text:
Motorola Razr V3

The Motorola RAZR V3, popularly called simply the Razr (pronounced like "razor"), is a clamshell style cell phone developed by Motorola and initially released in November 2004, the first device using the RAZR moniker. With its unique and then-thin aluminium body, coupled with a high price, the RAZR V3 was initially positioned as a desirable premium phone; following price reductions, it then became extremely successful. In the United States the V3 (and its variants) was the most popular cell phone in 2005, 2006 and 2007 and remained best-selling until November 2008.

The Razr's design would strongly influence Motorola's later mobile phone products, and the V3 itself received several updates to form the RAZR line: the V3i, V3x, V3xx and MAXX. The Razr series was succeeded in July 2007 by the Motorola Razr2 series.

Development and design
Codenamed Siliqua, the original RAZR series of flip phones was part of the 4LTR line. Development of the V3 started in July 2003 with Motorola aiming to create a very skinny phone. It was announced on July 27, 2004 and released in the market in late 2004.

The team of the V3 put together a number of design choices that set the device apart from the competition. The phone had the thinnest profile at the time on a clamshell set, sported an electroluminescent keypad made out of a single metal wafer and used an industry-standard mini-USB port for data, battery charger and headphones, housed in an aluminum body with an external glass screen.

Matte black version
A black version was produced for distribution in the 77th Academy Awards gift bags, and was released in early May 2005. While distribution was initially limited to specific carriers in North America, the black V3 was widely available elsewhere.

Hot pink versions
The first pink version was released in October 2005, and as of June 2006, was available in the United States from T-Mobile as the Razr V3 Magenta (after T-Mobile and its parent Deutsche Telekom's corporate color). It was called the Razr V3 Pink and available on other carriers, including on T-Mobile networks in other countries in addition to Verizon, Cingular Wireless, Suncom Wireless, and Cellular One (each in a different shade). It was also available in Canada from Bell, Rogers Wireless and Telus, and in the United Kingdom from T-Mobile and Carphone Warehouse. $25 of sales from the Rogers-branded pink V3 went to Rethink Breast Cancer. It was also available in all Movistar-serviced countries and Claro (Telcel).

Release and sales
Because of its unique appearance and thin profile, it was initially marketed as an exclusive fashion phone. However, within a year, its price was lowered and as a result, Motorola reported sales had reached 50 million in July 2006. Leading up to the release, Motorola's cell phone division sales were stagnant and losing money. The success of the Razr made the division profitable again. Around the time of the V3's launch, Motorola had overtaken Nokia to become market leader in North America, and it also recovered back from falling to third place worldwide behind Samsung during the third quarter.

Over the Razr's four-year run, it sold more than 130 million units, becoming the best-selling clamshell phone in the world to date. Despite its success, Motorola's overliance on the Razr contributed to the company eventually running out of steam; while the Razr V3 was fashionable, Motorola kept using almost the same design in newer models, which was criticised in comparison to LG which after its Chocolate diversified into fresh designed fashionable phones rather than recycling the old. Motorola's market share dropped sharply in 2007 and the company posted a loss.

The V3 series led the American market until finally dropping from top spot in November 2008, replaced by the Apple iPhone 3G.

Features
Although very unique externally, internally the RAZR V3 was no different than the Motorola V500 series and V600, both of which had been around since 2003. Its specifications were approximately mid-range of its time, similar to the Motorola V620.

Criticism
The keypad was considered difficult to use, and the V3 also lacked an MP3 player and expandable memory.

Some owners complained about dust accumulating between the V3's plastic screen and LCD glass, possibly through an external side button. Access to the dust required peeling off the plastic cover, usually followed by a replacement cover.

V3c (CDMA2000)
On November 21, 2005, a CDMA2000 version of the Razr, known as the Razr V3c, became available to Alltel and SaskTel users. Verizon Wireless followed suit on December 7, 2005. Unlike models for Alltel and other carriers, Verizon's V3c features a proprietary user interface and disables, in software, Bluetooth file transfer capabilities (called OBEX).

In January 2006, Canadian Telus, Bell Mobility and Aliant Mobility, Venezuelan carriers Movistar and Movilnet, and Brazilian Vivo began carrying the V3c. In April 2006 Cricket Communications began selling the V3c. The handset was also made available for Metro PCS. The Razr V3c supported CDMA 2000 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO third-generation wireless technologies.

US Cellular and Alaska Communications Systems also carried the V3c. It had approximately 41.2 MB of internal memory, although only about 36 MB was available for use. The V3c did not support expansion with a memory card.

The original version of the V3c was charcoal gray, and a light pink version called Satin Pink (different from the GSM Magenta/Pink and the AT&T Cotton Candy versions) was released by Verizon Wireless in January 2006. Telus Mobility, Bell, Aliant, and Vivo also carried pink versions of the V3c.

MS500 (W-CDMA)
Another version of the phone was released in South Korea on June 1, 2005. This version had a similar physical appearance but instead of using the GSM standard, it used CDMA to operate on SK Telecom. It was the first CDMA version of the Razr without expandable memory, Bluetooth, and SIM card, since Motorola Korea's system was able to produce its own model before worldwide GSM format release. It had a 1.3-megapixel camera, video recording, 80 MB of internal memory, and a variety of UI features, such as a mobile blog, Yoga graphic book, diet diary, and lottery number generator for wellness theme. It also came in black, pink, and lime models versions. On February 8, 2006 Motorola Korea released its own slide-phone model for the Razr named Z model name MS600. Unlike most other versions, the MS500 version was packaged with a charging dock and had three metal terminals on the backside immediately under the battery cover.

Also, as the add-on to the MS600, the MS500 Lime Razr was in circulation in South Korea since October 2006 along with the Motorola KRZR Black and Motorola KRZR Fire (Red).

A model that based on MS500 released as V3c in China, but with no relation with V3c that released in North America.

V3m (CDMA2000)
The V3m is a CDMA version of the Razr announced in April 2006. As an upgrade to the V3c, it featured a microSD card slot for up to 2 GB of memory expansion, a longer-lasting battery, and 40 MB of internal memory. The V3m came in silver, pink, and red although the original release, as well as models that used to be available on the Sprint CDMA network, featured the gunmetal gray color of the V3c. For a limited time Alltel and US Cellular offered a Fire Red color. Partnering with Motorola, US Cellular and Sprint released a special PRODUCT(RED) Razr and Bluetooth H500 headset to help support Global Fund programs which positively impact the lives of women and children affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa.

Verizon Wireless version
Verizon Wireless disabled certain features on the V3m including the ability to transfer data files to and from the phone via Bluetooth (a specific protocol called OBEX). Verizon blocked the transfer of most data over USB, such as ringtones. These phones also ran Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW), which signs each application to the phones Electronic Serial Number, or ESN, thus preventing the use of free applications (including Back-Up Assistant). Equivalent models offered by competitors (such as the V3t) retained these features.

The V3m on Verizon could play .WMA formatted music files placed in the my_music directory of the removable memory card, but although the phone could accept a 2 GB memory card, only a portion ( ~ 600 Mbytes) can be accessed by the music player. Stereo headphone playback could be achieved with a miniature USB to 3.5 mm phone jack adapter containing the appropriate interface circuitry; adapters designed for hands-free handset operation may not work.

V3re (EDGE)
The Razr V3re (also known as V3_06) was a GSM model updated to support EDGE and CrystalTalk technology. It was nearly identical to the original V3, having no memory card slot and including a VGA 4x zoom camera. It can be identified by a slightly larger notch under the Motorola logo when closed, a black matte Motorola logo in the battery cover instead of the metallic silver logo in the V3 and a software version starting with R3442A. It was available in North America from T-Mobile and AT&T in the US, Rogers/Fido in Canada and Vivo in Brazil (using both 850 MHz and 1800 MHz). It was available in three colors: orchid pink, silver, and stone grey.

VE20 (CDMA2000)
The Razr VE20 was an updated CDMA model of the original Razr released in 2008. It was released in the U.S. for Sprint, Alltel, and US Cellular. It incorporated some of the design elements of the Razr2 V9m at a reduced price. Its rounded clamshell body was almost as thin as the Razr V3m. It featured a QVGA main display, outer display with virtual touch keys, 2-megapixel camera, stereo Bluetooth, and a microSD memory card slot up to 8 Gb.

MS500W (W-CDMA)
Like the previous model MS500, Motorola Korea announced its Korean version of WCDMA Razr HSDPA, known as Razr Luk. The MS500W upgrades its screen to 2.2 inch TFT QVGA, 1.3-megapixel camera with Bluetooth, and microSDHC support. The model features different color pattern compare to previous MS500, and hit the Korean market by late February 2009.

V3x
Announced on March 10, 2005, the Motorola RAZR V3x was initially called as Motorola V1150 before it took the RAZR name. Externally, it appeared to be a larger V3, albeit with many enhancements such as a 2.0-megapixel camera, 3G, and expandable memory. Internally, it was quite different, utilizing a different microprocessor, chipset, an Nvidia GoForce 4800 GPU, and radio ICs.

As a 3G product, its feature set was closer to that of phones such as the Motorola V980, e.g., two cameras instead of the single camera typical on GSM or CDMA products. It won the "Best 3GSM handset" at the 2006 3GSM World Congress.

However, with its added features, the V3x was substantially larger and heavier (125 grams) than the V3.

