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History of West Virginia

The history of West Virginia stems from the 1861 Wheeling Convention, which was an assembly of northwestern Virginian Southern Unionists, who aimed to repeal the Ordinance of Secession that Virginia made during the American Civil War (1861–1865). It became one of two American states that formed during the American Civil War – the other being Nevada in 1864. It was the only state to form from another state during this time, splitting from Virginia. West Virginia was officially admitted as a U.S. state on June 20, 1863.

The area that comprises West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony (1607–1776) and the western part of the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia (1776–1788), and state of Virginia (1788–1863). Western Virginia became sharply divided over the issue of secession from the Union, leading to the separation from Virginia, and formalized by West Virginia's admittance to the Union as a new state in 1863. West Virginia was one of five Civil War border states.

During the late 19th and early 20th century West Virginia saw its population grow, due in large part to the economic job opportunities provided by the coal and logging industries. Since the mid-20th century, West Virginia has experienced population declines due in large part to its citizens leaving for opportunities elsewhere. West Virginia's history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, spectacular river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its state economy and the lifestyles of residents, as well as drawing visitors to the state. West Virginia's nickname is known as the "Mountain State" due to its landscape being largely covered by the Appalachian Mountains.

Prehistory
The area now known as West Virginia was a favorite hunting ground of numerous Native American peoples before the arrival of European settlers. Many ancient earthen mounds constructed by various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston, and Romney. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of a village society having a tribal trade system culture that practiced the cold working of copper to a limited extent. , over 12,500 archaeological sites have been documented in West Virginia.

Paleo-Indian culture appears by 10,500 BC in West Virginia passing along the major river valleys and ridge-line gap watersheds. Following are the traditional Archaic sub-periods; Early (8000–6000 BC), Middle (6000–4000 BC), and Late (4000–1000 BC). Within the greater region of and neighboring the Mountain State, the Riverton Tradition includes Maple Creek Phase. Also are the Buffalo Phase, Transitional Archaic Phase, Transitional Period Culture and Central Ohio Valley Archaic Phase. Also within the region is the Laurentian Archaic Tradition, which includes Brewerton Phase, Feeley Phase, Dunlop Phase, McKibben Phase, Genesee Phase, Stringtown/Satchel Phase, Satchel Phase and Lamoka/Dustin Phase.

The Adena provided the greatest cultural influence in the state. For practical purposes the Adena is Early Woodland period according to West Virginia University's Dr. Edward V. McMichael, also among the 1963 Geological Survey. Middle and Late Woodland people include Middle Woodland Watson pottery people, Late Woodland Wood Phase, Late Hopewell at Romney, Montana (late Woodland AD 500–1000), Wilhelm culture (Late Middle Woodland, c. AD 1~500), Armstrong (Late Middle Woodland, c. AD 1~500), Buck Garden (Late Woodland AD 500–1200), Childers Phase (Late Middle Woodland c. 400 AD), and Parkline Phase (Late Woodland AD 750~1000). Adena villages can be characterized as rather large compared to Late Prehistoric tribes.

The Adena Indians used ceremonial pipes that were exceptional works of art. They lived in round (double post method) wicker sided and bark sheet roofed houses. Little is known about the housing of Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, but Woodland Indians lived in wigwams. They grew sunflowers, tubers, gourds, squash and several seeds such as lambsquarter, may grass, sumpweed, smartweed and little barley cereals. In the Fort Ancient period, Indians lived in much larger poled rectangular shaped houses with walls hide covered. They were farmers who cultivated large fields around their villages, concentrating on corn, beans, tubers, sunflowers, gourds and many types of squash including the pumpkin. They also raised domestic turkeys and kept dogs as pets. Their neighbors in the northerly of the state, the Monongahela houses were generally circular in shape often with nook or storage appendage. Their living characteristics were more of a heritage from the Woodland Indians.

The Late Prehistoric (c. AD 950–1650) phases of the Fort Ancient Tradition include Feurt Phase, Blennerhassett Phase, Bluestone Phase, Clover Complex followed by the Orchard Phase (c. AD 1550–1650) with a Late Proto-historic arrival of a Lizard Cult from the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contemporaneously to Fort Ancient Tradition southerly of the state, the sister culture called Monongahela is found on the northerly of the Mountain State stemming from the Drew Tradition. Early historic tribes living within or routinely hunting and trading within the state include Calicuas later mixed in colonial north-western Virginia-Pennsylvania at the time as popular termed Cherokee, Mohetans, Rickohockans from ancient Nation du Chat area, Monetons and Monecaga or Monacan, Tomahitans or Yuchi-Occaneechi, Tuscarora or mixed broad termed Mingoe & Canawagh or Kanawhas (Chiroenhaka), Oniasantkeronons or Tramontane of the proto-historic southerly Neutral Nation trade empire (element Nation du Chat), Shattera or Tutelo, Ouabano or Mohican-Delaware, Chaouanon or Shawnee, Cheskepe or Shawnee-Yuchi, Loupe (Captina Island historic mix, Lanape & Powhatan), Tionontatacaga and Little Mingoe (Guyandottes), Massawomeck and later mixed as Mohawk, Susquesahanock or White Minqua later mixed Mingoes and Arrigahaga or Black Minqua of the Nation du Chat and proto-historic Neutral Nation trade empire.

Within the Mountain State these tribal villages can be characterized as rather small and scattered as they moved about the old fields every couple of generations. Many would join other tribes and remove to the midwest regions as settlers arrived in the state. Although, there were those who would acculturate within the historic as sometimes called Fireside Cabin culture. Some are early historic documented seeking protection closer, moving to the easterly colonial trade towns. And later, other small splintered clans were attracted to, among others, James Le Tort, Charles Poke and John Van Metre trading houses within the state. This historic period changed the way of living extends from a little before the 18th century Virginia and Pennsylvania region North American fur trade beginning on the Eastern Panhandle of the state.

European exploration and settlement
In 1671 General Abraham Wood, at the direction of Royal Governor William Berkeley of the Virginia Colony, sent the party of Thomas Batts and Robert Fallum into the West Virginia area. During this expedition the pair followed a tributary of the Kanawha River they named Woods River for their sponsor, and discovered Kanawha Falls. Their journey continued northward (upriver) or westward over land, and there is ambiguity where they got go.

On July 13, 1709, Louis Michel, George Ritter, and Baron Christoph von Graffenried petitioned the King of England for a land grant in the Harpers Ferry, Shepherdstown area, Jefferson County, to establish a Swiss colony. Neither the land grant or the Swiss colony ever materialized.

Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood is sometimes credited with taking his 1716 "Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition" into what is now Pendleton County, although according to contemporary accounts, Spotswood's trail went no farther west than Harrisonburg, Virginia. The Treaty of Albany, 1722, designated the Blue Ridge Mountains as the western boundary of white settlement, and recognized Iroquois rights on the west side of the ridge, including all of West Virginia. Though the Iroquois made little effort to settle the region themselves, they made war throughout the area with their enemies, following the Great Indian Warpaths through the region and, some time between 1725 and 1750, contracted a large group of the Saponi-Tutelo warriors the Iroquois had living on the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania to fight alongside them in the region.

They were adopted into the Seneca as a reward and settled in Randolph County, calling themselves the Blackfoot Senecas, though a great many Saponi stayed behind and were later incorporated into the Iroquois by other means. Other tribes, notably the Shawnee and Cherokee, used the resources of the region as well. Soon after this, white settlers began moving into the Greater Shenandoah-Potomac Valley making up the entire eastern portion of the state. They found it largely unoccupied, apart from Tuscaroras who had lately moved into the area around Martinsburg, WV, some Shawnee villages in the region around Moorefield, WV and Winchester, VA, and frequent passing bands of "Northern Indians" (Lenape from New Jersey) and "Southern Indians" (Catawba from South Carolina) who were engaged in a bitter long-distance war, using the Valley as a battleground.

John Van Metre, an Indian trader, penetrated into the northern portion of West Virginia in 1725. Also in 1725, Pearsall's Flats in the South Branch Potomac River valley, present-day Romney, was settled, and later became the site of the French and Indian War stockade, Fort Pearsall. Morgan ap Morgan, a Welshman, built a cabin near present-day Bunker Hill in Berkeley County in 1727. The same year German settlers from Pennsylvania founded New Mecklenburg, the present Shepherdstown, on the Potomac River, and others soon followed.

Orange County, Virginia was formed in 1734. It included all areas west of the Blue Ridge Mountains, constituting all of present West Virginia. However, in 1736 the Iroquois Six Nations protested Virginia's colonization beyond the demarcated Blue Ridge, and a skirmish was fought in 1743. The Iroquois were on the point of threatening all-out war against the Virginia Colony over the "Cohongoruton lands", which would have been destructive and devastating, when Governor Gooch bought out their claim for 400 pounds at the Treaty of Lancaster (1744).

