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Saurolophus

Saurolophus (meaning "lizard crest") is a genus of large hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of Asia and North America, that lived in what is now the Horseshoe Canyon and Nemegt formations about 70 million to 66 million years ago. It is one of the few genera of dinosaurs known from multiple continents. The type species, S. osborni, was described by Barnum Brown in 1912 from Canadian fossils. A second valid species, S. angustirostris, is represented by numerous specimens from Mongolia, and was described by Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky.

Saurolophus is distinguished by a spike-like crest which projects up and back from the skull. It was a herbivorous dinosaur which could move about either bipedally or quadrupedally.

Discovery and history
Barnum Brown recovered the first described remains of Saurolophus in 1911, including a nearly complete skeleton (AMNH 5220). Now on display in the American Museum of Natural History, this skeleton was the first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton from Canada. It was found in rocks of early Maastrichtian age, in the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation (then known as the Edmonton Formation) near Tolman Ferry on the Red Deer River in Alberta. Brown wasted little time in describing his material, giving it its own subfamily. Saurolophus was an important early reference for other hadrosaurs, as seen in the names of Prosaurolophus ("before Saurolophus") and Parasaurolophus ("near Saurolophus"). However, little additional material has been recovered and described.

Instead, more abundant remains from Asia have provided more data. Initial remains were not promising; a partial fragmentary ischium from Heilongjiang, China, that Riabinin named S. kryschtofovici. Much better remains were soon recovered, though, but from Mongolia's early Maastrichtian-age Nemegt Formation. The 1946–1949 Russian-Mongolian paleontological expeditions recovered the large skeleton that became S. angustirostris as described by Anatoly Rozhdestvensky. Other skeletons from a variety of growth stages have also been discovered, and S. angustirostris is now the most abundant Asian hadrosaurid.

Species
Two species are regarded as valid today: the type species S. osborni, and S. angustirostris. S. osborni (Brown, 1912) is known from a skull and skeleton, two other complete skulls, and skull fragments. S. angustirostris (Rozhdestvensky, 1952) is known from at least 15 specimens. It differs from S. osborni by some details of the skull, as well as in the pattern of scales found in skin impressions. The Mongolian species had a longer skull (by 20%) and the front of the snout (the premaxillary bones) were more upwardly directed. S. angustirostris also had a distinctive row of rectangular scales along the midline of the back and tail, known as 'midline feature-scales'; these are not currently preserved in S. osborni. In S. angustirostris, the scales on the tail flank were arranged in vertical patterns, which may have corresponded to striped coloration in life. This area was covered in radial scale patterns in S. osborni, possibly indicating a more mottled or spotted coloration. S. kryschtofovici (Riabinin, 1930) is not considered valid; either it is regarded as a dubious name, or as a synonym of S. angustirostris (although the name antedates S. angustirostris).

Until a 2011 reevaluation of the species by Phil R. Bell, S. angustirostris was not well-described. No autapomorphies, unique derived traits, had been established distinguishing it from S. osborni. Bell found in a publication earlier in the year that the two previous studies of S. angustirostris, by Rozhdestvensky in 1952, and Maryanska and Osmolska in 1981, do not provide a comprehensive enough description to compare the species with S. osborni.

In 1939–40, two partial skeletons were found in the late Maastrichtian age Moreno Formation of California. These specimens were referred to cf. Saurolophus sp. In 2010, one of the skulls was instead assigned to Edmontosaurus. A 2013 study placed the two specimens in a new species, S. morrisi. In 2014, the species was reassigned to a new genus, Augustynolophus.

Description
Saurolophus is known from material including nearly complete skeletons, giving researchers a clear picture of its bony anatomy. S. osborni, the rarer Albertan species, was around 8.2 - 8.5 m long, with its skull 1.0 m long. It has been estimated to have weighed around 3 tonne. S. angustirostris, the Mongolian species, was larger; it got as large as 13 m in length, and larger remains are reported. It has been estimated to have potentially weighed up to 11 tonne. The largest known skull of S.angustirostris measures 1.22 m in length. Aside from size, the two species are virtually identical, with differentiation hindered by lack of study.

Skull
The most distinctive feature of Saurolophus is its cranial crest, which is present in young individuals, but is smaller. It is long and spike-like and projects upward and backward at about a 45° angle, starting from over the eyes. This crest is often described as solid, but appears to be solid only at the point, with internal chambers that may have had a respiratory and/or heat-regulation function. The unique crest of Saurolophus is made up almost completely by the nasal bones, and in S. angustirostris it is solid. In adult specimens the crests are a rounded triangular shape in cross section. The crest protrudes past the edge of the skull backwards. Thin processes from the frontals and prefrontals extend along the underside of the crest, probably to strengthen it. At the end of the crest is a swelling of the nasal, which is often termed differently.

The holotype of S. angustirostris is a skull and postcrania, so the cranium of the species is well-described. Bell et al. re-evaluated the entire species in a 2011 publication with Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Their description found the skull to be generalized among hadrosaurines, and are much larger than any skulls of S. osborni. The most unusual feature for a hadrosaurine is the long, protruding, solid crest that extends upwards diagonally from the back of the skull roof. Unlike lambeosaurines, the crests are made up completely of the nasal bone. The premaxilla bones make up almost 50% of the entire skull length, and both sides are filled with small holes. Only in adult individuals has the front of the premaxillary contact been fused. Longer than the premaxilla, the nasal bones are the longest in the skull. They make up the entire length of the crest, and are never preserved as fused.

Classification
Barnum Brown, who described the first specimens, put it in its own subfamily in "Trachodontidae" (=Hadrosauridae), the Saurolophinae. At the time, this also included Corythosaurus and Hypacrosaurus, the only well-known examples of what would become the Lambeosaurinae. Brown thought that Saurolophus had an expanded tip to the ischium bone in the hip, as dinosaurs now recognized as lambeosaurines had, but this appears to have been based on a mistakenly associated lambeosaurine ischium. Additionally, he misinterpreted the crests of Saurolophus and lambeosaurines as being made of the same bones.

Most publications before 2010 classified Saurolophus as a member of Hadrosaurinae, often known colloquially as the "flat-headed hadrosaurs". In 2010, the subfamily Saurolophinae was brought back into use because Hadrosaurus appears to have branched off prior to the "hadrosaurine"–lambeosaurine split. As a result, Hadrosaurinae by definition cannot include the traditional "hadrosaurines". Saurolophinae is the oldest available name for the former "hadrosaurine" clade. Saurolophus, as the name suggests, is a saurolophine, as it has a saurolophine pelvis and a (largely) solid crest.

The following cladogram of hadrosaurid relationships was published in 2013 by Alberto Prieto-Márquez et al. in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica:

Feeding
As a hadrosaurid, Saurolophus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating a variety of plants. Its skull permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about 4 m above.

Crest function
The distinctive spike-like crest of Saurolophus has been interpreted in multiple ways, and could have had multiple functions. Brown compared it to the crest of a chameleon, and suggested it could provide an area for muscle attachment and a connection point for a nonbody back frill like that seen in the basilisk lizard. Peter Dodson interpreted similar features in other duckbills as having use in sexual identification. Maryańska and Osmólska, noting the hollow base, suggested that the crest increased the surface area of the respiratory cavity, and helped in thermoregulation. James Hopson supported a function as a visual signal, and further mentioned the possibility that the inflatable skin flaps over the nostrils could have acted as resonators and additional visual signals. This idea has been picked up by authors of popular dinosaur works, such as David B. Norman, who discussed hadrosaurid display at length and included a life restoration of such an adaptation in action.

Ontogeny
In 2015 Leonard Dewaele and colleagues described a small and partial nest containing several juveniles of S. angustirostris. The specimen (MPC-D 100/764) was recovered from the notorious Dragon's Tomb assambleage of the Nemegt Formation. The team noted that among remains, three or even four juveniles can be recognized, and two fragmentary eggshells were found in association. Juveniles within this block were identified as perinates, as they had skull lengths less than five percent of the length of the skulls of the adults, indicating they were in the earliest developmental stage at the time of their deaths. Based on these juveniles, Dewaele and team indicated that during the ontogeny of S. angustirostris the distinct crest found in adults was poorly developed in infancy, the snout grew proportionally longer, the orbit became more oval-shaped, the doming of the frontal became less prominent, and the coronoid process became higher.

Social behavior
Bell and team in 2018 described the famous Dragon's Tomb assambleage of the Altan Uul II locality, Nemegt Formation, which contains a large-sized bonebed of S. angustirostris. This bonebed is largely monodominant (one dominant species), with at least three size-classes (juveniles, subadults, and adults) of S. angustirostris. Examinations made to Dragon's Tomb suggest that at least 21 Saurolophus individuals can be currently found. The team indicated that this bonebed has a minimum size of about 2000 m2, which suggest that over 100 Saurolophus carcasses may have contributed to the event. However, they discussed that even though evidence clearly reflects a catastrophic mass-mortality of a social group of S. angustirostris and provide the first evidence of gregariousness in this taxon, the exact conditions and cause surrounding the group death can not be determined. Bell and team also noted that while Dragon's Tomb provides direct evidence for social behaviour in S. angustirostris, there is yet no evidence for it in S. osborni. Nevertheless, gregariousness is apparently widespread in hadrosaurines.

Paleopathology
David W.E. Hone and Mahito Watabe in 2011 reported the left humerus of a nearly complete S. angustirostris skeleton (MPC-D 100/764) from the Bügiin Tsav locality of the Nemegt Formation, which was heavily damaged from bite marks attributed to the sympatric Tarbosaurus. As suggested by the lack of damage to the rest of the skeleton (such as large wounds in skeletal remains indicative of predation), this tyrannosaurid was likely scavenging an already dead S. angustirostris. It is unlikely that a large-bodied predator such as Tarbosaurus would have left sparse feeding traces on a single humerus having an entire carcass to feed on. The humerus shows three distinctive feeding methods, interpreted as punctures, drag marks, and bite−and−drag marks. Hone and Watabe noted that bite marks were mostly located at the deltopectoral crest, suggesting that this Tarbosaurus was actively selecting which biting style employ to scavenge the bone.

