text:
Talk:Matt Redman

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Image
The image is covered under fair use. It's a promotional photograph. D. Wo. 17:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm concerned with whether this fits into the policy and ethos of how we deal with fair use on Wikipedia (since our aim is to build a free encyclopedia)? One policy is that we should use images under fair use only if "no free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information" and that "if the subject of the photograph still exists, a free photograph could be taken" (from Fair use). In the case of Matt Redman, it wouldn't be that hard, I would have thought, to obtain a free photograph. (I used to have one myself somewhere...I'll see if I still have it). For example, has anyone tried contacting Redman himself? — Matt Crypto 18:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * And the update on this is! - we still have no photograph Kevinalewis 17:58, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added one I took in '96 at Soul Survivor. It's not great, but it's at least free. — Matt Crypto 08:27, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Children
He has 5 children now though? http://www.mattredman.com/bio.php
 * I have made an edit to indicate this, but am new at this and find it awkward to express without 'now' terminology. Putting it in so that someone can fix/improve it. Iaineditor (talk) 13:40, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Matt Redman


text:
Ralf Scheepers

Ralf Scheepers (born 5 February 1965) is a German singer, the lead vocalist for the heavy metal band Primal Fear. He has also sung in Gamma Ray and Tyran' Pace. Scheepers has also provided guest vocals for the bands Avantasia, Xandria, Scanner, Therion, Ayreon and Shadow Gallery, and worked with Tom Galley on Phenomena's Blind Faith album. He currently provides instruction for all around singing, music, studio and recording/processing techniques at the RS Vocal Works in Baltmannsweiler, Germany. Writer Paul Stenning has described him as "the greatest example of strength in metal."

Trivia
The formation of Primal Fear (1997) coincided with the rumor that Scheepers was a candidate to succeed Rob Halford at Judas Priest the year before. In an interview from 2012, Scheepers confirmed that he knew of his name on the shortlist, but at the same time pointed out that he had never been invited to a rehearsal. The then Priest guitarist K.K. Downing explicitly mentions Scheepers in his autobiography ('Heavy Duty: Days and Nights in Judas Priest', 2018), as one of the few suitable candidates: "And there weren't many candidates. Ralf Scheepers, who at that time was singing in Gamma Ray, was definitely a possibility, but nothing came of that." .

Discography
Studio albums
 * Scheepers (2011)

Primal Fear
Studio albums
 * Primal Fear (1998)
 * Jaws of Death (1999)
 * Nuclear Fire (2001)
 * Black Sun (2002)
 * Devil's Ground (2004)
 * Seven Seals (2005)
 * New Religion (2007)
 * 16.6: Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2009)
 * Unbreakable (2012)
 * Delivering the Black (2014)
 * Rulebreaker (2016)
 * Apocalypse (2018)
 * Metal Commando (2020)

EPs
 * I Will Be Gone (2021)

Live albums
 * Live in the USA (2010)
 * Angels of Mercy: Live in Germany (2017)

Tyran' Pace

 * Eye to Eye (1983)
 * Long Live Metal (1984)
 * Watching You (1986)

Gamma Ray
Studio albums
 * Heading for Tomorrow (1990)
 * Sigh No More (1991)
 * Insanity and Genius (1993)

F.B.I.

 * Hell on Wheels (1993)

Blackwelder

 * Survival of the Fittest (2015)

Enzo and the Glory Ensemble

 * In the Name of the Father (2015)
 * In the Name of the Son (2017)
 * In the Name of the World Spirit (2020)

As actor

 * ''Dreath: Sidestories Underground (short, 2012) – Soldier
 * Devil's Five (2021) – Ansel Schneider

Soundtrack

 * Gamma Ray: Skeletons & Majesties Live (video 2012) (lyrics: "The Spririt", "Brothers") / (writer: "Brothers")

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ralf Scheepers


text:
Cave Hill

The names Cave Hill and Cavehill refer to a number of places:

Barbados
The Cave Hill are in Barbados can refer to:
 * Cave Hill can refer to two areas, located on the island-nation of Barbados. For one of the main campuses of the University of the West Indies located at Cave Hill, St. Michael see below.
 * Cave Hill, Saint Lucy, Cave Hill, St. Lucy is located within the parish of Saint Lucy
 * Cave Hill, St. Michael, Cave Hill, St. Michael is located in the parish of Saint Michael.

Northern Ireland

 * Cave Hill or Cavehill, a basaltic hill overlooking the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland

United States
There are 26 "Cave Hills" in the United States according to the USGS's Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).

Kentucky

 * Cave Hill Cemetery and Arboretum in Louisville, Kentucky

Virginia

 * Cave Hill, Augusta County, Virginia, near Grottoes, Virginia, site of Grand Caverns
 * Cave Hill, Augusta County, Virginia, near Waynesboro, Virginia
 * Cave Hill, Page County, Virginia, site of Luray Caverns
 * Cave Hill, Wythe County, Virginia, near Speedwell, Virginia

title: Cave Hill


text:
Hottentots Holland High School

Hottentots-Holland High School is an Afrikaans- and English-speaking school in the Western Cape in South Africa, situated between the towns of Somerset West and Strand. The parallel-medium, co-educational school, situated to the northeast of the N2 national road, was opened at its current site by Dr G. G. (Gawie) Cillie, Chairman of the School Board, in February, 1930. A portion of the land on which it now stands having been given by Mesdames Beynon and Osler, daughters of an early Somerset West shopkeeper and property owner. At this time the school had an enrollment of 220 pupils and a staff of 11 under Mr A. J. Ackerman. The school motto "Sibi Fidelis Ipsi" is Latin for "True To Oneself". Prior to 1930, the school operated under the name Somerset West Public School.

As of 2013, it has 1,232 students and 52 teachers. It has students registered in grades 8 through 12.

The school enjoys a strong sporting rivalry with its neighbour high schools, Hoërskool Strand and Parel Vallei High School.

The school is a site for students in the Scientific and Industrial Leadership Initiative (SAILI), a non-profit programme for promising science and engineering pupils which was set up in 2002 by the heads of the four universities in the province after they became frustrated at the low skills levels of first-year students.

SAILI identifies students in low-income families in the second-last year of primary schooling and provides catch-up and reinforcement classes, after which they can enter good quality high schools such as Hottentots Holland. They continue to take classes every two Saturdays at venues such as the MTN Sciencentre for the first two years of high school, after which they take booster lessons at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology.

Notable alumni

 * Trevor Immelman, professional golfer and winner of the 2008 Masters Tournament
 * Jo-Ann Strauss, TV presenter, model, public speaker and businesswoman and Miss South Africa 2000
 * Deon Lotter, SA rugby Springbok - 1993
 * Ballie Wahl, SA rugby Springbok - 1949
 * Eddie Stuart, SA soccer Springbok - 1924
 * Harry Morkel, SA rugby Springbok - 1921
 * Theo Pienaar, SA rugby Springbok (Captain) - 1921
 * Phil Mostert, SA rugby Springbok - 1921, 1924, 1928 and 1931
 * Jacky Morkel, SA rugby Springbok - 1912
 * Boy Morkel, SA rugby Springbok - 1910, 1912 and 1921

Coat of arms
The school's coat of arms, based on that of Simon van der Stel, was registered in the name of the Old Students' Union with the Department of the Interior in April 1937. The registered description is : ''A shield bordered maroon and divided horizontally into two sections; in the top section on a black background a representation of a lamp in silver and in the lower section on an old gold background representations of three castles in maroon placed equidistant two above and one below, with the inscription  O.S.U. and the motto  SIBI FIDELIS IPSI. The "castles" are actually towers.

title: Hottentots Holland High School


text:
Tangerine Microtan 65

The Tangerine Microtan 65 (sometimes abbreviated M65) was a 6502-based single board microcomputer, first sold in 1979, that could be expanded into, what was for its day, a comprehensive and powerful system. The design became the basis for what later became the Oric Atmos and later computers. Those later machines have similar keyboard addressing and tape I/O as the Microtan 65. The Microtan 65 has a hardware single step function that can be used for debugging software in both ROM and RAM. The computer was available as ready-built boards or as kits consisting of board and components requiring soldering together.

The Microtan 65 was intended as a general purpose microcomputer which could be used by laboratories, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and the computer enthusiast, and it was designed with expandability in mind. In this way the customer could customise the system, be it as a specialised control system, as a learning tool, or as a general purpose computing device.

Price of the Microtan 65 board in 1981 was £79.35 (inc. VAT) in kit form or £90.85 ready-assembled. The system was not generally available in the shops.

To accompany the hardware and to offer further support to users, a magazine was created, the Tansoft Gazette (name inspired by the Liverpool Software Gazette). This was edited by Tangerine employee Paul Kaufman who continued as editor when the magazine was renamed Oric Owner. Tansoft also became the name of Tangerine Computer's official software house which supplied a number of software products and books for the Microtan system and subsequently for the Oric range of computers.

Main board

The Microtan 65 was quite simple by today's standards, with:
 * an NMOS 6502 CPU running at 750 kHz clock rate
 * 1K byte of RAM, used both for display memory and user programs
 * 1K byte of ROM for the monitor program
 * video logic and a television RF modulator, for the 16 rows of 32 characters display
 * a software scanned hexadecimal keypad
 * an optional ASCII keyboard
 * a DIN 41612 connector for expansion

Although the board + keypad could be used stand-alone, only 423 bytes were available for user program/data/stack and there was no facility for storing/loading programs.

Display
The major advance that the Microtan 65 had over a lot of the competition at that time was that the video display was flicker free. At the time a lot of microcomputers would either access the screen memory asynchronously to the video timing (causing flicker and splats on the screen), or would write to the screen memory during a non-display period (which was slow). The Microtan 65 got over this problem by making use of an incidental feature of the 6502. The 6502 (unlike most other CPUs) has a regular period in each instruction cycle when all CPU activity is inside the chip, leaving the external memory available without using complex external arbitration logic. This made video display design simpler and meant that video accesses could be made at maximum speed. This technique is also used on the Oric-1 and Atmos, and in the unrelated Apple II.