In Japan, a 3G(W-CDMA) NTT DoCoMo version of the V3x called M702iG was released in late August 2006. This version had IrDA.

V3i
The V3i was announced on November 8, 2005 and addressed some of the faults of the original Razr V3, including a better (1.23-megapixel) camera with 8x digital zoom, an improved external and internal display, and support for microSD cards of up to 512 Mb maximum. V3i was functionally very close to the Motorola V635. The V3i came in two versions: one with iTunes and one with Motorola's Digital Audio Player (DAP). The iTunes version of the phone had a 50 or 100 song limit restriction depending on where the phone model was made. The phone's looks were also subtly changed.

The Motorola Razr V3i was released to most worldwide markets in Q4 of 2005–2006. In the U.S. the phone was released through Cingular Wireless on September 6, 2006, with a new activation price of $299, while T-Mobile released the Dolce & Gabbana V3i exclusively in the United States.

The V3r and V3t were models sold by T-Mobile, AT&T (formerly Cingular), and Canadian cellular providers such as Rogers. These models were virtually identical to the V3 and V3i, except for featuring Motorola's Digital Audio Player (DAP) instead of iTunes. T-Mobile's V3r offered a voice notes feature which permitted forwarding audio recordings to voicemail as the only storage method.

The V3im was the iTunes version of the Razr V3i available in the European market with a 100-song cap.

Colors
The V3i was available in the following colors:
 * Silver Quartz (main color)
 * Gunmetal Grey
 * Gold Plate
 * Dark Blue
 * Maroon
 * Violet
 * Orchid
 * Black for (PRODUCT)RED (special edition to tie in with the (PRODUCT) RED initiative)
 * Platinum
 * Red
 * Chrome Green
 * Chrome Purple
 * Celery (also known as Lime Green)

Dolce & Gabbana editions
It was announced on December 8, 2005, that Motorola had teamed up with Dolce & Gabbana (D&G) to produce a Special Edition Gold Razr V3t. Only 1,000 of these were made and sold for a premium price.

On June 1, 2006, Motorola and Dolce & Gabbana released another limited edition gold phone. This model included a D&G cell phone holder, a signature leather pouch, Bluetooth headphones, and FM earphones. It was available from all major Motorola retailers and select D&G boutiques.

V3xx
Announced in July 2006, the V3xx was a 3G category 5/6 (3.6 Mbit/s) HSDPA and EDGE supported handset. It was extremely similar in appearance to the compact V3i design, but incorporated an improved feature set with a 1.3-megapixel camera, 50 MB of internal memory, support for microSD and Bluetooth A2DP. Like the V3x, it was also equipped with a secondary screen and a higher resolution 240x320 pixel (QVGA) main screen. The V3xx was made available for purchase internationally on the 3 network in November 2006 and was available on AT&T (formerly Cingular). The secondary camera was not available in the United States. The built-in GPU, manufactured by Nvidia (model GoForce 4800) was capable of rendering 3D images through OpenGL ES. The phone included a much faster CPU as well, improving the performance of all features, including 3G/data. With the new CPU, the V3xx also included a fast USB V2.0 for rapid ringtone/image/mp3 file downloads. Older V3's were limited to USB V1.1.

Unlike with the V3 and V3i which were both quad-band GSM, and thus worked on any GSM network, the V3xx came in different variants depending on the local frequency bands used for GSM and UMTS/HSDPA. The North American V3xx was tri-band (850/1800/1900 MHz) GSM and dual-band (850/1900 MHz) UMTS/HSDPA, whereas the version sold in Europe and Asia was tri-band (900/1800/1900 MHz) GSM and single-band (2.1 GHz) UMTS/HSDPA. This was likely due to the need to fit the internal components of the V3xx into a small casing; in early 2007 global phones that supported quad-band GSM and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA were considerably bulkier than the V3xx.

The M702iS version was released as the NTT DoCoMo version of the V3xx which did not have GSM and HSDPA but rather IrDA.

maxx
Introduced together with the V3xx, the Motorola Razr maxx (or MotoRazr maxx), also released as Motorola Razr maxx V6, was released at the end of 2006 in Europe and on April 27, 2007, elsewhere. The maxx was an upgrade to the popular V3x and was Motorola's second HSDPA 3.5G phone after the Razr V3xx. Although almost identical to the V3x in use and features, the maxx supported additional external touch keys for music control and retained the size of the original Razr V3.

Features

 * EDGE
 * 3.5G
 * SMS, EMS, MMS
 * 50 MB of Memory
 * Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR, mini USB 2.0
 * Expandable memory card slot (microSD, up to 2 GB)
 * Video calling at 15 frames per second
 * NVIDIA GoForce 4800 GPU Processor
 * 2.2 inch TFT LCD up to 262,144 colors
 * 2.0 megapixels camera with LED flash, Maxx Ve version supports Auto-focus

Telstra Australia
This handset was released on Telstra's NextG network under the original name "Motorola Razr maxx V6". It featured compatibility with both the original 2100 MHz band and the NextG band, 850 MHz. The phone was branded with the Telstra logo and on-screen graphics. The phone was released by Telstra for outright purchase in late 2006 at a price of about A$800. The phone was repackaged late in 2007 and sold with a prepaid plan for $250, locked for use only with Telstra SIM cards. Many of the post-paid phones sold by Telstra in 2007 were inadvertently locked.

Hutchison 3
This handset was released on Hutchison's 3 network under the name "Motorola Razr maxx V6". The phone and home screen were branded with the 3 logo. Internal memory was increased to 60 MB.

maxx Ve
The Razr maxx Ve was available exclusively in the United States for Verizon Wireless customers. The maxx Ve featured EV-DO instead of HSDPA and CDMA2000 1x instead of GSM/UMTS.

The Razr maxx was a 3G HSDPA and EDGE handset predated by the Razr V3x. Initially known as the "maxx V6," it was released in Europe by the end of 2006. The original version had a 2.0-megapixel camera with LED flash, a large 2.2 in screen with 240x320 QVGA display (like the V3xx) and 50 megabytes of internal storage. While gaining a significantly improved feature set, it maintained the same thin profile of the original Razr V3. Key to its design was a glass fascia with external touch-sensitive controls for MP3s.

The Verizon Wireless version became available on April 24, 2007. It did not feature a second camera on the inside of the phone; instead, there was a shutter button for focusing and picture taking.

Cultural impact
The Razr easily stood out amongst other phone models. It was one of the most popular mobile phones since its first release, having been spotted in the hands of celebrities and business people alike until the advent of smartphones, and it is frequently seen in reruns of movies and TV shows. In the year 2009, almost five years after its original debut, it remained the third most popular phone in use in the U.S.

It was also a token piece in the popular modernized board game Monopoly Here & Now.

In popular culture
The Razr became identified as a "fashion" product and an iconic cell phone in the mid-2000s. The Razr was used in several television shows and featured in several movies. In the 2006 film A Good Year, Russell Crowe's character Max Skinner used a BlackBerry whilst working as a high-flying London financier, but chose a black Razr to accompany his later laid-back life in rural Provence. Notable TV occasions were the season three finale of the TV series Lost in which Jack Shephard used a Razr (an important plot point which anchors the episode's chronology), the HBO hit sitcom Entourage had characters specifically Ari Gold using it, and the US hit series Burn Notice in which Michael Westen used a Razr until 2009. In Season 5 of 24, President Charles Logan used a Razr as his personal cell phone. Contestants on the NBC adventure reality show "Treasure Hunters" were given Razrs for communication with the host and each other throughout the season. The Product Red edition of the Razr was launched by Oprah Winfrey and Bono for charity. In Season 6 of The Sopranos, several characters including Tony Soprano and Silvio Dante used Razrs. A grey V3 was also used by Jeremy Clarkson on BBC's Top Gear during outtakes when he got a call at the start of the show. Even in 2012, the Razr was used as CIA-special agent Rex Matheson's phone in the 4th season of Torchwood. It was popularised in South India through the movie Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu, in which Kamal Haasan was seen using the phone. In the computer game Counter-Strike: Source, the character Leet can be seen holding one. In Prison Break Series, Alexander Mahone used the Motorola V3. Also, in the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada, characters played by Meryl Streep and Stanley Tucci used Moto Razr phones. The phone is featured prominently as part of a main plot point in the Peacock series The Resort.

