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Frog-Man

Frog-Man (Eugene Patilio) is a comedic superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Kerry Gammill, the character's costume is actually borrowed from a previously existing villain named Leap-Frog created in 1965 by writer Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan. Frog-Man was first introduced in the comic book series Marvel Team-Up (a series focused on pairing Spider-Man with a different character each month) in issue #121, published in June, 1982 (with a cover date of September). The characters Eugene Patilio and Leap-Frog are both unrelated to the original Marvel villain called Frog-Man.

Eugene Patilio is the son of Vincent Patilio, who uses technology of his own design to commit crimes as the costumed villain Leap-Frog. After repeatedly being thwarted by heroes such as Daredevil, Spider-Man, and Iron Man, Vincent serves a prison term and retires the Leap-Frog identity, now ashamed of his criminal actions. To make his father proud and alleviate the man's guilt, 15-year-old Eugene decides to use the Leap-Frog costume and technology to perform good deeds as "the fabulous Frog-Man." Throughout his adventures, Eugene often endangers himself due to his ignorance of combat techniques and lack of skill in operating the frog-suit. Initially seeing Spider-Man as a potential rival, Eugene comes to admire and emulate the hero. At one point, Frog-Man forms a team called the Misfits alongside the mutant Toad and the teenager Spider-Kid, but the trio disbands almost immediately. Later, Eugene is a registered member of the Avengers Initiative and serves in a Kentucky-based team called the Action Pack, but is almost immediately captured and replaced by an alien impostor. Since returning to Earth and finishing college, Eugene now only occasionally dons his Frog-Man suit to act as a hero and spends most of his time working at Isaac's Oysters, a restaurant owned by Isaac Christianson (the hero called Gargoyle).

The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022), played by Brandon Stanley.

Publication history
In Daredevil #25 (1965), writer Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan created and introduced a criminal named Vincent Patilio who creates electrical "leaping coils" and becomes the costumed villain Leap-Frog. The villain appeared in a handful of stories and then made his final appearance as an active criminal in Iron Man #126-127, published in 1979. Three years later, writer J. M. DeMatteis decided to revive the idea of Leap-Frog but as a more comedic, light-hearted character, a would-be hero rather than a villain. Named "Frog-Man", this new character was introduced as Eugene's previously unknown son in Marvel Team-Up #121 in June, 1982 (with a cover date of September). The series Marvel Team-Up featured Spider-Man joining forces with one or more Marvel characters in each issue, and issue #121 paired the web-slinger with his longtime friend and occasional rival Johnny Storm, the Fantastic Four member known as the Human Torch. Frog-Man's first story was illustrated by artist Kerry Gammill who designed Eugene's civilian appearance. DeMatteis later referred to Frog-Man as one of his "all-time favorite" characters.

Frog-Man's first appearance establishes that Vincent Patilio is a widower with a teenage son, that he served a short prison term after the events of Iron Man #126-127 and was released on parole, and that he now regrets his actions as Leap-Frog. The story introduces Vincent's teenage son Eugene, who decides to adopt the Leap-Frog costume use it to defeat the villain Speed Demon, a task Spider-Man and the Human Torch are already attempting to achieve. After helping defeat the Speed Demon despite his ineptitude, Eugene declares himself "the fabulous Frog-Man."

Frog-Man's second story appeared in Marvel Team-Up #131 (1983), also written by J. M. DeMatteis and with art by Kerry Gammill and Mike Esposito. In the story, Frog-Man joins Spider-Man against a new villain called the White Rabbit, a woman whose costume and crimes take inspiration from Alice in Wonderland.

Frog-Man appears again in The New Defenders #131 (May, 1984), in a story plotted by his creator J. M. DeMatteis, scripted by Peter B. Gillis, and with art by Alan Kupperberg and Christie Scheele. In the story, Frog-Man remarks that he has only had two adventures and hopes to become a more impressive hero by joining the superhero group known as the New Defenders. Frog-Man then meets team members Beast, Angel, and Iceman. The same issue introduced a new, comical would-be villain known as the Walrus, a man who is given superhuman strength by "omicron rays" and then takes inspiration from his favorite Beatles song, declaring he now has the "proportional strength of a walrus" (a joke by DeMatteis on how Spider-Man is often described as having "the proportional strength, speed, and agility of a spider").

The Amazing Spider-Man #266 (July, 1985) presented a story written by Peter David and with art by Sal Buscema and Joe Rubinstein. In the story, writer Peter David mistakenly refers to Eugene Patilio as Eugene Colorito. The story also shows Frog-Man meeting the would-be teenage hero Spider-Kid and the mutant Toad, a former member of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. The issue ends with the three deciding to become a crime-fighting team called the "Misfits" (due to Spider-Man using this word to describe the trio). No subsequent stories are ever published featuring the Misfits as a team and Marvel information guides later clarify the trio disbanded almost immediately. In 1993, the April issue of Marvel Age #124 featured an April Fool's Day ad for a new Misfits team with a membership of Frog-Man, Squirrel Girl, Razorback, and 3-D Man.

Frog-Man appears next in Marvel Fanfare #31-32 (1987), in a two-part story plotted by Frog-Man creators J. M. DeMatteis and Kerry Gammill, scripted by DeMatteis, with art provided by Gammill along with inker Dennis Janke and colorist Bob Sharen. The story features Frog-Man meeting Captain America. Frog-Man then aids Captain America and the superheroes he previously met (Angel, Iceman, Beast, Human Torch, and Spider-Man) against the villain Yellow Claw. The issue also features Spider-Man and Vincent Patilio developing a respect for each other, leading Spider-Man to later remark that Eugene's father remind him of his own Uncle Ben.

Frog-Man does not appear again until 1991 in The Spectacular Spider-Man #184, though he only appears on the last page as a lead-in for the subsequent story. The Spectacular Spider-Man #185 presents a story written by J. M. DeMatteis, with art by Sal Buscema and Bob Sharen. The story explains Eugene's absence from comics since 1987 as a result of the young man now attending college and living on a campus outside of New York City. The issue also introduces Eugene's Aunt Marie, who lives with his father and acts as a surrogate mother, and further expands Eugene's childhood and that his mother died before he was a teenager. The story features the villains White Rabbit (who now sees Frog-Man as her arch-enemy) and the Walrus, who join forces as "the Terrible Two." At the end of the story, Vincent presents a new version of the frog-suit that now has a strength-enhancing exoskeleton and more accurate leaping controls.

Frogman does not appear again until over a decade later in 2002 in Spider-Man's Tangled Web #12. The comic features a new version of Eugene's origin that is out of continuity and contradicts the events seen in his first appearance. The story also uses the last name Colorito rather than Patilio for both Vincent and Eugene, referencing the name error from The Amazing Spider-Man #266.

Frog-Man (confirmed to have the last name Patilio) is briefly mentioned in Civil War: Battle Damage Report #1 (2007) as one of several heroes who registers with the U.S. government's Avengers Initiative, which assigns an Avengers team for each state. Soon afterward, in the pages of Avengers: The Initiative #7 (2007), a Frog-Man is as a member of the Initiative's Kentucky team, the Action Pack. A year later in Avengers: The Initiative #19 (2008), it is revealed that soon after joining the Action Pack, Eugene was captured by the shape-shifting alien Skrulls and replaced by a Skrull infiltrator who assumed his identity. Eugene then makes a cameo in Avengers: The Initiative #20 (2008), now back on Earth and attending a support group of people whose identities were stolen by Skrull infiltrators.

Eugene is seen again in Punisher War Journal (vol. 2) #13 (2008), written by Matt Fraction and with art by Cory Walker and Dave Stewart. In the story, Frog-Man is one of several animal-themed costumed heroes and villains who is captured and imprisoned by Kraven the Hunter. Frog-Man appears again in Spider-Island: The Avengers (2011), in a story written by Chris Yost with art by Mike McKone and Jeremy Cox. The story confirms that Eugene did register with the 50-state Initiative and join the Action Pack before being replaced by a Skrull.

A decade later, Frog-Man appears in several issues of Iron Man (vol. 6) in issues #5-18 (2021-2022), written by Christopher Cantwell. It is established that following his college graduation, Eugene works as a busboy at Isaac's Oysters, a restaurant in Greenwich Village, NYC that is owned by Isaac Christians, the former Defender known as Gargoyle. Iron Man (vol. 6) #5 (2021) also establishes that Frog-Man knows American sign language.

Fictional character biography
Eugene Patilio is born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Italian-American engineer Vincent Patilio and Rose Patilio. Rose contracts cancer and eventually dies before Eugene is a teenager. The loss of Rose is hard on Vincent and his son. Vincent's sister Marie assumes the role of surrogate mother to Eugene, eventually moving into the house to help. Struggling with mounting financial debt and psychological depression, Vincent Patilio becomes bitter. He attempts to make money with experimental technology but finds his work dismissed. Angry, he uses his invention of electrical "leaping coils" to become the villain Leap-Frog, donning a specially padded suit to protect him from surface impact. Leap-Frog suffers repeated defeats at the hand of Daredevil, and occasionally is also defeated by heroes such as Iron Man and Spider-Man. Finally imprisoned, Vincent decides to retire his super-villain career for good. He serves a short prison term and is released on parole due to his cooperative attitude and having caused no deaths, serious injuries, or damage during his crimes. Following his release, he reunites with Marie and Eugene, who is now fifteen-years-old.

