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1936 Grand Prix season

The 1936 Grand Prix season was the third year of the 750 kg Formula. The next iteration of the Mercedes-Benz did not prove successful and the team withdrew during the season to instead prepare for the next one. It therefore fell to the resurgent Auto Union team to dominate the racing. In particular, it was their young, new superstar, Bernd Rosemeyer, who mastered the tricky car and who showed superlative skill in wet conditions. Rosemeyer easily won this season's European Championship by winning three of the four Grands Prix.

Once again, it was the old master, Tazio Nuvolari, driving the new Alfa Romeo for the Scuderia Ferrari who proved the greatest challenger to the all-conquering German cars. Without competitive cars, and not wanting to suffer further humiliation from the German teams, the French racing authorities instead ran their major races to their own new sports car regulations. With tensions in Europe rising, politics was increasingly playing a major part in motor-racing. Benito Mussolini ordered Italian teams to boycott the early races in the season, and the Belgian Grand Prix was cancelled. Strikes forced the Le Mans 24 Hours to be postponed, then cancelled, and when Spain erupted into civil war later in the year, racing ceased there.

European Championship Grands Prix
A pink background indicates the race was run for Sports Cars or Touring Cars, while a grey background indicates the race was not held this year. Sources:

Major Non-championship Races
Multiple classes are mentioned when they were divided and run to different race lengths. It only includes races over 50km and/or half-hour in duration

Regulations and Organisation
This was the third year of the 750 kg Formula and, as such, no significant changes were made to the regulations. The European Championship was held again albeit only with four races in it. European political tensions were escalating and the effects were directly affecting the racing program across the continent. Countries were experiencing embargoes, shortages and riots; in March Hitler sent German troops into reoccupy the Rhineland and in July Spain erupted into full-blown civil war. Thus, both the Belgian and Spanish Grands Prix were cancelled.

At the end of 1935, the European racing unions had met to discuss options for a new formula. The current success of voiturette racing led to a proposal for the top class to be 1.5-litre cars. Another was 2.7-litre supercharged/4-litre unsupercharged formula. However, nothing final was decided. The French racing authority, the ACF, instead chose to opt out of the AIACR regulations. With Bugatti and the abortive SEFAC project unable to make any impression on the German dominance, they were fed up with humiliating defeats. They therefore chose to run the national Grand Prix, and their major races, to a sports car formula – for 2-seater cars with unsupercharged engines. Enthusiastically supported by the French automotive industry, new models were built by Bugatti, Delahaye, Talbot and Delage.

In October, another meeting of the AIACR finally decided on a new 4.5-litre/3-litre formula, to come into effect from 1938.

Technical innovation
Mercedes-Benz had been the best cars in 1935 and for this season, they introduced a new 5.6-litre V12 engine. However, this bigger engine was heavier and with a 750 kg maximum weight, savings had to be found elsewhere. Along with a revised gearbox and suspension, the car was shortened by 25 cm. However, the car was found to be virtually undriveable, so the team had to urgently bore out the current 4-litre engine to 4.7-litres and dropped into the new chassis.

Auto Union had its new Type C, who had successfully been able to fit a remarkable supercharged 6.0-litre V16 that put out 520 bhp and still staying under the 750 kg weight limit. Four inches longer, with a limited-slip differential and torsion-bar suspension now installed, the handling was greatly improved.

Alfa Romeo, having released their interim 8C-35 model late in the previous season, continued its development. Called the 12C-36, the new 4.1-litre V12 supercharged engine was made with magnesium alloy and put out 370 bhp. It was hoped that Alfa's best engine coupled with independent suspension would allow their drivers match the German teams. Maserati and Bugatti made desultory efforts at development of their Grand Prix cars – as the former concentrated on voiturette racing and the latter on the new French sports car regulations.

After its successes the previous season, the ERA team focused on building more cars for sale, to fill up the grids. Nine Type Bs had been sold to customers. Their primary opposition was from Maserati, who unveiled the new 6CM. Looking like a miniature version of the V8 RI, it gave away horsepower to the heavier ERA, but had better handling with its independent suspension. Former racing driver Giulio Ramponi worked with the up-and-coming Richard Seaman, and convinced him to buy the 1927-vintage Delage 15S8 from Earl Howe. Despite its age, fitted with a modern supercharger, it was still very competitive – with not even the mighty Auto Union able to exceed the 100 bhp per litre barrier as the Delage did.

Teams and drivers
For another season, Mercedes-Benz kept its driver line-up of Rudolf Caracciola, Luigi Fagioli and Manfred von Brauchitsch. Team-manager Alfred Neubauer had had run-ins with the Italian but felt his options were too limited to drop him. However, Caracciola was able to convince Neubauer to bring his good friend Louis Chiron into the team. (which had to be approved by Hitler). The reserve driver would be young German Hermann Lang. Formerly a factory mechanic, driving the race-transporter, his low station was oft derided by team veterans Caracciola and von Brauchitsch.

Auto Union had a strong driver list and kept the experienced Achille Varzi and Hans Stuck, while their new driver, Bernd Rosemeyer, had proven a revelation last season. Rosemeyer was being built up as a German propaganda idol, and with him dating the famous aviator Elly Beinhorn, they were touted as an ideal Nazi couple. Dr Karl Feuereissen took over from Willy Walb as team manager. His reserve drivers would be Ernst von Delius and Rudolf Hasse. Paul Pietsch had left the team, and his marriage, after Varzi started an affair with his wife. The start of the year saw the two lead drivers in hospital – with Varzi having a throat, and then appendix, operation, and Rosemeyer with jaundice and liver issues. Further drama ensued in the winter-testing at Monza: after the team was almost trapped going over the St Gotthard Pass, junior driver Karl Rudolf Heydel was driving Stuck's Auto Union when he lost control at the Curva del Violone. The car rolled 200 metres, throwing Heydel out and killing him instantly.

Scuderia Ferrari still had their trump card in Tazio Nuvolari, who had consistently shown he could wring a strong performance out of the Alfa Romeos to compete with the German teams. Conte Carlo Felice Trossi had resigned as President of the Scuderia (which he had been since 1932) and moved to Maserati. With René Dreyfus testing the new Talbot sports-car in the first half of the season, Marchese Antonio Brivio moved up to be the regular second driver, supported by Mario Tadini and Carlo Pintacuda. Giuseppe Farina was also brought into the team, who was a free agent after Gino Rovere closed his team.

Rovere had become President of Maserati and the Scuderia Subalpina customer team was renamed Scuderia Torino. They mainly focused on the Italian races with a number of drivers, including Trossi, Eugenio Siena and Pietro Ghersi. They ran a variety of Maseratis – the new V8-RI alongside the dated 6C-34 and 8CM. The works team did enter the voiturette races – with the new 6CM available for Rovere and Trossi; who were also joined by Italian motorcycle ace Omobono Tenni.

Bugatti had virtually given up on Grand Prix racing, concentrating on the new car for the French sports-car formula. A single Type 59 variant was prepared for Jean-Pierre Wimille in some of the major races, and a one-off second car for William Grover-Williams at Monaco (the inaugural winner of that race, in 1929). The company even gave up on voiturette racing and their regular works driver, Pierre Veyron, only competed at Albi.

Both Maserati and ERA had sold a number of their cars to privateer drivers, to support their works teams. There was now a considerable calendar for voiturette races and the sizeable fields had many competitive cars of those two marques, and to a lesser extent, Bugatti. The notable outlier was Dick Seaman with his black Delage.

These tables only intend to cover entries in the major races, using the key above. It includes all starters in the European Championship races. Sources:

Privateer Drivers
‘’Note:‘’ * indicates only raced in the event as a relief driver,

"♠" Works driver raced as a privateer in that race,

"v" indicates the driver ran in the Voiturette race,

"†" driver killed during this racing season,

Those in brackets show that, although entered, the driver did not race

Season review
The year started with a series of short ice-races across the Nordic countries. It also saw the 1936 Winter Olympics held in the Bavarian Alps. Ferrari driver Antonio Brivio was in the Italian bobsled team, but it was Australian Freddie McEvoy, competing under the British flag, who won a bronze medal in the 4-man bobsleigh. Although a number of racing drivers have competed at the Olympics, McEvoy has been the only one to medal until Alex Zanardi won gold at the Paralympics in 2012 and 2016.

The circuit grand-prix season started at Pau at the beginning of March. Ferrari had entered Nuvolari, Brivio and Farina. However, following a League of Nations embargo on Italy for their war in Abyssinia, the Italian government forbade the team from competing. This still left a strong field of French privateers, along with Jean-Pierre Wimille in a works Bugatti and Welshman Charlie Martin who had recently bought an Alfa P3. Wimille started in pole position and initially dominated the race until retiring with a broken brake-linkage. Then, for half the race, it was Raymond Sommer and Philippe Étancelin, barely seconds apart, duelling for the lead. When Sommer broke his axle when he mounted the footpath trying to overtake a backmarker, it left Étancelin to take the win, easing off with Martin finishing just thirteen seconds behind. It would prove to be the only major victory for the Maserati V8 RI.

