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Education in El Salvador

Education in El Salvador is regulated by the country's Ministry of Education (MINED). El Salvador consists of the following levels of education:

 * Basic Education divided into three cycles of three grades each:
 * 1st Cycle: from 1st to 3rd grades
 * 2nd Cycle: from 4th to 6th grades
 * 3rd Cycle: from 7th to 9th grades; which is a transition to secondary education (e.g. specialized teachers for each assignment).
 * Secondary school, called Bachillerato:
 * Two year General High School
 * Three year Technical High School (e.g. Accounting, Secretariat, Electronics and Computer Science, etc.)
 * Five years (minimum) of Higher Education, consisting of university education or other tertiary education.

Almost all students, public and private, take the PAES test during their second year of bachillerato. PAES is a learning aptitude test that acts as an indicator of their achievement. Students are tested on mathematics, language and literature, natural sciences, and social studies.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that El Salvador is fulfilling only 64.8% of what it should be for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration El Salvador's income level, the nation is achieving 64.5% of what could be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 65.2% for secondary education.

Education Resources
As a result of wealth inequality, education is not universally accessible amongst Salvadorans as rural areas face higher rates of poverty. For example, the illiteracy rate in rural El Salvador was nearly 50% in the late 20th century. There is also an evident disparity when looking at global rankings, El Salvador repeatedly scores low in education quality and accessibility. According to statistics, only 82% of children make it to 9th grade. Of those children who have completed 9th grade and are eligible to attend secondary school, only 33% do. Across the country, the distribution of literacy is 79% for men and 73% for women.

While according to the El Salvador Constitution (1983), starting at the age of 4 years old, every child is entitled to free education. However, since most families live on less than 8.75 Colón, equivalent to 1 US dollar, often children under the age of 7 drop out of school to support their parents by working. About 1.8 million minors between the ages of 5 and 17 work. In rural areas, about 62% of all children work, to support their families.

Within the El Salvador classroom, resources are limited. For instance, public school classrooms often reach more than forty students per one classroom teacher. A a result families are reluctant to send their children to public schools. Additionally, rural areas are more likely to be understaffed and under-resourced. As a result of the lack of education in El Salvador, citizens are limited in their access to opportunities, world perspective, and social and political participation.

Curriculum
In El Salvador the academic year begins January and ends in November. The curriculum is divided into three specific levels: Early Childhood Education, Basic Education, and Secondary Education. Early Childhood Education is the designated level for preschool aged children. In this level of education, the focus is on child development and adjusting to different school environments. In this stage, children learn how to socialize and be a member of the classroom community. Furthermore, children at this age develop their motor, communication, and language skills.

Following  Preschool Education, is Basic Education which consists of three cycles of three grades each. The first cycle is designated for 1st to 3rd graders. In this cycle, students develop their basic literacy and math skills as well as learn about basic social and ethical values. The second cycle of the Basic Education level is designed for 4th to 6th graders. In this cycle, children are introduced to new subjects such as history, science, government and geography. Additionally, students at this age begin to develop their writing skills Lastly the third cycle is from 7th to 9th grades; which is a transition to secondary education (e.g. specialized teachers for each assignment). 56% of El Salvadiorian students are enrolled in Basic Education.

Following Basic Education, there is two or an optional three years technical program of Middle Education, called bachillerato which consists of: two year General High School or Three year Technical High School (e.g. Accounting, Secretariat, Electronics and Computer Science, etc.)

Following Middle Education, Higher Education consists of  five years (minimum), consisting of university education or other tertiary education.The University of El Salvador (UES) is the largest (and only) public university in the country. However, classes are constantly stopped for protests. The University of El Salvador has one main campus in San Salvador and three more campuses in Santa Ana, San Miguel and San Vicente. Also, there are many private universities as alternatives to UES.

In December 2014, the government of El Salvador entered into partnership with the United States Agency for International Development, in hopes of improving institutions of higher learning within the country with updated curricula and faculty training. The curriculum of schools in El Salvador is strictly set by MINED. The General Education Law of 1996, put forth by MINED, established a national curriculum that applies to both public and private institutions. However, this law did state that teachers could make modifications that they saw as "necessary". The same general curriculum is used in schools today, but in 2007, the curriculum was extended to a competencies approach. This approach was derived from Spain and simply ensured the completion of simple and complex tasks in a determined context. Moreover, since the decentralization of the education system in 2007, schools have been encouraged to adopt their own curricula to build a unique school identity. Overall, there has been little change to the curriculum since 1996, but topics such as sex education, child safety, gender and human rights have been integrated into school systems all throughout the country. The main reason the curriculum has not had any drastic changes since the 1990's is because of the lack of resources available in schools. For example, many of the rural school districts do not have access to the state-provided textbooks. This forces teachers to improvise and stray away from the state mandated curriculum.

Teachers
Teachers in El Salvador, while generally well trained, are affected by the struggles of the education system. In 2018, it was reported by The World Bank that 95 percent of primary school teachers were sufficiently trained. Moreover, El Salvador requires that teachers attain at least a Bachelor's Degree in Education and a teaching license from MINED. MINED also requires that teachers attend professional development courses to strengthen their teaching skills and to learn new teaching methods. However, due to the country's lack of investment in education, teachers are forced to deal with things such as lack of resources and poor infrastructure (especially in rural settings). As of 2021, education makes up approximately 18 percent of the country's total spending. While this number may seem insignificant, it does represent a steady increase in annual spending. In 2020, education only made up 13 percent of the country's annual budget. This increase in spending may be an indication that the Salvadoran Government is continuing their trend of emphasizing the education system. Furthermore, this increase in spending represents the public desire of increasing teacher's salaries and providing them with more effective resources.

In El Salvador, teachers make roughly 43,000 Colón, equivalent to 4,900 US dollars, per year. Much like in the United States, this places teachers in the middle class of society. Also like the United States, this disincentives people to become educators. Furthermore, the people who do decide to become educators do not want to invest their hard-earned money in materials and resources for their classrooms. Due to the relatively low wages and fear for job security, teacher unions were founded in El Salvador during the 1960's and 70's. In fact, in February 2022, over 20 teachers' unions protested in San Salvador. The protest was centered around pension reform, wages and healthcare coverage.

Effects of crime on education
El Salvador has had an incredibly high crime rate since the end of their civil war, with San Salvador being the seventh most violent city in the world and a homicide rate of 100 per 100,000 people. The high level of gang violence contributes heavily to the homicide rate. Per 100,000 people, there are about 323 gang members in El Salvador. Crime in El Salvador is committed by a majority of young men in gangs, usually kids around the age of 12-24. Poverty is a high contributor to gang involvement from kids along with a lack of education.

Gang recruitment of young kids has a strong impact on the educational development of other kids in El Salvador. The violence has an effect on the potential of families and the government to want to invest in education in El Salvador. Education funding won't come if the public assumes students will drop out and join gangs. Violence has a direct effect on how students are viewing their education. There is a negative correlation between public school and homicide rates while those who attend private school are supposedly safer. The enrollment rates in schools drop from 94.7% to 50.4% for males in the 15-22 age range. The chance of kids staying in school is largely dependent on their parents wealth status and if they are able to afford private school. Older students are less likely to be involved with education because of labor market demand and El Salvador's public education accessibility with secondary schools.

Crime also impacts the enrollment number among older students. This is due to victimization risks across different age groups. The Institute of Legal Medicine of El Salvador found that 37.2% of homicide victims in 2010 were 15 to 24 years old, while only 2.1% of the victims were younger than 15 years old. The victimization risk of this particular age group is consistent with the increase in dropouts among older students. In addition to fear of becoming targets of violence, students who dropout of school earlier on due to lack of interest or having to work for their families, are more likely to partake in violence.

Education and poverty
El Salvador has high poverty rates with about 40% of the population living below the poverty line. The average income in El Salvador is approximately $851.

Poverty impacts the community greatly in terms of education and knowledge. Poorer communities in El Salvador have less access to education and especially, high-quality education. It has been found that only seven percent of El Salvadoran university students come from the poorest 40% of the households whereas 57% of students come from the richest 20% of households. Although almost half of the population is living in poverty, it represents a very small percentage of university students. This gap in education for poorer citizens exacerbates inequalities and demonstrates the country's overall lack of social mobility. This disparity also speaks to the nation's distribution of access to knowledge and skills, ultimately a symptom of El Salvador's poverty crisis.