Eugene sees his father remains humiliated and depressed concerning his career as Leap-Frog and at times is emotionally triggered by reminders of his criminal actions. Hoping to counter this turmoil, Eugene decides to use the Leap-Frog suit to become a superhero so his father will conclude that his actions and inventions also led to something good. Aware that the heroes Spider-Man and the Human Torch are attempting to bring the criminal Speed Demon to justice, Eugene joins their efforts and attempts to defeat the villain in battle. Having no understanding of the frog-suit's subtle control system, Eugene endangers himself but is still able to help by crashing into Speed Demon. He then reveals his identity to Spider-Man and the Human Torch and explains his motivations. Although Spider-Man, the Torch, and Vincent all advise that Eugene never again attempt such a dangerous act, the teenager swears he will make his father proud as the "fabulous Frog-Man."

Months later, Eugene becomes Frog-Man again and, despite several mistakes, is able to help Spider-Man against a new criminal calling herself the White Rabbit. Thinking he needs greater mentorship and experience, Eugene decides to join the New Defenders. Learning that Defenders member Dr. Hank McCoy (the Beast) is lecturing at a local university, Eugene attends and dons his Frog-Man suit, asking to audition for the team. Meanwhile, dim-witted Hubert Carpenter is recruited by his mad scientist uncle to become a super-villain and defeat the New Defenders. Empowered by "omicron rays", Hubert gains great strength and resistance to injury. Taking inspiration from his favorite Beatles song, he dubs himself "the Walrus" and attacks the same university event just as the heroes Beast, Angel, and Iceman are rejecting Frog-Man's request to join their team. The Walrus's strength is great enough to temporarily stun Angel, Beast, and Iceman, but then his powers vanish as the omicron rays wear off. Frog-Man then easily defeats the villain before a crowd of onlookers. Despite his victory, Eugene's father Vincent arrives and declares Frog-Man will not be joining the New Defenders, but before dragging him home by his mask.

No longer wishing to be a villain and believing he has no purpose in life, the former mutant terrorist called Toad attempts suicide but is saved from a lethal fall by Spider-Man. Wishing to be Spider-Man's crime-fighting partner, Toad decides to impress the hero. He recruits criminals to attack the web-slinger so that he can then leap into action and help defeat them. Resentful that Spider-Man might partner with Toad and believing the former criminal can't be trusted, Eugene arrives on the scene, accusing Toad of imitating him. They are joined by Spider-Kid, a teenage engineer who emulates Spider-Man and had overheard Toad's plans. Together, Toad, Frog-Man, Spider-Kid, and Spider-Man defeat the assembled criminals whom Toad had initially recruited (an act he then regretted doing). Spider-Man tells the three to all leave him alone, referring to them as "misfits." The trio decide they will instead be a superhero team called the Misfits. However, their clashes in personality and lack of leadership cause them to disband almost immediately.

Months later, Eugene begins secretly going on patrol in New York City as Frog-Man. He briefly meets Captain America, who remarks that Spider-Man has told him all about Eugene. Despite Frog-Man's request to become Captain America's new partner, the teenager is told to go home and stop his reckless heroics. Instead of returning home, Frog-Man stumbles onto a large case involving the villain known as the Yellow Claw. Meanwhile, his father Vincent contacts Spider-Man and asks for help, convinced his son is once again in danger. Spider-Man and Vincent quickly gain respect for each other, and the web-slinging hero realizes Eugene's father reminds him of his own departed Uncle Ben Parker. After being captured by the Yellow Claw, Frog-Man is let loose into a park where he is then hunted by the Claw's latest biological experiments: giant mutant frogs. However, Frog-Man is able to win the trust and affection of the giant frogs and leads them into battle against the Yellow Claw's forces, joined by Captain America, Spider-Man, Angel, the Beast, Iceman, and the Human Torch.

Following this adventure, Eugene starts attending college outside of New York City and leaves behind his frog-suit at home. During a vacation back home, he does go on patrol as Frog-Man again and runs into Spider-Man. At Eugene's invitation, Spider-Man comes to the Patilio home, meeting Aunt Marie and joining the entire family for dinner. Spider-Man comes to know the family and Eugene's upbringing much better, but the evening is interrupted when news breaks that the White Rabbit and the Walrus have returned and are causing chaos. Calling themselves the Terrible Two, the villain duo demands that Frog-Man arrive so they can have vengeance (though in truth, the Walrus only wants money and does not care about Frog-Man nor does he share the White Rabbit's belief that the young man is their arch-enemy). Spider-Man arrives on the scene, joined not only by Frog-Man but also Vincent Patilio himself, now wearing a new, exoskeleton-enhanced Leap-Frog suit. Together, the three thwart the Terrible Two and Vincent and Eugene both agree that Spider-Man is their favorite superhero. Eugene then once again leaves the frog-suit at home as he returns to college to focus on his studies.

Years later, the Superhuman Registration Act requires that all superhumans and those identifying as superheroes register their identities with the US federal government and agree to act as legal deputies with government oversight and accountability. This leads to the Avengers 50-State Initiative, a program that ensures every state in the US is guarded by at least one team of superheroes. Eugene agrees to register and as Frog-Man he is assigned to the Initiative's Kentucky team known as Action Pack. Eugene is only with the team a short time before he is kidnapped by the alien shape-shifting Skrulls. While Eugene is imprisoned, a Skrull infiltrator takes his place, preparing to help a wide-scale invasion. The "Secret Invasion" is later discovered and the infiltrators defeated. After returning to Earth, Eugene briefly participates in an emotional support group made up of Initiative members whose identities were stolen by the Skrulls.

During the "Fear Itself" storyline, Frog-Man appears at a meeting held by Prodigy regarding magical hammers that have crashed into the earth. He is part of Gravity's team and helps battle Crossbones. He is later seen with the team during a massive earthquake caused by a battle between Gravity and Hardball and helps them in their fight against Thor Girl, who had recovered her designated powers.

During the "Spider-Island" storyline, Frog-Man witnesses terrorists with spider-powers attacking the United Nations and decides he is needed again. Introducing himself as a former member of the Avengers Initiative, he teams up with current Avengers Ms. Marvel, Hawkeye, and Jessica Jones against a spider-empowered Flag-Smasher. Although his actions cause danger to himself and inadvertently lead Ms. Marvel to have her nose broken, Frog-Man succeeds in saving Hawkeye's life and then defeats Flag-Smasher by vomiting on the villain (a result of nausea due to consuming too much chili before battle). For this victory, Frog-Man gains the three heroes' grudging respect.

During the "Hunted" storyline, Frog-Man is among the animal-themed characters captured by Taskmaster and Black Ant for the villain Kraven the Hunter's "Great Hunt", an event sponsored by the theme park-obsessed assassin Arcade. Thanks in part to efforts by the Punisher, Frog-Man is freed. After this encounter with Kraven, Eugene then a busboy job at Isaac's Oysters, a Greenwich restaurant run by Isaac Christians (the hero Gargoyle, a former member of the Defenders).

Later on, Iron Man decides he needs a team of heroes to help defeat the Korvac but is advised this move would be most effective if the heroes are less famous and with abilities and techniques completely unknown to the villain. Among Iron Man's recruits are Frog-Man and Gargoyle. They and other heroes join Iron Man on an adventure against Korvac in outer space, leading Frog-Man and others to jokingly refer to the team as the "Space Friends." During this adventure, Frog-Man is killed in action but quickly resurrected by Iron Man, who temporarily obtains cosmic power. Having returned to Earth, Eugene Patilio is presumably working at Isaac's Oysters again, ready to become Frog-Man if he believes he is needed.

Powers and abilities
As Frog-Man, Eugene has worn two costumes that protect his body and give him physical enhancements. The original, classic costume (first worn by his father as the villain Leap-Frog) was specially padded to protect the wearer from surface impact and attacks by combatants who may have some small degree of superhuman strength. The frog-suit absorbs most of the impact, forcing the wearer to bounce rather than face serious injury. The original suit's other main feature were electrically-powered "leaping coils" in the boots that allowed the wearer to have their agility enhanced as much as "a dozen times" and allowed them to leap as high as 6 stories in the air. The suit's padding and leaping coils also allowed the wearer to punch with slightly more strength than they would normally have and to kick with superhuman strength.

By the time Eugene attends college, his father creates a new, improved version of the Frog-Suit that now has high-tech exoskeleton built within. Along with providing added protection against superhuman attack and conventional weapons, the second frog-suit increases the wearer's strength several times, allowing low-level superhuman punches along with the previous enhancement of superhuman kicks. The second suit also has a computer guidance system that allows for greater coordination of the wearer's leaping ability and enhanced agility.

