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Antibiotic prophylaxis

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to, for humans, the prevention of infection complications using antimicrobial therapy (most commonly antibiotics). Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970.

For humans
Antibiotic prophylaxis is most commonly used prior to dental surgery, but may be used in other cases, such as prior to sexual intercourse for patients who suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections.

Even when sterile techniques are adhered to, surgical procedures can introduce bacteria and other microbes in the blood (causing bacteremia), which can colonize and infect different parts of the body. An estimated 5 to 10 percent of hospitalized patients undergoing otolaryngology ("head and neck") surgery acquire a nosocomial ("hospital") infection, which adds a substantial cost and an average of 4 extra days to the hospital stay.

Antibiotics can be effective in reducing the occurrence of such infections. Patients should be selected for prophylaxis if the medical condition or the surgical procedure is associated with a considerable risk of infection or if a postoperative infection would pose a serious hazard to the patient's recovery and well-being.

Antibiotic prophylaxis is also commonly used to prevent respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients.

Microbial infections and related diseases
Local wound infections (superficial or deep-sided), urinary tract infections (caused by a bladder catheter inserted for surgery), and pneumonia (due to impaired breathing/coughing, caused by sedation and analgesics during the first few hours of recovery) may endanger the health of patients after surgery. Visibly worse are postoperative bacterial infections at the site of implanted foreign bodies (sutures, osteosynthetic material, joint replacements, pacemaker implants, etc.) Often, the outcome of the procedure may be put into question and the life of the patient may even be put at risk.

Worldwide experience with antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery has proven to be effective and cost-efficient, both avoiding severe patient suffering while saving lives (provided the appropriate antibiotics have been carefully chosen and used to the best of current medical knowledge).

Antibiotic selection
A proper regimen of antibiotics for perioperative prophylaxis of septic complications decreases the total amount of antimicrobials needed and eases the burden on hospitals. The choice of antibiotics should be made according to data on pharmacology, microbiology, clinical experience and economy. Drugs should be selected with a reasonable spectrum of activity against pathogens likely to be encountered, and antibiotics should be chosen with kinetics that will ensure adequate serum and tissue levels throughout the risk period. Depending on the type of surgery and anticipated contamination associated with it, combinations of different agents or different routes of administration (e.g. intravenous and oral antibiotics) might be beneficial in reducing perioperative adverse events.

For prophylaxis in surgery, only antibiotics with good tolerability should be used. Cephalosporins remain the preferred drugs for perioperative prophylaxis due to their low toxicity. Parenteral systemic antibiotics seem to be more appropriate than oral or topical antibiotics because the chosen antibiotics must reach high concentrations at all sites of danger. It is well recognized that broad-spectrum antibiotics are more likely to prevent gram-negative sepsis. New data demonstrate that third generation cephalosporins are more effective than first and second generation cephalosporins if all perioperative infectious complications are taken into consideration. Dermatologic surgeons commonly use antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Based on previous studies, though, the risk of endocarditis following cutaneous surgery is low and thus the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is controversial. Although this practice is appropriate for high-risk patients when skin is contaminated, it is not recommended for noneroded, noninfected skin.

There are many factors that affect physicians' compliance with guideline recommendations, including cultural factors, educational background, training, nurse and pharmacist influences, medication supply, and logistics.

The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for few people since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be caused by dental procedures.

Advantages of long-acting antibiotics
Long-acting, broad-spectrum antibiotics offer the following advantages by comparison to short-acting antimicrobials in perioperative prophylaxis:
 * A single dose covers the whole perioperative risk period - even if the operation is delayed or long-lasting - and with regard to respiratory and urinary tract infections
 * Repeat administrations for prophylaxis are not necessary, so that additional doses are less likely to be forgotten (an advantage of practical value in a busy working situation such as a hospital)
 * Less risk of development of resistance and less side effects
 * Increased compliance and reduced errors of administration
 * Possibly better-effectiveness (less material and labor cost, less septic perioperative complications)

There are many factors that affect physicians' compliance with guideline recommendations, including cultural factors, educational background, training, nurse and pharmacist influences, medication supply, and logistics.

American Heart Association recommendations
The American Heart Association (AHA) now recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for very few patients since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be prevented by this procedure.

For livestock
Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970. Over time, the use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes in livestock was discovered. In 1986, some European countries banned the use of antibiotics because of research they found that linked antibiotic use in livestock and drug resistant bacteria in humans. The European Union regulated in 2006 against antibiotics for growth promotion purposes.

It was estimated in 2014 that over 80% of the world's antibiotic use was on farms. Coccidiosis in fowl had evolved increased tolerance to the antibiotic feed. The WHO warned in April 2014 that farm use was a contributor to superbugs in humans. The Auditor General of Canada found lack of progress in 2014 on antimicrobial resistance despite three years of government funds that should have been used to implement a reduction programme. A CBC writer was concerned that there was in Canada "no coordinated national system to control antibiotics in agriculture."

Due to the serious problem of superbugs (which are bred in antibiotic-rich environments) the Food and Drug Administration issued a guidance document in December 2013. The chief public health officer of Canada said four months later that "antibiotics should only be used in animals to treat infection rather than guard against disease or promote growth." The Canadian guidance document calls for "the prudent use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and a gradual phasing out of growth promoting drugs in feed and water over the three years" ending in 2017. Producers will no longer be allowed to continuously feed animals doses of antibiotics as a way to promote growth. A veterinarian said that ""If you don't put (antibiotics) in the feed, and you wait until you get an outbreak of necrotic enteritis, you've got a lot of dead birds and you've lost a lot of money." The Beef Cattle Research Council were irritated by the change, while the Chicken Farmers of Canada had pre-empted it by teamwork four years earlier. However, concerns were raised by the Chief Veterinarian of Ontario that "In other jurisdictions, they've found that, the drugs are not used for growth promotion, wink, wink, they're used for disease prevention."

