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Deddington

Deddington is a town and civil parish in Oxfordshire, England, 6 mi south of Banbury. The parish includes two hamlets, Clifton and Hempton. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 2,146. It has been a market town since the 12th century. One of the Hundred Rolls of King Edward I from 1275–76 records Deddington as a borough.

Geography
The parish is about 3 mi wide east–west, about 2 mi wide north–south and has an area of about 4246 acre. Watercourses bound it on three sides: The River Cherwell to the east, its tributary the River Swere to the north and the Sowbrook (i.e. "South Brook") to the south. Here the Cherwell also forms the county boundary with Northamptonshire. To the west the parish is bounded by field boundaries. In the southwest of the parish, about 1 mi south of Hempton, is Ilbury Iron Age hill fort, atop a hill 132 m high. Near the fort is the site of a deserted medieval village, also called Ilbury. In 1980 the village site was rediscovered and Medieval pottery from the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries was found.

Clifton, Deddington and Hempton stand on a ridge of Jurassic ferruginous marlstone hills between the three watercourses. Clifton is about 1+1/2 mi east of Deddington, at the eastern end of the ridge where it slopes down to the Cherwell. The ridges rises westward. Deddington is about 130 m above sea level. Hempton is about 1+1/2 mi west of Deddington and about 149 m above sea level. The highest point of the ridge is on the western boundary of the parish, more than 150 m above sea level. The parish's topography is alluded to in a local rhyme:

Aynho on the Hill Clifton in the Clay Dirty, drunken Deddington And Hempton high way —

Toponym, manor and castle
The toponym is derived from the Old English for "place of the people of Dæda". "Dæda" was short for Anglo-Saxon names such as Dædhēah. The toponym was spelt Dadintone around 950, Dædintun around 1050 and Dadinton in 1190. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, William the Conqueror's step-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, held the manor of Deddington. Odo had the outer bailey of Deddington Castle built in what is now the east of the town. The inner bailey on the east side of the castle seems to have been inserted in the 12th century, and buildings within the inner bailey seem to have been added later that century. In the 13th century the castle declined and fell into disrepair. In the 14th century it was demolished and its building stone re-used. In 1377 some of the stone was sold to Bicester Priory. There have been two archaeological excavations at the site, in 1947 and in 1978. The remains were reburied afterward and only the extensive earthworks are visible today.

On 9 June 1312 the Earl of Pembroke was escorting Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall south after Gaveston's surrender to a group of rebellious earls at Scarborough Castle. The party stopped to rest at an inn in Deddington. Pembroke had guaranteed Gaveston's safety to King Edward II on pain of forfeiting his lands, but he left Gaveston at Deddington and went to visit his wife at Bampton Castle, about 25 mi away. The Earl of Warwick with his men surrounded the inn and Gaveston, seeing that his guards would not fight, had to come outside to be chained and thrown in prison. A few days later Gaveston was taken to Warwick to be tried by the other earls and condemned to death. On 19 June he was taken to Blacklow Hill by the Earl of Lancaster and hacked to death by two Welshmen. This event is recalled by a chained eagle in Deddington's coat of arms.

Agricultural history
In 1591 a survey of Deddington reported that "the soyle... is verye firtile yeldinge greate store of corne and pasture". After the Black Death the town seems to have grown wealthy. The more successful peasant farmers increased their lands and in 1445 formed a Guild of the Holy Trinity. The guild had a Warden or Master, and owned a hall and property somewhere in the town. In 1523–24 Deddington residents paid £62 8s 10d in tax on personal estate (land, goods or wages). This was far more than Banbury (£38 15s), Adderbury (£25 1s) or Bloxham (£23 19s 10d).

From the Saxon era onwards most of the land was farmed under an open-field system. The earliest and simplest such system had two arable common fields and left one fallow each year. This seems to have been Deddington's system until at least the 14th century, from which time there are several references to North and South fields. But there are also occasional Medieval references to East and West fields, and no plan of the fields is known to survive. In the 13th and 14th centuries Clifton and Hempton each had a two-field system separate from Deddington's. One of the Hundred Rolls from 1279–80 records that Ilbury did too.

By the 16th century Deddington's land management was evolving. A record from 1574 states that for at least the last 50 years a field called the Crofts was part of the common field system for three years out of four, but it and "the feyldes thereunto adiogning" were "hened" (i.e. withdrawn) from St Matthias' Day (24 February) to midsummer every fourth year. Clearly this group of fields at least was now part of a four-field system of crop rotation. This was certainly the case by 1808, when Deddington practiced a four-year rotation of fallow, wheat, barley, and peas or beans.

In 1807 a land surveyor reported to the Dean and Canons of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle that in Deddington parish he found "all the Grass Lands in the open Fields in a much worse state than most of the Commonable Land in the County, and some of the Arable Land in a wretched state of cultivation". He recommended that the land could be greatly improved, but only if it were first inclosed. But the fields of Hempton were intermixed with those of the neighbouring parish of Great Barford (now Barford St. Michael), so the two parishes would have to be inclosed at the same time. Accordingly, in 1808 Parliament passed a private member's bill that was the Inclosure Act for Deddington and Great Barford.

Commercial and social history
When Deddington became a market town is not known, but may have been in the 12th century. By 1393 it was chartered to hold two annual three-day fairs: one starting on 15 July and the other on Martinmas (11 November). By 1591 the July fair had been replaced by one on St Lawrence's day (10 August). In 1780 a third annual fair was introduced on 11 October. The Martinmas fair was the most important, and came to be called the "pudding-pie fair" after a type of plum pudding in hard-crust pastry that was baked in great numbers for the occasion. By the early 19th century the fair had been moved from Martinmas to 22 November. By 1863 the November fair was the only one to have survived. It continued until the 1930s.

Deddington is where two old main roads cross: the Banbury – Oxford road running north – south and the Aynho – South Newington road running east – west. In 1755 the Kidlington and Deddington Trust was formed to turn the north – south road into a turnpike. In 1768 the Burford, Chipping Norton and Banbury Trust was formed to do the same to the east – west road. The trusts managed the roads for just over a century. The Burford, Chipping Norton and Banbury Trust was dissolved in 1871, followed by the Kidlington and Deddington Trust in 1875. When road classification was introduced in 1922 the Banbury – Oxford road was made part of the A423 and the Aynho – South Newington road was classified B4031. When the M40 motorway was completed in 1990 the Banbury – Oxford road was reclassified A4260.

Construction of the Oxford Canal started in Warwickshire in 1769, reached Banbury in 1778 and Aynho in Northamptonshire in 1787. Aynho Wharf is about 2 mi east of Deddington, between Aynho and Clifton. The canal brought Warwickshire coal to the area, immediately reducing the local price of fuel. 4,106 tons of coal were unloaded at Aynho Wharf in 1793. In 1850 the Oxford and Rugby Railway opened between Oxford and Banbury. Its nearest station was next to Aynho Wharf. It was originally named "Aynho" but was later renamed Aynho for Deddington. The railway remains open, but British Railways closed the station in 1964. The architectural historian Sir Howard Colvin (1919–2007) spent much of his later life in Deddington. He wrote A History of Deddington, Oxfordshire, which the SPCK published in 1963. He contributed to Volume XI of the Victoria County History of Oxfordshire, which includes Deddington and was published in 1983.

Clockmakers
In the 18th century Deddington had a succession of clockmakers, all from the Quaker community of north Oxfordshire. John Fardon (I) (1700–43) was apprenticed to Thomas Gilkes of Sibford Gower and traded in Deddington from about 1723. His only son John Fardon (II) (1736–86) was only 10 years old when his father died and seems to have been apprenticed in London. In Farndon's absence Thomas Harris, a Quaker from Sibford Ferris, ran the business in Deddington until about 1762, when he married a Fardon from North Newington. His history thereafter is not known but he died at Milton and is buried in the grounds of the Friends' Meeting House at Adderbury West. John Fardon (II) returned from his apprenticeship and made longcase clocks. He too is buried at Adderbury West.

Thomas Fardon (1787–1838) made various timepieces including an Act of Parliament clock, longcase clocks and verge watches. He also installed the turret clocks at the parish churches of St Mary the Virgin, Kidlington in 1805 and Saints Peter and Paul, Deddington in 1833. John Fardon (III) (1782–1865) was a watchmaker who was known to have carried out repairs between 1801 and 1830. He moved his business to Woodstock in 1838 and maintained the clock at St Mary the Virgin, Kidlington from 1839 until 1862. Joshua Gibbs was either apprenticed to or employed by the Fardons. He traded first at Souldern and then succeeded the Fardons at Deddington, perhaps when John Fardon (III) moved to Woodstock in 1838. Gibbs' dates of birth and death are not known but he was trading from 1805 until 1855.

