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British West Africa

British West Africa was the collective name for British settlements in West Africa during the colonial period, either in the general geographical sense or the formal colonial administrative entity. British West Africa as a colonial entity was originally officially known as Colony of Sierra Leone and its Dependencies, then British West African Territories and finally British West African Settlements.

The United Kingdom held varying parts of these territories or the whole throughout the 19th century. From west to east, the colonies became the independent countries of The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria. Until independence, Ghana was referred to as the Gold Coast.

Historical jurisdiction
British West Africa constituted during two periods (17 October 1821, until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again 19 February 1866, until its final demise on 28 November 1888) as an administrative entity under a governor-in-chief (comparable in rank to a governor-general), an office vested in the governor of Sierra Leone (at Freetown). The other colonies originally included in the jurisdiction were the Gambia and the British Gold Coast (modern Ghana). Also western Nigeria, eastern Nigeria and northern Nigeria were included.

Africa's present makeup includes Ghana, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Western Nigeria, Eastern Nigeria and Northern Nigeria. These countries and areas are artifacts of the post-colonial period, or what the Ghanaian writer Kwame Appiah dubs neo-colonialism.

British West Africa was originally founded at the urging of the prominent abolitionist Fowell Buxton, who felt that ending the Atlantic slave trade required some level of British control of the coastline. Development was solely based on modernization, and autonomous educational systems were the first step to modernising indigenous culture. Cultures and interests of indigenous peoples were ignored. A new social order, as well as European influences within schools and libraries and local traditions, helped mould British West Africa's culture. The British West African colonial school curriculum helped play a role in this. Local elites developed, with new values and philosophies, who changed the overall cultural development.

Aftermath
Even after its final dissolution, a single currency, the British West African pound, was in effect throughout the region—including Nigeria—from 1907 to 1962.

Nigeria gained independence in 1960. Sierra Leone was self-governing by 1958 and gained independence in 1961. Gambia gained independence in 1965. In 1954, the British Gold Coast was allowed by Britain to self-govern and in 1957, the Gold Coast was given independence from Britain, under the name Ghana.

title: British West Africa


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Sulzberger Ice Shelf

Sulzberger Ice Shelf (-77°N, -148°W) is an ice shelf about 85 nmi long and 50 nmi wide bordering the coast of Marie Byrd Land between Edward VII Peninsula and Guest Peninsula in Antarctica.

Exploration and name
The Sulzberger Ice Shelf was observed and roughly mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE; 1928-30), which applied the name Sulzberger Bay to the open water indenting this feature. The United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) extended the name Sulzberger to the adjacent ice shelf.

Location

The landward side of the Sulzberger Ice Shelf extends southeast from Howard Heights and the mouth of the Stewart Glacier to McKinley Peak. From there it runs northeast past the Hershey Ridge and the Court Ridge, past the mouths of the Hammond Glacier, Swope Glacier, Boyd Glacier and Arthur Glacier to the Denfeld Mountains. It then runs north past the mouth of the Crevasse Valley Glacier and northwest along the southern edge of the Guest Peninsula. The seaward side extends in a generally northeast direction from the tip of the Reeves Peninsula to the tip of the Guest Peninsula. The seaward side forms the shore of Sulzberger Bay. The islands of the Marshall Archipelago are scattered throughout the ice shelf.

Howard Heights
-77.45°N, -151.66667°W. A snow covered coastal promontory 515 m high between Stewart Glacier and Gerry Glacier on the north side of Edward VII Peninsula. Features in this area were explored by the ByrdAE, 1928-30 and 1933-35. These heights were mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN (at the suggestion of Admiral Richard E. Byrd) for Roy W. Howard of the ScrippsHoward newspapers, who made financial contributions to the ByrdAE, 1933-35.

Stewart Glacier
-77.48333°N, -151.41667°W. A glacier on the north side of Edward VII Peninsula, flowing northeast along, the east  side of Howard Heights into Sulzberger Ice Shelf. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Wayne B. Stewart, United States Navy, co-pilot in LC-130F Hercules aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.

McKinley Peak
-77.9°N, -148.3°W. A peak standing 15 nmi west of Hershey Ridge at the south end of the Ford Ranges. Discovered on the ByrdAE flight of December 5, 1929. Named by Byrd for Grace McKinley, wife of Captain Ashley C. McKinley, aerial photographer and third in command of the expedition.

Hammond Glacier
-77.41667°N, -146°W. Glacier on the northeast side of the Haines Mountains, flowing northwest for about 40 nmi to Sulzberger Ice Shelf in the Ford Ranges. Discovered in 1934 by the ByrdAE, and named by Byrd for John Hays Hammond, American mining engineer and philanthropist.

Reynolds Glacier
-77.63333°N, -145.91667°W. A glacier 5 nmi long, flowing eastward from the Haines Mountains along the south side of Keyser Nunatak to enter the Hammond Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN for Donald K. Reynolds, ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station, 1967-68 season.

Swope Glacier
-77.33333°N, -145.83333°W. A glacier which drains westward from the Ford Ranges, between Mount Woodward and Mount West, into Sulzberger Ice Shelf. Features in these ranges were discovered and successively mapped by the ByrdAE (1928-30) and (1933-35) and by the USAS (1939-41) all led by R. Admiral R.E. Byrd. The glacier is named for Gerard Swope, president of General Electric, who contributed various types of electrical equipment to the ByrdAE (1933-35).

Boyd Glacier
-77.23333°N, -145.41667°W. Heavily crevassed glacier flowing west-northwest for about 45 nmi to the Sulzberger Ice Shelf between Bailey Ridge and Mount Douglass in the Ford Ranges. Discovered on aerial flights of the ByrdAE in 1934, and named for Vernon D. Boyd, expedition machinist, and a member of West Base of the USAS (1939–41).

Arthur Glacier
-77.05°N, -145.25°W. Valley glacier about 25 nmi long, flowing west to Sulzberger Ice Shelf between the Swanson Mountains on the north and Mount Rea and Mount Cooper on the south, in the Ford Ranges. Discovered by members of West Base of the US AS, in aerial flights and from ground surveys in November-December 1940. Named by US-SCAN for R. Admiral Arthur C. Davis, United States Navy, a leader in aviation in the United States Navy.

Crevasse Valley Glacier
-76.76667°N, -145.5°W. A broad glacier about 30 nmi long, flowing west-southwest between Chester Mountains and Saunders Mountain. Discovered by a sledging party of the ByrdAE, which visited this area in November-December 1934, and so named because of its extensively crevassed surface.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sulzberger Ice Shelf


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Vardzia

Vardzia (ვარძია ) is a cave monastery site in southern Georgia, excavated from the slopes of the Erusheti Mountain on the left bank of the Kura River, thirty kilometres from Aspindza. The main period of construction was the second half of the twelfth century. The caves stretch along the cliff for some five hundred meters and in up to nineteen tiers. The monastery was an important cultural center, a place of significant literary and artistic work.

The Church of the Dormition, dating to the 1180s during the golden age of Tamar and Rustaveli, has an important series of wall paintings. The site was largely abandoned after the Ottoman takeover in the sixteenth century. Now part of a state heritage reserve, the extended area of Vardzia-Khertvisi has been submitted for future inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

History
Soviet-era excavations have shown that the area of Vardzia was inhabited during the Bronze Age and indicated the reach of Trialeti culture. Cave settlements such as Uplistsikhe are known along the Kura River from at least the fifth century BC, while rock cut architecture in the context of Georgian Christianity is known from Zedazeni and Garedzhi from the sixth century AD, and more locally from Vanis Kvabebi, Cholta and Margastani from the eighth century. Four distinct building phases have been identified at Vardzia: the first during the reign of Giorgi III (1156–1184), when the site was laid out and the first cave dwellings excavated; the second between his death and the marriage of his successor Tamar in 1186, when the Church of the Dormition was carved out and decorated; the third from that date until the Battle of Basian c.1203, during which time many more dwellings as well as the defences, water supply, and irrigation network were constructed; while the fourth was a period of partial rebuilding after heavy damage in the earthquake of 1283.

