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Silhadi

Raja Shiladitya Tomar, also called Silhadi Tomar (died 1532), was a chieftain of northeast Malwa in the early decades of 16th century Indian. He become vassal of Sanga of Mewar and remain as an ally and Sanga helped him and Medini Rai in various battles and in conquering Malwa from Sultans. He joined the Rajput Confederacy with garrison of 30,000 Rajputs at the Battle of Khanwa which was fought for supremacy of Northern India between Rajputs and Mughals.

Early life
Silhadi was a Tomar Rajput chieftain. His association with the Gahlots and Sisodias (a branch of Gahlots) is probably a result of his marriage into the Sisodia ruling family of Mewar. However, he most probably belonged to the Tomar clan, and came from the Tonwarghar tract located to the north of Gwalior.

Silhadi has also been described as a Purbiya Rajput, but the term "Purbiya" here is not a clan name. He commanded a mercenary force of Rajputs from the eastern region (Purab), which included Awadh, Bihar and the area around Varanasi. These soldiers were called Purbiya (eastern), and therefore, Silhadi was described as a Purbiya too.

Military career
Along with his relative Medini Rai, Silhadi rose to position of power in the service of Sultan Mahmood Khilji II (ruled 1510-1531) of the Malwa Sultanate. Medini Rai and Silhadi were de facto rulers of the northeastern Malwa region during Mahmood’s reign. Bhilsa, Chanderi and Raisen were their strongholds. At one time they had become so powerful that they seemed to start open rebellion. But in any ways they became semi-independent regions.

Both Silhadi and Rai assisted by Rana Sanga of Mewar managed to conquer most of the Malwa. Chanderi was capital of Medini rai's kingdom Malwa now, under lordship of Sanga. While Silhadi established himself as lord of Sarangpur and Raisen region as a vassal ruler of Rana Sanga. He remained a decisive factor in the politics of north and central India during his life and was responsible for sinking the fortunes of many kings by his sudden defections. He joined the Mughals with a garrison of 30,000 Rajputs. After betraying Rana Sanga, Silhadi converted to Islam and was given the name "Silah-al-din". According to some historians this betrayal never happened and was a later concoction. R.C Majumadar mentions, "Silhadi continued to help mewar loyally long after the battle and was one of the trustiest officers of Sanga's Son and successor RatanSimha, story of treachery of Silhadi was a much later invention". Dirk H. A. Kolff mentions that Silhadi, who was kept under surveillance in camp of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat opted to convert to Islam as a radical solution during siege of Raisen fort by the Gujarati Army.

Death
In 1531, Bahadur Shah of Gujarat reached Dhár, hearing that Silhadi kept in captivity certain women who had belonged to the harem of Sultán Násir-ud-dín of Málwa, Bahádur marched against him and forced him to surrender and embrace Islám. The chief secretly sent to the Rána of Chitor for aid and delayed handing over Raisen. On learning this Bahádur dispatched a force to keep Chitor in check and pressed the siege. At his own request, Silhadi was sent to persuade the garrison to surrender. But their reproaches stung him so sharply, that, joining with them, they sallied forth sword in hand and were all slain.

Kolff in his book, mentions that conversion to Islam was more of a radical solution than anything else. ″But Silhadi, who was kept under surveillance in Bahadur Shah’s camp, seems personally to have been prepared to opt for radical solutions. When he saw that his men in the fort of Raisen, under the command of his brother Lakshman, were sorely put to defend themselves against the Gujarati army, he told the sultan that he wished ‘to be dignified with the nobility of Islam’. The sultan was delighted, ‘repeated to him the words expressing the unity of God’, whereupon Silhadi accepted the faith receiving a special robe of honour and various kinds of food from the royal kitchen. By embracing Islam, Silhadi seemed to have found a definitive answer to the problem of the muslim women under his care as well as to the central problem of his place in the islamic kingdom."

A son of Silhadi was sent with 2,000 Purbiya soldiers to meet another son of his, named Bhupat, who was assisted by the rana of Mewar. The latter was by now on his way to relieve Raisen. But the Rajput rescue force was defeated and the head of Silhadi’s son along with those of many comrades in arms was sent to the sultan. Soon Bahadur Shah sent him away to a Mandu prison. Lakshman, after a siege of months, sent a message to the sultan asking him to summon Silhadi to his presence, to forgive him and to offer him an assurance of safety. He, Lakshman, would then evacuate the fort and surrender. Bahadur Shah granted this request. Durgavati, who was Bhupat’s mother, asked the sultan to allow her husband to come up into the fort so that he, rather than strangers, would conduct her and the other women down into the camp. So Silhadi, accompanied by one of the sultan’s trusted amirs, was allowed to see his family. At the meeting Silhadi was asked what iqta Bahadur Shah offered them ‘in exchange for the fort of Raisen, and the country of Gondwana’.The sultan had chosen the town of Baroda in Gujarat as their place of residence and Silhadi told them so. They must have realised that they were thus to be cut off from Rajasthan, the land of their Sisodia allies, from Hindustan, which included the Purbiya recruiting grounds, and finally, from Malwa.

Durgavati and the Purbiya leaders indicated that nothing the sultan could give in recompense for their loss of freedom would really be worth considering: ‘Although the Sultan would show us favour and kindness, still for generations the sultanat of these lands essentially is for us a real experience. The right way of bravery is this, that we should perform jauhar of our women and children, and should ourselves fight and be slain; and there should be no further longing left in our hearts.’ Nizamuddin, who describes the scene, singles out Durgavati as the main pleader for such drastic action. Silhadi was much moved by her stand. He explained to the Muslim amir who was still there with him and who offered much friendly counsel, what life in the last resort meant to him: Every day one kror of betel leaves, and some seers of camphor are consumed in my harem, and every day three hundred women put on new garments. If we are killed with our women and children, what honour and glory. That was decisive. ‘Rani Durgawati, taking her daughter-in-law, who was the sister of Rana Sanga, with (her) two children by the hand got into the jauhar and they with seven hundred beautiful women were burnt.’ Silhadi, Lakshman and Taj Khan then armed themselves and died as consecrated warriors in a fight with the sultan’s Deccani infantry at the foot of the fort.

title: Silhadi


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West Virginia Route 622

West Virginia Route 622 is a north–south state highway located entirely in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 25 west of Institute. The northern terminus is at Interstate 77 exit 114 north of Pocatalico.

Route description
WV 622 begins at WV 25 on the outskirts of Institute. From its southern terminus, WV 622 proceeds northwest to Interstate 64, where WV 622 interchanges with the expressway by way of exit 47 on the southern edge of Cross Lanes. As the route turns 90 degrees to the northeast, WV 622 gains an extra turning lane, widening the road to three lanes as it enters Cross Lanes. The third lane terminates shortly after the intersection of Doc Bailey Road (Kanawha County Route 10.)

