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Armenian literature

Armenian literature (Հայ գրականություն), produced in the Armenian language, was mainly dedicated to national themes and has evolved distinct traditions in terms of style, imagery, and form.

Prior to the establishment of the Armenian written language, a rich oral literature developed, fragments of which documented from the 5th to the 8th centuries. Following the introduction of the national alphabet in 405-406 by Mesrop Mashtots, the first original works of Armenian literature were composed in the mid-5th century. The initial phase of its development witnessed the diversification of genres, with the 5th century recognized as its "Golden age."

The restoration of the Kingdom of Armenia in 885 held significant implications for literary endeavors. Following its decline in 1045, the Armenian state found renewed formation in Cilicia and Zakarid Armenia, emerging as a novel hub for literary advancements. From the 12th century onward, literature flourished not only in Classical Armenian but also in the Middle Armenian literary language. Throughout the High Middle Ages, literary pursuits extended to the diaspora. The 17th-18th centuries marked a period of resurgence across all Armenian literary genres.

Reports on Pre-Mashtots literature and ancient Armenian folklore

Several antique and ancient Armenian sources, both directly and indirectly, attest to the existence of Armenian script and literature predating the 5th century. Notable authors contributing to this historical narrative include Philo of Alexandria (1st century), Philostratus (2nd-3rd centuries), Hippolytus of Rome (2nd-3rd centuries), and others. The recognition of pre-Mashtots Armenian writing as a scholarly concept emerged as early as the 1830s.

Within the medieval Armenian context, discussions on pre-Christian writing persisted. In the late 13th century, Vardan Areveltsi explicitly acknowledged the existence of pre-Christian Armenian writings, citing evidence such as the discovery of a coin in Cilicia bearing the name of a pagan Haykazuni king in Armenian letters during the reign of King Levon.

Mikhail Diakonoff and O. Kudryavtsev proposed the notion that Armenians possessed specialized secret writings as early as the 3rd-1st centuries BCE, which were employed for composing temple books and chronicles. Supporting evidence includes the works of the priest Olumpus, whose temple stories were translated into Syriac by Bardaisan in the 2nd-3rd centuries. Nikolai Marr endorsed the idea of writing in the Armenian language several centuries BCE, a perspective that Valery Bryusov echoed regarding the first four centuries of the Common Era. However, this concept faced criticism from Hrachia Acharian.

The rich oral literature of the Armenian people predates the establishment of the Armenian alphabet. The earliest Armenian writers drew upon a well-developed tradition of oral storytelling. Historians of the 5th-8th centuries preserved examples of early folklore. Among the most ancient preserved Armenian legends, tales and myths are Hayk, Aram, Ara the Beautiful, Tork Angeh, Artavazd, Vahagn, Tigran, Azhdahak, Yervand and Yervaz. The narrative "Tigran and Azhdahak", set in the 6th century BC, introduced the first female character. Mythologized historical stories emerged between the 7th and 2nd centuries BC. The preserved epic passage narrates the story of Artashes II, the King of Greater Armenia (2nd century BC), and his beloved Satenik. Some folklore tales reveal a Proto-Indo-European cultural layer, such as "The Birth of Vahagn", while others are linked to the Urartian past, as seen in medieval Armenian songs depicting the cult of the tree of life.

Despite the prevalence of oral traditions, the church during the Middle Ages opposed folk singers and storytellers, known as gusans or minstrels. Elizabeth Redgate noted that the church actively hindered the spread of pre-Christian oral traditions, viewing them as a challenge to its ideology.

Several Armenian epics from the Christian era have endured. The oldest, the "Persian War", recounts events between the 3rd and 5th centuries, documenting the struggle against the Sasanian Empire... Portions of this epic were recorded as early as the 5th century. "The War of Taron", documented in the 7th-8th centuries, narrates 5th-century events. The poetic epic "David of Sassoun," taking shape between the 7th and 10th centuries, expresses social and religious protest against Arab oppression while preserving echoes of the pre-Christian past, rooted in the common Indo-European origins of Armenian mythology. The narratives surrounding the ancient Armenian rulers Trdat III and Arshak II, alongside the stories of commanders Mushege and Vardan Mamikonyan during the fourth and fifth centuries, together encapsulate significant artistic, historical, and educational significance. Beyond being mere historical records, these legends act as cultural guiding lights, conveying not only aesthetic appeal and historical weight but also enduring moral lessons, making indispensable contributions to Armenia's rich heritage. Sentimental folklore creations date back to the 13th-14th centuries, with the first compilation of folk songs assembled in 1620.

Early literature
Only a handful of fragments have survived from the most ancient Armenian literary tradition preceding the Christianization of Armenia in the early 4th century, largely preserved by Movses Khorenatsi. The start of Christian Armenian literature dates to around the year 406 with the invention of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop for the purpose of translating Biblical books into Armenian.

Isaac, the Catholicos of Armenia, formed a school of translators who were sent to Edessa, Athens, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Caesarea in Cappadocia, and elsewhere, to procure codices both in Syriac and Greek and translate them. From Syriac came the first version of the New Testament, the version of Eusebius' History and his Life of Constantine (unless this is from the original Greek), the homilies of Aphraates, the Acts of Gurias and Samuna, the works of Ephrem Syrus (partly published in four volumes by the Mechitharists of Venice). In these first years of the 5th century, some of the apocryphal works, like the Discourses attributed to St. Gregory and the History of Armenia said to have come from Agathangelus, are asserted to be the works of these and other well-known men. This early period of Armenian literature also produced many original compositions, including Eznik of Kolb's "Refutation of the Sects", Koryun's "Life of Mashtots", P'avstos Buzand's History of the Armenians and Ghazar Parpetsi's History of the Armenians. Eznik and Koryun were disciples of Mashtots.

The Golden Age also includes the Histories of Yeghishe and Movses Khorenatsi, although it has been suggested that the works of these authors may have been composed at a later date.

Medieval era
Armenia is known to have been a nation often occupied by nearby powers, such as the Sassanid Empire. The beginning of the Medieval era was marked by the Arab conquest of Armenia. The people then started to talk of a great hero who would be able to liberate them and reestablish Armenian sovereignty. David of Sasun, known as Sasuntsi Davit', is the medieval Armenian equivalent of Hercules. For over a thousand years the Daredevils of Sassoun was passed from grandfathers to their grandsons thanks to the Armenian oral tradition, and it is difficult to classify his stories as ancient or medieval. In 1873, the story was first written down by Archbishop Garegin Srvandztiants, who copied word for word the tale as told by a peasant storyteller from Moush named Grbo. Other versions of the tale from various regions of Armenia were copied down in the ensuing years, and during the early Soviet Armenia, the stories were collated into a "unified version"; a narrative which connected dozens of isolated episodes, fragments, and near-complete though differing versions of the legend. One of the most famous treatments of the story was the verse rendition made by Hovhannes Toumanian in 1902. His poem only covers the story of David, which is actually only one of 4 parts of the story, although the central portion.

The four portions of the story are named after their heroes: Sanasar & Balthazar (Sanasar yev Baghdasar), Lion-Mher (Aryudz Mher), David of Sassoun (Sassountsi Tavit), and Mher the Younger (Pokr Mher). Sanasar is the father of Lion-Mher, who is the father of David, who is the father of Mher the Younger. Mher the younger is cursed to never bear progeny and his superhuman powers are too much for the world to handle, so he is enclosed in a mountain cave where he waits until the end of the world to come out and restore order. (similar to the western legends of King Arthur or Barbarossa.)

Despite being Christian poetry, numerous fantastic creatures, good and evil, influence the action.

One of the ancestors of the legendary David is the Lady Dzovinar, who agrees to marry the 90-year-old Caliph of Baghdad in order to save her people. Sanasar and Balthasar were their two sons. Sanasar moves to Sassoun, the fortress-town of Armenia, now located in Turkey. He has three children, the eldest of them being the Great Mher of Sassoun, with superhuman powers. Mher's veritable son is David of Sassoun. However, he also gets another son from the Arabic queen of Egypt. He is known as Misra Melik, which literally means "The sovereign of Egypt". He is probably the figure of all of what the Armenians resented; traitors, and foreign oppressors.

Throughout the years the half-brothers fought, and eventually David chops his nemesis in half.

Religious literature

The medieval period opens with comparative sterility. It was mostly important in the 8th century, that of John Otznetzi, surnamed the "Philosopher". A "Discourse against the Paulicians", a "Synodal Discourse", and a collection of the canons of the councils and the Fathers anterior to his day, are the principal works of his now extant. About the same time appeared the translations of the works of several of the Fathers, particularly of St. Gregory of Nyssa and Cyril of Alexandria, from the pen of Stephen, Bishop of Syunik. It was two centuries later that the celebrated "History of Armenia" by the Catholicos John V the Historian came forth, covering the period from the origin of the nation to the year A.D. 925. A contemporary of his, Annine of Mok, an abbot and the most celebrated theologian of the time, composed a treatise against the Tondrakians, a sect imbued with Manicheism. The name of Chosrov, Bishop of Andzevatsentz, is honoured because of his interesting commentaries on the Breviary and Mass-Prayers. Gregory of Narek, his son, is the Armenian Pindar from whose pen came elegies, odes, panegyrics, and homilies. Stephen Asoghtk, whose "Universal History" reaches down to A.D. 1004, and Gregory Magistros, whose long poem on the Old and New Testaments displays much application, are the last writers worthy of mention in this period.

Cilician renaissance
The modern period of Armenian literature can well be dated from the renaissance of letters among the Armenians in the 12th century. The Catholicos Nerses surnamed the Gracious, is the most brilliant author in the beginning of this period. Besides his poetic works, such as the "Elegy on the Taking of Edessa", there are prose works including a "Pastoral Letter", a "Synodal Discourse", and his "Letters". This age gave us also a commentary on St. Luke and one on the Catholic Epistles. Of note, too, is the Synodal Discourse of Nerses of Lambron, Archbishop of Tarsus, delivered at the Council of Hromcla in 1179, which is anti-Monophysite in tone. The 13th century gave birth to Vartan the Great, whose talents were those of a poet, an exegete, and a theologian, and whose "Universal History" is extensive in the field it covers. Gregory of Datev (also transliterated as Tatev) in the next century composed his "Question Book", which is a fiery polemic against the Catholics. A major religious and lyric poet of the late Middle Ages was Yovhannēs T‘lkuranc‘i (c. 1450-1535).