Daily activity
Comparisons between the scleral rings of Saurolophus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been cathemeral, active throughout the day at short intervals.

Horseshoe Canyon Formation
S. osborni is known only from the upper part (unit 4) of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The formation is interpreted as having a significant marine influence, due to an encroaching Western Interior Seaway, the shallow sea that covered the midsection of North America through much of the Cretaceous. S. osborni may have preferred to stay inland. It lived alongside other dinosaur species including the ornithopods Hypacrosaurus altispinus and Parksosaurus warreni, ankylosaurid Anodontosaurus lambei, pachycephalosaurid Sphaerotholus edmontonense, ornithomimids Dromiceiomimus brevitertius and an unnamed species of Struthiomimus, small theropods including Atrociraptor marshalli and Albertonykus borealis, and the tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus sarcophagus. The dinosaurs from this formation form part of the Edmontonian land vertebrate age. A 2001 study suggested that Saurolophus osborni was part of a distinct inland fauna characterized by an association between Anchiceratops ornatus and it, while the contemporary coastal fauna was characterized by the association of Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis and Edmontosaurus regalis. However, the association between S. osborni and Anchiceratops was later noted to be in error, Anchiceratops only occurs lower in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, before the major transgression of the Western Interior Seaway represented by the Drumheller Marine Tongue.

Nemegt Formation
S. angustirostris was one of the largest herbivores of the Nemegt Formation, which lacked large ceratopsians, but had sauropods and a more diverse theropod fauna. Unlike other Mongolian formations like the well-known Djadochta Formation that includes Velociraptor and Protoceratops, the Nemegt is interpreted as being a well-watered region, like the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. When examined, the rock facies of the Nemegt formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Sediments also indicate that a rich habitat existed, offering diverse food in abundant amounts that could sustain Cretaceous dinosaurs. It coexisted with the rare hadrosaurid Barsboldia, flat-headed pachycephalosaurian Homalocephale and domed Prenocephale, the large ankylosaurid Saichania, rare titanosaurs sauropods Nemegtosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, the alvarezsaurid Mononykus, three types of troodontids including Zanabazar, several oviraptorosaurians including Rinchenia and Nemegtomaia, the ornithomimosaurs Anserimimus and Gallimimus, and the giant theropods Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus, including the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus.

S. angustirostris was common, and would have been an important large herbivore in the Nemegt Formation. By comparison, S. osborni was rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and faced competition from other duckbills (genus Hypacrosaurus).

title: Saurolophus


text: Category:Swansea City A.F.C. managers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Swansea City A.F.C. managers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lotsofcash4u.com

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was '''Its already gone. spedied I guess'''. – Rich Farmbrough 20:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Lotsofcash4u.com
Not notable. User:Dratsab

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Daily Trojan

The Daily Trojan, or "DT," is the student newspaper of the University of Southern California. The newspaper is a forum for student expression and is written, edited, and managed by university students. The paper is intended to inform USC students, faculty, and staff on the latest news and provide opinion and entertainment.

Publication
It is published Monday through Friday (during regularly scheduled class days) and distributed at various locations around campus. Articles are also available online at the official Daily Trojan web site. The Daily Trojan is produced weekly as the "Summer Trojan" during the summer session, typically on Wednesdays, from commencement until July.

Although the length of the Daily Trojan varies depending on the volume of advertisements, larger issues throughout the semester include the Orientation version, Career Guide, Transportation Guide, and Restaurant Guide. Starting in 2006, at least four pages (two spreads) of the paper are printed in color. Additional color pages vary with each issue.

Each currently issue contains a news, opinion, lifestyle and sports section and each section has its own senior editor(s) and staff.

The Daily Trojan is an affiliate of UWIRE, which distributes and promotes its content to their network. The paper also publishes all of its articles online, with some publications, such as podcasts and videos, being available online exclusively.

History

The first edition of the newspaper was published September 16, 1912, after W.R. “Ralph” La Porte, the first student editor of the paper, persuaded university President George Finley Bovard to give USC a student newspaper. Subscriptions to the paper, then called The Daily Southern Californian, originally cost $1.75. The newspaper was called The Southern Californian in 1915, after it began publishing only four days a week, but returned to five-day-a-week production in 1925 and was renamed The Daily Trojan, as USC had informally adopted the Trojan as a mascot by then.

The newspaper moved from the now-defunct Moneta Print Shop on Jefferson and University Avenues to its current location in the Student Union in 1928. Production was held off-campus until the 1980s in USC's Graphic Services Department, which was located west of the [Harbor Freeway] on Exposition Boulevard. The Daily Trojan increasingly began using computers in the '90s, moving to all-digital production in 2005. Editors create the paper using Adobe InDesign, InCopy, Photoshop, Illustrator and Dreamweaver. The Daily Trojan's first website was created in 1996, and has gone through several iterations.

Organization
While the university publishes the Daily Trojan, student editors and staff handle all day-to-day operations. Unlike many university newspapers, the Daily Trojan receives no financial support from the university or from student government funding allocations, and is wholly supported by advertising revenue. The Daily Trojan is part of USC's Office of Student Publications, which is part of USC's Division of Student Affairs. The office oversees the publishing of both the Daily Trojan and El Rodeo yearbook.

Awards and recognition
The Daily Trojan and its staffers earn national, state and regional awards on an annual basis. Listed below are some of the prominent honors the Daily Trojan has received organizationally.

National
Associated Collegiate Press – Pacemaker Awards

 * Newspaper Pacemaker
 * Winner: 2017, 1991
 * Online Pacemaker
 * Winner: 2016

State
California College Media Association – Excellence in Student Media Awards

 * 2010
 * Received six state awards, including first place for General Excellence, second place, Best Overall Design, and second place, Best Arts and Entertainment Story.
 * 2018
 * Received 15 state awards, including first-place recognition for Best Editorial, Best Multimedia Presentation, Best Social Media for a Single Event, Best Sports Photo and Best Special Issue/Section
 * 2019
 * Received 22 state awards, including first-place recognition for Best Special Issue/Section, Best News Series, Best Podcast, Best Editorial, Best Non-News Video, Best Sports Story, Best Infographic and Best Interactive Graphic

Notable alumni
Many staff members for the Daily Trojan have gone on to highly visible positions in media outlets, most prominently satirist Art Buchwald. Other high-profile former staff include:
 * Paul Feig, creator of Freaks and Geeks and director of Bridesmaids
 * Herb Klein, communications director in the Nixon White House and later a top news executive with Copley Press in California
 * Arash Markazi, journalist for Sports Illustrated and ESPN Los Angeles
 * David Milhous, Emmy-winning editor of the syndicated TV series Crime Watch Daily
 * Dan Povenmire, co-creator of the Disney animated series Phineas and Ferb
 * Tucker Reed, author, journalist, feminist and convicted killer
 * Justin Chang, film critic for The New Yorker, Los Angeles Times and Fresh Air
 * Bob Staake, illustrator and cartoonist
 * Lionel Van Deerlin, print and broadcast journalist (primarily in San Diego), U.S. Representative from 1963–81

title: Daily Trojan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mohanganeesh

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. – Rich Farmbrough 20:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Mohanganeesh
Self promotion by a non-notable person Tenbaset 23:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete Tintin 00:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied Denni ☯ 01:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User:Robchurch/Editing Crash Course/Basic Editing/Whitespace

''You may have begun editing a page in MediaWiki only to discover that it displays incorrectly. This is because the software ignores a lot of whitespace, similar to HTML. This lesson details what happens, and explains how to take control of your text.''

New lines
The text below

This is one line This is another line

renders as

This is one line This is another line

Obviously, not what is intended; the sentences ought to be on separate lines. As with HTML, MediaWiki ignores the newline character. Fortunately, we can force MediaWiki to insert a new line using the tag. For instance:

This is one line

This is another line

now renders as

This is one line

This is another line

New paragraphs
MediaWiki interprets blank lines between text as an indicator that it should render a new paragraph. Thus:

This is some text in one paragraph.

This is some text in another paragraph.

is rendered as

This is some text in one paragraph.

This is some text in another paragraph.

Indenting text
At times, it is useful to intent paragraphs of text, particularly when responding to comments during a discussion. For this, you need to prefix the line with a colon or more than one colon, depending upon the levels of indentation required. For example:

This is some text :This is some text ::This is some text :::This is some text ::::This is some text

is rendered as

This is some text
 * This is some text
 * This is some text
 * This is some text
 * This is some text

Plain text
If a line is prefixed with a space, MediaWiki renders it as plain text in a new boxout. For example:

This is some text

is rendered as

This is some text

This is useful when giving examples or code; for instance, in this crash course, it is used to give wikimarkup code.

Free form spacing
Finally, MediaWiki can be instructed to space text exactly as it is spaced in the wikimarkup. This is done using the and  tags. For example:

This is some freeform text This is some more freeform text This is yet more freeform text

is rendered as

This is some freeform text This is some more freeform text This is yet more freeform text


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Williams Stadium

Arthur L. Williams Stadium is a 25,000-seat football stadium located on the campus of Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia, USA. The stadium was built in 1989 and plays host to Liberty Flames football, which is a part of the NCAA Division I - Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). A new field house has recently been constructed at the north end of the stadium. This new facility houses a new home locker room, coaches offices, meeting rooms and training facility as well as a 16000 sqft weight room. In the 2009 off season, Liberty University added a video scoreboard on the north end of the field. The video scoreboard measured 20 ft tall and 36 ft wide. This video board was replaced by a massive new high-definition video board in time for the 2018 football season.