The 32×16 characters was the reason that the 6502 was clocked at 750 kHz. To get the circuitry to work at a (nearly) standard video rate meant that the pixel clock had to be 6 MHz. When the Microtan 65 was designed only a 1 MHz 6502 was available, and so 750 kHz was used (6 MHz divided by 8).

Software
The 1K byte monitor program (later increased to a 2K) is called TANBUG. The software facilities were rudimentary:
 * M = Memory modify / examine
 * L = List a block of memory
 * G = Go command (Run a program)
 * R = Registers display / modify
 * S = set Single step mode
 * N = set Normal mode (cancel S command)
 * P = Proceed command (execute next instruction in Single step mode)
 * B = set Breakpoints
 * O = calculate Offset for use in branch instructions
 * C = Copy a block of memory

Memory map
The Microtan 65 memory map is shown below ($ representing a hexadecimal memory address):
 * $0000   Zero Page
 * $0100   Stack
 * $0200   Screen RAM
 * $0300   Screen RAM
 * $0400   End of Microtan 65 RAM - map continued from $0400 to $0700 as RAM on TANEX
 * $8000   I/O
 * $C000
 * $F800   TANBUG V2
 * $FFFF

The screen memory occupies the space between $200 and $3FF. In addition to the standard 8 bits of screen RAM, there was an (optional) additional 1-bit RAM shadowing the $200 to $300 space. This was used by the Microtan 65 to implement rudimentary Minitel type block graphics which worked as follows:

 * After a CPU read from $BFF0 all subsequent CPU writes to the screen memory set the 1-bit RAM for the associated screen location
 * After a CPU write to $BFF3 all subsequent CPU writes to the screen memory clear the 1-bit RAM for the associated screen location
 * When the video logic reads the screen memory, a screen location in which the 1-bit RAM is clear is treated as an ASCII code and rendered using data from the character generator ROM. A screen location in which the 1-bit RAM is set is treated as a bit-map which controls the combination of 2 (horizontal) x 4 (vertical) blocks to render as bright/dark.

The display is 32 characters across by 16 lines down (64 x 64 graphics blocks), with memory address $200 representing the top left hand displayed character, $220 the second row, etc. The character representation is standard ASCII. Several pieces of Microtan 65 software write to the bottom line by writing to memory starting at $3E0 - the leftmost character on the bottom line, rather than vectoring through TANBUG.

Input/output
I/O in the Microtan 65 is decoded into a 16 KB space to simplify the hardware. In fact the 1 KB of RAM is mirrored through the bottom 32 KB, the I/O through the next 16 KB, and the EPROM through the top 16 KB. If you added an expansion board (see TANEX below) the decoding was modified and the wasted space reclaimed.

In common with other 6502 designs, I/O is mapped into the memory space. There is no dedicated I/O space as on the Z80, 8086 etc. The I/O ports are (when fully decoded):

 * Write to $BFF0   Clear Keyboard Flag (Keyboard would generate an IRQ)
 * Read from $BFF0  Turn Graphics On (enables "9th bit" graphics writes)
 * Write to $BFF1   Used by the hardware single step
 * Write to $BFF2   To write a scan pattern to the hex keypad (if fitted)
 * Write to $BFF3   Turn off Graphics (disable "9th bit" graphics writes)
 * Read From $BFF3  Read Keyboard Port (either keypad or ASCII keyboard)

TANEX expansion board

Adding a TANEX board provided a number of features:
 * an add-on to TANBUG called XBUG
 * space for an additional 7K bytes of RAM
 * five EPROM sockets
 * two 6522 VIAs
 * a 6551 UART, providing a cassette interface for storing and retrieving programs (300 baud CUTS, and 2400 baud), and a serial interface

Without a TANEX board, and due to deliberately ambiguous address decoding, the address $F7F7 would appear to the 6502 to have the same data as $FFF7. In TANBUG, this is a jump to an internal monitor routine. With TANEX installed, $F7F7 is decoded properly, and that address is an entry point into XBUG. XBUG provided features such as cassette tape loading and saving, a simple assembler / disassembler, hex calculator.

The ROM sockets on TANEX could be used to run a 10K Microsoft Extended BASIC, a two-pass assembler, or even (and more likely given the hardware bias of the Microtan 65) code written for a specific hardware control application.

Price of the TANEX board in 1981 was GB£49.45 as a "minimum configuration" kit - lacking one of the 6522 VIAs and the 6551 and with 1K of RAM - and £60.95 for a similar board fully assembled. TANEX was also available with the board fully populated with chips (although excluding XBUG, ROMs & BASIC) and in this form the costs were GB£103.16 for the kit and GB£114.66 ready assembled.

Further expansion

The Microtan 65 was designed as a modular system able to be expanded as required, and for this each board included an 80-pin connector at one end allowing it to be plugged into a backplane-type motherboard. A simple two-socket "Mini Motherboard" connected the Microtan 65 and TANEX boards for minimum expansion and in this form the system was also available ready-built from Tangerine, complete with case and full ASCII keyboard, as the Tangerine Micron, costing £395.00 in 1981. For further expansion the builder could purchase the full "System Motherboard" which featured an additional ten sockets, bringing the total available sockets to twelve. For housing this, a "System Rack", rack-based case was available, in black and silver with a black front panel trimmed in Tangerine's trademark orange.

Additional boards became available with time, including a 40K memory board - TANRAM, made up of 32K of dynamic and 8K of static RAM, bringing the total non-paged memory to 48K, a dedicated parallel I/O board featuring 16 parallel input/output ports; a similar dedicated serial I/O board featuring 8 serial input/output ports, a disk controller board for use with disk drives, a Disk Operating System - TANDOS 65, a high resolution graphics board featuring 8K of static graphics RAM giving a resolution of 256 × 256 pixels, a dedicated 32K ROM board, (aimed mainly at OEM and general purpose applications or for use with AIM, KIM and SYM systems), capable of holding either 8 × 2732 or 16 × 2716 EPROMs; and a 32K RAM board featuring two 16K banks of 4116 dynamic RAM, again intended for similar purposes to the 32K ROM board. In addition, several third-party suppliers offered boards designed for use with the Microtan 65 system.

In addition to the BASIC programming language Tangerine also released on disk TANFORTH, an extended version of FIG FORTH featuring a full FORTH compiler and editor.

title: Tangerine Microtan 65


text:
Francis Benali

Francis Vincent Benali (born 30 December 1968) is an English football coach and former professional player.

As a player, he was a full back who notably spent most of his career in the Premier League with Southampton, during a sixteen-year spell he notched up a total of 373 appearances in all competitions, scoring just once. He was named as one of "Southampton's Cult Heroes," in a book by Jeremy Wilson in October 2006. He also played for Nottingham Forest on loan in 2001 and later finished his career with a two-year spell at non-league side Eastleigh.

Following his retirement, Benali has coached at Southampton's academy as well as with semi-professional side Romsey Town. He is also noted for his charity work and co-founded a football management agency with former teammate Matt Le Tissier. Benali was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to cancer patients in the UK.

Playing career
Benali was born in Southampton and attended Bellemoor School. He played for Winsor United in the Southampton Tyro League. At this level he was playing as a forward and was a prolific goal-scorer, being an early developer and quicker and stronger than most footballers of his age. He was selected to represent Southampton and Hampshire Schools, and progressed to the England schoolboy team, scoring on his debut against Northern Ireland and making nine appearances at this level.

Benali made his first team debut on 1 October 1988, coming off the bench against Derby County, in a 0–0 draw at The Dell. His first start came soon after on 25 October 1988 at White Hart Lane against Tottenham Hotspur in a 2–1 win. He soon became a mainstay in the Saints team, going on to make a total of 389 appearances for the club, including 243 Premier League appearances. His only FA Premier League goal came on 13 December 1997 with a header from a Matthew Le Tissier free-kick against Leicester City at The Dell.

After losing his first-team place to Wayne Bridge, in January 2003, Benali returned to the starting line-up making two league appearances against Sunderland and Manchester United as well as two in the FA Cup against Millwall. Although Benali did not appear in the FA Cup Final on 17 May 2003, he was awarded a runners-up medal for his two appearances in Round 4. The replay against Millwall turned out to be his final competitive appearance for Southampton.

His final appearance in the Southampton first-team came as a substitute in the inaugural Ted Bates trophy match in January 2004 against Bayern Munich.

Coaching career
In July 2003, Benali joined the coaching staff at St. Mary's and took charge of the under-12 side at the Academy.

On the departure of manager Harry Redknapp in December 2005, Benali and Matthew Le Tissier put themselves forward as joint candidates for the vacant position, but were not interviewed by chairman Rupert Lowe.

Benali had a two-year spell coaching at Romsey Town first coaching his son Luke in the under-18s before managing the club's reserve side.

Charitable activities
In August/September 2014, Benali completed a three-week 1,000-mile (1,600 km) challenge running to all 20 Premier League grounds, raising in excess of £100,000 for the charity Cancer Research UK. As a result, he became the first recipient to be awarded with the Spirit of the Game award in December 2014. He was also awarded the Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the Year award in September 2015.

In October 2016, Benali completed another ultra-challenge, running and cycling to all 44 Premier League and Championship stadiums in 2 weeks. He ran a marathon and cycled 75 miles each day and in the process raised over £350,000 for Cancer Research UK. Following this, he was awarded the freedom of the city of Southampton.

In April 2019 it was announced that Benali would race seven Ironmans in seven days, as part of his aim to raise £1million for Cancer Research UK. Despite being hospitalised, Benali completed five Ironmans, raising £1million.

Benali was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to cancer patients in the UK.

Benali has been a patron of the following charities:

 * The Children's Fire and Burn Trust
 * The Dave Wellman Cancer Trust

He is also an ambassador for Southampton FC's charity Saints Foundation, alongside his daughter Kenzie Benali.

He is also an ambassador for the Saints Disabled Supporters' Association.

Media career
Alongside his charitable activities, Benali has worked as a pundit and commentator, mainly on Southampton matches. In November 2023, he joined the Southern Daily Echo as a weekly columnist.