Foreign rule
The 16th century saw Armenia in the hands of Persia, and a check was for the time put on literature. However, in scattering the Armenians to all parts of Europe, the Persian invasion had its good effects. Armenian printing shops were established in Venice and Rome, and in the following century (the seventeenth) in Lemberg, Milan, Paris, and elsewhere. Old works were republished and new ones given forth. The Mechitarists of Venice have been the leaders in this movement; but their publications, although numerous, have been often uncritical. Their brothers, the Mechitarists of Vienna, have been likewise active in this work and it is to their society that Balgy and Catergian belong, two well-known writers on Armenian topics. Russia, Constantinople and Etchmiadzin are the other centres of Armenian literary efforts and the last-named place is especially worthy of note, imbued as it is today with German scientific methods and taste. Looking back over the field of Armenian literature, we note a trait the national character displayed in the bent Armenians have had for singing the glories of their land in history and chronicles.

Armenian troubadours
Divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, the Armenians developed a troubadour tradition. A troubadour, called աշուղ in Armenian, would go from village to village, and town to town, and would recite his literature to the people. More successful ones, such as Sayat-Nova, would participate in competitions in the courts of Georgian Kings, Muslim Khans, or Armenian Meliks. They would often talk about their feelings for their women by using the popular language that was riddled with foreign influences, instead of Classical Armenian, which was obsolete outside churches and schools.

Women in literature
Early documented examples of Armenian women in literature include limited writings from the nation's pagan era, as well as poems dated to the eighth century. The first Armenian woman to publish a novel is Srpouhi Dussap of Constantinople who wrote and published Mayda, a feminist social critique, in the 19th century. Dussap went on to inspire other Armenian women, such as Zabel Yessayan, to write. They, in addition to their contemporary Zabel Sibil Asadour, advocated for the education, advancement, and equal treatment of Armenian women through their writings which fall underneath the Armenian population's literary renaissance in Constantinople during the 19th and 20th centuries. To ensure that their messages and writings live on, the Armenian International Women's Association has translated and published numerous works by Armenian women writers into English. Yessayan's active status in this literary renaissance resulted in her being the only Armenian woman included on the list of intellectuals that were targeted at the start of the Armenian genocide. She continued to write in Soviet Armenia until falling victim to Stalin's purges years later. Other Armenian women writers in Soviet Armenia included Sylva Kaputikyan and Shushanik Kurghinian. The number of Armenian women with literary pursuits, inside Armenia and outside amongst the diaspora, has only increased. More recent writers include: Macada Tagachian, Alicia Ghiragossian, Violet Grigoryan, Shushan Avagyan, Marine Petrossian, Vehanoush Tekian, Maroush Yeramian.

19th century and early 20th century
Notable writers from this period include Siamanto, Hagop Baronian, Vahan Tekeyan, Hovhannes Hovhannisyan, Levon Shant, Krikor Zohrab, Rupen Zartarian, Avetis Aharonyan, Garegin Nzhdeh, Atrpet, Gostan Zarian, Hrand Nazariantz and Nigol Aghpalian.

The Revivalists: Armenian Romanticists
The 19th century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time during which Armenian culture flourished is known as the Revival period (Zartonk). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar).

The veritable creator of modern Armenian literature was Khachatur Abovian (1804–1848). Abovian was the first author to abandon the classical Armenian and adopt the modern for his works, thus ensuring their diffusion. Abovian's most famed work, Wounds of Armenia, returns to the theme of the Armenian people's suffering under foreign domination. Abovian dedicated his life to writing and educating others on the subject of Armenia and her people. Mikael Nalbandian's poem "Song of the Italian Girl" may have been the inspiration for the Armenian national anthem, Mer Hayrenik. Raffi (Hakob Melik-Hakobian) was the grand romanticist of Armenian literature. In his works, Raffi revived the grandeur of Armenia's historic past. In the novel Sparks, the heroes fight for the liberation of their people. This theme of oppression under foreign rule is also evident in his novels Jalaleddin and The Fool.

The Revivalist period ended in 1885–1890, when the Armenian people went through tumultuous times. Notable events were the Berlin Treaty of 1878, the independence of Balkan nations such as Bulgaria, and of course, the Hamidian massacres of 1895–1896.

Armenian Realists
Newspapers

Some specialists claim that the Armenian Realist authors appeared when the Arevelk (Orient) newspaper was founded (1884). Writers such as Arpiar Arpiarian, Levon Pashalian, Krikor Zohrab, Melkon Gurjian, Dikran Gamsarian and others revolved around the said newspaper. The other important newspaper at that time was the Hayrenik (Fatherland) newspaper, which became very populist, encouraged criticism, etc.

Despite these facts, Armenians weren't allowed to use words like Armenia, nation, fatherland, liberty, and progress in their newspapers and other written productions.

After 1885, Armenian authors were interested in depicting a realistic representation of life, along with its less attractive aspects. However, some authors retained romantic influences.

Soviet Armenia
The literary tradition of Khachatur Abovian, Mikael Nalbandian and Raffi was continued. This revival of tradition was carried out by such writers and poets as Hovhannes Tumanyan, Yeghishe Charents and the like. This revival took place under the Communist system, much restricting the freedom of expression of the writers.

In the late 1960s, under Leonid Brezhnev, a new generation of Armenian writers emerged. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature. With the decline in Soviet censorship, Modernist and Avantgarde artists emerged, and poets, like Henrik Edoyan and Artem Harutyunyan were producing poetry that neither was rhymed nor fitted Socialist Realism.

Independent Armenia
A new generation of writers is currently burgeoning in independent Armenia. The lack of independent, objective literary criticism makes it difficult to cover this most modern era of Armenian literature. Extant tensions between the Soviet era "Writers' Union of Armenia" and independent literary groups have resulted in mutual calumnies even on issues of classification as to who Armenia's writers are.

Among the more popular of present era writers addressing issues of social dystopia and political corruption are Vahram Sahakyan and Vahe Avetian. The latter has been living in Sweden since late nineties as a result of persecution by Armenian authorities.

Another writer whose literature is difficult to classify is the American writer Armen Melikian who briefly repatriated to Armenia in 2002 and started writing in Armenian, the official language of Armenia. Melikian has disavowed allegiance to Armenian culture or literature following his exile and ostracism, yet his most recent work "Journey to Virginland" published in the United States in 2010 garnering eleven literary awards deals with some of the most fundamental issues plaguing Armenian society, such as gender relations, religious orientation, and political corruption.

Attribution

 * Text translated from the Armenian: Multiple authors, Arti Hye Kraganoutioun, B. Hador [Modern Armenian Literature, volume II], Montreal, Canada, 2004 pg.9-19
 * Text translated from the Armenian: Multiple authors, Arti Hye Kraganoutioun, B. Hador [Modern Armenian Literature, volume II], Montreal, Canada, 2004 pg.9-19

title: Armenian literature


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Killington Ski Resort

Killington Mountain Resort & Ski Area is a ski resort in Rutland County, Vermont, United States, near the town of Killington. It is the largest ski area in the eastern U.S., and has the largest vertical drop in New England at 3050 ft. The mountain has been nicknamed the "Beast of the East."

History
In 1954, Perry H. Merrill, known as the Father of Vermont's State Parks and Alpine Ski Areas and Vermont State's land lease officer, wanted to see a ski resort developed on Killington Peak, the second highest mountain in Vermont. Preston Leete Smith agreed to work with him to develop this area. Killington opened on December 13, 1958.

The resort expanded in the 1960s at a pace "well above industry standards." Many new trails were created and Smith had beginner trails accessible from every lift. In the 1960s, Killington installed snowmaking equipment, which had been invented in the 1950s, but was considered a banana belt luxury. Several low-snow seasons proved their value.

Killington introduced the ticket wicket in 1963 to prevent skiers sharing lift tickets, while also not damaging ski clothing.

In the summer of 2011, the Killington area was damaged by Tropical Storm Irene in late August, which caused flooding and damage along U.S. Route 4, the road leading into Killington. The resort was damaged by excess runoff from Ottauquechee River, which lifted the Superstar Pub off of its foundation, condemning the structure. Killington has since repaired damaged infrastructure, and is operating at full or near-full potential.

Ownership
Shortly after the acquisition in 2007, Powdr announced that it will stop honoring "lifetime" lift passes issued by the previous owners after two years. A class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of about 800 pass holders.

Skiing Killington
Located in central Vermont, Killington has 155 trails, 21 lifts, and 1509 acre extending across six interconnected mountain peaks. A seventh peak, Pico Mountain, was purchased by Killington in 1996, but operates as a separate resort on the same lift tickets. There have been several proposals to connect Killington and Pico with a series of lifts and trails since 1998, however, no plans have been finalized.

The primary mountain is Killington Peak at 4229 ft, which has the second-highest summit in Vermont and has the second greatest vertical drop in the eastern United States (3050 ft), after Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, New York, at 3430 ft.

The mountains that make up the Killington resort separate the town of Killington (with its access road) from the city of Rutland.

Trails
The resort offers trails ranging from beginner to expert. Trails include "Outer Limits" a double black diamond mogul trail. Part of the mountain is set aside for terrain parks, with five snowboard and alpine parks. Killington has a learning area for first-time skiers, the "Accelerated Learning Area".

Killington has one of the east's largest half-pipes located at Bear Mountain for a portion of each winter season. There are boarder cross terrain and at least three to five major trails with ramps and jumps.

Famed ski map creator, James Niehues, hand-painted the Killington ski map in 1990.