As of 2016, Health Canada had approved for employment in cattle three natural hormones and three synthetic hormones.

title: Antibiotic prophylaxis


text:
Midland Theatre

The Midland Theatre is a 3,000-seat theater located in the Power & Light District of Kansas City, Missouri, United States. The National Collegiate Athletic Association under Walter Byers had its headquarters in the building from the 1950s until it moved to 6299 Nall Avenue at Shawnee Mission Parkway in Mission, Kansas in 1971. The theatre was originally known as the Loew's Midland Theatre until 1961. Over the years, the theatre has been known by various names including: Saxon Theatre, Midland Stadium, Midland 1-2-3 Theatre, Midland Theatre and The Midland by AMC, and Arvest Bank Theatre at The Midland.

Design
It was built by Marcus Loew, completed in 1927, at a cost of $4 million and was the largest historic theater within 250 miles of the city. The Midland was designed by architect Thomas W. Lamb of New York and the Boller Brothers of Kansas City, and Boaz-Kiel Construction of St. Louis erected the structure. The theatre, built in French and Italian Baroque, was representative of Lamb's work in the late 1920s.

The exterior of the theatre was constructed in a Renaissance Revival style in cream glazed terra cotta brick, adorned with engaged pilasters, winged figures, leaves, flowers, swags, volutes, urns, and arches. A four-story arched window rose above a copper and gold marquee that contained 3,600 light bulbs.

The theater is well known for its over 500,000 feet of gold leaf, five giant Czechoslovakian hand-cut crystal chandeliers, irreplaceable art objects and precious antiques, and spectacular wood and plaster work.

At the time the Loew's Midland opened, it was home to a Robert Morton theatre pipe organ. The organ was used at the theatre until after World War II, when larger screen sound movies eventually resulted in the end for stage shows and in-house organ music. The organ began to deteriorate from lack of use until it was purchased and removed in the 1960s by Robert Fray and placed in his home. After the organ changed hands and was moved across the country several more times, it was eventually purchased by local enthusiasts in 1984 and is now at home in the Kansas City Music Hall.

The Midland closed in January 1961, and then after some remodeling, it briefly reopened as an arena that served as the home for Kansas City's professional bowling team, the Kansas City Stars. The Stars were financially unsuccessful, and they left the Midland in December of the same year.

AMC Ownership
AMC Theatres (then a small Kansas City-area regional chain) purchased the Midland in 1966, and the theatre continued to operate as a movie house until 1981. In conjunction with the AMC Empire Theater, located two blocks south, the complex was known as the AMC Midland-Empire. Since then, it has become a performance hall, still used today for concerts, Broadway and stage shows, ballet and other events. It has also served as the Kansas City home of the annual Radio City Christmas Spectacular over more recent years. The theatre was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Redevelopment
In 2007, AEG Live and the Cordish Company formed a partnership to undertake a multimillion-dollar renovation of the historic venue. Since reopening in late 2008, the theater was called the Midland by AMC and hosted events promoted by the AEG Presents (formerly AEG Live) company.

Among the major changes made in the redevelopment, the main-level seating rows were removed and replaced with a tiered open floor plan that allows for cabaret-style tables and chairs, or standing room for general admission events. The Midland's exterior marquee was restored to its original 1927 appearance. The five level office portion of the theatre that faces Main Street was converted into a mix of bars, lounges, and administrative space. According to the Cordish Company of Baltimore, the developer of the project, all changes meet historic preservation guidelines as required by state and federal governments.

On September 4, 2013, AEG Live, the Cordish Company and Arvest Bank announced that the bank had acquired a multi-year naming rights partnership to the Midland Theatre. The announcement coincided with a celebration of the fifth anniversary of the theater's re-launch in September 2008. The venue's name officially became the Arvest Bank Theatre at The Midland on September 13, 2013.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Midland Theatre


text: Category:Cuban scientists

title: Category:Cuban scientists


text:
User talk:Clarson

Welcome!

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User talk:Veggienerd

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Veggienerd


text:
Belfast Central Library

Belfast Central Library is a public library in Royal Avenue, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Opened in 1888, it was one of the first major public library buildings in Ireland.

A competition for the design of the building was won by architect William Henry Lynn in 1883 and it was built by H & J Martin builders. Designed to reflect the ambitions of the growing city of Belfast, its architecture is a fine example of a public building at the height of the Victorian age. On a black granite base, the Dumfries red sandstone exterior with a slightly Italianate feel, houses a three-floor interior with a sweeping staircase, a pillared foyer, and a fine domed first-floor reading room. The top floor originally included a museum and art gallery. The building is a notable part of the 19th-century cityscape of modern Belfast. It survived undamaged through the Belfast Blitz of World War II and the Troubles of the late 20th century.

The library is in the library and Cathedral Quarter, on the edge of Belfast City Centre and close to the Belfast Campus of the University of Ulster. Two additional buildings were added to the site in the 1960s and 1980s, providing staff accommodation and extra storage. These reflect the growth in the book stock of the library in the intervening decades. A newspaper library is in the 1980s building and accessed from Library Street.

The Library is now run by Northern Ireland Libraries, a public authority covering the whole of Northern Ireland. Belfast Central Library houses a range of sections, including a lending library & Information and Business library still based in the original reading room. A Belfast, Ulster and Irish Department & Music Library on the top floor. It is a major provider of IT facilities on the ground floor providing free internet access.

Special collections
The Library has a number of special collections, including a fine book collection, the library and manuscripts of Francis Joseph Bigger, the manuscripts of the eccentric Amanda McKittrick Ros and the manuscripts of the Ulster playwright Sam Thompson.

