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University of Kelaniya

The University of Kelaniya (UoK; කැලණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, களனி பல்கலைக்கழகம்) is a public university in Sri Lanka. Just outside the municipal limits of Colombo, in the city of Kelaniya, the university has two major institutions and seven faculties.

History
The University of Kelaniya has its origin in the historic Vidyalankara Pirivena, founded in 1875 by Ratmalane Sri Dharmaloka Thera as a centre of learning for Buddhist monks.

With the establishment of modern universities in Sri Lanka in the 1940s and 1950s, the Vidyalankara Pirivena became the Vidyalankara University in 1959, later the Vidyalankara Campus of the University of Ceylon in 1972, and, ultimately, the University of Kelaniya in 1978.

The University of Kelaniya has pioneered a number of new developments in higher education. It was one of the first universities to begin teaching science in Sinhala and the first to restructure the traditional Arts Faculty into three faculties: Humanities, Social Sciences, and Commerce and Management.

It has several departments not generally found in the Sri Lankan University system and some Kelaniya innovations have been adopted subsequently by other universities. These include the Departments of Industrial Management and Microbiology in the Faculty of Science; Departments of Linguistics, Fine Arts, Modern Languages and Hindi in the Faculty of Humanities; and Mass Communication and Library and Information Sciences in the Faculty of Social Sciences.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the University of Kelaniya is circular and consists of three concentric bands, the outermost of which contains the name of the university in Sinhala and English. The motto of the institution, "Pannaya Parisujjhati" ("Self-purification is by insight"), is a quotation from the Alavaka-sutta of the Samyutta Nikaya, given in Sinhala characters in the same band. The middle band containing a creeper design encloses the innermost, which shows a full-blown lotus, signifying purity. These two designs are reminiscent of those occurring in the well-known moonstones at Anuradhapura.

Faculty of Science
The Faculty of Science started functioning in October 1967 with Charles Dahanayake as the dean of science. The intake of the first batch of students was 57. Formal approval for the faculty was given by the minister of education in 1968.

The science faculty was housed in the main building known as the "Science Block". Due to the continued increase in the student intake from year to year, a new lecture theatre complex and an auditorium were constructed in 1992, which enabled the intake of students to be increased to 450 in 2003. A new laboratory complex for the Chemistry Department and three buildings for the Departments for Industrial Management, Microbiology and Zoology have now been completed.

The science faculty was the first among the Sri Lankan universities to initiate the changeover from the traditional three subject (General) degree with end of year examinations to a more flexible course unit system, i.e., a modularized credit-based system in a two-semester academic year with the end of semester examinations. It offers a variety of course pathways designed to provide flexibility in the choice of subjects. Under this system students have the option of reading for a traditional three subject degree or for a degree consisting of two principal subjects and a selection of course units drawn from other subject areas. The BSc (Special) degree courses, begun in 1974, adopted the course unit system in 1986.

Currently, Prof. Sudath Kalingamudali is the dean of the faculty of Science.

The faculty consists of eight departments.
 * Department of Botany
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Department of Industrial Management
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Microbiology
 * Department of Physics and Electronics
 * Department of Statistics & Computer Science
 * Department of Zoology & Environmental Management

Faculty of Medicine
The Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya is on a 35 acre campus at Ragama. It is one of eight medical schools in Sri Lanka. The faculty began classes with the admission of 120 students in September 1991 after the government, in 1989, nationalised the North Colombo Medical College (NCMC), the first privately funded medical school in Sri Lanka established in 1980. The first batch of students, of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya completed their five-year course and graduated MBBS in September 1996. Prof. Carlo Fonseka was the first dean of the faculty. Subsequent deans were Prof. Janaka de Silva, Prof. Rajitha Wickremasinghe, Prof. Nilanthi de Silva,Prof. Prasantha S. Wijesinghe and Prof. Janaki de S. Hewavisenthi. The current dean is Prof. Madawa N. Chandratilake.

The faculty now has over 1,000 medical students. This number includes international students, mainly from other South Asian countries, who have been admitted on a fee-levying basis. The faculty also welcomes students for elective appointments. Students from medical schools in Europe, USA and Australia have spent their elective periods with the university. In addition to the MBBS course, it conducts a BSc programme in speech and hearing sciences.

There is a permanent academic staff of over 120 and in addition 40 temporary academic staff and over 60 visiting staff that includes consultants who are based in the affiliated teaching hospitals.

Faculty of Social Science
The Faculty of Social Sciences, in student population, is the largest faculty in the University of Kelaniya.

Faculty of Humanities
The faculty includes disciplines associated with Buddhist and Asian cultures, such as Pali and Buddhist Studies, Sinhala, Tamil, Sanskrit, Hindi, Japanese, Chinese and Korean ( One and only sri lankan University that has a 4 years of Korean Language Degree) while teaching courses in modern European languages such as English, French, German and Russian.

Faculty of Commerce and Management
The faculty consists of four departments: The Department of Commerce was the first to be established and contribute graduates to the industry. BCOM degree is unique to the Department of Commerce. Department provides special degree in Financial Management(BCOM (special) Degree in Financial management), Business technology(BCOM (special) Degree in Business Technology), Entrepreneurship(BCOM (special) Degree in Entrepreneurship) and Commerce(BCOM (special) Degree in Commerce).
 * Department of Commerce
 * Department of Accountancy
 * Department of Marketing Management
 * Department of Human Resource Management
 * Department of Finance

Faculty of Computing and Technology
The University of Kelaniya established its 7th Faculty - the Faculty of Computing and Technology (FCT) on 30 December 2015 and the Faculty commenced its operations on 18 January 2016.

The Faculty will offer Postgraduate Programmes in the areas of Computer Science, Software Engineering, Information Technology and Engineering Technology. The Master of Information Technology in Education programme is currently being developed for the Ministry of Education to train ICT teachers in the national education system.

The faculty will conduct research in diverse fields of significant impact. The research enterprise at the Faculty of Computing and Technology will expand from fundamental Computer Science research to the development of new technologies with applications to the industry and society as a whole. The Faculty is planning to propose the following Research and Development Centres:
 * Centre for Nanotechnology
 * Centre for eLearning
 * Language Engineering Research Centre
 * Centre for Geo-informatics
 * Centre for Computational Mathematics
 * Centre for Data Science
 * Centre for Cyber Security and Digital Forensics

Faculty of Graduate Studies
Twenty-three postgraduate degree programmes and six postgraduate diploma programmes are coordinated by the Faculty of Graduates Studies.

Postgraduate diplomas

 * Regional Planning
 * Information Technology
 * Industrial and Business Management
 * Environmental Management
 * Mathematics
 * Human Resource Management

Postgraduate degrees

 * M.A. in Sinhala
 * M.A. in Linguistics
 * M.A. in Drama and Theatre
 * M. S. Sc. in Mass Communication
 * M. S. Sc. in Sociology
 * M. S. Sc. in Geography
 * M. S. Sc. in Library Science
 * M. S. Sc. in Economics
 * M. S. Sc. in Political Science
 * M. S. Sc. in History
 * M. S. Sc. in Philosophy
 * MSc in Applied Microbiology
 * MSc in Food and Nutrition
 * MSc in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management
 * MSc in Biodiversity and Integrated Environmental Management
 * MSc in Industrial and Environment Chemistry
 * MSc in Management and Information Technology
 * MSc in Computer Science
 * Master of Commerce
 * Master of Business Management
 * Master of Philosophy
 * Doctor of Philosophy
 * Doctor of Medicine

University Library
The University of Kelaniya Library, has a history spanning over 60 years. In parallel to Vidyalankara Pirivena became Vidyalankara University in 1959, the library was started with a collection of books belonging to Vidyalankara Pirivena. Subsequently, it was shifted to the current premises in 1977. Later, as this old building was not sufficient enough to accommodate its growing collection and student population, the newly built four-storied building was added to the library system in 2013. Presently, the library owns a collection of over 245,000 books and monographs relevant to various study programmes and research activities in the university. Furthermore, the library has subscribed to EBSCO HOST, JSTOR, Emerald, Oxford University Press, Taylor and Francis databases with access facilities for more than 20,000 academic e-journals and more than 100,000 e-books.

Professional librarians have been appointed for each faculty to fulfil the informational requirements and information literacy training needs of the users. The services provided by the Subject Liaison Librarians are :

 * Reference Sources and quick reference answers
 * Information Literacy Courses
 * Plagiarism Checking and consultations for avoiding plagiarism
 * Library Orientation/induction Programmes including library tours
 * Inter Library Loan Service
 * Document Delivery Service
 * Writing Help Services
 * Subject Guide Services
 * Literature Review Services
 * Remote access via VPN and Shibboleth Services
 * Special Software Training for Researchers e.g. Turnitin, Urkund, LaTeX, SPSS, Grammarly, Mendeley etc.
 * Citation analysis service

Information and Communication Technology Centre
The ICT Centre provides support services in IT-related teaching, research, internet services, staff development and hardware maintenance for the entire university. It conducts a computer literacy course open to all students and advanced courses in Visual Basic, web designing and hardware technology for the students who have successfully completed the computer literacy course. On-the-job training in the IT arena is provided for the young people just out of the university who work in the ICT Centre.

The maintenance unit provides network, hardware and software support to the clients in the university, and IT for academic departments and administrative branches of the university. Video filming of special events of the university since 2005 is an additional service.

Currently, the ICT Centre hosts web and mail services for all students and staff. They have a university-wide wifi network called "Kelani-WiFi". The ICT Centre is the first institutional Sri Lankan member of Eduroam.