Mountains

 * Snowshed, devoted to beginners, is serviced by a high-speed quad and one double lift, but used to be a double-double. Snowshed is an open slope, with a lodge and restaurant at the bottom. The adult ski school is located at Snowshed. And the Killington Grand quarter share Hotel is located at the bottom of Snowshed.
 * Ramshead mountain features beginner and intermediate terrain serviced by a Poma express quad lift, and a Poma platter lift for the racing training on Swirl trail. The Ski School for children and teenagers is located at Ramshead base lodge. "Squeeze Play" is an easy gladed trail with wide gaps between trees and a relatively flat profile.
 * Snowdon Mountain provides a variety of beginner, intermediate and expert trails. Among the trails are Conclusion, rated double black diamond, and Great Northern, a beginner trail. There are two chairlifts (a Heron-Poma triple from K-1 and a Detachable Six-Pack with blue bubble chairs from end of Caper.
 * Killington Peak, the highest of the six mountain peaks, includes the "Canyon Area", near the top, with some of the steepest terrain on the mountain. There are several double black diamond trails there, including Cascade, Downdraft, Double Dipper, and the Big Dipper Glade. It is serviced by the Pona of America built K-1 gondola, North ridge triple the Canyon Quad. Two shorter runs here include Rime and Reason in North Ridge area. Easier trails (Bear Trax and Great Northern) connect this peak to the rest of the mountain. There are lodges with restaurants at both the summit and base of Killington Peak. The peak was once accessible only by the original Killington gondola, which featured three stages, beginning at the bottom of the current Skyeship gondola. It has since been replaced by the two shorter gondolas. The K-1 gondola replaces the earlier Killington peak double chairlift, while the Skyeship gondola took the place of the first two stages of the original in the same alignment.

 * Skye Peak includes every type of terrain available. Trails include upper Vertigo, the steepest non-gladed trail at Killington, Ovation, a black forming into a double black when it becomes Lower Ovation, which is also one of the steepest trails on the mountain, and Superstar, a black diamond that is wide and has much artificial snowmaking to hold one of the longest skiing seasons in the US, normally closing at the end of May. It is serviced by the Yan built Superstar Express Quad, the 2008 Leitner-Poma Skye Peak Express Quad, and the Skyeship Express Gondola, erected in 1994.
 * Bear Mountain is home to Outer Limits, a very steep double black diamond mogul run which is home to the Bear mountain Mogul challenge, and Devil's Fiddle, another double black diamond. Bear Mountain also features terrain parks, including a superpipe. It was once served by two lifts, a quad and triple until 2008 and now is serviced by one quad lift and has a lodge and restaurant. Bear Mountain frequently hosts large-scale competitive racing and freestyle events.

 * Sunrise Mountain: Sunrise Mountain is serviced by one lift and is all beginner terrain. It was developed in the early 1980s with the Northeast Passage lift, the world's longest triple chair, but due to the relatively low elevation, Killington had difficulty maintaining snow cover on the lower portions, so they were removed from the trail system. The triple chair, which originally extended further downhill to the southern corner of US-4 and VT-100 in W. Bridgewater, was shortened, and the "Northeast Passage" entrance to Killington ceased to exist in the late 1990s. The upper portion of the lift was bought by Sunrise condos and provides them with direct access to the rest of the mountain. Killington originally opened Sunrise with the intention of expanding skiing trails and lifts southeast into an area known as Parker's Gore. When these plans were halted due to concerns for bear habitat, the costs of snowmaking and maintaining terrain at such a low elevation were no longer justified by the few skiers utilizing the area.

Pico Mountain
Pico Mountain is located on a separate mountain, Pico Peak, several miles away from the main resort. It has 57 trails covering 19 mi, all serviced by seven lifts. Runs include The Pike, 49er, Summit Glades, Upper KA, Giant Killer, and Sunset 71. There are hotels, condos and restaurants at the base. The mountain is accessible from the main base by car or bus.

Pico was once an independent ski resort called Pico Peak, and was bought out of bankruptcy by American Skiing Company which also owned Killington in the mid-1990s. Upon the collapse of ASC, Powdr Corp. bought both mountains and continues to operate them. Lift tickets at Killington are currently valid at Pico. There have been plans to connect Pico to the main Killington resort since it was purchased. Connector trails have been cut. Combined the two resorts offer over 1977 acres of ski able terrain.

Snow and season length
Killington averages 250 in of natural snow each winter, coupled with a snowmaking system that covers 71% of the trails. This has allowed Killington to offer what is often the longest skiing season in eastern North America, which usually spans from late October to late May, over 200 days. It has opened as early as October 1 and closed as late as June 22. Killington had a reputation for being the first ski area every season in the eastern U.S. to open, as well as the last to close, although in recent years the length of the season has begun to shorten. For example, in the 15 years between 1986 and 2001, the resort opened in October in every year but one, and never closed earlier than May 21. But in the five years ending in 2011, opening day has always been in November, and closing day has never made it past May 6. The years after 2011 have reversed this trend slightly with the 2019 season ending June 2nd and the 2022 season ending June 4th. The 2020 season ended early on March 14 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

World Cup races
Since November 2016, Killington has hosted the World Cup tour, with women's technical events (giant slalom, slalom) on Thanksgiving weekend, held on the "Superstar" run. American Mikaela Shiffrin won the slalom events in each of the race's first five offerings.
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"

! Season ! Date ! Giant Slalom Winner ! ! Date ! Slalom Winner Prior to 2016, the most recent World Cup races in the eastern U.S. were in March 1991 at Waterville Valley in New Hampshire; the last in Vermont were in March 1978 at Stratton Mountain.
 * 2017||align=right|26 Nov 2016|| align=left|🇫🇷 Tessa Worley ||rowspan=10 style="background:#E6E8FA;"| || align=right|27 Nov 2016|| align=left|🇺🇸 Mikaela Shiffrin
 * 2018||align=right|25 Nov 2017|| align=left|🇩🇪 Viktoria Rebensburg ||align=right|26 Nov 2017|| align=left|🇺🇸 Mikaela Shiffrin
 * 2019||align=right|24 Nov 2018|| align=left|🇮🇹 Federica Brignone ||align=right|25 Nov 2018|| align=left|🇺🇸 Mikaela Shiffrin
 * 2020||align=right|30 Nov 2019|| align=left|🇮🇹 Marta Bassino ||  align=right|01 Dec 2019|| align=left|🇺🇸 Mikaela Shiffrin
 * 2022||align=right|27 Nov 2021|| colspan=1 align=left bgcolor="EDCCD5" style=color:#696969|cancelled due to strong wind ||  align=right|28 Nov 2021|| align=left|🇺🇸 Mikaela Shiffrin (5)
 * 2023||align=right|26 Nov 2022|| align=left| Lara Gut-Behrami ||  align=right|27 Nov 2022|| align=left|   Wendy Holdener 🇸🇪 Anna Swenn-Larsson
 * }
 * 2020||align=right|30 Nov 2019|| align=left|🇮🇹 Marta Bassino ||  align=right|01 Dec 2019|| align=left|🇺🇸 Mikaela Shiffrin
 * 2022||align=right|27 Nov 2021|| colspan=1 align=left bgcolor="EDCCD5" style=color:#696969|cancelled due to strong wind ||  align=right|28 Nov 2021|| align=left|🇺🇸 Mikaela Shiffrin (5)
 * 2023||align=right|26 Nov 2022|| align=left| Lara Gut-Behrami ||  align=right|27 Nov 2022|| align=left|   Wendy Holdener 🇸🇪 Anna Swenn-Larsson
 * }
 * 2023||align=right|26 Nov 2022|| align=left| Lara Gut-Behrami ||  align=right|27 Nov 2022|| align=left|   Wendy Holdener 🇸🇪 Anna Swenn-Larsson
 * }

Mountain statistics
The base elevation is 1165 ft above sea level and the vertical drop is 3050 ft.
 * Summit elevation (Killington Peak) 4229 ft
 * Pico Peak – 3967 ft
 * Skye Peak – 3800 ft
 * Ramshead Peak – 3610 ft
 * Snowdon Peak – 3592 ft
 * Bear Mountain – 3295 ft
 * Sunrise Mountain – 2456 ft

Trails

 * 212 trails (including Pico Mountain) measuring 73 mi
 * Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg – Easier 28%
 * Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg – More Difficult 33%
 * Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg – Most Difficult: 39%

Lift roster

 * Killington has 21 Lifts.

Summer
Killington has 45 mi of hiking and mountain biking trails, and an 18-hole golf course. It also has lift accessed mountain biking in the summer with technical trail features, jumps, and other obstacles. In March 2015, the resort successfully applied to the state for permit allowing them to add zip lines and a mountain coaster.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Killington Ski Resort


text:
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 * How to write a great article
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(and I have to say, when I saw a new page created with the same name as your username I thought it was going to be some vanity page. I was pleasantly surprised. :) --Syrthiss 16:31, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but splattering links to that article into every conceivable other article is not very helpful. In general vitamin E supplementation has not proven to be very beneficial is a large number of conditions, and I would recommend you stick to tocotrienol itself to discuss the areas in which it is under study. Not every antioxidant is automatically a magic cure for everything. JFW | T@lk  01:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Your spamming of external links is getting annoying. You have even stopped adding useful content to tocotrienol. JFW | T@lk  16:03, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If you continue to spam links you may get blocked from editing Wikipedia. JFW | T@lk  17:36, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tocotrienols


text:
Spectrum (brand)

Spectrum is the trade name of Charter Communications, which is widely used by market consumers and commercial cable television channels, internet, telephone, and wireless service providers.

The brand was first introduced in 2014; prior to that, these services were marketed primarily under the Charter brand. Following the acquisitions of Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks by Charter, these operations also merged into the Spectrum brand.

Original programming
On June 26, 2018, Charter Communications announced it had given L.A.'s Finest a series order for a first season consisting of 13 episodes. The series premiered as the cable service's first original series on May 13, 2019, marking Charter's first foray into original programming.

In August, Curfew and E Is for Edie received pickups. On March 6, 2019, the service picked up a 12-episode eighth season of the 1992–1999 NBC sitcom Mad About You, which premiered six of the episodes on November 20, 2019.

On June 11, 2019, a series titled Paradise Lost was announced as having received a pickup. On February 19, 2020, it was announced that the series would premiere on April 13, 2020.

On June 26, 2019, the DirecTV Latin America original series Todo por el juego (Everything for the Game) was announced as premiering on Spectrum Originals on July 15, 2019. The original series would be offered, along with an English-dubbed version entitled Side Games.

On January 18, 2020, it was announced that Manhunt: Unabomber would return as Manhunt: Deadly Games and premiere on February 3.

On February 13, 2020, it was announced that the Sky One series Temple would premiere on March 9, 2020.

On August 11, 2022, Charter Communications announced that it would phase out Spectrum Originals due to rising production costs.

