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Batley Bulldogs

The Batley Bulldogs are an English professional rugby league club in Batley, West Yorkshire, who play in the Championship. Batley were one of the original twenty-two rugby football clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. They were League Champions in 1924 and have won three Challenge Cups.

Early years
Batley Cricket Club decided to have a rugby football side merge with them at their ground under the name Batley Cricket Athletic and Football Club. The two local rugby teams, Batley Mountaineers and Batley Athletic, played a challenge match at the cricket club's Mount Pleasant home on 23 October 1880 to determine which was the town's premier rugby side and worthy of the cricket club. Both sides claimed victory but the cricket club chose Batley Athletic to join them.

The new club's first game was at home against Bradford Zingari which they won by 2 goals, 3 touchdowns, 2 dead balls and one touch goal to nil. Jacob Parker scored the first touchdown. The first season finished with Batley having won 15 games and drawn 5 out of 26 matches played.

They won the Yorkshire Challenge Cup in 1884 – 5 season beating Heckmondwike, Pudsey, Halifax, Salterhebble and Bradford before beating Manningham 8 minor points to 2 in the final held at Cardigan Fields in Leeds.

After the 1890–91 season, Batley along with other Yorkshire Senior clubs Bradford, Brighouse, Dewsbury, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Hunslet, Leeds, Liversedge, Manningham and Wakefield decided that they wanted their own county league starting in 1891 along the lines of a similar competition that had been played in Lancashire. The clubs wanted full control of the league but the Yorkshire Rugby Football Union would not sanction the competition as it meant giving up control of rugby football to the senior clubs.

Batley were one of the original twenty-two clubs that met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield on 29 August 1895 and formed the Northern Rugby Football Union. Batley's first match under the new union was on 7 September 1895 against Hull F.C. at Mount Pleasant with Batley winning 7–3.

Sixth in the Yorkshire Senior Competition of 1896/97, they battled their way to third spot come the end of the next season. Where knock-out competitions was concerned, they were peerless. In 1897, the 'Gallant Youths' became the first winners of the Challenge Cup beating St. Helens 10–3, in front of a crowd of 13,492 at Headingley. Batley retained the trophy by beating Bradford Northern on the corresponding weekend the following year at Headingley in front of 27,941 spectators, which was then a record gate for a rugby match.

The club were Yorkshire League winners in 1898/99 and in 1900/01 won the Challenge Cup for the third and last time to date; once again Headingley was the venue as Batley defeated Warrington 6–0.

Wharton 'Wattie' Davies set club records for most appearance, goals and points between 1896 and 1912. Batley's next cup triumph came on 23 November 1912 when Hull were defeated 17–3 at Headingley in Batley's one and only Yorkshire County Cup win.

Became a Limited Company Batley Cricket Athletic and Football Club Ltd in 1922

The 'Gallant Youths' reached the semi-final of the Yorkshire Cup and led the league in November 1923. Batley were crowned champions on Saturday 3 May 1924, lifting the Rugby League Championship Trophy for the only time in the club's history, after defeating Wigan 13–7 in the final. The club were also Yorkshire League winners that season.

The record attendance was set at 23,989 for the visit of Leeds for a third round Challenge Cup match on 14 March 1925.

Post Second World War

1952 saw a Yorkshire Cup final appearance against Huddersfield on 15 November. 'Fartown' running out 18–8 winners. The club's name was changed from Batley Cricket, Athletic & Football Club Ltd to its present official name of Batley Football Club Ltd in 1979.

The club celebrated its centenary in 1981 with a win over the league's new London team, Fulham.

In the 1960s the league was restructured into two divisions for two seasons before the single-division format was finally ditched in 1973 (there was also a three-season experiment with two divisions at the beginning of the 20th century). Batley are one of only a few teams never to make it into the top flight, although they came very close in 1993/94. The last match of the season against Doncaster came down to being a play-off for a spot in the first division, but Batley lost 10–5 in front of a capacity crowd of 4,500 at Mount Pleasant, and the chance was lost.

The local council suggested that Dewsbury and Batley ground share at Crown Flatt after refusing a grant towards safety repairs to Mount Pleasant in February 1987.

Batley looked set to join the elite in 1995 when they held off Huddersfield to finish in second place, just two points behind champions Keighley. The club succeeded in winning the Second Division Championship in the 1994–95 season. However, when the Super League was created for the following year, Batley along with Keighley were excluded. The club estimated that the decision cost them around £500,000.

Summer rugby era
Batley added 'Bulldogs' to their name for the 1996 season. The newly named Batley Bulldogs finished 1996 at the foot of Division One. Batley won the Trans-Pennine Trophy in 1998 beating Oldham in the final held at Mount Pleasant. Batley were also promoted from the Second Division that same season.

In 2003, Barry Eaton broke the world record for consecutive goal kicks.

The club underwent a major shake up in the coaching staff with the resignation of head coach David Ward due to pressure from some supporters in the form of derisory comments in the local press. The new coaching first team set up involved Gary Thornton as Head Coach, and assistant Paul Harrison.

After a tough season in 2005 Batley were into National League One relegation play-offs, facing bitter rivals and neighbours Dewsbury. Victory in the final saw Batley stay up against increasingly well funded sides with Super League ambitions.

2006 saw Batley start the campaign with little promise after a series of dismal performances in the Northern Rail Cup and the early rounds of National League One. However, coach Gary Thornton turned the side round and Batley made their way into the end of season play-offs. Jay Duffy's late drop goal sealed a 23–22 victory at Leigh to end the Lancastrians' own hopes of promotion and ultimately earn Thornton the honour of National League coach of the year. Batley failed to replicate this success in the next round, crashing to a 30–0 defeat at Whitehaven to put an abrupt end to their season.

After the previous season's mid-table finish 2009 started as a bad season for Batley. Gary Thornton resigned after a 60–22 loss on Easter Monday against Toulouse Olympique He was replaced by Karl Harrison. Batley stayed up after a 30–24 over Featherstone Rovers in which Batley were 14–0 down at one stage, they also beat Leigh, Widnes, Barrow, Whitehaven and Halifax.

2010 started for Batley with 5 wins and 1 draw in the Northern Rail Cup, including a record-breaking 100–4 win over Gateshead Thunder. Batley had a good run of wins in the Challenge Cup however they were defeated 74–12 by Catalans Dragons in the Quarter Final. Batley's Co-operative Championship season commenced well with wins over Keighley 22–12, Dewsbury 22–8, Whitehaven 54–6 and Widnes 35–16 to see the club finish in 7th position. Having finished top of their Northern Rail group section, the club entered the knock-out stages. A strong performance away at Leigh in the semi-final, where Batley were clear underdogs, put them into the final on 18 July 2010, where they beat Widnes with two late tries scored by Alex Brown. It was Batley's first silverware since 1998.

2011 saw Batley finish 3rd in the championship, later to be knocked out of the play-offs by Halifax, whom the Batley coach, Karl Harrison headed to take over for the 2012 season. Batley also took Huddersfield Giants close in their Challenge Cup quarter-final clash at Mount Pleasant. Batley had the lead throughout the game until Dane Manning was shown a red card at around 65 minutes for what many fans of both sides thought unfair. Huddersfield took the one man advantage and managed to outscore the Bulldogs in the last 15 minutes of the game.

2012 saw the arrival of John Kear taking over as head coach of Batley. Batley started 2012 winning the Northern Rail group which saw wins over Championship rivals Featherstone Rovers and Keighley. They also started the Championship season off strong with wins over Leigh, Dewsbury, York City Knights, Keighley and Halifax and a double over Hunslet but defeats came to Featherstone Rovers, Sheffield, Keighley at home, and Swinton Lions.

In April 2016 it was announced Matt Diskin was to take over at Batley Bulldogs from 2017 after John Kear announced he would be joining Wakefield Trinity as director of rugby in 2017.