Each of Eugene's suits is controlled and empowered by a "power pack" unit attached to the back, resembling a backpack. Controls on the power pack allow Frog-Man to enhance or lower the power levels of his strength and agility, as well as how powerful his superhuman leaps will be. However, Eugene is not skilled in the operation of these controls and tends to grant himself too much or too little power in a fight. This often causes him to crash or leap without full control over his direction and momentum.

Eugene Patilio is fluent in American sign language. Although he is a proud member of the YMCA, Eugene only occasionally engages in physical exercise and is a below average combatant without his Frog-Man suit.

In the past, Frog-Man has claimed he has the "proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a frog" as well as "frog-sense" that warns him of danger. This is a lie.

Accolades

 * In 2020, CBR.com ranked Frog-Man 3rd in their "10 Weirdest Spider-Man Team-Ups In Marvel Comics" list and 10th in their "Marvel Comics: 10 Silly Heroes Who Deserve A Badass Remake" list.
 * In 2022, Screen Rant included Frog-Man in their "15 Strangest Marvel Comics Superheroes Of All Time" list.

In other media

 * Frog-Man makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes episode "The Cure" as a failed applicant to the Fantastic Four after the Thing is "cured" of his condition.
 * Eugene Patilio appears in the She-Hulk: Attorney at Law episode "Ribbit and Rip It", portrayed by Brandon Stanley. This version goes by his father, Vincent Patilio's, codename of Leap-Frog and wears a suit developed by superhero suit tailor Luke Jacobson.

title: Frog-Man


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Marvin Makinen

Marvin William Makinen (born August 19, 1939) has been a member of the faculty at the University of Chicago since 1974 and is a founding member of the Human Rights Board at the university.

Education
Born in Chassell, Michigan, Makinen earned a B.A. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1961, an M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1968, and a D. Phil. at the University of Oxford in 1976. He is presently professor in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Chicago, and has served as chairman of the department from 1988 to 1993. His primary research interests in molecular biophysics and biochemistry are in mechanisms of enzymes and the structural basis of enzyme action.

Makinen completed the fourth year of his undergraduate education at the Free University of Berlin as a Willi Brandt Exchange Scholar from the University of Pennsylvania.

Imprisonment
While traveling in the Soviet Union in 1961, Makinen was arrested for espionage and was sentenced to eight years of imprisonment by a closed military tribunal. Of the slightly more than two years that he spent in the Vladimir Prison, a total of approximately 12 months was spent in solitary confinement.

He was afterwards transferred to a labor camp in the Mordovian ASSR and was later exchanged (together with Rev. Walter Ciszek, S. J.) for two Soviet spies.

Raoul Wallenberg
In the Vladimir Prison one of Makinen's cellmates was Zygurds Kruminsh, who had been previously the only cellmate of the U-2 pilot Gary Powers. While Kruminsh had admitted to only having met a Swedish prisoner, later in labor camp Makinen learned through another former inmate of the Vladimir Prison that Kruminsh had also been a cellmate of "the Swedish prisoner van den Berg."

Since 1990, Makinen has worked on three international committees as a consultant to the Swedish Foreign Ministry regarding the fate of Raoul Wallenberg, who, sent to Budapest as a diplomat in July, 1944, is credited with having saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews from annihilation. He was arrested on January 17, 1945, by SMERSH through an order from the Deputy Minister of Defense Nikolai Bulganin and brought to Moscow. The Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs acknowledged for the first time in 1957 that Raoul Wallenberg had been in captivity in the Soviet Union but claimed that he had died in 1947. Nonetheless, there has been a constant stream of reports from former prisoners-of-war and inmates of the Soviet prison system attesting to his presence in Soviet prisons, labor camps, or psychiatric hospitals up to the 1980s. A large portion of these reports emanated from the Vladimir Prison located approximately 200 kilometers east of Moscow.

In the course of his work in 1993, Makinen uncovered two retired employees of the prison who identified Raoul Wallenberg from unpublished photographs as having been in the Vladimir Prison. Varvara Ivanovna Larina, one of the two retired employees had worked in Korpus 2 of the Vladimir Prison (Korpus is the Russian word for building) for several decades and remembered the prisoner because, as she explained, he incessantly complained about everything, including the soup ration that was always cold by the time she was able to deliver it to him. Finally the head guard ordered Larina to deliver food rations to this prisoner first. (Such an order indicated to Makinen that this was a prisoner under special treatment. Ordinary prisoners would have been sent to the punishment cell for such actions.) The order by the head guard required Larina to climb the stairs to the third floor first for every meal, get his soup bowl and plate, go back to the first floor, dole out the food rations, and then deliver the rations to him by climbing the stairs again. This changed her work schedule in a substantial manner and provided the reason that she could still recall this prisoner after many years had passed. She remembered that this prisoner was in solitary confinement in a cell opposite to that in which a prisoner by the name of Osmak died. Inspection of the prison records later showed that Osmak, Kirill Ivanovich, died on May 16, 1960. With Ari Kaplan, a leading database computer expert, Makinen carried out a cell occupancy analysis of Korpus 2. The results of the analysis showed that records identifying the occupant of the cell opposite Osmak's cell had been removed from the prison archives. Makinen concluded that the absence of the documents meant that Soviet authorities had wanted to conceal the identity of the prisoner in solitary confinement.

Personal life
Makinen is married, has two children, and became a grandfather in 2008. From 2009 to 2014 he has served as President of the Independent Investigation into Raoul Wallenberg's Fate, Inc., a tax-exempt organization dedicated to uncovering the truth behind Raoul Wallenberg's arrest by Soviet authorities and his fate as a prisoner in the Soviet Union and Russia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marvin Makinen


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File:Born To Fly.jpg

Summary
Born To Fly by Sara Evans

Fair use in Born to Fly
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

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Talk:Internalization (disambiguation)

Questions
Is one of the ideas of internalization that we become our parents? No matter how much we may try to fight it when we're young, or how much we may deny it, are we a product, a direct reproduction, of our parents?

I definitely think so. Starting from the gender socialisation, for instance when preschool school boys can be allowed to room farther away from home to preschool girls, so is the concept when we are older. The father has the responsibility to travelling and visiting friends or relatives at farthest rates to that of women.

This also implies to the sexual division of labour, so to say. From the early childhood, it is noted young boys copy or imitate those roles done by by the male parent and so does the young daughter copy those from her mother.

I n summation i can say it is to alarger extent to say that the ideas of internalization one of the ideas that we become our parents..

Edits
I'm not making changes on the main page because I just dropped by casually. But I think the definition here misses an important point: Internalization is often about the acceptance of personal responsibility. We INTERNALIZE when we take responsibility for our own actions and the consequences of them. We EXTERNALIZE when it is all someone else's fault. This definition stresses the Freudian use of the word -- accurately, I think. But it does not include more modern uses of the term -- especially the one I mentioned. I'd like to see one of the "regulars" add to this. 69.73.75.222 00:26, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I, too, dropped by casually, and had the same thoughts. The main way I've heard the word "internalize" used has more to do with empathy, and being willing and able to put yourself in another's shoes, particularly those who have to cope with the consequences of your actions.

There appears to be a repetitive use of "did not" in the following sentence found in paragraph six, "In contrast, the moral self did not did not appear to mediate the link between children’s history of empathy toward the parents and future adaptive and competent functioning." I am not sure what the intent was. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.181.65.32 (talk) 19:20, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Internalisation in economics
Internalisation in economics has yet another, very different meaning: internalisation of externalities. E.g. for a positive externality like knowledge spillover the capture of externalities by means of patents, and for negative externalities like pollution a "polluter pays" tax. In both cases, it is a mechanism to incent an economic actor to do or to refrain from things that cause positive or negative external effects.

I leave it to a genuine economist and/or a native English speaker to update the article. Rbakels (talk) 06:55, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I support the addition of this meaning, it is usage that is widespread. RobbieIanMorrison (talk) 13:59, 16 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I've linked accordingly. fgnievinski (talk) 23:23, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Psychology
I am editing this page for my assingment jenn1967Jenn1967 (talk) 22:03, 3 October 2012 (UTC) Changes I plan to implement are 1) I am going to describe& discuss a related empirical article: Kochanska, G. (2002). Committed Compliance, Moral Self, and Internalization: A Mediational Model.. Developmental Psychology, Vol. 38, No. 3, 339-351 2) I am going to insert a link to a related topic, and 3) I am going to expand, clarify and use a citation in the first paragraph. jenn1967 Jenn1967 (talk) 11:15, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Internalization involves the integration of attitudes, values, standards and the opinions of others into one’s own identity or sense of self. In psychoanalytic theory, internalization is a process involving the formation of the super ego http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Internalization&action=edit#. Many theorists believe that the internalized values of behavior implemented during early socialization are key factors in predicting a child’s future moral character. The self-determination theory http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Internalization&action=edit#proposes a motivational continuum from the extrinsic to intrinsic motivation and autonomous self -regulation. Some research suggests a child’s moral self starts to develop around age three http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Internalization&action=edit#. These early years of socialization may be the underpinnings of moral development in later childhood. Proponents of this theory suggest that children whose view of self is “good and moral” tend to have a developmental trajectory toward pro-social behavior and few signs of anti-social behavior http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Internalization&action=edit#. In one child developmental study, researchers examined two key dimensions of early conscience – internalization of rules of conduct and empathic affects to others – as factors that may predict future pro social, adaptive and competent behavior. The researchers hypothesized that a young child will come to see his or her own moral self from a cumulative result of memories of his or her own experiences of compliance with parental rules and empathy of others. Consequently, the children who view themselves positively in this regard may serve as an inner moral compass for future pro-social. Thus, the child’s moral self mediates the link between the history of early conscience or internalization and future adaptive, competent and pro-social behavior.