Historically related institutions
The Vidyodaya University was created at the same time as the Vidyalankara University. Today Vidyodaya University is known as the University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

Students Societies and Clubs

 * Sports Club
 * Gavel Club
 * Art Society
 * Inventors Club
 * AIESEC
 * Haritha Kawaya
 * Buddhist Students' Society
 * Leo club
 * Humane Society
 * CSM
 * Legion Society

Centre for Gender Studies(CGS)
Centre for Gender studies was founded by Prof. Maithree Wickremesinghe with the objective of initiating and conducting research on Gender issues and conducting educational programs on gender studies. Currently, Dr Sagarika Kannangara acts as the director of this centre.

Vice chancellors

 * Thilak Rathnakara (1978–1982)
 * S. L. Kekulawala
 * M. P. Perera (1983–1985)
 * I. Balasooriya (1985–1987)
 * M. M. J. Marasinghe
 * K. Dharmasena
 * H. H. Costa (1994–1997)
 * Senaka Bandaranaike (1997–1999)
 * Thilakaratne Kapugamage (1999–2005)
 * M. J. S. Wijeyaratne (2005–2008)
 * Sarath Amunugama (2008–2012)
 * Sunanda Madduma Bandara (2012–2017)
 * Semasinghe Dissanayake (2017–2020)
 * Nilanthi de Silva (2020 - To date)

Notable alumni

 * Kemal Deen
 * Harendra de Silva
 * Carlo Fonseka
 * Janaka de Silva
 * Nalin de Silva
 * Saman Gunatilake
 * Jagdish Kashyap
 * Karunasena Kodituwakku
 * Sunanda Mahendra
 * Kollupitiye Mahinda Sangharakkhitha Thera
 * Polwatte Buddhadatta Mahanayake Thera
 * Witiyala Seewalie Thera
 * Jagath Weerasinghe
 * Maithree Wickremesinghe
 * Harischandra Wijayatunga
 * Ashin Nandamalabhivamsa
 * Ashin Dhammasāmi
 * Anura Kumara Dissanayake
 * Sevvandi Jayakody
 * Tharupathi Munasinghe

Hostel facilities for students
Hostel facilities are provided for selected numbers of students. Hostels are located inside and outside the university premises.
 * Kiriwaththuduwe Sri Prangnasara Hostel for Clergy
 * C.W.W. Kannangara Boys' Hostel
 * Yakkaduwe Pannarama Boys' Hostel
 * Bandaranayake Girls' Hostel
 * Sangamitta Girls' Hostel
 * Viharamahadevi Girls' Hostel
 * Ediriweera Sarachchandra Girls' Hostel
 * E.W. Adikarama Girls Hostel
 * Gunapala Malalasekara Girls' Hostel
 * Hemachandra Rai Girls' Hostel
 * Soma Guna Mahal (External) Girls' Hostel
 * Bulugaha Junction (External) Girls' Hostel

title: University of Kelaniya


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Talk:Exploding snake

Awww...
Awww... I was hoping to write this article! :-) Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk |  WS 14:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The beauty of the speed of Wikipedia and its ability to report the explosion of any animal. violet/riga (t) 08:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Um what kind of confirmation exists for this kind of event taking place? 207.99.90.253 12:29, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Split
Really, rather than exploded.... Rich  Farmbrough 15:27, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

I concur, this was not an expolsion, the snake just ripped open. 206.11.112.251 18:56, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I also agree, it burst or split raher than exploded. A Max J 11:40, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Merger

 * MERGE - This minor anecdote deserves "at best" a paragraph under the Python article. SirIsaacBrock 17:29, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree - it doesn't belong there, and is best left here. violet/riga (t) 20:21, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I also disagree. This is an article on its own. A Max J 11:38, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: The snake did not explode the tail of the gator pierced from the inside the Python's skin, there was no explosion. This is a fabrication. SirIsaacBrock 01:50, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It was reported (see the external links) as "exploding", and it fits with the exploding animals theme. violet/riga (t) 10:10, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Current Events?

 * I suppose that this could be current events (note third paragraph). Does anyone agree? A Max J 11:38, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

AfD
This article should be AfD's, Wikipedia is not a newspaper and this was a one-time, non-notable event. Vpoko 19:23, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree; although it was a one-time event (at least as of this writing), it continues to be one of those internet memes that I think is worthwhile to have the basic facts about on Wikipedia. For example, the news article in this Boing Boing post of September 2006 refers to the incident.

 * That said, this article goes beyond the basic facts, and could possibly use a trim (e.g. the information about the 'python epidemic').--BlackAndy 00:34, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Still Worth Keeping?
It's been two and a half years now, the incident doesn't appear to have been repeated, and the internet meme seems to have died down a lot. Does this really need its own article anymore?Ricree101 (talk) 21:55, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Exploding snake


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José Cardenal

José Rosario Domec Cardenal  (born October 7, 1943) is a Cuban American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from 1963 to 1980, most prominently as a member of the Chicago Cubs, with whom he established himself as a fan favorite for his powerful hitting and his strong throwing arm. He had the best seasons of his career in Chicago, posting career highs in home runs and batting average as a member of the Cubs.

After his playing career, Cardenal worked as a coach for several major league organizations and participated in three World Series as the first base coach for the New York Yankees. Cardenal was inducted into the Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame in 2022.

Playing career
Cardenal was born in Matanzas, Cuba where, he grew up playing baseball with his second cousin and future major league player Bert Campaneris. He started his major league career with the San Francisco Giants in 1963 and was sent to the California Angels before the 1965 season. He finished second in the American League with 37 stolen bases, then was dealt to the Cleveland Indians for Chuck Hinton on November 29, 1967. He led the Indians twice in steals twice with a career-high 40 in 1968. In that season, he tied a major league record for outfielders by making two unassisted double plays. Traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1970, he hit .293 with 74 RBI. In a 1971 season split between the Cardinals and the Milwaukee Brewers, he collected a career-high 80 RBI. He was traded by the Brewers to the Cubs for Jim Colborn, Brock Davis and Earl Stephenson on December 3, 1971.

In 1973 as a right fielder for the Cubs, Cardenal led the team in batting average (.303), doubles (33) and stolen bases (19), being named Cubs Player of the Year by the Chicago baseball writers. Famously temperamental, in 1974 Cardenal was at odds with the Cubs management, and notoriously refused to play the season opener claiming that he was injured because the eyelids of one eye were stuck open. In 1975 he posted career-highs in average (.317) and hits (182).

He had another good season in 1976, batting .299 with 8 home runs and 47 RBI. On May 2, Cardenal went 6-for-7 in a 6–5 win over San Francisco in 14 innings at Candlestick Park. He slumped in 1977, batting only .239 with just 3 home runs and 18 RBI in 100 games played.

Cardenal played with the Philadelphia Phillies during the 1978 and 1979 seasons. He was the last player to wear uniform number 1 for the team, which retired the number in honor of Richie Ashburn during the 1979 season. The Phillies sent Cardenal to the New York Mets on August 2, 1979, between games of a twi-night double header featuring the two teams. Cardenal was a member of the Phillies for the first game and switched uniforms and dugouts to join the Mets for the second. He played for the New York Mets for the balance of the 1979 season and was there for most of the 1980 campaign. He was released by the Mets in August of that year. He later signed with the Kansas City Royals, ending his major league career with the Royals during the 1980 World Series.

In an 18-season career, Cardenal was a .275 hitter with 138 home runs and 775 RBI in 2017 games played. In addition, he collected 1913 hits, 936 runs, 333 doubles, 46 triples, 329 stolen bases and 608 bases on balls. Defensively, he recorded an overall .978 fielding percentage.

Coaching career
Cardenal coached for the Reds, Cardinals, Yankees, and Devil Rays. He was the first base coach for the Yankees run of World Championships in 1996, 1998, and 1999. He resigned from his position with the Yankees prior to the 2000 season over a contract dispute.

Cardenal became the senior advisor to the Washington Nationals general manager in 2005. On September 14, he announced that he wanted to help the victims of Hurricane Katrina, and was seeking to auction his World Series ring he won with the New York Yankees in 1998. Cardenal was relieved of his position with the Nationals following the 2009 season.

Cultural impact
First Lady Michelle Obama hugged Cardenal during the Chicago Cubs January, 2017 visit to the White House. The team and some veterans were invited there to celebrate their 2016 World Series victory. Native Chicagaon Obama said she wore her Cubs hat on top of her oversized Afro the same way Cardenal had during his career, as seen above in the photograph of his baseball card.

title: José Cardenal


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User:ReverendSam

ReverendSam is in reality Sam Chapman a researcher in Sheffield University. He has made a few minor contributions and changes in wikipedia as and when he finds something missing. All other details about Rev Sam, should be sought through his University Homepage.

title: User:ReverendSam


text: User:Spondoolicks/header

title: User:Spondoolicks/header


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Indian Ink

Indian Ink is a 1995 play by Tom Stoppard based on his 1991 radio play In the Native State.

Productions
The stage version of Indian Ink had its first performance at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford, and opened at the Aldwych Theatre, London, on February 27, 1995. The production was directed by Peter Wood and designed by Carl Toms.

The play had its American premiere in 1999 at the American Conservatory Theater (ACT) in San Francisco, California, directed by Carey Perloff (see 1999 in literature). The ACT production starred Jean Stapleton (Eleanor), Art Malik (Nirad), Susan Gibney (Flora), Firdous Bamji (Anish) and Ken Grantham (Eldon Pike).

The play received its East Coast premiere in 2000 at the Studio Theatre in Washington, DC., in a production starring Isabel Keating as Flora Crewe, a performance for which she received the Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Resident Play.

The play was also produced in a critically acclaimed production in Chicago at The Apple Tree Theatre in June 2002, directed by Mark Lococo and starred Susie McMonagle (Flora), Peggy Roeder (Eleanor), Anish Jethmalani (Nirad), Paul Slade Smith (Eldon Pike), and Parvesh Cheena (Dilip).

