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Michele Sanmicheli

Michele Sanmicheli, sometimes also transcribed as Sammicheli, Sanmichele or Sammichele (Verona, 1484 - Verona, 1559), was an Italian architect and urban planner who was a citizen of the Republic of Venice.

After staying in Rome to complete his education studying the art of Bramante, Raphael, Sansovino, and Sangallo, he returned to Verona, where he received numerous prestigious commissions throughout his life.

Hired by the Serenissima as a military architect, he designed numerous fortifications in the vast Venetian republic, thus ensuring a great reputation for himself. His works can be found in Venice, Verona, Bergamo, and Brescia, and he worked extensively in Dalmatia, in Zadar and Šibenik, Crete, and Corfu. Due to his sojourns in the latter locations he was probably the only Italian architect of the 16th century to have had the opportunity to see and study Greek architecture, a possible source of inspiration for his use of Doric columns without bases.

A tireless worker, in addition to constructions of a military nature he was also involved in the design of palaces and religious architecture of great value.

Childhood
Much of the information about Michele Sanmicheli's life is known through his first biographer, Giorgio Vasari, who wrote about the Veronese architect in his famous work Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori, though providing scant information for the entire period of his training between Verona and Rome.

Sanmicheli was born in Verona, at that time part of the Republic of Venice. He learned the basics of his profession, along with his brother Jacopo (who died young) and his cousin Matteo Sanmicheli, from his father Giovanni and his uncle Bartolomeo, both stonemasons in Verona, originally from Cima, a hamlet of Porlezza on Lake Ceresio, or Lugano. The family workshop was a simple artisan's workshop, albeit in contact with several high-quality ateliers. Probably Michele was also able at a young age to acquire intellectual stimulation from his family's acquaintance with Bernardino and Matteo Mazzola, stonemasons and humanists, with whom they collaborated on the construction of the Loggia del Consiglio.

Toward the end of 1505 the young Sanmicheli was already orphaned of both parents while one brother, Jacopo, was close to death, and another brother, Alessandro, was locked in a convent in Bologna. This situation gave him little reason to stay in his hometown and so, having sold some family properties in Azzano, he decided to move to Rome.

First commissions in Rome and Orvieto
Sanmicheli went to Rome at a young age (in his early twenties), to work as an assistant to Antonio da Sangallo. In the Urbe, where he was probably able to move because of the support of two of his brothers, who held prominent positions in the congregation of the Canons Regular of St. Anthony, he had the opportunity to study classical sculpture and architecture. In Rome he also frequented the architect and inlayer Fra Giovanni da Verona, who was active at the papal court, and the circle of the Bramanteschi. He soon won praise, so much so that Vasari wrote that "in a short time he became, not only in Rome, but throughout all the places surrounding it, renowned and famous."

In 1509 he then went to Orvieto, where he stayed for the next two decades. In 1512, a great opportunity presented itself to him: he was offered the role of master builder at the construction site of the Orvieto Cathedral, a position that allowed him not only to supervise the work of one of the major works of central Italy, but also to be the successor to a dense array of great architects who had previously taken part in the project. This assignment brought him great prestige, and the experience he gained from it, especially in the management of the workforce, would prove most useful when, in the future, he was put in charge of the re-fortification of the Venetian state. Also in 1512, under the title of "marmoraio," he went to Rieti as a guarantor in a dispute over a payment to a Florentine sculptor, while in 1516 he traveled to Spello for an estimate of the ciborium kept in the collegiate church of Santa Maria Maggiore.

Due to the fame he gained from being master builder at the cathedral, Sanmicheli was able to obtain some important private commissions, as for example, on April 19, 1516, when he was commissioned by the Sienese merchant Girolamo Petrucci in Orvieto for the family chapel in the church of San Domenico, on which he worked until 1524 and which became one of his most important works.

Between 1525 and 1526 he worked to prepare, on the commission of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, the first design of the Montefiascone Cathedral, an octagonal building surmounted by a dome in the style of Bramante, reminiscent of the one in the church of Santa Maria di Loreto in Rome. Only the colonnade with entablature remains of this building, due to the fire of 1670 and the subsequent radical renovation by Carlo Fontana. During his time in Montefiascone he also had a love affair of which he did not speak much but which led to the birth of a daughter.

In early 1526 he carried out, at the behest of Clement VII, a survey of the fortifications of the northern borders of the Papal States, which were under threat from Charles III of Bourbon, which was followed by a detailed report signed with Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. From the existing sources it is not immediately clear why the pope turned to Sanmicheli rather than another person for such a delicate assignment; perhaps it was given to him on the recommendation of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese or, more likely, at the behest of Antonio da Sangallo himself. This assignment represented a further turning point in his career in that he thus had the opportunity to visit the most advanced military architecture and to associate with the most highly regarded architects and engineers of the time, who greatly influenced him in his way of designing.

Return to Verona and assignment at the Serenissima
After finishing his service for Clement VII Sanmicheli decided to return, in 1527, to Verona: Vasari wrote that the "desire came to Michele after so many years to see again his homeland and his relatives and friends, but much more the fortresses of the Venetians." After spending a few days in his hometown, he went to Treviso and Padua to study their military architecture. Of his stay in the city of Padua, there is a legend that he was placed under arrest on suspicion of espionage activities, given his great interest in defensive structures. On a subsequent stay in Legnago for the renovation of the fortress, he met the captain general of the Venetian Republic, Francesco Maria della Rovere, whose acquaintance, as well as the fame he had now acquired, meant that he was offered the position of military engineer for the Serenissima. Thus, in the same way as Jacopo Sansovino, he became a salaried officer of the Republic: his acclaim among the Venetians and the tragedy represented by the sack of Rome convinced Sanmicheli never to return to Lazio. His first assignment in this role was in Verona, between 1527 and 1528, where he was called by Giovanni Emo, podestà of the city, to take charge of the restoration of the Ponte Nuovo bridge over the Adige River. In addition, around the end of 1527, the noblewoman Margherita Pellegrini offered him to design a chapel in memory of her son Nicolò at the church of San Bernardino in Verona: to this work the architect applied himself with considerable enthusiasm, producing a work that was much appreciated by the client. The Pellegrini Chapel was then the subject of subsequent retouches by Bartolomeo Giuliari in 1793. On October 28, 1530, when the private work was completed, he was officially appointed superintendent of the military factories of Verona (a position he would hold until his death). With this role he designed the monumental gates of the city: Porta Nuova (1532), Porta San Zeno (1541) and Porta Palio (1547); he also began to transform the fortifications of Verona using the bastion system. At the same time (between 1531 and 1532) he was responsible for studying and designing the reorganization of the Visconti Citadel of Verona, in collaboration with his nephew Giangirolamo Sanmicheli, who was his faithful collaborator and successor.

As a result of his work in Verona, Sanmicheli's skills as a military architect became known and appreciated outside the borders of the Republic, and thus it was that Francesco II Sforza, in 1531, obtained permission to have him as a consultant on the strongholds of Vigevano, Pavia, Alessandria, Lodi, and Como for the Lombard duchy. In 1539 Charles V also made a request to the Serenissima, which was, however, rejected, for his services to fortify Antwerp. His fame as an architect is linked not only to works of a military character but also to civil architecture in the Renaissance style. In 1530 Ludovico di Canossa, a bishop of Bayeux who had returned to Verona during the 1520s, commissioned him to design a town house near Castelvecchio, between Porta Borsari and the Gavi Arch, and a country villa in Grezzano of Mozzecane. Palazzo Canossa was completed shortly after the bishop's death in 1532; among other things, the architect, precisely through Ludovico, got to know the brothers Giovan Francesco, Antonio and Gregorio Bevilacqua, who entrusted him in the late 1520s with the construction of Palazzo Bevilacqua, which faced the Canossa Palace along what is now Corso Cavour, and the restoration of Bevilacqua Castle in 1532.

In 1531 he began work (which would continue until 1537) on the walls of Orzinuovi, while in the following year he completed studies for the fortifications of Treviso and Brescia, and for the renovation of Piazza Contarena in Udine. The following year he was in Padua for extensive studies leading to the construction of the Cornaro bastion.

In 1533 he was very active in Verona, where he built the portals of the palaces of the Capitanio and Podestà at the behest of the Venetian rectors Dolfin and Giustinian, and renovated his family home; he also went to Pesaro and Senigallia for consultations related to ports.

Fortification of Venice and the eastern borders

In October 1534 Sanmicheli left for Zadar at the request of the Senate of the Republic, though not before dictating his will to the Venetian notary Giovanni Cavani. Upon his return to Venice, the Council of Ten commissioned him to draw up a secret report on the defenses of the lagoon, a document that demonstrates the excellent methodology used by Sanmicheli, which is still relevant today; with this document, the architect was able to highlight the complex problems of the territory and formalize a redesign with a view to not only military but also civilian efficiency. This assignment was immediately followed, on January 27, by the commission to design the fort of Sant'Andrea, on the island of the same name in front of the Venice Lido, and other lagoon fortifications. This work earned him an appointment on April 14 as chief engineer of the Republic, "both for the excavation and maintenance of our lagoons, as well as for the fortification of our sites [...] from land and sea."

His intense activity as a military architect did not prevent him, however, from also dealing with civil works: in these years he designed for the Cornaro family a villa in Piombino Dese (not to be confused with Villa Cornaro, built by Palladio), later demolished in 1795.

Between 1537 and 1540 Sanmicheli experienced a period of intense work, during which he traveled almost continuously to inspect eastern fortifications together with his nephew, with whom personal and professional ties increased; he visited Dalmatia, Zadar, Šibenik, Corfu, Crete, and other places in the Stato da Màr. On his return from the long journey he continued to work on the fortifications of the mainland (particularly Orzinuovi and Chioggia), but he also visited Vicenza for advice on the building of the Palazzo della Ragione, an occasion during which he most likely met the architect Andrea Palladio.