A number of documentary sources supplement the knowledge derived from the site's physical fabric. The collection of chronicles known as the History of Georgia refers to Tamar erecting a church to house the icon of the Virgin of Vardzia after receiving divine help in her campaigns, before transferring the monastery from Upper or Zeda Vardzia. Tamar is said to have departed from Vardzia during her campaign against the Muslims, and her ensuing victory at Basian is celebrated in the Hymns in Honour of the Virgin of Vardzia by Ioane Shavteli. The History of Georgia also relates how Vardzia escaped the Mongol invaders in the 1290s. The monastery, according to chronicles, contained large amount of valuables from silver, gold and precious stones, indicating its economic prosperity. Construction on the site continued also after Tamar's death. The belltower and the southern church portal were built in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

According to the inscription above the portal, the dining hall was constructed during the rule of atabeg Ivane, in the first half of the 15th century. Certain caves of the Ananauri complex were also built in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Persian Safavid chronicler Hasan Beg Rumlu describes Vardzia as a "wonder", "impregnable as the wall of Alexander the Great", before recounting its sack by the Persians under Shah Tahmasp I in 1551; a near-contemporary note in the Vardzia Gospel tells of its repatriation from a Persian bazaar. After the arrival of the Ottomans in 1578, the monks departed and the site was abandoned. Part of the valuables were moved to the Imeretian village of Vardzia, where they were presumably used for construction of the church and the belltower.

Site
The greater Vardzia area includes fifteen churches. The most significant, apart from the Church of Dormition, are also the early eleventh-century church at Zeda Vardzia and the tenth- to twelfth-century rock village and cave churches of Ananauri. The latter contains original frescos. The main lower site was carved from the cliff's central stratum of tufaceous breccia at an elevation of thirteen hundred metres above sea level. In total it contains about 500 caves. It is divided into an eastern and a western part by the Church of the Dormition. In the eastern part of the complex are seventy-nine separate cave dwellings, in eight tiers and with a total of 242 rooms, including six chapels, "Tamar's Room", a meeting room, reception chamber, pharmacy, and twenty-five wine cellars; 185 wine jars sunk into the floor document the importance of viticulture to the monastic economy. In the western part, between the bell tower and the main church, are a further forty houses, in thirteen tiers and with a total of 165 rooms, including six chapels, a refectory with a bakery, other ovens for baking bread, and a forge. Beyond the bell tower the complex rises to nineteen tiers, with steps leading to a cemetery. Infrastructure includes access tunnels, water facilities, and provision for defence. Water was supplied via 3.5 km long aqueduct from Zeda Vardzia village.

Ananauri complex is situated in the western part of Vardzia. It contains a number of caves, the church and the tunnel. The small church belongs to the hall type. It has the western portal and supplementary room from the north. The portal is decorated by frescoes. The hall decorations contain a wide variety of themes.

Church of the Dormition
The Church of the Dormition was the central spiritual and monumental focus of the site. Carved similarly from the rock, its walls reinforced in stone, it measures 8.2 m by 14.5 m, rising to a height of 9.2 m. The spacious hall with broad apse and conch is covered by the barrel vault. Additional rooms are adjacent to the west and north. The narthex is in the southern part. The church is illuminated by three windows. The western adjacent room leads to another separate hall, which has a tunnel, ending with the cold water pool.

Both church and narthex are painted; these paintings are of "crucial significance in the development of the Medieval Georgian mural painting". Its patron, Rati Surameli, is commemorated in a donor portrait on the north wall; the accompanying inscription reads "Mother of God, accept ... the offering of your servant Rati, eristavi of Kartli, who has zealously decorated this holy church to your glory". On the same north wall are portraits of the royal founders, Giorgi III and Tamar, holding the church model. Both are dressed in Byzantine ceremonial clothes, in crowns, with halos. Tamar lacks the ribbon that is the attribute of a married woman and her inscription includes the formula "God grant her a long life", while that of Giorgi does not; this helps date the paintings to between Giorgi's death in 1184 and Tamar's marriage in 1186. The depiction of Tamar is the earliest among the four known.

Episodes from the life of Christ occupy the vaults and upper walls in a sequence, starting with the Annunciation, followed by the Nativity, Presentation in the Temple, Baptism, Transfiguration, Raising of Lazarus, Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem, Last Supper, Washing of the Feet, Crucifixion, Harrowing of Hell, Ascension, Descent of the Holy Spirit, and Dormition (the church is sometimes known as the Church of the Assumption, which corresponds with the Orthodox Feast of the Dormition). At a lower level, more accessible as intercessors, are paintings of saints and stylites. On the rear wall of the sanctuary, behind the altar, are Twelve Church Fathers. In the narthex are scenes of the Last Judgment, Bosom of Abraham, Angels bearing a Medallion with the Cross, and three scenes from the life of Saint Stephen; other paintings were lost in the 1283 earthquake. The paintings are not frescoes, but executed in secco, and "testify to contacts with the Christian Orient and the Byzantine world, but applied using local artistic traditions". The walls were painted by an artist Georgi, whose name is written in the altar part.

Management
Since 1985 the site has formed part of the Vardzia Historical–Architectural Museum-Reserve, which includes forty-six architectural sites, twelve archaeological sites, and twenty-one sites of monumental art. In 1999 Vardzia-Khertvisi was submitted for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a Cultural Site in accordance with criteria ii, iii, iv, v, and vi. In their evaluation, advisory body ICOMOS cited Göreme in Cappadocia as the closest comparandum amongst cave monastery sites of international significance. In 2007 Vardzia-Khertvisi was resubmitted as a mixed Cultural and Natural Site in accordance also with criterion vii. From 2012, conservation of the wall paintings in the Church of the Dormition is to be carried out by the Courtauld Institute of Art in conjunction with the National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia and Tbilisi State Academy of Arts.

title: Vardzia


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File:Snoop Dogg - Murder Was the Case.jpg

Summary
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/B000003AEN.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

Rationale of fair use for Murder Was the Case (soundtrack)
The image Image:B000003AEN.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg is being linked here; though the picture is originally copyright, I ( Lajbi  Holla @ me   Who's the boss?  ) feel it is covered by fair use because:

 * 1) The image is a cover for the album Murder Was the Case (soundtrack) created by Death Row Records, and intended for wide distribution.
 * 2) The cover is of lower resolution and quality than the original CD (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 3) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.
 * 4) The cover does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 5) The cover is intended to represent the Murder Was the Case (soundtrack).
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original album in any way.
 * 7) The cover artwork has been published in various media (see Amazon.com for example)


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Shirase Coast

Shirase Coast (-78.5°N, -156°W) is the north segment of the relatively ill-defined coast along the east side of Ross Ice Shelf and Ross Sea, lying between the north end of Siple Coast (about -80.16667°N, -151°W) and Cape Colbeck. Named by NZ-APC in 1961 after Lieutenant Nobu Shirase (1861–1946), leader of the Japanese expedition, whose ship Kainan Maru sailed near this coast in January 1912. Landings were made at Kainan Bay and at the Bay of Whales, the origin of a 160-mile journey southeast on Ross Ice Shelf. From -76.93333°N, -155.91667°W (off Edward VII Peninsula), another party landed for a sledge trip to the edge of the Queen Alexandra Range.

title: Shirase Coast


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User talk:GeneralSkaal

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --User:Deepak gupta 18:51, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:GeneralSkaal


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Theismann

Theismann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include the following:

 * Dirk Theismann (born 1963), German former water polo player
 * Joe Theismann (born 1949), American former football player

title: Theismann


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Melina

Melina may refer to:

 * Melina (name), including a list of people with the name
 * "Melina", a No.1 hit song by Camilo Sesto 1975
 * "Melina", a song by Tapani Kansa
 * Melina, Dobretići, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Malina (The Emperor's New School), a fictional character in The Emperor's New School
 * An alternative spelling of Gmelina, a species of trees

title: Melina


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Megistotherium

Megistotherium is an extinct genus of hyaenodont belonging to the family Hyainailouridae that lived in Africa.