Outside of Cross Lanes, WV 622 proceeds eastward through Tyler Heights before resuming a northerly alignment at the northern terminus of West Virginia Route 501 east of town. Roughly five miles to the northeast of WV 501, WV 622 intersects County Route 21, the former alignment of U.S. Route 21 through West Virginia. WV 622 turns north onto CR 21, running concurrent with the road for three miles (5 km) to I-77, where WV 622 comes to an end north of Pocatalico and six miles (10 km) north of the I-77/Interstate 79 junction. CR 21, however, continues northward from the interchange.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Virginia Route 622


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jacob Fales

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete as hoax. Hall Monitor 19:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Jacob Fales
Clearly a hoax, there was no German Empire from 1978 to 1992 and other nonsense. Also ALL those redirects to that article need to be deleted: Special:Whatlinkshere/Jacob_Fales? feydey 20:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: definitely a hoax. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 21:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-funny hoax. MCB 06:39, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:84.254.3.42

title: User talk:84.254.3.42


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Zazi

The Zazi (ځاځي; plur. ځاځی), also spelled Zazai, or Jaji, are a Karlani (کرلاڼي) Pashtun tribe. They are found in Afghanistan and Pakistan

They are most prominent in the Paktia and Khost provinces in the Loya Paktia region of southeastern Afghanistan but also have a presence in Kabul, Logar, Ghazni, Nangharhar, Kunduz, and Baghlan in Afghanistan and neighbouring Kurram District and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa across the border.

Ethnicity and geography
The (Zazai) ځاځی Jaji جاجی are Sunni Muslims. The tribe is inhabited in Six major geographic locations in Afghanistan and Pakistan:

 * Aryob Zazi: in Paktia province
 * Ahmadkhail : in Paktia province
 * Dand Pathan: in Paktia province
 * Kabul: in Kabul province
 * Maidan Zazi or Jaji Maidan: district in Khost province Afghanistan

Notable Zazai

 * Qutbuddin Hilal, Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan during the period of Mujahideen (Gulbuddin Hekmatyar) and member of Hezbi Islami from Zazi Maidan district.
 * Nabi Misdaq, founder of BBC Pashto service.
 * Najibullah Zazi (born 1985), Afghan-born man imprisoned in the US for terrorist offenses; father is Mohammed Wali Zazi.
 * Mustafa Zazai (born 1993), professional footballer
 * Hazratullah Zazai (born 1998), Afghan cricketer
 * Zala Zazai, Afghan police officer

title: Zazi


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Robert Sedgewick

Robert Sedgewick or Sedgwick may refer to:

 * Robert Sedgewick (computer scientist) (born 1946), American computer scientist and author
 * Robert Sedgewick (judge) (1848–1906), Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
 * Robert Minturn Sedgwick, American football player; first-team All-American in 1920
 * Robert Sedgwick (c. 1590–1656), American colonist
 * Robert Sedgwick (actor), American actor

title: Robert Sedgewick


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West Virginia Route 612

West Virginia Route 612 is an east–west state highway in Fayette County, West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at Interstate 64 and Interstate 77 southeast of Mossy. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 19 south of Oak Hill.

History
Prior to becoming a state route, the road was known as County Route 61/2.

title: West Virginia Route 612


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West Virginia Route 601

West Virginia Route 601 is a north–south state highway in the South Charleston, West Virginia area. The southern terminus of the route is at an interchange with U.S. Route 119 south of South Charleston, where the roadway continues as West Virginia Route 214. The northern terminus is at U.S. Route 60 in South Charleston near Interstate 64.

title: West Virginia Route 601


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West Virginia Route 598

West Virginia Route 598 is a v-shaped state highway located entirely within Bluefield, West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at the Virginia state line (and southern city limits of Bluefield), where WV 598 continues southward as Virginia State Route 598. The northern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 52 in Bluefield.

WV 598 is a former alignment of US 21 and US 52, the latter of which now runs through the East River Mountain Tunnel with I-77.

Route description
From its southern terminus at SR 598, WV 598 runs to the south-southwest for roughly two miles before intersecting U.S. Route 460. The two routes form a concurrency to the west for a quarter of a mile, where WV 598 turns north onto Cherry Drive. A short distance to the north, as Washington Street, WV 598 reaches the intersection of Washington Street and Cumberland Road. WV 598 turns east onto Cumberland Road for a quarter of a mile to an intersection with US 52.

title: West Virginia Route 598


text: User talk:69.107.148.169

title: User talk:69.107.148.169


text: User talk:70.25.132.241

title: User talk:70.25.132.241


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West Virginia Route 527

West Virginia Route 527 is a north–south state highway located entirely in Huntington, West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at Interstate 64 exit 8, where WV 527 becomes West Virginia Route 152 upon crossing the expressway. The northern terminus is on the West Virginia Department of Transportation-maintained Robert C. Byrd Bridge, better known as the Sixth Street Bridge, where the route becomes State Route 527 upon crossing into Ohio. In Ohio, SR 527 continues northward to State Route 7 in Chesapeake.

West Virginia State Route 527 currently follows the former routing of U.S. Route 52 in Huntington. While the current Sixth Street Bridge was opened to traffic in 1995, its predecessor once carried U.S. Route 52 across the Ohio River to SR 7 where it turned west toward Portsmouth, Ohio. The current numbering of 527 is derived from WVDOT's internal system for designating roads which is designated as Route 52/7 (running from US 52 to Ohio State Route 7).

The southern terminus of WV 527 is most unusual, as it also serves as the northern terminus of WV 152, which continues along the same street as it passes over I-64 (both state routes are indicated on exit signage on the expressway). WV 152 continues along the former routing of US 52 until its intersection with US 52 four miles (6 km) north of Crum.

title: West Virginia Route 527


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Talk:Legal education in the United States

Stages of Education Box
The box on the side that notes the stages of education may be wrong. Since a Doctor of Laws is an honorary degree, it is not a stage of education. However, S.J.D. is a degree, and the terminal one, ergo it should be there rather than Doctor of Laws.Sovereignlance (talk) 07:24, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

JD versus LLB
Irishtimes 02:29, 28 December 2005 (UTC)--Irishtimes 02:29, 28 December 2005 (UTC) The JD is regarded as a graduate degree in American universities -- of this there is no doubt. But to suggest that the JD is academically superior to the British LLB is another matter. The basis for this claim is that the JD requires a degree for entrance, whereas the LLB is undertaken in the UK from the age of 18. Note that medical education for doctors in the UK also begins at age 18 -- and, similarly, British doctors graduate with a Bacheolor of Medicine (MB) degree rather than a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. In the UK, the MD is a higher degree (a clinical doctorate) requiring research and a dissertation (and requires both medical degrees and professional clinical qualifications, plus experience in practice, for admission). --Irishtimes 02:29, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have been in a Bachelor of Arts program (languages) (B.A. 1972), a Ph.D. program (German and linguistics), a J.D. program (J.D. 1981), and a community college program (24 semester hours).