Personal life
He is the father of television presenter, event host and blogger Kenzie Benali, and Luke Benali, who briefly played non-league football for Winchester City during the 2015–16 season.

Benali, alongside Matt Le Tissier was the founder in October 2003 of the True Greats website.

In 2016, Benali was one of four founders of 73 Management, a football management agency, again along with ex-teammate Le Tissier.

Honours
Southampton
 * Full Members Cup finalist: 1992
 * 2003 F.A. Cup runners up medal (Awarded by club for contributions en route to final)

Individual
 * Barclays Spirit of the Game: 2014
 * Just Giving Celebrity Fundraiser of the Year: 2015
 * Honorary Doctorate of Sport from Southampton Solent University, July 2016
 * Freedom of Southampton, November 2016

title: Francis Benali


text:
Podsafe Music Network

Podsafe Music Network (PMN) was the primary archive of podsafe music (music available for use in podcasting without significant licensing difficulties) on the internet. It was established by Mevio, a podcast production company founded by Adam Curry and Ron Bloom, in the summer of 2005. The network's website provided tools for musicians and for podcasters, and also made streamed music available to the casual listener.

The network was built by Chris Rockwell Breshears of the podcast The Daily Download and designed by Sue Fleming with the help of C.C. Chapman.

The network and Mevio sought to promote the work of artists, independent and signed alike, who embraced the podcasting idea and made their work available for broadcast and promotion by podcasters.

title: Podsafe Music Network


text:
Dubin–Johnson syndrome

Dubin–Johnson syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, benign disorder that causes an isolated increase of conjugated bilirubin in the serum. Classically, the condition causes a black liver due to the deposition of a pigment similar to melanin. This condition is associated with a defect in the ability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into the bile, and is similar to Rotor syndrome. It is usually asymptomatic, but may be diagnosed in early infancy based on laboratory tests. No treatment is usually needed.

Signs and symptoms
Around 80 to 99% of people with Dubin–Johnson syndrome have jaundice, abnormal urinary color, biliary tract abnormality, and conjugated bilirubinemia. Around 30 to 79% of people with the disorder have abnormality of the gastric mucosa. Other rare symptoms include fever and fatigue.

Pathophysiology
The conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a result of defective endogenous and exogenous transfer of anionic conjugates from hepatocytes into bile. Impaired biliary excretion of bilirubin glucuronides is due to a mutation in the canalicular multiple drug-resistance protein 2 (MRP2). A darkly pigmented liver is due to polymerized epinephrine metabolites, not bilirubin.

Dubin–Johnson syndrome is due to a defect in the multiple drug resistance protein 2 gene (ABCC2), located on chromosome 10. It is an autosomal recessive disease and is likely due to a loss of function mutation, since the mutation affects the cytoplasmic/binding domain.

Diagnosis
A hallmark of Dubin–Johnson syndrome is the unusual ratio between the byproducts of heme biosynthesis:
 * Unaffected subjects have a coproporphyrin III to coproporphyrin I ratio around 3–4:1.
 * In patients with Dubin–Johnson syndrome, this ratio is inverted, with coproporphyrin I being 3–4 times higher than coproporphyrin III. Analysis of urine porphyrins shows a normal level of coproporphyrin, but the I isomer accounts for 80% of the total (normally 25%).

For the first two days of life, healthy neonates have ratios of urinary coproporphyrin similar to those seen in patients with Dubin–Johnson syndrome; by 10 days of life, however, these levels convert to the normal adult ratio.

In post mortem autopsy, the liver will have a dark pink or black appearance due to pigment accumulation.

Plentiful canalicular multiple drug-resistant protein causes bilirubin transfer to bile canaliculi. An isoform of this protein is localized to the apical hepatocyte membrane, allowing transport of glucuronide and glutathione conjugates back into the blood. High levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) help in diagnosing pathologies involving biliary obstruction.

Differentiation from Rotor syndrome
Dubin–Johnson syndrome is similar to Rotor syndrome, but can be differentiated by:

A test of MRP2 activity can also be done to differentiate between Dubin–Johnson syndrome and Rotor syndrome. The clearance of bromsulphthalein is used to determine this, the test for which is called bromsulphthalein clearance test. 100 units of BSP is injected intravenously and then the clearance. In case of Dubin–Johnson syndrome, clearance of bromsulphthalein will be within 90 minutes, while in case of Rotor syndrome, the clearance is slow, i.e., it takes more than 90 minutes for clearance.

Treatment
Dubin–Johnson syndrome is a benign condition and no treatment is required. However, it is important to recognize the condition so as not to confuse it with other hepatobiliary disorders associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that require treatment or have a different prognosis.

Prognosis
Prognosis is good, and treatment of this syndrome is usually unnecessary. Most patients are asymptomatic and have normal lifespans. Some neonates present with cholestasis. Hormonal contraceptives and pregnancy may lead to overt jaundice and icterus (yellowing of the eyes and skin).

History
Pathologists Frank Johnson and Isadore Dubin first described Dubin–Johnson syndrome in 1954.

title: Dubin–Johnson syndrome


text:
Category:Boroughs of Mexico City

 * Boroughs of Mexico City — the 16 boroughs (alcaldías) within Mexico City.
 * Part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area in the Valley of Mexico.

title: Category:Boroughs of Mexico City


text:
Continental Portugal

Continental Portugal (Portugal continental, ) or mainland Portugal comprises the bulk of the Portuguese Republic, namely that part on the Iberian Peninsula and so in Continental Europe, having approximately 95% of the total population and 96.6% of the country's land. Mainland Portugal is therefore commonly called by residents of the Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira the continent (o continente) in all respects including minor elements of combined governance from Lisbon, the country's capital. Before 1975, when the Portuguese territory also stretched to several now-independent states in Africa, the designation metropolis (metrópole) was also used.

Context
The designation mainland Portugal is used to differentiate the continental territory of Portugal from its insular territory. The latter comprises the archipelagos of Madeira and Azores in the Atlantic Ocean. The Azores and Madeira are also commonly referred to as the autonomous regions (as regiões autónomas), insular Portugal (Portugal Insular) or, simply, the islands (as ilhas).

Continental Portugal is divided into 18 districts. Outside of these the islands of Madeira and the Azores are the Autonomous Regions of Portugal.

The European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics defines the geographic plurality of the mainland Portugal and the islands as the primary NUTS I territorial division (see administrative divisions of Portugal: NUTS for details).

While in modern Portugal the difference between European continental and total territory is minor (in terms of area), it mattered during the existence of the Portuguese Empire, when the distinction was more frequently made, such as in the colonisation of Brazil. Continental Portugal has an area of 89015 km2 or 96.6% of the Portuguese national territory (92145 km2) and 10,142,079 inhabitants (or 95.3% of the total population of 10,639,726).

title: Continental Portugal


text:
Talk:Particle in a one-dimensional lattice

Oh no, all the images are untagged! Could somebody draw new ones? The guy who put them here hasn't been around wikipedia for a year. Pfalstad 17:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Does someone have a standard textbook on QM to check if the 4 by 4 matrix is correct? I suspect that there is a sign error in the fourth row, fourth column.

I am not able to check the 4 by 4 matrix, but I suppose that the same sign error is in the last equation. The Kronig-Penney relation is $\cos(ka) = \cos(\alpha a) + P\frac{\sin{\alpha a}}{\alpha a}$. (Albeverio at al.;Solvable models in quantum mechanics)

I just derived the 4 by 4 matrix and found it to be correct, at least for k = 0 (the case I need for my work). I also calculated the full determinant, and it matches as well. --98.250.181.247 (talk) 19:38, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Error in Image
There's a picture of one period -b < x < a-b that labels the end of the interval as 'a'. This is wrong and confusing. Someone should upload a new image. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.105.207.198 (talk) 05:38, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

That image may now be gone, but the current image labeled the interval 0<x<a+b as a. a+b should be one period of the square wave, not just a. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.21.213.175 (talk) 21:45, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merger
This article is much more substantive than One-dimensional_periodic_case so perhaps that article should just be deleted. I didn't want to do anything rash though, so I decided to start a discussion. By the way, has there never been an image called Potential-approx.PNG? I could probably create one. Alison Chaiken 05:29, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, we should merge. The three images in this article were all untagged, so they got deleted.  Pfalstad 11:00, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Linking
This page should be linked/added to the "band gap" article. As this concept is so fundamental to band gap theory, it should be obvious. This exact treatment is used in my solid state physics textbook on the chapter that derives and explains bandgaps (same chapter as bloch's theorem, the central equation, etc)

you will notice, in the band gap article, that no mention is made to the physical/mathematical source of the bandgap (eg the way it crops up in computing the eigenvalues of a periodic hamiltonian with potential expressed in fourier space). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.111.148.212 (talk) 21:23, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

3D to 1D reduction?
I removed the following statement:

The problem can be simplified from the 3D infinite potential barrier (particle in a box) to a one-dimensional case.

Sounds like this was copied from a particle-in-a-box article (where one indeed can separate variables for a rectangular box), but I don't think a 3d periodic potential could be reduced to 1d (at least I don't see how).

64.149.234.79 (talk) 05:22, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Editing
Dear All, this article needs some serious editing. The entire section on the Kronig-Penney model is at best confusing and useless and at worst incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.162.92.242 (talk) 06:15, 3 May 2012 (UTC)


text:
Red Pine (author)

Bill Porter (born October 3, 1943) is an American author who translates under the pen-name Red Pine. He is a translator of Chinese texts, primarily Taoist and Buddhist, including poetry and sūtras. In 2018, he won the American Academy of Arts & Letters Thornton Wilder Prize for translation.

Early life
In an interview with Andy Ferguson for Tricycle Magazine in 2000, Red Pine revealed some of the details of his early life. His father, Arnold Porter, grew up on a cotton farm in Arkansas. At an early age, Arnold became part of a notorious bank robbing gang that robbed banks from the south northwards to Michigan. In a shoot out with the police, all the gang members were killed except Porter who was wounded and subsequently sent to prison. Nevertheless, after six years he was pardoned by the governor of Michigan and released; an inheritance from the sale of the family farm allowed him to enter the hotel business and to become a multimillionaire. Arnold moved to Los Angeles, where Bill was born in 1943. Later the family moved to a mountainous area near Coeur D'Alene Idaho. Arnold Porter became involved in Democratic Party politics and head of the Democratic Party in California, developing close associations with the Kennedy family.