Poor relief
By 1611 Deddington had a charity for the poor of its parish. In 1818 new feoffees were appointed to the charity and had a row of four almshouses built in Church Street. But in 1850–51 local residents complained that the charity was being administered improperly, so in 1851 the Charity Commissioners referred the matter to the Attorney General. In 1856 the Court of Chancery drew up a new scheme for the charity. It replaced the old feoffees with new trustees, and decreed that the charity's surplus income be divided equally between buying coal for the poor of the parish and supporting Deddington's new National School, whose new building had been completed in 1854.

By 1736–37 Deddington had a parish workhouse. Clifton and Hempton each had a separate overseer of the poor and levied its own poor rate, but paid toward the upkeep of the Deddington workhouse. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries the financial costs of the American Revolutionary War and French Revolutionary Wars damaged the British economy. In Deddington the cost of poor relief rose from £243 in 1776 to £1,125 in 1803, and the Vestry raised the poor rate to 10 shillings in the pound – i.e. 50%. The Napoleonic Wars continued the pressure on the economy. The Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, but Deddington continued to struggle with widespread poverty. By 1828 the parish was subsidising farmers to employ people. In the 1820s or early 1830s the parish adopted the Cropredy Plan, which was a formula for calculating what poor rate to set, and how much to subsidise farmers for each labourer they employed.

Parliament reformed poor relief with the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. Its provisions included replacing the workhouses of individual parishes with new, more punitive ones each covering a group of parishes. Deddington sought to be the centre of a poor law union, but too few neighbouring parishes were willing to join with it for the purpose. Therefore, Deddington joined the new Woodstock Union and sold off its parish workhouse. Thereafter anyone from Clifton, Deddington or Hempton who needed to claim relief would have to walk 10 mi to Woodstock to appear before the board of guardians to request "outdoor relief" or an opportunity to live at the Hensington Lane, Bladon workhouse.

Church of England
The oldest parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint Peter and Paul are early 13th-century. The chancel was lengthened in the late 13th century, when its Decorated Gothic piscina and sedilia were made. Until the Reformation the church had several chapels and altars. The guild founded in 1445 (see above) established a Chapel of the Holy Trinity, probably in the north aisle. By early in the 16th century there was also an All Hallows Chapel, and there were altars to Our Lady, St Katherine and St Margaret. In 1548 the Reformation removed all chapels and altars and dissolved the guild.

The church once had a tall spire but it collapsed onto the nave in 1634. Rebuilding was begun but was interrupted by the English Civil War. The font was made in 1664 and the tower was finally rebuilt in 1683–85. Its rebuilding is an example of Gothic survival architecture, as is the 17th-century south porch. The north porch has an unusual ceiling called a "saucer vault". This is not a true vault but a flat, circular tracery pattern. It may be 17th-century, in which case it would be another example of Gothic Survival architecture. The church was restored in 1858–68 under the direction of the Gothic revival architect GE Street.

In 1643, during the English Civil War, Charles I requisitioned the bells from the damaged tower, presumably for scrap. Thereafter there is no record of Saint Peter and Paul having any bells until the middle of the 18th century, by which time it had a ring of four. In 1791 Thomas Mears of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry recast them as a ring of six. In 1946 Mears and Stainbank, also of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, added the present treble and second bell, increasing the ring to eight. Saint Peter and Paul's stained glass windows include the east window of the chancel made by Charles Kempe in 1888 and two windows at the east end of the north aisle made by AJ Davies of the Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts in 1923 and 1936. The building is Grade II* listed. The description from December 1955 provides this summary: "Early C13, late C13, C14 and C15; tower rebuilt and church repaired mid/late C17; repaired 1843, and restored 1858-68 by G.E. Street".

Wesleyan Reform
Deddington Wesleyan Reform Church in Chapel Square was built in 1851 and was a member of the Wesleyan Reform Union. The Church closed in 2016 and was converted into a private dwelling.

Notable houses
Many of Deddington's buildings are built of local Jurassic marlstone. It has an iron oxide content, giving it a rich brown colour characteristic of building stone in north Oxfordshire and neighbouring parts of Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. Leadenporch House in New Street is a 14th-century building. By the 15th century it was the house of a small manor held by the Dean and canons of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. It had a Medieval hall, open to the rafters until an intermediate floor was inserted in the 17th century. The house became run down but was restored some time between 1834 and 1843. It is Deddington's only Grade I listed building. It was first listed in December 1955 but the entry was amended in May 1988. The description states "substantial farmhouse now house. Early C14, re-modelled mid/late C17, altered and extended early C19" and adds that this is "one of the earliest and most complete medieval hall houses of the Banbury region".

Parts of Maunds Farmhouse in High Street are 12th-century. The house has been modified over the years. It has been a Grade II* listed building since June 1987. The description states: "Farmhouse incorporating parts of a manor house, now house, probably rebuilt early C17, incorporating late-C12 and possibly later medieval features, and altered C18/earIy C19". Castle House next to the parish church was originally a 13th-century farmhouse, complete with its own small chapel. It may have been the house where the Earl of Pembroke brought Piers Gaveston in 1312. It used to be the rectory, and from 1353 was held by the Dean and Canons of Windsor Castle. It was repaired and altered in the 15th century. King Charles I stayed here in 1644 during the First English Civil War. In 1654 a Parliamentarian, Thomas Appletree, acquired the house and had it extended. Appletree was the grandson of a "husbandman", but when he died in 1666 his wealth included a pipe organ and virginals in his parlour, oil paintings, plate worth £112, a horse-drawn coach, and an income from rents of £612 a year. In the 18th and early 19th centuries a succession of tenant farmers lived at Castle House and the building declined. In 1894 a local builder bought it and had it restored to designs by the architect Thomas Garner. In 1925 it suffered a fire, whereafter its east front was rebuilt in its present form.

A published local history states that at one time, Castle House was called the Old Parsonage and the Great House, the latter "because of its long association with the Castle estate of which it was at times effectively the manor house". An 1808 map does depict the building as "The Great House" while a 1983 publication states that "on the north-east side of the Market Place stands the church, with its dominating 17th century tower, and beside it on the north the rectorial mansion, Castle House. (fn. 102)". The local report states that the "east front was reconstructed in 1925 after a fire". Castle House has been Grade II listed since December 1955. The historic listing confirms that it was a rectorial manor house, from the 13th century "rebuilt probably c.1654 for Thomas Appletree; restored 1894 by Thomas Garner for H.R. Franklin; extended early C20". Another source states that an extension was added "a few years" after the 1894 restoration. Today, the house includes a castellated tower, seven bedrooms and the consecrated chapel.

Plough House in New Street used to be the Plough Inn. It has a 15th- or late 14th-century vaulted cellar, but above ground it was rebuilt in the 17th century. The house has been Grade II* listed since 1955. The listing states that the building, it was used as an inn by 1774 and consisted of two dwellings as of 1955. A local history refers to a 1977 article which stated that the inn closed in 1927 "and was re-opened as a butchers and poulterers in 1931"; the publication includes a photo of the inn, circa 1900 to 1910. Castle End and Monks Court in Castle Street were originally one house. The oldest part of the building is 16th-century or earlier. A datestone records that the house was rebuilt in 1647. It was extended again the 18th century. It has been Grade II* listed since December 1955, and the data was amended in May 1988. The listing states: "large farmhouse, now 2 dwellings. Early C16 and 1647 (on datestone), altered and extended late C18".

Most of Deddington's older houses are local vernacular buildings. But The Hermitage, a 17th-century house in the Market Place, was re-fronted early in the 18th century with a Cotswold stone ashlar façade and modillioned cornice to make it a fashionable town house. It is Grade II* listed. Stone predominates as the material for Deddington's older houses, but from the 18th century a few were built of red brick. They include the Corner House in High Street, Grade II listed and a terrace in New Street comprising Coniston House, also Grade II listed, as well as Windermere House and Roseleigh.

Public buildings and administration
Deddington Town Hall was built in Market Place early in the 17th century, possibly in 1611. It was rebuilt in 1806, possibly incorporating some of the original building. The ground floor is largely open, with arcades of brick jack arches carrying the first floor. The Town Hall's first floor room was used both for vestry meetings and as a court house. Three butchers each ran a stall there, and paid rent which was added to the town's charity for the poor. In 1858 the first floor was converted into a public library and reading room, and the ground floor arches were bricked up to form a station in which to keep the parish fire engine, which until then had been kept in the parish church.