 * There is a difference. All graduate programs are taught at a substantially more intense level. Undergraduate programs can't be taught at that level because almost no undergrad could handle it.  More material is taught in a shorter time, the material is taught more in depth and the student is required to perform to much higher standards. Master's level courses are taught at a more intense level than undergraduate courses and doctoral courses are taught at a more intense level than Masters. Here are two examples:

 * I attended the Ph.D. program at City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center for a year. CUNY has a number of campuses throughout the five counties of New York City. One of my classmates wanted to take a course at a different campus. It was the same course number but was listed as part of that campus' master's degree program. He was told he could take the course under three conditions: (1) The professor had to be someone who taught in the doctoral program; (2) the course had to be listed as an available course in the doctoral program (i.e., if Post-WWII German Poetry was offered in the master's program but not the doctoral program, it would not qualify) and (3) in addition to all the course requirements for the master's program he would have to do an additional paper.

 * When I attended law school, my landlord was studying for his Bachelor of Nursing degree. He said that the same class was listed as three different courses, under three different course numbers: (1) an undergrad Biology course, (2) an undergrad Nursing course and (3) an M.D. program course. He said the only difference was the grading. The Nursing students were graded harsher than the Bio students and the M.D. students were graded hardest.

 * I can tell you from personal experience that the level of performance required for coursework in a Ph.D. program at a major American university is nowhere near as stringent as an American J.D. program. Several of my classmates who had done substantial coursework at the Ph.D. level said the same thing. Entrants to a J.D. program are expected to already have the writing and analytical skills and well-rounded educational background of a top-level college graduate, whereas Bachelor's programs, even in law, endeavor to create those skills.

 * Another thing to consider is that the American system has no choice but to be better because there is so much more competition. The American legal system allows lawyers to handle cases on a contingent-fee basis. If someone gets hurt in an automobile accident, he doesn't need to have money to hire a lawyer, and if the lawyer recovers nothing there is no legal fee. As a result, America has about ninety percent of all the litigation in the entire world. I'm not going to get into the pro's and con's of that arrangement, but it does mean that there are far more lawyers, so there are far more highly-trained people examining a problem from every little angle. In the U.S., pretty much every lawyer is now a specialist. In an area where most of the lawyers are generalists, a Bachelor's level of knowledge is sufficient. But in an area where almost everyone is a specialist, the starting level needs to be much greater.

 * Keep in mind that the real goal is learning to "think like a lawyer". That requires about 18 months of full-time legal study, regardless of the person's previous education. Although an American lawyer fresh out of law school with a J.D. would be more qualified than a British solicitor straight out of school with an LLB, later on at the same age the solicitor would have 3 years of additional experience. Also, the reality is that most law is learned after law school. Five years after graduation, either one of them probably would know about the same amount in their field(s) of practice.
 * RickReinckens 06:11, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I continue to find the claim that an academic program which teaches a bunch of 18 year old kids about a profession is equal to one that teaches students who are usually older than 25, many with work experience. The reason why a first degree is required for a JD is because the JD is intended to be an extremely rigorous course of study which requires the academic discipline, maturity and motivation of students who have already completed a university degree.  There's a reason why most jurisdictions with the LLB require the graduate to pursue more study or a traineeship (or both) before being licensed to practice law.  This is not required in the US.  I mean, come on, would you really want to hire a 23 year old fresh LLB graduate as an expert to handle your legal affairs?!  The JD is a doctorate, and the LLB is a bachelors--they don't just have those names for fun, ya know. Zoticogrillo (talk) 00:36, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

A note to whoever changed graduate to postbaccalaureate:
A postbaccalaureate degree is a second baccalaureate. Historically, a law student would attend a four-year undergraduate program culminating in a LL.B., a baccalaureate degree. In the U.S. this is no longer the case (see Juris Doctor). A J.D. is not considered to be a baccalaureate degree, rather it is a graduate degree, which students embark upon only after completing an undergraduate program.

 * I'm reverting the article back to say "postbaccalaureate". A Juris Doctor was a vanity term (putting it bluntly) introduced in the U.S. to replace the identical credential, the Bachelor of Laws degree, to recognize that LL.B. degree holders had more or less the same time invested in education after high school as M.D. degree holders. Even before the change to J.D. (and likewise after the change), the LL.B. or J.D. program (regardless of its name) was a three year program following a bachelor's degree in another discipline (or 2 or 3 years study towards same). However, neither the Juris Doctor nor the M.D. are graduate degrees. Graduate medical studies begin after the M.D. degree with residency training and possibly M.Sc. and Ph.D. studies. Likewise, the degree LL.M. follows the J.D.  Some universities will allow J.D. and M.D. students to join the university's Graduate Students Society out of courtesy even though not graduate students. Some universities call the J.D. and M.D. degrees "professional degrees" to recognize the aggregate study time involved compared to bachelor's degree programs directly open to high school graduates.

--Aquarius rising 00:16, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Be careful not to clump US and UK law training into one bunch. UK law training is at the undergraduate level and leads to a bachelor's degree in law (LL.B), whereas US law training is a three year graduate program leading to a Juris Doctor (J.D.). The Canadian LL.B may be superior to the UK LL.B, but it is still a bachelor's degree and can be entered into after only two years of undergraduate study. The US rightly considers its law program far superior to that of other countries. I think you will find that all U.S. Universities consider the J.D. to be a graduate degree. Here Berkeley clearly states that a J.D. is a graduate degree & all Law Schools in the US consider the J.D. to be a graduate degree.

Unless you can site some authority that maintains the Juris Doctor is a vanity term for a bachelors degree, please allow this article to refer the the J.D. as a professional or graduate degree. I understand that from your POV the Canadian LL.B and the American J.D. are remarkably similar. From my POV there are important differences between the two degrees. In any case, US universities and law schools consider the J.D. to be a graduate degree. This article is about education of lawyers in the US, so it only seems prudent to use US terminology. The UK LL.B is clearly a bachelors, the Canadian LL.B shares many similarities with the J.D. degree. If you want to start an article about Canadian POV regarding the J.D., I think it would make for an interesting read. I don't think, however, that this is the appropriate article to espouse Canadian POV that conflicts with US degree naming conventions. An M.D. is not a bachelors degree, a J.D. is not a bachelors degree. A Medical Doctor (M.D.) and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) are professional degrees of the graduate level.

To be perfectly clear, graduate programs are those which require a person already have obtained a bachelors degree before they begin. Baccalaureate programs are embarked upon solely at the undergraduate level. Postbaccalaureate programs are those which are embarked upon by graduates even though they are available to undergraduates.

The degree of Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) in most common law countries can be embarked upon by those who have only completed a high school level education. Generally, the LL.B is equivalent to a B.A., B.S., or B.F.A. in terms of education (4-5 years undergraduate study). In the US many schools offer a Bachelors of Arts in Legal Studies. LL.B stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin. The J.D., on the other hand, is only available to those who have already completed a baccalaureate degree in another subject. J.D. stands for Juris Doctor in Latin. A Juris Doctor is a graduate degree in law.