Batley finished the 2021 Championship season in 4th place on the table and qualified for the playoffs. The club would fall one match short of the Million Pound Game after losing 51–12 against Toulouse Olympique. In the 2022 Championship season, Batley reached the Million Pound Game for the first time but were defeated 44–12 by Leigh.

Ground
The club play at Mount Pleasant which currently has a capacity of 7,500. It has a seated main stand, a large covered terrace behind one goal where the changing facilities are located, a small covered seated stand running approximately halfway down one touchline, with open terracing behind the other goal and to the side of the main stand.

Boards
Batley Cricket, Athletic & Football Club Presidents 1880 – 1922

John W. Blackburn – 1880/April 1890, Dr William Bayldon – April 1890/April 1893, David Fox Burnley – April 1893/April 1899, James Goodall – April 1899/May 1903, William G. Isherwood – May 1903/June 1905, Harry Brook – June 1905/May 1906, Dan Brearley – May 1906/May 1907, J. Harry Spencer – May 1907/May 1909, Harry E. Whitaker – May 1909/May 1911, William H. Shaw – May 1911/May 1913, Samuel Brearley – May 1913/May 1918, John Frederick Whitaker – May 1918/May 1922

Batley Cricket, Athletic & Football Club Ltd Chairmen 1922 – 1979

John Frederick Whitaker – June 1922/May 1925, Ernest Kirk – May 1925/May 1926, Dr William W. Walker – May 1926/June 1927, John Frederick Whitaker – June 1927/May 1929, Arthur Summers – May 1929/July 1929, Dr Frank W. Smorfitt -August 1929/July 1930, Ernest Kirk – July 1930/May 1938, Rubert Asquith – July 1938/May 1940

No Official Chairman from May 1940/January 1942

John 'Jackie' S. Barritt – January 1942/October 1954, William W. Battye – October 1954/May 1955, John 'Jackie' S. Barritt – June 1955/April 1958, Ewart Earnshaw – April 1958/November 1967 & President – November 1967/June 1979, Leslie Driver – November 1967/June 1979

Batley Football Club Ltd Chairmen 1979 –

Peter S. Wilson – June 1979/February 1981, Michael J. Lumb – February 1981/March 1989, Stephen A. Ball – March 1989/May 1995 & President May 1995/January 1996, Ron Earnshaw – May 1995/June 1996 & President September 2007/October 2013, Trevor Hobson – June 1996/November 1997, Kevin M. Nicholas – November 1997/

2024 transfers
Gains

Losses

Players earning international caps while at Batley

 * Harry Bedford won caps for England (RU) while at Batley in 1889 against New Zealand Natives, and in 1890 against Scotland, and Ireland
 * Joseph "Joe" Berry won caps for Scotland while at Huddersfield Giants, Doncaster, Rochdale Hornets, and Batley Bulldogs 1998...2003 4-caps + 3-caps (sub)
 * George Brown won a cap for England while at Batley in 1945 against Wales
 * George Davidge won a cap for England while at Batley in 1924 against Other Nationalities
 * William "Will" T. Davies won caps for Wales (RL) while at Batley and Halifax 1909...1912 4-caps, and won a cap for Great Britain (RL) while at Halifax in 1911 against Australia
 * Norman Field won a cap for Great Britain while at Batley in 1963 against Australia
 * Isaac "Ike" John Fowler won a cap for Wales whilst at Batley, and won a cap for Other Nationalities whilst at Batley
 * Carl Gibson won a cap playing for Great Britain against France in 1985 in his final season at the club.
 * Nathan Graham won caps for Scotland while at Bradford, Dewsbury, Featherstone Rovers and Batley 1998...2004 7-caps + 3-caps (sub)
 * Frederick Hill won a cap for England while at Batley in 1909 against Wales
 * Bill Hudson won caps for England while at Batley in 1946 against Wales and France, in 1947 against France, while at Wigan in 1949 against France, and won caps for Great Britain while at Wigan in 1949 against Australia

 * Frederick Lowrie won caps for England (RU) while at Batley in 1889 against New Zealand Natives, and in 1890 against Wales
 * David Luckwell won caps for Wales while at Hull Kingston Rovers, and Batley 1999...2000 3-caps (sub)
 * Iain Marsh won caps for Scotland while at Oldham, Batley and Rochdale Hornets 2004...2007 5-caps + 3-caps (sub)
 * Martin McLoughlin won caps for Ireland while at Wigan, Oldham and Batley and 2001...2008
 * Joseph "Joe" Oliver, won caps for England while at Batley in 1928 against Wales, while at Hull in 1933 against Australia, in 1936 against Wales and France, and won caps for Great Britain while at Batley in against 1928 Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand
 * George Palmer won a cap for England while at Batley in 1951 against Other Nationalities
 * Lee Paterson won caps for Scotland while at Batley and Widnes 2007...present 3-caps
 * Harry Rees
 * Brinley Williams won caps for Wales while at Batley in 1921 against England and Australia, and won a cap for Other Nationalities while at Batley in 1921 against England
 * Frederick Willis won a cap for Wales while at Batley in 1921

Other notable players

 * Wilf Auty
 * Keegan Hirst
 * F. T. Adams captain circa-1936
 * Andrew Ballot (No. 13) circa-1990s
 * Mark Barlow
 * Trevor Barlow
 * John Bell circa-1973
 * Tommy "Dowdy" Brannan
 * Tommy "Chick" Brannan
 * Jack Briggs 1954–63
 * David Brooke circa-1973
 * Alex Brown
 * Donald "Don" Burnell Yorkshire XIII 1947–48
 * Graham Chalkley circa-1973
 * Richard Colley
 * Kevin Crouthers
 * Wharton "Wattie" Davies 1896...1912
 * Robin Dewhurst circa-1973
 * Phil Doyle Yorkshire XIII 1969–70
 * George Douglas, for Scotland (RU) while at Jed-Forest RFC (RU) 1921 1-cap (signed for Batley 1921–22)
 * Eric Earnshaw
 * Barry Eaton
 * Danny Maun
 * John Etty, for British Empire XIII while at Batley 1951 Wales XIII
 * Jim Etty
 * Bolu Fagborun
 * Craig Farrell
 * Dai Fitzgerald
 * John Fox (Testimonial match 1979)
 * Peter Fox
 * Fred "Ted" Fozzard
 * John Gallagher
 * Jim Gath
 * Ian Gelderd
 * Carl Gibson
 * Harry Goodall
 * John B "Jack" Goodall
 * Jeff Grayshon
 * Jonathan "Jon" Grayshon
 * Ben Gronow
 * Tommy Haslam 1888 British Isles tourist (RU)
 * Samuel "Sam" Hargreaves Yorkshire XIII 1946–47
 * Tom Hemingway
 * Ernest "Ernie" Hepworth (Testimonial match 1978)
 * David Heron
 * Paul Hicks
 * Philip "Phil" Holmes circa-1973
 * John Jones circa-1980
 * Arthur Keegan
 * Robert Kelly
 * Kevin King
 * Dean Lawford
 * Stephen "Steve" Lingard circa-1973
 * Davide Longo
 * George H. Main
 * Francis Maloney
 * Tommy Martyn
 * Colin Maskill circa-1973
 * Edward Melling circa-1920
 * Luke Menzies
 * James "Jim" Naylor Yorkshire XIII 1972–73
 * Gareth Moore
 * George Northern born circa-1927 and captain for Batley in 1954 and Doncaster from 1955 to 1963
 * Joe Oakland
 * Trevor Oldroyd circa-1973
 * Lee Paterson
 * Jackie Perry
 * Roy Powell
 * Richard Price circa-1998
 * Sean Richardson
 * William "Bill" Riches (Testimonial match 1952) Yorkshire 1946...52 (England v France 1946–47, "reserve to travel")
 * Gus Risman
 * Joe Robinson circa-1920
 * Shad Royston
 * Mark Scott (Testimonial match 1994)
 * David "Dave" Secker circa-1973
 * Malcolm Shuttleworth
 * Herbert 'Dodger' Simms
 * Roger Simpson
 * Byron Smith
 * Gilbert "Gil" Smith born circa-1925
 * Andrew "Andy" Speak
 * Timothy "Tim" Spears
 * John Stainburn (Testimonial match 1993)
 * George Standidge circa-1973
 * Doug Stokes circa-1950s
 * Paul Storey (Testimonial match 1988)
 * Gary Thornton
 * Glen Tomlinson
 * Trevor 'Tank' Walker Left-
 * Jim Waltham
 * Alan Watts circa-1973
 * John Westbury (#13) circa-1950s
 * Clifford "Cliff" Williams circa-1973
 * Martin Whelan 1970s–1980s

Honours
Major titles

Other titles

title: Batley Bulldogs


text:
User:Djm1279

I'm a Chemistry graduate of the University of Liverpool, UK. I'm originally from the lovely town of Warrington, Cheshire, but after a brief time on the North Wales Coast, I'm now living in Liverpool, Merseyside.

