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Structure and genome of HIV

The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias. However, researchers at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated a previously unknown and genetically distinct retrovirus in patients with AIDS which was later named HIV." Each virion comprises a viral envelope and associated matrix enclosing a capsid, which itself encloses two copies of the single-stranded RNA genome and several enzymes. The discovery of the virus itself occurred two years following the report of the first major cases of AIDS-associated illnesses.

Structure
The complete sequence of the HIV-1 genome, extracted from infectious virions, has been solved to single-nucleotide resolution. The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins, invariably establishing cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries. HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses. The HIV virion is ~100 nm in diameter. Its innermost region consists of a cone-shaped core that includes two copies of the (positive sense) ssRNA genome, the enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, some minor proteins, and the major core protein. The genome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encodes 8 viral proteins playing essential roles during the HIV life cycle.

HIV-1 is composed of two copies of noncovalently linked, unspliced, positive-sense single-stranded RNA enclosed by a conical capsid composed of the viral protein p24, typical of lentiviruses. The two RNAs are often identical, yet they are not independent, but form a compact dimer within the virion. Several reasons as for why two copies of RNA are packaged rather than just one have been proposed, including probably a combination of these advantages: One advantage is that the two copies of RNA strands are vital in contributing to HIV-1 recombination, which occurs during reverse transcription of viral replication, thus increasing genetic diversity. Another advantage is that having two copies of RNA would allow the reverse transcriptase to switch templates when encountering a break in the viral RNA, thus completing the reverse transcription without loss of genetic information. Yet another reason is that the dimeric nature of the RNA genome of the virus may play a structural role in viral replication. The containment of two copies of single-stranded RNA within a virion but the production of only a single DNA provirus is called pseudodiploidy. The RNA component is 9749 nucleotides long and bears a 5’ cap (Gppp), a 3’ poly(A) tail, and many open reading frames (ORFs). Viral structural proteins are encoded by long ORFs, whereas smaller ORFs encode regulators of the viral life cycle: attachment, membrane fusion, replication, and assembly.

The single-strand RNA is tightly bound to p7 nucleocapsid proteins, late assembly protein p6, and enzymes essential to the development of the virion, such as reverse transcriptase and integrase. Lysine tRNA is the primer of the magnesium-dependent reverse transcriptase. The nucleocapsid associates with the genomic RNA (one molecule per hexamer) and protects the RNA from digestion by nucleases. Also enclosed within the virion particle are Vif, Vpr, Nef, and viral protease. The envelope of the virion is formed by a plasma membrane of host cell origin, which is supported by a matrix composed of the viral p17 protein, ensuring the integrity of the virion particle. At the surface of the virion can be found a limited number of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of HIV, a trimer formed by heterodimers of gp120 and gp41. Env is responsible for binding to its primary host receptor, CD4, and its co-receptor (mainly CCR5 or CXCR4), leading to viral entry into its target cell.

As the only proteins on the surface of the virus, the envelope glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41) are the major targets for HIV vaccine efforts. Over half of the mass of the trimeric envelope spike is N-linked glycans. The density is high as the glycans shield underlying viral protein from neutralisation by antibodies. This is one of the most densely glycosylated molecules known and the density is sufficiently high to prevent the normal maturation process of glycans during biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The majority of the glycans are therefore stalled as immature 'high-mannose' glycans not normally present on secreted or cell surface human glycoproteins. The unusual processing and high density means that almost all broadly neutralising antibodies that have so far been identified (from a subset of patients that have been infected for many months to years) bind to or, are adapted to cope with, these envelope glycans.

The molecular structure of the viral spike has now been determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. These advances in structural biology were made possible due to the development of stable recombinant forms of the viral spike by the introduction of an intersubunit disulphide bond and an isoleucine to proline mutation in gp41. The so-called SOSIP trimers not only reproduce the antigenic properties of the native viral spike but also display the same degree of immature glycans as presented on the native virus. Recombinant trimeric viral spikes are promising vaccine candidates as they display less non-neutralising epitopes than recombinant monomeric gp120 which act to suppress the immune response to target epitopes.

Genome organization
HIV has several major genes coding for structural proteins that are found in all retroviruses as well as several nonstructural ("accessory") genes unique to HIV. The HIV genome contains nine genes that encode fifteen viral proteins. These are synthesized as polyproteins which produce proteins for virion interior, called Gag, group specific antigen; the viral enzymes (Pol, polymerase) or the glycoproteins of the virion env (envelope). In addition to these, HIV encodes for proteins which have certain regulatory and auxiliary functions as well. HIV-1 has two important regulatory elements: Tat and Rev and few important accessory proteins such as Nef, Vpr, Vif and Vpu which are not essential for replication in certain tissues. The gag gene provides the basic physical infrastructure of the virus, and pol provides the basic mechanism by which retroviruses reproduce, while the others help HIV to enter the host cell and enhance its reproduction. Though they may be altered by mutation, all of these genes except tev exist in all known variants of HIV; see Genetic variability of HIV.

HIV employs a sophisticated system of differential RNA splicing to obtain nine different gene products from a less than 10kb genome. HIV has a 9.2kb unspliced genomic transcript which encodes for gag and pol precursors; a singly spliced, 4.5 kb encoding for env, Vif, Vpr and Vpu and a multiply spliced, 2 kb mRNA encoding for Tat, Rev and Nef.

Viral structural proteins

 * gag (group-specific antigen) codes for the precursor gag polyprotein which is processed by viral protease during maturation to MA (matrix protein, p17); CA (capsid protein, p24); SP1 (spacer peptide 1, p2); NC (nucleocapsid protein, p7); SP2 (spacer peptide 2, p1) and P6 protein.
 * pol codes for viral enzymes reverse transcriptase (RT) and RNase H, integrase (IN), and HIV protease (PR). HIV protease is required to cleave the precursor Gag polyprotein to produce structural proteins, RT is required to transcribe DNA from RNA template, and IN is necessary to integrate the double-stranded viral DNA into the host genome.
 * env (for "envelope") codes for gp160, which is cleaved by a host protease, furin, within the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The post-translational processing produces a surface glycoprotein, gp120 or SU, which attaches to the CD4 receptors present on lymphocytes, and gp41 or TM, which embeds in the viral envelope to enable the virus to attach to and fuse with target cells.

Essential regulatory elements

 * tat (HIV trans-activator) plays an important role in regulating the reverse transcription of viral genome RNA, ensuring efficient synthesis of viral mRNAs and regulating the release of virions from infected cells. Tat is expressed as 72-amino acid one-exon Tat as well as the 86–101-amino-acid two-exon Tat, and plays an important role early in HIV infection. Tat (14–15kDa) binds to the bulged genomic RNA stem-loop secondary structure near the 5' LTR region forming the trans-activation response element (TAR).
 * rev (regulator of expression of virion proteins): The Rev protein binds to the viral genome via an arginine-rich RNA-binding motif that also acts as a NLS (nuclear localization signals), required for the transport of Rev to the nucleus from cytosol during viral replication. Rev recognizes a complex stem-loop structure of the mRNA env located in the intron separating coding exon of Tat and Rev, known as the HIV Rev response element (RRE). Rev is important for the synthesis of major viral proteins and is hence essential for viral replication.

Accessory regulatory proteins

 * vpr (lentivirus protein R): Vpr is a virion-associated, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling regulatory protein. It is believed to play an important role in replication of the virus, specifically, nuclear import of the preintegration complex. Vpr also appears to cause its host cells to arrest their cell cycle in the G2 phase. This arrest activates the host DNA repair machinery which may enable integration of the viral DNA. HIV-2 and SIV encode an additional Vpr related protein called Vpx which functions in association with Vpr.
 * vif - Vif is a highly conserved, 23 kDa phosphoprotein important for the infectivity of HIV-1 virions depending on the cell type. HIV-1 has been found to require Vif to synthesize infectious viruses in lymphocytes, macrophages, and certain human cell lines. It does not appear to require Vif for the same process in HeLa cells or COS cells, among others.
 * nef- Nef, negative factor, is a N-terminal myristoylated membrane-associated phosphoprotein. It is involved in multiple functions during the replication cycle of the virus. It is believed to play an important role in cell apoptosis and increase virus infectivity.
 * vpu (Virus protein U) - Vpu is specific to HIV-1. It is a class I oligomeric integral membrane phosphoprotein with numerous biological functions. Vpu is involved in CD4 degradation involving the ubiquitin proteasome pathway as well as in the successful release of virions from infected cells.
 * tev: This gene is only present in a few HIV-1 isolates. It is a fusion of parts of the tat, env, and rev genes, and codes for a protein with some of the properties of tat, but little or none of the properties of rev.