 * It is not true that "many schools offer a Bachelor of Arts in Legal Studies". Name ten. Yes, some do. Degrees with similar titles are paralegal degrees, not law degrees.

 * The J.D. degree does not require completion of a baccalaureate degree in another subject. Neither does an M.D., a D.V.M. or a D.D.S. that is a common misconception. All of those degrees only require three years of undergrad coursework. (about 90 semester hours) Check the Education Code of various states.

 * Regarding "graduate degree in law", we are "talking apples and oranges". A J.D. is a "graduate degree". It is not a "graduate degree in law." It is an "first-professional" doctorate, which means, yes, it is a graduate degree. It is not a graduate degree "in law" because it requires no prior education in law. An LLM and a JSD are graduate degrees in law. Check the definitions in the New York State Education Code at the link I added in References.
 * RickReinckens 06:27, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

I’m not saying that the J.D. isn’t a valuable credential. I agree that, like the M.D., D.D.S., etc, the J.D. is a first-professional doctorate. What I’m questioning are the assertions that the J.D. or for that matter, an M.D. or a D.D.S. degree, is a “graduate” degree.

For example, the Yale University law school site is pretty specific that graduate degrees in law are the LL.M. degree and higher. The J.D. degree offered by Yale is not included in the list of graduate law degrees.

As well, for example, Harvard University law school’s site, University of Chicago’s law school’s website and University of Michigan law school’s site are consistent with Yale’s in this regard, i.e., that graduate degrees in law start at LL.M and don’t include the J.D. degree as a graduate degree in law. See:, and.

By the way, the website of University of California at Berkeley is mentioned in support of a J.D. being a “graduate degree”. However, I took the next logical step and looked on the site of UC Berkeley’s law school itself. Unfortunately, UC Berkeley’s law school doesn’t seem to offer any LL.M. or higher law degrees, so I couldn’t compare against Yale, etc. in terms of how what the law school considers a “graduate degree” in law.

In light of the Berkeley site versus the Yale, Harvard, Chicago and Michigan law school sites, I submit it can be safely said that U.S. universities themselves are not in consensus as to whether a J.D. degree is or isn't a "graduate degree in law".

I'll be revising the article accordingly. --Aquarius rising 01:38, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

The reason the J.D. is absent from these lists is that in order to undertake a "graduate law degree" one must be a "graduate" of law school.

To be eligible to apply for the LL.M., S.J.D., J.S.D. etc., one must already have obtained a J.D. or foreign equivalent. That is why these degrees are called graduate law degrees; one must have already graduated from law school to apply. The J.D. is indeed a graduate degree in law, it is not however a graduate law degree (implying one already has a J.D.).

US News & World Reports list law schools as graduate schools.

Kaplan lists law school as a graduate program: look under graduate programs.

I understand that in England that the training for lawyers in general is different for the training of lawyers that practice in the court room. The training for the lawyers that actually represent people in court is conducted at a considerably higher standard. Can someone please go into some detail here?

To avoid the type of confusion you have with a graduate program after a graduate degree some schools simply use the term Post-Graduate. The reason that many schools simply call these post-J.D. degrees "graduate degrees" is to reflect the fact that these programs are available to foreign applicants without graduate degrees.

Here, here, here, & here you see lists of undergraduate and graduate programs, and like Berkeley they list the law school as a graduate program. All universities list law school as either a professional program or a graduate program. I can find no exceptions to this rule.

In the United States, professional degrees refer to graduate degrees that are specific to a particular vocation, or profession. Law school, medical school and architecture school are all examples of institutions where professional degrees can be earned. It is simply a fact that law schools in the United States are considered graduate programs, or if you like, graduate level professional programs. Some law schools and universities in the United States refer to the J.D. by the Latin, Juris Doctor; however, many use the English translation, Doctorate of Jurisprudence. The only level of degrees conferred by U.S. law schools are master and doctorate level degrees.

I suggest we resolve our differences by simply omitting the POV distinction of graduate school vs. professional school from this article.

I'll be revising the article accordingly, I hope this meets your satisfaction.

There are no longer any references to graduate school in this article.

 * It would be useful for the article to retain the NPOV distinction of graduate school vs. professional school. Otherwise, someone else (without knowledge of this discussion) will come along and assert that a J.D. degree is a graduate degree.

--Aquarius rising 02:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Is the following language neutral/informative enough to suit you?
 * A law school is usually an autonomous entity within a larger university and is generally considered to be a professional school program. Some universities categorize their law schools as graduate programs but most opt to refer to them as professional programs.

Proposed Merger:
Bear in mind that the Juris Doctor degree is not exclusive to the United States. Graduates of Canada's University of Toronto law school receive a J.D. as well. However, it is the only law school in Canada to do so, to my knowledge. (posted by user Nmarritz)

It is correct that the University of Toronto is currently the only Canadian school that offers a Juris Doctor degree but other Canadian schools are considering it. Western University, for example, recently had a reforendum and the students voted in favour of offering a J.D. Some prominent Australian universities also offer students the option of recieving a J.D. (examples include Bond, Beirne and Melbourne). (posted by user Turtleneck)

Isn't "Education of Lawyers in the United States" pretty much synonymous with American law school? Also, the bar exam is not part of legal education; it is about accreditation following law school. It seems to me this article should be merged into law school & bar examination. I can't see any reason for it to exist on its own, unless it was changed into a simple explanation of the process of becoming a lawyer with links to the various stages. (posted by user Laerien)

 * I think this article should remain separate from law school, but I agree that you have a point that some of this information could be transferred over there, and law school and bar examination could become "subarticles" of this article (because at least as currently composed, they are strongly American-focused). Maybe the article title should be changed to Education and training of lawyers in the United States.  That would be more in compliance with the Manual of Style guideline that only the first word and proper nouns should be in uppercase, not all nouns.  --Coolcaesar 11:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree with merger but agree with Coolcaesar I DavidKinnen did make a mistake in the name and it should be changed to a more appropriate title. I created this article to tidy up the huge Lawyer article, which is expanding yet again.  Certainly hive off parts to law school and bar examination and make this the main page on Education and training of lawyers in the United States. Davidkinnen 10:16, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

I  disagree with merging Juris Doctor into Education of Lawyers. The Juris Doctor article is already quite lengthy. Merging it into something else will only make things worse.

The Juris Doctor article mainly deals with matters that are tangential to "Education of Lawyers", e.g., other degrees that might be confused with the J.D., the history of the J.D. degree specifically, how society and academia view a J.D. compared to a Ph.D., proper use of titles such as Doctor, Barrister, etc., for someone with a J.D. degree. I have already added Paraprofessional Degrees and Executive Juris Doctor degrees to the JD article, as well as a lot of other info.