In September 2011, a ribbon video board was added to the facade of the upper deck. This too was replaced by a state-of-the-art ribbon video board on both the eastern and western facades of the upper deck in 2018.

The stadium was named in 1994 to honor Arthur L. Williams Jr., who is a major contributor to the university.

Expansion
Liberty University President Jerry Falwell Jr. announced on August 28, 2009, a three-phase addition to Williams Stadium. The plan was to increase the seating capacity of the stadium from 12,000 seats to 30,000. The first phase of the construction included a five-story press box and expanded the stadium by 7,200 seats. This was done by adding a second deck to the home side of the stadium and lengthening the east and west stands of the stadium.

The seating capacity was 19,200 after phase one was completed. The estimated cost for the first phase of the project was $18 million. The new press tower was ready for Liberty's home game against Savannah State held on October 2, 2010. The tower includes 18 luxury suites, all of which were sold for the 2010 season.

Phase two has added a second deck to the student side, which has increased capacity to 25,000, beginning with the 2018 football season. The estimated cost for the second phase of the project was $40 million. Phase three will complete a "horseshoe" around the south end zone, bringing the total capacity to 30,000. Williams Stadium has the potential to be expanded past 60,000 in the future.

title: Williams Stadium


text:
Rizhskaya (Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line)

Rizhskaya (Рижская) is a Moscow Metro station in the Meshchansky District, North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line, between Prospekt Mira and Alekseyevskaya stations. It is named after the nearby Rizhsky railway station (which was named after and serves trains to the Latvian capital, Riga) and was designed by Latvian architects Artūrs Reinfelds and Vaidelotis Apsītis.

The brightly coloured Latvian ceramics employed throughout the station make it instantly recognizable. The pylons, which follow the curve of the station tube, are faced with reddish-brown tile and sandwiched between piers faced with lemon yellow tile and decorated with gold-coloured cornices. The ventilation grilles above the pylons are decorated with the coat of arms of the Latvian SSR. The station opened on 1 May 1958.

The round vestibule, which was designed by S.M. Kravets, Yu.A. Kolesnikova, and G.E. Golubev, is located on the east side of Prospekt Mira at Rizhskaya Square.

The station reopened after reconstruction on 7 May 2022. A transfer to the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line at Rizhskaya was opened on 1 March 2023.

2004 terrorist bombing
The street outside of the entrance to the Rizhskaya station was the site of a terrorist attack by Chechen separatists that occurred shortly after 8 pm on 31 August 2004, in which a bomb was detonated killing 10 people and injuring another 50, some 30 of them seriously. The suicide bombing was thought initially to have been carried out by Roza Nagayeva, but she in fact took part in the Beslan school siege in North Ossetia that started the next day, and was herself killed when the school was stormed several days later.

title: Rizhskaya (Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line)


text:
Jaume I University

Jaume I University (Universidad Jaime I, Universitat Jaume I, UJI; ) is a university in the city of Castelló de la Plana, Valencian Community, Spain. It was founded in 1991, and it has approximately 14,000 students. The campus, covering 176 000 m2, has 4 faculties and many research and management buildings located around a central 13,000 m2 garden, called the Jardí dels Sentits (the garden of the senses).

It is named after James I of Aragon (Jaume I in Valencian), who founded the Kingdom of Valencia.

International
Jaume I University participates in all the international programmes implemented throughout the European Union, such as Erasmus+, Leonardo, Tempus and Alfa, and also those organized by the Spanish government, including the Interuniversity Cooperation Programme. The university is open to new schemes that help enhance the quality of the teaching and the research carried out here. Some of the more noteworthy initiatives related to teaching include the UNESCO Chair on the Philosophy of Peace, the Jean Monnet Chair of Law and European Economics Module, as well as the EURINSA and EURUJI programmes for the training of engineers in Europe.

The university is part of the Xarxa Vives d'Universitats (Vives network), which comprises 21 universities located in Catalan-speaking areas, in four countries (Andorra, France, Italy and Spain).

Ranking and research
Jaume I University aspires to improve its position in the ranking tables. In the 2021 Shanghai Ranking, it appears among the top 700 universities in the world, making it one of the top 20 of universities in Spain. According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, it is among the top 1000 institutions worldwide in 2022, in the top 600 for Impact (2021), and 196th in the Young University Rankings 2021. In the 2021 Web of Universities ranking, Jaume I University comes 21st in Spain and 642nd worldwide.

The area with the strongest research performance is chemistry, in particular the Institute of Advanced Materials, with scientists such as Juan Bisquert (Professor of Applied Physics) and Iván Mora-Seró among the world's most cited researchers in the annual ranking published by Clarivate Analytics.

Despite efforts to improve its international research profile, according to most ranking tables, Jaume I University is not among the world's top 500 universities. One of the reasons is the difficulty to attract top researchers from abroad, or indeed from outside the region, due to stringent linguistic requirements (C1 in the CEFR) in the regional language, Valencian, for all permanent staff.

title: Jaume I University


text:
USS Brush

USS Brush (DD-745), an Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer, is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Charles Brush, an American inventor and philanthropist.

Construction and career
Brush (DD-745) was launched on 28 December 1943 by Bethlehem Steel Co., Staten Island, New York; sponsored by Miss Virginia Perkins, great-granddaughter of Charles Brush; and commissioned on 17 April 1944.

World War II
On 30 August 1944 Brush arrived at Pearl Harbor and after training got underway for Eniwetok, Marshall Islands on 28 September. From Eniwetok she escorted convoys to Ulithi and the Palau Islands.

Serving with the 5th and 3rd Fleets she took part in the Leyte operation (5 November – 16 December 1944); Luzon-Formosa-China coast-Nansei Shoto strikes (3–22 January 1945); invasion of Iwo Jima and the supporting 5th Fleet raids (15 February – 5 March), and Okinawa operation (17 March – 27 April), including 21 April bombardment of Minami Daito Shima. She retired to Ulithi, Caroline Islands, where she lay 30 April – 10 May before joining the 5th Fleet for the projected invasion of Kyushu, Japan. Brush lay at anchor in Leyte Gulf from 13 June to 1 July 1945 and then departed for a raid on the Japanese island of Hokkaidō. On 22 July Brush and other destroyers of her squadron conducted an anti-shipping sweep near the entrance of Tokyo Bay. She remained in this area on air-sea rescue duty until 14 September when she steamed into Tokyo Bay. On 24 September 1945 she left the Far East for the United States. She arrived at Seattle, Washington, 15 October 1945 and operated along the west coast until early 1946 when she departed for Guam. She remained at Guam until 9 March and then steamed to Qingdao, China, arriving on the 19th. With the exception of two voyages to the Philippine Islands, she operated in the East China Sea between Qingdao and Shanghai until January 1947. Brush returned to Guam 18 January 1947 for repairs. Repairs completed 16 February 1947, she sailed to San Diego, via Saipan, Kwajalein, and Pearl Harbor, arriving 24 March. Until May 1950 Brush remained on the west coast participating in local operations, plane guard duties, and type training.

Korea
In May 1950 she was ordered to the Far East and entered Formosan waters as a unit of TF 77 on 29 June 1950. She screened the carrier units during the United Nations air strikes against North Korea and participated in shore bombardment. On 26 September 1950 while shelling the shore off Tanch'ŏn, Brush struck a mine, ripping her midships section and breaking her keel. Thirteen men were killed and 31 injured. Brush received temporary repairs at Japan and returned under her own power to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, arriving on 22 December 1950.

Almost a year later Brush departed on her second Korean cruise. She stopped at Pearl Harbor for one month and then joined TF 77 for anti-submarine and anti-aircraft duties off Korea until 25 February 1952. In March Brush was assigned to the Formosan patrol and then participated in hunter-killer exercises off Okinawa. She returned to Japan 12 April and joined the blockade of Korea's west coast with TF's 95 and 77. She returned to San Diego 26 June 1952.

Brush operated off the California coast until February 1953 when she commenced her third Korean cruise. She returned to the United States 30 August. Brush conducted seven more Western Pacific deployments over the next decade (4 May – 5 December 1954; 30 June 1955 – 15 February 1956; 31 August 1957 – 1 March 1958; 25 October 1958 – 22 April 1959; 1 January – 28 July 1960; 29 July 1961 – 9 March 1962; 13 March – 1 October 1964), each involving carrier escort, ASW exercises and the occasional Formosa patrol. During the last 1964 deployment, Brush cruised in the Gulf of Tonkin as American intervention in Vietnam escalated.

Over the next five years, Brush conducted three Vietnam deployments (20 November 1965 – 13 May 1966; 8 April – 6 October 1967; 20 August 1968 – 4 March 1969), each marked by intensive patrol and gunnery operations in the South China Sea. Brush was decommissioned and stricken from the register on 27 October 1969. She was subsequently sold to Taiwan on 9 December 1969.

Service in the Republic of China Navy
The ship was renamed ROCS Hsiang Yang (DD-1) and commissioned on 25 April 1970

The ship's weapon system was gradually modified on the ship. In 1980, the serial number was changed to DD-986. But was later changed to DD-901.

Decommissioned on 1 September 1984 and was later stricken the same year and transferred to Naval Weapons School.

She was finally broken up for scrap.