History
Time Warner Cable first launched what would become Road Runner with a 1995 market test in Elmira, New York, under the banner Southern Tier On-Line Community. Later it became known as LineRunner (a moniker subsequently employed by its VoIP service), before Time Warner Cable adopted the Road Runner brand name.

Road Runner High Speed Online employed the Road Runner character from the Road Runner/Wile E. Coyote cartoons (part of the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies franchises) distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures as its mascot and brand name. However, in 2012, it was rebranded as simply Time Warner Cable Internet, dropping the Road Runner branding that Time Warner Cable had to license from the now unaffiliated Warner Bros. With Charter's acquisition of Time Warner Cable in May 2016, the service was rebranded as "Spectrum Internet" on September 20, 2016.

Bandwidth caps
Despite raising prices of its Internet service within the previous year, Time Warner Cable announced in February 2009 that it would expand its bandwidth caps and coverage fees into four additional markets by the end of the year.

On April 1, 2009, the cities to have metered billing were announced, which included: Beaumont, Texas; Rochester, New York; Austin, Texas; San Antonio, Texas; and Greensboro, North Carolina.

These metered based billing plans were canceled according to Time Warner Cable "due to customer misunderstanding".

Caps would range from 5 GB to 100 GB with no unlimited option. The bandwidth will include downloads and uploads. If a user goes over, they will be charged $1 per additional gigabyte. Time Warner Cable announced they would provide a meter for users to monitor their usage. The new plan was set to begin in the summer of 2009, however due to protests they had decided against the bandwidth caps. Currently, users have unlimited bandwidth usage given that it does not exceed the predetermined data service maximum as given in the "master agreement". Time Warner Cable would have offered unlimited data for $150/month had the plan continued.

Glenn Britt (1949–2014), CEO from 2001 until December 2013, justified the new billing plans by claiming that the infrastructures had to be continuously upgraded and users would pay for how much they use. In February 2015, a Huffington Post article alleges a 97% profit margin on Time Warner Cable's Internet service.

Facebook groups have been created in protest in addition to an online petition and a Web site dedicated to stop the movement. Other Web sites have been recently following the Time Warner Cable cap plans that were already following broadband Internet providers metering and capping plans.

U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer and Congressman Eric Massa, both of whom represent portions of the Rochester, New York market that would be affected by the changes, announced their opposition to the plan and even went as far as to threaten legislation to ban such a scheme. On April 16, 2009, Time Warner Cable abandoned the plan.

As a condition of the merger with TWC, Spectrum agreed to not impose any bandwidth usage caps for seven years post-merger.

Time Warner Cable Maxx
On January 30, 2014, Time Warner Cable announced its new TWC Maxx initiative in New York City and Los Angeles which substantially boosted service speeds at no additional cost compared to the existing speed tiers, with the highest speed tier tripling from 100 Mbit/s to 300 Mbit/s.

As of mid 2016, TWC Maxx upgrades have been completed in New York City up the Hudson Valley, Los Angeles, Austin, Kansas City, Dallas, San Antonio, Raleigh, Hawaii, and Charlotte. Rollouts of TWC Maxx were in progress in San Diego, Greensboro, and Wilmington and were completed in early 2016.

After the TWC acquisition by Charter in June 2016, TWC Maxx upgrades have indefinitely been put on hold.

Spectrum Internet
After its merger with TWC and Bright House Networks, Charter Spectrum started offering broadband Internet plans across its entire service area. In December 2017, Charter began its rollout of DOCSIS 3.1, initially in early TWC Maxx markets, which increased speeds and added a gigabit tier. As of April 2020, most of the Spectrum footprint has Spectrum Internet Gig available and starting base speeds depend by area which at one point will all be upgraded to 200/10 Mbit/s in the near future.

Road Runner Mobile (defunct)
In late 2009 after splitting off from Time Warner (now Warner Bros. Discovery), Time Warner Cable began reselling Clearwire mobile WiMAX service as Road Runner Mobile, bundled with the company's existing broadband, TV and VoIP services. In October 2009, the company indicated that they'd be launching their incarnation of the service starting December 1 in Raleigh, Durham, Cary, Chapel Hill, Charlotte and Greensboro, and later, Dallas, San Antonio, Austin, Honolulu, and Maui.

As of late 2011, Time Warner Cable stopped signing up new Road Runner Mobile customers under resold Clearwire WiMAX service. Existing WiMAX customers could continue to use the service, but TWC began signing up new Road Runner Mobile customers under resold Verizon Wireless 4G LTE services. As of late 2012, however, all mentions of Time Warner Cable-branded mobile broadband services have been removed from Time Warner Cable's website and most regional franchises, and eventually, those customers were transitioned directly to Verizon.

Spectrum Mobile
On June 30, 2018, Charter launched Spectrum Mobile, a mobile virtual network operator service. Spectrum utilizes their service area's Wi-Fi network for extended network coverage, while Verizon Wireless provides the network Spectrum Mobile utilizes for mobile service, both a traditional 4G network and newer 5G network.

Spectrum Strike
On May 23, 2017, about 1,800 Spectrum workers went on strike in New York City, following the company's efforts to take control of workers health insurance and pension plans. The strike, which ended on April 18, 2022, is currently the longest strike in United States history. Spectrum has refused to negotiate with the workers' union, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) Local 3, instead, hiring a large temporary workforce of strikebreakers, and attempted to launch a vote to decertify IBEW Local 3. Spectrum's efforts to decertify the union has faced legal challenge, including a March 2020 decision by the National Labor Relations Board, which found "a serious and substantial issue" regarding Spectrum's efforts to decertify the union.

New York State
In 2018, Charter agreed to a $174 million fine with New York state, in lieu of the state completely revoking its franchise to operate throughout the state, which would have inconvenienced much of the state's residential and commercial operations. According to New York State, Charter did not provide new high-speed internet service to as many homes as they had promised during merger discussions with Time Warner Cable.

title: Spectrum (brand)


text:
Talk:Trembling hand perfect equilibrium

Formalization
This article—like many articles on game theory, it seems—would benefit from a section describing the formalization of the explained concept, not only the intuition behind it.71.142.211.125 (talk) 19:24, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. If you have the requisite knowledge, I encourage you to add it to the article yourself.  As you know, wikipedia is written by volunteers, and many of us are quite busy with other things.  We would love additional help!  If you would like to edit, but are having technical problems with the site, please drop me a line and I'll try to help out.  --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 18:28, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trembling hand perfect equilibrium


text:
Avoca Handweavers

Avoca Handweavers, now mostly known simply as Avoca, is a clothing manufacturing, retail and food business in Ireland. The company began in Avoca, County Wicklow, and is the oldest working woollen mill in Ireland and one of the world's oldest manufacturing companies. Since 2015, it has been owned by the American food service and facilities company, Aramark.

History
The mill on the banks of the fast-flowing River Avoca survives from at least 1723. Travel to and from the remote village was difficult and a barter system was used. The mill was used for grinding corn for bread and spinning and weaving wool. In 1760, a flying shuttle loom, capable of weaving up to 20 metres of cloth a day arrived. Workers, concerned about possible unemployment, resorted to burning some looms.

Wynne sisters
Three sisters, Emily, Winifred, and Veronica Wynne, inherited the mill in the 1920s and introduced colour. Avoca Handweavers tweed was produced and exported, including for use by Italian designer Elsa Schiaparelli. The material was also used for a waistcoat for King George VI and baby blankets for the children of Queen Elizabeth II.

Pratt family
In 1974, Donald Pratt, a solicitor and former cricketer engaged to handle the sale of the mill which now faced closure, decided to buy it himself. Along with his wife, Hilary, a teacher, he set about getting Avoca Handweavers back on its feet. The Pratts began exporting handwoven rugs and throws to the UK and other countries. Avoca throws are still sold across the globe.

In 2015, the Pratt family sold Avoca Handweavers to the American company Aramark.

Aramark
As of 2020, Avoca has several retail outlets around Ireland, including at Powerscourt Estate, Malahide Castle and in Belfast. Several of these also have foodhalls and cafes attached as their food operations were expanded.

The company has a number of women's clothing ranges which it sells through its own stores designed by Amanda Pratt, as well as wholesaling in Ireland and internationally. One of these ranges is known as 'Avoca Anthology'.

Avoca is also associated with gardens and has several rare trees in its Kilmacanogue grounds and a garden at Mount Usher Gardens in Ashford, County Wicklow.

As of 2020, the company reportedly employed approximately 1,000 people.

title: Avoca Handweavers


text:
Talk:Armenian literature

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Armenian Literature in Translation
— Assignment last updated by D818 (talk) 19:26, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

Rephrase
Rephrased the start of the second line in the first paragraph under "Early Literature" to create a better flow. Instead of "Christian Armenian literature begins about 406" it now reads "The start of Christian Armenian literature dates to around the year 406." Please feel free to return it to the original if there are any issues with this D818 (talk) 21:42, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Women in literature
Added in a section underneath 'History' that outlines Armenian women in literature with citations. This edit was copied from my sandbox D818/Armenian literature. Please feel free to edit for flow/ add information if needed!

D818 (talk) 20:16, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Armenian literature


text:
Category:United States civil procedure case law

This is a category for case law in the United States interpreting rules of civil procedure.


text:
Bayo Ojikutu

Bayo Olayinka Ojikutu (born 1971) is a Nigerian-American creative writer, novelist and university lecturer.

His first novel, 47th Street Black (Crown, 2003), received the Washington Prize for Fiction and the Great American Book Award. Ojikutu's short fiction has appeared widely, including within the pages of the 2013 Akashic Press collection USA Noir and in the speculative fiction anthology Shadow Show. Ojikutu's short story, "Yayi and Those Who Walk on Water: A Fable", received a Special Mention nomination from the Pushcart Prize for outstanding fiction published in literary presses in 2009. By then, Three Rivers Press had released his second novel, Free Burning, to considerable critical acclaim.