'''The "Education of Lawyers" article needs to be broken up. It contains a lot of good material but is too long and a lot of the material really stands on its own.''' For instance, "Lawyer Credentials, prestige and career paths" should be separate but what would the title be as an article? RickReinckens 07:49, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

I  disagree with the merger. The Juris Doctor degree is not synonymous with Legal education in the United States. Other degrees are awarded by American law schools (e.g. the LL.M.). I do think a title change is a good idea, however, it might be better to remove parts of the article that are redundant with "J.D." and "Law School" before the name change.

I am by no means an expert as to any of this (simply another kid working on a J.D.), but it seems to me that the problem you are all falling on is the simple fact that each country/jurisdiction (as far as procedural issues go)/AREA, use both different nomenclature for similar levels of study as well as different relative measures, in terms of years of study, for a given degree. In order to acheive any amount of clarity it seems that the best course of action would be to separate the descriptions of legal study by country, or in the alternative, if there are multiple definitions within a single country, by area or jurisdiction. We are obviously trying give multiple entities the same name here. This won't work, we are running into a wall in dealing with the different variations of the same word/title. That is all.

 * Strong disagree with any mergers to Admission to the bar in the United States, Law school in the United States or Juris Doctor (as currently appears on top of the article. I have made separate arguments on each on their talk pages, save for JD which I will simply say has more than enough info to keep on its own.  --Bobak 21:59, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

This could be a much better resource
Much of the information here does overlap with the "Law Schools in the United States" page, but nevertheless provides a good overview of legal education generally. I think this could be cleaned up a lot. Fortunately, some of the tone has recently been changed -- much of it sounded cynical and smacked of bitterness, but that seems to have changed a bit. A lot of the information could be better organized, and a number of links could be added.

Some additions and expansions might include: - The differences between clinical education and doctrinal education - Clerkships as a source of education - Continuing Legal Education (CLE) requirements - Law school education and law review - Interdisciplinary changes in legal education

There's probably too much info about salaries and firms for an entry about legal education -- so maybe some of the info here could be grouped with "Law Schools" and the rest made into "Legal Jobs" (law firms, salaries, public interest, etc.)?

 * I agree, there's very little about the actual legal education process, the information deals mostly with what law school students between semesters and after they finish school. Much work is needed. Bjsiders 12:22, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Discuss: Moving "Admission" section to "Bar_admission"
The Admission information on this page duplicates that on the Bar_admission page and its progeny. I suggest we eliminate it from this page and simply link to that page rewinn 22:46, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Discuss Focus of Article

 * 1) Legal education would seem to include CLE, LPOs, paralegals, citizen law education (e.g. Law Week) et cetera.
 * 2) If article is only about pre-practice education of lawyers, it would need retitling ...but probably not be very interesting.
 * 3) Much of the content seems related to how the legal profession relates to credential, what it's like working in mega-firms, et cetera. These are all interesting but .... the article seems scattered. What is its focus?
 * 4) Admission to the bar in the United States already deals in detail with admission, so I deleted most of it here. Let me know if you think otherwise rewinn 05:25, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Upper Echelon
I agree with Peyna that there is "no need to turn this into a list of the top 50 univeristies in the country." However this section currently only lists the top 6 law schools. Although experts like Brian Leiter consider these schools to be clearly superior to the rest of the top 14 or 20, the article should mention the concept of T14 or T20. Although it's possible to get a big firm job from lower-ranked schools, many people/firms recognize the top 14 as placing well nationally at prestigious firms. See the corresponding section in Law School Rankings. Redkern 17:32, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Since it is covered in Law School Rankings perhaps we shouldn't bother listing any schools here and just direct the reader there, since otherwise it would be difficult to make any kind of NPOV decision about which schools to include without including them all. Peyna 20:23, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that it's not necessary to list schools, and think they could be taken out and replaced with a link to the Rankings page. However, I think that either the upper echelon section or the rankings page needs to list the top 14 schools to show which schools are being talked about when discussing the top 14. Whether or not the concept of the top 14 has validity as a measure of success or quality, the Rankings page has enough citations to show that it is a common way of defining the top law schools. Since the top 14 is used as a definition of both the upper echelon and the highest ranked law schools, I think discussion of the top 14 should be retained on both the rankings page and upper echelon section regardless of whether the top 14 schools are named in both articles. Redkern 17:15, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

The article states: "Most legal professionals (judges, practitioners, or professors) rank the University of Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, NYU, Stanford, and Yale in the top echelon of American law schools." This is incorrect. I have examined USNWR reputation scores from judges/lawyers and academics for the past 8 years. In the past 8 years, NYU has never ranked higher than Michigan in reputation scores by lawyer/judges or academcis. The list should be Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, Stanford, Yale, and Michigan. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.61.158.236 (talk • contribs)
 * Unfortunately, I can only see the top two listings completely on their website. Do you have anyway that we can verify your claim? Peyna 13:22, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I went to the library and dug up the back issues for the past 8 years. I'm not sure there is any place online that would have that information since it is copyrighted with US News.
 * You are looking at the "peer ranking" scores, and not just the overall ranking, correct? Peyna 21:49, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, correct. For example, in 2005 Michigan's lawyer/judge score was 4.6, and NYU's 4.4.  Peer (academic) scores were the same for the two schools, 4.5.  In USNWR overall score, NYU was ranked higher (5th v. 8th I think).
 * Okay, well sounds good to me. Just put in a citation for the magazine (paper version, of course).  It might be helpful to include other rankings as well, no need to rely on USN&WR. . Peyna 01:35, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

The large firm environment
I would like to explain my changes to this section. First, the title "Length of typical workweek at megafirms" is only appropriate to the first sentence and does not accurately include the content of the remainder of this section. Second, although some associates work 80 or more hours a week, this is not the average at large firms. That this is not just personal experience is independently verified by the two citations. The first shows that the average associate hours per week (not just hours billed) range from 49 at Chapman and Cutler to 71 at Wachtell. The second examines how one bills 1800-2200 hours per year. Third, I removed the quotation marks from "megafirms" because the use of quotation marks was inconsistent and distracting. Redkern 14:52, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Merger with Law school in the United States, redux
I propose taking the section on school rankings and credentials (law review, etc.) and merging them into Law school in the United States. They're duplicative here and as a comment on Talk:Law school in the United States noted, they have more to do with the school rather than education. I suppose a section on judicial clerkships can stay, since they've already graduated law school. Wl219 07:35, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Bias in some sections
Some sections of this article are clearly biased, such as the Lawyer credentials, prestige, and career path section. It sounds like a disgruntled law student wrote it. Other sections have some POV. If someone could find references for more information in this article and reduce the bias, that'd be great. ~MDD4696 16:19, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup, accuracy, and neutrality
this article has got some serious problems. 1. very little referencing  2. a lot of opinion, what appears to be original research, and 3. There are some sections that contain info that is flat out wrong. I'll be making some changes in the near future, and there will be discussion beforehand in this section. ....unsigned comment by Italics99 on 19 July 2007

First: trim Career Path Section
The Career Path section is mostly irrelevant to the subject of this article, so I've cut it (but included it below, in case anyone wants to start an article on lawyer career path or something). Also, the introduction redefines the article in a silly way; if the article is to be about preadmission lawyer's education very well, but then the title should be different. CLE and Public legal education are not insignificant rewinn (talk) 05:27, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Following material excised for use in an article where it'd be relevant:

Entry-Level Salary
The salary of a lawyer varies depending on the legal market, whether the lawyer has had a clerkship or worked in government, and whether the lawyer works at a large firm.