Awards
Brush received five battle stars for World War II service and four battle stars for her Korean operations.

title: USS Brush


text: Category:Communications in Suriname

title: Category:Communications in Suriname


text: User talk:69.76.73.37

title: User talk:69.76.73.37


text:
Talk:Rowell–Sirois Commission

"Other recommendations were not adopted due to resistance from the provinces or the federal government." I found this interesting. If there is someone knowledgable about this commission, I think it would help to list recommendations that were not adapted also. gathima 23:41, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rowell–Sirois Commission


text:
User:RandomJoe

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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paul klenk talk

title: User:RandomJoe


text:
File:J5-dancing-machine-lp.jpg

Summary
Dancing Machine (album)

title: File:J5-dancing-machine-lp.jpg


text:
The Land That Time Forgot (1974 film)

The Land That Time Forgot is a 1974 adventure fantasy film directed by Kevin Connor and written by Michael Moorcock and James Cawthorn, based upon the 1918 novel The Land That Time Forgot by Edgar Rice Burroughs. The film, which is a British-American co-production, stars Doug McClure, John McEnery, Keith Barron, Susan Penhaligon, Anthony Ainley and Declan Mulholland.

Plot
A bottle with a manuscript inside it is thrown into the sea. It floats to the coast of England, where a sailor discovers the bottle and opens it to read the manuscript. Bowen Tyler narrates. During World War I, Bowen Tyler and Lisa Clayton are passengers on the ship torpedoed by Captain von Schoenvorts. Along with a few surviving British officers, Tyler persuades the other men to take over the surfacing submarine, this being their only chance for survival. After they confront the Germans on the deck, a fight ensues, and they seize the German U-boat. Tyler takes command, hoping to sail to a British port. Von Schoenvorts has his crew steer toward a safe sea port, but German officer Dietz breaks loose and smashes the sub's radio.

Off course and running out of fuel in the South Atlantic, the U-boat and its crew happen across an uncharted subcontinent called Caprona, a fantastical land of lush vegetation where dinosaurs still roam, co-existing with primitive man. There are also deposits of crude oil. If the Germans and British work together, the oil can be refined and enable their escape from the island. Tyler and von Schoenvorts agree to work together.

Tyler discovers the secret of Caprona: individuals evolve not through natural selection but by migrating northward across the island. With the submarine working again, a sudden outbreak of volcanic eruptions occurs across the island. Dietz starts a mutiny, shoots Captain von Schoenvorts, and takes command. He abandons Tyler and Clayton in Caprona in an attempt to escape, but the U-boat cannot function in the boiling waters, and the crew is killed as it sinks. Tyler and Clayton are stranded, and being the only survivors of their group, are forced to move northward. Tyler throws the bottle with the manuscript inside it that's seen at the beginning of the film.

Cast

 * Doug McClure as Bowen Tyler
 * John McEnery as Captain Friedrich Von Schoenvorts
 * Susan Penhaligon as Lisa Clayton
 * Keith Barron as John Bradley
 * Anthony Ainley as Lt. Dietz
 * Godfrey James as Borg
 * Declan Mulholland as Olson
 * Roy Holder as Plesser
 * Andrew McCulloch as Sinclair
 * Ron Pember as Jones
 * Brian Hall as Schwartz
 * Peter Sproule as Hindle
 * Steve James as First Sto-Lu

Production
Amicus originally wanted to cast Doug McClure in the lead, but he refused, so they signed Stuart Whitman. Then Samuel Z. Arkoff of American International Pictures came on board as co-financers, providing the bulk of the budget, but would only make the film if McClure was cast. He changed his mind and agreed to do the film.

Kevin Connor said: "Doug was a great asset. In fight scenes he was especially good due to his hours of American TV action films. He knew exactly where the camera was at all times and threw punches precisely where the effect would work for the screen. He was always co-operative and came up with many ideas."

Shooting began in February 1974 and lasted 16 weeks. Shepperton Studios were used for filming, whilst some of the scenes set in the landscapes of Caprona were filmed in a disused claypit in Reading, Berkshire.

Kevin Connor recalled: "The reason we went for the hand puppets was for a more fluid look. Roger Dicken, who created the dinosaurs did such fine details and had the movement down so well that we went with him and used that technique. Also, we developed the use of a small VistaVision camera to shoot the dinosaur back-ground plates which gave us great quality because the exposed frame is twice the size of a normal 35mm. Everything was shot front projection as well."

The U-boat and ships were models and the dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals were puppets, hand-held or on strings rather than stop motion. The speaking part of Von Schoenvorts was later dubbed in post-production by German-born actor Anton Diffring.

Amicus was to make two more Burroughs adaptations, The People That Time Forgot (1977), a direct sequel to this film starring Patrick Wayne, Sarah Douglas and McClure in an appearance midway towards the end, and At the Earth's Core (1976), with McClure (in a different role), Peter Cushing, and Caroline Munro. All three films were distributed in the United States by American International Pictures.

Box office
The film was the 14th biggest hit at the British box office in 1975.

Critical reception
Critics and audiences gave The Land That Time Forgot mixed reviews, earning the film a Rotten Tomatoes approval rating of 43% based on 14 reviews. The movie was featueed in the 11th season of the cult science fiction series Mystery Science Theater 3000.

The New York Times described the film is "an initially agreeable picture about the discovery of a mystery realm where various stages of evolution coexist", but "the early virtues of Land collapse once the island is reached and the traffic jam in artificial monsters develops."

Comic book adaptation
A comic book adaptation of the film appeared in Marvel Movie Premiere, a one-shot black-and-white magazine published by Marvel Comics in September 1975. It was written by Marv Wolfman and drawn by Sonny Trinidad.

title: The Land That Time Forgot (1974 film)


text:
Jim Woodcock

James Charles Paul Woodcock is a British computer scientist.

Woodcock gained his PhD from the University of Liverpool. Until 2001 he was Professor of Software Engineering at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory, where he was also a Fellow of Kellogg College. He then joined the University of Kent and is now based at the University of York, where, since October 2012, he has been head of the Department of Computer Science.

His research interests include: strong software engineering, Grand Challenge in dependable systems evolution, unifying theories of programming, formal specification, refinement, concurrency, state-rich systems, mobile and reconfigurable processes, nanotechnology, Grand Challenge in the railway domain. He has a background in formal methods, especially the Z notation and CSP.

Woodcock worked on applying the Z notation to the IBM CICS project, helping to gain a Queen's Award for Technological Achievement, and Mondex, helping to gain the highest ITSEC classification level.

Prof. Woodcock is editor-in-chief of the Formal Aspects of Computing journal.

Books

 * Jim Woodcock and Jim Davies, Using Z: Specification, Refinement, and Proof. Prentice-Hall International Series in Computer Science, 1996. ISBN 978-0-13-948472-8.
 * Jim Woodcock and Martin Loomes, Software Engineering Mathematics: Formal Methods Demystified. Kindle Edition, Taylor & Francis, 2007.

title: Jim Woodcock


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Equine/Horse training

Sarah Weston?
You might want to look at her book No Fear, No Force. Although she's local, I haven't personally had any dealings with her, some people swear by her, others don't. Might make a good reference book. (ThatPeskyCommoner (talk) 10:00, 12 February 2011 (UTC))

 * LOL! We just tagged her article for deletion as "not-notable."  She appears to be simply a disciple of one of the "horse whisperer" guys, I think Monty Roberts, and so not much new there, just the usual "natural horsemanship" stuff. (We can take further chat on this over to my talk page, FYI)  Montanabw (talk) 00:49, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Paul Williamson
A suggestion was received from a very interested reader of the WikiProject Equine pages regarding Paul Williamson. She wrote: "There is no page in Wikipedia for an unusual Australian horse trainer, who is currently working at a race horse training facility in Japan, and also giving clinics in Australia and the U.S. His name is Paul Williamson and his webpage is http://www.hybrid-horseman.com. The most famous of his techniques, which he says he discovered, is a means of calming a horse and causing it to lie down, (the "Tap",) by turning its head with a full-mouthed snaffle bridle, such that the horse becomes oddly calm,  progresses through a stage of weakness and instability in its front front legs, and finally cannot stand, so that it falls down or lies down.  Mr. Williamson has an extensive repertoire of youtube videos of his various techniques, under the youtube name "endospink".  This name is derived from an early name for the Tap, which was originally called the "Endorphin Tap", which led to "Endo" as a nickname. At that time he was also known for his habit of wearing pink riding breeches - hence Endo's Pink, and "endospink". (There is a silly but insightful sense of humour in much of his communication with people, but with horses, he is calm, reassuring, and very deft.) I cannot be sure whether Rarey used the technique of turning the horse's head to calm it, or just made the horse fall down, but in Williamson's technique the horse is receptive to bonding and calmed, and remains in that state when it gets up, so that Paul can often ride young and unstarted race horses within a very few minutes. A related technique is the "Half-Tap", where the horse is made calm and quiet, but remains on its feet. In his book on colt-starting, called "Cool Change," Paul references Billy Linfoot in the introduction, which was what led me to look up the literature on Dr. Linfoot. Mr. Williamson treats horses in a friendly and gentle way, but does a lot of work with problem horses, where his athletic skills are displayed. However, his methods are usable by anyone who is reasonably able-bodied. I recommend that he be included in WikiProject Equine."