In 1661 King Charles II of England had granted a company of gentlemen the land between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers, known as the Northern Neck. The grant eventually came into the possession of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron and in 1746 a stone was erected at the source of the North Branch Potomac River to mark the western limit of the grant. A considerable part of this land was surveyed by George Washington, especially the South Branch Potomac River valley between 1748 and 1751. The diary kept by Washington indicates that there were already many squatters, largely of German origin, along the South Branch. Christopher Gist, a surveyor for the first Ohio Company, which was composed chiefly of Virginians, explored the country along the Ohio River north of the mouth of the Kanawha River in 1751 and 1752. The company sought to have a fourteenth colony established with the name Vandalia.

Early river traffic

By 1739 Thomas Shepherd had constructed a flour mill powered by water from the Town Run or the Falling Springs Branch of the Potomac River in present-day Shepherdstown.

In October 1748 the Virginia General Assembly passed an act establishing a ferry across the Potomac River from the landing of Evan Watkin near the mouth of Conococheague Creek in present-day Berkeley County to the property of Edmund Wade in Maryland. In March 1761, Robert Harper obtained a permit to operate a ferry across the Shenandoah River at present-day Harpers Ferry, Jefferson County. The two ferry crossings became the earliest locations of government authorized civilian commercial crafts on what would become a part of the West Virginia Waterways.

During the late 17th and early 18th centuries a growing demand for beaver sent trappers up and down the Kanawha region's tributary creeks by canoe and raft. Trading posts were established at the confluence of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers at Point Pleasant, West Virginia where, in the mid-1780s, Daniel Boone resided for several years. Likewise, St. Albans, West Virginia, at the confluence of the Kanawha and Coal Rivers, became a point of trade.

In the late 18th century the steel trap increased efficiency, and beaver became scarce. A shift to exporting the state's other natural resources began. Kanawha salt production followed by coal and timber could be seen on the waterways. A number of riverside locations were used for early Industrial Revolution production. Keelboats were built in the Kanawha region in Leon, Ravenswood Murraysville, and Little Kanawha River. 19th century steamboats were built and repaired in Wheeling, Parkersburg, Point Pleasant and Mason City. Wooden coal barges were built on the Monongahela River near Morgantown, as well as along Coal River and Elk River.

The logging industry furthered the river shipping industry. A horse-drawn logging "tram" with a special block and tackle for hill-side harvesting was brought into use, allowing expansion of Crooked Creek and the opening of a wooden barrel plant at the creek's mouth. In the 1880s, this tram and other steam machinery were used for collecting timber used as railroad ties in the railway construction along the Kanawha river. Railroad spurs were built throughout West Virginia, connecting mines to the riverboats, barges and coal-tipples.

Trans-Allegheny Virginia, 1768–1861
Many settlers crossed the mountains after 1750, though they were hindered by Native American resistance. The 1744 Treaty of Lancaster had left ambiguous whether the Iroquois had sold only as far as the Alleghenies, or all their claim south of the Ohio, including the rest of modern West Virginia. At the convening of the 1752 Treaty of Logstown, they acknowledged the right of English settlements south of the Ohio, but the Cherokee and Shawnee claims still remained. During the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the scattered settlements were almost destroyed. The Proclamation of 1763 again confirmed all land beyond the Alleghenies as Indian Territory, but the Iroquois finally relinquished their claims south of the Ohio to Britain at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768. Most of the Cherokee claim within West Virginia, the southwestern part of the state, was sold to Virginia in 1770 by the Treaty of Lochaber. Most early settlement was wildcat, with specious ("tomahawk") claims, and without organized governments. Sustained settlement started with the creation of Fincastle County, Virginia in 1772, representing trans-Allegheny Virginia, encompassing most of West Virginia, all of Kentucky, and part of the "tail" of today's Virginia. In 1774, the Crown Governor of Virginia, John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, led a force over the mountains, and a body of militia under Colonel Andrew Lewis dealt the Shawnee Indians under Cornstalk a crushing blow at the junction of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, in the Battle of Point Pleasant. Following this conflict, known as Dunmore's War, the Shawnee and Mingo ceded their rights south of the Ohio, that is, to West Virginia and Kentucky.

Fort Henry in present-day Wheeling played an important role in the Western theater of the American Revolutionary War. British-allied Native tribes besieged the American militia there in 1777 and again in 1782. The battles ended in American victory and boosted morale with the heroic tale of McColloch's Leap. Renegade Cherokee chief Dragging Canoe continued to dispute the settlers' advance, fighting the Cherokee–American wars (1776–1794) until after the American Revolutionary War. During the war, the settlers in western Virginia were generally active Whigs and many served in the Continental Army.

Social conditions in western Virginia were entirely unlike those in the eastern portion of the state. The population was not homogeneous, as a considerable part of the immigration came by way of Pennsylvania and included Germans, Protestant Scotch-Irish, and settlers from the states farther north. Counties in the east and south were settled mostly by eastern Virginians. During the American Revolution, the movement to create a state west of the Alleghenies was revived and a petition for the establishment of "Westsylvania" was presented to Congress, on the grounds that the mountains presented an almost impassable barrier to the east. The rugged nature of the country made slavery unprofitable, and time only increased the social, political, economic, and cultural differences between the two sections of Virginia.

In 1829 a constitutional convention met in Richmond to consider reforms to Virginia's outdated constitution. Philip Doddridge of Brooke County championed the cause of western Virginians who sought a more democratic frame of government. However, western reforms were rejected by leaders from east of the Alleghenies who "clung to political power in an effort to preserve their plantation lifestyles dependent on enslaving blacks." Virginia leaders maintained a property qualification for suffrage effectively disenfranchising poorer farmers in the west, whose families did much of the farm work themselves. In addition, the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830 gave the slave-owning counties the benefit of three-fifths of their slave population in apportioning representation in the Virginia Assembly. As a result, every county west of the Alleghenies except one voted to reject the constitution, which nevertheless passed because of eastern support. Failure of the eastern planter elite to make constitutional reforms exacerbated existing east–west sectionalism in Virginia and contributed to Virginia's later split.

The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850–51, the Reform Convention, addressed a number of issues important to western Virginians. It extended the vote to all white males 21 years or older. The governor, lieutenant-governor, the judiciary, sheriffs, and other county officers were to be elected by public vote. The composition of the General Assembly was changed. Representation in the House of Delegates was apportioned on the basis of the census of 1850, counting whites only. The Senate representation was arbitrarily fixed at 50 seats, with the west receiving twenty, and the east thirty senators. This was made acceptable to the west by a provision that required the General Assembly to reapportion representation on the basis of white population in 1865, or else put the matter to a public referendum. But the east also gave itself a tax advantage in requiring a property tax at true and actual value, except for slaves. Slaves under the age of 12 years were not taxed and slaves over that age were taxed at only $300, a fraction of their true value. Small farmers, however, had all their assets, animals, and land taxed at full value. Despite this tax and the lack of internal improvements in the west, the vote was 75,748 for and 11,063 against the new Constitution. Most of the opposition came from delegates from eastern counties, who did not like the compromises made for the west.

For the western areas, problems included the distance from the state seat of government in Richmond and the difference of common economic interests resultant from the tobacco and food crops farming, fishing, and coastal shipping to the east of the Eastern Continental Divide (waters which drain to the Atlantic Ocean) along the Allegheny Mountains, and the interests of the western portion which drained to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and the Gulf of Mexico.

The western area focused its commerce on neighbors to the west, and many citizens felt that the more populous eastern areas were too dominant in the Virginia General Assembly and insensitive to their needs. Major crises in the Virginia state government over these differences were averted on more than one occasion during the period before the American Civil War, but the underlying problems were fundamental and never well resolved. Given these differences, many in the west had long contemplated a separate state. In particular, men such as lawyer Francis H. Pierpont from Fairmont, had long chafed under the political domination of the Tidewater and Piedmont slave-holders. In addition to differences over the abolition of slavery, he and allies felt the Virginia government ignored and refused to spend funds on needed internal improvements in the west, such as turnpikes and railroads.

John Brown at Harpers Ferry, 1859
John Brown (1800–1859), an abolitionist who saw slavery as a sin against God, led a successful anti-slavery movement in Kansas, and hoped to strike a decisive blow against Southern slavery, creating a massive "underground railroad"–type project, in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, that would assist the enslaved in running away and becoming free. With only 21 followers, in October 1859 he took hostages and freed slaves in Harpers Ferry, at that time in Virginia. Locals forced him to take refuge in the Armory firehouse, later called "John Brown's Fort"; a unit of U.S. Marines led by Robert E. Lee stormed the firehouse and took Brown prisoner, almost killing him. Brown was quickly convicted of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, murder, and fomenting a slave insurrection, and was hanged on December 2. Six followers were also tried, convicted, and executed.

Civil War and split
In 1861, as the United States itself became massively divided over slavery, leading to the American Civil War (1861–1865), the western regions of Virginia split with the eastern portion politically, and the two were never reconciled as a single state again. In 1863, the western region was admitted to the Union as a new separate state, initially planned to be called the State of Kanawha, but ultimately named West Virginia.

Separation
On April 17, 1861, the Richmond convention voted on the Ordinance of Secession. Of the 49 delegates from the future state of West Virginia, 17 voted in favor, and 30 voted against, and two abstained. Almost immediately after the adoption of the ordinance, a mass meeting at Clarksburg recommended that each county in northwestern Virginia send delegates to a convention to meet in Wheeling on May 13, 1861.

