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Doug Lowe (Australian politician)

Douglas Ackley Lowe AM (born 15 May 1942) was the 35th Premier of Tasmania, from 1 December 1977 to 11 November 1981. His time as Premier coincided with controversy over a proposal to build a dam on Tasmania's Gordon River, which would have flooded parts of the Franklin River. The ensuing crisis saw Lowe overthrown as Premier and resign from the Labor Party, acting as an independent for the remainder of his political career.

Born in Hobart, he was a former electrician by trade. He is married to Pamela June Grant and has four children, two sons and two daughters.

Early political career
Lowe was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly representing the electorate of Franklin for the Labor Party on 10 May 1969, at the 1969 state election. He was made a minister in the government of Eric Reece on 3 May 1972, when he became Minister for Housing. In 1975 he became Minister for the Environment and Planning, and was also appointed Deputy Premier. In 1976, he took on the Industrial Relations and Health portfolios. When the then-Premier Bill Neilson resigned as Premier on 1 December 1977, Lowe became Tasmania's 35th Premier.

Premier of Tasmania
At the age of 35 years and 200 days, Lowe was the youngest person ever to become Premier of Tasmania. The first year of his premiership was fairly uneventful, and he retained his seat of Franklin in the 1979 election with the highest ever personal vote in the House of Assembly: 24,971 or 51.2% of the vote (although this was before the Robson Rotation method of printing several variations of ballot papers, so Lowe's vote may have been boosted by his position on the ballot paper).

Franklin Dam dispute
In 1978, the Hydro-Electric Commission, Tasmania's electricity generator, announced its intention to build a second dam (the Gordon-below-Franklin) on the Gordon River, which given its location would have flooded parts of the environmentally-sensitive Franklin River valley which was joined to the Gordon upstream of the proposed dam site. Noting community concerns over the environmental impact of the proposed dam, Lowe instituted a moratorium on new dam proposals in 1979, and set up the Energy Advisory Council to advise the Cabinet of alternative proposals. The Department of the Environment was instructed to advise the HEC to undertake an environmental impact assessment and report, which when tabled to Parliament recommended proceeding to flood the Franklin. Several alternative proposals were raised: the establishment of a national park on the same site, and a large number of submissions questioning the project and recommending no dam be built at all.

By mid-1980, Tasmania's high levels of unemployment—the highest in the country—were starting to bite economically, and the HEC and elements of the government were adamant that the dam project would alleviate Tasmania's employment and financial problems, although there was considerable public opposition to the dam. Lowe suggested a compromise: the construction of a dam on the Upper Gordon, upstream from the Franklin above the Olga River (Gordon-above-Olga). He also proposed to declare the controversial Lower Gordon area a national park, as suggested by the Department of Parks and Wildlife.

The compromise proposal pleased neither the Hydro-Electric Commission nor the Tasmanian Wilderness Society which was campaigning against the dam. It also caused a deadlock in the Tasmanian Parliament: the House of Assembly rejected the HEC's Lower Gordon (Gordon-below-Franklin) dam, and the Legislative Council rejected the lower house's legislation, and voted against the Upper Gordon (Gordon-above-Olga) dam, insisting they proceed with the original proposal. Lowe, now personally opposed to damming in the region, was successful in the expansion of the existing Frenchmans Cap National Park to include the Franklin, Gordon and Olga Rivers in the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park.

Referendum and no-confidence motion
In an attempt to break the deadlock, the Tasmanian government called a referendum, the Tasmanian power referendum for 12 December 1981. When Lowe announced this to the media, he was asked to clarify if the referendum would include a 'No dams' option, and he indicated it would. The President of the Labor Party in Tasmania, however, wrote to members of parliament and instructed them to withdraw the 'No dams' option, forcing Lowe into a humiliating backdown, and restricting the options to a choice between the two dam proposals.

On 11 November 1981, members of the Labor Party moved a motion of no confidence against Lowe's leadership, petitioning him to resign as Premier and leader of the party, which he did. Harry Holgate was installed as Premier in his place. Instead of joining the backbenches, Lowe resigned from the ALP and joined the cross-benches as an Independent.

Legislative Council
Lowe continued to serve in the House of Assembly as an Independent and was reelected in the 1982 state election, until he retired on 8 February 1986. Shortly afterwards, however, he successfully ran for the Legislative Council representing the electoral district of Buckingham from 24 May 1986 to 2 May 1992 when he retired from politics.

After politics
After leaving politics, Doug Lowe became executive director of the Tasmanian branch of the Australian Medical Association. In 2005, he was temporarily contracted by the state government to secure more specialist staff for the Royal Hobart Hospital.

Honours
Lowe was made a Member of the Order of Australia in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2000, for service to the community of Tasmania, particularly in the area of social welfare, to the development of health policy, and to the Tasmanian Parliament. He was also awarded a Centenary Medal in 2001.

title: Doug Lowe (Australian politician)


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User talk:Biedermann

Here is my comment to Cantors cracy Diagonal Argument

Summary: Several arguments are presented which seem to justify serious doubts about the validity of Cantor’s Diagonal Argument.

1) Cantor’s claim to be able to conceive (within his small finite brain!) of the INFINITE ( = never ending!) list of all NEVER ENDING decimal sequences as of a COMPLETE (completed!) list is in itself a contradiction! Contradictory results may be expected therefrom! Cantor appears to have been fascinated by the possibility to define ever higher natural numbers N, yet he must have forgotten that in that process he could never achieve anything as compared with the Infinite, that any such number divided by ‘infinite’ would always yield ZERO ! . 2) Intuitively, serious doubts against Cantor’s infinitely many more reals than rationals arise from our knowledge of the density of the rationals themselves. No closest neighboring rationals can be identified, in whose interspace uncountably many reals could be accommodated.

3) The so convincing demonstration of the diagonal argument on a small finite list of finite decimal sequences cannot honestly be extrapolated to an INFINITE list of infinite decimal sequences. No irrational number, no infinite decimal sequence, can be ‘given’ other than by an algorithm that allows to determine as many of its decimals as any one desires. That is what ‘infinite’ means! But these algorithms may lexicographically be ordered, so they are countable! Cantorians now claim all the uncountably many reals to be indefinable. Certainly, we cannot even differentiate between two undefined numbers, much less count infinitely many of them!

4) Every mathematician is familiar with the definition of real numbers as ‘Dedekind cuts’ on the set of rationals. This definition implies the smallest possible difference between two real numbers @’ and @" to be one rational number @ that lies to the left of @" but to the right of @’. So there can impossibly exist more different Dedekind cuts as well as real numbers than there are rational ones! And certainly no @ can be ‘given’ unless by an algorithm out of the above mentioned lexicographically ordered list.

