text:
Generation Progress

Generation Progress is a youth-centered research and advocacy group that promotes progressive political and social policy through support for young people, students, and young activists in the United States. Generation Progress is the youth engagement arm of the Center for American Progress.

Launched in 2005 as Campus Progress, in 2013 the organization was renamed Generation Progress to reflect the group's work to reach beyond college campuses and involve older, working-class, and non-college-bound young people, in progressive activism. Their main issue areas cover gun violence prevention, criminal justice reform, progressive economics, student debt, immigration, and climate change.

Generation Progress has a sister organization, Generation Progress Action, that engages in political and electoral advocacy activities in elections.

History
From the organization's founding in 2005 until 2012, Generation Progress was led by David Halperin, former White House speechwriter to President Bill Clinton. Halperin was succeeded by Anne Johnson, and then by Maggie Thompson, who formerly led the Higher Ed, Not Debt campaign. The current executive director of Generation Progress is Brent J. Cohen. As of 2021, Edwith Theogene is the current director of advocacy at Generation Progress.

Activities
Generation Progress has programs and multiple networks across issue areas. The organization lobbies Congress and state governments, produces media content, and conducts trainings. Generation Progress has worked with Senator Elizabeth Warren in an attempt to curb rising student debt through a proposal which would lower interest rates and increase taxes.

The organization held it first yearly national conference in Washington D.C. in July 2005. The event featured President Bill Clinton and Rep. John Lewis. Subsequent national conferences have featured Barack Obama, Tammy Baldwin, Samantha Power, Majora Carter, James A. Forbes, Nancy Pelosi, Russ Feingold, Keith Ellison, Tom Daschle, Ralph Nader, Seymour Hersh, and Fat Joe. The organization's events have been co-sponsored by Rock the Vote and the League of Women Voters.

title: Generation Progress


text:
Talk:VBS

vbs.tv
VBS.tv seems to come at the top of, or near the top of, every major search engine, in searching for VBS. I don't know the policy on this issue, but it seems to me that its inclusion is far less a matter of "spamming" than the inclusion of every other "VBS", except perhaps VBScript. In any case, it's at least relevant!

Cheers, DBaba (talk) 01:58, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree, I'm wondering why it can't be linked in any manner whatsoever?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:VBS


text:
Trusted Information Systems

Trusted Information Systems (TIS) was a computer security research and development company during the 1980s and 1990s, performing computer and communications (information) security research for organizations such as NSA, DARPA, ARL, AFRL, SPAWAR, and others.

History
TIS was founded in 1983 by NSA veteran Steve Walker, and at various times employed notable information security experts including David Elliott Bell, Martha Branstad, John Pescatore, Marv Schaefer, Steve Crocker, Marcus Ranum, Wei Xu, John Williams, Steve Lipner and Carl Ellison. TIS was headquartered in Glenwood, Maryland, in a rural location. The company was started in Walker's basement on Shady Lane in Glenwood, MD. As the company grew, rather than move to Baltimore or the Washington D.C. suburbs, a small office building was constructed on land next to Walker's new home on Route 97.

Products
TIS projects included the following:
 * 1) Trusted Xenix, the first commercially available B2 operating system
 * 2) Trusted Mach, a research project that influenced DTOS and eventually SELinux
 * 3) Domain and Type Enforcement (DTE) which likewise influenced SELinux
 * 4) FWTK Firewall Toolkit (the first open source firewall software) in 1993
 * 5) First whitehouse.gov e-mail server was hosted at TIS headquarters from June 1 of 1993 to January 20 of 1995
 * 6) Gauntlet Firewall in 1994, one of the first commercial firewall products, with broad range of Internet Standards, including S/MIME, SNMP, DNS, DNSSEC, and many others. This Firewall became the inception of the third generation firewall.
 * 7) IP Security (IPSec) product in late 1994, known as the first IPSec VPN commercial product in IT history
 * 8) Encryption Recovery technology integrated with IPSEC, ISAKMP, IKE, and RSA

TIS's operating system work directly affected BSD/OS, which the Gauntlet Firewall and IPSec was based on, as well as Linux, FreeBSD, HP UX, Sun OS, Darwin, and others.

Post company
The company went public in 1996 and soon afterwards attempted to acquire PGP Inc.; it was instead acquired in 1998 by Network Associates (NAI), which later became McAfee, who had already bought PGP Inc. in 1997. The security research organization became NAI Labs and the Gauntlet engineering and development organization was folded into Network Associates' engineering and development.

NAI Labs went through a couple of branding changes which complemented Network Associates' branding efforts. In 2001 the name was changed to Network Associates Laboratories to better match the corporate identity. Then, in 2002-2003, there was a major branding initiative by Network Associates culminating in selection of the flag brand, McAfee. As a result, the security research organization became McAfee Research.

In 2003, SPARTA, Inc., an employee-owned company, acquired the Network Security branch of McAfee Research.

In 2005, SPARTA acquired the remaining branches of McAfee Research, which were organized into the Security Research Division (SRD) of the Information Systems Security Operation (ISSO).

In 2008, Cobham, plc, a British aerospace company, acquired SPARTA. There have been no organizational changes to SRD or ISSO that affect the security research.

On a separate path, TIS's primary commercial product, the Gauntlet Firewall, was acquired in 1999 from McAfee by Secure Computing Corporation (SCC), that used to be one of TIS's major competitors, because at the time McAfee wasn't interested in being a firewall vendor. The code base was integrated with Secure Computing's firewall product and branded Sidewinder Firewall, which then returned to McAfee when Secure Computing was acquired by them in 2008, and re-branded McAfee Enterprise Firewall. The end of this product line came in 2013, following McAfee's acquisition of another major firewall vendor, Finland-based Stonesoft. McAfee announced in October 2013 the intention to migrate their existing installed base of firewalls to Stonesoft's own Stonegate.

title: Trusted Information Systems


text: User talk:69.232.101.238

title: User talk:69.232.101.238


text:
Lior

Lior Attar, better known simply as Lior, is an independent Australian singer-songwriter based in Melbourne. He is best known for his 2005 debut studio album Autumn Flow and for the song "Hoot's Lullaby".

Early life and education
Lior was born in Rishon LeZion, Israel and he and his family moved to Sydney when he was 10. They made their first Australian home in Lane Cove, and Lior studied at Killara High School and the University of New South Wales.

2000–2007: Early EP, Autumn Flow and Doorways of My Mind
In 2000, Lior released his debut extended play The Soul Suicide EP.

In October 2004, Lior recorded his debut studio album Autumn Flow. He sent it to a number of record labels but failed to secure a deal, and released the album independently, late in 2004. In 2015, Lior recalled the first time he heard a song of his on the radio station, Triple J; "I'd just done the so-called tour to launch the album but it didn't have any sort of exposure or radio play, so no-one really knew what it was. I went up and down the east coast with a band and lost all my money. I was feeling really defeated and quite sorry for myself, going 'how am I going to do this', and the song ("This Old Love") came on." Autumn Flow made its ARIA chart debut in early 2005, peaking at number 45. Lior has toured with the WOMAD festival in 2005 to the UK, Singapore and Korea. Lior also performed at the Spiegeltent throughout the world, and the Make Poverty History concerts in Australia.

At ARIA Music Awards of 2005, the album was nominated for three awards; Breakthrough Artist, Best Male Artist, and Best Independent Release. In 2005, the album was one of the fifteen nominees for radio station triple j's inaugural J Award, given to "an album of outstanding achievement as an Australian musical work of art – for its creativity, innovation, musicianship and contribution to Australian music. Autumn Flow was certified gold by ARIA in 2006.