When the First Wheeling Convention met, 425 delegates from 25 counties were present, but a division of sentiment soon arose. Some delegates favored the immediate formation of a new state, while others argued that, as Virginia's secession had not yet been ratified or become effective, such action would constitute revolution against the United States. It was decided that if the ordinance was adopted (of which there was little doubt) another convention including the members-elect of the legislature should meet at Wheeling in June 1861.

In a referendum on May 23, 1861, secession was ratified by a large majority in the state as a whole. But in the western counties that would form the state of West Virginia, the vote was approximately 34,677 against and 19,121 for ratification of the Ordinance of Secession.

The Second Wheeling Convention met as agreed on June 11, 1861, and adopted "A Declaration of the People of Virginia". This document, drafted by former state senator John S. Carlile, declared that the Virginia Declaration of Rights required any substantial change in the nature or form of the state government to be approved by the people. Therefore, since the Secession Convention had been called by the legislature and not the people, all its acts were illegal. It further declared the pro-secession government in Richmond void and called for a reorganization of the state government, taking the line that all who adhered to the Ordinance of Secession had effectively vacated their offices. The convention passed an act for the reorganization of the government on June 19, 1861. On the following day, the convention chose Francis H. Pierpont as governor of the "Restored Government of Virginia", elected other officers, and adjourned. The legislature of the Restored Government was composed of members from the western counties who had been elected on May 23, 1861, and some senators who had been elected in 1859. It met at Wheeling on July 1, 1861, filled the remainder of the state offices, completed the reorganization of the state government, and elected two United States senators who were quickly seated in Washington. There were, therefore, two governments claiming to represent all of Virginia, one owing allegiance to the United States and one to the Confederacy.

Even before the American Civil War, counties in northwest Virginia had desired to break away from Virginia to form a new state. However, the federal Constitution did not allow a new state to be created out of an existing state unless the existing state gave its consent. Soon after the Union government declared that the Restored Government was the legitimate government of the Commonwealth, the Restored Government asserted its authority to give such approval. It authorized the creation of the State of Kanawha, consisting of most of the counties that now comprise West Virginia. A little over one month later, Kanawha was renamed West Virginia. The Wheeling Convention, which had taken a recess until August 6, 1861, reassembled on August 20, 1861, and called for a popular vote on the formation of a new state and for a convention to frame a constitution if the vote should be favorable.

In the election held on October 24, 1861, 18,408 votes were cast for the new state and only 781 against. At this time, West Virginia had nearly 70,000 qualified voters, and the May 23, 1861 vote to secede had drawn nearly 54,000 voters. However, most of the pro-Confederate elements no longer considered themselves citizens of the United States; they saw themselves as citizens of another country (the Confederacy) and did not vote in elections sponsored by the United States. Votes from the secessionist counties in the October 24 vote on statehood were mostly cast by refugees in the area around Wheeling, not in the counties themselves. In secessionist counties where a poll was conducted it was by military intervention. Even in some counties that had voted against secession, such as Wayne and Cabell, it was necessary to send in Union soldiers.

Returns from some counties were as low as 5%, e.g. Raleigh County 32–0 in favor of statehood, Clay 76–0, Braxton 22–0, and some gave no returns at all. The Constitutional Convention began on November 26, 1861, and finished its work on February 18, 1862. The instrument was ratified on April 11, 1862, with 18,162 votes for and 514 against.

The composition of all three Wheeling Conventions, the May (First) Convention, the June (Second) Convention, and the Constitutional Convention, was of an irregular nature. The members of the May Convention were chosen by groups of Unionists, mostly in the far Northwestern counties. Over one-third came from the counties around the northern panhandle. The May Convention resolved to meet again in June 1861 should the Ordinance of Secession be ratified by public poll on May 23, 1861, which was the case. The June 1861 convention consisted of 104 members, 35 of which were members of the General Assembly in Richmond, some elected in the May 23 vote, and some hold-over State Senators. Arthur Laidley, elected to the General Assembly from Cabell County, attended the June Convention but refused to take part. The other delegates to the June Convention were "chosen even more irregularly-some in mass meetings, others by county committee, and still others were seemingly self-appointed". It was this June Convention which drafted the statehood resolution. The Constitutional Convention met in November 1861, and consisted of 61 members. Its composition was just as irregular. A delegate representing Logan County was accepted as a member of this body, though he did not live in Logan County, and his "credentials consisted of a petition signed by fifteen persons representing six families". The large number of Northerners in this convention caused great distrust over the new Constitution during Reconstruction years. In 1872, under the leadership of Samuel Price, former Lt. Governor of Virginia, the Wheeling constitution was discarded, and an entirely new one was written along ante-bellum principles.

At first the Wheeling politicians controlled only a small part of West Virginia. However, federal forces soon drove the Confederates out of most of West Virginia.

On May 13, 1862, the state legislature of the reorganized government approved the formation of the new state. An application for admission to the Union was made to Congress. On December 31, 1862, an enabling act was approved by President Lincoln, admitting West Virginia on the condition that a provision for the gradual abolition of slavery be inserted in the Constitution. The convention was reconvened on February 12, 1863, and the demand was met. The revised constitution was adopted on March 26, 1863, and on April 20, 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation admitting the state at the end of 60 days, on June 20, 1863. Meanwhile, officers for the new state were chosen, and Governor Pierpont moved the Restored Government to Alexandria from which he asserted jurisdiction over the counties of Virginia within the federal lines.

Legality
The constitutionality of the new state was achieved when the Unionist government of Virginia approved the division. The question of the addition of two counties came before the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Virginia v. West Virginia, 78 U.S. 39 (1871). Berkeley and Jefferson counties lying on the Potomac east of the mountains, in 1863, with the consent of the Reorganized government of Virginia voted in favor of annexation to West Virginia. Many men absent in the Confederate army when the vote was taken refused to acknowledge the transfer upon their return. The Virginia General Assembly repealed the act of cession and in 1866 brought suit against West Virginia asking the court to declare the two counties a part of Virginia. Meanwhile, Congress on March 10, 1866, passed a joint resolution recognizing the transfer. The Supreme Court decided in favor of West Virginia, and there has been no further question.

Civil War
During the American Civil War, West Virginia suffered comparatively little. General George B. McClellan's forces gained possession of the greater part of the territory in the summer of 1861. Following Confederate General Robert E. Lee's defeat at Cheat Mountain in the same year, supremacy in western Virginia was never again seriously challenged. In 1863, General John D. Imboden, with 5,000 Confederate soldiers, overran a considerable portion of the state. Bands of guerrillas burned and plundered in some sections, and were not entirely suppressed until after the war was ended. Estimates of the numbers of Civil War soldiers from the state, both within the Union and Confederacy, have varied widely, but recent studies have placed the numbers about equal, from 22,000 to 25,000 each.

The low vote turnout for the statehood referendum was due to many factors. On June 19, 1861, the Wheeling convention enacted a bill entitled "Ordinance to Authorize the Apprehending of Suspicious Persons in Time of War" which stated that anyone who supported Richmond or the Confederacy "shall be deemed... subjects or citizens of a foreign State or power at war with the United States." Many private citizens were arrested by federal authorities at the request of Wheeling and interned in prison camps, most notably Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio. Soldiers were also stationed at the polls to discourage secessionists and their supporters. In addition, a large portion of the state was secessionist, and any polls there had to be conducted under military intervention. The vote was further compromised by the presence of an undetermined number of non-resident soldier votes.

At the Constitutional Convention on December 14, 1861, the issue of slavery was raised by Rev. Gordon Battelle, an Ohio native who sought to introduce a resolution for gradual emancipation. Granville Parker, originally from Massachusetts and a member of the convention, described the scene – "I discovered on that occasion as I never had before, the mysterious and over-powering influence 'the peculiar institution' had on men otherwise sane and reliable. Why, when Mr. Battelle submitted his resolutions, a kind of tremor – a holy horror, was visible throughout the house!" Instead of Rev. Battelle's resolution a policy of "Negro exclusion" for the new state was adopted to keep any new slaves, or freemen, from taking up residence, in the hope that this would satisfy abolitionist sentiment in Congress. When the statehood bill reached Congress, however, the lack of an emancipation clause prompted opposition from Senator Charles Sumner and Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio. A compromise was reached known as the Willey Amendment which was approved by Unionist voters in the state on March 26, 1863. It called for the gradual emancipation of slaves based on age after July 4, 1863. Slavery was officially abolished by West Virginia on February 3, 1865. To note, it took the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution accomplished on December 6, 1865, to abolish slavery nationwide.

During the war and for years afterward partisan feeling ran high. The property of Confederates might be confiscated, and, in 1866, a constitutional amendment disfranchising all who had given aid and comfort to the Confederacy was adopted. The addition of the 14th and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution caused a reaction, the Democratic Party secured control in 1870, and in 1871, the Constitutional Amendment of 1866 was abrogated. The first steps toward this change had been taken, however, by the Republicans in 1870. On August 22, 1872, an entirely new constitution was adopted.