Taxonomy
The name of this genus comes and.

The name of species Megistotherium osteothlastes comes and  (with -es being an agent noun: 'bone-crusher').

The family Hyainailouridae comprised a diverse group of hyaenodont predators that were most successful during the Eocene before being possibly ecologically displaced by the order Carnivora during the late Oligocene. Megistotherium emerged in the Miocene towards the end of the hyaenodonts' flourishing; it was a part of a radiation of African hyaenodontids that occurred at that time. Hyainailouros sulzeri is very closely related to Megistotherium, extremely similar in size, structure and ratios - with a long tail, short limbs and robust body. Other authorities have suggested that Megistotherium is actually a junior synonym of Hyainailouros sulzeri, which is known by an almost complete skeleton, among other remains, and has been found in Europe, Asia and Namibia, and therefore comes from the same localities.

Description
Megistotherium osteothlastes is the only known species from this genus, and it was a large hyainailourid that lived during the Early and Middle Miocene. Its remains have been found in the Ngorora and Muruyur Formations of Kenya, Egypt, Namibia, Uganda and Libya. Named by Robert Savage in 1973, Megistotherium is one of the largest known hyaenodonts. Like the other hyaenodonts, it had an enormous skull relative to its body; up to 66.4 cm in length and a body mass estimated at 500 kg. The carnassial teeth of Megistotherium (like those of other hyaenodonts) were the upper first molars, and overlapped with their lower molar counterparts like scissors to form a formidable and powerful shearing action.

Paleoecology
The land that is now the Sahara desert was much more fertile in the Miocene. A considerable amount of it was grassland and rainfall was plentiful. Lakes and ponds provided water for large fauna, which provided Megistotherium and other predators with an ample supply of prey. Large hyaenodontids like this one could have originally evolved as specialized predators or scavengers of large African herbivores. Gomphothere bones have been found with its fossils, indicating that Megistotherium may have hunted them for food.

title: Megistotherium


text: User talk:81.148.108.107

title: User talk:81.148.108.107


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Talk:Nazia Hasan

Category
What's the point of changing it to Category:Pakistani music, where we have a better and more appropriate cateogry: Pakistani singers? This is an article about a singer, and Pakistani music is more appropriate as a super cat of Pakistani singers. --Ragib 18:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

They should be merged because the Nazia entry is a "stub" but Zoheb should be a subcategory under Nazia Hassan. HM Naqvi

title: Talk:Nazia Hasan


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IOA

IOA may refer to:

Locations

 * Islands of Adventure, a Universal Destinations & Experiences theme park in Orlando, Florida
 * Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge
 * UCL Institute of Archaeology
 * Ioannina National Airport, an airport serving the Greek town of Ioannina

Organizations

 * Indian Olympic Association
 * Independent Olympic Athletes
 * International Olympic Academy
 * Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
 * Institute of Acoustics (United Kingdom), a British engineering society
 * International Ombudsman Association
 * International Oversight Advisory, a fictional organization in the Stargate franchise
 * Irish Orienteering Association

Other

 * Input Output Application, a method used to add communicate websites and software, inputting and outputting data.
 * Input-output analysis, an economics model
 * Information object address, IEC 60870-5-104

title: IOA


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Voice of Free China

The Voice of Free China was the international broadcasting station of the Republic of China from 1949 until 1998. During the Cold War era the station was the source of Chinese Nationalist propaganda largely aimed at discrediting the People's Republic of China and buttressing the Nationalists' claims to be the sole legitimate government of all of China.

The Voice of Free China, for many years, was owned by the Broadcasting Corporation of China. This was a private company under a government contract to provide public radio programming. The BCC still exists today, but in 1998 the Voice of Free China and the government-owned Central Broadcasting System merged.

With the easing of cross-strait relations and the liberalization of Taiwan's government, the Voice of Free China changed its name to Radio Taipei International in 1998 and also used the name "Voice of Asia" for some broadcasts. In 2003, it became Radio Taiwan International reflecting the defeat of the Kuomintang government in 2000 and the new government's orientation towards Taiwan independence from China. Today, this station is now known as Radio Taiwan International.

title: Voice of Free China


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British GAA

The British Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael na Breataine) or Britain GAA is the only provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association outside the island of Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in Great Britain. The board is also responsible for the British Gaelic football, hurling, camogie and ladies' Gaelic football inter-county teams.

London compete in the National Football League, and in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (as part of Connacht). In the National Hurling League, London play in the tier 3 Christy Ring Cup while Warwickshire and Lancashire play in the tier 5 Lory Meagher Cup.

The British Council is responsible for the seven GAA counties of Britain: Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire, Lancashire, London, Scotland, Warwickshire and Yorkshire. The GAA counties cover wider areas than their names suggest; the Hertfordshire County Board, for example, oversees clubs in Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Oxfordshire; Gloucestershire GAA reaches into South Wales, Warwickshire GAA includes Staffordshire and Birmingham, and so on. The most popular sport is Gaelic football and some clubs are dedicated only to that sport.

County boards

 * Gloucestershire
 * Hertfordshire
 * Lancashire
 * London
 * Scotland
 * Warwickshire
 * Yorkshire

History
The history of the London branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) dates back to the 19th century. Sam Maguire started his career here.

The old Wembley Stadium has played host to a number of Gaelic football and hurling games, the first taking place in 1958.

Facilities
Many British GAA games are played on council fields, there are some dedicated GAA grounds in Britain. The two main grounds are the Emerald GAA Grounds, in Ruislip, London, and Páirc na hÉireann, in Solihull, near Birmingham.

Inter-county

 * All-Britain Junior Football Championship

London compete in the Connacht championship and their 2nd team competes in the Britain championship.

Club
The winners qualify for the All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship.
 * All-Britain Junior Club Football Championship

List of finals
Note: this championship does not include London's senior champions since 2002

All-Britain Junior Football Championship
Main article: All-Britain Junior Football Championship

title: British GAA


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Rockefeller Plateau

The Rockefeller Plateau in Antarctica is the portion of the interior ice plateau of Marie Byrd Land lying eastward of the Shirase Coast and Siple Coast and southward of the Ford Ranges, Flood Range and the Executive Committee Range, centering near the coordinates given above. Much of its extensive, ice-covered surface is from 1,000 meters to 1,500 meters above sea level. It was discovered by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd in 1934 and named for John D. Rockefeller Jr., patron of the Byrd expeditions.

title: Rockefeller Plateau


text: User talk:Super Mario

title: User talk:Super Mario


text:
Orders, decorations, and medals of Georgia

Orders, decorations, and medals of Georgia are the orders, state decorations and medals that are granted by the national government of Georgia for meritorious achievements in national defense, state improvement, and the development of democracy and human rights.

They may be granted to any citizen of Georgia and to people with foreign citizenship or without any citizenship. Individuals may also be honored posthumously with state awards. Nominations are made by government officials.

Most of the Georgian state awards were established in 1992. Six years later, in 1998, the Order of the Golden Fleece was created. In 2004, the St. George's Victory Order and the Order of the National Hero of Georgia were added. Additional orders were created in 2009.

The current Georgian Law on Georgian State Awards recognizes 12 official awards: National Hero Award; St. George's Victory Order; David Agmashenebeli Order; Queen Tamar's Order; Presidential Order of Excellence, St. Nicholas Order; Golden Fleece Order; Vakhtang Gorgasali's Order – I, II, III ranks, Order of Honor, Medal “Civil Commitment”; Medal “Military Courage”; Medal “Military Honor”; “Honor” Medal.