Like in many Latin American countries, El Salvador's unequal distribution of income is reflected in the accessibility of knowledge and skills. Children who come from wealthier families have more opportunities to learn and attend better schools. Those who are poor or live in rural areas have more limited educational opportunities. Because of the poorer accessible education, they are often uninterested in school leading to failure. Even when children have access to free education, they are not always able to reap the benefits. For instance, sometimes children have to stay home to help their families bring in money. The poor and rural populations of El Salvador have been deprived of many opportunities, dating back to the oligarchies and their exploitation of these communities for cheap labor.

The government of El Salvador has failed to provide equal educational opportunities and often prioritizes higher education for the richer population. This not only discourages children of poorer families to keep attending school but also strengthens the inequalities. Although little progress has been made, there have been some educational reforms put in place to decentralize and privatize education. By decentralizing responsibilities within the government and increasing the private sector's contribution, there would be more flexibility and efficiency in the education system. There was a movement to mobilize and encourage non-governmental organizations, parents and other private agents to get involved in educational plans. In 1991, the EDUCO, Community-Managed Education Program, was created in attempt to expand access to education.

EDUCO: Community-Managed Education Program
The EDUCO Program, a reform initiative, was created as a strategy to grow access to preschool and basic educational opportunities in poor isolated rural areas. Additional objectives were to improve school performance and reduce the levels of early school desertion, absenteeism, and grade repetition. EDUCO was designed to recreate the schools in peasant communities that were separate from the state. There is oversight from the government, but generally holds the role of the primary financier. This created a self-managed private form of education that encourages community participation and input.

EDUCO had a big effect on the amount of children choosing stay in school past the first cycle. There is a greater possibility that students stay in EDUCO schools because of the involvement of parents and community members. Parents and teachers are given the freedom to be more interactive which allows for more open conversation about productive learning. The program primarily focuses on the first cycle while neglecting to include the second cycle in their efforts, essentially prolonging a departure from education. The ten year education plan expanded EDUCO schools into the second cycle which increased the number from 38.6% to 52.3%.

There is variation amongst the EDUCO schools themselves. Some programs require additional funds because of a program's implementation of a tuition fee or uniforms, which isn't necessarily allowed, but can be agreed upon within the community. The need for additional funds stems from the environment and the capacity of the program. The struggling schools often look for help from non-profits, other schools, and the local community. The community participation of EDUCO partially depends on the occupation of the parents and how they interact with others. Despite the program's success with school enrollment, the quality of the education still hinders on the investment of the parents and its impact towards bringing in resources.

To the outside world, EDUCO is seen as a success, often used as an example of an effective education implementation program. It was highlighted by the World Bank in their World Development Report publication in 2004. Several other developing countries have followed EDUCO's footsteps and embraced the decentralized approach to education.

Developments and improvements
Improvements in accessibility and quality of education in El Salvador are visible. Since starting in 1991, EDUCO has established five offices: La Libertad, La Paz, San Vicente, Usulután, and Morazán. These offices work to increase the outreach and support for children and schools across the country. EDUCO has improved the infrastructure of over 300 schools in the country and sent more than 7,000 packages of teaching material to schools across the country. In addition to this, more than 50,000 students have received medical care from the organization. Coupled with EDUCO's support, educational spending has increased 5.04% from 2020 to 2021. This is the first time that government spending for education has had an upward trend since 2014.

In 2021, the literacy rate of the population (for those over 10 years old) was 90%.This is a slight decline from 2020, when the literacy rate was 90.4%. Other than this, the literacy rate has been steadily increasing since 2014.

In March 2020, The World Bank approved the "Growing Up and Learning Together: Comprehensive Early Childhood Development in El Salvador" project. This initiative works towards improving the professional development of teachers working in early childhood care, physically revitalizing early childhood schools, and improving the management of the educational sector. The program is projected to cost 250 million dollars and is expected to be completed in June 2026.

title: Education in El Salvador


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Marari Beach

Marari Beach is a beach at Mararikulam village in Alappuzha District of Kerala, India, 11 km from Alappuzha (Alleppey) town.

Location
Mararikulam is connected by rail and has a railway station by the same name. It is also well connected by road. NH 66 passes through S.L.Puram, which is 5 km to the east of Mararikulam. Nearest airport is Cochin International Airport. It was rated as one of the worlds top five HAMMOCK BEACH by National Geographic survey. & The CGH Marari beach resorts has made it to the "Sense of Place" final list of National Geographic Traveller "WORLD LEGACY AWARD" by National Geographic in partnership with ITB Berlin ( https://www.nationalgeographic.com/worldlegacyawards/winners.html ). Marari Beach is being increasingly preferred by travellers as an alternative to its more popular counterpart- Kovalam in the South. Tourists can cover the key highlights of Kerala including the Port town of Cochin, the tea plantations of Munnar, the wildlife in Periyar, the houseboats on the backwaters in Alleppey and end their stay at Marari where they can enjoy the beaches before flying out of Cochin again- instead of having to travel down south to Kovalam for the beaches. The beaches in Marari are conveniently located just an hour and a half away from the Cochin international airport.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marari Beach


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Mavalli Tiffin Room

The Mavalli Tiffin Rooms (MTR, ಮಾವಳ್ಳಿ ಟಿಫನ್ ರೂಂ) is the brand name of a food-related enterprise in India. Having its origin as a humble mess located on Lalbagh Road in Bangalore, it has ten other branches in Bangalore, as well as one in each of Udupi, Mysore, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, London, Bellevue and Dubai. MTR created the South Indian breakfast item, Rava Idli. While the packaged foods division was acquired by Orkla of Norway, the MTR chain of restaurants continues to be run by the original family that started it.

History
The Mavalli Tiffin Room was founded as a restaurant by Parampalli Yagnanarayana Maiya and his brothers in the year 1924. In the 1970s, when India was under emergency, a Food Control Act was introduced in 1975 which mandated that food was to be sold at very low prices. This move made it difficult for MTR to maintain high standards in its restaurant business and forced it to diversify into the instant food business, selling ready-to-eat snacks such as chutneys and rasams. Since then, MTR has expanded and diversified, with MTR Department Stores opened next to the restaurant. Currently the MTR brand represents two separate entities; the MTR restaurant business and MTR Foods, the pre-packaged food business.

MTR restaurants
The original MTR restaurant is a vegetarian restaurant located on Lalbagh Road in Bangalore, India founded in 1924. It has been shown on television in the global travel-related series Globe Trekker. The restaurant building comprises two floors.

MTR serves Karnataka Brahmin food. The decor is outdated. For many years, customers entered the restaurant through the kitchen.

During World War II, MTR found it difficult to make idlis since rice was in short supply. According to MTR, they experimented with semolina instead of rice and thus invented the breakfast item of Rava Idli. MTR was the first fast-food restaurant in the world to serve 21,000 customers in seven hours.

As of today, the MTR restaurants are headed by Hemamalini Maiya, Vikram Maiya, and Arvind Maiya, the grandchildren of Yagnanarayana Maiya.

Silver tumblers are used to serve beverages. This restaurant was closed in the 1975 Indian emergency when the Food Control Act made it unprofitable to serve food items; It reopened in 1981. To save the jobs during the time it was closed, MTR started selling spices and roasted flour mixes. That was the beginning of its entry into the convenience and instant food business.

MTR Foods
MTR Foods was headed by Sadananda Maiya (son of Yagnanarayana Maiya) until it was sold to Orkla, a Norwegian company for US$80 Million in March 2007. It produces packaged foods in different ranges - spices, instant mixes, ready-to-eat foods, vermicelli, beverages, ready-to-cook gravies, a range of frozen products, papads, pickles, chips, snacks and ice creams. After the Kargil War, a lot of changes happened in the packaged ready-to-eat food segment due to Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL). It bought the packaging technology from the same DFRL in Mysore and there are no preservatives added to the food while packaging. MTR is the first Indian processed foods company to be Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)-certified, a standard of food safety and hygiene. It has also sponsored magic shows and theatre performances and given free samples to the audience, as a means of demonstrating their products. MTR Foods created a frozen dosa, which can be heated and eaten right away. MTR Food products are sold online and exported to the countries in the Persian Gulf, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

title: Mavalli Tiffin Room


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Waterloo–St. Jacobs Railway

The '''Waterloo-St. Jacobs Railway (WSJR''') was a heritage railway west of Toronto that ran between Waterloo and St. Jacobs, Ontario from 1997 to 1999.

