to an exact wording. I can assure you that I'm against divisive developments, and for getting the encyclopedia written. Charles Matthews 07:52, 13 January 2006 (UTC)


text:
Palm TX

The Palm TX (written as "Palm T|X" in official documentation ) was a personal digital assistant which was produced by Palm, Inc. It was announced and released as part of Palm's October 2005 product cycle, and was in production until March 2009.

Hardware
Prior to its official announcement, a prototype was photographed with palmOne branding, labeled the "Tungsten XX".

title: Palm TX


text:
Set decorator

The set decorator is the head of the set decoration department in the film and television industry, responsible for selecting, designing, fabricating, and sourcing the "set dressing" elements of each set in a Feature Film, Television, or New Media episode or commercial, in support of the story and characters of the script. The set decorator is responsible for each décor element inside the sets, from practical lighting, technology, art, furniture, drapery, floor coverings, books, collectables, to exterior furnishings such as satellite dishes, Old West water troughs, streetlamps, traffic lights, garden furniture and sculptures.

While the Set Decorator provides all of these elements, the Propmaster provides elements that are handled by the actor. For example: a library is decorated with set dressing such as the furniture, books, desk lamp, blotter, framed photos, personal effects, letter trays, letter opener, papers, paper files. The Propmaster provides the props – the letter the actor is opening and reading, the pen he writes with, and the ink into which he dips his pen.

Detailed description of the role of the set decorator
Set Decorators are Key Department Heads, hired by the Producer, but often recommended by the Production Designer for their creative talent to implement the Production Designer’s vision and the visual interpretation of the script and its characters; and for technical skills and expertise in project management including budgeting, hiring, scheduling and organizing the Set Decoration Department staff.

Working in partnership with the Production Designer, the Director, and the Producer, the Set Decorator researches, budgets, designs and presents set decorating concepts for each set in the script.

Creatively, set dressing elements convey mood, style, time period, location, genre, character, and backstory, and shape the visual imagery of the project. Working with concepts from the Production Designer, approved by the Director/ Producer and Studio, along with drawings and illustrations from the Art Department, the Set Decorator budgets, designs, develops floor plans, sources, builds, schedules and eventually supervises the installation of the set dressing in each set, including industrial equipment, lighting fixtures, graphics, furniture, artwork, drapery, decorative accents, florals, floor coverings, and exterior décor to support the story.

Whether on Feature Films, Television shows, Commercials, Webisodes, or emerging media formats, this work of developing, selecting, and providing the dressing elements of the set is under the direct supervision of the Set Decorator.

The script breakdown
The Set Decorator begins each project by breaking down the script. This entails analyzing all scenes of the project, dividing them into sets, and detailing requirements. Each set has a creative concept behind it, partially described in the script and further developed by the Set Decorator in consultation with the Producer, Director and production designer.

Each set breakdown evolves into a series of lists of set dressing elements, all of which are budgeted, designed built and sourced. The production schedule and production budget delineate how these lists are achieved.

Design skills and education
The visual storytelling vocabulary of a Set Decorator includes history of design, art, architecture & interiors, photography and film, as well as geography, anthropology and psychology. The Decorator is knowledgeable about lighting, technical materials, textiles, mechanics of machinery and technology, paint techniques, construction practices, upholstery and drapery, decorating trends, period details, color theory, and is proficient at spatial furniture layouts for film.

This knowledge combines with strong research, design judgment, cultural understanding, and observation skills to create interior and exterior environments rich in character and style to bring the script to visual life.

Budgeting
The Set Decorator creates a materials budget for the film or episode, and a labor budget based on the production schedule and scope of work. Labor costs are calculated to include overtime, fringes and kit rentals. The budget allows for equipping workshops, expendables, 2nd unit requirements, camera tests, and work performed for the Set Decoration department by other departments and specialty vendors.

Budgeting involves projecting costs for prototypes, and educated guesswork. Set Decorators are familiar with pricing structures for each element and labor required to complete the work within production schedules. Set Decoration budgets may be revised several times in the course of preproduction due to shifting circumstances.