In the 2017 Square Enix game Life Is Strange: Before the Storm, the main character's phone is a Motorola RAZR, decorated with stickers.

title: Motorola Razr V3


text:
Talk:University of Wollongong

Sexual assault allegations
This seems very much like undue weight. There is one report, which alleged that a single student was unhappy with the university's response to an alleged sexual assault. The university's actions seem typical for a university - tailor a safety plan, and presumably pass the issue on to the police. The university can't comment, as they can't comment on specific cases; legally they cannot investigate the claim, as it is a police matter; no one was charged; and only one other person's opinion of the actions are provided. While mishandling of sexual assault cases is an incredibly serious matter, we have nothing to show that this was mishandled, and it is a single case. Under those grounds, does it really warrant a full subsection? - Bilby (talk) 13:36, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Sexual assault on campus has been highlighted in Senate as "rampant" and Unis do nothing. UOW is perhaps the worst example. Do little approach is inversely pro-assault on campus. Nothing more to discuss as misogynistic bureaucratic thinking going on here. 49.195.91.77 (talk) 14:41, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The worst example is a case where no one was charged, nothing has been proven, and the university acted according to policy in working with them to generate a safety plan? I think your concept of the "worst" is somewhat misplaced. - Bilby (talk) 14:50, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The new material doesn't really help. That Wollongong has sexual assault figures and actions equivalent to other universities seems relatively uninteresting. However, I am concerned that this has now become significantly more biased in the presentation. I'll see if there are any valid objections before acting, but at best this needs to be reduced and better context provided. However people may feel about the university, this should not be justification for non-neutral content. - Bilby (talk) 12:28, 29 January 2017 (UTC)
 * What did u permanently delete from this talk page here just now Bilby? You are already deep up to your neck in C.O.I. with this article. Bullying victims or editors is no way to get your agenda served. It's just abuse of privileges as a Wikipedia Administrator to twist topics that you have personal experiences with at work. Leave the article as is, it's perfectly reflective of the uni's stance on rape on campus, that's what the sources reflect. 1.129.96.2 (talk) 22:23, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

Why are employees of uni with direct involvement not blocked from changing this page on wikipedia? Why are questionable lecturers allowed to hide behind secret usernames and control the subject? As a sexual assault victim I am amazed! This university loves to cover up all that's not perfect, and sexual abuse is top of their list ot seems this week. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.180.146.85 (talk) 22:42, 29 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Regardless of the content, allegations of COI and bullying are serious stuff, and I and my fellow admins will not hesitate to block for such personal attacks. Drmies (talk) 22:51, 29 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, I have no connection to the University of Wollongong and no COI in regard to this article. - Bilby (talk) 01:10, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

Aren't you (on rhs of pic) paid to assist them in wikiediting on behalf of PR? As well as you being an on-campus sexual assault expert? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.180.160.102 (talk) 05:44, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * No, I am not paid to edit on anyone's behalf, and as far as I am aware, I have had no contact with the University of Wollongong in any capacity. - Bilby (talk) 06:16, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but you do have an agenda, as one look at your user page will make immediately clear to anyone who takes the trouble. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:FD41:9606:D09:6E78 (talk) 07:35, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I have taken the trouble and I cannot see any agenda on the talk page. Can you give sources? Xxanthippe (talk) 02:53, 9 August 2022 (UTC).

Rather than fight over this, it would be great if we could get some consensus. Can we agree to a few things? These are all based on the single source which mentions the case. The criticism of the university amounts to: The response of the university: Does any of this appear to be incorrect? - Bilby (talk) 07:59, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The university did not move the alleged attacker to a different class when the allegations were raised
 * Instead, the university worked with the alleged victim to develop a tailored safety plan, which involved the student changing his behavior to avoid the alleged attacker
 * The student sought and won an Apprehended Violence Order, although we don't know if this was done with the assistance of the university or not
 * As far as we know, no charges were laid by the police
 * The student should not have been expected to change his behaviour to avoid an alleged attacker
 * The university should have moved the alleged attacker into a different class before the AVO was taken out
 * The university should have taken disciplinary action after the AVO was granted
 * They cannot comment on individual cases, so we only get one side
 * They are not empowered to investigate sexual assault cases, as these need to be handled by the police
 * The tailored safety plan is part of a standard approach that the university provides to anyone with safety fears, and is not unusual
 * When an AVO is provided, the university makes the necessary changes to timetabling and class allocations
 * Employees from Australian uni's editing in favour of their colleagues at UoW, may want check their own social media policies before editing controversial topics (such as sexual abuse) and UoW on wikipeadia, and refer to expected behaviours on social media activities and the topic to ensure no policy breach. Please refer to your equity dept. For example UofSA has policies at http://w3.unisa.edu.au/hrm/equity/default.asp --1.129.96.239 (talk) 03:49, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute into University of Wollongong
No indication that this institute has independent notability. Note apparent COI editing. Pam D  07:59, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge on the grounds that while the institute is affiliated with the university, it is formally recognized by the Australian government as being independent of it. Klbrain (talk) 17:45, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Closing, somewhat boldly, as my objection has not been contested over the course of a week and there has been no support from anyone other than the proposer (over the course of more than a year). Any editor can feel free to re-proposed a merge should they wish to. Klbrain (talk) 10:24, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

Odd Student Satisfaction Rating Claim
In the fourth paragraph it states that in 2019 this place had the highest student satisfaction rating of any university of any kind in the whole of Australia, but only the second highest student satisfaction rating of any public university in the state of New South Wales. Since this isn't logically possible, should that perhaps be the other way round? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.249.141 (talk) 04:19, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

 * This is actually borderline possible. Wollongong belongs to that shady collection of entities that are not really universities properly speaking: polytechnics, community colleges, adult education, etc. Sitting at the intersection of a Venn diagram, it may have been rated in two different, but overlapping groups. I mean no disparagement of the "not really university" group of institutions; what is bad (like, really bad) is that we allow them to call themselves universities, award PhDs to anti-vaxxers, and so on. It is a move designed to look democratic on the surface whilst undermining public trust in science. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:FD41:9606:D09:6E78 (talk) 07:32, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

The Innovation Campus at night.jpg
The picture appears to have been reversed/flipped. The image appears to have been taken from Squires Way. Google Street View from Squires Way has the same mountain (Mt Kiera), reversed. An innocent error to be dealt with, perhaps? 144.131.34.69 (talk) 11:02, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg This issue has been verified and actioned. See new file.
 * 𝓣𝓱𝓮 𝓔𝓭𝓾𝓬𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 𝓐𝓾𝓭𝓲𝓽𝓸𝓻 15:22, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:University of Wollongong


text:
Double Dutch Bus

"Double Dutch Bus" is a funk song by Frankie Smith, made famous for its extensive use of the "izz" infix form of slang. It was released in February 1981, although some sources indicate 1980 as the original release date. The single capitalized on the concepts of the double-decker bus and the jump rope game called Double Dutch, popular with American children since the early 1970s. The song became a foundation of hip hop music and dance.

Co-written by Bill Bloom of WMOT Records, "Double Dutch Bus" hit number 1 for four weeks on the Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles chart.

History
"Double Dutch Bus" was released in late 1980 and gained momentum on the charts in mid-1981. The song's rhythm and lyrics are based on the Double Dutch jump rope game. Such games were played by urban school children, and in 1973 they were formalized into a team sport in New York City. The song lyrics follow the pattern of older skipping-rope rhymes, and they mention the TransPass used by the SEPTA bus system in Philadelphia.

In the 1970s, the Double Dutch jump rope game was growing quickly in popularity, with the Fantastic Four competition team (four high school girls from New York) winning the Double Dutch World Championship and appearing in commercials for McDonald's.

Production and reception
Using the stage name Franklin Franklin, Frankie Smith wrote a song called "Double Dutch", published as a 7-inch single by Paramount Records in 1973, arranged by Caldwell McMillan Jr. and produced by Schulman Music, but it did not chart. After Smith saw that the jump rope game was again rising in the media, he and co-writer Bill Bloom persuaded contacts at WMOT Records to finance an updated version; it was recorded in 1980, engineered by Gene Leone at Alpha International, Philadelphia. The song rocketed to popularity in a matter of weeks and debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart in February, rising to the top spot by July, where it held at number one for four weeks. It also crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 30 in the summer of 1981.

The record became only the second in history (following the 1979 Barbra Streisand/Donna Summer duet "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)") to receive two separate standard-release Gold certifications from the RIAA: first in June 1981 for sales of the 12-inch single; and a second Gold record in September 1981 for sales of the 7-inch radio edit.

In the National Geographic documentary King of Coke: Living the High Life, Frankie Smith explains how the song was composed. He also states that WMOT Records failed to pay him his royalties, and how he therefore was unable to pay his taxes. An investigation was started which brought to light that WMOT Records was not only badly managed, but in fact laundering money for Larry Lavin, aka Dr. Snow, a dentist who was secretly dealing cocaine.

Sampling
The song was sampled by Missy Elliott for use in the song "Gossip Folks".

Raven-Symoné version
"Double Dutch Bus" was covered by Raven-Symoné in 2008. The track was released to promote the film College Road Trip and is the lead single from her fourth album, Raven-Symoné. The single was placed on Radio Disney on February 9, 2008, and became available for digital download through iTunes on March 4, 2008.

Music video
The music video premiered on Disney Channel on February 18, 2008. The music video shows Raven and others dancing under a disco ball and enjoying a party bus. Images from the film College Road Trip are also seen. Cast member Donny Osmond makes a cameo appearance in the video, which was directed by Patrick Hoelck.

Track listing

 * CD single/digital download
 * 1) "Double Dutch Bus" - 3:02

title: Double Dutch Bus


text: User talk:71.1.127.167

title: User talk:71.1.127.167


text:
Austrian Circle

The Austrian Circle (Österreichischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. It was one of the four Imperial Circles created by decree after the 1512 Diet at Cologne, twelve years after the original six Circles were established in the course of the Imperial Reform. It roughly corresponds to present-day Austria (except for Salzburg and Burgenland), Slovenia, and the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Venezia Giulia regions of Northern Italy, but also comprised the Further Austrian territories in the former Swabian stem duchy.

Organisation
The Austrian Circle was largely coterminous with the "Hereditary Lands" (Erblande) of the House of Habsburg, dominated by the Archduchy of Austria. Beside the Habsburg lands, which had a single collective seat to the Reichstag, it included the Prince-Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen, which, however, were largely ruled within the Habsburg lands of Tyrol, and some little vassal principalities.