The railway used two diesel locomotives built in the 1950s, originally owned by Canadian National Railways, and repainted them in their original paint scheme. The locomotives were named Spirit of St. Jacobs and Pride of Waterloo. It also had several passenger cars painted in the same paint scheme. Excursions had three stops, and visitors could board on a later train. The Railway allowed visitors to see farms of the Old Order Mennonites and visit the village of St. Jacobs.

The railway ceased operation in 2000 due to maintenance costs. In late 2006, the two diesels and three passenger cars were purchased by the West Coast Railway Association. However, the diesels and one passenger car remain in Via Rail's Mimico maintenance yard.

Waterloo Central Railway
In May 2007, the Southern Ontario Locomotive Restoration Society received approval from the City of Waterloo to launch a new Waterloo-St. Jacobs tourist train service. The new railway became the Waterloo Central Railway.

Waterloo Central Railway began operations in June 2007. It operates a seasonal schedule, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays between Waterloo, the St. Jacobs Farmers' Market and the community of St. Jacobs. In 2015, as a result of Ion rapid transit project, the Waterloo Central Railway no longer departs from the station located at 10 Father David Bauer Drive but now departs from a station at the St. Jacobs Farmers' Market..

title: Waterloo–St. Jacobs Railway


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CGU

CGU may be:
 * Canadian Geophysical Union, a Canadian learned society
 * CGU plc, a British insurance company
 * CGU Insurance, an Australian insurance company
 * Chang Gung University in Taiwan
 * Christelijk Gymnasium Utrecht
 * Claremont Graduate University in California in the United States
 * Compostela Group of Universities, a European university network
 * Office of the Inspector General (Brazil), abbreviated CGU in Portuguese
 * a codon for the amino acid arginine
 * a cash generating unit, an IFRS accounting term

title: CGU


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Talk:Flags of the autonomous communities of Spain

Fair use rationale for Image:Flag of Valencia Autonomo community.png
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:33, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Flag of Valencia Autonomo community.png
Image:Flag of Valencia Autonomo community.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 23:22, 13 September 2007 (UTC)


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Ali Karimli

Ali Karimli (Əli Kərimli) born Ali Amirhuseyn oglu Karimov (Əli Əmirhüseyn oğlu Kərimov) (born 28 April 1965) is an Azerbaijani politician and the head of the reformist wing of the Azerbaijan Popular Front Party (APFP).

Biography
Karimli was born in the Saatly District of southeastern Azerbaijan. After military service in the Soviet army in 1985, he studied law at the Baku State University. During his studies he established and headed the Yurd (Homeland) movement which supported democratic reforms. In November 1988, Yurd, supported by intellectuals, organized student meetings in Baku to protest the communist regime. Special units of the security services were used to suppress the demonstrations. Like other Azerbaijani nationalists, Karimov changed his name erasing the Russian ending -ov and became Əli Kərimli.

In government
In July 1989 Karimli led Yurd into the newly created Popular Front of Azerbaijan (PFA) movement. He headed a party cell at his university and participated in the creation of the movement's charter.

In 1991, after receiving his diploma, he started working as a teacher in the Baku State University Law Department. At the same time, Karimli worked as a correspondent with the independent Azadlıq (Freedom) newspaper.

In January 1992, he was elected the deputy chairman of the PFA Supreme Council. In April 1993, the head of the PFA and the President of Azerbaijan Abulfaz Elchibey (Azerbaijan's first elected President after the breakup of the Soviet Union) appointed Karimli as Secretary of State.

After the coup d'etat in the summer of 1993 which brought Heydar Aliyev to power, Karimli submitted his resignation.

In opposition
In 1995, the PFA was renamed as the Azerbaijan Popular Front Party (APFP), with Elchibey remaining as its chairman. From 1995 till 2000 Karimli was Elchibey's first assistant. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and 2000, he was also elected as a member of parliament. In 2000, after Elchibey's death, the APFP broke up into "conservative" and "reformist" wings. Karimli became the head of the "reformists", which was mostly made up of former activists of the Yurd.

Since 2003, Karimli has been calling for creation of a bloc of opposition parties. In spring 2005, under Karimli's initiative, the Freedom (Azadıq) bloc of three parties was created, comprising the APFP-reformists, the Equality Party (Müsavat) and the Democratic party.

As another attempt against opposition rights his international passport was confiscated, making Ali Karimli one of the few opposition leaders of the world without a valid international passport.

Karimli is active in organizing protests that have rattled Baku since March 2011, part of a regional wave of unrest. He was interrogated for eight hours by the office of Attorney General Zakir Qaralov on 16 April in connection with the protests.

In April 2016, after Kerimli criticized the Azerbaijani government over its actions during the 2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes, he became a subject of a series of protests (the latest one held on 12 April in front of Karimli's house), allegedly organized by the authorities. The protesters also demanded to exile him from the country. According to the human rights lawyer Intigam Aliyev, attacks against Karimli are simply diverting attention from truly important issues and testing technologies to distract people's justified anger caused by the serious consequences of wrong decisions.

Criticism
Razi Nurullayev, former Deputy Chairman of Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, accused Ali Karimli instructing party members to create hundreds of fake Facebook profiles and demanded from Ali Karimli to disclose the source of financial support for his son's education at Bristol University.

Personal life
He considers himself an Elchibeyist. His son Turkel Karimli is criticized in local media to have a luxurious and careless life in expensive London clubs.

title: Ali Karimli


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John La Nauze

John Andrew La Nauze (9 June 1911 – 20 August 1990) was an Australian historian from Western Australia.

He was born in the Goldfields town of Boulder. Shortly after his fourth birthday, his Mauritian-born father Captain Charles La Nauze was killed by Turkish artillery fire at Silt Spur (southern ANZAC sector) Gallipoli. His mother moved the family to Perth where he attended South Perth Primary School and Perth Modern School. He completed degrees in Arts at the University of Western Australia and (as Rhodes Scholar for 1931) at Balliol College, Oxford before joining the Economics Departments at Adelaide (from 1935) and Sydney (1940-49).

In 1950 La Nauze became Foundation Professor of Economic History in the University of Melbourne, moving to the newly created Ernest Scott Chair in the Department of History in 1956. In 1966 he succeeded Sir Keith Hancock as Professor of History in the Institute of Advanced Studies at the Australian National University. On his retirement in 1977 he became the first Professor of Australian Studies at Harvard in 1978. In the Melbourne History Department he introduced courses in Later British History – which he believed essential to an understanding of Australian History — and fostered research in both fields.

La Nauze said that the Indigenous people of Australia were of interest as specimens of prehistory but had made no contribution to modern Australia:
 * “Unlike the West or South American Indians, unlike the Africans, the Australian aborigines could not even be exploited and enslaved. They could only be exterminated or driven further into the interior, or given, in charity, rations, cotton dresses, and religion. From them the Europeans could take nothing but the land they lived in.”

Publications

 * Political Economy in Australia (1949)
 * Alfred Deakin (1962)
 * The Hopetoun Blunder (1957)
 * Federated Australia. Selections From Letters to the Morning Post 1900-1910. Deakin, Alfred. 1968 (Edited with introduction by)
 * The Making of the Australian Constitution (1972)
 * Walter Murdoch (1977)

title: John La Nauze


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2005 American League Championship Series

The 2005 American League Championship Series (ALCS), the second round of the 2005 American League playoffs, which determined the 2005 American League  champion, matched the Central Division champion Chicago White Sox against the West Division champion Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The White Sox, by virtue of having the best record in the AL during the 2005 season, had the home-field advantage. The White Sox won the series four games to one to become the American League champions, and faced the Houston Astros in the 2005 World Series, in which the White Sox swept the Astros in four games to win their first World Series championship in 88 years; as a result of the 2005 All-Star Game played in Detroit, Michigan at Comerica Park on July 12, the White Sox had home-field advantage in the World Series. The series was notable both for a controversial call in Game 2 of the series, and the outstanding pitching and durability of Chicago's starting rotation, pitching four consecutive complete games; the $undefined 2/3$ of an inning Neal Cotts pitched in the first game was the only work the White Sox bullpen saw the entire series.