As usual, the glamorous Monaco Grand Prix at Easter attracted a quality field including the five major teams. Mercedes-Benz had the new 4.7-litre kurz (short-wheelbase) car for Caracciola and Chiron, and last season's 4.3-litre W25 for Fagioli and von Brauchitsch. Auto Union also had a new model, the Type C, for their three drivers, Varzi, Stuck and Rosemeyer. Bugatti, traditionally strong at the tight city-circuit, had two works cars for Wimille and "Williams", using the nimble 3.3-litre Type 59. They also brought a single-seater Bugatti but it only ran in practice. The Italian teams were back in force. Ferrari had four of the 8C-35 cars, for Nuvolari, Brivio, Farina and Tadini, while the Maserati-supported Scuderia Torino had the older 6C-34 for Siena and Ghersi, and a V8-RI for Trossi, whose own radial-special was entered, but did not practice as it had a broken supercharger. Philippe Étancelin brought his own V8-RI and Raymond Sommer had his 3.2-litre P3. After a wet Thursday practice, Caracciola and Farina were the fastest on a dry Friday and took the front row. For the first time in its 8 years, the race was run in pouring rain. When Brivio's car was seen leaking oil on the grid, he was swapped into Tadini's Alfa. From the start, Nuvolari muscled his way to the lead at the first corner. Tadini was last away, leaving a long trail of oil mingling with the puddles until he pitted after 1 lap with a ruined engine. It was speculated by the press at the time that he had team instructions to do one lap to be eligible for the starting money. Caracciola led the first lap, metres ahead of Nuvolari and putting a gap on the rest. They lapped the crawling Tadini next time around, but when Chiron brought the field out of the tunnel, he hit the oil at the chicane and slid into the sandbags. The next few got through, but then successively Farina, Brivio and von Brauchitsch all skated off. Trossi came to a stop but was then able to squeeze through. As Caracciola eased off to allow course-workers to clear the carnage, Nuvolari blazed through the chicane and was able to close in again. One of the workers, while spreading sand to soak up the oil, accidentally threw some at Fagioli as he passed, who lost control and crashed his Mercedes at the chicane. Meanwhile, Rosemeyer had pitted with a mis-revving engine and was quickly making up time on the wet track. However, going up the hill, he missed his braking and spun, slamming backwards into the roadside wall. So, after only 20 of the 100 laps, there were only 12 runners left – Nuvolari and Caracciola over a minute ahead of Varzi and Stuck. The rain returned in strength by lap 30 and the leading two put on a master class of wet-weather driving – Nuvolari doing four-wheel drift through the corners while Caracciola used his brilliant car-control to catch and then pass the Italian. As the rain washed and cleaned the track, Caracciola pulled away. Nuvolari was losing a lot of time as his petrol went down and the weight changed in his Alfa. When he pitted to refuel, he lost a lap. The pursuing Auto Unions were also thirsty and had to pit late in the race. Caracciola did not need to stop and took a superb victory in the difficult conditions ahead of Varzi with Stuck and Nuvolari a lap behind. On Saturday, a new voiturette race had been held as a support event. With another top field, it was dominated by ERAs and Maseratis, led by their works teams. Run to 50 laps, an early-race pile-up mixed up the field and when the works ERAs were afflicted by ignition problems, it became a contest between Tenni, in his works Maserati, and ERA of privateer Prince Bira. With his brakes failing, the pressure made Tenni overdo it and spin into the wall at the Gazometre hairpin, wrecking his steering. This left the Siamese driver a clear path to take his maiden victory, almost a lap ahead of Marcel Lehoux with ERAs sweeping the podium.

The next race was the exciting Tripoli Grand Prix at the very fast Mellaha track. The high temperatures and speed would put a premium on brakes and tyres. With the national lottery involved, it drew a big field with all the major teams, and a number of privateers. The German teams had the same drivers as at Monaco, although Mercedes now had the whole team in the new W25K. Ferrari had to draft in Carlo Pintacuda, as Farina had been injured at Monza testing the new 12C. In practice, the Mercedes drivers were finding their short-wheelbase cars very susceptible to the Ghibli winds and difficult to drive. Nuvolari had a major accident in practice when he went wide and hit a border stone. His Alfa Romeo rolled, throwing Nuvolari out. Taken to hospital, x-rays showed he had cracked two vertebrae. It was Rosemeyer, in his first appearance at the track, who took pole position with a lap three seconds faster than Chiron in second. It was a hot desert day for the race. Nuvolari arrived, heavily bandaged and in plaster ready to race, despite doctors' advice not to. From the front row, Stuck, Rosemeyer and Nuvolari jumped into the lead. When the leaders started pitting to change tyres after 10 of the 40 laps, the Mercedes team moved to the front until they too had to stop a few laps later. At half-distance, Stuck and Varzi were locked in a close duel. Rosemeyer had retired when his engine burst into flames. He joined a list of over half the field already out of the race. Most cars were making three stops to change their rear tyres. Auto Union team manager, Feuereissen, flagged his drivers to ease off to conserve theirs. Then on lap 33 Varzi suddenly dived for the pits to change a front tyre, losing 30 seconds. Stuck was commanded to slow down even more (doing laps around 20 seconds slower) to allow Varzi to catch up, and he caught and passed him on the penultimate lap. The Mercedes of Fagioli and Caracciola were almost a lap behind, ahead of the four Scuderia Ferrari Alfas – led home by Pintacuda. In his book, Neubauer said orders had come from Germany to let an Italian win the Italian race, much to the chagrin of Stuck, and the lottery ticket-holders. Varzi was humiliated at the after-race banquet when the Libyan governor, Marshall Balbo, proposed a toast to the "real winner", Hans Stuck (who verifies that in his autobiography as well). Afterward, Varzi's mistress, Ilse Pietsch, first introduced him to morphine to counter his depression.

A week later, the circus had moved along North Africa to the Carthage circuit in French Tunisia. Albeit with a smaller field of a dozen cars: only Caracciola and Chiron were there for Mercedes and at Ferrari, Nuvolari and Farina were still injured. Both the Scuderia Torino and Maremmana had returned to Italy; however, Bugatti did send Wimille in the Type 59. Once again, the Ghibli wind was proving a problem in practice. Rosemeyer and Varzi lined up on the front row of the grid, and it was the former who shot out into the lead. Chiron put in some very fast laps to lead the pursuit. On the ninth lap, Varzi was bearing down on Caracciola in third. Suddenly, on the main straight a wind-gust caught Varzi's car when he was racing at almost 250 km/h. The car slipped off the road, spun and tumbled end over end, disintegrating in the air. It was one of the most frightening accidents seen, but incredibly, Varzi was able to walk away, albeit very shaken from his amazing escape. After the fuel stops, Rosemeyer lost his lead with tyre problems. When Chiron retired with a broken fuel pump, and Rosemeyer suffered another carburettor fire, it left Caracciola with a comfortable two-lap lead to coast to an easy victory over Pintacuda, Wimille and Sommer – the only other finishers. It was Varzi's first serious accident in his decade of racing and consequently, he slipped further into morphine use as painkiller became addiction.

The Indianapolis 500 was held, as usual, at the end of May. Track owner, Eddie Rickenbacker, had done renovations on the circuit – widening the curves, flattening off the banking a bit and improving the safety fences around the walls to try and prevent cars flying off the track and going over the sides. To reduce increasing speeds, the AAA limited the total fuel to 37.5 gallons. Approaching the finish, 7 leading contenders ran themselves out of fuel. The winner was Louis Meyer, who became the first 3-time winner of the race. Despite efforts to reduce speed, Meyer won in a record time. He celebrated with a bottle of buttermilk, which has since become a winner's tradition. The race also saw the first time the new Borg-Warner Trophy was awarded.

Silver Arrows defeated
After a 3-week gap, the European teams came to a tense Barcelona for the Penya Rhin GP. Mercedes just had the two cars again, while Ferrari had three cars including a new 12C for Nuvolari, recovered after his crash at Tripoli. It was the first time the Auto Union team had attended, bringing three cars including a special short-wheelbase version at Varzi's suggestion. Their cars were held up by the Spanish railway strike until the team mechanics found them at a railway siding. Bugatti entered Wimille again and privateers Étancelin and Sommer were joined by Spaniard José de Villapadierna. In practice, Rosemeyer over-cooked his exit from the banked Font del Gat corner and slammed into a lamppost, knocking it over. The short Auto Union was proving almost undriveable and Varzi pulled rank and demanded Rosemeyer's car. When this was declined, he refused to drive – the team publicly saying he was still injured from his crash at Carthage. This all pointed to the end of his time at Auto Union. On a sunny race-day, there were eleven starters with reserve driver Ernst von Delius taking Varzi's place. Although Caracciola led initially, Nuvolari caught him on lap 7. Those two pulled away from the rest of the field; Rosemeyer was out with a loose, and leaking, fuel tank. Putting in lap-record times, by half-distance the leading pair were a lap ahead of the rest. On lap 60, Nuvolari had to pit to change a front tyre – quick enough to be still in the lead by 30 seconds. The Mercedes pit was flagging Caracciola to go faster and he responded, inexorably closing the margin. Although the Ferrari pit signalled Nuvolari to pit for his ruined rear tyres, the Italian carried on. He held on to the 80th lap for a thrilling win by a mere 3 seconds. Those two were in a class of their own, with Farina in third, a distant three laps down. If his victory the previous year at the Nürburgring was possibly considered fortunate, then this win was down to pure skill and speed. Two weeks later, Spain erupted into civil war and motor-racing ceased there for ten years.