Even after the Producer has approved the Set Decoration budget, the estimate is updated as special requests by the Director, script rewrites, or shifts in schedules bring changes during production. Overseeing creative aspects of Set Decoration while staying within the budget and delivering the sets on time are a key skillsets of the Set Decorator. Producers rely on the accuracy of the Set Decorators budget to ensure that the overall production budget remains within its bounds.

Collaboration
The Set Decorator attends concept production meetings, scouts, safety classes, legal clearance briefings, product placement meetings, and ongoing conferences with the Production Designer, Director, Producers, the Art Department and Accounting.

The Set Decorator maintains communication with fellow Key Department Heads, including the Assistant Director, Director of Photography, Gaffer, Propmaster, Construction Coordinator, Lead Scenic Artist, Location Manager, Costume Designer, Greensman, Special Effects Coordinator, Key Grip, Production Sound Mixer, Visual Effects Producer, and Stunt Coordinator. This ensures a smooth flow of information to fulfill the visual and technical requirements of the production.

The Set Decorator opens every set ensuring that the Director is satisfied, and makes any changes necessary.

Scheduling
The Set Decorator works with his or her staff to develop a schedule of fabricating and procuring the set dressing elements. Working with the Leadperson and Location Manager, the Dress/Strike schedule is developed, dictated by the shooting schedule. This defines the labor budget for the Set Decoration department.

The Set Decorator schedules and supervises the work of the Assistant Set Decorators, Leadperson, Buyers, Budget Tracker, On-Set Dressers, Property Persons, Drapers and Upholsterers, and all inside and outside manufacturers

Staffing
The Set Decorator selects, acquires, and oversees designs and builds for all the set dressing, He or she supervises the Assistant Decorators and Buyers as they source elements, and gives final approval to all choices.

Once the set dressing is prepared, the Leadperson supervises the transportation of all elements to the sets. After delivery to the stage or location, the Set Decorator directs the Set Dressing crew in the decoration of the set, following Safety Guidelines, IATSE Union Contracts and industry past practice. The Leadperson and Dressing crew work as a team within compressed schedules and side by side with Art Direction, Construction, Locations, Paint, Set Lighting, Grip, and Special Effects. Set maintenance plays a large part for long-term sets for many films and TV shows.

The Set Decorator is responsible for budgeting, hiring and managing his/her staff according to the requirements of each production including but not limited to:

 * Leadperson
 * Assistant Set Decorators
 * Set Decoration Buyers
 * Set Dressers / Swing Gang
 * On-Set Dressers
 * Set Decoration Coordinator
 * Drapers/ Upholsterers/ Floor coverers
 * Propshop Personnel for Set Dressing fabrication incl: Cabinetmakers/ Welders/ Painters/ Sculptors/ Moldmakers/ Graphic Artists
 * Outside Vendors include: Technical advisors/ Vehicle builders/ Custom fabricators

Technical knowledge

 * Film and television blocking
 * Camera positions and lenses
 * Set lighting
 * Depth perception
 * Script continuity
 * Production scheduling
 * Research
 * Architectural and Furniture Design History
 * Sourcing
 * Computer skills
 * Visual communication
 * Budgeting
 * Legal clearance parameters
 * Fire codes
 * Safety rules
 * "On Set" practice

Awards, recognition, and professional associations
Set Decorators are eligible to receive the Emmy, BAFTA, Academy Award for Best Production Design, the Set Decorators Society of America's Film and Television Awards, and the British Film Designers Guild Production Design Awards along with the Production Designer,  as well as recognition by the Art Directors Guild Award. In Canada, Set Decorators are eligible to be nominated, alongside Production Designers, for the Canadian Screen Awards.

Set Decorators are represented in North America by the IATSE labor union, under jurisdiction of Local 44 (Los Angeles), Local 52 (New York), and various other regional IATSE locals in the US, Canada, and Puerto Rico. In addition to IATSE in Canada, NABET 700 also represents Set Decorators and crew.