5) The so convincing demonstration of the diagonal argument on a finite list of decimal sequences, (in fact on square matrix!), looses its validity as soon as in that matrix the number of the horizontal lines exceeds that of the vertical rows. Yet on an infinite matrix we have no means to assure this requirement, especially on such an unspecified list as is used to demonstrate the diagonal argument! It is, however, quite easy to conceive of a never ending process that yields all possible different decimal sequences up to any desired length: starting with the list of all decimal sequences of length 1, we proceed to the list of all sequences of length 2 and so on! That list grows in both directions endlessly in to the infinite, yet much faster in the perpendicular than in the horizontal direction. At length 7 we have 10 million lines, at length 100 the number of lines by far exceeds the number of elementary particles in this universe, and never can an Antidiagonal be derived from this list that would not be contained in it as a horizontal line. If we consider, with Cantor’s imagination, this infinite process to be completed, it yields a list that may be interpreted as an enumeration of all natural numbers, as a list of all rationals in the 0-1 interval (by placing a 0. to the left of these sequences), as well as a list of all possible infinite decimal sequences, including all of Cantor’s ‘indefinables’! Whoever is missing here the definable reals (they would be generated with the completion of the list in the INFINTE!) may feel free to insert their generating algorithms alternatively between the initial decimal sequences.

Conclusion: In spite of the general acceptance of Cantor’s Diagonal Argument among today’s university mathematicians the here presented arguments cast some doubt on the justification of Cantor’s imagination of completed infinities and the existence of his by Hilbert once so enthusiastically welcomed ‘Paradise of ever higher Infinities’.

Eginhart Biedermann  Biedermann 10:55, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

P.S. It’s just a pity Cantor was not around at the moment of the Big Bang to start counting, one number per second. Today he would be working his way through those of length 17 ( in the decimal System) and it is questionable whether he would reach those of length 100 before the end of this universe. That experience might give him a lesson about the real meaning of INFINITE ! Biedermann 16:35, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Hello, here my comment to Gödels Incompleteness ==       Counterarguments  ==

1) In the long sequence of the some 40 definitions which Gödel introduced for the construction of his famous Unprovable Formula, we find under numbers 16. - 17. the definitiion of Z(n) as the Gödel-number of the presentation of any whole number n which is given in Gödels Formal System through n-fold positioning of the symbol f in front of the symbol 0, so Z(4) is the Gödel-number of ‘ffff0’. So far so good.  Further on however Gödel introduces, ( I follow here Nagel-Newman’s way of writing the formulae to get them  on a single line of typing) after having defined the Gödel-number of the symbol y to be 19, the formula  (1):                         (x)~Dem(x,sub(y,19,Z(y))), of which he claims to be able to determine the Gödel-number n, by means of which he then proceeds, by substitution of n (i.e. the representation of this number  n in the formal System S ) for the symbol y, to his famous formula (G):                        (x)~Dem(x,sub(n,19,Z(n))) with its self-fullfilling interpretation of its own non-derivability. However: what is  Z(y) in formula (1)? From what we read above, it should be the Gödel-number of the symbol-sequence that results from the  y-fold  positioning  of f in front of the symbol 0. But nobody, not even Gödel, is capable of putting the symbol f y-times on a sheet of paper, not even in thought. Equally, we all are incapable of determining the Gödel-number of a non-existing symbol-sequence. Consequently no Gödel-number of formula (1) can exist, and formula (G) operates with a non-existing number n. So: this so nice looking formula (G) simply does not exist as a sequence of symbols of  System S! That appears to be

in more detail: Somebody diagnosed my total lack of understanding. This certainly couldn’t help me to some better understanding. So, let me try to explain in more detail what I think to be my understanding with respect to what Gödel’s term Z(y)  could be in the symbols of Gödel’s System. Without such knowledge the Gödel number n of formula (x)~Dem(x,sub(y,19, Z(y))) cannot be determined. But this is essential for the progress of Gödel’s argumentation; just to name it ‘n’, does not serve the purpose, n not being a symbol of the System. From Gödel’s definitions 16 an17, together with 8 and 9, we know Z(n) to be (to BE, as Gödel says expressis verbis, not to Designate, as some people seem to believe!) the Gödel-number of the number n in the symbols of the System. With the claim that sub(n, 19, Z(n)) be obtained from sub(y, 19, Z(y))  through substitution of  19 (i.e. fffffffffffffffffff0 ) by Z(n), of necessity  Z(y) would have to BE  the number  19,  and the term    sub(y, 19, Z(Y)) would in fact be               sub(y, 19, 19)),  from which the term  sub(n, 19, Z(n)) certainly does not result through simple Substitution of  n  for  y !  To my  poor understanding, Gödel’s argumentation depends on the assumption that Z could be a function sign expressed in the symbols of the System, in which you may freely exchange the arguments  n for  y  etc., and which could simultaneously  yield the mathematical function ‘Gödel number of n’ on the argument n, and the deliberately chosen non-mathematical relation  19  for the argument  y ! To my poor understanding it seems evident that such function cannot exist. Would you please be so kind as to explain me what you think to be your better understanding! With kind regards Biedermann  Biedermann 12:18, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

2) Another questionable aspect of Gödels reasoning shows up in the word-for-word definition of what the abreviation sub(y,19,Z(y))  is standing for:  it reads (due to the definition of ‘19’ to be  the Gödel-number for the symbol y !):

‘’The Gödel-number of the term that results from the term with Gödel-NUMBER y via substitution of the VARIABLE y by the  representation of the NUMBER y ‘’!!!

The symbol y appears here in two clearly different identities, however, to obtain unumbiguous and consistent results in mathematics one should not start with such ambiguous definitions! Yet this ambiguity is crucial to Gödels selfreferent construct ! No wonder this construct C A N N O T B E  D E R I V E D  F R O M   T H E   A x i o m s !!!! Biedermann 10:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

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Godel's incompleteness theorem
Yesterday, I moved your question about Godels incompleteness theorem to Talk:Gödel's incompleteness theorems/Arguments, where I gave a brief answer. Please don't vandalize article or talk pages by inserting your comments at inappropriate places. CMummert 12:48, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Is that PHILOSOPHY ? I am physicist, my world is build from atoms and other elementary particles, but certainly not from mental concepts! Biedermann 11:50, 15 January 2007 (UTC) , I repeat here my first concern with Gödel: With Gödel’s definitions 16 and 17 it is evident that Z(4) yields the Gödel-number of ffff0, but with y instead of 4 as input in these definitions, Z(y) can impossibly yield the symbol sequence fffffffffffffffffff0, which it would have to yield when we assume the Gödel-number of y to be 19 and as it is introduced in sub(y,19,Z(y)) ! Please explain how you want to get around this impossibility. My second concern is that in this term the symbol y appears in two different identities in violation of Russell - Whitehead’s requirement on page 1 of Chapter 1 of Principia Mathematica. Why do you accept such violation? With kind regards Biedermann 11:44, 12 January 2007 (UTC)  Biedermann 11:48, 15 January 2007 (UTC) Biedermann
 * Javalenok]] 14:44, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