As of 2022, the White Sox in the 2005 ALCS are the only team to throw four complete games in a playoff series since the beginning of league championship series play in 1969. Prior to that, several teams had done so when the World Series was the only round of the MLB postseason.

The White Sox and Angels were victorious in the AL Division Series (ALDS), with the White Sox defeating the defending World Champion and wild card qualifier Boston Red Sox three games to none, and the Angels defeating the Eastern Division champion New York Yankees three games to two. It was the first ALCS since 2002 not to feature the Red Sox or the Yankees.

Game 1
Tuesday, October 11, 2005 at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago, Illinois

In the series opener, the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim won 3–2 in their third game in as many nights and as many cities. The Angels took the lead in the second inning on a Garret Anderson leadoff home run. Next inning, Steve Finley and Adam Kennedy hit back-to-back leadoff singles and advanced one base each on Chone Figgins's sacrifice bunt. Orlando Cabrera's single and Vladimir Guerrero's groundout scored a run each. White Sox starter José Contreras allowed no more runs, going $8 1/3$ innings. In the bottom of the inning, Joe Crede's home run off of Paul Byrd put the Sox on the board. Next inning, Chicago's Carl Everett singled with one out, moved to second on a groundout, and scored on A. J. Pierzynski's single to make it a one-run game. However, neither team would score for the rest of the game. It was the first time in six tries that the Angels won a Game 1 under manager Mike Scioscia, despite having won the World Series in 2002. This turned out to be the only game the White Sox would lose in the entire postseason.

Game 2
Wednesday, October 12, 2005 at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago, Illinois

Then-Senator and future President of the United States Barack Obama threw out the ceremonial first pitch. Behind a complete game from Mark Buehrle and a now infamous strikeout in the bottom of the ninth, the White Sox evened the series at a game apiece. In the bottom of the first, Scott Podsednik reached second on an error, moved to third on a sacrifice bunt, and scored on Jermaine Dye's ground out. Jarrod Washburn and two relievers held the Sox scoreless over the next seven innings while Robb Quinlan's fifth inning home run tied the game. It remained tied until the bottom of the ninth. With two strikes, A. J. Pierzynski swung and missed at a low pitch from Angels pitcher Kelvim Escobar for strike three. Josh Paul, the Angels catcher, rolled the ball to the mound and left the infield. Pierzynski realized strike three had been called, so he ran to first base in case the umpire ruled that the catcher had not legally caught the strike-three pitch (see Uncaught third strike rule). In a controversial call, home-plate umpire Doug Eddings ruled that the ball hit the ground before going into the catcher's glove and signalled strike 3 but did not call him out, so the pitch was considered uncaught and Pierzynski was safe at first. A pinch-runner, Pablo Ozuna, stole second base. Third baseman Joe Crede delivered a base hit three pitches later, scoring Ozuna for the winning run.

Game 3
Friday, October 14, 2005 at Angel Stadium of Anaheim in Anaheim, California

Chicago jumped to a 3−0 lead in the first inning off of John Lackey as the series moved west to Anaheim. Scott Podsednik hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt and came home on Jermaine Dye's single before Paul Konerko's two-run home run capped the scoring. Tadahito Iguchi singled to lead off the third, moved to second on a walk, and scored on Carl Everett's single. Two innings later, Iguchi doubled with one out and scored on Konerko's two-out single to put Chicago up 5−0. A two-run home run by Orlando Cabrera in the sixth cut the lead to 5−2, but it would not be enough as the White Sox took the series lead, two games to one, with Jon Garland pitching a complete game.

Game 4
Saturday, October 15, 2005 at Angel Stadium of Anaheim in Anaheim, California

The visitors again jumped to a 3−0 lead in the first. Angel starter Ervin Santana walked Scott Podsednik and hit Tadahito Iguchi before Paul Konerko, after a disputed check swing on a 2–2 pitch, homered for the second straight game. The Angels cut it to 3−1 in the second when Darin Erstad walked with one out, moved to third on Casey Kotchman's single and White Sox pitcher Freddy Garcia's throwing error to first, then scored on Bengie Molina's single. With men on first and third, Steve Finley hit a ground ball to second for an inning-ending double play, but argued that Sox catcher A. J. Pierzynski had interfered with his swing. Chicago got that run back when Jermaine Dye reached on shortstop Orlando Cabrera's throwing error to first, stole second, and scored on Carl Everett's base hit. Pierzynski's home run next inning made it 5−1. In the bottom of the inning, Angel Garret Anderson singled with one out and scored on Kotchman's two-out double, but in the fifth, Podsednik drew a leadoff walk and after Scot Shields relieved Santana, stole second and scored on Everett's single. Esteban Yan walked Everett to lead off the eighth, allowed a subsequent double to Aaron Rowand followed by Joe Crede's two-run single to put the Sox up 8−2. García pitched the White Sox's third straight complete game, helping put them one win from their first World Series visit since 1959.

Game 5
Sunday, October 16, 2005 at Angel Stadium of Anaheim in Anaheim, California

Still on the road, Chicago struck first in Game 5 when Aaron Rowand hit a leadoff ground-rule double in the second off of Paul Byrd, moved to third on a sacrifice bunt, then scored on Joe Crede's sacrifice fly. But the Angels tied it in the third when Juan Rivera hit a leadoff double, moved to third on pitcher Jose Contreras's pickoff attempt error, and scored on Adam Kennedy's single. In the top of the fifth, Juan Uribe doubled and scored on Jermaine Dye's single, but in the bottom of the inning, Kennedy hit a leadoff single and scored on Chone Figgins's double. Figgins scored on a Garret Anderson sacrifice fly to put the Angels up 3−2. Crede's leadoff home run in the seventh off of Kelvim Escobar tied the game. Next inning, Escobar walked Rowand with two outs and an error moved him to second. Francisco Rodriguez relieved Escobar and Crede greeted him with an RBI single to put the White Sox up 4−3. They got two insurance runs in the ninth when Paul Konerko's double after back-to-back walks and Rowand's sacrifice fly scored a run each. Contreras delivered the fourth consecutive complete game by a White Sox pitcher, retiring the Angels in order in the ninth. Chicago captured its first American League pennant since 1959. This marked the first time in 77 years that a team threw four straight complete-game victories in the playoffs, becoming the first time it was done by four different pitchers since the Chicago Cubs did it in the 1907 World Series.

Konerko was named the ALCS MVP. He finished the series batting .286, with two home runs and seven RBIs. His two home runs came in the first innings of Games 3 and 4; he became only the third player in Major League history to hit homers in the first inning of consecutive playoff games, the other two having been Dan Ford during the 1979 ALCS and Carlos Beltrán during the 2004 NLCS.

Composite box
2005 ALCS (4–1): Chicago White Sox over Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

Aftermath
Doug Eddings' controversial call in Game 2, when he ruled that a strikeout to A. J. Pierzynski by Kelvim Escobar had not been legally caught (an uncaught third strike) by catcher Josh Paul but made no audible call that the ball hit the ground, proved to be the most pivotal point in the series. At the team's ten-year anniversary in 2015, White Sox chairman Jerry Reinsdorf acknowledged that losing home-field advantage and going down 0-2 in a best-of-seven series would have been too difficult of a hole to climb out of. Catcher A. J. Pierzynski, who was at the center of the call, said the year before when he was in San Francisco, he was on the other end of that same type of play. Both Paul Konerko and general manager Kenny Williams believed that Eddings likely got the call wrong. According to umpire supervisor Rich Rieker, the replays showed "there was definitely a change in direction there" indicating the ball touched the ground and felt, at best, the replay was inconclusive. A. J. Pierzynski was booed every time he played in Anaheim until his retirement for his role in the controversy. Major League Baseball did not adopt review via instant replay on calls such as this until the 2014 season.