The SDSA – the Set Decorators Society of America – is the organization solely devoted to Set Decoration. The SDSA promotes the highest standards of excellence in the field worldwide, and preserves the legacy of set decoration in motion pictures and television, through its online magazine SETDECOR, INSIDE THE SET interviews, and social media presence. www.setdecorators.org.

title: Set decorator


text: User talk:62.253.219.202

title: User talk:62.253.219.202


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nolehead

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy del: verifiably nonsense. mikka (t) 23:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Nolehead
Hoax. Neither 'Nolehead rodent', 'Nolehead species' nor 'alexia namonia' shows up in the Google test, except that a "nolehead" seems to be something to do with Florida State University football team mascot. Delete. -- The Anome 11:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax.-- Exir  Kamalabadi Esperanza  12:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Achintraid

Achintraid (Achadh na Tràghad) is a small one-time crofting township, situated at the north-eastern end of the sea loch Loch Kishorn, in Strathcarron, Ross-shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

The small hamlet of Ardarroch is located 1/4 mi northwest along the coast road.

title: Achintraid


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Artex

Artex is a surface coating used for interior decorating, most often found on ceilings, which allows the decorator to add a texture to it. The name Artex is a trademark of Artex Ltd., a company based in the United Kingdom. The name is a genericised trademark often used to refer to similar products from other manufacturers. Since 2005, the company has belonged to France's Saint-Gobain group.

Description
Artex differs from plaster in that it was marketed as a material intended to receive a textured finish, thus enabling a ceiling to be finished without plastering skills. It was widely used in Britain in the 1970s, mainly with the familiar stippled and swirled patterns. Artex was also occasionally used on walls.

Artex is still sold, but the textured ceiling finishes are much less popular.

One issue with Artex ceilings is that matching the pattern seamlessly when repairing is impossible. The poor appearance of repaired ceilings harmed its popularity. Furthermore, removal of Artex can be rather difficult.

Health risks
Until 1984, the Artex coating was made with white asbestos (Chrysotile ) to strengthen it. This material is only harmful when in a powder form, such as when being sanded or while drilling holes, and poses no risk while it is undisturbed on ceilings or walls and covered with emulsion paint.

Removing even more modern non-asbestos coatings can expose the operator to hazardous dust particles. Older coatings, containing asbestos, pose a particularly serious hazard. Inhaling microscopic asbestos fibers can cause asbestosis, a fibrosing lung disease; pleural mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining (pleura) of the lung; and peritoneal mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining (peritoneum) of the abdomen. Professional expertise to identify the presence of asbestos is recommended. Only those trained to remove the coating or working with a surface covered with the substance should do so, they should wear effective dust-proof protective clothing and masks, and the area being worked on should be sealed off. Removal of asbestos-containing Artex is covered by the UK's Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012, although in many cases this work falls within exemptions to the licensing requirements and so does not usually require use of a licensed contractor. In cases where the risk is higher, the regulations make it unlawful for a contractor not licensed by the country's Health and Safety Executive to undertake the work.

In the UK, once removed, Artex and any other substance containing asbestos must be disposed of as hazardous waste. If the coating is left alone and coated with paint and undamaged, it may be safe to leave the coating in place and managed in situ by annual inspection.

title: Artex


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Norse mythology/archive2

Norse mythology
This was nominated by user:Satanael. However he did not archive the old one correctly, so I have fixed it for him. (See Old nomination). =Nichalp  «Talk»=  11:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Support conditional on image wrangling : Note, I have tried to copy-edit and help out, especially by widening the story out a bit when it became too focused on a particular Scandinavian nation (e.g. conversion to Christianity was some places peaceful, some places not, some places by leader, some places not, so "more or less by force" is a statement true of some places, not others).  The text looks good, IMO, although the screen does turn a bit blue with all the links. Geogre 01:58, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with nixie that the box is a stumbling rather than starting box at present, but I also can't see that as a reason to object. I worry, personally, that it's at the extreme end of taxoboxes, where we allow the taxobox to act as a stealth portal page, but, again, that's as much as to say, "I don't like it like that."  Such a statement is not a reason to object.  The images don't particularly bother me.  I know that low resolution monitors are still in use, particularly in public libraries around the world and public schools in the US and UK, but, since the rest of the world is making no allowances for these resolutions and wiki pages should not be in tables, I think there is a time to say that image formatting at lowest resolution is unactionable as well.  Geogre 00:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