The play was produced Off-Off-Broadway at Walkerspace in August 2003, directed by Ashok Sinha with Lethia Nall (Flora), Sendhil Ramamurthy (Nirad) and Helen-Jean Arthur (Eleanor).

The Roundabout Theatre Company produced Indian Ink Off-Broadway in September 2014 to November 30, 2014, at the Laura Pels Theatre. Directed by Carey Perloff, the cast featured Rosemary Harris as Eleanor Swan, Romola Garai as Flora and Firdous Bamji as Nirad. The play was nominated for the 2015 Lucille Lortel Awards, Outstanding Costume Design (Candice Donnelly), Outstanding Revival, and Firdous Bamji won an Obie Award for his performance. New York Times critic, Ben Brantley, wrote that he should have been nominated for a Tony Award, but he was ineligible because the play was produced Off-Broadway. The ACT presented the play again in January and February 2015, with Perloff directing and the cast featured Roberta Maxwell (Eleanor), Brenda Meaney (Flora), Firdous Bamji (Nirad) and Pej Vahdat (Anish).

Casting
Art Malik has been closely associated with the play, taking the role of Nirad in the original London production and in the 1999 American premiere which took place at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. Felicity Kendal originated the role of Flora, originally in the radio play and then on stage, which Irish actress Niamh Cusack played in London's Aldwych Theatre in the West End.

Synopsis
In 1930, the year of Gandhi's Salt March, British poet Flora Crewe travels to India for her health. Flora is a thoroughly modern girl who has modeled for Modigliani, hobnobbed with communists, and been accused of obscenity for the racy book A Nymph and Her Muse. In India her portrait is painted by the Indian artist Nirad while she fends off the attentions of a dashing but dimwitted scion of the British Raj. But her bravado hides the knowledge that she is severely ill with tuberculosis.

In the 1980s, American academic Eldon Pike seeks out Flora's younger sister Eleanor to discover the truth about the end of the poet's life — she died in India soon after meeting Nirad. Eleanor, who married an Englishman she met at Flora's grave and became a staunch Conservative, reveals little to the scholar, sending him off on a wild goose chase tracing Flora's path through India. But she is more welcoming to Nirad's son Anish, who also comes looking for answers. Eleanor shows Anish a painting by Nirad done partly in a classical Indian style, and partly in the style of Western realism. The painting's erotic symbolism convinces him that his father and Flora were lovers before she died.

Themes
Among the play's themes is the contrast of Indian and European styles of poetry and visual art. Nirad explains to Flora the classical Indian theory of nine rasas, which are tonal schemes uniting all forms of art. Each rasa is associated with a colour, a mood, and a musical scale. The play's title refers to Shringara, the rasa of erotic love, which is associated with an inky blue-black colour and the god Krishna, who is always painted with dusky blue skin. Flora is at first puzzled by this artistic tradition, but on falling in love with Nirad she realizes, "It is the colour he looked by moonlight."

The play shares with other Stoppard plays of the 90s the theme of nostalgia and romantic loss, with Flora as the lost beloved corresponding to Thomasina in Arcadia and Moses in The Invention of Love. And like those two plays, it cuts back and forth between characters in two time periods sharing the same set. Stoppard has given director Peter Wood partial credit for developing the structure of the play with its two intertwined storylines.

Reception
Ben Brantley expressed a lukewarm view of Indian Ink, deeming it "enticing if overpacked". He praised Stoppard's language and found the dialogue witty, but argued that the work contains an overabundance of characters and that "all the mini-history lessons and intellectual name-dropping in Indian Ink keep us from latching on emotionally to the play’s central relationships." The Indian theater director Gopal Gandhi wrote a moderately positive review in The Independent. Gandhi argued that Das had mastery of English geography and literature but expositions of the rasa and Hindu scripture that seemed "to come not from Stoppard but some teach yourself guide", and wrote in response to this, "Indians have for decades, if not a century or two, been able to relate to things British without, in the least, compromising their brand of Indianess. They need no atavistic reversals into 'themselves'. What is Stoppard trying to do in Indian Ink?" However, Gandhi also felt that "there was [Stoppard]'s bitter-sweet topping to enjoy, for the sadness it evoked, for the regrets it reminded me of", and recommended the play overall. Matt Wolf of Variety criticized the play as "clunky" and "overwritten", and also stated that Flora Crewe is "crucially lacking in either a creative or erotic dimension, notwithstanding the fact that Flora’s principal topic seems to have been sex."

Jesse Green stated in Vulture that although the various elements and time periods don't satisfactorily emulsify, "there's no denying the astonishing craft of the individual scenes". Green referred to the play as "second-tier Tom Stoppard but excellent by almost any other standard". Elysa Gardner of USA Today also gave the play 3.5 out of 4 stars, writing that Crewe's sharp-witted and romantic nature "provides an ideal vehicle for Stoppard's piercingly beautiful, expressive language."

title: Indian Ink


text:
List of Minnesota gubernatorial elections

Results and election information for past Minnesota governor races. The first election was in 1857 ahead of Minnesota becoming a state. Elections were set for every two years beginning in 1859. In 1886 elections were moved from odd years to even years. In 1962 the governor's term increased to 4 years.

pdf file of election results
 * 1857 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1859 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1861 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1877 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1879 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1881 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1883 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1886 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1888 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1890 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1892 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1894 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1896 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1898 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1900 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1902 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1904 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1906 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1908 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1910 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1914 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1916 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1918 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1920 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1922 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1924 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1926 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1928 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1930 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1932 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1934 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1936 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1938 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1940 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1942 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1944 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1946 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1948 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1950 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1952 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1954 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1956 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1958 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1960 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1962 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1966 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1970 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1974 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1978 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1982 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1986 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1990 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1994 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 2002 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 2006 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 2010 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 2014 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election
 * 2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election


text:
Alexis Tendil

Alexis Tendil (12 August 1896, Le Teil, Ardèche – 5 October 2005) was, at age 109, one of the last few surviving French veterans of the First World War. He died in a hospital following a fall.

World War I
In October 1918 Tendil intercepted a message from the Germany High Command which informed the then-Pope Benedict XV of the imminent intention of the German forces to capitulate.

He informed the French command of his discovery and a planned, massive offensive by the French army was postponed.

After the war, although returning to his ordinary job as an electrician, Tendil became something of a hero being rightly accredited, by his actions, with preventing the deaths of many more soldiers.

title: Alexis Tendil


text:
Barara

Barara is a city municipality and sub-district tehsil and development block in the Ambala district of the Indian state of Haryana.

Geography
It lies 25 km from Ambala via railway and 40 km via bus.

Education
Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana is 3 km from Barara.

Rcc Institute of Computer Education, Barara.

History
Barara was established before the colonial period. A king of Himachal Pradesh helped develop Barara.

Culture
Tajendar Singh Chouhan is in the Limca Book of Records for making the world's tallest Ravana effigy.

Barara is famous for its Dushehra mela. The world's tallest effigy of Ravan is burnt at Barara every year on the day of Dushehra. In 2016, the height of the Ravan reached 210 feet.

Barara is known for watermelon, called 'Barara di Khanda'. 'Khanda' or 'Khandsari' means sugar.

Maa Balasundri temple and Maharishi Markandeshwar temple (which is also in Tandwal, Barara) are situated nearby. Mullana is famous for education and health sectors.

Goga Jaharveer Temple is situated in Village Kambassi and is famous for the big fair on the occasion of Goga Navmi.

Transport
Barara is connected by train and bus to Ambala, Jagadhri, Saharanpur, Ludhiana and Delhi.

Bus service reaches Ambala, Yamunanagar, Chandigarh, Kurukshetra and Delhi.

Private transport is connected to all nearby states, such as Delhi, UP, Uttrakhand, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

The railway station of Barara is antique.

Economy
Banks such as SBI, ICICI, PNB, Axis, Sarva Gramin Bank, Punjab Sindh Bank, SBP, Central Bank of India, HDFC, and Canara are present.

Demographics
Along with the native Haryanvis, Barara has a large population of Brahmans, Rajput and Punjabis. Immigrant populations include Nigerians and Iraqis, mostly for study.

Hindi, Haryanvi, Punjabi, and English are common languages.

title: Barara


text:
Talk:Ian Hunter (singer)

Ian Hunter is now in his fifth decade
Most of this article reads like it was written by his record company's publicity department. I thought so even before I got to the sentence, "Ian Hunter is now in his fifth decade of serving up great Rock 'n' Roll." Yech. Although, a publicity piece probably would not have the sloppiness near the beginning, about what the man's name is, or was. We know from the first line that his real name is "Ian Hunter Patterson" (which I did not know before), but then we have him doing things as "Ian Patterson" and suddenly then as "Ian Hunter" without any explanation of when he started performing as "Ian Hunter." Sometimes when a person has changed or shortened his/her name, an article will make initial reference to the person's real full name and from then on to the person's stage name, for "literary effect," but it is not clear that that is what is happening here. The implication is that he performed for a time with his real last name but later dropped it, but the reader is left in confusion as to when that happened, if it ever did. Now I want to go look at the "Johnny Cougar" (aka, aka, etc.) article, as a known example of someone whose "stage name" did change several times, to see how it handles that issue. Better than this, I hope. Zeutron 14:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Recording "Dudes" is the key event that led Hunter and Mott to stardom, as opposed to looming obscurity. Stylistically, the breakup of the band in 1972 should end a paragraph. And Ian's words from the "Just Another Night" DVD (2004) interview serve as the perfect explanation of how "Dudes" happened. Young fans today find it hard to understand why Bowie would give such an obvious classic song to another artist.

