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Seri people

The Seri or Comcaac people are an Indigenous group of the Mexican state of Sonora. The majority reside on the Seri communal property (ejido), in the towns of Punta Chueca and El Desemboque  on the mainland coast of the Gulf of California. Tiburón Island (Tahejöc) and San Esteban Island (Cofteecöl and sometimes Hast) were also part of their traditional territory. They maintain an intimate relationship with both the sea and the land. They are one of the ethnic groups of Mexico that has most strongly maintained their language and culture throughout the years after contact with Spanish and Mexican cultures.

The Seri people are not related culturally or linguistically to other groups that have lived in the area, such as the Opata, Yaqui (sg.: Yequim, pl.: Yectz), O'odham (sg.: Hapaay), or Cochimí. The Seri language is distinct from all others in the region and is considered a language isolate.

Beside the Apache (sg.: Hapats, pl.: Hapatsoj) and Yaqui, the Seri are best known as fierce warriors for their resistance against subjugation by the Spanish (sg.: Casopin) and later Mexicans (sg./pl.: Cocsar). The Seri had been living on the coast of Sonora with little outside	interference for centuries,	if not millennia. But with colonization, they were displaced from their land and forced to work for others and adopt Christianity. Resendez writes about a slaving raid in 1660s: "A posse	of Spaniards had cut a swath through the Seri lands, killing	most of	the	adults of one band and distributing the children in the Spanish	towns of Sonora."

The name Seri is an exonym of uncertain origin. (Claims that it is from Opata or from Yaqui were nineteenth-century speculations based on similarity to words in those languages and lack clear evidence.) Their name for themselves is Comcaac (phonemically, phonetically ); singular: Cmiique (phonemically ), phonetically ).

Seri territory
The Seri territory in the state of Sonora spans an area of approximately 211,000 ha of land and is located on both continental land as well as land from Tiburon island, which is located in the Gulf of California off the central coast of the state.

The Seri primarily inhabit the towns of El Desemboque (Haxöl Iihom, 29°30'13"N, 112°23'43"W), the municipality of Pitiquito, Punta Chueca (Socaaix, 29°0'54"N, 112°9'42"W), and the municipality of Hermosillo located on the coast of Sonora. Following the fishing cycles, the location of some individuals and their relatives can vary between all fishing territories which are located along 100 km of coastline.

Infrastructure
Through a road to the south, the residents of Punta Chueca communicate with the village of Bahía de Kino. Towards the north, a road connects Desemboque with the city of Puerto Libertad. Each village has schools for students at preschool, secondary, and primary levels.

History
In the pre-Hispanic period, the territory of the Seri was located between the mountains, the Encinas desert, and the Gulf of California. The territory extended from the Altar desert in the north to the Yaqui river in the South and from Horcasitas in the east to the nearby islands of Tiburón, San Esteban, Patos, and Alcatraz in the west. As a nomadic people, the Seri travelled across an area that corresponds to fourteen current municipalities of Sonora. It was believed in this period that the Seri people were organized into six bands, divided into their own clans based on their paternal lineage. On a daily basis, there was no leader figure within the clan. Leaders were named only under extraordinary circumstances, such as during war or difficult hunting, and fishing seasons. Only the most capable person was appointed to fulfil this position as leader.

The persecution of the Seri people by the Spanish and Mexican military began in the mid-18th century. Expeditions by the Mexican military were led against the Seri and continued to decimate their population and territory until the early 1900s. The Seri people were the antithesis of what the Spanish conquistadors sought. Their territory was not very useful, they did not have accumulated wealth, they did not produce enough to make the conquest profitable, and they were not suited as laborers to cultivate and serve as they were not familiar with that lifestyle. Because of this, the Seri people preserved their autonomy and culture for much longer than other indigenous peoples. During the colonial period, the Jesuits, who tried to evangelize them and teach them agricultural practices, were the most sustained contact the Seri had with outsiders. Their letters provide the earliest and most comprehensive descriptions of the people. None of their efforts, however, were successful, and the Seri always returned to their desert lifestyles which is why they were always considered an unlawful group. The Spanish, then later the Mexicans, tried to effectively kill off all of the Seri which led to the nearly total annihilation of the group. However, the Seri people were never formally conquered or evangelized during that time. Little by little they were confined to a part of their territory and decimated in number.

By the time of Mexican independence, the previous organization system had been dismantled, and the Seri were almost entirely settled on the mainland. However, throughout the first two-thirds of the 19th century, they were persecuted and nearly annihilated by both Mexican soldiers and ranchers. Some of the Seri people managed to seek refuge on Tiburón Island.

The scarcity of water and of animals for hunting, along with various diseases, were the predominant factors as to why the Seri people abandoned their refuge on Tiburón Island and returned to the mainland. They were first temporarily hired as fish merchants and ranchers and later settled down. Among the external causes that allowed their successful return to the mainland was the crisis of 1929, which caused a large migration of poor people to cities and agricultural centers in northern and northeastern Mexico. This increased the consumption of fish and other marine products, which were cheaper than beef. From that moment, the Seri people began to occupy an essential role in the economy of commercial exchange and to use money in their market operations. This began a period in which rapid structural, organizational, and cultural changes occurred.

Bands
The Seri were formerly divided into six bands. They were:
 * Xiica hai iicp coii or Xica hai iic coii ("those who live toward the north wind"), also known as Tepocas or Saliñeros, who inhabited a large area to the north of the other bands, along the coast between Puerto Lobos and Punta Tepopa and somewhat inland, constituting six subgroups with following camps: Zaah Hacáila, Pailc Haacöt, Xpano Hax, Haasíxp, Haxöl Ihom, Xapoyáh.
 * Xiica xnaai iicp coii or Xica xnai iic coii ("those that are to the south", "those who lived toward the south wind"), also known as Tastioteños who inhabited the coast from Bahía Kino to Guaymas.
 * Tahejöc comcaac or Tahéjöc comcáac ("Tiburón Island people"). The Spanish named the island Tiburón (Shark), in Seri it is called Tahejöc. They are also known as the Seris or Tiburones who inhabited the coasts of Tiburón Island, and the coast of Mexico opposite it, north of the Xiica xnaai iicp coii., constituting five subgroups with following camps: Hajháx, Cyazim, Sacpátix, Haanc, Hatquísa, Taij It, Inóohcö Quixaz, Xniizc, Tacáta, Heeme, Hast Hax, Soosni Itáaai, Xoxáacöl, Caail iti ctamcö, Hax Ipac.
 * Xoxáacöl (group of people within the Tiburon Island people group)
 * Heeno comcaac or Heno comcáac ("desert people"), who inhabited the central valley of Tiburón Island.
 * Xnaamotat or Xnaa motat ("those that came from the south"), also known as Upanguaymas or Guaymas, who inhabited a small strip south of Guaymas between the Xiica hai iic coii and the Tahejöc comcaac.
 * Xiica hast ano coii or Xica hast ano coii ("those that are in San Esteban Island"), hast ano ctam (male), hast ano cmaam (female)), who inhabited San Esteban Island and the southern coast of Tiburón Island.

Three of the bands were further subdivided. Relations between bands were not always friendly, and internal conflict sometimes occurred.

Some bands were also living on the Baja California Peninsula (Hant Ihiin), they were called Hant Ihiini comcaac.

It has been said that these groups spoke three distinct but mutually intelligible dialects. It is thought that the first dialect was spoken by the Xiica hai iic coii, Xiica xnaai iic coii, Tahejöc comcaac and Heeno comcaac Bands and presently this variant is the only dialect spoken and is the ancestor of modern-day Seri. The second dialect was spoken by the Xnaamotat Band, but it is currently extinct and there was very little data collected regarding this dialect. The third dialect is also extinct and was spoken by the Xiica hast ano coii Band; it was described as sounding musical, as if speakers were singing instead of speaking (Moser 1963). Speakers sometimes make remarks regarding certain expressions being characteristic of particular Bands, especially of the Xiica hast ano coii Band. These communication differences were thought to have kept the groups from having much social interaction with each other.

After the Seri population was greatly reduced by conflicts with the Mexican government and the O'odham, and epidemics of smallpox and measles, the remaining Seris grouped together and the band divisions were lost.

Language
The Seri language, cmiique iitom, is a language isolate because there is not sufficient evidence of a relationship between it and any other language. Currently the majority of the population is bilingual to a certain degree, although they prefer to speak their own language in their local activities. Speakers maintain an enormously rich oral tradition that preserves their history and culture. In the last few decades, a very small part of this tradition has presented itself in a written form.

The Seri language has a plethora of terms in order to describe kinship relationships many of which describe both the sex of the subject and the sex of the speaker. For example, there are four terms to describe grandparents, each term specifies to which parent the grandmother or grandfather belongs to. Additionally there are many terms to describe siblings which account for the age and sex of the referent and speaker.