IComment, I think the topic navagation box is overkill, is there any way more of these could be incorporated into the text- or the table shortened?--nixie 03:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Support as it is now. Much improved article indeed. Filiocht | The kettle's on 11:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * object one of the images as a really long description. Please shorten it. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:08, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. →Raul654 00:41, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The references need to be trimmed (and actually placed under the header "references"). I count 24 separate sources right now, which is wholly unreasonable for such a general article. I don't know what the feeling is on "Further reading", but if that's all most of those books are, then they should at least be labeled apropriately. The information contained can't possibly require that many books. The image layout is just really bad right now and the infobox is not acceptable by any standard. It's merely a "list of..." disguised as a template. Such a creation can't possibly pass as a reasonable demand from any WikiProject. And then there's the Thor image caption... / Peter Isotalo 01:05, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If they have, in fact, been used as references, then they need to be listed as such. There is no limit; cite your sources means all of them, IMHO. Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The references are supposed to be there to make the article easily verifiable, not to be a record of the article authors' reading habits. There is such a thing as over-usage of references. / Peter Isotalo 11:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I have to disagree; not easily verifiable, just verifiable. And it is precisely for this reason that I believe that all works that were used to verify information should be listed. Otherwise, some information may not be verifiable from the references given. If any of the works listed under References were not used by the authors as sources for the information in the article, then they should be removed. However, it is my opinion that all references actually used should be listed, regardless of how many there are. Filiocht | The kettle's on 11:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If all those sources are actually required to reference everything in the article, then I'd like to see them properly attributed with footnotes and/or inline citations. If there are this many references to support a relativly short article (if you remove the reference section itself and the gigantic list-of-links-template, there really isn't all that much material left) then I feel I'm justified to suspect that a lot of content is referenced with more than once source, which is completely uncalled for. / Peter Isotalo 18:58, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak object as I am concerned about setting a precedent for this kind of image crowding. The caption on the Thor image is a place for improvement, can it be shortened significantly?  The drowning image has some editorializing that strikes an odd tone for me.  On a side note, please do not remove any sources that have actually been used as references for the article, but do place any books that duplicate information in a book already refrenced in a "Further reading" section or remove it.  Surely between Davidson and de Vries most of the information in the article can be sourced.  Oh, and that reminds me.  Jan de Vries' middle name is not "de".  He should be listed as "de Vries, Jan".  I'll go fix that.  Jkelly 00:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've sigifnicantly trimmed the Thor caption. Beyond that, I don't really see any issues with image overload. →Raul654 20:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've also fixed the drowning man caption. →Raul654 15:32, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Good images, poorly used.  The image of Thor has a very long caption that should be merged into the text.  The caption for the image should be as short and to the point as possible.  "This is Thor" would be better than what's there, and which causes a huge gap to appear in the text.  The other images aligned neatly on the right give it a static appearance, should be alternated left align, right align.  The runestone image is way too big.  The infobox template is also too big and breaks the text.  There has to be a better way of doing it, but is it even necessary?   I'll look closer at the text when these glaring problems are fixed. Rossrs 00:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. This is still something a mess and I'd prefer to fix the underlying articles before improving the central one. (I'm currently working on Höðr.) As an aside I see nothing wrong with having a lot of works listed as sources and further reading, though maybe they should eventually be split off into a separate article à la Race and intelligence. Personally I think the verifiability objective is something of a chimera and that the most important rôle of those sections is to give the reader an idea of what the standard works in the field are. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 17:43, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak Object My problem with the article is the crowed images and the Topics in Norse mythology box. Other than that I'd say its great. -Haon 22:05, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 *  Expansion : I've checked out the Norwegian and Swedish articles ad I would say that they are pretty good, especially the Swedish one as it has a lot of info that the English one can implement. I suggest we adapt the info from the Swedish article that the English one doesn't have, into the English article. In that way the info will be greatly expanded, and the image and infobox issues won't be as pressing as it is. I'd do it right now if I could, but even though I'm Norwegian I can't read Swedish all that well. So if anyone knows Swedish, please read through both articles and implement the info that the English article doesn't have into the Swedish one. Satanael 11:30, 9 November 2005 (UTC)


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Condition monitoring

Condition monitoring (colloquially, CM) is the process of monitoring a parameter of condition in machinery (vibration, temperature etc.), in order to identify a significant change which is indicative of a developing fault. It is a major component of predictive maintenance. The use of condition monitoring allows maintenance to be scheduled, or other actions to be taken to prevent consequential damages and avoid its consequences. Condition monitoring has a unique benefit in that conditions that would shorten normal lifespan can be addressed before they develop into a major failure. Condition monitoring techniques are normally used on rotating equipment, auxiliary systems and other machinery like belt-driven equipment, (compressors, pumps, electric motors, internal combustion engines, presses), while periodic inspection using non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques and fit for service (FFS) evaluation are used for static plant equipment such as steam boilers, piping and heat exchangers.