And respectfully to Zeutron, most show biz people have stage names that evolve over a period of time. Rarely is this of interest or consequence.

RedManPlus 22:40, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This article seems to retain its individualistic, non-encyclopedic, POV styling and content, despite all that was written above (around twelve months ago). Can someone please re-visit the wording, lack of any source or reference, and improve its present, amateurish standing. Thank you,
 * Derek R Bullamore 18:55, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * OK. You have a few points. As of mid-November 2006, it's basically crap. I did not write this (but I did his 'Diary' page) and will to put some time into this one. Give it a month. Since Ian's song-writing tends to be autobiographical, I may employ the stylistic technique of using Ian's own words from specific interviews and song lyrics to help paint a picture of his life. If you re-visit this page occasionally, please point out one or two specific sentences or paragraphs you feel are "in dispute" or stylistically sub-par. Regards.
 * RedManPlus 01:13, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Ian Hunter photo & birthdate
I uploaded a 2004 photo of Ian Hunter to Wikimedia Commons, file name IanHunter.JPG. It is my own original photo, which I release to public domain.

This is my first attempt at contributing to Wikipedia. If someone would like to add the photo to the Ian Hunter article, that's great.

I'm not sure if the photo quality is adequate.

The second edition of the GUINNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR MUSIC (Volume 3), edited by Colin Larkin, reports that Ian Hunter was born 3 June 1946. I met Ian Hunter briefly in 2001 and I think the 1946 birthdate is probably correct. He is certainly not approaching 70, as you can probably tell by the uploaded photo.

I'm sorry I can't "do" more to contribute at this time, but hopefully as I learn more about contributing I'll do better. Thanks.

Miluba 01:14, 30 March 2007 (UTC)miluba

The photo isnt there, SqueakBox 02:43, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I know his date of birth is open to question - but 3 June 1939 is quoted in the Guinness Rockopedia - ISBN 0-85112-072-5. If nothing else, it countermands the (Guinness) quote above. Perhaps the main article should allude to the confusion over this matter - although, as I commented back in November last year (above), the whole article still leaves much to be desired.

 * Derek R Bullamore 08:52, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

I'm 71 and watched him in the Apex around 1962. I was 21 and there's no possibility he was only 16! 1939 seems OK to me. Pete,Northampton Sept 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.21.40.16 (talk) 13:17, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Sorry, you're right about the photo. I'm not sure what I did wrong. I can locate it here http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:IanHunter.JPG but it doesn't show up in a simple search on Wikimedia Commons. I'll try to learn more before I make another upload attempt. Thanks. Miluba 11:22, 30 March 2007 (UTC)Miluba

 * It seems to work fine now. I've added it to the infobox to replace the previous image, which was apparently deleted. --GentlemanGhost 08:41, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to reiterate the confusion over his birthdate, The Great Rock Discography cites 3 June 1946, whist Guinness Rockopedia quotes 3 June 1939 as does AllMusic, Rateyourmusic. and IMDb. There are a number of other sources, less reliable but at least in agreement about 1939 including, , .  Incidentally the second of those latter sources is from an interview where Hunter clearly states the year of his birth - you would assume he would know.

 * Derek R Bullamore (talk) 14:36, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I have, somewhat belatedly, re-added the full 1939 birth date, with three reliable sources included, of all which allude to that year. I also added a footnote, noting the discrepancy in some sources listing him as being born in 1946.  I would point out again, that Hunter himself stated he was born in 1939 in an interview (one of the three sources I listed (as above)); specifically stating that "I was born in 1939, which is 10 years after Wyatt Earp died...".  Wyatt Earp did indeed die in 1929.  This section is now here to refer to when some editor, and I guarantee they will, tries to restore the 1946 date (or some other variant). - Derek R Bullamore (talk) 00:30, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Just to confirm that the Civil Registration Birth Index, available from the General Register Office, Reference: Volume 6a, Page 1034, confirms that Ian H Patterson was born in Oswestry, with his birth registered in the second quarter of 1939.   I wonder whether the footnote is really necessary, when the sources giving an alternative date are clearly wrong?    Ghmyrtle (talk) 21:27, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Mods to Summary and Early Years
I made some mods: added recent promo photo, added musician info box, cleaned up the summary, cleaned up the first half of the Early Years section, added proper citation to Devine's biography.

Sorry, but the Morton Fraser references were excessive. That's a minor detail almost not worth mentioning in a bio as long as Hunter's - so it's definitely not worth two paragraphs of background. Than belongs in a Morton Fraser Gang wiki page, not Hunter's.

Ditto the obsession with Hunter's age and name. His authorised biography gives his correct birthdate, so there's no reason to cite conflicting sources when you can cite a correct one. And he was still "Patterson" in CBS press releases in 1968, so there's no need to dwell on it for two paragraphs in the first paragraph of his bio.

ALSO: the huge list of magazine articles at the bottom are not sources, they are just copied from a fan website. Add an external link to fan website, but listing all those as "sources" just adds quantity, not quality.

LuckyLoser 05:24, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

How can there be a CBS press release from 1968 when Mott The Hoople didn't sing to CBS until 1972? Before that they were signed to Island and licensed in the US to Atlantic.

snyder —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

The 1968 CBS press release date is correct; the press release was issued for At Last The 1958 Rock and Roll Show, not Mott The Hoople. LuckyLoser (talk) 15:16, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Removed magazine article list
with the books cited, the list of magazine articles is overkill.

MarkinBoston 18:39, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

but if you prefer magazines to books i guess you are SOL now then —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.110.223 (talk) 19:39, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Inspiration for Cleveland Rocks
The success of Ian's best known solo tune Cleveland Rocks is well described but readers are left wondering why he'd pen it in the first place. In an early 1980s interview on Night Flight Ian explained that he wanted to pay tribute to Cleveland for being the first locale in America to really embrace Mott the Hoople. Cleveland was well known at the time as a launching pad for musical acts. In the same Night Flight program Mott the Hoople is shown performing Cleveland Rocks in New York City. As the song nears the end Ian pauses, waiting, as I'm sure he must've expected, for the audience to scream "New York rocks!" in place of "Cleveland Rocks!" which was indicative of the stage skill of Ian Hunter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mooncastle (talk • contribs) 13:29, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

The song was not written as "Cleveland Rocks". It was written as "England Rocks" and appeared on "Overnight Angels" in 1977. It didn't change to "Cleveland Rocks" until the next tour. (Reference your own page on said). To site inspiration for a song who's title only was later changed is specious at best. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Berniemac61 (talk • contribs) 18:06, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

"England Rocks" only appeared on the CD reissue of "Overnight Angels" many years after its original release. It was not on the original album and was a circulated demo recording. The song wa sdfeinitely conceived and written with relation to England, but the first release was on the "You're never alone with a Scizophrenic" album and as a single. Ian Edmundson (talk) 18:07, 3 September 2014 (UTC) Ian Edmundson

POV
In copy editing, I see these unencyclopedic statements, and I'd like to call on someone with access to the works referenced to rephrase them:

Early Years
 * Ian recalls jumping around like a lunatic on stage:
 * Tensions were in the air though, both musically and in his personal life. While his wife attended to home life, Hunter resumed his wild ways with his Northampton mates.

Dementia13 (talk) 23:51, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Also, the "Early Years" section covers the least notable period of his career, but it is the longest section. The others could be expanded, but this one needs a trim. Dementia13 (talk) 13:49, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Opening paragraph states "He embarked on a solo career despite ill health and disillusionment with commercial success, and often worked in collaboration with Mott The Hoople guitarist Mick Ronson,". Mick Ronson never played guitar for Mott, that was a different Mick. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Berniemac61 (talk • contribs) 18:16, 5 August 2012 (UTC) Thats wrong, Mick Ronson toured with Mott the last 6 moths of Mott. Even ian says so ins evral ineterv. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.89.7.226 (talk) 22:23, 29 March 2013 (UTC) Ref Mick tour list : http://www.mickronson.com/mrgigs.shtml    1974 Mott The Hoople European Tour  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.89.7.226 (talk) 22:39, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Hunter has referred to collapsing with stress and being hospitalised at the end of Mott the Hoople, cancelling a tour that was booked and informing members of the band of his departure via his management. Mick Ronson definitely did a number of shows with Mott The Hoople and played on their swansong single Saturday gigs. Ian Edmundson (talk) 18:11, 3 September 2014 (UTC) Ian Edmundson

Nationality
It is not unreasonable for someone to self-identify as more than one nationality. It would appear that Hunter has self-identified as English, Scottish and British; referenced quotes to him doing so for all three options are easily found on the internet. As "British" is a catch-all and the specification that he is specifically only English negates his own additional Scottish self-identification, isn't the former the most fitting term to employ? At the very least, it is not reasonable to blank material regarding one of these self-idents to promote the sole reference to one of the others. Mutt Lunker (talk) 23:16, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