Red Pine's early life was one of wealth and privilege. He and his siblings were sent to elite private schools, but he considered the schools to be phony and too wrapped in wealth, ego, and power. Eventually his father divorced his mother and subsequently they lost everything. While his brother and sister found it difficult to live with less money, Pine was relieved when this happened.

After receiving a draft notice in 1964, he voluntarily enlisted and served a three-year Army tour in Germany. Pine served in Germany for three years as a medical clerk, which paid for his college education at UC Santa Barbara where he obtained a degree in anthropology. When he encountered Buddhism, the tenets were quite clear to him and he understood exactly what it was about. Following graduation, he went on to graduate studies in language (Chinese) and anthropology at Columbia University, but dropped out in 1972 to go to the Fo Guang Shan in Taiwan, a Buddhist monastery. He studied for a year at Fo Guang Shan with master Hsing Yun.

After a year he left and spent the next two and half years at the College of Chinese Culture, a smaller, less crowded monastery outside of Taipei in the mountains, where he became a graduate student in philosophy. He took classes in Taoism, Chinese art and philosophy; his future wife, Ku, was a classmate. Unhappy with academic life, he left to go to Hai Ming Temple, a monastery 20 km south of Taipei where he stayed for 2 1/2 years. Wu Ming was the head Rinzai monk, Chiang Kai-Shek's personal master. Here he simply studied and meditated: "I had got hold of all these classic texts with both Chinese and English characters and I went through most of the sutras."

Writings
In the years following, he lived in Taiwan and Hong Kong. After 1989 he traveled extensively in China, both as a journalist and on his own. He adopted a Chinese art name, "Red Pine" (赤松 "Chi Song"), after the legendary Taoist immortal. In 1993, after 22 years in East Asia, he returned to the US. In 1999 and 2000, he taught Buddhism and Taoism at the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas. He now lives in Port Townsend, Washington.

His book Road to Heaven prompted Edward A. Burger to seek out and study with Buddhist hermits in the Zhongnan mountains of China and direct the 2005 film Amongst White Clouds.

In 2009, Copper Canyon Press published his translation of Laozi's Tao Te Ching. One of the most noteworthy aspects of this translation is Porter's use of excerpts from China's vast and rich commentarial tradition.

In 2012, he published a translation of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (Lankavatara Sutra: Translation and Commentary. Counterpoint, 2012.) It is based on several early Chinese and Sanskrit translations including the Chinese translation made by Guṇabhadra in 443.

2014 brought a re-translation of The Mountain Poems of Stonehouse (石屋禅师山居诗). Stonehouse (石屋禅师) was a fourteenth century Zen master who wrote his poems late in life while living alone in a Chinese mountain hut.

Yellow River Odyssey is an account in photographs and text of Porter's early 1990s travels along the Yellow River from its mouth at the Yellow Sea to its source in the Tibetan Plateau. Along the way, Porter visited historical religious sites related to Confucius, Mencius, Laozi and Zhuang Zhou. The Chinese version was based on 1991 radio scripts for Hong Kong radio station Metro News.

"The Silk Road: Taking the bus to Pakistan" details the author's overland journey with his friend Finn Wilcox from Xi'an to Islamabad by bus, train, and plane. It's a first-person account of scenery, artifacts, and people along the northern route of the Silk Road.

Works

 * P’u Ming's Oxherding Pictures and Verses Empty Bowl, 1983. (translator) (see: Ten Bulls)
 * Cold Mountain Poems Copper Canyon Press, 1983. (translator) (see: Hanshan (poet))
 * Mountain Poems of Stonehouse Empty Bowl, 1985. (translator) (see: Shiwu)
 * The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma Empty Bowl, 1987; North Point Press, 1989. (translator) (see: Bodhidharma)
 * Road to Heaven: Encounters with Chinese Hermits Mercury House, 1993. (author)
 * Guide to Capturing a Plum Blossom by Sung Po-jen. Mercury House, 1995. (translator)
 * Lao-tzu's Taoteching: with Selected Commentaries of the Past 2000 Years Mercury House, 1996. (translator and editor)
 * The Zen Works of Stonehouse: Poems and Talks of a Fourteenth-Century Chinese Hermit Mercury House, 1997. (translator) (see: Shiwu)
 * The Clouds Should Know Me by Now: Buddhist Poet Monks of China Wisdom Publications, 1998. (editor, with Mike O'Connor; and contributing translator) (see: Jia Dao, Hanshan Deqing)
 * The Collected Songs of Cold Mountain Copper Canyon Press, 2000. (translator and editor)
 * Diamond Sutra Counterpoint, 2001 (translator and extensive commentary) (see: Diamond Sutra)
 * Poems of the Masters: China's Classic Anthology of T'ang and Sung Dynasty Verse Copper Canyon Press, 2003. (translator) (see: Three Hundred Tang Poems)
 * The Heart Sutra: the Womb of Buddhas Washington: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2004. (translator with extensive commentary) (see: Heart Sutra)
 * The Platform Sutra : the Zen teaching of Hui-neng Counterpoint, 2006. ISBN 978-1-582-43995-2 (translator with extensive commentary) (see: Platform Sutra)
 * Zen Baggage: A Pilgrimage to China Counterpoint, 2008. (author)
 * In Such Hard Times: The Poetry of Wei Ying-wu Copper Canyon Press, July 1, 2009. (translator). Awarded 2007 PEN Translation Fund Grant from PEN American Center. Winner of the American Literary Translators Association's inaugural Lucien Stryk Asian Translation Prize in 2010. (see: Wei Yingwu)
 * Lao-tzu's Taoteching: Translated by Red Pine with selected commentaries from the past 2000 years revised edition, Copper Canyon Press, 2009.
 * Guide to Capturing a Plum Blossom by Sung Po-jen Copper Canyon Press, 2011 (translator)
 * The Lankavatara Sutra: Translation and Commentary Counterpoint, 2012, (translator)
 * The Mountain Poems of Stonehouse Copper Canyon Press, 2014, (translator)
 * Yellow River Odyssey Chin Music Press 2014 ISBN 0988769301
 * Finding Them Gone: Visiting China's Poets of the Past 2015 Copper Canyon Press
 * "The Silk Road" Counterpoint 2016 ISBN 978-1-61902-751-0
 * "Paradise of the Mind", CITIC Publishing, May 2018, translated by Li Xin
 * A Shaman's Lament, Empty Bowl, 2021, (translator). See: Li Sao.
 * "Paradise of the Mind", CITIC Publishing, May 2018, translated by Li Xin
 * A Shaman's Lament, Empty Bowl, 2021, (translator). See: Li Sao.

title: Red Pine (author)


text:
Precious Fathers

Precious Fathers is a Canadian instrumental post-rock shoegazer ensemble, / based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Its members are linked to other projects, including Destroyer, Loscil, Sparrow and The Battles. Their music combines pulsating rhythms with multiple guitar effects and dynamic volume shifts.

History
Guitarists Tim Loewen and Jaret Penner, along with drummer Josh Lindstrom and Paul Goertzen, founded Precious Fathers. In 2005, the band released their self-titled first album through the White Whale label. The album received some airplay on campus and community radio stations. The band performed that year in Toronto.

Precious Fathers' second album, Alluvial Fan, was released in 2009, and was streamed online. In June the album appeared on !earshot's community and campus radio Top 50 Chart. That year the band performed locally in Vancouver.

Albums

 * 2005 Precious Fathers
 * 2009 Alluvial Fan

title: Precious Fathers


text: User talk:82.38.195.29

title: User talk:82.38.195.29


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mayo North

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedily deleted by me, as lacking sufficient context. The article creator is a sockpuppet of USer:Maoririder, currently subject to an arbcom hearing over such nano-stubs. --Scimitar parley 21:10, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Mayo North
It is a stub about a family heretage centre, supposedly in Ireland (I reckon it's advertising). It's... Thelb4! 17:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Here is the link http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/General/NrthMayo.htm --Sandove89 17:16, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or It exists but isn't notable in my opinion.  The article is a sub-stub.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  17:18, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Digital Audio Tape

R-DAT and S-DAT
When DAT first come out, I believe there was two formats: the Helical format we all know about (called R-DAT), and a Linear format called S-DAT. Probably the most famous reference in popular culture is in Neo Genesis Evangelion as Shinji's portable music player so it's a bit of a disapointment it's not mentioned at all here. Perhaps someone who knows some links about this can update the page? StaticSan (talk) 05:14, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

DAT or DIGITAL AUDIO TAPE
Your article says Sony introduced DAT or Digital Audio Tape in 1987. I'm not certain of the timeline. But I recall hearing about Digital Audio Tape in the media. Very shortly after it was announced as a technological feat and it was released as a Product in the rest of the world.

The Music Recording industry in the United States fearing that people would copy the material, and have 'masters' they could copy large quantities of would reduce the profits of the recording industry. The Music Recording Industry went to the United States Government and said, "if this is allowed, it will put us out of business"

The United States Government responded to the MultiMillion Dollar Recording Industry. The government issued a moratorium on the importation of Digital Audio Tape for SEVEN(7) YEARS. Allowing the Music Recording Industry time to figure out how to incorprate something into equipment sold in this country to prevent the wholesale copying of their copyrighted material.