Im a driver (after a long time trying) and drive a 2005 Ford Fiesta. Also, Im a qualified patient transport attendent (though that's useless on here :P), and am in St John Ambulance.

What do I do?
I work full time as an Occupation Hygienist for a high temperature insulation company, and am currently halfway to achieving my Certificate of Compotence.

Interests
I have many varied interests, the key interests are:

 * Chemistry. I find it fascinating that you can combine two reactants and produce a completley different product. My main interest is the organic side of things, but I also have a good knowledge of physical and inorganic chemistry.

 * French. Je parle français, enuff said, I studied it to AS level, so I can hold a decent conversation in French, and can write it as well. I wanted to do it to A level, but my sciences took preferences.

 * Indie Music. I don't play in a band, but I love listening to indie music, just because of its varied nature.

Feel free to ask me anything via my talk page, I don't bite.

Things that I don't like
--Danny
 * Pedantic examiners
 * People who think American English is proper English (not being anti-American)
 * Conflict
 * Student debt (there's no reason for it)
 * People who stereotype all teenagers as yobs
 * People who think it's acceptable to speak bad of a place just cause the locals do it (as wikitravel says, self-depriciation is one thing, but tourist insulting a place they don't know is just offensive)
 * Anyone anti-immigration, and especially the BNP
 * People who force religion upon people

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Djm1279


text:
Severn Bridge

The Severn Bridge (Pont Hafren) is a motorway suspension bridge that spans the River Severn between South Gloucestershire in England and Monmouthshire in South East Wales. It is the original Severn road crossing between England and Wales, and took three and a half years to build, at a cost of £8 million. It replaced the 137-year-old Aust Ferry.

The bridge was opened in 1966 by Queen Elizabeth II. For thirty years, the bridge carried the M4 motorway. It was granted Grade I listed status in 1999.

Following the completion of the Prince of Wales Bridge, the section of motorway from Olveston in England to Magor in Wales was designated the M48.

History
The first proposal for a bridge across the Severn, approximately in the same location as that eventually constructed, was in 1824 by Thomas Telford, who had been asked to advise on how to improve mail coach services between London and Wales. No action was taken, and over the next few decades the railways became the dominant mode of long-distance travel, with the Severn Railway Bridge at Sharpness being opened in 1879 and the main line Severn Tunnel in 1886.

The growth of road traffic in the early 20th century led to further calls for improvements, and in the early 1920s Chepstow Urban District Council convened a meeting of neighbouring local authorities to consider a Severn crossing to ease congestion and delays on the A48 passing through the town. In 1935 Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire County Councils jointly promoted a Parliamentary Bill to obtain powers to build the bridge over the estuary, with 75% of costs to be met by the Ministry of Transport from the Road Fund. The bill was rejected by Parliament after opposition from the Great Western Railway Company.

After the Second World War, plans began to be made for a nationally funded network of trunk roads, including a Severn Bridge, for which the contract was awarded to Mott, Hay and Anderson, with Freeman Fox and Partners. The public inquiry into the scheme was held on 24 September 1946 at Bristol University. Because Government funding was prioritised for the similar Forth Road Bridge (opened in 1964), construction of the Severn Bridge was not started until 1961: the UK government announced in 1962 that construction costs would be recovered by a toll of 2s 6d (£0.125) on all vehicle crossings, though walking or cycling across the bridge would be charge-free. The substructure was completed by contractors John Howard and Co in 1963. The superstructure contract was awarded to Associated Bridge Builders Ltd (a joint venture of Sir William Arrol & Co., Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company and Dorman Long) in 1963, and completed in 1966.

The bridge has been featured in several promotions.

In January 1977, it was announced that bridge traffic would be restricted to a single lane in each direction following the discovery of several weaknesses in the ten-year-old structure. The lane closures would last for several months.

The Severn Bridge crossing was strengthened and resurfaced in the late 1980s as the weight of traffic grew. The work included the strengthening of the Severn Bridge towers and deck, an extension to the Wye Bridge towers and the replacement of the original single stays with two stays. The open structure of the new stays is designed to facilitate maintenance. Most of the strengthening work was inside the deck box and towers and so is not visible. Design of the strengthening was by Flint & Neill. The surfacing is a 35 mm thick layer of mastic asphalt over an acrylic waterproofing membrane.

During its 40th year of operation in 2006, the bridge was inspected to check for corrosion of the suspension cables. According to the Highways Agency, the inspection concluded that the bridge needed restrictions on heavy goods vehicles. Such vehicles are now restricted to one lane on the bridge, with weight restriction signs in place. A system of rubber casing on the cables with dry air circulation, as used on the Forth Road Bridge, was installed in 2007–2009 in a move to halt the progress of the corrosion.

The bridge is also home to Severn Bridge parkrun, one of the many free, weekly 5k runs held in both the UK and internationally.

In October 2021, the Welsh Government announced it is considering reclassifying the M48 into an A-road. This is due to lower amounts of traffic on the bridge and M48, following the opening of the Prince of Wales bridge, and the high costs to improve the M48 to motorway standards for the decreased amounts of traffic it handles. Reclassification requires approval from both the Welsh Government and Secretary of State for Wales, with the Department for Transport stating they have no plans to reclassify the M48 in England.

Component structures
The Severn Bridge crossing consists of four structures, which, in order from England to Wales, are: the Aust Viaduct, Severn Bridge, Beachley Viaduct and Wye Bridge. In 1998 the Severn Bridge and Aust Viaduct were given Grade I listed status, and the Beachley Viaduct (eastern/English end) of the Wye Bridge and the western/Welsh end of the Wye Bridge received Grade II listed status.

Aust Viaduct
The 514 ft Aust Viaduct is a twin box girder structure with a concrete deck, which carries the roadway from the top of Aust Cliff to the first gravity anchorage of the old Severn Bridge. The roadway is then carried over the top of the concrete anchorage to the Severn Bridge.

Severn Bridge
The Severn Bridge is located close to the former Aust Ferry. The bridge is a suspension bridge of conventional design, with the deck supported by two main cables slung between two steel towers. In 1966 the cables supporting the bridge deck were spun from 18000 mi of wire. The main cables are each made up of 8,322 individual 5 mm wires. An unusual feature of the suspension cables carrying the deck is that they are not vertical, as for most suspension bridges, but rather arranged in a zig-zag fashion, with adjacent mounts closely spaced. The triangulation this offers is an attempt to reduce vibration, as is the use of Stockbridge dampers on the cables. The bridge is 5240 ft long, consisting of a 3240 ft central span between the towers and the two 1000 ft side spans. The towers rise to 445 ft above mean high water and are of hollow box construction. The deck is an orthotropic steel box girder of aerofoil shape with cantilevered cycle tracks and footway supported from the box. The shape of the bridge was determined by the designers Freeman, Fox and Partners following wind tunnel tests for the Forth Road Bridge, after the original wind tunnel model was accidentally destroyed. The sections of the deck were built at Fairfield-Mabey in Chepstow, and each 132 tonne section was then floated down the river before being hoisted into position.