As of the 2024 season, this is the last White Sox' AL Championship Series appearance. The Angels returned to the postseason in 2007, 2008, and 2009, but made it to an ALCS once, in 2009.


text:
User talk:Myashu

I've moved "Myashu" to your user page, User:Myashu. This is not an encyclopedia article, it's a personal profile page for you, so it belongs under User:Myashu. -- Curps 12:37, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Your draft article, User:Myashu/Kalakat Illam

Hello, Myashu. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, "Kalakat Illam".

In accordance with our policy that Articles for Creation is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the  or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing.  Onel 5969  TT me 12:57, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Thanks for giving me a headsup.. Appreciate it  Onel 5969 , thanks once again

User:Myashu/Kalakat Illam

Hello, Myashu. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or draft page you started, User:Myashu/Kalakat Illam.

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. — JJMC89  (T·C) 19:50, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

User:Myashu/Kalakat Illam

Hello, Myashu. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or draft page you started, User:Myashu/Kalakat Illam.

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. — JJMC89  (T·C) 04:58, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Myashu


text: Category:Schools in Karachi

title: Category:Schools in Karachi


text:
Hyland Highway

Hyland Highway is a rural highway connecting the towns of Traralgon and Yarram in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. It was named after Sir Herbert Hyland, a popular politician for the Country Party in the Gippsland area.

Route
Highland Highway commences at the intersection of Princes Street and Breed Street in Traralgon and heading south as a two-lane, single carriageway road, nearly immediately crossing the Bairnsdale railway line just east of Morwell railway station, then heads east after a roundabout, then after another kilometre turns south to leave Traralgon's suburbs, curving around Loy Yang's open-cut coal mine, then heads south through Gormandale, through the eastern stretches of the Strzelecki Ranges, to eventually terminate at the intersection with South Gippsland Highway, just north-east of Yarram.

History
The passing of the Country Roads Act of 1912 through the Parliament of Victoria provided for the establishment of the Country Roads Board (later VicRoads) and their ability to declare Main Roads, taking responsibility for the management, construction and care of the state's major roads from local municipalities. Traralgon-Gormandale Road was declared a Main Road, from Traralgon to Flynns Creek on 1 December 1913, and from Flynns Creek to Gormandale on 23 March 1914. The road was later renamed Yarram-Traralgon Road and declared a Main Road by the Country Roads Board from at least 1955.

The construction of the open-cut coal mine for Loy Yang Power Station in the late 1970s required the road to be re-routed along Traralgon Creek Road (west of the coal mine) and Bartons Lane (south of the coal mine); the former alignment is now known as Craigburn Place (to the mine's north) and Broomfields Lane (to the mine's south-east).

The passing of the Transport Act of 1983 (itself an evolution from the original Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924 ) provided for the declaration of State Highways, roads two-thirds financed by the State government through the Road Construction Authority (later VicRoads). Hyland Highway was declared a State Highway in December 1990, from Traralgon to Yarram; before this declaration, the road was referred to as Traralgon Creek Road and Yarram-Traralgon Road.

Hyland Highway was signed as State Route 188 between Traralgon and Yarram in 1990; with Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, it was replaced by route C482.

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as Hyland Highway (Arterial #6170), beginning at Princes Highway at Traralgon and ending at South Gippsland Highway in Yarram.

title: Hyland Highway


text:
User talk:Wowbobwow12

/Archive 1

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Thanks.
Thanks for your work on the Psilocybe cubensis article. Your picture of B. caapi is also appreciated. Keep up the good work. Yours, JRDarby (talk) 05:09, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

IP block exempt
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I hope this will enhance your editing, and allow you to edit successfully and without disruption. User:Alison (talk) 07:28, 7 November 2013 (UTC) - sorry about all the trouble - A l is o n  ❤ 05:40, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Play Music

A tag has been placed on Play Music requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A9 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a musical recording which does not indicate why its subject is important or significant, and where the artist's article has never existed, has been deleted or is eligible for deletion itself. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for music.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion, or "db", tag; if no such tag exists, then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hang-on tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 06:11, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Again and Again (Thieves Like Us album)

A tag has been placed on Again and Again (Thieves Like Us album) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A9 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a musical recording which does not indicate why its subject is important or significant, and where the artist's article has never existed, has been deleted or is eligible for deletion itself. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for music.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Wowbobwow12


text:
User talk:Pinkdramon

Hi, , and welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia! I thank you for removing the vandalism from Accountancy article. Keep it up!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes)
 * Try the editing tutorial and image tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area
 * Stay away from common mistakes and follow these simple rules
 * It's a good idea to use Show preview button and Edit summary box
 * If you need help, don't be afraid to post a question at the Help Desk or on my user talk page
 * Explore, be bold, and, most importantly, have fun!
 * Oh, and don't forget to tell something about yourself on your user page!

Good luck! Renata3 12:38, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pinkdramon


text:
A World of Difference (novel)

A World of Difference is a 1990 science fiction novel by American writer Harry Turtledove.

The book begins with a space voyage that departed Earth in an alternate 1989. In the universe of the book, the fourth planet from the Sun, in the orbit occupied by Mars in our reality, is named Minerva, which is similar in size and makeup to Earth. The book contrasts Earth's culture during the ongoing Cold War with Minerva's feudal culture which resembles the European culture of the Late Middle Ages. Mercantilism is just emerging in Minerva during the events of the book.

Plot summary
When the Viking 1 space probe lands on Minerva in 1976 it takes a picture of a native Minervan wielding a primitive tool, thus proving the existence of intelligent life on other worlds.

The main action of the story involves separate American and Soviet missions, who both pay lip service to non-interference with Minervan society, but in the course of their research, the teams' respective political ideologies inevitably come to the fore. This leads the teams and their commanders back home to use the Minervans in a transparent analogy to Third World/Cold War proxy conflicts on Earth. One of the Americans saves the life of a female Minervan after she gives birth. Eventually Minervans get their hands on high tech items like steel hatchets, rubber rafts, and finally AK-74s, which severely disrupt their way of life.

The planet Minerva
Minerva has an atmosphere similar to Earth's and breathable by humans, and liquid water exists in significant quantities on the surface. The planet's mean atmospheric temperature is lower than Earth's due to the greater distance from the sun, although the greenhouse effect of its thicker atmosphere means that it is not as cold as our universe's Mars. The ancient astronomers of the novel name the bright blue/gray planet Minerva after the goddess of wisdom.

Minervan biology and society
Minervan animals (including the sentient Minervans) are hexameristically radially symmetrical. This means that they have six eyes spaced equally all around, see in all directions and have no "back" where somebody could sneak on them unnoticed. The different way that Minervans perceive their environment, and its major influence on their culture and way of life, is a significant plot element – especially important in the battle scenes towards the end.

Females (referred to as "mates" by the Minervans) give birth to litters that consist of one male and five females, and the "mates" always die after reproducing because of torrential bleeding from the places where the six fetuses were attached; this gives a population multiplication of 5 per generation if all females live to adolescence and reproduce. Females reach puberty while still hardly out of childhood, and typically experience sex only once in the lifetime – leading to pregnancy and death at birth-giving.

Thus, in Minervan society male dominance seems truly determined by a biological imperative – though it takes different forms in various Minervan societies: in some females are considered expendable and traded as property, in other they are cherished and their tragic fate mourned – but still their dependant status is taken for granted.

The American women arriving on Minerva and discovering this situation consider it intolerable; a major plot element is their efforts, using the resources of Earth medical science, to find a way of saving the Minervan females and let them survive birth-giving. At the end, they do manage to save a particularly sympathetic Minervan female – potentially opening the way for a complete upheaval in Minervan society.

Technically, the Minervans can be said to be living in a neolithic society, since they use stone tools. However, though using no metals, their society is actually feudal and comparable to Europe during the Late Middle Ages, and actually one of the Minervan societies depicted – the one contacted by the Soviets – shows the beginnings of mercantile capitalism (which is directly related to its being the more aggressive and predatory one).