Condition monitoring technology
The following list includes the main condition monitoring techniques applied in the industrial and transportation sectors:

 * Condition monitoring overview
 * Vibration analysis and diagnostics
 * Lubricant analysis
 * Acoustic emission
 * Infrared thermography
 * Ultrasound
 * Oil condition sensors
 * Motor condition monitoring and motor current signature analysis (MCSA)
 * Model-based voltage and current systems (MBVI systems)

Most CM technologies are being standardized by ISO and ASTM.

Rotating equipment
Rotating equipment is an industry umbrella term that includes gearboxes, reciprocating and centrifugal machinery.

The most commonly used method for rotating machines is vibration analysis.

Measurements can be taken on machine bearing casings with accelerometers (seismic or piezo-electric transducers) to measure the casing vibrations, and on the vast majority of critical machines, with eddy-current transducers that directly observe the rotating shafts to measure the radial (and axial) displacement of the shaft. The level of vibration can be compared with historical baseline values such as former start ups and shutdowns, and in some cases established standards such as load changes, to assess the severity. Machinery and parts OEM also define vibration limits based on the machine design or of the internal parts, e.g. fault frequencies of bearings.

Interpreting the vibration signal obtained is an elaborate procedure that requires specialized training and experience. It is simplified by the use of state-of-the-art technologies that provide the vast majority of data analysis automatically and provide information instead of raw data. One commonly employed technique is to examine the individual frequencies present in the signal. These frequencies correspond to certain mechanical components (for example, the various pieces that make up a rolling-element bearing) or certain malfunctions (such as shaft unbalance or misalignment). By examining these frequencies and their harmonics, the CM specialist can often identify the location and type of problem, and sometimes the root cause as well. For example, high vibration at the frequency corresponding to the speed of rotation is most often due to residual imbalance and is corrected by balancing the machine. A degrading rolling-element bearing, on the other hand, will usually exhibit vibration signals at specific frequencies increasing in intensity as it wears. Special analysis instruments can detect this wear weeks or even months before failure, giving ample warning to schedule replacement before a failure which could cause a much longer down-time. Beside all sensors and data analysis it is important to keep in mind that more than 80% of all complex mechanical equipment fail accidentally and without any relation to their life-cycle period.

Most vibration analysis instruments today utilize a fast Fourier transform (FFT) which is a special case of the generalized discrete Fourier transform and converts the vibration signal from its time domain representation to its equivalent frequency domain representation. However, frequency analysis (sometimes called Spectral Analysis or Vibration Signature Analysis) is only one aspect of interpreting the information contained in a vibration signal. Frequency analysis tends to be most useful on machines that employ rolling element bearings and whose main failure modes tend to be the degradation of those bearings, which typically exhibit an increase in characteristic frequencies associated with the bearing geometries and constructions. Depending on the type of machine, its typical malfunctions, the bearing types employed, rotational speeds, and other factors, the CM specialist may use additional diagnostic tools, such as examination of the time domain signal, the phase relationship between vibration components and a timing mark on the machine shaft (often known as a keyphasor), historical trends of vibration levels, the shape of vibration, and numerous other aspects of the signal along with other information from the process such as load, bearing temperatures, flow rates, valve positions and pressures to provide an accurate diagnosis. This is particularly true of machines that use fluid bearings rather than rolling-element bearings. To enable them to look at this data in a more simplified form vibration analysts or machinery diagnostic engineers have adopted a number of mathematical plots to show machine problems and running characteristics, these plots include the bode plot, the waterfall plot, the polar plot and the orbit time base plot amongst others.