The Circle's territory was again enlarged with the acquisition of the Bavarian Innviertel according to the 1779 Treaty of Teschen, as well as the Electorate of Salzburg and the Berchtesgaden Provostry by the German mediatisation in 1803. Nevertheless, the Austrian Circle was dissolved when Emperor Francis II resigned on 6 August 1806.

Composition
The circle was made up of the following states:

title: Austrian Circle


text:
Charles Fortier

Charles Auguste Fortier (born August 4, 1892 in Rockland, Ontario) was a Canadian hockey left wing who signed a contract with the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League during the training camp prior to the 1923-24 season but then opted to remain an amateur, and thus never played in the NHL.

Playing career
Fortier played in the Lower Ottawa Valley Hockey Association, the Ottawa City Hockey League (at the senior level) and the Hull-Ottawa Senior Hockey League.

Prior to the 1923-24 season, he participated in the Montreal Canadiens training camp in Grimsby, Ontario, where he was one of three rookies (the others were Howie Morenz and Sylvio Mantha) who signed a contract for the upcoming season. However, just prior to the beginning of the season, which took place in Toronto against the St. Patricks on December 15, he changed his mind and returned to Ottawa.

Fortier was long believed to have played that first game of the season in Toronto, leading to his being credited with having played one NHL game in his career. However, research done in the late 1990s showed that Fortier had not played that game. The 1998-99 edition of the NHL Official Guide & Record Book was the last to list him as a former NHL player, whereas his name was removed from the Montreal Canadiens' media guides following the 2008-09 season.

title: Charles Fortier


text:
Category talk:People imprisoned on charges of terrorism

Do gitmo detainees belong here?
Do gitmo detainees belong here? I don't think so. None of them have been convicted through a fair trial. Four of them have been charged. But they aren't facing a real trial, let alone a fair trial.

Anyhow, the other 500 are accused of terrorism. But that doesn't mean they are terrorist, or that terrorism is the real reason they are being held. Maybe there should be a category, named "Prisoners accused of terrorism"?

Terrorism & Terrorist Tagging are POV & Subjective
For more details: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SAR23/Terrorism_%26_Terrorist_Tagging_are_POV_%26_Subjective

SAR23 15:02, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Name of this category
I think this cat should be named "People imprisoned on terrorism charges" not "People imprisoned for terrorism" or somethingelse which avoid the POV issues relating to the term "terrorist" and "terrorism" - anyone agree or disagree.--Vintagekits 12:16, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, will renominate for deletion.GiollaUidir 23:41, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Vintagekits's name. Additionally, the only parent cat should be Category:Prisoners and detainees, not Category:Terrorists, because the fact that they were imprisoned on terrorism charges proves only that they were prisoners, not that they were terrorists. Scolaire 08:44, 20 July 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jay Malone

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consenseus. – Rich Farmbrough 20:27, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Jay Malone
Potential vanity. Notability questionable. How many comedians are on the Canadian Comedy Circuit? Granted, the guy just won some Homegrown Comic Award. Roodog2k (Hello there!) 03:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC) *Relisting - inconclusive --Doc (?) 23:13, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain for now. What commercials has this comedian appeared in?  If additional authoritative sources can be provided for this figure beyond the local comedy festival, I may be inclined to keep this.  Hall Monitor 19:16, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find much on the internet about him, except for the fact that he won an award. My opinion isn't any stronger than weak delete.  I was also unsure if this was a copyvio, since its copied direct from another website w/o a copyright notice. Roodog2k  (Hello there!) 09:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * He was on CTV's Comedy Now in September, and had the unusual distinction of having a whole hour to perform (it's usually a half-hour series) because it was the show's 100th episode. So...I'm going to clean this up and vote keep. Bearcat 06:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Edgaras Česnauskis

Edgaras Česnauskis (born 5 February 1984) is a Lithuanian former professional footballer who played as a winger.

Club career
Česnauskis was born in Kuršėnai. He started his career in 2000 playing for his hometown team Ekranas. He played for Dynamo Kyiv from 2003 to 2005, however, he received limited playing time and was often excluded from the matchday squads, appearing in only 9 matches across all competitions for the Ukrainian club. In March 2006, he signed a three-year deal with Russian club Saturn Ramenskoye. He was a regular starter for the club, appearing in 52 league matches and scoring ten goals until May 2008, when he moved to league rival FC Moscow. After the club withdrew from the Russian Premier League in February 2010, Česnauskis signed for Dynamo Moscow prior to the 2010 season.

In March 2011, Česnauskis signed a contract with Rostov until June 2012. In July 2012 he signed a new three-year contract with the club from Rostov-on-Don. After being a regular starter in his first seasons at Rostov, he was relegated to a backup role in the 2013–14 season. After his contract ended in 2015, he retired from professional football.

International career
Česnauskis made five appearances for the Lithuanian under-21 team, scoring three goals. He made his debut for the full national team aged 19, on 3 July 2003 against Estonia.

Until 2013, he earned 43 caps for his country, scoring five goals.

Personal life
His older brother, Deividas, is also a former professional footballer.

International

 * Scores and results list Lithuania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Česnauskis goal.

title: Edgaras Česnauskis


text:
Jack Fraser

Jack Fraser may refer to:
 * Jack Fraser (ice hockey, born 1882) (1882–1942)
 * Charles Fraser (ice hockey) (1897–1970)

title: Jack Fraser


text:
E-GMS

The e-Government Metadata Standard, e-GMS, is the UK e-Government Metadata Standard. It defines how UK public sector bodies should label content such as web pages and documents to make such information more easily managed, found and shared.

The metadata standard is an application profile of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set and consists of mandatory, recommended and optional metadata elements such as title, date created and description.

The e-GMS formed part of the e-Government Metadata Framework (e-GMF) and eGovernment Interoperability Framework (e-GIF). The standard helps provide a basis for the adoption of XML schemas for data exchange.

Metadata elements
The current standard defines twenty-five elements. Each has a formal description (taken from Dublin Core where possible) and an obligation rating of "mandatory", "mandatory if applicable", "recommended" or "optional":
 * 1) Accessibility (mandatory if applicable)
 * 2) Addressee (optional)
 * 3) Aggregation (optional)
 * 4) Audience (optional)
 * 5) Contributor (optional)
 * 6) Coverage (recommended)
 * 7) Creator (mandatory)
 * 8) Date (mandatory)
 * 9) Description (optional)
 * 10) Digital signature (optional)
 * 11) Disposal (optional)
 * 12) Format (optional)
 * 13) Identifier (mandatory if applicable)
 * 14) Language (recommended)
 * 15) Location (optional)
 * 16) Mandate (optional)
 * 17) Preservation (optional)
 * 18) Publisher (mandatory if applicable)
 * 19) Relation (optional)
 * 20) Rights (optional)
 * 21) Source (optional)
 * 22) Status (optional)
 * 23) Subject (mandatory)
 * 24) Title (mandatory)
 * 25) Type (optional)

Each element also has a statement of purpose, notes, clarification, refinements (such as sub-elements), examples of use, HTML syntax, encoding schemes and mappings to other metadata standards where applicable.

Development
The first version of the standard comprising simple Dublin Core elements was first published with the e-GMF. E-GMS was first published as a separate document by the Office of the e-Envoy in April 2002 and contained twenty-one elements. Version 2 was released in December 2003 and added separate elements for Addressee, Aggregation, Digital Signature and Mandate. Version 2 also added further refinements and introduced the e-GMS Audience Encoding Scheme (e-GMSAES) and e-GMS Type Encoding Scheme (e-GMSTES). Version 3 was released in April 2004 and incorporated PRONOM within the format and preservation elements. The most recent version, 3.1, was published in August 2006 by the Cabinet Office e-Government Unit following the closure of the Office of the e-Envoy. It now forms part of the UK Government's Information Principles, supporting the principle that "Information is standardised and linkable". Responsibility for maintenance and development of the standard has since moved from central to local government.

Subject metadata and the Integrated Public Sector Vocabulary (IPSV)
The Integrated Public Sector Vocabulary is a controlled vocabulary for describing subjects and was first released in April 2005, building on developments of the subject element introduced with version 3.0 of e-GMS. It merged three earlier lists: the GCL (Government Category List), LGCL (Local Government Category List) and the seamlessUK taxonomy. It had 2732 preferred terms and, 4230 non-preferred.

The current version, version 2, was released in April 2006. It is much bigger, with 3080 preferred terms and 4843 non-preferred terms, and covers internal-facing as well as public-oriented topics. The Internal Vocabulary was released as a separate subset containing 756 preferred terms and 1333 non-preferred terms. An abridged version of the IPSV was also released containing 549 preferred terms and 1472 non-preferred terms and remains compliant with the e-GMS.

The Public Sector Information Domain – Metadata Standards Working Group subsequently agreed to recommend this change to eGMS on the use of subject metadata from October 2012: "Where you identify value in using the subject element of metadata it should be populated from a controlled vocabulary that is used consistently across the sector to which the information relates. In preference, vocabularies should be published according to SKOS and publicly available for free re-use, which then enables tagged information to be further grouped, and associated, by an agent. SKOS also encourages cross-references to be made across otherwise unconnected vocabularies. This change reflects advances in searching techniques since the introduction of eGMS, and modern approaches to cataloguing and cross-referencing information against evolving terminologies.

