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A421 road

The A421 is an important road for east/west journeys across south central England. Together with the A428, the A43 and A34, it forms the route from Cambridge through Milton Keynes to Oxford. The section between the A1 (near St Neots) and the A5 (in Milton Keynes) is a national primary route.

Route
The road begins at the A1, just south of St Neots (and the junction with the A428 from Cambridge), at the Black Cat Roundabout. The road bypasses both Great Barford and Bedford to the south to reach the M1 at junction 13. From there, it swings up through the southern part of Milton Keynes, doubling as the local grid road H8 Standing Way. During this time it crosses the A5 (and connects to it via a short spur which is part of the V6 Grafton Street).

Continuing westwards, as the route approaches Buckingham the road passes close by to the 14th century Thornborough Bridge, the only surviving mediaeval bridge in Buckinghamshire which was bypassed by the new bridge in 1974. Close to here, it then forms the Buckingham by-pass before joining the A43 (Northampton — M40 junction 10) near Brackley. (On crossing the A43, the route due westward becomes the B4031 through Croughton, Aynho and Deddington to join the A361 to Chipping Norton).

The section from the A1 to the M1 is dual carriageway and fully grade-separated, with the section between Bedford and the M1 completed in December 2010, winning the British Construction Industry Award in 2011.

As of October 2020, the section from junction 13 of the M1 to the south-western flank of Milton Keynes is a dual carriageway. Upon leaving Milton Keynes, the section of road to the A43 is a single carriageway, with the exception of the bypass around Tingewick.

M1 Junction 13 to Milton Keynes
In conjunction with the M1 widening schemes and dualling of the A421 between M1 Junction 13 and the A1 near St Neots (see above), proposals were made to widen the A421 between the M1 junction 13 in Bedfordshire and the Kingston roundabout in Milton Keynes. Exhibitions were held in June 2005 which rejected proposals to re-route the road in favour of widening the current road. In 2005 the project was given an estimated total cost of £33 million.

Funding of £23.5 million was confirmed by the government for these works, as part of the South East Midlands Local Enterprise Partnership "Local Growth Deal". As part of the government's pinch point reduction programme, in 2014 work commenced on the A421 in Milton Keynes to improve the Kingston roundabout, and dual the section from it to (near) the Bedfordshire border, with the construction of two new roundabouts on the route. The road corridor includes a separate cycleway.

The upgrade work for this final phase of the plan, the section running from junction 13 to Eagle Farm roundabout, started in September 2018 and was completed in December 2020.

A1–M11/A14 link
In the "Road investment strategy" announced to Parliament by the Department for Transport and Secretary of State for Transport on 1 December 2014, planning would begin to dual the section between the A1 and the A1198 at Caxton Gibbet. The announcement said that the A1/A421 Black Cat Roundabout would be replaced with a grade-separated junction, just a few years after this roundabout was expensively upgraded. The link would provide an uninterrupted dual carriageway route between the M1 (at Junction 13) and the M11/A14 (at Junction 14 and 31) near Cambridge.

In September 2021, National Highways announced that this new section of dual carriageway will be designated A421. The announcement does not say whether the section between the A1198 and the A14/M11 junction will also be renumbered, which would create a single designation for the entire route between these junctions.

Oxford to Cambridge Expressway
The Oxford to Cambridge Expressway was a proposed grade-separated dual carriageway between the A34 near Oxford and the A14 near Cambridge, via (or near) Milton Keynes. The proposal aimed to establish this route by linking existing roads and building new ones. The case for its creation was examined in a Strategic Study for the Cambridge – Milton Keynes – Oxford corridor, published by National Infrastructure Commission in November 2016. The NIC saw the road as being of national strategic importance by providing an outer orbital route around London, linking Southampton, the M3, M4, M40, M1, A1, A14/M11 and Felixstowe. Had this plan been realised, it would have replaced the current congested single carriageway road between West Bletchley and the A43.

In March 2021, Transport Secretary Grant Shapps cancelled the plan, citing analysis that showed that its costs would exceed its benefits.

Five seconds of fame
The A421 Tingewick bypass has a minor claim to fame as the location of the then fastest speeding incident ever recorded by British police, in March 2003. Andrew Osborne, 31, of Leamington Spa, was filmed by a mobile speed camera while travelling at 157 mph on a motorcycle. His friend Neil Bolger, 30, of Gaydon, was clocked at 148 mph. Both were convicted of dangerous driving, imprisoned for 28 days and banned from driving for two years (with a compulsory re-test).

Blind driver
Blind Martine Brooks drove along the newly constructed A421 Great Barford Bypass (From the A1 Black Cat Roundabout to Bedford) and back to raise money for charity. The drive took place two days before the official road opening, and she was accompanied by Frank Branston (Mayor of Bedford), Steve Clarke (Teacher and Navigator), and Denise Hubbard (Driving Instructor and Car Owner).

She reached a speed of 65 mph before doing a flawless three point turn, and returning to the A1.

title: A421 road


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Bakauke

Bakauke (ばかうけ) is a Japanese snack food. It is a thin banana-shaped senbei with various flavours added. It is manufactured by Kuriyama Beika (栗山米菓) of Niigata Prefecture.

The word bakauke in the Niigata dialect of Japanese colloquially means "extremely well received". The characters who appear on the packets are Borin and Barin, who are boyfriend and girlfriend.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bakauke


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Toledo Harbor Light

The Toledo Harbor Lighthouse is a lighthouse in Lake Erie near Toledo, Ohio, in the United States. The light replaced the 1837 lighthouse on Turtle Island at the mouth of the Maumee River. It is an active aid to navigation.

The lighthouse is built on a 20-foot-deep (6 m) stone crib, 8.4 mi from the mouth of the Maumee River, marking the entrance to the Toledo harbor. It sits about 7 mi north of Maumee Bay State Park.

The need for a lighthouse became apparent after the shipping channel was widened and deepened in 1897 and shipping traffic increased. Construction began in 1901 when the United States Army Corps of Engineers sunk a large crib, filled it with stone, and then topped the portion above water with a concrete base to create an artificial island.

Crib construction had been perfected on the Great Lakes on such earlier lights as White Shoal Light, Stannard Rock Light, and Rock of Ages Light, which was developed by Engineer Col. Orlando M. Poe.

The tip of the lantern vent is 85 ft high above the lake. It has a three-story dwelling and is brick with a steel frame. Its Romanesque style is unique among Great Lakes lighthouses. Built for $152,000, almost as much as Spectacle Reef Light, the most expensive lighthouse on the Great Lakes. The Toledo light was first illuminated on May 23, 1904, by a 3½-order Fresnel lens that featured a 180-degree bull's-eye, two smaller 60-degree bull's-eyes and a ruby-red half cylinder glass made in Paris by Barbier and Bernard.

The engineers next put steel frames in place, providing stability for a three-story brick lighthouse and an attached one-story fog signal building. The dwelling was signed to accommodate one lighthouse keeper and two assistants. It rises 69 ft. A cylindrical tower has a diameter of 13 feet, upward from the center of the dwelling roof. The lantern room measures 8.5 ft in diameter. Helical bars support the glass panes in the onion-domed topped lantern room. The lantern room originally housed an unusual 3 ½-order Fresnel lens manufactured by Barbier & Benard of Paris. The lens featured a 180-degree bull's-eye, two smaller 60-degree bull's-eyes, and a ruby-red half cylinder of glass, and when revolved produced two white flashes followed by a single red flash. A suspended weight was used to rotate the lens, which first sent forth its penetrating beams of light on the night of May 23, 1904.

By 1966, human keepers were replaced by an electric motors to rotate the lens. The lighthouse was fortified to protect it from vandalism in the absence of lighthouse keepers. One part of the security system was fully uniformed mannequin placed in an upper window. His manner or dress, facial hair and wigs was varied. This gave rise to an urban legend that the facility was haunted and the figure beckoning. It has been reported that the mannequin became "part of the Coast Guard's tradition" so new Toledo-stationed officers stationed sign its shirt as an initiation ritual.

Toledo Harbor Lighthouse is still an active aid to navigation. The federal government maintained ownership of the site until 2006, and the US Coast Guard still maintains the navigational light. The Toledo Harbor Lighthouse Society, with help from Duket Architects, filed an application to own the lighthouse on September 20, 2005. On October 5, 2006, the Secretary of the Interior approved the Toledo Harbor Lighthouse Preservation Society application for ownership. The lighthouse is open to the public for special events. In the late 1990s, the original Fresnel lens was removed and eventually placed on display at the COSI museum in Toledo. In its place is a 300 mm, fed by solar cells. Twice a year, U.S. Coast Guardsmen visit the lighthouse to clean and service the lens, solar panel and backup batteries.

In 1965, the light was automated by the U.S. Coast Guard and powered by solar cells. To deter vandalism, a uniformed mannequin officer was placed in the window and the boat basin removed.

As part of the commemoration of the light's centennial, the Toledo Harbor Lighthouse Society was formed in 2003 as a nonprofit organization to document the history of the lighthouse, preserve the lighthouse and to provide public access. The Toledo Harbor Lighthouse Preservation Society was formed to work for restoration of the lighthouse. Restoration will cost approximately $1.5 million. A grant was awarded in 2010 for windows, doors, shutters and tucking the brick. A 'My Lighthouse Window' capital campaign for the $138,000 match is underway. The infrastructure will include solar, a marine waste water system and a gray water treatment process. Potable water will be boated in. When the restoration is complete, four 'keepers' will stay at the lighthouse to schedule visits to tour the lighthouse.

The light's unique form made it the subject of artwork, including paintings.

In 2008, the Fresnel lens was relocated to Quilter Lodge in Maumee Bay State Park, which is within sight of the Toledo Harbor Lighthouse on clear days. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Reference #83002005, name of Listing: TOLEDO HARBOR LIGHT (U.S. COAST GUARD/GREAT LAKES TR). It is not on the state list.

title: Toledo Harbor Light


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Shara

Shara may refer to:
 * Shara District, an administrative subdivision of Iran
 * Shara, Leh, a village in Jammu and Kashmir, India
 * Šar Mountains (Shar Mountains), colloquially Šara (Shara), Balkans
 * Shara (god), son of Inanna and brother of Lulal in Sumerian mythology
 * Shara (name), female given name
 * Shara (film), a 2003 Japanese film also known as Sharasojyu
 * Shara (The Wheel of Time), a fictional region in Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time series

title: Shara


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Talk:William Rees Rush

Source: DANFS. Last sentence on his wife and their being buried at Arlington comes from elsewhere. Lupo 14:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Rees Rush


text:
User:PeterGrecian/Rolls-Royce Aircraft Piston Engines

Rolls Royce aircraft piston engines were produced in the first half of the 20th century.