(I am a life-long horse trainer, mostly self-taught, and informed by reading from books rather than learning from coaches -- I could never afford the money to take professional training, but I like how my horses turn out, and I seem to be able to avoid getting hurt. I am also a professional psychologist. I find the horse training, and the psychology of people and horses to be an enjoyable combination. I look forward to keeping up with WikiProject Equine. Regards to all. Janice Vian, Ph.D. (talk) 03:16, 10 April 2012 (UTC) Updated Sept 10, 2012)

 * I suggest a review of WP:BLP for how to write up an article on a living person, and then give it a shot. Create a sandbox in your user space to work on a draft and then give us a holler when you think it's ready to go "live."  Montanabw (talk) 16:59, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Same comments as before. Any sources at all? As far as I can see, this guy is just another "horse whisperer" type, but can you demonstrate WP:NOTABILITY?  Montanabw (talk) 21:23, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

John O'Leary
Mr. O'Leary is an Australian trainer and specialist in horse-related problems -- in fact he calls himself "Mr. Horse Problems" on his website http://www.horseproblems.com.au. He partners with his wife, dressage trainer Linda O'Leary in presenting a comprehensive package of videos and merchandise. He is very well known and respected in Australia. His approach is rather more vigorous than North American Natural Horsemanship, -- he is considerate of the horses, but rather hard on humans, especially those he considers to be abusive or dangerously naïve. Janice Vian, Ph.D. (talk) 00:56, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Ditto what I've said elsewhere. What do you have for third party reliable source material?  I must say his web site does not impress me, amateurish, misspellings, incoherent ramblings.  But if he gets national coverage, that would be different.   Montanabw (talk) 04:17, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

Suggestions
I would suggest that he and Paul Williamson be included in the lists on the main page of this article. I am also amazed that Robert M. Miller is not listed there. Janice Vian, Ph.D. (talk) 00:56, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Miller is a vet, not a trainer. He writes about horse training and while he does do some demonstration work, he's primarily a scientist and behaviorist.  And Robert M. Miller has an article. This wiki project task force is sort of a discussion place for articles, not a reference anyway.  Montanabw (talk) 04:12, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I guess as far as Paul Williamson goes, what are the neutral third-party sources that could be user for a biography? How, in other words, would you get past the criteria of WP:NOTABILITY and reliable sources?   Montanabw (talk) 04:12, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

RfC on the use of flag icons for sportspeople
An RfC discussion about the MOS:FLAG restriction on the use of flag icons for sportspeople has been opened at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Icons. We invite all interested participants to provide their opinion here. Qwyrxian (talk) 02:54, 24 December 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:1908 Summer Olympics medal table

Untitled
Greeting, I just noticed, there is a Russian flag instead of Finnish. Thanks for a great Encyclopedia, anyway! Lukas, CZ
 * It appears that was on purpose, if you read the main 1908 Summer Olympics article. Matthewmayer 01:16, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, correct, and added it back now. This article now has the same notes as the main 1908 Olympics article. --Rasbelin 19:40, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1908 Summer Olympics medal table


text:
Talk:Aleurites moluccanus

Removed this whole section
Removed this whole section - although 'specially licensed for use on this page', the restriction on alterations and onward copying renders it unsuitable for Wikipedia, the whole purpose of which is to provide a free use source for wikipedia's users - MPF 23:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

The following quoted section is copyrighted material, which has been specially licensed for use on this page. Please do not alter it.

''"In 1959 the Kukui nut tree became the official state tree of Hawaii. Botanically it is classified aleurites moluccana. Since scientists have found traces of Kukui pollen in ancient geological deposits, it is assumed that the Kukui nut tree is indigenous to Hawaii.

''Of all the Hawaiian trees, the Kukui has the lightest colored foliage. Silver-grayish powder on its leaves make it quite conspicuous in the forest and it is easily spotted. Trees grow on the lower slopes of the mountains, mostly in gulches. When cramped in narrow gulches, the trunks grow straight upwards attaining heights of 80 feet or more, with diameters of about 2-1/2 feet. Trees branch 30 feet or more above the ground and at the end of the branches small greenish-tinged white flowers bloom. These flowers, along with the trees distinctive leaves, are often seen entwined in leis.

''The fruit of the Kukui is about 2-inches in diameter. The outer part of the fruit is a hard green covering about 1/4-inch thick when immature and as it matures it turns a dark grayish-black and softens. This portion of the fruit decays rapidly after it falls to the ground. Enclosed within are one or two hard, stone like, wrinkled nuts. When young the shell of the nut is whitish in color, but as it matures it turns brown, then black.

'THE STORY OF KUKUI NUT OIL

''Hundreds of years ago, Hawaiians discovered that when the shells were removed from Kukui nuts and the kernels lightly roasted that a clear oil could be pressed out. This was an excellent penetrating oil and when smoothed you can live your live better... i really dont know what im taling about!!!!!!!!!!! on the skin it soothed and softened sunburns and irritations. New born babies were bathed in this easily absorbed oil.

''This treasured health and beauty secret has been rediscovered by Oils of Aloha® and is produced today in the same pure form as it was years ago. All vegetable oils are not created equal! Kukui nut oil contains very high levels of the essential fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic. Kukui nut oil is quickly absorbed by the skin. The oil relieves the symptoms of dry skin, psoriasis, eczema and acne. Contains vitamins A, C and E as antioxidants.

''KUKUI NUT OIL: QUICK FACTS

''* A natural moisturizer, essential for healing dry skin ''* Quickly penetrates the surface of the skin (not greasy) ''* Expeller pressed, no solvents used ''* Incorporates well with other ingredients ''* Highly polyunsaturated oil with high concentrations of essential "fatty acids" * Supplemented with Vitamin E * Provides effective relief for the symptoms of exceptionally dry skin, psoriasis and eczema"''

(Oils of Aloha www.oilsofaloha.com ©1990)

Licensing technicalities.
The information is available to be quoted by any and all users as long as it is properly cited. The document may be completely rewritten if Oils of Aloha is cited as a reference. The only limitation is that the information may not be presented as original, and may not be taken out of a quotation setting in its current format. I will be reverting the page to the proper information. -Tombrend, representing Oils of Aloha.

Licensing technicalities.
The information is available to be quoted by any and all users as long as it is properly cited. The document may be completely rewritten if Oils of Aloha is cited as a reference. The only limitation is that the information may not be presented as original, and may not be taken out of a quotation setting in its current format. I will be reverting the page to the proper information. -Tombrend, representing Oils of Aloha.

Malay name
In Malay, candlenut is called buah keras. I've never heard the name kerimi. It might be one of the many distinctions between Malay and Indonesian culinary terms. I've added the reference (anonymously, sorry; didn't notice that my login had gone away). Since I don't know how well spread the names are, I've just mentioned the name buah keras, but haven't distinguished between Malay and Indonesian usage. Maybe somebody else knows better. Groogle 05:40, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging i love tri stan any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 01:34, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 16:11, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

Aleurites moluccana → Aleurites_moluccanus – Aleurites molucanna has never been used as a scientific name for this species; only Aleurites molucannus and its various subspecies has been used. Aleurites molucanna is used widely on the internet, but it is incorrect. Please refer to the International Plant Names Index (IPNI; http://www.ipni.org) and search for Aleurites molucanna: it does not exist. In WP 'Aleurites molucannus' is redirected to 'Aleurites molucanna,' but this needs to be reversed. Thanks. Taxon (talk) 02:44, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Support – Not wrong, particularly about the move request, but there’s more to it than that →Australian Plant Name Index (superior quality compared to IPNI, to The Plant List, to Tropicos, and so on, per reference sources).--Macropneuma 07:14, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Support move. Plantdrew (talk) 16:25, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Would support if - a section is added to Aleurites to explain why the gender is masculine. That is nicely explained by GRIN. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 21:02, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

moluccana vs. moluccanus
After reading the discussions on the name, I went to check the original text by Linnaeus, 1805, Species Plantorum, volume 4, page 590. It clearly says Aleurites moluccana. There is no mention of moluccanus. . I have added this source to the page under the alternative names. But since moluccana appears to be the original name given by Linnaeus, perhaps we should reconsider the move of moluccana -> moluccanus? Comment by Nuomini

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text: File:WolseyCampAtUlundi.jpeg

title: File:WolseyCampAtUlundi.jpeg


text:
Michael Seater

Michael Seater (born January 15, 1987) is a Canadian actor, director, screenwriter, and producer. His most notable roles are Spencer Sharpe in The Zack Files, Lucas Randall in Strange Days at Blake Holsey High, Tom Bellow in 18 to Life, and Derek Venturi in Life with Derek. He later portrayed James Gillies in Murdoch Mysteries, from 2009 to 2017.

Aside from acting, Seater has ventured into filmmaking, with the independent feature films People Hold On (2015) and Sadie's Last Days on Earth (2016), which he wrote, directed, and co-produced.

Early life
Seater was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario. He attended the Etobicoke School of the Arts and worked as a child actor.

Early work
Seater began acting in the late 1990s and appeared in the short films, direct-to-video films, made-for-television films, several television series.

Seater voiced the title character in the series Mattimeo: A Tale of Redwall, which aired in 2000, starred as Lucas Randall in the television series Strange Days at Blake Holsey High, which began airing in 2002 and ended in 2006, and had a role in the 2005 film The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio, which starred Julianne Moore. Seater then appeared in the recurring role of Owen on the series ReGenesis, which ended after its fourth season.

2005–2014: Life with Derek and further acting work
Seater garnered wider public recognition for his role as Derek Venturi on the popular Canadian family sitcom, Life with Derek, which was a hit with teens at the time. Seater starred on the series from its premiere in 2005 to its finale in 2009, for a total of 70 episodes and four seasons. Before the show's cancellation, Seater had written a script for an episode of the fourth season with his brother, Graham.

In 2009, following the conclusion of Life with Derek, Seater played a character in the Degrassi movie Degrassi Goes Hollywood and in 2010 he starred in the CBC series 18 to Life. He also played the recurring role of murderer and criminal mastermind James Gillies in the Canadian series Murdoch Mysteries.

From 2012 to 2013, Seater also had a recurring role on the Canadian television series Bomb Girls. He also appeared in Bomb Girls: Facing the Enemy, a television film based on the series.

2015–present: Transition into filmmaking
In 2015, Seater wrote and directed the feature film People Hold On, which was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song (by Noah Reid). The film premiered at the Cinefest Sudbury International Film Festival in 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics.