Data was collected from a longitudinal study of children, from two parent families, at age 25, 38, 52, 67 and 80 months. Children’s internalization of each parent’s rules and empathy toward each parent’s simulated distress were observed at 25, 38 and 52 months. For example, to test the child’s internalization of their mothers’ and fathers’ rules the child was shown a low shelf of attractive toys and prohibited from playing with them. The child was then left alone for 8 minutes and through a two way mirror was observed as either 1) looking at the toys, 2) sorting, gently touching, self-correcting, and/or 3) deviating (playing with the toys). To show empathic concern to mothers’ and fathers’ distress the parents were given a script and pretended that the child had hit his or her finger while the child played with a pounding block toy. The parent then simulated distress or pain. The child’s expression was then coded as 1= not salient to 3= very salient. Their moral self was measured in a puppet interview at 67 months, for example, one puppet said, “When I break something, I tell someone right away” while the other puppet responded, “When I break something, I try to hide it so no one finds out.”  The child was then asked, “What about you?” Parents and teachers rated their adaptive, competent, pro-social behavior and anti-social behavior at 80 months. The researchers found that first, both the history of his or her the child’s early internalization of parental rules and the history of his or her empathy predicted the children’s competent and adaptive functioning at 80 months, as rated by parents and teachers. Second, children with stronger histories of internalization of parental rules from 25 to 52 months perceived themselves as more moral at 67 months. However, the history empathy had no effect on their perceived moral self. Third, the children that showed stronger internalization from 25 to 52 months came to see themselves as more moral and “good.” These self- perceptions, in turn, predicted the way parents and teachers would rate their competent and adaptive functioning at 80 months. In contrast, the moral self did not did not appear to mediate the link between children’s history of empathy toward the parents and future adaptive and competent functioning. Why were the links between internalization rules and future behavior a stronger and more significant predictor of future behavior than empathy and future outcomes? The authors suggest their coding system did not differentiate well between sympathy and personal distress. Future research could further test mediators between internalization and future behavior. This study would suggest that there is a strong link past integration and internalization of moral self and future competence, adaptive and pro-social behavior.

[1] Corsini, R. (1999). The Dictionary of Psychology, USA: Taylor & Francis.

[2] Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour. New York, N.Y: Plenum Press. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Internalization&action=edit#

[3] Emde, R. N., Biringen, Z., Clyman, R. B. & Oppenheim, D. (1991). The Moral Self of Infancy: Affective Core and Procedural Knowledge. Developmental Review, 11, 251-270.

[4] Kochanska, G., Koenig, J., Barry, R., Kim, S. & Yoon, J. (2010). Children’s Conscience During Toddler and Preschool Years, Moral Self, and a Competent, Adaptive Developmental Trajectory. Developmental Psychology. Vol. 46, No. 5, 1320-1332. Jenn1967Jenn1967 (talk) 18:12, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Such content should go into a new page titled Internalization (psychology). fgnievinski (talk) 23:25, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Dr. Vitale's comment on this article
Dr. Vitale has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"This is an entry I have little to say. It does not really fall into my area of expertise."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Vitale has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : Vitale, Paolo, 2006. "A Market Microstructure Analysis of Foreign Exchange Intervention," CEPR Discussion Papers 5468, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 20:26, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

Making this into a disambiguation page
This page seems to me like an overly detailed disambiguation page. Almost all of the sections about what internalization refers to in different fields link to pages about those specific things, which makes me wonder why a paragraph describing each is needed. People looking for a page titled internalization will very likely be looking for one specific definition of it in a certain field. This page should just be a disambiguation, concisely listing pages so people can quickly find the type of internalization they are looking for an article on. A paragraph of description for each just means it will take people longer to find the definition of internalization they're looking for. And yes, I am ashamed of writing such a long message about why this page shouldn't be as long as it is. El Capitan del Landr0ver (talk) 01:12, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Agreed with splitting this page apart; clear case of WP:SAMENAME. fgnievinski (talk) 23:24, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I've split the content into their respective articles. fgnievinski (talk) 01:37, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at King's University College supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:56, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

History
The editing history of Internalization can be found at. fgnievinski (talk) 06:15, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Internalization (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Berlin-Tegel

Merger proposal

 * Concur with merger proposal --User:AYArktos | Talk 00:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. It seems Tegel is heading towards a disambiguation page anyway - Marshman 04:46, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * A merger makes sense. But Berlin-Tegel is a Germanism.  This is not a natural way to list a place names in English.  In English, subdivisions of cities are not written London-Camden or New York-Brooklyn, but the other way around.  "Berlin-Tegel" should be moved to "Tegel, Berlin". Marco polo 16:49, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berlin-Tegel


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Northacres Park

Northacres Park is a 20.7 acre public park located in the Haller Lake neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, at the corner of Interstate 5 and N.E. 130th Street. It incorporates a large forested area with trails, a picnic area, a baseball diamond and soccer field, and an off-leash dog area. The park's playground and wading pool were remodeled and reopened in 2012. They include two play areas with equipment for children of different ages as well as a Splash pad.

The park is also the site of one of only two remaining Civil Defense towers in the city, erected in 1954 to support a Chrysler Air-Raid Siren. The siren, listed by Guinness World Records as the loudest ever constructed, is no longer operational.

title: Northacres Park


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Amis et Amiles

Amis et Amiles is an old French romance based on a widespread legend of friendship and sacrifice. In its earlier and simpler form it is the story of two friends, one of whom, Amis, was sick with leprosy because he had committed perjury to save his friend. A vision informed him that he could only be cured by bathing in the blood of Amiles's children. When Amiles learnt this he killed the children, who were, however, miraculously restored to life after the cure of Amis.

The tale found its way into French literature through the medium of Latin, as the names Amicus and Amelius indicate, and was eventually attached to the Carolingian cycle in the 12th-century chanson de geste of Amis et Amiles. This poem is written in decasyllabic assonanced verse, each stanza being terminated by a short line. It belongs to the heroic period of French epic, containing some passages of great beauty, notably the episode of the slaying of the children, and maintains a high level of poetry throughout.

The oldest version is a Latin poem composed around 1090 by Radulphus Tortarius, a monk of Fleury. The opening lines suggests that the poet was retelling a popular tale: Historiam Gallus, breviter quam replico, novit... (The Gaul knows the tale, which I am briefly telling...). More distant origins are rooted in folklore.

Plot
Amis has married Lubias and become count of Blaives (Blaye), while Amiles has become seneschal at the court of Charlemagne, and is seduced by the emperor's daughter, Bellisant. The lovers are betrayed, and Amiles is unable to find the necessary supporters to enable him to clear himself by the ordeal of single combat, and fears, moreover, to fight in a false cause. He is granted a reprieve, and goes in search of Amis, who engages to personate him in the combat. He thus saves his friend, but in so doing perjures himself. Then follows the leprosy of Amis, and, after a lapse of years, his discovery of Amiles and cure.

There are obvious reminiscences in this story of Damon and Pythias, and of the classical instances of sacrifice at the divine command. The legend of Amis and Amiles occurs in many forms with slight variations, the names and positions of the friends being sometimes reversed. The crown of martyrdom was not lacking, for Amis and Amiles were slain by Ogier the Dane at Novara on their way home from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Jourdain de Blaives, a chanson de geste which partly reproduces the story of Apollonius of Tyre, was attached to the geste of Amis by making Jourdain his grandson.

Versions
The versions of Amis and Amiles include:
 * Numerous Latin recensions in prose and verse, notably that given by Vincent de Beauvais in his Speculum historiale (lib. xxiii. cap. 162-166 and 169) and the supposed earliest by Rodulfus Tortarius
 * An Anglo-Norman version in short rhymed couplets, which is not attached to the Charlemagne legend and agrees fairly closely with the English Amis and Amiloun (Midland dialect, 13th century); these with the old Norse version are printed by Eugen Kölbing, Altengl. Bibl. vol. ii. (1889), and the English romance also in H. Weber, Metrical Romances, vol. ii. (1810); it also appears in the Auchinleck manuscript
 * The 12th-century French chanson de geste analysed by P. Paris in Hist. litt. de la France (vol. xxii.), and edited by K. Hofmann (Erlangen, 1882) with the addition of Jourdain de Blaives
 * The Middle Welsh Cydymdeithas Amlyn ac Amig, composed perhaps in the early fourteenth century
 * The probably fourteenth-century Old Norse Amícus saga ok Amilíus, translated from Vincent de Beauvais's Speculum historiale, probably during the reign of Haakon V of Norway
 * The Latin Vita sanctorum Amici et Amelii (pr. by Kolbing, op. cit.) and its Old French translation, Li amitiez de Ami et Amile, L. Molaud and C. d'Henault in Nouvelles du xiiie siecle (Paris, 1856)
 * Walter Pater's retelling of the story in the first chapter of his Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), 'Two Early French Stories.'