Ojikutu is a graduate of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He has taught creative writing at the University of Chicago, DePaul University, and Roosevelt University.

title: Bayo Ojikutu


text: User talk:216.49.220.35

title: User talk:216.49.220.35


text: Template:Georgia private colleges and universities


text:
User:Nantko

Hi, I'm Nantko. There's not much to say about me.

title: User:Nantko


text:
Talk:Jonathan Taylor Thomas

Photo, please...
Anyone care to find a (recent) photo to post in the bio info box?

trezjr 22:08, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been looking haven't been able to find 108.35.150.229 (talk) 21:51, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Date of birth?
His biography says 1981, the links at the bottom say 1978, thoughts? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cronoglenn (talk • contribs) 20:40, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

Sometimes type is dragged in from another article's page; they probably just forgot to change the year.

trezjr 23:30, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Place of Birth?
Two different birthplaces are given in the article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.75.246.15 (talk) 20:49, 8 March 2007 (UTC). Its 1981. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.162.67.239 (talk) 06:49, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Columbia University
Anons keep adding that he is attending Columbia University, but there is no source to that claim. I have removed it again, until it is source. Newspaper article, maybe? Magazine? Corvus cornix 18:27, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * agreed.

 * I have removed this information again since there are apparently no sources for it and it has been requested for a long time. __meco (talk) 10:16, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Vegetarian
4.174.220.238 14:58, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * About Jonathan being a vegetarian...um, I did cite a reliable source, so why was it deleted? Anthony Rupert 02:54, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

is there anything really encyclopedic about him being a vegetarian--even if he is?

4.87.135.130 21:09, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Um...isn't there a category called American vegetarians? If Jonathan being a vegetarian isn't encyclopedic, then neither is that category. Anthony Rupert 02:21, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

There's no citation on his death I removed itCharlieP216 00:04, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Sexuality
The citation after the statement "He is gay." leads to an article that clearly states that he's not gay. Read your own citations before you post faulty information, please. (192.147.171.174 20:08, 26 October 2007 (UTC))

Multiple Issues: Early Life
I don't know why I can't get the template working right, but as you can see, I'm trying to call attention to multiple issues with the Early Life section. First of all, the second sentence is not cited, and second, it's very poorly written, with incorrectly used brackets, and poor wording.

If someone wouldn't mind also helping me with the template, [Multiple issues - discuss], I think it would benefit everyone. I know there's a Wikipage that explains the different templates, and how to add them to mark disputed text, but I can never find that page for help when I need it.

Christopher, Salem, OR (talk) 09:01, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

very short and incomplete wiki article
I was shocked to see how short JTT's wiki page is! There has to be so much more to say. Little by little (or do it all at once if you have the time), I think the info from his IMDB bio needs to be incorporated. See: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001795/bio

(by the way, this cites his vegetarianism) - Todayishere (talk) 17:55, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
 * IMDb is not a reliable source. Any information you'd wish to provide from there would need to be listed elsewhere. Doniago (talk) 16:00, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Well, I find it odd that Doniago says that IMDb is not considered a reliable source as I have seen it used as a source for actresses and actors many times on WikipediaMylittlezach (talk) 04:37, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * WP:RS/IMDB says it all. Doniago (talk) 04:46, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QmNWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0PEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3389,6203549&dq=jonathan-taylor-thomas+vegetarian&hl=en http://www.petakids.com/vsk/celebs.asp He has been very vocal about being vegetarian for much of his careerNirame (talk) 00:21, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Protection
I am getting rather tired of having to do the same old reverts again and again. Its always the same stuff basically IPs inserting that he has died. I have tried asking for protection but it isn't happening often enough for them to do it. RafikiSykes (talk) 23:17, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Years active?
I was wondering if there's a reason why his "years active" are listed as "1987–2006, 2011–present." I don't see any projects listed on this page from 2011-present. Is he acting again? Thanks. Safehaven86 (talk) 03:45, 18 July 2012 (UTC) I think it is his voice and they announce narrated by Jonathan Taylor for a few magazines for the (USA) National Library for the Blind and Print Disabled. He sometime narrates WIRED and regularly dose the all of the magazine The Nation on most issues. Possibly a few other magazines too. The NLS has contracts with audio recording companies.

Occupation: Singer?
Since when? This isn't mentioned in JTT's career notes or filmography. If it's referring to the Lion King music numbers, they were provided by Jason Weaver.

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0915868/

http://www.hans-zimmer.com/index.php?rub=disco&id=56

http://www.eltonjohn.com/discography/the-lion-king-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/?l=grid

http://disneylandrecords.com/lion-king/d001992901/

http://www.jasonweaveronline.com/

HijoleChupacabra (talk) 22:00, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

change of name
Do we know why he changed his last name? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 17:17, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

Yeah - where did Thomas come from? This article seems incomplete. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.26.17.102 (talk) 22:49, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Jonathan Taylor Thomas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120319144415/http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=arts&articleid=687&month=9&day=22&year=2005 to http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=arts&articleid=687&month=9&day=22&year=2005
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927162416/http://www.petakids.com/vsk/celebs.asp to http://www.petakids.com/vsk/celebs.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:25, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

Removing content, not cool
I updated Thomas' page a few months ago and someone removed it all. Like all going down to just his vegetarian bit. Not cool. I'm not an idiot about him. Next time HMU on here please with the subject "Heyyy Kiddo"

Thanks! KillingKiddo (talk) 21:09, 21 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Your added info may or may not be relevant but it was completely unsourced. You need to back it up with a verifyable source. --Denniss (talk) 05:37, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

Thomas SAG
I'm bilingual and just read in a German article that Thomas is working with SAG in california and possibly another project with McCauly.

77.191.59.98 (talk) 10:20, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

what does he do now?
What does he do now in his career? 192.67.185.2 (talk) 17:21, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jonathan Taylor Thomas


text:
Rick Middleton

Richard David "Nifty" Middleton (born December 4, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player for the New York Rangers and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League.

Playing career
As a youth, Middleton played in the 1966 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Wexford, Toronto.

A right winger, Middleton was drafted in the first round, 14th overall, by the Rangers in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft after a glittering junior career with the Oshawa Generals in which he led his league in scoring his final year and was named to the league's Second All-Star Team. He spent the 1973–74 season with the Rangers' farm team, the AHL Providence Reds, earning rookie of the year honors and being named to the AHL's First All-Star Team.

Middleton made the big club during the 1974–75 season, and despite suffering injuries that restricted him to 47 games, scored 22 goals in that limited time. The following season was not as spectacular, as he scored 24 goals in 77 games while showing defensive deficiencies.

Middleton was traded to the Boston Bruins for Ken Hodge on May 26, 1976. Rangers head coach and general manager John Ferguson Sr. was confident that his team had enough young talent to justify making Middleton expendable. What the Bruins got was a player who was ten years younger and a swifter skater than Hodge. The transaction became even more one-sided in favor of the Bruins when head coach Don Cherry developed Middleton's defensive skills to make him a solid two-way player. Hodge played only a single season more before his career ended, while Middleton became a star in Boston, scoring a hat trick in his first game as a Bruin (October 7, 1976 versus Minnesota) and nearly nine hundred points in a Bruins uniform over the next twelve years. Generally paired with centre Barry Pederson, Middleton had five straight seasons of at least forty goals and ninety points and led the Bruins to perennial glittering records. His leadership was apparent in being named co-captain (with Ray Bourque) to succeed Terry O'Reilly in 1985, a position he held until he retired, wearing the "C" during home games. Middleton was regarded as one of the best one-on-one players of all time and currently ranks second all time in career shooting percentage (19.7) among players with 400+ goals.

His best season was the 1981–82 season, during which Middleton scored a career high 51 goals, won the Lady Byng Trophy for excellence and sportsmanship, and was named to the NHL's Second All-Star Team. The following season, Middleton led the Bruins to the league's best regular season record, and set unbroken records that year for the most points scored in the playoffs by a player not advancing to the finals (33) and for a single playoff series (19, in the quarterfinals against Buffalo). His 105 points in the 1983–84 season tied Ken Hodge's team record for most points scored in a season by a right winger, and remains unbroken.

Middleton scored 25 shorthanded goals for Boston—a Bruins' team record that was surpassed by Brad Marchand in 2018–19. Middleton had held the club record for more than 30 years since overtaking Derek Sanderson's record of 24.

Middleton also starred in international play, being named to play for Team Canada in the Canada Cup in 1981 and 1984. Teamed on the top line with Wayne Gretzky and Michel Goulet in the 1984 series, he scored four goals and four assists in seven games. Further, Middleton played in the NHL All-Star Game in 1981, 1982 and 1984.

At the time of his retirement following the 1987-88 season, Middleton ranked third on the Boston Bruins' all-time regular-season scoring list (trailing only Johnny Bucyk and Phil Esposito) with 402 goals and 496 assists for 898 points--10 more than Bobby Orr accumulated. As of the end of the 2020-21 season, Middleton was in fifth spot, having been overtaken on the list by both Raymond Bourque and Patrice Bergeron.

Middleton's 100 playoff points for Boston puts him in a sixth-place tie with Bucyk on the club's all-time list.

On November 29, 2018 the Boston Bruins retired Middleton's #16 before a game against the New York Islanders at TD Garden.

Awards, honors and achievements

 * Won Red Tilson Trophy (OHL Most Outstanding Player) in 1973.
 * Won Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award (AHL Rookie of the Year) in 1974.
 * Named to the AHL First All-Star Team in 1974.
 * Seventh Player Award — 1979
 * Elizabeth C. Dufresne Trophy — 1979, 1981, 1982, 1984
 * Bruins Three Stars Awards — 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984
 * NHL All-Star Game — 1981, 1982, 1984
 * 1981 Canada Cup Silver Medal
 * Won NHL Lady Byng Memorial Trophy in 1982.
 * Named to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 1982.
 * 1984 Canada Cup Gold Medal
 * His #16 Jersey was retired by the Boston Bruins on November 29, 2018.

NHL records

 * Most points in one playoff series: (19)
 * Highest playoff points per game average in one post-season by a right winger: (1.94)
 * Highest playoff assists per game average in one post-season by a right winger: (1.29)

Retirement
In the 1986 season, Middleton was struck by a puck on the temple in practice, and missed the remainder of the season and playoffs with a concussion. Although he wore a helmet thereafter and recovered enough to score 31 goals the following year, he had recurring headaches for the rest of his career, and retired following the 1988 season.

He retired with 448 goals and 540 assists for 988 points in 1005 games, and added 100 points in 114 playoff games.

