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List of samuhanayok

The samuhanayok (สมุหนายก) was one of the two chief ministers in the historical Chatusadom government system of Siam (now Thailand), originally charged with civil affairs but later overseeing both civil and military affairs in northern cities. During the Ayutthaya and Thonburi periods, the official who held the post usually took the noble title of Chakri (จักรี, ). The term, from Sanskrit चक्री cakrī, literally meant "one who has a discus", referring to the Hindu god Vishnu who possesses the discus Sudarshana).

The last office-holder to be known by the title Chakri was Thongduang, who established the Rattanakosin Kingdom and became King Rama I in 1782. His dynasty, which includes the current Thai royal family, is known as the Chakri Dynasty after his former title. Later office-holders of Rattanakosin were granted individualized titles.

List of samuhanayok
Officials who served as samuhanayok included:

Ayutthaya

 * Phraya Chakri, who served under King Mahinthrathirat and was a spy for King Bayinnaung of Burma, leading to the first fall of Ayutthaya in 1569
 * Chaophraya Bowonratchanayok (Sheikh Ahmad), who served under King Songtham
 * Chaophraya Chakri (Khunnen) (ขุนเณร), who served under King Sanphet IX
 * Chaophraya Aphaimontri, who served under King Borommakot
 * Phraya Chakri (Khrut) (ครุฑ), who served under King Borommakot

Thonburi

 * Chaophraya Chakri (Mut), usually referred as Chaophraya Chakri Khaek (the 'Muslim Chaophraya Chakri'), who served under King Taksin of Thon Buri. He was a descendant of Suleiman, the sultan of Songkhla
 * Chaophraya Chakri (Thongduang), who was also known by the title Somdet Chaophraya Mahakasatsuek (though sources are conflicting). He served under King Taksin, and later seized the throne, establishing Rattanakosin and becoming King Rama I.

Rattanakosin

 * 1) Chaophraya Rattanaphiphit (Son): 1782–1805
 * 2) Chaophraya Rattanathibet (Kun): Served under King Rama II.
 * 3) Chaophraya Aphaiphuthon (Noi): Served kings Rama II and Rama III until his death in 1827.
 * 4) Chaophraya Bodindecha (Sing): 1829–1849. He spent most of his term leading war campaigns, and was deputized by Phraya Sisahathep (Thongpheng).
 * 5) Chaophraya Nikonbodon (To): 1851–1863
 * 6) Chaophraya Phutharaphai (Nut Bunyarattaphan): 1863–1878
 * 7) Prince Mahamala, who also held the title Krom Somdet Phra Bamrapporapak: 1878–1886
 * 8) Chaophraya Rattanabodin (Bunrot Kanlayanamit): Held the post from 1886 until its abolition in 1892.

title: List of samuhanayok


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Duang

Duang ( Mandarin pronunciation: ; ; written as 動L in Hong Kong Cantonese with Jyutping dung6 eu6) is a Chinese neologism that has become a viral meme despite its meaning being unclear. It has become a popular hashtag on Sina Weibo with more than 8 million mentions by the start of March 2015.

History
The word became viral after a 2004 advertisement for Bawang Shampoo in which Jackie Chan says, "...after filming, visual effects are added, the hair becomes duang very black, very shiny and very smooth." The advertisement was the subject of a parody published on 20 February 2015 on the Chinese video sharing site Bilibili, featuring footage of Chan remixed to the tune of the viral Chinese song My Skate Shoes. In the video, Chan appears to say that he has no hair at all, with more interjections of "duang": "after a month of special effects, hair is – dua-a-a-ng – still I knew they're fake, that it's due to chemicals. Every day now, I'm adding special effects... added a lot of effects... hair – duang duang duang – is thick and shiny." The parody alludes to a 2010 scandal in which Bawang was accused of having added carcinogenic chemicals to its hair products.

Jackie Chan acknowledged the parody by uploading a self-mocking microblog that imitated the sentence structure from the spoof advertisement. He also expressed his gratitude for the public's attention and his determination to create more movies for his fans in the future. His optimistic personality and self-mockery won over many fans.

Meaning
Despite its widespread appearance, the meaning of duang is unclear; "What's the meaning of duang" became the main topic on Weibo. Although there seems to be no meaning at all, many people still continue to use it in their everyday conversations. The BBC has suggested that the word is an example of onomatopoeia, a word phonetically imitating a sound. While Chan used it as a "cartoonish sound-effect", as Ad Age puts it, some have used it in the same spirit while others have adopted it as an intensifier; for instance, something might be "duang cute" or one could be "very duang confused". Based on the words spoken by Chan in the shampoo advertisement, duang has been defined as meaning "add special effects" in some Chinese sources.

The meme has been picked up by a variety of advertisers, including Bawang itself, which has released its own spoof video, in addition to KFC, PepsiCo, China Eastern Airlines and Taobao. Durex issued an animated GIF showing a buzzing rabbit vibrator with "duang" as the caption. The meme's lack of any defined meaning has enabled advertisers and Internet users to create their own version of "duang" and define it as they wish. Foreign Policy noted that while Chinese Internet users had a tradition of inventing new words or slang to get around government censorship, the Chinese government had lately managed to push back against this practice; it was thus perhaps "inevitable that a new word would emerge that simply meant nothing at all."

Pronunciation
The word duang is not a meaningful syllable in Standard Chinese, and thus lacks any official associated character. However, as both the onset d- and the rime -uang are both legal elements that occur in other syllables, the word is a phonologically valid syllable in Mandarin. Since it lacks an associated character, though, it can only be written by using bopomofo or pinyin or the unofficial character built from Jackie Chan's name. Although the word was initially written without any indication of tone, it was later given a first tone reading as (pinyin) duāng.

Chinese character
A character for duang does not exist in any Chinese dictionary and is not encoded in Unicode, but was created from the two characters used for Jackie Chan's Chinese stage name, Cheng Long (, meaning "become a dragon"), stacked on top of each other.

In music
The string quartet 'Duang' by composer Samuel Cho premiered in May 2018 is inspired by this word.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Duang


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Daniel Cruz (footballer, born 1981)

Daniel Alberto Cruz Castro (born 3 May 1981) is a Colombian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Youth career
Cruz played his early football at the Academia de Fútbol Tucumán in his hometown of Cali. His father, a retired Argentinian professional football player, was his primary coaching influence. In 1998, Cruz was discovered by an AFC Ajax scout while training with the first team at América de Cali. Within two weeks, at 17, the young Colombian had signed with the Dutch club's youth reserve program.

Ajax
Cruz made his first team debut for Ajax during the 2000–01 season after two years with the club's youth reserve program. That season, he played in eleven matches for the Ajax first team before being sidelined with a knee injury. A head coaching change during his rehabilitation undermined the possibility of Cruz returning to the first team ranks at Ajax. Eventually he was loaned and later sold to Belgian club Germinal Beerschot.

Germinal Beerschot
Since his move from Ajax in 2002, until the expiration of his final contract with the club in 2011, Cruz established himself as one of the most prolific players in Germinal Beerschot club history. His time there spanned nearly a decade – having made over 250 appearances for the club in all competitions. Cruz was considered a trendsetter in the Belgian Pro League. The South American midfielder was known as a play-maker with charisma and modesty.

In 2005, Cruz captained Germinal Beerschot to a Belgian Cup title.

Lierse
After winning the Belgian Cup in 2005, Cruz shocked fans and the media when he announced that he had signed a contract with rival club Lierse S.K. for the following season. The deal was rumored to be one of the largest contracts in Belgian Pro League history. Financial troubles at Lierse halfway through the 2005–06 season led to the club actually selling Cruz back to Germinal Beerschot after only six months of his three-year deal.

FC Dallas
On 4 August 2011, it was announced that Cruz had signed with FC Dallas of American Major League Soccer. Cruz scored his first goal for his new club on 14 September 2011, in a 1–1 draw against Tauro FC. The goal was just 27 seconds into the match officially making it the quickest strike in FC Dallas club history.

Personal life
Cruz is the son of retired Argentinian football player José Luis Cruz who played for Club Atlético River Plate and América de Cali. In January 2009, Voetbal Magazine produced a cover story featuring an extensive interview with Cruz. The article highlighted the Colombian's role at his club, his recent injuries, and his love for Germinal Beerschot.

Honours
Beerschot A.C.
 * Belgian Cup: 2004–05

title: Daniel Cruz (footballer, born 1981)


text:
The Buck Pets

The Buck Pets were an American alternative rock band formed in the late 1980s in Dallas, Texas. They were clearly influenced by earlier bands such as The Replacements, Buzzcocks and The Jesus and Mary Chain but incorporated better production values and more overt nods to classic rock than their college rock/punk predecessors.

The band seemed to get a degree of support from their record label, Island, for their first two LPs, the hard edged The Buck Pets, and the more melodic follow up Mercurotones. On the eve of the release of Mercurotones, Island was bought by PolyGram- the A&R staff were let go and projects were shelved while the new owners evaluated their new property. Support for The Buck Pets was then almost non-existent.

The band also had opening spots on tour with larger acts such as Neil Young (Ragged Glory Tour) and Jane's Addiction, but in the end, The Buck Pets failed to see commercial success.

As a coda, The Buck Pets released the more restrained, melancholy album To the Quick in 1993 on the independent label Restless.

On April 10, 2010, The Buck Pets reunited for a one night show at the club Trees in the Deep Ellum area of Dallas, Texas and released RARES (and unreleased) a collection of rare and previously unreleased material.

Members

 * Tony Alba – drums
 * Ian Beach – bass
 * Ricky Pearson – drums (To the Quick)
 * Chris Savage – guitar, vocals
 * Chuck Smith – bass (The Sound of Deep Ellum)
 * Andy Thompson – guitar, lead vocals

Discography

 * Albums
 * The Buck Pets (Island, 1989)
 * Mercurotones (Island, 1990)
 * To the Quick (Restless, 1993)
 * RARES (and unreleased) (Self-published, 2010)

 * Singles

title: The Buck Pets


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Hamilton Cady

Hamilton Perkins Cady (May 2, 1874 – May 26, 1943) was an American chemist who in 1907 in collaboration with David McFarland discovered that helium could be extracted from natural gas.