Introduction.

serial number convensions
general

Mass Produced engines
evolution of engines through

Kestrel Falcon Hawk Condor

Peregrine Vulture

Merlin Griffon

compare and contrast tables

Race Engines
R, Buzzard

Research Engines
Eagle 16 - early X ? Eagle 22 Exe -sleve valve air cooled X Pennine Crecy Vulture


text: Talk:Noarlunga Centre railway station

title: Talk:Noarlunga Centre railway station


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Talk:Thrilla in Manila

Frazier Photograph
This article has two images of Ali but no pictures of Frazier. There's a lot of new images popping up of Frazier both recently and around the time that he fought Ali, unfortunately nothing comparable in commons. If someone knows where there are free images of Frazier, they should be added to both commons and this article. Scifipete (talk) 23:10, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Disappointment
I find it a bit disappointing that for a fight that many consider to be the best boxing match of the past century, very little is written about it.

There is a good account of the entire history and build-up of this fight over at www.boxingscene.com.

Link is here: http://www.boxingscene.com/?m=show&id=2105

With the continuation here: http://www.boxingscene.com/index.php?m=show&id=2086

Perhaps we could find a way to contact the writer and have his work used as a good source for a future revision for the "Thrilla in Manila" entry? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.1.146.100 (talk • contribs)

 * If you're writing a proper Wikipedia article, you should be using just the facts, which do not require permission to repeat (just proof that they're facts). If you incorporate opinion from an article, however, that should be indicated as such and properly cited. Go for it! 98.232.58.2 (talk) 19:21, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

I changed a lot
A changed about the whole article, including the actual fight in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Transkar (talk • contribs)

Citations Needed
"Ali, however, did not train as hard as he usually did for fights because he thought Frazier was washed up" "He claimed that this was the closest to dying he has ever been" Both of these can be found in Ali's autobiography, or in numerous documentaries made about Ali.-2/5/07 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.244.187.203 (talk • contribs)

Personal feelings distorting facts
Is it me or is this article Frazier-biased a bit much?

You might as well call him a hero. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.32.71.149 (talk) 07:00, 3 April 2007 (UTC).

Calling this Fraizer-biased is an understatement.

ULTRA Frazier-biased!!! In reality, Ali beat the living snot out of Frazier! His face was totally unrecognizable after that fight!

 * And Frazier beat the snot out of Ali right back. Or why do you think Ali kept saying about the fight "This must be what dying feels like, this is the closest to death I've ever been"? And folks, I'm both a big boxing fan and an Ali fan, and the article is based entirely on solid facts. Also, why does everyone keep saying it's Frazier biased? Essentially what the article says is that Ali barely trained and didn't take the fight seriously while Frazier trained and fought like a madman and Ali still beat him. How exactly is that pro-Frazier? Wandering Man

While everything in this article may be accurate, it may include an excess of facts that portray Fraizer in an admirable light while witholding as much information that may do the same for Ali.

If the Frazier bias stems from the cited ESPN article, then that should be said in the text. Much of it seems like personal opinion. The misuse of commas in many of the pro-Frazier sections seems to hint that it was all written by one person (who needs to learn how to punctuate). 67.85.195.225 (talk) 04:13, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

The reality is that, overall, experts view the fighters as about even in points. A number think the fight should have been a draw. Frazier looked terrible but Ali's injuries were internal and he never really recovered from the fight. His fight physician advised Ali that he ought to never fight again, advice which Ali ignored. Source: Documentary, Thrilla in Manila. the.Duke.of.URL

 * Not only is the Pre-fight section not even close to NPOV (if only the facts explicitly applicable to this fight were included, this problem would be solved), it's almost entirely uncited. If anyone wishes to keep it the way it is, the LEAST they should do is include strong cites. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.232.58.2 (talk) 18:41, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

The.Duke.of.URL - I'm sorry but the Thrilla in Manila documentary is not a legitimate source.I am a huge boxing fan but you need not be one to smell a hatchet job and for the most part it was one.The fight was not a draw and nor should it have been one.Ali was ahead on all judges scorecards and that is a fact,Frazier's corner called it quits which means the fight is over even had Frazier been ahead on the scorecards.As for Ali and Frazier being equal in terms of their accomplishments in the ring this again isn't debatable I'm afraid - Ali and Frazier fought three times,Ali won two of the three bouts.Ali beat George Foreman and Foreman trounced Frazier twice.Ali just has the much better resume which is why he is generally regarded as the greatest heavyweight of all time  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Callingdogsofthunder (talk • contribs) 08:17, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Ali's supporters can talk about how he had more wins, a longer career, beat better fighters and whatever else compared to Frazier.

But you know what ?

In the biggest fight of Ali's career (the 'Fight Of The Century'; the first time 2 undefeated heavyweight champions had met in the ring) he was thoroughly beaten -- and knocked flat on his back -- by Joe Frazier.

That's a fact.

In fact under modern scoring Frazier's win would have been even more emphatic as he had 2 10-8 rounds and many present day referees would have stopped it in the 11th round when Ali was taking heavy punishment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.178.27.192 (talk) 22:10, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Date of fight
When did the fight take place? The article says "October 1, 10:45 a.m.". I assume this means Manila time (UTC+8). Why does the poster say "September 30"? Does it refer to an American timezone? (19:45 = 7:45 p.m. Eastern Time, 16:45=4.45 p.m Pacific) --The very model of a minor general 18:07, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Ali photo
The post-retirement photo of Ali seems to really stick out in the article, and has nothing to do with what is being discussed. It should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SergeantLuke (talk • contribs) 04:08, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Cataract?
I don't believe for 1 second that the WBx would have allowed Frazier to fight with a Cataract !! This is all stuff that came from Joe himself in recent times to make excuses for the result. Can anyone give a contemporary 1975 source for this cataract claim ?? There is also similar BS in the Joe Frazier section, where Joe said he had been partially sighted in his left eye since 1965, all of it nonsense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.25.180.26 (talk) 07:54, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

State boxing commissions sanction fights. It is their physicians who do the examinations. They have a financial incentive to allow fighters to enter the ring even if they have severe maladies just so long as the fighter provides a marketable attraction for events to be held in that state. What is more, the commissions are run and populated by hacks who are given patronage jobs. During the Pataki Administration's tenure in NY, Floyd Patterson held the top post while suffering a severe case of dementia. The dynamic of a race to the bottom is also prevalent- the idea being "if we don't sanction it, someone else will." Frazier's recounting of the eye chart tests he received in his autobiography are compelling as well. I suggest that any skeptic should read his account. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LawrenceJayM (talk • contribs) 23:44, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

If Cleveland Williams was permitted to fight Ali in 1966 with a shriveled leg, 10ft of small intestine missing and kidney damage (he'd been shot at point blank range by a cop a year before) then they'd probably let a cataract pass! In any event, only Frazier and his close aides knew about the injury. He didn't have the cataract removed until 1975, and had his final fight with George Foreman wearing contact lenses. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.180.188.5 (talk) 19:13, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

When discussing the pre-fight mood, it talks about Al's camp being jovial and one reason listed for this is the relative ease that Ali beat Frazier in their second fight. This statement is absolutely wrong. That second fight was very close and Ali won it by split decision. I personally watched the fight and I thought Frazier won it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.151.69.224 (talk) 19:36, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Nosense, it was a unanimous decision, ALL the judges and referee agreed, even if you do not. If you happen to be an accredited WBA or WBC boxing judge who was at ringside that night, please show your credentials. Otherwise, silence is golden. 203.160.80.240 (talk) 07:00, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Πόσοι εδώ κάνουν καλές φίφες; ΌΛΟΙ. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.73.218.80 (talk) 00:08, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Poster
Does anyone know what the right poster was? The one that was used on the fight itself? There are several pics in the internet I dunno which one was the right one. – H T  D  18:12, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Pro-Ali bias in article
This article is extremely biased towards Ali. I am extremely neutral on this subject and came here to change one small sentence I saw, wherein the writer (not a good one, because of his hyperbole) used extremely colorful speech to describe the actual fight. Saying things such as, "Ali threw a blistering combination" and "sent Frazier's mouthpiece FLYING into the crowd." Now, I can understand trying to make it sound fun -- that's understandable -- but to literally lie about something is very, very unethical on an encyclopedia. The mouth-guard never flew into the audience or anything similar. The mouth-gard was simply knocked out of Frazier's mouth and most likely landed, literally, no more than five feet from him (on the canvas). So, again, I don't even have the time to fully edit this article, but I did edit that one exaggerated sentence. I'm not a boxing fan at all, but recently watched this particular fight and disagree with a lot that was said about it here. If you're going to edit an article, do it honorably. People saying Frazier's face was unrecognizable are lying. I watched the fight and recognized him very well immediately after the fight. People who say he was blind during the 14th round were lying, you can see his eyes swollen, but not fully closed, during the fight. People saying Ali collapsed for blank period of time right after the 14th round -- not true. He was even able to give a very well-spoken interview right after the fight. He was clearly still energized (as well as Frazier). That's all. LogicalCreator (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 23:43, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

Article may well be biased towards Ali, but Frazier's mouthpiece was sent flying out of the ring in the 13th round, and it gave Ali the impetus to unleash a furious attack on Frazier because he became convinced that he could knock him out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LawrenceJayM (talk • contribs) 23:47, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I noticed quite a bit informal wording in the article, and removed it, but overall, the greater problem is that much of the article's material contains no citations. (See below). Nightscream (talk) 02:53, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Uncited material in need of citations
I fact-tagged the following material over a month ago, in the hopes that someone would add appropriate citations. That has not happened, so I'm moving here until citations can be added.