Motifs
The basic plot of the story is found in many fairy tales including In Love with a Statue, Trusty John, and How to find out a True Friend.

Editions and translations

 * Foster, Edward E. (ed.), 'Amys and Amiloun', in Amis and Amiloun, Robert of Cisyle, and Sir Amadace, 2nd edn (Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 2007), ;.
 * Fukui, Hideka (ed.). Amys e Amillyoun. Anglo-Norman Text Society. Plain Texts Series 7. London, 1990. Based on BL MS Royal 12 C.
 * The Birth of Romance: An Anthology. Four Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman Romances, trans. by Judith Weiss and Malcolm Andrew (London: Dent, 1992), ISBN 0460870483; repr. as The Birth of Romance in England: Four Twelfth-Century Romances in the French of England, trans. by Judith Weiss, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 344/The French of England Translation Series, 4 (Tempe, Ariz.: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009), ISBN 9780866983921.

title: Amis et Amiles


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Resol

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 20:15, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Resol
Non-notable and slangdef. --fvw *  00:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 01:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * article was submitted as a legitimate notation of current slang/contemporary vernacular - can be edited to be less personalised?--Aneetamenon 01:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. neologism. Andrew pmk | Talk 03:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN.  Ban e  s  08:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not only is it a nn neologism, it's a nn neologism from a nn forum. Could it get any worse? the wub  "?!"  19:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it could be an nn neologism from an nn forum in an nn conlang… --fvw *  19:58, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete —nn. Or an   e    (t)   (c)   (@)  22:18, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Resol


text:
Talk:Andrea Mantegna

Untitled
The painting depicts the Jesus Christ and how he endured all these pains for our sins. Andrea Mantegna uses a flat surface to illustrate the piece to us the pain that is being inflicted on Jesus Christ for our sins. Mantegna, the Italian painter, is known to portray real life in his pieces. The Lamentation showed figures mourns the death of Christ. It showed Mary, Jesus' mother mourning her son's death and you can see the hurt in her face in the piece. Also, you can see the pain and turmoil in Jesus' face which is full of wrinkles. Also, on the body of Christ, on his feet, we see the holes.

Therefore, the piece "Lamentation over the Dead Christ" by Mantegna, was illustrated in such a way to make us view the piece as real. With the focus on little intricate areas, such as the face of Christ and his feet. He also uses emotion and a space on a flat surface to create his piece.

the holy trinity
the holy trinity is by masaccio, not mantegna.

^^I wish I knew that earlier. :\

 * I'm not sure when the above exchange took place, but on this topic, I've removed the sentence (below) referring to the Trinity, because I'm not sure which painting is intended. There is a Masaccio picture that fits the description, perhaps that is the one?  Thanks, Isocephaly (talk) 21:54, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "This worm's eye perspective, creating an effectively large and prominent setting, is also seen in his work The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John, and Two Donors."

Is This article trusted
I have an art research and i don't know if this article is right or not... —Preceding unsigned comment added by MAKINER (talk • contribs) 01:22, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrea Mantegna


text:
Stuart Buchanan

Stuart Buchanan (March 18, 1894 – February 4, 1974) was an American voice actor, announcer, radio and TV producer, and educator. He is known for his work at The Walt Disney Company as a casting director and voicing the Huntsman in the animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and voicing Goofy in The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air  (1938).

Buchanan also produced the Ohio Story radio and TV series (1953-1961). In its time, the series held the record for the longest-running regional scripted program in the nation.

Early years
Born Paul Stuart Buchanan in Eldora, Iowa. His father, the late Rev. Edgar L. Buchanan, was a Presbyterian minister in Wooster, Ohio. Buchanan graduated from the College of Wooster and received a doctorate from Harvard University and he served as a U.S. Army officer for two years in World War I (1917-1919).

In the early years of his career, he taught poetry and drama at the University of Florida and West Virginia University. During those tenures, he also directed Little Theatre productions. While he taught at the University of Florida, Buchanan helped to launch the school's radio station.

Hollywood
In May 1930, Buchanan became program director at radio station KHJ in Los Angeles. He directed episodes of the radio programs Hollywood Hotel and Lux Radio Theatre. He also worked for ABC radio as program supervisor and as head of the script department. On stage, he toured in a production of Mister Antonio, acted in summer stock theatre in Denver, and acted and directed at the Pasadena Playhouse.

Buchanan was a dialogue and casting director at Walt Disney Studios. For a time, he was in charge of all foreign versions of Disney productions. He is known for voicing The Huntsman in the 1937 Disney animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. He had roles in Saludos Amigos (1942) and Super-Speed (1935) and he was the voice of  Goofy in The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air (1938)

In the 1940s, Buchanan was head of the script department and program supervision for American Broadcasting Company in New York before taking a job directing the radio and television department of the McCann-Erickson advertising agency in 1947.

The Ohio Story Radio and TV Series

Buchanan was co-creator of The Ohio Story, a series that ran from 1947 to 1955 on radio and from 1953 to 1961 on TV. He picked Robert Waldrop to narrate the series, and actor Nelson Olmsted to replace him in 1952. Additionally, he chose Ray Culley of Cinécraft Productions, a Cleveland-based sponsored film studio, to direct the series. Approximately 1,300 radio and 175 Ohio Story TV episodes were produced.

In an interview with Todd Raper of the Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch, Buchanan said: "There has never been – or will be, a radio series that commanded the respect and attention of this state, or, for that fact, the nation. The Ohio Story reached its peak in the heyday of radio - the late 1940s. Only one show in the nation had a higher rating - that was the Jack Benny show. I guess of all the things I've done in my lifetime, I'm most proud to have had a hand in developing and producing The Ohio Story".

Personal life
Buchanan was married to Anna Hall Hilditch and later to Rita Whearty. Buchanan died on February 4, 1974, in Shaker Heights, Ohio, at the age of 79 and was buried in Wooster, Ohio. His wife, Rita, three sons and two daughters survived him.

title: Stuart Buchanan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeela

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -- Phroziac ( talk ) 18:28, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Jeela
It's difficult to say exactly what it is, but it sure isn't an encyclopedia article RoySmith 00:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   01:16, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Rogerd 01:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm...didn't they used to call this 'sex appeal'? Delete as per nomination.Eddie.willers 03:08, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a dictionary of slang. -Walter Siegmund 04:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Slang.  Ban e  s  08:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is probably redundant, since there seems to be total concensus, but I couldn't resist: jeela could be defined as an adjective foe the word delete, but such a definition does not exist. KillerChihuahua 15:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. the wub  "?!"  19:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeela


text:
Amphiprostyle

In classical architecture, amphiprostyle (from the Greek ἀμφί (amphi), on both sides, and πρόστυλος (prostylos), a portico) denotes an ancient temple with a portico both at the front and the rear, where the columns on the narrow sides are not between antae. The number of columns rarely exceeded four in the front and four in the rear. The best-known example is the tetrastyle small Temple of Athena Nike at Athens. Other known examples are the Temple of Artemis Agrotera outside Athens, and the hexastyle Temple of the Athenians at Delos.

Amphiprostyle temples without columns on the sides may be termed "apteral" (from the Greek απτερος, "wingless": α-, "without" + πτερον, "wing"). The Athena Nike temple is one such example.

title: Amphiprostyle


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Talk:A549 cell

Untitled
A549 cells share the same characteristics with the alveolar type II cells. This are type II pneumocytes crucial for lung homeostasis, and regeneration upon damage. For research purposes to unravel different molecular mechanisms leading to lung diseases, A549 cells serves as a good model to which translational research can be relied upon. Among other characteristics is their ability to secret phospholipids and also the surfactant proteins.

They could be squamous but there is a lot of debate going on as they should be cuboidal... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.118.110.19 (talk) 17:55, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Why are these cells so preferred?

I'm no cell biologst, but I think its the avleolar cell's affinity for absorbing and excreting that makes it so popular. The fact that it is a flat, basal cell, suitable for easy viewing through microscopes, without having to change focus to view most of the cell. This is all guesswork..

Google results:

Development and application of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy of cancer WW Zhang - Cancer Gene Therapy, 1999 - nature.com ... The benefit of using A549 cells is mainly that the cells have a high level of sensitivity and permissibility to Ad infection and replication. ...

Article costs $30 dollars. I haven't searched profusion yet.