Early life
On May 2, 1874, Cady was born in Skiddy, Kansas. He is the son of Perkins Elijah Cady and Ella Falkenbury.

Education
After attending Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, he enrolled at the University of Kansas, where he graduated in 1897 with an A.B., and in 1903 with a Ph.D. During his senior year he carried out the initial experiments on the electrical conductance of solutions of salts in liquid ammonia, opening up a new and fruitful field of research. This constituted the first step in the development of the ammonia system of compounds, a concept which, owing to the later contributions of Edward C. Franklin and Charles A. Kraus, became an outstanding feature of American chemical achievement.

Following the completion of his undergraduate work he was granted a scholarship and then a fellowship at Cornell University where he spent the years 1897–1899 in research under the direction of Wilder D. Bancroft.

Career
In 1899, Cady returned to the University of Kansas as assistant professor of chemistry and resumed his work with liquid ammonia in collaboration with Franklin, carrying out a thesis consisting of a study of concentration cells in this solvent.

When Franklin was called to Stanford University in 1903 Cady took over his courses in inorganic and physical chemistry at Kansas as associate professor. In 1911 he was advanced to professor and in 1920 was made chairman of the department, continuing until 1942 when he retired with the title of professor emeritus.

His most notable work was in the discovery and development of the first industrial source of helium gas. In 1903 he was called on to analyze a natural gas from Dexter, Kansas, which would not burn unless continuously heated. In collaboration with David McFarland he discovered that the gas contained nearly 12% of helium. No helium in natural gas had been discovered prior to that time, although it had been found in 1894 that helium existed on the earth, and might be extracted in small quantities from the atmosphere and from minerals. Cady was a consultant when helium reserves were later found in Texas and Colorado.

In 1917 he was appointed consulting chemist to the U.S. Bureau of Mines upon the inauguration by the Bureau of experiments with regard to helium and during the World War I he did a large amount of analytical and research work, the results of which influenced the designs of the various helium plants which were constructed by the government. He also made valuable research into the limits of the inflammability of helium and hydrogen mixtures and carried out a number of experiments on the permeability of balloon fabric by helium. In 1933 he developed a process for using chimney gases in the manufacture of a refrigerant. In 1936 he developed a new method for the accurate measurement of gaseous densities by means of a modified Westphal balance. The invention made it possible for the determination of molecular weight of gases with a degree of speed and precision not approached by any other method.

Despite his achievements in research, teaching constituted Cady's real life work. His courses won nationwide repute, and many of his former students attained eminence in scientific fields. He was co-author with Edgar Henry Summerfield Bailey of A Laboratory Guide to the Study of Qualitative Analysis (1901) and author of The Principles of Inorganic Chemistry (1912), and General Chemistry (1916).

He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Chemical Society.

Personal
On June 5, 1900, Cady married Stella Cornelia Gallup, daughter of George Gallup. They had three children: Ruth Caroline, George Hamilton, and Helen Frances. On May 26, 1943, Cady died in Lawrence, Kansas. Cady was 69.

title: Hamilton Cady


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Xanthone

Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O2. It is a white solid.

In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. It can also be used as a photocatalyst.

Synthesis
Xanthone can be prepared by the heating of phenyl salicylate:

Six methods have been reported for synthesizing xanthone derivatives:

 * The Michael-Kostanecki method uses an equimolar mix of a polyphenol and an O-hydroxybenzoic acid, which are heated with a dehydrating agent.
 * The Friedel-Crafts method has a benzophenone intermediate.
 * The Robinson-Nishikawa method is a variant of the Hoesch synthesis but with low yields.
 * The Asahina-Tanase method synthesizes some methoxylated xanthones, and xanthones with acid-sensitive substituents.
 * The Tanase method is used to synthesize polyhydroxyxanthones.
 * The Ullman method condenses a phenol with an O-chlorobenzene and cyclizes the resulting diphenylether.

Xanthone derivatives
Xanthone forms the core of a variety of natural products, such as mangostin or lichexanthone. These compounds are sometimes referred to as xanthones or xanthonoids. Over 200 natural xanthones have been identified. Many are phytochemicals found in plants in the families Bonnetiaceae, Clusiaceae, and Podostemaceae. They are also found in some species of the genus Iris. Some xanthones are found in the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) as well as in the bark and timber of Mesua thwaitesii.

title: Xanthone


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Jeffrey Mace

Jeffrey Solomon Mace, also known as the Patriot and Captain America, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created during the 1940s, a period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. As the Patriot, he first appeared in Human Torch Comics #4 (March 1941; mis-numbered #3 on cover), published by Marvel's 1940s precursor, Timely Comics.

In 1976, Marvel revealed via retroactive continuity that Mace had become the third Captain America some time after his World War II era adventures. He is also the uncle-by-marriage of Thunderbolt Ross.

The character was adapted into the Marvel Cinematic Universe TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Jason O'Mara.

Publication history
The superhero the Patriot debuted in The Human Torch #4 (March 1941; mis-numbered #3 on cover), with both a two-page text story by writer Ray Gill, with a spot illustration by artist Bill Everett, and a 10-page comics story by writer Gill and artist George Mandel. The character went on to appear in the first of two Human Torch issues both inadvertently numbered #5, and known to collectors as #5 [a] (Summer 1941), in a story by Gill and artist Sid Greene. Concurrently, the Patriot began as regular feature in the superhero anthology Marvel Mystery Comics, appearing in issues #21–44 (July 1941 – June 1943) and #49 -74 (Nov. 1943 – July 1946), making him one of Timely's most popular characters in the second tier beneath stars Captain America, the Human Torch, and the Sub-Mariner. The Patriot story "Death Stalks the Shipyard", from Marvel Mystery Comics #29, was reprinted during the Silver Age of Comic Books in Marvel Super-Heroes #16 (Sept. 1968).

In The Avengers #97 (March 1972), a simulacrum of the Patriot was temporarily created from the mind of Rick Jones, along with those of the Blazing Skull, the Fin, and the Golden Age Angel and Vision, to aid the superhero team the Avengers during the Kree-Skrull War.

The Patriot appeared in a four-part flashback story running through The Invaders #5–6 (March & May 1976) and Marvel Premiere #29–30 (April & June 1976), set during World War II which retconned him as a member of a newly created superhero team, the Liberty Legion. That team later appeared alongside Fantastic Four member the Thing in a two-part time travel story, set during World War II, in Marvel Two-in-One #20 (Oct. 1976) and Marvel Two-in-One Annual (1976).

When Marvel Comics had revived the character Captain America in 1964, the story explained that he had been missing in action and in suspended animation since 1945. This discrepancy with his postwar comic-book appearances was later explained as the result of replacement heroes taking on the mantle. As the third Captain America, Jeffrey Mace would have been behind the mask in Captain America Comics #59–75 (Nov. 1946 – Feb. 1950) and other comics during that period. Mace succeeded the second Captain America, William Naslund (formerly the Spirit of '76), who was shown in What If? vol. 1, #4 (Aug. 1977) as having been killed in 1946.

Mace appeared briefly in a flashback in Captain America #215 (Nov. 1977), then as a guest-star in Captain America Annual #6 (1982) with his death depicted in #285 (Sept. 1983). In a flashback, the Patriot co-starred in a World War II adventure with Captain America in Captain America Annual #13 (1994) and in a post-war adventure with the All Winners Squad in All Winners Squad 70th Anniversary Special (2009).

A retelling of Jeffrey Mace's origin and time as Captain America is told in the 2010 mini-series Captain America: Patriot. This was collected with the All Winners Squad 70th Anniversary Special and What If? #4 in 2011. What If? #4 was also collected that same year in a Captain America Legacy volume collecting the debuts of the Captain America replacements.

Fictional character biography
Jeffrey Mace was born in Brooklyn, New York. He was a reporter at the Daily Bugle, who was inspired to become a superhero after seeing Captain America in action. As the Patriot, Mace becomes one of several superheroes who fight Nazi saboteurs and supervillains during World War II, sometimes alongside his sidekick Mary Morgan, a.k.a. Miss Patriot. He helps found the superhero team known as the Liberty Legion, billed as "America's home front heroes" who fight saboteurs, fifth columnists and other wartime threats within the United States.

After the war, the Patriot continues to fight crime on a regular basis, eventually helping the All-Winners Squad prevent the assassination of a young Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy in 1946. The skirmish costs the life of the second Captain America, William Naslund formerly the Spirit of '76. Mace is recruited to be the third Captain America, retiring in 1949. He marries Betsy Ross who, as the superhero Golden Girl, had briefly been the post-war sidekick of his Captain America, and eventually succumbs to cancer at an old age.

Powers and abilities
Jeffrey Mace had no superpowers but he was an exceptional athlete, a superb hand-to-hand combatant and a licensed pilot. As Captain America, he carried a shield, similar to that used by his predecessors, that was made of enhanced titanium.

Reception
In American Comic Book Chronicles: 1940-1944, Kurt Mitchell and Roy Thomas call the Patriot "a bargain-basement Captain America with an uncanny knack for stumbling into Axis conspiracies. Though Arthur "Art" Gates and Sidney "Sid" Greene did their best to replicate Jack Kirby's frenetic fight scenes, the feature had none of the charisma of its inspiration."

In other media

 * Jeffrey Mace appears in the fourth season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Jason O'Mara. This version is an ex-journalist who survived Helmut Zemo's attack on the United Nations during the events of the film Captain America: Civil War. Debuting in the episode "Meet the New Boss", he is introduced as the new director of S.H.I.E.L.D. Although initially believed to be an Inhuman with superhuman strength and durability, Mace is actually empowered by a serum derived from Calvin Zabo's formula as part of "Project Patriot". While most of the negative side effects were removed, it still puts significant strain on Mace's body. While living in a virtual reality called the "Framework", Mace's personal history is rewritten to "correct" his most potent regret, resulting in him becoming an actual Inhuman who joined, then later took command of, remnant S.H.I.E.L.D. forces and successfully led them against HYDRA. In the episode "No Regrets", Mace sacrifices himself to save Phil Coulson's team and Inhumans from a HYDRA attack.
 * Jeffrey Mace appears in the prequel digital series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, with Jason O'Mara reprising the role.

title: Jeffrey Mace


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David Burliuk

David Davidovich Burliuk (Дави́д Дави́дович Бурлю́к; 21 July 1882 – 15 January 1967) was a Russian poet, artist and publicist of Ukrainian origin associated with the Futurist and Neo-Primitivist movements. Burliuk has been described as "the father of Russian Futurism."