As of 2008, the typical pre-bonus salary of an entry-level associate in a large, prestigious firm in a big city is well over $130,000, with the specific salary dependent on the firm and location. However, most new attorneys do not make $100,000 per year until much later in their career. Many firms make their hiring salaries known through the NALP Directory. Associate salaries at the largest 500 U.S. law firms for summer associates through ninth year associates can be found at http://www.alreadybored.com.

Large firms raised the pre-bonus starting salaries early in 2007, and the current median starting salary at large firms in New York, California, Chicago, D.C., Texas and Massachusetts is $160,000. The current median starting salary of large firms in smaller markets such as Atlanta, Philadelphia, Denver, Seattle, Florida, Charlotte, etc. is $130,000 to $145,000. Bonuses for 2007 in NYC topped $45,000 for first year associates and $115,000 for seventh year associates and beyond. Bonuses in other large markets are between $10,000 to $35,000 for first year associates and $20,000 to $60,000 for seventh year associates.

With a federal court clerkship, entry level attorneys can expect two things: first, to receive a signing bonus of about $50,000 (or $70,000 for two years) at a prestigious law firm; and second, to enter a prestigious law firm as a second-year associate (or third, if the attorney has clerked for two years).

Attorneys who clerk at the Supreme Court can expect bonuses of close to $200,000 if they enter an elite firm, on top of their salary.

Aside from the elite firms, however, salaries vary and the vast majority of law school graduates will make considerably less than $100,000 in their first years of practice. Some estimates suggest the average salary for a newly-minted attorney in a smaller legal market, in private practice, not working at an elite firm, might make around $39,500. Public interest attorneys and public defenders make approximately the same.

On the other hand, newly-minted patent attorneys will often make six-figure salaries, regardless of any other credentials or the size of the firm they join. The market for patent attorneys is unique for several reasons:

 * In order to be registered as a patent attorney, one must pass the registration examination administered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). To be eligible to sit for this examination, one must have a background in the natural sciences or engineering—a background not commonly found among U.S. law students.
 * The relatively small number of law students who can qualify to sit for the USPTO exam severely limits the number of new patent attorneys, a constraint not found in the legal market as a whole.
 * In 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court in Sperry v. Florida prohibited states from restricting the practice of patent law. For example, Florida requires that all attorneys who wish to practice in the state pass its bar examination. However, a registered patent attorney may set up or join a practice in Florida without taking the Florida bar, as long as the attorney's practice is limited to patent law. This means that unlike the general legal market, which is effectively divided into numerous sub-markets by state-level regulation of the bar, the market for patent attorneys is truly national.

Starting one's own law firm right out of law school is possible, but risky and requires start-up money. The new lawyer is not only learning a new trade but also starting a business.

The large firm environment
To earn their high salaries, new lawyers at megafirms are expected to work hard. There is, however, a common misperception that associates average 80 or more hours per week. In fact, the average workweek at most megafirms is between 50 and 70 hours. Most new associates stay at these megafirms only a few years. There are simply too many associates for all of them to become partners, and many leave when they realize that they will not or do not want to make partner. Morale at a number of these megafirms is often reported to be very low, but this varies among individuals and firms. Some practices maintain high levels of satisfaction despite the long hours and limited prospects. Further, many young attorneys do not see their first few years at a law firm as the beginning of a lifetime career, but as a way to start out, and reassess before the partnership decision is made. The high salaries offered by large firms are often compelling to a freshman attorney who has just graduated with a mountain of college debt that can be in excess of $100,000. After their megafirm tenure, attorneys may start a new private practice, move to a smaller legal market, teach, go into government, or leave the law. A legal education offers many options.

In an October 2007 press conference reported in the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times, the law student group Building a Better Legal Profession released its first annual ranking of top law firms by average billable hours, pro bono participation, and demographic diversity. The report found that most large firms fall short of their pro bono targets and have low percentages of African-American, Hispanic, Asian-American, and gay & lesbian partners. The group has sent the information to top law schools around the country, encouraging students to take this data into account when choosing where to work after graduation. As more students choose where to work based on the firms' rankings, firms face an increasing market pressure to increase their commitment to pro bono work, reform their billable hour expectations, and increase their demographic diversity in order to attract top recruits.

Career paths available with solid credentials
With Order of the Coif and honors, law review, moot court, or a federal appellate clerkship on a resumé, an ambitious attorney has many options. He or she may strive to make partner at a large law firm, or become a law professor at a law school and try to get tenure. Alternatively, the lawyer may go to work for the Justice Department and try to obtain an appointment as a United States Attorney. Once a lawyer has reached any (or all) of those objectives, he or she may turn to developing connections with a political party and may hope for a presidential nomination to a federal judgeship or a senior position in an administration.

Examples abound of attorneys who have followed such a career path. Some judges, for example, include Richard Posner, John G. Roberts, Michael Luttig, Samuel Alito, Edward Becker, and Alex Kozinski.

Less well publicized is the rate of attrition along this path. Each year, the number of new lawyers with top credentials entering the work force far exceeds the number of openings at the top created by retirements plus the expansion of the profession. Typically, major law firms hire more new associates each year than they have active partners; as this process repeats each year, the mathematics of advancement bear examination.

Even less well publicized is the fact that the vast majority of law school students do not make law review, Order of the Coif, et cetera., nor do they even interview at elite law firms or for clerkships.

Career earnings
Per the U.S Department of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook, median earnings in 2002 for US attorneys was $90,290, with the middle 50% earning between $61,060 and $136,810. Less than 10% of lawyers in 2002 made above $150,000. This is comparable with many other professional and managerial positions. Earnings in the public sector are typically lower than in the private sector.

Career trends
In September, 2007, the Wall Street Journal reported that a glut of new law school graduates has depressed earnings for new lawyers and squeezed incomes for existing attorneys. Economists and legal professors have faulted over-optimistic marketing campaigns and inflated salary estimates for unduly raising expectations among legal students. end excision rewinn (talk) 05:27, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

New history section
I've cut and pasted some notes I took on the history of legal education in the U.S. Many of the sources are not the ideal, but they are available on the internet, which makes it easier for the interested reader to learn more, and for editors to verify (particularly helpful for editing wars with chumps). Your comments are welcome. Zoticogrillo (talk) 00:27, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Shifting of intricated details
From general article on Legal_education we had to trunckate some sentences having inricate details, as part of article clean up. Those sentences can be added to this article, but before that I am shifting them here at this talk page.