The last years
In the following years, the Veronese architect still traveled extensively in the vast Domini di Terraferma to carry out surveys and inspections about the various defensive structures, although he had to renounce a new mission to the eastern territories due to precarious physical conditions. He was also very much involved in inspections of hydraulic networks, and he continued to supervise and open numerous construction sites in Verona and Venice.

Having moved permanently to Verona, he devoted himself to the designs of numerous sumptuous patrician residences in the city, as well as the construction of the dome of the church of San Giorgio in Braida and the (unfinished) facade of Santa Maria in Organo. In 1540 he finished work on the Palazzo Pompei, commissioned by the wealthy Lavezzola family, one of the Veronese master's most successful works. In 1541 he designed the Corner Mocenigo Palace in Venice, overlooking Campo San Polo in the sestiere of the same name, the same innovative elements of which can be found in his later works: Palazzo Roncale in Rovigo, Palazzo degli Honorij in Verona (1553-54) and Palazzo Grimani di San Luca in Venice (from about 1556), which is also his last masterpiece.

In 1555 he produced drawings for the rebuilding of the Bucentaur depot at the Venetian Arsenal, while the following year he worked on a triumphal arch for the entrance of Bona Sforza in Padua.

Hard hit by the loss of his beloved nephew Giangirolamo, in whom he saw his worthy successor, he ended his career with the design of the centrally planned church of Madonna di Campagna, finished by Bernardino Brugnoli in Verona. On April 29, 1559, he dictated a will naming his cousin Paolo as his universal heir, and towards the end of August of the same year he passed away in his hometown due to a violent fever. His remains are kept in the church of San Tomaso Cantuariense.

Influences and styles
Sanmicheli has repeatedly been called an architect with a Mannerist style. This, however, is an inadequate definition, since whereas in the architectural achievements of Michelangelo or Giulio Romano one finds the deliberate transgressions typical of this style, in Sanmicheli the deliberate violation of classical rules appears to be absent: if anything, his transgressions were not aimed at the desire to amaze the observer, but were necessary in order to be able to mix ancient elements with the requirements of modern designs. Sanmicheli's style, which certainly appears recognizable and unmistakable, manifests itself as the result of High Renaissance influences (particularly Bramante and Raphael) learned during his stay in central Italy and the predilections of architects already working in Verona and Venice. The Veronese architect learned the canonical rules of architecture from the work of Vitruvius, so much so that Arentino named him in a small group of architects referred to as "Vitruvii in li edifici belli." In some works, however, Sanmicheli did not just slavishly apply the prescriptions of Vitruvian architecture, rather applying them in new ways. Despite the fact that he left no graphic documentation, he had a perfect knowledge of ancient architecture, particularly Veronese architecture, since numerous inspirations are drawn from the Arena, the Gavi Arch, the destroyed Jupiter Ammon Arch, the Roman theater, and the Borsari and Leoni gates.

While throughout his life Sanmicheli appears rather consistent with one idea of architecture, one can still find in his works a change in style. In his early period he turned out to be more inclined to realize projects endowed with greater complexity and finer workmanship (such as Bevilacqua Palace and Pellegrini Chapel), while at the end of his life he favored a more sober yet more monumental style (as in the church of Madonna di Campagna, the architect's last work).

Sanmicheli, patron of artists
At the height of his career Sanmicheli belonged to the elite of the Venetian artistic scene, on a par with Titian and Sansovino; this condition allowed him to be in contact with a large part of the local nobility, and in addition his activity as an architect put him in a position to advise the client about the decorations of the work under construction. In the face of all this, he had the opportunity to recommend many painters and sculptors to his liking, becoming a kind of patron.

Among the painters who most benefited from the relationship with Sanmicheli were Francesco Torbido, Battista del Moro, Giovanni Battista Zelotti, and Paolo Veronese, the latter one of the most important exponents of Venetian painting at that time, although Vasari was also recommended for some works, in particular for the creation of nine panels for one of the ceilings of the Corner Spinelli Palace. Although many of the sculptural works needed for his projects were done by Sanmicheli himself, he commissioned some from other sculptors, especially Alessandro Vittoria, Pietro da Salò, and Danese Cattaneo.

As a result of these considerations, Sanmicheli's influence on Venetian art cannot be relegated to architecture alone, but extended to the practice of painting and sculpture as well.

Artistic legacy
Towards the end of the 16th century, Sanmicheli's art strongly influenced the work of contemporary architects, although after his death, as time passed, his influence diminished until it disappeared altogether. One of the architects who more than any other drew inspiration from the work of the Veronese master was certainly Jacopo Sansovino, as can be seen from some of his works, such as the Marciana Library and the Corner Palace. In turn, Sanmicheli also took inspiration from Sansovino's work; this suggests that there were good relations between the two rivals, and that they sometimes shared some ideas.

Another architect who was strongly influenced by the Veronese's work was Andrea Palladio, so much so that he may have initially considered him as his mentor, though his influence on the Paduan architect waned as he matured, eventually fading away almost completely. Other architects inspired by Sanmicheli were Bartolomeo Ammannati and Michelangelo, who, as Vasari recalls, had sympathy and respect for his Veronese colleague. Sanmicheli's closest followers, however, were members of his family: the young Bernardino Brugnoli and his nephews Giangirolamo Sanmicheli and Domenico Curtoni were among those who more than anyone else embraced the artistic legacy of their famous relative. Through them, the Sanmichelian style lived on until the mid-17th century, when the growing popularity of Palladio's approach to architecture overshadowed it.

It would be necessary to wait well beyond the beginning of the 18th century with Bartolomeo dal Pozzo through his work Le vite de' pittori, de gli scultori et architetti veronesi, and especially with Scipione Maffei and his Verona illustrata, for interest in Sanmicheli's work to be rediscovered. This renewed interest is also found later in the studies and works of Alessandro Pompei, as well as in Adriano Cristofali and Luigi Trezza. In the nineteenth century, there were additional Veronese architects and scholars who dealt with his work, such as Michelangelo Castellazzi, who designed Palazzo Ottolini (in Piazza Bra) modeling it on the structure of Palazzo Canossa, and Bartolomeo Giuliari, who in 1816 produced a monograph on Pellegrini Chapel. In 1823, Francesco Ronzani and Girolamo Luciolli finally produced a meticulous collection of Sanmicheli's works.

As a demonstration of this newfound appreciation for Sanmicheli's works, the city of Verona dedicated a statue to him, made by Gianbattista Troiani, which still stands in Corso Porta Nuova.

Major works
At the height of his career Sanmicheli enjoyed wide recognition among the Venetian ruling class and held a prominent position over other architects in the service of the Serenissima. His position as "Architect to the Most Illustrious Venetian Ducal Empire" led him to superintend numerous projects in the vast territories of the Serenissima, both in the Domini di Terraferma, i.e., northeastern Italy, and in the distant possessions of Corfu, Crete, and Croatia.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Venetian government was very concerned about the defense of its borders, fears that had been heightened following the War of the League of Cambrai, which took place between 1509 and 1516. To safeguard the Republic it was decided to undertake a project to improve defensive structures, so the Venetians found in Sanmicheli the right man to accomplish this delicate task. For him, in 1535, they created ad hoc the post of engineer superintendent of all fortifications in the empire.

Although his fame was mainly related to military works, the Veronese architect also did his best in the construction of civil works, such as ecclesiastical and residential buildings of great value, so much so that he aroused the appreciation of other contemporary architects as well, such as Sebastiano Serlio and Jacopo Sansovino.

Although in the early part of his career he was engaged in the cities of central Italy, the place to which he linked his name more than any other was undoubtedly Verona. In addition to his hometown, where he was a main actor on the architectural scene, he was often called upon for consultations or projects outside the territories of the Serenissima.

Military works
Vasari, who knew him in Venice, attributes to Sanmicheli fundamental innovations in the field of fortifications at a time of general renewal in the field of military works for which the term "trace italienne" is used. However, at least for the first of these innovations, the invention of the angled bastion, it should be remembered that modern historiography attributes it to Giuliano da Sangallo and Antonio da Sangallo. Sanmicheli completed his training in contact with the work of the two brothers and their heir Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, with whom he collaborated at length.

In Verona

 * Porta Nuova. Built between 1535 and 1540, it was extensively remodeled by the Austrians in 1854 with the addition of two side arches on both facades. On the rear façade was a plaque, later lost, attributing the architect's authorship of the work.
 * Porta San Zeno. Probably built between 1540 and 1541 and certainly finished in 1542 (date given in an inscription located on the city-side facade), it has several original elements compared to the other two city gates, starting with the facade made not entirely of stone, but with alternating bricks, and a greater simplicity and sobriety. This is probably due to the need to build it in a short time and at a relatively modest expense.
 * Porta Palio. Built between 1542 and 1557, it is considered to be Sanmicheli's masterpiece in terms of what he did as a military architect, fitting perfectly into the late Renaissance culture of the period. While the country-side facade has elements that make it a sumptuous and refined work, intended to express the prestige of the city and the Republic, the city side is very austere, covered in rusticated ashlar.

In Venice

 * Fort of Sant'Andrea. Built beginning in 1534.

In other places

 * "Lower" gate in Legnago. Begun in 1529, it stood on the opposite side of the city from the San Martino gate, facing in the direction of the Polesine. Now demolished, there are no records of its appearance.
 * "Upper" San Martino Gate in Legnago. Designed around 1529-30 and finished in 1535. Opposite the "lower" gate, it too was demolished in 1887; its structure is known from 18th-century reliefs.
 * Mainland Gate in Zadar. Built in 1537.

Fortifications
Sanmicheli was called to many places to design or provide consultation about fortifications to defend cities:

 * at Monteleone d'Orvieto (1525);
 * at Piacenza (1526);
 * at Legnago (1529);
 * at Verona (1530-37);
 * at Padua (1532);
 * at Senigallia (1533, with later reworkings);
 * at Zadar (1534);
 * in Venice (1535);
 * at Orzinuovi (c. 1535);
 * at Brescia (1536);
 * at Corfu (1537);
 * in Crete (in various locations, between 1538 and 1539);
 * in Peschiera del Garda (1548).