Early life
David Burliuk was born on 21 July 1882 in the village of Riabushky (near Lebedyn, Ukraine) in the Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire. Burliuk's family was artistically inclined; two of his brothers were talented artists as well, Nikolai and Volodimir Burliuk. The Burliuk family partly descended from Ukrainian Cossacks on their father's side, who held premier positions in the Hetmanate. His mother, Ludmyla Mikhnevich, was of ethnic Belarusian descent.

Education, career
From 1898 to 1904, he studied at Kazan and Odesa art schools, as well as at the Royal Academy in Munich. His exuberant, extroverted character was recognized by Anton Azhbe, his professor at the Munich Academy, who called Burliuk a "wonderful wild steppe horse".

In 1907, he made contact with the Russian art world; he met and befriended Mikhail Larionov, and they are both credited as being major forces in bringing together the contemporary art world. In 1908, an exhibition with the group Zveno ("The Link") in Kiev was organized by David Burliuk together with Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine, Alexander Bogomazov, his brother Volodymyr (Wladimir) Burliuk and Aleksandra Ekster. The exhibition was a flop, especially because they were all unknown painters. The Burliuks and Larionov left for the aforementioned brothers' home in Chernianka, also known as Hylea; it was during this stay that their work became more Avant-Garde. That autumn, while visiting Ekster, they organized an exhibition which took place in the street; it was a success, and enough money was raised to go to Moscow.

In 1909, Burliuk painted a portrait of his future wife, Marussia, on a background of flowers and rocks on the Crimean coast. Many times thereafter he would set the image of his wife to canvas. Without question, two dreams possessed his heart all his life: the face of his wife and the portrait of his Ukraine and then his adopted country, the United States.

The Futurist literary group Hylaea (Гилея [Gileya]) was initiated in 1910 by David Burlyuk and his brothers at their aforementioned estate near Kherson, and were quickly joined by Vasily Kamensky and Velimir Khlebnikov, with Aleksey Kruchenykh and Vladimir Mayakovsky joining in 1911. Soon afterwards, the group would morph into literary Cubo-Futurism, the predominant form of Futurism in Russia.

From the start to the end, Cubo-Futurism always had an air of scandal about it. The artists and poets scandalized the public by walking in public spaces wearing ridiculous clothes and painting their faces, by writing plays incomprehensible to the public (the most notorious being Victory over the Sun, about a group of Futurists aiming to destroy reason), and by the fights between them and the audience at their poetry recitations. In 1913–4, Mayakovsky, Kamensky, and Burliuk decided to go on poetry tours; fury almost always followed, even on an occasion when Mayakovsky read Pushkin. Alexander Rodchenko later claimed that that specific recital "was the first time I had seen such a frenzied, furious audience". Even during the First World War their activities carried on: at the 1915 Christmas Party, hosted by Lilya and Osip Brik, the tree was hung from the roof, upside-down, and the guests arrived with vegetables in their buttonholes and in bizarre makeup. Russian Futurism would only end after the Revolution of 1917.

Most of the Cubo-Futurists also resisted the Futurists in Italy. A brief alliance with their rivals, the Ego-Futurists, did not end very well. Burliuk's colleague Velimir Khlebnikov also developed Zaum, a poetry style.

From 1910, he was the member of the group Jack of Diamonds, and from 1910 to 1911 he attended the Art School in Odessa. After 1911, David concentrated on poetry and manifestoes, and at Christmas he made the acquaintance of Benedikt Livshits, a poet. From 1911 to 1913, he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (MUZHVZ), and that year participated in the group exhibition of the Blaue Reiter in Munich, which also included his brother Wladimir. He also contributed an article to the Blaue Reiter Almanac.

In December 1912, Burliuk was co-author and one of the many signatories of the manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste with the other members of Hylaea, one of the major manifestoes of Russian Futurism, a movement of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Filippo Marinetti's "Futurist Manifesto".

In 1913, he was expelled from the Art Academy, as well as Mayakovsky. In the same year, Burliuk founded the publishing venture of the futurist writer's group Hylaea. In 1914, he and his brother Wladimir illustrated Kamensky's Tango with Cows, and in 1915 Burliuk published the book The Support of the Muses in Spring, with illustrations by Aristarkh Lentulov, and by David and Wladimir Burliuk.

From 1915 to 1917, he resided in the Urals with frequent trips to Moscow and Petrograd (St. Petersburg). In 1917, he participated in an exhibition with the group Jack of Diamonds in the artists' salon in Moscow, which included Aleksandra Ekster and Kazimir Malevich.

In 1916, his brother Wladimir Burliuk was drafted into military service, and in 1917 was killed in World War I in Saloniki. The next year, following the downfall of anarchism (he had befriended anarchists during the time he lived in an abandoned house), Burliuk fled Russia and began his journey to the United States, a process that took him through Siberia, Japan, and Canada which was not complete until 1922. He kept in contact with his fellow Futurists in Russia, and, despite not knowing a word of English, managed to befriend artist and patron Katherine Dreier, establishing himself among the artists of that country. In 1922, he settled in the United States.

In 1924 Burliuk published two Radio-style manifestos detailing a utopian art that would transcend space-time and aid in humanity's pursuit of knowledge and perfection. A collasal sized painting from this period titled Advent of the Mechanical Man, 1925–26, was exhibited in the Brooklyn Museum's 1926 International Exhibition of Modern Art Assembled by Société Anonyme.

In New York, Burliuk developed activity in pro-Soviet oriented groups and, having written a poem for the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution, sought, in particular, to gain recognition as the "father of Russian futurism". He was a regular contributor to the Russian Voice newspaper. Burliuk published his collections, brochures, and magazines together with his wife Maria Nikiforovna, and through friends he distributed these publications mainly within the USSR.

In 1925, Burliuk was a co-founder of the Association of Revolutionary Masters of Ukraine (ARMU) with the members Alexander Bogomazov, Vasiliy Yermilov, Vadym Meller, Alexander Khvostenko-Khvostov, and Palmov Victor. In 1927, he participated in an exhibition of the Latest Artistic Trends in the Russian Museum in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), together with Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandr Shevchenko, and Vladimir Tatlin. Burliuk was author of autobiographical sketches My Ancestors, Forty Years: 1890–1930.

Later years
In the 1930s, Onya La Tour was an avid collector of modern art who acquired at least one hundred works by Burliuk.

In 1940, Burliuk petitioned the Soviet government for a request to visit his homeland. In exchange, he offered a sizeable collection of archival material pertaining to his contemporary and friend Vladimir Mayakovsky, which Burliuk offered to donate to the Mayakovsky Museum in addition to over 100 original paintings. Burliuk's requests were denied. He was allowed to visit the Soviet Union only in 1956 and 1965.

In 1945, an exhibit was mounted at Irving Place Theater in New York City

In 1962, he and his wife traveled to Australia where he held an exhibition at Moreton Galleries, Brisbane. It was his only Australian exhibition. During his stay there, Burliuk painted some sketches and works with Australian views. From 1937 to 1966, Burliuk and his wife, Marusia, published Color & Rhyme, a journal primarily concerned with charting Burliuk's activities.

Burliuk lived in Hampton Bays on Long Island for approximately 20 years until he died at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York. His house and studio still remain.

Legacy
In Russian poetry, Burliuk is regarded as a trailblazer. In 1990, the Russian Academy of Futurist Poetry established the David Burliuk Prize (Otmetina) for experimental poetry awarded annually.

Trivia

 * Burliuk appears in Part III of the Vladimir Mayakovsky's landmark poem A Cloud in Trousers (A Cloud in Pants, 1915).
 * A painting (most likely fictional) by Burliuk appears in the novel Chapayev and Void by Viktor Pelevin. The painting is described as a black writing though a stencil of the word GOD.

Publishing history

 * 1912: co-author of the Russian Futurist manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste.
 * 1915: The Support of the Muses in Spring

title: David Burliuk


text: User talk:66.212.133.38

title: User talk:66.212.133.38


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Talk:Adult comedy film

Articles for Deletion debate
This article was redirected to Comedy film as a result of an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 23:42, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adult comedy film


text:
User:Wgungfu

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Marty Goldberg

Location: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Software Engineer, author/writer, musician, martial artist.

Video Game Industry Related
I work in the industry as a contracted programmer and tech writer.

Co-author of Atari Inc. - Business is Fun.

Currently: Freelancing for Retro Gamer magazine, both as a fact checker and writer. Past articles I've written:
 * Atari 7800 feature, Issue 78.
 * Atari 5200 feature, Issue 80.
 * Obscura Machina: Fairchild Channel F, Issue 88.
 * From The Archives: Atari Inc., Issue 93.
 * From The Archives: Atari Corporation, Issue 94.
 * Crash And Burn (The Videogame Crash), Issue 100.
 * The making of the Atari 2600, Issue 103.
 * Tribute to Jack Tramiel, Issue 103.
 * The making of PONG, Issue 104.
 * Before Video Games, Issue 108
 * Gaming Legends: Jack Tramiel, Issue 109.
 * Making of Star Castle, Issue 112.
 * The Mysterious Crash, Issue 113 (article on myth of first video game "crash").
 * The Story Of Microsoft, Issue 116.
 * Fairchild Channel F Retrospective, Issue 121.
 * Memorial on William C. Lowe, Issue 123.
 * 70s video arcade industry sub-feature for "When Arcades Ruled the Earth" feature, Issue 127.
 * Nutting Industries/Milwaukee Coin Industries/Dave Nutting Associates, Issue 136.
 * Milton Bradley Microvision, Issue 136.
 * RCA Studio II, Issue 139.

Articles I've assisted in:

 * Stampede, Issue 76
 * The making of Lunar Lander, Issue 79.
 * In the Chair - Allan Alcorn, Issue 83.
 * The Making of Missile Command, Issue 88.
 * The Making of Sprint 2, Issue 89.
 * Computer Space, Issue 94.
 * The Lynx Effect, Issue 97.
 * Atari 8-bit Retrospective, Issue 125.