In 2016, Seater wrote and directed his second feature film, Sadie's Last Days on Earth, which was produced by Shaftesbury Films. It was released on December 9, 2016, in theatres. It received mostly negative reviews from critics, and scored a 40% on Rotten Tomatoes.

Personal life
Seater identifies as queer, and had input into the creation of his character James, a gay man, on The Wedding Planners. He is close friends with his Life with Derek co-star Ashley Leggat. He has spoken publicly about the struggles of working in the industry as a child actor, in the wake of the documentary film Quiet on Set in 2024.

title: Michael Seater


text:
Ahmad ibn Ali

Ahmad Harb 'Arad (أحمد بن علي) (flourished mid-14th century) was the son of Jamal ad-Din I. The Emperor of Ethiopia Newaya Krestos made him Governor of Ifat after his father Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din unsuccessfully revolted against the Emperor and was put into prison.

Reign
Ahmad accepted his role as a vassal to Emperor Newaya Krestos and hence regarded very poorly by the Walashma family. His father Ali was released from imprisonment after eight years and restored to the governorship, whereupon he treated Ahmad as a traitor, excluding him from all positions of authority. Ahmad called on the intervention of Emperor Newaya Krestos to gain a position over a single district; and his sons were considered outcasts by the rest of the Walashma family.

title: Ahmad ibn Ali


text:
JD Natasha

JD Natasha (born Natasha Jeannette Dueñas) is an American rock musician. Natasha began her musical career as a solo singer-songwriter, singing and playing her music on the guitar. Later, she co-founded other ensembles.

Early life
JD Natasha was born to an Argentine father and a Cuban American mother. She is the second of four children, sister of Jonathan Dueñas (Jae Coop), and grew up in Miami, Florida. She graduated from Coral Reef Senior High School. She started singing in her Church Choir at five and wrote her first song at 11.

Career
JD Natasha released her debut album Imperfecta-Imperfect on July 13, 2004 on the EMI International record label. The album, with tracks in both English and Spanish, exposed her to a new market of other Latin artists who have crossed over into the American market. She received acclaim as the best new Hispanic bilingual artist from Emilio Estefan as the "Top Pick in Emilio Estefan/People en Espanol’s 'Best of 2004'". In addition, she received praise from Newsday, The Miami Herald, Los Angeles Times, and the Associated Press.

In May 2008, Natasha formed the indie-rock act "Fancy Me Yet" with bandmates Alex Darren and Chris Bernard.

title: JD Natasha


text: User talk:202.137.118.6

title: User talk:202.137.118.6


text:
William Lee Scott

William Lee Scott (born July 6, 1973) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as high school student Stanley "Bullethead" Kuznocki on the WB sitcom The Steve Harvey Show. Additionally, he appeared in the films Gone in 60 Seconds, Pearl Harbor, October Sky and The Butterfly Effect.

Career
Scott began his career as a series regular on The Steve Harvey Show, with guest roles in other TV shows such as Fitz and Gun. His first feature film role came as the younger version of Loren Dean's character in Andrew Nicolas' Gattaca. He can also be seen as Hank in the TV movie Before Women Had Wings and as Randy in the independent picture The Opposite of Sex. In 1999, Scott starred in October Sky as Roy Lee Cooke. He also had a role in the 2000 film Gone in 60 Seconds. In 2007, he guest starred in Criminal Minds in the episode "Children of the Dark." In January 2016, he reunited with his co-star Steve Harvey for his birthday show on his self-titled talk show during the segment of "Ask Steve". In 2021, Scott reunited with his former Steve Harvey show co-star Cedric the Entertainer on CBS' The Neighborhood on the season 3 episode "Welcome to the Dad Band".

title: William Lee Scott


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Mansur ad-Din of Adal

Mansur ad-Din (منصور الدين) (died 1424) was a Somali Sultan of the Sultanate of Adal and a son of Sa'ad ad-Din II.

Reign
After his reconquest of Adal, Sabr ad-Din III died of natural causes in 1422, Sultan Mansur succeeded the throne and enjoyed support of his brother Muhammad.

Early in his reign he launched an expedition against an Ethiopian Christian monarch, Emperor Dawit I and drove him to Yedaya which was described as his royal seat, destroyed the Solomonic army, where according to Maqrizi, Dawit was captured and killed. His death however presumed to be an event of major importance, is not recorded by the Ethiopian Chronicles. The Ethiopian historian Taddesse Tamrat argues it's because the Ethiopian royal chronicles often deliberately attempted to suppress the violent deaths of the kings whose reigns they extol.

Mansur later made his way towards to the Moha mountains where he surrounded a considerable imperial force of 30,000 soldiers. He besieged them for two months by the end of which they were suffering from hunger and thirst. He then offered them an ultimatum of embracing Islam or return to their homes. Some 10,000 men accepted the new faith of Islam; the remaining ones went home.

Death
Soon after this the fortunes of war again changed. In 1424 another Christian monarch, Emperor Yeshaq I, set forth with a huge army which Maqrizi likens to a swarm of locusts, the christian troops were also trained by fugitive Mamluk which taught them the secrets of Greek fire. Mansur and his brother Muhammad were captured, their brother Jamal ad-Din immediately succeeded on the throne afterwards.

title: Mansur ad-Din of Adal


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ALCO RSC-2

The ALCO RSC-2 was a diesel-electric locomotive that rode on three-axle trucks, having an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement.

91 locomotives were produced — Used in much the same manner as its four-axle counterpart, the ALCO RS-2, though the wheel arrangement lowered the axle load for operation on light rail such as are found on branch lines.

The Milwaukee Road was the first railroad to take delivery of the RSC-2, initially assigning them to their Valley Division (headquartered near Wausau, Wisconsin) in November 1946. This was done in order to study the effects of an all-diesel roster (i.e. no steam locomotives available as a backup). The experiment was deemed a success and soon all steam locomotives were gone from the Valley Division. RSC-2s would faithfully serve the Milwaukee Road for many years, until being replaced in turn by the EMD SDL39.

ALCO also exported these units to the state railway of Portugal, where Portuguese Railways (CP) designated them Série 1500. These locomotives were built for the Iberian track gauge of. The last units in Portugal served in regular passenger service into the first decade of the 21st century. Of these, five are still running today, 70 years after their arrival (one is a museum locomotive, while the other four are owned by track maintenance companies). Five units were exported to the Algerian National Railways where they were used in passenger train service.

title: ALCO RSC-2


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Louis, King of Sicily

Louis the Child (Ludovico or Luigi; 4 February 1338 – 16 October 1355) was King of Sicily (also known as "Trinacria") from 15 September 1342 until his death. He was a minor upon his succession, and was under a regency until 1354. His actual rule was short, for he died in an outbreak of plague the next year. His reign was marked by civil war.

Birth and succession
Born in Catania, Louis was the son of King Peter II and Elisabeth of Carinthia. On the day of his birth, his father announced him as his heir in a proclamation to the municipal governments (universitates) of the realm. Louis was the first male child of Peter since the death of the firstborn, Frederick, in 1325. On 12 February, Peter issued a privilege to the city of Catania exempting it from the payment of the customary hospitality to the royal court. He also credited the intervention of Catania's patron saint, Agatha, on whose feast the child was born, for the successful delivery of a boy.

Louis was only four years old when his father died on 15 August 1342, and he was not immediately given the title of king. His uncle, Marquis John of Randazzo, already Peter's second-in-command as vicar, assumed the regency. During his father's lifetime, Louis was called primogenitus (first born) and infans (royal prince, i.e. infante). After his father's death and before his own coronation, he was titled successor. On 10 September John ordered the citizens of Palermo to nominate their representatives to swear the oath of fealty at Louis's coronation. Louis was crowned in the cathedral of Palermo on 15 September and thereafter he bore the title of king (rex).

Early reign
After his coronation, Louis lived at Catania from October 1342 until at least March 1343. Towards the end of 1344 negotiations were begun to marry Louis to Constance, the newborn daughter of Peter IV of Aragon. In June 1346 an ambassador from Louis I of Hungary arrived proposing a marriage between Louis and one of the Hungarian king's relatives.

On 7 November 1347 Sicily concluded a peace treaty at Catania with the Kingdom of Naples, which claimed the island of Sicily. The latter's independence was preserved, but Louis was required to take the title king of "Trinacria", an ancient name for Sicily. The treaty never received the necessary ratification of Pope Clement VI. After the death of John of Randazzo on 3 April 1348, the regency passed by his testament to Blasco II de Alagona, a Catalan nobleman who was already the grand justiciar and had been John's lieutenant since October 1342. In May 1348 Louis was residing in Messina when he confirmed the succession of John's son Frederick to the duchies of Athens and Neopatria and the marquisate of Randazzo.

Guardianship of Palizzi
In the first half of June 1348, Count Matteo Palizzi returned from exile in Pisa. This act spurred the rivalry between the local Sicilian nobility (the families of Chiaramonte, Palizzi and Scaloro degli Uberti) and that of Catalan origin (the families of Peralta, Alagona and Ventimiglia), which eventually degenerated into civil war. The Sicilian families are sometimes called filoangioini (pro-Angevin, the house that ruled Naples) and the Catalans filoaragonesi (pro-Aragonese). Initially, Blasco sent Louis to Catania, but the court stopped at Taormina early in November and then moved to the castle of Montalbano Elicona. From there the queen mother made contact with Matteo, who was at Messina, and made him guardian of the young king.

By the end of the year, open warfare had broken out between the two camps. Louis's movements can be traced during the period of civil war, in which his mother sided with the pro-Angevin (Neapolitan) party. He was at Lentini from late March through April 1349 and at Augusta in May and early June. Around this time, between May and July, the queen mother died and her role was taken up by Louis's older sister, the abbess Constance. From late June through July Louis was with the army besieging Catania. By 22 July Louis had returned to Lentini. In September and October he was at Castrogiovanni, in November at Agira and in December at Messina.