RNA secondary structure
Several conserved secondary structure elements have been identified within the HIV RNA genome. The HIV viral RNA structures regulates the progression of reverse transcription. The 5'UTR structure consists of series of stem-loop structures connected by small linkers. These stem-loops (5' to 3') include the trans-activation region (TAR) element, the 5' polyadenylation signal [poly(A)], the PBS, the DIS, the major SD and the ψ hairpin structure located within the 5' end of the genome and the HIV Rev response element (RRE) within the env gene. Another RNA structure that has been identified is gag stem loop 3 (GSL3), thought to be involved in viral packaging. RNA secondary structures have been proposed to affect the HIV life cycle by altering the function of HIV protease and reverse transcriptase, although not all elements identified have been assigned a function.

An RNA secondary structure determined by SHAPE analysis has shown to contain three stem loops and is located between the HIV protease and reverse transcriptase genes. This cis regulatory RNA has been shown to be conserved throughout the HIV family and is thought to influence the viral life cycle.

V3 loop
The third variable loop or V3 loop is a part or region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The V3 loop of the viron's envelope glycoprotein, gp120, allows it to infect human immune cells by binding to a cytokine receptor on the target human immune cell, such as a CCR5 cell or CXCR4 cell, depending on the strain of HIV. The envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp 120/41 is essential for HIV-1 entry into cells. Env serves as a molecular target of a medicine treating individuals with HIV-1 infection, and a source of immunogen to develop AIDS vaccine. However, the structure of the functional Env trimer has remained elusive.

title: Structure and genome of HIV


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Jorane

Jorane Pelletier (born October 12, 1975), known professionally as Jorane, is a French-Canadian singer/cellist, who performs pop and alternative music style on the cello, a typically classical instrument, while singing at the same time. She has released eight full-length studio albums to date.

Career
Jorane worked with Sarah McLachlan for her record Afterglow. In 2004, the press also reported that Jorane would appear on a Halloween special of the television series ZeD to perform a "witchy acid cello". That year she released her first album in English, The You and the Now; she toured across Canada as well as in the United States and Europe in support of the album.

Jorane released an album of music with French lyrics, Vers à soi, in 2007. In July that year she performed an improvised piece to accompany the images she was presented with on a large screen, in Montréal as part of "Montréal Terre", a sister concert of the Live Earth concerts.

Jorane's 2011 album Une sorcière comme les autres included consisted of cover songs, and the arrangements included ukulele and glockenspiel. The next summer she performed at the Montreal Jazz Festival.

Jorane composed the film score for films including Kamataki (2005) and Louis Cyr (2013), and for the play Le journal d'Anne Frank. In 2019 she performed as part of the festival Santa Teresa near Montreal. She received two Jutra Award nominations for Best Original Music at the 9th Jutra Awards in 2007 for her work on Kamataki and A Sunday in Kigali (Un dimanche à Kigali), winning the award for the latter film.

Discography

 * Vent fou (1999)
 * 16mm (2000)
 * Live au Spectrum (2002)
 * Evapore (2003)
 * The You and the Now (2004)
 * Canvas or Canvass (internet project) (2007)
 * Vers à soi (2007)
 * Dix (2008)
 * Une sorcière comme les autres (2011)
 * L'Instant aimé (2012)
 * Mélopée (2014)
 * Hemenetset Pt.1 – EP (2019)

Awards and nominations

 * Album de l'année – Rock, Vent fou, Trophée Félix (Gala de l'ADISQ 2000) (Nominated)
 * Interprète féminine de l'année, Trophée Félix (Gala de l'ADISQ 2000) (Nominated)
 * Révélation de l'année, Trophée Félix (Gala de l'ADISQ 2000) (Nominated)
 * Best New Solo Artist, JUNO Awards 2000 (Nominated)
 * Francophone Album of the Year, Vers à soi, JUNO Awards 2008 (Nominated)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jorane


text:
User:Defweb

Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We appreciate your contributions to the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply article, but we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material. Perhaps you would like to rewrite the article in your own words. For more information, take a look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Happy editing! Whitejay251 13:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Defweb


text:
User:Ljowa

I'm from Germany and mainly I write articles in the german wikipedia. Once in a while I also take part in the russian version. If you want to leave me any messages, please use my discussion page on the german wikipedia.

de: Benutzer:Lewa ru: участник:Лева

title: User:Ljowa


text:
User:Mbello

Marcelo Bello  Brazilian, male  Born in São Paulo, Brazil in May 15, 1981  BSc in Computer Engineering at UNICAMP

title: User:Mbello


text:
User talk:Mbello

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Lectonar 14:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Mbello


text: User talk:82.110.149.88

title: User talk:82.110.149.88


text:
Syd Owen

Sydney William Owen (29 September 1922 – 27 August 1998) was an English football player and coach. He spent nearly all his playing career as a centre half for Luton Town.

Born in Birmingham to Florence Laura (née Whiley) and Henry Sydney Owen, Owen began his football career playing for the Birmingham YMCA team before joining Birmingham City as a youth player. After the end of the Second World War, he made it into the club's first team for the 1946–47 season, but played just five times in the Second Division and was allowed to leave at the end of the season.

Owen signed for Luton in June 1947. He played 388 league games for the club and 423 in all league and cup games, and after constant displays of natural ability in the 1949–50 season, was appointed as captain by manager Dally Duncan. He earned three caps for the England national football team in 1954, and selected as part of the squad for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, at which he appeared in England's first match, a 4–4 draw with Belgium. He also played twice for the Football League XI.

In 1959, his final season as a player, Owen was named the FWA Footballer of the Year. On 27 April 1959, he was appointed as player-manager of Luton following the departure of Dally Duncan six months earlier; Owen was therefore in charge of the club for the 1959 FA Cup Final against Nottingham Forest. As well as serving as manager for the match, he also captained the side from his position at centre half.

After less than a year in the job, a "fundamental disagreement on policy" led to his resignation on 23 April 1960. He later became first team coach of Leeds United under Jack Taylor and then Don Revie throughout the 1960s and 1970s, bringing with him trainer Les Cocker.

In 1978, he was hired by Manchester United manager Dave Sexton to be the club's youth coach. He remained in the position for three years until shortly after Sexton's departure from the club at the end of the 1980–81 season. Owen is credited with spotting the potential of Mark Hughes as a striker, having selected him for the youth team during his final season working at Old Trafford.

Honours
Luton Town
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1958–59

title: Syd Owen


text:
User:Jfried

I got involved to fix some vandalised articles. When I get confortable with the tao of wikipedia I'll do more.

--Jason Fried

title: User:Jfried


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oskar anlend

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 04:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Oskar anlend
Article makes claim of notability ("very famous man in Sweden") for appearing on multiple talk shows and game shows as celebrity. Google returns just over 100 hits for "Oskar Anlend", all of which pertain to his participation in Call of Duty and similar online games. DS 14:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm Swedish, and he is certainly not "very famous" in Sweden. In addition, the article is crap. Delete. Uppland 19:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom -- ReyBrujo 03:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Uppland CLW 13:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. MCB 01:27, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as vanity or nonsense or both. / Peter Isotalo 15:25, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Hugh Ross (astrophysicist)

Hugh Norman Ross (born July 24, 1945) is a Canadian astrophysicist, Christian apologist, and old-Earth creationist.

Ross obtained his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Toronto  and his B.Sc. degree in physics from the University of British Columbia. He established his own ministry in 1986, called Reasons to Believe.

Ross rejects both abiogenesis and evolution as explanations for the origin and history of life, contrary to the scientific consensus. Ross' position overlaps with that of intelligent design, but Ross argues that the evidence points to Jesus Christ as the designer, instead of an undefined intelligent designer.