Also regularly assist with fact checking, pictures, resources, etc.

Freelancer for RETRO magazine. Past articles I've written:
 * M.U.L.E. Retrospective, Issue 5.
 * Atari video game burial and dig exclusive, Issue 6.

Video game products: Flash reproductions of PONG, Breakout (arcade game), Missile Command,  Centipede,   Asteroids,   Space Duel,  Tempest,  Lunar Lander and  Battlezone for Atari. All games were to the tee reproductions with no emulation/roms.

Atari Flashback 2 team - technical writer, online manual. Manual and Box for Flashback 2+ as well.

Last completed product: Atari/Taco Bell cd-rom based video games for kids meal giveaways.

I'm also a video game and personal computer historian and collector, as well as an Atari historian and collector. Recognized expert in those fields, and have had the pleasure of interviewing many luminaries from the video gaming and computer industries over the years.

Current contracted writer for Retro Gamer Magazine.

Member of International Game Developers Association's Game Preservation SIG.

Owner of Electronic Entertainment Museum (E2M) and archive.

Ex-Site Administrator, current Staff ClassicGaming.Com (an IGN site)

Co-Owner Atari Gaming Headquarters

Co-Organizer Midwest Gaming Classic

Owner Electronic Entertainment Museum

Moderator Atari Inc. discussion boards

Member of TwinGalaxies

Martial Arts Related
Instructor of Wing Chun Kuen - Watchful Dragon Kwoon

Founder and Moderator - Wing Chun Kuen Mailing List - Oldest Internet based wing chun discussion group, established in 1992. Moved to yahoo groups in 2003.

Founder and Presenter - Wing Chun Friendship Seminars. Series of seminars (1998 to present) designed to foster communication and sharing of material between multiple branches and linneages of wing chun. All proceeds donated to charity.

Wikipedia Related
I've been a member of Wikipedia since June 11th, 2005.

Entries I've Created
Sea Wolf (arcade game) | Dominos (arcade game) | Crash 'N Score | F-1 (Arcade Game) | Hi-way | Indy 4 (arcade game) | Indy 800 | Jet Fighter (arcade game) | Stunt Cycle (arcade game) | Steeplechase (arcade game) | Elimination (arcade game) | Anti-Aircraft (arcade game) | Lunar Lander (arcade game) | E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial (video game) | Outlaw (arcade game) | Pursuit | Qwak! (arcade game) | Quiz show (arcade game)| Rebound (arcade game) | Shark Jaws | Microprose Systems, LLC | Atari, Inc | Atari Corporation | Atari Interactive | Atari, Inc (Infogrames)

Entries I've Rewritten or Contributed Signifcantly To
Allan Alcorn, Atari, Atari 2600, Atari 7800, Atari 8-bit family, Atari Flashback , Atari Games, Atari ST, Branches of Wing Chun, Battlezone, Breakout, Breakout clones , Centipede (arcade game), Commodore International, Computer Space, Crystal Castles, Dave Nutting , Doctor Pong, Galaxy Game, Games By Apollo, Golden Age of Arcade Games, History of the Amiga, History of video games, History of video game consoles (first generation), History of video game consoles (second generation), Jay Miner, First video game, Jack Tramiel, Leung Ting, List of years in computer games, Magnavox Odyssey, Mattel Aquarius, MicroProse, Midwest Gaming Classic, Nolan Bushnell, Pong, Qix, Ralph H. Baer, Steve Wozniak, Sifu, Sprint 2, Star Raiders, Tank (arcade game), Tempest (arcade game), Tennis for Two, Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40, Traditional Wing Chun Kung Fu, UWink, Video game, Video game crash of 1983, Video game console, Video Pinball, William Cheung, William Higinbotham, Wing Chun, WingTsun, Yip Man.

Other
I was interviewed as a featured editor in the January 5th issue of the WikiProject Video Games Newsletter.

Personal Wiki-Info

title: User:Wgungfu


text:
Mission Mercal

Mission Mercal, officially launched on 24 April 2003 is a Bolivarian Mission established in Venezuela under the government of Hugo Chávez. The Mission involves a state-run company called Mercados de Alimentos, C.A. (MERCAL), which provides subsidised food and basic goods through a nationwide chain of stores.

Mission Mercal stores and cooperatives are mostly located in impoverished areas and sell generic-branded foods at discounts as great as 50%. While the company is heavily funded by the government, the goal was to become self-sufficient by replacing food imports with products from local farmers, small businesses, and cooperatives (many of whom have received microcredits from Mercal).

Since at least 2014, customers have said that there is a lack of products in Mercal stores and that items available at these stores change constantly. Some customers complained about rationing being enforced at Mercal stores due to the lack of products.

History
On 25 April 2003 broadcast of the television show Aló Presidente, Chávez expressed his outrage at Venezuela's lack of food sovereignty, and Mission Mercal was officially launched on 24 April.

In 2006 some 11.36 million Venezuelans benefited from Mercal food programs on a regular basis. At least 14,208 Mission Mercal food distribution sites were spread throughout Venezuela, and 4,543 metric tons of food distributed each day.

In 2010 Mercal was reported as having 16,600 outlets, "ranging from street-corner shops to huge warehouse stores," in addition to 6000 soup kitchens. Mercal employs 85,000 workers.

Food and discounts offered
Victuals offered by Mission Mercal include everything from meat and dairy (including powdered milk and cheese), to fresh produce, preserved foodstuffs, grains and cereals, fruits, vegetable oils, and mineral salts. These goods are offered in Mercal-affiliated establishments at discounts averaging between 25% and 50%.

Shortages
Since at least 2014, shortages have affected Mercal stores. Customers have waited in long lines for discounted products and there has been a lack of products in Mercal stores and that items available at the stores change constantly. Customers also complained about rationing being enforced at Mercal stores due to the lack of products. In some cases, protests have occurred due to the shortages in stores.

title: Mission Mercal


text:
Talk:Warren Tufts

POV problems
This doesn't seem completely neutral. Any comments? Sillstaw 23:43, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed; phrases like "stupidity of United Features Syndicate" aren't exactly a cornerstone of neutrality... I think I fixed that, though. Does it look better now? -- Captain Disdain 01:44, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Date of Death?
The article originally calls Tufts' year of death as 1979. However, a bunch of online sources (including Don Massktein's Toonopedia) call it as 1982. I couldn't really nail that down. I decided to leave it as 1979 simply because the reference mentioned in the article, Warren Tufts Retrospective, is apparently from 1980 and if he had still been alive at the time, I kinda doubt there'd be a retrospective on him... Still, I'd love to get a confirmation on that. Any assistance from someone who's actually familiar with Tufts and his work (I regret to say that I'm not; I'm going on what I can dig up with Google here) would be most welcome. -- Captain Disdain 01:44, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * the page at lambiek.net note this discrepency about his death. emb021 21 June 2006

 * A search on the Social Security Death Index confirms Tufts' date of death as 1982, which dovetails better with other sources. (Also, that his given name was "Chester.") Furthermore, the Who's Who index gives his death as 1982. I've corrected the entry to reflect that. -- stoshmaster (talk) 00:54, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warren Tufts


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Sinéad Morrissey

Sinéad Morrissey (born 24 April 1972 in Portadown, County Armagh ) is a Northern Irish poet. In January 2014 she won the T. S. Eliot Prize for her fifth collection Parallax and in 2017 she won the Forward Prize for Poetry for her sixth collection On Balance.

Life
Raised in Belfast, she was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where she took BA and PhD degrees. After periods living in Japan and New Zealand she now lives in Newcastle. She was appointed writer-in-residence and then Reader in Creative Writing followed by Professor of Creative Writing at Queen's University, Belfast, where she was also assistant director of the Seamus Heaney Centre. In 2016 she was appointed Professor of Creative Writing at the University of Newcastle. Morrissey has two children.

Works
She has published six collections of poetry: There Was Fire in Vancouver (1996), Between Here and There (2001), The State of the Prisons (2005), Through the Square Window (2009), and Parallax (2013), the second, third and fourth of which were shortlisted for the T. S. Eliot Prize. In 2017 she published her sixth collection On Balance, which was awarded the Forward Prize for Poetry.

Awards
She won the Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award in 1990. Her collection, The State of the Prisons, was shortlisted for the Poetry Now Award in 2006. The same collection won the Michael Hartnett Poetry Prize in 2005. In November 2007, she received a Lannan Foundation Fellowship for "distinctive literary merit and for demonstrating potential for continued outstanding work". Her poem "Through the Square Window" won first prize in the 2007 British National Poetry Competition. Her collection, Through the Square Window, won the Poetry Now Award for 2010.

In January 2014 Morrissey won the T.S. Eliot Prize for her fifth collection Parallax. The chair of the judging panel, Ian Duhig, remarked that the collection was 'politically, historically and personally ambitious, expressed in beautifully turned language, her book is as many-angled and any-angled as its title suggests.'

In September 2017 Morrissey's sixth collection On Balance was awarded the Forward Poetry Prize for Best Collection. In 2019 she was a contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue between East and West (Gingko Library).

Pamphlets and Limited Editions

 * The Italian Chapel - (Metal engravings by Maribel Mas. Published by Andrew J Moorhouse, Fine Press Poetry, 2019)

title: Sinéad Morrissey


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Mirzadeh Eshghi

Sayed Mohammad Reza Kordestani (December 11, 1894 – July 3, 1924) was an Iranian political writer and poet who used the pen name Mirzadeh Eshghi.

Biography
He was born in Hamadan, the son of Hajj Sayed Abolghasam Kordestani; he learned French in the Ecole d'Alliance, and moved to Istanbul for a while. He is particularly famous for writing the opera Rastakhiz Shahryaran (Resurrection of the kings), which was a reflection of his patriotic spirit.

After returning to Iran and spending time with his family in Tehran, he published newspapers in which he fiercely attacked the political system of Iran. He is remembered for writing six plays; his Noruz nameh is particularly famous. He also published a paper called Twentieth Century and predicted his early death repeatedly.