The Northern Ireland Music Archive is a computerised database housing recordings, scores and other materials relating to music created by Northern Ireland composers/artists. The Archive, which was funded and developed by the Arts Council of Northern Ireland houses music from the contemporary/classical genre, as well as folk and traditional materials from the Geoff Harden Archive.

Northern Ireland Screen has also placed an access point to their Digital Film Archive in the Lending Library.

Along with Linen Hall Library, Belfast Central Library houses the repository for the Northern Ireland Publications Resource (NIPR), which collects and catalogues all of Northern Ireland's titles published since 2001.

title: Belfast Central Library


text:
User talk:Donnelllouise

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User:Curlyshorthair

Hello all, My name is Raz and I'm from Capetown, South Africa. I just discovered this site and I love it!

title: User:Curlyshorthair


text:
Category:Cuban physicians

This category lists physicians who originated from or are descendants of Cuba.

title: Category:Cuban physicians


text:
Shikō Munakata

Shikō Munakata (棟方 志功) was a woodblock printmaker active in Shōwa period Japan. He is associated with the sōsaku-hanga movement and the mingei (folk art) movement. Munakata was awarded the "Prize of Excellence" at the Second International Print Exhibition in Lugano, Switzerland in 1952, and first prize at the São Paulo Bienal Exhibition in Brazil in 1955, followed by Grand Prix at the Venice Biennale in 1956, and the Order of Culture, the highest honor in the arts by the Japanese government in 1970.

Early life
Munakata was born in the city of Aomori in Aomori Prefecture in northern Honshū as the third of 15 children to a local blacksmith. Due to the impoverished circumstances of his family, he had only an elementary school education; however, he exhibited a passion for art from early childhood. In third grade, he began illustrating kites for his classmates.

Munakata later claimed that his artistic endeavors were sparked by Vincent van Gogh's (1853–1890) Still Life: Vase with Five Flowers, a reproduction of which was given to him by his teacher when he was 17. Upon viewing of van Gogh's artwork, young Munakata decided that he wanted to become the “van Gogh of Aomori”. In 1924, Munakata moved to Tokyo in order to fulfill his decision to become a professional painter in oils.

Munakata's early career was not without obstacles. Unable to sell his paintings, he was forced to repair shoes and sell nattō part-time to survive. He was rejected by the Bunten (The Japan Art Academy Exhibition) four times, until one of his paintings was finally accepted in 1928. However, by this date, his attention had shifted away from oil painting to the traditional Japanese art of woodblock printing.

The path towards woodblock prints
In 1926, Munakata saw Kawakami Sumio's black-and-white woodcut Early Summer Breeze, and decided to work on black-and-white prints. From 1928 onwards, Hiratsuka Unichi (1895–1997), another renowned sōsaku-hanga printmaker, taught Munakata wood carving. In 1929, four of his prints were accepted by the Shunyokai Exhibition, which bolstered his confidence in the new medium. In the following year, four more of his works were accepted for the Kokugakai national exhibition, thus establishing him in his career. His work was also part of the art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1935, Yanagi Sōetsu (1889–1961), father of the mingei (folk art) movement, saw Munakata's prints at the Kokugakai's annual spring exhibition, and bought twenty-five prints of Yamato shi Uruwashi by Munakata. This event changed Munakata's life. From then on Munakata was closely associated with the Japanese folk art movement. In 1936, Munakata went to Kyoto and visited many Buddhist temples and saw many sculptures. Munakata's exposure to Buddhist religious imagery influenced his artistic style significantly. Ten Great Disciples of the Buddha (1939) is considered to be his greatest masterpiece.

Munakata's house and most of his woodblocks were destroyed in the American firebombing of Tokyo in May 1945; his pet was also killed. He relocated to Fukumitsu Town, Toyama Prefecture from 1945-1951.

Postwar period
After World War II, Munakata produced numerous woodblock prints, paintings in watercolor and oil, calligraphy, and illustrated books. He moved his studio to Kamakura in Kanagawa to be closer to Tokyo. He traveled overseas to the United States and Europe in 1959, giving lectures at a number of overseas universities. His works received critical acclaim both in Japan and overseas, and he received many prizes.

Munakata was awarded the "Prize of Excellence" at the Second International Print Exhibition in Lugano, Switzerland, in 1952, and first prize at the São Paulo Bienal Exhibition in Brazil in 1955, followed by Grand Prix at the Venice Biennale in 1956. He was awarded the Order of Culture, the highest honor in the arts, by the Japanese government in 1970. Munakata died at his home in Tokyo. His grave is in Aomori, and his gravestone is patterned after that of Vincent van Gogh.

Subject matter and technique
Munakata took many of his themes from the traditions of his native Aomori in northern Japan, including the local people's love of nature and folk festivals such as the Nebuta festival. Munakata's belief and philosophy were engrained in Shin Buddhism. His prints feature images of floating nude females representing Shinto kami that inhabit trees and plants. Inspired by poetry of the Heian period, Munakata also incorporated poetry and calligraphy into his prints.

This extremely shortsighted artist brought his face almost into contact with the wood when he carved. In his words, “the mind goes and the tool walks alone”. Munakata carved with amazing speed and scarcely used any preparatory sketches, producing spontaneous vitality that is unique to his prints. During the early stage of his career, Munakata worked exclusively on black-and-white prints. Later on, upon the advice of Yanagi Sōetsu (1889–1961), Munakata colored his prints from the back, a technique called urazaishiki.