I'm not certain, but i believe that the Moratorium was issued in 1979 and probably lasted until 1986, or so. Which put the people in this country who worked in the audio equipment field seven (7) years behind the rest of the world. This is as far as i know the first time that the United States Government has prevented Technological Progress by issuing a Law. --68.231.43.3 17:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC) by Nick Sues   Oct 7. 2005

Just an FYI, there is an issue with the DAT logo. When you click on it to see the larger copy, the T is over the A in Tape. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.190.53.120 (talk) 02:01, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Explanation of my edits
I just thought I'd give a few notes on my changes. I added some information here and there, moved a few sections around, and added section/subsection titles so that there would be a TOC and the article would be easier to navigate. I think this goes quite a way to bringing the article up to standard. I'm not sure whether people will think that I went overboard on the subsections, but my thinking was that I would rather have too many discrete subsections than too few, since by having subsections, the article becomes a little less unwieldy for people to edit. If there is a consensus though that we don't want as many sections, feel free to remove them, I won't be offended. Kadin2048 20:41, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Copyright violation?
The entire History section seems lifted word-for-word from http://www.dvd-cd-replication.com/DAT.htm
 * More like the other way around. There seems to be a lot of websites out there that copy Wikipedia's content word-for-word, considering the public-domain nature of Wikipedia's content.  I know that that the site you mentioned has copied from Wikipedia, since I wrote some of that content here, especially regarding the "Predecessor Formats" section... misternuvistor 06:47, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If you wrote much or most of the "Predecessor Formats" section then I would just like to thank you and congratulate you. It's quite accurate, as I know since back in the day, I was actively involved in working with the formats that you described. DSatz (talk) 02:40, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

Usages: Radio??
Ummm...isn't/wasn't DAT the format of "carts" widely used to this day in radio broadcasting for station ID's, jingles, commercials, etc.?

 * Nope: They used MiniDisc's for that (Sorry for not signing, forgot where to find "Tildes" on a MAC-AZERTY-keybord. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.39.158 (talk) 22:15, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Missing information
This article fails to mention if the cassettes are single or double sided! --194.251.240.114 04:55, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * They are single-sided, much like a videocassette. I'll add this info to the article, if it hasn't been already... misternuvistor 12:00, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Of course all cassettes are single 'sided' (only the side of the tape facing outwards can be used), but some divide that side into two regions to be used when the tape mechanism moves the tape in different directions. Alan Davies (talk) 16:26, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Of course to you but somewhere it needs to be explained to the dear reader that when you flip over a cassette, you're not using the back side of the tape, you're using different tracks on the front side and in the other direction. I don't see such an explanation here and I don't see it in the vast reaches of Compact Cassette. --Kvng (talk) 16:55, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

encoding issues
Does anyone know what sort of error detection/correction algorithms were used in DAT? There had to have been some, somewhere--parity bits, block coding, or something. 24.145.224.174 01:23, 17 May 2007 (UTC) M Kinsler

Photo of Recording Head please
I'd like to see a photo of the recording head added to this article. I've never seen an audio player with a "spinning head" before, and I'm curious how it looks. - Theaveng 14:42, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge content to/from AHRA article
I created an Anti-DAT lobbying section, moved some content into it, and used a 1989 Rolling Stone report for a source. This source provides some info not yet present in Audio Home Recording Act. Could someone merge it into there? Also, there is material in Audio Home Recording Act that could stand to be merged into here. Thanks. —mjb 08:34, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

"Archived audio" section
The user who originally added this in 2007 has just reverted it back in, offering personal anecdotes as evidence. The lack of reliable sources for this section, along with the evident problems with it being soapboxing and original research, seem to make its removal a pretty obvious choice. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 20:22, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

the cost of the royalties in a DAT tape
Does anyone know the order of magnitude of these costs ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cold Light (talk • contribs) 21:26, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

anti-DAT lobbying
This sentence makes no sense to me: "A National Bureau of Standards study showed that not only were the effects plainly audible, but that it wasn't even effective at preventing copying. Thus the audible pollution of prerecorded music was averted." I suspect that it should say "plainly inaudible" but then maybe I am missing something. If the effects were plainly audible, I would think that would rather discourage home recording. Wschart (talk) 21:59, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

compact audio cassette
I don't think this statement about magnetic audio cassettes is accurate.

 * Like most formats of videocassette, a DAT cassette may only be recorded on one side, unlike an analog compact audio cassette.

Compact audio cassettes accept recording on only one side of the media. The width of that one side is divided into four tracks. Two are used for recording and playback in one direction. The other two are used in the opposite direction.

Pdesj (talk) 17:17, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Your technical understanding is correct. The sentence is referring not to two sides of the audio tape but two sides of the cassette. You flip an analog Compact Cassette over to the other side to access the other half of the tape. --Kvng (talk) 18:09, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

CopyCode needs its own article
The story behind CBS's CopyCode is fascinating, and has many authoritative references and Congressional reports. It is worthy of its own article —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.126.238.69 (talk) 00:09, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Citation needed
I see this note frequently toward the end of the article. I'm not sure about the person who wrote the information in question, but I've seen DAT in use recently on commercial productions and in TV stations. It's also obvious that the short lives the obsoleted DAT decks have in relation to audio archives are is huge problem. Also, I was never a DAT-head (concert bootlegger) but I was witness in the thick of it. Being able to put a battery operated digital recorder with mic preamps & line inputs under your coat was a blessing in a time when there just weren't CD recorders. How do you cite your own observation? Wado1942 (talk) 03:31, 22 May 2011 (UTC)wado1942

 * You don't. It's Original Research 109.156.49.202 (talk) 17:20, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

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Uncited material in need of citations
I am moving the following uncited material here until it can be properly supported with inline citations of reliable, secondary sources, per WP:V, WP:NOR, WP:CS, WP:NOR, WP:IRS, WP:PSTS, et al. This diff shows where it was in the article. Nightscream (talk) 15:26, 3 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I find it outrageous that you’d decimate most of the contents of the page by deleting it, rather than simply tagging it “citation needed” and then allowing sufficient time for people to actually do something about it. (2 months is simply not enough!) I am going to simply revert to the version before you did this, then restore the good-faith edits after your vandalism. — tooki (talk) 02:00, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

LEDE SECTION
In appearance it is similar to a Compact Cassette, using 3.81 mm / 0.15" (commonly referred to as 4 mm) magnetic tape enclosed in a protective shell, but is roughly half the size at 73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm. The recording is digital rather than analog. DAT can record at sampling rates equal to, as well as higher and lower than a CD (44.1, 48, or 32 kHz sampling rate respectively) at 16 bits quantization. If a comparable digital source is copied without returning to the analogue domain, then the DAT will produce an exact clone, unlike other digital media such as Digital Compact Cassette or non-Hi-MD MiniDisc, both of which use a lossy data reduction system.

Like most formats of videocassette, a DAT cassette may only be recorded and played in one direction, unlike an analog compact audio cassette, although many DAT recorders had the capability to record program numbers and IDs, which can be used to select an individual track like on a CD player.

Although intended as a replacement for analog audio compact cassettes, the format was never widely adopted by consumers because of its expense, as well as concerns from the music industry about unauthorized high-quality copies. The format saw moderate success in professional markets and as a computer storage medium, which was developed into the Digital Data Storage format. As Sony has ceased production of new recorders, it will become more difficult to play archived recordings in this format unless they are copied to other formats or hard drives. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of sticky-shed syndrome has been noted by some engineers involved in re-mastering archival recordings on DAT, which presents a further threat to audio held exclusively in this medium.

Development
The technology of DAT is closely based on video recorders, using a rotating head and helical scan to record data. This prevents DATs from being physically edited in the cut-and-splice manner of analog tapes, or open-reel digital tapes like ProDigi or DASH. In 1983, a DAT meeting was established to unify the standards for recording digital audio on magnetic tape developed by each company and in 1985, two standards were created: R-DAT (Rotating Digital Audio Tape) using a rotary head and S-DAT (Stationary Digital Audio Tape) using a fixed head. The S-DAT format had a simple mechanism similar to the Compact Cassette format but was difficult to develop a fixed recording head for high-density recording while the rotating head of the R-DAT had a proven track record in VCR formats like VHS & Betamax. While R-DAT would later be known as just "DAT", there would be an S-DAT media format that would be released later in the form of the Digital Compact Cassette. Sony would later introduce another R-DAT format in the form of NT which was meant to replace the Microcassette and Mini-Cassette.

The DAT standard allows for four sampling modes: 32 kHz at 12 bits, and 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz or 48 kHz at 16 bits. Certain recorders operate outside the specification, allowing recording at 96 kHz and 24 bits (HHS). Some early machines aimed at the consumer market did not operate at 44.1 kHz when recording so they could not be used to 'clone' a compact disc. Since each recording standard uses the same tape, the quality of the sampling has a direct relation to the duration of the recording – 32 kHz at 12 bits will allow six hours of recording onto a three-hour tape while HHS will only give 90 minutes from the same tape. Included in the signal data are subcodes to indicate the start and end of tracks or to skip a section entirely; this allows for indexing and fast seeking. Two-channel stereo recording is supported under all sampling rates and bit depths, but the R-DAT standard does support 4-channel recording at 32 kHz.

DATs are between 15 and 180 minutes in length, a 120-minute tape being 60 metres in length. DATs longer than 60 metres tend to be problematic in DAT recorders due to the thinner media. DAT machines running at 48 kHz and 44.1 kHz sample rates transport the tape at 8.15 mm/s. DAT machines running at 32 kHz sample rate transport the tape at 4.075 mm/s.

Predecessor formats
DAT was not the first digital audio tape; pulse-code modulation (PCM) was used in Japan by Denon in 1972 for the mastering and production of analogue phonograph records, using a 2-inch Quadruplex-format videotape recorder for its transport, but this was not developed into a consumer product. Denon's development dated from its work with Japan's NHK Broadcasting; NHK developed the first high-fidelity PCM audio recorder in the late 1960s. Denon continued development of their PCM recorders that used professional video machines as the storage medium, eventually building 8-track units used for, among other productions, a series of jazz records made in New York in the late 1970s.

In 1976, another digital audio tape format was developed by Soundstream, using 1 in wide reel-to-reel tape loaded on an instrumentation recorder manufactured by Honeywell acting as a transport, which in turn was connected to outboard digital audio encoding and decoding hardware of Soundstream's own design. Soundstream's format was improved through several prototypes and when it was developed to 50 kHz sampling rate at 16 bits, it was deemed good enough for professional classical recording by the company's first client, Telarc Records of Cleveland, Ohio. Telarc's April, 1978 recording of the Holst Suites for Band by Frederick Fennell and the Cleveland Wind Ensemble was a landmark release, and ushered in digital recording for America's classical music labels. Soundstream's system was also used by RCA.