The Seri maintain their language with great vitality. In place of adopting Spanish terms to designate new cultural elements that have been added to their lives, they continue creating new terms in Seri.

Health
The preservation of knowledge on traditional therapies and techniques may be lacking among the Seri. They possess knowledge about some plants that can be used to cure mild illnesses but the study of Seri ethnomedicine is still being investigated today. The biodiversity of their arid climate and inability to maintain standard agricultural practices and livestock means that the knowledge of their ethnomedicines is very valuable. Marine resources like molluscs and algae were used for medicinal purposes in addition to terrestrial plants. The nomadic lifestyle of the group caused changes in their diet and patterns of consumption which has generated varying health problems like diabetes.

There is presently a lack of medicinal specialists amongst the Seri. For traditional medical treatment, potential Seri patients travel to nearby communities or the state capital in order to receive treatment. Women still maintain some knowledge of traditional medicines and prepare traditional medicinal items like soaps and creams to sell to outsiders.

There is record of two previously known medicinal specialists in Seri history. Cola conáajj was a midwife who used resources from regional flora and fauna to assist with pregnancy and labor. Ziix haaco cama was a noted spiritual specialist who also utilized traditional Seri medicine.

Seri knowledge of their physical environment has resulted in the publication of material about Seri ethnobotany which showcases how the Seri have preserved a lot of information about their centuries-long coexistence with the flora and fauna of their region. The severe ecological conditions of their environment and its changeability is a driving force behind their knowledge of flora and fauna of the area as the ability to remain nomadic due to these conditions was a necessity.

Housing
In Seri villages, houses are mainly made of concrete blocks with a concrete or asbestos roof, although it is possible to find some houses made of cardboard. In general, these houses consist of a kitchen, dining room, bathroom, and one or two bedrooms. This type of housing was promoted and supported by the federal and state government between 1974 and 1984.

In fishing areas it is still possible to find traditional houses that are made of shelters made of grasses and other materials (traditionally loggerhead shells) on top of an ocotillo frame (Fouquieria splendens). These shelters only house a single family and are suitable for a nomadic lifestyle. This type of construction is used for traditional festivals as well.

Territory and ecology
The current territory of the Comcaac has a total area of 211,000 ha, of which 91,000 ha were provided through ejido rights and 120,000 ha were provided through communal endowment. Due to the territorial extension with which they were endowed and their small population, the Seri, along with the Lacandones, can be considered the indigenous people with the greatest land possession in Mexico. However, the difficult environmental conditions of their land makes it very hard for the Seri to utilize their territory for agricultural purposes. Due to this, the Seri have never practiced agriculture throughout their history.

In general, the surface of Seri territory is flat, apart from some elevations like the Seri mountain range, the Kunkaak mountain range, and some parts of the coastline. The soil of the land is generally shallow and in some parts up to 80% stoney. In the valleys, the soil is loamy and sandy. Due to the permeable characteristics of the soil there are no rivers, lakes, or important currents except for the San Ignacio river that runs from the nearby mountains and ends near Desemboque, but this river is still temporary and has a weak flow. Tiburon Island is provided with five watering holes in total which are currently not enough to sustain the total population.

The climate of the region is hot with rainfall of 75 to 200 mm per year; the primary climate is extremely dry or desert conditions. The temperature of the region can reach minimums of -8.5 C in the winter months of December to February and highs of 49.5 C between the months of June and August. With such dramatic regional characteristics, the development of agriculture has been impossible up to now and maintaining livestock has been difficult due to water scarcity. Therefore, the main resource that is relied on is the 100 km of coastline that the Seri have for their own exclusive use. Despite the aridity of the desert, the Seri have knowledge of how to exploit the flora and fauna of the area. Fishing, particularly harvesting crabs and scallops, along with traditional ironwood carvings, elaborate basket making, and necklace work have been the main sources of income for the Seri. In general, Seri are not used to leaving their territory in search of work.

Social organization
The Seri came to establish systems of reciprocity and resource distribution through kinship relationships which ensure the total survival of the group. One of these systems is named quiimosim, which gives every member of the tribe the right to request part of the food that is consumed in the community without prior invitation. Another is canoaa an hant cooit, the right to ask for fish to eat from any panga that comes from the sea. Through an additionally complex system, assets are also shared between families.

With the formal integration of the Comcaac into national life, they have been forced to name a series of authorities such as a supreme council, a communal commission, the comunal property council, and a fishing cooperative society.

Cosmology and religion
The Seri did not develop a complex system of religious governance. Their interpretation of the world, its rites, its festivals, and other cultural manifestations are closely related to nature and the biological and social aspects of the group.

Their main traditional rites are linked to the onset of puberty and death. Their songs and stories revolve around the sea, animals, and ancient feats of heroes and warriors. Not having been formally evangelized in colonial times, they do not have the Catholic elements that many other indigenous groups have.

In the Seri area there are no Catholic churches or priests. There are two Protestant temples of the Apostolic Church of the Faith of Jesus Christ, a church that many people in the community belong to. Despite the cultural mix, they maintain their language and cultural practices.

Music
The Seri have preserved much of their indigenous music, which distinguished them from almost all other ethnic groups in Mexico. Instrumental music and most traditional instruments are less commonly in use but songs are still an important part of Seri culture. Instruments like foot drums or rattling gourds may be used to accompany quick and repetitive Seri singing. The rhythms and percussion provided by dancers may also be used to accompany songs.

Singing is a cultural tradition practiced by many Seri of all ages in order to describe the world around them. Some songs even feature knowledge of their ecological environment and the ethnobotanical aspects of their culture which has allowed them to survive under difficult environmental conditions. While there are virtually no written records kept by the Seri, their songs have served as libraries of knowledge about their history, beliefs, and culture. Songs are often repeated, with many songs being sung in quantities of four.

There are various types of songs, but not all are well represented in modern day and others are more commonly heard in public performances. The most interesting ones are often sung in private situations. The Seri are reluctant to formally record many songs, including many songs of mourning, because they either believe they should not be performed out of context or they are too personal.

The types of songs include:
 * 1) icoosyat 'songs of the giants'
 * 2) iquimooni 'songs of victory"
 * 3) icooha 'songs of mourning'
 * 4) hacáatol cöicoos 'songs of the shaman'
 * 5) cmaam cöicoos 'love songs to women'
 * 6) icocooxa 'lullabies'
 * 7) xepe án cöicoos and hehe án cöicoos 'songs of nature'
 * 8) icoos icooit 'songs for dance' (which is the most visible type of song because it can be seen at various cultural events, however, it is also the least typical of the Seri.)

Ethnonym
The ethnonym of the Seri people, Comcaac, was first recorded by United States Boundary Commissioner John Russell Bartlett, who was in the area for a short visit in early 1852. The word was included in the list of approximately 180 words that Bartlett archived in the Bureau of American Ethnology (now part of the National Anthropological Archive, housed at the Smithsonian). He recorded the word as "komkak", which reflected the pronunciation of the word at that time (although he missed the vowel length and did not indicate stress). Other word lists, obtained by other people during the last half of the nineteenth century, confirm that pronunciation. The phonetic rule by which the consonant /m/ is pronounced as a velar nasal in this context (after an unstressed vowel and preceding a velar consonant) may not have come about until sometime in the early twentieth century or researchers may have encountered slow-speech deliberate pronunciations for which the assimilation was held in abeyance. The singular form, Cmiique, was first recorded by French explorer and philologist Alphonse Pinart in 1879. He recorded the word as "kmike", which must have reflected the pronunciation of the word at that time (although he also missed the vowel length). The phonetic rule by which the consonant /m/ is pronounced as a nasalized velar approximant in this context (after a velar stop) may not have come about until sometime in the mid twentieth century.

In media

 * A 1940 documentary film, part of John Nesbitt's Passing Parade series, recorded scenes from the life of the Seri on Tiburón Island, under the title "Utopia of Death." It uses film from the Harold Austin expedition, claiming that this was the first motion picture footage of the tribe.
 * The ethnologist and writer Francisco Rojas González published his novel Lola Casanova in 1947. Based on this work, the film director Matilde Landeta shot the homonymous film in 1948. The argument is about the fact that at the end of the 19th century, the protagonist Lola and her companions are assaulted on a road by a band of Seris Indians commanded by the chief Coyote Iguana. The young woman, a descendant of Catalans, is the only survivor of the attack; she remains in the care of the women of the tribe, and she will spend the rest of her life in that community in the Sonoran Desert. The character did exist in real life.
 * The Seri figure in the plot of the Louis L'Amour novel Catlow (1963), made into a (1971) movie by the same name.
 * A Seri family is featured in the final episode of La fuerza del destino (2011).
 * The Seri people are mentioned in the novel “The Savage Detectives” by Roberto Bolaño on page 621. They are seen as a group of fishermen in the back of a pickup truck singing their song.