Munakata's philosophy on woodblock prints
Unlike Kōshirō Onchi (1891–1955), father of the sōsaku-hanga movement, who advocated artists’ expression of the "self" in creating prints, Munakata disclaimed all responsibilities as creator of art. For Munakata, artistic creation is one but many of the manifestations of nature's force and beauty, which is inherent in the woodblock itself. Munakata called prints itaga instead of hanga, emphasizing the material instead of the process of printing. (written in the same kanji, han refers to the process of printing, whereas ita refers to the woodblock itself). In Munakata's words, "the essence of hanga lies in the fact that one must give in to the ways of the board ... there is a power in the board, and one cannot force the tool against that power." Munakata's subject matter and artistic style are very much characterized by his philosophy on the supremacy of the woodblock material and nature's inherent force and beauty.

Quotations of Shiko Munakata
"Like the vastness of space, like a universe unlimited, untold, unattainable, and inscrutable- that is the woodcut."

"The nature of the woodcut is such, that even a mistake in its carving will not prevent it from its true materialization."

"The concern that it be ugly is characteristic of human thoughts and not of the woodcut itself."

"It is inherent in the woodcut that it can never be ugly"

"The woodcut, unconcerned with good and evil, with ideas, with differences, tells us that it consists of truth alone,"

"It is precisely the beauty of this which will further enlarge the limitlessness of the world of beauty."

(from Shiko Munakata, Munakata: the “Way” of the Woodcut, Brooklyn, Pratt Adlib Press, 1961).

Philately
One of Munakata’s works, “Benzaiten”, appeared on a 1982 commemorative postage stamp issued by the Japanese government as part of a series on modern Japanese art.

title: Shikō Munakata


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Kneading

In cooking (and more specifically baking), kneading is a process in the making of bread or dough, used to mix the ingredients and add strength to the final product. It allows the process of baking to be shortened by developing the gluten more quickly than it would develop in the absence of kneading.

Kneading's importance lies in the mixing of flour with water; when these two ingredients are combined and kneaded, the gliadin and glutenin proteins in the flour expand and form strands of gluten, which gives bread its texture. (To aid gluten production, many recipes use bread flour, which is higher in protein than all-purpose flour.) The kneading process warms and stretches these gluten strands, eventually creating a springy and elastic dough.

If bread dough does not develop these gluten strands, it will not be able to hold the tiny pockets of gas (carbon dioxide) created by the leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), and will collapse, leaving a heavy and dense loaf.

Kneading can be performed by hand (the traditional way), with a mixer equipped with a dough hook, or with a bread machine. In hand kneading, the dough is put on a floured surface, pressed and stretched with the heel of the hand, folded over, and rotated through 90° repeatedly. This process continues until the dough is elastic and smooth. The dough can then be allowed to rise or "prove".

Similar to kneading is knocking back or punching down, which is done to the dough after proving. The dough is punched once or twice, after which it is kneaded gently for a short time. The aim of this is to remove any large gas pockets which have formed in the dough, create an even texture in the bread, and redistribute the nutrients for the yeast, thus allowing fermentation to continue. The dough can then be proofed a second time. Another method of knocking back (also known as "folding") is to gently stretch and pat out the proved dough before folding the sides in towards the centre.

In bread baking, kneading can be substituted by allowing a relatively wet, low-yeast dough to ferment for more than 12 hours, which allows the gluten to develop in the absence of kneading, before shaping, allowing to rise, and baking; this method is referred to as no-knead bread.

title: Kneading


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/King's College (Taunton)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Physchim62 16:15, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

King's College (Taunton)
Does not assert notability. KeithD (talk) 19:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, move and expand. Notable, there aren't that many private boarding schools left and I would guess it has a pretty long history. the wub  "?!"  22:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move moved to King's College (Taunton). From what I've seen this is an interesting institution, with interesting alumni.  My only fault with the school is its unoriginal name.   --rob 23:05, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * He was a popular guy in those parts. — mendel ☎ 23:27, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per schools/Arguments and feel glad that we can write honest articles about schools without having to assert any special notability. Kappa 23:35, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please it does assert notability it is an article about a school can we stop this yet Yuckfoo 23:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this obviously notable school.--Nicodemus75 00:35, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Article presents absolutely no evidence of notability. Surely this school must have some sort of history. Denni ☯ 03:30, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If you wanted to try to change the school precedent (albeit weak) that has formed, this wasn't the article to try it with. (Me, I deal with schools on a case-by-case basis.) --Jacquelyn Marie 03:53, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I wasn't trying to change any sort of precedent. At the time of nomination the article solely said "Kings College, Taunton is a private boarding school of 400-450 pupils." As such, it made no claims of notability at all. I wouldn't have nominated the article in its current form. KeithD (talk) 08:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, notable. Christopher Parham (talk) 04:25, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all non notable school buildings.Gateman1997 20:12, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn school --JAranda | watz sup 04:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- DS1953 05:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all verifiable educational institutions as per schools/Arguments. Silensor 18:49, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Britishkansan

Hmm. Is there a class on "how to use Wikipedia" going on for librarians in Kansas?

Anyway, here's the standard welcome message:

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Britishkansan


text: User talk:62.140.211.123

title: User talk:62.140.211.123


text: User talk:81.218.227.88

title: User talk:81.218.227.88


text: User talk:65.106.181.18

title: User talk:65.106.181.18


text:
User talk:Janevictor57

Hi there. You're with that group of Kansas librarians who are learning about Wikipedia, right? Well, here's the standard welcome message, and I hope to see more stuff from you in the future.

Welcome!

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User talk:Dphensley

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text: User talk:68.81.76.55

title: User talk:68.81.76.55


text:
Ghaychak

The ghaychak or gheychak is a bowed lute used in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. The name is similar to the Central Asian ghijak, but that instrument is more closely related to the kamancheh.