A week of speed events was next, on two wheels and four, for the Eifelrennen. On the Sunday morning was the voiturette race. The month previous, Dick Seaman and his 1927 Delage had won the Light Car Race on the Isle of Man ahead of a swarm of ERAs. They all arrived at the Nürburgring for one of the premier 1.5-litre races of the season. The Maserati team had four cars entered with the new 6CM model for Trossi and the Hungarian Hartmann. There were also two local entries in the 750cc class: Bobby Kohlrausch had a new MG R-Type while Walter Bäumer had an Austin 7 loaned from the factory after his strong showing the week before at the recent Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb (even beating Stuck and his Auto Union in the rain). After hot sunshine during practice, race-day had heavy rain. Seaman and Rüesch both slid off in the first lap. On the twisty circuit, in difficult conditions, the Maseratis had the measure of the ERAs and Trossi had an easy 1-2 with Tenni. Bira and Lehoux were next with Bäumer an impressive fifth in the little Austin. With AVUS being rebuilt and used in the upcoming Olympics, the main event of the Eifelrennen was the first showing for the season for the German teams in Germany, and they were there in force. Mercedes had four cars, although Faglioli did not arrive, and his place was taken by reserve driver Lang. Auto Union, likewise, had four cars with von Delius joining the regular trio. To combat this German might, Ferrari had four cars with both Nuvolari and Brivio now given the new 12C. The race was held after the voiturette race by which time the rain had eased to drizzle. In front of an estimated 300,000 spectators the grid lined up, the cars still allocated by ballot, with the teams then choosing which drivers to take which grid-slots. From the start, Caracciola darted from the third row to the front and led for the first 3 of 10 laps. However, in his haste he skated wide damaging the fragile suspension, retiring soon after. Nuvolari passed him and after an hour, (at half-distance), still led as the rain eased. Meanwhile, Rosemeyer had been putting in remarkable laps, and overtook the Alfa on lap 7 whereupon a heavy fog dropped over the circuit. As other drivers slowed to the conditions, Rosemeyer kept up his pace and took a fine victory, over two minutes ahead of the Alfas of Nuvolari, Brivio and Farina. Lang was the first Mercedes home, nearly six minutes back in fifth.

Just a week later, the teams moved east, across the border, for the inaugural Hungarian Grand Prix. Races had been planned in 1931, '32, and '34 but never eventuated. It was held on the roads of Népliget Park, the biggest green space in Budapest. Impressive race-organisation included modern electric timing using photocells, to give lap-times accurate to a tenth of a second. Unfortunately, very hot summer weather in the preceding week had melted the tar on the track and as soon as practice started, the surface started breaking up and became very slippery. In front of around 70-100,000 spectators, Rosemeyer took off from pole into the lead, soon with Caracciola in close pursuit. This was still the situation at half-distance (25 laps), with von Brauchitsch and Nuvolari closing in. Then, yet again, Caracciola's engine gave up on him, after Chiron's car was already out with a broken supercharger. Then on lap 30, von Brauchitsch spun off trying to lap Tadini's Alfa – whether tapped from behind by Nuvolari or sliding on the slippery surface is uncertain. Having got past, Nuvolari set about catching Rosemeyer and with his car handling far better on the tight track, he was able to pass him on lap 35. He then put in a new lap record to, once again, beat the German cars. Rosemeyer was second, and had to be lifted out of his car, with his hands bleeding from being torn up by the harsh steering. No Mercedes finished, as the unlucky von Brauchitsch retired with just two laps to go when the steering broke from his earlier off.

Despite his worsening team reputation, Varzi convinced the Auto Union team to enter him in the Milan GP, against the three Italian teams. It was yet another thrilling duel for the spectators between the two Italian masters and for the whole race, they were never more than fifteen seconds apart. In the end, it went the way of Nuvolari and his Alfa Romeo. Motor-racing attention, indirectly, then turned to France: the Le Mans 24-hours was postponed and eventually cancelled. The French Grand Prix and Marne Grand Prix were held on consecutive weekends to the new French sports-car regulations. Jean-Pierre Wimille in the new Bugatti Type 57G was unbeatable, and with Raymond Sommer as co-driver won at Monthlèry, then went on to win at Reims and St-Gaudens. Racing was growing in South America with regular Grands Prix held in Argentina and Brazil, all run to a mixed formula of European racing cars and American stock cars. European drivers were starting to travel to the continent in the summer break, often selling their cars to local drivers afterward, rather than bringing them home. This year, the São Paulo GP attracted Scuderia Ferrari – represented by Carlo Pintacuda and Attilio Marinoni. It also drew the popular French female racer, Hélène Delangle, who raced under the nom-de-plume "Hellé Nice". The Ferrari team-mates were clear favourites and when Pintacuda was allocated #12, in an act of sportsmanship he voluntarily swapped for #38 to start at the back of the grid alongside Marinoni. It took only three laps for him to get to the front of the field. The three Europeans were running 1-2-3 for most of the race, until with 8 laps to go, "Hellé-Nice" had to make a late pit-stop, dropping to 4th, behind leading Brazilian driver Manuel de Teffé and both driving Alfa Romeo Monzas. On the final lap, she caught him at the last corner. Both cars went wide, possibly touching at 160 km/h. The French woman's car jerked left, hitting the border straw-bales that sent it tumbling into the crowd pressing right up to the edge of the track. "Hellé-Nice" was thrown out and into the crowd. The terrible accident injured dozens and killed six spectators including a soldier who took the full impact of the driver hitting him. "Hellé-Nice" spent two months in hospital with a fractured skull.

Second Half of the Season
In mid-July was another inaugural event – a rectangular street-circuit along the promenade of the Normandy resort town of Deauville. As a minor race, it was one of the few French races not run to their new sports-car formula. It attracted the best French drivers, led by Wimille and Robert Benoist from the works Bugatti team, along with top privateers Sommer and Étancelin. English drivers also came across the Channel, with Charlie Martin and Austin Dobson in their P3s along with Marcel Lehoux driving a works 2-litre ERA. Two bonus entries were René Dreyfus and Giuseppe Farina for Scuderia Ferrari. Despite a cold, overcast day, a big crowd arrived. Farina took the lead from the front row, but immediately there were problems. Dobson cut a corner and broke his suspension. Worse was Raymond Chambost, who had lost control of his Maserati 8CM which rolled. Taken to the local hospital with a fractured skull, he died three days later. Farina built his lead and had almost lapped the entire field by half-distance. Wimille was second and a lap ahead of Lehoux. On lap 60, Farina was approaching Lehoux to lap him again. Coming out of the corner onto the back straight Lehoux drifted wide and the two cars touched. Both rolled, throwing their drivers out, and with only cloth helmets, they both had head injuries. Lehoux was dead when they got to the hospital while Farina was released several days later. Only three cars finished and Wimille took a hollow victory.

The return to the Nürburgring for the German Grand Prix was the second round the European Championship. Just a fortnight earlier, Rosemeyer had married Elly Beinhorn in the celebrity wedding of the year. Once again, it was the most important event of the year for the German teams, and they dominated with nine of the twenty entries. Mercedes had their regular four and reserve driver Lang. Likewise, Auto Union brought in their reserve drivers Hasse and von Delius, as Varzi was sick. Against them was Ferrari with four cars: the 12C-36 for Nuvolari and Dreyfus (replacing the injured Farina) and 8C-35 for Brivio and Severi. The Scuderia Torino had two Maseratis, for Trossi and a V8-RI for guest driver Richard Seaman. Jean-Pierre Wimille was the sole entry from the Bugatti team. On the first day of practice, Rosemeyer put in a stunning lap of 10m 08s, fully 24 seconds under the lap record. This was then bettered the next day by Caracciola, with a 10m 03s – all due to the track resurfacing that had been done recently. However, grid positions were instead allocated by ballot. On a cool, overcast day, it was reported that there were about 350.000 spectators present. Using electric lights to start the race, von Brauchitsch on the second row was the fastest away, and led the first lap of 22. On the second lap, he stopped at the Karussel hairpin to check his steering, resuming after four minutes. Rosemeyer took over at the front, steadily building a lead until he pitted on lap 9. Hermann Lang found himself leading a Grand Prix for the first time as the field cycled through their pit-stops. Caracciola, having taken over Lang's car, brought it in smoking from a blown supercharger. Then, roaring down the straight toward Tiergarten, Chiron's Mercedes suddenly jerked left, crashing through a fence and rolled. Chiron was hauled out from under the car just with bruising to his head and shoulder (he would not race for Mercedes again ). Nuvolari, running second, suffered a rear-axle failure at the Karussel, and was given a lift back to the pits on the back of Sommer's Alfa – no repeat of the 1935 victory. With his competition out of the race, the last lap was the chance for Rosemeyer to receive the plaudits of an adoring crowd. He finished four minutes ahead of team-mate Stuck with Brivio almost five minutes further back in third.

For Mercedes, their race had been a disaster, never being on the pace. The team chose to take time to work on the new car in development. So the Coppa Ciano, the next major event of the calendar, was effectively a two-way duel between Alfa Romeo and Auto Union. This year the race was not run over the full 20 km Montenero course. Owing to safety concerns with the powerful cars, the twisty, narrow mountain section was omitted for an abbreviated 7 km coastal course around the streets of Livorno. After travelling barely metres off the start-line, Nuvolari was out with a broken differential. Pintacuda was called in to hand his car over. Varzi dominated the early race until his rear brake started locking, forcing his eventual retirement. In the meantime, Nuvolari had made up the minute he was behind and with inspired driving, took the lead. Rosemeyer was having an off-day, concerned about his wife embarking on an endurance flight attempt, and handed over to Stuck. Nuvolari was untouchable and, to the delight of the partisan crowd, led home a Ferrari 1-2-3 to once again beat the German team. It would prove to be the final time that Alfa Romeo beat either of the German teams. In the voiturette race earlier in the day, Trossi has convincingly won for Maserati after Seaman had fuel-pump issues in his Delage. Nicholas Embiricos, in his privateer ERA, was second.