Starting in 1978, 3M introduced its own line and format of digital audio tape recorders for use in a recording studio. One of the first prototypes of 3M's system was installed in the studios of Sound 80 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This system was used in June 1978 to record Aaron Copland's "Appalachian Spring" by the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra conducted by Dennis Russell Davies. That record was the first Grammy-winning digital recording. The production version of the 3M Digital Mastering System was used in 1979 to record the first all-digital rock album, Ry Cooder's "Bop Till You Drop," made at Warner Brothers Studio in California.

Starting in the early 1980s, professional systems using a PCM adaptor were also common as mastering formats. These systems digitized an analog audio signal and then encoded the resulting digital stream into an analog video signal so that a conventional VCR could be used as a storage medium.

One of the most significant examples of a PCM adaptor-based system was the Sony PCM-1600 digital audio mastering system, introduced in 1978. The PCM-1600 used a U-Matic-format VCR for its transport, connected to external digital audio processing hardware. It (and its later versions such as the PCM-1610 and 1630) was widely used for the production and mastering of some of the first Digital Audio CDs in the early 1980s. Once CDs were commercially introduced in 1982, tapes recorded on the PCM-1600 were sent to the CD pressing plants to be used to make the glass master disc for CD replication.

which used a videotape recorder manufactured by IVC for a transport; and Mitsubishi's X-80 digital recorder, a 6.4 mm (¼ in) open reel digital mastering format that used a very unusual sampling rate of 50.4 kHz.

For high-quality studio recording, all of these formats were effectively made obsolete in the early 1980s by two competing reel-to-reel formats with stationary heads: Sony's DASH format and Mitsubishi's continuation of the X-80 recorder, which was improved upon to become the ProDigi format. (In fact, one of the first ProDigi-format recorders, the Mitsubishi X-86C, was playback-compatible with tapes recorded on an X-80.) Both of these formats remained popular as an analog alternative until the early 1990s, when hard disk recorders rendered them obsolete.

Sony had sold around 660,000 DAT products since its introduction in 1987. Sony continued to produce blank DAT tapes until 2015 when it announced it would cease production by the end of the year. Even with this, the DAT format still finds regular use in film and television recording, primarily due to the support in some recorders for SMPTE time code synchronisation, and sometimes by audio enthusiasts as a way of backing up vinyl, compact cassette and CD collections to a digital format to then be transferred to PC. Although it has been superseded by modern hard disk recording or memory card equipment, which offers much more flexibility and storage, Digital Data Storage tapes, which are broadly similar to DATs, apart from tape length and thickness on some variants, and are still manufactured today unlike DAT cassettes, are often used as substitutes in many situations.

Digital Compact Cassette
The DAT recorder mechanism was considerably more complex and expensive than an analogue cassette deck mechanism due to the rotary helical scan head, therefore Philips and Panasonic Corporation developed a rival digital tape recorder system with a stationary head based on the analogue compact cassette known as S-DAT. The Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) was cheaper and simpler mechanically than DAT, but did not make perfect digital copies as it used a lossy compression technique called PASC. (Lossy compression was necessary to reduce the data rate to a level that the DCC head could record successfully at the linear tape speed of 4.75 cm/s that the compact cassette system uses.) DCC was never a competitor to DAT in recording studios, because DAT was already established, and studios favor lossless formats. As DCC was launched at the same time as Sony's Minidisc format (which has random access and editing features), it was not successful with consumers either. However, DCC proved that high quality digital recording could be achieved with a cheap simple mechanism using stationary heads.

Anti-DAT lobbying
...meaning that copyrighted prerecorded music, whether analog or digital, whether on LP, cassette, or DAT, would have distorted sound resulting from the notch filter applied by the publisher at the time of mastering for mass reproduction. A National Bureau of Standards study showed that not only were the effects plainly audible, but that it was not even effective at preventing copying.

Professional recording industry
DAT was used professionally in the 1990s by the audio recording industry as part of an emerging all-digital production chain also including digital multi-track recorders and digital mixing consoles that was used to create a fully digital recording. In this configuration, it is possible for the audio to remain digital from the first AD converter after the mic preamp until it is in a CD player.

Amateur and home use
DAT was envisaged by proponents as the successor format to analogue audio cassettes in the way that the compact disc was the successor to vinyl-based recordings. It sold well in Japan, where high-end consumer audio stores stocked DAT recorders and tapes into the 2010s and second-hand stores generally continued to offer a wide selection of mint condition machines. However, there and in other nations, the technology was never as commercially popular as CD or cassette. DAT recorders proved to be comparatively expensive and few commercial recordings were available. Globally, DAT remained popular, for a time, for making and trading recordings of live music (see bootleg recording), since available DAT recorders predated affordable CD recorders.

<-- THE CITED SOURCE BELOW, WHICH WAS FOR THE PARAGRAPH ABOVE AND THIS ONE BELOW, MENTIONS NOTHING OF THE FORMER, AND OF THE LATTER, IT MERELY MENTIONS ONE COMPUTER SALESMEN FROM THE PHILLY SUBURBS WHO USED TO COLLECT GD TAPES AND THEN PHISH. ONE GUY. NOT "FANS", AND NOTHING ABOUT "IN THE 1990S", EVEN IF THAT'S WHEN THE CITED ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED.--> In the 1990s, fans of jam bands, such as the Grateful Dead and Phish, recorded and stored high-quality audience recordings of live concerts on the format.

title: Talk:Digital Audio Tape


text:
Talk:Locomovtive No.1

MErged into Locomotive No 1 per AfD. This redirect left for ''HISTORY' purposes. Rich Farmbrough 17:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Locomovtive No.1


text:
Plantsman

A plantsman is an enthusiastic and knowledgeable gardener (amateur or professional), nurseryman or nurserywoman. "Plantsman" can refer to a male or female person, though the terms plantswoman, or even plantsperson, are sometimes used. The word is sometimes said to be synonymous with "botanist" or "horticulturist", but that would indicate a professional involvement, whereas "plantsman" reflects an attitude to (and perhaps even an obsession with) plants. A horticulturist may be a plantsman, but a plantsman is not necessarily a horticulturist.

Defining the word
In the first edition (June 1979) of The Plantsman (a specialist magazine, published by the Royal Horticultural Society from 1994 until June 2019, when it was announced that the title would be changed to The Plant Review), Sandra Raphael (then a senior editor in the Dictionary Department of the Oxford University Press) contributed a short article on the history and meaning of the word. Her first example came from an issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle of 1881, when it seemed to mean "A nurseryman, a florist" (in the early sense of "florist" as a grower and breeder of flowers, rather than the more recent meaning of someone who sells or arranges them). She added that a modern definition should point out that "plantsman"
 * "…is usually intended to mean a connoisseur of plants or an expert gardener."

In her article, Raphael also quotes botanist David McClintock (writing in the Botanical Society of the British Isles' BSBI News, December 1976) on how to distinguish a botanist from a plantsman, beginning with the simple definition:
 * "A plantsman is one who loves plants for their own sake and knows how to cherish them. This… concept… may include a botanist: it certainly includes a host of admirable amateurs who may not know what a chromosome looks like or what taxonomy means, but they know the growing plant, wild or cultivated, first-hand. To my mind they are the cream of those in the plant world, a fund of invaluable first-hand information." He stresses the value of practical experience, saying:
 * "It is much to be regretted that so few botanists, amateurs or professional, know even how to take cuttings or propagate a plant. How much better to do this, circumspectly, and so get to know the living plant better, than just press and dry the specimen."

Notable plantsmen and women
John Tradescant the elder (ca 1570s–1638) and his son, John Tradescant the younger (1608–1662), must head the list of historic plantsmen. Charles de l'Ecluse, better known as Carolus Clusius (1526–1609), and Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) are other examples. These early botanists, who certainly grew (and sometimes had also collected) many of the plants they described, can therefore be described as plantsmen (though such a term did not exist in their lifetimes).

By contrast, adventurous plant-hunters such as David Douglas (1799–1834), who dedicated (and lost) his life to searching out and collecting plants from the wild, were seldom gardeners and rarely grew the plants they had collected, so perhaps do not count as plantsmen, despite their great knowledge and dedication. Augustine Henry (1857–1930) was a pioneering plant-collector in Western China in the late 19th century who became a professor of forestry in later life. On the other hand, EH Wilson (1876–1930), also famed for his work in China (to the extent that he was known as Ernest "Chinese" Wilson), began as a gardener and, after working at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, became a plant collector, first for James Veitch & Sons (nurserymen) and later for the Arnold Arboretum.

Irish nurseryman William Baylor Hartland (1836–1912) specialised in daffodils in the late 19th century from his nursery in Cork. He was also an authority on apples. Because of their in-depth knowledge, specialist plant-breeders may be considered as plantsmen in their own fields (though the term is often taken to imply a more encyclopaedic interest in a wide range of plants).

Influential garden writers such as William Robinson (1838–1935) and garden-designer Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932) disseminated their knowledge of plants through their writing, as did a later generation of plant-lovers including Margery Fish (1892–1969) and Vita Sackville-West (1892–1962), whose garden at Sissinghurst Castle, created with her husband Harold Nicolson, is now owned by the National Trust and one of the most popular in Britain.

Reginald Farrer (1880–1920) was a notable plant-hunter and influential writer in the more specialised area of alpine plants and rock gardening.

Modern plantsmen
Notable modern British plantsmen include Roy Lancaster, the late Christopher Lloyd of Great Dixter (1921–2006) and the late Beth Chatto (1923–2018). American nurserymen and plant-collectors who qualify for the title include plant-breeder Dan Heims of Terra Nova Nurseries (who styles himself a "hortiholic"), Dan Hinkley, co-founder of Heronswood (now an independent author, lecturer and horticultural consultant), and Tony Avent, owner of the renowned Plant Delights Nursery.