Double-chambered bowl lute
A double-chambered bowl lute with four or more metal strings and a short fretless neck. It is used by Iranians and Baloch people, and is similar to Sarinda. The soundbox is carved out of a single piece of wood. The upper orifice is partly covered in the middle by the handle and the lower one is covered by a skin membrane against which the bridge rests. In most Balochi musics, it is considered the main instrument and it is only through this instrument that the Baloch musician can tell his inner sadness with the same poignancy. The most famous musician of this instrument is Din Mohammad Zangshahi from Balochistan.

 File:Ghaychak.jpg|Ghaychak File:Ghaychak2.jpg|side view

title: Ghaychak


text:
Yellow Claw (character)

The Yellow Claw is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Al Feldstein and artist Joe Maneely, the character first appeared in Yellow Claw #1 (cover-dated October 1956), published by Atlas Comics, the 1950s predecessor of Marvel.

Publication history
The Yellow Claw series chronicled the adventures of a Chinese-American FBI agent, Jimmy Woo, and his battles against a "Yellow Peril" Communist mandarin known only as the Yellow Claw. The title character was a Fu Manchu manqué (indeed, Fu Manchu author Sax Rohmer had written a novel titled The Yellow Claw) whose grandniece, Suwan, was in love with Woo.

While the short-lived espionage series named for him ran for only four issues (October 1956 – April 1957), it featured work by such notables as writer Al Feldstein and artist Joe Maneely (who created the character), Jack Kirby, and John Severin, and introduced characters later integrated into Marvel Comics continuity. Kirby took over as writer-artist with issue #2 – his own pencil art there and in the following issue representing two of the very rare occasions on which he did so. Unusually for a Kirby series, other artists drew the covers: Severin on #2 and 4, and Bill Everett on #3.

The series' influence was felt during the 1960s Silver Age of Comic Books, as writer-artist Jim Steranko brought the Yellow Claw into Marvel Comics continuity, beginning with the "Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." feature in Strange Tales #160 (September 1967), which introduced a robot version of the character. Woo was reintroduced that same issue, eventually joining the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2 (July 1968). The actual Yellow Claw resurfaced later, in Captain America #164 (August 1973).

Fictional character biography
The Yellow Claw was born over 150 years ago in mainland China. He is both a genius in biochemistry and a brilliant scientist and inventor in many fields, in addition to being an expert in mysticism, alchemy, and the martial arts. The Yellow Claw has formulated elixirs that have prolonged his life span, enabling him to retain his physical vitality. Following his Nick Fury appearances, artists have depicted him with an unusual jaundiced-looking, yellowish skin tone, possibly as a side effect of his life extension elixirs.

The Yellow Claw has dedicated himself to achieving world domination and supplanting Western civilization. He controls a worldwide criminal organization, along with a staff of research scientists and engineers. In 1942, the Yellow Claw encountered Lady Lotus in New York's Chinatown. In the 1950s, aided by his second-in-command, the Nazi war criminal Karl von Horstbaden, alias Fritz Voltzmann, the Claw forged a pact with Communist Chinese leaders including General Sung, whereby the Claw would seek to conquer the West for China. In fact, this was a ruse and he intended to conquer the world for himself. However, the Claw was continually foiled by FBI agent Jimmy Woo and betrayed by his sole living relative, his grandniece Suwan, whom he could not bring himself to kill.

Eventually, the Yellow Claw left the United States, placing the meddlesome Suwan in suspended animation. Decades later, after severing all of his ties with the People's Republic of China, the Claw fused Suwan's spirit with that of the conquest-minded ancient Egyptian Princess Fan-le-tamen. After the Claw was later betrayed by the vengeful Suwan, he transferred the spirit of Fan-le-tamen to himself, which caused Suwan to crumble into dust, and he escaped. The Yellow Claw then took part in the Black Lama's War of the Super-Villains, apparently killing his major rival for world conquest the Mandarin and battling the superhero Iron Man. He then attempted to destroy New York City using a tidal wave, but his effort was thwarted by Nick Fury and the teenage superhero Nova. A later plan to father sons by various genetically superior women, then sterilize mankind and rule the world, was foiled by the superhero team the Avengers. The Yellow Claw again attempted unsuccessfully to destroy New York City. He later named the second Madame Hydra as his new heir.

Robot Yellow Claw
Sometime after the 1950s events, an entity believed to be the Yellow Claw sent troops to invade Liberty Island and activate a powerful device there, but Nick Fury and Captain America foiled his plans. However, this was a robot impostor created by Doctor Doom as part of an elaborate, potentially world-destroying game between Doom and another of his robotic creations, the Prime Mover. The "Suwan" and "Fritz Voltzmann" accompanying this Yellow Claw were also robot impostors.

In a later Strange Tales story, it is unclear if this Yellow Claw is a robot.

Agents of Atlas and death
The Yellow Claw appears as a character in the 2006–2007 Marvel six-issue miniseries Agents of Atlas. He claimed that the title "the Yellow Claw" is actually a mistranslation of the Chinese characters and that his title is actually "the Golden Claw". He revealed his real name to be Plan Chu, Khan of a secret Mongol dynasty, who had chosen Jimmy Woo to be his heir. All his schemes to "conquer the world" had the secondary purpose of giving Woo an Asian menace to fight against and establish his credentials as an American hero. However, the plan did not succeed, as Woo was simply promoted to a bureaucratic desk job. Dispirited, the Claw established the Atlas Foundation. After revealing the truth to Woo – who accepted the role of Khan in order to turn the Atlas Foundation and the secret Mongol dynasty into a force for good – Plan Chu, like all the previous Khans, allowed himself to be eaten by Mr. Lao, a powerful immortal dragon, ensuring that there could not be two Khans.

Powers and abilities
Through manipulation of the forces of magic, the Yellow Claw is able to create certain effects, including reanimating the dead. He also has the ability to psychically influence the sensory perceptions of others, enabling him to cast extremely realistic illusions. As a result of ingesting chemical elixirs, he has extended his life span; the Yellow Claw's extended life-span is dependent on the continued efficacy of his life-prolonging elixirs.