This is my first article! Thanks to everyone who raised it to a Higher Standard of Quality! <3

Adherent or suspension?
From the article: "The human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 may be anchored or suspended in a solution in vitro." So is this cell line adherent or suspension? Of course, any adherent cell line can be put into suspension, but under normal growth conditions, a cell line is one or the other. ATCC says adherent:  142.103.207.10 (talk) 22:36, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Article Suggestions
This is a good start, but I think it would be super helpful if information such as cell characteristics and types of experiments/uses it has. The information above is a great place to start. It would also be a really good idea to link this page to the Immortalised Cell Line wiki page so readers can get a better understanding of what kind of cell this is.180Degrees (talk) 02:53, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Adenovirus
I believe Adenovirus 5 is integrated, but I am not sure. I came to wikipedia to find out which adenovirus is integrated. Would it be possible to add this information specifically to the article? 2A02:8388:1641:5500:8207:8CE:DF2:AB90 (talk) 08:09, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:A549 cell


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Ampliative

Ampliative (from Latin ampliare, "to enlarge"), a term used mainly in logic, meaning "extending" or "adding to that which is already known".

This terminology was often used by medieval logicians in the analyses of the temporal content of their subject terms. There were three rules outlined in its usage:
 * 1) Common terms in a sentence only represent present things when they stand with a non-ampliating verb about the present;
 * 2) A common term standing in a sentence with a verb about the past is able to stand for present and past things; and,
 * 3) The common term standing with a verb about the future can indifferently stand for present and future things.

There are Roman texts that refer to it as ampliatio.

In Norman law, an ampliation was a postponement of a sentence in order to obtain further evidence.

title: Ampliative


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Scioto Ordnance Plant

The Scioto Ordnance Plant (SOP) was a munitions and incendiary bomb-making facility built in Marion County, Ohio, by the United States Army in 1942, and operated under lease by United States Rubber Company – most recently known as Uniroyal. The plant operated until 1945, when production wound down. Also built adjacent was the Marion Engineering Depot which was authorized in the summer of 1942. Land for the plant was taken in Grand Prairie, Scott, Clairdon and Marion Townships in an area covering 12500 acre.

Families who owned property within the zone identified for the facility were notified March 1, 1942, that they had to vacate their land by May 1, 1942. Not only did this mean that the displaced had to find a place to live in the midst of a housing and fuel shortage, but it also meant moving and/or selling livestock and agricultural equipment. Federal contractors began removing field fencing in April 1942. While landowners received a "fair" valuation for their property, relocation expenses were not paid. Several property owners claimed that they never received any compensation from the government.

A rural cemetery, Likens Cemetery, which had been in use since the 1830s, was located within the takings area, south of Likens Road and west of Pole Lane Road. According to the Marion Star, April 12, 1942, the Corps of Engineers planned to exhume the three hundred graves thought to be in the cemetery and relocate those to the cemetery in Kirkpatrick, Ohio, which was the nearest cemetery to Likens. However, by mid-May, 1942, the Army and community members agreed that the cost and efforts of moving the graves were better spent on "the War Effort" and the idea dropped. Planned building activity around the cemetery was relocated to another sector, and the cemetery made accessible to family members on one day per year for the duration.

After May 1, 1942, most of the farmsteads located inside the perimeter were leveled; underground bunkers and production buildings were built in clusters throughout the SOP site. By June 1942 SOP was employing 2,900 employees, many of whom moved north from Southern Ohio and Kentucky for the high paying wages offered.

Once in operation, the plant (under the operation of U.S. Rubber) produced fuses and boosters, 20 mm bullets, 50 caliber bullets, 50 caliber artillery shells, 65 mm shells and 75 mm shells. Incendiary bombs and napalm barrel bombs, similar to those used on Dresden by Allied forces were also produced at the site. Munitions containers served dual duty by carrying SOP products overseas and then doubling as coffins for those killed in action.

German prisoners of war were housed on the site (in an area referred to as “Camp Marion”) beginning in December 1944. During the 1940s, many of the German prisoners were used as labor in the city of Marion. Local residents who were alive at the time can recall the prisoners being used for painting, maintenance, collecting trash, building improvements, etc. Although they were POWs, they were treated well and fairly by the Army.

Following the end of the war, land taken for SOP was resold to civilians. Local farmers who had lost their land had the first option to repurchase their former lands back from the government. Land that was not purchased back by displaced residents was then sold to other buyers. A housing development – Grandview – was built over the magazine area of the former plant.

In 1949, uranium handling was planned for the site, with the contract going to Monsanto Company. However, production at the facility never began in earnest.

The SOP is listed as a Formerly Used Defense Site by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).

Post-war problems
In 2000 it was revealed that students attending River Valley High School (Caledonia, Ohio), built on land formerly occupied by the Marion Engineering Depot, had higher than usual instances leukemia. Tests performed on the site by the Ohio EPA and the United States Army Corps of Engineers proved inconclusive. A private consultant hired by a parent organization found evidence of toxic chemical waste on the River Valley site dating back to the 1940s. As a result, these findings, and because of Ohio EPA problems with the investigation, River Valley pursued building a new school campus and eventually abandoned the Engineering Depot Site.

Today, most of the buildings have been demolished, or are being used by the private farmers who now own the land. A few buildings are visible today and can be seen from New Road (which runs north–south parallel to Pole Lane Rd). During the 1990s, at the height of the investigation into the health issues which many residents attributed to the ordnance plant, there were rows and rows of 50-gallon drums sealed and seemingly ready for disposal located in a field a few hundred yards west of New Road. Most assumed this was waste that the Army Corps of Engineers had collected and planned to dispose of. The Likins Chapel, built-in 1919 at the intersection of Likeins Road and Pole Lane Road, escaped demolition for the facility and was used as an engineer's office. Following the war, it was used by two congregations into the 1980s, however, it fell into disuse and was destroyed by fire in 2019. At one point it was inhabited as a residence, but has been unused and abandoned for many years.

In the neighborhood of Grandview, which is north of Likens Road and west of Pole Lane Rd, there are still remnants of the plant. In some of the undeveloped areas of the neighborhood in the woods, you can still find large flat overgrown slabs of concrete platforms, large concrete sidewalks, all of which now are on private property. This can also be seen in the fields west of Pole Lane Rd. There are concrete roads that were most likely used for vehicles. The Marion International Airport is also located on Pole Lane Rd. For years many pilots had reported that during the winter as they flew over the area they could see a large square patch of land where the snow would melt in an exact square, while the rest of the land surrounded it remained covered in snow. It was later discovered that this area of land was where the Army had dug and buried chemicals used in ammunition production (phosphorus etc.), and as the chemicals mixed with the oxygen in the ground it would melt the snow that settled on it. Directly across the road from the church at Pole Land and Likens is a crumbled concrete platform. It is roughly 12' square, and all that is left is about 2' high of concrete and several pieces of steel rusted re-bar.

Most of the physical history of this area of Marion is gone, except a few buildings, and the Marion Depot located on Rt 309, which still houses an Army station and a train loading-unloading station (the Army reserve HQ previously located at the corner of Pole Lane Rd and Rt 309 has subsequently closed also). The memories of the history of this area still live strong considering this has been a part of history in Marion, Ohio, for nearly 70 years.

Photographs from 1945
All photos are from the Archives Search Report by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

title: Scioto Ordnance Plant


text:
Rory Jennings

Rory James Jennings (born 20 July 1983) is a British actor, poker player and football pundit. He played Craig Dixon in the BBC soap opera EastEnders from 27 July to 7 September 2007.

Early life
Jennings was born in London, England. He has been acting since the age of 10. As a child actor he trained at the Sylvia Young Theatre School; he took a break from acting in 2001 to study Politics at the University of Liverpool.

Rory is married to TV producer and farmer Victoria Kemp. He is a Chelsea F.C. supporter and has a YouTube channel with over 300,000 subscribers.

Commercials
'The People's Post Office' advert for the Post Office, directed by Armando Iannucci.

title: Rory Jennings


text:
Autovent

An autovent is a device for maintaining a greenhouse or conservatory within a range of temperatures. The basic principle is that as greenhouse heats above ambient the air inside becomes lighter, the vent opens when a certain temperature is reached and lets the hot air out - drawing cooler air in from outside.

Mechanism
The force to open the vent is provided a number of ways, the most common being through thermal expansion and by electric motors. Thermal expansion based actuators use either the differential expansion rate of different materials (bimetallic strips) or special fluids with large coefficient of thermal expansion in pistons. This approach is cheap, reliable and passive (requires no external energy).

Electric motors (usually servo motors) are usually controlled by an electronic sensor, and can be more accurately programmed. The vents can form part of a more complex climate control system for controlling humidity, fresh air rate and temperature. The most sophisticated systems use a dedicated computer to control watering, cooling (usually evaporative cooling), heating, lighting, CO2 injection fertilization and air flow.

title: Autovent


text:
Timmy Big Hands

Timmy Big Hands was a humor webzine created in 2000 by the former cast and crew of Mystery Science Theater 3000, including Michael J. Nelson, Bill Corbett, and Kevin Murphy. The site garnered much critical acclaim and accolades, but was eventually retired the following year. The site featured odd but humorous reviews of everyday items, comics, strange games, and new syrup ads each week.