Early life and education
Hugh Ross was born in Montreal, Quebec, and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia after moving there at the age of five. His parents were James Stewart Alexander Ross and Dorothy Isabel (Murray) Ross.He was interested in science from a young age, often reading science textbooks as a child.

As a teenager, Ross read works by philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Rene Descartes, but felt their works contained inconsistencies and contradictions. Ross also read Eastern holy books from religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism. He began studying the Bible in secret due to his family's disapproval. He was inspired by the way the Bible described historical and scientific information, eventually becoming a Christian.

Ross described his upbringing as moral, but not religious. Ross became interested in astronomy at the age of seven, after asking his parents whether stars were hot when gazing up at the night sky. He visited the local library to find the answer. He soon became convinced that the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang required a divine "cosmic beginner". At 17 he began to serve as director of observations for Vancouver's Royal Astronomical Society and started examining religious texts.

Ross received a provincial scholarship and a National Research Council of Canada fellowship and earned a B.Sc. in physics from the University of British Columbia in 1967, going on to earn a M.Sc. in 1968, and a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Toronto in 1973. While in Toronto, Ross began meeting with his fellow Christian students to share their faith.

The National Research Council of Canada sent Ross to Caltech as a postdoctoral research fellow to study quasars and galaxies from 1973 to 1978. While at Caltech Ross met Dave Rogstad and joined his Bible study group, which included his future wife, Kathleen Ann Drake. The group encouraged him to spread his personal story about scientific evidence and Christianity.

Career
Ross served as a minister of evangelism at Sierra Madre Congregational Church. He was encouraged by leaders in his church to start his own ministry, and in 1986 he and Kathy Ross founded the apologetics ministry Reasons To Believe in Sierra Madre, California.

In 1991, Ross began writing books on Christian apologetics, with his book sales exceeding a quarter million copies.

In 2012, Ross won the Trotter Prize, delivering the Trotter Lecture at Texas A&M University on "Theistic Implications for Big Bang Cosmology."

Ross has made radio and television appearances, and his work has been covered by news outlets including Christianity Today, The Houston Chronicle, The LA Times, The Washington Post, and Fox News.

In July 2022, Ross stepped down as CEO of Reasons to Believe to focus his efforts on writing and other endeavors.

Beliefs
Ross believes God has revealed his existence and divine nature through both the Bible and creation. He also believes that his creation model is empirically testable, and equally plausible as the evolutionary model. Ross also believes that the Earth is fine-tuned for life, and that science and Christianity intersect rather than contradict each other. Ross believes that God has created the universe for a reason and desires a relationship with humans.

Ross believes the record of creation is "like the 67th book of the Bible." He attempts to use science to find common ground with people, including secular scientists who reject the idea of God.

Old-Earth Creationism
Ross believes in progressive creationism, a view which holds that while the Earth is billions of years old, life did not appear by natural forces alone but that a supernatural agent formed different lifeforms in incremental (progressive) stages, and day-age creationism, a system of reconciling a literal Genesis account of creation with modern scientific theories on the age of the universe, the Earth, life, and humans. He rejects the young-Earth creationist positions that the earth is younger than 10,000 years and that the creation "days" of Genesis 1 represent literal 24-hour periods. Ross instead asserts that these days (translated from the Hebrew word yom ) are historic, distinct, and sequential, but not 24 hours in length nor equal in length. Ross agrees with the scientific community that any version of intelligent design is inadequate if it does not provide a testable hypothesis which can make verifiable and falsifiable predictions, and if not, it should not be taught in the classroom as science.

Ross has criticized young-Earth creationists, in particular Russell Humphreys.

Personal life
Ross married Kathy in 1977 and they have two sons.

Kathy was formerly the senior vice president of Reasons to Believe and oversaw the organization’s communications.

Ross has been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. He has credited his autism with helping him become an astrophysicist and an expert on celestial bodies.

title: Hugh Ross (astrophysicist)


text:
Talk:Copycat (Marvel Comics)

Untitled
Despite 24.163.87.180's rephrasing of sentences since the initial exact duplicate from I feel this still poses a copyright violation. Oh, and adding a sentence that this website had "not been looked at under any circumstances" seems a blatant lie, since it is clear the initial version of this article was an exact duplicate of that web page. UkPaolo 14:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You know what? I was not the first to post on that site. I saw that someone had been accused of copyright infrigement, so I decided to take things into my own hands. Everything I wrote is mine. They are MY words and for anyone to think differently is proposterous. Please, do not label this article as infringing on copyrights. They are my words. I AM the author. Do not let this continue to happen. Have you read the two separate articles? If you have, then you would have noticed the differences and then understood that those are MY words! Copycat is a favourite character of mine, so I want to see her profile back on Wikipedia as soon as possible. I am faith that you people will finally read the two articles to determine that they are NOT the same. Thank you...
 * above unsigned comment by User:Demitri7

 * I suggest you compare and : you will see that they are both identical. I of course read your message regarding copyright (which was innappropriately placed, and belonged on this talk page) but as I said above, I feel this still poses a copyright problem since the article in it's current form is basically just a slightly rephrased variant of that original copied text. I'm sorry if you disagree, but now this page is listed at Copyright problems then some administrators will take a look, and make a decision. In the meantime, if you wish to see an article on Copycat on Wikipedia, I suggest you leave the CopyVio notice on this page intact, and follow it's guidance in creating a new, entirely original, article at a new temp page. This can ultimately replace the CopyVio, or have it's content merged if this article is later found not to be a copyright violation. Regards, UkPaolo 06:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

wouldnt rob liefeld be credited as her creator?

Copycat is incorrectly named Vanessa Carslyle in Cable #37-38 69.138.81.129 20:27, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

"Deadpool's feelings towards Siryn grew, so she left him after having taken his appearance to attack her, in hopes of souring their potential relationship."

The use of pronouns leaves a bit of confusion. Did Siryn attack Copycat while adopting Deadpool's appearance? Or did Copycat attack Siryn under the guise of Deadpool? A little clarification would make it much easier for a neophyte unfamiliar with this character (such as myself) to understand what's going on. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.119.35.246 (talk) 21:29, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Copycat (Marvel Comics)


text: User talk:69.174.37.216

title: User talk:69.174.37.216


text:
The Fall of Math

The Fall of Math is the debut album by the instrumental post-rock band 65daysofstatic, released on September 20, 2004, through Monotreme. It contains what is arguably their most famous track, "Retreat! Retreat!".

The album spawned two singles, both released after the album. While "Retreat! Retreat!" was a standard CD single release featuring two b-sides, "Hole" was released as a 7-track EP with a length of almost thirty minutes. Both tracks were accompanied by promotional videos.

The song "Aren't We All Running?" appeared in the initial trailer for the video game Binary Domain.

title: The Fall of Math


text: User talk:168.184.253.13

title: User talk:168.184.253.13


text:
Arnold Förster

Arnold Förster (20 January 1810 – 13 August 1884) was a German entomologist, who worked mainly on Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.

Life
Arnold Förster was born on 20 January 1810 in Aachen, Germany, where he died on 12 August 1884. He was Oberlehrer, or an upper teacher, in Aachen for his entire adult life. He worked ceaselessly on entomology, paying particular attention to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. He was a pioneering author on Hymenoptera.

Work
Selection

 * Hymenopterologische Studien I . Formicariae: 74 pp. Aachen. (1850)
 * Hymenopterologische Studien. II . Chalcidiae und Prototrupii. Aachen: Ernst ter Meer 152 pp.(1856)
 * Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconen Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. 19: 225–228 (1862)
 * Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Ichneumonen. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. 25(1868):135-221.(1869)

Collections
Förster’s Coleoptera and Hemiptera and some of his Hymenoptera - Cynipidae, Ichneumonidae (Cryptinae excl. Pezomachini and Stilpnini, Pimplinae, and Ophioninae excl. Plectiscini and Campoplex), Braconidae, Chrysididae, Formicidae and Vespidae - are in the Natural History Museum of Berlin; his Tenthredinidae, Ichneumonidae (Pezomachini, Stilpnini, Tryphonini, Plectiscini and Campoplex) and Apidae are in Munich State Museum; Proctotrupoidea and Chalcidoidea and the rest of the Ichneumonidae are in the Natural History Museum, Vienna. The rest of Förster’s insects (e.g. Sphecidae, Diptera - incl. many types of species described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen) are in the Zoological Museum of Halle.