IPSV is no longer directly referenced and mandated within eGMS, allowing the publisher to consider if subject tagging is valuable, and to use the vocabulary that best describes their business. Therefore, the mandate to use IPSV no longer applies, although IPSV remains an option."

- ESD

The standard has been discontinued in January 2019. The Local Government Association esd-toolkit has since continued hosting IPSV and current URIs will remain valid.

Mapping
E-GMS has been mapped to the IEEE/LOM. IPSV has been mapped to the Local Government Classification Scheme.

title: E-GMS


text:
User:JaneT

My User Page

title: User:JaneT


text:
Ismayilli

Ismayilli (İsmayıllı) is a city and the capital of the Ismayilli District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 28,776 in 2021

History
The territory of the district was part of the Albania state, which was formed in the late 4th century and early 3rd century BC, long before it was erected. Historical facts prove that Mehranis, who belonged to Javanshir, had created Girdiman's prince in Ismayilli territory. Javanshir was of this generation. There is a fortress called Javanshir on the coast of Akchay, 4 km north of the village of Talantan. Ismayilli district, located in the northeastern part of Azerbaijan, was founded in 1931. At first, the administrative centre of the district was in the Basgal village and was soon transferred to Ismayilli village. Until the district was organized, a large part of its territory was part of the Goychay district, part of the Shamakhi district, and a small part of Sheki's district. Ismayilli was the village until 1959, until 1967, it was a city-type settlement, and then it was renamed the city. Ismayilli region was established on November 24, 1931. From 1939 to 1977 the executive committee of the Soviet Union of deputies of the Ismayilli district, acting as the Executive Committee of the Council of People's Deputies of Ismayilli region from October 7, 1977, till October 17, 1991. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated October 18, 1991, the Soviet of People's Deputies of Ismayilli was abolished, and the Ismayilli Executive Authority was established and functioned since November 1991.

Politics and economy

The political and economic life of Ismayilli is dominated by local representatives and clients of the Azerbaijani strongman Ilham Aliyev such as the local governor of Ismayilli District Nizami Alakbarov. In January 2013 rioting broke out after a client of the ruling party from Baku became involved in a fight with a local taxi driver after a traffic accident. The businessman from Baku owned a hotel rumoured to contain a brothel controlled by Governor Nizami Alakbarov. A mob of several thousand local citizens defended the driver, rioted, burned the hotel and attacked the residences of the governor and his son. Police fought back with water cannons and scores were arrested.

Enterprises
There are enterprises such as light and food industries, asphalt plant in Ismayilli. There has been found and obtained granite in the mountains near Ismayilli. The district has strong agriculture. A kolkhoz named after Kalinin and located in Ivanovka village is famous for its achievements and has broad fame beyond the borders of Azerbaijan.
 * A poultry factory was constructed in 1978. Its territory is 9.7 ha. In 1986, its activity was stopped. Since 2004, it is functioning as a private-sector enterprise that produces hen sausage. At present, there are 60 thousand birds. Working personnel consists of 75 people. It is planned to expand the total number of birds up to 150-200 thousand and the working personnel up to 150 people.
 * Brake factory “Ragub FK” was constructed in 1989. Its territory is 2 ha. In 1993, the factory's activity was stopped, but since 2004 the factory is functioning as a private enterprise. The productive power of the factory is equal to 6 million units of the product per year. Working personnel consists of 90 employees.
 * Production enterprise of Lahij is a state enterprise being at “Azerkhalcha” productive union's disposal. It is functioning since 1966. Its territory is 3300 km2 and 103 employees work there. The enterprise produces 450–500 km2 of carpet per year.
 * Lahij enterprise which produces carpets is a state enterprise being at “Azerkhalcha” productive union's disposal. It began its activity in 1984. In 2001, the enterprise's activity was stopped, but in 2004 its activity was re-established. 72 employees work at the enterprise, which produces 300–350 thousand km² of carpet per annum. Its territory is 1 ha.
 * “Sharab No. 1” was built in 1930. Till 1966 it functioned as a wine factory using 10 thousand tonnes of grapes per annum. Since 2003, the factory is functioning as a private enterprise and produces wine and cognac.

Besides that, there is a workshop producing kelaghayi (national headscarf) in Basgal, pharmaceutical LLC “Shafa-T”, four milk enterprises, a workshop producing table water, some private carpet weaving workshops and also some little and middle enterprises in Ismayilli.

Twin towns
Ismayilli is twinned with:
 * 🇯🇵 Itō, Japan
 * 🇮🇱 Kiryat Bialik, Israel
 * 🇧🇾 Nyasvizh, Belarus

title: Ismayilli


text:
Kurdamir

Kurdamir (Kürdəmir) is a city and the capital of the Kurdamir District of Azerbaijan. It is located in Aran Economic Region. The city's population is 18,100 people.

Geography
The district shares borders with Agsu, Goychay, Ujar, Imishli, Sabirabad, Hajigabul and Zardab rayons. It has warm semi-arid climate. The relief mainly consists of lowland plains that are below the sea level. The river network is very sparse (Girdymanchay and Aghsu rivers flowing through this region), mainly Gray-Brown Earth and Gray soils are commonly found under Kserofit bushes and Tugay forests, semi-arid deserts. Wild boars, wolves, foxes, jackals, pheasants, francolins, wild ducks and geese, etc. constitute the fauna of the district. Moreover, the Shirvan collector passing through the territory of the district. The improper human activities when using irrigation, outstanding run off precipitation, as well as the wind causes soil erosion in the region.

Climate
Dry subtropical climate is mostly characteristic for the region. These climates tend to have hot, sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation. rainless summers and wetter winters. Rainfall ranges from 430 mm-185, relative air humidity from 50 - 60% in summer, 75 - 80% during the winter months. The average temperature is 4.6 °C in January and 28 °C in July. The average annual temperature is 15.8 °C in the region. The highest temperature ever recorded in Kurdamir was 44 °C (2000).

History
Kurdamir district was founded in 1930 as the center of the Aran economic region. In 1963, due to the creation of the party committees of the kolkhoz-sovkhoz production department, the Agsu and Kurdamir regions were united and in January of the same year the Kurdamir kolkhoz-sovkhoz party committee was established. In 1964, according to the plenum of Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR the new system was abolished, the old structure was restored, Kurdamir and Agsu districts were separated and each started to function as an independent region. The share of industry in economy of Kurdemir began to rise in 1883 after the establishment of Baku-Tbilisi railway line. As the railway line passed through Kurdamir, it also contributed the transportation of agricultural products on time and affected positively to the development of this field in the district. As a result of it, in 1884 Kurdemir's agricultural products were already sold in Russian markets. The all above factors led to formation of Kurdamir as a new administrative center. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Kurdamir was already the administrative center of Goychay region, and included 67 villages and migratory places. During the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, Kurdamir became an active center in liberation of Baku.. In 1920, the Soviet power was established in Kurdamir as well as in the whole of Azerbaijan. Kurdemir played a major role as an economic and cultural center during the Soviet era.

Economy
The economy of the district is mainly based on agriculture. Cotton growing, grain growing, livestock, as well as viticulture and fishery are the important part of its economy. The share of poultry and livestock in the district are considered essential.

Agriculture
The main agricultural outputs of region sugar beet, cotton growing, grain growing, as well as viticulture, fishery and dairy products related to livestock. In the Kurdamir region, 144 million 915.5 thousand AZN agricultural products were produced in 2017. The actual cost of gross output of agriculture increased by 18 million 941 thousand AZN or 13.1 percent compared to the previous year. Thus, 40.6% of the total output of the region fell to the share of agriculture. Last year the region produced 14,795 tons of potatoes, 22,550 tons of vegetables, 69,833 tons of melons, 23 tons of groundwater, 875 tons of sugar beet, 20 tons of sunflower, 100 tons of soybeans, 103 tons of buckwheat, 26176 tons of fruit and 2967 tons of grapes. More than 3,000 hectares of pomegranate gardens have been planted in the district, and more than 500 hectares of these gardens have been cultivated. Recently, the number of cattle has increased to 64785 and the number of sheep and goats has increased to 135861. In the first half of this year, meat production increased by 17.7%, dairy production by 6.7%, egg production increased by 64.5%, wool production by 21.5%. In the fall of last year, 45040 hectares of grain, including 16072 hectares of wheat, 28,968 hectares of barley were sown.

Industry

.

Rail
Kürdəmir sits on one of the Azerbaijani primary rail lines running east–west connecting the capital, Baku, with the rest of the country. The Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway will run along the line through the city. The railway provides both human transportation and transport of goods and commodities such as oil and gravel.