In 1854 a house at the junction of High Street and Horse Fair was converted into a prison designed by the architect JC Buckler. In 1874 a magistrates' room was added, designed by the architect William Wilkinson. The building is still called the Old Court House, but is now the local public library. At one time The Old Court House was the Town Hall and until 1952 the library was located in Forester's Hall, moving to this building in 1956. A local history report states that the "barred window of the lock-up still exists".

In 1883 a volunteer fire brigade was formed to run the parish fire engine. Under the Local Government Act 1894 a parish council was established. It replaced Deddington Vestry, and in 1896 it took over the fire brigade. A local history states that the fire station was initially at Goose Green but that the pump was moved under the town hall at a later date and then to Earls Lane; it was moved to the current Banbury Road location in 1952. The new location is a purpose-built fire station; in 1952, it was operated by the Oxford County Fire Brigade but is now staffed by retained firefighters of the Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service.

Schools
In 1446 the Guild of the Holy Trinity founded a school. In 1548 the teacher was the chantry priest, William Burton, whom the Chantry Commissioners found was "a good scole master and bryngyth up yought very well in learnyng". But the dissolution of the chantry in the reformation brought the school to an end. On 15 February 1672, a new charity school was opened "in a corner of the church". It is not clear whether the school operated continuously thereafter, but in 1727 it was reported that Deddington had "a school for sixteen boys, and as many girls", and in 1738 it had 20 boys. By 1808, there were 35 pupils.

In 1814 a Deddington National School Society was founded to create separate boys' and girls' to succeed the charity school. By 1816 the two schools were teaching 35 children between them, including about 20 from neighbouring parishes. By 1832 the school was housed in converted buildings, including a barn, attached to Appletree Farm in Hopcraft Lane. Support for Deddington's National Schools declined until in 1848 they had only 80 pupils between them. Purpose-built boys' and girls' school buildings were designed by William Hambley of London and completed in 1854 on a new site in Banbury Road. The two schools were an immediate success and pupil numbers recovered to 180 by 1856. But school attendance varied with the seasons, as in the summer farm-workers' children tended to help more on the farm. In 1868, 247 children attended the school in winter but only 191 in summer. Boys and girls remained in separate schools on the same site until 1908, when the girls' school became the infants' school and the boys' school became a mixed school for the older children.

In 1951 the Windmill Secondary Modern School was completed on the site of the former windmill in Hempton Road and the former National School was reorganised as a primary school. In 1958 the Diocese of Oxford modernised the primary school with a new kitchen, cloakrooms, WCs, corridor, a new classroom and enlarged windows for the old classrooms. The modernisation was designed by the Diocesan Surveyor, the architect T. Lawrence Dale. In 1971 the Windmill School was closed, and since then most of Deddington children of secondary school age have attended The Warriner School, Bloxham. The former secondary school is now the Windmill Centre and is used by Deddington Pre-School. Deddington Primary School continues to use the buildings in Banbury Road.

Transport
Deddington is on the Stagecoach in Oxfordshire Gold route S4 between Oxford and Banbury. On weekdays and Saturdays buses run hourly to Kidlington and Oxford, and twice an hour to Adderbury and Banbury. On Sundays there are four buses a day in each direction.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. television signals are received from the Oxford TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Oxford on 95.2 FM, Heart South on 97.4 FM, Capital Mid-Counties on 107.6 FM and Deddington OnAir, a community based radio station which broadcast on DAB. The town is served by local newspaper, Banbury Guardian.

Amenities
Deddington has a regular farmers' market, several local shops, hotels and restaurants and four pubs:
 * The Crown and Tuns (controlled by Hook Norton Brewery)
 * The Deddington Arms Hotel (formerly the King's Arms)
 * The Unicorn Inn
 * The Red Lion

title: Deddington


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User talk:Hans kleinen hammans

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Ervin Zádor

Ervin Zádor (7 June 1934 – 28 April 2012)  was a Hungarian water polo player and member of the Hungarian national team.

Career
At age 21, Ervin Zádor represented Hungary at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He played four matches and scored five goals.

The Soviet Union and Hungary water polo teams met in the semifinals at the Olympics. Because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary a month earlier and the resulting tension between the teams, the game was expected to be very physical. In a match marred by many penalties on both sides, Zádor scored twice as Hungary took a 4-0 lead. Late in the game, Valentin Prokopov struck Zádor in the face, opening a cut under his right eye. Zádor's injury and multiple other combats resulted in it being known as the "Blood In The Water" game. The match was stopped in the final minute to quell fighting among spectators, many of them from Melbourne's large Hungarian community, who were furious over the Russian invasion of their homeland.

Zádor was shown emerging from the water with blood pouring down his face in a news photo published around the world. He later commented "All I could think about is, 'Could I play the next match?'." Zádor's injury kept him out of the Olympic final, but his team won the Olympic gold medal with a 2-1 victory over Yugoslavia.

In April 2006, a documentary called Freedom's Fury premiered, with Lucy Liu and Quentin Tarantino listed as executive producers. It depicts the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and climaxes with the water polo battle between Hungary and the Soviet Union. The documentary follows Ervin Zádor, who is portrayed as the unwitting focal point of the politicized match. In a 2006 interview, Zádor said the Hungarian strategy was to anger the Russian team and cause them to make errors. U.S. Olympic swimmer Mark Spitz, who narrates "Freedom's Fury", was coached by Ervin Zádor.

Personal life
Born in Budapest, Zádor refused to return to his Soviet-occupied country after the Olympic Games and became a political refugee. He settled in Linden, California. He died on April 28, 2012. Two of his children continue to coach waterpolo in Ripon, California.

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User talk:Fountain82

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Kelvin Tan Weilian
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Dipteryx

Dipteryx is a genus containing a number of species of large trees and possibly shrubs. It belongs to the "papilionoid" subfamily – Faboideae – of the family Fabaceae. This genus is native to South and Central America and the Caribbean. Formerly, the related genus Taralea was included in Dipteryx.

Description
The largest members of Dipteryx are canopy-emergent trees of tropical rainforests. The tonka bean (D. odorata) is grown for its fragrant seeds. Baru (D. alata) is the only species which found in drier, seasonal areas, growing in the cerrado of Brazil; its fruit and seeds are used as food and fodder. Several species are used for timber, of which almendro (D. oleifera) wood is considered desirable, especially locally.

Dipteryx can be distinguished from other members of the Dipterygeae by its compound leaves with asymmetric leaflets caused due to an eccentric primary vein, a drupaceous fruit, seeds with a leathery skin, a hilum in a lateral or subapical position and a rugose embryo with a conspicuous plumule.

Taxonomy
The number of recognised species of Dipteryx has changed over the years.

The genus was previously known as Coumarouna. In 1934 Walter Adolpho Ducke split this genus into two, on the basis of the alternate leaflets, among other characters, of Dipteryx. He used two older, conserved names published previously: Taralea and Dipteryx. Although Taralea was accepted, some taxonomists did not recognise Dipteryx as the correct name for the genus until at least the mid-1940s.

In the most recent monograph on the genus, A Checklist of the Dipterygeae species by the Brazilian researcher Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima in 1989, he synonymised a number of species, accepting nine species in the genus. His taxonomy was accepted by ILDIS (2005) but not noticed or followed by US databases, i.e. in GRIN (2005), the entry on Dipteryx in the Contribución al conocimiento de las leguminosas Colombianas by C. Barbosa (1994), the IUCN (1998) based on World List of Threatened Trees by Oldfield et al. (1998), or the Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru (1993) which was built using the Tropicos database by the Missouri Botanical Garden. In 1999 the entry on Dipteryx in the Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana by de Lima was published.

The northernmost taxon Dipteryx panamensis, notable as being the only species listed on CITES since 2003 and therefore subject to export controls, was synonymised with the neglected but older name D. oleifera by de Lima in 1989, but this move was only followed by ILDIS and one or two of articles on the species over the years, all other floras, databases and publications using the name D. panamensis. In 2011, however, the Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 62 recommended D. oleifera by treated as validly published, and de Lima's synonymy for this taxon has been accepted by many.

By 2010, in the Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil, de Lima had changed his mind and re-recognised two of Brazilian taxa he had earlier considered synonyms in 1989, although not all.