New version on Z(y) Biedermann 10:25, 2 March 2007 (UTC) However: what is  Z(y)? Whereas Gödel takes the pain to tell us expressis verbis that Z(n) IS the Gödel number of the numeral for n, he does not make any remark on what he wants Z(y) to BE! It certainly is NOT the Gödel number for “y”, the number “19”, as would be required for the self referent interpretation of formula (G). And obviously it can certainly not be the “Gödel-number of the (not existing) symbol-sequence that results from “putting the sign “f” y- times in front of 0”. Unquestionably, Z(y) cannot be anything else but that entire recursive definition 16 + 17 : 16.  0 N x = x,   and   (n + 1) N x = R(3)*n N x     ( with R(3) = 2exp3) n N x corresponds to the operation of “putting the sign “f” n times in front of x” 17. Z(n) = n N [ R (1)] , Z(n) is the Numeral (the Gödel number for the numeral) denoting the number n. (rewritten in the symbols of the system) with all occurrences of “n”  being replaced  by “y”. But then the formula (G), with Z(n) BEING the Gödel number for “n”, certainly cannot be claimed to be derived from formula (1) through “substitution of “n” for “y”! So, the selfreferent interpretation of formula (G) is lost! No better result is obtained from assuming Z(n) NOT to BE the Gödel number for “n”, but, in parallel to the definition of Z(y), to be the “definition 16 + 17” with argument “n”. Now formula (G) evidently results from (1) through “substitution of n for y”, but (G) no more says of itself to be obtained from (1) through “substitution of n for y” ! Again, no selfreferent interpretation is obtained! That is, what I would like to call:

GÖDEL’S INCONSISTENCY

and it's enthusiastic acceptance in the entire mathematical community over so many decades Biedermann 10:25, 2 March 2007 (UTC) is just the biggest blunder that ever happend in science !

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Biedermann


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Nambatingue Toko

Nambatingue Tokomon Dieudonné, often shortened to Nambatingue Toko (born 21 August 1952) is a Chadian former professional footballer who played as a striker. He spent all of his career in France.

Playing career
Toko was born in N'Djamena, Chad. He is best remembered for his time at Paris Saint-Germain, where he became French cup winner in 1982 and 1983.

Coaching career
In 1990 Toko became a member of the technical staff at Paris Saint-Germain. He became a French state graduated professional coach assisting various coaches like Alain Giresse, Artur Jorge. He was in charge of assessing opposing teams and talent scouting for more than 11 years, until the arrival of Laurent Perpère as a new club president in 1999.

title: Nambatingue Toko


text:
Sylvia Bourdon

Sylvia Bourdon (born 1949 in Cologne, West Germany) is a French activist who speaks four languages and is an expert in French art and design.

Career
She acted in a number of adult movies in the 1970s. She was a famous gallerist from 1978–1985: La Galerie Sylvia Bourdon, 16 rue des Grands Augustins, Paris 6 and BD 36 (restaurant exhibiting cartoons), 36, rue Grégoire de Tours Paris 6.

In 1985, she began an eleven-year effort to hold a contest for the European Community's most talented artists to design the then new European currency and have the entries judged in a 12-nation referendum. The "Graphic Ecu Competition" officially launched in April 1993 and, at one point, had twelve European central banks participating. After the contest ended in 1996, none of the contests' 97 banknotes and 44 coin designs were used for the new European currency. Bourdon later sued the European Union over its decision to call the single currency the Euro instead of the Ecu, the name inscribed in the Maastricht Treaty. Her operation is mentioned in a thesis published at MacMillans New York, by Oriane Calligaro: NEGOCIATING EUROPE.

Since 2008 she runs a company promoting French technological innovations in Saudi Arabia, India and Russia.

Books

 * L'Amour est une fête (1976). Love Is a Feast, trans. by Barbara Wright (Calder, 1977)

title: Sylvia Bourdon


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User:RobStreatham

Robin in Streatham (Born Reading, Berkshire March 23, 1966). Interests are largely based on British House of Commons, but also elections and elected representatives in general. Not a professional just a mad amateur who has an interest in political psephology. Currently working my way through enlarging the British MPs' biographies, and would welcome any comments (negative or positive).

title: User:RobStreatham


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/One for the Road

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 08:32, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

One for the Road
An alleged demo album of a non-notable band. 202.156.6.59 10:31, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN release from NN band. Cnwb 11:48, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Kjkolb 03:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- As per nomination. Ben D. 13:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Henry Bence Jones

Henry Bence Jones FRS (31 December 1813 – 20 April 1873) was an English physician and chemist.

Early life
Bence Jones was born at Thorington Hall, Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the son of Lieutenant Colonel William Jones, an officer in the 5th Dragoon Guards, and Matilda (née Bence) Jones (a daughter of the Rev. Bence Bence of Thorington Hall, Suffolk). His elder brother was the prominent agriculturist William Bence Jones, who married Caroline Dickinson (a daughter of William Dickinson, MP).

He attended school in Hingham, Norfolk, as well as a private school in Putney. He entered Harrow in 1827 and then went up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1832, obtaining his degree in 1836. He initially worked for an apothecary but subsequently (1838) enrolled to study medicine at St George's Hospital, and in 1839 chemistry at University College, London. In 1841 he went to Giessen in Germany to work at chemistry with Liebig.

Career
On his return he took a post at St George's hospital and after being promoted to assistant physician was elected in 1846 to full physician, resigning on health grounds in 1862. In 1847, he described the Bence Jones protein, a globulin protein found in blood and urine, suggestive of multiple myeloma or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Besides becoming a fellow, and afterwards senior censor, of the Royal College of Physicians, and a fellow of the Royal Society, he held the post of secretary to the Royal Institution for many years. He delivered the Croonian Lecture to the Royal College of Physicians on Matter and Force in 1868.

He wrote, in addition to several scientific books and a number of papers in scientific periodicals, The Life and Letters of Faraday (1870).

Personal life
On 28 May 1842, Bence Jones was married to his second cousin, Lady Millicent Acheson, daughter of Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford and his wife Mary Sparrow. Together, they had seven children.