Kürdəmir's Central Railway Station is the terminus for national and international rail links to the city. The Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway, which will directly connect Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan, began to be constructed in 2007 and is scheduled for completion in 2015. The completed branch will connect the city with Tbilisi in Georgia, and from there trains will continue to Akhalkalaki, and Kars in Turkey.

title: Kurdamir


text:
H-back

An H-back is an offensive position in American football. The H-back lines up similarly to a tight end, but is "set back" from the line of scrimmage, and is thus counted as one of the four "backs" in the offensive formation. The H-back, while similar in name, should not be confused with "halfback" or "running back", which are used to denote a separate, primary ball-carrying backfield position. The position was made notable in the National Football League (NFL) by the Washington Redskins under head coach Joe Gibbs, who ran a two tight end system. The position was named F-back when used later in Norv Turner's offensive system. The position is similar to that of a slotback (S-back/or A-back)

Name
The name H-back can be confusing, because the H-back rarely carries the ball as halfbacks do; instead, the H-back plays a position similar to a tight end or fullback. The name stems from the playbook notation in use at the time the position was developed. Under the system used by Joe Gibbs – and indeed, by many teams then as now – the standard set of eligible ball carriers consisted of three receivers and three backs. The three receivers, the split end, tight end, and flanker, were labeled "X", "Y", and "Z" on play diagrams. The three backs, quarterback, halfback, and fullback, were labeled "Q", "H", and "F". Gibbs' innovation was to move one of the backs up near the line of scrimmage, to act as an extra blocker. At the time the system was developed, the best running back on the Redskins' roster was John Riggins, a fullback. Since Riggins and quarterback Joe Theismann were vital to the team at the time, the lesser used halfback was removed and replaced with an extra blocker. The standard notation was retained; however, this new blocker was still assigned the "H" symbol on play diagrams, hence the name "H-back" for the position. Like a flanker, the H-back was set back from the line of scrimmage, and the role was often played by an athletic tight end. The H-back often has to be versatile; as a backfield member, they can be lined up to act as a lead blocker on running plays. However, the H-back also fills the roles of a traditional tight end, catching passes over the middle and pass blocking when needed.

Washington Redskins
In the 1980s–2000s Washington Redskins offensive system, the H-back is asked to block, pass protect, and run receiving routes from multiple sets. This compares to the standard tight end which was used primarily as an extra blocker on Washington offensive line. The H-back can line up in the backfield, on the line, or is put into motion. Because of the complexity of the position, a thorough knowledge of the offense is desirable in an H-back. The position, indeed the entire two tight end offense, was created by Gibbs as a direct response to Lawrence Taylor, the New York Giants' dominant linebacker. As Gibbs stated, "We had to try in some way have a special game plan just for Lawrence Taylor. Now you didn't do that very often in this league but I think he's one person that we learned the lesson the hard way. We lost ball games."

Other uses
Offensive formations that utilize the H-back are not commonly used in professional football today. The most recent examples of a professional football team employing the H-back are the Cleveland Browns from 2001 to 2004 under head coach Butch Davis, and the Chicago Bears in 2010 under offensive coordinator Mike Martz, where Brandon Manumaleuna was featured in the role. The Cincinnati Bengals, under coach Marvin Lewis, have used Ryan Hewitt, and at times Jake Fisher, as H-backs since 2014. Aaron Hernandez formerly of the New England Patriots, while a nominal tight end, was often featured as an H-back/wide receiver when Rob Gronkowski was also in the game. Chris Cooley also flourished in his role as an H-back in the offense run by the Washington Redskins during Joe Gibbs' second tenure with the team (2004–2007).

Teams at high school and collegiate levels sometimes utilize H-back formations, but usually only if they have exceptional talent and depth at the tight end and fullback positions. For example, Brigham Young University is traditionally strong at the tight end position, and the Cougars frequently use H-back formations to put their most talented players on the field at one time. During their record-breaking 1996 season, BYU used H-back formations almost every down to allow ample playing time for both Chad Lewis and Itula Mili.

Gus Malzahn is recognized for effectively utilizing the H-back in his offenses; players like Jay Prosch and Peyton Hillis have gone onto success in the NFL. Malzahn achieved the most success utilizing the H-back during his time coaching football for the Auburn, winning a 2011 BCS National Championship and an appearance in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game.

The Wisconsin Badgers have used the H-back position to great effect with Owen Daniels, Travis Beckum, Garrett Graham, and Lance Kendricks, all of whom have played in the NFL. The 2011 Houston Texans played two of these former Wisconsin Badger H-backs, Owen Daniels and Garrett Graham, as tight ends and converted their former tight end James Casey (Rice University) to an H-back.

Additionally, the Oregon Ducks have been experimenting with dual H-back sets as recently as the 2011 BCS Championship game. Charles Clay is a current example of an H-back. Former quarterback Braxton Miller of Ohio State has also been featured in the position recently, running jet sweeps and passing routes out of high-versatility formations.

title: H-back


text:
Pair of pants (mathematics)

In mathematics, a pair of pants is a surface which is homeomorphic to the three-holed sphere. The name comes from considering one of the removed disks as the waist and the two others as the cuffs of a pair of pants.

Pairs of pants are used as building blocks for compact surfaces in various theories. Two important applications are to hyperbolic geometry, where decompositions of closed surfaces into pairs of pants are used to construct the Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates on Teichmüller space, and in topological quantum field theory where they are the simplest non-trivial cobordisms between 1-dimensional manifolds.

Pants as topological surfaces

A pair of pants is any surface that is homeomorphic to a sphere with three holes, which formally is the result of removing from the sphere three open disks with pairwise disjoint closures. Thus a pair of pants is a compact surface of genus zero with three boundary components.

The Euler characteristic of a pair of pants is equal to −1, and the only other surface with this property is the punctured torus (a torus minus an open disk).

Pants decompositions

The importance of the pairs of pants in the study of surfaces stems from the following property: define the complexity of a connected compact surface $$S$$ of genus $$g$$ with $$k$$ boundary components to be $$\xi(S) = 3g - 3 + k$$, and for a non-connected surface take the sum over all components. Then the only surfaces with negative Euler characteristic and complexity zero are disjoint unions of pairs of pants. Furthermore, for any surface $$S$$ and any simple closed curve $$c$$ on $$S$$ which is not homotopic to a boundary component, the compact surface obtained by cutting $$S$$ along $$c$$ has a complexity that is strictly less than $$S$$. In this sense, pairs of pants are the only "irreducible" surfaces among all surfaces of negative Euler characteristic.

By a recursion argument, this implies that for any surface there is a system of simple closed curves which cut the surface into pairs of pants. This is called a pants decomposition for the surface, and the curves are called the cuffs of the decomposition. This decomposition is not unique, but by quantifying the argument one sees that all pants decompositions of a given surface have the same number of curves, which is exactly the complexity. For connected surfaces a pants decomposition has exactly $$2g - 2 + k$$ pants.

A collection of simple closed curves on a surface is a pants decomposition if and only if they are disjoint, no two of them are homotopic and none is homotopic to a boundary component, and the collection is maximal for these properties.

The pants complex

A given surface has infinitely many distinct pants decompositions (we understand two decompositions to be distinct when they are not homotopic). One way to try to understand the relations between all these decompositions is the pants complex associated to the surface. This is a graph with vertex set the pants decompositions of $$S$$, and two vertices are joined if they are related by an elementary move, which is one of the two following operations:
 * take a curve $$\alpha$$ in the decomposition in a one-holed torus and replace it by a curve in the torus intersecting it only once,
 * take a curve $$\alpha$$ in the decomposition in a four-holed sphere and replace it by a curve in the sphere intersecting it only twice.

The pants complex is connected (meaning any two pants decompositions are related by a sequence of elementary moves) and has infinite diameter (meaning that there is no upper bound on the number of moves needed to get from one decomposition to the other). In the particular case when the surface has complexity 1, the pants complex is isomorphic to the Farey graph.

The action of the mapping class group on the pants complex is of interest for studying this group. For example, Allen Hatcher and William Thurston have used it to give a proof of the fact that it is finitely presented.

Moduli space of hyperbolic pants
The interesting hyperbolic structures on a pair of pants are easily classified.

 * For all $$\ell_1, \ell_2, \ell_3 \in (0, \infty)$$ there is a hyperbolic surface $$M$$ which is homeomorphic to a pair of pants and whose boundary components are simple closed geodesics of lengths equal to $$\ell_1, \ell_2, \ell_3$$. Such a surface is uniquely determined by the $$\ell_i$$ up to isometry.

By taking the length of a cuff to be equal to zero, one obtains a complete metric on the pair of pants minus the cuff, which is replaced by a cusp. This structure is of finite volume.

Pants and hexagons
The geometric proof of the classification in the previous paragraph is important for understanding the structure of hyperbolic pants. It proceeds as follows: Given a hyperbolic pair of pants with totally geodesic boundary, there exist three unique geodesic arcs that join the cuffs pairwise and that are perpendicular to them at their endpoints. These arcs are called the seams of the pants.

Cutting the pants along the seams, one gets two right-angled hyperbolic hexagons which have three alternate sides of matching lengths. The following lemma can be proven with elementary hyperbolic geometry.

 * If two right-angled hyperbolic hexagons each have three alternate sides of matching lengths, then they are isometric to each other.

So we see that the pair of pants is the double of a right-angled hexagon along alternate sides. Since the isometry class of the hexagon is also uniquely determined by the lengths of the remaining three alternate sides, the classification of pants follows from that of hexagons.

When a length of one cuff is zero one replaces the corresponding side in the right-angled hexagon by an ideal vertex.

Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates
A point in the Teichmüller space of a surface $$S$$ is represented by a pair $$(M, f)$$ where $$M$$ is a complete hyperbolic surface and $$f: S \to M$$ a diffeomorphism.

If $$S$$ has a pants decomposition by curves $$\gamma_i$$ then one can parametrise Teichmüller pairs by the Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates which are defined as follows. The cuff lengths $$\ell_i$$ are simply the lengths of the closed geodesics homotopic to the $$f(\gamma_i)$$.