In February 2006, Lior released a live album, Doorways of My Mind, recorded at the Northcote Social Club. The album consisted mostly of tracks from Autumn Flow as well as some new material such as "Diego and the Village Girl", "Burying Chances" and "Avinu Malkeinu" (a traditional prayer). At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, the album was nominated for two awards; Best Independent Release and Best Blues and Roots Album.

Lior moved from Sydney to Melbourne in 2007.

2008–2012: Corner of an Endless Road, Tumbling into the Dawn and Giggle and Hoot
In February 2008, Lior released his second studio album, Corner of an Endless Road. The album debuted at number 13 on the ARIA charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2008, the album was nominated for the Best Independent Release.

In 2008, Lior toured extensively, both in his home country of Australia and abroad including feature performances at the Edinburgh Festival. In early 2009, he performed with the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra for a series of outdoor concerts. In 2009, Lior launched the Shadows and Light Tour, a collaboration with renowned shadow artists Stephen Mushin and Anna Parry; an interactive performance combining Lior's music with live shadow art performance and featured a season at the Sydney Opera House.

In 2009, Lior was approached by children's television show Giggle and Hoot series producer Clare Gerber, and was asked to write a song. He agreed thinking "this could be fun" and wrote "Hoot's Lullaby". The song played nightly on ABC 2 just before 7:00pm, and marked the end of children's programming on the channel for the day.

In October 2010, Lior released his third studio album Tumbling into the Dawn. The album peaked at number 26 on the ARIA charts.

In 2011 Lior wrote and recorded "Hey Hootabelle" for Giggle and Hoot. At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, the song won the APRA Award for Best Original Song Composed for Screen.

2013–2018: Compassion, Scattered Reflections and Between You and Me
In September 2013, Lior and Nigel Westlake premiered Compassion at the Sydney Opera House. Compassion is an orchestral song cycle for voice and orchestra consisting of original melodies and orchestration set to ancient texts in Hebrew and Arabic, all centred around the wisdom of compassion. The performance was recorded and the album of Compassion was released in November 2013. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, it won the ARIA Award for Best Classical Album. Lior premiered Compassion in the US with the Austin Symphony Orchestra in 2016 and was subsequently awarded the Austin Table Critics' Award for Best Symphonic Performance of 2015-16 and in 2016 Lior also won the Melbourne Music Prize Civic Choice Award for Compassion.

In March 2014, Lior released his fourth studio album Scattered Reflections. The album peaked at number 23 on the ARIA charts.

In April 2015, Lior was invited as the sole Australian artist to perform at the prestigious 100 year anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli, performing his song "Safety of Distance" with the Gallipoli choir leading in to the dawn service.

In June 2015, Autumn Flow was re-released as a tenth anniversary edition.

From December 2015, Lior played the part of Motel Kamzoil in Fiddler on the Roof at Melbourne's Princess Theatre opposite musical theatre star Anthony Warlow.

In 2016, Lior worked with producer Tony Buchen to write an orchestral score for The Wider Earth, a Queensland theatre production based on Charles Darwin's journey on HMS Beagle. At the 2016 Matilda Theatre Awards, the music won Best Original Theatre Score.

In 2016 Lior co-wrote and recorded a children's album with The Idea of North & Elena Kats-Chernin for the HUSH Foundation. Created for the dual purpose of raising funds for the children's hospital as well as making original music to be played in the wards, the album A Piece of Quiet featured original music written to lyrics written by the children in the hospital wards and was released in October 2016. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, the album was nominated for Best Children's Album.

Throughout 2018 Lior toured with Australian pianist and composer Paul Grabowsky in performing a collection of Lior's songs adapted and reinterpreted for piano and voice. In 2019 Lior featured as the guest vocalist for the Australian Chamber Orchestra's 'Luminous' tour which toured nationally in Australia as well as performances in the Barbican in London.

In September 2018, Lior released his fifth studio album Between You and Me.

In 2018 Lior was awarded a Fellowship of the Australian Institute of Music in recognition of outstanding achievements and services to Australian music.

2019–present: Air Land Sea and Animal in Hiding
In 2019, Lior formed the musical group Air Land Sea with Nadav Kahn and Tony Buchen. The group released four singles and a self-titled studio album across 2019.

In 2019 Lior was awarded the Sidney Myer Creative Fellowship, an award of A$160,000 over two years, given to mid-career creatives and thought leaders.

As part of the 2021 WOMADelaide concert series, Lior performed his symphony Compassion alongside composer Nigel Westlake and the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra.

In 2021, Lior collaborated with fellow singer-songwriter Domini Forster on Animal in Hiding. Lior said "She's been my support act for awhile now, after awhile, she became the backing vocalist in my band and then leading up to my last solo album, we decided we'd have a crack at writing a song together." The EP is scheduled for released on 15 October 2021.

Philanthropy
In a 2015 interview, Lior mentioned working for the charities Cambodian Children's Trust and Global Poverty Project as well as supporting Oscar's Law.

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

 * rowspan="2" | 2006
 * Autumn Flow
 * Best Performing Independent Album
 * Nominated
 * himself
 * Independent Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3" | 2008
 * rowspan="2" |Corner of an Endless Road
 * Best Independent Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * himself
 * Best Independent Artist
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * himself
 * Best Independent Artist
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Lior has won two awards from nine nominations.

 * rowspan="3"| 2005
 * rowspan="3"| Autumn Flow
 * Best Male Artist
 * Nominated
 * Breakthrough Artist - Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2006
 * rowspan="2"| Doorways of My Mind
 * Best Blues & Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * 2008
 * Corner of an Endless Road
 * Nominated
 * 2014
 * Compassion (with Nigel Westlake & Sydney Symphony Orchestra)
 * Best Classical Album
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2017
 * Ali's Wedding (soundtrack) (with Nigel Westlake, Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Joseph Tawadros & Slava Grigoryan)
 * Best Original Soundtrack or Musical Theatre Cast Album
 * Won
 * A Piece of Quiet (The Hush Collection, Vol 16) (with The Idea of North & Elena Kats-Chernin)
 * Best Children's Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2017
 * Ali's Wedding (soundtrack) (with Nigel Westlake, Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Joseph Tawadros & Slava Grigoryan)
 * Best Original Soundtrack or Musical Theatre Cast Album
 * Won
 * A Piece of Quiet (The Hush Collection, Vol 16) (with The Idea of North & Elena Kats-Chernin)
 * Best Children's Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Children's Album
 * Nominated

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Lior has won one award from five nominations.

 * 2006
 * "Daniel"
 * rowspan="2" | Most Performed Blues & Roots Work
 * Nominated
 * 2009
 * "Heal Me"
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2012
 * "Hey Hootabelle" for Giggle and Hoot, written by Lior
 * Best Original Song Composed for the Screen
 * Won
 * Hootabelle
 * Best Music for Children's Television
 * Nominated
 * 2014
 * Compassion (with Nigel Westlake
 * Work of the Year – Orchestral
 * Nominated
 * 2014
 * Compassion (with Nigel Westlake
 * Work of the Year – Orchestral
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

J Award
The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.

 * 2005
 * Autumn Flow
 * Australian Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Lior


text:
Talk:Raymond Green

Disputed
Birth place and NBC fasts are suspicious. mikka (t) 04:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I beleive this page was created as a joke reference to a YouTube comedy video of Adrian Gray Comedy called Last Words of Famous People. Skip to 0:50 46.120.97.245 (talk) 03:22, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * this page was created nearly two decades prior to that video being uploaded. FBKong (talk) 08:47, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raymond Green


text:
Greenwith, South Australia

Greenwith is an outer-north-eastern suburb of Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia, and is within the City of Tea Tree Gully local government area. It is adjacent to Golden Grove and Salisbury Heights. Greenwith is the northernmost part of the Golden Grove urban land development.