 * Though attorneys rarely if ever use the title 'doctor' even though they are entitled to by both degree and etiquette. The undergraduate degree can be in any field, though most American lawyers hold bachelor's degrees in the humanities and social sciences. American law schools are usually an autonomous entity within a larger university, though there are independent institutions.

 * Some take the bar exam before a clerkship but this is not required,

 * The professional degree granted by U.S. law schools is the Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D.). Through the early 1970s, however, the degree conferred at many U.S. laws schools, including Yale, was the LL.B. Most prospective lawyers are usually required to pass a state bar examination in order to be licensed to practice as an Attorney at Law. Historically, as many as 32 states have recognized a diploma privilege method of bar admission which does not require sitting for a bar exam. As of mid-2007, Wisconsin and Vermont are the only states that continue to recognize this privilege.

Mahitgar (talk) 07:27, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

Shifting of intricated details 2
From general article on Legal_education we had to trunckate some sentences having inricate details, as part of article clean up. Those sentences can be added to this article, but before that I am shifting them here at this talk page.

 * Though attorneys rarely if ever use the title 'doctor' even though they are entitled to by both degree and etiquette. The undergraduate degree can be in any field, though most American lawyers hold bachelor's degrees in the humanities and social sciences. American law schools are usually an autonomous entity within a larger university, though there are independent institutions.

 * Some take the bar exam before a clerkship but this is not required,

 * The professional degree granted by U.S. law schools is the Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D.). Through the early 1970s, however, the degree conferred at many U.S. laws schools, including Yale, was the LL.B. Most prospective lawyers are usually required to pass a state bar examination in order to be licensed to practice as an Attorney at Law. Historically, as many as 32 states have recognized a diploma privilege method of bar admission which does not require sitting for a bar exam. As of mid-2007, Wisconsin and Vermont are the only states that continue to recognize this privilege.

Mahitgar (talk) 07:28, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

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text: User talk:70.229.4.26

title: User talk:70.229.4.26


text:
User:Michael.McDonald

Born in Church Village on 1st January 1988, has lived there ever since.

The Birth of Cool
Born January 1st 1988, Michael Gerard McDonald was a fighter, 3 months and 19 days premature he sure managed to put a stop to all hogmanay celebrations. East Glamorgan Hospital was the environment to which he was born. Named Michael as they thought he was going to die he had a head like an orange and weighed the same as a bag of sugar. Grew up against all odds, he resides in the pretty little village of Church. Brother to a brother and a sister and son to a mother and a father, he was in every sense of the word a good kid. At the age of 18 the self proclaimed best export from Scotland since the Proclaimers plays a major part in society influencing all aspects with his power and intellect.

Starting Up
Punching above his weight the little shy half scottish half welsh kid got sent to playgroup, as an area to act shy in and at times dislike, this wee man believed in bannanas. If he didnt have a bannana he couldnt go, so therefore, before 11 o'clock everyday he would hide them, usually all in the same place, but what the heck, he was only little. After many weeks or even months he started to enjoy this little folks social gathering and left in 1992 with the proud title of being the boy that the goat pissed on. He has the video to prove it, if you want to watch it anytime.

The Middle Ages
Starting at St Michaels Primary in September 1992, he was still much the same kid as he was, quite short quite shy, but at times amazingly funny for such a short person. Stupidly frightened of some teachers and dinner ladies (even though his own mother was one) he remained the quiet kid all through his primary schooled life, but was once again attacked by animals. This time the school hamster, after being coaxed by a teacher to remove it from its cage, the little blighter bit the other little blighters finger much to the annoyance of the teacher who blamed our hero for messing with it. Our hero was once again attacked not in the name of pet care, but science after being armed with spades and carrier bags he and his comrades set about scaling the fence to the park to get a prime specimen of a buttercup with roots intact. Never fearless he unwisely started digging around the penalty spot for the fine specimen which he got, but unaware of the old git shouting abuse at him from beyond the fence. When our hero realised, his "friends" had left him with seven spades and a fence to climb, but do not fear readers he made it! He left the most primative of primary schools being underated as usual and with some reasonably good at the time sat grades, but it wasnt as if he gave a shit.

On To New Heights
Our hero reached the dizzy new heights of Cardinal Newman School at a ripe old age of 11. Armed with a sharp wit and sharp tongue he was leader of the pack. Uniting all nations or rather primary schools he was a social genius. Michael brought an amazing amount of intellect to school, with which he has shared with his loyal friends Greg Gardner, Gareth Morris, Daley Nixon, James Stafford (User talk:James Stafford), etc. These “Band of Brothers” have shared many trips together from Abergavenny to Michael’s spiritual home, Berlin! These trips have enabled these boys to enjoy each other’s company. Michael reached his pinnacle in 2004 with amazing GCSE Results and well as being appointed a Sixth Form Councillor, but in 2005, he was controversially and surprisingly snubbed for the position of Head Boy and Deputy. Later this year, they hope he will resurrect his career as a Sixth Form Councillor once again.

Bringing Culture and Quality
Michael brings his own brand of Eastern European and Asian flavour to Sixth Form at Cardinal Newman, with his genre-spanning interest in music and film, particularly German Industrial and Asian cinema. His alternative music taste has been instrumential in culturally shaping the musical output of the Sixth Form Common Room, to the infuration of many popular music purists and hard rock fanatics. Also a tartan asia extremist, he likes nothing better than to sit down infront of his tv to watch some superb asian film of his choosing.

At Present
Michael currently loves in Church Village, Rhondda Cynon Taff and continues to indulge himself in literature such as the work of Len Deighton, old and contemporary film with work ranging from Darren Aronfosky to Robert Rodriguez aswell as his fantantical interest in the musical world owning a collection of work from artists such as Miles Davies to Johnny Cash to Devendra Banhart to Einsturzende Neubauten. He is studying A-level Mathematics, History, Physics and Geography looking to a career in engineering after University.

title: User:Michael.McDonald


text:
Petrified Dunes

Petrified dunes are rock formations located in several locations of the American south west, including Arches National Park, Zion National Park, and Snow Canyon State Park in southern Utah, United States. The formations were produced when ancient sand dunes hardened into stone under the overlying subsequent material, which later eroded away.

title: Petrified Dunes


text:
West Virginia Route 501

West Virginia Route 501 is a two-lane west–east connector route. It is known as Big Tyler Road, and starts at the unincorporated community of Tyler Mountain, splitting off from WV Route 62. From there it crosses over Tyler Mountain, and ends at the community of Tyler Heights, where WV Route 622 comes out and meets it. The rest of the community past that is on Route 622.