Background
When Ali was stripped of the title in 1967 over his refusal to join the armed forces when drafted during the Vietnam War, Frazier had petitioned President Nixon to restore Ali's right to box and even lent Ali money. When Ali finally got his license back, they first met in the bout promoters called The Fight of the Century, marking the first time that two undefeated heavyweight champions had met in the ring. The mutual enmity emerged in the build up to the fight, when Ali turned on Frazier, describing him as an "Uncle Tom", and a "white man's champion". Frazier in turn riled Ali by referring to him by his birth name, Clay. The fight itself was a classic. Frazier won by unanimous decision in a fast-paced, brutal 15 round bout, with Smokin' Joe scoring the fight's (and the trilogy's) only knockdown at the beginning of the final round.

Afterwards the pair continued to trade insults, but by the time they met in 1974 for a rematch, neither was champion; Frazier had lost his title to George Foreman and Ali had recently been beaten by Ken Norton. In a promotional appearance before their second fight, the two had an infamous brawl in a TV studio while being interviewed by Howard Cosell. The rematch itself was a boring, poorly refereed affair. In the 2nd round, Ali stung Frazier with a hard right hand, which backed him up. Referee Tony Peres inexplicably stepped in between the fighters, signifying the end of the round, even though there were about 25 seconds left, giving Frazier precious time to regain his bearings and continue fighting. Peres also utterly failed to contain Ali's tactic of illegally holding and pulling down his opponent's neck in the clinches - which helped Ali to smother Frazier, and gain him the decision. This became a major issue in selecting the referee for the Manila bout.

In September 1975, Muhammad Ali, having regained his title with a stunning knockout of George Foreman the prior year, thought a third fight with Frazier at this stage would represent an easy payday against a big-name challenger who would be unable to live up to his billing in the ring.

Pre-fight promotions and training
The training methods of the two fighters illustrated the contrast between the two men. In Ali's camp, the learned preparations of a brilliant champion and his legendary trainer, Angelo Dundee, ran concurrently with the famed "Ali Circus" which consisted of a king-sized entourage of friends, hangers-on, and anyone who caught Ali's fancy and wanted to join in the fun. All of this was business as usual for the champion, and claims that he did not prepare for the fight are belied by the herculean effort Ali was able to deliver in the ring, as well as the pre-fight observations of legendary boxing writer A.J. Liebling, who covered the match for The Washington Post. Despite carrying a small layer of excess fat, in training sessions, Ali moved well, and his punches from both hands were sharp, showing both crispness and accuracy.

Don King, amused by the gesture, agreed to hold the fight at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City. Produced by King and broadcast to many countries worldwide with HBO's antenna, The Thrilla in Manila had a tremendous media following.

Fight
At 10:45 am, with a morning fight to coincide with international TV audiences, the bell for Round 1 rang. Ali had previously told his trainers that he was going to "put a whuppin on Joe Frazier, and his aggression at the start of the fight seemed to bear this out. Frazier was known for starting fights slowly, and Ali came out looking to use that to his advantage. Ali won the early rounds, largely remaining flat footed in place of his familiar dancing style and unleashed flurries of combinations on Frazier. Frazier was hurt a number of times by Ali's onslaught, including being backed up by Ali several times in the first two rounds. However, to the amazement of Ali and many watching, Frazier continued to come forward, intent on punishing Ali's body at close range despite having to take more and more of the withering punishment Ali was dishing out. According to Pacheco, Ali, who wanted to make it a short fight, grew so frustrated with Frazier's refusal to go down or stop coming forward that he screamed "You stupid chump, you!" at Frazier in the fourth round.

By the fourth round Ali began to tire from all the energy he had expended in the searing heat and Frazier turned up his own offense and began punishing Ali to the body and the head with his trademark hooks. By the sixth round, Frazier had staggered him in turn and seemed to be gaining control of the bout. At the beginning of the seventh round, Ali reportedly whispered in Frazier's ear, "Joe, they told me you was all washed up" Frazier growled back, "They told you wrong, pretty boy."

Frazier seemed to dominate the middle rounds. Ali tried to fend Frazier off with occasional furious flurries of punches, spurts of manic activity, and even unsuccessfully tried to use the rope-a-dope technique that had defeated George Foreman nearly a year earlier, but it was all negated by Frazier's relentless assault and power. Ali's camp seemed to have overlooked the fact that Frazier's smothering fighting style, which employed great numbers of left hooks, was in many ways, the perfect foil for Ali. Between the heat inside the stadium, Frazier's assault and his own nonchalant training, it began to seem that Ali would lose.

Finally, in the tenth round, Frazier began to slow down and tire, and Ali slowly turned the tide. In the 11th round he used his speed to dance more, and to unload a series of fast combinations on Frazier, which severely bruised his face by the end of the round, swelling Frazier's eyes to the point that nothing but a tiny slit remained open. Throughout round 12 Ali continued to turn the momentum, increasingly overwhelming Frazier, and using the fact that Frazier could no longer see Ali's right hand coming to hit Frazier with one hard right after another. About a minute into Round 13, Ali landed another combination on Frazier, knocking Frazier's mouth-guard out of his mouth and onto the canvas. During the next two minutes Ali relentlessly kept after Frazier, the mouthguard not being replaced until the bell, hitting Frazier with hard combinations when Frazier wasn't throwing punches, and when Frazier did throw, Ali used the openings left to inflict yet more damage. Frazier's mouth was badly cut by the end of this round.

In round 14, Frazier was almost blind as he stepped in, and was met once more with punishing blows from Ali. With the punishment from Ali closing his right eye, Frazier was effectively fighting blind in the last rounds of the fight. By the 14th round Frazier was virtually helpless, and although Ali was desperately tired and hurting, he was able to summon the energy once again to give Frazier a fierce beating, and once again Frazier was staggered and nearly knocked down before the bell ended the round.

[Ali] stated, "Joe Frazier, I'll tell the world right now, brings out the best in me. I'm gonna tell ya, that's one helluva man, and God bless him." In a brief post-fight interview with one of the commentators, Ali announced, "He is the greatest fighter of all times, next to me."

Aftermath
In 1999 ESPN's SportsCentury ranked the fight as the fifth greatest sporting event of the 20th century. Nightscream (talk) 02:53, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I just removed a chunk of what was left, but as a copyright violation (see my edit summary) not for lack of sourcing. Since it's a copyvio, it cannot be moved here. Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 19:22, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Exchange with Wikipedia editor
Hi. Please do not add or restore unsourced material to articles, as you did with these edits to Thrilla in Manila, as this violates Wikipedia's Verifiability policy. That material was moved to the talk page for a valid reason: Wikipedia requires that the material in its articles be accompanied by reliable, verifiable (usually secondary) sources explicitly cited in the text in the form of an inline citation, which you can learn to make here. The fact that you think such material is "the requirement of this encyclopedia" does not mitigate the need to adhere to those policies.

In addition, please do not add notes to the reader or arbitrary indentations in the body of articles, as you did with the above edits.

If you ever have any other questions about editing, or need help regarding the site's policies, just let me know by leaving a message for me in a new section at the bottom of my talk page. Thanks. Nightscream (talk) 16:33, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

 * thank you very much, Nightscream.
 * I placed the added information on rounds 9 – 14 because there was no description of them in the article which led to the last round, round 14, and particularly round 14. I am by no means a fight follower but a general reader and on behalf of other general readers I took what was on the talk page to the article page.
 * Presently there is no description of those rounds and a paragreaph begins as it had before
 * Seeing the results of round 14, Eddie Futch decided to stop the fight
 * Well, thanks very much, I said to myself, what happened in round 14?

 * So that the reader of the article would know what the quality of the new information was from the talk page there was added by me the information to keep the reader alert and the indentation was intended to give further clarity to the, by Wikipedia standards, second grade information. ( which information gave the reason for the Frazier trainer Eddie Futch to call the end to the bout.)  --Laurencebeck (talk) 20:26, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

 * but a general reader and on behalf of other general readers I took what was on the talk page to the article page.
 * Thus undoing what I did back in January when I moved that material from the article to the talk page in the first place. Again, did it not occur to you that it was moved here for a reason? Did you not read what that reason was at the top of the section I began for it above?

 * Seeing yourself as acting "on behalf of other general readers" does not allow us to violate Wikipedia policies, including the Verifiability, Citation and Reliable Sources policies, which require that material in Wikipedia articles be accompanied by citations of reliable, verifiable sources. Nor does it justify bad formatting or addition of notes to the reader. The information in question was not "new", as it had been removed from the article almost a year earlier, and your note had no bearing on its "quality". The quality of material included in articles is predicated on its verifiability, its support by inline citations, its proper weight, and the quality of its writing and its presentation/composition. Indenting a chunk of the article and placing a note above it stating that it was previously on the talk page does not ensure its quality; it lowers the quality of the article.

 * If you find sources for that material, please feel free to re-add it, with citations of those policies. Thanks, and Happy Holidays. Nightscream (talk) 01:02, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Verify that now is added: Not exactly bridge work from rounds 8,9 to 13,14 but rounds 13,14 given description from the Daily Mirror sports writer of the day. --Laurencebeck (talk) 01:48, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Angelo Dundee claims that Ali was never gonna quit that fight... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CI-4q5ZyTaE — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.178.164.174 (talk) 21:49, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:52, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Thrilla in Manila Fight Poster.jpg

result of fight is incorrect
In the first paragraph of the article it says "Ali won by technical knockout (TKO)" This is incorrect. A TKO is when when the referee stops a fight because they have determined one of the fighters can no longer meaningfully defend themselves, or has sustained damage that renders them unable to meaningfully defend themselves. The was stopped after the 14th round at the request of Frazier's corner. The is not a TKO, but is actually a RTD (referee Technical Decision) or a corner retirement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_retirement — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:80:C202:4660:552F:CCC6:AEF2:6BF8 (talk) 20:54, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thrilla in Manila


text:
Nezavisne novine

Nezavisne novine ("Independent Newspaper") is a Bosnian daily newspaper based in Banja Luka.

Early history
In 1995, shortly after the Dayton Agreement which ended the Bosnian War, Željko Kopanja co-founded Nezavisne Novine, a weekly independent newspaper, in order to "foster improved relationships among Serbs, Muslims and Croats in Bosnia". The magazine was funded in part by the United States Agency for International Development, per a part of the Dayton Agreement which had called for funding for non-nationalist media. Beginning with a circulation of 4,000, the newspaper later became a daily, and its circulation climbed to 18,000 in the next five years.