Palaces and civil architecture
In designing palaces, Sanmicheli was one of the most innovative architects of the 16th century: a feature of his works is the mixing of classical elements, frequent in the works of Bramante and Raphael, with other elements belonging to the local architectural tradition. While it was in Orvieto that Sanmicheli began his career as a palace builder (due to his friendship with Girolamo Petrucci), it was in Verona, however, that he had the opportunity to demonstrate his true abilities.

In Orvieto

 * Palazzo Petrucci on Corso Cavour. Commissioned by Girolamo Petrucci in 1517, the work involved a complete renovation of the interior and a new facade on three levels.
 * Municipal Palace. The renovations included the construction of a new vault for the lower hall, the reconstruction of four workshops and other minor interventions.

In Venice

 * Palazzo Corner Mocenigo in Campo San Polo. Built in 1541.
 * Palazzo Grimani on the Grand Canal. Realized in 1556.

In Verona

 * Ponte Nuovo. The bridge was built between 1526 and 1528 to replace an earlier bridge destroyed during the flood of 1512. Of simple structure with four arches of increasing span and separated by piers, it was also destroyed during the Verona flood of 1882.
 * Palazzo Canossa on Corso Cavour. Commissioned by Ludovico di Canossa, it was designed between 1526-28 and work began in 1531. Built almost simultaneously with Bevilacqua Palace, the two immediately acquired great urbanistic significance.
 * Bevilacqua Palace on Corso Cavour. In view of the strong rivalry between the Bevilacqua and Canossa families, in 1532 the former decided to commission a sumptuous palace from the master, immediately after construction of Canossa Palace began. Palazzo Bevilacqua is among Sanmicheli's most elegant and refined works.
 * Bevilacqua Castle. A medieval fortress ruined in 1404 during the wars between the Venetians and the Carraresi, it was transformed by Sanmicheli in the 1930s: having repaired the four outer walls and the four towers, the interior was completely renovated and organized around a rectangular courtyard. The master is also credited with the roof garden and the renovation of the large courtyard behind, including the monumental Doric order portal.
 * Portal of the Palazzo del Capitanio in Piazza dei Signori. Commissioned by Captain Leonardo Giustinian and built presumably between 1531 and 1533, the white stone portal echoes the theme of the triumphal arch and is characterized by the use of the Corinthian order and the presence of noble coats of arms.
 * Portal of the Palazzo del Podestà in Piazza dei Signori. Commissioned in 1533 by podestà Giovanni Dolfin, it was built to replace an earlier entrance with a simple fornix. The design of the portal is set on the model of the triumphal arch and is distinguished by Ionic columns and pilasters and the presence of the lion of St. Mark at the top of the pediment.
 * Palazzo Pompei on the Lungadige Porta Vittoria. Commissioned by the Lavezola family around the mid-1530s, it is characterized not only by its monumental façade with the ground floor in rusticated ashlar and the more elegant piano nobile in Doric order, but also by the presence of a courtyard in an eccentric position with respect to the central axis, a pattern that often recurs in the Venetian building tradition. It currently houses the civic museum of natural history.
 * Portal of Sanmicheli house, first in Binastrova Street and then in Vicolo Pozza. The building, renovated between 1540 and 1541, had three floors, adorned with a fine portal and with windows fitted with rectangular frames and arranged asymmetrically. The house was demolished in 1890 due to extensive damage during the 1882 flooding of the Adige River, and the portal moved to another building in Vicolo Pozza.
 * Villa Brenzone Guarienti at Punta San Vigilio. Characterized by a sober and austere design, not very typical of Sanmichelian architecture, it is included by some authors among the master's works, probably built between 1541 for Agostino Brenzone; already habitable the following year, the work was probably completed between 1550 and 1553.
 * Palazzo degli Honorij in Piazza Bra. Built beginning in 1556 on a commission from Bonaventura degli Honorij, it was probably completed by a Sanmichelian workshop after the master's death.

Other

 * Corte Spinosa, in the environs of Mantua. Designed in about 1527, it is attributed to Sanmicheli because of the rear wall of the loggia, very similar to other works by the architect.
 * Villa La Soranza in Castelfranco Veneto. Designed in 1540 on a commission from the Venetian patrician Alvise Soranzo, it was destroyed in 1818. It was decorated with frescoes by Paolo Veronese and Giovan Battista Zelotti.
 * Palazzo Roncale in Rovigo. Completed in 1555, many features of this work can be found in other buildings by the master, which could prove his authorship.

Religious works
Although Sanmicheli is best known as a military architect and for some of his palaces, there is no shortage of buildings for religious purposes in his output. His first assignment in complete autonomy was to supervise work on the Orvieto Cathedral.

All of the churches and chapels built by Sanmicheli have the feature of presenting a central plan or at least forming part of structures with centralized space. This predilection of the architect probably refers back to his study of 15th-century religious buildings, which presented the same characteristics.

In Orvieto

 * Orvieto Cathedral. Design of the altar of the Magi (begun in 1512 and finished by others in 1528) and interventions on the facade around 1513, including the completion of the central tympanum.
 * Petrucci funeral chapel in the church of San Domenico in Orvieto. Built around 1516 on a commission from Girolamo Petrucci.
 * Cathedral of Santa Margherita (or cathedral of Montefiascone). The design dates from 1519 and was finished by others in the 17th century, after being left incomplete.
 * Chapel of the Corporal at Orvieto Cathedral. Commissioned as a tomb for Orsino and Rodolfo of the Counts of Marsciano, the project was begun in 1522 and the work completed later by Simone Mosca.
 * Cloister of the church of Sant'Agostino in Bagnoregio. It was built in 1524, entirely of brick.

In Verona

 * Pellegrini funeral chapel in the Franciscan complex of San Bernardino in Verona. Work began in 1528 and from 1534 to 1538 was supervised by his cousin Paolo; new workers completed the work only in 1559.
 * Choir screen and completion of the presbytery of Verona Cathedral. Commissioned by Bishop Gian Matteo Giberti, work began in 1534 or 35 and was completed in 1541; the pictorial decoration was done by Francesco Torbido on preliminary cartoons by Giulio Romano.
 * Realization of the drum and dome of the church of San Giorgio in Braida in Verona. The work was designed by 1536 and completed in 1540 or 43.
 * Lazaretto of Verona. Built beginning in 1549 outside the walls of Verona to isolate those infected with the plague, it is probably based on a reduced design from the original Sanmichelian one. Completed in 1628, as a result of damage over the centuries only the ruins of the cloister and the central temple mutilated by the dome survive.
 * Facade of the church of Santa Maria in Organo in Verona. Work, supervised by his cousin Paolo, began in 1547 and continued until the end of the century.
 * Chapel of the Della Torre villa in Fumane. Despite its small size, it is a prime example of Sanmicheli's church architecture.
 * Bell tower of Verona Cathedral. Work began in 1555 but was soon interrupted due to structural problems, likely caused by inadequate workers. The project was then revised by Sanmicheli and work resumed in 1559 and, with more vigor, in 1561. After the master's death, work was directed, until 1579, by Bernardino Brugnoli; when work was interrupted, the structure was not completed until the 20th century to a design by Ettore Fagiuoli.
 * Floor and bell tower of the church of San Giorgio in Braida in Verona. In 1557 began the laying of the flooring designed by Sanmicheli, who in the same year designed the bell tower, which remained unfinished.
 * Church of the Madonna di Campagna in San Michele Extra near Verona. The project dates back to 1559, but following Sanmicheli's death the work was directed by Brugnoli.

title: Michele Sanmicheli


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 * The Times of India, an Indian English-language daily newspaper
 * The Times of Israel, an Israeli multi-language online newspaper
 * You (2007 film), known in French as Toi, a 2007 Canadian film

Science and technology

 * Toi (programming language)
 * Toi, a cultivar of karuka (Pandanus julianettii)
 * Third-order intercept point, a specification of electronic amplifiers
 * Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) Object of Interest

Other uses

 * Toi, a group of pirates responsible for the Toi invasion of Japan in 1019
 * Toi toi toi, an expression used to wish an artist success
 * Theatre on ice, a branch of figure skating
 * Time on ice, an ice hockey statistic
 * Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe), whose ISO 639-3 code is

title: Toi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David C Harrison

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDILY DELETED as patent nonsense by HOTR.  Rob e  rt  23:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

David C Harrison
Seems to be running joke about David Harrison and wenches by SinghaDog & 64.83.231.234 MacRusgail 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've heard about this too... I don't see why it needs to be deleted. (New user's first edit)

 * Keep:I just posted this because I believe the word should get out about Dr. David Harrison. The man is a genius and through this page I hope to express his research which, IMO, is on par with Einstein. SinghaDog

 * Delete — pretty nearly speediable, in fact. Nonsense vanity article. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not speediable under A7, as the article does assert significance. Given the absence of even one relevant Google result, however, the significance is false, and hence my vote. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 20:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as hoax/vanity/attack. No verifiable claim to notability.  The name is too common to figure out if this is supposed to refer to some actual David C. Harrison, but the details are certainly bogus. Ilmari Karonen 21:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - note continuing bizarre edits by same person. Same poster also started an article on "David Harrison" which was deleted and went on about "wenches" too. --MacRusgail 12:46, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep: here is verification for the water papers David C Harrison Water Papers as for the university, alhtough i have never hear of it, Wenchumi is an Ojibwe word meaning "place of hope." Although some of this appears to be somewhat shakey, on the whole i believe it is valid. Pilatus 17:40, 3 October 2005 (UTC) (Note: Edit was by IP 64.83.234.164, not User:Pilatus; check their contributions logs.)
 * The person in the papers seems fairly clearly not to be the person about whom the article speaks (not, for example, "the father of Canadian physics"), though I've no doubt that these papers were part of the jigsaw-creation of the article. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:05, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep: i am the David C Harrison referred to in the article. While i don't think i am the "father of canadian physics" i have been called that jokingly by my students. Another one of the common jokes on campus is that i am the "Wench" of Canada, referring to my inability to pronounce Wenchumi. Thank you --DavidCHarrison 19:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC) University of Wenchumi (New user's first edit)