Order of the National Hero of Georgia GEO National Hero Award BAR.svg
Established in 2004, the Order of the National Hero of Georgia is the country's highest state decoration exclusively granted for heroism. Among others, it was awarded to Zhiuli Shartava (posthumously, 2004), Zaza Damenia (posthumously, 2008), John McCain (2010), Lech Kaczyński (posthumously, 2010), Giorgi Antsukhelidze (posthumously, 2013), Zurab Iarajuli (posthumously, 2013).

St. George's Victory Order GEO St-George Victory Order BAR.svg
Established in 2004, the St. George's Victory Order is awarded to individuals who have significantly contributed to victorious battles and general significant victories for Georgia.

Order of David IV The Builder GEO David Agmashenebeli Order BAR.svg
Created in 1992, the Order of David IV The Builder is also known as the David Agmashenebeli Order. It is given to regular citizens, military and clerical personnel for outstanding contributions to the country, for fighting for the independence of Georgia and its revival, and for significantly contributing to social consolidation and the development of democracy.

Order of Queen Tamara GEO Queen Tamar Order ribbon.svg
Established in 2009, the Order of Queen Tamara is awarded to regular citizens for their significant achievements in public or social spheres and outstanding service to the country and its people.

Presidential Order of Excellence The Presidential Order of Excellence.png
The Presidential Order of Excellence was established on 31 July 2009 and is awarded by the President of Georgia to individuals for outstanding achievements in the spheres of culture, education, science, art, sport etc. and for the significant achievements in the relevant fields of social life and meritorious service for Georgia.

Order of St. Nicholas GEO Order St Nicholas ribbon.jpg
Established on July 31, 2009, in accordance with parliamentary decree number 1553, the Order of St. Nicholas is awarded to individuals for outstanding charitable or social activities in free service to the country and the people.

Order of the Golden Fleece GEO Golden Fleece Order BAR.svg
Established on 26 June 1998, the Order of the Golden Fleece is awarded to individuals with foreign citizenship and those holding no citizenship who have significantly contributed to governmental improvement, national security interests, sovereignty and protection of territorial unity, formation of democratic and free society, development of useful bilateral relationships with foreign countries and international organizations, protection of rights of Georgian citizens living abroad, popularization of Georgian culture, and development of Georgian science and art. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is a notable recipient of the Order.

=== Vakhtang Gorgasali Order   ===

Established in 1992, the Vakhtang Gorgasali Order is a three-degree military decoration awarded to personnel who displayed courage and heroism in fighting for and protecting the motherland and its territorial unification, while skillfully leading their troops and creating and carrying out successful military operations.

Order of Honor Order of Honor (Georgia) ribbon.svg
Established in 1992, the Order of Honour is awarded to citizens who took part in the building process of an independent government – devoted themselves, displayed heroism and actively participated in approving and sustaining the following – governing, defense, law and order, farming, health protection, achievement in the fields of science, education, culture, literature, art and sports. It was awarded to Zaza Aleksidze, Nikoloz Beruchashvili, Jansug Charkviani and other.

Civic Dedication Medal
The Medal for Civic Dedication is awarded to a person for exemplary civic action - for dedicated civic action, for displaying exceptional civic responsibility and for personal courage.

Military Courage Medal GEO Military Courage Medal BAR.svg
Created in 1992, the Military Courage Medal is awarded to military and police personnel for protecting their motherland while displaying bravery and courage when carrying out military duties, for heroic and daring actions.

Military Honor Medal GEO Military Honor Medal BAR.svg
Established in 1992, the Military Honor Medal is awarded to Georgian military personnel and citizens who actively participated in the protection of their motherland and its territorial unity.

Honor Medal GEO Honor Medal BAR.svg
Established on 24 December 1992, the Honor Medal is awarded to Georgian citizens who actively participated in the revival of Georgia and devoted themselves to noble deeds.

Devotion to the Motherland Medal Ribbon Devotion to Homeland Military.jpg
Awarded to military personnel for distinguished success in benefit of the country's defence during war and peacetime; - to military units for successful operations - to military individuals for extraordinary bravery and devotion to duty in life-threatening situations - to single military individuals and units for extraordinary performance during a state of emergency

Didgori Cross Georgia Didgori Cross Ribbon bar military.jpg
Established in 2014, in honour of the Battle of Didgori, the Didgori Cross is awarded to servicemen and women of the Georgian Armed Forces for extraordinary courage and achievements during battle, leadership and initiative. Major Vitali Zkhadadze of the Georgian Armed Forces 43rd battalion, 4th Mechanized Infantry Brigade is the first soldier to get awarded the Didgori Cross on the day of its establishment.

Royal orders
===Order of the Eagle of Georgia    ===

Established in the 12th century and reinstated in 1939, the Order of the Eagle of Georgia is a five-grade chivalric decoration of the Bagrationi dynasty. It is awarded to members of royal houses, patriarchs as well as political and military figures. Notable recipients include Queen Elizabeth II; Prime Ministers Yukio Hatoyama of Japan and Bidzina Ivanishvili of Georgia; and Kings Umberto II of Italy, Boris III of Bulgaria, Simeon II of Bulgaria and George Tupou V of Tonga.

 * 1st grade - Lady / Knight Grand Collar (GColEG)
 * 2nd grade - Lady / Knight Grand Cross (GCEG)
 * 3rd grade - Lady / Knight Grand Officer (GOEG)
 * 4th grade - Lady / Knight Commander (KCEG)
 * 5th grade - Lady / Knight (KEG)

Royal Order of the Crown of the Georgian Kingdom Royal Order of the Crown of Georgia, Knight.png
The six-grades order is bestowed on individuals who have served the royal family of Georgia and contributed to the well-being of the country. It is available to both Georgian citizens and foreigners. The Royal Order of the Crown of the Georgian Kingdom was established on 4 July 2013 by Royal decree. Notable recipients include Jean-Paul Carteron, Dr. Zef Bushati and Chess Grandmaster Nona Gaprindashvili.

 * 1st grade - Dame / Knight Grand Collar ( reserved for the Grand Master of the Order, Georgian Royal family members, and Heads of State )
 * 2nd grade - Dame / Knight Grand Cross
 * 3rd grade - Dame / Knight Grand Officer
 * 4th grade - Dame / Knight Commander
 * 5th grade - Dame / Knight Officer
 * 6th grade - Dame / Knight