Species
12 species are accepted:
 * Dipteryx alata Vogel — Baru
 * Dipteryx charapilla (J.F.Macbr.) Ducke was synonymised to D. rosea in 1989, but is now recognised as an independent species again.
 * Dipteryx ferrea (Ducke) Ducke was synonymised to D. micrantha in 1989, but is now recognised as an independent species again.
 * Dipteryx lacunifera Ducke
 * Dipteryx magnifica (Ducke) Ducke
 * Dipteryx micrantha Harms
 * Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Forsyth f. — Tonka Bean
 * Dipteryx oleifera Benth. — Almendro
 * Dipteryx polyphylla Huber
 * Dipteryx punctata (S.F.Blake) Amshoff
 * Dipteryx rosea Spruce ex Benth.
 * Dipteryx tetraphylla Benth.

title: Dipteryx


text: User talk:61.68.53.30

title: User talk:61.68.53.30


text:
Kemal Kurspahić

Kemal Kurspahić (1 December 1946 – 17 September 2021) was a Bosnian journalist. He was managing editor of The Connection Newspapers in Alexandria, Virginia and founder of the media in Democracy Institute, dedicated to promoting higher standards in journalism in post-conflict societies and countries in transition to democracy. He won broad international recognition as the Editor-in-Chief of the Bosnian daily Oslobođenje in Sarajevo, 1989-1994.

Early years
Kurspahić was born in Mrkonjić Grad. He attended elementary school in Croatia and Bosnia, before completing his high school in Sanski Most during which time he began working as a freelancer writer. He earned his academic degree from the University of Belgrade's Law School. He was the editor at the Belgrade weekly Student paper during the students’ unrest in Europe in 1968 and then became sports correspondent in Belgrade and sports editor in Sarajevo for the Bosnian daily Oslobođenje. He reported from the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972, Lake Placid in 1980 and Los Angeles in 1984 and from the 1974 Football World Cup in Germany.

Career
Kurspahić served as Oslobođenje’s New York correspondent, 1981-1985. and became the editor-in-chief in 1989. In that role he led the paper through three battles for press freedom: liberating the paper from the one-party control, 1989–1991; defending the paper against the nationalist takeover and winning the Constitutional Court case for its independence in 1991: publishing every day during the siege of Sarajevo from the underground atomic bomb shelter on the front lines of the besieged Bosnian capital, 1992-95. During this period, he suffered an injury that left him with a lifelong limp when his car crashed while he was under sniper fire. Oslobođenje and Kurspahić have received some of the highest honors in journalism and human rights for maintaining the culture of ethnic and religious tolerance throughout the terror of the siege.

He has published articles in numerous international dailies, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, The International Herald Tribune, The Los Angeles Times, Die Zeit, El País, Neue Zuercher Zetung, Dagens nyheter and other publications. He has appeared on programs such as ABC's Nightline and Good Morning America, CBS's 60 Minutes, PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer, as well as British, Canadian and German television. In addition to living in Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia, as well as the United States, he has lived and worked as a diplomat in Vienna, Austria and Barbados and visited 60 countries. In 1997, he became managing editor for the Connection Newspapers based in Alexandria, Virginia and served in that role until 2001 before resuming in 2007 until his passing.

Diplomacy
For five and a half years, 2001–2006, Kurspahić worked for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, first as the spokesman in Vienna, Austria and then as the Caribbean Regional Representative in Barbados, covering 29 states and territories. He was a spokesman for the United Nations Signing Conference for the Convention against Corruption in Mérida, Mexico in December 2003. In the Caribbean he worked with the regional governments, mostly on ministerial level, to promote regional cooperation against drug trafficking and organized crime.

Death
Kurspahić died on 17 September 2021 in Reston, Virginia following a stroke. He is survived by his wife of 52 years Vesna and two sons.

Books
He published four books:
 * The White House in 1984 on the presidential elections in the United States (Oslobodjenje, Sarajevo, 1994)
 * Letters from the War, the first book published in the besieged city of Sarajevo (Ideje, Sarajevo, 1992)
 * As Long As Sarajevo Exists (Pamphleteer's Press, 1997)
 * Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace (US Institute of Peace Press, 2003).

This book was also published in Sarajevo and Belgrade under the title Crime at 19:30 - Balkan Media in War and Peace.

Awards and recognition
Kurspahić has received a number of prestigious international awards, including:
 * South Eastern Europe Media Organization’s Dr. Erhard Busek Award for Better Understanding in the Region (SEEMO – Vienna, Austria, 2003);
 * World Press Freedom Hero (International Press Institute - Vienna, Austria, 2000);
 * 1993 International Editor of the Year (World Press Review - New York);
 * 1992 Courage in Journalism Award in 1992 (International Women’s Media Foundation - Washington, D.C.);
 * 1993 Bruno Kreisky Award for Human Rights (Dr Bruno Kreisky Foundation - Vienna, Austria).

title: Kemal Kurspahić


text:
Swithred of Essex

Swithred of Essex (also known as Swaefred) was King of Essex (746–758). He was the second son of Sebbi, and the grandson of King Sigeheard of Essex. Like his predecessors, he was not an independent ruler, but a dependent of the Kingdom of Mercia.

There is also reported a Swithred who may have been the archbishop Feologild, fl.832.

title: Swithred of Essex


text:
Konstantin Frank

Dr. Konstantin Frank (1899–1985) was a viticulturist and pioneering winemaker of the 1950s in the Finger Lakes region of New York.

Early years
Frank was born in Odessa, Ukraine (then part of the Russian Empire) and received his PhD in viticulture from the Odessa Polytechnic Institute, his thesis being on techniques for growing Vitis vinifera in a cold climate. After working for a time in what was then Soviet Georgia managing a large state-owned vineyard, he came to the United States in 1951. Speaking nine languages, English not being one of them, Frank was forced to take a job as a dishwasher in New York City. When he could save up enough, Frank moved with his family to the Cornell University Geneva Experiment Station in 1953.

Success
For 300 years, failed attempts to plant "Vitis vinifera" varieties in the northern latitudes of North America were blamed on the cold weather. With extensive experience growing the European grapes in below freezing temperatures back in Ukraine, Frank knew it would be possible with the grafting techniques that he developed. At the start Frank's ideas were ridiculed. No one thought that Vitis vinifera would grow in cold Upstate New York. So in 1958 Frank bought a plot of land on the west side of Keuka Lake, about six miles from Hammondsport, NY. The first vintage released was in 1962 with a Trockenbeerenauslese Johannisberg Riesling made from botrytized grapes. A scientist at heart, Frank, in the twenty-three years that he owned his winery, planted over sixty different varieties to prove to the world that the eastern United States could grow the noble European vinifera grape varieties.

After establishing his reputation, he was a consultant to the Gold Seal Winery and established a Vitis vinifera grape nursery. He urged New York State winemakers to move away from native North American grapes, including Vitis labrusca and other species, and instead plant Vitis vinifera, the traditional grapes of European winemakers.

Later years
Frank trained interested students in informal internships. He called his students "cooperators." The cooperators included Douglas Moorhead of Presque Isle Wine Cellars, Arnulf Esterer of Markko Vineyard, Hamilton Mowbray of Montbray Cellars, Elizabeth Furness of Piedmont Vineyards, and George Matheson of Chicama Vineyards.

In 1985, Frank died at the age of 86. His legacy is cherished in New York, paving the way for other Finger Lakes producers to grow the European grape varieties. In November 2001, Konstantin Frank was inducted into the Wine Spectator Hall of Fame for his outstanding achievements in the field of viticulture.

Konstantin's son, Willy Frank, became president after his father's death and surprised some in the industry by introducing sparkling wines made in the traditional methode champenoise technique. He purchased a historic field stone house, then restored it into a sparkling winery and named it Chateau Frank. In 1993, Fred Frank, Konstantin's grandson, succeeded his father as President of Dr. Konstantin Frank Vinifera Wine Cellars. That same year, he introduced a value line called "Salmon Run" using grapes sourced from local farms around the Finger Lakes.

title: Konstantin Frank


text:
User talk:Rob ss

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Rob ss


text:
Royal Scot (train)

The Royal Scot was a named passenger express train that ran between London Euston and Glasgow Central on the West Coast Main Line (WCML), with previously a portion also going to Edinburgh.

Steam era
The timetabled service which eventually was known as the Royal Scot first ran in 1862. For many years it departed from both ends at 10:00 (mirroring the Flying Scotsman on the East Coast Main Line). From 1874, the train was hauled by LNWR Improved Precedent Class 2-4-0 locomotives. When 4-4-0 locos became available from 1897, the train was generally hauled by one of the fastest engines available. Early on this would normally be a LNWR Precursor Class 4-4-0, then from 1913 the LNWR Claughton Class 4-6-0, in each case with a change to Caledonian Railway locomotives at Carlisle Citadel and over Beattock Summit to Glasgow.