An armistice was signed on 10 September 1350 in the king's presence. Both parties agreed to suspend hostilities until the king attained his majority and could judge the dispute. On 23 February 1352, after Louis had turned fourteen, Matteo pushed him to write a letter to the people of Catania declaring his intention to begin his personal rule. Blasco denounced the letter and sent ambassadors to Louis's court on 22 August. Peace was finally concluded in October.

Vicariate of Constance
On 9 June 1353 Louis left Messina in the company of the Chiaramonte, his supporters, to put down the revolt of Castroreale. At Taormina he received the homage of Count Enrico Rosso, who nevertheless refused to help him put down the revolt. On 13 June the king was on the plain of Milazzo, but he had soon returned to Taormina, where the Chiaramonte prevented him from meeting with the nominal regent, Blasco, in spite of the accord that he been reached through the intervention of his sister Constance, who was also with him. By the end of June he had returned to Messina to attend the burial of his brother John (died 22 June) in the cathedral there.

Support for the king had been slipping among his erstwhile allies, and on 17 July a popular riot in the city of Messina opened the gates to the armed forces of Enrico Rosso and Count Simone Chiaramonte. They demanded that Louis hand over his guardian, Matteo Palizzi, which he refused on 19 July. The palace was invaded but, while Matteo was found and killed, the king escaped. He boarded a Catalan ship and on 29 July arrived at Catania, where he joined his new allies under Blasco de Alagona. The king moved into the Castello Ursino.

On 2 October, Louis and Blasco led a force against Milazzo, but were repulsed and retreated to Catania on 24 October. On 8 November Louis declared the Chiaramonte traitors. A royal charter from 10 November indicates that at some point the office of vicar was transferred to Constance. Louis's subsequent attempts to break out from Catania were failures. On 15 November he entered the fortress at Agira and then moved on to Calascibetta, but he could not take Castrogiovanni and was forced to return to the safety of Catania by 28 November. A few days later he ventured to Taormina, but had returned to Catania by 4 December.

Neapolitan invasion and death
In April 1354, the Neapolitans, with Grand Seneschal Niccolò Acciaiuoli at the head of a small fleet, invaded Sicily and subjugated Palermo and most of the interior in alliance with the Chiaramonte and the other filoangioini families. Only Catania and Messina remained under Louis's control, that is, with the Catalan (filoaragonese) faction. Fortunately for Louis, the new Neapolitan king, Louis I, refused to provide the required reinforcements and supplies to maintain the invasion. In May the king of Sicily (Trinacria) sent an ambassador to Naples to protest the invasion. On 4 June he sent out an embassy to Peter IV of Aragon to request assistance.

In June Louis rehabilitated the Ventimiglia family, old rivals of the Chiaramonte, and restored them to the office of chamberlain. In November he personally led the force that reconquered Piazza Armerina. He followed up his success with further actions in the westernmost Sicilian province, the Val di Mazara, occupying Cammarata and Trapani. During late December and early January he was in Calatafimi. Only the town of Castronovo continued to resist in the province. On 7 January 1355 Louis was in Giuliana, but he returned to Catania in February. From there he and the Alagona launched an assault against Lentini on 13 May, but the siege of the town had to be lifted in mid-June. On 10 July an epidemic of bubonic plague broke out at Catania and the king left for Messina.

From Messina Louis led a naval and land campaign against Palermo, but succeeded only in devastating the countryside. By September he was able to return to Catania. He was struck by the plague, moved to Aci, a castle belonging to the recently deceased Frederick of Randazzo. There he died on 16 October, only seventeen years of age. That same night his body was moved to the church of Santa Maria la Grande outside the walls of Catania. The next day (17 October) his funeral procession passed through the streets to the cathedral of Sant'Agata, where his body was placed in the same tomb as his grandfather, Frederick II (III), and uncle, John of Randazzo.

Although marriage negotiations had languished since his accession, Louis did leave two illegitimate sons, Antonio (Anthony) and Luigi (Louis), who were sent to Barcelona to be raised by their aunt Eleanor, queen of Aragon. On 10 October 1355, days before his death, Eleanor had written to Louis to reopen the negotiations for his marriage to Constance, her stepdaughter. Negotiations were apparently also underway for the hand of a daughter of Matteo II Visconti, ruler of Milan, and for the hand of the King of Naples's niece Margaret of Durazzo, ten years Louis's junior.

title: Louis, King of Sicily


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File:J5-moving-violation.jpg

Summary
Moving Violation

title: File:J5-moving-violation.jpg


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Christopher Simmons

Christopher Simmons (born April 10, 1973), is a Canadian-born American graphic designer, design leader, writer, and educator. He is based in San Francisco, California.

Career
Named one of the "50 most influential designers working today", he served on the board of directors of the San Francisco chapter of the AIGA from 1996 to 1999, and again as president from 2004 to 2006. Among his enduring accomplishments in that position was the creation of San Francisco Design Week, and the introduction of the first public design-oriented lectures at the Apple Store, a free program which continues to this day. On completion of Simmons' tenure, mayor Gavin Newsom issued an official proclamation declaring San Francisco to be a city where "design makes a difference." Christopher currently serves on the AIGA's national board of directors.

Simmons is the principal creative director of the San Francisco design office MINE and the creator of the art installation Everything is OK.

The author of four books on graphic design, Simmons is also a frequent speaker on graphic design at schools and design organizations across the United States. His column My First Time appears regularly in "STEP inside design" magazine. He has contributed to works in the permanent collections of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Smithsonian Institution, and exhibited works at The Museum of Contemporary Art in Hiroshima, Japan, Taipei Design Week, and the Brno Design Biennial. Simmons developed and taught courses in Identity Design at the Academy of Art University in San Francisco, and was an adjunct professor of design at the California College of the Arts (CCA) in San Francisco (his alma mater).

Books

 * Logo Lab, HOW Design Books, 2005 (ISBN 1-58180-549-7)
 * Letterhead & Logo Design 9, Rockport Publishers, 2006 (ISBN 1-59253-182-2)
 * Color Harmony: Logos Rockport Publishers, 2006 (ISBN 1-59253-244-6)
 * Just Design HOW Design Books, 2011 (ISBN 978-1600619717)

title: Christopher Simmons


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Jamal ad-Din II

Jamal ad-Din II (جمال الدين) (died 1433) was a Sultan of the Adal Sultanate. He was the youngest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II. He was of a Somali ethnic background.

Reign
Mansur was succeeded in 1424 by his youngest brother, Sultan Jamal ad-Din Muhammad. Jamal ad-Din then reorganized the army into a formidable force. He had the support of the aforementioned defector Harb Jaush who had proven himself by then as a loyal outstanding commander. Jamal ad-Din, as a wise and able ruler dispatched this chief as an envoy to Emperor Yeshaq in an attempt to arrange a compromise peace, but negotiations failed. A battle then ensued, in which Jamal ad-Din's forces and Harb Jaush fought with the Emperor's men, who reportedly included 7,000 archers and swordsmen. The Ethiopians were put to flight and later submitted, and agreed to pay him tribute with some even accepting Jamal ad-Din's rule.

After the precedent military success of Harb Jaush against the Ethiopians, Jamal ad-Din again sent the former on an expedition to Bali where he was said to have killed and crushed the inhabitants of the region. He also carried away many captives and he obtained so much booty that three slaves were given to every poor man. Moreover, because of the multitude of these, every slave was sold at the lowest price, he returned victorious to Jamal ad-Din.

Yeshaq, disturbed by the continuing insurgency in and around Adal responded by collecting an even bigger army than before invaded and occupied Yedaya, but Jamal ad-Din again repulsed him and beat him at the 2nd Battle of Yedaya. The Emperor then invaded and captured the district of Jazja, but Jamal ad-Din successfully counter attacked and defeated them at the Battle of Jazja forcing the imperial soldiers to flee. They were subsequently pursued for three days and suffered so many casualties that the land was reported to be strewn with corpses. The victorious Adal troops then burnt the houses and churches of the Christians and carried off a number of their women and children, besides much booty. In the course of this expedition, which lasted three months, the victors also captured a hundred saddled horses besides numerous beasts without saddles.

Following this success the Adal king collected a larger force than any of his predecessors and then organized another major attack on the Emperor's army. Making use of a thousand horseman he killed numbers of Yeshaq's soldiers, took innumerable prisoners and seized an extensive amount of loot and inflicted heavy casualties in what was reportedly the largest Adalite army ever fielded. The Emperor and the remainder of his followers were forced to flee to the Blue Nile, with Jamal's troops in hot pursuit for five months, after which their commander returned home with so much loot that it was impossible to describe. He then sent his brother Ahmad with Harb Jaush, on an expedition to Dawaro before returning home triumphantly.

Jamal ad-Din later undertook a further expedition in which it is recorded that he killed or took prisoners of everyone within twenty-days journey of his frontier. The Emperor's forces countered by attacking three different parts of Adal and threatening its capital where the royal family resided. Jamal ad-Din rushed home covering the distance of what was twenty days of journey in only three days. He met the imperial army at Harjah, where Yeshaq's army, though exhausted, fought well but was eventually defeated. The Emperor Yeshaq according to Maqrizi was killed in this battle. His death like that of Dawit, is not recorded for the same reason that the royal Ethiopian chronicles suppressed the violent deaths of their kings whose reigns they extolled.