text:
Talk:Level design

Initial text
Okay, about the images. There are an unusually large number of them, merged over from game mapping. First, I think they're useful, because level design/game mapping is a topic that crosses a lot of genres, and I think it's useful to expand the reader's ideas about mapping, and having screenshots of levels from many genres will help do that. Here are my thoughts on the specific images: --Interiot 18:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * top priority is some sort of puzzle game, as level layout is of paramount importance in those games. Lemmings will suffice, as it's very well-known
 * pinball, similar to puzzles, but in addition has all sorts of special entities packed into one screen ("player start", a losing zone, teleport spots, and "coins" and triggers galore)
 * command and conquer, I really like this one. Level mapping doesn't have a tremendous impact on RTS's, except for 1) cliffs, 2) rivers, and 3) bridges (especially deformable ones).  This picture is a perfect example of how map layout affects RTS play.
 * infocom, I also feel somewhat strongly that a text game should be included, to make a person think about think more about some of the abstract ideas in mapping (eg. door, trigger). Any MUD or text game will do, though Infocom's are the best known.
 * doom, I like that shot because it includes ammo, a door, and a monster, though any 3D game that includes a couple of different entities will do
 * Comments moved to image captions, as they obviously are better placed there. --Interiot 20:51, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Criteria for inclusion. With the image captions, I've drawn the boundaries for this article pretty broadly. I'd like to justify that. With each of the screenshots, one should be able to imagine the actions done in some level editor to create the content in that screenshot. My suggested criteria would be something like: Anything that takes a lot of time to develop, and is not coded in C (or whatever the game's primary language is). For instance, I think it obviously requires a fair amount of time to develop interactive fiction, and some of it does involve the traditional level-making elements like locked doors and buttons and such. And interactive fiction is very definitely a form of scripting at times. --Interiot 21:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Too many images
In my opinion this article has too many images. When there's a solid column on the right side for the entire article, that's too many. --Rodzilla (talk) 19:51, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, spacing them out a bit would help. At least there aren't more than there is article! :-) I think they're okay, they illustrate the points of the article. — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:52, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Doom Level.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:00, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Red Alert level.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:59, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Secret of Monkey Island.PNG
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Fair use rationale for Image:Zork screenshot.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 03:13, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MD Lemmings.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 12:45, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Merger discussion
I suggest merging Level (video gaming) and Level designer into this article. All three article discuss closely-related topics. All three articles could benefit from compaction as they're overly verbose and rather crufty. For instance, the Level design section is really something that belongs in Wikiversity, not here. SharkD  Talk  14:32, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * wouldn't it make more sense the other way around. For me at least level design seems to make more sense as a subsection of an article about levels.--76.71.215.49 (talk) 01:48, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I would keep the level article, as it in my opinion covers enough information to be an article. It in itself is a game oriented and not development oriented. Level design (which incorporates both pre, during and post development phases) on it's own is different from a level (which is what is seen only post development). It should be expanded instead showcasing tools and whatnot.
 * Now, Level designer on the other hand... Looking at video game industry series articles, same is true for game designer -> game design and game tester -> game testing. They just talk about the same thing. On the other hand game programmer and game programming have a lot of different info. I would hope there is enough prospect of expanding the articles to warrant their existence rather than merging. — H3llkn0wz ▎talk 00:59, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I have merged Level designer and Level design. The Level (video gaming) is not merged and I do not believe it should, at least for now. — H3llkn0wz ▎talk 15:34, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

How?
How to i phiscally make it Like when i look at a map i see a Layout of it Is that created first? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.72.201.222 (talk) 00:32, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Level design


text: User talk:129.19.132.106

title: User talk:129.19.132.106


text:
Irene Hunt

Irene Hunt (May 18, 1903 – May 18, 2001) was an American children's writer known best for historical novels. She was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal for her first book, Across Five Aprils, and won the medal for her second, Up a Road Slowly. For her contribution as a children's writer she was U.S. nominee in 1974 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest international recognition available to creators of children's books.

Life
Hunt was born to Franklin P. and Sarah Land Hunt on May 18, 1903 in Pontiac, Illinois. The family soon moved to Newton, Illinois, but Franklin died when Hunt was only seven, and the family moved again to be close to Hunt's grandparents. Hunt's childhood was lonely, but she shared a special relationship with her grandfather. He told her stories about his childhood during the Civil War. In Minneapolis she earned her M.A. In Illinois public schools, she was a teacher of English and French. Later, she taught psychology at the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, but eventually came back to elementary and junior high school to become a director of language arts in Illinois. After she retired in 1969, Hunt devoted her time to writing.

Hunt was 61 when her debut novel Across Five Aprils was published in 1964, and it received much acclaim. Chosen a Newbery Honor Book, the novel was also Hunt's personal favorite among the ones she wrote. A critic maintains: "Brilliant characterization, a telling sense of story, an uncanny ability to balance fact and fiction, and compassionate, graceful writing mark Hunt's small but distinguished body of work." With Across Five Aprils, Hunt established herself as one of the greatest historical novelists, proving that she can write for both adult and children audiences. With her faith in "courage, love, and mercy," Hunt wrote her books to emphasize this faith.

Her next novel, Up a Road Slowly, won the 1967 Newbery Medal She died on her 98th birthday on May 18, 2001.

Works

 * Across Five Aprils, Follett, 1964.
 * Up a Road Slowly, Follett, 1966.
 * Trail of Apple Blossoms, illustrated by Don Bolognese, Follett, 1968.
 * No Promises in the Wind, Follett, 1970.
 * The Lottery Rose: a novel, Scribner, 1976.
 * William: a novel, Scribner, 1978.
 * Claws of a Young Century: a novel, Scribner, 1980.
 * The Everlasting Hills, Scribner, 1985.

Select awards

 * 1965 Newbery Honor Book citation for Across Five Aprils
 * 1965 Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award for Across Five Aprils
 * 1965 Lewis Carroll Shelf Award for Across Five Aprils
 * 1967 Newbery Medal for Up a Road Slowly
 * 1971 Charles W. Follett Award for No Promises in the Wind
 * 1985 Parents' Choice Award for The Everlasting Hills

title: Irene Hunt


text:
Manlio Brosio

Manlio Brosio (10 July 1897 – 14 March 1980) was an Italian lawyer, diplomat, politician and the fourth Secretary General of NATO between 1964 and 1971.

Early life
Brosio was born in Turin by Edoardo & Fortunata Curadelli, studied law in the local university. During the World War I, he served in Alpine regiment as an artillery officer. After the war, he graduated and in 1920 he entered politics. Later his political activity was barred because of his opposition to fascism.

Career
During World War II, after Allied invasion of Italy in 1943, Brosio went underground and later became a member of the National Liberation Committee. After the war he re-entered politics, and became a deputy prime minister and in 1945, a Minister of War.

In January 1947, Brosio became the Italian ambassador to Soviet Union and got involved with the peace treaty negotiations between the countries. In 1952 he became ambassador to the UK, to the USA in 1955 and from 1961–1964 to France.

On 12 May 1964 the NATO council chose Brosio to succeed Dirk Stikker as a secretary general. He resigned 3 September 1971. On 29 September 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Personal life
Brosio died in Turin. He was the uncle of singer and television presenter Vanna Brosio.

Honors
Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1st Class / Knight Grand Cross – June 2, 1955

title: Manlio Brosio


text:
Siple Coast

Siple Coast (-82°N, -155°W) is the middle portion of the relatively ill-defined coast along the east side of the Ross Ice Shelf, between the north end of Gould Coast (-83.5°N, -153°W) and the south end of Shirase Coast (-80.16667°N, -151°W). The area was originally called Kirton Coast, but was renamed by NZ-APC in 1961 after Paul A. Siple, a noted American scientist-explorer who accompanied R. Admiral Richard E. Byrd on all of his Antarctic expeditions.

title: Siple Coast


text:
User talk:Axlrose55f

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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Pamri • Talk 18:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:54, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Axlrose55f


text:
La maison de mon rêve

La Maison de Mon Rêve, stylized as La maison de mon rêve (My dream house or the house of my dream) is the debut studio album by American musical group CocoRosie. The album was recorded in an apartment in Montmartre, Paris, France during 2003 and released by Touch and Go Records on March 9, 2004 in the United States and April 12, 2004 in the United Kingdom.

The album is characterized by its lo-fi aesthetic and experimental approach to production. It has been described as pop, indie, electronic, found sounds, folk, folk rock, blues, folk-blues, and trip hop, as well as influenced by delta blues, hip hop, and 1970s folk. The album's vocal style has been compared to the vocal styles of Billie Holiday, Fiona Apple and Nelly Furtado.

CocoRosie originally planned to make only a few copies of the album, with the intent to distribute it to friends, but were allegedly persuaded by Touch and Go Records to release it under their label. The album's cover art and layout were partially designed by musician and graphic designer Jon Beasley of Hecuba, who has toured with freak folk act Devendra Banhart who featured on CocoRosie's second album Noah's Ark. The album was mastered by Roger Seibel.