He was one of five plaintiffs along with Dave Forbes, Brad Park, Ulf Nilsson and Doug Smail in Forbes v. Eagleson, a class action lawsuit filed in 1995 on behalf of about 1,000 NHL players who were employed by NHL teams between 1972 and 1991 against Alan Eagleson, the league and its member clubs. The players alleged that the NHL and its teams violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act by colluding with Eagleson to enable him to embezzle from the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) and that the four-year statute of limitations in civil racketeering cases began when Eagleson was indicted in 1994. The lawsuit was dismissed on August 27, 1998 in United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania by Thomas Newman O'Neill Jr. who ruled that the statute of limitations expired because it had begun in 1991 when the players were made aware of the allegations against Eagleson. O'Neill's decision was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on October 17, 2000. Joe McDonald speculated in a May 14, 2020 article in The Athletic that Middleton's participation in the lawsuit jeopardized his chances of induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

He is currently the President of Boston Bruins Alumni and a partner in Orlanda Energy Systems. Middleton joined with New England High School Sports Showcases, running high school hockey showcases beginning in June 2014.

NESN
Middleton was a studio analyst for New England Sports Network (NESN), which covers the Boston Bruins, from 2002 to 2007.

title: Rick Middleton


text:
Aaron Sperske

Aaron Sperske is an American drummer who has played in several bands, including Beachwood Sparks, Father John Misty, Lilys, The Miracle Workers, Ariel Pink's Haunted Graffiti, The Chapin Sisters, and The Pernice Brothers. He also played drums on the Elliott Smith song "Coast to Coast" which was featured on the From a Basement on the Hill album. He played drums on the Tobias Jesso Jr. album, Goon and started The Skiffle Players with Cass McCombs. Skifflin, a full length LP, was released in 2016.

Personal life
Sperske was previously married to photographer Autumn de Wilde. Footage from their wedding was used in the music video for "By Your Side" by Beachwood Sparks. Their daughter Arrow de Wilde is the lead singer of the Los Angeles–based band Starcrawler.

title: Aaron Sperske


text:
2005 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay

The 4 × 100 metre relay at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on August 13 and August 14.

Qualifying
From the initial two heats the first three teams in each plus two fastest losers progressed through to the final.

All times shown are in seconds.
 * Q denotes automatic qualification.
 * q denotes fastest losers.
 * DNS denotes did not start.
 * DNF denotes did not finish.
 * AR denotes area record.
 * NR denotes national record.
 * PB denotes personal best.
 * SB denotes season's best.

Heat 1

 * 1) [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] United States (Angela Daigle, Muna Lee, Me'Lisa Barber, Lauryn Williams) 42.16s Q (WL)
 * 2) [[Image:Flag of Nigeria.svg|20px]] Nigeria (Gloria Kemasuode, Endurance Ojokolo, Oludamola Osayomi, Mercy Nku) 43.53s Q (SB)
 * 3) [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] Sweden (Emma Rienas, Carolina Klüft, Jenny Kallur, Susanna Kallur) 43.67s (NR)
 * 4) [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] Great Britain (Emily Freeman, Emma Ania, Laura Turner, Katherine Endacott) 43.83 (SB)
 * [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] Netherlands (Pascal van Assendelft, Jacqueline Poelman, Annemarie Kramer, Judith Baarssen) DQ
 * [[Image:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|20px]] Bahamas (Tamicka Clarke, Chandra Sturrup, Savatheda Fynes, Philippa Arnett-Willie) DNF

Heat 2

 * 1) [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] France (Patricia Buval, Lina Jacques-Sébastien, Fabe Dia, Christine Arron) 42.86 Q (SB)
 * 2) [[Image:Flag of Jamaica.svg|20px]] Jamaica (Daniele Browning, Sherone Simpson, Beverly McDonald, Aleen Bailey) 42.97s Q (SB)
 * 3) [[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px]] Colombia (Melisa Murillo, Felipa Palacios, Darlenis Obregón, Norma Gonzalez) 43.03s q ()
 * 4) [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] Brazil (Raquel Martins da Costa, Lucimar Aparecida de Moura, Thatiana Regina Ignâcio, Luciana Alves dos Santos) 43.22s q (SB)
 * 5) [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] Italy (Elena Sordelli, Vincenza Calì, Manuela Grillo, Maria Aurora Salvagno) 44.03s
 * [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|20px]] Finland (Ilona Ranta, Katja Salivaara, Sari Keskitalo, Heidi Hannula) DNF

Heat 3

 * 1) [[Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|20px]] Belarus (Yulia Nesterenko, Natalya Sologub, Alena Nevmerzhitskaya, Oksana Dragun) 42.80s Q (NR)
 * 2) [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] Poland (Iwona Dorobisz, Daria Onyśko, Dorota Dydo, Iwona Brzezińska) 43.37s Q (SB)
 * 3) [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] Belgium (Katleen De Caluwé, Nancy Callaerts, Élodie Ouédraogo, Kim Gevaert) 43.40s (SB)
 * 4) [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] Ukraine (Iryna Kozhemyakina, Iryna Shepetyuk, Iryna Shtanhyeyeva, Olena Pastushenko-Sinyavina) 43.62s (SB)
 * 5) [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japan (Tomoko Ishida, Ayumi Suzuki, Yuka Sato, Sakie Nobuoka) 44.52s (SB)
 * [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] Russia (Yekaterina Kondratyeva, Yuliya Gushchina, Irina Khabarova, Larisa Kruglova) DNF

Final

 * 1) [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] United States (Angela Daigle, Muna Lee, Me'Lisa Barber, Lauryn Williams) 41.78s (WL)
 * 2) [[Image:Flag of Jamaica.svg|20px]] Jamaica (Daniele Browning, Sherone Simpson, Aleen Bailey, Veronica Campbell) 41.99s (SB)
 * 3) [[Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|20px]] Belarus (Yulia Nesterenko, Natalya Sologub, Alena Nevmerzhitskaya, Oksana Dragun) 42.56s (NR)
 * 4) [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] France (Patricia Buval, Lina Jacques-Sébastien, Fabe Dia, Christine Arron) 42.85 (SB)
 * 5) [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] Brazil (Raquel Martins da Costa, Lucimar Aparecida de Moura, Thatiana Regina Ignâcio, Luciana Alves dos Santos) 42.99s (SB)
 * 6) [[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px]] Colombia (Melisa Murillo, Felipa Palacios, Darlenis Obregón, Norma Gonzalez) 43.07s
 * 7) [[Image:Flag of Nigeria.svg|20px]] Nigeria (Gloria Kemasuode, Endurance Ojokolo, Oludamola Osayomi, Mercy Nku) 43.25s (SB)
 * 8) [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] Poland (Iwona Dorobisz, Daria Onyśko, Dorota Dydo, Iwona Brzezińska) 43.49s


text:
Friedrich Hauser

Friedrich Hauser (Stuttgart 1859–Baden-Baden, 1917) was a German classical archaeologist and art historian. His most famous single publication is Die Neuattischen Reliefs (Stuttgart: Verlag von Konrad Wittwer, 1889) in which he identified a style-category he called "Neo-Attic" among sculpture that was being produced in later Hellenistic circles during the last century or so BCE and in early Imperial Rome; the corpus that Hauser called "Neo-Attic" consists of bas-reliefs molded on decorative vessels and plaques, employing a figural and drapery style that looked for its canon of "classic" models to late 5th and early 4th century Athens and Attica, an early form of Neoclassicism.

John Beazley, who established the technique of identifying the artistic personalities of individuals and workshops in Attic vase-painting, to construct a history of workshops and artists in ancient Athens— much as Giovanni Morelli had recently done for the artists of the quattrocento—considered Hauser and the other German scholars Adolf Furtwängler, who had applied Morellian techniques to Ancient Greek sculpture, and Paul Hartwig among his mentors, though Beazley's method did not simply follow theirs.

title: Friedrich Hauser


text:
Sway (British musician)

Derek Andrew Safo (born 5 September 1982), better known by his stage name Sway or Sway DaSafo, is a British rapper of Ghanaian descent. He is also a producer, having established Dcypha Productions, signed to Island/Universal (label founder). Safo's 2008 track "Black Stars" gave appreciation to popular Ghanaians across the diaspora. Sway's first big track, "On My Own"  was released under the name Sway DaSafo.

Early life
Derek Andrews Safo, known professionally as Sway (Dasafo), was born on September 5, 1982, and raised in Hornsey, North London by Ghanaian parents Beatrice & Alhaji. He attended Campsbourne Junior School and then Highgate Wood Secondary School, where he spent time learning music production.

His witty punch lines, storytelling ability and fast flow were influenced by his favorite rap group Bone Thugs N Harmony and local drum and bass MCs such as Skibadee and Shabba D, causing him to stand out as a unique hybrid.

2006–2007: This Is My Demo
To avoid recognition, Sway began covering his face in pictures with a Union Jack bandana. With help from DJ Turkish and ‘Jr’ Appiah, he started his own record label, Dcypha Productions, a corruption of his surname Dasafo. He then began writing and producing his first official solo releases, This Is My Promo volumes 1 and 2.

He became the first unsigned rapper to win a MOBO Award prior to the release of an official album. He ultimately decided to release his debut album This Is My Demo independently. It received critical acclaim   and, despite a lack of mainstream radio support, sold over 50,000 copies within its first year of release.

The album yielded the Al Shux-produced UK top 40 single "Little Derek", was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and Sway became the first UK rapper to win a BET Hip Hop Award.

2008–2009: Konvict Music and The Signature LP
Amongst his supporters were international superstars Akon, Lupe Fiasco and Pharrell Williams who had all displayed an interest in signing the UK rapper to their own label imprints.

After months of consideration Sway decided he would become part of Akon's international Konvict Music family alongside the likes of Lady Gaga and T-Pain. Akon also embodied the fusion of a West African meets Western approach to music whilst building an empire so he was the perfect case study for Sway. Sway was often invited to accompany Akon around the world where he networked and built strong relationships, most notably with his mentor Dutch super-producer Giorgio Tuinfort (Michael Jackson, David Guetta, Sia).

Sway's second album The Signature LP was released in 2008 through Dcypha Productions. The album included production from Emile Haynie (Eminem, Kid Cudi, Bruno Mars), The Nextmen (Plan B, Public Enemy) as well as Giorgio Tuinfort. This album was recognized for tracks such as "F UR X" which was a smash UK club record and the international door breaker "Silver & Gold" featuring Akon.