National Service?
National Service ended gradually from 1957. It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason. Did Ian Hunter do national service? Burraron (talk) 20:01, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ian Hunter (singer)


text:
User talk:Cessator

Welcome to the English Wikipedia! Feel free to ask me if you've got any questions. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 14:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Sæll, gaman að sjá þig verða virkari hér núna nýlega. Ég sé þú varst að fást við greinina um trúarlíf Íslendinga. Einu sinni byrjaði ég á grein um trúleysi og sekúlarisma á Íslandi en entist þá ekki þrek til að ljúka við hana - ég var kominn fram til um 1980. Ég veit að þú ert áhugamaður um efnið svo ef þig langar að fikta eitthvað í þessu er það velkomið; sjá User:Haukurth/Atheism and secularism in Iceland. Haukur (talk) 22:07, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Sæll. Þetta er þörf grein. Ég verð að játa að ég er ekkert afskaplega fróður um sóknargjöld og slíkt. Kannski er hægt að notast við skýrsluna Trúarlíf Íslendinga, sem ég var að setja inn sem heimild. Cessator (talk) 22:22, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Þakka þér framlagið, þetta er fín heimild sem þú vísar í. Og já, þessar greinar um íslenska trúfélagastatistík þurfa helst að útskýra aðeins hvernig kerfið virkar - annars geta menn fengið mjög ranga mynd af þessu öllu saman. Haukur (talk) 21:22, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Lýðveldið Ísland
If you haven't seen the recent changes to the Iceland page, specifically the name, you might want to take a look. There's an editor who's trying to undo the consensus you guys made about the "republic of" issue. I think he's a little obsessive about some he calls "long-form names", as I found from his talk page. It seems a bit bizarre to me. He's had himself banned over it, I think. You might want to take a look at the conversation I've been having with him as well. It's in 2 parts. Takk fyrir for you time. --Leodmacleod (talk) 20:23, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this to my attention. --Cessator (talk) 23:08, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Anytime. And thanks for the back-up.  It's hard to diffuse crazy by yourself. --Leodmacleod (talk) 00:18, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

If you were asking if that reply was meant for you, the answer is no. --Leodmacleod (talk) 19:17, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Alright, good. Yeah, I was a little confused at first, since it was indented as if it were meant for me, but the context would then have seemed odd :) --Cessator (talk) 19:40, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Request for mediation rejected
The request for mediation concerning Icelandic debt repayment referendum, 2010, to which you were are a party, has been rejected. Full details are at the case page (which will be deleted after a reasonable time). If you have any queries, please contact a committee mediator or the mediation mailing list. For the Mediation Committee, AGK  20:40, 27 May 2010 (UTC) (This message delivered by MediationBot, an automated bot account operated by the Mediation Committee to perform case management.) <

time to sort out the icesave / debt repayment / loan agreement dispute finally
hey there, this is just a bulk message inviting you to re-think the topic as was discussed more than 6 months ago and is still unresolved. feel free to jump here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Icelandic_debt_repayment_referendum,_2010#Time_to_settle_the_title_dispute.3F and help figure out how we can end this conclusively this time. --Lotsofmagnets (talk) 02:50, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Nafn og stjórnarskrá Íslands
Aotearoa virðist vera fara svolítið í taugarnar á þér með þessa dellu sína. Ég er hræddur um að þú farir að bölva Aotearoa ef hann/hún heldur áfram. Mig langar að vita hvort þú hafir einhverjar skoðanir á þessu stjórnarskrármáli á Íslandi. Hvort líst þér betur á þá núverandi eða tillöguna o.s.fv.? Stefán Örvarr Sigmundsson (talk) 23:27, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Ég fer ekkert að bölva honum, pota bara aðeins í hann. Stjórnarskrártillagan breytir í sjálfu sér engu um þetta. Sumt í henni er betra, annað ekki. Get ekki sagt meira um það að svo stöddu. --Cessator (talk) 09:36, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cessator


text: File:Dark Matter Cover.jpg

title: File:Dark Matter Cover.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dr. Thinker

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:26, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Dr. Thinker
Our friend here has spent more time thinking than he has being made famous, yielding only 199 unique Googles after subtracting us from the hits of course. Cut out the forum threads and it would be even less. Also 90% of this article is worthless fanfic titles; if rewritten in paragraph form it would be a lot more useful. Sigh. GarrettTalk 14:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete... nn-bio about a fanfic author.--Isotope23 19:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Disclaimer -- I am not a close friend of Dr. Thinker, but I have "met" him (real-time Internet conversation) on several occasions and have helped MiST some of his works. I can attest that within the sphere of online MST3K fandom, Dr. Thinker is really pretty notable -- if I remember correctly, Web Site Number Nine (the largest archive of MiSTings on the Internet) had a classification tag for MiSTings of Dr. Thinker's work, and he was one of only about 3-5 authors to have their own classification tags.  However, I am aware that every fandom is huge to itself, and I sadly doubt that his notability within that sphere really translates to notability outside it.  I have to vote Weak Delete -- weak because I could, of course, be underestimating how notable Thinkerfics and MiSTings thereof became outside the fandom proper. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I love(d) MST3K, but fanfic has a high bar for encyclopedic notability. Quale 04:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:POds/Sandbox/Rugby War

The Rugby Union was founded and administered by the upper and middle class who unlike the lower class boasted worldly know-how and plenty of high profile social contacts. On the other hand, the game was played more so by the lower class, who could not always play due their low income and thus commitments to work. This lead to the demands by the lower class of match payments to compensate for time off work used for playing rugby or by where rugby caused an injury that lead them to unable to work.

The upper class underestimated the initiative of their fellow man who's demands were met with content and sheer snobbery. In 1895 the cultural division between the games players and administrators hit an all time high. So much so that the working class peoples in the north of England formed a break-away faction that would administer a partly professional rugby competition in their part of the world known as the Northern Union. In less then a decade the rugby union was in disarray while the Northern Union had become the more popular competition which could now boast a larger set of clubs compared to the original rugby union.

Rugby's working class revolution started to take shape in other nations particularly in New Zealand. Fortunately for the New Zealand Rugby Union they were versed on the effects of professional rugby on the armature version during their uninspiring tour of the English Union in 1904. They witnessed first hand the dissolution dealt to the once proud Union establishment of England by their working class foe. So started a long list of achievements for the New Zealand Rugby Union in preventing professional rugby from taking hold in its home country.

The upper echelon, like the lower class stuck together when the going got tough; this was no less true in New Zealand who could perhaps boast the most union ingrained society of any country at the time. The first use of the NZRU's deep rooted contacts came about when they had the New Zealand Government's Agent General in London deliver a statement to the British press in an effort to undermine the first professional rugby tour.

For all intents and purposes the NZRU's first attempt to discredit professional rugby failed; however it did not stop it from further attempting to constrict the games movements. The NZRU continued to constantly pressure potential converts, officials, sponsors and ground keepers into refusing involvement with the New Zealand Rugby League and even going as far as to take legal action preventing the NZRL team from using the name, “All Blacks”.

Credit where credit is due, the NZRL has endured and survived; however the NZRU was able to prevent the one thing the English RU could not: massive disbandment from the union.

As New Zealand trudged along, Australian rugby league prospered at a frantic pace. It seems unclear whether or not the Australian RU tried to control the success of professional rugby in Australia at the time, but one thing is clear, if it did, it completely failed.

The New South Wales Rugby League used international matches and massive player payments to entice almost the entire star studded rugby union team of Australia to play professional rugby. It was so much of a success that it left union in a worse state then when the schism of 1985 ripped through the English ranks; it also turned a cashed strapped NSWRL into a rich and vibrant competition with in just a year. It didn't matter if rugby league really was the best code to watch as was reported by the games new converts; the fact remains rugby league had the best players and was able to show the people a better spectacle then its arch rival. Needless to say, fans chose the sport with the best performers and the rugby league won.

As one would have thought, the threat of professional rugby versus armature had now clearly been established. For some reason, perhaps their slow, or just didn't get the memo, the French RU didn't take much notice of the codes introduction in 1934. Perhaps it's because the FRU was in a crisis already. With or with out the current crisis France missed their early opportunity to squash rugby league in France; so much so France only took notice when it became an overwhelming threat. It was at this time obvious that previous tactics used by the NZ union would not work, as rugby league was all but toppling rugby union in popularity.

Obviously feeling pressured, having history as a reference as to what they may have to look forward too, the FRU took drastic action. The FRU or those allied to it, convinced the government at the time that rugby league was a sinister version, which lead to its banning in 1941. The cream of society had almost killed the working man's game; along with its clubs, rugby league had all its assets turned over to the FRU, where they remain today. In fact, until 1990 the game was known as, 'the game of thirteen', as the rugby union had the sole rights to the name 'rugby' in France.

title: User:POds/Sandbox/Rugby War


text: User talk:70.17.153.221

title: User talk:70.17.153.221


text:
Sean S. Cunningham

Sean Sexton Cunningham (born December 31, 1941) is an American film director, producer, and writer. He is best known for directing and producing several horror films, beginning in the early 1970s.

Raised in Connecticut, Cunningham graduated from Franklin & Marshall College before earning an MFA from Stanford University. After completing his education, he worked as a manager for various theater companies, including New York City's Lincoln Center and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. While working for a documentary company in New York, Cunningham made his feature film directorial debut with The Art of Marriage (1970). While editing his second film, he met Wes Craven, with whom he collaborated as a producer of Craven's exploitation horror film The Last House on the Left (1972).

Cunningham went on to co-create and direct the slasher film Friday the 13th (1980), which was a major box-office success. He produced several horror films throughout the 1980s, including House (1986) and its sequel House II: The Second Story (1988).

Early life
Cunningham was born in New York City on December 31, 1941 and raised in Connecticut. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Franklin & Marshall College and later earned an MFA from Stanford University.

Career
Cunningham's first jobs after graduating from Stanford included managing theater companies such as New York's Lincoln Center, the Mineola Theater on Long Island, as well as the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, the latter of where he briefly studied. He is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Directors Guild of America.

While working for a documentary company in New York City in the late 1960s, Cunningham made his directorial debut with The Art of Marriage (1970). While editing Together, he met Wes Craven, who was working as an editor at the time. The two collaborated on Craven's directorial debut, the exploitation film The Last House on the Left (1972), which Cunningham produced.