Reception
La Maison de Mon Rêve received generally mixed reviews. Sam Ubl of Pitchfork reviewed the album one day after its release, giving it a rating of 6.9 out of 10. The mixed review described it as "an ingratiating album that suffers only from its sometimes overbearing affectation", stating that it "beams with all the lazy romanticism of an unemployed Upper East-Sider on expat life-delay" and adding that "...what CocoRosie have done with original source material on La Maison de Mon Reve is essentially what Danger Mouse attempted to do with existing music on his lauded The Grey Album ... overdubbed two styles of music, generationally-removed but deceptively similar, and the result is closer to the mean of its parts than the sum." Ubl described the album's vocals as "crooning unabashedly" and some lyrics as "doggone cringe-worthy" and "particularly guileless", but "delivered passionately enough to slide by unnoticed".

Heather Phares of AllMusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, describing it as "an enchanting debut" and "a dreamy yet challenging confection of found sounds, folk-blues, trip-hop, girlish pop, and experimental recording and production techniques."

Amazon Music editorial reviews describe the album as "deceptively innocent; enchanting and sweet yet eerie and twisted", deeming it "a haze of cryptic sounds and perversely angelic voices."

The highly controversial track "Jesus Loves Me" has been widely characterized as racist, due to Sierra Casady's use of the N-word six times during the song. Sierra later claimed she found it "shocking" that anyone would find the song offensive. Bianca defended the use of the racial slur in 2016, saying that art should "not always be politically correct" and that as a writer she believes it is important to explore multiple perspectives, including "the racist perspective."

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

 * CocoRosie – production, recording, design, layout
 * Roger Seibel – mastering
 * Jon Beasley – layout

title: La maison de mon rêve


text:
Thunderbugs (band)

Thunderbugs were a British girl group, briefly popular in 1999 who played their own instruments. Their one major hit, "Friends Forever", reached number five in the UK Singles Chart in September 1999. Their follow-up single, "It's About Time You Were Mine", failed to reach the Top 40 in December 1999. Due to this flop, the album, Delicious was postponed and ultimately released on minidisc in the UK, and on CD in continental Europe in 2000.

Members of the group

 * Jane Vaughan: lead vocals
 * Stef Maillard: bass and backing vocals
 * Nicky Shaw: drums and backing vocals
 * Brigitta Jansen: guitar

Studio albums

 * Delicious (2000)
 * It's About Time You Were Mine
 * Friends Forever
 * Walking On Air
 * You Got Something On Me
 * You And Me
 * Does Your Heart Still Break
 * Angel Of The Morning
 * Miracle Baby
 * Jealous
 * Delicious
 * Alright Now

Singles

 * "Friends Forever" (1999) - UK #5
 * "It's About Time You Were Mine" (1999) - UK #43

title: Thunderbugs (band)


text:
User talk:Atlguy81

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions, or the ones you have yet to make! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
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 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.
 * User:Redwolf24/Bootcamp My own personal summarized Bootcamp.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 18:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Atlguy81


text:
RHN

RHN could mean:
 * Red Hat Network, a software update service for Red Hat Linux
 * Northern Rhodesia, an historical territory in south central Africa
 * Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability

title: RHN


text:
Gloria von Thurn und Taxis

Gloria, Dowager Princess of Thurn and Taxis (Mariae Gloria Ferdinanda Joachima Josephine Wilhelmine Huberta; born Countess Gloria von Schönburg-Glauchau, 23 February 1960) is a German noblewoman, socialite, businesswoman, Catholic activist, and artist. Through her marriage to Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, she acquired the courtesy title Princess Consort of Thurn und Taxis.

Early life and family
Gloria Gräfin von Schönburg-Glauchau was born on 23 February 1960 in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany. Her father, Joachim, Count of Schönburg-Glauchau, was the nominal head of the Glauchau branch of the German princely House of Schönburg, a mediatised dynasty within the former Holy Roman Empire. Her mother, Countess Beatrix Széchenyi de Sárvár-Felsővidék, was a member of the Széchenyi family and a descendant of Count István Széchenyi. Her parents divorced in 1986 and her father married a second time to Ursula Zwicker (b. 1951). Gloria is one of five children from her father's two marriages. She has 2 brothers, Carl-Alban Count von Schönburg-Glauchau (born 2 February 1966), formerly head of the family who renounced his rights after his marriage to Juliet Helene Beechy-Fowler (b. 1966), daughter of Nicholas Beechy-Fowler (b. 1937) and Countess Jutta von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth (b. 1938). Her younger brother Alexander, Count of Schönburg-Glauchau, a writer and the current nominal head of the Schönburg-Glauchau branch of the family is married according to the rules of the house to Princess Irina of Hesse (b. 1971), grandniece of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, consort of Queen Elizabeth II. One of her sisters was the socialite Countess Maya von Schönburg-Glauchau. Gloria was baptized as an infant and raised in the Catholic faith.

Childhood and adolescence
When she was a child, Gloria and her family moved to Africa, living in Togo and Somalia, where her father worked as an author and a journalist. Although a descendant of the German nobility, her family had little wealth as a result of Communism in Germany and Hungary. Her family's ancestral homes, castles Wechselburg, Hinterglauchau, Forderglauchau, Rochsburg, Alt-Penig and Neu-Penig had been seized by the Soviet government of Saxony in 1945. She moved back to Germany with her family in 1970 and was enrolled at the Konrad-Adenauer-Gymnasium in Meckenheim, later studying at Kloster Wald, a girl's boarding school in a Benedictine convent. As a teenager she worked as a waitress at a ski resort in St Moritz, Switzerland.

Marriage and issue
In 1979, at the age of 19, Gloria met Johannes, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis at a luncheon he was hosting at Nürnberger Bratwurst Glöckl in Munich. She began a relationship with the 53-year-old man soon after and married on 31 May 1980 in a Catholic ceremony in Regensburg, Bavaria. At the time of their marriage Johannes was estimated to be worth between US$2 and US$3 billion. Gloria and her husband are fourth cousins twice removed, both descending from Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis. Upon their marriage she became the Hereditary Princess of Thurn and Taxis. When her father-in-law, Karl August, 10th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, died in 1982 her husband became the 11th Prince of Thurn and Taxis.

The couple had three children:
 * Princess Maria Theresia Ludowika Klothilde Helene Alexandra, born 28 November 1980 in Regensburg. On 13 September 2014, she married Hugo Wilson, a British artist, in Tutzing, Germany. They have two daughters.
 * Princess Elisabeth Margarete Maria Anna Beatrix, born 24 March 1982 in Regensburg.
 * Prince Albert Maria Lamoral Miguel Johannes Gabriel, born 24 June 1983 in Regensburg, who succeeded his father in 1990 as both principal heir at law and nominal head of the former German princely House of Thurn and Taxis according to the traditional rules of the legal affairs committee of the Association of German Nobility.

Later life
Gloria and her husband were known for their lavish lifestyle, becoming social and fashion icons in the 1980s. She became part of the European jet set and was referred to in the media as the "punk princess" and "Princess TNT".

When her husband died in 1990, Gloria was left to settle his debts, which totaled at US$500 million. Her son, Albert, became the 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis at the time of Johannes' death. She acted as the trustee for Albert, taking over management of the family estate, Saint Emmeram's Abbey. She went into isolation from society, studying finance, accounting, and estate management. She sold off family property including art, jewelry, castles, cars, and land to preserve the family fortune. During this time she undertook a spiritual pilgrimage to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France, emerging as a Roman Catholic activist.

In 2001 Gloria was severely criticized for stating on a talk show that the high rate of AIDS in African countries was due not to a lack of safe sex practices but to the fact that "the blacks like to copulate ('schnackseln') a lot". In 2008 she said in an interview that Africans have a lot of sex because of Africa's higher temperatures.

Gloria accompanied her sister, Maya, on pilgrimages to Lourdes and Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Spain after Maya was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2012.