Death
Eshghi was murdered by two unknown gunmen in his house in Tehran. He was buried in Ibn Babawayh Cemetery in Shahr-e Ray, near Tehran.

Works

 * Plays
 * Operay-e-Rastakhiz-e-Mehr-e-Yaran (Written in Istanbul)
 * Kafan-e-Siah or Black Shroud (Written in Tehran)
 * Resurrected Iranian Kings (Written in Istanbul)

title: Mirzadeh Eshghi


text: User talk:69.22.27.229

title: User talk:69.22.27.229


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Talk:Karl W. Richter

Articles for Deletion debate
This article survived an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 23:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karl W. Richter


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Infanta Antónia of Portugal

Infanta Antónia of Portugal (or of Braganza; ; Antónia Maria Fernanda Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Francisca de Assis Ana Gonzaga Silvéria Júlia Augusta de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragança; 17 February 1845 – 27 December 1913) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) of the House of Braganza, daughter of Queen Maria II of Portugal and her King consort Ferdinand II of Portugal. Through her father, she also held the titles of Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess of Saxony.

Life
Antónia was born in 1845 at the Palace of Belém, she was the sixth child of twelve, and the third girl. She married Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen on 12 September 1861. They had three sons;
 * William (1864–1927), who succeeded as Prince of Hohenzollern; married (1) Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (2) Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria
 * Ferdinand (1865–1927), later King of Romania; married Princess Marie of Edinburgh
 * Karl Anton (1868–1919), married Princess Josephine Caroline of Belgium

Princess Marie of Edinburgh, her daughter-in-law, described her appearance in her memoirs: "'Antonia, or Antoinette, had been one of the great beauties of her time; one of those old-fashioned, classic-featured beauties, whom one associates with the crinoline. Her profile was Grecian, her shoulders sloping, her hands long and delicate, her feet very small and useless. But her figure somehow could not fit in with the clothes of the day, there was a disproportion between the bust and the legs. The crinoline was missing. Superbly aristocratic, she moved slowly with a curious swinging of the hips. She loved fine clothes and jewels and, though leading almost an invalid's life, was always very smartly dressed.' Later, Marie also wrote on their complicated relationship and views on her mother-in-law's character: 'She was a curious mixture of dignity and childish futility, vain, self-centered, small in her judgements of others. [...] She lived so protected, so out of the world, hedged in by her Church, nursing her delicate health, everybody serving her, spoiling her, she was more like an exigent child than a woman who had lived a real woman's life. [..] I really think she liked me then, but there was also something else in this; I was to be shown off as a favourite to spite Mädi, her eldest daughter-in-law.'"Antónia of Braganza died in the German Empire in 1913.

Honours and awards

 * Kingdom of Portugal:
 * Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel
 * Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
 * Kingdom of Prussia:
 * Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division
 * Cross of Merit for Women and Girls, 26 June 1871
 * Austria-Hungary: Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross, 1st Class
 * Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
 * Kingdom of Romania: Dame of the Decoration of the Cross of Queen Elisabeth
 * undefined: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 23 October 1855

title: Infanta Antónia of Portugal


text: User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 9

title: User:Titoxd/UserPage/Affil 9


text: User talk:Henderson1@aol.com

title: User talk:Henderson1@aol.com


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File:Annamillersart.jpg

Summary
Official artwork for Anna Miller's, featuring the trademark uniform.

title: File:Annamillersart.jpg


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Category:Rail transport in India

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Rail transport in India


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Talk:Vladimir Bukovsky

Untitled
I noticed that there is some discrepancy in the dates (esp. around 1965) between En & Ru editions. Some of this could stem from diff dates of arrest v. official incarceration. In any case, any help reconciling is appreciated. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 23:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Bukovsky's passport
There are was a lot of misinformation around Bukovsly. Even among supporters there was some miscoordination. Perhaps, now they are coordinated better: in the movie, one shows the Bukovsky's passport. He is cityzen of Russia. I go to cite it correctly. Then, let us discuss it here. The movie is in Russian. If you have any English references, please, give them.dima 09:43, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

The 2008 presidential campaign section
I have some questions about this change. I believe some of these questions also apply to other editors who favor giving reviews of "discussions in blogs and political websites". It appears that Wikipedia policies give little weight (authority) to such sources, so I'd rather remove speculations and leave only references to statements by government bodies, media, as well as by Bukovsky's initiative group.

1. The new version no longer mentions the refutation of pro-government media's claims of Bukovsky's falling out of the presidential race. The refutation was issued by the initiative group and therefore I consider it important for the article.

2. The argument stating that Lebed did not violate the government's interpretation of Constitution does not cite its source.

3. The word "registered" in the sentence on the number of participants in the Bukovsky's support group was replaced with "required". Was that an intentional change?

4. The reasons of refusing Bukovsky's application for the 2008 presidential race by the Central Election Committee do not cite their source. The reasons are given without quotation marks that serve as a boundary between an authoritative source and its interpretation by Wikipedia editors. The only reference to a pro-government news agency provides a mix-up and distortion of different events: (a) application to the Russian Constitutional Court by Kara-Murza Jr. about the consistency of the ban on being elected into representative bodies when having an extra citizenship and/or permanent residence; (b) the decision of the Central Election Committee on Bukovsky's application. It is worth noting that the Election Committee's decision came 3 days after the publication in RIA Novosti. (See Bukovsky's lawyer's statement and its computer translation |en&u=http://bukovsky2008.ucoz.ru/news/2007-12-22-45).

5. The word "eligible" was probaby misspelled in the new version.

6. The new argument attributed to anonymous "some" says that Russian Consitution forbids dual-citizenship holders from being elected. This is not true. There are only 2 categories of citizens who lose the right of being elected, according to Constitution: imprisoned and incapacitated. The author of this anonymous statement could mix up the 2006 federal law amendment preventing holders of extra citizenship from being elected as a president.

7. The previous versions' attribution of the requirement of residing _preceding_ 10 years to Constitution is also invalid. The Constitution does not specify the time frame for the 10 year residence requirement.

I don't mean to wipe out arguments such as (6) and (7) from the article. I'd like to see them attributed to persons issuing such statements. Without authoritative sources, these statements look like original research.

ilgiz (talk) 20:07, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed the judicial arguments altogether as I think they are of little weight. If someone wants to re-add them, I'd suggest to link CEC's, Supreme Court's decisions and Initiative group's statements rather than blogs.ilgiz (talk) 08:05, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Bukovsky lies !!!
In a speech at the CATO Institude (http://www.cato.org/event.php?eventid=6505) he says at 23:37 : "... So, as a result of it (he refes to some EU-Regulation) they collect our garbage only once in two weeks and they refuse to do it once a week. In the summer, as a result of it, the bags are piling up, the rats are multiplying, the stench in cities is incredible ...."

Now, I am a German born in 1948 in Ulm and lived there and in Stuttgart (both southern Germany). All I know is, and this includes my childhod, that the garbage always was collected once a week. Never every two weeks as Bukovsky claims ! There are no bags piling up either and consquently there is no stench. Have not seen a rat either.

So, I know from own experience that what he says here is plain and simple false ! And he says it on the lectern at CATO !!!

Now, how can one assume that either his other remarks or for that matter the other stuff at CATO is not similarily false ? 79.210.51.64 (talk) 20:06, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Please limit the discussion to representing reliable sources and their interpretation in the article. Talk pages do fall under the WP:BLP limitations that, I believe, guard Wikimedia against defamation suits.  If you want to point to a contradiction, find a reliable source contradicting the primary source you presented.  The words you disputed find support in a Telegraph article Green light given to empty bins every 2 weeks of March 16, 2007,
 * "'Ministers and council chiefs want authorities across the country to follow suit to meet European Union green targets'."
 * --ilgiz (talk) 22:37, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Bukovsky Speaks the Truth
I was amazed to see the use of the word "alleged" in the following External Links item: "Voices of Dissent An expose film of alleged human rights abuse presented by Vladimir Bukovsky (2006)".

So now the KGB must be given the benefit of the doubt, not only during the period that the Kremlin's police did its (mis)deeds, but even 21 years (!) after the Soviet Union collapsed?!

In light of the — continued — whitening of the KGB, along with charges of Bukovsky lying, no wonder Pajamas Media published an article (The Greatest Subversive of Our Times by Michael Ledeen, 29 December 2012) speaking of the times that Vladimir Bukovsky "was subjected to the KGB’s infamous psychological and biochemical torments during his years in prison and the camps." And you still believe that "alleged" belongs in the description of that exposé film?!

Then, of course, it's easier to understand when one learns that the Russian cannot get certain books published in the West because they reveal Soviet support of Western leftists [go to www freerepublic com /focus/f-news/536808/posts — a direct redirect link being impossible on this page because a conservative internet forum is… blacklisted by… Wikipedia!!] ("Vladimir Bukovsky has written a richly detailed, heavily documented account of how the Soviet Union aided Palestinian militants, Latin American revolutionaries, and even America's Black Panther movement. Based on materials unearthed in Russian archives, 'Judgment in Moscow' also discloses Moscow's clandestine efforts to manipulate public opinion throughout the West."). Asteriks (talk) 13:34, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Being Russian myself, I have read some of the works by Bukovsky and most of his interviews. It is hard to say whether he lied there or not. More striking is another point: Bukovsky admitted that he always disliked the country he lived in, at least since he was 15 years old, and wanted to do as much damage to it as possible – not in the name of Russia, but “for himself”. As a boy, he was expelled from school for disorderly conduct in 1959, then started spreading anti-Soviet agitation and tried to organise protest demonstrations on every occasion. He said that, being obsessed with the idea of damaging the Soviet state, he could not live as an ordinary free man for more than a year, without provoking the government and getting arrested for this or that reason. He knew it wouldn’t change anything, yet he was banging his head against the wall again and again, like a fanatic. It is therefore not surprising that Bukovsky was sent to a psychiatric institution – paranoid persistence has always been a characteristic feature of Russian dissidents. In Russia, there is a popular saying: “Уничтожение карательной психиатрии лишило российских диссидентов, правозащитников и демократов даже надежды на квалифицированную медицинскую помощь” (The destruction of punitive psychiatry deprived Russian dissidents, human rights activists and democrats of the last hope of qualified medical care). Another feature is ‘Red Scare’ paranoia: a belief that Communists are hiding under every bed trying to assassinate this or that person, including the paranoid dissident himself, and that Communism is making a comeback of some sort.