The next track, at Pescara, was far more suited to the raw power of the Auto Unions with its long straights. So the organisers inserted chicanes onto those, to break up the speeds. Both Ferrari and Auto Union brought four cars. Scuderia Torino also entered four Maseratis, although only Seaman and Ghersi arrived. Clemente Biondetti represented the Scuderia Marammana with a Maserati 8CM, while privateers Hans Rüesch and Austin Dobson brought their Alfa P3s. Varzi put in the best time, with a 10m59s, to take pole with Nuvolari (11m06s) and Brivio (11m10s) beside him, for Ferrari. The best Maserati was Ghersi with a distant 12m23s. Near the end of practice, Stuck had a big accident. Breaking heavily from 280 kph at the Capelle chicane, the car slapped a stone wall and slid down a slope. Stuck was thrown out and fortunate only to bruise his elbow from a heavy landing. The car was repaired overnight for Delius to drive, while Varzi's car needed a full engine-change. It was a hot, sunny day and 80,000 fans arrived for the race. The voiturette race was run at 8am. Seaman was doing double-duty, having his revenge and winning after a mid-race tussle with Trossi, who finished second, and Bira. In the main race, Nuvolari got a lightning start, and together with Varzi and Rosemeyer, soon distanced the field. Varzi had to pit on lap 4 when a stone smashed his windscreen and the wind-buffeting at speed made driving impossible. Rosemeyer passed Nuvolari for the lead at Villa Montani, as they entered the twisty uphill part of the circuit. Delius was third, just ahead of Brivio, but 3 minutes behind, after an hour. At half-distance (8 laps), the cars stopped to refuel. Varzi was absolutely flying now, putting in a 10m44s race lap, and reaching 285 kph in the timed kilometre. When Nuvolari retired in the hills with a broken engine on lap 11, it left Auto Union to take a sweep of the podium, with Rosemeyer beating Delius and Varzi home by over six minutes. Brivio was fourth and Rüesch, four laps behind, was the only other finisher of the twelve starters.

The third Swiss Grand Prix was the next race of the European Championship and, for that reason, the Mercedes team was in the entry list with four cars. Auto Union also had four cars, with reserve Hasse called in place of von Delius. Ferrari just had three entries – for Nuvolari, Farina and Dreyfus. Bugatti brought two models for Wimille, with a 3.3-litre Type 59 and a 4.7-litre Type 59/50B. Caracciola was fastest in practice and started on pole. Getting away first, he was hounded by Rosemeyer as they pulled away from the rest of the field. Caracciola did everything to keep his lead, despite having waved flags to let the Auto Union pass. After nine laps, and furious shaken fists from Rosemeyer, it took the intervention of the lead official to flag Caracciola to pull over. Nuvolari had been third, but was falling back through the field with his engine overheating. Caracciola started having a stuck throttle, and was turning the ignition off and on to manage it. Rosemeyer, meanwhile, was setting new lap records and had even lapped his team-mate Stuck. In a race of high mechanical attrition, there were only five finishers, including the whole Auto Union team, cementing their dominance. Rosemeyer won, ahead of Varzi and Stuck, with only the Mercedes of Lang in 4th (co-driven by Faglioli) breaking up the Saxon procession Later that evening, tempers between the two Germans were still high and an unseemly shouting match erupted in their hotel lobby. The two would not speak to each other for the rest of the year. In response to their ongoing poor performance, the Mercedes team officially withdrew from the rest of the season to concentrate on their 1937 car.

In the Berne Grand Prix for the voiturette class, the Maserati works team did not appear. Dick Seaman dominated the race, winning ahead of the privateer ERAs of Embiricos and Reggie Tongue. Bira had retired from second with engine issues and the works ERA team had another wretched day, never being competitive. A week later, the British Junior Car Club revived their "200 Mile" race, this time at the Donington Park circuit. Voiturettes were run alongside Grand Prix cars, and easily had their measure. This time the ERA team was far more competitive, with Fairfield taking pole position in practice and Earl Howe initially leading the field. However, his car needed to refuel but the Delage did not, and Seaman went on to claim his third victory in three weeks, with Howe second. The only Grand Prix car to be classified was the Maserati 8CM of Cholmondeley-Tapper, with the rest a number of laps behind and outside the mandatory ten-minute time-limit. The following weekend, at the Ards Circuit in Northern Ireland, Jack Chambers crashed into the crowd during the RAC Tourist Trophy sports car race. Eight people were killed and fifteen seriously injured in the worst motor-racing accident in British history.

The Italian GP and the end of season
The Italian Grand Prix was the fourth and final event in the abbreviated European Championship. Once again there were no privateers entered, only cars from the racing teams. As usual, Auto Union had their four drivers, including von Delius this time. To defend Italian honour, the Scuderia Ferrari now had four of the 12C-36 cars for Nuvolari, Brivio, Farina and Dreyfus. Maserati was represented by the Scuderia Torino (with a V8-RI for Trossi and an older 6C-34 for Piero Dusio) and the Scuderia Marammana (with a pair of the 6C-34s for Biondetti and Ghersi). Bugatti could not prepare the car after the Swiss Grand Prix. The officials decided to use the same circuit as the previous year, with the five chicanes to try and limit the car speeds. The track employed most of the road circuit before connecting onto the banked Curva Sud. After their engine issues in the previous races, Vittorio Jano and his Alfa Romeo engineers had worked for a fortnight at Monza. They found by enlarging the exhaust pipes and fitting larger oil coolers, the engine cooling could be controlled. However, during practice, Brivio misjudged the chicane at the Curva della Roggia and rolled the car. It took almost ten minutes for the Alfa team to notice he had not come around and then with the help of the Auto Union crew, they found him still stuck under the car. Stunned and with a bruised arm, he was checked over at the local hospital. His place for the Grand Prix would be taken by Pintacuda, driving one of the older 8C-35s. Two unusual occurrences happened during practice – Rosemeyer was invited by Alfa Romeo to test-drive their 12C-36, and his new wife, Elly Beinhorn, did a lap in the Auto Union (at a reasonable speed).

Rosemeyer had taken pole and shared the front row with Stuck and Nuvolari. At the start, it was Stuck who took the lead until overtaken by Rosemeyer on the 4th lap. Nuvolari set a new lap record when he moved up to second. Varzi's car was losing power from a lost cylinder, dropping him down the field. He pitted, and fed up with the car, refused to go back out, so Hasse took his place three laps behind. On lap 18, Nuvolari lapped Trossi in his Maserati. Stuck, just two seconds behind, tried to follow before the Curva del Vialone chicane, but the pass put him offline and beyond his breaking point. Stuck hit the inner curb and then speared across the track. The car smashed into a tree and rebounded back onto the circuit, beside the driver who had been thrown out like a rag-doll. The following Trossi and Delius pulled up in time, with the track blocked. Stuck, despite a concussion, had amazingly only received superficial grazes and bruises. The race carried on, through the first pit-stops without further change. Trossi stopped with a loose fuel tank and after 40 minutes, was relieved by Bianco who proceeded to be a mobile roadblock for the rest of the field. When Nuvolari and Dreyfus had to change tyres a second time, Rosemeyer had the race in the bag and was able to ease off to win the race. Nuvolari was second, two minutes behind with Delius two laps back in third. Rosemeyer, having won three of the four rounds, was crowned European Champion. For Stuck, his season was over, but he was able to recuperate as a guest of fellow-driver, Conte Giovanni "Johnny" Lurani. The season ended with an easy victory for Nuvolari at the local Modena GP, as Ferrari dominated the other two Italian Scuderia. The second Donington Grand Prix had an interesting combination between Alfa Romeos, the new French sports cars and the leading voiturettes. In a 4½-hour race, it was the pair of Dick Seaman and Hans Ruësch, in their Alfa 8C-35 that won, ahead of Charlie Martin's Tipo B and the privateer ERA of Peter Walker and Peter Whitehead.

Since the 1920s, the American and European racing fraternities had moved apart following separate paths. Prior to that, there had been trans-Atlantic travel from the top European drivers to participate in the Indianapolis 500 and Vanderbilt Cup. To try and re-establish inter-continental racing, George Vanderbilt, nephew of the race founder, sponsored a return of the Cup. For a time the races had been run on a street circuit on Long Island. The new, combined road and dirt track at the Roosevelt Raceway, built with the help of Eddie Rickenbacker, used the Roosevelt Field runway where Lindbergh had famously left on his 1927 Transatlantic flight. The idea was to run the best of AAA series against the current European grand-prix cars. It had been postponed from 4 July as the circuit was not ready. Their season having finished, and with the big cash prizes, it drew an entry from Scuderia Ferrari for Nuvolari, Brivio and Farina with 12C-36s and privateer Raymond Sommer had his Tipo B. Bugatti had a Type 59/50 for Wimille, Maserati V8RIs were entered by Étancelin and "Raph" while Fred McEvoy and Englishman Teddy Rayson had voiturettes. Joining them were three ERAs, privately entered for Earl Howe, Pat Fairfield and Baron Essendon. A huge field of 58 cars arrived, and qualifying was needed for the 45 starter places. Ranged against the Europeans were some of the best Indy-style oval racers. These included 1934 Indianapolis winner Bill Cummings, veterans Russ Snowberger, Tony Gulotta and Shorty Cantlon, as well as future legends Wilbur Shaw, Mauri Rose and Ted Horn. This year's Indianapolis 500 winner, Louis Meyer, took Essendon's Bugatti T59 out for a test-drive, but crashed it in practice. Most were driving unsupercharged Miller or Offenhauser-powered roadsters, and after practice it was readily apparent there was a significant performance gap between the two types. Off the front row, Billy Winn got the best start, but Nuvolari was leading after the first lap. On lap 4, Wilbur Shaw spun out, bringing on the first yellow flag for the field. After an hour (about 15 laps), Nuvolari had a 30-second lead over Brivio, with Winn and Farina next and Wimille fifth in the Bugatti. Farina went wide at a corner and crashed, and another yellow came out. This full-course yellow was standard action in the United States, but quite unknown to the Europeans and many passed under the yellow flags and were penalised accordingly. With so many cars on the track, and the American cars being lapped, it was getting more confusing for the crowd. The leading order stayed constant aside from pit-stops. The ERAs were climbing up the order against the bigger-engined cars with Fairfield and Howe in the top-10. Then, on lap 64, Winn retired when his rear axle failed and with it, the American hopes of a win were lost. Even with his Alfa running on 11-cylinders, Nuvolari continued on to take an easy victory, two laps ahead of Wimille in his Bugatti. Brivio had suffered a cracked fuel pipe and lost ten minutes in repairs, slipping down to third. Fourth was Sommer in his private Alfa with Fairfield a credible fifth, 40 seconds ahead of the McEvoy/Trossi Maserati. First American home was Bill Cummings in 7th, fully 25 minutes behind Nuvolari. Built for simple cornering, the American cars had been well outclassed. After the race, Sommer sold his Alfa Romeo Tipo B to Joel Thorne.