In August 1999, Nezavisne Novine broke new ground by reporting on the murder of 200 Muslim civilians by Serbian police officers in 1992. With the report, the paper became the first Bosnian Serb paper to report on war crimes by Bosnian Serbs during the Yugoslav Wars. At the same time, Kopanja stated that he "stands by the thesis that no nation is genocidal or criminal, but individuals from certain nations are. I think that the Serbian people do not deserve to carry this burden ... I do not allow anyone to commit war crimes in my name or in the name of my people, nor does anyone have the right to do that."

1999 car bomb attack
Following the paper's reporting on atrocities committed by Bosnian Serbs, Kopanja was denounced by some groups as a traitor, and began to receive death threats. On October 22, 1999, Kopanja was nearly killed by a car bomb that exploded as he turned the ignition key. A nearby hospital amputated both of his legs. International supporters funded follow-up medical care for him in Austria, as well as high-quality prosthetic legs.

The bombing provoked outrage in both Muslim and Serbian media. Srpski Glas joined Nezavisne novine in printing a mostly blank front page three days after the bombing, carrying only the words "We Want to Know" to call for further investigation into the attack. Bosnian television interrupted programming to display the same message.

The perpetrators were not found, though Kopanja later stated his belief that Serbian security forces were responsible for the attack in retaliation for his reporting on war crimes. An investigation by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation supported his contention.

Kopanja continued to edit and write for Nezavisne novine despite the attack.

title: Nezavisne novine


text:
Vendor Independent Messaging

VIM (Vendor Independent Messaging) was a standard API for applications to integrate with e-mail on Windows 3.x, proposed by Lotus, Borland, IBM & Novell in the early 1990s. Its main competitor was Microsoft's MAPI, which was the eventual winner of the MAPI v. VIM war. Ultimately, the choice of VIM or MAPI did not make a huge difference: bridges meant that an MAPI client could access a VIM provider and vice versa, and the rise of Internet e-mail in the mid-1990s rendered the panoply of proprietary e-mail systems which VIM and MAPI were meant to cater to largely irrelevant.

title: Vendor Independent Messaging


text:
User:Raymond Meredith

Raymond Meredith is an associate professor who teaches languages in the Department of Humanities at Parkland College, a community college in Champaign, Illinois.

title: User:Raymond Meredith


text:
Karl Christian Planck

Karl Christian Planck (January 17, 1819 – June 7, 1880) was a German philosopher.

Life
Planck was born in Stuttgart. He studied at Tübingen, where he became doctor of philosophy in 1840 and Privatdozent in 1848. During this period the influence of Reiff led him to oppose the dominant Hegelianism of the time.

In 1850–1851, he published his great book, Die Weltalter, in which he developed a complete original system of philosophy, based on the realistic view that thought should proceed from nature to the highest forms of existence in the spiritual life. Not only did Planck oppose the idealism of his confreres; his views were, in another aspect, directly antagonistic to the Darwinian theory of descent, which he specifically attacked in Wahrheit und Flachheit des Darwinismus (Nördlingen, 1872).

The natural consequence of this individuality of opinion was that his books were practically disregarded, and Planck was deeply incensed. The ill success of Die Weltalter nerved him to new efforts, and he repeated his views in Katechismus des Rechts (1852), Grundlinien einer Wissenschaft der Natur (1864), Seele und Geist (1871), and numerous other books, which, however, met with no better fate. In the meantime he left Tübingen for Ulm, whence he came finally to the seminary of Maulbronn. He died in 1880 in an asylum after a short period of nervous prostration.

After his death a summary of his work came into the hands of Köstlin (author of Aesthetics, 1869), who published it in 1881 under the title Testament eines Deutschen, Philosophie der Natur und der Menschheit. Planck's views were elaborately developed, but his method of exposition told heavily against their acceptance. He regarded himself as the Messiah of the German people.

Beside the works above quoted, he wrote System des reinen Idealismus (1851); Anthropologie und Psychologie auf naturwissenschaftlicher Grundlage (1874); a political treatise, Bismarck : Süddeutschland und der deutsche Nationalstaat (1872); and Logisches Causalgesetz und natürliche Zweckmäßigkeit (1874).

See Umfrid, Karl Planck, dessen Werke und Wirken (Tübingen, 1881); and Schmidt, Das Lebensideal Karl Christian Plancks, in the Vortrage der philosophischen Gesellschaft (Berlin, 1896).

title: Karl Christian Planck


text:
User talk:Nephillim

AIR Music Controversy
The information about the CD recall comes from this article; it is listed as footnote [2] in the article. Hope that helps.--Mitsukai 14:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:SR Song Play.jpg
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title: User talk:Nephillim


text:
User talk:Googlite

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 14:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Googlite


text: Talk:Port Adelaide railway station

title: Talk:Port Adelaide railway station


text:
Atacama Cosmology Telescope

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) was a cosmological millimeter-wave telescope located on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in the north of Chile. ACT made high-sensitivity, arcminute resolution, microwave-wavelength surveys of the sky in order to study the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), the relic radiation left by the Big Bang process. Located 40 km from San Pedro de Atacama, at an altitude of 5190 m, it was one of the highest ground-based telescopes in the world.

Cosmic microwave background experiments like ACT, the South Pole Telescope, the WMAP satellite, and the Planck satellite have provided foundational evidence for the standard Lambda-CDM model of cosmology. ACT first detected seven acoustic peaks in the power spectrum of the CMB, discovered the most extreme galaxy cluster and made the first statistical detection of the motions of clusters of galaxies via the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect.

ACT was buit in 2007 and saw first light on October 2007 with its first receiver, the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera (MBAC). ACT has had two major receiver upgrades which enabled polarization sensitive observations: ACTPol (2013-2016) and Advanced ACT (2017-2022). ACT observations ended in mid-2022. ACT is funded by the US National Science Foundation.

Science goals
Measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) by experiments such as COBE, BOOMERanG, WMAP, CBI, the South Pole Telescope and many others, have greatly advanced our knowledge of cosmology, particularly the early evolution of the universe. At the arcminute resolutions probed by ACT, the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, by which galaxy clusters leave an imprint on the CMB, is prominent. This method of detection provides a redshift-independent measurement of the mass of the clusters, meaning that very distant, ancient clusters are as easy to detect as nearby clusters.

Detection of galaxy clusters and follow-up measurements in visible and X-ray light, provide a picture of the evolution of structure in the universe since the Big Bang. This is used to improve our understanding of the nature of the mysterious dark energy which seems to be a dominant component of the universe.

High sensitivity observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation allow precision measurements of cosmological parameters, detection of galaxy clusters among other scientific goals, probing the early and late stages in the history of the evolution of the universe.

Scientific highlights
Throughout its operation, ACT contributed the scientific community with:

 * The first detection of seven acoustic peaks in the power spectrum of the CMB.
 * First detection of gravitational lensing in a CMB map only.
 * First measurement of the cross-correlation between optical quasars and CMB lensing.
 * First measurement of the cross correlation between CMB lensing and galaxy lensing.
 * Discovery of the most extreme galaxy cluster.
 * First measurement of the motions of clusters of galaxies using the kinematic pairwise Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect.
 * Provided updated estimates of the Hubble constant.
 * Provided evidence of dark energy using CMB data alone
 * First statistical detection of CMB lensing by massive halos
 * First measurement of the motions of clusters of galaxies using the velocity reconstruction method.
 * First joint thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect galaxy profile measurement.
 * A blind search for Planet Nine.

Location
Water vapor in the atmosphere emits microwave radiation which contaminates measurements of the CMB, for this reason CMB telescopes benefit from arid, high-altitude locations. ACT is located in the dry and high (yet easily accessible) Chajnantor plateau in the Andean mountains in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Due to the exceptional observing conditions of the Atacama Desert and its accessibility by road and nearby ports, several other observatories are located in the region, including CBI, ASTE, Nanten, APEX and ALMA. These astronomical observatories and telescopes form the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, a cluster of astronomical telescopes primarily in millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths.

Design

Telescope
The ACT is an off-axis Gregorian telescope. This off-axis configuration is beneficial to minimize artifacts in the point spread function. The telescope reflectors consist of a 6 m primary mirror and a 2 m secondary mirror. Both mirrors are composed of segments, consisting of 71 (primary) and 11 (secondary) aluminum panels. These panels follow the shape of an ellipsoid of revolution and are carefully aligned to form a joint surface. Unlike most telescopes which track the rotating sky during observation, the ACT observes the sky by keeping the telescope oriented at a constant elevation and by scanning back and forth in azimuth at the relatively rapid rate of two degrees per second. The rotating portion of the telescope weighs approximately 32 t, creating a substantial engineering challenge. A ground screen surrounding the telescope blocks contamination from microwave radiation emitted by the ground. The design, manufacture and construction of the telescope were done by Dynamic Structures in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Instrument
ACT can accommodate three instrument cameras simultaneously. Over time these cameras have been upgraded from the original MBAC design to the current Advanced ACT instrument progressively adding more features like polarization sensitivity and the ability to sense multiple frequencies in one instrument module. Each camera in ACT consists of a three lens system, the Gregorian focus is reimaged into a detector focal plane, a Lyot stop reimages the primary mirror allowing stray light mitigation.

The three lenses in ACT are made of cryogenically cooled anti-reflection coated silicon, a desirable material for instruments in the millimeter due to its high index of refraction (n=3). Anti-reflection coatings in ACTPol and AdvACT are made of sub-wavelength structured metamaterial silicon, an innovation in ground based CMB telescopes at the time. The optical components and the detector module are kept at a vacuum with a plastic window. A stack of filters reject infra-red radiation which is detrimental for mm-wavelength observations.

Radiation is thermally coupled to transition-edge sensor bolometers, which are read out using an array of SQUIDs.

Observations
Observations are made at resolutions of about an arcminute (1/60th of a degree) in three frequencies: 145 GHz, 215 GHz and 280 GHz. Each frequency is measured by a 3 x 3 cm, 1024 element array, for a total of 3072 detectors. The detectors are superconducting transition-edge sensors, a technology whose high sensitivity allows measurements of the temperature of the CMB to within a few millionths of a degree. A system of cryogenic helium refrigerators keep the detectors a third of a degree above absolute zero.