History
Greenwith was named by Thomas Roberts in 1846, who had been engaged by the South Australian Mining Association to open up mineral sections along the River Torrens. He named his property Greenwith Farm after the mine at which he worked near Truro, Cornwall. The property was later owned by John Garfield Tilley. Greenwith Cottage is still open today as a historical site. It retains the pronunciation from Greenwith in Cornwall as "green-with".

In 1973 the South Australian Land Commission started to acquire land in the Golden Grove area for housing. In 1983 the South Australian Urban Land Trust contracted Delfin to develop the land. Construction started in 1985.

In April 2017, following a community consultation, The City of Tea Tree Gully renamed their section of the Salisbury Heights suburb to "Greenwith", increasing the suburb by 20%.

Geography
The boundary of Greenwith is defined by Slate and Cobbler Creeks in the south, Green Valley Drive in the west, Golden Grove and Para Roads in the east, and the Little Para River catchment area in the north. From Greenwith there is easy access to the Adelaide Hills and Barossa Valley wine region via One Tree Hill or Upper Hermitage.

At the ABS 2001 census, Golden Grove had a population of 8,287 people living in 3,071 dwellings.

Facilities
Greenwith has two primary schools, Greenwith Primary School and Our Lady of Hope School, on a combined campus.

Greenwith is hilly with numerous park areas, most with children's playgrounds and several with lakes, creeks, or scenic walking trails, including the Para Wirra Conservation Park and Cobbler Creek Recreation Park. Many of the lakes are suitable for fishing, and it is not openly discouraged by the local authorities. The lakes in particular have carp and guppies, and the rare yabbie or two.

Greenwith has a community centre and small shopping village, and a shopping centre opened in 2015. A dirt bike track nearby is used by local children and teenagers.

Transport
Greenwith is connected to the Adelaide CBD by Adelaide Metro bus route J2 (C2X in express times) (operated by Torrens Transit) via Golden Grove Village, Tea Tree Plaza Interchange in Modbury and the O-Bahn Busway, route 548 (also operated by Torrens Transit), via Golden Grove Road and the O-Bahn Busway from Tea Tree Plaza Interchange to the city and also route 415 to Salisbury railway interchange. It has 4 local Adelaide Metro minibus routes (G1, G2, G3 and RZ4) from Golden Grove Village to different parts of Greenwith, which also connect with frequent buses to and from the Adelaide CBD via Tea Tree Plaza Interchange and the O-Bahn Busway.

Local Loop Services
Services 7 days a week approximately one bus an hour
 * Golden Grove-Greenwith Anti-Clockwise Loop via Atlantis Drive, The Golden Way, Thornton Drive, Green Valley Drive and Reuben Richardson Drive.
 * Golden Grove-Greenwith Clockwise Loop via Atlantis Drive, The Golden Way, Thornton Drive, Green Valley Drive and Reuben Richardson Drive.
 * Golden Grove-Greenwith Anti-Clockwise Loop via Bicentennial Drive, John Road, Golden Grove Road and The Golden Way.
 * Golden Grove-Greenwith Anti-Clockwise Loop via Atlantis Drive, The Golden Way, Thornton Drive, Green Valley Drive, Reuben Richardson Drive, Bicentennial Drive, John Road, Golden Grove Road and The Golden Way.
 * Golden Grove-Greenwith Clockwise Loop via Atlantis Drive, The Golden Way, Thornton Drive, Green Valley Drive, Reuben Richardson Drive, Bicentennial Drive, John Road, Golden Grove Road and The Golden Way.

Peak Time

 * Greenwith To City via Golden Grove Road and O-Bahn Busway
 * Greenwith To City via Target Hill Rd, The Golden Way Express via O-Bahn Busway From Stop 50 Golden Grove Road

Off Peak Time
Last Bus Starts about 3 PM
 * Greenwith to City via Golden Grove Village and O-Bahn Busway Limited Stop Service
 * Greenwith To Tea Tree Plaza via Golden Grove Road All Stops

Notable residents

 * Reece Mastin; Mastin was born on 24 November 1994 in Scunthorpe, England, but relocated to Greenwith with his family at age 11. In 2011, Mastin auditioned for the 3rd season of X Factor Australia and would later go on to win the show. Since his X Factor win, Mastin has gone on to achieve two ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards

title: Greenwith, South Australia


text:
Alki Beach Park

Alki Beach Park is a 135.9 acre park located in the West Seattle neighborhood of Seattle, Washington that consists of the Elliott Bay beach between Alki Point and Duwamish Head. It has a 0.5 mi of beachfront, and was the first public salt-water bathing beach on the west coast of the United States. It is open daily from 4am to 11:30pm.

The beach has a replica of the Statue of Liberty that was installed in 1952. The Alki Point Monument memorializing Seattle's pioneer White settlers is also located in the park. Dogs are allowed in the park, but not on the beach. There is a $500.00 fine for pets on the beach.

On June 27, 1959, reports of an unexploded naval mine caused the beach to be closed while police evacuated 1,000 people. The reported mine was found to be a homemade anchor with long spikes.

title: Alki Beach Park


text:
User talk:Indrajeetak

Hi. I have reverted you edit to Shenzhou 6, as the article Taiwan is about the island, while the article Republic of China is about the political entity. Evil Monkey∴Hello 04:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk 10:20, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Indrajeetak


text:
Colin Stuart (cricketer)

Colin Ellsworth Laurie Stuart (born 28 September 1973) is a Guyanese cricketer, who has played for the West Indies.

In six Test matches, Stuart, who was a right-hand batsman, had a batting average of 3.42 average, and as a right-arm, medium-fast bowler, has taken 20 wickets with a 31.39 average.

Stuart took part in the only instance in Test cricket history, when three bowlers were used in completing one over. In 2001, playing against the hosts, Sri Lanka at the Asgiriya Stadium in Kandy, Mervyn Dillon contracted abdominal pains after bowling two balls of his third over. Stuart replaced him, only to be banned from bowling for the remainder of Sri Lanka's innings, by the umpire, John Hampshire, after delivering two high, fast full-tosses (called as no-balls) in his first three balls. Chris Gayle then bowled the final three legitimate deliveries of the over.

title: Colin Stuart (cricketer)


text: User talk:24.193.21.106

title: User talk:24.193.21.106


text:
Shannon Curfman

Shannon Marie Curfman (born July 31, 1985, Fargo, North Dakota) is an American blues-rock guitarist and singer.

Career
She came to prominence in 1999, at the age of 14, with the release of her first album, Loud Guitars, Big Suspicions, which she recorded a year earlier.

Curfman self-released a five-song EP entitled Take It Like a Man in July 2006, followed by the full-length album Fast Lane Addiction in 2007. She released her third album, What You're Getting Into, in 2010.

Since 2010, Curfman has been a vocalist and guitarist with Kid Rock's backing band Twisted Brown Trucker.

Albums

 * Loud Guitars, Big Suspicions (1999), Arista
 * Take It Like a Man (2006), Purdy – EP
 * Fast Lane Addiction (2007), Purdy
 * What You're Getting Into (2010), Purdy

title: Shannon Curfman


text:
User talk:The Omniscient

Six minarets
That sounds very like an apocryphal story. Can we have a source? Adam 04:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:The Omniscient


text:
Lake Street (Minneapolis)

Lake Street is a major east-west thoroughfare between 29th and 31st streets in Minneapolis, Minnesota United States. From its western most end at the city's limits, Lake Street reaches the Chain of Lakes, passing over a small channel linking Bde Maka Ska and Lake of the Isles, and at its eastern most end it reaches the Mississippi River. In May 2020, the Lake Street corridor suffered extensive damage during local unrest following the murder of George Floyd. In August of the same year, city officials designated East Lake Street as one of seven cultural districts to promote racial equity, preserve cultural identity, and promote economic growth.