This was a triumphant year for Auto Union, at Mercedes' expense. It saw the remarkable rise of Bernd Rosemeyer, emphasised by the Nazi propaganda machine. Alfa Romeo had had moments of brilliance from Nuvolari, and was the "best of the rest" at the other Grands Prix where the German teams were absent. However, it was also a tragic year with a number of serious accidents. The worst ones, at São Paulo, Deauville and the Tourist Trophy, were when the cars vaulted into the crowds, always standing far too close to the high-speed action when race safety was still minimal for both participant and spectator.

Drivers' Race Results
Bold font indicates starting on pole position, while italics show the driver of the race's fastest lap. The results of reserve or relieving drivers are shown with [square brackets] All drivers who started a Championship race are shown, while only those drivers with a best finish of 6th or better in the non-Championship races, or a fastest lap, are shown. Sources:

Manufacturers' Race Results

 * Footnotes

 * Citations

title: 1936 Grand Prix season


text: User talk:80.6.64.129

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:80.6.64.129


text:
Cooper, New Jersey

Cooper, New Jersey may refer to:

 * Cooper, Gloucester County, New Jersey, U.S.
 * Cooper, Passaic County, New Jersey, U.S.

title: Cooper, New Jersey


text:
Talk:Neerwinden

[Untitled]
My EB is packed up so I cant chaeck the omitted text. Battle may be etter moved elsewhere, anyway. Rich Farmbrough 12:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neerwinden


text:
Bob Douglas

Robert L. Douglas (b. (St. Kitts) November 4, 1882 – d. (unknown) July 16, 1979) was the founder of the New York Renaissance basketball team, the first fully all-black professional black-owned basketball team.

Career
Nicknamed the "Father of Black Professional Basketball", Douglas owned and coached the Rens from 1923 to 1949, guiding them to a 2,318-381 record (.859).

The Rens barnstormed throughout the United States, mostly in the Midwest, and played any team that would schedule them, black or white. Traveling as far as 200 miles for a game, they often slept on the bus and ate cold meals; they were barred from many hotels and restaurants by Jim Crow laws and norms of racial discrimination which prevailed in the northern United States at the time.

The Rens soon became a dominant team, winning as many as 88 consecutive games during the 1932–33 season. In the twenties and early thirties, their matches with the Original Celtics were basketball's greatest gate attraction. At the World Professional Basketball Tournament they won in 1939, lost to the eventual champion Harlem Globetrotters in 1940, and finished second to the National Basketball League champion Minneapolis Lakers in 1948.

Accolades
He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 1972, the first African American enshrined.

title: Bob Douglas


text:
Dani (magazine)

 BH Dani is a Bosnian language magazine website based in Sarajevo. Until 2010, it was published as a weekly, and then as a monthly magazine. In 2023, the printed edition was replaced with a wholly online model of release.

History
BH Dani, also known as Dani is a weekly politics magazine published in Sarajevo. The first issue of the magazine was distributed from 25 August 1992, during the first year of the Siege of Sarajevo. One of the editors-in-chief in the coming years was Senad Pećanin.

Dani continued its publication under harsh conditions throughout and despite the Siege. The magazine received the Award for Best Paper in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993 by the former Association of Journalists of BiH (today BH Novinari), award of the Open Society Foundation BIH and the Olof Palme Prize in 1998. The paper was financially supported by the Swedish Helsinki Committee, Press Now and the Open Society Foundations.

In 2010, the magazine was bought by Oslobođenje, when Pećanin stepped down as the editor-in-chief. Dani continues to be published with the current editor-in-chief Saša Rukavina.

In April 2023 the magazine issued the final printed edition before switching to a wholly online model of release. Chief editor Saša Rukavina reasoned that technology has advanced so much that printed newspapers can no longer compete with online portals and social media.

Editors-in-Chief

 * Senad Pećanin, 1992-2000
 * Vildana Selimbegović, 2000–2003
 * Emir Imamović Pirke, 2004-2005
 * Vildana Selimbegović, 2005-2008
 * Senad Pećanin, 2008-2010
 * Dženana Karup-Druško, 2010-2013
 * Šaša Rukavina 2013-present

Columnists

 * Semezdin Mehmedinović, Bosnian writer
 * Aleksandar Hemon, Bosnian-American writer
 * Miljenko Jergović, Bosnian writer
 * Karim Zaimović, Bosnian writer
 * Nerzuk Ćurak, Bosnian journalist
 * Mile Stojić, Bosnian writer
 * Esad Hećimović, Bosnian journalist
 * Eliezer Papo, Bosnian rabbi
 * Ivan Lovrenović, Bosnian journalist

Sister publications

 * Oslobođenje - daily newspaper
 * Auto Dani - a monthly car magazine supplement
 * Ljepota & Zdravlje - a monthly health and beauty magazine supplement
 * Biblioteka Dani - a book publishing house

title: Dani (magazine)


text:
Bustleton, Philadelphia

The Bustleton section of Northeast Philadelphia, United States is located in the Far Northeast, north of Rhawnhurst and Fox Chase and south of Somerton; sitting between Roosevelt Boulevard to the east, the city boundary to the west, Red Lion Road to the north, and Pennypack Park to the south, it is centered at the intersection of Grant Avenue and Bustleton Avenue (PA-532) and is completely included in the 19115 postal ZIP code.

In the early history of the city, the neighborhood was centered on the Bustleton Tavern, a local bar established before the American Revolution. Pennypack Park is part of the Fairmount Park system and was the site of much industry, including mills. The area was a trading center and had hotels drawing farmers bringing goods for sale via horse and buggy. Much of the commerce was also conducted via small streams and rivers of the present-day Pennypack Watershed. The old Paul's Run waterway once provided navigation from the Bustleton Tavern all the way to the Delaware River.

Bustleton was originally part of Lower Dublin Township, also known as Dublin Township, a defunct township that was located in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. The township ceased to exist and was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia following the passage of the Act of Consolidation, 1854.

Bustleton is home to the Lower Dublin Baptist Church, one of the oldest churches in America. Its burial ground contains the remains of many notable Americans and Revolutionary War Soldiers. Another church is the Protestant Episcopal Church of Saint Luke The Beloved Physician. It is the only church in Philadelphia that was designed by the architect Richard Upjohn of New York. It is located on Welsh Road and has a burial ground, now home to the veterans from the Civil War to present. It was consecrated on August 30, 1861.

The 1870 Roman Catholic Church of Maternity, Blessed Virgin Mary on Old Bustleton Ave in Pennypack Park is the large Roman Catholic parish that served as a mother church for most of the parishes in the Northeast section of Philadelphia. Saint Katherine Drexel attended Mass in the Old BVM Church.

One of the early schools went by the name: Bustleton Academy, also known as The academy at Bustelton, not to be confused with Lower Dublin Academy which is an older school, located in the Holmesburg section of Lower Dublin.

Present day
In the present day, Bustleton is largely a residential community with major commercial areas on Roosevelt Boulevard, Bustleton Avenue, Grant Avenue, and Red Lion Road. It has minimal industrial presence. US Census Bureau data show that the community is home to an increasingly racially and ethnically diverse population with many immigrant groups represented; in particular one can see store-fronts, billboards, and newspapers in Russian (especially along Bustleton Avenue) from the many immigrants from Russia, Ukraine, and other former Soviet Republics.

Population
According to the 2000 US Census, the total population was 31,853 of whom 45.9 percent were male, less than the 49.1 percent of the total US population who was male in 2000. Just less than 17 percent of area residents were under 18 years old, compared with over a quarter throughout the US. Nearly 27 percent were 65 years or older, well over twice the rate in the general population; four percent of the total Bustleton population was 85 years or older. Reflecting the large concentration of older citizens, the median age in Bustleton was 46.8 years compared with 35.3 years nationwide, and local residents were somewhat more likely to be disabled, 26.4 percent versus a national average of 19.3 percent.

Whites made up 87.1 percent of the population (US share was 75.1 percent), blacks were 3.5 percent (US share was 12.3 percent), Asians were 7.0 percent (US share was 3.6 percent) with the majority of those Indian-American. Nearly one-third of residents spoke a foreign language at home compared with less than 18 percent nationwide.

Economically, only 53.4 percent of those 16 years or older were in the labor force in 2000, well below the US average of 63.9 percent but the per capita income of $21,540 was nearly identical to the national level. Less than 10 percent were below the poverty level (US rate was 12.4 percent).

Four of every five adults, 25 years and over, were at least high school graduates as of 2000, and one in four had at least a bachelor's degree (slightly more than the US population).

Bustleton is home to many of the city's Police Officers and Firefighters.

By 2022, the neighborhood had a sizeable population from the former Soviet Union. In 1987, Jewish people made up a large number of the neighborhood's residents.

Transportation
Public transportation is provided by several SEPTA bus and regional rail routes, including bus routes 19, 58, 67, 88, and the West Trenton Line and Fox Chase Line regional rail lines in nearby communities. Major roads include Welsh Road, Verree Road, Red Lion Road (PA 63), Bustleton Avenue (PA 532), Grant Avenue, Krewstown Road, and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. 1). Bustleton is home to two of the most dangerous intersections in the United States: Roosevelt Boulevard at Grant Avenue and at Red Lion Road. After decades of complaints due to the large numbers of accidents, these intersections became the first in Philadelphia to have cameras installed which record the license plates of vehicles entering the intersections after the traffic light has turned red. The program has since spread to many intersections throughout the city.

It is bordered on the east by Northeast Philadelphia Airport, a municipal reliever airport that dates to World War II.