Diet
The Seri are the only people known to have harvested the maritime Zostera marina seagrass species for its seeds, before their nutritional value was discovered in recent times.

title: Seri people


text: User talk:68.12.115.28

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.12.115.28


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Noah's Ark (album)

Noah's Ark is the second studio album by American musical group CocoRosie, released by Touch and Go Records on September 13, 2005. The album features collaborations with various musicians, including Anohni, Devendra Banhart, and Spleen.

Recording
Noah's Ark features sisters Sierra "Rosie" Casady and Bianca "Coco" Casady on vocals, with traditional instruments including guitars and harps layered over unconventional items used as instruments. The track "Bear Hides and Buffalo" includes a loop of horse and cat sounds over a toy piano hook. Upon the album's release, Bianca described the group’s sound as "sort of an eclectic montage," saying they "float around between a few different instruments and use a bunch of unconventional percussion things. Like toys."

The album was produced and recorded in many different locations, including their mother's farm in Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in the Camargue region of Provence. Sierra stated that "the pursuit of intimate venues" lead to the sisters "pulling over on the side of the road and just recording in a field, or taking a moment in a barn in the South of France, or a studio in Brooklyn."

Collaborations
Anohni (formerly of Antony and the Johnsons and credited as Antony Hegarty) provides vocals and plays piano on the track "Beautiful Boyz", an ode to French novelist, playwright, and convicted felon Jean Genet. Devendra Banhart provides vocals through a cell phone on the track "Brazilian Sun". The opening rhymes of "Bisounours" come courtesy of French rapper Spleen. The album also lists Greg Rogove, Diane Cluck, Jana Hunter and Ardzen as "contributing artists."

Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 67, based on 24 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

MusicOMH London writer Michael Hubbard wrote, "Noah's Ark has a dreamlike quality to it." Sarah Peters, a former music editor and staff writer for LAS wrote, "Symbolically, the guiding light is important to all who have journeyed on Noah's Ark, and CocoRosie have presented a lesson in love, through hardship, that may not have been as powerful otherwise." In comparison to the sisters' previous work, writer Johnny Ray Huston of the San Francisco Bay Guardian noted, "Their new album, Noah's Ark (Touch and Go), has a more restless feel than their debut – the scratchy, tiny, Victrola-sounding vocals of La Maison sometimes give way to a more naturalistic recording style." Another review came from Heather Phares, writer for AllMusic, who commented on the album’s vibe in particular. "There's a lot of power in the album's darkness, particularly on the apocalyptic campfire singalong "Armageddon"".

Although some of the album's reviews were positive, some critics disagreed claiming, "Noah's Ark is more hypnotic and infiltrating than their enchanting (but short shelf-lived) debut, Le Maison de Mon Reve, but ultimately less magical." Other viewpoints were expressed about the contributing artists on the album and how "…the best offerings inevitably arrive in the presence of Antony and Devendra Banhart, whose guest appearances enhance and possibly upstage their lovely hosts."

No Ripcord placed it at number 42 on the "Top 50 Albums of 2005" list.

title: Noah's Ark (album)


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User talk:DKBG

You were listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Canada page as living in or being associated with Newfoundland and Labrador. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Newfoundland & Labrador for instructions.--Rmky87 20:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there! -- user:zanimum

Newfoundland and Labrador WikiProject
There’s now a WikiProject for Newfoundland and Labrador. We hope you’ll join us in making Wikipedia a great source of information about the province and its people. Oz Lawyer  17:53, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

You're invited!
Hello, DKBG,

You are invited meet with your fellow Wikipedians by attending the Montréal meetup scheduled on Sunday, June 27, 2010; between 1500 - 1700 to be held at the Comité Social Centre Sud (CSCS), located at 1710 Beaudry, in Montréal. You can sign up at the meetup page.

The meetup is happening in concurrence with RoCoCo 2010, a free, bilingual, weekend unconference including many people involved with Wikis both within the Wikipedia/Wikimedia Community and abroad. You do not need to attend the conference to sign up for the Wikimeetup, but you are certainly welcome! Bastique ☎ call me!

(PS: Please share this with those you know who might not be on the delivery list, i.e. Users in Montreal/Quebec) Delivered by SoxBot (talk) 00:43, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

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Stephen Shenker

Stephen Hart Shenker (born 1953) is an American theoretical physicist who works on string theory. He is a professor at Stanford University and former director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics. His brother Scott Shenker is a computer scientist.

Work
Shenker's contributions to physics include:
 * Basic results on the phase structure of gauge theories (with Eduardo Fradkin)
 * Basic results on two dimensional conformal field theory and its relation to string theory (with Daniel Friedan, Emil Martinec, Zongan Qiu, and others)
 * The nonperturbative formulation of matrix models of low-dimensional string theory, the first nonperturbative definitions of string theory (with Michael R. Douglas)
 * The discovery of distinctively stringy nonperturbative effects in string theory, later understood to be caused by D-branes.  These effects play a major role in string dynamics
 * The discovery of Matrix Theory, the first nonperturbative definition of String/M theory in a physical number of dimensions. Matrix Theory (see Matrix string theory) is an example of a gauge/gravity duality and is now understood to be a special case of the AdS/CFT correspondence (with Tom Banks, Willy Fischler and Leonard Susskind)
 * Basic results on the connection between quantum gravity and quantum chaos (with Douglas Stanford, Juan Maldacena and others)

title: Stephen Shenker


text: User talk:80.161.65.210

title: User talk:80.161.65.210


text:
User talk:Mohammedelbaradei

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. , SqueakBox 20:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mohammedelbaradei


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Cpio

cpio is a general file archiver utility and its associated file format. It is primarily installed on Unix-like computer operating systems. The software utility was originally intended as a tape archiving program as part of the Programmer's Workbench (PWB/UNIX), and has been a component of virtually every Unix operating system released thereafter. Its name is derived from the phrase copy in and out, in close description of the program's use of standard input and standard output in its operation.

All variants of Unix also support other backup and archiving programs, such as tar, which has become more widely recognized. The use of cpio by the RPM Package Manager, in the initramfs of the Linux kernel since version 2.6, and in Apple's Installer (pax) make cpio an important archiving tool.

Since its original design, cpio and its archive file format have undergone several, sometimes incompatible, revisions. Most notable is the change, now an operational option, from the use of a binary format of archive file meta information to an ASCII-based representation.

cpio was removed from POSIX.1-2001 in favor of pax, a similar utility which had been introduced in the previous version of the standard.

History
cpio appeared in Version 7 Unix as part of the Programmer's Workbench project.

Operation and archive format
cpio was originally designed to store backup file archives on a tape device in a sequential, contiguous manner. It does not compress any content, but resulting archives are often compressed using gzip or other external compressors.

Archive creation
When creating archives during the copy-out operation, initiated with the -o command line flag, cpio reads file and directory path names from its standard input channel and writes the resulting archive byte stream to its standard output. Cpio is therefore typically used with other utilities that generate the list of files to be archived, such as the find program.

The resulting cpio archive is a sequence of files and directories concatenated into a single archive, separated by header sections with file meta information, such as filename, inode number, ownership, permissions, and timestamps. By convention, the file name of an archive is usually given the file extension cpio.

This example uses the find utility to generate a list of path names starting in the current directory to create an archive of the directory tree:

Extraction
During the copy-in operation, initiated by the command line flag i, cpio reads an archive from its standard input and recreates the archived files in the operating system's file system. Command line flag d tells cpio to construct directories as necessary. Flag v (verbose) lists file names as they are extracted.

Any remaining command line arguments other than the option flags are shell-like globbing-patterns; only files in the archive with matching names are copied from the archive. The following example extracts the file /etc/fstab from the archive:

List
The files contained in a cpio archive may be listed with this invocation: List may be useful since a cpio archive may contain absolute rather than relative paths (e.g., /bin/ls vs. bin/ls).

Copy
Cpio supports a third type of operation which copies files. It is initiated with the pass-through option flag (p). This mode combines the copy-out and copy-in steps without actually creating any file archive. In this mode, cpio reads path names on standard input like the copy-out operation, but instead of creating an archive, it recreates the directories and files at a different location in the file system, as specified by the path given as a command line argument.

This example copies the directory tree starting at the current directory to another path new-path in the file system, preserving files modification times (flag m), creating directories as needed (d), replacing any existing files unconditionally (u), while producing a progress listing on standard output (v):

POSIX standardization
The cpio utility is standardized in POSIX.1-1988, but was omitted from POSIX.1-2001 because of its file size and other limitations. For example, the GNU version offers various output format options, such as "bin" (default, and obsolete) and "ustar" (POSIX tar), having a file size limitations of 2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB) and 8,589,934,591 bytes (8 GB), respectively.

The cpio, ustar, and pax file formats are defined by POSIX.1-2001 for the pax utility, which is currently POSIX 1003.1-2008 compliant, and so it can read and write cpio and ustar formatted archives.