He died in London on 20 April 1873 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His widow died on 29 August 1887.

title: Henry Bence Jones


text:
Category:Colombian telenovelas

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Colombian telenovelas


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Bill Neilson

William Arthur Neilson AC (27 August 1925 – 9 November 1989) was Premier of Tasmania from 1975 to 1977.

Born in Hobart, and educated at Ogilvie High School, Neilson became a postman before entering politics. He married Jill Benjamin, daughter of Phyllis Benjamin, in Melbourne in 1948. They had one son Andrew and three daughters, Christine, Carol and Robin.

Neilson was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly on 23 November 1946 at the age of 21, representing the Labor Party (ALP). For many years he was not only the youngest MHA in Tasmania, but also the youngest person to be elected to any Australian parliament.

He held various cabinet offices, including those of Minister for Tourism and Attorney-General. For over a decade (1958–1969), and again 1972–1974, he was Minister for Education. He was made Attorney-General again on 12 April 1974, and five days later was also made Deputy Premier, Police Minister and Environment Minister.

When the Premier Eric Reece was required to retire due to his age, Neilson was elected Tasmanian Leader of the ALP and Premier of Tasmania, on 31 March 1975. The following year Neilson's government was re-elected, narrowly defeating (by just one seat) the Liberal Party led by Sir Max Bingham; but towards the end of his tenure, he suffered from nervous exhaustion. He resigned as Premier, and from Parliament, on 1 December 1977.

After his term as premier, Neilson accepted the position as Agent-General for Tasmania in London, but soon his successor in the premiership, Douglas Lowe, abolished the post on cost-cutting grounds. In the 1980s, Nielson wrote as a theatre critic for The Mercury newspaper in Hobart. He died of cancer in November 1989.

title: Bill Neilson


text:
Góngora (surname)

Góngora is a Spanish surname of Navarran origin. People bearing the surname include:

 * Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo (1523–1575), Spanish conquistador and chronicler in Chile
 * Augusto Góngora (1952–2023), Chilean journalist, filmmaker, and television presenter
 * Canek Vázquez Góngora (born 1979), Mexican politician
 * Carlos Góngora (born 1989), Ecuadorian amateur boxer
 * Efraín Aguilar Góngora (born 1964), Mexican politician
 * Genaro David Góngora (born 1937), Mexican jurist and member of Mexico's Supreme Court of Justice
 * Hornella Góngora, Spanish drag queen
 * Jorge Góngora (1906–1999), Peruvian footballer
 * Julián Angulo Góngora (born 1953), Mexican lawyer and politician
 * Luis de Góngora (1561–1627), Spanish lyric poet of the Siglo de Oro
 * Mario Góngora (1915–1985), Chilean historian
 * Martín Góngora (born 1980), Uruguayan footballer
 * Michael Góngora (born 1970), American politician
 * Sandra Góngora (born 1985), Mexican ten-pin bowler

Matronyms

 * Margarita Penón Góngora (born 1948), Costa Rican politician
 * Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796), Catholic prelate
 * Fausto Cruzat y Góngora, governor-general of the Philippines
 * Gervasio Cruzat y Góngora, governor of Nuevo Mexico
 * Pedro Francisco de Luján y Góngora, 1st Duke of Almodóvar del Río (1727-1794)

title: Góngora (surname)


text:
User talk:Brucejohn

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Brucejohn


text:
Nerys Hughes

Nerys Hughes (born 8 November 1941) is a Welsh actress and narrator, known primarily for her television roles, including her parts in the BBC TV series The Liver Birds (1971-1978) and The District Nurse (1984-1987).

Biography
She was born in Rhyl, Flintshire. Her parents were Myfi and Ted Kerfoot-Hughes, who raised her as a Methodist and sent her to Howell's School in Denbigh, where she took an interest in drama. Her first language was Welsh, although she said in 2009 that by then she had lost some competence. She studied drama at Rose Bruford College and in 1960 joined the Radio Drama Company by winning the Carleton Hobbs Bursary.

One of Hughes's early dramatic roles was in Ken Loach's television series titled Diary of a Young Man in 1964. She is best known for the role of Sandra Hutchinson in the enormously successful BBC TV series The Liver Birds which ran from 1969 to 1978 with a brief revival in 1996. Her main co-stars were Mollie Sugden and Polly James.

She later played the eponymous lead in The District Nurse, a series which was written for her, and won the Variety Club Television Actress of the Year Award. The series was released on DVD in 2006.

She made brief appearances in the films A Severed Head and Take A Girl Like You, both in 1970. In the theatre she has appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the English Stage Company at the Royal Court, and the Theatre of Comedy.

Hughes was one of the explorers who voyaged to the planet Arg in the (now lost from the BBC) fourth episode of the second series of the 'science-fiction' quiz The Adventure Game in 1981, where she was evaporated in the Vortex game. She also guest-starred in the metaphorical and esoteric Doctor Who story Kinda (1982) as the scientist Todd, alongside actors Peter Davison, Richard Todd and Simon Rouse. She also appeared in the Torchwood episode "Something Borrowed" as Brenda Williams (Rhys's mother), and an alien. She is also known for her role as Glenda in The Queen's Nose (1998–2000). Hughes later returned to Doctor Who through Big Finish Productions audio dramas as the Fourth Doctor's companion Margaret Hopwood.

Hughes is married to television cameraman Patrick Turley and has a son and a daughter.

In popular culture
Half Man Half Biscuit released a song "I Hate Nerys Hughes (From The Heart)" on the album Back in the D.H.S.S..

title: Nerys Hughes


text:
User talk:Eagle in NYC

Welcome!

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Talk:Michelle_Obama
Please read WP:BLP. I have removed your question at Talk:Michelle_Obama, as it does not serve to improve the article. Who then was a gentleman? (talk) 23:00, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eagle in NYC


text:
User talk:Ash taunk

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Ash taunk


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User talk:Arucard~enwiki

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Talk:Convention

Two distinct articles?
Should we separate the two meanings into two distinct articles? I think so. Oldsoul 10:36, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why? The article's much easier to navigate when all you have to do is scroll down to reach the other meaning rather than hop back and forth between distinct pages, and it's not long enough to require subdivision at this point. This article's tenuously avoiding being attacked for being too dictionary-esque by maintaining a good enough length and level of detail; dividing the article could sacrifice that position. If you have any good information to add here, expand it first, and worry about subdividing when it grows long enough to merit it. In particular, I'm wondering why this article doesn't address artistic conventions; I came to this article hoping to get information on conventions in the sense of traditional cultural symbols to represent specific things, like the convention in ancient Greek art of using "nude" to represent a male and "clothed" to represent a female. If there's an article for that somewhere on Wikipedia, it should at least be linked to. -Silence 11:53, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree there should be two articles. The two meanings of "convention" aren't even significantly related, in spite of etymology. Velho 12:00, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I suppose there should be a disambiguation page and two articles, named "Convention (meeting)" and "Convention (philosophy)" (or perhaps just "Convention", since the meeting meaning has less to say...). We should delete the title "Convention as shared rule or custom", since it is pov. Good old Quine and Ruth Millikan, for instance, wouldn't agree with that definition. Velho 02:15, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I came looking at the Talk page just for this reason, 2 pretty different pieces in 1 article doesn't make sense, at least on first thought. I personally don't think individual article size or the easier-to-navigate thing are good enough reasons to leave it as 1 article. Well, that's my two pence worth. Retodon8 13:52, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Consummatum est. Velho 04:17, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