Detectors
ACT has had three generations of cameras. Each camera is the result of the development of specialized detector technology which has been optimized through the years. These cameras take advantage of superconducting transition edge sensor arrays to achieve high sensitivity.

The first array of cameras to populate the ACT focal plane (MBAC) consisted of three cameras where each one was sensitive to its own band and had no polarization sensitivity. The second generation of cameras (ACTPol) added polarization sensitivity and the first camera to be sensitive to two bands (dichroic). The third generation of cameras (AdvACT) incorporated the advances achieved in ACTPol, which allowed all cameras to be sensitive to two bands.

Institutions
ACT has collaborators at Princeton University, Cornell University, the University of Pennsylvania, NASA/GSFC, the Johns Hopkins University, the University of British Columbia, NIST, the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Stanford University, Stony Brook University, Cardiff University, Argonne National Laboratory, Haverford College, Rutgers University, the University of Pittsburgh, UC Berkeley, University of Southern California, the University of Oxford, the University of Paris-Saclay, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Caltech, McGill University, the Center for Computational Astrophysics, Arizona State University, Columbia University, Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Chicago, Haverford College, Florida State University, West Chester University, Yale University, and the University of Toronto.

title: Atacama Cosmology Telescope


text:
Rodovia Anhanguera

The Rodovia Anhanguera (official designation SP-330) (In English: Anhanguera Highway) is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is one of the country's busiest transportation corridors. A 2005 survey conducted amongst Brazilian truck drivers rated it as the best transportation axis in the country. It is part of the federal highway called BR-050 that connects Brasilia to São Paulo, however, in the state of São Paulo it receives the name of SP-330.

The Anhanguera Highway connects the city of São Paulo with the northeastern part of the state of São Paulo going through industrial cities and one of the most productive agricultural areas. It is one of the most important highways in Brazil and one of the busiest, with the highest traffic segment between São Paulo and Campinas, the first to be built. It is duplicated, containing sections with additional tracks and marginal clues. They have heavy traffic, especially of trucks. It is considered, together with the Bandeirantes Highway and the Washington Luis Highway, the country's largest financial corridor, since it interconnects some of the state's metropolitan regions such as São Paulo, Campinas and Ribeirão Preto, as well as the Jundiaí Urban Agglomerate and the Central Administrative Region.

History
A route was firstly mentioned in 1774 in a letter written by a lieutenant called José Peixoto da Silva Braga, with the track of the route. In that time, the lieutenant joined to the group of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (nicknamed as Anhanguera), a famous bandeirante who explored the backlands of Brazil to look for precious stones. A dirt road between São Paulo city and Campinas was opened, and afterwards reaching the state of Goiás, receiving the name of "Caminho dos Goyazes" (in English: Goyazes road). This road served the cattle troops and voyagers who explored the backlands for gold, precious stones and slaves, and after transported goods to small villages that were built along the road.

The construction of a new road was started in 1914, based on the old Anhanguera's road. A group of 84 forced labor prisoners, paved 32 km of the track between São Paulo and Campinas. After some years, the prisoners were changed by employees to continue the construction and extend the road to northern regions of the state of São Paulo. A new highway was then officially inaugurated in the 1940s, with different track, between São Paulo and Campinas. It was the first modern, asphalt-paved, four-lane highway in the country, named then as Anhanguera Highway.

Anhanguera was the name given by native indigenous people to the bandeirante explorer of the 16th century, Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, who impressed them with tricks of setting fire to a plate full of cachaça, a Brazilian alcoholic drink. Anhanguera in the indigenous Tupi language means "old devil". The name of the new and modern highway was given to honor this bandeirante explorer, responsible by creating the old route and extending the territorial limits of Brazil.

Features
The Anhanguera Highway (SP-330) connects the city of São Paulo with the northeastern region of the state, going through industrial cities and important agricultural regions. Its busiest section is São Paulo-Campinas, the first section which was inaugurated. It is 86 km long, it serves the cities of Osasco, Cajamar, Jundiaí, Louveira, Vinhedo, Valinhos and Campinas. Near Valinhos, the SP-330 connects to the Rodovia Dom Pedro I through the Campinas Beltway (SP-083), and near Campinas, it connects the to Rodovia dos Bandeirantes (SP-348) through the Rodovia Santos Dumont (SP-075). Also, in Campinas, the SP-330 connects directly to the Rodovia Dom Pedro I.

Beyond Campinas, the second section goes through the cities of Sumaré, Nova Odessa, Americana, Limeira, Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, Porto Ferreira, Luís Antônio, São Simão, Cravinhos and Ribeirão Preto. The third section, the last to be doubled-laned, goes to Orlândia, São Joaquim da Barra, Guará, Ituverava, Buritizal, Aramina and Igarapava, reaching the border of Minas Gerais state at the Rio Grande, near Uberaba. It is the third longest highway in the state of São Paulo, with 482 km.

The Anhanguera is a four-lane highway. It has heavy traffic, especially trucks. This highway has police bases, assistance bases, gas and services stations. Investments have been made with the installation of security cameras, telephones for emergences, internet, optical fiber and other things to modernize the highway and help the users.

The highway is currently managed by four private companies, and therefore is a toll road:
 * AutoBan, from 11 (São Paulo) to 158 km;
 * InterVias, from 158 to 240 km;
 * AutoVias, from 240 to 318 km;
 * ViaNorte, from 318 to 482 km.

title: Rodovia Anhanguera


text: User talk:195.195.37.150

title: User talk:195.195.37.150


text:
Sitemaps

Sitemaps is a protocol in XML format meant for a webmaster to inform search engines about URLs on a website that are available for web crawling. It allows webmasters to include additional information about each URL: when it was last updated, how often it changes, and how important it is in relation to other URLs of the site. This allows search engines to crawl the site more efficiently and to find URLs that may be isolated from the rest of the site's content. The Sitemaps protocol is a URL inclusion protocol and complements, a URL exclusion protocol.

History
Google first introduced Sitemaps 0.84 in June 2005 so web developers could publish lists of links from across their sites. Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft announced joint support for the Sitemaps protocol in November 2006. The schema version was changed to "Sitemap 0.90", but no other changes were made.

In April 2007, Ask.com and IBM announced support for Sitemaps. Also, Google, Yahoo, MSN announced auto-discovery for sitemaps through. In May 2007, the state governments of Arizona, California, Utah and Virginia announced they would use Sitemaps on their web sites.

The Sitemaps protocol is based on ideas from "Crawler-friendly Web Servers," with improvements including auto-discovery through  and the ability to specify the priority and change frequency of pages.

Purpose
Sitemaps are particularly beneficial on websites where:
 * Some areas of the website are not available through the browsable interface
 * Webmasters use rich Ajax, Silverlight, or Flash content that is not normally processed by search engines.
 * The site is very large and there is a chance for the web crawlers to overlook some of the new or recently updated content
 * When websites have a huge number of pages that are isolated or not well linked together, or
 * When a website has few external links

File format
The Sitemap Protocol format consists of XML tags. The file itself must be UTF-8 encoded. Sitemaps can also be just a plain text list of URLs. They can also be compressed in .gz format.

A sample Sitemap that contains just one URL and uses all optional tags is shown below.

The Sitemap XML protocol is also extended to provide a way of listing multiple Sitemaps in a 'Sitemap index' file. The maximum Sitemap size of 50 MiB or 50,000 URLs means this is necessary for large sites.

An example of Sitemap index referencing one separate sitemap follows.

Element definitions
The definitions for the elements are shown below:

Support for the elements that are not required can vary from one search engine to another.

Text file
The Sitemaps protocol allows the Sitemap to be a simple list of URLs in a text file. The file specifications of XML Sitemaps apply to text Sitemaps as well; the file must be UTF-8 encoded, and cannot be more than 50MiB (uncompressed) or contain more than 50,000 URLs. Sitemaps that exceed these limits should be broken up into multiple sitemaps with a sitemap index file (a file that points to multiple sitemaps).

Syndication feed
A syndication feed is a permitted method of submitting URLs to crawlers; this is advised mainly for sites that already have syndication feeds. One stated drawback is this method might only provide crawlers with more recently created URLs, but other URLs can still be discovered during normal crawling.

It can be beneficial to have a syndication feed as a delta update (containing only the newest content) to supplement a complete sitemap.

Search engine submission
If Sitemaps are submitted directly to a search engine (pinged), it will return status information and any processing errors. The details involved with submission will vary with the different search engines. The location of the sitemap can also be included in the  file by adding the following line:

The  should be the complete URL to the sitemap, such as:

This directive is independent of the user-agent line, so it doesn't matter where it is placed in the file. If the website has several sitemaps, multiple "Sitemap:" records may be included in, or the URL can simply point to the main sitemap index file.

The following table lists the sitemap submission URLs for a few major search engines:

Sitemap URLs submitted using the sitemap submission URLs need to be URL-encoded, for example: replace  (colon) with  , replace  (slash) with.

Limitations for search engine indexing
Sitemaps supplement and do not replace the existing crawl-based mechanisms that search engines already use to discover URLs. Using this protocol does not guarantee that web pages will be included in search indexes, nor does it influence the way that pages are ranked in search results. Specific examples are provided below.

 * Google - Webmaster Support on Sitemaps: "Using a sitemap doesn't guarantee that all the items in your sitemap will be crawled and indexed, as Google processes rely on complex algorithms to schedule crawling. However, in most cases, your site will benefit from having a sitemap, and you'll never be penalized for having one."
 * Bing - Bing uses the standard sitemaps.org protocol and is very similar to the one mentioned below.
 * Yahoo - After the search deal commenced between Yahoo! Inc. and Microsoft, Yahoo! Site Explorer has merged with Bing Webmaster Tools

Sitemap limits
Sitemap files have a limit of 50,000 URLs and 50MiB (52,428,800 bytes) per sitemap. Sitemaps can be compressed using gzip, reducing bandwidth consumption. Multiple sitemap files are supported, with a Sitemap index file serving as an entry point. Sitemap index files may not list more than 50,000 Sitemaps and must be no larger than 50MiB and can be compressed. You can have more than one Sitemap index file.