Implementations
Most Linux distributions provide the GNU version of. FreeBSD and macOS use the BSD-licensed  provided with libarchive.

title: Cpio


text:
User talk:Cynthia Bennett

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 20:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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Antimony
I bear no ill will; I think it's good to discuss. I'm pretty busy right now, so the discussion must be postponed. My general point is the plastic industry is belittling antimony trioxide's health effects on humans.

At any rate the writing must stand, since Wikipedia is not in any way censored. Addditions could come in, not axing. My worry is based on personal experience and some feedbacks. Just to repeat I may phrase strongly, but I bear no personal ill will. I'm sure you don't too. We are ideologically opposed and that gets a little heated. Cheers. Mandel 21:10, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cynthia Bennett


text:
Gary Kroeger

Gary Kroeger (born April 13, 1957) is an American businessman, columnist, and actor best known for his work as a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, and his work on various game shows. He ran in the Democratic Congressional primary in 2016 and then for an Iowa state house seat in the 2016 election. Kroeger lost to incumbent Republican Walt Rogers by a 10,072 to 7,200 margin, 58% to 42%. Kroeger now stars in a television show called The Gary and Kenny Show co-starring his best friend Ken Ceizler. Adam "Fletch" Kidd produces and edits the show.

Personal information
Gary Kroeger was born in Cedar Falls, Iowa. Kroeger attended Northern University High School and graduated from Northwestern University in 1981. He was married to Leigh Kroeger from 1997-2007, with whom he shares two sons, Christopher and Alexander. Kroeger married Shannon Alexander, a user experience designer from Massachusetts in 2017.

Saturday Night Live
He joined the cast of Saturday Night Live during Lorne Michaels's hiatus from the show, under the direction of Dick Ebersol. During his tenure, Kroeger, who also wrote for the show, was frequently cast as young teenage kids and impersonated Walter Mondale when he was the Democratic candidate for US President in 1984. He is probably best remembered today for a Christmas sketch in which he and fellow cast member Julia Louis-Dreyfus perform "Blue Christmas" as Donny and Marie Osmond. The sketch culminates with the supposed brother and sister making out with each other.

Later acting career
Kroeger left the show in 1985 when Michaels returned to the show and the entire cast was replaced. Since then he has kept a fairly low profile, appearing in only a handful of movies, including roles as a producer in Christopher Guest's 1989 Hollywood send-up The Big Picture; as Reggie Mantle in 1990's Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again; and in the lead and title role in the spoof film A Man Called Sarge. Kroeger played a major role in the Murder, She Wrote episode "The Grand Old Lady" as brainiac Christopher “Christy” McGinn, who ultimately solves the mystery.

He has enjoyed some success as a host of television game shows, most notably revivals of The Newlywed Game and Beat the Clock. He was also the announcer for the 2001 revival of Card Sharks and the 2002 revival of Press Your Luck called Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck. In addition, he appeared on the sitcom Hidden Hills and as a weatherman in an episode of HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm. From 1990 to 1991, he was host of Fox's Comic Strip Live.

Kroeger also made a guest appearance in the episode Columbo: Death Hits the Jackpot (1991), as the murder victim. In 2000, he hosted an infomercial for DirecTV, which played in-store at many Best Buy locations. In 2002, he hosted the 26th annual Mrs. America Pageant.

Kroeger is also a "veteran performer" with the Cedar Falls Community Theatre. Some of his more recent appearances include their June 2021 production of Mamma Mia! in which he played the role of Sam Carmichael and their June 2022 production of The Fantasticks in which he played the role of El Gallo.

Business career
Kroeger gave up ownership of the restaurant Figaro Figaro in Simi Valley, California in 2003, but reopened in Cedar Falls, Iowa, in 2017. The restaurant closed in 2019. He has relocated to his hometown in Iowa and can still be seen in local theater, as well as the occasional infomercial. Kroeger is a weekly columnist for the Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier and also writes a blog, "Gary Has Issues".

, Kroeger is creative director for Cedar Falls, Iowa-based Mudd Advertising and well as CEO of a consulting firm, Outlier Creative Solutions.

Political campaign
He announced his candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa's 1st congressional district on April 6, 2015, but announced on March 2, 2016, that he was dropping his bid in order to run for the Iowa House of Representatives.

title: Gary Kroeger


text:
Willy Fischler

Willy Fischler (born 1949 in Antwerp, Belgium) is a theoretical physicist. He is the Jane and Roland Blumberg Centennial Professor of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is affiliated with the Weinberg theory group. He is also a certified Flight Paramedic (FP-C) and was a Licensed Paramedic with Marble Falls Area EMS and a volunteer EMT with the Westlake Fire Department.

His contributions to physics include:
 * Early computation of the force between heavy quarks.
 * The DFSZ (Dine–Fischler–Srednicki–Zhitnisky) model, as a solution to the strong CP problem.
 * The cosmological effects of the invisible axion (with Michael Dine) and its role as a candidate for dark matter.
 * Pioneering work (with Michael Dine and Mark Srednicki) on the use of supersymmetry to solve outstanding problems in the standard model of particle physics.
 * The first formulation of what became known as the "moduli problem in cosmology" (with G.D. Coughlan, Edward Kolb, Stuart Raby and Graham Ross).
 * The Fischler–Susskind mechanism in string theory (with Leonard Susskind).
 * The original formulation of the holographic entropy bound in the context of cosmology (with Leonard Susskind).
 * The discovery of M(atrix) theory, or BFSS Matrix Theory. M(atrix) theory is an example of a gauge/gravity duality (with Tom Banks, Steve Shenker and Leonard Susskind).
 * Black Hole production in colliders (with Tom Banks).

title: Willy Fischler


text:
Snub trihexagonal tiling

In geometry, the snub hexagonal tiling (or snub trihexagonal tiling) is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are four triangles and one hexagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol sr{3,6}. The snub tetrahexagonal tiling is a related hyperbolic tiling with Schläfli symbol sr{4,6}.

Conway calls it a snub hextille, constructed as a snub operation applied to a hexagonal tiling (hextille).

There are three regular and eight semiregular tilings in the plane. This is the only one which does not have a reflection as a symmetry.

There is only one uniform coloring of a snub trihexagonal tiling. (Labeling the colors by numbers, "3.3.3.3.6" gives "11213".)

Circle packing
The snub trihexagonal tiling can be used as a circle packing, placing equal diameter circles at the center of every point. Every circle is in contact with 5 other circles in the packing (kissing number). The lattice domain (red rhombus) repeats 6 distinct circles. The hexagonal gaps can be filled by exactly one circle, leading to the densest packing from the triangular tiling.
 * Snub Trihexagonal Circle Packing with Colored Circles.svg

Symmetry mutations
This semiregular tiling is a member of a sequence of snubbed polyhedra and tilings with vertex figure (3.3.3.3.n) and Coxeter–Dynkin diagram. These figures and their duals have (n32) rotational symmetry, being in the Euclidean plane for n=6, and hyperbolic plane for any higher n. The series can be considered to begin with n=2, with one set of faces degenerated into digons.

6-fold pentille tiling
In geometry, the 6-fold pentille or floret pentagonal tiling is a dual semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. It is one of the 15 known isohedral pentagon tilings. Its six pentagonal tiles radiate out from a central point, like petals on a flower. Each of its pentagonal faces has four 120° and one 60° angle.

It is the dual of the uniform snub trihexagonal tiling, and has rotational symmetries of orders 6-3-2 symmetry.
 * P7 dual.png

Variations
The floret pentagonal tiling has geometric variations with unequal edge lengths and rotational symmetry, which is given as monohedral pentagonal tiling type 5. In one limit, an edge-length goes to zero and it becomes a deltoidal trihexagonal tiling.

Related k-uniform and dual k-uniform tilings
There are many k-uniform tilings whose duals mix the 6-fold florets with other tiles; for example, labeling F for V34.6, C for V32.4.3.4, B for V33.42, H for V36:

Fractalization
Replacing every V36 hexagon by a rhombitrihexagon furnishes a 6-uniform tiling, two vertices of 4.6.12 and two vertices of 3.4.6.4.

Replacing every V36 hexagon by a truncated hexagon furnishes a 8-uniform tiling, five vertices of 32.12, two vertices of 3.4.3.12, and one vertex of 3.4.6.4.

Replacing every V36 hexagon by a truncated trihexagon furnishes a 15-uniform tiling, twelve vertices of 4.6.12, two vertices of 3.42.6, and one vertex of 3.4.6.4.