Following the war Virginia unsuccessfully brought a case to the Supreme Court challenging the secession of Berkeley County and Jefferson County to West Virginia. (Five more counties were formed later, to result in the current 55).

President Lincoln was in a close campaign when he won reelection in 1864 with the majority of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes, versus 21 electoral votes cast for his Democratic opponent. However, the act that created West Virginia was signed in 1862, two years before Lincoln's re-election.

Enduring disputes
Beginning in Reconstruction, and for several decades thereafter, the two states disputed the new state's share of the pre-war Virginia government's debt, which had mostly been incurred to finance public infrastructure improvements, such as canals, roads, and railroads under the Virginia Board of Public Works. Virginians led by former Confederate General William Mahone formed a political coalition based upon this theory, the Readjuster Party. Although West Virginia's first constitution provided for the assumption of a part of the Virginia debt, negotiations opened by Virginia in 1870 were fruitless, and in 1871 that state funded two-thirds of the debt and arbitrarily assigned the remainder to West Virginia. The issue was finally settled in 1915, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that West Virginia owed Virginia $12,393,929.50. The final installment of this sum was paid off in 1939.

Disputes about the exact location of the border in some of the northern mountain reaches between Loudoun County, Virginia and Jefferson County, West Virginia continued well into the 20th century. In 1991, both state legislatures appropriated money for a boundary commission to look into 15 mi of the border area.

In recent years there has been serious talk about the possibility of certain counties in the Eastern Panhandle rejoining the Commonwealth of Virginia. Frustrated by bad economic conditions and what they perceive to be neglect from the Charleston government, this movement has gained at least some momentum. In 2011, West Virginia state delegate Larry Kump sponsored legislation to allow Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson counties to rejoin Virginia by popular vote.

Salt
The new state benefited from development of its mineral resources more than any other single economic activity after Reconstruction. Much of the northern panhandle and north-central portion of the state are underlain by bedded salt deposits over 50 ft thick. Salt mining had been underway since the 18th century, though that which could be easily obtained had largely played out by the time of the American Civil War, when the red salt of Kanawha County was a valued commodity of first Confederate, and later Union forces. Newer technology has since proved that West Virginia has enough salt resources to supply the nation's needs for an estimated 2,000 years. During recent years, production has been about 600,000 to 1,000,000 tons per year.

Timber
West Virginia was forested. During 1870–1920 most of the old-growth forest was logged. Logging was supported by a dense rail network extending throughout the mountains and hollows. Small pockets of virgin forest remain at Gaudineer Scenic Area and Cathedral State Park.

Coal
In the 1850s, geologists such as British expert Dr. David T. Ansted (1814–1880), surveyed potential coal fields and invested in land and early mining projects. After the war, with the new railroads came a practical method to transport large quantities of coal to expanding U.S. and export markets. Among the numerous investors were Charles Pratt and New York City mayor Abram S. Hewitt, whose father-in-law, Peter Cooper, had been a key man in earlier development of the anthracite coal regions centered in eastern Pennsylvania and northwestern New Jersey. As those mines were playing out by the end of the 19th century, these men were among investors and industrialists who focused new interest on the largely untapped coal resources of West Virginia.

Accidents in coal mines
Rakes (2008) examines coal mine fatalities in the state in the first half of the 20th century before safety regulations were strictly enforced in the 1960s. Besides the well-publicized mine disasters that killed a number of miners at a time, there were many smaller episodes in which one or two miners lost their lives. Mine accidents were considered inevitable, and mine safety did not appreciably improve the situation because of lax enforcement. West Virginia's mines were considered so unsafe that immigration officials would not recommend them as a source of employment for immigrants, and those unskilled immigrants who did work in the coal mines were more susceptible to death or injury. When the United States Bureau of Mines was given more authority to regulate mine safety in the 1960s, safety awareness improved, and West Virginia coal mines became less dangerous.

Early railroads, shipping to East Coast and Great Lakes
The completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) westerly across the state from Richmond, Virginia to the new city of Huntington on the Ohio River in 1872 opened access to the New River Coalfield. Within 10 years, the C&O was building tracks east from Richmond down the Virginia Peninsula to reach its huge coal pier at the new city of Newport News, Virginia on the large harbor of Hampton Roads. There, city founder Collis P. Huntington also developed what would become the largest shipbuilder in the world, Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. Among its many products, the shipyard began building ocean-going ships, known as colliers, to transport coal to other eastern ports (notably in New England) and overseas.

In 1881 the new Philadelphia-based owners of William Mahone's former Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad (AM&O) which stretched across Virginia's southern tier from Norfolk, had sights clearly set on the Mountain State, where the owners had large land holdings. Their railroad was renamed Norfolk and Western (N&W), and a new railroad city was developed at Roanoke to handle planned expansion. After its new President Frederick J. Kimball and a small party journeyed by horseback and saw firsthand the rich bituminous coal seam (which Kimball's wife named "Pocahontas"), the N&W redirected its planned westward expansion to reach it. Soon, the N&W was also shipping from its own new coal piers on Hampton Roads at Lamberts Point outside Norfolk. In 1889, in the southern part of the state, along the Norfolk and Western rail lines, the important coal center of Bluefield, West Virginia was founded. The "capital" of the Pocahontas coalfield, this city would remain the largest city in the southern portion of the state for several decades. It shares a sister city with the same name, Bluefield, in Virginia.

In the northern portion of the state and elsewhere, the older Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) and other lines also expanded to take advantage of coal opportunities as well. The B&O developed coal piers in Baltimore and at several points on the Great Lakes. Other significant rail carriers of coal were the Western Maryland Railway (WM), particularly notable was a latecomer, the Virginian Railway (VGN), built in an extraordinary manner to the latest and highest standards and completed in 1909.

New competitor helps open "Billion Dollar Coalfield"
By 1900 only a large area of the most rugged terrain of southern West Virginia was any distance from the existing railroads and mining activity. Within this area west of the New River Coalfield in Raleigh and Wyoming counties lay the Winding Gulf Coalfield, later promoted as the "Billion Dollar Coalfield."

A protégé of Dr. Ansted was William Nelson Page (1854–1932), a civil engineer and mining manager based at Ansted in Fayette County. Former West Virginia Governor William A. MacCorkle described him as a man who knew the land "as a farmer knows a field." Beginning in 1898, Page teamed with northern and European-based investors to take advantage of the undeveloped area. They acquired large tracts of land in the area, and Page began the Deepwater Railway, a short-line railroad which was chartered to stretch between the C&O at its line along the Kanawha River and the N&W at Matoaka, a distance of about 80 mi.

Although the Deepwater plan should have provided a competitive shipping market via either railroad, leaders of the two large railroads did not appreciate the scheme and sought to discourage competition in an area they considered theirs for expansion plans. In secret, but lawful collusion (in an era before U.S. antitrust laws were enacted), each declined to negotiate favorable rates with Page, nor did they offer to purchase his railroad, as they had many other short-lines. However, if the C&O and N&W presidents thought they could thus kill the Page project, they were to be proved mistaken. One of the silent partner investors Page had enlisted was millionaire industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal in John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust and an old hand at developing natural resources, transportation. A master at competitive "warfare", Henry Rogers did not like to lose in his endeavors, and also had "deep pockets".

Instead of giving up, Page (and Rogers) secretly planned and had surveyed a route to provide a new, third major railroad, all the way to new coal pier facilities at Sewell's Point on the harbor of Hampton Roads, fully 440 mi away from the railhead on the Kanawha River. In early 1904, the Tidewater Railway, a new railroad, was quietly formed in Virginia by a Rogers attorney. The necessary sections of right-of way and land were acquired before the large railroads realized what was happening. Efforts to block Page and Rogers through many legal tactics and even several violent confrontations ultimately failed.

With Page as its first president, and largely financed from Rogers' personal fortune, and the two railroads were merged in 1907 to form the Virginian Railway (VGN). Building the Virginian Railway cost $40 million by the time it was completed in 1909. Well-engineered and highly efficient with all new infrastructure, it operated very profitably. The Class 1 railroad came to be known as the "Richest Little Railroad in the World."

Notwithstanding the competitive fears of the C&O and N&W, soon all three railroads were shipping ever-increasing volumes of coal to export from Hampton Roads. The VGN and the N&W ultimately became parts of the modern Norfolk Southern system, and the VGN's well-engineered 20th-century tracks continue to offer a favorable gradient to Hampton Roads. In the early 20th century, West Virginia coal was also under high demand at Great Lakes ports on Lake Erie. Coal transloading facilities were developed at several points, notably Toledo, Ohio.

Labor, ecology issues
As coal mining and related work became a major employment activities in the state, there was considerable labor strife as working conditions and safety issues, as well as economic ones arose. Even in the 21st century, mining safety and ecological concerns are challenging to the state whose coal continues to power electrical generating plants in many other states.