Förster’s notebooks contain keys and descriptions, mostly of genera of Hymenoptera (almost the entirety of the Ichneumonidae), are in the Smithsonian Institution. They are written in German, Greek, and Latin and contain unpublished information. Some refer to the Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday.

title: Arnold Förster


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Pabo Post Prydain

Pabo Post Prydain (supp. fl. before 500) was a king from the Hen Ogledd or Old North of sub-Roman Britain. According to tradition Pabo "the Pillar of Britain" was driven out of the North in 460 and settled in Anglesey. He is said to have been buried in the area. From the 14th century at least, when a stone cross was erected in the ruler's memory in the abbey's churchyard, Pabo has been identified as its founder, having retired, as many Welsh kings are said to have done, to a heremitic retreat.

Family
The Old Welsh genealogies of British Library, Harleian MS 3859, calls him a son of Cenau son of Coel Hen. Later Welsh genealogies insert two generations by making him son of Arthwys son of Mar son of Cenau son of Coel, though this presents greater chronological problems. The genealogies give him a royal line of descendants as the father of Dunod Fawr, Sawyl Penuchel and Ardun Benasgell, and a saintly one as the grandfather of Deiniol, Asaph and Tysilio.

As to his period, Elis Gruffydd's Chronicle says that his daughter married Maelgwn Gwynedd while an Irish genealogy says that his son "Samuel Chendisel" (the Irish equivalent of Pen-isel) married Deichter, daughter of Muiredach Muinderg, the king of Ulster. Their son Sanctan founded Kilnasantan in County Dublin after travelling to Ireland with his brother Matóc Ailithir. The Irish Liber Hymnorum confirms that Sanctan and Matóc came to Ireland from Britain. Pabo must have been roughly the same age as Muiredach, whose death-date (after a reign of 24 years according to other sources) is given in the Annals of Tigernach as 489.

Llanbabo
A tradition identifies Pabo as the founder of St Pabo's Church, Llanbabo (at Llanbabo, Anglesey). The first author to record it is antiquarian Henry Rowlands (d. 1723), who writes that "Pabo, frequently called Post Prydain, i.e. the Support of Britain, for his great valour against the Picts and Scots, retired here [in Anglesey], and built his church at Llan Babo." A stone cross was erected in the ruler's memory in the abbey's churchyard at the same time Bangor Cathedral was being built. Welsh poet Lewis Morris reports that the memorial cross was discovered there around 1650. The monument, dated to the 14th century, bears the carved image of a king and an accompanying inscription. The inscription is in part illegible but the following reading has been suggested;

 * Hic iacet Pa[bo] Post Priid Co[nf Gr] … [t]el [i]ma[ginem obtulit]
 * "Here lies Pabo the Upholder of Britain, Confessor, Gruffudd ab Ithel offered (this) image"

Some scholars argue, in the absence of early evidence, that the tradition is probably spurious though the identity of the historical Pabo who did give his name to the church remains otherwise unknown.

title: Pabo Post Prydain


text:
IEEE 802.11v-2011

IEEE 802.11v is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard to allow configuration of client devices while connected to wireless networks. It was published as 802.11v-2011 and later incorporated into 802.11-2012.

802.11 is a set of IEEE standards that govern wireless networking transmission methods. They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac versions to provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and commercial establishments.

Wireless Network Management
802.11v is the Wireless Network Management standard for the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. 802.11v allows client devices to exchange information about the network topology, including information about the RF environment, making each client network-aware, facilitating overall improvement of the wireless network.

802.11v describes enhancements to wireless network management, such as:
 * Network assisted Power Savings - Helps clients to improve battery life by enabling them to sleep longer. For example, mobile devices use a certain amount of idle period to ensure that they remain connected to access points and therefore consume more power when performing the following tasks in a wireless network.
 * Network assisted Roaming - Enables the WLAN to send messages to associated clients, for better APs to associate with clients. This is useful for both load balancing and in directing poorly connected clients.

Status
After several years in development as a draft standard, 802.11v was ratified as a formal amendment to the 802.11 standard on 2 February 2011.

title: IEEE 802.11v-2011


text:
Talk:List of battery sizes

3 V Eveready Cycle Lamp Battery
The no. 800 cycle lamp battery appears to be missing from the list. Eugbug (talk) 12:42, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

18650 battery
I recently created an article on the 18650--arguably the most important rechargeable battery size at draft:18650 battery. It was shot down :(. Should I add the 18650 into a new section on the article? JayCubby (talk) 18:37, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

 * There is now a separate 18650 themed article, but it is an ugly stub:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18650_battery
 * 78.131.76.159 (talk) 23:30, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Why? Does every size need its own article?? It's just another  battery size, it's not notable. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:25, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * the 18650 is really, really important. If you are to take apart a lithium battery pack (laptop, Tesla, ebike, etc) you will likely find 18650s. They're a $5billion industry[1 ]. In response to Does every size need its own article??, I tell you that we have an article for the C battery, so why not the 18650? JayCubby wants you to check out his vIsUaLlY aPpEaLiNg uSeRpAgE. cHeCk It oUt! iF yOu aRe BoRiNg, cLiCk (talk) 01:47, 30 October 2023 (UTC) 14:20, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

need link to automotive battery sizes or include them
suggestion 24.112.145.60 (talk) 10:29, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

A size cell missing
the list is missing all information on size A cells. 71.88.37.64 (talk) 13:21, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

Enigmatic acronyms like JIS should be defined
I had to go googling, found "Japanese Industrial Standard", surely it should be defined or linked on the page somewhere? --Annihilannic (talk) 05:55, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

Picture of CR123A battery is incorrect.
Picture shows a rectangular 6V battery. The CR123A is cylindrical. 73.158.200.237 (talk) 15:48, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Fixed with https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_battery_sizes&diff=1220250487&oldid=1219661170 2A02:AB88:810B:C900:F193:68B3:86DA:FCAD (talk) 17:33, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of battery sizes


text:
Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach

Gustav Georg Friedrich Bohlen-Halbach since 1871 von Bohlen-Halbach (April 27, 1831 – November 9, 1890) was an American-born German diplomat, court master of ceremonies and minister resident for the Grand Duchy of Baden. His fifth son, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, married Bertha Krupp who served as president of the supervisory board of Krupp from 1908 to 1943.

Early life and education
Bohlen-Halbach was born April 27, 1831, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Arnold Halbach, then Prussian consul in Philadelphia (1828–38) and his wife Johanna Karoline Mathilde (née Bohlen; 1800–1882). Despite being born on American soil, it's believed that Bohlen-Halbach, was not an American citizen, since his father was a diplomat. He studied Jurisprudence at Heidelberg University where in 1851 he became a member of Corps Guestphalia Heidelberg, a student association. He completed his degree in 1853.

Career
In 1858 he applied to the Grand Duchy of Baden for a position in diplomacy without salary. He initially served at the legation of the Grand Duchy of Baden at the Prussian court in Berlin. In 1861 he was transferred to Paris as secretary of the legation and given a salary. In 1862 he was transferred to the Delegation in The Hague. Bohlen-Halbach was promoted to envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in The Hague in 1866 and ennobled on August 14, 1871, adding von to his name. After the embassy was dissolved, he moved to Karlsruhe in 1878. There he became court ceremonial master in 1881.

Personal life
On December 29, 1862, Bohlen-Halbach, married Sophie (née Bohlen; 1837–1915), at Velsen, Netherlands. She was a daughter of Henry Bohlen, who served as a general in the Union Army and died only months before the wedding in the American Civil War. Her father was a half-brother of Gustav's mother which ultimately made them half-first cousins. They had nine children together;

 * Arno Heinrich Halbach (1863–1896)
 * Alwyn Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach (1865–1938)
 * Harry Carlo von Bohlen und Halbach (1866–1919)
 * Fritz Petil Borin von Bohlen und Halbach (1868–1941)
 * Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1870–1950) whom married Bertha Krupp
 * Carolina Emily Sophie Ernestine von Bohlen und Halbach (born 1872)
 * Emily von Bohlen und Halbach (1874–1939)
 * Wilhelm Friedrich Hans von Bohlen und Halbach (born 1878)
 * Kurt von Bohlen und Halbach

On October 14, 1871, Bohlen-Halbach, was ennobled and therefore added the von to his name, this also applied to his descendants. In 1878, he moved from The Hague to Karlsruhe, where in October 1885 he purchased Obergrombach Castle near Bruchsal. He died aged 59 in Karlsruhe in 1890 and was buried at Obergrombach.