Connection to other cities
West of the city limits, Lake Street is coextensive with Minnetonka Boulevard running nearly a mile into St. Louis Park and then separates from Minnetonka Boulevard (which continues westward all the way through St. Louis Park) and runs diagonally southwestward. In the Uptown commercial district, the road is one-way and paired with Lagoon Avenue one block to the north to improve traffic flow. The street runs eastward past Interstate 35W and State Highway 55 (Hiawatha Avenue) to the Mississippi River where it crosses the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge into St. Paul and becomes Marshall Avenue.

Boundaries and neighborhoods
Lake Street has historically and, in the late 20th century, become the official boundary of several Minneapolis neighborhoods. From west to east these include: Cedar-Isles-Dean, East Isles, East Calhoun, Lowry Hill East, South Uptown, Whittier, Lyndale, Central, Phillips West, Midtown, Powderhorn Park, East Phillips, Corcoran and Longfellow.

Informal commercial districts begin at the Lake Calhoun area which marks the end of West Lake Street, followed by Uptown, and then by Lyn-Lake. These areas generally have high property values and fairly high density. In the early 20th century this was one of the busiest areas outside of downtown as the streetcars headed west to Lake Minnetonka. Today they are among the most popular entertainment and nightlife areas in South Minneapolis, and the site of rapid condominium development in recent years.

The section of Lake Street stretching from Interstate 35W to Hiawatha Avenue has been in the past known for crime, prostitution, and drugs, especially in the late 1980s and early '90s. The street marks the southern boundary of the Phillips neighborhood, which was plagued with violence during that time. However, there has been reinvestment in the corridor, as most of this section of the corridor was branded with the Midtown neighborhood name. East Lake Street continues to undergo massive refitting to help reduce crime, boost property values, and attract more shoppers. Improvements to the area brought concerns for the many immigrant business and property owners on the street who are being assessed for the new sidewalks and street paving. Non-positive gentrification was also a concern.

An example of renewed interest in the area is the refurbishment of the Midtown Exchange building at East Lake Street and Chicago Avenue South. Formerly one of the most notoriously crime-ridden intersections in the city, is now home to an Allina Hospitals and Clinics expansion that brought 1,500 new employees to the area; the Sheraton Minneapolis Midtown Hotel and the Midtown Global Market with a wide variety of shopping, dining, events and rental. At 15th Avenue South, In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre repurposed its Historic Avalon Theatre.

East of Hiawatha Avenue, Lake Street stretches through the Longfellow and Cooper neighborhoods. This section represents the last remnants of Scandinavian investment for which Longfellow is well known. Recent investment in eastern Minneapolis includes new development at the corner of West River Parkway and East Lake Street, anchoring the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge. This area is populated with middle-class homes and businesses, with property values rising as the street approaches the Mississippi River. The north-south stretch where Lake Street meets the river is a popular recreation destination, providing residents and visitors access to multi-use trails that are part of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway system and the more rustic Winchell Trail for hiking. Beneath the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge is the Minneapolis Rowing Club Boathouse.

Automobile era effects

While originally developed around the Selby-Lake streetcar, Lake Street became a heavily automobile oriented corridor, especially after the removal of streetcars in the 1950s. Lake Street and University Avenue were two of the most auto-oriented corridors in the Twin Cities. Poet John Berryman referred to Lake Street in a poem as, "Lake Street where the used cars live". In 1955, Lake Street had 14 new car dealerships and almost 60 used car businesses. As suburban retail grew and wealthier households in south Minneapolis moved further south of Lake Street or to the suburbs, businesses on Lake Street deteriorated. New car dealerships left the corridor and the used car businesses focused on lower-end vehicles. In 1977, the construction of a Kmart closed off Nicollet Avenue at Lake Street and combined two city blocks.

Many traditional streetcar-era buildings were razed during the auto era and much of Lake Street contains 1960s-era auto-oriented businesses with parking lots. Near the intersection of Lake Street and 27th Avenue was a large industrial complex that eventually served Minneapolis Moline. By 1972, the Minneapolis Moline factory shut down and a Target store opened in 1976. More suburban oriented developments with large parking lots and businesses set back from the street followed in the area including a Rainbow Foods in the mid-1980s.

21st century
Protests following the murder of George Floyd in 2020 caused widespread damage along Lake Street. More than 30 businesses were damaged or destroyed including the Third Precinct Police building. In the next four years $100 million, collected mostly from private donations, was spent on restoring buildings or building new buildings in the area. The arson-damaged Coliseum Building and Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and underwent a $28 million renovation.

The Kmart at Nicollet Avenue was torn down in November 2023 and the city of Minneapolis is developing plans to reconnect the street grid with Lake Street. Construction is expected to start in 2025. Efforts to redevelop more multi-use and density have been successful. Public investment and private redevelopment has occurred throughout the Lake Street corridor with a new public library near Minnehaha Avenue and the new mixed-use anchor building at Chicago Avenue, the Midtown Exchange.

Transportation
Streetcars began running on Lake Street in 1905. With the construction of the original Lake Street/Marshall Avenue bridge in 1906, streetcars extended from downtown Saint Paul to almost Hennepin Avenue in Minneapolis primarily along Selby Avenue and Lake Street. Streetcar service ended in 1953 when the line was replaced by buses. Lake Street developed into a busy commercial corridor because of the Selby-Lake streetcar line. At the peak, streetcars came every 3 minutes and ridership per mile along Lake Street was the highest in the Twin Cities.

The Metro Blue Line light-rail, (formerly known as the Hiawatha Light Rail line), serves Lake Street at Hiawatha Avenue with the Lake Street/Midtown station. The station itself is one of the most expensive along the line because it had to be elevated above a busy intersection. Furthermore, the Lake Street station has become one of the most crime-ridden stops along the Blue Line. Beginning in August 2012, police have increased patrols, added 24 new high definition cameras, and even added classical music in an effort to deter troublemakers.

Metro Transit conducted a study to determine the potential for a future transitway along Lake Street and the Midtown Greenway corridor. The Midtown Greenway is about a block to the north of Lake Street and is a former freight rail bed that has been converted into a pedestrian and bicycle path.Alternatives looked at enhanced bus service on Lake Street, a rail transitway within the Midtown Greenway, and a dual alternative that features both enhanced bus service and a rail alternative. The dual option of both improved bus service and a rail alternative was selected in 2014.

The $20 million I-35W & Lake Street station was constructed on Lake Street at Interstate 35W to serve the Metro Orange Line, a bus rapid transit line that connects downtown Minneapolis south along I-35W to Burnsville. In the future, the Metro B Line will travel on Lake Street between West Lake Station connecting with Southwest LRT to downtown Saint Paul at Saint Paul Union Depot. The B Line will largely replace Metro Transit's Route 21 which travels along Lake Street. Route 21 has the second highest ridership for bus routes in the Twin Cities.