The twist parameters $$\tau_i$$ are harder to define. They correspond to how much one turns when gluing two pairs of pants along $$\gamma_i$$: this defines them modulo $$\ell_i\mathbb Z$$. One can refine the definition (using either analytic continuation or geometric techniques) to obtain twist parameters valued in $$\mathbb R$$ (roughly, the point is that when one makes a full turn one changes the point in Teichmüller space by precomposing $$f$$ with a Dehn twist around $$\gamma_i$$).

The pants complex and the Weil-Petersson metric
One can define a map from the pants complex to Teichmüller space, which takes a pants decomposition to an arbitrarily chosen point in the region where the cuff part of the Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates are bounded by a large enough constant. It is a quasi-isometry when Teichmüller space is endowed with the Weil-Petersson metric, which has proven useful in the study of this metric.

Pairs of pants and Schottky groups
These structures correspond to Schottky groups on two generators (more precisely, if the quotient of the hyperbolic plane by a Schottky group on two generators is homeomorphic to the interior of a pair of pants then its convex core is an hyperbolic pair of pants as described above, and all are obtained as such).

2-dimensional cobordisms

A cobordism between two n-dimensional closed manifolds is a compact (n+1)-dimensional manifold whose boundary is the disjoint union of the two manifolds. The category of cobordisms of dimension n+1 is the category with objects the closed manifolds of dimension n, and morphisms the cobordisms between them (note that the definition of a cobordism includes the identification of the boundary to the manifolds). Note that one of the manifolds can be empty; in particular a closed manifold of dimension n+1 is viewed as an endomorphism of the empty set. One can also compose two cobordisms when the end of the first is equal to the start of the second. A n-dimensional topological quantum field theory (TQFT) is a monoidal functor from the category of n-cobordisms to the category of complex vector space (where multiplication is given by the tensor product).

In particular, cobordisms between 1-dimensional manifolds (which are unions of circles) are compact surfaces whose boundary has been separated into two disjoint unions of circles. Two-dimensional TQFTs correspond to Frobenius algebras, where the circle (the only connected closed 1-manifold) maps to the underlying vector space of the algebra, while the pair of pants gives a product or coproduct, depending on how the boundary components are grouped – which is commutative or cocommutative. Further, the map associated with a disk gives a counit (trace) or unit (scalars), depending on grouping of boundary, which completes the correspondence.

title: Pair of pants (mathematics)


text:
Paolo Canè

Paolo Canè (born 9 April 1965; ) is a former tennis player from Italy.

Canè turned professional in 1983. During his career, he won three top-level singles titles (Bordeaux in 1986, Båstad in 1989, and Bologna in 1991) and achieved much success at the Olympics, reaching the semi-finals in 1984 (when it was a demonstration event) and the quarter-finals in 1988. He also won three tour doubles titles (Bologna in 1985, and Bologna and Palermo in 1986).

Canè's career-high rankings were World No. 26 in singles (in 1989) and World No. 43 in doubles (in 1985). He retired from the professional ATP Tour in 1995.

title: Paolo Canè


text: User talk:142.176.76.154

title: User talk:142.176.76.154


text:
Ann Smith Franklin

Ann Smith Franklin (October 2, 1696 – April 16, 1763) was an American colonial newspaper printer and publisher. She inherited the business from her husband, James Franklin, brother of Benjamin Franklin. She published the Newport Mercury, printed an almanac series, and printed Rhode Island paper currency. She was the country’s first female newspaper editor, the first woman to write an almanac, and the first woman inducted into the University of Rhode Island's Journalism Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Ann Smith Franklin was married to James Franklin, a printer and the brother of Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.

They had five children including daughters Mary and Elizabeth, and son James Jr. (c.1730–1762). James Jr. attended Philadelphia Academy with his cousin William, Benjamin's son, before James Jr. was apprenticed in the printing trade to his uncle Benjamin. After a long illness, James died in Newport in 1735, leaving Ann a widow, aged 39, with three young children to support, one child having died earlier.

Career
In 1736, Ann petitioned the General Assembly of Rhode Island, seeking printing work in order to support her family. She was awarded the contract, becoming the General Assembly's official printer to the colony, a position she held until she died. In this official capacity, she printed the colony's charter granted by Charles II of England. To supplement her income, she printed sermons for ministers, advertisements for merchants, as well as popular British novels. Ann's most notable work was compiling and publishing five editions of the Rhode Island Almanack, for the years 1737–1741. In 1741, she began selling her brother-in-law Benjamin's almanac, Poor Richard's Almanack, and in 1745, she printed 500 copies of the Acts and Laws of Rhode Island as a folio edition, her largest commission.

Though a second child died young, Mary, Elizabeth and James Jr. worked in the family business. The daughters performed typesetting while James Jr. ran the business, now called "Ann and James Franklin", with his mother. During this time, however, some of Ann's imprints continued to bear the name "Widow Franklin". In 1758, they published The Newport Mercury, Rhode Island's first newspaper.

Later years
As Ann grew older, she turned over many business responsibilities to James Jr. After the deaths of her remaining children, Ann, then age 65, returned to the printing press. She took on the printer Samuel Hall, who had been her son-in-law, as her business partner in 1761, forming "Franklin & Hall". Under this imprint, they printed a folio of Rhode Island schedules.

Ann Smith Franklin died in 1763.

Posthumous awards

 * Journalism Hall of Fame, University of Rhode Island
 * Yankee Quill Award, 2008
 * Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame, 1998

Partial works

 * Almanacs
 * Stafford, J. (1736). The Rhode Island almanack for the year, 1737. ... Fitted to the meridian of Newport, on Rhode-Island, whose latitude north is 41 gr. 30 m. longitude from London, 72 grs. Newport [R.I.]: Printed and sold by the Widow Franklin, at the town school-house.
 * Stafford, J. (1737). The Rhode-Island almanack for the year, 1738. ... Fitted to the meridian of Newport, on Rhode-Island, whose latitude north is 41 gr. 30 m. longitude from London, 72 grs. but may without sensible error, serve from New Found-land [sic] to South Carolina. Tides excepted. Newport [R.I.]: Printed and sold by the Widow Franklin, at the town school-house.
 * The Rhode-Island almanack for the year, 1739 ... Fitted to the meridian of Newport, on Rhode-Island, whose latitude north is 41 gr. 30 m. longitude from London, 72 grs. But may without sensible error, serve from New-Found-Land to South Carolina. (1738). Newport [R.I.]: Printed and sold by the Widow Franklin at the town school-house.
 * Franklin, A. (1739). The Rhode-Island almanack for the year, 1740.: ... Fitted to the meridian of Newport, on Rhode-Island, whose latitude north is 41 gr. 30 m. longitude from London, 72 grs. But may without sensible error, serve from New Found-land to South Carolina. Tides excepted. Newport [R.I.]: Printed and sold by the Widow Franklin, at the town school-house.
 * The Rhode-Island almanack for the year, 1741. ... Fitted to the meridian of Newport, on Rhode-Island, whose latitude north is 41 gr. 30 m. longitude from London, 72 grs. But may without sensible error, serve from New Found-land to South Carolina. Tides excepted. (1740). Newport [R.I.]: Printed and sold by the Widow Franklin at the town school-house.

 * General Assembly of Rhode Island
 * (1744). Acts and laws, of His Majesty's colony of Rhode-Island, and Providence-Plantations, in New-England, in America [1 March 1663 - 27 May 1745]. Newport: Printed by the Widow Franklin, and to be sold at the Town School-House.
 * (1744). The charter granted by His Majesty, King Charles II to the Governor and company of the English Colony of Rhode-Island and Providence-Plantations, in New-England in America. Newport: Printed by the Widow Franklin.
 * Franklin, J., & Franklin, A. S. (1759). An act for vesting and distributing intestate estates. Newport, R.I.: Printed by James Franklin.

 * British
 * Deloney, T. (1746). Fai[r Rosamond] Ga[?...] who wa[s King Henry] the Seco[nd's concubine], and put [to death] by Queen [Elinor, i]n the bower of Woodstock, near Oxford. Newport [R.I.]: Printed and sold by the Widow Franklin, at the town school-house.
 * Nathan ben Saddi, Dodsley, R., & Chesterfield, P. D. S. (1741). The chronicle of the kings of England, Written in the manner of the ancient Jewish historians. London, printed: Re-printed and sold by the Widow Franklin.

 * Religious
 * Aplin, J. (1737). John Walton's religion, proved not to be the religion of Jesus. Or A confutation of sundry errors published by John Walton, gent. in his book entituled, the religion of Jesus vindicated. Newport [R.I.]: Printed by the Widow Franklin, for the author.
 * Bowler, C., Franklin, J., & Franklin, A. S. (1758). Reflections on the conduct and principles of the Quakers in North-America. Newport, R.I.: Printed by James Franklin.

 * Franklin & Hall
 * (1761). At the General Assembly of the governor and Company of the English colony of Rhode-Island, and Providence Plantations, in New-England, in America Begun and holden by adjournment, at Newport, within and for the said colony, on Tuesday the twenty-first day of September, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-two, and second of the reign of His Most Sacred Majesty George the Third, by the grace of God, King of Great-Britain, and so forth. : An act for supplying the general treasury with the sum of eight thousand pounds lawful money, by levying a tax upon the inhabitants of this colony.
 * (1762) Remarks on a late performance, sign'd, a freeman of the colony, in answer to a dialogue between the governor of the colony of Rhode-Island, and a freeman of the same colony.

title: Ann Smith Franklin


text:
User:Lupin/Popup testing

I need help in testing this latest development version of the script, since I've made some changes to it and I don't have access to computers which don't run Linux. Please could you help by trying out the latest version? The code can be seen at User:Lupin/popupsdev.js (history).