Legacy
In Obergrombach (Bruchsal) there are two streets named for the couple; Gustav-von-Bohlen-Straße and Sofienstraße.

title: Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach


text: User talk:213.55.89.8

title: User talk:213.55.89.8


text:
Talk:Sling box

There's already an article on Wikipedia named Slingbox (one word), and it's much better, this needs a redirect. KeYYeK 14:15, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sling box


text:
User:DS1953/monobook.js

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// - // MD5 hash calculator // - // Version 2.1 Copyright (C) Paul Johnston 1999 - 2002. // Other contributors: Greg Holt, Andrew Kepert, Ydnar, Lostinet // Distributed under the BSD License // See http://pajhome.org.uk/crypt/md5 for more info. // - var hexcase = 0; var b64pad = ""; var chrsz  = 8;

function hex_md5(s){ return binl2hex(core_md5(str2binl(s), s.length * chrsz));}

function core_md5(x, len) { x[len >> 5] |= 0x80 << ((len) % 32); x[(((len + 64) >>> 9) << 4) + 14] = len;

var a = 1732584193; var b = -271733879; var c = -1732584194; var d = 271733878;

for(var i = 0; i < x.length; i += 16) {   var olda = a;    var oldb = b;    var oldc = c;    var oldd = d;

a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 0], 7, -680876936); d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 1], 12, -389564586); c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 2], 17, 606105819); b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 3], 22, -1044525330); a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 4], 7 , -176418897); d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 5], 12,  1200080426); c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 6], 17, -1473231341); b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 7], 22, -45705983); a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 8], 7 ,  1770035416); d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 9], 12, -1958414417); c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+10], 17, -42063); b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+11], 22, -1990404162); a = md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x[i+12], 7 ,  1804603682); d = md5_ff(d, a, b, c, x[i+13], 12, -40341101); c = md5_ff(c, d, a, b, x[i+14], 17, -1502002290); b = md5_ff(b, c, d, a, x[i+15], 22,  1236535329);

a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 1], 5, -165796510); d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 6], 9 , -1069501632); c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+11], 14, 643717713); b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 0], 20, -373897302); a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 5], 5 , -701558691); d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+10], 9 ,  38016083); c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+15], 14, -660478335); b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 4], 20, -405537848); a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 9], 5 ,  568446438); d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+14], 9 , -1019803690); c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 3], 14, -187363961); b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 8], 20,  1163531501); a = md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x[i+13], 5 , -1444681467); d = md5_gg(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 2], 9 , -51403784); c = md5_gg(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 7], 14,  1735328473); b = md5_gg(b, c, d, a, x[i+12], 20, -1926607734);

a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 5], 4, -378558); d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 8], 11, -2022574463); c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+11], 16, 1839030562); b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+14], 23, -35309556); a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 1], 4 , -1530992060); d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 4], 11,  1272893353); c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 7], 16, -155497632); b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+10], 23, -1094730640); a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+13], 4 ,  681279174); d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 0], 11, -358537222); c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 3], 16, -722521979); b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 6], 23,  76029189); a = md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 9], 4 , -640364487); d = md5_hh(d, a, b, c, x[i+12], 11, -421815835); c = md5_hh(c, d, a, b, x[i+15], 16,  530742520); b = md5_hh(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 2], 23, -995338651);

a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 0], 6, -198630844); d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 7], 10, 1126891415); c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+14], 15, -1416354905); b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 5], 21, -57434055); a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+12], 6 ,  1700485571); d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+ 3], 10, -1894986606); c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+10], 15, -1051523); b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 1], 21, -2054922799); a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 8], 6 ,  1873313359); d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+15], 10, -30611744); c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 6], 15, -1560198380); b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+13], 21,  1309151649); a = md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x[i+ 4], 6 , -145523070); d = md5_ii(d, a, b, c, x[i+11], 10, -1120210379); c = md5_ii(c, d, a, b, x[i+ 2], 15,  718787259); b = md5_ii(b, c, d, a, x[i+ 9], 21, -343485551);

a = safe_add(a, olda); b = safe_add(b, oldb); c = safe_add(c, oldc); d = safe_add(d, oldd); } return Array(a, b, c, d);

}

function md5_cmn(q, a, b, x, s, t) { return safe_add(bit_rol(safe_add(safe_add(a, q), safe_add(x, t)), s),b); } function md5_ff(a, b, c, d, x, s, t) { return md5_cmn((b & c) | ((~b) & d), a, b, x, s, t); } function md5_gg(a, b, c, d, x, s, t) { return md5_cmn((b & d) | (c & (~d)), a, b, x, s, t); } function md5_hh(a, b, c, d, x, s, t) { return md5_cmn(b ^ c ^ d, a, b, x, s, t); } function md5_ii(a, b, c, d, x, s, t) { return md5_cmn(c ^ (b | (~d)), a, b, x, s, t); }

function safe_add(x, y) { var lsw = (x & 0xFFFF) + (y & 0xFFFF); var msw = (x >> 16) + (y >> 16) + (lsw >> 16); return (msw << 16) | (lsw & 0xFFFF); }

function bit_rol(num, cnt) { return (num << cnt) | (num >>> (32 - cnt)); }

function str2binl(str) { var bin = Array; var mask = (1 << chrsz) - 1; for(var i = 0; i < str.length * chrsz; i += chrsz) bin[i>>5] |= (str.charCodeAt(i / chrsz) & mask) << (i%32); return bin; }

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title: User:DS1953/monobook.js


text: User talk:69.62.19.99

title: User talk:69.62.19.99


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of alkanes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -R. fiend 04:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

List of alkanes
This list is superfluous next to Category:Alkanes; it can never be complete, as is pointed out on the talk page. Physchim62 14:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The only information of (possible) use are the names of alkanes (C=37 to 100), which should possibly be outlined on the main alkane page? -- postglock 15:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Listing these on the main alkane page would push that article over the reasonable limit for article sizes. - Mgm|(talk) 09:22, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Useful list. Definitely not superflous next to Category:Alkanes. Issues on talk page are for editors to deal with, and are not a valid deletion criterion. -- Decumanus 06:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. The list orders the alkanes by number of carbon atoms, gives molecular formulas and synonyms. None of which can be done in a category without a lot of unneccesary duplicate links. This is NOT superfluous! - Mgm|(talk) 09:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Template:Alkanes also lists alkanes by number of carbon atoms and gives molecular formulae... Physchim62 11:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I know just enough about chemistry to agree with Decumanus and MGM. Xoloz 09:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and then redirect to Category:Alkanes --New Progressive 20:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP, Lists and Cats are not the same thing, and a list of alkanes can do so much more with ordering and names than the cat. (Not to mention, mentioning ones that are currently articleless) 132.205.93.89 22:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A template is not practical for branched isomers, which is something that this list could do easily. I agree with Mgm that this is no task for the category page alone. -- Rune Welsh ταλκ 23:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I agree, it is a useful list and can be expanded more than a cat can. Maltmomma  (chat) [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|18px]] 23:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I have no problem with this article. Alf melmac 13:27, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Pilatus 12:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jimmy Adamson

James Adamson (4 April 1929 – 8 November 2011) was an English professional footballer and football manager. He was born in Ashington, Northumberland. He made 486 appearances for Burnley, ranking him sixth in their all-time appearance list.

Playing career
Adamson, a right-half, joined Burnley in January 1947 after playing non-league football in his native Ashington and working as a miner. His early career was interrupted by national service, which he completed with the Royal Air Force, meaning his debut had to wait until February 1951, when Burnley played away to Bolton Wanderers. He played once for the England B team, but never made the full England side.

He was an ever-present as Burnley won the First Division in 1959–60 and captained the side to the 1962 FA Cup Final which they lost against Tottenham Hotspur. He was also named Footballer of the Year in 1962.

Adamson formed a midfield partnership with inside-forward Jimmy McIlroy, around which much of Burnley's creative play was centred.