How to disambiguate

 * Velho, in view of your partial reversion, please insert a couple of words in the article next to the entry for "convention (philosophy and social sciences)" to provide some inkling to people that what they may be looking for is a convention as a widely accepted practice or procedure. They may well get there by following the existing link, but let's make it a dead certainty that they do. Obey 05:29, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, ok... The problem is that it is difficult to say something without a pov... But I'll think of something... Velho 05:34, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * How did you like it? Velho 05:44, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for replying so constructively and promptly! Looks good to me. Now, I don't really understand why the kind of references you have reverted constitutes POV, and I would like to learn more. If the current text explains this, its not really clear, so could you also please expand upon these issues in the convention (p & ss) article itself? If this is dealt with elsewhere (noting your references above), then the article should have the appropriate references and links. Obey 05:53, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll certainly do it as soon as a certain set of conditions obtains... ;-) Velho 05:56, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Jehovah's Witnesses Convention
Jehovah's Witnesses Convention? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.188.117.91 (talk) 20:31, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

heya blud ya ok —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.203.3.8 (talk) 11:19, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Convention


text:
User talk:Fisherida

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User talk:Shirosan

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User talk:Puneet kumar

Welcome!

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User talk:Sinaaccount

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User talk:JS.Farrar

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User talk:Sleepyrabbit~enwiki

Welcome!

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sleepyrabbit. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sleepyrabbit~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Talk:Ishinomaki

Ishinomaki, Miyagi

 * There are hundreds of bars in Ishinomaki, very few have any patrons. There are also, apparantly, a lot if Yakuza in Ishinomaki. These two facts are not mutually exclusive.

I consider this comment highly speculative and unencyclopedic so I am removing it. Please offer some kind of source for this assertion if you want to include it in the article. --Do Not Talk About Feitclub (contributions) 10:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Okawa Elementary
Several facts presented by the section on Okawa Elementary must have been available only in the links that are now dead, including (as far as I could tell) the ones marked in bold below:

 * One elementary school, Okawa Elementary, was completely destroyed, killing 70 of 108 students and nine of 13 teachers and staff. There is still anger among some of the parents of the dead students because the teachers had wasted precious time in debating whether to evacuate to higher ground. And when the decision was finally made, the teachers had decided to get to a higher ground further away from the school which necessitated crossing a nearby river bridge. It was here while crossing the bridge that both the teachers and students were swept away by the tsunami. This decision is deemed unreasonable by many of the parents because there is a hill right behind the school to which they could have reached in less than a minute. One of the teachers had tried to persuade the other teachers to bring the students to safety uphill soon after the earthquake; when he was unsuccessful, he evacuated himself but before managing to persuade one of the students to go with him - both survived. One of the teachers who survived the tsunami attack at the bridge later committed suicide.

I am in no way contesting these claims (even though the wordings are in some cases needlessly sweeping and unspecific - I have indicated these passages above using templates). I am merely pointing out that all facts on Wikipedia needs to be sourced. Thus new sources specifically including these claims need to be found to replace the links that have gone dead. Thank you. 90.229.34.175 (talk) 10:45, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I have add the archived links to the original sources, if you wish to have a look. --DAJF (talk) 11:53, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094031/http://www.clair.or.jp/cgi-bin/simai/e/03.cgi?p=04&n=Miyagi%20Prefecture to http://www.clair.or.jp/cgi-bin/simai/e/03.cgi?p=04&n=Miyagi%20Prefecture

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title: Talk:Ishinomaki


text:
Talk:Picasso's African Period

Untitled
are there any other piccasso pics dat r inspired by african art?

Yes, I am also looking for more examples of his African Influenced art period. I'm not finding much information on it through other sources as it pretty much directly relates to Cubism. Since I am doing a history project on Picasso, should I include this period?

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Am I missing something? There are all sorts of names floating in this article, seemingly referring to Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, but spelt incorrectly. They don't seem to mean anything, so should they be edited out? There just seem an awful lot of mistakes...Google hardly pulls any results for "Les Mademoiselle Mignonne's" for examples. Just a thought. 86.130.97.208 11:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Picasso's African Period


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Doom 4

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 08:37, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Doom 4
Covers a single interview mentioning a hypothetical future game that is "[not] in production" and for which there are "[no] imminent plans of starting something". Fredrik | talk 10:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Doom. Extraordinary Machine 11:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please, no. The same information was added to that article and I removed it. If anything, it could be added to an article about the Doom series. But I think even that is a bad idea since the interview does not reveal that a Doom 4 is in production or even planned, only that if it were, it wouldn't be developed by id Software. Fredrik | talk 11:59, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral I'm torn betweek keep and merge on this one, and if merged, I'm not sure where. However, I would like to say that the quote referenced is completely correct, as I read that article too. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  12:52, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:NOT a crystal ball, and even if it were, the game won't probably ever be made. — J I P | Talk 14:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - too crystal ball, although there will most likely be a Doom 4 let's wait till such a game is actually announced, rather than build a stub around a magazine quote. 23skidoo 16:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If there is no game and there are no plans, then there should be no article. Denni ☯ 02:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This entire article is based on one offhand comment by someone who by his own admission would not be involved in making the game. Not everything John Carmack says merits an article, particularly when it's just a statement of the obvious. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 08:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Doom 4


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Macroculture - small scale social interchange

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 12:33, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Macroculture - small scale social interchange
Non-notable concept, but perhaps someone could prove otherwise? 202.156.6.59 10:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC) Should be a term definition. The construction is logic as to "macro" just specifies the relative size to a micro- and subculture.

 * Delete. Writer seems to have gotten a little mixed up in terminology. Information presented here is in conflict with that contained in reference materials. Denni ☯ 02:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as confused original research. MCB 07:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Eric Reece

Eric Elliott Reece, AC (6 July 1909 – 23 October 1999) was Premier of Tasmania on two occasions: from 26 August 1958 to 26 May 1969, and from 3 May 1972 to 31 March 1975. His 13 years as premier remains the second longest in Tasmania's history, Only Robert Cosgrove has served for a longer period as premier. Reece was the first Premier of Tasmania to have been born in the 20th century.