In each fractal tiling, every vertex in a floret pentagonal domain is in a different orbit since there is no chiral symmetry (the domains have 3:2 side lengths of $$1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}:2+\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}$$ in the rhombitrihexagonal; $$1+\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}:2+\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}$$ in the truncated hexagonal; and $$1+\sqrt{3}:2+2\sqrt{3}$$ in the truncated trihexagonal).

title: Snub trihexagonal tiling


text:
Talk:Cpio

curious: how does cpio differ from tar or shar and why might it be preferable? Derex @ 20:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Many versions of the tar utility, especially on legacy systems, only support a single archive format. The GNU cpio utility (and, typically, other cpio implementations), supports multiple archive formats.  One of them, usually referred to as POSIX tar is actually compatible with existing tar utilities, so one can use:

$ find dir/ | cpio -o -H ustar > dir.tar $ tar tvf dir.tar | more
 * So, in a sence, cpio provides a superset of the functionality of tar.
 * It's worth noting though that many modern tar implementations support a variety of formats too, i.e. the tar(1) utility of recent FreeBSD versions, so this distinction has started to blur and/or fade away a bit.
 * Other important differences include:
 * cpio uses stdin to read the list of files to archive, making it easy to exclude certain patterns of files by grepping them out, making concatenation of file lists easy, etc.
 * cpio has a pass-through mode, which wasn't available in early tar versions
 * more...
 * — Keramida 18:19, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Duplicated
CPIO is really this article, isn't it? 129.241.158.188 21:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Merging
Since the name of the program is cpio, the CPIO article should be merged into this one, not the other way around. 83.71.47.204 22:39, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure thing. I made the mess, I'll clean it up. I've got a few things to sort out so I'll check back in 24 hours and merge the articles if no one has any objections.

 * Another point to note is that the name of the archiving application is "Cpio" whereas it's only the extension of an archive that is lowercase (Even then it might not always be the case.) I'm unsure if a lowercase title is really necessary in this article after merging. The CPIO article refers mostly to the application which starts with a capital, so after the merge, the case "Cpio" is more valid. :-)
 * Techtoucian 11:00, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

c3po disambig.
Probably, it would be a nice idea to make a disambiguation page for C3po :) It really will... --Yuriy

8GB Limit
Curious, does cpio still have the 8GB limit? I have made some fairly large archives that I believe exdeeded 8GB.

--S

cpio uses the old binary format by default (for compatibility) which has some limitations including architecture dependence. Several versions of cpio support newer formats which are portable between architectures and have higher limits. and personal experience suggests that limits of the original cpio are pretty limited.

In its place, I suggest the use of afio (http://freshmeat.net/projects/afio/), an improved version of cpio.

afio versions 2.4.8 and above have their own file format (referenced in the man page as "Large ASCII" which has much higher if not arbitrary limits. I have used it against archives of overall size within hundreds of gigabytes, containing over 750,000 files some exceeding 4 gigabytes in size.

afio uses the old cpio format be default if possible for compatibility; but, it will revert to the more capable format if (from the afio man page):
 * A file has a size of larger the 2GB
 * The archive contains more than 64K files which ahve hard links
 * A file, directory, or special file has a UID or GID value larger than 65535

Plus, afio compresses or encrypts single files so small corruptions are not likely to prevent restoration of more then a single file. Note that both cpio and afio were designed as backup utilities rather then archive utilities such as tar. Their file format was never designed as an interchange format.

Tim Harig (http://ilthio.net)

Mistake in the article
Commnad "cpio -l" doesn't work 78.60.37.58 (talk) 16:10, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Shitty examples
Those examples are shitty enough that they probably came from a GNU info page. Do we have an example that's the equivalent of, for instance, 'tar xf'? 74.78.117.93 (talk) 20:33, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The equivalent of 'tar xf' is 'cpio -i -d -m' (BSD cpio) or 'cpio -i --make-directories --preserve-modification-time --no-absolute-filenames' (GNU cpio).
 * Professor Tournesol (talk) 02:36, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Self inclusion problem
% find. -depth -print | cpio -ov > tree.cpio Seems to me that cpio is going to include the destination file (at least part of it) in itself with this command. —Preceding unsigned comment added by P4p4 n0eL (talk • contribs) 01:50, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Cpgz?
Cpgz redirects to this article, which doesn't mention "cpgz". -- Hoary (talk) 02:02, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The article used to say this: "Like the tar format, cpio archives are often compressed using gzip and distributed as  (or  ) files." (See .) That sentence apparently was lost in a rewrite. – Tea2min (talk) 09:29, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

and INITRD ...
And is it worth mentioning that this is associated with an initial ram file system on some flavors of linux?

as seen here: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/24029

How to unpack and repack an initial ramdisk (initrd/initramfs) image? ... Then uncompress and extract the initrd: Raw ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.198.94.50 (talk) 01:37, 18 November 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) zcat /boot/initrd-2.6.18-164.6.1.el5.img | cpio -idmv

title: Talk:Cpio


text:
Talk:Plame affair/to do

 * Condense material at Template:Plamefull (vertical sidebox for the main article) to a much more consise Template:Plame, for use on related articles. Template:Plame may better work as a center-formatted footer box. A choice of both may also be good.

 * The article needs to be revised. Citations are needed throughout articles according to Wikipedia policy.  Claims are made in this article that are neither substantiated nor documented by reliable sources. [removal of point-of-view and biased claims].
 * References are especially necessary in documenting opposing points of view.

 * Eliminate biases while striving to achieve more neutral point of view.

 * There is a separate article now on the CIA leak scandal timeline, which is cross-referenced in this article. This article and that timeline (which still needs much revision) need to be made synchronous ("brought into synch").  For help with editing chronology in this article and the timeline in the CIA leak scandal timeline, see the external links to published timelines from reliable sources in the latter article.

title: Talk:Plame affair/to do


text:
User talk:141.162.101.50

January 2013
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Pineda spitball
If you’ve ever encountered pine tar, the stuff is incredibly sticky – most pitchers have just a small patch of it somewhere that they touch lightly and that’s plenty for bettering grip. The amount Pineda has had smeared all over his body can lead to a drastic improvement in some pitches and potentially a doctored ball. There's also no evidence that it's purely pine tar and it could've very well been a mixture of a variety of lubricants. 216.183.83.226 (talk) 20:07, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

April 2015
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August 2015
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February 2016
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You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at STec, Inc.. ubiquity (talk) 21:11, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
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March 2016
Hello, I'm Iryna Harpy. Wikipedia is written by people who have a wide diversity of opinions, but we try hard to make sure articles have a neutral point of view. Your recent edit to Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation seemed less than neutral to me, so I removed it for now. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Iryna Harpy (talk) 21:03, 28 March 2016 (UTC)
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Please do not add commentary or your own personal analysis to Wikipedia articles, as you did to Russian military deception. Doing so violates Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy and breaches the formal tone expected in an encyclopedia. Thank you. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:55, 29 March 2016 (UTC)
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Crimea annexation RfC
I've opened an RfC on Talk: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation on the question

"Should the information about opinion polls, currently in the subsection be moved into the subsection ?"

As you recently edited this article, I thought you might like to share your views. Kalidasa 777 (talk) 01:02, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: User talk:141.162.101.50


text:
Rodovia Brigadeiro Faria Lima

Rodovia Brigadeiro Faria Lima (official designation SP-326) is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

SP-326 is a full four-lane highway connecting the cities of Bebedouro and Barretos, serving also the city of Colina, and runs in the Southeast to Northeast direction. It is managed and maintained through a state concession to the private company Tebe and therefore is a toll road. The highway is named in honor of a former Air Force brigadier and celebrated mayor of the city of São Paulo from 1965 to 1969, José Vicente de Faria Lima.

title: Rodovia Brigadeiro Faria Lima


text:
BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop

The BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop is a two-year educational program for people who wish to develop a musical and has been called "the premier incubator for Broadway". At the end of the second year, a small number of selected participants are invited to join the advanced workshop program for further study and collaboration on works in development.

The workshop was created in 1961 by BMI and Lehman Engel and is free for participants. Among the musicals developed or partly developed in the workshop are Avenue Q, A Chorus Line and Little Shop of Horrors. The workshop grants Jerry Harrington Awards for Creative Excellence to four participants each year.

In 2006, Drama Desk awarded the BMI Workshop a Special Award "for nurturing, developing and promoting new talent for the musical theater." The same year, the workshop was one of the recipients of the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre. The New York Times called the BMI Workshop "The Harvard of Showtunes".

History
In March 1961, BMI vice president Robert Sour approached Lehman Engel about starting a workshop where he would teach principles of musical theatre writing to promising composers and lyricists. The classes would be open to any writer, whether their music was licensed by ASCAP or BMI, and no tuition would be charged. The only requirement was passing "the strong scrutiny of Engel's eyes and ears." Engel supervised the workshop and led weekly sessions from then until the end of his life, continuing to teach while undergoing radiation treatment for his cancer and producing his final student showcase in 1982, the year he died. One student said of Engel's support of his students, "if you brought in a song that worked, you were only the second happiest person in the room [to Engel]."

After Engel's death, duties were divided, with different people running the first year, second year, and advanced workshops. Maury Yeston led the advanced workshop for the next two decades until 2003, when Patrick Cook, a member of the advisory committee, who had been involved with the BMI workshop since the 1980s, took over.