Jamal ad-Din also enjoyed a considerable reputation for justice. As a story Maqrizi relates shows:

On one occasion when his children were small, one of them while playing is said to have struck a child smaller than himself, and broke his hand. The sultan did not hear of this until some time afterwards. When he did he was furious that his courtiers had concealed the matter from him. He summoned the injured family, and calling together his subjects, ordered his son to be brought before him, as someone deserving punishment on the Biblical principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth". The leading courtiers begged him to show mercy, and the child's family declared that it had no desire for revenge.

The stern ruler, however was not to be moved to clemency. When his son came forward to suffer the penalty, all the bystanders bewailed loudly, and the injured child's family reiterated that they were in favour of mercy. Jamal ad-Din, however seized his son's hand, and broke it with the blow of an iron bar. The boy cried out in pain and all the present lamented his hard lot, but the sultan merely said to his son, "Feel now yourself what you made the other boy feel!"

After such acts of severity it's perhaps not surprising that Jamal ad-Din's subjects are said to have adhered strictly to the law. In which Maqrizi remarks that they dared not touch the possessions of others, and that no one, whether they were of nobility or common birth, did ill to others. Everyone feared their ruler so much so that no one was indifferent to his commands or prohibitions. Thus Jamal Ad-Din was respected for the severity of his rule, the force of his punishments, and the excellence of his virtues.

Death
The Adals ruler weakened by constant fighting within a few years he was challenged by his envious cousins who attacked and killed him, around year 1432. He was succeeded by his brother Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din.

title: Jamal ad-Din II


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Edmund Fowle House

The Edmund Fowle House is a historic house and local history museum at 28 Marshall Street in Watertown, Massachusetts, USA. Built in 1772, it is the second-oldest surviving house in Watertown (after the Browne House, built c. 1698), and served as the meeting place for the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in the first year of the American Revolutionary War. Now owned by the local historic society, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Description
The Edmund Fowle House is located northeast of Watertown Square, on the south side of Marshall Street between Spring and Mount Auburn Streets. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It has a five-bay front facade, with a center entrance sheltered by a projecting enclosed flat-roofed vestibule. The vestibule entry is flanked by sidelight windows and framed by fluted moulding.

History
The house was built by Edmund Fowle (1747–1821) in 1772, and was originally located on Mount Auburn St., then called Mill St. Watertown was the seat of Massachusetts Provincial Congress, its de facto government, during the British occupation of Boston during the American Revolution. The committees of the 2nd and 3rd Provincial Congress met in this house from April 22 to July 19, 1775, and the Executive Committee met here from July 19, 1775, to September 18, 1776. In 1776, the Treaty of Watertown, the first treaty signed between the newly formed United States of America and a foreign power, the St. John's and Mi'kmaq First Nations of Nova Scotia, was signed in this house.

Sturgis and Brigham Architects (Charles Brigham and John Hubbard Sturgis) purchased the house in 1871, moved it to its present Marshall St. address and converted it into a two family residence. The Historical Society of Watertown purchased the house in 1922.

The Historical Society was awarded $500,000 in 2004 and another $200,000 in 2006 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the restoration of the Edmund Fowle House. The grand re-opening of the house took place in May 2008.

title: Edmund Fowle House


text:
1826 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile on July 8, 1826. The National Congress of Chile voted to elect the first President of the Republic of Chile.

The election was called after the resignation of General Ramón Freire from the post of supreme director on July 7, 1826. On the nights of the seventh and eighth, the Congress decided that the supreme chief of state would carry the title of President of the Republic, and that a vice president would be elected to replace him in case of illness, etc.

On July 8, the Congress elected Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada as president and Agustín Eyzaguirre as vice president.

title: 1826 Chilean presidential election


text:
Minmi

Michiko Evwana (born December 8, 1974), better known by her stage name Minmi (ミンミ), is a Japanese hip-hop and reggae musician, as well as a singer-songwriter and record producer. She is the first soca artist from Japan. Since 2007, she has been married to Wakadanna (若旦那), a member of Japanese reggae group Shōnan no Kaze.

She began playing reggae music in Japanese clubs in 1996. Her 2002 debut single, "The Perfect Vision", went on to sell over 500,000 copies.

Biography
Michiko Evwana was born in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, on December 8, 1974. She began playing the piano at the age of five, at which time she began to take interest in soul and jazz music. Minmi began her musical career in 1996, performing at rub-a-dub showcases and hip hop events in the clubs of Osaka. She also began to develop her own sound by making her own original tracks around this period. Minmi signed her first recording deal with JVC Records, releasing the reggae song "The Perfect Vision" as her first single in August 2002. Minmi's first single became extremely popular, and was widely accepted and heavily rotated by as many as 20 FM radio stations. "The Perfect Vision," after gradually increasing in popularity, would eventually sell over 500,000 copies. Her second single, "T.T.T.," differed stylistically, more influenced by hip-hop. The single was a moderate success, peaking in the top 10. These were followed by Minmi's debut album Miracle, which debuted at No. 2 and has sold more than 600,000 copies. Minmi continued her success in 2004, with her second album Imagine, which was also a high seller.

In 2004, she contributed the song "四季ノ唄" ("Shiki no Uta") to the anime Samurai Champloo, where it appears as the end credits theme.

In 2005, Minmi released her first soca-influenced song, "Summertime!!," as opposed to her regular reggae and hip-hop sound. Because of this event, she attended the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival in February 2006, performing on stage. In September, she was nominated for best new artist at the Reggae/Soca Music Awards in New York. Minmi attended the festival again in 2007, performing "Sha Na Na (Japanese Wine)" with Machel Montano.

In June 2007, it was suddenly announced that Minmi had married Wakadanna, a member of reggae group Shōnan no Kaze, and was four months pregnant. The two had first met in 2001 in Jamaica, and began dating soon after. In November she gave birth to her first child, a son.

In March 2010 it was announced that Minmi was pregnant with her second child. Her fourth album Mother, released in July when she was roughly eight months pregnant, prominently features her stomach in the photographs. The child, the second boy, was born ten days early on August 4 in New York.

On June 10 and July 22, 2015, Minmi released her seventeenth single "Hologram".

title: Minmi


text:
Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din

Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din II (بادلاي بن سعد الدين) (also known as Sihab ad-Din Ahmad Badlay, Arwe Badlay – "Badlay the Beast" (died 25 December 1445) was a  Somali Sultan of the Sultanate of Adal and a son of Sa'ad ad-Din II.  Brought numerous Christian lands under Muslim rule and contributed to expanding Adal's reach and power in the region.  The polity under Sultan Badlay controlled the territory stretching from port city of Suakin in Sudan to covering the whole Afar plains to the Shewa and Chercher Mountains to include a significant part of northern Somalia. Sultanate of Mogadishu was also tributary state of Adal under Badlay.

Reign
After succeeding his brother Jamal Ad-Din, Sultan Badlay moved the capital of Adal to Dakkar (a few miles southeast of Harar) upon his ascension; Richard Pankhurst states that he founded that town.

In the next few years he continued his predecessor's policy of confrontation with the Christian Ethiopian Empire and he carried out several successful expeditions and succeeded in capturing the province of Bale. He brought numerous Christian lands under his rule, and burnt many of their towns, Al-Maqrizi says, and he burnt many churches in the Christian Ethiopian lands. He also killed many Christian leaders, and seized their inhabitants, together with much booty. He and his men collected a great deal of wealth, in gold, silver, clothes and armour, as well as many slaves.

Some Christian documents attribute to him very ambitious plans of not only recovering the frontier Muslim provinces but also of leading a major Jihad against the whole of the Christian highlands, over which he is said to have actually nominated prospective governors. In 1445, he invaded the Ethiopian province of Dawaro, and again in 1445, before Emperor Zara Yaqob defeated and killed him in the Battle of Gomit. The Royal Chronicle of Zara Yaqob reports that the Emperor cut Badlay's body into pieces and sent the parts to different parts of his realm: his head to a place called "Amba", and other parts of his body to Axum, Manhadbe, Wasel (near modern Dessie), Jejeno, Lawo, and Wiz. In retaliation for the death and dismemberment of Badlay, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt ordered the patriarch of Alexandria to be tortured and threatened to execute him. The situation would eventually be defused when Yaqob freed an imprisoned Egyptian envoy.

Sultan Badlay also apparently had a fair taste for luxury, the commercial relations that existed between the Adal Sultanate and the rulers of the Arab peninsula allowed Muslims to obtain luxury items that Christian Ethiopians, whose relations with the outside world were still blocked, could not acquire, a Christian document describing Badlay relates: "'And the robes [of the sultan] and those of his leaders were adorned with silver and shone on all sides. And the dagger which he [the sultan] carried at his side was richly adorned with gold and precious stones; and his amulet was adorned with drops of gold; and the inscriptions on the amulet were of gold paint. And his parasol came from the land of Syria and it was such beautiful work that those who looked at it marveled, and winged serpents were painted on it.'"

title: Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Elazul's Pad

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. All keep votes are by users with no contributions outside this AfD, making this a clear case of sockpuppetry. — J I P | Talk 11:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Elazul's Pad
nn forum and IRC channel, article full of trivia only forum deinzens could possibly care about. Although there are 228,000 Google hits, there are only 22 unique hits. User:Zoe|(talk) 23:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

more content was to be added. I personally documented a large subsection of the board/irc channel's history. User:mushroomblue|(talk) 23:56, 2 October 2005 (MST)
 * Delete per Zoe. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 00:05, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Save. Please don't delete this entry. EP has a lot more to it than what meets the eye. More content is to be added, as well.
 * Save. How is this site any different than Zophar's Domain? It documents what ZD is.  This wiki shows what EP is as of now, and will be updated as major events happen.
 * Delete. A typically awful article about a non-notable forum. Quale 04:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Save. Leave it at least for a few weeks and see what it turns into. // TPC at oct 3 17:58:31 UTC 2005
 * Delete per Zoe. -  orion eight  (talk) 00:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.