Biography
Born in the small Tasmanian town of Mathinna, Reece joined the Australian Workers' Union in 1934, having that year obtained a job at a copper mine after four years' unemployment. From 1935 to 1946 he was in charge of the AWU's West Coast District organisation.

Reece attempted to enter the House of Representatives for the Division of Darwin at the federal elections of 1940 and 1943, but failed both times. In 1943, his successful opponent was Dame Enid Lyons.

On 23 November 1946, Reece was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly, representing the state seat of Darwin. He would represent this seat, renamed Braddon in 1955, until his retirement in 1975. Straight away he was appointed to the cabinet led by Sir Robert Cosgrove, and over the next 12 years he held various portfolios, including the Ministry of Mines, the Ministry of Housing, and the Ministry of Lands and Works. These roles he combined with the federal presidency of the Labor Party between 1952 and 1955. He became leader of the state Labor Party, and hence Premier, in 1958 after Cosgrove's resignation.

Unexpectedly, Reece lost the premiership in 1969, when the ALP was narrowly defeated by the Liberal Party led by Angus Bethune. This ended 35 years of uninterrupted Labor government in Tasmania. The Liberals had gained a one-seat majority in the House of Assembly by forming a coalition with former Speaker Kevin Lyons, who had founded his own Centre Party. Nevertheless, the period of non-Labor rule ended when Lyons quit the coalition, forcing Bethune back to the polls in 1972. Reece and the Labor Party regained control in a landslide win. This was as much a personal victory as a political one, since Reece himself topped the poll in Braddon with 35.4%, still a record for an individual candidate in that electorate. As of 2016 he remains the last person to make a comeback as Premier of any Australian state after losing the position.

Well known for his staunch support of Tasmania's Hydro Electric Commission and its power development schemes on the Gordon River, Reece acquired as a result the nickname 'Electric Eric'. In 1972, he controversially approved the flooding of Lake Pedder in Tasmania's south west, which proceeded despite a determined protest movement and a blank cheque offer from Prime Minister Gough Whitlam to preserve the Lake Pedder area. Reece refused Whitlam's offer, stating that he would 'not have the Federal Government interfering with the sovereign rights of Tasmania.'

Reece was quoted as saying: "There was a National Park out there, but I can't remember exactly where it was ... at least, it wasn't of substantial significance in the scheme of things. The thing that was significant was that we had to double the output of power in this state in 10 years in order [to] supply the demands of industry and the community. And this was the scheme that looked as though it could do a greater part of [the] job for us."

For a while during the 1970s, Reece combined his duties as Premier with a return to the ALP's federal presidency. On 31 March 1975 he resigned as premier and retired from politics; by this stage, the party had introduced a mandatory retirement age of 65. To this day Reece remains one of the few Australian state politicians who never spent a day on the backbench. He spent his entire 28-plus years in the House of Assembly as minister (1946–1958), premier (1958–1969 and 1972–1975) or opposition leader (1969–1972).

Despite being no longer involved with day-to-day state politics after 1975, Reece continued to make occasional public appearances. The most famous of these was when he took part in the December 1982 rally at Queenstown in support of the Organisation for Tasmanian Development. On this occasion he marched with the incumbent Liberal Premier Robin Gray (a great and self-confessed admirer of his, despite the two men's political differences) in support of the Gordon-below-Franklin dam He died on 23 October 1999 at the age of 90.

title: Eric Reece


text:
Kate Henderson

Kate Henderson was a Canadian pioneer in education. Henderson was a teacher in a one-room school in Long Creek, Prince Edward Island in the 1880s. Around August 1885, she was contacted by PEI painter Robert Harris. Henderson told Harris of a confrontation she had had with local school trustees. While they preferred that she teach with traditional methods, she persuaded them of the efficacy of more (at the time) modern teaching techniques. This event inspired Harris to paint his A Meeting of the School Trustees.

The meeting between Henderson and the trustees was portrayed by a Heritage Minute short feature on Canadian television starting around the 1990s.

title: Kate Henderson


text: User talk:82.35.131.190

title: User talk:82.35.131.190


text:
Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Australia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, winning its first two gold medals in the Winter Games. It was the nation's best performance at the Winter Games prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

Overview
Australia's first ever Winter Olympic gold, also the first such medal won by a competitor from any Southern Hemisphere country and semitropical nation was won by Steven Bradbury in the 1000 m short track speed skating. Well off the pace of the medal favourites, Bradbury was positioned at the rear in the semifinal, only to see his competitors crash into each other, allowing him through to the final. Again well off the pace in the final all four other competitors crashed out at the final corner, leaving a shocked Bradbury to take the gold medal. Bradbury was also part of the 1994 relay team that won Australia's first Winter Olympics medal.

Alisa Camplin, who hadn't won a world cup event before and was so nervous she didn't eat dinner the night before the final, won the second gold, in aerial skiing. Jacqui Cooper was previously a favourite, but she injured herself before the competition.

Jenny Owens had a top 10 result, finishing 9th in the combined downhill event, the second best performance by any Australian at an Olympic Games. Australia competed in alpine skiing, figure skating, freestyle skiing, short track speed skating, and snowboarding. This was the fewest sports Australia had competed in since 1984. No Australian cross-country skiers competed in the Olympics for the first time since 1976, and no bobsledders competed for the first time since Australia's debut in 1988. Australian bobsledder Will Alstergren said "We also beat half the teams currently in Salt Lake City, but unfortunately we couldn't meet the very high standard of the AOC, the Australian Olympic Committee". Australian selection standards was also listed as a factor for Australia not competing in cross-country skiing at Salt Lake City.

During the 2002 Winter Olympics, the Australian broadcaster, the Seven Network, included in its coverage an irreverent talk show called The Ice Dream, which interviewed several celebrities and promoted the Smiggin Holes 2010 Winter Olympic bid. Bradbury's and Camplin's triumphs were celebrated by Australia Post issuing stamps of them, which followed on from them issuing stamps of Australian gold medallists at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. They were produced by high-speed offset stamp-printing, unlike the digitally produced 2000 stamps. Bradbury's stamp was issued on 20 February, and Camplin's was issued on 22 February, four days after their respective victories. Each received A$20,000 for the use of their image. Bradbury said "Should get me a car. I haven't had a car for a long time." and later described having a stamp issued as "a great honour". Camplin was also delighted, saying "For us to be put in with the summer Olympians who had their stamps and the previous 39 sporting legends who've had their stamps is amazing."