Beachley Viaduct
The 2444 ft Beachley Viaduct is of a box girder construction similar to that of the Severn Bridge but is supported on steel trestles as it crosses the Beachley peninsula over the British Army camp, Beachley Barracks, that is home to 1st Battalion, The Rifles. In November 2016 the Ministry of Defence announced that the site would close in 2027.

Wye Bridge
The Wye Bridge (Pont Gwy) is a 1340 ft long cable-stayed bridge, which crosses the border marked by the River Wye between England and Wales, 2 mi south of Chepstow. It consists of a single large cable stayed section with two single-leg pylons supporting the bridge deck from the centre of the roadway. The deck is an orthotropic box girder similar to the Severn Bridge but has a different appearance as it has two sets of cable stays on each of two towers. Originally there was only one set of cable stays but these were replaced during the strengthening works. The Wye Bridge was built by Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company.

Tolls
The toll was collected on the English side, but only for vehicles travelling westwards from England to Wales. This led some people to describe it as a "tax on entering Wales", both in jest and also as a more serious anti-toll campaign. Originally, tolls were charged in both directions, but the arrangements were changed in the early 1990s to eliminate the need for a set of toll booths for each direction of travel and the potential for traffic waiting to pay the toll backing up onto the bridge itself. Shortly after the opening of the Severn Bridge, Welsh poet Harri Webb wrote an Ode on the Severn Bridge:

In 1966, the toll for using the new motorway crossing was set at 2s 6d (post-decimalisation equivalent £0.125) for all vehicles apart from solo motorcycles which enjoyed a reduced toll of 1s (£0.05). For a small car the bridge toll represented a saving of 7s (£0.35) on the price of the ferry crossing, at that time 9s 6d (£0.475). By 1989, the toll had reached £2 each way for goods vehicles with an unladen weight over 1525 kg and passenger vehicles adapted to carry more than 16 passengers, and £1 each way for other vehicles. If the Severn toll had increased in line with general inflation since September 1966, when Queen Elizabeth II opened the bridge, the original value of £0.125 would have reached £2.19 in each direction (or £4.38 as it is just a one-way toll).

In the 2016 United Kingdom budget George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced that toll charges on the Severn crossings would be halved in 2018. The Welsh Liberal Democrats leader Kirsty Williams called the cut "pathetic" and said, "The Chancellor is cynically acting as if he is doing commuters a favour, but the fact is that he wants to keep this unfair tax on entering Wales." The toll was due to be cut to £5.40 in 2017 but actually increased further.

In July 2017, the Welsh Secretary, Alun Cairns, announced that tolls would be abolished by the end of 2018, claiming that this would boost the South Wales economy by around £100m a year. In September 2017, Cairns confirmed that tolls would be reduced in January 2018 when VAT is removed. In October 2018 he said that the Severn Bridge tolls would cease on 17 December 2018. On 17 December 2018, all toll lanes were permanently closed, officially marking the start of a toll-free journey into Wales for the first time since the bridge's construction. During the removal process of the toll booths, traffic was directed through a temporary three-lane layout, directly through the centre of the former toll lanes. These lanes were narrower than usual, resulting in a 50 mph speed limit being enforced. On 25 March 2019, a newly resurfaced road structure was opened, moving traffic flow from the centre of the former toll lanes to the right-hand side, directly next to eastbound traffic. This will allow for further work to remove any remaining toll infrastructure to the left of the new road layout.

History of charges
Category 1: passenger vehicles up to 9 seats Category 2: commercial vehicles up to 3,500 kg and buses up to 17 seats Category 3: commercial vehicles over 3,500 kg

Ownership
Ownership and operation of the bridge passed to Severn River Crossing plc on 26 April 1992 as part of the deal to build the Second Severn Crossing.

As of, Severn River Crossing plc was owned
 * 35% John Laing, British developer infrastructure operator
 * 35% Vinci, French concessions and construction company
 * 15% Bank of America, American multinational banking and financial services corporation
 * 15% Barclays Capital, British multinational investment bank

The company's 2011 annual report showed the same companies still owned, through subsidiary companies, all the issued ordinary share capital of the Plc.

Ownership of the bridge and the Second Severn Crossing returned to the UK government on 8 January 2018 when the revenue required to build and maintain them, as defined in a Concession Agreement with the Secretary of State for Transport, had been collected. In 2010, the concession was expected to end in 2017. In 2012, changes were made to the agreement to reflect the effect of changes in VAT and Corporation Tax and the costs of installing credit card handling systems. The net effect was to increase the required revenue from £995.83 million to £1,028.91 million in 1989 prices.

Bridge status
On 6 February 2009, during a week of snowfall throughout Britain, both Severn bridges were closed simultaneously due to ice falling from the bridge structure and damaging vehicles. On 22 December 2009, both bridges were closed again for the same reason.

A privately developed app called Enviroute provides the status of both bridges. The original Severn Bridge status website, www.severnbridge.co.uk, was decommissioned in December 2018 following the removal of the tolls and the handing back of the first bridge to the UK government.

title: Severn Bridge


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Talk:Severn Bridge

Proposed merger / reorganisation
The section "First Severn crossing" from the Severn crossing article should be merged into this article. The Severn crossing article should then be renamed Second Severn Crossing.

Reasons:

 * The term "First Severn crossing" is not normally used for the original bridge, it's just that when they built the new bridge, they were rather unimaginative and called it the "Second Severn Crossing".
 * It's unhelpful to have information about the original bridge split between two articles
 * I feel there's no need for a Severn crossing article, two articles about the two bridges, with links to each other, would suffice.

Note: it seems these articles have been moved about before without following the correct procedure, leading to confusing redirected talk pages etc. Any moves this time should be done using the correct methods. It will require an administrator to move the Severn crossing article back to Second Severn Crossing as the latter redirect page has been edited.

If anyone has any objections, please start a discussion below.  J Rawle  (Talk) 12:56, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

I have made a start by doing the initial merge, although possibly not "the right way" as I haven't touched any of the talk pages. Is there a smarter way to do it than just copying the text across and redirecting? Also, at present the Severn crossing page still remains. If someone else would like to fix that, please do. — Hex    (❝  ?!  ❞)   02:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the edits are fine if we are keeping a Severn crossing article. I still think some of the information (such as the poem, and details of pre-1966 crossings) could be moved from Severn crossing to the Severn Bridge article, and the former can become almost a disambiguation article.

 * Anyway, the articles are much better now. Thanks a lot for sorting it out!  J Rawle  (Talk) 14:14, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

England - Wales border
I deleted the following inaccurate and confusing text from the lead:
 * Although the Severn Bridge can only be used for crossing between England and Wales, it is located wholly within England. This is because the "Welsh" end of the bridge itself is located above the Beachley peninsula, which modern boundaries place in England. The border with Wales bisects the Wye bridge, slightly further north along the route. The ancient Offa's Dyke placed the Beachley peninsula in Wales.