Handheld data collectors and analyzers are now commonplace on non-critical or balance of plant machines on which permanent on-line vibration instrumentation cannot be economically justified. The technician can collect data samples from a number of machines, then download the data into a computer where the analyst (and sometimes artificial intelligence) can examine the data for changes indicative of malfunctions and impending failures. For larger, more critical machines where safety implications, production interruptions (so-called "downtime"), replacement parts, and other costs of failure can be appreciable (determined by the criticality index), a permanent monitoring system is typically employed rather than relying on periodic handheld data collection. However, the diagnostic methods and tools available from either approach are generally the same.

Recently also on-line condition monitoring systems have been applied to heavy process industries such as water, steel, oil & gas, pulp & paper, mining, petrochemical and wind power generation.

Performance monitoring is a less well-known condition monitoring technique. It can be applied to rotating machinery such as pumps and turbines, as well as stationary items such as boilers and heat exchangers. Measurements are required of physical quantities: temperature, pressure, flow, speed, displacement, according to the plant item. Absolute accuracy is rarely necessary, but repeatable data is needed. Calibrated test instruments are usually needed, but some success has been achieved in plant with DCS (Distributed Control Systems). Performance analysis is often closely related to energy efficiency, and therefore has long been applied in steam power generation plants. In some cases, it is possible to calculate the optimum time for overhaul to restore degraded performance.

Model-based voltage and current systems (MBVI systems): This is a technique that makes use of the information available from the current and voltage signals across all three phases simultaneously. Model-based systems are able to identify many of the same phenomena also seen by more conventional techniques, covering electrical, mechanical, and operational areas. Model-based systems work on the lines shown in Figure 6 below and measure both current and voltage while the motor is in operation and then automatically creates a mathematical model of the relationship between current and voltage. By applying this model to the measured voltage, a modelled current is calculated and this is compared with the actual measured current. Deviations between the measured current and the modelled current represent imperfections in the motor and driven equipment system, which can be analysed using a combination of Park's vector to simplify the three-phase currents into two orthogonal phases (D&Q), Fourier analysis to give a power spectral density plot, and algorithmic assessment of the resulting spectrum to identify specific faults or failure modes. These systems are designed for permanent installation as a condition monitoring solution rather than as a short-term diagnostic measurement device, and their outputs can be integrated into normal plant systems. Being permanently connected, historic trends are automatically captured.

The sort of output that these types of device can create include single screen, traffic light displays of the overall equipment operation, together with diagnosis of a range of mechanical, electrical, and operational problems, and trend plots showing how these parameters are changing through time. The concept of this type of device is that it can be used by normal plant operators and maintainers without the need for specialist interpretation of spectra, although the underlying spectral plots are available if required. The sort of faults that can be detected include a range of mechanical problems such as imbalance, misalignment, and bearing problems in the motor and driven equipment, as well as electrical problems including insulation breakdown, loose stator windings, rotor slot problems, current or voltage imbalance, and harmonic distortion. Because these systems measure both current and voltage, they also monitor power and are able to identify problems caused by unusual operating conditions and identify causes of lost efficiency. Because model-based systems only examine the difference between actual and predicted currents, they effectively filter out all the normal electrical signals that are so apparent in conventional Motor Current Spectral Analysis (MCSA), leaving a much simpler set of signals to be analysed. Because these systems are based on the relationship between voltage and current, they deal well with inverter driven systems where the input voltage may be of a variable frequency and there may be a noisy waveform high in harmonic components. Model-based systems effectively filter out all this noise in the voltage signal from the resulting current signal, leaving just the underlying imperfections. This ease of use and low cost of this type of equipment makes it appropriate for lower cost, lower criticality equipment.