Alpine skiing

 * Men:

 * Women:

Freestyle skiing
Alisa Camplin provided Australia with its second gold medal for the games.

 * Men

 * Women

Short track speed skating
Steven Bradbury won Australia's and the Southern Hemisphere's first Winter Olympics gold medal in the 1000 metres event. Richard Goerlitz also attended these games, but did not compete.

 * Men

Snowboarding

 * Parallel GS

title: Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics


text:
Angus Bethune (politician)

Sir Walter Angus Bethune (10 September 1908 – 22 August 2004) was an Australian politician and member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. He was Premier of Tasmania from 26 May 1969 to 3 May 1972.

Early life
Bethune was born in Sheffield in north-western Tasmania, and was educated at Launceston Grammar School and The Hutchins School in Hobart. Before entering politics, Bethune worked as a jackaroo. On 15 August 1940, during World War II, he enlisted as an airman and Warrant Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force. He married Alix (Alexandra) Perronet Pritchard of Cluny, Ouse on 30 January 1936.

Political career
Bethune was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly at the 1946 general election on 23 November 1946, representing the seat of Wilmot (now Lyons) for the newly formed Liberal Party. On 19 March 1960, Bethune became Leader of the Opposition when the leader of the Liberal Party, Tim Jackson resigned in protest at party disunity and a lack of support for his leadership.

On 7 September 1966, Kevin Lyons (the son of former Premier and Prime Minister Joseph Lyons) resigned from the state Liberal Party after a dispute over preselection, and on 15 October formed the Centre Party. In 1969, Lyons held the balance of power, and offered his support to Bethune to form government with himself as Deputy Premier. Bethune accepted. This forced Labor Premier Eric Reece to resign on 26 May, making Bethune the first non-Labor Premier of Tasmania in 35 years, and the first to hold the post since the main non-Labor party in Tasmania adopted the Liberal banner in 1946. He also served as his own Treasurer.

During his term as Premier, Bethune introduced a number of important initiatives, although he had pledged to avoid "revolutionary changes". Bethune's government introduced random breath tests to tackle drink driving, made the wearing of seatbelts compulsory, set up the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service, built more schools and tightened state finances.

Bethune was instrumental in the establishment of a Hansard service for the Tasmanian parliament, although he was no longer Premier by the time the system was introduced. Kevin Lyons had lost a vote to introduce Hansard in 1960, and with the Bethune-Lyons coalition in power in 1969, Bethune sought a report into the feasibility of such a transcription service. The report was not completed until 1973, but Hansard was considered by Bethune's successors Eric Reece and Doug Lowe until finally being implemented in 1979.

In 1972, Kevin Lyons dissolved the coalition between the Centre and Liberal parties, and was highly critical of Bethune. Bethune was forced to the polls, and the instability in his government saw him lose power in the election on a three-seat swing. Labor won a clear majority, and Reece returned as premier.

After politics
Bethune retired from politics on 30 June 1975, and later joined forces with his former rival, Eric Reece, to back the Franklin Dam.

Sir Angus died after a short illness on 22 August 2004 in Hobart, aged 95. He was accorded a state funeral which was held on 27 August.

Honours
Bethune was made Knight Bachelor on 16 June 1979 in recognition of service to the Parliament of Tasmania. He was also awarded a Centenary Medal in 2001.

title: Angus Bethune (politician)


text:
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa

Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, OMRI (23 July 1940 – 18 December 2010) was an Italian banker and economist who served as Italy's Minister of Economy and Finance from 2006 to 2008. He previously served as a member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2005. Padoa-Schioppa is considered as a founding father of the European single currency. He was a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.

Biography
He was born in the mountain town of Belluno in north-eastern Italy. Both his parents were intellectuals. His father, Fabio (1911–2012), whom he did not meet until after the war in 1945, was a teacher and later became a senior executive at the insurance company Assicurazioni Generali.

He graduated from Bocconi University (Milan) in 1966 and received a master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970. After his first job in Germany with the retailer C&A Brenninkmeijer, he joined the Bank of Italy in 1968, eventually becoming Vice-Director General from 1984 to 1997. In 1980 he became a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty and remained one till his death. From 1993–97, he was president of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, and from 2000-05 Chairman of the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems. In 1997–98 he was head of Consob, Italy's stock market supervision agency. He was a member of the European Central Bank's six-member executive board from its foundation in 1998 until the end of May 2005. In October 2005 he became president of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe.

On 17 May 2006, he was appointed as Economy and Finance Minister in the government of Romano Prodi, serving in that post until May 2008, when a new government headed by Silvio Berlusconi took office following the April 2008 general election. From October 2007 to April 2008, he was Chairman of the IMFC (International Monetary and Financial Committee), the top policy steering committee of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In June 2009 he was appointed as chairman for Europe of the private finance consulting Promontory Financial Group.

Personal life
He was married to the economist Fiorella Kostoris; they have three children. After their divorce, he became the companion of Barbara Spinelli, a journalist, daughter of Altiero Spinelli and Ursula Hirschmann.

Death
Padoa-Schioppa died on 18 December 2010, aged 70, after suffering a fatal heart attack during a dinner he had organized in Rome.

Terms coined or popularized by Padoa-Schioppa
In 2006, Padoa-Schioppa coined the expression "il tesoretto" (the little treasure) to describe the increased government revenues under his administration. The term was widely used by politicians as they debated how this new money should be spent. In October 2007 he spoke to a parliamentary committee about the government's plan for tax relief (approx. €500/year) to people 20–30 years old still living with their family, saying it would help them move out on their own. He used the ironic or sarcastic term "bamboccioni" (big dummy boys, or big stuffed children) and this created a big fuss in Italian public opinion.

Newspapers received numerous letters from readers personally taking offence and pointing out that he understood little about the situation of a considerable part of the 20–30 years old Italian population, who live on approximately €1,000 per month and cannot afford to leave their parents' house. According to some lexicographers, "bamboccioni" was the most popular new Italian word of 2007. He was the first to describe the euro as "a currency without a State" (in a book published in 2004), a term that was later popularized by Otmar Issing.

Role in the creation of the Euro

Padoa-Schioppa has been called the "intellectual impetus" behind the Euro and the "founding father" of the new currency. In an economics paper written in 1982 he pointed out that it is impossible for a group of countries like the EU to simultaneously aim at: These four goals, each apparently desirable on its own, he called "the inconsistent quartet" (see also the similar Impossible trinity concept).
 * free trade,
 * capital mobility,
 * independent domestic monetary policies, and
 * fixed exchange rates.