The article makes clear that the "Severn Bridge" as defined here includes the Wye Bridge - so the fact that it is the Wye bridge part of the structure which crosses the England-Wales border is not relevant - the entire structure does indeed cross from Wales to England (or vice versa). Also, the Beachley peninsula has in fact never been part of Wales, simply because neither England nor Wales existed at the time (up to about the 8th century) when the peninsula was indeed part of the Kingdom of Gwent (which is not the same as "Wales"). Ghmyrtle (talk) 12:55, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Bridge type
Ghmyrtle, I saw that you reverted my edits on this article and thought I should point you to some discussions on the verifiability of the bridge type in question. The following discussions question the validity of two terms (suspended deck bridge and suspended-deck suspension bridge) as names for a Suspension bridge. This has been a heated dscussion (admittedly I have been the one pouring jet fuel on the fire). But the gist of the conversation is that no one has found a reliable source that defines suspended-deck suspension bridge. Since Bridge Engineering is such a technical topic, I have been scouring books and published technical papers to find this term. I have been unable to do so and, hence, I drew a line in the sand with the User that started these edits. If you would like, you can give some input at the location where the main discussion is taking place, here. Until this is resolved, I am of the opinion that it is inappropriate to put the term into individual bridge articles. Would you be in agreement with my reverting your edit while this takes place? - ¢Spender1983 (talk) 18:06, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Requested move of suspended deck bridge to suspended-deck suspension bridge
 * Requested move of suspended deck bridge back to suspension bridge
 * Requested move of suspension bridge types to suspension bridge
 * AfD Suspended deck bridge
 * Fine - I wasn't aware of the discussion, so apologise for reverting in haste. Ghmyrtle (talk) 21:55, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of sources for the concept, and for the utility of distinguishing sub-types of "suspension bridge", the only question is the best name for it. Any of these edits, pushing one way or the other, are unhelpful at a time when such a debate is raging. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:55, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Please locate and show me one of these sources. I have been searching and searching. Bridge engineering is a technical subject that has been published for over one hundred years. So I am searching high and low for a reliable, scholarly source that classifies suspension bridges as suspended-deck suspension bridges or just defines the term. The fact that people have kept right on saying "of course there are sources" yet never produce one caused me to be the one to pour the jet fuel on the fire of this debate. Any source you can locate can help calm my nerves on this matter. My thought on the edits was that it would be easier (for me at least) to unpopulate a category before it gets deleted, rather than after. - ¢Spender1983 (talk) 03:05, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
 * If I start typing up lists of references, I'm probably going to stick them under Talk:Suspended_deck_bridge, for visibility.
 * We have little need to formally demonstrate the existence (with WP:RS) of {suspended-deck suspension bridges / "suspension bridges with catenaries"} as they're uncontroversially the "obvious" and well-recognised form. What's a more relevant need for sourcing is to demonstrate the facts that:
 * "Suspension bridges" is a larger super-group than these alone. The Suspension bridges article used to do that quite well anyway.
 * There are distinct sub-groups as well, that are still suspension bridges but clearly not members of {suspended-deck suspension bridges / "suspension bridges with catenaries"} Examples of cable-stayed bridges (e.g. Second Severn Crossing, or decks suspended from trusses (e.g. Royal Albert Bridge, Chepstow Bridge) can do this. For materials-science reasons, modern suspension bridges (that aren't catenaries) are increasingly cable-stayed bridges, early Victorian examples tended to be rigid trusses. Middle period and the age of cheap mild steel went thorugh a fashion for riveted arches and a suspended deck (Sydney Harbour, Tyne Bridge).
 * As to naming, then the most common name for this sub-group is "Cable suspension bridges", but that has two problems:
 * It refers to "cables", when the early examples used chains instead.
 * It's confusingly close to "cable-stayed", which isn't the same thing at all.
 * On the whole, I'd favour "catenary suspension bridges" which is defensible, precise and accurate, but tunnel-visioned Wikieditors will undoubtedly hate it if Google doesn't agree.
 * Mind you Suspended_deck_bridge is itself a classic piece of Wikifarce in that a broadly correct but imperfect name has now been pushed in entirely the wrong direction and we've generated a title that has gone from a neologism to an incorrect scope (there are many sorts of bridge with a suspended deck that aren't of this type (e.g. Sydney Harbour Bridge))
 * If you want books, then has particularly good coverage of the unusual Victorian designs with trusses, also some early chain catenaries. Slightly later (when wire rope began to displace chain) there's a good book on the Swiss engineer Dufour,

 * Another book: . Plate 1 (right at the back) also illustrates a very early cable-stayed bridge! Hadn't expected to see that in 1832. I haven't read the whole book yet, but it's online at Google Books, which is always helpful to readers. I was quite shocked yesterday when I looked up the ISBN for the Dufour book and saw how pricey my copy of it is now! It's a good book, but high prices are a problem in their use as "further reading" refs. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:55, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Ice closures in December 2009?
Per this edit, were both bridges again closed simultaneously due to ice in December? I first thought they were (on the day), but reverted my own edit shortly afterwards, as it seemed that the M48 had been re-opened before the M4, so they were never both closed simultaneously. The BBC ref added today is unclear - we know both closed, we know both closed on the same day, but was it ever so bad to close both together (i.e. cutting England off entirely). Andy Dingley (talk) 14:37, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Bridges
The article being about the whole crossing not just the suspension bridge component needs to be made clearer in the intro. Thoughts? Rsloch (talk) 10:38, 27 May 2012 (UTC)

Location of Suicides?
The Wikipedia link that brought me to this page was saying that there were a lot of suicides from this bridge but this isn't even noted in the article. Unless this entry is written by the local Chamber of Commerce, I think this fact, if true, should be mentioned. 69.125.134.86 (talk) 14:16, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
 * There have been a few, and one just recently (car driver, Second Severn Crossing). However I don't believe they're that common. It's a fair old walk to get there, even from Chepstow, and there are nearer high bridges to save the effort. Andy Dingley (talk) 14:35, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

50th anniversary
Is it worth mentioning the 50th anniversary, which was yesterday? The BBC has a page about the history and vintage cars. Their video about the history is only available for 28 days (& possibly only in UK).— Rod talk 07:33, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

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Tolls to be abolished?
On this, as well as the Second Severn Crossing article, it only mentions that the toll charges are to be halved. But they don't mention that the government subsequently (in July) announced that they are to abolish the charge completely (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-40671900). Any chance of someone with better skills and knowledge being able to update this and the other article? Smoothy (talk) 15:00, 16 August 2017 (UTC)
 *  Cheers! Gareth Griffith‑Jones ( The Welsh Buzzard ) 13:34, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

Name??
Before I actually suggest a change in name, I thought I would ask what people thought as this was last discussed 11 years ago!

Surely this article should be called the "Severn Crossing" and as stated in the article the "Severn Bridge" is one of the four components of the crossing. I just think that the change would avoid any confusion.

I know there is a "Severn crossing" article but I would suggest that could be merged into "List of crossings of the River Severn" and maybe renamed "Crossings of the River Severn". Mark999 (talk) 01:31, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

 * As far as I know and remember it has been called the Severn Bridge all of its existence. The term "crossing" is a recent devlopment in bridge naming. Per WP:Recentism we should keep the common name by which it has known for most of its existence. It was a revolutionary design in terms of deck profile and angled stay wires for stability and deserves to have its own article under the traditional name.Charles (talk) 10:36, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree with . We go with WP:COMMONNAME, and I believe that most sources still describe it as the Severn Bridge (even though it crosses the Wye as well).   Ghmyrtle (talk) 12:27, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I too agree with . The term "Severn crossing" is how the newer M4 bridge is styled in most conversations. Cheers! Gareth Griffith‑Jones The Welsh Buzzard 12:52, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose COMMONNAME would favour Severn Bridge over Severn Crossing. I never see "Severn Crossing" in use as a term, only "Second Severn Crossing". In common use, it's usually the "new bridge", despite being over twenty years old. See https://www.severnbridge.co.uk where they use "Second Severn Crossing" and "Severn Bridge".
 * The name is also an example of synecdoche, as the "Severn Bridge" can refer to the suspension bridge section alone, or far more commonly as the entire crossing of the M48. But only real bridge anoraks know that the Severn Bridge only goes as far as England, not Wales. Andy Dingley (talk) 18:26, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

It's definitely not called the "Severn-Wye" bridge - it's always been two separate bridges. The only source I can find for a joint name easily is The Daily Express, and that's probably cribbed the name from this article. And as Andy says, the actual Severn Bridge runs between Aust and Beachley, both in Gloucestershire (broadly construed). Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  09:41, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

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Inclined hangers….
…were hardly revolutionary in 1966, except, perhaps, for suspension bridges. Qwirkle (talk) 14:21, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I have removed the disputed statement. Dormskirk (talk) 14:07, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Severn Bridge


text: User talk:71.242.40.195

title: User talk:71.242.40.195


text:
Clock gating

In computer architecture, clock gating is a popular power management technique used in many synchronous circuits for reducing dynamic power dissipation, by removing the clock signal when the circuit, or a subpart of it, is not in use or ignores clock signal. Clock gating saves power by pruning the clock tree, at the cost of adding more logic to a circuit. Pruning the clock disables portions of the circuitry so that the flip-flops in them do not switch state, as switching the state consumes power. When not being switched, the switching power consumption goes to zero, and only leakage currents are incurred.