It is this nascent capitalist society which the Soviets decide to support in its effort to invade and conquer its feudal rival. This raises some eyebrows among the cosmonauts; however, as the resident ideologue explains to his bemused comrades, it is quite sound Marxist doctrine, based on Marx's theory of history: Capitalism is more progressive than Feudalism; therefore, helping it win will help prepare Minervan society to get to Socialism some centuries hence.

Earth
In addition to the existence of Minerva the book alludes to a variety of subtle differences between its history and ours. The fact that the fourth planet was blue rather than red as in our universe, and named for a different deity of the Classical pantheon, did not significantly change life on Earth. Galileo is mentioned as having seen Minerva in his telescope and made the first drawing of its surface; this did not, however, make his general career significantly different from in our timeline.

However, fundamental differences seem to have started to develop since the mid-1970s. Following the discovery of intelligent life on Minerva, both superpowers engaged energetically on efforts to launch a crewed spacecraft there. This evidently had an effect of exacerbating tensions on Earth, with American and Soviet planes engaging three times in direct aerial combat over Beirut – presumably drawn, after the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon in 1982, into a far deeper involvement than in our history.

An escalation into all-out nuclear war was avoided only with difficulty, and though things have calmed down a bit by 1989 when the plot takes place, the Cold War is still very much on, and the Soviet Union is still very much a police state keeping its citizens (even cosmonauts millions of miles from home) on a short leash. Mikhail Gorbachev had led for only nine months, and barely got started on Glasnost, before dying from a stroke (though there are rumors of a secret assassination, which Soviet characters prudently avoid discussing too loudly).

Allusions to other works
The Georgian member of the Soviet crew, who has some frictions with his Russian crewmates due to cultural differences, is named "Shota Rustaveli" after the 12th century poet Shota Rustaveli.

Publication history
A World of Difference has been published in hardcover in Great Britain by Hodder & Stoughton.

Translations

 * Italian: Missione su Minerva (Mission to Minerva) (transl. by Carlo Borriello) Fanucci Editore, 2000.
 * Russian: Битва в космосе (A Space Battle) (transl. by G.A. Il'insky) Rusich, 1997, ISBN 5-88590-654-8.

title: A World of Difference (novel)


text:
Toyota E engine

The Toyota E engine family is a straight-four piston engine series, and uses timing belts rather than chains. The E engines were the first multi-valve engines from Toyota designed with economy, practicality and everyday use in mind (rather than performance). Like many other Toyota engines from the era, the E engine series features a cast iron block, along with an aluminium cylinder head. E engines are lighter than earlier Toyota engines, due to the hollow crankshaft, thinned casting of the cylinder block, and several other reductions in auxiliaries as well as in the engine itself. Carbureted versions include a newly designed, variable-venturi carburetor. All of these changes improved economy and emissions. The members of the E engine family, range from 1.0 L to 1.5 L. The E family supplanted the K engines in most applications. A large number of parts in the E engine series are interchangeable between each other.

1E
The 1E is a 999 cc carbureted 12-valve SOHC engine. Bore and stroke is 70.5x64 mm. Compression ratio is 9.0:1. It appeared in 1985. Output ranges to about 55 hp at 6,000 rpm, while torque is 102 Nm at 3,500 rpm.

The 1E-FE is a fuel injected 16-valve DOHC variant.

 * Specs:
 * Bore x stroke: 70.5x64 mm
 * Displacement: 999 cc
 * Valve clearance: Intake: 0.2 mm; Exhaust: 0.2 mm
 * Ignition timing (with vacuum advancer off): 10 degrees BTDC
 * Oil capacity: 3.2 L

 * Gearbox :
 * 4-speed manual gearbox: C140
 * Automatic transmission: ***

 * Applications:
 * Toyota Starlet (P70) – EP70
 * Toyota Starlet (P80) – EP80

2E

The 2E is a 1296 cc SOHC version with three valves per cylinder. Output ranges from 65 to 88 hp at 6,000 rpm with 72 lbft of torque at 3600 rpm to 77 lbft of torque at 5200 rpm. It appeared in 1985, and was discontinued after 1998. The 2E engines appeared in both carbureted and fuel-injected (called 2E-E) versions. The 2E-TE, appearing in 1986, is a turbocharged engine producing 100 PS. A later version, the 2E-TELU produces 110 PS.

 * Specs:
 * Bore x stroke: 73x77.4 mm
 * Displacement: 1296 cc
 * Compression ratio: 9.5:1
 * Ignition timing (with vacuum advancer off): 10 degrees BTDC
 * Ignition timing (as per Haynes Databook): 5 degrees BTDC at 800 rpm

 * Gearbox :
 * 4-speed and 5-speed manual gearbox: C40, C150, C152 (turbo model)
 * Automatic transmission: A132l   3-speed, A242l 4-speed

 * Applications:
 * AE92, AE111 Toyota Corolla (South Africa)
 * Toyota Corolla/Toyota Sprinter EE80, EE90, EE96V, EE97G, EE100, EE110 (Philippines and Vietnam)
 * Toyota Starlet EP71, EP81, EP82 (2E-E,Si Version), EP90
 * Toyota Starlet EP76V Van (2E-LJ) - 73 PS at 6,000 rpm, 10.3 kgm at 4,000 rpm
 * Toyota Corsa
 * Toyota Conquest (South Africa)
 * Toyota Tazz (South Africa)
 * Toyota Tercel (Caribbean/South America/Middle East)

3E
The 3E is a 1456 cc SOHC version with three valves per cylinder. Output ranges from 79 to 88 PS at 6,000 rpm with 87 lbft of torque at 4,000 rpm to 89 lbft of torque at 4,800 rpm. It appeared in 1986, and was discontinued after 1994. The 3E engines appeared in both carbureted (3E) and fuel-injected (3E-E) applications. The 3E-TE, appearing in 1986, is a turbocharged engine producing 115 PS at 5,600 rpm with 17.5 kgm of torque at 3,200 rpm.

 * Specs:
 * Bore x stroke 73x87 mm
 * 9.3:1 compression ratio (8.0:1 3E-TE)

 * Applications:
 * Toyota Corolla/Sprinter EE98V (van)
 * Toyota Corolla/Sprinter EE107V/EE108G (van/wagon)
 * Toyota Corona ET176V (van)
 * Toyota Tercel/Corolla II/Corsa EL31

The 3E and 3E-E engines are considered slightly less reliable than other Toyota engines, although they are also among the easiest engines to service. The most common problems affecting these engines are premature valve stem seal (nitrile rubber) failure, carbon buildup on the intake valves, and collapse of the oil control ring on the piston. Any of these conditions can lead to rough idling, stalling, and fouled spark plugs, and therefore need to be differentially diagnosed. The valve stem seals, at least, can be replaced with silicone or Viton-based seals which last much longer.

4E
The 4E is a 1331 cc DOHC version. Bore and stroke is 74x77.4 mm. Output ranges from 74 hp at 6,400 rpm to 99 hp at 6,600 rpm with 81 lbft of torque at 3,600 rpm to 86 lbft of torque at 4,000 rpm. It appeared in 1989, and was discontinued after 1998. The 4E engines appeared in fuel-injected applications.

 * Applications:
 * Toyota Starlet EP82, EP85, EP91, EP95
 * Toyota Tercel
 * Toyota Corolla
 * Toyota Paseo
 * Toyota Cynos

First generation 4E-FE
The first generation of 4E engines found in the Starlet GI, Soleil and Corolla models were produced from 1989 until 1996. The engine found in these two models produces 88 bhp at 6,600 rpm and 86 lbft at 5,200 rpm. This engine has more in common with the 4E-FTE, sharing the same throttle body, and slightly larger fuel injectors.

 * Specs:
 * Bore x stroke 74x77.4 mm
 * 9.6:1 compression ratio

Second generation 4E-FE
The second generation of the 4E-FE was introduced in 1996 producing less peak power: 75 PS at 5,500 rpm, but with a slight increase in peak torque 87 lbft at 4,400 rpm. The second generation of the 4E-FE is essentially the same engine as the first but the intake and exhaust manifolds were changed along with a slight alteration of the ECU meant to reduce exhaust emissions.

 * Specs:
 * Bore x stroke 74.3x77.4 mm
 * 9.6:1 compression ratio

Third generation 4E-FE
In 1997 the intake manifold was changed again along with the ECU and the result was 85 PS for the Corolla and 82 PS for the Starlet. This engine was discontinued in 1999.