On 11 July 1927, the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) relaunched the service under a new name, the Royal Scot. Initially the service was non-stop with an engine change at Carnforth, and the train divided at Symington with a portion continuing to Glasgow and the other portion to Edinburgh. All trains were hauled double headed; the Carnforth to Glasgow leg was hauled by two Midland 4-4-0 Compounds. In August 1927, the LMS introduced the modern and more powerful Royal Scot Class, a series of 4-6-0 locomotives that took over the service and ran from London Euston and Carlisle non-stop. This set a new British record for the longest non-stop run. At Carlisle, an engine of the same class based in Polmadie, Glasgow, would take over.

The Royal Scot train gradually became heavier, including the addition of dining coaches. In 1933, the Royal Scot was hauled by the Princess Royal Class, a group of 4-6-2 Pacifics and in 1937, by the new Coronation Class that featured a streamlined design. These engines sometimes worked the train with a brief stop at Carlisle for a change of crew.

In 1960 the down Royal Scot had its departure time from Euston changed to 09:05. The down train was speeded up by 40 minutes and the up train by 15 minutes, for a new journey time in both directions of 7 hours 15 minutes, identical with the other two daytime named trains of the era between London and Glasgow, The Caledonian and the Mid-Day Scot. All three trains at this period were restricted to eight coaches to save weight, and the number of passengers carried was limited to the seating capacity of the train, standing passengers not being permitted. All three trains ran non-stop between London and Carlisle.

Diesel and electric era
Diesel locomotives started to take over haulage of the train from the early 1960s. AC electric locomotives took over in 1966 following the electrification of the WCML south of, with diesel locomotives continuing to pull the train north of Crewe.

By 1970 the London departure time of the Royal Scot had become 10:05, that from Glasgow 09:25, with a total journey time of 6 hours 35 minutes. It ran Monday to Saturday, and called only at Crewe and Carlisle.

Electrification to Glasgow took place in 1973–4, ending the locomotive change at Crewe and bringing the replacement of the early electric locomotives with the new British Rail Class 87s, titled Royal Scots by BR although better known as Electric Scots, in order to avoid clashing with the earlier steam locomotive class of that name.

The first stop out of Euston became Preston, for a crew change, and calls were now also made at Oxenholme and Carlisle. Traction became more mixed following the arrival of British Rail Class 90s in 1988.

The service lost its name in 2003 and there is now no equivalent special train. Instead, London-Glasgow now has an hourly service of British Rail Class 390 Pendolino units operated by Avanti West Coast with a standard overall journey time of 4 hours 31 minutes, running non-stop between London and.

title: Royal Scot (train)


text:
Talk:2005 Livingston by-election

Swing
I know some say that you should only use Swings when comparing Labour and Conservative results, but isn't it silly to say there is a +3% swing to Labour when their share of the vote is sharply down, and the share of the vote of the main challenger is up quite a bit, especially when their is no caption with it explaining that it is a Con to Lab swing? Other articles such as results from the 2005 general election in Scottish constituencies use the method which in this case would result in a 10.2% swing from Lab to SNP. Since this method is used in other articles, it should apply here. MM2K 13:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. The BBC say a 10.2% swing to the SNP . This is also being discussed on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK Parliament constituencies and Talk:Newbury by-election, 1993. --Vclaw 15:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * To add my tuppence, I completely agree with you two; while nationaly a swing between the Conservatives and Labour is the most useful concept, within an indivdual constiuency its often an irrelevance. --Neo 18:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The idea that swing is only meaningful between Labour and the Tories is one that David Boothroyd has been pushing since 1996 or before. See this post from uk.politics.  It may, just, still be true for a UK general election but for by-elections, and regional elections the swing between the top two parties is very interesting.  --Cavrdg 18:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The idea that only a labour/tory swing has any relevence seems barking mad to me. Let me give a more extreme example. By the above logic Upper Bann had a 0% swing at the last election. How does that represent even remotely what happened in that seat?
 * Swing should be between the top two candidates/parties. Obviously this means that on a UK national basis Tory/Conservative is the basis used, but in the Upper Bann case it would be UUP to DUP swing on 8.1%. Does this reflect what happened across the province and thus add relevent information? yes, it does. Would a 0% swing between Labour and Conservative actually give any information? No it wouldn't therefore it is a pointless model. The swing shown should be the top two canditates ie from Labour to SNP.  Mr Weeble  Talk Brit tv 19:41, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have been in and out of this discussion on Wiki for a while. Formal calculation of swing between the Labour and Conservative parties is the "academic" way of working out changes in general elections. However we all know the Southwark byelection was talked about as a 20-odd percentage swing to the Liberals, and Newbury and Christchurch in similar ways. For Livingston it is frankly barking to suggest the swing was to or from the Tories when they are in fourth; the facts show a positive swing to the SNP in second, so surely any thing else is academic pedantry? doktorb 09:26, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:2005 Livingston by-election


text: Category:Cher songs

title: Category:Cher songs


text:
User talk:Ningyou

 ''Please post new messages to the bottom of my talk page. I will respond on yours unless you request otherwise; please respond on mine so that my new message box lights up, as I will notice your message sooner. Thank you.''

The map of Nagano-ken you added was actually a Gifu map so I reverted it. (Was surprised that I travelled that far in the direction of Osaka ;-) ) But I admit that the greener ones are better; you have a correct one? FMB 19:47, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I must have confused it, sorry :D I do punch of them at the same time, usually in the night so if you spot more mistakes, please tell me...
 * Ok, it seems that I forgot to change it, I fixed it now. I'll try to get the correct one here. --Ningyou 11:45, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm, can't seem to find the new map, but the file "Japan_Nagano_large.png" still highlights Gifu. =) FMB 12:34, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I uploaded the new one... but it still shows the old one... we need to get rid of the old file. If you look the file history down there, it shows the new, correct version. --Ningyou 13:03, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It's all done now; I've inserted the right map. FMB 14:39, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'm new to these picture-things :) --Ningyou 10:20, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Translation help
''Hi! We in Finnish wikipedia would like to have a translated version of your Image:Etruscan civilization map.png. Is it possible for example me to do the translation from your source files, since editing the english one would hardly give any good results. Let me know as soon as possible. --Ningyou 20:14, 27 February 2006 (UTC)''

 * I've uploaded a blank version of the map to the Commons. You can label that one if you'd like. The map is based on the sources provided in the Etruscan civilization article's external links. I really didn't have any special source files for the map, I threw some dots and colours into an ArcMap project. --NormanEinstein 21:21, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, thank you. That'll be great. Thank you. --Ningyou 21:44, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Yukio Seki
Hey that story about what Seki told a reporter was great. Do you have a source for it?

I have read the jp article on him, which is incorrect if I understand it to say that two from his squadron hit the same ship. USN action reports confirm hits on two different ships.

-Mak Thorpe 03:46, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I wrote it based on a book about Kamikaze pilots which I have in Finland. Currently I am in Japan, so I am not able to check the book name etc. for about a month. --Ningyou 06:11, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

IJN ships
Hi. Are you sure you want the Japanese ships on fi:wiki to be at the bare name, instead of, e.g. "Japanin hävittäjä NAME"? I notice that most of the live links on fi:Käyttäjä:Ningyou/Japanin laivasto are to things other than the intended subjects. —wwoods 02:36, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I want. --Ningyou 03:28, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

WJD
Will you jump tomorrow? Can we expect lots of Japaneses? :D --Emx 23:33, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to jump! Just few hours anymore :D
 * I dunno how many of my mates will jump though, I tried to tell them about it but they were mostly just "meh, I'll go bating instead" ;P --Ningyou 06:54, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Hokkaido map
Your map of Hokkaido is wonderful but I think the placement of Niseko is inaccurate. It should be further north, where the end of the Shiribeshi line is. See for example this map: http://www.j-first.com/jfs-e/map/map-koiki.gif -- 60.46.40.213 14:26, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Asakura symbol.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Asakura symbol.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 04:08, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Copyright request
Dear Ningyou, First of all, I just wanted to say thank you for your work in making pictures available on Wikimedia Commons. I would like to use one of your photos in a publication I am working on at the moment, and since it will be produced by a charity organization my royalties are not large (and would quickly be swallowed up if I had to pay for images). My publisher, however, has requested that I confirm with you that you are willing to give me permission to use the following: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Assyria.png

Are you fine with this? If so, could you please contact me via email at achalmers@adelaide.tabor.edu.au Once again, thanks for your work and I look forward to hearing back from you. All the best,

Dr Aaron Chalmers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.167.87.217 (talk) 02:25, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ningyou


text:
Barsebäck

Barsebäck is a locality situated in Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 524 inhabitants in 2010.