Woman suffrage
West Virginia suffragists worked at supporting the agendas put forward by the National American Woman Suffrage Association, the National Association of Colored Women and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the 1890s through the early part of the 20th century. According to historian Anne Wallace Effland, conservative social and religious beliefs together with the campaigns by anti-suffragists kept up a solid defense against them. The organized work by women's clubs during World War I helped convince legislators of their role in getting their women enfranchised. After a failed attempt to include woman suffrage as a state constitutional amendment in 1916, pro-suffrage Governor John J. Cornwell included the ratification of the federal amendment for woman suffrage in the agenda for a special legislative session in February 1920. The West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association under the leadership of President Mrs. John L. Ruhl and WVESA Ratification Committee chair Lenna Lowe Yost created a "living petition" of suffragists who greeted and personally lobbied each legislator as they prepared to vote. This strategy was a success, and West Virginia became the 34th of the 36 states needed to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

State hatcheries and tourism industry
Wildlife biologist Robert Silvester of the State Wildlife Center wrote a history of conservation in West Virginia. He explains as industry developed in the region, the people of West Virginia saw a need for wildlife conservation. The Wildlife and Fish Commission was created in 1921. The commission established the French Creek Game Farm in 1923. Various game animals and now protected birds were raised for conservation repopulating or control reasons throughout the state. Coincidentally, it was similar to an indigenous species open zoo of today and became a place of family outings visitation. The following years saw a significant growth of visitors. Buffalo were included in 1954 and attracted additional visitors. Today, the zoological facility is of 338 acre modern Wildlife Center under the direction of the Division of Natural Resources.

Mike Shingleton of the Division of Natural Resources explained the Centennial Golden Trout evolution. At the small rainbow trout hatchery in 1955, a yellow-mottled fingerling was noticed by Petersburg manager Vincent Evans. From that small batch of hatchlings he named it "Little Camouflage". Months later upon his arrival, the new Petersburg manager, Chester Mace, was shown the curious novelty. In limited facilities of late 1956, "Goldy" had spawn with a few Rainbow trout. A few months later in 1957, the Petersburg hatchery moved these yellow-mottles to the larger Spring Run hatchery. By the spring stocking of 1963, the West Virginia Centennial year, Evans and Mace had supervised the spawning of good color and quality brood stock of the Mountain State's Centennial Golden Trout.

World War II
West Virginia enthusiastically supported World War II, with 67,000 men and about 1,000 women donning uniforms. Unemployment ended as the mines, railroads, mills and factories worked overtime to create the "Arsenal of Democracy" that supplied the munitions to win the war. However, repeatedly John L. Lewis called his United Mine Workers union out on strike, defying the government, outraging public opinion, and strengthening the hand of anti-union Congressmen. In the postwar years, he continued his militancy; his miners went on strikes or "work stoppages" annually.

Edwards (2008) explores the roles of women volunteers in West Virginia during World War II. Women volunteered for farm and home economics training programs, United Service Organizations (USO) clubs that provided entertainment and assistance to servicemen, salvage campaigns to produce steel scrap, and civil defense training that taught first aid and emergency response techniques. Middle-class women made up the majority of volunteers; many programs were not open to African American and lower-class white women. Some West Virginia women also volunteered for military service, which was available to African American women. In spite of sexism, racism, and class distinctions that women faced in volunteering, thousands responded to the national war effort.

School integration
The response in West Virginia to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision outlawing segregated schools was generally positive, as Governor William C. Marland pledged to integrate the state's schools. The state's integration experiences were generally peaceful, swift and cooperative.

Vietnam War
During the Vietnam War a total of 36,578 West Virginians served, with most beginning as teenagers. As the war went on, many citizens began to turn against the conflict. 711 of the state's citizens died during the war. Nine West Virginians were awarded the Medal of Honor during Vietnam.

Surveys

 * Abramson, Rudy, and Jean Haskell, eds. Encyclopedia of Appalachia (2006) 1864pp; 2000 articles by experts
 * Charles H. Ambler and Festus P. Summers. West Virginia, the Mountain State (1958) a standard history
 * Brisbin, Richard A. et al. West Virginia Politics and Government (1996)
 * Callahan, James M. Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia (1913), online, old useful narrative
 * Callahan, James Morton. History of West Virginia (1923) 3 vol, with many biographies
 * Fast, Richard E. The history and government of West Virginia (1901) online edition, detailed political narrative to 1900
 * Rice, Otis K. West Virginia: A History (1985)
 * Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown. West Virginia: A History, 2d ed. (1993), a standard history
 * William, John Alexander. West Virginia: A History for Beginners. 2nd ed. Charleston, W.Va.: Appalachian Editions, 1997.
 * William, John Alexander. West Virginia: A Bicentennial History (1976)
 * William, John Alexander. Appalachia: A History (2002) online edition
 * William, John Alexander. West Virginia: A Bicentennial History (1976)
 * William, John Alexander. Appalachia: A History (2002) online edition

Pre 1877

 * Ambler, Charles H. Sectionalism in Virginia from 1776 to 1861 (1910)
 * Rasmussen, Barbara. "Charles Ambler's Sectionalism in Virginia: An Appreciation," West Virginia History, Spring 2009, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 1–35
 * Ambler, Charles H. A History of Education in West Virginia From Early Colonial Times to 1949  (1951), 1000 pages
 * Curry, Richard Orr. A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and Copperhead Movement in West Virginia (1964)
 * Curry, Richard Orr. "A Reappraisal of Statehood Politics in West Virginia", Journal of Southern History 28 (November 1962): 403–21. in JSTOR
 * Curry, Richard Orr. "Crisis Politics in West Virginia, 1861–1870," in Richard O. Curry ed., Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States During Reconstruction (1969)
 * Engle, Stephen D. "Mountaineer Reconstruction: Blacks in the Political Reconstruction of West Virginia," Journal of Negro History, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 137–165 in JSTOR
 * Fredette, Allison. "The View from the Border: West Virginia Republicans and Women's Rights in the Age of Emancipation," West Virginia History, Spring2009, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 57–80, 1861–1870 era
 * Gerofsky, Milton. "Reconstruction in West Virginia, Part I and II," West Virginia History 6 (July 1945); Part I, 295–360, 7 (October 1945): Part II, 5–39,
 * Link, William A. "'This Bastard New Virginia': Slavery, West Virginia Exceptionalism, and the Secession Crisis," West Virginia History, Spring 2009, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 37–56
 * McGregor, James C. The Disruption of Virginia. (1922) full text online
 * MacKenzie, Scott A. The Fifth Border State: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Formation of West Virginia, 1829–1872 (West Virginia University Press, 2023) online book review
 * Noe, Kenneth W. "Exterminating Savages: The Union Army and Mountain Guerrillas in Southern West Virginia, 1861–1865." In Noe and Shannon H. Wilson, Civil War in Appalachia (1997), 104–30.
 * Rice, Otis K. The Allegheny Frontier: West Virginia Beginnings, 1730–1830 (1970),
 * Riccards, Michael P. "Lincoln and the Political Question: The Creation of the State of West Virginia" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997 online edition
 * Shade, William G. Democratizing the Old Dominion: Virginia and the Second American Party System, 1824–1861. (1996).
 * Stealey III, John E. "The Freedmen's Bureau in West Virginia," West Virginia History 39 (January/April 1978): 99–142
 * Zimring, David R. "'Secession in Favor of the Constitution': How West Virginia Justified Separate Statehood during the Civil War." West Virginia History 3.2 (2009): 23–51. online

Since 1877

 * Ambler, Charles H. A History of Education in West Virginia From Early Colonial Times to 1949  (1951), 1000 pages
 * Becker, Jane S. Inventing Tradition: Appalachia and the Construction of an American Folk, 1930–1940 (1998).
 * Campbell, John C. The Southern Highlander and His Homeland (1921) reissued 1969. online edition
 * Corbin, David Alan. Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922 (1981)
 * Conley, Phil. History of West Virginia Coal Industry (Charleston: Education Foundation, 1960)
 * Corbin, David Alan. "Betrayal in the West Virginia Coal Fields: Eugene V. Debs and the Socialist Party of America, 1912–1914," Journal of American History, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Mar., 1978), pp. 987–1009 in JSTOR
 * Davis, Donald Edward. Where There Are Mountains: An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians 2000.
 * Dix, Keith. What's a Coal Miner to Do? The Mechanization of Coal Mining (1988), changes in the coal industry prior to 1940
 * Edwards, Pamela. "West Virginia Women in World War II: The Role of Gender, Class, and Race in Shaping Wartime Volunteer Efforts," West Virginia History, Spring 2008, Vol. 2 Issue 1, pp 27–57
 * Eller, Ronald D. Uneven Ground: Appalachia Since 1945 (2009)
 * Eller, Ronald D. Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880–1930 (1982).
 * Feather, Carl E. Mountain People in a Flat Land: A Popular History of Appalachian Migration to Northeast Ohio, 1940–1965. (1998).
 * Ford, Thomas R. ed. The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey. (1967), includes highly detailed statistics.
 * Kephart, Horace. Our Southern Highlanders. (1922). Reprinted as Our Southern Highlanders: A Narrative of Adventure in the Southern Appalachians and a Study of Life among the Mountaineers . With an Introduction by George Ellison. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976. full text online
 * Lewis, Ronald L. Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880–1920 (1998) online edition
 * Lewis, Ronald L. Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict (1987).
 * Lewis, Ronald L. Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields (2008)
 * Lunt, Richard D. Law and Order vs. the Miners: West Virginia, 1907–1933 (1979), On labor conflicts of the early 20th century.
 * McAteer, Davitt. Monongah: The Tragic Story of the 1907 Monongah Mine Disaster, the Worst Industrial Accident in US History (2007),
 * Milnes, Gerald. Play of a Fiddle: Traditional Music, Dance, and Folklore in West Virginia. (1999).
 * Pudup, Mary Beth, Dwight B. Billings, and Altina L. Waller, eds. Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century. (1995).
 * Rottenberg, Don. In the Kingdom of Coal: An American Family and the Rock That Changed the World (2003), owners' perspective online edition
 * Seltzer, Curtis. Fire in the Hole: Miners and Managers in the American Coal Industry (1985), conflict in the coal industry to the 1980s.
 * Summers, Festus P. William L. Wilson and Tariff Reform, a Biography (1953) online edition
 * Thomas, Jerry Bruce. An Appalachian New Deal: West Virginia in the Great Depression (West Virginia University Press, 1998) 316 pp. ISBN 978-1-933202-51-8
 * Trotter Jr., Joe William. Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–32 (1990)
 * William, John Alexander. West Virginia and the Captains of Industry (1976), economic history of late 19th century.
 * Trotter Jr., Joe William. Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–32 (1990)
 * William, John Alexander. West Virginia and the Captains of Industry (1976), economic history of late 19th century.