At that time, European Union countries maintained some restrictions on trade and (especially) on capital movements. These were gradually eliminated through the Single Market programme and the liberalization of capital movements so that by the late 1980s one of the two remaining objectives had to go to for consistency to be maintained. He proposed that the third objective (independent monetary policies) be abandoned, by creating a single currency and a single European central bank, so that the other three objectives could be attained. The Delors Report of April 1989 endorsed this view and recommended a European Monetary Union (EMU) with a single currency. He worked on designing and setting up the new European Central Bank and became one of the first executive board members (June 1998-May 2005).

Books

 * (Italian language)
 * (Italian language)
 * (Italian language)

title: Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa


text:
Oscar Hertwig

Oscar Hertwig (21 April 1849 in Friedberg – 25 October 1922 in Berlin) was a German embryologist and zoologist known for his research in developmental biology and evolution. Hertwig is credited as the first man to observe sexual reproduction by looking at the cells of sea urchins under the microscope.

Biography
Hertwig was the elder brother of zoologist-professor Richard Hertwig (1850–1937). The Hertwig brothers were the most eminent scholars of Ernst Haeckel (and Carl Gegenbaur) from the University of Jena. They were independent of Haeckel's philosophical speculations but took his ideas in a positive way to widen their concepts in zoology. Initially, between 1879 and 1883, they performed embryological studies, especially on the theory of the coelom (1881), the fluid-filled body cavity. These problems were based on the phylogenetic theorems of Haeckel, i.e. the biogenic theory (German = biogenetisches Grundgesetz), and the "gastraea theory".

Within 10 years, the two brothers moved apart to the north and south of Germany. Oscar Hertwig later became a professor of anatomy in 1888 in Berlin; however, Richard Hertwig had moved 3 years prior, becoming a professor of zoology in Munich from 1885 to 1925, at Ludwig Maximilian University, where he served the last 40 years of his 50-year career as a professor at 4 universities.

Hertwig was a leader in the field of comparative and causal animal-developmental history. He also wrote a leading textbook. By studying sea urchins he proved that fertilization occurs due to the fusion of a sperm and egg cell. He recognized the role of the cell nucleus during inheritance and chromosome reduction during meiosis: in 1876, he published his findings that fertilization includes the penetration of a spermatozoon into an egg cell. Hermann Fol also observed this in the same year. Hertwig's experiments with frog eggs revealed the 'long axis rule', or Hertwig rule. According to this rule, cell divides along its long axis.

In 1885 Hertwig wrote that nuclein (later called nucleic acid) is the substance responsible not only for fertilization but also for the transmission of hereditary characteristics. This early suggestion was proven correct much later in 1944 by the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment which showed that this is indeed the role of the nucleic acid DNA.

While Hertwig was interested in developmental biology and evolution, he was opposed to chance as assumed in Charles Darwin´s theory. His most important theoretical book was: "Das Werden der Organismen, eine Widerlegung der Darwinschen Zufallslehre" (Jena, 1916) (translation: "The Origin of Organisms – a Refutation of Darwin's Theory of Chance").

Hertwig was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1903.

Hertwig is known as Oscar Hedwig in the book "Who discovered what when" by David Ellyard. A history of the discovery of fertilization for mammals including scientists like Hertwig and other workers is given by the book "The Mammalian Egg" by Austin.

Works

 * Die Elemente der Entwicklungslehre des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere : Anleitung und Repetitorium für Studierende und Ärzte. Fischer, Jena 5th ed. 1915 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * Das Problem der Befruchtung und der Isotropie des Eies. Eine Theorie der Vererbung. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 18, 276–318.

Other sources

 * Cremer, T. 1985. Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie. Springer Vlg., Heidelberg. This German book can be downloaded here.
 * Krafft, F., and A. Meyer-Abich (ed.). 1970. Große Naturwissenschaftler – Biographisches Lexikon. Fischer Bücherei GmbH, Frankfurt a. M. & Hamburg.
 * Mol. Cell. Biol.-lecture, Heidelberg, D.-H. Lankenau. Early to recent key-discoveries: From Germline Theory to Modern Gene Modification.
 * Weindling, Paul. 1991. Darwinism and Social Darwinism in Imperial Germany: The Contribution of the Cell Biologist Oscar Hertwig (1849–1922). Forschungen zur Medizin- und Biologiegeschichte vol. 3, (Stuttgart: G. Fischer in association with Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, 1991).
 * Cremer, T. 1985. Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie. Springer Vlg., Heidelberg. This German book can be downloaded here.
 * Krafft, F., and A. Meyer-Abich (ed.). 1970. Große Naturwissenschaftler – Biographisches Lexikon. Fischer Bücherei GmbH, Frankfurt a. M. & Hamburg.
 * Mol. Cell. Biol.-lecture, Heidelberg, D.-H. Lankenau. Early to recent key-discoveries: From Germline Theory to Modern Gene Modification.
 * Weindling, Paul. 1991. Darwinism and Social Darwinism in Imperial Germany: The Contribution of the Cell Biologist Oscar Hertwig (1849–1922). Forschungen zur Medizin- und Biologiegeschichte vol. 3, (Stuttgart: G. Fischer in association with Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, 1991).

title: Oscar Hertwig


text:
Martha Vickers

Martha Vickers (born Martha MacVicar; May 28, 1925 – November 2, 1971) was an American model and actress.

Early life
Vickers was born Martha MacVicar in Ann Arbor, Michigan; her father was an automobile dealer. She began her career as a model and cover girl. Her family moved to Hollywood when her father assumed control of an agency in Burbank, California. Vickers was 15 at that time.

Film
Vickers' first film role was a small uncredited part in Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943).

She played minor roles in several films during the early 1940s, working first at Universal Studios and then at RKO Pictures. She next went to Warner Bros., where "they gave her the star push, rearranging her surname to 'Vickers.'" Her work there included the role of Carmen Sternwood, the promiscuous, drug-addicted younger sister of Lauren Bacall's character in The Big Sleep (1946). She also featured in a musical, The Time, the Place and the Girl (also 1946), followed by two Warner Bros. comedies, Love and Learn and That Way with Women (both 1947).

During the 1950s, however, Vickers' film career stalled.[specify]

Television
Vickers's TV appearances included the 1959 Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Jaded Joker", in which she played Sheila Hayes. Her final two performances, in 1960, were on The Rebel, starring Nick Adams.

Personal life
Vickers was married three times, to A.C. Lyles (March 15, 1948 – September 28, 1948), Mickey Rooney (June 3, 1949 – September 25, 1951), and actor Manuel Rojas (September 1, 1954 – May 5, 1965). Each marriage ended in divorce. Vickers had one son with Mickey Rooney, and two daughters with Rojas.

Death
Vickers died, aged 46, of esophageal cancer at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles on November 2, 1971. She is buried in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California.

title: Martha Vickers