It lies about 4 km east of the harbour village Barsebäckshamn. It is known for the now closed Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant, and for the internationally known golf course Barsebäck Golf & Country Club with an annual world class golf tournament.

title: Barsebäck


text:
User talk:Dsutton

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 13:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
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Your request will eventually be moved to List of requests which don't belong here on the copyright examinations page. Please try to find the right place for your request as soon as possible. We hope that your request will find the right place and get answered. --Easyas12c 01:16, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dsutton


text:
Hermann Collitz

Hermann Collitz (February 4, 1855 – May 13, 1935) was a German and American historical linguist and Indo-Europeanist. He emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1886, taking a position at the newly founded Bryn Mawr College, where he stayed for 20 years. In 1907 he left for the Johns Hopkins University, where he taught until his retirement in 1927. His career interests covered the historical phonology and morphology of Indo-European languages. An advocate for American linguistics to his European colleagues, Collitz was among the 27 signers of the call to form the Linguistic Society of America, and was elected its first president. That same year he was elected president of the Modern Language Association, serving in both roles simultaneously.

Early life and education
Collitz was born February 4, 1855, in the Hanoverian hamlet of Bleckede, in modern-day Lower Saxony. Growing up, he showed a notable interest in language. At home, he was exposed to both Low German—a dialect spoken locally in Hanover and neighboring regions—and High German—then a prestige variety which formed the basis for modern Standard High German. From the age of 7 to 14, he attended a recently-opened one-room schoolhouse which taught writing, Latin, and French. During Collitz's time at the school, the curriculum expanded to include English, and at 13 Collitz joined a select class on Greek. At 14, he left to attended the lyceum of the Johanneum Lüneburg whose humanities section focused on Latin, Greek, and Mathematics. He graduated from the Johanneum Lüneburg in 1875.

Following his graduation from the Johanneum Lüneburg, Collitz attended the University of Göttingen where he studied classical philology with particular attention to Iranian, Slavic, and Germanic. His background in Latin and Greek was deepened by the lectures of Hermann Sauppe on Latin Grammar and the epigraphy of Latin and Greek. His understanding of the Indo-European language family was broadened by Adalbert Bezzenberger's courses on Avestan and Lithuanian, as well as an introduction to Sanskrit through Theodor Benfey's course on the hymns of the Rig Veda. In 1876 he joined the Grammatical Society (Grammatische Gesellschaft) of the newly appointed professor of Comparative Philology, August Fick, who inspired Collitz's lifelong interest in comparative linguistics. Through the Grammatical Society and under the supervision of Fick, Collitz received practice in independent research and supplemental instruction in comparative Indo-European philology. In 1878 Collitz spent the summer semester at the University of Berlin focusing on Sanskrit, Slavic philology, and German philology with fellow student and future colleague Maurice Bloomfield. That fall, Collitz returned to Göttingen to complete his doctoral research on the palatal consonants in Proto-Indo-Iranian.

Career
In 1879 Collitz returned to Berlin. During his tenure he served as editor for a compendium of Greek dialect inscriptions and a dictionary of the Waldeck dialect of Low German. This period coincided with the rise of the Neogrammarian hypothesis, a major influence on modern linguistics. In his review of Brugman and Osthoff's Morphological Investigations (German: Morphologische Untersuchungen), he rejected their proposal that sound changes are regular, but by 1886 he had come to agree with the conclusion that sound change is regular. In 1883 he left Berlin for the University Library of Halle where he was tasked with completing the catalogues on General Linguistics, Comparative Linguistics, and Philosophy started by his predecessor Karl Verner. He habilitated at Halle and received the venia docendi in 1885 for his work on Sanskrit Philology.

In 1886, Collitz emigrated to the United States, where he taught at the newly founded Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia. His colleagues at the time included future Bryn Mawr president Carey Thomas in English and future US President Woodrow Wilson in History. He was appointed an Associate Professor of German, and was promoted to Professor of German and Comparative Philology following the departure of E. Washburn Hopkins in 1895. At Bryn Mawr, he focused more closely on Germanic philology and especially his native Low German. With Karl Bauer, Collitz published the 1902 Waldeckian Dictionary with Dialect Samples (Waldeckisches Wörterbuch nebst Dialektproben) which synthesized a number of prior papers he had published on the topic. In 1904 he married Klara Hechtenberg, a fellow German-born philologist. That same year he was selected alongside Eduard Sievers to represent the field of Germanic Philology at the International Congress of Arts and Sciences held during the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.

Collitz left Bryn Mawr in 1907 for the Johns Hopkins University where he was appointed to the newly created chair in Germanic Philology. Johns Hopkins was founded on the Humboldtian model of higher education common in the German institutions where Collitz was educated, and its strength in other branches of linguistics led to an effort to promote German Philology at the institution, which Collitz fulfilled. In 1911 Collitz served as a delegate of the Johns Hopkins University to the centennial celebration of the University of Oslo where he met with a number of Nordic scholars. The following year he published a rebuke of European attitudes towards American linguistic scholarship in the forward to the first issue of Hesperia, his newly founded journal of American contributions to German Philology.

In 1924 Collitz and 26 colleagues signed a call for the formation of the Linguistic Society of America. The first meeting took place in New York City, where Collitz was elected the first president of the Society. The reasons for his election are not well documented, but every signatory of the call was eventually elected president, and Collitz, the eldest among them, was elected first. The vision Collitz had for the Linguistic Society was at the time archaic and in tension with the goals of other founding members such as Leonard Bloomfield. In his address to the first meeting of the Linguistic Society, Collitz focused on a conception of linguistics tied to written literature and emphasized the need for the society to advance curricula that included teaching of classical languages and literature. The imminent publication of this address in the first issue of Language led Bloomfield, the author of the 1924 call, to write "Why a Linguistic Society" at the urging of George Bolling and Edgar Sturtevant who were his colleagues on the organizing committee. Bloomfield's work appeared first in the volume and served as a foil to the ideas expressed by Collitz, emphasizing instead the primacy of scientific observation over the study of literature. That same year, Collitz served as president of the Modern Language Association, and the two societies met together in Chicago at the end of 1925. Collitz presented a joint presidential address to the two societies entitled World Languages where he expressed skepticism that the recent revival of interest in international auxiliary languages would lead to a single world language given the rise and fall of all other lingua francas across time.

Legacy
In 1927, he retired from the Johns Hopkins University after two decades of service. Upon his retirement, a portrait of him was presented to the University on behalf of his friends and former students during the 1927 commencement. He remained editor of the Journal of English and Germanic Philology and the American Journal of Philology until 1929. In 1930 his colleagues and students published a festschrift and presented it to him in honor of his 75th birthday. The contributions to the volume include two poems by Georgia L. Field and Carol Wight, a biography by Klara Collitz, and scholarly contributions by students and friends including Bloomfield, Bolling, and Sturtevant.

Hermann Collitz died suddenly on May 13, 1935. He was survived by his wife Klara, and upon her death in 1944 she bequeathed his papers to the Johns Hopkins University and the bulk of their estate to the Linguistic Society of America. In life Collitz had amassed one of the best private collections on comparative and Germanic linguistics, and this library was included in the bequest. The proceeds of the sale of the Collitz' residence in Baltimore were used to establish the Herman and Klara H. Collitz Professorship for Comparative Philology. In 1963 Mary Haas convened a committee of former holders to determine policy around the appointment of the Collitz Professorship, particularly regarding whether scholars using structuralist approaches to historical linguistics were eligible for the chair. The following year the committee reported that structuralist approaches, while not specifically mentioned in the bequest, should be considered within the spirit of the bequest.

Selected works

 * Pages 177 – 201 comprise his Göttingen dissertation.
 * Publication of an address to the Linguistic Society of America given December 28, 1924
 * Also published in the Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 41
 * Publication of an address to the Linguistic Society of America given December 28, 1924
 * Also published in the Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 41
 * Publication of an address to the Linguistic Society of America given December 28, 1924
 * Also published in the Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 41
 * Publication of an address to the Linguistic Society of America given December 28, 1924
 * Also published in the Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 41
 * Also published in the Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 41

title: Hermann Collitz


text:
User talk:JCRA

Welcome!
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title: User talk:JCRA


text: Category:Sheena Easton songs

title: Category:Sheena Easton songs


text:
User:Capike

I'm Mirlin aka Capike and I edit Wikipedia. I came here because I wanted to add an article about my church, and ended up loving Wikipedia. I had to learn a lot about it and got into some quarrels because I didn't understand how Wikipedia worked, but now I understand a lot more.