 * Delete. Hoax article; the link given is to a person who is not a physicist and has no relation to Canada. There is no such thing as the "Northern Territories" in Canada, nor is there a town of "Wenchumi" in the Northwest Territories, let alone a university there. The page author and "DavidCHarrison"'s only edits are to this article. -- Corvus 01:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete This article is an attempt to decive people --Cloveious 22:42, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep- My name is Dr. John Dwyer, PhD. I am a colleague and admirer of Dr. Harrison. The work and knowledge he has contributed to our school is amazing. He deserves some notification. (Note: IP 64.83.234.164 again.)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
COMSATS University Islamabad

The COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), formerly known as COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), is a public university in Pakistan.It is regarded as one of the top university in the country. COMSATS also holds competition with FAST and NUST, the top 3 universities of Pakistan.COMSATS is considered as the Ivy League school of Pakistan. It is a multi-campus university with its principal seat located in Islamabad. Comsats was envisioned as Pakistan's first exclusive Institute of Information Technology. In the latest QS University Rankings, CUI ranked 7th in Pakistan and 801–1000 in the world. Nationally it is ranked top-most in Computer Sciences and IT category. COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) is under the administration of the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South.

Overview
The university was established by the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) in 1998, while its first charter was granted by the Government of Pakistan in August 2000. Palestine joined the COMSATS as its 23rd member state in October 2015. S. M. Junaid Zaidi is the Founder Rector of the university and continued to serve the university till March 2017. The position of Rector remained vacant for the period of almost three years and Muhammad Tabassum Afzal assumed charge as Rector in July 2020 and was tasked with leading the university after its transition from an Institute of Information Technology to a full-fledged university having a new governance structure. Comsats was envisioned as Pakistan's first exclusive Institute of Information Technology. Previously, its name was COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), which was transformed into a full-fledged university called the COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) by an Act of Parliament in April 2018.

This university was ranked among the top 250 Asian Universities by QS University Rankings in 2014 and nationally it is ranked top-most in Computer Sciences and IT category and 1st overall in the country according to NatureIndex. CIIT is ranked amongst the top 10 universities of Pakistan as per HEC recent rankings. It is also a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Its main campus, located in Islamabad, has over 8,500 students and 30,000 more students in its 6 satellite campuses. Its student body also includes international students from over 9 countries. It has 20 departments which combined offer 100 degree programs and has since inception produced over 315 PhDs. It has also established the country's first ever Student Startup Business Center (SSBC) to support and promote entrepreneurship and innovation in its academic environment. In partnership with Brookes Pharma (Private) Limited (Métier pharma), the Career Development Center at Comsats University Islamabad Campus hosted an awareness session on "Women's Health and Hygiene." Young female Comsats students attended the session, which was quite informative for them.

International Rankings
In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020, CUI has been placed among 801-1000 world's best universities, and ranked 2nd in Pakistan. Besides, it was also ranked at #301-400 in THE Engineering & Technology, #401-500 in Computer Science, and Life Sciences and #501-600 in Physical Sciences subject rankings 2019. CUI was also ranked 159th in THE Emerging Economies Rankings 2020, 131st in THE Asian University Rankings 2019, and was among 150-200 THE top young universities of the world in 2018.

· Ranked at 301+ in THE University Impact Rankings 2019, and 5th in Pakistan. Inaugural participant. Besides, CUI was ranked in its 07 SDGS out of 11:

SDG 3 Good Health and Wellbeing (ranked 301+)

SDG 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth (ranked 101–200)

SDG 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (ranked 201–300)

SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities (ranked 201+)

SDG 13 Climate Action (ranked 201+)

SDG 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions (ranked 201+)

SDG 17 Partnerships for goals 301+.

QS Rankings
CUI was ranked 801-1000 among the world's best universities as per the QS World Universities Rankings 2020. Besides, it was ranked 135th in the QS Asian Universities Rankings 2019. In 2013, it also received the prestigious 3-Stars Rating by QS.

Shanghai Rankings
CUI was ranked first in Pakistan and amongst 501-600 ranked university in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) prestigious Shanghai Rankings 2019.

Campuses
COMSATS university is a multi-campus university. Apart from the main campus in Islamabad, the university also has sub-campuses located in Lahore, Attock, Vehari, Abbottabad, Wah and Sahiwal as well as one virtual campus. COMSATS University has seven campuses, 100-degree programs, 36000 enrolled students, 700 Ph.D. students, 500 Master's students, 1077 Ph.D. instructors, and is ranked second in research and first in IT.

Islamabad
The main campus in Islamabad was established in 1998. During the first year of its establishment, the institute offered only a few certificate courses and a postgraduate diploma in computer studies with a single classroom and limited resources. The Islamabad campus is situated at Chak Shahzad, Islamabad. Currently, more than 9000 students are enrolled in various degree programs at this campus.

Abbottabad
The Abbottabad campus became functional in July 2001 through the initiative of founder director Haroon-ur-Rasheed and the first academic session started in September 2001. This campus is ideally situated in the vicinity of the Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul. The campus is built on 308 Kanals of land leased from GHQ by the Pakistan Army at Tobe Camp. The abandoned army barracks were converted into a living campus within a short period of two months by the university team. The first academic session started with a student strength of 121 and only three undergraduate programs.

Attock
The Attock campus was established in 2004. There are 4 departments, 9 undergraduate, and 6 graduate programs that are being offered. More than 2,650 students are enrolled with a qualified faculty strength of 179 including 55 PhDs. More than 500 research papers are published.

Vehari
Established in 2008, the Vehari campus started with 45 students enrolled in one program and now it has more than 2,385 students, more than 180 faculty members, 14 programs, and three functional academic blocks.

Lahore
The Lahore Campus is located on 01 km, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road and is a 30-minute drive from the main city. This campus was established in January 2002.

 * Campus Established: 2002
 * Total Area: 185 Acres
 * Total no. of faculty: 512
 * Total no. of PhD faculty: 227
 * Total Programs Offered: 37
 * Enrolled Students: 7148
 * Total Graduates till Spring-2019 : 13317

Wah
The opening of COMSATS University in the historical and industrial town of Wah was a joint effort of the university and Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) which is located in Wah Cantonment. The university management started campus at Wah in a record period of 70 days. The then-Minister for Science and Technology and Chancellor of the university formally inaugurated the institute on 14 September 2001. Initially, the Wah campus started its operation in the small guest house of POF. In 2003, two purpose-built academic blocks were handed over to the university on a long-term lease period by the POF. The Wah campus extended its academic facilities by purchasing land contiguous to the existing campus in 2012 measuring 96 Kanals. The campus has also acquired 20 Acres of land near Brahma Bahtar Interchange on the M1 motorway to meet its future academic requirements.

Sahiwal
The Sahiwal campus situated at Sahiwal was formally inaugurated in September 2007. It has 7 academic departments and 10 other services departments. It has 3800 students from different departments.

Virtual Campus
The CUI virtual campus was established in July 2008 and started its regular functions in January 2012. The campus was established in offices, laboratories, and studios located in Islamabad having approximately 20,000 sq. ft. of covered area. State-of-the-art servers, dedicated PERN (Pakistan Educational Research Network) bandwidth, as well as the latest audiovisual equipment, was acquired to set up laboratories, studios, and a data center. The virtual campus started its first academic session in Fall 2012 offering four undergraduate level degree programs in computer science and management science subjects. The Virtual Campus was stalled in 2016 due to an absence of a Virtual Education Policy by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

Academics
The university is offering undergraduate and graduate programs in different disciplines, different programs available at different campuses.

Undergraduate programs
COMSATS offers undergraduate programs for BS and bachelor's degrees.

Bachelor of Science

 * Accounting & Finance
 * Bioinformatics
 * Biotechnology
 * Biosciences
 * Business Administration
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Computer Engineering
 * Computer Science
 * Development Studies
 * Economics
 * Electronics
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Electrical (Electronics) Engineering
 * Electrical (Power) Engineering
 * Environmental Sciences
 * Food Sciences and Nutrition
 * Geology
 * Geophysics
 * Mathematics
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Physics
 * Psychology
 * Software Engineering
 * Statistics
 * Media and Communication Studies
 * English
 * Data Sciences
 * Artificial Intelligence
 * Cyber Security

Bachelor

 * Architecture
 * Design
 * Interior design
 * Fine Arts

PhD

 * Pharmacy (Pharm-D)

Department of Computer Science

 * MS in Computer Science
 * MS in Information Security
 * MS in Software Engineering
 * MS in Artificial Intelligence
 * PhD in Computer Science

Department of Health Informatics

 * MS in Health Informatics

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

 * MS in Computer Engineering
 * MS in Electrical Engineering
 * PhD in Computer Engineering
 * PhD in Electrical Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

 * MS in Chemical Engineering
 * MS in Energy & Environmental Engineering
 * PhD in Chemical Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

 * MS in Environmental Engineering
 * MS in Civil Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 * MS in Mechanical Engineering

Department of Management Sciences

 * MS in Management Sciences
 * MS in Project Management
 * MBA
 * PhD in Management Sciences

Department of Economics

 * MS in Economics

Department of Development Studies

 * MS in Development Studies
 * MS in Conflict, Peace and Development Studies
 * MS in Water, Sanitation, Health and Development
 * PhD in Development Studies

Department of Humanities

 * MS in International relations
 * MS in English (Linguistic and Literature)