Gloria has become a successful artist, focusing mainly on portraits done with oil paint and pastel. The Hotel Chelsea asked her to do a series of pastels of its most famous denizens—a gallery show which brought her much acclaim as a painter. She has referred to herself as a "dilettante", and cites her art collection as inspiration for her contemporary style of portraiture. In 2015 she had a solo show at the National Exemplar Gallery in New York. She also paints freelance.

In January 2019 the El Museo del Barrio in Manhattan decided to cancel an upcoming exhibition of Gloria's work at their 50th anniversary gala due to her right wing political stances and comments she had made about race and AIDS.

A devout Catholic, Gloria works closely with conservative Traditionalist Catholic leaders including Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, Cardinal Raymond Burke, Monsignor Wilhelm Imkamp, and Steve Bannon. Her palatial home, Schloss Thurn und Taxis was suggested by Bannon as a potential site for a school to educate and train right-wing Catholics, although no firm plans have been made.

Gloria is a personal friend of Hillary Clinton, and was one of a dozen women to attend her 2016 birthday party.

Honours
Hereditary titles are only recognised in German law as part of the surname in accordance with the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Members of the Thurn and Taxis family include the title as an integral part of their surname in the form, Prinz/essin von Thurn und Taxis.

Dynastic

 * Friedrich Order.png Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Perfect Friendship (House of Thurn und Taxis)
 * Ordre_de_la_Croix_étoilée_autro-hongrois.jpg Dame 1st Class of the Order of the Starry Cross (Austrian Imperial and Royal Family)

National

 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 3 BVK 1Kl.svg Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)
 * DE-BY Der Bayerische Verdienstorden BAR.png Recipient of the Bavarian Order of Merit (Bavaria)

Foreign

 * GC.OrdineS.GregorioMagno.png Dame Commander with Star of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (Holy See)
 * SMOM-gcs.svg Dames Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Sovereign Military Order of Malta)

Notable published works

 * Unsere Umgangsformen. Die Welt der guten Sitten von A-Z - with Princess Alessandra Borghese - (2000). ISBN 9783806875799
 * Gloria: Die Fürstin - Im Gespräch mit Peter Seewald (2005). ISBN 9783453380004
 * Die Fürstin und der Kardinal - with Cardinal Joachim Meisner - (2008). ISBN 9783451298714

title: Gloria von Thurn und Taxis


text:
User talk:Plushy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - Hephaestos|§ 19:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
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Wojciech Kania
✅. I also fixed the spelling of and wikilinked the Italian destinations, as well as in the interwiki article on Polish Wikipedia. Best, --Mareklug talk 06:37, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Non-free rationale for File:Wojciech Kania.jpg
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Ryszard Sroczyński
Hi Plushy - I've resolved the ref tag for this page. All best from me and my Polish spouse! --Lockley (talk) 22:27, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

Books and Bytes: The Wikipedia Library Newsletter
Books and Bytes Volume 1, Issue 1, October 2013 by , Greetings Wikipedia Library members! Welcome to the inaugural edition of Books and Bytes, TWL’s monthly newsletter. We're sending you the first edition of this opt-in newsletter, because you signed up, or applied for a free research account: HighBeam, Credo, Questia, JSTOR, or Cochrane. To receive future updates of Books and Bytes, please add your name to the subscriber's list. There's lots of news this month for the Wikipedia Library, including new accounts, upcoming events, and new ways to get involved... New positions: Sign up to be a Wikipedia Visiting Scholar, or a Volunteer Wikipedia Librarian Wikipedia Loves Libraries: Off to a roaring start this fall in the United States: 29 events are planned or have been hosted. New subscription donations: Cochrane round 2; HighBeam round 8; Questia round 4... Can we partner with NY Times and Lexis-Nexis?? New ideas: OCLC innovations in the works; VisualEditor Reference Dialog Workshop; a photo contest idea emerges News from the library world: Wikipedian joins the National Archives full time; the Getty Museum releases 4,500 images; CERN goes CC-BY Announcing WikiProject Open: WikiProject Open kicked off in October, with several brainstorming and co-working sessions New ways to get involved: Visiting scholar requirements; subject guides; room for library expansion and exploration Read the full newsletter ''Thanks for reading! All future newsletters will be opt-in only. Have an item for the next issue? Leave a note for the editor on the Suggestions page. --The Interior 21:51, 27 October 2013 (UTC)''

The Wikipedia Library Survey
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Your access to AWB may be temporarily removed
Hello Plushy! This message is to inform you that due to editing inactivity, your access to AutoWikiBrowser may be temporarily removed. If you do not resume editing within the next week, your username will be removed from the CheckPage. This is purely for routine maintenance and is not indicative of wrongdoing on your part. You may regain access at any time by simply requesting it at WP:PERM/AWB. Thank you! — MusikBot II  talk  23:45, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Plushy


text:
Category:Pages of Honour

Below is a list of those who have served as a Page of Honour for British monarchs:

title: Category:Pages of Honour


text:
User talk:Nobber

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Nobber


text:
User talk:Jihoon796

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Jihoon796


text:
User talk:Waphle

MeND in TAS
Hi Waphle, what does the MeND group do and how does it relate to motor neurone disease? --BenjaminTsai 22:03, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The MeND organization consists of volunteers who help out at a local hospital with patients with this disease. Their mission states that they are "solely devoted to improving the lives of people who have Lou Gherig’s disease (motor neuron disease, ALS) in Taiwan." --Waphle 01:15, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello. The door to your apartment faces west but the TV is on the south wall of your apartment. Your room is on the northwest corner of the apartment. The kitchen and dining room is on the west side of the apartment. The living room is the southeast corner. This is a generally good arrangement, except in your special case, you speak too much english. To fix this feng shui problem, please stop having a positive opinion of TAS. Remember, TAS is a bad school. Please take this advice seriously.63.201.35.145 23:29, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

The 八字 also says Missouri would be a good destination. 63.201.35.145 23:35, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Dave C.talk 19:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
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Establishment of The Wikimedia Hong Kong
encyclopedist 08:55, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Venue suggestion needed for a meet-up in Yuen Long

Dear:  ：

In the past meet-ups, we always had our meeting in the centre of Kowloon, either Kowloon Tong or Mong Kok. However, apart from these places, I am sure that alternative venues in other region would be suitable.

This is the time for your suggestion! According to some discussion on Chinese Wikipedia, from August of 2007, the Hong Kong Wikimedians’ meet-up would be held in all districts of Hong Kong in a circulation basis.

Here is the tentative information of the first meet-up：
 * Date： 11, August, 2007 (Saturday)
 * Time： After 5:00pm
 * Proposed region： Yuen Long

The community would request for ideas of where we should hold the meet-up , in order to have a better decision. If you have any good ideas, don’t hesitate to give your opinions, million thanks!

"Please don't hesitate to give your good suggestion to us"

Regards, Hong Kong Wikimedian Sith lord darth vader 04:22, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Blue & Gold
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Requested photo
Hello! I noticed that on your userpage you state that you are living in Taipei. Would you be willing to take and upload a photo of the Taipei Taiwan Temple? It would be much appreciated. —Remember the dot (talk) 00:51, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Celebrations for 2nd Anniversary of Wikimedia Hong Kong

Dear:  ：

Wikimedia Hong Kong has been founded two year ago. Today, we would like to invite you to a great event for our second anniversary celebrations, that is co-host by us - Digital Content Jam 1.0, which is belongs to The 3C Digital Creativity Dialogue Series -- Creativity, Content, Community.

This is the information of the event：

 * Date: 31, July, 2009 (Friday)
 * Time: From 7:00pm to 9:30pm
 * Venue: eTech Centre Meeting Room M2 &3, 4/F Opulent Building, 402-406 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai（Google map）
 * '''Language: Cantonese
 * Free snacks and drinks will be served!