Coaching career
He retired in 1964, having played 426 league games, and joined the Burnley coaching staff. He had previously coached the England team in the 1962 World Cup in Chile and was the Football Association's preferred choice of manager ahead of Alf Ramsey but declined the offer.

In February 1970, when Burnley manager Harry Potts was made general manager, Adamson stepped up to become team manager. Burnley were relegated at the end his first full season in charge, but returned to the top-flight in 1973, winning the Second Division title.

Burnley were relegated again in 1976, although Adamson had already left that January. In May 1976 he was appointed as manager of Dutch side Sparta Rotterdam, but left the following month. In November 1976 he was made manager of Sunderland, but was unable to prevent them from relegation from the First Division.

He left Sunderland in October 1978, taking over from Jock Stein as manager of Leeds United. Adamson guided Leeds to 5th place in the First Division and a League Cup semi-final in his first season. However, his reign saw the departure of popular players like Tony Currie and Frank Gray and Leeds could only finish 11th in 1979–80. Amidst growing fan criticism, Adamson resigned in October 1980. He then took no further part in professional football and spent the rest of his life in Burnley.

Adamson died on 8 November 2011, aged 82.

On 1 August 2013, his biography, written by Dave Thomas, was published.

Honours
Burnley
 * Football League First Division: 1959–60
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1961–62

title: Jimmy Adamson


text: User talk:216.62.101.52

title: User talk:216.62.101.52


text:
Dreamer (Ozzy Osbourne song)

"Dreamer" is a ballad and the third track from Ozzy Osbourne's album Down to Earth, which was released on October 16, 2001. The single peaked at number 10 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks. The song describes the rockstar's vision of people and humanity destroying Earth. In the liner notes to Osbourne's Prince of Darkness box set, Ozzy refers to this song as his version of John Lennon's "Imagine". The Japanese and European press of the single also include a slightly different version of the song, dubbed "Dreamer (acoustic)", and a previously unreleased song titled "Black Skies".

Music video
The video shows Osbourne in two different locations: in a snowy forest, with shades of blue, where children play some instruments that can be heard in the music, such as violin and piano; and in a candlelit building, with shades of red, in which his band are. The clip was directed by Rob Zombie.

Personnel

 * Ozzy Osbourne - lead vocals
 * Zakk Wylde - guitar
 * Robert Trujillo - bass
 * Mike Bordin - drums
 * Tim Palmer - keyboards

title: Dreamer (Ozzy Osbourne song)


text:
Keswick family

The Keswick family are a business dynasty of Scottish origin associated with the Far East region since 1855 and in particular the conglomerate Jardine Matheson.

As tai-pans of Jardine Matheson & Company, the Keswick family have at some time been closely associated with the ownership or management of the HSBC, the Indo-China Steam Navigation Company Ltd., the Canton Insurance Office Ltd, (now the HSBC Insurance Co), The Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf and Godown Company Limited, Star Ferry, Hong Kong Tramway, the Hong Kong Land Investment and Agency Co Ltd, and the Hongkong and Whampoa Dock Co Ltd.

The Hon. William Keswick (1834–1912)
The founder of the dynasty, William Keswick was born in 1834, in Dumfriesshire in the Scottish Lowlands. His grandmother, Jean Jardine Johnstone was an older sister of Dr. William Jardine, the founder of Jardine Matheson & Company His father Thomas Keswick had married Margaret Johnstone, Jardine's niece and daughter of Jean, and entered the Jardine business. The company operated as opium traders and had a major influence in the First and Second Opium Wars although the company stopped this trading in 1870 to pursue a broad range of other trading interests including shipping, railways, textiles and property development.

William arrived in China and Hong Kong in 1855, the first of five generations of the Keswick family to be associated with Jardines. He established a Jardine Matheson office in Yokohama, Japan in 1859. He returned to Hong Kong to become a partner of the firm in 1862. He became managing partner (Taipan) from 1874 to 1886. He left Hong Kong in 1886 to work with Matheson & Co. in London as a senior director responsible only to Sir Robert Jardine (1825–1905), a son of David Jardine, William Jardine's older brother and the head of Mathesons in London.

He spent three spells on the Legislative and Executive Councils of Hong Kong between 1868 and 1887.

William represented Epsom, Surrey, as Member of Parliament from 1899 and was appointed the county's High Sheriff in 1898.

He died at his home, Eastwick Park, Great Bookham, Surrey, on 9March 1912. William had lived in the house since 1882 and on his death, it passed to his son Henry.

The Hon. James Johnstone Keswick (1845–1914)
J.J. Keswick, younger brother of William, arrived in the Far East in 1870 and remained for 26 years, mostly based in Hong Kong. Nicknamed, "James the bloody polite", a tribute to his personality. Like his brother, he was a member of the legislative council and chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce in five spells between 1890 and 1900. He was Sir Harry Smith Parkes' son-in-law and taipan of Jardine, Matheson from the 1890s to the turn of the century. He founded Hongkong Land together with close associate Sir Paul Chater, a development company established in 1889 which remained closely associated with Jardine Matheson.

John Johnstone Jardine Keswick (1842–1904)
John Johnstone Jardine Keswick was based in Calcutta, where he headed Jardine Skinner & Co, with a fellow Scot as his business partner John (Skinner) Stewart. J.J.J. Keswick was also the chairman of the Rio Tinto Company (now Rio Tinto Group) in the early years of the 20th century. He lived at Dormont, Lockerbie, Dumfries.

Henry Keswick (1870–1928)
Son of William, Henry Keswick arrived in Hong Kong in 1895 the year before his uncle James left. He had previously spent two years in the New York office of Jardines.

The first gap in the long line of continuous association with Hong Kong occurred when he returned home to represent Hong Kong at the coronation of King George V in 1911. He did return to Hong Kong and the Far East in his yacht "Cutty Sark" in 1922. He remained a director of Jardines until his death in 1928.

Like his father, Henry served as M.P. for Epsom, Surrey, and on his death left UK estate valued at £466,409, worth approximately £46 million.

He married Ida Wynifred Johnston and had 3 children, David Johnston, Sir William Johnston "Tony" Keswick and Sir John Henry Keswick KCMG.

Third generation
The next family members to be associated with Hong Kong and Shanghai were Henry's sons "Tony" and John Keswick. As well as being directors of Jardines they served as members of the Legislative and Executive Councils in Hong Kong and of the Shanghai Municipal Council responsible for Shanghai's International Settlement. They were also Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council and Chamber of Commerce at various times. When William and his father Henry Keswick returned to the United Kingdom they both served as members of parliament with responsibility for Far Eastern interests.

Sir William Johnstone "Tony" Keswick (1903–1990)
"Tony" Keswick was born in Yokohama, Japan, but returned to England as a boy to attend Winchester School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He arrived in the Far East in 1926. Keswick and his brother remained directors of the firm after they had left the Far East. He was in charge of the Shanghai office (at that time the Head Office in the Far East) from 1935 until 1941. He was also chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council during the crises leading to the Pacific War, and survived a murder attempt by the Japanese in Shanghai. During the Pacific War, he served as head of the China Theatre of the Special Operations Executive, Britain's wartime secret service.

Sir John "The Younger" Keswick (1906–1982)
John Keswick followed his brother to the far east in 1929 and replaced him in Shanghai after the shooting incident. Like his brother, John Keswick worked for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) alongside Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek's spy chief General Dai Li in Chongqing. He fled Shanghai when the Japanese took the city, escaping with his wife Clare to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and served during the war with Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten's staff.

John Keswick returned to Shanghai after the war to organise in the rebuilding of Jardine's office and to reestablish the firm's trading links throughout China and Asia. In 1949, after the communist party's takeover of China, Jardine's head office was moved to Hong Kong. Despite attempting to work with the communists, business conditions became worse. Operations were closed in 1954 with the effective nationalisation of the company's interests and a $20m loss.

John Keswick became a member of the Hong Kong Executive Council in 1952. He retired as Tai-pan in 1953 and joined Matheson & Co in 1956. He returned temporarily as non-executive chairman of Jardine Matheson in Hong Kong from 1970 to 1972. While in England, he and his brother financed the buy-out and then public flotation of Jardine Matheson.