Cunningham is best known for his involvement of multiple films in the Friday the 13th franchise, which introduced the fictional mass murderer Jason Voorhees. Of the 12 films in the series, the ones that had Cunningham's involvement were the original, Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday, Jason X, Freddy vs. Jason, and the 2009 reboot. He has also produced many horror films, such as the House series and Wes Craven's debut feature, The Last House on the Left. He is the founder and CEO of Crystal Lake Entertainment. Cunningham was set to produce the CW series adaption of Friday the 13th before that project fell through, and served as a producer of Friday the 13th: The Game.

As of 2015, he is also a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum.

Filmography
Film

Short film

title: Sean S. Cunningham


text:
Talk:Human/Archive 17

evolution
I think we need a section discussing human evolution, and the creation stories of various prominent religions. Sam Spade 23:48, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I made one. Sam Spade 00:07, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well done sam. Unfortunately, you have a section of science and followed by a bit of mythology, followed by a bit more science.  Now, whilst respecting your religious point of view, a section on science isn't the place for mythology.  The beliefs section is.  But even then for some reason the page starts with beliefs when more realistically it ought to start with basic anatomy and physical features and population data. It's bad, and it's POV pushing. Dunc|☺ 17:34, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No, Sam, this should not reflect your religious POVs, or be factually incorrect, such as this gem: "While the general idea of natural selection may fit into various particular views, the evolutionary concept of common descent —that humans are "descended from lesser creatures" — is a point of great debate". That is quite frankly patent nonsense.  There is no controversy over common descent, and particularly not common descent of humans and other apes.  The evidence from genetics and palaeontology and comparative anatomy is overwhelming.  Creationism *might* get a mention in the evolution section that some people disagree with it for religious reasons.

 * Now, having said that I do now think that the structure of the beliefs section and the culture section and the consciousness section need fixing, somehow, but Sam isn't the man to do it. Dunc|☺ 18:39, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Having watched for a bit, I'm in agreement with Dunc. - UtherSRG (talk) 19:04, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

The evolution section can be made separate from the section on creationism if need be. Your abrasive comments are wildly unhelpful however, and I have done you the favor of disregarding them. Now, onto why I reverted. There has been long standing consensus that this article would balance religious and scientific views. Human was made into the first section so as not to have religion dominate, nor be excluded from, the intro. Review the archives. Some of your thoughts (if not your words) regarding the evolution section might well be correct, and I agree it can use some work and shortening (I for one think it has too much detail regarding anthropology). But the net results of your edits were a rather intensive enforcement of a materialist POV, which not only won't work (see the archives for a history of such discussions), but will also ensure a failed FAC, something some of us have been working on for some time here. Sam Spade 19:36, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * -trying to be as npov as possible, why not divided the sections into "Darwinian Evolution," "Biblical Creationism," etc and have an intro to the different sections as to these are a few of the current theories of origin? Im sort of new to this whole Wikipedia thing, so I dont know exactly how you all deal with opposing points of view like this--I would have thought that to be neutral, each theory should get at least a summary of its main points(?) Ego Eime 9/26/05

 * Sounds like a good idea. To be even yet more fair, we should mention the creation stories of some of the other major religions as well, not only abrahamic. A mention of their similarities might also be fascinating, such as Manu (Hinduism) and Noah. Sam Spade 20:49, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Layout, images, etc
It took a considerable amount of effort to get all the pics in high-resolution as requested by the peer review. It also took considerable effort to lay the page out so that all images can coexist nicely in the article, adjusting sizes to befit each image. So I object to the recent changes, deletions and additions of images. If any of you want to make changes to layout and/or images, please discuss beforehand out of respect for the hard work we have put into responding to the peer review. Thanks. I am reverting all changes. ≈ jossi ≈ 20:20, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Strange locations for some information
I find it strange that in anatomy and physiology there is a large section on tanning and then in the body image section there is a section on nutrition. Would it be more appropriate if they were switched since they seem strange to see them under their respective sub headings? Likewise, what does sleep have to do with body image? In this section I would expect to read about eating disorders (not from the starvation dehydration perspective) Possibly a bit about steroids and body building and plastic surgery. Or am I missing the point of the body image section?

There seems to be quite a bit of redundancy between the genetics and life cycle sections.

The evolution section seems bloated compared to the other sections. Especially since it points to two other main articles. I find it quite strange that the creationism section is in, first, with evolution and second under the biology section. Most people would not consider it biology. Very few, if any practicing biologist consider it to be biology. Wouldn't this be more appropriate under the 'consciousness' heading? Or even the culture heading.

The absense of a religious section is striking. There is a breif mention of beliefs in the culture section and that is it? Yet there is a massive section devoted to humanism.

I am willing to make some edits but I don't want to tread of peoples feet. David D. (Talk) 22:04, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Scratch that last comment about religion. Somehow I overlooked the first section on beliefs. David D. (Talk) 22:18, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

I like the sound of what your proposing, one of the most valid complaints about the article are excess and redundancy, and I favor sorting of stray and misplaced informnation. Anyone else? Sam Spade 22:29, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. This article could really use some pruning. Turnstep 23:54, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me too. Go ahead and show us what you can do...! ≈ jossi ≈ 01:28, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * How about a general "Body - Mind - Spirit" progression of the overall article, with sections sequenced and transitioned along the lines of those three general themes?   — RDF talk 01:55, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Good idea, but I do not think it would be acceptable to some editors ... as such a taxonomy may be considered POV by some... ≈ jossi ≈ 02:50, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well then, what are the apparent themes that emerge from the existing sections? Is there any other mutually acceptable progression they follow to some extent, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Would such a framework help order the sections, as well as suggest what's missing?    — RDF talk 03:07, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Maslow's framework is interesting but not mainstream, in fact his model is widely challenged by behavioral psychology. I would not think that his framework (even if I personally find it quite appealing) is appropriate as a a framework for this article. ≈ jossi ≈ 14:53, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, let's say the objective is to find a widely acceptable and noteworthy (e.g., has a Wikipedia article about it) conceptual framework to organize the sections of this article. What options are out there? :-)    — RDF talk 16:19, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

The problem we have been having all along is between people who think materialism should dominate (humans are a chimp who thinks he's special, but isn't really), and everybody else. I don't think we've had too many religious zealots come and insist apon an extremist religious POV, rather the clear consensus has been for balance, w occaisional raids from agro atheists. How that balance works out isn't a problem for me, so long as it is preserved. I for one find my body to be the least essential component of my humanity, and my soul the most important. As some people are fond of saying "animals are people too!" ;) Sam Spade 16:38, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Lets discuss formatting
How should the sections be formatted? What do you think? ;) Sam Spade 16:38, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Okay, tear this one apart. Take the five main sections, rename two, and put them in this order:

 * 1) Terminology
 * 2) Biology
 * 3) Culture
 * 4) Mind
 * 5) Spirit

— RDF talk 20:25, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

What I notice upon looking at the article is the overwhelming predominance of Biology. I don't know if thats ever going to change, but I wish it wasn't so. Anyways, as far as your list, why does spirit come last? I can understand terminology and biology coming 1st, but how about:

 * 1) Terminology
 * 2) Biology
 * 3) Spirit
 * 4) Mind
 * 5) Culture

Sam Spade 11:08, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll assume you like the number of main sections and titles. As far as the order goes, I see it as a general progression from the "concrete" to the "subtle." :-)    — RDF talk 11:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as coverage goes, I wouldn't remove anything. Over time, I support adding more substance to the later sections.    — RDF talk 11:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I for one would like more summary and less specific data (esp regarding biology! ;), but I think that will be an eternal, and overall losing, battle, on this page. As per your proposed section titles and the number of them, I have no strong feelings, but they seem succinct, which is good. Sam Spade 12:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I like the way that RDF has broken up the sections. With regard to order is does not really bother me.  I do like the logic of starting with the more concrete and progressing to the more subtle, although, my first thought was that it was alphabetical ;).  I also agree that the article is top heavy on biology, especially given the links to other more detailed articles being prominent throughout the article.  My background is biology so I'll be happy to try and prune it when i have time.  i would not freel so confident in the other sections. Again can someone clarify the point of the body image section.  i'm still not sure of the goal/aim for that section David D. (Talk) 15:56, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Moved pertinent content to the section "Anatomy and physiology". and the rest under a "Body image" subsection in "Culture". That would do it. ≈ jossi ≈ 19:23, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Jossi, that edit did the trick. it seems much more logical now. David D. (Talk) 20:52, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I say go ahead and pick something then go for WP:FAC and watch what happens. There's no such thing as "finishing" an article around here anyway. ;-)    — RDF talk 13:59, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I made the changes I suggested. Who's next?! ;-)   — RDF talk 16:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Next is to nominate for FAC. Who would do the honors? ≈ jossi ≈ 19:08, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * How about Sam? Didn't he make the original proposal?   — RDF talk 19:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Before that.... I would propose to move the sub-section "Emotion and sexuality" to "Culture" as I think it fits much better there. (If it was only on reproduction, it would fit in "Body". But that is not the case. ≈ jossi ≈ 19:21, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That makes sense to me.   — RDF talk 19:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd also like to see some pruning in the biology section first, if I saw this I might object to it as unbalanced, w that section being so much larger and more comprehensive than the rest. Also, if the content isn't redundant, some of it should be moved as being too specific, like some of the genetic material, hardly any readers are going to be interested in that level of detail, and if they are, it can be just a click away. Sam Spade 00:07, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Prune away, my friend, prune! ≈ jossi ≈ 21:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Content I removed
Theres nothing necesarilly wrong w any of this, but I think it should find a new home elsewhere, unless its redundant:

Partial genome sequencing resulted in these conclusions: "[C]himps, gorillas, and humans form a clade of closely related species; orangutans are slightly less close phylogenetically, and gibbons are a more distant branch." "To study the genomic divergences among hominoids [we] sequenced [DNA] in a human, a chimpanzee, a gorilla, and an orangutan. The average sequence divergence was only 1.24% ± 0.07% for the human-chimpanzee pair, 1.62% ± 0.08% for the human-gorilla pair, and 1.63% ± 0.08% for the chimpanzee-gorilla pair. [...] The average sequence divergences between orangutans and humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas were 3.08% ± 0.11%, 3.12% ± 0.11%, and 3.09% ± 0.11%, respectively."