Although asynchronous circuits by definition do not have a global "clock", the term perfect clock gating is used to illustrate how various clock gating techniques are simply approximations of the data-dependent behavior exhibited by asynchronous circuitry. As the granularity on which one gates the clock of a synchronous circuit approaches zero, the power consumption of that circuit approaches that of an asynchronous circuit: the circuit only generates logic transitions when it is actively computing.

Details
An alternative solution to clock gating is to use Clock Enable (CE) logic on synchronous data path employing the input multiplexer, e.g., for D type flip-flops: using C / Verilog language notation: Dff= CE? D: Q; where: Dff is D-input of D-type flip-flop, D is module information input (without CE input), Q is D-type flip-flop output. This type of clock gating is race condition free and is preferred for FPGA designs. For FPGAs every D-type flip-flop has an additional CE input signal.

Clock gating works by taking the enable conditions attached to registers, and uses them to gate the clocks. A design must contain these enable conditions in order to use and benefit from clock gating. This clock gating process can also save significant die area as well as power, since it removes large numbers of muxes and replaces them with clock gating logic. This clock gating logic is generally in the form of "integrated clock gating" (ICG) cells. However, the clock gating logic will change the clock tree structure, since the clock gating logic will sit in the clock tree.

Clock gating logic can be added into a design in a variety of ways:
 * 1) Coded into the register transfer level (RTL) code as enable conditions that can be automatically translated into clock gating logic by synthesis tools (fine grain clock gating).
 * 2) Inserted into the design manually by the RTL designers (typically as module level clock gating) by instantiating library specific integrated clock gating (ICG) cells to gate the clocks of specific modules or registers.
 * 3) Semi-automatically inserted into the RTL by automated clock gating tools. These tools either insert ICG cells into the RTL, or add enable conditions into the RTL code. These typically also offer sequential clock gating optimisations.

In general, clock gating applied at a coarser granularity leads to reduced resource overhead and greater power savings.

Any RTL modifications to improve clock gating will result in functional changes to the design (since the registers will now hold different values) which need to be verified.

Sequential clock gating is the process of extracting/propagating the enable conditions to the upstream/downstream sequential elements, so that additional registers can be clock gated.

Chips intended to run on batteries or with very low power such as those used in the mobile phones, wearable devices, etc. would implement several forms of clock gating together. At one end is the manual gating of clocks by software, where a driver enables or disables the various clocks used by a given idle controller. On the other end is automatic clock gating, where the hardware can be told to detect whether there's any work to do, and turn off a given clock if it is not needed. These forms interact with each other and may be part of the same enable tree. For example, an internal bridge or bus might use automatic gating so that it is gated off until the CPU or a DMA engine needs to use it, while several of the peripherals on that bus might be permanently gated off if they are unused on that board.

title: Clock gating


text: File:Corncobs.jpg

title: File:Corncobs.jpg


text:
Template:User mr-2

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title: Template:User mr-2


text:
Quasi-delay-insensitive circuit

In digital logic design, an asynchronous circuit is quasi delay-insensitive (QDI) when it operates correctly, independent of gate and wire delay with the weakest exception necessary to be turing-complete.

Overview
Pros
 * Robust to process variation, temperature fluctuation, circuit redesign, and FPGA remapping.
 * Natural event sequencing facilitates complex control circuitry.
 * Automatic clock gating and compute-dependent cycle time can save dynamic power and increase throughput by optimizing for average-case workload characteristics instead of worst-case.

Cons
 * Delay insensitive encodings generally require twice as many wires for the same data.
 * Communication protocols and encodings generally require twice as many devices for the same functionality.

Chips
QDI circuits have been used to manufacture a large number of research chips, a small selection of which follows.

 * Caltech's asynchronous microprocessor and MIPS R3000 clone
 * Tokyo University's TITAC and TITAC-2 processors

Theory

The simplest QDI circuit is a ring oscillator implemented using a cycle of inverters. Each gate drives two events on its output node. Either the pull up network drives node's voltage from GND to Vdd or the pull down network from VDD to GND. This gives the ring oscillator six events in total.

Multiple cycles may be connected using a multi-input gate. A c-element, which waits for its inputs to match before copying the value to its output, may be used to synchronize multiple cycles. If one cycle reaches the c-element before another, it is forced to wait. Synchronizing three or more of these cycles creates a pipeline allowing the cycles to trigger one after another.

If cycles are known to be mutually exclusive, then they may be connected using combinational logic (AND, OR). This allows the active cycle to continue regardless of the inactive cycles, and is generally used to implement delay insensitive encodings.

For larger systems, this is too much to manage. So, they are partitioned into processes. Each process describes the interaction between a set of cycles grouped into channels, and the process boundary breaks these cycles into channel ports. Each port has a set of request nodes that tend to encode data and acknowledge nodes that tend to be dataless. The process that drives the request is the sender while the process that drives the acknowledgement is the receiver. Now, the sender and receiver communicate using certain protocols and the sequential triggering of communication actions from one process to the next is modeled as a token traversing the pipeline.

Stability and non-interference
The correct operation of a QDI circuit requires that events be limited to monotonic digital transitions. Instability (glitch) or interference (short) can force the system into illegal states causing incorrect/unstable results, deadlock, and circuit damage. The previously described cyclic structure that ensures stability is called acknowledgement. A transition  acknowledges another   if there is a causal sequence of events from   to   that prevents   from occurring until   has completed. For a DI circuit, every transition must acknowledge every input to its associated gate. For a QDI circuit, there are a few exceptions in which the stability property is maintained using timing assumptions guaranteed with layout constraints rather than causality.

Isochronic fork assumption
An isochronic fork is a wire fork in which one end does not acknowledge the transition driving the wire. A good example of such a fork can be found in the standard implementation of a pre-charge half buffer. There are two types of Isochronic forks. An asymmetric isochronic fork assumes that the transition on the non-acknowledging end happens before or when the transition has been observed on the acknowledging end. A symmetric isochronic fork ensures that both ends observe the transition simultaneously. In QDI circuits, every transition that drives a wire fork must be acknowledged by at least one end of that fork. This concept was first introduced by A. J. Martin to distinguish between asynchronous circuits that satisfy QDI requirements and those that do not. Martin also established that it is impossible to design useful systems without including at least some isochronic forks given reasonable assumptions about the available circuit elements. Isochronic forks were long thought to be the weakest compromise away from fully delay-insensitive systems.

In fact, every CMOS gate has one or more internal isochronic forks between the pull-up and pull-down networks. The pull-down network only acknowledges the up-going transitions of the inputs while the pull-up network only acknowledges the down-going transitions.

Adversarial path assumption
The adversarial path assumption also deals with wire forks, but is ultimately weaker than the isochronic fork assumption. At some point in the circuit after a wire fork, the two paths must merge back into one. The adversarial path is the one that fails to acknowledge the transition on the wire fork. This assumption states that the transition propagating down the acknowledging path reaches the merge point after it would have down the adversarial path. This effectively extends the isochronic fork assumption beyond the confines of the forked wire and into the connected paths of gates.