The musical A Class Act, about composer-lyricist Ed Kleban, one of the workshop's early students, had several scenes set in the BMI Workshop. Kleban was played by Lonny Price, who also directed, and Engel was played by Patrick Quinn. The score consists of Kleban songs that were first heard in the workshop.

Operation
Applicants for the BMI Workshop must pass a screening process, first by submitting three songs. Some are then invited to audition for admission. Those who are accepted to the workshop are invited to participate for free. All BMI workshops run from approximately September to June at the BMI facility in lower Manhattan, New York City.

In the first year, students are paired with a different partner for each assignment. The workshop teaches show tune writing styles, such as ballads, comedy songs and charm songs, and other basic techniques. The first assignment of the first year is to write a song where someone tells a lie; another is a song for Blanche from A Streetcar Named Desire. A third assignment is the suicide scene in Death of a Salesman. The last assignment of the first year is a presentation by each writing team of a 10-minute musical.

In the second year, teams stay in the same pairings throughout the year and musicalize an already existing work. At the end of the year, each team presents its four best songs, and the steering committee decides whether the writers are cut or may continue into the advanced workshop. Admission to the advanced workshop is by invitation only, to a small number of "writers of professional caliber who are expected to contribute to the vitality of the musical theatre scene".

Composers and lyricists in the advanced workshop are welcome to stay for as many years as they would like while they workshop new material. They participate in discussions and roundtables, and collaboratively develop new works. As of 2008, 250 people had been invited to the advanced workshop.

BMI hosts a separate librettist workshop for bookwriters, also created by Lehman Engel to supplement the composer-lyricist workshops. The first year is called "Bookwriting Basics". To apply to the librettist workshop, applicants must submit a resume and two 10-page writing samples, at least one of which must be comedic. After the first year, some of the participants are invited to the advanced librettist workshop.

BMI provides opportunities for workshop members to have their work publicly performed, including semi-annual "smokers", named after former workshop moderator Maury Yeston's "informal music gatherings while an undergraduate". In 2019, BMI produced a showcase concert featuring works only from BMI Workshop artists of color, called Make Them Hear You.

Jerry Harrington awards
The workshop grants Jerry Harrington Awards for Creative Excellence annually to a member of each workshop division (1st year, 2nd year, advanced and librettist). Jeff Marx and Robert Lopez, co-creators Avenue Q, were recipients in 2000, the first year the awards were granted.

Broadway shows developed in the workshop
Maury Yeston wrote the first three songs for Nine while in the workshop. Barry Brown and Fritz Holt saw these presented at one of the workshop's showcases in 1974 and decided to produce the show. Yeston said, "In 1970 ... I joined the BMI Music Theatre Workshop ... Lehman was instrumental in my working on the Fellini musical, which I decided to call Nine. It was really the first project that was born in the workshop. It contains so many of Lehman’s teachings and I’m very, very grateful to him."

Next to Normal and Avenue Q both started as first-year 10-minute musical projects.

Other Broadway shows developed in the workshop have included:
 * A Chorus Line
 * Little Shop of Horrors
 * Urinetown
 * Violet
 * Raisin
 * The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas
 * Lucky Stiff

Notable alumni

 * Lynn Ahrens
 * Gerard Alessandrini
 * Masi Asare
 * Kristen Anderson-Lopez
 * Howard Ashman
 * Neil Bartram
 * Susan Birkenhead
 * Jeff Blumenkrantz
 * Douglas J. Cohen
 * Stephen Flaherty
 * Scott Frankel
 * Gary William Friedman

 * Ira Gasman
 * Clark Gesner
 * Amanda Green
 * Carol Hall
 * Mark Hollmann
 * Tom Kitt
 * Edward Kleban
 * Michael Korie
 * Michael John LaChiusa
 * Andrew Lippa

 * Robert Lopez
 * Jeff Marx
 * Alan Menken
 * Dan Mertzlufft
 * Helen Park
 * Jeanine Tesori
 * Glenn Slater
 * Judd Woldin
 * Sara Wordsworth
 * Maury Yeston
 * Brian Yorkey


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Jean-Luc Picards

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:42, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

The Jean-Luc Picards
Article about a band formed last month; does not meet guidelines for inclusion. tregoweth  20:58, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. tregoweth  20:58, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. CanadianCaesar 21:29, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - due to the problem establishing notability (being a brand new band). --Mysidia (talk) 07:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of lunar meteorites

This is a list of lunar meteorites. That is, meteorites that have been identified as having originated from Earth's Moon.

title: List of lunar meteorites


text:
Uche Okafor

Uchenna Kizito Okafor, often shortened to Uche Okafor (8 August 1967 – 6 January 2011) was a Nigerian professional footballer who played as a defender. He made 34 international appearances for the Nigeria national team.

Club career
Okafor's club career took him to many countries before he settled in the USA. Okafor was drafted to Kansas City Wizards in the ninth round of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft, and played there for five seasons before retiring after the 2000 season.

International career
Okafor played every match when Nigeria won the 1994 African Cup of Nations, but sustained an ankle injury shortly thereafter. He was part of the squad to the 1994 World Cup but did not get any playing time. He played one out of their four games in the 1998 World Cup, though, as well as at the 1988 Olympics.

Post-playing career
Okafor coached for the Associated Soccer Group, a member of the North Texas Soccer Association. He was head coach for the 91 Gold Central boys team and the 93 HP Central boys team who play in the Plano Premier Select Soccer league.

Okafor was a regular pundit on African football on ESPN's coverage and their PressPass programme.

Death
Okafor's body was discovered by his wife in January 2011 shortly after he returned home from dropping off his daughter in school in their house in Little Elm, a town about 30 miles northwest of Dallas. The Tarrant County Medical Examiner's Office said that he hanged himself in an upstairs hallway. Okafor's family rejected the suicide ruling of the Little Elm Police Department, suspecting foul play.

Kent Babb, reporter for the Kansas City Star, published an in-depth analysis of Uche's death on 19 May 2012.

Honours
Kansas City Wizards
 * MLS All-Star, 1998
 * MLS Cup: 2000
 * Supporters' Shield: 2000

title: Uche Okafor


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Pavel Lisitsian

Pavel Gerasimovich Lisitsian (Павел Герасимович Лисициан, Պավել (Պողոս) Գերասիմի Լիսիցյան; November 6, 1911 – July 6, 2004), was a Soviet baritone opera singer who performed in the Bolshoi Opera, Moscow from 1940 until his retirement from stage in 1966. People's Artist of the USSR (1956).

Biography
Pavel Lisitsian was born 6 November 1911 in Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Caucasus Viceroyalty, Russian Empire.

He was born into an Armenian family living in Vladikavkaz, where his father was a mineworker. Pavel first worked in diamond drilling, then as a welder apprentice hoping to follow his father's steps. He first began to sing in a church choir before moving to Leningrad to study cello (1930).

As a strong-voiced soloist of a local amateur group he was commissioned to the Leningrad Conservatory.

He started his vocal career in the Maly Leningrad State Opera Theatre and then in the Yerevan Opera House, where he performed the leads for three years.

From 1940 to 1966, Pavel Lisitsian was the soloist of the Bolshoi Theatre and performed parts of Yeletsky, Onegin, Mazepa, and Robert (in Tchaikovsky’s The Queen of Spades, Eugene Onegin, Mazeppa, and Iolanta respectively), Germont and Amonasro (in Verdi's Traviata and Aida), Escamilo (in Bizet’s Carmen), Tatul (Spendiarov’s Almast), Arsaces II (Arshak II) (Chuhadzhyan's Arshak II), Napoleon (in Prokofiev's War and Peace), and others.

During a concert tour of the US in 1960, he appeared at the Metropolitan Opera as Amonasro. He died in Moscow at age 92.

His daughters Karina and Ruzanna are successful opera singers who frequently perform together. His grand daughter pianist Elena Lisitsian lives in New York City and his grandson Paul Asoyan lives in Encinitas, California.

title: Pavel Lisitsian


text:
Talk:Metaphysical poets

Metaphysicial poet sometimes has a capital M and sometimes lower case within this article. In some of the cases, it should be lower-case because it's not referring to this school of poets; in some because it in a quotation (to whose author the use of lower-case is thereby attributed), but if it should be capitalized, then it should be done consistently, and if lower-case is used, that should be consistent. Michael Hardy 20:58, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I changed them all to lower case. One runs across both—personally I feel that the name shouldn't be capitalized since it's not a formal, or even particularly well-defined, group (unlike, say, the Beats).  If someone disagrees, that's OK too, but please be consistent and please comment on this page to explain your rationale. Chick Bowen 21:50, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I just looked at the Beat article and that one is also hopelessly inconsistent. Ah well.  Chick Bowen 21:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Robert Southwall
Saint Robert Southwell is arguably the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry, a designation argued by his biographer, The Rev. Scott R. Pilarz, in his definitive study: Robert Southwell and the Mission of Literature, 1561-1595: Writing Reconciliation. Whether he merits this particular designation, he definitely ranks among the "most important" of them.