DNA evidence supports an African origin for the maternal and paternal lineages of contemporary humans. An unintuitive complication for this debate is that the evolutionary lineage of an individual may differ from the evolutionary history of each of an individual's genes. An emerging synthesis theory proposes that the genes of contemporary humans are predominantly descendent from a recent African origin, but that interbreeding and assimilation with other hominids may have contributed genes to local populations (Templeton, 2002). Eswaran et al. (2005) speculate that "as much as 80% of the nuclear genome is significantly affected by assimilation from archaic humans (i.e., 80% of loci may have some archaic admixture, not that the human genome is 80% archaic)."

During the 1990s, variations in human mitochondrial DNA were recognised as a valuable source for reconstructing the human "family tree" and for tracing early human migrations. As a result, the ancestors of all modern humans are thought to have evolved in Africa over 150,000 years ago; modern humans began to move out of Africa less than 100,000 years ago. Australia was colonised 70,000 years ago; Europe 40,000 years ago with later waves 22,000 and 9,000 years ago, according to Ornello Semino of the University of Pavia and Peter Underhill of Stanford University ; and the Americas 30,000 years ago, with a second colonisation from across the Pacific Ocean 15,000 years ago. (See Human migration.)

Since the human embryo normally takes its mitochondrial DNA from its mother's egg and not from the sperm, variations in human mitochondrial DNA provide a means of identifying those individuals who share a common matrilineal ancestor. A mathematical analysis of mitochondrial DNA from thousands of living individuals suggests that the matrilineal lines for the people analysed converges on one ancestor called Mitochondrial Eve (ME) who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago. That is, ME is claimed to be the most recent common ancestor of all humans alive today with respect to matrilineal descent (Boyd and Silk 2003:389–99).

Sam Spade 23:49, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I think the article is now ready
And I will nominate it if their arn't objections or challenging edits for a couple of days. Sam Spade 00:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Human infobox has to go
Template:Social Infobox/Human

Could it be any uglier and disruptive to the flow of the article? If the info is all that important, put it in a normal section. — RDF talk 01:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ahhh, it feels so good when it stop hurting! ;-)   — RDF talk 03:11, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

So why did you think the infobox was ugly and disruptive? I was pretty happy w it up at the top filling in all that empty white space... Sam Spade 13:43, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Purely subjective. Maybe when an info box is that big, it should be more horizontal than vertical.  In effect, the eye is drawn more to the box than the narrative.  Because that one is so long, it seemed to make even more white space too.    — RDF talk 15:20, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Head of Planet. If the goal is to fill in the white space, add a nice image of a human baby or something. Another option I had problems with the content of For example: Head of Planet? --JWSchmidt 14:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree the article would be better without the box. First, the way it goes down into the terminology section is worse than the previous white space. Secondly, the stats are interesting but not that important to the article.  It reads more like an info box for the country Earth rather than an info box for humanity.  Thirdly, head of planet is more like a parody and I think detracts from the article.
 * Why not merge the useful info into each appropriate section? I think anything important can be a table or merged into the text in the appropriate section rather than all in one table/infobox.  David D. (Talk) 16:27, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

We seem to have different ideas about formatting. How about we all show an example of what we have in mind, and discuss from there, The way the article is (as of my last edit 18:01, 1 October 2005) is how I'd like it to be. Can I assume your edit of 17:26, 1 October 2005 how you'd most prefer things to be, Jossi? And how about everybody else? What baby image? If the Template:Social Infobox/Human is to be removedm where will that info go? We need to resolve these matters before a FAC bid, thats for sure. Sam Spade 16:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sam, I do book design and page layout as a profession... and I can say that the way you have the article now, does not work from a layout/design point of view... I would prefer the last version, without the infobox and with the floating TOC at the left. ≈ jossi ≈ 21:48, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Well obviously, you placed things that way ;). I don't agree (it looks good to me now, and looked bad to me then), but it seems the consensus is against the infobox, for all number of reasons. I can agree to its removal, so long as the information is kept. The floating left TOC on the other hand looked terrible to me, and it least on my moniter shoved the text in so tightly as to be difficult to read. Sam Spade 01:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I just saw the floating toc version. I agree, that looked pretty bad on my monitor too. But the info box pushing down into the terminology section was worse. David D. (Talk) 02:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * What monitor problems you refer to? I cannot see any problems at all... I am running a 1600 x 1200 screen. Maybe that is why I dont see it. I will downgrade my monitor resolution to 1024 x 768 to see if I can see the problem. ≈ jossi ≈ 06:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I checked at 1024 x 678 and still cannot see any problem with the floating TOC at left. Could you please explain what is the problem you are seeing? Thanks. ≈ jossi ≈ 06:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

The Social infobox links to three articles, Earth, Society, and Human. All but the top "Forms of Government" tidbits seem to have obvious sections for the rest of the information. Category:Forms of government is under Category:Government which is underCategory:Politics which is under Category:Culture and Category:Society. I propose adding a brief "Government" section under "Culture" and then spreading the data to the appropriate sections. The article just looks trashy now. — RDF talk 03:30, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Genetics
I just made some edits that may not go down well. Be gentle. I am also wondering about the double helix image. It looks great but I do not think it is very applicable to the human article. In my view a karotype depicting the human chromosomes would be much more appropriate. There are even a couple of pictures available in wiki (see to right). David D. (Talk) 03:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Unusable for this article. The Peer review requested we find high-resolution images, as this article is too important (and may be printed hardcopy at a certian point) ≈ jossi ≈ 04:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a shame about the resolution, i had not checked before posting them. I still think the DNA should go even if we cannot find a karyotype. David D. (Talk) 04:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * OK I took the plunge and removed it. i hope this is OK.  David D. (Talk) 06:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Creationism bit deleted, discuss
I have removed this text from the evolution creation section:
 * There is also the intellegent design movement, which intends to prove creationism by scientific means.

 * While the general idea of natural selection may fit into various particular views, the evolutionary concept of common descent —that humans are "descended from lesser creatures" — is a point of great debate. Some creationists may also dispute scientific accounts of the origin of life, and of the geological history of Earth, the formation of the solar system, the origin of the physical universe, and a few even support such ideas as geocentrism. Argument from evolution and creation (theology) discuss this debate in more detail.

My reasoning is several. Firstly, I'm not sure the ID movement is about proving creationism by scientific means. This is close to a POV. As far as I can tell even the Discovery Institute, one of the original champions of ID do not endorse it anymore. Their approach now is teach the controversy from a perspection of bringing down the so called 'icons of evolution' such as the peppered moths and Haekaels embryo's.

Secondly, evolution does not propose that ancestors are lesser creatures. In the sentence above i cannot tell if the great debate is about the 'existance of common ancestors' or the 'descended from lesser creatures'. With reagrd to this there is really no deabte at all in the scientific community so where is the great debate? From the perspective of the US there is a debate in the high schools with regard to curriculum but i'm not sure that that debate should be in this article. certainly not in the biology section.

Thirdly, the other things mentioned have no bearing on this article, origin of life is not even addressed by the theory of evolution and the others are not even biology, i.e. the formation of the solar system. This is much too broad for this article and detracts from the good points that are made.

You will note that I have not cut creationism completely. I don't want this to be a revert war. I think what i have left will get through a FAC. i think what I have cut will cause problems in FAC which is why I cut them now before it goes forward. I'd be interested to here what you all think? David D. (Talk) 04:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I like the way this section reads now. Great NPOVing. Thanks. ≈ jossi ≈ 06:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

thats fine, and I also like the genetic info you trimmed. Sam Spade 10:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Images - please restore
The image of the fetus and the image of the man with the beard are low resolution images. The peer review requested that we find high-res images, which I did. Please restore the images of the 11-day baby and the image of the elderly lady, or find alternative ones with at least 1200 px resolution witdth. Thanks. ≈ jossi ≈ 04:08, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I restored the images. You are welcome to go and find more suitable ones, and if you do, please make sure that are at least 1,000 pixels wide and that are not copyvios. Also removed the social infobot. (Do we really need it? ) ≈ jossi ≈ 06:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

If you can find images equal or better to what is there, I am open to discuss them. I don't agree that the the pensioner or the 11 days baby image are an improvement to the article. Sam Spade 10:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am looking for a better image for the foetus, to replace the baby pic. As for the pensioner, I thought it worked because we can see progression from baby or pre-born, childood and then elderly. If you pefer a photo of a man, pl;ease find one that is high-res. Thanks.≈ jossi ≈ 15:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

I'll be frank. I find the pensioner unattractive, and find the baby image less than "Featured image" material. I kinda liked having a wikipedian in the article, but I guess I can understand hi-res concerns. Ergo, in sum, I am willing to compromise, despite liking my way better. (I'm pretty sure there isn't a hi-res requirement for FAC's). Sam Spade 17:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have replaced the images. Are these OK with you? ≈ jossi fresco ≈ 23:43, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human/Archive 17


text:
Awabakal

The Awabakal people, are those Aboriginal Australians who identify with or are descended from the Awabakal tribe and its clans, Indigenous to the coastal area of what is now known as the Hunter Region of New South Wales. Their traditional territory spread from Wollombi in the west, to the Lower Hunter River near Newcastle and Lake Macquarie in the north.