Lake Street is a Hennepin County Road. This road is currently 4 lanes wide but Hennepin County has plans to make changes to the road to improve safety of the corridor. Hennepin County received a RAISE grant to reduce the road to 3 lanes, add a bus only lane, and improve pedestrian accessibility and safety.

title: Lake Street (Minneapolis)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/C. C. Rousseau

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -- Phroziac ( talk ) 18:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

C. C. Rousseau
del nonnotable math prof. mikka (t) 04:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Well, the guy does have an Erdos number of 1, which might make him quite notable. (I'm only half-kidding here.) MCB 05:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC) After further discussion, count my vote as keep and expand. MCB 02:24, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I know quite a few cases where a contrib from Erdos was a just brilliant idea tossed in. mikka (t) 01:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep He is a significant mathematician and educator and coauthor of Winning Solutions (Problem Books in Mathematics), 1996 that is listed on Amazon. Walter Siegmund 05:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I get the sense from Google searches, that he has co-authored a sufficient amount of stuff, that seems to be followed by others. He seems to of co-authored multiple things with Erdős, who seems to be really important.  I think it would be quite interesting if somebody can expand this.  --rob 05:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, please expand this. Does he have a theorem named after him? Did he suggest a new theory of vanishing semisporadic pseudonumerals? What's special about him? Thre are millions of professors in the world. mikka (t) 22:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 *  Weak delete , however, if he and Erdos did something very significant together, I would change my vote. We aren't told anything about their collaboration. The book appears to be math problems with some explanatory text. Half the professors at my school have written their own books, some of them textbooks, but I wouldn't consider them notable enough for an encyclopedia entry because there are so many people who have done the same thing. -- Kjkolb 07:18, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looking at Dlyons493's comments, it appears he is famous for more than being a professor and author of a math problem book. It would be nice to have his accomplishments in the article, as it currently describes his profession and that he worked with someone famous. Make sure it's in a form that regular people can understand, though. -- Kjkolb 12:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Needs expansion, but his Erdős number is an infinitesimal fraction of mine. Anville 09:10, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Lots published in Erdos's areas of Ramsey theory, graph theory see . Dlyons493. attributed vote -- Kjkolb 12:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Erdos is famous, Russo is not: sitting in the sun makes you hot, but not so hot. mikka (t) 22:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - notable. 23skidoo 18:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as this figure appears to be significantly notable within his field of study. Hall Monitor 21:46, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * references of notability, please. list of publications i a no-go: I have a longer one. mikka (t) 22:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability beyond that of an average professor. Gamaliel 21:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. This entry would clearly be a keep with a solid rewrite.  I do not think that C.C. Rousseau can be dismissed as an average professor.  In evaluating several entries, I note that Wikipedia is a perfect place for "B-List" notables (AS LONG AS THEY ARE, INDEED, NOTABLE) because it is not as constrained as traditional, limited, informational resources.  Mr. Rousseau appears to be notable within his field and that would qualify him for inclusion, in my opinion.  However, a rewrite, clarifying his achievements, would be needed for me to vote "keep" or "strong keep." el_amante 20:32, 12 October 2005
 * I don't necessarily know it is appropriate to compare Mr. Rousseau's lists of credits or publications to one's own in support of a "delete" vote. I don't know much about academia, but I do know that depending upon the field, the number of years in academia, etc. the number of such metrics can vary.  Simply because someone does not appear to be as accomplished as you are is not support, in my opinion, for their deletion. el_amante 20:32, 12 October 2005
 * Keep notable enough. Xoloz 14:28, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote for the moment. I can't establish his importance, but he does seem more notable than the average maths professor. Rousseau has not just an Erdős number of 1, but he has authored 34 articles with Erdős, and about a hundred alltogether (according to MathSciNet), with many appearing in good journals: Journal of Graph Theory, Discrete Mathematics, Transactions of the AMS, Ars Combinatorica. He is also mentioned in book (graph theory). On the other hand, our article C. C. Rousseau does not give much information, so we might need an expert in Ramsey theory to decide in the end. Jitse Niesen (talk) 16:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain, upon further expansion change vote to keep. Klonimus 00:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keek. Notable enough for me. Paul August ☎ 03:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * keep. Plenty notable author.  It'd be good to have some bio, tho' Robinh 07:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
General revelation

General revelation, or natural revelation, is a concept in Christian theology that refers to God's revelation as it is 'made to all men everywhere', which is discovered through natural means, such as observations of nature (the physical universe), philosophy and reasoning. Christian theologians use the term to describe the knowledge of God purported to be plainly available to all of humanity. General revelation is usually understood to pertain to outward temporal events that are experienced within the world or the physical universe. The definition may be extended to include human conscience or providence (or providential history).

According to Dumitru Stăniloae, the Eastern Orthodox Church's position on general and special revelation stands in stark contrast to Protestant and Roman Catholic theology, which marks a clear difference between the two and tends to posit that the former is not sufficient for salvation. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Stăniloae argues, there is no separation between the two and supernatural revelation merely embodies the former in historical persons and actions.

Characteristics
Christian theologians cite passages of Scripture to ground the concept of general revelation, for example, Romans 1:20, Psalms 19:1-6 and Matthew 5:45. The following is an non-exhaustive list of fields of knowledge which fall under general revelation. American Presbyterian theologian B. B. Warfield describes general revelation in relation to special revelation; 'There is the revelation which God continuously makes to all men: by it His power and Divinity are made known. And there is the revelation which He makes exclusively to His chosen people: through it His saving grace is made known. Both species or stages of revelation are insisted upon throughout the Scriptures. They are, for example, brought significantly together in such a declaration as we find in : "The heavens declare the glory of God . . . their line is gone out through all the earth" (vv. 1, 4); "The law of Jehovah is perfect, restoring the soul" (v. 7).'
 * 1) Nature / the physical universe: The laws and nature of the physical universe as it transpires are interpreted as displaying God's attributes of existence, knowledge, wisdom, power, order, greatness, supremacy, righteousness and goodness.
 * 2) Philosophy: An example would be the philosophical arguments of Thomas Aquinas known as the Five Ways, which may lead one to knowledge of God.
 * 3) History: The study of history may reveal an aspect of divine providence, which is defined in Webster's 1828 Dictionary as 'proceeding from divine direction or superintendence; as the providential contrivance of things; as a providential escape from danger.'
 * 4) Human conscience: God is said to instill the innate ability in all people to discern the difference between right and wrong, to choose and act on that discernment and judgment according to free will and conscience, and to experience guilt when the act or choice is wrong. One of the arguments for the existence of God is based on moral sense in humans.

He goes on to posit a close interdependence with special revelation; 'Revelation, therefore, in its double form was the Divine purpose for man from the beginning. [...] Without special revelation, general revelation would be for sinful men incomplete and ineffective, and could issue, as in point of fact it has issued wherever it alone has been accessible, only in leaving them without excuse. Without general revelation, special revelation would lack that basis in the fundamental knowledge of God as the mighty and wise, righteous and good, maker and ruler of all things, apart from which the further revelation of this great God’s interventions in the world for the salvation of sinners could not be either intelligible, credible or operative.' Thus, general revelation can be understood as the everyday experience of life, but is dependent on the interpretation of those experiences as revealing God's involvement in external events or things.

General revelation is distinguished from direct revelation, which involves the direct communication from God to a person, as opposed to the indirect and varied means through which God communicates in general revelation.

title: General revelation


text:
KLNZ

KLNZ (103.5 FM, "La Tricolor 103.5") is a commercial radio station serving the Phoenix metropolitan area. It is owned by Entravision Communications and is licensed to the nearby suburb of Glendale. It broadcasts a Regional Mexican radio format, primarily from Entravision's California-based "Radio Tricolor" network. (Tricolor refers to the three colors on the Flag of Mexico.) The studios are near Sky Harbor Airport.

KLNZ is a Class C station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 48,000 watts. The transmitter is off North Tower Road in Buckeye among the White Tank Mountains. KLNZ broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its HD2 digital subchannel rebroadcasts sister station 107.1 KVVA-FM's Spanish Adult Hits format.

Oldies and Smooth Jazz
FM 103.5 signed on the air on. Its original call sign was KTWC ("Twice 103.5"). It had an eclectic oldies format with music ranging from the 1950s through the 1980s. The station was owned by Newmountain II Broadcasting Co. of Phoenix. Newmountain tapped MAC America Communications, owners of KESZ and KTVK, to build the facility and sell ad time while Newmountain handled programming.