4E-FTE
The first generation of the 4E-FE was the basis of the 4E-FTE in 1989, which is a turbocharged engine producing 135 PS at 6,400 rpm with 116 lbft of torque at 4,800 rpm. The 4E-FTE is the most powerful of the E series engines ever produced. It was produced exclusively for the Toyota Starlet GT Turbo (Japan Only) and its successor, the Toyota Glanza V (Japan only). However the 4E-FTE was a very popular conversion engine by enthusiasts for many small Toyota cars such as the Corolla, Tercel, Paseo and Sera which it fit into with standard Toyota parts. The 4E-FTE differs internally from the 4E-FE with its stronger connecting rods, lower compression pistons (reduced from 9.6:1 to 8.5:1) and stronger crankshaft. The cylinder head is identical with the valve train featuring higher lift on the inlet camshaft, and stronger valve springs to the 4E-FE. The 4E-FTE also features a harmonic damper instead of a normal crankshaft pulley. The turbocharger fitted to the 4E-FTE was Toyota's own CT9 model, which features an internal waste gate and has two modes: low 0.4 bar and high 0.65 bar boost. The low boost mode is electronically controlled by a solenoid valve and the ECU and the high boost is controlled by an actuator connected to the turbocharger. The 4E-FTE also has a top-mounted, air-cooled intercooler. The 4E-FTE is mated to the Toyota C52 transmission (for the EP82 Starlet GT) and the C56 transmission (for the EP91 Glanza V).

 * Specs:
 * Bore x stroke 74x77.4 mm
 * 8.5:1 compression ratio

5E
The 5E is a 1497 cc DOHC 16-valve version. Output ranges from 94 PS at 5,400 rpm to 110 PS at 6,400 rpm with 91 lbft of torque at 3,200 rpm to 100 lbft of torque at 4,000 rpm. It was introduced in 1990 and discontinued in 1998. All 5E engines are fuel-injected. In 1995 Toyota changed the ignition system to a distributor-less (DIS), coil-on-plug design, switched from OBD to OBD-II and began using flat topped pistons. This ignition design uses two coils. Each coil mounts on top of a spark plug, but also has a cable run to another cylinder's spark plug. This is known as a "wasted spark design". It is electrically similar to engines that have a coil pack. The spark plug fires in both directions (center-to-side, and side-to-center). Double platinum plugs are used with this engine to prevent premature side electrode wear. A much thinner 0.26 mm head gasket is used to increase compression after the piston domes were removed, and dual electrode spark plugs were installed on California emission models. In 1996 the connecting rods changed to the same thinner ones similar to those used in the second generation 4E-FE. In 1997 a return-less fuel system was added. The crankshaft is cast and interestingly has 3E markings.

 * Specs:
 * Bore x stroke 74x87 mm
 * 9.4:1 compression ratio

 * Applications:
 * Toyota Paseo
 * Toyota Sera
 * Toyota Tercel
 * Toyota Raum
 * Toyota Corolla
 * Toyota Corsa
 * Toyota Caldina
 * Toyota Corolla II
 * Toyota Cynos
 * Toyota Vios

5E-FHE
Maximum power for the 5E-FHE was increased to 110 PS. The maximum engine speed was increased to 7,200 rpm in the first generation, and 7,900 for the second generation. It uses the harmonic damper from the 4E-FTE, and slightly more aggressive higher lift cams (approximately 8.2mm inlet side, and 7.7mm exhaust side), high compression pistons (although they have a lower dome than 4E-FE pistons), cast 4-2-1 exhaust headers, and stronger internals (including the thicker connecting rods as found in the first generation 5E-FE which are factory forged, and a stronger factory forged crankshaft which has 5E markings).

Some versions of the 5E-FHE (but not for the Sera) are fitted with the ACIS intake manifold which is claimed to increase the power to 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp).

title: Toyota E engine


text: User talk:138.190.15.46

title: User talk:138.190.15.46


text:
2005 National League Championship Series

The 2005 National League Championship Series (NLCS), the second round of the 2005 National League playoffs, matched the Central Division champion and defending league champion St. Louis Cardinals against the wild card qualifier Houston Astros, a rematch of the 2004 NLCS. The Cardinals, by virtue of having the best record in the NL during the 2005 season, had the home-field advantage. The Astros won the series four games to two, and became the National League champions; they faced the American League champion Chicago White Sox in the 2005 World Series, where the Astros lost to the White Sox in a sweep in four games.

The Cardinals and Astros were victorious in the NL Division Series (NLDS), with the Cardinals defeating the West Division champion San Diego Padres three games to none, and the Astros defeating the East Division champion Atlanta Braves three games to one. St. Louis manager Tony La Russa, who won AL pennants with the Oakland Athletics in 1988–89–90 and the NL flag in 2004, fell short in his bid to become the first manager in history to win multiple pennants in both major leagues, although he did so in 2006 and again in 2011. The NLCS also closed with the last game ever played at St. Louis' Busch Stadium (II), which the Cardinals departed after 40 seasons.

Game 1
The Cardinals struck first in Game 1 when David Eckstein hit a leadoff single in the first off of starter Andy Pettitte, who was struck by a batted ball during batting practice but made the start as scheduled, then Reggie Sanders's home run two outs later put them up 2−0. Mark Grudzielanek singled to lead off the second, moved to third on Abraham Nunez's single one out later, and scored on Chris Carpenter's sacrifice bunt. In the fifth, Nunez again hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, and scored on Eckstein's single with Eckstein reaching second on right fielder Jason Lane's throw to home. One out later, Albert Pujols's RBI single made it 5−0 Cardinals. Carpenter pitched six shutout innings before pinch hitter Chris Burke's two-run home run put the Astros on the board in the seventh. Brad Ausmus's sacrifice fly in the ninth off of Jason Isringhausen made it 5−3 Cardinals before pinch hitter Jose Vizcaino grounded out to end the game as the Cardinals went up 1−0 in the series.

Game 2
The Astros struck first in Game 2 when Chris Burke tripled with one out in the second and scored on a passed ball by starter Mark Mulder. In the fifth, Brad Ausmus hit a leadoff double, moved to third on Roy Oswalt's sacrifice bunt and scored on Craig Biggio's ground out. Albert Pujols's leadoff home run off of Oswalt in the sixth put the Cardinals on the board, but they would get nothing more. The Astros scored two insurance runs in the eighth off of Julián Tavárez on Chris Burke's RBI single that scored Lance Berkman from third. followed by Adam Everett's RBI triple. Brad Lidge pitched two shutout innings for the save as the Astros' 4−1 win tied the series at 1−1 heading to Houston.

Game 3
In Game 3, Cardinals' starter Matt Morris pitched three shutout innings before walking Morgan Ensberg to lead off the fourth, then Mike Lamb's home run put the Astros up 2−0. In the fifth, the Astros' Roger Clemens allowed back-to-back leadoff singles to Yadier Molina and Abraham Nunez. Morris's sacrifice bunt moved them up one base each before David Eckstein's sacrifice fly put the Cardinals on the board. Clemens again allowed back-to-back leadoff singles next inning to Albert Pujols and Jim Edmonds before Larry Walker's sacrifice fly tied the game. In the bottom of the inning, Lamb hit a one-out double and scored on Jason Lane's single. After Brad Ausmus singled, Brad Thompson relieved Morris and Adam Everett hit into a fielder's choice that allowed Lane to score to put the Astros up 4−2. Chad Qualls pitched two hitless innings before Brad Lidge retired the first two batters in the ninth and walked John Rodriguez. Rodriguez then moved to second on defensive indifference before scoring on John Mabry's double. This is the first run Lidge allowed against the Cardinals since May 29, 2003, but held on for the save to give the Astros a 2–1 series lead. It was Clemens' 12th career postseason win, fifth in League Championship Series games.