Housing
According to the 2000 US Census, there were 13,719 occupied housing units, 62 percent were owner-occupied and 38 percent were renter-occupied; the 423 vacant units were just three percent of all Bustleton-units, a vacancy rate one-third that of the US. There were 7,209 single-family owner-occupied homes with a median value of $120,000, just $400 more than the median for the US as a whole.

In 2007, newly constructed single homes were selling for between $350,000 and $500,000. Average existing home values are approximately $200,000 to $350,000 for single homes and $175,000 to $250,000 for twin homes. There are no row homes in Bustleton, though there are several dozen apartment complexes and condominiums, and a significant number of the homes are side-by-side duplexes, often referred to by locals as "twins".

Infrastructure and government
The United States Postal Service operates the Bustleton Post Office at 9925 Bustleton Avenue. This Post Office serves the communities of Bustleton (19115, 19152) and Somerton (19116).

The 7th District Police Station at Bustleton and Bowler shares the building with the fire station and other smaller municipal offices.

The neighborhood is part of the 10th City Council District, currently represented by Brian J. O'Neill.

Primary and secondary schools
The area is served by the School District of Philadelphia. The primary public elementary schools are Joseph J. Greenberg Elementary, which is K-8, and Anne Frank Elementary, which is K-5. Most children that attend Anne Frank then attend C.C.A. Baldi Middle School, which is 6–8. The primary public high school, George Washington High School, is located on Bustleton Avenue, just north of the northernmost boundary of Red Lion Road.

Anne Frank opened in 1961 as Bustleton Elementary School and received its current name in 1987. It was renamed at the suggestion of the Anne Frank Institute. The school board decided to rename an elementary school that had a non-person name. The Philadelphia Inquirer stated that it was likely the first school in the United States to be named after Frank, and the first school in the city with a teenager as its namesake.

Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic parish sponsors a large elementary school, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia. There are no Roman Catholic parochial high schools in Bustleton, but many students go to Archbishop Ryan High School (co-ed), Father Judge High School (all boys), St. Hubert's High School (all girls), or Bishop McDevitt High School (co-ed). Politz Hebrew Academy and Lehigh Christian Academy both serve Pre-K to 8th grade. The Politz School occupies the buildings of the former Jacobs and Fayette Public Schools. The Fayette School, a Samuel Sloan building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 and dates to 1854.

Local students may also attend a variety of academies or prep schools (both charter, private, and parochial) both within Bustleton and in the larger metropolitan area.

There are no colleges or universities in the neighborhood.

Public libraries
Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Bustleton Branch at 10199 Bustleton Avenue at Verree Road, near George Washington High School, in the adjacent Somerton section of the city.

Organizations
The Greater Bustleton Civic League, originally an alliance of the major local churches but now a neighborhood organization dealing primarily with zoning issues, has served the area for more than sixty years. Youth sports are organized by the Bustleton Bengals which has its home field at Robert Hayes Memorial Playground, named for a slain Philadelphia police officer who was an area resident, though, locals refer to the playground and the surrounding park areas as either Conwell Playground or Five Diamonds (due to its five baseball fields).

Businesses
In 2005, there were 593 business establishments in Bustleton, employing 8,933 with an annual payroll of $244,673,000. There were 120 Health and Social Services (reflecting the large senior population) and 100 Retail establishments. Bustleton is headquarters for the American Heritage Federal Credit Union, the sixth largest in Pennsylvania.

Notable person

 * John Robbins, member of the U.S. House of Representatives

title: Bustleton, Philadelphia


text: User talk:72.10.104.33

title: User talk:72.10.104.33


text:
User talk:Hermosafun90254

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Blank Verse  ∅  13:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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Menemsha, Massachusetts
Hi Hermosafun90254. Welcome to Wikipedia. I just wanted to let you know that I expanded the article you started for Menemsha. I think I kept most of the elements of what you added, except the part about it being like harbors from a hundred years ago. Let me know if you have any problems with the edits. Mike Dillon 06:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hermosafun90254


text:
Talk:Gay bashing

Further reading section too long
There are currently 24 entries in the "Further reading" section. I don't think so many suggested readings are useful for readers who won't know where to even begin. Surely this section can be trimmed? Bennv3771 (talk) 17:52, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Added Bangladeshi case
I just added the 2016 death of Xulhaz Mannan as a case worth profiling. There is already a tag on the page to globalize this as right now it focuses on the United States even though this is a global issue.  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  11:24, 14 May 2021 (UTC)

Article attempts to redefine "violence"
The "implicit homophobic/transphobic violence" section redefines violence to something it's not. The true definition of violence is as follows: "behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something."

I recommend a word such as "bias" instead since that's what it's really talking about. Redefining words like this will lead to confusion and a misrepresentation of facts. With "violence" defined so broadly, saying someone committed an act of violence against an LGBT person, loses its meaning. 108.26.206.115 (talk) 09:36, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Proposed split of LGBT bullying
Based on an abundance of available sources, I think LGBT bullying clearly merits its own article. Spinning off the lengthy section from this article seems like the best place to start. That would leave this article as primarily consisting of two summary-style sections, one on Violence against LGBT people and one on LGBT bullying.--Trystan (talk) 16:28, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I have proceeded with the split.--Trystan (talk) 18:22, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gay bashing


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Jack Sauer

This should not be deleted because Jack is a respected member of the podcasting community.


text:
Europcar

Europcar Mobility Group is a French car rental company founded in 1949 in Paris. The head office of the holding company, Europcar Group S.A., is in the business park of Val Saint-Quentin at Voisins-le-Bretonneux (Saint Quentin en Yvelines), France.

Today, Europcar operates in 140 countries covering Europe, North America, Western Asia, and Africa. Since July 2022, Europcar has been owned by Green Mobility Holding, S,A. a consortium led by the Volkswagen Group, Attestor and Pon Holdings. Keddy is the Europcar leisure rental sub-brand.

Early stages
Europcar Mobility Group was founded in 1949 in Paris by Raoul-Louis Mattei under the name of "The Automobile Subscription". The "Europcars" brand was created in 1951. After 20 years of growth, the company was then owned from 1970 to 1988 by Renault, the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits and Accor.

Volkswagen subsidiary
From 1998, Europcar had progressively been acquired by the Volkswagen Group, until it eventually became a subsidiary 100% owned by the carmaker in 1999.

Buy-back by Eurazeo
In 2006, Eurazeo, the investment company, bought Europcar from the Volkswagen Group. The amount of the transaction was worth 2.4 times Europcar's turnover in 2005. The chairman of the Board of Eurazeo, Patrick Sayer, said: "We are thrilled by the acquisition of Europcar. With an initial participation of 900 million euros, it is due to become of the most significant investments for Eurazeo."

In 2010, the group partnered with Daimler to launch the Car2Go service in Hamburg, Germany.

Philippe Germond, who had been CEO of PMU since 2009, was named CEO of Europcar from October 1, 2015.

In January 2015, Europcar acquired Ubeeqo, a startup that specialises in corporate carsharing.

In May 2015, Europcar announced its intention to go public.

In early 2017, the company announced a trio of acquisitions: Milan based GuidaMi, Europcar Denmark and Germany based Buchbinder.

In December 2017, the company completed its acquisition of low-cost car rental company, Goldcar, for an enterprise value of €550 million ($616 million).

In April 2018, Europcar acquired Scooty, through Ubeeqo, a Belgian start-up that specialises in electric scooter-sharing in Antwerp and Brussels.

In June 2018, Europcar ended its operations of its Israeli franchisee in the occupied West Bank. The American Friends Service Committee stated: “After becoming a franchisee of Europcar, Israeli company Albar terminated its businesses in the occupied West Bank. Europcar thus joins other multinationals that have ended operations in illegal Israeli settlements”. According to Israeli research centre Who Profits?, Albar previously had branches in two illegal settlements: Beitar Illit and Modi'in Illit.

In August 2019, Europcar acquired Fox Rent A Car, one of the largest independent players in the US car rental market.

Recent
On 28 July 2021, Green Mobility Holding, which is a consortium led by the Volkswagen Group, Attestor and Pon Holdings, announced that the consortium would acquire Europcar Mobility Group, and the transaction closed in June 2022.

Corporate affairs
Europcar's head office was formerly in the Immeuble Les Quadrants in Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France.

Sport sponsorships
Europcar began sponsoring sport teams in 1980. The group sponsored a Formula One Renault team and the Paris-Dakar rally. The company was also involved in other sports such as golf, horse racing and marathons.

Europcar has sponsored 2009 ICC Champions Trophy organised by ICC which was held in South Africa, although it was not a major sponsor.

Since 2011, Europcar has been sponsoring the French professional road cycling team managed by Jean-René Bernaudeau, names after the brand: Team Europcar. The group received the "Sponsor of the year" title for its involvement in cycling, awarded by Sporsora.

In August 2014, Arsenal F.C. announced that Europcar UK had become the club's official car and van rental partner over a three-year deal.

Corporate citizenship
Europcar joined the United Nations Global Compact in 2005 and adopted the ten fundamental principles of the pact.

The company is invested in the "Green Charter" programme, certified by Bureau Veritas and is also a partner of WeForest, an international non-profit organisation whose goal is to foster reforestation.

Legal issues
In June 2014, the Australian Federal Court ruled that a Europcar franchisee (now corporate owned) in Tasmania had "engaged in unconscionable conduct and made false or misleading representations when charging customers for damage to hire vehicles" and fined the former franchisee owner $264,000.

On 23 June 2017 the company's head offices in England were raided by Leicester Trading Standards and a case referred to the Serious Fraud Office due to accusations of overcharging customers for repairing damage to hire vehicles.

title: Europcar


text:
User:LibrariumPysker

A Pysker is a powerful pyschic entity in Warhammer 40,000. one example of a pysker is a space marine Librarian like the one below.