Department of Environmental Sciences

 * MS in Biotechnology
 * MS in Environmental Sciences
 * PhD in Biotechnology
 * PhD in Environmental Sciences

Department of Mathematics

 * MS in Mathematics
 * PhD in Mathematics

Department of Chemistry

 * MS in Chemistry
 * PhD in Chemistry

Department of Pharmacy

 * MS in Pharmacy
 * PhD in Pharmacy

Department of Biosciences

 * MS in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
 * MS in Bioinformatics
 * MS in Biosciences
 * MS in Microbiology and Immunology
 * MS in Molecular Genetics
 * MS in Molecular Virology
 * PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
 * PhD in Biosciences
 * PhD in Microbiology and Immunology
 * PhD in Molecular Genetics

Department of Meteorology

 * MS in Meteorology
 * MS in Remote Sensing & GIS
 * PhD in Meteorology

Department of Physics

 * MS in Physics
 * PhD in Physics

Department of Earth Sciences

 * MS in Earth Sciences (Applied Geology/Applied Geophysics

Department of Statistics

 * MS in Statistics
 * PhD in Statistics

Notable alumni

 * Sadia Bashir - Foundress and CEO of PixelArt Games Academy, the first game training academy in Pakistan. She is the first Pakistani to represent at the Game Developer's Conference.
 * Aisha Mughal - Pakistani transgender rights expert and researcher.
 * Atta ur Rehman Khan - Founder of the National Cyber Crime Forensics Lab Pakistan.

title: COMSATS University Islamabad


text:
James Charlton (activist)

James I. Charlton is an American author, disability rights activist, and Executive Vice President of Access Living in Chicago.

He holds that disability is socially constructed. He created a model of the disability rights movement that differentiates between a number of different kinds of organizations.

Career
He has a graduate degree from the University of Chicago. Charlton has been Director of Programs, Executive Vice President and Acting President of Access Living since 1985. Charlton is an assistant professor in the Department of Disability and Human Development at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is a member of the Chicago Transit Authority's board of directors.

In 2000, he published the book Nothing about us without us: disability oppression and empowerment.

Charlton authored the journal article Peripheral Everywhere about disabled persons as "double outcast".

title: James Charlton (activist)


text:
Maple Valley, Ontario

Maple Valley, Ontario is the name of two communities in Simcoe County, Ontario:

 * Maple Valley, Clearview, in the township of Clearview, Ontario
 * Maple Valley, Severn, in the township of Severn, Ontario

title: Maple Valley, Ontario


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adventures in Gaming

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Adventures in Gaming
Not notable MS Paint created web comic. feydey 16:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — non-notable, amateurish-looking webcomic (and delete the image too). Andrew pmk | Talk 19:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Alexa says they just get a few hundred views per month. -- SCZenz 19:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
John Fitzgerald (computer scientist)

John S. Fitzgerald FBCS (born 1965) is a British computer scientist. He is a professor at Newcastle University. He was the head of the School of Computing before taking on the role of Dean of Strategic Projects in the university’s Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering. His research interests are in the area of dependable computer systems and formal methods, with a background in the VDM. He is a former Chair of Formal Methods Europe and committee member of BCS-FACS.

Education
Fitzgerald was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and was educated at Bangor Grammar School and the Victoria University of Manchester. He holds the BSc in Computing and Information Systems and the PhD degrees from the Department of Computer Science at Manchester.

Selected books

 * Bicarregui, J.C., Fitzgerald, J.S. and Lindsay, P.A. et al., Proof in VDM: a Practitioner's Guide. Springer-Verlag Formal Approaches to Computing and Information Technology (FACIT), 1994. ISBN 3-540-19813-X.
 * Fitzgerald, J.S. and Larsen, P.G., Modelling Systems: Practical Tools and Techniques in Software Engineering. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-62348-0. (Japanese Edition pub. Iwanami Shoten, 2003. ISBN 4-00-005609-3.)
 * Fitzgerald, J.S., Larsen, P.G., Mukherjee, P. et al., Validated Designs for Object-oriented Systems. Springer-Verlag, 2005. ISBN 1-85233-881-4.

title: John Fitzgerald (computer scientist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shanghai mcnuggets

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was   Withdrawn Mhiji 00:27, 6 January 2011 (UTC) Most likely a hoax, creator also made Gymeria and Aaarkediou

*Delete. -- As per nomination. Ben D. 16:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Evidence found, nomination withdrawn.Ben D. 16:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Novels/Harry Potter task force/Archive 3

Tom Riddle's diary
Tom Riddle's diary seems really unattractive. Just to point it out and ask someone to go there and see if something could be done. --Jotomicron | talk 10:10, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking that we should possibly delete it and just have a blurb about it on the Tom Riddle and/or Lord Voldemort page
 * Or possibly even the actual Horcrux article? In any event, the Lord Voldemort, Tom Riddle, and the Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets article pretty much say the same stuff as this one. It's already incorporated in these, so why yeah, why not start a vfd for the page and strengthen the diary parts in any of these articles.

Harry Potter section dispute
There's a bit of a disagreement over whether to include slavery as a subsection of "Themes". There seems to be rough consensus to include it there, but one user insists it should be combined with another section. Outside opinions are wanted. Hermione1980 14:43, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

adding a VfD section
I'm adding a section to the project page for articles within the project that come up on VfD, which does happen on occasion. If you find an article that has been nominated for deletion within the project, please add it to WikiProject_Harry_Potter/AfD. If you feel an article within the project should be deleted, and nominate the article for deletion, also please consider adding a note on this page. All participants in the project, please consider adding the /VfD page to your watchlist, so you will be aware if any articles from within this project are nominated for deletion, and participate in the deletion discussion if you choose. EvilPhoenix talk 05:20, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think we might as a group think about taking some steps to avoid this issue altogether. There are a large number of articles in the HP space on wikipedia that are marked as stubs when they actually just don't have enough material (and even after the next book are never likely to have much more material).  We might try and start some sort of consolidation drive.  Perhaps re-directing a lot of the pages to things like List of minor characters in Harry Potter, List of magical objects in Harry Potter etc.  I know that R.A.B. has its own article and is on VfD right now.  I voted to merge it back into the appropriate places and redirect.  The truth is not every person place or thing in HP needs its own article (combining them will not reduce coverage but make for better more readable and more consistent, informative pages). Dalf | Talk 05:26, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Likewise I think we should probbly get rid of a lot of the categories like Category:Slytherins and OotP etc. replaing them with lists. The point of the category system is as a navagation aid there is a idelogical debt on wikipedia about the utility of Lists vs. Categories and how that fits in with rules about placing articles in both a category and a sub-category of the same (this is generally frowned upon but is ok in some instances).  I think we should create one category called Category:Harry Potter characters and place not only the individual character articles there but also the things like List of Slytherins rather than a sub-category.  Which solves the problem of for example right now Draco Malfoy is in both categories which is technically a violation of (unoffical) policy on wikipedia (though one that lots of people will enforce).  I know a lot of people are opposed to this sort of consilidation, thinking that the more articles the better.  But in my expirence works of fiction and culture actually are better represented by a smaller number of articles where they can become more consistent etc.  The coverage invarably gets better. I want to see what everyone thinks and if enough people aregree I think we shoudl put some of these categories up on categories for deletion and populated the equivlent lists. Dalf | Talk 05:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Re: the groupthink issue, I think it's okay for all of us to have differing opinions on what should be deleted or kept. What makes the VfD section important for us is that we would presumably know a bit more about Harry Potter than the average Wikipedian, and would therefore be able to provide more of an opinion into the debate. Looking at a few templates and articles that were put up for deletion, I know I've disagreed with a few folks involved with this WikiProject, but that's okay: all of us have our own opinions. The important thing is that we let the people on this WikiProject know that there is a Harry Potter-related page that is up for deletion. --Deathphoenix 16:55, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That's really why I added it, it's just so people can be aware if something comes up for VfD that's project related, and voice an opinon to keep or delete it, as they see fit. It's not really intended to be perceived as a "warning" list or anything, just information. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 23:42, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

General rearrangement
We're not required to keep to the WikiProject cookie cutter starter version. I rearranged the main page to better serve members and to get to the point. We also have two different open task things for no reason. I removed the smaller one. I moved the Harry Potter image to-do lists to /Images#Requested work so that the license tag warning can be easily seen (several pictures have been deleted recently) and so that when people do the requested tasks, they are more likely to update the /Images page. If anyone dislikes small parts of these changes, please revert only those parts. — 131.230.133.185 08:16, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

This talk page used to serve two functions: talk about the main page and talk about work on Harry Potter in general, which made it hard to see comments about the main page. The /General page also used to serve for talk about work on Harry Potter in general, which failed (and it showed in the lack of editing there) because this was the designated location for that. I reordered things to give some good benefits :

 * The new /Forum page is now the one designated location for Harry Potter-related discussions, such as questions about editing articles and other forum-like things.
 * The /General page is now a normal article, where we can put links and a short guide to help people edit. We didn't really have a specific place for that before.
 * This talk page is just for talk about the main page of the project, so that we can improve it and complain about it without it getting lost in the forum noise.

— 131.230.133.185 15:24, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your ideas, but I prefer things to be the way they were. Further, it is general Wikipedia practice to discuss making major changes to the structure of projects and articles and such things before doing them. I appreciate your attempt to be bold, but I don't think deletoing major sections of the project page and moving the talk pages around is the way to go. If you disagree, I suggest you bring it up on the talk page, and try to get a sense of consensus from the Project participants. Also, why not go ahead and sign up for a username? It's free, and it's fun. EvilPhoenix talk 23:33, August 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * I changed everything in order to get it to conform to general Wikipedia practice. The earlier version violates several Wikipedia standards :

 * Indicate parentage with "< Parent article" in small text at the top of the page, rather than devoting a section to it.
 * Be concise, rather than scattering the same thing repeatedly throughout an article.
 * Use talk pages of articles for talk specifically about the form and content of those articles, not talk about anything casually related to them.
 * Choose one page for general discussion about a topic, rather than several.