The Yellow Claw is an extraordinary genius with extensive knowledge in various sciences, particularly biochemistry and genetics. He is also proficient in robotics and has considerable knowledge of black magical lore. He is a master of Chinese martial arts and is an expert hand-to-hand combatant.

The Yellow Claw wears body armor and has access to various weapons as needed. He has access to specialized technology, including an id paralyzer that creates slaves subject to his telepathic control and a mind-amplification helmet that harnesses the psychic energies of his mind-slaves as a destructive force. He also has access to gigantic and hideously mutated creatures of his own design, created by biologists in his employ.

Other versions
In an alternate universe in the late 1950s, the Yellow Claw recruited a team of superhuman minions and abducted President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He battled and was defeated by the 1950s "Avengers" team.

Yellow Claw reprints
Some of the stories from the Yellow Claw series have been reprinted in other publications.

 * Yellow Claw #1
 * "The Coming of the Yellow Claw" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #1 (September 1974)
 * "The Yellow Claw Strikes", "Trap for Jimmy Woo" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #2 (December 1974)
 * Yellow Claw #2
 * "The Trap" – Reprinted in Marvel Premiere #1 (May 1972; character of Phil Kane revised as Nick Fury) and Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #3 (March 1975)
 * "Concentrate on Chaos" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #3 (March 1975)
 * "The Mystery of Cabin 361", "Temujai the Golden Goliath" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #4 (June 1975)
 * Yellow Claw #3
 * "The Microscopic Army" – Reprinted in The Golden Age of Marvel Comics (1997, ISBN 0-7851-0564-6)
 * "UFO, the Lighting Man" – Reprinted in Marvel Visionaries: Jack Kirby Vol. 1 (2004, hardcover, ISBN 0-7851-1574-9)
 * Yellow Claw #4
 * "The Living Shadows" – Reprinted in Marvel Visionaries: Jack Kirby Vol. 2 (2006, hardcover, ISBN 0-7851-2094-7)
 * Marvel Masterworks: Atlas Era - Black Knight/Yellow Claw reprints Black Knight (1955 Atlas) #1–5 (May 1955-April 1956) and Yellow Claw (1956 Atlas) #1–4 (October 1956–April 1957) (September 2, 2009, hardcover, ISBN 0-7851-3515-4)

title: Yellow Claw (character)


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Jason Zimbler

Jason Zimbler (born July 27, 1977) is an American former actor best known for portraying Ferguson Darling on the Nickelodeon television series Clarissa Explains It All.

Early life and education
Born in New York City, Zimbler graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1998, and has both an undergraduate degree in business administration and a graduate degree in theatre directing.

In 1992, Zimbler spoke in front of the United States House of Representatives' United States House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, discussing issues concerning free condom distribution in school and the images of today's heroes.

Television
Zimbler appeared on The Edge of Night and co-starred in the Nickelodeon television program Clarissa Explains It All from 1991 to 1994 as the character Ferguson W. Darling;  The Portland Mercury's Alison Hallett opined that it is this latter role—as "the world’s brattiest little brother"—for which Zimbler is best known. In 2007, Zimbler joined other past Nickelodeon stars (Danny Cooksey, Michael Maronna, and Marc Summers) in the music video for The XYZ Affair's "All My Friends".

Theatre
Zimbler played Robert Anderson in the 1989 revival of Shenandoah. Since then he has directed and assisted theatre productions in New York City, including frequent participation with the Impetuous Theater Group. Zimbler received the 2006 Stage Directors and Choreographers Society's Observership for Burleigh Grime$, and was chosen to take part in the 2007 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts' Director's Lab. Additionally, the director has been an educator and theatre program head at Buck's Rock Performing and Creative Arts Camp for eight years.

In late 2007, Jason Zimbler and Sam Kusnetz founded the theatre company The Re-Theatre Instrument in Portland, Oregon. Under Zimbler's direction, The Re-Theatre Instrument has re-imagined such classic works as Faust, King Lear and Much Ado About Nothing.

After acting
, Zimbler is employed by HBO as a software designer.

title: Jason Zimbler


text:
George Hogg (footballer)

George Hogg (born 2 December 1869) was a Scottish footballer who spent most of his career with Heart of Midlothian.

Hogg began his career with home-town juvenile side West Calder before moving to nearby junior side Mossend Swifts. He moved to League side Hearts in 1892 and became a professional the following year, when professionalism was legalised in Scotland. During his time with the Gorgie side, he won two League titles, in 1894-95 and 1896-97, and two Scottish Cup winners medals, in 1895-96 and 1900-01.

Although primarily a defensive player, earning the sobriquet "Tynecastle Warhorse" as a testament to his power and stamina, he was also capable of playing a more refined game when required. He played twice for the Scotland national team, both times in 1896. He made his debut in a 2–1 win against England and also played in a 3–3 draw with Ireland. He made one appearance for the Scottish League representative side.

Hogg retired after suffering a serious knee injury during the 1903-04 season. He later emigrated to South Africa where he spent the rest of his life.

title: George Hogg (footballer)


text:
Talk:Cedric the Entertainer

Untitled
What about his role as the coach on "The Steve Harvey Show"? What about his role in the USO, for entertaining troops in Afghanistan?

Producer
Why nothing about his role as "Producer" or "Executive Producer"?

Especially for the new TV series "Finding Happy"? 2600:8800:204:C400:14FB:E14C:E9EE:7BDE (talk) 03:51, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cedric the Entertainer


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User talk:Cmcguire

Okay, I think I've got this figured out. The university in Pittsburg, Kansas is giving a course to librarians on how to use Wikipedia. Is that it?