title: History of West Virginia


text:
Battle of Peralta

The Battle of Peralta was a minor engagement near the end of Confederate General Henry Hopkins Sibley's 1862 New Mexico Campaign.

Battle
Retreating after the Battle of Glorieta Pass, Confederate troops of the 5th Texas Mounted Volunteers under Colonel Thomas Green camped in the town of Peralta, New Mexico Territory and planned to cross a series of irrigation canals the next day. The rest of the Confederate army was encamped on the other side of the Rio Grande in the town of Los Lunas.

On April 14, the pursuing Union Army forces under Colonel Edward Canby caught up with Green. At dawn, Union cavalry attacked and captured the Confederate wagon train, killing and capturing the guard. The Confederates used the low adobe houses in the town as natural fortifications. Canby captured a Confederate supply train which was then approaching Peralta, and then sent John Chivington and Gabriel R. Paul to surround the Confederates to prevent any forces from reaching Green. The adobe walls and irrigation ditches surrounding the town were stronger than Canby was willing to risk an assault on. Learning of the fighting, Sibley led the 4th and 7th Texas Mounted Rifles across the river. The rival armies battered each other in an artillery duel, until a dust storm blew in and allowed the Confederates to withdraw to the west bank of the Rio Grande, leaving behind a town which had been reduced to rubble.

The Confederates reached Los Lunas at 4 a.m., where they rested for a few hours before continuing their retreat. Canby followed with the Union army, harassing the Confederate column with cavalry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Peralta


text:
Talk:Love Jones (film)

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POV
Did Theodore Witcher write this? This isn't an encyclopedia entry, it's press relase! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dutchman Schultz (talk • contribs) 20:17, March 12, 2011

 * I reviewed the article and agree that the tone is not neutral for an encyclopedia. I excised some content that sounded promotional. Some other removed content was redundant as well. Erik (talk | contribs) 00:23, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Love Jones (film)


text: Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2005 October 2


text:
User:TheInquisitor

Russian Constituent Assembly
Thanks for the invitation, but I feel that it's best that I reluctantly pass on it. Ultramarine is currently in arbitration; I want to avoid any page associated with his long list of disputes for fear of getting dragged into the case myself as a participant. 172 | Talk 01:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ahh thats a long read, dont want to get dragged in myself :)

I see now that you're a new editor, so my comment above might have been a bit unclear. Scores of editors have been having the exact same problems for months that you're having with Ultramarine now. You might be dealing with a behavioral problem, not necessarily a content dispute. So you might want to get in touch with the editors who are not necessarily familiar with the subject (Russian Constituent Assembly) but familiar with the personality (Ultramarine). 172 | Talk 01:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * thanks for the advice

title: User:TheInquisitor


text:
User talk:Lunachelle

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title: User talk:Lunachelle


text: User talk:70.112.129.158

title: User talk:70.112.129.158


text: Category:Astronomical observatories in France


text:
Tigris Secondary School for Girls

The Tigris Secondary School for Girls is a convent-style girls' school in the Alawaya district of Baghdad, Iraq. It has some 900 students aged 13–17.

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq former headmistress Sister Clara, who had been removed by the Iraqi Ministry of Education in 1999, due to her liability in private tutoring (al-tadrees al-khusosi) which was forbidden in the educational system of Iraq before the [2003 invasion, was able to return to her post.

title: Tigris Secondary School for Girls


text:
Polyergus

Polyergus is a small genus of ants with 14 described species. They are also referred to by the names "slave-raiding ants" and "Amazon ants". They are characterized by their habit of raiding nests (of Formica) for workers.

Reproduction
Polyergus workers are incapable of caring for brood, for the most part due to their dagger-like, piercing mandibles. As such, they have evolved to rely on certain species of ants in the genus Formica. They have lost the instinct for carrying out even rudimentary brood care, and even for feeding themselves (which they are unable to do). Polyergus 'workers' exist more as a force of improvised soldiers, acting in essence solely to raid the Formica nests. The captured ants are generally referred to as "slaves" in scientific and popular literature, though recent attempts have been made to apply other human cultural models. Some of these describe the Polyergus as "raiders", "pirates", or "kidnappers". They also describe the Formica workers as "helper-ants" or "domesticated animals".

Polyergus obtains its Formica work force by stealing pupae from nearby Formica colonies and carrying them back to its own nest. Back in the Polyergus nest, Formica workers are eventually helped to emerge from the cocoons and pupal exuvia by workers of the same species already living there. The new workers quickly assimilate the characteristic odor of the mixed-species colony — without violence or coercion. The Formica workers that emerge in the mixed-species colony go on to nurse the brood, forage, maintain the nest, feed their adult captors and the queen, and perform other colony upkeep duties. This may also include defending the Polyergus colony from foreign threats, even fighting against their own birth colony if the situation arises.

As far as is known, all established Polyergus colonies have only one queen. However, many contain ergatoids, large, worker-like members with large gasters. These may be substitute reproductive individuals after the queen's death, but this has not been proven. To found a new colony, a lone Polyergus queen invades a nest of the host species, or encounters and moves in with a colony-founding queen of the host species and her first few workers. In the latter case, the host queen is allowed to survive until her little colony has reared a sufficient number of host workers to support the parasite queen, something the Polyergus queen cannot do herself. The young Polyergus queen then kills the existing Formica queen (immediately if sufficient workers are present, later if these are not yet reared) and becomes accepted by the Formica workers. These proceed to rear the first and all subsequent Polyergus brood. Clearly, this complicated and lengthy process often fails, as Polyergus colonies are relatively rare, though each mature colony produces dozens or hundreds of new potential queens each year. To counteract the natural mortality of the Formica worker population, Polyergus workers must conduct regular raids over a 6-8 week period, every summer over the 10- to 15-year lifespan of their colony.

Species
The genus Polyergus is split up into three groups, or "complexes". There is the lucidus group, the rufescens group, and the samurai group.

lucidus group

 * Polyergus lucidus Mayr, 1870 – eastern United States, southern Ontario
 * Polyergus longicornis Smith, 1947 – southeastern United States
 * Polyergus montivagus Wheeler, 1915 – New England states to northern Florida in eastern United States, southern Ontario, Canada and west to Wisconsin and northern New Mexico, United States
 * Polyergus oligergus Trager, 2013 – Florida, United States
 * Polyergus ruber Trager, 2013 – southeastern United States
 * Polyergus sanwaldi Trager, 2013 – United States, New England west to North Dakota

rufescens group

 * Polyergus rufescens (Latreille, 1798) – all of Europe, to western China and Kazakhstan
 * Polyergus breviceps Emery, 1893 – north-central United States, west to Colorado, northern Arizona
 * Polyergus bicolor Wasmann, 1901 – Wisconsin and Michigan, United States, west to North Dakota and south-central Canada
 * Polyergus mexicanus Forel, 1899 – Dakotas and Arkansas, to western United States and Canada, and south at high altitude in mountains of Durango, Mexico.
 * Polyergus topoffi Trager, 2013 – high desert to mid-elevation mountains from Hidalgo, Mexico to southern Arizona, United States
 * Polyergus vinosus Trager, 2013 – southern California to northern Baja California, Mexico

samurai group

 * Polyergus nigerrimus Marikovsky, 1963 – Mongolia, Tuvan Republic, southern Russia
 * Polyergus samurai Yano, 1911 – Japan, Korea, eastern China, southeastern Russia
 * incertae sedis
 * Polyergus texanus – excluded from Polyergus by Trager (2013)

title: Polyergus


text: Category:Schools in Iraq

title: Category:Schools in Iraq


text:
User talk:Mahrman

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User talk:Sheep388

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User talk:Mbarosin

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Thanks for uploading Image:Image0312.JPG. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --feydey 01:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mbarosin


text:
Walter W. Winans

Walter W. Winans (April 5, 1852 – August 12, 1920) was an American marksman, horse breeder, sculptor, and painter who participated in the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. He won two medals for shooting: a gold in 1908 and a silver in 1912, as well as demonstrating the sport of pistol duelling in the 1908 Games. He also won a gold medal for his sculpture An American Trotter at Stockholm in 1912. In addition, Winans wrote ten books.