As with all XML files, any data values (including URLs) must use entity escape codes for the characters ampersand (&), single quote ('), double quote ("), less than (<), and greater than (>).

Best practice for optimising a sitemap index for search engine crawlability is to ensure the index refers only to sitemaps as opposed to other sitemap indexes. Nesting a sitemap index within a sitemap index is invalid according to Google.

Additional sitemap types
A number of additional XML sitemap types outside of the scope of the Sitemaps protocol are supported by Google to allow webmasters to provide additional data on the content of their websites. Video and image sitemaps are intended to improve the capability of websites to rank in image and video searches.

Video sitemaps
Video sitemaps indicate data related to embedding and autoplaying, preferred thumbnails to show in search results, publication date, video duration, and other metadata. Video sitemaps are also used to allow search engines to index videos that are embedded on a website, but that are hosted externally, such as on Vimeo or YouTube.

Image sitemaps
Image sitemaps are used to indicate image metadata, such as licensing information, geographic location, and an image's caption.

Google News Sitemaps
Google supports a Google News sitemap type for facilitating quick indexing of time-sensitive news subjects.

Multilingual and multinational sitemaps
In December 2011, Google announced the annotations for sites that want to target users in many languages and, optionally, countries. A few months later Google announced, on their official blog, that they are adding support for specifying the rel="alternate" and hreflang annotations in Sitemaps. Instead of the (until then only option) HTML link elements the Sitemaps option offered many advantages which included a smaller page size and easier deployment for some websites.

One example of the multilingual sitemap would be as follows:

If for example we have a site that targets English language users through  and Greek language users through , up until then the only option was to add the hreflang annotation either in the HTTP header or as HTML elements on both URLs like this But now, one can alternatively use the following equivalent markup in Sitemaps:

title: Sitemaps


text:
Workers Revolutionary Party (India)

Workers Revolutionary Party was a communist group in Kerala, India. It existed sometime around 1970, and had branches in Trivandrum, Ernakulam and Alappuzha. It was led by A. Achuthan.

title: Workers Revolutionary Party (India)


text: User talk:204.10.217.81

title: User talk:204.10.217.81


text:
Maurice L. Lagarde

Following Hurricane Katrina, Lagarde was appointed co-chair of the Bring New Orleans Back Commission in 2005.

title: Maurice L. Lagarde


text:
Talos (inventor)

In Greek mythology, Talos (Ancient Greek: Τάλως Talōs) was an Athenian inventor. On some accounts, Talos was also called Attalus (Ἄτταλος) or Calus/Calos (Κάλως).

Mythology
While he was still a lad in years, Talos/Perdix was receiving his education in the home of Daedalus. Being more gifted than his teacher he invented the potter's wheel and according to Ovid, he used a fish spine as the prototype of the saw. When Talos had come by chance upon a jawbone of a snake and with it had sawn through a small piece of wood, he tried to imitate the jaggedness of the serpent's teeth. Consequently, he fashioned a saw out of iron, by means of which he would saw the lumber which he used in his work, and for this accomplishment he gained the reputation of having discovered a device which would be of great service to the art of building. He likewise discovered also the tool for describing a circle and certain other cunningly contrived devices whereby he gained for himself great fame.

But Daedalus, becoming jealous of the youth and feeling that his fame was going to rise far above that of his teacher, treacherously slew the youth. And being detected in the act of burying him, he was asked what he was burying, whereupon he replied, I am inhuming a snake. Here a man may well wonder at the strange happening, that the same animal that led to the thought of devising the saw should also have been the means through which the murder came to be discovered. And Daedalus, having been accused and adjudged guilty of murder by the court of the Areopagites, at first fled to one of the demes of Attica, the inhabitants of which, we are told, were named after him Daedalidae. After that, he was exiled to the court of Minos: "After the corpse was discovered, Daedalus was tried...and went into exile at the court of Minos."

In some accounts, Athena intervened of murder and turned Talos/Perdix into a partridge to save his life. According to Ovid, that partridge later watched the death and burial of Icarus with glee.

In arts
Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus includes a partridge on a tree, presumably representing the transformed Talos. However, like the rest of the characters, it is yet to react to the fall.

title: Talos (inventor)


text:
1940–41 NHL season

The 1940–41 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series.

League business
In September 1940, International Ice Hockey Association president W. G. Hardy announced a new one-year agreement was reached with the NHL, who agreed to pay $250 for signing an amateur and another $250 if the amateur played in the NHL. NHL president Frank Calder signed the new professional-amateur agreement in October 1940. The agreement also included allowing the NHL to sign a limited number of junior age players.

Regular season
The Montreal Canadiens had hit the bottom in 1939–40, and were in financial trouble. Frank Patrick decided to become an investor and governor for the team, and Tommy Gorman was hired as general manager. He hired recently released Toronto coach Dick Irvin to run the team. One of the first things Gorman and Irvin did was scout for players, and the Canadiens came up with Johnny Quilty, Joe Benoit, Elmer Lach and defenceman Ken Reardon. Bert Gardiner would be used in goal, replacing Claude Bourque and Wilf Cude. Murph Chamberlain was bought from Toronto to bolster the offence.

Quilty and Benoit came through, as did Toe Blake, but the Habs had a long way to go, finishing sixth. Quilty won the Calder Trophy as the league's top rookie. In fact, before the season started, Coach Irvin handed a sealed envelope to a reporter of his guess who would win the Calder Trophy, and when the season ended, the reporter opened the envelope: Johnny Quilty was the choice Irvin made.

The Boston Bruins set a record 23 straight unbeaten games en route to a strong first-place finish at the end of the schedule. The Rangers, finished fourth after the previous year's Stanley Cup win and Dave Kerr was not up to his usual form in goal.

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes Source: NHL

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min – Minutes played; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Coaches

 * Boston Bruins: Cooney Weiland
 * Chicago Black Hawks: Paul Thompson
 * Detroit Red Wings: Jack Adams
 * Montreal Canadiens: Dick Irvin
 * New York Americans: Red Dutton
 * New York Rangers: Frank Boucher
 * Toronto Maple Leafs: Hap Day

Debuts
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1940–41 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):
 * Max Bentley, Chicago Black Hawks
 * John Mariucci, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Joe Carveth, Detroit Red Wings
 * Elmer Lach, Montreal Canadiens
 * Ken Reardon, Montreal Canadiens
 * John Quilty, Montreal Canadiens
 * Chuck Rayner, New York Americans
 * Bill Juzda, New York Rangers

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1940–41 (listed with their last team):
 * Paul Haynes, Montreal Canadiens
 * Georges Mantha, Montreal Canadiens
 * Hooley Smith, New York Americans
 * Charlie Conacher, New York Americans
 * Dave Kerr, New York Rangers

title: 1940–41 NHL season


text:
Anne du Bourg

Anne du Bourg (1521, Riom – 23 December 1559, Paris) was a French magistrate, nephew of the chancellor Antoine du Bourg, and a Protestant martyr.

Early life
Educated at the university of Orléans, he became a professor and had Étienne de la Boétie as a student. He became counsellor of the Parlement of Paris in 1557 by which time he had converted to Protestantism.

Trial and execution
In 1559, after receiving a tip off, King Henry II attended a session of Parlement, during which he interjected to express his dissatisfaction at the progress against heresy. One of those who rose to object was du Bourg, who obliquely critiqued Henri's infidelity in comparison to the purity of the Protestant community, arousing Henri's fury. Several days later a special commission was established to try Anne and 5 colleagues in the Parlement. The commission was keen to avoid executing their Parlement colleagues, but while the other accused Protestants were willing to recant and were let off with suspensions from Parlement, Anne refused to follow this route out. He maintained his Protestant conviction, refusing to affirm the Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Eventually on December 13 he signed an ambiguous confession of faith, avoiding execution, before renouncing it several days later, sealing his fate. He would be executed at the Place de Greve on December 23, by strangulation and then burning.

title: Anne du Bourg


text:
Burgess (title)

Burgess was a British title used in the medieval and early modern period to designate someone of the burgher class. It originally meant a freeman of a borough or burgh but later came to mean an official of a municipality or a representative in the House of Commons.

Usage in England
In England, burgess meant an elected or unelected official of a municipality, or the representative of a borough in the English House of Commons. This usage of "burgess" has since disappeared. Burgesses as freemen had the sole right to vote in municipal or parliamentary elections. However, these political privileges in Britain were removed by the Reform Act 1832.

Usage in Scotland
Burgesses were originally freeman inhabitants of a city where they owned land and who contributed to the running of the town and its taxation. The title of burgess was later restricted to merchants and craftsmen, so that only burgesses could enjoy the privileges of trading or practising a craft in the city through belonging to a Guild (by holding a Guild Ticket) or were able to own companies trading in their guild's craft. One example are the Burgess of Edinburgh.

The burgesses' ancient exclusive trading rights through their Guilds were abolished in 1846. Thereafter a burgess became a title which gave social standing to the office and usually carried with it a role which involved charitable activities of their guild or livery company, as it does today.

Usage in American colonies
The term was also used in some of the American colonies. In the Colony of Virginia, a "burgess" was a member of the legislative body, which was termed the "House of Burgesses". In Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, the Burgess, or Chief Burgess, was the executive of many colonial era municipalities until the turn of the 20th century and persist in some places as the highest ranking magistrate of a municipality.

Etymology
It was derived in Middle English and Middle Scots from the Old French word burgeis, simply meaning "an inhabitant of a town" (cf. burgeis or burges respectively). The Old French word burgeis is derived from bourg, meaning a market town or medieval village, itself derived from Late Latin burgus, meaning "fortress" or "wall". In effect, the reference was to the north-west European medieval and renaissance merchant class which tended to set up their storefronts along the outside of the city wall, where traffic through the gates was an advantage and safety in event of an attack was easily accessible. The right to seek shelter within a burg was known as the right of burgess.

The term was close in meaning to the Germanic term burgher, a formally defined class in medieval German cities (Middle Dutch burgher, Dutch burger and German Bürger). It is also linguistically close to the French term bourgeois, which evolved from burgeis.

"Greensleeves" reference
The original version of the well-known English folk song "Greensleeves" includes the following:

Thy purse and eke thy gay guilt knives, thy pincase gallant to the eye: No better wore the Burgesse wives, and yet thou wouldst not love me.