The name Kuringgai, also written Guringai, has often been used as a collective denominator of the Awabakal and several other tribes in this belt, but Norman Tindale has challenged it as an arbitrary coinage devised by ethnologist John Fraser in 1892. For Tindale, Kuringgai was synonymous with Awabakal. Arthur Capell however asserted that there was indeed evidence for a distinct Kuringgai language, which, in Tindale's schema, would imply they were a distinct people from the Awabakal.

Name
In their language, awaba was the word for Lake Macquarie, meaning flat or plain surface, and by extension referred to the people native to that area. The Awabakal were bounded to the north–west by the Wonnarua, the Worimi to the north–east, and the Darkinung peoples to the west and south. Awaba is now the name of a small town in the region.

Language

Awabakal language was recorded by Lancelot Edward Threlkeld and Awabakal Leader Birabahn in 'An Australian grammar : comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language as spoken by the Aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter's River, Lake MacQuarie & New South Wales' -'and this is the first, and most comprehensive record of any indigenous language in Australia.

The City of Newcastle is in the process of educating the wider community about dual name sites and traditional language history of Newcastle Muluubinba.

 * Whibayganba – Nobbys Headland
 * Tahlbihn – Flagstaff Hill (Fort Scratchley)
 * Burrabihngarn – Pirate Point (Stockton)
 * Yohaaba – Port Hunter
 * Coquun – Hunter River
 * Khanterin – Shepherds Hill (The Hill)
 * Toohrnbing – Ironbark Creek
 * Burraghihnbihng – Hexham Swamp.

Country
Tindale estimated Awabakal territory to cover some 700 mi2. More recent estimates are that Awabakal territory covers 2870 square kilometres. The Awabakal clan were relocated from Newcastle harbour area by Rev Threlkeld to two locations at Lake Macquarie into a mission environment and had no cultural connection to those areas.

Practices
The eaglehawk or wedge-tailed eagle has special significance for the Awabakal people. Kon, their "celestial entity", looks like an Aboriginal man, but in flight resembles an eagle-hawk.

The Awabakal people played a significant part in shaping the environment of their region. They practised fire-stick farming extensively, which helped them to hunt and to navigate through dense prickly scrub along the coast. Newcastle's main city thoroughfare, Watt Street was built over an Awabakal path from the shore to the top of a hill. Fishing, particularly for shellfish, was a significant part of the Awabakal people's diet and culture pre-colonisation.

The Awabakal, in pre-colonisation times, were noted as being strong and determined defenders of their territory, the means by which the defence occurred need to be explored to deepen understanding of the culture. They had possession of the coastal territory for thousands of years, during which time they successfully repelled incursions by the neighbouring Gamilaraay people and established places of defence, "virtual armouries", high in the Watagan Mountains.

Today
Descendants Awabakal people who survived the British invasion and subsequent massacres of Aboriginal Australians especially during the land grab of 1826, are direct descendants of Margaret and Ned or Mahrahkah. These descendants are connected through their families/family culture together and represented by the Awabakal Descendants of the Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation.

These Awabakal people are considered as the traditional owners of the Awabakal region and have lived there from at least since the last Ice Age, 11,800 years ago.

Recently settled Aboriginal people in this region partake in community support organisations like 'The Awabakal Newcastle Aboriginal Cooperative Limited', which is a not-for-profit community controlled organisation operating in the Newcastle, Lake Macquarie and Hunter Region. It was established in 1976. It is responsible for the delivery of community and health services to Aboriginal people in this region, including:
 * the Awabakal Medical Centre;
 * the Awabakal Disability Service which provides "short to medium term support to young people living with a disability";
 * culturally appropriate care for older people;
 * and child care services.

Butterfly Cave
The Butterfly Cave at West Wallsend is part of "women's business" related to birthing, and has been the subject of decades of active protection by women. However, the site sits on privately owned land allotted for a growing housing estate, owned by Hammersmith Management which is owned by the Roche Group. As of late 2021, women must seek permission to cross the owned land, despite the site being a protected site under the Federal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection (ATSIHP) Act and was recognised as a New South Wales 'Aboriginal Place' in 2013. In 2019, the cave and its surrounds were recognised by the federal government as a significant Aboriginal area.

Following 13 years of local activism, representation, and negotiation with the former owners, the NSW Government acquired a parcel of land surrounding the Butterfly Cave that was earmarked for development by Hammersmith Management, which is owned by the Roche Group.

"The 25.74 ha plot, purchased by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service protects the Cave and the surrounding cultural landscape, including vital elements such as aquifers, traditional journey paths, creeks, stone arrangements and food source areas. The land will be managed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and permanently protected under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974. The NSW Government will consult with the local Aboriginal community on future management of the site and protection of the surrounding cultural landscape."

Centres
The Awabakal Environmental Education Centre began operating in 1976. It is an NSW Department of Education and Communities facility. The centre provides opportunities for teachers and students in the Hunter Region to learn about the environment and human interactions with the natural world. Wollotuka, meaning an 'eating and meeting place' originally began as a support programme in 1983 to assist and promote university studies for indigenous people. Wollotuka's all indigenous staff moved into their new building, Birabahn in 2002, and the Wollotuka Institute was officially established in 2009.

Native title
In 2013 an association of Awabakal and Guringai descendants laid claim to native title over land from Maitland to Hornsby. The claim was opposed by representatives of the Worimi and Wonnarua as asserting rights over their own traditional territories. In 2017 the claim was withdrawn after the NSW government claimed that, while the claim group, the Descendants of the Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation had shown descent from the original people indigenous to the area, it was argued that they had failed to demonstrate continuous preservation of customary laws and practices since the onset of white colonization.

Notable Awabakal people

 * Biraban – a recognised headman of the Awaba clan who assisted the Rev Lancelot Threlkeld compile the first grammar of an Aboriginal language in Australia.
 * Bob Barrett – a colonial enforcer who worked with the British to capture convicts at Newcastle and Port Macquarie

Alternative names

 * Awaba (Awabakal toponym designating Lake Macquarie)
 * Awabagal
 * Kuri (generic term ("man") in Sydney area languages).
 * Kuringgai
 * "Lake Macquarie, Newcastle" tribe
 * Minyowa (Awabakal horde at Newcastle)
 * Minyowie

Source:

title: Awabakal


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Onefortyone/Workshop

Please note that I was not aware of this page and as such will have comments to insert as soon as I can put them together in the next few days. - Ted Wilkes 14:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

With respect to the above, I will be posting my "Comment by parties" before the end of the day. Ted Wilkes 16:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Dominique-Georges-Frédéric Dufour de Pradt

Abbé Dominique G. F. de Rion de Prolhiac Dufour or de Fourt de Pradt (23 April 1759 in Allanche (Auvergne, France) – 18 March 1837 in Paris) was a French clergyman and ambassador.

In 1804 he became a secretary of Napoleon, in 1805 Bishop of Poitiers. On 12 May 1808 he was appointed as archbishop of Mechelen (resigned in 1815). In 1812 he was awarded the position of the French ambassador in Warsaw, preparing the Concordat of 1813. After the Napoleonic wars he published a series of books which portrayed Russia as a "despotic" and "Asiatic" power hungry to conquer Europe.


text:
Tato Bores

Mauricio Borensztein (27 April 1927 – 11 January 1996), known by the stage name Tato Bores, was an Argentine film, theatre and television comedian, who specialized in political humor. His ironic TV monologues, delivered at a fast pace, became a reference point for generations of Argentines.

Biography
He was born into a family of Polish Jewish heritage. He took his first steps into the humor field in 1957, after the fall of Juan Perón, debuting in state-owned Channel 7. When in character, he wore dress coat, white bow tie and a deliberately badly cut wig, and waved a cigar. Besides the monologues, at some point during each show he pretended to dial the number of the Casa Rosada and speak to the President (whoever it was at the time), asking pointed questions or commenting on uncomfortable news.

Near the end of his life, Borensztein abandoned the weekly show format and resorted to "special programmes" every month or sometimes more often. In one of these, he appeared as Dr. Helmut Strasse, "argentinologist", an archeologist specialized in the lost land of Argentina, which had sunk into the Atlantic Ocean 500 years before the fictional time frame of the show. The show was a humorous mockumentary about the downfall of Argentina where Borensztein, speaking in a mixture of Yiddish, German and some odd words in Spanish, overdubbed into straight Spanish by a narrator, commented on the latest findings and theories while he toured a digging site.

Before the broadcast of one of the programmes, federal judge María Servini de Cubría was warned that the show contained an ironic comment about a ridiculously low fine she had received for mishandling a case. Servini ordered the offending segment to be cut out, and forbade Borensztein to mention her name. This violated free speech, since the programme had not been broadcast and she had not verified it was criminally offensive. Borensztein received overwhelming support from the artistic community of Argentina, but respected the judicial order, from then on referring to the judge as "the unnameable" or as Jueza Barubudubudía (intended as a nonsensical yet transparent rhyme of "Servini de Cubría") until the censorship was lifted.

Films

 * Un pecado por mes (1949)
 * La comedia inmortal (1951)
 * The Path to Crime (1951)
 * Esta es mi vida (1952)
 * Mala gente (1952)
 * Por cuatro días locos (1953)
 * Casada y señorita (1954)
 * Vida nocturna (1955)
 * Vacaciones en la Argentina (1960)
 * El Asalto (1960)
 * Propiedad (1962)
 * El televisor (1962)
 * Viaje de una noche de verano (1965)
 * Disputas en la cama (1972)
 * Departamento compartido (1980)
 * Amante para dos (1981)

Family
He was the father of Alejandro Borensztein, Sebastián Borensztein and Marina Borensztein.

title: Tato Bores