'''Please register via the link below to tell us if you would like to join the event. Registration Form'''

Regards, Hong Kong Wikimedian Tango Chan×Chat with me 11:30, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Fair Use in Australia discussion
As an Australian Wikipedian, your opinion is sought on a proposal to advocate for the introduction of Fair Use into Australian copyright law. The discussion is taking place at the Australian Wikipedians' notice board, please read the proposal and comment there. MediaWiki message delivery MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:08, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

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Women in Red
Welcome too to Women in Red. You might be interested in our Ten Simple Rules for Creating Women's Biographies. Let me know if ever you need any help or experience any problems. Happy editing!--Ipigott (talk) 14:18, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Food
Hello! After the successful pilot program by Wikimedia India in 2015, Wiki Loves Food (WLF) is happening again in 2018 and this year, it's  going International. To make this event a grant success, your direction is key. Please sign up here as a volunteer to bring all the world's food to Wikimedia. Danidamiobi (talk) 01:19, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

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Orphaned non-free image File:ExpressVPN Logo.png
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title: User talk:Waphle


text:
User talk:Vnv lain

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

You might like some of these links and tips:
 * some General guidance.
 * Tutorial and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 19:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC).

Answer to your question at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Films
Hi, I answered your question on that page, but since I moved the question too (you should post newer questions at the bottom of talk pages here, it's just general practice and no harm was done), here's the question and the answer for easy reference:

Which group should I address regarding my thoughts on Kurosawa's "Rhapsody in August"? I would like to discuss with someone regarding some edits I would like to make to the entry. Thanks in advance! Vnv lain 16:21, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The article's talk page (at Talk:Rhapsody in August) is usually the best place for this. Sometimes it can take a while to get answers there, but you'll usually get an audience that's interested on the particular subject. If no one answers, or if you feel like it, you can always be bold and just edit the page and see if it sticks. Since you probably got here through a link on the talk page you probably looked there already. The template at the top of talk pages is just used to inform people of this wikiproject and as far as I know this talk page is used for more general topics about film-related articles. - Bobet 23:52, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vnv lain


text:
Black tin

Black tin is the raw ore of tin, usually cassiterite, as sold by a tin mine to a smelting company. After mining, the ore must be concentrated by several processes to reduce the amount of gangue it contains before it can be sold. It contrasts with white tin, which is the refined, metallic tin produced after smelting.

The term "black tin" was historically associated with tin mining in Devon and Cornwall.

title: Black tin


text: User talk:69.244.188.74

title: User talk:69.244.188.74


text:
2002 Uruguay banking crisis

The 2002 Uruguay banking crisis was a major banking crisis that hit Uruguay in July 2002. In this, a massive run on banks by depositors (most of them from neighboring Argentina) caused the government to freeze banking operations. The crisis was caused by a considerable contraction in Uruguay's economy and by over-dependence on Argentina (tourism, and construction boom), which experienced a strong phase of an economic meltdown itself in late 2001. In total, approximately 1/3 of the country's deposits were withdrawn and five financial institutions were left insolvent. The value of the Uruguayan peso fell, losing nearly half of its value against the U.S. dollar in 2002.

Had there been proper bank regulation by Uruguayan authorities, the banking crisis could have been avoided entirely. The Central Bank of Uruguay (BCU) had trusted international banks to regulate themselves properly and was too lenient and slow in responding to the crisis.

Banco Comercial del Uruguay
In 1990, Chemical Overseas Holdings, Inc. (a subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase) together with Dresdner Bank Latinamerika and Credit Suisse First Boston acquired the Banco Comercial del Uruguay (BCU), one of that country's oldest and largest national banks. Over time, Uruguay developed into a large offshore banking center for Argentina and Brazil, largely as a result of its lax banking laws and the predominant view among Argentines that Uruguay was a stable place for their savings.

As a result of the banking crisis, some US$800 million went missing from the BCU alone. In the end, five financial institutions failed and hundreds of thousands of depositors in Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil were left in dire economic straits after seeing their bank accounts literally disappear.

In January 2005, the Paris-based International Chamber of Commerce ruled that the Uruguayan government would have to pay US$120 million to JPMorgan Chase & Co., Dresdner Bank AG, and Credit Suisse First Boston for failing to maintain the solvency of the BCU.

The crisis underscores the three banks’ difficulty in managing risk in developing countries and dealing with local partners during a time of financial crisis. As a result, a class of BC's former depositors is suing the three international banks and the individual directors they appointed to BC's board to recover the losses suffered as a result of the bank's collapse.

Political crisis management
President Jorge Batlle appointed one of his most respected politicians, Alejandro Atchugarry, as Minister of Economics and Finance, a decision which proved vital in the reestablishment of fundamentals for economic recovery.

title: 2002 Uruguay banking crisis


text: User talk:69.212.37.235

title: User talk:69.212.37.235


text:
Talk:Democratic mundialization

Move, Merge or Fix
I propose that this page should be:

It doesn't seem to be controverisal enough (juding by previous comments) to warrant going through a formal Wikipedia vote but I thought I should at least discuss it here unless there was a good reason for the move in the first place (the discussion below is a little cryptic about that). — Flooq (Talk) @ 05:53, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Moved back to Democratic Globalization or...
 * Merged with Mundialization if they are indeed the same thing and not the subtley different terms they appear to be or...
 * Fixed so that the terms used on the page are consistant and clear.

"Democratic globalization" versus "Democratic mundialization"
This page is suffering from repeated blanking!! Help. --Dpr 19:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See the notice on the page. // Pathoschild 19:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've moved Democratic globalization to Democratic mundialization. The talk page couldn't be moved because one already existed here. However, I see no point merging them, as the old talk page consists entirely of "hoy". // Pathoschild 22:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "Mundialization" gets 952 google hits and "Mundialisation" 154. There're not found in any dictionary. Therefore it would be considered a neologism. Please see Avoid neologisms and Google test. -- Miborovsky U
 * *shrug* I merely moved it at the request of an anonymous contributor with a solid edit history; if s/he wishes, s/he'll argue his case here. On an unrelated note, your comment timestamp updates into perpetuity. // Pathoschild 22:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Mundialization is a theory that seems to differ somewhat from democratic globalization, the two article should be separate. I don't know why somebody renamed democratic globalization into democratic mundialization, while there is already a mundialization article. --Pgreenfinch 09:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess we should have seperate articles for them. -- Миборовский U 18:48, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Notability?
Is this term something spear beyond Yahoo group and one website? Did it appear in some serious newspaper, for example? This information is missing from the article. Pavel Vozenilek 08:06, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the notability of global democracy speaks for itself. Mikael Häggström (talk) 10:41, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Democratic globalization
Two articles on same topic. A merged article would be even stronger, I think. DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 18:58, 21 June 2013 (UTC) I agree, and democratic globalization is the most common naming. --Pgreenfinch (talk) 12:59, 23 August 2014 (UTC)--Pgreenfinch (talk) 12:59, 23 August 2014 (UTC) ✅

title: Talk:Democratic mundialization


text:
White tin

White tin is refined metallic tin.

It contrasts with black tin, which is unrefined tin ore (cassiterite) as extracted from the ground. The term "white tin" was historically associated with tin mining in Devon and Cornwall where it was smelted from black tin in blowing houses.

White tin may also refer specifically to β-tin, the metallic allotrope of the pure element, as opposed to the nonmetallic allotrope α-tin (also known as gray tin), which occurs at temperatures below 13.2 °C, a transformation known as tin pest). White tin has tetragonal unit cell.

title: White tin


text: User talk:69.14.103.27

title: User talk:69.14.103.27


text:
User talk:Motokokusanagi64

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Hi, I've moved your contribution to the talk page pending verification and editing for tone, I hope you don't mind :) - FrancisTyers 18:52, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

June 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Apollo Moon Landing hoax conspiracy theories has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks. Dnvrfantj (talk) 20:50, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Motokokusanagi64