European candidates include the late Princess Greta Sturdza of Le Vasterival, near Dieppe; the late Robert and Jelena de Belder, the principal creators of Arboretum Kalmthout, Belgium; and influential Dutch garden designer Piet Oudolf, who has pioneered the use of "prairie-style" planting with bold drifts of perennials and grasses at gardens such as Scampston Hall, North Yorkshire and the RHS Garden, Wisley, Surrey in the UK and at Enköping in Sweden. Oudolf is designing a Garden of Remembrance for the victims of 9/11 in Battery Park (New York). Landscape architect Louis Benech of France is also a famous plantsman.

title: Plantsman


text:
Talk:Kassala

Accuracy
There are two wildly different population figures provided; the lower figures seems consistent with the article about the state, Kassala (state). Someone please investigate this, or explain the differences in the article (why was there such a large population drop in just five years?) Mindmatrix 17:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, my fault. I was merging a duplicate page that someone had created at Kassala, Sudan over and wasn't thinking about the fact I was editing the town page and not the district page.  Nice catch. I'll remove it and let the number at Kassala (state) stand.  -   BanyanTree 18:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

ww2?
Did italians from ethiopia capture this town in World war 2? A map I have says that the British "re-take Kassala and Gallabat January-February 1941" --Astrokey 44 11:25, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't doubt it. It's close enough to the border if my memory of the Africa campaign is right. Go ahead and add the info, citing the map as the source. - BanyanTree 12:19, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

ITALIANS AT KASSALA.
The Italians took Kassala, after a bloody battle on July 17, 1894 but it never became part of eritrea just according to the British-Italian agreement of 1891. The Italian garrison left Kassala on December 25, 1897. In WWII Kassala was took by the Italians on July 4, 1940 after a massive attack which forced the British to gave up the town. In 1941, during the British counter-offensive, the Italians lost Kassala again.

THE BATTLE  OF  KASSALA (July 4, 1940): the Italians started their offensive by 6,500 men (2 brigades of cavalry) supported by 24 tanks. To defend Kassala for Britain there were 300 colonial soldiers. The battle was hard because of the fierce resistance of the British-Sudanese. On 11 a.m. the Italians took Kassala but they lost 117 men (the defender lost 10 men).

The Plane is Swiss Air
The plane is Swiss air, yet it is labeled as German. What? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.175.86.191 (talk) 04:08, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kassala


text: User:Cynthia B.

title: User:Cynthia B.


text:
Karp–Lipton theorem

In complexity theory, the Karp–Lipton theorem states that if the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) can be solved by Boolean circuits with a polynomial number of logic gates, then

 * $$\Pi_2 = \Sigma_2 \,$$ and therefore $$\mathsf{PH} = \Sigma_2. \,$$

That is, if we assume that NP, the class of nondeterministic polynomial time problems, can be contained in the non-uniform polynomial time complexity class P/poly, then this assumption implies the collapse of the polynomial hierarchy at its second level. Such a collapse is believed unlikely, so the theorem is generally viewed by complexity theorists as evidence for the nonexistence of polynomial size circuits for SAT or for other NP-complete problems. A proof that such circuits do not exist would imply that P ≠ NP. As P/poly contains all problems solvable in randomized polynomial time (Adleman's theorem), the theorem is also evidence that the use of randomization does not lead to polynomial time algorithms for NP-complete problems.

The Karp–Lipton theorem is named after Richard M. Karp and Richard J. Lipton, who first proved it in 1980. (Their original proof collapsed PH to $$\Sigma_3$$, but Michael Sipser improved it to $$\Sigma_2$$.)

Variants of the theorem state that, under the same assumption, MA = AM, and PH collapses to S$P 2$ complexity class. There are stronger conclusions possible if PSPACE, or some other complexity classes are assumed to have polynomial-sized circuits; see P/poly. If NP is assumed to be a subset of BPP (which is a subset of P/poly), then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to BPP. If coNP is assumed to be subset of NP/poly, then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to its third level.

Intuition
Suppose that polynomial sized circuits for SAT not only exist, but also that they could be constructed by a polynomial time algorithm. Then this supposition implies that SAT itself could be solved by a polynomial time algorithm that constructs the circuit and then applies it. That is, efficiently constructible circuits for SAT would lead to a stronger collapse, P = NP.

The assumption of the Karp–Lipton theorem, that these circuits exist, is weaker. But it is still possible for an algorithm in the complexity class $$\Sigma_2$$ to guess a correct circuit for SAT. The complexity class $$\Sigma_2$$ describes problems of the form
 * $$\exists x\forall y\;\psi(x,y)$$

where $$\psi$$ is any polynomial-time computable predicate. The existential power of the first quantifier in this predicate can be used to guess a correct circuit for SAT, and the universal power of the second quantifier can be used to verify that the circuit is correct. Once this circuit is guessed and verified, the algorithm in class $$\Sigma_2$$ can use it as a subroutine for solving other problems.

Self-reducibility
To understand the Karp–Lipton proof in more detail, we consider the problem of testing whether a circuit c is a correct circuit for solving SAT instances of a given size, and show that this circuit testing problem belongs to $$\Pi_1$$. That is, there exists a polynomial time computable predicate V such that c is a correct circuit if and only if, for all polynomially-bounded z, V(c,z) is true.

The circuit c is a correct circuit for SAT if it satisfies two properties: The first of these two properties is already in the form of problems in class $$\Pi_1$$. To verify the second property, we use the self-reducibility property of SAT.
 * For every pair (s,x) where s is an instance of SAT and x is a solution to the instance, c(s) must be true
 * For every instance s of SAT for which c(s) is true, s must be solvable.

Self-reducibility describes the phenomenon that, if we can quickly test whether a SAT instance is solvable, we can almost as quickly find an explicit solution to the instance. To find a solution to an instance s, choose one of the Boolean variables x that is input to s, and make two smaller instances s0 and s1 where si denotes the formula formed by replacing x with the constant i. Once these two smaller instances have been constructed, apply the test for solvability to each of them. If one of these two tests returns that the smaller instance is satisfiable, continue solving that instance until a complete solution has been derived.

To use self-reducibility to check the second property of a correct circuit for SAT, we rewrite it as follows:
 * For every instance s of SAT for which c(s) is true, the self-reduction procedure described above finds a valid solution to s.

Thus, we can test in $$\Pi_1$$ whether c is a valid circuit for solving SAT.

See Random self-reducibility for more information.

Proof of Karp–Lipton theorem
The Karp–Lipton theorem can be restated as a result about Boolean formulas with polynomially-bounded quantifiers. Problems in $$\Pi_2$$ are described by formulas of this type, with the syntax
 * $$\phi = \forall x \exists y \; \psi(x, y)$$

where $$\psi$$ is a polynomial-time computable predicate. The Karp–Lipton theorem states that this type of formula can be transformed in polynomial time into an equivalent formula in which the quantifiers appear in the opposite order; such a formula belongs to $$\Sigma_2$$. Note that the subformula
 * $$s(x)=\exists y \; \psi(x, y)$$

is an instance of SAT. That is, if c is a valid circuit for SAT, then this subformula is equivalent to the unquantified formula c(s(x)). Therefore, the full formula for $$\phi$$ is equivalent (under the assumption that a valid circuit c exists) to the formula
 * $$\exists c\forall (x,z)\;V(c,z)\wedge c(s(x)) \, $$

where V is the formula used to verify that c really is a valid circuit using self-reducibility, as described above. This equivalent formula has its quantifiers in the opposite order, as desired. Therefore, the Karp–Lipton assumption allows us to transpose the order of existential and universal quantifiers in formulas of this type, showing that $$\Sigma_2=\Pi_2.$$ Repeating the transposition allows formulas with deeper nesting to be simplified to a form in which they have a single existential quantifier followed by a single universal quantifier, showing that $$PH=\Sigma_2.$$

Another proof and S$P 2$
Assume $$\mathsf{NP} \subseteq \mathsf{P/poly}$$. Therefore, there exists a family of circuits $$C_n$$ that solves satisfiability on input of length n. Using self-reducibility, there exists a family of circuits $$D_n$$ which outputs a satisfying assignment on true instances.

Suppose L is a $$\Pi_2$$ set

 * $$L = \{z : \forall x. \exists y. \phi(x,y,z)\} \, $$

Since $$\exists y. \phi(x,y,z)$$ can be considered an instance of SAT (by Cook-Levin theorem), there exists a circuit $$D_n$$, depending on $$n = |z|$$, such that the formula defining L is equivalent to

Furthermore, the circuit can be guessed with existential quantification:

Obviously ($$) implies ($$). If (1) is false, then $$\neg \exists y. \phi(x,y,z)$$. In this case, no circuit D can output an assignment making $$\phi(x, D(x, z), z)\;$$ true.

The proof has shown that a $$\Pi_2$$ set $$L$$ is in $$\Sigma_2$$.

What's more, if the $$\Pi_2$$ formula is true, then the circuit D will work against any x. If the $$\Pi_2$$ formula is false, then x making the formula (1) false will work against any circuit. This property means a stronger collapse, namely to S$$ complexity class (i.e. $$\Pi_2 \subseteq \mathsf{S}_2^P \subseteq \Sigma_2$$). It was observed by Sengupta.

AM = MA
A modification of the above proof yields

 * $$\mathsf{NP} \subseteq \mathsf{P/poly} \implies \mathsf{AM} = \mathsf{MA}$$

(see Arthur–Merlin protocol).

Suppose that L is in AM, i.e.:
 * $$z \in L \implies \Pr\nolimits_x[\exists y. \phi(x,y,z)] \geq \tfrac{2}{3}$$
 * $$z \notin L \implies \Pr\nolimits_x[\exists y. \phi(x,y,z)] \leq \tfrac{1}{3}$$

and as previously rewrite $$\exists y. \phi(x,y,z)$$ using the circuit $$D_n$$ that outputs a satisfying assignment if it exists:
 * $$z \in L \implies \Pr\nolimits_x[\phi(x,D_n(x,z),z)] \geq \tfrac{2}{3}$$
 * $$z \notin L \implies \Pr\nolimits_x[\phi(x,D_n(x,z),z)] \leq \tfrac{1}{3}$$

Since $$D_n$$ can be guessed:
 * $$z \in L \implies \exists D. \Pr\nolimits_x[\phi(x,D(x,z),z)] \geq \tfrac{2}{3}$$
 * $$z \notin L \implies \forall D. \Pr\nolimits_x[\phi(x,D(x,z),z)] \leq \tfrac{1}{3}$$

which proves $$L$$ is in the smaller class MA.