Biography
He was born to Americans William Louis Winans and Maria Ann de la Rue on April 5, 1852, at the Nikolaevsky Railway Works at St. Petersburg, Russian Empire. His father was engaged in construction work and Walter lived in St. Petersburg until the age of 18, taking the oath of allegiance at the US Embassy before leaving for Kent, England, to take up residence.

In 1910 he sent several horses to the National Horse Show in Madison Square Garden in New York City.

He held hunting and shooting rights over nearly 250000 acre in Glen Strathfarrar, Glen Cannich and Glen Affric in the Highlands of Scotland. In the 1901 edition of his book The Art of Revolver Shooting he favoured the Webley–Fosbery above other 'automatic pistols', but it is not mentioned in the 1911 edition nor in the subsequent Automatic Pistol Shooting or The Modern Pistol and How to Shoot it.

In 1884 he prosecuted a Scotsman, Muirdoch Macrae, for grazing a lamb on land owned by Winans. The failure of Winans' prosecution established the right to roam which was a key element in opening British parklands to the public.

Winans range at the National Shooting Centre, Bisley, England is named after him.

Winans died in Parsloes Park, Dagenham, Essex, on 12 August 1920.

title: Walter W. Winans


text:
Talk:IgA nephropathy

How Special Is Japan Anyway?
"School children in Japan undergo routine urinalysis (as do Army recruits in Singapore) and any suspicious abnormality is pursued with a kidney biopsy, which might partly explain the high incidence of IgA nephropathy in those countries."

Is such screening really all that unusual? Belgian children also undergo urinalysis several times (that's how I was diagnosed). And that makes me think this probably happens in much of (Western) Europe. So I find that sentence very puzzling. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.76.241.224 (talk) 14:14, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Unreadable
Is this helpful for anyone except med students? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.20.184.23 (talk) 21:21, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

could
could this be titled 'iga nephropathy'? i agree that iga nephritis is more accurate, however (i believe) the former is the term used more commonly, esp in north america/india. for the heck of it, i typed both in google, nephropathy had 219000 whereas nephritis 115000!Hswapnil 01:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. JFW | T@lk  01:30, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

diagnosis
i have reworded many parts, is it readable?Hswapnil 19:25, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Very good work! The article was already pretty technical. Where possible, those sections relevant for the general public may need more explanatory material in brackets. Apart from the O-glycosylation hypothesis, are you aware of any other pathogenetic theories?

 * Would you be able to convince your local pathology department to provide a biopsy slide of mesangial proliferation, or perhaps an immunofluorescence picture of mesangial IgA deposition? JFW | T@lk  06:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

redirected from Buerger's disease and the text says this:
This should not be confused with Buerger's disease, an unrelated condition. How embarassing. Someone with some knowledge ( as opposed to one like myself in search of knowledge) should fix this.

Biopsy classification
- an international working group is scoring biopsy features to establish a systematic pathological classification of IgA nephropathy. JFW | T@lk  21:47, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Sialylation
- premature IgA1 O-sialylation seems to be a feature. JFW | T@lk  11:24, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Enzymtherapy
I have very good experiance with the enzymotherapy. - WOBENZYM -. This product helped me to dismiss my microhematuria caused by IgA nephropathy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.180.24.79 (talk) 19:06, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Large amounts of unsourced edits
This edit inserted a lot of unsourced claims. I invite to discuss the edit here. What we need are reliable sources to verify the claims. Further, I would recommend making smaller edits -- perhaps limited to just one section (or even one sentence) at a time for ease of discussion. Please discuss here before making further edits. Thank you! SueDonem (talk) 05:36, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:IgA nephropathy


text:
Carlos Paredes (footballer)

Carlos Humberto Paredes Monges (born 16 July 1976) is a Paraguayan coach and former footballer.

His style of play led the Paraguayan media to call him the "Sir of the Midfield". Paredes played defensive midfield, though he could also play as centre-forward, being a lethal header. He also had exceptional leadership capabilities on the field, where he was constantly marshalling instructions to the rest of the team.

His first major competition as a coach was the 2016 Toulon Tournament with the Paraguay national under-23 football team.

Career
Paredes started his career in Club Olimpia of Paraguay in 1995, winning five national championships and becoming the youngest captain in the club's history at the age of 20. In 2000, he moved to FC Porto of Portugal where he won the Cup of Portugal in the 2000/2001 season. In 2002, he was transferred to Reggina for €4.8million (Porto retained 25% rights to receive future transfer revenue of Reggina received). In 2006 Paredes moved to Sporting Clube de Portugal where he was allowed very little game time. In January 2008 his contract was terminated by Sporting.

Paredes returned to Paraguay in 2008 to play for the team he first played for, Olimpia. Currently, he is the team captain and undisputed leader on the field. He has scored two goals in the first three games of the Apertura tournament. In 2009 Paredes moved to Rubio Ñú due to not featuring in the plans of former coach Gregorio Perez for the 2009 Clausura Tournament. In 2010 Paredes moved to Sportivo Luqueño and to Olimpia in the following year, where is he is currently one of the team captains.

International career
Paredes played in three FIFA World Cups for Paraguay: 1998, 2002 and 2006, reaching the Round of 16 in two of them.

Club

 * Olimpia
 * Primera División (6): 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2011 Clausara

 * Porto
 * Taça de Portugal (1): 2000–01
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira (1): 2001

 * Sporting CP
 * Taça de Portugal (1): 2006–07

title: Carlos Paredes (footballer)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Everythingrock.com

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Clear case of delete. DS 18:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Everythingrock.com
Wikipedia is not a links collection. NN. Jwissick (t)  (c)  01:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 01:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 3,987,376 rank on Alexa, pretty sparse coverage on google. Not notable.  --W.marsh 01:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encylopeadic. -Fermion 02:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Flowerparty ■ 03:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:SITFAA

I'm having trouble getting the image to show up.--N3r0 01:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:SITFAA


text: User talk:69.203.78.177

title: User talk:69.203.78.177


text:
User talk:64.50.95.2

Your submission at Articles for creation: Bryce Anderson (December 10)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Blaze Wolf was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Bryce Anderson and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Bryce_Anderson Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Blaze_Wolf&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Bryce_Anderson reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

― Blaze WolfTalkBlaze Wolf#6545 22:43, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

April 2023
Hello, I'm Miner Editor. I noticed that you made a change to an article, Hurley, Mississippi, but you didn't provide a source. I’ve removed it for now, but if you’d like to include a citation to a reliable source and re-add it, please do so! If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Miner Editor (talk) 03:23, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Big Point, Mississippi, you may be blocked from editing. Magnolia677 (talk) 17:35, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

April 2024
Hello. In a recent edit to the page Tara Anglican School for Girls, you changed one or more words or styles from one national variety of English to another. Because Wikipedia has readers from all over the world, our policy is to respect national varieties of English in Wikipedia articles.

For a subject exclusively related to the United Kingdom (for example, a famous British person), use British English. For something related to the United States in the same way, use American English. For something related to another English-speaking country, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, India, or Pakistan, use the variety of English used there. For an international topic, use the form of English that the first author of the article used.

In view of that, please don't change articles from one version of English to another, even if you don't normally use the version in which the article is written. Respect other people's versions of English. They, in turn, should respect yours. Other general guidelines on how Wikipedia articles are written can be found in the Manual of Style. If you have any questions about this, you can ask me on my talk page or visit the help desk. Thank you. CodeTalker (talk) 02:57, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.50.95.2


text:
Ran Carthon

Arandric Kornell "Ran" Carthon (born February 10, 1981), is an American football executive and former running back who is the executive vice president and general manager of the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as an executive for the San Francisco 49ers, St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams, and Atlanta Falcons.

Carthon played college football at Florida and signed as an undrafted free agent with the Indianapolis Colts in 2004. He played for three seasons in the NFL with the Colts and Detroit Lions. He is the son of former NFL running back Maurice Carthon.

Early years
Carthon was born in Osceola, Arkansas. His father is former NFL running back Maurice Carthon. He attended Key West High School in Key West, Florida, and played for the Key West Conchs high school football team. As a junior, he rushed for over 1,300 yards; as a senior, he rushed for over 500 yards and was named to PrepStar's All-Region team, despite missing seven games with an ankle injury.

College
Carthon accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Steve Spurrier and coach Ron Zook's Florida Gators football teams from 2000 to 2003. As a senior in 2003, he was the leading rusher for the Gators. Carthon is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.

After his NFL career was over, he returned to Gainesville, and graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in sociology in 2008.

Indianapolis Colts
The Indianapolis Colts signed Carthon as an undrafted free agent in 2004, and he was a member of the Colts from 2004 to 2006. He saw no action during the 2004 regular season, and only limited action in nine games as a running back and kick returner during the 2005 and 2006 regular seasons.