For example, notorious Romanian dissident Ion Mihai Pacepa has claimed that the USSR/Russian Federation supported Islamic terrorism and carried out 9/11 attacks, that all protests against the invasion of Iraq in 2003 were funded by Russia, that the mythical Iraqi WMD were hidden or destroyed by Russian agents, etc. – a typical clinical picture of a behaviour disorder. That is the reason why we shouldn't trust everything that comes out of their mouths. The late Soviet Union was, no doubt, an authoritarian state which suppressed those who violated the public peace and called for the overthrow of the regime. But the suppression was not brutal – in accordance with the slogan “fight for every man”, the government tried to take preventive measures to persuade dissidents and saw coercion and arrest as extreme measures. For example, KGB operatives had prescriptions to enter into “explanatory conversations” with anti-Soviet activists. So, to be jailed in the USSR, you had to ignore all warnings and continually break the law.

As for the Soviet support for the Arab people of Palestine in its struggle against the Israeli occupation, for Communist parties of other countries as well as for numerous "third world" countries – it was a norm for the Soviet Union and definitely not a secret of any sort. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eriba-Marduk (talk • contribs) 12:22, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

The Russian who provides the commentary above should sign the above contribution with some name, either a real name or the usual Wiki pseudonym.

So far as I understand Bukovsky did not hate his country - a common accusation against dissidents - but hated what had been done to his country under the Communist regime. As an indirect proof of that statement he was one of a small group that includes Solzhenitsyn and 3 or 4 others who were physically deported from the country against their will. The majority of other opponents of the Soviet authorities were pressured into leaving but not actually escorted to a plane leaving the USSR in handcuffs.

Much of Bukovsky's writing takes a strongly polemical form. It is mistaken and misleading, however, to identify him with the supposed views of Ion Pacepa. The text which provides not just polemic and argument, but also a substantial amount of evidence from classified Central Committee and KGB documents is Judgment in Moscow, which has long been available in French (1995), Russian (1996) and Polish (1999). There are also the online Bukovsky Archives themselves (see http://bukovsky-archives.net)if anyone doubts Bukovsky's assertion that the members of the ruling Politburo and Central Committee of the CPSU acted in a consistently cynical and amoral fashion towards the outside world and towards ordinary people in the USSR. Voronov (talk) 03:48, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

Diana West Controversy
In his comments in defense of Diana West's book American Betrayal that wildly accuses the FDR administration of being wholly co-opted by the Soviet Union, Bukovsky expands on her notion that modern liberalism and social democracy is at the heart of the menace that the Cold War was about, not curtailing the military aggression of a totalitarian superpower, and that those who failed to engage in "rollback" were cowards and quislings, as opposed to responsible leaders who combined caution and prudence with firmness and resolution in seeking to check this menace while avoiding the prospect of nuclear war.

More significantly, Bukovsky makes clear that it is not so much democracy, but an idealized version of 19th Century laissez faire capitalism, in reality an inequitable system that caused countless misery to so many working class people, that is his main preoccupation, trying to suggest that the social welfare program of liberals, socialists and the labor movement was somehow the creation of Bolshevism or the heart of what it was about or that it is somehow inextricably linked, unlike the tyranny of free marketeers like Pinochet, with dictatorial methods and repression.

Thus the long dead spectre of Stalinist hegemony is used in an attempt to demagogically smear all liberals, progressives and moderates, going so far as to characterize current Western leaders as "closet Marxists and Mensheviks" without offering any evidence to support that assertion or to explain how that somehow translates into totalitarianism. Ironically, as most school children know, Mensheviks were traditional social democrats, who like Karl Kautsky, were bitter opponents of the Bolsheviks and communism as were most liberals and socialists. Moreover, it is highly doubtful that a liberal democrat like Vaclav Havel, who Bukovsky embraces, would agree with such ultra-reactionary views. The late Tony Judt, (author of the acclaimed Postwar (book)), and Timothy Snyder unpack these issues in their recent book Thinking the Twentieth Century. It is disappointing to see such a knee jerk, demagogic and historically ignorant commentary coming from Mr. Bukovsky.

Child Pornography Charges
I remove information about pornografy- Bukovsky, because this is not improved by court. Dissident N 1 in Russia ,Mr Bukovsky,in past was accused by KGB tens time in different-as spy, terrorism, anti soviet propaganda, ets. So, without juristical confirmation of court- it is next provocation of KGB- FSB.

Even Russian Wikipedia not published this KGB crab/rubbish/

I remained you, that Mr Bukovsky was direct enemy of Andropov/teacher of Mr putin/ I remind you, that Mr Bukovsky- former candidate in presidency of Russia - so concurent of Mr putin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zasdcxz (talk • contribs) 17:40, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Lets keep at this way for a moment. Very little is known about the nature of those charges yet and we have WP:BLP policy against poorly sourced negative information about living people. The story seems to be dormant for some time, if it would die without going to a court, we probably should not have it in the article. And yes taking into account Bukovsky's biography a provocation by Russian government as well as British political correctness gone mad can be a real possibility Alex Bakharev (talk) 01:03, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

I agree with the decision to remove link (especially to the newspaper concerned), but would counsel that it is not safe or wise to compare the UK and Russian systems of investgation and prosecution. The charges in this case are specified in more detail on the website of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS).

Given the appalling historic cases of child abuse that have come to light in the UK, leading to the prosecution of a variety of TV and popular music celebrities and their just conviction and imprisonment (the entertainer Rolf Harris, for example) the CPS must investigate if there is evidence; it cannot be seen to show favouritism, especially to those with high-up connections - for this see the Wikipedia entry on the late Sir Jimmy Saville and his links to Mrs Thatcher and to royalty.

How the evidence the CPS have in this case was produced, and how it came to the notice of the prosecution service, is another matter. UK media have, with one exception, been very restrained and tactful in their reporting of what seems likely to have been a well-calculated smear campaign (what could cause greater revulsion than such allegations?) by the FSB or its affiliates.

Of course, Bukovsky was regularly defamed in the Soviet era, and this did not change when he was forced to move abroad: allegations were circulated in the 1980s, for instance, that the "terrorist" Bukovsky organised the killing of US journalist Jessica Savitch. John Crowfoot (talk) 01:57, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Here's Bukovsky's response to these allegations: he's suing the Crown Prosecution Service for libel. I feel this is worth noting in the article somewhere, but I'll leave it to others to decide exactly where. Robofish (talk) 23:03, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

I think you're right Robofish. Bukovsky and his advisers, legal and otherwise, have now decided to fight back in a high-profile move (please note, Zasdcxz) challenging the prosecutors, their allegations and the investigation on which these were based.

This means that both the allegations — as detailed on the CPS website, NOT as summarised, retold, interpreted and / or distorted by any UK or Russian media report — and the details of the new High Court writ should be added to the website. I've put both in the "Health" section since, biographically speaking, the two have been intertwined ever since April this year. John Crowfoot (talk) 10:58, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I feel this section now provides too much detail and should be summarized more briefly. The case is currently "suspended" and so far did not officially result in anything. In addition, on controversial matters one should relay on best quality secondary sources, such as this NYT publication as opposed to relying on interviews (primary sources), etc. My very best wishes (talk) 18:16, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

 * So, that NYT article cast doubts on the accusations. Indeed, years have passed, and there is no any new information about it whatsoever. There was no courts, no investigations, no official statements, nothing. Based on that, I would rather remove this content as undue in the overall context of biography of Vladimir Bukovsky. This is not something he is known for. Rather, they are potentially fabricated charges. My very best wishes (talk) 00:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * However, after looking at this and at the discussion above, I decided to keep this story in the body of the page, but shorten it by using more recent sources which summarize better this controversy. My very best wishes (talk) 16:17, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The United Kingdom charged him with child pornography, and the article has stated this for a long time. If you think the government of the United Kingdom is, in your words, making "potentially fabricated charges" against pedophiles and child pornographers, then you can mention that in the article but you're not going to censor people from knowing those charges happened.  Minimax Regret (talk) 15:51, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

Intro
The lede needs to be tweaked; it's confusing to the general reader who is quickly perusing because the first sentence uses the verb "was", which is appropriate if the bio subject is deceased. And Bukovsky is still a Russian dissident, albeit living in western Europe for several decades. Evenrød (talk) 00:48, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

Agreed, Evenrød. I've rewritten the introductory sentence to emphasise Bukovsky's active and ongoing opposition after his expulsion from the USSR in 1976. And he's become more than just a Russian dissident or oppositionist. As a later section title suggests, Bukovsky has proved a thorn in the side of every establishment and tribal form of politics. He has been a maverick in the West, criticising the pro-EU consensus, but also confounding his US neo-con "allies" by coming out against the use of water-boarding and similar "interrogation" techniques in Iraq and elsewhere. John Crowfoot (talk) 11:05, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Quality of this article
Six months (?) ago this was a rather scrappy, uneven article with many gaps and not very well-written. Re-reading it for the first time in quite a few weeks I am impressed with our collective efforts and think that Wikipedia should considering giving the Bukovsky entry a quality award or ranking -- if any (either) of you know how that is done. John Crowfoot (talk) 06:15, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree. I believe the article meets at least good article criteria and would like to nominate it as per WP:GAI, if there are no objections to this. -- Nkrita (talk) 19:54, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

 * On the page for GA nominees you may be told to remove the list of Bukovsky's publications as long and worthless from the wikiarticle. Then would you like to see the list of his publications or the GA sign (Symbol support vote.svg) in the wikiarticle? I would like to see the list of his publications rather than the GA sign. The GA sign would add nothing to the wikiarticle. Psychiatrick (talk) 23:23, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I think a review process for GA status would only help this article. Of course, I don't want to force it.
 * As for the list: I don't think its existence is a problem. What might be raised for GA is its scope. It would indeed be more appropriate and in accordance with the MOS to have a bibliography here. At the moment it looks like it is starting to become a necessarily incomplete directory of works involving Bukovsky, including interviews, radio appearances and translations e.g. into Polish. -- Nkrita (talk) 15:43, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * OK. I do not mind your nominating the wikiarticle for GA status. Please during the review process try to keep as much information as possible in the wikiarticle. Psychiatrick (talk) 22:38, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Great to hear. Since there are no other major objections, I have nominated the article now. I agree we should keep as much information as possible, and I will/we should keep an eye on that during the review process. Nkrita (talk) 13:09, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * By the way, I just took a look at the other good article nominees. The article for Carlos Castaneda has a classic bibliography; but then it also links to a separate article called Carlos Castaneda bibliography. If removal is a concern, maybe this is something to consider doing with this article as well. Nkrita (talk) 13:17, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

All interesting considerations. I leave it to you gents to set the process in motion. I think a linked bibliography that retains everything is definitely an option. As I looked through the latest list of books, and articles (and interviews?) I began to feel just a bit overwhelmed by all the detail—my preceding August comment notwithstanding!John Crowfoot (talk) 07:12, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

Adding new Chronicle references to Notes
In the section on Psychiatric Abuse I have added several new notes (from note 32 to 37) with hyperlinnks to the Chronicle.