He was married in 1940 to the Roman Catholic, Clare Elwes (1905–1998), youngest child of the tenor Gervase Elwes. Their only child was Margaret, known as Maggie Keswick, gardener and author (1941–1995), who founded Maggie's Centres for those suffering from cancer. She had two children with her husband, the landscape architect Charles Jencks, whom she had married in 1978, as his 2nd wife. (Charles Jencks remarried in 2006 Louisa Lane-Fox, former wife of historian Robin Lane Fox and mother of Martha Lane Fox, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho).

Sir Henry Keswick
Tony Keswick's son, Young Henry, born 1938 as Henry Neville Lindley Keswick, joined Jardines in 1961 and was assigned to the firm's offices in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. He was made a director in 1967, senior managing director in 1970 and chairman in 1972. He retired as senior managing director and chairman in 1975. He returned to London and is the current chairman of Jardine Matheson Holdings.

Sir Chippendale Keswick
Sir Chips Keswick, Tony Keswick's second son who was born in 1940, was not associated with Jardine Matheson but instead with the London merchant bank, Hambros. He was the chairman of English football club Arsenal F.C.

Simon Keswick
Young Henry's youngest brother, Simon Keswick, born 1942, joined the firm in 1962 and became a director in 1972 but left Jardines in 1977 to join his brother at Matheson & Co. He returned to join Jardines again in 1983 as senior managing director and then chairman after his father managed to remove the former managing director David Newbigging. Keswick started the restructuring of the company becoming more international rather than tied to Hong Kong.

He retired as Tai-pan in 1988 after seeing the firm's holding office redomiciled to Bermuda and restructuring the firm's senior management organisation.

Fifth generation
The family still owns considerable holdings in the company with a 5th generation working within the company.

Percy Weatherall
Percy Weatherall (born 1957) or Edward Percy Keswick Weatherall, is a great grandson of Henry Keswick (1870–1928). He was managing director of the Jardine Matheson Group from 2000 to 31 March 2006 having joined the board in 1999.

Weatherall joined the Jardine Group in 1976 and worked in a number of senior executive positions in Hong Kong, the US, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Korea and the Philippines. Prior to becoming "Taipan", Weatherall was chief executive officer of Hongkong Land.

Ben Keswick
Ben Keswick, son of Simon, born 1972, joined the board in April 2007. He was group managing director of Jardine Cycle & Carriage. He joined the group in 1998 and held positions in Dairy Farm and Hongkong Land before taking an MBA at INSEAD. In 2003, he was appointed finance director of Jardine Pacific, and was its chief executive officer from 2005 to 2007. Ben Keswick became chairman and managing director (taipan) of Jardine Matheson Limited in April 2012. He also holds senior leadership positions in Cycle & Carriage Bintang and MCL Land; and a commissioner of Astra and United Tractors.

Adam Keswick
Adam Keswick, born 1973, son of Chips, joined the board in April 2007. He is chief executive of Jardine Pacific and of Jardine Motors. After joining the Group in 2001 from N M Rothschild & Sons, he held positions within Group Treasury and Jardine Pacific. Mr Keswick was appointed group strategy director of Jardine Cycle & Carriage in 2003, and was group managing director from 2005 to 2007. He is also a director of Jardine Matheson Limited.

Family tree
This is the family tree of William Jardine (1784–1843), co-founder of the Far Eastern conglomerate, Jardine Matheson Holdings.

title: Keswick family


text: Category:Pan Am Flight 103

title: Category:Pan Am Flight 103


text:
List of abbreviations for market segments

Some market segments are referred to by acronyms and initials:

Customer segments

 * DINKY – Double income no kids
 * SOHO – Small office, home office
 * VSB – Very small business
 * SMB – Small medium business / SME – Small and medium enterprise
 * VALS – Values attitude and life-styles
 * LOHAS – Lifestyles of health and sustainability
 * LOVOS – Lifestyle of voluntary simplicity
 * OINKY - One income no kids yet
 * SAM – Segmented addressable market
 * VLE – Very large enterprise
 * Kippers- ((kids in parents pockets eroding retirement savings))

Market/product segments

 * BPO – Business process outsourcing
 * Comms – Communications sector
 * DIY – Do It yourself market
 * FMCG – Fast-moving consumer goods
 * FSS – Financial services sector
 * HoReCa – Hotel, restaurant, café
 * H&LS – Health and life sciences
 * ICT – Information & communication technology
 * RPO – Recruitment process outsourcing
 * ECS - Engineering and Construction Services


text:
Billy Paultz

William Edward Paultz (born July 30, 1948) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and in the now defunct American Basketball Association (ABA). Nicknamed "the Whopper", He was a 4-time ABA All-Star and led the ABA in blocks in 1976.

Early life and collegiate career
Born in River Edge, New Jersey, Paultz played high-school basketball at River Dell Regional High School in Bergen County. Paultz played college basketball at Cameron Junior College and then at Saint John's University, and was selected in the seventh round of the 1970 NBA draft by the San Diego Rockets and by the Virginia Squires in the 1970 ABA Draft. Paultz opted to sign with the Squires. On August 11, 1970 the Squires traded his rights to the New York Nets in exchange for a draft choice and cash.

Professional basketball
As a rookie, Paultz made his first postseason appearance in the 1971 ABA Playoffs with the New York Nets, during which he averaged 20.2 points, 15 rebounds, and 3.2 assists per game. On December 17, 1971, Paultz scored 27 points and set a Nets' franchise record by pulling down 33 rebounds in a 90-83 victory over the Dallas Chaparrals. He spent his first five seasons, all of which resulted in trips to the playoffs, with the ABA Nets (including an appearance in 1972 ABA Finals, which the Indiana Pacers won in six games), and was a key player in their 1973–74 ABA championship season. He was then traded to the San Antonio Spurs where he made four consecutive appearances in the playoffs from 1976 to 1979.

Although Paultz moved with a bulky stiffness, he was a very heady player.

During the middle of the 1979-1980 season, San Antonio traded Paultz to the Houston Rockets, and due to the trade, he managed to play 84 games during an 82-game NBA season. The next year, Paultz teamed with Moses Malone to make the 1981 NBA Finals. In Game 1 of the series, Paulitz scored 14 points and grabbed 7 rebounds, during a 98-95 loss to the Celtics (who would win the series four games to two). During the 1982–83 season without Malone, and with the Rockets in last place, he was placed on waivers and picked up by the playoff-bound Spurs. In 1984, he was a late season pickup by the playoff bound Atlanta Hawks. He finished his career with the Utah Jazz in 1985.

A four-time ABA All-Star, Paultz led the ABA in blocked shots during the 1975–76 season with an average of 3.0 blocks per game and a league-leading total of 253 blocked shots.

About his play, Paultz stated, "I have realized that I'm not an overpowering type center. I don't really know what my category is. I have always been the type of player that can do a little bit of everything."

title: Billy Paultz


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Talk:Transport in Haiti

What cars or transportation do you guys use?

 * Tap-tap cabs. Meggar 03:12, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I was working for Tropical Airways and they provided a private driver. db 09:50pm, 21 November 2006 (EST)

I really like the work on the railroads section, but as it dominates the article I think it should be split off as Railways of Haiti with a link. Tubezone 02:55, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

I've been working on the railroads section for past two weeks now while I'm doing (non-wikipedia) research from it, but I'm also adding text to the other tranportation sections anytime something useful comes up. Also I'm not very familiar with wikipedia and would like someone more professional to do the split to make it correctly. I agree with Tubezone, it dominates for now and should be splitted. db 07:35am, 23 November 2006 (EST)

Agree, but the sentence now, that the reason for the railroads to not be functioning is "due to other forms of transportation that have become available", is very unbelievable and doesn't fit an encyclopedia. No other country (or almost no other country), had abandoned railroads due to this reason. Probably, it's an example of a process of the destruction of certain aspects in the country. 85.178.86.217 (talk) 22:40, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transport in Haiti


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HD 189733

HD 189733, also catalogued as V452 Vulpeculae, is a binary star system 64.5 ly away in the constellation of Vulpecula (the Fox). The primary star is suspected to be an orange dwarf star, while the secondary star is a red dwarf star. Given that this system has the same visual magnitude as HD 209458, it promises much for the study of close transiting extrasolar planets. The star can be found with binoculars 0.3 degrees east of the Dumbbell Nebula (M27).