 * That's why I deleted the parentage and related blank sections and put the "< WikiProject Fictional series" at the top. That's why I condensed the three scattered sections about why this project exists into one introductory paragraph.  That's why I changed the main page and the talk organization; having several places for general discussion, all in improper places, isn't good, which is why I created the aptly named /Forum.  Also, there was no place for a getting-started guide, so I chose the well-named-for-that-purpose /General.

 * The only things I deleted were the template examples, which I'll be happy to readd, and the smaller open tasks thing. "Open" and "pending" tasks are the same thing; again, it makes no sense to me to have two places on the same page for the discussion of the same thing.  I chose the larger of them because we'll probably only have a need for a listing of tasks on this one page; the shorter list doesn't seem useful.  Let's pick one or the other of those.  Let's pick one or another page for a forum.  Let's pick one or another page for a newcomer's guide.  Etc.  This scatteredness only leads to wasted effort.

 * Because we are the only ones discussing this, I'll assume there is no consensus either way, and change at least the main page to conform to standard Wikipedia style. If you're going to revert, at least revert just the things that you dislike, so we can discuss those, specifically.

 * — 131.230.133.185 20:30, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No comments on the individual changes myself, but I also would echo EvilPhoenix's last comment and suggest that you create a user account, particularly if you plan on being active in a wikiproject and proposing changes. It's a lot easier to have discussions with someone with a consistent identity, rather than an IP address that is subject to change. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 21:29, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's difficult to revert several small changes. If I want to revert an edit, I can only revert to somewhere before or after that edit. So I can't just revert one small thing, in the middle of several edits. I'm telling you this just so you can understand the nature of Wikipedia regarding edits. You can't make assumption about consensus just yet, though only one other editor has commented in this thread so far, generally discussions on Wikipedia do take some time, as editors aren't always checking this page very often. That is why I suggest you discuss major changes before implementing them, and give the discussion some time to develop. Hopefully other editors will voice their opinions as well. Personally, I don't really mind the edits to the Main Page I see that you made today. However, please do not move Talk pages around just yet. If there is a strong consenses for implementing the Talk Page moves you favor, I will be fine with that, I simply wish to see that kind of change being made with consensus. However I do still think that Talk Pages should stay where they are. And again, please do consider creating a user account, that would make discourse much easier, and more comfortable for us. Thanks. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 23:01, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

Overuse of succession boxes?
I've noticed that over the past few weeks, succession boxes have spread from "Minister for Magic" and "Hogwards Heads" (which happened to be my doing) to "Defence Against the Dark Arts Teachers", "Transfiguration Masters" and "Slytherin Housemaster". The "Transfiguration Masters" box seems particularly pointless, since we only know of two, Dumbledore and Minerva. I'm not complaining or anything, in fact I think the D.A.D.A. Teachers succession box is an excellent idea, but I just don't want to see an article like this next:

Harry Potter is an abnormal freak from the Harry Potter series of fictional books who has far too many succession boxes for his own good.

Maybe overuse of succession-boxes isn't a problem, but I thought I'd mention it after I saw "Hogwarts Potions Master" and "Slytherin Housemaster" on the pages for Snape and Slughorn.

(Edit: Change signatures from three tildes to four) -- Nandhp 12:00, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * LOL. "Abnormal freak" — is that describing Harry or some of the fans? :-) Anyway, I think that is going a bit overboard. I think we should keep it to roles that we know at least three people have been in. Hermione1980 23:26, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Disappearance of long plot summaries
I have still not found any explanation of why long plot summaries have been removed from the HP articles. What is the reason for doing something which is making these articles worse, not better? Sandpiper 23:16, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * They were originally split out into separate articles with " - Full Plot Summary" appended to the book title, then promptly VfD'd because of possible copyright issues. Someone moved them to Wikibooks and created a "Harry Potter plots" Wikibook, which was also promptly VfD'd with many users over there wondering why Wikipedia didn't want it. It still exists over there as the "Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter", so that's the reason AFAIK. Hermione1980 23:24, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have not seen the debate here yet (I was trying to find it), but on 'books it was not considered a copy violation. This question was raised and dismissed. Its potential deletion there has nothing to do with copyright, but because they think it is an encyclopedia entry and belongs here. If it was a copyvio, then how could it be transferred to a different wiki? So I repeat, what is wrong with having them here? Sandpiper 08:39, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The debates occurred at great length on the various WP:VFD sub-pages for the "full plot summary" articles (which you know the locations of, since you've edited them) and then continued at WP:VFU. It is also mentioned on several article talk pages.  The dust has just about settled, and we now have a workable compromise, that appears to suit all parties (those that want extensively detailed coverage and those that want brief overviews and no original research), where we can now get on with writing content.  Please stop trying to resurrect the debates.  We don't need to revisit them.  We have some broadly agreed places to write content now.  It's time to do so. Uncle G 17:32:17, 2005-08-10 (UTC)
 * It would appear that the result of the VFD was actually a vote to keep, yet the pages were transwikied anyway. The official result was a decision to transfer them. There has been no explanation which I have seen of how the result came about from the postings (which I have now found and read). Some very heavy votes to delete were based on the issue of the articles being copyright violations. But as the pages were transferred, I have to assume this argument was rejected. That simply served to further muddle consideration of which votes remained valid, and the eternal question of which might be spurious. But as I said, I have not found anything which explains which votes were counted and which not. The result of that mess was a vote to undelete. Judging from the number of voters, few people were aware it was taking place. This may follow the process of reaching a decision, but it does not feel like a consensus.Sandpiper 01:18, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, it was only the one user wondering why Wikipedia didn't want it, and in fact only the one user voting to delete at all. He wrote a lot, so it may have seemed like more than one user.  ☺  The deletion discussion at Wikibooks has now closed.  The Muggle's Guide has been kept, and is now looking to have the plot analyses drastically expanded.  (Ironically, what looked overweight and lengthy as a "full plot summary" in Wikipedia looks thin in the Muggles' Guide.)  The first five books need their analyses expanded into a detailed chapter-by-chapter treatment, as has been done for the sixth.  And the topical index needs further building, to cross reference each character/location to the chapters in which it appears.  All editors are encouraged to contribute. Uncle G 17:32:17, 2005-08-10 (UTC)
 * It seemed to me that it was only one user, Matt(user:withinfocus?), who was arguing that it should be kept on wikibooks. He was also working overtime to create an outline of a potential book which would be satisfactory for them to keep. The only new content in it when I last looked was a couple of pieces I wrote myself. Having read them again, I think they could be included in the identical articles here anyway. A number of people expressed the view that a vfd was premature, and they would prefer to wait and see what happened before deciding. That was probably the consensus outcome. The problem with it is that it is exactly that, a temporary result. Sandpiper 01:18, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Flobberworms
Hi there, I'm a new member here at Wikipedia, so forgive me if I've commented in the wrong place, but I recently wrote an article for 'Flobberworms', when the 'Minor Beasts of Harry Potter' page was not yet concieved, or at least in it's infancy. I belive my article should be promptly moved into yours, to keep a consistency going. I shall assume full responsibiliy and move it myself if You wan't me to.WeaponX445 02:39, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Go for it. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 15:16, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion place consensus
Let's discuss where we want to discuss things. No change means to keep everything where it is. Change means to make the following changes :
 * Discuss general and strategic things on this talk page.
 * Remove /General and /Strategy from the front page and delete them.
 * Use /Guide for an article-like (not discussion) guide to basic hints and tips.

Change + /Forum means to make the changes above, except to make /Forum the place for general and strategy discussions, keeping this page just for talk about edits to the main project page.

This isn't really a vote, just a chance to see good reasons for the choices to help us come to a consensus. You can, of course, give reasons to make other changes than those of Change.

 * Change + /Forum for the following reasons :
 * We need a well-written (article, not discussion) participants' guide for things we've come to consensus on.
 * General and strategy discussions take place here anyway. People who post on /General and /Strategy are ignored because everyone checks here, instead.
 * /Strategy doesn't really exist anyway.
 * We'll have a specific, well-named page (/Forum) for discussions.
 * Newcomers will see /Forum in the list of subpages on the main page and instantly know where to discuss things.
 * Current participants won't be confused if we put a link at the top of this page to redirect people who missed the vote. We'll also catch the newcomers who use the talk page as a forum.
 * We can use this page to discuss edits to the main page without those discussions being crowded out by the noise of general discussion. That is the generally accepted purpose for talk pages all over Wikipedia; we're violating that here.

 * — 131.230.133.185 01:12, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Disappearance of all articles relating to fictional content
The logical conclusion of the alterations currently being made to the HP project is that all content relating to the actual stories in the books is to be relocated to wikibooks. The long plot content has only been accepted onto wikibooks on the condition that it will form the basis of detailed analysis. Categories over there already reproduce everything which is here. By the time that process is finished, the same articles will exist over there as exist here now, except that those will have additional content which is more detailed and more conjectural. In other words, if it goes to plan, that will be the best place for someone to find something, and the more interesting place to work. That will inevitably mean a scaling down of the project on pedia untill it only contains topics about Harry Potter not related to book content. Logically, this will form a policy which will apply to all articles about fiction. No information about fictional content on 'pedia.

Is that what you want? Discuss- Sandpiper 01:37, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Patronuses of each character
Each page for a HP character has some info about them in a table in the upper-right corner of the article... why not put the characters' patronuses in that table? 195.225.245.243 18:44, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, because JK Rowling has only revealed the patronuses for six characters. The complete list is on the page for patronus, though it needs to get cleaned up. --MrBawn 00:49, August 13, 2005 (UTC)

Harry Potter Book 6 Index of Characters

 * This article has been moved over to Harry Potter Wiki, and completed there through the end of the Book: http://harrypotter.wikicities.com/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_%28Index%29 DonBruce 13:30, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a list somewhat similar to this one, that indexes the first three books. http://www.marysia.com/hpcanon/index.html 64.42.155.30 14:12, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

As I read the American Scholastic hardcover Edition of Harry Potter and the Half-blood Prince I wrote down what page each character first appeared on, and in some cases later appeared on, again and again. Would this Index be useful? Should it be done for all six books? I realize that this Index is not very encyclopedic, but it might be a useful tool for Harry Potter researchers. Opinions please!