To do so, put the following into your user javascript file (eg User:USERNAME/monobook.js): // User:Lupin/popupsdev.js - please include this line

document.write(' ');

popupShortcutKeys=true; // optional: enable keyboard shortcuts popupAdminLinks=true;  // optional: enable admin links

If you're already using the popups, then please replace the old installation with these lines.

If it doesn't work then I'd like to hear about it!

Thanks for your help! When you've done testing, you probably want to revert to the slightly more stable version by changing "popupsdev.js" to "popups.js" twice above, or you can get rid of the whole shebang by removing the lines above. Successful changes in this development version will, in time, be merged into the "stable" version.

title: User:Lupin/Popup testing


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/October 2, 2005

Wikipedia always has a lot going on. This page is for news and updates about existing or new projects or initiatives of Wikipedians (i.e. new Collaboration articles, WikiProject help requests or announcements of success, backlogs that really need help, etc.)

This page is archived in a weekly digest-like fashion, every Sunday at 0:01 UTC.

{| cellspacing=3 width="100%"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Goings-on in the week starting Sunday October 2 2005

 * Issue 39 of the Wikipedia Signpost published.
 * Voting for Wikiversity continues at Wikiversity/Vote/en.
 * The Article rescue contest has started accepting entries.
 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Current collaborations
 * General: Military history of Iraq
 * Improvement Drive: History of chemistry
 * Australian: 1997 Thredbo landslide
 * Biography: John Steinbeck
 * Canadian:
 * Indian: Military History of India
 * United Kingdom: Ethnic groups of the United Kingdom
 * Spanish translation: Tuxtla Gutiérrez from es:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
 * Gaming: Handheld video game
 * Medicine: Medical record
 * Cricket: Donald Bradman
 * Comics: X-Men
 * Interwiki checker

 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles that gained "featured" status
 * Mercantilism (October 5)
 * French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
 * W. Mark Felt
 * Richard O'Connor
 * Peterborough Chronicle
 * Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)

Pictures that gained "featured" status
 * European Hornet (October 7)
 * Tycho's Supernova Remnant (October 8)

Lists that gained "featured" status
 * List of Northwest Territories general elections (8 October)

 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black; padding-left:1em;"|
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black; padding-left:1em;"|

title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/October 2, 2005


text:
Talk:Norman

People named "Norman"
Would it make sense to have a section on this page for all the people named "Norman"? So far, only "Charlie Norman" is listed. But a quick search of Wikipedia turns up dozens of people named "Norman", as either a first or last name. We should include all (or most) of them. Or none. But not just one. Check out "George" or "Joseph" for other examples. Joe 03:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes disambiguation pages can equally disambiguate people and places, it would make sense. Stbalbach 03:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I would have thought having no people would be better. No one should make a link to Greg Norman as just "Norman" anyway. Or am I just being too hardline? DarbyAsh 08:57, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm beginning to lean to the idea of having "no people". There are a lot of kings named "George" that need to be disambiguated.  And several historical and Biblical people named "Joseph" that deserve the same treatment.  But I can't find anybody that would be confused with just the word "Norman".  It seems like it would always be qualified as a first or last name; therefore it needs no dismbiguation.  I first stumbled on this page while looking for disambiguation pages that are linked to.  It currently ranks near the top as one of the most linked-to disambiguation pages.  But after looking at a bunch of those pages, most of them are refering to the "Norman" people, not somebody named Norman.  So I vote to remove all persons named Norman from the page.  Joe 14:49, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. I am currently working on disambiguating the pages linked here, and they are almost all referring to the Normans or Norman architecture. Given the 459 links, I will be going for some time... DarbyAsh 08:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops. Obviously I should have looked at the page before coming here. Zyxw has just added a huge list of people and placenames. I guess the other question to ask is how someone would search for a person. Place names I can understand - you'd just type in "Norman". Someone is more like to search for a person, however, by full name. ??? DarbyAsh 08:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm not going to step on all the work that Zyxw did. So I'll leave it at that.  Good luck, DarbyAsh, on disambiguating this.  I just finished disambiguating spring.  It was a lot of fun.  But now I'm going off to find something selse worthwhile to work on.  Joe 14:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Normandy
Should there be an entry for Normandy on this page? The Normans article only covers up to the 12th century, but aren't subsequent and present day inhabitants of Normandy still known as Normans? E.g. Jean de Béthencourt. Gil Gamesh 15:59, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Stormin' Norman (crocodile)
so in season 3 of Crikey! They had to give Norman an x-ray which showed a tumor which was causing pain. Because of that they had to put him to sleep. Could we make an article about him? ChaseTOM4YT (talk) 04:32, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norman


text:
Jessica Harp

Jessica Leigh Harp (born February 3, 1982) is an American songwriter and former country artist from Kansas City, Missouri. Between 2005 and 2007, Harp and Michelle Branch recorded and performed as The Wreckers, a duo that topped the country charts in 2006 with the Grammy-nominated "Leave the Pieces". After The Wreckers disbanded, Harp began a solo career on Warner Bros. Records, the same label to which The Wreckers were signed. Her solo second album single, "Boy Like Me", debuted in March 2009 and was a top 30 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It was followed by her second album, A Woman Needs, in March 2010.

Biography
Jessica Harp grew up with her parents and her sister, Annie, in Kansas City, Missouri. She began singing when she was 3, wrote lyrics when she was 8, and picked up guitar at 13. In 2002, she pursued a solo career in music, releasing her independent album, Preface. She then worked as a backup vocalist for various country acts.

2005–2007: The Wreckers
She provided backing vocals for her long-time friend Michelle Branch's album, Hotel Paper. After working together, Harp joined up with Branch in 2005 to form a country duo, known as The Wreckers, whose song "The Good Kind" was featured on One Tree Hill and its soundtrack. The group's debut country single, "Leave the Pieces", was released in February 2006. It was followed by their debut album, Stand Still, Look Pretty, which was released on May 23, 2006. "Leave the Pieces" reached Number One on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in September 2006. The album produced two additional singles in "My, Oh My" (a Top 10 hit) and "Tennessee" and was certified Gold by the RIAA for reaching sales of over 500,000.

Harp appeared on the very first live game broadcast by the NFL Network on November 23, 2006, to sing the American national anthem before the Thanksgiving Day game between her hometown Kansas City Chiefs and the Denver Broncos. They later performed the National Anthem at the 55th Annual NHL All-Star Game on January 24, 2007.

Despite the success of their Number One debut single, album sales, and a nomination for the 2007 Grammy Awards for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for the song "Leave the Pieces", both Harp and Branch announced in August 2007 that they were putting The Wreckers on hold, while both went forward with solo albums. This was announced on the band's official message board, which was later closed.

2008–2010: A Woman Needs
On February 4, 2008, she married The Wreckers' fiddle player Jason Mowery. She started recording her second solo country album for Warner Bros. Nashville in July 2008 and announced in January 2009 that it would be titled A Woman Needs. Songwriter Jerry Flowers produced the album and co-wrote several of the songs. The lead-off single, "Boy Like Me," was released to country radio on March 9, 2009. It became her first Top 30 country hit, reaching a peak of No. 30 in June 2009. The album's second single, the title track, was released to radio on January 19, 2010, and the music video was filmed on November 19, 2009. On March 2, 2010, Harp announced that she would retire as a recording artist to focus on becoming a full-time songwriter. Warner Bros. Records released her second album digitally on March 16, 2010. Over a year and a half later, on October 11, 2011, Harp announced on Twitter that Warner Bros. released her from her contract and that she would record music again, either independently or with a label.

title: Jessica Harp


text:
Drakensberg Boys' Choir School

Drakensberg Boys Choir School is a choir school located near Winterton, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, at the foot of the Central Drakensberg mountain range. Performing in a variety of genres such as jazz, pop and African music, the choir is based in South Africa but also tours internationally.

Organisation
The school was established in 1967 by John Tungay with assistance from his family. Typically, enrollment is about 120 boys, all aged 9 to 15. The school admitted its first black student in 1988, six years before the end of Apartheid. It has an extensive campus, including a 600-seat auditorium constructed in 1995, and holds weekly concerts for the local population. The Choir has toured internationally.

Concert tours
The choir has presented concerts in the United States and across Europe and, by Papal request, at the Vatican City. They have also performed with South Korean artist Lee Moon-se. Every year, boys from the choir embark on an international tour. Recent locations for tours have included the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. While on tour, they often collaborate with other local youth choirs.

Notable alumni
The Bala Brothers, the South African vocal trio, attended Drakensberg Boys Choir School in the 1980s and 90s. In 1988, six years before the end of Apartheid, the oldest brother, Zwai, was the first black student admitted to the school.

Jean-Philip Grobler, an indie electronic synthpop artist, sang in the Drakensberg Boys' Choir before moving to Brooklyn, NY to make music as St. Lucia.

Ralph Schmidt went on to become the director of the Mzansi Youth Choir, which appeared in America's Got Talent.

title: Drakensberg Boys' Choir School