I am still learning, and I will most likely continue editing and I'll get better as I go along.

Added by Andrew (alakon):

I sincerely apologize- I'm not sure where I mistook Uniterran for Unitarianism- but I stand corrected. In the future, I'd appreciate it if you'd not direct comments to me on my user-info page. However- since I suppose I'm just as ignorant as you are- I'm posting in your page because I'm not sure how to communicate to you otherwise. I guess we are both learning.

Best of luck on Wikipedia.

title: User:Capike


text: User talk:84.173.218.171

title: User talk:84.173.218.171


text:
Talk:PET bottle recycling

Questions
Some questions arise:
 * How are the PET products separated from the other plastics? Is it done automatically, or do humans have to sort them out? How can you quickly distinguish between PET and other plastics?
 * What happens if you accidentally mix other plastics with the PET waste - will this charge be finally wasted?
 * Thanks, --Abdull 13:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Plastic bottle separation can either be done automatically, or by hand. Hand sorting involves "hands-on practices" which are often low paid jobs. Automatic sorting is done by Near Infrared (NIR)techniques. Capital investment is in the order of USD 140,000 per unit capable of sorting 1,500 kg/h. Manual sorting can achieve a PET fraction which is about 85 percent clean; automatic sorting will achieve 95 percent purity (one stage) or 99.9 percent purity (two stages).

The largest enemy of polymers as a contaminant in PET, is PVC. As little as 50 parts per million (ppm) of PVC will render the remaining PET fraction as one with an inferior quality. This is why automatic sorting is the preferred option, even in low-wage countries.

Questions
Question: What would be the advantages or disadvantages of using PET fabric as opposed to using PP woven fabric in the production and use of grocery shopping bags?

Fleeces
The upsurge in fleeces made from PET waste is no doubt good in many ways. But the ones I've seen are very flammable. Rich Farmbrough 11:14 11 June 2006 (GMT). are PET plastices thermo platics or termosetting plastics? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.98.194.115 (talk) 17:40, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Recycle-resin-logos-lr 01.png
Image:Recycle-resin-logos-lr 01.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:55, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Which one is better to Recycle ?? Aluminium Cans or Plastics PET Bottles keeping in mind the Environment.
Which one is better to Recycle ?? Aluminium Cans or Plastics PET Bottles keeping in mind the Environment. I got lots of information about recycling, but no where it was/is mentioned on what should be used or should be the alternative keeping environment in mind especially when everyone is talking about global warming.

My Question is Whats better to recycle considering Environment; Aluminium Cans or Plastic PET bottles. Both are used for soft drinks ??

Can I get some really good information on this matter.

Dhaval. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.184.254.1 (talk) 14:09, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Considering the large amout of energy needed for the processing of aluminum (high processing temperatures) compared to that of PET, I tend to think that PET is more environmentally friendly when recycled. Evaa 13:28, 2 August 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Evaa (talk • contribs)

Recycling in USA
Can anyone find out, how the ratings are of recycling in USA? Looks like the US is much worse then Europe on this matter! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.75.191.103 (talk) 21:02, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Safety
Are there any safety issues with reusing disposable PET plastic bottles (e.g. from bottled water)? Particularly, are there any issues with certain liquids, high temperatures, microwave, sunlight, etc.? I've been keeping some water-based liquid medication in these bottles (kept in my room out of the sun), and after leaving untouched for a few months, the medication develops a very odd and noticeable plastic-like taste to it. I'm wondering if this is due to the PET or some chemical used to treat the inside of the bottles breaking down and becoming dissolved in the liquid contents of the bottle, of if it's due to something else.--74.100.117.52 (talk) 22:29, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Naked Juice
The mention of 'Naked Juice' in the opening paragraph seems like an advertisement. Is there anything that merits the mention in the opening? Tweisbach (talk) 04:49, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Mention removed. ArticCynda (talk) 09:30, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

Duplicate image
One of the images (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling#/media/File:Materials_recovery_facility_2.jpg) is duplicated in 2 different sections. I would advocate removing one of them. Thoughts? ArticCynda (talk) ArticCynda (talk) 09:29, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I would support that. Project Osprey (talk) 10:05, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Duplicate image removed. ArticCynda (talk) 13:18, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:PET bottle recycling


text:
Talk:Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition

Question: Does anybody beside Tim or his labmates call the triazole catalyst "Tim's catalyst"? Is this in the literature, or is it a misuse of Wikipedia? In any case, I agree that this article does a poor job of summarizing the utility and mechanism of this increasingly important reaction, and look forward to having the time to correct it.134.84.138.62 17:57, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * you are right, Tim's ligand does not produce hits on google and the article should be renamed to TBTA or (tris-(benzyl-triazolylmethyl)amine) or better still merged to here V8rik 21:32, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

I have certain doubts
, that the Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition is only the reaction of alkynes with azides:

“Huisgen Cycloadditions are exergonic fusion processes that unite two unsaturated reactants and provide fast access to an enormous variety of five-membered Heterocycles”. Sharpless, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41, 2596

In addition, the copper-catalyzed version is NOT a 1,3-dipolar addition, because it is stepwise. The links to copper-catalyzed variants are not helpful. I strongly recommend to reedit the whole article.

In addition I have searched "Huisgen Cycloaddition" in Scifinder, showing up the following publications which have nothing to do with alkynes and azides:

Domingo, Luis R.; Picher, M. Teresa. A DFT study of the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between hindered thiocarbonyl ylides and tetracyanoethylene. Tetrahedron (2004),  60(23),  5053-5058. CODEN: TETRAB ISSN:0040-4020. CAN 141:123296 AN 2004:404880    CAPLUS

Singal, Kewal Krishan; Giare, Rubina. "Huisgen reaction" of diarylnitrilimines with N-arylmaleimides leading to the synthesis of 1-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-3,5-diaryl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6-diones. Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (1998),  8(2),  121-124. CODEN: IJCHEI ISSN:0971-1627. CAN 130:237509 AN 1999:68719    CAPLUS

Sustmann, Reiner. Rolf Huisgen's contribution to organic chemistry, emphasizing 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Heterocycles (1995),  40(1),  1-18. CODEN: HTCYAM ISSN:0385-5414. CAN 122:132224 AN 1995:332236    CAPLUS

Butler, Richard N.; Coyne, Anthony G.; Cunningham, William J.; Moloney, Eamon M.; Burke, Luke A. Water and the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction: A focus on polar contributions to the transition state in the reactions of dicyano(phthalazinium)methanide with substituted styrenes and benzylidene acetones. Helvetica Chimica Acta (2005),  88(7),  1611-1629. CODEN: HCACAV ISSN:0018-019X. AN 2005:842555   CAPLUS

 * I have reverted your edits because your edit was simply not according to Wiki guidelines (start with definition and article name in bold bold, no references to the discussion page)
 * your Sharpless 2002 definition appears to me the definition reserved for click chemistry.
 * I can also see from your references that the huisgen reaction is used in a liberal way. The 1998 article title has Huisgen reaction between parenthesis, maybe that solves the question
 * concerning the stepwise vs 1,3-dipolar reaction type: I have provided literature that says 1,3-dipolar, if you have literature that says otherwise plase make an edit and broaden the article
 * please do make edits as you seem fit but do consult the Wiki guidelines V8rik 18:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes, please answer the question if this article which is now displayed as Huisgen Cycloadditon is right ? Once again: the huisgen reaction is in general the 1,3-dipolar addition. It is not the specific addition of azides to alkines. As long as you write that the huisgen cycloaddition is the specific addition of alkines to azides, the article does not respect Huisgen's work for the development of these cycloadditions in general. That's something to do with respect.

Ok back to the copper-catalyzed (stepwise) cycloaddition: a stepwise reaction is not (per definition) a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The mechanism of the copper-catalyzed reactions can be found here: V. V. Rostovtsev, L. G. Green, V. V. Fokin, K. B. Sharpless, Angew. Chem., 2002, 114, 2708-2711.

In addition, it is not me giving a definition of "Click chemistry" it is your article about Huisgen Cycloaddition. But I strongly recommend not to mix all these things together. Just put all the click chemistry in a seperat article. And reduce the article about Huisgen Cycloadditon to the only correct definition: The Huisgen Cycloadditions are 1,3 Cycloadditions and vice versa !

Ok I have edited by myself. Clearly stating that the alkyne azide cycloadditon is only an example. That's my version: Due to Rolf Huisgen's contribution to....