SPOILER WARNING!

Page numbers here are from the American Scholastic hardcover edition of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

*Chapter One: The Other Minister
 * 001-Prime Minister
 * 002-Herbert Chorley
 * 003-Cornelius Fudge
 * 004-President
 * 007-'Serious' Black
 * 008-Lord Voldemort, Dumbledore
 * 013-Amelia Bones
 * 014-Emmeline Vance
 * 015-Rufus Scrimgeour
 * 017-Kingsley Shacklebolt

*Chapter Two: Spinner's End
 * 019-Cissy and Bella
 * 022-Severus Snape
 * 023-Wormtail
 * 026-Avery, Yaxley, Carrows, Fenrir Greyback, Lucius Malfoy
 * 028-Quirrell, Kirkaroff
 * 030-Harry Potter
 * 033-Draco Malfoy

*Chapter Three: Will and Won't:
 * 038-Harry Potter
 * 039-Obliviator
 * 041-Augusta Longbottom, Neville Longbottom
 * 044-Dursleys
 * 045-Vernon Dursley
 * 046-Petunia Dursley
 * 047-Dudley Dursley
 * 048-Madam Rosmerta
 * 050-Regulus Black, Sirius' mother, Billatrix Lesstrange
 * 051-Kreacher
 * 053-Buckbeak

*Chapter Four: Horace Slughorn:
 * 059-Budleigh Babberton
 * 060-Hermione Granger
 * 061-Madam Bones
 * 062-Inferi
 * 064-Horace Slughorn
 * 068-Dolores Umbridge
 * 070-Lily Evans, Sirius Black, Regulus Black
 * 071-Dick Cresswell, Barmabus, Ambrosius Flume, Ciceron Harkiss, Gwenog Jones
 * 076-Weasleys
 * 078-Ronald Weasley, Hermione
 * 079-Severus Snape
 * 080-Arthur and Molly Weasley

*Chapter Five: An Excess of Phlegm
 * 081-Harry Potter, Molly Weasley, Nymphadora Tonks
 * 083-Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger
 * 085-Mundungus Fletcher
 * 086-Mr. Weasley
 * 087-Fred and George Weasley
 * 089-Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger
 * 090-Ginny Weasley
 * 091-Fleur Delacour [Phlegm]
 * 092-Gabrielle, Bill
 * 096-Percy Weasley
 * 098-Lucius Malfoy

*Chapter Six: Draco's Detour 105-Remus Lupin 106-Igor Karkaroff, Florean Fortecue, Ollivander 107-Charlie Weasley 108-Arkie Philpott 109-Rubeus Hagrid, Tom Riddle 112-Draco Malfoy, Narcissa Nalfoy 117-Fred and George 120-Verity 121-Dean Thomas, Michael Corner 124-Mr. Borgin 125-Fenrir Greyback

Two different formats are shown above, one with obvious quick readability versus other with obvious space advantage.

 * Try taking this to the Harry Potter Wiki. It's probably a bit more detailed than we need here at Wikipedia. One question: Do the page numbers refer to the American version or the British version? Just chapters would probably be more useful than page numbers, as those differ from version to version. Hermione1980 00:45, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The chapters are far more useful, and a start at such cross-referencing of characters to chapters already exists in the topical index in our Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter (Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Index). You are encouraged to contribute there. Uncle G 02:00:03, 2005-09-06 (UTC)

Vanishing Cabinet - Requested Article
As it already has three (four!) references...

Joining
Hi there, everybody. The project page said I must inquire here about joining. I am a Harry Potter fan (who isnt?) and a wikipedian who is eager to help and get involved. Is there a place on this project for an editor like me? If so, please let know on my talk page. Thanks. Banes 17:33, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you can just add yourself to the participants list. I think the bit that says inquire on the talk page is if you want to help, but are not sure what to do. --βjweþþ (talk) 18:14, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions
Given the numerous list pages (locations, people, spells, eg), would anyone like it if I compiled a List of Broomsticks (Harry Potter) list? I figure there are the Cleansweeps, Comets, The Nimbi, Firebolt, the Silver Arrow, Madam Hooch mentions a few others when discussing the Firebolt (I believe), as does Quidditch Through the Ages. I could include some information from the section on development of the Racing Broom as well. Maybe just Broomsticks (Harry Potter) as opposed to just the small mention on Broomsticks? Staxringold 06:15, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Broomsticks in Harry Potter already exists. You can work on that. --βjweþþ (talk) 12:11, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Grah, sorry, I assumed it would have the (Harry Potter) nomenclature, not in Harry Potter. Staxringold 15:56, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Finished, BTW, if anyone wants to review it. Staxringold 00:49, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks good, changed the headings to avoid repeated sentence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bjwebb (talk • contribs) 12:02, August 28, 2005

Is it better to change all the Actors' picture to the drawings else from the book?
There are serval reasons:

 * 1. Actors are not equal to the character in Friction. readers might mix up easily.
 * 2. The look of characters in Movie have a gap difference between Year1/2 and Year3/4.
 * 3. The Characters are from a Fiction book. No reason to post a real Image to show us "it is that character."

Please agree with me and post your comments on this. ^^

--Mmlcs36 14:11, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not so sure this would be a good idea. There aren't good pictures of all the characters.  Also, what about fair use?  What is the copyright status on those images.  Taking a large part of a small (copyrighted) image is still a violation.  Cmouse 15:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The majority of people think of the actors when they think of the characters. For example, when I say "Harry Potter", who do you think of? Daniel Radcliffe in glasses, most likely. The pics are of the actors in character.
 * True. But so does regular art, whether GrandPre or fanart.
 * There again, people associate the actors with the characters. Wikipedia articles are encouraged to have pictures that illustrate their subjects, and this is the closest representation we have. Hermione1980 22:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As for copyright violations, I think pictures of the actors and illustrations from the books should fall under fair use. As for fan art, if we can't get it copyleft, either directly from the artist, or from a collection clearly marked as public, it's not worth having. --MrBawn 01:34, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * (P.S. Look at the LOTR characters, especially Frodo Baggins.--MrBawn 02:20, September 1, 2005 (UTC))
 * The movie pictures we use were released for the press, so I doubt they are a violation. Could you please clarify how the book pictures would be fair use? Cmouse 04:32, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not a lawyer, so I can't really clarify that. I looked at WikiProject Harry Potter/Images and found a few GrandPre images, and those had {fairuse} tacked on them. --MrBawn 11:53, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

In my mind, the movie =/= novel Many things has been changed or deleted when WB was filming. The uniform of the three tasks in Gof is a good example. The movie is misguide the people who have just watch the film.

Moreover, the actors' life in Harry Potter filming will be end one day. Do you want to keep their photos forever.

Harry potter is a Fiction character. No one can be him, even Daniel Radcliffe. So, the drwing is the best way to point out that "it is Potter" --Mmlcs36 10:06, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well is no one can act him, then surely no one could draw an exact picture either. --βjweþþ (talk) 17:24, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Is friction a typo or a joke I am mising? The pictures from the films are widely recognised and I imagine the producers are quite happy for extra publicity, so are not likely to object to their use. They add recognition to the articles in a way that a drawing can not.Sandpiper 22:45, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

sorry, I spell the word wrongly, it should be "fiction". Drawing can let reader imagine, just like "opera in the concert". WB producers have changed a lot with actors/actresses when they are filming. the uniform in three tasks are one of the examples. And many of readers (someone like you, may be) have mixed up who is the real one/fiction one. And those "photos"(not really) have given no imagine space for readers. "Oh, I know! Dan Radcliffe is Harry Potter." It is totally wrong!--Mmlcs36 15:31, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Roman Term and a Notice.
Patronus - the plural is patronii - is a Latin term used to refer to a social conventional/legal role in Republican Rome. As a result - Patronus has "come up" in the historical side of the Wiki, and an entry was required.

As those working on the Harry Potter related pages had simply created a "redirect page" to the entry for Patronus Charm, I've entered the Latin patronus article there instead.

I've placed a disambugation notice at the top of the page, pointing to the Patronus Charm page.

Additionally, using the "What Links Here" page for Patronus, I tracked down and edited all Harry Potter uses of the link to the patronus redirect page, and edited them to point to Patronus Charm - not changing the printed text, just the page that is linked to - so this should not break any of your work.

For future referance, the link you should use for future entries should be Patronus Charm, or Patronus. Patronus will now just link to the Roman legal term.


text:
Champlevé

Champlevé is an enamelling technique in the decorative arts, or an object made by that process, in which troughs or cells are carved, etched, die struck, or cast into the surface of a metal object, and filled with vitreous enamel. The piece is then fired until the enamel fuses, and when cooled the surface of the object is polished. The uncarved portions of the original surface remain visible as a frame for the enamel designs; typically they are gilded in medieval work. The name comes from the French for "raised field", "field" meaning background, though the technique in practice lowers the area to be enamelled rather than raising the rest of the surface.

The technique has been used since ancient times, though it is no longer among the most commonly used enamelling techniques. Champlevé is suited to the covering of relatively large areas, and to figurative images, although it was first prominently used in Celtic art for geometric designs. In Romanesque art its potential was fully used, decorating caskets, plaques and vessels, in Limoges enamel and that from other centres. Champlevé is distinguished from the technique of cloisonné enamel in which the troughs are created by soldering flat metal strips to the surface of the object. The difference between the techniques is analogous to the woodworking techniques of intarsia and marquetry. It differs from the basse-taille technique, which succeeded it in the highest quality Gothic work, in that the bottoms of the recesses for the enamel are rough, and so only opaque enamel colours are used. In basse-taille the recesses are modelled, and translucent enamels are used, for more subtle effects, as in the 14th century Parisian Royal Gold Cup.