In 2001, the site was put up for sale on eBay. The new owners decided not to continue with the project. In an interview in 2003, Nelson stated
 * Timmy Big Hands, you know, it was great fun, it was successful for what it was. We got unbelievable press and we were really proud of the product. But [it was] a really bad time to start a website and we just couldn't — We all had our separate things going on. We were producing it together, but in the end it ate up too much time and wasn’t making any money, so we just had to fold it. We thought about perhaps turning it into a book or doing this or that, but it was just too complicated by that time. So we just folded it down.

Content
Games included such oddities as "Kill-a-Guy" where the player is God, and a simple click on a man kills him, as well as an interactive game called "Apologize to Steve", in which the concept was to apologize to Steve.

Comics included "The Cliparts" which were simply crafted from clip art and given dialogue balloons. The stories were usually nonsensical and the art would run the gamut from office workers to suddenly having a tall Indian enter the frame.

Contributors

 * Michael J. Nelson
 * Kevin Murphy
 * Bill Corbett
 * Patrick Brantseg
 * Paul Chaplin

title: Timmy Big Hands


text:
White Rabbit (comics)

White Rabbit (Dr. Lorina Dodson) is a supervillainess appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by J.M. DeMatteis, Kerry Gammill, and Mike Esposito, the character first appeared in Marvel Team-Up #131 (July 1983). White Rabbit is a wealthy criminal who based her supervillain persona on Alice in Wonderland. She is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Spider-Man.

Publication history
White Rabbit debuted in Marvel Team-Up #131 (July 1983), created by J.M. DeMatteis, Kerry Gammill, and Mike Esposito. She appeared in the 2022 The Amazing Spider-Man series. She appeared in the 2022 Spider-Verse Unlimited Infinity Comic series.

Fictional character biography
Born to a wealthy family, Lorina Dodson, who would become White Rabbit, grew up in a safe, secure environment and was showered with all the material possessions she ever wanted. However, she was bored, and only found entertainment from classic literature, such as Alice in Wonderland. As she grew older, her family married her off to an older gentleman named Lewis Dodson (a name derived from the author of the Alice in Wonderland books, Lewis Carroll, whose real name was Charles Dodgson). At the time of the marriage, she was twenty-five and he was eighty-two. She resented being treated as a trophy wife, so she killed her husband, and the police thought it was an accident.

After that, she would only mention that he "died happy", and subsequently used her inheritance to buy various gadgets so that she could experience a life full of danger and excitement. She became the White Rabbit, an eccentric criminal, whose costume resembled a cross between the literary character from Alice in Wonderland and a Playboy Bunny. While the White Rabbit is clearly insane to the point of being completely ridiculous, she is quite articulate and has a great knowledge of literature. At some point early in her career she was trying to establish her reputation and confronted Deadpool, who was bonded with the Venom symbiote. She used an array of carrot bombs and mutant rabbits, as well as stealing only watches. She spent her first days as a criminal robbing various fast food joints, most notably "Kwikkee Burger". She and her gang were eventually confronted by Frog-Man (a frequent customer at Kwikkee Burger), who was able to defeat her hired help only with Spider-Man's aid. White Rabbit escaped, but struck later at a book fair, where she found the two superheroes once again. The White Rabbit, witnessing her men getting defeated, fled using her jet-boots, but they began to malfunction, allowing Frog-Man to knock her into a building.

Much later, she resurfaced, plotting to get her revenge on Frog-Man. She allied herself with the Walrus, but they were defeated by Spider-Man, Frog-Man, and Frog-Man's father, Leap-Frog. Ditching the Walrus, she popped up again later with two new villains, Mad Hatter and Dormouse, though they were both actually hired actors, as no other supervillains would work with the White Rabbit. She formed a new plan by capturing Grizzly and Gibbon and ransoming them for one billion dollars in gold. She also created several genetically-altered rabbits, who were ready to eat Grizzly and Gibbon. The Mayor, however, only offered the White Rabbit $2.50, which caused her to fly into a rage and raise the ransom to five billion dollars (this time the Rabbit demanded that the ransom be paid entirely in quarters), but Spider-Man, under the alias of the Bombastic Bag-Man - as he was currently wanted for murder as Spider-Man thanks to the machinations of Norman Osborn, he was forced to use an alternative costume and lacked the time to get any of his other new costumes infiltrated the White Rabbit's hideout and battled her giant rabbit robot. She was then knocked out by Grizzly (who claimed he did it so he would not be accused of being sexist). He and his partner had escaped, remembering Gibbon's natural affinity with the Animal Kingdom and thus taming the GM Rabbits.

White Rabbit was later seen at an auction in which the Venom Symbiote and Scorpion suit was sold. She tried to rob another bank, but was interrupted by Grizzly. However, she escaped and the police arrested Grizzly by mistake.

In the limited series Claws, the White Rabbit, her outfit modified (now more than ever resembling a Playboy Bunny), became romantically involved with Arcade, a man with a dedication for drama and who controls 'Murderworlds', where people are killed off in carnivalesque ways. They go after Wolverine and the Black Cat. The two heroes manage to defeat Arcade and the White Rabbit. They are dropped off in the Savage Land, a prehistoric land hidden deep in the Antarctic. The White Rabbit became queen of a group of tribal warriors.

During the Dark Reign storyline, White Rabbit appears as a member of the Hood's gang. She is part of a sub-group of said gang that attacks Mister Negative. The motive is because he will not hand over his control of the criminal underworld in New York's Chinatown.

White Rabbit is next seen in Los Angeles, where she is working as a drug dealer to the rich and famous. One of her clients is Bobby Carr, Mary Jane's boyfriend. Carr is also an actor and is using Mutant Growth Hormone to bulk up for a movie role. The Rabbit turned on her client when the U.S. Department of Justice wanted him to inform them who his dealer is. White Rabbit and her gang attacked Carr and MJ at a trendy Los Angeles club, gassing the party goers. Mary Jane rescued Carr and took out White Rabbit at the club, when the police arrived and took the White Rabbit into custody.

During the Spider-Island storyline, White Rabbit (alongside Chance and Scorcher) attacks Peter Parker and Carlie Cooper at an abandoned lab that the Jackal is in at Empire State University. She ends up knocked down by Peter using the moves learned from Shang-Chi.

During the Dying Wish arc, White Rabbit later makes a cameo at the Raft at the time when Hydro-Man, Scorpion, and Trapster spring Doctor Octopus (whose mind has been swapped with Peter's mind) out of the Raft.

White Rabbit was then seen trying to rob a truck with two goons but when the Superior Spider-Man (Otto Octavius's mind in Spider-Man's body) arrived they quickly surrendered, as they did not wanted to be beaten in the same way he previously did to both Boomerang and Vulture.

White Rabbit later appeared as a member of the Menagerie (which also consisted of Hippo, Skein, and a new villain called Panda-Mania). They were on a rampage stealing expensive eggs from an auction. White Rabbit named the group the Menagerie because of the villains' animal themes, even though Skein did not use the Gypsy Moth name. She and the Menagerie are defeated by Spider-Man despite the fact that Skein used her powers to destroy Spider-Man's outfit. White Rabbit and the rest of the Menagerie later reunite to commit a diamond heist, which led to another defeat at Spider-Man's hands.

White Rabbit next hires Howard the Duck to procure Pym Particles for her, but the plan is foiled by Ant-Man. She later participates in a gang war, battling the Spot in the Third Precinct.

As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel event, White Rabbit allies with Walrus and the new Goldbug for a plan that involves tampering with New York City's drinking water. The three villains are located and defeated by Spider-Woman, and are taken to the refurbished Ryker's Island, now called the Cellar.

White Rabbit later appeared as a member of the Hateful Hexad alongside Bearboarguy, Gibbon II, Ox, Squid II, and Swarm. During the Hateful Hexad's disastrous fight against Spider-Man and Deadpool, the battle is crashed by Itsy Bitsy, who brutally murders or incapacitates most of the villains, traumatizing White Rabbit who was saved by Deadpool.

In a prelude to the Hunted storyline, White Rabbit is among the animal-themed characters captured by Taskmaster and Black Ant for Kraven the Hunter's upcoming Great Hunt. She watched the fight between Spider-Man and Scorpion until the Hunter-Bots arrive. White Rabbit then fled from the Hunter-Bots. When Vulture gathers the animal-themed characters together, White Rabbit was present when Spider-Man informs them about the loss of Gibbon and Mandrill while Toad mentions the loss of Man-Bull. Serving as bait, White Rabbit lured the Hunter-Bots towards the Savage Six and the other animal-themed characters where the Hunter-Bots were attacked by them. White Rabbit even fought against the Hunter-Bots. When Kraven the Hunter has Arcade lower the forcefield around Central Park, White Rabbit is among the animal-themed characters that are freed. White Rabbit then joined Human Fly, Razorback, Toad, and Yellowjack in a plan to deliver payback to the captive Black Ant only for Taskmaster to rescue Black Ant.

White Rabbit later got Hippo, Skein, and Panda-Mania back together as the Menagerie while adding Ox, Squid, and Swarm as its latest members. When the Menagerie tried to rob a club where Nadia Van Dyne's birthday was, they were defeated by the Champions and the Young Avengers.