In 1996, KTWC was purchased outright by MAC America Communications (now renamed Media America). On May 17th, the station switched to a Smooth Jazz format as KOAZ ("The Oasis"). It created a rare Smooth Jazz competition with KYOT-FM 95.5, which also played that format.

Wild Country
In 1997, MAC America decided to sell half its interest in the station to Owens Broadcasting, owners of heritage country station KNIX-FM 102.5. (Owens Broadcasting was headed by country singer and television host Buck Owens.) On September 2, the format on 103.5 was switched to a more-contemporary country sound, targeting a younger audience. It called itself "Wild Country" using the call sign KWCY. A large marketing campaign coincided with the change. It publicized the return of popular morning hosts Tim & Willy, who were at competing country station 107.9 KMLE for a few years before a brief stint in Chicago.

The owners of KNIX decided Wild Country 103.5 wasn't capturing much of an audience. KWCY was put up for sale in June 1998. Tim & Willy eventually became morning hosts at KNIX.

Entravision
Z-Spanish Radio Networks bought the station in late 1998. The company placed its Sacramento-based "La Zeta" Regional Mexican format on 103.5 in December. The call letters became KLNZ.

Entravision Communications merged with Z-Spanish a year later. Its Zeta-formatted stations switched their slogan and format to "Radio Tricolor."

title: KLNZ


text:
AASHO Road Test

The AASHO Road Test was a series of experiments carried out by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), to determine how traffic contributed to the deterioration of highway pavements.

Methodology
The AASHO road test was to study the performance of pavement structures of known thickness under moving loads of known magnitude and frequency. The study was carried out from August 1956 to November 30, 1960 in Ottawa, Illinois and has been used as a primary source of experimental data when vehicle wear to highways is considered, for the purposes of road design, vehicle taxation, and cost.

The road test consisted of six two-lane loops along the future alignment of Interstate 80. Each lane was subjected to repeated loading by a specific vehicle type and weight. The pavement structure within each loop was varied so that the interaction of vehicle loads and pavement structure could be investigated. Satellite studies were planned in other parts of the country so that climate and subgrade effects could be investigated, but were never carried out.

Legacy
The results from the AASHO road test were used to develop a pavement design guide, first issued in 1961 as the AASHO Interim Guide for the Design of Rigid and Flexible Pavements, with major updates issued in 1972 and 1993. More recent versions of the guide are not primarily based on the results of the AASHO Road Test.

The AASHO road test introduced many concepts in pavement engineering, including the load equivalency factor. Unsurprisingly, the heavier vehicles reduced the serviceability in a much shorter time than light vehicles, and the oft-quoted figure, called the generalized fourth power law, that damage caused by vehicles is "related to the 4th power of their axle weight", is derived from this. The other direct result of the tests were new quality assurance standards for road construction in the US, which are still in use today.

The road test used large road user panels to establish the present serviceability rating (PSR) for each test section. Since panel ratings are expensive, a substitute key parameter present serviceability index (PSI) was established. The PSI is based on data on the road's longitudinal roughness, patchwork, rutting, and cracking. Later studies have shown that PSI is mainly a fruit of unevenness, with a correlation of more than 90% between the two. Unevenness was measured with a mechanical profilograph, reporting a parameter called slope variance (SV). SV is the second spatial derivative of height. For a vehicle traveling at speed, SV is the exciting source to vertical acceleration; the second derivative in time domain of height. This makes very good sense, since 1 – 80 Hz acceleration is the parameter used when relating human exposure from vibration to perceived discomfort in the ISO 2631-1 (1997) standard. Thus, SV is physically linked to ride quality.

While the study is outdated, it is still used as a reference, though critics point out that its data is only valid under the specific conditions of the test with regard to the time, place, environment, and material properties present during the test. Extrapolating the data to different situations has been "problematic". Other studies have attempted to refine the results, either through further empirical studies or by developing mathematical models, with varying success.

title: AASHO Road Test


text:
Sonny Siebert

Wilfred Charles "Sonny" Siebert (born January 14, 1937) is an American former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher from 1964 to 1975. He finished with a record of 140-114 and a 3.21 ERA. He threw a no-hitter on June 10, 1966, against the Washington Senators. He was drafted simultaneously by the Cleveland Indians and the St. Louis Hawks of the NBA.

Amateur career
Siebert attended Bayless Senior High School, and the University of Missouri and played on the 1958 team that lost in the College World Series finals in 12 innings. He was selected to the CWS All Tournament Team that year.

Professional career
Siebert signed with the Cleveland Indians as an outfielder, and it was two years into his minor league career that Indians pitching coach Spud Chandler convinced Siebert to try pitching. Siebert made his debut in 1964, and posted 16 wins in both 1965 and 1966.

On June 10, 1966, Siebert pitched a no-hitter against the Washington Senators. He was third in the American League in earned run average (ERA) in 1967. Siebert had a 12–10 record in his final full year in Cleveland, in 1968. He was traded along with Joe Azcue and Vicente Romo from the Indians to the Boston Red Sox for Ken Harrelson, Dick Ellsworth, and Juan Pizarro on April 19, 1969. Siebert spent five seasons with the Red Sox and was named an All-Star in 1971. He was traded in 1973 to the Texas Rangers, and then played for the St. Louis Cardinals, San Diego Padres, and Oakland Athletics.

Siebert was the most recent American League pitcher to hit two home runs in one game (until July 27, 2023, when Shohei Ohtani matched him), accomplishing the feat prior to the 1973 introduction of the designated hitter, as a member of the Boston Red Sox on September 2, 1971, against the Baltimore Orioles. He was sent from the Rangers to the Cardinals for Tommy Cruz and cash on October 26, 1973. On September 11, 1974, he was credited with the win in a 25-inning Cardinal win over the New York Mets. It is the second longest game in innings played in National League history. He was involved in a three-team deal on November 18, 1974 in which he was dealt along with Alan Foster and Rich Folkers from the Cardinals to the Padres for Ed Brinkman who had been sent to San Diego with Bob Strampe and Dick Sharon from the Detroit Tigers for Nate Colbert. Danny Breeden went from the Padres to the Cardinals to subsequently complete the transactions.

As a hitter, Siebert was an occasional home run threat. He posted a .173 batting average (114-for-660) with 52 runs, 12 home runs and 57 RBI. In 1971, as a member of the Red Sox, he batted a career-high .266 (21-for-79) with 6 home runs and 15 RBI, also career highs.

title: Sonny Siebert


text:
Geomyoidea

Geomyoidea is a superfamily of rodent that contains the pocket gophers (Geomyidae), the kangaroo rats and mice (Heteromyidae), and their fossil relatives.

Characteristics
Although dissimilar in overall appearance, gophers have been united with kangaroo rats into a common superfamily for a considerable time. The superfamily Geomyoidea is among the few superfamilial relationships in rodents that is not subject to much controversy. Overall morphology, the fossil record, molecular analyses, and biogeography all support this relationship.

Geomyoids are most noticeably characterized by the position of the infraorbital canal. Unlike all other rodents who have the opening of the infraorbital canal facing forward, geomyoids have an infraorbital canal that faces to the side. Instead of passing through the zygoma, the infraorbital canal of geomyoids has moved to the side of the snout. This condition is so pronounced and the snout so narrow in heteromyids that the infraorbital canals from either side connect. Essentially, if the skull of a heteromyid is viewed from the side, the viewer can see directly through it.

Modern geomyoids are mostly restricted to North America, but some representatives have extended their range into South America since the Great American Interchange. Fossil taxa are known from throughout Laurasia.