Adriano Bulla
I've removed the reference to Adriano Bulla, for two reasons. First, since the article is explicitly about the seventeeth century poetic movement, it seems erroneous to include a 'twenty-first century' poet; this is, however, only a minor point. Second, the link that is drawn between Bulla and the metaphysical poets is based solely on an online review of Bulla's poetry. Frankly, it smacks of Wikiganda (and if that ain't a phrase, it is now). I don't think that this can thus be counted as a reliable source - I'd be happy to replace the lost lines, if a proper reference can be found. 91.125.50.12 (talk) 20:30, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

the metaphysical poets use of nature imagery
"Their poetry diverged from the style of their times, containing neither images of nature nor allusions to classical mythology, as were common.[5] " This is a quotation from the one of the subsections, "Characteristics". This is not true, as anyone who has read any Vaughan will know that his poetry is completely saturated with nature imagery. Google his collection Silex Scintillans to see the repetition of the images of 'dew' and 'flowers', and more generally anything ranging from springs, hills, trees, and just about any other image the mind can conjure. Herbert was also quite frequent in his use of nature imagery. For just one example, one may examine the way he uses the flower to symbolise death in "Life" or "The Flower" or many of the other poems in which the image is reused. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.126.21.75 (talk) 04:43, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

John Milton
I'm no expert in the field, so i can't contribute to the article, but I'm pretty sure John Milton belongs in this article in some shape or form. I say this because my English Literature textbook categorizes him as a metaphysical poet. If anyone who is knowledgeable in this field could add him to the article, I'm sure it would help to make the article more complete. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.102.54.89 (talk) 23:11, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Origin of the Name
The following is incorrectly read/paraphrased: "Furthermore, Burrow argues that the 'metaphysical poets' conceit was an attempt by twentieth-century writers to impose a 'high Anglican and royalist literary history' on seventeenth-century English poetry.[4] Such an imposition has been resisted by scholars.[4]" Burrows does NOT argue that the metaphysical poets conceit was an attempt to impose a high Anglican, etc. He mentions, in a tone dripping with sarcasm, one argument (not his) which suggested that "the reappraisal of metaphysical poetry in the 1920s was politically suspect" and that the reappraisal had to do with a high-Anglican agenda of T.S. Eliot and F.R. Leavis to exclude Milton as the most radical poet of the period and to promote Anglo-Catholics and to depoliticize the 17th Century. Burrows mentions this argument to counter it and show evidence of the political and religious diversity among the metaphysical poets. He also debunks the notion that Eliot was conservative in his artistic tastes and practices, and therefore would be unlikely to have an artistic conservative agenda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hoot717 (talk • contribs) 20:34, 8 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've just looked at the referenced text and you're right. I've updated the article. Celuici (talk) 21:20, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

Clean up 2015
I have tried to bring the article as it now stands more into line with encyclopaedic style. I am amazed that the objection made here in 2010 to the characterisation of the metaphysical style has not been addressed. It was quite plainly nonsense and a close look at the date of the reference supplied explains why: 1917, before the poets concerned had become the subject of proper critical scrutiny. The validity of references supplied on WP needs to be checked to make sure that they are abreast of the latest research and that views are accepted by peers. We cannot even be sure that the editor concerned has not misunderstood the source in this instance.

I deleted the list of minor poets which had been without the citation asked for since 2009. Again, it probably arose from a misunderstanding. Inclusion in Helen Gardener's anthology is no evidence, since she is gathering poetry with stylistic affinities. Shakespeare is there, and the very early poetry of John Milton (as noted above) could well have been too, but no one would claim either as Metaphysical poets.

The article does not include consideration of alternative approaches to the poets of the period which needs to include at least Alvarez's The School of Donne (1961) and Segel's The Baroque Poem (1974). Without them, and the contextual characterisation of the contemporary European and American style, the article will remain superficial and unbalanced. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 12:29, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

 * A revision along these lines has now been completed. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 13:02, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Metaphysical poets


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Hapoel Tel Aviv

Hapoel Tel Aviv (הפועל תל אביב) is a sports club in Israel, founded in the 1920s, and part of the Hapoel association. It runs several sports clubs and teams in Tel Aviv which have competed in a variety of sports over the years, such as football, basketball, weightlifting and others. Hapoel Tel Aviv is well known for its red uniforms.

Notable members

 * Michael Beilin (born 1976), Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler
 * Vered "Vardush" Buskila (born 1983), Olympic sailor
 * Gil Cohen (born 1992), Olympic sailor
 * Maayan Davidovich (born 1988), Olympic windsurfer
 * Anat Fabrikant (born 1975), Olympic competitive sailor
 * Yehoshua Feigenbaum (born 1947), Olympic football player
 * Udi Gal (born 1979), Olympic sailor and world championship bronze medalist
 * Max Geller (born 1971), Olympic wrestler
 * Eliezer Halfin (1948–72) Olympic wrestler; killed in Munich Massacre
 * Michal Hein (born 1968), Olympic windsurfer
 * Gideon Kliger (born 1980), Olympic sailor and world championship bronze medalist
 * Mark Slavin (1954–72), Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler; killed in Munich Massacre
 * Nik Zagranitchni (born 1969), Olympic wrestler

Notable coaches

 * Moshe Weinberg (1939–72), wrestling coach; killed in the Munich Massacre

Teams

 * Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. – football
 * Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C. – basketball
 * Hapoel Tel Aviv (handball) – handball
 * Hapoel Tel Aviv W. – weightlifting

title: Hapoel Tel Aviv


text:
NBC Weather Plus

NBC Weather Plus was an American weather-oriented digital multicast television network owned as a joint venture between NBCUniversal and the local affiliates of the NBC television network. The service, which was broadcast in standard definition, was carried on the digital subchannels of many NBC affiliates and on the digital tiers of cable providers (through a local affiliate).

Overview
NBC Weather Plus primarily competed with cable network The Weather Channel, as well as a similar digital multicast network, The Local AccuWeather Channel.

The network also provided content for both NBC News and MSNBC's programming; Weather Plus staff also appeared on most of the networks’ programs (although Today mainly used certain meteorologists from the network as substitutes for the program's separate weather anchors). In 2006, after MSNBC moved its operations to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City's Midtown Manhattan district (integrating its operations with NBC News), Weather Plus moved into fellow sister network CNBC's Global Headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

In addition to the network, Weather Plus staff provided weather updates for CNBC and MSNBC; MSNBC also aired "sample" hours of the network during the morning hours on certain major holidays. In addition, Weather Plus was promoted during NBC's NFL pre-game show Football Night in America, and was used to provide the temperature and weather conditions at gametime for each week's NBC Sunday Night Football game during the NFL season. During significant national weather events (such as a major winter storm), Weather Plus meteorologists conducted live reports for NBC Nightly News to provide analysis (all of these services are now provided by The Weather Channel).

History
NBC Weather Plus was unveiled at the NBC affiliate meeting in 2004. The network debuted on November 15, 2004, with NBC's New York City owned-and-operated station WNBC serving as the test station. At the time, the network was operating out of the offices of NBC News' affiliate newsgathering service, NBC News Channel, in Charlotte, North Carolina. NBC and MSNBC weather anchors and meteorologist staff the network to start. Raycom Media agreed by April 2005 to affiliated its 13 NBC stations' subchannel with NBC Weather Plus,

On March 30, 2005, Sunbeam Television, Liberty Corporation, Sunbelt Communications and Bonneville International announced that 30 stations of their station would launch the network bring coverage up to 67% of U.S. households. Weather Plus was moved to NBC News division in 2007 after NBC Station Group President Jay Ireland returned to General Electric. However, by September 2005, KAMR-TV in Amarillo, Texas became the only NBC affiliate owned by Nexstar Broadcasting Group (now Nexstar Media Group) to have picked up the NBC Weather Plus service on its digital subchannel.

Closure
In September 2008, Landmark Media Enterprises sold The Weather Channel to a consortium of NBC Universal, and private equity firms Blackstone Group and Bain Capital. Shortly afterward, on October 7, NBC Universal announced that it would phase out Weather Plus by New Year's Eve of that year, after the NBC affiliates expressed a desire to shut the service down. Though NBC cited its purchase of The Weather Channel as a factor in the shutdown, it was stated that the network's closure would have occurred even if the acquisition had not happened.