WV 501 was formerly County Route 5, which included the part of WV 622 extending back to WV 62 at Cross Lanes.

title: West Virginia Route 501


text:
Kristian Wåhlin

Kristian Wåhlin (born 4 December 1971) is a Swedish musician, singer, graphic designer and album cover artist for many bands in the extreme metal scene worldwide. He is often credited under his pseudonym Necrolord.

Biography
Wåhlin's interest in art began while attending Schillerska Grammar School, a secondary educational institution in central Gothenburg. He has referenced Romantic and Renaissance painters like Caspar David Friedrich, Albrecht Dürer and Hieronymus Bosch as early influences. This interest also coincided with the time in which he studied music.

At the age of 17, Wåhlin formed Grotesque (as guitarist) with school friend Tomas Lindberg on vocals, Alf Svensson on guitar, and Tomas Eriksson on drums. The 1990 break-up of Grotesque would lead to the formation of At the Gates, who would be credited as instigators of the "Gothenburg Melodic death metal sound". Wåhlin would collaborate with Lindberg and other At the Gates members a short time additionally in the death metal band Liers in Wait, and would go on to design the "Russian icon" cover-art of At the Gates' cornerstone release, Slaughter of the Soul.

Dissection, who shared practice quarters with At the Gates, would display illustrations by Wåhlin on the cover of The Somberlain and also Storm of the Light's Bane; the latter featuring the infamous scene of the "grim reaper horseman" in the middle of a snow-covered forest tundra. In the Nightside Eclipse, the debut of seminal Norwegian black metal band Emperor, would also be graced with his work on the cover. Wåhlin would continue as an album artist for several other bands in the European death, black, doom, power and gothic metal collective throughout the 2000s.

Liers in Wait and Decollation would feature musical contribution by Wåhlin before both groups folded in the mid-1990s. In 1995 he started gothic metal band Diabolique, where he was joined by some musicians from bands in which he had previously participated. Diabolique's latest release was The Green Goddess in 2001. They are currently writing material for an upcoming 2010 album. Wåhlin also collaborated with longtime friend Lindberg in the hardcore band The Great Deceiver.

His art studio is located in Höganäs municipality, Sweden.

title: Kristian Wåhlin


text:
West Virginia Route 480

West Virginia Route 480 (WV 480) is a 5.64 mi state highway in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Known for most of its length as Kearneysville Pike, the highway extends from WV 115 in Kearneysville north to the Maryland state line at the Potomac River in Shepherdstown, from where the highway continues as Maryland Route 34 (MD 34). The route is one of the main north–south highways of northern Jefferson County and passes through the campus of Shepherd University. WV 480 was originally established in the early 1920s as West Virginia Route 48. The highway was paved in the mid-1920s, which included a different routing through Shepherdstown. WV 48's present routing through the town was established in the late 1930s when the first James Rumsey Bridge was completed; that bridge was replaced with the current bridge in the mid-2000s. WV 48 was renumbered to WV 480 in the mid-1970s after U.S. Route 48 (US 48) was established in West Virginia and Maryland.

Route description
WV 480 begins at a four-legged intersection with WV 115 (Charles Town Road) in the unincorporated village of Kearneysville. The south leg of the intersection is County Route 1 (CR 1), which heads southwest along Leetown Road through its interchange with WV 9. WV 480 heads northeast along two-lane Kearneysville Pike, which passes under CSX's Cumberland Subdivision rail line. The highway passes to the west of the historic Rose Hill Farm near Walpers Cross-Roads and by the historic home Rockland near the hamlet of Mount Pleasant. WV 480 meets the southern end of WV 45 Alt. (Potomac Farms Drive) at Morgan Grove.

WV 480 bears slightly northward as it passes the Morgan-Bedinger-Dandridge House and enters the town of Shepherdstown. The highway follows Duke Street along the west side of the Shepherdstown Historic District. WV 480 intersects German Street; the intersection forms the eastern terminus of WV 45 and the northern terminus of WV 230. North of downtown, the highway bears back slightly eastward and passes through the campus of Shepherd University, including Ram Stadium. WV 480 reaches its northern terminus at the Maryland state line on the West Virginian bank of the Potomac River. The highway crosses the Potomac River on the James Rumsey Bridge and continues as MD 34 (Shepherdstown Pike) toward Sharpsburg.

History
In its original 1922 state route system, the West Virginia State Road Commission established WV 48 along the Smithfield and Shepherdstown Road from WV 49 (later WV 9, now WV 115) at Kearneysville through Shepherdstown to the Potomac River. WV 48's routing was the same as modern WV 480 from Kearneysville to Shepherdstown; within the town, the route followed Duke Street, German Street, and Princess Street to the river, which the highway crossed on a bridge downstream from the current bridge. The road commission developed plans to improve WV 48 into an all-weather highway starting in 1922. The Shepherdstown routing was paved as 18 ft concrete streets in 1924 and 1925, and the road from the town south to Kearneysville was constructed as a 16 ft bituminous macadam road in 1925. The road commission and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad started planning for the highway's railroad grade separation at Kearneysville in 1929. The railroad constructed its overpass of the highway and the road commission paved the underpass and its approaches as a 20 ft concrete road in 1931.

The West Virginia State Road Commission surveyed the approach road for a new Potomac River bridge in 1933; the need for the new bridge became acute after the privately owned toll bridge was destroyed in a March 1936 flood. The Maryland State Roads Commission constructed a high-level Wichert continuous truss bridge at the site of the present bridge starting in 1937. The new bridge, which had a 24 ft concrete road surface, opened July 15, 1939, and was dedicated to James Rumsey, an 18th-century pioneer of the steamboat, who demonstrated his invention on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown in 1787. Also in 1939, the West Virginia State Road Commission extended WV 48 north from German Street along Duke Street and a northern extension of the street to the new bridge as a 20 ft bituminous concrete road. The following year, the road commission widened the portion of WV 48 between the Kearneysville concrete section and the town of Shepherdstown to 20 ft and resurfaced the highway with bituminous concrete. The state renumbered WV 48 as WV 480 between 1975 and 1977 after US 48 was assigned to the Morgantown–Cumberland freeway that later became part of Interstate 68. The West Virginia Department of Transportation started construction to replace the 1939 James Rumsey Bridge with a steel girder span immediately to the north of the old bridge in June 2003. The new James Rumsey Bridge opened July 15, 2005, exactly 66 years after the opening of the previous bridge, which was subsequently torn down.

title: West Virginia Route 480


text:
Charles R. Bentley

Charles Raymond Bentley (December 23, 1929 – August 19, 2017) was an American glaciologist and geophysicist, born in Rochester, New York. He was a professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Mount Bentley and the Bentley Subglacial Trench in Antarctica are named after him. In 1957, he and a handful of other scientists including Mario Giovinetto set out on an expedition across West Antarctica in tracked vehicles to make the first measurements of the ice sheet.

He was awarded the Seligman Crystal by the International Glaciological Society in 1990. He died on August 19, 2017, at the age of 87 in Oakland, California.

title: Charles R. Bentley