Relation to other rodents
Geomyoids have been considered to be either sciuromorphous or myomorphous depending on the authority. The masseter muscle does not pass through the infraorbital canal; it cannot due to the position of the canal. Some authorities consider the geomyoids related to squirrels, beavers, and mountain beavers on this basis.

The masseter muscle does attach directly behind the zygomatic arch in a manner very different from sciuromorphs. Some authorities consider geomyoids myomorphs based on this feature. This suggests they may be related to mice, jerboas, and perhaps dormice.

Taxonomy
The family †Eomyidae is alternatively referred to as a member of the superfamily Geomyoidea or as a separate superfamily (†Eomyoidea) within the shared infraorder "Geomorpha" (which is also used for a genus of shield-bugs). †Florentiamyidae and †Heliscomyidae are usually placed within the superfamily Geomyoidea regardless of if eomyids are treated as a separate superfamily or not (Korth et al., 1991). McKenna and Bell (1997) do not recognize heliscomyids as a distinct family, placing the one or two heliscomyid genera in Geomyoidea incertae sedis. Sometimes the pocket gophers and heteromyids are placed as separate subfamilies within a single family (Geomyidae). These subfamilies are Geomyinae and Heteromyinae respectively.

 * Superfamily Geomyoidea
 * Genus †Griphomys incertae sedis
 * Genus †Meliakrouniomys incertae sedis
 * Family †Eomyidae
 * Family †Heliscomyidae
 * Family †Florentiamyidae
 * Family Geomyidae - pocket gophers
 * Family Heteromyidae - kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice

Cladogram showing interrelationships among geomyoid families following Korth et al. (1991):

title: Geomyoidea


text: Template:ONPremiers

title: Template:ONPremiers


text:
Cadiz, California

Cadiz (Spanish: Cádiz) is an unincorporated community in the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is located just south of the Marble Mountains near the National Trails Highway. Cadiz was a water stop on the railroad.

History
The town was named in 1883 by Lewis Kingman, a locating engineer for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. It is the third in a string of alphabetically named railroad stations in the Mojave Desert.

Climate
This area has a large amount of sunshine year round due to its stable descending air and high pressure.

The Cadiz Valley area overlies a large aquifer.

Cadiz, Inc., a Los Angeles–based land and water-resource-management company, owns more than 35000 acre around Cadiz. It has plans to sell water from the aquifer. Under a Trump Administration change of policy, the project would not have to undergo federal review. In 2022, officials at Biden’s Interior Department petitioned a federal judge to throw out project approvals issued in 2020.

Railroads
Cadiz is on the BNSF Railway's Southern Transcon line that runs from Los Angeles to Chicago. It was previously the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line. From Cadiz, the Arizona & California Railroad runs over a former ATSF line to Phoenix via Parker, Arizona.

In September 2013, Cadiz, Inc. negotiated the Arizona & California Railroad for trackage rights for a tourist train operation between Cadiz and Parker. The train was projected to be powered by a steam locomotive, listing Santa Fe 3751 as the potential engine. The plans also required a new station and museum in Cadiz.

Cadiz Airstrip
Cadiz Airstrip (CA90) is situated south of the railroad tracks and has one paved runway 8/26 with a length of 5280 ft. The airstrip is accessible via a dirt road and has no buildings.

title: Cadiz, California


text:
Rami Saari

Rami Saari (רמי סערי; b. 17 September 1963, Petah Tikva, Israel) is an Israeli poet, translator, linguist and literary critic.

Biography
Saari studied Semitic and Uralic languages at the Universities of Helsinki, Budapest and Jerusalem. He did his PhD in linguistics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His doctoral thesis, "Maltese Prepositions", was published in 2003 by Carmel Publishing House.

Career
The author has published twelve volumes of his own poetry and translated several dozen books of prose and poetry, from Albanian, Catalan, Estonian, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish. In 2002-2006, Saari was the national editor of the Israeli pages of the Poetry International website. Saari has won several Israeli literature awards.

Personal life
Since 2003 he lives and works in several different locales. He also holds Argentine and Finnish citizenships.

Awards and honors

 * In 1996 and 2003, Saari was awarded the Prime Minister’s Prize for Literature.
 * In 2006, he received the Tchernichovsky Prize for exemplary translation.
 * In 2010, he was awarded the Asraf Prize of the Academy of the Hebrew Language for his contribution to the enrichment of Hebrew literature.

Poetry

 * Hinneh, Matzati et Beti (Behold, I've Found My Home), Alef, 1988
 * Gvarim ba-Tzomet (Men at the Crossroad), Sifriat Poalim, 1991
 * Maslul ha-Ke'ev ha-No'az (The Path of Bold Pain), Schocken, 1997
 * Ha-Sefer ha-Xai (The Living Book), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2001
 * Kamma, Kamma Milxama (So Much, So Much War), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2002
 * Ha-Shogun ha-Xamishi (The Fifth Shogun), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2005
 * Tab'ot ha-Shanim (Rings of the Years), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2008
 * Mavo le-Valshanut Minit (Introduction to Sexual Linguistics), Carmel, 2013
 * Bnei Kafavis u-Nkhadav (Cavafy's Sons and Grandsons), Carmel, 2015
 * Mesarim mi-Loikhpatlistan (Messages from Icouldntcarelessland), Carmel, 2016
 * Doktor Yosefa ve-ha-pitgamim (Dr. Josepha and the Proverbs), Carmel, 2019
 * Enzimim ba-nefesh ve-yamim ke-tiqqunam (Enzymes in the soul and regularized times), Carmel, 2021

Doctoral thesis

 * Milot ha-Yakhas ha-Malteziyot (Maltese Prepositions), Carmel, 2003

title: Rami Saari


text: User talk:61.88.171.34

title: User talk:61.88.171.34


text:
Special revelation

Special revelation is a concept in Christian theology that refers to God's revelation as it is made exclusively to his chosen people in his divine Word; spoken or written Scripture, for his glory and their salvation. This is a special rather than general disclosure of the knowledge of God through means other those which are available to all people, such as the observation of nature, philosophy, reason, conscience or providence.

According to Dumitru Stăniloae, the Eastern Orthodox Church's position on general and special revelation stands in stark contrast to Protestant and Roman Catholic theology, which marks a clear difference between the two and tends to posit that the former is not sufficient for salvation. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Stăniloae argues, there is no separation between the two and supernatural revelation merely embodies the former in historical persons and actions.

Characteristics
Christian theologians claim that the disclosure of special revelation is at specific times to specific persons, especially during the ministry of Jesus Christ, and is preserved in Scripture. The purpose of special revelation is to impart the knowledge and understanding of Jesus Christ, salvation and the Atonement. Essentially it is knowledge and understanding, 'that is requisite to salvation, that is, an explicit knowledge of Christ and his gospel.' Forms of special revelation as considered legitimate by mainstream Christianity include the following.
 * 1) Personal experience
 * 2) Miracles
 * 3) Prophecy
 * 4) The earthly life of Jesus Christ
 * 5) Scripture

American Presbyterian theologian B. B. Warfield describes special revelation in relation to general revelation; 'There is the revelation which God continuously makes to all men: by it His power and Divinity are made known. And there is the revelation which He makes exclusively to His chosen people: through it His saving grace is made known. Both species or stages of revelation are insisted upon throughout the Scriptures. They are, for example, brought significantly together in such a declaration as we find in : "The heavens declare the glory of God . . . their line is gone out through all the earth" (vv. 1, 4) ; "The law of Jehovah is perfect, restoring the soul" (v. 7).'