Other techniques

 * Often visual inspections are considered to form an underlying component of condition monitoring, however this is only true if the inspection results can be measured or critiqued against a documented set of guidelines. For these inspections to be considered condition monitoring, the results and the conditions at the time of observation must be collated to allow for comparative analysis against the previous and future measurements. The act of simply visually inspecting a section of pipework for the presence of cracks or leaks cannot be considered condition monitoring unless quantifiable parameters exist to support the inspection and a relative comparison is made against previous inspections. An act performed in isolation to previous inspections is considered a Condition Assessment, Condition Monitoring activities require that analysis is made comparative to previous data and reports the trending of that comparison.
 * Slight temperature variations across a surface can be discovered with visual inspection and non-destructive testing with thermography.  Heat is indicative of failing components, especially degrading electrical contacts and terminations.  Thermography can also be successfully applied to high-speed bearings, fluid couplings, conveyor rollers, and storage tank internal build-up.
 * A scanning electron microscope can take an image of a carefully taken sample of debris suspended in lubricating oil (taken from filters or magnetic chip detectors). Instruments then reveal the elements contained, their proportions, size and morphology.  Using this method, the site, the mechanical failure mechanism and the time to eventual failure may be determined.  This is called WDA – Wear Debris Analysis.
 * Spectrographic oil analysis that tests the chemical composition of the oil can be used to predict failure modes. For example, a high silicon and aluminium content indicates contamination of dirt or grit (aluminium silicates) etc., and high iron levels indicate wearing components.  Individually, elements give fair indications, but when used together they can very accurately determine failure modes e.g. for internal combustion engines, the presence of iron (liner), aluminium (piston) and chrome (rings) would indicate upper cylinder wear.
 * Ultrasound can be used for high-speed and slow-speed mechanical applications and for high-pressure fluid situations. Digital ultrasonic meters measure high frequency signals from bearings and display the result as a dBuV (decibels per microvolt) value. This value is trended over time and used to predict increases in friction, rubbing, impacting, and other bearing defects. The dBuV value is also used to predict proper intervals for re-lubrication. Ultrasound monitoring, if done properly, proves out to be a great companion technology for vibration analysis.
 * Headphones allow humans to listen to ultrasound as well. A high pitched 'buzzing sound' in bearings indicates flaws in the contact surfaces, and when partial blockages occur in high pressure fluids the orifice will cause a large amount of ultrasonic noise. Ultrasound is used in the Shock Pulse Method of condition monitoring.

 * Performance analysis, where the physical efficiency, performance, or condition is found by comparing actual parameters against an ideal model.  Deterioration is typically the cause of difference in the readings. After motors, centrifugal pumps are arguably the most common machines. Condition monitoring by a simple head-flow test near duty point using repeatable measurements has long been used but could be more widely adopted. An extension of this method can be used to calculate the best time to overhaul a pump based on balancing the cost of overhaul against the increasing energy consumption that occurs as a pump wears. Aviation gas turbines are also commonly monitored using performance analysis techniques with the original equipment manufacturers such as Rolls-Royce plc routinely monitoring whole fleets of aircraft engines under Long Term Service Agreements (LTSAs) or Total Care packages.
 * Wear Debris Detection Sensors are capable of detecting ferrous and non-ferrous wear particles within the lubrication oil giving considerable information about the condition of the measured machinery. By creating and monitoring a trend of what debris is being generated it is possible to detect faults prior to catastrophic failure of rotating equipment such as gearbox's, turbines, etc.

The Criticality Index
The Criticality Index is often used to determine the degree on condition monitoring on a given machine taking into account the machines purpose, redundancy (i.e. if the machine fails, is there a standby machine which can take over), cost of repair, downtime impacts, health, safety and environment issues and a number of other key factors. The criticality index puts all machines into one of three categories:
 * 1) Critical machinery – Machines that are vital to the plant or process and without which the plant or process cannot function. Machines in this category include the steam or gas turbines in a power plant, crude oil export pumps on an oil rig or the cracker in an oil refinery. With critical machinery being at the heart of the process it is seen to require full on-line condition monitoring to continually record as much data from the machine as possible regardless of cost and is often specified by the plant insurance. Measurements such as loads, pressures, temperatures, casing vibration and displacement, shaft axial and radial displacement, speed and differential expansion are taken where possible. These values are often fed back into a machinery management software package which is capable of trending the historical data and providing the operators with information such as performance data and even predict faults and provide diagnosis of failures before they happen.
 * 2) Essential machinery – Units that are a key part of the process, but if there is a failure, the process still continues. Redundant units (if available) fall into this realm.  Testing and control of these units is also essential to maintain alternative plans should critical machinery fail.
 * 3) General purpose or balance of plant machines – These are the machines that make up the remainder of the plant and normally monitored using a handheld data collector as mentioned previously to periodically create a picture of the health of the machine.

title: Condition monitoring