This clearly implies that at the time when it was composed (late 16th to early 17th century) a burgess was proverbial as being able to provide his wife with beautiful and expensive clothes.

title: Burgess (title)


text:
List of Jewish historians

A list of Jewish historians:

A

 * David Abulafia, professor of history, University of Cambridge (Jewish Year Book 2005, p. 218)
 * Henry Abramson, Touro College, Eastern European Jewish Historian.
 * Ignác Acsády, Hungarian social and economic historian
 * Howard Adelson, U.S. mediaeval historian
 * Cyrus Adler, U.S. historian of Jewish history
 * Geoffrey Alderman, historian
 * Mor Altshuler, Israeli historian of early Hasidism, Kabbalism, and Jewish messianism
 * Iosif Amusin, Soviet historian
 * Anne Applebaum, U.S. journalist, writer on the history of the Soviet Union, Russia, Central and Eastern Europe
 * Herbert Aptheker, leader in Communist Party, historian
 * Yitzhak Arad, Israeli historian of the Shoah
 * Yehoshua Arieli, Israeli historian
 * Walter Leonard Arnstein, U.S. historian
 * Raymond Aron, French historian of sociology
 * Robert Aron, French author and journalist
 * Artapanus of Alexandria, 2nd Century BC historian who lived in Alexandria, Egypt
 * David Asheri, Israeli classical historian
 * Simon Ashkenazi, Polish modern European history
 * Robert Assaraf, Moroccan writer and historian
 * David Ayalon, Israeli historian of Islam and Judaism

B

 * Bernard Bailyn, U.S. Colonial historian
 * Richard Barnett, museum curator and archaeologist (JYB 1985 p. 187)
 * Salo Wittmayer Baron, American historian of Polish-Austrian Jewish ancestry
 * Omer Bartov, U.S. historian of World War II and Polish Jews
 * Yehuda Bauer, Czech-born Israeli historian of the Holocaust
 * Zygmunt Bauman, Anglo-Polish scholar who examines the relationship between modernity and the Holocaust
 * Yitzhak Bayer, History of the Jews
 * George Louis Beer, U.S. historian of 16th-19th century commerce
 * Emile-Auguste Begin, French physician, historian and librarian
 * Max Beloff, English historian and political scientist
 * Benjamin of Tudela, travel writer 1159-73
 * Shlomo Ben-Ami, Israeli historian and politician
 * Joaquim Bensaude Portuguese historian of astronomy and navigation
 * Norman Bentwich, British lawyer and historian
 * Israil Bercovici, Romanian playwright and historian
 * Jay R. Berkovitz, U.S. historian of Jews in France and early modern Europe
 * Isaiah Berlin, Latvian-born British historian of ideas
 * Harry Bernstein, U.S. historian
 * Elias Joseph Bickerman, U.S. scholar of ancient history
 * Camille Bloch, French historian, archivist and librarian
 * Gustave Bloch, French Graeco-Roman historian
 * Herbert Bloch, German-born American classicist
 * Marc Bloch, French historian of medieval France
 * Solomon Frank Bloom, U.S. historian of modern Europe
 * Jerome Blum, U.S. historian
 * Grigory Bongard-Levin, Russian historian
 * Daniel Boorstin, U.S. historian; official historian at the Smithsonian Institution & the Library of Congress
 * Woodrow Wilson Borah, U.S. historian
 * Randolph L. Braham U.S. historian of Hungarian Jewish ancestry; historian of the Holocaust in Hungary
 * Ambrosio Brandao, Portuguese historian and soldier
 * Ahron Bregman, author and journalist on the Arab-Israeli conflict
 * Harry Bresslau, German historian
 * Berthold Bretholz, Moravian historian
 * Alan Brinkley, historian, provost of Columbia University
 * Jacob Bronowski, historian of science
 * Robert Brunschvig, French historian of Islam
 * Max Buedinger, German modern European historian

C

 * Norman Cantor, mediaeval historian
 * David Cesarani, British professor of history
 * Robert Chazan medievalist
 * Achille Coen, Italian historian
 * David Cohen, Dutch historian and Jewish leader
 * Gustave Cohen, Belgian historian of mediaeval French literature and theatre
 * Mark Cohen, American historian of the Jews under medieval Islam
 * Norman Cohn, British historian
 * Robert Cohen, French historian of ancient Greece
 * Stephen F. Cohen, American historian of the Soviet Union
 * Michael Confino, Israeli historian
 * Martin van Creveld, Dutch-born Israeli military historian

D

 * Robert Davidsohn, German historian of mediaeval Florence
 * Natalie Zemon Davis, American historian of France
 * Lucy Dawidowicz, American Holocaust historian
 * Hermann Dessau, German historian and philologist
 * Isaac Deutscher, Polish-born British Marxist historian and political scientist
 * Max Dimont, Finnish-American Jew and popular historian and author
 * Martin Duberman, U.S. historian and playwright
 * Simon Dubnow, Russian-born Latvian historian; author of the "History of the Jews"; shot by Nazis
 * Ariel Durant, American historian; author of The Story of Civilization.

E

 * Abba Eban, Israeli writer about Israeli and Jewish history
 * Ludwig Edelstein, ancient medicine
 * Alfred Edersheim Australian Jewish historian and Biblical scholar
 * Victor Ehrenberg, German historian of the ancient world
 * Louis Eisenman, French historian of Europe
 * Abraham Eisenstadt, U.S. historian
 * Stanley Elkins, U.S. historian
 * Amos Elon, Vienna-born Israeli. Historian of Germany and modern Israel
 * Geoffrey Rudolph Elton, German-born British historian of Tudor England
 * Carlo Errera, Italian geographer and historian of exploration
 * Richard Ettinghausen, German-born U.S. art historian

F

 * Orlando Figes, British historian of Russia
 * Louis Filler, U.S. historian
 * Sidney Fine, U.S. historian
 * Samuel Finer, British political scientist and historian
 * Norman Finkelstein, American historian
 * Moses I. Finley, Classical Historian.
 * Simha Flapan, Israeli historian
 * Robert Fogel, American economic historian and Nobel laureate
 * Eric Foner, American historian and president of American Historical Association 2000
 * Joseph Friedenson, Holocaust historian
 * Heinrich Friedjung, Moravian historian and politician
 * Henry Friedlander, German-born American historian of the Holocaust
 * Saul Friedländer, Czech-born French-Israeli historian of the Holocaust
 * Yisrael Friedman, former lecturer at the Tel Aviv University and the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
 * Alexander Fuks, Israeli classical historian

G

 * Peter Gay, German-born American historian of ideas
 * Leo Gershoy, U.S. historian
 * Felix Gilbert, U.S. political historian
 * Martin Gilbert, British historian
 * Carlo Ginzburg, Italian historian
 * Gustave Glotz, French ancient Greek historian
 * Shelomo Dov Goitein Arabist, historian, ethnographer
 * Eric F. Goldman, U.S. modern historian
 * Yosef Goldman, author of Hebrew Printing in America
 * Yossi Goldstein, Israeli biographer
 * Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-born British art historian
 * Martin Goodman (historian) (Jewish Year Book 2005 p. 215)
 * Gabriel Gorodetsky, historian of Second World War
 * Louis Reichenthal Gottschalk, U.S. historian of modern Europe
 * Heinrich Graetz, Polish-born German historian
 * Jack Granatstein, Canadian military historian
 * Jacob Greenwald, Master of European History University of Haifa
 * Jan T. Gross, Polish historian
 * Philip Guedalla, biographer
 * Hans G. Guterbock, German-born hittitologist

H

 * Joseph Hakohen, 16th century historian, Italy
 * Elie Halevy, French historian, "A History of the English People in the 19th century 1915-30"
 * George W. F. Hallgarten, historian
 * Louis Halphen, French mediaevalist
 * Theodore Stephen Hamerow, U.S. historian
 * Marceli Handelsman, Polish constitutional and political historian
 * Oscar Handlin, U.S. social historian
 * Abraham Harkavy, Belarusian-born Russian historian
 * Henry Harrisse, U.S. historiographer
 * Ludo Moritz Hartmann, Austrian historian and statesman
 * Henri Hauser, French ancient and mediaeval historian
 * Sigmund Herzberg-Fraenkel, Austrian historian
 * Jack H. Hexter, U.S. historian of modern Europe
 * Uriel Heyd, Israeli historian of Islam
 * Raul Hilberg, Austrian-born American Holocaust historian
 * Gertrude Himmelfarb, American historian of Victorian Britain
 * Heinrich Otto Hirschfield, German Roman historian
 * Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-born British Marxist historian
 * Richard Hofstadter, U.S. political historian
 * David Horowitz, American historian
 * Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, American historian
 * Irving Howe, American historian
 * Samuel Justin Hurwitz, U.S. historian
 * Harold Melvin Hyman, U.S. historian

I

 * Siegfried Isaacsohn, German historian
 * Jonathan Israel, British historian (Jewish Year Book 2005, p. 215)

J

 * Joseph Jacobs, editor of the Jewish Encyclopedia
 * Oscar Isaiah Janowsky, U.S. historian of modern Europe and Jews
 * Lisa Jardine, British historian (ref see List of British Jews)
 * Louis de Jong, Dutch historian and journalist
 * Matthew Josephson, U.S. social historian
 * Titus Flavius Josephus, ancient Jewish historian

K

 * Donald Kagan, American historian of ancient Greece
 * Frederick Kagan, American military historian
 * David Kahn, American historian of cryptography
 * Ernst Kantorowicz, German-born American mediaevalist
 * Efraim Karsh, Israeli historian
 * Jacob Katz, was Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Social Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and author or editor of many books on medieval and modern Jewish social history
 * Steven T. Katz, U.S. historian of the Holocaust
 * Shmuel Katz, Israeli historian
 * Solomon Katz, U.S. historian
 * Elie Kedourie, Iraq-born British historian (Jewish Year Book 1990 p. 202)
 * Morton Keller, U.S. historian
 * Abraham Khalfon, Jewish historian of Tripoli
 * James Klugmann, communist historian
 * Richard Koebner, Israeli German historian
 * Hans Kohn, U.S. political and social historian
 * Hilton Kramer, American art historian
 * Michael Kraus, U.S. historian
 * Leonard Krieger, U.S. historian
 * Hyman Kublin, U.S. historian of the far east
 * Thomas Samuel Kuhn, U.S. historian of science
 * Otto Kurz, historian (Jewish Year Book 1975 p. 214)