He goes on to posit a close interdependence with general revelation; 'Revelation, therefore, in its double form was the Divine purpose for man from the beginning. [...] Without special revelation, general revelation would be for sinful men incomplete and ineffective, and could issue, as in point of fact it has issued wherever it alone has been accessible, only in leaving them without excuse. Without general revelation, special revelation would lack that basis in the fundamental knowledge of God as the mighty and wise, righteous and good, maker and ruler of all things, apart from which the further revelation of this great God’s interventions in the world for the salvation of sinners could not be either intelligible, credible or operative.' Thus, general revelation can be understood as the everyday experience of life, but is dependent on the interpretation of those experiences as revealing God's involvement in external events or things through special revelation.

In view of the specific substance in the immediately below paragraph it is important that recipients of special revelation are provided with a reference perspective for potential defence of their experiences. This can be accomplished by viewing special revelation as consisting of three intensities or levels, with the middle intensity referred to as medium intensity, and the level deemed to be 'above' sometimes referred to as high intensity. Such a triad will allow peace of mind for many, and will remove the challenge of having to potentially defend one's experience against another's (even to oneself), inasmuch as there are no distinct boundary areas regarding those three intensities of special revelation. Also, a special revelation comfort zone, regardless of the intensity of the experience(s), does not oblige one to have to assess implications of one having possibly transitioned to what is referred to below as direct revelation.

Other means by which God purportedly gave special revelation were divine voice, writing or dictation, angels, prophets, visions, dreams, dream-visions, inspiration, and guidance from the Holy Spirit. When reviewing these examples, one can see that there is some overlap with direct revelation, which denotes personal communication from God through hearing a voice, for example, rather than the revelation which is made in Scripture to Christians.

title: Special revelation


text:
Talk:Ricardian equivalence

controversial
"it is controversial whether the idea has any relevance for actual modern economies." -- Oh really? While RE itself is controversial, there are many prominent economists who think it is very relevant! Can we rephrase this? Asacarny 05:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Name for the effect
Why is it called Barro-Ricardo equivalence proposition, not Ricardo-Barro, given that Robert Barro came up after David Ricardo? Samnikal 12:49, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably because Barro extended the idea, his name is first alphabetically, and Barro-Ricardo is the common usage. The Land 12:53, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Barro didn't even mention Ricardo in his first paper (1974). If Barro proved a theorem in that paper, it would have been Barro Equivalence Theorem.  Barro credits Ricardo later, in 1979.  Ricardo never proposed it as a theorem, as far as I can tell.  So it's really about Barro marrying himself to a theorem that Ricardo only flirted with as a "proposition".  The literature goes back and forth between "equivalence proposition", "equivalence theorem", and plain old "equivalence".  Maybe it should be the Ricardo-Barro Ambivalence Proposition? Yakushima (talk) 07:33, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Name of the effect: Ricardian equivalence is NOT the same as Ricardian rent, as is stated in the first line of the item. See the Wiki entry for Ricardian Rent. The words Ricardian Rent" should be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.130.37.13 (talk) 07:02, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

The critiques offered on Barro by Feldstein and Buchanan were both published in 1976, yet Barro's piece is cited to have been published in 1979. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.205.222.236 (talk) 10:56, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Questionable Logic
I've no external knowledge of Ricardo, but the description provided seems logically unsound in a manner that would cause it to be rejected out of hand. This makes me hope that I'm misunderstanding and that, therefore, the summation could stand improvement. "Since bonds are loans, they must eventually be repaid—presumably by raising taxes in the future." I can name at least three other ways off the top of my head: that the current returns on those loans are greater than the interest; that deflation is imminent; or, that the current loans, properly invested, will produce greater revenues in the future at the same tax rates. The latter is the subject of much current debate, but the second and first seem to be universally held. Can anyone wise in the ways of Ricardo explain? Czrisher (talk) 22:51, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I think that the answer to this question is that Ricardo was discussing war bonds which are bonds raised specifically for consumption spending. In the more general case you may well be right. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 01:21, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

Introduction
The introduction section lays out two possibilities:

 * Governments can finance its expenditure either through taxes or by issuing bonds. Since bonds are loans, they must eventually be repaid—presumably by raising taxes in the future. The choice is therefore "tax now or tax later."

However there are actually three possibilities so it would make more sense to say:

 * Government can finance its expenditure either through taxes, by issuing bonds, or through seignorage. Since bonds are loans, they must eventually be repaid — presumably by raising taxes in the future. The options are therefore "tax now, tax later, or tax never."

Unfortunately this would destroy the logical structure of the rest of the article which is predicated on there being only two possibilities. So I hesitate to make the change. The article really needs to be changed in such a way that it points out that there are three options but that the argument for Ricardian equivalence assumes that there are only two. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 01:16, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

Note by user Luzius: Ricardian equivalence is normally discussed in models without explicit monetary units. In such contexts, seignorage cannot exist. Furthermore, in a perfectly efficient market, seignorage would not make a material difference. Adding 10% to the money supply would just increase all prices by 10%, thus being equivalent to a tax on cash holdings. To conclude: seignorage should not be included here. In the Ricardian context, this is just a form of taxation. — Preceding undated comment added 11:49, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Structure and body need some improvement.
As a relative ingenu in economics, perhaps I'm lacking some key knowledge or insight, but nonetheless the following seem contradictory:

"This leads to the result that, for a given pattern of government spending, the method of financing that spending does not affect agents' consumption decisions..."

Followed by, several lines later: "According to the hypothesis, taxpayers will anticipate that they will have to pay higher taxes in future. As a result they will increase their savings to pay the future tax increase; i.e. they reduce their current consumption to do so."

So which is it? Does the pattern of government spending influence consumption spending or not? If in fact this is not contradictory, some further explication would be helpful. By chance, is the first phrase perhaps resting on the understanding that in time those additional savings will be spent, thus *over time* consumption decisions are not affected?

Also, the phrase further down: "In 1974, Robert J. Barro provided some theoretical foundation for Ricardo's hesitant speculation[4] (apparently in ignorance of Ricardo's earlier notion and De Viti's subsequent extensions)."

I note the footnotes, but it would be helpful to provide some clue in the body as to what Ricardo's "earlier notion" was, as well as some illumination of the crux of De Viti's "subsequent extension." The way it reads now, this sentence seems as if it was lifted out of a larger text somewhere, while the necessary context was left behind...

Kenwg (talk) 01:17, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

Saving for taxes?
To put it simply, could this be an example: After submitting your federal taxes, you get a refund check for $100. You anticipate paying $150 on your county taxes, due later in the year. You deposit the $100 check into a savings account you earmarked for those forthcoming county taxes and withdraw that, along with the other saved money, to pay the county taxes when they come due. Ricardian equivalence or not? USN1977 (talk) 22:12, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ricardian equivalence


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rung

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -- Phroziac ( talk ) 18:44, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Rung
Dictionary definintion, already in Wiktionary as rung (Definition 1 under Noun). — Kjammer ⌂  05:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom. GTBacchus 05:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom and can't be expanded that I can think of. Qaz  ( talk ) 05:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand, possibly using material from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Kappa 09:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How much more can be expanded beyond dic-def? Even if the 1911 Britanica article was coppied word for word, it'll still be a dictionary definition. Because all it says is what the word means in English, Scottish, and Old English, all of witch can be covered in a dictionary entry.  Best solutions I can come up with are expanding the Wiktionary definition, and/or merge with ladder.    — Kjammer  ⌂  17:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kappa, exactly what part of "Wikipedia is not a dictionary" do you not agree with? / Peter Isotalo 00:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. There isn't much in the Britannica that would ever advance this past a substub. PacknCanes 17:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, echoing above. Dottore So 21:03, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. A rung is a rung is a rung. That's what the Wiktionary is for. - Sensor 00:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, foppish japery. Proto t c 11:55, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nom. -- Cactus.man  ✍  10:09, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rung