Detroit Lions
Carthon finished his career with the Detroit Lions during the second half of the 2006 season.

Atlanta Falcons
After retiring, Carthon was hired by the Atlanta Falcons as a pro scout in 2008. He spent the next four seasons in Atlanta.

St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams
In 2012, Carthon was hired by the St. Louis Rams as their director of player personnel.

San Francisco 49ers
In 2017, Carthon was hired by the San Francisco 49ers as their director of pro personnel. He was promoted to director of player personnel in 2021.

Tennessee Titans
Carthon was hired by the Tennessee Titans as their general manager in January 2023. He was given the additional title of executive vice president in January 2024, having oversight of all football operations.

title: Ran Carthon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/149 Cars

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Clear delete vote. DS 18:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

149 Cars
A collection of unsourced, untagged, images with no text and no purpose. If the images are freely licensed, this page should go at the, but it doesn't seem likely that they are. Angela. 01:27, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the unsourced images are deleted, this article will be empty.  Jkelly 01:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Given the nature of the photos, I very much doubt they are suitably licensed anyway. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 01:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not an image gallery. Andrew pmk | Talk 02:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or move to the more accurately titled 20 Cars. Pburka 02:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NOT an image gallery --JAranda | yeah 02:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Aranda. User:Zoe|(talk) 05:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Preaky 07:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NPOV photo gallery - images, if available through fair-use could be assigned to the marque/model listing (ie move the mustang pictures to the Ford Mustang article).
 * Comment I am deleting the photos now. Zach (Sound Off) 23:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * All photos were unsourced except for one, which was at the Commons. It would be safe to speedy this now. Zach (Sound Off) 23:54, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:74-Z Military Speeder

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of Star Wars air, aquatic, and ground vehicles

title: Talk:74-Z Military Speeder


text:
Talk:Confucian Temple of Shanghai

Advert?
To me this reads like an advert. WAvegetarian 01:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Name
Vanilla Google can't be trusted for exact numbers but "Shanghai Wen Miao/Wenmiao" (Wenmiao is the correct modern form) solely links to copies of this page, whereas "Shanghai Confucian/Confucius Temple" is the thing's actual English name in every actual English source. — Llywelyn II   15:08, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Confucian Temple of Shanghai


text: User talk:70.17.226.167

title: User talk:70.17.226.167


text:
Dai Jin

Dai Jin (1388–1462) was a prominent leader in the early Ming Revival of the Ma-Xia, or too the style of landscape painting of the Southern Song, which came to be known as the Zhe School.

Biography
An account by Lang Ying (b. 1487) provides the most extensive early biography of Dai Jin. As a young man, probably in the 1410s, Dai traveled to the capital, Nanjing, with his father, who presumably worked there in some official capacity. Dai failed to make a name for himself in the capital and returned to Qiantang to resume his study of painting, which he had probably begun with a local Zhejiang artisan. His reputation grew such that c. 1425 he was recommended to Xuande Emperor (r. 1425–35), and he went to Beijing in the hope of securing an academy appointment. His plans were thwarted, however, by the envy of established painters, in particular Xie Huan (fl c. 1368–1435), a favorite artist and adviser to the Xuande Emperor, who claimed to detect anti-government bias in Dai's works. Unrolling a series of Dai's landscapes representing the four seasons, Xie remarked approvingly on the spring and summer scenes but took severe exception to the autumn scene, in which the artist had depicted a fisherman wearing a red coat, attire thought suitable for gentlemen–officials but not for commoners. Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) artists had sometimes painted scholars dressed as fishermen, implying thereby that the educated classes deliberately avoided service under their Mongol rulers. Xie adduced as evidence another of Dai's works, Seven Worthies Passing the Barrier (c. 1425–35; untraced), which was based on an old tale (gushi) recounting the flight of seven men from a tumultuous and badly ruled state. The Xuande Emperor agreed with Xie, and according to scholar Lang Ying, the eunuch responsible for recommending Dai was executed. Dai, however, escaped at night to Hangzhou. Dai returned to the Zhe academy afterward.

title: Dai Jin


text:
User:Pattiho

A typical Hong Kong born mid 20s

title: User:Pattiho


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vanadu

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. The consensus is only marginal, but personally, lots of sock puppet "keep" votes weighs in towards a "delete" result for me. — J I P | Talk 16:11, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Vanadu

 * Delete, too specific to be encyclopedic. Citizen Premier 01:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Enhance, vanpools are an amazingly underutilised means of preserving the worlds natural resources. This page should be enhanced, not deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.171.27.70 (talk • contribs) 02:53, 3 October 2005 (UTC); all edits have been to the article or this afd
 * Delete. Not notable and too specific.  A page on vanpools might be a useful contribution, however. Jacob1207 03:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neologism. An excellent example of a vanpool, it would make a good reference for a generic vanpool article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eeejay (talk • contribs) 21:16, 3 October 2005 (UTC); all edits have been to the article or this afd; also edited 67.171.27.70's comment above
 * Enhance. Vanadu is a noteworthy vanpool and can be used to further the understanding of vanpools. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nate Muller (talk • contribs) 20:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC); user's only edit
 * Article added for vanpools. This should help justify a need for the specific vanadu entry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Danrobbins (talk • contribs) 21:42, 6 October 2005 (UTC); user's only edits have been to this article, its afd, his user page, and a vanity article that I'm going to afd shortly -C
 * Keep. It makes sense to keep the reference to Vanadu as it's meaningful in the context of the article on vanpools. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tog (talk • contribs) 21:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC); user's only edit
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Delete, ridiculously non-notable, and RickK memorial sockpuppet limit has been radically breached. —Cryptic (talk) 08:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Who knew that sockpuppets drove vans? Capitalistroadster 10:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * They don't, they ride in them, y'see, saves petrol. GarrettTalk 11:40, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all vanpools unless they consist of George W. Bush, Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez and Jimbo. All others are non-notable.   [ +t, +c, +m,  +e  ] 10:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm tempted to click my handy little tab right now, lemme tell ya. And I see I missed the Sockpuppets Synonymous meeting for the third week in a row, if I'm absent twice more I'll lose my membership card! :( Now 'scuse me while I go off and write about how many inches of our ozone layer I've saved by using CFC free deoderant and inhalers... GarrettTalk 11:40, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but the comments made to keep the article are amusing. -- Kjkolb 11:43, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and merge into Car/Vanpool, until expanded. Hipocrite - « Talk » 15:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, puppetfest. Xoloz 16:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per the line: "Vanadu is one of 700 Vanpools operated by King County in Washington State as part of the rideshare program, the largest of it's kind in the United States." This is a strong argument for it being non-notable.--Isotope23 16:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to carpool as an example, and rename all sockpuppets either sifl, or, if necessary, ollie. Jesse 20:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn local vanpool group. There are undoubtedly zillions of these. MCB 22:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable carpool group. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vanadu


text:
USS Blue (DD-387)

USS Blue (DD-387), a Bagley-class destroyer, was the first United States Navy ship of that name, in honor of Rear Admiral Victor Blue (1865–1928). Blue served during World War II. She was launched 27 May 1937 by Norfolk Naval Shipyard; sponsored by Miss Kate Lilly Blue, sister of Rear Adm. Blue; and commissioned 14 August 1937.

Inter-War period
After spending her first year in shakedown and training cruises along the east coast and in the Caribbean, Blue sailed for the Pacific in August 1938 to become flagship of Destroyer Division 7, Battle Force. She exercised with the Battle Fleet in west coast waters until April 1940, when she accompanied her division to Pearl Harbor. Except for an overhaul at Puget Sound Navy Yard (February–March 1941) and exercises out of San Diego during April, she remained based at Pearl Harbor until war broke out as the flagship of Destroyer Division Seven of Destroyer Squadron Four.

Pearl Harbor
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 caught Blue in port, but she safely made her way to sea with only four ensigns on board. She served with the offshore patrol in the approaches to Pearl Harbor during December 1941-January 1942.

1942
Blue joined USS Enterprise (CV-6) for air attacks on Wotje, Maloelap, Kwajalein Atolls, Marshall Islands on 1 February 1942, and the Wake Island attack on 24 February. During March–June 1942 Blue escorted convoys between Pearl Harbor and San Francisco and then proceeded to Wellington, New Zealand, where she arrived 18 July.

Blue joined Task Group 62.2 (TG 62.2) for the Battle of Guadalcanal on 7 August, providing fire-support and screening. Although present, she took no active part in the Battle of Savo Island on 9 August, but helped with evacuation of survivors from HMAS Canberra (D33) that was severely damaged in the battle. After patrolling off Nouméa, New Caledonia, from 13 to 17 August, Blue returned to Guadalcanal, arriving 21 August. At 0359, 22 August, while patrolling in "Ironbottom Sound" she was torpedoed by the JAPANESE DESTROYER Kawakaze. The explosion wrecked Blue's main engines, shafts, and steering gear, as well as killing nine men and wounding 21. Throughout 22 and 23 August, unsuccessful attempts were made to tow Blue to Tulagi. She was scuttled at 2221 on 23 August 1942 after all attempts to save her failed.

Awards
Blue received five battle stars for her service in World War II.

title: USS Blue (DD-387)