Game 4
Brandon Backe provided a strong outing, and the Astro bullpen continued its strong performance. The Cardinals struck first in the fourth when David Eckstein drew a leadoff walk, moved to third on Jim Edmonds's double, and scored on Albert Pujols's sacrifice fly, but the Astros tied in the bottom of the inning on Jason Lane's home run off of Jeff Suppan. The Astros loaded the bases in the seventh off of Jason Marquis on two walks and an error when Morgan Ensberg's sacrifice fly put them up 2−1. Tony La Russa and Jim Edmonds were both ejected for arguing balls and strikes on separate instances—LaRussa in the bottom of the seventh, Edmonds in the top of the eighth, at a key moment. Edmonds's ejection came with a 3–2 count, two outs, and a runner on base. Edmonds was replaced by pinch hitter John Rodríguez, who flied out to deep center field to end the scoring threat. The Cardinals once again had an opportunity to tie the game or take the lead in the ninth inning against closer Brad Lidge. Albert Pujols and Larry Walker led off the inning with back-to-back singles, putting runners at first and third base with no outs. Reggie Sanders grounded to third; Pujols went home on contact and was thrown out at the plate. Larry Walker advanced to third when the Astros failed to call timeout after the play at the plate. John Mabry ended the threat by grounding into a double play. La Russa's ejection marked the first time a manager was ejected from a postseason game since 1998, when Mike Hargrove was thrown out of a game between his Cleveland Indians and the New York Yankees. Houston was one game away from the franchise's first visit to the World Series after a 2–1 Game 4 win.

Game 5
The Astros struck first in Game 5 on Craig Biggio's RBI single in the second off of starter Chris Carpenter, but the Cardinals loaded the bases on two hits and a walk off of Andy Pettitte when Mark Grudzielanek's two-run single put them up 2–1. Lance Berkman gave excited Astros fans a 4–2 lead with one swing on a pitch from Carpenter in the bottom of the seventh inning. The Astros were one strike away from claiming their first National League pennant and trip to the Fall Classic before David Eckstein singled with no one on base, Jim Edmonds walked, and Albert Pujols hit a dramatic, towering three-run home run off Astros closer Brad Lidge that bounced off the side of the closed Minute Maid Park roof before landing on the railroad tracks in left field, stunning the crowd into silence. The home run gave the Cardinals a 5–4 lead in the top of the ninth inning. Jason Isringhausen retired the Astros in order in the bottom of the inning. The Cardinals guaranteed that another game would be played at historic Busch Stadium (II). The win also broke the Cardinals' seven-game losing streak in road NLCS games. The Astros' series lead was trimmed to 3–2.

Game 6
The Astros were trying to shake off the effects of the loss in Game 5, which was the fifth time in their history that they had lost a close-out game in the NLCS (1980 and 2004 were the other two). At the end of the game, it ended with the Astros having won their first National League pennant in 44 seasons of existence with a decisive 5–1 win over the Cardinals. The Astros scored a run in the third when the Cardinals' Mark Mulder threw a wild pitch to Craig Biggio with runners on second and third, then Biggio's RBI single scored another. Jason Lane's home run in the fourth put them up 3−0. Roy Oswalt pitched seven strong innings, allowing only a sacrifice fly to John Rodriguez in the fifth. The Astros scored one run in the sixth on Adam Everett's sacrifice bunt off of Jason Marquis and another in the seventh on Morgan Ensberg's RBI single off of Julián Tavárez. This was the final game at Busch Stadium (II). This would also be the Astros' last postseason win as a member of the NL, as they would get swept in the World Series, move to the AL in 2013, and would not win another postseason game until the 2015 American League Wild Card Game.

Roy Oswalt was named the series MVP. In two starts, he went 2–0 with a 1.29 ERA in fourteen innings.

Composite box
2005 NLCS (4–2): Houston Astros over St. Louis Cardinals

Aftermath
This series was the unofficial end of the Astros and Cardinals rivalry that developed when the Astros moved to the National League Central in 1994. From 1996 to 2006, either the St. Louis Cardinals or the Houston Astros won the National League Central every year, except for 2003. Both teams also played each other in dramatic and compelling National League Championship Series in 2004 and 2005.

After the 2006 season, both teams had older rosters, but went in opposite directions. The Astros embarked on a long re-build and eventually moved from the National League to the American League after the 2012 season. To get themselves on the winning track again, the Astros hired Cardinals farm director Jeff Luhnow to be the team's general manager during the 2011-2012 off-season. The Astros would make the playoffs again in 2015 and finally win their first World Series in franchise history in 2017. However, Luhnow's practices and ethics were called into question almost immediately after winning the World Series. In 2018, Luhnow came under fire when he traded for Roberto Osuna, who was serving a suspension for 75 games for domestic assault. During the 2018 post-season, another controversial incident popped up, as an Astros' intern named Kyle McLaughlin was found taking cell phone video of the Indians' dugout during the Astros' and Indians' ALDS matchup. In regards to Osuna, Luhnow's assistant, Brandon Taubman, made inappropriate and sexist remarks to female reporters after the Astros clinched the 2019 pennant. Things came to a head on January 13, 2020, when Luhnow and A. J. Hinch (Houston's on field manager) were suspended for the entire 2020 season by MLB's commissioner Rob Manfred for failing to prevent the Astros from cheating by electronically stealing signs during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Manfred harshly criticized the culture of the Astros' baseball operations department, saying that its emphasis on "results over other considerations" fostered an environment that made it possible for the sign stealing to continue for as long as it did. With a new manager in Dusty Baker and general manager in James Click, the Astros would reach the American League Championship Series in 2020, 2021, and 2022 (continuing the run of the previous three seasons to become the first American League team to reach the ALCS six years in a row), reaching the World Series twice and winning it all in 2022. After winning a postseason only three times while in the National League (1962-2012), they won a postseason series fourteen times from 2015 to 2022, by far the most in MLB during this stretch. The Cardinals would win the World Series in 2006, ending a 24-year title drought, and would also continuously be championship contenders in the subsequent years afterwards by drafting and developing well. The Cardinals 2009 draft, which was overseen by future Astros’ GM Jeff Luhnow, saw them take key contributors such as Shelby Miller, Joe Kelly, Matt Carpenter, Trevor Rosenthal, and Matt Adams. Sports Illustrated called their 2009 draft one of the most celebrated drafts in recent memory. Because of their 2009 draft, the Cardinals never went through a long downturn of bad baseball like the Astros did. They would make five straight postseason appearances from 2011-2015, which included four straight NLCS appearances from 2011 to 2014, and win another World Series in 2011.

On the 2011 Cardinals championship team was former Astros stalwart Lance Berkman, who had a career rebirth upon signing with the Cardinals in 2010. In 2011, Berkman was an All-Star and the National League Comeback Player of the Year. Berkman played a key part in the Cardinals winning the 2011 World Series, hitting a game-tying single in the bottom of the tenth inning of Game 6, with the Cardinals just one strike away from elimination. After he retired in 2013, Berkman was inducted into the Houston Astros Hall of Fame.

While the rivalry on the field cooled off after 2005–2006, and died when the Astros moved to the American League, there was still bad blood between the teams' front offices due to the Astros hiring Jeff Luhnow away from the Cardinals in 2011. A former Luhnow assistant named Chris Correa suspected former co-workers of taking intellectual property developed while with St. Louis with them to their new employer in Houston. Using passwords provided when the ex-employees turned in their Cardinals-issued computers, Correa hacked Houston's internal systems and found what he apparently believed was compelling evidence to support his concern. Correa later testified under oath that he came forward to Cardinals colleagues with his discovery, but the organization chose not to press the matter, with chairman Bill DeWitt Jr. later confirming the Cardinals' decision. Correa, however, continued to access Houston's database and repeatedly gathered information from Houston about players, including scouting reports, medical records and projected bonuses, which he used directly in the execution of his job with the Cardinals. Eventually Correa was caught in 2014 after he tried to anonymously leak the Astros' trade discussions and other confidential information to Deadspin.com in hopes to embarrass his former co-workers. Instead, in July 2016, Correa was sentenced to 46 months in prison for hacking Houston's database. MLB ordered the Cardinals to pay $2 million in damages to the Astros, and surrender to Houston their two top remaining picks in the 2017 amateur draft, #56 and #75 overall. Correa also received a lifetime ban from baseball.


text: Category:Towns in Karachi

title: Category:Towns in Karachi