Early champlevé
Enamel was first used on small pieces of jewellery, and has often disintegrated in ancient pieces that have been buried. Consistent and frequent use of champlevé technique is first seen in the La Tène style of early Celtic art in Europe, from the 3rd or 2nd century BC, where the predominant colour was a red, possibly intended as an imitation of red coral (as used on the Witham Shield), and the base was usually bronze. The "Insular Celts" of the British Isles made especially common use of the technique, seen as highlights on the relief decoration of the Battersea Shield and other pieces. However this was technically not true enamel in the usual sense of the word, as the glass was only heated until it became a soft paste before being pushed into place. This is sometimes informally known as "sealing-wax" enamelling, and may be described as "glass inlay" or similar terms. True enamelling technique, where glass paste is put into place and fired until it liquifies, was learnt from the Romans. The earliest literary description of enamel is from the Greek sophist Philostratus III, who wrote in his Icones (Bk I, 28), describing polychrome horse-harness: "It is said that the barbarians in the Ocean pour these colours on heated bronze and that they adhere, become as hard as stone and preserve the designs that are made on them".

Celtic curvilinear styles were highly effective in enamel, and were used throughout the Roman period when they largely disappear in other media. The Staffordshire Moorlands Pan is a 2nd-century trulla with large enamel roundels in four colours of enamel, commissioned by or for Draco, a soldier, possibly a Greek, as a souvenir of his service on Hadrian's Wall. It is one of a group of similar enamelled vessels found in Britain and northern Gaul. Smaller items from similar contexts include brooches and other jewellery, and mounts for horse harness as described by Philostratus. Around the end of the Roman Empire new forms arose: the terminals of the increasingly fancy penannular brooches of the British Isles become decorated with champlevé, as do other fasteners and fittings, and the mounts of hanging bowls. These last have long puzzled art historians, as not only is their purpose unclear, but they are mostly found in Anglo-Saxon and Viking contexts, including three at Sutton Hoo, but their decoration uses predominantly Celtic motifs. One of the Sutton Hoo bowls had been repaired, but in a different, Germanic, style. Altogether, production of the different types of hanging bowls covers the period 400–1100. While the leading expert, Rupert Bruce-Mitford, sees the bowls as the products of "Celtic" workshops, perhaps often in Ireland, in the same period the use of large areas of champlevé in the most ornate Celtic brooches reduces, though gem-like enamel highlights, some in millefiori, are still found. In Anglo-Saxon art, as in that of most of Europe and the Byzantine world, this was the period when cloisonné technique dominated enamelling.

Romanesque
Champlevé is especially associated with Romanesque art, and many of the finest survivals of the style feature the technique. There was a great increase in use of the technique in several areas in the late 11th century, just as the Romanesque style matured. The immediate source of the style remains obscure; various exotic origins have been suggested, but the great expansion in the use of stained glass at the same period is probably connected. Copper or bronze bases were normally used, which were soft and easy to work, as well as relatively cheap, but as they discoloured in heat opaque enamels needed to be used. Blue was now the dominant colour, as in stained glass; the best blues in painting (whether on wall, panel or manuscript) were very expensive whereas in glass rich blues are easily obtainable.

Mosan and Limoges enamels are the most famous, and the figures carved in the copper plate display a superb sense of line. The Stavelot Triptych in New York is an example of the finest Mosan work, and the Becket Casket in London a fine early piece from Limoges. The names of several Mosan goldsmith-enamellers are known. Relief and fully modelled figures were also enamelled, and some metal bases formed by hammering into moulds. The Limoges production increased steadily in quantity, and by the Gothic period had declined in quality, but provided a fairly cheap product, especially of chasse caskets,  produced on a semi-industrial scale and exported all over Europe. Spanish enamels, not easily distinguished from Limoges work, were also produced on a large scale. Mosan work was sometimes on gold or silver-gilt, but in Limoges and Spain gilt-copper is usual, and much Mosan work uses this too, as in the example illustrated. This example also shows the mixing of different colours and shades within the same cell, here used throughout the design in a complex manner, whereas in the Limoges examples below much less, and much simpler, use is made of this difficult technique. A similar technique was known as "shippou-zogan" in Japan, where it was considered a form of damascening.

title: Champlevé


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hammer Comes Down

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:22, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Hammer Comes Down
Non notable band vanity; does not meet WP:MUSIC requirements. Madchester 16:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - I looked this up on Google, but it was hard to sort out the results. There were a few hits for the band, but as for notability, I'm not convinced one way or the other. --MacRusgail 16:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The author admitted that the band's first release is coming out next year and the site's guidelines recommend that bands should have at least 2 releases under their belt for inclusion. --Madchester 16:41, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- When your biggest claim to fame is that you live in the same town that Black Sabbath formed in, your non notable, I looked up "Hammer Comes Down" on Google and the first two pages of results were about court decisions. Ben D. 16:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. -- Where an underground metal band Ben D. you brainless fuck wit, at least read the content which was formely posted, and please make sure rules that are set for bands are clearly set out! (Unsigned by User:Hammercomesdown - now try and tell me that metal isn't a bad influence)
 * I did read the content that was formerly posted, it led me to the conclusion that the band was non notable. Ben D. 17:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above user (User:Hammercomesdown) has been indefinitely blocked for personal attacks.Linuxbeak | Talk 16:23, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Look at WP:music for guidelines to exceed before articles on bands do not get sent to Afd Qaz  ( talk ) 19:12, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Fails WP:MUSIC. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 20:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Gtabary 22:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Marconi Prize

The Marconi Prize is an annual award recognizing achievements and advancements made in field of communications (radio, mobile, wireless, telecommunications, data communications, networks, and Internet). The prize is awarded by the Marconi Society and it includes a work of sculpture. Recipients of the prize are awarded at the Marconi Society's annual symposium and gala.

Occasionally, the Marconi Society Lifetime Achievement Award is bestowed on legendary late-career individuals, recognizing their transformative contributions and remarkable impacts to the field of communications and to the development of the careers of students, colleagues and peers, throughout their lifetimes. So far, the recipients include Claude E. Shannon (2000, died in 2001), William O. Baker (2003, died in 2005), Gordon E. Moore (2005), Amos E. Joel Jr. (2009, died in 2008), Robert W. Galvin (2011, died in 2011), and Thomas Kailath (2017).

Criteria
The Marconi Prize is awarded based on the candidate’s contributions in the following areas:

 * The significance of the impact of the nominee’s work on widely-used technology.
 * The scientific importance of the nominee’s work in setting the stage for, influencing, and advancing the field beyond the nominee’s own achievements.
 * The nominee’s contributions to innovation and entrepreneurship by introducing completely new ideas, methods, or technologies. These may include forming, leading, or advising organizations, mentoring students on moving ideas from research to implementation, or fostering new industries/enabling scale implementation.
 * The social and humanitarian impact of the nominee’s contributions to the design, development, and/or deployment of new communication technologies or communications public policies that promote social development and/or inclusiveness.

Marconi Fellow
The Marconi Prize winners are also named as Marconi Fellows. The foundation and the prize are named after the honor of Guglielmo Marconi, a Nobel laureate and one of the pioneers of radio communications. Recipients of the Marconi Prize are also expected to pursue further creative work to advance the understanding and development of communications technology for the benefit of mankind.

List of Marconi Prize winners
Past winners of the Marconi Prize include Lawrence E. Page and Sergey Brin for the development of web search company Google, Tim Berners-Lee for his leadership and innovations in the World Wide Web, Nobel Laureate Charles K. Kao for developing fiber-optic communications, and Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie for their work in security - the Diffie–Hellman key exchange. The first award was given in 1975.

1975–1996
 * 1975: James Rhyne Killian
 * 1976: Hiroshi Inose
 * 1977: Arthur Leonard Schawlow
 * 1978: Colin Cherry
 * 1979: John Robinson Pierce
 * 1980: Yash Pal
 * 1981: Seymour Papert
 * 1982: Arthur C. Clarke
 * 1983: Francesco Carassa
 * 1984: Eric Albert Ash
 * 1985: Charles Kuen Kao
 * 1986: Leonard Kleinrock
 * 1987: Robert Wendell Lucky
 * 1988: Federico Faggin
 * 1989: Robert N. Hall
 * 1990: Andrew J. Viterbi
 * 1991: Paul Baran
 * 1992: James L. Flanagan
 * 1993: Izuo Hayashi
 * 1994: Robert E. Kahn
 * 1995: Jacob Ziv
 * 1996: Gottfried Ungerboeck

1997–present
 * 1997: G. David Forney, Jr.
 * 1998: Vinton G. Cerf
 * 1999: James L. Massey
 * 2000: Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie
 * 2001: Herwig Kogelnik and Allan Snyder
 * 2002: Tim Berners-Lee
 * 2003: Robert Metcalfe and Robert G. Gallager
 * 2004: Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page
 * 2005: Claude Berrou
 * 2006: John M. Cioffi
 * 2007: Ronald L. Rivest
 * 2008: David N. Payne
 * 2009: Andrew Chraplyvy and Robert Tkach
 * 2010: Charles Geschke and John Warnock
 * 2011: Jack Wolf and Irwin M. Jacobs
 * 2012: Henry Samueli
 * 2013: Martin Cooper
 * 2014: Arogyaswami Paulraj
 * 2015: Peter Kirstein
 * 2016: Bradford Parkinson
 * 2017: Arun Netravali
 * 2018: F. Thomson Leighton
 * 2019: Paul Kocher and Taher Elgamal
 * 2020: Andrea Goldsmith
 * 2022: Siavash Alamouti
 * 2023: Hari Balakrishnan

title: Marconi Prize