L

 * Leopold Labedz, Anglo-Polish historian of Communism
 * Gyula Lanczy, Hungarian economic historian
 * David Landes, U.S. economic historian
 * Benno Landsberger, Austrian-born assyriologist
 * Thomas Laqueur, UC Berkeley professor, historian of Britain since 1509: social, medical and sexual historian
 * Walter Laqueur, German-born American historian of modern Europe, the Middle East & terrorism
 * Max Laserson, Latvian historian
 * Michael Ledeen, American historian of Fascism
 * Sidney Lee, second editor of the Dictionary of National Biography
 * Arthur Lefkowitz, American historian of the American Revolution
 * Mary Lefkowitz, American classical scholar
 * Gerda Lerner, Austrian-born American feminist historian
 * Max Lerner, U.S. journalist and social historian
 * Joseph Levenson, U.S. specialist in Chinese history
 * Wilhelm Levison, German mediaevalist
 * Arthur Levy, French historian
 * Leonard William Levy, U.S. political historian
 * Paul Lévy (linguist), French linguistic historian
 * Bernard Lewis, British orientalist, History of Islam
 * David Malcolm Lewis, British historian. (Jewish Year Book 1995 p. 193)
 * Felix Liebermann, German mediaevalist
 * Ephraim Lipson, British economic historian
 * Deborah Lipstadt, U.S. Holocaust historian
 * Victor Loewe, German historian and archivist
 * Robert Sabatino Lopez, U.S. mediaevalist
 * Sidney Low, British statesman, journalist and political historian
 * Samuel Lozinski, Russian historian
 * John Lukacs, Hungarian-US historian
 * Alberto Lumbroso, Italian historian of the Napoleonic period
 * Giacomo Lumbroso, Italian classical historian and archaeologist

M

 * Hyam Maccoby
 * Lothar Machtan
 * Philip Magnus-Allcroft, biographer
 * Frank Manuel, U.S. historian
 * Henrik Marczali, Hungarian historian
 * Shula Marks, South African-British expert on African history (Jewish Year Book 2005 p. 215)
 * Ludwig Markus, German expert in Abyssinian and Beta Israeli history
 * Michael Marrus, Canadian Shoah historian
 * Karl Marx, historian and philosopher
 * Arno J. Mayer, Luxembourg-born American historian
 * Gustav Mayer, German political and social historian
 * Milton Meltzer, American historian of Afro-American history
 * Ezra Mendelsohn, Polish historian of the Jewish community in Poland
 * Isaak Mints, Ukrainian-born Russian historian
 * Mark Borisovich Mitin, Russian politician and historian
 * Arnaldo Momigliano, Italian-British historian.(Jewish Year Book 1985 p. 188)
 * Felice Momigliano, Italian philosopher and historian
 * Benny Morris, Israeli historian of Israel
 * Richard Brandon Morris, U.S. constitutional historian
 * Louis C. Morton, U.S. historian
 * George Mosse, German-born American historian of ideas
 * Salomon Munk, German-born French historian
 * Friederich Munzer, German classical scholar
 * Gustavus Myers, U.S. social historian

N

 * Nadav Na`aman, Israeli historian of biblical times
 * Oskar Nachod, German historian and bibliographer
 * Lewis Bernstein Namier, Polish-born British historian
 * Abraham Nasatir, U.S. historian of west and southwest U.S.
 * Alexander Nove, economic historian (Jewish Year Book 1990 p. 202)

O

 * Julius Oppert, Assyriologist
 * Michael Oren, Israeli historian
 * Leo Oppenheim, Assyriologist

P

 * Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American historian
 * Francis Palgrave, British historian
 * Erwin Panofsky, German-born American art historian
 * Ilan Pappé, Israeli historian
 * Peter Paret, German-born American historian of German history
 * Herbert S. Parmet, political historian and biographer
 * Robert D. Parmet, labor and immigration historian and biographer
 * Max Perlbach, German mediaevalist
 * Martin Phillipson, German modern historian and communal leader
 * Koppel Pinson, U.S. political and social historian
 * Daniel Pipes, American historian of the Middle East
 * Richard Pipes, Polish-born American historian of Russia
 * Karl Polanyi, economist and historian
 * Leon Poliakov, French historian of anti-semitism
 * Sidney Pomerantz, U.S. historian
 * Richard Popkin, historian of philosophy
 * Yehoshua Porath, Israeli historian
 * Samuel A. Portnoy, American historian of Jewish and East European history
 * George Posener, French Egyptologist
 * Michael Postan, British historian (Jewish Year Book 1985 p. 188)
 * Joshua Prawer, Israeli historian of the kingdom of Jerusalem and the crusades
 * Alfred Francis Pribram (de), Anglo-Austrian diplomatic historian.
 * Alfred Pribram, Austrian historian and publicist
 * Jacob Psantir, Rumanian historian of the Jews

R

 * Theodore Rabb, Renaissance historian
 * Ronald Radosh, American historian of espionage
 * Armin Rappaport, U.S. historian
 * Uriel Rappaport, Israeli historian of the Second Temple period
 * Sidney Ratner, U.S. economic historian
 * Jehuda Reinharz, U.S.-Israeli historian of modern Jewish history
 * Ludwig Riess, German constitutional historian
 * Emanuel Ringelblum, Polish historian of Warsaw Ghetto
 * Maxime Rodinson, French historian
 * Samuele Romanin, Italian historian of classical Rome and Judaism
 * Nello Roselli, Italian historian
 * Ron Rosenbaum, American historian-journalist, author of Explaining Hitler (1998)
 * Arthur Rosenberg, German historian and Zionist
 * Nathan Rosenstein, American historian of the Roman Republic
 * Michael Alan Ross, American writer and author of BostonWalks The Jewish Friendship Trail Guidebook
 * Walt Whitman Rostow, American economic historian
 * Cecil Roth, British historian and editor of the Encyclopaedia Judaica
 * Hans Rothfels, German-born American historian
 * W.D.Rubinstein, American-born Australian historian in Britain
 * Suzanne Rutland, Australian historian

S

 * Abram L. Sachar, American historian
 * Howard M. Sachar, American historian
 * Julius Salomon, Danish historian and archivist
 * Simon Schama, British historian
 * J. Salwyn Schapiro, American historian of modern Europe
 * Leonard Schapiro, historian
 * Meyer Schapiro, Lithuanian-born American art historian
 * David Schoenbaum, modern German history
 * Moses Schorr, historian of Polish Jews
 * Debra Schultz, American feminist historian
 * Yossi Schwartz
 * Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, British World War 2 historian
 * Simon Sebag Montefiore, British historian of Russia
 * Tom Segev, Israeli historian
 * Arturo Segre, Italian political and commercial historian
 * Avraham Sela, Israeli historian
 * Enrique Semo, Mexican historian
 * Bernard Semmel, U.S. historian
 * Michael Shamah, British Archaeologist
 * Moshe Shamir, Israeli writer and historian
 * Leeor Shimron, American historian
 * Avi Shlaim, Israeli historian
 * Joseph Shulim, U.S. historian
 * Bernhard von Simson, German mediaevalist
 * Paul Simson, German historian
 * Charles Singer, British historian of science and medicine
 * Ephraim Avigdor Speiser, American assyriologist and archeologist
 * Louis Snyder, U.S. historian
 * Arthur Stein (historian), Austrian historian of classical Rome
 * Aurel Stein, archeologist
 * Henri Stein, French bibliographer and historian
 * Samuel Steinherz, Czechoslovakian mediaevalist
 * Alfred Stern, Swiss social historian
 * Fritz Stern, German-born American historian
 * Menahem Stern, Israeli historian of ancient Judaism
 * Zeev Sternhell, Israeli historian of French fascism
 * Barry Supple, British economic historian (Jewish Year Book, 2005, p. 215)

T

 * Hayim Tadmor, Assyriologist
 * Jacob Talmon, Israeli political and social historian
 * Frank Tannenbaum, U.S. economic historian
 * John Thorn, U.S. baseball historian; official historian of Major League Baseball
 * Rosa Levin Toubin, Jewish Texan historian
 * Hans Trefousse, U.S. historian
 * Barbara Tuchman, U.S. journalist and historian

U

 * Adam Ulam, Polish-born American historian of Marxism, Communism, and 20th Century Russian history
 * Irwin Unger, U.S. political and social historian

V

 * Geza Vermes, Hungarian-born British historian

W

 * Joanna Waley-Cohen, English historian now in New York
 * Bernard Wasserstein, British historian of the Middle East and Europe
 * Eugen Weber, Modern European History
 * Gerhard Weinberg, German-born American historian of World War Two
 * Robert Weinberg, American historian of Russia
 * Bernard Weisberger, U.S. historian
 * Eduard Wertheimer, Hungarian historian of the 19th century
 * Helene Wieruszowski, German-U.S. historian
 * Mordecai Wilensky, American/Israeli historian of Jewish history
 * Bertram Wolfe, U.S. Soviet historian
 * Michael Wolffsohn, Israeli-born German historian
 * Leonard Woolf, British historian of economics

Y

 * Zvy Yavetz, Israeli historian of ancient Rome
 * Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi (1932-2009), Jewish History, Culture & Society
 * Aryeh Yitzhaki, Israeli historian

Z

 * Abraham Zacuto, historian and scientist
 * Rehavam Zeevi, Israeli historian
 * Oscar Zeichner, U.S. historian
 * Alfred Zimmern, British political scientist and authority on International Relations
 * Carl A. Zimring, American environmental historian
 * Howard Zinn, American historian

title: List of Jewish historians


text:
Talk:Tashelhiyt language/to do

Last update: — mark ✎ 13:38, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Demographics
 * Map
 * Literature
 * Include some scanned manuscripts
 * Dialects
 * Writing systems

title: Talk:Tashelhiyt language/to do


text:
File:Farmers market north gower.jpeg

Summary
Photo by Tobi McIntyre. From Canadian Geographic Online. Popular farmers market in North Gower, in rural Ottawa.

title: File:Farmers market north gower.jpeg