Segments featuring on-camera personalities were discontinued on October 24, 2008. Afterwards until the network formally ceased operations, it ran only a loop of various national satellite, radar and temperature maps accompanied by music, local weather maps inserted by the network's affiliates, and Weather Plus University. With this, the remaining on-camera meteorologists from Weather Plus were referred to on other NBC News and MSNBC programs as only "NBC meteorologists," before eventually being mentioned as being part of the Weather Channel's staff. The Weather Channel's main Atlanta staff also began appearing on NBC News programs, either from the cable channel's Atlanta headquarters, NBC's New York City operations or via satellite on-location during weather events. In early December 2008, the website of Weather Plus was redirected to The Weather Channel's website.

The service formally shut down operations on December 31, 2008. While some of its affiliates switched to other networks, the remaining affiliates running them as local weather services. Many operating under the unofficial brand, "NBC Plus". This option allowed the equipment that had been used to insert local content onto the former national feed of NBC Weather Plus to remain in use. The network's forecast system and maps continued to be used until 2010 for studio segments on CNBC and MSNBC, with Weather Channel branding along the top-third banner, before being replaced entirely with graphics used by The Weather Channel by mid-2010 (the graphics system used for Weather Plus's national feed remains in use on NBC's Early Today ).

Until 2011, several NBC owned-and-operated stations ran a barebones variant of Weather Plus, which was finally replaced with a localized news and lifestyle service called NBC Nonstop (which was replaced by Cozi TV in 2012). Other stations have discontinued their use of Weather Plus in order to take advantage of upgraded weather technology after converting to high-definition news production, or switched to an entertainment-based multicast network featuring programming more palatable to different advertisers. WVIR-TV kept the Weather Plus look until reportedly May 2015 when it was replaced by WeatherNation.

National programming
From its launch until the network discontinued on-camera segments in October 2008, NBC Weather Plus maintained a wheel format for its forecast segments, which were scheduled at fixed timeslots each half-hour:

NBC Weather Plus' programming is mostly recorded; outside of at least one live update hourly between 4:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. local time provided by the affiliates, a digital video jukebox system is used to shuffle certain segments (particularly during seasonal outlook and weather news segments as well as the network's late night programming), except in the event of severe weather of particular significance ongoing in the U.S. A viewer that watched NBC Weather Plus in any given day would be able to see a weather news segment that originally aired in the morning repeated long into the night, the same weather information that aired at 11:00 p.m. airing at 4:00 a.m., and the same seasonal outlook (severe weather, tropical weather, or winter weather) segment that originally aired in the morning repeating long into the late afternoon. In the latter instance, this was an issue as updated information may not have been available during any type of severe weather (unless very significant) that was ongoing.

Some of the segments featured on the network used different titles at times if it is a sponsored forecast segment such as State Farm Road Coverage, which replaced Coast To Coast. The network also produced Weather Plus University, a half-hour program focusing on educating viewers about weather, and featured segments from NBC News and NBC affiliates relating to climate. That program was part of the network's FCC-required E/I programming.

During severe weather events, national segments, at the affiliates' discretion, could be replaced with either news simulcasts or a constant radar display; in turn, this coverage could be picked up by the national Weather Plus feed (live if possible) during the "Coast To Coast" and/or "Plus Five Forecast" segments. During the network's "Weather Alert" mode, specifically when a major severe weather event was occurring or a dangerous hurricane is preparing to make landfall, regular programming was interrupted to provide constant coverage. Most of NBC Weather Plus' affiliates used a respective combination of the station and "Weather Plus" branding, for both the subchannel and for the station's general weather branding during newscasts and weather updates on the NBC affiliate's main channel. After the shutdown of the digital network, many NBC affiliates continued to use the "Weather Plus" brand as part of their on-air weather branding, although most have switched to other brands in the succeeding years.

Local forecasts
NBC Weather Plus gave 24 minutes of programming time per hour to its affiliates to air pre-recorded local forecast segments conducted by weather staff from local NBC-affiliated stations, running eight times an hour. In addition, current weather conditions for a given area and surrounding areas within the affiliate's viewing area or state; regional and five-day forecasts; and almanacs (featuring the day's observed high and low temperatures) were also provided during the local segments.

The forecast segment seen in place of the local forecasts on the national feed (which was streamed on the network's website where a local Weather Plus feed was not available for streaming, and was not carried on satellite via DirecTV, Dish Network or C band services) cycled through daily forecasts and composite satellite/radar loops for the respective regions of the Northeastern, Southeastern, Midwestern, Northwestern and Southwestern United States. Music associated with the local forecast segments came from commercial sources, including 615 Music, which composed the music package (mostly the tracks from Positive Pop Grooves, with the other tracks being DJ Gruv, Voccho, Sneez and Pyraflex) used by NBC Weather Plus' weather radar forecasts from 2005 to 2008.

The "L" bar
The network utilizes an on-screen graphic, known as the "L-bar," to display local weather forecasts on the left and bottom third of the screen to provide local weather information on a continuous basis, even during commercial breaks, national weather segments and Weather Plus University. The sidebar displayed sponsorship tags on the top left (which were more often seen on local feeds, and was removed during Weather Plus University), current weather conditions (sky condition, temperature, wind speed/direction and humidity) for the affiliate's city of service and other cities within the viewing area or state on the middle left; station identification on the bottom left (in which affiliates augmented their logo above the Weather Plus logo); and the current time and on some stations, perpetual station identification text on the lower left. The bottom right two-thirds of the bar displayed 24-hour and five-day forecasts for each city (with the 24-hour forecasts also incorporating forecasted precipitation amounts).

Similar to The Weather Channel's Local on the 8s segment in the hour after sunset (which determined the usage of daypart-based icons partly on the time of sunset in a given locality), an occasional bug in the "L-bar" displayed weather icons incorporating the sun when detailing the current sky condition for some observation sites at night. If an observation site was located within or near a larger city, the forecast for the next closest reporting station would be shown instead (for example, on Dallas affiliate KXAS-TV's Weather Plus subchannel, the current conditions for Fort Worth Alliance Airport were displayed alongside the forecast for nearby Dallas). The current conditions for a single city cycled for 20 seconds; while the 24-hour and five-day forecasts cycled for 10 seconds. In the case of Sacramento affiliate KCRA, the current conditions cycled continuously and the current time was placed on the right-hand side in the lower-right third. The national feed featured a different "L-bar," which cycled through current conditions, 24-hour and five-day forecasts for 50 major U.S. cities.

Prior to the announcement of Weather Plus' shutdown, the network had planned to revamp the "L-bar". The redesigned graphic was adopted by at least one former Weather Plus affiliate, WKYC-TV in Cleveland, Ohio, following the closure of Weather Plus when it reformatted its weather subchannel into a local format, before the station converted the subchannel into a local radar loop, and later True Crime Network.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Bill Karins (now chief meteorologist for NBC News)
 * Sean McLaughlin (now at KPHO-TV in Phoenix)
 * Byron Miranda (now weather anchor at WPIX in New York City)
 * Raphael Miranda (now at WNBC in New York City)
 * Jim Nichols (now at WBAL-TV in Baltimore)
 * Jeff Ranieri (now at KNTV in San Francisco)

title: NBC Weather Plus


text:
GoGet

GoGet CarShare is a car sharing service operating in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The service was the first of its kind in Australia. GoGet was launched as Newtown CarShare on 6 June 2003 with three vehicles and twelve founding members. Following interest from the City of Darebin, the service was extended to Melbourne under the name "GoGet" in November 2004. With the growth of the service to other areas in Sydney, Newtown CarShare was renamed GoGet in May 2005.

GoGet members choose a rate plan and pay an annual or monthly fee. Fees cover fuel, insurance, maintenance, and cleaning. The vehicles are mostly late-model hatchbacks, but also include vans, utes and premium vehicles. Each vehicle has a home location, referred to as a "pod", either in a car park or on a street, typically in a highly populated urban neighbourhood. Members reserve a car by web or telephone and use a key card to access the vehicle.

In June 2014, GoGet had over 1300 vehicles Australia-wide.

In October 2015, GoGet had over 65,000 members, which is estimated to take 100,000 cars off the road.

title: GoGet


text: Category talk:1971 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1970 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Talk:Zenith Data Systems

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title: Talk:Zenith Data Systems


text: Category talk:1969 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1967 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Talk:John Norris (Royal Navy officer)

Untitled
This page: http://www.nmm.ac.uk/mag/pages/mnuExplore/PaintingDetail.cfm?lettera=k&ID=BHC2912&name=George%20Knapton&action=ArtistTitle says he was born likely in 1660, not 1670.

// Fred-Chess 21:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Heathcote also says 1660 but both ODNB and DCB say 1670/71. Dormskirk (talk) 20:32, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Appointed/reappointed?
Perhaps promotions were temporary then? London Gazette 6630 page 3 appears to appoint him Admiral in December 1727, long after other sources say he attained the rank. Had his previous commission lapsed?LE (talk) 17:27, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Norris (Royal Navy officer)


text: Category talk:1966 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1968 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1965 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1964 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1963 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1961 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1960 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1962 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1981 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1979 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category talk:1978 Atlantic hurricane season