Can someone edit these so they come in the part of the end notes that is reserved for CCE alone. Thanks! John Crowfoot (talk) 07:08, 17 December 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Psychiatrick (talk) 01:10, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Adding CCE refs for those mentioned in Bukovsky's 1971 letter about psychiatric abuse
I have now added in references to articles in the Chronicle of Current Events for almost all of those listed by Bukovsky in his 1971 appeal to Western psychiatrists.

Can one of you, as before, "segregate" these footnotes to the Chronicle section? Thanks!

John Crowfoot (talk) 04:20, 31 December 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Psychiatrick (talk) 01:10, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Intro
I am adding to the intro that Bukovsky spent twelve years in prisons, labor camps, and psychiatric hospitals. That is the first sentence appearing on the dusk jacket of his autobiography, Vladimir Bukovsky: To Build a Castle, My Life as a Dissenter. That fact, above all else, is what jumps out about his life. It also differentiates Bukovsky from other activists that penetrate our consciousness from different spheres. I think that it's not uncommon for general readers to read intros/ledes and then skim through the body of an article. I don't think that the section, "A brief overview" would need to be edited for redundancy because it gives a succinct breakdown of the years, etc.

One other thing, yes, Bukovsky is known for bringing awareness to State-use of psychiatry as a tool of oppression, but he is just as known for, including the thesis of his autobiography, to his vehement opposition to Soviet communism. Evenrød (talk) 07:33, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

From his autobiography: "Vladimir Bukovsky has spent twelve of his thirty-five years - over half his adult life - in prisons, labour camps and psychiatric hospitals." Evenrød (talk) 18:29, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Hey, I had changed the lead earlier and must have missed this talk page entry. The twelve years info was part of a proposal for a "Did You Know" blurb, and some reviewers mentioned that it was unclear where that tally came from. I am guessing this includes pre-trial detentions etc.? In any case, now the DYK blurb does not mention specific years anymore. Which edition is it? Let's reinsert it as a sourced statement. – Nkrita (talk) 18:44, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks Nkrita - it's the British edition. Vladimir Bukovsky: To Build a Castle, My Life as a Dissenter; Translated from the Russian by Michael Scammell; publisher: Andre Deutsch, London; 1978. Evenrød (talk) 19:28, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't have access to this edition, but I found the same figure in the 2009 biographical article in Slavonic and East Europ. Review and have added that one as a source. Probably better than quoting a dust jacket anyhow. – Nkrita (talk) 19:54, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Modifying the now lengthy bibliography
The bibliography of the pamphlets written, the interviews given, and the books and articles published by Bukovsky since the 1970s is now equal in length to the textual part of this entry.

There is also a multiplicity of different languages.

For the ease of readers consulting this part of the entry, I have begun to simplify this section by limiting it to publications in English with a few that have only appeared (in recent years) in Russian. The other articles, pamphlets, interviews in other languages are in the process of being moved to a different section.

Ideally, anyone who curates the French, Italian, Spanish and, of course, Russian versions of the Bukovsky entry on Wikipedia could help greatly with this process.

I hope there are no objections. This seems a sensible way to make the information more accessible and manageable.

John Crowfoot (talk) 17:00, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

 * John Crowfoot, why not to use templates, , , to put the cited sources in better order? I guess I did my best by using the templates because they were created for using. In addition, they included links to websites containing articles and interviews by Bukovsky. Let's restore the links. Psychiatrick (talk) 04:48, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Fine by me! I was just trying "to see the wood for the trees", and there was an awful lot of growth since last I looked. I'm not very accustomed to the templates and they don't jibe in all respects with the way I was taught to give references (in 1970s and 1980s!). Can you mend those links, Psychiatrick? (Hope that does not make too much work for you.)

 * It's very striking from these lists how Western interest in what VKB has to say about the USSR and post-Soviet Russia waxes and wanes. A useful indicator, I think! John Crowfoot (talk) 07:55, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I have added the templates and mended those links (see). Psychiatrick (talk) 08:13, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

 * May I again suggest moving the big list to an article called Vladimir Bukovsky bibliography (cf. articles like Richard Dawkins bibliography and other pages like that). This could be the place for interviews, translations into languages other than English, minor articles, associated works etc. It would free up space in this article for a "Bibliography" (books and notable articles authored by Bukovsky) and a reasonably slim "further reading" section. Nkrita (talk) 14:54, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * In the absence of comments, I have gone ahead and moved it to Vladimir Bukovsky bibliography. It is now linked it from the main article with a "Main" hatnote.– Nkrita (talk) 16:18, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

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Reduce introductory section by cutting paragraphs two and three
I have just been correcting statements in these paragraphs and begin to wonder if they are really necessary. The detail behind each is more fully, accurately and comprehensibly described in an easily located section below (2.1 Mayakovsky Square, 2.2 Glasnost Rally, 2.3. The Right to Protest) - so what do they add, if anything?

The sooner people can see the Contents, it seems to me, the quicker they will find an accurate account of the events they are seeking.

John Crowfoot (talk) 16:30, 1 June 2016 (UTC)

 * The lead should probably say a few words about the episode with the psychiatric imprisonment documents, given its importance for Bukovsky's biography and its wider historical significance. (WP:LEAD I think correctly suggests that many readers will only read this section). How about cutting paragraph two and shortening paragraph three? – Nkrita (talk) 17:46, 1 June 2016 (UTC)

/* Further reading */ sorting items by period
A large number of articles have now accumulated here and I think it would be more helpful to those consulting this page if they were sorted by year, or grouped in periods relating to Vladimir Bukovsky's life, rather than by author surname.

I shall attempt to do this and let us see if it works better for those seeking particular items or subjects.

John Crowfoot (talk) 08:44, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

Dutch contribution to Bukovsky's deportation
A sizable section of text, now reduced and partially edited, has been added about the Dutch campaign for Bukovsky's release. It presently has two defects.

One, there is no indication of a source for this interesting description. It contained one surprising factual error, now removed, suggesting that Bukovsky was imprisoned in Siberia. During this period of imprisonment he was being held not in a penal colony but in Vladimir Prison in Central Russia.

Two, it may mislaid readers into thinking the Dutch campaign was the only form of sustained protest in the West about the treatment of Vladimir Bukovsky. On the contrary, there were people in many countries, especially in academic circles (some linked to professional psychiatric organisations), who were protesting and writing him letters after his imprisonment in 1972.

John Crowfoot (talk) 02:19, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

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Fix citation?
Currently Footnote 16 has an error in it:

Boobbyer, Richard (July 2009). "Vladimir Bukovskii and Soviet Communism". The Slavonic and East European Review. 87 (3): 452–487. JSTOR 40650408.

His name is actually Philip Boobbyer (see: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650408?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents)

I see this source is cited multiple times in the piece, and I cannot figure out how to edit that reference. Could somebody fix it for me? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.148.20.2 (talk) 16:02, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

Nationality and citizenship
I don't know how US citizens distinguish between these two categories. In the Soviet Union there was a line in the internal passport or ID document that listed the individual's nationality, e.g. Russian, Tatar, Jewish, Ukrainian.

In the case of Bukovsky he was, so far as I know, of Russian ethnicity but through force of circumstance changed his citizenship three times: Soviet to Russian to British -- the first two running consecutively, the latter concurrent with both. The corresponding years are now clearly entered in the side-bar summary of his life.

John Crowfoot aka Rustat99 (talk) 19:45, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Good point. I fixed it per WP:INFONAT, but another contributor reverted it, without even looking. My very best wishes (talk) 01:57, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Given no objections on this talk page from anyone, I implemented this change and a few others per discussion on this page above. My very best wishes (talk) 16:15, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vladimir Bukovsky


text:
Elene Akhvlediani

Elene Akhvlediani (ელენე ახვლედიანი) (April 5, 1898 in Telavi – December 30, 1975 in Tbilisi) was a 20th-century Georgian painter, graphic artist, and theater decorator. Akhvlediani is famous for her depictions of Georgian towns, for her illustrations for the works of Ilia Chavchavadze and Vazha-Pshavela, and for designing plays in the Marjanishvili Theater in Tbilisi, Georgia.

She received her education Tbilisi N. Skliphosofsky Art Studio. She traveled to Moscow and got impressed by Vrubel’s paintings. In 1919 she participated in Georgian artists exhibition. In 1921 continues studies at Tbilisi Art Academy in G. Gabashvili class. In 1922 she left for Italy for further studies and traveled to Rome, Milan, Florence and Venice for 6 months. In 1924, Akhvlediani began studying at Académie Colarossi in Paris, where her main field of work – urban landscapes – elaborated. By this time she made the whole series of Parisian views. It is also in Paris that a big graphic series of her up till now less known Nude is created. Obviously, she never returned to it back in Soviet Georgia.