As of 2005, it has been confirmed that an exoplanet, HD 189733 b, orbits the primary star within the system.

Stellar system
HD 189733 A is an orange dwarf star of the spectral type K1.5V. The star has a mass of 81 percent that of the Sun, a radius of 76 percent, and a luminosity of 33 percent. The star is between 89 and 102 percent as enriched in iron as the Sun, making the star more than 600 million years old. Its absolute magnitude is 6.2.

The star has starspots which affect its luminosity by 1.5 percent in visible light. As a result, it is listed in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars as a BY Draconis variable with the variable star designation V452 Vul.

Discovered in 2006 by the infrared 2MASS astronomical survey, 2MASS J20004297+2242342 or HD 189733 B is a dim red dwarf star of spectral type M. The companion was observed at a separation of 216 astronomical units away from the primary star. Orbiting in a clockwise orbit (which is nearly perpendicular to the orbital plane of transiting planet HD 189733 b), the orbital period is estimated to be around 3,200 years long.

Planetary system
HD 189733 A has one known planet, designated HD 189733 b, a gaseous giant 13% larger than Jupiter close enough to complete an orbit every two days. Using spectrometry it was found in 2007 that this planet contains significant amounts of water vapour. This planet is the second extrasolar planet where definitive evidence for water has been found.

The chemical signature of water vapour was detected in the atmosphere of this planet. Although HD 189733b with atmospheric temperatures rising above 1000 °C is far from being habitable, this finding increases the likelihood that water, an essential component of life, would be found on a more Earth-like planet in the future.

Astronomers have created a rough map of HD 189733b's cloud-top features using data from the Spitzer infrared space telescope. "Although Spitzer could not resolve the planet into a disk, by measuring changes as the planet rotated, the team created a simple longitudinal map. That is, they measured the planet's brightness in a series of pole-to-pole strips across the planet's visible cloud-tops, then assembled those strips into an overall picture."

Probably due to strong winds, the hottest point on the planet seems to be "offset by about 30 degrees longitudinally" from the substellar point ("high noon").

In late 2008, the spectral signature of carbon dioxide was found in HD 189733b's atmosphere.

In 2013, albedo measurements at visible wavelengths in the range of 290–570 nm using the Hubble Space Telescope STIS (Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph) instrument, reported in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, determine the planet to have a deep blue hue due to optically thick reflective clouds containing silicates (glass) "rain". The paper detailing the results reports measurement of "geometric albedos of Ag = 0.40 ± 0.12 at 290–450 nm [near ultraviolet to blue in the visible light region of the electromagnetic spectrum] and Ag < 0.12 at 450–570 nm ... with sodium absorption suppressing the scattered light signal beyond ~450 nm as predicted by models of hot Jupiter atmospheres."

An atmospheric transmission spectrum taken in 2020 has shown the presence of opaque haze, and spectral signatures of sodium and potassium.

Transit timing variations of HD 189733 b were discovered in 2021, suggesting other planets do exist in the system.

Star-planet interaction controversy
In 2008, a team of astronomers first described how as the exoplanet orbiting HD 189733 A reaches a certain place in its orbit, it causes increased stellar flaring. In 2010, a different team found that every time they observe the exoplanet at a certain position in its orbit, they also detected X-ray flares. Theoretical research since 2000 suggested that an exoplanet very near to the star that it orbits may cause increased flaring due to the interaction of their magnetic fields, or because of tidal forces. In 2019, astronomers analyzed data from Arecibo Observatory, MOST, and the Automated Photoelectric Telescope, in addition to historical observations of the star at radio, optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray wavelengths to examine these claims. They found that the previous claims were exaggerated and the host star failed to display many of the brightness and spectral characteristics associated with stellar flaring and solar active regions, including sunspots. Their statistical analysis also found that many stellar flares are seen regardless of the position of the exoplanet, therefore debunking the earlier claims. The magnetic fields of the host star and exoplanet do not interact, and this system is no longer believed to have a "star-planet interaction." Some researchers had also suggested that HD 189733 accretes, or pulls, material from its orbiting exoplanet at a rate similar to those found around young protostars in T Tauri Star systems. Later analysis demonstrated that very little, if any, gas was accreted from the "hot Jupiter" companion.

title: HD 189733


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Anrep (noble family)

The Anrep family is a Baltic-German noble family, belonging also to Swedish and Russian nobility.

History
The family originates from Anreppen, a village on Lippe river in Westfalia, Germany (now a part of Delbrück town). In 15th century Anreps, belonging to the Teutonic Knights, settled in Livonia. In 1626, during the Thirty Years' War, this country became a dominion of Sweden. Anrep family was soon naturalized in Sweden and introduced to the Riddarhuset, or House of Knights, in 1635. According to Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, German von Anrep was a Field Marshal in Sweden in the 16th century, and some Anreps were later also on French and Prussian military service.

By 1710, in the Great Northern War between Peter I of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden, Frederick Wilhelm I von Anrep, a captain in the Swedish army, had been taken to Moscow as a prisoner. From that time his branch of the family remained in Russia, serving the Tsars, generally in military or naval posts. Russian Anreps retained the Lutheran religion of their ancestors.

 * Barbara Johandotter von Anrep (born 1534 - died ?) wife of Johann von Uexküll (1532 - 1563).
 * Adolf Heinrich von Anrep (1717 - 1765) was the Landsmarshal of Livland, i.e. the chairman of the assembly of Livonian nobility.
 * Heinrich Reinhold von Anrep (ru: Roman Karlovich von Anrep) (1760 – January 25, 1807) was a Russian general of cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars. Killed in the Battle of Mohrungen.
 * Roman von Anrep (ru: Roman Romanovich von Anrep) (died 1830), a son of the previous, was a colonel and later a major-general. He commanded a Uhlan regiment in Caucasus during Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 and was a confidant of High Commander, Ivan Paskevich. Describing this campaign in his memoirs The voyage to Arzrum, Aleksandr Pushkin mentions R.R. Anrep. Later, in a letter to his wife, Pushkin referred to the death of R.R. Anrep, who had drowned in a swamp . The reason of the poet's attention to the officer is probably the fact that both of them courted the same young girl, Annette Woolf, in 1826.
 * Joseph Carl von Anrep (ru: Iosif Romanovich von Anrep) (1796 – 1860), a brother of the previous, was a colonel in Russian army, promoted to general shortly before his death. In 1853, by edict of Tzar, he was styled Count von Anrep-Elmpt in order to preserve the title of his wife's father, Count von Elmpt.
 * Reinhold von Anrep-Elmpt (ru: Roman Iosifovich von Anrep-Elmpt) (1834 – 1888), a son of the previous, was a Russian explorer, who traveled intensively from 1870 in all five continents and published many volumes of his travel notes.
 * Vassily Konstantinovich von Anrep (1852 – 1927) was a professor of forensic medicine and a Russian statesman. He had two sons, named after the first Russian saints, princes Boris and Gleb.
 * Boris Anrep (Boris Vassilievich von Anrep, 1883 – 1969) was a Russian artist, active mostly in Britain, who devoted himself to the art of mosaics and achieved work of monumental character in many private and public places.
 * Gleb Anrep (Gleb Vassilievich von Anrep; September 10, 1889 – January 9, 1955) was a physiologist, the follower of Ivan Pavlov, a member of the Royal Society from 1928, professor in University of Cambridge and in Cairo University.

title: Anrep (noble family)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ka Webspy

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 04:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Ka Webspy
Found this marked as a speedy deletion; since this is a bit elaborate for usual vanity, I figured it would be best to run it through AFD. No vote. Ral 315   WS  14:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn-bio, though IMO someone who's claim to fame is blogging is CSD:A7 speedy material.--Isotope23 15:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn, blogger. feydey 17:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User:Watasenia

About me
I am a linguist currently working on my PhD about the grammar of Daakaka, a small Oceanic language of Vanuatu. I am primarily interested in language from a typological perspective, trying to find generalizations about how languages differ and how they are the same. At the same time, I feel strongly inclined towards formal approaches to the syntax, and especially semantics of languages.

Things to do:

 * Transforming the article about modality

Sandbox

Linguex

title: User:Watasenia