Half-cycle timing assumption
This assumption relaxes the QDI requirements a little further in the quest for performance. The c-element is effectively three gates, the logic, the driver, and the feedback and is non-inverting. This gets to be cumbersome and expensive if there is a need for a large amount of logic. The acknowledgement theorem states that the driver must acknowledge the logic. The half-cycle timing assumption assumes that the driver and feedback will stabilize before the inputs to the logic are allowed to switch. This allows the designer use the output of the logic directly, bypassing the driver and making shorter cycles for higher frequency processing.

Atomic complex gates
A large amount of the automatic synthesis literature uses atomic complex gates. A tree of gates is assumed to transition completely before any of the inputs at the leaves of the tree are allowed to switch again. While this assumption allows automatic synthesis tools to bypass the bubble reshuffling problem, the reliability of these gates tends to be difficult to guarantee.

Relative timing
Relative Timing is a framework for making and implementing arbitrary timing assumptions in QDI circuits. It represents a timing assumption as a virtual causality arc to complete a broken cycle in the event graph. This allows designers to reason about timing assumptions as a method to realize circuits with higher throughput and energy efficiency by systematically sacrificing robustness.

Communicating hardware processes (CHP)
Communicating hardware processes (CHP) is a program notation for QDI circuits inspired by Tony Hoare's communicating sequential processes (CSP) and Edsger W. Dijkstra's guarded commands. The syntax is described below in descending precedence.

 * Skip  does nothing. It simply acts as a placeholder for pass-through conditions.
 * Dataless assignment  sets the voltage of the node   to Vdd while   sets the voltage of   to GND.
 * Assignment  evaluates the expression   then assigns the resulting value to the variable.
 * Send  evaluates the expression   then sends the resulting value across the channel  .   is a dataless send.
 * Receive  waits until there is a valid value on the channel   then assigns that value to the variable  .   is a dataless receive.
 * Probe  returns the value waiting on the channel   without executing the receive.
 * Simultaneous composition  executes the process fragments   and   at the same time.
 * Internal parallel composition  executes the process fragments   and   in any order.
 * Sequential composition  executes the process fragments   followed by.
 * Parallel composition  executes the process fragments   and   in any order. This is functionally equivalent to internal parallel composition but with lower precedence.
 * Deterministic selection  implements choice in which   are guards which are dataless boolean expressions or data expressions that are implicitly cast using a validity check and   are process fragments. Deterministic selection waits until one of the guards evaluates to Vdd, then proceeds to execute the guard's associated process fragment. If two guards evaluate to Vdd during the same window of time, an error occurs.   is shorthand for   and simply implements a wait.
 * Non-deterministic selection  is the same as deterministic selection except that more than one guard is allowed to evaluate to Vdd. Only the process fragment associated with the first guard to evaluate to Vdd is executed.
 * Repetition  or   is similar to the associated selection statements except that the action is repeated while any guard evaluates to Vdd.   is shorthand for   and implements infinite repetition.

Hand-shaking expansions (HSE)
Hand-shaking expansions are a subset of CHP in which channel protocols are expanded into guards and assignments and only dataless operators are permitted. This is an intermediate representation toward the synthesis of QDI circuits.

Petri nets (PN)
A petri net (PN) is a bipartite graph of places and transitions used as a model for QDI circuits. Transitions in the petri net represent voltage transitions on nodes in the circuit. Places represent the partial states between transitions. A token inside a place acts as a program counter identifying the current state of the system and multiple tokens may exist in a petri net simultaneously. However, for QDI circuits multiple tokens in the same place is an error.

When a transition has tokens on every input place, that transition is enabled. When the transition fires, the tokens are removed from the input places and new tokens are created on all of the output places. This means that a transition that has multiple output places is a parallel split and a transition with multiple input places is a parallel merge. If a place has multiple output transitions, then any one of those transitions could fire. However, doing so would remove the token from the place and prevent any other transition from firing. This effectively implements choice. Therefore, a place with multiple output transitions is a conditional split and a place with multiple input transitions is a conditional merge.

Event-rule systems (ER)
Event-rule systems (ER) use a similar notation to implement a restricted subset of petri net functionality in which there are transitions and arcs, but no places. This means that the baseline ER system lacks choice as implemented by conditional splits and merges in a petri net and disjunction implemented by conditional merges. The baseline ER system also doesn't allow feedback.

While petri nets are used to model the circuit logic, an ER system models the timing and execution trace of the circuit, recording the delays and dependencies of each transition. This is generally used to determine which gates need to be faster and which gates can be slower, optimizing the sizing of devices in the system. Repetitive event-rule systems (RER) add feedback by folding the trace back on itself, marking the fold point with a tick mark. Extended event-rule systems (XER) add disjunction.

Production rule set (PRS)
A production rule specifies either the pull-up or pull-down network of a gate in a QDI circuit and follows the syntax  in which   is a guard as described above and   is one or more dataless assignments in parallel as described above. In states not covered by the guards, it is assumed that the assigned nodes remain at their previous states. This can be achieved using a staticizor of either weak or combinational feedback (shown in red). The most basic example is the C-element in which the guards do not cover the states where  and   are not the same value.

Synthesis
[[File:WCHB Dataless Buffer.svg|right|thumbnail|325px|Dataless weak condition half buffer Re & Lr -> _Rr- ~_Rr -> Rr+

Rr -> Le-

~Re & ~Lr -> _Rr+ _Rr -> Rr-

~Rr -> Le+ ]]

[[File:PCHB Dataless Buffer.svg|right|thumbnail|325px|Dataless pre-charge half buffer en & Lr -> _Rr- ~_Rr -> Rr+

Lr & Rr -> _Lv- ~_Lv -> Lv+ Lv -> Le- ~Le & ~Re -> _en+ _en -> en-

~en -> _Rr+ _Rr -> Rr-

~Lr & ~Rr -> _Lv+ _Lv -> Lv- ~Lv -> Le+ Le & Re -> _en- ~_en -> en+ ]]

There are many techniques for constructing a QDI circuits, but they can generally be classified into two strategies.

Formal synthesis
Formal synthesis was introduced by Alain Martin in 1991. The method involves making successive program transformations which are proven to maintain program correctness. The goal of these transformations is to convert the original sequential program into a parallel set of communicating process which each map well to a single pipeline stage. The possible transformations include:

 * Projection splits a process which has disparate, non-interacting sets of variables into a separate process per set.
 * Process decomposition splits a process with minimally interacting variables sets into a separate process per set in which each process communicates to another only as necessary across channels.
 * Slack matching involves adding pipeline stages between two communicating processes in order to increase overall throughput.

Once the program is decomposed into a set of small communicating processes, it is expanded into hand-shaking expansions (HSE). Channel actions are expanded into their constituent protocols and multi-bit operators are expanded into their circuit implementations. These HSE are then reshuffled to optimize the circuit implementation by reducing the number of dependencies. Once the reshuffling is decided upon, state variables are added to disambiguate circuit states for a complete state encoding. Next, minimal guards are derived for each signal assignment, producing production rules. There are multiple methods for doing this including guard strengthening, guard weakening, and others. The production rules are not necessarily CMOS implementable at this point, so bubble reshuffling moves signal inversions around the circuit in an attempt to make it so. However, bubble reshuffling is not guaranteed to succeed. This is where atomic complex gates are generally used in automated synthesis programs.

Syntax directed translation
The second strategy, syntax directed translation, was first introduced in 1988 by Steven Burns. This seeks a simpler approach at the expense of circuit performance by mapping each CHP syntax to a hand-compiled circuit template. Synthesizing a QDI circuit using this method strictly implements the control flow as dictated by the program. This was later adopted by Philips Research Laboratories in their implementation of Tangram. Unlike Steven Burns' approach using circuit templates, Tangram mapped the syntax to a strict set of standard cells, facilitating layout as well as synthesis.