Like her avant-garde colleague Lado Gudiashvili, Akhvlediani faced persecution under Stalin but was widely celebrated by the 1970s. Her landscapes of Old Tbilisi, in particular, were embraced during the late Soviet period's revival of interest in urban folk culture. Akhvlediani appears as herself (alongside Lado Gudiashvili) in Temur Palavandishvili's 1973 film Mze Shemodgomisa (Autumn Sun), in which a stifled artist moves to Ortachala from his sterile postwar flat and finds inspiration in the city's historic architecture. To this day, many painters of Old Tbilisi buildings wittingly or unwittingly emulate Akhvlediani's style.

title: Elene Akhvlediani


text: User talk:68.47.125.219

title: User talk:68.47.125.219


text:
User:Gement/Playground

The Playground
It's my party, and I'll format if I want to. My reading of the help pages implies that this will be considered a sandbox zone, thus not a problem. If it is, well, I'll find out soon.

It would help...
If I had something to say. Since I don't, I'll just blather on about matters of consequence or possibly my school.

A second line of that
Because the Gremlins told me to do it. I wasn't allowed to watch that movie until I was too old to want to, due to parental censorship. Such is life.

And yet a third line
Because my English teachers always taught me that if you don't have three statements to back your topic sentence, you don't have a paragraph. They were wrong, of course...

Perhaps a fourth

 * Because I'm just that stubborn
 * Because the alternative is unthinkable
 * Because it's almost suppertime
 * Because pants are funny
 * Because I really wanted to see list behavior.

title: User:Gement/Playground


text:
Letohrad

Letohrad (until 1950 Kyšperk; Geiersberg) is a town in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,400 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Červená, Kunčice and Orlice are administrative parts of Letohrad.

Etymology
The original German name Geiersberg meant "vulture's mountain" and the Czech name Kynšperk was created by its transcription. The modern name Letohrad was created by amalgamation of the words letovisko (meaning 'summer resort') and hradisko (meaning 'gord').

Geography
Letohrad is located about 10 km northeast of Ústí nad Orlicí and 50 km east of Pardubice. It lies in the Orlické Foothills. The highest point is at 545 m above sea level. The Tichá Orlice River flows through the town.

History
The first written mention of Kyšperk Castle, a predecessor of the settlement, is from 1308 when it was mentioned in Zbraslav chronicles. It was founded by the Lords of Žampach in the 13th century. Existence of the castle was last mentioned in 1419. In 1513, the town of Kyšperk was first mentioned. It was probably founded much earlier as a settlement beneath the castle, but it had the same owner all the time and there was no reason to create records.

The town experienced a rapid development in the 17th century, when the estate was owned by the Vitanovský of Vlčkovice family. During the rule of Hynek Jetřich Vitanovský of Vlčkovice, Kyšperk greatly improved its state: he had rebuilt the original fortress into a Baroque castle, had built a castle chapel which later became the Church of Saint Wenceslaus, handcraftsmen were allowed to establish guilds, and a hospital for poor and old people was founded.

The large fire from 1824 burned down 76 houses. In 1874 a railway crossed Kyšperk, starting the growth of the textile industry. After World War II, Kyšperk turned into a modern town with a major electrotechnical industry.

In 1950, the municipalities of Kyšperk, Orlice, Kunčice and Rotnek were merged. The new municipality was named Letohrad. Kyšperk was renamed Letohrad and Rotnek was renamed Červená. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the historical centre of the town was renovated.

Economy
The OEZ company, manufacturer of circuit breakers, fuses and other wiring equipment, is the largest employer in the town.

Transport
Letohrad is located on the railway line Ústí nad Orlicí–Moravský Karlov. It is also the terminus and start of a line from/to Hradec Králové.

Sport
Letohrad is known for its biathlon club, from which several national representatives and Olympic medalists come. There is a ski resort in Kunčice.

The town's football club FK OEZ Letohrad plays in the lower amateur tiers.

Sights
The historical centre is formed by Václavské Square with preserved Baroque burgher houses, the Church of Saint Wenceslaus, the castle, and Marian column in the middle of the square. The Church of Saint Wenceslaus was built in the Baroque style in 1680–1685. It is decorated with stucco by the Italian master Giovanni Maderna.

The original Renaissance Letohrad Castle was built in 1554 and rebuilt in the early Baroque style in 1680–1685. It contains an exposition on contemporary way of life open to the public. Rest of the premises houses a hotel, a school, the cultural centre, and the Museum of Jára Cimrman. The castle is surrounded by an English-style park.

Other museums in the town are the Town Museum and the Museum of Crafts.

Notable people

 * František Vladislav Hek (1769–1847), early activist of Czech National Revival; died here
 * Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939), painter; lived and worked in the town in 1934–1935
 * Josef Korbel (1909–1977), diplomat
 * Vlasta Štěpová (born 1938), politician and economist
 * Michal Šlesingr (born 1983), biathlete; raised here
 * Ondřej Moravec (born 1984), biathlete; raised here

Twin towns – sister cities
Letohrad is twinned with:
 * Daruvar, Croatia
 * Hausen am Albis, Switzerland
 * 🇵🇱 Niemcza, Poland

title: Letohrad


text:
Talk:Jackson Melville

I think his last name is 'Belleville--I think you can see it on the church sign in the last episode (the baptism one). jengod 23:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Actually, the IMDB lists his name as Melville and tvtome.com lists this tidbit: Tippecanoe and Taylor, Too
 * 1) Jackson's last name has been "Melville" since the beginning of the show. However, in this episode, he introduces himself to a prospective voter as "Jackson Belleville", which is also the name that appears on the banner above the stage.

Either way, "Bellville" is wrong. Will fix.

Except I can't figure out how. It won't let me create a page for Jackson Belleville, and there's probably a better way to do this. I just don't know what that is. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jlahorn (talk • contribs) 03:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC).

- In the episode titled "Blame Booze and Melville, Lorelai calls Jackson's daughter "baby girl Belleville, so there's clearly a lot of confusion about this... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Anajenta (talk • contribs) 10:26, 8 October 2006 (UTC).
 * The episode title is referring to Herman Melville.  Shannernanner   00:17, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jackson Melville


text:
Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra

Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra (Augustus; 4 November 1847 – 26 September 1889) was a Portuguese infante (prince) of the House of Braganza.

Life
Augusto Maria Miguel Gabriel Rafael Agrícola Francisco de Assis Gonzaga Pedro de Alcântara Loiola of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Bragança was born in Lisbon the fifth son of Queen Maria II of Portugal and her King consort Fernando II. Augusto was created Duke of Coimbra and had the additional title Duke of Saxony through his father. He had the style of His Royal Highness.

In late 1861, three of his brothers the king Pedro V, Infante João, Duke of Beja and Infante Fernando all fell ill and died. Despite falling ill himself he survived and became heir presumptive to another of his brothers and the new king, Luis I on 27 December 1861 following the death of his brother João. He remained heir until 28 September 1863 and the birth of Prince Carlos the son of king Luis.

Augusto had a career in the Portuguese Army and became general of a division. He died in Lisbon 1889. He is buried at the Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty.

title: Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra


text:
Category:Scottish airmen

This category is for Scottish people who served in any air force, air corps or other military aviation force.

title: Category:Scottish airmen


text:
The Hollow Men (band)

The Hollow Men were a British indie band from Leeds, England. The group named itself after the poem by T. S. Eliot. The members were David Ashmoore on vocals, Choque on guitar, Howard Taylor on bass, Brian E Roberts on guitar and Jonny Cragg on drums. Between 1985 and 1994 The Hollow Men released four albums and several singles.

Starting out as a two piece for the first single "Late Flowering Lust" (featuring session bassist John Dean) David Ashmoore (David Owen) and Choque (who was previously in Leeds band Salvation) were joined by permanent bassist Howard Taylor for debut album Tales Of The Riverbank released on their own Evensong record label.

The trio recorded another album The Man Who Would Be King again on Evensong before drummer Jonny Cragg, who had guested on the album and guitarist Brian E. Roberts, a former bandmate of Taylor's when they were in The Passmore Sisters together, joined.

They signed to Arista Records in 1988 and released their debut single, "White Train", which was a remixed version of the song that originally appeared on The Man Who Would Be King album. In December 1989, the British music magazine, NME reported that The Hollow Men, along with others such as Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine and The Charlatans, were their pick as 'stars of tomorrow'. The only album the band recorded for Arista was Cresta released in 1990. The band split up in 1991.

The album Twisted made up from unreleased, demo and live tracks was released in the US only on November Records in 1994.

title: The Hollow Men (band)


text: User talk:216.52.105.38

title: User talk:216.52.105.38


text: User talk:81.104.212.194

title: User talk:81.104.212.194


text: Category:Rail transport in Austria

title: Category:Rail transport in Austria


text:
Category:Books by Douglas Coupland

- for non-fiction books by the author.

title: Category:Books by Douglas Coupland


text:
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995

The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act was a bill introduced in the Congress of the United States in 1995 by Florida Representative Charles T. Canady which prohibited intact dilation and extraction, sometimes referred to as partial-birth abortion, which the bill described as "an abortion in which the person performing the abortion partially vaginally delivers a living fetus before killing the fetus and completing the delivery". In other words, the bill sought to eliminate abortion in the third trimester. The term "partial-birth abortion," coined by the Canady, has never been recognized by the American Medical Association or the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. In November 1995, the House of Representatives passed the bill. Doctors convicted under the bill would receive a fine and up to a two-year prison sentence. The bill was passed by both chambers of Congress, but then vetoed by President Bill Clinton.

Opponents of the bill argued that D & X procedures only occurred in the case of severe fetal defects or when carrying the birth to term endangered the life of the mother; its advocates argued that the majority for purely elective reasons. These competing arguments both had some basis in truth but came from different classifications of D & X procedures; anti-Ban activists based their numbers solely on post-viability abortions, ignoring that pre-viability abortions account for more than 90 percent of D & X procedures. The use of the term "elective" by pro-Ban activists, on the other hand, completely overlooked the contextual factors such as youth, trauma, and poverty, that push women to choose D & X.

The House overrode President Clinton's 1996 veto, but the Senate was several votes short of the required 2/3 requirement with a margin of 58 yeas to 40 nays. The Republican-controlled Congress tried to push a similar ban in January 1997 with House Resolution 1122, but again its efforts were defeated by President Clinton's veto. A similar bill was later passed in 2003 as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush.

title: Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995