2010–2012: 3 Beat Records, Still Speedin’ and Level Up
Sway frequently made use of his capacity to draw some of the best talent in the world. He frequented talent competitions where he first came across a unique ginger haired singer/songwriter who he would then invite to his home and record songs with, they became friends and shortly after this period that person became known as the world renowned Ed Sheeran. After overcoming some health issues Sway decided it was time to release new music, he signed a singles deal with 3 Beat Records via Universal which saw Sway's first release on the label "Still Speedin'" climb up the National official UK charts a land Sway his first top 20 hit. The song was well received and even received social media support from the likes of racing legends Nigel Mansell and Lewis Hamilton who were both mentioned in the song

Sway's vast array of collaborations go from recording and writing with acts such as Mark Ronson and Childish Gambino to award-winning verses for Ghanaian super stars Sarkodie and Edem. He was also the only other rapper to be featured on Lupe Fiasco's US Billboard number 1 album "Lasers" released in 2011. Sway's next single "Level Up", written with Flux Pavilion (Kanye West, Jay Z) during his University student days, became Sway's highest-charting single to date landing at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart.

2013–2016: Dcypha Productions and Island Records
In 2013, Sway decided he wanted to return to his original plan of building a label and curating talent. Through his search he came across south London rapper/singer Tiggs Da Author, who he took under his wing and signed to his revived Dcypha Productions label as well as signing YouTube star KSI.

He featured both new artists on his EP Wake Up his final release on 3beat records. The title track of the EP was produced by former Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe and the track ‘Back Someday’ featured vocals from Ed Sheeran. In 2014 the Dcypha team oversaw the signing of Tiggs Da Author to Sony RCA and subsequently in July 2015, Dcypha Productions became an imprint of Island Records/Universal Music Group. KSI became the first artist to be up-streamed.

In the same year Sway released a long-awaited third album entitled Deliverance, which describes as “an affirmation of my intentions”. The album was released with no lead singles or videos, as Sway wanted it to serve its true purpose as “a project to be discovered”. The album would mark the first time that Sway would discuss his musical journey and previous health issues publicly, in hope that it will encourage and inspire people who face similar adversities. He also talks about becoming a father to his first child, Jalil.

The Dcypha roster continued to flourish and went on to sign acts such as singer/songwriter Sam Garrett, Battle rap champion Lunar C and British & Asian R&B star Arjun. As a writer and producer Sway amassed over a billion music streams worldwide across platforms such as YouTube, Spotify, Apple Music and he continues to work with emerging talent as well as accomplished creatives to push musical boundaries forward.

2017–2018: New Reign Productions
Dcypha Productions parted ways with Island Records in 2017 and Sway decided to focus on building New Reign Productions whilst maintaining his role as executive producer for KSI and Tiggs Da Author. He later oversaw the signing of Tiggs to the newly formed Alacran music label and established KSI as an independent music artist by releasing his Space EP independently.

New Reign Productions houses a stable of music producers, graphic designers, directors, songwriters and other creative minds. As a group they are set to release an array of singles in the near future.

2017 also saw the birth of Sway's second child Ammar-Joseph. The birth of his sons inspired him to put together two new albums Songs From The Stash and Stories From The Safe dedicated to them that will be released on both their birthdays in 2019. It has also been rumored that he is recording an album for his twin daughters (Born 23 December 2018) Queen-Inaya & Queen-Imara entitled Messages From The Mind

2018–present: Next Chapter and New Reign empire
Whilst working on a new album titled ‘Next Chapter’ Sway decided to revert to releasing under his full original artist name ‘Sway Dasafo’.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * This Is My Demo (2006)
 * The Signature LP (2008)
 * Deliverance (2015)
 * Verses from the Vault (2018)
 * Verses from the Vault 2 (2018)
 * Songs from the Stash EP (2019)
 * Stories from the Safe EP (2021)

title: Sway (British musician)


text:
Y chromosome microdeletion

Y chromosome microdeletion (YCM) is a family of genetic disorders caused by missing genes in the Y chromosome. Many men with YCM exhibit no symptoms and lead normal lives. It is present in a significant number of men with reduced fertility. Reduced sperm production varies from oligozoospermia, significant lack of sperm, or azoospermia, complete lack of sperm.

Cause
The mechanism of mutation is not different for Y-chromosome microdeletion. However, the ability to repair it differs from other chromosomes. The human Y chromosome is passed directly from father to son, and is not protected against accumulating copying errors, whereas other chromosomes are error corrected by recombining genetic information from mother and father. This may leave natural selection as the primary repair mechanism for the Y chromosome.

Diagnosis
Y chromosome microdeletion is currently diagnosed by extracting DNA from leukocytes in a man's blood sample, mixing it with some of the about 300 known genetic markers for sequence-tagged sites (STS) on the Y chromosome, and then using polymerase chain reaction amplification and gel electrophoresis in order to test whether the DNA sequence corresponding to the selected markers is present in the DNA.

Such procedures can test only the integrity of a tiny part of the overall 23 million base pair long Y chromosome. Therefore, the sensitivity of such tests depends on the choice and number of markers used. Present diagnostic techniques can only discover certain types of deletions and mutations on a chromosome and give therefore no complete picture of genetic causes of infertility. They can only demonstrate the presence of some defects, but not the absence of any possible genetic defect on the chromosome.

The preferred test for genetic mutation, namely complete DNA sequencing of a patient's Y chromosome, is too expensive for use in epidemiological research or clinical diagnostics.

In up to 20% of men with reduced sperm count, some form of YCM has been detected.

Infertility
Microdeletions in the Y chromosome have been found at a much higher rate in infertile men than in fertile controls and the correlation found may still go up as improved genetic testing techniques for the Y chromosome are developed.

Much study has been focused upon the "azoospermia factor locus" (AZF), at Yq11. A specific partial deletion of AZFc called gr/gr deletion is significantly associated with male infertility among Caucasians in Europe and the Western Pacific region.

Additional genes associated with spermatogenesis in men and reduced fertility upon Y chromosome deletions include RBM, DAZ, SPGY, and TSPY.

title: Y chromosome microdeletion


text: User talk:83.92.128.1

title: User talk:83.92.128.1


text:
Horagai

Horagai (法螺貝) (or jinkai 陣貝) are large conch shells, usually from Charonia tritonis, that have been used as trumpets in Japan for many centuries. The instrument, which has served a number of purposes throughout Japanese history, has been given a number of Japanese names depending on its function. Special schools still teach students to play the traditional music associated with the conch.

Instrument
Unlike most shell trumpets from other parts of the world which produce only one pitch, the Japanese hora or horagai can produce three or five different notes. The different pitches are achieved using a bronze or wooden mouthpiece attached to the apex of the shell's spire. At freezing temperatures (often encountered in the mountainous regions of Japan) the lips may freeze to the metal surface, so wooden or bamboo mouthpieces are used.

Religion
The conch is used by Buddhist monks for religious purposes. Its use goes back at least 1,000 years, and it is still used today for some rituals, such as the omizutori (water drawing) portion of the Shuni-e rites at the Tōdai-ji in Nara. Each Shugendō school has his own conch shell melodies.

The hora is especially associated with the Yamabushi, ascetic warrior monks of the Shugendō tradition. The yamabushi used the trumpet to signal their presence (or movements) to one another across mountains and to accompany the chanting of sutras.

Military
In war, the shell, called jinkai, or "war shell", was one of several signal devices used by Japanese feudal warriors known as samurai. A large conch would be used and fitted with a bronze (or wooden) mouthpiece. It would be held in an openwork basket and blown with a different combination of "notes" to signal troops to attack, withdraw, or change strategies, in the same way a bugle or flugelhorn was used in the west. The trumpeter was called a kai yaku (貝役).

The jinkai served a similar function to drums and bells in signaling troop formations, setting a rhythm for marching, providing something of a heroic accompaniment to encourage the troops and confusing the enemy by inferring that the troop numbers were large enough to require such trumpeters. Many daimyōs (feudal lords) enlisted yamabushi to serve as kai yaku, due to their experience with the instrument.

The sound of jinkai is often used in motion pictures and television dramas as a symbolic sound effect indicating an impending battle, e.g., The Last Samurai or the 2007 Taiga drama Fūrinkazan, but both of these screen renditions use deep, resonating monotones, not the melodic tones that yamabushi used for relaying messages.

title: Horagai


text:
Alena Newmyarzhytskaya

Alena Neumiarzhitskaya (Алена Неўмяржыцкая; born 27 July 1980) is a Belarusian sprinter.

Neumiarzhitskaya won a bronze medal in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics together with Yulia Nestsiarenka, Natallia Solohub and Aksana Drahun. At the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg she won a bronze medal in 4 × 100 m relay with Nestsiarenka, Natallia Safronnikava and Drahun.

Personal bests

 * 100 metres – 11.05 s (2010)
 * 200 metres – 22.99 s (2006)

title: Alena Newmyarzhytskaya


text:
Pontiac Pathfinder

The Pontiac Pathfinder was an entry-level full sized car or station wagon that was based on the Chevrolet marque, another General Motors brand. The Pathfinder was built and sold in Canada, and never sold in the United States. The Chevrolet chassis, engine, and body panels were used, but most of the distinctive Pontiac styling parts for each model year were incorporated. This resulted in shorter front and rear fenders than on U.S. built Pontiacs and Canadian specific wheels and hubcaps. Interior trim was often unique to the Pathfinder. The last Pathfinders were built in 1958 as Pontiac's (Canada) base model. Body styles included a sedan delivery which was Pontiac's last full-size sedan delivery, two-door coupes, four-door sedans, and a station wagon model. The Canadian built Pontiac sedan delivery was available only during the 1954 through 1958 model years since the sedan delivery was not sold in the U.S. after 1953.