Templated synthesis
A hybrid approach introduced by Andrew Lines in 1998 transforms the sequential specification into parallel specifications as in formal synthesis, but then uses predefined pipeline templates to implement those parallel processes similar to syntax-directed translation. Lines outlined three efficient logic families or reshufflings.

Weak condition half buffer (WCHB)
Weak condition half buffer (WCHB) is the simplest and fastest of the logic families with a 10 transition pipeline cycle (or 6 using the half-cycle timing assumption). However, it is also limited to simpler computations because more complex computations tend to necessitate long chains of transistors in the pull-up network of the forward driver. More complex computations can generally be broken up into simpler stages or handled directly with one of the pre-charge families. The WCHB is a half buffer meaning that a pipeline of  stages can contain at most   tokens at once. This is because the reset of the output request  must wait until after the reset of the input.

Pre-charge half buffer (PCHB)
Pre-charge half buffer (PCHB) uses domino logic to implement a more complex computational pipeline stage. This removes the long pull-up network problem, but also introduces an isochronic fork on the input data which must be resolved later in the cycle. This causes the pipeline cycle to be 14 transitions long (or 10 using the half-cycle timing assumption).

Pre-charge full buffer (PCFB)
Pre-charge full buffers (PCFB) are very similar to PCHB, but adjust the reset phase of the reshuffling to implement full buffering. This means that a pipeline of  PCFB stages can contain at most   tokens at once. This is because the reset of the output request  is allowed to happen before the reset of the input.

Verification
Along with the normal verification techniques of testing, coverage, etc, QDI circuits may be verified formally by inverting the formal synthesis procedure to derive a CHP specification from the circuit. This CHP specification can then be compared against the original to prove correctness.

Tutorials

 * Introduction to Self Timed Circuits
 * ASYNC 2022 Summer School
 * Silicon Compilation at Yale

title: Quasi-delay-insensitive circuit


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Category:EBCDIC code pages

fr:Catégorie:EBCDIC

title: Category:EBCDIC code pages


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Moving Units

Moving Units is an American dance-punk band from Los Angeles, California.

History
The band was formed in 2001 by Blake Miller (formerly of Spectacle) Johan Boegli and Chris Hathwell after Miller invited Boegli and Hathwell to jam songs from an early demo he self-produced. They released their debut EP, Moving Units, on Three One G in early 2002. Their touring experience includes opening slots for Hot Hot Heat, Pixies, Blur and Nine Inch Nails. Their debut full-length album, Dangerous Dreams, was released on October 12, 2004, by Palm Pictures.

Moving Units released their second studio album, Hexes for Exes in 2007 on Metropolis Records. The first single, "Pink Thoughts", was released through the band's MySpace page. So Sweet released a one-off limited edition 7 inch vinyl single "Crash N Burn Victims" in the UK coupled with a remix of the same track by Felix Cartal in November 2007.

The band released an EP titled Tension War on February 14, 2011. Moving Units chose to self-release the new EP in conjunction with their management firm, Post Modern. Moving Units also played at Coachella 2011 in support of their latest release.

On March 31, 2012, Moving Units announced via their Facebook page that Blake Miller had left the band by mutual decision.

In late 2012, Blake Miller had performed shows with the band name "Moving Units" without approval of the original members, causing a mild dispute. The issue being resolved later, the original band members reached an agreement where Miller was given permission to use the band's name "Moving Units" with new members and continue the project under the same moniker.

Discography
Albums
 * Dangerous Dreams (2004, Palm Pictures)
 * Hexes for Exes (2007, Metropolis)
 * Neurotic Exotic (2013, Metropolis)
 * Damage with Care (2016, Metropolis / Kitty Play)
 * A Tribute to Joy Division: Collision With Joy Division (2017, Flowers of Romance)
 * This is Six (2018, Metropolis)

EPs
 * Moving Units (2002, Palm Pictures)
 * Tension War (2011, Moving Units Recordings / Post Modern Records / Cobra Music)

Singles
 * "Available" (2003, Palm Pictures)
 * "Crash 'n' Burn Victims" (7-inch vinyl) (2007, So Sweet)

Related links

 * The Smell

title: Moving Units


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Talk:Game mapping

Okay, about the images. There are an unusually large number of them, and in case anyone feels the need to edit them, here are my thoughts on them. The others, I can make a case for, but the first 5 are the ones I strongly believe should stay (in some form or another, improvements that keep most of these features would be great, of course). --Interiot 16:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * absolutely need some sort of puzzle game, as level layout is of paramount importance in those games. Lemmings will suffice, as it's very well-known
 * pinball, similar to puzzles, but in addition has all sorts of special entities packed into one screen ("player start", a losing zone, teleport spots, and "coins" and triggers galore)
 * command and conquer, anyone touches that image, and I'll hunt them down. Level mapping doesn't have a tremendous impact on RTS's, except for 1) cliffs, 2) rivers, and 3) bridges (especially deformable ones).  This picture is a perfect example of how map layout affects RTS play.
 * infocom, I also feel somewhat strongly that a text game should be included, to make a person think about think more about some of the abstract ideas in mapping (eg. door, trigger). Any MUD or text game will do, though Infocom's are the best known.
 * doom, I like that shot because it includes ammo, a door, and a monster, though any 3D game that includes a couple of different entities will do

title: Talk:Game mapping


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Talk:Raynham Hall

Untitled
Concerning the Haunted Status -

Maynard,C;1977;"The World Of the Unknown- All about Ghosts";Usborne Mentions a 1938 photograph (alleged to be of a Ghost) taken at Raynham Hall?

Ghost
The photograph of 'The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall' has achieved iconic status as 'The best ghost photograph ever taken'. Unfortunately it is a double-exposure fraud - see www.xenophon.org.uk/indreshira.html

86.187.161.100 (talk) 19:50, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:52, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Raynham Hall ghost photograph.png

title: Talk:Raynham Hall


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Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science

Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science is an electronic computer science journal published by Elsevier, started in 1995. Its issues include many post-proceedings for workshops, etc. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and Science Citation Index.

Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science has been discontinued as of 2021.


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Minto, Ontario

Minto is a town in midwestern Ontario, Canada, on the Maitland River in Wellington County. Minto is the western terminus of Highway 9. It is named for Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto; 8th Governor General of Canada.

The Town of Minto was formed in 1999 through the amalgamation of the Township of Minto, the Towns of Harriston and Palmerston, along with the Village of Clifford.

Communities
In addition to the primary settlement of Palmerston, the town also includes the smaller communities of Clifford, Cotswold, Drew, Fultons, Glenlee, Greenbush, Harriston, Harriston Junction, Minto, Teviotdale and White's Junction.

Note:

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Minto had a population of $9,094$ living in $3,417$ of its $3,885$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $8,671$. With a land area of 300.19 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Sports

 * Mapleton-Minto 81's SR. AA hockey team playing in the Western Ontario Athletic Association.

Education
Minto's schools are governed by the Upper Grand District School Board.
 * Palmerston Public School (grades JK–8) – mascot: Panda
 * Minto Clifford Central Public School (grades JK–8) – mascot: Tornado
 * Norwell District Secondary School (grades 9–12) – mascot: Varsity Reds

title: Minto, Ontario


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Joey Jackson

William Joseph Jackson (born May 7, 1950) is a former professional football player. He played for the New York Jets and Minnesota Vikings as a defensive end. He finished second in quarterback sacks as a rookie. He is currently an evangelist to athletes and conference speaker to Christian men's groups throughout the United States. He also played in the World Football League (WFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL).

He attended and played for the New Mexico State University and was also elected to the New Mexico State University hall of fame. He was later picked in the 5th round of the 1972 NFL draft by the New York Jets. He was in the Superstar Sports Magazine all rookie team.

title: Joey Jackson