Application to circuit lower bounds – Kannan's theorem
Kannan's theorem states that for any fixed k there exists a language $$L$$ in $$\Sigma_2$$, which is not in SIZE(nk) (This is a different statement than $$\Sigma_2 \not \subseteq \mathsf{P/poly}$$, which is currently open and states that there exists a single language that is not in SIZE(nk) for any k). It is a simple circuit lower bound.

Proof outline:

There exists a language $$L \in \Sigma_4 - \mathsf{SIZE}(n^k)$$ (the proof uses diagonalization technique). Consider two cases:
 * If $$\mathsf{SAT} \notin \mathsf{P/poly}$$ then $$\mathsf{SAT} \notin \mathsf{SIZE}(n^k)$$ and theorem is proved.
 * If $$\mathsf{SAT} \in \mathsf{P/poly}$$, then by Karp–Lipton theorem, $$\Sigma_4 = \Sigma_2$$ and therefore $$L \in \Sigma_2 - \mathsf{SIZE}(n^k)$$.

A stronger version of Karp–Lipton theorem strengthens Kannan's theorem to: for any k, there exists a language $$L \in \mathsf{S}_2^P - \mathsf{SIZE}(n^k)$$.

It is also known that PP is not contained in $$\mathsf{SIZE}(n^k)$$, which was proved by Vinodchandran. Proof:
 * If $$\mathsf{PP} \not \subseteq \mathsf{P/poly}$$ then $$\mathsf{PP} \not \subseteq \mathsf{SIZE}(n^k)$$.
 * Otherwise, $$\mathsf{P^{\#P}} \subseteq \mathsf{P/poly}$$. Since

 * $$\mathsf{P^{\#P}} \supseteq \mathsf{PP} \supseteq \mathsf{MA}$$ (by property of MA)
 * $$\mathsf{P^{\#P}} \supseteq \mathsf{PH} \supseteq \Sigma_2 \supseteq \mathsf{MA}$$ (by Toda's theorem and property of MA)
 * $$\mathsf{P^{\#P}} = \mathsf{MA}$$ (follows from assumption using interactive protocol for permanent, see P/poly)

 * the containments are equalities and we get $$\mathsf{PP} = \Sigma_2 \not \subseteq \mathsf{SIZE}(n^k)$$ by Kannan's theorem.

title: Karp–Lipton theorem


text:
User talk:Andreacanfield

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! from Wackymacs 17:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Andreacanfield


text:
WTQR

WTQR (104.1 FM, "Q104.1") is a country music station licensed to Winston-Salem, North Carolina and serves the Piedmont Triad region, including Greensboro and High Point. Owned and operated by iHeartMedia, the station broadcasts at 104.1 MHz with an ERP of 100 kW. It has studio facilities and offices located on Pai Park in Greensboro, and a transmitter site is located atop Sauratown Mountain near Pinnacle, North Carolina. They are one of three country music outlets in the market; WPAW and WBRF are the others.

History
WSJS-FM began broadcasting December 1, 1947, on 104.1 MHz with full effective radiated power of 48 KW. It was licensed to Piedmont Publishing Company. The tower was on what was then U.S. Highway 421 and was later used for a TV station. Some of the programming was the same as that of WSJS.

WSJS-FM played classical and semi-classical music after the owners of WAAA purchased WYFS, and offered an easy listening format until 1974. On November 10, 1972, WSJS and WSJS-FM announced a move to a building built for IBM in 1961 after IBM moved out.

WSJS, WSJS-FM and WSJS-TV had been owned by Piedmont Publishing, owners of The Winston-Salem Journal and The Twin City Sentinel, Winston-Salem's two newspapers, until 1969. Gordon Gray, who had owned the newspapers and the broadcast stations, wanted to sell the FM station. However, Roger Stockton believed in the future of FM while most people did not. Stockton spent 22 years at WSJS and WTQR, starting by selling commercials, and was WSJS sales manager by 1969. WSJS was number one in the Triad, and management feared losing that status if the FM became popular. Curly Howard of WKBX told Stockton he should do country on FM, and Summit Communications president Lee Wallenhaupt and executive vice president Richard Barron supported letting Stockton take the FM station in a new direction. For one thing, country music was changing from a "twangy" sound to one based on orchestras. Stockton sold national advertising but aired it for free at first, charging advertisers once the station proved itself. By 1976, WTQR was number one in the market, though WSJS held on to the top spot among AMs. Stockton became vice president and general manager of the radio stations in 1979, staying until the stations were sold.

In January 1987, Summit Communications Inc. was in the process of selling WSJS and WTQR.

In Fall 1989, WTQR was still number one as usual in the Arbitron ratings, but not by as large a margin as before.

Dale Mitchell and Aunt Eloise (revealed in 2008 to be Toby Young ), morning hosts on WTQR for three years, were nominated for Country Music Association Broadcast Personality of the Year in 1990. Before discussing "everything from politics to 'possums" they would bang pots and pans. Billy Buck was Aunt Eloise's partner before moving to WBIG. "Big Paul" Franklin and Aunt Eloise, who teamed up in 1994, won the CMA Morning Show of the Year award (large markets) in 1997, and WTQR won Station of the Year (large markets) in 1998 and 2002. In March 1998, Big Paul and Aunt Eloise began airing their show on WSOC-FM in Charlotte, North Carolina. some shows were done from Winston-Salem, and some from Charlotte. The pairing lasted less than a year. Big Paul, whose real name was Paul Fuller Jr., died in a motorcycle crash May 16, 2002 on Highway 64 outside Asheboro, North Carolina. "Brother Bill" Dotson and Aunt Eloise were nominated for a CMA award in 2005. Aunt Eloise dismissed in 2008, replaced by Jeff Roper and Angie Ward, who were nominated for Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association broadcast personalities of the year (large markets) in 2009. Despite critical accolades, "Jeff Roper In The Morning" ratings in key demographics began to deteriorate. Jeff Roper resigned in February 2012 after his show had consistently lost to the market's competing country morning show at WPAW.

NewMarket Media Corp. sold WSJS and WTQR to Radio Equity Partners of Norwalk, Connecticut, in a deal completed in April 1994 and worth in excess of $100 million, as the Connecticut company expanded into the Southeast, looking for the best stations possible. Later in 1994, Radio Equity Partners also bought WNEU, switching that station from country to modern rock. In 1998, iHeartMedia (then known as Clear Channel Communications) bought WSJS, WTQR and WSML. That company's purchase of AMFM Inc. added WMFR, WMAG and the market's other country radio station, WHSL, in 2000, though Clear Channel sold WMFR, WSJS, and WSML to Infinity Broadcasting. At the end of 2000, WHSL and WXRA traded frequencies, and WXRA became WWCC, a more classic-leaning station than WTQR; that station changed from country early in 2003. Also at the end of 2000, WTQR moved from Winston-Salem to Greensboro, the last commercial FM to do so.

In Spring 1995, although still number one with all listeners 12 and over, WTQR lost to WKZL among listeners ages 25 to 54 in the morning. A year later, WKZL did it again, this time also winning with the same age group for all daytime hours. In Fall 1996, WTQR lost to WQMG among the 25-to-54 audience. WTQR finally lost its top position (to WJMH) among all listeners in Fall 1998, for the first time since Greensboro, High Point and Winston-Salem became one market in the 1970s. In Spring 2008, WTQR was no longer the number one country station among all listeners, having been replaced by WPAW, which went country in October 2006.

On August 5, 2011 at exactly 1:04 PM EDT, WTQR relaunched as Q104.1, with the commitment to play more contemporary country music. The station had been "under construction" for most of the summer, and a relaunch/rebranding had been in the works. Changes included Angie Ward as the lone holdover after the relaunch, moving from mornings to midday. David Dean joined the station in January 2012 as APD/afternoon host. Tige & Daniel joined in April 2012 for mornings. Evenings are hosted by Dusty.

By February 2012 WTQR had climbed into a virtual dead heat with WPAW for the country crown among adults P25-54. In July WTQR pulled into the lead where it remains.

Sports programs
WTQR was a local affiliate for NASCAR Sprint Cup Series racing, carrying MRN events & programs until 2011, and PRN events & programs until 2000.

title: WTQR


text: User talk:24.190.158.194

title: User talk:24.190.158.194


text:
Red Dress

Red Dress or The Red Dress may refer to:

Film, stage, and television

 * The Red Dress (La robe rouge), a 1900 play by Eugène Brieux
 * The Red Dress, a 1933 French film based on the 1900 play by Eugène Brieux
 * Red Dress (Malcolm in the Middle), an episode of the American sitcom Malcolm in the Middle
 * The Red Dress, a 2015 television film starring Rachel Skarsten

Music

 * "Red Dress" (Sugababes song), a song by Sugababes from the album Taller in More Ways
 * "Red Dress" (Sarah Brand song), a 2021 song by Sarah Brand
 * "Red Dress", a song by Lucy Hale from the album Road Between
 * "Red Dress", song by Canadian band Magic! from their 2016 album Primary Colours
 * "Red Dress", a song by James McMurtry, from the albums, Saint Mary of the Woods and Live in Aught-Three
 * "Red Dress", a song by Andrew Ridgeley from the album Son of Albert
 * "Red Dress," a song from TV on the Radio's 2008 album Dear Science

Events and projects

 * Red Dress (embroidery project), international collaborative project created 2009-2022
 * Red Dress Day, event remembering Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls in Canada
 * Red Dress Gala, a fundraiser to raise awareness of heart disease
 * REDress Project, Canadian art installation begun in 2010, using red dresses

Other uses

 * Red Dress Boutique, American online clothing retailer
 * Red dress party, LGBT event
 * Red dress run, a race run while wearing a red dress

title: Red Dress