The entry-level Canadian Pontiac models, from 1946 through 1953, used the shorter Chevrolet wheelbase. The 1953 Pontiac Pathfinder De Luxe features all of the chrome bumpers and trim as the US built Pontiac Chieftain, with the exception of rear fender covers. From 1946 through 1952 these "Cheviacs" were sold as the Pontiac Fleetleader. Starting in 1954 these low-end Canadian Pontiac models (called Pontiac Pathfinders since 1953) used Chevrolet body shells, but with Pontiac features at both ends. These variants of U.S. Chevrolets are only recognized when compared to their U.S. Chevrolet or Pontiac equivalents, since body details often differ slightly between the U.S. versions of the two makes. Model year 1958 was the last for the Canada only Pathfinder models. The Pontiac Pathfinders (as well as some other Canadian models) usually had Chevrolet engines and drive trains, so that one can find Canadian Pontiacs with OHV sixes or 283 V8 engines built by Chevrolet.

Although Canada-specific models of U.S. makes were gradually phased out after Canada's "Auto Pact" treaty with the U.S. made them no longer necessary, Pontiacs manufactured and sold in Canada maintained their unique model names for many years even after the "Auto Pact" treaty took effect.

title: Pontiac Pathfinder


text:
Talk:Martín Demichelis

Copyright
Part of the article is copyed from fcbayern]. I'll try to fix it. Mariano (t/c) 16:46, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

why doeshe wear a face mask? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.195.96.170 (talk) 21:06, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Because he had a fracture of his zygomatic bone. --Jaellee (talk) 21:52, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Italian descent
The category Category:Argentine people of Italian descent was recently removed from the article by. Now I don't know much about Demichelis, but from what I can tell, this is a widely accepted fact (like saying Messi is of Italian descent). The fact that he holds an Italian passport should be enough, but I also found a source for this "Pellegrini and Demichelis, both of Italian descent".

It all seems pretty uncontroversial to me. --– sampi ( talk • contrib • email ) 06:08, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It's been a couple of days and 206.45.85.82 hasn't answered so I'm re-adding the category for now. --– sampi ( talk • contrib • email ) 09:00, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Every category in an article should have the text within the article to support it. Yes, he may have an Italian Passport, but that does not necessarily mean he is of Italian descent. I am removing the category and a reliable source should be found, indicating his heritage, prior to re-adding it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.45.85.82 (talk) 12:24, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * What about the source I just linked to? Should we consider adding some referenced text to the main article, with that source to back it up? Also, there are only a a couple of ways of getting an Italian passport: a. You are born in Italy, b. You marry an Italian citizen, c. You have lived for an extended amount of time in Italy, d. some very special laws/circumstances or e. You are of Italian descent. It seems to be that a, b, c and d don't apply to Demichelis, so per WP:Common Sense I'd say it's pretty clear that he's of Italian descent. --– sampi ( talk • contrib • email ) 07:11, 18 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I also found out that Demichelis is a common surname of Italian immigrants to Argentina, you can look at some evidence here. --– sampi ( talk • contrib • email ) 07:17, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

If there is a reliable source stating he is of Italian heritage, add the reference and re-add the category. I strongly disagree with the notion that just because his name sounds Italian or some other people that are Italian have that name we assume he is as well. Look at the name Marin. A common name in half a dozen countries and probably found in a few others. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.45.85.82 (talk) 12:34, 20 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I wasn't suggesting we add the cat simply because the surname sounds Italian, I would never do that. I was simply giving an example, to show that Demichelis is a common surname of Italian immigrants to Argentina. Once again I ask, do you agree that this source is reliable? It states that Demichelis is of Italian descent. Do you agree with my logic that since he isn't married to an Italian citizen and wasn't born in Italy, it only makes sense that he was given his passport because of his ancestry? I don't think mentioning that he's of Italian descent fits anywhere in the article, maybe you can suggest somewhere to put it in. On the other hand, he is not particularly notable for being an Argentinian of Italian descent so per WP:COP, I don't mind not including the category but I'd love a 3rd opinion on this. --– sampi ( talk • contrib • email ) 03:17, 21 August 2014 (UTC)
 * As far as I can tell, the source looks good. I'm not 100% familiar on what Wiki constitutes as reliable, but this one seems good. I would also agree that it doesn't really fit into the article. My personal opinion on this subject is that it shouldn't be added unless it some real relevance to the article. People move around all the time and eventually every single bio will have ....of xxxxx descent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.45.85.82 (talk) 12:40, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Martín Demichelis


text:
Aksana Drahun

Aksana Drahun (Аксана Драгун; born May 19, 1981), a.k.a. Oksana Dragun, is a Belarusian sprinter, who specializes in the 100 metres. Her personal best time is 11.28 seconds, achieved in July 2005 in Minsk.

Drahun won a bronze medal in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics together with Yulia Nestsiarenka, Natallia Solohub and Alena Neumiarzhitskaya. At the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg she won a bronze medal in 4 × 100 m relay with Nestsiarenka, Natallia Safronnikava and Neumiarzhitskaya.

Drahun represented Belarus at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She competed at the 4 × 100 m relay together with Nestsiarenka, Nastassia Shuliak and Anna Bagdanovich. In their first round heat they placed sixth with a time of 43.69 seconds, which was the 9th time overall out of sixteen participating nations. With this result they failed to qualify for the final.

title: Aksana Drahun


text:
Armilla

Armilla may refer to:

 * metallic objects :
 * Latin name for a bracelet in Antiquity, also applied to Greeks, Celts and other peoples
 * Armilla (military decoration), an armband awarded as a medal-equivalent to soldiers of ancient Rome
 * Armilla or armill, a medieval arm or wristband, usually an item of liturgical or ceremonial jewellery
 * Armillary sphere
 * Armilla, Granada, a Spanish municipality in the Andalusian province of Granada
 * Armilla Patrol, the British Royal Navy's permanent presence in the Persian Gulf during the 1980s and 1990s
 * Armilla (genus), a flatworm genus in the family Dendrocoelidae

title: Armilla


text:
Beachwood Sparks

Beachwood Sparks are an American alternative country band from Los Angeles. An article in The Daily Telegraph on America's underground psychedelic pop scene described Beachwood Sparks as "country through a kaleidoscope".

Biography
The band was formed by bassist Brent Rademaker and guitarist Christopher Gunst who met in the 1990s when both were members of Los Angeles indie-rock group Further. Guitarist Dave Scher and drummer Jimi Hey (who played with Gunst in Strictly Ballroom) were recruited before the band's first show in June 1997.

Hey suggested the band's name by combining Sparks Street, where Brent Rademaker lived in Burbank, with Beachwood Drive, which runs parallel and adjacent to Sparks. Hey left after a few shows and was replaced by Tom Sanford. At around the same time, the group was also joined by Pete "Sleigher" Kinne on percussion and another former Further member, guitarist Josh Schwartz.

They released the "Desert Skies"/"Make It Together" single on Bomp! in October 1998. Sanford left and was replaced by Aaron Sperske, drummer with Lilys, whose first recording with the band was on the Sub Pop singles club release "Midsummer Daydream"/"Windows 65" issued in April 1999. Kinne and Schwartz left shortly after.

In spring 2000, they released their first album, Beachwood Sparks. The "shimmering twang-pop melodies and gorgeous harmonies" drew comparisons to the late 1960s' Laurel Canyon country-rock of The Byrds, Buffalo Springfield and Gram Parsons as well as to contemporaries Elephant 6.

The single "Once We Were Trees" (featuring a jangly cover of The Everly Brothers' "Wake Up, Little Suzie" on the B-side) was released on the Spanish label Houston Party Records, previewing the mellower sound that featured on the band's second album, also called Once We Were Trees, which was released in the second half of 2001.

A single from the album, a cover of Sade's "By Your Side", was released in the United Kingdom and enjoyed some chart success. The video, directed by Chad Misner, was selected for the 2002 South by Southwest Film Festival and featured footage of Aaron Sperske and Autumn de Wilde's wedding. The song was later featured on the soundtrack for the 2010 feature film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.

For the 2002 EP, Make the Cowboy Robots Cry, Sperske was replaced on drums by the returning Jimi Hey. Strictly Ballroom's Jimmy Tamborello, aka Dntel, contributed to the EP. Tamborello also worked with Scher and Gunst at Loyola Marymount University's radio station, KXLU.

Since 2002, the band has mostly concentrated on other projects. Gunst formed Mystic Chords of Memory. Brent Rademaker, sometimes with Gunst and Scher, plays in The Tyde and also in Frausdots. Hey and Scher released an album as All Night Radio. In March 2007, Scher was recruited as touring keyboard player for New York indie rockers Interpol. Sperske joined Ariel Pink's Haunted Graffiti.

Beachwood Sparks reunited in 2008 to play at SB20, the celebration of Sub Pop's 20th anniversary. A small number of dates were played on the West Coast and the East Coast, including July 19 at the Henry Miller Library in Big Sur, California. The reunion line-up was Gunst, Rademaker, Sperske, Ben Knight, Jen Cohen and Dan Horne. Scher also played at four of the West Coast shows.

In 2012, Beachwood Sparks released the album The Tarnished Gold. The recording session included Neal Casal, Dan Horne, Jen Cohen, Jimi Hey, Darren Rademaker and Ariel Pink.

In 2016, Neal Casal, Farmer Dave Scher, Dan Horne, and Aaron Sperske joined songwriter Cass McCombs to form The Skiffle Players. Their debut album Skifflin was released that year, followed by the Piffle Sayers EP and Skiff in 2018.

Band co-founder Josh Schwartz died in September 2017 from complications from ALS.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Beachwood Sparks (2000, Sub Pop)
 * Once We Were Trees (2001, Sub Pop)
 * The Tarnished Gold (2012, Sub Pop)
 * Across the River of Stars (2024, Curation)

Other albums
 * Make the Cowboy Robots Cry EP (2002, Sub Pop)
 * Desert Skies (2013, Recorded 1997, Alive Naturalsound)
 * Beachwood Deluxe (2021 Curation Records)

Singles
 * "Desert Skies"/"Make It Together" (1998) Bomp Records)
 * "Midsummer Daydream"/"Windows 65" (1999)
 * "Once We Were Trees"/"Wake Up, Little Suzie" (2000)
 * "Ballad of Never Rider" (w/ "Fishing Boat Song by Grandaddy and "Table Tennis Star" by Persil) (2000 Devil in the Woods No. 38)
 * "By Your Side"/"Sun Surrounds Me"/"Quietly Be"/"Close the Door Lightly When You Go" (2001 Sub Pop)

Compilation and soundtrack appearances
 * "By Your Side" from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2010)

title: Beachwood Sparks