White Rabbit appears as a member of the female incarnation of the Sinister Syndicate. She quotes to Francine Frye "greetings and salutations." The Sinister Syndicate begins their mission where they attack the F.E.A.S.T. building that Boomerang is volunteering at. Beetle leads the Sinister Syndicate in attacking Boomerang. After getting Aunt May to safety, Peter Parker changes into Spider-Man and helps Boomerang fight the Syndicate. The Syndicate starts doing their formation attack until Spider-Man accidentally sets off Boomerang's gaserang which knocks out Spider-Man enough for the Syndicate to make off with Boomerang. When Beetle returns to the headquarters, White Rabbit is present when Mayor Wilson Fisk brings the full force of New York City to their headquarters demanding that they surrender Boomerang to him. The Syndicate then assists Spider-Man against Mayor Fisk's forces. After Spider-Man evacuates Boomerang, the Syndicate fights Mayor Fisk's forces while not killing them. The Syndicate is defeated and arrested by the police. Their transport is then attacked by an unknown assailant who frees them.

During the "Sinister War" storyline, White Rabbit was with the Sinister Syndicate when they are among the villains that were offered by Kindred to punish Spider-Man for his sins.

White Rabbit was with the Sinister Syndicate when they took Janice Lincoln out for a bachelorette party.

During the "Gang War" storyline, White Rabbit and his henchman Kareem were pinned in a warehouse by the attacks of Black Mariah's gang. In the nick of time, Beetle, Lady Octopus, Scorpia, and Trapstr arrive to rescue them and defeat Black Mariah's gang. When Tombstone shows up at Janice's meeting after recuperating in the hospital and is told by Janice that she would like to inherit his territory, he later tells White Rabbit to take care of her as the Sinister Syndicate goes out to fight in the gang wars. White Rabbit accompanies the Sinister Syndicate to Sugar Hill to fight Diamondback's gang there. They defeat some of Diamondback's men only to find that the rest of them have been defeated by Rose and Digger. White Rabbit and the Sinister Syndicate fight Rose and Digger until some armored soldiers come in with one of them quoting "Light 'em up"! The armored soldiers are revealed to be working for Wilson Fisk who take Rose away while leaving Digger behind. White Rabbit and Beetle offer Digger a job when he regains consciousness. When it comes to Madame Masque's challenge in Central park, White Rabbit was with the Sinister Syndicate and some gangs when facing off against Madame Masque and the Maggia. White Rabbit was told by Digger that Rose is "getting a spanking" from his father. White Rabbit and the Sinister Syndicate then proceed to fight against the Maggia even when Spider-Man and his allies arrive. White Rabbit is later ordered by Tombstone to have the Sinister Syndicate and those on their side pull out of Central Park as she asked if Janice is alright with that plan. Following Madame Masque's defeat, White Rabbit and Tombstone talks about how Tombstone is now in charge of the New York underworld, the Sinister Syndicate has been promoted, and Beetle has left town after a disagreement with Tombstone. Tombstone states to White Rabbit that they got a criminal underworld to run and that he will beat up Spider-Man in broad daylight.

During the "Blood Hunt" storyline, White Rabbit is bitten by a vampire during the Vampire Invasion causing Kareem to call in Spider-Man for help. Upon helping Kareem subdue White Rabbit, Spider-Man finds the vampire who bit her handcuffed to the radiator heater as Spider-Man reasons with it. Once the vampire was staked by Kareem who got tired of waiting, White Rabbit returned to normal.

Powers and abilities
White Rabbit possesses no superhuman abilities but is obsessed with the works of Lewis Carroll, and her equipment reflects her obsession. She uses a range of weapons, such as an umbrella that shoots razor-sharp or explosive carrots, a large, rideable, heavily armed robot rabbit, genetically-engineered killer bunnies and jet-boots. White Rabbit also owns two custom-modified vehicles, a zeppelin called the Flying Hare, and a van called the Bunnymobile. She is a skilled martial artist.

Additionally, White Rabbit is well-educated, having at least a Bachelor of Arts degree in Literature or its equivalent.

Critical response
Jonathan K. Kantor of Looper called White Rabbit an "absolute peach." Michael Cheang of The Star included White Rabbit in their "8 of the coolest (and weirdest) rabbit characters in comic books" list.

Screen Rant included White Rabbit in their "Spider-Man: 10 Best Female Villains" list, and in their "10 Spider-Man Villains That Are Smarter Than They Seem" list. Comic Book Resources ranked White Rabbit 6th in their "Marvel: Dark Spider-Man Villains, Ranked From Lamest To Coolest" list, 8th in their "Spider-Man: 10 Weirdest Animal Villains From The Comics That We'd Like To See In The MCU" list, 9th in their "Spider-Man's 10 Funniest Villains" list, and 10th in their "10 Best Animal-Themed Spider-Man Villains" list.

Marvel Adventures Spider-Man
An alternate version of White Rabbit appears in the Marvel Adventures Spider-Man series. She is romantically interested in Venom and even writes to him when he is in the Vault. White Rabbit plans a series of Lewis Carroll-inspired robberies alongside Venom, while he pretends to be Spider-Man's new unwanted sidekick. However, Spider-Man figures out the plan and defeats Venom and White Rabbit.

In other media

 * In 2020, Hasbro released a Lorina Dodson / White Rabbit action figure as part of the Marvel Legends action figure line.

title: White Rabbit (comics)


text:
Talk:Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci

Link to related discussion?
Please see this. Tom e rtalk 03:37, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Star Trek: Voyager
Captain Janeway uses Leonardo's laboratory (recreated in the holodeck) as a spiritual refuge, and commonly spoke with Leonardo. In the program, she was essentially one of his students. Later in either that episode or that season (I forget which) the Leonardo hologram ends up being shunted into the EMH's mobile emitter, and is then stolen. You get to see Leonardo make all kinds of neat things with alien materials, and indeed, fly like the birds. The guy that played him did a great job. Whether or not it's historically accurate is up for debate, but it's still worth mentioning. Worth watching too. - NemFX 06:27, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Star Trek Voyager
The link to the episode is here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerning_Flight

However, I've compiled a brief list of Da Vinci specific things here: http://www.deviantart.com/download/68193920/Concerning_flight_by_NemFX.rtf

NemFX 16:25, 25 October 2007 (UTC) transferred to this page from Leonardo da Vinci page by Amandajm 01:29, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

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Italian ships omitted?
So why is there no mention that several Italian ships bore the name of the artist, which have articles in Wikipedia: Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci, Italian submarine Leonardo da Vinci, & the steamships SS Leonardo da Vinci? AFAIK, he is the only artist for whom any Italian naval vessals has been named, & an account of the deliberations which led to this honor would be worth including. -- llywrch (talk) 20:11, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * You ask why? The reason is simply that no-one had yet thought of it!  Please contribute what you know to this article!
 * Amandajm (talk) 02:06, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

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Joshua Smith (artist)

Joshua Smith (12 March 1905 – 22 July 1995) was an Australian artist who won the Archibald Prize in 1944 with his portrait of Hon Sol Rosevear, MP, Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, but is better known as the subject of the previous year's controversial Archibald Prize win, Mr Joshua Smith by artist William Dobell.

Although the portrait of him was very popular, with more than 154,000 visitors, a court case relating to the portrait in 1943 damaged his career, as well as Dobell's. Garfield Barwick appeared for the plaintiff and, although the claim was dismissed, it made Barwick's reputation as a rising star of the legal fraternity. In an interview in 1991 Smith called the portrait a "curse, a phantom that haunts me. It has torn at me every day of my life. I've tried to bury it inside me in the hope it would die, but it never does". The portrait of him by Dobell had become more famous than his own work, which caused him considerable consternation.

title: Joshua Smith (artist)


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Talk:Crichton Park, Nova Scotia

Articles for Deletion debate
This article survived an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 01:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

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Sagittal suture

The sagittal suture, also known as the interparietal suture and the sutura interparietalis, is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. The term is derived from the Latin word sagitta, meaning arrow.

Structure
The sagittal suture is formed from the fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. It has a varied and irregular shape which arises during development. The pattern is different between the inside and the outside.

Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma, and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures. The vertex is the highest point on the skull and is often near the midpoint of the sagittal suture.

Development
At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. The gap that remains, which is approximately 5 mm wide, allows for the brain to continue to grow normally after birth. The inner parts of the parietal bones fuse before the outer parts.

Clinical significance
If certain bones of the skull grow too fast before birth, then "premature closure" of the sutures may occur. This can cause craniosynostosis, which results in skull deformities. Sagittal craniosynostosis is the most common form.

If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called 'scaphocephaly'.

Society and culture
In forensic anthropology, the sagittal suture is one method used to date human remains. The suture begins to close at age twenty nine, starting at where it intersects at the lambdoid suture and working forward. By age thirty five, the suture is completely closed. This means that when inspecting a human skull, if the suture is still open, one can assume an age of less than twenty nine. Conversely, if the suture is completely formed, one can assume an age of greater than thirty five.

History
The term is derived from the Latin word sagitta, meaning arrow. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture.

The sagittal suture is also known as the 'interparietal suture', the sutura interparietalis.

title: Sagittal suture