And I have moved the things about click in the introduction (it is not so bad - just to mention). In my point of view, the azide-alkyne chemistry can always be shortened, and moved to a more specific file. But the mistakes are now corrected (please also correct my bad english).

A detailled look to the Sharpless phrase: "Huisgen Cycloadditions are exergonic fusion processes that unite two unsaturated reactants and provide fast access to an enormous variety of five-membered Heterocycles" Sharpless gives a straigt forward definition of Huisgen Cycloadditions. Nothing more an nothing less. In addition, can you find "Alkyne" and "Azides" in the following article titles:

-"Huisgen reaction" of diarylnitrilimines with N-arylmaleimides leading to the synthesis of 1-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-3,5-diaryl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6-diones. -A DFT study of the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between hindered thiocarbonyl ylides and tetracyanoethylene.

And so on. I can find more examples of Huisgen reactions in Scifinder which are not related to alkynes and azides than the other way round...

Thanks for your reply, a couple of points: V8rik 17:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * with regard to respect, in my defence: I created the article in the first place because I like the chemistry Huisgen developed.......
 * I invite you to edit the article and state somewhere that research shows the copper variant is stepwise and not concerted. And make sure to add the reference to the reference list.
 * I am unable to do more research now but suppose for now you have a point then I would like to make the suggestion that this article is moved to a new article name for instance alkyne-azide cycloaddion and that you make your points in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition article. The articles linking to this article make reference to the alkyne-azide reaction and not 1,3-dipolar additions in general.
 * Your lastest edit still does not comply with Wiki standards, scan 100 random articles and you will see the same format adopted by the entire Wiki community on every page

Ok, the contribution of Huisgen is more than just the Alkine Azid Chemistry (that's now clearly stated by "Example for...". If we both love Huisgen's contribution, then a wider definition might be more interesting. Could you please do the style corrections ? I have not so much time left. And I will check the Copper-catalyzed reactions. Because Sharpless self stated, the mechanism is not fully elucidated...

Here's the latest publication on the mechanism of the copper-catalyzed versions: http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/jacsat/2005/127/i01/abs/ja0471525.html Quoting: Huisgen Cycloadditon becomes non-concerted... (Question: does a non-concerted Huisgen Cycloaddition exists per definitionem ?). As you can see the term is used for different substrates. But the non-concerted reactions does not fit with "1,3-dipolar"... So I strongly disagree with Sharpless inflationary use of "Huisgen Cycloaddition".

proper bibliography
I am not sure if this is the page to make such remarks BUT I would like to say that I am surprised with the selection of bibliography concerning the 1,3-dipolar azide alkyne cycloaddition ... It seems focused on minor contributions and totally ignoring the pioneers. Any expert on the field would find that this is NOT the appropriate scientific documentation. This is why, scientific articles should be signed.
 * Yes, this is the place to make such remarks. The great thing about Wikipedia is that if you don't like the article the way that it is, you can make whatever changes you feel would improve it. (Keep in mind though, that this is intended to be an encyclopia article, not a scientific publication, so the standards for "appropriate scientific documentation" are going to be lower.) Please feel free to add whichever references you think are appropriate.    Wikipedia articles get better when people like you and their knowledge.  And finally, this article is "signed" in the sense that changes are tracked and each person's contributions can be determined. Edgar181 14:36, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

''Thank you so much for your very prompt answer. As soon as I figure out the system I will certainly try to add some more bibliography. I guess that my question was more general in the sense that though it is great to have a free encyclopedic system, there must be a safety valve prevending it from leading to misconceptions about scientific facts or turning into just free advertising. The Wikipedia concept is so much more important than this ... In several areas covered within Wikipedia, errors might be acceptable and easily fixable. But when one refers to a specific scientific publication and its facts, shouldn't it be certain that he has a full understanding of it? (Think of medical publications for example). This is the reason for suggesting signed articles. I should add that most of the scientists would probably love to contribute to an open access system.''

Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC)
Dear Sirs,

Fokin and Sharpless do not use "Huisgen Cycloaddition" anymore in the context of Cu-catalyzed alkyne-azides cycloadditions. The reason is clear: the stepwise process for the Cu-catalyzed addition, as proven by different papers written by Fokin (http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/jacsat/2005/127/i01/abs/ja0471525.html) is not in concordance with a thermally induced, concerted cycloaddition. Huisgen Cycloaddition is another name for "1,3-dipolar cycloaddition" and vice versa. The Cu-catalyzed process is currently named as "Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). See: dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja054114s Please recheck all the examples.

Figure Error: "Cp*"
The final figure of the article referring to ruthenium catalyzed variants (mysteriously captioned within the picture as "figure 2...") does not contain Cp* but, rather, its protonated analogue. Indeed, the precatalyst (as shown) is a 16e- species as opposed to the correct 18e- Cp*RuL2X. This figures should likely be replaced with one that fixes this inaccuracy and is an original work (as opposed to a likely screencap). Jgwest91 (talk) 04:33, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition


text: User talk:61.68.207.204

title: User talk:61.68.207.204


text:
Beaver (band)

Beaver, or 13eaver as it is better known, was a Dutch stoner rock band. All of their CDs are considered rare, and are all out of print.

History
Beaver appeared on the Amsterdam music scene in the late eighties. Founded by guitarist/lyricist Roel Schoenmakers and drummer Eva Nahon, their line-up stabilized in 1992 with the addition of bass player Milo Beenhakker and ex-God guitarist Joszja de Weerdt. They started playing out on the European stages, supporting bands like The Obsessed, Rollins Band, Melvins, Fugazi, Kyuss and Queens of the Stone Age.

The results of their first three recording sessions at the Via Ritmo studio in Rotterdam were released on CD by the local W.E.R.K./WORKS label in March 1996. 'B' (13eaver) contains one hour of their heavy rocking metascience-fictional blues. The next trip to the studio yielded the Josh Homme-produced "Green", the band's contribution to the genre-defining 'Burn One Up!' compilation that came out in January 1997. The Beaver rhythm section teamed up with Josh's 'Queens of the Stone Age' for the song '18 A.D.' This record got a lot of international press and put Beaver in the vanguard of the European scene.

In September 1997 their second album, 'The Difference Engine', was released by their new label Elegy. The album was written and recorded within weeks and captures the band in particular fine form, flaunting their trademark tortured guitar-riffing, odd time signatures and extragalactic soundscapes, lyrically hunted by the heaviness of the load.

The release of the Beaver/Queens of the Stone Age split-EP on Man's Ruin Records September 1998 exposed them to a worldwide audience and drew a lot of positive reactions from fans and music press.

In 1999 Beaver toured Europe twice. After three appearances at the 'Roadburn'-fest, they hit the road in February with Eindhoven's finest 35007. September saw their second tour, this time with Spirit Caravan. In between they recorded their second Man's Ruin-release at 'The Void'-studio in Eindhoven. 'Lodge' was released in October 1999 and received 4 K's in the British 'Kerrang'.

2000 kicked in with a show at the Hollywood 'Troubadour', with Guy Pinhas on bass and Tos Nieuwenhuizen on guitar, a pre-1992 line-up as a matter of fact. While visiting the States they got the go ahead to release a full-length album. Recording started July 2000. Meanwhile, Tos had become a full band member again, replacing Joszja as lead-guitarist. The new line-up took to the road in November 2000 and toured extensively all through Europe, visiting the UK for the first time.

They went straight into the studio to finish recording what was to become 'Mobile', eight tracks that catches the band in transition from a five- to a four-piece. The release in May got overshadowed somewhat by the collapse of Man's Ruin, their record label, a month later. The band kept a low profile for the rest of the year, playing some local shows and festivals, working on new songs.

Reunion
Beaver was reunited to play the Sunn O)))-curated event at the 2011 Roadburn Festival in the Netherlands.

Former members

 * Roel Schoenmakers – vocals/guitar
 * Eva Nahon – drums
 * Klaas Kuitenbrouwer – bass
 * Guy Pinhas – bass
 * TOS Nieuwenhuizen – guitar
 * Jozsja de Weerdt – guitar
 * Milo Beenhakker – bass

Discography
Studio albums
 * 13eaver (1996, W•e•r•k Works)
 * The Difference Engine (1997, Elegy)
 * Mobile (2001, Man's Ruin)

Extended plays
 * The Split CD (split with Queens of the Stone Age) (1998, Man's Ruin)
 * Lodge (1999, Man's Ruin)

Compilations
 * Beaver box set (2011, self-released)

title: Beaver (band)