Here's the standarad welcome message:

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! DS 19:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Cmcguire


text:
User talk:Rsamford

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! DS 19:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Rsamford


text:
LIRs

LIRS may refer to:
 * Local Internet registries
 * Last modified Information Relaying Specification a Web feed formats

title: LIRs


text:
Basil Fotherington-Tomas

Basil Fotherington-Tomas is a classic fictional character in a series of books by Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle featuring the archetypal English prep school boy of the 1950s, Nigel Molesworth, who is the supposed author.

Nigel is a schoolboy at St. Custard's, a fictional (and terrible) prep school located in a carefully unspecified part of England. While Nigel epitomises the worthy inky and earthy school boy, Fotherington-Tomas is the opposite, being an effete and loathed sissy. Fotherington-Tomas is reported to bear a certain resemblance to Little Lord Fauntleroy; while he is also a student at St. Custard's, he is regularly dismissed as a being a "gurl" and a sissy by Molesworth, due to his curly blond locks and his questionable tendency to skip around the school saying such things as "hullo clouds, hullo sky". In several footballing scenes in the books, Fotherington-Tomas plays in goal. He is a surprisingly talented tennis player.

Other appearances

 * Fotherington-Tomas also occasionally appears as a name in Private Eye magazine, usually as a pupil of the spoof public school St. Cake's.
 * In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century chapter 2, "Paint it Black", we see Fotherington-Tomas in 1969. He is the Brian Jones of the League universe, and was in a band with Turner, the League's Mick Jagger. Shortly before being drowned in his own swimming pool by occultists, Basil engages in sexual acts with Wolfe from the film Villain.
 * In the short story collection Back in the USSA by Kim Newman and Eugene Byrne, he appears in the story "Teddy Bear's Picnic" as the analogue of Colonel Kurtz from the film Apocalypse Now. "Hello clouds, hello sky, hello pile of severed human heads."
 * Fotherington-Tomas appears in the 1982 ZX Spectrum BASIC manual as an example of a disallowed variable name "because of the hyphen - a space would be fine".

Books featuring Fotherington-Tomas

 * Down with Skool (1953)
 * How to be Topp (1954)
 * Whizz for Atomms (1956)
 * Back in the Jug Agane (1959)
 * The Lost Diaries of Nigel Molesworth (2022)

title: Basil Fotherington-Tomas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chuddies

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was TRANSWIKI to Wikt: -Splash talk 02:39, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Chuddies

 * Delete - Dictionary definition (at least in India). I can't believe we need an article on this or that it can possibly grown into one. - Tεx τ  urε  19:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wiktionary. Its frequent inclusion in Goodness Gracious Me meant it's a dictionary definition in England as well as India. KeithD (talk) 19:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary as per KeithD. Goodness Gracious Me was ace! the wub  "?!"  22:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Funpaul

Please do not replace Wikipedia pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikipedia because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. Thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! Doc (?) 19:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

fyi
the game is up for deletion again. Rdore 02:41, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:PG expansion.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:PG expansion.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:15, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

File:PG gip detail.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:PG gip detail.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MGA73 (talk) 11:31, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

File:PG payments.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:PG payments.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MGA73 (talk) 11:32, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

File:PG resource restocking.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:PG resource restocking.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MGA73 (talk) 11:33, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Funpaul


text:
User talk:Redsquirrell

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
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that's the canned welcome message. This isn't. That's a very nice picture (of your yard?) on your page. What kind of vine is that? I almost recognize it. DS 19:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Dewdrops.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Dewdrops.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Nv8200p talk 21:30, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Redsquirrell


text:
Broughtonia (plant)

Broughtonia is a genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae) native to the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles. The genus is abbreviated Bro in trade journals.

Species
As presently constituted (February 2024), Broughtonia consists of 6 accepted natural species plus one recognized nothospecies.

Natural Hybrids
The haploid chromosome number of one species, B. sanguinea, has been determined as n = 20.

title: Broughtonia (plant)


text:
David C. Russo

David C. Russo (born October 8, 1953) is an American attorney and Republican Party politician, who served in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 40th legislative district from 1990 to 2017.

Biography
Russo was born in Jersey City. He graduated with a B.A. from the College of William and Mary in history in 1975 and received a J.D. from Seton Hall University School of Law in 1978.

Russo served as Attorney for the Borough of Bergenfield from 2002-2005 and served as attorney for Bergenfield's Zoning Board of Adjustment from 1988-1989. He was the Municipal Prosecutor for the Township of Wyckoff from 1987-1988 and served as an attorney for the Bergen County Office on Aging from 1986-1987.

Having been admitted to the bar in 1979, he is a partner at the Teaneck law firm of Russo and Russo. He resides in Ridgewood with wife Rosemarie (née Adamiak) with whom he has two children.

Political career
Russo began his elected career in 1989 when he defeated long-time assemblyman Walter Kern in the June Republican primary, though Kern had been disbarred after a scandal was exposed. He had since been easily re-elected every two years to the Assembly. , he was the longest-serving current member of the General Assembly, though not the earliest-serving member (Ralph R. Caputo served non-consecutive terms in the Assembly in the 1960s and 1970s). He served in the Assembly on the Homeland Security and State Preparedness Committee.

Russo ran for the Republican congressional nomination in New Jersey's 5th congressional district in 2002, looking to replace the retiring Marge Roukema. Running primarily against 39th District Senator Gerald Cardinale of Demarest, who was endorsed by Roukema, and 24th District Assemblyman Scott Garrett of Wantage Township, who had made two unsuccessful attempts to unseat Roukema in the previous two primaries, Russo finished with 26% of the vote. While this was enough to defeat Senator Cardinale, who polled 25%, it was twenty points short of Assemblyman Garrett's total and left Russo in second place; Garrett would win election to the seat and be elected to six additional terms before being defeated in the 2016 election.