Some Pyskers include: >Eldar farseer >Chaos Soccerers >Tyranid Zoanthropes >Imperial Guard Techpriest

title: User:LibrariumPysker


text:
Homunculus (genus)

Homunculus is an extinct genus of New World monkey that lived in Patagonia during the Miocene. Two species are known: Homunculus patagonicus and Homunculus vizcainoi, which are known from material found in the Santa Cruz Formation in the far south of Argentina.

H. patagonicus was a robustly built, quadrupedal primate, with body mass estimates varying between 1.4 and 5.9 kg based on different techniques.

Some authors consider Killikaike blakei to be a junior synonym for H. patagonicus, but others consider the species distinct.

While some studies have regarded Homunculus as a crown group platyrhine and a member of the family Pitheciidae, other studies have regarded it as a stem-group platyrhine outside any modern group, which is supported by the morphology of its nasal turbinates, which are dissimilar to those of crown-group platyrhines.

Homunculus is suggested to have been primarily frugivorous based on dental wear.

title: Homunculus (genus)


text:
User:Vb

My main contribution to Wikipedia :

 * Belgium
 * Partition of Belgium
 * Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace
 * Blues
 * de:Erich Klausener

fr:Utilisateur:Vbrems

title: User:Vb


text:
Talk:Ronnie Barker

Goodbye
And it's goodbye from me and goodbye to him. RIP Ronnie B. User:Hogtree

Amen to that. What with Porridge, the Two Ronnies and Open All Hours I feel like I grew up with this man.

Lest We Forget (don't know whether it's worth including on the main article) - Oatzy

A sad sad day for British comedy. But I'm sure his sketches will live on for many years to come - who could forget Fork Handles, Jamaican Ginger Cake or "your nuts milord". All together then, one last time... "ggggggrranville, ffffetch your cccloth". Goodbye Ronnie, Rest in Peace.

Date of death
On a more Wikipedic note, we (as usual) have two different death dates for him in the article. I'm going to go with the the only source I found that is specific. DJ Clayworth 16:32, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

OK, so Now I've found a more precise one which gives 3rd as the date, and an exact time. DJ Clayworth 16:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

We still have two different dates for death. I don't know which one is correct but can someone fix it please. Cheers. --Astral

According to the BBC the date of death is the 3rd, but details were only released on the 4th.

Amazing
1 Word: Amazing --Jonathandavis 17:07, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Ronnie Corbett
I ended up having to edit Ronnie Corbett's article because someone said he'd died...

It's a real shame to see him go. RIP

Ronnie Baker Day
This morning (5 Oct 05) in Melbourne, Australia a radio announcer said that today was "Ronnie Baker Day". I have no other details. Avalon 20:50, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Who's Ronnie Baker? Jooler 22:38, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

His legacy
I removed this section from the main page as being non NPOV although I could not agree more with the sentiment. The section read:

"His legacy will live on and he will be remembered as one of the best comedians to grace the TV screen. Ronnie's death leaves a massive hole in comedy and in the hearts of people who enjoyed his work. Thank you Ronnie."

Hear hear. Al Clark 20:53, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

What a character. Don't make em like that any more do they :-( --kingboyk 03:41, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Epitaph
His catchphrase ending from The Two Ronnies provided the perfect epitaph: "Goodnight From Him".

Is this meant to imply that's what's actually written on his gravestone, or is it just an observation? --Dtcdthingy 21:44, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Dictionary.reference.com lists the word Epitaph as:

 * n 1: an inscription on a tombstone or monument in memory of the person buried there 2: a summary statement of commemoration for a dead person

 * This statement meets the second criteria as it was widely used at the time of his death. It was even used as the title of a BBC documentary paying tribute to him. I'm not aware of what is actually inscribed on his gravestone (assuming he was actually buried) it's something that the media rightfully haven't mentioned. --Peteb16 09:07, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Humanist
I removed this clause from Personal Life before the public memorial service: (despite being a humanist rather than a Christian). Is there some rule or law concerning who can or cannot have a service in Westminster Abbey? What is implied here? -213.219.151.76 14:40, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Humphmeister's little known second symphony
I would be very pleased if anyone could possibly tell me the title of a Ronnie Barker sketch in which he plays a BBC announcer who is sacked live on TV because it turns out that he is in the wrong concert hall where "Humphmeister's little known second symphony" is NOT performed. Thank you so much. PS: I dare not ask whether it is available somehow... --Bernie 07:14, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Did you know instead of the usual two candles carried during a funeral procession at Westminster Abbey, they carried four candles as a special tribute to Ronnie Barker? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.6.86.235 (talk) 07:18, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Unsourced addition - needs verifying
This section was added by user:212.219.106.152, but is unsourced and really needs a citation if it is to be included:

This was followed up by a role in the film My House in Umbria in 2003], in which he starred with [[Maggie Smith, who, when at the Oxford Playhouse, Barker told Smith, that she would never make it, and should give up. Dame Maggie Smith, is a D.B.E., C.B.E., and has two Academy Awards to her name.

Bob talk 10:40, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Gerald Wiley
Barker's "Gerald Wiley" subterfuge was fairly limited, and Barker was never widely known as Wiley, so I've removed that reference from the opener. The circumstances are discussed well in the body of the article. --Tony Sidaway 00:59, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Quickly became ... long running comedy shows
This sounds like a contradiction in terms; how could The Two Ronnies quickly become a long running show?

Apepper (talk) 16:09, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ Ged UK (talk) 17:24, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Mum - critical reaction
The article states that "Mum" received a positive reaction, although an article in the Guardian strongly implies the opposite. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/oct/05/media.bbc I'm no expert but someone might want to look into this: it could be that both are correct if the play was given bad reviews as a stage play and good reviews as a radio play performed after his death. I've made no change to the article. Rob Burbidge (talk) 15:46, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Bad son
This article should reflect the heartache that Barker felt after his youngest son, Adam, went on the run because he was caught in Operation Ore looking at kiddie porn. 1. He was still on the lamb at the time of his death in 2005. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.145.4.151 (talk) 15:56, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Why?
Why is Ronnie Barker listed as British and Ronnie Corbett listed as Scottish that's a bit unfair isn't it England have to share it's comedians under the name of British but the Scotland keeps it's comedians to it's own borders within the union, I'm not flaming but it seems a bit one sided that's all86.148.131.197 (talk) 23:10, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Not really. Corbett self-identifies as Scottish, whereas Barker didn't self-identify as English. Therefore, we stick with British nationality law and describe him as British. Simples!! Rodhull  andemu  23:12, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Rather a good article
This has developed into rather a good article recently, indeed I suspect if the introduction was expanded a little bit it might be a potential good article candidate. I'm happy to do it myself, but I don't know if anybody else has already planned to do this as the final jigsaw piece, as it were? Bob talk 19:16, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This is one of my long term projects - as in, it will take a long time, and I don't really have all that much. As you say it would probably pass GAN now were the lead done properly. I still, though, have the second half of Corbett's book and then all of the two other biographies to go through before it will be properly complete. If you would be willing to write the lead, and anything else for that matter, your help would be greatly appreciated. Gran2 22:00, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Son
Some editors have recently added information to the 'Personal life' section about how his son has been charged with child pornography offences. While true and well-sourced, I don't think this really belongs in the article. It's not about Ronnie Barker or relevant to his life in any way. Does anyone else agree? Robofish (talk) 13:40, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree, but 1) not including it will lead to people continually adding it back 2) not including creates the impression that the page is being censored 3) Adam Barker doesn't have his own article, therefore this is essentially his page. 4) It's not irelevant to describe his children and if we say Adam is an actor (as Charlotte is already listed as an actress) then people will wonder why the most pertinent piece of information about him (the child porn) isn't included as well. And it's not like Adam Barker is notable on his own, all stories initially refer to him as "Ronnie Barker's son". So I agree on a personal level as the article's primary author that I don't want it included here. But on a practical, encyclopedic level I think it probably should. Gran2 14:14, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure. Adam Barker's latest arrest has occurred seven years after his father's death, so I'm not entirely convinced that it is actually relevant to Ronnie Barker's life.--EchetusXe 22:28, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, he spent eight years on the run and his father was alive at the time of the original arrest and so it most definitely will have affected his life and so should probably be included.--EchetusXe 22:31, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * After actually rereading the article (which you'd think I'd remember) it is already mentioned that Adam missed Ronnie's funeral due to the charges, so that's probably sufficient. Gran2

External links modified
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This is (not) your life. Trivia, fact or anecdote?
I have recently become aware that Ronnie Barker was at some point, supposed to be appearing on the British version of the show This is your life with Eamonn Andrews.

Apparently the episode had to be scrapped after Barker became aware of secretive phone calls between his wife and another person whom he believed she was having an affair with.

After finding the name Brian and a London telephone number on a piece of paper, Barker rang it presuming it to be the person whom he suspected his wife of having the "affair" with, only to have the phone answered by the recipient as "Hello, This is your life."

Needless to say the episode was scrapped after Barker identified himself on the phone.

Would this be something you could add to the article (with appropriate sourcing of course), and would you add it as trivia, anecdote or factual?

Thanks, Dane | Geld  20:21, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * It's quite an interesting anecdote, I note a slightly less embellished version appears on the page about the programme, cited to his autobiography It's Hello From Him - I guess in the context of him being quite secretive about his personal life, it could be illuminating. Bob talk 22:31, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

Active after death?
The infobox lists his years active as 1946-2021. This is truly astounding, since it also has him dying 16 years previously!? Toyokuni3 (talk) 19:49, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronnie Barker


text:
Stefano Okaka

Stefano Chuka Okaka (born 9 August 1989) is an Italian former footballer who played as a forward.

He began his career at Roma, debuting shortly after his 16th birthday and being loaned to several other teams for the duration of his contract. He totalled over 125 Serie A games for that club, Bari, Parma, Sampdoria and Udinese. Abroad, he played 47 Premier League matches for Fulham and Watford, and had a season in Belgium with Anderlecht.

Roma
Born in Castiglione del Lago, Umbria, Italy to Nigerian parents who later obtained Italian citizenship, Okaka joined the Roma youth system in 2004. He was part of the team that won the U-20 national title in 2005 and scored goals against Juventus in the semi-final and Atalanta in the final.

On 29 September 2005, at the age of 16 years, 55 days he made his debut with the first team in the UEFA Cup, playing against Aris. He thus became the youngest footballer to debut in an international competition for an Italian team. Okaka scored his first goal for Roma in a Coppa Italia match against Napoli on 8 December, with a powerful run from midfield and a precise shot to the left of the goalkeeper, making him the youngest goalscorer in the competition at the age of 16 years, 125 days. He made his Serie A debut with the club later that month, on 18 December, at the age of 16 years and 125 days, in a 1–1 away draw against Sampdoria.

Okaka scored his first Serie A goal on 17 September 2006, concluding a 3–1 win over Siena, just 38 days after his 17th birthday, after coming on as a substitute for Francesco Totti. He made his debut in the UEFA Champions League ten days later, in a 2–1 away loss to Valencia, aged 17 years, 53 days.

Okaka was subsequently loaned to Serie B side Modena for the 2007–08 season in order to gain some first team experience. He scored seven times in 33 appearances. After returning to Roma, he signed a new contract which lasted until 30 June 2012. As a part of it, he earned a gross annual salary of €600,000 in the first two seasons, which then increased to €700,000 and €900,000. He also spent a six-month loan period at Brescia in Serie B from January to June 2009, where he scored two goals in 16 appearances.

On 6 August 2009, substitute Okaka scored his first goal with Roma in a continental competition, the final goal in a 7–1 win away to Gent in the second leg of the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round (10–2 aggregate). He scored again in the Europa League in Roma's 2–0 win over CSKA Sofia and in Roma's 2–1 win over Fulham. His last goal with Roma was an 88th-minute winner against Siena.

On 1 February 2010, he joined Fulham on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut in the 1–0 win over Portsmouth on 3 February, and scored his first goal for the club eleven days later in a 5th round FA Cup tie at home to Notts County. He scored his first league goal for the club against Wigan Athletic on 4 April, in a 2–1 win at Craven Cottage. He was cup-tied for Fulham's run to the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final.

In January 2011 Okaka moved to Bari on loan. There, he scored his first goal against Lecce for 1–0 win. In this game he and Kamil Glik marking their debuts for Bari. He scored one further goal for Bari that season. Okaka sustained an injury in round 30 and missed the rest of the season.

In August 2011, Okaka was attacked by Roma fans after a training session for allegedly not wishing to sign autographs.

Parma
After failing to make a single appearance for Roma in the first half of the season, on 22 January 2012, Okaka joined Parma on loan until the end of the season. He scored his first goal on 7 March, the opener in a 2–2 against Fiorentina.

Okaka signed a permanent deal with Parma on 20 August 2012. The following day he was loaned to the newly promoted Serie B club Spezia where he made 38 appearances, scoring seven goals and assisting six more. After his loan spell, he returned to Parma for the 2013–14 season, making only two Serie A matches as a substitute.

Sampdoria
On 31 January 2014, Okaka was transferred to the fellow Serie A outfit Sampdoria on a permanent deal, with Nicola Pozzi moving the opposite direction. He made a good start to his Sampdoria career, scoring five times in 13 appearances in the 2013–14 season.

He scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 14 September 2014, a solo effort, in the 2–0 victory against Torino on 14 September 2014. On 10 June 2015, the owner and president of Sampdoria Massimo Ferrero told the Italian media that Okaka would be leaving the club.

Anderlecht
On 28 July 2015, Okaka joined Belgian side Anderlecht from Sampdoria for a reported fee of €3 million.

Watford / Udinese
On 29 August 2016, Okaka joined Watford from Anderlecht on a five-year contract. He scored his first two goals on 10 December, against Everton in a 3–2 win. In his second season, after the departure of compatriot manager Walter Mazzarri, he was more used as a substitute; his one-goal came on opening day, opening a 3–3 draw with Liverpool at Vicarage Road.

On 8 January 2019, Okaka was loaned to Udinese for the rest of the Serie A season, having played just 47 minutes for Watford all season across three substitute appearances. Both clubs were owned by Giampaolo Pozzo. He scored six goals in 16 games as the Bianconeri avoided relegation, including braces in consecutive wins over Frosinone and SPAL in May.

Okaka's move to Udinese was made permanent on 2 September 2019, on a three-year contract.

International career
After gaining Italian citizenship in 2007, Okaka was selected for the Italian Under-19 side. He made his debut for the Italy U-20 team in 2008, scoring two goals. On 17 November 2009, he made his debut with the Italy U-21 squad in a match against Luxembourg.

In April 2014, Okaka revealed he was in talks with the Nigeria Football Federation about the possibility of him switching allegiance to his parents' country and play with the Nigeria national football team already at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

However, Okaka was included in the Italy squad for their friendly against Albania on 18 November 2014 by manager Antonio Conte. He made his debut as a substitute, replacing Sebastian Giovinco in the second half, and scored the only goal of the match in the victory at Sampdoria's home ground, the Stadio Luigi Ferraris.

Personal life
Okaka's twin sister, Stefania Okaka, is also a professional sportsperson. A volleyball player, she plays for Béziers Volley of the French first division and the Italy national team.

International

 * Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first.

Honours
AS Roma
 * Coppa Italia: 2006-07

title: Stefano Okaka


text:
Talk:Military animal

Falcons
why not even a single mention to falcons? they have been used in the military for centuries and not too long ago in WW2. Many of them used by Nazis to intercept secret messages sent by pigeons.

Elk/Moose
At one point moose (European elk) were used as substitute war horses, I think in France. They were abandoned because they panicked when they heard the sound of guns. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.116.29.245 (talk) 04:44, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Globalize
I'd really like to see a few more examples of the usage of animals in war from conflicts other than WW II, which tends to dominate this article as it currently stands. Can anyone add information on the use of animals in other parts of the world, i.e. Africa, Asia, etc? MC MasterChef 13:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think some research needs to be done and the article needs some tables with a neat little overview. Wandalstouring (talk) 13:28, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

FARC Guerillas
According to news reports FARC guerrillas in Colombia have several times set off explosives attached to donkeys or horses
 * Sounds neat. Can you link an article? --Eyrian 20:05, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 18:49, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Biological warfare
There should be mention of the use of animals (both medieval and modern) as disease vectors. 59.100.103.114 (talk) 03:08, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Bear
Among the huge variety of troops serving at Monte Cassino, probably the strangest was a bear from Iran, called Wojtek. Raised by and enlisted into the 22nd Artillery Supply Company of the Polish II Corps, he carried artillery shells during the battle.Gazoutg (talk) 21:46, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

Who threw the monkeys? The rebels or the Imperial Army?
In, "According to Pr. Shi Bo, in "Trente-six Stratagèmes Chinois" (in French, ISBN 2-911858-06-9), monkeys were used in the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, in a battle between rebels of the Yanzhou province and the Chinese Imperial Army, led by Zhao Yu..."... there is talk of flaming monkeys being used as weapons. Who threw the monkeys? --Agamemnus (talk) 21:43, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

Opening paragraph tense
The use of past tense is wrong and also contributes to the passive voice. 143.232.210.150 (talk) 00:51, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

Bomb sniffing rats
http://www.stripes.com/news/rats-may-be-cheaper-alternative-to-ied-seeking-dogs-1.186930#.UDkgqsVHSt0.twitter

Does that go here? If so, which section? Hcobb (talk) 22:28, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Military's Medical Use of Animals
I think this page could use a section on live tissue trauma training, the military's use of animals in combat medical training courses. There is a lot of information on this subject. What does everyone think? Adreac (talk) 02:39, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

First 5 words: umm, really... ??
"Military animals are non-human creatures" ??? This seems to imply that humans are animals. I don't believe that is the case, but regardless of personal opinions, it seems rather pointless and cumbersome, not really giving any information or anything relevant to an encyclopedia. The wording needs to be changed a little. The current version seems a little awkward at best. Green547 (talk) 01:41, 28 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree; it's awkward. Edit away!  Chrisrus (talk) 18:07, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

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In fiction
The video game Siege included units of "battle cattle" and "war chickens." The battle cattle idea has been adopted in other games such as Battle_Cattle and Battle Cattle: The Card Game. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 22:48, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

They forgot something
They forgot the NAVY SEALs 94.109.255.64 (talk) 15:24, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Military animal


text:
Prince Emmanuel of Belgium

Prince Emmanuel of Belgium (Emmanuel Léopold Guillaume François Marie; born 4 October 2005) is the younger son and third child of King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium. He is currently third in line to the throne of Belgium after his elder sister, Princess Elisabeth, and brother, Prince Gabriel.

Life
Emmanuel was born on 4 October 2005 at the Erasmus Hospital the teaching hospital of Université libre de Bruxelles. He was christened at the chapel of Ciergnon Castle in the Belgian Ardennes on 10 December 2005. His godparents were: his maternal aunt Countess Elisabeth d'Udekem d'Acoz (Margravine Pallavicini) and Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Prince Emmanuel initially attended St John Berchmans College in Marollen, Brussels before transferred to Eureka Special School in Kessel-Lo in September 2012. In August 2020, the Belgian Royal Court announced that Prince Emmanuel was transferred to the an English-language International School of Brussels in Watermael-Boitsfort. Emmanuel graduated from ISB in June 2024.

Emmanuel likes to practice cycling, swimming, skiing, and sailing. He also plays the flute and saxophone. He speaks French, Dutch, and English.

title: Prince Emmanuel of Belgium