After 28 years in office, Russo chose not to run for re-election in 2017 and was succeeded by fellow Republican Christopher DePhillips.

title: David C. Russo


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Escambray rebellion

The Escambray rebellion was an armed conflict from 1959 to 1965 in the Escambray Mountains during which several insurgent groups fought against the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro. The military operation against the rebellion was called the Struggle Against Bandits (Lucha Contra Bandidos, or LCB) by the Cuban government.

The rebels were a mix of former soldiers of the Batista regime, local farmers, and ex-guerrillas who had fought alongside Castro against Batista during the Cuban Revolution. The end result was the elimination of all insurgents by Cuban government forces in 1965.

Beginning
The uprising began almost immediately after the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. It was led by an ex-guerrilla that had fought against Batista before, but rejected the socialist turn the Cuban Revolution had taken and the ensuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Small landowning farmers, who disagreed with the socialist government's collectivization of Cuban farmlands also played a central role in the failed rebellion. The uprising was also secretly backed by the CIA and the Eisenhower administration because of Castro's ties with the Soviet Union.

The insurgent guajiro rural farmers were aided by some former Batista forces but were led mostly by former DRE rebels (13 March Movement), such as the anti-communists Osvaldo Ramirez and Comandante William Alexander Morgan, both of whom had fought Batista's casquitos in the same area only a few years before (Morgan himself was executed in 1961, long before the resistance ended). Ramirez and Morgan were viewed by the United States as potential pro-democracy options for Cuba and sent CIA-trained Cuban exiles to promote and spread word of them being an alternative to Castro.

Insurgency
The CIA provided some aid to the insurgents but withdrew all support after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961, ensuring their ultimate defeat. Some of the failures could be attributed to Castro's "roll up" of CIA operatives in Cuba. After the Bay of Pigs failure, Osvaldo Ramirez returned to the Escambray Mountains and declined an offer by Castro's emissary, Comandante Faure Chomón, to surrender.

The main tactic of the Cuban government was to deploy thousands of troops against small groups of rebels, forming progressively-constricting rings of encirclement. The communist leaders that Castro sent to clear the Escambray Mountains were ordered to exterminate the rebels. They were to "comb the brush elbow to elbow" until they had completely cleared the hills of anti-communist rebels. The leaders of the Lucha Contra Bandidos counter-insurgency forces were Commandantes Raul Menendez Tomassevich, a founding member of the Communist Party of Cuba, and Lizardo Proenza.

Defeat
Both their smaller numbers and the lack of outside assistance, particularly supplies, eventually led to the rebels' defeat. Cuban forces used sweeps by long columns of National Militia, which cost the government substantial losses but ultimately won the war. The Spanish-Soviet Advisor Francisco Ciutat de Miguel, who was also present at the Bay of Pigs Invasion, played a major role in the pacification operation. Castro employed overwhelming force, at times sending in as many as 250,000 men, almost all of whom (including 3,500 out of the 4,000 government fatalities) were militia. The insurgency was eventually crushed by Castro's use of their vastly-superior numbers. Some of the insurgents ultimately surrendered but were immediately executed by firing squad. Only a handful managed to escape.

Legacy
The Struggle Against the Bandits lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the previous struggle against Batista's forces.

Raúl Castro claimed in a speech in 1970 that the rebellion killed 500 members of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces. The death toll of the rebels and others involved in the rebellion (such as civilians and pro-government militias) is unknown. Estimates for total combatant deaths range from 1,000 to 7,000.

title: Escambray rebellion


text:
Braulio of Zaragoza

Braulio (Braulius Caesaraugustanus), 585 – 651 CE, was bishop of Zaragoza and a learned cleric living in the Kingdom of the Visigoths. Both as pastor and writer, he is one of the most celebrated of saints of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania that lasted from the 5th to the 8th century (see History of Spain).

Life
Braulio was born of a noble Hispano-Roman family. His father, Gregory, was Bishop of Osma. His sister and two brothers were all to hold key posts in the Catholic Church. In 610 Braulio took the habit of a monk, and was later to study at Isidore's school in Seville.

Archbishop Isidore faced a rising threat of Gothic barbarism. His strategic thrust was teaching. Braulio was ordained by Isidore in 624, and joined the clergy serving Seville. The next year, Braulio returned to Zaragoza where his brother John was then bishop, and served as his archdeacon.

Upon his brother's death in 631, Braulio succeeded him as bishop. Known for his personal austerity, almsgiving and preaching, he was an advisor and confidant of several Visigoth kings, including Chindasuinth. The king's son Recceswinth was installed as associate king on Braulio's recommendation.

Braulio worked with Isidore to convert the Visigoths from Arianism. He is said to have encouraged Isidore in his encyclopaedic ambitions, and to have had a hand in the revision of his works. Bishop Braulio, to whom Isidore dedicated it and sent it for correction, divided it into its twenty books. Braulio dubbed it Quaecunque fere sciri debentur, "Practically everything that it is necessary to know".

Braulio was present at the councils of Toledo in 633, 636 and 638. He wrote a life of San Millan.

Braulio responded on behalf of all the Iberian clergy to Pope Honorius I's charge that they might have been neglectful of their duties. One headache was Jews who had been baptised, but who had subsequently lapsed. Whether their handling by the Iberian bishops might have been somewhat lax had been among the Rome's concerns.

Towards the end of his life, he lost his eyesight. He was buried in what is now the church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar in Zaragoza.

Braulio was succeeded as bishop of Zaragoza by Taius (Taio), who had been his pupil. He is buried in La Seo Cathedral, Zaragoza, and is the patron saint of Aragon and of the University of Zaragoza.

title: Braulio of Zaragoza